cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation on CBN turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel

Abstract This study investigated the performance and wear behavior of different cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools in finish turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel. Tool performance was evaluated based on the part surface finish and the tool flank wear. Wear conditions of CBN cutting tools were primarily characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Machining results showed that low CBN content tools (CBN-L) consistently perform better than high CBN content counterparts (CBN-H), despite the CBN-L has inferior mechanical properties. The flank wear rates were proportional to cutting speed and CBN-H showed accelerated thermal wear associated with high cutting temperatures. Reducing depth of cut would only improve surface finish to CBN-L, but not to CBN-H, despite similar wear rates. The transferred layer on the flank wear land may result in adhesion of the binder compound and significantly affect the tool wear process. The metallic binder in CBN-H has stronger affinity to the transferred layer and may result in plucking out of CBN particles and consequent severe abrasive wear.
Sonolucencies in fetal and infant abdomen: implications for management

The increased use of prenatal and antenatal ultrasonography will detect predictably abnormalities of fetal and infant anatomy not assessed or suspected previously. Three cases are presented illustrating similar ultrasonographic findings with different diagnoses and prognoses, and comparisons are made with other cases reported in the literature. Caution should be used in interpreting sonolucencies in fetal and infant abdomen to be diagnostic of a particular defect since further studies are required to define properly the specific abnormality so that proper treatment can be instituted.
16S rRNA methylase-producing, gram-negative pathogens, Japan.

To investigate the exact isolation frequency of 16S rRNA methylase–producing, gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, we tested 87,626 clinical isolates from 169 hospitals. Twenty-six strains from 16 hospitals harbored 16S rRNA methylase genes, which suggests sparse but diffuse spread of pan-aminoglycoside–resistant microbes in Japan.
A NOTE ON THE CALCULATION OF COULOMB PENETRATION AND COULOMB WAVE FUNCTIONS

Abstract The phase-amplitude method is applied to the calculation of Coulomb penetration and Coulomb wave functions. The methods discussed apply for η = Z 1 Z 2 e 2 / h v>1 .
Light interception model for estimating the effects of row spacing on plant competition in maize.

A light interception model has been developed for crop growth simulation models to estimate the effect of different row widths and plant populations on efficiency of light interception. The light interception model was intalled in the CERES-Maize model. The combined models were run against data from a 1987 maize (Zea mays L.) row width experiment with 15- and 30-in. row widths (0.38 m and 0.76 m) and 29 160 and 38 273 plants/acre populations (7.2 and 9.45 plants/m 2 ). (...)
An electrical probe of protein-DNA interactions on DNA-modified surfaces.

DNA charge transport chemistry is found to provide a sensitive method for probing protein-dependent changes in DNA structure and enzymatic reactions. Here we describe the development of an electrochemical assay of protein binding to DNA-modified electrodes based upon the detection of associated perturbations in DNA base stacking. Gold electrode surfaces that were modified with loosely packed DNA duplexes, covalently crosslinked to a redox-active intercalator and containing the binding site of the test protein, were constructed. Charge transport through DNA as a function of protein binding was then assayed. Substantial attenuation in current is seen in the presence of the base-flipping enzymes HhaI methylase and uracil DNA glycosylase, as well as with TATA-binding protein. When restriction endonuclease PvuII (R.PvuII) binds to its methylated target, little base-stacking perturbation occurs and little diminution in current flow is observed. Importantly, the kinetics of restriction by R.PvuII of its nonmethylated target is also easily monitored electrochemically. This approach should be generally applicable to assaying protein–DNA interactions and reactions on surfaces.
Beam steering via resonance detuning in coherently coupled vertical cavity laser arrays

Coherently coupled vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays offer unique advantages for nonmechanical beam steering applications. We have applied dynamic coupled mode theory to show that the observed temporal phase shift between vertical-cavity surface-emitting array elements is caused by the detuning of their resonant wavelengths. Hence, a complete theoretical connection between the differential current injection into array elements and the beam steering direction has been established. It is found to be a fundamentally unique beam-steering mechanism with distinct advantages in efficiency, compactness, speed, and phase-sensitivity to current.
Signal Processing Using An Integrated Surface Acoustic Wave (Saw) Acousto-Electro-Optic (Ado) Device

The acousto-optic and electro-optic effects have been used in a wide range of devices for signal processing. A new device, which combines both effects in one integrated manner using surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology, has been implemented and offers several advantages. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate use of this device in optical matrix processing, optical excision, synchronization of spread spectrum signals, and real time ambiguity function generation.
How research funding affects data sharing

In order to encourage interdisciplinary research, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) are mandating that researchers make their data public in an effort to provide incentives for data sharing. While this has encouraged data sharing in some fields, other fields with little NSF or NIH funding do not have the same incentives to encourage such sharing. In this work, we find that these other funding sources either fail to encourage data sharing and in some cases actively discourage it.
Cholecystokinin analog, JMV-180, stimulates growth of human pancreatic cancer.

The gastrointestinal peptide CCK has been shown to stimulate growth of normal and malignant pancreatic tissue. The CCK receptor possesses several different binding sites for CCK. By using the CCK analog JMV-180, which is a functional agonist at CCK high-and low-affinity receptors and an antagonist at very low affinity receptors, and carbachol, which down-regulates binding to CCK high-affinity receptors, we evaluated which receptor is involved in growth of human pancreatic cancer cells. PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell lines were grown for four to six days in the presence or absence of JMV-180 (10−10–10−6 M) alone or in combination with carbachol (10 mM). Growth was evaluated by counting cells and by [3H]thymidine incorporation. JMV-180 increased cell number in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells 123% and 86%, respectively, over controls (P=0.004). DNA synthesis by [3H]thymidine uptake was increased 64% and 40% in PANC-1 and MIA PaCa-2 cells, respectively, over controls (P<0.001). The trophic effect of JMV-180 was not inhibited by the addition of carbachol. Since JMV-180 stimulated the growth and since the effect was not inhibited by carbachol, we suggest that the growth effects of CCK in pancreatic cancer cells are mediated by the low-affinity receptor.
SPECTRUM OF DOUBLY IONIZED THULIUM (Tm III).

A list of 848 low-excitation spectral lines of Tm iii has been obtained by utilizing the sliding-spark light source at a peak current of 6 A. An analysis of these lines yielded 108 energy levels belonging to the configurations 4f13, 4f125d, 4f126s, and 4f126p. The classified lines and level values are presented as well as a theoretical interpretation of these configurations.
Slower spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in spiny versus aspiny hilar neurons

In the hilar region of the rat hippocampus, large spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) mediated by non-NMDA glutamate receptors are present in both excitatory spiny mossy cells and inhibitory aspiny hilar interneurons, making these neurons ideal candidates for a comparative study using the tight seal whole-cell recording technique. Although sEPSCs have similar amplitude distributions, the rise and decay times are significantly slower in spiny versus aspiny neurons. Similar kinetic differences are observed in synaptic currents evoked by mossy fiber stimulation. These results demonstrate a physiological difference between the excitatory drive to excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the hilus that certainly contributes to differences in synaptic strength and that may be applicable to other brain regions. Furthermore, since the development or modification of individual spines or groups of spines may affect synaptic strength, these results may be pivotal in establishing a role for spines in modulating synaptic activity.
Role models and student attitudes toward nontraditional careers

This study investigated the immediate and delayed attitudinal effects of presenting ninth-grade students with career information and role models in two media forms, slide/tape and print. On an immediate measure, both the slide/tape and print treatments had a significant positive effect on student attitudes toward the suitability of nontraditional careers for both men and women. Students also had more positive attitudes toward nontraditional careers included in their treatment than toward those not included. Attitudes of the print and slide/tape groups did not differ significantly from each other. None of the significant differences were sustained on a delayed test administered 8 days later. Several interactions related to gender of student and job were found. More comprehensive programs involving multiple role models and other career-related activities are recommended to increase the probability of long-term changes in attitudes toward the appropriateness of nontraditional careers.
Algorithms for Scheduling Independent Tasks

The following job sequencing problems are studied: (i) single processor job sequencing with deadlines, (ii) job sequencing on m-identical processors to minimize finish time and related problems, (iii) job sequencing on 2-identical processors to minimize weighted mean flow time. Dynamic programming type algorithms are presented to obtain optimal solutions to these problems, and three general techniques are presented to obtain approximate solutions for optimization problems solvable in this way. The techniques are applied to the problems above to obtain polynomial time algorithms that generate “good” approximate solutions.
Hypercortisolism and its possible neural bases

As is clear from the pages of this journal, biological psychiatrists remain fascinated by the phenomenon of dexamethasone (DEX) resistance and the hypercortisolism of various neuropsychiatric disorders. The mere existence of the endocrine abnormalities attests to the biological reality of these disorders. Furthermore, progress continues in using the occurrence of these endocrine defects as both diagnostic and prognostic markers of disease subtypes. Progress has also been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the endocrine defects. The adrenocortical axis is vastly complex, involving multiple hypothalamic-releasing factors under CNS control, shifting pituitary and adrenal sensitivies to hormonal signals, and feedback regulation at all three levels. What defects within this system produce DEX resistance and hypercortisolism? In this paper, we review data suggesting that the endocrine problems is, at least in part, neural in nature. Drawing upon a rodent literature, we will also suggest some models by which this can occur. The hypercortisolism found in cases of affective disorders, anorexia nervosa, Alzheimer's disease, among the very aged or the chronically stressed, is not a uniform phenomenon. Basal cortisol concentrations can be elevated in all or part of the circadian cycle. Resistance to glucocorticoid (GC) feedback inhibition (as typically demonstrated by DEX resistance) can occur; the resistance can be complete, or occur as early escape from DEX suppression. Finally, elevated basal cortisol concentrations and DEX resistance can occur independently of each other. Until the end of this review, we will conveniently refer to these variants of adrenocortical hyperactivity as "hypercortisolism." In addition, rather than using the term "hypercortisolism" for the rat, we will use "hyperadrenocorticism" (as they secrete corticosterone, rather than cortisol).
Three-dimensional velocity structure and resolution of the core-mantle boundary region from whole-mantle inversions of body waves

The nature of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) has important implications for deep-Earth processes, particularly those which have their origin in the lower mantle or outer core. The possibility of the existence of lateral P-wave velocity variations in the outermost core is explored here by obtaining models of three-dimensional, CMB region velocity structure using an inversion of waveform data. The numerical inversions involve determination of the three-dimensional structure of the Earth's outermost core and lower mantle, using over 5000 long-period seismic waveforms collected from global digital seismic networks. Spheroidal modes with periods between 33 and 100 s were selected to model the body-wave portion of seismograms recorded from global earthquakes. First-order perturbations in S-wave velocities in 11 mantle layers 200–350 km thick and P-wave velocities in one outermost core layer comprise the least-squares solutions to the inverse problem. Although the statistical F test supports the additional layer in the inversions, this layer is not required by the F ratio to occur in the outermost core. Pattern-retrieval resolution tests, in which synthetic data constructed from an initial synthetic Earth model are inverted for model parameters, are used to compare parameters for one region to those of another in which some coefficient power smearing is suspected. Depth resolution tests indicate that the best radial resolution at the CMB is 500 km. Thus, this method does not produce the resolution required for outermost core lateral velocity variation analysis. An examination of the limitations of this approach demonstrates the need for waveform inversion techniques which more accurately predict raypaths in the deep mantle. Improvements in radial resolution are needed before whole-mantle velocity models can begin to distinguish whether significant heterogeneity related to core-mantle interactions occurs in the CMB region.
Optimum Fourier-transform division filters with magnitude constraint

Fourier-transform division filters are discussed. Using integrated squared error as a fidelity criterion with the magnitude of the filter transfer function subject to a constraint, the optimum spatial filter is developed. By consideration of the problem of image transformation, various methods for improving image reconstruction by altering image phase are discussed. The input-image phase and the desired output-image phase may be chosen to improve the performance of the filtering system. The problem is to shape the spectra of the input and the desired output. An algorithm, previously used for computing kinoforms, effectively determines an image phase that significantly improves the image reconstructed from the spatial filters.
Contrast and harmonic imaging improves accuracy and efficiency of novice readers for dobutamine stress echocardiography.

Background: Newer contrast agents as well as tissue harmonic imaging enhance left ventricular (LV) endocardial border delineation, and therefore, improve LV wall-motion analysis. Interpretation of dobutamine stress echocardiography is observer-dependent and requires experience. This study was performed to evaluate whether these new imaging modalities would improve endocardial visualization and enhance accuracy and efficiency of the inexperienced reader interpreting dobutamine stress echocardiography. Methods and Results: Twenty-nine consecutive patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography. Both fundamental (2.5 MHZ) and harmonic (1.7 and 3.5 MHZ) mode images were obtained in four standard views at rest and at peak stress during a standard dobutamine infusion stress protocol. Following the noncontrast images, Optison was administered intravenously in bolus (0.5–3.0 ml), and fundamental and harmonic images were obtained. The dobutamine echocardiography studies were reviewed by one experienced and one inexperienced echocardiographer. LV segments were graded for image quality and function. Time for interpretation also was recorded. Contrast with harmonic imaging improved the diagnostic concordance of the novice reader to the expert reader by 7.1%, 7.5%, and 12.6% (P < 0.001) as compared with harmonic imaging, fundamental imaging, and fundamental imaging with contrast, respectively. For the novice reader, reading time was reduced by 47%, 55%, and 58% (P < 0.005) as compared with the time needed for fundamental, fundamental contrast, and harmonic modes, respectively. With harmonic imaging, the image quality score was 4.6% higher (P < 0.001) than for fundamental imaging. Image quality scores were not significantly different for noncontrast and contrast images. Conclusion: Harmonic imaging with contrast significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of the novice dobutamine stress echocardiography reader. The use of harmonic imaging reduces the frequency of nondiagnostic wall segments.
Evolution of phenotypic memory T cells in HIV-1 infected infants and children.

Abstract Infants are reported to be devoid of memory T cells at birth but acquire them with time. A cross-sectional study of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected and uninfected infants and children that bear the CD4R0 anti-gen was undertaken to describe the development of memory T cells. Linear regression lines derived from the data revealed increasing percentages of memory CD4 and CD8 cells in the uninfected children. Memory CD4 cells in the infected children were detected at a frequency equal to or greater than that seen in uninfected children until 6 months of age but subsequently declined with age. In contrast, memory CD8 cells were found to be significantly increased in HIV-infected children early in life with a rate of increase similar to that seen in the uninfected population. This increase in memory CD8 cells may facilitate the early diagnosis of HIV infection.
SU-E-T-250: Dose-Response Curves for the Esophagus.

Purpose: To determine the dose‐response curve for the esophagus, using esophageal thickening as a surrogate for radiation injury. Methods: 15 esophageal cancer patients were selected who had received weekly 4DCT images throughout their course of concurrent chemo‐radiotherapy (IMRT) to a total of 50.4Gy. Each patient had a length of at least 4cm of esophagus that was outside the GTV but received the full prescription dose. The weekly CTimages were registered with the original treatment planningCTimages using deformable registration techniques, and the esophagus contours mapped to the weekly images. The relative change in esophagus size was calculated as the average ratio of the cross‐sectional area of the esophagus (minus air) in the weekly images to the area in the planning images for a 1cm long region of the esophagus in the center of the CTV (i.e. away from the GTV and field edge). We are considering this region to be ‘normal esophagus.’ Results: Thirteen of the 15 patients experienced mild esophagitis. The average relative expansion increased as the treatment progressed. For all patients the esophagus was thicker at the final week of treatment than its pre‐treatment size. For 7/15 patients the esophageal expansion was larger than 1.3. The average relative expansion of the esophagus was 1.30±0.19 (range: 1.04 – 1.67). We will present dose‐response curves calculated from the weekly 4DCTs. Conclusions: The esophagus expands in response to radiation, reaching approximately a 30% increase in cross‐sectional area during the final week of a 50.4Gy treatment, although there is much variability between patients.
Outcomes in Pancreatic Cancer Surgery

The increase in surgery for pancreatic cancer during the last 3 decades can be correlated with a gradual decline in operative mortality and postoperative complications. Although not all surgeons (nor all hospitals) can have equal outcomes, the definition and tabulation of these outcomes have been difficult. This article asks several pertinent questions: (1) what is the scientific rationale for pancreatic resection? (2) what are the best available results at this time? (3) who should be performing pancreatic resections? The article analyzes results of resection for adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas, and excludes duodenal and ampullary cancers, pancreatic endocrine tumors, and tumors of less malignant potential.
Clarity of purpose, focused attention: The essence of excellence.

Teaching trainees how to excel as surgeons is essential to our academic mission. Throughout history, great thinkers from all schools of thought have grappled with the concept of excellence. To my mind, clarity of purpose and focused attention represent the essence of excellence. Today, I will explore this concept in some depth. Excellence in surgery is under attack. Unprecedented levels of daily distractions erode our ability to identify and hold onto purpose and to focus our attention. The threat to excellence is recognized in other fields, where strong counter measures are being taken. I propose that wemust do the same in our field. I will illustrate the elements of an action plan we have found successful in our resident training program. I will tell you a story of a surgeon, who, through the power of his clarity of purpose and focused attention, exemplified excellence in his contributions to his chosen field and did so with meager resources in the most unusual of circumstances. The dictionary defines excellence as ‘‘a state of superiority or eminence’’; we might even say, preeminence. However, these static descriptions miss an important nuance—that excellence is not a trait inherited by fortunate individuals. Rather, it must be achieved and maintained through sustained, purposeful, focused action. It is performing a task consistently, as close to the ideal as possible. More than 2300 years ago, Aristotle defined excellence with reference to this active process. He said, ‘‘Excellence is never an accident. It is always the result of high intention, sincere effort, and intelligent execution.’’ How do we break this down? The ‘‘high intention’’ recognized by Aristotle (Figure 1) is not merely a spark that initially ignites the process; it must be clarified and sustained as a singular driving purpose throughout the endeavor. Furthermore, all of one’s conscious attention must be exclusively and unrelentingly focused on the physical and intellectual activity required to fulfill that purpose. Indeed, all of these elements must coexist if excellence is to be the result (Figure 2). Maintaining and holding onto our purpose as well as gaining and holding the ability to focus is becoming more and more difficult in the information age.
ψ suppression in Pb+Pb collisions: a new look at hadrons vs. plasma

Abstract A reexamination of hadronic comover scattering indicates that this mechanism cannot explain the observed ψ suppression in Pb+Pb interactions. The possibility of quark-gluon plasma formation is therefore considered.
Conductive textiles and polymer-ceramic composites for novel load bearing antennas

We presented carbon nanotube coated conductive textiles and polymer-ceramic composites for novel load bearing antennas. We showed that the polymer-ceramic composite exhibits high permittivity with very low loss tangent depending on the ceramic-polymer mix ratio. We also discussed that conductive textile coated with carbon nanotubes and gold carry very promising features to achieve high conductivity and mechanical flexibility, which are critical for load bearing antennas. The strong adhesion between the conductive textile and the polymer-ceramic surface created a flexible, conformal, light-weight antenna. We specifically designed a patch antenna using a simple polymer-ceramic and textile mixing process. Quantitative RF and mechanical performance of the antenna will be presented at the conference.
Normalization Of Replica Correlators

A simplified derivation of the generalized likelihood ratio test for detection of signals in noise of unknown variance is presented and extended to multiple interfering echoes. It is assumed that the dat,a contains signal as well as noise. The resulting solution may be approximated by various normalization methods currently in use.
Fractional Excretion of Phosphorus Modifies the Association between Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 and Outcomes

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) induces phosphaturia through its effects on renal tubules. Higher levels of FGF23 associate with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and all-cause mortality, but it is unknown whether these associations differ by the degree of phosphaturia. Here, we measured serum FGF23 and 24-hour urine fractional excretion of phosphorus (FePi) in 872 outpatients with stable CVD and a mean estimated GFR of 71 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). During an average 7.5 years of follow-up, there were 337 deaths and 199 CVD events. Urinary FePi significantly modified the association of FGF23 with each outcome (P interaction<0.001 for all-cause mortality and P interaction<0.05 for CVD events). In models adjusted for CVD risk factors, kidney function, and PTH, those patients who had FGF23 above the median (≥ 42.3 relative units [RU]/ml) but FePi below the median (<15.7%) had the highest risks of both all-cause mortality (HR=1.98, 95% CI=1.42-2.77) and CVD events (HR=1.92, 95% CI=1.25-2.94) compared with those patients who had low concentrations of FGF23 and low FePi. In summary, associations of FGF23 with mortality and CVD events are stronger in persons with lower FePi independent of PTH and kidney function. In such individuals, the renal tubular response to FGF23 may be suboptimal.
TimeBlocks: mom, can I have another block of time

Time is a difficult concept for parents to communicate with young children. We developed TimeBlocks, a novel tangible, playful object to facilitate communication about concepts of time with young children. TimeBlocks consists of a set of cubic blocks that function as a physical progress bar. Parents and children can physically manipulate the blocks to represent the concept of time. We evaluated TimeBlocks through a field study in which six families tried TimeBlocks for four days at their homes. The results indicate that TimeBlocks played a useful role in facilitating the often challenging task of time-related communication between parents and children. We also report on a range of observed insightful novel uses of TimeBlocks in our study1.
Postwar plans of oceanographic laboratories, University of Washington

After curtailed activities during the War because of war service of some staff members, unavailability of finances for research, loss of graduate students, sale of M. S. Catalyst to the United States Coast Guard, and temporary occupation of the Friday Harbor campus by the Coast Guard, the present staff of the Oceanographic Laboratories is planning a reactivation program. The field laboratory at Friday Harbor has been returned to the University, and the buildings are now being reconverted for scientific use. The oceanography laboratory building on the Seattle campus was under a Navy contract which expired on June 30, 1946. Occupation of this building by the Navy has retarded the return to normal of the scientific work of the Oceanographic Laboratories, The new biennial budget, now in process, will take into consideration the various financial demands necessary for placing the Laboratories on a sound working basis. All indications are that the budget requests will be favorably received.
A developmental evolutionary framework for psychology.

Evolutionary psychology (EP) was founded on the metatheoretical assumptions of the modern (or neo-Darwinian) synthesis of evolutionary biology, which dichotomize internal from external sources of causation. By prioritizing the former, EP has promoted a preformationist view of individual development, which effectively divorces developmental from evolutionary analysis. The authors argue that these assumptions about development are in need of revision in light of recent advances in genomics, epigenetics, and developmental science. The authors outline a developmental evolutionary framework for psychology, a relational metatheory that integrates the study of developmental and evolutionary mechanisms within one explanatory framework. They argue that knowledge of the dynamics of developmental processes are necessary to illuminate mechanisms of evolutionary change and that the psychological sciences, particularly comparative and developmental psychology, are ideally positioned to contribute to this endeavor.
Statistical properties of turbulent density fluctuations

The cross-correlation technique has been used to obtain statistical properties of scalar density fluctuations. Two schlieren instruments with their optical beams intersecting in the turbulent field each give a signal proportional to the density gradient in the flow direction but integrated along the beam path. Cross-correlation of the two signals gives an area integral of the density-gradient covariance. For locally isotropic conditions the area integration can exactly compensate for the two gradients giving a result proportional to the local mean-square density fluctuation at the beam intersection point. Experiments performed in the shear layer of a subsonic jet show results which tend to verify the principles of crossed-schlieren measurement. Intensity levels are close to those predicted assuming density fluctuations are related isentropically to local, incompressible pressure fluctuations.
Fibronectin Rigidity Response through Fyn and p130Cas Recruitment to the Leading Edge

Cell motility on extracellular matrices critically depends on matrix rigidity, which affects cell adhesion and formation of focal contacts. Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (RPTPalpha) and the alphavbeta3 integrin form a rigidity-responsive complex at the leading edge. Here we show that the rigidity response through increased spreading and growth correlates with leading edge recruitment of Fyn, but not endogenous c-Src. Recruitment of Fyn requires the palmitoylation site near the N-terminus and addition of that site to c-Src enables it to support a rigidity response. In all cases, the rigidity response correlates with the recruitment of the Src family kinase to early adhesions. The stretch-activated substrate of Fyn and c-Src, p130Cas, is also required for a rigidity response and it is phosphorylated at the leading edge in a Fyn-dependent process. A possible mechanism for the fibronectin rigidity response involves force-dependent Fyn phosphorylation of p130Cas with rigidity-dependent displacement. With the greater displacement of Fyn from p130Cas on softer surfaces, there will be less phosphorylation. These studies emphasize the importance of force and nanometer-level movements in cell growth and function.
Importance of Considering Atherosclerosis Progression When Choosing a Coronary Revascularization Strategy: The Diabetes–Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Dilemma

The choice of which coronary revascularization strategy is best for diabetic patients with multivessel coronary disease has always been complex. The presence of diabetes, especially insulin-requiring diabetes, has been associated with higher rates of acute and late-term adverse events for both PTCA1 and bypass surgery,2 making either approach seemingly suboptimal. The results of the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) trial,3 however, strongly suggest that bypass surgery is the treatment of choice over PTCA. High restenosis rates,4 inability to fully revascularize all ischemic territories,5 and progression of atherosclerosis6 7 8 are generally cited as the major problems that limit the effectiveness of percutaneous coronary revascularization (PCR) in diabetic patients. But in everyday practice when patients are found to have clinical ischemia and multivessel disease at coronary angiography, the choice of revascularization approach is often based largely on the feasibility of PCR, with little regard for the presence or absence of diabetes. Is this decision-making process wrong? Lack of finding a detrimental PTCA treatment effect for diabetics in other randomized trials or large clinical databases,2 9 10 limited clinical follow-up (≤6 years) that cannot measure the impact of probable late-term bypass vein graft failure in patients who receive initial bypass surgery, and lack of outcomes reflecting coronary stenting are generally cited as the major factors that limit the notion that surgery is the treatment of choice. Moreover, initial experiences with radiation therapy11 and the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab12 have shown promising reduction in late loss within stents of diabetic patients and further support the hope for a PCR solution in some subsets of diabetic patients with multivessel disease. Presently, pending the 10-year follow-up results of the BARI trial and the results of 2 ongoing coronary-stent versus bypass-surgery trials (Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study …
Testing for differentially expressed genes with microarray data

This paper compares the type I error and power of the one- and two-sample t-tests, and the one- and two-sample permutation tests for detecting differences in gene expression between two microarray samples with replicates using Monte Carlo simulations. When data are generated from a normal distribution, type I errors and powers of the one-sample parametric t-test and one-sample permutation test are very close, as are the two-sample t-test and two-sample permutation test, provided that the number of replicates is adequate. When data are generated from a t-distribution, the permutation tests outperform the corresponding parametric tests if the number of replicates is at least five. For data from a two-color dye swap experiment, the one-sample test appears to perform better than the two-sample test since expression measurements for control and treatment samples from the same spot are correlated. For data from independent samples, such as the one-channel array or two-channel array experiment using reference design, the two-sample t-tests appear more powerful than the one-sample t-tests.
Growth of larval krill, Euphausia superba, in fall and winter west of the Antarctic Peninsula

A quantitative characterization of growth-related parameters for larval and juvenile Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (Dana), is essential to understanding the early life history of this key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. To this end, instantaneous growth rate experiments were conducted with larval and juvenile krill to determine growth increments and molting frequency in situ. All experiments were carried out during fall and winter months (April through September) on nine separate cruises west of the Antarctic Peninsula between 1987 and 1999. A consistent seasonal pattern across years was observed: growth rates decreased during fall (April/May), were minimal in early winter (June), and increased to maximum rates by late winter (September). Habitat-specific differences (water column vs under-ice) in growth rates of larvae collected on the same cruise were not observed in early winter (June 1993; within-year comparison). However, in a between-year comparison, larvae from the under-ice habitat (June/July 1987) had significantly higher growth increments than larvae from the open-water habitat (July 1989). The difference between these two comparisons may be a function of the degree of contrast in food availability in the water column and the sea ice at different times in the winter. Daylength at the time of collection explained 74% of the variation in larval and juvenile growth rates. This correlation may be an indirect effect of the influence of diel cycles on krill behavior and/or primary production in both the water column and ice.
Individual Differences and the Job Quality — Worker Response Relationship: Review, Integration, and Comments

Based on the proposition that increasing job scope is appropriate only for certain types of individuals, investigators have attempted to identify individual characteristics that moderate the relationship between job characteristics and employee responses. Three streams of research are examined. Each case found moderating effects to be modest in magnitude. A lack of consistency occurred in spite of the large number of studies and well developed theoretical models. Future research efforts in this area would not be productive.
U.S. Arms Control Policy in a Time Warp

There is much hand-wringing in the arms control trenches these days over the role and future of arms control in U.S. policy. Liberal supporters of arms control lament what they see as a decade of missed opportunities to pursue deep cuts in the world's nuclear arsenals and to strengthen the regimes for controlling the spread of weapons of mass destruction. Those on the right, perceiving grave weaknesses in Cold War–era arms control regimes, prefers to move ahead with “assertive isolationism,” happily unencumbered with the comprehensive test ban or soon, they hope, the Anti–Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. After a promising start in arms control at the beginning of the 1990s, both sides see U.S. arms control policy drifting in purpose and slackening in momentum, with arms control officials spread thin over a proliferating agenda.
Activated AKT Pathway Promotes Establishment of Endometriosis

The pathogenesis of endometriosis remains unclear, and relatively little is known about the mechanisms that promote establishment and survival of the disease. Previously, we demonstrated that v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) activity was increased in endometriosis tissues and cells from ovarian endometriomas and that this increase promoted cell survival as well as decreased levels of progesterone receptor. The objective of this study was to demonstrate a role for AKT in the establishment of ectopic lesions. First, a dose-dependent inhibition of AKT in stromal cells from human ovarian endometriomas (OSIS) as well as endometrial stromal cells from disease-free patients (ESC) with the allosteric AKT inhibitor MK-2206 was demonstrated by decreased levels of phosphorylated (p)(Ser473)-AKT. Levels of the AKT target protein, p(Ser256)-forkhead box O1 were increased in OSIS cells, which decreased with MK-2206 treatment, whereas levels of p(Ser9)-glycogen synthase kinase 3β did not change in response to MK-2206. Although MK-2206 decreased viability of both OSIS and ESC in a dose-dependent manner, proliferation of OSIS cells was differentially decreased significantly compared with ESC. Next, the role of hyperactive AKT in the establishment of ectopic lesions was studied using the bigenic, PRcre/+Ptenf/+ heterozygous mouse. Autologous implantation of uterine tissues was performed in these mice. After 4 weeks, an average of 4 ± 0.33 lesions per Ptenf/+ mouse and 7.5 ± 0.43 lesions in the PRcre/+Ptenf/+ mouse were found. Histological examination of the lesions showed endometrial tissue-like morphology, which was similar in both the Ptenf/+ and PRcre/+Ptenf/+ mice. Treatment of mice with MK-2206 resulted in a significantly decreased number of lesions established. Immunohistochemical staining of ectopic lesions revealed decreased p(Ser473)-AKT and the proliferation marker Ki67 from MK-2206–treated mice compared with vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, levels of FOXO1 and progesterone receptor increased in lesions of mice receiving MK-2206. These results demonstrate that heightened AKT activity plays an active role in the establishment of ectopic endometrial tissues.
What Determines the Location of a Small Solute in a Nanoconfined Liquid

Replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the position-dependent densities of three small molecules dissolved in acetonitrile confined in nanoscale hydrophilic silica pores. The solutes, methanol, acetone, and carbon dioxide, differ in polarity and hydrogen-bonding properties. All three molecules are found preferentially near the pore interface at room temperature, but the surface affinity differs with the solute interactions. Methanol, in particular, exists in two distinct conformations that differ in the hydrogen-bonding state. Free energy profiles as a function of distance from the pore surface are decomposed into internal energy and entropic contributions. These reveal that entropy as well as hydrogen bonding can play important roles in determining the solute location and orientation. These and other relevant factors are examined to elucidate the origins of the solute density profiles within the pore.
Bracing for Persons with Parkinson Disease: A Case Series with Clinical Reasoning

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Approximately 50,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson disease (PD) each year, with more than half a million persons affected. This chronic progressive disease causes limitations across the model of disablement for this population of individuals. Because of the disease pat
Localization of the binding interface between leiomodin-2 and α-tropomyosin

The development of some familial dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) correlates with the presence of mutations in proteins that regulate the organization and function of thin filaments in cardiac muscle cells. Harmful effects of some mutations might be caused by disruption of yet uncharacterized protein-protein interactions. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to localize the region of striated muscle α-tropomyosin (Tpm1.1) that interacts with leiomodin-2 (Lmod2), a member of tropomodulin (Tmod) family of actin-binding proteins. We found that 21 N-terminal residues of Tpm1.1 are involved in interactions with residues 7-41 of Lmod2. The K15N mutation in Tpm1.1, known to be associated with familial DCM, is located within the newly identified Lmod2 binding site of Tpm1.1. We studied the effect of this mutation on binding Lmod2 and Tmod1. The mutation reduced binding affinity for both Lmod2 and Tmod1, which are responsible for correct lengths of thin filaments. The effect of the K15N mutation on Tpm1.1 binding to Lmod2 and Tmod1 provides a molecular rationale for the development of familial DCM.
Brotherhood in Dispossession: State Violence and the Ethics of Expectation in Turkey

The category of minority has been constitutive of the concept of the people in Turkey, distilling those who do not belong to the history and destiny of the nation from those who do. Minority, in this sense, is not simply a demographic classification, nor merely a matter of legal recognition. It carries the weight of a historical judgment, which scaffolds political community by delineating which populations, languages, and religions remain beyond the framework of collective obligation and responsibility. This essay examines comments delivered by a pro-Kurdish political party and a largely Kurdish mothers-of-the-disappeared group during Turkey’s Gezi Park protests of 2013. These moments of public address participated in the broader spirit of state critique on display during those demonstrations. They were noteworthy, however, for recasting the Gezi events as a late occurrence in a longer history of state violence, prefigured by a century of dispossession experienced by those who have been classed as minorities or threatened with that designation. The essay asks how these invocations of history enabled interventions into imagined futures. The commentaries were not primarily aimed at repudiating the historical judgment of minority as discriminatory or contrary to law, but instead sought to delocalize the judgment vested in the category of minority, to see in that judgment an increasingly generalized economy of state violence, and to view it as prefiguring a political community to come.
Particular solutions of Laplace and bi-harmonic operators using Matérn radial basis functions

In this paper, we derive closed-form particular solutions of Matern radial basis functions for the Laplace and biharmonic operator in 2D and Laplace operator in 3D. These derived particular solutions are essential for the implementation of the method of particular solutions for solving various types of partial differential equations. Four numerical examples in 2D and 3D are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the derived particular solutions.
A Compliant Rotating Joint for Deployable Wings on Small UAVs

Recent interest in small Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) has led to advances in wing technologies. Deployable wings reduce required storage space while providing greater range during flight. This paper presents a compliant rotating joint which is bistable and features a locking characteristic that prevents the wing from reverting back to the undeployed configuration during flight. The two stable positions occur at local strain energy minima about 90 degrees apart, but can be adjusted by the designer. A pseudo rigid body model is illustrated for the joint, based on a four-bar linkage. Such a joint mechanism can be designed for any wing, by using the pseudo rigid body model to optimize link lengths and position the instant center appropriately. In addition, the mechanism can be cut out within a single plane for ease of manufacture and assembly.© 2007 ASME
Prerequisite Concept Maps Extraction for AutomaticAssessment

Traditional assessment modes usually give identical set of questions to each student, thus are inefficient for students to fix their problems. In order to perform an efficient assessment, we utilize prerequisite concept maps to find students' learning gaps and work on closing these gaps and proposed a two-phase model for concept map construction. Experiments on concept pairs with prerequisite relationships which are manually created show the promise of our proposed method. In order to meet the challenge of using concept maps in automatic assessments, we also derive a top-k concept selection algorithm which allows students to view different numbers of concepts.