cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Door to needle time and functional outcome for mild ischemic stroke over telestroke.

IntroductionFaster intravenous alteplase (tPA) administration from time of symptom onset is associated with better functional outcome. Lack of recognition of mild ischemic stroke (MIS) might result...
Overview of Theory, Research, and Application Topics

This second chapter serves as an overview of the three main parts of this book: theorizing about families with adolescents, research on families with adolescents, and application topics concerning families with adolescents. Theoretically, an intergenerational nurturing definition of families with adolescents is advanced in order to provide parameters around the literature covering two theoretical frameworks most associated with the field of human development and family science – family development theory and family systems theory – as well as three additional theories that claim more individual psychological origins: ecological theory, attachment theory, and social learning theory. The empirical overview offered in this chapter presents a number of heuristic models that help readers to understand the ways in which the direct and indirect effects of family factors are measured by researchers, as well as discussing unit of analysis issues that help to define both dyadic and polyadic efforts to understand families with adolescents. Finally, the application overview sets the stage for a review of both prevention and intervention efforts targeting families with adolescents. Here, our intergenerational nurturing definition regarding families with adolescents is used as a litmus test to determine which initiatives actually “do” something that is family-oriented.
Radar Moon bounce operations process

The Mini-RF radar instrument was initially included as a technology demonstration on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbit (LRO) spacecraft launched in 2009. During the nominal LRO mission, the data acquisition strategy transitioned from one centered on demonstrating the capability of the low-power, low-mass instrument design to one focused on addressing scientific questions central to the goals of the LRO mission. Mini-RF acquired individual radar images of the lunar surface, amounting to 98 TB of data, during a 14-month period of daily operation. As the LRO spacecraft was transitioning to its first extended mission, in December of 2010, a malfunction of the instrument transmitter prevented further data collection with the nominal instrument architecture. The Mini-RF receiver and other instrument subsystems were not affected by the malfunction so a campaign to observe the Moon in concert with a ground-based radar asset (Arecibo Observatory) using a bistatic architecture was devised. This architecture presents unique challenges to both planning for data acquisition and processing downlinked data to form a radar image of the lunar surface.
Theorien des Ferromagnetismus. — Innere Felder

Bei den fruheren Versuchen, die Erscheinungen des Ferromagnetismus zu erklaren, wurden zwei miteinander wetteifernde Theorien vorgeschlagen, die eine von Poisson und die andere von Weber. Beide betrachteten den Magnetismus als eine molekulare Eigenschaft, aber sie unterschieden sich darin wesentlich, das nach Poissons Annahme die Molekule nur dann magnetische Eigenschaften besitzen, wenn der Korper magnetisiert ist, wahrend sie nach Weber konstante magnetische Momente haben und der Magnetismus im ganzen auf Ausrichtung (der Molekule) beruht. Die Tatsache, das alle ferromagnetischen Korper Sattigung zeigen, galt als ausschlaggebend fur die We bersche Theorie, denn es ist schwer einzusehen, warum nach der Poisson schen Theorie der Magnetismus nicht beliebig vermehrt werden konnte. Auch die Vibrationswirkungen bei zunehmender Suszeptibilitat konnten mit ihr leicht erklart werden, da so den Molekulen eine grosere Freiheit, sich in die Richtung der magnetisierenden Kraft einzustellen, gegeben war. Der Versuch von Beetz 1), nach dem elektrolytisch in einem magnetischen Felde niedergeschlagenes Eisen starke magnetische Eigenschaften aufweist, liefert einen weiteren Beweis zugunsten der Weber schen Theorie.
A Current Reuse Regulated Cascode CMOS Transimpedance Amplifier With 11-GHz Bandwidth

A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for use in high-bandwidth balanced photoreceivers is designed and demonstrated. The circuit, based on the regulated cascode (RGC) TIA, utilizes the current reuse strategy to provide performance increase and additional benefits over the traditional RGC TIA. Implemented in a 65-nm general-purpose CMOS process, the current reuse RGC TIA achieves a transimpedance of 62 dB $\Omega $ across a −3-dB bandwidth of 11 GHz while consuming 10 mW of dc power, with a unity-gain differential output buffer for driving 50- $\Omega $ loads consuming 56 mW. High sensitivity is achieved due to a low equivalent input noise of 30 pA $/\!\sqrt {\text {Hz}}$ . The total active area of the TIA, including an active balun and unity gain output driver, is 0.08 mm2, and 0.25 mm2 with pads.
The Contributions of Sociology to the Understanding of Mental Disorder

Social forces affect almost every aspect of mental illness ranging from its occurrence and expression, and how it is interpreted, to control and remedial efforts. Thus it is difficult to conceive of a mental illness process outside the contours of a particular culture and society. Genetic and other biological precursors interact with sociocultural influences affecting the prevalence and course of disorder and the degree of misery and disruption it causes.
Activation-induced T-cell exhaustion: too much of a good thing?

An analysis of the tumor microenvironment in lymphoproliferative disorders shows substantial representation of intratumoral T-cells suggesting a robust immune response to the presence of malignant ...
The Pre-Columbian Peopling and Population Dispersals of South America

This paper summarizes the current archaeological, physiographic, demographic, molecular, and bioarchaeological understanding of the initial peopling and subsequent population dynamics of South America. Well-dated sites point to a colonization by relatively few broad-spectrum foragers from northeastern Asia between ~13,000 and 12,000 cal BC via the Panamanian Peninsula. By ~11,500–11,000 cal BC, a number of regional, specialized bifacial technologies were developed, with evidence for the seasonal scheduling of resources and the colonization of extreme environments. Restricted mobility, landscape modification, and the cultivation of domesticates were underway by ~8000 cal BC. The early migration routes followed by colonists resulted in a broad east-west population structure among ancient South Americans. Genetic, demographic, and skeletal morphological data indicate that a subsequent demographically driven dispersal into South America largely replaced preexisting central Andeans ~5000 BC, due to increased fertility associated with the shift to agriculture. Beyond the Andes, however, there is little evidence of impact of these later expansions on foragers and horticulturists of the Amazon and Southern Cone who were largely descended from Paleoindians and early Holocene populations.
Outcomes of Clostridioides difficile in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency: A Propensity-Matched National Inpatient Sample Analysis.

OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine in-hospital outcomes, length of hospital stay, and resource utilization in a contemporary cohort of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and vitamin D deficiency (VDD). METHODS The National Inpatient Sample database for 2016 and 2017 was used for data analysis using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification/Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-CM/PCS) codes to identify the patients with the principal diagnosis of CDI and VDD. We assessed the all-cause in-hospital mortality, morbidity, length of hospital stay (LOS), and total costs between propensity-matched groups of CDI without VDD versus CDI with VDD. RESULTS We identified 202,234 patients with CDI, 4515 of whom were patients with VDD and 197,719 of whom were without VDD. After propensity matching, there was no difference in the in-hospital mortality between the two groups (odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-4.3; P = 0.90). CDI with VDD has a higher odds of sepsis (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-1.9; P = 0.0), and peritonitis (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-3.8; P = 0.01). Mean LOS (5.9 ± 1.8 vs 5.4 ± 2, P < 0.01) and mean total charges ($11,500 vs $9971, P < 0.04) were higher in CDI with VDD. The factors affecting the LOS were acute coronary syndrome (P = 0.04), mechanical ventilation (P = 0.03), obesity (P = 0.004), acute kidney injury (P = 0.04), and sepsis (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this large cohort in a propensity-matched analysis, VDD does not increase the in-hospital mortality in CDI. VDD increases the odds of complications with a higher LOS and resource utilization. These findings may be clinically relevant to guide clinicians to routinely monitor vitamin D status and supplement in patients at risk of CDI.
Melt addition to mid-ocean ridge peridotites increases spinel Cr# with no significant effect on recorded oxygen fugacity

Abstract Mid-ocean ridge peridotites record significantly greater variability in major and trace elements, isotopic compositions, and thermodynamic properties such as oxygen fugacity (fO2) than do their basaltic counterparts. This variability may derive from modern ridge processes related to melting and melt-rock interaction or from long-lived source heterogeneity related to recycled material or ancient melting events. In this study, we investigate variations in spinel geochemistry as well as silicate major and trace element chemistry and oxygen fugacity of a suite of peridotites from a single segment of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). We present new petrographic analysis and trace element data for samples with previously-published fO2 results and combine this with new data for a suite of SWIR gabbro-veined peridotites. We find that SWIR residual lherzolites record low spinel Cr# (Cr# = 100*Cr/(Cr+Al) 30) record both melt extraction as well as melt-rock interaction. In these samples, spinel Cr# has been substantially elevated by reaction of spinel to form plagioclase during melt addition, complicating the use of spinel Cr# in mid-ocean ridge peridotites as a proxy for degree of melt extraction alone. While spinel Cr# remains a robust proxy for melt extraction within residual, non-melt-influenced samples, mid-ocean ridge peridotites must first be evaluated to ensure that modification by melt-rock reaction has not occurred. Although addition of MORB melt to a peridotite residue modifies spinel Cr#, this melt addition does not result in significant changes to the fO2 recorded by the peridotite. Residual SWIR lherzolites record fO2 of 0.66±0.39 relative to the quartz-fayalite-magnetite buffer (QFM), statistically indistinguishable from melt-influenced and veined SWIR samples (QFM+1.13±0.61). In contrast to other tectonic settings, such as subduction zones, ocean islands, and continental cratons—locations where peridotite is oxidized by petrogenetically unrelated, presumably high-fO2 melts/fluids—ridge peridotites interact with MORB, which has little to no oxidizing power over its own mantle residues. Thus, modern processes beneath the ridge modify peridotite major and trace elements, but do not generate variability in oxygen fugacity.
Cellular localization of glutathione S-transferases in retinas of control and lead-treated rats.

Purpose. The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) constitute a family of cytosolic isoenzymes that are involved in the detoxication of electrophilic xenobiotics. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the concentration and cellular distribution of the various classes of cytosolic GSTs in the retina of control and triethyl lead-treated rats and thereby reveal mechanisms by which the cells are protected from damage by lead and other toxicants. Methods. The regional and cellular distribution of cytosolic GSTs in rat retina of control and lead-treated animals was studied by immunohistochemistry. Enzyme activity was determined by a spectrophotometric assay. The GST subunit distribution of the entire retina of control and lead-treated animals was determined and quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results. Polyclonal antibodies against μ-class Yb 1 and Yb 2 GSTs were primarily and strongly reactive with Muller cells and their processes. Anti-Yb 1 also reacted with photoreceptor outer segments. Antibodies against two alpha-class GSTs (Ya and Yk) were strongly reactive with Muller cells and their cell processes. Antibodies against Yp and Yc GSTs were reactive with amacrine cells and their processes, and anti-Yp antibodies were reactive against retinal ganglion cells. Treatment of rats with triethyl lead caused diminished reactions of the antibodies against Yb 1 and Yp GSTs and increased reactions of anti-Ya with its retinal targets, whereas the total GST activity did not change significantly. Conclusions. The positive reaction between the amacrine neuronal cells of retina and the anti-Yp and anti-Yc class antisera broadens the class of neurons that contains GST enzymes protective against toxicant insult. It also has been shown that the Muller cells are strongly immuno-positive for Yb 1 and Yb 2 GST. Because these phagocytic cells are in contact with the vitreous fluid and proximate to pigmented epithelial layer of the eye, these GSTs may protect the cells from toxicants accumulated from this fluid.
Phase transformations in cast duplex stainless steels

Duplex stainless steels (DSS) constitute both ferrite and austenite as a matrix. Such a microstructure confers a high corrosion resistance with favorable mechanical properties. However, intermetallic phases such as {sigma} and {chi} can also form during casting or high-temperature processing and can degrade the properties of the DSS. This research was initiated to develop time-temperature-transformation (TTT) and continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams of two types of cast duplex stainless steels, CD3MN (Fe-22Cr-5Ni-Mo-N) and CD3MWCuN (Fe-25Cr-7Ni-Mo-W-Cu-N), in order to understand the time and temperature ranges for intermetallic phase formation. The alloys were heat treated isothermally or under controlled cooling conditions and then characterized using conventional metallographic methods that included tint etching, and also using electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS). The kinetics of intermetallic-phase ({sigma} + {chi}) formation were analyzed using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (MA) equation in the case of isothermal transformations and a modified form of this equation in the case of continuous cooling transformations. The rate of intermetallic-phase formation was found to be much faster in CD3MWCuN than CD3MN due mainly to differences in the major alloying contents such as Cr, Ni and Mo. To examine in more detail the effects of these elements of the phase stabilities; a series of eight steel castings was designed with the Cr, Ni and Mo contents systematically varied with respect to the nominal composition of CD3MN. The effects of varying the contents of alloying additions on the formation of intermetallic phases were also studied computationally using the commercial thermodynamic software package, Thermo-Calc. In general, {sigma} was stabilized with increasing Cr addition and {chi} by increasing Mo addition. However, a delicate balance among Ni and other minor elements such as N and Si also exists. Phase equilibria in DSS can be affected by local composition fluctuations in the cast alloy. This may cause discrepancy between thermodynamic prediction and experimental observation.
Thyroid Peroxidase NATURE OF THE HEME BINDING TO APOPEROXIDASE

Abstract Four peroxidase fractions obtained from tryptic digests of bovine thyroid subcellular particles were completely inactivated after extraction with 0.1 n HCl-acetone. Extraction with acetone containing less HCl partially inactivated the peroxidase. Hematin was as effective as, or superior to, the acetone extract in restoring the activity in three of the four apoperoxidases. The pyridine hemochromogen spectra of the acetone extract and hematin were similar, but not identical, and, because other substances in the acetone extract may have altered the spectrum of the native prosthetic group, its identification was inconclusive. However, the data conclusively show that the prosthetic group of thyroid peroxidase is not covalently linked to the apoenzyme and that ferriprotoporphyrin IX, or a closely related iron porphyrin, is essential for enzymatic activity.
Current Experiences with Fault Tolerant Software Design: Dependability Through Diverse Formal Specifications?

We view fault prevention and fault tolerance as complementary strategies for achieving dependability [1]. While fault tolerance in the hardware can be handled by replicating components, design fault tolerance for software requires that development of the redundant components be based on the design diversity approach. Design diversity is the independent generation of multiple software versions from the same requirements [2]. Two general methods have been proposed for providing fault tolerance by design diversity: Recovery Block Software [3] and Multi-Version Software (also called N-Version Programming) [2]. Our work focuses on the Multi-Version Software (MVS) approach in which the multiple versions are executed concurrently and their results are checked against each other by a consensus decision algorithm. A result that deviates from the others by some specified margin is taken as an indication of an underlying software fault.
Immune Aging and Challenges for Immune Protection of the Graying Population

The trajectory for increased numbers of older adults aged ≥65 years worldwide [1, 2] has become a subject of great interest in many circles, from policymakers, to scientists and physicians, and to entrepreneurs of so-called anti-aging products [3–7]. For developing countries, much of the interest on aging relates to social concerns about an associated projection for increased poverty [8]. Aging and longer survivorship in these countries are also considered significant contributing factors to anticipated greater incidences of non-communicable chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions, and therefore add to their already heavy burden of communicable diseases [9]. For industrialized countries, much of the social interest on aging seems to be driven by the escalating cost of health care [10]. Indeed, socioeconomic studies on aging, dying, and survivorship for the United States alone has led to a prediction for a 50 to 69% increase in the per capita cost of personal care for elderly Americans between their 65th and 85th years of life [11]. This is considered a conservative prediction that further puts into question the future sustainability of the US health care system, a national issue that is currently muddled by political party ideology rather than by serious rational discourse. This health-centric view of aging and survivorship permeates into the Sciences. Epidemiological and observational studies have been showing not only the overall age-related increases of chronic diseases such as diabetes, breast cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis, but also the insidious onset of some of these diseases in late life [12–14]. Genetic studies on humans, mice, and lower taxa of animals have been uncovering genes encoding for longevity [15–17], with some genes or their variants associated either with poorer health or with maintenance of good health into old age [18–21]. Clinical studies have been advancing novel concepts of functional independence or dependence based on new discoveries about the unique physiology of aging [22–25]. And translational studies have been developing new models of elder care [26, 27] with corresponding innovation on interventions to promote better health in old age [28–30].
Antioxidant Effects of N‐Acetylserotonin

: This paper will review our recent data relevant to the antioxidant effects of N-acetylserotonin (NAS), the immediate precursor of melatonin, the pineal gland indole. Mechanisms of the antioxidant effects of NAS might involve interaction with melatonin type 3 receptors and nonreceptor mechanisms such as stimulation of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme; inhibition of lipid peroxidation; suppression of phospholipase A2 activation; attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-α production; prevention of pathological opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores; and inhibition of sepiapterin reductase, the key enzyme of biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, the essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthase. NAS actions on some of these enzymes might be receptor-mediated. Protective effects of NAS against oxidative damage are independent from the effect of melatonin and, depending on the model, are 5 to 20 times stronger than that of melatonin. Antioxidant effect of NAS might underpin its cognition-enhancing, antiaging, antidepressant, antihypertensive, and antitumor effects. NAS and its derivatives might be useful in protection against oxidative stress-related disorders (cell death, mutagenesis, aging) and diseases (sepsis, cancer, postischemic trauma, Alzheimer's disease, parkinsonism).
Initiation of Globin Synthesis PREPARATION AND USE OF RETICULOCYTE RIBOSOMES RETAINING INITIATION REGION MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC ACID FRAGMENTS

Abstract Rabbit reticulocyte lysate ribosomes, exposed briefly to pancreatic RNAse and then treated with 0.5 m KCl and puromycin, are converted to ribosomes that carry fragments of globin α and β messenger RNA. These ribosomes support several initiation reactions in the absence of added mRNA including: (a) binding of the initiator tRNA, Met-tRNAf, to the small ribosomal subunit; (b) synthesis of the naturally occurring initial dipeptide, Metf-valine; (c) synthesis of the initial tripeptides for the α and β chains, Metf-valyl-leucine (a) and Metf-valyl-histidine (β). All of these reactions require protein initiation factors, the initiator tRNA, a low Mg++ concentration and GTP. Complete α and β globin chains can be synthesized only when exogenous globin mRNA is added to the system. Thus, lysate ribosomes treated with low levels of RNAse have almost no intact endogenous globin mRNA, but they still retain a significant number of mRNA fragments which contain the initiation region.
A binding hotspot in Trypanosoma cruzi histidyl‐tRNA synthetase revealed by fragment‐based crystallographic cocktail screens

American trypanosomiasis, commonly known as Chagas disease, is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The chronic form of the infection often causes debilitating morbidity and mortality. However, the current treatment for the disease is typically inadequate owing to drug toxicity and poor efficacy, necessitating a continual effort to discover and develop new antiparasitic therapeutic agents. The structure of T. cruzi histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS), a validated drug target, has previously been reported. Based on this structure and those of human cytosolic HisRS, opportunities for the development of specific inhibitors were identified. Here, efforts are reported to identify small molecules that bind to T. cruzi HisRS through fragment-based crystallographic screening in order to arrive at chemical starting points for the development of specific inhibitors. T. cruzi HisRS was soaked into 68 different cocktails from the Medical Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa (MSGPP) fragment library and diffraction data were collected to identify bound fragments after soaking. A total of 15 fragments were identified, all bound to the same site on the protein, revealing a fragment-binding hotspot adjacent to the ATP-binding pocket. On the basis of the initial hits, the design of reactive fragments targeting the hotspot which would be simultaneously covalently linked to a cysteine residue present only in trypanosomatid HisRS was initiated. Inhibition of T. cruzi HisRS was observed with the resultant reactive fragments and the anticipated binding mode was confirmed crystallo­graphically. These results form a platform for the development of future generations of selective inhibitors for trypanosomatid HisRS.
Feasibility of LNG-IUS in a baboon model.

Background The baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) is an attractive model for intrauterine contraception research due to anatomic similarity to the human. Although non-human primates have previously been used for intrauterine contraception research, it was unknown whether modern intrauterine devices (IUDs) can be placed in an anatomically similar position in the baboon. This study sought to determine whether human-use IUDs could be seated correctly in the uterus of the baboon.
Characterization of microalgal lipid feedstock by direct-infusion FT-ICR mass spectrometry

Abstract We demonstrate the utility of direct-infusion FT-ICR mass spectrometry for comprehensive characterization of microalgal lipid extracts. High mass accuracy and mass resolving power combined with Kendrick mass sorting and isotopic fine structure analysis enable unambiguous determination of elemental composition for up to several thousand individual compounds present in these extracts. Elemental compositions are matched to an in-house assembled lipid database derived from Lipid Maps (Nature, Lipidomics Gateway) for tentative molecular identification and subsequent tandem mass measurement of select members of each Kendrick series confirms molecular assignments. These data may be used to highlight trends in lipid class distribution as well as changes in individual lipid species to enable comparison of lipid extraction techniques, comparison of algal species and analysis of variable process or growth conditions, for example. With this approach we identify a novel sulfate lipid class for Nannochloropsis salina and Scenedesmus obliquus and show that these compounds form alky-diols upon hydrolysis (which have previously been reported to have a role in algaenan synthesis from Eustigmatophyceae).
International variation in artificial urinary sphincter use

Objective To analyze international trends in artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) use, indications for placement, and application by gender. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of data derived from patient information forms sent to American Medical Systems. There were 86 140 unique cases from March 1975 through December 2008, including all indications. Results AUS use increased worldwide from 1975 (90 procedures) through 2008 (4818 procedures). In 2008, patients with postprostatectomy incontinence (PPI) accounted for 61% (2907/4751) of AUS use compared to 12% (8/66) in 1975. Artificial urinary sphincter annual implant rates in women were much lower than in men, decreasing from 298 procedures in 1990 to 67 in 2008. Artificial urinary sphincter implants in the United States for men alone accounted for the majority (62%, 2995/4818) of worldwide artificial urinary sphincter use in 2008. Conversely, artificial urinary sphincter use has recently started declining in other areas, including South America and Canada. Frequency of artificial urinary sphincter surgery varied dramatically from less than 0.01 per 100 000 population in Brazil to 0.99 in the United States. Of surgeons performing artificial urinary sphincter implants in 2008, case volumes in and outside of the United States were similarly low: 56% in the United States and 52% outside the United States performed only 1 artificial urinary sphincter implant, whereas 76% in the United States and 73% outside the United States did fewer than 3. Conclusion Artificial urinary sphincter use has continued to increase internationally over the study period, especially for patients with PPI. However, artificial urinary sphincter use exhibits considerable regional variation, and most surgeons performed very low annual case volumes of implants.
Parametric optimization of dielectric functions for maximizing nanoscale radiative transfer

Near-field thermal radiation can be several orders of magnitude higher than that between two black bodies. Previous studies have shown that the energy transfer between two semi-infinite media separated by a nanometre vacuum gap is maximized when the real part of the dielectric function is around −1 due to the excitement of surface waves. Real materials can exhibit such a behaviour only within a very small spectral interval. However, by tuning the different adjustable parameters of the dielectric functions, it is possible to estimate the maximum achievable near-field radiative transfer. In this study, the influence of each parameter in the Drude and the Lorentz models on the nanoscale radiation is investigated. Optimal values are obtained for these parameters that maximize the near-field heat flux, which can be more than an order of magnitude higher than previously calculated values for SiC and doped Si. The effect of temperature on the optimal parameters in the Drude model is also discussed. The results will guide future selection and design of materials for the enhancement in near-field heat transfer.
Computing preconditioners via subspace projection

We give an alternative method for computing the matrix argminA−PF, where ∥·∥F is the Frobenius norm and P is taken from the set of square matrices simultaneously diagonalized by a given orthogonal trigonometric transform. Specific examples are given.
Fast complex source point expansion for accelerating the method of moments

In this paper a rigorous complex source point (CSP) beam expansion is used to accelerate the matrix-vector product (MVP) computation in the iterative solution of method of moments (MoM) integral equation problems. The scattering object in this CSP-MoM algorithm is partitioned into groups in a manner similar to the fast multipole method (FMM). However, unlike FMM, the interactions between well separated groups are computed by using the CSP beams as field basis functions. The directional properties of CSP beams allow a fast evaluation these interactions such that the overall MVP is computed very efficiently. The direct solution time and the storage requirement of the CSP-MoM method is numerically shown to be O(N3/2) by optimally selecting the number of groups.
Accounting for the Data: Intuitions in Moral Theory Selection

Reflective equilibrium is often credited with extending the idea of accounting for the data from its familiar home in the sciences to the realm of moral philosophy. But careful consideration of the main concepts of this idea—the data to be accounted for and the kind of accounting it is appropriate to expect of a moral theory—leads to a revised understanding of the “accounting for the data” perspective as it applies to the discipline of moral theory selection. This revised understanding is in tension with reflective equilibrium and actually provides more support for the alternative method of moral theory selection that has been termed ‘practical equilibrium’.
Chemical modification of bacterial elastomers: 2. Sulfur vulcanization

Abstract Enhancement in the elastic response of a bacterial thermoplastic elastomer, poly(β-hydroxyoctanoic-co-undecylenic acid), containing varying amounts of unsaturation was attempted through sulfur vulcanization. Sol-gel analysis verified that crosslinking had occurred and that crosslinking varied with vulcanizing agent type and concentration. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that crosslinking could eliminate all crystallinity. The elastic response was near ideal with less than a 5% tensile set after 200% elongation. In general, sulfur-vulcanized materials exhibited a decrease in tensile modulus, tensile strength and tear resistance which did not appear to vary with crosslink density. Unlike the case of peroxide crosslinking, material integrity was left intact and mechanical property results are reported. The network structure was elucidated through the determination of the molecular weight between crosslinks.
Formation and characterization of a low-lying electronic state of the alkali monoxides LiO…CsO in the red and near infrared

Abstract In studying a variety of highly exothermic alkali oxidation chemiluminescent processes, a significant body of evidence has been obtained to indicate that the alkali monoxides LiO, NaO, KO, RbO, and CsO possess a weakly bound low-lying predominantly covalent excited electronic state thought to be of 2Π symmetry (B 2 Π). The emission from this state for the heavier alkali oxides lies at the fringes of the visible region whereas the LiO emission system extends through the entire visible range to the near infrared. Alkali atoms react with ozone (O 3 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) under both single collision beam-gas and multiple collision conditions to yield the chemiluminescent spectra ascribed to the alkali monixides. Under single collision conditions, the observed emission spectra resulting from an oxidation process first order in metal and first order in oxidant are virtually continuous. The single collision studies are extended in a controlled manner to higher pressure by entraining the alkali atoms in Ar, He, N 2 , or CO and subsequently carrying out the oxidation of this mixture at background pressures ranging from 0.15 to 1 Torr in order to study the internal relaxation and rapid intramolecular energy transfer characteristic of the metal monoxide. Partially rotationally relaxed spectra obtained for LiO, NaO, and KO demonstrate considerable structure associated predominantly with the vibrational levels of the ground and very low-lying ionic states of the alkali oxides. Temperature dependence studies ( T beam ) under single collision conditions demonstrate that the O 3 reactions proceed with much lower activation energy for excited state formation versus the N 2 O reactions. Through energy conservation, the bond energies for LiO, NaO, KO, and CsO are extracted. While those bond energies determined for NaO, KO, and CsO are in good agreement with previous workers, the determined bond energy for LiO is notably higher than that determined mass spectrometrically. This study correlates well with the recent evaluation of M 2 +O 2 alkali oxidation processes where weak emission from an MO 2 (M=Na…Cs) species appears to be observed. The significance of the low-lying alkali oxide state as it pertains to the detection of the alkali oxides in combustion streams is considered.
Positive definite maximum likelihood covariance estimators

Abstract Covariance matrices are a priori positive definite. Imposing this restriction need not seriously complicate maximum likelihood estimation. The restriction can be incorporated directly into the likelihood function without significantly complicating estimation for a wide class of covariance structures.
Additional antibiotic use and preterm birth among bacteriuric and nonbacteriuric pregnant women

Abstract Objective: To determine the risk of preterm birth related to use of additional antibiotics. Methods: Women with Group B streptococcal (GBS) bacteriuria and women with negative urine cultures in a hospital-wide research registry were included. The impact of prenatal antibiotics in addition to those used to treat GBS bacteriuria was assessed. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk of preterm birth among bacteriuric women who received “other antibiotics”. Results: A total of 203 women with GBS bacteriuria and 220 women with negative cultures were included. The frequency of preterm birth was 16% (35/220) for women in the control group, 16% (19/120) for women with bacteriuria not receiving additional antibiotics, and 28% (23/83) for women with bacteriuria who received antibiotics for “other indications”. Among women with GBS bacteriuria, the risk of preterm birth was increased with the use of “other antibiotics” (adjusted odds ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–6.1). Conclusion: Among women with GBS bacteriuria, exposure to additional antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of preterm birth.
Résection de la première cote et scalénectomie pour occlusion chronique de la veine sous-clavière : quel est réellement le résultat ?

La resection de la premiere cote et la scalenectomie est un traitement acceptable chez les malades ayant une thrombose de la veine axillo-sous-claviere qui ont repondu au traitement thrombolytique et demontre une permeabilite de la veine sous-claviere. Cependant, le traitement des malades se presentant avec une occlusion chronique de la veine sous-claviere est controverse. Nous presentons quatre malades de ce type qui ont eu une resection de la premiere cote et une scalenectomie et dont la veine sous-claviere s'est spontanement recanalisee dans l'annee suivant l'intervention, alors qu'ils etaient anticoagules, ainsi que le protocole d'ultrasons utilise dans notre institution pour identifier une telle recanalisation. L'âge moyen de ces malades etait de 20 ans (extremes 17 et 23 ans). Trois etaient de sexe masculin et une de sexe feminin. L'intervalle de temps moyen entre l'intervention et la thrombose etait de 25 semaines (extremes 12 et 34 semaines). Tous les malades etaient asymptomatiques et ont eu une resection de la premiere cote et une scalenectomie par voie axillaire, en incisant le tendon du muscle sous-clavier. Tous ont eu un traitement post-operatoire par warfarine et ont ete surveilles par echographie-Doppler. Chez chacun de ces quatre malades, la veine sous-claviere s'est recanalisee par la suite apres une moyenne de 7 mois (extremes deux et 11 mois) et l'anticoagulation a ete arretee. La permeabilite de la veine sous-claviere qui en est resultee a ete correlee avec l'amelioration des symptomes chez chacun des quatre malades. Tous les malades etaient asymptomatiques au cours de la periode de suivi post-operatoire a une moyenne de 14 mois (extremes deux et 33 mois). En conclusion, certains malades ayant une occlusion de la veine sous-claviere peuvent etre traites agressivement par resection de la premiere cote et scalenectomie ainsi que par anticoagulation, entrainant la recanalisation et la reouverture de la veine au cours du temps. Ce traitement est correle avec l'amelioration des symptomes.
Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia: state-of-the-art and future directions.

Abstract Despite major recent advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of the disease, the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in adults remains challenging. For the 75% of AML patients older than 60 years, currently available treatments produce significant toxicity with poor overall response rates and survival. In younger patients, standard regimens using cytarabine and an anthracycline for induction followed by some form of intensive postremission therapy can produce response rates of 70% with 5-year relapse-free survival rates of 25% to 40%. Chromosomal analyses define three prognostic categories with favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable risk. In older adults, AML appears to be an intrinsically resistant disorder of proximal pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. A variety of targeted therapies currently in development include modulators of MDR1-mediated drug resistance, immunotherapeutics, angiogenesis inhibitors, proapoptotic antisense oligonucleotides, and specific small molecule inhibitors of tyrosine kinase and farnesyltransferase. For example, oral farnesyltransferase inhibitors have demonstrated activity and tolerability in patients with refractory AML and are now in phase II testing. Such targeted therapeutics offer the promise of novel antileukemic activity combined with an improved therapeutic index. Semin Hematol 39(suppl 2):4-10. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Structure of carbohydrate chains of a high-molecular-weight pulmonary glycoprotein

Abstract A human, alveolar glycoprotein having an apparent mol. wt. of 250 000 gave two major glycopeptide fractions (I and II) by Pronase digestion, followed by gel filtration, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, paper chromatography, and paper electrophoresis. Glycopeptide I contained d -galactose, d -mannose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose, and N -acetylneuraminic acid in the molar ratio of 2:3:4:1, whereas these sugars were present in Glycopeptide II in the molar ratio of 2:3:4:2. l -Fucose was present only in Glycopeptide II at a concentration of one l -fucose per three d -mannose residues. In both glycopeptides, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucose was linked to an asparagine residue of the peptide chain. Based on the results of alkaline borohydride treatment, periodate oxidation, methlylation analysis, and sequential glycosidase degradation of the glycopeptides, tentative structures are proposed for both glycopeptides.
Changes in size, hydration and low molecular weight osmotic effectors during meiotic maturation of Fundulus oocytes in vivo

Abstract 1. 1. Gains in the water content of the Fundulus heteroclitus follicle account for over 90% of the total wet weight increase, and consequentially most of the size increase, associated with meiotic maturation. 2. 2. Increases in intracellular Na+ and K+ actually exceed the accompanying increases in oocyte water, resulting in net gains in the concentration of these solutes. Changes in oocyte osmolality during maturation are mostly closely paralleled by variations in the concentration of K+. 3. 3. Concentrations of various free amino acids, including taurine, remain constant or decline during maturation. 4. 4. Taken together, these results suggest that an influx of K+, followed by osmotically-obliged water, is a primary cause of water uptake during oocyte maturation in F. heteroclitus.
On the variation of b-values with earthquake size

Abstract We investigate the effect on Gutenberg and Richter's parameter b of the saturation of moment-magnitude relationships caused by source finiteness. Any conventional magnitude scale measured at a constant period features a saturation which results in a stepwise increase in the slope of the log10 moment-magnitude relationship. We predict that this leads to an increase in b value with earthquake size. This is in addition to the effect of the physical saturation of the transverse dimension of the fault, previously described in the literature. A number of scaling models are used to predict the behavior of b with increasing magnitude, in the case of both the 20 s surface-wave magnitude Ms, and the 1 s body-wave magnitude mb. We show in particular that a b value of unity can be expected only in a range of earthquake size where the relevant magnitude has already started to saturate: it should be the exception, not the rule, and cannot be extended to a wide range of magnitudes, except at the cost of significant curvature in the frequency-magnitude curve. The widely reported b = 1 stems from the common practice of using a heterogeneous magnitude scale, e.g. Ms for large events and m1 for smaller ones.
SF-36 health status of workers compensation cases with spinal disorders.

Abstract Background context: Poorer outcomes of treatment are reported in patients with spinal disorders who receive workers compensation. The reason for their suboptimal outcomes is unclear. No study has examined the relationship between workers compensation and the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) health status of patients with spinal disorders. Purpose: To compare the self-perceived health status of spinal disorder patients receiving workers compensation with those not receiving workers compensation. Study design/setting: A cross-sectional study on 18,389 patients who were evaluated in the 28 centers comprising the National Spine Network. Patient sample: The study data were derived from patients when first evaluated for back or neck pain between January 1998 and April 2000. Outcome measures: The outcome measures used were the eight individual and two component scores of the SF-36. Methods: All first-visit patients enrolled in the National Spine Network from January 1998 to April 2000 were reviewed. Eight individual scores and two component scores of the SF-36 were compared. Results: Of the 18,389 patients, 1,535 (8%) were receiving workers compensation. Bivariate analyses showed all eight individual scores, and two summary scores of the SF-36 were significantly lower ( p p p p p p Conclusions: Workers compensation status is associated with poorer physical and mental health of patients with spinal disorders. Because the workers compensation group is younger, has a shorter duration of symptoms, and fewer comorbid medical problems, the lower SF-36 scores most likely reflect psychological factors and not ill health per se. The lower SF-36 scores may also reflect premorbid personality differences in the workers compensation patients, compared with those not receiving workers compensation. SF-36 is a validated tool that can be used to objectively identify the patient at risk for delayed recovery. Future treatment protocols should pay special attention to improve the health-related quality of life, especially general health and physical functioning of spinal patients receiving workers compensation.
CASE REPORT OF KIDNEY DISEASE IN A WILD CHINOOK SALMON, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, IN THE SEA

An immature chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that had spent two winters at sea was found in a Puget Sound beach zone. Necropsy indicated the fish was infected with bacterial kidney disease (KD). This is the first report of KD from a wild fish in the marine environment.
Pressure-induced H2 opacity in the 5-μm region

The H2 opacity arising from the pure-rotational hexadecapole-induced U0(J) transitions occurring during H2H2 and H2He collisions, and from the hexadecapole-induced U0(J) + S0(J′) and the quadrupole-induced S0(J) + S0(J′) transitions in H2He collisions, has been calculated. The U0(J) and S0(J) + S0(J′) contributions from H2H2 collisions are important H2 opacities in the frequency range from 700–3000 cm−1 for temperatures appropriate to the outer planets. It is concluded that this opacity is needed in addition to the opacity from the extrapolation of the 0-0 and 1-0 H2H2 collisionally induced bands to interpret the spectrum at 5 μm for the outer planets.
Stem Cell Therapy For Inherited Metabolic Disorders Of The Liver

Modern medicine has conquered an enormous spectrum of health concerns, from the neonatal to the geriatric, the chronically ill to the acutely injured. Among the unmet challenges remaining in modern medicine are inborn disorders of metabolism within the liver. Such inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) often leave an otherwise healthy individual with a crippling imbalance. As the principal regulator of the body's many metabolic pathways, malencoded hepatic enzymes can drastically disrupt homeostasis throughout the entire body. Severe phenotypes are usually detected within the first few days of life, and treatments range from palliative lifestyle modifications to aggressive surgical procedures. While orthotopic liver transplantation is the single last resort "cure" for these conditions, research during the past few years has brought new therapeutic technologies ever closer to the clinic. Stem cells, therapeutic viral vectors, or a combination thereof, are projected to be the next, best, and final cure for IMDs, which is well-reflected by this generation's research initiatives.
An improved automated Biuret method for the determination of microgram protein concentrations.

Abstract The inherently simple biuret reaction is hampered by lack of sensitivity and reproducibility in the determination of low protein concentrations. A method utilizing a modified biuret formulation and colorimeter range expander permits protein determination in the 0.01–3.0 mg/ml range at a sampling rate of 60/hr without significant sample interaction. This inexpensive method is useful in investigations involving large numbers of samples with microgram protein content.