cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mapping CO2 fluxes of cypress swamp and marshes in the Greater Everglades using eddy covariance measurements and Landsat data

Abstract Wetlands play a critical role in the global carbon (C) budget by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) and storing significant amounts of C, but climate change is altering C dynamics in these ecosystems. Therefore, predicting and mapping net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in wetlands has emerged as a focus of research to better understand where, how, and when biogeochemical cycles will be modified by human and natural disturbances like climate change. To address this, we developed an object-based machine learning ensemble approach to upscale eddy covariance (EC) CO2 flux measurements across two major wetland ecosystems (cypress swamp and freshwater marshes) in the Greater Everglades of south Florida. We linked 30-m Landsat, water depth, and air temperature data with EC flux measurements using the temporally composite concept for model development, and mapped fluxes within Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP) and Everglades National Park (ENP) to characterize two distinct seasonal flux patterns. Using an ensemble analysis of three machine learning model outputs (Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest), our models of NEE at BCNP had a high predictive power with a R2 greater than 0.8, while NEE was predicted at ENP with a R2 greater than 0.5. We also generated an uncertainty map to quantify the prediction diversity caused by application of multiple models in upscaling. This uncertainty map identifies regions that are either easy or challenging to predict from model based analyses. We conclude that integration of Landsat, water depth, and air temperature data is valuable for quantifying CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and Everglades ecosystems, and the developed paradigm is promising for upscaling EC flux measurements in wetlands to study and mitigate disturbances to wetland ecosystem services such as hurricanes, fires, water management and/or climate change.
Control of Listeria monocytogenes in low-moisture foods

Abstract Background Foodborne pathogen contamination in low water activity (aw) foods is a critical problem for both the food industry and public health. Low-moisture foods and food ingredients have been implicated in numerous Salmonella outbreaks and are increasingly involved in the recall of products with possible contamination by Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes is singled out as a true environmental species and a pathogenic bacterium of concern in ready-to-eat foods including low-moisture foods. L. monocytogenes can survive in a dry environment or in low-moisture foods for an extended period with increased stability at lower storage temperatures. Adaptation to low-moisture foods enables L. monocytogenes to exhibit enhanced thermal resistance. However, compared with Salmonella in low-moisture foods, less information is available about the fate of L. monocytogenes in low-moisture foods during thermal inactivation and the factors influencing its thermotolerance. Scope and approach This review summarizes pertinent literature on the desiccation and thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes in low-moisture foods, discusses factors impacting the desiccation and thermal stability, and compares desiccation and thermal stability of L. monocytogenes with Salmonella in respective low-moisture foods. The possible mechanisms underlying the stability of L. monocytogenes in low-moisture foods are also discussed. Key findings and conclusions L. monocytogenes can survive in low-moisture foods for an extended duration and is highly thermoresistant. Thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes has an inverse relationship with aw, and is dependent on the food matrix, and other factors.
Tropospheric Photochemical and Photophysical Processes

Our goal in this paper is to illustrate some areas where tunable lasers—IR, UV, and vacuum UV—might play a definitive role in achieving a significantly better understanding of the complex chemical and physical transformations occurring in the natural and polluted troposphere. Such an advancement in knowledge would not only be of fundamental scientific interest per se, but would also serve to greatly improve the quality and breadth of the technical data base upon which the air pollution control strategies of all of our countries should be founded.
Profiles and intensity ratios of the C IV lambda 1548, 1550 emission lines in planetary nebulae

The C IV resonance doublet at lambda 1548, 1550 is an important diagnostic tool in the study of planetary nebulae. The predicted theoretical intensity ratio of 2:1 is, however, rarely observed in the high dispersion IUE spectrograms. Values of 0.8-2.0 are observed for a sampling of 11 planetary nebulae of various excitation classes and for three proto-planetary nebulae. A diversity of line profiles is observed. In addition to the C IV doublet, weak subsidiary lines are seen. The spacing between these pseudo-lines happens to correspond to the separation of the C IV lines but are believed to be due to hot pixels and do not conform to the radial velocity displacement of the C IV lines.
The macroeconomic aggregates for England, 1209–2008

Estimates are developed of the major macroeconomic aggregates – wages, land rents, interest rates, prices, factor shares, sectoral shares in output and employment, and real wages – for England by decade between 1209 and 2008. The efficiency of the economy in the years 1209–2008 is also estimated. One finding is that the growth of real wages in the Industrial Revolution era and beyond was faster than the growth of output per person. Indeed until recently the greatest recipient of modern growth in England has been unskilled workers. The data also create a number of puzzles, the principal one being the very high levels of output and efficiency estimated for England in the medieval era. These data are thus inconsistent with the general notion that there was a period of Smithian growth between 1300 and 1800 which preceded the Industrial Revolution, as expressed in such recent works as De Vries (2008).
Hubble Space Telescope FOS Observations of G191-B2B and KPD0005+5106

Current interest in hot white dwarfs is concentrated in two major areas: (1) The Study of Gravitational Diffusion (2) The Evolution of Spectroscopic Types
Constrained-latency storage access

A class of constrained-latency storage access (CLSA) applications that require both large amounts of storage and guarantees for short latencies are presented. A range of existing approaches to meeting the requirements of CLSA applications is surveyed. Their limitations indicate that the technology does not yet exist to support complex CLSA applications on general-purpose storage architectures. A variety of good solutions exists for meeting throughput and latency requirements for continuous media data, including dedication of resources, presequencing, and greedy prefetching. However, none of the current approaches supports the automatic anticipation of scripted data access as required for interactive editing and playback of video segments. >
Electrochemical oxidation of terbium(3) at the conducting glass electrode

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of terbium(3) at the conducting glass electrode is reported. The Tb(3–4) reaction was irreversible in 2·5M K2CO3-0·5M KOH supporting electrolyte, and the limiting deposition potential for Tb(4) was approximately 1·08 V. An intermediate form of mixed oxidation states, Tb(3·5), serves to explain the reduction behavior of the Tb(4) deposits. Polymerization of the Tb(4) deposits was observed.
Introduction to Special Issue: Group Work in K–12 Schools

Schools are settings where teamwork and group work are endorsed (e.g., school improvement committees), occur regularly (e.g., teaching teams), and are legally mandated (e.g., IEP meetings) (Akos, G...
A silicon model of auditory localization

The barn owl accurately localizes sounds in the azimuthal plane, using interaural time difference as a cue. The time-coding pathway in the owl's brainstem encodes a neural map of azimuth, by processing interaural timing information. We have built a silicon model of the time-coding pathway of the owl. The integrated circuit models the structure as well as the function of the pathway; most subcircuits in the chip have an anatomical correlate. The chip computes all outputs in real time, using analog, continuous-time processing.
Quantum theoretical deduction of radiative transfer equations in the spectral line regime

Abstract Radiative transfer equations appropriate to low-temperature astrophysical systems, as well as to other radiating systems, are deduced nonphenomenologically from quantum theoretical foundations. Initially, attention is directed to the formulation of a logically consistent theoretical framework in which finite lifetime effects (as manifest by spectral line shapes of nonzero width) emerge systematically into the structure of radiative transfer equations. Subsequently, we consider reductions to the familiar Planck's Law and the Einstein coefficients as viewed in the context of kinetic equations. Nonequilibrium considerations are also briefly discussed.
Cellular responses to oxidative stress: the [Ah] gene battery as a paradigm.

A major source of oxidative stress in animals is plant stress metabolites, also termed phytoalexins. The aromatic hydrocarbon-responsive [Ah] gene battery is considered here as a model system in wh...
Family systems theory and adolescent substance abuse: A proposal for expanding the role of the school

Abstract Over the years, the role of the American school has changed dramatically. Where once, the school was responsible only for providing academic education and education‐related counseling services, it now finds itself involved in the students' emotional and psychological development as well. With so many of today's families badly fractured by divorce, single‐parenthood, alienation, etc., students are seeking help with personal and familial problems previously dealt with in the home. Foremost among these problems is the alarming increase in adolescent substance abuse. Although alcohol and drug education courses are commonplace, this paper proposes a two‐fold program for the expansion of the school's role in the identification and rehabilitation of the substance‐abusing student, and challenges the school to adopt new methods of response, based on the family systems theory.
Sequential Comparison of Changes with Repeated Measurements Data

Abstract There are many clinical trials in which the patients enter sequentially, and a response variable is measured repeatedly over time for each patient. A group sequential procedure is proposed for comparing the rates of change between two treatment groups. Some existing procedures for testing the equality of means between two treatment groups with repeated measurements data, such as those proposed by Armitage, Stratton, and Worthington and by Geary, can be interpreted as special cases of the proposed procedure. Under a linear mixed effects model, the asymptotic joint distribution of the sequentially computed statistics is derived. Construction of the group sequential boundaries is based on this distribution theory. The extension to nonnormal distributions of errors is also discussed. The proposed procedure allows for using either the sequential method of Slud and Wei or that of Lan and DeMets. This procedure is then applied to repeated bone density measurements on a sample of 74 middle-aged women and...
Drug effects on discriminative motor control

Abstract A behavioral method was used to study discriminative motor control in rats. Trained, unrestrained animals responding in a free-operant situation were required to hold a force-transducer lever within the limits of a 15–20 g force band continuously for 1.5 sec for each food pellet. Dose-effect relationships were explored with this behavior for d-amphetamine, chlorpromazine, pentobarbital and d-amphetamine-chlorpromazine antagonism. While work rate increased as a function of d-amphetamine dose from 0.125 to 1.0 mg/kg, clear motor impairment was evident at 0.5 mg/kg with severe deficit on all measures at 1.0 mg/kg. Chlorpromazine produced less severe and more variable effects than d-amphetamine. Work rate and most of the measures of motor competence showed that chlorpromazine antagonized the effects of d-amphetamine as a function of dosage. Pentobarbital decreased work rate at the highest dose level administered (16 mg/kg), but the effects were not as severe on most other measures of motor performance as 1.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine. However, all measures, except work rate, were affected by 8 mg/kg pentobarbital. Prefeeding controls had no effect on discriminative motor performance, ruling out anorexia as an explanation for the above effects.
Superthermal ion and X-ray emission from a CO2 tea laser-produced polyethylene plasma

Abstract Experiments with a CO 2 TEA laser were performed in which two beams were focused from opposite directions onto the surfaces of a polyethylene foil. Ion probe and X-ray diagnostics evidenced experimental verification of the shock hydrodynamic phenomenon and core-corona decoupling.
Regional and systemic strategies for metastatic malignant melanoma.

Malignant melanoma is no longer a rare neoplasm. Recreational exposure to sunlight is undoubtedly an etiologic factor. Among all cancers, its rate of increase is exceeded only by that of bronchogenic carcinoma. Before administration of systemic therapy, histologic confirmation of the diagnosis and assessment of both the relative medical fitness of the patient and the available psychosocial support are important. Chemotherapeutic and interferon-α regimens may offer transient reprieve in 15 to 20% of patients but yield few long-term survivors. Other biologic response modifiers, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 2, are promising but without established consistent efficacy. Postoperative systemic treatment programs for patients at risk for disseminated disease are of no proven benefit in randomized trials and cannot be endorsed outside of the context of a clinical trial. Radiation therapy may provide useful palliation, especially with a fraction of 400 cGy rather than the more traditional dose of 200 cGy/fraction. Selected patients with metastatic disease may benefit from surgical resection, but residual disease after attempted extirpation is usually associated with prolonged disability.
Inside Front Cover: Direct Printing of 3D and Curvilinear Micrometer‐Sized Architectures into Solid Substrates with Sub‐micrometer Resolution (Adv. Mater. 15/2006)

The inside cover shows a hexagonal array of convex microlenses etched directly into glass using a reaction-diffusion process initiated from a hydrogel stamp. The technique, reported by Grzybowski and co-workers on p. 2004, allows for direct printing of complex microarchitectures into a variety of materials with sub-micrometer resolution. The images were generated by longtime exposure of slowly rotating patterns. Cover design by Christopher J. Campbell.
Methotrexate modulates folate phenotype and inflammatory profile in EA.hy 926 cells

EA.hy 926 cells grown under low folate conditions adopt a “pro-atherosclerotic” morphology and biochemical phenotype. Pharmacologically relevant doses of the antifolate drug methotrexate (MTX) were applied to EA.hy 926 cells maintained in normal (Hi) and low (Lo) folate culture media. Under both folate conditions, MTX caused inhibition of cell proliferation without significantly compromising metabolic activity. MTX treated Hi cells were depleted of folate derivatives, which were present in altered proportions relative to untreated cells. Transcript profiling using microarrays indicated that MTX treatment modified the transciptome in similar ways for both Hi and Lo cells. Many inflammation-related genes, most prominently those encoding C3 and IL-8, were up-regulated, whereas many genes involved in cell division were down-regulated. The results for C3 and IL-8 were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA. MTX appears to modify the inflammatory potential of EA.hy 926 cells such that its therapeutic properties may, at least under some conditions, be accompanied by the induction of a subset of gene products that promote and/or maintain comorbid pathologies.
The herpes simplex virus amplicon: A new eucaryotic defective-virus cloning-amplifying vector

We have employed repeat units of herpes simplex virus (HSV) defective genomes to derive a cloning-amplifying vector (amplicon) that can replicate in eucaryotic cells in the presence of standard HSV helper virus. The design of the HSV amplicon system is based on the previous observation that cotransfection of cells with helper virus DNA and seed monomeric repeat units of HSV defective genomes results in the regeneration of concatemeric defective genomes composed of multiple reiterations of the seed repeats. Cotransfection of cells with helper virus DNA and chimeric repeat units containing bacterial plasmid pKC7 DNA resulted in the generation of defective genomes composed of reiterations of the seed HSV-pKC7 repeats. These chimeric defective genomes were packaged into virus particles and could be propagated in virus stocks, with the most enriched passages containing more than 90% chimeric defective genomes. Furthermore, monomeric chimeric repeat units could be transferred back and forth between bacteria and eucaryotic cells. A derivative vector constructed so as to contain several unique restriction enzyme sites could be potentially employed in the introduction of additional viral or eucaryotic DNA sequences into eucaryotic cells.
Dense plasma channel generation in air using femtosecond-picosecond laser pulse sequences

We densify dilute plasma in femtosecond laser filaments by heating it with energetic 200 picosecond-long laser pulses. Differently from the case of nanosecond heating, the densified plasma channels, under certain conditions, remain smooth and continuous.
Apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells induced by S-alkenylmercaptocysteine (CySSR) species derived from Allium tissues in combination with sodium selenite

S-Allylmercaptocysteine (CySSA) from garlic is known to exhibit anti-cancer effects. Apoptosis induction by CySSA was contrasted with S-1-propenylmercaptocysteine (CySSPe) (the major onion analog) in the presence of Na2SeO3 (Se) in breast cancer cells MCF-7. The dose of CySSA or CySSPe alone required to reduce viable cells by 50% was >400μM, and this was reduced to 62μM and 91μM for CySSA+Se and CySSPe+Se, respectively, at molar ratios of 39:1. Synergism of the mixtures was confirmed by isobologram analysis and the treatments evoked enhanced thiol efflux from MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis was confirmed by Annexin-V and propidium iodide staining. Cell cycle arrest occurred at the G2/M and sub-G1 interphases. Both CySSR+Se mixtures reduced the levels of Akt. CySSPe+Se elevated GSK-3 protein levels, whereas CySSA+Se did not. CySSR+Se mixtures enhanced phospho-c-Jun levels, with CySSA+Se more potent than CySSPe+Se. Corresponding increases in phospho-p53, Bax and Bad levels were observed, indicating apoptosis occurred via the mitochondrial pathway. Lack of caspases 6/7 activation implicated a caspase-independent pathway for apoptosis. Reduction of imported CySSR and export of thiols by MCF-7 cells facilitates the reduction of selenite to yield H2Se, a cytotoxic agent. This appears to be the first report of an anti-cancer effect of CySSPe.
Persistent protein kinase activity underlying long-term potentiation

Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is a much-studied example of synaptic plasticity. Although the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the induction of LTP is well established, the nature of the persistent signal underlying this synaptic enhancement is unclear. Involvement of protein phosphorylation in LTP has been widely proposed, with protein kinase C (PKC) and calcium-calmodulin kinase type II (CaMKII) as leading candidates. Here we test whether the persistent signal in LTP is an enduring phosphoester bond, a long-lived kinase activator, or a constitutively active protein kinase by using H-7, which inhibits activated protein kinases and sphingosine, which competes with activators of PKC (ref. 17) and CaMKII (ref. 18). H-7 suppressed established LTP, indicating that the synaptic potentiation is sustained by persistent protein kinase activity rather than a stably phosphorylated substrate. In contrast, sphingosine did not inhibit established LTP, although it was effective when applied before tetanic stimulation. This suggests that persistent kinase activity is not maintained by a long-lived activator, but is effectively constitutive. Surprisingly, the H-7 block of LTP was reversible; evidently, the kinase directly underlying LTP remains activated even though its catalytic activity is interrupted indicating that such kinase activity does not sustain itself simply through continual autophosphorylation (see refs 9, 13, 15).
Algebra-based scalable overlay network monitoring: algorithms, evaluation, and applications

Overlay network monitoring enables distributed Internet applications to detect and recover from path outages and periods of degraded performance within seconds. For an overlay network with n end hosts, existing systems either require O(n2) measurements, and thus lack scalability, or can only estimate the latency but not congestion or failures. Our earlier extended abstract [Y. Chen, D. Bindel, and R. H. Katz, "Tomography-based overlay network monitoring," Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), 2003] briefly proposes an algebraic approach that selectively monitors k linearly independent paths that can fully describe all the O(n2) paths. The loss rates and latency of these k paths can be used to estimate the loss rates and latency of all other paths. Our scheme only assumes knowledge of the underlying IP topology, with links dynamically varying between lossy and normal. In this paper, we improve, implement, and extensively evaluate such a monitoring system. We further make the following contributions: i) scalability analysis indicating that for reasonably large n (e.g., 100), the growth of k is bounded as O(n log n), ii) efficient adaptation algorithms for topology changes, such as the addition or removal of end hosts and routing changes, iii) measurement load balancing schemes, iv) topology measurement error handling, and v) design and implementation of an adaptive streaming media system as a representative application. Both simulation and Internet experiments demonstrate we obtain highly accurate path loss rate estimation while adapting to topology changes within seconds and handling topology errors.
THE CIRCULATION IN ANAESTHESIA.

The integrity of the circulation depends on the summation of the effects of the cardiac output, the peripheral vascular resistance, and the blood volume. Agents producmg general anaesthesia affect the circulation by decreasing cardiac output and peripheral resistance, this effect is in proportion to the concentration of agents in the blood. Other factors which may alter the circulation in anaesthesia are the status of ventilation, the degree of hypoxia, the administration of relaxants, and the occurrence of metabolic acidosis. Along with the usual clinical means of evaluating the circulation, venous pressure values are helpful data. These values permit differentiation between a problem in which myocardial function needs improvement and one in which blood volume can be safely increased to treat an inadequate circulation.
Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes: A Functional Schema for Drug Classification

With growing awareness that long-term hyperglycemia is directly implicated in the tissue damage characteristic of diabetes, there has been a corresponding increase in clinicians' willingness to employ intensive treatment to achieve euglycemia, which may require diabetes drugs in combination. The expanding array of drugs with different mechanisms of action calls for a clear method of classification to guide rational combination therapy. Contemporary and historical literature was surveyed to document changes in awareness of toxicity from hyperglycemia and consequent changes in treatment strategy. References were selected for clinical applicability and explanation of drug mechanisms of action, with the goal of proposing a useful schema for classification. Diabetes drugs may be classified in the following categories: insulin providers, which increase the supply of insulin through administration of exogenous human insulin or analogues or drugs that stimulate endogenous insulin secretion (sulfonylureas and meglitinides are direct insulin secretagogues, whereas glucagon- like peptide-1 analogues and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors act to increase the supply of insulin); insulin sensitizers (metformin, thiazolidinediones), which offset the effects of insulin resistance; and insulin-independent drugs, which work in the gut to impede intestinal absorption of glucose into the circulation (α-glucosidase inhibitors) or in the kidney to prevent renal reabsorption of glucose back into the circulation (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, currently investigational). Awareness of these categories facilitates rational combinations of drugs with differing mechanisms of action to address hyperglycemia from separate directions, in accordance with current treatment guidelines.
Serological Measures of Malaria Transmission in Haiti: Comparison of Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Methods

Author(s): Arnold, Benjamin F; Priest, Jeffrey W; Hamlin, Katy L; Moss, Delynn M; Colford, John M; Lammie, Patrick J | Abstract: BackgroundEfforts to monitor malaria transmission increasingly use cross-sectional surveys to estimate transmission intensity from seroprevalence data using malarial antibodies. To date, seroconversion rates estimated from cross-sectional surveys have not been compared to rates estimated in prospective cohorts. Our objective was to compare seroconversion rates estimated in a prospective cohort with those from a cross-sectional survey in a low-transmission population.Methods and findingsThe analysis included two studies from Haiti: a prospective cohort of 142 children ages ≤ 11 years followed for up to 9 years, and a concurrent cross-sectional survey of 383 individuals ages 0-90 years old. From all individuals, we analyzed 1,154 blood spot specimens for the malaria antibody MSP-1(19) using a multiplex bead antigen assay. We classified individuals as positive for malaria using a cutoff derived from the mean plus 3 standard deviations in antibody responses from a negative control set of unexposed individuals. We estimated prospective seroconversion rates from the longitudinal cohort based on 13 incident seroconversions among 646 person-years at risk. We also estimated seroconversion rates from the cross-sectional survey using a reversible catalytic model fit with maximum likelihood. We found the two approaches provided consistent results: the seroconversion rate for ages ≤ 11 years was 0.020 (0.010, 0.032) estimated prospectively versus 0.023 (0.001, 0.052) in the cross-sectional survey.ConclusionsThe estimation of seroconversion rates using cross-sectional data is a widespread and generalizable problem for many infectious diseases that can be measured using antibody titers. The consistency between these two estimates lends credibility to model-based estimates of malaria seroconversion rates using cross-sectional surveys. This study also demonstrates the utility of including malaria antibody measures in multiplex assays alongside targets for vaccine coverage and other neglected tropical diseases, which together could comprise an integrated, large-scale serological surveillance platform.
Effect of diazepam on vestibular compensation in squirrel monkeys.

The effect of the chronic administration of diazepam on vestibular compensation (post-unilateral labyrinthectomy) was studied in squirrel monkeys.
Airblast Atomization of Viscous Newtonian Liquids Using Twin-Fluid Jet Atomizers of Various Designs

In this paper, airblast atomization of viscous Newtonian liquids is carried out using coaxial twin-fluid jet atomizers of different nozzle sizes, slit angles, and slit cross sections for air flow. As the atomizing air swirls downstream along the liquid jet, waves form on the surface of the liquid jet. As a result, the liquid jet sheds ligaments which rapidly collapse into small drops. The atomized drop sizes can be described in terms of three dimensionless groups, namely, liquid-to-air mass ratio (M{sub L}/M{sub A}), Weber number (We), and Ohnesorge number (Z) in simple forms whose exponents and coefficients are determined by the best least square fit to the experimental results using the generalized inverse method. In addition, the authors found that the atomized drop sizes substantially decrease as the atomizing air pressure exceeds a threshold value which varies from less than 170 to 220 kPa depending on the nozzle size and the slit cross section.
Lyapunov Functionals and L 1 -Stability for Discrete Velocity Boltzmann Equations

We devise Lyapunov functionals and prove uniform L1 stability for one-dimensional semilinear hyperbolic systems with quadratic nonlinear source terms. These systems encompass a class of discrete velocity models for the Boltzmann equation. The Lyapunov functional is equivalent to the L1 distance between two weak solutions and non-increasing in time. They result from computations of two point interactions in the phase space. For certain models with only transversal collisional terms there exist generalizations for three and multi-point interactions.
IN PUBLIC, OR ELSEWHERE: STEFAN COLLINI ON INTELLECTUALS

The subject of Stefan Collini's Absent Minds is a “rich tradition of debate about the question of intellectuals” in twentieth-century Britain, in particular debate about “their absence or comparative insignificance” (1). The debate begins with the Dreyfus Affair and its unpredictable British reception (the queen, for example, was a believer in Dreyfus's innocence), simmers intriguingly through the 1920s and 1930s, and becomes positively effervescent in the 1950s, perhaps because of a new democratization of the public sphere. Collini is less interested in the possible historical causes than in the rhetorical structure that persists, swirling around figures as different as T. S. Eliot, R. G. Collingwood, George Orwell, A. J. P. Taylor, and A. J. Ayer, each of whom gets a full-length profile. Other chapters mix shorter profiles—for example, the devastatingly funny discussion of Colin Wilson and the authorities who briefly and embarrassingly made him a star in their firmament—with synthesis of the debate over intellectuals at different scales (for example, how it was shaped by particular periodicals and by the transition to electronic media) and in different national settings. Coming closer to the present, Collini admires Edward Said for what he did as an intellectual while disputing what he said about intellectuals—a celebration of rigorous exile from all social belonging, which could only leave the category of the intellectual looking almost totally uninhabited. The move turns out to be characteristic: it is as if Collini felt he could win a proper admiration for what intellectuals do only by rejecting most of their self-images, or evasion thereof.
Patterns of albumin and general protein synthesis in rat liver as revealed by gel electrophoresis

Abstract Patterns of protein synthesis in rat liver microsomal fractions have been studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In vivo patterns were obtained after injecting rats with 14 C-labelled amino acids, and sacrificing them 20 min later. The livers were fractionated by standard techniques. Synthesis of albumin by the liver microsomes was found to be somewhat reduced relative to other proteins, 18–20 h after partial hepatectomy. In vitro patterns were obtained by incubating subcellular fractions with 14 C-labelled amino acids, GTP and an ATP-generating system, and examining the sonic extract of the incorporation mixture. Extracts from regenerating livers again made less albumin relative to other proteins than did normal extracts. In vivo -like patterns were obtained using the 500 × g , 3000 × g , 15 000 × g supernatants, and microsomes with microsomal supernatant. Integrity of the pattern was lost upon dilution of the microsomal supernatant or when polysomes were used with whole supernatant. The major peak in the patterns co-electrophoresed slightly behind rat serum albumin and was identified as albumin by chemical and immunological means.
Effects of emotional state on sexual desire and sexual dysfunction

The present study explored effects of emotional states on sexual desire and dysfunction. Three basic emotion dimensions, pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal, and dominance-submissiveness, served as the independent factors. Factor analysis of a sexual desire and problems questionnaire yielded a single factor with sexual desire as one pole and sexual problems as the opposite pole. The resulting “sexual desire” scale had a KR-20 reliability coefficient of .98 and constituted a highly homogeneous dependent measure. Sexual desire was greater when subjects felt pleasure rather than displeasure, unaroused rather than aroused, and dominant rather than submissive. Desire increased with increasing arousal in pleasant states and decreased with increasing arousal in unpleasant states (Pleasure × Arousal interaction). Desire increased with increasing dominance in pleasant states and decreased with increasing dominance in unpleasant states (Pleasure × Dominance interaction). In unaroused states, submissiveness attenuated the polarization of sexual desire as a function of pleasure-displeasure (Pleasure × Arousal × Dominance interaction). The highest levels of sexual desire and freedom from sexual problems were associated with pleasant and dominant feelings (e.g., admired and vigorous or relaxed and leisurely); the lowest levels were reported for unpleasant and aroused feelings (e.g., hostile and hateful or pained and embarrassed). Except for the uniformly greater sexual desire of males than of females across all conditions, all findings were applicable equally to the two sexes.
A theoretical investigation of through-space interactions. Part 3. A semiempirical study of the Cope rearrangement in singly annellated semibullvalenes

A series of singly annellated semibullvalenes has been studied by semiempirical (MNDO, AM1, PM3) calculations. The Cope rearrangement is examined in each case. In the ethano-annellated system 3 the groundstate for the molecule is predicted to be the symmetrical homoaromatic species 3c. This provides another example of the elusive class of neutral homoaromatics.
The Irvine, Beatties, and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Recovery Scale: An Assessment of Reliability and Validity

The IBB scale is a recently developed forelimb scale for the assessment of fine control of the forelimb and digits after cervical spinal cord injury (SCI; Irvine et al., 2010). The present paper describes the assessment of inter-rater reliability and face, concurrent and construct validity of this scale following SCI. It demonstrates that the IBB is a reliable and valid scale that is sensitive to severity of SCI and to recovery over time. In addition, the IBB correlates with other outcome measures and is highly predictive of biological measures of tissue pathology. Multivariate analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates that the IBB is highly predictive of the syndromic outcome after SCI (Ferguson et al., 2013), and is among the best predictors of bio-behavioral function, based on strong construct validity. Altogether, the data suggest that the IBB, especially in concert with other measures, is a reliable and valid tool for assessing neurological deficits in fine motor control of the distal forelimb, and represents a powerful addition to multivariate outcome batteries aimed at documenting recovery of function after cervical SCI in rats.
A balloon-borne Ge(Li) spectrometer for gamma-ray astronomy

On June 10, 1974, a new high-resolution gamma ray spectrometer operating in the energy range of 0.05 to 10 MeV was successfully balloon-flight tested. This system uses four 40 cu cm Ge(Li) crystals in a single cryostat as prime sensors. A 6.35 cm thick CsI (Na) shield provides background rejection and collimation, defining a solid angle of 0.095 sr. Cooling is provided by a liquid-nitrogen dewar. The system was highly stable with spectral resolution of better than 2.5 keV at 1 MeV for the flight duration. The background total count rate was about 20 counts/sec. Numerous lines were observed, most of which originated from secondary neutron interactions in the spectrometer. The sensitivity of the system to line emissions originating in cosmic point sources is 0.0001 to 0.001 photons per sq cm s over the energy range.
Roles of glial cells in neural circuit formation: insights from research in insects

Investigators over the years have noted many striking similarities in the structural organization and function of neural circuits in higher invertebrates and vertebrates. In more recent years, the discovery of similarities in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide development of these circuits has driven a revolution in our understanding of neural development. Cellular mechanisms discovered to underlie axon pathfinding in grasshoppers have guided productive studies in mammals. Genes discovered to play key roles in the patterning of the fruitfly's central nervous system have subsequently been found to play key roles in mice. The diversity of invertebrate species offers to investigators numerous opportunities to conduct experiments that are harder or impossible to do in vertebrate species, but that are likely to shed light on mechanisms at play in developing vertebrate nervous systems. These experiments elucidate the broad suite of cellular and molecular interactions that have the potential to influence neural circuit formation across species. Here we focus on what is known about roles for glial cells in some of the important steps in neural circuit formation in experimentally advantageous insect species. These steps include axon pathfinding and matching to targets, dendritic patterning, and the sculpting of synaptic neuropils. A consistent theme is that glial cells interact with neurons in two-way, reciprocal interactions. We emphasize the impact of studies performed in insects and explore how insect nervous systems might best be exploited next as scientists seek to understand in yet deeper detail the full repertory of functions of glia in development.
The reaction n + p → d + γ and the isospin structure of the strangeness: Conserving nonleptonic weak Hamiltonian

The circular polarization P/sub gamma/ and angular asymmetry $alpha$ of the photons emitted in the reaction n+p$Yields$d+$gamma$ are computed in a covariant formalism within the framework of a composite-particle theory of the deuteron. The most important magnetic and electric dipole transition amplitudes in this radiative capture process are determined through a low-energy theorem. It is found that some of the proposed models for the strangeness-conserving nonleptonic weak Hamiltonian give variations on the ratio $alpha$/P/sub gamma/ of one or two orders of magnitude. (AIP)
Existence ofBV absolute discontinuous minima for modified multiple integrals of the calculus of variations

We continue here the discussion on the existence of discontinuousBV minima, for a class of multiple integrals of the calculus of variationsI, we have started in [2] in view of possible studies on hyperbolic partial differential equations. Besides the associated Serrin integralJ, based onL1-convergence, we take into consideration a modified Serrin-type functionalJ*. This new integralJ* will be needed in [3] to prove Rankine-Hugoniot type properties.
Performance analysis of filtering software using signal detection theory

Software filters are increasingly being touted as a solution to restrict access to inappropriate information in a variety of settings. Families want to protect young children from pornographic sites, corporations are searching for ways to minimize trivial use of the Internet by their employees, and non-profit organizations look to control information access to reflect the value system of their communities. Despite the exponential increase in software filter usage, its effectiveness is not clear. In addition, critics of the approach argue that mandated use of filtering software on public computers like libraries may result in denial of vital information to poorer sections of the society who do not have independent access to the Internet, thereby curbing intellectual freedom and creating inequity in access to information. The purpose of this study is to analytically evaluate the performance of software filters using the Signal Detection Theory (SDT) framework. Two types of software filters are modeled and analyzed--simple software filter (single method) and a sequence of software filters (multiple methods). Analysis shows the Iimited capability of both types of filters, with the multiple-method filter outperforming the simple filter. Results of this study caution proponent of filter-based solution to be realistic with expectations of the benefits of filtering based solutions. Implications of the findings for proper use and design of software filters are discussed.
Rootstock effects on responses of potted ‘Smoothee Golden Delicious’ apple to soil-applied triazole growth inhibitors. II: Mineral nutrition and carbohydrate status

Abstract Emulsions containing 0 or 10 mg paclobutrazol, uniconazole or triapenthenol were applied to the soil of potted cultivar ‘Smoothee Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) on M 9, M 7a or MM 111 rootstocks (M = Malling, MM = Malling-Merton). Significant differences in mineral concentrations occurred, depending on rootstock, tissue and plant growth regulator (PGR), but few consistent trends emerged. PGR had no effect on carbohydrates in plants on MM 111. The carbohydrate concentrations in plants on M 7a were most sensitive to PGR, although differences in relative carbohydrate concentrations were also evident in trees on M 9.
Steric effects in the preparation and saponification of some fibrous cellulose esters

Two reaction paths which can be followed when an acid chloride reacts with an alcohol are discussed. The role of pyridine as solvent and catalyst in this reaction is described. The importance of inductive and resonance effects and the size and arrangement of groups near the carbonyl are emphasized. The heterogeneous preparations of seven cellulose partial esters, the phenylacetate, benzoate, trimethylacetate, triphenylacetate, β,β,β-triphenylpropionate, α-(4-biphenylyl)phenylacetate, and mesitoate are described. Pronounced interference with esterification is noted only in the preparation of the triphenylacetate. Steric hindrance and a poor ability to ionize are considered to be responsible for this result. Outstanding resistance to saponification, thought to be the result of steric hindrance and a reduced tendency to ionize, is reported for three of the cellulose esters, the triphenylacetate, the β,β,β-triphenylpropionate, and the mesitoate.
Social Laws of Competition for Journalistic Authority

The anti-commodification and social responsibility traditions of media criticism emphasize journalism's function as a public good. This commentary supplements that perspective by calling attention to the status of journalistic authority as a “positional” good. Such goods can be possessed only by a limited number of people in relation to others. For news producers, the reputation of journalistic authority cannot itself be a public good. When news is conveyed to mass audiences, some voices will be perceived to have that authority while most will not. To illustrate the social laws of competition for journalistic authority, a theme in media criticism from the liberal blogosphere is discussed. The point of this discussion is to highlight the social dynamic that informs perceptions of journalistic authority when that authority cannot always be inspected through rational-critical analysis.
Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA for Rapid Molecular Subtyping of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A total of 210 Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated worldwide were assayed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. RAPD was as discriminating as standard ribotyping, and in some cases, even further differentiation was obtained. RAPD can rapidly aid clinical and molecular epidemic studies in a simple and cost-effective manner.
New technologies in simulation games

New computer software allows modelers to create sophisticated educational tools based on models. Such computerized simulation games have generally failed as standalone educational tools. Effective learning requires that computerized simulation games not only simulate models but also give an understanding of structure and dynamics. Feedback during the game may be able to teach this systems understanding without textbook readings. Computerized feedback requires new methods of “expert” computer analysis; some methods are suggested in this article. Simulation games also offer the opportunity to integrate learning of structure and dynamics with learning of facts. Other tools need to be developed to help create simulation games and to give the games abilities that they do not yet have, such as access to data bases of models, pictures, and text, and connections between simulation games.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on biomaterials: a paradigm for engineering new vaccines

Vaccine development has progressed significantly and has moved from whole microorganisms to subunit vaccines that contain only their antigenic proteins. Subunit vaccines are often less immunogenic than whole pathogens; therefore, adjuvants must amplify the immune response, ideally establishing both innate and adaptive immunity. Incorporation of antigens into biomaterials, such as liposomes and polymers, can achieve a desired vaccine response. The physical properties of these platforms can be easily manipulated, thus allowing for controlled delivery of immunostimulatory factors and presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are targeted to specific immune cells. Targeting antigen to immune cells via PAMP-modified biomaterials is a new strategy to control the subsequent development of immunity and, in turn, effective vaccination. Here, we review the recent advances in both immunology and biomaterial engineering that have brought particulate-based vaccines to reality.
The Axenic Culture of Strains of the Various Syngens of Paramecium aurelia

SYNOPSIS Strains of the various syngens of Paramecium aurelia respond differently to the culture media developed for Strain 299 of syngen 8. Not only is there a variety of response between the syngens, but strains belonging to the same syngen respond differently to the 3 growth media.