cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shock Induced Conductivity for High Power Switching

Investigations of shock induced conductivity of insulators and semiconductors both crystalline and noncrystalline, were performed. Although the insulator-to- metallic state transition time was measured, the focus of this investigation was on the recovery phase of the induced conductivity (i.e. metallic-to-insulator state transition). The recovery time and shock conditions were measured with high speed electrical diagnostic equipment. The goal of this research is to determine the feasibility of using shock induced conductivity as a means of producing a high power opening switch. To minimize switch losses, the insulator-to-metallic transition time and conductance is also important, but has been more widely studied. Various shock profiles and intensities and used in the study. The shock is produced primarily with conventional commercial explosives. Shock reverberation is planed in some tests to minimize sample heating and to produce tailored shock time profiles. In addition, the impacts of sample thickness and compression duration on the induced conductivity were also studied.
Geology of the Martian crustal dichotomy boundary: Age, modifications, and implications for modeling efforts

[1] The contrast in crustal thickness, surface age, elevation, and morphology between the southern cratered highlands and northern lowland plains of Mars is termed the crustal dichotomy. The oldest exposed sections of the crustal dichotomy boundary are ancient cratered slopes, which influenced post-Noachian fresh crater morphometry, Late Noachian valley network planform, and the degradation patterns of Middle to Late Noachian (∼3.92–3.7 Ga) impact craters. Noachian visible and topographically defined impact craters at the top of the cratered slope show no evidence of flexure-induced normal faulting. These observations and published geophysical data collectively require an Early to Pre-Noachian age for the crustal dichotomy, prior to the largest recognized impact basins. Late Noachian plateau deposits and more prolonged Tharsis volcanism appear to have buried parts of the old cratered slope, and fretted terrain developed in this transition zone during the Early Hesperian Epoch (∼3.7–3.6 Ga). Fretted/knobby terrains, lowland plains, and most visible structures (wrinkle ridges, fractures, and normal faults) postdate Noachian crater modification and are several hundred million years younger than the cratered slope of the crustal dichotomy, so they provide no valid basis or constraint for models of its formation. Long-wavelength topography in cratered terrain dates to Early to Pre-Noachian time and provides a useful model constraint. Geological and geophysical observations are thus reconciled around an early age and relatively rapid development of the Martian crustal dichotomy.
CARHSP1 Is Required for Effective Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha mRNA Stabilization and Localizes to Processing Bodies and Exosomes

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a critical mediator of inflammation, and its production is tightly regulated, with control points operating at nearly every step of its biosynthesis. We sought to identify uncharacterized TNF-α 3' untranslated region (3'UTR)-interacting proteins utilizing a novel screen, termed the RNA capture assay. We identified CARHSP1, a cold-shock domain-containing protein. Knockdown of CARHSP1 inhibits TNF-α protein production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells and reduces the level of TNF-α mRNA in both resting and LPS-stimulated cells. mRNA stability assays demonstrate that CARHSP1 knockdown decreases TNF-α mRNA stability from a half-life (t(1/2)) of 49 min to a t(1/2) of 22 min in LPS-stimulated cells and from a t(1/2) of 29 min to a t(1/2) of 24 min in resting cells. Transfecting CARHSP1 into RAW264.7 cells results in an increase in TNF-α 3'UTR luciferase expression in resting cells and CARHSP1 knockdown LPS-stimulated cells. We examined the functional effect of inhibiting Akt, calcineurin, and protein phosphatase 2A and established that inhibition of Akt or calcineurin but not PP2A inhibits CARHSP1 function. Subcellular analysis establishes CARHSP1 as a cytoplasmic protein localizing to processing bodies and exosomes but not on translating mRNAs. We conclude CARHSP1 is a TNF-α mRNA stability enhancer required for effective TNF-α production, demonstrating the importance of both stabilization and destabilization pathways in regulating the TNF-α mRNA half-life.
The Transport of Heat Between Dissimilar Solids at Low Temperatures

The resistance offered to the flow of heat by the mismatch of the elastic constants at the interface between two materials has been calculated. It is shown that for a perfectly joined interface the heat flow is proportional to the difference of the fourth powers of the temperature on each side of the interface. Deviations from this temperature dependence are to be expected for rough surfaces and for surfaces pressed into contact with one another. The calculated contact resistance between some common solids is given, and graphs are presented from which the heat flow between any two materials may be computed. It is shown too that the spin—phonon, phonon—electron, and phonon—phonon relaxation processes give rise to additional resistive processes in some solids, some of which restrict the heat flow at the surface. The theoretical results compare well with the available experimental data. However, the problem of the contact resistance between helium and metals is still unresolved. A tentative explanation of this is presented which predicts that there should be an appreciable difference between the contact resistance of a metal in the normal and in the superconducting state.
Melting temperature of small clusters

Abstract An analytical expression for the melting temperature of small clusters is derived using the microscopic capillarity approximation of Griffin and Andres. This relation T m (i) T m (∞) = 1 − A 3 i 1 3 + T m (3) T m (∞) −1+A 3 i , is valid for clusters from the trimer to macroscopic size. Good agreement is found between the predictions of the above equation and experimental data for gold and theoretical calculations for argon.
Copulatory Apparatus and Deposition of Male Accessory Secretion in Phormia-Regina (diptera, Calliphoridae)

A component of the male accessory gland secretion, injected during mating, was responsible for onset of refractory behavior in the female black blow fly, Phormia regina (Meigen). Immediately after mating, two components of the semen were located separately in the bursa copulatrix: sperm were found anteriorly near the opening to the spermathecal ducts, and accessory secretion distended the posterior of the bursa. The accessory secretion disappeared within a day of mating, presumably entering the hemolymph from where it was detected. Scanning electron microscopy of the intromittent organ and phallosome, and reconstruction of the female reproductive tract from serial sections revealed complementary structures in the male and female. A pair of conspicuous flaps on the phallosome clasp a cuticular tonsil in the female, sealing the accessory secretion in the bursa during copulation. Accessory secretion is released at the tip of the phallosome and is redirected to a more proximal release site on the phallosome via a pair of hitherto undescribed accessory ducts, resulting in its deposition posteriorly in the bursa lumen.
Towards optimal packing and diffusion of fullerene molecules in the Pc-PBBA covalent organic framework

We studied the adsorption and diffusion of the prototypical n-type semiconducting fullerene molecule, C60, inside the pores of the p-type semiconductor, phthalocyanine phenylene-bis(boronic acid) (...
Electronic polarity of nanoclusters: Quantum and many-body effects

Interesting electrical polarity in nanoclusters usually requires the polarizability to exceed the value ${R}^{3}$ of the classical sphere of radius $R$. We clarify how this occurs naturally in single electron quantum systems, and relate it to the giant polarizability of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{14}{\mathrm{F}}_{13}$, and to spontaneous dipole formation on niobium clusters. Many-body effects generally reduce the polarizability through screening. The usual random phase approximation (RPA) treatment retrieves the classical answer, but it significantly overestimates screening in few-electron systems. The system of two electrons on the surface of a sphere is solved numerically, to account for the Coulomb repulsion. At high densities, numerical results agree with the RPA model with properly subtracted self-interaction effects. At low densities, the system performs quantum oscillations around the classical ground state. We calculate the lowest anharmonic correction to the polarizability, which also agrees well with numerical evaluation of the polarizability.
Rights, Values, Regulation, and Health Care

For the past two hundred years, a debate has flourished in political philosophy on the issue of what kinds of rights human beings possess. This is not the debate about whether we have any rights at all. Instead, the rights versus so-called rights debate is about whether human beings have rights other than so-called negative rights not to be killed, assaulted, robbed or silenced. Locke, the major seventeenth-century individualrights theorist, argued that we all possess the so-called natural negative rights not to be intruded upon. Because of the kind of beings we are, we require certain social conditions, including respect for our negative rights, when we form communities. Locke s critics argued that the negative rights he identified are only some of the rights that we possess. Such critics maintain that we also have so-called positive rights whereby others must not only refrain from intruding on us, but owe us positive services such as welfare, health care, and education. Positive-rights theorists do not argue that it is merely decent and morally proper for others to voluntarily help us when we are in need. Instead, they argue that just as others may be forced to desist from murdering or assaulting us they can also be forced to give us whatever they can to help—including their work, their earnings, and the fruits of their talents.
Parenting Behaviors During Risky Driving by Teens With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder☆

Parenting practices for teen drivers with ADHD were observed via a video monitor installed in vehicles. All teens had recently completed a driver education course and were in the driving permit stage of a graduated driver-licensing program. Parent behaviors were coded during drives when teens were driving safely and during drives when teens engaged in risky driving. The overall frequency of positive parenting strategies was low, regardless of whether teens drove safely or engaged in risky driving. Although the rate of negative feedback was also low, parents engaged in significantly more criticism and were rated by an observer to appear angrier when teens were driving in a risky manner. No other differences in parent behaviors associated with the quality of teen driving were observed. The inconsistencies between observed parenting behaviors and those parenting practices recommended as effective with teens with ADHD are discussed. The need for further research addressing effective strategies for teaching teens with ADHD to drive is highlighted.
The diatom stratigraphy and palaeoecology of lake Ohrid, Yugoslavia

Abstract An 8.85 m core (No. 9) was taken from Lake Ohrid, Yugoslavia, in August 1973 at a depth of 210 m, approximately 6 km offshore of Gorcia, Yugoslavia. The core was sampled at 10-cm intervals and analyzed for moisture, organic and CaCO3 content, and diatoms. There is a slight but steady decrease of moisture with depth, probably due to sediment compaction. The organic content showed little variation throughout the core ( x = 2.73 ± 0.39% of total weight). The CaCO3 content from 885−110 cm depth also showed little change ( x = 2.32 ± 0.55% of total weight) but increased in the top meter of the core (100−0 cm, x = 11.03 ± 8.86% of total weight). Throughout the core there is an inverse relationship between organic and CaCO3 content, particularly in the top meter. Extrapolation to the bottom of the core using linear regression based on 14C-dating yields a date of ca. 30,000 years B.P. Results indicate that Lake Ohrid has remained an oligotrophic lake throughout the period represented by Core 9. Diatom analysis shows one persistent group of diatoms throughout the core. This group consists of Cyclotella fottii, C. hustedtii, and C. hustedtii var.1 and is referred to as the Cyclotella complex. Between 885−650 cm (ca. 30,000−20,000 yr B.P.) there is a sharp increase in numbers and a slight increase in diversity of species. This may correspond with the beginning of the warmer, more humid middle Pleniglacial. Between 650−100 cm (ca. 20,000−10,000 yr B.P.) the Cyclotella complex appears usually alone in small number. There are a few other scattered species in this section, mainly Opephora martyi and Fragilaria pinnata. This section of the core probably corresponds with the cold upper Pleniglacial of the Wurm (Weichselian). Between 100−0 cm (ca. 10,000−0 yr B.P.) there is the largest increase in number and diversity of species, particularly above 60 cm. The Cyclotella complex, C. ocellata, Cyclotella sp.1, Stephanodiscus astraea var. intermedia fo.11 and Stephanodiscus sp.1 are dominant. This is the only section of the core in which Stephanodiscus species occur, and probably corresponds with the Holocene.
Energy-dependent uptake of cytoplasmically synthesized polypeptides by chloroplasts

Light stimulates the uptake of polypeptides synthesized in vitro into intact chloroplasts. The light-stimulated uptake is inhibited by uncouplers, but not by the electron transport inhibitor dichlorophenyldimethylurea (DCMU) or the protein synthesis inhibitor chloramphenicol(CAP). Addition of ATP to the uptake mixture in the dark mimics the light stimulation of transport, and it reverses the uncoupler inhibition of transport in the light. These data demonstrate that cytoplasmically synthesized polypeptides are imported into the chloroplast by an energy-dependent process.
Simultaneous Cholecystectomy: to be or not to be.

Background: the argument concerning the justification for doing cholecystectomy at the same time as a gastric limiting procedure for morbid obesity continues to be a lively one. This study is an attempt to resolve this issue by reviewing the data of a single surgeon over the 10-year period from January 1983 through April of 1993. Methods: the first 3 years of the study (386 patients) involved primary gastroplasty with or without cholecystectomy. In 1986, the author began doing Roux-Y gastric bypass which has included 673 consecutive patients. At the same time, our criteria for simultaneous cholecystectomy changed from not only cholelithiasis and cholesterolosis of the gallbladder, but also to a strong family history of biliary tract disease which necessitated surgery and clinical evidence of chronic cholecystitis at surgery, i.e. thickening of the gallbladder wall and more than the usual amount of adhesions. Findings: in the 1983-1986 group, 13% needed a second operation for symptomatic biliary tract disease sometime between 1 and 9 years after surgery. In the latter group from 1986 to 1993, 9% have necessitated cholecystectomy, usually several years following the original Roux-Y gastric bypass. Conclusions: we conclude that simultaneous cholecystectomy be based on the above criteria rather than being done routinely.
Genomics of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency

Recent sequencing of the human genome has opened up new areas of investigation for genetic aberrations responsible for the pathogenesis of many human diseases. To date, there have been no studies that have investigated the entire human genome for the genetic underpinnings of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Utilizing Gene Chip Arrays we analyzed the relative expression levels of more than 47,000 transcripts and variants and approximately 38,500 well-characterized genes from each of 20 patients (N (CVI)=10; N (Control Group)=10). Relative gene expression profiles significantly differed between patients with CVI and patients unaffected by CVI. Regulatory genes of mediators of the inflammatory reaction and collagen production were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively in CVI patients. DNA microarray analysis also showed that relative gene expression of multiple genes which function remains to be elucidated was significantly different in CVI patients. Fundamental advancements in our knowledge of the human genome and understanding of the genetic basis of CVI represents an opportunity to develop new diagnostic, prognostic, preventive and therapeutic modalities in the management of CVI.
Psychological interventions in sport injury prevention and rehabilitation

Abstract This article reviews and critiques research on preventive and rehabilitative psychological interventions for sport injury. Intervention foundations, essential program components, theoretical/onceptual bases. supportive literature, individual intervention studies, research strengths and weaknesses, and relevance of study findings to future research are discussed. It is argued that psychological intervention studies demonstrate preliminary evidence of treatment efficacy. A strong call is issued for further empirical inquiry into preventive and rehabilitative injury processes.
Alternate microbial strategies for the metabolism of a 3-methyl branched alkanoic acid

The branched alkanoic acid, 3-methylvaleric acid (3-MVA), was used to test the effect of a β-methyl branch on short chain alkanoic acid biodegradability by various bacteria. Most of the bacteria tested were able to usen-valeric acid as sole carbon source but were unable to assimilate 3-MVA. Three bacterial strains capable of growth on 3-MVA are described here because they exemplify metabolism of the branched compound via different strategies.Pseudomonas citronellolis used a β-methyl activation sequence involving CO2 fixation, analogous to that seen in the isovalerate pathway. AMycobacterium sp. used an α-oxidation sequence to convert 3-MVA to 2-methyl-butyrate, which was then assimilated via part of the isoleucine pathway. AnArthrobacter sp. metabolized 3-MVA via ω-oxidation to produce 3-methylglutarate that was degraded through the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate pathway.
Angle-resolved low-energy ion scattering studies of quasicrystalline Al–Pd–Mn

Abstract We present angle-resolved low-energy ion scattering data that provide information about the composition of the topmost surface layers and atomic arrangement for a clean, 5-fold surface of a single-grain of icosahedral Al–Pd–Mn. The results show that the surface of this material has 5-fold periodicity and has a surface composition with a higher Al content than the bulk material (Al-86, Pd-13, Mn-1 versus Al-71, Pd-20, Mn-9 atom%). A predominant neighbor atom distance of 7.6±0.5 A is calculated from the results, consistent with scanning probe measurements and bulk models of Al–Pd–Mn quasicrystals. We calculate a nearest neighbor distance of 3.0±0.2 A. We also find that a Pd-rich layer exists just below an Al-rich outer layer, in agreement with dynamical low-energy electron diffraction calculations.
One-step purification of the recombinant catalytic subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.

A facile one-step affinity chromatographic purification of the recombinant catalytic subunit (PDPc) of bovine pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase (PDP) to near homogeneity is described. PDPc binds in the presence of Ca(2+) to the inner lipoyl domain (L2) of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component (E2) of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The affinity column consists of a glutathione S-transferase (GST)-L2 fusion protein bound to glutathione-Sepharose 4B beads. An extract of transformed Escherichia coli cells containing 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5), 2 mM CaCl(2), 5 mM MgCl(2,) 150 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, 1% Triton X-100, and l M urea was passed through the affinity column, and the column was washed extensively with this buffer mixture. PDPc was eluted with 50 mM Tris buffer (pH 7.5) containing 5 mM MgCl(2), 0.5 mM dithiothreitol, and 1 mM EGTA. Approximately 22 mg of highly purified PDPc was obtained from 10 g (wet weight) of transformed cells. The preparation contained a small amount of a "nicked" form of PDPc. The cleavage is between Arg-394 and Arg-395.
Sa1625 Randomized Prospective Trial of CO2 vs. Room Air Insufflation During PEG Placement on Pneumoperitoneum Production

Figure 1. Efficacy of Long-term PEG-J Drug Delivery Figure 2. Quality of Life of Patients with Long-term PEG-J Drug Delivery
Effects of increased energy expenditure on weight gain and adiposity in the la-corpulent rat

Abstract 1. 1. Groups of lean or pre-obese LA/N-cp rats were subjected to a program of vigorous exercise ( 2. 2. Sedentary pre-obese rats gained weight twice as rapidly as sedentary lean rats. Exercise treatment resulted in greater decrements in body wt in obese than in lean rats, but did not result in absolute weight loss in either group. 3. 3. At 12 weeks of age, fat pad weights in principle depots were 10–15 times greater in corpulent than in lean rats and were significantly smaller in the exercised groups of both phenotypes, and corresponded with lower relative adiposity compared to corresponding sedentary groups. 4. 4. Heart weights were greater in corpulent than lean, while gastrocnemius muscle weights were similar in both phenotypes. Exercise was without effect on the weight of either muscle tissue in either phenotype. 5. 5. Interscapular brown adipose tissue weights and the IBAT:BW ratio were greater in obese than in lean rats. IBAT weights were lower in exercised than sedentary rats of either phenotype, but the IBAT: BW ratio was lower only in the obese exercised rats. 6. 6. In sedentary rats, l -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activity were greater in obese than lean, and exercise treatment resulted in increased l -α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme only in lean rats. 7. 7. These results are consistent with a redistribution of energy expenditure from energy storing to energy dissipating pathways following vigorous exercise, resulting in slowed rates of weight gain and body fat accretion in both lean and obese animals, with the most significant decrements among pre-obese rats.
The Onco-Embryonic Antigen ROR1 Is Expressed by a Variety of Human Cancers

ROR1 is an orphan-receptor tyrosine-kinase-like surface antigen that is expressed by many tissues during embryogenesis, some B-cell malignancies, and various cancer cell lines but not by virtually all normal adult tissues. Here, we report that large proportions of many different human cancers also express ROR1, particularly those cancers that have high-grade histology. Primary cancers that expressed ROR1 more commonly expressed high levels of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding-factor (p-CREB) than similar cancers that lacked expression of ROR1. Induced expression of ROR1 could enhance basal p-AKT and p-CREB levels and could promote the growth of a cancer cell line, MEC1. Conversely, silencing ROR1 resulted in lower levels of p-AKT and p-CREB, which was associated with impaired tumor cell growth. In summary, this study found that many different human cancers express ROR1 and that ROR1 may play a functional role in promoting tumor cell growth, suggesting that this orphan-receptor tyrosine-kinase-like protein may be a potential target for therapy directed against a variety of human cancers.
Photo Interviews: Eliciting Data through Conversations with Children:

Photo interviewing is a useful method for qualitative inquiry in classrooms and with children. The idea of photo elicitation is especially relevant when interviewing children who have preset ideas ...
Response of the lungs to aspiration

Aspiration of acid from the stomach and water from the mouth can cause significant lung injury. Animal experiments suggest that acid entering the lungs is normally neutralized by bicarbonate derived from the plasma. It is hypothesized that this process may be impaired in patients with cystic fibrosis and that some of the airway injury that they experience may be related to this defect. This disease is characterized by abnormalities in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, which normally conducts bicarbonate and chloride exchange. Evidence is discussed regarding the role of water channels (aquaporins) in transporting water from the airspaces into the vasculature.
Contact guidance and migratory cells in the developing cerebellum.

With the aid of [3H]thymidine autoradiography it was established that in the developing cerebellum of the rat the Bergmann glia cells come into existence essentially during days 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the postnatal life. In the context of this finding migratory cells arising out of the external granular layer were evaluated before the origin of the Bergmann glia cells and during the period of their genesis, in order to determine the nature of cues that they followed in their path of migration. The migratory cells were observed in close association with the dendrites of the Purkinje cells, growth cones related to the dendritic branchings of the Purkinje cells, the somata of Purkinje cells, other migratory cells, and thin-caliber gray-looking fibers of unknown origin. On the basis of these findings and also those reported by Rakic´26 it was concluded that any available surface providing contact guidance could serve the migratory cells in defininf their path of migration. The issue pertaining to the locomotive force required for migration of the cell has been briefly considered.
Seismic behavior of concrete gravity dams with penetrated cracks and equivalent impact damping

The seismic behavior of concrete gravity dams with cracks that penetrate the monoliths has rarely been studied. The treatment of dynamic contact conditions at the cracks is the major difficulty. Not only all the sliding, rocking and drifting modes of motion have to be properly handled, but also specific attention should be focused on impact when the crack is closing. This study employs the FEM and adopts the IDCE (incremental displacement constraint equations) model to deal with all the modes of motion along the cracks. For impact, equivalent damping is introduced based on the concept of coefficient of restitution that is used in collision between point masses. After the IDCE damping model is verified in dynamic contact situations for rigid and flexible bodies, a typical concrete gravity dam with full reservoir water and three cases of crack is investigated under El Centro 1940 NS earthquake excitation. Calculations reveal very interesting phenomena, such as occurrence of rocking and jumping, coupling between the direction of residual sliding and the direction of peak rocking, and the large damping effect of multi-cracks on peak residual sliding, rocking and jumping.
The surface chemistry of monooctadecyl phosphate at the air/water interface. A study of molecular aggregation in monolayers.

Abstract The surface viscosity η s of monooctadecyl phosphate (m-OP) monolayers increased linearly with time, and this rate increased as the pH was lowered. For the pH range where film dissociation occurred, the monolayers contracted. Increasing the temperature from 12°C. to 22°C. also resulted in a small contraction of the monolayer. By application of a modified Clapeyron equation, the process of spreading of the m-OP film from the crystal on water was found to involve a large decrease in entropy in the range of pH 3–5.8. Maximum decrease in the entropy of spreading occurred at pH 4.7, the pH region of 50% dissociation of m-OP. Crystals of m-OP became mesomorphic in water at 22°C., forming fiber-like structures which were birefringent. The fiber-like structures were not evident at 12°C., though the crystals were still swollen by water. It is concluded from these results that the structure of m-OP monolayers on water is highly complex and involves pH-dependent phosphate-phosphate as well as phosphate-water interactions.
JPVM: Network Parallel Computing in Java

The JPVM library is a software system for explicit message-passing based distributed memory MIMD parallel programming in Java. The library supports an interface similar to the C and Fortran interface provided by the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) system, but with syntax and semantics modifications afforded by Java and better matched to Java programming styles. The similarity between JPVM and the widely used PVM system supports a quick learning curve for experienced PVM programmers, thus making the JPVM system an accessible, low-investment target for migrating parallel applications to the Java platform. At the same time, JPVM offers novel features not found in standard PVM such as thread safety, multiple communication end-points per task, and default-case direct message routing. JPVM is implemented entirely in Java, and is thus highly portable among platforms supporting some version of the Java Virtual Machine. This feature opens up the possibility of utilizing resources commonly excluded from network parallel computing systems such as Macintosh and Windows-NT based systems. Initial applications performance results achieved with a prototype JPVM system indicate that the Java-implemented approach can offer good performance at appropriately coarse granularities.
A reasonable approach to out-of-print procurement using dBASE II or dbase III

Abstract A menu-driven program written in dBASE is used to facilitate online searching of a library's out-of-print desiderata file, and to produce subject or country-of-origin specific lists for dealers. Each element of the system is examined, and the programs, in both dBASE II and dBASE III, are listed in full for users to copy.
Antioxidative Activity of Volatile Chemicals Extracted from Beer

Volatile chemicals obtained from a commercial beer by liquid−liquid continuous extraction were evaluated for antioxidant activity. The inhibitory ability of this extract toward the conversion of hexanal to hexanoic acid was monitored over a 35-day period. The volatile extract demonstrated >99% effectiveness at inhibiting hexanal oxidation at 50 μg/mL, comparable to that of the natural antioxidant α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Volatile compounds contained in the extract were isolated and identified by gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS). From the volatile constituents identified in beer extract, phenylethyl alcohol, maltol, and 2-furanmethanol were examined for antioxidative activities. At a concentration of 500 μg/mL, maltol and 2-furanmethanol demonstrated approximately 95 and 100% inhibition of hexanal oxidation over 35 days, respectively. Phenylethyl alcohol did not show any appreciable level of inhibition of hexanal oxidation. Heterocyclic compounds, some of which are known to possess antioxidati...
Viscoelastoplastic Continuum Damage Model for Asphalt Concrete in Tension

A viscoelastoplastic continuum damage model has been derived and characterized for describing the behavior of asphalt concrete subject to an all-around confining pressure and deviatoric tension loading. The primary application of this model is to better understand the fatigue damage process in asphalt concrete pavements. As a result of this application and because of the bimodal behavior of this material outside the linear viscoelastic range, the modeling effort has focused primarily on the tensile characteristics. The developed model uses the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, work-potential theory with damage mechanics, time-temperature superposition with growing damage, and strain-hardening viscoplasticity to arrive at a constitutive relationship. This relationship considers the experimentally observed transformation of asphalt concrete from an initially isotropic material to a transversely isotropic one by using a single-state parameter and three different damage functions. The relationship between these damage functions and the more conventional values of the modulus and Poisson’s ratio is shown to gain further physical insight into the material. Characterization of the model is performed by using constant crosshead rate monotonic tension tests with and without confinement and low strain temperature and frequency sweep complex modulus tests. The model is found to adequately describe the response of asphalt concrete under constant crosshead rate tension tests at various rates and two temperatures, the conditions that are not used in characterization.
1 alpha, 25-difluorovitamin D3: an inert vitamin D analog.

Abstract 1α,25-Difluorovitamin D 3 has been synthesized by reacting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 -3-acetate with diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride followed by hydrolysis. Retention of configuration of the fluoro group in this reaction was demonstrated by physical studies using 1α-fluoro and 1β-fluorovitamin D 3 models. The 1,25-difluorovitamin D 3 compound possessed no vitamin D-like activity demonstrating the importance of 1α- and 25-hydroxylations of vitamin D for activity. However, 1,25-difluorovitamin D 3 had no anti-25-hydroxylation activity and no antivitamin D activity. Since 25-fluorovitamin D 3 has anti-25-hydroxylase activity, it appears the introduction of a fluoro group on the 1 position diminishes interaction of the vitamin D molecule with the 25-hydroxylase system.
Gel chromatography of (1→3), (1→4), and mixed-linkage (1→3),(1→4)-β-d-gluco-oligosaccharides

Abstract Four series of d -gluco-oligosaccharides were chromatographed on Bio Gel P-2 with water and aqueous boric acid as eluents: β-(1→3), β-(1→4), a β-(1→4) series terminated on the reducing end by a β-(1→3), and a β-(1→4) series terminated on the non-reducing end by a β-(1→3) linkage. Each set gave a linear plot of —log K av vs molecular weight. Although the elution volumes for each series followed a similar pattern, there were distinct differences between each group. A β-(1→3)-linked glucose residue had more effect on the elution volumes when on the reducing end of a β-(1→4)-chain than when on the non-reducing end. Borate decreased the elution volumes of the β-(1→3) series and the compounds of lower d.p. of the β-(1→4) series terminated on the reducing end by a β-(1→3)-linked glucose residue.
Tobacco use among long-term survivors of head and neck cancer treated with radiation therapy.

Purpose The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of tobacco consumption (i.e., cigarette use) among survivors of head and neck cancer after treatment with radiation therapy (RT). Methods and materials A longitudinal study was conducted with 230 patients previously treated with RT for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. All patients were clinically without evidence of disease and had a minimum of 1 year follow-up. Patients were summarily asked about the use of tobacco products at each follow-up visit. To explore for associations between potential predictors of post-RT smoking, the Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were employed. Results The percentage of patients who were actively smoking was 21%, 21%, and 20%, at 1, 2, and 3 years post-RT, respectively. When the analysis was limited to patients with a former smoking history (i.e., excluding all never-smokers), these percentages increased to 32%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. The intensity of smoking at follow-up ranged from one cigarette daily to 2.5 packs daily. Forty-two of 76 (55%) patients who were smoking at diagnosis were found to be smoking at 1-year follow-up compared to 7 of 154 patients who were not (p < 0.001). The only factor that significantly predicted for persistent smoking at follow-up was the presence of a preexisting psychiatric condition (most commonly, a mood disorder) at initial cancer diagnosis. Conclusions A significant proportion of former smokers are actively smoking during follow-up despite having completed intensive RT and having their cancers evidently under control. Innovative interventional approaches to target those at highest risk for continued smoking are warranted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking Timing of First Sex and Delinquency

The relation between timing of first sex and later delinquency was examined using a genetically informed sample of 534 same-sex twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, who were assessed at three time points over a 7-year interval. Genetic and environmental differences between families were found to account for the association between earlier age at first sex and increases in delinquency. After controlling for these genetic and environmental confounds using a quasi-experimental design, earlier age at first sex predicted lower levels of delinquency in early adulthood. The current study is contrasted with previous research with non-genetically informative samples, including Armour and Haynie (2007, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 141–152). Results suggest a more nuanced perspective on the meaning and consequences of adolescent sexuality than is commonly put forth in the literature.
Putting the Lasts First: The Case for Community-Focused and Peer-Managed NGO Accountability Mechanisms

The calls for NGO accountability have grown louder in recent years, some based on genuine concerns to help improve their performance and others on a desire to muffle their advocacy activities. Using a comprehensive analytical framework, this article finds that current accountability approaches prioritize accountability to boards and donors and give weak accountability to communities despite strong NGO rhetoric to the contrary. The article recommends the development of accountability mechanisms managed by NGO coordination bodies and focused primarily on accountability to communities to improve NGO performance and protect them from politically motivated attacks.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency: clinical and postmortem observations.

The clinical and autopsy findings in a patient with the severe form of leukocyte adhesion deficiency are presented. An 18-month-old Hispanic female had a history of delayed umbilical cord separation, recurrent necrotizing skin lesions, and gingivitis. Her neutrophils were found to lack detectable CD11/CD18 adhesion glycoproteins and were deficient in adhesion-dependent functions. She succumbed to necrotizing enterocolitis, peritonitis, and pneumonia following sudden cardiorespiratory collapse. Postmortem examination revealed multiple regions of mucosal ulceration and bacterial and fungal overgrowth with complete lack of an acute inflammatory response. Impaired neutrophil emigration from blood vessels into injured tissue appears to have been the basis of this patient's disease. Some of the many foci of bronchopneumonia, in contrast, contained numerous neutrophils. Lymphoid tissue, including the thymus, was severely depleted of lymphocytes. These findings support the concepts that neutrophils can emigrate i...
Factors Related to Preferences for Trap- Neuter-Release Management of Feral Cats Among Illinois Homeowners

Populations of feral domestic cats have increased throughout the United States, affecting wildlife and warranting attention from a variety of management agencies. This contentious issue requires a greater understanding of public attitudes and preferences for population control. We used data from a 2004 mail survey of Illinois, USA, homeowners' attitudes towards wildlife and conservation to investigate support for the trap-neuter-release (TNR) of feral cats and to examine factors (demographic, experience, and wildlife values orientations) that may influence preference for TNR as a management option. Age, gender, and wildlife rights values orientations were significant predictors of preference for TNR, while negative experiences with feral cats were correlated with preferences for management options other than TNR. Investigations of public perceptions of feral cat management can help wildlife managers understand the growing public debate regarding feral cat management and provide appropriate input and educational materials regarding cat management and wildlife.
The evolving role of critical race theory in educational scholarship

In 1994 the legal scholarship movement, critical race theory (CRT), was introduced in education. Since that time, a variety of scholars have taken up CRT as a way to analyze and critique educational research and practice. In this brief summary the author addresses the themes of the articles found in this issue and offers words of encouragement to a new generation of scholars who see CRT as a valuable tool for making sense of persistent racial inequities in US schools.
An insertion heuristic for scheduling Mobility Allowance Shuttle Transit (MAST) services

In this paper, we develop an insertion heuristic for scheduling Mobility Allowance Shuttle Transit (MAST) services, an innovative concept that merges the flexibility of Demand Responsive Transit (DRT) systems with the low cost operability of fixed-route systems. A MAST system allows vehicles to deviate from the fixed path so that customers within a service area may be picked up or dropped off at their desired locations. Such a service already exists in Los Angeles County, where MTA Line 646 is a MAST nighttime service, transporting passengers between a business area and a nearby bus terminal. Since the current demand is very low, the service is entirely manageable by the bus operator, but a higher demand would certainly require the development of a scheduling algorithm. The proposed insertion heuristic makes use of control parameters, which properly regulate the consumption of the slack time. A set of simulations performed in the service area covered by the existing MTA Line 646 at different demand levels attests the effectiveness of the algorithm by comparing its performance versus a first-come/first-serve (FCFS) policy and optimal solutions generated by a commercial integer program solver. The results show that our approach can be used as an effective method to automate scheduling of this line and other services similar to it.
The status of ultrasonography training and use in general surgery residency programs.

Background Effective use of ultrasonography (US) by surgeons was demonstrated a decade ago. Major surgical organizations now require its incorporation into surgical training and practice. But little information about the teaching of US to surgical residents exists. This study assesses the current status of US training in general surgery residency programs. Study design A survey was mailed to the directors of 255 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited general surgery residency programs. It questioned whether and how US was taught, who performed the examinations, and the types of US performed. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests comparing university versus community programs and training and practice in trauma US versus training in other US modalities. Results The response rate was 51% (130 of 255). Ninety-six percent of the programs responding taught US, with no differences between university- and community-based training programs in presence of training. Focused Assessment for the Sonography of Trauma (FAST) instruction was done by 79% (hands-on) and 68% (didactic) of programs that responded. Abdominal, laparoscopic, breast, endocrine, and vascular US were each taught less frequently (22% to 55%). Program directors at university programs reported that their attending surgeons performed FAST and abdominal US more often than their community counterparts (71% and 31% versus 47% and 14%). Program directors reported that university trainees performed laparoscopic, endocrine, and vascular US more often than community surgery residents (47%, 17%, 35% versus 29%, 3%, 19%). Program directors reported that surgery attendings or residents performed trauma and laparoscopic US more often than their radiology counterparts, and radiology attendings or residents performed more abdominal, breast, endocrine, and vascular US. Conclusions The majority of general surgery residency programs whose directors responded to this survey are teaching US, but most of the training is in FAST. There is no difference in the reported presence of overall US training between university and community programs. But university programs report that their surgeons or residents performed more US in all areas (other than breast) than their community counterparts reported.
Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: A review

The establishment of embryonic cell lines from swine should be useful for studies of cell differentiation, developmental gene regulation and the production of transgenics. This paper summarizes the establishment of porcine (Sus scrofa) embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from preimplantation blastocysts and their ability to develop into normal chimaeras. ES cells can spontaneously differentiate into cystic embryoid bodies with ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal cell types. Further, culture of ES cells to confluence or induction of differentiation with retinoic acid or dimethylsulfoxide results in morphological differentiation into fibroblasts, adipocytes, and epithelial, neuronal, and muscle cells. These ES cells have a normal diploid complement of 38 chromosomes. Scanning electron microscopy of the ES cells reveals a rounded or polygonal, epithelial-like cell with numerous microvilli. The differentiation of these embryonic cell lines into several cell types indicates a pluripotent cell. Furthermore, chimaeric swine have been successfully produced using such ES cells.
New computational approaches for de novo peptide sequencing from MS/MS experiments

We describe computational methods to solve the problem of identifying novel proteins from tandem mass spectrometry (tandem MS or MS/MS) data and introduce new approaches that will give more accurate solutions. These new approaches integrate chemical information and knowledge into a graph-theoretic framework. Two sources of chemical information that we investigate are mass tagging and dissociation chemistry in the tandem MS process itself. We describe machine learning techniques that are used to classify peaks according to ion types based on known dissociation chemistry. We describe the algorithms that are implemented in a software code called PepSUMS. Using PepSUMS, we give results on the effectiveness of the new methods on the ultimate goal of improved protein identification.
The Microbiome and the Respiratory Tract

Although the notion that “the normal lung is free from bacteria” remains common in textbooks, it is virtually always stated without citation or argument. The lungs are constantly exposed to diverse communities of microbes from the oropharynx and other sources, and over the past decade, novel culture-independent techniques of microbial identification have revealed that the lungs, previously considered sterile in health, harbor diverse communities of microbes. In this review, we describe the topography and population dynamics of the respiratory tract, both in health and as altered by acute and chronic lung disease. We provide a survey of current techniques of sampling, sequencing, and analysis of respiratory microbiota and review technical challenges and controversies in the field. We review and synthesize what is known about lung microbiota in various diseases and identify key lessons learned across disease states.