cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mad, Bad, or Evil: How Physician Healers Turn to Torture and Murder

This work is part of a 25-year project on the problem of evil.1 From work on Holocaust survivors2 and contemporary torture survivors,3 I turned my focus to bystanders and then finally to perpetrators, particularly focusing on the role of physicians in torture.5 The research I compiled is more than just an academic interest or a set of historical facts. The problem of evil is not a philosophic one; rather, it is a problem that continues to confront the world in new and ever varying forms. Though there are few instances in recorded history of massive and atrocious perpetration of evil that parallel the Holocaust, the information gained from studying the Nazis can be applied to the unfortunately many occurrences of torture and human rights abuses today. By studying the Holocaust and the people who carried it out, we are not only standing as witnesses to this terrible tragedy, but learning how to actively prevent such evil from occurring again.
Social-Ecological Systems Mapping to Enhance Students’ Understanding of Community-Scale Conflicts Related to Industrial Pollution

The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) was established by the US government in 1986 after several national and international industrial accidents released toxic chemicals into the environment. The TRI empowers local stakeholders with information about hazardous pollution in their communities so that they can confront industrial polluters and engage government regulators to reduce local ecological and public health risks. The policy is overseen by the Environmental Protection Agency. The activity described in this chapter provides an introduction to the TRI and highlights some of the ways that community groups in the United States use the program. Students use social-ecological systems mapping to analyze case studies presented in a National Public Radio series, Poisoned Places, that powerfully documents case studies of local-level conflicts related to hazardous pollution. After completing this activity, students should be able to: (1) elaborate on the objectives, requirements, and uses of the Toxics Release Inventory; (2) create and describe a social-ecological systems map that illustrates the ways that industry, community, and government stakeholders interact to manage toxic pollutants; (3) identify the relationships among stakeholders that contribute to pollution-related conflicts at the community scale; and (4) use social-ecological systems mapping to highlight leverage points for de-escalating conflicts and improving management of industrial pollutants.
Hexaaqua Metal Complexes for Low-Temperature Formation of Fully Metal Oxide Thin-Film Transistors

We investigated aqueous metal complex-based oxide semiconductor films formed with various ligands, such as chloride, acetate, fluoride, and nitrate. Nitrate ligand-based indium(III) precursor was easily decomposed at low temperature due to the replacement of all nitrate ions with water during solvation to form the hexaaqua indium(III) cation ([In(H2O)6]3+). Hexaaqua indium(III) cation was a key complex to realize high-quality oxide films at low temperature. Additionally, Al2O3-based high-k dielectric was also employed by using a nitrate precursor, and the hexaaqua aluminum(III) cation ([Al(H2O)6]3+) was confirmed. This complex-based Al2O3 film showed high breakdown voltage and stable capacitance under high frequency operation compared to organic solvent-based Al2O3 films. We successfully demonstrated aqueous-based In2O3 TFTs with Al2O3 high-k gate dielectrics formed at 250 °C with a wide gate voltage operation and high saturation mobility and on/off ratio of 36.31 ± 2.29 cm2 V–1 s–1 and over 107, respecti...
A Novel Chimney Approach for Management of Horseshoe Kidney During EVAR.

Introduction Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with coexisting horseshoe kidney (HSK) can be difficult to repair, with variable blood supply from the aorta and iliac/mesenteric vessels. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become a popular, less invasive approach to aneurysm care, and a chimney approach to EVAR (ChEVAR) has expanded its use to more complex anatomy. It is mandatory to maintain adequate perfusion to the HSK and visceral branches as part of the treatment of an AAA. Report A 61-year-old male with an HSK was incidentally found to have an infrarenal AAA that measured 6 cm on a non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan performed originally for a urologic complaint. A diagnostic angiogram was performed to define arterial anatomy and he was found to have a large inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) arising 1 cm above the level of the aneurysm. ChEVAR was performed to preserve the IMA and flow to the HSK with a completion angiogram revealing patent renal arteries, IMA, and no evidence of an endoleak. Follow-up CT imaging demonstrated a Type II endoleak that resolved upon partial nephrectomy for a right-sided transitional cell carcinoma with resection of the arterial blood supply feeding the Type II endoleak. Discussion IMA preservation via ChEVAR is technically feasible and was crucial to preserve blood supply via the IMA to the HSK. Partial nephrectomy treated the transitional cell carcinoma and resolved the Type II endoleak requiring no additional endovascular intervention. A unique treatment course demonstrated the benefits of less invasive interventions when repairing AAA with an HSK.
Dielectric laser acceleration of sub-100keV electrons with silicon dual pillar grating structures

We present the demonstration of high gradient (370 MeV/m) laser acceleration and deflection of sub-relativistic electrons with silicon dual pillar grating structures using both evanescent inverse Smith-Purcell modes and coupled cosh-like modes.
Computation of total hemispherical emissivity from directional spectral models

Abstract Kirchoff’s law and experimentally obtained data and/or theory (such as from Drude’s model) for optical constants have been used in a modified geometric optics approximation (GOA) to obtain directional spectral emissivity. Then this spectral emissivity is used to obtain the total hemispherical emissivity by integration over direction and spectral range as weighted by the Planck distribution. The computations account for surface dependencies on temperature, composition, and roughness. The computed results for both the spectral directional and the total hemispherical emissivity are compared with the available data for platinum, stainless steel 304, and tungsten surfaces.
Organomimetic clusters: Precision in 3D.

Biomimetic molecules that can be easily tailored offer numerous opportunities. Now, boron-based clusters have been shown to be excellent biomimetics. The ease with which the cluster surfaces can be modified stands to change how chemists might go about preparing materials for imaging, drug delivery and other applications.
New zircon (U-Th)/He and U/Pb eruption age for the Rockland tephra, western USA

Abstract Eruption ages of a number of prominent Quaternary volcanic deposits remain inaccurately and/or imprecisely constrained, despite their importance as regional stratigraphic markers in paleo-environment reconstruction and as evidence of climate-altering eruptions. Accurately dating volcanic deposits presents challenging analytical considerations, including poor radiogenic yield, scarcity of datable minerals, and contamination of crystal populations by magma, eruption, and transport processes. One prominent example is the Rockland tephra, which erupted from the Lassen Volcanic Center in the southern Cascade arc. Despite a range in published eruption ages from 0.40 to 0.63 Ma, the Rockland tephra is extensively used as a marker bed across the western United States. To more accurately and precisely constrain the age of the Rockland tephra-producing eruption, we report U/Pb crystallization dates from the outermost ∼2 μm of zircon crystal faces (surfaces) using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Our new weighted mean 238 U/ 206 Pb age for Rockland tephra zircon surfaces is 0.598 ± 0.013 Ma (2σ) and MSWD = 1.11 (mean square weighted deviation). As an independent test of the accuracy of this age, we obtained new (U-Th)/He dates from individual zircon grains from the Rockland tephra, which yielded a weighted mean age of 0.599 ± 0.012 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 5.13). We also obtained a (U-Th)/He age of 0.628 ± 0.014 Ma (MSWD = 1.19) for the Lava Creek Tuff member B, which was analyzed as a secondary standard to test the accuracy of the (U-Th)/He technique for Quaternary tephras, and to evaluate assumptions made in the model-age calculation. Concordance of new U/Pb and (U-Th)/He zircon ages reinforces the accuracy of our preferred Rockland tephra eruption age, and confirms that zircon surface dates sample zircon growth up to the time of eruption. We demonstrate the broad applicability of coupled U/Pb zircon-surface and single-grain zircon (U-Th)/He geochronology to accurate dating of Quaternary tephra, and highlight the challenges and opportunities of this technique.
Does quality of life outweigh the cardiovascular risks of stimulant medication in a child with ADHD and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A 10-year-old girl with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The stimulant medications used to control her ADHD pose possibly fatal risks to her cardiovascular health, so stimulant medication is stopped. Due to very poor quality of life off of medication, alternative therapies are used without improvement. The patient’s caretakers decide that the benefits of stimulant medication outweigh the risks to the patient. The healthcare team clears the patient to be put back on stimulant medication with a signed waiver of liability by her caretakers.
The BXD Mouse Strains are a Model System for Studying Optic Nerve Regeneration

The present study is designed to identify the influences of genetic background to optic nerve regeneration using the two parental strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J and 7 BXD recombinant inbred strains. To study regeneration in the optic nerve, Pten was knocked down in the retinal ganglion cells using AAV, and a mild inflammatory response was induced by an intravitreal injection of zymosan with CPT-cAMP, and the axons were damaged by optic nerve crush (ONC). Regenerating axons were labeled by Cholera Toxin B and quantified 14 days after ONC. The number of axons at 0.5 mm and 1 mm from the crush site were counted. In addition, we measured the distance that 5 axons had grown down the nerve and the longest distance a single axon reached. Results showed a considerable amount of differential axonal growth across all 9 BXD strains. There was a significant difference (P=0.014 Mann-Whitney U test) in the regenerative capacity in the number of axons reaching 0.5 mm from a low of 1487.6 ± 264.9 axons in BXD102 to a high of 4175.8 ± 648.6 axons in BXD29. There were also significant differences (P=0.014 Mann-Whitney U test) in the distance axons traveled, looking at a minimum of 5 axons with the shortest distance was 787.2 ± 46.5μm in BXD102 to a maximum distance of 2025.5 ± 223.3μm in BXD29. These results reveal that genetic background can modulate axonal regeneration and that the BXD strains are a particularly well-suited model system.
"Preservation, Succession, and the Culture of Farming in Lancaster County, PA"

This exploratory study contributes to research on socioemotional wealth (SEW) and succession in family firms. We argue that a desire to preserve SEW motivates owners of Lancaster County family farms to legally preserve them, but that this SEW moves beyond the nonfinancial aspects of family owners. Rather, we show that this select group of owners of family farms exhibit motivation and commitment to the preservation of the cultural tradition of farming in the region and, thereby, the preservation strategy acts as a proxy to ensure the emotional attachment of successors to the agricultural land. Moreover, this study contributes to the SEW and family firm literature by theorizing that an owner’s SEW should be studied in the cultural (systemic) context in which the family firm is embedded.
Nourishment evolution and impacts at four southern California beaches: A sand volume analysis

Abstract Four southern California beaches were nourished with offshore sand placed as subaerial pads several meters thick, ∼ 50 m wide, and spanning between 500 and 1500 m alongshore. Three nourishments constructed with coarser than native sand, placed in 2012 at Imperial, Cardiff and Solana Beaches, elevated subaerial sand volumes for several years even when exposed to the energetic winter waves of the 2015-16 El Nino, followed by a stormy 2016-17 winter. As these relatively resilient pads were overwashed, landward tilted subaerial profiles (accretionary crowns) formed at the eroding front face of the originally flat-topped pads and pooling occurred in the backbeach. At Imperial Beach, nourishment sand helped prevent waves from directly impacting riprap fronting houses, while groundwater flooding behind the pad was observed at a location where the pad was elevated ∼ 1.6 m above the street. As the nourishments retreated, alongshore oriented spits grew downdrift from the eroding face. The alongshore displacement of the subaerial center of mass of the 2012 nourishments is positively correlated with the seasonally varying S x y (the alongshore radiation stress component). After four years, the net southward drift of the Imperial Beach nourishment contributed to the winter 2016 closure of the Tijuana River mouth and the associated hyper-polluted and anoxic estuary conditions. Nourishment impacts on sand levels on rocky reefs were not unambiguously detectable in the background of natural variability. Over several years, gains or losses in the total sand volume (integrated from the back beach to 8 m depth, over the few km alongshore survey spans) are sometimes comparable to nourishment volumes, suggesting relatively large interannual sediment fluxes across the control volume boundaries. The clearest trend in total volume is at Torrey Pines; during 16 years since the 2001 nourishment, about 300,000 m3 of sand has been lost. If the trend continues, the thinning veneer of sand will be removed more often from the subaerial winter beach, exposing rocks and cobbles.
Introduction: Just Say No? New Insights About Change Versus Constancy in Substance Use Behavioral Decisions in Youth With and Without ADHD.

Despite enormous social-psychological and economic consequences of substance abuse in youth and young adults, too little is known about effective interventions among substance users, both with and ...
Host Defense Deficiency in Hairy Cell Leukemia and its Correction by Leukocyte Transfusion

A similar defect host defense mechanisms in hairy cell leukemia was defined in two patients. Surface-adherent monocytes were not detected in the peripheral blood nor were monocytes that mediate antibody- dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to isoantibody-coated human erythrocytes. In addition, lymphocytes of both patients failed to show blastogenic responses to concanavalin A (Con-A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) but showed a vigorous response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Other immunologic abnormalities were present but were either moderate in degree or were not present in both patients. In vitro lymphocyte blastogenic responses were fully restored by incubation of patients' leukocytes with a normal donor's adherent monocytes. One patient received daily allogeneic leukocyte transfusion for 4 days. This resulted in complete normalization of monocyte adherence and ADCC that persisted for several months after transfusion and was associated with hemotalogic improvement. Therapy in case 1 resulted in correction of the blastogenic responses to Con-A and PWM. Thus, a host defense defect in hairy cell leukemia has been defined in 2 patients and a preliminary result suggests that therapy with leukocyte transfusions may be useful in the postsplenectomy patient with an infectious complication and should be explored further.
Treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in an adult is rarely cured. The majority of adult patients with relapsed ALL who are subsequently cured of their disease are given chemotherapy to achieve a second complete remission (CR) followed by a successful allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Overall, only a minority (typically 10% to 20%) of these relapsed patients in second CR are cured of their disease by an HLA-identical sibling allogeneic transplant. Many chemotherapy reinduction protocols have been tested in the setting of relapsed ALL. High-dose regimens appear to result in a greater incidence of second CRs compared with reinduction with standard vincristine, prednisone, anthracycline-based regimens. A combination of high-dose Ara-C (HDAC) and an anthracycline has the greatest likelihood of achieving a first CR in ALL patients with refractory disease or a second CR in relapsed patients. We have recently explored the activity of HDAC combined with a single high dose of an anthracycline (idarubicin) or an anthracenedione (mitoxantrone) in adult patients with ALL. Our results indicate that these regimens are extremely active in the relapsed/refractory setting as well as in previously untreated adults. In order to compare this approach with standard therapy for ALL, we have started to accrue patients to a phase III trial, which will prospectively randomize patients to induction with Ara-C and high-dose mitoxantrone versus a standard vincristine, prednisone, anthracycline-based regimen.
Proceedings of the first ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Haskell

Welcome to the 1st ACM SIGPLAN Haskell Symposium -- Haskell'08. The Haskell Symposium continues in the tradition of the Haskell Workshops; a forum for discussing experiences with Haskell, and exploring possible future developments for the language, including all aspects of the design, semantics, theory, application, implementation, and teaching of Haskell. The name change reflects the steady increase of influence of the Haskell Workshop on the wider community, as well as sustained high quality submissions making the acceptance process highly competitive. The call for papers attracted 28 submissions. Each paper was given to three members to review, and in several cases additional reviews were solicited. The submissions were discussed during a 5 day virtual PC meeting using easychair, and the Program Committee selected ten submissions for presentation and publication in these proceedings.
Acute Alcohol Toxicity

A 17-year-old boy with a past medical history of substance abuse (marijuana and alcohol) was presented to the emergency department with extreme agitation and suicidal statements. His mother claimed he consumed 4 glasses of hard liquor with caffeine shortly before presenting to the hospital. His urine toxicology screen was negative for amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, opiates, and tricyclic antidepressants. However, his urine toxicology screen was positive for cannabinoids. Other laboratory results …
A Content Analysis of the ACGME Specialty Milestones to Identify Performance Indicators Pertaining to the Development of Residents as Educators

Construct: For curriculum development purposes, this study examined how the development of residents as educators is reflected in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Mi...
128-P: INHIBITION OF TCR SIGNALING BY RECOMBINANT ILT3Fc PROTEIN

Aim Since ILT3Fc induces the upregulation of BCL6, DUSP10 and SOCS1 via downregulation of miRNA in T suppressor cells, we investigated the possibility that this molecule also inhibits TCR signaling and nuclear localization of transcription factors. Methods Signaling studies were performed using Jurkat cells stimulated with CD3/CD28 monoclonal antibodies or PMA for various periods of time in the presence or absence of ILT3Fc. Western blots were used to analyze total cell lysates or nuclear fractions, using antibodies recognizing TCR signaling proteins or TCR-activated transcription factors. Results The Jurkat cell line is similar to activated human T lymphocytes and shows high binding of ILT3Fc (>90%), representing an ideal tool for studying signaling events downstream of the ILT3 ligand. We found that micro RNA gene promoters can be activated by anti-CD3/CD28 mAbs in Jurkat cells and are inhibited by treatment with ILT3Fc. Mutations at the AP1 binding sites in the miR-21 and miR-155 gene promoters abolished reporter gene activity. ILT3Fc consistently inhibited PMA-induced reporter activities, demonstrating that AP1 is crucial to the inhibitory effect of ILT3Fc. Nuclear fractions of cell extracts obtained from activated Jurkat cells were probed for various subunits of the AP-1 protein complexes. ILT3Fc inhibited and delayed TCR signaling events such as cFOS and FOSB synthesis and translocation into the nucleus. Conclusions These results indicate that the inhibitory activity of ILT3Fc is mediated through its effect of TCR signaling during the very early stages of T cell activation. This finding that ILT3Fc regulates miRNA transcriptionally by targeting TCR/AP1 signaling pathways indicates that this agent raises the threshold of TCR triggering inducing anergy. This phenomenon in conjunction with the capacity of ILT3Fc to inhibit several micro RNA explains the strong immunomodulatory activity of ILT3Fc, a reliable inducer of regulatory T cells and transplantation tolerance.
Chapter 24 – Introduction

Evolution has provided the CNS with a broad range of defenses against infectious organisms. These defenses range from simple physical barriers like the skull, through innate pathogen detectors (e.g. toll-like receptors) found in single cells, to complex adaptive responses requiring the systemic immune system. As effective as these defenses are, they are occasionally evaded by microbes, or worse, attack the CNS itself, mediating severe neurological disease. Elucidating the pathogenesis of emergent infectious organisms and autoimmune diseases remains a substantial challenge to basic neuroscience.
Fabrication and Performance of Hybrid ReRAM-CMOS Circuit Elements for Dynamic Neural Networks

In neuromorphic applications, resistive memory solutions (implemented as Resistive Random Access Memory or ReRAM) have significant potential in emulating the desired two-terminal synaptic functionality of real synapses. One of the unique features for the demonstrated ReRAM devices includes conductance modulation, which allows for the implementation of the synaptic weight between neuronal elements. In this paper, we illustrate the multi-resistance level switching capabilities of our unique ReRAM-CMOS hybrid system, which is a demonstration vehicle for implementation of a memristive Dynamic Adaptive Neural Network Array, also known as mrDANNA. Discrete resistance levels have been achieved through application of varying gate voltage and discrete electric pulses in the order of nanoseconds.
Beneficial Modulation of the Gut Microbiome: Probiotics and Prebiotics

The gut microbiota plays a critical role in the overall health of its host. Benefits derived from bacterial members of the gut microbiota can influence host growth, immune response, pathogen colonization, and intestinal physiology. Use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are emerging as effective mechanisms to selectively modulate composition and function of the gut microbiota. This chapter introduces the concept of probiotics and prebiotics from a historic perspective, and attempts to answer the fundamental questions of the impact of probiotics and prebiotics on microbiome composition in health versus disease states, colonization of the human gut by probiotics (is it necessary?), and how the food or product matrix impact probiotic delivery and effect. The conclusion of this chapter focuses on the next generation of probiotics: novel species and bacterial consortia.
A systematic, regional assessment of High-Mountain Asia glacier mass balance

High-mountain Asia (HMA) constitutes the largest glacierized region outside of the Earth's polar regions. Although available observations are limited, long-term records indicate sustained HMA glacier mass loss since ~1850, with accelerated loss in recent decades. Recent satellite data capture the spatial variability of this mass loss, but spatial resolution is coarse and some estimates for regional and HMA-wide mass loss disagree. To address these issues, we generated 5797 high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from available sub-meter commercial stereo imagery (DigitalGlobe WorldView-1/2/3 and GeoEye-1) acquired over HMA glaciers from 2007–2018 (primarily 2013–2017). We also reprocessed 28278 ASTER DEMs over HMA from 2000–2018. We combined these observations to generate robust elevation change trend maps and geodetic mass balance estimates for 99% of HMA glaciers between 2000 and 2018. We estimate total HMA glacier mass change of -19.0±2.5 Gt yr-1 (-0.19±0.03 m w.e. yr-1). We document the spatial pattern of HMA glacier mass change with unprecedented detail, and present aggregated estimates for HMA glacierized sub-regions and hydrologic basins. Our results offer improved estimates for the HMA contribution to global sea level rise in recent decades with total cumulative sea-level rise contribution of ~0.7 mm from exorheic basins between 2000 and 2018. We estimate that the range of excess glacier meltwater runoff due to negative glacier mass balance in each basin constitutes ~12-53% of the total basin-specific glacier meltwater runoff. These results can be used for calibration and validation of glacier mass balance models, satellite gravimetry observations, and hydrologic models needed for present and future water resource management.
Key components of mechanical work predict outcomes in robotic stroke therapy.

Clinical practice typically emphasizes active involvement during therapy. However, traditional approaches can offer only general guidance on the form of involvement that would be most helpful to recovery. Beyond assisting movement, robots allow comprehensive methods for measuring practice behaviors, including the energetic input of the learner. Using data from our previous study of robot-assisted therapy, we examined how separate components of mechanical work contribute to predicting training outcomes. Stroke survivors (n = 11) completed six sessions in two-weeks of upper extremity motor exploration (self-directed movement practice) training with customized forces, while a control group (n = 11) trained without assistance. We employed multiple regression analysis to predict patient outcomes with computed mechanical work as independent variables, including separate features for elbow versus shoulder joints, positive (concentric) and negative (eccentric), flexion and extension. Our analysis showed that increases in total mechanical work during therapy were positively correlated with our final outcome metric, velocity range. Further analysis revealed that greater amounts of negative work at the shoulder and positive work at the elbow as the most important predictors of recovery (using cross-validated regression, R2 = 52%). However, the work features were likely mutually correlated, suggesting a prediction model that first removed shared variance (using PCA, R2 = 65–85%). These results support robotic training for stroke survivors that increases energetic activity in eccentric shoulder and concentric elbow actions. ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02570256. Registered 7 October 2015 – Retrospectively registered,
Rural differences in child maltreatment reports, reporters, and service responses

Abstract Child maltreatment reports across the United States have increased over the past decade. Much of the research on child maltreatment has been dominated by information from urban areas because urban children outnumber rural children. The current study sought to understand how large urban, small urban, and rural children compare on key information in child welfare reports over the period 2003–2017 available from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. Specifically, we compared rates of reported children across large urban, small urban, and rural child populations as well as the sources of those reports across time. We also examined percentages of report outcomes (i.e., substantiations, in-home services, foster care entries, and re-reports) among reported children across these three urban-rural groups. For significance testing, we estimated confidence intervals of rates and percentages. We found that the rural child population had higher rates of reports (approximately 60/1000 children in rural areas and 40/1000 children in large urban areas over the period 2013–2017) and re-reports (13% higher in rural areas in 2013–2017) compared to the urban child population, but the percentages of substantiation decisions and in-home services among reported children were very similar across the urban-rural groups. Children reported by non-professional sources were more likely to have a foster care entry among the urban child population compared to the rural child population. More research is needed to delve into the drivers of these differences.
The sisters of sport psychology: an examination of the professional black female experience

Historically, the experiences of female practitioners have been overlooked within applied sport psychology literature, (Gill, 1995; Roper, 2002; Roper, 2008; Yambor & Connelly, 1991) and thus, the ...
Modernizing the Video Privacy Protection Act

Enacted in 1988 after the Washington City Paper published Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork’s movie rental history, the Video Privacy Protection Act (“VPPA”) ensures personal privacy in the rental, purchase, or delivery of “video tapes or similar audio visual materials,” thereby protecting the right to privacy in one’s choice of movies and videos. When the VPPA was enacted, consumers obtained movies on VHS cassette tapes. Today, on-demand television and Internet streaming allow consumers to watch movies and videos on televisions, computers, and smart phones. Despite massive technological progress in the past thirty years, not much has changed with the VPPA. As a result, the statute stands caught between judicial interpretations that expand the statute to modern forms of video delivery and those that stand firm to the notion that, without revision, the VPPA must remain stuck in 1988. This article explores the four major interpretative issues that have plagued the VPPA in the last few years, and resolves circuit splits on two of those issues with proposed revisions to the statute. First, this article proposes replacing the outdated VPPA definition of “personally identifiable information” with one that encompasses today’s most common digital identifiers, such as an IP address and Android ID, but only where the recipient of such information is reasonably likely to identify a particular consumer. To solidify the VPPA’s application to modern video formats, this article further proposes amending the statute to protect individuals who download and use smart phone apps to view movies and videos. Finally, this article proposes increasing the VPPA’s penalty for disclosures of video watch histories that, like the Bork disclosure, are likely to be made public, the scenario where privacy concerns are most heightened.
Multiobjective model predictive control design for wind turbines and farms

Wind turbine arrays can be viewed as large coupled networks, wherein wake effects limit the available power extraction of turbines downstream. In this paper, we incorporate wake steering and time dependent wind estimation models into a multiobjective wind farm control problem for improving power extraction. We further aim to mitigate the effects of turbulence and power spikes caused by wind passing through upstream turbines. We expand upon a previous heuristic method for the far-field wake problem and apply the algorithm on a model predictive control framework. Simulation results are given, demonstrating improved power output as compared to algorithms that do not incorporate wake steering or wind estimation models.
Est-il possible de dire l’éthique de la proximité? Contribution au dossier Kierkegaard – Levinas

Quand il se positionne face a Kierkegaard, Levinas a le reflexe de placer la pensee de l’auteur danois dans un idealisme abstrait. Ce reflexe le conduit a croire que le Moi existentiel, egoiste, se detache de l’autre dans la violence et se trouve impuissant a revenir sur lui-meme. Cet article veut montrer que, nonobstant cette critique, les deux auteurs, attentifs aux limites du langage, partagent de nombreux points en commun, tant et si bien qu’ils sont peut-etre les deux plus grands representants d’une ethique de la proximite qui tente d’echapper au langage totalisant de la metaphysique.
Millimeter Wave Electron Spin Resonance Using Quasioptical Techniques

Summary We have presented a complete analysis of the Cornell mm-wave spectrometer using quasioptical formalism with sufficient flexibility to predict the performance of a novel reflection spectrometer with variable input coupling and transmit-receive duplexing based on polarization coding and we present a practical realization of these design concepts in Earle et al. (1996b). At every stage we have chosen parameters that correspond to practical performance values and measured response. The treatment given here is self-contained, but the references contain many useful extensions of our results and alternative treatments may deepen the reader’s understanding. We have tried, where possible, to take advantage of EPR spectroscopists’ knowledge of microwave circuits and analysis. As high-field ESR becomes more common, we predict that analogies from other fields will continue to be a useful method for extending the generality and utility of the method. Implementing the advanced techniques discussed in Sections IX-XI will give significant inprovements in signal-to-noise ratio as we have demonstrated elsewhere (Earle et al., 1996b).
The Disintegration of Families and Children's Right to Parents

The time children live in today can be compared to “the worst of times” and the “best of times”. Children are allotted more opportunities educationally, financially and medically. However, they also face the worst of times in regards to the family. This paper will examine the disintegration of the family throughout the first dozen years of the twenty first century. It will then link that disintegration of the family, the separation of parents and children to their parents, to negative consequences in society in general but more importantly to the children. We will then focus on the right that children have to maintain or develop a relationship with both their parents. This analysis will include the growing trend of intentional single parenting. Does the law provide children with any significant right to have a relationship with their parents? Should the law provide such protections?
Parallel reduction in expression of the eye development gene hedgehog in separately derived cave populations of the amphipod Gammarus minus.

Caves provide excellent settings to examine evolutionary questions. Subterranean environments are characterized by similar and consistent conditions. Cave-adapted species often share characteristics such as diminished pigmentation, elongated limbs and reduced or absent eyes. Relatively little is known about the evolution and development of troglomorphic traits in invertebrates. In this study, we compare expression of the eye development genes hedgehog, pax6, sine oculis and dachshund in individuals from multiple independently derived cave populations of the amphipod Gammarus minus. hedgehog expression was significantly reduced in cave populations, compared to genetically related surface populations. Interestingly, no differences were found in pax6, sine oculis or dachshund expression. Because hedgehog-related genes are also involved in eye reduced in Astyanax mexicanus, these genes may be consistent targets of evolution during cave adaptation. These results provide support for the hypothesis of genomic ‘hotspots’ of evolution and allow comparison of adaptive mechanisms among diverse animals in subterranean environments.
Variation in the Magnitude and Style of Deposition and Erosion in Three Long (8–12 Km) Reaches as Determined by Photographic Analysis

The 1996 controlled flood deposited sand along the edge of the Colorado River over an area of approximately 550,000 m 2 along 31 km in three study reaches. Deposition occurred in 218 eddies and as linear channel-margin levees. There was large variation in the response of individual eddies within each reach, and the average response among the reaches differed in some cases. These reaches were the 10.8-km long Point Hansbrough reach in lower Marble Canyon, and the 8.0-km long Tapeats Gorge and 12.1-km long Big Bend reaches near the Little Colorado River confluence. Eddies were the largest depositional environment in the two reaches where debris fans are most abundant; 72 and 80% of the area of new sand was deposited in eddies in the Point Hansbrough and Tapeats Gorge reaches. In the Big Bend, only 49% of new sand was deposited in eddies. New sand bars were emergent at low flow in less than 50% of the area of potential deposition in eddies. The wide variation in response of individual eddies makes it difficult to determine longitudinal trends in the magnitude of deposition, although the data suggest that the extent of new deposition was greater downstream from the Little Colorado River than upstream. Variation in eddy response also poses a challenge to river managers in assessing the success of the flood. Where specific sites are of great value, managers may have to decide between the goals of restoring average conditions along a reach and restoring the characteristics of specific sites.
High-resolution, high-order, finite-difference algorithms for computational aeroacoustics

Computational Aeroacoustics requires accurate wave propagation over long distances for a wide range of frequencies ([7],[12]). This requirement places a severe demand on numerical algorithms, creating a need for methods with high accuracy and high resolution ([11],[13]). This paper briefly presents high order finite difference methods for the Linearized Euler Equations in both one and two space dimensions. The methods may all be represented as single step explicit algorithms on central stencils. These methods all correctly incorporate the proper wave dynamics of linear constant coefficient hyperbolic systems in one or multiple space dimensions, including propagation along characteristics surfaces for nondiagonalizable systems in two space dimensions. These methods all have the same order of accuracy in time as in space, and they all are stable if the time to space step size ratio is less than one over one plus the maximum mean convection velocity in any single coordinate direction. Two classes of methods will be presented and compared: the first has dispersive truncation error with up to eighth order accuracy in both space and time [3]; the second has diffusive error with up to eleventh order accuracy in both space and time [4].
The determinants of leaf turgor loss point and prediction of drought tolerance of species and biomes: a global meta‐analysis

Increasing drought is one of the most critical challenges facing species and ecosystems worldwide, and improved theory and practices are needed for quantification of species tolerances. Leaf water potential at turgor loss, or wilting (π(tlp) ), is classically recognised as a major physiological determinant of plant water stress response. However, the cellular basis of π(tlp) and its importance for predicting ecological drought tolerance have been controversial. A meta-analysis of 317 species from 72 studies showed that π(tlp) was strongly correlated with water availability within and across biomes, indicating power for anticipating drought responses. We derived new equations giving both π(tlp) and relative water content at turgor loss point (RWC(tlp) ) as explicit functions of osmotic potential at full turgor (π(o) ) and bulk modulus of elasticity (e). Sensitivity analyses and meta-analyses showed that π(o) is the major driver of π(tlp) . In contrast, e plays no direct role in driving drought tolerance within or across species, but sclerophylly and elastic adjustments act to maintain RWC(tlp,) preventing cell dehydration, and additionally protect against nutrient, mechanical and herbivory stresses independent of drought tolerance. These findings clarify biogeographic trends and the underlying basis of drought tolerance parameters with applications in comparative assessments of species and ecosystems worldwide.
Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease) in the rat is prevented by matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.

Abstract Background & Aims: The mechanical origins of the obstruction in sinusoidal obstruction syndrome are initiated by dehiscence of sinusoidal endothelial cells from the space of Disse. The biochemical changes that permit the dehiscence of the sinusoidal endothelial cells were investigated. Methods: In vitro and in vivo studies examined changes induced by monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid that induces sinusoidal obstruction syndrome in both humans and experimental animals. Results: In the monocrotaline-induced rat model of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, there was an early increase of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and a later, lower-magnitude increase of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in the liver. In vitro studies of sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes, stellate cells, and Kupffer cells showed that sinusoidal endothelial cells are the major source of both basal and monocrotaline-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9/matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. Monocrotaline caused depolymerization of F-actin in sinusoidal endothelial cells, and blocking of F-actin depolymerization prevented the increase in matrix metalloproteinase activity. Administration of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors prevented the signs and histological changes associated with sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. Conclusions: Monocrotaline causes depolymerization of F-actin in sinusoidal endothelial cells, which leads to increased expression of metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 by sinusoidal endothelial cells. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 prevents the development of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, establishing that matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors may be a therapeutically viable strategy for prevention.
Close to the Edge: The Representational Tactics of Eminem

the Furious Five’s ‘‘The Message,’’ a seminal song in the development of hip-hop culture. Flash repeats, ‘‘Don’t push me cause I’m close to the edge/I’m tryin’ not to lose my head/It’s like a jungle sometimes that makes me wonder/How I keep from goin’ under’’ (‘‘The Message’’). ‘‘The Message’’ is hip-hop in its finest form of social critique and expresses the hip-hop method for survival in a competitive commercial environment. Hip-hop avoids extinction by reinventing itself and challenging convention. Thus, the edge to which Grand Master Flash refers can be considered the border between what Michel de Certeau names the ‘‘near and far or here and there,’’ between the constitution of oneself as a subject and the constitution of an Other in relation to oneself (98). Walking close to the edge becomes a constant motion within ‘‘a space of enunciation’’ and the concept of the ‘‘here and there’’ addressed in hip-hop discourse shows the binary opposition of sameness/otherness at the heart of America’s entertainment and transracial politics (de Certeau 98). The conceptual framework of walking close to the edge between here and there is outlined in Michel de Certeau’s The Practice of Everyday Life. de Certeau maps the basic conditions of cultural navigation, specifically those cultural moves that allow for creative cultural production by those who are traditionally deemed nonproducers. The first step is to distinguish between ‘‘strategy’’ and ‘‘tactics.’’ Strategy is evidenced in places where subjects can be separated from the environment to
Identification of outer oocyst wall proteins of three Cryptosporidium (apicomplexa : cryptosporidiidae) species by 125I surface labeling

Autoradiography of oocyst wall surface proteins of three Cryptosporidium spp. revealed common bands at 285 to 290, 145 to 148, 120, 57, and 32 kilodaltons (kDa). Cryptosporidium baileyi and C. muris share proteins at 180, 100, 80 to 81, 29, and 18 to 19 kDa; C. baileyi and C. parvum share one protein at 46 to 47 kDa; and C. muris and C. parvum share a protein at 67 to 69 kDa. Additional protein bands, each unique to one species, were also observed.
Invited talk: resource-aware programming

section:abstract Traditional wisdom in programming language design suggests that there is a trade-off between expressive power and static guarantees. We describe a novel schema for designing a class of languages that we call Resource-aware Programming (RAP) languages. By taking into account the natural distinction between the development platform and the deployment platform for embedded software, RAP languages can alleviate the need for drastic trade-offs between expressive power and static guarantees. We describe our preliminary experience designing and programming in a RAP language for hardware design, and give a brief overview of directions for future work.
Implementing an Electronic Event-Reporting System in a Radiation Oncology Department: The Effect on Safety Culture and Near-Miss Prevention

Abstract Purpose We implemented an electronic event-reporting system to investigate its effect on quality improvement in our department. Methods We developed an event-reporting program that launched in October 2012; data analysis was performed in January 2014. Events were logged by the radiation oncology staff and reviewed by our quality and safety committee on a biweekly basis. To measure the efficacy of the new program, and change in safety culture, a Likert-scale survey was administered before, and three months after, implementation of the event-reporting system. Results A total of 194 events were logged into the new system during a 15-month period (approximately 13 events per month), compared with 93 events in an 18-month period (approximately five events per month) before the program was launched. The average number of events reported by radiation therapists increased from 0.9 per month to 8.6 per month. The survey results showed a shift toward stronger agreement by staff members, in postimplementation versus preimplementation responses, when they were asked if they knew how to report an event in the department ( P = .042), and if the current event-reporting system would reduce the incidence of future events ( P = .032). Results showed a trend toward stronger agreement by staff members when they were asked if they felt more comfortable reporting events that they had observed ( P = .093). Multiple safety action plans were implemented as a result of analysis of these events. Conclusions An electronic event-reporting system streamlines quality and safety in a radiation oncology department by increasing reported events and promoting a safety culture. A program that is widely accessible, easy to use, and can analyze data meaningfully will be the most successful.
Effects of Organizational Type and Localism on Volunteerism and Resource Sharing During Disasters

After a disaster, community consensus is at its highest. This suggests that geographic distance is a barrier to coordination. This study found that geographic distance is negatively related to link...