cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced practice in pediatric nursing: Blending roles

In the past, pediatric advanced practice nurse’s roles were the Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) in the inpatient setting and the Nurse Practitioner (NP) in the outpatient setting. With health care system changes, such as the shifting and blurring boundaries between inpatient and outpatient care, changes were required in the graduate curricula to blend the CNS and NP roles into an advanced practice nurse (APN) role. This article describes the model at Rush University, the advantages of the CNS/NP blended role, the revised APN curriculum, and examples of blended-role APNs in action. The curriculum change to blend the CNS/NP roles addresses the need for the blended APN role in changing health care systems. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Plasma polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene

The plasma polymerization of C2F4 was carried out in both continuous wave and pulsed rf discharges to establish the effects of reaction conditions on the kinetics of polymer deposition and the polymer structure. ESCA spectra of the polymer show evidence for CF3, CF2, and CH2 groups. Under conditions favoring low deposition rates, the dominant functional group is CF2. At higher deposition rates the concentration of CF2 groups is reduced and a more crosslinked polymer is produced. Both polymer deposition rates and polymer structures were essentially identical when using continuous wave and pulsed rf discharges.
Eigenmodes and scattering by an axial array of tape rings

Source-free and forced solutions for the electromagnetic fields in and around a periodic array of finite-length conducting cylinders are assembled from a Galerkin procedure using a Chebyshev polynomial basis with built-in edge-condition behavior. A localized source excites slow surface-waves under certain conditions on the electrical circumference and spacing of the tubular structure. These eigenmodes are the solutions to the homogeneous boundary value problem. A numerical search for the axial propagation constant that minimizes the smallest singular value of the governing Galerkin matrix provides the required dispersion relation.
UAV intelligent path planning for Wilderness Search and Rescue

In the priority search phase1 of Wilderness Search and Rescue, a probability distribution map is created. Areas with higher probabilities are searched first in order to find the missing person in the shortest expected time. When using a UAV to support search, the onboard video camera should cover as much of the important areas as possible within a set time. We explore several algorithms (with and without set destination) and describe some novel techniques in solving this problem and compare their performances against typical WiSAR scenarios. This problem is NP-hard, but our algorithms yield high quality solutions that approximate the optimal solution, making efficient use of the limited UAV flying time.
Relaxation Practice for Health in the United States: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey

Despite the popularity of relaxation practices as mind-body therapy in the United States, little is known about those who practice these techniques. Using cross-sectional data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey Alternative Medicine Supplement, this study examined potential correlates of engagement in relaxation practices, including sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, medical conditions, physical activity, drinking, smoking, and prayer for health. Individuals who engaged in relaxation practices were less likely to be older, male, Hispanic, high income, or residents in the South and Midwest. They were more likely to be college-educated, uninsured, and have one to two chronic conditions. Those with higher psychological distress and with asthma and pulmonary diseases practiced relaxation techniques more than individuals without these conditions. Findings suggest that relaxation practice is associated with lifestyles habits such as regular physical activity and prayer for health. Thus, relaxation practice has the potential to enhance health behaviors and lifestyle change.
Monotone Approximations of Minimum and Maximum Functions and Multi-objective Problems

In this paper the problem of accomplishing multiple objectives by a number of agents represented as dynamic systems is considered. Each agent is assumed to have a goal which is to accomplish one or more objectives where each objective is mathematically formulated using an appropriate objective function. Sufficient conditions for accomplishing objectives are derived using particular convergent approximations of minimum and maximum functions depending on the formulation of the goals and objectives. These approximations are differentiable functions and they monotonically converge to the corresponding minimum or maximum function. Finally, an illustrative pursuit-evasion game example with two evaders and two pursuers is provided.
An Effective Overhaul of Federal Economic Development Policy Response to Markusen and Glasmeier

Markusen and Glasmeier propose an intriguing overhaul for federal economic development policy. Many elements of their prescription are badly needed. However, their remedy does not fully embrace a conclusion that much of the rest of the world has reached—that economic development policy is about helping “regions” compete in the global economic race. The secret to overhauling federal economic development policy, therefore, probably lies in positioning federal policy to supply the ingredients most essential to competitive regions. Four ingredients appear to be especially important going forward: strategy, governance, innovation, and entrepreneurship.
β‐Secondary deuterium isotope effect and solvent isotope effects in catalysis by subtilisin BPN′

Subtilisin BPN′ catalyzes the hydrolysis in protium and deuterium oxides of p-NO2C6H4OCOCL2NHCO2CH2C6H5(L = H, D) in the pH(D) range 5·0–8·5 (H2O) and 5·4–9·0 (D2O), according to simple Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The parameter kcat/Km exhibits pH(D) inflection points of 7·17 ± 0·05 (H2O) and 7·69 ± 0·08 (D2O), and kcat shows 6·88 ± 0·05 (H2O) and 7·50 ± 0·07 (D2O). The ‘normal’ ΔpK values of 0·5–0·6 indicate no unusual effects of D2O on enzyme properties. The solvent isotope effects (H2O/D2O) on the limiting values of the rate constants at high pH(D) are 1·13 ± 0·07 for kcat/Km and 1·29 ± 0·05 for Kcat. These small effects indicate no more than minor contributions of general acid–base catalysis for rate-limiting events for either kcat/Km or kcat. The β-deuterium secondary isotope effects (2H/2D) are roughly estimated by extrapolation as 0·95 ± 0·01 for kcat/Km, corresponding to substantial tetrahedral character in the transition state, and 1·03 ± 0·03 for kcat, consistent with no tetrahedral character. Models consistent with these results have as rate-limiting events for kcat/Km nucleophilic attack by active-site imidazole and for kcat, among other possibilities, the release of carboxylate product from the imidazolium form of the enzyme.
Polymer materials design for optical limiting

Phthalocyanines (PC’s) containing heavy metal central atoms have recently been recognized as leading candidates for reverse saturable absorption and optical limiting (OL) applications in the visible spectrum. Strong triplet excited state absorption brought about by a large intersystem crossing rate is responsible for the excellent limiting performance of these molecules. Moreover, devices which maximize the excited state population along the light path will demonstrate maximum limiting efficiency. A non-homogeneous distribution of indium tetra(tert-butyl) phthalocyanine chloride (InC1PC) has been shown to be very effective in attenuating 532 nm nanosecond laser pulses. This was accomplished by approximating a hyperbolic distribution of chromophores using discrete elements of fixed dye concentration. Greater OL should be achieved by fabricating materials containing a continuous concentration gradient of chromophore. This paper focuses on issues concerning the preparation of solid polymeric materials that contain such a chromophore gradient. This design is achieved by diffusing chromophore-containing solutions into partially polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
Teaching Web Design in Journalism and Mass Communications Programs: Integration, Judgment, and Perspective:

The Internet is being implemented for many educational and academic purposes, and departments of journalism are no exception in integrating technology into the curriculum. The presence of the Inter...
Nonlinear controllability and observability

The properties of controllability, observability, and the theory of minimal realization for linear systems are well-understood and have been very useful in analyzing such systems. This paper deals with analogous questions for nonlinear systems.
Construct Validity of the Robson Self-Esteem Questionnaire in a College Sample

This study examined the construct validity of the multidimensional Robson Self-Esteem Questionnaire (RSEQ). The RSEQ and seven other scales measuring affect and self-esteem-related constructs were ...
Rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of OH with Z-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-penten-3-ol, E-2-penten-1-ol, and E-2-hexen-1-ol between 243 and 404 K

Abstract. Rate coefficients, k , for the gas-phase reaction of the OH radical with ( Z )-3-hexen-1-ol ( Z )-CH 3 CH 2 CH = CHCH 2 CH 2 OH) ( k 1 ), 1-penten-3-ol (CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH = CH 2 ) ( k 2 ), ( E )-2-penten-1-ol (( E )-CH 3 CH 2 CH = CHCH 2 OH) ( k 3 ), and ( E )-2-hexen-1-ol (( E )-CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH = CHCH 2 OH) ( k 4 ), unsaturated alcohols that are emitted into the atmosphere following vegetation wounding, are reported. Rate coefficients were measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in OH over the temperature range 243–404 K at pressures between 20 and 100 Torr (He) using pulsed laser photolysis (PLP) to produce OH radicals and laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to monitor the OH temporal profile. The obtained rate coefficients were independent of pressure with negative temperature dependences that are well described by the Arrhenius expressions k 1 (T) = (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10 −11 exp[(580 ± 10)/ T ]; k 1 (297 K) = (1.06 ± 0.12) × 10 −10 k 2 ( T ) = (6.8 ± 0.7) × 10 −12 exp[(690 ± 20) /T ]; k 2 (297 K) = (7.12 ± 0.73) × 10 −11 k 3 ( T ) = (6.8 ± 0.8) × 10 −12 exp[(680 ± 20)/ T ]; k 3 (297 K) = (6.76 ± 0.70) × 10 −11 k 4 ( T ) = (5.4 − 0.6) × 10 −12 exp[(690 ± 20)/ T ]; k 4 (297 K) = (6.15 ± 0.75) × 10 −11 (in units of cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ). The quoted uncertainties are at the 2σ (95% confidence) level and include estimated systematic errors. The rate coefficients obtained in this study are compared with literature values where possible.
Loss of expression of the putative tumor suppressor NES1 gene in biopsy-proven ductal carcinoma in situ predicts for invasive carcinoma at definitive surgery.

Abstract Purpose The loss of expression of NES1, a novel putative tumor suppressor gene, is an early marker of breast tumorigenesis. NES1 is expressed in normal breast tissue and ductal hyperplasia but is absent or markedly diminished in invasive cancer. In cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), NES1 expression has been shown previously to be present in approximately 50% of specimens. This study examined the expression level of NES1 in diagnostic biopsy samples found to contain pure DCIS. These data were then correlated with the pathologic findings found at definitive local surgery. Methods and materials Twenty-nine cases with initial biopsy showing DCIS without invasive carcinoma followed by subsequent reexcision were discovered and archived. Formalin-fixed tissue specimens were obtained for analysis. Each biopsy specimen was subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining and reviewed by two pathologists to confirm the diagnosis of pure DCIS. NES1 cDNA (1069 bp), including 238 bp of 5′ and 3′ untranslated region and the entire protein-coding region, was cloned into a vector. To generate the antisense and sense RNA probes, the plasmid was linearized and the transcription reaction was carried out with polymerases T7 and T3, respectively. The detection of in situ hybridization probes was performed using an mRNA locator -Biotin Kit. Staining was characterized as negative (0/1+) or positive (2+/3+). Subsequent to an initial biopsy diagnosis of DCIS, all cases had a definitive surgical procedure. Detailed sectioning of the resultant tissue was performed and subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining to determine the presence or absence of invasive carcinoma. Results The initial diagnostic biopsy specimens showed that 17 of 17 high-grade, 3 of 7 intermediate-grade, and 3 of 5 low-grade DCIS specimens were negative for NES1 expression. Of the 6 cases of DCIS found to be positive for NES1 expression, none (0%) were subsequently found to have invasive carcinoma at definitive surgery. In contrast, the loss of NES1 expression in the initial diagnostic biopsy was associated with a 40% incidence of invasive carcinoma at definitive surgery. Additional stratification by nuclear grade showed invasive carcinoma in 5 (83%) of 6 NES1-negative, low- to intermediate-grade DCIS ( p ≤0.01) and 4 (24%) of 17 NES1-negative, high-grade DCIS ( p ≤0.05). Conclusion These results show that a lack of NES1 expression in DCIS identified at the diagnostic biopsy predicts for a high risk of invasive cancer in the definitive surgical specimen. The predictive value of NES1 expression appears to be particularly relevant for low- and intermediate-grade DCIS.
Glutamatergic transmission in drug reward: implications for drug addiction

Individuals addicted to drugs of abuse such as alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin are a significant burden on healthcare systems all over the world. The positive reinforcing (rewarding) effects of the above mentioned drugs play a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the drug-taking habit. Thus, understanding the neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse is critical to reducing the burden of drug addiction in society. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in drug addiction. In this review, pharmacological and genetic evidence supporting the role of glutamate in mediating the rewarding effects of the above described drugs of abuse will be discussed. Further, the review will discuss the role of glutamate transmission in two complex heterogeneous brain regions, namely the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which mediate the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse. In addition, several medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that act by blocking glutamate transmission will be discussed in the context of drug reward. Finally, this review will discuss future studies needed to address currently unanswered gaps in knowledge, which will further elucidate the role of glutamate in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
Monte Carlo modeling of penetration effect for iodine-131 pinhole imaging

Monte Carlo simulation is applied to model the penetration effect for iodine-131 pinhole imaging. In the authors' Monte Carlo simulation, they employed the variance reduction technique, forced detection, to improve simulation efficiency. For the forced detection, the minimal cone that covers the knife-edge region of a pinhole aperture is used to confine the direction of a photon emission with the vertex located at the emission point. A lead pinhole insert was used to validate the authors' Monte Carlo model. For the validation, the responses of a point source at 6 different locations along the central ray of the pinhole aperture were measured to compare with simulated responses. The distance of the source locations is 3-18 cm away from the aperture with the inter-location distance equal to 3 cm. The comparison demonstrates the accuracy of the authors' Monte Carlo model. With the validated Monte Carlo program, the authors simulated point response functions for pinhole aperture with various spanning angle, hole size, and materials. The point responses are parameterized using radially circularly symmetric two-dimensional exponential functions. The parameter describing the roll-off rate of an exponential function is expressed in terms of the span angle of the pinhole knife-edge opening and the material used to make the pinhole aperture. The parameterized penetration model can be incorporated into image reconstruction algorithms which compensate for the penetration effect.
Structural Insights into the Mechanism of Intramolecular Proteolysis

Abstract A variety of proteins, including glycosylasparaginase, have recently been found to activate functions by self-catalyzed peptide bond rearrangements from single-chain precursors. Here we present the 1.9 A crystal structures of glycosylasparaginase precursors that are able to autoproteolyze via an N → O acyl shift. Several conserved residues are aligned around the scissile peptide bond that is in a highly strained trans peptide bond configuration. The structure illustrates how a nucleophilic side chain may attack the scissile peptide bond at the immediate upstream backbone carbonyl and provides an understanding of the structural basis for peptide bond cleavage via an N → O or N → S acyl shift that is used by various groups of intramolecular autoprocessing proteins.
Cytotoxic lymphocytes require granzyme B for the rapid induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in allogeneic target cells

We have generated H-2b mice with a homozygous null mutation in the granzyme (gzm) B gene. Gzm B is a neutral serine protease with Aspase activity that is found only in the granules of activated cytolytic T cells, natural killer cells, and lymphokine-activated killer cells. Gzm B-/- mice develop normally and have normal hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. In vitro, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) derived from gzm B-/- animals are able to induce 51Cr release from allotarget cells, but with reduced efficiency. However, gzm B-/- CTL have a profound defect in their ability to induce rapid DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in allogeneic target cells. This defect is kinetic since DNA fragmentation is partially compensated and 51Cr release is completely rescued with long incubation times. We conclude that gzm B serves a critical and nonredundant role for the rapid induction of target cell DNA fragmentation and apoptosis by alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
A Real-Time Interface for Railway Hydraulic Hazard Forecasting

In this work we present a new software tool, RHHMS (Railway Hydraulic Hazard Monitoring System), for real-time railway bridge hydraulic hazard forecasting. RHHMS is based on a combinatorial optimization approach to hydrologic measurement in ungagued semi-arid and arid catchments that provides a simple Google Maps-based interface for both numerical and graphical feedback to a user about the current and future hydraulic states of railway bridges in a given region.
What is bibliometrics and why should you care

Viewed in the aggregate, a company's publications represent one of its greatest business assets. Can professionals in the information and communication fields help their company understand the return on its investment in publishing? The field of bibliometrics studies publication patterns by using quantitative analysis and statistics. Bibliometrics can be either descriptive, such as looking at how many articles your organization has published, or evaluative, such as using citation analysis to look at how those articles influenced subsequent research by others. Counting publications can be useful for doing some comparisons, but citation analysis allows you to look at the impact those articles have had on others by determining how often they are cited. Citation analysis can also show what journals, organizations, and even countries have high impact in different fields of research. The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) has been a leader in the citation analysis field since 1961, when ISI published the first Science Citation Index. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been using data from ISI for both descriptive and evaluative purposes. This data is used to track what the researchers at the Laboratory are writing and then comparing research groups within the organization over a period of years to identify trends and opportunities. PNNL has also used citation analysis to explore what organizations and academic institutions are doing research in certain fields for partnering opportunities. We focus on the use of publication counts, citation analysis, and impact factor to show how PNNL has been using bibliometrics.
Air Pollution Particulate SRM 1648 Causes Oxidative Stress in RAW 264.7 Macrophages Leading to Production of Prostaglandin E2, a Potential Th2 Mediator

Particulates in air pollution have been strongly associated with asthma symptoms. These particulates are a conglomeration of many components, including metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and lipopolysaccharide, that may cause oxidative stress upon uptake by alveolar macrophages. The objective of this study was to assess whether uptake of a model air particulate (SRM 1648) causes oxidative stress in macrophages resulting in the production of the eicosanoid mediator prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) that might exacerbate asthma. SRM 1648 suspended in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was introduced into wells with plated RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophages. Following incubation of SRM 1648 with RAW 264.7 macrophages, prostaglandin E(2) was measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA), and oxidative stress was assessed by the levels of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as by the oxidation of dihydrodichlorofluorescein (H(2)DCFDA) to the fluorescent dichlorofluoresecein (DCF). The results indicated that SRM 1648 caused oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages, as shown by a compensatory increase in GSH levels in comparison to the controls of titanium dioxide and media alone. Prostaglandin E(2) levels significantly increased at the 3-, 6-, and 12-h time points. Introduction of GSH ester to buffer against oxidative stress was able to block the elevation of PGE(2). The data show that SRM 1648 causes oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages resulting in formation of the potential Th2 mediator prostaglandin E(2).
Chronic transmural atrial ablation by using bipolar radiofrequency energy on the beating heart.

Abstract Background: Recently, there has been renewed interest in the development of minimally invasive procedures to treat atrial fibrillation. Unipolar radiofrequency catheters are plagued by poor results, in part because of their inability to produce transmural lesions. This study tested the ability of bipolar radiofrequency energy to create chronic transmural lesions on the beating heart that isolated atrial myocardium. Methods: Five sheep underwent a right thoracotomy. Baseline pacing was performed from the following targeted areas: right atrial appendage, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and right pulmonary veins. A cuff of atrial myocardium around the targeted tissue was clamped between the 2 arms of the device. Radiofrequency energy was delivered at 750 mA and continued until the tissue conductance between the electrodes reached a stable minimum level. After ablation, pacing was used to document tissue isolation. The animals survived for 30 days. Results: Twenty circumferential lesions were produced at the initial operation. The mean ablation time was 9.3 ± 4.0 seconds, and the mean peak temperature was 48.4°C ± 6.4°C. All lesions acutely and chronically isolated the targeted tissue. Trichrome staining showed that all lesions were transmural. There were no instances of pulmonary vein stenosis or thrombosis. Conclusions: Bipolar radiofrequency energy can produce permanent transmural linear lesions on the beating heart. Online measurement of tissue conductance reliably predicted lesion transmurality. This new technology may enable surgeons to perform a curative minimally invasive operation for atrial fibrillation on the beating heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002;124:708-13
Autophagy Takes Its TOLL on Innate Immunity

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate a complimentary set of defense responses that protect cells during microbial infection. In the recent issue of Immunity, Xu et al. (2007) elucidate a molecular pathway that connects TLR4-mediated innate immune signaling to autophagy, a process of cytoplasmic sequestration and subsequent recycling or degradation.
Hepatocellular adenoma classification: a comparative evaluation of immunohistochemistry and targeted mutational analysis

Four subtypes of hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are recognized: hepatocyte-nuclear-factor-1α mutated (H-HCA), β-catenin-mutated type with upregulation of glutamine synthetase (b-HCA), inflammatory type (IHCA) with serum-amyloid-A overexpression, and unclassified type. Subtyping may be useful since b-HCA appear to have higher risk of malignant transformation. We sought to apply subtype analysis and assess histological atypia, correlating these with next-generation sequencing analysis. Twenty-six HCA were stained with serum amyloid A (SAA), liver fatty acid-binding protein (LFABP), glutamine synthetase (GS), and β-catenin IHC, followed by analysis with a targeted multiplex sequencing panel. By IHC, 4 HCA (15.4 %) were classified as b-HCA, 11 (42.3 %) as IHCA, 9 (34.6 %) as H-HCA, and two (7.7 %) unclassifiable. Eight HCA (30.8 %) showed atypia (3 b-HCA, 4 IHCA and 1 H-HCA). Targeted sequencing confirmed HNF1A mutations in all H-HCA, confirming reliability of LFABP IHC in identifying these lesions. CTNNB1 mutations were detected in 1 of 4 (25 %) of GS/β-catenin-positive cases, suggesting that positive GS stain does not always correlate with CTNNB1 mutations. Immunohistochemistry does not consistently identify b-HCA. Mutational analysis improves the diagnostic accuracy of β-catenin-mutated HCA and is an important tool to assess risk of malignancy in HCA.
Predicting Colonoscopy Time: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Background/aims There is lack of consensus on the optimal time allotted for colonoscopy, which increases patient wait times. Our aim was to identify and quantify the individual pre-procedural factors that determine the total procedure time (TPT) of colonoscopy. Methods This retrospective study involved 4,494 subjects, undergoing outpatient colonoscopy. Effects of age, sex, body mass index, abdominal surgery history, procedure indication (screening, surveillance, or diagnostic), procedure session (morning or afternoon), and endoscopist's experience (fellow or attending) on TPT were evaluated using multiple regression analysis. A p Results A total of 1,239 subjects satisfied the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Women, older individuals, and those with a history of abdominal surgery were found to have a shorter TPT (p>0.05) as did afternoon session colonoscopies (p=0.004). Less experienced endoscopists had longer TPTs (p>0.05). Screening (p=0.01) and surveillance (p=0.008) colonoscopies had a longer TPT than diagnostic procedures. Overall, the F-value of the regression model was 0.0009. Conclusions The indication for colonoscopy and the time of day have statistically significant associations with TPT. These results will help in streamlining workflow, reduce wait time, and improve patient satisfaction.
Hepatic Acetyl CoA Carboxylase, Propionyl CoA Carboxylase and Pyruvate Carboxylase Activities During Embryonic Development and Growth in Chickens

SummaryAcetyl CoA carboxylase activity was negligible in embryonic chicken liver, but increased markedly after hatching to adult levels in 2 weeks. Very high pyruvate carboxylase activity observed in embryonic livers progressively decreased, reached minimum values 10–14 days posthatching, and thereafter increased to adult levels. Propionyl CoA carboxylase, on the other hand, showed no such adaptive changes throughout the period studied.
β-Hydrogen Abstraction of an Ethyl Group Provides Entry to Titanium and Zirconium Ethylene Complexes

Treatment of trichloride complexes [(PNP)MCl3] (M = Ti or Zr) with 3 equiv of ethyl-Grignard reagent cleanly results in transmetalation followed by β-hydrogen abstraction to form the ethylene-ethyl species [(PNP)M(η2-H2C═CH2)(CH2CH3)]. In the case of zirconium, we can replace the ethylene ligand with an imido or 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) to form [(PNP)Zr═N[1-adamantyl](CH2CH3)] or [(PNP)Zr(bpy)(CH2CH3)], respectively. The ethylene-methyl derivative [(PNP)Zr(η2-H2C═CH2)(CH3)] can also be prepared cleanly from the precursor [(PNP)Zr(CH3)2(OTf)] and ethyl-Grignard reagent. Using the isotopologue [(PNP)Zr(CD3)2(OTf)] we found that α-abstraction is not a pathway to ethylene formation.
Experimental Characterization of a Theoretically Designed Candidate p-Type Transparent Conducting Oxide: Li-Doped Cr2MnO4

The development of a p-type transparent conducting oxide (p-TCO) requires the deliberate design of a wide band gap and high hole conductivity. Using high-throughput theoretical screening, Cr2MnO4 was earlier predicted to be a p-TCO when doped with lithium. This constitutes a new class of p-TCO, one based on a tetrahedrally coordinated d5 cation. In this study, we examine and experimentally validate a few central properties of this system. Combined neutron diffraction and anomalous X-ray diffraction experiments give site occupancy that supports the theoretical prediction that lithium occupies the tetrahedral (Mn) site. The lattice parameter of the spinel decreases with lithium content to a solubility limit of [Li]/([Li] + [Mn]) ∼ 9.5%. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy measurements show that at higher doping levels the transparency is diminished, which is attributed to both the presence of octahedral Mn and the increased hole content. Room-temperature electrical measurements of doped samples reveal an incre...
Estimating densities of grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) assemblages using binomial sampling

Counts of grasshoppers from Wyoming and New Mexico were related to the proportion of O.1−m2 samples that contained grasshoppers through binomial sampling models. Three models were investigated. One was based on the Poisson probability density function and two were based on the Nachman and logit binomial regressions. The Nachman and logit regressions were tested extensively for an influence of predominant instar, sampling year, and location on the estimated parameters. Results indicated that instar and sampling year did not influence the parameter estimates, but location did. All models were then tested to determine which provided the smallest error for predicting densities from incidence and vice versa. Results showed that no differences occurred between models. Based on this finding, the Poisson sampling model was selected for use in wide-scale surveys because it is simple and easy to use. An independent data set from Montana was used to validate this model. Implications of this and other findings in context of using binomial sampling as a management and research tool are discussed.
Prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen index in gastric stromal tumors. Correlation with mitotic count and clinical outcome.

Morphologic studies of gastric stromal tumors (GSTs) indicate that mitotic counts (MCs) and tumor size are major discriminants predictive of biologic behavior. The authors evaluated the tumor proliferation of GSTs with anti–proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; DAKO clone POO, DAKO Corporation, Carpinteria, CA) for correlation with MCs, histologic cell type, and clinical outcome. Fifty-eight tumors ranging from 1.5 to 45 cm in size were selected for clinicopathologic assessment. Mitotic activity was counted per 50 high-power fields (MC). For this study, combined parameters of MC and tumor size were used to categorize tumors into three groups: (1) benign: MC less than 5, tumor smaller than 5 cm; (2) borderline: MC less than 5, tumor larger than 5 cm; and (3) malignant: MC greater than 5, tumor any size. The PCNA tumor proliferation index (TPI) was assessed from evaluation of 200 tumor cells per case and expressed as the percentage of cells with positive results. Clinical follow-up was available in 45 cases. None of the 19 benign or 16 borderline tumors recurred or metastasized, whereas 7 of 10 malignant tumors metastasized and 1 of 10 recurred. The mean PCNA TPI values among benign (11.2%), borderline (16%), and malignant (34.5%) tumors were significantly different ( P = 0.0002, Kruskal-Wallis test). When the pathologic tumor categories were compared, the mean TPI of benign tumors was significantly different from that of borderline tumors ( P = 0.0306, Kruskal-Wallis), and the TPI borderline tumors was different from that of the malignant tumors ( P = 0.0060, Kruskal-Wallis test). The Spearman rank correlation showed a significant relationship between the MC and PCNA TPI ( P = 0.0003, r = 0.4543). Logistic regression analysis showed that the TPI, independent of MC and size, contributed significantly ( P = 0.00295) to the prediction of outcome. In the malignant group, the mean TPI for malignant tumors with metastases (43.6%) was significantly different ( P = 0.0411, Kruskal-Wallis test) from that of malignant tumors without metastases (including the case with probable recurrence) (11.83%). No correlation was found when PCNA TPIs for epithelioid GCTs were compared with those of spindle cell GSTs. The authors conclude the following: (1) the PCNA-derived TPI correlates with the MC and is an additional independent prognostic parameter in the assessment of GSTs; (2) higher PCNA TPIs in histologically malignant GSTs may correlate with metastasis and clinical outcome; (3) in GSTs with an MC less than 5, the PCNA TPI provides a quantitative parameter to potentially separate borderline from benign tumors; and (4) the intermediate PCNA TPI of borderline tumors defined by size further justifies separation of GSTs into benign, borderline, and malignant categories.
P2-08-08: Benefit of Preoperative Breast MRI in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer.

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of routinely performed preoperative Breast MRI (pMRI) on the planned therapeutical management of all patients with newly diagnosed Breast cancer. Subjects and Methods: 180 patients with newly diagnosed Breast Cancer between 9/2009 - 12/2010 were enrolled in this retrospective study performed in a certified European Breast Cancer Unit; mean age 60,6 years; 1,5 T MRI ( TIM-Symphony, Siemens Germany). Results: In 53/180 (29,4%) cases the preoperative MRI changed the planned therapeutical management concerning surgical and chemotherapeutical options. In 42/180(23,3%) patients additional lesions were identified only by pMRI, 33/42(78,6%) have been malignant and 8/42(19%) were benign. The real extent of the tumor was detected in 43/53 (81%) cases — group A; a bilateral carcinoma was detected in 4/53 (7,5%) cases — group B; in 6/53 (11,5%) cases the malignant lesion could only be detected with preoperative MRI — group C; for group A the pMRI led to wider excisions with 15 segmental -or quadrant resections and 28 mastectomies; for group B the pMRI resulted in 4 additional lumpectomies; for group C the pMRI caused 4 lumpectomies, 1 segemental resection and 2 mastecomies .5 of 6 patients got neoadjuvant chemotherapy only due to results of pMRI; in 3 of these 5 patiens breast conserving surgery was possible. Histology: DCIS 23/53 (43,4%), invasive cancer 23/53 (43,4%), multicentric/multifocal malignant lesions 7/53 (13,2%). The sensitivity of the pMRI was not influenced by the histology of the lesion, the age of the patient or menopausal status. The maximum periode between initial presentation of the patient and breast surgery was 21 days. Conclusion: In 29,4% of our patients the pMRI resulted in a significant change of the planned therapeutical regime. Histology of the lesion, patients age or menopausal status did not influence the sensitivity of pMRI. There was no relevant delay in the initiation of treatment. Therefore we recommend performing pMRI in breast cancer staging routinely. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-08.
Troubles In Campus-Network and How to Eliminate Them

This paper simply introduces the structure of Campus-Network, it also analyses the troubles in Campus-Network which probably produce and the ways of eliminating troubles from both hardwre ways and software ways.
Once a post-dural puncture headache patient--always post-dural puncture headache patient: an update.

We previously described two female patients who developed a post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) following each of two dural punctures separated by 9 (1) and 50 (2) years, respectively, and concluded that patients with a history of previous PDPH should be considered at high risk for subsequent PDPH most likely indefinitely (once a post-dural puncture headache patient – always post-dural puncture headache patient). Indeed, we recently encountered a 39-year-old parturient with a history of previous (3 years prior) PDPH [three epidural blood patches (EBPs) had been necessary to treat the severe cephalgia] who developed another PDPH following administration of labor analgesia (single intrathecal injection of opioids), and this time two EBPs were required to cure her symptoms. Pnemocephalus-related headache and any other intracranial pathology were ruled out by the computerized tomography of her cranium and consultation with the neurologist. This author is not aware of any other reports documenting administration of multiple EBPs on each occasion to treat symptoms of PDPH in the parturient and would welcome comments from colleagues from other institutions on their experience with similar (if any ?) cases.
Placebo and placebo effects: practical considerations, ethical concerns.

First, it is important to define what is meant by “placebo”. Strictly, the term placebo, taken from the Latin “I shall please,” refers to any intervention, event, or experience that evokes positive subjective or objective outcomes in a patient (or research participant).
Clinical pharmacology of the narcotic analgesics.

Opium has been used for the relief of pain at least as far back as records go. Morphine was separated from the mixture of opium alkaloids in 1806, and synthesis was accomplished in 1952. From an over-all viewpoint, morphine is still the most satisfactory narcotic analgesic, but certain untoward effects have fostered the search for a better compound, a goal still to be achieved. This review of the narcotic analgesics will deal with the clinical pharmacology of these substances with reference to morphine and meperidine, the best known substitutes, as yardsticks. A discussion of the general actions and uses of these drugs will be followed by a more detailed consideration of the commonly used compounds. It should be understood that few of the drugs have been studied satisfactorily in their entirety. This deficiency relates largely to the difficulty in determining drug effects on man under controlled conditions and to the haste in presenting new substances for clinical use before thorough study.
Energy Resources—Cornucopia or Empty Barrel?: Reply

I welcome the opportunity to reply to the discussions by Campbell, Duncan, and Laherrere, three of the listed experts of Oil Crisis dot-com , a group that lobbies governments and industry to warn of a perceived impending shortage of crude oil. Their discussions include numerous points; I will address their comments collectively in this response by major theme. Campbell claims that the production of conventional oil is "relatively insensitive to price, investment, and technology" and Laherrere claims that, whereas the availability of coal is dependant on price, with lower concentrations becoming available at higher prices, this is not the case with oil. These are surprising suggestions that defy economic logic, and there is abundant evidence to the contrary. Many small United States oil fields that had been profitable at Attanasi (1998) developed a series of supply curves for recoverable oil and gas in the United States. Contrary to Duncan's claims, I did not write that the bell-shaped Hubbert curves are normal probability distributions or that the curves show no dependency of one year's production on previous production history. In fact, I aimed to dispel a common notion that the bell-shaped curves of Hubbert are normal probability distributions. To quote from my article, "Hubbert curves are not normal distributions ... where frequency is plotted against some property of a sampled population. Rather, the Hubbert curves show a physical property plotted against time... . in a time-series plot of energy production there is a clear dependency of one year's production on a previous years' production" (McCabe, 1998, p. 2121). Production curves are graphs of mathematical functions that have two variables: date and production (the dependant variable). They are not statistical distributions plotting the frequency of a single variable. Consequently, production curves cannot be normal distributions. Laherrere also fails to …
Intra-platform Envelopment: The Coopetitive Dynamics between the Platform Owner and Complementors

Platform owners have exerted an increasing level of influence on their complementors, sometimes even competing with them. However, little is known about these coopetitive dynamics between the platf...
A model for motor control and learning

The human motor system acquires control of each limb in the body, adapts to mechanical and sensory changes, performs coordinate transformations from visual space to motor space, and uses limbs Interchangeably in executing motor programs. It is supposed that any flexible motor control system, biological or otherwise, can be viewed in terms of high- and low-level processes which accomplish these tasks; High-level processes generate descriptions of desired trajectories without considering the mechanical properties of any one effector system, and low-level mechanisms, tailored to the kinematic and dynamic properties of a particular effector system, translate these descriptions into motor plans. I propose a controller which uses an 'internal inverse dynamic model' to perform these low-level translations for a mechanical arm [Raibert 1976].
Faculty Position at Northwestern University (NU)

At the end of World War II, many returning GIs had the cost of their education to a college or university of their choice paid by the government. Enrollment at these schools experienced a sudden, massive increase. As a result, schools quickly had to add new faculty, because of the large influx of students. Therefore, qualified persons were in demand, which meant that one could just about select the school where they wanted to teach and do research. As soon as the War had finished, I was prepared to choose my school, since I had long known that I really wanted a teaching position.
Variation in fibroblast expression of toll-like receptor 4 and lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine production between animals predicts control of bacterial growth but not severity of Escherichia coli mastitis.

ABSTRACT Mastitis caused by environmental pathogens such as Escherichia coli is highly problematic to the dairy industry because it incurs substantial cost and tends to be difficult to manage. An effective innate immune response by the host is key to controlling infection, but it should also limit collateral damage to the mammary gland. Between-animal differences in mastitis severity have been attributed to variability in the innate response. In the current study, we used primary dermal fibroblast as a model to rank animals based on composite expression of the toll-like receptor 4 gene ( TLR4 ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-8 and IL-6 protein production. Animals ranked as high and low responders (HR and LR, respectively) were then infected with the P4 strain of E. coli to determine how difference in rank would affect response to mastitis. All animals developed an acute response to the infection with varying degrees in severity; however, HR animals had an elevated somatic cell count and fever response at 12 h post-infection and greater production of milk IL-8 at 24 h post-infection. The HR animals were also significantly more capable of limiting bacterial growth. No differences in post-infection milk production or concentrations of milk BSA were measured. The current study indicates that HR animals have an early upregulation in their innate response that is beneficial for bacterial clearance; however, they are equally susceptible to tissue damage caused by an exuberant response to the infection. The dermal fibroblast may be used in conjunction with other cell types to determine how the innate response is regulated to mitigate unnecessary injury to the mammary gland while still effectively clearing the pathogen.
Not immune to modification.

The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA-modification pathway substantially affects the outcome of viral infection. Studies now show that m6A modification of transcripts encoding type I interferons limits the duration of anti-viral signaling.
Varieties of Naturalism

In this chapter, I take a final look at Rasmussen’s Geometry Argument, and a second look at his principle of non-arbitrary limits. Although I raise some doubts about both, I conclude that both are compatible with naturalism, thus indicating further potential agreement. I then end the chapter with a sketch of an account of the varieties of naturalism. The moral of that section is that naturalism is right at home in ontologies that include things in the metaphysical foundation beyond the narrowly physical, such as phenomenal states, objective moral values, abstract objects, and final causes. This sets the stage for the final two sections of the book, which aim to discern the finer-grained nature of foundational reality by considering a wider range of data.
Demo: Arena: A 64-antenna SDR-based Ceiling Grid Testbed for Sub-6 GHz Radio Spectrum Research

Arena is an open-access wireless testing platform based on a grid of antennas mounted on the ceiling of a large office-space environment. Each antenna is connected to programmable software-defined radios enabling sub-6 GHz 5G-and-beyond spectrum research. With 12 computational servers, 24 software defined radios synchronized at the symbol level, and a total of 64 antennas, Arena provides the computational power and the scale to foster new technology development in some of the most crowded spectrum bands. Arena is based on a clean three-tier design, where the servers and the software defined radios are housed in a double rack in a dedicated room, while the antennas are hung off the ceiling of a 2240 square feet office space and cabled to the radios through 100 ft long cables. This ensures a reconfigurable, scalable, and repeatable real-time experimental evaluation in a real wireless indoor environment. This article introduces for the first time architecture, capabilities, and system design choices of Arena, and provide details of the software and hardware implementation of the different testbed components. Finally, we showcase some of the capabilities of Arena in providing a testing ground for key wireless technologies, including synchronized MIMO transmission schemes, multi-hop ad hoc networking, multi-cell LTE networks, and spectrum sensing for cognitive radio.
Magnetic and structural properties of melt-spun Co-Ge alloys

Abstract The structural and magnetic properties of melt-spun Co-Ge intermetallic alloys have been investigated over a wide range of compositions Co62+xGe38−x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.7, 8 and 18). The research is practically motivated by inconsistencies in the literature data regarding phase equilibria in the Co-rich part of the Co-Ge phase diagram. We resolve these contradictions by showing that the structural and magnetic properties of Co62+xGe38−x melt-spun alloys depend on the cooling rate, the composition, and, as a result, on the lattice parameters of the phases present. A new orthorhombic phase with a high Curie temperature of 805 K has been observed and reported for the first time.