cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consulting to the alternative work setting: A suggested strategy for community psychology

Alternative services and businesses attempt to create egalitarian relations among their workers and to enhance the relation between the workplace and the surrounding community. Although these settings oppose traditional organizational forms, they possess their own internal value conflicts that generate considerable stress among their workers. This article describes one alternative setting in terms of its history and organizational conflicts, and then describes an intervention effort that reduced the members' interpersonal stress. The particular conflicts that emerged during consultation and how they were handled are documented. Numerous naturally occurring indicators are presented that suggest the effectiveness of this consultation. A setting-focussed form of traditional group process consultation is concluded to be effective in nontraditional settings.
Hip extensor EMG and forelimb/hind limb weight support asymmetry in primate quadrupeds

Higher weight support on the hind limb than forelimb is among the distinctive characteristics of primate quadrupeds. Although often assumed to be due to a more posteriorly positioned whole body center of mass, there are little data to support such a difference. Reynolds (1985. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:335-349) notes that the distribution of forces on the limbs can also be influenced by average limb posture, but suggests that this effect is too small to account for the asymmetry in weight support observed in primates. Instead, he proposes that high hind limb forces are brought about by an active process of shifting weight off the forelimbs and onto the hind limbs through use of hind limb retractors. In this study, we use video records of walking animals to explore the degree to which average limb posture in primates and other quadrupedal mammals deviates from vertical, and use electromyography to test Reynolds' model of hind limb retractor activity and posterior weight shift. The limb posture results indicate that primate forelimbs oscillate about a vertical or slightly retracted axis, and though the hind limbs are slightly protracted, the magnitude of deviation from vertical is too small to have a major effect on weight support distribution. The electromyographic results reveal higher levels of hip extensor activity in antipronograde primates that bear a higher proportion of weight on their hind limbs. This lends support to Reynolds' suggestion that some primates use muscles to actively shift weight onto hind limbs to relieve stresses on forelimbs less well structured for weight support.
Period-infinity periodic motions, chaos, and spatial coherence in a 10 degree of freedom impact oscillator

Abstract The numerical study of a 10 degree of freedom impact oscillator is presented. The mathematical model consists of a linear array of masses in which each mass is connected to its nearest neighbor by identical springs and dashpots. One end mass is attached to a rigid support while the other is free to impact a sinusoidally vibrating rigid table. Bifurcation diagrams based on the impact Poincare map are obtained over the entire range of natural frequencies, taking the table frequency as the bifurcation parameter. The diagrams reveal many chaotic bands as well as a wide variety of period-( n, m ) ( P n, m ) orbits, where n is the period with respect to the impact Poincare map and m is the number of table periods. Perhaps the most interesting solutions are P ∞, m solutions (where m is finite). These arise from sticking events in which the time between impacts approaches zero in finite time. The convergence properties of the impact time sequence during a sticking event is shown to be controlled by the coefficient of restitution of the impact law. The spatial complexity of the motions is studied by finding proper orthogonal modes for various steady states, and the number of excited degrees of freedom is estimated by finding the number of modes needed to exceed 99% of the signal power. These results are compared to the predictions of fractal dimension theory.
Next-to-leading order corrections to multiplicities

Abstract It is desirable to develop a systematic and practical method in perturbative QCD to analyze the semi-hard processes in the fragmentation of jets. In this paper, an integral equation with angular ordering is introduced to analyze the multiplicities of hadrons in high-energy jet productions. In order to demonstrate how the method works, the method is applied in the next-to-leading order to the energy dependence of the multiplicity and to the ratio of multiplicities in a gluon jet and in a quark jet. The results agree with the calculations done by Mueller by a different method.
Transport of heat in a type I superconductor by a moving magnet

Abstract An experiment has been performed to measure the heat carried by a small region of normal metal created in a superconductor by a magnetic field as the region moves through the superconductor. In the limit of low velocities it is found that all the excess heat in the normal region moves with the region.
Socioeconomic measures, orofacial clefts, and conotruncal heart defects in California.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of multiple measures of socioeconomic status (SES) with risks of orofacial clefts and conotruncal heart defects. DESIGN: Data were from a recent population-based case-control study conducted in California that included 608 patients with orofacial clefts, 277 patients with conotruncal heart defects, and 617 nonmalformed controls. RESULTS: The odds ratio for the worst versus best score on a household-level SES index was strongest for cleft lip with or without palate, at 1.7 (95% confidence interval, 0.9–3.4); the odds ratios for this comparison were closer to 1 and less precise for the other defect groups. An index based on neighborhood-level SES was also not associated with increased risk of the studied defects. CONCLUSIONS: This detailed analysis of SES and selected birth defects did not suggest worse SES was associated with increased risk of the studied defects, with the possible exception of cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An Easy Preparation of Hybrid SiO2@Poly Acrylic Acid Nanoparticles

Nanometer materials are widely used in the modification of polymer materials such as polypropylene because of its unique performance. nanocomposite material,which expended the application field of polymer ,is a kind of new composite materials with high performance ratio and widely application prospect .This paper adopted the surface-initiated technology to coat and modify the surface of nanosilica,which solved the problem of the agglomeration and interface compatibility of the nanometer particles and improved its dispersion in the acrylic acid,then prepared SiO2/PAA nanocomposite .The composite was characterized by infrared spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ,etc.The research results showed that the nanocomposite prepared by in-situ polymerization technology had higher toughness ,strength and more excellent comprehensive performance.
Molecular and cellular pathology of very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency

Abstract Background Very-long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency (VLCADD) is diagnosed in the US through newborn screening (NBS). NBS often unequivocally identifies affected individuals, but a growing number of variant patterns can represent mild disease or heterozygous carriers. Aims To evaluate the validity of standard diagnostic procedures for VLCADD by using functional in vitro tools. Methods We retrospectively investigated 13 patient samples referred to our laboratory because of a suspicion of VLCADD but with some uncertainty to the diagnosis. All 13 patients were suspected of having VLCADD either because of abnormal NBS or suggestive clinical findings. ACADVL genomic DNA sequencing data were available for twelve of them. Ten of the patients had an abnormal NBS suggestive of VLCADD, with three samples showing equivocal results. Three exhibited suggestive clinical findings and blood acylcarnitine profile (two of them had a normal NBS and the third one was unscreened). Assay of VLCAD activity and immunoblotting or immunohistologic staining for VLCAD were performed on fibroblasts. Prokaryotic mutagenesis and expression studies were performed for nine uncharacterized ACADVL missense mutations. Results VLCAD activity was abnormal in fibroblast cells from 9 patients (8 identified through abnormal NBS, 1 through clinical symptoms). For these 9 patients, immunoblotting/staining showed the variable presence of VLCAD; all but one had two mutated alleles. Two patients with equivocal NBS results (and a heterozygous genotype) and the two patients with normal NBS exhibited normal VLCAD activity and normal VLCAD protein on immunoblotting/staining thus ruling out VLCAD deficiency. Nine pathogenic missense mutations were characterized with prokaryotic expression studies and showed a decrease in enzyme activity and variable stability of VLCAD antigen. Conclusions These results emphasize the importance of functional investigation of abnormal NBS or clinical testing suggestive but not diagnostic of VLCADD. A larger prospective study is necessary to better define the clinical and metabolic ramifications of the defects identified in such patients.
Reversible end-to-end assembly of gold nanorods using a disulfide-modified polypeptide.

Directing the self-assembly of colloidal particles into nanostructures is of great interest in nanotechnology. Here, reversible end-to-end assembly of gold nanorods (GNR) is induced by pH-dependent changes in the secondary conformation of a disulfide-modified poly(L-glutamic acid) (SSPLGA). The disulfide anchoring group drives chemisorption of the polyacid onto the end of the gold nanorods in an ethanolic solution. A layer of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) is adsorbed on the positively charged, surfactant-stabilized GNR to screen the surfactant bilayer charge and provide stability for dispersion of the GNR in ethanol. For comparison, irreversible end-to-end assembly using a bidentate ligand, namely 1,6-hexanedithiol, is also performed. Characterization of the modified GNR and its end-to-end linking behavior using SSPLGA and hexanedithiol is performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Experimental results show that, in a colloidal solution of GNR–SSPLGA at a pH~3.5, where the PLGA is in an α-helical conformation, the modified GNR self-assemble into one-dimensional nanostructures. The linking behavior can be reversed by increasing the pH (>8.5) to drive the conformation of the polypeptide to a random coil and this reversal with pH occurs rapidly within minutes. Cycling the pH multiple times between low and high pH values can be used to drive the formation of the nanostructures of the GNR and disperse them in solution.
Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Reveals That Water Is Nonessential to the Core Structure of α-Synuclein Fibrils

Protein aggregation is implicated in the etiology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. An understanding of aggregation mechanisms is enhanced by atomic-resolution structural information, of which relatively little is currently available. Lewy bodies, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease, contain large quantities of fibrillar α-synuclein (AS). Here we present solid-state NMR spectroscopy studies of dried AS fibrils. The spectra have high resolution and sensitivity, and the site-resolved chemical shifts agree very well with those previously observed for hydrated fibrils. The conserved chemical shifts indicate that bulk water is nonessential to the fibril core structure. Moreover, the sample preparation procedure yields major improvements in spectral sensitivity, without compromising spectral resolution. This advance will greatly assist the atomic-resolution structural analysis of AS fibrils.
Selective loss of [3H]kainic acid and [3H]AMPA binding in layer VI of frontal cortex in Huntington's disease.

Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity has been proposed to cause the neostriatal neuronal degeneration of Huntington's disease (HD); N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA), and kainate receptors have been hypothesized to play important roles in this process. We have recently reported a loss of neurons in layer VI of the cerebral cortex in HD. Using quantitative autoradiographic methods, we have now measured NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptor binding in the frontal cerebral cortex of the brains of controls and individuals with HD. We find no change in NMDA receptor binding but a selective decrease in kainate and AMPA receptor binding in layer VI. These data suggest that cerebral cortical neurons possessing kainate or AMPA receptors may be selectively vulnerable in individuals with HD.
Adaptation of the projector-augmented-wave formalism to the treatment of orbital-dependent exchange-correlation functionals

ochl [Phys. Rev. B 50 17953 (1994)] for electronic structure calculations. The methodology is illustrated with binding energy curves for C in the diamond structure and LiF in the rock salt structure, comparing results from the Hartree-Fock (HF) formalism and the Optimized Effective Potential (OEP) formalism in the so-called KLI approximation [Krieger, Li, and Iafrate, Phys. Rev. A 45, 101 (1992)] with those of the local density approximation (LDA). While the work here uses pure Fock exchange only, the formalism can be extended to treat orbital-dependent functionals more generally.
The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes

In this paper we describe a new thermal model for the initial cooling of pahoehoe lava flows. The accurate modeling of this initial cooling is important for understanding the formation of the distinctive surface textures on pahoehoe lava flows as well as being the first step in modeling such key pahoehoe emplacement processes as lava flow inflation and lava tube formation. This model is constructed from the physical phenomena observed to control the initial cooling of pahoehoe flows and is not an empirical fit to field data. We find that the only significant processes are (a) heat loss by thermal radiation, (b) heat loss by atmospheric convection, (c) heat transport within the flow by conduction with temperature and porosity-dependent thermal properties, and (d) the release of latent heat during crystallization. The numerical model is better able to reproduce field measurements made in Hawai'i between 1989 and 1993 than other published thermal models. By adjusting one parameter at a time, the effect of each of the input parameters on the cooling rate was determined. We show that: (a) the surfaces of porous flows cool more quickly than the surfaces of dense flows, (b) the surface cooling is very sensitive to the efficiency of atmospheric convective cooling, and (c) changes in the glass forming tendency of the lava may have observable petrographic and thermal signatures. These model results provide a quantitative explanation for the recently observed relationship between the surface cooling rate of pahoehoe lobes and the porosity of those lobes (Jones 1992, 1993). The predicted sensitivity of cooling to atmospheric convection suggests a simple field experiment for verification, and the model provides a tool to begin studies of the dynamic crystallization of real lavas. Future versions of the model can also be made applicable to extraterrestrial, submarine, silicic, and pyroclastic flows.
On the nonlinear evolution of wind-driven gravity waves

We present a study of wind-driven nonlinear interfacial gravity waves using numerical simulations in two dimensions. We consider a case relevant to mixing phenomenon in astrophysical events such as novae in which the density ratio is approximately 1:10. Our physical setup follows the proposed mechanism of Miles [ J. Fluid Mech. 3, 185 (1957) ] for the amplification of such waves. Our results show good agreement with linear predictions for the growth of the waves. We explore how the wind strength affects the wave dynamics and the resulting mixing in the nonlinear stage. We identify two regimes of mixing, namely, the overturning and the cusp-breaking regimes. The former occurs when the wind is strong enough to overcome the gravitational potential barrier and overturn the wave. This result is in agreement with the common notion of turbulent mixing in which density gradients are increased to diffusion scales by the stretching of a series of vortices. In the latter case, mixing is the result of cusp instabilit...
Workplace democracy and organizational communication

This article is an edited transcription of an address given to the preconference on Democracy in Organizations, sponsored by the Organizational Communication Division of the National Communication Association, November 1996, in San Diego. The author argues that democratic organizations are fostered by particular kinds of work, people, and social situations that require communication aimed at cooperation, consensus‐building, and shared decision making.
International disparities in access to infertility services

Objective To characterize the international availability of infertility services. Design A PubMed computer search to identify relevant articles. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) None. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) None. Result(s) Epidemiological data suggests that approximately 80 million people worldwide are infertile. Most countries in the industrial west have declining fertility rates marked by late marriage, postponed childbearing, and primary infertility. In contrast, in the developing world, there is little voluntary effort to postpone childbearing and early first marriage is common. However, a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and infections acquired as a result of inadequate health care result in increased rates of secondary infertility. In developing societies, childlessness is often highly stigmatized and leads to profound social suffering for infertile women in particular, yet most infertile people in the developing world have virtually no access to effective treatment. Internationally, a minority of countries offer IVF, and even where it is available, on average it is prohibitively expensive and utilized by a fraction of those who could benefit from its use. Conclusion(s) Wide disparities exist in the quality, availability, and delivery of infertility services between the developed and developing nations of the world.
Coordination chemistry may explain pharmacokinetics and clinical response of vanadyl sulfate in type 2 diabetic patients

Vanadium, abbreviated V, is an early transition metal that readily forms coordination complexes with a variety of biological products such as proteins, metabolites, membranes and other structures. The formation of coordination complexes stabilizes metal ions, which in turn impacts the biodistribution of the metal. To understand the biodistribution of V, V in oxidation state iv in the form of vanadyl sulfate (25, 50, 100 mg V daily) was given orally for 6 weeks to 16 persons with type 2 diabetes. Elemental V was determined using Graphite Furnas Atomic Absorption Spectrometry against known concentrations of V in serum, blood or urine. Peak serum V levels were 15.4 ± 6.5, 81.7 ± 40 and 319 ± 268 ng ml(-1) respectively, and mean peak serum V was positively correlated with dose administered (r = 0.992, p = 0.079), although large inter-individual variability was found. Total serum V concentration distribution fit a one compartment open model with a first order rate constant for excretion with mean half times of 4.7 ± 1.6 days and 4.6 ± 2.5 days for the 50 and 100 mg V dose groups respectively. At steady state, 24 hour urinary V output was 0.18 ± 0.24 and 0.97 ± 0.84 mg in the 50 and 100 mg V groups respectively, consistent with absorption of 1 percent or less of the administered dose. Peak V in blood and serum were positively correlated (r = 0.971, p < 0.0005). The serum to blood V ratio for the patients receiving 100 mg V was 1.7 ± 0.45. Regression analysis showed that glycohemoglobin was a negative predictor of the natural log(ln) peak serum V (R(2) = 0.40, p = 0.009) and a positive predictor of the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp results at high insulin values (R(2) = 0.39, p = 0.010). Insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp was not significantly correlated with ln peak serum V. Globulin and glycohemoglobin levels taken together were negative predictors of fasting blood glucose (R(2) = 0.49, p = 0.013). Although V accumulation in serum was dose-dependent, no correlation between total serum V concentration and the insulin-like response was found in this first attempt to correlate anti-diabetic activity with total serum V. This study suggests that V pools other than total serum V are likely related to the insulin-like effect of this metal. These results, obtained in diabetic patients, document the need for consideration of the coordination chemistry of metabolites and proteins with vanadium in anti-diabetic vanadium complexes.
Counter-rotating populations in a disk galaxy

Galactic absorption-line spectra can now yield valuable information about the internal kinematics beyond the classical measures of mean velocity and (Gaussian) velocity dispersion. An application of a new algorithm to the photometrically normal disk galaxy NGC 7217 has revealed that around 30 percent of the stars circulate in the opposite sense to the majority. The subtle serendipitous nature of the discovery raises the possibility that this situation may not be uncommon. NGC 7217 and the previously discovered case of NGC 4550 point towards substantial secondary infall of material with variable angular momentum and suggest a possible explanation of the decrease of bulge-to-disk ratio with strengthening spiral structure along the Hubble sequence.
Providing Access to E-Audiobooks: Help from the Non-Cataloger

There are a growing number of Web sites that offer free e-audiobooks. Providing access to these e-audiobooks can be a challenge for libraries, particularly with shrinking budgets and staff. The author describes a process created at California State University–San Bernardino to re-record and catalog currently popular public domain e-audiobooks with a goal of making the cataloging simple enough that a non-cataloger can perform the task.
Small business loan securitization and interstate risk sharing

Do credit risk transfers in general, and loan sales and securitizations in particular, by financial institutions enhance credit availability and financial stability? Or do they allow assets of poor credit quality to spread to unprotected investors, and thus create financial crises and destroy values? In this paper, we contribute to the continuing debate by examining the effect of small business loan securitizations on interstate personal income insurance. Using data of U.S. banks for the period 1995–2008, we find that small business loans securitizations contribute to the smoothening of state personal income volatility, and that this contribution is stronger in states where small businesses play a more important role in the local economy.
Primary and secondary microneuroanastomotic repair of the mental nerve in the rat.

Abstract The rate of sensory recovery and axonal regeneration after primary and secondary graft and direct microneuroanastomotic repair of the mental nerve was examined in the rat. The mental nerve was subject to experimental transection and immediately approximated with epineurial sutures, with or without a 3 mm autogenous nerve graft, left unapproximated, or left intact. 8 weeks later, the unapproximated stumps were rejoined with suture, with or without a nerve graft. Repair was evaluated using horseradish peroxidase as a tracer and electrically-evoked head withdrawal as a measure of gross sensation. The association in rates of recovery for the anastomosis groups were statistically significant. There was no significant association between negative and positive controls or anastomosis groups. Gross sensory return was established within 28 days of repair and axonal continuity was confirmed by the uptake of HRP in trigeminal ganglion cells. The present study strongly suggests that direct approximation and small autogenous interpositional nerve grafts have the same rate of recovery of gross sensation following primary and secondary repair of mental nerve transections in the rat.
Commercial radionuclide dispensing.

COMMERCIAL suppliers of radionuclides operate under stringent regulations. Most companies give specific assurances of nuclide identity and purity. Examples are the plots of γ spectra, radiochromatograms and, most important, the data sheet that specifies such things as quality, purity and radiation intensity of the specific nuclide. Unfortunately, however, the controls used by suppliers are inadequate and the technical data sheet cannot be relied upon implicity.
Light-induced charge separation and redox chemistry at the surface of TiO2/host-guest hybrid nanoparticles

The photoinduced charge transfer between guest molecules and hybrid TiO2/cyclodextrin nanoparticles was studied using low-temperature EPR and cyclic voltammetry. The photoexcitation of TiO2 at 4.6 K yields to the localization of valence band holes at carboxyl groups of surface-conjugated cyclodextrin and conduction band electrons at lattice Ti atoms. The presence of 1-adamantanol in the cyclodextrin cavity does not affect charge separation and trapping because of its unfavorable oxidation potential. However, when ferrocenemethanol (Eox = 0.52 V vs NHE) was used as the guest molecule the formation of ferrocenium cation was observed, revealing electron transfer from guest molecules to TiO2 nanoparticles. This results in dissociation of the host−guest assembly because of repulsion of the charged ion from the hydrophobic cavity of cyclodextrin into the bulk of the aqueous solution and consequently leads to efficient charge separation and redox chemistry.
Efficacy and Safety of Cilazapril, a New Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

Cilazapril (CIL), a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, was evaluated for 16 weeks in 29 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension (diastolic pressure 95 mm Hg to 115 mm Hg). Twenty-four patients (83%) normalized their blood pressure (BP) (diastolic pressure less than 90 mm Hg), 11 with low-dose CIL, six with high-dose CIL, one with high-dose CIL plus low-dose thiazide, and six with high-dose CIL and high-dose thiazide. Three withdrew because of side effects (fatigue, bloating, and polyuria). Statistically significant reductions in sitting and standing systolic and diastolic pressures occurred at 8 and 16 weeks on CIL. There was no change in standing or sitting heart rate, white blood cell count, creatinine clearance, urine protein levels. This is the first long-term data on this new converting enzyme inhibitor in human beings.
Raman Quantum Beats of Interacting Excitons

Quantum beats involving the light hole (lh) and heavy hole (hh) excitons in GaAs are observed using homodyne detection of the transient four-wave mixing response. Unlike the beats of earlier studies, these beats are detected in a geometry for which the effect would be forbidden in the absence of exciton interactions and arise from coherence induced between the lh and hh excitons. The beats demonstrate the existence of the Raman coherence due to interaction, and the decay of the coherence shows the correlation of exciton dephasing rates to be relatively unaffected by the interaction.
Fat Metabolism in Higher Plants XXXVI: Long Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis in Germinating Peas

A low lipid, high starch containing tissue, namely cotyledons of germinating pea seedlings was examined for its capacity to synthesize fatty acid. Intact tissue slices readily incorporate acetate-(14)C into fatty acids from C(16) to C(24). Although crude homogenates synthesize primarily 16:0 and 18:0 from malonyl CoA, subsequent fractionation into a 10,000g pellet, a 10(5)g pellet and supernatant (soluble synthetase) revealed that the 10(5)g pellet readily synthesizes C(16) to C(28) fatty acids whereas the 10,000g and the supernatant synthesize primarily C(16) and C(18). All systems require acyl carrier protein (ACP), TPNH, DPNH if malonyl CoA is the substrate and ACP, Mg(2+), CO(2), ATP, TPNH, and DPNH if acetyl CoA is the substrate. The cotyledons of germinating pea seedlings appear to have a soluble synthetase and 10,000g particles for the synthesis of C(16) and C(18) fatty acid, and 10(5)g particles which specifically synthesize the very long chain fatty acid from malonyl CoA, presumably via malonyl ACP.
Generalized Jordan-Wigner Transformations

We introduce a new spin-fermion mapping, for arbitrary spin S generating the SU(2) group algebra, that constitutes a natural generalization of the Jordan-Wigner transformation for S = 1/2. The mapping, valid for regular lattices in any spatial dimension d, serves to unravel hidden symmetries. We illustrate the power of the transformation by finding exact solutions to lattice models previously unsolved by standard techniques. We also show the existence of the Haldane gap in S = 1 bilinear nearest-neighbor Heisenberg spin chains and discuss the relevance of the mapping to models of strongly correlated electrons. Moreover, we present a general spin-anyon mapping for the case d < or = 2.
Does coadministration of immunosuppressive agents alter response to infliximab in Crohn's disease?

Does coadministration of immunosuppressive agents alter response to infliximab in Crohn's disease?
A Modular All-Digital PLL Architecture Enabling Both 1-to-2GHz and 24-to-32GHz Operation in 65nm CMOS

We report two DPLLs fabricated in a standard 65 nm bulk CMOS process. One PLL, targeting 1-to-2 GHz clock generation for the ASIC consumer market, is realized using a 5-stage static CMOS-ring digitally-controlled oscillator (ring-DCO). The second PLL, an exploratory design for 20-to-30 GHz applications, is realized using an LC-tank DCO. Both PLLs use the same proportional-integral (PI) loop filter, DeltaSigma modulator (DeltaSigmaM), multi-modulus feedback divider and bang-bang phase and frequency detector (BB-PFD).
Discovering Design Principles From Dominated Solutions

Important progress has been made by many researchers in extracting fundamental design principles from patterns in design parameters along the nondominated front generated by evolutionary algorithms in biobjective optimization problems. However, to the best of our knowledge, no attention has been given to discovering design principles from the wealth of additional information available from patterns in dominated solutions. To explore the same, we use heatmaps of dominated solutions to visualize how relevant variables self-organize with respect to the objectives throughout the feasible region. We overlay ceteris paribus lines on these heatmaps to show how the objective values change when a given design variable is varied while all others are held constant. We use three biobjective optimization problems to demonstrate various ways in which these visualization techniques can provide additional useful information beyond that which can be determined from the nondominated front. Specifically, we investigate a simple two-member truss design problem, a simple welded beam design problem, and a real-world watershed management design problem to illustrate: 1) how principles derived from the nondominated front alone can be misleading; 2) how new principles can be derived from the dominated solutions; and 3) how nondominated solutions can often be fragile with respect to assumptions about uncertain external forcing conditions, whereas solutions a short distance inside the front are often much more robust.
An efficient implementation of the direct-SCF algorithm on parallel computer architectures

The development and implementation of a parallel direct self consistent field (SCF) Hartree-Fock algorithm, with gradients and random phase approximation solutions is presented. Important details of the structure of the parallel version of DISCO and preliminary results for calculations using the Concurrent Supercomputing Consortium Intel Touchstone Delta parallel computer system are reported. The data show that the algorithms are efficiently parallelized and that throughput of a one processor CRAY X-MP is reached with about 16 nodes on the Delta. The data also indicate sequential code which was not a bottleneck on traditional supercomputers, can become time critical on parallel computers.
Instrumentally Based Conditioned Avoidance Response Acquisition in Goldfish in a Simultaneous Presentation Task

Goldfish, run in a Y-maze, with the simultaneous presentation of a cue associated with shock and a second cue associated with safety (no US), acquired a decided preference for the safe cue. These data are interpreted as representing a clear demonstration of stimulus-specific conditioned avoidance. Because earlier research has been challenged by unusual control performances, this instrumental learning conclusion is hesitantly drawn.
Exploring the Epoch of Reionization with low-frequency radio telescopes

The Epoch of Reonization (EoR) represents a major frontier of cosmic evolution yet to be explored. Red-shifted emission from the 21cm hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen provides a unique tracer of the primordial intergalactic medium. But with foregrounds that exceed the expected EoR signal by more than five orders of magnitude, the level of calibration needed for detecting this signal is unprecedented in the 100–200MHz band expected to encompass EoR. We will discuss the various instrumental approaches underway for achieving the necessary sensitivity and calibration, and discuss plans for second-generation antenna arrays that might explore EoR tomographically.
The Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture 2003: Vision in elders--summary of findings of the SKI study.

Purpose. To assess a broad range of vision functions in a large older population, to investigate the impact of vision function loss on visual performance measures, and to determine whether low contrast vision measures can predict future loss of visual acuity. Methods. A large battery of vision functions, including spatial vision measures, glare tests, visual fields, stereopsis, color vision, temporal sensitivity, reading performance, and face recognition, was administered to a population of 900 community-living older observers (mean age, 75.5 years; SD, 9.3 years; range, 58 to 102 years). A subsample (N = 596) was retested on average 4.4 years later (SD, 1.0 years). Results. Each vision function is affected differentially by aging. Some functions show little change with age (e.g., standard clinically measured high contrast visual acuity), whereas others demonstrate drastic losses with increasing age. For the oldest age group (>90 years), vision function losses ranged from 1.2 times worse than young observers (critical flicker/fusion frequency) to 18 times worse than young observers (low contrast acuity in glare). Visual performance measures, such as reading or face recognition, are also significantly affected by aging even in those with intact visual acuity. The results demonstrate that low contrast vision functions can successfully predict subsequent loss of high contrast visual acuity. Conclusion. Nonstandard vision function measures show significant losses with age that cannot be predicted by standard clinical measures. Measures of low contrast vision function allow clinicians to identify and monitor those patients at high risk for future vision loss.
A preliminary comparison of verb tense production in Spanish speakers with expressive restrictions.

Spoken verb tense use in three groups of Spanish speakers with expressive limitations, namely, children with specific language impairment, bilingual children with first language (L1) (Spanish) attrition and adults with agrammatism, was compared in order to examine the possible impact of conversational tense frequency on expressive production. Based on the notion that frequent language forms in typical discourse are preferred in contexts of expressive restrictions, we predicted that tenses with high spoken occurrence will be favoured by individuals in our expressively limited groups. The incidence of tense use by the participants was assessed in oral narratives and/or a sentence repetition task. Consistent with our prediction, the most frequent verb tenses in conversational Spanish – the present, followed by the preterite – were preferred by the participants thus supporting the proposal that a socio-cognitive factor linking discursive frequency to verb retrieval may be operating in tense preference in situ...
Oat Companion Crop Management in Alfalfa Establishment

Companion crops may compete with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings, but establishment with preemergence herbicides and without a companion crop may enhance the potential for soil erosion. Objectives of this study were to (i) compare alfalfa establishment techniques involving clipping or chemical control of weeds and (ii) determine differences in morphological development of alfalfa grown under several establishment techniques. Experiments were conducted at two locations in eastern South Dakota in 1989. Seven treatments included clipping the oat (Avena sativa L.) companion crop at boot stage, not clipping the oat, two treatments with oat sprayed with sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyll-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) at either 5-(SE5) or 15-cm (SE15) of oat growth, clear seeding (CS), hand weeding (HW), and a control treatment with no weed control [...]
UV protection and sunscreens: What to tell patients

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancer and is a suspected risk factor for melanoma. Avoiding overexposure to direct sunlight during the peak daylight hours, wearing protective clothing, and applying sunscreen are ways to protect the skin. To provide clinicians with the tools to advise patients and to answer their inquiries, including which sunscreen to use, we review UV radiation’s effect on the skin, how sunscreens block UV light, current recommendations on sunscreen use, and new sunscreen labeling requirements.
Neonatal type 2 herpes simplex encephalitis in an identical twin.

AbstractA case of type 2 neonatal herpes simplex encephalitis is presented. The mechanism of infection is discussed in view of the fact that the firstborn identical twin was unaffected. Longer exposure to the virus during delivery is proposed as an explanation for the involvement of only the secondborn twin.
Subcellular components of the amphibian egg: insights provided by gravitational studies.

The variability in the response of Xenopus laevis eggs to a given force environment is studied. The roles of cytoplasmic organelle, the yolk platelets, and cytoskeletal components in varying in cytoplasmic mobility are examined. The data reveal that the packing of yolk platelets is not a major factor in causing cytoplasmic mobility differences and microtubules may affect cytoplasmic mobility.
Preparation of Rb2NaYF6:Ce3+ and Cs2NaYF6:Ce3+ — prospect for tunable lasers in the blue-green wavelength

Abstract A systematic study of the systems RbF-NaF-YF 3 and NaF-CsF-YF 3 has been made in order to synthesize Ce 3+ -doped Rb 2 NaYF 6 and Cs 2 NaYF 6 . Based on preliminary results of the absorption fluorescence efficiency, lifetime, and excited-state absorption, we conclude that a series of compounds (in the form of single crystals) of the general form A 2 BYF 6 :Ce 3+ is a worthy prospect for a broad-band, wavelength tunable laser from 400 to 480 μm which makes it attractive for optical communication.
DOSE-RELATED SUPPRESSION OF LH RESPONSE TO LHRH AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS BY NAFARELIN, AN INTRANASAL GnRH ANALOG

Twelve children (10 girls, 2 boys)with precocious puberty were treated with Nafarelin, an intranasal GnRH analog, for 6 months. Seven patients (mean age of 6.8 yrs) received 800 mcg and five patients (mean age of 7.8 yrs) received 1600 mcg daily at night. Standard LHRH tests were performed and secondary sex characteristics were assessed at 0, 3, and 6 months of therapy. Results are reported as mean ± SE. At 3 months of therapy the higher dose of nafarelin produced a significantly greater (p<.05) suppression of peak LH levels during the LHRH test. These differences were not significant by six months of therapy. Regression of breast development and reduction in pubic hair appeared to occur earlier in the children treated with the higher dose. These data suggest that the higher dose of Nafarelin may initiate a more rapid suppression of serum LH response and normalization of pubertl development. Follow-up studies are essential to determine if a more rapid decrease in LH will have a long-term impact on growth dynamics in children with precocious puberty.
Splenic Infarction at Low Altitude in a Child with Hemoglobin S-C Disease

We describe a 15-year-old black boy with hemoglobin S-C disease living in Atlanta (altitude 1,034 ft), with no prior history of aircraft or mountain travel, who developed splenic infarction. The clinical picture was characterized by severe left upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, splenomegaly, and hematologic and scintigraphic evidence of functional asplenia. The diagnosis was suggested by liver/spleen scintigraphy and further confirmed by ultrasonography and computerized tomography (CT) of the spleen. Treatment consisted of analgesics, intravenous fluids, and short-term antibiotic therapy. The child recovered without sequelae.
Tuberculosis: Early Treatment

Tuberculosis is still a disease of military importance. Early recognition and treatment are necessary to minimize its incidence and morbidity. Initial and periodic chest x-ray films, as well as tuberculin tests, are of great value in the discovery and prevention of infection with tubercle bacilli. The possible development of mutations does not warrant the neglect of chest x-ray films even when it may be necessary to repeat them at frequent intervals. Treatment of tuberculin converters before clinical signs are evident is believed to be warranted in the presence of known massive exposures. Effective therapy can be given in an on-duty status. Reactions of 1+ to first-strength tuberculin may return to negative under therapy. Reactions to second-strength tuberculin are likely to be positive after first-strength reactions have become negative. Under ideal circumstances, converters should be followed periodically until the second-strength reaction has been negative for at least one year.
Expertise vs. Bias in Evaluation: Evidence from the NIH

Experts may know more about the potential of projects in their area, but may also have preferences that impede their objectivity. This paper develops a framework for separately iden- tifying the eects of expertise and bias in project evaluation and applies it in the context of peer review at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). I nd that while reviewers favor applicants whose work is related to theirs, they are also more informed about the quality of those appli- cants. On net, the benets of expertise tend to dominate, indicating that policies designed to reduce the inuence of personal preferences may also reduce the quality of funding decisions.
Enhancing the process of testing object-oriented systems

E.W. Dijkstra said, "Testing proves the presence, not the absence, of bugs". Testing is a crucial step in the overall system development process. Using testing techniques that support features of the underlying software paradigm more effectively tests program than do testing techniques that support features of other paradigms. Systems developed with the object-oriented paradigm require techniques that support object-oriented features such as inheritance, data abstraction, encapsulation, and dynamic binding. Many techniques that are used to test systems developed with the structured paradigm are not sufficient for the testing of object-oriented systems. The goal of this research is to develop methods that will improve the process of testing object-oriented systems. Specifically, emphasis is given to improving the level of testing of methods because the level of method testing is generally considered inadequate. Algorithms are included that identify the set of methods, both interobject and intraobject, that should be tested for a given system. These algorithms are implemented as a part of an automated testing system that derives a framework for the testing of methods. This system includes the automatic generation of test drivers to facilitate the testing. It captures the results of tests for the purposes of reuse for future system maintenance. This framework provides the software engineer who is testing a system a mechanism to determine the level of method coverage that has been achieved in the testing process.
NUCLEAR LOCALIZATION IS REQUIRED FOR FUNCTION OF THE ESSENTIAL CLOCK PROTEIN FRQ

The frequency ( frq ) gene in Neurospora encodes central components of a circadian oscillator, a negative feedback loop involving frq mRNA and two forms of FRQ protein. Here we report that FRQ is a nuclear protein and nuclear localization is essential for its function. Deletion of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) renders FRQ unable to enter into the nucleus and abolishes overt circadian rhythmicity, while reinsertion of the NLS at a novel site near the N‐terminus of FRQ restores its function. Each form of FRQ enters the nucleus soon after its synthesis in the early subjective day; there is no evidence for regulated sequestration in the cytoplasm prior to nuclear entry. The kinetics of the nuclear entry are consistent with previous data showing rapid depression of frq transcript levels following the synthesis of FRQ, and suggest that early in each circadian cycle, when FRQ is synthesized, it enters the nucleus and depresses the level of its own transcript.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE IN DECISION-MAKING GROUPS USING GROUP SUPPORT SYSTEMS

One important factor that can give decision making groups an edge over individual decision makers is the amount and diversity of decision-relevant information held by group members. Prior to group discussion, some of such information may be held uniquely by one or more members (unshared information) while other may be common among all members (shared information). How efficiently groups exchange shared as well as unshared information can influence decision quality. Past research suggests that face-to-face group discussions are frequently biased in favor of shared information: groups discuss more of their shared than unshared information, and unshared information is often introduced late in discussion. In this paper we examine these information sharing biases in the context of computer-mediated group communication. We describe a model of information sampling and use the model to predict sampling behavior. Model predictions are then compared with data obtained through a pilot study that used a Group Support System (GSS) for group communication. Findings of the pilot study are reported.
Multiple common due dates

Common due date problems have been extensively discussed in the scheduling literature. Initially, these problems discussed finding a common due date for a set of jobs on a single machine. These single machine problems were later extended to finding the common due date on a set of parallel machines. This paper further extends the single machine problem to finding multiple common due dates on a single machine. For a basic and important class of penalty functions, we show that this problem is comparable to the parallel machine problem. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 48: 293–298, 2001