cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of DNA Fragmentation in Spermatozoa by TUNEL Assay Using Bench Top Flow Cytometer

DNA fragmentation is a process that results from the activation of endonucleases during apoptosis. These nucleases degrade the higher-order sperm chromatin structure into fragments ~30 kb in length and then subsequently into smaller DNA pieces about ~50 kb in length. This fragmented DNA can be detected by the TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling) assay. It is a single-step staining method that labels DNA breaks with FITC-dUTP; flow cytometry is then used to identify the sites of the strand breaks.
An Agent-Based Model of a Hepatic Inflammatory Response to Salmonella: A Computational Study under a Large Set of Experimental Data.

We present an agent-based model (ABM) to simulate a hepatic inflammatory response (HIR) in a mouse infected by Salmonella that sometimes progressed to problematic proportions, known as “sepsis”. Based on over 200 published studies, this ABM describes interactions among 21 cells or cytokines and incorporates 226 experimental data sets and/or data estimates from those reports to simulate a mouse HIR in silico. Our simulated results reproduced dynamic patterns of HIR reported in the literature. As shown in vivo, our model also demonstrated that sepsis was highly related to the initial Salmonella dose and the presence of components of the adaptive immune system. We determined that high mobility group box-1, C-reactive protein, and the interleukin-10: tumor necrosis factor-α ratio, and CD4+ T cell: CD8+ T cell ratio, all recognized as biomarkers during HIR, significantly correlated with outcomes of HIR. During therapy-directed silico simulations, our results demonstrated that anti-agent intervention impacted the survival rates of septic individuals in a time-dependent manner. By specifying the infected species, source of infection, and site of infection, this ABM enabled us to reproduce the kinetics of several essential indicators during a HIR, observe distinct dynamic patterns that are manifested during HIR, and allowed us to test proposed therapy-directed treatments. Although limitation still exists, this ABM is a step forward because it links underlying biological processes to computational simulation and was validated through a series of comparisons between the simulated results and experimental studies.
Microscale Measurement and Visualization of Sulfide δ34S Using Photographic Film Sulfide Capture Coupled with Laser Ablation Multicollector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Measurements of the isotopic composition of sulfate and sulfide have been essential to uncovering the microbial and geochemical processes that drive Earth’s sulfur cycle. These processes routinely operate over submillimeter spatial scales in anaerobic environments, necessitating sulfur isotopic measurement techniques that can identify isotopic variability over equivalently small scales. Here we present a new method for small-scale (102 μm) measurements of δ34S using black and white photographic film sulfide capture coupled with δ34S determination using laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We find that the method enables measurement of δ34S for aqueous sulfide in natural waters at high spatial resolution (<1 mm2) with reasonable accuracy (<0.9‰, 2σ) and external precision (<0.8‰, 2σ), and across an environmentally relevant concentration range (0.01–20 mmol L–1). A concentration-dependent correction is required during data analysis to achieve these specifications, whic...
A general framework for tracking objects in a multi-camera environment

We present a framework for real-time tracking of objects. Our system consists of multiple cameras and a control unit that communicate through a network. Each camera has a general-purpose processor and a reconfigurable hardware unit embedded in it. Therefore, some computation can be performed at the point of data collection. We argue that collocating the computation with the data at vision sensors can improve performance, communication overhead and network scalability. We exploit the parameterization and tuning of the vision algorithms and present a sample tracking application implemented on our framework. We further argue that the proposed architecture can be used to implement many other real-time vision applications through hardware reconfiguration.
A Cooking Intervention to Increase Vegetable Consumption by Parents With Children Enrolled in an Early Head Start Home Visiting Program: A Pilot Study in Portland, Oregon, 2013–2014

Introduction Cooking interventions may improve diet quality. Most cooking interventions are delivered in group settings. Home visiting programs may be an appropriate mechanism for delivering such interventions to low-income families with young children. We conducted a pilot study to test the feasibility of using a cooking intervention delivered by home visitors to improve attitudes and behaviors related to vegetable consumption by low-income parents with children enrolled in a home visiting program. Methods We invited 121 parents with children enrolled in an Early Head Start Home Visiting program in Portland, Oregon, to participate. During 2013-2014, each month for 8 months, home visitors (n = 14) implemented 1 cooking activity plus 1 complementary activity focused on 12 vegetables. We collected pre- and post-intervention data on participants' cooking confidence and whether they tried and liked the selected vegetables. We also measured fidelity to protocol and home visitors' perception of intervention usability. Results Of 104 participants, 58 provided pre- and post-intervention data. We observed a significant increase in confidence in baking, roasting or grilling vegetables; cooking 6 of 10 vegetables; and trying 7 of 12 vegetables. Nearly all respondents participated in the monthly cooking activity (96%) and complementary activity (94%). Twelve of 14 home visitors reported that the intervention was acceptable, feasible, and easy to understand, and needed systems supports to implement. Conclusion Cooking interventions may be a feasible approach to improving attitudes and behaviors related to vegetable consumption by low-income families with young children. Additional research is needed to assess the impact of such interventions on vegetable consumption.
Effect of Graphene Oxidation Rate on Adsorption of Poly-Thymine Single Stranded DNA

In order to understand how oxidation rate of graphene surfaces affects single-stranded poly-thymine, poly(T)20, structure during physisorption, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are performed. In aqueous solutions, poly(T)20 is a complex structure with stacked and coiled regions. However, on the graphene surfaces, there are three different regimes for the adsorption process, which heavily depends on the surface oxidation: (1) on pristine graphene or graphene oxide (GO) with low oxygen coverage (GO 5%) the stacked poly(T)20 structure becomes unfolded due to formation of strong π–π interactions with the surface, (2) on graphene oxide with moderate oxygen coverage (GO 10%–25%) the structure of poly(T)20 is well preserved because of the balance between van der Waals and electrostatic interactions, and (3) on graphene oxide with high oxygen content (GO 30%–60%) stacked poly(T)20 structure is locally disrupted due to formation of strong hydrogen bonds with the surface. Moreover, surface roughness due to the presence of oxygen groups plays a pivotal role in structural retention of poly(T)20 by preventing its nucleobases from forming π–π stacking interactions with the surface.
Treatises on the Salvation of Abū Ṭālib

The following article surveys a few treatises regarding the salvation of the Prophet Muḥammad’s uncle, Abū Ṭālib b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib (d. circa 619 CE ). The controversy concerning Abū Ṭālib’s place in the hereafter stems from a wealth of reports condemning him to hell due to his refusal to convert to Islam and others which testify to his lifelong belief in God and the prophethood of Muḥammad. The first group of reports was canonized in the collections of Bukhārī and Muslim, while the second group largely appeared in sīra and Shīʿī ḥadīth literature. Although Shīʿī thinkers have upheld the faith and salvation of Abū Ṭālib from the earliest periods of Islamic history, very few Sunnīs shared this opinion despite transmitting some of the same proof-texts cited in Shīʿī works. According to most Sunnīs, these proof-texts were either inconclusive or insufficient in proving Abū Ṭālib’s conversion to Islam or his salvation. However, there is a remarkable shift in the sensibilities of some Sunnīs after the ninth century hijrī (fifteenth century CE ). In contrast to early Sunnīs who considered such a possibility to be unlikely or flatly denied it, a few Sunnīs over the past five centuries have joined their Shīʿī co-religionists in their commitment to the salvation of Abū Ṭālib. This article introduces the relevant proof-texts and theological arguments that classical Shīʿī and modern Sunnī writers have utilized to advocate the belief in Abū Ṭālib’s salvation.
Narrow Complex Ventricular Tachycardia

Myocardial infarctions are frequently complicated by tachyarrhythmias, which commonly have wide QRS complexes (QRS duration > 120 milliseconds). Many published criteria exist to help differentiate between ventricular and supraventricular mechanisms. We present a case of a 61-year-old male with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease with prior stenting of the right coronary artery (RCA). He had been noncompliant with his antiplatelet medication and presented with cardiac arrest secondary to in-stent thrombosis. He was resuscitated and his RCA was re-stented, after which he made a good neurological recovery. During cardiac rehabilitation several weeks post-intervention, he was noted to have sustained tachycardia with associated nausea and lightheadedness, but no palpitation symptoms, chest pain or loss of consciousness. He was sent to the emergency department, where his electrocardiogram showed a tachycardia at 173 beats per minute which was regular, with a relatively narrow QRS duration (maximum of 115-120 msec in leads I and AVL) with a slurred QRS upstroke. This morphology was significantly different from his QRS complex during sinus rhythm. Intravenous diltiazem was ineffective but an amiodarone bolus terminated the tachycardia. The patient was admitted to the coronary care unit and treated with intravenous amiodarone infusion. A subsequent electrophysiology study was performed, showing inducibility of the clinical tachycardia. Atrioventricular (AV) dissociation was present during the induced arrhythmia, confirming the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia. An implantable cardiac defibrillator was placed and the patient was discharged.
RNA SEQ Analysis Indicates that the AE3 Cl - /HCO 3 - Exchanger Contributes to Active Transport-Mediated CO 2 Disposal in Heart.

Loss of the AE3 Cl−/HCO3 − exchanger (Slc4a3) in mice causes an impaired cardiac force-frequency response and heart failure under some conditions but the mechanisms are not known. To better understand the functions of AE3, we performed RNA Seq analysis of AE3-null and wild-type mouse hearts and evaluated the data with respect to three hypotheses (CO2 disposal, facilitation of Na+-loading, and recovery from an alkaline load) that have been proposed for its physiological functions. Gene Ontology and PubMatrix analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed a hypoxia response and changes in vasodilation and angiogenesis genes that strongly support the CO2 disposal hypothesis. Differential expression of energy metabolism genes, which indicated increased glucose utilization and decreased fatty acid utilization, were consistent with adaptive responses to perturbations of O2/CO2 balance in AE3-null myocytes. Given that the myocardium is an obligate aerobic tissue and consumes large amounts of O2, the data suggest that loss of AE3, which has the potential to extrude CO2 in the form of HCO3 −, impairs O2/CO2 balance in cardiac myocytes. These results support a model in which the AE3 Cl−/HCO3 − exchanger, coupled with parallel Cl− and H+-extrusion mechanisms and extracellular carbonic anhydrase, is responsible for active transport-mediated disposal of CO2.
Student Perceptions of Collaboration Skills in an Interprofessional Context: Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Assessed Collaboration Skills Instrument:

An integral component of interprofessional education (IPE) is the development of a collaboration-ready health-care workforce. While collaboration is a fundamental element of IPE, there is no existing measure of collaboration skills that is not context specific. This article describes the development and initial validation of the Self-Assessed Collaboration Skills (SACS) measure. Items were initially drawn from the Collaboration Skills Assessment Tool rubric, an educational assessment tool. The SACS measure was piloted in a sample of students in an introductory IPE course. Following scale revision, the SACS was piloted a second time in a sample of students in an IPE health systems course and then validated in a sample of students in an introductory IPE course. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess scale factor structure in Pilots 1 and 2 and confirmatory factor analysis to confirm factor structure in the validation sample. Convergent and discriminant validity were also assessed. The final SACS measure is an 11-item scale consisting of three dimensions of collaboration: information sharing, learning, and team support. The SACS measure demonstrates high internal consistency and both convergent and discriminant validity as a measure of collaboration. The SACS can be implemented in any setting for assessing collaboration in clinical and nonclinical contexts.
Behavior problems in adolescence and subsequent mental health in early adulthood: results from the World Trade Center Health Registry Cohort.

The present study examined the association between 9/11-related adolescent behavioral problems on mental health outcomes in early adulthood. Data from enrollees of the World Trade Center Health Registry, who completed at least one adolescent (2006–2007 or 2011–2012) and adult survey (2011–2012 or 2015–2016), were analyzed. Adolescent behavioral difficulties were assessed using the adolescent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Adult mental health outcomes included binge drinking, smoking status history, 9/11-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and the self-reported number of physician mental health diagnoses. Multivariable regression was used to estimate associations of SDQ scores with mental health outcomes. Of the 297 enrollees, 16.8% (n = 50) had abnormal/borderline SDQ scores as an adolescent. Binge drinking was not associated with adolescent SDQ scores. Enrollees with abnormal/borderline SDQ scores as an adolescent were more likely to be a consistent smoker (odds ratio (OR): 5.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–25.2), have probable PTSD (OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.3–9.8), depression (OR: 6.2, 95% CI: 2.7–13.9), and to have two or more self-reported physician-diagnosed mental health conditions as an adult (OR 5.6, 95% CI: 2.0–12.5). The findings of this study underscore the need to intervene early with children exposed to traumatic events so as to avert later adolescent and adult problem behaviors.
Leadership, Psychology of

Leadership is a social process in which a person is able to enlist the aid of others and direct their activities to achieve a collective goal. The literature on effective leadership draws on several perspectives. Contingency theory research reveals that both group performance and follower motivation and satisfaction are influenced by the fit between the leader's style and the characteristics of the task environment. Research on leader-follower exchanges shows that leader behavior which provides follower support (in terms of task-relevant direction or emotional relief) leads to enhanced follower motivation and commitment. When leader support is highly personalized to the individual subordinate and provides opportunities for intellectual growth or identification with an esteem-enhancing mission, transformational effects on followers are possible. The process of interaction between leader and follower is dependent on perceptions and judgments by both parties. Leaders whose behavior is perceived as consistent with follower expectations are highly valued. Leaders judge subordinates through a process of attribution dependent on comparisons with similar subordinates across similar situations. However, leaders are also prone to self-defensive judgmental biases. Taken as a whole, the literature suggests that effective leaders (a) project an image that enhances credibility and legitimacy; (b) build a relationship with followers that motivates through sensitive guidance; and (c) deploy the collective resources of the group using strategies that are compatible with the nature of the task environment.
The Application of Scientific Evidence to the Issues of Use of Animals In Research: The Evolutionary Dimension in the Problem of Animal Awareness

It would help in the search for a common ground on the use of animals in research, as well as in the search for alternative models, if we remembered the wide range of animals, from protozoans to vertebrates and the wide range of vertebrates, from lampreys to primates. It is the purpose of this essay to point out the significance of that statement and its implications ia for some common habits of thought, and for official guidelines and legislation. The remarkable situation is that many statements about the awareness or feelings of animals made by otherwise scientific individuals, and some official positions of bodies of scientists, overlook the consequences of two great achievements of science: the evidence that the nervous system is particularly involved in mediating feeling and awareness, and the evidence that the nervous system has evolved, from a very humble to a very advanced status, not only across the whole animal kingdom but among the vertebrates.
Fluid Mechanics and Mathematical Structures

This paper provides an informal survey of the various mathematical structures that appear in the most basic models of fluid motion.
The Role of Race and Racial Prejudice in Recognizing Other People

Harmonious interactions between individuals and between groups of people depend upon, among other things, the ability to recognize individuals, distinguish them from each other, and treat each individual appropriately. If one is unable to distinguish members of a particular group from each other, then it is difficult to treat each person with the individuality that he or she deserves. Failing to treat a person as a unique individual is often seen as a central characteristic of stereotyping and prejudice. Many things can interfere with one’s motivation or ability to treat others as individuals. Group membership is one such factor. Researchers have identified the outgroup homogeneity effect, the finding that people in outgroups are seen as more homogeneous, more similar to each other, than are members of one’s own group. The outgroup homogeneity effect stems from the idea that because they are classified as a group, the members of the group must be alike (Judd, Ryan, & Park, 1991). People tend to see their own group as a heterogeneous set of unique individuals, while outgroups are seen as homogeneous sets of similar persons. A meta-analysis by Mullen and Hu (1989) found a small but significant effect that they labeled relative heterogeneity. On average, outgroups were seen as more homogeneous than the scale midpoint, whereas ingroups were seen as somewhat less homogeneous than the midpoint. This effect was stronger when the ingroup and outgroups were real, enduring groups, and weaker when they were artificial, laboratory-created groups. The effect also was stronger as the relative size of the ingroup increased. While most of this research has focused upon group members’ assumptions about attitudes and about perceived personality characteristics, the outgroup homogeneity effect is also visible in the area of perception, particularly race perception. What I am referring to has been variously called the “cross-race effect,” the “own-race bias,” or the “other-race effect” in face recognition. These terms describe the tendency of people to recognize the faces of members of their own racial group more easily and with less error than the faces of members of other racial groups. An awareness of the difficulty of recognizing other-race people is often illustrated by the comment, “They all look alike to me.” The cross-race effect (CRE) has been investigated by cognitive psychologists for its relevance to general theories of memory, and by psycholegal scholars concerned about its impact on the justice system. But it seems to me that it also has
Selective isolation of bacterial antagonists of Botrytis cinerea

Most potential fungal antagonists have been identified only after exhaustive non-selective screening. Bacteria antagonistic to Botrytis cinereawere selected using a simple method based on techniques developed for trace enrichment studies, where a crude cell wall preparation from B. cinerea was used as a selective substrate and bacteria were isolated based on growth on cell wall agar media. Most of the 52 bacterial isolates that were obtained from the surface of ‘organically grown’ strawberry fruit and could grow on B. cinerea wall media in culture showed some ability to inhibit the growth of the fungus. Potato dextrose agar seeded with B. cinerea spores (10 4 ml 1 ) were challenged with each of these bacterial isolates at concentrations of 10 9 and 10 6 colony forming units ml 1 . Eleven of the 52 isolates initially recovered, subsequently demonstrated strong antagonism in vitro and were selected for additional screening tests on strawberry fruit. All 11 isolates reduced grey mold rot incidence on fruit in storage. Three of the best isolates were tested in limited field trials, and also reduced grey mold rot on fruit under field conditions.
Origins of stream salinization in an upland New England watershed

Salinity levels are above historical levels in many New England watersheds. We investigated potential sources of salinity in the Pemigewasset River, a relatively undeveloped watershed in northern New England. We utilized a synoptic sampling approach on six occasions between April and September 2011 paired with a novel land use analysis that incorporated traditional watershed and riparian zones as well as a local contributing area. We established background specific conductivity (SC) and found that SC was above established background levels in both the mainstem of the river (peak of 172 μS cm-1) and multiple tributaries. Specific conductivity was highest during low flow conditions (June) indicating potential groundwater storage and release of de-icing salts applied during winter months. Development in the watershed and riparian zone was found to be more strongly associated with elevated SC, compared to roads. The local contributing area was not found to be strongly associated with SC; however, there was evidence that the local contributing area may contribute to SC under low flow conditions.
Target Gene Prediction of Transcription Factor Using a New Neighborhood-regularized Tri-factorization One-class Collaborative Filtering Algorithm

Identifying the target genes of transcription factors (TFs) is one of the key factors to understand transcriptional regulation. However, our understanding of genome-wide TF targeting profile is limited due to the cost of large scale experiments and intrinsic complexity. Thus, computational prediction methods are useful to predict the unobserved associations. Here, we developed a new one-class collaborative filtering algorithm tREMAP that is based on regularized, weighted nonnegative matrix tri-factorization. The algorithm predicts unobserved target genes for TFs using known gene-TF associations and protein-protein interaction network. Our benchmark study shows that tREMAP significantly outperforms its counterpart REMAP, a bi-factorization-based algorithm, for transcription factor target gene prediction in all four performance metrics AUC, MAP, MPR, and HLU. When evaluated by independent data sets, the prediction accuracy is 37.8% on the top 495 predicted associations, an enrichment factor of 4.19 compared with the random guess. Furthermore, many of the predicted novel associations by tREMAP are supported by evidence from literature. Although we only use canonical TF-target gene interaction data in this study, tREMAP can be directly applied to tissue-specific data sets. tREMAP provides a framework to integrate multiple omics data for the further improvement of TF target gene prediction. Thus, tREMAP is a potentially useful tool in studying gene regulatory networks. The benchmark data set and the source code of tREMAP are freely available at https://github.com/hansaimlim/REMAP/tree/master/TriFacREMAP.
Analysis and comparison of ion-acoustic wave reflection using laser-induced fluorescence and Langmuir probes

The first laser-induced fluorescence measurements of ion acoustic wave reflection are presented. The experiment is performed in a multi-pole cylindrical chamber using a singly ionized argon (ArII) plasma produced by means of a hot cathode. Ion-acoustic waves are launched from a mesh antenna and reflected/absorbed by a biased, solid boundary (electrode). A comparison between the Langmuir probe and laser-induced fluorescence diagnostics is presented, with complementary Electric-field probe measurements.
Brief of Professors of International Litigation As Amici Curiae in Support of Neither Party, in Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.

This amicus brief was filed with the U.S. Supreme Court in Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. The brief was written by Professor William S. Dodge and joined by Professors Ronald A. Brand, Anthony J. Colangelo, Maggie Gardner, Stephen C. McCaffrey, John T. Parry, Michael D. Ramsey, Aaron D. Simowitz, Adam N. Steinman, and Edward T. Swaine. Petitioners alleged that respondents established a cartel to fix the prices of vitamin C exported to the United States. Claiming that Chinese law required them to fix prices, respondents raised the act of state doctrine, the doctrine of foreign sovereign compulsion, and principles of international comity as defenses. On appeal, the Second Circuit held that the district court was bound to defer to the Chinese Government’s representations about Chinese law and was required to abstain from deciding the case on grounds of international comity. The Supreme Court granted cert limited to the question whether a court is bound to defer to a foreign government’s representations about its own law. The amicus brief takes no position on the question presented but argues that, in answering that question, the Supreme Court should take care not to endorse the Second Circuit’s doctrine of abstention based on international comity. First, the brief notes that the principle of international comity is the foundation for many doctrines of U.S. law, each of which has specific requirements tailored to a particular context. How much weight a U.S. court should give as a matter of international comity to the representation of a foreign government about the content of its own law is a separate question from whether a U.S. court should be allowed to dismiss a case over which it has subject matter jurisdiction on the basis of international comity. Second, the brief argues that the Second Circuit’s doctrine of abstention based on international comity conflicts with the Supreme Court’s decisions disapproving a case-by-case balancing approach to extraterritoriality and with the “virtually unflagging” obligation of the federal courts to exercise jurisdiction. The brief also points out that the Second Circuit’s doctrine threatens to supplant more narrowly tailored doctrines of international comity like foreign sovereign compulsion and the act of state doctrine.
Desktop Electrospinning: A Single Extruder 3D Printer for Producing Rigid Plastic and Electrospun Textiles

We present a new type of 3D printer that combines rigid plastic printing with melt electrospinning? a technique that uses electrostatic forces to create thin fibers from a molten polymer. Our printer enables custom-shaped textile sheets (similar in feel to wool felt) to be produced alongside rigid plastic using a single material (i.e., PLA) in a single process. We contribute open-source firmware, hardware specifications, and printing parameters to achieve melt electrospinning. Our approach offers new opportunities for fabricating interactive objects and sensors that blend the flexibility, absorbency and softness of produced electrospun textiles with the structure and rigidity of hard plastic for actuation, sensing, and tactile experiences.
Abstract WP138: MRI Detection of Vessel Wall Inflammation and Contrast Leakage in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Introduction: Arterial wall enhancement detected on vessel wall MRI (vwMRI) has been associated with increased stroke risk in the setting of intracranial atherosclerosis. Other pathologies affect t...
Die Festigkeit von Schalen

In Kapitel II wurde gezeigt, das sich die Verzerrungen und Spannungen in einem elastischen Korper leicht berechnen lassen, wenn die Komponenten u, v, w der elastischen Verschiebung jedes Punktes bekannt sind, und es wurde wenigstens fur zwei Dimensionen vorgefuhrt, wie man zu den zwei partiellen Differentialgleichungen [II, (47)] fur u und y kommen kann. Entsprechendes ist naturlich auch fur den allgemeineren dreidimensionalen Fall moglich, und man bezeichnet diese Gleichungen als die Grundgleichungen der Elastizitatstheorie. Die Aufgabe, die Spannungen eines gegebenen Korpers zu berechnen, ist damit zuruckgefuhrt auf die Losung dieser Grundgleichungen fur bestimmte Lastglieder und bestimmte Randbedingungen. Trotzdem spielen diese Grundgleichungen im praktischen Aufbau der Elastizitatstheorie keine sehr sichtbare Rolle. Das liegt daran, das sie recht kompliziert sind, so das es gar nicht gelingt, sie in allgemeiner Form zu losen. Man ist vielmehr darauf angewiesen, die Differentialgleichungen durch spezielle Annahmen uber die Form des untersuchten Korpers und die Art der angreifenden Krafteau vereinfachen, und kommt so zu einer ganzen Reihe von verschiedenen Problemgruppen, deren jede durch eine spezielle Differentialgleichung oder ein einfaches Differentialgleiehungssystem gekennzeichnet ist, das naturlich immer ein Sonderfall der allgemeinen Grundgleichungen sein mus, aber doch ein so stark spezialisierter, das den Differentialgleichungen der einzelnen Problemgruppen die gemeinsame Herkunft nicht mehr anzusehen ist. Solche Gruppen sind z. B. die Theorie des gebogenen Stabes, die Torsionstheorie, die Theorie der gebogenen Platte, der ebenen Scheibe, des Umdrehungskorpers, und auch die Theorie der Schalen gehort hierher.
Study of the Jumping Robot Acceleration Modes

A feature of all jumping robots is the presence of a flight phase. During this phase, the robot’s control system has limited capabilities to correct the robot’s trajectory. This imposes a problem of finding a robot motion and control law for the acceleration phase (while the robot still is in contact with the ground, and it can be considered to be fully actuated), as well for the duration of the takeoff such that it would be possible to perform the desired motion of the robot and to achieve the desired results in terms of the robot’s motion. In this paper, this problem is solved by forming the desired trajectory for a mass center of the robot during the robot acceleration phase. The mass center trajectory during the acceleration phase is formulated to allow the robot to reach a certain velocity at the time of takeoff. Furthermore, the velocity vector of a mass center should be directed in a certain way. The robot control system was developed to provide such movement trajectory. This control system is based on the modified linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The study revealed the presence of six modes of acceleration at varying control parameters: During some modes, robot has contact with a supporting surface at two points which are stationary or sliding on a supporting surface; during other modes, one of two points loses contact with a supporting surface or a overturn occurs (when a robot takeoff occurs in first moments of acceleration).
“Contrary to All the Other Shit I’ve Said”: Trans Men Passing in the South

This article examines the influence of geographic location on trans men’s desire to pass in the southeastern United States. Through 51 in-depth interviews with trans men, I find three key reasons for passing in the South: 1) self-confidence and psychological health; 2) the privileges of being a man; and 3) safety and fear of violence. These motives for passing are amplified in the South, where transphobic and homophobic incidences of discrimination and fear are elevated. The trans men in this study linked their increased desire to pass in the South to conservative religion, racism, and increased fear of violence. Although passing was important for all but one respondent, some of the men also discussed problems with the concept of passing and the negative consequences of passing as cis men.
The Effect of Rapid Chilling of Pork Carcasses during the Early Postmortem Period on Fresh Pork Quality

The objective was to investigate the effects of blast chilling on pork quality in cuts from the Longissimus thoracic et lumborum (LM), Psoas major (PM), Semimembranosus (SM; both superficial [SMS] and deep [SMD] portions) and the Triceps brachii (TB). Forty carcasses (10 carcasses per replication) were split and sides were assigned to either blast chill (BC, –32°C for 90 min, followed by spray chill at 2°C for 22.5 h) or conventional chill (CC, spray chilled at 2°C for 24 h) regimens. The LM from BC sides had lower (P < 0.05) temperature at 2 h postmortem (CC 21.8°C, BC 9.7°C), 4 h (CC 13.3°C, 3.8°C BC), 22 h (CC 4.2°C, BC 1.4°C), and 30 h (CC 0.4°C, BC –0.2°C). The LM pH in BC sides was higher at 4 h (CC 6.09, BC 6.34), 22 h (CC 5.81, BC 5.89), and 30 h (CC 5.68, BC 5.74) postmortem. The BC resulted in higher (P < 0.05) 30 h postmortem pH in the SM compared to the CC regime (CC 5.68, BC 5.74). The BC sides had increased (P < 0.05) purge in the PM (CC 0.48%, BC 0.74%) and increased (P < 0.05) cook loss in chops from the LM (CC 22.37%, BC 24.24%). The PM from BC sides were more juicy (CC 7.50, BC 8.30), less chewy (CC 2.80, BC 2.10), and more tender (CC 7.90, BC 8.60). Chops from the LM of BC sides had greater Warner-Bratzler shear force (CC 2.00, BC 2.30). Color was affected in the SM with BC sides showing darker color score (CC 3.00, BC 3.20) and redder Hunter a value (CC 16.35, BC 16.02). Chilling treatment did not affect sarcomere length in the LM. Treatment did not affect postmortem proteolysis in any cut. The response to chilling regimen is different across different muscles which may be caused by location, rate of chilling, and fiber type.
Non-profit Organizations, Collaborations, and Displaced Student Support in Canada and the USA: A Comparative Case Study

Refugee students are supported not only by federal, state, and local government bodies in receiving countries, but also by non-profit organizations. This paper offers a comparative case study of two such entities located in Canada and the USA: World Education Services (WES) and the Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee Advocacy Coalition (MIRA). We emphasize possibilities for scaling the work of WES and MIRA in the context of the neoliberal environments within which they operate, as well as the role of national and state policy in guiding organizational priorities. We frame our analysis with the transformative paradigm suggested by Hurtado (in: Martinez Aleman et al. (eds) Critical approaches to the study of higher education: a practical introduction, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2015), offering a direct link to practice in an effort to improve student experience in the immediate term. We discuss the need for flexible funding, advocacy efforts, and possible avenues for better information sharing among non-profits as well as by the government actors and universities that are frequent collaborators.
Sensor-Array Optimization Based on Time-Series Data Analytics for Sanitation-Related Malodor Detection

There is an unmet need for a low-cost instrumented technology for detecting sanitation-related malodor as an alert for maintenance around shared toilets and emerging technologies for onsite waste treatment. In this article, our approach to an electronic nose for sanitation-related malodor is based on the use of electrochemical gas sensors, and machine-learning techniques for sensor selection and odor classification. We screened 10 sensors from different vendors with specific target gases and recorded their response to malodor from fecal specimens and urine specimens, and confounding good odors such as popcorn. The analysis of 180 odor exposures data by two feature-selection methods based on mutual information indicates that, for malodor detection, the decision tree (DT) classifier with seven features from four sensors provides 88.0% balanced accuracy and 85.1% macro F1 score. However, the k-nearest-neighbors (KNN) classifier with only three features (from two sensors) obtains 83.3% balanced accuracy and 81.3% macro F1 score. For classification of urine against feces malodor, a balanced accuracy of 94.0% and a macro F1 score of 92.9% are achieved using only four features from three sensors and a logistic regression (LR) classifier.
Variation in SARS-CoV-2 Prevalence in U.S. Skilled Nursing Facilities.

OBJECTIVE To identify county and facility factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreaks in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). DESIGN Cross-sectional study linking county SARS-CoV-2 prevalence data, administrative data, state reports of SNF outbreaks, and data from Genesis HealthCare, a large multistate provider of post-acute and long-term care. State data are reported as of April 21, 2020; Genesis data are reported as of May 4, 2020. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The Genesis sample consisted of 341 SNFs in 25 states, including a subset of 64 SNFs that underwent universal testing of all residents. The non-Genesis sample included all other SNFs (n = 3,016) in the 12 states where Genesis operates that released the names of SNFs with outbreaks. MEASUREMENTS For Genesis and non-Genesis SNFs: any outbreak (one or more residents testing positive for SARS-CoV-2). For Genesis SNFs only: number of confirmed cases, SNF case fatality rate, and prevalence after universal testing. RESULTS One hundred eighteen (34.6%) Genesis SNFs and 640 (21.2%) non-Genesis SNFs had outbreaks. A difference in county prevalence of 1,000 cases per 100,000 (1%) was associated with a 33.6 percentage point (95% confidence interval (CI) = 9.6-57.7 percentage point; P = .008) difference in the probability of an outbreak for Genesis and non-Genesis SNFs combined, and a difference of 12.5 cases per facility (95% CI = 4.4-20.8 cases; P = .003) for Genesis SNFs. A 10-bed difference in facility size was associated with a 0.9 percentage point (95% CI = 0.6-1.2 percentage point; P < .001) difference in the probability of outbreak. We found no consistent relationship between Nursing Home Compare Five-Star ratings or past infection control deficiency citations and probability or severity of outbreak. CONCLUSIONS Larger SNFs and SNFs in areas of high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence are at high risk for outbreaks and must have access to universal testing to detect cases, implement mitigation strategies, and prevent further potentially avoidable cases and related complications. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2167-2173, 2020.
Scalable in-hospital decontamination of N95 filtering face-piece respirator with a peracetic acid room disinfection system.

Background: Critical shortages of personal protective equipment, especially N95 respirators, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a source of concern. Novel methods of N95 filtering face-piece respirator decontamination that can be scaled-up for in-hospital use can help address this concern and keep healthcare workers (HCWs) safe. Methods: A multidisciplinary pragmatic study was conducted to evaluate the use of an ultrasonic room high-level disinfection system (HLDS) that generates aerosolized peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide for decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators. A cycle duration that consistently achieved disinfection of N95 respirators (defined as ≥6 log10 reductions in bacteriophage MS2 and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores inoculated onto respirators) was identified. The treated masks were assessed for changes to their hydrophobicity, material structure, strap elasticity, and filtration efficiency. PAA and hydrogen peroxide off-gassing from treated masks were also assessed. Results: The PAA room HLDS was effective for disinfection of bacteriophage MS2 and G. stearothermophilus spores on respirators in a 2,447 cubic-foot (69.6 cubic-meter) room with an aerosol deployment time of 16 minutes and a dwell time of 32 minutes. The total cycle time was 1 hour and 16 minutes. After 5 treatment cycles, no adverse effects were detected on filtration efficiency, structural integrity, or strap elasticity. There was no detectable off-gassing of PAA and hydrogen peroxide from the treated masks at 20 and 60 minutes after the disinfection cycle, respectively. Conclusion: The PAA room disinfection system provides a rapidly scalable solution for in-hospital decontamination of large numbers of N95 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Pitfalls in the cointegration analysis of housing prices with the macroeconomy: Evidence from OECD countries

Abstract We use data from 20 OECD countries to show strong evidence for the existence of cross-section dependence in international housing prices. This structural relationship is important to consider when studying housing prices panels. First, we implement first-generation tests (tests which assume cross-section independence) and find no evidence for stationarity or cointegration. However, we find strong evidence for stationarity and cointegration when we employ second-generation tests (tests which assume cross-section dependence). The spurious results of the former tests may lead researchers on housing prices dynamics to inaccurate conclusions with the potential to ill-inform policy-makers.
Utility of Post-Hysterectomy Examinations in Detecting Cuff Dehiscence in Asymptomatic Women

Study Objective To determine detection rates of cuff dehiscence in asymptomatic women at the 6-week post-hysterectomy examination. Design Retrospective cohort Setting Tertiary care academic institution Patients or Participants 2168 women who underwent hysterectomy over a seven-year period Interventions Routine evaluation of vaginal cuff by pelvic examination Measurements and Main Results 2051 women were included in the final analysis. 117 women were excluded due to no documented post-hysterectomy visit (5.7%). There were 1642 women (80.1%) who were asymptomatic at the 6-week post-hysterectomy examination while others endorsed vaginal bleeding (n=122, 5.9%), vaginal discharge (n=101, 4.9%), pelvic pain (n=97, 4.7%) or a combination of symptoms (n=89, 4.4%). Of the asymptomatic women, 1419 had normal findings (90.1%) on exam, 129 demonstrated granulation tissue (8.2%), 68 had no pelvic exam performed (4.8%), 24 had vaginal discharge (1.5%), 2 had partial cuff dehiscence (0.1%), and 0 had complete cuff dehiscence (0%). Irrespective of time, the total rate of complete cuff dehiscence in this cohort was 0.6% (n=13). Of the patients that developed a cuff dehiscence, at the 6 week exam all were noted to have an intact cuff, 9 patients were asymptomatic and 3 were symptomatic (vaginal bleeding n=1, pelvic pain n=2). One patient presented with dehiscence before her 6 week post-hysterectomy exam. Median time to cuff dehiscence was 106±5.6 weeks (range 5.1–119) for the cohort, 18.8±0.15 weeks (range 5.1–19.1) for benign hysterectomy, and 81.6±26.7 weeks (range 5.4–119) for oncologic hysterectomy. Patients with dehiscence following hysterectomy for benign indications presented with symptoms of pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding at the time of dehiscence, while those who had hysterectomy for oncologic indications were more likely to present with unprovoked dehiscence and without symptoms. Conclusion Performing a pelvic examination at the 6-week post-hysterectomy visit did not negate risk for future complete cuff dehiscence. Routine 6-week post-hysterectomy pelvic examinations in asymptomatic women may not be necessary.
Preference Elicitation as Average-Case Sorting

Many decision making systems require users to indicate their preferences via a ranking. It is common to elicit such rankings through pairwise comparison queries. By using sorting algorithms, this can be achieved by asking at most O(m log m) adaptive comparison queries. However, in many cases we have some advance (probabilistic) information about the user's preferences, for instance if we have a learnt model of the user's preferences or if we expect the user's preferences to be correlated with those of previous users. For these cases, we design elicitation algorithms that ask fewer questions in expectation, by building on results for average-case sorting. If the user's preferences are drawn from a Mallows phi model, O(m) queries are enough; for a mixture of k Mallows models, log k + O(m) queries are enough; for Plackett-Luce models, the answer varies with the alternative weights. Our results match information-theoretic lower bounds. We also provide empirical evidence for the benefits of our approach.
Optical Clearing and 3D Analysis Optimized for Mouse and Human Pancreata

The pancreas is a heavily innervated organ, but pancreatic innervation can be challenging to comprehensively assess using conventional histological methods. However, recent advances in whole-mount tissue clearing and 3D rendering techniques have allowed detailed reconstructions of pancreatic innervation. Optical clearing is used to enhance tissue transparency and reduce light scattering, thus eliminating the need to section the tissue. Here, we describe a modified version of the optical tissue clearing protocol iDISCO+ (immunolabeling-enabled three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs) optimized for pancreatic innervation and endocrine markers. The protocol takes 13-19 days, depending on tissue size. In addition, we include protocols for imaging using light sheet and confocal microscopes and for 3D segmentation of pancreatic innervation and endocrine cells using Imaris.