cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vivo and Ex Vivo Evaluation of L-Type Calcium Channel Blockers on Acid β-Glucosidase in Gaucher Disease Mouse Models

Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in acid β-glucosidase (GCase) leading to defective hydrolysis and accumulation of its substrates. Two L-type calcium channel (LTCC) blockers—verapamil and diltiazem—have been reported to modulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folding, trafficking, and activity of GCase in human Gaucher disease fibroblasts. Similarly, these LTCC blockers were tested with cultured skin fibroblasts from homozygous point-mutated GCase mice (V394L, D409H, D409V, and N370S) with the effect of enhancing of GCase activity. Correspondingly, diltiazem increased GCase protein and facilitated GCase trafficking to the lysosomes of these cells. The in vivo effects of diltiazem on GCase were evaluated in mice homozygous wild-type (WT), V394L and D409H. In D409H homozygotes diltiazem (10 mg/kg/d via drinking water or 50–200 mg/kg/d intraperitoneally) had minor effects on increasing GCase activity in brain and liver (1.2-fold). Diltiazem treatment (10 mg/kg/d) had essentially no effect on WT and V394L GCase protein or activity levels (<1.2-fold) in liver. These results show that LTCC blockers had the ex vivo effects of increasing GCase activity and protein in the mouse fibroblasts, but these effects did not translate into similar changes in vivo even at very high drug doses.
Composite Implant for Bone Replacement

A procedure is described for designing prosthetic implants made of composite materials used in central bone and combined joint and bone replacements. The primary objective was to arrive at an implant made of fiber reinforced composites which has a higher bone growth stimulus and a lower micromotion level than titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) implants currently in use. A secondary objective was to provide a means by which the physician can select, rapidly and with ease, the proper implant for a specific patient. To achieve these objectives, a procedure was developed consisting of three major elements. The first is a performance parameter which indicates the relative merits of different implant designs and takes into account that bone growth and micromotion have different importance from a clinical point of view. This relative importance is taken into account with weighting factors, the values of which were estimated from a survey of orthopedic surgeons. The second element of the procedure is a finite element code ...
Demonstrating microbial co-occurrence pattern analyses within and between ecosystems

Co-occurrence patterns are used in ecology to explore interactions between organisms and environmental effects on coexistence within biological communities. Analysis of co-occurrence patterns among microbial communities has ranged from simple pairwise comparisons between all community members to direct hypothesis testing between focal species. However, co-occurrence patterns are rarely studied across multiple ecosystems or multiple scales of biological organization within the same study. Here we outline an approach to produce co-occurrence analyses that are focused at three different scales: co-occurrence patterns between ecosystems at the community scale, modules of co-occurring microorganisms within communities, and co-occurring pairs within modules that are nested within microbial communities. To demonstrate our co-occurrence analysis approach, we gathered publicly available 16S rRNA amplicon datasets to compare and contrast microbial co-occurrence at different taxonomic levels across different ecosystems. We found differences in community composition and co-occurrence that reflect environmental filtering at the community scale and consistent pairwise occurrences that may be used to infer ecological traits about poorly understood microbial taxa. However, we also found that conclusions derived from applying network statistics to microbial relationships can vary depending on the taxonomic level chosen and criteria used to build co-occurrence networks. We present our statistical analysis and code for public use in analysis of co-occurrence patterns across microbial communities.
Amperometric detection of hydrazine by cyclic voltammetry and flow injection analysis using ruthenium modified glassy carbon electrodes.

Abstract Glassy carbon electrodes modified with (5-amino-1,10-phenanthroline)bis(bipyridine)ruthium(II) chloride hydrate, [(bpy)2Ru(5-phenNH2)]Cl2·H2O, are shown to oxidize hydrazine with excellent sensitivity. The presence of an amine group on the ruthenium complex facilitates electropolymerization onto the electrode surface. Using cyclic voltammetry, a large catalytic current is observed upon oxidation of hydrazine in phosphate buffer (pH 5.0), compared to the current obtained from the ruthenium-modified electrode with no hydrazine present. The sensitivity of cyclic voltammetry is sufficient for obtaining a linear calibration curve for hydrazine over the range of 10−5 to 10−2 M. Hydrodynamic amperometry was used to determine the working potential for flow injection analysis. The limit of detection for hydrazine was determined to be 8.5 μM using FIA. The thickness of these films was shown to increase linearly with the number of electropolymerization cycles, in the range of 1000–2500 nm for 5–20 cycles, respectively, using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). RBS analysis also suggests that the film is multilayered with the outermost layers containing a high ruthenium concentration, followed by layers where the concentration of ruthenium decreases linearly and approaches zero at the electrode surface.
Why APL2: a discussion of design principles

APL2 represents a quantum leap in the function of the APL notation over earlier IBM offerings. Achieving a consistent language required going back to the fundamentals and rethinking some of the original principles of APL and in a few cases making some changes.This paper discusses some of the extensions and gives the reasons why they were chosen over other possible extensions.
Cost and safety optimization of structural design specifications

Abstract The design of buildings, bridges, offshore platforms and other civil infrastructure systems is controlled by specifications whose purpose is to provide the engineering principles and procedures required for evaluating the safety of structural systems. The calibration of these codes and specifications is a continuous process necessary to maintain a safe national and global infrastructure system while keeping abreast of new developments in engineering principles, and data on new materials, and applied loads. The common approach to specification calibration is to use probabilistic tools to deal with the random behavior of materials and to account for the uncertainties associated with determining environmental and other load effects. This paper presents a procedure to calibrate load factors for a structural design specification based on cost and safety optimization. The procedure is illustrated by determining load factors that may be applicable for incorporation in a bridge design specification. Traditional code calibration procedures require a set of pre-determined safety levels that should be used as target values that each load combination case should satisfy. The procedure in this paper deduces the failure cost implied in present designs, and provides consistent safety levels for all load combination cases. For greater accuracy, load effects showing variance in time have been modeled by separating them into two random variables; time dependent r.v. (wind speed, vehicular loads, etc.) and time independent r.v. (modeling uncertainties). The total expected lifetime cost is used in the optimization to account for both initial construction cost and future equivalent failure costs.
Daily Movement in the Hermit Crabs Clibanarius Tricolor and Calcinlus Tibicen

ABSTRACT The daily movements of individuals of two species of hermit crabs (Clibanarius tricolor and Calcinus tibicen) were studied in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. While C. tricolor moved significantly greater distances per day, both crab species tended to be site-attached and home ranges averaged less than 2 m in length. Species of shells occupied affected very significantly movement patterns, especially onshore-offshore movement by individuals of Calcinus tibicen. Movement patterns may be related to shell resource acquisition by individuals of both crab species.
Cresyl violet chemistry and photophysics in various solvents and micelles

Abstract The chemical and photophysical behavior of cresyl violet perchlorate was studied in aqueous, aqueous micellar and organic solutions. In aqueous micellar solutions the fluorescence quantum yield of cresyl violet increases in sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), whereas a dramatic decrease is observed in Triton X-100 (TX). The chemical and photophysical behavior of cresyl violet is strongly dependent on hydrogen-bond, electrostatic and acid—base interactions in solution, as well as on its hydrophobicity.
HOLE TRANSFER EQUILIBRIUM IN RIGIDLY LINKED BICHROMOPHORIC MOLECULES

Two bichromophoric molecules consisting of anthracene and diphenylpolyene moieties linked by two fused norbornyl bridges undergo photoionization upon ultraviolet (UV) pulsed laser irradiation. The ...
Philosophy of Education: An anthology ‐ Edited by Curren, R.

(2008). Philosophy of Education: An anthology ‐ Edited by Curren, R. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 456-459.
Theory and design of high-order bang-bang control systems

In this paper the nonlinear equations which describe the switching hypersurface of an N th-order linear time-invariant system, with real negative distinct poles, are developed when the input to the system is restricted in amplitude, either intentionally through the use of a relay or due to saturation of the power element. Based on the equations of the switching hypersurfaces, a design procedure is offered which will result in the optimum transient system response for any initial output or error initial conditions in the absence of an input.
Differential Incorporation of CD45, CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and II Molecules into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions and Microvesicles: Implications for Viral Pathogenesis and Immune Regulation

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in a functional impairment of CD4+ T cells long before a quantitative decline in circulating CD4+ T cells is evident. The mechanism(s) responsible for this functional unresponsiveness and eventual depletion of CD4+ T cells remains unclear. Both direct effects of cytopathic infection of CD4+ cells and indirect effects in which uninfected “bystander” cells are functionally compromised or killed have been implicated as contributing to the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Because T-cell receptor engagement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the absence of costimulation mediated via CD28 binding to CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2) can lead to anergy or apoptosis, we determined whether HIV type 1 (HIV-1) virions incorporated MHC class I (MHC-I), MHC-II, CD80, or CD86. Microvesicles produced from matched uninfected cells were also evaluated. HIV infection increased MHC-II expression on T- and B-cell lines, macrophages, and peripheral blood mononclear cells (PBMC) but did not significantly alter the expression of CD80 or CD86. HIV virions derived from all MHC-II-positive cell types incorporated high levels of MHC-II, and both virions and microvesicles preferentially incorporated CD86 compared to CD80. CD45, expressed at high levels on cells, was identified as a protein present at high levels on microvesicles but was not detected on HIV-1 virions. Virion-associated, host cell-derived molecules impacted the ability of noninfectious HIV virions to trigger death in freshly isolated PBMC. These results demonstrate the preferential incorporation or exclusion of host cell proteins by budding HIV-1 virions and suggest that host cell proteins present on HIV-1 virions may contribute to the overall pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
Substance abuse attitudes and policies in US rehabilitation training programs: A comparison of 1985 and 2000

Abstract Basford JR, Rohe DE, Barnes CP, DePompolo RW. Substance abuse attitudes and policies in US rehabilitation training programs: a comparison of 1985 and 2000. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:517-22. Objective: To assess and compare the attitudes, beliefs, and policies of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR in 2000, the percentage had increased to 64%. All respondents believed that tobacco use is an addiction, but only 25% of their units offered tobacco cessation services to patients on their rehabilitation unit. Conclusion: The survey results are encouraging. Since 1985, not only have substance abuse issues been recognized, but also systemic institutionalized approaches (eg, regular screening, written guidelines) have increased markedly. Tobacco is now uniformly accepted as an addiction, but screening and access to cessation programs are similar to that available for alcohol and drug treatment programs 15 years ago. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
The contribution of lower oxides of osmium to the density of biological specimens in electron microscopy.

Centrifugally stratified eggs of the sand-dollar, Dendraster excentricus , have cytoplasmic structures segregated into distinct layers. Fat droplets, yolk granules, and mitochondria are separated by "hyaline" layers of protoplasm. Aggregations of particles of 150 to 200 A diameter ("heavy bodies") are found near the mitochondrial layer and a concentration gradient of free 150 to 200 A particles corresponds to a similar gradient of basophilia in thick sections. Eggs fixed in buffered osmium-tetroxide at pH 7.4 and embedded in methacrylate were sectioned and floated on a "bleaching" solution of acidified hydrogen peroxide. "Bleached" sections showed a considerable loss in general density and especially a loss in the sharp images of cellular membranes. It was shown that such loss is not due to sublimation of structure in the electron beam. Assuming that the "bleach" acts principally to reoxidize lower oxides of osmium, it was concluded that reduced and bound lower oxides of osmium play a major role in creation of the electron micrograph image, especially in the delineation of phospholipide components of cellular membranes. Particles of 150 to 200 A diameter showed little or no loss in density, but rather a high intrinsic electron density. Refractometric data were presented to substantiate the tentative conclusions.
Mapping Elder Mistreatment Cases: Interactions Between Mistreatment, Dementia, Service Utilization, Access to Services, and Disadvantage

Typical explanations of elder mistreatment have focused on individual-level models. The current study adds to the literature by considering the neighborhood context in which reports of elder mistreatment are made to protective services. Using geographic information system software, the distribution of 751 adult protective services (APS) reports from three cities in southeastern Virginia is analyzed. Results suggest that Alzheimer's cases are distributed differentially across cities and that in one city, reports primarily come from disadvantaged areas. The results also suggest that clients from disadvantaged areas are more likely to refuse services. Implications for policy, theory, and future research are provided.
Trilateral filter on multispectral imagery for classification and segmentation

In this paper, we present a new approach to filtering high spatial resolution multispectral (MSI) or hyperspectral imagery (HSI) for the purpose of classification and segmentation. Our approach is inspired by the bilateral filtering method that smooths images while preserving important edges for gray-scale and color images. To achieve a similar goal for MSI/HSI, we build a nonlinear tri-lateral filter that takes into account both spatial and spectral similarities. Our approach works on a pixel by pixel basis; the spectrum of each pixel in the filtered image is the combination of the spectra of its adjacent pixels in the original image weighted by the three factors: geometric closeness, spectral Euclidean distance and spectral angle separation. The approach reduces small clutter across the image while keeping edges with strong contrast. The improvement of our method is that we use both spectral intensity differences together with spectral angle separation as the closeness metric, thus preserving edges caused both by material as well as by similar materials with intensity differences. A k-means classifier is applied to the filtered image and the results show our approach can produce a much less cluttered class map. Results will be shown using imagery from the Digital Globe Worldview-2 multispectral sensor and the HYDICE hyperspectral sensor. This approach could also be expanded to facilitate feature extraction from MSI/HSI.
Sound bites: a discussion on lessons learned from the integration of space sensors

No one sets out to be a mediocre leader. Some teams work well and deliver products that are on time and meet requirements. Through observation of successful and less than successful teams, lessons can be learned that will allow others to get the most out of each other. The lessons can be summed up in a series of sound bites including “One is not done until everyone is done”, BKSS (Because K Said So), and “Trust but Verify” that serve as a reminder of lessons that were hard earned.
Optimality and construction of nested row and column designs

Abstract Conditions and constructions are given for optimal nested row and column designs. The new designs are compared to a class of balanced incomplete block designs with nested rows and columns. Comparisons are drawn to Youden designs and the non-regular case discussed.
The Quail's Eye: A Biological Clock

The site (intraocular vs. extraocular) of the biological clock driving a rhythm in melatonin content in the eyes of Japanese quail was investigated by alternately patching the left and right eyes of individual birds, otherwise held in constant light, for 12-hr periods. This patching protocol, therefore, exposed each eye to a light-dark cycle (LD 12:12) 180° (12 hr) out of phase with the LD cycle experienced by the other eye. The optic nerves to both eyes were transected prior to initiating the patching protocol. The ocular melatonin rhythm (OMR) of the left eyes of quail could be entrained by this procedure 180° out of phase with the rhythm expressed by the right eyes. Since optic nerve section would have deprived any putative extraocular clocks of photic entrainment information, the results show conclusively that the clock driving the OMR is located within the eye itself. In addition, the OMR of Japanese quail is remarkably unaffected by removing two potential neural inputs to the eye (sympathetic innerv...
Non-Gaussian Simulation: Cumulative Distribution Function Map-Based Spectral Correction

Methods for stochastic simulation of sample functions have increasingly addressed the preservation of both spectral and probabilistic contents to offer an accurate description of the dynamic behavior of system input for reliability analysis. This study presents an efficient, flexible and easily applied stochastic non-Gaussian simulation method capable of reliably converging to a target power spectral density function and marginal probability density function, or a close relative thereof. Several existing spectral representation-based non-Gaussian simulation algorithms are first summarized. The new algorithm is then presented and compared with these methods to demonstrate its efficacy. The advantages and limitations of the new method are highlighted and shown to complement those of the existing algorithms.
The hydrodynamical equations of a one component system derived from nonequilibrium statistical mechanics

Derivations of the equations of hydrodynamics on a microscopic basis have proceeded mainly along two directions: (a) To derive the equations from the basic equations of motion using an arbitrary statistical ensemble without an explicit statement regarding irreversibility [l], This procedure solves only part of the problem and gives no clue to the connection between derived quantities (e.g., stress and heat current) and the fundamental set of state variables. In fact, in this type of treatment there is no clear rationale for the definition of derived quantities, the definitions being based upon conventional practice. Although incomplete in a sense, this approach possesses the advantage of being exact and also not being limited to any particular state of matter. (b) The other approach [2] is to derive the equations from the well known Boltzmann transport equation describing the flow of particles in a one-particle phase space. This method has been pursued extensively and it gives useful explicit results a complete answer, although approximate and limited to dilute gases. However, several criticisms may be directed at this procedure. First of all, the Boltzmann transport equation itself is inexact. Secondly, the various methods of solving the Boltzmann equation are approximate and it is sometimes hard (especially in the case of higher order approximations) to decide whether certain features of the results make physical sense or are artifacts of the approximation method. Another criticism, if it can justifiably be called one, is that general results (e.g., symmetry relations, vanishing of bulk viscosity, etc.) have to be disentangled from mathematical machinery that is both complicated and approximate. There is still a somewhat deeper criticism to be considered and this is not applicable only to the present method. This is that the objective of the calculations is not clearly defined. The usual situation is that the objective tends to be defined approximately on the basis of a certain
Stochastic λ-calculi: An extended abstract

It is shown how the operators in the ''graph model'' for @l-calculus (which can function as a programming language for Recursive Function Theory) can be expanded to allow for ''random combinators''. The result then is a model for a new language for random algorithms.
Nucleation theory applied to polymer crystals with curved edges

Abstract The nucleation-based theory of polymer crystal growth has been extended to apply to the growth rate and morphology of polyethylene (PE) single crystals with curved edges. The treatment is employed to analyse in detail the data of Organ and Keller on PE crystals formed from n-hexadecane and n-tetradecanol, which possess both {1 1 0} and {2 0 0} sectors; the subordinate {2 0 0} sectors exhibit the curved edge. The theory (1) introduces the concept of lattice strain in the {2 0 0} sectors through a parameter σ s (which has an independent justification), (2) takes a {2 0 0} growth front to have the energetics associated with its being ‘serrated’ on a molecular level in addition to being strained, and (3) treats the dominant {1 1 0} growth front in terms of the energetics of the customary Lauritzen-Hoffman ‘flat-surface’ nucleation model. For the correct σ s , the theory accurately predicts the aspect ratio and curvature as a function of crystallization temperature for each solvent. The treatment provides insights relating to (1) the different melting points, fold surface energies, angles of tilt and fold surface regularities of the {1 1 0} and {2 0 0} sectors, (2) the prediction of an upper limit T max above which such crystals will not form, (3) the occurrence of a regime I → H transition on the {1 1 0} growth front and its absence on the {2 0 0} front, and (4) the reason that both melt- and solution-crystallized PE exhibit a preference for b axis growth. The proposed treatment removes an objection to nucleation theory and, with appropriate modifications, is potentially useful in treating morphological problems in other systems.
Early cortisol values and long-term outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants.

Both excess and insufficient levels of glucocorticoid in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants have been associated with adverse hospital outcomes, whereas excess glucocorticoid exposure has been associated with long-term adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between neonatal cortisol concentrations and long-term outcomes of growth and neurodevelopment. As part of a multicenter randomized trial of hydrocortisone treatment for prophylaxis of relative adrenal insufficiency, cortisol concentrations were obtained at 12 to 48 h of postnatal age and at days 5 to 7 on 350 intubated ELBW infants, of whom 252 survived and returned for neurodevelopmental follow-up at 18 to 22 months corrected age. Cortisol values from each time point were divided into quartiles. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome were compared for each quartile. Median cortisol value was 16.0 μg per 100 ml at baseline for all infants, and 13.1 μg per 100 ml on days 5 to 7 in the placebo group. Outcomes did not differ in each quartile between treatment and placebo groups. Low cortisol values at baseline or at days 5 to 7 were not associated with impaired growth or neurodevelopment at 18 to 22 months corrected age. High cortisol values were associated with an increase in cerebral palsy, related to the increased incidence of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia. Low cortisol concentrations were not predictive of adverse long-term outcomes. High cortisol concentrations, although predictive of short-term adverse outcomes such as IVH and periventricular leukomalacia, did not additionally predict adverse outcome. Further analysis into identifying factors that modulate cortisol concentrations shortly after birth could improve our ability to identify those infants who are most likely to benefit from treatment with hydrocortisone.
A review of the Seventh International Conference of the Academy of HRD (Asia Chapter) in Bangkok, Thailand (2008): a system theory perspective

This article will follow an open-system theory approach within the human resource development (HRD) framework to provide a review of the Seventh International Conference of the Academy of HRD (Asia Chapter) in Bangkok, Thailand, 3–6 November 2008. From this vantage point, the paper considers themes evident in the conference parallel session topics as inputs, the actual sessions and conference activities as processes, and the benefits the authors gained from the conference as outputs. Each of these elements took place in an environment formed by the overall conference theme of ‘Ethics and Quality of Worklife for Sustainable Development’. The article concludes with the authors' thoughts about implications for future conferences and research that can be seen as the feedback contribution in the open-system model.
Oxidation of enones to α'-acetoxyenones using manganese triacetate

Abstract The oxidation of α,β-unsaturated ketones with manganese (III) triacetate in benzene furnishes α'-acetoxyenones in good yields.
The epileptogenic action of 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl,1-4H-1,2,6-benzothiadiazine-1,1-diazide hydrochloride (TAG): non-specific versus specific antitaurine pathogenesis.

Abstract Cortical superfusion with 6-aminomethyl-3-methyl, 1-4H-1, 2, 6-benzothiadiazine-1, 1-diazide hydrochloride (TAG) at a concentration which selectively blocks taurine (Tau) action fails to modify electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, cortical neuronal firing and caudate-induced inhibition of cortical neuronal activity. Higher concentrations of TAG increase neuronal firing rate and eventually induce EEG interictal spikes that can be suppressed by topical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), but not by glycine or β-alanine. Topical Tau consistently enhances the epileptiform activity. It is concluded that specific blockade of Tau does not affect any of the physiological function under observation and that the epileptogenic effect of TAG is due to its GABA antagonistic action.
Role of Tuberin in Neuronal Degeneration

One of the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) gene products, tuberin is assumed to be the functional component, being involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Here, we report for the first time that tuberin dysfunction may represent a mechanism for neuronal damage in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PD/DLB), and a mouse model of PD. Tuberin was hyperphosphorylated at Thr1462 in post-mortem frontal cortex tissue of both AD and PD/DLB patients and in mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine hydrochloride (MPTP). Both PTEN and Akt phosphoactivation corresponded to the hyperphosphorylation patterns of tuberin suggesting that the PTEN–Akt pathway might be the mechanism of tuberin phosphorylation. Our data provide new information regarding the possible role of tuberin dysfunction in major neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD and PD, whereby inhibition of tuberin function may trigger an onset of neuronal cell death.
Distributed TSV Topology for 3-D Power-Supply Networks

3-D integration has the potential to increase performance and decrease energy consumption. However, there are many unsolved issues in the design of these systems. In this work we study the design of 3-D power supply networks and demonstrate a technique specific to 3-D systems that improves IR-drop and dynamic noise over a straightforward extension of traditional design techniques. Previous work in 3-D power delivery network design has simply extended 2-D techniques by treating through-silicon vias (TSVs) as extensions of the C4 bumps. By exploiting the smaller size and much higher interconnect density possible with TSVs we demonstrate significant reduction of nearly 50% in the IR-drop and 42% in the dynamic noise of our large-scale 3-D design. Simulations also show that a 3-tier stack with the distributed TSV topology actually lowers IR-drop by 21% and dynamic noise by 32% over a non-3-D system with less power dissipation. We analyze the power distribution network of an envisioned 1000-core processor with 30 stacked dies and show scaling trends related to both increased stacking and power distribution TSVs. Finally, we examine several techniques for minimizing IR-drop and dynamic noise and their effects on our large-scale 3-D system.
The effect of encapsulated fine grain sediment and test morphology on the resistance of planktonic foraminifera to dissolution

The tests of planktonic foraminifera recovered from deep-sea sediment are commonly observed to encapsulate fine grain carbonate sediment within their chambers. In sediment below the lysocline, the interstitial water within the chambers may not be as corrosive as the seawater in contact with the outer surface of the test due to slow continuous dissolution of the encapsulated carbonate. As a consequence, the pore walls of the foram dissolve more slowly than the outer surface of the test. Using published dissolution rate measurements for foraminifera and deep-sea sediment, the effect of diffusional reduction of pore wall dissolution was quantitatively estimated with a one-dimensional model for the steady state condition where diffusional flux out of the foraminifer's pores is balanced by the dissolution flux from the encapsulated fines and pore walls. The diffusional effect is found to principally depend on the structural parametric ratioTwdT/f, whereTw is the wall thickness,dT the test diameter andf is the test porosity. In the case of adult planktonic foraminifera, the ratio of the pore wall to outer surface dissolution flux is predicted to vary between 60% for the thin-walled porous species and 30% for thick-walled tests. Incorporation of the predicted pore to outer surface flux ratios into the morphologic index equation of Adelseck (1978) results in a very good prediction (73% of the variation) of the solution index of Berger (1975) obtained from ranking species counts from core tops. A simple empirical equation which may be useful for prediction of the resistance of extinct microfossils was found as follows: R=Twλ{1+[Aw/(As−Ap)][.74−.27log⁡(TwdT/f)]} is the measured ratio of pore wall area to outer surface of the test, andTw dT/f is in units of 104 μm2.
Diagnosis and treatment of urethral prolapse in children.

Abstract Objectives. To review published reports on urethral prolapse in the pediatric population, with a focus on diagnosis and management, and to do a retrospective review of 20 cases of urethral prolapse at an urban hospital. Methods. A retrospective chart review of 20 consecutive cases of urethral prolapse in the pediatric population at Kings County Hospital was done. A review of the published reports on urethral prolapse from 1937 to the present was included in this study. Results. Twenty patients with urethral prolapse were treated at Kings County Hospital during a 10-year period. Patients were identified by perineal bleeding and diagnosed by physical examination. All patients were successfully treated by excision of the prolapsed urethral mucosa and suturing of the remaining mucosa to the vestibule. Conclusions. Urethral prolapse is an uncommon entity that occurs primarily in prepubertal black girls. Patients may be successfully treated by excision of the prolapsed mucosa and suturing of the proximal urethra to the vestibule.
The impact of language barriers on documentation of informed consent at a hospital with on-site interpreter services.

BACKGROUND Informed consent is legally and ethically required before invasive non-emergent procedures. Language barriers make obtaining informed consent more complex.
Complex piezoelectric, elastic, and dielectric coefficients of La-DOPED 0.93 Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3:0.07 PbTiO3 under DC bias

Abstract Complex material parameters (piezoelectric coefficient d31, elastic s11 E, and the dielectric constant K33) of the relaxor ferroelectric ceramic (1−x) Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-xPbTiO3(x =.07) with 1% La (lanthanum) were measured as a function of bias field using a bar resonator. The values of the dielectric and piezoelectric phase angles are found to be comparable (i.e., around 0.04 for a d.c. bias field of 2.5 kV/cm), while the elastic phase angle is an order of magnitude smaller (0.001 for the same d.c. bias). For comparison of complex material parameters found from bar resonators, a sample in the form of a small disk is used to measure Poisson's ratio as well as the real components of the piezoelectric and elastic coefficients as a function of bias field.
Technical note: Traffic intensity estimation

This note examines estimation of the traffic intensity in an M/G/1 queue. We show that the ratio of sample mean service times to the sample mean interarrival times has undesirable sampling properties. To remedy this, two alternative estimators are introduced. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009
The Inclusion of Intentional Ethos Enablers in Electronic Distance Learning Opportunities of Christian Institutions

Abstract Communicating the Christian ethos of Christian institutions constitutes a significant portion of the effort and monies of these institutions. Included in the purview of ethos enablers are faculty input and advising, student services, required chapel/worship, ministry formation/field experiences, admissions procedures, and opportunities for students to interact with one another in informal settings. Each of these is included in the core functioning of campus-based Christian institutions. As these institutions move more and more to providing distance learning opportunities, it is questioned if equal importance is being given to these ethos enablers in interactions with distance learners. The purpose of this study is to describe what is being done and how effective selected Christian institutions perceive themselves to be in including intentional ethos enablers in their distance learning opportunities.
Feedback connections and operation of the outer plexiform layer of the retina

The primary feedback control apparatus in the outer retina is the sign-inverting feedback synapse between horizontal cells and cones. In many lower vertebrates horizontal cells release GABA in darkness, which opens Cl- channels in cones. Input-output relations of the feedback synapse reveal that the synaptic gain is light-dependent with the highest negative gain near the dark horizontal cell potential. The horizontal cell-cone feedback synapse improves the reliability of the photoreceptor output synapses. It also modulates the dynamic range and mediates color opponency and surround responses in second-order retinal neurons.
Characterization of automatic guided vehicle dispatching rules

SUMMARY Hardware failures notwithstanding, the ability of an automated system operating according to promised potential is dependent upon the operational control measures in force. In this paper, some heuristic rules for dispatching Automatic Guided Vehicles (AGVs) in a job shop environment are presented. The rules are useful for assigning priorities to work stations requesting the services of a vehicle for material pickup. The likely effects of these rules on the performance of a job shop are postulated. Simulation results to demonstrate the effects of these rules arc also presented.
Preparative purification of tetrabromotetrachlorofluorescein and phloxine B by centrifugal counter-current chromatography.

A centrifugal counter-current chromatographic method for preparative purification of commercial tetrabromotetrachlorofluorescein and Phloxine B (D&C Red Nos. 27 and 28, respectively) was developed. Ethyl acetate—n-butanol–0.01 M ammonium acetate (1:1:2) was used as the two-phase solvent systems. Each purification trial involved 50 mg of sample and yielded 22 mg (±2 mg) of pure dye. The purity of the product was measured by hihg-performance liquid and thin-layer chromatography and was found to be 99.9%. The partition coefficients of these compounds were found to be highly concentration-dependent in the two-phase solvent system used. If this problem can be circumvented, then the counter-current chromatographic method can be extended for use with gram quantities of dye.
Lithography for VLSI

VLSI technology will be limited by the lithographic capability available for pattern definition. There are several exposure techniques presently being considered and panelists will attempt to determine which options are most likely to be used. Three basic areas will be surveyed: will optical exposure be sufficient for 1 micrometer lithography or will it be necessary to use electron beam or x-ray systems; if optical systems are used, what is the limit on the optical capability; and if and when electron or x-ray systems are used, will they be economical for high volume parts.
Substitution processes in simple and complicated metal complexes

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of substitution in transition metal complexes are reviewed with particular emphasis on recent developments. Strong support is available for a dissociative mechanism in formation reactions, in which the release of water from the metal ion controls the rate of entry of ligand. This generalization breaks down in the case of certain protonated ligands as well as multidentate ligands of special structure. Some substitution reactions of carbonic anhydrase (in the native and cobalt forms) are reviewed. These include the interaction of enzyme with inhibitors, including sulphonamides and cyanate ion. Kinetic data for these are discussed. The results of studies of the regeneration of the haloenzyme from apoenzyme and metal ion or metal complexes are given and discussed.
Health care rationing and the ethics of publicity

The need to set reasonable limits on expenditures for health care has led to increased discussion of rationing. Given the fact that no single vision of justice will dominate the allocation of health care, it is becoming increasingly important to establish open, democratic procedures for setting limits. Public awareness of the need for limits and public participation in establishing the limits is essential to the development of a just health care system.
Conical Rotating Aperture Geometries In Digital Radiography

Applications of conical rotating aperture (RA) geometries to digital radiography are described. Two kinds of conical RA imaging systems are the conical scanning beam and the conical scanning grid assemblies. These assemblies comprise coaxial conical surface(s) the axis of which is collinear with the x-ray focal spot. This geometry allows accurate alignment and continuous focusing of the slits or the grid lines. Image receptors which use solid state photodiode arrays are described for each type of conical RA system: multiple linear arrays for the conical scanning beam assembly and multiple area arrays for the conical scanning grid assembly. The digital rotating-aperture systems combine the wide dynamic range characteristics of solid state detectors with the superior scatter-rejection advantages of scanned beam approaches. The high scanning-beam velocities attainable by the use of rotating apertures should make it possible to obtain digital images for those procedures such as chest radiography which require large fields of view and short exposure times.
Is statin use associated with reduced mortality after pneumonia? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of statins on mortality following pneumonia. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, BIOSIS, and Scopus. Studies were included if they involved: participants ≥18 years of age; patients with community-acquired pneumonia; current statin users; and reported overall or adjusted mortality after pneumonia. Results Of 491 citations identified, 13 studies involving 254,950 patients met eligibility criteria. Pooled unadjusted data showed that statin use was associated with lower mortality after pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.71). Pooling of adjusted data also showed reduced mortality after pneumonia (OR 0.66, 95% CI, 0.55-0.79). However, this effect was attenuated in subgroup analysis by confounders and in prospective studies. Conclusions Although statin use is associated with decreased mortality after pneumonia, this effect weakens in important subgroups. Only a randomized controlled study can fully explore the link between statins and pneumonia mortality.
Jet spectroscopy of perylene complexes: Comparisons of TMS, carbon dioxide, ethylene and butadiene

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectra are reported for van der Waals complexes of perylene with tetramethylsilane (TMS), 1,3-butadiene, ethylene and CO2. The 1:1 complexes with TMS, ethylene and butadiene have simple spectra, and the spectral red shifts are predictable from solvent-shift theory, while the CO2 complexes are shown to exhibit anomalously small red shifts and extended low-frequency mode progressions. Dispersed fluorescence of the assigned 1:1 CO2 complexes is consistent with the excitation spectrum, indicating a substantial difference in the equilibrium conformation of the complex between the two electronic states of the host molecule. Potential energy calculations using a point coulombic charge correction predict a non-center-of-mass geometry for CO2 complexes, consistently with the observed spectra. Calculations of the binding energies are shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental data (1250, 1295–1398 and 2300–2580 cm−1 for CO2, C2H4 and C4H6, respectively). At the 2:1 complexation level, while butadiene and TMS appear to form the expected trans conformers, the ethylene and CO2 complexation spectra indicate the presence of guest molecule aggregates. In these cases, guest-guest interactions are evidently competing with the usually dominant process of molecular adsorption onto the host species.
The effect of grain size and surface area on organic matter, lignin and carbohydrate concentration, and molecular compositions in Peru Margin sediments

Abstract A C-rich sediment sample from the Peru Margin was sorted into nine hydrodynamically-determined grain size fractions to explore the effect of grain size distribution and sediment surface area on organic matter content and composition. The neutral monomeric carbohydrate composition, lignin oxidation product yields, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen contents were determined independently for each size fraction, in addition to sediment surface area and abundance of biogenic opal. The percent organic carbon and percent total nitrogen were strongly related to surface area in these sediments. In turn, the distribution of surface area closely followed mass distribution among the textural size classes, suggesting hydrodynamic controls on grain size also control organic carbon content. Nevertheless, organic compositional distinctions were observed between textural size classes. Total neutral carbohydrate yields in the Peru Margin sediments were found to closely parallel trends in total organic carbon, increasing in abundance among grain size fractions in proportion to sediment surface area. Coincident with the increases in absolute abundance, rhamnose and mannose increased as a fraction of the total carbohydrate yield in concert with surface area, indicating these monomers were preferentially represented in carbohydrates associated with surfaces. Lignin oxidation product yields varied with surface area when normalized to organic carbon, suggesting that the terrestrially-derived component may be diluted by sorption of marine derived material. Lignin-based parameters suggest a separate source for terrestrially derived material associated with sand-size material as opposed to that associated with silts and clays.
On the h-Vector of a Lattice Path Matroid

Stanley has conjectured that the h-vector of a matroid complex is a pure M-vector. We prove a strengthening of this conjecture for lattice path matroids by constructing a corresponding family of discrete polymatroids.
Incremental Induction of Decision Trees

This article presents an incremental algorithm for inducing decision trees equivalent to those formed by Quinlan's nonincremental ID3 algorithm, given the same training instances. The new algorithm, named ID5R, lets one apply the ID3 induction process to learning tasks in which training instances are presented serially. Although the basic tree-building algorithms differ only in how the decision trees are constructed, experiments show that incremental training makes it possible to select training instances more carefully, which can result in smaller decision trees. The ID3 algorithm and its variants are compared in terms of theoretical complexity and empirical behavior.
Bleeding ileal conduit stomal varices: Diagnosis and management using transjugular transhepatic angiography and embolization

An uncommon complication of ileal conduit urinary diversion is bleeding varices at the stoma site. Variceal formation is a complication of portal hypertension, which is most commonly due to intrinsic liver disease. Problematic recurrent bleeding is usually managed locally or by portosystemic shunt. We report a case of recurrent, massive ileal conduit variceal hemorrhage in a patient without a significantly elevated portosystemic gradient. Therefore, this patient was not a candidate for a shunt procedure. Using a transjugular transhepatic approach to the portal vein, the varices were embolized to stasis without any complications. The patient has subsequently experienced no further bleeding episodes.