cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual Bis(imido)metalloporphyrins. The synthesis of M(4-R-TPP)(NC6H4NO2)2 (M = Ru, R = H; M = Os, R = Cl) and structural study of the osmium derivative

Reaction of [Ru(TPP)] 2 with p -nitrophenylazide yields Ru(TPP)(NC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 in high yield as indicated by 1 H NMR spectroscopy. All attempts to isolate a pure crystalline sample of this new bis (arylimido)ruthenium porphyrin were unsuccessful due to its high reactivity. Os(4-Cl-TPP)(NC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 was synthesized and structurally characterized. The structure of Os(4-Cl-TPP)(NC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 is similar to the previously characterized Os(TTP)(NC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 but quite different from other bis (imido)osmium complexes. The imido bonds in the new bis (arylimido)osmium porphyrin are bent with average OsNC bond angles of 142.5° suggesting the imido ligands act as four-electron donors. The eclipsed orientation of the imido ligands indicates the presence of one π bonding and one non-bonding molecular orbital. In solution, 1 H NMR spectroscopy indicates the structure of Os(4-Cl-TPP)(NC 6 H 4 NO 2 ) 2 is dynamic with free rotation around the imido NC and NOs bonds.
Structure, cell-specific expression, and mating-induced regulation of a Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland gene☆

Abstract The accessory gland of male insects is a secretory tissue of the genital tract made up of several distinct cell types. It secretes components of the ejaculatory fluid which have an important effect on the postmating behavior of the female. We have examined the sequence, structure, and expression of a gene, mst 316, expressed exclusively in the accessory glands of male Drosophila melanogaster. The mst 316 RNA encodes a small, basic protein of 52 amino acids that exhibits features common to precursors of secreted peptides, including a hydrophobic N-terminus. The tissue-specific expression of the mst 316 gene was studied using an mst 316-lacZ hybrid gene inserted into Drosophila by germ line transformation. The mst 316-lacZ fusion protein is expressed exclusively in the “main” cells of the accessory gland. It is first detected upon eclosion and exhibits a burst of synthesis in the first 3 days of adult life. The synthesis of the fusion protein is stimulated by mating, so that β-galactosidase activity levels are two- to sixfold higher in males allowed to copulate with females compared to virgin male controls of the same age. The mating-stimulated synthesis of the mst 316-lacZ fusion protein, and by inference of the native gene product, appears to be due at least in part to increased transcript levels.
Comments on Screening and Shell-Ratio Effects in Single-Quantum Pair Annihilation

We show that atomic-electron screening and subshell-ratio effects in single-quantum pair annihilation, reported by Broda and Johnson and by Sheth and Swamy, have a simple origin observed also in pair production and atomic photoelectric effect. In all three processes, the characteristic distances are small on an atomic scale, but large on a nuclear scale; wave functions have a point-Coulomb shape, but not the point-Coulomb normalization. Atomic-electron screening effects cause appreciable modifications of the total pair-annihilation cross section for positron energies below $1.5{m}_{ e}{c}^{2}$ in heavy elements ($Zg47$). For low-$Z$ elements, screening effects are always important. The ${n}^{3}$ rule of Bethe for subshell ratios is good only for low-$Z$ elements (where $n$ is the prinicipal quantum number); we find that the subshell ratio between the $K$ and ${L}_{I}$ single-quantum pair-annihilation cross sections is well predicted by the square of the ratio of the $K$ and ${L}_{I}$ bound-electron wave-function normalizations.
Decentralized redistribution for cooperative patrol

This paper addresses the problem of enabling a group of autonomous vehicles to effectively patrol an environment significantly larger than their communication and sensing radii. Our formulation uses an a priori spatial decomposition of the environment into smaller areas in order to provide a framework for the allocation of vehicles to different parts of the environment. We develop a distributed cooperative control algorithm that transfers vehicles between these areas based on only local information and prove that it achieves the proper environment-wide distribution of vehicles within a finite time interval. Various applications are discussed and simulations are included to illustrate convergence dynamics as well as to quantify practical performance as a function of problem parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VHDL implementation of the hybrid fuzzy logic controllers with FPGA

In this paper, the VHDL implementation of an intelligent navigation system using hybrid fuzzy controllers has been proposed. Two parallel fuzzy logic controllers are utilized to conquer the major mobile robot navigation challenges in narrow concave U-shaped obstacles, and deep narrow passage, and to track a target in an environment with varying obstacles. The results demonstrate the suitability of the FPGAs in control tasks for multiple fuzzy logic controllers. The implementation of the control units for the robot with FPGA is an important approach in the way for building a real prototype. The proposed algorithm involves fuzzy model of robot navigation system and the hybrid controllers are designed and evaluated based on this models. Such a method will further advance the development of a real-world intelligent control system for performance evaluation of various control strategies in a prototype robotic vehicle.
Ability of Vasoconstrictor Drugs to Cause Adrenal Medullary Discharge after "Sensitization" by Ganglion Stimulating Agents

Administration of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide (DMPP) subcutaneously, intravenously or into a lurnboadrenal artery for 20, or more, minutes in dosages that caused little, or no, change in arterial pressure caused the adrenal glands to respond to intravenous or local intra-arterial injection of vasoconstrictor drugs (angiotensin, norepi-nephrine, serotonin, vasopressin, phenyleph-rine, metaraminol, or barium chloride) by discharging large amounts of pressor material. Nicotine and tetramethylamnionium chloride given into a lumboadrenal artery had the same sensitizing effect; prolonged electrical stimulation of the cut peripheral end of the thoracic or lumbar sympathetic trunk or splanchnic nerve did not. Sensitization persisted during infusions or for at least one hour after subcutaneous administration of a ganglion stimulating agent. As after intravenous injection of a pressor drug, adrenal discharge caused reflex decrease of efferent sympathetic nerve activity. Following sensitization, partial constriction of a lumboadrenal artery proximal to the adrenal, or injection of potassium cyanide into the artery, produced responses comparable to those elicited by injection of vasoconstrictor drugs; carotid occlusion or electrical stimulation of the cut peripheral end of a splanchnic nerve did not cause the same large adrenal discharge. Partial constriction of the adrenal artery, or drug injection, did not cause adrenal discharge prior to administration of a ganglion stimulating agent. Discharge due to intra-arterial injection of a vasoconstrictor drug was prevented by simultaneous infusion of a vasodilator drug, sodium nitroprusside, into the adrenal artery. The sensitizing effect of the ganglion stimulating drugs was not prevented by atro-pine, ergotamine, spinal cord section at C6, splanchnic nerve section, or establishment of tachyphylaxis to vasopressin. It was eliminated for prolonged periods by injection of very small dosage of tetraethylammonium chloride or phentolamine into the adrenal artery. It is concluded tentatively that ganglion stimulating agents cause sensitization of receptors in, or near, the adrenal glands which, through a local neural mechanism containing a cholinergic synapse and an adrenergic receptor, respond to hypoxia by causing discharge of catechol amines.
Ultrastructure of the primate carotid body: a morphometric study of the glomus cells and nerve endings in the monkey ( Macaca fascicularis )

The carotid body of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) was studied at both the light and electron microscopic levels in an effort to provide a detailed quantitative characterization of this chemoreceptor organ in the primate. Structurally, the monkey carotid body was organized into lobules of from three to eight glomus cells (in section) and their ensheathing supporting cells. Interspersed among the lobules was abundant connective tissue stroma, fibroblasts and mast cells. Fenestrated capillaries, small arterioles and venules also permeated the organ. Each supporting cell partially ensheathed about three glomus cells and could be easily differentiated from glomus cells by their darker cytoplasmic staining, lack of dense-core vesicles and angular nuclear profile. Glomus cells exhibited an intense catecholamine histofluorescence and contained abundant dense-core vesicles. On the basis of dense-core vesicle size, shape and numerical density, four types of glomus cells were identified. The most common type (62% of all glomus cells) contained vesicles with an average diameter of 219 nm and a density of 8 vesicles per μm2 of cytoplasm. The second type possessed larger vesicles (264 nm in diameter) and accounted for about 14% of all glomus cells. A third type of glomus cell contained smaller (167 nm) and fewer (5 vesicles per μm2) dense-core vesicles. The fourth type of glomus cell contained pleomorphic-shaped vesicles with a maximal diameter of 232 nm. Each of these last two types accounted for about 12% of all glomus cells. All four types of glomus cells were innervated, averaging 1.43 nerve endings per glomus cell (in sections). Nerve endings were primarily of the bouton-like variety averaging 2 μm2 in sectional area and containing 34.3 clear-core synaptic vesicles (average size 73.5 nm in diameter) per μm2 of cytoplasm. Of the 57 nerve endings examined in single sections, 16% displayed junctions typical of synaptic specializations and most of these were presynaptic to glomus cells. Glomus cell-glomus cell synapses were not observed. Based on these quantitative observations and on previous studies of carotid body cytoarchitecture in other laboratory species, it appears that the primate organ most closely resembles the cat carotid body, although several differences exist.
Leuko-Araiosis and cerebral hypoperfusion compared between patients with ischemic vascular dementia and normal elderly volunteers

Lesions in white matter of unknown origin among the elderly have been of interest for many years, and their pathogenesis and clinical significance need clarification. Local cerebral blood flow was measured among patients with ichemic vascular dementia (IVD, n = 38) and compared with age-matched normal volunteers (n = 18) utilizing xenon-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Volume ratios for total leuko-araiosis, as well as volume ratios for apparently normal white and gray matter, were determined by plain, noncontrasted CT densitometry throughout slices of brain examined later during stable xenon inhalation enabling perfusion values for each compartment to be compared. Volume ratios for total leuko-araiosis to total brain parenchyma were twice as large among patients with IVD (12.0 ± 5.6%) compared with elderly normal volunteers (6.0 ± 2.7%). However, cerebral perfusion values within regions of leuko-araiosis compared to"normal" white matter were decreased to the same degree among patients with IVD (14 ± 6 ml/100 g brain/min) and among elderly normal volunteers with leuko-araiosis (13 ± 5). Local cerebral blood flow values were reduced for all regions of brain examined among IVD patients compared with age-matched normals. Among patients with IVD, multiple regression analyses correlated increased volumes of leuko-araiosis with (a) advancing age, (b) hypertension, and (c) reduced perfusion in vascular territories supplying the putamen. Hypoperfusion within deep cerebral territories correlates with pathogenesis of leuko-araiosis among patients with ischemic vascular dementia.
Spatial Regression Using Kernel Averaged Predictors

Traditional spatial linear regression models assume that the mean of the response is a linear combination of predictors measured at the same location as the response. In spatial applications, however, it seems plausible that neighboring predictors can also inform about the response. This article proposes using unobserved kernel averaged predictors in such regressions. The kernels are parametric introducing additional parameters that are estimated with the data. Properties and challenges of using kernel averaged predictors within a regression model are detailed in the simple case of a univariate response and a single predictor. Additionally, extensions to multiple predictors and generalized linear models are discussed. The methods are demonstrated using a data set of dew duration and shrub density. Supplemental materials are available online.
Student Competence in Fluid and Electrolyte Management: The Impact of Various Teaching Methods

Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate 1) the competency of junior medical students (M3s) in fluid and electrolyte management upon completion of their pediatric clerkship; 2) the frequency and perceived helpfulness of fluid and electrolyte management–based interactions with the following sources of education: a lecture, first-year residents (PL1s), senior residents (PL3s), and faculty; and 3) the relationship between points 1 and 2. Methods Upon completion of the clerkship, M3 competency was evaluated by a quiz with multiple-choice questions and a clinical vignette concerning the intravenous fluid (IVF) management of a dehydrated child. Junior medical students completed a survey to identify the fluid and electrolyte management case-based practice frequency with PL1s, PL3s, and faculty, and the perceived helpfulness of the lecture, PL1s, PL3s, and faculty, rated on a 10-point Likert scale. Results One hundred eighty-seven M3s took the quiz and 180 completed surveys. The mean clinical vignette score was 7.0 (range, 0–12). Eighty-one percent of M3s wrote inadequate IVF orders for a dehydrated infant. The median-perceived helpfulness for each source was lecture, 9 points; PL1, 5 points; PL3, 4 points; and faculty, 3 points. In multivariate regression, only a higher perceived helpfulness rating for the lecture was significantly associated with higher clinical vignette scores ( r = 0.43; P Conclusions Most M3s lacked adequate fluid and electrolyte management competency. Junior medical students rated the lecture the most helpful source of fluid and electrolyte management education. Improvements in fluid and electrolyte management education of M3s may result from providing practice problems with immediate feedback and formal training to increase the fluid and electrolyte management educational skills of PL1s, PL3s, and faculty.
On the Evolution of Plasticity and Incompatibility

Dedicated to the memory of Ronald Rivlin Abstract: The phenomenological theory of elastic-plastic response is reconsidered in the light of recent opinion regarding the constitutive character of the constituent elastic and plastic deformations. The primary role of dissipation in the physics of plastic evolution is emphasized and shown to lead to the clarification of a number of open questions. Particular attention is given to the invariance properties of the elastic and plastic deformations, to the kinematics of discontinuities, and to the role of material symmetry in restricting constitutive equations for elastic response, yield and plastic evolution.
Quantile Maximization in Decision Theory

This paper introduces a model of preferences, in which, given beliefs about uncertain outcomes, an individual evaluates an action by a quantile of the induced distribution. The choice rule of Quantile Maximization unifies maxmin and maxmax as maximizing the lowest and the highest quantiles of beliefs distributions, respectively, and offers a family of less extreme preferences. Taking preferences over acts as a primitive, we axiomatize Quantile Maximization in a Savage setting. Our axiomatization also provides a novel derivation of subjective beliefs, which demonstrates that neither the monotonicity nor the continuity conditions assumed in the literature are essential for probabilistic sophistication. We characterize preferences of quantile maximizers towards downside risk. We discuss how the distinct properties of the model, robustness and ordinality, can be useful in studying choice behaviour for categorical variables and in economic policy design. We also offer applications to poll design and insurance problems.
Computers and the Schools: Unused and Misused

(1990). Computers and the Schools: Unused and Misused. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 68-72.
Creating and Sustaining Community College—University Transfer Partnerships

This qualitative study of a community college—university partnership employs network embeddedness theory to examine the processes involved in creating and sustaining partnerships to enhance transfer and baccalaureate attainment. In particular, this article describes the challenges inherent in partnership management and governance, the importance of involving faculty in transfer-partnership programs and activities, and the utility of community college—university transfer partnerships in the future. Findings have clear implications for research and practice.
The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization

Life is the most complex physical phenomenon in the Universe, manifesting an extraordinary diversity of form and function over an enormous scale from the largest animals and plants to the smallest microbes and subcellular units. Despite this many of its most fundamental and complex phenomena scale with size in a surprisingly simple fashion. For example, metabolic rate scales as the 3/4-power of mass over 27 orders of magnitude, from molecular and intracellular levels up to the largest organisms. Similarly, time-scales (such as lifespans and growth rates) and sizes (such as bacterial genome lengths, tree heights and mitochondrial densities) scale with exponents that are typically simple powers of 1/4. The universality and simplicity of these relationships suggest that fundamental universal principles underly much of the coarse-grained generic structure and organisation of living systems. We have proposed a set of principles based on the observation that almost all life is sustained by hierarchical branching networks, which we assume have invariant terminal units, are space-filling and are optimised by the process of natural selection. We show how these general constraints explain quarter power scaling and lead to a quantitative, predictive theory that captures many of the essential features of diverse biological systems. Examples considered include animal circulatory systems, plant vascular systems, growth, mitochondrial densities, and the concept of a universal molecular clock. Temperature considerations, dimensionality and the role of invariants are discussed. Criticisms and controversies associated with this approach are also addressed.
Customer‐oriented selling: Exploring the roles of emotional intelligence and organizational commitment

Professional salespeople are often placed in situations where role conflict and ambiguity are prevalent. They are generally expected to sell a firm's products and services to generate immediate profits, while simultaneously building customer satisfaction and promoting lifetime customers and the long-term economic viability of the firm. The concept of customer-oriented selling illustrates the conflict, as salespeople are required to forgo immediate benefits in lieu of long-term rewards. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships existing between customer-oriented selling, emotional intelligence, and organizational commitment. The results indicate that a salesperson's customer orientation level is significantly related to emotional intelligence. Implications of the findings indicate that managers should consider using emotional intelligence as a selection and human-resource development tool, as improvements in emotional intelligence are correlated with greater levels of customer orientation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective cluster-based seed design for cross-species sequence comparisons

Summary: To annotate newly sequenced organisms, cross-species sequence comparison algorithms can be applied to align gene sequences to the genome of a related species. To improve the accuracy of alignment, spaced seeds must be optimized for each comparison. As the number and diversity of genomes increase, an efficient alternative is to cluster pairwise comparisons into groups and identify seeds for groups instead of individual comparisons. Here we investigate a measure of comparison closeness and identify classes of comparisons that show similar seed behavior and therefore can employ the same seed. Availability: Source code is freely available at http://dna.cs.gwu.edu and from Bioinformatics online. Contact:lmzhou@gwmail.gwu.edu, florea@gwu.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at http://dna.cs.gwu.edu and Bioinformatics online.
A two-stage classification approach identifies seven susceptibility genes for a simulated complex disease

The simulated data set of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 15 provided affection status, four quantitative traits, and a covariate. After studying the relationship between these variables, linkage analysis was undertaken. Analyses were performed in the first replicate only and without any prior knowledge of the underlying model. In addition to the main effect of the DR locus on chromosome 6, significant linkage was also identified on chromosomes 8, 9, 11, and 18. Notably, the power to detect linkage increased after transforming the skewed and kurtotic IgM and anti-CCP distributions. Moreover, genes on chromosome 11 could not be discerned from noise without the transformation, thus highlighting the need in real life situations for careful examination of the phenotypic data prior to genetic analysis. Significant association with one single-nucleotide polymorphism was identified for the regions on chromosome 11 and 18. Haplotype analyses were attempted for the other regions, but only the underlying variation of the DR locus could be identified. Two methods were then applied to predict classification using the factors identified so far. These methods – logistic regression and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) – performed comparably for this data set. Those affected individuals that were misclassified as unaffected were then used in a genome-wide association analysis to identify additional susceptibility loci. Two additional loci were identified in this fashion, illustrating the usefulness of this two-stage classification approach.
Creating Illusions of Past Encounter Through Brief Exposure

Titchener (1928) suggested that briefly glancing at a scene could make it appear strangely familiar when it was fully processed moments later. The closest laboratory demonstration used words as stimuli, and showed that briefly glancing at a to-be-judged word increased the subject's belief that it had been presented in an earlier study list (Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989). We evaluated whether a hasty glance could elicit a false belief in a prior encounter, from a time and place outside of the experiment. This goal precluded using word stimuli, so we had subjects evaluate unfamiliar symbols. Each symbol was preceded by a brief exposure to an identical symbol, a different symbol, or no symbol. A brief glance at an identical symbol increased attributions to preexperimental experience, relative to a glance at a different symbol or no symbol, providing a possible mechanism for common illusions of false recognition.
Changes in eNOS phosphorylation contribute to increased arteriolar NO release during juvenile growth

Nitric oxide (NO) mediates a major portion of arteriolar endothelium-dependent dilation in adults, but indirect evidence has suggested that NO contributes minimally to these responses in the young....
Task-parallel message passing interface implementation of Autodock4 for docking of very large databases of compounds using high-performance super-computers.

A message passing interface (MPI)-based implementation (Autodock4.lga.MPI) of the grid-based docking program Autodock4 has been developed to allow simultaneous and independent docking of multiple compounds on up to thousands of central processing units (CPUs) using the Lamarkian genetic algorithm. The MPI version reads a single binary file containing precalculated grids that represent the protein-ligand interactions, i.e., van der Waals, electrostatic, and desolvation potentials, and needs only two input parameter files for the entire docking run. In comparison, the serial version of Autodock4 reads ASCII grid files and requires one parameter file per compound. The modifications performed result in significantly reduced input/output activity compared with the serial version. Autodock4.lga.MPI scales up to 8192 CPUs with a maximal overhead of 16.3%, of which two thirds is due to input/output operations and one third originates from MPI operations. The optimal docking strategy, which minimizes docking CPU time without lowering the quality of the database enrichments, comprises the docking of ligands preordered from the most to the least flexible and the assignment of the number of energy evaluations as a function of the number of rotatable bounds. In 24 h, on 8192 high-performance computing CPUs, the present MPI version would allow docking to amore » rigid protein of about 300K small flexible compounds or 11 million rigid compounds.« less
gerT, a Newly Discovered Germination Gene under the Control of the Sporulation Transcription Factor σK in Bacillus subtilis

We report the identification of a gene, herein designated gerT (formerly yozR), that is involved in germination by spores of Bacillus subtilis. The gerT gene is induced late in sporulation under the positive control of the transcription factor σK and under the negative control of the DNA-binding protein GerE. The gerT gene product (GerT) is a component of the spore coat, and its incorporation into the coat takes place in two stages. GerT initially assembles into foci, which then spread around the developing spore in a process that is dependent on the morphogenetic protein CotE. Mutant spores lacking GerT respond poorly to multiple germinants and are impaired at an early stage of germination.
The Never-ending Quest to Detect Bacteremia: Time for a Culture Change

“If we’re drawing blood, we might as well throw in a blood culture.” This pervasive and seemingly innocuous statement, intended perhaps to save a child from an additional poke or to prevent a provider from having to come back and write another order, illustrates a dramatic misconception about the perceived benign nature of this common laboratory test. If you are skeptical about this misconception, try quizzing your trainees or colleagues about the risks of a blood culture the next time they want to order one. Many will give you a blank stare. Some will tell you about contaminated cultures, and the well-read might even be able to cite published data on the risk of contamination, where estimates are generally in the 1% to 5% range,1,2 but have been reported to be as high as 11% to 12% in select populations.3,4 If a new venipuncture is required for the blood culture, some might appropriately express concern over the child’s resultant pain and anxiety, an important yet understudied harm in hospitalized children. However, few of your respondents (who at this point really just want to move on to the …
Self-Awareness and the Evolution of Leaders: The Need for a Better Measure of Self-Awareness

A growing body of empirical research suggests that self-awareness is associated with successful leadership. Although self-awareness research has generated a number of scales to measure self-awareness, none have done so with the explicit focus of leadership. The present research is a summary of three studies designed to develop and begin validation for a scale to measure self-awareness in the context of leadership and leader development. The result of Study 1 and 2 was a 54-item self-awareness scale. A confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for a marginal fit. Predictive validity was assessed in Study 3 by looking for associations between self-awareness and outcomes from an MBA capstone course designed in part to improve communication, foster teamwork, and increase self-awareness. Self-awareness was the independent variable. The dependent variables were the graded, videotaped outcomes of two types of structured role-playing exercises designed to meet course objectives and involved students working in dyads or in small groups. Positive associations were found between the new scale and some group context measures of performance, but not for the dyad measures. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Dramatic Effects of 2-Bromo-5,6-Dichloro-1-β-d-Ribofuranosyl Benzimidazole Riboside on the Genome Structure, Packaging, and Egress of Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus

The halogenated benzimidazoles BDCRB (2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-riborfuranosyl benzimidazole riboside) and TCRB (2,5,6-trichloro-1-beta-D-riborfuranosyl benzimidazole riboside) were the first compounds shown to inhibit cleavage and packaging of herpesvirus genomes. Both inhibit the formation of unit length human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genomes by a poorly understood mechanism (M. R. Underwood et al., J. Virol. 72:717-715, 1998; P. M. Krosky et al., J. Virol. 72:4721-4728, 1998). Because the simple genome structure of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) provides a useful model for the study of herpesvirus DNA packaging, we investigated the effects of BDCRB on GPCMV. GPCMV proved to be sensitive to BDCRB (50% inhibitory concentration = 4.7 microM), although somewhat less so than HCMV. In striking contrast to HCMV, however, a dose of BDCRB sufficient to reduce GPCMV titers by 3 logs (50 microM) had no effect on the quantity of GPCMV genomic DNA that was formed in infected cells. Electron microscopy revealed that this DNA was in fact packaged within intranuclear capsids, but these capsids failed to egress from the nucleus and failed to protect the DNA from nuclease digestion. The terminal structure of genomes formed in the presence of BDCRB was also altered. Genomes with ends lacking a terminal repeat at the right end, which normally exist in an equimolar ratio with those having one copy of the repeat at the right end, were selectively eliminated by BDCRB treatment. At the left end, BDCRB treatment appeared to induce heterogeneous truncations such that 2.7 to 4.9 kb of left-end-terminal sequences were missing. These findings suggest that BDCRB induces premature cleavage events that result in truncated genomes packaged within capsids that are permeable to nuclease. Based on these and other observations, we propose a model for duplication of herpesvirus terminal repeats during the cleavage and packaging process that is similar to one proposed for bacteriophage T7 (Y. B. Chung, C. Nardone, and D. C. Hinkle, J. Mol. Biol. 216:939-948, 1990).
Early-Phase Transmission of Yersinia pestis by Unblocked Xenopsylla cheopis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) Is as Efficient as Transmission by Blocked Fleas

For almost a century, the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (Rothschild) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae), was thought to be the most efficient vector of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis (Yersin). Approximately 2 wk after consuming an infectious bloodmeal, a blockage often forms in the flea's proventriculus, which forces the flea to increase its biting frequency and consequently increases the likelihood of transmission. However, if fleas remain blocked and continue to feed, they usually die within 5 d of blocking, resulting in a short infectious window. Despite observations of X. cheopis transmitting Y. pestis shortly after pathogen acquisition, early-phase transmission (e.g., transmission 1-4 d postinfection [ p.i.]) by unblocked fleas was viewed as anomalous and thought to occur only by mass action. We used an artificial feeding system to infect colony-reared X. cheopis with a fully virulent strain of Y. pestis, and we evaluated transmission efficiency 1- 4 d p.i. We demonstrate 1) that a single infected and unblocked X. cheopis can infect a susceptible host as early as 1 d p.i., 2) the number of fleas per host required for unblocked fleas to drive a plague epizootic by early-phase transmission is within the flea infestation range observed in nature, and 3) early-phase transmission by unblocked fleas in the current study was at least as efficient as transmission by blocked fleas in a previously published study using the same colony of fleas and same bacterial strain. Furthermore, transmission efficiency seemed to remain constant until block formation, resulting in an infectious period considerably longer than previously thought.
Automatic phenotype structure mining underlying gene expression profiles

Recently introduced DNA microarray technology permits rapid, large-scale screening for patterns of gene expression and gives simultaneous, semi-quantitative readouts on the level of expression of thousands of genes for samples. The raw microarray data (images) can then be transformed into gene expression matrices where usually a row in the matrix represents a genes and a column represents a sample. The numeric value in each cell characterizes the expression level of the particular gene in a particular sample. Microarray technology has a significant impact on the field of bioinformatics, requiring innovative techniques to efficiently and effectively extract, analysis, and visualize these fast growing data. In this dissertation, we explore the new problem of mining phenotype structure from gene expression data sets and a novel unsupervised analyzing framework to detect phenotypes and informative genes underlying gene expression data sets. We transform the phenotype structure mining problem into an optimization problem. A series of statistical measurements are proposed to measure the quality of the mining results. These measurements delineate local pattern qualities based on a partition of samples on a subset of genes to coordinate between sample phenotype discovery and informative space detection. A phenotype quality function which serves as the object function of the optimization problem is defined based on these statistical measurements. Two interesting unsupervised learning algorithms are developed: the heuristic search and the mutual reinforcing adjustment methods. Iterative pattern adjustment strategies are presented to approach the optimal solution which the pattern quality is maximized. The methods dynamically measure and manipulate the relationship between samples and genes while conducting an iterative adjustment of genes and samples to approximate the informative genes and the phenotypes of the samples simultaneously. We present an extensive performance study on both real-world data sets and synthetic data sets. Our results strongly suggest that the two proposed methods are effective and scalable. The mining results are clearly better than the previous methods. They are ready for the real-world applications. The mutual reinforcing adjustment method is in general more scalable, more effective and with better quality of the mining results. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Revolutionary storytelling without the revolution: Sustaining radical expression and politics in the new South Africa

La narration d'histoires sur l'apartheid est devenu un enjeu multidimensionnel dans la nouvelle Republique d'Afrique du Sud. L'A. commente brievement deux ouvrages recents - N. Yousaf, 2001 ; A. O'Brien, 2001 - qui mettent au centre de leur interrogation la synergie entre le politique et la culture expressive en Afrique du Sud. Comment l'action politique sud-africaine peut-elle conserver une conscience revolutionnaire sans la revolution ? Tel est un enjeu majeur qui se pose a l'Afrique du Sud postapartheid, notamment a la gauche sud-africaine. Les ouvrages de Yousaf et O'Brien mettent clairement en lumiere les pressions que la politique radicale et ses cultures d'expression subissent dans le contexte de la nouvelle Afrique du Sud, liberale et democratique. Tous les deux insistent sur le role vital de la fiction dans la lutte politique et plaident pour le maintien d'une pratique fictionnelle critique. Le recit postapartheid, s'il veut continuer la lutte initiee par le recit antiapartheid, doit se souvenir de ses racines, de sa vision radicale, et de sa source d'inspiration : le peuple ordinaire.
An investigation of pictorial and symbolic aircraft displays for landing

Each of four different approach to landing displays was flown by a different group of four male instrument pilots. A pictorial approach "gate" symbology with perspective runway was compared to an electronic ILS-type display. Best performance overall was achieved with the combination of both these displays. No reliable lateral performance difference was found among displays but the variability tended to be less for displays with the perspective runway, especially close to the threshold. The vertical performance, however, was best on those displays that contained the vertical deviation scale and pointer irrespective of the presence of the runway. It was concluded that the pictorial information is of benefit in stabilizing lateral control, but the approach gates as used in the study did not, by themselves provide adequate guidance cues for precise vertical control. Language: en
The infection of leafhoppers by Western X-disease virus: V. Properties of the infectious agent

Abstract The concentration of extractable Western X-disease virus (WXV) in a vector, Colladonus montanus (the mountain leafhopper), was much higher than in any of several herbaceous plants tested. Leafhoppers were therefore used as virus source material for a survey of viral properties in crude extracts. A new method of bioassay was employed, based on the concentration dependence of the incubation period, in the insect, between injection of virus and transmission of WXV to plants. This bioassay permitted more accurate study of viral properties than has heretofore been possible with leafhopper-borne viruses. WXV activity was not recovered after saturation of saline extracts from leafhoppers with butanol. However, WXV survived brief ultrasonic treatments, brief emulsification with Genetron 113 , and in limited trials, emulsification with chloroform. Freezing of whole viruliferous insects or saline extracts from such insects did not destroy the virus. Infectivity was present in centrifugal supernatants after 10 min at 8,000 g , but was almost completely sedimented after 10 min at 25,000 g . After rate zonal density gradient centrifugation for 20 or 25 min at 20,000 or 25,000 rpm, infectivity was found throughout the gradient column, but was most concentrated in the bottom one-third of the column. Viral infectivity was greatly reduced by overnight dialysis against saline, but not by dialysis against a buffer containing glycine, divalent cations, and cysteine, or by buffer transfer through Sephadex G-75 into a protective buffer containing Mg 2+ and glycine. Infectious WXV was recovered after brief exposure to various buffers at p H values from 5.1 to 9.7. Brief exposure to 0.01 m glycine or 0.01 m sodium borate buffers at p H 8.2 and 8.9, respectively, increased viral yield, but longer exposures to these buffers decreased the virus yield. Stability seemed best between p H 6.0 and 7.1. Recovery of virus from resuspended pellets after centrifugation at 80,000 g for 30 min was much better when 0.3 m glycine was used than any lower concentration of glycine whether the p H was 6.1, 7.5, or 8.5.
Case report of autopsy and placental examination after radiofrequency ablation of an acardiac twin

We report the autopsy and placental findings in a monochorionic twin gestation complicated by twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) was performed at 24 weeks gestation to abort the acardiac fetus, and vaginal delivery of the co-twin and acardiac fetus occurred at 33 weeks gestation. An autopsy of the acardiac fetus revealed multiple congenital anomalies including complete absence of the upper extremities and poor development of the skull and facial structures. In contrast to the upper body, the lower half of the body, although malformed, was more developed. The monochorionic twin placenta showed velamentous, atrophied, proximal artery-artery and vein-vein intertwin vascular connections which essentially bypassed the placental parenchyma for the acardiac fetus. Ink injection and histologic examination confirmed thrombosis of these critical intertwin vascular connections after RFA. This report highlights the fetal and placental anatomy of TRAP sequence and stresses the importance of placental examination after fetal surgical techniques.
Public Attitudes Toward Israel: A Study of the Attentive and Issue Publics

Scholars of international relations have often suggested that American public opinion may have been an important influence on U.S. foreign policy toward Israel in recent decades. Yet empirical explorations of this possibility have generally adopted only the majoritarian perspective regarding public influence and have ignored two plausible alternatives: the guardianship and pluralist perspectives. In this article, we explore the potential utility of these latter views by examining whether or not public attitudes on relations with Israel among members of the attentive public and the Arab-Israeli issue public were different from the attitudes of non-members in 1988–1990. Using data from two representative sample surveys, we found that attentive public and issue public members were less likely to take neutral stances on issues related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Furthermore, issue public members were more supportive of Israel and its government's official policies than were nonmembers, but no such difference appeared in comparisons of attentive public members to non-members. Thus, future investigations of the interface between public opinion and foreign policy on this and other issues may benefit from paying close attention to issue public members as distinct from the general public.
Imaging the Shallow Crust Using Teleseismic Tomography

Abstract Teleseismic tomography is typically used to image the lithosphere or upper mantle with station spacing on the order of tens to hundreds of kilometers. It is generally presumed that, due to their low‐frequency energy content (0.3–2 Hz), body waves generated by teleseismic earthquakes are unable to resolve small‐scale (1–10 km) heterogeneity. Here, we take advantage of the 250‐m station spacing of the LaBarge Passive Seismic Experiment to address two questions related to teleseismic tomography. First, we aim to determine whether relative delays in arrival times are present when the station spacing approaches hundreds of meters. Second, we aim to determine whether these measurements can be related to structure in the shallow crust, thus providing information about the subsurface at hydrocarbon exploration scale. Our results indicate that, even at this small station spacing, variability in relative delay‐time measurements shows a clear relation to the shallow structure below the array (top 5 km). Inversions for subsurface velocity show that, while the lateral resolution of the inversion is on the order of the station spacing, the steep incidence of the incoming waves yields poor vertical resolution. We anticipate that additional measurements from local and regional earthquakes may be used to enhance vertical resolution.
A Study of the Liberal-Arts Program: Vitalizing Liberal Education

(1945). A Study of the Liberal-Arts Program: Vitalizing Liberal Education. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 163-164.
Combination tissue plasminogen activator and ticlopidine therapy in a rabbit model of acute thromboembolic stroke.

AbstractThe successful application of thrombolytic therapy to acute myocardial infarction has prompted a reinvestigation of thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke. However; an examination of safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy in acute thromboembolic stroke has precluded the entry of patients taking either antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. It was therefore of interest, in an established rabbit model of thromboembolic stroke> to examine the use of tissue plasminogen activator therapy in combination with ticlopidine treatment. Following ticlopidine administration (10 mg kg~\ i.v., daily for 5 days), rabbits (n = 7) were embolized by injecting a tin-laden clot into the internal carotid artery with clot placement confirmed by x-ray. Three hours later; t- PA was initiated as a square-wave pulse (6.3 mg kg~} total dose, given as a 20% bolus, with the remainder administered over 2 h as a continuous infusion). The protocol was continued for a total of 7 h following embolization. Complete clot lysis wa...
Absorption and metabolic effects of different types of estrogens and progestogens.

SUMMARY The classes of estrogens and progestogens currently in use and their routes of administration have been considered. The decision to prescribe any given estrogen or progestogen and by a particular route has a significant impact on cardiovascular risk factors. Among the estrogens, native estradiol and estrone are favored over equine and synthetic estrogens. Given this choice, oral and systemic routes of administration are not sufficiently different clinically to endorse one method over the other, except for the unusual hypertensive woman or the patient with a history of thromboembolic phenomena. Among the progestogens, oral micronized progesterone offers much promise for use in postmenopausal women. However, the oral use of lower doses of other progestogens seems appropriate at the present time. With the availability of oral micronized progesterone and in time a transdermal system, the need for alternate routes of administration for other progestogens seems unnecessary.
Children of Homosexuals More Apt to Become Homosexual and Experience Parental Molestation: Surveys Over Three Decades

ABSTRACTIn 1996 (Cameron & Cameron), we reported that adult children of homosexuals more frequently reported homosexual desires and sex with their parent(s). Schumm (2015) stated he would focus on “the multifaceted research of Sarantakos (1996) and any research that has corroborated his findings,” but neglected to include ours, though published contemporaneously with Sarantakos.