cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consequences of employing amino acid vs. bulk‐tissue, stable isotope analysis: a laboratory trophic position experiment

An important metric of environmental health is food web structure because it reflects species richness, natural history diversity, and resource availability. While bulk-tissue stable isotope analys ...
Principle and Tests of the Mirror Type Pitot

A CONSIDERABLE amount of experimental work, both in the wind tunnel and in full flight, has been carried out on the best location in which to place a pitot tube so that its readings may be correct at varying angles of attack in spite of wing interference. The literature of the subject is extensive. No entirely satisfactory position has been found even for the unflapped wing, although experimentation seems to indicate the following rules for monoplanes; (1) neither too near the tip, nor too near the fuselage, but about 40 percent of the semi-span from the outer tip, (2) either 40 percent of the chord ahead of the leading edge, or (3) in a region about 25 percent of the chord to the rear of the trailing edge and 35 percent above. In the case of biplanes, a normal and generally satisfactory location is on one of the interplane struts, at 50 to 60 percent of the gap above the lower wing. For wings with flaps no position has as yet been found which may be considered satisfactory because of the wide differences in the magnitude and direction of the airflow produced by varying flap depression. On the basis of the single experiment here reported and on the basis of theoretical reasoning, it can be conjectured that if a pitot is to be placed inboard of the outer tip of the flap, then it should be carried out well ahead of the leading edge, half a chord length or more, and if possible, be hinged so as to align itself with the wind. Alternatively, for a wing in which flaps are applied over a portion of the span, the pitot might well be placed outboard of the flap, say halfway between the tip of the wing and the outer tip of the flap and aft of the trailing edge and above the wing. Even if it were granted that a satisfactory position always exists theoretically no matter what the aircraft employed may be, difficulties would remain. First, finding this location might be a lengthy and tedious process; second, a location suitable on aerodynamic grounds may lead to difficulties of installation, such as very long leads, or leads requiring many bends with consequent lag in indication, and third, the final adjustment of the pitot position would be difficult. It occurred to the author that a pitot which would indicate correctly through a wide range of speeds, with approximate independence of its location, and independently of flap depression, might perhaps be achieved F I G . 1.
Section 1983 Litigation: Supreme Court Review: A Roundtable Dialogue

The two authors, with commentary from Karen Blum and the Hon. George Pratt, discuss and analyze the §1983 Civil Rights cases that were decided by the United States Supreme Court during the 2002 Term. To facilitate their discussion, the authors group the cases discussed into five categories: enforcement of constitutional rights under §1983; qualified immunity matters; enforcement of federal statutes under §1983; cases involving pleading issues; and Bivens claims.The authors' discussion of the cases puts these holdings in a broader context as they consider the litigation significance of the decisions and, at times, disagree on the issues at hand.
Neuroprotective Strategies in Glaucoma

Background Glaucoma is characterized as a neuropathic disease that causes progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina, resulting in irreversible loss of vision. All conventional treatments for glaucoma are focused on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior chamber of the eye. However, these treatments alone are insufficient to halt the progression of the disease. As a result, neuroprotective strategies have been developed that prevent retinal neuron loss and disease progression. Methods The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma at the level of the retina and the ganglion cell layer instead of treatments targeting IOP. Recent and past neuroprotective therapies used to prevent the loss of retinal ganglion cells, the loss of axons in the optic nerve and the loss of vision and function associated with glaucoma are presented. Results Pharmacological approaches have targeted specific receptors, signaling cascades and neurotrophic factors to induce neuroprotection in the retina, while others have focused on the mechanism of cellular loss associated with glaucoma, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic processes. In addition to neuroprotective pharmacological treatments, stem cell, gene therapy and viral research have demonstrated neuroprotection against the loss of RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Conclusion It is likely that future development for glaucoma treatment will include a combination of these treatments to prevent the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Insect societies and the social brain

The 'social brain hypothesis,' the relationship between social behavior and brain size, does not apply to insects. In social insects, especially those of the Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), sociality has not always increased individual behavioral repertoires and is associated with only subtle variation in the size of a higher brain center, the mushroom bodies. Rather than sociality, selection for novel visual behavior, perhaps spatial learning, has led to the acquisition of novel visual inputs and profound increases in mushroom body size. This occurred in nonsocial ancestors suggesting that the sensory and cognitive advantages of large mushroom bodies may be preadaptations to sociality. Adaptations of the insect mushroom bodies are more reliably associated with sensory ecology than social behavior.
Abstract 2714: Expression and functional analysis of LGR4 in normal and cancer cells of human colon.

LGR4 (leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 4) and its two closely related homologues LGR5 and LGR6 have been shown to function as receptors of R-spondins to potentiate Wnt signaling. The RSPO/LGR4-6 ligand receptor system has essential functions in embryonic development, cell proliferation and survival of adult stem cells. Particularly, LGR4 is required for the survival of intestinal stem cells and the maintenance of gut epithelium while LGR5 is specifically expressed in crypt stem cells. Wnt signaling is frequently dysregulated in various types of cancer, especially in colorectal cancers of which 90% of cases are mutated within this pathway. Most recently, ∼10% of colon cancers were found to contain RSPO gene fusions, but not APC or β-catenin alterations, as an alternative mechanism of Wnt signaling activation. However, expression pattern and function of LGR4 in normal and cancer cells of human colon are largely unknown. The underlying receptor mediating the carcinogenic functions of RSPO gene fusion in colorectal cancers is also unidentified. We developed and validated a panel of LGR4 antibodies that can detect either native or denatured LGR4 with high specificity and sensitivity. Immunohistochemistry analyses were carried out in multiple matched pairs of normal and cancer tissues of human colon. In normal colon LGR4 is expressed most abundantly in epithelial cells located at the bottom of the crypts, consistent with expression data from the mouse intestine. In colon cancer, level of LGR4 is dramatically increased when compared to that of the crypt cells of the matched normal tissues. Next, we used an LGR4 antibody to isolate LGR4-high and LGR4-low cells from a colorectal cancer cell line, and compared the cell populations in rate of proliferation, migration, invasion in vitro and tumor formation and growth in xenografts. Data from these expression and functional analyses will be presented and discussed. Citation Format: Jing Yi, Wei Xiong, Xing Gong, Qingyun Liu. Expression and functional analysis of LGR4 in normal and cancer cells of human colon. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2714. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2714
Hepatic Glucose Production in Developing Chicken Embryo

SummaryHepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activity appears in developing chicken embryo almost simultaneously with appearance of first hepatic cells. Glucose-6-phosphatase and β-glucuronidase activity of embryo increase in direct proportion to liver weight. Properties of embryonic liver glucose-6-phosphatase are similar to those found in adult liver of other species. Studies with liver slices indicate that the embryo liver is capable of glycogenolysis and glucose formation.
Mating compatibility of five strains of stable flies.

Strains of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) imported into the United States from New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, and Japan mated freely with the Kerrville laboratory strain. No evidence was obtained of genetic incompatibility or of abnormal sex ratios of the progeny.
The Influence of Constant Temperatures and Humidities on the Rate of Growth and Relative Size of the Bean Weevil, Bruchus Obtectus Say

The recently growing utilization of insects for quantitative toxicity, nutritional and growth studies requires exact control of all factors which may affect the insect. There is a scarcity of definite information regarding the effects of many environmental factors on the life processes of insects which materially curtails their experimental use. Therefore, aside from the scientific interest involved, it is of considerable practical importance to determine the effects of different environmental factors on insects that lend themselves to experimental work.
Elevated HIF-1α Levels in CLL B Cells May Explain Their Autocrine VEGF Secretion.

We and others previously reported that leukemic CLL cells spontaneously secrete VEGF and that VEGF can enhance the leukemic B cell apoptosis resistance via unknown mechanisms. Here, we report elevated VEGF secretion is associated with CLL B cell over-expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), a transcription factor that is a key regulator of VEGF synthesis. Immunostaining analysis confirmed CLL B cells in blood and bone marrow over-expressed both HIF-1α and VEGF. The high HIF-1α levels were not linked to proline residue (402/564) mutations in oxygen dependent degradation domains; absence of proline hydroxylation dependent enzymes (PHD1, 2, 3, and FIH); or to pVHL mutation (exon 1, 2 and 3); or aberrant transcription of HIF-1α. However, pVHL, a regulator of HIF-1α degradation, was found to be lower in CLL B cells and unable to physically interact with HIF-1α in CLL B cells. Nuclear extraction assay revealed that HIF-1α interacted with its co-factor, p300/CRP in B cells, indicating that HIF-1α was transcriptionally active. We hypothesized that reduction of pVHL expression in CLL B cells could be related to repression by micro RNA function which is known to be aberrantly expressed in CLL. We focused on miR-92-1 known to be over-expressed in CLL B cells and it has pVHL as a putative target. In a luciferase assay of transfected human megakaryocytic cell line, MEG-01, we found a direct effect for miR-92-1 on pVHL, with significant repression of luciferase activity of VHL expression by miR-92-1 compared to both control vectors and a mutated target mRNA sequences. This result indicated that wild-type miR-92-1 was able to interact directly with the 3′ UTR sequence of pVHL and subsequently repress pVHL expression. To further confirm this finding, we did transient transfections of either the CLL cell line Mec-1, primary CLL B cells or normal B cells with a sense oligo miR-92-1 (both Mec-1 and CLL B cells) or wild-type miR-92-1 plasmid (normal B cells). We found the level of flow detectable pVHL lower when compared to non-transfected cells. Because we were interested in the relationship of HIF-1α to CLL B cell survival we studied if chemotherapeutic drugs can downregulate HIF-1α in CLL B cells. To do this we studied flavopiridol a drug that has very promising activity in CLL. Our results indicated that flavopiridol does down-regulate HIF-1α levels in CLL B cells. This latter change was associated with induction of apoptosis in CLL B cells. Overall, our data show that elevated VEGF secretion is related to constitutively elevated HIF-1α levels and is an explanation for the VEGF-based autocrine pathway found in CLL B cells. We also show that elevated HIF-1α levels could be partially related to depressed pVHL with a unique mechanism for its repression: the over-expressed microRNA, miR-92-1 in CLL-B cells.
Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe

(1968). Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 84-86.
Prevalence of central obesity among normal body weight adults from Guangxi Province in 2010

Objective To understand the prevalence of central obesity among normal body weight adults in Guangxi. Methods The prevalence of central obesity was assessed based on the data obtained from the Chinese Chronic Disease Surveillance project, in which a questionnaire survey was conducted and the waist circumference(WC) and waist-to-height ratio(WHt R) were measured among 2 244 adults over 18 years old with normal body weight. The correlation of central obesity with clustering of cardiovascular risk factors was analyzed as well. Result The prevalence of central obesity among normal body weight adults assessed by WC and WHt R were 7.3% and16.6% respectively. The prevalence of central obesity in female was higher than that of male(p0.01), and it increased with the age. If based on WC the prevalence central obesity in rural area(10.5%) was higher than that in urban area(6.1%), while there was no significant difference between rural(17.9%) and urban(16.1%) by WHt R.After adjustment of age, gender, education level and geographic location, the risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases in adults with central obesity was 2.272 times higher than the individuals without obesity. Conclusions Central obesity is associated with a higher risk of heart disease. About 17% of normal body weights adults in Guangxi are central obesity and are in high risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is important to keep healthy weight based on WC and WHt R and to control obesity by controlling diet and increasing physical activity.
Candidate selection for heart transplantation.

The number of patients referred for heart transplantation continues to increase at a rate well beyond the number of available donors. Further attempts to expand the donor pool may be difficult and certainly ca1mot keep pace with the increased demand. Uniform criteria for candidate selection are critically needed. Application of simple but definitive guidelines should help significantly reduce the number of patients on the transplant waiting list and allow patients with the greatest survival benefit to receive a graft in a much shorter period of time.
A Checklist Intervention to Assess Resident Diagnostic Knee and Shoulder Arthroscopic Efficiency.

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to apply an arthroscopic shoulder and knee checklist in the evaluation of orthopedic resident arthroscopic skill efficiency and to demonstrate the use of a surgical checklist for assessing resident surgical efficiency over the course of a surgical rotation. Methods Orthopedic surgery residents rotating on the sports medicine service at our institution between 2011 and 2015 were enrolled in this study. Residents were administered a shoulder and knee arthroscopy assessment tool at the beginning and end of their 6-week rotation. The assessment tools consisted of checklist items for knee and shoulder arthroscopy skills. Residents were timed while performing these checklist tasks. The primary outcome measure was resident improvement as a function of time to completion for the checklist items, and the intervention was participation in a 6-week resident rotation with weekly arthroscopy didactics, cadaver simulator work, and operating room experience. A paired t test was used to compare means. Results Mean time to checklist completion during week 1 among study participants for the knee checklist was 787.4 seconds for the knee checklist and 484.4 seconds at the end of the rotation. Mean time to checklist completion during week 1 among study participants for the shoulder checklist was 1655.3 seconds and 832.7 seconds for the shoulder checklist at the end of the rotation. Mean improvement in time to completion was 303 seconds (p = 0.0006, SD = 209 s) and 822.6 seconds (p = 0.00008, SD = 525.2 s) for the arthroscopic knee and shoulder assessments, respectively. Conclusions An arthroscopic checklist is 1 method to evaluate and assess resident efficiency and improvement during surgical training. Among residents participating in this study, we found statistically significant improvements in time for arthroscopic task completion. Level of Evidence II
Invisible Transfer An Unexpected Finding in the Pursuit of Transfer

Much research shows that students do not transfer learning well from one class to the next. This study was designed to investigate if students were transferring rhetorical strategies from their dis...
Outlier in Analysis of Cancer Mortality by US County.

In the study by Dr Mokdad and colleagues regarding disparities in cancer mortality among US counties, 1 Florida county repeatedly stands out for highest rates of mortality nationally.1 The authors calculated that Union County, Florida, has 2 to 6 times the national rates of mortality for tracheal, bronchus and lung, kidney, liver, lip and oral cavity, colon and rectum, testicular, and pancreatic cancers.
Besouros, parasitóides e Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae): Um estudo sobre discriminação de hospedeiro

Resumo O besouro Slolas sp. (familia Chrysomelidae), herbivoro tanto quando larva como adulto, preda a trepadeira Ipomoea asarifolia. Ao redor de Manaus, em media 86% de seus agrupamentos de ovos foram completamente parasitados pela vespa Emersonella neveipes (Eulophideae). A vespa e foretica em besouros femeas. Em comparacao com besouros do campo que nao possuem vespas foreticas, os besouros em associacao com vespas apresentam as seguintes caracteristicas: (1) produziram ovos mais cedo, (2) produziram mais agrupamentos de ovos e (3) tiveram esperanca de vida, em laboratorio, mais curta. E. neveipes tambem ataca Chelymorphe cassidea. Como Stolas sp. nao se alimenta de folhagem de batata-doce e nao ocorre em campo onde ha batata-doce, poderia ser um hospedeiro substituto, inofensivo e util. para o Emersonella neveipes. Como algumas especies de Convolvulaceae sao importantes ervas daninhas para as plantacoes, os besouros Cassidenae, que comem a sua folhagem, podem ter um papel util na supressao dessas ervas daninhas. Qualquer programa de controle biologico, para a supressao das pestes que atacam a batata-doce, deve favorecer a proliferacao das ervas daninhas nocivas que sejam controladas pela fauna herbivora das batatas-doces.
Open Repair of Severe Rotator Cuff Tears

For the purpose of this chapter, severe tears are defined as massive, acute tears that can be repaired or reconstructed. These are challenging and can be addressed via mini-open or open techniques. Ones that occur following a primary anterior dislocation often can be repaired acutely, while alternative techniques such as partial repairs, tendon transfers, and interpositional grafts may be necessary for those that cannot be restored to their original insertion. In addition to history and physical exam, MRI can be helpful preoperatively for planning which surgical approaches might be necessary.
Narcissus Precedes Oedipus: A Response to Vitz and Gartner:

The authors briefly respond to Vitz and Gartner's reply to their article, “Christianity and Psychoanalysis: Original Sin–Oedipal or Preoedipal?”, and focus specifically on three of the larger issue...
Russian Colonization: The Implications of Mercantile Colonial Practices in the North Pacific

The maritime fur trade propelled Russian expansion into the North Pacific in the 18th and 19th centuries. The mercantile legacy of Russian colonization is evident in the rapid founding of settlements across an immense region, the corporate hierarchy of the colonial administration, and the policies and practices for the treatment of indigenous peoples. Russian fur merchants transported to North America colonial practices that originated in Siberia. In contrast to American and British merchants on the Northwest Coast who relied on commodity exchange with autonomous native hunters for furs, Russians forced native hunters to work directly for their companies, initially by military force and the taking of hostages to insure tribute payments and later by mandatory conscription. While relatively few Europeans immigrated to Russian America, colonial administrators relocated scores of native and “mixed blood” workers to new colonies. What emerged was a different twist to the colonial encounters that unfolded among indigenous populations and “colonists.” Rather than confronting successive waves of European immigrants, local peoples interacted primarily with other natives from homelands dispersed across the North Pacific. Historical archaeology has much to contribute to understanding the long-term impacts of “native-to-native” interactions in pluralistic colonial communities.
From Harvey to the mid 19th century

A period of 230 years separated the publication of William Harvey’s De Motu Cordis from the appearance of Thomas Peacock’s treatise on Malformations of the Human Heart. [31] Many important changes occurred in thinking about the heart during these two centuries, a time period which can be thought of in the history of pediatric cardiology as the age from Harvey to Peacock.
Diminishing Arctic Sea Ice Promotes Stronger Surface Winds

AbstractProjections of Arctic sea ice through the end of the twenty-first century indicate the likelihood of a strong reduction in ice area and thickness in all seasons, leading to a substantial th...
A Review of Lignan Metabolism, Milk Enterolactone Concentration, and Antioxidant Status of Dairy Cows Fed Flaxseed

Lignans are polyphenolic compounds with a wide spectrum of biological functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic activities, therefore, there is an increasing interest in promoting the inclusion of lignan-rich foods in humans’ diets. Flaxseed is the richest source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside—a compound found in the outer fibrous-containing layers of flax. The rumen appears to be the major site for the conversion of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside to the enterolignans enterodiol and enterolactone, but only enterolactone has been detected in milk of dairy cows fed flaxseed products (whole seeds, hulls, meal). However, there is limited information regarding the ruminal microbiota species involved in the metabolism of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Likewise, little is known about how dietary manipulation such as varying the nonstructural carbohydrate profile of rations affects milk enterolactone in dairy cows. Our review covers the gastrointestinal tract metabolism of lignans in humans and animals and presents an in-depth assessment of research that have investigated the impacts of flaxseed products on milk enterolactone concentration and animal health. It also addresses the pharmacokinetics of enterolactone consumed through milk, which may have implications to ruminants and humans’ health.
Louse Flies, Keds, and Bat Flies (Hippoboscoidea)

Abstract The Hippoboscoidea (Families Hippoboscidae, Streblidae, and Nycteribiidae) are parasitic true flies (Order: Diptera) that feed on the blood. The Streblidae, and Nycteribiidae are ectoparasites of bats and contain the majority of species with the Hippoboscidae known from birds and mammals other than bats. Several species of Hippoboscidae including Melophagus ovinus and Hippobosca spp. are ectoparsites of domestic animals and livestock. Melophagus ovinus causes significant direct damage to sheep, but is not a major vector of known pathogens. As with most blood feeding arthropods the Hippoboscoidea are vectors of pathogens but since most species feed on wildlife they are less studied than those that bite humans or domestic animals.
Reproductive Health Disparities: Pap Knowledge and Screening Rates among Asian Pacific Islander College Women

A Papanicolaou test is the most effective procedure for detecting cervical cancer. Unfortunately, many young Asian Pacific Islander (API) college women are unaware of this procedure and do not take precaution against cervical cancer. This paper reports disaggregated data on Pap knowledge and screening rates of female students at a four-year university and suggests recommendations to healthcare providers to improve Pap screening rates. Using a communitybased participatory research (CBPR) approach, a cross-sectional study was administered using a web-based anonymous survey (N=618). The survey results indicated that participants who were least likely to know about Pap tests were 18-21 years old, API, uninsured, and not in a committed relationship. Slightly more than half (52%) of API females received a screening compared to 82.4% of white females. The most influential people for Pap screening were doctors (43%) and the least influential people were mothers (18.8%) and friends (7.8%). This study expands the literature on Pap knowledge and screenings among API college students and provides culturally appropriate recommendations to improve screening rates.
Involvement of the Gut Microbiota and Barrier Function in Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are potent immune-modulating drugs with significant side effects, including glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). GCs directly induce osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis but also alter intestinal microbiota composition. Although the gut microbiota is known to contribute to the regulation of bone density, its role in GIO has never been examined. To test this, male C57/Bl6J mice were treated for 8 weeks with GC (prednisolone, GC-Tx) in the presence or absence of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (ABX) to deplete the microbiota. Long-term ABX prevented GC-Tx-induced trabecular bone loss, showing the requirement of gut microbiota for GIO. Treatment of GC-Tx mice with a probiotic (Lactobacillus reuteri [LR]) prevented trabecular bone loss. Microbiota analyses indicated that GC-Tx changed the abundance of Verrucomicobiales and Bacteriodales phyla and random forest analyses indicated significant differences in abundance of Porphyromonadaceae and Clostridiales operational taxonomic units (OTUs) between groups. Furthermore, transplantation of GC-Tx mouse fecal material into recipient naive, untreated WT mice caused bone loss, supporting a functional role for microbiota in GIO. We also report that GC caused intestinal barrier breaks, as evidenced by increased serum endotoxin level (2.4-fold), that were prevented by LR and ABX treatments. Enhancement of barrier function with a mucus supplement prevented both GC-Tx-induced barrier leakage and trabecular GIO. In bone, treatment with ABX, LR or a mucus supplement reduced GC-Tx-induced osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis. GC-Tx suppression of Wnt10b in bone was restored by the LR and high-molecular-weight polymer (MDY) treatments as well as microbiota depletion. Finally, we identified that bone-specific Wnt10b overexpression prevented GIO. Taken together, our data highlight the previously unappreciated involvement of the gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function in trabecular GIO pathogenesis (including Wnt10b suppression and osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis) and identify the gut as a novel therapeutic target for preventing GIO. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Benefits of additive manufacturing and micro and nano surface texture modifications on mechanical strength and infection resistance of skin-implant interfaces in rats

Patients find existing exo-prostheses utilizing traditional socket connections uncomfortable and irritating, as they do not provide the dexterity and proprioception which is often expected by activ...
Preservice Music Teacher Occupational Identity Development in an Early Field Experience

Occupational identity development is an important, complex component of music teacher education. Preservice teachers may experience dissonance between and/or integration of their musician and teach...
Cellular pulse switching: An architecture for event sensing and localization in sensor networks

This paper presents a novel energy-efficient pulse switching protocol for ultra-light-weight wireless cellular network applications. The key idea of pulse switching is to abstract a single pulse, as opposed to multi-bit packets, as the information exchange mechanism. Event monitoring with conventional packet transport can be prohibitively energy-inefficient due to the communication, processing, and buffering overheads of the large number of bits within a packet’s data, header, and preambles. Pulse switching, on the other hand, is shown to be sufficient for event monitoring applications that require binary sensing. This paper presents a joint MAC and Routing architecture for pulse switching with a novel cellular event localization framework. Through analytical modeling and simulation experiments, it is shown that pulse switching can be an effective means for event based networking, which can potentially replace packet transport when the information is binary in nature.
Adolescent Engagement in a Binge-Eating Behavioral Health Intervention: Influence of Perceptions of Physical Appearance and Locus of Control

Traditional weight management approaches focused solely on weight loss as a measure of success may lead youth to internalize negative beliefs about their appearance, and feel they have little control over their health. We examined how perceptions of appearance and health-related locus of control (HRLOC) influenced engagement and outcomes in a behavioral health intervention for binge eating. Thirty adolescents aged 14–18 years completed measures of self-perception, HRLOC, and eating behaviors. Half (n = 15) completed baseline assessments only, while the other half participated in a 10-week intervention targeting dysregulated eating behaviors. Analyses revealed negative perceptions of physical appearance and internal HRLOC were higher at baseline among youth who completed the intervention compared to those who completed baseline assessments only. Among those completing the intervention, however, greater internal HRLOC and more positive perception of physical appearance at baseline was associated with greater reduction in objective binge episodes and emotional eating post-intervention. Findings of the present study suggest that while having a more negative perception of one’s appearance may initially motivate youth to participate in weight-related interventions, such perceptions can actually lead to poorer health outcomes, and further supports the extant literature on the benefits of interventions that engender positive body image.
Wearing a Cloak and Many Hats: Expectations of Anthropologists in an Academic Health Science Center in Texas

Historically, medical humanities has buttressed medical education by asking students to consider themselves in relationship to their patients. As medical anthropologists, we have troubled this notion by encouraging students to consider the social determinants of health as well as reflect upon the economics and politics of medicine and their own motivation for becoming a doctor. This chapter analyzes the tensions between professional medical education and the disciplines of anthropology and humanities, noting their own internal logics and theoretical frictions. We use examples from interprofessional training and the integration of art in medical education to illustrate ways of incorporating the values of medical anthropology to shape medical students in their first 2 years of study. While we are proud of our medical anthropology training and work, we found that in order to effectively navigate the academic health sciences, we have had to cloak our anthropological identity and wear the hats more formally recognized in medical education.
A pediatrician-friendly review of three common behavioral health screeners in pediatric practice: Findings and recommendations

Behavioral health concerns are surging in pediatric practices. Fortunately, integrated behavioral/medical health clinics are growing and child psychiatrists/psychologists are increasingly embedded in these care settings to help shoulder the clinical load. Routine screening of behavioral health problems in primary care facilities enables early identification and treatment. However, deciding on sound, efficient, and scalable screening measures is sometimes arduous. Accordingly, this article presents a clinician-friendly review of three common instruments useful in screening pediatric behavioral health concerns including anxiety, depression, and conduct problems. Psychometric findings and clinical applications of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) are delineated. Finally, clinical implications and recommendations for practicing pediatricians and child psychiatrists are offered.
Less Can Be More: Encouraging Mastery of Research Design in Undergraduate Research Methods

In this essay, I describe the evolution of my undergraduate research methods curriculum from one that emphasizes the breadth of methodological approaches to one that instead explores the depth of only three thoughtfully-chosen approaches. What began as a broad survey of the scientific method has become a more narrowly focused examination of how to effectively deploy just a few methodologies. Recognizing how challenging research methods can be for students, I have finally settled on the pedagogical philosophy that less is more. This essay describes the process by which I came to settle on this approach, how it looks in practice, and the pedagogical benefits.
Project PRAKASH: Development of Object Perception Following Long-term Visual Deprivation.

Understanding how the human visual system learns to perceive objects in the environment is one of the fundamental challenges in neuroscience, and is also the motivation behind a new humanitarian and scientific initiative that we have launched, called ‘Project Prakash’. This project involves a systematic study of the development of object perception skills in children following recovery from congenital blindness. We are conducting the experimental part of this study in India where we have located children with treatable congenital blindness. Working in conjunction with recent outreach initiatives by eye-hospitals in India, we have the unique opportunity to help congenitally blind children gain sight and then to study the development of object perception following sight onset. A particular strength of this project is that it affords us an opportunity to continuously follow the development of visual skills and associated neural markers from before the sight restoration treatment to after. Here we provide an overview of Project Prakash and also describe a specific study related to the development of face-perception skills following sight recovery.
Manufacturing a nanowire-based sensing system via flow-guided assembly in a microchannel array template

A novel flow-guided assembly approach is presented to accurately align and position nanowire arrays in pre-defined locations with high throughput and large-scale manufacturing capability. In this approach, a polymer solution is first filled in an array of microfluidic channels. Then a gas flow is introduced to blow out most of the solution while pushing a little leftover against the channel wall for assembly into polymer nanowires. In this way, highly ordered nanowires are conveniently aligned in the flow direction and patterned along both sides of the microchannels. In this study, we demonstrated this flow-guided assembly process by producing millimetre-long nanowires across a 5 × 12 mm area in the same orientation and with basic 'I-shape', 'T-shape', and 'cross' patterns. The assembled polymer nanowires were further converted to conductive carbon nanowires through a standard carbonization process. After being integrated into electronic sensors, high sensitivity was found in model protein sensing tests. This new nanowire manufacturing approach is anticipated to open new doors to the fabrication of nanowire-based sensing systems and serve as good manufacturing practice for its simplicity, low cost, alignment reliability, and high throughput.
Cocaine-Related Disorders

Cocaine, produced from the coca plant, is self-administered as a reinforcing substance in various preparations (e.g., coca leaves, coca paste, cocaine hydrochloride, and cocaine alkaloid). These preparations differ in potency due to varying levels of purity and route of administration. Chewing coca leaves or smoking of coca paste in combination with tobacco and marijuana is common among native populations in Central and South America, where coca is grown. Cocaine hydrochloride powder is usually “snorted” through the nostrils or dissolved in water and injected intravenously, and it is sometimes mixed with heroin, which is called a “speedball.” “Crack” is cocaine alkaloid that is extracted from its powdered salt by processing it into small “rocks.” Crack is easily vaporized and inhaled, and its effects have a rapid onset. Crack also can be broken down with citrus juice and injected, but it is most commonly smoked. Cocaine mixed with alcohol results in the production by the liver of a potent stimulant, Cocaethylene. Keywords: cocaine; contingency management; drug abuse; crack
Fortran RED - A Retargetable Environment for Automatic Data Layout

The proliferation of parallel platforms over the last ten years has been dramatic. Parallel platforms come in different flavors, including desk-top multiprocessor PCs and workstations with a few processors, networks of PCs and workstations, and supercomputers with hundreds of processors or more. This diverse collection of parallel platforms provide not only computing cycles, but other important resources for scientific computing as well, such as large amounts of main memory and fast I/O capabilities. As a result of the proliferation of parallel platforms, the "typical profile" of a potential user of such systems has changed considerably. The specialist user who has a good understanding of the complexities of the target parallel system has been replaced by a user who is largely unfamiliar with the underlying system characteristics. While the specialist's main concern is peak performance, the non-specialist user may be willing to trade off performance for ease of programming. Recent languages such as High Performance Fortran (HPF) and SGI Parallel Fortran are a significant step towards making parallel platforms truly usable for a broadening user community. However, non-trivial user input is required to produce efficient parallel programs. The main challenge for a user is to understand the performance implications of a specified data layout, which requires knowledge about issues such as code generation and analysis strategies of the HPF compiler and its node compiler, and the performance characteristics of the target architecture. This paper discusses our preliminary experiences with the design and implementation of Fortran RED, a tool that supports Fortran as a deterministic, sequential programming model on different parallel target systems. The tool is not part of a compiler. Fortran RED uses HPF as its intermediate program representation since the language is portable across many parallel platforms, and commercial and research HPF compilers are widely available. Fortran RED is able to support different target HPF compilers and target architectures, and allows multi-dimensional distributions in addition to dynamic remapping. This paper focuses on the discussion of the performance prediction component of the tool and reports preliminary results for a single scientific kernel on two target systems, namely PGI's and IBM's HPF compilers with IBM's SP-2 as the target architecture.
Influence of Gonadal Factors on Skin Test Reactivity of CFW Mice to Candida albicans

Sex differences in the delayed skin test response to Candida albicans were studied in gonadectomized and control CFW mice sensitized either actively with sonically treated antigen or passively with lymphoid cells. In mice actively sensitized with antigen, the responses to candida skin testing were larger in the female. In both sexes, the skin test responses were larger in mice gonadectomized prior to sensitization than in controls of the same sex. In mice passively sensitized with male lymphoid cells, the responses to candida skin testing were essentially equal in the sexes. In both sexes, gonadectomy prior to passive sensitization with the male cells resulted in greater skin test reactivity. In mice passively sensitized with female lymphoid cells, the responses were larger in the males. In males, pre-sensitization gonadectomy resulted in smaller skin test responses, but in the females gonadectomy did not influence the responses. It is suggested that the greater skin test reactivity of the female to candida is due to a sex difference in the response of lymphoid cells to gonadal hormones. This difference may be important in the greater immune reactivity and resistance to infection which occur in the female.
Correction: Pattern-based detection of anion pollutants in water with DNA polyfluorophores

Correction for ‘Pattern-based detection of anion pollutants in water with DNA polyfluorophores’ by Hyukin Kwon et al., Chem. Sci., 2015, 6, 2575–2583.
MySSP: Non-stationary evolutionary sequence simulation, including indels

MySSP is a new program for the simulation of DNA sequence evolution across a phylogenetic tree. Although many programs are available for sequence simulation, MySSP is unique in its inclusion of indels, flexibility in allowing for non-stationary patterns, and output of ancestral sequences. Some of these features can individually be found in existing programs, but have not all have been previously available in a single package.
Heck Reactions of Aryl Chlorides Catalyzed by Palladium/Tri‐tert‐butylphosphine: (E)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐Phenylacrylic Acid Butyl Ester and (E)‐4‐(2‐Phenylethenyl)benzonitrile

(E)-2-Methyl-3-phenacrylic acid butyl ester Bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium (E)-4-(2-Phenylethenyl)benzonitrile Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)palladium Keywords: Heck reaction; aryl chlorides; tri-butylphosphine; waste disposal; coupling reactions; elevated temperatures; room temperature; catalytic cycle
The mTOR pathway is activated in glial cells in mesial temporal sclerosis

Summary Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key protein kinase that regulates basic cellular processes, including development and growth. Mutations in mTOR cause tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a condition that is characterized by developmental brain malformations (cortical tubers) and epilepsy. Although considerable insight has been gained recently into the pathologic dysfunction of mTOR in tubers in TSC-related epilepsy, data on the mTOR cascade in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) are lacking. Immunohistochemical investigation with confocal microscopy was performed to evaluate mTOR cascade and to correlate its activity with cellular alterations observed in surgically resected samples of human neocortex and hippocampus in MTLE. We compared results in human tissue to findings in the rat pilocarpine model of sclerotic MTLE. In nonsclerotic and control hippocampus, many neurons in the CA1 subfield expressed high levels of phospho-S6 (p-S6), a reliable marker of mTOR activation. In nonsclerotic and control hippocampus, as well as in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) normal human neocortex, protoplasmic astrocytes did not express p-S6. In contrast, in sclerotic hippocampus, prominent p-S6 immunostaining was observed mainly in astrocytes and microglia located in the areas of neuronal loss and astrogliosis, whereas neurons in preserved areas of CA1 expressed significantly lower levels of p-S6 immunopositivity than neurons in nonsclerotic or control CA1 subfields. In surgically resected neocortex with chronic astroglial scar tissue, only microglia revealed moderate p-S6 immunoreactivity. Different from human sclerotic epileptic hippocampus, astrogliosis in the chronic rat pilocarpine model of epilepsy was not characterized by glial cells with mTOR activation. The mTOR cascade is activated in astroglial cells in sclerotic MTLE, but not in astrocytes in chronic neocortical scarring or in the pilocarpine model of MTLE. These findings suggest that the astroglial “scar” in sclerotic MTLE has active, ongoing cellular changes. Targeting mTOR in MTLE may provide new pathways for the medical therapy of epilepsy.
Intense beam-target interactions in linear induction accelerator radiography systems

Summary form only given. Modern flash X-ray systems employing electron linear induction accelerators require focal spot sizes of order 1 mm diameter incident on high-Z Bremsstrahlung targets. Typical beam parameters are in the range of several kiloamperes, tens of MeV with pulse lengths of order 50 ns. A single pulse with these parameters is so intense that it converts the target material into a hot plasma with velocities on the order of several centimeters per microsecond. Intense axial electric fields will exist on the target surface which may lead to the extraction of light contaminant ions. These ions can travel upstream where they will act as an electrostatic lens which can cause a time varying disruption of the focal spot. Experimental and theoretical work on this backstreaming ion mechanism will be presented along with issues for multiple pulse operation.
Gondwana events and pal˦ogeography:A pal˦omagnetic review

Abstract Several important tectonic episodes stand out in Gondwana's major and microplatemotions: (1) Gondwana assembly; (2) the general movement of Gondwana towards higher latitudes in the Pal˦ozoic; (3) the influence of terranes on Gondwana Mesozoic break-up motions; and (4) Mesozoic-Cenozoic terrane motion along Gondwana's convergent margins. Current palaeomagnetic data indicate that the various fragments of Gondwana were assembled between ∼900 and ∼500 Ma. After assembly, the East Gondwana portion of Gondwana moved from more equatorial latitudes in the Early Pal˦ozoic into much higher latitudes by the Late Pal˦ozoic, whereas that of West Gondwana was the opposite. This overall motion and concomitant climatic change had a profound influence on the pal˦oevolution of different Gondwana faunas and floras in the Pal˦ozoic. During the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic, convergence along the Gondwana margin resulted in accretion of various microplates. By the Early to Mid-Jurassic, pal˦omagnetic data suggest that terrane motion along the pal˦o-Pacific margin of Gondwana was related to the initial break-up of the supercontinent. This motion, especially in West Antarctica and New Zealand, caused the intermittent occurrence of palaeoseaways and landbridges between East and West Gondwana. In the Tertiary, collision of India and Africa with Eurasia caused significant local rotations associated with regional deformation.