cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant arch reconstruction during total system perfusion.

Currently, neonatal arch reconstruction requires the use of circulatory arrest or, predominantly, regional cerebral perfusion techniques.' With regional perfusion, the question remains as to the adequacy of brain perfusion. 2,3 Recent clinical and experimental evidence suggests that, with all techniques, systemic perfusion is sacrificed and unwanted effects of deep hypothermia remain. With the use of the INVOS cerebral oximeter (Somanetics, Troy, Mich), changes in the regional cerebral oxygen saturation are now noninvasively and continuously monitored, allowing for the comparison of different techniques. We present a case of successful aortic arch reconstruction in an infant using a novel technique that allows total cerebral as well as systemic perfusion during arch reconstruction.
Activation, properties and collection of haemolymph phenoloxidase of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract 1. The haemolymph of Periplaneta americana contains the proenzyme prophenoloxidase (EC 1.14.18.1) which was activated by incubation of the haemolymph with various organic solvents. Their effectiveness was acetone > methanoi > ethanol > propanol > butanol. 2. Activated phenoloxidase oxidized diphenols, d - and l -Dopa, pyrocatechol, epinephrine and norepinephone and the triphenol pyrogalcol, but showed no activity towards tyrosine or other monophenols. 3. Various methods of drawing haemolymph were evaluated for their effectiveness in recovering activatable phenoloxidase activity. Acetic acid pretreatment of the whole insect prior to collecting haemolymph was found to be the best, apparently due to its effectiveness in inhibiting haemocyte coagulation. 4. The activated enzyme was inhibited most effectively by phenylthiourea and had a pH optimum of 6.
Explicitly correlated SCF study of anharmonic vibrations in (H2O)2

Modeling solvation in high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) requires calculation of anharmonic vibrational frequencies of solvent clusters for a statistical partition function. An efficient computational method that includes electron correlation is highly desirable for large clusters. A modified version of the "soft Coulomb hole" method of Chakravorty and Clementi has recently been implemented in a Gaussian-lobe-orbital (GLO) program (PCLOBE) to include explicit electron-electron correlation in molecules. The soft Coulomb hole is based on a modified form of Coulomb's law: f(r 1 2 ) = (1 - exp(-w(r 1 2 ) 2 ))/r 1 2 , w = scaling parameter. An algorithm has been developed to obtain the parameter "w" from a polynomial in the effective scaling of each primitive Gaussian orbital relative to the best single Gaussian of the H1s orbital. This method yields over 90% of the correlation energy for molecules of low symmetry for which the original formula of Chakravorty and Clementi does not apply. In this work, all the vibrations of the water dimer are treated anharmonically. A quartic perturbation of the harmonic vibrational modes is constrained to be equal to the exact Morse potential eigenvalue based on a three-point fit. This work evaluates the usefulness of fitting a Morse potential to a hydrogen bond vibrational mode and finds it to be slightly better than using MP2 vibrational analysis for this important dimer. A three-point estimate of the depth, D e , of a Morse potential leads to a correction formula for anharmonicity in terms of the perturbed harmonic frequency: E 1 - E 0 = hv 0 - 21h 2 v 2 o/40D e + h 3 v 3 o/80D 2 e - h 4 v 4 o/2560D 3 e When scaled by 0.9141, the harmonic Morse method leads to essentially the same results as scaling the BPW91 local density method by 0.9827.
Foreign aid and export diversification in developing countries

This paper analyzes the effect of foreign aid on export diversification for a sample of developing countries while controlling for the effects of other factors that determine export diversification. We find that foreign aid not exceeding 20% of a country's GDP significantly promotes export diversification, while foreign aid in excess of 20% of GDP significantly impedes export diversification. The latter result corroborates evidence from related literature, which has shown that foreign aid can have an anti-export bias due to a Dutch disease effect. However, our results show that aid as a percent of GDP is below 20% in most low-income countries. This implies that in many low-income countries, varying amounts of additional aid can be used to enhance export diversification without causing a Dutch disease effect. As in the previous literature, we find that the level of development, infrastructure, transactions costs, and natural resources significantly affect export diversification. Our results are robust to t...
Constitutive expression of interleukin-18 and interleukin-18 receptor mRNA in tumour derived human B-cell lines.

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the Th1 immune response and expressed by a variety of cell types. IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family and plays an important role in autoimmune diseases and inflammation. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) mRNA expression of IL-18, IL-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Rα), and beta (IL-18Rβ) were studied in tumour derived human B-cell lines. Furthermore, we investigated IL-18 protein secretion by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results, as presented in this report, suggest that IL-18, IL-18Rα, and IL-18Rβ mRNA are constitutively and ubiquitously expressed in human B-cell lines, but secretion of the functional protein does not occur. We therefore speculate that IL-18 possibly affects B-cells through paracrine actions.
Microstructural Development in Nano-Crystalline Zinc Sulfide Powders

Monodispersed, spherical, submicron size zinc sulfide powders were previously prepared in our laboratory utilizing homogeneous precipitation by thermal decomposition of thioacetamide in acidic aqueous solutions. Electron microscopic investigations of these powders indicated that the individual particles were agglomerates of 8~14 nm size crystallites. It has been known that zinc sulfide does not sinter under ambient pressure due to the covalent nature of its bonding, high melting point, and relatively high vapor pressures at elevated temperatures. The heat treatment of these nano-crystalline zinc sulfide powders, however, showed some degree of sintering at temperatures as low as 600°C under vacuum.
Treating prehypertension: a review of the evidence.

Although the term “prehypertension” has been challenged by some, its use to define people with systolic blood pressure (BP) between 120 and 139 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressures between 80 and 89 mm Hg has gained general acceptance. The category includes as many people as the number who have hypertension, defined as blood pressure of 140/90 or above. Such people are clearly at an increased risk of cardiovascular damage compared with people with BPs below 120/80 mm Hg. The major unresolved issue is the appropriate management of such patients. Two trials have attempted to document the value of short-term drug therapy to prevent the progression of BP to overt hypertension, but no outcome studies are currently available.
Hurricane Katrina: Urban History from the Eye of the Storm

In late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina touched down in the Gulf Coast region of the United States. This massive storm left in its wake death, destruction, and human suffering on a scale and scope t...
The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 are associated with tumor size and pathologic indicators of tumor aggressiveness in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Functional chemokine receptors are expressed in many malignant tumors, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). These receptors promote tumor growth and metastasis in response to endogenous chemokines. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of two chemokine receptors—CXCR4 and CCR7—in a series of PTCs. We hypothesized that CXCR4 and CCR7 would correlate with indicators of tumor aggressiveness, including tumor size, extrathyroidal extension (ETE), angiolymphatic invasion (ALI), and lymph node metastasis. CXCR4 and CCR7, as well as their specific chemokine ligands (CXCL12 and CCL21, respectively), were assessed in 88 PTCs from 65 patients using a semiquantitative measure of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining intensity for each molecule. Staining intensity was compared with clinicopathologic features including patient age, gender, tumor size, multifocality, ETE, ALI, and lymph node metastasis. Differences in CXCR4 and CCR7 mRNA levels were sought in a subset of tumors using gene microarrays and quantitative RT-PCR. [Statistics: t test, Mann-Whitney U test; P < .05]. High-intensity IHC staining for CXCR4 was associated with larger tumor size (P = .02), while PTCs exhibiting ETE, ALI, or lymph node metastasis showed higher-intensity IHC staining for CCR7 than those without (P = .01, .03, and .01, respectively). CCR7 mRNA levels were also higher in tumors with ALI (P = .04). Expression of CXCR4 and CCR7 by PTCs is associated with indicators of tumor aggressiveness, including tumor size, ETE, ALI, and lymph node metastasis. Further studies are necessary to define the mechanisms underlying this association and to determine its potential prognostic and therapeutic implications.
THE NUCLEOSIDE DEAMINASES FOR CYTIDINE AND ADENOSINE : STRUCTURE, TRANSITION STATE STABILIZATION, MECHANISM, AND EVOLUTION

Enzymatic deamination of cytidine and adenosine bases in RNA have recently been shown to be mechanisms for changing the coding specificity of messenger and transfer RNAs. The structures of the enzymes that carry out deamination of the corresponding nucleosides have been analyzed by X-ray crystallography. They are quite different from one another in most respects, including quaternary and tertiary structure, but they have similar chemical groups in their active sites. Both enzymes envelope their nucleoside substrates completely, perhaps accounting for the fact that they are inactive on RNA substrates. Much has been learned about catalytic mechanisms from the structures of the enzymes and their complexes with transition state analog inhibitors. Catalysis proceeds with the activation by zinc of a bound water molecule, presumably to hydroxide ion, which attacks the appropriate carbon to generate a tetrahedral intermediate. The detailed stereochemistry of the two resulting chiral centers is diastereoisomeric. Details of the ensuing proton transfer steps necessary to generate and release the products are also apparently different in the two enzymes. Thus, the active site similarities are probably the result of convergent evolution.
The impact of spirituality on the formation of a leader’s purpose

This article reports a study of how 10 highly influential Christian leaders formed their higher purpose. Using the phenomenological approach and of Moustakas and grounded theory procedures, the study results suggest that when these leaders experienced cognitive dissonance because of their spiritual formation and conditions they perceived in the environment, they formed a higher purpose aimed at reducing the dissonance. Similar to the behavioral model of Ajzen and Fishbein, evidence from this study suggests that spiritual beliefs and the encouragement of others influences the formation of a leader’s higher purpose (intention), which, in turn, informs the vision that they communicate (behavior) to others.
Brain potentials during sentence verification: Late negativity and long-term memory strength

Abstract Subjects decided whether self-referential statements were true or false. Event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with final words creating false statements displayed a late negativity (N340) relative to ERPs for true completions. The size of this difference between true and false statements was greater for highly familiar statements (e.g. “My name is Ira”) than for less familiar ones (e.g. “I go to bed late”) even after all the statements had been practised a number of times. The late negativity appears to be associated with a discrepancy between presented and remembered information, and its magnitude reflects the long-term familiarity or strength of the remembered information.
Marketing as Production: The Development of a Concept:

The conventional view of marketing as somehow adding to the work of manufacturing is rooted in the concept of production as the creation of material attributes. A view of marketing as an integral part of a productive process generating “bundles of utilities” has a long history in economic analysis. This approach offers several advantages for marketing thought.
INFORMATION ASYMMETRY AND OPTIONS TRADING

This paper demonstrates that options trading does not have a uniform impact on the volatility of underlying stocks. Although uninformed traders are able to hedge the risk of underlying stocks by maintaining opposite positions in the options market, informed traders hold outright options positions to capitalize on their information. This hedging behavior tends to reduce noise in the stock market, whereas the speculating behavior tends to generate noise in the stock market. As a result, stocks that were originally volatile, i.e., traded primarily by uninformed traders, will be stabilized by the introduction of options. Conversely, stocks that were more stable become destabilized by options trading.
HIV protease inhibitors and insulin resistance: lessons from in-vitro, rodent and healthy human volunteer models.

Purpose of review Although the use of HIV protease inhibitors is linked to the development of insulin resistance and other metabolic changes that greatly increase the risk for cardiovascular disease, the molecular mechanisms responsible remain incompletely understood. This review summarizes recent advances that have been made in understanding the relative contributions of individual protease inhibitors to both acute and chronic insulin resistance together with newly identified cellular mediators. Recent findings Individual protease inhibitors, alone and in combination, have differing propensities to induce insulin resistance, reflecting relative differences in both affinities for identified molecular targets and pharmacokinetic profiles. Several of the most recent protease inhibitors approved for clinical use or in development appear to be less likely to induce insulin resistance. In addition to direct effects on glucose transporter-4 activity, induction of oxidative stress, proteosome inhibition, alteration of adipokine levels, and changes in suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 have been implicated. Summary A better understanding of the propensity of individual HIV protease inhibitors to produce insulin resistance will allow the tailoring of individual treatment plans based upon overall risk for diabetes. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for alterations in glucose homeostasis will facilitate the development of newer generations of HIV protease inhibitors that maintain their clinical efficacy without contributing to the development of diabetes mellitus and other proatherogenic effects.
Tilting at windmills, neighborhood health centers, and prepaid group practices

Letters to the Editor may not be enough. The issues facing dentistry today are numerous. So are the number of opinions on any given issue. In this section of THE JOURNAL we encourage responsible and well-written expressions of opinion. Articles will be chosen on a competitive basis. As in other parts of THE JOURNAL, opinions expressed or implied are strictly those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion or official policies or position of the American Dental Association.
Peptide de novo sequencing using 157 nm photodissociation in a tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

It has previously been shown that photodissociation of tryptic peptide ions with 157 nm light in a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer generates an abundance of x-type ions. A peptide de novo sequencing algorithm has now been developed to interpret these data. By combination of photodissociation and postsource decay (PSD) spectra, the algorithm identifies x-type ions and derives peptide sequences. The confidence of amino acid assignments is evaluated by observing complementary y-, v-, and w-type ions that provide additional constraints to sequence identification. In the analysis of 31 tryptic peptides from 4 model proteins, the algorithm identified 322 (or 90.7%) of the 355 amino acids and made only 3 incorrect assignments. The other 30 amino acids were not identified because specific needed x-type ions were not detected. Based on the observation of v- and w-type ions, 45 of 50 detected leucine and isoleucine residues were successfully distingu...
Chord length characterization using focused beam reflectance measurement probe - methodologies and pitfalls

Abstract The impact of the solid concentration and refractive index of dispersing medium on the FBRM measurement of chord length and particle counts were investigated using the PVC (polyvinylchloride) particle systems. It was found that the chord length increased with the solid concentration in the diluted region, but decreased as the concentration became greater than 1.1%. The total particle counts were found to increase initially with the solid concentration, tapering off at high concentrations. The measured counts of small chords (1 μm–50 μm) were found to increase linearly with the solid concentration, those of the large chords increased with the concentration initially and leveled off (50 μm–200 μm) or decreased (200 μm–500 μm) with further increase of concentration. The impact of the refractive index of the dispersing medium on the FBRM measurement was also investigated, the result of which was corroborated by microscopy studies. Comparison between the FBRM and other sizing techniques revealed that when appropriate weighting factors were applied, good agreement could be achieved between the median average values of the chord length and particle size distributions.
Vanadium Oxide Bands

MECKE and Guillery1 identified only four band heads given in Kayser's “Handbuch der Spectro-scopie” (6, 786, 1912) as due to the oxide of vanadium and assigned them their vibration quantum numbers. These are the (1,0), (0,0), (0,1) and (0,2) band heads. Prof. Ferguson2 has recently photographed the bands and measured thirty-one heads from low dispersion spectrograms between 4800 and 8700. The bands have now been photographed under high dispersion and more accurate data have been secured. The measurements have also been extended in the shorter wave-length region as far as 4500. The band-heads are double with a separation of about 2.8v between them. The equation of band head wave numbers remains, however, practically the same as that given by Prof. Ferguson.
Contrasting effects of prostaglandin E2 and indomethacin in modulating con A-induced human lymphocyte proliferation and suppressor cell development

Abstract Several chronic diseases that are characterized by depressed Con A-induced suppressor cell activity are also noted to exhibit depressed in vitro blastogenic responses to mitogens. We investigated the relationship between these two parameters to determine whether depression of lymphocyte proliferation would result in depressed suppressor cell function. First, a correlation in time was found between the degree of initial Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation and subsequent suppressor development. Second, mitomycin C treatment of Con A-activated cells while preventing further blast cell proliferation, was found not to prevent their suppressor cell function. Third, inhibition of lymphocyte blastogenesis with physiological concentrations of prostaglandin E2 was also associated with depressed suppressor cell generation. Finally, enhancement of initial lymphocyte proliferation with indomethacin added in vitro resulted in a significant increase in suppressor cell activity. This enhanced response was nullified in the presence of exogenous prostaglandin E2. These observations strongly suggest that maturation of lymphocytes into blast cells is an important event in the generation of suppressor cells. In addition, these results suggest that caution be taken in interpreting results of Con A suppressor assays in patients with either depressed in vitro mitogen reactivity or in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Synthesis of acetylene‐terminated polymers using supported palladium (II) catalysts

A polymer-bound palladium catalyst was synthesized from palladium diacetate and a single crystal polyethylene having 2,2′-bipyridyl moieties as pendant groups. The resulting material was used in place of a free palladium catalyst in the synthesis of acetylene-terminated resins. Supports other than polyethylen were also tested for their ability to bind palladium and their subsequent activity as catalysts in the synthesis of acetylene-terminated polymers.
Expressive, research and reflective poetry as qualitative inquiry: a study of adolescent identity

This article explores the uses of poetry in qualitative research. In this study of adolescent identity and development, poetry is used as data, as a means of data representation, and as a process of inquiry. The authors explore the nature of poetry as a tool of qualitative research for investigating human phenomena. Autobiographical poems are used as data which are analysed through thematic analysis. From this analysis, research poems in the form of Japanese tankas are created. Finally, the third and fourth authors respond to the original poems and the `findings' from the grounded theory analysis as responsive poems.
Hierarchical balancing approach for frequency‐weighted model reduction

A frequency-weighted balancing related model order reduction technique is proposed that provides stable reduced-order models for the case when both input and output weightings are included. The reduced-order models are realisation independent. Comparison with other frequency-weighted balancing related model order reduction techniques reveals the superiority of the proposed scheme.
Reciprocity of receptive field images and point images in the superior colliculus of the cat.

The largest receptive fields mapped during microelectrode penetrations through the upper strata of the cat's superior colliculus vary substantially in size and shape in different collicular regions. Previous work has shown that when these large fields are plotted in the retinotopic map of the colliculus, their profiles become elliptical and vary little in size and orientation over the central regions of the map. Such profiles are called the receptive field images (RFIs) in the visual coordinate system of the colliculus. Of particular interest here is the relationship of these RFIs to the region of the colliculus occupied by cells whose receptive fields include a common visual point. We call this region the point image in the colliculus. A straightforward geometric argument indicates that the point image in the upper collicular strata should have the same size, shape, and orientation as the RFIs of the large-field cells recorded here, if, indeed, these RFIs are translationally invariant as suggested by the earlier studies. The experiments reported here directly assessed the translational invariance of large-field RFIs in the superior colliculi of individual cats. The results support the previous inference that the profiles are oval with their long axes oriented mediolaterally. The mediolateral and anteroposterior dimensions of the profiles were about 2.7 and 2.0 mm, respectively, wherever they were measured in the central regions of the colliculus. Since the boundaries of the point images in the superficial strata must have similar shape and dimensions, these data indicate that a visual point is “seen” by collicular cells spread through a substantial fraction of the tissue recieving the projection of the contralateral visual field.
Textures of laser ablated superconducting thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ as a function of deposition temperature

The preferred orientation of a series of laser deposited superconducting thin films of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} on LaAlO{sub 3} substrate has been examined. X-ray measurements (pole figures, {chi}-scans, {omega}-scans, rocking curves) reveal an increasingly strong preferred orientation of the polycrystalline material with c-axes perpendicular to the substrate surface as deposition temperature increases. At low temperatures c-axes are predominantly parallel to the substrate surface. Characteristic parameters of the texture types were derived from those measurements. With higher temperatures twinning on (110) was observed. The different texture types are interpreted in terms of a layered film structure.
Spousal support following knee surgery: roles of self-efficacy and perceived emotional responsiveness.

OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate self-efficacy to manage recovery from surgery and perceptions of the spouse's emotional responsiveness of adults recovering from knee surgery as mediators of the association between the quality of support from the spouse following surgery and recovery outcomes. RESEARCH METHOD In-person interviews of married older adults (N = 134) with osteoarthritis of the knee who underwent total knee replacement surgery were conducted at 1 month before surgery, 1 month after surgery, and at 3 months after surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes were knee limitations and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Self-efficacy mediated the associations between emotional support and problematic support and improvement in knee limitations as well as between emotional support and improvement in depressive symptoms. Perceptions of the spouse's emotional responsiveness did not mediate associations between support and recovery outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that emotional support from the spouse can improve recovery outcomes in part by strengthening efficacy beliefs to manage recovery, and problematic support can hinder optimal recovery in part by weakening efficacy beliefs.
Bed Bug Epidemic: A Challenge to Public Health

Abstract In recent years, reported cases of bed bug infestations in the U.S. and throughout the world have escalated dramatically, posing a global public health problem. Although bed bugs are not known to transmit disease to humans, they pose both direct and indirect public health challenges in terms of health effects, treatment, cost, and resource allocation and coordination. Education is an important component of prevention and treatment of infestations and health educators can play a key role in educating the public about this re-emerging problem and in organizing community-based responses. Therefore, the two goals of this paper were to: (1) provide an overview of the public health threat from bed bug infestations, and (2) provide prevention and treatment guidance for health educators to utilize in educating the public about this challenge.
Versatile, High Intensity, Nanosecond Light Source for Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements:

A high power, low duty cycle source is described for fluorescence lifetime measurements. Light pulses with a time constant of 7 to 15 nsec are produced by a coaxial capacitor, air discharge. The radiant emittance observed is approximately 106 W cm−2. The spectral distribution of the source radiation can be shifted from the ultraviolet to the visible region by adjusting the gap length. Equations are derived to predict the light output energy and the time constant of the discharge as a function of gap length. The fluorescence lifetime of a 10−5 M solution of quinine sulfate was measured to demonstrate the usefulness of the source. Other possible applications are discussed.
A note on the use of kernel functions in weighted estimators

We focus on the use of kernel-type functions in estimators for causal mean parameters in a nondynamic treatment regime setting, where treatment regime is a function of a continuous random variable. We explore the asymptotic properties of such estimators when the usual parametric modeling assumptions for the propensity score are made.
Abuse during childhood and adolescence and risk of adult-onset asthma in African American women

Background Experiences of violence contribute to the occurrence of childhood asthma, but there is little information on the effect of early-life abuse on adult-onset asthma. Objective We prospectively assessed the relation between physical and sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence and the incidence of adult-onset asthma in the Black Women's Health Study. Methods We followed 28,456 women from 1995 through 2011 with biennial mailed questionnaires. Experiences of physical and sexual abuse that occurred during childhood and adolescence were obtained in 2005. Cox regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs. Results During 417,931 person-years of follow-up, 1,160 participants reported physician-diagnosed asthma and concurrent use of asthma medication. Compared with women who experienced no abuse during childhood or adolescence, the multivariable IRR for any childhood abuse was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.06-1.45), and for any adolescent abuse, it was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.88-1.36). The IRR was higher for childhood physical abuse (IRR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.07-1.49) than for childhood sexual abuse (IRR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.88-1.49). IRRs for physical and sexual abuse during adolescence were compatible with 1.0. The association between childhood abuse and asthma incidence was stronger in older compared with younger women. Conclusion In this large cohort of African American women, there was a positive association between adult-onset asthma and childhood physical abuse and weaker associations for childhood sexual abuse and any abuse during adolescence. Given the high prevalence of asthma and childhood abuse, this association is of public health importance.
Effect of unilateral visual deprivation by eyelid suturing on protein and ribonucleic acid metabolism of avian brain

Abstract Rates of protein and ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis in brain regions have been examined following suturing of the eyelids of one eye immediately after hatching. Although capable of receiving diffuse light, this eye could not be used effectively. Tritiated precursors were injected subcutaneously, and the extent of incorporation of radioactivity into macromolecules derived from symmetrically paired cerebral hemispheres and optic lobes was determined. One day after suture both the lobe and the hemisphere contralateral to the occluded eye manifested a reduced rate of RNA synthesis relative to the corresponding ipsilateral region. This effect persisted for over 17 days. Parallel long-term differences in protein synthetic rates or concentrations were not observed. This suggests that the major effect of varying RNA production was to modify the type of proteins synthesized rather than their amounts. The use of paired internal controls removed the possibility that asymmetric effects were due to non-experimentally controlled variables such as differences in systemic hormone levels. The results indicate that modification of the information content of visual input to the brain can result in widespread cerebral metabolic differences.
Mixing Enhancement in High-Speed Turbulent Shear Layers Using Excited Coherent Modes

For noise reduction purposes, it is often desirable to promote rapid mixing close to the jet exhaust. Excited high-frequency coherent wave modes for mixing enhancement in the initial region of high-speed jet exhaust were studied theoretically. The jet in this region is modeled as a two-dimensional mixing layer. Integral kinetic energy equations for the mean flow and the control modes are derived from the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, with the flow quantities split into mean, coherent wave modes and fine-grained turbulence. Turbulence effects are characterized by an eddy viscosity; the coherent modes are explicitly characterized by their nonlinear amplitudes and the shape functions of the eigenmodes of a local linear stability theory according to the developing shear layer. The initial region considered is two dimensional where the initial boundary layer is assumed to he thin relative to the jet size. The upstream velocity and temperature wake, due to wall boundary layers, are accommodated in the mean flow shape assumptions
CHANGE IN AFFINITY OF INSULIN RECEPTORS FOLLOWING ORAL GLUCOSE IN NORMAL ADULTS

125I-insulin binding to circulating monocytes has been studied in 4 normal volunteers in the basal state as well as at 2 and 5 hours after ingestion of 100 g of glucose. In each study five hours after glucose ingestion, the competition-inhibition curve was shifted to the left and was steeper than that in the basal study; the amount of insulin that caused a 50% decrease in specific binding of 125I-insulin in the basal study was 3–11 fold higher than at 5 hours after glucose. These changes in binding after glucose ingestion were largely due to major alterations of receptor affinity. We conclude that acute changes in receptor affinity occur normally as part of the physiologic regulation of target cell sensitivity to hormonal stimulation.
Comment on ‘M. M. Reddy, P. Schuster, C. Kendall and M. B. Reddy, characterization of surface and ground water δ18O seasonal variation and its use for estimating groundwater residence times. Hydrological Processes 20 (2006) this issue’

Reddy et al. (2006, Hydrological Processes20: 1753–1772) disregard germane published data and successful isotopic models, selectively depict data from their data sets, misplot many of their data, and use poorly correlated sinusoidal fits to their data to derive erroneous hydrologic time constants for features in the Shingobee River Headwaters Area. A damped running average model is more realistic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of predictions of nitroxide EPR spectra with isotropic motional averaging using different calculational methods

Abstract The EPR spectra of an NO spin label (TEMPOL) in a glycerol-water-ethanol solution are compared with those generated by three different theoretical methods: the stochastic Liouville theory of J. Freed, a Monte Carlo method similar to that of M. Itzkowitz, and a modification of the latter method which includes the pseudosecular tumbling terms. The comparison is made over a temperature range including the rigid-lattice case at one end and the motionally narrowed case at the other end. The region of moderate tumbling was studied most intensely with spectra obtained at intervals of 2°C. Freed's theory with a free-diffusion model of the motion gave a very good fit to the experimental spectra over the whole range of motion. In the moderate-tumbling region, the fit with the Monte Carlo method was not as good and it was not significantly improved by the inclusion of the pseudosecular tumbling terms.
Physiological, biochemical, and mathematical studies of micro-aerobic continuous ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II: Intracellular metabolite and enzyme assays at steady state chemostat cultures

Intracellular metabolite concentration and enzyme activity measurements were made to explain the new metabolic and growth phenomena seen in the micro-aerobic, continuous yeast cultures described in Part I. The results of these assays suggested mechanisms for the observed maximum in the specific ethanol productivity as a function of the oxygen feed rate, changing ATP yields, the effects of antifoam, and the sharp changes in the biomass concentration with small changes in the oxygenation. Measured were the intracellular concentrations of ATP, NADH, glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, glycerol, and ethanol, and the activities of hexokinase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Rate-limiting steps were identified by the accumulation of metabolites upstream and the depletion of metabolites downstream of the step.A potential mechanism for the stimulation of fermentation with decreasing oxygenation was an activation of glucose transport by an accumulating intracellular ATP concentration. The inhibition of fermentation at yet lower oxygenation rates may have been caused by the continued accumulation of ATP to the point that the glycolytic kineses were inhibited. A mechanism for the changing ATP yields and intracellular ATP concentration proposed the existence of ATPases or ATP waste reactions stimulated by both oxygen and ATP. Antifoam had the effect of decreasing the resistance for glycerol transport out of the cell. The resulting stimulation of glycerol production and inhibition of ethanol production decreased the intracellular ATP content. Finally, intracellular ethanol was found not to accumulate to levels of higher than the extracellular concentration.
Mitochondrial lipid peroxidation is influenced by dietary factors in early colon carcinogenesis

Abstract Oxidative damage to mitochondrial proteins, lipids, and DNA seem to influence the promotion and progression of tumors. High-fat diets and diets high in iron decrease manganese superoxide dismutase activity, a mitochondrial antioxidant, in colon mucosa. Lipid peroxidation products are low in microsomal preparations from colonic mucosa even under peroxide-inducing conditions. However, damage specific to mitochondrial membranes is unknown. This study was designed to investigate dietary lipid and iron effects on fatty acid incorporation and lipid peroxide formation in mitochondrial membranes of colonic mucosa. Male Fischer rats were fed high-fat diets containing either corn oil or menhaden oil with an iron level of either 35 or 535 mg/kg diet. Animals were given two injections of the colon carcinogen, azoxymethane, or saline. Colon tissue was collected 1 and 6 weeks after injections. Mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were prepared for fatty acid analysis and quantitation of lipid peroxidation products. Results showed that lipid composition of both subcellular fractions were influenced by diet. Fatty acid composition of mitochondria differed from microsomes, but overall saturation remained constant. Peroxidation products in mitochondrial membranes were significantly greater than in microsomal membranes. Dietary treatment significantly affected mitochondrial peroxidation in carcinogen-treated animals. Therefore, mitochondria from colon mucosa are more susceptible to peroxidation than are microsomes, dietary factors influence the degree of peroxidation, and the resulting damage may be important in early colon carcinogenesis.
No evidence for the evolution of thermal or desiccation tolerance of eggs among populations of Manduca sexta

Summary 1. Populations within species often occur across divergent habitats and, under the right conditions, can adapt to local conditions. For adult and larval insects, local adaptation in tolerance traits, e.g. thermoregulation and water conservation, is well documented. Eggs of insects are immobile, non-feeding and relatively small, and therefore may be at greater risk from abiotic threats. Selection, therefore, may favour strategies that allow embryos to be robust to desiccation and thermal stresses. In particular, the canteen hypothesis predicts that eggs in hot and dry environments contain more water, and this extra water protects them from elevated rates of water loss. 2. This study tests the canteen hypothesis by (i) examining geographic patterns of egg size and water content and (ii) measuring egg and neonate performance across a range of manipulated temperatures and humidities. We focused on eggs of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Manduca eggs are larger in xeric regions of the United States – e.g. the southwestern deserts – compared with M. sexta eggs from eastern, mesic regions. 3. Specifically, we asked: do eggs from warmer or drier regions (i) contain more water, (ii) perform better in dry conditions and (iii) tolerate higher temperatures? We also assessed whether desiccation during the egg stage affects subsequent growth of larvae. We tested M. sexta eggs from three environments: Arizona (warm, dry), North Carolina (cool, humid) and a laboratory strain (cool, dry). 4. Although M. sexta eggs from warmer and drier populations were larger and contained more water, these changes did not protect them better from abiotic stress. Eggs from all populations were similarly tolerant of high heat and low humidity. Desiccation during the egg stage also had no long-term effects on hatchling growth rate. 5. Our results provided little support for local adaptation in abiotic stress physiology via the canteen hypothesis. However, low humidity and delayed hatching suggest a different mechanism for desiccation resistance: embryos may modify eggshell conductance in response to internal water status. The geographic cline in egg size may instead arise from selection on any of the three subsequent life stages or may reflect other evolutionary pressures on number-size trade-offs.
Understanding modern device drivers

Device drivers are the single largest contributor to operating-system kernel code with over 5 million lines of code in the Linux kernel, and cause significant complexity, bugs and development costs. Recent years have seen a flurry of research aimed at improving the reliability and simplifying the development of drivers. However, little is known about what constitutes this huge body of code beyond the small set of drivers used for research.In this paper, we study the source code of Linux drivers to understand what drivers actually do, how current research applies to them and what opportunities exist for future research. We determine whether assumptions made by most driver research, such as that all drivers belong to a class, are indeed true. We also analyze driver code and abstractions to determine whether drivers can benefit from code re-organization or hardware trends. We develop a set of static-analysis tools to analyze driver code across various axes. Broadly, our study looks at three aspects of driver code (i) what are the characteristics of driver code functionality and how applicable is driver research to all drivers, (ii) how do drivers interact with the kernel, devices, and buses, and (iii) are there similarities that can be abstracted into libraries to reduce driver size and complexity?We find that many assumptions made by driver research do not apply to all drivers. At least 44% of drivers have code that is not captured by a class definition, 28% of drivers support more than one device per driver, and 15% of drivers do significant computation over data. From the driver interactions study, we find USB bus offers an efficient bus interface with significant standardized code and coarse-grained access, ideal for executing drivers in isolation. We also find that drivers for different buses and classes have widely varying levels of device interaction, which indicates that the cost of isolation will vary by class. Finally, from our driver similarity study, we find 8% of all driver code is substantially similar to code elsewhere and may be removed with new abstractions or libraries.
Peroneal activation deficits in persons with functional ankle instability.

Background: Functional ankle instability (FAI) may be prevalent in as many as 40% of patients after acute lateral ankle sprain. Altered afference resulting from damaged mechanoreceptors after an ankle sprain may lead to reflex inhibition of surrounding joint musculature. This activation deficit, referred to as arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), may be the underlying cause of FAI. Incomplete activation could prevent adequate control of the ankle joint, leading to repeated episodes of instability.Hypothesis: Arthrogenic muscle inhibition is present in the peroneal musculature of functionally unstable ankles and is related to dynamic peroneal muscle activity.Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: Twenty-one (18 female, 3 male) patients with unilateral FAI and 21 (18 female, 3 male) uninjured, matched controls participated in this study. Peroneal maximum H-reflexes and M-waves were recorded bilaterally to establish the presence or absence of AMI, while electromyography (EMG) reco...
Über einige Anzeigestörungen bei elektromagnetischen Mikrowaagen

Bodenerschutterungen, Temperaturschwankungen, Netzstorungen, thermische Gasstromungen, elektrische und magnetische Felder sowie Resonanzschwingungen im Regelkreis fuhren bei elektromagnetischen Mikrowaagen zu Storungen der Gewichtsanzeige. Bei Messungen mit Wasserdampf fuhrt die Sorption an Schmutz, etwa Fingerabdrucken, zu Falschmessungen. Abhilfemasnahmen werden angegeben.
Marked mitigation of transplant vascular sclerosis in FasLgld (CD95L) mutant recipients. The role of alloantibodies in the development of chronic rejection.

At a molecular level, the acute rejection of allografts by activated cytotoxic T cells (CTLs*) has been shown to be mediated by two distinct pathways: the perforin and granzyme-induced lysis and the ligand-induced apoptosis (1). Of the latter, perhaps the most predominant interaction is that between Fas (Apo-1 CD95) and its ligand (FasL; CD95L) (2, 3). Fas, a type 1 membrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor family, has been documented to be ubiquitously expressed in various tissues of the body (4). On the contrary, expression of FasL, which is a type 2 membrane protein sharing significant homology with members of the tumor necrosis factor family, is more limited, being found primarily on activated T cells (5, 6) and cells of distinct phenotype in the testis (7) and in the eye (8). It has been postulated that FasL expressed on activated CTLs can induce apoptosis in Fas-expressing target tissue (4). The expression of CD95L or “death” factor on various CTL cell lines (9) and on activated splenocytes (10) has provided evidence to support the hypothesis that this molecule functions as an effector of CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. The presence of residual CTL in perforin-deficient mice, which was known to be mediated by FasL (11, 12), corroborated unequivocally the earlier findings suggesting that the interaction between CD95-CD95L plays a cardinal role in allograft destruction during acute cellular rejection (ACR). The role, however, of these molecules in the pathogenesis of transplant vascular sclerosis (TVS) remains as yet undetermined. In the lpr (lymphoproliferative) mouse, the expression of CD95 has been documented to be markedly reduced (13, 14). On the contrary, in the gld (generalized lymphoproliferative disease) mouse, the ability of CD95L to bind to Fas was shown to be abolished (4). The latter outcome is believed to be the result of a point mutation in the C-terminus of the coding region for FasL gene, which has been mapped to mouse chromosome 1 (15, 16). In an established model of TVS (17–19), we have used mice bearing gld mutations as donors and recipients of aortic allografts to study the role of FasL in the pathogenesis of this lesion. This model also provided us with the unique opportunity to study the role of alloantibodies in the evolvement of obliterative arteriopathy.