cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Cultural Effects of Industry and Career Systems on Top Executive Perceptions of Ethical Problems

While practitioner workshops and academic courses on ethics and values have traditionally focused on individual frameworks, discussion of business ethics and values as a field of study within social deviance and management often stresses the important interaction between organizational culture and ethical practices, or context rather than character. However, research on this interaction is limited. This paper reports on a study examining the effect that two antecedents of organizational culture, industry and career systems, have on top executive perceptions of various ethical issues. Two of the top officers in each of fifty-two leading firms covering four service industry sectors were surveyed concerning their firm's career systems and their perceptions of the severity of several ethical problems. Results of the study provide descriptive information on the severity of ethical problems across industry sectors, and suggest that both industry and career systems affect the severity of ethical problems. Implications of this study can be applied to continued research on corporate deviance and managerial efforts to reinforce ethical conduct.
Amino Pyridine Iron(II) Complexes: Characterization and Catalytic Application for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Catalytic Chain Transfer

Abstract The amino-pyridine ligand scaffold has achieved widespread use for base metal catalysis. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is one realm where base metals have achieved success in catalysis, in particular copper and iron. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of two amino-pyridine iron(II) complexes is described where the amino carbon substitution is the point of differentiation. We hypothesized that a sterically hindered, electron rich t-butyl substituent in this position might improve the propensity of said complex to achieve ATRP since inductive electron donation from the t-butyl group may improve catalyst activity and shift the ATRP equilibrium towards the active polymer species and corresponding Fe(III) complex. Dimeric 1 and 2 ([2-[(2,6-Me2-C6H3)NHCH(R)]C5H4N]FeCl2)2 (R = t-butyl or ethyl, respectively) were identified by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Both complexes favor a high-spin iron(II) state, as evidenced by Evans NMR magnetic susceptibility measurements and suggested by gas-phase computations at the M06-L level of theory. Complexes 1 and 2 catalyze styrene polymerization at elevated temperatures (120 °C) and polymerization data suggests that ATRP operates and catalytic chain transfer (CCT) competes at extended reaction times. Complex 1 with its t-butyl substituted amino carbon displays a slightly higher ATRP activity as compared to 2 [kobs(1) = 0.31 h−1; kobs(2) = 0.10 h−1], suggesting the importance of ligand optimization for future iron ATRP catalyst development.
Communication Intervention Implementation via Telepractice Parent Coaching: Parent Implementation Outcomes:

Telepractice coaching may be a viable alternative technology tool to deliver services to parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Using a multiple probe design across participants, we exa...
Becoming a scholar: Genre knowledge, self-regulation, and a graduate student’s transition from MA to PhD

How might explicitly prompting graduate students to self-regulate intervene in their development of writing knowledge and practices across multiple semesters? This study takes a close look at how prompted self-reflection on writing intervenes in a graduate student’s development of self-regulation and genre knowledge as he transitions from MA to PhD program in rhetoric. We present the case of one graduate student, ‘Eric,’ who was explicitly taught conventions and strategies for writing and prompted to reflect on writing projects over several semesters using an in-process protocol. Aligning data from in-process protocols, interviews, and drafts of Eric’s writing, we construct a fine-grained narrative that shows a complex and recursive relationship among Eric’s development of knowledge about academic genres, self regulation practices, and sense of scholarly identity. This narrative raises questions about how genre knowledge and self-regulation inform each other in graduate-level writing, and it offers an example of a self-regulation intervention that may help graduate students develop specialized ways of writing.
Using Simulation to Improve Neonatal Care

Simulation has been an integral part of neonatal resuscitation education for many years. The use of simulation for neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room as part of the Neonatal Resuscitation program has evolved as the evidence base for simulation best practice has accumulated. The use of simulation has expanded out of the delivery room environment. Importantly, simulation is being used to prepare families for the transition from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICUs) environment to the home setting. In addition, as NICU design has transitioned to different physical layouts with increased use of private rooms, simulation is being used to help ensure the design is optimal and that providers are oriented to the new unit before caring for patients. As fetuses with complex anomalies are being delivered at perinatal centers simulation is being used to prepare the team and identify and resolve threats to care prior to the actual delivery. Simulation is an incredible resource to help neonatal providers and families provide safe and efficient care to the neonatal population.
Techniques to study metabolic changes at the cellular and organ level.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some experimental data related to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in cells and organs. The chapter reviews two sophisticated 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques: saturation transfer and inversion transfer. These techniques are designed to measure the chemical exchange of phosphorus nuclei among the major phosphate-containing metabolites in cells. The majority of techniques for studying metabolic changes at the cellular and organ levels require an eventual destruction of the tissue and a subsequent analysis of the extract. These techniques demonstrate that not only the energetic state of cells and their components are possible to assay but also the modification or manipulation of metabolic defects at the cellular level is feasible. The chapter also reviews data concerning the measurements of ATP at the cellular level.
Influence of the spleen on the expression of surface antigens on parasitized erythrocytes.

Two malaria parasites, Plasmodium knowlesi and P. falciparum, when passaged in splenectomized hosts alter or fail to express parasite-dependent antigens on the surface membrane of erythrocytes infected with mature parasites. Experiments with cloned populations of P.knowlesi show this change to be phenotypic and to be modulated by the spleen of the host. In addition, the induction of antigen variation in P. knowlesi malaria apparently requires two factors: specific antibody and the spleen. Along with the altered expression of P. knowlesi variant antigen on the infected erythrocyte surface, there is a decrease in parasite virulence in non-splenectomized monkeys. It is suggested that the spleen-dependent expression of malarial antigens on the parasitized erythrocyte may be an adaptation of the malaria parasite for survival in the presence of a potentially destructive spleen-mediated host immunity.
Insider trading, NASDAQ quotes, and market maker competition;

This study provides evidence of a direct relationship between inside spreads and insider trading activity that is stronger when there are fewer market makers or more concentrated market maker market share. No evidence is found of a relationship between quote size at the inside and insider trading. The results are consistent with the Stoll (1978) hypothesis that inside quotes will be more responsive to informed trading risk under less competitive market making conditions. However, the results do not indicate that quote size is more responsive than spread to informed trading risk as predicted by DuPont (2000).
Undersea communication network as a UUV navigation aid

Acoustic modems are the basis for emerging undersea wireless communications networks. US Navy Seaweb technology offers an opportunity to perform undersea navigation and tracking by virtue of node-to-node ranging measurements acquired as a by-product of the acoustic communications protocol. A simple localization algorithm is developed and verified with synthetic data and is then tested with an Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) during an experiment at sea. This work will look at improvements to an existing algorithm that was tested with data from the Seaweb UUV Test that was conducted in May 2005 in Monterey Bay. The main improvement that will be tested involves incorporating the third dimension (depth) into the equations.
Task Allocation and Precedence Relations for Distributed Real-Time Systems

In a distributed processing system with the application software partitioned into a set of program modules, allocation of those modules to the processors is an important problem. This paper presents a method for optimal module allocation that satisfies certain performance constraints. An objective function that includes the intermodule communication (IMC) and accumulative execution time (AET) of each module is proposed. It minimizes the bottleneck-processor utilization—a good principle for task allocation. Next, the effects of precedence relationship (PR) among program modules on response time are studied. Both simulation and analytical results reveal that the program-size ratio between two consecutive modules plays an important role in task response time. Finally, an algorithm based on PR, AET, and IMC and on the proposed objective function is presented. This algorithm generates better module assignments than those that do not consider the PR effects.
The Formation of Sparks of Minimum Ignition Energy

A study has been made of incendiary discharges with minimum energy and between metal electrodes. The circuit used has a characteristic relaxation time smaller than the time required to distinquish several successive stages in spark formation. Examples are provided to show that the character and duration of each stage as well as the possibility to produce a hot gas channel depend both on the gas and electrodes used. Experimental evidence is presented to illustrate that in both uniform and divergent field configurations heating of the gas is always preceded by a long time compared to that required to produce either streamers or avalances in the discharge gap. These long times are associated with the formation and maintenance of a non-equipartition electron gas (Te /> Tn) in the discharge channel. Heating of the neutrals takes place either by continuous Joule heating once a critical electron density of 1017 cm-3 is procured or by nonlinear waves of potential gradient associated with sudden changes at the electrodes. In both cases, final heating is produced by thermal electrons and collective Coulomb collisions and not directly by the effect of the applied field on individual electrons as it is normally assumed.
Monoamine oxidases of the brains and livers of macaque and cercopithecus monkeys

We assessed the two forms of monoamine oxidase (MAO), MAO-A and MAO-B, in discrete regions of the brain and in cerebral micro- and macrovessels, choroid plexus, and liver of three species of monkeys: African Green, rhesus, and cynomolgus. MAO was determined by specific [3H]pargyline binding which is stoichiometric and irreversible and by measuring the rate of oxidation of several substrates. Cerebral micro- and macrovessels had low MAO content. Regional brain MAO did not vary by more than one-fold in the brains of each of the three species of monkeys and was higher in the basal ganglia than in the cerebral cortex or cerebellum. MAO in the choroid plexus was low, while the liver had higher MAO activity than any of the brain samples. The vast majority of MAO in all the tissues that we examined was of the MAO-B type, and specific [3H]pargyline binding correlated well with the oxidation rate of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. These results show marked similarities in brain MAO distribution between monkey and man. Of the three monkey species, the African Green monkey had the lowest MAO activity in its cerebral microvessels, which constitute the blood-brain barrier, although the small number of observations in each group did not allow statistical analyses of the differences.
Differential Effects of Acculturation on Drinking Behavior in Chinese- and Korean-American College Students

Objective: Recent evidence suggests increasing rates of alcohol use and related disorders among Asian-American young adults. Relatively little research has focused on this group, and few studies have examined heterogeneity in drinking prevalence and correlates across Asian subgroups. This study examined interactive effects of ethnicity, acculturation, and gender on drinking behavior among Asian-American undergraduates. Method: Participants were 112 Chinese Americans and 108 Korean Americans (mean age = 19.2 years, 61% female) who completed measures of alcohol use, acculturation, and demographic factors. Multivariate analyses examined drinking behavior (defined as quantity, frequency, and duration) as a function of ethnicity, gender, and acculturation. Results: Overall, Korean ethnicity predicted increased drinking, and acculturation predicted decreased drinking. However, acculturation interacted with ethnicity such that its influence was protective for Korean Americans and negligible for Chinese Americans...
Preservation with 8-bromo-cyclic GMP improves pulmonary function after prolonged ischemia

Abstract Background . Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a potent second messenger for the nitric oxide pathway in the pulmonary vasculature. Increased cytosolic cGMP levels elicit pulmonary vasodilatation resulting in decreased pulmonary vascular resistance and maximized pulmonary function after ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that the addition of a membrane-permeable cGMP analogue (8-bromo-cGMP) to a Euro-Collins (EC) preservation solution would ameliorate pulmonary reperfusion injury better than prostaglandin E 1 injection alone after prolonged hypothermic ischemia. Methods . All lungs from New Zealand White rabbits (weight, 3 to 3.5 kg) were harvested en bloc, flushed with EC solution, and reperfused with whole blood for 30 minutes. Group 1 lungs (immediate control) were immediately reperfused. Group 2 lungs (control) were stored inflated at 4°C for 18 hours before reperfusion. Groups 3 and 4 lungs were flushed with EC solution containing 200 μmol/L 8-bromo-cGMP and stored at 4°C for 18 and 30 hours, respectively. Fresh, nonrecirculated venous blood was used to determine single-pass pulmonary venous–arterial oxygen gradients at 10-minute intervals. Assays for cGMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, nitric oxide synthase activity, and myeloperoxidase were performed on all lung tissue samples. Wet to dry weight ratios were determined after 2 weeks of passive desiccation. Results . Oxygenation (venous-arterial oxygen gradient), pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and edema formation were significantly improved in groups 3 and 4 (addition of 8-bromo-cGMP to EC plus 18 or 30 hours of hypothermic ischemia). Hypothermic storage (groups 2, 3, and 4) decreased both nitric oxide synthase activity and myeloperoxidase levels compared with immediate reperfusion (group 1). Conclusions . These results suggest that the addition of a membrane-permeable cGMP analogue to an EC pulmonary flush solution improves pulmonary function after prolonged storage compared with EC and prostaglandin (E 1 ) preservation alone. The finding of myeloperoxidase reduced levels after hypothermic storage and subsequent reperfusion may suggest a more important role for pulmonary hemodynamic control in mitigating pulmonary reperfusion injury.
A Collision Contact Modeling Method for Rigid Bodies Represented as Triangle Meshes

In this paper, a collision contact modeling method for virtual reality environments is presented. Models in virtual environments are typically represented using triangle meshes. Most traditional collision contact simulations require the surface information of rigid bodies. This makes traditional collision contact simulations inapplicable for most virtual environments. This paper presents methods to model the behavior of colliding objects in virtual environments using triangle mesh representations of the objects. RAPID™ is used to obtain the approximate collision contact information between individual triangle meshes. Impulse calculations are combined with the collision detection to simulate post-collision behavior of objects. A three-point method is introduced to calculate the final resting place of objects or calculate unstable equilibrium and further dynamics of objects. These methods have been integrated with the Virtual Assembly Design Environment (VADE) to enhance VADE’s existing dynamics simulation capabilities. A series of test cases are presented and analyzed to validate these new methods.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Myocardial glucose metabolism and ATP levels are decreased two days after global ischemia.

Abstract We hypothesized that following reversible myocardial ischemia recovery of glucose metabolism would be prolonged and would parallel recovery of high energy phosphate levels. Normothermic ischemia was achieved in dogs by aortic cross-clamping for 20 min on cardiopulmonary bypass. Glucose uptake was determined by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and positron emission tomography (PET) 1 week pre-ischemia and at 2 and 7 days post-ischemia (n= 8). Oxygen consumption (MVO2) and glucose uptake were also measured by Fick. In a separate group of animals, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) levels were measured by left ventricular/septal biopsies at baseline, 2 days, and 7 days (n= 6). Glucose uptake, as measured by PET, was reduced to 15% of baseline at 2 days post-ischemia and returned to normal by 7 days post-ischemia (P
Systems Capabilities of Arrays of Large-Aperture Antennas

The array approach to increasing space-communication capability is analyzed and discussed. The problem of signal acquisition is given particular attention. A lower range bound of array operation is defined by assuming a system which employs independent acquisition by each antenna circuit; an upper bound is defined by assuming a prefocused array. It is believed that systems can be implemented which have capabilities well in excess of that achievable by the former system and not greatly less than that achievable by the latter system.
High Temperature Thermodynamics of Solutions of Hydrogen and Deuterium in Palladium and its Alloys

The solutions of hydrogen in palladium and its alloys are classical examples of interstitial metallic solutions. Although these alloys have been studied for a very long time, a good deal of new information has become available in recent years, partly as a result of the application of the combined calorimetric-equilibrium approach. This experimental method, which was developed in our laboratory about 10 years ago, allows essentially simultaneous determinations of the Gibbs energies, the enthalpies and the entropies of solution. This approach has been particularly useful in throwing new light on the temperature dependence of the thermodynamic properties, and also on their dependence on the alloying constituents. Special interest is attached to the new information on the partial entropies of hydrogen, which points strongly toward a temperature dependent, non-random distribution of the hydrogen atoms among the available interstitial sites.
An adaptive reasoning approach towards efficient ordering of composite hypotheses

A Bayesian network is a knowledge representation framework for encoding both qualitative and quantitative probabilistic dependencies among a set of propositional (or random) variables. An important type of probabilistic inference in a Bayesian network is the derivation of the most probable composite hypotheses — a set of hypotheses composed of multiple variables in a network. Such a type of probabilistic inference, however, is computationally intractable. In this paper an adaptive reasoning approach based on qualitative interval arithmetic is proposed as a method of dealing with the computational problem. Using this approach, a qualitative boundary, which reflects the upper and lower limits of a posterior likelihood, can be derived for each composite hypothesis. The advantage ofbounding each composite hypothesis qualitatively is that the quantitative values of the posterior likelihoods are not all necessary in the course of an inference. Consequently, an exhaustive evaluation can be avoided. The complexity of the proposed approach can be demonstrated to be no worse than that of a direct computation and in some cases, the computation is only a small fraction of that required in a straightforward direct computation.
Evaluation of Three Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an Outbreak Investigation

We compared the performances of three recently optimized real-time PCR assays derived from distinct genomic regions of Mycoplasma pneumoniae during an outbreak. Comprehensive evaluation established that a newly described toxin gene represents a superior target for detecting M. pneumoniae DNA in clinical specimens, although use of multiple targets may increase testing confidence.
Urbanization at Téotihuacan, Mexico

Rene Millon. Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, Volume 1: The Teotihuacan Map. Part One: Text. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973. xvi + 154 pp. Rene Millon, R. Bruce Drewitt, and George Cowgill. Urbanization at Teotihuacan, Mexico, Volume 1: The Teotihuacan Map. Part Two: Maps. Austin: University of Texas press, 1973. 147 map sheets + 3 folding maps.
Personal Style Scales of the Strong Interest Inventory: Linking Personality and Interests

Abstract The relations between the personal style scales on the Strong Interest Inventory and the Big Five factors of personality as measured by marker-scales in the Adjective Check List (ACL) were evaluated separately by gender. It was predicted that Extraversion would correlate positively with all four personal style scales and most strongly with Leadership Style. Agreeableness was expected to relate to Work Style, and both Conscientiousness and Openness were expected to relate to Learning Environment. Participants consisted of two separate groups, a validation group of 740 undergraduates and a cross-validation group of 321 undergraduates for the purpose of replication and validity generalization. Evidence for strong relations between the personal style scales and the Big Five factors was observed, the hypotheses were generally supported, and there was no evidence of reliable gender differences in these relations.
Activin A is upregulated by radiation in breast cancer cells and promotes conversion of CD4 T cells into regulatory T cells

Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily and a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates many processes, from reproduction and development to cancer and immunity. Activin A shares the smad2/3 signal transduction pathway with TGFβ and displays overlapping biological activities with the latter, including the ability to promote the differentiation of CD4 T cells to Th2 and regulatory T cells (Treg). Importantly, recent data indicate that activin A is expressed by some tumors, including breast cancer, suggesting that it could play a role in tumor escape from immune control. Radiotherapy (RT) delivered locally to a tumor induces the development of anti-tumor T cells, but its pro-immunogenic effects are hindered, in part, by concomitant activation of latent TGFβ and increase of Treg. While different mechanisms have been implicated in RT-induced Treg increase, the pathways responsible for this effect remain unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that activin A is upregulated by RT in breast cancer cells and contributes to the generation of adaptive Treg. Three mouse breast cancer cell lines, 67NR, TSA and 4T1, which represent tumors of decreasing immunogenicity and increasing metastatic ability, were used. Expression of inhibin A (Inhba, the gene encoding activin A) was determined by qPCR. Secretion of activin A by untreated and irradiated tumor cells exposed to single dose (6Gy, 8Gy, 12Gy and 20Gy) or multifraction (5x6Gy; 3x8Gy) RT was quantified by ELISA. Transwell co-culture was used to assess the ability of activin A released by irradiated cancer cells to convert naive CD4 T cells into Treg. While 67NR, TSA and 4T1 cells expressed comparable levels of Inhba mRNA, only the most aggressive and metastatic 4T1 cells produced high levels of activin A (67NR: 37.1; TSA: 8.1; 4T1: 448.6 pg/mL for 105 cells/24h). RT significantly increased activin A secretion, with the largest increase seen after 3x8Gy RT regimen (67NR: 85.8; TSA: 55.1; 4T1: 993.1 pg/mL for 105 cells/24h; p<0.05). Conversion of naive CD4+ T cells into Treg upon activation in the presence of irradiated 4T1 cells was markedly enhanced (Control: 8.1%, irradiated 4T1: 46.9% of Treg). This effect was partially reversed in the presence the activin A inhibitor follistatin (23.8% of Treg). Data suggest that increased activin A secretion by breast cancer cells may contribute to the enhanced generation of Treg in irradiated tumors. Experiments are ongoing to determine whether blocking activin A improves immune-mediated rejection of irradiated tumors in vivo. Supported by DOD BCRP Post-doctoral fellowship W81XWH-13-1-0012.
FDA Safety Alert: Hazards of Precipitation Associated With Parenteral Nutrition

In April 1994, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Safety Alert regarding the hazards of precipitation associated with parenteral nutrition in response to reports of two deaths and at least two cases of respiratory distress in patients receiving three-in-one admixtures. The admixtures were thought to contain a precipitate of calcium phosphate, and patient autopsies revealed diffuse microvascular pulmonary emboli. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition took an active role in informing its members of the alert and responding to their concerns. Release of the alert has caused nutrition practitioners to reevaluate their compounding practices, use of filters, prescribing practices for calcium and phosphate in parenteral nutrition solutions, and use of three-in-one admixtures.
Therapeutic challenges in the obese diabetic patient with hypertension.

Obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension are common and interrelated medical problems in Westernized, industrialized societies. These medical conditions are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and are more prevalent among minorities, such as African-American and Hispanic populations. The associated cardiovascular risks of these problems are more thoroughly addressed in another review in this supplement. Obesity markedly enhances the development of type II diabetes. Moreover, it enhances the cardiovascular risk associated with other risk factors, such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. Weight reduction in association with an aerobic exercise program improves metabolic abnormalities and reduces blood pressure in individuals with diabetes and hypertension. Frequently, however, pharmacologic treatment is required to lower blood pressure. Individual therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is preferred initially in these individuals, with the addition of either a low dose diuretic or a nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist if additional blood pressure reduction is required. These additive agents are recommended, since each has been shown individually to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and to preserve renal function among diabetic patients. Other issues, such as aggressive therapy of lipids and adequate glycemic control, are also important strategies for reducing cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality in this very highrisk population.
Stress-Strain Measurements and Viscoelastic Response of Blood Vessels Cryopreserved by Vitrification

To gain increased insight into thermo-mechanical phenomena during cryopreservation, tensile stress relaxation experiments were conducted on vitrified blood vessels (vitreous in Latin means Glassy), and the results compared with various viscoelastic models. Using a recently presented device, isothermal stress-relaxation results were obtained for a bovine carotid artery model, permeated with the cryoprotectant cocktail VS55 and a reference solution of 7.05 M DMSO. After a rapidly applied tensile strain, experimental results display exponential decay of stress with time; the stress at a given time increases with decreasing specimen temperature. Among the viscoelastic models investigated, the Williams–Landel–Ferry model was found to best-fit the variation of the stress relaxation data with temperature, while a Maxwell–Weichert model is used to represent the exponential decay of the stress with time. Blood vessel properties were found to dominate at temperatures above roughly −100 °C, while the properties of the cryoprotectant dominate below this temperature. A suitably defined steady-state viscosity displayed a similar behavior for both cryoprotectants, when normalized with respect to the cryoprotectant glass transition temperature.
Effects of Hypothyroidism and Hypoparathyroidism on Rat Myocardium: Mechanical and Electrical Alterations

The mechanical and electrical effects of hypoparathyroidism (Px), hypothyroidism (Tx), and hypothyroidism combined with hypoparathyroidism (TPx) were investigated by comparing simultaneously recorded transmembrane action potentials and isometric and isotonic contractions recorded from the myocardium. Left ventricular papillary muscles from male Wistar rats were studied electrically and mechanically in a muscle bath at 30 degree C, stimulated at 0.1 Hz and external calcium = 2.4 mM. No significant difference was found between control (C), Px, Tx, and TPx preparations with regard to resting tension and developed tension. However, time to peak tension, time to one half relaxation and time to peak shortening were significantly increased in preparations from animals that were Px, Tx, and TPx as compared with age-matched controls. Maximum velocities of shortening (Vs) and relengthening (Vr) at all relative loads studied were significantly depressed in Px preparations when compared with those of C muscles. A greater depression was found in the Tx muscle and still greater depression of these indices was noted in TPx muscles. No significant difference was found between C, Px, Tx, and TPx action potential with regard to resting membrane potential (RMP), action potential amplitude (AMP), overshoot (OS), or maximum rate of rise of the upstroke (Vmax).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Estimating energy expenditure for brief bouts of exercise with acute recovery.

Four indirect estimations of energy expenditure were examined, (i) O2 debt, (ii) O2 deficit, (iii) blood lactate concentration, and (iv) excess CO2 production during and after 6 exercise durations (2, 4, 10, 15, 30, and 75 s) performed at 3 different intensities (50%, 100%, and 200% of VO2 max). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if significant differences existed among these 4 estimations of anaerobic energy expenditure and among 4 estimations of total energy expenditure (that included exercise O2 uptake and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, or EPOC, measurements). The data indicate that estimations of anaerobic energy expenditure often differed for brief (2, 4, and 10 s) bouts of exercise, but this did not extend to total energy expenditure. At the higher exercise intensities with the longest durations O2 deficit, blood lactate concentration, and excess CO2 estimates of anaerobic and total energy expenditure revealed high variability; however, they were not statistically different...
Analysis of infinite dilution partial molar volumes using a distribution function theory

Abstract We present a theoretical investigation of the partial molar volumes of binary mixtures in which one component is at the limit of infinite dilution. The study is based upon the Percus-Yevick integral equation theory applied to mixtures in which the intermolecular forces are modeled using Lennard-Jones 12-6 potentials. The Kirkwood-Buff equations are used to determine the thermodynamic properties from the pair correlation functions of the mixture. We focus especially upon the dependence on solvent density of the solute partial molar volume along isotherms close to the critical temperature of the solvent. The predictions are compared with both results from Monte Carlo computer simulations of Lennard-Jones 12-6 mixtures and experimental data for naphthalene-carbon dioxide mixtures. These comparisons show that the integral equation theory provides a useful and very economical approach to the analysis of these systems. We relate the extrema in the partial molar volume near the solvent critical density to the behavior of the solute-solvent and solvent-solvent pair correlation functions. Our results demonstrate that the important density dependent effect is the growth of long ranged correlations in the solvent. We use our results to examine the concept of ‘clustering’ which has recently been used in connection with these phenomena.
The performance of laying hens as affected by continual feeding of streptomycin and penicillin at high levels.

Abstract Numerous conflicting reports have appeared concerning the effect of antibiotic supplementation on the reproductive performance of the mature fowl. For a comprehensive review of these publications, the reader is referred to the paper of Branion et al. (1956). In addition, these workers tested the effect of aureomycin on egg production when supplemented to an all-mash ration and found that antibiotic supplementation increased egg production. The birds had suffered a mild respiratory infection during the course of the experiment and it was felt that the results supported previous conclusions that high level antibiotic feeding was advantageous under such stress conditions. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of continual feeding of streptomycin and penicillin in a practical laying ration on egg production and feed efficiency of hens maintained on litter. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Single Comb White Leghorn pullets of the same age and breeding were selected at random …
On the evolution of genetic incompatibility systems. III. Introduction of weak gametophytic self-incompatibility under partial inbreeding.

Abstract I explore the proposition that genetic incompatibility systems serve as a means for parents to evaluate and discriminate among their own offspring. Conditions for the initial increase of gametophytic self-incompatibility in a self-compatible population undergoing selfing, sibmating, and random outcrossing are reported. The adaptive value of reducing the concordance between offspring and maternal genotypes depends upon the relative changes in the numbers of offspring derived by the three modes, parent—offspring relatedness, and the magnitude of distortion of transmission ratios through pollen. Recessivity of stylar expression and low rates of receipt of pollen from related individuals facilitate the evolution of self-incompatibility. Viewed as a means of preferential maternal investment in offspring of high quality, self-incompatibility may be regarded as serving a function in common with diverse phenomena, including sexual selection, brood reduction, and other forms of prezygotic and postzygotic incompatibility. Associations between incompatibility loci and loci expressing inbreeding depression are expected to improve the reliability of the level of concordance at incompatibility loci as a measure of genomic homozygosity and offspring quality.
Structural characterization of the binuclear copper (II) complex {3,3'-dimethoxy-4,4'-bis(3-methyltriazene-3-oxide) biphenyl}-di-copper (II)

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the binuclear copper(II) complex {3,3′-dimethoxy-4,4′-bis(3-methyltriazene-3-oxide) biphenyl}di-copper(II), Cu2N12O8C32H36, has been determined from three dimensional X-ray counter data. The complex crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pcab with eight binuclear molecules in a cell of dimensions a = 15.723(6), b = 34.403(10), c = 13.785(8) A. The structure has been refined by least-squares methods to a final value of the weighted R-factor of 0.050 based on 2499 observations. The geometry at the copper centers is tetrahedrally distorted square planar, the geometry being close to D2d. The Cu-Cu separation in the binuclear unit is 12.018(1) A. The biphenyl units are noncoplanar, the torsional angles between the phynel rings in the two biphenyl moieties being 25.9 and 26.0°. On the basis of magnetic susceptibility measurements, any exchange interaction between the two copper centers is deducted to be very small.
A Method for the Real Time Solution of the Forward Dynamics Problem for Robots Incorporating Friction

A modular and computationally efficient method for solving the forward dynamics problem of robot mechanisms incorporating Coulomb friction is developed. This hybrid approach incorporates both analog and digital components that facilitate real time solutions. Coulomb friction effects associated with both transmissions and bearings are considered. Moreover, the methods accounts for joint flexibility as well as actuator gyroscopic effects. In our approach, the inverse dynamics formulation is used for solving the forward dynamics problem. The positive definiteness property of the inertia matrix of the dynamic equations of motion is exploited by intentionally introducing algebraic loops so that simultaneous algebraic equations are solved without iterations. By resolving these algebraic loops using linear electronics, one avoids the computational burden and time delays associated with purely digital solutions, thus facilitating real time operation. A proof of stability is also presented. The formulation developed here is useful in cases requiring either or both the inverse and forward dynamics solutions typically associated with design and control.
Photochemistry of hydrocarbons in the Jovian upper atmosphere

The recent remarkable success of Pioneer 10 has greatly expanded the arena of planetary aeronomy. New and invigorating incentives and justifications now exist for more thorough studies in Jovian upper atmospheric physics and chemistry. One important problem in this area is the problem of the photochemistry of the hydrocarbons. Apart from being interesting in its own right, knowledge of the distributions of the various hydrocarbons is needed in many other studies, too (e.g., the thermal structure). The recent occultation of the multiple star system β-Scorpii by Jupiter, which occurred on March 13, 1971, provided another opportunity to probe the Jovian atmospheric conditions. Utilizing this event and the advancements in technology that have taken place since the time of the last occurrence of a similar occultation studied by Baum and Code (1953), Hubbard et al. (1972) and Veverka et al. (1974) have reported the existence of several smaller scale stratified thermal structures. In analogy with the heating produced by methane absorption in the 3.3, µ band (Gillet et al., 1969), it has been suggested by Hubbard (1969) that these smaller scale layers may be the result of a similar absorption process in hydrocarbon or other trace constituents. Some hydrocarbons are good infrared radiators also, and could influence the thermal structure on the manner discussed by McGovern and Burk (1972), and Strobel and Smith (1973). Another important area of study where a knowledge of the height profile of the hydrocarbons could be extremely useful, relates to Jovian ionospheric structure and conductivities. It may be noted that CH3 has the lowest ionization potential compared to all the other major constituents in the Jovian atmosphere.
Higher plant tubulin identified by self-assembly into microtubules in vitro.

Microtubules are filamentous, subcellular structures present in virtually all eukaryotes. In higher plants, microtubules form the mitotic spindle1, determine the plane of cell division2,3 and orient cellulose microfibril deposition in growing cells4,5, and thus are significant determinants of morphogenesis6,7. The main structural component of microtubules is tubulin, a conserved, heterodimeric protein having a molecular weight of 110,000 and composed of α- and β-subunits (≃55,000 each)8. The resistance of plant microtubules to several antimitotic drugs has suggested that plant tubulins differ from animal tubulins (see refs 5, 9, 10 for review), but further characterization has awaited the development of a method to isolate plant tubulin. As tubulin has no characteristic enzymatic activity, the positive identification of this protein depends on its ability to self-assemble in vitro to form structures which have the morphological features of microtubules. Recent studies11–17 have used indirect methods to isolate tubulin-like proteins from higher plant cell extracts, but none has conclusively identified tubulin by demonstrating its self-assembly into microtubules. We report here the isolation of tubulin from cultured cells of a higher plant and its unequivocal identification by self-assembly into microtubules in vitro. Furthermore, we report peptide mapping data which indicate that although the β-summits of mammalian and higher plant tubulins have been conserved, the α-subunits have diverged during evolution.
The pectoralis major myofascial flap: clinical applications in head and neck reconstruction

Abstract Purpose: The pectoralis major myofascial (PMMF) flap, a simple variant of the pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap, has been underemphasized as a reconstructive method in head and neck surgery. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we review our experience using 18 PMMF flaps for a variety of reconstructive purposes in 15 head and neck cancer patients treated at a tertiary care hospital. Twelve of the study patients were undergoing surgical salvage of a recurrent cancer, and 10 had received previous radiation. Results: The overall rate of flap complications in our series was 22%, and the incidence of major flap complications requiring surgical revision was 11 %. Conclusion: In our experience, the use of the PMMF flap for a variety of reconstructive tasks in the head and neck has been associated with a high overall success rate with avoidance of some of the limitations of the PMMC flap.
Polarization parameters and angular distributions in π ± p elastic scattering at 100 GeV/ c and in pp elastic scattering at 100 and 300 GeV/ c

Measurements of the polarization parameters and angular distributions are reported for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ elastic scattering at 100 GeV/c and for $\mathrm{pp}$ elastic scattering at 100- and 300-GeV/c incident momentum. The ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p$ data cover the kinematic range $0.18\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}t\ensuremath{\le}1.10$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and are in agreement with current Regge-model predictions. The $\mathrm{pp}$ data cover the kinematic range $0.15\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}t\ensuremath{\le}1.10$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and $0.15\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{-}t\ensuremath{\le}2.00$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ at 100 and 300 GeV/c, respectively, and are found to be consistent with absorption-model predictions.
Utilizing Flake-Cut Spent Fowl Meat in Chicken Patties

Abstract Chicken patties were prepared utilizing 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% flake-cut white meat from spent layers in combination with white meat of broiler chickens. Other ingredients were 10% skin and 1% salt. Approximately 88-g patties were prepared in each possible combination of broiler and fowl meat. Patties were cooked by deep-fat frying and were evaluated by a sensory panel of 9 to 12 persons. Following this evaluation, selected formulations were cooked by deep-fat frying and served on a cafeteria line for consumer reaction. Consumer and sensory panels indicated that 25% of the meat in chicken patties could be from fowl, without a detectable change in quality or acceptance, as compared to a 100% broiler breast meat patty.
Neonatal Injection of an Ovarian Peptide Induces Autoimmune Ovarian Disease in Female Mice: Requirement of Endogenous Neonatal Ovaries

Neonatal female mice injected with the self ZP3 peptide are not tolerant to the peptide; they develop autoimmune ovarian disease (AOD) and autoantibody response 5 weeks later. ZP3 challenge leads to severe AOD and ZP3-specific T cell and antibody responses. In contrast, neonatal tolerance to foreign ZP3 peptide is established in male mice: ZP3 peptide-specific T cell proliferative response is reduced and AOD is absent in ovarian grafts. Tolerance is associated with a Th2-dominant T cell cytokine and antibody isotype profiles. As controls, neonatal tolerance to foreign peptides, with Th2 deviation, was induced in both male and female mice. Endogenous ZP3 is important for the gender difference. Ablation of ovaries in female mice on days 2 and 5, but not on day 7 or 14, switches the ZP3 autoimmune response to a tolerogenic response with a concomitant change in cytokine profile. Thus, neonatal self ZP3 peptide, supported by endogenous ovaries within a neonatal time window, evokes a pathogenic autoimmune response.
Isolation and fractionation of cell envelope from the extreme thermo-acidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius

Abstract Methods to produce membrane fragment of defined composition were evaluated for their applicability to the extremely thermophilic, acidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Sonication was found to effectively disrupt Sulfolobus cells and to produce small vesicles of varying size. Alternatively, grinding cells with fine alumina yielded large, uniform vesicles retaining the characteristic cell envelope ultrastructure of Sulfolobus spp. Biochemical and electron-microscopic examination indicated that the ‘cell ghosts’ prepared from S. acidocaldarius by the latter method have a relatively simple protein composition dominated by the glycoprotein subunits of the organism's quasicrystalline surface (S) layer cell wall. By suitable treatments, the cell ghosts could, in turn, be used to prepare S layer without the associated lipid membrane, or conversely, to prepare cytoplasmic membrane lacking the apposed S layer. These results offer a basis for compositional and functional analyses of a cell surface that is normally exposed to extremely severe environmental conditions.
Experimental problems in the use of solid oxide electrolytes

Several observations are described concerning the use of solid oxide electrolytes in kinetic and thermodynamic studies in liquid-metal-oxygen systems. These observations include: degradation of commercially available oxide electrolytes, degradation of electrodes and contamination from conventionally purified argon protective atmospheres. The conductivity of commercially available calciastabilized zirconia (CSZ) and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) decreased with use at elevated temperatures in contact with liquid metals. This decrease causes discrepancies in the values of oxygen diffusivity unless appropriate correction factors are used. Tungsten-wire-liquid-metal electrodes were observed to oxidize even when the average oxygen activity in the liquid metal was below the threshold level for tungsten oxidation; however, rhenium and tungsten-rhenium alloys performed satisfactorily. A low residual oxygen level in purified argon introduces large errors in oxygen solubility measurements. The rate of absorption of the residual oxygen in argon by liquid indium was studied and a rate constant established. A method for oxygen solubility measurements which avoids these sources of error is discussed.