cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Ageing OH Glucose Homeostasis

The mechanism of age-related glucose intoler- ance was investigated by comparing forearm glucose uptake (FGU) during 100-g oral glucose tolerance tests (GTTs) in healthy men of different ages: group Y, 19-24 yr (n = 11); group M, 30-45 yr (n = 12); and group E, 70-83 yr (n = 9). Progressive elevation of the glucose tolerance curve occurred with increasing age, the curve of each group differing from the others at all points from 60-180 min. Although with age absolute levels of FGU were not reduced, the rise in FGU per incremental change in arterial plasma glucose concentration was significantly decreased, whereas the corresponding relationship between FGU and serum insulin was less marked. Early insulin responses were similar in all age groups, but after 60 min the curves diverged in a pattern corresponding to the respective glucose responses and differed significantly from 150-180 min. The relative changes in insulin levels corresponded to those observed in C-peptide con- centrations in all groups. C-peptide to insulin ratios were not influenced by age. Similar proportions of proinsulin in total immunoreactive insulin were found in elderly subjects and men from group M. No difference in monocyte insulin receptor numbers or affin- ity was observed in elderly men and subjects from group M. Basal FFA levels were significantly higher in the elderly than in group Y and fell rapidly after glucose loading in all groups. Arterial lactate concentrations increased after glucose loading in all groups, but in the elderly the rise was significantly delayed. In order to compare FGU in these groups at similar arterial glucose levels rather than at the differing concentrations ob- served after glucose loading, GTTs were repeated in five subjects from group M. During these studies additional glucose was infused intermittently from 30-180 min in order to simulate the raised arterial glucose concentrations noted in the elderly. This required a mean infusion of 62.3 g (range, 33.4-97.7 g) and increased FGU to a level 3-fold greater than that observed in the elderly. To determine whether any reserve for further in- creasing overall glucose disposal is retained in the elderly, GTTs were repeated in three older men, in each of whom additional glucose infusions raised the 60-min concentrations by 50 mg/dl. In each of these subjects the subsequent fall in arterial glucose levels was accelerated. The results suggest that impaired peripheral glucose uptake is an important mechanism resulting in age-related glucose in- tolerance. At similar glucose and insulin concentrations, periph- eral glucose uptake in the elderly is only one-third that in younger men. Since insulin receptor binding was not reduced in the elderly, this impairment may be a postreceptor phenomenon. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55: 840, 1982)
Automated synthesis of decentralized controllers for robot swarms from high-level temporal logic specifications

The majority of work in the field of swarm robotics focuses on the bottom-up design of local rules for individual robots that create emergent swarm behaviors. In this paper, we take a top-down approach and consider the following problem: how can we specify a desired collective behavior and automatically synthesize decentralized controllers that can be distributed over robots to achieve the collective objective in a provably correct way? We propose a formal specification language for the high-level description of swarm behaviors on both the swarm and individual levels. We present algorithms for automated synthesis of decentralized controllers and synchronization skeletons that describe how groups of robots must coordinate to satisfy the specification. We demonstrate our proposed approach through an example in simulation.
Glyphosate but not Roundup® harms earthworms (Eisenia fetida).

Abstract Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup® formulations. While multiple studies have documented the toxicity, environmental persistence, and tendency to spread for glyphosate and Roundup®, few studies have compared the toxicity of glyphosate-based formulations to the toxicity of pure glyphosate for soil invertebrates, which contact both the herbicide and the formulations. Hundreds of formulations exist; their inert ingredients are confidential; and glyphosate persists in our food, water, and soil. In this experiment, we held glyphosate type and concentration constant, varying only formulation. Using Roundup Ready-to-Use III®, Roundup Super Concentrate®, and pure glyphosate, we delivered 26.3 mg glyphosate in the form of isopropylamine salt per kg of soil to compost worms (Eisenia fetida). We found that worms living in soil spiked with pure glyphosate lost 14.8–25.9% of their biomass and survived a stress test for 22.2–33.3% less time than worms living in uncontaminated soil. Worms living in soil spiked with Roundup Ready-to-Use III® and Roundup Super Concentrate® did not lose body mass and survived the stress test as well as worms living in uncontaminated soil. No contaminant affected soil microbial or fungal biomass over the 40-day period of this experiment. We suggest that the nitrates and phosphates in the formulations offset the toxic effects of glyphosate by spurring microbial growth and speeding glyphosate degradation. We also found a 26.5–41.3% reduction in fungal biomass across all treatments over the course of this experiment, suggesting that the worms consumed fungi and spores.
TL 18050 - Short-term complications, reoperations, and radiographic outcomes of Infinity® total ankle arthroplasty

Introduction: With the increasing use of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA), new implants with varied configurations are being developed every year. This study aimed to assess the early complications, reoperations, and radiographic and clinical outcomes of this novel implant. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 64 consecutive ankles that underwent a primary Infinity® TAA was performed. Patients had an average follow-up of 24.5 (range, 18-39) months. Medical records were reviewed to determine the incidence of complications, reoperations, and revisions. Additionally, patient-reported outcomes were analyzed with the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Results: Survivorship of the implant was 95.3%. Fourteen ankles (21.8%) presented a total of 17 complications. A total of 12 reoperations were necessary in 11 ankles (17.1%). Revision surgery was indicated for 3 ankles (4.7%) as a result of subsidence of the implant. Tibiotalar coronal deformity was significantly improved after surgery (P < .0001) and maintained at the latest follow-up (P = .81). Periprosthetic radiolucent lines were observed around the tibial component in 20 ankles (31%) and around the talar component in 2 ankles (3.1%). A tibial cyst was observed in 1 ankle (1.5%). Outcome scores were significantly improved for all FAOS components analyzed (P < .0001). Conclusion: Most complications observed in the study were minor and successfully treated with a single reoperation procedure or nonoperatively. Failures and radiographic abnormalities were most commonly related to the tibial implant. Further studies with longer follow-ups are needed to evaluate the survivorship of the tibial implant over the long term.
Improving Outcomes of Iatrogenic Type A Aortic Dissection during Cardiac Surgery.

Background Iatrogenic Type A aortic dissection (IAD) is a rare but devastating complication of cardiac and aortic surgery with reported operative mortality of 30 to 50%. In this study, we report our experience with IAD and propose a standardized approach to management. Methods From January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2016, 23,275 patients underwent cardiac surgery at our institution. We identified 15 patients who developed IAD. Our approach to management included (1) immediate repair, (2) involvement of a second attending surgeon, (3) aggressive monitoring of malperfusion, (4) securing true lumen arterial perfusion access and systemic cooling, and (5) performance of hemiarch or total arch replacement based on the presence of suspected brain malperfusion. The index operation was also completed at the same time. Patient preoperative characteristics, operative sequence and technique, complications, and outcomes were analyzed with chart review. Results The incidence of IAD at our institution was 0.06% (n = 15). A disproportionate percentage of patients had aneurysmal ascending aortas (33.3%). The index surgery consisted of aortic surgery in five patients (33.3%), coronary bypass in three patients, valve surgery in five patients, and transplantation in one patient. The mechanism of dissection was aortic cannulation in 66.7% and aortic root vent site cannulation in 13.3%. In 46.7% of patients, the IAD was first recognized based on clinical evidence such as aortic hematoma, pericardial bleeding, or abnormal perfusion line pressures. In 40.0%, the diagnosis was made with intraoperative echocardiography without any clinical manifestations. The timing of the diagnosis was at the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass initiation in 60.0%, while in 40.0% it was recognized after discontinuation of bypass. Hemiarch was done in 73.3% and total arch replacement performed in 13.3%. Isolated ascending repairs were done in two patients. Bypass and cross-clamp times were 229.5 ± 212.7 minutes and 130.5 ± 109.5 minutes, respectively. In-hospital mortality in our cohort was 6.7%. While stroke occurred in one patient, no visceral organ malperfusion was recognized. Conclusions Incidence of IAD is low with cannulation of an aneurysmal aorta being a risk factor. A standardized approach may result in reduced operative mortality.
Prevalence and Factor Structure of PTSD in DSM-5 Versus DSM-IV in a National Sample of Sexual Minority Women:

The impact of changes to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV) to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) within diverse communities is unclear. Young adult sexual minority women are at high risk for interpersonal violence and other forms of trauma exposure compared with heterosexual populations and sexual minority men. They are also at heightened risk of PTSD. As a result, young adult sexual minority women are a key population of interest when examining the impact of diagnostic criteria changes. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the impact of changes to PTSD diagnostic criteria in sexual minority women. Using an online survey, we administered both the original PTSD Symptom Checklist-S (based on DSM-IV criteria) and a version adapted to assess DSM-5 criteria to a national, nonclinical sample of young adult sexual minority women (N = 767). The DSM-5 symptom criteria fit the data well in confirmatory factor analysis. Current PTSD prevalence was higher under the DSM-5 diagnostic algorithm compared with DSM-IV (18.6% vs. 22.9%; d = 0.15). Compared with DSM-IV, associations between PTSD and depression were stronger using DSM-5 criteria, whereas associations between PTSD and high-risk drinking were reduced. Findings suggest that changes to PTSD diagnostic criteria do not have a major impact on prevalence of PTSD among sexual minority women but may have some impact on observed comorbidities.
How Hack distributions of rill networks contribute to nonlinear slope length–soil loss relationships

Abstract. Surface flow on rilled hillslopes tends to produce sediment yields that scale nonlinearly with total hillslope length. The widespread observation lacks a single unifying theory for such a nonlinear relationship. We explore the contribution of rill network geometry to the observed yield–length scaling relationship. Relying on an idealized network geometry, we formally develop probability functions for topological variables of contributing area and rill length. In doing so, we contribute towards a complete probabilistic foundation for the Hack distribution. Using deterministic and empirical functions, we then extend the probability theory to the hydraulic variables that are related to sediment detachment and transport. A Monte Carlo simulation samples hydraulic variables from hillslopes of different lengths to provide estimates of sediment yield. The results of this analysis demonstrate a nonlinear yield–length relationships as a result of the rill network geometry. Theory is supported by numerical modeling wherein surface flow is routed over an idealized numerical surface and a natural one from northern Arizona. Numerical flow routing demonstrates probability functions that resemble the theoretical ones. This work provides a unique application of the Scheidegger network to hillslope settings which, because of their finite lengths, result in unique probability functions. We have addressed sediment yields on rilled slopes and have contributed to an understanding Hack's law from basic probabilistic reasoning.
Demonstration of NV-detected ESR spectroscopy at 115 GHz and 4.2 T

High frequency electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for identification and characterization of spin systems. Nanoscale ESR using the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center has been demonstrated down to the level of a single spin. However, NV-detected ESR has exclusively been studied at low magnetic fields, where the spectral overlap prevents clear identification of spectral features. In this work, we demonstrate NV-detected ESR measurements of single-substitutional nitrogen impurities in diamond at a NV Larmor frequency of 115 GHz and the corresponding magnetic field of 4.2 T. The NV-ESR measurements utilize a double electron-electron resonance sequence and are performed using both ensemble and single NV spin systems. In the single NV experiment, chirp pulses are used to improve the population transfer and for NV-ESR measurements. This work provides the basis for NV-based ESR measurements of external spins at high magnetic fields.
ON ABSORPTION BY CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST, WITH THE PROGENITOR OF SN 2012aw AS A CASE STUDY

We use the progenitor of SN 2012aw to illustrate the consequences of modeling circumstellar dust using Galactic (interstellar) extinction laws that (1) ignore dust emission in the near-IR and beyond, (2) average over dust compositions, and (3) mischaracterize the optical/UV absorption by assuming that scattered photons are lost to the observer. The primary consequences for the progenitor of SN 2012aw are that both the luminosity and the absorption are significantly overestimated. In particular, the stellar luminosity is most likely in the range 104.8 < L */L ? < 105.0 and the star was not extremely massive for a Type IIP progenitor, with M * < 15 M ?. Given the properties of the circumstellar dust and the early X-ray/radio detections of SN 2012aw, the star was probably obscured by an ongoing wind with to 10?5.0 M ? yr?1 at the time of the explosion, roughly consistent with the expected mass-loss rates for a star of its temperature (T * 3600+300 ? 200?K) and luminosity. In the spirit of Galactic extinction laws, we supply simple interpolation formulae for circumstellar extinction by dusty graphitic and silicate shells as a function of wavelength (? ? 0.3 ?m) and total (absorption plus scattering) V-band optical depth (? V ? 20). These do not include the contributions of dust emission, but provide a simple, physical alternative to incorrectly using interstellar extinction laws.
What are the odds? Predicting the likelihood of a negative episode in a sample of toddlers with autism spectrum disorder.

Children with autism spectrum disorder exhibit challenges in regulating negativity and modifying emotional responses, a process known as emotion regulation. Such challenges affect social outcomes a...
SrvfNet: A Generative Network for Unsupervised Multiple Diffeomorphic Functional Alignment

We present SrvfNet, a generative deep learning framework for the joint multiple alignment of large collections of functional data comprising square-root velocity functions (SRVF) to their templates. Our proposed framework is fully unsupervised and is capable of aligning to a predefined template as well as jointly predicting an optimal template from data while simultaneously achieving alignment. Our network is constructed as a generative encoder-decoder architecture comprising fully-connected layers capable of producing a distribution space of the warping functions. We demonstrate the strength of our framework by validating it on synthetic data as well as diffusion profiles from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.
Large-scale water development in the United States: TVA and the California State Water Project

Assessments of large-scale water resources projects in two regions of the United States provide lessons about long-term outcomes. In the humid East, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) serves mult...
Justice vs. Law: Courts and Politics in American Society

This text aims to demystify the US judicial process and its essential place in democracy - a place where law transcends the passions and politics of the moment, but also one where justice cannot always prevail. Through an analysis of an important child-abuse case, DeShaney v. Winnebago County, the authors reveal the important aspects of judicial power, including the relationship between procedure and substance, and, ultimately, the limits of the demands of justice under the rule of law.
Picosecond Photo-Chemistry and Spectroscopy in Supersonic Beams

In this article we describe the development and the applications of the picosecond-jet technique, which utilizes a picosecond laser and a supersonic jet beam of large molecules. The applications include studies of coherence (quantum beats), photodissociation, isomerization, intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and partial solvation.
The PDGF Receptor As A Mediator of Mitogenesis

Since its discovery as a potent mesenchymal cell mitogen, PDGF has been studied in the context of vascular repair and athero-genesis1. Recent work in a number of laboratories has suggested that PDGF-like peptides may also play a role in cell transformation2–4 and in fetal development5–6. In each of these biological processes the mitogenic response is mediated by the PDGF receptor.
"It's Not My Fault": Using Neutralization Theory to Understand Cheating by Middle School Students

According to neutralization theory, to justify unethical behavior delinquents often embrace strategies that deflect personal responsibility for their actions from them and toward other persons or contextual factors outside their control. Drawing on neutralization theory, this case study explores how middle school students endorsed comparable strategies to justify cheating. Participants included six faculty members from an 8th grade teaching team and eight of their students at a competitive, private middle school in Northeastern Massachusetts. Based on interview and focus group data, we found that students adopted three of the five neutralizing strategies to rationalize what might be seen as unethical behavior: (1) denying responsibility; (2) condemning the condemner; and (3) appealing to higher ideals. Specific recommendations for schools include promoting supportive student-teacher relations and creating an academic environment in which students value course work for its inherent value, rather than solely as a means to gain admission to an elite high school.
Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin: Role of small bowel enteroscopy

The source of blood loss remains undetermined in 5% of patients with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. A new technique of small bowel enteroscopy with a prototypic sonde-type enteroscope 9 ft in length was used to examine 60 patients referred to the hospital with gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin. With an average procedure time of 6 h, the enteroscope migrated to the ileum or beyond in 77% of patients. Thirty-three percent (20 of 60 patients) had the source of blood loss identified within the small bowel at enteroscopy. Small bowel enteroscopy is a useful tool in patients with chronic gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin and can be considered when standard invasive and noninvasive modalities have failed to diagnose a site of bleeding.
Assembling probabilistic performance parameters of shale-gas wells

*Slightly adapted reprint of U.S.G.S. Open-File Report 2010-1138 (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1138/), which in turn was adapted from oral presentation at AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 11-14, 2010. See related article, Search and Discovery Article #40578 (2010), a reprint of U.S.G.S Open-File Report 2010-1151, “Applying Probabilistic Well-Performance Parameters to Assessments of Shale-Gas Resources” (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1151/).
IBM risc system/6000: a business perspective

From the Publisher: Written by an IBM insider, IBM RISC System/6000, Sixth Edition is the businessperson's complete guide to all important details of every model. Revised and updated, this Sixth Edition includes information on new releases of the RISC System/6000 hardware and software.
Global warming on Triton

Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has been predicted to undergo significant seasonal changes that would reveal themselves as changes in its mean frost temperature. But whether this temperature should at the present time be increasing, decreasing or constant depends on a number of parameters (such as the thermal properties of the surface, and frost migration patterns) that are unknown. Here we report observations of a recent stellar occultation by Triton which, when combined with earlier results, show that Triton has undergone a period of global warming since 1989. Our most conservative estimates of the rate of temperature and surface-pressure increase during this period imply that the atmosphere is doubling in bulk every 10 years, significantly faster than predicted by any published frost model for Triton. Our result suggests that permanent polar caps on Triton play a c dominant role in regulating seasonal atmospheric changes. Similar processes should also be active on Pluto.
Fertility and Inequality Across Borders: Assisted Reproductive Technology and Globalization

This article was originally presented as part of The 2009 Compass Interdisciplinary Virtual Conference. You can read the article along with two commentaries and extensive discussion at http://compassconference.wordpress.com/2009/10/23/conference-paper-fertility-and-inequality-across-borders-assisted-reproductive-technology-and-globalization.
Identification of composite membranes for extremal eigenvalue problems

Given an open bounded connected set Omega contained in/implied by R/sup N/ and a prescribed amount of two homogeneous materials of different density, for small k the authors characterize the distribution of the two materials in Omega that extremizes the kth eigenvalue of the resulting clamped membrane. It is shown that these extremizers vary continuously with the proportion of the two constituents. The characterization of the extremizers in terms of level sets of associated eigenfunctions provides geometric information on the respective interfaces. Each of these results generalizes to N dimensions the one-dimensional work of M.G. Krein (1955). In addition to providing a first attack on the analytical study of the vibration of composites, this work has relevance in those fields of medicine and biology where composite membranes abound. >
A further evaluation of behavioral skills training for implementation of the picture exchange communication system

We evaluated the effectiveness of a behavioral skills training package to teach implementation of Phases 1, 2, and 3A of the picture exchange communication system (PECS) to teachers employed at a therapeutic center for children with autism. Probes in the natural environment and follow-up were conducted with children who were assigned to work with the teachers in their own classrooms. Results provide additional support for the efficacy of behavioral skills training to teach implementation of PECS.
Language models for financial news recommendation

ABSTRACT We present a unique approa h to identifying news stories that in uen e the behavior of nan ial markets. Spe i ally, we des ribe the design and implementation of nalyst, a system that an re ommend interesting news stories { stories that are likely to a e t market behavior. nalyst operates by orrelating the ontent of news stories with trends in nan ial time series. We identify trends in time series using pie ewise linear tting and then assign labels to the trends a ording to an automated binning pro edure. We use language models to represent patterns of language that are highly asso iated with parti ular labeled trends. nalyst an then identify and re ommend news stories that are highly indi ative of future trends. We evaluate the system in terms of its ability to re ommend the stories that will a e t the behavior of the sto k market. We demonstrate that stories re ommended by nalyst ould be used to pro tably predi t forth oming trends in sto k pri es.
The Man with No Home/Musukja (1968): Shane Comes Back in a Korean “Manchurian Western”

Abstract This essay introduces the “Manchurian Western” genre of South Korean cinema and illustrates, through a comparative scene-by-scene analysis, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic reworkings of George Stevens's 1953 classic Shane exhibited in the 1968 Korean Western The Man with No Home, set in Manchuria during the 1930s.
The combination of diphosphopyridine nucleotide with glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The theory has been examined that glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle contains two catalytic sites, having dissociation constants with DPN which differ by a factor of 100 or more. The facts in favour of a very slightly dissociated site are that the enzyme retains on recrystallization or dialysis a stoichiometric amount of DPN. From observations made in kinetic measurements this DPN does not measurably dissociate on five fold dilution of the enzyme. Furthermore, evidence is presented that DPNH is also bound to the enzyme and that it can be displaced by added DPN to an extent which indicates relative affinities of the protein for the oxidized and reduced forms of at least the same order of magnitude. The fact that bound DPN can be removed from the enzyme by adsorption on charcoal and that it exchanges rapidly with DPN labelled with P32 allows the conclusion (a) that the binding is not of the covalent type and (b) that bound DPN has a measurable dissociation. Other approaches to the problem did not reveal differences between the reaction with enzyme-DPN and the reaction with a catalytic amount of enzyme plus added DPN. In both cases, in the presence of an excess of substrate, the reaction was first order with respect to the total DPN concentration, and the pH optimum was the same. The equilibrium constants with bound and with added DPN were also the same. Iodoacetate inhibited the reaction at the bound site. Kinetic studies involving simultaneous reaction of bound and added DPN showed that with increasing concentrations of the latter a saturation value was approached, but the data could not be resolved to give an unequivocal answer in terms of two catalytic sites. Enzyme DPNH was shown to react rapidly with lactic dehydrogenase plus pyruvate, or in the reverse reaction, bound DPN was found to react with lactic dehydrogenase plus lactate. On the basis of the assumption that bound DPNH has a very low dissociation, the observed rate of reaction with lactic dehydrogenase would have to be attributed to collisions between protein molecules. In the light of available evidence the hypothesis that glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase has two catalytic sites which differ in their affinity for DPN requires further examination.
Success of smell

The Scented Ape: The Biology and Culture of Human Odour. By Michael Stoddart. Cambridge University Press: 1990. Pp. 286. Hbk £40, $80; pbk £14.95, $24.95.
Comparative demography of co-occurring introduced and native tussock grasses: persistence and potential expansion

Demographic characteristics associated with the maintenance and growth of populations, such as seed dynamics, seedling emergence, survival, and tiller dynamics were examined for two tussock grasses, the native Agropyron spicatum and the introduced Agropyron desertorum in a 30-month field study. The introduced grass was aerially sown onto a native grassland site. Seed production of the introduced grass was greater than the native grass in both above- and below-average precipitation years. Seeds of A. spicatum were dispersed when they mature, while A. desertorum retained some seeds in inflorescences, and dispersed them slowly throughout the year. This seed retention allowed some seeds of the introduced grass to escape peak periods of seed predation during the summer and allowed seeds to be deposited constantly into the seed bank. Carryover of seeds in the seed bank beyond one year occurred in the introduced grass but not in the native species. For both species, seedling emergence occurred in both autumn or spring. Survival rates for A. desertorum were higher than A. spicatum when seedlings emerged between November and March. Survival rates of cohorts emerging before November favored A. spicatum whereas survival rates did not differ between species for cohorts emerging after March. Individuals of both species emerging after April were unable to survive the summer drought. Demographic factors associated with seeds of A. desertorum seemed to favor the maintenance and spread of this introduced grass into native stands formerly dominated by A. spicatum.
Extraction of endoscopic images for biomedical figure classification

Modality filtering is an important feature in biomedical image searching systems and may significantly improve the retrieval performance of the system. This paper presents a new method for extracting endoscopic image figures from photograph images in biomedical literature, which are found to have highly diverse content and large variability in appearance. Our proposed method consists of three main stages: tissue image extraction, endoscopic image candidate extraction, and ophthalmic image filtering. For tissue image extraction we use image patch level clustering and MRF relabeling to detect images containing skin/tissue regions. Next, we find candidate endoscopic images by exploiting the round shape characteristics that commonly appear in these images. However, this step needs to compensate for images where endoscopic regions are not entirely round. In the third step we filter out the ophthalmic images which have shape characteristics very similar to the endoscopic images. We do this by using text information, specifically, anatomy terms, extracted from the figure caption. We tested and evaluated our method on a dataset of 115,370 photograph figures, and achieved promising precision and recall rates of 87% and 84%, respectively.
Emotions and the Ontology of Moral Value

Emotions have received a great deal of attention in moral philosophy during the past several decades. Philosophers from varied camps have attempted to show that emotions are necessary to moral theory. It has been argued, for instance, that emotions are essential components of eudaimonistic moral systems and that emotional expression and experience are important parts of the flourishing life.1 It has been argued that emotions play a crucial role in moral epistemology and that agents simply cannot have complete and accurate moral perception and cannot make reliable moral judgments absent emotional engagement with moral situations.2 It has been argued that emotions are necessary to morally correct action; emotional detachment often fails to get the moral job done.3 Even Kantians have joined the bandwagon, arguing that Kant, and faithful latter day Kantians can consistently allow agents to feel emotions as they do morally worthy actions.4 Each argument has been important in securing a greater role for emotions in moral theory than had previously been acknowledged. Each of them, however, fails to have us fully value emotions and their crucial role in moral theory. Even some Aristotelians, who are often thought to safeguard the role of emotions, fail to correctly articulate the value of emotions to moral theory. Aristotelians hold that affective engagement is necessary to virtue: a virtuous person must come to love the good and hate the bad. But some Aristotelians hold that affective abstraction, simply loving the good or hating the bad, can constitute full emotional engagement. But this is not sufficient. Emotional engagement requires particular attachments to particular people.
Relativistic many-body theory

Self-consistent field theories have had extensive application in the study of nonrelativistic systems. In the past decade there has been some interest in the use of relativistic self-consistent-field techniques for the study of strongly interacting systems such as finite nuclei and infinite nuclear matter. In nonrelativistic theories the standard analysis involves the determination of a new representation for the Hamiltonian in which the residual interaction admixes no one-particle, one-hole states into the self-consistent ground-state wave function. In lowest-order perturbation theory the next admixtures are of the two-particle, two-hole type. We demonstrate that the relativistic theory can be formulated in a similar fashion. In the relativistic theory the new representation is determined such that the residual interaction does not admix particle-hole states however, here "hole" refers to all occupied states including the negative energy states. Again the corrections to the theory involve the introduction of two-particle two-hole states, where "hole" is understood in the more general sense. In the relativistic theory the specification of the new representation requires the solution of a Dirac-Hartree, Dirac-Hartree-Fock, or Dirac-Brueckner-Hartree-Fock equation, the choice depending upon the nature of the physical system. Once the new representation is found, our techniques allow us to exhibit a useful form for the Hamiltonian of the relativistic system in which the residual interaction between the relativistic quasiparticles is given explicitly. The theory given here is readily extended to the study of finite systems where it provides the basis for a relativistic shell model of nuclear structure.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Derivation of relativistic Hartree-Fock and Brueckner-Hartree Fock theories; interaction between relativistic quasiparticles; dynamics of saturation in a relativistic model.
Learning from the experience of others: Parameter uncertainty and economic growth in a model of creative destruction

Abstract This paper analyzes a quality-ladder model of economic growth incorporating uncertainty about the efficiency of R&D. A central premise of the paper is that designing appropriate technology policies is more difficult when one is at the cutting edge of technology. In technological laggards, information gleaned from observations of more advanced countries provides noisy signals about the effort required to develop a specific product generation, and aids in the design of policy. The paper shows how these signals influence growth rates and technology policies.
Degradation and Relaxation Kinetics of Polystyrene−Clay Nanocomposite Prepared by Surface Initiated Polymerization

Thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to study the thermal and thermo-oxidative degradation of polystyrene (PS) and PS−clay nanocomposite. An advanced isoconversional method has been applied for kinetic analysis. Introduction of the clay phase increases the activation energy and affects the total heat of degradation that suggests a change in the reaction mechanism. The obtained kinetic data permit comparative assessment of fire resistance of the studied materials. Relaxation kinetics have been measured by DSC and dynamic mechanical analysis. As compared to virgin PS, the clay nanocomposite shows the glass transition at a higher temperature and demonstrates markedly larger activation energy. This suggests that the clay phase lowers the molecular mobility of PS which is another factor contributing to the increased thermal stability of the nanocomposite.
Vision-based real-time exercise instruction system

In this paper, a vision-based real-time exercise instruction system is proposed. The purposes of the system are to increase the exercise efficiency and to prevent users from being injured. This system uses a stereo-vision method to compute the 3D user information, and a vision-based pose estimation method to analyze the user's postures. The response time of the system is short enough such that the interaction between the user and the system can be done in real-time.
A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor

[1] Several observational studies have shown a tight relationship between tropical precipitation and column-integrated water vapor. We show that the observed relationship in the tropics between column-integrated water vapor, precipitation, and its variance can be qualitatively reproduced by a simple and physically motivated two-layer model. It has previously been argued that features of this relationship could be explained by analogy with the theory of continuous phase transitions. Instead, our model explicitly assumes that the onset of precipitation is governed by a stability threshold involving boundary-layer water vapor. This allows us to explain the precipitation-humidity relationship over a broader range of water vapor values, and may explain the observed temperature dependence of the relationship.
Single-voxel 1H-MRS investigation of brain metabolic changes during lactate-induced panic

Abstract Intravenous sodium lactate infusion is a robust laboratory technique for eliciting panic in susceptible individuals. The objective for this study was to replicate previous work which found differential brain lactate rises among lactate-sensitive panic subjects relative to control subjects using single-voxel 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Single-voxel 1 H-MRS was used to measure brain lactate changes in the insular cortex region among 13 panic disorder subjects and 10 healthy control subjects during the infusion. One panic subject prematurely terminated the study due to a panic response during lactate infusion. Data from two additional control subjects and one panic subject were lost due to technical problems. Four panic subjects were reinfused with lactate while panic-free under treatment with fluoxetine (20 mg/day). At the time of initial infusion, all subjects were medication-free for at least 1 month. Ten panic subjects, but no control subjects, panicked during lactate infusion. In comparison to control subjects, panic subjects demonstrated significantly greater and prolonged brain lactate rises in the insular cortex region. Three of four medicated panic subjects experienced blockage of panic symptoms during lactate reinfusion but all exhibited persistent excesses in brain lactate rise. Consistent with our prior observations, greater and prolonged lactate rises in the insular brain region occur during and following lactate infusion among panic subjects compared to control subjects. This differential brain metabolic response did not appear to normalize when a small subset of panic patients were reinfused following resolution of panic symptoms during treatment over 3–4 months with fluoxetine.
Trace mineral requirements of grazing cattle

Abstract The following paper discusses the impact of four specific trace elements—copper, zinc, selenium and manganese-on production and health parameters of grazing cattle. Typically in the cattle industry the greatest impairment of marginal trace element deficiencies may be on immune function, but in cases of severe deficiencies production traits such as reproduction efficiency and other performance parameters can be impacted. It is important that the diet formulation for trace minerals consider the forage intake, the forage trace mineral content and the animal's requirements and then dietary levels fed to meet animal requirements just as is typically done for nutrients such as energy and protein. Although minerals and trace elements have not received the degree of attention that energy and protein have in formulating grazing cattle diets, their potential impact on productivity should not be ignored.
Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in collagen cross-linking by high glucose in vitro and in vivo

The Maillard reaction has been implicated in cross-linking and fluorescence formation of collagen exposed to high glucose in vitro. However, several pharmacologic agents, whose action seems unrelated to pathways of nonenzymatic glycation, have been demonstrated to prevent cross-linking in diabetes. To clarify this discrepancy, kinetic changes in glycation, glycoxidation (carboxymethyllysine, CML), and cross-linking (measured as tendon breaking time, TBT) were evaluated in rat tail tendons incubated in 5 and 30 mM glucose in vitro and in tendons implanted in vivo into diabetic rat peritoneal cavity. In vitro, rates were found to be both O2- and glucose-dependent. Tendon preglycation and presence of added 2 mM glycosylamine and Amadori compounds (Amadori product of glucose and propylamine) catalyzed these changes in a primarily O2-dependent manner. In the presence of Amadori compounds, kinetic changes were dramatically increased and were preventable by addition of catalase to the medium. Tendons implanted into diabetic rat peritoneum became more rapidly glycoxidized and cross-linked when implanted at day 30 from diabetes onset (high tissue glycation) compared to day 3 (low tissue glycation) in spite of similar glycation kinetics, suggesting a mechanistic dissociation between glycation, glycoxidation, and cross-linking in diabetes. Indeed, intraperitoneal injection of catalase and other antioxidants dramatically suppressed cross-linking, fluorescence formation, and, to some extent, glycoxidation, without affecting glycation. This study confirms the role of oxidative stress in protein cross-linking by the Maillard reaction in vitro and provides the first evidence for a role of H2O2 in cross-linking in diabetes. Whereas Amadori products are a potent source of H2O2 formation in vitro, their precise contribution to H2O2 generation and the actual role of Maillard reaction products in collagen cross-linking in diabetes requires further investigation.
Respiratory heat and water exchange in penguins.

Abstract Body and exhaled air temperatures of penguins were measured at ambient air temperatures from − 5 to 27°C. Penguins in an air temperature of 5°C decreased the temperature of their exhaled air to 9°C and thereby reclaimed 81.9% of the water and 83.4% of the heat added to the inhaled air. The heat recovered represents 17.0% of the simultaneous metabolic heat production. Penguins in an air temperature of 5°C and subjected to heat loads increased the temperature of their exhaled air to near that of their body and lost 39.1 cal/L air which is equivalent to 20.4% of their total metabolic heat production. The anatomical site where the majority of the heat and water exchange appears to take place is a common air chamber within the nasal passages of these birds. Alpha-adrenergic neural activity modulating blood flow to the mucosal lining of the nasal passages is postulated as the mechanisms which permits heat and water exchange in cold conditions and heat dissipation during heat loads.
The impact of viability assessment using myocardial perfusion imaging on patient management and outcome

Background Prior studies show that ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) patients with substantial viable myocardium have better survival with coronary revascularization (CR) than medical therapy (MT). When myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is used, the analysis is often based on visual scoring. We sought to determine the value of automated quantitative viability analysis in guiding management and predicting outcome.
Maximum entropy deconvolution of the optical jet of 3C 273

The technique of maximum entropy image restoration is applied to the problem of deconvolving the point spread function from a deep, high-quality V band image of the optical jet of 3C 273. The resulting maximum entropy image has an approximate spatial resolution of 0.6 arcsec and has been used to study the morphology of the optical jet. Four regularly-spaced optical knots are clearly evident in the data, together with an optical 'extension' at each end of the optical jet. The jet oscillates around its center of gravity, and the spatial scale of the oscillations is very similar to the spacing between the optical knots. The jet is marginally resolved in the transverse direction and has an asymmetric profile perpendicular to the jet axis. The distribution of V band flux along the length of the jet, and accurate astrometry of the optical knot positions are presented.
Development Zones, Foreign Investment, and Global City Formation in Shanghai

The rapid economic ascent of China and the increasing integration of the world economy in the past two decades have made metropolises in China such as Shanghai and Beijing emerging global cities. Foreign investment is a central force underlying the emergence and trans- formation of the Chinese metropolises into global cities. This is especially true in Shanghai, which has experienced massive infusion of foreign investment. Varied forms of foreign investment or development zones have been created to promote foreign investment inflows, yet remain under- studied. This paper analyzes structure, performance, and underlying factors of development zones in Shanghai, and discusses the implications for global city-formation; it unfolds the variations among development zones, and illustrates the significant role of the state and local conditions. As the literature on global cities dwells primarily on the experiences of advanced economies, this paper further contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of emerging global cities in the developing world.
Multimedia security in group communications: recent progress in key management, authentication, and watermarking

Multicast is an internetwork service that provides efficient delivery of data from a source to multiple receivers. It reduces the bandwidth requirements of the network and the computational overhead of the host devices. This makes multicast an ideal technology for communication among a large group of participants. Secure group communications involves many service types include teleconferencing, pay TV and real-time delivery of stock quotes. IP multicast is the traditional mechanism to support multicast communications. Multicast security includes group membership control, secure key distribution, secure data transfer and copyright protection. This paper is an overview of the schemes proposed for group key management, authentication and watermarking in wired networks with fixed members and wireless networks with mobile members.
The influence of the Martian polar caps on the diurnal tide

The large horizontal heating gradients that exist near the edge of the Martian polar caps during spring are shown to be capable of exciting large oscillations in the diurnal tide. To a lesser extent, the daily mass cycling between cap and atmosphere can also contribute. The calculations which demonstrate this are based on classical tidal theory as applied to the cylindrical coordinate system. This is done to facilitate the representation of the heating function. Results are presented for the horizontal surface winds only. They indicate a circulation at the cap edge somewhat analogous to the smaller scale terrestrial sea breeze. The amplitude of the zonal component is largest and is increased from 1 to 10 m/sec by the modeled influence of the polar cap. When coupled with the basic flow these cap-edge tides can produce strong surface winds during spring. Such a mechanism may contribute to the ability of the south polar cap winds to generate the local dust storms observed near the cap edge at this season.
Libya, Chad, and the central Sahara

Libya and Chad have gone to war with each other several times since Independence, ostensibly over their rival claims to the disputed Aozou strip. ^IJohn Wright, senior political analyst in the BBC Arabic Service, traces the ethnic, cultural and economic links between them over the centuries and shows how these connections contribute to present rivalries.