cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute Toxicity of Intravenous Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Abstract Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is an excellent emulsifying agent. An emulsion of methoxyflurane in oil, stable to autoclaving, and employing SLS as an emulsifier was prepared. The acute effects of intravenous SLS on red cells, electrocardiogram, vital organs of rabbits, dogs, and monkeys, and isolated hearts of rabbits and frogs were studied. The dose levels were 10 and 50 mg. per cent in 5 per cent glucose or in 3.5 per cent emulsion of methoxyflurane at administration rates of 6.2 ml./Kg./hr. intravenously. The hemolytic effects of SLS and its effect on the electrocardiogram are negligible. SLS evokes a precipitous transient depressor response in dogs. However, SLS has marked acute effect on lungs, kidneys, and especially liver. The bepatotoxicity of SLS seems to preclude its intravenous use in man.
Site-isolated iridium complexes on MgO powder: individual Ir atoms imaged by scanning transmission electron microscopy

Iridium complexes were synthesized on MgO powder by adsorption of Ir(C2H4)2(acac) [acac = acetonylacetonate]; images determined by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy show individual Ir atoms, demonstrating that the supported complexes were site-isolated.
Large-Scale Analysis of Yeast Filamentous Growth by Systematic Gene Disruption and Overexpression

Under certain conditions of nutrient stress, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae initiates a striking developmental transition to a filamentous form of growth, resembling developmental trans...
Recent developments in magnetic tunnel junction MRAM

We summarize our progress on Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) based on Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJ). We have demonstrated MTJ material in the 1-1000 k/spl Omega/-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ range with MR values above 40%. The switching characteristics are mainly governed by the magnetic shape anisotropy that arises from the element boundaries. The switching repeatability, as well as hard axis selectability, are shown to be dependent on both shape and aspect ratio. MTJ memory elements were successfully integrated with 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, achieving read and program address access times of 14 ns in a 256/spl times/2 MRAM.
Dominant strategy mechanisms for contract auctions with risk aversion and moral hazard

Within the class dominant strategy incentive compatible mechanisms, we show that there exists an optimal contracting mechanism for the principal for a version of the incomplete information principal-agent problem in which several agents compete for a contract and the principal selects an agent via a contract auction. In our auction model, we assume that the principal and the agents are risk averse, and we allow for uncountably many agent types. We also assume that the principal's probability measure over type profiles in such that correlation between agent's types is possible. Thus, we do not require that agents' types be independently distributed. Finally, we impose limited liability constraints upon the set of contracts. Due to the nature of the individual rationality and incentive compatibility constraints, the existence problem is nonstandard and novel existence arguments are required. We prove existence using a measurable selection result and a new notion of compactness called K-compactness.
Dynamic Patterns of Subcellular Protein Localization during Spore Coat Morphogenesis in Bacillus subtilis

Endospores of Bacillus subtilis are encased in a thick, proteinaceous shell known as the coat, which is composed of a large number of different proteins. Here we report the identification of three previously uncharacterized coat-associated proteins, YabP, YheD, and YutH, and their patterns of subcellular localization during the process of sporulation, obtained by using fusions of the proteins to the green fluorescent protein (GFP). YabP-GFP was found to form both a shell and a ring around the center of the forespore across the short axis of the sporangium. YheD-GFP, in contrast, formed two rings around the forespore that were offset from its midpoint, before it eventually redistributed to form a shell around the developing spore. Finally, YutH-GFP initially localized to a focus at one end of the forespore, which then underwent transformation into a ring that was located adjacent to the forespore. Next, the ring became a cap at the mother cell pole of the forespore that eventually spread around the entire developing spore. Thus, each protein exhibited its own distinct pattern of subcellular localization during the course of coat morphogenesis. We concluded that spore coat assembly is a dynamic process involving diverse patterns of protein assembly and localization.
Early Catastrophic Failure of a Porous-Coated Acetabular Cup due to Bead Shedding. A Case Report

We present a patient in whom an uncemented porous-coated acetabular cup underwent early catastrophic failure due to debonding and was successfully managed with a revision total hip arthroplasty. Early bead shedding of an acetabular cup leading to a sudden component failure requiring revision surgery is a rare event.
Balancing Communities, Economies, and the Environment in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Balancing the needs of local communities, their economies, and associated natural resources is critical to the long-term success of individual communities and larger regions and ecosystems. This is especially true in mountain communities which are increasingly susceptible to land use and land cover changes, and where limited knowledge exists relating to these interactions and the perceptions of local stake holders and decision makers. The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), centered on Yellowstone National Park and extending through parts of Montana, Wyoming, and Idaho, is an ideal location to study the interrelations of economic growth and environmental protection due to the region's complex mosaic of private and public lands, competing natural resource uses, and rapid population growth. The objective of this study was to determine how residents of three communities within the GYE perceive, prioritize, and act upon issues of sustainability community development and natural resource management through key informant interviews. Keywords: sustainability, social-ecological systems, decision-making, perceptions, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
CEO Wealth and Retention

We analyze the effect of cumulative wealth and unvested equity compensation on voluntary CEO turnover over the period 1992 to 2011 using survival and probit analyses. We find that wealthier CEOs are less likely to retire or resign. This suggests that the CEO vetting process is able to sort out those individuals who would substitute high wealth for additional leisure. Consistent with Balsam and Miharjo (2007), CEOs with more unvested equity are significantly less likely to leave their position. However, we find that unvested equity is less effective as a retention device if the CEO has high existing wealth. Consistent with compensation committees being aware of this difference, CEOs with high wealth receive less unvested equity.
Iterative reconstruction and its impact on tumor quantitation of Ga-68 PET/CT

2627 Objectives Ordered Subset Expectation Maximization (OSEM) is widely used in research and clinical PET/CT applications. These methods approximate the true distribution of the events, by maximizing a posteriori likelihood function through an iterative process including segmentation into subsets. To determine the impact of iterations and subsets on quantitative PET, we evaluated NEMA phantom images and clinical research patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Methods A NEMA 2007/IEC 2008 phantom (spheres: 10-37mm diameters) filled with Ga-68 (1.12uCi/ml per sphere and 0.191uCi/ml background) was imaged on a Siemens Biograph mCT for 6 min. Reconstructions were performed using Filtered Backprojection (FBP) and OSEM, using a range of iterations (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12) and subsets (4, 8, 12, and 24). All images were filtered (2mm FWHM Gaussian) and attenuation corrected. Similarly, patients with somatostatin positive tumors were administered 2.5±0.2 MBq/kg [Ga -68]-DOTA-NOC (n=6) and whole body PET/CT images were acquired and reconstructed as described above. In all cases, FBP images were segmented via region growing and were quantified for total SUV across all reconstruction methods. For patients, tumors in 3 size categories (2.4±0.4, 11.8±2.0, and 107±41.3 ml) were analyzed as described above. Results Analysis of phantom and patient data showed a statistically significant non-linear dependence with both numbers of iterations and subsets across all volumes studied when comparing OSEM to FBP. The relationship between iterations, or subsets, and relative error rates decrease asymptotically with increasing parameter values. In all cases, relative error were object size dependent and ranged from -53.6% to 9.6%, and from -60.1% to 6.7%, for phantom and patient data, respectively. Conclusions Combined these data indicate that OSEM can adversely affect image quantitation. Moreover, given the size dependency of errors, the detection of small tumors may be impacted resulting in underestimates of true tumor burden.
Integrated Experimental and Computational Aerodynamics Education at the U.S. Air Force Academy

The Aeronautical Engineering program at the U.S. Air Force Academy over the past decade has focused on integrating experimental and computational experiences in all Aerodynamic sequence courses. The required courses in the Aerodynamic Discipline include Aeronautical Fluid Dynamics, Computational Aerodynamics, and Advanced Aerodynamics. The experiences in these courses prepare cadets for capstone-like experiences in the Experimental/Computational Discipline of the required Aeronautical Laboratory and the elective Advanced Computation Aerodynamics. The paper highlights the experiences in each of these courses and summarizes how these contribute to success in the program.
Potential Capacity of Symbiosis Nitrogen Fixation of White Clover-Rhizobium Interaction and Drought Limiting Factor

The interactions between white clove(rTrifolium repens L.)and Rhizobium strains were tested in order to identify the effectiveness of biological nitrogen fixation in relation to water supply, as well as the possibility to predict strain effectiveness according to genotype.Nine Rhizobium strains of R.trifolii were isolated from Trifolium repens L.and Trifolium fragiferum L.from different areas in southern China.White clove(rcv Reventel)was planted in pots, nodulated with the nine strains, and grown in a greenhouse with the same amount of irrigation water.Foliage was harvested 8 and 12 weeks after sowing.Significant increases in foliar nitrogen, up to three-fold those of the control, were observed in plants inoculated with the three most effective strains.It was possible to predict the effectiveness of a rhizobial strain from its genotype.Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was more related to the genotype of the rhizobial strain than to host-specific.Once nitrogen was no longer a limiting factor, foliar biomass of all treatments was growing rapidly, leading to increased depletion of soil water.After cyclic moderate drought stress, white clover foliar biomass accumulation was more affected than foliar nitrogen content.The feedback of drought stress on foliar growth may be a new limiting factor when nitrogen demand is met satisfied in plants with the clover-Rhizobium interactions by N2 fixation.
How Does Empowering Leadership Promote Employee Voice Behavior——A Mediated Moderation Model

The paper,combining the study of empowerment from the two perspectives of organization and employee,builds atheoretical model of influencing mechanism of empowering leadership on employee voice behavior,and explores the rolesplayed by psychological empowerment and followers' power distance orientation in the model. The study,by multiple regres-sion analysis,finds that followers' power distance orientation has a negative moderating effect on the relationship betweenempowering leadership and employee voice behavior. Moreover,this effect is achieved through the mediating effect of psycho-logical empowerment,namely the mediated moderation effect. Finally,the paper discusses theoretical and practical implica-tions of the study and directions for future research.
Ultra-high-q silica-on-silicon ridge-ring-resonator with an integrated silicon nitride waveguide

A microcavity resonator having a Q factor exceeding 100 million and featuring a monolithic silicon nitride waveguide is demonstrated. This device enables full integration of ultra-high-Q resonators with other photonic components.
Relaxing Constraints on Risk Management: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

This paper provides the first estimate of risk pass-through to output prices in a product market. I use a quasi-experiment in which a state government insures highway-paving firms against oil price risk. Surprisingly, the policy reduces procurement costs and increases competition. Heterogeneity across firms sheds light on the mechanism. Private ownership, high credit risk, and low industry diversification are each associated with greater value from the insurance. Family ownership is not. Financial constraints and distress costs appear to lead firms to value risk management, yet these and other frictions prevent firms from hedging in financial markets.
Celiac Antibodies and Neurologic Disorders

The yield of screening for celiac disease in children with common neurologic disorders was evaluated at Tel Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel.
Generalized Extreme Value Distribution

The generalized extreme-value (GEV) distribution was introduced by Jenkinson (1955, 1969) and recommended by Natural Environment Research Council (1975) of Great Britain. The GEV distribution is the most widely accepted distribution for describing flood frequency data from the United Kingdom (Sinclair and Ahmad, 1988) and has also become popular elsewhere (Otten and van Montfort, 1980; Prescott and Walden, 1980, 1983; Turkman, 1985; Hosking et al., 1985; Arne11 et al., 1986). Sinclair and Ahmad (1988) introduced location-invariance in the context of using plotting positions in estimating parameters of the GEV distribution by the method of probability-weighted moments. They emphasized that this was an important factor in the selection of an appropriate plotting position, for otherwise the estimate of the shape parameter might not be independent of location. Tawn (1988) presented a method of filtering the original time series containing dependent data to obtain independent extremes. He then used the limiting joint generalized extreme value distribution for the r largest order statistics.
Successful Use of eXtension and Online Training Modules in Mandatory Biennial Volunteer Recertification

Quality volunteers are essential to the success of 4-H programs. Although much attention has been paid to the initial orientation of volunteers, additional training is typically optional. Beginning in 2013, our county required all adult volunteers to complete at least one hour of continuing education as part of a biennial recertification process. We used existing resources (“eLearning for Volunteer Orientation”; eXtension webinars). There was no significant difference in volunteer retention between re-screening and non-re-screening cohorts (p=.855). We collected 166 volunteer ratings of 23 recorded webinars on eXtension. Volunteers gave concrete examples of how they would use the information learned in their volunteer role.
Analysis of Tpl2-deficient mice reveals functional redundancies in the regulation of IFNγ production by NK cells during MCMV infection (INM8P.401)

The serine-threonine kinase, Tpl2, promotes innate inflammatory responses and is considered as a therapeutic target for autoimmunity. We have demonstrated that Tpl2 is required for efficient IFNγ secretion by CD4 + T cells and Th1 effector functions, but little is known about how Tpl2 regulates IFNγ production by other cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. Herein, we addressed the contribution of Tpl2 to the development and function of NK cells. NK cell development and cytotoxic activity occurred independently of Tpl2. In contrast, IL-12-induced IFNγ secretion was nearly abrogated in Tpl2 -/- NK cells but could be restored by concomitant IL-18 stimulation. Impaired IFNγ secretion was not attributed to differences in IL-12R expression or Stat4-dependent signals. Furthermore, only a modest reduction in IL-12-induced IFNγ mRNA expression was observed, suggesting that Tpl2 regulates IFNγ production primarily via translational control. Consistent with in vitro findings, Tpl2 -/- mice mounted a diminished NK-derived systemic IFNγ response to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, which could be compensated for in ex vivo restimulation assays by the presence of MCMV infection-induced IL-18 secretion. These data demonstrate the importance of Tpl2 in IL-12-induced NK cell IFNγ secretion. Furthermore, the synergism and functional redundancy of the IL-18 pathway with the IL-12-Tpl2 pathway underscores the criticality of ensuring appropriate NK-derived IFNγ to anti-viral immunity.
Operability Studies for Safety in Pilot Plant Reactors

Abstract General operability studies for a batch reactor with a single n th order exothermic reactor are presented with a view to their impact on jacket temperature constraints and safety. The jacket temperature profile is determined by a specified desired reactor temperature profile, based on a perfect control assumption. Inaccuracies in the estimation of heat transfer coefficients of pilot plant reactors by a calorimetric technique, and their impact on the operability are studied, as is the impact of cooling jacket failure. The effect of inaccuracies in heat transfer coefficient estimation on the determination of the jacket temperature profile in semi-batch reactors is also presented.
Extending the platinum-free interval: The impact of omitting 2nd line platinum chemotherapy in intermediate platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer

Abstract Objectives Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) recurring between 6 and 12 months after primary platinum chemotherapy have worse prognosis than those recurring in >12 months. Artificially prolonging the platinum-free interval (PFI) with cytotoxic chemotherapy was tested in MITO-8 with poor outcomes. This study aimed to determine the impact of using non-platinum or targeted therapy in 2nd line treatment of EOC patients recurring 6–12 months after completion of primary platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective review of 177 patients with recurrent EOC and PFI of 6–12 months following primary chemotherapy was performed comparing platinum versus non-platinum chemotherapy or targeted therapy for 2nd line treatment. PFI1 was defined as the date of last chemotherapy to date of recurrence. PFS2/3 were defined as start of 2nd or 3rd line chemotherapy to start of subsequent line. Results Of 177 patients, the majority of patients were Caucasian, had serous histology, and underwent primary cytoreductive surgery. Median PFI1 was 8.2 months (95% CI 8–9 months). Second line platinum was omitted in 28% of patients. Bevacizumab was used in 2nd line in 16% of patients; 19% received other targeted therapies. Median PFS2 for platinum chemotherapy was longer than non-platinum (7.1 vs 3 months, p = 0.0114). Median PFS2 was significantly longer for platinum vs. targeted therapy (7.1 vs. 3 months p = 0.0431). Median OS for platinum in 2nd line vs. no platinum was 43.6 vs. 37.6 months (p = 0.0174). Conclusions Use of non-platinum chemotherapy and even targeted therapy to prolong PFI in patients with EOC recurring between 6 and 12 months leads to worse survival.
OncomiR: an online resource for exploring pan-cancer microRNA dysregulation.

Summary Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is extensively associated with cancer development and progression. miRNAs have been shown to be biomarkers for predicting tumor formation and outcome. However, identification of the relationships between miRNA expression and tumor characteristics can be difficult and time-consuming without appropriate bioinformatics expertise. To address this issue, we present OncomiR, an online resource for exploring miRNA dysregulation in cancer. Using combined miRNA-seq, RNA-seq and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we systematically performed statistical analyses to identify dysregulated miRNAs that are associated with tumor development and progression in most major cancer types. Additional analyses further identified potential miRNA-gene target interactions in tumors. These results are stored in a backend database and presented through a web server interface. Moreover, through a backend bioinformatics pipeline, OncomiR can also perform dynamic analysis with custom miRNA selections for in-depth characterization of miRNAs in cancer. Availability and implementation The OncomiR website is freely accessible at www.oncomir.org. Contact xiaowei.wang@wustl.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Consuming Cosmopolitan White(ness)

This chapter discusses white Amerasian actor and celebrity Daniel Henney, an interesting counterpoint to Ward’s case. Media discourse around Henney is disconnected from Korea’s racist past and is instead articulated with discourses of transnational mobility, cosmopolitan whiteness, and beauty. The Henney moment is considered as a neoliberal project that reorients racial lines by transforming beauty norms and masculinity in contemporary Korean popular culture. Through a thorough analysis of his visual representation in fashion magazines, TV commercials, and TV dramas, the chapter demonstrates that his whiteness is not a mere marker of his race but also an index of other intersecting categories, including (trans)nationality, beauty, gender, and class.
Scheduling Uniform Machines with Release Times, Deadlines and Due Times

Given n jobs each of which has a release time, a deadline, and a processing requirement, we examine the problem of determining whether there exists a preemptive schedule on m uniform machines which completes each job in the time interval between its release time and its deadline. An 0((m+1ogn) (m2n2+n4)) algorithm is presented which uses a polymatroidal flow network to construct such a schedule whenever one exists. This algorithm is then used with search techniques to find a schedule which minimizes maximum lateness.
What’s in it for me? Incentive compensation in hospital medicine

Objective: Though salary models vary, a portion of physician compensation is often provided as a bonus, or incentive payment, based on clinical productivity measured by the relative value unit (RVU). However, many hospitalists are involved in activities beyond clinical work, either administrative or educational, that may be difficult to measure and recognize in bonus payments. Furthermore, the changing nature of physician and hospital reimbursement necessitates a focus on quality measures not incentivized in the traditional RVU model. Methods: The authors describe a compensation model in an academic hospital medicine program that was initially developed in 2010 and modified in 2013. The model incents clinical productivity and adherence to quality metrics while also promoting nonclinical academic and administrative activities. Results: Implementation of this compensation model impacted the division’s quality goals by increasing completion of discharge summaries, reconciliation of discharge medications, and placement of follow-up appointment orders upon discharge. The impact on clinical and academic productivity is less clear. Conclusions: A compensation model that accounts for academic productivity and quality goals along with clinical productivity may be useful in incentivizing hospitalists in both academic and community-based hospital medicine practices. Future work should focus on whether such a model can be used effectively to address additional targets such as reducing readmissions and preventing hospital-acquired conditions.
Working Memory Training and Cogmed

Working memory is a critical area of cognitive functioning that is intimately tied to executive functioning (EF) and attention. One group of investigators described working memory as “the most sensitive and neuropsychologically valid component of our executive function abilities” (Seguin, Nagin, Assaad, & Tremblay, 2004). This chapter will focus on the term working memory, and on how we might intervene when a person has a working memory deficit. Specifically, we will explore the Cogmed working memory training program, an innovative approach to improving working memory that combines a software program with coaching designed for use with children, adolescents, and adults. We will explore the research on Cogmed and its effectiveness. We will also review evidence on neural plasticity.
Electrode Reactions That Deviate from Complete Equilibrium

The example that was discussed earlier, the reaction of lithium with iodine to form LiI, dealt with elements and thermodynamically stable phases. By knowing a simple parameter, the Gibbs free energy of formation of the reaction product, the cell voltage under equilibrium and near-equilibrium conditions can be calculated for this reaction. If the cell operates under a fixed pressure of iodine at the positive electrode and at a stable temperature, the Gibbs phase rule indicates that the number of the residual degrees of freedom F in both the negative and positive electrodes is zero. Thus the voltage is independent of the extent of the cell reaction in both cases.
Social Relationships and Public Health: A Social Neuroscience Perspective Focusing on the Opioid System

Social relationships are one of the most important influences upon both our physical and mental health. Yet, the mechanisms by which social interactions impact health have been difficult to identify through strictly psychological approaches. Integrating psychological and neuroscience approaches is likely to provide new insights into these mechanisms. The working hypothesis presented in this chapter is that spending time with close to others leads to a shift in the neurochemical milieu, particularly the endogenous opioids, that fosters a physiological state promoting relaxation, growth, and healing. More specifically, these socially triggered alterations in neurotransmission acting on the μ-opioid receptor are hypothesized to lead to decreases in sympathetic nervous system activity, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis output, and chronic inflammation, which ultimately lead to a better physical health profile. It is hoped that melding biological and psychological approaches can improve understanding of social effects and thereby lead to interventions and social environments that improve public health.
What do New Anti-Arrhythmic Agents Have to Show to Establish a Favorable Risk versus Benefit Ratio

It is a good time to consider what constitutes an acceptable benefit/risk ratio for anti-arrhythmic agents, because views on the use of these agents seem to be clearly in flux. It is; as usual, helpful to see first what the legal requirements for approval are. The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act requires that there be substantial evidence, i.e., evidence consisting of adequate and well-controlled investigations, that a drug will have the effect it is represented to have under the conditions of use recommended in proposed labeling. This standard could imply that any demonstrated outcome, e.g., prolongation of QRS interval, truthfully described, might be considered to represent effectiveness, but this seems inherently implausible, and I would argue that the outcome would need to be at least “medically reasonable.” As last year’s session on silent ischemia indicated, however, there can be significant disagreement as to what sort of effect is medically reasonable.
Mcflow: middleware for mixed-criticality distributed real-time systems

Traditional fixed-priority scheduling analysis for periodic/sporadic task sets is based on the assumption that all tasks are equally critical to the correct operation of the system. Therefore, every task has to be schedulable under the scheduling policy, and estimates of tasks' worst case execution times must be conservative in case a task runs longer than is usual. To address the significant under-utilization of a system's resources under normal operating conditions that can arise from these assumptions, several mixed-criticality scheduling approaches have been proposed. However, to date there has been no quantitative comparison of system schedulability or run-time overhead for the different approaches. In this dissertation, we present what is to our knowledge the first side-by-side implementation and evaluation of those approaches, for periodic and sporadic mixed-criticality tasks on uniprocessor or distributed systems, under a mixed-criticality scheduling model that is common to all these approaches. To make a fair evaluation of mixed-criticality scheduling, we also address some previously open issues and propose modifications to improve schedulability and correctness of particular approaches. To facilitate the development and evaluation of mixed-criticality applications, we have designed and developed a distributed real-time middleware, called MCFlow, for mixed-criticality end-to-end tasks running on multi-core platforms. The research presented in this dissertation provides the following contributions to the state of the art in real-time middleware: (1) an efficient component model through which dependent subtask graphs can be configured flexibly for execution within a single core, across cores of a common host, or spanning multiple hosts; (2) support for optimizations to inter-component communication to reduce data copying without sacrificing the ability to execute subtasks in parallel; (3) a strict separation of timing and functional concerns so that they can be configured independently; (4) an event dispatching architecture that uses lock free algorithms where possible to reduce memory contention, CPU context switching, and priority inversion; and (5) empirical evaluations of MCFlow itself and of different mixed criticality scheduling approaches both with a single host and end-to-end across multiple hosts. The results of our evaluation show that in terms of basic distributed real-time behavior MCFlow performs comparably to the state of the art TAO real-time object request broker when only one core is used and outperforms TAO when multiple cores are involved. We also identify and categorize different use cases under which different mixed criticality scheduling approaches are preferable.
Applications for Constructivist Teaching in Physical Education.

As obesity rates rise among youth, physical education classrooms have become a resource for teaching children how to make lifelong changes that will lead to improved overall health. In addition, ne...
Detection of hidden corrosion in metal roofing shingles utilizing infrared thermography

Abstract A method is proposed to detect hidden corrosion in metal roofing shingles. The method involves three components: 1) application of a simple heating source that can cause a temperature discrepancy between uncorroded shingle and corroded shingle, 2) acquisition of temperate data using a digital infrared camera, and 3) data analysis that can help us locate hidden corrosion. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of the proposed method. Samples with different material, thickness, and surface coating were subjected to accelerated corrosion on one half of the interior surface. The other half of the interior surface was left uncorroded as a baseline. Using a digital infrared camera, thermal images were collected and analyzed. Two different data analysis methods were proposed to detect the corrosion. It was found that corrosion detection was sensitive to the metal coating type and exterior coating type. Corrosion detection was much clearer for Al-Zn coating than GZn coating. As for the exterior coating type, corrosion detection was clearer for no coating or acrylic coating than PVDF. Although the natural sunlight was promising in detecting corrosion of some shingle types, an additional heating source greatly improved the corrosion detection.
Outcomes with Combined Heart–Kidney Transplantation

Heart failure (HF) is leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Heart transplantation (HTx) remains the gold-standard treatment for those with advaced HF. Renal failure (RF) is an important prognosticator for mortality among HF patients, and is highly prevalent in this patient population. RF, both pre-HTx and post-HTx, is associated with adverse post-HTx outcomes; kidney transplantation (KT) after isolated HTx improves outcomes in these scenarios. Considering these observations, an increasing number of patients are undergoing combined heart–kidney transplantation (HKT) in recent years; in this chapter, we discuss outcomes related to combined HKT among adults in detail.
Deep neural networks for sparse-view filtered backprojection imaging

Though effective and computationally efficient algorithms have been developed, the commonly utilized filtered backprojection (FBP) approach to computed tomography (CT) reconstruction suffers from artifact production in sparse-view applications. Within the past few years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied to enhance sparse-view reconstruction in CT imaging. Using a network trained on sparse-view FBP reconstructions, the artifacts introduced by undersampling the imaging space can be removed. In this paper, we investigate specific choices in the implementation of the CNN, including the network architecture, training parameters, and data preprocessing, to determine effects on the images produced by the network. Our proposed algorithm and implementation strategies improve upon the use of FBP algorithms alone by removing artifacts produced during sparse-view CT reconstruction.
Searching for CPT Violation with Neutral-Meson Oscillations

Abstract A general technique is presented for treating CPT violation in neutral-meson oscillations. The effective field theory for a complex scalar with CPT-violating operators of arbitrary mass dimension is incorporated in the formalism for the propagation and mixing of neutral mesons. Observable effects are discussed, and first measurements of CPT-violating operators of dimension five are extracted from existing experimental results.
Heat Related Changes in Skin Tissue Dielectric Constant (TDC)

The impact of 20 min of whole-body heating (WBH) on the tissue dielectric constant (TDC) of forearm and hand skin was evaluated in 24 young adults. TDC was measured in triplicate at 300 MHz using an open-ended transmission line method in which the effective measurement depth was about 2 mm. TDC measurements are an effective way to assess and track localized oedema and lymphoedema. The underlying hypothesis was that heat-induced eccrine gland activation would increase TDC values via an increase in fluid within the TDC measurement volume. The goal was to test this concept and to determine the magnitude of the change when environmental temperatures were elevated to near 42°C and to estimate TDC recovery time. The practical aspect of this research is motivated by the fact that patients in whom such measurements are made may arrive at the clinic in various states of sweat gland activation. Thus, knowledge of the effect of such activation on measured TDC values permits better understanding of possible relationships between such activation and TDC values. Results showed that increasing environmental temperature from 23·3 ± 1·6 to 41·5 ± 1·3°C increased forearm and thenar eminence skin temperatures to 37·8 ± 0·5 and 37·9 ± 0·4°C, respectively. These changes were associated with increases in TDC at arm from 30·7 ± 4·6 to 36·3 ± 5·7 (18·2%) and at hand from 34·7 ± 4·9 to 45·1 ± 5·5 (30%). Based on calculated TDC recovery rates, it is concluded that temperature-related TDC variability can be minimized using a wait time of at least 15 min after bandage removal prior to TDC measurements in affected limbs.
Reproducibility of Full-field Electroretinogram Measurements in Birdshot Chorioretinopathy Patients: An Intra- and Inter-visit Analysis.

Purpose: Aims to determine the variability of ffERG measurements in patients with clinically stable birdshot chorioretinopathy (BCR).Methods: Repeatability coefficients (RC) of ffERG amplitudes and implicit times were calculated from 11 BCR patients. Jackknife resampling estimated 95% confidence intervals of each ERG parameter's RC and the percentage change explained by variability alone was calculated.Results: Intra-visit variability in ffERG parameters was lower than inter-visit. Intravisit RCs demonstrated that for intravisit ERG testing, there was less than 30% variation in ERG amplitude for most parameters. For inter-visit ERG testing, a greater than 40% reduction in ERG amplitude may be clinically meaningful for 6 of 8 ERG parameters. Photopic single flash responses have 2 msec in the photopic single flash response may be suitable criteria for meaningful change in BCR patients.
Characterization of Fungal Species Associated with Ascochyta Blight of Dry Pea in Montana and North America and Development of a Differential Medium for Their Detection

Montana leads the production of dry pea in the United States. About 530,000 acres were planted to pea in 2019, accounting for 48% of the total national production (USDA-NASS 2019). A predominant fo...
Bot Impacts on Public Sentiment and Community Structures: Comparative Analysis of Three Elections in the Asia-Pacific

Online disinformation has become a ubiquitous concern in elections worldwide. However, while extensively studied in Western contexts, scant work examines its prevalence and impacts in other geopolitical settings like the Asia-Pacific. This paper probes the influence of online bots on Twitter conversations surrounding recent elections in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Taiwan. Using a combination of machine learning, network analysis, and causal inference tools, we determine that the impacts of bots are mixed across contexts. More specifically, we quantify variations in the extent to which bot activities account for shifts in public sentiment and online community structure over time. We contribute to the extensive literature on online disinformation by providing a general and systematic framework for assessing and comparing the impacts of bot operations across unique geopolitical contexts.
A lunar CubeSat mission for high-sensitivity nuclear astrophysics

MeV astronomy provides unique and direct diagnostics of cosmic explosions and chemical evolution. Gammaray lines provide detailed information on nuclear physics processes throughout the universe. New instruments sensitive to MeV gamma-ray lines are needed. A new instrument concept with high energy and angular resolution is proposed to study nuclear astrophysics in the medium gamma-ray energy range. The system consists of a 12U CubeSat carrying onboard CdZnTe detectors that will be placed in orbit around the moon. The Lunar Occultation Technique will be used to analyze the changes in counting rate during occultations of the moon to pinpoint the location of gamma-ray line flux at precise locations in the sky. The lack of lunar atmosphere, stable background, and low-mass spacecraft provides the perfect environment for high sensitivity gamma-ray spectroscopy and good angular resolution. Simulation studies using MCNP6 were used to determine the expected instrument eciency and lunar gamma-ray background environment. An initial simulation study indicates that the proposed instrument can achieve sensitivity to gamma-ray lines comparable to much larger proposed Compton Telescopes.
The Semiotics of Test Design: Conceptual Framework on Optimal Item Features in Educational Assessment Across Cultural Groups, Countries, and Languages

This paper offers a conceptual framework on test design from the perspective of social semiotics. Items are defined as arrangements of features intended to represent information, convey meaning, and capture information on the examinees’ knowledge or skills on a given content. The conceptual framework offers a typology of semiotic resources used to create items and discusses item representational complexity—the multiple ways in which the semiotic resources of an item are related to each other—and item semiotic alignment—the extent to which examinees share cultural experience encoded by items. Since the ability to make sense of items is shaped by the examinees’ level of familiarity with the social conventions underlying the ways in which information is represented, unnecessary representational complexity and limited semiotic alignment may increase extraneous item cognitive load and adversely impact the performance of examinees from certain populations. Semiotic test design allows specification of optimal pools of semiotic resources to be used in creating items with the intent to minimize representational complexity and maximize semiotic alignment for the maximum number of individuals in diverse populations of examinees. These pools of semiotic resources need to be specific to the content assessed, the characteristics of the populations of examinees, the languages involved, etc., and determined based on information produced by cross-cultural frequency analyses, cognitive interviews, focus groups, and expert panels.
Managing the innovative development of the food industry

The present paper concerns the theoretical and methodological foundations and development of recommended practices for managing the innovative development of food industry business entities. The analysis of scientific and methodological approaches to the management of innovation activities and their possible application to the management of innovative development of food industry enterprises has been carried out. Management of business entities innovative development has been considered as a set of processes and activities of the management cycle, forms and methods of its organization, aimed at ensuring the innovative development of business entities, achieving the stated mission and innovative goals using a targeted impact on the components of the innovation potential. The key problems of innovative development of food industry enterprises have been identified. The article summarizes the dayto-day realities and defines the prospects for innovative development of food industry enterprises amid the pandemic.
Concurrency in Dependable Real-Time Objects

Producing complex real-time distributed computing systems with design-time guarantees of timely service capabilities is still considered by a predominant part of the research community to be a distant goal. Yet the recognition of the importance of facilitating such system engineering is steadily growing in the current century. This is because timeliness guaranteeing is a fundamental way of achieving a high degree of dependability. The TMO (Time-triggered Message-triggered Object) programming and specification scheme has been established in recent years to support such timeliness-guaranteed design. It is a high-level high-precision real-time distributed object programming scheme. The TMO scheme accompanies an execution scheme involving disciplined control of resources and services offered by typical commercial operating system platforms. Current versions of these schemes contain design and execution rules that prevent most important potential obstacles on the paths to timeliness-guaranteed design. However, there remain a number of challenging research issues which must be resolved satisfactorily before one can say whether the TMO scheme enables maximum exploitation of concurrency by programmers or not. Issues encountered in pursuing both goals together, i.e., enabling timeliness-guaranteed design and enabling maximum exploitation of concurrency, as well as solution approaches identified are discussed here.
Viral RNA Synthesis

This chapter summarizes what is known about how a single viral RNA molecule can be selectively amplified into thousands of RNA progeny in infected cells. It specifically provides the roles of viral proteins and RNA sequences in RNA replication, and describes the kinetics and products of RNA replication in infected cells. Next, it explains the sites and compositions of viral replication complexes (RCs) in infected cells. Then, the chapter discusses the models that have been proposed to explain how viral positive and negative RNA species are made by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Finally, it describes the coupling between translation and replication processes in infected cells. Poliovirus is used as the prototype of an enterovirus because most of the research has been performed with poliovirus infected cell. To accomplish the unique task of RNA-dependent RNA polymerization in infected cells, enteroviruses encode several proteins required for viral RNA synthesis. Open questions about the mechanism of viral synthesis include the nature o f the RNA primers for positive- and negative-strand RNA synthesis, the source of specificity for the viral template RNA, and the relationship between translation and RNA synthesis, which may occur simultaneously in the infected host cell cytoplasm. Some of these questions may be studied with the recently discovered cellfree system.
Desulforubidin: dissimilatory, high-spin sulfite reductase of Desulfomicrobium species.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses desulforubidin of Desulfomicrobium species. Desulforubidin is a novel sulfite reductase that catalyzes the six-electron reduction of sulfite to sulfide, a key reaction in the dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway. Desulforubidin is purified to homogeneity from Desulfomicrobium baculatum Norway 4 and DSM 1743C. Various dissimilatory sulfite reductases are high molecular weight proteins and consist of two different subunits in a α 2 β 2 configuration. At highly reduced methyl viologen concentrations desulforubidin reduces sulfite to sulfide. Sulfite reductase activity, involving the six-electron reduction of sulfite to sulfide, is measured at 37 by a manometric procedure according to Schedel et al . It utilizes hydrogenase to reduce methyl viologen, which then provides low-potential electrons for the reduction of sulfite to sulfide. A specific activity of 0.41 μ mol of H 2 consumed per minute per milligram is obtained. Dithionite reduction of desulforubidin in the presence of CO resulted in shifts in maxima to 550 and 593 nm.
Combinatorial Approaches to Haplotype Inference

We have developed several distinct combinatorial approaches to the haplotype inference problem. I will talk about a few of the most recent of these approaches. One approach, the “pure parsimony” approach is to find N pairs of haplotypes, one for each genotype, that explain the N genotypes and MINIMIZE the number of distinct haplotypes used. Solving this problem is NP-hard, however, for reasonable size data (larger than in general use today), the “pure-parsimony” solution can be efficiently found in practice. I will also talk about an approach that mixes pure-parsimony with Clark’s subtraction method for haplotyping. Simulations show that the efficiently of both methods depends positively on the level of recombination – the more recombination, the more efficiency, but the accuracy depends inversely on the level of recombination. I will also discuss a practical ways to greatly boost the accuracy of Clark’s subtraction method, and identify haplotype pairs with high confidence. This approach has been tested on molecularly determined data, which will be published along with the method. Comparisons are made with PHASE and HAPLOTYPER. I will also mention some recent developments in haplotype inference that are based on viewing the problem in the context of the perfect phylogeny problem. This builds on a near-linear-time algorithm to determine whether genotype (unphased) SNP data is consistent with the no-recombination, infinite sites coalescent model of haplotype evolution. Stated differently, whether there are haplotype pairs for the genotypes, which satisfy the 4-gamete condition for tree-form evolution. The algorithm finds in linear time an implicit representation of the set of all solutions to the problem. A detailed treatment of a simple alternative algorithm for that problem will be given in the talk by V. Bafna.