cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The aluminosilicate fraction of North Pacific manganese nodules

Abstract Nine nodules collected from throughout the deep North Pacific were analyzed for their mineralogy and major-element composition before and after leaching with Chester-Hughes solution. Data indicate that the mineral phillipsite accounts for the major part (> 75%) of the aluminosilicate fraction of all nodules. It is suggested that formation of phillipsite takes place on growing nodule surfaces coupled with the oxidation of absorbed manganous ion. All the nodules could be described as ternary mixtures of amorphous iron fraction (Fe-Ti-P), manganese oxide fraction (Mn-Mg Cu-Ni), and phillipsite fraction (Al-Si-K-Na), these fractions accounting for 96% of the variability of the chemical composition.
A Review of Selected Inorganic Surface Water Quality-Monitoring Practices: Are We Really Measuring What We Think, and If So, Are We Doing It Right?

Successful environmental/water quality-monitoring programs usually require a balance between analytical capabilities, the collection and preservation of representative samples, and available financial/personnel resources. Due to current economic conditions, monitoring programs are under increasing pressure to do more with less. Hence, a review of current sampling and analytical methodologies, and some of the underlying assumptions that form the bases for these programs seems appropriate, to see if they are achieving their intended objectives within acceptable error limits and/or measurement uncertainty, in a cost-effective manner. That evaluation appears to indicate that several common sampling/processing/analytical procedures (e.g., dip (point) samples/measurements, nitrogen determinations, total recoverable analytical procedures) are generating biased or nonrepresentative data, and that some of the underlying assumptions relative to current programs, such as calendar-based sampling and stationarity are ...
The density of the hyperbolic metric near an isolated boundary point

The density of the hyperbolic metric of a plane region is investigated in a neighborhood of an isolated boundary point. A single method simultaneously yields the known asymptotic behavior of the density of the hyperbolic metric at an isolated boundary point and the asymptotics of some partial derivatives of the density. These results on partial derivatives improve earlier work of Yamashita. The method also gives the precise limiting behavior of the injectivity radius at an isolated boundary point thereby establishing a conjecture of Yamashita.
On the Genesis and Transformations of Social Compass

L'auteur retrace les quatre grandes etapes de l'histoire de Social Compass. En tant que publication de l'institut neerlandais KASKI (Institut socio-ecclesiastique catholique), la revue etait initialement destinee a presenter une sociographie du catholicisme. Ensuite, sous la houlette de FERES (Federation Internationale des Instituts de Recherches Sociales et Socio-Religieuses), Social Compass a contribue a l'emergence d'une sociologie du catholicisme. Rattachee plus tard au Centre de recherches socio-religieuses de l'Universite catholique de Louvain, la revue a trouve ses marques en tant que revue specialisee en sociologie des religions. Enfin, depuis plus d'une decennie, Social Compass tente d'apprehender les conditions postmodernes de la religion.
Intermittent and Elliptical Inertial Oscillations in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract As a convective boundary layer over land decays in the late afternoon, the atmosphere responds to the release of turbulent stresses. For many years, this response has been presumed to take the form of an inertial oscillation, a horizontal circulation with a frequency equal to the local Coriolis frequency, though published documentation of inertial oscillations in the atmosphere has been rare. In fact, documentation of inertial oscillations has been more associated with frontal passages than with the evening transition of the atmospheric boundary layer. A month of boundary layer wind profiler data from the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study-1999 field program is analyzed here with the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT), which allows analysis of intermittent, nonstationary, and amplitude-varying wave events. Inertial motions are found in this dataset, but neither the onset times of these inertial motions nor the preferred levels of occurrence are consistent with the evening-transition hypothe...
Comparison of hydrodynamic and drift diffusion models as applied to interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors

In this paper, we discuss the range of applicability of the drift-diffusion and hydrodynamic models as applied to the study of interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors. The hydrodynamic model is an extension of the standard drift-diffusion technique which determines the electon and hole energies in addition to the carrier concentrations and potential. The hydrodynamic method can properly account for energy dependent phenomena such as nonstationary transport phenomena and thermionic emission currents. The key engineering figure of merit, the time response, is calculated and compared using both models for a 1D device design that closely mimics an InGaAs/AlInAs metal-semiconductor-metal device. Structures incorporating heterobarriers and blocking contacts, wherein differences between the energy dependent and independent models are expected to occur, are examined.
Ejected electron energy distributions for double ionization via direct and rearrangement mechanisms

Abstract For multiple ionization of atomic systems by fast projectiles two simple mechanisms may contribute: direct ionization in which each electron is removed by colliding directly with the projectile; and final state rearrangement (e.g., shakeoff) in which the second electron leaves as the target relaxes after the first ionizing event. In the simplest picture the two electrons are uncorrelated. This uncorrelated picture may apply when the first electron leaves quickly. We calculate and compare ejected electron energy distributions in the simple uncorrelated picture for electrons produced by both direct rearrangement mechanisms following direct ionization of a first electron.
Toward a Model of Influence in Persuasive Discussions: Negotiating Quality, Authority, Privilege, and Access Within a Student-Led Argument

It is commonly observed that during classroom or group discussions some students have greater influence than may be justified by the normative quality of those students’ contributions. We propose a 5-component theoretical framework in order to explain how undue influence unfolds. We build on literatures on persuasion, argumentation, discourse, and classroom discussions to develop a framework that models how each participant’s level of influence in a discussion emerges out of the social negotiation of influence itself and the following 4 components that interact with it: (a) the negotiated merit of each participant’s contributions; and each participant’s (b) degree of intellectual authority, (c) access to the conversational floor, and (d) degree of spatial privilege. We then illustrate how the framework works by explaining how 1 student became unduly influential during a heated, student-led scientific debate. Finally, we close by outlining how our framework can be further developed to better understand and...
Reversible RS-NO bond cleavage and formation at copper(I) thiolates.

Two coordinate copper(I) thiolates IPrCu-SR undergo rapid, reversible transnitrosation with S-nitrosothiols RSNOs without catalyzing the loss of NOgas from these biological carriers of NO.
New mathematical models pertinent to material fracture at meso- and nanoscales

Novel properties of the present cohesive crack models provide a better insight and an effective tool to explain multiscale nature of fracture process and the associated transitions from macro- to meso- and nanolevels of material response to deformation and fracture. These multiscale features of any real material appear to be inherent defense mechanisms provided by nature. New parameters introduced into the theory described here are: fracture quantum a0 and dimension D of the fractal used to represent the crack surface, or equivalently — the fractal exponent α = (2−D)/2, where dimension D varies between 1 (smooth crack) and 2 (very rough crack). As the degree of fractality increases, the characteristic material length is shown to rapidly grow to the levels around three orders of magnitude higher than those predicted for the classic case. Such effect is helpful in explaining an unusual size-sensitivity of fracture testing in materials with cementitious bonding such as concrete and certain types of ceramics, where fractal cracks are commonly observed. It turns out that while the effects due to quantization of the fracture model tend to disappear for longer cracks, the influence of the fractal geometry remains significant, or even becomes more pronounced for the long cracks. In the limit of vanishing fracture quantum and/or reduced degree of fractality the quantized cohesive model of a fractal crack, as presented here, reduces to the well-known classic models of Dugdale-Barenblatt or to the linear elastic fracture mechanics or the quantized fracture mechanics theories. Therefore, the basic concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics, quantized fracture mechanics and fractal geometry are all incorporated into the present theory.
VERY LOW-TEMPERATURE FERMI GAS

The momentum distribution in a low-temperature Fermi gas is investigated using the methods of quantum statistics developed by Lee and Yang together with the linked-pair expansions of the previous paper. It is shown that in order to determine the momentum distribution at very low temperatures two coupled integral equations must be considered, one in momentum variables and due to Lee and Yang, and the other in temperature variables. It is also shown that the dominant low-temperature behavior of the momentum distribution can be extracted in terms of a certain function ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{k})$. For a low-density Fermi gas with strong, short-range, two-body interactions, it is shown to third order in the scattering parameters of the interaction that at $T=0$ the function ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{k})$ is equal to the free particle momentum distribution. Also, the energy and other thermodynamic quantities are expressed in terms of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(\mathrm{k})$, so that the theory permits a generalization of perturbation theoretic results to nonzero temperatures. The ground-state energy, momentum distribution, and thermodynamic potential are calculated to third order in the scattering parameters.
Relevance and Goal-Focusing in Text Processing

This article reviews the role of relevance in text processing. It argues that relevance instructions provided by instructors and texts help readers identify text segments that are germane to a reading goal. A taxonomy of relevance instructions is presented and four basic types of relevance manipulations are considered (i.e., targeted segments, elaborative interrogation, perspective, and purpose). This article also describes a four-stage goal-focusing model to explain how relevance affects attention allocation and text understanding. Directions for future research and educational implications are also discussed.
Hybrid algorithm for sequencing with bicriteria

This paper presents a solution algorithm for a single machine scheduling problem with two criteria: total tardiness and total flow time. Theoretical results of precedence properties which are respected by all nondominated schedules are first derived. These precedence properties are then incorporated into a multiple-criteria dynamic programming framework to improve the computational efficiency. Results of the computational experiment and the average behavior (computation time and efficiency) of the algorithm are reported.
Laser-excited raman spectroscopy of biomolecules. XII. Thermally induced conformational changes in poly(L-glutamic acid)†

The α-helical from of poly(L-glutamic acid) [α-poly(Glu)] gives rise to the same amide I and III lines as α-poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) at 1652 and 1296 cm−1, respectively. The latter is a superposition of the amide III line near 1290 cm−1 and a line deu to vibrational made of CH2 groups of the side chain near 1300 cm−1. A line at 924 cm−1 is tentatively identified as characteristics of α-poly(Glu). Both the β1- and β2- forms of poly(Glu) give rise to characteristic of β-amide. III frequencies that are similar because of their similar backbone structures. Differences in the conformations of their side chains and in the environments of the backbone are reflected in the region 800–1200 cm−1 and in the amide I. A line at 1042 cm−1 and a pair at 1021 and 1059 cm−1 are tentatively assigned as characteristic of β1-poly(Glu) and β2-poly(Glu), respectively. The α-β2 transition in poly(L-Glu78L-Val22) is shown by the appearance of all the β2-characteristic lines in the thermally transformed sample. The same features observed in poly(L-Glu95L-Val5) also indicate that the α-β2 transition of poly(Glu) is facilitated by the presence of L-valine and that the content of L-valine is not critical for this purpose. Investigation of the Raman spectra of the calcium, strontium, barium and sodium slats of poly(Glu) shows that these salts, under the conditions of preparation used, all the have random-coil conformations.
Retinal projections in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni

The retinal projections of the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni, have been traced by two different methods. Following unilateral enucleation, a modified Nauta technique was used to demonstrate degenerating axons and terminals. Some degeneration was found after 5 days but optimal survival time was 20-25 days. Orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the cut optic nerve also was used to examine retinal fiber distribution in the brain. The optic nerve is completely crossed and gives rise to two major tracts, the tractus opticus dorsomedialis and the tractus opticus ventrolateralis, as well as minor fascicles. Projections were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, the pretectal complex, and the tectum opticum. The optic tectum is large and laminated and the great majority of the optic fibers terminate there. Degeneration methods revealed projections in the tectum to the stratum opticum, stratum griseum et fibrosum superficiale, and stratum album centrale. HRP staining confirmed these projections and revealed another projection to the stratum griseum centrale.
Iron sulfide oxidation and the chemistry of acid generation

Acid mine drainage, produced from the oxidation of iron sulfides, often contains elevated levels of dissolved aluminum (AI), iron (Fe), and sulfate (SO4) and low pH. Understanding the interactions of these elements associated with acid mine drainage is necessary for proper solid waste management planning. Two eastern oil shales were leached using humidity cell methods. This study used a New Albany Shale (4.6 percent pyrite) and a Chattanooga Shale (1.5 percent pyrite). The leachates from the humidity cells were filtered, and the filtrates were analyzed for total concentrations of cations and anions. After correcting for significant solution species and complexes, ion activities were calculated from total concentrations. The results show that the activities of Fe3+, Fe2+, Al3+, and SO4 2− increased due to the oxidation of pyrite. Furthermore, the oxidation of pyrite resulted in a decreased pH and an increased pe+pH (redox-potential). The Fe3+ and Fe2+ activities appeared to be controlled by amorphous Fe(OH)3 solid phase above a pH of 6.0 and below pe+pH 11.0. The Fe3+, Fe2+, and SO4 2− activities reached saturation with respect to FeOHSO4 solid phase between pH 3.0 and 6.0 and below pe+pH 11.0 Below a pH of 3.0 and above a pe+pH of 11.0, Fe2+, Fe3+, and SO4 2− activities are supported by FeSO4·7H2O solid phase. Above a pH of 6.0, the Al3+ activity showed an equilibrium with amorphous Al(OH)3 solid phase. Below pH 6.0, Al3+ and SO4 2− activities are regulated by the AlOHSO4 solid phase, irrespective of pe+pH. The results of this study suggest that under oxidizing conditions with low to high leaching potential, activities of Al and Fe can be predicted on the basis of secondary mineral formation over a wide range of pH and redox. As a result, the long-term chemistry associated with disposal environments can be largely predicted (including trace elements).
Microwave Nondestructive Determination of Sand-to-Cement Ratio in Mortar

Abstract Microwave nondestructive testing methods have shown great promise for the inspection of cement-based materials. Previously it has been shown that the magnitude of reflection coefficient from cement paste specimens can be correlated to their water-to-cement (w/c) ratios and more importantly to their compressive strengths. For mortar specimens, the sand-to-cement (s/c) ratio plays an important role in its physical, mechanical, and microwave reflection properties. To determine the w/c ratio and other properties of mortar specimens, one also needs to know its s/c ratio. To illustrate the ability of microwave reflection measurements for this purpose, two sets of four mortar specimens are produced with w/c ratios of 0.50 and 0.60 and with s/c ratios of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. The microwave reflection coefficients of these specimens are measured using an open-ended rectangular waveguide sensor, in the G- (3.95–5.85 GHz), J- (5.85–8.2 GHz), and X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequency ranges. It is shown that a s...
Review: Nephritogenic autoantibodies in lupus: Current concepts and continuing controversies

In summary, we suggest that the following statements regarding lupus nephritis are best supported by the existing data. 1) Lupus nephritis is an immunologically complex disorder. Autoantibodies directed against multiple epitopes on chromatin, including but not limited to dsDNA, may contribute to nephritis. 2) The presence of charged residues within autoantibody heavy chain CDR regions, particularly CDR3, may be essential to the property of nephritogenicity. 3) Chromatin/antichromatin immune complexes (formed either in the circulation or in situ in the GBM) are likely the proximal cause of lupus nephritis. Cross-reactive autoantibodies or antibodies reacting directly to glomerular antigens are less likely to play a major pathogenic role. 4) The induction of lupus nephritis may relate to the propensity of chromatin or its components to bind to the GBM by virtue of the interactions of histones with type IV collagen and heparan-sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Nonetheless, as indicated above, there are numerous issues that remain to be addressed and clarified with respect to lupus nephritis. Insight into these issues is not only of theoretical interest, but may lead to new approaches to diagnostic testing and more specific therapies to replace currently use nonspecific immunosuppressive drugs, which have substantial toxicities.
Influence of Abiotic Factors on Activity in a Larval Stream Salamander Assemblage

Abstract Larval stream salamanders are the numerically dominant predators in many headwater stream systems. Nonetheless, little is known about their activity patterns or the extent to which their movements are influenced by prevailing environmental conditions. In this study, we used capture rates from passive trapping as an index of activity level and sought to identify the environmental variables most responsible for fluctuations in larval stream salamander activity. Over the course of two months, we captured stream salamanders in aquatic funnel traps during both day- and night-trapping sessions at a first-order stream in the North Carolina Piedmont. Using an information-theoretic approach, we constructed models to elucidate the effects of (1) water temperature, (2) cloud cover, (3) days since last rainfall, and (4) time of day on larval salamander activity. We found that the model incorporating time of day and cloud cover was the best predictor of larval salamander activity. In our study, larval salaman...
Discovery & development of selective M3 antagonists for clinical use.

Abstract The treatment of airway obstructive disease may be improved by antimuscarinic agents which selectively block M 1 and M 3 receptors but do not inhibit prejunctional cholinergic autoreceptors which limit release of acetylcholine. Revatropate is a novel antimuscarinic agent which shows some 50-fold selectivity for M 1 and M 3 receptors in guinea pig trachea and rabbit vas deferens over the M 2 subtype in atria. This selectivity profile was seen in vivo in anaesthetised guinea pigs and conscious dogs where bronchodilator activity was produced in the absence of any effect on heart rate. Revatropate, in contrast to the non-selective agent ipratropium, did not potentiate bronchoconstrictor responses induced by vagal nerve stimulation, indicating that inhibitory autoreceptors were still functional. Early clinical studies in COAD patients showed that inhaled revatropate was an effective bronchodilator which was well tolerated. Darifenacin differs from revatropate by showing selectivity for M 3 receptors relative to both M 2 and M 1 subtypes. [ 3 H]darifenacin had 5-fold higher affinity for the human m3 relative to m1 receptors while there was significantly reduced binding to m2, m4 and m5 receptors. The degree of selectivity in functional tissue preparations was even greater, with darifenacin showing 100-fold selectivity for the ileum M 3 receptors over M 2 receptors in atria and 30-fold over M 1 receptors in rabbit vas deferens. Darifenacin was able to differentiate between M 3 receptors in different tissues; although darifenacin was equipotent with atropine in the ileum and bladder, it was some 10-fold and 6-fold less potent at inhibiting muscarinic responses in the trachea and submandibular salivary gland respectively, relative to atropine. Studies in anaesthetised dogs confirmed this selectivity profile. Thus darifenacin inhibited responses of the gut and bladder to cholinergic stimulation without affecting heart rate. Salivary gland responses were inhibited at doses some 6–10 fold higher than those required to inhibit gut and bladder responses. Clinical studies are ongoing in urge incontinence and functional bowel disease which may confirm this selectivity profile.
Binding of insecticides to macromolecules in the blood of the rat and American cockroach

Abstract This investigation concerns transport of DDT, dieldrin and parathion in the blood of the rat and roach. Using gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and disc gel electrophoresis, a method for the isolation of some of the plasma proteins that bind DDT and dieldrin has been demonstrated. By a variety of staining procedures, these macromolecules were shown to be of a lipoprotein nature. A tentative molecular weight of 520,000 was obtained for one of the binding proteins in roach hemolymph.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorders in Women

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies are commonly practiced in the United States and are used more frequently among women than men. This article reviews several CAM treatments for depressive disorders in women, with a focus on major depressive disorder across the reproductive life cycle. The CAM therapies selected for this review (ie, S-adenosylmethionine, omega-3 fatty acids, St John's wort, bright light therapy, acupuncture, and exercise) were based on their prevalence of use and the availability of randomized, placebo-controlled data. Further study is necessary to delineate the role of specific CAM therapies in premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, antepartum and postpartum depression, lactation, and the menopausal transition.
An overview of family systems approaches to library management

Family systems theory has often been applied to the organizational environment. This article presents an overview of family systems approaches to management, with particular focus on libraries and information technology. Some of the family systems concepts that can be applied to the library environment include differentiation, mystification, emotional triangles, and pseudomutuality. Some of the positive aspects of a family system that are relevant to the organizational context include stages of development, family rituals, and family stories. Through examples and vignettes, the author demonstrates the application of family systems theory to the field of library management.
Enhancer and promoter activity in the JH to IGHM intron of the Pekin duck, Anas platyrhynchos.

A transcriptional enhancer, Eμ, was defined in the IGH locus of the Pekin duck, Anas platyrhynchos. Regions of DNA from the JH to IGHM intron were cloned into reporter constructs containing the SV40 promoter and transiently transfected into chicken B and T lymphocytes. A strong transcriptional activity, of several hundred-fold greater than that of a reporter construct with the promoter alone, was localized to a 281 bp region that contains 2 E-box motifs, CAGCTG. This fragment showed enhancer activity in both orientations and was active in chicken B cells but not in T cells. When the activity of the enhancer was tested in constructs without a promoter, it showed high transcriptional activity in the forward orientation, but much less activity (by two orders of magnitude) when tested in the reverse orientation. This suggests that the fragment contains not only enhancer activity but may contain promoter activity analogous to that of the Iμ promoter described in mammals. Thus it appears that the location, but not the fine structure, of the Eμ enhancer was established before the evolutionary divergence of the avian and mammalian lineages some 300 Myr ago.
Cathode effects in cylindrical Hall thrusters

Stable operation of a cylindrical Hall thruster has been achieved using a hot wire cathode, which functions as a controllable electron emission source. It is shown that as the electron emission from the cathode increases with wire heating, the discharge current increases, the plasma plume angle reduces, and the ion energy distribution function shifts toward higher energies. The observed effect of cathode electron emission on thruster parameters extends and clarifies performance improvements previously obtained for the overrun discharge current regime of the same type of thruster, but using a hollow cathode neutralizer. Once thruster discharge current saturates with wire heating, further filament heating does not affect other discharge parameters. The saturated values of thruster discharge parameters can be further enhanced by optimal placement of the cathode wire with respect to the magnetic field.
The external ear canal of goats and other animals as a mycoplasma habitat

Abstract In an experimental study Mycoplasma capricolum or M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type) was cultured from the external ear canal of ear mite-free goats, sheep and a pig and isolated from 19 of 20 animals at necropsy whenever a state of mycoplasmal septicemia existed. In M. putrefaciens infected goats, the mycoplasma could not be recovered at necropsy from the ear canal 7–10 days following a state of septicemia. In a field study, M. mycoides subsp. mycoides was culturable from the external ear canal of a clinically normal dairy goat herd with a prior history of infection, but nares and milk did not yield the organism. Cultures of the external ear canal of a small herd of immature and mature Holstein cows without history of mycoplasmal infection, however, resulted in isolation of M. bovoculi from the external ear canal, but no mycoplasma isolations were made from the nares or milk. The significance of ear mites in the external ear canal and their role in mycoplasmal transfer between animals is currently unknown. Mycoplasmemia explains the seeding of the ear canal by bloodborne mycoplasma, but is an unlikely cause for the finding of up to five Mycoplasma sp. from an ear swab culture. For the moment, the precise explanation for the seeding of mycoplasma in the ear canal must await documentation, although a likely reason appears to be the seeding of the canal by mites as they transfer from goat to goat, which apparently occurs with ease.
Noise correlation scalings: Revisiting the quantum phase transition in incommensurate lattices with hard-core bosons

Finite size scalings of the momentum distribution and noise correlations are performed to study Mott insulator, Bose glass, and superfluid quantum phases in hard-core bosons (HCBs) subjected to quasiperiodic disorder. The exponents of the correlation functions at the superfluid to Bose-glass (SF-BG) transition are found to be approximately one half of the ones that characterize the superfluid phase. The derivatives of the peak intensities of the correlation functions with respect to quasiperiodic disorder are shown to diverge at the SF-BG critical point. This behavior does not occur in the corresponding free fermion system, which also exhibits an Anderson-like transition at the same critical point and thus provides a unique experimental tool to locate the phase transition in interacting bosonic systems. We also report on the absence of primary sublattice peaks in the momentum distribution of the superfluid phase for special fillings.
Clinical xenotransplantion—how close are we?

CONTEXT: Xenotransplantation with pig organs offers a medium-term solution to the shortage of organs available for clinical transplantation. The immunological barriers to xenotransplantation have been, and remain, formidable. In the early 1990s, the identification of Galalpha1,3Gal (Gal) as the main target for human xenoreactive (anti-pig) antibodies and the development of pigs transgenic for a human complement regulatory protein, decay-accelerating factor (hDAF), were major advances. The presence of hDAF on the vascular endothelium of pig organs provided some protection against complement-mediated hyperacute rejection. This protection, however, was short-lived, and, until recently, the longest median time for organ survival that had been achieved (with combinations of biological and pharmacological immunosuppressants) in a series of pig-to-primate organ transplants was under a month. STARTING POINT: Christopher McGregor and colleagues recently reported to the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (J Heart Lung Transplant 2003; 22: S89) that, by combining the use of organs which express hDAF with the administration of a soluble Gal glycoconjugate and other immunosuppressive agents, the survival of pig hearts in baboons can be extended to a median of 76 days. McGregor's work suggests that immunological barriers to xenotransplantation are not insurmountable. WHERE NEXT? The recent generation of pigs that do not express Gal epitopes (alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pigs) might remove the need both for the expression of hDAF and the administration of a soluble Gal glycoconjugate. The absence of a natural antibody response will allow investigation of the cellular immune response and of any molecular incompatibilities between pig and primate that may be detrimental to graft survival. Furthermore, the absence of a humoral response may open the way for the induction of immunological tolerance (or unresponsiveness in the absence of exogenous immunosuppression) to a transplanted pig organ.
Protective action of dietary cholesterol in experimental thyrotoxicosis.

SummaryHigh dietary cholesterol prolonged significantly the survival time of rats fed toxic doses of thyroid hormone; in some, but not in all groups the animals'weight loss was also reduced.
Scientific personnel shortage

The Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology and Space convened a hearing recently to explore the issue of projected future shortages in scientific and engineering personnel. Senator Albert Gore (D-TN), chairman of the subcommittee, structured this hearing specifically to address the role of the National Science Foundation in this area.
Considering attrition in longitudinal analyses of the osteoarthritis initiative: the case of four-year weight change among obese adults with radiographic knee osteoarthritis

subjects. In the full prediction model, nine variables were retained, including injury (none, mild, severe), KL grade (0-4), quadriceps weakness (no/yes), patellofemoral (PF) grind test (no/yes), patellar pain (no/yes), lateral tibiofemoral (TF) tenderness (no/yes), gait (normal/ abnormal), crepitus (none, fine, coarse) and hand OA (no/yes). The simplified model contained 5 variables and had excellent specificity with good positive and negative predictive values (Table 1).
Jean-François Bouley (Bouley jeune). Pioneer investigator in intermittent claudication.

Reports of pathologic investigations as to the cause of intermittent claudication in horses were made in France in October, 1831, by veterinarian Jean-Francois Bouley. Obstructive clots in the femoral arteries were found to be responsible for the muscular changes causing limping. Bouley's work in the horse was used by Charcot in 1858 to understand the mechanism of claudication in the case of a soldier with gunshot wound in whom a traumatic aneurysm, clotting, and ischemia of the legs developed. This was not, however, the first medically reported case of human claudication from vascular occlusive disease; the one reported by Barth in 1835 seems to be the first. According to Dejerine in 1911, the disease in the horse appeared to be due to invasion of the vessels by a parasitic round worm; earlier he had ascribed some cases of human claudication to impaired circulation of the spinal cord. It was not until 1949, however, that Verbiest elaborated the concept of spinal stenosis to explain one type of human claudication.
A hard x-ray spectrometer for high angular resolution observations of cosmic sources

LAXRIS (large area x-ray imaging spectrometer) is an experimental, balloon-borne, hard x-ray telescope that consists of a coaligned array of x-ray imaging spectrometer modules capable of obtaining high angular resolution (1--3 arcminutes) with moderate energy resolution in the 20- to 300-keV region. Each spectrometer module consists of a CsI(Na) crystal coupled to a position-sensitive phototube with a crossed-wire, resistive readout. Imaging is provided by a coded aperture mask with a 4-m focal length. The high angular resolution is coupled with rather large area (/approximately/800 cm/sup 2/) to provide good sensitivity. Results are presented on performance and overall design. Sensitivity estimates are derived from a Monte-Carlo code developed to model the LAXRIS response to background encountered at balloon altitudes. We discuss a variety of observations made feasible by high angular resolution. For instance, spatially resolving the nonthermal x-ray emission from clusters of galaxies is suggested as an ideal program for LAXRIS. 15 refs., 5 figs.
High-temperature, adult-plant resistance to wheat stripe rust and effects on yield components

High-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) has remained durable for at least 30 yr in the USA. The expression of HTAP resistance to stripe rust in six crosses of winter wheat was evaluated using F 6 populations at Pullman, WA in 1986 and F 7 populations at three environmentally different locations (Pullman, Mt. Vernon, and Walla Walla, WA) in 1987. Resistant families could not be differentiated at Pullman in 1986 and Walla Walla in 1987 because unfavorable weather delayed the development of rust (...)
Hormonal control of cuticle coloration in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta: Basis of an ultrasensitive bioassay for juvenile hormone

Juvenile hormone inhibits cuticular melanization in tobacco hornworm larvae. This action of juvenile hormone was used as the basis of a new bioassay which is sensitive to less than 0·01 ng (3 × 10−14 moles) of topically applied hormone and requires only 2 days.
Effects of plant water deficit on the daily carbon balance of leaves of cacao seedlings

The daily carbon balance of individual source leaves of Theobroma cacao L. seedlings was measured at 2- to 3-day intervals during a 19-day period of increasing plant water deficit and during an 8-day period of recovery following rewatering. In each case, responses of stressed seedlings were compared to those of irrigated controls. Leaves of irrigated cacao seedlings assimilated approximately 41 mg carbohydrate dm-2 during 12-h photoperiods, and exported an average of 34 mg carbohydrate dm-2 during 24-h measurement cycles. The rate of carbon export from cacao leaves was sharply reduced as leaf water potential (ψ) declined between -0.8 and -2.0 MPa. Further, the rate of export was closely associated with the net assimilation rate (A), with export capacity being severely reduced as A fell to near zero. Net accumulation of dry matter occurred as long as A remained greater than approximately 20 mg carbohydrate dm-2 over the 12-h photoperiod, but at lower assimilation rates, export exceeded concomitant assimilation. Carbon export continued at the expense of leaf carbon reserves as photoassimilation fell to near zero during periods of severe water stress (ψ < -2.0 MPa). Night respiration rate was independent of plant water status.
Current management of strabismus in childhood.

Summary The essential points in diagnosis of strabismus have been reviewed. The reasons for early diagnosis and treatment have been stressed. Current concepts in the treatment of amblyopia are elaborated, and intensive and early therapy is recommended. In nonsurgical management the use of miotics is discussed. Preoperative orthoptics and its limitations are considered. Changing concepts in the advisability of operating during the 3–6 year age group have been reviewed. Intensive postoperative follow-up is necessary to produce functional as well as cosmetically acceptable results.
Angle sensitive pixels in CMOS for lensless 3D imaging

We present a pixel-scale CMOS sensor for near-field, lensless 3D imaging. This angle-sensitive pixel (ASP) uses local, stacked diffraction gratings over a photodiode to discriminate the incident angle of incoming light. The ASPs, measuring 20μm wide and 40μm long, have been built in an unmodified 130nm CMOS process. Metal wiring layers provide the required gratings, while intrinsic pn-junctions act as photodiodes. We present operating principles and design considerations of the ASP, as well as results demonstrating desired angle sensitivity. Arrays of ASPs enable lensless microscale imaging that reconstructs the 3-dimensional structure of light sources.
LIPIDS ARE COVALENTLY ATTACHED TO RIGID CORNEOCYTE PROTEIN ENVELOPES EXISTING PREDOMINANTLY AS BETA -SHEETS : A SOLID-STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY

C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance at natural abundance was used to study isolated corneocyte envelopes from porcine stratum corneum. The presence of lipids covalently attached to the protein envelopes was detected by chemical shifts of methylene and methyl groups of the bound lipids. The corneocyte protein envelopes are rigid, as suggested by efficient 1H to 13C cross polarization and 13C spin-lattice relaxation studies. The chemical shift of the carbonyl carbons of the protein envelopes supports the prediction that the chemically bound lipid envelope is attached to proteins arranged predominantly in the beta-sheet conformation, allowing a dense palisade of ceramide molecules to form a water-impermeable external sheath.
Dynamic Response of Axisymmetric Solids Subjected to Impact and Spin

A numerical method is presented to obtain solutions for axisymmetric solids subjected to impact and spin. The method is based on a finite element formulation wherein the equations of motion are integrated directly rather than through the traditional stiffness matrix approach. The formulation is given for axisymmetric triangular elements which can experience large strains and displacements in the radial, axial, and angular directions. The effects of material strength and compressibility are included to account for elastic-plastic flow and wave propagation. The addition of angular displacements allows the effect of twisting to be included in the analysis. The radial and axial equations of motion are applied in the usual manner, whereas the angular (spin) equations of motion are obtained by conserving angular momentum; this allows the angular velocities of the nodes to be altered by a change in radial position and/or shear stress induced tangential forces acting on the concentrated masses. The numerical method can also be used to obtain steady-state solutions for spinning solids.
A Comparison of the Effect of a Hypertension Education Program Among Black and White Participants

Black Americans face a higher risk of hypertension than other Americans. Because of the differences in risk status and environmental or genetic factors that may contribute to hypertension, it is important to compare the effectiveness of hypertension intervention for blacks and for whites. While a diminished effect of intervention among blacks might be expected due to such factors as lower socioeconomic status, high stress, and salt-sensitivity, a comparison between black and white participants in a six-session hypertension education series showed no significant differences in outcome. Overall, the program was successful in improving knowledge gained regarding control of blood pressure; encouraging positive behavior changes; and in reducing by 68 percent the number of participants whose blood pressure was elevated by the end of the program. However, program attendance was less frequent in black communities than in white communities. Marketing strategies to attract more black participants, and adherence strategies to retain those who are recruited, are discussed.
The Aging Athlete’s Performance: Swifter? Higher?Stronger? Or Just Getting by?

The Aging Athlete’s Performance: Swifter? Higher? Stronger? Or Just Getting by? Athletic enhancement is a quest for all athletes, young and old, from the Olympian to the weekend warrior, from the nouveau master athlete who is just past 25 years old to the seasoned senior (or veteran) athlete over 40. As sport scientists, clinicians, or trainers, it is our charge to not only discover answers to emerging questions via the scientific process but also to provide practical information to the end users, the aging athletes, in order to help them reap the benefits of athletic participation with minimal injuries.
Sequential Reliability Forecasting for Wind Energy: Temperature Dependence and Probability Distributions

Sequential wind simulation models have been developed to forecast effective load-carrying capability (ELCC), but they produce data that follow a Gaussian distribution, which can be considerably different from real wind-speed distributions, and they do not explicitly model the influence of temperature on the evolution of wind speed. The latter issue is of significant importance considering the strength of correlation between electricity load and temperature and the influence electricity load shapes have on system reliability. This paper presents a new approach to reliability estimation of wind facilities that models wind-speed distributions nonparametrically and includes the effect of temperature on the evolution of wind speed. A relatively long tall tower anemometer dataset is then used to test whether or not the model output produces ELCC distributions that are statistically similar to observed distributions. Results indicate that, relative to temperature independent models, temperature-dependent time-series models are better at both short-term wind-speed forecasting and long-term reliability forecasting. Results also show that reliability forecasts are relatively unaffected by the shape of the wind-speed distribution. Finally, it is apparent that model performance is robust to variation in the average wind power in the years used for model parameterization.
Do You Need to Shop Around?: Age at Marriage, Spousal Alternatives, and Marital Dissolution

"This article attempts to shed light on the oft-observed relationship between age at marriage and marital dissolution by first deriving a hypothesis from marital search theory that relates both variables to the supply of spousal alternatives in the local marriage market. This hypothesis states that, relative to people who marry later in life, persons who marry at comparatively young ages will be especially susceptible to divorce when confronted with abundant alternatives to their current spouse. Marital history data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth were then merged with aggregated data from the Public Use Microdata Samples of the 1980 U.S. census to test this hypothesis." The author finds that "discrete-time event history analyses offer no support for this hypothesis. Although the risk of marital dissolution is highest where either husbands or wives chance numerous spousal alternatives, the impact of age at marriage on divorce is significantly weaker in marriage markets containing abundant remarriage opportunities. Some of the effect of age at marriage on marital dissolution is attributable to the detrimental impact of early marriage on educational attainment."
Globalization And The Emergence Of New Business Models In The Wine Industry

The forces of globalization have dramatically altered the international competitive landscape of the wine industry. This paper identifies and analyzes four new business models that have emerged among major industry competitors as wineries strive to create sustainable sources of competitive advantage.
Fertility Following Intrauterine Insemination Near the Time of Oviposition

Abstract The fate and fertility of semen deposited immediately following oviposition in the vicinity of the uterovaginal sperm host glands (USHG) was evaluated and compared with the semen deposited in the vagina. Intrauterine insemination of hens immediately after oviposition provided excellent fertility over a 2-wk period, compared to semen deposited in the vagina; also, 89% of the eggs laid within 25 h following intrauterine insemination were fertile, versus 33% following intravaginal insemination. Thus, spermatozoa deposited in the vicinity of the USHG immediately following oviposition (to simulate a release of spermatozoa from this region) can be transported to the infundibulum and effectively fertilize the next ovum ovulated. While some spermatozoa deposited in the uterus are transported to the infundibulum, the bulk of those retained in the oviduct populate the USHG. Thus, oviductal contractions immediately following oviposition do not adversely influence either the retention of spermatozoa or their incorporation into the USHG if the spermatozoa are placed on the uterine side of the uterovaginal junction.
Systematic Reviews Published in Emergency Medicine Journals Do Not Routinely Search Clinical Trials Registries: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Study objective Publication bias compromises the validity of systematic reviews. This problem can be addressed in part through searching clinical trials registries to identify unpublished studies. This study aims to determine how often systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals include clinical trials registry searches. Methods We identified all systematic reviews published in the 6 highest-impact emergency medicine journals between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Systematic reviews that assessed the effects of an intervention were further examined to determine whether the authors described searching a clinical trials registry and whether this search identified relevant unpublished studies. Results Of 191 articles identified through PubMed search, 80 were confirmed to be systematic reviews. Our sample consisted of 41 systematic reviews that assessed a specific intervention. Eight of these 41 (20%) searched a clinical trials registry. For 4 of these 8 reviews, the registry search identified at least 1 relevant unpublished study. Conclusion Systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals do not routinely include searches of clinical trials registries. By helping authors identify unpublished trial data, the addition of registry searches may improve the validity of systematic reviews.