cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of hypertonic saline on mucociliary clearance and clinical outcomes in chronic bronchitis.

Background Mucus dehydration and impaired mucus clearance are common features of cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In CF, inhaled hypertonic saline (HS) improves lung function and produces sustained increases in mucociliary clearance (MCC). We hypothesised that administration of HS (7% NaCl) twice daily for 2 weeks would improve clinical outcomes and produce sustained increases in MCC in COPD subjects with a chronic bronchitis (CB) phenotype. Methods Twenty-two CB subjects completed a double-blinded, crossover study comparing inhaled HS to a hypotonic control solution (0.12% saline) administered via nebuliser twice daily for 2 weeks. Treatment order was randomised. During each treatment period, symptoms and spirometry were measured. MCC was measured at baseline, shortly after initial study agent administration, and approximately 12 h after the final dose. Results HS was safe and well tolerated but overall produced no significant improvements in spirometry or patient-reported outcomes. CB subjects had slower baseline MCC than healthy subjects. The MCC rates over 60 min (Ave60Clr) in CB subjects following 2 weeks of HS were not different from 0.12% saline but were slower than baseline (Ave60Clr was 9.1±6.3% at baseline versus 5.3±6.9% after HS; p<0.05). Subgroup analyses determined that subjects with residual baseline central lung clearance (14 subjects) had improved spirometry and symptoms following treatment with HS, but not 0.12% saline, treatment. Conclusions Inhaled HS appeared to be safe in a general CB population. A specific phenotypic subgroup may benefit from HS but requires additional study.
Antiglutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Antibody-Associated Hemiataxia.

Autoimmune and paraneoplastic movement disorders are increasingly recognized as a result of improved methods in detecting antibodies directed against intracellular, membrane, and other antigens.1 High concentrations of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) antibodies are associated with several neurologic syndromes including stiff-person syndrome, epilepsy, limbic encephalitis, and cerebellar ataxia.2 Anti-GAD65-associated cerebellar ataxia is typically generalized with prominent gait disturbance and eye movement abnormalities.1 Limb ataxia is present in 60-70% of patients.3 Here we present 2 unusual cases of hemiataxia associated with high concentrations of anti-GAD65 antibodies.
What if Energy Flowed from Cold to Hot? Counterfactual Thought Experiments

What if energy flowed from cold to hot regions? How would thermodynamics be different? We examine such an imagined cold-to-hot world, abbreviated here as a C2H world, and show that the unfamiliar direction of energy flow implies that two thermally interacting objects at different temperatures will not equilibrate. We find that there is no operational definition of temperature, and the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics become meaningless.
Invited: Software Defined Accelerators From Learning Tools Environment

Next generation systems, such as edge devices, will need to provide efficient processing of machine learning (ML) algorithms along several metrics, including energy, performance, area, and latency. However, the quickly evolving field of ML makes it extremely difficult to generate accelerators able to support a wide variety of algorithms. At the same time, designing accelerators in hardware description languages (HDLs) by hand is hard and time consuming, and does not allow quick exploration of the design space. In this paper we present the Software Defined Accelerators From Learning Tools Environment (SODALITE), an automated open source high-level ML framework-to-verilog compiler targeting ML Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) chiplets. The SODALITE approach will implement optimal designs by seamlessly combining custom components generated through high-level synthesis (HLS) with templated and fully tunable Intellectual Properties (IPs) and macros, integrated in an extendable resource library. Through a closed loop design space exploration engine, developers will be able to quickly explore their hardware designs along different dimensions.
Aprepitant, an antiemetic agent, interferes with metal ion homeostasis of Candida auris and displays potent synergistic interactions with azole drugs

With the rapid increase in the frequency of azole-resistant species, combination therapy appears to be a promising tool to augment the antifungal activity of azole drugs against resistant Candida s...
A Matter of Perspective: Mitigating the Outcome Effect in Auditor Performance Evaluations

Prior research shows that the outcome effect in auditor performance evaluations can create a disincentive to exercise professional skepticism by punishing auditors whose skeptical behavior does not identify a misstatement. We experimentally demonstrate that perspective taking improves this evaluation process by mitigating the influence of the outcome effect and increasing evaluator focus on decision process quality. In a common audit setting in which a staff auditor exhibits appropriate yet costly skeptical behavior that correctly identifies no misstatement, supervising auditors prompted to take the perspective of the staff auditor evaluate the staff’s performance more highly than unprompted auditors—performance ratings that align with the ratings provided to auditors who detect a misstatement. We provide confirming evidence that perspective taking successfully removes the outcome penalty for no-misstatement skeptical behavior by increasing supervisor attention toward information cues about the staff’s decision process quality and away from those about the non-diagnostic misstatement outcome. We also show that perspective taking increases evaluator consensus and reduces the “idiosyncratic rater effects” that often plague performance reviews. Overall, we demonstrate that perspective taking can improve attention to process quality and that audit firms can use perspective taking to help properly align reward structures with desired auditor behavior.
Racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic survival disparities in adolescents and young adults with primary central nervous system tumors.

Background Disparities in survival by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and geography in adolescent and young adult (AYA) patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors have not been well studied. Procedure A retrospective cohort study utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was conducted for AYA patients diagnosed with primary CNS tumors. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were calculated using a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to evaluate the association between race/ethnicity, SES, rurality, and hazard of death. Results All minority groups showed an increased hazard of death with greatest disparities in the high-grade glioma cohort. Lower SES was associated with an increased hazard of death in non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients (aHR 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.24), non-Hispanic Black (NHB) patients (aHR 1.34; 95% CI 1.00-1.80), and patients aged 25-29 years (aHR 1.29; 95% CI 1.07-1.55). Mediation analysis showed an indirect effect of SES on the effect of race/ethnicity on the hazard of death only among NHB patients, with SES accounting for 33.7% of the association between NHB and hazard of death. Rurality was associated with an increased hazard of death for patients in the lowest SES tertile (aHR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08-1.59) and NHW patients (aHR 1.20; 95% CI 1.08-1.34). Conclusions Patients identified as a racial/ethnic minority, patients with a lower SES, and patients residing in rural areas had an increased hazard of death. Further studies are needed to understand and address the biological, psychosocial, societal, and economic factors that impact AYA neuro-oncology patients at highest risk of experiencing poorer outcomes.
Spatial light modulators

Near real-time reusable spatial light modulators for coherent optical data processing are reviewed. The PROM, liquid crystal, and electron beam addressed DKDP and oil film light valves appear to be the most promising devices for coherent optical data processing.
Sustaining a Multi-Generational Family Enterprise Through Ambidextrous Leadership

Business families adept at successfully running multi-generational enterprises use their expanded temporal and contextual zones to develop ambidextrous entrepreneurial skills of family and non-family members. Varied and thoughtfully planned projects and assignments are used to develop these skills and expand cognitive frames to continuously explore a breadth of opportunities and dive deep to exploit those that align with family values.
Real-time detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus using detection dogs:

Viral infections are ubiquitous in humans, animals, and plants. Real-time methods to identify viral infections are limited and no rapidly deployable detection technology exists. Previous research identified that tissues produce unique volatile organic compounds (VOC) and demonstrated that VOC concentrations change during pathologic states including infection, neoplasia, or metabolic disease. Patterns of VOC expression may be pathogen-specific and may be associated with an odor that could be used for disease detection.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Fatal Graft-versus-host Disease After Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after liver transplantation (LT) is a rare but serious complication. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors, including immunosuppressive regimens, for mortality due to GVHD (fatal GVHD). METHODS Using data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and United Network for Organ Sharing registry, 77 416 adult patients who underwent LT between 2003 and 2018 were assessed. Risk factors for fatal GVHD were analyzed by focusing on induction and maintenance immunosuppression regimens. RESULTS The incidence of fatal GVHD was 0.2% (121 of 77 416), of whom 105 (87%) died within 180 d and 13 (11%) died between 181 d and 1 y. Median survival after LT was 68.0 (49.5-125.5) d. Recipient age minus donor age >20 y (hazard ratio [HR], 2.57; P 20 y, MMF use was associated with a 50% decline in fatal GVHD (HR, 0.50; P 20 y remains a significant risk factor for fatal GVHD. The risk of fatal GVHD significantly increases in association with basiliximab induction and decreases with MMF maintenance. These associations were pronounced in patients with recipient minus donor age >20 y. These results emphasize the importance of donor age and individualized immunosuppression regimens on the risk of fatal GVHD.
Outcomes of liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma

Abstract Background Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (NASH-HCC) is the second-leading cause of liver transplantation (LT) performed for HCC. Despite this, little is known about the clinical characteristics and outcomes of NASH-HCC. Methods Patients undergoing LT for HCC from 2001 to 2017 at a single center were reviewed. Outcomes of NASH-HCC (n = 51) were compared to other etiologies of HCC including hepatitis C (HCV) hepatitis B (HBV), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Outcomes of NASH-HCC were also compared to HCV in the direct-acting antiviral (DAA) era (2014–2017). Results The frequency of NASH-HCC as the primary indication for LT in patients with HCC increased significantly during the study period from 4.4% (2001–2008) to 15.6% in 2017. NASH-HCC patients were significantly older (median age 65 vs. 60; P Conclusion In this large single-center experience of NASH-HCC, we demonstrate favorable outcomes of NASH-HCC following LT comparable to other common etiologies of HCC.
Disruption of the Body Temperature Circadian Rhythm in Hospitalized Patients.

Abstract Background Dysregulation of the circadian rhythm is linked to immune response deficiencies. Diurnal temperature variation—a surrogate for the circadian rhythm, exists in humans, yet its preservation during illness is not well understood. Materials and Methods Temperatures measured within one-half hour of 8 am , 12 pm , 4 pm , 8 pm , 12 am , and 4 am from 16,245 hospitalized patients were statistically analyzed. Results Although we found a diurnal pattern when analyzing the ensemble of temperatures from all patients, stratified by measurement site, the trough-to-peak difference was only 0.2°F, while that for healthy volunteers had been in the 0.5°F to 1.9°F range. The peaks occurred at 8 pm for all patients, regardless of age or sex, which is similar to healthy people. However, the troughs were shifted to later times compared with the 6 am in healthy people–for young patients (age 20-30 years) the trough was at 8 am and for elderly patients (age 70-80 years), at 12 pm , again regardless of patients’ sex. Analysis of individual patients showed that less than 20% of patients exhibited diurnal variation and among those showing variation, the trend was present only on the minority of hospitalization days. The presence or absence of an infectious process or fever did not influence the proportion of patients showing diurnal variation. Conclusions Hospitalization is associated with disruption in the circadian rhythm as reflected by patients’ body temperature. Since abnormality in body temperature is known to affect patient outcomes, an understanding of the diurnal cycle during hospitalization is the first step towards devising approaches to re-establish the circadian rhythm.
Binary Logistic Regression Approach for Decision Making in Bridge Management

Bridge management professionals need effective tools to help guide the decision-making process and maintain quality infrastructure in a region. A new binary response is herein defined by categorizi...
Intense excimer emission from pulsed microhollow cathode discharges

Summary form only given, as follows. Direct current microhollow cathode discharges (MHCDs), operated in XeCl, ArF, Xe, Ar, Ne and He, are sources of excimer radiation with efficiencies between 1% and 10%. The radiant power of the excimer emission was found to increase linearly with current. For DC operation in xenon the current was kept below 8 mA, at a discharge voltage of 220 V, in order to avoid thermal damage of the electrodes. Reducing the average power by operating the discharge in a pulsed mode with on-times of 700 /spl mu/s and a duty cycle of 0.007 allowed us to increase the current to 70 mA, limited by the onset of instabilities. Whereas for this case the radiant power increased, as expected, by an order of magnitude over the dc values, the radiant emittance of the excimer source was found to stay constant due to the linear increase in the emitting plasma area with current For xenon, at a pressure of 760 Torr, it was measured as 2 W/cm/sup 2/. One possibility to increase the radiant emittance beyond this value, is to place MHCDs in series, as demonstrated with a XeCl tandem discharge. A second method of discharge operation, which provides not only an increase in radiant emittance, but also in radiant power is based on MHCD operation in a transient, nonequilibrium mode. By applying short voltage pulses, excimer emission pulses of 700 ns duration (FWHM) were generated with peak radiant power levels of six times the steady state levels. Using high speed VUV imaging system in combination with a calibrated radiometer, the peak radiant power density was measured as approximately 400 W/cm/sup 2/, more than two orders of magnitude above the dc value. Results of measurements on the recovery time of these pulsed excimer sources, indicate the possibility to generate repetitively pulsed, MHCD excimer emitters.
Effect of fetal heart rate on umbilical arterial Doppler indices.

Umbilical arterial Doppler indices (UaDI) are recognized as potentially useful tools for fetal surveillance. However, elucidation of the diagnostic reliability of UaDI requires further analysis of the factors that affect the variance of the indices. This prospective study was undertaken to analyze the effects of one such factor, the fetal heart rate (FHR). The study population consisted of 194 cases of uncomplicated pregnancy with normal outcome, with the gestational age (GA) ranging from 27 to 39 weeks. A continuous wave Doppler instrument with a 4-MHz transducer was used. The UaDI measured were diastolic/average (D/A) ratio, systolic/diastolic (S/D) ratio, pulsatility index (PI), and resistance index (RI). Linear regression of the data grouped in 2 week GA intervals demonstrated a moderate but statistically significant (p less than .05) correlation between FHR and UaDI. The influence of FHR on UaDI was then further analyzed by multiple regression technique using GA as the second independent variable. The regression demonstrated that 15% to 18% of the total UaDI variance was attributable to FHR effect. Moreover, when UaDI data were standardized for a FHR of 140 beats per minute and GA of 34 weeks using a multiple regression-based equation, the 95% limits of the UaDI were reduced by 32%, 34%, 26%, and 32% for D/A, S/D, PI, and RI, respectively. This study demonstrates a statistically significant effect of FHR on UaDI. However, clinical significance of this observation requires further investigation.
Designing effective service contracts

Does it matter who performs maintenance? The servicing of semiconductor manufacturing equipment has significant ramifications for efficient operations, the rate and direction of technological advances, and the relationships between customers and suppliers of equipment. Some researchers have suggested that incremental innovation in the form of continuous improvement accounts for even more productivity gains than technological leaps associated with new generations of equipment. Although the TPM philosophy emphasizes the importance of users performing maintenance themselves to capture this learning, many chip makers seem to believe that maintenance is not a high value-added activity, choosing to rely on equipment suppliers for maintenance and repair services. Nonetheless, research has shown that users are a critical source of innovation, so equipment servicing may be an important communication link between suppliers and their customers, providing a source of information for equipment manufacturers in making improvements to their machines. When customers and suppliers of equipment collaborate on making improvements, who benefits? Historically, there has not been a linear relationship between productivity and equipment cost-customers continue to demand more for less. Productivity of capital equipment is a critical issue for the entire industry, but there are fundamental questions about how the benefits of improvements should be divided among participants. This presentation will address the questions of who should perform maintenance tasks and related continuous improvement activities, and whether the incentives to do so are adequate. The focus will be service agreements between customers and suppliers of semiconductor processing equipment, and performance measures used in conjunction with incentives.
Analysis of the Republic of Tajikistan's Draft Law 'About Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions'

This article, prepared at the request of the International Center for Not-for-Profit Law (ICNL), provides an article-by-article detailed legal analysis of key shortcomings in Tajikistan's draft law About Freedom of Conscience and Religious Unions. Based on their analysis, the authors provide recommendations for amendments directed at ensuring that the final draft law complies with Tajikistan's international and domestic human rights obligations.
Ultrastructure of the Male Cloacal Glands of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus

Abstract: This paper represents the first ultrastructural descriptions of the cloacal glands of a male salamander. All male salamanders in the suborder Salamandroidea possess these glands, which are required for internal fertilization. These glands are responsible for producing spermatophores and, in some species, certain glands produce female-attracting pheromones. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy provided higher resolution and magnification of the cytology of cloacal glands than possible in previous studies limited to light microscopy. The glands are hypertrophied in October and April samples, and much reduced in size and secretory activity in June and August samples. Each of the cloacal glands, when active, has secretory vacuoles that are unique in appearance and that secrete carbohydrates and/or proteins. Kingsbury's glands are modified mucous glands that have secretory vacuoles filled with a flocculent substance. Active pelvic glands have uniform electron-lucent secretory vacuoles ...
The Effect of Neon and Argon Additions on Improving Selectivities in the Helium Afterglow Discharge Detector

The ultraviolet (UV) spectra of the helium (He) afterglow and mixed gas helium-neon (He-Ne) and helium-argon (He-Ar) afterglows are presented. The effect of Ne and Ar on the He afterglow background spectrum and on the selectivities (versus carbon) for sulfur and phosphorus detection in the UV region is discussed.
A co-relational model of data for large shared data banks

For the past decade, I have been on a quest to democratize developing data-intensive distributed applications. My secret weapon to slay the complexity dragon has been category theory and monads, but in particular the concept of duality. As it turns out, the data domain is an extremely rich source of all kinds of interesting dualities. These dualities are not just theoretical curiosities, but actually solve many practical problems and help to uncover deep similarities between concepts that at first look totally unrelated.In this talk I will illustrate several of the dualities I have encountered during my journey, and show how this resulted in a novel “A co-Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks”.
The mechanism of action of radiosensitization of conventional chemotherapeutic agents.

It is not an exaggeration to state that most of the advances in curing cancer in the last decade have come from successful combinations of conventional chemotherapeutic agents with radiation therapy. Further improvements in therapy will depend on understanding the mechanisms by which chemotherapy improves the effectiveness of radiation in model systems and in patients. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of action of the fluoropyrimidines, gemcitabine, and the platinums. The fluoropyrimidines (5-fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine) increase the effectiveness of radiation chiefly when given before and during radiation. Increased radiation sensitivity occurs in cells that progress inappropriately into S phase in the presence of drug, suggesting a key role for dysregulation of S-phase checkpoints. Gemcitabine may radiosensitize by a similar mechanism, although the relative roles of specific DNA repair pathways (such as homologous end rejoining) and of apoptosis remain to be determined. For both of these categories of drugs, sensitization probably results when cells that are progressing inappropriately through S phase misrepair DNA damage inflicted by radiation. Thus, loss of the S-phase checkpoint in cancer cells may provide the molecular basis for selective killing of tumors compared with normal tissues. Cisplatin has multiple effects on cells, such as adduct formation and DNA damage repair inhibition, but the mechanism for selectivity against cancer cells compared with normal cells is not yet determined. The identification of the enzymatic targets for these drugs offers the potential to develop predictive assays for response and to develop methods of imaging the progress of therapy.
PROFESSORS' INTERACTIONAL ATTRIBUTES: HOW DO THEY RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER? '

Summary.-For 86 professors, ratings on the Classroom Behaviors Questionnaire indicated that what professors did to enhance students' success was perceived as important to their students (r= .85), but these scores were not correlated significantly with their scores on the Revised Lovemate Checklist (Form I), the Revised Love/Hate Checklist (Form 2), or the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children; however, scores on the latter three inventories were significantly intercorrelated for male professors. For female professors, only their self-concept scores significantly correlated with how they interacted with others. These findings seem to be consistent with prior research.
Application of the wireless electroencephalogram to measure stress in White Pekin ducks

Stress in poultry can produce many undesirable effects on bird health and production performance. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a potential measure to assess stress through analysis of brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG). In two experiments, White Pekin ducks were implanted with EEG transmitters and treated with potential stressors in a chamber or in their pens. Electrocardiograms and blood corticosterone levels were collected as standard measures of stress. EEG analysis showed an increase in the relative delta frequency and a decrease in the relative alpha frequency during the treatment period for shock (P < 0.05). EEG analysis of the second experiment showed no differences between time periods for all frequencies for all treatments. Based on these results, EEG is currently not a viable technique for the measurement of acute stress in commercial poultry.
186 DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN F-CELLS

The total quantity of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) is subject to developmental, humoral, pathological and genetic variables. The developmental and humoral mechanisms which effect changes in Hb F might be further clarified by comparing the dynamics of F-cell number and quantities of Hb F/F-cell. Changes in relative numbers of F-cells and A-cells and quantities of Hb F/F-cell and Hb A/A-cell were measured by single cell immunodiffusion, using fluorescein-conjugated anti-Hb F and anti-Hb A, in term cord blood, 3-month old children, and nonpregnant and pregnant adults. Over the indicated developmental interval relative A-cell number and mean Hb A/A-cell increased 1.71 and 1.40, respectively. In contrast relative F-cell number and mean Hb F/F-cell declined 26.23 and 1.32 fold, respectively. In the female at midtrimester pregnancy A-cell number and Hb A/A-cell increased 1.07 (NS) and 1.01 (NS) fold, respectively, whereas these same parameters for F-cells increased 2.96 and 1.14 fold. It is concluded that within the detection range of the immunodiffusion technique both the mean intracellular quantity of Hb F and the F-cell frequency show decrease during late development, but at dissimilar rates. Presumably humoral signals in midtrimester pregnancy promote disproportionate increases in both F-cell frequency and detectable Hb F/F-cell.
Relative deprivation and internal migration in the United States: A comparison of black and white men.

While the link between geographic and social mobility has long been a cornerstone of sociological approaches to migration, recent research has cast doubt on the economic returns to internal U.S. migration. Moreover, important racial disparities in migration patterns remain poorly understood. Drawing on data from the 2000 census, the author reappraises the link between migration and social mobility by taking relative deprivation into consideration. She examines the association between migration, disaggregated by region of origin and destination, and absolute and relative earnings and occupational prestige, separately by race. Findings lend new insight into the theoretical and stratification implications of growing racial disparities in migration patterns; while both blacks and whites who move north-south generally average lower absolute incomes than their stationary northern peers, they enjoy significantly higher relative social positions. Moreover, the relative “gains” to migration are substantially large...
Prognostic impact of RAS mutations in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome

RAS is an oncogene frequently mutated in human cancer. RAS mutations have been reported in 10–15% of cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but they appear to be less frequent among patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The impact of RAS mutations in patients with MDS is unclear. We conducted a retrospective study in 1,067 patients with newly diagnosed MDS for whom RAS mutational analysis was available. Overall, 4% of patients carried mutant RAS alleles. Notably, FLT3 mutations, which were found in 2% of patients, were mutually exclusive with RAS mutations. Patients with RAS mutations had a higher white blood cell count as well as bone marrow blasts compared with patients carrying wild-type RAS. However, no differences were observed between both groups regarding the risk of AML transformation (9% vs. 7%) and overall survival (395 days vs. 500 days, P = 0.057). In summary, RAS mutations are infrequent in patients with MDS and do not appear to negatively impact their outcome. Am. J. Hematol. 88:365–369, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolution of a New Industry

For about a decade, the annual number and total value of large mergers have consistently grown, with only occasional pauses or reverses. In contrast, the economy, the stock market, and the types of mergers have fluctuated widely.
Multiple Choices, Multiple Chances: Fostering Re-entry Pathways for First Generation College Students

Student or program deficiencies are the classic explanation for student departure from community college partners of career technical education programs. However, a complex set of factors impact college attendance, persistence, and departure decision-making. Participants' experiences both within and outside program structures can reshape long-term goals. Based on a 7-year study of a population of 256 students, this article examines detailed case studies of 2 students' experiences leaving and reentering community college. It reveals how one program supported multiple exit and entry points. Interconnected educational and career pathways were made visible with the creation of a visual model that situated program experiences in a broader educational and career pathway. Additionally, both the use of creative solutions and adherence to rigid program parameters impacted students' career and educational trajectories. For more effective results, programs should support parallel career planning and encourage partic...
Analysis of two-tilt compensating interferometers

By suitable arrangement of a beam splitter and two plane mirrors, lateral-shearing interferometers may be built in which there is self-compensation for tilt. That is, the relative orientation of the two output wavefronts is insensitive to the exact mirror and beam-splitter orientations and to the direction of the input beam. The tilt compensation is analyzed, using the vector form of the law of reflection for the case of an interferometer in which the beam splitter and mirrors have a common normal, and also for an arrangement in which the two optical paths are in opposite directions around a triangle. In either case, the tilt between the output wavefronts is shown to be of the order of the square of a small angle.
DQ polymorphism: an analysis of DQw4α and β membrane proximal regions

The complete coding sequences of cDNA clones encoding the DQw4 alpha and beta polypeptides have been determined from two individuals expressing the DRw18(3), DQw4 haplotype. Although the first domain nucleotide sequence of the DQ alpha cDNA is very similar to the DQw2 alpha sequence, the sequence of the membrane proximal region (encoding second domain, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic segments) is more similar to DQw3-like alpha-gene sequences. The nucleotide sequence of the membrane proximal region of the DQw4 beta gene is identical to the DQw8 sequence in contrast to the extensive differences in the region encoding the first domains of these polypeptides. These sequences have been used to determine the evolutionary relationships among DQ alpha and beta genes.
The Effects of Source and Appeal on Mail Survey Response Patterns

Two major sponsors of consumer mail surveys are universities and commercial research firms. Results of the experiment discussed here suggest that these sponsors should differ in the appeal they inc...
Precision timing measurement of phototube pulses using a flash analog-to-digital converter

We present the timing characteristics of the flash ADC readout of the GlueX forward calorimeter, which depends on precise measurement of arrival time of pulses from FEU 84-3 photomultiplier tubes to suppress backgrounds. The tests presented were performed using two different 250 MHz prototype flash ADC devices, one with eight-bit and one with 12-bit sampling depth. All measured time resolutions were better than 1 ns, independent of signal size, which is the design goal for the GlueX forward calorimeter. For pulses with an amplitude of 100 mV the timing resolution is 0.57±0.18 ns, while for 500 mV pulses it is 0.24±0.08 ns.
Distinguishing drought and water scarcity

Water resources can become strained by both natural factors such as drought and human factors such as unsustainable use. Water resource managers can develop practices to reduce overuse of water resources, but they cannot prevent droughts, so distinguishing the causes of water stress can be useful. However, because the two factors often occur at the same time, distinguishing between them can be difficult.
Aristolochene Synthase: Purification, Molecular Cloning, High-Level Expression in Escherichia coli, and Characterization of the Aspergillus terreus Cyclase

Abstract Aristolochene synthase catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (6) to (+)-aristolochene (1). The Aspergillus terreus enzyme has been purified 75-fold to homogeneity in six steps. Based on the sequence of 3 internal peptides obtained by Lys-C digestion of the native protein, a set of degenerate PCR primers was used to amplify a 550-bp segment of cDNA corresponding to a portion of the aristolochene synthase transcript. A second round of PCR using specific primers was used to prepare a 32P-labeled 180-bp segment, which was used to screen an A. terreus cDNA library prepared using λZapII, resulting in the identification and sequencing of the A. terreus aristolochene synthase cDNA. Aristolochene synthase was encoded by an open reading frame (ORF) of 960 bp, corresponding to a protein of 320 amino acids with a predicted MD of 36,480. Comparison of the A. terreus ORF with the sequence of the previously described aristolochene synthase from Penicillium roqueforti revealed a 66% of identity at the nucleic acid level and a 70% identity at the deduced amino acid level between the aristolochene synthases from the two different fungal sources. PCR was used to insert the A. terreus aristolochene synthase gene into the T7lac expression vector pET11a. Cloning of the resultant construct into Escherichia coli XL1-Blue and subcloning into the expression host E. coli BL21(DE3)/pLysS gave, after induction with IPTG, soluble aristolochene synthase as 5–10% of total protein. The recombinant aristolochene synthase, which was purified 13-fold to homogeneity, appeared to be identical in all respects with the native A. terreus enzyme, displaying essentially the same steady-state kinetic parameters, with a Km of 15 nM and kcat 0.015 s−1. Using PCR to amplify the aristolochene synthase gene (Aril) from A. terreus genomic DNA revealed the presence of 2 introns, identical in relative location but different in both sequence and length compared to the corresponding Ari1 gene of P. roqueforti.
Cardiology education using hypermedia and digital imagery.

Abstract A computer-based educational system for the study of cardiovascular imaging is described. This system, based on HyperCard ∗ and a standard Macintosh II, integrates hypertext retrieval, computer graphics, sound, and medical images into a single interactive environment stored on a standard hard disk. This ‘hypermedia’ approach allows arbitrary complexity coupled with direct, immediate, easy traversal of the images and related text, which provides the opportunity for students to move at their own pace, choose their own direction through the material and repeat as often as desired. Storage on magnetic medium allows for easy updating with new studies and material in order to keep pace with advances in medical imaging technology. The system could be mastered onto CD-ROM for ease of distribution if so desired. The system includes a tutorial on the basics of digital image representation and example studies from cineangiography, nuclear medicine, echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging of the heart. Quantitative techniques for evaluation of left ventricular function are explained using computer graphics overlays on the original medical images. Color encoded functional images are also included as an aid to visualization of ventricular performance data. The system has proven useful as a primer for digital imaging in cardiology prior to specific case study in a traditional mentor relationship.
Continuities and Discontinuities in Self-Regulatory and Self-Evaluative Processes: A Developmental Theory Relating Self and Affect

This article presents a developmental theory of the relation between self and affect. Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987) is used as a framework for considering developmental and individual differences in children's self-concepts, self-regulation, and self-evaluation. Developmental changes in children's representational capacities are described that produce developmental shifts in this self-system. Different modes of caretaker-child interaction are distinguished in terms of how features of the interaction impact psychologically on the child. The implications of these differences for children's self-system and emotional/behavioral vulnerabilities are discussed. The development of self-regulatory and self-evaluative processes are distinguished with respect to developmental continuities and discontinuities. Patterns of sex differences in socialization, conduct, and emotional problems are described to exemplify the need for distinguishing these two processes developmentally. The question is raised whether children can be socialized to maximize the positive conduct valued by society and the positive self-regard valued by individuals.
Linguistic pattern analysis of misspellings of typically developing writers in grades 1-9.

Purpose A mixed-methods approach, evaluating triple word-form theory, was used to describe linguistic patterns of misspellings. Method Spelling errors were taken from narrative and expository writi...
A new organic solvent for use in the clearing of tissues. I. Soft tissue histology.

Histosol is a non-flammable solvent mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons with a flash point of 124 degrees F (T.C.C.). It has a lower vapor pressure and evaporation rate than other organic solvents, such as xylene, routinely used as clearing and deparaffinizing agents. Although both xylene and Histosol clear and deparaffinize soft organ tissues effectively in the preparation of permanently mounted stained slides, Histosol appears, in many instances, to be the choice solvent: tissues are easier to section; cell borders and cell surface modifications are most distinct; cytoplasmic eosinophilia is more vivid; and nuclear detail is improved. Of prime importance, Histosol is a safer and more efficient solvent for use in histological and pathological laboratories.
A Possible Meteorite Crater in the Aleutians

Neither theory nor the results of numerous observations made from military and commercial aircraft support the generally accepted belief that meteorite craters will prove to be quite easily discoverable by search from the air. As an indirect result of a campaign to discover new meteorite craters by air search, a possible meteorite crater on Amak Island in the Aleutians was reported by Charles Keenan, Second Batallion, 53rd Infantry, a member of the United States Ground Forces. All details concerning the location and nature of this Aleutian crater so far made available to me are presented in this paper.
Whole domain function-specification method for linear inverse heat conduction

Abstract A generalized function-specification approach in the full time domain is presented for solving linear inverse heat conduction problems involving an unknown time-varying uniform applied condition at one of the boundary surfaces. The formalism allows unified treatment of such problems in the 1-D,2-D and 3-D domains in rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. A wide variety of smooth time variations of the boundary condition as well as variations with an abrupt change can readily be accommodated with the present method. A statistical analysis is performed to establish confidence bounds for the error involved in the determination of boundary quantities. The application of the method is illustrated with specific examples in cylindrical geometry.
HREELS, TPD and XPS study of the interaction of water with the α-Cr2O3(001) surface

Abstract The interaction of water with the (001) surface of α-Cr 2 O 3 was examined with temperature programmed desorption (TPD), high resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two α-Cr 2 O 3 (001) surfaces were examined, both of which were grown on α-Al 2 O 3 (001) substrates using oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The two surfaces differed in that one was grown with α-Fe 2 O 3 interlayers whereas the other was grown directly on α-Al 2 O 3 (001). The in-plane lattice spacing of the α-Cr 2 O 3 (001) surface on α-Fe 2 O 3 /α-Al 2 O 3 (001) was 2% expansively strained relative to the unstrained α-Cr 2 O 3 (001) surface grown directly on α-Al 2 O 3 (001). Both the strained and unstrained surfaces exhibited similar water TPD behavior, with the possible exception that the desorption states of water on the strained surface were shifted slightly to lower temperatures relative to those on the unstrained surface. Water adsorbs on α-Cr 2 O 3 (001) in both molecular and dissociative states, with the former desorbing in TPD at 295 K and the latter at 345 K. TPD uptake measurements and XPS data suggest that each surface Cr 3+ atom has the capacity to bind two water molecules, one in a molecular state and one in a dissociative state. Water in the dissociative state is comprised of two distinct OH groups based on HREELS, one of which is a terminal group with a ν (OH) mode at 3600 cm −1 and the other of which is presumably a bridging group with a ν (OH) mode at 2885 cm −1 . These losses shift to 2645 and 2120 cm −1 with D 2 O adsorption. The low loss energy for the bridging OH/OD group indicates its involvement in a very strong hydrogen-bonded interaction with another species, presumably the oxygen atom of the terminal OH group. This pairing behavior is likely responsible for the first-order desorption kinetics observed for the recombinative desorption state at 345 K. The hydrogen-bonding interaction is unusually strong, as exemplified by the very low ν (OH) frequency for the bridging OH group. Studies on the oxygen pre-exposed surface indicate that oxygen atoms, formed by O 2 dissociation, block the H 2 O dissociative channel but do not block the molecular adsorption channel.
A comparison of quantitative methods for examining landscape pattern and scale

Ecologists have long recognized the importance of spatial and temporal patterns that characterize heterogeneity in landscapes. However, despite the realization that inferences about ecological phenomena are scale dependent, little attention has been paid to determining appropriate scales of measurement (e.g., plot or grain size) in studies of landscape dynamics or ecosystem change. This paper compares the results from three data sets using several quantitative methods available for characterizing landscape heterogeneity and/or for determining scale of measurement. Methods evaluated include tests of non-randomness, estimation of patch size, spectral analysis, fractals, variance ratio analysis, and correlation analysis. The results showed that no one method provides consistently good estimates of scale. Thus, sampling strategies for landscape studies should be derived from estimates of patch size and/or scale of pattern obtained from more than one of these methods.
Ascorbate-dependent electron transfer across the human erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract Reduction of extracellular ferricyanide by intact cells reflects the activity of an as yet unidentified trans-plasma membrane oxidoreductase. In human erythrocytes, this activity was found to be limited by the ability of the cells to recycle intracellular ascorbic acid, its primary trans-membrane electron donor. Ascorbate-dependent ferricyanide reduction by erythrocytes was partially inhibited by reaction of one or more cell-surface sulfhydryls with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid, an effect that persisted in resealed ghosts prepared from such treated cells. However, treatment of intact cells with the sulfhydryl reagent had no effect on NADH-dependent ferricyanide or ferricytochrome c reductase activities of open ghosts prepared from treated cells. When cytosol-free ghosts were resealed to contain trypsin or pronase, ascorbate-dependent reduction of extravesicular ferricyanide was doubled, whereas NADH-dependent ferricyanide and ferricytochrome c reduction were decreased by proteolytic digestion. The trans-membrane ascorbate-dependent activity was also found to be inhibited by reaction of sulfhydryls on its cytoplasmic face. These results show that the trans-membrane ferricyanide oxidoreductase is limited by the ability of erythrocytes to recycle intracellular ascorbate, that it does not involve the endofacial NADH-dependent cytochrome b5 reductase system, and that it is a trans-membrane protein that contains sensitive sulfhydryl groups on both membrane faces.
Economic pressure and social exclusion in Europe

Abstract This study examines people's perceptions of poverty and social exclusion in 12 countries in Europe: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Data come from the 1993 Euro-barometer and a model of the dynamics among feelings of social exclusion, community poverty and social exclusion, and economic pressure was tested for the goodness-of-fit using structural equation models (AMOS 4.0) techniques by the method of maximum likelihood. The goodness-of-fit provided evidence that the hypothesized model was stable. The results also showed significant differences in the attitudes toward poverty and social exclusion according to country of residence, gender, and age of the participants.
Cancer of the larynx in connecticut, 1935–1959

Connecticut Tumor Registry registration for cancer of the larynx during the period 1935–1959 included a total number of 1438 patients. The male to female ratio was 12:1. The annual age-adjusted incidence rose from 3.8 to 6.1 per 100,000 males during this 25-year period indicating a rising incidence of laryngeal cancer which is following a similar rise noted in pulmonary cancer. The relative 5-year survival rates for patients treated by surgery alone increased from 63% to 75% and for radiation alone from 25% to 50%. The most marked improvement for survival rates was in localized disease: surgery alone, 68% to 84%; radiation alone, 36% to 70%. Discrepancies in the comparability of patients in these treatment groups are discussed.