cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-auction short positions and impacts on primary dealers’ bidding behavior in US Treasury auctions

Abstract We model the uniform-price US Treasury security auction as a static symmetric game with incomplete information in which each player is a primary dealer who submits a demand schedule given two independent sources of private information: her/his pre-auction short position of the auctioned security and her/his valuation of this security. Under the assumptions of constant marginal value and additive separability of the demand schedule, we obtain closed-form solutions for the dealer’s optimal demand schedule, and we find that her/his pre-auction short position impacts her/his bidding behavior in three ways. First, the primary dealer’s demand for the auctioned security increases with her/his pre-auction short position. Second, the primary dealer’s differential bid shading decreases with her/his pre-auction short position. Third, primary dealers with higher pre-auction short positions assign lower values to the auctioned security. Based on our findings, we propose policy recommendations that would allow the US Treasury to increase taxpayers’ revenue.
S-duality of boundary conditions in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory

By analyzing brane configurations in detail, and extracting general lessons, we develop methods for analyzing S-duality of supersymmetric boundary conditions in N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. In the process, we find that S-duality of boundary conditions is closely related to mirror symmetry of three-dimensional gauge theories, and we analyze the IR behavior of large classes of quiver gauge theories.
Designing cities and the academy

AbstractUrban design is centrally about imagining a future for the built environment of a city. But design methods can also help shape institutions, which structure life as powerfully as blocks and streets. In this article, the author chronicles a career spent designing places and academic programs in planning schools. Reconnecting planning practice with the academy is an essential strategy for creating more grounded knowledge and theories about urban design. Learning occurs largely through persuasive examples and by reflecting on their successes and failures. Design is also a collaborative act, developing consensus around a vision that inspires groups to act. New challenges face today's educators and practitioners, including the knowledge needed to practice internationally and the need to expand planning horizons to master development practices. There is also much to be gained by working across disciplinary lines, and by looking beyond national boundaries.
Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature.

Objective This article reviews literature on adults' mental health outcomes during acute and long-term colorectal cancer (CRC) survivorship. Methods We identified articles that included at least one measure of psychological symptoms or mental quality of life or well-being through a search of databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PsycARTICLES). Articles were published between January 2004 and April 2015. Results A significant proportion of CRC survivors experience clinically meaningful levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms or reduced mental well-being across the trajectory of the illness. Demographic, medical, and psychosocial predictors of mental health outcomes were identified. However, few studies were theory-driven, and gaps remain in our understanding of risk and protective factors with respect to mental health outcomes, especially during long-term CRC survivorship. Conclusions Theory-driven longitudinal research with larger samples is required to identify subgroups of CRC survivors with different trajectories of psychological adjustment. Such research would assess adjustment as a function of internal resources (e.g., personality and coping) and external resources (e.g., finances and social support) to inform future interventions for CRC survivors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does a common set of accounting standards affect tax-motivated income shifting for multinational firms?

Abstract I test whether adoption of IFRS by individual affiliates of multinational entities (MNEs) for unconsolidated financial reporting facilitates tax-motivated income shifting. MNEs often justify transfer prices to tax authorities by benchmarking intercompany profit allocations against a range of book profit rates reported by economically comparable, independent firms that use similar accounting standards. Additional qualifying benchmark firms resulting from IFRS adoption could allow managers to support more tax-advantaged transfer prices. Using a database of European unconsolidated financial and ownership information over 2003–2012, I first document an increase in the arm’s length range of book profits reported by potential IFRS benchmark firms following affiliate adoption of IFRS. I then estimate a statistically and economically significant 11.3 percent tax-motivated change in reported book pre-tax profits following affiliate IFRS adoption, relative to pre-adoption and non-adopter affiliate-years.
Evidence of Orbital Motion in the Binary Brown Dwarf Kelu‐1AB

We have resolved Kelu‐1 into a binary system with a separation of 290 mas using the Laser Guide Star Adaptive Optics system on the Keck II telescope. We have also reanalyzed a 1998 HST observation of Kelu‐1 and find that the observed PSF is best fit by a binary object separated by 45 mas. Observations at multiple epochs confirm that the two objects share a common proper motion and clearly demonstrate the first evidence of orbital motion. Kelu‐1B is fainter than Kelu‐1A by 0.39±0.01 mag in the K' filter and 0.50±0.01 mag in the H filter. We derive spectral types of L2±1 and L3.5±1 for Kelu-1A and B, respectively. The separation of flux into the two components rectifies Kelu‐1’s overluminosity problem, which has been known for quite some time. Given the available data, we are able to constrain the inclination of the system to >81° and the orbital period to 40 yr.
Generalized pulse equations for through-transmission evaluation of arbitrary multilayered structures

Generalized transit time and pulse amplitude equations were derived for modelling the ultrasonic through-transmission wave propagation of an arbitrary n-layered structure. The equations can be programmed into an expert system and used to identify and predict the through-transmission pulse signals from the critical interfaces of a multilayered structure. To test the formulas, the through transmission was measured from one- and three-layered configurations in the laboratory. The experimental measurements were compared with computer-generated data determined using the derived equations. The results verify the validity of the formulas.
Drift and Diffusion in Periodically Driven Renewal Processes

We consider the drift and diffusion properties of periodically driven renewal processes. These processes are defined by a periodically time dependent waiting time distribution, which governs the interval between subsequent events. We show that the growth of the cumulants of the number of events is asymptotically periodic and develop a theory which relates these periodic growth coefficients to the waiting time distribution defining the periodic renewal process. The first two coefficients, which are the mean frequency and effective diffusion coefficient of the number of events are considered in greater detail. They may be used to quantify stochastic synchronization.
Low Temperature Photoluminescence Study of Doped CdTe and CdMnte Films Grown by Photoassisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy

N-type and p-type (100) CdTe films have been grown on (100) CdTe substrates by photoassisted molecular beam epitaxy, using indium and antimony as n-type and p-type dopants, respectively. The application of this growth technique to substitutionally dope another II-VI material is demonstrated by the successful n-type doping of (100) CdMnTe films with indium. Modulationdoped superlattices consisting of barrier layers of CdMnTe:In alternating with CdTe have also been grown. The point defect nature of these in situ doped films and multilayers is studied with low temperature (1.6–5 K) photoluminescence and excitation photoluminescence measurements. The introduction of the dopant atoms using this new growth technique produces immediate changes in the photoluminescence spectra of the epilayers. Photoluminescence studies of the superlattices show the effects of quantum well confinement and band filling due to free carriers.
A fluid dynamics approach to modeling liquid spreading

Abstract Predicting dynamic wetting -the displacement of one fluid by another immiscible fluid on a solid surface- is not a trivial task. The usual hydrodynamic assumptions -Newtonian, incompressible liquid, no-slip condition and rigid solid- give rise to a complicting singularity at the contact line (where the solid and the fluid-fluid interface meet) that prevents the use of the dynamic contact angle to determine the shape of the dynamic meniscus. This is a serious situation since dynamic wetting controls processes of interest not only on Earth but also in Space, where the location and movement of fluid in gas-liquid tanks is completely determined by the wetting behavior of the system. In this paper we review the modeling difficulties posed by this problem, and the efforts -theoretical and experimental- aimed at providing a method for predictive calculations of dynamic wetting and identifying controlling physics near the moving contact line.
Theory and Practice of Delegation to Non-Majoritarian Institutions

The article summarises the analytical frameworks, questions, and empirical findings of the volume. It defines the key concepts used. It then sets out the principal-agent framework that explains delegation to NMIs through functional logics for principals. It sets out alternative explanations based on sociological and historical institutionalism. Thereafter, it relates the empirical findings of the volume to these wider debates about delegation. It argues that although functional demands for delegation can almost always be identified, purely functional accounts of delegation to NMIs are inadequate. Explaining the decision to delegate and the institutional forms of that delegation involves including and specifying interests, policy learning/institutional isomorphism and institutional inheritances. Delegation has also had major consequences on the distribution of power, policy making processes and substantive policy choices, both through its direct effects, and via feedback effects. Finally, delegation has ra...
Surface shear stress measurements around multiple jets in crossflow using the fringe imaging skin friction technique

The skin friction distribution around multiple jets in crossflow determined using the fringe imaging skin friction (FISF) technique is examined experimentally for two supply channel configurations. The velocity field associated with the jets is correlated to the skin friction distribution. A counterflow supply channel configuration has a pronounced skin friction deficit downstream of the injection holes caused by the lifting of fluid away from the wall by the counterrotating vortex pair (CRVP). In the counterflow case, the CRVP remains closer to the wall than in the coflow case. A potential flow analysis of a pair of counterrotating vortices above a wall demonstrates that the distance of the CRVP from the wall has a greater effect on the wall pressure distribution, and hence the separation phenomena, than does the strength of the vortices.
Fatigue Resistance of a Lithium Aluminosilicate Glass‐Ceramic

The resistance to delayed failure of a lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic was measured by dynamic fatigue experiments on abraded samples in the as-formed glassy state and after various stages of heat treatment. Heat treatment was varied in a controlled manner to give microstructures of high quartz and keatite with small and large grain size. The glassy state was most susceptible to delayed fatigue, and the keatite state the least. The increase in fatigue resistance of the ceramic phases is attributed to the crystalline structure having a lower reactivity with water.
Applications of differential scanning calorimetry to the study of thermal energy storage

Abstract DSC is a versatile tool for investigating the behavior of materials that store energy by melting or by undergoing solid-state transitions. Heating scans measure the enthalpy that can be stored and cooling scans yield the enthalpy that may be recovered from the material. Exotherms also provide information about supercooling. The automatic and rapid thermal cycling features of the instrument system can be used to greatly accelerate thermal decomposition that may arise from the daily duty cycle of the storage medium. These chemical reactions, as well as those between the medium and its containment or with substances added to improve performance, can be detected from changes in the thermal spectra. In this study, DSC methods were applied to sodium sulfate decahydrate, paraffin wax, urea, and phthalimide. For Na 2 SO 4 - 10H 2 O, DSC measurements showed a decrease in heat of fusion with thermal cycling and, also, considerable supercooling; with added Na 2 B 4 O 7 - 10H 2 O (borax), supercooling was greatly lessened but not entirely eliminated. Paraffin wax did not supercool nor were there any indications that thermal cycling or contact with aluminum degraded its thermal performance. Urea, when thermally cycled, decreased in melting point and in heat of fusion; this compound also supercooled about 50° in DSC experiments. Phthalimide, C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 NH, did not decompose when thermally cycled through its melting point, but it did exhibit marked supercooling. However, lesser supercooling of urea and phthalimide in test tube-scale experiments suggests that supercooling derived from DSC should be applied with caution. For phthalimide, the enthalpy of fusion, determined in this study, equalled 48.1 cal/g.
Photoreduction of benzophenones by amines in room-temperature ionic liquids.

The amine-mediated photoreduction of benzophenones in room temperature ionic liquids was investigated. Unlike the analogous reaction in organic solvents, the photoreduction produces mainly the corresponding benzhydrol in most cases. Because the reaction consumes only 1 equiv of amine and the solvent can be easily recycled, the photoreduction allows a very clean method for the conversion of benzophenones to benzhydrols.
A Highly Active Suzuki Catalyst for the Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Biaryls: Novel Ligand Coordination

A catalyst system for the preparation of biaryls containing four ortho substituents via Suzuki coupling is described. The combination of a catalytic quantity of Pd2(dba)3 with either an electron-rich biarylphosphine or DPEPhos is effective using a wide range of substrates. The X-ray crystal structure of (dba)Pd(2-(9-phenanthryl)phenyl-dicyclohexylphosphine), in which the Pd is coordinated to the 9,10-double bond of the phenanthryl group, is also reported.
Tandem Intramolecular Alkyne Silylformylation-Allylsilylation: A Case of Remote 1,5-Asymmetric Induction.

Two new C-C bonds as well as a remote stereocenter are formed in the title reaction. With remarkable efficiency, this new reaction provides, through remote 1,5-asymmetric induction, anti-1,5 diols that are useful synthons for polyol synthesis (see scheme; Hacac=acetylacetone).
MODULATIONAL INTERACTION OF THE LOWER-HYBRID WAVES WITH A KINETIC-ALFVEN MODE

A system of equations describing the coupling and modulational interaction of kinetic Alfv\'en mode with lower-hybrid waves is constructed and analyzed. A coupling mechanisms is created by the density modulation forced by Reynolds stresses of the lower-hybrid waves. The modulational instability resulting from the coupling of the lower-hybrid and kinetic-Alfv\'en waves has been investigated. The nonlinear evolution of the modulational instability leads to the formation of the magnetic-field-aligned envelope soliton of Alfv\'en waves with typical transverse dimension of the order of the electron skin depth, and with much shorter in wavelength lower-hybrid oscillations trapped inside the soliton.
Dual stream axisymmetric mixing in the presence of axial vorticity

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study mixing in a coaxial jet where the inner nozzle is a lobed mixer. Four inner jet nozzle geometries were explored: a baseline circular jet and three different sixlobed nozzles. Also, three velocity ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 (inner:outer) were examined. Flow visualizations using a passive scalar were performed using a laser sheet from a Nd:YAG laser. The laser has a 9-ns pulse duration that effectively freezes the flow. Instantaneous cross-sectional images were taken as well as stream wise views. The effects of various parameters such as the interfacial area increase due to the lobed nozzle geometry, the strength of stream wise vortices, and the large-scale structures on the mixing process are evaluated and discussed. Results showed highly enhanced mixing as the strength of the streamwise vortices increased. In addition, the presence of large-scale structures due to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, and their interaction with streamwise vortices generated by the lobes were found to be crucial for enhanced mixing. The fraction of mixing enhancement due to streamwise vorticity (relative to mixing enhancement due to increased interfacial contact area) was found to increase as velocity ratio increased. This fraction also increased with downstream distance.
Spintronic Threshold Logic Array (STLA) - A compact, low leakage, non-volatile gate array architecture

Abstract This paper describes a novel, first of its kind architecture for a threshold logic gate using conventional MOSFETs and an STT-MTJ (Spin Transfer Torque-Magnetic Tunneling Junction) device. The resulting cell, called STL which is extremely compact can be programmed to realize a large number of threshold functions, many of which would require a multilevel network of conventional CMOS logic gates. Next, we describe a novel array architecture consisting of STL cells onto which complex logic networks can be mapped. The resulting array, called STLA has several advantages not available with conventional logic. This type of logic (1) is non-volatile, (2) is structurally regular and operates like DRAM, (3) is fully observable and controllable, (4) has zero standby power. These advantages are demonstrated and compared by implementing a 16-bit carry look-ahead adder and a 32-bit Wallace tree multiplier in STLA and FPGA.
Very cold trapped atoms in a vapor cell.

We have produced a very cold sample of spin-polarized trapped atoms. The technique used dramatically simplifies the production of laser-cooled atoms. In this experiment, 1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ neutral cesium atoms were optically captured directly from a low-pressure vapor in a small glass cell. We then cooled the 1-${\mathrm{mm}}^{3}$ cloud of trapped atoms and loaded it into a low-field magnetic trap in the same cell. The magnetically trapped atoms had an effective temperature as low as 1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 \ensuremath{\mu}K, which is the lowest kinetic temperature ever observed and far colder than any previous sample of trapped atoms.
An Improved Protocol for the Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation of Aldehydes with Aryl Halides

An improved protocol for the Pd-catalyzed alpha-arylation of aldehydes with aryl halides has been developed. The new catalytic system allows for the coupling of an array of substrates including challenging electron-rich aryl bromides and less reactive aryl chlorides. The utility of this method has been demonstrated in a new total synthesis of (+/-)-sporochnol.
Optimal sampling times in bioequivalence studies using a simulated annealing algorithm

In pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, blood samples are taken over time on subjects after the administration of a drug to measure the time-course of the plasma drug concentration. In bioequivalence studies, the trapezoidal rule on the sampled time points is often used to estimate the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, a quantity of principal interest. This article investigates the choice of sampling time points to estimate the area under the curve. In particular, we explore the relative merits of several objective functions, those functions which are minimized with respect to the sampling times to obtain an optimal study design. Consequently, we propose an objective function which overcomes some of the deficits of existing choices. We also present a simulated annealing algorithm to perform the minimization. The main benefits of the simulated annealing algorithm are the ease in which it can handle constraints on the sampling schedules and its ability to accommodate a variety of models and objective functions. The manuscript presents optimal sampling times for some key examples of true underlying models.
Iptycenes in the design of high performance polymers.

ThisAccount details the use of building blocks known as iptycene units, which are particularly useful in the design of advanced materials because of their three-dimensional, noncompliant structures. Iptycenes are built upon [2,2,2]-ring systems in which the bridges are aromatic rings, and the simplest member of this class of compounds is triptycene. Iptycenes can provide steric blocking, which can prevent strong interactions between polymeric chromophores that have a strong tendency to form nonemissive exciplex complexes. Iptycene-containing conjugated polymers are exceptionally stable and display solution-like emissive spectra and quantum yields in the solid state. This application of iptycenes has enabled new vapor detection methods for ultratrace detection of high explosives that are now used by the U.S. military. The three-dimensional shape of iptycenes creates interstitial space (free volume) around the molecules. This space can confer size selectivity in sensory responses and also promotes alignment...
Electro-mechanically induced GHz rate optical frequency modulation in silicon

We present a monolithic silicon acousto-optic frequency modulator (AOFM) operating at 1.09GHz. Employing mechanical levers to enhance displacement of the optical resonator enables an optical frequency modulation index of 0.067.
Lithiated camphor-derived oxazolidinone S,N-acetals as chiral formyl anion synthons in additions to aldehydes. Asymmetric synthesis of α-hydroxy aldehydes and α-hydroxy acids

N-(Phenylthiomethyl)oxazolidinones derived from camphor can be lithiated and added to aldehydes in good yields and stereoselectivities. The adducts are crystalline, which simplifies isolation of the major diastereomer from the product mixture. Hydrolysis affords enantiopure α-hydroxy aldehydes, which can be oxidized to α-hydroxy acids in good yields. The steric course of the reaction is analyzed in detail and a mechanistic model is presented.
Program equivalence and context-free grammars

Tree equivalence is a relation among polyadic recursion schemes. This relation is broad enough to be interesting: equivalent schemes may not be obviously equivalent and may still differ in computationally important ways. We show that this relation is also narrow enough to imply input-output equivalence. Is tree equivalence decidable? We assign context-free grammars to recursion schemes in such a way that schemes are tree equivalent iff their grammars generate the same language. Known results on LL(k) grammars then imply that tree equivalence is decidable for a class of schemes which includes the monadic recursion schemes without constants. Some important nonmonadic schemes are also included.
Occupant satisfaction in mixed-mode buildings

‘Mixed-mode’ refers to a hybrid approach to space conditioning that uses a combination of natural ventilation and some form of mechanical ventilation and/or cooling. This study focuses on mixed-mode in buildings with operable windows (as opposed to natural ventilation through vents). By utilizing active cooling only when and where it is necessary, a well-designed mixed-mode building offers the potential to improve the indoor environmental quality while minimizing the significant energy and operating costs of air-conditioning. However, limited information exists on the performance of mixed-mode buildings, particularly with regard to occupant satisfaction, and evidence can be a powerful part of the argument to minimize the use of air-conditioning. The results of web-based surveys conducted in twelve mixed-mode buildings are described and compared with a benchmarking database of 370 buildings, with over 43 000 individual responses. The survey focuses on seven areas of indoor environmental performance: therma...
Individual Differences in Infants' Recognition of Briefly Presented Visual Stimuli.

Infants' recognition memory has been shown to be related to individual differences in look duration and level of heart period variability. This study examined the effect of individual differences in these 2 measures on infants' recognition of briefly presented visual stimuli using a paired-comparison recognition-memory paradigm. A sample of 35 full-term infants was studied longitudinally at 14, 20, and 26 weeks of age. Recognition memory for briefly presented stimuli was tested in 6 experimental conditions, with delays corresponding to different heart-rate-defined phases of attention. The 20-and 26-week-old infants, and infants with high levels of heart period variability, generally showed more evidence of recognition memory for briefly presented visual stimuli. Greater evidence of recognition memory was observed when stimuli were presented during sustained attention. Infants with more mature baseline physiological responses show greater evidence of recognition memory, and stimulus and procedural factors may be more important for the study of individual differences in infant visual attention than has previously been suggested.
Professionalism and the medical student.

According to the Charter on Professionalism, 3 principles lie at the core of professionalism in medicine: primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy, and social justice. In the poignant essay, “A...
Molecular Modeling and Mutagenesis Reveals a Tetradentate Binding Site for Zn2+ in GABAA αβ Receptors and Provides a Structural Basis for the Modulating Effect of the γ Subunit

Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA-R) containing α1β2γ2 subunits are weakly inhibited by Zn2+, whereas receptors containing only the α1β2 subunits are strongly inhibited. We built homology models of the ion pores of α1β2 and α1β2γ2 GABAA-R using coordinates of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a template. Threading the GABAA-R β2 sequence onto this template placed the 17‘ histidine and the 20‘ glutamate residues at adjacent locations in the mouth of the pore, such that a nearly ideal tetradentate site for Zn2+ was formed from two histidine and two glutamate residues between adjacent β subunits in the α1β2 GABAA-R. Following optimization with CHARMM, the distance between the α-carbons of the adjacent histidine residues was approximately 9.2 A, close to the ideal distance for a Zn2+ binding site. Loss of inhibition by Zn2+ in α1β2γ2 GABAA-R can be explained by the geometry of these residues in the arrangement α1β2γ2α1β2, in which the nearest C-α-C-α distance between the histidine residues...
2D JPRESS of human prostates using an endorectal receiver coil.

A localized 2D J-resolved (JPRESS) MR spectroscopic sequence was evaluated in human prostates in vivo. Voxels of typically 2 ml were placed in the peripheral zone of the prostate. Eight healthy volunteers, three subjects with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and three patients with prostatic cancer were scanned on a 1.5T MR scanner, using a body coil for RF transmission and a pelvic phased-array coil combined with a disposable endorectal coil for signal reception. The total acquisition time for a 2D JPRESS spectrum was approximately 17 min. A major advantage of the endorectal 2D JPRESS was the ability to resolve the peaks of choline-containing compounds and those of spermine unequivocally. Spectral results clearly showed the biochemical changes in cancer and benign compared to healthy prostates, in conformity with ex vivo biochemical findings. The preliminary results suggest that the endorectal 2D JPRESS could be successfully implemented for the diagnostic examination of human prostates. Magn Reson Med 47:1059–1064, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear Equivalent Plate Modeling of Wing-Box Structures

AMA-99-1 234 Nonlinear Equivalent Plate Modeling of W ing Box Structures Eli Livne* and Israel Navarro* * University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98 195-2400 Abstract A geometrically nonlinear moderate-deformation equivalent plate modeling capability for wing structures is developed. It is a generalization of the successful simplepolynomial based equivalent plate modeling techniques for linear wing structures. The formulation allows First Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory or Classical Plate Theory to be used for modeling solid thin plates as well as typical wing box structures made of cover skins and an array of spars and ribs, Mass and stiffness matrix contributions of different wing box elements are presented. Stiff springs are included to enforce a variety of boundary conditions. The resulting nonlinear equations can be solved for static and dynamic structural response. The new nonlinear equivalent plate modeling technique was validated by comparing its results with those of nonlinear finite element models and results of analyses published previously by different authors. It is expected to lead to efficient nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of wings subject to in-plane compressive forces such as the rear wings in joined-wing airplane configurations. List of Symbols
Indices of relative weight and obesity

Analyses are reported on the correlation with height and with subcutaneous fat thickness of relative weight expressed as per cent of average weight at given height, and of the ratios weight/height, weight/height squared, and the ponderal index (cube root of weight divided by height) in 7424 ‘healthy’ men in 12 cohorts in five countries. Analyses are also reported on the relationship of those indicators of relative weight to body density in 180 young men and in 248 men aged 49–59. Judged by the criteria of correlation with height (lowest is best) and to measures of body fatness (highest is best), the ponderal index is the poorest of the relative weight indices studied. The ratio of weight to height squared, here termed the body mass index, is slightly better in these respects than the simple ratio of weight to height. The body mass index seems preferable over other indices of relative weight on these grounds as well as on the simplicity of the calculation and, in contrast to percentage of average weight, the applicability to all populations at all times.
Petrogenetic relationships between diogenites and olivine diogenites: Implications for magmatism on the HED parent body

Abstract Diogenites are orthopyroxenites and harzburgites that are petrogenetically associated with basaltic magmatism linked to the earliest stages of asteroidal melting on the parent body for the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) meteorites. There are several models proposed for their origin: (1) accumulation of orthopyroxene (OPX) + chromite (CHR) ± olivine (OL) during the crystallization of a magma ocean during the initial stages of asteroidal differentiation, (2) accumulation of OPX + CHR ± OL during the crystallization of compositionally distinct basaltic magmas emplaced into the crust of the HED parent body, and (3) the orthopyroxenites formed by the crystallization of basaltic magmas within the HED parent body crust, whereas the harzburgites represent the mantle of the HED parent body. Although OL and OPX experienced varying degrees of subsolidus reequilibration (1100–700 °C), their minor and trace element characteristics appear to partially preserve magmatic signatures that provide insights into distinguishing among different models for the origin of diogenites. The OPX exhibits a continuous and very systematic variation in incompatible elements such as Al, Ti, Zr, Y, and Yb. Polymict diogenites (i.e. Roda, EET 79002) can contain distinct lithologies with both different incompatible element characteristics and different model abundances of OL. There appears to be no relationship between the appearance and abundance of OL and the incompatible element characteristics of the OPX. The OL exhibits a range in Mg# and systematic variations Ni, Co, Ni/Co, and Mn. For examples, low Ni/Co appears to be closely associated with the harzburgites and Ni and Mn exhibit a negative correlation. Surprisingly, incompatible element concentrations in OPX are not negatively correlated to Ni concentrations in OL. The continuous nature of the minor and trace element characteristics of the OPX and OL is consistent with the all the diogenite lithologies forming through a single process such as crystallization within a magma ocean or a series of layered intrusions. Further, the range in incompatible element variability in the OPX, the Ni and Co systematics in the OL, and the association of distinctly different lithologies within polymict diogenites are most consistent with the diogenites representing lithologies from diverse layered intrusions. Alternatively, they may represent crystallization products of a magma ocean much more complex than has been thus far proposed (i.e. multiple MOs). There are some distinct differences between diogenites and the OL-rich achondrite QUE 93148 that was also analyzed during this study. These differences (such as Ni/Co in OL, estimated conditions of fO2) suggest that QUE 93148 is closely related to main-group pallasites rather than the parent bodies for the HED meteorites.
A public turbulence database cluster and applications to study Lagrangian evolution of velocity increments in turbulence

A public database system archiving a direct numerical simulation (DNS) data set of isotropic, forced turbulence is described in this paper. The data set consists of the DNS output on 10243 spatial points and 1024 time samples spanning about one large-scale turnover time. This complete 10244 spacetime history of turbulence is accessible to users remotely through an interface that is based on the Web-services model. Users may write and execute analysis programs on their host computers, while the programs make subroutine-like calls that request desired parts of the data over the network. The users are thus able to perform numerical experiments by accessing the 27 terabytes (TB) of DNS data using regular platforms such as laptops. The architecture of the database is explained, as are some of the locally defined functions, such as differentiation and interpolation. Test calculations are performed to illustrate the usage of the system and to verify the accuracy of the methods. The database is then used to analy...
If it’s pinched it’s a memristor

This chapter consists of two parts. Part I gives a circuit-theoretic foundation for the first four elementary nonlinear 2-terminal circuit elements, namely, the resistor, the capacitor, the inductor, and the memristor. Part II consists of a collection of colorful “Vignettes” with carefully articulated text and colorful illustrations of the rudiments of the memristor and its characteristic fingerprints and signatures. It is intended as a self-contained pedagogical primer for beginners who have not heard of memristors before.
Arithmetic intersection on a Hilbert modular surface and the Faltings height

In this paper, we prove an explicit arithmetic intersection formula between arithmetic Hirzebruch-Zagier divisors and arithmetic CM cycles on a Hilbert modular surface over $\mathbb{Z}$. As applications, we obtain the first ‘non-abelian’ Chowla-Selberg formula, which is a special case of Colmez’s conjecture; an explicit arithmetic intersection formula between arithmetic Humbert surfaces and CM cycles in the arithmetic Siegel modular variety of genus two; Lauter’s conjecture about the denominators of CM values of Igusa invariants; and a result about bad reduction of CM genus two curves.
A rational step-by-step preparation of a chlorin from linear tetrapyrroles

Abstract Formation of porphodimethene 2 by condensation of pyrromethanes 3 and 4 , metalation with Zn(OAc) 2 under neutral conditions and heating to 55°C for 1 hour in chloroform produces chlorin 5 in 27% yield.
Total synthesis of (+)-cylindramide A.

A total synthesis of cylindramide A has been completed in 19 steps. The key step of the synthesis is a tandem ring-opening−ring-closing−cross metathesis that converts a readily available norbornene into an advanced intermediate.
The X-Ray Cluster Baryon Crisis

Nucleosynthesis in the standard hot big bang cosmology offers a successful account of the production of the light nuclides during the early evolution of the Universe. Consistency among the predicted and observed abundances of D,3He,4He and7Li leads to restrictive lower and upper bounds to the present density of nucleons. In particular, the upper bound ensures that nucleons cannot account for more than a small fraction (<0.06h 50 −2 ) of the mass in a critical density (Einstein-de Sitter) Universe. In contrast, x-ray observations of rich clusters of galaxies suggest strongly that baryons (in hot gas) contribute a significant fraction of the total cluster mass (≥0.2h 50 −3/2 ). If, indeed, clusters do provide a “fair” sample of the mass in the Universe, this “crisis” forces us to consider other ways of mitigating it, including the politically incorrect possibility that Ω<1. The options, including magnetic or turbulent pressure, clumping and non-zero space curvature and/or cosmological constant, are discussed.
An Analytical Comparison of Adsorption and Vapor Compression Air Conditioners for Electric Vehicle Applications

This paper shows an analysis of the applicability of an adsorption system for electric vehicle (EV) air conditioning. Adsorption systems are designed and optimized to provide the required cooling for four combinations of vehicle characteristics and driving cycles. The resulting adsorption systems are compared with vapor compression air conditioners that can satisfy the cooling load. The objective function is the overall system weight, which includes the cooling system weight and the weight of the battery necessary to provide energy for air conditioner operation. The system with the minimum overall weight is considered to be the best. The results show the optimum values of all the variables, as well as temperatures and amounts adsorbed, for the adsorption and desorption processes. The results indicate that, for the conditions analyzed in this paper, vapor compression air conditioners are superior to adsorption systems, not only because they are lighter, but also because they have a higher COP and are more compact.
Stereochemically matched sulfinylacetates for double diastereoselection in the spac reaction

Abstract 4-Chlorophenylsulfinylacetates of defined stereochemistry at sulfur were prepared from monochiral alcohols: compound 2 from (+)-menthol; 3 and 4 from (−)-8-phenylmenthol; 5 and 6 from (+)-trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol; and, 7 and 9 from (-)-10-dicyclohexylsulfamoyl-D-isoborneol. Reagents for which the sulfoxide asymmetry is matched with the inducing effect of the auxiliary give good diastereoselection in SPAC reactions affording γ-hydroxy-α,β-unsaturatod alcohols of high optical purity. Asymmetry at the sulfoxide has a greater effect than the auxiliaries on the stereochemical outcome of these reactions.
QUANTUM PHASE TRANSITIONS IN MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS

Shape phase transitions in nuclei, an example of quantum phase transitions in mesoscopic systems, are briefly reviewed. Spectral signatures of critical points in finite quantal systems are discussed and experimental examples are shown.
Supernova Explosions, Black Holes and Nucleon Stars

In the collapse of large stars matter is formed at supranuclear densities. At a density ρ ∼ 3ρ0, where ρ0 is the nuclear matter density, K−-mesons replace electrons, and go into a Bose condensate. This soft equation of state gives a maximum mass for neutron stars of ∼1.5 M⊙. It is argued that the last nearby supernova, SN 1987A, went into a black hole. A new scenario of binary neutron star evolution is developed which results in the two masses in a given binary being nearly equal and all neutron star masses lying in a narrow band 1.3 M⊙ < MNS < 1.5 M⊙.
Solar cells for terrestrial applications

Abstract A review is given of solar cells for terrestrial applications. Four major categories of cells are discussed: silicon, cadmium sulfide, devices for sunlight concentration, and thin film cells. A brief description of solar photovoltaic systems is also included.
Solar tests of aperture plate materials for solar thermal dish collectors

If a malfunction occurs in a solar thermal point-focus distributed receiver power plant while a concentrator is pointed at the Sun, motion of the concentrator may stop. As the Sun moves relative to the Earth, the spot of concentrated sunlight then slowly walks off the receiver aperture, across the receiver face plate, and perhaps across adjacent portions of the concentrator. Intense local heating by the concentrated sunlight may damage or destroy these parts. The behavior of various materials under conditions simulating walk-off of a parabolic dish solar collector were evaluated. Each test consisted of exposure to concentrated sunlight at a peak flux density of about 7000 kW/square meter for 15 minutes. Types of materials tested included graphite, silicon carbide, silica, various silicates, alumina, zirconia, aluminum, copper, steel, and polytetrafluoroethylene. The only material that neither cracked nor melted was grade G-90 graphite. Grade CS graphite, a lower cost commercial grade, cracked half-way across, but did not fall apart. Both of these grades are medium-grain extruded graphites. A graphite cloth (graphitized polyacrylonitrile) showed fair performance when tested as a single thin ply; it might be useful as a multi-ply assembly. High purity slipcast silica showed some promise also.
Lorentz spacetimes of constant curvature

This paper is unpublished work of Geoffrey Mess written in 1990, which gives a classification of flat and anti-de Sitter domains of dependence in 2+1 dimensions.
Enantioselective and Structure-Selective Diels−Alder Reactions of Unsymmetrical Quinones Catalyzed by a Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Cation. Predictive Selection Rules

The chiral oxazaborolidinium cation 1 promotes Diels−Alder reactions between 2-triisopropylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene and a number of unsymmetrical 1,4-benzoquinones in a highly enantioselective and structurally selective manner. The basis for the enantioselectivity is explained rationally in terms of a preferred type of transition-state assembly. Selection rules have been developed that allow the prediction of the principal reaction product of Diels−Alder reaction between unsymmetrical diene and quinone components.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Peloruside A

A total synthesis of (+)-peloruside A has been successfully achieved. The strategy was highlighted by a late stage aldol coupling of two complex fragments followed by an intramolecular hemi-ketal cyclization, a MOM group participated epoxide ring fragmentation reaction, and a highly selective methylation. This convergent route allows access to rationally designed analogues.
A comparative study of several wind estimation algorithms for spaceborne scatterometers

The authors compare the performance of seven wind-estimation algorithms, including the weighted least squares in the log domain, maximum-likelihood (ML), least squares, weighted least squares, adjustable weighted least squares, L1 norm, and least wind speed squares algorithms, for wind retrieval. For each algorithm, they present performance simulation results for the NASA scatterometer system planned to be launched in the 1990s. A relative performance merit based on the root-mean-square value of wind vector error is devised. It is found that performances of all algorithms are quite comparable. However, the results do indicate that the ML algorithm performs best for the 50-km wind resolution cell case and the L1 norm algorithm performs best for the 25-km wind resolution cell case. >
Spectral methods for problems in complex geometries

The properties of spectral methods are surveyed and their extension to solve problems in complex geometries is developed. A new iteration procedure is introduced to solve efficiently the full matrix equations resulting from spectral approximations to nonconstant coefficient boundary-value problems in complex geometries. It is shown that the work required to solve these spectral equations exceeds that of solving the lowest-order finite-difference approximation to the same problem by only O(N log N).
A NEW STATISTIC FOR ANALYZING BARYON ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS

We introduce a new statistic {omega}{sub l}(r{sub s}) for measuring and analyzing large-scale structure and particularly the baryon acoustic oscillations. {omega}{sub l}(r{sub s}) is a band-filtered, configuration space statistic that is easily implemented and has advantages over the traditional power spectrum and correlation function estimators. Unlike these estimators, {omega}{sub l}(r{sub s}) can localize most of the acoustic information into a single dip at the acoustic scale while avoiding sensitivity to the poorly constrained large-scale power (i.e., the integral constraint) through the use of a localized and compensated filter. It is also sensitive to anisotropic clustering through pair counting and does not require any binning of data. We measure the shift in the acoustic peak due to nonlinear effects using the monopole {omega}{sub 0}(r{sub s}) derived from subsampled dark matter (DM) catalogs as well as from mock galaxy catalogs created via halo occupation distribution modeling. All of these are drawn from 44 realizations of 1024{sup 3} particle DM simulations in a 1 h {sup -1} Gpc box at z = 1. We compare these shifts with those obtained from the power spectrum and conclude that the results agree. We therefore expect that distance measurements obtained from {omega}{sub 0}(r{sub s}) and P(k)more » will be consistent with each other. We also show that it is possible to extract the same amount of acoustic information by fitting over a finite range using either {omega}{sub 0}(r{sub s}) or P(k) derived from equal volume surveys.« less
Wave Propagation through sparse potential barriers

We prove that the three-dimensional Schrodinger operator with slowly decaying sparse potential has an a.c. spectrum that fills ℝ+. A new kind of WKB asymptotics for Green's function is obtained. The absence of positive eigenvalues is established as well. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.