cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plasma amino acid patterns during supplemental intravenous nutrition of low-birth-weight infants

In 42 low-birth-weight infants (smaller than 1,200 gm), we have compared the effects of intravenous nutrition supplement versus conventional feedings on growth, morbidity, mortality, and plasma amino acid patterns. Despite similar total caloric intake in INS and control groups, weight gain was greater in the INS infants. The overall mortality rate did not differ in the two groups. Nonsurviving infants receiving INS lived longer (mean equal to 30 days) than nonsurviving CON infants (mean equal to 5 days). Complications were equally frequent in both groups except that hyperglycemia occurred more often in infants receiving INS. The plasma aminogram of the LBW infant is described and compared to those of the full-term infant and adult. Hypoaminoacidemia was present at birth in the LBW infants, concentrations of glutamine, alamine, glycine, histidine, and ornithine being significantly (P smaller than 0.05) below FT values. During INS, elevations of threonine, serine, and methionine above FT values occurred. Glutamine remained subnormal despite INS. Recommendations for an INS solution more suitable for use in LBW infants are presented.
Abstract IA-7: Fragment‐based cancer drug discovery

Fragment‐based approaches offer several advantages over traditional methods for discovering new drug molecules. The concepts of fragment‐based methods for lead identification and optimization will be presented and applications towards drug discovery will be discussed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):IA-7.
Pannotia: Understanding irregular GPGPU graph applications

GPUs have become popular recently to accelerate general-purpose data-parallel applications. However, most existing work has focused on GPU-friendly applications with regular data structures and access patterns. While a few prior studies have shown that some irregular workloads can also achieve speedups on GPUs, this domain has not been investigated thoroughly. Graph applications are one such set of irregular workloads, used in many commercial and scientific domains. In particular, graph mining -as well as web and social network analysis- are promising applications that GPUs could accelerate. However, implementing and optimizing these graph algorithms on SIMD architectures is challenging because their data-dependent behavior results in significant branch and memory divergence. To address these concerns and facilitate research in this area, this paper presents and characterizes a suite of GPGPU graph applications, Pannotia, which is implemented in OpenCL and contains problems from diverse and important graph application domains. We perform a first-step characterization and analysis of these benchmarks and study their behavior on real hardware. We also use clustering analysis to illustrate the similarities and differences of the applications in the suite. Finally, we make architectural and scheduling suggestions that will improve their execution efficiency on GPUs.
The evolution of a computational outreach program to secondary school students

This paper tracks the five-year growth and current trajectory of a computational outreach program at a small, liberal-arts college. The program has enhanced opportunities for talented high-school students to experience computation more deeply than their HS curriculum currently offers. This outreach evolved from a naive initial premise into a mutually beneficial interaction between an undergraduate computer science department and a local secondary school. The most important factor in the program's sustainability is a supportive liaison within the high school's administration. We hope the lessons we have learned will help other CS departments develop sustainable outreach programs.
A review of trials evaluating nonstatin lipid-lowering therapies

Recently reported clinical trials raise doubts on the effectiveness of nonstatin lipid-lowering therapies in reducing the residual risk of cardiovascular events after statin monotherapy. Addition of torcetrapib to statin therapy increased overall mortality in coronary patients despite a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Combining ezetimibe with statin therapy neither further reduces carotid atherosclerosis nor slows aortic stenosis, and it has not been shown to be superior to statin monotherapy in reducing cardiovascular events. Clinical trials currently in progress will more clearly delineate the cardiovascular effects of adding either ezetimibe or extended-release niacin/laropiprant to statin therapy.
GH3 pituitary tumor cells contain heteromeric type I and type II receptor complexes for transforming growth factor beta and activin-A.

Abstract Transforming growth factors β (TGF-βs) and activins induce and inhibins block secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone by rat GH3 pituitary tumor cells. Cheifetz et al. (Cheifetz, S., Ling, N., Guillemin, R., and Massague, J.(1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17225-17228) reported that GH3 cells express a 50-kDa surface protein, termed the type IV TGF-β receptor, that directly binds all of these peptide hormones. Here we show that GH3 cells express the previously identified type I and type II receptors for TGF-β and activin-A. Immunoprecipitation of affinity-labeled surface binding proteins with antisera specific to known receptors demonstrated independent heteromeric complexes of TGF-β types I and II receptors and of activin types I and II receptors. As judged by ligand-binding and cross-linking analysis, TGF-β binding to the TGF-β receptors is not inhibited by activin-A and activin-A binding to its receptors is not inhibited by TGF-β. Screening of a cDNA library from GH3 cells for potential receptor serine-threonine kinases yielded the known types I and II TGF-β and activin receptors. The presumed common intracellular signaling pathway for TGF-β and activin in GH3 cells appears to be mediated by distinct cell-surface receptors.
Real-Time Optimization for use in a Control Allocation System to Recover from Pilot Induced Oscillations

Integration of the Control Allocation technique to recover from Pilot Induced Oscillations (CAPIO) System into the control system of a Short Takeoff and Landing Mobility Concept Vehicle simulation presents a challenge because the CAPIO formulation requires that constrained optimization problems be solved at the controller operating frequency. We present a solution that utilizes a modified version of the well-known L-BFGS-B solver. Despite the iterative nature of the solver, the method is seen to converge in real time with sufficient reliability to support three weeks of piloted runs at the NASA Ames Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) facility. The results of the optimization are seen to be excellent in the vast majority of real-time frames. Deficiencies in the quality of the results in some frames are shown to be improvable with simple termination criteria adjustments, though more real-time optimization iterations would be required.
Rethinking unsaid information: jokes and ideology

In this paper we investigate two cases of unsaid information---jokes and ideology. We argue that each presents an understanding of information as constructive of knowledge in the mode of revealing (jokes) or marginalizing and denying (ideology) grammars of understanding that are embedded in language. We suggest that the saying of unsaid information in these cases depends upon techniques, technologies, and institutions that control the revealing or the hiding of these grammars, and further, of discourses built out of these grammars. We contrast this understanding of 'unsaid information' with the understanding of the unsaid within the psychoanalytic concept of the 'unconscious' and in subsequent allied understandings of 'tacit' and 'implicit' knowledge in Knowledge Management theory where, as in the LIS and IS tradition, 'knowledge' and 'information' often refer to quasi-empirical entities and structures of such entities (based on an epistemology of Lockean naive empiricism)---what we term after others, 'presence.'
Empirical scaling formulas for critical current and critical field for commercial NbTi

Short sample 4.2 K experimental facilities are plentiful, but equipment for measurements of current as functions of temperature and field is scarce. An analysis has been made of published data comprising at least six manufacturers and spanning a range of critical current density at 4.2 K, 8 T of 50 to 108 kA/cm2, and linear equations have been found to fit the data over a wide range of field B and temperature T. For a constant temperature of 4.2 K, the following expression holds for B in the range of 3 to 10 T: j c (B, T = 4.2 K) = j o [1 - 0.096B], where [B c2 (4.2 K)]-1= 0.096 with a standard deviation of 3% for ten samples. The constant j o can be determined for any sample from a single point measurement at a convenient field. For a constant field of 8 T, the following expression holds for T in the range of 2 to 5.5 K: j c (B = 8 T, T) = j' o [1 - 0.177T], where [T c (8 T)]-1= 0.177 with a standard deviation of less than 1%. Linear equations have also been obtained for higher fields and lower temperatures. The critical field vs temperature is B c2 (T) = B c2 (0) [1 - (T/T c (0))n], where B c2 (0) = 14.5 T, T c (0) = 9.2 K, and n = 1.7 (not 2, which is used in theoretical derivations). For more accurate critical temperature calculations above 10 T, this equation can be used with the modification B c2 (0) = 14.8 T. No one simple power law for the upper critical field holds over the whole temperature range.
Ecological Concepts Taught with Small Lawn Grass Gardens.

(1978). Ecological Concepts Taught with Small Lawn Grass Gardens. Science Activities: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 9-11.
Temporary disruption of the retinal basal lamina and its effect on retinal histogenesis.

An experimental paradigm was devised to remove the retinal basal lamina for defined periods of development: the basal lamina was dissolved by injecting collagenase into the vitreous of embryonic chick eyes, and its regeneration was induced by a chase with mouse laminin-1 and alpha2-macroglobulin. The laminin-1 was essential in reconstituting a new basal lamina and could not be replaced by laminin-2 or collagen IV, whereas the macroglobulin served as a collagenase inhibitor that did not directly contribute to basal lamina regeneration. The regeneration occurred within 6 h after the laminin-1 chase by forming a morphologically complete basal lamina that included all known basal lamina proteins from chick embryos, such as laminin-1, nidogen-1, collagens IV and XVIII, perlecan, and agrin. The temporary absence of the basal lamina had dramatic effects on retinal histogenesis, such as an irreversible retraction of the endfeet of the neuroepithelial cells from the vitreal surface of the retina, the formation of a disorganized ganglion cell layer with an increase in ganglion cells by 30%, and the appearance of multiple retinal ectopias. Finally, basal lamina regeneration was associated with aberrant axons failing to correctly enter the optic nerve. The present data demonstrate that a transient disruption of the basal lamina leads to dramatic and probably irreversible aberrations in the histogenesis in the developing central nervous system.
Morphology of Globules and Cenospheres in Heavy Fuel Oil Burner Experiments

Number 6 fuel oil was heated, sprayed, and burned in an enclosure using a small commercial oil burner. Samples of residues that emerged from the flame were collected at various locations outside the flame and observed by a scanning electron microscope. Porous cenospheres, larger globules (of size 80 {mu}m to 200 {mu}m) that resemble soap bubbles formed from the very viscous liquid residue, and unburned oil drops were the types of particle collected. This paper reports on the qualitative relationships of the morphology of these particles to the temperature history to which they were subjected were made.
Assessing Risk of Injury in People With Mental Retardation Living in an Intermediate Care Facility

Abstract A brief instrument to assess risk of injury was applied retrospectively for 2 years and prospectively for 1 year to all people living in a large ICF/MR. Results suggest that the percentage of people who experienced an injury significantly increased across the levels of increasing risk indicated by the assessment. Furthermore, people who experienced an injury had significantly higher risk scores than those who did not. Using psychometric analyses, we found a mean correlation of .79 for interrater reliability and .90 for test–retest reliability on individual items and correlations of .91 and .95, respectively, on total score. We conclude that the assessment has promise as a reliable and valid method for predicting injury risk level.
A Comparison of Social Functioning Among Black and White Women with Breast Cancer

Results of a comparative study of interviews with 102 women (61 white, 41 black) who were treated for breast cancer suggest that black women have more difficulty in social functioning, especially the resumption of household activities. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Relationship between injection duration, transporter occupancy and reinforcing strength of cocaine

Among drugs that can function as positive reinforcers, slower occupancy of central nervous system sites of action has been associated with diminished reinforcing strength. The present study examined the relative reinforcing strength of cocaine, and the rate of in vivo dopamine transporter binding, as a function of injection duration. Rhesus monkeys (N=5) were allowed to self-administer cocaine under a progressive-ratio schedule with doses injected over different times (10-600 s). An ex vivo dopamine transporter binding assay was used to examine kinetics of in vivo transporter occupancy by cocaine injected over the same times in rats. Cocaine was a weaker reinforcer, and dopamine transporter binding rate decreased, with slower injections. Maximum transporter binding was the same across injection durations. These results support the hypothesis that slower onset of action is associated with a slower transporter occupancy and diminished reinforcing strength. Relative strength as a reinforcer may not be determined by maximum occupancy, at least not exclusively.
Is curiosity vanishing

However, is curiosity good for children? Many adults have an implicit mistrust of children’s curiosity. It is possible this stems from a deep-seated wariness of children’s wildness and propensity for getting into trouble: Anna Freud famously suggested that if you put a toddler on a street corner in Cambridge, she would commit every crime known to mankind by the time she found her way to Harvard Square. Common fables (such as Pandora’s Box) and folk sayings (such as ‘‘curiosity killed the cat’’) embody our collective sense that curiosity can be explosive and subversive. However, research confirms that curiosity is neither dangerous nor merely adorableVbut instead is necessary to a child’s intellectual growth. Children learn more, remember longer, and are more interested in pursuing a topic when the activity or material sparks their curiosity and when they are provided opportunities to find answers to their questions. 2 Many adults, who may be unconsciously wary of children’s probing, acknowledge its value and assume its prevalence. When asked, parents say that they want school to encourage their child’s curiosity, and teachers are quick to agree that a spirit of inquiry is essential to their classroom. In one study, teachers were asked to choose from a list of 25 terms, the 5 skills or qualities they sought to encourage or cultivate in their grade school classrooms. An overwhelming majority circled curiosity. When parents of kindergarteners and fifth graders were interviewed about their children’s daily interests and activities, more than 65% mentioned their child’s curiosity. They implicitly felt that curiosity was an important and pervasive characteristic, one which they, as parents, nurtured. 3 Although adults assume that childhood is
Ontogeny of Autonomic Regulation in Late Preterm Infants Born at 34-37 Weeks Postmenstrual Age

Late preterm infants (34-37 weeks postmenstrual age at birth) are intermediate between less mature preterm infants and infants born at 38 weeks or more in regard to autonomic brain stem maturation. Ventilatory responses to CO 2 in preterm infants born at 33 to 36 week are significantly higher than in infants born at 29 to 32 weeks both at 3 to 4 and 10 to 14 days postnatal age, but do not differ from full-term reference levels. The ventilatory response to hypoxia in preterm infants is biphasic; initial transient hyperventilation is followed by a return to baseline and then a decrease below baseline. In infants born at 32 to 37 weeks, parasympathetic maturation appears significantly less than in full-term infants based on diminished increases in high frequency heart rate variability in quiet sleep, suggesting that late preterm infants are still more susceptible to bradycardia than full-term infants. Both the presence and severity of apnea of prematurity progressively decrease the higher the postmenstrual age. Late preterm infants, however, are still at risk, with prevalence rates as high as 10% compared with about 60% in infants born at P P
Predictors of follow-up in a sample of urban crack users

The study identifies factors associated with completing a follow-up interview in an AIDS out-reach/intervention research project targeting out-of-treatment crack smokers. Information on clients less likely to return for follow-up is important to determine generalizability of findings and to develop methods to increase follow-up rates. A street-based targeted sampling plan was used to recruit out-of-treatment crack cocaine users in East Harlem, NYC. Structured baseline (n = 409) and 6 month follow-up interviews (n = 288) were administered. Analyses comparing those followed-up and not followed-up indicated that clients less likely to be located for a follow-up were younger, male, using crack more frequently at baseline, and living on the streets or in shelters. This study demonstrated that street based AIDS prevention projects requiring follow-up can access hard to reach subjects such as crack users. Methods to enhance follow-up rates are discussed.
Herpesviruses in periapical pathosis: an etiopathogenic relationship?

Abstract Background Much remains to be learned about the etiopathogenesis of periapical pathosis, especially about the molecular events preceding and causing disease onset. Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, 2 herpesviruses, are discussed in this review as they relate to apical periodontitis in humans. Results Cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus active infections are detected in more than 90% of granulomas of symptomatic and large periapical lesions. Dual infection with cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus is closely associated with symptomatic lesions. Herpes simplex virus active infection has no apparent relationship to periapical disease. Discussion The available evidence suggests the involvement of active cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr infections in the etiopathogenesis of apical periodontitis. In periapical pathosis, herpesviruses may cause the release of tissue-destructive cytokines, the overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria, and the initiation of cytotoxic or immunopathologic events. Immune impairment resulting from herpesvirus infection may aid bacteria at several stages of the pathogenesis of periapical lesions, including growth in the periapical environment, possible invasion of tissue, and direct damage to tissue. Unraveling the etiology and pathogenesis of periapical pathosis may require a broadening of our experimental approaches to include studies on interactions among herpesviruses, bacteria, and host immune reactions. Understanding the significance of herpesviruses in the development of periapical lesions may aid in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the diseases.
Perioperative complications after live-donor hepatectomy.

Current studies of complications following donor hepatectomy may not be generalizable to all hospitals performing this procedure. To address this, live liver donors were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2000-2008). Complications after donor hepatectomy were categorized using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes and risk factors for complications were tested using logistic regression. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the increase in length of stay and hospital charge associated with complications. Among 555 donors (representing 2783 donors nationwide), 23% had 1 or more complications and 5% had a major complication. The most common complications were ileus (27%) and atelectasis (26%). No patient or hospital factors were associated with complications. Having any complication was associated with increased length of stay (incidence rate ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.16-1.58; P P = .002). Approximately 25% of liver donors have complications immediately postoperatively but most are minor, lending support to current practices in live liver donation and donor selection.
Erosional equilibrium and disequilibrium in the Sierra Nevada, inferred from cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in alluvial sediment

We used cosmogenic 26 Al and 10 Be in stream sediment to measure landscape-scale erosion rates for topographically diverse catchments at seven Sierra Nevada sites. At three sites, erosion rates and hillslope gradients are strongly correlated, increasing with proximity to fault scarps and river canyons, which appear to have accelerated local base-level lowering rates, and thus increased catchment erosion rates by up to 15-fold. At four other sites, far from fault scarps and river canyons, erosion rates are much more uniform and less sensitive to average hillslope gradient. Our measurements show that contrasts in landscape erosion rates cannot be inferred from hillslope gradients alone, because landscapes can evolve toward a state of erosional equilibrium, in which steep and gentle slopes erode at similar rates.
Path-integral approach to density fluctuations in self-trapping systems.

We introduce an approximate path-integral approach to model the localization of a light particle (electron, positron, or positronium) in a dense fluid. The path integral is defined as an integral over the whole Hilbert space {ital H} and then approximated by considering a subset comprised of a function family with one parameter. The integration over the parameter is weighted by a Jacobian which is the infinitesimal length of a curve traced out by this family in {ital H}. We found that the integration diverges for all one-parameter families. This difficulty is removed by inserting a second (fixed) parameter. We apply the method to the computation of the decay rate of positronium in ethane. The fit is especially good in the transition region between trapped and extended states.
Eicosanoid production and cell accumulation induced by intrapleural injection of sodium arachidonate in the rat. Characterization of the model.

Intrapleural injection of sodium arachidonate to rats produced both a cellular response and the generation of hydroxy fatty acid metabolites of arachidonic acid without edema. The cellular influx was inhibited by mixed 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitors and by a glucocorticoid but not by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. These results suggest that a model using intrapleural injection of sodium arachidonate may have utility for detecting systemically active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors
Correction factors for area array alpha detectors

Soft-errors caused by lead in solder-bumping have been a concern for many years. We present geometric correction factors for solder bumps measured with alpha detection counters.
Can Entanglement Be Destroyed by Any Local Operation in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory

This article investigates the nature of entangled correlations in algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT). We define a notion of local disentanglement, expressing the possibility of destroying entanglement by means of local operations. Contrary to the case of ordinary quantum mechanics, local disentanglement cannot be achieved in general in relativistic quantum field theory. However, we show that if the split property holds, there exists a local operation that can destroy entanglement between spacelike-separated quantum field systems.
Low-Z impurity transport in tokamaks

Low-Z impurity transport in tokamaks was simulated with a one-dimensional impurity transport model including both neoclassical and anomalous transports. The neoclassical fluxes are due to collisions between the background plasma and impurity ions as well as to collisions between the various ionization states. The evaluation of the neoclassical fluxes takes into account the different collisionality regimes of the background plasma and the impurity ions. A limiter scrape-off model is used to define the boundary condition for the impurity ions in the plasma periphery. To account for the spectroscopic measurements of power radiated by the lower ionization states, fluxes due to anomalous transport are included. The sensitivities of the results to uncertainties in rate coefficients and plasma parameters in the periphery are investigated. The implications of the transport model for spectroscopic evaluation of impurity concentrations, impurity fluxes, and radiated power from line emission measurements are discussed.
Nomenclature for high resolution human chromosomes

Abstract The recent development of high resolution chromosome banding techniques is having a major impact in the study of cancer, mental retardation, birth defects, chromosome structure, gene mapping, and evolution. To establish a standard of communication, a nomenclature for long, finely banded chromosomes is proposed. The system strictly adheres to the original guidelines of the Paris Conference, incorporates information derived from new high resolution G-, Q-, and R-banding techniques, accurately portrays the process of band fusion during chromosome condensation, and assigns a unique number to every new chromosome band (subband) observed, regardless of stage of chromosome condensation and total number of bands visualized.
Elemental abundances of lunar soils by neutron activation analysis

Pour determiner 44 elements dans des echantillons lunaires on a fait appel a l'analyse instrumentale par activation neutronique et a l'analyse par activation neutronique utilisant des separations chimiques et la spectrometrie gamma a haute resolution. Si on utilise ces methodes conjointement a la spectrometrie de masse a etincelle, on determine plus de 56 elements avec une certitude moyenne de 10%. On compare les resultats de l'analyse de sols lunaires rapportes par Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15 et 16 et par Luna 16.
Neural Organization of a Molluscan Visual System

Intracellular recording was used to study the response to light of second order visual cells within the optic ganglion of Hermissenda crassicornis. Simultaneous recordings revealed that type B but not type A photoreceptors inhibit the second order cells. Additional details of the neural organization of the visual system were obtained. Possible functional implications of this neural organization are discussed.
Removing the sting from the tail: reversible protonation of scorpionate ligands in cobalt(II) tris(carbene)borate complexes.

Low-temperature deprotonation of the phenylborane dications, PhB(RIm)3OTf2 (R = tBu, Mes), followed by in situ reaction with CoCl2(thf)1.5, results in the formation of the four-coordinate complexes, κ3-PhB(RIm)3CoCl, in which the metal is supported by tripodal N-heterocyclic carbene-based ligands. The chloride complexes are exceptionally sensitive to acid and can be reversibly protonated to form the zwitterions κ2-{PhB(RIm)2(RIm·H)}CoCl2. This unexpected reactivity is attributed to the highly basic nature of the tris(carbene)borate ligands. Reaction of the chloride complexes with methylating reagents results in products that depend on the N-heterocyclic carbene substituent. For R = tBu, the four-coordinate high-spin complex, κ3-PhB(tBuIm)3CoMe, is formed, while for R = Mes, reduction to a multitude of complexes occurs.
Long plasma source for heavy ion beam charge neutralization

Plasmas are a source of unbound electrons for charge neutralizing intense heavy ion beams to focus them to a small spot size and compress their axial length. The plasma source should operate at low neutral pressures and without strong externally-applied fields. To produce long plasma columns, sources based upon ferroelectric ceramics with large dielectric coefficients have been developed. The source utilizes the ferroelectric ceramic BaTiO{sub 3} to form metal plasma. The drift tube inner surface of the Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX) is covered with ceramic material. High voltage ({approx} 8 kV) is applied between the drift tube and the front surface of the ceramics. A BaTiO{sub 3} source comprised of five 20-cm-long sources has been tested and characterized, producing relatively uniform plasma in the 5 x 10{sup 10} cm{sup -3} density range. The source was integrated into the NDCX device for charge neutralization and beam compression experiments, and yielded current compression ratios {approx} 120. Present research is developing multi-meter-long and higher density sources to support beam compression experiments for high energy density physics applications.
Constructing Rings of Continuous Functions in Which There Are Many Maximal Ideals with Nontrivial Rank

Abstract Let X be a topological space, and let C (X) denote the f-ring of all continuous real-valued functions defined on X. For x ∈ X, we define the rank of x to be the number of minimal prime ideals contained in the maximal ideal M x = {f ∈ C (X) : f(x) = 0} if there are finitely many such minimal prime ideals, and the rank of x to be infinite if there are infinitely many minimal prime ideals contained in M x . We call X an SV-space if C (X)/P is a valuation domain for each minimal prime ideal P of C (X). A construction of topological spaces is given showing that a compact SV-space need not be a union of finitely many compact F-spaces and that in a compact space where every point has finite rank, the set of points of rank one need not be open.
Venezuelan Agrarian Problems in Comparative Perspective

The rate of modernization in Venezuela over the past forty years has been rapid, even startling, if attention is focussed on the more conspicuous institutions and processes. During this period an agrarian, patrimonially ruled, backward society has been transformed into a highly commercialized urban society governed by a political party system based on widespread popular participation in the electoral process. However-and this is a phenomenon of which social scientists in the United States have become increasingly aware-modernization does not affect people in an evenhanded, uniform manner. While the great transformation in economy and society which we call modernization improves the quality of life for many people, some groups or individuals are bypassed in the process, and some even come to suffer as a consequence of it.1 Therefore, the level of modernity and personal well-being achieved in the most advanced sectors of a society will often be irrelevant as an indicator of welfare in those pockets of deprivation left behind or created in the general march of progress.2 The vigor and effectiveness with which the problems of the deprived are attacked as a matter of significant public policy depends on the relationship between governing elites and the deprived groups or individuals. In this essay, attention will be focussed primarily on the development of, and changes in, the relationship between an historically deprived class in Venezuelan society-the peasantry-and the modernizing political elites which, after a thirty-year struggle, consolidated their claim to govern-
A cytotoxic tetralone derivative from Pararistolochia flos-avis

Abstract A new tetralone derivative and a new lignan, namely flossonol and (−)-phillygenin, respetively, were isolated from Pararistolochia flos-avis . Their structures were elucidated on the basis of NMR, MS, UV, and IR spectral data. (−)-Sesamin and (−)-eudesmin were also isolated from this plant. The new tetralone was cytotoxic to PS cells in culture.
Cardiac Mortality Is Higher Around Christmas and New Year’s Than at Any Other Time The Holidays as a Risk Factor for Death

Background— Research published in Circulation has shown that cardiac mortality is highest during December and January. We investigated whether some of this spike could be ascribed to the Christmas/New Year’s holidays rather than to climatic factors. Methods and Results— We fitted a locally weighted polynomial regression line to daily mortality to estimate the number of deaths expected during the holiday period, using the null hypothesis that natural-cause mortality is unaffected by the Christmas/New Year’s holidays. We then compared the number of deaths expected during the holiday period, given the null hypothesis, with the number of deaths observed. For cardiac and noncardiac diseases, a spike in daily mortality occurs during the Christmas/New Year’s holiday period. This spike persists after adjusting for trends and seasons and is particularly large for individuals who are dead on arrival at a hospital, die in the emergency department, or die as outpatients. For this group during the holiday period, 4.65...
Responding to Joint Attention Across the 6- Through 24-Month Age Period and Early Language Acquisition

Abstract This study examined individual differences in the development of the capacity of infants to respond to the joint attention bids of others (e.g., gaze shift, pointing, and vocalizing) across the first and second year. The primary aim of the study was to determine if responding to joint attention (RJA) in the first and second year was related to subsequent vocabulary acquisition and whether a specific period of development during the first 2 years was optimal for the assessment of individual differences in this skill. The study was also designed to determine if RJA provided unique predictive information about language development over and above that provided by parent reports of early vocabulary acquisition. Findings indicated that RJA at 6, 8, 10, 12, and 18 months was positively related to individual differences in vocabulary development. Furthermore, both a 6- to 18-month aggregate measure of RJA and a parent report measure of language development made unique contributions to the predictions of vocabulary acquisition. Finally, individual differences in RJA measured at 21 and 24 months were not related to language development.
Architectures for molecular electronic computers. I. Logic structures and an adder designed from molecular electronic diodes

Recently, there have been significant advances in the fabrication and demonstration of individual molecular electronic wires and diode switches. This paper reviews those developments and shows how demonstrated molecular devices might be combined to design molecular-scale electronic digital computer logic. The design for the demonstrated rectifying molecular diode switches is refined and made more compatible with the demonstrated wires through the introduction of intramolecular dopant groups chemically bonded to modified molecular wires. Quantum mechanical calculations are performed to characterize some of the electrical properties of the proposed molecular diode switches. Explicit structural designs are displayed for AND, OR, and XOR gates that are built from molecular wires and molecular diode switches. The diode-based molecular electronic logic gates are combined to produce a design for a molecular-scale electronic half adder and a molecular-scale electronic full adder. These designs correspond to conductive monomolecular circuit structures that would be one million times smaller in area than the corresponding micron-scale digital logic circuits fabricated on conventional solid-state semiconductor computer chips. It appears likely that these nanometer-scale molecular electronic logic circuits could be fabricated and tested in the foreseeable future. At the very least, such molecular circuit designs constitute an exploration of the ultimate limits of electronic computer circuit miniaturization.
How lava flows: New insights from applications of lidar technologies to lava flow studies

Mafic lava flows are common; for this reason, they have long been a focus of volcanological studies. However, field studies of both older and active flows have been hampered by difficulties in field access; active flows are hot, whereas older flows have rough and jagged surfaces that are difficult to traverse. As a result, morphometric studies of lava flows have generally lagged behind theoretical studies of flow behavior. The advent of laser scanning (LS) (i.e., lidar, light detection and ranging) technologies, both airborne mapping (ALSM) and terrestrial (TLS), is promoting detailed studies of lava flows by generating data suitable for production of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). These data are revolutionizing both the visual and quantitative analysis of lava flows. First and foremost, this technology allows accurate mapping of flow boundaries, particularly in vegetated areas where bare earth imaging dramatically improves mapping capabilities. Detailed imaging of flow surfaces permits mapping and measurement of flow components, such as channels, surface folds, cracks, blocks, and surface roughness. Differencing of preeruptive and posteruptive DEMs allows analysis of flow thickness variations, which can be related to the dynamics of lava emplacement. Multitemporal imaging of active flows provides information not only on the rates and locations of individual flow lobes, but also measurement of pulsed lava transport. Together these new measurement capabilities can be used to test proposed models of channel formation, lava tube formation, rates of flow advance, and flow conditions within lava channels; they also provide new ways to assess the hazard and risk posed by lava flow inundation. Early published studies illustrate the potential of applying lidar to volcanic terrain; it is clear, however, that the availability of high-resolution digital topography is poised to revolutionize the study of mafic lava flows.
Optimal colony fissioning in social insects: testing an inclusive fitness model with honey bees

In most species of social insects, when a queen departs from her parental nest to found a new colony, she leaves on her own. In some species, however, the departing queen leaves accompanied by a portion of the parental colony’s workers and there is a permanent fissioning of the worker force. Little is known about how the adult workers in colonies of fissioning species distribute themselves between the old and the new colonies. We examined this problem, building on Bulmer’s (J Theor Biol 100: 329–339, 1983) model for the optimal splitting of a colony’s adult workforce during colony reproduction. We first created an inclusive fitness model of optimal colony fissioning that applies to species in which fissioning gives rise to two autonomous colonies. The model predicts the optimal “swarm fraction”, which we define as the proportion of the adult workers in a fissioning colony that join the departing queen. We then tested the model by comparing the predicted and observed swarm fractions in honey bees. We found a close match between predicted (0.76–0.77) and observed (0.72 ± 0.04) swarm fractions. Evidently, worker honey bees distribute themselves between the old and new colonies in a way that jointly maximizes the inclusive fitness of each worker. We conclude by discussing additional ways to test the model.
Establishing Sustainable Private Infrastructure in Emerging Markets

Continued economic growth in many emerging markets will require increases in the stock and quality of infrastructure that significantly exceeds the availability of public funds for such projects. As a result, many emerging market countries wish to attract international private capital to finance infrastructure projects and to realize market efficiency in these sectors. However, privatization must not be narrowly viewed as a transfer of assets currently held by the public sector into the hands of the private sector. Instead privatization must be pursued as a far more comprehensive process of fundamentally transforming a public sector into a viable private sector, and establishing a business environment in which the private sector can successfully meet the country9s long term infrastructure needs.
Preventing Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Organisms in Surgical Patients

Multidrug-resistant gram-positive infections have consumed the attention of health care organizations as well as the media, but recently multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDR-GNOs) have become more and more prevalent. Limited treatment options are available for MDR-GNO infections; thus, prevention is key. Patients who are at high risk for developing infections must be identified, and specialized prevention interventions must be developed for their care. Surgical patients are one subset of patients at high risk for developing MDR-GNOs. Advanced practice nurses must support nurses and other health care personnel in preventing MDR-GNO infections. Education should include active surveillance, contact precautions, cohorting patients and staff members, unit closures, reinforced hand hygiene practices, and environmental cleaning tailored to the care of surgical patients in regard to their preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care.
Effects of fenoldopam on renal blood flow and systemic hemodynamics during isoilurane anesthesia

The authors compared the systemic hemodynamic and renal vascular effects of hypotension induced by fenoldopam with those produced by the most commonly used hypotensive agent, sodium nitroprusside, in 10 dogs. Mean arterial pressure decreased 26% ± 3% from control following infusion with fenoldopem, and 30% ± 2% following infusion with sodium nitroprusside (these decreases were not significantly different between the groups). Renal blood flow (RBF) was preserved during fenoldopam-induced hypotension (214 ± 16 mL/min at baseline and 197 ± 16 mL/min after fenoldopam-induced hypotension). In contrast, RBF decreased from 223 ± 17 mL/min to 167 ± 12 mL/min during sodium nitroprusside induced hypotension (P < 0.02). The differences in RBF between the two groups occurred in spite of the fact that cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were kept similar between the two groups. The authors conclude that fenoldopam, a selective dopamine, (DA,) receptor agonist, preserves blood flow to the kidney during induced hypotension. On the other hand, sodium nitroprusside is a nonselective arteriolar and venous vasodilator that redistributes blood flow away from the kidneys during induced hypotension.
Atypical Sulcal Pattern in Children with Developmental Dyslexia and At-Risk Kindergarteners

Developmental dyslexia (DD) is highly heritable and previous studies observed reduced cortical volume, white matter integrity, and functional alterations in left posterior brain regions in individuals with DD. The primary sulcal pattern has been hypothesized to relate to optimal organization and connections of cortical functional areas. It is determined during prenatal development and may reflect early, genetically influenced, brain development. We characterize the sulcal pattern using graphbased pattern analysis and investigate whether sulcal patterns in parieto-temporal and occipito-temporal regions are atypical in elementary school-age children with DD and pre-readers/beginning readers (preschoolers/kindergarteners) with a familial risk(elementaryschool-agechildren:n[males/females],agerange = 17/11,84–155months;preschoolers/kindergarteners:16/15, 59–84 months). Thepatternofsulcalbasinareain leftparieto-temporaland occipito-temporal regionswassignificantlyatypical (more sulcalbasins of smaller size) in children with DD and furthercorrelated with reduced reading performanceon single- and nonword reading measures. A significantly atypical sulcal area pattern was also confirmed in younger preschoolers/ kindergarteners with a familial risk of DD. Our results provide further support for atypical early brain development in DD and suggest that DD may originate from altered organization or connections of cortical areas in the left posterior regions.
Elevated neuronal expression of CD200 protects Wlds mice from inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration.

Axonal damage secondary to inflammation is likely the substrate of chronic disability in multiple sclerosis and is found in the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Wlds mice have a triplication of the fusion gene Ube4b/Nmnat and a phenotype of axon protection. Wlds mice develop an attenuated disease course of EAE, with decreased demyelination, reduced axonal pathology, and decreased central nervous system (CNS) macrophage and microglial accumulation. We show that attenuated disease in Wlds mice was associated with robust constitutive expression of the nonsignaling CD200 molecule on neurons in the CNS compared with control mice. CD200 interacts with its signaling receptor CD200R, which we found to be expressed on microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes at similar levels in control and Wlds mice. Administration of blocking anti-CD200 antibody to Wlds mice abrogated disease attenuation and was associated with increased CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration. In vitro, Wlds neuronal cultures were protected from microglial-induced neurotoxicity compared with control cultures, but protection was abrogated by anti-CD200 antibody. The CD200-CD200R pathway plays a critical role in attenuating EAE and reducing inflammation-mediated damage in the CNS. Strategies that up-regulate the expression of CD200 in the CNS or molecules that ligate the CD200R may be relevant as neuroprotective strategies in multiple sclerosis.
Visualizing the Anatomy of A, B and Z-DNAs

The first three-color three-dimensional visualization of A, B and Z-forms of DNA is presented. This was done with rendered drawings derived from computer-generated stereo and mono graphics of infinite helices, using recognized clues of size, eclipsing, weight of line, tonality and color.
Evidence-Based Analysis and Inferring Preconditions for Bug Detection

An important part of software maintenance is fixing software errors and bugs. Static analysis based tools can tremendously help and ease software maintenance. In order to gain user acceptance, a static analysis tool for detecting bugs has to minimize the incidence of false alarms. A common cause of false alarms is the uncertainty over which inputs into a program are considered legal. In this paper we introduce evidence-based analysis to address this problem. Evidence-based analysis allows one to infer legal preconditions over inputs, without having users to explicitly specify those preconditions. We have found that the approach drastically improves the usability of such static analysis tools. In this paper we report our experience with the analysis in an industrial deployment.
A New AC Sputtering Technique for the Deposition of Thin Films

An ac sputtering technique is described which utilizes an array of tubular target electrodes. Reduced substrate heating is achieved by a combination of efficient cooling of the target electrodes and the unique geometry of the target array. Because substrate heating is reduced, capacitor grade beta-tantalum films have been deposited at 450 A/min; a two-fold increase over maximum deposition rates for such films in a conventional dc sputtering process. Alloy films can be conveniently deposited with this ac sputtering method. The alloy composition is selected and controlled by electrical means. This concept has bean successfully applied to the deposition of tantalum-aluminum alloy films.