cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of habitable climates under the brightening Sun

On water-dominated planets, warming from increased solar insolation is strongly amplified by the water vapor greenhouse feedback. As the Sun brightens due to stellar evolution, Earth will become uninhabitable due to rising temperatures. Here we use a modified version of the Community Earth System Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study Earth under intense solar radiation. For small (≤10%) increases in the solar constant (S0), Earth warms nearly linearly with climate sensitivities of ~1 K/(W m−2) and global mean surface temperatures below 310 K. However, an abrupt shift in climate is found as the solar constant is increased to +12.5% S0. Here climate sensitivity peaks at ~6.5 K/(W m−2), while global mean surface temperatures rise above 330 K. This climatic transition is associated with a fundamental change to the radiative-convective state of the atmosphere. Hot, moist climates feature both strong solar absorption and inefficient radiative cooling in the low atmosphere, thus yielding net radiative heating of the near-surface layers. This heating forms an inversion that effectively shuts off convection in the boundary layer. Beyond the transition, Earth continues to warm but with climate sensitivities again near unity. Conditions conducive to significant water loss to space are not found until +19% S0. Earth remains stable against a thermal runaway up to at least +21% S0, but at that point, global mean surface temperatures exceed 360 K, and water loss to space becomes rapid. Water loss of the oceans from a moist greenhouse may preclude a thermal runaway.
Experiments on Marine Wastewater Diffusers with Multiport Rosettes

The dispersion capabilities of two types of marine wastewater diffusers, one with risers containing eight radial ports (rosette) and the other with the ports uniformly distributed, were directly compared in laboratory experiments for three scenarios: stationary and flowing unstratified, and flowing stratified. Tracer concentration fields were measured with a three-dimensional laser-induced fluorescence system. The dispersion capabilities, particularly dilution, of the two diffuser types were similar. The primary differences occurred with no current where the rosette diffuser plumes were bent inwards, causing a dynamic interaction. This resulted in a small reduction in near field dilution, an increase in the spreading layer thickness, and a decrease of the near field length. These differences were virtually eliminated by a flowing current when the eight individual plumes from a rosette first merged with themselves and then with those from neighboring risers to become laterally quite uniform at the end of t...
Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Associated Silent Polymorphisms in HtrA1 Impair Its Ability To Antagonize Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1

Synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a transcript's coding region produce no change in the amino acid sequence of the protein product and are therefore intuitively assumed to have a neutral effect on protein function. We report that two common variants of high-temperature requirement A1 (HTRA1) that increase the inherited risk of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NvAMD) harbor synonymous SNPs within exon 1 of HTRA1 that convert common codons for Ala34 and Gly36 to less frequently used codons. The frequent-to-rare codon conversion reduced the mRNA translation rate and appeared to compromise HtrA1's conformation and function. The protein product generated from the SNP-containing cDNA displayed enhanced susceptibility to proteolysis and a reduced affinity for an anti-HtrA1 antibody. The NvAMD-associated synonymous polymorphisms lie within HtrA1's putative insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) binding domain. They reduced HtrA1's abilities to associate with IGF-1 and to ameliorate IGF-1-stimulated signaling events and cellular responses. These observations highlight the relevance of synonymous codon usage to protein function and implicate homeostatic protein quality control mechanisms that may go awry in NvAMD.
Anthropology's native Conundrum: Uneven histories and developments

This article assesses the global implications and structural limitations inherent in the history/identity production of traditionally oppressed Indian communities in the Ecuadorian Andes. This particular engagement of history is closely linked with development, since this paradigm profoundly structures all interactions between North–South global communities and nation-states. In this regard it is impossible to research historical exigencies without understanding the limits of political power, subtle forms of domination and development constraints that are immediately invoked by and structure the historical enterprise (as well as the ethnographic one). To this effect I highlight the writing of James Baldwin, which offers an insightful means of assessing the ‘conundrums’ of native identity production in the face of history(ies)’s crushing political power.
FDA’s Proposed Ban on Trans Fats: How Do the Costs and Benefits Stack Up?

Abstract Objective The goal of this commentary was to compare the benefits and costs of the US Food and Drug Administration’s proposed ban on artificial trans fats in US food versus other public health risks and interventions. Methods This analysis assessed the remaining risk posed by artificial trans fats versus other risks, comparing them in terms of: (1) population disease burden (prevention of lost life-years and decreased quality of life, aggregated and expressed as quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs]); (2) individual mortality risks for other “voluntary” activities; and (3) cost-effectiveness, which is the unit cost incurred by an intervention per QALY gained. Results The population impact of remaining trans fats is small compared with many other risks. Conversely, lifetime individual risks are comparable to other individual risks that might be considered notable. Finally, the ban achieves public health gains at low to no cost. Conclusions The US Food and Drug Administration’s ban on trans fats is sensible from the perspective of economic efficiency. Comparing the health risk addressed and the efficiency of the ban with other benchmarks can help decision makers and the population to better evaluate it.
An FPGA Approach to Quantifying Coherence Traffic Efficiency on Multiprocessor Systems

Recently, there is a surge of interests in using FPGAs for computer architecture research including applications from emulating and analyzing a new platform to accelerating mi-croarchitecural simulation speed for design space exploration. This paper proposes and demonstrates a novel usage of FPGAs for measuring the efficiency of coherent traffic of an actual computer system. Our approach employs an FPGA acting as a bus agent, interacting with a real CPU in a dual processor system to measure the intrinsic delay of coherence traffic. This technique eliminates non-deterministic factors in the measurement, such as the arbitration delay and stall in the pipelined bus. It completely isolates the impact of pure coherence traffic delay on system performance while executing workloads natively. Our experiments show that the overall execution time of the benchmark programs on a system with coherence traffic was actually increased over one without coherent traffic. It indicates that cache-to-cache transfers are less efficient in an Intel-based server system, and there exists room for further improvement such as the inclusion of the O state and cache line buffers in the memory controller.
Archetypes and Gender: Goddesses, Warriors, and Psychological Health

This article describes the principles and assumptions of Jung's archetypal psychology and how they have been adopted and modified by feminist counselors and the mythopoetic men's movement. It critiques each of these revisions of Jungian archetypal psychology and provides suggestions to counselors for modifying and implementing concepts and techniques that are based in archetypal psychology.
Frequency‐domain spectroscopy and imaging of tissue and tissue‐simulating media

The goal of this work was to develop and study the use of a diagnosticin vivo tissue spectroscopy system based upon frequency‐domain light measurements. Intensity‐modulated light which is incident upon a scattering sample creates waves of light intensity which propagate through the medium in a manner which is dependent upon the scattering and absorption characteristics of the tissue. These waves can be used to recover these optical interaction parameters using a diffusion model of light propagation in tissue. This method can be used to quantify chromophores for dosimetry in therapeutic laser treatments or for diagnosticmedical applications. The theoretical modeling for diffuse fluorescence signals was also developed and experimentally tested in a tissue‐simulating phantom with excellent agreement, suggesting that fluorescence lifetime or quantum yield can be made from tissue. Preliminary work was done on an optical tomography algorithm using measurements of phase and intensity at multiple points on a tissue surface to reconstructimages of the optical properties of the interior. The development of a tomographic imaging system was examined in the final section of this thesis with data from a tissue simulating phantom.
Across-shore variability in plankton layering and abundance associated with physical forcing in Monterey Bay, California

Abstract The purpose of this study was to further our understanding of the role of the coastal physical oceanographic environment as a dynamic and constantly evolving habitat for plankton. Over a 3-week period in the summer of 2010, an array of moorings were deployed and shipboard and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) surveys were conducted to investigate the association between physical processes and plankton distributions over the Monterey Bay, California inner shelf. Acoustic backscatter, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and high-resolution zooplankton imagery data collected during the shipboard surveys were used to map the distributions of phytoplankton and zooplankton; and profiles of temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nitrate from the AUV characterized the physical and chemical environment. A synthesis of underway and moored time series data provided insight into the histories of water masses in the area, and facilitated tracking of internal wave groups as they propagated towards shore. A near-bottom intrusion of recently-upwelled water was found to be strongly influenced by the diurnal tide, resulting in daily across-shelf excursions past the mooring array at the 20-m isobath. Behind the leading edge of the intrusion, the water column was highly stratified in temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nitrate; and thin layers of phytoplankton and zooplankton persisted at the upper boundary of the intrusion. In ambient waters shoreward of the intrusion, stratification was weak; copepod, appendicularian, and gelatinous zooplankton abundances were relatively low; and phytoplankton and acoustic backscatter were broadly distributed throughout the lower half of the water column. The arrival of two shoreward-propagating internal wave groups observed during the shipboard survey corresponded with disparate responses in plankton distribution. In the wake of the first wave group, phytoplankton and zooplankton layers thinned or converged; in the wake of the second wave group, an eight-fold increase in gelatinous zooplankton was observed. These findings reveal a strong coupling between physical processes and the abundance and vertical distribution of plankton. It is necessary to understand the underlying physical environment in order to understand the complex distribution of organisms in the sea.
Posterior Surgery for Cervical Myelopathy: Laminectomy, Laminectomy with Fusion, and Laminoplasty

Posterior decompression of the spinal cord is often used in patients with multilevel cervical myelopathy. In particular, those with appropriate sagittal alignment to allow cord drift-back away from anterior causes of cord compression (osteophytes, bulging discs, herniated discs, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament) after release of the posterior structures (lamina, ligamentum flavum) are the best candidates for a posterior procedure. Neurologic outcomes are similar with anterior or posterior approaches in the properly chosen patient. Laminectomy, laminectomy and fusion, and laminoplasty are potential posterior approaches. Laminoplasty has the advantages of better preserving alignment than laminectomy while maintaining motion and avoiding fusion related complications. Patients with painless myelopathy and neutral to lordotic alignment are the best candidates for laminoplasty.
Lactose hydrolysis in acid whey with subsequent glucose isomerisation

The disposal of whey is a problem because of its high biological oxygen demand. Of the 1.8 × 1010 kg produced annually in the USA, only about half has any food or feed application (Jelen 1983). One possible approach to acid whey utilisation is the removal of the proteins either by ultrafiltration or by thermal precipitation, hydrolysis of lactose with soluble β-galactosidase (lactase, EC 3.2.1.23) and subsequent isomerisation of the glucose to fructose by the action of immobilised glucose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5). The resulting syrup is composed of glucose, fructose and galactose plus small amounts of unhydrolysed lactose and other oligosaccharides. The syrup was found to have a predominantly sweet and slightly salty taste. Recently sucrose has been replaced in many foods by high fructose corn syrup produced by the action of glucose isomerase on glucose syrups from corn starch hydrolysates (Bucke 1981). The whey syrup also has potential as a sucrose substitute.
Prediction of stable crack growth and instability using the V sub R-curve method

A methodology is presented for predicting stable crack growth and instability of cracked structural components from results of laboratory tests on metallic materials under plane-stress conditions. The methodology is based on the displacement V sub R at the tip of a stably tearing crack. Basically, the V sub R-curve method is a resistance curve approach, such as K sub R and J sub R, except that the 'crack drive' is written in terms of crack-tip displacement instead of K or J. The relationship between crack-tip-opening displacement, crack length, specimen type, and tensile properties is derived from the Dugdale model for the cracked structure of interest. This report describes the laboratory test procedure and calculations used to obtain the V sub R resistance curve from fracture tests of compact or of middle-crack tension (formally center-crack) specimens. The analysis procedure used to predict stable crack growth and instability of any through-the-thickness crack configuration made of the same material and thickness, and tested under the same environmental conditions, is presented. The various limitations of the present V sub R curve method are given. Four example calculations and predictions are shown.
Integrating paleoecology and genetics of bird populations in two sky island archipelagos.

Background: Genetic tests of paleoecological hypotheses have been rare, partly because recent genetic divergence is difficult to detect and time. According to fossil plant data, continuous woodland in the southwestern USA and northern Mexico became fragmented during the last 10,000 years, as warming caused cool-adapted species to retreat to high elevations. Most genetic studies of resulting 'sky islands' have either failed to detect recent divergence or have found discordant evidence for ancient divergence. We test this paleoecological hypothesis for the region with intraspecific mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data from sky-island populations of a sedentary bird, the Mexican jay (Aphelocoma ultramarina). We predicted that populations on different sky islands would share common, ancestral alleles that existed during the last glaciation, but that populations on each sky island, owing to their isolation, would contain unique variants of postglacial origin. We also predicted that divergence times estimated from corrected genetic distance and a coalescence model would post-date the last glacial maximum. Results: Our results provide multiple independent lines of support for postglacial divergence, with the predicted pattern of shared and unique mitochondrial DNA haplotypes appearing in two independent sky-island archipelagos, and most estimates of divergence time based on corrected genetic distance post-dating the last glacial maximum. Likewise, an isolation model based on multilocus gene coalescence indicated postglacial divergence of five pairs of sky islands. In contrast to their similar recent histories, the two archipelagos had dissimilar historical patterns in that sky islands in Arizona showed evidence for older divergence, suggesting different responses to the last glaciation. Conclusion: This study is one of the first to provide explicit support from genetic data for a postglacial divergence scenario predicted by one of the best paleoecological records in the world. Our results demonstrate that sky islands act as generators of genetic diversity at both recent and historical timescales and underscore the importance of thorough sampling and the use of loci with fast mutation rates to studies that test hypotheses concerning recent genetic divergence.
Recent Advances in the Structure-Magnetic Coupling Relationships for Metallocene-Acceptor Based Electron Transfer Complexes

The electron transfer complex [FeIII(C5Me5)2].+[TCNE].- (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) is a bulk ferromagnet below the 4.8 K Curie temperature. The synthesis of additional bulk ferromagnets via the selective replacement of methyl substituent groups on one ring with hydrogen and both rings with ethyl as well as the replacement of TCNE with alternate acceptors has been carried out and several systems exhibiting ferromagnetic coupling have been identified.
Vertical Mediation: Geospatial Imagery and the US Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq

Immediately before and after the 9/11 attacks the United States’ National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) launched three new satellites from California’s Vandenberg Air Force base, planned long before 9/11, sending up a Lacrosse radar imaging satellite on August 17, 2001, a signal detection satellite on September 9, and a K-11 satellite known as USA-116 on October 5 (Yugoslavia… 2006). In addition, two new commercial remote sensing satellites—Ikonos owned by SpaceImaging, which later became GeoEye, and QuickBird owned by Digital Globe—were launched in 1999 and 2001 respectively. These state and commercial satellite projects, planned long before the 9/11 attacks, have been key elements of US global reconnaissance in the context of the war on terror. To support the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the NRO reportedly had six spy satellites flying over the country each hour (Yugoslavia… 2006). Between 2001 and 2013, the NRO launched an estimated 24 more satellites into orbit, with several more waiting in the wings, and US private remote sensing companies have launched at least 6 more earth imaging satellites.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and XRD characterization of an iron carbide catalyst synthesized by laser pyrolysis

Slurry phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) is conducted under industrially relevant conditions on an iron carbide catalyst of 30 nm particle size prepared by the laser pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5 and C2H4. The activity and selectivity are compared to that obtained for a precipitated catalyst and an industrially prepared ultrafine Fe2O3 catalyst. In general, the iron carbide catalyst is not as active for FTS or water-gas shift reaction as the precipitated catalyst; however, it is more active for the FTS than the ultrafine Fe2O3. At similar CO conversion the iron carbide produces less methane and has a higher C5+ and olefin selectivity than the precipitated catalyst. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the iron carbide catalyst is composed of θ-Fe3C and Fe7C3 at the start of synthesis, while the CO pretreated, precipitated and ultrafine Fe2O3 catalysts are composed of χ-Fe5C2, e′-Fe2.2C and Fe3O4. All three catalysts are rapidly oxidized to Fe3O4 during FTS.
Robots, Ethics and Software – FOSS vs. Proprietary Licenses

The sociotechnical system of a robot, including its software, matters. Context is central to analyzing the ethical implications of that software for the public and the ethical responsibilities of the developers of that software. Possibly morally neutral concepts such as mass production, information storage, information acquisition, connectivity, ownership and learning can have a collective positive or negative ethical impact for a world with robots. Since robots are a type of artificial agent (AA), we start with a claim by Floridi that the actions of AAs can be sources of moral or immoral actions. Because AAs are in essence multi-agent systems, we apply Floridi’s Distributed Morality (DM). In this paper, we will analyze proprietary and open source licensing schemes as a policy component of DM and show the distinctions between software licensing schemes in terms of how they work to “aggregate good actions” and “fragment evil actions” for the uses and features of robots now and in the future. We also argue that open source licensing schemes are more appropriate than proprietary software licenses for robot software that incorporates the results from automated learning algorithms.
Infectivity Models in Clinical Inhalation Studies

The respiratory tract, because of its role in gas exchange, has a very large surface area in continuous contact with the atmosphere. Both atmospheric pollutants and infectious microorganisms gain access to the respiratory membrane, and it is reasonable to expect that inhaled toxic substances may interfere with the ability of the airways to defend against inhaled microorganisms. In fact, evidence exists from both epidemiologic observations and animal exposure studies supporting this hypothesis. However, questions remain about which pollutants and what levels of exposure are important, who is most susceptible, what kinds of infections are involved, and the mechanisms by which susceptibility is altered. This paper will examine the role of clinical inhalation studies in providing answers to these and other questions.
The Caenorhabditis elegans p38 MAPK Gene plays a key role in protection from mycobacteria

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are critical mediators of cellular responses to pathogens and are activated in response to infection, but investigation is difficult in multi-cell hosts due to developmental lethality of mutations. Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) is an established model for tuberculosis, a disease afflicting nearly one-third of the world's population. We found that Mm-infected Caenorhabditis elegans display >80% mortality, but nonpathogenic M. smegmatis cause <15% mortality. C. elegans display pathological changes when infected with Mm, whereas Mm mutants produce lower mortality, suggesting that C. elegans is a promising virulence model for detailed genetic analysis. C. elegans MAPK mutants are hypersusceptible to mycobacterial infection; however, the C. elegans TOL-like, TGF-β and insulin-like pathway genes do not play important roles in susceptibility. We show that pathogenic mycobacteria inhibit MAPK-mediated protection through the MAPK phosphatase gene and demonstrate that C. elegans provide a genetically tractable pathogenicity model of both the host and pathogen.
Contemporary Obstetric Triage.

Importance The role of obstetric triage in the care of pregnant women has expanded significantly. Factors driving this change include the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, improved methods of testing for fetal well-being, increasing litigation risk, and changes in resident duty hour guidelines. The contemporary obstetric triage facility must have processes in place to provide a medical screening examination that complies with regulatory statues while considering both the facility's maternal level of care and available resources. Objective This review examines the history of the development of obstetric triage, current considerations in a contemporary obstetric triage paradigm, and future areas for consideration. An example of a contemporary obstetric triage program at an academic medical center is presented. Result A successful contemporary obstetric triage paradigm is one that addresses the questions of "sick or not sick" and "labor or no labor," for every obstetric patient that presents for care. Failure to do so risks poor patient outcome, poor patient satisfaction, adverse litigation outcome, regulatory scrutiny, and exclusion from federal payment programs. Conclusions Understanding the role of contemporary obstetric triage in the current health care environment is important for both providers and health care leadership. Target audience This study is for obstetricians and gynecologists as well as family physicians. Learning objectives After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to understand the scope of a medical screening examination within the context of contemporary obstetric triage; understand how a facility's level of maternal care influences clinical decision making in a contemporary obstetric triage setting; and understand the considerations necessary for the systematic evaluation of the 2 basic contemporary obstetric questions, "sick or not sick?" and "labor or no labor?"
Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins during hen ovarian follicle development

Growth and maturation of ovarian follicles in the hen (Gallus gallus) requires a network of blood vessels that increases in complexity during development. The present studies investigate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF), angiopoietin1 (ANGPT1) and ANGPT2 mRNAs together with their associated receptors (VEGFR and TIE2, respectively) during maturation. Elevated expression of VEGF and its receptors is associated with healthy, compared to atretic, follicles. Levels of VEGF significantly increase, while antagonistic ANGPT2 decrease, in granulosa cells (GC) at follicle selection. By comparison, levels of VEGF, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2 and TIE2 within the theca layer do not change (P>0.05) relative to developmental stages surrounding follicle selection (6-8mm versus 9-12mm follicles). Prior to selection, treatment with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) significantly increases levels of VEGF in undifferentiated GC from prehierarchal (6-8mm) follicles and actively differentiating GC from selected (9-12 and F4) follicles. Moreover, subsequent to selection follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increases VEGF expression in GC from 9 to 12mm follicles, and eventually luteinizing hormone (LH) promotes VEGF expression in GC from more mature preovulatory follicles. It is concluded that prior to follicle selection VEGF expression is regulated by autocrine and paracrine actions of TGFβ1 (but not FSH), and that a comparatively limited extent of vasculature is sufficient to maintain prehierarchal follicles in a viable and undifferentiated state. At follicle selection, FSH- and subsequently LH-induced VEGF production within the GC layer enhance angiogenesis within the theca layer, which facilitates the rapid growth of preovulatory follicles via enhanced incorporation of yellow yolk.
Survival, Development, and Reproduction in Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Exposed to Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus

The effects of feeding on host plant tissue infected with a plant pathogenic virus on thrips survival, reproduction, and development was studied. Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), exposed through feeding as larvae to the impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV, formerly tomato spotted wilt virus-impatiens serotype) had lowered survival and reproductive potential and slower development rate than did unexposed thrips under controlled environmental conditions. Virus-exposed thrips were 1.4 times as likely to die than unexposed thrips in a given day. The reproductive potential for the virus-exposed group was significantly lower, and preoviposition period was extended. Development time from second instar to adult was 15% longer for thrips exposed to virus-infected plant tissue as larvae compared with the development time for thrips not exposed to the virus.
Temperature and Electric Field Dependent Electron Transport in Cationic and Anionic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes

The temperature and electric field dependence of electron mobilities in conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with structure variations of the ionic functionality and counterions were investigated to gain insight into the influence of these parameters on charge transport. Electron mobilities were determined by using electron-only diodes, and the temperature and electric field dependence were modeled with the Gaussian disorder model, the correlated Gaussian disorder model, and the polaronic correlated Gaussian disorder model for comparison. The transport characteristics were found to be dependent on the type of charge, as well as the choice of counterion, with the former baring a stronger influence on transport. Anionic CPEs are more susceptible to differences in the calculated energetic disorder than their cationic counterparts. Examination of cationic CPEs with different counterions show that, although the energetic disorder is similar, large differences in electron mobilities can be obtained. These observa...
Hydrodynamic force on a microparticle approaching a wall in a nanoparticle dispersion: observation of a separation-dependent effective viscosity.

Colloid probe atomic force microscopy was used to measure the hydrodynamic force exerted on a 30-μm-diameter silica particle being moved toward or away from a silica plate in aqueous dispersions of 22-nm-diameter silica nanoparticles (6 or 8 vol %). Upon comparing the measured force to predictions made using the well-known expression of Cox and Brenner (Cox, R. G.; Brenner, H. Chem. Eng. Sci.1967, 22, 1753–1777) assuming a constant viscosity equal to that of the bulk dispersion, the measured drag force was found to become significantly less than that predicted at smaller particle–plate separation distances (e.g., <500 nm). A recent theoretical paper by Bhattacharya and Blawzdziewicz (Bhattacharya, S.; Blawzdziewicz, J. J. Chem. Phys.2008, 128, 214704) predicted that in a solution of dispersed nanoparticles the effective viscosity characterizing the hydrodynamic force on the particle should vary from that of the solvent at contact to that of the bulk dispersion at large separations. By adjusting the viscos...
Outcome Instruments in Spinal Trauma Surgery: A Bibliometric Analysis

Study Design Literature review. Objective To identify outcomes instruments used in spinal trauma surgery over the past decade, their frequency of use, and usage trends. Methods Five top orthopedic journals were reviewed from 2004 to 2013 for clinical studies of surgical intervention in spinal trauma that reported patient-reported outcome instruments use or neurologic function scale use. Publication year, level of evidence (LOE), and outcome instruments were collected for each article and analyzed. Results A total of 58 studies were identified. Among them, 26 named outcome instruments and 7 improvised questionnaires were utilized. The visual analog scale (VAS) for pain was used most frequently (43.1%), followed by the Short Form 36 (34.5%), Frankel grade scale (25.9%), Oswestry Disability Index (20.7%) and American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (15.5%). LOE 4 was most common (37.9%), and eight LOE 1 studies were identified (10.3%). Conclusions The VAS pain scale is the most common outcome instrument used in spinal trauma. The scope of this outcome instrument is limited, and it may not be sufficient for discriminating between more and less effective treatments. A wide variety of functional measures are used, reflecting the need for a disease-specific instrument that accurately measures functional limitation in spinal trauma.
Physical and psychological symptom profiling and event-free survival in adults with moderate to advanced heart failure

Heart failure (HF) is a heterogeneous symptomatic disorder. The goal of this study was to identify and link common profiles of physical and psychological symptoms to 1-year event-free survival in adults with moderate to advanced HF.Methods:Multiple valid, reliable, and domain-specific measures were
Malignant tumor incidence in Ninghai county of Zhejiang province in 2011

Objective To know about morbidity of malignant tumor in Ninghai county of Zhejiang province by analyzing the data.Methods The report cards of malignant tumor from Zhejiang Provincial Surveillance Information Management System for Chronic Disease in 2011 were analyzed.Results The morbidity of malignant tumor was 263.33/100000.Lung cancer;gastric carcinoma,liver cancer,intestines cancer and breast cancer were the major malignant tumors.Male morbidity was 299.15/100 000,while female morbidity was 299.15/100 000.The incidence of male was1.25times higher than that of female,and mainly in groups aged 50to 80.The morbidity of malignant tumor in city subdivision was the highest and that of marine aquaculture areas was the lowest.ConclusionsThe incidence of malignant tumor in Ninghai County is in the middle level in Zhejiang province.The priority cancer should be prevented and treated.Especially in the elderly population,early detection and treatment of tumor is important.Prevention among male adults should focus on giving up smoking,limiting alcohol drinking and reducing occupational hazards exposure.Prevention among female adults should focus on health protection and gynecological examination.The morbidity of malignant tumor in city subdivision is the highest,which suggests the necessity of health promotion.
Getting Short-Changed? The Impact of Outside Money on District Representation*

Objective As incumbent House members increasingly recruit campaign contributions from individuals who reside outside of their districts, this raises the question of whether a dependency on outside money affects members’ responsiveness and ideological proximity to district constituents. Method Using data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Studies of 2006, 2008, and 2010 as well as individual contribution data corresponding to those years from the U.S. Federal Election Commission, I examine this relationship using responsiveness and proximity models of representation. Results I find a dependency on outside contributions decreases members’ responsiveness to their districts and increases the members’ ideological extremity. Moreover, within-district contributions only minimally improve ideological alignment between the member and the district. Conclusion Donors receive additional representation from members of the House at the expense of constituents.
Importance of effective central nervous system therapy in isolated bone marrow relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. BFM (Berlin- Frankfurt-Munster) Relapse Study Group

Presymptomatic central nervous system (CNS) treatment in children with a late isolated first bone marrow (BM) relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was based on intermediate-dose systemic and intrathecal (IT) methotrexate (MTX) in the multicenter trial, ALL-REZ BFM 85. Because this was associated with an excess of overt second CNS relapses, cranial radiotherapy (cRT) plus prolonged triple IT therapy with MTX, cytarabine, and prednisone was instituted during the course of the subsequent trial, ALL-REZ BFM 87. Results of children with or without cRT, but otherwise identical chemotherapy, are presented here. Between April 1985 and March 1990, 93 children with their first late isolated BM relapse of ALL were entered on protocols ALL-REZ BFM 85M and ALL-REZ BFM 87. An intensive 6-month phase of multiagent chemotherapy that included 8 courses of systemic MTX (1 g/m2) plus IT MTX was followed by 2 years of conventional maintenance therapy with daily 6-thioguanine and biweekly MTX. Children with bone marrow transplantation excluded, 73 were in complete remission at the end of intensive polychemotherapy, 40 of whom received fractionated cRT plus triple IT therapy during the following 6 months; 11 did not receive cRT but prolonged triple IT; 22 received neither cRT nor prolonged triple IT. Except for a higher percentage of children who had received cRT in front-line protocols (29 of 33 v 20 of 40), the patient groups without or with salvage cRT were comparable. Of 33 children without salvage cRT, 26 relapsed, compared with 21 of 40 who had received cRT (P < .05). The difference was solely attributable to second relapses with CNS involvement (10 of 33 v 1 of 40; P < .01). Estimated 6-year event- free survival rates were .18 for children without cRT and .46 for children with cRT (P < .01). In patients without cRT, no impact of prolonged IT therapy could be shown. The data suggest that second CNS prophylaxis with cRT and prolonged triple IT therapy in children with late isolated BM relapse of ALL is effective in preventing CNS relapses, in reducing the overall relapse rate, and in increasing the overall survival rate.
Evaluation of long-term biocompatibility and capsular bag opacification with a new silicone–polyimide plate-type intraocular lens in the rabbit model

Purpose To evaluate the long-term biocompatibility and safety of the new SC9 intraocular lens (IOL) after implantation in rabbit eyes, in accordance with the requirements of the International Organization for Standardization 11979-5, Annex G:2006(E). Setting John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Bilateral phacoemulsification was performed on 9 New Zealand white rabbits; 1 eye received the test IOL and the contralateral eye received a commercially available plate-type silicone control IOL (AA4204VL). Two rabbits were humanely killed at 2 months and the remaining at 6 months. After gross examination of the eyes from the posterior Miyake-Apple view, select IOLs were explanted and had surface staining for implant cytology. All globes were then sectioned and processed for complete histopathologic examination. Results Overall uveal biocompatibility was similar between the test IOLs and control IOLs throughout the study. The mean posterior capsule opacification at 6 months was 0.8 ± 0.27 (SD) in the test group and 4.0 ± 0 in the control group ( P = .001, t test: paired 2-sample for means). The mean posterior synechiae formation at 6 months was 1.28 ± 1.25 in the test group and 2.71 ± 0.75 in the control group ( P = .01). A histopathologic examination confirmed the relative lack of capsule opacification in the study eyes compared with the control eyes and the absence of untoward inflammatory reaction or toxicity in all eyes. Conclusion The new IOL maintained an open capsular bag secondary to its design, which appeared to prevent overall capsular bag opacification and retain uveal and capsule biocompatibility. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Significance of the Lateral Humeral Line for Evaluating Radiocapitellar Alignment in Children.

Background The radiocapitellar line (RCL) was originally described for evaluation of the alignment of the RC joint on lateral images of the elbow. Although, many authors have translated the utilization of RCL into coronal imaging, previous studies have not been performed to confirm validity. The purpose of this paper was to identify an accurate way of evaluating pediatric RC alignment in the coronal plane. Methods Thirty-seven anteroposterior (AP) radiographs of 37 children were evaluated to determine the position of the RC joint in the coronal plane. All had acceptable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies available for comparison. The lateral humeral line (LHL), consisting of a line along the lateral edge of the ossified condyle of the distal humerus parallel to the axis of the distal humeral shaft, was studied as it related to the lateral cortex of the radial neck. Three children with a confirmed diagnosis of a Bado III, lateral displaced radius, Monteggia fracture were also evaluated. Results The LHL passed along the edge of or lateral to the radial neck on all AP radiographs and all MRI studies. The RCL failed to intersect the capitellum on 2 AP radiographs. On MRI, the RCL also passed lateral to the capitellar ossification center in 3 patients. In addition, the RCL was seen passing through the capitellum at a mean of the lateral 30% (range, 0% to 64%) on AP radiographs and 26% (range, 0% to 48%) on MRI. For all 3 children with a Bado III Monteggia fracture, the LHL crossed the radial neck and the RCL did not intersect the capitellum. Conclusions The RCL can fail to intersect the capitellar ossification center on AP radiographs and MRI in pediatric elbows without injury. The LHL consistently lies lateral to the radial neck in normal elbows and medial to the lateral aspect of the radial neck on all Bado III fracture-dislocations. It, therefore, can be used as an adjunct in evaluating the RC joint on AP imaging. The RCL most commonly intersects the lateral one third of the ossification center on both plain radiographs and MRIs. Level of evidence Level III-diagnostic.
Heterogeneous Climate Effects on Human Migration in Indonesia.

We examine the effect of anomalous temperatures, rainfall levels, and monsoon timing on migration outcomes in Indonesia. Using panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey and high-resolution climate data, we assess whether intra- and inter-province moves are used as a response to climatic shocks. We evaluate the relative importance of temperature, rainfall, and monsoon timing for migration. Only temperature and monsoon timing have significant effects, and these do not operate in the direction commonly assumed. Estimated effects vary according to individuals’ gender, membership in a farm household, and location. We also analyze climate effects on sources of household income, which highlights the multi-phasic nature of household responses. Results undermine narratives of a uniform global migratory response to climate change and highlight the heterogeneous use of migration as a response to such changes. By extending previous research on environmentally induced migration in Indonesia, we also highlight the sensitivity of estimates to alternative climate and migration measures.
The Relative Contributions of Duchenne and Trendelenburg to Description of Myopathic Gaits (S15.003)

Objective: To compare the relative contributions of French neurologist Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne and German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg to the description of myopathic gaits. Background: Both physicians have been credited with describing the myopathic gait. Methods: The original reports were reviewed. Results: In 1861, Duchenne gave a classic description of Duchenne dystrophy, and noted that affected individuals walk with “a lateral inclination of the trunk toward the limb which is resting on the ground.” Noting a resemblance to a duck9s gait, Duchenne added that, “The word ‘waddling’ perfectly expresses this mode of walking.” After Duchenne’s report, the trunkal shift to the side of the stance phase in patients with myopathies has been called a waddling gait (and later was called a “Trendelenburg lurch.”). In 1895, in children with congenital hip dislocation, Trendelenburg observed that when standing on the affected leg the pelvis tilts downward on the opposite side (Trendelenburg’s sign). He noted in passing that the same phenomenon could occur with muscle disease. With walking, “The pelvis drops toward the walking side [swing phase], and the trunk is sharply bent toward the standing side [stance phase] to restore the balance.” Trendelenburg provided line drawings to illustrate the abnormalities he described, whereas Duchenne did not (for the gait peculiarities in contrast to abnormalities of stance). Conclusions: Duchenne and Trendelenburg described different and complementary aspects of myopathic gaits. The trunkal shift first noted by Duchenne is a compensatory mechanism to maintain balance over the stance leg despite ipsilateral weakness of hip abduction and resultant pelvic tilt. Although Duchenne had priority, the eponymns linked with this gait refer to Trendelenburg, because Duchenne offered a simple alternative, i.e., a memorable name that visually presented the character of the gait (waddling gait), and because he failed to illustrate the gait description with relevant illustrations. Disclosure: Dr. Lanska received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Medlink Neurology and Elsevier.
Integration of PET/MR Hybrid Imaging into Radiation Therapy Treatment

Hybrid PET/MR imaging is in early development for treatment planning. This article briefly reviews research and clinical applications of PET/MR imaging in radiation oncology. With improvements in workflow, more specific tracers, and fast and robust acquisition protocols, PET/MR imaging will play an increasingly important role in better target delineation for treatment planning and have clear advantages in the evaluation of tumor response and in a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity. With advances in treatment delivery and the potential of integrating PET/MR imaging with research on radiomics for radiation oncology, quantitative and physiologic information could lead to more precise and personalized RT.
Analytical Redundancy Management in Reconfigurable Control Systems

Abstract This paper presents an approach to analytical redundancy management in control reconfigurable systems using fuzzy implication relations. The redundancy management involves a decision, upon the identification of some failures, on whether and how a control reconfiguration should take place in order to maintain a certain system performance level. It is shown that use of fuzzy relations can ensure reliable decisions. A notion of diagnostic resolution is introduced, based on which t radcoffs among diagnostic resolution, system complexity, and control robustness are delineated .
The Continuing SAGA of TFIID and RNA Polymerase II Transcription

Using improved techniques, Baptista et al. (2017) and Warfield et al. (2017) revisit fundamental questions about SAGA and TFIID function in yeast. They conclude that each complex independently contributes to the expression of all genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II.
Design for Robustness

We develop several design techniques to improve circuit SER with low area and performance overhead. Our techniques are based on the careful analysis of the interplay between signal probability, observability, and masking mechanisms. The first technique, called SiDeR, involves finding logical implications between signals, using logic simulation signatures to reduce SER. In our second technique, several alternate non-redundant realizations of the same subcircuit are assessed for global SER improvement, and selected based on an objective function that accounts for both SER and area. Our third technique selects gates to harden or replicate by accounting for errors propagating through the gate. Our fourth technique takes advantage of improvements in timing masking, by relocating gates physically to minimize their error-latching windows. The last technique is a form of register retiming that minimizes the probability that soft errors are propagated to a primary output. Our results generally show significant and low-cost improvements in SER.
Safety profile of midline catheters in patients with active malignancy.

e18046Background: Patients with malignancy often require a safe and reliable intravascular access for disease management along the spectrum of diagnosis to end-of-life care. Despite a growing inter...