cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Almost everywhere domination and superhighness

Let ! denote the set of natural numbers. For functions f,g : ! ! !, we say that f is dominated by g if f(n) < g(n) for all but finitely many n 2 !. We consider the standard “fair coin” probability measure on the space 2 ! of infinite sequences of 0’s and 1’s. A Turing oracle B is said to be almost everywhere dominating if, for measure one many X 2 2 ! , each function which is Turing computable from X is dominated by some function which is Turing computable from B. Dobrinen and Simpson have shown that the almost everywhere domination property and some of its variant properties are closely related to the reverse mathematics of measure theory. In this paper we exposit some recent results of Kjos-Hanssen, Kjos-Hanssen/Miller/Solomon, and others concerning LR-reducibility and almost everywhere domination. We also prove the following new result: If B is almost everywhere dominating, then B is superhigh, i.e., 0 00 is truth-table computable from B 0 , the Turing jump of B.
Itm2a, a Target Gene of GATA-3, Plays a Minimal Role in Regulating the Development and Function of T Cells

The integral membrane protein 2a (Itm2a) is one of the BRICHOS domain-containing proteins and is structurally related to Itm2b and Itm2c. It is expressed preferentially in the T lineage among hematopoietic cells and is induced by MHC-mediated positive selection. However, its transcriptional regulation and function are poorly understood. Here we showed Itm2a to be a target gene of GATA-3, a T cell-specific transcription factor. Deficiency of Itm2a had little impact on the development and function of polyclonal T cells but resulted in a partial defect in the development of thymocytes bearing a MHC class I-restricted TCR, OT-I. In addition, Itm2a-deficient mice displayed an attenuated T helper cell-dependent immune response in vivo. We further demonstrated that Itm2b but not Itm2c was also expressed in T cells, and was induced upon activation, albeit following a kinetic different from that of Itm2a. Thus, functional redundancy between Itm2a and Itm2b may explain the minimal phenotype of Itm2a deficiency.
Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates genetic stability in mouse embryonic fibroblasts

Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a member of the KLF family of transcription factors and regulates proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and somatic cell reprogramming. Evidence also suggests that KLF4 is a tumor suppressor in certain cancers including colorectal cancer. We previously showed that KLF4 inhibits cell cycle progression following DNA damage and that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) null for Klf4 are genetically unstable, as evidenced by increased rates of cell proliferation, and the presence of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), centrosome amplification, chromosome aberrations and aneuploidy. To determine whether re-expression of Klf4 corrects the observed genetic instability in MEFs null for Klf4 (Klf4 −/− ), we transfected Klf4 −/− MEFs with Klf4-expressing plasmids and compared the results to wild type (Klf4 +/+ ) and untransfected or mock-transfected Klf4 −/− MEFs. We show that overexpression of Klf4 in Klf4 −/− MEFs reduced cell proliferation rates and the proportion of cells with DSBs, abnormal centrosome numbers, aneuploidy and micronuclei. In addition, Klf4-transfected Klf4 −/− MEFs exhibited a more robust DNA damage repair response as demonstrated by the greater rate in disappearance of γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci following γ-irradiation. Taken together these findings provide evidence that KLF4 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of genetic stability by modulating the DNA damage response and repair processes.
Racial Identity and Latino Vote Choice

Little empirical research has investigated the influence of racial identification on Latino vote choice. This article examines this relationship controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors. I argue that because race is central in determining the life chances and social positions of groups in the United States, racial self-identification influences the Latino voter's decision to cast a ballot for a coethnic candidate over a non-Latino candidate. Ordered probit models show that race is a significant predictor of Latino vote choice. The findings raise interesting questions about Latino bloc voting, candidate preference, and participation more broadly.
Older Patients Need Better Guidelines for Optimal Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1 Size Fits Few

Effective drug-based treatment of hypertension is now a mainstay of adult preventive medicine. The first clinical trials demonstrated the benefit of lowering diastolic pressure in middle-aged participants.1 Extension of drug treatment to older populations with high systolic pressures has likewise been clearly shown to prevent cardiovascular disease and is universally accepted for medical practice.2 The high prevalence of predominant or isolated systolic hypertension in older groups, coupled with the evidence from trials, has then led to guidelines that exhort the need to treat and control hypertension based on goal blood pressures far lower than had been accepted in the past.3 These efforts have been successful, as recent surveys from the United States and England report higher control rates for older groups compared with previous assessments. In part, these trends may be attributable either to more older patients receiving any drug treatment or to more aggressive deployment of drug classes and higher doses. On the other hand, where treatment of hypertension is already widely available, as in the US Veterans’ Affairs system, control rates for hypertension now are higher in middle-aged groups compared with older ones.4 In assessing the effect of age on control of hypertension, it is crucial that all of the relevant factors be included: adherence to medication; use of appropriate medications, ie, drug classes and dosing; and explanation of dropout or refusal rates (adverse effects, cost, and health beliefs). Present practice databases may contain relevant information for some of these factors so that exploration of their content may …
Allegheny Woodrat (Neotoma magister) Use of Rock Drainage Channels on Reclaimed Mines in Southern West Virginia

Abstract Allegheny woodrats (Neotoma magister) currently receive protected status throughout their range due to population declines. Threats associated with habitat fragmentation (e.g., introduced predators, disease, loss of connectivity among sub-populations and habitat loss) may explain why Allegheny woodrats are no longer found in many areas where they existed just 25 y ago. In southern West Virginia, surface coal mining is a major cause of forest fragmentation. Furthermore, mountaintop mining, the prevalent method in the region, results in a loss of rock outcrops and cliffs within forested areas, typical habitat of the Allegheny woodrat. To determine the extent that Allegheny woodrats make use of reclaimed mine land, particularly rock drainages built during reclamation, we sampled 24 drainage channels on reclaimed surface mines in southern West Virginia, collected habitat data at each site and used logistic regression to identify habitat variables related to Allegheny woodrat presence. During 187 trap...
Das Problem der Arbeitsmoral und der Zusammenarbeit

Die Herstellung jedes Gutes und jede Dienstleistung beruhen auf menschlichem Willen und menschlicher Zielsetzung. Die industrielle Revolution hat die Arbeit und den Status fast aller Arbeiter tiefgehend beeinflust. Die industrielle Seite der Organisation der Gesellschaft trat in der Entstehung groser Kapitalgesellschaften, im Anwachsen der Stadte und in der modernen Lebenshaltung, die Automobile, Radios und Kinos hervorgebracht hat, in Erscheinung. Die Entstehung eines nationalen und internationalen Gutermarktes hat viele Folgen gezeitigt, die nicht so leicht erkennbar sind. Unter religiosem Aspekt wurde der Mensch fruher als zu seinem Beruf „berufen“ angesehen. Es galt die Auffassung, jeder Mensch ube in der Erfullung seiner Aufgabe vor Gott ein irdisches Verwalteramt aus. Jedermann konnte daher das Gefuhl haben, nicht nur zu seiner und anderer Leute Wohlfahrt und Sicherheit beizutragen, sondern auch an Personlichkeitswert zu gewinnen. Aus diesem Glauben heraus wuchs weiter die Vorstellung, das jede anerkannte Berufung vor Gott und den Menschen gleichen Wert habe. In einer solchen Gesellschaft hatten die Menschen einen starken Sinn fur moralische Werte und wirtschaftliche Gerechtigkeit.
Normal and aberrant neuronal development in the cerebral cortex of human fetus and young infant.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several approaches utilized in ontogenetic investigations in laboratory animals that have been explored in preliminary studies of morphogenetic events in the human cerebral cortex. It is discussed that Golgi studies of dendritic growth cones, filopodia, and other developmental processes have permitted specification of the maximal phase of dendritic growth and differentiation of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This period spans 20–28 week of fetal development. Studies of the temporal pattern of appearance of the axonal plexus of the stratum pyramidale suggest that axosomatic synaptic pathways in the hippocampus develop relatively late in respect to the appearance of axospinodendritic inputs. Dendritic spine development is evident at 26 weeks gestational age in the hippocampus but not in the visual cortex. Most hippocampal pyramidal neurons have acquired a full complement of spines by 6 months postnatally. The presence of severe metabolic and cardiorespiratory disturbances and/or chromosomal abnormalities significantly influences dendritic spine morphology and development. In addition, the general morphological features of several varieties of neurons in the visual cortex of a 32-week-old preterm infant are considered in respect to the electrographic characteristics of this infant's visual evoked responses. The observations in this and other cases illustrate the manner in which ontogenetic problems susceptible to inquiry in laboratory animals can serve to guide similar morphophysiological studies of normal and aberrant developmental events in the human brain.
Basic Statistics for Comparing the Centers of Continuous Data From Two Groups.

Comparing continuous data across groups is paramount in research and hospital operations. Naively assuming that any observed difference between the two groups implies that the groups are truly different ignores a few important facts: (1) there is natural variation that occurs in almost every process; and (2) our confidence in concluding that the differences are real, and not just due to chance. In the present article, we describe statistical procedures used to perform a comparison across 2 groups. At some point in your career, you will likely want to compare data across ≥2 groups. In fact, this function is paramount to the research you read in this journal (eg, as shown in the first table given in almost any article) and to the day-to-day operations within hospitals. You may, for example, be asked to compare factors such as length of stay, mortality rates, productivity, or utilization of a specific drug between your hospital and another hospital. You may also be asked to compare some measure within your own institution at different time points, perhaps before and after a specific intervention. Naively assuming that any difference in outcome implies that the groups are truly different is risky. Doing so completely ignores a few important facts: (1) there is natural variation that occurs in almost every process; and (2) our confidence in concluding that the differences are real, and not just due to chance. In comes statistics. In this article, we focus our attention on comparing the center of continuous data across 2 groups, but the ideas are generalizable to >2 groups. We outline here a series of important steps that you can take to identify the type of test you need and how to interpret the results. Throughout these steps, we consider a sample data set to compare the birth weight …
Digital signatures

Many traditional and newer businesses and applications have recently been carrying out enormous amounts of electronic transactions, which have led to a critical need for protecting the information from being maliciously altered, for ensuring the authenticity, and for supporting nonrepudiation. Just as signatures facilitate validation and verification of the authenticity of paper documents, digital signatures serve the purpose of validation and authentication of electronic documents. This technology is rather new and emerging and is expected to experience growth and widespread use in the coming years.
Depressive disorders during pregnancy and postpartum

The most recent literature on peripartum depressive disorders are reviewed, focusing on the use of antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation and the effects of maternal depression on child development.Clinicians must weigh concerns about the safety of fetal and infant exposure to antidepressant
Evaluation of the Sysmex CC-800. An automated eight-parameter hematology instrument.

An evaluation of the Sysmex CC-800® hematology analyzer (TOA Medical Electronics, Kobe, Japan, and distributed by American Scientific Products, Chicago, IL) was performed at University Hospital at Boston University Medical Center to assess the analytic performance and ease of use of the instrument. The Sysmex CC-800 is the first self-contained, fully automated, eight-parameter hematology analyzer. It can handle as many as 100 whole blood specimens without constant operator intervention. Stat and predilute modes are also available. The optional PDA-410® (particle distribution analyzer) was not evaluated in this study. Precision, linearity, carryover, and reproducibility of values over time in the automode were well within the manufacturer's specifications. The correlation study was performed with the existing Coulter S-Plus® (Coulter Electronics, Hialeah, FL). The Sysmex CC-800 allowed us to expand the linear range without dilution for white blood cells to 160 × 103/ μ L, hemoglobin to 26 g/dL, and platelets to 2,000 × 103/μL. The samples on the automode exposed to normal laboratory atmosphere for up to 120 minutes showed no significant difference from baseline. The two instruments correlated well (r > 0.99). The authors concluded that the Sysmex CC-800 would be a reliable and timesaving instrument in their laboratory.
Unusual Cationic Tris(Dimethylsulfide)-Substituted closo-Boranes: Preparation and Characterization of [1,7,9-(Me2S)3-B12H9] BF4 and [1,2,10-(Me2S)3-B10H7] BF4

Rational syntheses of trisubstituted sulfur-bearing closo-boranes are presented. In the development of these syntheses unusual cationic closo-boranes [1,7,9-(Me2S)3-B12H9]+ (3) and [1,2,10-(Me2S)3-B10H7]+ (4) have been identified. These were initially recognized to be intermediates in the formation of the neutral trisubstituted species 1,7-(Me2S)2-9-(MeS)-B12H9 (1) and 1,10-(Me2S)2-2-(MeS)-B10H7 (2), respectively. Stable tetrafluoroborate salts were prepared and isolated, and their structures are presented. They are believed to represent the first structural determinations of cationic borane clusters of any type.
The Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association

THE Association held its fifty-seventh annual meeting this year in Cleveland, Ohio, April 30 through May 2, with headquarters at the Statler Hilton. Fourteen hundred and five historians and some wives passed through the smoothly functioning registration machinery which had been organized by Jack P. Greene and his Committee on Local Arrangements. The Association owes more than the usual debt of gratitude to this group; the advance preparations were excellent and its members conjured tape recorders and other unexpected essentials out of thin air on the shortest of notice. Many of the historians' wives enjoyed the complimentary tour of the University Circle and attendance was large at the cocktail parties which Kent State University and Western Reserve University sponsored in the late afternoons of April 30 and May 1. The Program Committee tried to find the best papers and commentators available, irrespective of field, and to unite them in a program which would balance youthful elan with scholarly experience, the provocative tentative hypothesis with building-block research. The members of the committee wish to acknowledge the many helpful suggestions for sessions, papers, and commentators that they received. If any conclusion can be drawn from this correspondence it is that graduate directors are much too reluctant in suggesting the names of outstanding junior scholars who have only recently received their degrees. In the end the program included twenty sessions which had been organized by the Program Committee and twelve sessions and three luncheons offered by cooperating societies. One hundred and fifty-seven historians participated, and of these, forty-nine came from the Middle West, forty-three represented southern institutions, forty-two work in the Northeast and twenty-three were from the Mountain or Pacific states. Attendance at most sessions was good, and in some instances reached overflow proportions. Apparently all but the most confirmed of lobbyists found program offerings which interested them.
NODULAR GOITER AND CANCER OF THE THYROID GLAND.

Nodular goiter occurs in such a high percentage of the population that surgical treatment in all cases is not practical. Thus, only those patients in whom the risk of complication is greater than average are selected for surgery.Thyroidectomy is considered a safe procedure and is associated with low morbidity and mortality.Over-all figures indicate that cancer is present in approximately 5 per cent of nodular goiters. The type of cancer determines the correct surgical procedure. Good results can be expected in most cases.
Research and realization on the ship-welding WCAPP

WCAPP system was proposed to solve the complex procedure of the ship-welding process,the difficulty in reusing design information and knowledge,the problem of more depending on technologist' experience and so on.With analyzing the ship-welding process,designed the system frame,established the weld database,developed the prototype software used successfully in the dockyard.
Design of the Electromagnetic Simulation Experiment Based on ANSYS Finite Element Analysis

Electromagnetic experiment is simulated by using the ANSYS finite element analysis software to carry out an analysis of the magnetic field lines and flux density gradient magnetization characteristics of quadruple magnet in the two-dimensional static magnetic field as well as the power loss density of three-dimensional rod conductor in the alternating field.And the visualization of electromagnetic field is thus achieved,and the results show that the application of ANSYS finite element analysis in electromagnetic realm facilitates students′ understanding and grasping of the Abstract concept and theory concerned and enhances their ability in practice.
Sublinear Algorithms for Massive Data Sets.

This is the final SAND report for the Early-Career LDRD (# 158477) “Sublinear Algorithms for Massive Data Sets”. We provide a list of the various publications and achievements in the project.
Withdrawal from Chronic Nicotine Exposure Produces Region-Specific Tolerance to Alcohol-Stimulated GluA1 Phosphorylation

Background Nicotine use increases alcohol drinking, suggesting that the combination of these drugs may produce synergistic effects in activating reward circuitry. Alternatively, use of either of these drugs may facilitate the development of cross-tolerance to the other to promote intake escalation. Methods In this study, adult male Wistar rats were chronically exposed to room air or chronic, intermittent nicotine vapor, which has been shown to produce symptoms of nicotine dependence as evidenced by elevated nicotine self-administration and a host of somatic and motivational withdrawal symptoms. We examined regional neuroadaptations in nicotine-experienced versus nonexperienced animals, focusing on changes in phosphorylation of the AMPA glutamate channel subunit GluA1 in reward-related brain regions as excitatory neuroadaptations are heavily implicated in both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Results During withdrawal, nicotine exposure and alcohol challenge (1 g/kg) interactively produced neuroadaptations in GluA1 phosphorylation in a brain region-dependent manner. Alcohol robustly increased protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of GluA1 at serine 845 in multiple regions. However, this neuroadaptation was largely absent in 3 areas (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, and central amygdala) in nicotine-experienced animals. This interactive effect suggests a molecular tolerance to alcohol-stimulated phosphorylation of GluA1 in the context of nicotine dependence. Conclusions Nicotine may modify the rewarding or reinforcing effects of alcohol by altering glutamate signaling in a region-specific manner, thereby leading to increased drinking in heavy smokers.
The Breast Pathology Report

Pathologists have played a central role in the progress against breast cancer and have remained loyal partners in its study, diagnosis, and management. Aside from diagnostic information, pathologists have been engaged in the study of the characteristics of breast cancer such as tumor size, lymph node status, expression of hormone receptor proteins, oncogenes, tumor support genes, and the rate of tumor proliferation. This information has long been used clinically to identify patients who are most likely to respond to therapy. With the availability of targeted therapy, pathologists have become more involved in the development, validation, implementation, and appropriate use of predictive testing to better treat patients with breast cancer. Above all, in the last several years, pathologists have gradually evolved from passive interpreters of biopsies and surgical specimens to active partners in clinical breast care. This chapter is designed to outline the role of pathologists in the delivery of optimal breast health care and to discuss current challenges associated with optimal breast pathology reporting.
Effect of Nozzle Configuration and Size on Water Absorbed by Meat During Cleaning1,2

Our previous studies suggested the need to study absorption and evaporation of water from meat during cleaning with water sprays. This article describes the effects of type of meat surface, line pressure, size and configuration of nozzle, and speed of meat travel past the nozzle on water absorption and percent shrinkage after 24 h. Cut meat surfaces had a higher percent gain and lower percent shrinkage than did uncut surfaces. Pressure had no significant effect on percent shrinkage. Solid stream nozzles caused a higher percent gain and a lower percent shrinkage than did flat fan nozzles. As the size of the nozzle was increased, the percent gain increased and the percent shrinkage decreased. The slowest speed of meat travel past the nozzles (5 cm/s) caused the highest percent gain in weight.
A second study of blasting recorded in Southern California

Since the publication of our paper entitled "A Study of Blasting Recorded in Southern California" one further large blast has been set off in this region, and others moderate, to comparatively small, in magnitude. Two of these especially have afforded opportunity for further direct investigation. Others have yielded additional information.
Geostatistical solution to the inverse problem using surrogate functions for remediation of shallow aquifers

Pump-and-treat (PAT) techniques are often applied to the remediation of dissolved chemicals from shallow aquifers. A related management problem typically consists of the selection of the pumping strategy and the most appropriate treatment method, in order to minimize the total cleanup cost while meeting a set of technical, economic and social constraints. However, due to scarcity of information about the hydrogeological system, stochastic modeling approaches seem more appropriate. Of primary concern is the inherent spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity. In general, the implementation of a remediation strategy assessed based on uncertain hydrogeological parameters leads to a decision involving the risk of constraint violations. The decision-making process may then be formulated as a multiobjective optimization framework where the optimality of a pumping pattern is traded off against its reliability. Operations may be structured into a stochastic optimal control problem, in which the remediation strategy is sequentially updated based upon new measurements collected during the actual cleanup process. The procedure requires the implementation of an inverse simulation model to estimate the stochastic hydrogeological parameters based on a set of potential measurements. In this work, we follow a geostatistical conceptual model where the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity is represented as a realization of a log- normally distributed stationary process, characterized by an exponential covariance function. Using the maximum likelihood method, the parameter estimation problem is solved by determining the set of geostatistical parameters -- average, variance, and correlation scales. Available data may include direct measurements of hydraulic conductivity, water table elevation at a number of monitoring wells, and contaminant mass extracted from active remediation wells. A rigorous solution to this optimization problem would require a stochastic flow and transport model to be included in the optimization loop to calculate the expected values and the covariance matrix of the available measurements as functions of the decision variables. Because of the overwhelming computational effort involved, a surrogate model or response surface is introduced to approximate the objective function. The surrogate model is estimated using a multidimensional kriging interpolation over a set of data points or measurements obtained from a series of stochastic flow and transport simulations for pre-established combinations of the decision variables. Since the goodness of the solution is ultimately determined by the error of estimation of the objective function, which in turn depends on the number and the location of measurements, an optimal search procedure is used in order to optimize the pattern of data points. The method turns out to be computationally efficient and produces results that well approximate the actual geostatistical distribution of hydraulic conductivity.
Case 4: Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Borderline Resectable

39-year-old man presented with obstructive jaundice. Endoscopic-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) revealed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. A CT was performed to assess resectability.
p16 Family Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

The origin and development of human tumors begins at the molecular level and involves a complex multi-step process. A feature common to many tumor cells is their ability to enter and progress through the cell division cycle under conditions where normal cells would either be quiescent or proliferating at a reduced rate. Therefore, the molecular pathways controlling the cell division cycle must inevitably interact with pathways which regulate cell growth, and are a very likely target of oncogenic events. It was not until very recently, however, that experimental evidence became available to bring such a connection to light.
A failure-dependency modeling and state discretization approach for condition-based maintenance optimization of multi-component systems

Abstract Unexpected component failures in a mechanical system always cause loss of performance and functionality of the entire system. Condition-based maintenance decisions for a multi-component mechanical system are challenging because the interdependence of individual components’ degradation is not fully understood and lack of physical models. Most existing literature commonly assumes that degradation and failure of individual components within a mechanical system are independent, which could lead to inaccurate diagnostic and prognostic results. In this research, state-rate dependence denoting interaction between component health condition (degradation state) and failure rate is proposed for degradation and failure analysis for a two-component repairable system. A state discretization technique is proposed to model how health state of one component affects the hazard rate of another. An extended proportional hazard model (PHM) is used to characterize the failure dependence and estimate the influence of degradation state of one component on the hazard rate of another. An optimization model is developed to determine the optimal hazard-based threshold for a two-component repairable system. A case study on a generic industrial gearbox has been conducted to show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Scientific Discovery as a Topic for Philosophy of Science: Some Personal Reflections

This is a brief, personal retrospective on developments in the treatment of scientific discovery by philosophers, since about 1970.
Pathologic and Functional Correlations in the Glomerulopathies

For many years nephrologists have looked for improved, noninvasive methods that could help in the initial evaluation of patients with renal disease and also could provide a useful tool with which to assess the response of patients to treatment. Although the measurement of protein selectivity (Joachim et al., 1964; Cameron and Blandford, 1966) has gained some popularity for such purposes, there are many inherent problems in this method (Pesce et al., 1970). Thus, it has not gained widespread acceptance.
VATS Versus Thoracotomy for Major Lung Resection After Induction Therapy

Induction therapy has been considered a risk factor for morbidity and mortality after major lung resection via thoracotomy, but has been demonstrated to be feasible and effective in both prospective trials and retrospective studies. Induction therapy was initially felt to be a contraindication to performing major lung resection with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), but VATS resection after induction therapy has now also been shown to be feasible in small retrospective studies. Although the use of thoracotomy and VATS after induction therapy has never been prospectively directly compared in the literature, both approaches can be appropriate options depending on the specific circumstances. This chapter will review the significant published studies of major lung resection with both approaches after induction therapy.
Forensic Use of Short Tandem Repeats via PCR

The DNA sequence of man’s chromosomes has the potential for wide variation from individual to individual since only 1% encodes functional elements, i.e. genes. Sequence differences were first detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) using the Southern method (Southern, 1975). These two-allele polymorphisms were used for mapping Huntington disease locus and diagnosis of both B-thalassemia and sickle cell disease. Jeffreys (1985b) and Nakamura (1987) subsequently described a new class of RFLPs which arise from repeated sequences occurring in different copy numbers from individual to individual. They were referred to as satellite sequences or variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). These highly informative repeat sequence polymorphisms have been used extensively in the mapping of human disease genes such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and neurofibromatosis (NF), and more relevant to this meeting, for personal identification (Jeffreys et al. 1985a) (Gill et al. 1985). The method of identification was Southern analysis. At many of these loci, the repeat sequences are smaller than the resolving power of agarose gels, so discrete alleles will not be differentiated. Despite this shortcoming, the large number of alleles provides a very powerful DNA-based personal identification method.
Diazepam prevents some adverse effects of succinyicholine

Neuromuscular, circulatory, and adverse effects of intravenous succinylcholine (SCh), mg/kg, were compared in 3 groups of 40 patients each. Group I served as control; group II received diazepam, 0.05 mg/kg, 5 min before SCh; and group III was given d-tubocurarine (d-Tc), 0.05 mg/kg, for pretreatment. Diazepam pretreatment prevented muscle fasciculations, increases in serum potassium (K+) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels, increased heart rate and arterial pressure, and postoperative myalgia associated with SCh administration. The neuromuscular blocking action of SCh was not affected. Pretreatment with d-Tc did not abolish increases in serum K+ and CPK levels, was associated with a higher incidence of postoperative myalgia, and decreased the onset and magnitude of SCh-induced muscle paralysis. Our data demonstrate that diazepam, a predominant centrally acting muscle relaxant, is more effective than d-Tc in preventing the adverse effects of SCh, a peripherally acting muscle relaxant.
Particle dispersion analysis in an 11-row Boeing 767 cabin mockup

This study investigated dispersion of particles in the longitudinal direction of a Boeing 767 aircraft cabin mockup. The results of the experimental testing would help validate computational fluid ...
Microtubule End-Clustering Maintains a Steady-State Spindle Shape

Summary Each time a cell divides, the microtubule cytoskeleton self-organizes into the metaphase spindle: an ellipsoidal steady-state structure that holds its stereotyped geometry despite microtubule turnover and internal stresses [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Regulation of microtubule dynamics, motor proteins, microtubule crosslinking, and chromatid cohesion can modulate spindle size and shape, and yet modulated spindles reach and hold a new steady state [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Here, we ask what maintains any spindle steady-state geometry. We report that clustering of microtubule ends by dynein and NuMA is essential for mammalian spindles to hold a steady-state shape. After dynein or NuMA deletion, the mitotic microtubule network is “turbulent”; microtubule bundles extend and bend against the cell cortex, constantly remodeling network shape. We find that spindle turbulence is driven by the homotetrameric kinesin-5 Eg5, and that acute Eg5 inhibition in turbulent spindles recovers spindle geometry and stability. Inspired by in vitro work on active turbulent gels of microtubules and kinesin [ 12 , 13 ], we explore the kinematics of this in vivo turbulent network. We find that turbulent spindles display decreased nematic order and that motile asters distort the nematic director field. Finally, we see that turbulent spindles can drive both flow of cytoplasmic organelles and whole-cell movement—analogous to the autonomous motility displayed by droplet-encapsulated turbulent gels [ 12 ]. Thus, end-clustering by dynein and NuMA is required for mammalian spindles to reach a steady-state geometry, and in their absence Eg5 powers a turbulent microtubule network inside mitotic cells.
Efficient simulation of thermally fluctuating biopolymers immersed in fluids on 1-micron, 1-second scales

The combination of fluid-structure interactions with stochasticity, due to thermal fluctuations, remains a challenging problem in computational fluid dynamics. We develop an efficient scheme based on the stochastic immersed boundary method, Stokeslets, and multiple timestepping. We test our method for spherical particles and filaments under purely thermal and deterministic forces and find good agreement with theoretical predictions for Brownian Motion of a particle and equilibrium thermal undulations of a semi-flexible filament. As an initial application, we simulate bio-filaments with the properties of F-actin. We specifically study the average time for two nearby parallel filaments to bundle together. Interestingly, we find a two-fold acceleration in this time between simulations that account for long-range hydrodynamics compared to those that do not, suggesting that our method will reveal significant hydrodynamic effects in biological phenomena.
Hyperconjugative π → σ*CF Interactions Stabilize the Enol Form of Perfluorinated Cyclic Keto–Enol Systems

Lindner and Lemal showed that perfluorination of keto–enol systems significantly shifts the equilibrium toward the enol tautomer. Quantum mechanical calculations now reveal that the shift in equili...
Retrospective review of 290 small carotid cave aneurysms over 17 years

Objective The carotid cave is a unique intradural region located along the medial aspect of the internal carotid artery. Small carotid cave aneurysms confined within this space are bound by the carotid sulcus of the sphenoid bone and are thought to have a low risk of rupture or growth. However, there is a lack of data on the natural history of this subset of aneurysms. Methods The authors present a retrospective case series of 290 small (≤ 4 mm) carotid cave aneurysms evaluated and managed at their institution between January 2000 and June 2017. Results No patient presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage attributable to a carotid cave aneurysm, and there were no instances of aneurysm rupture or growth during 911.0 aneurysm-years of clinical follow-up or 726.3 aneurysm-years of imaging follow-up, respectively. Conclusions This series demonstrates the benign nature of small carotid cave aneurysms.
Pennisetum ciliare : a review of treatment efficacy, competitive traits, and restoration opportunities

Buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is a drought-tolerant invasive grass that is a threat to native biodiversity in the drylands of the Americas and Australia. Despite efforts from land managers to control P. ciliare, management approaches tend to have mixed success, treatment results can be poorly communicated among entities, and there are few long-term controlled studies. In this literature review, we synthesize data from both peer-reviewed and “gray” literature on the efficacy of management techniques to control P. ciliare and the secondary impacts to native plant communities. Our search resulted in 42 unique sources containing a total of 229 studies that we categorized into 10 treatment types, which included herbicide, seeding, manual removal, fire, grazing, biocontrol, fire + additional treatments, manual removal + additional treatments, herbicide + additional treatments, and herbicide + manual removal. We found that treatments that used multiple techniques in tandem along with followup treatments were the most effective at controlling P. ciliare. Fewer than one-third of the studies reported impacts of management on native species, and the most commonly studied treatment (herbicide, N = 130) showed detrimental impacts on native plant communities. However, the average time between treatment and outcome measurement was only 15 mo; we suggest the need for more long-term studies of treatment efficacy and secondary impacts of treatment on the ecosystem. Finally, we conducted a second literature review on P. ciliare biology and traits for mechanisms that allows P. ciliare to alter the invaded environment to facilitate a competitive advantage over native species. We found evidence of self-reinforcing feedbacks of invasion being generated by P. ciliare through its interactions with water availability, nutrient cycling, and disturbance regimes. We developed a conceptual model of P. ciliare based on these feedback loops and offer management considerations based on its invasion dynamics and biology.
A mixed integer programming formulation and scalable solution algorithms for traffic control coordination across multiple intersections based on vehicle space-time trajectories

Abstract Thanks to the development of mobile computing, novel traffic data sources are emerging as the promising building blocks for more effective traffic control strategies. It is expected that the vehicle space-time trajectories will become ubiquitously available in foreseeable future. Real-time trajectory data will provide full-spectrum pattern of traffic dynamics among multiple intersections. In this paper, we present a new traffic control representation for multiple intersections. A new multi-intersection phase (MI-phase) is proposed to represent safe vehicle movements across a few tightly connected intersections. All the intersections are also viewed as one integral “super intersection” within which vehicles move according to their planned paths. Through scheduling the sequence and durations of MI-phases over time, the vehicles will be crossing intersections with minimal delays. This approach can provide more flexibilities for traffic control coordination than the traditional Cycle-Split-Offset approach. A linear integer programming formulation is presented for joint optimization of vehicle space-time trajectories and traffic control. We also design a scalable optimization frame for real-world traffic control optimization, referred to as “Lagrangian decomposition with subproblem approximation” approaches. In this new framework, we construct the dynamic network loading based lower bound estimator (DNL-LBE) in which the relaxed constraints and sensitivity to the Lagrangian multiplier prices are explicitly considered while vehicular flows are being loaded. By doing so, the complex controlled dynamic network loading process can be represented through Lagrangian multipliers interfacing with the MI-phase optimization module (then solved by Dynamic Programming). This approach can facilitate price-based search heuristics to find high quality solutions for both vehicular space-time trajectories and traffic control plans without increasing the overall computing complexity. The efficiency of the proposed optimization framework is further improved through multiple advanced computing techniques. In the end, one demonstrative and one real-world example are provided to show the performance of the new approach.
Socioeconomic disparities in the comorbidities and surgical management of pediatric Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND To examine differences in comorbidities and surgical management based on socioeconomics in hospitalized children with Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS Using the Kids' Inpatient Database for 2006-2012, we identified patients (<21 years) with a CD diagnosis. Cases were analyzed and stratified by median parental income by zip code. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. RESULTS Of the 28,337 pediatric CD hospitalizations identified, patients were more likely male (51.1%), non-Hispanic white (71.3%), and had a mean age of 15.9 years. The proportion of minority patients increased as income quartile declined. Higher income quartile patients were more likely to be coded with anxiety and less likely with anemia. The highest income quartile was more likely to have a bowel obstruction, and peritoneal/intestinal abscess and was also 28% more likely to undergo a major surgical procedure. CONCLUSIONS Significant variability exists in the reported comorbidities and surgical interventions associated with CD by income quartile. Lower income quartile patients are more likely to be of minority ethnicity and anemic, but less likely to undergo a major surgical procedure. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether these differences represent disease variability, differences in healthcare resource allocation, or implicit bias in management. IMPACT There is a disparity in the care of children and young adults with Crohn's disease based on parental income. Links between parental income and the treatment of Crohn's disease in children and young adults has not been assessed in national datasets in the United States. Children in the highest income quartile were more likely to undergo a major surgical procedure. The variations in healthcare for hospitalized children and young adults with CD found in this study may represent variability in patient disease, implicit bias, or a disparity in healthcare delivery across the United States.
Microstructure, Toughness Curves and Mechanical Properties of Alumina Ceramics

The microstructural variables that determine the toughness (T-curve) characteristics of alumina and other structural ceramics are considered. Alumina ceramics gain their toughness from shielding by grain-interlock bridging at the interface behind the crack tip. A general fracture mechanics formalism for describing the bridging is outlined in terms of desirable microstructural elements, such as weak internal boundaries, high internal stress, coarse microstructure. The T-curve imparts the quality of flaw tolerance to the strength properties. We examine this quality, under both inert and interactive environmental conditions, monotonic and cyclic loading, using indentation flaws. In situ observations of bridging sites during loading in the scanning electron microscope provide insight into the bridge degradation micromechanisms. Finally, short-crack properties, spontaneous microcracking and wear degradation, are examined in light of the bridging model. It is concluded that design with ceramics may require certain tradeoffs, long vs short cracks, high strength vs flaw tolerance, etc. The key to optimal performance in ceramics rests with microstructural processing for specific properties.
Galaxy surveys, inhomogeneous reionization, and dark energy

We examine the effect of inhomogeneous reionization on the galaxy power spectrum and the consequences for probing dark energy. To model feedback during reionization, we apply an ansatz setting the galaxy overdensity proportional to the underlying ionization field. Thus, inhomogeneous reionization may leave an imprint in the galaxy power spectrum. We evolve this imprint to low redshift and use the Fisher-matrix formalism to assess the effect on parameter estimation. We show that a combination of low- (z=0.3) and high- (z=3) redshift galaxy surveys can constrain the size of cosmological HII regions during reionization. This imprint can also cause confusion when using baryon oscillations or other features of the galaxy power spectrum to probe the dark energy. We show that when bubbles are large, and hence detectable, our ability to constrain w can be degraded by up to 50%. When bubbles are small, the imprint has little or no effect on measuring dark-energy parameters.
The Distance of the Dark Matter Deficient Galaxy NGC 1052?DF2

We recently inferred that the galaxy NGC 1052?DF2 has little or no dark matter and a rich system of unusual globular clusters. We assumed that the galaxy is a satellite of the luminous elliptical galaxy NGC 1052 at ?20 Mpc, on the basis of its surface brightness fluctuations (SBFs) distance of 19.0???1.7 Mpc, its radial velocity of ?1800 km s?1, and its projected position. Here we analyze the color?magnitude diagram (CMD) of NGC 1052?DF2, following the suggestion by Trujillo et al. that the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) can be detected in currently available Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data and the galaxy is at ~13 Mpc. Using fully populated galaxy models we show that the CMD is strongly influenced by blends. These blends produce a "phantom" TRGB ~2 times brighter than the true TRGB, which can lead to erroneous distance estimates ~1.4 times smaller than the actual distance. We compare NGC 1052?DF2 to model images as well as other galaxies in our HST sample, and show that the large population of unblended RGB stars expected for distances of ~13 Mpc is not detected. We also provide a new distance measurement to NGC 1052?DF2 that is free of calibration uncertainties, by anchoring it to a satellite of the megamaser host galaxy NGC 4258. From a megamaser-TRGB-SBF distance ladder we obtain D?=?18.7???1.7 Mpc, consistent with our previous measurement and with the distance to the elliptical galaxy NGC 1052.