cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substructure and strengthening mechanisms in 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel at elevated temperatures

The substructures of thermally aged, creep deformed and fatigued 2.25 Cr-1 Mo steel have been studied using optical and transmission electron microscopy. In agreement with earlier work, the substructure of the proeutectoid ferrite was found to be very stable when exposed to thermal aging or creep deformation. This stability is explained based on the tendency of molybdenum atoms to form pairs in the ferrite matrix. Nucleation and growth of additional carbide particles during creep testing was not observed. The results of these creep tests and those of Klueh have been interpreted on the basis of Mo pair stability and the affinity between molybdenum and carbon. Fatigue tests at 866 K, however, did produce a fine Mou2C precipitate which contributed to secondary cyclic hardening in tests lasting longer than 200 h. The alloy was found to undergo early cyclic hardening followed by abrupt softening within the first tens of cycles.
Reynolds-stress enhancement associated with a short fetch of roughness in wall turbulence

DOI: 10.2514/1.22357 Particle-image velocimetry experiments are performed to study the response of smooth-wall turbulent channel flow to a short fetch of roughness (10 outer length scales long). The roughness studied herein is replicated from a surface scan of a damaged turbine blade and contains both large- and small-scale surface defects attributable to pitting, deposition, and spallation. Quadrant analysis is used to investigate the characteristics of Reynolds-stressproducing events within the internal layer that develops over the roughness. The mean Reynolds stress is dramatically increased in the presence of the roughness as compared to the smooth-wall baseline owing to an increasednumberofextremelyintenseejectionsandsweeps.Incontrast,inwardandoutwardinteractions,aswellas relativelyweakejectionandsweepevents,arefoundtobeinsensitivetothesurfaceconditions.Whilestressandspace fractions are found to be insensitive to the surface topology when all Reynolds-stress-producing events are included, stressandspacefractionsforonlythemostintenseejectionandsweepeventsvarysignificantlywiththelocalsurface topology. Nomenclature H = hyperbolic hole size h = channel half-height, m I = indicator function k = roughness height, m M = total number of streamwise gridpoints in an ensemble N = space fraction Re� = friction Reynolds number S = stress fraction u = fluctuating streamwise velocity, m=s
Matrix Effect Studies in the Inductively Coupled Plasma with Monodisperse Droplets. Part I: The Influence of Matrix on the Vertical Analyte Emission Profile

The effects of different matrices on the analyte vertical emission profile in the inductively coupled plasma were evaluated with use of a monodisperse droplet sample introduction system in combination with a pneumatic nebulizer. The influence of matrix in the gas phase was separated from influences in the desolvation and volatilization steps. The results suggest that vertical shifts in the analyte emission profiles occur primarily during droplet desolvation and vaporization. The vertical shifts can be correlated to the size of the desolvated particles; larger particles produce emission profiles closer to the load coil. Possible effects of radiative heat transfer were also studied. Strongly absorbing species can increase the evaporation rate of the solvent and produce vertical shifts toward the load coil.
Association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients with mild kidney dysfunction

Background. A potentially modifiable and underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in subjects with kidney dysfunction is 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, although the relationship between inadequate vitamin D status and manifest CVD in type 2 diabetic subjects with mild kidney impairment has not been extensively examined. Methods. We evaluated the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, baseline kidney function (estimated using the modification of diet in renal disease equation) and manifest CVD (myocardial infarction, angina, ischaemic stroke, coronary revascularization or carotid endarterectomy) among 462 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes. Results. In the whole population, the mean age was 62 � 7 years, 64% were men, 76.3% had hypertension and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 94 � 33 ml/min/1.73 m 2 . Kidney function was strongly and inversely associated with CVD. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, there was an inverse association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and prevalent CVD [odds ratio 0.95 (95% CI 0.92–0.98; P ¼ 0.001)] in the whole population independent of baseline kidney function and other known risk factors. Additionally, the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin concentrations and CVD [odds ratio 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–0.99; P ¼ 0.045)] remained statistically significant in participants in the lowest estimated GFR tertile after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions. Decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are independently associated with prevalent CVD in type 2 diabetic patients with mild kidney dysfunction.
Macroinvertebrate Assemblages of Submerged Woody Debris in the Elm Fork of the Trinity River, Texas

ABSTRACT We studied the taxonomic composition and spatial and temporal variability of macroinvertebrates inhabiting coarse woody debris in an 8 km segment of the Elm Fork, a low gradient prairie river in Texas. Seventy-seven macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from submerged wood habitats compared with 38 taxa collected from soft benthic substrata. Assemblages were highly variable spatially and temporally, particularly among seasons. An ordination of species and environmental variables indicated some trends in the longitudinal distribution of flow-dependent species but overall did not find coarse woody debris-inhabiting taxa to have strong associations with many of the selected environmental variables. Significant seasonal differences occurred in the abundances of the Chironomidae (Diptera) with Orthocladiini dominating in the winter and Chironomini and Tanytarsini in the summer and autumn. Data gathered after an extended high flow period in the spring indicated a greater resilience of snag habitats tha...
A Disposable Plastic Box for Paraffin Embedding

A sheet of cellulose acetate about 0.01 inch thick is clamped over a mold, heated to softness by an electric heater and drawn down over the mold by means of a vacuum. When cooled, the sheet, now formed into embedding boxes, is removed from the clamp. Boxes so made are inexpensive enough to be disposable but can be reused, since the sides of the boxes are sloped to allow easy removal of the paraffin block.
Peptides as Regulators of Gastric Acid Secretion

Several peptides are important regulators of gastric acid secretion. The best characterized is gastrin. This circulating hormone is produced in the gastric antrum and mediates the gastric phase of acid secretion. Somatostatin is important as an inhibitory regulator of acid secretion, but the relative importance of paracrine versus endocrine delivery to its targets remains to be determined. The mammalian bombesin peptides, GRP27 and GRP10, probably are mediators of neural release of gastrin. Opioid peptides in the gastric wall appear to act as endogenous neurostimulants of gastric acid secretion under some conditions. Other neuropeptides in the gastric mucosa and submucosa, including sensory neuropeptides, may be important regulators of acid secretion. Hormones or nerves activated by fat and other substances in the lumen of the small intestine cause inhibition of acid secretion, but the specific peptides responsible for this effect have not yet been identified from a long list of candidates. The effects of peptides on the parietal cell and the gastrin and somatostatin cells are functionally linked with those of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves and with locally released histamine.
Collaborative strategic board games as a site for distributed computational thinking

ABStrAct This paper examines the idea that contemporary strategic board games represent an informal, interactional context in which complex computational thinking takes place. When games are collaborative – that is, a game requires that players work in joint pursuit of a shared goal – the computational thinking is easily observed as distributed across several participants. This raises the possibility that a focus on such board games are profitable for those who wish to understand computational thinking and learning in situ. This paper intro-duces a coding scheme, applies it to the recorded discourse of three groups of game players, and provides qualitative examples of computational thinking that are observed and documented in Pandemic. The primary contributions of this work are the description of and evidence that complex computational thinking can develop spontaneously during board game play. Steinkuehler, 2006). Often, these benefits are associated with video games and other highly interactive computational media. It is largely thought that the ability to foster a sense of im-mersion is a genuine strength of video games that distinguishes them from many other learning contexts (Shelton & Wiley, 2007).Still, there are reasons to suspect that some of the generative potential of games is not re-stricted to those that take place on a computer platform. At their most base level, games are systems of rules in which players operate on representations. In a computer game, those rules are generally executed and strictly enforced by
Regression-based LP solver for chance-constrained finite horizon optimal control with nonconvex constraints

This paper presents a novel algorithm for finite-horizon optimal control problems subject to additive Gaussian-distributed stochastic disturbance and chance constraints that are defined over feasible, non-convex state spaces. Our previous work [1] proposed a branch and bound-based algorithm that can find a near-optimal solution by iteratively solving non-linear convex optimization problems, as well as their LP relaxations called Fixed Risk Relaxation (FRR) problems. The aim of this work is to significantly reduce the computation time of the previous algorithm so that it can be applied to practical problems, such as a path planning with multiple obstacles. Our approach is to use machine learning to efficiently estimate the objective function values of FRRs within an error bound that is fixed for a given problem domain and choice of model complexity. We exploit the fact that all the FRR problems associated with the branch-and-bound tree nodes are similar to each other, both in terms of the solutions as well as the objective function and constraint coefficients. A standard optimizer is first used to generate a training data set in the form of optimal FRR solutions. Matrix transformations and boosting trees are then applied to generate learning models; fast inference is performed at run-time for new but similar FRR problems that occur when the system dynamics and/or the environment changes slightly. By using this regression technique to estimate the lower bound of the cost function value, and subsequently solving the convex optimization problems exactly at the leaf nodes of the branch-and-bound tree, we achieve 10–35 times reduction in the computation time without compromising the optimality of the solution.
Optimum storage allocation for initial loading of a file

When a file is loaded into a direct access storage device using key-to-address transformations, the number and size of storage blocks can be selected. In this study, a selection that minimizes the combined cost of storage space and accesses to the storage device is determined for the case where no record additions or deletions occur after loading. The analysis is based on the assumption that for a given set of keys, a transformation exists that gives a uniform probability distribution over the available addresses. Under this assumption, formulas are derived for the average number of overflow records and for the average number of accesses required to retrieve a record. Given these formulas, the costs are expressed as a function of storage used, number of accesses, cost per unit of storage, and cost per access. Minima are computed foar range of block sizes and operational conditions. The results seem to indicate that current file design practices are abundant with storage space. Finally, the results are condensed in an easy to use approximate formula.
In vivo Imaging of Transgenic Leishmania Parasites in a Live Host

Distinct species of Leishmania, a protozoan parasite of the family Trypanosomatidae, typically cause different human disease manifestations. The most common forms of disease are visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Mouse models of leishmaniasis are widely used, but quantification of parasite burdens during murine disease requires mice to be euthanized at various times after infection. Parasite loads are then measured either by microscopy, limiting dilution assay, or qPCR amplification of parasite DNA. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) has an integrated software package that allows the detection of a bioluminescent signal associated with cells in living organisms. Both to minimize animal usage and to follow infection longitudinally in individuals, in vivo models for imaging Leishmania spp. causing VL or CL were established. Parasites were engineered to express luciferase, and these were introduced into mice either intradermally or intravenously. Quantitative measurements of the luciferase driving bioluminescence of the transgenic Leishmania parasites within the mouse were made using IVIS. Individual mice can be imaged multiple times during longitudinal studies, allowing us to assess the inter-animal variation in the initial experimental parasite inocula, and to assess the multiplication of parasites in mouse tissues. Parasites are detected with high sensitivity in cutaneous locations. Although it is very likely that the signal (photons/second/parasite) is lower in deeper visceral organs than the skin, but quantitative comparisons of signals in superficial versus deep sites have not been done. It is possible that parasite numbers between body sites cannot be directly compared, although parasite loads in the same tissues can be compared between mice. Examples of one visceralizing species (L. infantum chagasi) and one species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (L. mexicana) are shown. The IVIS procedure can be used for monitoring and analyzing small animal models of a wide variety of Leishmania species causing the different forms of human leishmaniasis.
Studies of the pulse line ion accelerator

The Pulse Line Ion Accelerator concept was motivated by the need for an inexpensive way to accelerate intense short pulse heavy ion beams to regimes of interest for studies of High Energy Density Physics and Warm Dense Matter. A pulse power driver applied to one end of a helical pulse line creates a traveling wave that accelerates and axially confines the heavy ion beam pulse. The concept has been demonstrated with ion beams at modest acceleration gradients. Acceleration scenarios with constant parameter helical lines are described which result in output energies of a single stage much larger than the several hundred kilovolt peak voltages on the line, with a goal of 3-5 MeV/m acceleration gradients. This method has the potential to reduce the length of an equivalent induction accelerator by a factor of 6-10 while simplifying the pulsed power systems. The performance of prototype hardware has been limited by high voltage partial discharges across the vacuum insulator. Bench tests and analysis have led to significantly improved discharge thresholds. Further studies using a variety of experimental configurations are planned.
Event-driven Simulation and modeling of phase noise of an RF oscillator

A novel simulation technique that uses an event-driven VHDL simulator to model phase noise behavior of an RF oscillator for wireless applications is proposed and demonstrated. The technique is well suited to investigate complex interactions in large system-on-chip systems, where traditional RF and analog simulation tools do not work effectively. The oscillator phase noise characteristic comprising of flat electronic noise, as well as, upconverted thermal and 1/f noise regions are described using time-domain equations and simulated as either accumulative or nonaccumulative random perturbations of the fundamental oscillator period. The VHDL simulation environment was selected for its high simulation speed, the direct correlation between the simulated and built circuits and its ability to model mixed-signal systems of high complexity. The presented simulation technique has been successfully applied and validated in a Bluetooth transceiver integrated circuit fabricated in a digital 130-nm process.
Internationalizing a Campus: A Framework for Assessing Its Progress

Journal of College and Character editors welcome Larry Braskamp as contributing editor of the International Perspectives section of the JCC. Braskamp will examine global developments in character and moral development in higher education as well as important international initiatives in holistic student learning and development. A highly respected scholar in the field of higher education, he is also a former professor and administrator. Currently he works with colleagues to develop a Survey of Global Perspective, which is an inventory of student holistic global learning and development that can be used by colleges and universities to assess their progress in internationalizing their campuses.
Energy-efficient fixed-priority scheduling for real-time systems based on threshold work-demand analysis

In this paper, we study the problem of reducing the energy consumption for hard real-time systems based on fixed-priority (FP) scheme. To balance the static and dynamic energy consumption, the concept of critical speed was proposed in previous research. Moreover, when combined with the processor shut-down strategy, the critical speed was widely used as the lower bound for voltage scaling in literature. In this paper, we show that this strategy might not always be more energy efficient than the traditional DVS strategy and there exits a tradeoff between these two strategies depending on the job work-demand to be finished within certain interval. To effectively address this issue, we propose a technique that combines these two strategies to achieve better energy saving performance. Our approach determines the energy efficient speeds for real-time jobs in their corresponding feasible intervals based on the threshold work - demand analysis. Our experimental results demonstrated that the proposed techniques significantly outperformed the previous research in overall energy saving performance.
Non-Combatants and Other Peace Activists: “Everyday” disability in a time of war

While depictions of war-related disability would come to dominate the novels of male combatants in the decades following the First World War, congenital disability continued to be represented in the works of female novelists who were advocating peace. Even as the figure of the disabled veteran became hypervisible in Britain, civilians with disabilities frequently came to be overlooked where charitable aid, vocational training, and governmental assistance were concerned. We can chart a similar movement in the literature of the period, as representations of the war maimed came to eclipse "civilian" or congenital disability. In Rose Macaulay’s Non-Combatants and Others (1916) and Rose Allatini’s Despised and Rejected (1918), characters with physical disabilities become outspoken activists for the anti-war movement as they openly combat the illogic of the war and continue to labor as artists and intellectuals. Besides making these disabled bodies visible again, Allatini and Macaulay draw attention to what fitness means in sexual, intellectual, and physical terms, and encourage readers to consider what it means for the “unfit” to reject a war that has already rejected them. Keywords: First World War; Congenital disability; War disability; Women writers
Tumor lysis syndrome: review of pathogenesis, risk factors and management of a medical emergency

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication of neoplasms, preferentially hematological malignancies. Well known since at least ninety years ago, this condition can be misdiagnosed and incorrectly managed due to rapid onset of symptoms, sometimes overlapping with cancer-derived clinical conditions. Our purpose is to discuss some old and new issues of this syndrome. Predisposing factors as type of malignancy, chemotherapy regimen and age are promptly available and useful tools for inducing TLS suspicion. Management of clinical syndrome requires hydration, fluid balance, electrolytes and hyperuricemia correction, and ultimately dialysis when acute kidney injury is worsening.
Prioritizing Alcohol Prevention: Establishing Alcohol as the Gateway Drug and Linking Age of First Drink With Illicit Drug Use

BACKGROUND: Given ever-reducing budgets of community and school substance use prevention programs, there is a call for identifying the first substance in the sequence leading to polydrug use. METHODS: Examining data from a nationally representative sample of 2835 United States 12th graders, we sought to determine (1) the first substance adolescents use; (2) order in which adolescents progress through alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use; and (3) impact of age of initial substance use on lifetime and frequency of illicit substance use. RESULTS: Alcohol is the most commonly used substance, and the majority of polysubstance using respondents consumed alcohol prior to tobacco or marijuana initiation. Respondents initiating alcohol use in sixth grade reported significantly greater lifetime illicit substance use (M = 1.9, standard deviation [SD] = 1.7, p CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the importance of screening for substance use, even among youth enrolled in elementary/middle school. In addition, school prevention programs should begin in elementary school (third grade) and target alcohol use. Language: en
Testing and treating sexually assaulted adolescents: what are we waiting for?

* Abbreviations: CDC — : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ED — : emergency department STI — : sexually transmitted infection A survey conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) observed a very high rate of reported sexual assault among high school students, which occurred in 10% of girls surveyed.1 Both the CDC2,3 and the American Academy of Pediatrics4–6 recommend routine testing and prophylaxis against infection and pregnancy for sexually assaulted adolescents. Although the rates of testing and prophylaxis among adult victims of sexual assault are low throughout US emergency departments (EDs),7–9 little is known about sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and prophylaxis rates in adolescents. In this issue of Pediatrics, Schilling et al describe the rates of STI testing and prophylaxis across pediatric hospital EDs and evaluate whether local guidelines and specialized sexual assault teams influence the rates of testing and prophylaxis.10 Thirty percent of the 38 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System reported having a clinical pathway for the care of patients with sexual assault, and 64% of hospitals reported having a specialized sexual assault team. Rates of STI testing among the 12 687 adolescents included … Address correspondence to Mark I. Neuman, MD, MPH, Boston Children’s Hospital, Division of Emergency Medicine, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: mark.neuman{at}childrens.harvard.edu
Absorption and excretion of 14C-labeled Stauffer R-3828 by a steer.

When a steer was treated orally with 14C-labeled Stauffer R-3828 ( S-(p- chloro- alpha -phenylbenzyl) O, O -diethyl phosphorodithioate), 90% of the administered dose was eliminated in the urine and feces within 20 days. Of this amount, 52.7% was excreted in the urine. The plotted curves for the amounts of radioactive materials in the blood, urine, and feces were very flat, and there were multiple peaks; however, the greatest quantities occurred at either 48 or 96 hr post treatment. The elimination of Stauffer R-3828 or its products was slow compared with the elimination of other oreganophosphorus insecticides.
Electrochemical Carbon Nanotube Filter for Adsorption, Desorption, and Oxidation of Aqueous Dyes and Anions

An electrochemically active multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) filter is observed to be effective toward the adsorptive removal and electrochemical oxidation of the aqueous dyes, methylene blue and methyl orange, and the oxidation of the aqueous anions, chloride and iodide. In the absence of electrochemistry, the MWNT filter completely removed all dye from the influent solution until a near monolayer of dye molecules adsorbed to the MWNT filter surface. Electrochemical filtration at 2 V resulted in >98% oxidation of the influent dye during a single pass through the 41 μm thin porous MWNT network with a ≤1.2 s residence time. The electrochemical MWNT filter was also able to oxidize aqueous chloride and iodide with minimal overpotential. However, the oxidation of these anions was limited by the number of electrochemically active MWNT surface sites. These results show the potential of an electrochemical MWNT filter for the adsorptive removal and oxidative degradation of aqueous contaminants.
Energy Levels of N 14 from the Elastic Scattering of α Particles by B 10

The level structure above 13-MeV excitation energy in $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ was investigated through the reaction $^{10}\mathrm{B}(\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{10}\mathrm{B}$ in the energy range from ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=2.0 \mathrm{to} 4.3$ MeV. Excitation functions for elastically scattered $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles were measured in 20-keV steps at six c.m. angles of 67.8, 89.7, 113.5, 141.8, 154.9, and 169.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. Besides the two strong resonances observed at ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}\ensuremath{\simeq}2.21 \mathrm{and} 4.26$ MeV, respectively, two additional resonances were required to fit the excitation functions. An $R$-matrix calculation was used to obtain spin and parity assignments of ${3}^{+}$, ${1}^{+}$, ${3}^{+}$, and ${2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to the levels at excitation energies of ${E}_{x}=13.19,13.72,14.25,\mathrm{and} 14.66$ MeV, respectively. The partial widths of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle decay and total widths of these states were also determined. In addition, the excitation function from ${E}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}}=1.4 \mathrm{to} 2.0$ MeV was measured at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}={89.7}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, and no obvious resonances were observed in this energy region. Possible correlations of the strong $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle levels to the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle core-excited threshold-state model are also discussed.
Atorvastatin: An update of recent clinical trial experience

Objective: To demonstrate how evaluative studies of atorvastatin have progressed from surrogate markers to more complex head-to-head clinical experiments. Data Sources: A search of MEDLINE was conducted (1994-April 2004),and an extensive manual review of journals was performed using the key search terms atorvastatin, coronary heart disease, and lipid-lowering therapy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated. Studies were selected to track both sponsor-supported and non-sponsor-funded experiments designed to evaluate atorvastatin. Data Synthesis: Originally introduced in 1997, atorvastatin was considered to be a potent addition to the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins). Atorvastatin significantly reduces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels with a starting dose of 10 mg/day. Broad acceptance and utilization of the statin class was still evolving at that time. Pfizer/W-L directed a comprehensive clinical trial program. Currently, there are >400 ongoing and completed clinical experiments with >80,000 patients involved. Along with an extensive safety record, atorvastatin will likely continue to change the way in which statin therapy is applied in various clinical settings. Conclusions: The experimental and clinical trial data with atorvastatin demonstrate a broad database supporting how atorvastatin impacts cardiovascular risk. As studies within the atorvastatin clinical program continue, we will undoubtedly gain additional insight on how patients can benefit from statin therapy.
Fear of Death of Suicidal Persons

It was found that suicidal students feared death less than less suicidal students and were more aware of and concerned with the manipulative aspects of death. The importance of this type of information as an aid in the understanding of the psychodynamics of the suicidal person is noted.
Overgroups of Root Groups in Classical Groups

We extend results of McLaughlin and Kantor on overgroups of long root subgroups and long root elements in finite classical groups. In particular we determine the maximal subgroups of this form. We also determine the maximal overgroups of short root subgroups in finite classical groups, and the maximal overgroups in finite orthogonal groups of c-root subgroups.
Central Nervous System Pressor Responses in Rats Susceptible and Resistant to Sodium Chloride Hypertension

1. The pressor responses to hypertonic saline and angiotensin II introduced into the left lateral ventricle were both significantly greater in salt-sensitive (S) rats compared with salt-resistant (R) rats, with all rats on a low Na diet. 2. When S rats were given thiazide to nullify the pressor effect of dietary NaCl, their blood pressure averaged only 5 mmHg higher than that of the R rats; nevertheless, these S rats had significantly higher central nervous system pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypertonic saline. 3. Thus, if excessive dietary Na increases blood pressure by way of action on the central nervous system, these heightened pressor responses could partially account for the NaCl hypertension in S rats. Alternatively, depressed central nervous system pressor responses in R rats could partially explain the resistance of R rats to NaCl hypertension.
Bombesin maintains enterocyte phenotype in fasted rats.

Background. Previous studies have suggested a relationship between enterocyte phenotype and the growth state of the epithelium; under atrophic conditions, lactase gene expression is high, whereas intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) expression is low, and vice versa. On the basis of this model, we hypothesized that the intestinal trophic factor bombesin would alter brush-border enzyme gene expression in predictable way. Methods. Adult rats were fasted for 48 hours and treated (intraperitoneally) with either 10 μg/kg RNA purified, and Northern blot analyses performed with radiolabeled cDNA probes corresponding to lactase, IAP, villin, and actin
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment

Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment is a quick, effective technique with which to manage substance use in adolescents and young adults. Use of a validated measure for detecting substance use and abuse is significantly more effective than unvalidated tools or provider intuition. There are a variety of validated tools available to use in the adolescent/young adult population, and there are opportunities to increase the efficiency and scalability of screening by using computerized questionnaires. This area continues to evolve rapidly.
Correlations between Physicochemical Properties and Kinetic Parameters of Different Cultivars of Rice

Twelve varieties of rice were cooked hydrothermally. The water uptake of rice and the extent of starch gelatinization were monitored. A mathematical model was used to calculate the absorption rate at which water was diffused into rice kernels under the influence of simultaneously occurring gelatinization reaction. Results indicated the sensitivity of diffusion process to temperature change was similar for the 12 varieties, however, discrepancy was found in the sensitivity of gelatinization reaction to temperature change. The differences among samples were mainly from the differences in Do(L) (frequency factor at low temperature range) and Ko(H) (frequency factor at high temperature range).
THE TIBER RIVER

TODAY IT IS HARD TO IMAGINE WHAT THE TIBER RIVER (FIG. 156) WAS LIKE in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when it was still the heart of Rome's small but bustling industrial zone. Brickmakers and potters worked on the right bank; tanners and candlemakers on the left; millers, stevedores, and laundresses along both sides, with ferrymen navigating between them. The acquaeroli – water merchants who sold Tiber water for drinking now that the aqueducts were essentially dry – usually claimed the upper stretches, where there was less pollution. The millers worked where the current was strongest, from the bend of the Tiber at the Hospital of Santo Spirito in the Borgo to below Pons Aemilius (called Ponte S. Maria since the early eleventh century) and especially near the Tiber Island, where they had congregated ever since Belisarius had the millwheels moved there from the Janiculum Hill after the Gothic War (Fig. 157). Polluting industries, such as tanning and ceramics, were restricted to less salubrious parts of the river. The ceramicists worked along Via dei Vascellari (Pottery Row) in Trastevere, where their kilns and smoke posed less threat to the city, and the tanners, whose work was perhaps the filthiest of all, were restricted to an area just above the Tiber Island on the left bank. The Tiber was still congested with vessels bearing goods and people to Rome as they had for 2,000 years, and stretches of the river were still zoned for port activities. But Rome had long gone without amphoras filled with Spanish olive oil offloaded at Testaccio, or majestic blocks of Greek marble hoisted off imperial barges at the Emporium below the Aventine. Since at least the ninth century, when Saracen pirates had imperiled Ostia, Rome's few docks lay within the walls. To supplement the Leonine Walls, Pope Leo IV also built two towers near Porta Portuensis anchoring a chain suspended across the Tiber to prevent attacks from downstream. Testaccio, now far outside the inhabited area, became both farmland and a seasonal playground for bullfights and other sports (Fig. 158; see Fig. 178), while the ancient imperial port known as Pietra Papa farther south on the right bank was now stranded 50 meters from the shore as the Tiber shifted its course.
A Full-Blown Epidemic

The progressive increase in the number of hemophiliacs with AIDS and the measures that finally ended the epidemic are presented in this chapter. As of May 1985, HIV antibodies were found in 82% of those exposed to concentrate but only in 10% of those treated solely with cryoprecipitate, and 73 hemophiliacs had AIDS. By July 1987, the number with AIDS had increased to 374, and hundreds of others were asymptomatic but infected with the virus. Data collected in 1994 showed that the death rate for hemophiliacs increased from 0.5 per million in 1981 to 1.3 per million in 1989, attributable to HIV infection. Some infected hemophiliacs transmitted the virus to their spouses, who passed the virus to their infants during subsequent pregnancies. Safe concentrates were finally introduced by pharmaceutical manufacturers in late 1984, and they became universally used by July 1985. No further transmissions of HIV occurred after that date, and the introduction of combinations of anti-HIV drugs in the 1990s led to a marked decline in AIDS fatalities.
First principles modeling of grain boundaries in CdTe

A fundamental understanding of the role of vacancies, interstitials, dislocations and grain boundaries on the electronic structure of CdTe may lead to efficiency improvements. Atomistic-level characterization, including microscopy and first principles modeling, is crucial in developing such a fundamental understanding. In the present work, we built atomistic grain boundary and dislocation core models directly from the STEM images using image analysis methods and crystallographic information at the interface. Grain boundaries are modeled using first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Electronic structures of large-scale grain models are also computed with an accurate hybrid functional (HSE06). We report the electronic density of states (DOS) and electrostatic potential profiles of different CdTe grain boundaries to understand charge carrier interactions. Thermodynamics of point defects and pairs of point defects that can exist on or near grain boundaries are studied and pertaining changes in electronic structure are reported. The implications of these electronic structure changes at grain boundaries on photovoltaic performance, and corresponding strategies to improve performance, are discussed.
Multi-frequency Ferromagnetic Resonance Investigation of Nickel Nanocubes Encapsulated in Diamagnetic Magnesium Oxide Matrix

Partially aligned nickel nanocubes were grown epitaxially in a diamagnetic magnesium oxide (MgO:Ni) host and studied by a continuous wave ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy at the X-band (9.5 GHz) from ca. 117 to 458 K and then at room temperature for multiple external magnetic fields/resonant frequencies from 9.5 to 330 GHz. In contrast to conventional magnetic susceptibility studies that provided data on the bulk magnetization, the FMR spectra revealed the presence of three different types of magnetic Ni nanocubes in the sample. Specifically, three different ferromagnetic resonances were observed in the X-band spectra: a line 1 assigned to large nickel nanocubes, a line 2 corresponding to the nanocubes exhibiting saturated magnetization even at ca. 0.3 T field, and a high field line 3 (geff ∼ 6.2) tentatively assigned to small nickel nanocubes likely having their hard magnetization axis aligned along or close to the direction of the external magnetic field. Based on the analysis of FMR data, the...
Infinite dimensional control of doubly stochastic Jump Diffusions

We present the infinite dimensional approach to control of a general class of doubly stochastic or otherwise known Q-mark Markov Jump Diffusion (Q-MJD) processes. The governing dynamics for the the probability density function (PDF) of this class of Q-MJD processes is a Partial Integro Differential Equation (PIDE). The infinite dimensional Minimum Principle (MP) is applied to control these PIDE dynamics. We qualitatively compare the infinite dimensional MP and the stochastic Dynamic Programming Principle (DPP) frameworks as applied to control of Q-MJD processes. The developed sampling based algorithms illustrate how the presented framework is a multi trajectory optimization method to solve nonlinear stochastic optimal control problems for Q-MJD processes.
Environmental, not individual, factors drive markers of biological aging in black bears

Aging negatively affects individual survival and reproduction; consequently, characterizing the factors behind aging can enhance our understanding of fitness in wild populations. The drivers of biological age are diverse, but often related to factors like chronological age or sex of the individual. Recently, however, environmental factors have been shown to strongly influence biological age. To explore the relative importance of these influences on biological aging in a free-ranging and long-lived vertebrate, we quantified the length of telomeres—highly conserved DNA sequences that cap the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and a useful molecular marker of biological age—for black bears sampled throughout Colorado, and measured a variety of environmental variables (habitat productivity, human development, latitude, elevation) and individual characteristics (age, sex, body size, genetic relatedness). Our extensive sampling of bears (n = 245) revealed no relationships between telomere length and any individual characteristics. Instead, we found a broad-scale latitudinal pattern in telomere length, with bears in northern Colorado possessing shorter telomeres. Our results suggest that environmental characteristics overwhelm individual ones in determining biological aging for this large carnivore.
Crowdsourcing and Online Collaborative Translations: Expanding the limits of Translation Studies

Crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations have emerged in the last decade to the forefront of Translation Studies as one of the most dynamic and unpredictable phenomena that has attracted a growing number of researchers. The popularity of this set of varied translational processes holds the potential to reframe existing translation theories, redefine a number of tenets in the discipline, advance research in the so-called “technological turn” and impact public perceptions on translation. This book provides an interdisciplinary analysis of these phenomena from a descriptive and critical perspective, delving into industry approaches and fostering inter and intra disciplinary connections between areas in which the impact is the greatest, such as cognitive translatology, translation technologies, quality and translation evaluation, sociological approaches, text-linguistic approaches, audiovisual translation or translation pedagogy. This book is of special interest to translation researchers, translation students, industry experts or anyone with an interest on how crowdsourcing and online collaborative translations relate to past, present and future research and theorizations in Translation Studies.
Zum anatomischen Substrat der epigastrischen AuraEin Fallbericht

Epigastrische Sensationen sind die haufigste Form einer Aura bei mesialen Temporallappenepilepsien. Bis heute ist strittig, wo sich die symptomatogene Zone der epigastrischen Aura befindet. Neben dem Temporallappen wurde hier die Inselregion diskutiert. Der von uns vorgestellte Fall stutzt die Annahme einer Generierung der epigastrischen Aura im Inselkortex. Bei einem 44-jahrigen Mann bestand eine fokale Epilepsie mit durch epigastrische Auren eingeleiteten psychomotorischen Anfallen. Die Bildgebung zeigte ein Kavernom in der rechten Inselregion bei unauffalligem ipsilateralen Temporallappen. Die Lasion wurde unter Belassung des Temporallappens chirurgisch entfernt. Abgesehen von einer nicht habituellen klinischen Episode blieb der Patient anfallsfrei (inklusive Auren). Wir schliesen daraus, dass wahrscheinlich der rechte Inselkortex die symptomatogene Zone fur die epigastrische Aura dieses Patienten war. Obwohl nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, dass die Aura dieses Patienten aus der iktalen Aktivierung anderer Hirnareale resultiert, spricht die erfolgreiche Lasionektomie fur unsere Hypothese.
A comparative study of channel designs for SiC MOSFETs: Accumulation mode channel vs. inversion mode channel

This paper provides detailed comparison of electrical characteristics of accumulation mode and inversion mode 1.2 kV SiC MOSFETs, including performance at high temperatures (up to 200 °C). Statistical data measured from over 50 dies on 6-inch SiC wafers was used for this comparison. It is concluded that the accumulation mode SiC MOSFET provides a lower specific on-resistance than the inversion mode MOSFET due to a higher channel mobility (∼ 22 cm2/V·s) while achieving a reasonable threshold voltage (∼ 2.3 V). Based on statistical data analyses, a strong correlation between the threshold voltage and the field effect channel mobility was identified.
Correlation of Photophysical Properties with the Photoacoustic Emission for a Selection of Established Chromophores

An archetypal study is presented to correlate both the optical and the photoacoustic (PA) properties for a diverse selection of dyes whose structural properties range across organic and inorganic, symmetric and asymmetric, and neutral and cationic systems. Three distinct classes of molecular PA contrast agents have been identified and classified according to their optical-PA response as either (i) linear absorbers linear PA emitter, (ii) saturable absorbers weak PA emitter, or (iii) reverse saturable absorbers nonlinear PA emitter. The molecular characteristics instrumental in determining the nature of the dyes optical absorption properties, i.e., ground state molar extinction coefficient (eg), excited state molar extinction coefficient (ee), and excited state lifetime (τ), are discussed to aid in the interpretation of a molecule’s optical vs PA response. An excellent linear PA emitter is established in crystal violet, which exhibits the strongest possible PA signal under low laser fluence conditions in b...
Future Directions in Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Eosinophilic esophagitis advances parallel the increased prevalence. Developments include refining the diagnostic criteria, identifying risk factors, appreciating the contribution of inflammatory pathways, recognizing the importance of subepithelial remodeling, validating trial endpoints, defining a role for biological therapies, and optimizing dietary therapy. Endoscopic outcomes have emerged as endpoints in trials of novel therapeutics. Expanding efforts seek to develop less-invasive methods to assess disease activity thereby reducing the burden of repeated endoscopic procedures during elimination diets. The functional lumen imaging probe is now identified as a determinant of complications with potential utility as a therapeutic endpoint.
The Life of U's: Order Revisions on NASDAQ

By recovering data on individual revision "U"-messages on NASDAQ, this paper is the first to reconstruct and then examine chains of order revisions. In recent years, revisions have grown in popularity and now are thrice as common as executions. The research on revisions, however, is practically non-existent. We find significant differences between revisions and cancellations/placements as order updating techniques. Our results also show that while traders appear to respond rationally to new information by updating their orders, there exist stable predictable patterns in the behavior of order revisions. Additionally, there is evidence of adverse effects of revisions on market quality.
Genetic Susceptibility to Hypertension-Induced Renal Injury.

See related article, pp 700–708 Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are the leading causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease, but little is known about the genes involved. The present study by Dhande et al1 validated 2 regions of the genome that together completely account for CKD in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SpSHR). This study is highly significant because 1 in 7 Americans have CKD, and the Medicaid costs for treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease and CKD are 34 and 64 billion dollars/yr, respectively.2 Most patients with mild or moderate hypertension do not develop proteinuria or significant renal injury, indicating that there are differences in the genetic susceptibility.3,4 Renoprotection is also seen in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and angiotensin-dependent rodent models of hypertension that is associated with an elevation in renal vascular resistance that prevents transmission of systemic pressure to the glomerular capillaries.3,4 However, renal autoregulation is often impaired in patients with diabetes mellitus and blacks with low renin forms of hypertension that exhibit increased susceptibility to proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in response to even modest elevations in pressure.3,4 Thus, there is tremendous interest in defining the genes and pathways that influence the susceptibility to hypertension-induced renal injury. Whole genome-wide association studies have uncovered susceptibility loci on nearly every chromosome.5 However, progress in identifying the causal genes remains limited. To date, only variants in apolipoprotein 1 and cubulin have been found to elevate the risk of CKD in blacks and albuminuria in diabetic patients.5 Genetic mapping studies using strains of rats that are susceptible (fawn-hooded hypertensive, Dahl salt-sensitive, buffalo, Munich Wistar Furth, and SpSHR) and resistant (spontaneously hypertensive, Brown-Norway, Wistar Kyoto, Lewis, August Copenhagen …