cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluidic packaging of microengine and microrocket devices for high-pressure and high-temperature operation

The fluidic packaging of Power MEMS devices such as the MIT microengine and microrocket requires the fabrication of hermetic seals capable of withstanding temperature in the range 20-600/spl deg/C and pressures in the range 100-300 atm. We describe an approach to such packaging by attaching Kovar metal tubes to a silicon device using glass seal technology. Failure due to fracture of the seals is a significant reliability concern in the baseline process: microscopy revealed a large number of voids in the glass, pre-cracks in the glass and silicon, and poor wetting of the glass to silicon. The effects of various processing and materials parameters on these phenomena were examined. A robust procedure, based on the use of metal-coated silicon substrates, was developed to ensure good wetting. The bending strength of single-tube specimens was determined at several temperatures. The dominant failure mode changed from fracture at room temperature to yielding of the glass and Kovar at 600/spl deg/C. The strength in tension at room temperature was analyzed using Weibull statistics; these results indicate a probability of survival of 0.99 at an operational pressure of 125 atm at room temperature for single tubes and a corresponding probability of 0.9 for a packaged device with 11 joints. The residual stresses were analyzed using the method of finite elements and recommendations for the improvement of packaging reliability are suggested.
Cochannel speaker count labelling based on the use of cepstral and pitch prediction derived features

Abstract Cochannel interference of speech signals is a common practical problem particularly in tactical communications. Ideally, separation of the individual speech signals is desired. However, it is known that when two equal bandwidth signals are added, such a separation is not possible. We examine the problem of identifying temporal regions or frames as being either one-speaker or two-speaker speech. This identification is important in making automatic speaker and speech recognition systems more robust and is based on feature extraction and subsequent classification as is done in pattern recognition. The research has looked into both the closed-set problem where the identity of the tow interfering speakers are known a priori and the more difficult open-set problem where the identities are not known (speaker independent). For the feature extraction step, we propose a new pitch prediction feature (PPF) which is compared with the linear Predictive cepstral coefficients (LPCC) and the mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC). The features are computed and classified on a frame-by-frame basis. We compare the performance of two classifiers, namely, the neural tree network (NTN) and vector quantizer (VQ). The results show that in both the closed-and open-set cases, (1) the VQ is the better classifier and (2) the PPF outperforms both the MFCC and LPCC features. The superiority of the PFF comes with the added benefits of using a scalar feature as opposed to the 12-dimensional vectorial LPCC and MFCC features and a lower VQ codebook size.
Reconfigurable frequency selective surfaces with silicon switches

A new design concept was presented for reconfigurable FSS that uses silicon as switches. Signals at frequencies around/above 100 GHz (D-band) are of interest for several applications including atmospheric sensing, wideband communications, automotive radar and test instrumentation. This paper presented two RFSS examples, one design with metallic patches and one with all dielectric materials at a target frequency of 100 GHz. The designs proposed in this paper are readily fabricated and can be easily scaled to lower or higher frequencies.
Techniques for global optimization of message passing communication on unreliable networks

In this paper, we present techniques to improve the performance of parallel and distributed applications running on distributed systems built with unreliable local-area networks. The optimizations tailor the message passing system used by the application to the communication pattern exhibited by the application. The optimizations are global and application dependent since communication patterns vary from application to application. The techniques improve both the execution times and scalability of many parallel applications as well as distributed system services.
Context-dependent sexual advertisement: plasticity in development of sexual ornamentation throughout the lifetime of a passerine bird.

Abstract Male investment into sexual ornamentation is a reproductive decision that depends on the context of breeding and life history state. In turn, selection for state- and context-specific expression of sexual ornamentation should favour the evolution of developmental pathways that enable the flexible allocation of resources into sexual ornamentation. We studied lifelong variation in the expression and condition-dependence of a sexual ornament in relation to age and the context of breeding in male house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) – a species that develops a new sexual ornament once a year after breeding. Throughout males’ lifetime, the elaboration of ornamentation and the allocation of resources to the development of sexual ornamentation depended strongly on pairing status in the preceding breeding season – males that were single invested more resources into sexual ornamentation and changed ornamentation more than males that were paired. During the initial (post-juvenile) moult, the expression of ornamentation was closely dependent on individual condition, however the condition-dependence of ornamentation sharply decreased throughout a male's lifetime and in older males expression of sexual ornamentation was largely independent of condition during moult. Selection for early breeding favoured greater ornamentation in males that were single in the preceding seasons and the strength of this selection increased with age. On the contrary, the strength of selection on sexual ornamentation decreased with age in males that were paired in the preceding breeding season. Our results reveal strong context-dependency in investment into sexual ornamentation as well as a high flexibility in the development of sexual ornamentation throughout a male's life.
Reply to Dr. Chiodini's and Dr. Chamberlin's letters

Dear Sir, I write today to address the points of confusion expressed by Dr. Chiodini and Dr. Chamberlin in their letters. The animal studies referred to were referenced at the end of the paragraph on “Transmission of Crohn's disease to animals”1—see Ref. 1 published in 1999.2 Nowhere in the 1999 paper nor in the present manuscript do I mention using bacterial cultures as inoculum as was done in our earlier work.3 Yes, it was a different method—the inoculum was fresh triturated …
Depletion-corrected average catch: a simple formula for estimating sustainable yields in data-poor situations

The depletion-corrected average catch (DCAC) formula is an extension of the potential-yield formula, and it provides useful estimates of sustainable yield for data-poor fisheries on long-lived species. Over an extended period (e.g. a decade or more), the catch is divided into a sustainable yield component and an unsustainable “windfall” component associated with a one-time reduction in stock biomass. The size of the windfall is expressed as being equivalent to a number of years of sustainable production, in the form of a “windfall ratio”. The DCAC is calculated as the sum of catches divided by the sum of the number of years in the catch series and this windfall ratio. Input information includes the sum of catches and associated number of years, the relative reduction in biomass during that period, the natural mortality rate (M, which should be ,0.2 year 21 ), and the assumed ratio of FMSY to M. These input values are expected to be approximate, and based on the estimates of their imprecision, the uncertainty can be integrated by Monte Carlo exploration of DCAC values.
Correlates of hypoalbuminemia in community-dwelling older persons.

To identify easily ascertainable sociodemographic and health characteristics that are associated with hypoalbuminemia in community-dwelling older persons, we used data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. This population-based stratified probability sample survey included 4728 persons aged 55-74 y. We defined hypoalbuminemia in two ways: < 35 g/L (1.2% of the sample) or ≤ 38 g/L (7.9% of the sample) and used multivariate logistic models to identify independent predictors of hypoalbuminemia. Older age; receiving welfare; a condition interfering with eating; vomiting ≥ 3 d/mo; previous surgery for gastrointestinal tumor; self-reported heart failure; recurring cough attacks; feeling tired or wornout; edentulous, fair, or poor condition of teeth; little or no exercise; a low-salt diet; trouble chewing meat; self-reported protein albumin, blood, or sugar in urine; and current cigarette smoking were independently associated with albuminemia (≤ 38 g/L) or progressively lower albumin concentrations <40 g/L. Persons with 3-5 of these factors (51.5% of the sample) had an odds ratio of 2.73 (95% CI: 1.64, 4.54) and those with ≥ 6 factors (9.4% of the sample) had an odds ratio of 6.44 (95% CI: 3.49, 11.86) of albuminemia ≤ 38 g/L compared with those with 0-2 risk factors (39.1% of the sample). These findings suggest that several easily assessed sociodemographic, lifestyle, and disease-related factors are associated with hypoalbuminemia and might be valuable items to include on general health surveys to identify older persons who have this marker of poor health status.
Pentoxifylline decreases oxidized lipid products in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: New evidence on the potential therapeutic mechanism

Background Pentoxifylline (PTX) improved histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in a recent randomized placebo-controlled trial. However, the underlying mechanism responsible for the beneficial effects of PTX in NASH remains unidentified. A key role of lipid oxidation in the pathogenesis and progression of NASH has been established. PTX is known to decrease free-radical mediated oxidative stress and inhibit lipid oxidation. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of PTX on levels of lipid oxidation products in patients with NASH.
Nonepileptic cortical cerebral blood flow and temporal lobe epileptogenicity

Abstract Long-term combined electrocorticographic (ECoG) and surface cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitoring was performed to test the hypothesis that human temporal lobe epileptogenicity (i.e. seizure frequency) depends on perfusion of nonepileptic cortex. ECoG and CBF data were continuously recorded from homotopic regions of nonepileptic and epileptic temporal lobes. During the 2-h peri-ictal and 5-min pre- and post-ictal periods, seizure frequency was a positive linear function of non epileptic CBF ( r =0.599, df=48, P r =0.794, df=130, P r =0.610, df=1040, P
AMINO ACID MIXTURES EFFECTIVE PARENTERALLY FOR LONG CONTINUED PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION. CASEIN DIGESTS COMPARED

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of red cells suspended in saline (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet nitrogen intake is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and to certain intoxications. The ten growth essential amino acids of Rose plus glycine will maintain nitrogen balance and produce as much new plasma protein as will good diet proteins. This good utilization is demonstrated over periods of several months when the amino acids are given either orally or parenterally. There is no evidence of toxicity in general nor to unnatural forms of these synthetic amino acids in particular. Given parenterally appropriate mixtures of these amino acids are well tolerated even upon rapid injection. The minimal daily requirements for a 10 kilo dog may be given intravenously in 10 minutes without reaction. Subcutaneously a 10 per cent solution may be given rapidly without reaction. Among various mixtures tested Vt approximates a minimum for a 10 kilo dog. It contains in grams (dl-threonine 0.7, dl-valine 1.5, l-(-) leucine 1.5, dl-isoleucine 1.4, dl-lysine hydrochloride 1.5, l(-) tryptophane 0.4, dl-phenylalanine 1.0, dl-methionine 0.6, l(+)-histidine hydrochloride 0.5, l(+)-arginine hydrochloride 0.5, and glycine 1.0. The presence of glycine improves tolerance to rapid intravenous injection, but excess glycine does not improve utilization of the mixture. Over a long period this mixture appears suboptimal in quantity. Doubled it is more than ample. Of two casein digests tested the one prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis provided good nitrogen retention and fairly good plasma protein production but was much less tolerable upon intravenous injection than certain mixtures of pure amino acids. The other one prepared by acid hydrolysis and tryptophane fortification afforded bare nitrogen equilibrium and produced virtually no plasma protein. Skin lesions observed after 10 to 20 weeks of synthetic diet probably reflect a deficiency of some member or members of the vitamin B(2) group. A persistent slight weight loss in the face of a strongly positive nitrogen balance may accompany this deficiency.
Combinatorial Expression of TRPV Channel Proteins Defines Their Sensory Functions and Subcellular Localization in C. elegans Neurons

C. elegans OSM-9 is a TRPV channel protein involved in sensory transduction and adaptation. Here, we show that distinct sensory functions arise from different combinations of OSM-9 and related OCR TRPV proteins. Both OSM-9 and OCR-2 are essential for several forms of sensory transduction, including olfaction, osmosensation, mechanosensation, and chemosensation. In neurons that express both OSM-9 and OCR-2, tagged OCR-2 and OSM-9 proteins reside in sensory cilia and promote each other's localization to cilia. In neurons that express only OSM-9, tagged OSM-9 protein resides in the cell body and acts in sensory adaptation rather than sensory transduction. Thus, alternative combinations of TRPV proteins may direct different functions in distinct subcellular locations. Animals expressing the mammalian TRPV1 (VR1) channel in ASH nociceptor neurons avoid the TRPV1 ligand capsaicin, allowing selective, drug-inducible activation of a specific behavior.
Analysis of non-crystallin lens fiber cell gene expression in c-Maf -/- mice.

Purpose: To examine the role of the c-Maf transcription factor in the regulation of non-crystallin lens fiber cell specific gene expression. Methods: Expression of lens fiber cell genes in c-Maf null mice was analyzed by immunohistochemical and RT-PCR methods. In addition, the effect of c-Maf on fiber cell gene promoter fragments was examined in co-transfection experiments. Results: Examination of protein expression in c-Maf homozygous mutant mice revealed undetectable levels of CP49, CP115 and MIP protein. mRNA transcripts for these non-crystallin genes were observed at reduced levels in subsequent RT-PCR experiments. The co-transfection of a c-Maf expression construct with reporter constructs containing the proximal promoters of the CP49 and CP115 genes, the structural components of the lens fiber cell beaded filament, did not result in activation of reporter gene expression, as was observed with a crystallin promoter. Conclusions: While c-Maf has been shown to play a critical role in lens specific expression of the numerous crystallin genes, it does not appear to regulate some non-crystallin fiber cell genes in the same manner. In contrast to most crystallin genes, detectable levels of CP49, CP115, and MIP transcripts are achieved in the absence of c-Maf. In co-transfection experiments, the CP49 and CP115 proximal promoter sequences were not activated by c-Maf. This suggests that increases in transcription of non-crystallin lens fiber cell genes can be enacted in a c-Maf independent fashion.
The Challenges of Religious Neutrality (Book Review of the Rhetoric of Church and State: A Critical Analysis of Religion Clause Jurisprudence, by Frederick Mark Gedicks, 1995)

Levine begins this review essay by noting that at the outset of his discussion, Gedicks notes the difficulty one faces in critically engaging Supreme Court decisions in the area of church and state law. Gedicks goes on to premise his analysis on the identification of “competing rhetorical discourses of church-state relations,” through which he attempts to “organize virtually all of religion clause doctrine.” Gedicks applies this phenomenon, which he terms “discourse,” to church and state law. Thus, in The Rhetoric of Church and State: A Critical Analysis of Religion Clause Jurisprudence, Professor Gedicks succeeds in his goal of providing a thoughtful look at many of the central issues in current church-state law “at a level deeper than doctrine.” Levine states that the book's most important contribution may be its identification of competing discourses which see the relationship between church and state through different and somewhat incompatible world views. As Gedicks convincingly illustrates throughout the book, it is the basic differences between discourses that make the pursuit of religious neutrality so elusive. Gedicks concludes the book with a call for a third discourse of church and state, one that could weave the threads of religion clause jurisprudence into a coherent whole and attract popular support, which secular individualism had failed to do, and which could also protect a meaningful measure of religious freedom and pluralism, which religious communitarianism would threaten. Though Gedicks does not identify such a solution, he acknowledges that, as his analysis often - though perhaps not always self-consciously - demonstrates, “since each of these discourses is antithetical to the other, efforts to mediate a compromise position between the two are doomed.”
Is Human Resource Management the Manager of the New Class Employment System

This research investigates and finds support for the hypothesis that the demand human resource managers is largely derived from the relative demand for professional, managerial, and technical employees who possess high levels of occupationally specific human capital. Strong demand for these employees significantly increases both employment and earnings of human resource managers, reflecting the growing importance of occupational specific capital to firm performance and the practice of human resources. During the last several decades, the emergence of a new class comprised of professional, technical, and specialized managerial occupations has required the restructuring human resource management (HRM). Evidence is presented that HRM has increasingly shifted its activities away from the management of enterprise internal labor markets based on firm specific human capital, to coordinating organizational demand for employees with high levels of occupationally specific human capital acquired in universities, professional apprenticeships, expert associations and journals, and specialized training. HRM has become the employment relations manager of this new class employment system.
Phase I trial of subcutaneous (SQ) alemtuzumab (A) and CHOP in T-cell lymphoma: Preliminary results

7594 Background: T-cell lymphomas are highly chemoresistant. Cure rates with combination chemotherapy do not exceed 25–30%. We showed that A, a humanized IgG1 targeting the CD52 antigen expressed on most human leukocytes, is cytotoxic for malignant T-cells in vitro and in vivo, regardless of p53 mutational status (Blood 106, 3380, 2005). Thus, we initiated a Phase I study with A and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) in T-cell lymphoma. Methods: Accrual goal: 15–18 patients (pts) with untreated (u) or relapsed (r) peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), excluding ALK-1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Primary objective: maximal tolerated dose (MTD). All pts receive single agent SQ A loading (3, 10, 30 mg) over 5 days, followed by one SQ A dose with each CHOP every 21 days for a total of 8 cycles. A dose levels: 3, 10, 20 and 30 mg. All pts receive valacyclovir and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole, plus G-CSF and erythropoietin according to gu...
A family of doctors over 250 years: innovation and controversy.

A family of Watkins doctors originating in the Northamptonshire town of Towcester included 13 doctors in seven generations during 250 years. In each generation there were between one and four doctors. Three doctors involved themselves actively in innovative yet controversial practises, described in their own writings and publications. Timothy Watkins' (1755–1834) own handwritten lecture notes describe the problems affecting an 18th-century man-midwife, while his accounts book provides insights into his lifestyle. The concept of the waterborne spread of cholera during the 1854 epidemic in Towcester is described by Robert Webb Watkins (1822–1901) during the same year as the observations made by John Snow (1813–58). John Webb Watkins (1833–1903) in his MD thesis (1856) describes his use of chloroform in labour in Towcester during the early 1850s, followed by self-experimentation with chloroform administered to him between 40 and 50 times by Sir James Young Simpson (1811–70) in Edinburgh. Descriptions of the ...
Investigation on the Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes in Shouyang County

[Objective]To understand the prevalence of patients over 50 years with hypertension and diabetes in Shouyang County,to analyze its relation with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events,and put forward countermeasures.[Methods]A total of 600 patients with hypertension were randomly selected and divided into hypertension group and group of hypertension with diabetes.The prevalence of diabetes and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were analyzed with SPSS software.[Results]The incidence of diabetes of patients with hypertension was 15.33%,the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events of hypertension with diabetes group was 51.09% which was obviously higher than that of hypertension group(17.32%),the difference was significant(P0.01).[Conclusion]Hypertension combined with diabetes is the extremely important risky factor of malignant cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.Control of blood glucose and blood pressure,and strictly to the target level is the key to reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and death.
Three Stages of the Research on Modern Chinese Literature in Europe and America

The history of the research on Modern Chinese Literature in Europe and America can be separated into three stages: preceding discipline period,discipline period and cross-discipline period.In the first period,Modern Chinese Literature research is subordinate to Sinology,gradually developing into an independent discipline.Because the beginning of Modern Chinese Literature is 1917,the preceding discipline period is from 1917 to the late 50's of the 20th century.Discipline period is a period when Modern Chinese Literature research has developed into an independent discipline.It is from the early 60's of the 20th century to the late 80's of the 20th century.Cross-discipline period is a period that the research on Modern Chinese Literature is no longer limited in its own discipline,it combines philosophy,art,science and other disciplines with its own discipline.This period is from the early 90's of the 20th century to the present.
The biology of malignant gliomas. A comprehensive survey

Malignant gliomas constitute a morphologically diverse group of neoplasms that respond poorly to therapy. The median survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the most common malignant glioma, is only 11 months. Several factors influence the therapeutic resistance of malignant gliomas, including tumor heterogeneity, local invasion, and non-uniform vascular permeability to therapeutic agents. Malignant gliomas vary in their expression of specific marker proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and fibronectin, in their expression of specific cell surface antigens, in their in vitro growth properties and tumorigenicity in athymic nude mice, and in their chromosomal composition and DNA content. This biochemical, immunochemical, biologic, and chromosomal heterogeneity is observed between different gliomas and within individual gliomas both in vivo and in vitro. Marked vascular hyperplasia, a characteristic feature of malignant gliomas, is induced by growth factors that may stimulate not only vascular cells but also glioma cells. There is also heterogeneity in the ultrastructure and the permeability of glioma blood vessels. In animal brain tumor models, vascular permeability varies not only between different models but between different tumors and between different areas of a single tumor. An understanding of the cell biology of malignant gliomas may identify the factors that determine therapeutic resistance and provide strategies to overcome these factors.
Passive and active metamaterial-inspired nano-scale antennas

A variety of open and closed multi-layered nanoparticle structures have been considered analytically and numerically for their use as scatterers and radiators. These include metamaterial-inspired structures based on dielectrics and metals excited by either plane waves or electric Hertzian dipoles at optical frequencies. Both passive and active (gain impregnated dielectric) materials have been considered. Enhanced and mitigated scattering and radiating effects have been modeled. Nano-antenna and nano-amplifier configurations for optical applications have been emphasized. A review of these modeling efforts will be presented.
A More Complete Picture of Emotion Using Electrocardiogram and Electrodermal Activity to Complement Cognitive Data

We describe a method of achieving emotion classification using ECG and EDA data. There have been many studies conducted on usage of heart rate and EDA data to quantify the arousal level of a user [1---3]. Researchers have identified a connection between a person's ECG data and the positivity or negativity of their emotional state [4]. The goal of this work is to extend this idea to human computer interaction domain. We will explore whether the valence/arousal level of a subject's response to computer based stimuli is predictable using ECG and EDA, and whether or not that information can complement recordings of participants' cognitive data to form a more accurate depiction of emotional state. The experiment consists of presenting three types of stimuli, both interactive and noninteractive, to 9 subjects and recording their physiological response via ECG and EDA data as well as fNIRS device. The stimuli were selected from validated methods of inducing emotion including DEAP dataset [5], Multi Attribute Task Battery [6] and Tetris video game [7]. The participants' responses were captured using Self-Assessment Manikin [8] surveys which were used as the ground truth labels. The resulting data was analyzed using Machine Learning. The results provide new avenues of research in combining physiological data to classify emotion.
Problems with Parliamentary Systems

Since all democracies have a parliament, the problems that arise with parliamentary systems are not, in most instances, unique problems, problems that apply only to the parliament-centered polities. They are, however, problems that are more salient, or more thorny, in parliamentary than in other systems.
SEA-LEVELS, LATE QUATERNARY | Tectonic Locations

Records of relative sea-level change archive the response of the Earth’s surface to tectonic processes. Much of our understanding of tectonic processes during the Quaternary comes from study of strandlines (shoreline landforms and deposits) along tectonically active coasts. Regional patterns of strandline uplift or subsidence reflect primary tectonic processes related to horizontal tectonic plate motions, whereas local patterns reflect deformation on secondary faults and folds in the Earth’s shallow crust. Pleistocene (1.6 million to 11,000 yrs ago) strandlines measure the net effect of long-term tectonic processes along tens to hundreds of kilometers of coast over tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Strandlines of the past 2,000 yrs provide insight into tectonic processes at a level of detail not possible with Pleistocene strandlines. The most detailed of these studies using microfossils and tropical corals reconstruct strandline movements of decimeters during past earthquake cycles above subduction-zone faults. Because of the complexities of coastal and earthquake-cycle processes, no strandline records exactly match theoretical models of the earthquake cycle. However, improved understanding of the rates and scales of tectonic processes leads to better forecasting and mitigation of large earthquakes and related hazards—such as tsunamis and landslides—in inland as well as coastal regions worldwide.
Liver Fibrosis Reversion After Suppression of Hepatitis B Virus

Great strides have been made in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related fibrosis and cirrhosis. Available evidence indicates that HBV viral suppression causes regression of advanced fibrosis and even cirrhosis, and therefore should be attempted in all patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. The preferred agents in patients with cirrhosis are entecavir and tenofovir, primarily because the risk of breakthrough is low. HBV viral suppression leads to improved clinical outcomes even in patients with cirrhosis and complications. The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma is reduced, but not eliminated. Thus, patients with HBV cirrhosis should continue to have routine screening for hepatocellular carcinoma, even after viral suppression.
Assessment of climate change impacts on water balance components of Heeia watershed in Hawaii

Abstract Study region Heeia watershed, Oahu, Hawaii, USA. Study focus Hydrological models are useful tools for assessing the impact of climate change in watersheds. We evaluated the applicability of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in a case study of Heeia, Pacific-island watershed that has highly permeable volcanic soils and suffers from hydrological data scarcity. Applicability of the model was enhanced with several modifications to reflect unique watershed characteristics. The calibrated model was then used to assess the impact of rainfall, temperature, and CO2 concentration changes on the water balance of the watershed. New hydrological insights for the study region Compared to continental watersheds, the Heeia watershed showed high rainfall initial abstraction due to high initial infiltration capacity of the soils. The simulated and observed streamflows generally showed a good agreement and satisfactory model performance demonstrating the applicability of SWAT for small island watersheds with large topographic, precipitation, and land-use gradients. The study also demonstrates methods to resolve data scarcity issues. Predicted climate change scenarios showed that the decrease in rainfall during wet season and marginal increase in dry season are the main factors for the overall decrease in water balance components. Specifically, the groundwater flow component may consistently decrease by as much as 15% due to predicted rainfall and temperature changes by 2100, which may have serious implications on groundwater availability in the watershed.
DisCrit: disability studies and critical race theory in education

DisCrit is an exciting and ground-breaking volume addressing the root of some of the most entrenched educational inequities within Western culture from an intersectional and cross-disciplinary lens...
The impact of ΛCDM substructure and baryon-dark matter transition on the image positions of quad galaxy lenses

The positions of multiple images in galaxy lenses are related to the galaxy mass distribution. Smooth elliptical mass profiles were previously shown to be inadequate in reproducing the quad population. In this paper, we explore the deviations from such smooth elliptical mass distributions. Unlike most other work, we use a model-free approach based on the relative polar image angles of quads, and their position in 3D space with respect to the Fundamental Surface of Quads. The FSQ is defined by quads produced by elliptical lenses. We have generated thousands of quads from synthetic populations of lenses with substructure consistent with $\Lambda$CDM simulations, and found that such perturbations are not sufficient to match the observed distribution of quads relative to the FSQ. The result is unchanged even when subhalo masses are increased by a factor of ten, and the most optimistic lensing selection bias is applied. We then produce quads from galaxies created using two components, representing baryons and dark matter. The transition from the mass being dominated by baryons in inner radii to being dominated by dark matter in outer radii can carry with it asymmetries, which would affect relative image angles. We run preliminary experiments using lenses with two elliptical mass components with nonidentical axis ratios and position angles, perturbations from ellipticity in the form of nonzero Fourier coefficients $a_4$ and $a_6$, and artificially offset ellipse centers as a proxy for asymmetry at image radii. We show that combination of these effects is a promising way of accounting for quad population properties. We conclude that the quad population provides a unique and sensitive tool for constraining detailed mass distribution in the centers of galaxies.
Stroke Volume Recruitability during the Third Trimester of Pregnancy.

Objective It is unknown whether the heart operates in the ascending or flat portion of the Starling curve during normal pregnancy. Pregnant women do not respond to the passive leg-raising maneuver secondary to mechanical obstruction of the inferior vena cava by the gravid uterus. Our objective was to evaluate if administration of a fluid bolus increases baseline stroke volume (SV) among healthy pregnant patients during the third trimester. Study Design Healthy pregnant women who underwent elective term cesarean sections were included. A noninvasive cardiac output monitor was used to measure hemodynamic variables at baseline and after administration of a 500-mL crystalloid bolus. Results Forty-five women were included in the study. Fluid administration was associated with a statistically significant increase in SV from a baseline value of 71 ± 11 to 90 ± 19 mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.67–21.49; p Conclusion In healthy term pregnancy, the heart operates in the ascending portion of the Starling's curve, rendering it fluid responsive.
In-Situ Generation of the Benzylidene Complex [Cp(CO)2W=CH(Tol)]+ and its Reactions with Alkynes

Protonation of the carbyne complex Cp(CO)2W=CTol gives transient formation of the benzylidene complex [Cp(CO)2W=CH(Tol)]+ which rapidly reacts with alkynes. The benzylidene ligand couples with PhC≡CPh to form the vinylcarbene complex [Cp(CO)2W=C(Ph)C(Ph)=CH(Tol)]+, 7. This species in turn reacts with BH4 − and with PBun 3 to form the allyl derivatives Cp(CO)2W(η3-HC(Tol)C(Ph)C(X)(Ph) (X=H, Bun 3P+). The complex [Cp(CO)2W(C13H14O)]+, 10, possessing a coordinated naphthol ligand is produced when the protonation of Cp(CO)2W≡CTol is conducted in the presence of MeC≡CMe. The naphthol ligand results from combination of the benzylidene ligand with the alkyne and with a CO ligand. The free naphthol is readily released from complex 10 upon air oxidation, and the naphthol ligand can be reversibly deprotonated to form an allyl complex.
Democracy and Its Critics

Part 1 The sources of modern democracy: the first transformation - to the democratic city-state toward the second transformation - republicanism, representation, and the logic of equality. Part 2 Adversarial critics: anarchism guardianship a critique of guardianship. Part 3 A theory of the democratic process: justifications - the idea of equal intrinsic worth personal autonomy a theory of the democratic process the problem of inclusion. Part 4 Problems in the democratic process: majority rule and the democratic process majority rule - practise process and substance process versus process when is a people entitled to the democratic process? Part 5 The limits and possibilities of democracy: the second democratic transformation - from the city-state to the nation-state democracy, polyarchy, and participation how polyarchy developed in some countries and not others is minority domination inevitable? pluralism, polyarchy and the common good common good as process and substance. Part 6 Toward a third transformation: democracy in tomorrow's world sketches for an advanced democratic country.
Elementary Student Outreach Activity Demonstrating the Use of Phage Therapy Heroes to Combat Bacterial Infections.

The public has recently gained an increased appreciation of “good” or “friendly” bacteria, including commensal bacteria that are part of the healthy human microbiome (1) and bacteria present in common probiotic food products such as yogurt (2). Despite this new perception of bacteria, the term “virus” still has a predominantly negative connotation that is almost exclusively associated with disease (3). Consequently, the public frequently asks questions such as “Are there any good viruses?” In fact, there are many viruses that have mutualistic relationships with their hosts (4), but one viral group of particular interest for benefiting human health is the bacteriophages (phages: viruses that infect bacteria), which can specifically kill disease-causing bacterial pathogens. Battles between superheroes and villains easily capture the attention and enthusiasm of young learners, presenting an excellent opportunity to introduce interactions within the microbial world. This activity, which is appropriate for elementary-school children in a classroom or outreach setting, introduces learners to the concept of phage therapy, where certain phages (heroes) are used to destroy bacterial pathogens (villains) in a targeted and specific approach that does not negatively affect commensal bacteria (5). The specificity of phage therapy provides an advantage over antibiotic treatments, which disrupt the healthy microbiome. In addition, phage therapy presents an alternative strategy to treat bacteria that have developed resistance to antibiotics (6). In this activity, participants will learn about phage infection and host specificity by viewing photos of plaque assays performed in a laboratory with chromogenic bacteria, followed by a hands-on “fishing” activity using the phage heroes’ superpowers of specificity (hooks, Velcro, magnets) to capture particular bacterial villains. Templates are also provided for making custom temporary tattoos as activity rewards and for printing phage comic strips for a coloring activity.
Measuring fiber strain and creep behavior in polymer matrix composites using Raman spectroscopy

Abstract: This chapter discusses experimental approaches for measuring temporal stress change in a reinforcing fiber, which plays an important role in the creep of composites reinforced unidirectionally by continuous long fibers. The chapter first describes the application of micro-Raman spectroscopy to long-term measurement of temporal change in fiber stress during stress relaxation tests and constant-load pull-out tests for model composites consisting of a long fiber monofilament and transparent resin matrix. The features of the experimental results are then discussed in comparison with theoretical models.
In Defense of Donnellan on Proper Names

Kripke’s picture of how people use names to refer to things has been the dominant view in contemporary philosophy of language. When it is mentioned at all, Donnellan’s view of proper names is considered the same as Kripke’s. It is certainly true that both Donnellan and Kripke rejected descriptivism about proper names and appealed to historical facts to determine whom a speaker is referring to by using a proper name. However, the relevant historical facts Kripke and Donnellan appeal to are ultimately quite different. In this paper, I argue that Donnellan’s view of proper name fares better than Kripke’s.
Context dependency of insect and mammalian herbivore effects on tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) populations

Identifying factors that drive variation in herbivore effects on plant populations can provide insight for explaining plant distributions and for limiting weeds. Abiotic resource availability to plants is a key explanation for variation in herbivore effects on individual plants, but the role of resources in determining herbivore effects on plant populations is largely unexplored. We tested the hypothesis that soil nutrient availability drives variation in insect and mammal herbivore effects on tall thistle (Cirsium altissimum) population growth. In a Kansas USA restored tallgrass grassland that experienced prescribed fires, we manipulated soil nutrients, through fertilizer addition, and presence of insect and mammal herbivores, using combinations of insecticide and fencing, in experimental plots. Over 7 years, we quantified herbivore damage to reproductive tall thistles, tall thistle seed production and population growth rates. Seed production was reduced by insect herbivores and increased by fertilizer addition, but treatment effects were independent. Herbivore effects on tall thistle population growth depended upon soil nutrients in only one of seven annual transitions. Herbivores reduced thistle population growth in two of three annual transitions that included prescribed fire, whereas they reduced population growth in only one of four transitions without fire. Soil nutrient availability does not provide a general explanation for variation in herbivore effects on tall thistle population growth rates. Disturbance regime may be a more important aspect of ecological context for influencing herbivore effects on tall thistle populations in mesic grasslands.
Where farm and forest meet: Comparing National Woodland Owner Survey respondents with and without farmland

Much is known about the characteristics, attitudes, and behaviors of U.S. family forest owners and agricultural landowners independently. However, little is known about those who own both woodland and farmland. To address this knowledge gap, we analyze National Woodland Owner Survey data to better understand similarities and differences between family forest owners who also own farmland, and those who do not. We found that, in general, farmland and woodland owners (FWOs) are very similar to woodland-only family forest landowners (FFOs) in terms of ownership objectives, attitudes and forest management activities. However, FWOs are less likely to have under 40 acres (16.2 ha) of forestland, more likely to live on their wooded land, and more likely to own their woodlands as a place to raise their family than woodland-only FFOs. While there is potential for dual forms of outreach, technical and financial assistance, and peer networks as both an agricultural landowner and a forest landowner, forest management behaviors of FWOs do not significantly differ from that of woodland-only FFOs. Professionals from agricultural or forestry extension, soil and water conservation organizations, and others responsible for delivering both agricultural and forestry programs and policy tools could explore opportunities to connect FWOs to both types of landowner programs that can assist them with forest management.
Speech Fluency in Acquired Apraxia of Speech During Narrative Discourse: Group Comparisons and Dual-Task Effects

Purpose Slowed speech and interruptions to the flow of connected speech are common in aphasia. These features are also observed during dual-task performance for neurotypical adults. The purposes of...
Adaptive Partition-based SDDP Algorithms for Multistage Stochastic Linear Programming.

In this paper, we extend the adaptive partition-based approach for solving two-stage stochastic programs with fixed recourse to the multistage stochastic programming setting. The proposed algorithms integrate the adaptive partition-based strategy with a popular approach for solving multistage stochastic programs, the stochastic dual dynamic programming, via different tree-traversal strategies in order to enhance its computational efficiency. Our numerical experiments on a hydro-thermal power generation planning problem show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Superconductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and electronic properties of amorphous ( Mo 1 − x Ru x ) 80 P 20 alloys obtained by liquid quenching

Results of x-ray diffraction, transmission-electron diffraction, and crystallization studies on amorphous (Mo1-xRux)80P20 alloys obtained by liquid quenching are presented and discussed. The alloys are all found to be superconducting with transition temperatures ranging from ∼ 3 to ∼ 9°K. The variation of Tc with alloy composition is compared to that obtained by Collver and Hammond for vapor-quenched transition-metal films. Results of magnetic-susceptibility measurements are used to estimate the variation of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level N(0) from the Pauli paramagnetic contribution. The relationship between the variation of Tc and N(0) is discussed in terms of the microscope theory of superconductivity. Finally, results of measurements of the upper critical field Hc2, and the normal-state electronic transport properties are presented and compared with recent theoretical models for amorphous superconductors.
Expanding Indications for Flow Diverters: Ruptured Aneurysms, Blister Aneurysms, and Dissecting Aneurysms.

Background The safety and efficacy of flow diversion (FD) in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms have been reported by many studies. FD has enabled the treatment of complex aneurysms and aneurysms that were previously untreatable by conventional means. It has achieved high rates of obliteration with essentially no recanalization, and its indications have continued to expand, now including ruptured aneurysms, blister aneurysms, and dissecting aneurysms. Objective To provide a review on the outcomes of studies covering the use of FD in the settings of ruptured, blister, and dissecting aneurysms. In addition, to discuss dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) used in preparation for FD deployment in these scenarios, including associated complications with DAPT use in the acute rupture setting. Methods References for this topical review were identified by PubMed searches between January 2000 and January 2019. The search terms "aneurysm", "flow diverter", "stent", "pipeline", "ruptured", "blister", and "dissecting aneurysms" were used. Results FD carries a higher complication rate in the acute rupture setting than for unruptured aneurysms. Patient selection is of paramount importance for achieving good functional and angiographic outcomes. DAPT still remains challenging, especially in ruptured aneurysms. Advancements in surface modification of flow diverters can reduce the risk of thromboembolism and perhaps lead to a safer antiplatelet regimen. Conclusion In summary, FD shows promise to be an effective treatment for ruptured, blister, and dissecting aneurysms.
Single, Pauci, and Multi-allergen Testing and Immunotherapy

Allergy immunotherapy has been a mainstay of treatment of inhalant allergy for years. Controversy still exists regarding best methods of allergy testing and immunotherapy. We aim to review the evidence supporting single-, pauci-, and multi-allergen testing and immunotherapy. The efficacy of immunotherapy has been well-established. The majority of research regarding allergy immunotherapy has focused on single-allergen treatment for mono- or poly-sensitized patients. There is a small heterogeneous group of studies that evaluate the efficacy of multi-allergen immunotherapy. There is a need for further research comparing single- and multi-allergen immunotherapy in poly-sensitized patients. We review the efficacy, relevant immunology, and persistent benefits of immunotherapy. We also review the most recent research examining the efficacy of single-allergen and multi-allergen immunotherapy in mono-, pauci-, and poly-allergic patients.