cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate prediction of complex free surface flow around a high speed craft using a single-phase level set method

This paper focuses on the analysis of a challenging free surface flow problem involving a surface vessel moving at high speeds, or planing. The investigation is performed using a general purpose high Reynolds free surface solver developed at CNR-INSEAN. The methodology is based on a second order finite volume discretization of the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (Di Mascio et al. in A second order Godunov—type scheme for naval hydrodynamics, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 253–261, 2001; Proceedings of 16th international offshore and polar engineering conference, San Francisco, CA, USA, 2006; J Mar Sci Technol 14:19–29, 2009); air/water interface dynamics is accurately modeled by a non standard level set approach (Di Mascio et al. in Comput Fluids 36(5):868–886, 2007a), known as the single-phase level set method. In this algorithm the governing equations are solved only in the water phase, whereas the numerical domain in the air phase is used for a suitable extension of the fluid dynamic variables. The level set function is used to track the free surface evolution; dynamic boundary conditions are enforced directly on the interface. This approach allows to accurately predict the evolution of the free surface even in the presence of violent breaking waves phenomena, maintaining the interface sharp, without any need to smear out the fluid properties across the two phases. This paper is aimed at the prediction of the complex free-surface flow field generated by a deep-V planing boat at medium and high Froude numbers (from 0.6 up to 1.2). In the present work, the planing hull is treated as a two-degree-of-freedom rigid object. Flow field is characterized by the presence of thin water sheets, several energetic breaking waves and plungings. The computational results include convergence of the trim angle, sinkage and resistance under grid refinement; high-quality experimental data are used for the purposes of validation, allowing to compare the hydrodynamic forces and the attitudes assumed at different velocities. A very good agreement between numerical and experimental results demonstrates the reliability of the single-phase level set approach for the predictions of high Froude numbers flows.
Mandibular Distraction for Micrognathia in Neonates

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) comprises the clinical triad of micrognathia, glossoptosis, and upper airway obstruction, with a reported incidence of 0.5 to 2.1 per 10,000 live births. The mainstay of management involves prompt diagnosis of airway obstruction and airway management. The gold standard surgical intervention for management of symptomatic micrognathia is mandibular lengthening by distraction osteogenesis (MDO) to anteriorly reposition a retroflexed tongue and relieve obstruction. Although MDO is often successful in the short-term in relieving upper airway obstruction and/or avoiding the need for permanent tracheostomy, the long-term effects of MDO are not yet elucidated.
Filariasis: Present Status and Future Challenges

There are seven filarial parasites affecting over 100,000,000 individuals worldwide (Table 1) (1) . Despite these impressive statistics as recently as 15 years ago, filariasis was still considered to be a “primitive” discipline. The initiation of the UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme in Tropical Disease Research (TDR) has highlighted the importance of filariases, and advances in immunology have led to an increased awareness of many issues of great practical significance. While the prospects for further advances are promising, there still remain a number of significant hindrances. From a positive perspective, these will become challenges for future work. The purposes of this review are to summarize our understanding of the filariases, to identify why we have not progressed further, and to suggest a direction for future research on filarial infections and disease.
Central Neck Dissection

The central compartment of the neck, also known as level VI, is bounded by the carotid arteries laterally, the hyoid bone superiorly, and the suprasternal notch or innominate artery inferiorly. Papillary thyroid cancer, derived from follicular cells, and medullary thyroid cancer, derived from parafollicular cells, commonly metastasize to the cervical lymph nodes. Therapeutic central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer is clearly indicated, while routine prophylactic central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer is controversial. Pre-operatively, all patients should undergo comprehensive neck ultrasound with fine needle aspiration biopsy of any suspicious lymph nodes. To perform a central neck dissection, the patient is positioned supine with the neck extended. Total thyroidectomy is performed in the standard fashion. The thin fascial layer overlying the recurrent laryngeal nerve is incised and the nerve then dissected away from the fibrofatty lymph node-bearing tissue of the paratracheal space extending from the point of the nerve’s insertion into the criocthyroid muscle superiorly to the thoracic inlet inferiorly and between the carotid arteries laterally. The pretracheal tissue is dissected inferiorly to the suprasternal notch. The lower parathyroid gland is frequently devascularized during this procedure and should be autotransplanted if its blood supply is in doubt. Drains are not usually necessary. Patients are usually discharged home the following day.
A Social Neuroscience Approach to Intergroup Perception and Evaluation

Social cognitive neuroscience offers the promise of understanding human sociality by investigating the affective and cognitive operations of the human brain. This approach has already provided evidence of the automaticity of intergroup perception and evaluation, and illuminated how complex interactions between multiple neural component processes guide behavior. This article highlights the rapidity with which individuals distinguish different groups, their ability to do so without conscious awareness, and how these initial judgments may be modified by motives or goals. Ultimately, insights from social cognitive neuroscience will enhance our understanding of intergroup processing and lead to interventions that will reduce intergroup conflict.
Infectious Mononucleosis and Psychiatric Disorders

Infectious mononucleosis (IMN), considered to be a disease of adolescence, usually presents as a febrile illness associated with lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis, malaise, and myriad other complaints. The yearly incidence for this normally benign disease is 38 per 100,000, and one per 3000 of these patients dies, often as a result of neurological complications (Penman, 1970). Nonfatal central nervous system involvement was first reported in 1931 (Epstein and Dameshek, 1971), and reviews since then have reported a wide spectrum of neurological dysfunction including meningoencephalitis (Bernstein and Wolff, 1950; Friedland and Yahr, 1977), encephalitis (Librach, 1972; Sworn and Urich, 1970; Walsh et al., 1954), Guillain-Barre syndrome (Rafferty et al., 1954; Smith, 1956), and mononeuritis (Saksena, 1943). Schnell and associates (1966) found one case in which neurological findings were the only presenting symptom of IMN, and Bonforte (1967) has reported convulsions as a presenting sign.
Premounted stents for branch pulmonary artery stenosis in children: A short term solution.

OBJECTIVE Define outcomes of premounted stent implantation (PMS) for branch pulmonary artery stenosis (BPAS). BACKGROUND PMS for BPAS in children raises concern of long term viability, with limited maximal expansion. METHODS We reviewed our cardiac database over an 11-year period ending in 2013. Primary endpoint was need for surgical stent intervention (SSI). Other endpoints included acute results and repeat interventions (RI). RESULTS 82 PMS were implanted in 60 children for BPAS. Median weight was 6.3 (25th -75th 4.6-9.8) kg. Median stent diameter was 6 (range 4-9) mm. Acutely, vessel diameter improved from 2.0 (25th -75th 1.6-3.4) to 5.0 (25th -75th 4.2-5.9) mm (p < 0.001), pressure gradient decreased from 41 (25th -75th 29-50) to 11 (25th -75th 7-18) mmHg (n = 47, p < 0.001), RV:Ao pressure ratio decreased from 100% (25th -75th 85-110%) to 59% (25th -75th 49-74%) (n = 40, p < 0.001). Freedom from SSI was 81% at 1 year and 35% at 5 years. Freedom from RI was 50% at 1 year and 14% at 5 years. 86% of PMS underwent SSI during a concomitant planned cardiac surgery. 45% patients had stent redilation, improving stent diameter from 4.6 (25th -75th 4.1-5.4) to 5.7 (25th -75th 4.9-7) mm (p < 0.001). 1 stent (3%) was able to be fractured longitudinally. CONCLUSIONS PMS is an effective short term solution for BPAS in children. PMS is associated with expected early need for transcatheter reintervention to accommodate for growth, but also has high rates of SSI.
Change in Strain Echocardiography Predicts Mortality in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

Introduction Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is an acute heart failure syndrome. Although left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) often improves, TC leads to significant morbidity and mortality in select patients. Two-dimensional speckle tracking strain echocardiography measures myocardial deformation, a sensitive marker for myocardial dysfunction. We sought to evaluate the utility of changes in myocardial strain to predict mortality in TC. Hypothesis We hypothesized that temporal changes in strain values will predict mortality in TC better than change in LVEF. Methods We retrospectively identified patients with TC based on ICD9/10 codes at a single center between 2006-2017. Two-dimensional echocardiography was used to measure LVEF and speckle tracking strain echocardiography was used to measure global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global radial strain (GRS) with TomTec Arena software version 2.21. Measurements from presentation and follow-up echocardiograms were obtained. Absolute differences in values between echocardiograms was also determined. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model evaluated association with time to all-cause mortality within 1 year. Results We identified 192 patients with mean age 66.4 +/− 14.8 years, 78% women, and 62% white. Within 1 year, 33 (17%) deaths occurred. A multivariate analysis showed LVEF, GLS, GCS, and GRS at presentation were not significantly associated with time to all-cause mortality ( Table 1 ). A subgroup analysis of 102 patients with a follow-up echocardiogram (median 16.5 days later) assessed change in LVEF and strain. There were 14 deaths (14%) in the subgroup. A multivariate analysis showed absolute change in GLS and GCS values were significantly associated with time to all-cause mortality, whereas LVEF and GRS were not ( Table 2 ). Conclusion In this single-center, retrospective study, LVEF and strain at presentation were not associated with mortality. However, lack of improvement in GLS and GCS was associated with increased risk of mortality. This finding demonstrates the utility of strain echocardiography in TC, as changes in strain were a better predictor of adverse outcomes than LVEF at presentation, changes in LVEF, and strain measurements at baseline.
Alcohol Use Among Never-Deployed U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard Soldiers: The Effects of Nondeployment Emotions and Sex.

BACKGROUND Limited research shows that mental health problems are prevalent among never-deployed soldiers and many experience negative emotions related to their nondeployment. U.S. Army Reserve/National Guard (USAR/NG) soldiers are also at high risk for alcohol misuse. However, it is not known if nondeployment emotions contribute to an increased risk of alcohol misuse among never-deployed USAR/NG soldiers. METHODS Data are from Operation: SAFETY (Soldiers and Families Excelling Through the Years), an ongoing study of USAR/NG soldiers. We used regression models to examine the relations between nondeployment emotions, assessed by the Non-Deployment Emotions (NDE) Questionnaire, and a range of alcohol use outcomes, assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and standard quantity and frequency questions, among a sample of never-deployed soldiers who were partnered at baseline (N = 174). Final models controlled for years of military service, current number of close military friends in the social network, marital satisfaction, and depression. We also tested for potential differences in these associations by sex. RESULTS Nondeployment emotions were associated with frequency of getting drunk (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04; p < 0.05) and typical number of drinks consumed during a drinking episode (aRR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04; p < 0.01). Nondeployment emotions had a trend-level association with percent of days drinking (adjusted odds ratio = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.11; p = 0.055). Nondeployment emotions had a significant interaction with sex (p < 0.05) on the likelihood of alcohol problems, such that only male soldiers experienced a greater likelihood of alcohol problems when they had highly negative nondeployment emotions. There was no relation between nondeployment emotions and alcohol problems among female soldiers. CONCLUSIONS Findings demonstrate that greater nondeployment emotions are associated with increased alcohol use among never-deployed USAR/NG soldiers. The NDE Questionnaire may assist in identifying those at highest risk for alcohol problems.
Modeling of the Instantaneous Transvalvular Pressure Gradient in Aortic Stenosis

The simplified and modified Bernoulli equations break down in estimating the true pressure gradient across the stenotic aortic valve due to their over simplifying assumptions of steady and inviscid conditions as well as the fundamental nature in which aortic valves are different than idealized orifices. Nevertheless, despite having newer models based on time-dependent momentum balance across an orifice, the simplified and modified Bernoulli continue to be the clinical standard because to date, they remain the only models clinically implementable. The objective of this study is to (1) illustrate the fundamental considerations necessary to accurately model the time-dependent instantaneous pressure gradient across a fixed orifice and (2) propose empirical corrections when applying orifice based models to severely stenotic aortic valves. We introduce a general model to predict the time-dependent instantaneous pressure gradient across an orifice that explicitly model the Reynolds number dependence of both the steady and unsteady terms. The accuracy of this general model is assessed with respect to previous models through pulse duplicator experiments on a round orifice model as well as an explanted stenotic surgical aortic valve both with geometric areas of 0.6 cm2 (less than 1 cm2 which is the threshold for stenosis determination) over cardiac outputs of 3 and 5 L/min and heart rates of 60, 90 and 120 bpm. The model and the raw experimental data corresponding to the orifice showed good agreement over a wide range of cardiac outputs and heart rates (R2 exceeding 0.91). The derived average and peak transvalvular pressure gradients also demonstrated good agreement with no significant differences between the respective peaks (p > 0.09). The new model proposed holds promise with its physical and closed form representation of pressure drop, however accurate modeling of the time-variability of the valve area is necessary for the model to be applied on stenotic valves.
A tool for hierarchical climate regionalization

Climate regionalization is an important but often under-emphasized step in studies of climate variability. While most investigations of regional climate make at least an implicit attempt to focus on a study region or sub-regions that are climatically coherent in some respect, rigorous climate regionalization––in which the study area is divided on the basis of the most relevant climate metrics and at a resolution most appropriate to the data and the scientific question––has the potential to enhance the precision and explanatory power of climate studies in many cases. To facilitate the application of rigorous regionalization for climate studies, we introduce an improved hierarchical clustering method, describe a new open-source R package designed specifically for climate regionalization, and offer concise suggestions for performing appropriate regionalization. This paper describes the regionalization algorithms and presents a demonstration application in which the R package is used to regionalize Africa on the basis of interannual precipitation variability. Both the proposed methodology and the R package can be used for a broad range of applications and over different areas of the globe.
Cyan, Reverse-Erie, and the PSLRA Discovery Stay in State Court

In this essay, I analyze an issue that is currently dividing courts and commentators: does the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act (“PSLRA”) discovery stay apply when Securities Act claims proceed in state courts? Last year, in Cyan, Inc. v. Beaver County Employees Retirement Fund, 138 S. Ct. 1061 (2018), the Supreme Court held that state courts have concurrent jurisdiction over Securities Act claims, whether asserted individually or as class actions, and that defendants do not have a right to remove these claims to federal court. In the wake of Cyan, there has been an influx of Securities Act class actions filed in state courts, raising the question of whether the PSLRA discovery stay, which stays all discovery during the pendency of a motion to dismiss and which conflicts with many states’ permissive discovery rules, applies in state court. I seek to answer this question by applying the so-called “reverse-Erie” doctrine. First, I contend that the PSLRA does not expressly preempt states’ permissive discovery rules. Second, drawing from Supreme Court case law and scholarly commentary on the reverse-Erie doctrine, I identify the following considerations, which must be weighed to analyze whether federal law displaces a state procedure under an implied preemption or judicial choice-of-law analysis: (1) the state’s interest in applying its own procedure; (2) whether the state procedure applies to all like claims or singles out the federal claim; (3) whether the state procedure applies to both parties or singles out one party; (4) the degree to which the state procedure undercuts federal policy; (5) whether the federal procedure is internally-sourced or externally-sourced; (6) the degree to which the choice of procedure is potentially outcome-determinative; (7) if outcome-determinative, the risk of forum-shopping; and (8) if outcome-determinative, the risk of treating similarly situated parties differently based on access to different fora. Although these considerations are mixed as applied to the PSRLA discovery stay, I contend that that they weigh against applying the PSLRA discovery stay in state court, especially in light of the presumption against preemption and the general rule that federal law takes state courts as it finds them.
Enhancing Plasmonic–Photonic Hybrid CavityModes by Coupling of Individual Plasmonic Nanoparticles

We report the multibody coupling behavior of a vertical hybrid plasmonic–photonic cavity whose output mode can be selected by different lateral geometrical configurations of plasmonic nanostructure...
Synthesizers: an exploration into the iconicity of marketplace icons

As the preeminent musical invention of the twentieth century, the synthesizer has become a ubiquitous device that not only informs the soundscapes of our lives, but one that also shapes what we con...
Custom Shunt System for Increased Baseline Intracranial Pressure in a Patient with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension.

Background Standard treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) involves reduction of intracranial pressure (ICP) to normal range, often via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS). We describe a case of a middle-aged man who presented with symptoms consistent with IIH. After ICP was normalized with a VPS, the patient had neurologic deterioration into a coma. He completely recovered after a month when his ICP was allowed to increase and remain above the normal range. Case Description A 50-year-old man presented with daily headaches, visual loss (right > left), and increased lumbar opening pressure consistent with IIH. A VPS was inserted using a Strata II valve with a pressure setting of 1.5, lowering ICP into the normal range. The patient initially had a normal postoperative course, but then became comatose and developed imaging signs consistent with intracranial hypotension. A Codman Certas valve was placed at a setting of 7 and a distal slit-cut peritoneal catheter was used (as opposed to standard open output). This custom system drained at pressure >26 mm Hg based on intraoperative manometry. The patient tolerated this well and is currently planned for a gradual reduction in ICP with valve setting adjustments as an outpatient. Conclusions In patients with chronic IIH, reduction to normal ICP may unexpectedly lead to encephalopathic changes. Personalized shunts may facilitate reduction of ICP to still elevated but tolerable levels in these patients.
Sex‐related difference in outcomes after aortic root replacement

PURPOSE Poorer short-term outcomes have been described for females after cardiovascular surgery. We examined the influence of sex on the outcomes after aortic root replacement (ARR). METHODS Medical records of 848 patients (females, n = 159/848, 19%) who underwent ARR at our center from 2005 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Sex differences of the following outcomes were analyzed: the primary end point (in-hospital mortality or stro111ke), secondary end point (new requirement for permanent pacemaker), and long-term survival (median follow-up 21.4 months [interquartile range,1.3-60.0]). RESULTS Females were significantly older (61.3 vs 58.7 [male]) with higher rates of pre-existing cerebrovascular disease (14% [22/159] vs 7% [52/689]) and previous valve intervention (20% [32/159] vs 13% [89/689]) but less myocardial infarction [1%(1/159) vs 7%(48/689)]. The surgical indication was different (aneurysm 75% [120/159] vs 87% [602/689], dissection 13% [21/159] vs 6% [41/689]; P < .01]). Females had larger average aneurysm size after controlling for body size (P ≤ .001). There was no sex difference in in-hospital mortality (3% [5/159] vs 2% [16/689]) or stroke (4% [7/159] vs 4% [29/689]). Multivariable logistic regression indicated that female sex was not an independent predictor of combined in-hospital stroke or death (odds ratio [OR], 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-1.25), confirmed by propensity score analysis. There was no difference in long-term survival (5-year survival, 90.96% vs 93.03%; P = .44). Females had higher incidence of permanent pacemaker requirement [11% (18/159) vs 6% (39/689), P = .03] and female sex was an independent predictor of permanent pacemaker requirement (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.085-3.724; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS While female patients have different baseline characteristics and indication for ARR, they are not exposed to an increased risk of in-hospital mortality or stroke. However, females experience increased incidence of permanent pacemaker requirement.
Factors Associated With Long-Term Use of Percutaneous Tibial Nerve Stimulation for Management of Overactive Bladder Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to estimate the rate of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation maintenance therapy (PTNS-MT) among women with overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and evaluate factors associated with long-term use of PTNS. METHODS Patients who completed 12 weekly sessions of PTNS (PTNS-IN) for OAB between 2009 and 2016 within the Kaiser Permanente Northern California were identified using Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases codes. Bivariate analysis was performed to compare demographic and clinical variables. A logistic regression model was used to determine factors associated with PTNS-MT compared with the use of alternative treatments following PTNS-IN. RESULTS Of the 1331 patients who initiated PTNS for OAB, 347 (26%) completed PTNS-IN. Of these, 46% (n = 158) continued with long-term PTNS therapy, defined as completion of at least 8 additional PTNS sessions for a 32-week period. On bivariate analysis, those choosing PTNS-MT were more likely to be white (88%, P < 0.0001), nondiabetic (89%, P = 0.03), did not use anticholinergics before PTNS initiation (41%, P = 0.04), and had no prior surgery for stress incontinence (SUI; 84%, P = 0.01). In multivariable analysis, race was a significant factor with black, Hispanic, and Asian women less likely to continue with PTNS-MT. Women with prior use of first-line OAB therapy were 78% more likely to undergo PTNS-MT. Women with prior surgery for SUI were 53% less likely to continue PTNS-MT. CONCLUSIONS Almost half of patients who completed PTNS-IN continued with PTNS-MT. White race, prior use of first-line OAB therapy, and no prior surgery for SUI were associated with long-term therapy.
Surface Texturing of Prosthetic Hip Implant Bearing Surfaces: A Review

More than 300,000 total hip replacement surgeries are performed in the United States each year to treat degenerative joint diseases that cause pain and disability. The statistical survivorship of these implants declines significantly after 15-25 years of use because wear debris causes inflammation, osteolysis, and mechanical instability of the implant. This limited longevity has unacceptable consequences, such as revision surgery to replace a worn implant, or surgery postponement, which leaves the patient in pain. Innovations such as highly cross-linked polyethylene and new materials and coatings for the femoral head have reduced wear significantly, but longevity remains an imminent problem. Another method to reduce wear is to add a patterned microtexture composed of micro-sized texture features to the smooth bearing surfaces. We critically review the literature on textured orthopedic biomaterial surfaces in the context of prosthetic hip implants. We discuss the different functions of texture features by highlighting experimental and simulated results documented by research groups active in this area. We also discuss and compare different manufacturing techniques to create texture features on orthopedic biomaterial surfaces and emphasize the key difficulties that must be overcome to produce textured prosthetic hip implants.
The state of obstetrics and gynecology residency programs' social media presence.

Objective Residency applicants view social media as a valuable and professional resource, with a recent review reporting that 10% of respondents reported that a program’s social media profile would influence their residency choices.1 The purpose of this study was to quantify the number of obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residency programs with an Instagram or Twitter account, and to investigate if the program type and size impacts the likelihood of having one of these accounts. With little research on the state of residency programs’ social media presence, this is an opportune time to focus on these social media platforms given the popularity of #MedStudentTwitter and Instagram.3 Study Design The American Medical Association Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA) was queried for all “Obstetrics and Gynecology” programs in its database, resulting in the identification of 285 programs. Two authors systematically searched the database for these programs’ Twitter and Instagram profiles using the program name and website address, then visited the program websites to identify social media account information. Additionally, each program account was searched using the Google search engine with the following algorithm: “Program Name + OBGYN + Twitter/Instagram.” The search feature on Twitter and Instagram was also utilized with the following algorithm: “Program Name + OBGYN.” All data was collected May 14-15, 2020. Programs self-reported as university-based, community-based, or community-based university affiliated in FREIDA. Once program profiles were identified, creation date, content type, activity, and number of followers were recorded. Chi square analyses and analyses of variance were completed to assess associations and differences. The study received “not regulated” status from the University of Michigan IRB (HUM 00181979, May 2020). Results Of the 285 OBGYN residency programs, 14 (5%) had only a Twitter account, 58 (20%) had only an Instagram account, and 29 (10%) had both Twitter and Instagram accounts. More than half of university residency programs (56%) had Twitter or Instagram accounts, compared to 17% of community and 22% of community/university programs (p Conclusion Social media platforms provide a uniform opportunity for programs to share information, and it is notable that less than half of OBGYN residency programs had Instagram or Twitter accounts. Furthermore, there is a striking difference between university and community residency programs’ social media presence, with more university programs having active, easily identified accounts. Social media profiles that were easily found included the full program name and links to the program website. Compared to websites that are costly to create and maintain, social media platforms generally only incur time investment.
Longitudinal agreement of four bioimpedance analyzers for detecting changes in raw bioimpedance during purposeful weight gain with resistance training.

Background Due to inherent errors involved in the transformation of raw bioelectrical variables to body fluids or composition estimates, the sole use of resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and phase angle (φ) has been advocated when quantifying longitudinal changes. The aim of this investigation was to assess the ability of four bioimpedance analyzers to detect raw bioimpedance changes induced by purposeful weight gain with resistance training. Methods Twenty-one resistance trained males completed a 6-week lifestyle intervention with the aim of purposeful weight gain. Bioimpedance analysis was performed before and after the intervention using four different analyzers (MFBIAInBody: InBody 770; MFBIASECA: Seca mBCA 515/514; BIS: ImpediMed SFB7; SFBIA: RJL Quantum V) for the quantification of R, Xc, and φ at the 50-kHz frequency. Repeated measures ANOVA and follow up tests were performed. Results Analysis revealed main effects of time and method for R, Xc, and φ (p ≤ 0.02), without significant time x method interactions (p ≥ 0.07). Follow up for time main effects indicated that, on average, R decreased by 4.5-5.8%, Xc decreased by 2.3-4.0%, and φ increased by 1.8-2.6% across time for all analyzers combined. However, varying levels of disagreement in absolute values were observed for each bioelectrical variable. Conclusions The differences in absolute bioelectrical values suggests that analyzers should not be used interchangeably, which holds particular importance when reference values are utilized. Despite absolute differences, analyzers with varying characteristics demonstrated similar abilities to detect changes in R, Xc, and φ over time.
An Analysis of plant awareness disparity within introductory Biology textbook images

Plant awareness disparity (PAD, formerly plant blindness) is the tendency not to notice plants in one’s environment, which leads to the perspective that plants are unimportant. In this paper, we ex...
Is a Tax on Wealth Constitutional

Informal proposals to enact a national wealth tax have been around for a while, and Senator Elizabeth Warren, while still a presidential candidate, promoted a specific form of wealth tax: a tax on the net wealth of high-net-worth individuals. Whatever the economic and ethical merits of such a proposal, this article concludes that the tax as proposed would be unconstitutional. It would be a direct tax that, if not apportioned among the states on the basis of population, would fail to meet constitutional requirements. Furthermore, if it were apportioned, it couldn’t work in the way Senator Warren wants it to.
Extreme back angle n/sup 2/H elastic scattering at 794 MeV

The cross section for elastic scattering of 794-MeV neutrons by deuterium has been measured for neutron center of mass angles from 139\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 179\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The angular distribution is fitted very well both by an empirical function $\ensuremath{\alpha}{e}^{\ensuremath{\beta}(\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{{180}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}})}$ and by a calculation that uses the one parameter Craigie-Wilkin triangle diagram technique.[NUCLEAR REACTION $n^{2}\mathrm{H}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\mathrm{H}n$, $E=794$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$. Calculated $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$ with triangle diagram techniques.]
Chapter 8 Carbon dioxide assimilation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants. All oxygenic (oxygen-evolving) organisms from the simplest prokaryotic cyanobacteria to the most complicated land plants have a common pathway for the reduction of CO 2 to sugar phosphates. This pathway is known as the reductive pentose phosphate (RPP), Calvin-Benson or C 3 cycle. Although the RPP cycle is the fundamental carboxylating mechanism, a number of plants have evolved adaptations in which CO 2 is first fixed by a supplementary pathway and then released in the cells in which the RPP cycle operates. One of these supplementary pathways, the C 4 pathway, involves special leaf anatomy and a division of biochemical labor between cell types. Plants endowed with this pathway, through greater efficiency, are able to flourish under conditions of high light intensity and elevated temperatures. A second supplementary pathway was first found in species of the Crassulaceae and is called Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). These plants are often found in dry areas and fix CO 2 at night into C 4 acids. During the day, the leaves can close their stomata to conserve water, while CO 2 released from the C 4 acids is converted to sugar phosphates by the RPP cycle using absorbed light energy. CO 2 fixation is also found in many bacteria, both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic. The purple sulfur and purple nonsulfur bacteria employ the RPP cycle as do plants. The photosynthetic green bacteria, however, use a group of ferredoxin-linked carboxylases in a pathway known as the reductive carboxylic acid cycle.
Whitman and the Form Complete

IN ONE OF WHITMAN'S late, retrospective letters, we find a quick distinction between the gist of his Leaves and of Emerson's pages: "L. of G.'s word is the body, including all, including intellect and soul; E's word is mind (or intellect or soul)" {Correspondence 70). By word Whitman means the nature of each author's essential tidings and imperatives, the notion of reality each authorizes, the sort of Logos each affirms: Whitman (accord ing to Whitman) offers us the inclusive body, Emerson the exclusive mind.
Localization of repetitive DNAs to zebrafish (Danio rerio) chromosomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)

The genome of the zebrafish, Danio rerio, contains two major classes of tandem repetitive elements (AT-rich and GC-rich). The AT-rich repeats can be further subdivided into two subgroups which differ by about 10% of 185 bp in the repeating unit. The chromosomal location of these sequences and the moderately repetitive 5S rDNA sequences was determined in two diploid zebrafish cell lines using in-situ hybridization with fluorochrome-labeled probes. The AT-rich sequences were found at the centromeres of all chromosome pairs and the GC-rich sequences were found in paracentromeric location on over half of the chromosomal pairs. Different patterns of hybridization were found for the two subgroups of the AT-rich family. One type hybridized primarily to centromeres of one half to two thirds of the chromosomal pairs and the other type to centromeres of about three fourths of the chromosomal pairs. The pattern of hybridization with the GC-rich sequences varied somewhat between the cell lines consistent with interindividual variation in the location of paracentromeric heterochromatin. The 5S rRNA genes are found on the long arm of chromosome 3. Most of this chromosome arm is late replicating, but apparently does not contain either the AT-rich or GC-rich repetitive sequences.
Analysis of Variance and Covariance

This article is aimed at providing some basics of analysis of variance (ANOVA) for MBA and undergraduate students, particularly those interested in marketing research. ANOVA is used to determine the probability that differences in means across multiple categories are due solely to sampling error. ANOVA must be composed of at least one metric-dependent variable and one or more nonmetric independent variables. In this article, ANOVA is introduced with the experimental design. Then, several types of ANOVA are discussed such as one-way ANOVA, N-way ANOVA, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Furthermore, ANOVA is compared with multiple regression, another common statistical technique in marketing research. The last section shows some ANOVA examples applied in marketing research. Keywords: analysis of variance (ANOVA); independent variable; dependent variable; experimental design; one-way ANOVA; N-way ANOVA; analysis of covariance (ANCOVA); multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)
Capacitor mismatch caused by oxide thickness variations in submicron I. C. processes

Chip design in submicron processes will present new challenges and problems which were not present in designs with larger dimension processes. One effect in the newer processes is the field oxide thickness variation due to interconnect density variations. This effect becomes much more extreme for the smaller dimension processes. Large density discontinuities can cause lower yield and will also result in capacitor value mismatch over substantial distances from the edges of a large array when using poly/metal capacitors. If good matching in this type of large area capacitor array is required, the only way to achieve this is to guarantee nearly constant metal/ poly density for at least 1500 microns (this distance will likely depend on the process) around the edges of the array. If the array boundary is close to the chip edge, then dummy capacitors should be placed up to the chip edge, and another layout with similar density must be placed as close as possible to the relevant edges of the chip in the reticle. When using a standard MOSIS reticle size, this may entail placing dummy chip layouts around the chips of interest in order to guarantee that identical density exists for the required distance outside of any chip�s borders.
Time-course of arm lymphedema and potential risk factors for progression of lymphedema after breast conservation treatment for early stage breast cancer.

The objective of this study was to describe the progression of arm lymphedema (ALE) after the initial presentation among patients receiving breast conservation therapy for early stage breast cancer and to identify potential risk factors contributing to ALE progression. The study sample was the 266 stage I or II breast cancer patients with documented ALE who underwent breast conservation therapy that included lumpectomy, axillary staging followed by radiation therapy. ALE were graded according to a difference of 0.5-2 cm (mild), 2.1-3 cm (moderate), and >3 cm (severe) in the circumference between the upper extremities for the treated and untreated sides. ALE at presentation was scored as mild, moderate, and severe in 109 (41%), 125 (47%), and 32 (12%) patients, respectively. One third of patients with ALE progressed to a more severe grade of lymphedema at 5 years of follow-up. Age older than 65 years at the time of breast cancer treatment was associated with higher risk of ALE progression when compared 65 year age or younger (p = 0.04). The patients who had regional lymph node irradiation including posterior axillary boost were at higher risk of lymphedema progression than the patients treated with whole breast irradiation only (p = 0.001). Progression of ALE is a common occurrence. The current study provides support for the utility of routine arm measurements after breast cancer treatment to facilitate timely diagnosis and treatment of ALE.
X‐ray study of interdiffusion in bimetallic Cu–Au films

Bimetallic films prepared by consecutive evaporation of Cu and Au onto fused quartz substrates have been annealed for up to 500 h at 160–220°C. The interdiffusion behavior was studied by x rays, using a Seeman‐Bohlin diffractometer. The first changes observed were the appearance of Cu3Au reflections, followed by those from CuAu3. As time progressed, these lines increased in intensity, while those from the parent films decreased without, however, either broadening or changing position. Metallographic observations support the conclusion that interdiffusion produces the layered‐structure Cu/Cu3Au/CuAu3/Au with sharp steps in composition between the different phases. Data on relative integrated intensities were used to determine the thicknesses of the new phases as a function of time and temperature. In general, the thickness of CuAu3 was about twice that of Cu3Au, and both phases were found to thicken nearly linearly with time. An activation energy of 1.65 ± 0.17 eV was obtained from the temperature dependen...
Using size distributions to detect nutrient and sediment effects within and between habitats

We studied the use of size distributions as a response variable in limnological experiments. Previous quantifications of size distributions were incomplete or difficult to use in experimental settings, and we developed a multivariate approach that more fully describes the shape and biomass of planktonic and benthic size distributions. We re-evaluate the hypothesis that fish affect the shape and nutrients affect the biomass of size distributions, and show that the multivariate approach is more responsive to detecting treatment effects. In a mesocosm experiment, we use this new quantification and analysis of size distributions to detect the main and interactive effects of nutrient addition and sediment type on both benthic and pelagic size distributions. Size distributions in both habitats responded to the nutrient and sediment treatments, indicating linkage since a treatment applied in one habitat affected the size distribution in the opposite habitat. Since size distributions reduce each habitat into a common currency, we were able to examine the nature of the linkage. The relative response of each habitat to the nutrient treatment was different with regard to the shape of the distributions, while the relative response to the sediment treatment was different with regard to the biomass in the distributions.
PAX3-FOXO1 Directed Transcriptional Activation is Mediated by PAX3 and FOXO1 Recognition Sequences

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) patients carrying a chromosomal translocation of PAX3 and FOXO1 have the highest mortality rates, indicating the importance of understanding how this transcription ...
Reichenbach’s ∈-Definition of Simultaneity in Historical and Philosophical Perspective

I examine the development of Reichenbach's ideas concerning the conventionality of simultaneity in connection with his ``epsilon''-definition of simultaneity. It does not appear that he ever considered non-standard choices of ``epsilon'' that yield the same ``light-geometry'' as that of special relativity. Rather, it appears he believed that non-standard choices, though always epistemically justified, lead to different ``light-geometries'' (e.g., classical space-time) and thus would necessitate more complicated ``matter axioms'' than those postulated in his axiomatization of relativity.
High performance user level sockets over Gigabit Ethernet

While a number of user-level protocols have been developed to reduce the gap between the performance capabilities of the physical network and the performance actually available, applications that have already been developed on kernel based protocols such as TCP have largely been ignored. There is a need to make these existing TCP applications take advantage of the modern user-level protocols such as EMP or VIA which feature both low-latency and high bandwidth. We have designed, implemented and evaluated a scheme to support such applications written using the sockets API to run over EMP without any changes to the application itself. Using this scheme, we are able to achieve a latency of 28.5 /spl mu/s for the Datagram sockets and 37 /spl mu/s for Data Streaming sockets compared to a latency of 120 /spl mu/s obtained by TCP for 4-byte messages. This scheme attains a peak bandwidth of around 840 Mbps. Both the latency and the throughput numbers are close to those achievable by EMP. The ftp application shows twice as much benefit on our sockets interface while the Web server application shows up to six times performance enhancement as compared to TCP. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such design and implementation for Gigabit Ethernet.
Advocating for an End to Reparative Therapy: Methodological Grounding and Blueprint for Change

Despite the ethical and methodological concerns surrounding reparative therapy (RT) (also known as conversion therapy), a 2011 journal published a study claiming that lesbian, gay, and bisexual persons can “change” their sexual orientation. While much has been written about the deleterious effects of RT it continues to be researched and practiced, and, therefore, continues to cause harm. This article reviews methodological and ethical problems of RT and factors associated with it, and suggests steps to decrease and eventually end its practice as an aspect of social work's mission, which is to protect vulnerable populations, including lesbians and gay men.
Activation of CDK4 by Tax chemosensitizes p53-mutant cells to DNA damage

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV I) Tax protein has been implicated in cellular transformation via perturbations in genomic stability, transcription, and the cell cycle, and is etiologically linked to the development of adult T cell leukemia and various human neuropathies. It has been established that Tax mediates an increase in cyclin D3-dependent CDK4 activity and we and others have demonstrated that expression of Tax correlates with hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein and activation of E2F transcription factors. In this study, we explore the relationship between Tax-CDK4 binding and its activations. Although steady-state levels of CDK4 remained unchanged, the expression of Tax resulted in a reduction in the proportion of CDK4 bound in an inhibitory complex with Cyclin D3 and p27. Tax binding and CDK4 activation is mediated through the N terminal 25 amino acids, which we also show is sufficient to confer Tax chemosensitization of p53 mutant cells. The Tax-induced stimulation of CDK4 activity results in increased S phase percentage of cells under hypoxic and starvation stress conditions. A 25 amino acid peptide of Tax markedly stimulates CDK4 kinase activity in vitro and can chemosensitize p53 mutant cells as well. Our studies suggest a mechanism for chemosensitization of p53 mutant cells by exploiting Tax-mediated activation of CDK4.