cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mirror Descent Based Database Privacy

In this paper, we focus on the problem of private database release in the interactive setting: a trusted database curator receives queries in an online manner for which it needs to respond with accurate but privacy preserving answers. To this end, we generalize the IDC (Iterative Database Construction) framework of [15,13] that maintains a differentially private artificial dataset and answers incoming linear queries using the artificial dataset. In particular, we formulate a generic IDC framework based on the Mirror Descent algorithm, a popular convex optimization algorithm [1]. We then present two concrete applications, namely, cut queries over a bipartite graph and linear queries over low-rank matrices, and provide significantly tighter error bounds than the ones by [15,13].
A Model of Military Spending and Economic Growth

This paper investigates a model of militaryconflict between two regimes in which eachmay initiate combat in order to confiscateresources from the other. Conflict, or thepotential for same, results in wastefulmilitary spending which lowers growth foreach regime. Equilibrium military spendingis determined in a one-shot game. Analysisof the one-shot game is followed by a studyof the prospects for an equilibrium inwhich regimes lower military spending anddo not engage in combat in repeated play. In this latter case, military spending willbe decreased to a level just sufficient todeter deviations from the no-combatequilibrium. This minimum level increases,and growth decreases, with the internalpolitical instability of each regime. Moreover, an exogenous increase in thedefensive capability of each regime mayeither increase or decrease growth,depending upon the initial level ofmilitary spending and growth.
Formyl-methenyl-methylenetetrahydrofolate synthetase from rabbit liver (combined). Evidence for a single site in the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate.

Abstract The rabbit liver enzymes 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase have been purified to apparent homogeneity. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns suggest a single protein is responsible for all three catalytic activities. The properties of the dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase activities suggest that a single active site may catalyze these two reactions. This conclusion is based on spectral changes observed in the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the similarity of dissociation constants determined from initial velocity studies for the two reactions, and the similarity of the pH-activity curves for the two reactions. NADP+ and NADPH lower the Km for 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate 2- to 3-fold above pH 7 in the cyclohydrolase reaction but below pH 7 they act as partial inhibitors.
Discrimination of normal and abnormal prothrombin and protein C in plasma using a calcium ion-inhibited monoclonal antibody to a common epitope on several vitamin K-dependent proteins.

Vitamin K deficiency or administration of vitamin K antagonists results in the biosynthesis of abnormal des-’y-carboxy forms of the vitamin K-dependent proteins. Monoclonal antibody H-i 1 binds several vitamin K-dependent proteins at a determinant that includes the first two residues of ‘y-carboxyglutamic acid. Antibody H-i 1 binds fully carboxylated prothrombin and protein C in the presence of EDTA but binding is inhibited by the divalent metal ions. calcium. magnesium. and manganese. By contrast. des-y-carboxy prothrombin and protein C bind antibody H-i i the same in the presence of EDTA or calcium ion. Antibody H-i i thus appears to bind a conserved antigenic site containing y-carboxyglutamic acid that in the presence of divalent metal ion undergoes a conformational transition. This ability of antibody H-i 1 to bind des-’y-carboxy prothrombin T HE VITAMIN K-dependent proteins of the coagulation system are distinguished from other plasma glycoproteins by the presence of the modified amino acid ‘y-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla). This group of proteins include prothrombin, factors VII, IX, X, and proteins C, 5, M, and Z. In the liver the vitamin K-dependent proteins are carboxylated at specific glutamic acid residues by the vitamin Kdependent carboxylase system.’ The residues of glutamic acid that undergo this modification are restricted to a segment of approximately 42 amino acids near the amino termini of the proteins, termed the Gla domain. The modification of these residues confers on the proteins the ability to bind calcium ion and the resulting protein-metal ion complex has the unique property of binding to phospholipid vesicles and membrane surfaces. Binding of the vitamin K-dependent proteins to phospholipid surfaces is believed to be important for their function in blood coagulation.2 Conversion of residues of “y-carboxyglutamic acid to glutamic acid by heating of the protein3 or inhibition during biosynthesis of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase by administration of warfarm4’5 results in variants of the vitamin K-dependent pro
Sleep, Pain Catastrophizing, and Central Sensitization in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients With and Without Insomnia

Objective Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative joint disorder, is characterized by joint pain. Emerging research demonstrates that a significant number of patients evidence central sensitization (CS), a hyperexcitability in nociceptive pathways, which is known to amplify and maintain clinical pain. The clinical correlates of CS in OA, however, are poorly understood. Insomnia is prevalent in older adults with OA, and recent experiments suggest associations between poor sleep and measures of CS. Catastrophizing, a potent predictor of pain outcomes, has also been associated with CS, but few studies have investigated possible interactions between catastrophizing, sleep, and CS. Methods We conducted a case–control study of 4 well-characterized groups of adults with insomnia and/or knee OA. A total of 208 participants completed multimodal sleep assessments (questionnaire, diary, actigraphy, and polysomnography) and extensive evaluation of pain using clinical measures and quantitative sensory testing to evaluate associations between CS, catastrophizing, and insomnia. Descriptive characterization of each measure is presented, with specific focus on sleep efficiency and CS. Results The knee OA–insomnia group demonstrated the greatest degree of CS compared to controls. In the overall sample, we found that catastrophizing moderated the relationship between sleep efficiency and CS. Specifically those with low sleep efficiency and high catastrophizing scores reported increased levels of CS. In addition, CS was significantly associated with increased clinical pain. Conclusion These findings highlight the importance of assessing sleep efficiency, CS, and catastrophizing in chronic pain patients and have important clinical implications for treatment planning.
Thermal analysis characterization of isosorbide-containing thermosets: Isosorbide epoxy as BPA replacement for thermosets industry

Sugar-based new monomers, polymers, and low molar mass additives have emerged as an exciting topic on green chemistry research, due to the worldwide focus on sustainable material. Isosorbide and its isomers, as “Generally Recognized as Safe” GRAS materials, possess unique stereochemistry and molecular geometry suitable for making cost-effective chemicals and polymers. With growing awareness of bisphenol A (BPA) as a xenoestrogen, isosorbide and its isomers holding the remarkable chemical properties and attractive price can be attached to glycidyl ether to make crosslinkable epoxy resin monomers with similar properties to BPA diglycidyl ether. By adding the hydrophobic functional group into the backbone of isosorbide epoxy or adjusting the amount and type of crosslinker, the mechanical properties and the water uptake ratios (from 50 wt%) of the isosorbide-derived epoxies could be optimized for different applications. The high water uptake epoxy with controllable biodegradation rate could be used as a drug delivery system or extracellular matrix for biomedical applications while the low water uptake epoxy with strong mechanical properties could be used for can coatings, bone cements, and other industrial additives and adhesives. The chemical structures and properties of the synthesized epoxy monomers and polymers were characterized by DSC, TG, and 1H NMR.
Reinvigorating Explanations for the Study of Early Cognitive Development

Abstract— Emerging research shows that explanations (a) are important to young children, as evidenced by children frequently seeking and providing them, (b) are sometimes strikingly easier for children to provide than comparable judgments and predictions, and (c) aid children’s learning, thereby not only revealing children’s thinking but also fueling cognitive development. More research examining children’s explanations, including research across various cultures, ages, and domains, would be welcome and warranted; the examination of young children’s explanations should regain an important place in the study of cognitive development.
The effect of corticotropin on the activity of the adrenal cortex of the male child.

Summary The activity of the adrenal cortex of twenty-nine male children up to the age of 11 years was studied by injecting corticotropin intramuscularly and determining the urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticoids and 17-ketosteroids. Urinary sodium and potassium determinations were also obtained. Twenty-four of the twenty-nine children showed a positive response to corticotropin, as indicated by at least a 50 per cent increase in either the urinary 17-hydroxycorticoids or 17-ketosteroids. The five children who revealed no adrenocortical response were all under 3 months of age. The hormonal response to corticotropin was much greater in children over 10 months than under 10 months of age. No consistent results were obtained with respect to urinary sodium and potassium excretions after the administration of corticotropin.
Fluctuating Asymmetry and Developmental Instability in Sagittal Craniosynostosis

Abstract Objective: To determine whether premature sagittal craniosynostosis is associated with developmental instability in the skull by analyzing fluctuating asymmetry in skull shape. Design: Cranial shape was quantified by collecting coordinate data from landmarks located on three-dimensional reconstructions of preoperative computed tomography (CT) images of 22 children with sagittal craniosynostosis and 22 age-matched controls. A fluctuating asymmetry application of Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) was used to quantify and compare asymmetry in cranial shape using these landmark data. Results: In contrast to expectations, the sagittal craniosynostosis group did not show a statistically significant increase in the overall level of fluctuating asymmetry relative to the control group. However, we discerned statistically significant localized increases in fluctuating asymmetry in the sagittal craniosynostosis group at pterion and the anterior clinoid processes (α = .05). We also determined a sig...
Determination of Copper and Manganese in Vitamin-Mineral Tablets by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Abstract Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was utilized in the determination of copper and manganese in five different combination multiple-vitamin mineral tablets. The analysis of each tablet by direct determination was compared with analysis by the method of additions, and some small but statistically significant differences were noted. No molecular absorption was found in the analysis of manganese utilizing the nonresonance line of lead. The direct analysis of manganese and copper was simple and precise.
Maximum Principle Preserving Schemes for Interface Problems with Discontinuous Coefficients

New finite difference methods using Cartesian grids are developed for elliptic interface problems with variable discontinuous coefficients, singular sources, and nonsmooth or even discontinuous solutions. The new finite difference schemes are constructed to satisfy the sign property of the discrete maximum principle using quadratic optimization techniques. The methods are shown to converge under certain conditions using comparison functions. The coefficient matrix of the resulting linear system of equations is an M-matrix and is coupled with a multigrid solver. Numerical examples are also provided to show the efficiency of the proposed methods.
A three-component conception of intuition: Immediacy, sensing relationships, and reason

Abstract Based on a comprehensive review of the published literature, a model of intuition is presented with the following three components: immediacy, the sensing of relationships, and reason. These interactive components contribute specific aspects of intuition: the components of immediacy and relationships contribute insight; the components of relationships and reason contribute metaphorical and analogical thinking; and, the components of immediacy and reason contribute an action-oriented type of reasoning that is antithetical to metacognition. Implications of the model for psychological and educational research are presented.
Liberalism and the general justifiability of punishment

I argue that contemporary liberal theory cannot give a general justification for the institution or practice of punishment, i.e., a justification that would hold across a broad range of reasonably realistic conditions. I examine the general justifications offered by three prominent contemporary liberal theorists and show how their justifications fail in light of the possibility of an alternative to punishment. I argue that, because of their common commitments regarding the nature of justification, these theorists have decisive reasons to reject punishment in favor of a non-punitive alternative. I demonstrate the possibility of this alternative by means of a careful examination of the nature of punishment, isolating one essential characteristic—the aim to impose suffering—and showing how this characteristic need not guide enforcement. There is logical space for a forceful and coercive, yet non-punitive method of enforcement. This fact poses difficulties for many classical and contemporary justifications of punishment, but it poses particularly crippling problems for general liberal justifications.
Genome-wide analysis of Polycomb targets in Drosophila melanogaster

Polycomb group (PcG) complexes are multiprotein assemblages that bind to chromatin and establish chromatin states leading to epigenetic silencing. PcG proteins regulate homeotic genes in flies and vertebrates, but little is known about other PcG targets and the role of the PcG in development, differentiation and disease. Here, we determined the distribution of the PcG proteins PC, E(Z) and PSC and of trimethylation of histone H3 Lys27 (me3K27) in the D. melanogaster genome. At more than 200 PcG target genes, binding sites for the three PcG proteins colocalize to presumptive Polycomb response elements (PREs). In contrast, H3 me3K27 forms broad domains including the entire transcription unit and regulatory regions. PcG targets are highly enriched in genes encoding transcription factors, but they also include genes coding for receptors, signaling proteins, morphogens and regulators representing all major developmental pathways.
Dynamic microscopic anatomy of the fetal liver III. Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis was studied in the living fetal and neonatal rabbit liver in situ by in vivo microscopic and routine histologic methods. The results demonstrated in life: (1) that fetal hepatic erythropoiesis occurs extravascularly; (2) that individual erythroid cells late in their development pass by diapedesis from the extravascular compartment into the sinusoids; (3) that diapedesis occurs through the sinusoid wall in all parts of the hepatic lobule and possibly may be through the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells; and (4) that the sinusoid sphincters, the flow of blood through the sinusoids, and the intravascular adhesion of maturing erythroid cells to the endothelium affect the length of time that the erythroid cells remain in the sinusoids prior to their release into the peripheral circulating blood.
H-2 control of expression of an idiotype shared by normal B cells and a B-cell lymphoma.

The spleens of normal B10,H-2 a H-44b p/Wts (2 a 4 b ) mice; contain cells which, in response to mitogen stimulation, secrete hemolytic antibody specific for a determinant present on both sheep and bromelain-treated mouse erythrocytes. These cells were found to be Ly-1 positive. Approximately 50% of these cells bear surface immunoglobulin (sIg) with the same idiotype as the sIg of a 2a4b-derived B-cell lymphoma, CH12. Backcross analysis revealed H-2 control of the frequency of the idiotype-positive B cell. The regulatory gene did not correlate with the Igh-1 allotype, and analysis of 22 inbred mouse strains mapped the gene to the I-E subregion. Surprisingly, only strains homozygous for E α k expressed the idiotype, and expression was a recessive trait. Possible mechanisms for this control of idiotype expression and its relation to lymphomagenesis are discussed.
SONG POPULATIONS AND DISPERSAL IN STEELBLUE AND PURPLE WIDOWFINCHES

Summary Payne, R. B. 1985. Song populations and dispersal in Steelblue and Purple Widowfinches. Ostrich 56:135-146. Songs of Steelblue Widowfinches Vidua chalybeata were recorded over eight years at Lochinvar National Park, Zambia. Neighbouring males share their song-type repertoires. Individual birds changed the structural details of all song types in their repertoire from year to year, and over 4–5 years the songs accumulated changes so that a song type could scarcely be recognized as the same. A few males in addition switched their song repertoires when they dispersed from one song population to another, or when their old neighbours disappeared and new neighbouring males sang a different song repertoire. Individual marked adult birds moved from one song neighbourhood to another. Purple Widowfinches had a similar song behaviour but only one song dialect was found in the study area. An estimate of the proportion of immigrants was made from the proportion of birds with songs unlike their neighbours, and f...
Inflammatory conditions of the eye associated with rheumatic diseases.

Ocular inflammation occurs in many patients with systemic rheumatic disease. The best examples are rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, temporal arteritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Wegener's granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, relapsing polychondritis, and Adamantiades-Behcet's disease. Ocular inflammation may precede the symptoms of the systemic disease and can be helpful in systemic diagnosis. After diagnosis, ocular inflammation can mark the severity of the systemic condition. Thus, prompt diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory conditions of the eye are warranted and may be sight- and life-saving.
Compliance with Topical Pilocarpine Treatment

Using an unobtrusive eyedrop medication monitor, we measured compliance with topical pilocarpine treatment in a sample of 184 patients. The eyedrop monitor recorded electronically the date and time of each pilocarpine administration over a four-to six-week period. The subjects administered a mean ± S.D. of 76.0% ± 24.3% of the prescribed pilocarpine doses. Eleven patients (6%) took less than one quarter and 28 patients (15.2%) took less than one half of the prescribed administrations. In contrast, when the subjects were interviewed they reported taking a mean ± S.D. of 97.1% ± 5.9% of the prescribed pilocarpine doses. As determined by the monitor, 45 patients (24.5%) had at least one day per month with no administrations of pilocarpine; 56 subjects (30.4%) compressed the doses during the daytime hours, leaving an interval between the night dose and the morning dose the next day of 12 hours or more. The rate of compliance was significantly higher (P
Constrained optimization problems using multiplier methods

A modified multiplier method for optimization problems with equality constraints is suggested and its application to constrained optimal control problems described. For optimal control problems with free terminal time, a gradient descent technique for updating control functions as well as the terminal time is developed. The modified multiplier method with the simplified conjugate gradient method is used to compute the solution of a time-optimal control problem for a V/STOL aircraft.
Automatic Detection of Mesocyclonic Shear with Doppler Radar

Abstract A region of high wind shear always accompanies large intense tornadoes. Such shear is readily measured by Doppler radar and thus can be used to identify regions in storms where tornadoes are likely to form. An algorithm developed at the National Severe Storms Laboratory uses decision thresholds to discriminate between mesocyclone shear and other shears not associated with organized circulatory flow. A detailed test of these and other thresholds was made by testing the algorithm on storms with and without mesocyclones. The algorithm requires storage and calculations on two consecutive radials of data, and thus is suitable for real time implementation. We have applied the algorithm to data from sixteen mesocyclones to evaluate detection performance. The probability of false alarm was 10%, and the probability of detection was 90%. The algorithm accounts for distortion of the shear pattern caused by the large antenna beam dimensions at long ranges.
Using Building Information Modeling to Assess the Initial Embodied Energy of a Building

AbstractThe building information modeling (BIM) is a new tool used by the architecture, engineering and construction industry to design and build new buildings. Similar to manufacturing companies, architects and engineers are using digital prototypes in building design. As the building industry is taking interest in environmental concerns, sustainable design has emerged as a growing field. Keeping sustainability in mind, it is desirable that environmental performance indicators also be involved while finalizing the designs. This could be accomplished by adding additional parameters such as embodied energy, reusability, deconstructability, and recycled content to the material data library. These parameters may be compared for alternative designs to determine which option is more environmentally friendly. At present, most BIM tools provide the data to be exported to other sustainability analysis tools, but are not capable of analyzing the sustainability parameters and comparing the results for various alter...
Teachers' Views of Combination Classes

Abstract An investigation was conducted of 35 teachers' views about combination classes, a common format typically created by uneven enrollments and involving the teaching of students from two adjacent grades for the entire day. Most teachers, when asked about their feelings toward, and organizational and teaching strategies for, combination classes, responded negatively and preferred not to teach them. Teachers felt students should be assigned to combination classes homogeneously by ability, independence, and behavior, but they reported that such approaches were limited by organizational constraints. Although 4 teachers taught their classes via whole-class methods and 7 used two groups, 24 used a mixed grouping strategy, usually dividing the class into separate groups for reading and mathematics and teaching a single group in science and social studies. Few teachers discussed developmental approaches often used in multiage or nongraded programs, approaches often advocated for combination classes. Results...
Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a key signaling pathway that has been linked to both tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy in prostate cancer and other solid tumors. Given the significance of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in integrating cell survival signals and the high prevalence of activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway alterations in prostate cancer, inhibitors of this pathway have great potential for clinical benefit. Here, we review the role of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in prostate cancer and discuss the potential use of pathway inhibitors as single agents or in combination in the evolving treatment landscape of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Treemap visualizations for CS2

Computer science instructors periodically need to update their classroom examples and programming assignments in order to reflect changes in current practice in the field and to discourage copying by students. As experienced CS2 instructors, we regularly face this challenge. The topics in our CS2 course are standard and include recursion, lists, stacks, queues, and trees (including B-trees as well as standard binary search trees and AVL trees). Our students use Java (including GUIs). We have experimented with having students use and write programs to visualize various data structures. The students have written programs to visualize search trees using the traditional approach in which ovals represent nodes and lines represent links. They have also written programs to visualize search trees via a Web browser [2]. We propose an alternate visualization technique based on treemaps. We believe that treemaps are a rich source for classroom examples and assignments for CS2 instructors. Trees are useful for storing hierarchical data, and they are naturally recursive. A tree is either empty, or it has a root node with subtrees. A root is connected to its subtrees by links or branches. We had an idea to draw a tree in a square, which would be split into multiple rectangles, one for each node in the tree. As we moved down a level in the tree, we toggled the direction of the split in the rectangles from vertical to horizontal or vice versa. The root node's size in the current rectangle corresponded to its relative weight in the current subtree. The structure of the tree could be inferred by the relationships among the rectangles and their relative widths and heights. We drew several of these embeddings by hand and noted that the patterns resembled art by the Dutch abstract artist Piet Mondrian [6]. We then implemented this visualization using the Java Power Tools [4] library and noted that this visualization can be enriched with colors and graphical patterns, as in the Kaleidoscope example [3]. Our idea is an active research area in computer graphics [7]. However, it still appears to be a novel teaching idea for CS2. Ben Shneiderman [5] was the first to study two-dimensional space-filling representations of trees; he called them "treemaps". His motivating problem was to visualize directories in order to determine disk utilization. His algorithm was similar to our algorithm. XML documents can also be visualized using his algorithm and others [1]. Our goal is to synthesize this treemap visualization literature [1, 5] into classroom materials for CS2 instructors.
Gold Nanoparticles Can Induce the Formation of Protein-based Aggregates at Physiological pH

Protein-nanoparticle interactions are of central importance in the biomedical applications of nanoparticles, as well as in the growing biosafety concerns of nanomaterials. We observe that gold nanoparticles initiate protein aggregation at physiological pH, resulting in the formation of extended, amorphous protein-nanoparticle assemblies, accompanied by large protein aggregates without embedded nanoparticles. Proteins at the Au nanoparticle surface are observed to be partially unfolded; these nanoparticle-induced misfolded proteins likely catalyze the observed aggregate formation and growth.
An improved numerical method for nonadiabatic nonradial oscillations: An application to white dwarf stars

We present an improved numerical method of calculation for nonadiabatic nonradial oscillations of white dwarf stars. An improved method is desirable, because the extremely large difference between the thermal and dynamical time scales in the degenerate cores of white dwarfs can lead to numerical artifacts with current fully nonadiabatic calculations. We use a quasi-adiabatic analysis in the core of our white dwarf models and switch to a fully nonadiabatic calculation in the outer layers where pulsation driving occurs. Using this hybrid method of calculation, we avoid the numerical instability present in the thermal eigenfunctions of previous methods
Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1-dependent Phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element-binding Protein Decreases Chromatin Occupancy *

The cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) initiates transcriptional responses to a wide variety of stimuli. CREB activation involves its phosphorylation on Ser-133, which promotes interaction between the CREB kinase-inducible domain (KID) and the KID-interacting domain of the transcriptional coactivator, CREB-binding protein (CBP). The KID also contains a highly conserved phosphorylation cluster, termed the ATM/CK cluster, which is processively phosphorylated in response to DNA damage by the coordinated actions of ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and casein kinases (CKs) 1 and 2. The ATM/CK cluster phosphorylation attenuates CBP binding and CREB transcriptional activity. Paradoxically, it was recently reported that DNA damage activates CREB through homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2-dependent phosphorylation of Ser-271 near the CREB bZIP DNA binding domain. In this study we sought to further clarify DNA damage-dependent CREB phosphorylation as well as to explore the possibility that the ATM/CK cluster and Ser-271 synergistically or antagonistically modulate CREB activity. We show that, rather than being induced by DNA damage, Ser-270 and Ser-271 of CREB cophosphorylated in a CDK1-dependent manner during G2/M phase. Functionally, we show that phosphorylation of CREB on Ser-270/Ser-271 during mitosis correlated with reduced CREB chromatin occupancy. Furthermore, CDK1-dependent phosphorylation of CREB in vitro inhibited its DNA binding activity. The combined results suggest that CDK1-dependent phosphorylation of CREB on Ser-270/Ser-271 facilitates its dissociation from chromatin during mitosis by reducing its intrinsic DNA binding potential.
Lethality in mice of double-stranded ribonucleic acid from virus-like particles of Penicillium stoloniferum

Abstract The ld 50 in mice of intact virus-like particles (VLP) from Penicillium stoloniferum NRRL 5267 was greater than 240 mg/kg body weight, and their component double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA) was 34.0 mg/kg. Judged by decreases in ld 50 values, administration of sublethal amounts of actinomycin D or cycloheximide simultaneously with sublethal amounts of intact VLP or mycoviral dsRNA enhanced lethality in mice. A 2400-fold increase in the letahlity of intact VLP occurred in mice treated with actinomycin D and a 65-fold increase with cycloheximide and VLP. Increases in lethality of 850-fold with actinomycin D and 10-fold with cycloheximide were determined when mice were treated simultaneously with either antibiotic and mycoviral dsRNA. Similar lethality effects were observed in mice simultaneously treated with polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid and either of the antibiotics. Animals treated at zero-time with mycoviral dsRNA and subsequently treated at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr with actinomycin D generally exhibited a reduced toxic response after the 4-hr injection with actinomycin D. Animals treated at zero-time with actinomycin D and subsequently with mycoviral dsRNA also exhibited a reduced toxic response after the 4-hr injection with the nucleic acid.
Replication of an adenovirus type 34 mutant dna containing tandem reiterations of the inverted terminal repeat

Abstract A mutant of human adenovirus type 34 (Ad34) has been isolated which contains DNA molecules with tandem reiterations of from two to eight copies of a 131-bp sequence within the right-sided inverted terminal repetition. Terminal heterogeneity was not eliminated by repeated plaque purifications indicating that the population of DNA molecules with various numbers of reiterations could rapidly evolve from the DNA of a single virus particle. These enlarged DNA molecules were capable of replication both in vivo and in vitro . The nucleotide sequence of the mutant Ad34 inverted terminal repetitions contained most of the essential features of the Ad origin of DNA replication. These features include the ATAATATACC sequence which is present between the highly conserved bases 9–18 in all human adenoviruses, as well as the consensus sequences for the binding of nuclear factor I and nuclear factor III. However, the reiterated sequences lacked a dG appropriately placed on the template strand to serve as a potential site for internal initiation. It appears that the rapid amplification of two to eight copies of the reiterated terminal sequences does not arise from internal initiation during replication but probably from homologous recombination.
Individual differences in conditional reasoning: A dual-process account

Dual-process theories of conditional reasoning predict that relationships among four basic logical forms, and to intellectual ability and thinking predictions, are most evident when conflict arises between experiential and analytic processing (e.g., Stanovich & West, 2000). To test these predictions, 210 undergraduates were presented with conditionals for which the consequents were either weakly or strongly associated with alternative antecedents (i.e., WA and SA problems, respectively). Consistent with predictions, modus ponens inferences were not related to inferences on the uncertain forms (affirmation of the consequent, denial of the antecedent). On WA problems, modus tollens, affirmation of the consequent, and denial of the antecedent were related to each other and to verbal ability. Modus ponens was linked to verbal ability only when disabling conditions were activated. In accord with the predictions of Stanovich and West (2000), on most problems, thinking dispositions predicted variance in inferenc...
Diagnostic value of thyroid antibodies.

ABSTRACT In a series of 701 patients, tanned red-cell agglutinating and complement-fixing antibodies were found most commonly in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, primary myxedema and Graves' disease, whereas positive precipitin reactions were seen exclusively in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Twenty-four per cent of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis had high titers of both tanned red-cell and complement-fixing antibodies, and a combination of very high titers was unique for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The highest averaged titers were seen in patients who had both Hashimoto's disease and hypothyroidism. In primary myxedema, a higher incidence of antibodies was noted in the untreated group. The average titer of antibodies was higher in untreated than in treated Graves' disease, especially in those who had been hyperthyroid for over 1 yr. In Graves' disease, higher titers were associated with large goiters and with the higher levels of protein-bound iodine, but not with the presence of exophthalmos or with ...
Leading with relationships: a small firm example

Purpose – For the continued vitality and success of small businesses, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the effective behaviors of small business owners. The main purpose of this paper is to further the understanding of the relational leadership framework as used by a successful small business owner.Design/methodology/approach – Data on the small business owner participating in this study were gathered via formal and informal interviews.Findings – Results of this paper suggest that the profit potential of an organization as well as employee retention can be improved through leadership that embraces the five key components of the relational leadership framework: inclusiveness, empowerment, purposefulness, ethics, and process‐orientation.Practical implications – Given the challenges of owning and operating a small firm in today's competitive business climate, it is worthwhile for entrepreneurs to use this case study as an example in effectively managing their organizations.Originality/value ...
Dictating Demography: The Problem of Population in Fascist Italy

Introduction 1. The background: fascism, European population policy, European demography, and the problem of population in liberal Italy 2. The organization of totalitarian demography 3. The realization of totalitarian demography I: spatial population movement 4. The realization of totalitarian demography II: quantitative and qualitative population management 5. The measurement of totalitarian demography Conclusion.
Optimized Gore/Seam Cable-Actuated Shape Control of Gossamer Membrane Reflectors

This investigation explores the feasibility of using an active gore/seam cable-based control system to reduce global root mean square figure errors due to thermal loading and inflation effects (W error) in large, gossamer, inflatable membrane reflectors. Analysis is performed on an inflated spherical membrane with polyvinylidene-fluorideactuated radial cables, for which the cable lengths and attachment points are designed via genetic algorithm optimization. It is found that throughproper tailoring of the cable lengths, significant global rootmean squarefigureerror reduction is achieved. Specifically, root mean square errors due to on-orbit thermal loading were reduced by approximately 75%with a 104-cable active gore/seam cable-control system that has amass equal to 15% the original reflector. Similarly,W errorswere reduced by approximately 95%with a 104-gore/seam cable-control systemwith a mass ratio of 12%. Finally, to deal with simultaneous W error and thermal loading with uncertain relative magnitudes, a hybrid gore/seam cable-control configuration based on a combination of independently optimized thermal andW-error cable patterns is considered. By adjusting the weights of a hybrid objective function, the gore/ seam cable-control system demonstrated robust shape-control performance for combined loading conditions. Because of the relatively lightweight designs and shape-control effectiveness, the gore/seam cable-shape-control concept seems promising for future gossamer reflector applications.
Accessibility of the nondominant language in picture naming: a counterintuitive effect of dementia on bilingual language production.

Abstract The current study tested the assumption that bilinguals with dementia regress to using primarily the dominant language. Spanish–English bilinguals with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 29), and matched bilingual controls ( n = 42) named Boston Naming Test pictures in their dominant and nondominant languages. Surprisingly, differences between patients and controls were larger using dominant-language than nondominant-language naming scores, and bilinguals with AD were either more likely than controls (in English-dominant bilinguals), or equally likely (in Spanish-dominant bilinguals), to name some pictures in the nondominant language that they could not produce in their dominant language. These findings suggest that dominant language testing may provide the best assessment of language deficits in bilingual AD, and argue against the common notion that the nondominant language is particularly susceptible to dementia. The greater vulnerability of the dominant language may reflect the increased probability of AD affecting richer semantic representations associated with dominant compared to nondominant language names.
Method to evaluate conversion efficiency of single basin solar desalination stills for field applications

We formulate and apply a solar radiance based model to determine the efficiency of basin solar stills. Optimization of different solar still sizes and designs normally requires hourly monitoring of the various stills. This would typically require data logging thermal sensors or regular temperature logging throughout the day, which may be prohibitively expensive for working solar desalination installations, especially in Developing Nations, where the solar stills may either be of disparate sizes and types and sometimes in use over a wide area. This model requires simple data collection tools; a recording solar incidence meter, a digital mass scale to asses still output and a handheld infrared thermometer. This data is usually gathered only one time per day, which allows for long term studies by non-project personnel. We find that this solar radiance model allows for direct comparison between stills of different sizes and configurations. This work covers the evaluation model, rather than the stills themselves.
Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists discriminate subtypes of 125I-angiotensin II binding sites in the rat brain

We have utilized quantitative autoradiography to define subtypes of 125I-angiotensin II (AII) binding in rat brain. AII-1 binding (displaced by DuP 753) was found in the nucleus of the solitary tract and the hypothalamus, while AII-2 binding (displaced by WL 19) was found in the thalamus and lateral septum. These results indicate that subtypes of the AII receptor are present in the brain and the AII-1 receptor subtype is present in regions consistant with the known actions of angiotensin.
The assembly of diverse immune receptors is focused on a polar membrane-embedded interaction site.

The majority of receptors responsible for activation of distinct cell types within the immune system assemble with dimeric signaling modules through interaction of a basic transmembrane residue with a pair of acidic residues of the signaling dimer. Because assembly of other membrane proteins requires specific interactions along extended stretches of transmembrane helices, we examined how transmembrane sequences flanking the polar interaction site contribute to assembly for three receptors that associate with different signaling modules—the natural killer cell receptors KIR and NKG2D and the Fc receptor for IgA, FcαRI. The KIR and NKG2D receptors assembled with the DAP12 and DAP10 dimers, respectively, even when the entire KIR or NKG2D transmembrane domains were replaced by polyleucine sequences with a properly positioned basic residue. In contrast, a high degree of specificity for the basic side chain could be observed because the KIR–DAP12 and FcαRI–Fcγ interactions favored lysine or arginine, respectively. Steric hindrance among incompatible extra-membranous domains and competition for signaling modules also contributed to specificity of assembly. These results demonstrate that these interactions are focused on the polar site created by three ionizable transmembrane residues, and explain how the DAP12 and Fcγ signaling modules can assemble with large, non-overlapping sets of receptors that have highly divergent transmembrane sequences.
Systems for unified life-cycle mechanical engineering design: shared-tool architectures versus distributed tool architectures

A unified life-cycle engineering design (ULCED) system embodying conceptual design, detailed design, redesign, design for manufacturing, and design maintainability forms the basis of a new computer-based design discipline for improving the overall quality of manufactured goods. The objective of such a system is to review, evaluate, and analyze the entire life cycle of a product and to incorporate, in an integrated fashion, life-cycle knowledge within the design process. Individual CAD/CAM/CAE software, developed under various programming environments and operating systems, and on various types of computer hardware, have met with only limited success in achieving total computational integration. At the initial stages of development of such a system exploration of both technologically and economically feasible architectures is of critical importance.
Advanced digital linearization approaches for wireless rf power amplifiers

• Digital compensation techniques will allow for removal of most RF “errors” in future wireless transceivers. • The fundamental dynamic range performance limits then become noise (at the low end) and power supply voltage (at the high end). • The overhead associated with implementing these algorithms will continue to fall as CMOS technology scales in the future. • Future microwave systems research should focus on the interaction between digital and RF design techniques
“And browner than her brother”: “Misprized” Celia's racial identity and transversality in As You Like It

Shakespeare's As You Like It has become a centrepiece in feminist and/or queer discussions concerning early modern English gender and sexual prescriptions and the theatre's role in contesting or reconsolidating a patriarchal and/or heteronormative social structure. Focused primarily on Rosalind and her wooing of a man while in man's attire, such criticism has generally ignored Rosalind's cousin Celia and the racial and social-class parameters of her forest identity. This essay first surveys this Rosalind-centric critical tradition and then utilizes Bryan Reynolds's transversal theory and historiography of early modern English criminal culture to assess the subversive potential of Celia's dissident court behaviour and of her engagement in a popular criminal practice Reynolds refers to as “becoming gypsy”. This reading of Celia in and out of her transversally empowered, “‘browner’” (4.3.89) Aliena identity will consider how Celia/Aliena, unlike Rosalind/Ganymede, functions to transgress then dominant and in...
Randomized controlled trials in industrial low back pain relating to return to work. Part 2. Discogenic low back pain

The purpose of this review was to determine the efficacy of treatments for discogenic low back pain (LBP) by examining all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of discogenic LBP published in the English language literature between 1975 and 1993 with "return to work" (RTW) as the end point. From more than 4,000 LBP citations, nearly 600 articles were initially reviewed; 35 studies met our selection criteria. Twenty-two studies were discussed in Part 1 (Acute Interventions) or will be discussed in Part 3 (Chronic Interventions). In this review, of 13 RCTs assessing interventions for LBP with sciatica, 9 were appropriate for their focus on, and radiologic confirmation of, discogenic LBP. The treatments assessed included chemonucleolysis, surgical discectomy, and epidural steroid injection. A 26-point system to assess the quality of methodologic rigor was used for each article. Our literature survey found a need for additional studies comparing surgery, conservative care, epidural steroids, traction, and other approaches to determine their individual effects for RTW after discogenic disease.
One-Dimensional Nanograting-Based Guided-Mode Resonance Pressure Sensor

We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of a high-resolution optical pressure sensor based on guided-mode resonance (GMR) in a titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanograting embedded in an 85-μm-thick polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane. The device presented here is capable of resolving changes in pressure as small as 200 mtorr within a PDMS channel. The embedded GMR grating has a pitch distance of 500 nm when the PDMS membrane is unstrained; at this pitch, the grating has a resonance response at around 727 nm, producing a peak in the reflectivity spectrum of the device. When pressure within the channel increases, the membrane is strained, resulting in an increase in the grating pitch as well as its corresponding resonant wavelength. By measuring the resulting change in the reflectivity spectrum of the grating, the device should be able to detect changes in relative pressure throughout a range of over 60 torr.
Was the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 genocide?

(1999). Was the Ukrainian famine of 1932–1933 genocide? Journal of Genocide Research: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 147-156.