cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specifying privacy policies with P3P and EPAL: lessons learned

As computing becomes more ubiquitous and Internet use continues to rise, it is increasingly important for organizations to construct accurate and effective privacy policies that document their information handling and usage practices. Most privacy policies are derived and specified in a somewhat ad-hoc manner, leading to policies that are of limited use to the consumers they are intended to serve. To make privacy policies more readable and enforceable, two privacy policy specification languages have emerged, P3P and EPAL. This paper discusses a case study in which the authors systematically formalized two real and complex, healthcare website privacy statements, and measured the results against well-known requirements engineering criteria.
Area Expansion and Permeation of Phospholipid Membrane Bilayers by Influenza Fusion Peptides and Melittin

The fusion of membrane bilayers is an ubiquitous cellular process. Exocytosis, organelle formation, cellular trafficking, cell division, fertilization, and numerous other cellular activities all involve membrane fusion. Fusion can be rapid, occurring on the order of seconds or minutes. In viral infection, specific glycoproteins mediate the fusion of the viral lipid envelope with a cellular membrane. Viral fusion glycoproteins typically contain a segment which embeds into the target cellular membrane, referred to as the fusion peptide. The mechanism of action of viral fusion proteins is still not certain; in particular, the extent and rate of insertion of the fusion peptide are not well quantified. In this report, we use micropipet aspiration and video microscopy oflarge unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles to determine the membrane area expansion resulting from the insertion of fusion peptides into the lipid bilayer. The fusion peptide of the viral fusion protein, influenza hemagglutinin, inserts into phosphatidylcholine bilayers, resulting in an increase in the membrane area on a time scale (i.e., seconds) similar to that of viral fusion. Following peptide insertion, porous defects form in minutes. We show that chemical changes in the N-and C-termini of this peptide can either eliminate, decrease, or enhance surface activity of the peptide; particularly the propensity to form pores can be diminished. In control studies, the well-studied lytic peptide, melittin, similarly increases the membrane area and forms pores in the membrane. The observation that the wild-type influenza fusion peptide and melittin each form pores below the areal expansion limit of 5% suggest that membrane disrupting proteins act through specific and localized perturbation.
Chymotryptic heavy meromyosin from gizzard myosin: A proteolytic fragment with the regulatory properties of the intact myosin

Summary Proteolytic cleavage of gizzard myosin using α-chymotrypsin under conditions which produce HMM when applied to skeletal muscle myosin yields an enzymatically active fragment which behaves like the original myosin in the its ATPase activity is activated by actin but only with the participation of Ca 2+ and additional regulatory proteins. In contrast, papain-subfragment-1 from gizzard myosin has an actin-activated ATPase that is dependent neither on Ca 2+ nor on regulatory proteins. The chymotryptic fragment can be phosphorylated by a partially purified preparation of light chain kinase, and contains intact 20,000 and 17,000-dalton light chains and a heavy chain with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 120,000, based on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes

Aims This study implemented and evaluated procedures to help clinicians make effective referrals to 12-Step self-help groups. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Out-patient substance use disorder treatment. Participants Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) entering a new treatment episode (n = 345) who were assigned randomly to a standard referral- or an intensive referral-to-self-help condition. Measurements Self-reports of 12-Step group attendance and involvement and substance use at baseline and a 6-month follow-up. Intervention The intensive referral intervention focused on encouraging patients to attend 12-Step meetings by connecting them to 12-Step volunteers. Findings Among patients with relatively less previous 12-Step meeting attendance, intensive referral was associated with more meeting attendance during follow-up than was standard referral. Among all patients, compared with those who received standard referral, those who received intensive referral were more likely to be involved with 12-Step groups during the 6-month follow-up (i.e. had provided service, had a spiritual awakening and currently had a sponsor). Intensive referral patients also had better alcohol and drug use outcomes at 6 months. Twelve-Step involvement mediated part of the association between referral condition and alcohol outcomes. Conclusions The brief intensive referral intervention was associated with improved 12-Step group involvement and substance use outcomes even among patients with considerable previous 12-Step group exposure and formal treatment. Future 12-Step intensive referral procedures should focus on encouraging 12-Step group involvement in addition to attendance to benefit patients most effectively.
A systems analysis of a campus community mental health facility: A preliminary investigation

Faced with increasing demand and relatively static resources, community mental health facilities need to evaluate their functions in terms of time, cost, and performance effectiveness. For this study, the technology of systems analysis was applied to the functions of a progressive university counseling center. The systems analysis provided a management and information flow analysis and a time and cost analysis, as well as a performance analysis. This study focused on the preliminary results of the time, cost, and performance analysis.
Muslim encounters in the global economy: Identity developments of labor migrants from Bangladesh to the Middle East

The contemporary international migrations of Muslims are associated with a rise in religiosity, specifically with a rise in engagements with orthodox and revivalist practices and movements of Islam...
Oxidation of cellulose by acid‐sodium nitrite systems

Investigations on the oxidation of cellulose by phosphoric acid-sodium nitrite systems have shown that the specificity of the reaction depends on the concentration of the acid. Supporting evidence has been given by chemical analysis, x-ray diagrams, and identification of degradation products. The suggestion of a mechanism of oxidation by the nitrosonium ion instead of nitrous acid is supported by experimental results.
Mama's Boy; Preacher's Son: A Memoir

Mama's Boy; Preacher's Son is Kevin Jennings's autobiographical account of growing up gay in the Southern United States. In his memoir, Jennings shares formative experiences relating to his impoverished childhood and his career as teacher and social activist. His rich description of the influence of family relationships on his personal and professional identities contributes to understanding identities of LGBT youth.
Direct observation of relaxation modes in KNbO3 and BaTiO3 using inelastic light scattering.

Cubic and tetragonal ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ and orthorhombic ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$ have been studied by Raman scattering, using an iodine filter to eliminate elastically scattered light. In addition to the usual phonon features, such as the soft E mode in tetragonal ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ and the soft ${B}_{2}$ mode in orthorhombic ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$, central components have been observed in both materials for the first time. These components have the linewidths, line shapes, and thermal properties of relaxation modes, and symmetry properties consistent with an eight-site order-disorder model of the successive phase transitions. Additionally, the data provide direct evidence that clusters of precursor order are present in cubic ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ and the model provides estimates of the temperatures at which these clusters are present in both ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$. These values are in good agreement with the results of linear birefringence and refractive-index measurements.
Leaf mineral nutrient concentrations or media pH affect Georgia Jet sweetpotato transplant number, length, and weight 1

Abstract The results of four experiments were combined to determine the relationships between leaf mineral nutrients or media pH and sweetpotato transplant production. The relative number of transplants and the relative mean transplant lengths or weights were determined by comparing the values obtained with unamended aged pine sawdust, a traditional medium. These values were regressed against leaf mineral concentrations and media pH. There was no relationship between relative transplant production and leaf nitrogen (N), potassium (K), or manganese (Mn) concentrations. Compared to sufficiency ranges for nearly mature sweetpotatoes, concentrations of N and K were low and Mn was sufficient. An upper value of 1210 mg/L leaf iron (Fe) was obtained for relative mean transplant weight, but concentrations of this mineral were not associated with relative transplant numbers or relative mean transplant lengths. Leaf calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were related to all three transplant characteristics ...
Pulmonary complications of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients

We have investigated the influence of diabetes mellitus including the presence of late complications on the pulmonary system. To check this relationship 31 Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients (mean age 30.6±5.32 years, mean duration of diabetes 12.9±5.05 years) were admitted into the trial and compared with 18 control subjects. Pulmonary function tests were measured including spirometric parameters, diffusing capacity, specific diffusing capacity and dynamic compliance measured at 20 and 60 breaths per min. No disturbance of the spirometric parameters was observed in the diabetic patients. Diffusing capacity in the diabetic patients with complications was significantly lower than in both the diabetic patients without complications and the control group (81.2±16.2%, 104±13.7%, 99.3±2.8%; p<0.001, p<0.005 respectively). Specific diffusing capacity was significantly lower in the diabetic patients than in the control subjects (80.3±13.1% vs 89.4±12.9%; p<0.05). In the group with late complications specific diffusing capacity was lower than in the group without complications (69.7±9.17%; 87.2±10.7%, respectively; p<0.001). Dynamic compliance at 20 breaths per min in diabetic patients was 84.06±17.08% vs 95.2±11.59% in the control subjects (p<0.05). It was particularly low in the group with late complications 80.6±13.2% and patients with metabolic poor control, 80.3±12.02% (both p<0.005 vs the control group). Dynamic compliance at 60 breaths per min was 60.1±15.0% as compared to 83.2±13.3% in the control group (p<0.001). We conclude that the disturbances of dynamic compliance may be due to the local mosaic abnormalities of lung elasticity, caused by the non-enzymatic glycation of protein. Disturbances in diffusion in diabetic patients confirm the presence of microangiopathy in pulmonary vessels.
Paleomagnetism of San Cristobal Island, Galapagos

Abstract Isla San Cristobal, the most easterly of the Galapagos Islands, consists of two parts: a large volcano constitutes the southwest half of the island and an irregular apron of small cones and flows makes up the northeast half. As some of the younger flows on the flanks of the large volcano are reversely magnetized, the minimum age of the volcano is 0.7 my, which is the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal boundary. The true age is probably several times greater. The cones and flows to the northeast are all normally magnetized. The between-site angular dispersion of virtual poles is 11.3° - a value consistent with mathematical models for the latitude dependence of geomagnetic secular variation.
Preface: An Introduction To Dendroarchaeology In The Southeastern United States

Dendroarchaeology has a discontinuous history in the Southeastern United States, mostly because of misconceptions (the Southeast is too mesic), bad sampling practices (no standard protocol exists for preserving prehistoric wood samples), and a lack of reference tree-ring chronologies long enough to date wood from the abundant prehistoric sites. The majority of archaeological applications in recent years has focused on the dating of historic sites and structures to verify the documented year(s) of construction largely in response to requests from historical agencies to verify when a particular structure was built. We have found that most structures are one to two generations younger than their reported date(s) of construction, but most agencies find this information useful as tree-ring dating lends historical credibility to any site. The future of dendroarchaeology in the Southeast is encouraging but many more trained experts are needed to meet the demand of dating historical structures and sites. Furthermore, once a sampling protocol becomes standardized for retrieving wood from prehistoric sites, the potential for absolute dating of these sites is enormous given that abundant wood is archived in locations throughout the Southeast.
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPIDER CRAB MITHRAX PLEURACANTHUS STIMPSON REARED IN THE LABORATORY (DECAPODA: BRACHYURA: MAJIDAE)

ABSTRACT The complete larval development of the spider crab Mithrax (Mithrax) pleuracanthus from hatching to first crab stage was obtained by culture in the laboratory. A prezoea, two zoeal stages, and one megalopal stage are described and illustrated. Larvae were reared in 12 different combinations of temperature and salinity. Best survival to first crab stage occurred at 25°C and salinities of 30‰ and 35‰ and at cyclic temperatures of 30–35°C in 35‰ salinity. Development to first crab was 14 days (at 25°C) and 9-10 days (at 30°C, cyclic 30–-35°C). Morphological characters of M. pleuracanthus larvae were compared with those of two other members within the genus. The subgenera Mithraculus and Mithrax were originally based on only adult characters, but it is suggested that a reevaluation of these subgeneric diagnoses should be considered to include larval characters.
Maximum entropy spectral estimation using the analytical signal

Using maximum entropy power spectral estimation, the estimate of the frequency of a sinusoid in white noise has been shown to be very sensitive to the initial sinusoidal phase. This phase dependence can be significantly reduced by replacing the real data by its analytic form, reducing the sampling rate by two, and employing the power spectral estimate for complex data.
MOLECULAR EQUIVALENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES TO CARBON DIOXIDE IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

The organic material formed has been commonly assumed to be glucose or some other carbohydrate. This equation is based principally on three types of facts: (a), the preponderance of carbohydrate material in plants, and the observed rapid increase in carbohydrates on illumination of green plants ; (b), the near quantitative agreement of the increase in weight of organic matter produced and the amount of carbon dioxide photosynthesized ; and (c), the approximation to the value of unity of the ratio between oxygen evolved and carbon dioxide absorbed. The first of these facts, (a), is only qualitative and does not serve to establish the stoichiometric relations required by the equation. The investigations thus far reported, that have attempted to confirm the molecular equivalence between carbon dioxide assimilated and carbohydrate formed, have failed in their purpose as a brief review will show. Fifty years ago, Saposchnikoff (12) determined, as glucose, the amount of carbohydrate formed during photosynthesis in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed. In three experiments with sunflower leaves, he found that 63.8, 67.7 and 87.1 per cent, of the theoretical amount of carbohydrate was formed from the carbon dioxide absorbed. Because he found so great a discrepancy between the observed and theoretical recovery of carbohydrate, he concluded that "Bei allen drei Versuchen erhielt ich ein Deficit der Kohlenhydrate im Vergleich zu der zersetzten Kohlens?ure. Auf diese Versuche hin muss man annehmen, dass ausser den Kohlenhydraten (St?rke) sich noch ein anderer Stoff bildet, und vielleicht ist dies Eiweissstoff.,,
Utilization of FPAA technology for emulation of multi-scale power system dynamics in smart grids

Summary form only given. In this paper, the authors address computational issues associated with implementation of VLSI technologies - specifically, the utilization of field programmable analog array (FPAA) technology to analyze the steady-state as well dynamic behavior of nonlinear, multi-scale power systems. Emphasis is placed on the following issues: adaptation of FPAA hardware for power flow analyses, design and construction of physical prototype, optimal hardware scaling, and application of emulation to transient fault analyses.
Reproducibility, correctness, and buildability: the three principles for ethical public dissemination of computer science and engineering research

We propose a system of three principles of public dissemination, which we call reproducibility, correctness, and buildability, and make the argument that consideration of these principles is a necessary step when publicly disseminating results in any evidence-based scientific or engineering endeavor. We examine how these principles apply to the release and disclosure of the four elements associated with computer science research: theory, algorithms, code, and data. Reproducibility refers to the capability to reproduce fundamental results from released details. Correctness refers to the ability of an independent reviewer to verify and validate the results of a paper. We introduce the new term buildability to indicate the ability of other researchers to use the published research as a foundation for their own new work. This is more broad than extensibility, as it requires that the published results have reached a level of completeness that the research can be used for its stated purpose, and has progressed beyond the level of a preliminary idea. We argue that these three principles are not being sufficiently met by current publications and proposals in computer science and engineering, and represent a goal for which publishing should continue to aim. We introduce standards for the evaluation of reproducibility, correctness, and buildability in relation to the varied elements of computer science research and discuss how they apply to proposals, workshops, conferences, and journal publications, making arguments for appropriate standards of each principle in these settings. We address modern issues including big data, data confidentiality, privacy, security, and privilege. Our examination raises questions for discussion in the community on the appropriateness of publishing works that fail to meet one, some, or all of the stated principles.
Temporal and group‐related trends in peer assessment amongst medical students

Peer assessment has been increasingly recommended as a way to evaluate the professional competencies of medical trainees. Prior studies have only assessed single groups measured at a single timepoint. Thus, neither the longitudinal stability of such ratings nor differences between groups using the same peer-assessment instrument have been reported previously. Participants were all members of 2 consecutive classes of medical students (n = 77 and n = 85) at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry who completed Years 2 and 3 of medical school consecutively. All participants were evaluated by 6-12 classmates near the end of both Years 2 and 3. Main outcome measures were mean numerical ratings on peer-assessed scales of professional work habits (WH) and interpersonal attributes (IA). Both scales had high internal consistencies in both years (Cronbach's alpha 0.84-0.94). The IA and WH scales were moderately correlated with one another (r = 0.36 in Year 2, r = 0.28 in Year 3). Year 2 scores were predictive of Year 3 scores for both scales (WH: r = 0.64; IA; r = 0.62). Generalisability and decision analyses revealed that 1 class was consistently more discriminating with the WH scale, while the other was more discriminating with of the IA scale. Depending on the class, year and scale, the number of raters needed to achieve a reasonable reliability ranged between 7 and 28. Although Year 3 peer ratings were consistently higher than Year 2 peer ratings for both WH and IA, individual scores were highly correlated across the 2 years, despite the fact that different individuals were chosen as peer raters. Abilities appear to be stable between Years 2 and 3 of medical school. Groups may differ in their ability to discriminate different kinds of skills. Generalisability analysis can be used to discover these patterns within groups.
Magnetic properties and structures of impure Nd-(Fe, Mo)-B magnets with added Dy2O3

Abstract Low-cost impure Nd-Fe-B magnets are studied. The addition of alloy element Mo and Dy 2 O 3 enhances the magnetic properties. The effect of Mo and Dy 2 O 3 on the magnetic properties for the impure Nd-Fe-B magnets is studied. The properties of the Nd 16 Fe 76 Mo 1 B 7 magnets with the addition of 1 wt% Dy 2 O 3 are i H c = 1360 kA/m, b H c = 923 kA/m, B r = 1.21 T, ( BH ) max = 279 kJ/m 3 , α 20−120°C ≤-0.085%/°C and W ir ≤5%. The phase structures, the phase and Nd-rich phase distribution and the role of the magnets are studied.
Esophageal Replacement Following Gastric Devascularization Is Safe, Feasible, and May Decrease Anastomotic Complications

Background Gastric transposition is the most common reconstruction after esophagectomy. Despite technical improvements, the incidence of anastomotic complications remains high. Gastric devascularization followed by esophageal resection and reconstruction has been proposed to minimize these complications.
Bladder Management for the Evolving Spinal Cord Injury: Options and Considerations

Bladder management after a spinal cord injury is a critical consideration from the onset of the condition. Inadequate management resulted in a high incidence of morbidity and mortality in the past. As better awareness has been generated and more judicious use of the available management options has been used, a dramatic decline in associated pathologies has occurred. This review seeks to delineate the options for diagnosis and management of the neurogenic bladder. Clinical context is emphasized in the timing of interventions and testing. Suggestions for formulating a urological management plan for the individual patient are provided.
Culturally tailored intervention for rural African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate a culturally tailored intervention for rural African Americans. Social Cognitive Theory provided the framework for the study.Methods Twenty-two participants were recruited and randomly assigned to either Group or Individual diabetes self-management (DSME). Group DSME included story-telling, hands-on activities, and problem-solving exercises. Individual DSME sessions focused on goal-setting and problem-solving strategies. Sessions were offered in an accessible community center over a 10-week period.Results Outcomes included glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C), self-care actions, self-efficacy level, goal attainment, and satisfaction with DSME. Participants in both Group and Individual DSME improved slightly over the 3-month period in self-care activities, A1C level, and goal attainment. Although differences were not statistically significant, trends indicate improved scores on dietary actions, foot care, goal attainment, and empowerment for those experienci...
Eutectic growth: selection of interlamellar spacings

Critical experimental studies in a model transparent organic system have been carried out to establish the interlamellar spacing selection criterion for directionally solidified eutectic alloys. It is shown that the spacing selection is not very sharp and a finite distribution of spacing is observed for a given velocity. The width of the distribution is found to increase as the velocity is decreased. This band of spacings is shown to lie within the stable zone predicted by the lamellar stability theory, and the average spacing lies slightly above the value which corresponds to the minimum undercooling condition. A number of velocity change experiments were also carried out in which the initial spacing was either larger or smaller than the final spacing. For both these conditions, the average eutectic spacing is found to drift toward the spacing value which is slightly larger than the smallest stable spacing for the final velocity. All experimental results show that the stable range of eutectic spacings is much smaller than that discussed by Jackson and Hunt.
Finite impulse response estimator

An attempt is made to combine a deterministic digital filter and a stochastic filter. The state equation is the standard form used for a Kalman filter derivation and the output equation is of the finite impulse response filter. An optimal estimator is derived for this combined structure, called a finite impulse response estimator (FIRE) which permits processing of a signal contaminated by deterministic and random noises. Derivation of the FIRE utilizes the state augmentation technique and the innovation technique. The proposed method is straight forward and easy to implement and it can be applied to areas such as time varying signal processing or target tracking where radar 'returns are contaminated by low frequency noises. Full derivation and a tracking application are presented.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Radiation therapy for optic nerve sheath meningioma

Abstract Purpose To explain the concepts that radiation oncologists should understand to manage patients with optic nerve sheath meningioma (ONSM). To accomplish this goal we first describe our institution's experience with the treatment of ONSM with radiation therapy and then use this data set as a framework for explaining the role of radiation therapy in the treatment of this uncommon tumor. Methods and Materials We studied the outcomes of all 15 patients treated at our medical center with radiation therapy for ONSM between 1990 and 2006. The minimum follow-up was 5 years (median, 12 years). The median dose was 50.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy per treatment (range, 50-54 Gy). Results No patient experienced tumor progression. The rates of local control, regional control, and relapse free-survival were all 100%. Radiographic tumor response after radiation therapy was as follows: No change in 93%; and a reduction in size in 7%. Vision status after radiation therapy was as follows: Stable in 60%; improved in 27%; and decreased in 13%. Vision was classified as "useful" at last follow-up in 86% of patients with useful vision at the time of radiation therapy. The only treatment complication was moderate retinopathy in 2 patients. At last follow-up, no patient had developed a second tumor. Conclusions Radiation therapy with 50.4 Gy at 1.8 Gy per treatment prevents tumor growth and vision deterioration in most patients with ONSM.
Binding of low-molecular-weight canine factor VIII coagulant from von Willebrand plasma to canine factor VIII-related antigen.

Summary. Plasmas having no detectable factor VIII-related antigen but moderate factor VIII coagulant were obtained from two unrelated dogs homozygous for von Willebrand's disease and with the severe clinical expression of the disease. When these plasmas were gel-filtered in a buffer at physiologic ionic strength, the factor VIII coagulant eluted in the bed volume as a single well-defined peak. Addition of protease inhibitors, including diisopropylfluorophosphate, did not change the elution pattern. Each plasma was then combined individually with plasmas from six different mutants of canine haemophilia, all of which had normal factor VIII-related antigen but no detectable factor VIII coagulant. The factor VIII coagulant elution profile of these combined plasma resembled that of normal canine plasma. Slightly over half of the recovered factor VIII coagulant coeluted in the void volume with the factor VIII-related antigen; the rest eluted as a second, distinct peak of lower molecular weight. These results demonstrated that part of the factor VIII coagulant of the von Willebrand plasmas had bound to the factor VIII-related antigen of the haemophilic plasmas. This finding supports the theory that factor VIII exists as a macromolecular complex of nonidentical components in normal citrated plasma.
Transmitter and peptide actions on hypothalamic neurons in vitro: implications for lordosis.

Abstract This article summarizes a series of studies using brain tissue slices of rats to record single-unit activity from the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN) and preoptic area (POA), both of which are crucial for the regulation of the estrogen-dependent feminine mating behavior, lordosis. In these studies the actions of acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5HT), norepinephrine (NE), luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), and oxytocin (OXY) on neuronal activity were investigated. The results show that these agents could evoke either direct responses or neuromodulatory changes from VMN or POA cells in vitro. Comparison of the net neuronal actions of each of these agents with their effects on lordosis behavior revealed interesting correlations. All the excitatory agents i.e., ACh, AVP, OXY, and LHRH, have been indicated by intracerebral application studies to be facilitatory on lordosis. The inhibitory agent, 5HT, could inhibit lordosis, when applied to the VMN and its vicinity. Such correlations indicate that these transmitters and peptides can facilitate or inhibit lordosis by increasing or decreasing, respectively, the frequency of action potentials in the types of hypothalamic neurons recorded here.
High‐temperature hardness of Ga1−xInxAs

Substantial solid‐solution strengthening of GaAs by In acting as InAs4 units has recently been predicted for an intermediate‐temperature plateau region. This strengthening could account, in part, for the reduction of dislocation density in GaAs single crystals grown from the melt. Hardness measurements at high temperatures up to 900 °C have been carried out on (100) GaAs, Ga0.9975In0.0025As, and Ga0.99In0.01As wafers, all of which contain small amounts of boron. Results show a significant strengthening effect in In‐doped GaAs. A nominally temperature‐independent flow‐stress region is observed for all three alloys. The In‐doped GaAs shows a higher plateau stress level with increasing In content. The results are consistent with the solid‐solution strengthening model. The magnitude of the solid‐solution hardening is sufficient to explain the reduction in dislocation density with In addition.
Kinetics of nonpeptide antagonist binding to the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor: Implications for structure-activity relationships and insurmountable antagonism.

Abstract Numerous nonpeptide ligands have been developed for the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor as potential agents for treatment of disorders of the reproductive-endocrine axis. While the equilibrium binding of these ligands has been studied in detail, little is known of the kinetics of their receptor interaction. In this study we evaluated the kinetic structure–activity relationships (SAR) of uracil-series antagonists by measuring their association and dissociation rate constants. These constants were measured directly using a novel radioligand, [ 3 H] NBI 42902, and indirectly for unlabeled ligands. Receptor association and dissociation of [ 3 H] NBI 42902 was monophasic, with an association rate constant of 93 ± 10 μM −1 min −1 and a dissociation rate constant of 0.16 ± 0.02 h −1 ( t 1/2 of 4.3 h). Four unlabeled compounds were tested with varying substituents at the 2-position of the benzyl group at position 1 of the uracil (–F, –SO(CH 3 ), –SO 2 (CH 3 ) and –CF 3 ). The nature of the substituent did not appreciably affect the association rate constant but varied the dissociation rate constant >50-fold ( t 1/2 ranging from 52 min for –SO(CH 3 ) to >43 h for –CF 3 ). This SAR was poorly resolved in standard competition assays due to lack of equilibration. The functional consequences of the varying dissociation rate were investigated by measuring antagonism of GnRH-stimulated [ 3 H] inositol phosphates accumulation. Slowly dissociating ligands displayed insurmountable antagonism (decrease of the GnRH E max ) while antagonism by more rapidly dissociating ligands was surmountable (without effect on the GnRH E max ). Therefore, evaluating the receptor binding kinetics of nonpeptide antagonists revealed SAR, not evident in standard competition assays, that defined at least in part the mode of functional antagonism by the ligands. These findings are of importance for the future definition of nonpeptide ligand SAR and for the identification of potentially useful slowly dissociating antagonists for the GnRH receptor.
Synthesis and characterization of a low stress photosensitive polyimide

Use of polyimides with thermal coefficients of expansion comparable to that of the underlying substrate is critical to achieving low stress in microelectronic packaging applications. Photosensitive polyimides are finding increased use because of their significant reduction in device processing steps. A negative working photosensitive polyimide, based on the BPDA/PPD backbone, has been synthesized that incorporates these key features. The polyimide exhibits excellent photo sensitivity and lithographic behavior, while retaining many thermal and physical properties of the polymer framework
Zeolite Formation in Class F Fly Ash Blended Cement Pastes

Zeolite formation in Class F fly ash blended cement pastes is under investigation. A Na–P type zeolite and Zeolite Y were synthesized from Class F fly ash and NaOH solution after 2 days of aging at room temperature and 6 days of curing at 80°C. However, no zeolites formed when KOH was used. In additional experiments, a Na–P type zeolite, Zeolite Y, and chabazite developed in cement pastes blended with Class F fly ash and NaOH solution which had been aged 2 days at room temperature and then cured 6 days at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 90°C. Seeding the pastes with natural zeolites was also investigated.
Rice Starch Molecular Size and its Relationship with Amylose Content

The composition and starch molecular structure of eight rice varieties were studied. Waxy and non-waxy (long-, medium-, and short-grain) rice varieties from California and Texas were used. The amylose contents were measured using the Concanavalin A method and were found to be related to the type of rice: waxy 11.0%, short and medium grain 8.7-15.4%, and long grain 17.1-19.9%. The weight-average molar masses (M w ) of the starches varied from 0.52 to 1.96 x 10 8 g/mol. As would be expected, a higher M w of rice starch correlated to lower amylose content. The range of M w of amylopectin was 0.82 to 2.50 x 10 8 g/mol, and there was also a negative correlation of amylopectin M w with amylose content. Amylose M w ranged from 2.20 to 8.31 x 10 5 g/ mol. After debranching the amylopectin with isoamylase, the weight-average degree of polymerization (DP w ) for the long-chain fraction correlated positively with a higher amylose content. California and Texas varieties were significantly different in their amylose content, starch M w (short- and medium-grain only), and amylopectin M w (p < 0.05).
Corticotropin/beta-endorphin immunoreactivity in rat mast cells. Peptide or protease?

Abstract Rat mast cells were examined by immunohistochemistry and radio-immunoassay with antisera to various regions of the prohormone procorticottopin (ACTH)/β-endorphin. These antisera revealed specific immunostaining in mast cells obtained from the peritoneal and thoraic cavities and in sections of rat tongue, mesenterium, and lung. Addition of the histamine liberator compound 48/80 to suspensions of peritoneal-thoracic mast cells produced a large increase in the level of ACTH and β-endorphin in the medium as measured by radio-immunoassay. Although the released material in each case produced a displacement curve parallel to that of the known peptide, this phenomenon was attributed to degradation of labelled hormone by an apparent protease released from mast cells. ACTH immunoreactivity was not detected in cell extracts obtained with boiling water or acetic acid. These data strongly emphasize the potential artifacts that can occur when immunoreactivity alone is in the criterion for determining the presence of peptide hormones in cells.
THE THEOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF RALPH WENDELL BURHOE

. A central aim of Ralph Wendell Burhoe's scientific theology is to define and interpret the meaning of human existence in relation to “ultimate reality.” As such, it can be understood as an exercise in theological anthropology. For Burhoe, this ultimate reality is “nature,” understood as the total reality system which is studied by the sciences and which the sciences are showing to be the sole determiner of the way things are. This article discusses various aspects of Burhoe's theological anthropology, as well as its value and credibility, and raises questions concerning his understanding of the value of the individual and the problems of evil and human sinfulness.
Reason, Individualism and Cultureless Society: Relevance of the Past

The central irony of the Reformation—the effort to deepen religious experience resulted in a secular and exaggerated egoism—is the origin of the modern attitude towards the past. The purpose of this article is to understand this attitude in historical and sociological contexts, and to develop a concep tual framework that points beyond it. I will begin with a review of Christian social and economic ethics, focusing on the change in moral commitments following the Reformation. This will include a discussion of the rise of the secular individual during the Enlightenment and his/her development into the ruthless competitor characteristic of the nineteenth century, finally culminating in what Philip Rieff has called the 'cultureless' society of the twentieth century.1 The relation between the breakdown of culture in Western society and totalitarianism is considered in this context. Finally, a discussion of the role of culture and tradition in society is presented to suggest ways to re-establish an enduring mor...
The effect of copper chelating drugs on liver iron mobilization in the adult rat

To test the hypothesis that ferroxidase I (ceruloplasmin) activity is essential for iron mobilization, adult rats were fed a copper sufficient diet with or without the chelating drugs D-penicillamine and triethylenetetramine for 120 days. By day 6 of treatment and for the remainder of the experiment the drug-fed rats showed low plasma copper concentration and low ferroxidase I activity. Plasma ferroxidase II activity in the DPA and TETA groups tended to be slightly lower than that of controls. No animals became anemic. Therefore, persistent low plasma ferroxidase I does not necessarily cause anemia in the adult rat.
Changes in noradrenergic sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-α in brains of rats administered clonidine

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and the imidazoline clonidine modulate norepinephrine (NE) release from noradrenergic nerve terminals in the central nervous system. The present study demonstrates an intrinsic association between presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity and TNFα responsiveness in governing this NE release. Superfusion and electrical field stimulation were applied to a series of rat hippocampal brain slices in order to study the regulation of [3H]-NE release. The α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine and the cytokine TNFα concentration-dependently inhibit [3H]-NE release; whereas, the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan potentiates [3H]-NE release. The fractional release of [3H]-NE during field stimulation of control hippocampal slices was decreased by the addition of TNFα in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect which was potentiated by the α2-adrenergic antagonist idazoxan; whereas, TNFα attenuated the concentration-dependent potentiating effect of idazoxan. Furthermore, constitutive TNFα, demonstrated to be present in several brain areas, was significantly decreased following administration of the α2-adrenergic agonist clonidine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily) to rats for either 1 or 14 days, without a change in TNFα mRNA accumulation. We next investigated whether the presynaptic sensitivity to TNFα was changed after clonidine administration to rats. TNFα enhanced, rather than inhibited, [3H]-NE release after 1 day of clonidine administration, while a suppressed sensitivity to TNFα was observed in the hippocampus after 14 days of clonidine administration. In addition, in the presence of idazoxan, TNFα potentiation of [3H]-NE release after 1 day clonidine administration was reversed to a decreased inhibition as compared to control slices exposed to idazoxan. Therefore, the temporary reversal in the presynaptic TNFα response after 1 day of clonidine administration illustrates a mechanism of action for its persistent antihypertensive effect, its transient sedative and antihyperpathic effects, and its acute ability to promote antidepressants. These results demonstrate a novel role for an immune mediator in the central nervous system, and demonstrates that presynaptic TNFα responsiveness is intimately associated with adrenergic receptor sensitivity.
Parallelizing an Information Theoretic Co-clustering Algorithm Using a Cloud Middleware

The emerging cloud environments are well suited for storage and analysis of large datasets, since they can allow on-demand access to resources. However, developing high-performance implementations of data analysis tasks is a challenging problem. In our prior work, we have developed a middleware called FREERIDE (FRamework for Rapid Implementation of Data mining Engines). FREERIDE is based upon the observation that the processing structure of a large number of data mining algorithms involves generalized reductions. FREERIDE offers a high-level interface and implements both distributed memory and shared memory parallelization. In this paper, we consider a challenging new data mining algorithm, information theoretic co-clustering, and parallelize it using the FREERIDE middleware. We show how the main processing loops of row clustering and column clustering of the Co-clustering algorithm can essentially be fit into a generalized reduction structure. We achieve good parallel efficiency, with a speedup of nearly 21 on 32 cores.
Bovine Blood and Neuromuscular Paralysis as a Bridge to Recovery in a Patent with Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Hemoglobin solutions have several advantages as substitutes for erythrocyte transfusions. They have a prolonged shelf life, do not require cross-matching, are associated with few transfusion reactions, and are effective in delivering oxygen to the tissues. Despite the potential clinical utility of these solutions, they have not achieved widespread use. HbOC-201 (Hemopure, Biopure, Cambridge, MA, USA) is a bovine hemoglobin solution that has been FDA approved for compassionate use in Jehovah's witness patients requiring transfusions. Here we report a case of a patient with hemoglobin H disease who developed a severe life-threatening mixed warm and cold antibody mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) who was successfully treated with HbOC-201 as an adjunct to blood transfusion.
Sequencing and Resolution of Amplified Herpes Simplex Virus DNA with Intermediate Melting Curves as Genotype 1 or 2 by LightCycler PCR Assay

DNA from 101 specimens containing herpes simplex virus (HSV) produced atypical intermediate melting curves compared with those expected for HSV type 1 or HSV type 2 subsequent to real-time PCR. Nucleic acid sequence analysis of amplified target DNA revealed 1- or 3-bp polymorphisms in the probe region which allowed designation of these viruses as HSV genotype 1 or HSV genotype 2. These two subpopulations of HSV were also identified as HSV genotype 1 or HSV genotype 2 using another commercially available PCR method. Amplified HSV target DNA producing intermediate melting curves could be designated as HSV genotype 1 or HSV genotype 2 without performing sequencing or another PCR method with 96/101 (95%) specimens by adding known intermediate HSV DNA characteristic for the two subpopulations as controls.
Re-evaluating machine translation results with paraphrase support

In this paper, we present ParaEval, an automatic evaluation framework that uses paraphrases to improve the quality of machine translation evaluations. Previous work has focused on fixed n-gram evaluation metrics coupled with lexical identity matching. ParaEval addresses three important issues: support for paraphrase/synonym matching, recall measurement, and correlation with human judgments. We show that ParaEval correlates significantly better than BLEU with human assessment in measurements for both fluency and adequacy.
Prognostic Utility of the 21-Gene Assay in Hormone Receptor-Positive Operable Breast Cancer Compared With Classical Clinicopathologic Features

Purpose Adjuvant! is a standardized validated decision aid that projects outcomes in operable breast cancer based on classical clinicopathologic features and therapy. Genomic classifiers offer the potential to more accurately identify individuals who benefit from chemotherapy than clinicopathologic features. Patients and Methods A sample of 465 patients with hormone receptor (HR) –positive breast cancer with zero to three positive axillary nodes who did (n = 99) or did not have recurrence after chemohormonal therapy had tumor tissue evaluated using a 21-gene assay. Histologic grade and HR expression were evaluated locally and in a central laboratory. Results Recurrence Score (RS) was a highly significant predictor of recurrence, including node-negative and node-positive disease (P < .001 for both) and when adjusted for other clinical variables. RS also predicted recurrence more accurately than clinical variables when integrated by an algorithm modeled after Adjuvant! that was adjusted to 5-year outcomes. ...
Spectrum and energy levels of singly ionized cesium: I. Revision and extension of the Cs ii energy levels

The experimentally determined energy levels of Cs ii have been revised and extended based entirely on recent observations of the spectrum. Most observed lines have been classified as transitions between 118 even and 167 odd energy levels. Of these 285 levels, 233 have not been previously reported. All the levels have been assigned designations in the jK coupling notation based on theoretical interpretation of the structure and empirical factors. Hyperfine splitting constants are given for 167 levels. By fitting polarization and extended Ritz formulas to selected Rydberg series, the Cs ii ionization energy has been determined to be 186 777.4(5) cm−1.