cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Importance of pore size in high-pressure hydrogen storage by porous carbons

Abstract Development of high-capacity hydrogen-storage systems utilizing physisorption at high pressure and low temperature is hindered by poor understanding of the pore size/shape requirements for achieving the maximum hydrogen uptake. Tuning the carbon structure and pore size of carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) with high accuracy by using different starting carbides, chlorination temperatures and activation temperatures allows rational design of carbon materials with increased hydrogen-storage capacity. Systematic experimental investigation of a large number of CDCs with controlled pore size distributions and specific surface area (SSA) shows that pores larger than ∼1.5 nm contribute little to hydrogen storage. It has been experimentally demonstrated that, just as at ambient pressure, pores of 0.6–0.7 nm in diameter provide the largest H 2 uptake per unit SSA at elevated pressures and liquid nitrogen temperatures. The effect of pore size was stronger than the effect of surface chemistry on the hydrogen uptake.
A catchment-based land surface model for GCMS and the framework for its evaluation

Abstract A new GCM-scale land surface modeling strategy that explicitly accounts for subgrid soil moisture variability and its effects on evaporation and runoff is now being explored. In a break from traditional modeling strategies, the continental surface is disaggregated into a mosaic of hydrological catchments, with boundaries that are not dictated by a regular grid but by topography. Within each catchment, the variability of soil moisture is deduced from TOP-MODEL equations with a special treatment of the unsaturated zone. This paper gives an overview of this new approach and presents the general framework for its off-line evaluation over North-America
Thermal analysis of adsorbed propanamines for the characterization of GaMFI zeolites

Gallium-containing forms of MFI zeolite have been subjected to adsorption of 1- and 2-propanamine, and the results of subsequent thermal treatment have been analyzed and compared to literature reports for propanamines adsorbed on proton forms of MFI. Zeolitic gallium cations show completely different behavior from zeolitic protons, including a propanamine decomposition mechanism which is different from Hofmann elimination. In this mechanism NH3 is desorbed at temperatures as much as 160 K below that of HMFI. Major differences in the decomposition chemistry of the two amines were also observed when Ga cations were present.
Molecular genetics of the apolipoprotein B gene in pigs in relation to atherosclerosis.

Immunologically defined alleles of the pig apolipoprotein B (ApoB) locus (apoB) are correlated with different blood cholesterol levels and predisposition towards premature coronary heart disease. We show here that these alleles are associated with differences in the apoB gene by identifying six restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the pig apoB locus. We have sequenced a 2.4-kb fragment encompassing exons 11 through 14 of one allele, and 7.1 kb from the 3' one-third of exon 26 to about 1 kb past the last exon from another allele. The decoded amino acids of the pig and human ApoB proteins are identical at 70% of these positions. One region close to the C-terminus of the protein is surprisingly different in pigs and humans (57 % identity) but the C-terminal region is relatively well conserved (74% identity). Neither of the two putative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-binding sites is completely conserved in pigs and humans, but identical stretches of amino acids occur near these sites more frequently than in the other sequenced regions. We compare the nucleotide sequences of the region encompassing the putative LDL receptor-binding sites from four pig alleles, including one implicated directly in atherosclerosis. None of the differences appears to account for the hypercholesterolemic phenotype. We conclude that significant differences in the physiology of LDL particles result from changes outside the putative receptor-binding region.
Enhanced bandwidth ultrasound transducers with multiple piezoelectric polymer layers

A Barker-coded multiple layer piezopolymer transducer design is described. The design is intended to improve the transmitting sensitivity of a PVDF transducer while retaining PVDF material's wide bandwidth properties. Computer simulations of the coded multilayered PVDF transducer were carried out and several prototypes of the transducers were built and tested. The results of comparisons between the measurements and theoretical predictions are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the coded multilayer approach to bandwidth enhancement of ultrasound transducer are also discussed. Barker-coded transducers hold promise to emerge as a new class of ultrasound imaging transducers having a sensitivity on par with that offered by presently used PZT or composite transducers but with significantly wider bandwidth.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ANALYSIS OF CHANGE IN ARCH FORM WITH PREMOLAR EXPANSION

The arch forms of 38 cases (53 nonextraction and 23 extraction arches) in which expansion, while maintaining arch form, was the objective of the practitioner, were analyzed before treatment, after treatment, and an average of 6 to 8 years after retention. The cubic spline was used to fit a curve representing arch form. By superimposing the spline curves, changes in arch form were analyzed with the variables rebound change (RC), rebound index (RI), rebound number (RN), and stability number (SN). Traditional linear intraarch dimensions were also analyzed. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences between the maxillary and mandibular arches and between the extraction and nonextraction cases. Pearson correlation coefficients between spline variables and arch width variables were also computed. There was significantly more expansion in the maxillary arch than the mandibular arch during treatment, irrespective of extraction or nonextraction strategies. In the nonextraction cases, a greater amount of net expansion was achieved for all dimensions for the maxillary arch as compared with the mandibular arch. Overall, a relatively high stability in arch form was found. The findings suggest that stability may not be related to the amount of change produced during treatment. Significant expansion can be gained throughout the premolar regions and may be expected to be stable. The order of greatest net arch width gained was for the second premolars followed by first premolars, molars, and then the canines. The intercanine widths for both arches decreased toward pretreatment values, but were more stable in the maxillary arch in nonextraction cases. The cubic spline permits measurement of change in arch form both during treatment and retention periods.
Herpes virus-based recombinant herpes vectors: gene therapy for pain and molecular tool for pain science.

This paper reviews work by Yeomans and Wilson in the area of herpes vector-mediated gene transfer to sensory neurons. Beginning in 1997, these researchers have published a number of papers describing and exploiting this technology in altering the phenotype of pain-sensing neurons (nociceptors). Their initial work, continuing to the present, inserted a transgene cassette encoding the human preproenkephalin gene into the thymidine kinase locus under control of a cytomegalovirus promoter. This vector induced enkephalin expression selectively in the nociceptors innervating the tissue onto which it was applied, producing a profound analgesic and antihyperalgesic in acute and chronic pain models in both rodents and non-human primates. An improved version of this vector is now in clinical trials. In addition to inducing the de novo expression of foreign transgenes, this group also investigated the utility of herpes vectors in altering the endogenous genome of nociceptors. Thus, they inserted antisense sequences for genes of interest in the physiology of these neurons and successfully and selectively knocked down expression of several proteins known or thought to be involved in various pain states, including calcitonin gene-related peptide and μ-opioid receptors. They also used similar techniques to investigate the involvement of acid-sensing ion channels and Nav1.7 sodium channel in different pain states. These experiments uniquely allowed for spatially and temporally selective investigations into the function of these proteins in pain, highly valuable information in target validation for therapy development.
Uniqueness for the attenuated x-ray transform in the physical range

The author studies the uniqueness problem for the attenuated x-ray transform of single-photon emission tomography (SPECT). It is shown that when the attenuation coefficient is smooth the attenuated x-ray transform of a compactly-supported density function uniquely determines the density, provided the product of the diameter of the support of the density and the maximum of the attenuation coefficient is less than 5.37. For the attenuation coefficients relevant to SPECT this gives uniqueness for objects with diameters less than 35.8 cm. This is an improvement over previous work in that no bound on derivatives of the attenuation coefficient is required.
Determination of the lumped mass transfer rate coefficient by frontal analysis

Abstract The validity of measurements of the lumped mass transfer rate coefficient (km,L) is studied on the basis of experimental data acquired under Langmuir isotherm conditions, in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Two different methods were used, the perturbation method and frontal analysis. Accurate values of km,L can be properly obtained by the perturbation method because, with this method, the chromatographic processes take place under locally linear isotherm conditions. Values of km,L can also be derived from the breakthrough curves obtained in frontal analysis. Because the contribution of axial dispersion to band broadening was larger than that of the mass transfer resistances, the apparent axial dispersion coefficient (Da) was first derived from the breakthrough curve by applying the equilibrium–dispersive model. Then, the value of km,L was calculated from Da. The values of km,L determined by the two methods were in close agreement in the range of nondimensional Langmuir equilibrium constants (r=1/[1+KLC0]) between 0.32 and 0.85, irrespective of the mobile phase flow velocity. Thus, frontal analysis can be used for kinetic studies of the mass transfer in chromatographic columns.
MICRORADIOGRAPHY OF RAT INCISOR DENTIN DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPONSE TO INJECTED FLUORIDE.

Fifty day old Sprague-Dawley rats were given sodium fluoride (50 mg/kg) and killed at times between one half hour and 32 days after injection. Transverse sections of the upper incisor 40 μ thick were radiographed, demineralized and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The response seen in hematoxylin and eosin stained material agreed with previous descriptions of the “calciotraumatic response” and consisted of three components. However, in the radiogram only two components could be distinguished: an external hypermineralized zone and an adjacent hypomineralized zone. The radiographic response was first recognized four hours after injection as a narrow zone of hypermineralized dentin at the dentin-predentin junction. When the radiograms were compared to the H and E stained sections in animals killed up to 19 hours after injection, two important features were observed: (1) the width of the predentin had increased markedly, and (2) the hypermineralized zone had increased to its final width. This was interpreted as concurrent formation of both hypermineralized and hypomineralized components. At 24 hours normal dentin formation had resumed. Since both components were forming simultaneously it is believed that sodium fluoride does not cause the response by interfering with the humoral mechanisms of mineralization, but, rather, its effect is most likely on collagen or ground substance.
Studies of the Energetics and Structures of Clusters of Molecules about Ions Utilizing High Pressure Mass Spectrometer and Laser Photodissociation Techniques

The results of studies of ion cluster bonding contribute knowledge of the interaction potential between ions and molecules, as well as an understanding of the microscopic details of solvation, surface and nucleation phenomena. For a number of years we have employed a high pressure mass spectrometric technique to measure the bond energies for the successive attachment of several classes of polar molecules to a variety of anions and cations. A comparison of data for ions of both open and closed electronic structure shows a strong disposition for partial co-valent bonding with ligands of various classes. The importance of the dipole moment and the polarizability of the ligands in governing their bonding to ions is discussed. — Laser-induced photodissociation studies are of value in determining the structure and photostability of ion clusters as well as in probing the changing properties of negative ions as a function of the degree of clustering with ligands. Experiments were undertaken in our laboratory to elucidate the mechanisms of photodissociation of CO3− co-clustered with water. Photodissociation cross sections and reaction channels in the energy range 1.9 to 2.2 eV are discussed.
B cells as under-appreciated mediators of non-auto-immune inflammatory disease

B lymphocytes play roles in many auto-immune diseases characterized by unresolved inflammation, and B cell ablation is proving to be a relatively safe, effective treatment for such diseases. B cells function, in part, as important sources of regulatory cytokines in auto-immune disease, but B cell cytokines also play roles in other non-auto-immune inflammatory diseases. B cell ablation may therefore benefit inflammatory disease patients in addition to its demonstrated efficacy in auto-immune disease. Current ablation drugs clear both pro- and anti-inflammatory B cell subsets, which may unexpectedly exacerbate some pathologies. This possibility argues that a more thorough understanding of B cell function in human inflammatory disease is required to safely harness the clinical promise of B cell ablation. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontal disease (PD) are two inflammatory diseases characterized by little autoimmunity. These diseases are linked by coincident presentation and alterations in toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent B cell cytokine production, which may identify B cell ablation as a new therapy for co-affected individuals. Further analysis of the role B cells and B cell cytokines play in T2D, PD and other inflammatory diseases is required to justify testing B cell depletion therapies on a broader range of patients.
Complete supersymmetric SO(10) model.

A complete supersymmetric SO(10) model is constructed, which is the most general one consistent with R, discrete, and U(1) flavor symmetries. At the supersymmetric level there are many degenerate vacua, one of which is phenomenologically successful. This vacuum has VEV's which align in certain definite directions in SO(10) group space, such as the B-L direction. Although this desired vacuum is not proven to be the global minimum of the entire theory, including supersymmetry breaking, it is separated from vacua where the VEV's point in different group directions by a large potential barrier. This desired vacuum simultaneously leads to three major features of the theory. (1) SO(10) is broken at the scale ${\mathit{v}}_{10}$ to SU(5), which breaks at ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$ to the standard model gauge group. Beneath ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$ the only light gauge nonsinglet fields are those of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, so that the successful prediction for the weak mixing angle is retained. (2) The alignment of the VEV's leads to a natural mass separation of the weak Higgs doublets from their colored partners via a mechanism which is closely related to the issue of the proton decay rate. Also, the generation of the \ensuremath{\mu} term is studied. (3) A set of particles acquire mass at the highest perturbative scale of the theory, M and at ${\mathit{v}}_{10}$. When they are integrated out, they lead to just four flavor operators for quark and charged lepton masses, and two more for neutrino masses. These flavor operators lead to many quark and lepton mass and mixing angle relations which involve pure SO(10) group theory numerical Clebsch factors. The family hierarchies result from the ratio of scales ${\mathit{v}}_{10}$/M, ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$/${\mathit{v}}_{10}$, and ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{G}}$/M. While the theory is by no means unique, it is complete, and hence illustrates the close connection between several important features of the theory.
Expression of glutathione-related enzymes in human bladder cancer cell lines

We have determined glutathione S-transferase π (GST) expression in five human bladder cancer cell lines and in a cell line established from the normal bladder of a male trus. The levels of GST and glutathione peroxidase were also determined because these enzymes have been implicated recently in cellular resistance to chemotherapeutic agents
Biased Appraisals of Parenting Daily Hassles Among Mothers of Young Children: Predictors of Parenting Adjustment

This study examined whether mothers' endorsement of negative cognitive errors and positive illusions uniquely contribute to explaining the impact of parenting daily hassles on parenting adjustment in 72 mothers of children ages 2–5 years. Although scores on both scales of biased appraisals correlated significantly with reported frequency and intensity of parenting daily hassles, only mothers' endorsement of negative cognitive errors consistently and uniquely predicted higher levels of psychological distress and parenting stress and lower levels of parenting satisfaction and self-efficacy more than either frequency or intensity of parenting hassles alone. These results suggest both promises for parenting interventions and further integration of theories of stress, negatively biased appraisals, and psychological adjustment with the parenting literature.
A sandwich type Acridinium-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ALISA) detects soluble ErbB1 (sErbB1) in normal human sera

The epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB1) is overexpressed in various human tumor-derived cell lines and neoplasms, where it is believed that receptor dysregulation plays a role in oncogenic transformation and tumor progression. In addition to the ErbB1 holoreceptor, numerous studies demonstrate that cells synthesize soluble or secreted forms of ErbB1, i.e., sErbB1. Overexpression of ErbB1 in a variety of tumors has led us to hypothesize that sErbB levels also may be altered during oncogenesis, tumor progression, and/or metastasis; and that these molecules may be useful tumor biomarkers. To address this hypothesis we have developed an acridinium-linked immunosorbent assay (ALISA) specific for the extracellular domain of ErbB1 that can be used to quantify the levels of sErbB1 molecules in body fluids and conditioned culture media. This assay can also detect full-length ErbB1 in cell and tissue extracts. Our ALISA is characterized by high sensitivity (intra-assay LLD < 1 fmol/ml), a broad linear range (approximately 1 to 4000 fmol/ml), and good reproducibility (CVs < 10%). Specificity experiments show that this ALISA detects p170 ErbB1 and soluble forms of ErbB1 that embody extracellular subdomains I through IV, but not forms of sErbB1 lacking subdomain IV. Our ALISA does not detect full-length ErbB2, ErbB3, or ErbB4; or p105 soluble ErbB2. We report that serum sErbB1 levels of healthy women (median = 3716 fmol/ml), ranging in age from 43 to 76 years, differ significantly from those of healthy men (median = 24,512 fmol/ml), ranging in age from 25 to 79 years. Additional analyses do not indicate that serum sErbB1 levels change with age in either healthy men or women. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that monoclonal antibodies specific for extracellular epitopes of ErbB1 completely neutralize the detection of sErbB1 in normal human sera by ALISA. Finally, we show by immunoprecipitation and Western immunoblot analyses with monoclonal antibodies specific for the extracellular domain of ErbB1 that normal human female and male sera contain a approximately 110-kDa protein. We conclude that our ALISA is measuring the relative levels of this p110 sErbB1 analog in normal human sera. Our ALISA, therefore, should be useful for measuring the levels of ErbB1 and sErbB1 molecules in tumor biopsy specimens and body fluids, respectively, and for determining whether sErbB1, like ErbB1, is a useful tumor biomarker.
Comparative genomics reveals gene-specific and shared regulatory sequences in the spermatid-expressed mammalian Odf1, Prm1, Prm2, Tnp1, and Tnp2 genes.

Abstract The comparative genomics of the Odf1, Prm1, Prm2, Tnp1, and Tnp2 genes in 13–21 diverse mammalian species reveals striking similarities and differences in the sequences that probably function in the transcriptional and translational regulation of gene expression in haploid spermatogenic cells, spermatids. The 5′ flanking regions contain putative TATA boxes and cAMP-response elements (CREs), but the TATA boxes and CREs exhibit gene-specific sequences, and an overwhelming majority of CREs differ from the consensus sequence. The 5′ and 3′ UTRs contain highly conserved gene-specific sequences including canonical and noncanonical poly(A) signals and a suboptimal context for the Tnp2 translation initiation codon. The conservation of the 5′ UTR is unexpected because mRNA translation in spermatids is thought to be regulated primarily by the 3′ UTR. Finally, all of the genes contain a single intron, implying that retroposons are rarely created from mRNAs that are expressed in spermatids.
An Organization on Hold and Interim Leadership in Demand: A Case Study of Individual and Organizational Identity

With such overall variety in leadership study, it is surprising that interim leadership has gone largely unnoticed in the literature. The present study addresses this gap in the organizational and leadership literatures by examining the implications of interim leadership on both individual and organizational identity. Using data from semi-structured, in-depth interviews of 24 interim leaders from an organization (“Interim U”), we found that the questions of “Who am I?” and “Who are we?” were heavily entangled in the individual-collective identity management discussion. This study examines the ways in which the identity of interim leaders are managed and enacted at Interim U, and how the individual and organizational identities reflexively interrelate.
Living with Multiple Languages: Multilingualism, Identity, and Belonging

Teaching English to the World: History, Curriculum, and Practice. George Braine (ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 2005. Pp. xx+191. ISBN 0-8058-5400-2 (cloth): $59.95. ISBN 0-8058-5401-0 (pbk): $22.50
Observations on the use of diazo-I-H-tetrazole and phenylglyoxal in protein histochemistry as applied to human gingiva.

A solution of diazo-1-H-tetrazole, freshly prepared by the diazotization of 5-amino-1-H-tetrazole under conditions to avoid explosion, was adjusted to pH 8.8, diluted (1∶1 or 1∶9) with 0.67 M bicarbonate buffer, pH 8.8, and used immediately as a histochemical reagent for demonstrating histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine residues in deparaffinized sections of frozen-dried human gingiva, rat abdominal skin, and mouse larynx fixed in modified Newcomer's solution. Diazo-1-H-tetrazole reacted histochemically like other diazonium coupling reagents in common use, except that in sections pretreated with bromoacetic acid at pH 7, diazo-1-H-tetrazole staining was increased, rather than decreased as expected. Pretreatment with bromoacetic acid also increased staining in gingival sections exposed to an acetic anhydride-pyridine mixture and then reacted with diazo-1-H-tetrazole. Similarly, pretreatment with bromoacetic acid increased the intensity of Millon's reaction in gingival sections. Sections of human gingiva or mouse larynx pretreated with diazo-1-H-tetrazole stained less intensely with Biebrich Scarlet used respectively at pH 2.62 and 6.50. In test-tube experiments to check the specificity of diazo-1-H-tetrazole for amino acids, only histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine gave solutions with colours visually distinguishable from the buffer blank. In similar tests a solution of ribonuclease A gave a colour like that given by histidine and tyrosine. Whereas pyridine failed to yield a colour with undiluted diazo-1-H-tetrazole reagent in test-tube experiments, gingival sections exposed to pyridine for 24 hr stained more intensely with diazo-1-H-tetrazole, but diazo-1-H-tetrazole staining of abdominal skin sections was not altered by prior treatment with pyridine. Phenylglyoxal, used as a 1.5% w/v solution inN-ethylmorpholine-acetate buffer (0.2 M acetate) pH 8, blocked the Sakaguchi reaction in human gingival sections. Pretreatment with phenylglyoxal also led to a reduction in their staining by Biebrich Scarlet at pH 2.62, dinitrofluorobenzene, or diazo-1-H-tetrazole. In addition the dimethylaminobenzaldehyde nitrite reaction for tryptophan was reduced. Phenylglyoxal blockade of arginine residues in gingival sections was labile to 1% acetic acid containing 0.05 M choline chloride after 60 min; but in test-tube experiments extending over 320 min, di(phenylglyoxal)-l-arginine hydrochloride was more stable in this acetic acid-choline solution than in water. It is suggested that after treatment of gingival sections with bromoacetic acid at pH 7.0, additional tyrosine residues become available for reaction with diazo-1-H-tetrazole. Pyridine is thought to remove ‘bound lipid’ from gingival epithelium, thereby exposing protein residues reactive with diazo-1-H-tetrazole. The use of diazo-1-H-tetrazole and phenylglyoxal for characterizing amino acid residues of gingival proteins responsible for anionic dye binding is discussed.
Neutral stability in many-species food webs

Abstract The predator-prey systems of Lotka and Volterra are modified to include efficiencies e ij of converting prey biomass to predator biomass. For three or more species, it is shown that neutral stability results if e ik = e ij e jk for all transfers. When the number of species is odd, consistency of the differential equation system for changes in logarithms of biomass is also required.
Limitations of the primary events of CO2 fixation in photosynthetic organisms: the structure and mechanism of rubisco

Synthese du mecanisme d'action et de regulation de la Ribulobiphosphate carboxylase de Rhodospirillum rubrum et Synechococcus; structure moleculaire de cette enzyme
Mental Health and Career Development of College Students

Little has been written about the reciprocal effects of the mental health and the career development of college students. Nevertheless, college students seeking services in college career and counseling centers often present both types of issues simultaneously. Service providers must, therefore, be cognizant of these potentially interactive issues. This article provides a summary of theoretical foundations and recent research regarding the interaction between psychosocial and career development. Implications for theory, research, and practice are provided.
Limitations on high-temperature processing of aluminum-copper metallization

Disruptive alteration of the structure of heat-treated aluminum-copper metallization either containing or contacting silicon is reported. Effects are attributed to eutectic formation in the aluminum-copper-silicon system. Processing temperatures less than 525°C are recommended for aluminum metallization containing copper.
ARMOR - A system for adjusting repair and media scaling for video streaming

To optimize scarce network resources and present the highest quality video, streaming video systems need adapt to the video content as well as the network conditions. This paper presents ARMOR, a video streaming system that dynamically adjusts repair and media scaling to meet current video and network conditions. In order to adapt effectively, ARMOR, and any dynamic video adaptation system, needs to predict the video quality as perceived by end users over the range of scaling and repair choices. Thus, this paper first proposes a novel video quality metric called distorted playable frame rate that provides estimation of user perceptual quality considering temporal and quality degradations. Comprehensive user studies show distorted playable frame rate is more accurate than other video quality metrics. Analytic experiments with distorted playable frame rate and the ARMOR optimization algorithm illustrate the predictive power of the metric in a dynamic, streaming video system. Lastly, implementation and experiments of a complete, fully-functioning ARMOR system show the effective practicality of the proposed approach.
Crystallization of Lithium Disilicate Glass Using Microwave Processing

The crystallization of lithium disilicate (LS2) glass using a variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing technique was investigated. Lithium disilicate glass samples were prepared from commercial frit using a conventional glass melting and casting technique. A two-stage heat-treatment regime was used to crystallize the glass samples. The nucleation and crystallization temperatures were determined by the thermal analysis of the prepared LS2 glass. The LS2 glass samples were nucleated by conventional heating, followed by the crystallization step using two different techniques: conventional and microwave crystallization. Characterization of the prepared glass-ceramic samples by both techniques was conducted using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Variable frequency microwave processing was successfully used to crystallize LS2 glass. Enhanced kinetics and slightly different crystallization mechanisms were observed in the VFM crystallization process as compared with the conventional one.
Calibration of acoustic trapping forces by fluid drag forces

A transverse acoustic trapping was experimentally demonstrated in a similar manner to optical tweezers. With its relatively simple scheme and low intensity, a single beam ultrasound was used to laterally manipulate lipid droplets underneath a thin mylar membrane. The droplets were directed towards the beam focus, within the range of hundreds of micrometers. Acoustic trapping forces acted on the droplets were also calibrated to viscous drag forces in a fluid flow, and its magnitudes were found in the order of tens of nanonewtons. This device, hence, may be capable of quantifying mechanical properties of large biological particles.
An image reconstruction method for dynamic PET

In PET, SPECT, and other tomographic imaging modalities, dynamic image sequences are typically obtained by reconstructing the individual time frames independently. This frame-by-frame reconstruction approach can be highly suboptimal because it fails to take into account the temporal correlations in the signal. The authors propose an alternative approach, based on a Karhunen-Loeve transformation of the dynamic-image reconstruction problem, that can offer both significant improvement of the reconstructed images and a substantial reduction in the computation required to reconstruct an image sequence.
Translation initiation factor 5A and its hypusine modification are essential for cell viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Translation intitiation factor eIF-5A (previously named eIF-4D) is a highly conserved protein that promotes formation of the first peptide bond. One of its lysine residues is modified by spermidine to form hypusine, a posttranslational modification unique to eIF-5A. To elucidate the function of eIF-5A and determine the role of its hypusine modification, the cDNA encoding human eIF-5A was used as a probe to identify and clone the corresponding genes from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two genes named TIF51A and TIF51B were cloned and sequenced. The two yeast proteins are closely related, sharing 90% sequence identity, and each is ca. 63% identical to the human protein. The purified protein expressed from the TIF51A gene substitutes for HeLa eIF-5A in the mammalian methionyl-puromycin synthesis assay. Strains lacking the A form of eIF-5A, constructed by disruption of TIF51A with LEU2, grow slowly, whereas strains lacking the B form, in which HIS3 was used to disrupt TIF51B, show no growth rate phenotype. However, strains with both TIF51A and TIF51B disrupted are not viable, indicating that eIF-5a is essential for cell growth in yeast cells. Northern (RNA) blot analysis shows two mRNA species, a larger mRNA (0.9 kb) transcribed from TIF51A and a smaller mRNA (0.8 kb) encoded by TIF51B. Under the aerobic growth conditions of this study, the 0.8-kb TIF51B transcript is not detected in the wild-type strain and is expressed only when TIF51A is disrupted. The TIF51A gene was altered by site-directed mutagenesis at the site of hypusination by changing the Lys codon to that for Arg, thereby producing a stable protein that retains the positive charge but is not modified to the hypusine derivative. The plasmid shuffle technique was used to replace the wild-type gene with the mutant form, resulting in failure of the yeast cells to grow. This result indicates that hypusine very likely is required for the vital in vivo function of eIF-5A and suggests a precise, essential role for the polyamine spermidine in cell metabolism.
Induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke.

Background: Induced hypothermia is a promising neuroprotective treatment for acute ischemic stroke. Data from both global and focal ischemia animal models have been encouraging. However, only a few small clinical studies have investigated its use in humans. Objective: To review the background, possible mechanisms of action, and the preclinical and clinical data supporting the neuroprotective role of induced hypothermia following acute ischemic stroke. Methods: A literature search was performed using the PubMed database. Only papers in English were reviewed. Results/conclusions: Induced hypothermia is effective as a neuroprotectant in animal models of acute ischemic stroke. Its multimodal mechanism of action makes it a very attractive method of neuroprotection. Although human studies suggest it is safe and feasible, larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to address clinical efficacy and to refine the methods and parameters of induced hypothermia protocols.
Bone Darkening in Fryer Chickens as Related to Calcium and Phosphorus Levels in the Feed

Abstract THE freezing of eviscerated fryer chickens is a fast growing enterprise in the poultry industry. The sooner the actual or potential technical problems associated with freezing chickens are solved, the better prepared the industry will be to meet the expanding demand, as it develops. Bone and meat discoloration that occurs during cooking of fryer chickens which have been frozen may contribute to the apparently low consumer acceptability of these products. Koonz (1946) indicated that the mechanism of darkening involves the leaching of hemoglobin from the bone marrow through spongy areas of the bone during freezing and thawing. Woodroof and Shelor (1948) showed that darkening was confined to young chickens in which the bones were not calcified, and was not found in mature birds. Brant and Stewart (1950) stated that cooking oxidizes and denatures the hemoglobin pigment, turning it from red to brown, and that flavor, texture, and the external appearance…
Category structure and created memories

Cued recall of categorized lists was used to examine effects of category structure on the creation of false memories. In three experiments, category members that had not been presented on studied categorized lists were nonetheless recalled by participants. Delaying the category cued recall test (Experiment 1) and priming category members that had been omitted from target lists (Experiment 3) increased the frequency of false recall. All three experiments showed that nonpresented category members that were higher in output dominance were more frequent intrusions. The typicality of category members, however, did not uniquely contribute to the predictability of false recall (or accurate recall) once the contribution of output dominance was taken into account, suggesting that item accessibility (related to output dominance) may be more instrumental than item distinctiveness (related to typicality) in causing certain types of false recall. The results show that created memories in category cued recall are strongly biased by prior category knowledge and can be predicted by the graded structure of categories, particularly in terms of the output dominance of category instances.
Blind Calibration of Timing Skew in Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters

The performance of time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters is often significantly degraded by timing mismatch errors. We develop methods for performing blind calibration of such converters, i.e., for estimating the unknown time-skew parameters and for performing signal reconstruction from these estimates. The methods are low in complexity and allow for accurate calibration in systems with large numbers of converters, provided that the skews are sufficiently small in magnitude. We also present modifications to calibrate gain mismatch as well as adaptive sequential methods of implementation. Performance and complexity analysis is provided to support the viability of the methods.
Crop Immune Response Post–Salmonella Enteritidis Challenge in Eight Commercial Egg-Layer Strains and Specific-Pathogen-Free White Leghorn Chickens

SUMMARY. The crop immune response against Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) challenge in eight commercial egg-layer strains (five white-egg layer and three brown-egg layer) and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) White Leghorn (WL) hens was investigated. Preand post-SE challenge mucosal immune responses within the crops were evaluated. Commercial layers and SPF WL hens were orally challenged with 10 8 CFU/ml SE PT13a and SE nalR PT13, respectively. Crop lavage samples were collected at weekly intervals from day 0 (pre-challenge) to day 25–27 postinfection (PI), and bacteriological examination was performed to monitor progression of SE infection. Crop lavage samples were analyzed for SE-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–specific IgA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HE however, at day 25–27 PI SE persisted in crop lavage samples from SPF WL hens and three commercial white-egg layer strains. A marked increase in SE-LPS-specific IgA was measured in crop lavage samples between day 0 and day 11–12 PI for all hen groups. Crop SE-LPSspecific IgA response remained elevated above day 0 baseline for the duration of the experiment. Well-defined score 3 to 5 lymphoid tissue aggregates were observed in crop tissue sections harvested at day 34 PI. Comparison of crop sections determined a 1.2–4.0 times increase in ratio of lymphoid tissue in day 34 PI SE-challenged hens vs. uninfected control hens. RESUMEN. Respuesta inmune en el buche frente a un desafo ´o con Salmonella Enteritidis en ocho lo ´neas de ponedoras
A tool for tree pattern matching

A description is presented of a system, called approximate-tree-by-example (ATBE), which supports AI applications that involve comparing ordered labeled trees or retrieving/extracting information from repositories of such trees. The ATBE system interacts with users through a powerful query language; graphical devices are provided to facilitate inputting the queries. The system is designed to be extensible, customizable, and portable, which makes it a very useful tool for tree pattern matching in various environments. The use of the tool is illustrated. Several examples taken directly from the complete implementation are discussed. >
On the Effect of the Query in IR-based Concept Location

Concept location is an essential task during software maintenance and in particular program comprehension activities. One of the approaches to this task is the based on leveraging the lexical information found in the source code by means of Information Retrieval techniques. All IR-based approaches to concept location are highly dependent on the queries written by the users. An IR approach, even though good on average, might fail when the input query is poor. Currently there is no way to tell when a query leads to poor results for IR-based concept location, unless a considerable effort is put into analyzing the results after the fact. We propose an approach based on recent advances in the field of IR research, which aims at automatically determining the difficulty a query poses to an IR-based concept location technique. We plan to evaluate several models and relate them to IR performance metrics.
Satellite radar anisotropy observed in urban areas

QuikSCAT backscatter is generally higher over urban areas than surrounding vegetated areas. Azimuthal anisotropy has been observed over some urban areas, but the strength of the azimuthal anisotropy in the urban backscatter signal has not been well quantified. This study investigates radar azimuthal anisotropy in urban areas. QuikSCAT L1B σ0 observations are compared for urban, non-urban, and uninhabited regions to identify the magnitude and possible causes of anisotropic responses. The possible cause of azimuthal variations (AVs) in the data is the presence of corner reflectors, resulting from urban infrastructure and land use, including buildings, roads, and road structure. Backscatter characteristics for each urban area are shown to be closely related to road orientation and organization. Each region is found to have a unique backscatter signal and azimuthal response.
Identifying and Assisting Low-Literacy Patients with Medication Use: A Survey of Community Pharmacies:

BACKGROUND:Nearly one-half of adult Americans have limited functional literacy skills. Low patient literacy is associated with poor medication adherence and health outcomes. However, little is known about how pharmacies address literacy-related needs among patrons.OBJECTIVE:To determine the frequency with which pharmacies identify and provide appropriate assistance to patients with limited literacy skills and provide specific recommendations to help improve pharmacists' recognition of low health literacy, as well as strategies to improve adherence in this population.METHODS:Through a telephone-based survey of Atlanta-area pharmacies, we obtained information on (1%) whether the pharmacy attempted to identify patients with limited literacy skills, (2%) what measures were taken by the pharmacy to optimize the health care of low-literacy patients, especially with regard to medication adherence, and (3%) what services the pharmacy offered to improve adherence in general.RESULTS:The response rate among eligible...
Identification of the first fluorescent α-amidoboronic acids that change fluorescent properties upon sugar binding

The first amidoboronic acids were identified that show significant fluorescent property changes upon binding with various carbohydrates.
Autofluorescence of Toxoplasma gondii and Related Coccidian Oocysts

This is the first report of blue autofluorescence as a useful characteristic in the microscopic detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Hammondia heydorni, Neospora caninum, Besnoitia darlingi, and Sarcocystis neurona oocysts or sporocysts. This autofluorescence is of sufficient intensity and duration to allow identification of these oocysts from complex microscopic sample backgrounds. As with the autofluorescence of related coccidia, the oocysts glow pale blue when illuminated with an ultraviolet (UV) light source and viewed with the correct UV excitation and emission filter set.
Infant Feeding Beliefs and Day-to-Day Feeding Practices of NICU Nurses

Purpose: The purpose is to examine the infant feeding beliefs and day-to-day feeding practices of NICU nurses with the goal of identifying ways to improve breastfeeding promotion. Design and Methods An ethnographic approach incorporated 14 months of participant observation and interviewing. General informants consisted of 114 purposively selected NICU nurses from a northeastern, level-IV NICU, pediatric hospital. From this group, 18 nurses served as key informants. There was an average of 13 interactions with each key informant and 3.5 with each general informant. Audio taped interviews and observational field notes were gathered for descriptions of beliefs and practices. Data were coded and analyzed for patterns and themes with the aid of NUD*IST. Results 1. The nurses identified health benefits of breastfeeding, but spoke in greater detail and with more emotion about day-to-day challenges of breastfeeding in the NICU. 2. Formula feeding evoked less emotion and most nurses viewed it as safe and convenient. 3. Despite infant feeding challenges in the NICU, nurses who had breastfeeding continuing education and/or some positive experiences with breastfeeding: identified evidence based breastfeeding benefits for mothers and babies; emphasized the health-based differences between breast milk and formula; and were more committed to working through difficulties with breastfeeding. Conclusions Breastfeeding promotion interventions should include every NICU nurse and incorporate both evidence-based and affective components to overcome day-to-day feeding practice challenges. Practice Implications Breastfeeding promotion interventions must address conflicting and emotionally evocative infant feeding beliefs of NICU nurses. Effective interventions must be integrated within the realities of bedside feeding practices.
Probabilistic models of perceptual features

Perceptual features—properties of objects as the visual system represents them—are a central construct of perception. Classically, features have been treated as deterministic qualities of images, assigned definite values based on image structure. But the development of probabilistic models of perception has led to a new way of understanding features, treating them as probabilistic estimates of parameters of the scene. This chapter briefly develops the probabilistic conception of features, illustrating it with examples drawn from the literature on perceptual organization. Major topics include non-accidental features and non-local features.
Volatile Emissions from Developing Cotton Bolls in Response to Hemipteran Feeding Damage

Hemipteran pests feed directly on cotton fruiting structures (bolls) causing damage to fiber and yield. Herbivore-induced volatile emissions have been well studied with regard to leaf-chewing insects, but no research has examined the release of volatiles from developing cotton bolls in response to damage from piercing-sucking insects. We compared volatile emissions from bolls in response to feeding damage by brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, (L.), and the leaf footed bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.) under laboratory conditions. Volatile emissions from bolls in response to N. viridula and mechanical damage were investigated under field conditions. Volatiles were collected using dynamic head-space sampling and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Under laboratory conditions, feeding by hemipterans resulted in a significant increase in volatile emissions from bolls compared with undamaged bolls. Damaged bolls released significantly greater amoun...
An Error in the Text of Ernest Hemingway's A FAREWELL TO ARMS?

That Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms—arguably the best American novel to come out of World War I—is beautifully written and emotionally evocative is undeniable, but the phrasing and meaning o...