cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex and Sexuality in Women's Prisons: A Preliminary Typological Investigation

The literature on sexuality in women’s correctional facilities has identified a variety of sexual behaviors in which female convicts and prison staff participate. However, no single taxonomy has been developed that adequately describes the range of sexual behaviors found within the confines of women’s prisons. The ensuing analysis rectifies this deficiency by delineating a typology of the same.First, the classification system specifies the scope of sexual activities operating within femalecorrectional environs. Next, the heuristic foundation of the typology is tentatively explored, especially in relation to advancing proactive sexual exploitation/victimization prevention initiatives that help toequip correctional officers, wardens, and administrators for work in women’s prisons. Finally,several future research directions are speculatively outlined regarding convict sexuality and the treatment of sexual abuse (for victims/perpetrators) in female correctional institutions. These includeprogramming and policy strategies that arguably attend to the health, mental health, and socialwelfare needs of incarcerated women.
Effect of Sulphur Dioxide and Storage Temperature on the Sensory Properties of Clarified Apple Juice

Red Delicious apple juice was processed by ultrafiltration (UF) with SO2 (minimum oxidation) and without SO2 (maximum oxidation) and stored for 12 months at 2°C or 20°C. After storage, a trained panel evaluated the juices using descriptive analysis. The treatments (±SO2 2°C and 20°C) were analyzed for pH, total acidity, soluble solids, free SO2, and total phenols. A sharp decline in total phenols in the treatments without SO2 indicated that oxidation had occurred. Apple juice with minimum oxidation (+ SO2) was scored significantly higher in fresh apple aroma than the oxidized juice (-SO2). Juice stored at 20°C was significantly less estery and stronger in chemical off-odor than juice stored at 2°C.
Three-Dimensional Object Representation

The three-dimensional object representation problem is divided into two parts: representation in. the observer-centred coordinate system and in the object-centred coordinate system. Then we argue the need for transformation between these two representations. For control structure, we propose a hierarchical approach, going from coarse to refined descriptions. Finally, we list some open problems.
Several GnRH stimulation frequencies differentially release FSH and LH from isolated, perfused rat anterior pituitary cells.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) releases both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary, but not always at the same time. Both hormones surge on the day of proestrus in the rat, but only the FSH surge persists through estrous morning (Butcher et al., 1975; Smith et al., 1975). One way that a single releasing hormone could differentially affect two gonadotropins is by variation of the GnRH pulse pattern. Both frequency and amplitude have been altered to release more FSH than LH (Wildt et al., 1981; Wise et al., 1978).
Lateralization of Transients Presented at High Rates: Site of the Saturation Effect

There is a growing concensus among those who study sound localization that an assertion of the classic duplex theory, the insensitivity to Interaural Differences of Time (IDTs) in frequencies above about 1200 Hz, is fundamentally wrong. Although the theory is true for sinusoids, studies using amplitude modulation (AH) have shown that temporal information can be extracted from the stimulus envelopes of high frequencies (e. g., Leakey et al., 1958; Bielek, 1975; Henning, 1974; Nuetzel and Hafter, 1976, 1981; McFadden and Passanen, 1976; McFadden and Moffitt, 1977). While there are cautionary demonstrations that observers may, in some cases, be listening for IDTs in the highly attenuated, low-frequency skirts of a nominally high-frequency signal (Yost et al., 1971; Bernstein and Trahiotis, 1981), the fact remains that with AM, the region below 1500 HZ can be masked without destroying the ability to detect an IDT. Thus one may conclude that envelope timing is indeed coded and available to the central nervous system for binaural interaction.
Alcohol and conflict. The role of self-intoxication in a punishment discrimination by rats.

Alcohol had no effect on appetitive or approach behavior in rats and did not reduce conflict after the initial shock experience. Alcohol-treated rats pressed the bar less efficiently because alcoho...
Multimodal imaging of ocular surface of dry eye subjects

To study the relationship between the corneal lipid layer and the ocular surface temperature (OST), we conducted a clinical trial for 20 subjects. Subjects were clinically screened prior to the trial. Of the 20 subjects, 15 have Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), and 5 have aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE). A custom, circularly polarized illumination video tearscope measured the lipid layer thickness of the ocular tear film. A long-wave infrared video camera recorded the dynamic thermal properties of the ocular team film. The results of these two methods were analyzed and compared. Using principal component analysis (PCA) of the lipid layer distribution, we find that the 20 subjects could be categorized into five statistically significant groups, independent of their original clinical classification: thin (6 subjects), medium (5 subjects), medium and homogenous (3 subjects), thick (4 subjects), and very thick (2 subjects) lipids, respectively. We also conducted PCA of the OST data, and recategorized the subjects into two thermal groups by k-means clustering: one includes all ADDE subjects and some MGD subjects; the other includes the remaining MGD subjects. By comparing these two methods, we find that dry eye subjects with thin (≤ 40 nm) lipids have significantly lower OST, and a larger OST drop range, potentially due to more evaporation. However, as long as the lipid layer is not thin (> 40 nm), there is no strong correlation between the lipid layer thickness and heterogeneity and the OST patterns.
Less Crime, More Punishment: Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice in Early Twentieth-Century America

At first glance, this story seems familiar, if baffling. Patterns of crime and punishment in the United States moved in opposite directions, disrupting social life, distorting political institutions, and roiling race relations. Violent crime surged, and rates of murder and robbery exploded, particularly in large cities, for a quarter century. Criminals seemed more vicious than ever. Unable to respond to the crisis, the American legal system appeared weak and ineffective. Feckless, corrupt policemen proved no match for a new breed of criminal, while gullible jurors, indifferent prosecutors, and clever defense attorneys who exploited legal technicalities rendered the criminal justice system toothless, leaving the public in peril. With few offenders apprehended, let alone convicted, the prison population remained small, and executions were rare, despite the explosion in crime. But then both trends reversed. Rates of violent crime plummeted, falling to their lowest levels in decades. Like the earlier rise in crime, the drop in violence was most precipitous in the nation’s major urban centers, although murder, assault, and robbery fell nearly everywhere. Notwithstanding this plunge in serious crime, legislators embarked on a far-reaching law-and-order crusade. They passed draconian laws, closed legal loopholes, initiated a massive prison-building program, limited the power of juries, and expanded federal law enforcement, all in a frantic “war on crime.” At both the local and the national levels, opportunistic politicians seized on the crime panic, manipulating fears of street crime to secure office and expand government power. Conviction rates soared and prison populations skyrocketed, even as crime levels plunged. While the rate of capital crime decreased, the rate of executions increased. At the same time, law and order became racialized, and conviction and incarceration rates for African Americans jumped disproportionately. Legislative reforms and law enforcement strategies that would have previously encountered fierce political opposition enjoyed popular support when cast as crucial weapons in a war on crime—and when implicitly framed in terms of protecting respectable white citizens from African American “predators.” The mismatch between patterns of crime and punishment has commanded particular attention from historians, including many of the contributors to this special issue. This disjuncture, however, occurred not during the closing decades of the twentieth century; rath-
CdS Nanowire Solar Cells: Dual Role of Squaraine Dye as a Sensitizer and a Hole Transporter

The squaraine dye (SQ) anchored onto CdS nanowires serves as a photosensitizing dye and a hole acceptor. This dual role of the squaraine dye has been successfully exploited in a nanowire solar cell to improve the photoconversion efficiency. Electrophoretic deposition of CdS NWs and CdS NWs+SQ composite onto conducting glass electrodes was performed to obtain robust photoanodes and evaluate the photovoltaic performance of nanowire solar cells (NWSCs). Whereas the sensitization property of the SQ extends the response of CdS NWSCs into the near-IR (NIR) region, its redox property facilitates shuttling of holes to the electrolyte and suppressing the charge recombination process. Transient absorption measurements confirm the formation of cation radical of the dye arising from these two processes. The dual role of the squaraine dye has enabled us to improve the power conversion efficiency of NWSCs by a factor of ∼20. Photoelectrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and spectroscopic measurements provide insight in...
Texture Density Effects on Accuracy of Control of Egospeed are Nonlinear

Knowledge of how the visual system determines the speed of self-motion is necessary for the design of virtual displays that will enhance accurate perception and control of airspeed, lower the incidence of loss of situational awareness and increase pilot performance. Changes in texture density have been shown to bias the perceived speed of moving 2D patterns (Watamaniuk, Grzywacz, & Yuille, 1993) and 3D self-motion or egospeed (Dyre, 1997; Ballard, Roach, and Dyre, 1998), suggesting that visual motion channels that code speed are also sensitive to changes in texture density. This study examined the relationship between display density and performance on a speed control task over a wide range of densities. Observers attempted to maintain constant speed while countering a simulated fore-aft wind disturbance. Overall, participants tended to increase speed (positive errors) over the trial duration for every condition. However, moderate densities produced less error than higher or lower densities. Precision of ...
Homology-Integrated CRISPR–Cas (HI-CRISPR) System for One-Step Multigene Disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

One-step multiple gene disruption in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a highly useful tool for both basic and applied research, but it remains a challenge. Here, we report a rapid, efficient, and potentially scalable strategy based on the type II Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)–CRISPR associated proteins (Cas) system to generate multiple gene disruptions simultaneously in S. cerevisiae. A 100 bp dsDNA mutagenizing homologous recombination donor is inserted between two direct repeats for each target gene in a CRISPR array consisting of multiple donor and guide sequence pairs. An ultrahigh copy number plasmid carrying iCas9, a variant of wild-type Cas9, trans-encoded RNA (tracrRNA), and a homology-integrated crRNA cassette is designed to greatly increase the gene disruption efficiency. As proof of concept, three genes, CAN1, ADE2, and LYP1, were simultaneously disrupted in 4 days with an efficiency ranging from 27 to 87%. Another three genes involved in an ar...
Contemporary issues in the management of pediatric infections.

Background. Pediatric infections still pose numerous challenges, and expert guidance is needed on many current issues including diagnostic methods and the optimal choice and duration of therapy. Objectives. To highlight areas of current concern and controversy and to provide some pointers to factors affecting the choice of antibiotic therapy. Discussion. Most community-acquired pediatric infections are diagnosed on clinical grounds. Treatment is initiated on an empiric basis; microbiologic diagnosis is usual only for urinary tract infections and tonsillitis. The choice of the most appropriate antibiotic agent for ambulatory treatment depends on antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic parameters as well as on compliance-enhancing features such as once daily dosing, good tolerability and the acceptability of the pediatric formulation. The newer oral cephalosporins such as ceftibuten have a favorable combination of properties including excellent clinical efficacy and are increasingly being used in preference to penicillins. Although clinical cure is regarded as the gold standard in the evaluation of therapy, the importance of bacterial eradication must also be emphasized.
Erratum for Ryu et al., Activating and Elucidating Metabolism of Complex Sugars in Yarrowia lipolytica

Volume 82, no. 4, p. 1334–1345, 2016. Page 1334, abstract, lines 7 and 8: “… a carbon source, but xylose dehydrogenase…” should read “…a carbon source, but xylitol dehydrogenase….” Page 1334, column 1, line 29: “… mediated by a xylulose dehydrogenase…” should read “…
Symptom analysis and uroflowmetry 7 years after transurethral resection of the prostate

AbstractThe long-term result after transurethral resection of the prostate is not well documented. From 1981 to 1983, 84 consecutive consenting patients completed detailed symptom analysis and urodynamic examination before transurethral resection of the prostate. These studies were repeated 3 and 12 months postoperatively. Of the 84 patients 44 were interviewed at 86 months: 75% reported improvement compared to preoperative symptoms. In addition, 23 patients underwent uroflowmetry at 7 years. For this group the maximum urine flow rate remained virtually unchanged from 1 to 7 years postoperatively: 11.1 ml. per second at 1 year and 12.2 ml. per second at 7 years (9.3 ml. per second preoperatively). When uroflowmetry results from all patients undergoing testing at the various followup intervals are considered, the maximum urine flow rate was 9.5 ml. per second preoperatively, 17.0 ml. per second at 3 months and 19.6 ml. per second at 1 year. Of the 44 patients 7 (16%) underwent repeat transurethral resectio...
Beyond Trisomy 21: Phenotypic Variability in People with Down Syndrome Explained by Further Chromosome Mis-segregation and Mosaic Aneuploidy.

Phenotypic variability is a fundamental feature of the human population and is particularly evident among people with Down syndrome and/or Alzheimer’s disease. Herein, we review current theories of the potential origins of this phenotypic variability and propose a novel mechanism based on our finding that the Alzheimer’s disease-associated Aβ peptide, encoded on chromosome 21, disrupts the mitotic spindle, induces abnormal chromosome segregation, and produces mosaic populations of aneuploid cells in all tissues of people with Alzheimer’s disease and in mouse and cell models thereof. Thus, individuals exposed to increased levels of the Aβ peptide should accumulate mosaic populations of aneuploid cells, with different chromosomes affected in different tissues and in different individuals. Specifically, people with Down syndrome, who express elevated levels of Aβ peptide throughout their lifetimes, would be predicted to accumulate additional types of aneuploidy, beyond trisomy 21 and including changes in their trisomy 21 status, in mosaic cell populations. Such mosaic aneuploidy would introduce a novel form of genetic variability that could potentially underlie much of the observed phenotypic variability among people with Down syndrome, and possibly also among people with Alzheimer’s disease. This mosaic aneuploidy theory of phenotypic variability in Down syndrome is supported by several observations, makes several testable predictions, and identifies a potential approach to reducing the frequency of some of the most debilitating features of Down syndrome, including Alzheimer’s disease.
Addicted to love

Reproductive hormones alter activity in neural circuits linking reward and social interactions.
Women and mathematics: a course and a scholarly investigation

This article describes an interdisciplinary course on women and mathematics and a scholarly investigation of its impact. Grounded in the biographies of ten women mathematicians (Hypatia to Emmy Noe...
Tillage and establishment system effects on annual ryegrass seed crops

Abstract Annual ryegrass [ Lolium perenne L. ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot] seed crops have been produced on some Oregon farms continuously for decades without rotation of crops or farming practices. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of tillage and establishment systems on ‘Gulf’ annual ryegrass seed crops over a 9-year period. Six systems were employed: (i) continuous conventional tillage (CT), (ii) continuous no-till (NT), (iii) NT/CT cycle alternate year tillage (NT/CT), (iv) volunteer/CT cycle alternate year tillage (Vol/CT), (v) burn and NT/CT cycle alternate year tillage (Burn + NT/CT), and (vi) volunteer/NT/CT cycle with tillage every 3rd year (Vol/NT/CT). Environment × system interaction effects governed seed production characteristics. Three seed yield environments were observed during the 9 years: high, intermediate, and low. High yield environments had higher temperatures (+1.2 °C) and lower precipitation (−48 mm) in April–June than in low yield environments. Across environments, yields were greatest with Burn + NT/CT, CT, and Vol/NT/CT and lowest with NT. Stability analysis revealed that Burn + NT/CT, CT, and Vol/NT/CT systems produced up to 40% greater yields than the mean of all systems in low yield environments. Yield variation among systems was high in low yield environments. Increasing tillage frequency from zero in NT to once every other year in NT/CT boosted yields so that they were equivalent to CT. Yield differences among systems were attributable to seed number. Moderate tillage frequency and occasional residue removal are required to produce the best long-term seed yields in annual ryegrass.
Farmers’ participation in extension programs and technology adoption in rural Nepal: a logistic regression analysis

ABSTRACTPurpose: This paper examines the factors affecting farmers’ participation in extension programs and adoption of improved seed varieties in the hills of rural Nepal.Methodology/approach: Cross-sectional farm-level data were collected during July and August 2014. A sample of 198 farm households was selected for interviewing by using a multistage, random sampling technique. We employed a logistic regression model, frequency counts, and percentages to analyze the data.Findings: Adoption decisions were mainly affected by extension-related variables – training, membership in a farmers’ group, and off-farm employment. Extension participation was found to be influenced by socioeconomic variables – age, education, household size, and distance to the extension office. Our findings reveal that distance to the extension office and off-farm employment limited participation in extension activities and adoption, respectively, and education, household size, and group membership stimulated participation in extensi...
An Overview on Charter Schools: Historical Rise and Opposing Views

As a relatively new concept in the American public school model, charter schools have emerged as a critical issue in education. Gaining political momentum in the call for K-12 educational reforms of the 1980s, charter schools have expanded throughout the United States, in both number and scope. Alongside the speedy growth of the charter school movement, support and opposition have both developed. In this charter schools overview, we explore the historical background of charter schools, highlight the various types, examine varying viewpoints, and then place charters in the context of Texas.
Computer Science Teacher Professional Development: Towards a Research Agenda on Teacher Thinking and Learning

The growing demand for qualified computer science teachers requires us to develop scalable professional development and teacher training opportunities that don't require extensive human, financial, and time resources. In this talk, I will discuss how teachers from varied teaching background and computing experiences engage with online professional development materials. I will discuss the findings in the context of prior teacher education literature and how that can inform the design of professional development for training beginning computer science teachers.
Postmarket Considerations in Biomaterials and Medical Devices

Postmarket surveillance is necessarily more observational than the controlled experiments more typical of premarket evaluation; however, it provides an important safety net and is the only practical method to detect medical device problems that occur at too low a frequency or only after prolonged use, or are unlikely to be observed until a product has real-world use. Postmarket surveillance has an unusual breadth, since the FDA and other competent authorities will receive reports from all products in their countries and, in this increasingly harmonized world, reports from other countries. Changes in the frequency of reports over time can detect problems or suggest mitigation of problems when a design change is made that would be difficult to assess in clinical testing. Problems that develop only after prolonged use or exposure to a biomaterial may only be available from postmarket surveillance. Late failures of implants, pacemaker leads or orthopedic implants are all difficult to determine from premarket testing or clinical studies. Postmarket surveillance is a “real world” test of medical devices and biomaterials in patient subgroups, with off-label uses, with concomitant use of other products that are not all possible to test before marketing.
Efficient Allocation and Pricing of Multifeatured Items

We introduce feature valuations, a new class of valuations that compactly capture preferences of agents who value items based on the features they possess. Such preferences are relevant in many important practical settings, such as Internet advertising markets (where impressions have associated attributes), labor markets (where workers’ skills/titles correspond to features), and long-term bond markets (where coupon payments can be associated with features). We focus on settings where features can be organized in a tree network, and features possessed by items are captured by paths on the tree. In such settings, under appropriate consistency conditions, we establish that Walrasian equilibria exist. In addition, we provide a computationally tractable price update algorithm that terminates with market-clearing prices that support an efficient outcome. The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2917. This paper was accepted by Yinyu Ye, optimization.
Architectural Research Legally and Ethically Considered

The recent resurgence of user-centered work in the architecture and design fields underlines the imperative to renew concern for human subjects in the realm of person-environment research. This shift accompanies the expectation that those who do research follow standards for ethical conduct insured through the Institutional Review Board, a government-approved, formally designated group charged with appraising research endeavors that involve human subjects. In order to advance the discipline, architectural educators must model in their own scholarship rigorous and appropriate practices to protect the welfare of participants and the public while simultaneously inspiring ethical standards for students’ user-centered work. This article introduces the IRB and explains the legal, ethical, and practical requirements of architectural human-subjects work for design scholars and educators.
Detection of Chlamydial Cervicitis by Papanicolaou Stained Smears and Culture

The ability of the cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear to detect cervicitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis was investigated. Cultures and cervical cytology samples were obtained from 487 women seen at the Mayo Clinic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and at the Sexually Transmitted Disease clinic of the Olmsted County Health Department. Adequate pap smears contained endocervical or metaplastic cells. Thirty-seven patients had positive Chlamydia cultures; of these, 14 were cytologically suggestive of Chlamydia, 10 were negative but satisfactory, and 13 were unsatisfactory. Of the 450 patients with negative cultures, 21 had cytologic findings suggesting infection. Thus, of 35 cases suggestive cytologically, 14 (40%) were confirmed by culture. Of the 21 false-positive cytologies, eight were in postpartum women. Because of problems with specificity and inadequate smears, cervical cytology specimens should not replace culture as a means of detection, but can identify women who should be cultured for C. trachomatis.
e-Hubs: The Critical Role of First-Tier Suppliers

This chapter provides a solution for a critical supplier-side problem in e-business. The chapter also describes how the solution was implemented in a large international technology transfer project. The chapter directly addresses the problem of supplier nonparticipation in supply chain relationships and proposes an e-hub solution for brokering transactions at first-tier suppliers.e-hubs are a relatively new and somewhat controversial e-business solution, since many projects that were initiated as e-hub projects have been reported in the literature as failures. This chapter clearly defines an e-hub, as well as the incentives that enable or hinder successful e-hub implementation. The assertions are supported with a case study from a Boeing-supported aerospace e-hub project that was implemented during 2001 in Taiwan. The case study is used to show how e-hubs may be successfully implemented so that suppliers are provided incentives to participate in multitier supply chain relationships. The main contribution of the chapter is that it provides an end-to-end understanding of how e-hub solutions can be successfully implemented in multitier supply chains, as well as supporting that understanding with a description of an actual e-hub that was developed for commercialization on a large international e-business project.
Rambus Redux? – Standards, Patents and Non-Disclosure in the Pharmaceutical Sector (Momenta v. Amphastar)

Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Amphastar Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (D.Mass 2) involves the alleged deception of a standards-development organization (SDO) by the holder of a patent essential to a standard relating to the manufacture of the drug enoxaparin. The SDO's rules regarding disclosure of standards-essential patents (SEPs) were found to be ambiguous, yet, as in Qualcomm v. Broadcom (Fed. Cir. 2008), the district court held that participant expectations created an affirmative obligation to disclose SEPs. Following the SEP holder's assertion of the undisclosed patent against a competing generic manufacturer of enoxaparin, the alleged infringer successfully raised defenses of waiver and estoppel against enforcement of the patent. The alleged infringer also brought antitrust claims against the SEP holder, alleging monopolization in violation of the Sherman Act. The case is interesting because it raises issues that were seemingly settled in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector a decade ago, but in the new setting of pharmaceuticals manufacturing. As such, it may give courts an unexpected opportunity to revisit the DC Circuit’s controversial decision in Rambus v. FTC (D.C. Cir. 2008), which found no antitrust liability for an allegedly deceptive failure to disclose SEPs to an SDO.
Environmental Influences and Decision-Making Uncertainty in Export Channels: Effects on Satisfaction and Performance:

Exporting is a popular entry strategy into foreign markets, but many firms that could export do not. One barrier to effective exporting may be uncertainty about the foreign environment. This articl...
Tamil Sign Language Translator—An Assistive System for Hearing- and Speech-Impaired People

In the present society, People With Disability (PWD), specifically hearing- and speech-impaired people, are subject to lot of hassles. This is mainly due to the communication gap between them. The proposed work addresses this issue. It is an assistive system that is used to aid the PWD by translating the gestures made by them into text. The gestures are translated to the native language (Tamil) in order to find a localized solution for this problem. The translator processes 31 alphabets. The Canny Edge Detector is used for edge detection. The Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm is used for gesture recognition and training of system. In the translator system, the gestures made by the PWD are identified accurately and the corresponding Tamil letters are displayed. On experimentation, it has been found that the proposed system has an average accuracy of 97.31%.
Strategies to Reduce Illicit Trade of Regular Nicotine Tobacco Products After Introduction of a Low-Nicotine Tobacco Product Standard

The US Food and Drug Administration is considering mandating a substantial reduction in the nicotine level of cigarettes and possibly other combusted tobacco products to render them minimially addictive. This would likely result in several public health benefits, including increased cessation, decreased progression to dependence, and reduced consumption of combusted tobacco products. However, findings from clinical trials of reduced-nicotine cigarettes suggest that many smokers consuming low nicotine-content cigarettes sought out regular nicotine-content cigarettes, even when they were asked to only smoke free low-nicotine cigarettes. If this policy were implemented without ensuring that cessation treatments and appealing alternative products (e.g., e-cigarettes) were readily available, some consumers would be likely to seek banned regular nicotine-content combusted tobacco products from illicit sources: retail, online, and individuals. Left unchecked, this illicit market could undermine the public health benefits of the policy. We describe supply and demand factors in an illicit market. Informed by the literature on controlling Internet tobacco sales and reducing illicit trade in low-cost cigarettes when there are price differentials, we recommend tracking and tracing products and greater surveillance and enforcement efforts to minimize illicit trade in normal nicotine products under a low-nicotine tobacco product standard.
Reduction in microbial infection risks from raw milk by Electron Beam Technology

Abstract Consuming raw milk can be risky because of the possible exposure to a variety of infectious microorganisms. We hypothesized that at low doses, electron beam (eBeam) processing is effective at inactivating pathogens in raw milk. The log reduction of background microbial populations and inoculated pathogens (C. burnetii, C. jejuni, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus) in raw milk was empirically determined. Risk assessment (β-Poisson models and exponential risk) models were utilized to quantify the infection risks associated with these pathogens. At 2.0 kGy dose, the background titers of aerobic and anaerobic microbial populations (8.06 × 104 and 2.89 × 103 CFU/mL respectively) in raw milk were reduced to below detectable limits, representing a 4 log and 3 log reduction of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms respectively. At 2.0 kGy eBeam dose, significant reductions (between 13-logs and 28-logs) of raw milk-associated pathogens is achievable. Quantitative microbial risk assessment illustrated the significant reduction in infection risks (resulting from possible C. jejuni, E. coli O157:H7, or L. monocytogenes exposure) if raw milk is processed using eBeam technology. Without eBeam processing, ingestion of raw milk containing potentially ~40 CFU/mL (L. monocytogenes) or ~103 CFU/mL (C. jejuni and E. coli O157:H7) would result in ~8/10, ~8/10, and ~10/10 infections from these pathogens respectively. However, if raw milk were eBeam processed at 2.0 kGy dose, the infection risks from consumption of such potentially contaminated raw milk samples will decrease significantly to approximately less than 1 person out of 9.7 million individuals. This study suggests that 2.0 kGy eBeam dose is effective for inactivating microbial pathogens in raw milk.
Synthesis and structure of (η5-C5H5)2Hf(η1-NC4H4)2

The crystal structure of (η5-C5H5)2Hf(η1-NC4H4)2 has been determined from X-ray data measured by counter methods. The title compound is isostructural with (η5-C5H5)2Zr(η1-NC4H4)2, and crystallizes in the monoclinic space groupP21/c (C 2 5 , No. 14) with unit cell constantsa=9.605(3),b=8.174(3),c=19.487(4) A, β=90.85(3)°, andZ=4 forD c=1.91 gcm−3. Full-matrix least-squares refinement gave a finalR value of 0.068 for 2154 independent observed reflections. The two cyclopentadienyl rings are η5-coordinated to the hafnium atom at an average Hf-C(η5−) distance of 2.51(1) A. The Hf-N-centroid (σ-pyrrolyl) angles average 166°.
Single-shot compressed ultrafast holography (Conference Presentation)

We have developed compressed ultrafast holography (CUH) to reconstruct the optical field of dynamic scenes in a single camera snapshot. In CUH, each row of the phase mask on the reference beam has a distinct carrier frequency. When the object interferes with the phase mask, each row will be shifted to a different location in the Fourier domain. Then, the interfered object and reference beam is swept across a camera during a single exposure to encode the temporal information. Since these shifts in Fourier domain will be overlapping, compressive sensing is applied to reconstruct the dynamic scenes.
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia: A Review of the Literature:

This paper reviews the literature concerning optive nerve hypoplasia, including septo-optic dysplasia. It examines the cause and pathogenesis of optic nerve hypoplasia and analyzes the data from a ...
The emotion regulatory function of online social networking: Preliminary experimental evidence.

Abstract Correlational research suggests that emotion regulation deficits, which are known risk factors for substance addictions, may also play a role in the development of problem behaviors such as excessive or maladaptive use of social networking sites (SNS). This study sought to experimentally assess the hypothesized emotion regulatory function of SNS use. 139 undergraduates (53.2% female) were randomized to view brief movie clips known to reliably induce positive (37.4%), negative (29.5%), or neutral mood (33.1%) and then to browse a SNS (46.8%) or control website (53.2%). Mood and subjective urge to access SNS and the Internet were assessed before and after viewing the movie clips and browsing the websites. Participants meeting criteria for “moderate” levels of disordered SNS use self-reported significantly greater deficits in emotion regulation (p = .02, ηp2 = 0.14). Increases in positive and negative affect following the mood induction were associated with a decrease in subjective urge to access SNS (r = −0.22, p = .02, r = −0.28, p = .002, respectively). Time spent browsing SNS resulted in significantly greater increases in self-reported positive affect, compared to the control website (p = .001, ηp2 = 0.09). We replicate previous findings of greater emotion regulation deficits in individuals endorsing problematic SNS use. Increased positive and negative affect resulted in decreased urge to access SNS, suggesting that social networking may primarily serve to counter low-arousal emotions like boredom. Data provide initial experimental evidence to support the hypothesized emotion regulatory function of SNS, with SNS exposure resulting in increased positive affect. Findings suggest that interventions targeting problematic SNS use should incorporate strategies for improved emotion regulation.
A Sucker for Taste.

Biology is entering a new era in which techniques honed in model systems can be applied to the expanding array of organisms with sequenced genomes. In this issue of Cell, van Giesen et al. (2020) characterize the molecular foundation of the touch-taste sensory system in octopus suckers.
Activation of a nerve injury transcriptional signature in airway-innervating sensory neurons after LPS induced lung inflammation

ABSTRACT The lungs, the immune and nervous systems functionally interact to respond to respiratory environmental exposures and infections. The lungs are innervated by vagal sensory neurons of the jugular and nodose ganglia, fused together in smaller mammals as the jugular-nodose complex (JNC). While the JNC shares properties with the other sensory ganglia, the trigeminal (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), these sensory structures express differential sets of genes that reflect their unique functionalities. Here, we used RNAseq in mice to identify the differential transcriptomes of the three sensory ganglia types. Using a fluorescent retrograde tracer and fluorescence-activated cell sorting we isolated a defined population of airway-innervating JNC neurons and determined their differential transcriptional map after pulmonary exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major mediator of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after infection with Gram-negative bacteria or inhalation of organic dust. JNC neurons activated an injury response program leading to increased expression of gene products such as the G-protein coupled receptors, Cckbr, inducing functional changes in neuronal sensitivity to peptides, and Gpr151, also rapidly induced upon neuropathic nerve injury in pain models. Unique JNC-specific transcripts, present at only minimal levels in TG, DRG and other organs, were identified. These included TMC3, encoding for a putative mechanosensor, and Urotensin 2B, a hypertensive peptide. These findings highlight the unique properties of the JNC and reveal that ALI/ARDS rapidly induce a nerve-injury related state changing vagal excitability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The lungs are innervated by sensory neurons of the jugular-nodose ganglia complex (JNC) that detect toxic exposures and interact with lung-resident cells and the immune system to respond to pathogens and inflammation. Here we report the expression of specific genes that differentiate these neurons from neurons in the other sensory ganglia, the trigeminal (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Through nerve tracing we identified and isolated airway innervating JNC neurons and determined their differential transcriptional map after lung inflammation induced by a bacterial product, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We observed the rapid activation of a nerve injury transcriptional program that increased nerve sensitivity to inflammation. This mechanism may result in more permanent nerve injury associated with chronic cough and other respiratory complications.
Detection of alternative splicing in western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) in association with eCry3.1Ab resistance using RNA-seq and PacBio Iso-Seq.

Alternative splicing is a common feature in eukaryotes that not only increases the transcript diversity, but also has have functional consequences. In insects, alternative splicing has been found associated with resistance to pesticides and Bt toxins. Up to date the alternative splicing in western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) has not been studied. To investigate its alternative splicing pattern and relation to Bt resistance, we carried out single-molecule real-time (SMRT) transcript sequencing and Iso-seq analysis on resistant, eCry3.1Ab-selected and susceptible, unselected, western corn rootworm neonate midguts which fed on seedling maize with and without eCry3.1Ab for 12 and 24 hours. We present transcriptome-wide alternative splicing patterns of western corn rootworm midgut in response to feeding on eCry3.1Ab-expressing corn using a comprehensive approach that combines both RNA-seq and SMRT transcript sequencing techniques. The results showed genes in western corn rootworm are highly alternatively spliced, which happens on 67.73% of multi-exon genes. One of the alternative splicing events we identified was a novel peritrophic matrix protein with two alternative splicing isoforms. Analysis of differential exon usage between resistant and susceptible colonies showed that in eCry3.1Ab-resistant western corn rootworm, expression of one isoform was significantly higher than in the susceptible colony, while no significant differences between colonies were observed with the other isoform. Our results provide the first survey of alternative splicing in western corn rootworm and suggest that the observed alternatively spliced isoforms of peritrophic matrix protein may be associated with eCry3.1Ab resistance in western corn rootworm.
Private equity as an intermediary in the market for corporate assets

We examine the role of non-venture private equity (PE) firms as intermediaries in the market for corporate assets. We argue that in order to create and capture value by acquiring established busine...
Impact of magnetic resonance imaging on functional integrity of non-conditional cardiovascular implantable electronic devices.

Background CIEDs have historically restricted the use of MRI due to the potential clinical and configurational risks associated with electromagnetic interference. In this study, the authors investigated the impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) on the functional integrity of non-conditional cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) and their clinical correlates. Methods In this prospective, observational single-center study, we enrolled patients undergoing MRI over a 5-year period. Prior to assessing the impact of MRI on CIEDs, we performed interrogations in sequential duplication to assess the intrinsic variability of devices. Subsequently, we performed interrogations immediately after MRI, and monitored changes in device parameters and clinical events. Results We completed 492 MRI studies, 58% in patients with permanent pacemakers (PPMs) and 42% with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Subsequent MRI exposures occurred in 15% encounters. Accounting for intrinsic variability in CIED leads, there were no significant changes in RA, RV, or LV parameters after MRI, regardless of the region imaged (thoracic vs non-thoracic), type of CIED (PPMs vs ICDs) and among those with serial MRIs. When ranked for % change pre- to post-MRI, the majority of RA, RV and LV metrics for thresholds, sensing, and impedance conformed to ≤20% change from baseline. No significant clinical adverse cardiac events or effect on device microcircuitry occurred during the study. Conclusion Incorporating a novel reproducibility tactic, there were neither clinically meaningful device parameter changes nor adverse clinical events during or following MRIs, suggesting the effects of MRI on non-conditional CIED integrity are far less than previously perceived. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Key Subgroup Differences in Age-Related Change From 18 to 55 in Alcohol and Marijuana Use: U.S. National Data.

Objective:This study examined age-related change in alcohol use, marijuana use, and the association between the two, from ages 18 to 55, in a national longitudinal sample.Method:Data were from nati...
Ocean Engineering Mechanics: With Applications

1. Introduction 2. Review of hydromechanics 3. Linear surface waves 4. Nonlinear surface waves 5. Random seas 6. Wave modification and transformation 7. Waves in the coastal zone 8. Coastal engineering considerations 9. Wave-induced forces and moments on fixed bodies 10. Introduction to wave-structure interaction 11. Floating bodies 12. Wave-induced motions of compliant structures.
Lighter than Air Vehicles

The chequered history of balloons and airships is reviewed and the various types are defined. Properties and applications of lifting gases are given together with techniques of operation both in free flight and in proximity to the ground. Airship aerodynamics, performance, and powerplant considerations are covered as also are typical component mass contributions. There is a description of construction materials and methods. Safety issues are discussed and with economic considerations are used to draw conclusions of future prospects. Keywords: balloons; airships; light gases; pressure envelopes; rigids; design features; safety; prospects
Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cell and embryonic tendon progenitor cell response to embryonic tendon biochemical and mechanical factors

Introduction: Advances in tendon engineering with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are hindered by a need for cues to direct tenogenesis, and markers to assess tenogenic state. We examined the effects of factors involved in embryonic tendon development on adult MSCs, and compared MSC responses to that of embryonic tendon progenitor cells (TPCs), a model system of tenogenically differentiating cells. Methods: Murine MSCs and TPCs subjected to cyclic tensile loading, transforming growth factor-β2 (TGFβ2), and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF4) in vitro were assessed for proliferation and mRNA levels of scleraxis, TGFβ2, tenomodulin, collagen type I and elastin. Results: Before treatment, scleraxis and elastin levels in MSCs were lower than in TPCs, while other tendon markers expressed at similar levels in MSCs as TPCs. TGFβ2 alone and combined with loading were tenogenic based on increased scleraxis levels in both MSCs and TPCs. Loading alone had minimal effect. FGF4 downregulated tendon marker levels in MSCs but not in TPCs. Select tendon markers were not consistently upregulated with scleraxis, demonstrating the importance of characterizing a profile of markers. Conclusions: Similar responses as TPCs to specific treatments suggest MSCs have tenogenic potential. Potentially shared mechanisms of cell function between MSCs and TPCs should be investigated in longer term studies.
Examination of the Relationship of Community College Opticianry Student Outcomes with Instructional Delivery Methods and Student Age.

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine whether student outcomes are a function of participation in different modes of delivery and student age in an Opticianry program at the community college level. The three instructional delivery methods were traditional face-to-face instruction, online delivery, and a hybrid format where students take theory courses online and attend face-to-face laboratories on campus. Student age when entering the Opticianry program was classified in three categories: Young Adults (18–24), Middle Age (25–33), and Older Adults (34 & >). A nonexperimental explanatory research design relying on survey data collection strategies were used in the study. Data collection was conducted using an online survey. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the relationship between independent variables (delivery method and age) and a dependent variable (GPA [grade point average], national certification score, workplace preparation score, and quality of instruction sco...
Recursion for Higher-Order Encodings

This paper describes a calculus of partial recursive functions that range over arbitrary andp ossibly higher-order objects in LF [HHP93]. Its most novel features include recursion under λ-binders and matching against dynamically introduced parameters.