cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Activity of an identified serotonergic neuron in free moving Aplysia correlates with behavioral arousal

Abstract Extracellular recordings of the metacerebral cell (MCC), a serotonergic neuron in Aplysia , were obtained in free moving, undrugged animals. MCC activity was evoked by exposure to food. Arousal level was manipulated by satiating the animals or exposing them to a noxious stimulus. We found that the amount of evoked MCC activity correlated with the level of arousal of the animal.
Resuscitation of pulmonary contusion: effects of a red cell substitute.

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of a vasoactive red cell substitute, diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin, on respiratory derangements after traumatic lung injury.DesignRandomized, controlled animal experiment.SettingLarge-animal laboratory.SubjectsMechanically ventilated, anesthetized young York-shir
Sulfhydryl oxidase-catalyzed formation of disulfide bonds in reduced ribonuclease.

Abstract Sulfhydryl oxidase isolated from bovine skim milk membrane vesicles catalyzes de navo formation of disulfide bonds with the substrates cysteine, cysteine-containing peptides, and reduced proteins using molecular oxygen as the electron acceptor. Initial rates for sulfhydryl oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of reduced ribonuclease exhibited typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics at low substrate concentrations. Substrate inhibition of the oxidative activity was observed at ribonuclease concentrations greater than 40 μ m , similar to that observed with reduced glutathione or other small thiol substrates. The inhibition was more pronounced when ribonuclease activity was used to monitor the rates, presumably due to concentration-dependent formation of nonnative disulfide bonds. Thus, a maximum in the rate of regain of ribonuclease activity was observed at a 40 μ m concentration, while optimum recovery was observed at 30 μ m . The Michaelis constant obtained with reduced ribonuclease is 17.4 μ m which corresponds to a sulfhydryl concentration of 0.14 m m , a value that compares favorably with the best small thiol substrate, reduced glutathione. Disulfide-containing intermediates in the oxidation pathway, as determined by ion-exchange chromatography of alkylated reaction mixtures, appeared to be similar for air oxidation and enzyme-catalyzed oxidation of the protein. The pH optimum, tissue location, and kinetic characteristics of sulfhydryl oxidase are compatible with a suggested physiological function of direct catalysis of disulfide bond formation in secretory proteins or indirect participation through provision of oxidized glutathione for protein disulfide-isomerase-catalyzed thiol/disulfide interchange.
Keeping their talents alive: Young women's assessment of radical, post‐secondary acceleration

Twenty‐seven of the 30 young women who entered the University of Washington's Early Entrance Program (EEP) between 1988 and 1992 completed a 25‐item questionnaire which asked why they chose early college entrance, whether gender played a role in their decision, and how their and others’ attitudes toward themselves were affected by their participation in the EEP. They were also asked about their perceptions of sexism in educational and work environments; the values and dreams that guided their educational, professional, and relational decisions; and whether they thought early college entrance had been a help or a hindrance to their goals. Results indicated that although gender was not a factor in most respondents’ decision to enroll in the EEP, young women derive a number of unique benefits from radical acceleration, including a rare combination of acceptance and encouragement at a critical age that might help to inoculate them against less supportive environments as they grow older.
Involution codes: with application to DNA coded languages

For an involution ? : ?* ? ?* over a finite alphabet ? we consider involution codes: ?-infix, ?-comma-free, ?-k -codes and ?-subword-k-codes. These codes arise from questions on DNA strand design. We investigate conditions under which both X and X+ are same type of involution codes. General methods for generating such involution codes are given. The information capacity of these codes show to be optimized in most cases. A specific set of these codes was chosen for experimental testing and the results of these experiments are presented.
Audit the taxpayer, not the return: Tax auditing as an expression game

Abstract This paper examines the practice of tax auditing in the Examination Division of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Using data from 142 interviews of revenue agents in four different geographical locations, we analyze the audit process as an example of an “expression game” [Goffman, E., Strategic Interaction (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969)] in which the taxpayer attempts to maintain a front as an honest, compliant citizen and the revenue agents attempt to maintain a front as a fair, competent professional who is just doing his or her job. Expression games are a generic kind of strategic interaction in which participants attempt to manage the impressions that others have of them and their credibility. While certain aspects of an expression game could be reduced to a formal dynamic game with asymmetric information, the sociological perspective on the audit interaction seeks to preserve the complexity of the moves and motivations that drive the interaction. Unlike formal game theoretic models, this perspective draws attention to the practical, working knowledge required in audit work, as well as the socio-emotional aspects of the interaction. We use this framework to help understand the limits of objectivity, formalization, and technology in work that involves strategic interactions of this kind.
The site of gas phase cation attachment. The protonation, methylation and ethylation of morpholine, thiomorpholine and 1,4-thioxane

The attachment of gaseous positive ions ([H]+, [CH3]+ and [C2H5]+) to morpholine, thiomorpholine and 1,4-thioxane, through chemical ionization, has been studied by collision spectroscopy. The daughter ion spectra of the ion/molecule reaction products were compared to those of model ions, generated by fast-atom bombardment of corresponding quaternary ammonium salts, in order to determine the preferred site of reaction for the protonation and alkylation of these multifunctional nucleophilic compounds. For novel entities with no model precursors, the site of cation attachment was postulated on the basis of characteristic fragmentations and trends established by the study of other bifunctional heterocycles. The site of protonation followed predicted trends in proton affinity differences for the various heteroatoms (N>S>O), and the alkyl ion reactivities followed differences in electronegativity or nucleophilicity (S>N>O).
Role of the target in directing the outgrowth of retinal axons: Transplants reveal surface-related and surface-Independent cues

In the present investigation we have examined whether retinal axons can be directed to the superior colliculus via an alternate route when they do not have access to their normal substrates along the optic tract. To address this issue we transplanted embryonic mouse retinae into the mid-brain parenchyma and to various positions around the outer surface of the midbrain of newborn rats and then examined the development of projections from the transplanted tissue. The projections from cortical grafts placed in the midbrain were studied to determine whether axons from different classes of neurons respond to the same cues for outgrowth. When retinae were placed within the midbrain close to the cerebral aqueduct, axons projected dorsally to the superficial layers of the superior colliculus. Directed outgrowth was seen from the earliest time a projection could be detected and was independent of whether the superior colliculus still received host optic afferents. In contrast, the major projection from similarly placed cortical transplants was directed toward the ventral part of the midbrain. Deafferentation of midbrain corticorecipient areas did not affect the projection patterns from either type of graft. Projections from retinae placed more ventrally in the midbrain tegmentum could not be detected. However, retinae placed on the surface of the midbrain, even as far ventral as the cerebral peduncle at the level of the inferior colliculus, always had a projection to the superior colliculus that ran along the brain-stem surface. These observations, suggest that the superior colliculus exerts a positive influence on the growth of optic axons to the midbrain. However, while target cues appear to be able to support retinal axon growth through the midbrain parenchyma, their range appears to be limited, and at distances beyond the extent of their influence, optic fiber outgrowth occurs only over the surface of the brain. It is suggested, therefore, that there are both local surface-related and target-derived surface-independent cues that guide optic axons to the tectum in developing mammals.
Temporal averaging in a turbulent environment - Compensation for phase drifts in phase shifting interferometry

In an effort to improve the signal to noise in an interference experiment, we have developed a method to remove systematic phase drift between data sets acquired over long time intervals. Using this technique, it is possible to average repeatedly acquired phase measurements and improve the phase estimate without sacrificing spatial resolution. Results from tests using real-time phase stepping holographic interferometry applied to cantilever bending of a piezoelectric bimorph indicate that white noise has been reduced from 3 to less than 1 deg (lambda/360) by averaging 36 phase compensated data sets before object bending and 36 data sets after bending.
Taming in the wild Norway rat following lesions in the basal ganglia

Abstract Small lesions in the most posterior portion of the globus pallidus and adjacent internal capsule virtually eliminated fear or defensive reactions in wild Norway rats. Flight to an approaching experimenter, startle reactions to dorsal and vibrissae contacts, defensive attack to a conspecific and reactions to handling by human experimenters were grossly reduced following surgery and for a period of 30 days thereafter. After tail shock, however, some defensive behaviors reappeared. This pattern of behavior changes suggests a striking similarity between effects of the present small lesions and the “amygdala-lesion syndrome” of reduced defensiveness to nonpainful stimuli. It is also similar but not identical to the reduced defensiveness which follows damage to the midbrain central gray, with the difference between the two lesions suggesting that more complex fear-eliciting stimuli are processed at the higher site.
Clonal and seasonal differences in leaf osmotic potential and organic solutes of five hybrid poplar clones grown under field conditions.

Leaf osmotic potential at full turgor (leaf osmotic potential) and the major solutes that contribute to osmotic potential were characterized in five hybrid poplar clones of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray x P. deltoides Bartr. (TD) and P. deltoides x P. nigra L. (DN), growing under field conditions at two sites in eastern Washington and Oregon, USA. Trees were drip irrigated with 46, 76 or 137 cm of supplemental irrigation during each growing season. Trees at Wallula, WA, which were in their third growing season in 1994, were sampled twice a year for two years (1994 and 1995), and trees at Boardman, OR, which were in their second growing season in 1994, were sampled once a year or three years (1994-1996). At Wallula, the TD and DN clones exhibited lower predawn leaf water potentials in the 46-cm treatment than in the 137-cm treatment (-1.2 versus -0.7 MPa) during a hot, dry period in July 1994. Clone TD had a lower leaf osmotic potential than Clone DN (-1.67 versus -1.56 MPa) during the same period and the difference was also evident in 1995 (-1.81 versus -1.72 MPa) when trees were in their fourth growing season. There was also a significant treatment effect on leaf osmotic potential in Clone TD, with trees in the 46-cm treatment having lower leaf osmotic potential than trees in the 137-cm treatment in July 1994. At Boardman, leaf osmotic potential was generally high with no treatment differences during the 1994-96 samplings. The TD clones had significantly lower leaf osmotic potential than the DN clones in 1994 (-1.44 versus -1.36 MPa) and 1996 (-1.72 versus -1.54 MPa), but there was no difference between clones in 1995 (-1.40 versus -1.43 MPa). In 1995, at Wallula, osmotic adjustment in Clone TD was largely accounted for by an increase in sucrose, which constituted 70% of total organic solutes. Although the total concentration of free primary amino acids in this clone was 28% higher in trees in the 46-cm treatment than in trees in the 137-cm treatment, amino acids constituted only a small fraction of the total solute pool. Sixty-two percent of total solutes were inorganic ions in Clone TD compared to 52% in Clone DN, and potassium was the main ion constituting about 30% of total solutes and 50% of total ions. However, the clonal difference in leaf osmotic potential was not fully accounted for by the difference in solute concentration. Osmotic potential at full turgor declined over the growing season and with age. We conclude that, because the extent of osmotic adjustment exhibited by these clones was small, other drought resistance mechanisms contributed to the clonal differences in field performance.
Return migration ‐ old story, new story

This article locates the phenomenon of return migration within a broader history of European and American experiences. It argues that by studying return migration we can perhaps better understand some apparent contradictions in the broader themes of migration history. For example, by considering the patterns of, and motivations for, return migration from America to Europe, we are able to probe why some countries were severely damaged both economically and socially by high emigration and why others were not. In considering such issues, this article draws heavily, but not exclusively, on the Scandinavian countries. The discussion that follows hopes to reinforce the notion, apparent from the history of the 1880–1930 era in Europe and America, that return migration was among those major influences that challenged and jarred traditional societies and produced the modern world we all inhabit.
Characterization and regeneration of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryogenic cell suspension cultures.

Stable cell suspension cultures were established from two types of calli (one compact, nodular and embryogenic, the other friable and embryogenic) derived from cultured immature embryos of wheat (cv FLA302). Only aged calli, which had been subcultured for at least 5–8 months, formed suspensions comprised mainly of groups of small, round, densely cytoplasmic, starch-containing cells. Only the embryogenic suspension derived from the aged, compact and nodular callus formed distinct somatic embryos when plated on regeneration media containing IAA and zeatin. Upon subsequent transfer to fresh regeneration medium more than 200 green rooted plants were obtained.
Nanoscale Thermoelectric Applications for Marine Gas Turbine Engines

A nanoscale thermoelectric module, applied in the form of a coating or panel or tiled array, could translate the thermal waste heat produced by gas turbine generators onboard United States Naval Vessels into various ship-board applications. The gross temperature differences that exist in engine enclosures and exhaust ducting provides an excellent potential gradients for such an application; and the energy produced from such an application could then be used to provide a vast array of engineering services to be discussed in this paper.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Distribution and abundance of colonies of selected meliponine species in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest

The goal of this study was to assess territoriality and foraging home ranges for stingless bee species; and to develop methods for censusing stingless bee colonies. Colonies of two meliponine bee species, Trigona corvina Cockerell and Trigona amalthea Vachal, were censused using carrion and honey baits. Trigona corvina and Trigona amalthea are dispersed in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest (La Selva) so that foraging ranges of the colonies are non-overlapping. The nest density was c . 0.25 ha −1 for T. amalthea and 1.0 ha −1 for T. corvina . T. corvina visited carrion baits exclusively, while T. amalthea visited both carrion and honey baits. The identities of T. amalthea colonies were confirmed using a nestmate recognition assay. Partamona peckolti Friese, Plebeia frontalis Friese, and T. fulviventris Guerin also appeared at the baits. The reliability of baiting to determine colony abundance and distribution is assessed.
First Generation Stochastic Gene Episilencing (Step1) Model and Applications to in Vitro Carcinogen Exposure

A novel first-generation stochastic gene episilencing (STEP1) model is introduced for quantitatively characterizing the probability of in vitro epigenetically silencing (episilencing) specific tumor-suppressor-microRNA (miRNA) genes by carcinogen exposure. Although the focus is mainly on in-vitro exposure of human cells to ionizing radiation, the mathematical formulations presented are general and can be applied to other carcinogens. With the STEP1 model, a fraction fj of the surviving target cells can have their tumor-suppressor-miRNA gene of type j silenced while the remaining fraction, 1 - fj , of the surviving cells do not undergo gene episilencing. Suppressor gene episilencing is assumed to arise as a Poisson process characterized with and exponential distribution of episilencing doses with mean dj . In addition to providing mathematical functions for evaluating the single-target-gene episilencing probability, functions are also provided for the multi-target-gene episilencing probability for simultaneously silencing of multiple tumor-suppressor-miRNA genes. Functional relationships are first developed for moderate doses where adaptive responses are unlikely and are then modified for low doses where adaptation can occur. Results apply to a specific follow-up time t after carcinogen exposure that exceeds the maximum time for the occurrence of an induced episilencing event.
An Assessment of Practical Solutions for Structural Equation Modeling with Complex Sample Data

This article discusses 5 approaches that secondary researchers might use to obtain robust estimates in structural equation modeling analyses when using data that come from large survey programs. These survey programs usually collect data using complex sampling designs and estimates obtained from conventional analyses that ignore the dependencies in complex sample data may not be robust. The results from a simulation study that examined 5 methods of estimation under 6 types of sampling designs and different population conditions are shared and applied analysts are encouraged to consider using the pseudomaximum likelihood for linearization estimation of asymptotic covariance matrices currently available in some software programs for structural equation modeling analyses.
Permanency Planning for Children in Foster Care: A Review of Projects

Four major projects with the goal of moving children out of foster care and into permanent homes, as well as available follow-up data are reviewed. Three studies (Emlen, Lahti, Downs, McKay, & Downs, 1977; Jones, Neuman, & Shyne, 1976; Stein, Gambrill, & Wiltse, 1978) demonstrated that project services were effective in achieving permanent plans for children. Another study (Sherman, Neuman, & Shyne, 1973) showed no significant differences in outcomes. The contribution of these projects to child welfare policy and practices are discussed. Questions remain regarding the long-term effects of permanency planning and the degree to which the technology developed by the projects is being carried out. Controlled evaluations of training efforts and systematic monitoring of worker activity are necessary to (a) identify weaknesses in the permanency-planning technology, (b) improve implementation, and (c) design innovative approaches to address the changing population of children in care.
The epidemiology of mountaineering and rock climbing accidents

From 1981 through 1986, 43631 climbers registered for climbs in the Grand Teton National Park, USA. There were 108 climbing accidents. The accident incidence was 2.5 accidents per 1000 climbers per year, or 5.6 accidents per 10000 climber-hours. There were 23 fatal accidents and 25 fatalities. Mountaineering appears to be a more hazardous activity than rock climbing; travel over snow or ice-covered terrain accounted for high numbers of accidents, climber errors, and fatalities. Effective use of proper equipment (ice axes and helmets), climber experience, self-reliance in difficult situations, and appreciation for the dangers involved in mixed (rock and snow) climbing are all preventive factors that can decrease accidents and injuries among climbers.
The Nature of Pressor Substances in Pheochromocytomas

The actions of aqueous extracts of two pheochromocytomas are compared before and after the administration of the adrenergic blocking agent, Dibenamine. One tumor contained predominantly a substance which, like norepinephrine, had pressor actions after Dibenamine. The other tumor contained chiefly an epinephrine-like substance. The significance of the presence of norepinephrine in pheochromocytomas and its role in epinephrine metabolism are discussed.
On using random relations to generate upper and lower probabilities

For a variety of reasons there has been considerable interest in upper and lower probabilities as a generalization of ordinary probability. Perhaps the most evident way to motivate this generalization is to think of the upper and lower probabilities of an event as expressing bounds on the probability of the event. The most interesting case conceptually is the assignment of a lower probability of zero and an upper probability of one to express maximum ignorance. Simplification of standard probability spaces is given by random variables that map one space into another and usually simpler space. For example, if we flip a coin a hundred times, the sample space describing the possible outcome of each flip consists of 2 100 points, but by using the random variable that simply counts the number of heads in each sequence of a hundred flips we can construct a new space that contains only 101 points. Moreover, the random variable generates in a direct fashion the appropriate probability measure on the new space. What we set forth in this paper is a similar method for generating upper and lower probabilities by means of random relations. The generalization is a natural one; we simply pass from functions to relations, and the multivalued character of the relations leads in an obvious way to upper and lower probabilities. The generalization from random variables to random relations also provides a method for introducing a distinction between indeterminacy and uncertainty that we believe is new in the literature.
Preschool children's use of novel predicates to make inductive inferences about people

Preschool children's use of novel predicates to make inferences about people was examined in three studies. In a procedure adapted from Gelman and Markman [Cognition 23 (1986) 183.], participants (ages 3 years 5 months–4 years 11 months) saw line drawings of three different faces. In Study 1 (N=16), the drawings were described as depicting children, and participants were asked to predict whether one of the children would share properties with a child who has the same novel predicate (e.g., “is zav,” which is never defined for participants) but is dissimilar in appearance, or with a child who has a different novel predicate but is similar in appearance. Participants tended to use the novel predicates rather than superficial resemblance to guide their inferences about people. In Study 2 (N=16), in which the line drawings were described as depicting dolls rather than children, participants showed no such emphasis on the novel predicate information. Study 3 (N=38) replicated the results of the first two studies. The results suggest that children have a general assumption that unfamiliar words hold rich inductive potential when applied to people but not when applied to dolls.
Permethylation of methionine-containing oligopeptides for sequence analysis by mass spectrometry

Abstract Methionine-containing oligopeptides have been permethylated on the nanomolar level. Under the conditions developed, the formation of sulfonium iodide and cyclopropane derivatives during the permethylation reaction was avoided. The mass spectra presented here contain complete sequence information.
A PEPTIDE DNA SURROGATE THAT BINDS AND INHIBITS ANTI-DSDNA ANTIBODIES

Autoantibodies to dsDNA are an important diagnostic marker and pathogenic factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although the anti-dsDNA antibodies present in SLE are indicative of an antigen-driven response, the antigen has not been conclusively identified. The specific SLE anti-dsDNA antibodies were obtained by affinity purification using a dsDNA-coupled Sepharose column. Using the anti-dsDNA antibodies to screen a phage peptide display library, we demonstrated that purified polyclonal anti-dsDNA antibodies and a monoclonal anti-dsDNA antibody specifically bind a 15 mer peptide ASPVTARVLWKASHV. This chemically synthesized peptide could be recognized by anti-dsDNA antibodies in ELISA and Dot blot. This 15 mer peptide can inhibit anti-dsDNA antibodies binding to dsDNA antigen in immunoassays and in the Crithidia luciliae assay while a control peptide did not inhibit anti-dsDNA antibodies. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of the peptide DNA surrogate in diagnostic tests of SLE and in the investigation of the origin of anti-dsDNA antibodies. It may also be used in studies of the DNA-anti-DNA antibody interaction.
Arsenic termination of the Si(110) surface.

Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces both have singly occupied dangling bonds in their lowest-energy configurations. A single monolayer of arsenic has been shown to passivate the surfaces and lead to simple, nearly ideal (2×1) and (1×1) reconstructions, respectively. The bare Si(110) surface also has a complex reconstruction and high surface free energy. As presented here it can be shown theoretically that termination of Si(110) with a monolayer of As lowers the free energy of the ideal surface by 1.1 eV/(As atom). We would therefore expect that As adsoption would again lead to a topographically simple passivated structure
Discharge-Resistant Characteristics of the Polyethylenes for Wire and Cable

Surface discharge phenomena associated with unshielded nonmetallic sheathed power cables, particularly in the 3000- to 15 000-volt classifications, have been the subject of considerable research. These cables have induced surface voltages which are responsible for surface leakage currents and associated surface discharges, which combine to form a phenomenon generally referenced as surface-tracking, particularly in the presence of wetted surface contaminants. Unpigmented polyethylenes are highly resistant to surface tracking. However, when formulated for protection from sunlight and weathering, the discharge resistance may be materially reduced. This paper describes the development and evaluation of discharge-resistant thermoplastic or chemically cross-linked polyethylenes.
Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. I. The septal area

The septal area of the rat is known to receive a rich innervation by axons of catecholamine (CA) neurons. In the present study this innervatic was studied using biochemical assay of CA content and fluorescence histochemical analysis of the distribution of CA-producing axons to determine the nuclei origin of the septal CA innervation and the effects of lesions on these parameters. The autoradiographic tracing technique and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-retrograde transport technique also were used for this purpose. The norepinephrine (NE) content of the normal septal area is 1,162 ± 127 ng/g and the dopamine (DA) content is 522 ± 106 ng/g. Hemisection of the brainstem caudal to the locus coeruleus results in a 47% decrease in septal NE content and a unilateral locus coeruleus lesion produces a 48% decrease in septal NE content. These observations suggest that the NE innervation of the septal area arises approximately equally from the locus coeruleus and nuclei in the caudal brain stem. This is confirmed, at least in part, by the anterograde and retrograde transport studies. The DA innervation of the septal area is shown by all of the techniques employed to arise almost exclusively from cells of the ventral tegmental area. NE axons arising from the locus coeruleus distribute in the septal area to the hippocampal rudiment, the nucleus of the diagonal band, the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial septal nucleus, the lateral septal nucleus and the nucleus septofimbrialis. In each area the innervation is sparse to moderate in density and has the plexiform organization typical of locus coeruleus innervation. The brainstem NE innervation is very dense in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, moderately dense in the lateral septal nucleus and sparse in the nucleus of the diagonal band. The DA axons innervating the septum terminate in two distinct patterns. The first is identical to that seen in the neostriatum. Preterminal axons are very fine and non-varicose. As they reach a terminal area they branch markedly and give rise to extremely numerous, closely-packed, fine varicosities. This type of DA innervation is found in the medial part of the lateral septal nucleus in a dense band and about some scattered lateral septal nucleus neurons, in the nucleus accumbens and in the interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis. The second pattern is for non-varicose preterminal axons to branch and terminate in pericellular baskets about lateral septal nucleus neurons or simply terminate in the lateral septal nucleus neuropil. In each case the terminal branches give off distinct varicosities which are larger than those formed in the first pattern of DA innervation. Thus, the septal area has a complex organization of CA innervation with NE axons arising from caudal brainstem nuclei and the locus coeruleus and DA axons arising from the ventral tegmental area.
Relationship between Region 2 field‐aligned current and the ring current: Model results

[1] Detailed investigations on the relationship between the ring current and Region 2 field-aligned currents (FACs) have been tenuous. Using the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM), we first studied their relationship for two GEM storm events (22 April 2001 and 21 October 2001) through model and data comparison. The simulated Region 2 FACs for two different magnetic storm events capture major characteristics of the Iridium measurements, and the simulated ENA flux has a reasonable agreement with the IMAGE/HENA data. We then examined the effects of polar cap potential drop, ionospheric conductivity, plasma sheet density and different magnetic field models on the development of Region 2 FACs, and the relationship between Region 2 FACs and the ring current, either through one of the two GEM events or the 12 August 2000 storm. It is shown that an increase in polar cap potential, ionospheric conductivity, or plasma sheet density generally results in an increase in Region 2 FACs' intensity, but Region 2 FACs display different local time and latitudinal distributions for changes in each parameter due to the different mechanisms involved. The CRCM run in the Tsyganenko 2004 magnetic field model for storm times (T04S), which includes a partial ring current, produces the dawn-dusk asymmetry in Region 2 FACs during geomagnetically active times, as reported by Anderson et al. (2005): more intense currents flow into the ionosphere around dusk, compared to those that flow out of the ionosphere around dawn, and the dusk currents shift further equatorward than do the dawn currents.
Characterization of a cell surface glycoprotein associated with maturation of rat spermatozoa

The principal galactose oxidase/NaB[3H]4-labeled membrane protein of rat caudal epididymal spermatozoa was isolated by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The protein is released from the membrane by the action of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C, and thereby its properties are transformed from those of a protein anchored to the hydrophobic membrane to those of a hydrophilic solution protein. Because it is the only membrane-associated protein released by the enzyme which did not absorb to a propylaspartate resin, a simple, single step purification procedure was devised. Although the amino terminus of the protein is blocked to Edman degradation, the majority of the protein structure was determined from a series of tryptic peptides and from limited acid hydrolysis. Approximately 65% of the protein mass is carbohydrate which is primarily attached through O-glycosidic bonds to the 18 threonines. The molecular weight of the glycoprotein was estimated to be 16,600, considerably smaller than the Mr = 26,000 to 37,000 previously determined by gel electrophoresis. The anomalous electrophoretic behavior is undoubtedly due to the large percentage of carbohydrate. The distribution of carbohydrate on the protein side chains suggests the protein may form a positively charged, specialized scaffolding for the presentation of the carbohydrate moieties. Because the appearance of the ability to label the protein with galactose oxidase is correlated with sperm maturation in the epididymis, the glycoprotein structures may be an important componetn in the fertilization process. The combination of linkage by glycosylphosphatidylinositol and low molecular weight mucin-like structure indicates this may be a member of a new class of membrane proteins. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In Situ Measurement of Effective Vapor-Phase Porous Media Diffusion Coefficients

Knowledge of the effective vapor-phase porous medium diffusion coefficient is important for many applications, including risk-based volatilization and vapor migration calculations and remediation performance estimates. A procedure for measuring the effective vapor-phase porous medium diffusion coefficient in situ is presented here. The approach utilizes transient changes in volume-averaged concentrations of an inert tracer gas, rather than changes in point concentration measurements, to determine the effective vapor-phase porous medium diffusion coefficient Dveff. Measurements are made over intermediate time frames (minutes − hours), and the procedure is easily altered to probe scales ranging from approximately 0.1−1 m. The data reduction leads to the determination of Dveff/(θv)1/3, where θv denotes the air-filled porosity. Given this reduced dependence on θv (relative to approaches based on transient point concentration changes), in many settings it would not be necessary to make independent measurements...
Scientific management meets the personal software process

There are several ways that the personal software process (PSP) can bolster the principles of scientific management to provide needed artifacts. PSP data can be gathered and then collated to make early time and budget estimates more accurate. Also, PSP data indicates that the oft-repeated belief that projects should spend more time on planning and design is correct. In both cases, calculating time across cyclic development is important. A century apart, two pioneers meet to improve the often-black art of management.
Effects of 1,2-dichloroethane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in drinking water on reproduction and development in mice*1

Abstract A multigeneration reproduction study was modified to include screening for dominant lethal and teratogenic effects of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE) in drinking solution (Emulphor:deionized water, 1:99, v v ). Male and female ICR Swiss mice received either 1,2-DCE at concentrations of 0, 0.03, 0.09, or 0.29 mg/ml or 1,1,1-TCE at concentrations of 0, 0.58, 1.75, or 5.83 mg/ml. These concentrations were designed to yield daily 1,2-DCE doses of 0, 5, 15, or 50 mg/kg and 1,1,1-TCE doses of 0, 100, 300, or 1,000 mg/kg. No taste aversion was evident for either of the chemicals at any concentration. There appeared to be no dose-dependent effects on fertility, gestation, viability, or lactation indices. Pup survival and weight gain were not adversely affected. 1,2-DCE and 1,1,1-TCE failed to produce significant dominant lethal mutations or terata in either of the two generations tested.
Auditing and accounting for program efficiency and management efficiency in not-for-profit entities

Abstract A measure of efficiency for not-for-profit entities - developed by the authors in association with Edward Rhodes - is explained and illustrated by data from Program Follow Through, a large scale social experiment in U.S. public school education. A division into Follow Through and Non-Follow Through participants facilitates a distinction between “program efficiency” and “managerial efficiency” which is also illustrated and examined for its use in evaluating such programs. Relations to comprehensive audits and other possible uses are explored.
Cryogenically cooled operation of diode-pumped 3-μm Er3+:Y2O3 ceramic laser

Reported here is cryogenically-cooled performance of Er 3+ -doped Y 2 O 3 laser at 2.7 μm based on 4 I 11/2 ⇒ 4 I 13/2 transitions and diode-pumped at 974 nm directly into an upper laser manifold 4 I 11/2 . Efficiency of cryogenically cooled performance is getting close to its quantum defect limited value of ∼30%.
Loss of heterozygosity for chromosome 22 DNA sequences in human meningioma

Monosomy of chromosome 22 in meningioma was the first consistent cytogenetic anomaly reported for a solid tumor. Although most meningiomas are isolated sporadic lesions, multiple and familial occurrences have been reported, usually in cases of documented neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). Previous reports have placed the NF2 locus on chromosome 22, flanked by the markers D22S1 and D22S28. We report a restriction fragment-length polymorphism study of 16 meningiomas conducted using chromosome 22 probes. None of the patients had clinical findings or a family history of NF2, although two of them eventually developed multiple intracranial meningiomas. Detectable loss of chromosome 22 sequences was observed in 50% of informative patients. Deletion mapping of tumors with preserved sequences showed that the loss of chromosome 22 DNA overlapped the region previously linked to NF2, but also included a sequence distal to the NF2 locus. These results suggest that the oncogenesis of human meningioma involves inactivation of a chromosome 22 locus that may be in close proximity to the gene for NF2.
Development of training course on transport security of radioactive materials

AbstractArgonne National Laboratory (Argonne), with the support of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Packaging Certification Program, has developed a week long training course on security for nuclear and other radioactive materials during transport. The course focuses on USA domestic and international requirements and recommendations for transport security. A review of applicable US Department of Transportation regulations, recently issued US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations, DOE orders and manuals, and relevant international modal regulatory documents relating to transport security was conducted. The review disclosed that existing International Atomic Energy Agency security training materials could be incorporated into a training course on security requirements for US domestic shippers. Development of training materials for such a course was initiated in late 2012, and the first course was convened in early December 2013 at Argonne. The course also incorporated training and hands on transport se...
CP/MAS 13C n.m.r. analysis of micromorphology in a thermoplastic elastomer prepared from nitrile rubber and poly(vinyl chloride)

Abstract A thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) prepared by mechanical blending of nitrile rubber (NBR) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated by solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy with cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS). The CP/MAS 13 C n.m.r. measurements of T 1 H and T 1 ρ H relaxation times for the TPE were used as a probe to analyse the microphase structures. The double- exponential decay T 1 ρ H relaxation behaviour confirmed the presence of microphases in the TPE, which were PVC microcrystallites and the unmixed portion of NBR. The sizes of the microphases were about 1.1 nm or smaller. A schematic model of the phase morphology is suggested. The sizes of the PVC microcrystallites were decreased somewhat by mixing with NBR.
Efficacy and tolerability of levetiracetam in children aged 10 years and younger: a clinical experience

Levetiracetam is a new anti-epileptic drug that is currently not licensed for use in children. Studies in adults suggest that it may be a useful adjunctive treatment both in partial onset and generalised epilepsy. A retrospective case notes review of 26 children age 10 years and under with refractory epilepsy was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the drug. The drug appeared to be most effective in children with partial onset seizures and least effective in those with myoclonic seizures. Sixty-one percent of patients showed a good response to levetiracetam with at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency with two of these 26 children with previously refractory epilepsy becoming seizure-free. Levetiracetam was also found to be well-tolerated with very few reported side-effects.
Generalized elliptic-type integrals and their representations

Epstein-Hubbell [L.F. Epstein, J.H. Hubbell, Evaluation of a generalized elliptic-type integral, J. Res. NBS 67B (1963) 1-17] elliptic-type integrals occur in radiation field problems. In this paper, we consider a generalization (10) of the elliptic-type integrals introduced by Kalla and Tuan [S.L. Kalla, Vu Kim Tuan, Asymptotic formulas for generalized elliptic-type integrals, Comput. Math. Appl. 32 (1996) 49-55]. Many generalizations of elliptic-type integrals, studied earlier by several authors, can be derived as particular cases of our unified form. We study the uniform convergence of the integral representation (10). We derive the power series representations which are valid in different domains. Also we obtain some relationships between this generalized form and Laurecella's hypergeometric function of three variables F"D^(^3^), Appell's hypergeometric functions F"1 and F"3 and Gauss' hypergeometric function "2F"1. Some important particular cases of these representations are derived.
Photoexcitations in poly (thiophene): Photoinduced infrared absorption and photoinduced electron-spin resonance

Infrared absorption and electron-spin resonance are used to study the photoexcitations of poly (thiophene). The results indicate photoproduction of both charge- and spin-carrying species.
The Unique Challenges of Testing Specialized Network-Based Data Acquisition Systems

The increasing speeds and decreasing prices of network equipment have spurred much interest in applying networks to many different types of systems. A wide range of network protocols and tools already exist making its application attractive. Over the last decade, there has been a noticeable shift to introduce Internet Protocol (IP) networks into new areas such as data acquisition systems. These modern network-based test systems are composed of a large number of recognizable devices such as switches, routers, and recorders. While these networks contain components familiar to most, common enterprise network test tools are not always sufficient to test these specialized systems. Typically, these specialized network-centric data systems require tighter timing accuracies, shorter latency windows, and little to no acceptable packet loss. The unique features of IP networks present testing challenges that must be addressed to provide reliable verification of the data acquisition system. Packet latency, delay, jitter, and loss are all factors that must be accounted for. Intentionally introducing these types of impairments to the data system are essential in any full, end-toend system test. It is not only important to produce these types of errors, but to mimic the conditions that will exist in the real system and reliably reproduce them at any time. This paper describes the shortcomings of those common network tools for testing specialized network-based data acquisition systems and the custom workarounds that were necessary to provide the test capabilities that we required. We will share some of our lessons learned from real-life examples of testing specialized network equipment for a flight-test data acquisition system that would apply to any network-centric data system. The paper will also describe a portion of our lab setup that allows us to rapidly reconfigure test networks and deploy custom simulation tools to support multiple types of data acquisition systems simultaneously.
THE ESTIMATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PHENOLS IN MALT FROM PEAT-FIRED KILNS AND SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS

A method for determining phenols in malt, involving extraction of the phenols with ether under acid conditions and absorptiometric measurement of the colour developed with 4-aminophenazone is described. Measurements of phenols in malts kilned in electric, oil-fired and peat-fired kilns are listed. The total phenols produced from various peats burnt under standardized conditions are given. This information, together with gas chromatographic analysis, is used to indicate that the pronounced character of Islay whiskies is due, wholly or partly, to the prolonged kilning and large quantity of peat burnt in producing the malt.
Phlebotomy via the pulmonary artery catheter introducer for intraoperative autotransfusion.

Abstract Fear of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and other blood-transmitted diseases has created a revival of autologous transfusion during cardiac surgery. The present report is of 200 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass during cardiac surgery in whom phlebotomy was performed via the sideport of the introducer for the pulmonary artery catheter for later reinfusion. Each unit of phlebotomized blood was replaced with 500 mL of normal saline. Cardiac output and mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly after phlebotomy ( P P
Coherence of multiscale features for enhancement of digital mammograms

Mammograms depict most of the significant changes in breast disease. The primary radiographic signs of cancer are related to tumor mass, density, size, borders, and shape, and local distribution of calcifications. We show that each of these features can be well described by coherence and orientation measures and provide visual cues for radiologists to identify possible lesions more easily without increasing false positives. In this paper, an artifact-free enhancement algorithm based on overcomplete multiscale representations is presented. First, an image was decomposed using a fast wavelet transform algorithm. At each level of analysis, energy and phase information are computed via a set of separable steerable filters. Then, a measure of coherence within each level was obtained by weighting an energy measure with the ratio of projections of local energy within a specified window. Each projection was computed onto the central point of a window with respect to the total energy within that window. Finally, a nonlinear operation, integrating coherence and orientation information, was applied to modify transform coefficients within distinct levels of analysis. These modified coefficients were then reconstructed, via an inverse fast wavelet transform, resulting in an improved visualization of significant mammographic features. The novelty of this algorithm lies in the detection of directional multiscale features and the removal of aliased perturbations.