cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microstructural observations and mechanisms of lamellar coarsening in iron meteorites

In many iron meteorites, a lamellar structure is found which consists of ferrite (α) and another phase which is probably austenite (γ). In some of these regions, this lamellar structure has decomposed to a coarser structure of α and another phase which may be austenite. Microstructural evidence is presented that the coarsening occurs by movement of a high-angle boundary separating the two lamellar structures. Examination of diffusion coefficients in the Fe-Ni system shows that the coarse structure could not have formed by volume diffusion, but the lamellar spacing is consistent with formation by diffusion along the interface. Diffusion calculations are made which support the argument that high-angle interface diffusion allows the coarsening to occur at temperatures considerably below those where volume diffusion is too low.
Functional analysis of the stress response element and its role in the multistress response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract TheDDR2gene ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis a multistress response gene whose transcription is rapidly and strongly induced by a diverse array of xenobiotic agents, and environmental and physiological conditions. The multistress response of this gene requires the pentanucleotide, 5′CCCCT, (C4T; STRE ( ST ress R esponse E lement)) and the zinc-finger transcription factors, Msn2p and Msn4p. A 51bp oligonucleotide (oligo 31/32) containing two STREs from theDDR2promoter region was previously shown to direct heat shock activation of alacZreporter gene. In this work we demonstrate that the same element conferred a complete multistress response to anE. coli galKreporter gene introduced into yeast cells. A variant oligonucleotide in which both the STRE spacing and neighboring sequences were altered responded to the same spectrum of stresses, while substitution of nucleotides within the pentanucleotide completely abolished the multi-stress response. These results directly demonstrate that STREs are not only necessary but are sufficient for mediating a transcriptional response to a surprisingly diverse set of environmental and physiological conditions.
Numerical and experimental comparison of 60 V vertical double-diffused MOSFETs and MOSFETs with a trench-gate structure

In this paper, a numerical analysis has been performed to evaluate the relative performance of DMOS and UMOS power FETs based on a two-dimensional analytical approach. For the DMOS design, the circular cell was used to approximate the commonly used hexagon cell. An optimal design with the lowest on-resistance of 0.78 mΩ-cm2 has been identified. For the UMOSFETs with 2 μm trench depth, an optimal design with the lowest on-resistance was identified to be 6 μm cell size with a specific on-resistance of 0.36 mΩ-cm2. UMOSFET with 4 μm trench depth shows a higher on-resistance of 0.46 mΩ-cm2 due to a thicker (1000 A) trench oxide required for 60 V breakdown. Devices of DMOSFET, shallow-trench UMOSFET and deep-trench UMOSFET have been fabricated. Experimental data verified the modeling results: shallow-trench UMOSFET has the lowest specific on-resistance and DMOSFET has the highest specific on-resistance. For high frequency switching applications (> MHz), gate drive loss becomes significant. Both UMOSFETs have similar RC product which is smaller than that of DMOSFET. This translates into the lower power loss (switching plus conduction) for UMOSFETs.
Aminostratigraphic Relations and Age of Quaternary Deposits, Northern Española Basin, New Mexico

Amino acid ratios of gastropods provide a useful basis for correlation and approximate dating of middle to late Quaternary fluvial deposits from the northern Espanola basin, New Mexico. Sparsely fossiliferous slackwater deposits in the Rio Chama-Rio Grande floodplain were buried episodically by piedmont alluvium during periods of climatic change as the axial river system cut down 120 m during the past 620,000 yr. Alloisoleucine/isoleucine (alle/Ile) ratios in the total hydrolysate and free fraction of amino acids in Succinea and Vallonia are strongly correlated with elevation. Ratios in Succinea range from 0.01 to 0.79 in the total hydrolysate and from 0.00 to 1.15 in the free fraction for deposits that range in age from modern to ⩾620,000 yr old. Amino acid ratios are tightly clustered for deposits that contain the 620,000-yr-old Lava Creek B tephra layer, demonstrating their utility for correlation and providing a calibration point for a local dating curve. Two 14C ages from younger deposits and limiting ages for erosion surfaces that lie above gastropod-bearing units tend to support the validity of much of the curve. Combining the dating curve with the geologic constraints suggests that aggradation events, separated by episodes of net incision, occurred at about 620,000, 310,000 ± 70,000, 170,000 ± 40,000, 95,000 ± 15,000 yr ago, after 19,000 yr ago, and during two minor periods between 80,000 and 25,000 yr ago.
Systemic expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations.

Objective Increased expression angiogenic factors, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), are associated with the formation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The objective of this study was to determine plasma levels of MMP-9 of patients with AVMs. Methods Blood samples were drawn from 15 patients with AVMs before treatment, 24 hours postembolization, 24 hours postresection, and 30 days postresection. Blood samples were also obtained from 30 healthy controls. Plasma MMP-9 concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The mean plasma MMP-9 level in AVM patients at baseline was significantly higher than in control patients: 108.04 +/- 16.11 versus 41.44 +/- 2.44 ng/mL, respectively. The mean plasma MMP-9 level 1 day after embolization increased to 172.35 +/- 53.76 ng/mL, which was not significantly elevated over pretreatment levels. One day after resection, plasma MMP-9 levels increased significantly over pretreatment levels to 230.97 +/- 51.00 ng/mL. Mean plasma MMP-9 concentrations 30 days after resection decreased to 92.8 +/- 18.7 ng/mL, which was not different from pretreatment levels but was still significantly elevated over control levels. MMP-9 levels did not correlate with patient sex, age, presentation, or AVM size. Conclusion Plasma MMP-9 levels are significantly elevated over controls at baseline, increase significantly immediately after surgery, and decrease to pretreatment levels during follow-up.
Environmental constraints and a dynamic model for energy development

Abstract This paper employs a dynamic optimization model to evaluate the shadow prices of Navajo coal; and estimates the optimal rate of extraction of coal over time using conventional welfare economics criteria. The results indicate that the actual royalty payment received by the tribe on the basis of the present long-term lease contracts is usually less than the amount estimated in the optimizing model. Furthermore, an environmental constraint is placed on the model to test the impact of this constraint in estimating the optimal time profile of production and its impact on shadow prices. Based on these estimations policy recommendations are made.
Asthma symptoms and airway hyperresponsiveness are lower during treatment with nedocromil sodium than during treatment with regular inhaled albuterol

In a double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter study, 212 patients with asthma whose symptoms were not controlled by as-needed use of inhaled bronchodilators were randomized to receive either 4 mg of nedocromil sodium or 180 micrograms of albuterol four times daily for 12 weeks. Asthma symptom scores (daytime asthma, nighttime asthma, morning chest tightness, and cough) and peak expiratory flow rate were recorded daily on diary cards. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was assessed by changes in diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate and by methacholine inhalation challenge. Statistically significant differences were found between groups favoring nedocromil sodium for relief of day and nighttime asthma and morning chest tightness. Patients treated with nedocromil sodium also had significantly lower diurnal variation in peak expiratory flow rate compared with patients treated with albuterol. Compared with patients treated with albuterol, patients treated with nedocromil sodium showed a greater improvement in cough and a decreased sensitivity to methacholine challenge. Patients in both groups reduced their as-needed albuterol use. Regular treatment with nedocromil sodium therefore led to greater asthma symptom control and reduced bronchial responsiveness compared with regular treatment with albuterol. The study also showed that more frequent use of a beta 2-agonist (for symptom relief or not) did not improve asthma control. Both drugs were well tolerated.
Controls over intra-seasonal dynamics of AVHRR NDVI for the Arctic tundra in northern Alaska

We analysed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), calculated from biweekly NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images for northern Alaska at both regional (latitudinal gradients) and site scales. Our objectives were to determine if tundra types and arctic subzones could be differentiated in terms of intra-seasonal patterns of greenness, and to construct the relationships between NDVI and air and soil temperatures. There were common intra-seasonal patterns of NDVI along two latitudinal transects, and a general latitudinal gradient of time of greenness onset and length of growing season was observed. At the site scale, in most cases, wet tundra (WT) had the lowest NDVI values throughout the year, while shrub tundra (ST) had the highest values. The peak NDVI appeared in the period of 22 July to 4 August, with mean values of 0.552 for ST, 0.495 for moist acidic tundra (MAT), 0.434 for sandy tundra (Sandy), 0.426 for moist non-acidic tundra (MNT) and 0.343 for WT. The earliest on...
Gentle Birth: Its Safety and Its Effect on Neonatal Behavior

Leboyer describes a method of handling babies at birth designed to decrease initial stimulation and lessen trauma for the infant. Twenty clinic patients were delivered using a modification of this method. They were compared to 17 control patients delivered in the customary manner. Significant differences were noted between the two groups in five of 18 neonate behaviors observed in the delivery room. Among control subjects there was significantly more time spent with hand muscles tense during the first ten minutes afterbirth; more trembling, shuddering, and blinking during the first 15 minutes after delivery; and more trembling and shuddering overall. Experimental subjects spent significantly more time with hand muscles relaxed during the first ten minutes after birth and more time with open eyes overall. Results of this study indicate the Leboyer method is safe for mother and infant and promotes infant relaxation in the delivery room.
The Duel between Dual Antiplatelet Therapies

Current guidelines for patients who are being considered for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) recommend dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and a platelet adenosine diphosphate [ADP]–receptor antagonist) to minimize periprocedural complications.1 Clopidogrel is usually administered in patients with stable angina,2 whereas patients with an acute coronary syndrome may benefit from a more potent ADP-receptor antagonist. In such patients, prasugrel3 or ticagrelor4 before PCI, as compared with clopidogrel, results in an absolute reduction in ischemic periprocedural complications of approximately 2 percentage points and a relative-risk reduction of 16 to 19%, albeit with an increased risk of bleeding. Unfortunately, because all these agents are . . .
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION: A STUDY OF JOBS FOR DOCTORAL GRADUATES

Analysis of a 1-year sample of advertisements for faculty positions in social work examined (1) the number of positions available in 2001–2002, (2) the nature of these positions and their settings, and (3) the qualifications sought in applicants. Findings suggest there were more academic jobs available than there were doctoral graduates seeking them in the year studied. Employment settings were diverse. In addition to the doctorate, the master of social work degree, practice knowledge and experience, and willingness to teach at baccalaureate and master's levels were the qualifications most commonly mentioned in the advertisements.
Isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus messenger RNA from membrane-bound polyribosomes and characterization of its 5′ and 3′ termini

Abstract A membrane-bound fraction prepared from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-infected baby hamster kidney cells included [ 3 H]uridine-labeled 37 S viral messenger RNA (mRNA) and a 20 S RNA species that is partly ribonuclease resistant. The mRNA appeared to contain both a polyadenylic acid (poly (A)) and a polycytidylic acid (poly (C)) tract as demonstrated by its binding to oligo(dT)- and oligo(dG)-cellulose, respectively. Paper chromatography of an RNase T 2 digest of the [ 3 H]adenosine-labeled poly(A) fragment from mRNA showed that the poly(A) is at the 3′ end of the mRNA and is approximately 45 nucleotides long. Digestion of 32 P-labeled FMDV mRNA with RNase A and T 2 yielded pUp as the 5′ terminus; RNases A and T 2 digested FMD virion RNA lacked this structure.
Variation and evolution of class I Mhc in sexual and parthenogenetic geckos.

We present the first Mhc class I sequences in geckos. We compared Mhc variation in gekkonid species that reproduce sexually ( Hemidactylus frenatus, Lepidodactylus aureolineatus, L . moestus, L . sp. Arno, L . sp. Takapoto) to others reproducing parthenogenetically ( H. garnotii, L. lugubris ). These comparisons include the known maternal ( L. moestus ) and paternal ( L . sp. Arno) ancestors of the asexual L. lugubris . Sequences similar to other vertebrate species were obtained from both nuclear and cDNA templates indicating that these sequences are derived from expressed class I Mhc loci. Southern blot analysis using gecko class I probes, revealed that parthenogenetic clonal lineages of independent evolutionary origin have no within-clone band variation at class I loci and that no detectable recombination between restriction sites had taken place. Variability in the sexual species was similar to mammalian taxa, i. e. class I genes are highly variable in outbreeding sexual populations. Sequence analysis of the alpha-2 domain of class I genes identified point mutations in a clonal lineage of L. lugubris which led to amino acid substitutions. Potential transspecific allelic lineages were also observed. The persistence of asexual lineages with little or no class I diversification over thousands of generations seems to argue against strong selection for Mhc multi-allelism caused by pathogen-Mhc allele specificity. On the other hand, the high level of heterozygosity in the parthenogenetic species (a consequence of their hybrid origin) may provide clonal lineages with adequate antigen presenting diversity to survive and compete with sexual relatives.
WE-D-I-6B-06: Development and Analysis of a High Quantum Efficiency Thick Scintillator Based Video EPID for Sub-MU Verification Imaging

Purpose: The major limitation of current electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) is poor quantum efficiency (QE) with less than 5% of incident radiation being typically detected. We present a high QE prototype EPID based on a CsI(Tl) thick scintillation crystal (TSC) for high quality sub-MU verification imaging. Method and Materials: The prototype TSC utilizes a 12 mm thick clear 17×17cm2 CsI(Tl) screen (QE=24%) coupled to a 12-bit, 1024×1240 Plumbicon-tube camera (250 μm pixel-size at isocenter) installed on a clinical Siemens BEAMVIEWPLUS gantry. The initial performance of the TSC was studied with experimental measurements of spatial resolution and noise, along with a quantum accounting diagram (QAD) based on linear cascaded systems theory to predict system detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The theoretical model was used to study the effect of various components of the detector geometry on image quality, and to optimize the TSC for improved image quality. Results: The current TSC prototype with DQE(0)∼0.01 provides an order-of-magnitude improvement in image quality over traditional VEPIDs, while matching the performance of flat-panel imagers at low frequencies. Since the optical geometry of the BEAMVIEW gantry was not optimized for the TSC, there was some loss in spatial resolution resulting in diminished performance at high frequency. Overall good image quality was observed even at low exposures. Conclusion: The enhanced luminescent output of the TSC results in high quality portal images even at sub-MU dose, and significant potential for daily verification imaging without risk of additional patient dose and intra-treatment imaging to monitor patient motion. Proposed improvements in the TSC include the optimization of the detector geometry for greater light collection efficiency and spatial resolution. Based on the QAD model, the performance of the TSC with proposed improvements is expected to improve significantly (DQE(0)∼0.1) and exceed that of current flat-panels.
Total energy and labor requirements for an electric commuter railroad

Abstract Input-output analysis is used to examine an electric commuter railroad operating out of New York City, U.S.A., in 1971. The direct and indirect energy costs of propulsion, station operation and rail-plant investments are all computed per passenger-mile of travel. A similar analysis is conducted to determine direct and indirect employment generated per passenger-mile. Results show that, with electricity valued at 11,032 Btu/kWh, commuter rail travel required 9900 Btu and 8.5 millionths of a job per passenger-mile.
Effect of Precipitating Conditions on the Formation of Calcium−HEDP Precipitates

Phosphonates are water treatment chemicals that are effectively utilized in many industrial processes as dispersants, bleaching agents, or scale and corrosion inhibitors. In many of these applications, the phosphonates are able to react with divalent cations such as calcium to form stable divalent cation−phosphonate precipitates. The focus of this paper is to define the conditions under which distinct calcium−phosphonate precipitates will form and to study how each of these precipitate's unique chemical and physical properties govern the release of phosphonate from porous media. The phosphonate used in this study was (1-hydroxyethylidene)-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). By variation of the pH and calcium/HEDP molar ratio in solution, two distinct precipitates were formed: (1) a soluble, fibrous 1:1 calcium/HEDP precipitate; and (2) a less soluble, spherical 2:1 calcium/HEDP precipitate. Critical pH values that define the conditions under which each distinct precipitate forms were identified. Below the firs...
Strong exciton–photon coupling in organic materials

Abstract The study of strong exciton–photon coupling in organic materials has progressed at a rapid pace since the first observation of microcavity polaritons in tetra-(2,6-t-butyl)phenol-porphyrin zinc less than 10 years ago. The field is driven by the potential for revolutionary optoelectronic devices based on polaritonic phenomena such as ultrafast optical amplifiers and switches, structures with enhanced nonlinear optical properties, and coherent polariton light emitters, known as polariton lasers. This review examines recent experimental advances related to the general understanding of strong coupling in a range of small molecular weight and polymeric organic materials.
The culture of chick embryo dorsal root ganglionic cells on polylysine-coated plastic

Polylysine-coated culture surfaces are strongly adhesive for neural cells, restrict locomotion on nonneuronal elements, but do not inhibit neurite elongation. In the present study, culture dishes were pre-treated with poly-d-lysine (PDL) at various concentrations, seeded with dissociates from 8-day chick embryo dorsal root ganglia, and incubated under conditions that normally support both neuronal survival and nonneuronal proliferation. Pretreatment with low (0.1 mg/ml) PDL concentrations had no effect on neuronal survival and neuritic growth, but entirely prevented an increase in ganglionic nonneurons, yielding a numerically stable culture greatly enriched in neurons. Higher PDL concentrations caused increasing losses in both cell classes. The 50% levels of cell loss were achieved at about the same PDL dose, but earlier for neurons than nonneurons and still with no impairment of neuritic growth from the surviving neurons. A procedure was developed to compare acid-soluble and acid-precipitable accumulation of radioactivity under 1-hr pulses of [3H]uridine, which was applicable even to poorly attached cells. The cytotoxic effects of higher PDL pretreatments was revealed as early as 6 hr after seeding by 2- to 4-fold lower radioaccumulation. The data are discussed in terms of possible regulations of cell permeability and metabolism by adhesive interactions between cells and their substratum, or other cells.
MicroRNA 375 Mediates the Signaling Pathway of Corticotropin-releasing Factor (CRF) Regulating Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) Expression by Targeting Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 8

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) is a common precursor of melanocortin-related peptides in the pituitary and primarily regulated by corticotropin- releasing factor (CRF). Our results show that miR-375 is highly expressed in the mouse pituitary gland and located specifically in the intermediate lobe of pituitary. The functional studies show that the forced inhibition of endogenous miR-375 in AtT-20 mouse pituitary tumor cells and in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland significantly increases POMC expression, whereas miR-375 overexpression down-regulates POMC expression and ACTH secretion stimulated by CRF. This function of miR-375 is accomplished by its binding to the 3′-UTR of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-8. Our results here have demonstrated that miR-375 acts as a negative regulating molecule mediating the signaling pathway of CRF and affecting POMC expression by targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase-8, which subsequently down-regulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation and nerve growth factor-induced clone B (NGFI-B) transcription activity. Taken together, our results show that miR-375 is a novel negative regulator of POMC expression and related hormone secretion.
Some evidence on strategic quantity reduction in multiple unit auctions

Abstract Theoretical models of multi-unit auctions predict that bidders have a stronger incentive to reduce demand in uniform-price auctions than in discriminatory auctions. I find support for this prediction using data from foreign currency auctions in Zambia during the mid 1980's. © 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.
pH Transients in hydroxyapatite chromatography columns—Experimental evidence and phenomenological modeling

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) columns, widely used for chromatographic separation of proteins and other biomolecules because of their unique selectivity and ability to resolve complex mixtures, exhibit limited stability at acidic conditions requiring careful control of pH. Even with buffered solutions, however, unintended pH transients can occur when the salt concentration varies. For example, the pH temporarily decreases below the feed value when the salt concentration increases and increases above the feed value when the salt concentration is decreased. The intensity and duration of these transients depend on the particular buffer used and the magnitude of the salt concentration step, but in extreme cases the pH can drop by as much as 1.5 pH units creating conditions where the HAP stability is potentially compromised. This work examines the mechanisms leading to pH transients in HAP columns generated by salt steps. The pH excursions are similar to those observed for weak cation exchange columns, but are accompanied by a transient evolution of phosphate which temporarily decreases below the feed value when the salt concentration is increased and increases sharply when the salt concentration is reduced before returning to the feed value. A phenomenological model is developed to describe this behavior by considering the reversible uptake of sodium ions by the P-sites and binding of phosphate ions by the C-sites. The interplay of these two adsorption mechanisms results in complex pH patterns that are consistent with those observed experimentally. In addition to helping understand the underlying mechanisms, the model also provides a useful tool to predict the effects of different buffers and salt concentration and develop corrective measures that can reduce the intensity and duration of the pH transients such as the addition of unretained co-buffers.
Lymph node compression causes stenotic kinking of the internal carotid artery

Abstract A 34-year-old woman presented with recurrent transient ischemic attack (TIA) of the left hemiparesis. Carotid angiography disclosed a stenotic kinking of the right internal carotid artery (ICA). The patient underwent exploration of the right ICA for a planned endarterectomy. An enlarged lymph node was found to have compressed and kinked the artery. The lymph node was removed, and segmental resection of the kinked, stenosed, and atrophic ICA, followed by end-to-end reanastomosis, was performed with successful result. Histologically, the lymph node was calcified, and the atrophy of the ICA, the lumen of which was smooth without atheroma, was localized at the site of compression. Based on the findings of the stenotic kinking of the ICA, long-standing compression by the lymph node was the most probable cause of the kinking, rather than the atherosclerotic change of the ICA.
Swift receives 2011 Ocean Sciences Award: Response

James H. Swift received the 2011 Ocean Sciences Section Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is given in recognition of outstanding and long-standing service to the ocean sciences.
Fully parallel analog optical calculation of multiple outer products: erratum.

In our recent Letter,1 owing to an inconsistency, the numbers reported in the penultimate paragraph are incorrect. The paragraph should read as follows:
Oral Thymic Extract for Chronic Hepatitis C in Patients Previously Treated with Interferon: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Background: Hepatitis C is an important cause of chronic liver disease. It is claimed that Complete Thymic Formula, an over-the-counter herbal dietary supplement, is beneficial for patients with hepatitis C. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Complete Thymic Formula. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Tertiary referral center. Patients: 38 patients with hepatitis C who did not respond to or were intolerant of interferon therapy. Intervention: Complete Thymic Formula for 3 to 6 months or placebo for 3 months. Measurements: Serial measurements of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA titers. Results: No differences were noted at 3 months between the placebo group (n = 13) and the treatment group (n = 19) in mean HCV RNA titers (4.06 ± 1.52 x 10 6 copies/mL compared with 3.48 ± 1.92 x 10 6 copies/mL; P > 0.2). The 19 patients who completed 6 months of treatment with Complete Thymic Formula remained positive for HCV, and their mean HCV RNA titers were similar at 6 months and at baseline (2.78 ± 1.96 x 10 6 copies/mL compared with 3.12 ± 1.94 x 10 6 copies/mL; P > 0.2). Conclusions: Complete Thymic Formula did not benefit patients who had previously received interferon therapy. Patients should be advised about use of this over-the-counter compound.
Effects of high-frequency light fluctuations on growth and photoacclimation of the red algaChondrus crispus

High-frequency fluctuations due to wavefocusing are prominent characteristics of light in shallow marine environments. Effects of high-frequency (0.01 to 1 Hz) fluctuating light on growth rates of the red algaChondrus crispus Stackh., collected from Crane Neck Point, New York, USA, during July 1988, were determined by comparing plants grown under fluctuating and constant light regimes with similar daily irradiances. At high daily irradiance, growth rates were higher under fluctuating light than under constant light. Fluctuating light effects were frequency-dependent; growth was enhanced by fluctuations at 0.1 and 1 Hz, but not by fluctuations at 0.01 Hz. At low daily irradiance, growth rates were not affected by fluctuating light at any frequency tested. Enhancement of growth was not due to effects of high-frequency light fluctuations on photoacclimation responses ofC. crispus. Plants grown under fluctuating light at high daily irradiance actually exhibited lower photosynthetic capacity and efficiency (determined under constant light) than plants grown under constant light. These differences were attributable to variation in the density of Photosystem II reaction centers, which was low in plants grown under fluctuating light. Maximum turnover rate of whole-chain electron transport and activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase were affected by total daily irradiance, but not by high-frequency light fluctuations. Enhancement of growth under fluctuating light was partly attributable to reduced rates of dark respiration compared to rates of plants grown under constant light. The results also provided indirect evidence that high-frequency light fluctuations may enhance instantaneous photosynthetic rates. This effect could increase daily carbon gain and, therefore, stimulate growth ofC. crispus under high-frequency light fluctuations.
A polynomial-time simplex method for the maximum k -flow problem

A generalization of the maximum-flow problem is considered in which every unit of flow sent from the source to the sink yields a payoff of $k. In addition, the capacity of any arce can be increased at a per-unit cost of $c e . The problem is to determine how much arc capacity to purchase for each arc and how much flow to send so as to maximize the net profit. This problem can be modeled as a circulation problem. The main result of this paper is that this circulation problem can be solved by the network simplex method in at mostkmn pivots. Whenc e = 1 for each arce, this yields a strongly polynomial-time simplex method. This result uses and extends a result of Goldfarb and Hao which states that the standard maximum-flow problem can be solved by the network simplex method in at mostmn pivots.
Chemical genomic screening reveals synergism between parthenolide and inhibitors of the PI-3 kinase and mTOR pathways

We have previously shown that the plant-derived compound parthenolide (PTL) can impair the survival and leukemogenic activity of primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stem cells. However, despite the activity of this agent, PTL also induces cellular protective responses that likely function to reduce its overall cytotoxicity. Thus, we sought to identify pharmacologic agents that enhance the antileukemic potential of PTL. Toward this goal, we used the gene expression signature of PTL to identify compounds that inhibit cytoprotective responses by performing chemical genomic screening of the Connectivity Map database. This screen identified compounds acting along the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Compared with single agent treatment, exposure of AML cells to the combination of PTL and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors significantly decreased viability of AML cells and reduced tumor burden in vitro and in murine xenotransplantation models. Taken together, our data show that rational drug combinations can be identified using chemical genomic screening strategies and that inhibition of cytoprotective functions can enhance the eradication of primary human AML cells.
Weaning with end-tidal CO2 and pulse oximetry.

Abstract Study Objective: To determine whether continuous measurement of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO 2 ) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (P ET CO 2 ) can be used to wean patients safely and efficiently from postoperative mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery. Design: Prospective study comparing SpO 2 and P ET CO 2 to calculated arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2 and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO 2 ) obtained from blood gas analysis. Setting: Cardiac surgical intensive care unit at a university-affiliated hospital. Patients: Ten patients requiring elective coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were studied in the postoperative period during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Interventions: Continuous monitoring of SpO 2 and P ET CO 2 was used to wean patients from mechanical ventilation. Measurements and Main Results: The patients were weaned from mechanical ventilation in an average time of 6.5 ± 1.5 hours (mean ± SD). A plot of SaO 2 versus SpO 2 indicated a high correlation (r = 0.84) with sensitivity (100%) for hypoxemia (SaO 2 less than 90%). P ET CO 2 was a good indicator of PaCO 2 (r = 0.76); its sensitivity to detect hypercarbia (PaCO 2 less than 45 mmHg) was 95%. The gradient between SpO 2 and SaO 2 was not significantly affected by the weaning process, but the PaCO 2 P ET CO 2 gradient decreased significantly as the ventilator rate was decreased ( p 2 and P ET CO 2 . Conclusions: Continuous monitoring of SpO 2 and P ET CO 2 can be used to wean patients safely and effectively after CABG when adjustment of minute ventilation compensates for an increased PaCO 2 P ET CO 2 gradient during controlled ventilation.
New HCl chemical lasers: Chlorine reactions with group IV, V, and VI hydrides

Abstract The reactions of chlorine with hydrides of elements in groups IV, V, and VI have been investigated with respect to their potential as sources for HCl chemical lasers. For these systems, chain reactions involving Cl 2 should contribute in some measure to the production of chlorine atoms. New HCl lasers based on the reactions of chlorine atoms with H 2 S, H 2 Se, and PF 3 H 2 were observed.
Determination of atomistic J-integral of graphene sheet using the molecular dynamics method

Over the past decade, mechanical characterization data for nanoparticle-reinforced polymer matrix composites have shown significant improvements in compressive strength and interlaminar shear stren...
Ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy: a review and insight into etiology and prevention

Objective To review all reported cases of ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy. Design Medline literature search 1966 to Jan 2009. Search terms included "ectopic pregnancy," "post hysterectomy ectopic pregnancy," "pregnancy after hysterectomy." The bibliography of all retrieved articles was searched for additional sources of data. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Women with ectopic pregnancies following hysterectomy. Intervention(s) Surgical removal. Main Outcome Measure(s) To review all reported cases of ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy. Result(s) Fifty-six cases of ectopic pregnancies after hysterectomy have been reported. Thirty-one such cases were diagnosed and treated in the immediate period after hysterectomy, "early presentation," and were pregnancies presumed to have been present at the time the hysterectomy was performed. Twenty-five cases of "late presentation" ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy have been reported, certainly developing as a result of a communication between the vagina and the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion(s) Every woman with intact ovaries, despite previous hysterectomy, who presents with abdominal pain, should be screened for pregnancy. "Early presentation" ectopic pregnancies can be prevented with adequate contraception before hysterectomy or by avoiding operating in the periovulatory or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. "Late presentation" ectopic pregnancies after hysterectomy are likely dependent on the type of hysterectomy performed and the presence or a residual cervix.
Molecular evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of a highly pathogenic fish rhabdovirus, the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV).

Abstract Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which causes an acute hemorrhagic and highly contagious disease in cyprinids, was first described in Europe and subsequently reported in parts of Asia and North America. SVCV can be classified into four genogroups: Ia, Ib, Ic, and Id. While Ia and Id have wide circulation and are reported to cause outbreaks in North America and Europe, respectively, Ib and Ic were last reported in the 1980s. We used a Bayesian framework to determine the nucleotide substitution rates, relative genetic diversity, and time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of SVCV using large sets of sequences of the phosphoprotein and glycoprotein (G) genes. The sampled genetic diversities of Ia and Id were found to have arisen during the year 1996 (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1986–1998) and 1957 (1926–1972), respectively, with consistent results across the two genes. The TMRCA for SVCV was estimated to have been around 1850 (1727–1938). The substitution rate for Ia is at least 5–7 times higher than that of Id. The rate of nonsynonymous (dn) to synonymous (ds) substitutions (dn/ds = ω) for the G gene of Ia (ω = 0.608) is significantly higher than that of Id (ω = 0.0749), indicating both exhibit distinct selection profiles. The SVCV population experienced a bottleneck during the early 1990s followed by a sudden rebound, primarily due to the sudden increase in genetic variants in Ia and Id, which coincided with the timing of a recent series of outbreaks reported in Europe and North America.
Problems of persons with cerebral palsy in obtaining dental care

— This project investigated the availability and accessibility of dental care for cerebral-palsied children and young adults attending the Spastic Centre, New Farm, Brisbane. Most come from high and middle income families and are probably not representative of the handicapped population in this respect. A questionnaire was sent to 100 parents and 86 responded. Profiles were established of the dentists providing the treatment, the dental services, and the nature of the patient's handicap. Only about 10 per cept of parents found difficulty in obtaining dental treatment for their children and about 25 per cent of patients experienced difficulty under treatment. Only 25 per cent of parents found access to dental services difficult; the main problem being outside the dentist's suite. Subjects with quadriplegia appeared to experience the most difficulty with dental treatment. Three-quarters of the parents indicated they would like a Government dental service at the Spastic Centre.
From program participant to engaged citizen: a developmental journey

American youth who participate in both school-based and community-based programs during high school remain more civically engaged than their contemporaries throughout adulthood. However, few studies have examined the developmental processes through which participation in a youth directed program promotes civic responsibility. In this qualitative study, 23 males and 9 females took part in one of five focus groups to talk about their experiences as members of a youth empowerment center in the southwest. The results reveal a three-phased process model of development from program participant to civically engaged youth. Each of the three phases, participation, connection and expansion, is explained using the words and examples provided by the youth. Implications for application and future research are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bolivia: The Evolution of a Multi‐Ethnic Society, (2nd edition)

Bolivia: The Evolution of a Multi-Ethnic Society (2nd edition).Herbert S. Klein New York:Oxford University Press, 1992. xii + 343 pp., maps, index. $42.50 (cloth), $15.95 (paper). ISBN 0-19-505734-1, ISBN 0-19-505735-X.
Inversion of incomplete radon transform

Abstract An analytic formula is derived for inversion of the Radon transform of a compactly supported function from a truncated cone.
Elevated Serum Carboxymethyl-Lysine, an Advanced Glycation End Product, Predicts Severe Walking Disability in Older Women: The Women's Health and Aging Study I

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Our aim was to characterize the relationship between serum carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), a major circulating AGE, and incident severe walking disability (inability to walk or walking speed <0.4m/sec) over 30 months of followup in 394 moderately to severely disabled women, ≥65 years, living in the community in Baltimore, Maryland (the Women’s Health and Aging Study I). During followup, 154 (26.4%) women developed severe walking disability, and 23 women died. Women in the highest quartile of serum CML had increased risk of developing of severe walking disability in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age and other potential confounders. Women with elevated serum CML are at an increased risk of developing severe walking disability. AGEs are a potentially modifiable risk factor. Further work is needed to establish a causal relationship between AGEs and walking disability.
MiR-15b and miR-152 reduce glioma cell invasion and angiogenesis via NRP-2 and MMP-3

We tested invasion and angiogenesis related mRNA expression and miRNA profiles of glioma. Genes with mRNA expression that changed significantly were selected to predict possible miRNAs that regulate mRNA expression, and were then matched with miRNA results. NRP-2 with the matching miRNA miR-15b, and MMP-3 with the matching miRNA miR-152 were selected for further study. Luciferase activity assay confirmed that miR-15b and miR-152 attenuate expression of NRP-2 and MMP-3 protein by binding to NRP-2 and MMP-3 transcript, respectively. In vitro invasion assay data showed that miR-15b and miR-152 significantly decreased 9L cell invasiveness. In vitro tube formation assay data showed that miR-15b reduced tube formation. A preliminary pathway study indicated that miR-15b and miR-152 deactivated the MEK-ERK pathway via NRP-2 and MMP-3 in 9L cells, respectively.
Group and Interpersonal Effects in International Computer-Mediated Collaboration

Drawing on two recent theories, this article proposes interaction hypotheses involving the joint effects ojsalient pup versus individual identity and long-term versus short-term group membership on the social, interpersonal, and intellectual responses ojpup members collaborating via computer-mediated communication. Participantsfimn institutions in two countries used computer-mediated communication under various conditions. Results indicate that some conditions oj computer-mediated communication use by geographically dispersed partners render effects systematically superior to those obtained in other mediated conditions and greater or lesser than effects obtained thmughface-to-face interaction.
Interaction of -blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers/ACE inhibitors in heart failure

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system contributes to the progression of heart failure and its inhibition slows ventricular remodelling and favourably affects morbidity and mortality. beta-blockers exert a remarkably favourable effect on progression that may be mediated at least in part by renin inhibition. Although earlier trials suggested a possible adverse interaction when an angiotensin receptor blocker was added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a beta-blocker, a recent study and newly analysed mechanistic data indicate that the triple combination provides modest additional inhibition of angiotensin that can further slow progression of disease.
Is the President’s Recognition Power Exclusive?

The power of the United States government to recognize foreign states and governments is much broader than the authority merely to place a symbolic stamp of legitimacy on that state or government. Recognition allows foreign governments to establish diplomatic relations with the United States and also confers other substantial benefits on those governments. Despite its importance to foreign relations, the recognition power was not enumerated in the United States Constitution or discussed in the Constitutional Convention or ratification debates. A recent decision of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Zivotofsky ex rel. Zivotofsky v. Secretary of State, is the first to hold, in the context of a conflict between an act of Congress and an executive decision, that the recognition of foreign states and governments is an exclusive executive power. A seemingly innocuous passport statute created a conflict between executive and congressional policies over a controversial, and as yet unresolved, political issue: the status of Jerusalem. The court relied on post-ratification history which, it concluded, established that Presidents consistently claimed, and Congress consistently acknowledged, that the recognition power was exclusively an executive prerogative. The passport statute was held to unconstitutionally infringe on the Executive’s recognition power. This Article provides the first in-depth analysis of the historical relationship of the executive and legislative branches to the recognition power in nearly a century. The Article examines in detail the post-ratification recognition events discussed by the Court of Appeals, beginning with the decisions of the Washington administration during the Neutrality Crisis in 1792-93. The Article also examines events not addressed by the Court of Appeals, most significantly early congressional acts of recognition and the 1979 Taiwan Relations Act. The Article concludes that post-ratification history establishes an authority in the President to recognize foreign states and governments but provides little support for any claim of an exclusive recognition power. However, post-ratification history is not by itself dispositive and the legal importance of the history is examined through the lens of certain fundamental questions, including the significance of presidential and congressional inactions, acquiescence and acknowledgement. The Article analyzes these questions through constitutional doctrine and normative values, ultimately concluding that the constitutional text, original understanding, structure, and post-ratification evidence do not support an exclusive recognition power in the Executive. The President’s recognition power is subject to the legislative control of Congress.
The Role of Rhythmic Systems in the Adaptation of Fiddler Crabs to the Intertidal Zone

Fiddler crabs inhabiting the intertidal zone must adapt their activity to both the day-night cycle and the cycle of the tides. The tidal cycle imposes on the animals a rhythmic alternation between terrestrial and marine periods of existence. At the same time the crabs are influenced by the day-night cycle, since they exhibit specific diurnal and nocturnal habits. Moreover, the interaction of daily and tidal rhythms may give rise to semi-monthly variations in activity. It is now well established that persistent daily and tidal rhythms in physiological processes underlie rhythmic variations in the behavior of crabs in the field. The present paper reviews more recent studies, which have compared the persistent rhythms in crabs from different tidal and non-tidal regions. Rhythmic patterns recorded in the laboratory are found to be closely correlated with tidal conditions in the native habitat of the crabs. It has also been shown that the persistent pattern can be modified by transplanting crabs to the intertidal zone of another coast where they are exposed to tidal cycles which differ in form from those in the original habitat.