cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Release of Juvenile Water on Mars: Estimated Amounts and Timing Associated with Volcanism

The amount of water released on Mars in association with volcanism is estimated to equal a layer 46 meters deep over the entire planet. Most of this water was released in the first 2 billion years of martian history. The estimate is based on mapping the volcanic materials and by inferring the volatile content of the lavas. Water from other sources, such as plutonic activity and cometary contributions, is not included in the estimate.
Effect of in vivo lymphocyte-depleting strategies on development of lymphoproliferative disorders in children post allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

T cell depletion (TCD) of marrow is a proven method of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Nonetheless, TCD is associated with an increased risk of developing post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). Between 1986 and 1998, 241 pediatric patients at the University of Iowa underwent BMT using ex vivo TCD of marrow from mismatched related or matched unrelated donors. Additional GVHD prophylaxis included antithymocyte globulin (ATG) or anti lymphocyte globulin (ALG) post transplant (in vivo TCD). A total of 30 cases of PTLD were identified based upon a combination of clinical, histological, and immunological features. Nearly all cases occurred within 3 months post BMT. A statistically significant increase in PTLD incidence was noted for patients treated with ATG vs ALG (33 vs 9%). While grade I–II acute GVHD was more common in patients receiving ATG vs ALG, no difference in grade III–IV GVHD or overall survival was noted between the two groups. Assessment of immune recovery at various times post BMT revealed significantly fewer T cells in the ATG-treated group, suggesting the deleterious effect of ATG may be due to excessive depletion of donor-derived Epstein–Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Thus, caution should be exercised in the use of anti-T-cell antibody therapy for additional GVHD prophylaxis in the setting of TCD BMT.
Parametric study of combustion characteristics in a direct-injection diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition engine with a low-pressurefuel injector:

AbstractHomogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion is an alternative to current engine combustion systems and is used as a method to reduce emissions. It has the potential nearly to eliminate engine-out NOx emissions while producing diesel-like engine efficiencies, when a premixture of gas-phase fuel and air is burned spontaneously and entirely by an autoignition process. However, when direct injection is used for diesel fuel mixture preparation in engines, the complex in-cylinder flow field and limited mixing times may result in inhomogeneity of the charge. Thus, in order to minimize non-uniformity of the charge, early injection of the fuel is desirable. However, when fuel is injected during the intake or early compression stroke, the use of high-pressure injection is limited by the relatively low in-cylinder gas pressure because of spray impingement on the cylinder walls. Thus, it is also of interest to consider low-pressure injectors as an alternative. In the present paper, the parametri...
Circulating melatonin levels: possible link between Parkinson's disease and cancer risk?

Lower rates of cancer mortality/incidence in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have given rise to speculations about risk or preventative factors common to both diseases, including life-style factors (such as smoking) and genetic susceptibility. Melatonin, a hormone known for its sleep regulatory effects, may play an important role in carcinogenesis as suggested by substantial laboratory and less direct epidemiologic evidence. Particularly, a reduction in melatonin, such as experienced by persons who are exposed to light at night, appears to increase cancer risk. Variations in melatonin levels have been linked to PD in several different ways. Some studies show higher morning melatonin levels in PD patients than in healthy controls. One could speculate that the sleep disorders that affect almost two thirds of those suffering from PD and can precede PD motor symptoms by several years may be associated with variations in melatonin levels. Moreover, in animal models, interventions that increase the bioavailability of melatonin appears to increase the severity of parkinsonian symptoms, whereas reduction in melatonin by pinealectomy or exposure to bright light can enhance recovery from parkinsonisms symptoms. Finally, preliminary epidemiological evidence suggests that longer years of working night shifts is associated with a reduced risk of PD among participants of the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), whereas longer hours of sleep appear to increase their risk. In sum, while lower melatonin concentrations may predict a higher cancer risk, there is also some evidence that they may be associated with a lower risk of PD. We therefore hypothesize that elevated circulating melatonin levels in PD patients may contribute to their lower cancer rates.
19F longitudinal relaxation rates from dynamic negative nuclear overhauser effects

Abstract Longitudinal relaxation rates are measured for 19 F under proton-decoupled conditions where the correlation time is so slow that continuous proton irradiation causes loss of magnetization due to the negative nuclear Overhauser effect. Dynamic NOE measurements yield single exponential T 1 values that are the same as those determined by inversion-recovery measurements of 19 F without proton-decoupling.
Domain-specific and domain-general learning factors are expressed in genetically heterogeneous CD-1 mice

It has been established that both domain-specific (e.g. spatial) as well as domain-general (general intelligence) factors influence human cognition. However, the separation of these processes has rarely been attempted in studies using laboratory animals. Previously, we have found that the performances of outbred mice across a wide range of learning tasks correlate in such a way that a single factor can explain 30– 44% of the variance between animals. This general learning factor is in some ways qualitatively and quantitatively analogous to general intelligence in humans. The complete structure of cognition in mice, however, has not been explored due to the limited sample sizes of our previous analyses. Here we report a combined analysis from 241 CD-1 mice tested in five primary learning tasks, and a subset of mice tested in two additional learning tasks. At least two (possibly three) of the seven learning tasks placed explicit demands on spatial and/or hippocampus-dependent processing abilities. Consistent with previous findings, we report a robust general factor influencing learning in mice that accounted for 38% of the variance across tasks. In addition, a domain-specific factor was found to account for performance on that subset of tasks that shared a dependence on hippocampal and/or spatial processing. These results provide further evidence for a general learning/cognitive factor in genetically heterogeneous mice. Furthermore (and similar to human cognitive performance), these results suggest a hierarchical structure to cognitive processes in this genetically heterogeneous species.
Development of the embryonic envelopes of Mesocestoides lineatus (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)

Summary Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the eggs of Mesocestoides lineatus consisted of an oncosphere larva surrounded by various coverings. The outermost of these was the embryonic capsule, which appeared as a thin electron-dense membranous sac. The capsule enclosed inner and outer embryonic envelopes, each of which was syncytial and apparently formed from embryonic blastomeres. The envelopes became increasingly vesiculated during embryogenesis, and were attached to each other by desmosomes by the time the larva was fully formed. An electron-dense intracellular embryophore was produced by the inner envelope; it first appeared under the distal plasma membrane as a series of blocks, which grew and fused to form a thick unbroken layer. Early in development, the proximal plasma membrane of the inner envelope was connected to the larval epithelium by a multilaminate membrane complex that was ultrastructurally similar to a continuous junction. At the end of embryogenesis, this appeared to detach...
Three Models of Job Mobility in Labor Markets

This study examines job mobility patterns in the United States through the analysis of job mobility rates. Utilizing event history analysis and retrospective job history data, a variety of job mobility rates are modeled. Besides the overall rate of job exiting, this study also examines rates of voluntary and involuntary exits, within- and between-employer moves, and upward job shifts. Informed by three theoretical models of job mobility—the reward-resource model, the limited opportunity model, and the vacancy competition model—hypotheses concerning the effects of education, occupational status, supervision, time in the labor force, gender, race, and economic sector on various job shift rates are formulated and tested. Among the major conclusions are (a) education increases job mobility, but does not uniquely determine the paths; (b) gender and racial differences pertain more to differences in mobility channels than to differences in the overall rate of job moving; and (c) dualistic accounts of labor marke...
Hybrid-Switching Full-Bridge DC–DC Converter With Minimal Voltage Stress of Bridge Rectifier, Reduced Circulating Losses, and Filter Requirement for Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers

This paper first presents a hybrid-switching step-down dc-dc converter, and then, by introducing transformer isolation, a novel hybrid-switching phase-shift full-bridge dc-dc converter is derived for electric vehicle battery chargers. The proposed converter provides wide zero-voltage-switching range in the leading-leg switches, achieves zero-current-switching for lagging-leg switches, and uses a hybrid-switching method to avoid freewheeling circulating losses in the primary side. Because the resonant capacitor voltage of the hybrid-switching circuit is applied between the bridge rectifier and the output inductor for the duration of the freewheeling intervals, a smaller sized output inductor can be utilized. With the current rectifier diode of the hybrid-switching circuit providing a clamping path, the voltage overshoots that arise during the turn-off of the rectifier diodes are eliminated and the voltage stress of bridge rectifier is clamped to the minimal achievable value, which is equal to secondary-reflected input voltage of the transformer. The inductive energy stored in the output inductor and the capacitive energy stored in the resonant capacitor of the hybrid-switching circuit are transferred to the output simultaneously during the freewheeling intervals with only one diode in series in the current path, achieving more effective and efficient energy transfer. The effectiveness of the proposed converter was experimentally verified using a 3.6-kW prototype circuit designed for electric vehicle onboard chargers. Experimental results of the hardware prototype show that the converter achieves a peak efficiency of 98.1% and high system efficiencies over wide output voltage and power ranges.
Rideshare on EELV using ESPA - Challenges and Opportunities

The Secretary of the Air Force (SECAF) issued a 2008 policy memorandum, directing the use of excess Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) payload weight capacity by maximizing the use of the EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) system. This spawned the development of a standardized ESPA class auxiliary payload (APL) capability for EELV launches on both Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicle variants. It also led to an Air Force commitment to support one EELV ESPA launch per year. The ESPA structure, which consists of a 62-inch diameter, 24-inch high adapter with accommodation for up to six APLs equally spaced around its outer shell, was developed as an approach to facilitate rideshare opportunities for small APLs on the Atlas V and Delta IV launch vehicles. However, over the course of several years’ work by the various rideshare stakeholders to develop an ESPA Standard Service (ESS) capability on EELV, a number of challenges have been encountered. These include identifying viable candidate ESS missions, coordination of primary payload and APL development and launch schedules, heightened emphasis on compliance with orbital debris mitigation requirements, and several technical and programmatic challenges. The concept of using excess lift capability on EELV launches holds significant appeal, especially considering the high cost of space launch and the increasing number of small experimental and operational payloads being developed by the DoD and other government, research and commercial entities, all of which require access to space. The goal is to make ESPA a viable, cost-effective option for fully realizing the potential for improved access to space on future EELV missions.
Selecting the best faces to index presentation videos

We propose a system to select the most representative faces in unstructured presentation videos with respect to two criteria: to optimize matching accuracy between pairs of face tracks, and to select humanly preferred face icons for indexing purposes. We first extract face tracks using state-of-the-art face detection and tracking. A small subset of images are then selected per track in order to maximize matching accuracy between tracks. Finally, representative images are extracted for each speaker in order to build a face index of the video. We tested our approach on 3 unstructured presentation videos of approximately 45 minutes each, for a total of a quarter million frames. Compared to the standard min-min approach, our method achieves higher track matching accuracy (94.22%), while using 6% of the running time. Using an optimal combination of 3 user preference measures, we were able to build face indexes containing 54 speakers (out of the 58 present in the videos) indexing into 795 detected tracks.
Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies.

Agricultural ecosystems provide humans with food, forage, bioenergy and pharmaceuticals and are essential to human wellbeing. These systems rely on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling and hydrological services. Preliminary assessments indicate that the value of these ecosystem services to agriculture is enormous and often underappreciated. Agroecosystems also produce a variety of ecosystem services, such as regulation of soil and water quality, carbon sequestration, support for biodiversity and cultural services. Depending on management practices, agriculture can also be the source of numerous disservices, including loss of wildlife habitat, nutrient runoff, sedimentation of waterways, greenhouse gas emissions, and pesticide poisoning of humans and non-target species. The tradeoffs that may occur between provisioning services and other ecosystem services and disservices should be evaluated in terms of spatial scale, temporal scale and reversibility. As more effective methods for valuing ecosystem services become available, the potential for ‘win–win’ scenarios increases. Under all scenarios, appropriate agricultural management practices are critical to realizing the benefits of ecosystem services and reducing disservices from agricultural activities.
Enteral Feeding Misconnections: A Consortium Position Statement

An invitation from the American Hospital Association (AHA) brought together a number of representatives from various organizations in Washington, D.C., on October 11, 2006, to (1) discuss the current state of practice pertaining to enteral feedings and (2) patient safety risks associated with medical misconnections involving enteral feeding systems. Although the initial focus was on Luer fittings, the scope of the discussion was expanded to the entire enteral feeding system to identify areas where misconnections could occur. This article presents the issues associated with enteral feeding misconnections and proposes a set of solutions. (The Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. 2008;34:285-292)P Guenter, RW Hicks, D Simmons, et al
A framework for call graph construction algorithms

A large number of call graph construction algorithms for object-oriented and functional languages have been proposed, each embodying different tradeoffs between analysis cost and call graph precision. In this article we present a unifying framework for understanding call graph construction algorithms and an empirical comparison of a representative set of algorithms. We first present a general parameterized algorithm that encompasses many well-known and novel call graph construction algorithms. We have implemented this general algorithm in the Vortex compiler infrastructure, a mature, multilanguage, optimizing compiler. The Vortex implementation provides a "level playing field" for meaningful cross-algorithm performance comparisons. The costs and benefits of a number of call graph construction algorithms are empirically assessed by applying their Vortex implementation to a suite of sizeable (5,000 to 50,000 lines of code) Cecil and Java programs. For many of these applications, interprocedural analysis enabled substantial speed-ups over an already highly optimized baseline. Furthermore, a significant fraction of these speed-ups can be obtained through the use of a scalable, near-linear time call graph construction algorithm.
Investigation of Regional and Seasonal Variations in Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Properties from MODIS Observations

To aid in understanding the role that marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds play in climate and assist in improving their representations in general circulation models (GCMs), their long-term microphysical and macroscale characteristics are quantified using observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Terra satellite. Six years of MODIS pixel-level cloud products are used from oceanic study regions off the west coasts of California, Peru, the Canary Islands, Angola, and Australia where these cloud types are common. Characterizations are given for their organization (macroscale structure), the associated microphysical properties, and the seasonal dependencies of their variations for scales consistent with the size of a GCM grid box (300 km 300 km). MBL mesoscale structure is quantified using effective cloud diameter CD, which is introduced here as a simplified measure of bulk cloud organization; it is straightforward to compute and provides descriptive information beyond that offered by cloud fraction. The interrelationships of these characteristics are explored while considering the influences of the MBL state, such as the occurrence of drizzle. Several commonalities emerge for the five study regions. MBL clouds contain the best natural examples of plane-parallel clouds, but overcast clouds occur in only about 25% of the scenes, which emphasizes the importance of representing broken MBL cloud fields in climate models (that are subgrid scale). During the peak months of cloud occurrence, mesoscale organization (larger CD) increases such that the fractions of scenes characterized as “overcast” and “clumped” increase at the expense of the “scattered” scenes. Cloud liquid water path and visible optical depth usually trend strongly with CD, with the largest values occurring for scenes that are drizzling. However, considerable interregional differences exist in these trends, suggesting that different regression functionalities exist for each region. For peak versus off-peak months, the fraction of drizzling scenes (as a function of CD) are similar for California and Angola, which suggests that a single probability distribution function might be used for their drizzle occurrence in climate models. The patterns are strikingly opposite for Peru and Australia; thus, the contrasts among regions may offer a test bed for model simulations of MBL drizzle occurrence.
Dynamic programming based multichannel image restoration

Blind restoration of single-input/multiple-output images finds application in diverse fields including multi-sensor remote sensing, non-destructive testing and medical imaging. In this paper, an iterative forward propagation dynamic programming based approach is proposed for restoring images in a single-input/multiple-output multichannel framework. This algorithm exploits cross channel correlation for restoring images, leading to improved performance as compared to single channel restoration. The algorithm is applied to both synthetic as well as experimental data and initial results indicate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm.
Morphological considerations of the nickel chloride electrodes for zebra batteries

Abstract Electrochemical and morphological investigations of various nickel chloride electrodes were carried out. Three different types of Nickel chloride electrodes were investigated in this study: a nonporous nickel substrate, a nickel felt, and a porous sintered electrode. It was observed that the nickel chloride layer formation during the charge limits the area capacity of solid nickel to 0.6 C/cm2. There is also a direct relationship between the electrochemical performance and morphological parameters of the nickel chloride electrode. The capacity trend of these electrodes was explained by considering both the surface area and the pore-size distribution necessary for an effective mass transport during charge and discharge reactions. A rational approach to fabricate electrodes with improved nickel utilization is also discussed.
High-Speed Redundant Modulo 2n-1 Adder

Modular adders are widely used in Residue Number System arithmetic. Their performance is restricted due to the hardware implementation complexity. In this work, we investigate the design of a redundant modulo number system and present hardware architecture for performing the redundant modulo 2 n -1 addition with a constant time feature using the Binary Signed Digit Number (BSDN) System. We developed a set of logical equations that describe the BSDN full adder operation and later used it as a building block to construct the redundant modulo 2 n -1 adder. The proposed architecture has a constant delay equals to the delay of one BSDN FA and an area equals to n * (BSDN FA area), where n is the word length. We also presented a strategy to improve the design by considering the different combinations of the operands.
Examining Parents' Involvement in and Perceptions of Special Education Services An IntervieW With Families in a Parent Support Group

The purpose of this investigation Was to examine families' involvement in and perceptions of children's special education services. A telephone survey Was conducted With 45 families of children With autism Who Were part of a parent support group. The survey consisted of a total of 15 questions that pertained to the folloWing areas: (a) the child's educational placement and type of special education services received, (b) the frequency and nature of parents' communication With school personnel, (c) parents' knoWledge about and involvement in their child's Individualized Education Program (IEP) process, and (d) parents' priorities for their child and overall satisfaction With school services. Results indicated that the majority of children spent part of their day in the general education classroom and received 1 to 2 special education services.
Electrical Discharges from Pointed Conductors

Surface Action in Electrical Discharges from Points.---The lag phenomena shown by the discharges from some points indicate a special surface action. Various possible surface actions are discussed and attention is centered upon an adhering layer of gas molecules. Further evidence is sought in discharges from points made of different materials.Electrical Discharges from Water Points. Surface Electric Intensities and Stopping Voltages.---Discharges from water points begin impulsively. The surface intensity during positive discharges is independent of the current and a simple relation exists between values of this intensity, point radii and air pressures. Empirical relations are given connecting point radii and stopping voltages. The results are compared with those from similar metal points.Electric Fields for Water Points in Air, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Carbonic Acid.---A table of these fields is given for two water points with different gas pressures ranging from 10 cm. to 87 cm. of mercury but no relation between these values and other constants was found.Comparison of Electric Fields for Points of Water, Glycerine and Methyl Alcohol, and of Stopping Voltages for These Liquids and for a Brass Point.---The comparison was made in air at different pressures, and no differences between the different substances were observed with the exception that some of the results for methyl alcohol were smaller than those for the other substances.Starting Voltages for a Brass Point Coated with Various Salts.---The surfaces were far from smooth but the positive discharge started at nearly the same potential from all of the different coatings, while the negative starting potentials varied greatly among themselves.Dependence of Critical Fields upon the Curvature of Surfaces of Points.---An explanation is given of the fact that the critical field required for the production of a discharge is larger the smaller the radius of the point. The dependence of the field at the surface of a point during a discharge upon the divergence of the field is shown experimentally.Discharge Currents for Points Made of Different Materials.---Testing for a possible ejection of ions from a surface by impact, similar points of platinum, brass, copper and water under the same conditions gave the same currents except that the negative current from water was slightly smaller than from the other substances.
Activation of NOD2 in vivo induces IL-1β production in the eye via caspase-1 but results in ocular inflammation independently of IL-1 signaling

Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) belongs to the emerging Nod-like receptor (NLR) family considered important in innate immunity. Mutations in NOD2 cause Blau syndrome, an inherited inflammation of eye, joints, and skin. Mutations in a homologous region of another NLR member, NALP3, cause autoinflammation, wherein IL-1β plays a critical role. Here, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1β is a downstream mediator of NOD2-dependent ocular inflammation. We used a mouse model of NOD2-dependent ocular inflammation induced by muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal bacterial motif sensed by NOD2. We report that MDP-induced ocular inflammation generates IL-1β and IL-18 within the eye in a NOD2- and caspase-1-dependent manner. Surprisingly, two critical measures of ocular inflammation, leukocyte rolling and leukocyte intravascular adherence, appear to be completely independent of IL-1 signaling effects, as caspase-1 and IL-1R1-deficient mice still developed ocular inflammation in response to MDP. In contrast to the eye, a diminished neutrophil response was observed in an in vivo model of MDP-induced peritonitis in caspase-1-deficient mice, suggesting that IL-1β is not essential in NOD2-dependent ocular inflammation, but it is involved, in part, in systemic inflammation triggered by NOD2 activation. This disparity may be influenced by IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), as we observed differential IL-1Ra levels in the eye versus plasma at baseline levels and in response to MDP treatment. This report reveals a new in vivo function of NOD2 within the eye yet importantly, distinguishes NOD2-dependent from NALP3-dependent inflammation, as ocular inflammation in mice occurred independently of IL-1β.
Evidence-based treatments for juvenile sexual offenders: review and recommendations

Purpose – Effective treatments for juvenile sexual offenders are needed to reduce the societal impact of sexual crimes. The purpose of this paper is to review the empirical literature on treatments for this clinical population. Design/methodology/approach – The authors searched PsycInfo and MEDLINE (via PubMed) for studies that evaluated outcomes of treatments with juvenile sexual offenders. Findings – There are a small but growing number of treatment studies (n=10) with juvenile sexual offenders, and all of these studies evaluated cognitive-behavioral therapy or multisystemic therapy for problem sexual behaviors. The results of these studies are promising, although conclusions about treatment effectiveness have been frequently limited by methodological problems. Originality/value – The authors provide recommendations for treatment providers and policymakers to consider in their decisions about interventions for juvenile sexual offenders. Furthermore, the authors offer suggestions for researchers who seek...
Tracking multiple closely spaced targets using an adaptive foveal sensor

We address the problem of configuring a foveal sensor to track multiple, closely spaced moving targets. The foveal sensor has a high acuity region, whose center and extent can be configured, surrounded by a low acuity region. We study three heuristic approaches to extend a near-optimal greedy configuration rule for a single target to multiple targets: simultaneously observe all targets (SO), center the foveal region on each target in turn (TO), and center the foveal region on the target with the worst position estimate (WO). The target tracker is implemented using a particle filter with joint probabilistic data association (JPDA). Additionally, we implement two different independent-partition proposal distributions using JPDA and global nearest neighbor (GNN). Monte Carlo simulations show that the WO rule outperforms the other rules and that the IP-JPDA proposal gives better tracking performance.
On Finite Pulsewidth Sampling

When impulse sampling fails to provide an adequate model, finite pulsewidth sampling must be considered. Along with the analysis of finite pulsewidth sampling, various illustrations are provided.
On the Relation between Conservatism in Accounting Standards and Incentives for Earnings Management

This paper studies the role of conservative accounting standards in alleviating rational yet dysfunctional unobservable earnings manipulation. We show that when accounting numbers serve both the valuation role (in which potential investors use accounting reports to assess a firm's expected future payoff) and the stewardship role (in which current shareholders rely on the same reports to monitor their risk-averse manager), current firm owners have incentives to engage in earnings management. Such manipulation reduces accounting numbers' stewardship value and leads to inferior risk sharing. We then show that risk sharing, and hence contract efficiency, can be improved under a conservative accounting standard where, absent earnings management, accounting earnings represent true economic earnings with a downward bias, compared with under an unbiased standard where, absent earnings management, accounting earnings represent true economic earnings without bias.
Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation changes velopharyngeal control in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Purpose Adequate velopharyngeal control is essential for speech, but may be impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD). Bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) improves limb function in PD, but the effects on velopharyngeal control remain unknown. We tested whether STN DBS would change aerodynamic measures of velopharyngeal control, and whether these changes were correlated with limb function and stimulation settings. Methods Seventeen PD participants with bilateral STN DBS were tested within a morning session after a minimum of 12 h since their most recent dose of anti-PD medication. Testing occurred when STN DBS was on, and again 1 h after STN DBS was turned off, and included aerodynamic measures during syllable production, and standard neurological ratings of limb function. Results We found that PD participants exhibited changes with STN DBS, primarily consistent with increased intraoral pressure ( n = 7) and increased velopharyngeal closure ( n = 5). These changes were modestly correlated with measures of limb function, and were correlated with stimulation frequency. Conclusion Our findings suggest that STN DBS may change velopharyngeal control during syllable production in PD, with greater benefit associated with low frequency stimulation. However, DBS demonstrates a more subtle influence on speech-related velopharyngeal control than limb motor control. This distinction and its underlying mechanisms are important to consider when assessing the impact of STN DBS on PD. Learning outcomes: As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to (1) describe the effects of deep brain stimulation on limb and speech function; (2) describe the effects of deep brain stimulation on velopharyngeal control; and (3) discuss the possible reasons for differences in limb outcomes compared with speech function with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus.
Comparison of psychiatrists' and other physicians' assessments of their ability to deliver high-quality care.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared psychiatrists' assessments of their ability to deliver high-quality care with those of other physicians. METHODS: Data were used from the Community Tracking Study Physician Survey, a national survey of 12,528 physicians. Linear regression models were used to investigate the effects of type of physician (psychiatrist or other physician), managed care involvement, and ability to obtain inpatient care on four measures of physicians' assessments of quality. RESULTS: In models that did not control for difficulty in obtaining inpatient services, assessments of quality were significantly lower among psychiatrists than among other physicians. Furthermore, although managed care involvement was associated with lower assessments of quality for all physicians in these models, the effects were stronger for psychiatrists than for other physicians. However, after difficulty in obtaining inpatient services was controlled for, psychiatrists' and other physicians' assessments of quality were ...
Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at community level: which uterotonic?

Despite a substantial reduction in global maternal deaths due to postpartum haemorrhage between 1990 and 2013 (from 71 295 to 44 190), this condition continues to be the main cause of maternal mortality worldwide. 1 In sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, many women still deliver at home without a skilled attendant, or attended by low-level providers in facilities with limited resources. 2 In these contexts,
DENSITY OF POSITIVE RANK FIBERS IN ELLIPTIC FIBRATIONS, II

We show that for a quartic elliptic fibration over a real number field, existence of two positive rank fibers implies existence of a dense set of positive rank fibers. We also prove the same result for certain sextic families.
A Local Representation Of The Dielectric Response Function

The screened dielectric response function ($\\chi$) is a fundamental physical quantity that captures the many-electron correlation effect, key to a range of excited state properties formulated in the GW/BSE framework. Although $\\chi$ is non-local by definition, a real space partition of $\\chi$ onto local structural motifs can help us gain further physical insight into, e.g., effective local screening properties. Because the bare response function, $\\chi_0$, is normally expressed in electron hole pairs, standard localization procedures for electron wave functions can not be directly applied. In this work, we propose a new method to decompose $\\chi_0$ and $\\chi$ into contributions from local response of Wannier orbitals. We demonstrate that the localization properties of the local response can be exploited to build a local basis set for the dielectric response function, which can be used to construct a tight-binding Hamiltonian to perform dielectric band structure interpolation.
Natural Disasters: On Wildfires and Long-Term Recovery of Community-Residing Adults

Wildfires trigger multiple challenges for community-residing adults, whether they live in the direct path of the wildfire or live in a nearby area. Few researchers have studied this type of disaster to explore the short-term effect of wildfires on the psychological well-being of residents, and fewer have continued to investigate the long-term impact of wildfires on the mental health of community-residing adults. This chapter begins with a brief review of the literature on the short-term and long-term impact of global wildfire events. Next, I present select data from research conducted in 2012, 4.5 years after the 2007 northern San Diego County wildfires, with 191 community-residing adults ranging in age from 30 to 94 years. This research provides new evidence concerning the long-term mental health consequences in relation to respondents’ age, gender, severity of exposure to the wildfire, and received social support. Analyses revealed that depressive symptomology differed among age groups, but no group showed high levels of depressive symptoms. Mental well-being did not differ among the groups with different exposure to the wildfire nor was the gender of the respondent a significant factor. Received social support differed between the severity of wildfire exposure groups with primary victims receiving more social support than secondary or non-victims. Implications of these findings for promoting interventions for community-residing adults’ long-term mental health recovery after a wildfire are discussed.
Employing Wind Farm Performance Data for Model Validation and Turbine Layout/Geometry Optimization

he increase in demand for electricity in the United States motivates a unique opportunity for researching alternative energy sources – the need for electricity is mounting, while traditional sources for electrical generation, such as coal, are depleting and becoming more costly to access. Exploring alternative energy sources, such as wind power, are therefore ideal, as wind is readily available and will not deplete with use. However, the optimization of wind farms is imperative to ensure that wind farm power development is as high as possible, and that prediction of wind farm performance prior to installation is accurate. To meet this goal, the modeling that is being employed within wind farm optimization schemes must be reflective of real-world wind farm conditions, using site-specific parameters to ensure that researchers can accurately predict the potential power development and costs for resulting wind farm designs.
Redox Properties of Graphenes Functionalized with Cyclopentadiene–Transition Metal Complexes: A Potential Redox-Active Material

The redox properties of CpTM (Cp = cyclopentadienyl and TM = transition metal) on B-doped, N-doped, and pristine graphene complexes are evaluated using density functional theory in order to determine the possibility of using these complexes as novel redox-active materials for electrochemical applications. The CpFe/B-doped graphene complexes with a series of different side chains are found to have comparable redox potentials to ferrocene molecules and other ferrocene-based electrochemical sensors (in water and in acetonitrile solution), which indicates the potential application of these complexes to substitute for ferrocene-based electrochemical systems. The redox potentials of CpFe on pristine and N-doped graphene indicate that they would function as reducing agents. In addition, the charge transfer mechanism during the redox process is investigated and visualized using deformation charge densities, frontier orbitals, and natural bond orbital (NBO) population analyses. Large charge redistributions are obs...
The qualities of fat: Bodies, history, and materiality:

This article proposes that, at various historical moments, stereotypes about fat people as being corrupt, weak, and stupid have been complemented and perhaps even informed by perceptions of fat as ...
Refractory Hypertension: A Novel Phenotype of Antihypertensive Treatment Failure

The term resistant hypertension has been used since the early 1960s to identify patients with difficult-to-treat hypertension, meaning mostly, resistance to pharmacological therapy.1 In the 5 decades since the term was seemingly first applied, resistant hypertension has been consistently defined as failure to control high blood pressure despite of use of ≥3 antihypertensive agents of different classes, including a diuretic.2–5 The 2008 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on resistant hypertension included in its definition patients whose blood pressure had been uncontrolled with 3 medications, but controlled with ≥4 medications.4 Although the number of medications required to satisfy the definition is arbitrary, the purpose of creating a category of resistant hypertension is to identify patients who, because of the difficulty in controlling their blood pressure, may benefit from special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations, including referral to a hypertension specialist. Having an agreed on definition that can be reliably applied to different cohorts has also facilitated research for this subgroup of patients, including identification of risk factors and underlying mechanisms, assessing outcomes and developing targeted treatments. The term refractory hypertension has often been used interchangeably with resistant hypertension to also refer to patients with difficult-to-treat hypertension.1–3,5 However, based on the number of respective PubMed citations resistant hypertension has been used much more often than refractory hypertension to indicate patients with hypertension resistant to pharmacological treatment. Recently, the term refractory hypertension has been applied to a small group of patients who are truly refractory to treatment, that is, patients who fail to achieve target blood pressure on maximal antihypertensive therapy.6 Determining whether such patients simply represent extreme cases of resistant hypertension or a novel phenotype in terms of risk and cause has been the focus of initial attempts to define and characterize …
Measuring Educators' Attitudes and Beliefs about Evaluation: Construct Validity and Reliability of the Teacher Evaluation Experience Scale.

This study presents the reliability and validity of the Teacher Evaluation Experience Scale–Teacher Form (TEES-T), a multidimensional measure of educators' attitudes and beliefs about teacher evaluation. Confirmatory factor analyses of data from 583 teachers were conducted on the TEES-T hypothesized five-factor model, as well as on alternative models. The five- and four-factor model yielded acceptable fit to the data. Information-theory-based indices of relative fit (i.e., AIC0, BCC0, and BIC0) indicated that the TEES-T four-factor model yielded superior fit to either the five-factor or one-factor models. The TEES-T evidenced good internal consistency, freedom from item bias, and convergent validity with the Collective Efficacy Scale. Implications are discussed.
Eurytemora carolleeae in the Laurentian Great Lakes revealed by phylogenetic and morphological analysis.

In the Laurentian Great Lakes, specimens of Eurytemora have been reported as Eurytemora affinis since its invasion in the late 1950s. During an intensive collection of aquatic invertebrates for morphological and molecular identification in Western Lake Erie in 2012-2013, several specimens of Eurytemora were collected. Analysis of these specimens identified them as the recently described species Eurytemora carolleeae Alekseev and Souissi 2011. This result led us to assess E. carolleeae’s identifying features, geographic distribution and historical presence in the Laurentian Great Lakes in view of its recent description in 2011. Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA sequences of Eurytemora specimens were identified as closer (2 - 4% different) to recently described E. carolleeae than to most E. affinis sequences (14% different). Eurytemora from other areas of the Great Lakes and from North American rivers as far west as South Dakota (Missouri River) and east to Delaware (Christina River) also keyed to E. carolleeae. Morphological analysis of archival specimens from 1962 and from all the Great Lakes was identified as E. carolleeae. Additionally, Eurytemora drawings in previous publications were reassessed to determine if the species was E. carolleeae and are reported here. Additional morphological characters that may distinguish North American E. carolleeae from other taxa are also described. We conclude that E. carolleeae is the correct name for the species of Eurytemora that has inhabited the Great Lakes since its invasion, as established by both morphological and COI sequence comparisons to reference keys and sequence databases in present and archival specimens.
Vector biological flora growth and decline investigation research in coastal shoal of Dongtai city

Objective To master the type,density and seasonal growth and decline of rats,mosquitoes,flies,cockroaches of coastal shoal area in Dongtai city of Jiangsu province,to formulate effective prevention and control strategy. Methods Rat cage,induced mosquito lamp,fly cage,sticky bombs paper methods according to the requirements of monitoring program,to lay out in development zone and old town for 19 months in a row respectively from June of 2012 to December of 2013. Results The average density of rodents was 4. 63%; Rat species structure is given priority to the apodemus agrarius,accounted for 99. 60%; rat density is high in May-August. Mosquito average density was 4. 08 / cage; Mosquito species composition is given priority to Culex pipiens pallens,Chinese anopheles,accounted for 87. 07% and 12. 59% respectively; Mosquito density is high in April to September. Flies average density of 6. 33 / cage; Fly species composition given priority to housefly,chrysomyia megacephala and Lucilia sericata,accounted for 59. 46%,28. 27% and 10. 81% respectively; Flies density is high in April to September. The cockroach average density was 0. 28 / sheet; species structure are all German cockroach; the cockroach density is higher in July-November. Conclusions Should strengthen the vector biological environmental governance,creatures trap and kill,and drug killing etc,comprehensive measures in temporary barracks,development zone offices,and places of residence in coastal shoal areas,including set up work sheds in special slope,and poison bait station,poison bait box all year round. Should strengthen the prevention knowledge propaganda and education of kidney syndrome hemorrhagic fever,malaria,epidemic encephalitis b,intestinal infectious diseases at the same time; actively promote epidemic hemorrhagic fever vaccine immunization.
Effects of Adding Vitamin B_(12),BSA and Heparin in Medium for Frozen Sperm Quality of Giant Panda

Since the quality of frozen sperm of giant panda is at a low level and it influences the outcome of artificial insemination,a study on using different methods to improve the rates of the frozen sperm's motility and acrosome integrity of the giant panda has been done in this paper.The results show:(1)Supplementing 1mg/ml of vitamin B12 in the cryopreservation medium elevates the intact acrosome rate from 76.66% to 83.34%(P 0.05);(2)Using four mediums produced by U.S.Hyclone Inc.(M199 and Ham's F·10)and Irving Scientific Inc.(two type of Ham's F-10,catalog No.168 and 175)with supplementary of 5% FBS to thaw frozen sperm,Ham's F-10(catalog No.175,Irving Scientific Inc.)obviously enhances the motility to 74.7%±2.706,and SOP to 3±0.82(P0.05);(3)Supplementing higher concentration of BSA can influence motility of sperm(P0.05);(4)Heparin does not effect the motility of the frozen sperm(P0.05).