cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The increase in intracellular free‐lysine levels of growing Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) by sodium chloride

Fermentation by baker's yeast was carried out in medium containing exogenously added sodium chloride. The cell, intracellular free-lysine, glucose and ethanol concentrations were monitored at intervals of time during the fermentation. Sodium chloride (0.15–0.6M) stimulated the maximum intracellular free-lysine concentration of baker's yeast. The greatest stimulation was observed using 0.6M sodium chloride and was accompanied by a reduction in the rate of glucose uptake from the medium and a lowering of the ethanol concentration in the medium.
Chemical Structure and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polar Self-Assembling Films

We report on the influence of molecular chemical structure on second harmonic activity in several homologous series of self-assembling short chain polymers containing both molecularly rigid and flexible segments and known to form supramolecular nanostructures. The second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility and physical structure of films formed by these molecules were investigated by second harmonic generation experiments and small-angle X-ray scattering. It was observed that all series of molecules formed polar films with a layered structure by self-assembly. The nonlinear susceptibilities were found to increase with the ratio of first hyperpolarizability to layer period in the self-assembled films, further suggesting spontaneous polar order in these layers of supramolecular structures.
Queueing Models of Computer Systems

Benchmarking is older. Simulation is more popular. But analytical queueing models may offer the most cost-effective technique for computer system performance modeling.
Subcellular partitioning of transcription factors during osteoblast differentiation: Developmental association of the AML/CBFα/PEBP2α‐related transcription factor‐NMP‐2 with the nuclear matrix

The subnuclear location of transcription factors may functionally contribute to the regulation of gene expression. Several classes of gene regulators associate with the nuclear matrix in a cell type, cell growth, or cell cycle related-manner. To understand control of nuclear matrix-transcription factor interactions during tissue development, we systematically analyzed the subnuclear partitioning of a panel of transcription factors (including NMP-1/YY-1, NMP-2/AML, AP-1, and SP-1) during osteoblast differentiation using biochemical fractionation and gel shift analyses. We show that nuclear matrix association of the tissue-specific AML transcription factor NMP-2, but not the ubiquitous transcription factor YY1, is developmentally upregulated during osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, we show that there are multiple AML isoforms in mature osteoblasts, consistent with the multiplicity of AML factors that are derived from different genes and alternatively spliced cDNAs. These AML isoforms include proteins derived from the AML-3 gene and partition between distinct subcellular compartments. We conclude that the selective partitioning of the YY1 and AML transcription factors with the nuclear matrix involves a discriminatory mechanism that targets different classes and specific isoforms of gene regulatory factors to the nuclear matrix at distinct developmental stages. Our results are consistent with a role for the nuclear matrix in regulating the expression of bone-tissue specific genes during development of the mature osteocytic phenotype.
Are antidepressants safe for adolescents

(2005). Are antidepressants safe for adolescents? Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 118, No. 3, pp. 33-34.
The Genus Ips On the Stanford Campus

Twenty years ago Ips Ips plastographus was the only species of Ips to be found in this vicinity. Ten years ago I. radiatae was more abundant than I. plastographus . Today both of these species have been supplanted by I. confusus .
Teleo‐functional constraints on preschool children's reasoning about living things

These studies explore the degree to which preschool children employ teleological-functional reasoning ‐ reasoning based on the assumption of function and design ‐ when making inferences about animal behavior. Using a triad induction method, Study 1 examined whether a sensitivity to biological function would lead children to overlook overall similarity and instead attend to relevant functional cues (in the presence of overall dissimilarity), as a basis for generalizing behavioral properties to unfamiliar animals. It found that, between 3 and 4 years of age, children, with increasing consistency, attend to functional features rather than overall similarity when drawing inferences about animal behavior. Children’s ability to describe the relevance of functional adaptations to animal behavior also increased with age. Study 2 explored whether Study 1 findings might result from stimulus biases in favor of the function-based choice. It found that children’s attention shifted from functional features to overall similarity when generalizing labels rather than behaviors with the same triads. These results are discussed in relation to the development of biological knowledge.
MATERNAL HIV-1 TRANSMISSION IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH LEVELS OF PROVIRUS IN BLOOD CD4+ T CELLS † 1096

Multiple factors influence the rate of HIV-1 maternal transmission. We examined the possibility that the level of HIV-1 provirus within blood CD4+ T cells may be a critical factor involved in maternal transmission. We developed a quantitative PCR based method to examine proviral load within blood mononuclear cell of HIV-infected pregnant women. HIV-1 proviral load, determined at the time of delivery, was compared in three groups: mothers who transmitted virus to their infants (n=14), mothers who did not transmit virus (n=14), and mothers who received zidovudine according to the ACTG 076 protocol and did not transmit (n=12). The three groups did not differ significantly with respect to maternal age, disease stage, or CD4+ T cell counts. There was no evidence of HIV-1 provirus within blood monocytes in any of the mothers. Mothers who transmitted HIV had significantly higher (p=0.008) provirus levels within their blood CD4+ T cells as compared to non-transmitting mothers (2207 +/- 1626 infected CD4+ T cells/106 cells versus 69 +/- 30 infected CD4+ cells/106, respectively). Mothers receiving zidovudine had a high viral load (2486 +/- 2194 infected cells/106 cells) that did not differ significantly from the untreated groups. Our results indicate that HIV-1 proviral load can be used to predict whether or not mothers are likely to transmit HIV-1 to their offspring. Furthermore, zidovudine does not appear to reduce to lower proviral load within peripheral blood CD4+ cells of infected mothers.
Emerging standards for data mining

Ž. This paper presents an overview of data mining, then discusses standards both existing and proposed that are relevant to data mining. This includes standards that affect several stages of a data mining project. Summaries of several emerging standards are given, as well as proposals that have the potential to change the way data mining tools are built. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Vinyl Acetate-Induced Intracellular Acidification: Implications for Risk Assessment

Cancerbioassays have demonstrated the carcinogenic activity of vinyl acetate in rodents. Tumors appear only at the site of contact and mechanistic data suggest that the carcinogenic mechanism involves carboxylesterase-mediated metabolism of vinyl acetate to acetic acid. It has been hypothesized that intracellular formation of acetate causes a reduction of intracellular pH (pH(i)) at noncytotoxic levels, but that prolonged exposure to reduced pH(i) is cytotoxic and/or mitogenic and drives proliferative responses. Coupled with exposure to metabolically formed acetaldehyde at high administered concentrations, nonlinear dose-response curves for epithelial tumors are produced. Freshly isolated rat hepatocytes were used as a model system to test the concept that exposure of cells to vinyl acetate causes a reduction in pH(i). Quantitative fluorescence imaging ratio microscopy showed that exposure of hepatocytes to vinyl acetate concentrations ranging from 10 to 1000 microM caused rapid and sustained reductions of approximately 0.03 to 0.65 pH units. Cellular acidification was rapidly reversed to control pH(i) upon removal of vinyl acetate. There was minimal accumulation of protons during the exposure period, as suggested by minor differences in pH(i) of cells with or without prior exposure to vinyl acetate. The effect of vinyl acetate on pH(i) was attenuated by prior exposure to the carboxylesterase inhibitor bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate. These results support the concept that intracellular acidification is a sentinel pharmacodynamic response of cells to vinyl acetate exposure and that pH(i) is an appropriate metric dose for use in quantitative risk assessments of cancer and noncancer human health risk assessment.
Copper tolerance in iron‐reducing bacteria: Implications for copper mobilization in sediments

Iron-reducing bacteria enriched from a Cu-contaminated sediment were more tolerant of Cu adsorbed to hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) than were pristine-sediment bacteria. Tolerance was enhanced by increasing the Cu concentration in the culture medium over time, enabling the bacteria to begin reducing Cu-contaminated HFO sooner and at a faster rate than Cu-intolerant bacteria. Copper tolerance confers a greater ability to reduce contaminated HFO and may result in a greater potential for Cu mobilization in sediments.
Dn-symmetrical tertiary templates for the design of tubular proteins

Antiparallel helical bundles are found in a wide range of proteins. Often, four-helical bundles form tube-like structures, with binding sites for substrates or cofactors near their centers. For example, a transmembrane four-helical bundle in cytochrome bc1 binds a pair of porphyrins in an elongated central cavity running down the center of the structure. Antiparallel helical barrels with larger diameters are found in the crystal structures of TolC and DSD, which form antiparallel 12-helical and six-helical bundles, respectively. The backbone geometries of the helical bundles of cytochrome bc1, TolC, and DSD are well described using a simple Dn-symmetrical model with only eight adjustable parameters. This parameterization provides an excellent starting point for construction of minimal models of these proteins as well as the de novo design of proteins with novel functions.
Shear Thinning Properties of Dense Suspensions: Rheology and Flow Dichroism

An expression relating dichroism to the non-equilibrium structure was derived through Rayleigh-Gans light scattering theory. Comparison of this expression to a micromechanical expression for the thermodynamic contribution to the total stress demonstrates a stress-optical relationship. Optical dichroism and viscosity measurements on monodisperse, near hard-sphere suspensions as a function of shear rate, volume fraction, and particle size demonstrated the relationship experimentally. This work provides a rheo-optical method for determining the various contributions of the colloidal forces to the overall stress.
Physiology of Monocular Aphakia

Abstract The refraction of the unilateral aphakic patient has been aided by recent improvements in the ophthalmometer. New techniques simplify retinoscopic assessment of the patient. Choice of the type of correction, ie, spectacle, contact lens, contact lens spectacle combination, or intraocular lens, depends on several factors. One factor is image size difference in aphakic and phakic eyes, particularly if removal of a second cataract is not imminent and vision is good in both eyes. Simple approaches that allow approximate size correction and effective restoration of binocularity are described. The current status of correction of vision in unilateral aphakic infants and young children is also discussed.
Geometric Control Approach to Longitudinal Stability of Flapping Flight

Flapping flight dynamics is appropriately represented by a multibody, nonlinear, time-varying system. The two major simplifying assumptions in the analysis of flapping flight stability are neglecting the wing inertial effects and averaging the dynamics over the flapping cycle. The challenges resulting from relaxing these assumptions naturally invoke the geometric control theory as an appropriate analysis tool. In this work, the full equations of motion governing the longitudinal flapping flight dynamics near hover are considered and represented in a geometric control framework. Then, combining tools from geometric control theory and averaging, the full dynamic stability of hovering insects is assessed.
Electrochemical Studies of Perovskite Mixed Conductors

Research into the growth of high-quality single crystal thin films of high transition temperature {Tc} superconductors have stimulated interest in other perovskite metal oxides with a variety of physical properties. Thin films of perovskite materials are among the major focal research areas for optical, sensor, electronic, and superconducting applications. Two lanthanum-based oxygen/electronic conducting perovskite oxides of particular interest for high temperature fuel cell electrodes and interconnects and for other electrochemical applications such as oxygen separation devices are La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}MnO{sub 3{minus}y} and La{sub 1{minus}x}Sr{sub x}CoO{sub 3{minus}y}. The La-based perovskites are valuable for these technologies because they reduce interfacial resistances by eliminating the need for a three phase contact area (gas, metal electrode, electrolyte). In addition, these oxides may also serve a valuable role as novel catalysts or catalytic supports; however, little is known about what catalytic properties they may possess. Fundamental study of the electrochemical, diffusional oxygen transport, and surface catalytic properties of these materials can be greatly simplified if the complications associated with the presence of grain boundaries and multiple crystallite orientations can be avoided. Therefore, single crystals of these La-based perovskites become highly desirable. In this work, the authors report the structural and electrical properties of highly orientedmore » thin films of La{sub 0.84}Sr{sub 0.16}MnO{sub 3} and La{sub 0.8}Sr{sub 0.2}CoO{sub 3} grown on single crystal Y-ZrO{sub 2} substrates. An addition, the authors have demonstrated growing, in situ, epitaxial multilayer perovskite/fluorite/perovskite configurations for fundamental fuel cell modeling.« less
Looking the other way: The role of gaze direction in the cross-race memory effect

Abstract One of the most replicable findings reported in the social psychological literature is the cross-race memory effect. We argue this effect derives from higher-order interactions among social cues that determine the perceived relevance of a face to an observer. The current research tested this hypothesis by examining the combined influences of eye gaze direction and race on face memory. The physical subtlety of eye gaze belies its powerful influence on social perception, and in this case helps specify the relevance of same- versus other-race faces. We found that only in faces making direct eye contact—not those displaying averted eye gaze—was the cross-race memory effect evident. Likewise, only in same-race faces did direct relative to averted-gaze enhance face memory. These findings have implications for our general understanding of the combinatorial nature of social perception and help clarify the underlying cause of the cross-race memory effect.
Linezolid Pharmacokinetics in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

The pharmacokinetics of many drugs are altered in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), often necessitating different dosage requirements than those used in non-CF patients. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of linezolid, an antibiotic with good activity against gram-positive organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , in patients with CF so that dosage requirements could be established. Twelve adult patients (6 male) ranging in age from 22 to 39 years were studied. A single 600-mg dose was administered intravenously over 0.5 h, and plasma samples were collected at 0 (predose), 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Linezolid concentrations were determined with a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard noncompartmental methods. Blood chemistry and hematologic indices were determined before and after the study for safety purposes. All patients completed the study without encountering any adverse reactions. The pharmacokinetic parameters, while variable, with half-lives varying from 1.76 to 8.36 h, were similar to those previously described in other populations. Mean (± standard deviation) values for pharmacokinetic parameters of interest were as follows: elimination rate constant, 0.21 (0.11) h −1 ; half-life, 4.41 (2.43); volume of distribution at steady state, 0.87 (0.19) liters/kg of body weight; and total body clearance, 0.12 (0.06) liters/h/kg. No patient would have achieved the pharmacodynamic target of an area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio of 83 h for pathogens for which the MIC was 4 μg/ml. Patients with inadequate clinical responses to linezolid may require more frequent dosing.
Numerical analysis of a generalized plane elastica

This article presents the derivation of a very straightforward approximate procedure for the analysis of a continuous flexible member. Since very large deformations are anticipated, a shooting method is utilized along with Newton-type iteration for improved estimates. The resulting computer program is used to compare with exact solutions for a new examples.
Variable structure control of nonlinear systems through simplified uncertain models

A Variable Structure Control (VSC) approach is proposed for the outer loop robust stabilization of feedback equivalent systems whose available model lies in the same structural orbit of a linear system in Brunovsky's canonical form. A simple illustrative example is presented.
Nondirective prompting and noncontingent reinforcement in the treatment of destructive behavior during hygiene routines

The escape-maintained destructive behavior of a girl with mental retardation persisted during hygiene routines with directive prompting, differential reinforcement for compliance, and extinction as treatment. Using nondirective prompting and noncontingent reinforcement, destructive behavior was reduced to near-zero levels during the hygiene routine.
Inverse Regulation of Biofilm Formation and Swarming Motility by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14

We previously reported that SadB, a protein of unknown function, is required for an early step in biofilm formation by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here we report that a mutation in sadB also results in increased swarming compared to the wild-type strain. Our data are consistent with a model in which SadB inversely regulates biofilm formation and swarming motility via its ability both to modulate flagellar reversals in a viscosity-dependent fashion and to influence the production of the Pel exopolysaccharide. We also show that SadB is required to properly modulate flagellar reversal rates via chemotaxis cluster IV (CheIV cluster). Mutational analyses of two components of the CheIV cluster, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein PilJ and the PilJ demethylase ChpB, support a model wherein this chemotaxis cluster participates in the inverse regulation of biofilm formation and swarming motility. Epistasis analysis indicates that SadB functions upstream of the CheIV cluster. We propose that P. aeruginosa utilizes a SadB-dependent, chemotaxis-like regulatory pathway to inversely regulate two key surface behaviors, biofilm formation and swarming motility.
Quasispecies theory in the context of population genetics

A number of recent papers have cast doubt on the applicability of the quasispecies concept to virus evolution, and have argued that population genetics is a more appropriate framework to describe virus evolution than quasispecies theory. I review the pertinent literature, and demonstrate for a number of cases that the quasispecies concept is equivalent to the concept of mutation-selection balance developed in population genetics, and that there is no disagreement between the population genetics of haploid, asexually-replicating organisms and quasispecies theory. Since quasispecies theory and mutation-selection balance are two sides of the same medal, the discussion about which is more appropriate to describe virus evolution is moot. In future work on virus evolution, we would do good to focus on the important questions, such as whether we can develop accurate, quantitative models of virus evolution, and to leave aside discussions about the relative merits of perfectly equivalent concepts.
Societal Education, Direct Action, and Working-Class Gains: An Anarchist Perspective

ABSTRACT Using an anarchist theoretical framework, it is argued that the working class would obtain greater gains through militant direct action modeled on the labor movement of the past. The history of the 8-hour workday is reviewed as a case study showing that it was won because of radical leaders who challenged existing legal institutional frameworks through societal education, militant ideology, direct action, and violent resistance against state attacks. Positive changes did not occur politically, peacefully, or voluntarily. Instead, oftentimes the threat of or use of violent resistance and even rebellion had preceded major concessions for the working class.
Rainwater-harvesting by the rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus, in the Chihuahuan Desert of western Texas

Abstract Two instances of rainwater-harvesting behavior by the rock rattlesnake, Crotalus lepidus, are reported. The first observation was of a male collecting water from rain and sleet on 16 February 2008, and the second observation involved another male collecting rainwater on 11 July 2008. The observations took place within a Chihuahuan Desert landscape located in extreme southeastern Hudspeth County, Texas.
Parameters of the adult-male-child bond

Abstract Proxemic relationships between adults (men and women) and children (boys and girls) were investigated in ten cultural areas on five continents. All data were collected via naturalistic observation in places of public access with equal access by gender during daylight hours. The results showed that during time intervals when cultural norms did not preclude men from being with children, the men were with their children in considerable proportions. In addition, the interactions between men and children—at the proxemic level—were consonant with the interactions between women and children. Age and, to a lesser extent, gender of children were important variables in determining the amount and kind of interaction they received from adults. The results are discussed (a) in relation to the position of Money and Ehrhardt that parenting-behavior is inherent in both genders of adult but that the threshold for activation and maintenance is lower for women than for men, (b) in relation to Homo 's phylogenetic heritage as a catarrhine, and (c) in relation to Homo 's ecological heritage as a social omni(carni-)vore with strong division of labor by gender.
What Are the Principal Sunsat Services and Markets

This chapter describes some of the challenges facing the planet as a result of burning fossil fuels, and the opportunities presented to the satellite industry in response to world demand for cleaner and more abundant energy. Among the Sunsat uses discussed are the production of baseload electrical power—not just an intermittent source of power—supporting agriculture, saltwater desalination, disaster relief, military operations and related applications.
Moral Response in Interpersonal Ethics

This brief article is a concise look at morality. It includes the realms of the intrapsychic and the spiritual. It calls for a moral response in the ethics of the interpersonal. Far from being comprehensive, the article is intended as a springboard for further reflection and discussion.
Russification as a factor in religious conversion. Making Lenin roll over in his grave

The Soviet project was as thoroughly atheist as any geopolitical system seen on the world stage. Yet in a way that V.I. Lenin could have never imagined, one of the main objectives of Soviet authorities has now become a significant factor in Central Asian Muslims converting to Christianity. Russification is the term normally used to describe the social process, whereby non-Russian peoples of the Soviet Union became acculturated into Russian patterns of life, thought and worldview during the Soviet era. The result was that many Muslims inhabited both Soviet/Russian and Muslim cultural space, thus creating a new cultural identity that facilitated religious conversion away from Islam. This field research report uses the lens of personal conversion stories to examine some aspects of this phenomenon. Also, the range of personal experiences points towards the need to understand Russification as a spectrum of acculturation.
Mathematics and Economics

The interconnection of mathematics and economics reflects changes in both the mathematics and economics communities over time. The respective histories of these disciplines are intertwined, so that both changes in mathematical knowledge and changing ideas about the nature of mathematical knowledge have effected changes in the methods and concerns of economists.
Male Patient Post Polio With Ruptured Left Common Carotid Artery

The patient was a 58-year-old right-handed male businessman who presented with transient ischemia of his left internal carotid artery with tingling-like sensation in his left shoulder and upper arm. He had experienced paresthesia in the shoulder girdle and the left upper extremity.
Modification of childhood aggression.

Revue des travaux portant sur le traitement des comportements agressifs chez l'enfant, centree sur l'etude de deux types de therapie: la therapie familiale comportementale et la therapie cognitive-comportementale. Description, predicteurs de l'issue du traitement. Perspectives pour l'avenir
Experimental Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Nightmares

Nightmares are one of the most troubling features of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet imagery rehearsal training (IRT) is currently the only empirically supported treatment for posttraumat...
The Labyrinthulomycota is comprised of three distinct lineages

The labyrinthulids and thraustochytrids, identified by the presence of bothrosomes and the associated ectoplasmic net, are marine saprobes clas- sified as stramenopiles in the kingdom Protista. We have sequenced a partial ssurDNA region for 10 iso- lates in five genera, including Diplophrys marina (a possible labyrinthulid relative which lacks bothro- somes). We also include sequences of two isolates of the northern quahog pathogen, QPX, a thraustochy- trid of uncertain taxonomic affinities. Our ssurDNA
Bile acids. XXXIX. Metabolism of 5α-cholestane-3β,26-diol and 5α-cholestane-3β,7α,26-triol in the rat with a bile fistula

25r-5alpha-[5alpha,6alpha-(3)H(2)]Cholestane-3beta,7alpha,26-triol was prepared from 3beta,26-diacetoxy-5alpha[5alpha,6alpha-(3)H(2)]cholestan-7-one that was obtained from kryptogenin. Huang-Minlon reduction of the ketone provided 25r-5alpha-[5alpha-(3)H]cholestane-3beta,26-diol. Results from mass spectrometry, molecular rotation, and several types of chromatography are consonant with the assigned structures. Bile was collected for 8 days from adult male rats, with cannulated bile ducts, that had received approximately 0.8 mg of the triol or diol intraperitoneally. Bile from the first 12 hr was hydrolyzed, and the bile acids were separated by partition chromatography. The chromatographic pattern of separated bile acids was much simpler for the triol than the diol. Approximately 50% of the bile acids derived from the triol were trihydroxy allo acids (allocholic acid, 44%, and its 3beta isomer, 5.3%); only 16.4% allocholic acid was obtained from the diol. Comparable amounts of allochenodeoxycholic acid were derived from the diol and triol (21.2% and 28.2%, respectively). Unidentified metabolites in the dihydroxy acid fraction derived from the diol constitute 15.8% of chromatographed material.
Situation of Quarantine of Schistosomiasis,Malaria and Filariasis in the Mobile Population in Nanhui District 2001-2005,Shanghai

Objective To study the occurrence of schistosomiasis,malaria and filariasis among migrants in Nanhui district of Shanghai,and to provide scientific basis for monitoring of diseases.Methods Indirect immunofluorescence and triple-antigen enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to monitor schistosomiasis,malaria and filariasis in the population who stayed in Shanghai for more than 3 months.Results Samples from a total of 39 993 people were tested during the period between 2001 and 2005.The positive rate for all of these 3 diseases was 0.62%,in which the positive rate for schistosomiasis,malaria and filariasis was 0.39%?0.18% and 0.05%,respectively.Couclusion The program of disease surveillance on schistosomiasis,malaria and filariasis should be strengthened in the mobile population in order to effectively control the transmission of these parasitic diseases.
Accuracy of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Versus Transrectal Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Prostatic Carcinoma

AbstractTransurethral prostatic resection for obstructive uropathy often yields malignant tissue in a significant number of patients with prostatic carcinoma. A comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of transurethral prostatectomy and transrectal prostatic biopsy in 139 patients who had both procedures demonstrated no significant difference. It is suggested that patients with obstruction and suspected prostatic carcinoma, who are not candidates for curative treatment, should have transurethral prostatectomy to relieve the obstruction and to confirm the diagnosis simultaneously.
Repeat Victimization Among Intimate Partner Violence Victims: The Impact of Guardianship:

Despite progress in the application of routine activity theory to violence against women, much remains unknown about guardianship. The current study examined if presence of a capable adult guardian limited the risk of revictimization by an intimate partner, controlling for social support (N = 497). Analyses tested differential impacts of guardians by examining if the presence of the victim's friends/family, abuser's friends/family, and/or bystander during the earliest reported physical abuse incident or threat of abuse affected likelihood of revictimization within a year. Odds of revictimization decreased by 60% when the earliest reported physical abuse incident or threat of abuse occurred in the presence of the respondent's friends/family. Implications for practices and research suggestions are discussed. Language: en
Teaching Research and Writing Across the Music History Curriculum

Teachers of music history often have many pedagogical aims. In addition to covering historical content, they are also responsible for teaching bibliographic skills, the process of scholarly inquiry, and writing. In the course of a single semester, it is nearly impossible to achieve all of these goals. But many teachers of music history instruct the same body of students across multiple semesters. This article argues for a multi-semester approach to the teaching of research and writing.
Prognostic Significance of CD20 in Children with B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

CD20 expression is associated with inferior survival in adults with ALL. Preliminary reports indicate that regimens incorporating rituximab improve outcome in this subgroup. We analyzed the prognostic impact of CD20 in 353 children with B-cell precursor ALL treated between 12/20/91 and 5/17/99 on three consecutive St. Jude Total Therapy studies. CD20 expression (>20%) was found in 169 patients (48%). Expression was higher in patients between 1 and 10 years (51% of 252 patients), as compared to those less than 1 year of age (7% of 15 patients) or more than 10 year old (43% of 86 patients), p=0.0008. African American patients were more likely to express CD20 (66%), as compared to Caucasians (45%) or other ethnic groups (45%), p=0.047. None of 14 patients with MLL-AF4 expressed CD20. There was no association between CD20 expression and E2A-PBX , TEL-AML1 , ploidy, WBC at diagnosis, or gender. In contrast to the experience in adult ALL, our patients with CD20 expression tended to have a better treatment outcome than those without the expression: 5-year EFS 84% ± 2.9% versus 78% ± 3.1% (p=0.08); 5-year overall survival 88% ± 2.5% versus 83% ± 2.8% (p=0.13). This data suggest that CD20 expression is not associated with inferior outcome in pediatric patients treated with contemporary regimens.
Changes in Bacterial Cell and Spore Counts of Reduced-Fat Egg Products As Influenced by Pasteurization and Spray Drying.

Microbial counts of several laboratory-prepared defatted egg products and ingredients were determined. Commercial full-fat egg yolks (EY) were defatted with hexane, air dried overnight, mixed with water, homogenized, pasteurized (60°C, 5 min), and spray dried to yield a defatted egg yolk product (DEY). Egg products for scrambling (EPS) were formulated with DEY and other ingredients, processed as above, and held wet (EPS-W) or spray-dried (EPS-SD). On a dry matter basis, the log counts in colony forming units per g (log CFU/g) of EY for aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and aerobic mesophilic sporeformers were low at 1.3, 1.0 and 0, respectively. For DEY these counts were 6.0, 2.4, and 4.3, respectively. These counts for DEY after pasteurization decreased by 98.6, 89.6, and 40.0%, and after spray drying decreased by 99.3, 96.1, and 83.5%, respectively, compared to the pre-pasteurization counts. For EPS-W, pasteurization reduced aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and coliforms by 82.0, 86.7, and 98.7%, but did not reduce aerobic mesophilic sporeformers. Compared to pre pasteurization counts, for EPS-SD the aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, coliforms, and aerobic mesophilic sporeformer counts after pasteurization decreased by 99.7, 91.9, 99.3, and 50.0%, while after spray drying the count reductions were 99.9, 98.9, 99.9, and 85.8%, respectively. Microbial counts of finished products were below guidelines set by the U.S.D.A. for egg products. No Salmonella were detected in any of the ingredients or prototype products at any stage of processing. The combination treatment of pasteurization followed by spray drying significantly reduced the spore counts of DEY and EPS-SD, compared to pre-pasteurization counts.
Controllability Analysis of Spacecraft with Only Attitude Actuation Near Small Solar System Bodies

Abstract: This paper investigates the nonlinear controllability of the translational and rotational motion of an under actuated spacecraft near small Solar System bodies (asteroids and comets) using attitude actuation only The coupled dynamics of the spacecraft and small body is analyzed in the framework of the full two body problem, with the coupling provided by their mutual gravity Due to the symmetry in their mutual gravity the problem of analyzing the dynamics of the spacecraft is obtained by reducing it to that of a single body (the spacecraft) under the gravitational interaction provided by the spacecraft-small body pair. It has been previously shown that the rotational (attitude) dynamics of the spacecraft is strongly coupled with its translational (orbital) dynamics in this weak-gravity environment. For spacecraft missions to small bodies, this coupling can be used to obtain controlled trajectories within a bounded neighborhood of the small body using only attitude control, as the analysis here shows. Prior to designing guidance and control schemes for such spacecraft missions, it is important to show the controllability of the spacecraft dynamics on the 12-dimensional state space, i.e., the tangent bundle TSE(3), with only attitude control. Sufficient conditions for controllability are shown using the Lie Algebra Rank condition (LARC), and the weakly positively Poisson stable (WPPS) property of the drift vector field under certain initial conditions.
Congratulations and changes to the JOSA A team: editorial

Editor-in-Chief P. Scott Carney introduces new Topical Editors Antigone Marino and Alessandro Rizzi.
Altering the Approach: Open Minimally Invasive Renal Transplant in Obese Patients Through the Anterior Rectus Sheath.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the wound issues for obese renal transplant patients, as well as post-transplant outcomes including graft and patient survival, hypothesizing improvement over the standard approach. As the obese population has expanded, minimally invasive renal transplant techniques have attempted to improve the issues of complications related to wounds and hernias. The anterior rectus sheath approach, which facilitates a minimal incision, has been adopted at our center for all renal transplants, including obese patients. Methods Between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014, 166 renal transplants were performed at the Charleston Area Medical Center with the new approach adopted in November 2012. Of the extraperitoneal transplants, 71 adult patients were classified as morbid/severe (≥35) or obese (30-34.9) by body mass index. Demographics, perioperative results, and outcomes were retrospectively collected for the conventional (CON) and anterior rectus sheath (ARS) approaches until August 21, 2015. Results The ARS and CON groups comprised 40 of 71 (56%) and 31 of 71 (44%) patients, respectively. The majority of demographics and perioperative data indicated no significant statistical differences between procedures (P < .05). Wound complications, incision length, operative time, and glomerular filtration rate at 6 and 12 months were significantly different. Multivariate calculations indicated procedure as the only variable expected to affect wound healing in obese patients. Conclusion For obese patients, the ARS approach was shown to be an effective option that reduced wound complications and operative times. This easily adopted approach provides the obese and morbidly obese with comparable overall graft outcomes and significant improvement on wound complications.
Risk Profiles for Falls among Older Adults: New Directions for Prevention.

Objective: To address whether neighborhood factors, together with older adults’ levels of health and functioning, suggest new combinations of risk factors for falls and new directions for prevention. Method: This is a cross-sectional study of 884 people aged > 65 years from Alameda County CA, Cook County IL, Allegheny County PA, and Wake and Durham counties NC. Interviews focused on neighborhood characteristics, physical and cognitive function, walking, and falls and injuries. Four risk profiles (higher-order interactions of individual and neighborhood factors) were derived from Grade-of-Membership (GoM) analysis. Results: Profiles 1 and 2 reflect previous results showing that frail older adults are likely to fall indoors (Profile 1); healthy older adults are likely to fall outdoors (Profile 2). Profile 3 identifies the falls risk for older with mild cognitive impairment living in moderately walkable neighborhoods. Profile 4 identifies the risk found for healthy older adults living in neighborhoods with low walkability. Discussion: Neighborhood walkability, in combination with levels of health and functioning, is associated with both indoor and outdoor falls. New directions for prevention, based on individual and neighborhood factors, are addressed.
Bactericidal Peptidomimetic Polyurethanes with Remarkable Selectivity against Escherichia coli

The increasing incidence of drug-resistant strains of bacteria necessitates the development of new classes of antimicrobials. Host defense peptides, also known as antimicrobial peptides, are promising in this regard but have several drawbacks. Herein, we show that peptidomimetic polyurethanes with pendant functional groups that mimic lysine and valine amino acid residues have high antibacterial activity against Gram negative Escherichia coli, yet are less effective against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus. All the polyurethanes designed in this study display high bactericidal activity against E. coli, whereas the polyurethanes with high concentrations of lysine mimicking functional groups display minimal cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. Control experiments with pexiganan, an analogue of the host defense peptide magainin, showed that the polyurethanes described here have high bactericidal activity, while having comparable hemocompatibility and lower mammalian cell toxicity. Overall, the results poin...
Pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis in a 25-weeks' gestation parturient, diagnosed after failed tracheal intubation.

Abstract A pregnant woman at 25weeks of gestation was diagnosed with laryngeal tuberculosis following a failed intubation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Laryngeal tuberculosis represents approximately 1% of all cases of tuberculosis in the United States and presents a unique diagnostic challenge, because accompanying laryngeal changes are both varied and nonspecific. This report highlights both the challenges of the pregnant airway and the diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis.
Relative value of radar and optical data for land cover/use mapping: Peru example

ABSTRACTThis study determined using divergence measures the best individual and combinations of various numbers of bands for six land cover/use classes around the city of Arequipa, Peru. A 15 band ...
Book Review: The Essentials of Risk Management

1. Bruce Tuckman 1. is a clinical professor of finance at NYU Stern School of Business in New York, NY. (btuckman{at}stern.nyu.edu) 1. To order reprints of this article, please contact Dewey Palmieri at dpalmieri{at}iijournals.com or 212-224-3675. Second Edition by: Michel
Hypothalamic control of pain vocalization and affective dimension of pain signaling

Abstract Noxious tail-shock elicits vocalization afterdischarges (VADs) from rats that have distinct spectrographic characteristics and are a validated model of the affective response to pain. The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is a core structure underlying the generation of affective behaviors to threats and receives nociceptive inputs. VAD-like vocalizations (vocalizations with the same spectral characteristics of VADs) are elicited by electrical or chemical stimulation of the dorsomedial-VMH. Pharmacological manipulation of GABAA receptors within the dorsomedial VMH altered the threshold for elicitation of VADs induced by this stimulation or by tail-shock, and altered the asymptotic level of fear conditioning supported by VMH stimulation or tail-shock. Partial kindling of the basolateral amygdala produced long-term increases in the amplitude of local field potentials recorded from the dorsomedial-VMH that correlated with long-term increases in VAD amplitude elicited by tail-shock. These findings demonstrate that the dorsomedial-VMH contributes to the processing of pain affect, and that the affective dimension of pain belongs to a broader class of sensory experience that represents threat to the individual.
Long-term hydraulic mining sediment budgets: Connectivity as a management tool

Abstract Approximately 1.1 × 109 m3 of sediment were produced by late nineteenth century hydraulic gold mining in the Sierra Nevada of northern California. Modern geospatial methods combined with 2014 airborne LiDAR 1 × 1-m data are used to map and model a distributed sediment budget for upper Steephollow Creek, one of the most severely impacted catchments in the region. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were developed for three times using geomorphometry to construct sediment budgets. The 2014 surface is from the LiDAR bare-earth DEM, the pre-mining surface before 1853 was interpolated from contours extended along ridges and pre-mining valley bottoms, and the 1884 maximum aggradation surface was interpolated from contours extended across high terraces. Mine pit volumes indicate that ~23.5 × 106 m3 of hydraulic mining sediment (HMS) was produced in the 54.6 km2 study catchment. Volumes of HMS stored in the catchment were computed for 2014 (3.75 × 106 m3) and for ca. 1884 at the time of maximum aggradation (7.15 × 106 m3). The 2014 storage is 16% of the sediment produced in the catchment, indicating a sediment delivery ratio (SDR) of 84% of the HMS from the basin, which is higher than most agricultural basins and indicates a strong longitudinal sediment connectivity in this region. Storage in 1884 represents 30% of production indicating a SDR of 70% during the period of mining. Dynamics and strong scale dependencies of sediment connectivity are documented with regard to space and time. Over the past 130 years, 3.57 × 106 m3—approximately half of the storage in upper Steephollow Creek—was eroded and carried out of the catchment.
Evaluating the imaging performance of a next-generation digital breast tomosynthesis prototype

A next generation tomosynthesis (NGT) prototype was designed to investigate alternative scanning geometries for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT). The NGT system uses a 2D plane as an address space for the x-ray source, and onedimensional linear detector motion to determine an acquisition geometry. This design provides myriad acquisition geometries for investigation. This system is also capable of magnification DBT. We performed image quality measurements to evaluate performance of the NGT system for both contact and magnification imaging in 2D and 3D. The modulation transfer function (MTF) was computed using the slanted-edge method to evaluate spatial resolution. The first zero of the MTF was observed to increase by a factor of the magnification. In-plane spatial resolution performance for 3D was measured using an in-house metric, and was found to be commensurate to the MTF. This metric uses a star pattern as an input object to produce the contrast transfer function (CTF). The 2D noise power spectra (NPS) were calculated to evaluate the degradation of image quality due to noise. 3D NPS were also calculated for various 3D image reconstructions. 3D renditions of the NPS show how the NGT can sample a broader range of frequencies in the Fourier domain than conventional DBT. The system’s lag was measured and found not to affect 3D image reconstructions significantly. A wax calcification phantom was constructed and imaged using the NGT system. The performance of this system has been evaluated and the results suggest that image quality is sufficient for clinical investigation.
Comparing photovoltaic and reflective shade surfaces in the urban environment: Effects on surface sensible heat flux and pedestrian thermal comfort

Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are increasingly being used to provide shade for parking lots and walkways. These structures introduce convective surfaces that have potentially significant thermal effects on the urban environment. This investigation uses a scale-model shade structure to provide a quantitative comparison of surface temperature, sensible heat flux, and pedestrian thermal comfort of a PV structure and a reflective shade structure to those of an unshaded asphalt surface during summer in Phoenix, AZ. Measurements were used to calculate the sensible heat flux and mean radiant temperature for a pedestrian for each test case. The results indicate that the overall sensible heat flux of the PV structure during the day was 80% higher than the unshaded (asphalt) ground, while the non-PV reflective shade structure case has 50% lower sensible flux than the unshaded ground. At night, we observed a consistent, albeit small, negative heat flux from both shade cases. Furthermore, while the thermal comfort beneath the PV and reflective shade structures was significantly improved compared with an unshaded lot, the reflective shade structure performed better than the PV shade. Under peak radiation, the mean radiant temperature underneath the reflective shade structure was 12 K less than that of the PV structure.