cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems: Placing Our Solar System in Context with Spitzer

We summarize the progress to date of our Legacy Science Program entitled "The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Systems" (FEPS) based on observations obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope during its first year of operation. In addition to results obtained from our ground-based preparatory program and our early validation program, we describe new results from a survey for near-infrared excess emission from the youngest stars in our sample as well as a search for cold debris disks around sun-like stars. We discuss the implications of our findings with respect to current understanding of the formation and evolution of our own solar system.
Forces within hadrons on the light front

In this work, we find the light front densities for momentum and forces, including pressure and shear forces, within hadrons. This is achieved by deriving relativistically correct expressions relating these densities to the gravitational form factors $A(t)$ and $D(t)$ associated with the energy momentum tensor. The derivation begins from the fundamental definition of density in a quantum field theory, namely the expectation value of a local operator within a spatially localized state. We find that it is necessary to use the light front formalism to define a density that corresponds to the internal hadron structure. When using the instant form formalism, it is impossible to remove the spatial extent of the hadron wave function from any density, and---even within instant form dynamics---one does not obtain a Breit frame Fourier transform for a properly defined density. Within the front formalism, we derive new expressions for various mechanical properties of hadrons, including the mechanical radius, as well as for stability conditions. The multipole ansatz for the form factors is used as an example to illustrate all of these findings.
LMMSE Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems: A Vector Quantization Approach

The linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) channel estimation yields the optimal performance in terms of the mean square error (MSE). However, the high computational complexity limits its application in practical systems. To overcome this issue, this letter proposes a vector quantization approach to the LMMSE channel estimation. The LMMSE filtering matrices corresponding to some typical wireless channels are calculated off-line. When performing the LMMSE channel estimation on-line, an appropriate LMMSE filtering matrix is selected according to the MSE criterion. At the expense of a negligible performance degradation, the computational complexity of the LMMSE channel estimation is reduced.
Electronic Structure Modification of Rectangular Phosphorene Quantum Dots Via Edge Passivation

Phosphorene is an elemental two-dimensional material that shows great promise as a metal-free photocatalyst owing to its high carrier mobility and direct band gap. Doping and edge functionalization...
Covid-19. Borders, world-making, and fear of others

This article investigates borders as fertile sites of human interaction It examines how movement, collective memory, relationality and what I will call ‘being in limbo’ can facilitate studying the creative world-making potential that exists among humans who find themselves at borders, whether physical or notional, as in being based on imagination or ideas I am particularly interested in exploring which relationships take place and can be anticipated at borders The article uses the Covid-19 pandemic as context to investigate where and how notions of borders occurred during this time of crisis It furthermore asks how borders facilitate humans extending themselves to(wards) each other and taking risks, yet thereby also juxtaposing forms of withdrawal and divisions that borders inevitably suggest The period of the Covid-19 crisis provides a contemporary example through which to study heterogeneity and hybridity as they emerge from, and are shaped by, cultural, political, embodied, social and linguistic practices as well as every-day choreographies of border making, securing and overcoming This article concludes that Covid-19 is an ‘intersectional virus ’ At this time, people engage in actions with each other that aim to change the intersectional oppressions that have been rendered visible through the crisis In order to provide a global and historical reading of contemporary events, this article analyzes an example from 1991 in Europe that relates to border-crossing The article uses etymology and introduces origins of keywords in order to facilitate an extended reading of these words beyond common usage
OPTIMAL LEARNING USING TECHNOLOGY: AMPLIFYING STUDENTS COLLABORATION AND SOCIAL NETWORKING

Technology for learning has great potential in enhancing social networking and collaboration opportunities among students. Implementing technology into learning environments has been known to increase students’ academic experiences and learning outcomes. However, evidence remains unclear when it comes to showing that students have learned while using technology. Learning with technology can increase personal well-being. The Well-being Theory and PERMA model will be used as the theoretical framework to show how optimal learning with technology can improve students' outcomes and contribute to multidimensional well-being components. This is not only true for young students, as older individuals’ partake in academia and use technology to increase their learning experiences. The research was based on previous literature on learning with technology and how to enhance personal well-being. Findings revealed that learning with technology does strengthen teaching and learning experiences. It also contributes to positive attitudes toward learning with technology when students and teachers are provided with adequate training. It will provide information related to how learning with technology influences collaboration and fosters social networking. Finally, the conclusion will be based on the rationale for using technology for learning and its contribution to personal well-being. Future research recommendations and limitations are addressed.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin replacement for treatment of humoral immune dysfunction in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Background Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) experience hypogammaglobinemia and non-neutropenic infections. In this exploratory proof of concept study, our objective was to determine the prevalence of humoral immunodeficiency in patients with CLL and serum IgG ≥ 400 mg/dL, and to evaluate the efficacy of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) in this population. Patients and methods Patients with CLL with serum IgG ≥ 400 mg/dL were evaluated for serum IgG, IgM, IgA, along with pre/post vaccine IgG titers to diphtheria, tetanus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Patients with evidence of humoral dysfunction were treated with SCIG with Hizentra every 7±2 days for 24 weeks. Results Fifteen patients enrolled with median IgG = 782 mg/dL [IQR: 570 to 827], and 6/15 (40%) responded to vaccination with Td, while 5/15 (33%) responded to vaccination with PPV23. 14/15 (93.3%) demonstrated humoral immunodeficiency as evidenced by suboptimal vaccine responses, and were treated with SCIG. In patients treated with SCIG, serum IgG increased from 670 mg/dL [IQR: 565 to 819] to 1054 mg/dL [IQR: 1040 to 1166] after 24 weeks (95% CI: 271–540). For streptococcus pneumoniae, the median protective serotypes at baseline was 8 [IQR: 4 to 9] and increased to 17 [IQR: 17 to 19] after 24 weeks (95% CI: 6.93–13.72). Non-neutropenic infections (NNI) decreased from 14 to 5 during treatment with SCIG. Conclusions Patients with CLL demonstrate humoral immunodeficiency despite IgG > 400 mg/dL. For these patients, SCIG is well tolerated and efficacious in improving serum IgG, specific IgG to streptococcus pneumoniae, and may decrease reliance on antibiotics for the treatment of NNIs. Clinical trials registration NCT 03730129.
Community College Developmental Education Services: Perspectives of Spanish-speaking Latino Early Childhood Educators

The purpose of this single-case study was to understand the perceptions of Latino Spanish-speaking English learners on the efficacy of developmental education services at a Western U.S. community c...
The Generality of Methylglyoxal Bis(guanylhydrazone)-induced Mitochondrial Damage and the Dependence of this Effect on Cell Proliferation

Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) is a clinically useful antileukemic agent which has been found to produce selective ultrastructural damage to the mitochondria of L1210 cells. In this report, the generality of this phenomenon has been tested in several human and murine cell types including P288 mouse leukemia, L-cell mouse fibroblast, C3H/10T½ mouse embryo fibroblast, and NALM-1 human chronic myelocytic leukemia cells. In all cases, MGBG produced ultrastructural damage nearly identical to that seen in L1210 cells. Mitochondria were markedly distended, and their inner structure was distorted or lost. In the NALM-1 cells, conspicuous electron-dense granules were present in the mitochondrial matrix. Interestingly, the onset of mitochondrial damage in these cell lines correlated with the generation time of the particular cell lines, suggesting a relationship between proliferative activity and drug-induced damage. This relationship between mitochondrial damage and cell proliferation was tested in two separate cell systems. In cultures of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, only those cells undergoing blastogenesis were found to be affected by MGBG. Similarly, MGBG treatment of confluent and subconfluent cultures of C3H/10T½ mouse embryo fibroblasts affected only the dividing subconfluent cells. In this particular cell type, the mitochondrial damage was observed in unfixed cells at the light microscopic level, establishing that the damage was not related to preparative techniques for electron microscopy. Results from both cell systems confirm that the drug-induced damage, or its expression, is dependent on cell-proliferative activity. The possibility exists that the mitochondrial damage may be responsible for the antiproliferative activity of the drug including host toxicities or may be related to the known ability of the drug to interfere with the biosynthesis of polyamines.
The Peerage and the Revolution of 1688

Four points support the thesis that the English nobility played a critical role in the revolution. First, the later 17th-century aristocracy was energetic, wealthy, and connected in ways facilitating political action within, and subsequently outside, the parliamentary arena. Second, it was a class conscious of status and privilege which many policies of James II bumped up against inadvertently, but often with negative consequence. Third, most peers were observant protestants in an age when religious belief, or at least the externals of practice, still mattered greatly. Fourth, habits of deference and traditional spheres of influence at the local level remained surprisingly intact despite intensive royal effort to reshape the lieutenancies, commissions of the peace, and municipal and other corporate bodies. Resistance to repeal of the Test Acts was the issue around which a leadership group emerged in the aristocracy. Initially it focused on a parliamentary solution in which an absolute majority in the house of lords could be counted on to stand firm no matter how the Commons might vote. In the absence of that opportunity and in the face of other events regarded as inimical to class, nation and the protestant interest, many peers turned away from natural alliance with the crown and � in the case of a forward group � conspired with the prince of Orange. Ultimately, more than a third of the nobility aligned itself with those peers intent on constraining the king's freedom of political action, an important factor contributing to his decision to flee.
Basketball Post-Mortems

(1954). Basketball Post-Mortems. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 17-18.
Drawdown and capture zone topology for nonvertical wells

[1] An analytic framework is developed to model the three-dimensional steady flow generated by wells placed at general nonvertical orientations within a horizontal aquifer. This framework uses closed-form solutions for a distribution of point sinks and point doublets along the centerline of the well and semi-infinite panel elements, each with piecewise linearly varying strengths. This extends previously published implementations and enables a boundary condition of uniform head along the cylindrical face of the well to be accurately matched. The resulting model is used to examine the drawdown and capture zone topology for wells spanning orientations ranging from vertical to horizontal. Scaling relationships are developed for wells perpendicular to flow that are invariant with respect to drawdown and to the strength of elements. The capture zone geometry for such wells is variant with respect to a dimensionless pumping rate, going through transition from two-dimensional flow in a plane perpendicular to the well to two-dimensional flow in a horizontal plane.
Alkali–Silica Reaction Identification and Remediation at Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport

AbstractNorthwest Arkansas Regional Airport (International Air Transport Association Code, XNA) opened in 1998. XNA is a regional airport serving the northwest Arkansas area. Alkali silica reaction (ASR) was detected at XNA’s runway 16/34 in 2002, and in 2012 the runway was closed for replacement. The airport includes a single runway; therefore, runway replacement required the construction of a temporary alternate landing surface (ALS). Consequently, costs related to the premature runway replacement were substantial. XNA is experiencing significant pavement distress caused by ASR. Therefore, in addition to the runway, taxiways and apron areas will require replacement. The article reviews ASR, causes of ASR at XNA, and a preliminary investigation to develop a remediation approach to ASR at XNA. For ASR remediation, the authors are investigating various surface sealants for their effectiveness to retard ASR, to provide XNA operators additional time before future pavement replacement is warranted.
X-ray diffraction analysis of the inactivation of chymotrypsin by 3-benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone

The inactivation of chymotrypsin by 3-benzyl-6-chloro-2-pyrone has been studied. A covalent adduct is formed that deacylates slowly with a half-life of 23 h. X-ray diffraction analysis at 1.9-A resolution of the inactivator-enzyme complex shows that the gamma-oxygen of the active-site serine (serine-195) is covalently attached to C-1 of (Z)-2-benzylpentenedioic acid, the benzyl group of the inactivator is held in the hydrophobic specificity pocket of the enzyme, and the free carboxylate forms a salt bridge with the active-site histidine (histidine-57). The conformational changes that occur in the protein as a result of complexation are described. It is proposed that formation of the salt bridge prevents access of water and, therefore, hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme.
Similarity requirements for two-phase flow-pattern transitions

Abstract Overall scaling criteria for a natural circulation loop under two-phase flow conditions are summarized. The phase change similarity requirement is used to establish scaled-down model operating conditions for fluid-to-fluid and reduced-pressure simulations of a high-pressure water system. Based on the overall scaling methodology, additional similarity requirements are derived from two-phase flow-pattern transition boundaries for horizontal and vertical two-phase flow configurations. It is shown that flow-pattern transition scaling requirements are all different from each other. However, it is demonstrated that a solution in the form of the axial length ratio as a function of the cross-sectional area raito and some fluid property ratio groups is always possible for each flow-pattern transition studied. Finally, it is demonstrated that in many cases it is almost always possible to achieve a similarity in flow-patterns rather than transitions in a fluid-to-fluid simulation although the same may not be true for the reduced-pressure scaled-down models.
A nonequilibrium analogue of the Percus-Yevick equation

Abstract A new theoretical description of nonequilibrium phenomena analogous to the very successful Percus-Yevick equilibrium theory of dense gases and liquids has been obtained.
The Importance of Bonded Structural Material

Abstract Gluing is of tremendous importance to the wood industry. About 70% of all wood used today involves gluing. As an increasing amount of lower quality wood is used in the future, gluing will become even more important. Additional developments in harvesting previously unused species and forest residues and cleaning dirty material, and a means to reclaim urban waste wood, are needed to assure an adequate wood supply. New or improved economical adhesive systems will be important in accelerating the development of glued products. The future of the wood products industry lies with the use of glue, since the wood raw material will continue to be harvested in ever smaller sizes.
Characterization of embryogenic mango cultures selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides culture filtrate and phytotoxin

Embryogenic nucellar cultures of two polyembryonic mango cultivars, ‘Hindi’ and ‘Carabao’, were selected for resistance to the culture filtrate and phytotoxin of a virulent strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. that was isolated from mango leaves. The cultures were recurrently selected either with progressively increasing concentrations of culture filtrate or by continuous challenge with the same concentration of either culture filtrate phytotoxin. Mycelium growth was inhibited when the pathogen was cocultured with the selected, resistant embryogenic cultures. Conditioned plant growth medium containing macerated resistant embryogenic cultures did not inhibit mycelium growth, confirming that extracellular antifungal compounds were involved in the defense response. Enhanced secretion of chitinase and glucanase was observed in the plant growth medium in which resistant embryogenic cultures and regenerated somatic embryos were grown in comparison with the controls.
On a novel self-regulating shape memory polymer composite

Polyurethane shape memory polymers (PU-SMPs) are active materials that can be transformed into complex shapes with the ability to recover their original shape even after undergoing large deformations. Because of their light weight, large recoverability, low cost, and high compliance, SMPs can be potentially employed as actuators, MEMS devices, temperature sensors, and damping elements to name a few. One of the key challenges in implementing SMPs is the response time which is limited by the method of heating and cooling and the material. Unlike shape memory alloys, SMPs can be activated by multiple stimuli including lasers, resistive heating, electric fields, and magnetic fields. While these methods may provide an efficient way of heating the SMP, they rely on the slow process of passive conduction for cooling. In this paper, a self regulating SMP (SR-SMP) composite is introduced, whereby a novel heating and cooling system consisting of embedded silica capillary tubes in the SMP (DiAPLEX® MP4510: SMP Technologies, Inc.) has been developed. The tubes are used to pump hot/cold fluid through the SMP membrane and hence provide a local temperature source. In order to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the mechanism, the thermomechanical response of the SR-SMP is compared experimentally to a SMP with "conventional" i.e. global heating and cooling mechanisms. It is shown that the SR-SMP has a faster thermomechanical response. It has been demonstrated previously that soft SMPs can be controlled by an electric field while in the rubbery phase, thus taking advantage of the Maxwell stress or electrostatic stress effect. Thermomechanical characterization of PU-SMPs is described for different weight percentages of resin (Diphenylmethane-4, 4'-diisocyanate) and hardener (1,4-Butanediol). Varying the percent hardener reduced the effective cross-link density of the polymer and hence the thermomechanical properties. The electromechanical response of pure SMP and SR-SMP is predicted numerically. The numerical computation indicates that the softer SMPs (resin:hardener = 5:4, 8:7, and 9:8) could be used as electroactive polymers.
An Analytical System for the Detection and Quantitation of Rhodamine-123 in Biological Samples

Abstract Rhodamine-123, a mitochondrial-specific dye, is currently of interest as a potential anticarcinoma agent. We now report an analytical method suitable for monitoring this agent in a variety of biological matrices. The drug is easily extractable into organic solvent in high yield (>90%). Analysis is conducted by reversed-phase HPLC using a phenyl column and an organic/aqueous buffer mobile phase, with signal detection by flow fluorometry. The assay shows linearity over the concentration range of 5-4000 ng/ml, with a limit of sensitivity of 100 pg. Preliminary animal data confirms the suitability of the assay for detailed drug metabolism and dispositional studies.
A role for both ecology and geography as mechanisms of genetic differentiation in specialized butterflies

An important mechanism of speciation for specialized phytophagous insects is host-associated differentiation, in which natural selection drives the evolution of repro- ductive isolation. Here we use molecular population genetics data to test the hypothesis that regional and local specialization on three alternate hosts restricts gene flow in the Mitoura gryneus species complex of butterflies. Over half of the variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences is explained by host plant association (/CT = 0.57, P = 0.002) consistent with the hypothesis of host-associated divergence on the three hosts. AFLP analyses revealed the number of clusters of individuals was K = 2, with all individuals associated with one host grouping separately from all other host-associated individuals. Combined with previous experimental results, these findings present evidence of varying levels of differentiation among host associations and identify a role for both isolation in allopatry as well as ecological factors in limiting gene exchange. The Mitoura species complex includes multiple, differentiated lineages at varying stages of divergence, providing an opportunity to examine the multifarious mechanisms that generate biodiversity in phy- tophagous insects.
Performance gain in computer-assisted detection schemes by averaging scores generated from artificial neural networks with adaptive filtering.

The authors investigated a new method to optimize artificial neural networks (ANNs) with adaptive filtering used in computer-assisted detection schemes in digitized mammograms and to assess performance changes when averaging classification scores from three sets of optimized schemes. Two independent training and testingimagedatabases involving 978 and 830 digitized mammograms, respectively, were used in this study. In the training data set, initial filtering and subtraction resulted in the identification of 592 mass regions and 3790 suspicious, but actually negative regions. These regions (including both true-positive and negative regions) were segmented into three subsets three times based on the calculation of the values of three features as segmentation indices. The indices were “mass” size multiplied by their digital value contrast, conspicuity, and circularity. Nine ANN-based classifiers were separately optimized using a genetic algorithm for each subset of regions. Each region was assigned three classification scores after applying the three adaptive ANNs. The performance gain of the CAD scheme after averaging the three scores for each suspicious region was tested using an independent data set and a ROC methodology. The experimental results showed that the areas under ROC curves (A z ) for the testingdatabase using three sets of optimized ANNs individually were 0.84±0.01, 0.83±0.01, and 0.84±0.01, respectively. The between-index correlations of three A z values were 0.013, −0.007, and 0.086. Similar to averaging diagnostic ratings from independent observers, by averaging three ANN-generated scores for each testing region, the performance of the CAD scheme was significantly improved (p with A z value of 0.95±0.01.
Expression of the C-C chemokine receptor 7 mediates metastasis of breast cancer to the lymph nodes in mice.

C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) controls lymphocyte migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Although CCR7 has been implicated in targeting the metastasis of cancers to lymph nodes, the role of CCR7 in the metastasis of breast cancer, along with the molecular mechanisms that are controlled by CCR7 that target breast cancer metastasis to the lymph nodes, has yet to be defined. To explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms of breast cancer cell migration to the lymph nodes, we used the mouse MMTV-PyVmT mammary tumor cells (PyVmT) transfected with CCR7 and the human CCR7-expressing MCF10A and MCF7 mammary cell lines. We found that the CCR7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21, controlled cell migration using the β1-integrin heterodimeric adhesion molecules. To define a physiological significance for CCR7 regulation of migration, we used the FVB syngeneic mouse model of metastatic breast cancer. When CCR7-negative PyVmT cells transfected with control vector were orthotopically transferred to the mammary fat pad of FVB mice, tumors metastasized to the lungs (10/10 mice) but not to the lymph nodes (0/10). In contrast, CCR7-expressing PyVmT (CCR7-PyVmT) cells metastasized to the lymph nodes (6/10 mice) and had a reduced rate of metastasis to the lungs (4/10 mice). CCR7-PyVmT tumors grew significantly faster than PyVmT tumors, which mirrored the growth in vitro, of CCR7-PyVmT, MCF7, and MCF10A mammospheres. This model provides tools for studying lymph node metastasis, CCR7 regulation of tumor cell growth, and targeting of breast cancer cells to the lymph nodes.
Relation of Cigarette Smoking to Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma among Middle-aged Men

Because of previous inconsistencies in the observed relation of cigarette smoking to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, this association was investigated in the Selected Cancers Study, a population-based case-control study of 1,193 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases and 1,903 controls, conducted between 1984 and 1988. Study subjects were men, and the median age of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases was 50 years (range, 32-60 years). As compared with the risk among men who had never smoked cigarettes, the risk among ever smokers was not increased (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, p ∼ 0.50), but the risk was significantly elevated among men who reported smoking ≥21/2 packs per day and among men who had smoked for 30-39 years (OR = 1.45 in each group, p < 0.05). The estimated odds ratio among the 350 heavy smokers (≥50 pack-years) was 1.41 (95% confidence interval 1.08-1.85) after controlling for educational achievement, various occupational and medical exposures, and other potential confounders. The observed associations, however, tended to vary by age, with the odds ratio among heavy smokers decreasing from 2.8 among 32- to 44-year-olds to 1.1 among men over 55 years of age. These age-related differences, which may account for some of the inconsistencies seen in previous studies of cigarette smoking and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, should be considered in future investigations.
Dyspnea Resulting From Fibromyalgia

Two patients with chronic, severe, episodic dyspnea underwent prolonged, extensive, and invasive evaluations without a diagnosis being made. Both were subsequently diagnosed with fibromyalgia, and therapy directed at this condition resulted in resolution of their symptoms. Fibromyalgia is rarely included in the differential diagnosis of dyspnea, and timely diagnosis and treatment may be delayed. However, this condition must be considered because it can only be established by seeking the appropriate history and physical findings.
Types of rapidly growing counties of the U.S., 1970–1990

Abstract Recent economic growth and in-migration have led to an interesting patchwork of rapidly growing counties in the United States. This paper identifies 299 U.S. counties that were growing at least 70% from 1970 to 1990, a rate greater than one standard deviation above the mean of all counties. Using a k-means cluster algorithm, seven distinct types of rapidly growing counties, with meaningful spatial patterns, were found. Four of these clusters were primarily urban: smaller fast-growing cities in the south, large sunbelt cities, as well as both white and blue-collar suburban counties ringing many of the more dynamic metropolitan regional centers of the country. Also, there were two predominately rural clusters: retirement counties and several counties in the Intermontane West characterized by environmental amenities and isolated growth. Lastly, we observed a distinct cluster of several Hispanic counties in the southwest primarily along the U.S.–Mexico border. We believe these seven clusters present a remarkably clear portrait of the significant forces underlying the rapid growth of counties in the United States.
Redefining a certified public accounting firm

Abstract By analyzing the video, KPMG: The Global Leader (Fountainhead Productions/KPMG Peat Marwick, 1993), using the methods of content analysis and dramatic and literary criticism, we explore how cultural products influence our understanding of the socially defined roles of auditors. This analysis makes explicit the cultural values and beliefs that are drawn upon in an attempt to persuade viewers of the accounting firm's message. Archetypes that include mythic beliefs about markets, the dramatic structure of the video, and symbolic visual and verbal cues are evoked to redefine KPMG as a firm in which certified public accountants and their clients are united to achieve leadership in the global marketplace.
NMR Spectroscopy in the Presence of Strong Ac Electric Fields: Degree of Alignment of Polar Molecules

We report NMR spectra of nitrobenzene-d5 recorded in the presence of strong ac electric fields using a homebuilt probe and electric field amplifier. Pulsed ac electric fields up to 70 kV/cm rms were used, rather than dc fields, to reduce electrode corrosion, electrode polarization, electrical convection, sensitivity to impurities, electrolysis, and heating. A two-dimensional detection method was used in which fields are applied only during the variable delay associated with the indirect dimension. Tensorial interactions are partially recovered due to partial alignment of the polar molecules in the applied electric field. Molecular order parameters of order 10 -4 were observed in these experiments, in agreement with previous work, and followed the expression Smol ∝ E 2 , as expected, where the constant of proportionality describes the effects of the dielectric response of the medium. Deuterium splittings for the ortho- and paradeuterons were in the ratios expected for a 61° relative angle in bond vectors. We observed a strong dependence of the order parameter on concentration: neat nitrobenzene ordered significantly more than did nitrobenzene diluted in a nonpolar solvent. Under the assumption that neat nitrobenzene forms weakly bound clusters with large effective dipole moments, we attempted to rationalize the degree of order for dilute nitrobenzene only in terms of simple electrostatic theories. Onsager’s model involving spherical molecules overestimates the alignment while Scholte’s adaptation of Onsager’s model for elliptical molecules achieves reasonable agreement with our data for dilute nitrobenzene.
Structural Holes and Good Ideas.

This article outlines the mechanism by which brokerage provides social capital. Opinion and behavior are more homogeneous within than between groups, so people connected across groups are more familiar with alternative ways of thinking and behaving. Brokerage across the structural holes between groups provides a vision of options otherwise unseen, which is the mechanism by which brokerage becomes social capital. I review evidence consistent with the hypothesis, then look at the networks around managers in a large American electronics company. The organization is rife with structural holes, and brokerage has its expected correlates. Compensation, positive performance evaluations, promotions, and good ideas are disproportionately in the hands of people whose networks span structural holes. The between-group brokers are more likely to express ideas, less likely to have ideas dismissed, and more likely to have ideas evaluated as valuable. I close with implications for creativity and structural change.
Clique Partitioning for Clustering: A Comparison with K-Means and Latent Class Analysis

The clique partitioning (CP) model has been recognized for many years as a useful conceptual construct for clustering problems. Computational difficulty, however, has limited the adoption of this perspective as a useful model in practice. In this article, we illustrate the use of a new formulation for the clique partitioning problem that is readily solvable by basic metaheuristic methodologies such as Tabu Search. As such, this new model enables the widespread use of CP for clustering in practice. In this article, we present test results demonstrating that our CP model is an attractive alternative to well-known methods such as K-means and Latent Class (LC) clustering. Ours is the first article in the literature making such comparisons.
A non-equilibrium model for fixed-bed multi-component adiabatic adsorption

Abstract A mathematical model for adiabatic adsorption of multiple components onto a fixed bed of adsorbent is developed. The model consists of a set of coupled, hyperbolic, parial-differential equations. Heat and mass transfer resistances evident in real systems are included in the model. Solutions of the equations are obtained by numerical application of the method of characteristics. Results show non-ideal mass and thermal wavefronts and complex wave-wave interactions in adiabatic adsorption of benzene and cyclohexane onto activated carbon. Phenomena of inversions in relative adsorptivity due to temperature changes are also shown. Column performance is indicated to be greatly affected by these phenomena. Cases considered demonstrate that time on stream before breakthrough may be doubled by increasing influent and initial bed temperatures. It is shown, in contrast to results obtained fron using the non-equilibrium model, that models based on assumptions of local equilibrium cannot quantitatively describe behavior of a typical industrial adsorption system.
Modulation of carbachol-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortex

Cortical slices from rat brain were used to study carbachol-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. Omission of calcium during incubation of slices with [3H]inositol increased its incorporation into receptor-coupled phospholipids. Carbachol-stimulated hydrolysis of [3H]inositol phospholipids in slices was dose-dependent, was affected by the concentrations of calcium and lithium present and resulted in the accumulation of mostly [3H]inositol-1-phosphate. Incubation of slices with N-ethylmaleimide or a phorbol ester reduced the response to carbachol. Membranes prepared from cortical slices labeled with [3H]inositol retained the receptor-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis reaction. The basal rate of inositol phospholipid hydrolysis was higher than in slices and addition of carbachol further stimulated the process. Addition of GTP stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis, suggesting the presence of a guanine nucleotide-binding protein coupled to phospholipase C. Carbachol and GTP-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in membranes was detectable following a 3 min assay period. In contrast to slices, increased levels of inositol bisphosphate and inositol trisphosphate were detected following incubation of membranes with carbachol. These results demonstrate that agonist-responsive receptors are present in cortical membranes, that the receptors may be coupled to phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate, rather than phosphatidylinositol, hydrolysis and that a guanine nucleotide-binding protein may mediate the coupling of receptor activation to inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in brain.
Long chain fatty acids of diet as factors influencing reproduction in cattle.

Contents Cattle are fed moderate amounts of long chain fatty acids (FA) with the objective to enhance lactation and growth; however, recent interest on lipid feeding to cows has focused on reproduction, immunity and health. Increasing the caloric density of the ration by fat feeding has generally improved measures of cow reproduction, but when milk yield and body weight losses were increased by fat supplementation, positive effects on reproduction were not always observed. Feeding fat has influenced reproduction by altering the size of the dominant follicle, hastening the interval to first postpartum ovulation in beef cows, increasing progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle, modulating uterine prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, and improving oocyte and embryo quality and developmental competence. Some of these effects were altered by the type of FA fed. The polyunsaturated FA of the n-6 and n-3 families seem to have the most remarkable effects on reproductive responses of cattle, but it is not completely clear whether these effects are mediated only by them or by other potential intermediates produced during rumen biohydrogenation. Generally, feeding fat sources rich in n-6 FA during late gestation and early lactation enhanced follicle growth, uterine PG secretion, embryo quality and pregnancy in cows. Similarly, feeding n-3 FA during lactation suppressed uterine PG release, and improved embryo quality and maintenance of pregnancy. Future research ought to focus on methods to improve the delivery of specific FA and adequately powered studies should be designed to critically evaluate their effects on establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in cattle.
Substantial reduction of noradrenaline in kitten visual cortex by intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine does not always prevent ocular dominance shifts after monocular deprivation.

Ten kittens had cannulas inserted into their lateral ventricles for daily injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). At 5–6 weeks of age one eye was sutured shut, and one week later recordings were made from the visual cortex to assay the ocular dominance of a sample of cells. In six kittens the injections of 6-OHDA were continued until the day before recording, while in four kittens the injections were stopped around the time of eye suture, on the assumption that continued injections of 6-OHDA over several days has effects that are not specific to the noradrenaline (NA) system and that the two procedures might show different results. In all animals the concentration of NA in the visual cortex near the site of recording was reduced by approximately 90%. In all animals the ocular dominance histograms recorded from the visual cortex were shifted so that the majority of cells (83 ± 13%) were dominated by the open eye. There were no substantial differences between the two groups of experimental animals or between the experimental animals and two control animals that had cannulas implanted and ascorbate alone injected without 6-OHDA. We conclude that the concentration of NA in the visual cortex can be reduced substantially by injections of 6-OHDA into the lateral ventricle without preventing the shift in ocular dominance that usually occurs after suturing shut the eyelids of one eye.
Use of hourly Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) fire emissions in a Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model for improving surface particulate matter predictions

[1] Large changes in surface-level PM2.5 concentrations and columnar aerosol optical thickness (AOT) were observed downwind of fires that originated in Georgia and Florida during the April–May 2007 period. In order to quantify the impacts of these wildfires on particulate matter air quality, Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) simulations were conducted by adding hourly fire emissions derived from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers. The simulations include ambient aerosols by accounting for background emissions using the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model. The impacts of fire emissions are obtained by comparing the CMAQ simulations with and without fire emissions. Overall, the CMAQ-derived PM2.5 reproduces the major smoke transport features of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) AOT, but is systematically lower than the ground-based observations of PM2.5 mass concentrations during the fires. An increase of the satellite-derived fire emissions improves the simulated magnitude of PM2.5 concentrations. We also show that the disagreement between the CMAQ predictions and ground-based observations during the high PM2.5 episodes occurs when the predicted position of fire plume is not accurately located. The smoke position error grows more rapidly due to drift behavior of model wind error, so the position error dominates the accuracy of site-specific CMAQ PM2.5 predictions.
Surface electromagnetic waves with damping. II. Anisotropic media

Surface-electromagnetic-wave dispersion curves are usually calculated using a simple equation derived from Maxwell's equations and boundary conditions. When complex dielectric functions are used for the two media, the component of the propagation vector along the surface, ${k}_{x}$, becomes infinite as the frequency approaches the surface polariton frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}$ if $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is considered complex and ${k}_{x}$ is real. On the other hand, if ${k}_{x}$ is considered complex and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ real, the dispersion curves bend back toward smaller ${k}_{x}$ as $\ensuremath{\omega}$ approaches ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{s}$. We have previously demonstrated that both types of behavior can be obtained from attenuated-total-reflection measurements of silver. We now extend this result to other materials and show that dispersion curves alone present an inadequate summary of the data.
Predilection Site of the CNS Lesions

During more than a century of observations and experiences by neuro-scientists, involving a broad spec-trum of neurosurgical procedures and diagnostic investigations, it became apparent very early that congenital malformations, degenerative, infectious, toxic, hypoxic, vascular and neoplastic lesions occur at specific predilection sites within certain compartments of the CNS. This postulate will be presented, discussed and illustrated with radiologic and clinical documentation.
Model-based flaw reconstruction using limited-view x-ray projections and flawless prototype image

A new flaw reconstruction scheme is proposed for locating and sizing flaws embedded in materials as well as estimating their absorption coefficients in an unified manner. Based on x- ray projections and flawless prototype tomogram, the proposed method locates flaws by detecting their convex hulls, fits elliptic models into the convex hulls with identical moments of inertia, and estimates flaws' absorption coefficients using least-squares principle. Due to the capability of annihilating false-alarm flaws, the proposed method improves the detection performance of the convex hull method. For convex type of flaws, simulation results show that the proposed method can produce very accurate estimates of flaw intensity as well as flaw size and orientation for full-view and limited-view noiseless cases.
Multimode interference in circular step-index fibers studied with the mode expansion approach

The mode expansion approach in vectorial form, using a complete set of guided modes of a circular step-index fiber (SIF), is developed and applied to analyze multimode interference in multimode fibers (MMFs) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The complete set of guided modes of an SIF is defined based on its modal properties, and a suitable modal orthogonality relation is identified to evaluate the coefficients in a mode expansion. An algorithm, adaptive to incident fields, is then developed to systematically and efficiently perform mode expansion in highly MMFs. The mode expansion approach is successfully applied to investigate the mode-selection properties of coreless fiber segments incorporated in multicore fiber lasers and the self-imaging in MMFs.
Effects upon monkeys of sulfapyridine in doses comparable with those used for infants

I N A previous experiment, twelve M~cacus malatta monkeys were each given sulfapyridine through a catheter passed into the stomach, the dosage being 0.5 gm. of the drug in 10 c.c. of water twice a day for ten days, 10 gin. in all. Two other animals received varying amounts of the drug for fifty-two days, each one having been given approximately 27 and 32 gm., respectively. Thirteen of the fourteen animals died and were subjected to complete autopsy. Grossly, the findings in the ur inary tract were similar and characteristic in all thirteen animals. 1 The blood sulfapyridine level taken at irregular intervals in eight animals ranged from 1.2 mg./100 c.c. to 8.2 Ing./100 c.c. Specimens for blood urea nitrogen (B.U.N.) determinations were taken simultaneously in these aniina]s. They ranged from 33.8 reg./a00 e.c. to as high as I60.4 rag./100 c.c. There was a decrease in the total number of red blood cells and in their hemoglobin content. Since most of these monkeys were ill with poliomyelitis, 2 the effects caused solely by the drug could not be accurately determined. The recommended dose of this drug for patients ill with pneumonia depends upon physical signs. ~ Adults are given 4 gm. immediately, followed by 1 gin. every four hours until the temperature becomes normal and has remained thus for at ]east forty-eight hours. In approximating the dosages, it was assumed that the temperature would come down within the first twenty-four hours. Subsequently, the dose is decreased to I gin. every six hours until the pneumonic process begins to resolve. The time when this happens is indefinite, but usually it is approximately from the fourth to the sixth day of the infection. The drug is then continued, giving 0.5 gin. four times a day until the lungs are clear. By physical signs this usually does not occur before the fifteenth day, and if x-ray evidenceis considered, not even by that time. The total initial and subsequent doses for children are less and depend upon the weight of the child, The doses estimated in Table I were based upon the considerations noted above.
Ordinary nature: Pakati in the Pāli scripture

Abstract This paper analyses the uses of the word ‘nature’ (in Pāli pakati, Sanskrit prakrti) in the Pāli scripture. In the Pāli scripture pakati is never used as a concept of nature considered as a unity or an entity, or as a material cause, as in the Sāmkhya and Yoga, but it describes acts which are considered natural, regular and usual. The article tries to answer three questions. 1. What is the meaning of the term pakati in the Pāli scripture? 2. What is the relation between the term pakati in the Pāli scripture and the Sanskrit term prakrti in general and as a technical term in the Sāmkhya and Yoga schools, in the Medical schools and in the Jain scriptures? 3. What view of nature does analysis of the term reveal?