cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A filtered backprojection dose calculation method for inverse treatment planning

An efficient method of calculating dose distributions in homogeneous media for megavoltage photons is described. The method is similar to filtered backprojection image reconstruction and is based on the analogy between external beam radiotherapy and SPECT image reconstruction. The filtered backprojection dose calculation significantly reduces the computation time for a large number of x-ray beams compared to a conventional convolution dosimetry method. A factor of 20 reduction in computation time is demonstrated for a 2D implementation of the model. The method has proved useful for speeding up an inverse treatment planning algorithm for conformal radiotherapy, and has the potential to be implemented in the reconstruction hardware of a radiotherapy CT simulator. Results of computer simulations based on the model are presented.
The capacity for spatial updating in visual short-term memory

Participants can update memory for the binding of perceptual features to object locations, but only for approximately two objects, which is significantly smaller than VSTM capacity and significantly smaller than Cowan, N., Elliott, E. M., Saults, J. S., Morey, C. C., Mattox, S., Ismajatulina, A., et al. (2005). On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes. Cognitive Psychology, 51, 42-100. , 1997).
Preliminary investigation into the purification, NMR analysis, and molecular modelling of chondroitin sulphate epitopes.

Abstract Electrophoretic methods are outlined for the rapid purification and analysis of chondroitin sulphate oligosaccharides on a milligram scale. Isomeric impurities however, exist within specific sized oligosaccharides. Detailed 1 H and 13 C NMR data for the chondroitin sulphate disaccharides Δ 4 HexA(1-3)GalNAc6SO − 3 and Δ 4 HexA(1–3)GalNAc4SO − 3 (prepared from shark chondroitin sulphate) are reported. Two-dimensional NMR methods have been employed in the assignment of spectra. Preliminary models of these disaccharides are proposed from molecular mechanics conformational searching and molecular dynamics procedures. This study provides 1 H and 13 C NMR reference data which will be useful in the investigation of larger chondroitin sulphate oligosaccharides, such as those prepared by the electrophoretic methods mentioned above.
Complications from transvaginal pubovaginal slings using bone anchor fixation

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the history and management of complications from transvaginally placed pubovaginal slings using bone anchor fixation. Methods During a 3-year period, 10 patients were referred to us for complications related to transvaginally placed pubovaginal slings using bone anchor fixation. Results The patient age ranged from 42 to 73 years. All women had a vaginally introduced bone anchor sling for stress urinary incontinence. The presenting symptoms after surgery included fever, pain, and difficulty ambulating in 1; pain and/or vaginal dyspareunia with discharge in 5; pain or dyspareunia alone in 2; and vaginal discharge alone in 2 patients. Two patients ultimately developed bone lesions on radiologic studies consistent with osteomyelitis. Six patients developed sinus drainage tracts associated with granulation tissue from at least one bone anchor that was unresponsive to outpatient management. One of the patients with pain alone had a permanent suture extending into the bladder neck. Nine patients underwent surgery, of whom five had resolution of their presenting complaint. Four of these patients were continent at last follow-up. Conclusions Transvaginally placed pubovaginal slings using bone anchors can be associated with serious complications that may be intractable to common therapies. This knowledge may enable practitioners who use this technique to better counsel their patients regarding these significant complications.
Factors Predicting Dating Violence Perpetration Among Male and Female College Students

This study examined the importance of witnessing parental violence, experiencing childhood violence, problems with alcohol, length of relationship, relationship satisfaction, anger management skills, and partner's use of physical and psychological aggression for male and female perpetrators of dating violence in college. For males, partner's use of physical aggression, low anger management skills, and high relationship satisfaction were the strongest predictors of physical aggression. For females, partner's uses of physical and psychological aggression were the most important predictors of their use of physical aggression. The model in this study was a good predictor of male violence, accounting for 81% of the variance; however, it only accounted for 51% of the variance in female violence.
Need Achievement, Need Affiliation, and Perception of Laterality in other People

Summary.-A new variable, strategies in judging laterality of others, is proposed. 50 female undergraduates who visualized their own body turns ("rotators") in judging which hand was elevated by the facing examiner scored higher on EPPS need Achievement than females using an "opposite-hand" strategy (n = 65 ) . Rotators' relative ego-centeredness was suggested. Need affiliation was associated with insignif~cant results but in the predicted direction. Time metaphor and color preferences, although related to need Achievement in the literature, were unrelated to perception of laterality. The responses of 83 males showed no significant differences on any of the measures. When we perceive our own right- and left-sidedness it is a facet of immediate body awareness and normally requires no calculation. When we perceive laterality in persons facing us, however, it is necessary to use some conceptual device in order to make correct judgments. Informal questioning showed that typically individuals either imagined their own bodies rotated 180' or else observed that geometrically, the hand opposite one person's right must be the other person's left. What could account for the choice of strategy since both methods are effective? Past perceptual and developmental research offers no hint. The only source which even mentions the problem of dual technique is a passing comment by Gordon (1923, p. 284). The literature is not concerned with factors determining alternate paths to accurate judgment but primarily with the reasons for failure as such. Thus, the perceiver may be too young (Piaget, 1926), suffer from aphasia (Head, 1920), Gerstmann's syndrome (Gerstmann, 1924), or reading disability (Belmont & Birch, 1965). In a more difficult awareness-of-laterality task (Culver, et al., 1964) field-independent Ss were better at recognizing left and right isolated body parts than were field-dependent Ss. Wapner and Cirillo ( 1968) sketched the strategies leading to error (transposition, mirroring) but offered no data on the strategies leading to success.
Migraine: migraine with aura increases the risk of stroke.

Migraine—in particular, migraine with aura—seems to confer an increased risk of ischemic stroke and might also be linked with other cardiovascular events. Findings from a new meta-analysis support the former association; however, insufficient data exist to conclude whether this type of headache increases the risk of nonstroke cardiovascular disease.
Real-time quantitative elemental analysis and mapping : microchemical imaging in cell physiology

SUMMARY Recent advances in widely available microcomputers have made the acquisition and processing of digital quantitative X-ray maps of one to several cells readily feasible. Here we describe a system which uses a graphics-based microcomputer to acquire spectrally filtered X-ray elemental image maps that are fitted to standards, to display the image in real time, and to correct the post-acquisition image map with regard to specimen drift. Both high-resolution quantitative energy-dispersive X-ray images of freeze-dried cyrosections and low-dose quantitative bright-field images of frozen-hydrated sections can be acquired to obtain element and water content from the same intracellular regions. The software programs developed, together with the associated hardware, also allow static probe acquisition of data from selected cell regions with spectral processing and quantification performed on-line in real time. In addition, the unified design of the software program provides for off-line processing and analysing by several investigators at microcomputers remote from the microscope. The overall experimental strategy employs computer-aided imaging, combined with static probes, as an essential interactive tool of investigation for biological analysis. This type of microchemical microscopy facilitates studies in cell physiology and pathophysiology which focus on mechanisms of ionic (elemental) compartmentation, i.e. structure-function correlation at cellular and subcellular levels; it allows investigation of intracellular concentration gradients, of the heterogeneity of cell responses to stimuli, of certain fast physiological events in vivo at ultrastructural resolution, and of events occurring with low incidence or involving cell-to-cell interactions.
Duration and type of therapy for diabetes: Impact on cardiac risk stratification with stress electrocardiographic-gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging

Stress electrocardiogram(ECG)-gated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging is highly effective in risk stratification of diabetic patients for adverse cardiac events. While patients with diabetes are predisposed to a more aggressive progression of vascular disease, the impact of its duration and type of therapy on risk stratification are unknown. From the Hartford Hospital Nuclear Cardiology clinical database, 886 diabetic patients who underwent exercise or pharmacologic stress ECG-gated SPECT were identified, with complete follow-up regarding the occurrence of adverse cardiac events and information regarding the duration of diabetes and the type of therapy (insulin vs oral medication only) at the time of testing. Images were interpreted using the American College of Cardiology/ASNC standard 17-segment scoring model. Of the 886 diabetic patients, 98 (11%) suffered cardiac death or non-fatal myocardial infarction during follow-up (2.5 ± 1.6 years). A receiver operator characteristics curve demonstrated that diabetes ≥10 years in duration provided the maximal sum of sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of adverse cardiac outcomes. Multivariate analysis identified the following as independent predictors of adverse outcome: Post-stress ejection fraction (EF) 10 years (P = .038), summed stress score (SSS) >8 (P = .046). For patients with an SSS >8, diabetes duration and type of therapy significantly enhanced risk stratification. Similar findings emerged for patients with a post-stress EF <40%. For diabetic patients undergoing stress ECG-gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, disease duration and type of therapy provide independent and incremental prognostic information. Integration of these variables with this cardiovascular imaging technology significantly enhances cardiac risk stratification.
An Arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane proton pump is essential for pollen development.

The plasma membrane proton pump (H+-ATPase) found in plants and fungi is a P-type ATPase with a polypeptide sequence, structure, and in vivo function similar to the mammalian sodium pump (Na+, K+-ATPase). Despite its hypothetical importance for generating and maintaining the proton motive force that energizes the carriers and channels that underlie plant nutrition, genetic evidence for such a central function has not yet been reported. Using a reverse genetic approach for investigating each of the 11 isoforms in the Arabidopsis H+-ATPase (AHA) gene family, we found that one member, AHA3, is essential for pollen formation. A causative role for AHA3 in male gametogenesis was proven by complementation with a normal transgenic gene and rescue of the mutant phenotype back to wild type. We also investigated the requirement for phosphorylation of the penultimate threonine, which is found in most members of the AHA family and is thought to be involved in regulating catalytic activity. We demonstrated that a T948D mutant form of the AHA3 gene rescues the mutant phenotype in knockout AHA3 plants, but T948A does not, providing the first in planta evidence in support of the model in which phosphorylation of this amino acid is essential.
Nerve lesions about the shoulder.

Nerve lesions involving the shoulder joint complex are often difficult to diagnose and manage for a number of reasons: 1The requirement for global mobility and stability of this complex complicates the understanding of not only the pathokinesiology, but also the normal kinesis. 12,19,47 2Shoulder problems are common, and there is a tendency to identify common causes for them. Nerve lesions are relatively uncommon, so that the tendency is to invoke more common explanations, which may be incorrect. 3The presenting signs and symptoms may arise at a site or organ system away from the shoulder (i.e., the neck, chest, or abdomen). 4Because the area is traversed by the nerves and vessels that supply the upper limb, the symptoms of local abnormalities of the shoulder may be appreciated further distally in the arm and hand, complicating recognition. 5Generalized conditions may impose additional difficulties in differential diagnosis. 6Delays in correct identification of the nature of the lesion and institution of a rational treatment plan may contribute to permanent contractures or other soft tissue changes, such as capsular laxity, that may persist despite ultimate restoration of neurologic function.
Object mosaicking: Reconstruction of moving objects captured through a limited view

There had been significant research on background mosaic or sprite generation in the past. In some application domains such as surveillance, the complete view of an object might be of interest rather than the background scene. In this paper, we present object mosaicking for reconstruction of a moving object from its partial views due to limited view or object occlusion. Object mosaicking may play important role in identification and tracking of objects and face recognition. Our algorithm has three steps: automatic rectangular boundary detection, elimination of static temporal texture, and application of mosaic generation algorithms with varying blending methods. We have applied our object mosaicking on three sets of video objects and obtained promising results for object mosaicking.
Patient preference for self-collected cultures for group B streptococcus in pregnancy

To determine pregnant women's preference for self-culture technique, 251 women between 24 and 42 weeks' gestation were interviewed after performing self-collected cultures (vaginal and rectal) for group B streptococcus. Patient receptiveness to self-culture, the ability to perform self-culture, and the desire for choice in the future were derived using the Patient Preference Tool. The majority of women (77%, n = 194) gave positive descriptions of self-culture technique, and the majority of women preferred self-culture technique over nurse-collected sampling (57%, n = 142). Seventy-nine percent (n = 197) stated their desire to have a choice about self-culture in the future when similar testing was needed, and 89% (n = 224) believed that other women would also like this choice. Additionally, patient samples were highly correlated with nurse-collected samples for accuracy of culture results. This study provides data supporting that women desire active participation in their care.
Clinical and neuropathological findings in systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of vasculitis, heart emboli, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

We reviewed the medical records and autopsy reports of 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus to determine the clinical and neuropathological features of this disease. Neuropsychiatric disturbances were found in the majority (74%) of the patients, occurring as psychiatric illness only (5 patients), neurological idsorders only (15 patients), and both together (17 patients). Central nervous system (CNS) lesions were present in half the patients; embolic brain infarcts (10 patients) and CNS infections (8 patients) were the most common. Cardiac sources of emboli were Libman-Sacks endocarditis (5 patients), chronic valvulitis (2 patients), and left side of heart mural thrombus (2 patients). There was no evidence of active CNS vasculitis. Clinical features of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) developed during the terminal illness in 14 patients, 7 of whom also had pathological evidence of TTP. Correlation between neuropsychiatric disorders and brain lesions could be made in approximately half the patients. This study indicates that cardiac emboli from Libman-Sacks endocarditis and TTP are common pathogenetic factors of CNS disease in systemic lupus erythematosus, whereas CNS vasculitis is rare.
One-Year Follow-Up of Survivors of a Mass Shooting

OBJECTIVE: This report describes a 1-year follow-up study of survivors of a mass shooting incident. Acute-phase data from this incident were previously reported in this journal. METHOD: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement was used to assess 136 survivors at 1–2 months and again a year later, with a 91% reinterview rate. RESULTS: In the acute postdisaster period, 28% of subjects met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 18% of subjects qualified for another active psychiatric diagnosis. At follow-up, 24% of subjects reported a history of postdisaster PTSD (17% were currently symptomatic), and 12% another current psychiatric disorder. Half (54%) of all 46 individuals identified as having had PTSD at either interview were recovered at follow-up, and no index predictors of recovery were identified. There were no cases of delayed-onset PTSD (beyond 6 months). Considerable discrepancy in identified PTSD cases was apparent between index and follow-up. Inconsistency in reporting...
Graphene Thin Films on Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites for Improved Fire Retardancy

Because of the high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios, the fiber-reinforced epoxy composites are the most common materials for many industrial applications. Nevertheless, these engineered materials can lose their properties when subjected to the high moisture, UV light and temperatures through oxidation and other decomposition processes. In order to minimize the weakness of the epoxy composites, graphene thin films were fabricated after the acid treatment process, and then applied onto the surface of fiber reinforced epoxy composites to act as heat shields. The 45 degree burn tests and surface paint adhesion tests were conducted on the prepared samples in accordance with the guidelines of the FAA Regulations, ASTM, SAE, and AMS specifications. The test results revealed significant improvements on the flame retardancy of the composites by incorporating graphene oxide thin films. Overall, this study may improve the fire resistance properties of the composites for different high temperature applications of composites.© 2014 ASME
Diagrammatics of gauge transformations for general gauge theories

The diagrammatic combinatorics of gauge transformations for arbitrary gauge theories is presented. It is possible to define a systematic and simple procedure for transforming a given graph in one gauge into an equivalent sum of graphs in another gauge. This diagrammatic technique is inspired by a simpler path-integral proof of gauge invariance than that developed by Faddeev and Popov. The method advocated requires the formulation of the diagrammatic counterpart to a change of variables for functional integrals. Applying this to gauge theories, ghost determinants are seen to arise through the Jacobian of a gauge-transformation change of variables. Examining the axial-Landau connection, it is shown that gauge-invariant quantities are independent of how the (1/k/sup 3/)/sup 2/ singularity is defined for the axial bare propagator; however, gauge-variant quantities require a principal-value prescription.
Linguistic versus attentional influences on nonlinguistic categorization in 15-month-old infants

Abstract Why linguistic input facilitates nonlinguistic categorization is frequently explained in terms of children's attention to uniquely linguistic forms such as words. However, whether this facilitation is rooted in the children's attention to word forms very early in lexical learning has not been examined directly. A previous experiment (Roberts & Cuff, 1989) provided a set of conditions under which 15-month-olds did not successfully categorize in the absence of linguistic input. The two experiments reported here replicate Roberts and Cuff (1989) exactly, with the exception that either language (Experiment 1) or instrumental music (Experiment 2) was provided as accompanying input. Infants in both experiments successfully categorized and significantly increased attention during habituation. Although directly documenting the influence of language on categorization prior to the “vocabulary explosion,” this influence does not appear attributable to the presence of word forms. Instead, factors common to language and music (e.g., attention-getting properties or factors influencing attention) may facilitate nonlinguistic categorization at the beginnings of word learning.
Predictive control algorithms using biological signals for active relative motion canceling in robotic assisted heart surgery

Robotics technology promises an enhanced way of performing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. In the robotic-assisted CABG surgery, surgeon performs the operation with intelligent robotic instruments controlled through teleoperation in place of conventional surgical tools. The robotic tools actively cancel the relative motion between the surgical instruments and the point-of-interest on the beating heart, in contrast to traditional off-pump CABG where the heart is passively constrained to dampen the beating motion. As a result, the surgeon operates on the heart as if it were stationary. This algorithm is called active relative motion canceling (ARMC). In this paper, the use of biological signals, such as electrocardiogram (ECG), to achieve better motion canceling in the model-based intelligent ARMC algorithm is proposed. An ECG contains records for the electrical activity of the heart, which forms a series of waves and complexes. Real time identification of these waves and complexes improve the estimation of the future heart motion and improve the performance of the ARMC algorithm. Finally, the experimental results of the algorithm implemented on a 3-DOF robotic test-bed system are reported
Vertebrate Burrows from Triassic and Jurassic Continental Deposits of North America and Antarctica: Their Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Significance

Comparisons of recently identified Triassic and Jurassic continental trace fossils in North America and Antarctica to modern mammal and reptilian burrows facilitate the identification and interpretation of the ancient burrows as vertebrate in origin, indicating advanced behaviors. Hollow, bowl-shaped depressions in the Petrified Forest Member of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, are interpreted as nest-holes constructed possibly by phytosaurs, aeotosaurs, turtles, or rauisuchians. Large-diameter, multiple-branching, and interconnected burrows in the Owl Rock Member of the Chinle Formation in southeastern Utah are tentatively interpreted as vertebrate burrows indicating communal behavior. Complex, large-diameter burrows in the Salt Wash Member of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation near the Henry Mountains in southern Utah are interpreted as burrow systems of fossorial mammals. Large-diameter, gently dipping, simple, subhorizontal burrows in the Salt Wash Mem...
An alternate line erasure and readout (ALER) method for implementing slot-scan imaging technique with a flat-panel detector-initial experiences

This paper describes and demonstrates an electronic collimation method, referred to as the alternate line erasure and readout (ALER) technique, for implementing slot-scan digital radiography technique with an amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistor (TFT) array based flat-panel detector. An amorphus selenium (a-Se) flat-panel detector was modified to implement the ALER technique for slot-scan imaging. A stepping-motor driven fore-collimator was mounted in front of an X-ray tube to generate a scanning X-ray fan beam. The scanning speed and magnification were adjusted to synchronize the fan beam motion with the image line readout rate. The image lines on the leading and trailing edges of the fan beam were tracked and alternately reset and read out, respectively. The former operation resulted in the erasure of the scatter signals accumulated in the leading edge image line prior to the arrival of the fan beam. The latter operation resulted in the acquisition of fan beam exposure data integrated in the trailing edge image line right after the fan beam passed. To demonstrate the scatter rejection capability of this technique, an anthropomorphic chest phantom was placed in PA position and scanned at a speed of 576 lines (8.0 cm)/s at 117 kVp and 32 mA. A tungsten bar is placed at the entrance side of the chest phantom to measure the scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR), scatter reduction factor (SRF), and contrast-to-noise ratio degradation factor (CNRDF) in the slot-scan images to evaluate the effectiveness of scatter rejection and the resultant improvement of image quality. SPR and CNRDF in the open-field images were also measured and used as the reference for comparison. A scatter reduction by 86.4 to 95.4% across lower lung and heart regions has been observed with slot-scan imaging. The CNRs have been found to be improved by a factor of 2 in the mediastinum areas over the open-field image as well.
Inferring crustal structure in the Aleutian island arc from a sparse wide-angle seismic data set

Compressional seismic travel times from a relatively sparse wide-angle data set hold key information on the structure of a 800 km long section of the central Aleutian arc. Since the source and receiver locations form a swath along the arc crest that is similar to50 km wide, we trace rays in 3-D for a collection of 8336 seismic refraction and reflection arrivals. We investigate variations in seismic velocity structure parallel to the Aleutian arc, assuming that our result represents average crustal structure across the arc. We explore seismic velocity models that consist of three crustal layers that exhibit smooth variations in structure in the 2-D vertical plane. We consider the influence of additional constraints and model parameterization in our search for a plausible model for Aleutian arc crust. A tomographic inversion with static corrections for island stations reduces the data variance of a 1-D starting model by 91%. Our best model has seismic velocities of 6.0-6.5 km/s in the upper crust, 6.5-7.3 km/s in the middle crust, and 7.3-7.7 km/s in the lower crust and a total crustal thickness of 35-37+/-1 km. A resolution analysis shows that features having a horizontal scale less than 20 km cannot be imaged, but at horizontal length scales of similar to50 km most model features are well resolved. The study indicates that the Aleutian island arc crust is thick compared to other island arcs and strongly stratified and that only the upper 60% of the arc crust has seismic velocities that are comparable to average seismic velocities in continental crust.
A vertically integrated tunable UHF filter

A novel, vertically integrated filter design is used to produce a tunable UHF filter in a polymer based substrate. The filter is a sub band of a widely tunable narrowband preselect filter array and makes use of unused substrate space within the array to increase the overall tuning range of the array while keeping the substrate volume constant. This paper will discuss the use of mixed three dimensional electromagnetic and SPICE simulation in the design of the tunable filter. The fabrication of the filter using standard PCB fabrication techniques will be described and measured performance of the filter will be compared to the simulated response. High inductor and capacitor Q's were required to meet insertion loss specifications over the entire tuning range of the filter. The design and simulation of vertically integrated coupled parallel plate inductors and the careful design of the combination of static capacitors and tuning varactors to achieve the desired tuning and filter response will be highlighted.
Comment on "Hierarchical Bayesian space-time interpolation versus spatio-temporal BME approach" by Hussain et al. (2010)

This is a clarifying comment regarding the article “Hierarchical Bayesian space-time interpolation versus spatiotemporal BME approach” (Hussain et al., 2010). In the article, the authors present a very interesting methodological study to compare the results obtained by the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) and hierarchical Bayesian interpolation (HBI) techniques in a spatiotemporal context. The study concludes in declaring HBI a more accurate contestant that also produces lower prediction error, compared to BME. BME began its development as a novel approach and an improvement in space-time analysis in the early 1990’s (Christakos, 1990, 1992, 2000). BME has a distinctive edge compared to the classical linear model predictive approaches because its foundations are free from restrictions and assumptions typically present in competing methods (e.g., data distribution assumptions, consideration of soft data as hard values, etc.), and it can incorporate a broader spectrum of information such as uncertain observations, probabilistic data, physical laws, etc. Naturally, like any consistent theory, BME includes pre-existing theories as its special cases. The article authors are clear, accurate and explicit in stating that they apply BME kriging in their study, that is, they apply the limited case of BME when it is mathematically reduced to the kriging classical technique. The above remark is at the heart of my comment: The article describes inaccurately the comparison as HBI versus BME, because the conclusions place the critique on the BME methodology in its entirety without having used any of the exclusive BME features (e.g., use of soft data, physical laws, non-linear prediction). To the informed reader, the article essentially illustrates a comparison between HBI and kriging applied through BME software. I think this clarification is necessary to prevent readers that are less familiarized with
Laboratory observations of the modulation of centimetric waves

The modulation of short wind-generated waves by long waves or swell is a critical aspect of the mechanics of water waves vis-a-vis the remote detection of long waves using real or synthetic aperture radars, of wind speed and direction using scatterometers, inter alia. Consequently, much effort has been devoted to the measurement of and parameterization of the modulation in terms of the complex modulation transfer function. Generally, the modulation is detected by radar and related to a particular wave number on the assumption that the dominant radar interaction with the surface is first order Bragg scattering. The use of radar in this application has the significant advantage that radars are wavelength selective and so the Doppler shifting of the frequencies does not compound the measurement as it does when waves are observed as time series of elevation at a point and interpreted as frequency spectra. On the other hand, a single radar can be used only in a narrow wavenumber range dependent on the sine of the angle of incidence between about 25 degrees and 70 degrees. Donelan et al. (1996) developed a method of analysis using wavelets that allows one to examine the wavenumber structure of the surface from arrays of wave staffs. Here we employ a similar approach using simultaneous point measurements of elevation and slopes in a wind-wave tank. This paper introduces the method and applies it to an exploration of the modulation of centimetric wind-generated waves by the passage of paddle generated swell.
First-principles study of resistance switching in rutile TiO 2 with oxygen vacancy

The electronic properties of defective rutile TiO2 with oxygen vacancy were studied by ab initio methods to understand resistance switching mechanism for non-volatile memory applications. Density functional theory calculations employing the Hubbard-U on-site correction to the local density approximation (LDA) were performed to determine the structural and electronic modifications introduced by oxygen vacancy formation in bulk TiO2. It has been found that introducing on-site Coulomb interaction between 2p electrons (Up) in addition to on-site Coulomb interaction between 3d electrons (Ud), a corrected description of the band gap state induced by the oxygen vacancy is obtained. The calculated band gap energy within the LDA+Ud+p method is in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 3.0 eV. We find that the oxygen vacancy produces a defect state within the band gap. This state is occupied by two electrons that are highly localized on Ti 3d orbitals of the nearest Ti atoms to the vacancy. The defect state is not a shallow donor, but a deep level at ~0.7 eV below the conduction band edge, indicating that the electron doping at room temperature is not favorable. The atomic relaxation effects are mainly on the Ti and O atoms in the immediate vicinity of the vacancy, however the induced displacements are rather small. The electrons localize on Ti after vacancy creation, and therefore a spatial electronic charge redistribution is observed. This change in electronic density around the vacancy increases the possibility of electron hopping in multi-vacancy systems that align to form a conductive path and ultimately lead to the low resistance state.
Retinoids--"differentiation agents" for cancer treatment and prevention.

ABSTRACT The ability of vitamin A and its derivatives to induce differentiation in certain target tissues has been appreciated for nearly a century. Recently, oral all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a vitamin A metabolite, has been shown to induce terminal differentiation of leukemic cells in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Complete remissions are obtained and normal hematopoiesis is established in an outpatient setting with minimal side effects in the majority of cases. Although remissions are not durable, disseminated intravascular coagulation, a frequent complication of remission induction in APL, is avoided by oral ATRA prior to definitive chemotherapy. The molecular basis for the efficacy of ATRA in APL appears to be the involvement of the retinoic acid receptor a locus in the t(15;17) translocation breakpoint characteristic of APL.
Fear Not the IME

The independent medical examination (IME) is a process that makes many fellows and medical toxicologists alike uncomfortable. Many of those who perform IMEs on a regular basis believe it is our responsibility as medical toxicologists to provide much needed expertise in this field. Additionally, as the tides carrying poison center and toxicology service funding ebb, the IME remains one of several possible alternative income sources. In an effort to help facilitate improved understanding and comfort with this topic, I elicited the assistance of several physicians who regularly perform the IME.
Caenorhabditis elegans pathways that surveil and defend mitochondria

A genome-wide RNA interference screen in Caenorhabditis elegans identifies 45 genes with roles in protective pathways following drug- and genetic-disruption-induced mitochondrial inhibition. Damage to mitochondria, the cellular organelles that generate energy through respiration, triggers various protective programs, but little is known about the signalling pathways that monitor mitochondrial function and couple it to protective measures. Through a genome-wide RNA interference screen in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Gary Ruvkun and colleagues identify 45 genes involved in upregulating the protective pathways following drug-mediated and genetic disruptions to mitochondria. Pathways affected by these genes and linked to surveillance include biosynthesis of the signalling lipid ceramide, and the mevalonate pathway (inhibited by the cholesterol-lowering statins). Mitochondrial function is challenged by toxic by-products of metabolism as well as by pathogen attack1,2. Caenorhabditis elegans normally responds to mitochondrial dysfunction with activation of mitochondrial-repair, drug-detoxification and pathogen-response pathways1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Here, from a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen, we identified 45 C. elegans genes that are required to upregulate detoxification, pathogen-response and mitochondrial-repair pathways after inhibition of mitochondrial function by drug-induced or genetic disruption. Animals defective in ceramide biosynthesis are deficient in mitochondrial surveillance, and addition of particular ceramides can rescue the surveillance defects. Ceramide can also rescue the mitochondrial surveillance defects of other gene inactivations, mapping these gene activities upstream of ceramide. Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway, either by RNAi or statin drugs, also disrupts mitochondrial surveillance. Growth of C. elegans with a significant fraction of bacterial species from their natural habitat causes mitochondrial dysfunction. Other bacterial species inhibit C. elegans defence responses to a mitochondrial toxin, revealing bacterial countermeasures to animal defence.
Registration of 'Alice' Wheat

Alice' (Reg. No. CV-1023, PI 644223) hard white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed by the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and released in 2006 to seed producers by the developing institution and the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station. Alice was selected from the cross 'Abilene' (PI 511307)/'Karl' (PI 527480) made in 1992 at Brookings, SD. Alice was selected as an F 4:5 line (F 4 -derived line in the F 5 generation) in 1997 and was assigned experimental line number SD97W609. Alice was released on the basis of its white grain color, earliness, excellent bread baking quality, good preharvest sprouting tolerance, and high yield performance in rainfed production systems in South Dakota and the northern Great Plains, including Nebraska. Alice was named to honor Alice Wright, administrative assistant for the South Dakota Wheat Commission for 23 yr.
Nonlinear evolution of hydrodynamically unstable premixed flames

The nonlinear evolution of hydrodynamically unstable flames is studied numerically within the context of a hydrodynamic model, where the flame is confined to a surface separating the fresh mixture from the hot combustion products. The numerical scheme uses a variable-density Navier–Stokes solver in conjunction with a level-set front-capturing technique for the numerical treatment of the propagating front. Unlike most previous studies that were limited to the weakly nonlinear Michelson–Sivashinsky equation valid for small density changes, the present work places no restriction on the density contrast and thus elucidates the effect of thermal expansion on flame dynamics. It is shown that the nonlinear development leads to corrugated flames with a transverse dimension that is significantly larger than the wavelength corresponding to the most amplified disturbance predicted by the linear theory, and which is determined by the overall size of the system. The flame structure consists of wide troughs and relatively narrow cusp-like crests, and propagates ‘steadily’ at a constant speed, larger than the speed of a planar flame. The propagation speed increases as the cells widen, but eventually reaches a constant value that remains independent of the mixture's composition and of the transverse length. The dependence of the incremental increase in speed on thermal expansion is found to be nearly linear; for realistic values of thermal expansion it may be as large as 15% to 20%. In sufficiently large domains the dynamics is found to be extremely sensitive to background noise that may result, for example, from weak turbulence. Small-scale wrinkles appear sporadically on the flame surface and travel along its surface, causing a significant increase in the overall speed of propagation, up to twice the laminar flame speed.
Obesity, Osteoarthritis and Pain

Objectives: To describe the linkage between pain, and obesity in the context of osteoarthritis. To propose a novel approach to reducing obesity associated with painful osteoarthritis.
Nostalgic longings, memories of the "Good War," and cinematic representations in Saving Private Ryan

–This essay focuses attention on some of the polysemic and polyvalent dimensions of Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan. The author argues that this film needs to be viewed as an intertextual fragment, where audiences, rhetors, and critics co-produce their interpretations of the rhetorical meaning of D-Day and the “Good War.” The essay advances the argument that critical memory studies help us understand how various representations and absences in the film allow for a number of different nostalgic and oppositional readings of the film. Because of the ambiguous nature of this cinematic representation, both supporters and detractors could claim that this was a realistic film that supported their own views on warfare.
Greyness of process colors

A method of measuring and comparing the greyness (unwanted spectral absorptions) of process colorants has been developed. The method uses the 1976 CIELAB color space and, in effect, makes a chromatic match of a trial colorant with a reference Cromalin®‡ color and then calculates greyness from the difference of their values of CIE 1976 lightness L*.
REDOR-Determined Distances from Heterospins to Clusters of13C Labels

Abstract The use of rotational-echo double resonance NMR to measure distances from an observed tightly coupled cluster of 13 C spins to a distant 15 N, 31 P, or 19 F is practical if all homonuclear 13 C– 13 C dipolar interactions are suppressed by multiple-pulse decoupling during heteronuclear dipolar evolution. This scheme is first calibrated by experiments performed on multiply labeled alanines and then applied in the measurement of 19 F– 13 C distances in p -trifluoromethylphenyl [1,2- 13 C 2 ]acetate.
Variation in the effective richardson constant of metal—GaAs and Metal—InP contacts due to the effect of processing parameters

The value of experimental Richardson constant (A*) is found to be a function of metal film thickness, type of the metal, method of deposition, and condition of semiconductor prior to metal deposition. In the case of Al and W on GaAs, the value of A* is found higher than the theoretical value. However, as the film thickness increases, the value of A* decreases. The larger value of A* is related to electrically active defects at the interface produced during sputtering. Filament evaporation results in smaller values for A*. In the case of WSi0.6 the presence of Si affects the value of A*. For InP, the value of A* is found smaller than the theoretical value. For both GaAs and InP, the value of A* increases when the semiconductor is annealed prior to metal deposition. This increase is significant in the case of InP.
Photochemically induced production of CH3Br, CH3I, C2H5I, ethene, and propene within surface snow at Summit, Greenland

Abstract Measurements at Summit, Greenland, performed from June–August 1999, showed significant enhancement in concentrations of several trace gases in the snowpack (firn) pore air relative to the atmosphere. We report here measurements of alkenes, halocarbons, and alkyl nitrates that are typically a factor of 2–10 higher in concentration within the firn air than in the ambient air 1–10 m above the snow. Profiles of concentration to a depth of 2 m into the firn show that maximum values of these trace gases occur between the surface and 60 cm depth. The alkenes show highest pore mixing ratios very close to the surface, with mixing ratios in the order ethene>propene>1-butene. Mixing ratios of the alkyl iodides and alkyl nitrates peak slightly deeper in the firn, with mixing ratios in order of methyl>ethyl>propyl. These variations are likely consistent with different near-surface photochemical production mechanisms. Diurnal mixing ratio variations within the firn correlate well with actinic flux for all these gases, with a temporal offset between the solar maximum and peak concentrations, lengthening with depth. Using a snow-filled chamber under constant flow conditions, we calculated production rates for the halocarbons and alkenes that ranged between 103–105 and 106 molecules cm−3 s−1, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that photochemistry associated with the surface snowpack environment plays an important role in the oxidative capacity of the local atmospheric boundary layer, and influences post-depositional chemistry, which in turn may affect the interpretation of certain aspects of the ice core records collected previously at Summit.
Effective Lagrangian with Two Color Singlet Gluon Fields

An effective Lagrangian with scalar and pseudoscalar ''matter'' fields as well as scalar and pseudoscalar (gauge-invariant) color-singlet gluon fields is constructed. It is a representation of quantum chromodynamics in that it has the same symmetry structure as that theory. The present model is a generalization of a one- (pseudoscalar) gluon-field effective Lagrangian which compactly summarizes the results of the 1/N/sub c/ approximation, gives a simple picture for the ''U(1) problem,'' and essentially reduces to a type of generalized sigma model. The new feature here is that, in addition to the chiral-anomaly equation, the trace-anomaly equation is automatically fulfilled. This gives a framework for discussion of the properties of a 0/sup +/ color-singlet gluon field. The model may be formulated either so that this field is eliminated by a constraint equation or so that it is associated with a physical particle. Probably, experiment is the best way at present of deciding between the two possibilities. A number of possibilities for further generalization of the effective Lagrangian, including a hint of a possible connection with the ''confinement'' problem, are mentioned.
The Growth of Denominational Bureaucracies: A Neglected Aspect of American Church History *

I invite your attention this morning to a problem in Church History that has thus far been most inadequately addressed by scholars. It is the development of ecclesiastical bureaucracies by Protestant denominations in this country. These bureaucracies are major realities of institutional religion in our day, which our M.Div. students will be dealing with all through their professional careers. Yet as a field for historical investigation, this is an almost entirely neglected subject. Our students may argue at length over theological issues like the doctrine of God; or will study with surprising enthusiasm the christological controversies of the ancient church; or will debate the role of the church in current social issues. In courses in Applied Theology they will talk at length about the local church as community, and the role of the minister as he or she interacts with lay members in the pews. But extraparochial structures are seldom looked at with any care. Their behavior may be criticized when ministerial settlement does not proceed rapidly enough, but the rationale for their existence is not examined. To state it in theological terms, theological analysis has paid little attention to a doctrine of the church that seems to have anything much to say about these institutions, how they came into being and why they have taken the shape and form that they have.