cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling friction and air effects between cloth and deformable bodies

Real-world cloth exhibits complex behaviors when it contacts deformable bodies. In this paper, we study how to improve the simulation of cloth-body interactions from three perspectives: collision, friction, and air pressure. We propose an efficient and robust algorithm to detect the collisions between cloth and deformable bodies, using the surface traversal technique. We develop a friction measurement device and we use it to capture frictional data from real-world experiments. The derived friction model can realistically handle complex friction properties of cloth, including anisotropy and nonlinearity. To produce pressure effects caused by the air between cloth and deformable bodies, we define an air mass field on the cloth layer and we use real-world air permeability data to animate it over time. Our results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of our system in simulating objects with a three-layer structure (i.e., a cloth layer, an air layer, and an inner body layer), such as pillows, comforters, down jackets, and stuffed toys.
Rawls on hiroshima: An inquiry into the morality of the use of atomic weapons in August 1945

An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki three days later. At least eight nations now have the capacity to deliver atomic bombs, and the threat of proliferation is recognized as a major problem facing the community of nations. Although after the end of World War II, the further use of atomic weapons came to be considered morally problematic, nevertheless, in the interest of deterrence and national defense, the Soviet Union and the United States manufactured a large number and variety of them. Their immense destructive power raises ethical questions about their use in just wars that are not raised about other types of weapons. The bombing of the two Japanese cities not only brought the war against Japan to an end, but it has also produced a debate about its morality that still continues. In 1995, John Rawls, already well known for his Theory of Justice, published in Dissent “Fifty Years after Hiroshima” in which he concluded that “both the fire-bombing of Japanese cities beginning in the Spring of 1945 and the later atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6 were very great wrongs” (CP, 565). In the remarks that follow, I intend to show that this conclusion remains as doubtful today as it did in August 1945 even after the disclosure of numerous new documents and materials and the publication of many books and articles questioning Truman’s decision to drop the bomb.
Optimal distribution of catalyst for a case involving heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions

The effect of axial distribution of a fixed amount of catalyst on the performance of an isothermal reactor, in which both heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions occur, is investigated. Analytical solutions for first-order reactions reveal that a uniform axial distribution of catalyst is optimal, except for the case of negligible mass transfer resistance when all catalyst distributions give the same result. In cases where the catalyst enhances the rate of homogeneous reaction, the competition between the heterogeneous reaction and the enhanced homogeneous reaction leads to an optimal step-width, whose size and location depend on the values of the physicochemical parameters.
Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy.

Purpose: To review the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy, their clinical manifestations, and their management. Data Sources: Studies published from 1963 to 199...
The Changing Epidemiology of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Patients with HIV/AIDS in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy

The impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on opportunistic conditions in HIV patients continues to evolve. We specifically studied the changing epidemiology of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in 215 HIV/AIDS patients. Status of yeast colonization was assessed from oral rinse samples, and preliminary yeast identification was made using CHROMagar Candida and confirmed with standard microbiological techniques and/or molecular sequencing. Susceptibility to fluconazole was determined by CHROMagar Candida agar dilution screening and CLSI broth microdilution. 176 (82%) patients were colonized and 59 (27%) patients had symptomatic OPC. Candida albicans was the most prevalent species, though C. glabrata and C. dubliniensis were detected in 29% of isolates. Decreased fluconazole susceptibility occurred in 10% of isolates. Previous ART reduced the risk of OPC, while smoking increased the risk of colonization. Oral yeast colonization and symptomatic infection remain common even with advances in HIV therapy. C. albicans is the most common species, but other yeasts are prevalent and may have decreased susceptibility to fluconazole.
Antenna chemistry with metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes.

We show that, when subjected to microwave fields, surfactant-stabilized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) develop polarization potentials at their extremities that readily drive electrochemical reactions. In the presence of transition metal salts with high oxidation potential (e.g., FeCl3), SWNTs drive reductive condensation to metallic nanoparticles with essentially diffusion-limited kinetics in a laboratory microwave reactor. Using HAuCl4, metallic particles and sheaths deposit regioselectively at the SWNT tips, yielding novel SWNT-metal composite nanostructures. This process is shown to activate exclusively metallic SWNTs; a degree of diameter selectivity is observed using acceptors with different oxidation potentials. The reaction mechanism is shown to involve Fowler-Nordheim field emission in solution, where electric fields concentrate at the SWNT tips (attaining ∼10 9 V/m) due to the SWNT high aspect ratio (∼1000) and gradient compression in the insulating surfactant monolayer. Nanotube antenna chemistry is remarkably simple and should be useful in SWNT separation and fractionation processes, while the unusual nanostructures produced could impact nanomedicine, energy harvesting, and synthetic applications.
SU-FF-T-162: Significance of RBE Optimization in Proton Radiotherapy and Its Impact in the Low Energy Treatment Case

Purpose: Current treatment planning systems use a constant Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) value of 1.1 for protonradiotherapy treatments ‐ irrespective of the tumor volume, location, tissue type, initial energy of the proton beam or dose/fraction. However, research shows that the RBE value is not constant and it increases significantly in particular, over the distal falloff region of the Bragg peak. Uncertainty associated with both the calculation and effect of dose delivered to the tumor region compels physicians to consider a relatively larger Clinical Treatment Volume (CTV). This error margin may be reduced by incorporating appropriate variable RBE corrections and thereby facilitating optimization of the CTV. Method and Materials: In order to most effectively make use of this treatment modality, we suggest it is important to adopt biological cellular dose response models for tumors for implementation into treatment planning systems. An RBE model based on the existing Microdosimetric‐Kinetic (MKM) based model with a modification in one of its parameters namely beta(p), in the high LET range (20–33 keV per micrometer) can be used for the calculation of biological dose.Results: The described model is able to calculate the biological dose distribution of the clinical proton energies, taking into consideration both the physical and biological parameters of the incoming beam line and tissue type. The models accuracy in RBE calculations and computational speed makes it convenient for implementation purposes. Conclusions: The existing MKM based RBE model, making use of both the linear quadratic and track structure models, is a viable candidate for high energy (>70 MeV) treatments. Similarly, a modified version of this MKM based model has to be used for low energy (∼up to 70 MeV) applications, such as the treatment of ocular tumors.
Computation of member stiffness in the design of bolted joints

In designing bolted connections in machinery applications, it is necessary to estimate the stiffness of the clamped members. The method of Wileman et al. (Wileman, J., Choudhury, M., and Green, I., 1991, ASME J. of Mech. Des., 113, pp. 432-437) has become a standard approach to estimating the member stiffness. In this method, finite element studies are used to estimate the stiffness of the clamped members of a single material type. In this paper, the studies performed by Wileman et al. (Wileman, J., Choudhury, M., and Green, I., 1991, ASME J. of Mech. Des., 113, pp. 432-437) are extended to include the case where the clamped members are of different material types. Results for a steel/ aluminum joint are presented in detail; and a generalized technique for estimating the member stiffness for any material combination is derived. The method developed in this brief is shown to provide accurate estimates of member stiffness over a range of aspect ratios and joint compositions.
Improvement of the high-frequency performance of field effect transistors via employing a novel high-temperature electronic technique

This paper reports the effects of elevated temperatures on high-frequency/high-speed devices, particularly GaAs metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) and high-electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). A novel high-temperature electronic technique (HTET) that was employed to stabilize the performance of these devices at high temperatures will also be discussed. The HTET substantially reduced the leakage currents in the substrate, improved the output resistance and breakdown voltage. The HTET also aids in obtaining comparable gain, at elevated temperatures, to the gain obtained at room temperature. The high temperature effects on high-frequency/high-speed FETs and HTET have also been simulated using LIBRA. The simulation results show strong correlation with the experimental data.
Bifurcation and uniqueness in dynamics of elastic-plastic continua

Abstract A sufficient condition is established for uniqueness of the dynamic path (deformation process) of an elastic-plastic body subject to prescribed kinematic boundary conditions on a part of the surface and prescribed time-dependent Lagrangian tractions on the remainder. The body may be made of a general work hardening, elastic-plastic continuum having a large motion and finite deformation. A bifurcation criterion for dynamic plastic buckling problems is suggested and interpreted. The transition from the dynamic bifuraction criterion to Hill's quasi-static criterion is indicated.
Laparoscopic management of adhesive small bowel obstruction

The objective of this review is to present a current opinion on the management of small-bowel obstruction. The topic is limited to small-bowel obstruction secondary to postoperative adhesions. Other causes of small-bowel obstruction are not addressed. We attempt to give readers a concise insight into the evidence available in the English language literature. This paper does not offer a comprehensive review of the topic; rather it highlights some relevant issues and then outlines what role, if any, laparoscopic surgery should play in the management of adhesive small-bowel obstruction.
Molecular Identification of Nanoplanktonic Protists Based on Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequences for Ecological Studies

Nanoplanktonic protists are comprised of a diverse assemblage of species which are responsible for a variety of trophic processes in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Current methods for identifying small protists by electron microscopy do not readily permit both identification and enumeration of nanoplanktonic protists in field samples. Thus, one major goal in the application of molecular approaches in protistan ecology has been the detection and quantification of individual species in natural water samples. Sequences of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes have proven to be useful towards achieving this goal. Comparison of sequences from clone libraries of protistan SSU rRNA genes amplified from natural assemblages of protists by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to examine protistan diversity. Furthermore, oligonucleotide probes complementary to short sequence regions unique to species of small protists can be designed by comparative analysis of rRNA gene sequences. These probes may be used to either detect the RNA of particular species of protists in total nucleic acid extracts immobilized on membranes, or the presence of target species in water samples via in situ hybridization of whole cells. Oligonucleotide probes may also serve as primers for the selective amplification of target sequences from total population DNA by PCR. Thus, molecular sequence information is becoming increasingly useful for identifying and enumerating protists, and for studying their spatial and temporal distribution in nature. Knowledge of protistan species composition, abundance and variability in an environment can ultimately be used to relate community structure to various aspects of community function and biogeochemical activity.
The ACGME's 2011 changes to resident duty hours: are they an unfunded mandate on teaching hospitals?

Throughout America, teaching hospitals are struggling to meet the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education’s (ACGME) new resident duty-hour standards. Effective July 2011, the Common Program Requirements state that duty hours must be limited to 80 hours per week, averaged over a four-week period, including in-house call and moonlighting (although exceptions may be granted up to 88 hours “based on a sound educational rationale”). Residents must be scheduled for at least one duty-free day (without at-home call) every week, averaged over four weeks. Duty periods of interns must not exceed 16 hours. Upper level residents may be scheduled up to 24 hours of continuous duty, with up to four additional hours for transitions in care, but “strategic napping… is strongly suggested.” PGY-1 and intermediate-level residents must have eight duty-free hours between scheduled duty periods, and 14 duty-free hours after 24 hours of in-house duty. Residents must not be scheduled for more than six consecutive nights of night float, and higher level residents must be scheduled for in-house call no more frequently than every third night (averaged over four weeks). Finally, the ACGME mandated changes to the training environment to improve residents’ educational experience and to mitigate potential adverse effects of the duty-hour restrictions.1
On the formation of polyacetylenes and cyanopolyacetylenes in Titan's atmosphere and their role in astrobiology

This tutorial review compiles recent experimental and theoretical studies on the formation of polyacetylenes (H(CC)nH) and cyanopolyacetylenes (H(CC)nCN) together with their methyl-substituted counterparts (CH3(CC)nH, CH3(CC)nCN) as probed under single collision conditions in crossed beam studies via the elementary reactions of ethynyl (CCH) and cyano radicals (CN) with unsaturated hydrocarbons. The role of these key reaction classes in the chemical evolution of Titan's orange-brownish haze layers is also discussed. We further comment on astrobiological implications of our findings with respect to proto-Earth and present a brief outlook on future research directions.
Isokinetic strength characteristics in wrist flexion and extension

Abstract A laboratory experiment was conducted to measure strength characteristics in dynamic (isokinetic) wrist flexion and extension. Twenty four college-age males exerted their maximum torque in both concentric flexion and extension at 60, 120, and 180°/s of angular velocity through a ±60° range of deviation from wrist neutral. Results show that velocity and motion direction significantly effected both peak torque as well as the postural displacement of peak torque. The value of peak torque decreased with an increase in velocity and the wrist angle at peak torque generally moved to a more deviated, flexed posture (from neutral) with increasing velocity as well. Peak torque for all velocity and motion-type conditions tested occurred in a flexed posture relative to neutral. It is anticipated that these results may be of use as biomechanically based considerations in the evaluation and design of upper extremity tasks involving wrist flexion/extension as well as to perhaps give insight into functional characteristics of the wrist. Finally, regression equations were developed to aid in the prediction of peak torque based upon task, individual and/or population parameters. Relevance to industry Results from this study should enhance the overall understanding of wrist functioning. Specifically, motion type, velocity of movement and wrist posture are important ergonomic design considerations. These results can also be used to modify existing biomechanical models that do not consider wrist variables.
AsSIRTing the DNA damage response

In mammalian cells, changes in signaling networks and expressed proteins ensure the adequate detection and management of damaged macromolecules. Here, we review an emergent pathway of maintenance of homeostasis following genotoxic stress. The RNA-binding protein HuR associates with sirtuin (SIRT)1 mRNA and maintains constitutively elevated levels of SIRT1 protein, a deacetylase that elicits a prosurvival function. SIRT1 was recently shown to deacetylate the Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS1) protein, thereby rendering it phosphorylatable by ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM). A component of the MRN (MRE11–RAD50–NBS1) nuclease complex, NBS1 is crucial for sensing DNA damage and mounting a genotoxic response. This article covers the regulatory pathway of HuR→SIRT1→NBS1, through which post-transcriptional and post-translational effectors contribute to the maintenance of genomic integrity.
Cell Multiplication Rates During Development of the Primitive Cardiac Tube in the Chick Embryo

Cell Multiplication Rates During Development of the Primitive Cardiac Tube in the Chick Embryo
Amiodarone, thyroid hormone indexes, and altered thyroid function: long-term serial effects in patients with cardiac arrhythmias.

Amiodarone, a drug that has electrophysiologic actions resembling those of hypothyroidism, increases serum levels of T 4 and reverse T 3 (rT 3 ) and decreases T 3 . The drug's long-term effects on thyroid function are poorly defined. Serial thyroid hormone indexes in 76 patients given amiodarone for 6 to 32 months (mean ± standard deviation 16 ± 7) for arrhythmias were determined serially. Over this period, 68 patients (89%) remained euthyroid; hypothyroidism developed in 6 (8%) and hyperthyroidism developed in 2 (3%). In patients who remained euthyroid, thyroid hormone alterations attained steady-state values at 3 months: T 4 increased 42% (p 3 increased 172% (p 3 decreased 16% (p 4 was 5 to 19 μg/dl (normal 4 to 12), for T 3 36 to 163 ng/dl (normal 60 to 160), for rT 3 22 to 131 ng/dl (normal 15 to 50) and for thyroid stimulating hormone 0 to 14 μU/ml (normal 1 to 6). The changes in hormone indexes in hyperthyroid or hypothyroid patients were unrelated to the cumulative dose or duration of drug therapy. The most reliable diagnostic indexes for amiodarone-induced altered thyroid state were: thyroid stimulating hormone level over 20 μU for hypothyroidism and T 4 over 20 ng/dl or high T 3 over 200 ng/dl for hyperthyroidism. All levels were within the 90% tolerance limits derived for these hormones from patients remaining euthyroid on amiodarone long-term. The data provide the basis for diagnosis of abnormal thyroid function in patients with drug-induced changes in thyroid function tests due to amiodarone and suggest the need for baseline and periodic determinations of thyroid function tests during long-term amiodarone therapy.
Win-probabilities for regression models

Abstract This paper considers inferences concerning future observations for regression models. Specifically, the differences between future observations at two designated sets of input values are considered. Win-probabilities, which are the probabilities that one of the future observations will exceed the other, constitute a special case of this analysis. These win-probabilities, together with the more general inferences on the difference between the future observations, provide a useful and easily interpretable tool with which a practitioner can assess the information provided by the regression model, and can make decisions regarding which of the two designated sets of input values would be optimal. A multiple-linear-regression model is considered in detail, although the results can be applied to any regression model with normally distributed errors. Central and non-central t -distributions are used for the analysis, and several examples of the methodologies are presented.
Vitamin D Receptor–Dependent 1α,25(OH)2 Vitamin D3–Induced Anti-Apoptotic PI3K/AKT Signaling in Osteoblasts†‡

Osteoblast apoptosis plays a crucial role in bone remodeling. Physiological doses of 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1,25D) protect osteoblasts against apoptosis by means of mechanisms only partially understood. We studied activation of an Akt survival cascade downstream of 1,25D nongenomic stimulation of phosphatidylinositide-3′-kinase (PI3K) in osteoblastic cells. We measured a dose- and time-dependent 1,25D induction of Akt phosphorylation (p-Akt) in cultured osteoblastic cells. Maximal response was achieved with 10 nM 1,25D after 5 min. We found that staurosporine (STSP)-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in 1,25D-pretreated osteoblasts. 1,25D prosurvival effects were abolished when cells were preincubated with inhibitors of PI3K activation. By means of siRNA silencing, we proved that 1,25D induction of p-Akt requires a classic vitamin D receptor (VDR) in osteoblasts. Furthermore, non-osteoblastic CV-1 cells transfected with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-VDR construct responded to 1,25D treatment with a rapid p-Akt response associated with increased cell survival not detected in native, nontransfected cells. We measured increased levels of p-Akt substrates p-Bad and p-FKHR and significantly reduced activity of caspases 8 and 3/7 after 1,25D treatment. In addition, 1,25D-induced protection against apoptosis was abolished when osteoblasts were preincubated with pertussis toxin. We conclude that anti-apoptotic effects of 1,25D in osteoblasts occur through nongenomic activation of a VDR/PI3K/Akt survival pathway that includes phosphorylation of multiple p-Akt substrates and reduction of caspase activities.
A retrospective on design and process synthesis

We discuss the impact over the past 40 years of process systems thinking on the design of chemical processes. We first explore the rich set of issues related to process design, only some of which are technical. We then briefly examine simulation, optimization and more extensively process synthesis ideas as they relate to design. Throughout we note that this progress is inextricably linked with the development of computer technology.
Age- and gender-specific changes of hypocretin immunopositive neurons in C57Bl/6 mice

Loss of neurons or neuronal functions over time has been hypothesized to contribute to the dysregulation of autonomic functions observed in aging. In this study, we evaluated the total number of the hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin) immunopositive neurons in 100, 400, 800 and 1000-day-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice that are commonly used in aging studies in vertebrates. Males had 15-20% more hypocretin immunopositive neurons (HIN) than females at all ages examined. Neuronal number for both sexes was stable in the first 400 days of life, but started declining between 400 and 800 days with rates of approximately 1 neuron/day. The rate of loss doubled in males between 800 and 1000 days of age. The total average number of HIN for males was 2251+/-139 at 100 days, 2235+/-112 at 400 days, 1914+/-81 at 800 days, and 1596+/-301 at 1000 days. The total average number of HIN for females was 1805+/-76 at 100 days, 1887+/-118 at 400 days, and 1521+/-181 at 800 days. Evaluation of the time-dependent decline in the number of hypocretin immunopositive neurons may help to explain the physiological changes in sleep or energy homeostasis regulation during aging.
Cognitive differentiation as a function of information type and its relation to career choice

Abstract Although providing occupational information is a common vocational counseling practice, recent research has raised questions about the utility of such information. Cognitive differentiation (the ability to differentiate among job titles on 12 constructs) has been shown to be positively related to an “appropriate” career choice. Differentiation, however, appears to decrease as a function of traditional types of occupational information (e.g., Occupational Outlook Handbook , U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., 1980) . The present study investigated the hypothesis that information related to Holland personality characteristics of persons in various occupations would increase subjects' ability to differentiate among those job titles. One hundred fifty undeclared-major freshman undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of three condition groups: objective information, personality information, no information. All subjects were administered the Career Decision Scale and Cognitive Differentiation Grid. Results indicated that subjects receiving personality information exhibited a significantly greater degree of differentiation among careers than subjects receiving objective information. These results confirm the major hypothesis of the study and suggest that the provision of personality information may be more useful in promoting career choice than the types of information traditionally provided.
What Have We Learned from Cross‐Cultural Surveys?1

This is a review of cross-cultural surveys. The tasks and problems of such surveys are reviewed and a system of evaluating their validity is presented. Surveys of kinship have shown the validity of a developmental pattern in residence rules, descent rules, and kin terms; much has been learned about kin avoidances and much suggested about inheritance, marriage, and divorce patterns. Surveys of cultural evolution have established the validity of seven major elements of cultural evolution and firmly linked these to archeological findings; evolutionary links to several aspects of life style have also been shown or suggested. Many surveys have shown relationships between child training and adult behavior and between social settings and antisocial behavior, but the nature of the linkages remains largely unsettled. Unresolved too are most conflicts between rival modes of explanation of functional conundrums, such as puberty rites and unilateral cross-cousin marriage. Factor analyses of large trait matrices have shown the importance of at least five major factors.
OPEC and Venezuelan oil production: Evidence against a cartel hypothesis

Abstract This study revisits the OPEC cartel hypothesis using a case study. A test is conducted to see if Venezuela has its production Granger cause its OPEC quota or whether the OPEC quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. The results show both occur at different times. In the short run, OPEC’s oil production quota for Venezuela Granger causes Venezuelan production. However, shortly after cuts, Venezuela cheats on agreements, suggesting a tit-for-tat oligopoly game, which is not anti-competitive. In the long run, we show that Venezuelan oil production Granger causes OPEC’s quota for Venezuela, but not vice versa. Having Venezuelan oil production Granger cause OPEC quotas for Venezuela in the long run suggests OPEC does not coordinate outputs as much as it reacts to them. The evidence suggests Venezuela is not a part of an OPEC anti-competitive syndicate even though we show that Venezuelan oil production is low. An alternative explanation for why Venezuela and possibly other OPEC members have low oil production outputs is that institutions and risk aversion, not cartel participation, is the cause. A vector error correction model shows that there is no tendency for Venezuelan oil production to converge to OPEC’s quota for Venezuela.
Inhibition of allergen‐induced asthma by three forms of sodium cromoglycate

Summary The effect of three forms of sodium cromoglycate (SCG), 20 mg, on allergen-induced early asthmatic responses was examined in ten stable asthmatics. Dose response allergen inhalation tests were performed on five occasions at intervals of from 1 to 2 weeks to determine the provocation concentration producing a 20% reduction (PC20 allergen) in FEV1. Placebo was given before the first and the last tests to determine the reproducibility of responses to allergen over the study period; reduced responsiveness was observed in eight of the ten subjects. Major changes in levels-of specific serum antibodies of the IgE and IgG classes did not serve to explain the changes in bronchial responses although there was a trend which suggested IgG-related desensitization. The observed changes in bronchial responses and antibody levels illustrate the requirement for tests of reproducibility of responses by the use of placebo controls at the beginning and end of a series of allergen inhalation challenges. SCG as (i) a micronized powder with lactose, (ii) micropellets without lactose, or (iii) an aerosol, were inhaled double-blind, in random order, 5 min before the additional three allergen inhalation tests. PC20 allergen was reduced following SCG in seven subjects; the differences were statistically significant for the group. There was no observed difference in efficacy between the different forms of SCG. In this study, the efficacy of SCG could not be related to age, atopic status, the initial level of allergen-specific IgE antibody, baseline FEV1, level of bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine or an effect of SCG on responsiveness to histamine.
RECENT WORK BY BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGISTS

(1957). RECENT WORK BY BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGISTS. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 298-303.
A large family of compact radio sources in the starburst nucleus of NGC 253

Deep VLA maps of NGC 253 show that it has at least 35 compact radio sources similar to those in the prototypical IR starburst galaxy M82. It is noted that NGC 253 is a twin of M82 in IR spectrum and luminosity as well as distance. Some of the sources in M82 which are rapidly expanding and fading are believed to be extremely young supernova remnants. Most of the sources detected in NGC 253 are unresolved or only marginally resolved, with typical diameters no greater than 2-5 pc. If they are young supernova remnants expanding at 12,000 km/s, the source ages are no more than 160-400 yr. This requires a supernova rate of about 1/0.1 yr. If the compact radio sources are indeed young supernova remnants, star formation must have ceased shortly after the progenitors of the current supernovae were produced.
From the Crowd to the Competition: White Collegiate Athletes’ Response to Racism Directed at a Teammate of Color

News sources consistently report stories about issues of racism in athletics. Despite the prominence of these reports, few empirical studies have investigated how observers of racism respond to perpetrators in sport settings. In the present study, perpetrator of racism, type of sport played, and interracial contact on a team were analyzed to understand how White collegiate athletes respond to racism directed at a teammate of color. White collegiate athletes reacted to two vignettes and rated possible responses when witnessing a teammate of color experiencing racism during competition. Results showed that cooperative sport collegiate athletes endorsed more direct action against racism from an opposing player than individualistic sport collegiate athletes. Also, greater interracial contact on an athlete’s team related to decreased endorsement of redirection against racism from opposing fans. Further, athletes expressed significantly greater willingness to report racism from opposing fans than from an opposing player. Implications for how White collegiate athletes respond to racism during competition are discussed.
Bioavailability of slowly cycling soil phosphorus: major restructuring of soil P fractions over four decades in an aggrading forest

Although low solubility and slow cycling control P circulation in a wide range of ecosystems, most studies that evaluate bioavailability of soil P use only indices of short-term supply. The objective here is to quantify changes in P fractions in an Ultisol during the growth of an old-field pine forest from 1957 to 2005, specifically changes with organic P (Po) and with inorganic P (Pi) associated with Fe and Al oxides as well as Ca compounds. Changes in soil P were estimated from archived mineral soil samples collected in 1962 shortly after pine seedlings were planted, and on six subsequent occasions (1968, 1977, 1982, 1990, 1997, and 2005) from eight permanent plots and four mineral soil layers (0–7.5, 7.5–15, 15–35, and 35–60 cm). Despite the net transfer of 82.5 kg ha−1 of P from mineral soil into tree biomass and O horizons, labile soil P was not diminished, as indexed by anion exchange resins, and NaHCO3 and Mehlich III extractants. An absence of depletion in most labile P fractions masks major restructuring of soil P chemistry driven by ecosystem development. During 28 years of forest growth, decreases were significant and substantial in slowly cycling Po and Pi associated with Fe and Al oxides and Ca compounds, and these accounted for most of the P supplied to biomass and O horizons, and for buffering labile soil fractions as well. Changes in soil P are attributed to the P sink strength of the aggrading forest (at 2.9 kg ha−1 year−1 over 28 years); legacies of fertilization, which enriched slowly cycling fractions of Po and Pi; and the changing biogeochemistry of the soil itself.
Hyperglycemia in acutely ill patients.

MOST PHYSICIANS WILL ENcounter acutely ill patients who develop hyperglycemia. A third of all persons admitted to an urban general hospital had fasting glucose levels exceeding 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), or 2 or more random glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L); a third of those patients with hyperglycemia did not have a prior diagnosis of diabetes. Physicians often perceive hyperglycemia as a consequence of stress that runs parallel to the clinical course of an acute illness. Clinicians often start treatment of hyperglycemia only after glucose levels have exceeded 200 to 250 mg/dL (11-14 mmol/L). One reason for this is the perception that avoidance of hypoglycemia and its potential consequences is more important than glycemic control while patients are hospitalized. We discuss the evidence supporting the hyperglycemic milieu as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in the acutely ill patient with and without known diabetes, and we focus on the efficacy and safety of implementing tighter glycemic control for hospitalized patients.
Interrelationships among douching practices, risky sexual practices, and history of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases in an urban population.

Goals: To describe the interrelationships of douching, sex during menses, dry sex, and anal intercourse and their associations with self-reported history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Study Design: The authors interviewed by telephone 422 white Americans (WA) and 44 African Americans (AA) selected using random-digit dialing, and 135 AA selected from a listed sample of census tracks having a population of at least 40% AA. Results: After adjusting for lifetime numbers of vaginal sex partners, sex during menses was associated with self-reported history of chlamydial infection among women (WA: odds ratio [OR] = 3.9; confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 14.0; AA: OR = 1.6; CI: 0.6, 4.2). Anal sex was associated with self-reported history of genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis, and gonorrhea; douching with a twofold increase in self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease. Anal sex was most common in women with a history of same- and opposite-sex partners. Conclusions: These data confirm the association of douching and anal sex with various STD and suggest that sex during menses is associated with chlamydial infection.
What drives people to drink? Interpreting the effect of urban living on the use and abuse of alcohol

Abstract Drinking has become a serious problem for as many as 15 million Americans. Previous research on this subject has shown that urban living is often strongly correlated with problem drinking, although the underlying causes are not well understood. This paper attempts to shed some light on these causes by identifying factors that are associated with a variety of indices of problem drinking. These relationships are examined in the context of four alternative models of alcohol use and abuse: these are a ‘blaming the victim model’; a ‘social opportunities model’; a ‘cultural integration model’; and a ‘distribution of consumption model’. The models are estimated using county-level data from Oklahoma for 1970, and the results indicate that although urban living is related to problem drinking, the case for the urban variable has probably been over-stated.
Developmental Trends of Delinquent Attitudes and Behaviors: Replications and Synthesis Across Domains, Time, and Samples

Inconsistent findings of attitude-behavior relations are commonly attributed to uncontrolled domain, time, or situational factors. Without integrative work, studies accounting for these factors may further complicate research by introducing potentially numerous “third variables” and render a coherent understanding of the attitude-behavior relationship even more difficult to achieve. In this paper, a developmental perspective is taken and the attitude-behavior relationship in delinquency is examined using three modes of investigation: multivariate patterns of attitude-behavior associations, their mutual predictability, and their developmental trajectories. Three grade cohorts of public school boys (n=1517 of the first, seventh, and tenth grades, initially) were followed over a period of 4 years, with an average age span of 7–16 years. Correspondence analyses suggested that adolescent boys with a tolerant attitude toward theft or violence were more deviant than those who had actual behavior of theft or violence. Stronger attitude effect on subsequent behavior, relative to behavior effect on subsequent attitudes, was found among boys aged 10–12 years. While mean scores of tolerant attitudes to serious theft and violence increased linearly with their behavior counterparts between 6 and 17 years of age, ages 11 and 14 were two turning points at which most delinquent attitudes and behaviors escalated at a higher speed. In general, delinquent attitudes and behaviors were related to each other in various patterns, and age was a defining factor that provided much of the explanation for the inconsistencies in research findings.
Epidemiology of exposure to blood borne pathogens on a surgical service.

Abstract Background The goal of this study was to analyze the type and mechanism of blood exposure injuries on the surgical service in order to develop appropriate preventative strategies. Methods A retrospective review of all exposure injuries affecting members of the operative care line at a single teaching institution between December 2002 and December 2005 was performed. Results Of 98 exposure injuries on the surgical service, only 17(17%) were inflicted by hollow-bore needles. Seventy-four (76%) of these reported injuries occurred in the operating room (OR) and 24 (24%) occurred in other clinical areas. Sharps injuries accounted for 69 (93%) of OR injuries and were inflicted by suture needles (n = 37, 50%), hollow-bore needles (n = 7, 9%), and sharp instruments (n = 25, 34%). Mucocutaneous contamination accounted for 5 (7%) of the OR exposures. Professionals most frequently injured were residents (n = 43, 44%), followed by nurses (n = 28, 29%), students (n = 17, 17%) and other healthcare workers (n = 10, 10%). Conclusions Blood exposure prevention strategies should be directed at safety within the surgical field and focused beyond hollow-bore needle stick injuries to include education, mentoring, and competency training.
Modeling solubility parameters and permeation data of organic solvents versus butyl gloves from four manufacturers

A model based on the combination of Hansen solubility parameter theory and Flory-Rehner polymer solution theory was used to determine the solubility parameters of butyl glove material provided by several different manufacturers using a nonlinear least-square regression. To evaluate the validity of this model, weight gain data were collected for 26 solvents versus butyl gloves from four different vendors. Good correlation was found with R2 ranging from 0.858 to 0.961, which was attributed to extended weight gain testing and weight gain calculations based on glove sample weight after immersion and postdrying. Steady-state permeation rates (molar steady-state permeation rates), breakthrough times, and lag times for the butyl glove samples against solvents were determined and correlated to solvent-polymer interactive term χϕp2. A high level of correlation was observed for all glove materials. Correlation was also made with permeation data collected from three of the four glove materials, and a high degree of correlation was found with R2 ranging from 0.8644 to 0.9369 for steady-state permeation rates (molar steady-state permeation rates), breakthrough times, and lag times. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
High damping and the mechanical response of amorphous materials

Abstract The mechanical response of amorphous materials to shear stress is analogous to the dielectric or magnetic response to an electric or magnetic field. The spectrum consists of a resonance and a relaxation. The resonance is at high frequency, typically of the order of one teraherz, and corresponds to a dipolar vibration without a thermally stimulated rotation. It is linear in the stress, relatively insensitive to temperature, and is sometimes called a diaelastic effect. The relaxation corresponds to a thermally stimulated jump with a strong temperature-dependent relaxation time (which can vary over 18 orders of magnitude), and is sometimes called a paraelastic effect. Liquids at high temperature strongly attenuate shear waves. Supercooled liquids have a frequency-dependent shear modulus G with low frequency limit G (0)=0 and high frequency limit called G ∞ . Because of this, the relaxation strengths are enormous. This is in contrast to most damping effects, where the relaxation strength is linear in defect concentration. Frozen liquids (glasses) have rigidities intermediate between liquids and crystals. For glasses at temperatures near the glass temperature T g , the maximum damping at ωτ =1, where τ is the Maxwell relaxation time, occurs in the torsion pendulum range. For fragile amorphous materials, where temperatures just above T g can be used, the maximum can be tuned to frequencies as high as 10 MHz by material selection. The Interstitialcy Theory provides an atomistic interpretation of the principal characteristic and universal mechanical (and electrical) properties of glasses and supercooled liquids. As dislocations carry the deformation in crystals, interstitials are the basic microscopic elements carrying the deformation in glasses near and above the glass temperature. Interstitialcies are the ‘dipoles’ which provide a Snoek peak, which is an important component of the principal alpha peak, accounting for the high frequency part of the peak.
Sacrobosco’s Heritage: Thomas Dixson’s Cyphering Book, 1630–1632

The 302-page handwritten manuscript by Thomas Dixson which is the focus of attention in this chapter is 46 years older than the oldest of the British cyphering books mentioned by John Denniss (2012). The analysis presented here suggests that the curriculum sequence put forward by Johannes de Sacrobosco early in the thirteenth century, for the study of arithmetic, may have been more influential in seventeenth-century England than Leonardo of Pisa’s abbaco curriculum sequence. Some attention in this chapter is given to the so-called “galley” algorithm for division, which Dixson used. In keeping with the standard Sacrobosco curriculum sequence, Thomas Dixson included, early in his arithmetic studies, sections on arithmetical and geometrical progressions, and on common fractions—those topics would have come much later if the abbaco curriculum had been followed.
In Word and Deed: Assessing the Strength of Progressive Catholicism in Latin America, 1960–1970s

Despite the abundant research on liberation theology and religious change in Latin America, there is little agreement regarding how to assess the political orientation of national churches. This paper reviews previous strategies and proposes that any new approach should do three things. First, the strength of liberation theology should be assessed holistically, that is, by focusing on the official statements and organizational practices of bishops, priests, nuns, and laity. Second, liberation theology should be approached as a "family resemblance concept" and not a "classic concept." Third, while most scholars identify national churches in nominal terms, I argue liberation theology varies along a continuum, from strong to weak and that its strength varies over time. The cases of Chile, Mexico, and Colombia are presented. The paper closes with a call for future research.
Comparative Psychology of Vision

Light provides a very rich source of information that many animals can use in the guidance and control behavior. Considerable progress has been made in understanding how this comes about through the comparison of visual capacities and visual biology across widely variant species. This chapter summarizes that progress by first considering some basic features of eyes and examining how these features can be exploited to allow vision in different photic environments. Comments are then offered on the means that have been developed for assessing animal vision and on the challenges inherent in inferring visual capacity from anatomy and physiology. Finally, a range of examples are offered as to how animals solve three visual problems: detecting change in the photic environment, resolving spatial structure, and exploiting chromatic cues. Keywords: animal eyes; color vision; comparative vision; evolution; photopigments; spatial vision
Transferring psychological technology into substance abuse treatment: Substance abuse as a psychiatric illness

A model of transferring psychological technology into substance abuse treatment programs based on viewing substance abuse as a psychiatric illness and treating it as such is presented. This theoretical framework integrates disparate technical developments, such as relapse prevention, harm reduction, motivational interviewing/motivational enhancement, and contingency management. Implications for treatment and outcome measurement are described, and an example of how one program used this model is presented.
Recrystallization of PVD CdTe thin films induced by CdCl 2 treatment - A comparison between vapor and solution processes

The untreated physical-vapor-deposited CdTe films had small grains, with ≪111≫ texture, and a large concentration of deep levels. For CdCl 2 treatments at moderate temperature/time, there was partial recrystallization, and a moderate decrease in the concentration of deep levels. For the optimal treatment conditions, there was complete recrystallization and grain growth, and further decrease in stress. Electron backscatter diffraction showed that these films had a mixture of small and large grains, many larger than 30 μm. The larger grains had ≪111≫ orientation, whereas the smaller grains were randomly oriented, which provided insight on the grain-growth mechanism after recrystallization. There was a significant increase in the cathodoluminescence signal, indicating a decrease in the concentration of deep levels. When performed at the same conditions, the CdCl 2 vapor treatment is more effective in the recrystallization and grain-growth processes than the solution CdCl 2 treatment. All the films had a large concentration of twin boundaries.