cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of the viscous and nonadiabatic flow in radial turbines

A method for analyzing the viscous nonadiabatic flow within turbomachine rotors is presented. The field analysis is based upon the numerical integration of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations together with the energy equation over the rotors blade-to-blade stream channels. The numerical code used to solve the governing equations employs a nonorthogonal boundary fitted coordinate system that suits the most complicated blade geometries. Effects of turbulence are modeled with two equations; one expressing the development of the turbulence kinetic energy and the other its dissipation rate. The method of analysis is applied to a radial inflow turbine. The solution obtained indicates the severity of the complex interaction mechanism that occurs between different flow regimes (i.e., boundary layers, recirculating eddies, separation zones, etc.). Comparison with nonviscous flow solutions tend to justify strongly the inadequacy of using the latter with standard boundary layer techniques to obtain viscous flow details within turbomachine rotors. Capabilities and limitations of the present method of analysis are discussed.
Effects of verbal imitation and comprehension training on verbal production

This study sought to determine whether some combination of imitation training and comprehension training was necessary to achieve verbal production or whether comprehension training alone was sufficient to result in verbal production. Fifty-one first- and second-grade subjects were trained to imitate eight words (Spanish nouns) for which there were no referents. An additional set of eight words was trained in a comprehension task where overt verbal rehearsal was prohibited. Once criterion of two successive sessions of 100% performance was reached in training for both imitation and comprehension, training modes were reversed so that items initially trained in imitation were then trained in comprehension andvice versa. Results showed that initial comprehension training did result in some verbal production, whereas initial imitation training, as expected, did not. A marked improvement in verbal production performance was observed when initial comprehension training was followed by imitation training. When initial imitation training was followed by comprehension training, verbal production also resulted but not to the degree or with the consistency of performance which marked the comprehension-then-imitation sequence. Furthermore, comprehension training required more trials to reach a similar level of proficiency when it followed imitation training than when it preceded imitation. These data indicate that initial imitation training interferes with acquisition of subsequent comprehension and production responses and that the preferred training sequence is one which initially focuses on comprehension and follows this with verbal imitation.
Healing of Thermoplastic Polymers at an Interface under Nonisothermal Conditions

Fabrication of layered thermoplastic polymer products involves applying heat and pressure to contacting thermoplastic surfaces and consolidating the interface. Polymer healing, referring to the intermolecular diffusion across the interfaces of thermoplastic tape layers in intimate contact, is one of the important steps responsible for the development of interlaminar bond strength and is strongly influenced by the temperature history. While the theory for healing under isothermal conditions is well established in the literature, the available descriptions of healing under nonisothermal processing conditions lack a sound fundamental basis. In this paper, a model for the healing process under nonisothermal conditions is developed starting from a fundamental formulation of the reptation of polymer chains. Considering the temperature dependence of the welding time, the bond strength is described as a function of temperature history. It is shown that, under certain nonisothermal conditions, considerable errors ...
Less Is More: Ebola Virus Surface Glycoprotein Expression Levels Regulate Virus Production and Infectivity

The Ebola virus (EBOV) surface glycoprotein (GP1,2) mediates host cell attachment and fusion and is the primary target for host neutralizing antibodies. Expression of GP1,2 at high levels disrupts normal cell physiology, and EBOV uses an RNA-editing mechanism to regulate expression of the GP gene. In this study, we demonstrate that high levels of GP1,2 expression impair production and release of EBOV virus-like particles (VLPs) as well as infectivity of GP1,2-pseudotyped viruses. We further show that this effect is mediated through two mechanisms. First, high levels of GP1,2 expression reduce synthesis of other proteins needed for virus assembly. Second, viruses containing high levels of GP1,2 are intrinsically less infectious, possibly due to impaired receptor binding or endosomal processing. Importantly, proteolysis can rescue the infectivity of high-GP1,2-containing viruses. Taken together, our findings indicate that GP1,2 expression levels have a profound effect on factors that contribute to virus fitness and that RNA editing may be an important mechanism employed by EBOV to regulate GP1,2 expression in order to optimize virus production and infectivity. IMPORTANCE The Ebola virus (EBOV), as well as other members of the Filoviridae family, causes severe hemorrhagic fever that is highly lethal, with up to 90% mortality. The EBOV surface glycoprotein (GP1,2) plays important roles in virus infection and pathogenesis, and its expression is tightly regulated by an RNA-editing mechanism during virus replication. Our study demonstrates that the level of GP1,2 expression profoundly affects virus particle production and release and uncovers a new mechanism by which Ebola virus infectivity is regulated by the level of GP1,2 expression. These findings extend our understanding of EBOV infection and replication in adaptation of host environments, which will aid the development of countermeasures against EBOV infection.
Fine structure alterations of elastic fibers in pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

Examination by electron microscopy of the elastic fibers of individuals with Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE) revealed that the principal alterations were in the elastin moiety of the elastic fibers. The elastin had a granular appearance, an increased affinity for cationic stains, and it often demonstrated sites of increased density presumed to represent foci of calcification. In contrast to the elastin, the microfibrillar component of the elastic fibers was unchanged, both in morphologic appearance and in distribution. There was no clear correlation between the extent of the morphologic alterations in the elastic fiber and the level of clinical severity. Morphologically altered fibers were often found together with unaltered fibers. Changes similar to those seen in patients with PXE were also found in biopsies obtained from clinically unaffected consanguinous relatives. The pattern of inheritance in several of the families examined was compatible with autosomal recessive, whereas in at least one family a more complex mode of transmission seems likely. The electron microscopic data therefore provide further support for the genetic heterogeneity of PXE.
Measurements of trace gases in the tropical tropopause layer

A unique dataset of airborne in situ observations of HCl, O3, HNO3, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH3Cl has been made in and near the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). A total of 16 profiles across the tropopause were obtained at latitudes between 10degN and 3degs from the NASA WB-57F high-altitude aircraft flying from Costa Rica. Few in situ measurements of these gases, particularly HCl and HNO3, have been reported for the TTL. The general features of the trace gas vertical profiles are consistent with the concept of the TTL as distinct from the lower troposphere and lower stratosphere. A combination of the tracer profiles and correlations with O3 is used to show that a measurable amount of stratospheric air is mixed into this region. The HCl measurements offer an important constraint on stratospheric mixing into the TTL because once the contribution from halocarbon decomposition is quantified, the remaining HCl (>60% in this study) must have a stratospheric source. Stratospheric HCl in the TTL brings with it a proportional amount of stratospheric O3. Quantifying the sources of O3 in the TTL is important because O3 is particularly effective as a greenhouse gas in the tropopause region.
Assessment of the Melt Rate Function in a Temperature Index Snow Model Using Observed Data

AbstractTemperature index snowmelt models often require representation of a snowpack’s melt rate. Defining the melt rate as a function of an accumulated number of warming degree-days is achieved in some temperature index models through the antecedent temperature index–melt rate (ATIMR) function, and provides a reasonable method for adjusting the melt rate during the season. Modelers have typically relied on a default ATIMR function developed two decades ago. However, literature concerning the nature of this default function and how it was developed is largely nonexistent. This paper presents results of a comparison between the default ATIMR function and ATIMR functions computed from field data from two headwater stations within the American River watershed upstream of Folsom Lake, California. An error analysis was also performed using the site-specific data. Using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s hydrologic modeling system (HEC-HMS), it was found that modeled results often varied dramatically between t...
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma metastatic to the skin. An histologic mimic of a primary sweat gland carcinoma

Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are tumors that usually arise from salivary glands and have a characteristic histologic pattern of atypical squamous cells showing focal mucin production. Mucoepidermoid carcinomas are uncommon neoplasms that metastasize most commonly via lymphatic and hematogenous channels. We report what we believe to be the first case of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising from a sublingual salivary gland with metastasis to a distant site on the skin. The patient is a 58-year-old black woman who was initially diagnosed with a high grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary glands of the tongue. Approximately 18 months after presentation, and 6 months following surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, the patient noted a firm nodule on her flank. Biopsy showed malignant squamous epithelium. Periodic acid-Schiff and alcian blue stains revealed focal mucin production. The histologic differential diagnosis included an eccrine carcinoma, mucin-producing adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation, a primary cutaneous adenosquamous (mucoepidermoid) carcinoma and a malignant mixed tumor of the skin. Clinical correlation was essential in making the correct diagnosis. While mucoepidermoid carcinomas only uncommonly show distant metastasis, and even less frequently involve the skin, this entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of mucin-producing neoplasms in the skin.
Model predictive control of radiant slab systems with evaporative cooling sources

Abstract Buildings that use radiant slab systems with evaporative cooling sources have shown to be energy efficient. However, control of the systems is challenging because of the slow response of the slab and the limited capacity of cooling sources. The objectives of this paper are to: (1) create a simplified dynamic model of radiant slab system for implementation in real-time model predictive controller (MPC); and (2) test the MPC energy and thermal comfort performance in a case study building. A calibrated EnergyPlus model of the building was developed as the testbed. The MPC is compared with the existing rule-based control method for a cooling season in a dry and hot climate. The results indicated that the MPC controller was able to maintain zone operative temperatures at EN 15251 Category II level more than 95% of the occupied hours for all zones, while with the rule-based method, only the core zone were maintained at this thermal comfort level. Compared to the rule-based method, MPC reduced the cooling tower energy consumption by 55% and pumping power consumption by 25%.
Root Cause Analysis of Glovebox Glove Failure

The Nuclear Materials Technology (NMT) Division has the largest inventory of glovebox gloves at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Consequently, the minimization of unplanned breaches of the glove material, typically resulting in glove failures, is a significant safety concern in the daily operations in NMT Division facilities. To investigate processes and procedures that minimize unplanned breaches in the glovebox, information on glovebox glove failures has been compiled from formal records and analyzed using statistical methods. Based on these research results, the next step of the research is to identify root causes of glove failures and the actions adequate to prevent recurrence. In this paper, root cause analysis was conducted for a cleanup breach case study to demonstrate the computerized root cause analysis process. Based on analysis results, effective recommendations were generated.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Combustion rates of lignite char by TGA

Abstract The rate of combustion of size-graded (75–90 μm) Beulah (ND) lignite char was measured using TGA over a range of oxygen concentrations (5 to 20%), and at temperatures between 598 and 923 K. The activation energy in the chemical rate controlled zone was 120kJ mol −1 , and the transition to film diffusion control occurred at 700 K. No region of pore diffusion control was indicated by Arrhenius plots. Pyrolysis conditions were found to have a notable influence on the activation energy.
Influence of DGEBA crosslinking on Li+ ion conduction in poly(ethyleneimine) gels

Abstract We characterize the DC conductivity (σ0) of solution electrolytes prepared by adding LiCF3SO3 (LiTf) salt to a (50/50 w/w) solution of branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The value of σ0 increases with decreasing LiTf concentration over the range of compositions studied due to the formation of contact ion pairs at higher LiTf concentrations, with the highest value of σ0 exceeding 10−3 S cm−1 at 20 °C. Rubber-like gel electrolytes are prepared by epoxide–amine crosslinking of selected solutions by addition of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). Holding the [N]:[Li] mole ratio fixed, increasing the crosslink density dramatically decreases σ0 at all temperatures studied. The decrease in σ0 cannot be attributed to an increase in the glass transition temperature, as little variation in Tg is noted amongst the samples due to their high solvent content. Rather, we propose that the decrease in conductivity is due to loss of fast segmental motions associated with chain ends, which become tethered to the network upon crosslinking.
Stability of free amino acid levels in stressed Abarenicola pacifica.

A change in the composition of the free amino acid (FAA) pool of pelecypod molluscs under stress has been described. This response consists of a significant decrease in the level of glycine, while the taurine level remains constant, leading to a decrease in the total free amino acid level and a decrease in the glycine:taurine ratio. It has been suggested that this alteration in FAA composition may be useful as an indicator of physiological stress in a wide variety of invertebrates. This suggestion has been tested by exposing a burrowing polychaete, Abarenicola pacifica, to sediment artificially contaminated with Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBC).
Elevated circulating levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with hemodynamically significant pressure and volume overload.

Abstract OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels are elevated in patients with hemodynamically significant pressure and volume overload. BACKGROUND It has been previously shown that TNF-alpha messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein are rapidly expressed in the hearts of animal models subjected to abrupt hemodynamic overloading. The clinical significance of these experimental findings has not been tested in pathophysiologically relevant clinical models in human subjects. METHODS We prospectively measured serum TNF-alpha levels and serum TNF receptor 1 and 2 levels in 21 patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), in 26 patients with 3+ to 4+ mitral regurgitation (MR) and in normal age- and gender-matched control subjects. Patients with AS and MR were either in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II and had no significant coronary disease. We compared the cytokine levels among the groups using analysis of variance. We related cytokine levels to the severity of AS using simple regression analysis. RESULTS Serum TNF-alpha levels in patients with AS (2.1 ± 1.6 pg/ml, n = 21) and MR (1.3 ± 0.7 pg/ml, n = 26) were significantly higher than those in the control subjects (0.7 ± 0.2 pg/ml, n = 28). Serum TNF receptor 1 and 2 levels were also higher in patients with AS and MR than in control subjects. Cytokine levels were higher in patients in NYHA class II than in those in class I. In patients with a normal ejection fraction (>50%, n = 16), there was a mild positive correlation (r = 0.56, p = 0.025) between serum TNF-alpha levels and the mean gradient across the aortic valve. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that serum TNF-alpha is elevated in patients with chronic hemodynamic overloading and early cardiac decompensation. Furthermore, these findings suggest not only that peripheral TNF-alpha levels correlate with the severity of the hemodynamic pressure overload, but also that peripheral TNF-alpha and TNF receptor levels increase in direct relation to deteriorating NYHA functional class.
Oxidative functionalization of unactivated carbon-hydrogen bonds in heptacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.03,13.04,11.05,9.010,14]tetradecane (HCTD)

Abstract Gif-type reactions have been used to perform direct oxidative functionalization of the title compound (HCTD, 1 ). Thus, GoAgg III and GoAgg IV promoted oxidations of 1 afford 1-(2′-pyridyl)heptacyclo[6.6.0.0 2,6 .0 3,13 .0 4,11 .0 5,9- .0 10,14 ]tetradecane [i. e., 1 -(2′-pyridyl)HCTD, 2 ] in 6–10% isolated yield. In addition to 2 , GoAgg V promoted oxidation of 1 produced heptacyclo[6.6.0.0 2,6 .0 3,13 .0 4,11 .0 5,9 .0 10,14 ]tetradecan-7-one (HCTD-7-one; 3 ) and 1-(4′-pyridyl)HCTD ( 4 ) in low isolated yield. Finally, oxidation of 1 performed by using an Fe II - t -BuOOH system afforded several products, including hexacyclo[6.6.0,0 2,6 .0 3,13 .0 4,11 .0 5,9 ]tetradecane-10,14-dione ( 6 ) and 14-hydroxyhexacyclo[6.6.0,0 2,6 .0 3,13 .0 4,11 .0 5,9 ]-tetradecan-10-one ( 7 ), both of which resulted via oxidative cleavage of the C(1)-C(2) σ-bond in 1 .
Biosynthetic labeling of β-hexosaminidase B: inhibition of the cellular uptake of lysosomal secretions containing [3H]hexosaminidase B by insulin-like growth factor-II in rat C6 glial cells☆☆☆

Abstract The insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor binds two classes of ligands, IGF-II and lysosomal enzymes containing the mannose-6-phosphate recognition marker. To study the interaction of the two classes of ligands at the receptor level, we have isolated ‘high uptake’ forms of lysosomal enzymes containing mannose-6-phosphate that had been radiolabeled biosynthetically using a tissue culture model: Tay-Sachs disease fibroblasts were incubated in medium containing [3H]mannose, ammonium chloride and mannose-6-phosphate. Under the conditions of these experiments, the Tay-Sachs disease fibroblasts synthesized and secreted radiolabeled hexosaminidase B, as confirmed by measuring enzymatic activity of cell-conditioned medium. The enzyme secreted was recognized by antibodies raised against purified hexosaminidase A and B but not by nonimmune control sera in Western blotting and immunoprecipitation experiments. The radiolabeled cell-conditioned medium was partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column. When partially purified [3H]hexosaminidase B was incubated with rat C6 glial cells which express large numbers of IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptors, the enzyme was taken up specifically via the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor as evidenced by carbohydrate competition experiments. The specific uptake of the radiolabeled lysosomal enzyme was partially inhibited by IGF-II and an antibody against the IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor (No. 3637). We conclude that the cellular uptake of a biosynthetically labeled lysosomal enzyme, hexosaminidase B, is partially inhibited by IGF-II. We hypothesize that IGF-II might be capable of modulating lysosomal pathways in vivo.
A Bandpass ΔΣ DDFS-Driven 19GHz Frequency Synthesizer for FMCW Automotive Radar

A 19GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave TX based on a bandpass ΔΣ DDFS-driven RF frequency synthesizer is presented. Implemented in a 0.25μm SiGe process, the synthesizer draws 63mA from a 2.5V supply while achieving a 512MHz FM deviation with a 200Hz FM rate at a center frequency of 19GHz. The measured phase noise of the frequency synthesizer is -113.68dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset frequency from a 19GHz carrier
The rand school of social science during the progressive era: will to power of a stratum of the american intellectual class

Une ecole de science sociale fut fondee aux Etats-Unis au debut du XX e siecle, pour promouvoir le pouvoir politique. L'A. decrit l'histoire de sa fondation et de son administration, ainsi que le role pedagogique des hommes et des femmes
The effects of traditional and computer‐aided instruction on promoting independent skin care in adults with paraplegia

This study aimed to explore the viability of using computer-aided instruction (CAI) as an educational tool for promoting independent skin care in adults with paraplegia. There is a need to identify effective intervention strategies that provide health education for skin care management and the prevention of pressure ulcers for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI). There continues to be tremendous financial and personal costs associated with the treatment of pressure ulcers and the prevalence of skin breakdown among the SCI population, despite traditional educational methods. The methodology used in this study evaluated to what degree CAI assisted individuals with paraplegia to acquire knowledge and demonstrate skills necessary for optimal skin care. Results were obtained using a multiple baseline across subjects approach including an ABC (for two subjects) and an AC (for one subject) single case experimental design. Results indicated that CAI was more effective than traditional educational methods in increasing the initiation and performance of pressure-relieving techniques. Limitations in this study include the possibility of carryover effects, relatively short time periods for baseline and treatment conditions, and extraneous variables that were difficult to control such as the participants' level of motivation and cooperation. Further study using a larger group design with a control group is recommended to explore the effects CAI has on promoting optimal skin care among adults with paraplegia.
Initial distribution of energy in produced by CO2 laser-induced dissociation of CF2Cl2 and CF2Br2

Abstract Collision-free dissociations of CF 2 Cl 2 and CF 2 Br 2 by CO 2 TEA laser pulses produce vibrationally excited fragments. UV laser-excited fluorescence was used to measure initial vibrational populations CF 2 (ν). These measurements show that prior to collisions energy is distributed statistically in the CF 2 photoproduct according to the relation P ( E ν ) = exp(− E ) ν / kT ν ), where P ( E ν ) is the relative probability that an initially formed CF 2 molecule will have a vibrational energy content E ν , k is the Boltzman constant, and T ν , the single parameter necessary to characterize the distribution, is the vibrational temperature. T ν is characteristic of the parent molecule: for CF 2 Br 2 , T ν = 790 K; for CF 2 Cl 2 , T ν = 1050 K. The same T ν is observed whether CF 2 Cl 2 is dissociated by CO 2 quanta at 929 cm −1 , which excite the CF 2 Cl 2 ν 8 rocking vibration, or by CO 2 quanta at 1082 cm −1 , which excite the CF 2 Cl 2 ν 1 stretching vibration.
AMERICIUM RECOVERY AND PURIFICATION USING A COMBINED ANION EXCHANGE‐EXTRACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY PROCESS

Abstract A combined anion exchange-extraction chromatography process for the recovery and purification of americium from molten salt extraction residues has been successfully demonstrated on a laboratory and pilot plant scale. The extraction chromatography process uses dihexyl- N , N -diethylcarbamoylmethylenephosphonate sorbed on Amberlite ® XAD-4 resin. The process effectively separates and purifies americium from impurities such as aluminum, calcium, chloride, copper, fluoride, iron, lead, magnesium, plutonium, potassium, sodium and zinc. A total of 100 g of americium oxide was produced during pilot plant testing. The product oxide contained 96.5 wt.% AmO 2 , with 0.085 wt.% Pu and less than 0.15 wt.% of any other individual impurity element.
Widely used track and trigger scores: Are they ready for automation in practice?

Abstract Introduction Early Warning Scores (EWS) are widely used for early recognition of patient deterioration. Automated alarm/alerts have been recommended as a desirable characteristic for detection systems of patient deterioration. We undertook a comparative analysis of performance characteristics of common EWS methods to assess how they would function if automated. Methods We evaluated the most widely used EWS systems (MEWS, SEWS, GMEWS, Worthing, ViEWS and NEWS) and the Rapid Response Team (RRT) activation criteria in use in our institution. We compared their ability to predict the composite outcome of Resuscitation call, RRS activation or unplanned transfer to the ICU, in a time-dependent manner (3, 8, 12, 24 and 36h after the observation) by determining the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values (PPV). We used a large vital signs database (6,948,689 unique time points) from 34,898 unique consecutive hospitalized patients. Results PPVs ranged from less than 0.01 (Worthing, 3h) to 0.21 (GMEWS, 36h). Sensitivity ranged from 0.07 (GMEWS, 3h) to 0.75 (ViEWS, 36h). Used in an automated fashion, these would correspond to 1040–215,020 false positive alerts per year. Conclusions When the evaluation is performed in a time-sensitive manner, the most widely used weighted track-and-trigger scores do not offer good predictive capabilities for use as criteria for an automated alarm system. For the implementation of an automated alarm system, better criteria need to be developed and validated before implementation.
The antibody response: a model based on antagonistic actions of antigen.

Abstract A molecular model of antibody production is presented which is based solely on selective induction. According to this model the potential to make the various antibodies is distributed randomly among immature lymphoid cells, each cell being precommitted to a limited number of antibodies. The reaction of antigen with these immature cells has two separate and antagonistic actions mediated through two separate molecular bridges between antigen and DNA. A specific stimulus occurs following a reaction of antigen with strategically located preformed antibody and results in the passage of messenger RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. The net effect of the specific stimulus is maturation of the cell, with temporary production of antibody but loss of the immature cell on which specific antibody-forming potential depends. A specific stimulus unaccompanied by a non-specific stimulus leads to acquired immunologic tolerance. However, the non-specific stimulus, which occurs through an aggregation of antibody on the surface of the antigen, results in increased multiplication of the immature cell with specific antibody-forming potential. This counterbalances the effect of maturation and leads to increased antibody-forming potential as well as to temporary production of antibody against the antigen injected.
Empirical studies on institutions, governance and economic growth: a review

Purpose – Since the mid‐1980s focus has shifted from stabilization to economic growth as a national goal. A large number of studies have been undertaken to explain economic growth. It is intended to show that the current debate between those who claim only institutions matter to economic growth and others who claim that only governance matters is totally unproductive.Design/methodology/approach – Econometric methods are used to evaluate the recent empirical studies on linking the quality of institutions or governance to economic growth.Findings – It is shown that the empirical model specification as well as the estimation methods used by important studies are inappropriate.Research limitations/implications – Future research needs to incorporate not only the institutions, and governance but also the desire to save, invest and innovate to explain economic growth.Practical implication – The existing theories of economic growth do not fully capture the complex process of economic growth implying that these th...
GAUGE DEPENDENCE OF BASIC ELECTROWEAK CORRECTIONS OF THE STANDARD MODEL

Abstract The gauge dependence of some basic one-loop electroweak corrections of the Standard Model (SM) is succinctly described in terms of three functions of the vector boson masses, the gauge parameters and the invariant momentum transfer. We consider self-energies, tadpoles and vertex and box diagrams relevant to four-fermion processes. The analysis of the latter is greatly simplified by using current correlation functions and their associated current algebra. A number of applications are discussed, including the gauge properties of partial amplitudes that have played an interesting role in recent discussions of electroweak physics and the Z 0 mass. The hypothetical cancellation of quadratic divergencies in the SM and the corresponding predictions for the Higgs boson mass are briefly reviewed in an appendix.
Three-Gigahertz Graphene Frequency Doubler on Quartz Operating Beyond the Transit Frequency

We demonstrate a 500-nm graphene frequency doubler with a record 3-GHz bandwidth, exceeding the device transit frequency by 50%, a previously unobserved result in graphene, indicating that graphene multiplier devices might be useful beyond their transit frequency. The maximum conversion gain of graphene ambipolar frequency doublers is determined to approach a near lossless value in the quantum capacitance limit. In addition, the experimental performance of graphene transistor frequency detectors is demonstrated, showing responsivity of 25.2 μA/μW. The high-frequency performance of these gigahertz devices is enabled by top-gate device fabrication using synthesized graphene transferred onto low capacitance, atomically smooth quartz substrates, affording carrier mobilities as high as 5000 cm2/V ·s.
THE DEFINITION AND PROHIBITION OF INCEST

“Again and again in the world's history, savage tribes must have had plainly before their minds the simple practical alternative between marrying-out and being killed out.”—E. B. Tylor*
Calculation of the fine structure constant α in a model for spontaneous breakdown of strong interaction symmetry

Abstract Strong interaction symmetries arising at a planar bootstrap level can be spontaneously broken at high energies when Regge-cut collective effects are included in dynamical S -matrix theory. This mechanism provides a natural origin for weak and electromagnetic interactions, and the scale for such symmetry-breaking interactions at low energies can be calculated through estimating threshold energies for spontaneous breakdown. A model calculation including only mesons with O( N ) symmetry, with N large, gives values for α which lie between 10 −5 and 10 −22 . Refinements are dependent upon an improved planar bootstrap theory.
Attitudes toward women, personality rigidity, and idealized physique preferences in males

The idealized physique preferences of a group of 94 male college students were measured and correlated with scales measuring attitudes toward women and personality rigidity. Three hypotheses, derived from sex-role research, were tested and confirmed: (1) Males who have negative attitudes toward women would like most to have a tapering V physique. (2) Males who have a rigid personality structure have stronger preference for an idealized muscular physique than males with more flexible personalities. (3) Males have a generally greater preference for a tapering V physique than women. It was concluded, from the results of this and other studies, that body preference is related to certain aspects of sex-role attitudes.
Lysosomal enzyme changes in young and aged control and entorhinal-lesioned rats

In the hippocampus of young and aged rats, lysosomal acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase were localized by enzyme histochemistry to the pyramidal and granule cells and to the mossy fiber zone (acid phosphatase only). Following a unilateral entorhinal lesion, enhancement in enzyme staining was observed within GFA (glial fibrillary acidic) protein-positive astrocytes and in cells resembling microglia and oligodendroglia in the ipsilateral dentate outer molecular layer and the hippocampal stratum lacunosum-moleculare. In young animals, these changes, first detected on day 2 post-lesion, were maximum on days 4 and 10 post-lesion and declined subsequently. The aged animals exhibited a delayed time-course of enzyme changes with minimal increases on days 2 and 4 post-lesion and greater increases on days 10 and 30 and gradual diminution thereafter. The delayed lysosomal response in the aged animal paralleled a reduction in the induction of glial cells following the lesion. Our findings suggest that the previously reported impairment in the clearing of degeneration debris in the aged animal is mediated by reduced glial induction and delayed glial lysosomal activation.
On the dependence with bond lengths of the observed energies of NEXAFS resonances of diatomic molecules

An analytical theory is developed for the position of the resonances in near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) which yields extremely good agreement with experiment and allows a universal curve to be calculated for the resonance energies. The analytical calculations indicates that, if scattering events are taken as purely atomic, the product kϱ = constant, where k is the wavevector of the outgoing electron at resonance and ϱ the internuclear distance. This is in accord with a rule previously proposed by Natoli. It is found, however, that both the constant and the muffin-tin zero energy in the NEXAFS region depend on internuclear distance. Their variation as a function of bond length is determined and reveals a more appropriate form of the dependence of sigma resonance energy Δ (measured relative to the ionization potential) with bond length should be: Δ = A + Bϱ + Cϱ2. This equation shows good agreement with the experimentally observed variation in resonance position with bond lengths for series of molecules with constant values of (Z1 + Z2) where Z1 and Z2 are the atomic numbers of the scattering nuclei. In fact, this function is rather linear over the bond length range commonly encountered in organic molecules. Finally, the observation that empirical rules for the variation in resonance energy versus geometry are obeyed for molecules with constant (Z1 + Z2) is also rationalized.
Biodistribution evaluation of icaritin in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Icaritin (ICT) is a major bioactive prenylflavonoid derivative contained in the Epimedium which is a widely used herbal medicine for the treatment of infertility, impotence, cardiovascular and skeletal diseases listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The aim of this study is to investigate the tissue distribution of ICT in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) Materials and methods ICT was intraperitoneally administrated to rats for 7 consecutive days at dose levels of 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg/day, respectively. Various tissue homogenates were pretreated by protein precipitation with acetonitrile. ICT and internal standard coumestrol were separated on a BEH C18 column with a gradient mobile phase and detected using precursor-product ion transitions of m/z 367.1→297.1 for ICT and 267.0→211.1 for coumestrol at the negative ionization mode, respectively. Results ICT was widely distributed in rat׳s various tissues and its concentrations in tissues increased with elevated doses. A sensitive and reliable UPLC–MS/MS method was firstly established to quantify ICT in rat tissues. The lower limit of quantification was 0.5 ng/mL based on 100 μL of tissue homogenates. The intra- and inter-day accuracy at all levels fell in the ranges of 90.8–103.4% and 91.6–100.3%, and the intra- and inter-day precision (RSD) were in the ranges of 2.9–10.5% and 2.6–9.1%, respectively. Conclusions The UPLC–MS/MS showed good accuracy, precision and recovery and was suitable for the quantification of ICT in rat tissues. Wide distribution of ICT could helpfully elucidate systemic effects and various functions of ICT.
Hydrophobic interactions in the hinge domain of DNA polymerase beta are important but not sufficient for maintaining fidelity of DNA synthesis.

We previously described a general mutator form of mammalian DNA polymerase β containing a cysteine substitution for tyrosine 265. Residue 265 localizes to a hydrophobic hinge region predicted to mediate a polymerase conformational change that may aid in nucleotide selectivity. In this study we tested the hypothesis that van der Waals and hydrophobic contacts between Y265 and neighboring residues are important for DNA synthesis fidelity and catalysis, by altering interactions in the hinge domain via substitution at position 265. Consistent with the importance of hydrophobic interactions, we found that phenylalanine, leucine, and tryptophan substitutions did not alter significantly the steady-state catalytic efficiency of DNA synthesis, relative to wild type, while the polar serine substitution decreased catalytic efficiency 6-fold. However, we found that all substitutions other than phenylalanine increased the error frequency, relative to wild type, in the order serine > tryptophan = leucine. Therefore, ma...
Carbon monolayer phase condensation on Ni(111)

A condensed monolayer of carbon on the (111) surface of C-doped nickel single crystals has been observed at different bulk doping levels in the range of 10−1 to 1 at%. This phase persists over a range of temperatures of more than 100 K; it is bounded at high temperatures by the formation of a dilute carbon phase at TS and at a lower temperature, TP, by the formation of a thick graphite precipitate. The ratio TSTP is about 1.11 at all doping levels investigated. The dependence of the precipitation and the phase transition temperatures on the bulk doping level allow the binding energy per carbon atom in the monolayer phase relative to that in the bulk solution to be determined; it is approximately 10% greater than for bulk graphite with a value of 0.55 eV. The partial atomic entropy in the monolayer phase was also determined; it is about 0.03 k greater than for bulk graphite.
Geologic and Environmental Probe System (GEOPS)

This paper describes the engineering design and development of a novel 2004 R&D 100 award winning probe system that is used to monitor and collect samples from within waste areas safely — without negative exposure to the environment or people. The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has developed a multiple-use, low-cost subsurface probing system to safely sample and monitor targeted subsurface areas, from within and below abandoned or active landfills, mining areas, farms, airports, or from any of the more than 77,000 identified potentially hazardous waste sites across the U.S. The probe system uses a unique probe casing and tip system that—once placed in a zone of interest—accepts instrument inserts to provide invaluable potential contaminate transport or other data from saturated or unsaturated waste zones, or from groundwater zones. The Geologic and Environmental Probe System (GEOPS) is the newest generation of INL-developed subsurface probes. The system’s robust probe casing platform is installed into or below a waste zone using direct push or sonic drill rigs, using a technique similar to pushing a needle into an apple. Subsurface conditions are not disturbed as in rotary drilling operations, cuttings are not brought to surface during installation, and workers and the surface environment are isolated from contaminants. One key to the capture of samples from the extremes of the subsurface using the GEOPS is the probe tip system. The specially designed tip utilizes a cylindrical section of sintered steel that has small pore openings and are used to filter liquid and gas samples from surrounding soil (i.e., area of interest) into the probe system. The sintered steel filter has reduced material properties, as compared to the probe casing platform and is vulnerable to high loadings, as would be experienced during probe installation. The probe tip system was specially designed to shield the filter component from large compressive and tensile loading and deliver it safely to a target depth. Once the casing is at the desired sampling depth, the instruments are placed into the platform, a vacuum is imposed on the system, and vapor and liquid subsurface samples are brought safely to surface though the sintered steel filter.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Nonlinear granular micromechanics model for multi-axial rate-dependent behavior

Abstract Constitutive equations for class of materials that possess granular microstructure can be effectively derived using granular micromechanics approach. The stress–strain behavior of such materials depends upon the underlying grain scale mechanisms that are modeled by using appropriate rate-dependent inter-granular force–displacement relationships. These force–displacement functions are nonlinear and implicit evolutions equations. The numerical solution of such equation under applied overall stress or strain loading can entail significant computational expense. To address the computations issue, an efficient explicit time-integration scheme has been derived. The developed model is then utilized to predict primary, secondary and tertiary creep as well as rate-dependent response under tensile and compressive loads for hot mix asphalt. Further, the capability of the derived model to describe multi-axial behavior is demonstrated through generations of biaxial time-to-creep failure envelopes and rate-dependent failure envelopes under monotonic biaxial and triaxial loading. The advantage of the approach presented here is that we can predict the multi-axial effects without resorting to complex phenomenological modeling.
Popular opinion is not empirical data

It is not the purpose of this paper to defend psychiatric diagnosis; the reliability, validity, and the process itself have been found lacking in many respects (Zigler & Phillips, 1961) and it is becoming increasingly difficult to justify the current system. Rather, the purpose of this paper has been to examine the claims and conclusions concerning psychiatric diagnosis as presented in Rosenhan's article, “On Being Sane in Insane Places.” As has been pointed out, this study has methodological and logical difficulties which render its conclusions, as stated, invalid or questionable in nature. The currentzeitgeist is in favor of criticizing psychiatric and psychological thinking and practice in relation to mental illness. It is suggested that there is no such thing as mental illness (Szasz, 1960), that diagnosis is useless (Sarbin, 1967), that symptoms are socio-psychological in nature (as if this makes them less real), and that self-fulfilling prophecy accounts for the current overcrowding in mental hospitals. All of these things may be true. Or, they may be erroneous assumptions. Certainly, they are factors which mental health professionals must consider. However, this consideration must be careful, objective, and analytic in nature in order to avoid the “bandwagon effect.” It is hoped that his paper may contribute to a more evaluative demeanor on the part of all mental health professionals.
Growth, development and survival of larval Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus) in large laboratory containers

Abstract A series of laboratory studies of the early life history of the temperate zone reef fish, Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus) (Family: Labridae) was conducted. Eggs hatched at approximately 48 h post fertilization at 20 °C. Newly hatched larvae had a rudimentary, straight alimentary canal and external chromatophores. Larvae were capable of feeding by 52 h post hatching, and had exhausted their yolk supply by 58 h. Growth in length was linear throughout development; growth in dry weight was exponential. Larvae reached metamorphosis at 17 days post hatching, which agrees with previous estimates derived from analysis of otolith annuli of field-caught juveniles. Prey density had a strong effect on growth and development. Rates of growth in length and dry weight were significantly reduced in larvae cultured at a Zooplankton prey density of 100 l−1. Rates of growth at 1000 zooplankters · l−1 (0.21 mm day−1; 0.26 day−1) were similar to those reported for other species of labrid. Rates of mortality were variable and not related to prey concentration. However, low prey density may extend larval duration, which may expose larvae to increased risk of predation.
Carrot Pulp Chemical Composition, Color, and Water‐holding Capacity as Affected by Blanching

Our objectives were to investigate the effect of blanching on nutrients, color, α- and β-carotenes, dietary fiber, and water-holding capacity of carrot pulp after juice was extracted. Carrot pulp contained 4-5% protein, 8-9% reducing sugars, and 5-6% minerals. Compared to the color of fresh carrot juice, pulp from blanched carrots retained redness color values better than that from unblanched carrots. Pulp contained from unblanched: 17% and from blanched: 31-35% of the total α- and β carotenes in the fresh carrots. Glucose and galacturonic acid were predominant sugars of the nonstarchy polysaccharides (NSP) in carrots. Pulp contained 37-48% total dietary fiber and had a high water-holding capacity (WHC), ranging from 9.42 to 10.52g water/g organic matter. Considering carotenes, WHC, and fiber content, carrot pulp products are a good source of dietary fiber.
Accuracy of Hemoglobin Recovery Using 3-D Image Guided Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Accuracy and resolution of image guided near-infrared spectroscopy for breast imaging is characterized through simulations of varying contrasts and sizes. Results show errors of %4 for sizes greater than 20mm, but higher for smaller sizes.
The Economics of Grade Inflation

Can we get grade inflation under control? Jawboning doesn't seem to work. But economic policy may offer some other lessons.
Spiritual Presence and Dimensional Space beyond the Cosmos

This paper examines connections between concepts of space and extension on the one hand and immaterial spirits on the other, specifically the immanentist concept of spirits as present in rerum natura. Those holding an immanentist concept, such as Thomas Aquinas, typically understood spirits non-dimensionally as present by essence and power; and that concept was historically linked to holenmerism, the doctrine that the spirit is whole in every part. Yet as Aristotelian ideas about extension were challenged and an actual, infinite, dimensional space readmitted, Henry More defended a dimensionalist concept of spirit. Despite More's intentions, his dimensionalist concept opens the door to materialism, for supposing that spirits have parts outside parts implies that those parts could in principle be mapped onto the parts of divisible bodies. The spectre of materialism broadens our interest in More's unconventional ideas, for the question of whether other early modern thinkers, including Isaac Newton, followed ...