cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcoming scaling challenges in biomolecular simulations across multiple platforms

NAMD is a portable parallel application for biomolecular simulations. NAMD pioneered the use of hybrid spatial and force decomposition, a technique now used by most scalable programs for biomolecular simulations, including Blue Matter and Desmond developed by IBM and D. E. Shaw respectively. NAMD has been developed using Charm++ and benefits from its adaptive communication- computation overlap and dynamic load balancing. This paper focuses on new scalability challenges in biomolecular simulations: using much larger machines and simulating molecular systems with millions of atoms. We describe new techniques developed to overcome these challenges. Since our approach involves automatic adaptive runtime optimizations, one interesting issue involves dealing with harmful interaction between multiple adaptive strategies. NAMD runs on a wide variety of platforms, ranging from commodity clusters to supercomputers. It also scales to large machines: we present results for up to 65,536 processors on IBM's Blue Gene/L and 8,192 processors on Cray XT3/XT4. In addition, we present performance results on NCSA's Abe, SDSC's DataStar and TACC's LoneStar cluster, to demonstrate efficient portability. We also compare NAMD with Desmond and Blue Matter.
Historical Analysis of the Spring Arrival of Migratory Birds to Dutchess County, New York: A 123-Year Record

Through an examination of historical records maintained by a local bird club, consisting of naturalist diaries, daily check-lists, and informal bird surveys, we found that 44 springtime migrant bird species show evidence of an increasingly early fi rst arrival date (FAD) during a 123-year record (1885 to 2008) in Dutchess County, NY. Ninety-one percent of the species showed a signifi cant advance in FAD over this period, with the mean advance being 11.6 days/century. Using truncations of the full data-set correspond- ing to available data for changes in observer effort and population trends, we found that adding these ancillary independent variables to a multiple linear regression contributed little to explain the change in FAD in recent years. The advance in FAD is potentially an index of global climate change in this region.
Rett syndrome: from recognition to diagnosis to intervention

Rett syndrome is a relatively rare neurodevelopmental disorder (incidence: approximately one out of 10,000 female births) that reached worldwide prominence in the early 1980s. Owing to its overwhelming predominance in females, Rett syndrome was regarded as a genetic disorder. However, its occurrence is sporadic, with a recurrence risk well below 0.5%. In 1999, confirmation was provided by the demonstration of mutations in the MECP2 gene. At present, more than 95% of females who fulfill consensus criteria for Rett syndrome have a mutation in this gene. Over the past 25 years, understanding of the clinical features and natural history of this unique neurodevelopmental disorder has evolved dramatically. However, large segments of healthcare professionals and the general public still remain relatively uninformed. This review details the clinical picture of Rett syndrome and the diagnostic strategies required, explores the critical medical issues and recent advances in molecular neurobiology, provides an overview of intervention strategies that have been developed to date and sets the stage for future treatment trials as novel, and potentially effective, pharmacologic or molecular interventions become available.
The shape bias is affected by differing similarity among objects

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that visual properties of objects can affect shape-based categorization in a novel-name extension task; however, we still do not know how a relationship between visual properties of objects affects judgments in a novel-name extension task. We examined effects of increased visual similarity among the target and test objects in a shape bias task in young children and adults. Experiment 1 assessed college students with sets of objects whose similarity between target and test objects was either low or high similarity. Adults preferred shape when the similarity among objects was minimized. Experiment 2 tested 24-month olds in their use of the shape bias using the Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm. Children showed a shape bias only with items whose similarity to each other was low. These findings suggest that the visual properties of objects affect shape bias performance.
Scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave by a linear array of cylindrical elements

An approximate method for numerically calculating the scattered field of a linear array of center-loaded cylindrical elements illuminated by a plane wave incident in the H plane of the array is described. To illustrate the use of the approximation technique, the H -plane scattered field of an eight-element model array is calculated for various conditions of impedance loading and illumination. From extensive calculations, it is found that the H plane scattered field of the array can be represented approximately by the product of the electric field scattered in the reflected direction and an interference factor. The interference factor is the equivalent of the complex array factor of the model array when excited with uniform amplitude and an element-to-element phase progression proportional to the sine of the angle of incidence of the illumination.
Lack of In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation of Adulthood Cytochrome P450 Activities in Low-Birth-Weight Rats

### Dear Editor, With great enthusiasm we read a report of long-term programming of cytochrome P450 enzyme activities into adulthood as a result of early life insult ([Sohi et al., 2013][1]). It is likely that birth weight, a surrogate for early life environment, coupled with postnatal growth could
Estimating Sentiment Orientation in Social Media for Business Informatics

Inferring the sentiment of social media content, for instance blog postings or online product reviews, is both of great interest to businesses and technically challenging to accomplish. This paper presents two computational methods for estimating social media sentiment which address the challenges associated with Web-based analysis. Each method formulates the task as one of text classification, models the data as a bipartite graph of documents and words, and assumes that only limited prior information is available regarding the sentiment orientation of any of the documents or words of interest. The first algorithm is a semi-supervised sentiment classifier which combines knowledge of the sentiment labels for a few documents and words with information present in unlabeled data, which is abundant online. The second algorithm assumes existence of a set of labeled documents in a domain related to the domain of interest, and leverages these data to estimate sentiment in the target domain. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed methods by showing they outperform several standard methods for the task of inferring the sentiment of online reviews of movies, electronics products, and kitchen appliances. Additionally, we illustrate the potential of the methods for multilingual business informatics through a case study involving estimation of Indonesian public opinion regarding the July 2009 Jakarta hotel bombings.
The Effect of Prison Sentence Length on Recidivism: Evidence from Random Judicial Assignment

Whether punishment promotes or deters future criminal activity by the convicted offender is a key public policy concern. Longer prison sentences further isolate offenders from the legitimate labor force and may promote the formation of criminal networks in prison. On the other hand, greater initial punishment may have a deterrence effect on the individual being punished, sometimes called “specific deterrence,” through learning or the rehabilitative effect of prison. We test the effect of prison sentence length on recidivism by exploiting a unique quasi-experimental design from adult sentences within a courthouse in Seattle, Washington. Offenders who plead guilty are randomly assigned to a sentencing judge, which leads to random differences in prison sentence length depending on the sentencing judge’s proclivities. We find that one-month extra prison sentence reduces the rate of recidivism by about one percentage point, with possibly larger effects for those with limited criminal histories. However, the reduction in recidivism comes almost entirely in the first year of release, which we interpret as consistent with prison’s rehabilitative role.
Fabrication of 40 µm thin silicon solar cells with different crystal orientation by SLiM-cut process

Thin silicon foils with two different crystal orientation were fabricated by SLiM-cut method. The thickness of the and foils are 45 µm and 33 µm, respectively. The surface quality was compared in this study. The foil have smoother surface than the foil. 4cm2 thin silicon solar cells with heterojunction structure were fabricated. The efficiency was found to be 10.74% and 12.81% for the and solar cell, respectively. The surface quality of the silicon foils was found to affect the solar cell character. However, the Voc of solar cell is higher than solar cell. It was believed that the local epitaxial occur when the amorphous silicon was deposited on the surface. The increasing of dangling bonds will become the recombination center and reduced the Voc of solar cell.
BIOCHEMICAL PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC STUDIES OF TWO INTRODUCED FIRE ANTS AND THEIR HYBRID (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE).

Two introduced fire ants, Solenopsis invicta and S. richteri, and their hybrid were studied using phenotypic markers from gas chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons and venom alkaloids, as well as genetic markers from enzyme electrophoresis. Both methods show that extensive gene introgression is occurring over a distance of at least 120 km at the contact zone between the two forms in eastern Mississippi. Genetic analyses suggest that the hybrid population does not depart dramatically from panmixia. Also, recombinant genotypes predominate in the hybrid zone, indicating that F1 hybrids are viable. Allele frequency clines through the hybrid zone are apparent for four polymorphic loci. Data sets generated by the chromatographic and electrophoretic methods are highly concordant in that they differentiate completely between the two forms and agree in designating colonies from the contact zone as hybrid or parental in a high proportion (90%) of cases. The two methods can serve as complementary tools for studying closely related but genetically distinct populations in this, and perhaps other, groups of insects.
The renal donor.

Puzzled by the postoperative behavior of donors, MS. SCHUMANN looked more closely at their preoperative situations and pressures. Her investigations led to this article. Graduated from the Miami Valley Hospital School of Nursing, Dayton, Ohio, she earned a bachelor's degree from Ohio State University, Columbus, and a master's degree from Boston University, Mass. She is now assistant professor of nursing at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Heavy reliance has been placed on using the kidney of a close family member of the patient because of the favorable prognosis of this type of graft(1). When the prolongation of a person's life depends on the benevolence of another family member he usually experiences severe stress. Families, too, are confronted with a dilemma for they are asked to donate the kidney of one member to save the life of another. Donors have an unusual situation
A Weave Design for Trailing-Edge Cooling

The trailing-edge region of turbine airfoils is particularly vulnerable to thermal damage. In this paper, a design referred to as the Weave design is presented to improve the cooling of this critical region. CFD conjugate analysis with the shear-stress transport (SST) turbulence model and temperature-dependent properties was used to assess this design. In the assessment, each geometric feature of the Weave design was analyzed separately to show its usefulness in enhancing surface heat transfer, promoting uniformity of temperature distribution within the solid material, and producing the desired pressure loss. The Weave design is then compared with the triple-impingement design for the trailing-edge region using these criteria. Results obtained under engine-relevant operating conditions show this design to have promise.
Which Real Matrices Have Real Logarithms

The exponential function exp(x) = L' OXn/n! can be defined in any domain in which the infinite series converges; thus, in particular, it makes sense in any Banach algebra. This note is concerned with characterizing the range of exp in Mn(R), the set of all n X n real matrices, which is the simplest nontrivial real Banach algebra. Let us agree to write log B = A whenever exp A = B. Then we wish to determine which real matrices possess a real logarithm. It is elementary that for the domain R the range of exp is R + = { y > 0) and for the domain C the range is C\ {O}. For the domain Mn(C), consisting of all n X n complex matrices, it is not too difficult to show that the range is GLn(C), the set of all nonsingular complex matrices. That it can be no larger than GLn(C) follows from the Jacobi identity det(exp A) = exp(tr A), a classical result which is also a consequence of remarks below. Standard infinite series expansions for the logarithm can be used to construct log B for certain large open sets in GLn(C). For example, if IIB -II < 1, where denotes any operator norm, then a logarithm can be defined by the series
Relationship Between Vitamin E and Dietary Minerals in Mouse “Paralysis”.

Summary1. Typical symptoms of “paralysis” occur in C3H male mice when wheat germ oil is removed from the diet made with a modified Osborne-Mendel salt mixture but not when the diet is made with a modified Jones-Foster mixture. 2. The same symptoms develop when ferric iron is replaced by ferrous iron in the modified Osborne-Mendel mixture even though wheat germ oil is present in the diet. 3. Although the observed “paralysis” is apparently identical with that seen by several investigators in other species of mammal in association with vitamin E deficiency, the fact that the mineral content of the diet determines the character of the manifestations of such vitamin deficiency raises questions concerning the mechanism of the effects which are still unanswered.
Reaction coordinate of incipient methane clathrate hydrate nucleation

Nucleation from solution is a ubiquitous phenomenon with relevance to myriad scientific disciplines, including pharmaceuticals, biomineralization, and disease. One prominent example is the nucleation of clathrate hydrates, multicomponent crystalline inclusion compounds relevant to the energy industry where they block pipelines and also constitute a potential vast energy resource. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanism of incipient hydrate formation remains unknown. Herein, we employ advanced molecular simulation tools (pB histogram, equilibrium path sampling) to provide a statistical-mechanical basis for extracting physical insight into the molecular steps by which clathrates form. Through testing the Mutually Coordinated Guest (MCG) order parameter, we demonstrate that both guest (methane) and host (water) structuring are crucial to accurately describe the nucleation of hydrates and determine a critical nucleus size of MCG-1 = 16 at 255 K and 500 bar. Equipped with a validated (and novel) reac...
ASPECTS OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IN THREE SAMOAN COMMUNITIES

The ‘aiga (family) has long been recognized as the basic unit of Samoan social structure, and as one of Samoan society’s most stable features (e.g., Gilson 1963). Not only has the remarkable conservatism of fa‘aSamoa (Samoan custom, or the Samoan way) been attributed to the ‘aiga, but it has been credited with creating conditions for the successful adaptation of modernizing and migrant Samoans by providing economic, social, and psychological support (Pitt and Macpherson 1974; Macpherson 1978; Higgenbotham and Marsella 1977; Filoiali‘i and Knowles 1983). Yet modernization and migration have resulted in, even necessitated, changes in the structure, function, and accessibility of the ‘aiga (Pitt and Macpherson 1974; Ablon 1971; Kotchek 1978; Filoiali‘i and Knowles 1983; Franco 1978). The modern Samoan family is fragmented. Some members are in the home village, others live in the local urban centers, and still others are scattered about in New Zealand, Australia, Hawaii, and the U.S. mainland. For those who live outside Samoa further fragmentation occurs as a result of housing limitations (Filoiali‘i and Knowles 1983). Several observers have noted a shift toward nuclear households and a change in the authority structure of both households and ‘aiga in migrant communities. They have also noted that Samoans abroad widen their social networks and admit non-Samoans into their intimate circles (Pitt and Macpherson 1974; T. Graves 1978; Lyons 1980). Such changes are perhaps inevitable as individuals leave the confines of
Petersite-(Ce), Cu2+6Ce(PO4)3(OH)6·3H2O, A New Mixite Group Mineral From Yavapai County, Arizona, USA

Abstract A new mineral, petersite-(Ce), ideally Cu 2+ 6 Ce(PO 4 ) 3 (OH) 6 ·3H 2 O (IMA2014-002), has been found in the Cherry Creek District of Yavapai County, Arizona, USA. It is a secondary alteration mineral associated with malachite, chlorite, a biotite phase, quartz, albite, orthoclase, hematite, chalcopyrite, and an uncharacterized hisingerite-like mineral. Petersite-(Ce) occurs as sprays of yellowish-green, acicular crystals approximately 20 × 20 × 50 μm in size. It has a white streak with vitreous luster. The mineral is brittle and has a Mohs hardness of ∼3.5; no cleavage or parting was observed. The calculated density is 3.424 g/cm 3 . An electron microprobe analysis resulted in an empirical chemical formula of Cu 6.05 (Ce 0.18 Y 0.16 La 0.12 Nd 0.09 Gd 0.03 Pr 0.02 Dy 0.01 Sm 0.01 Ca 0.42 ) Σ1.04 [(PO 4 ) 2.54 (SiO 4 ) 0.14 (PO 3 OH) 0.32 (OH) 6 ]·3.65H 2 O. Petersite-(Ce) is hexagonal, with space group P 6 3 / m and unit-cell parameters a 13.2197(18) A, c 5.8591(9) A, and V 886.8(4) A 3 , Z = 2. It is the Ce analogue of petersite-(Y) and exhibits the mixite structure type. The mixite group can be expressed by the general formula Cu 2+ 6 A ( T O 4 ) 3 (OH) 6 · 3H 2 O, where nine-coordinated A is a rare earth element, Al, Ca, Pb, or Bi, and T is P or As. The structure of petersite-(Ce) is characterized by chains of edge-sharing CuO 5 square-pyramids along c . These chains are connected in the a-b plane by edge-sharing CeO 9 polyhedra and corner-sharing PO 4 tetrahedra. Hydroxyl groups occupy each corner of the CuO 5 polyhedra not shared by a neighboring P or Ce atom. Each CeO 9 polyhedron is surrounded by three zeolitic channels. The walls of the channels, parallel to c , are six-membered, hexagonal rings composed of CuO 5 and PO 4 polyhedra in a ratio of 2:1, respectively, and contain H 2 O molecules. In our model of petersite-(Ce), we defined one distinct H 2 O site positioned to form a ring inside the channel, although there are many statistically possible locations.
High-Performing English Learners’ Limited Access to Four-Year College:

Context/BackgroundCurrently, chances for English learners (ELs) to reach higher education in the United States are slim. Almost half of ELs do not attend postsecondary education (PSE), and access t...
Larger ACE 68 aspiration catheter increases first-pass efficacy of ADAPT technique.

Purpose To report the efficacy of A Direct Aspiration first-Pass Thrombectomy (ADAPT) technique with larger-bore ACE aspiration catheters as first-line treatment for anterior circulation emergent large vessel occlusions (ELVOs), and assess for the presence of a first-pass effect with ADAPT. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 152 consecutive patients with anterior circulation ELVOs treated with the ADAPT technique as first-line treatment using ACE60, 64, or 68 at our institution. Baseline characteristics, procedural variables, and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days were recorded. Results Fifty-seven patients were treated with ACE60 (37.5%), 35 with ACE64 (23%), and 60 with ACE68 (39.5%). Median groin puncture to reperfusion time was 30 min with ACE60, 26 min with ACE64, and 19.5 min with ACE68. Successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass was 33% with ACE60 and 53% with ACE68 (P=0.04). The stent-retriever rescue rate was 26% with ACE60, 3% with ACE64, and 10% with ACE68 (P=0.004). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, use of the ACE68 aspiration catheter was an independent predictor of successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass (P=0.016, OR1.67, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.54), and successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass was an independent predictor of good clinical outcome at 90 days (P=0.0004, OR6.2, 95% CI 2.27 to 16.8). Conclusion Use of the larger-bore ACE 68 aspiration catheter was associated with shorter groin puncture to reperfusion time, higher rate of successful reperfusion after the first ADAPT pass, and lower rate of stent-retriever rescue. Further, a first-pass effect was demonstrated in our ADAPT patient cohort.
Plant Regeneration from Embryogenic Calli, Cell Suspension Cultures and Protoplasts of Triticum aestivum L. (Wheat)

Efficient and reproducible methods were developed during the 1980’s for plant regeneration from tissue cultures of all of the important species of the Gramineae (1,2). Regeneration of plants has been shown to be predominantly by the process of somatic embryogenesis (3). Embryogenic cultures can be initiated mostly from explants such as immature embryos, young inflorescences and bases of young leaves which contain meristematic and undifferentiated cells which are not yet committed to specific developmental pathways. Embryogenic cells are relatively small, isodiametric, richly cytoplasmic, strongly basophilic, and contain prominent nuclei, amyloplasts, lipid droplets and only very small vacuoles. Like meristematic cells, they maintain their genetic fidelity during culture and have a selective advantage over cytologically aberrant cells in forming somatic embryos and plants (4–7). Furthermore, it has been shown that somatic embryos develop — directly or indirectly — from single cells (8,9). Consequently, plants derived from embryogenic cultures are neither chimeras nor variants, but true clones. The single cell origin, non-chimeral nature and genetic fidelity of plants derived from somatic embryos are very attractive features for any genetic transformation system.
Dennis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers (eds): Biology and Ideology: From Descartes to Dawkins

Science has always strived for objectivity, for a ‘‘view from nowhere’’ that is not marred by ideology or personal preferences. That is a lofty ideal toward which perhaps it makes sense to strive, but it is hardly the reality. This collection of thirteen essays assembled by Denis R. Alexander and Ronald L. Numbers ought to give much pause to scientists and the public at large, though historians, sociologists and philosophers of science will hardly be surprised by the material covered here. As a matter of historical record, the sciences have always been involved in ideological disputes, sometimes battling against anti-scientific ideologies (as with today’s creationism) or being used for nefarious ideological purposes themselves (as with the infamous episode of eugenics in early twentieth century America). Peter Harrison, in his essay on the cultural authority of natural history in early modern Europe, makes the point very clearly that advocates of the emerging sciences defended their novel, anti-Aristotelian approach in part on the basis that it was more conducive to a traditional humanistic education. For instance, insect metamorphosis was interpreted as analogical to the Christian belief of a resurrection of the body after death. And the ideological entanglement wasn’t only with religion, but extended to politics as well. As Harrison points out, Milton declared that the organization of ant colonies was a naturalistic sanction of parliamentary democracy! Of course, that game can be played by both sides, so it is not surprising that later in the same century the Whig John Edwards —who supported the monarchy of William and Mary—used bee colonies as indicative of the goodness of female monarchy (it is not clear where one could find William’s alter ego among bees, but never mind the details). These days biology, particularly through the Darwinian theory of evolution—is taken to have dealt (again) a mortal blow to theology (more on this below), and ‘‘New Atheist’’ Richard Dawkins likes to claim that he considers himself a Son of the Enlightenment. And yet, as recalled by Shirley Roe in her chapter on biology, atheism, and politics in eighteen century France, the father of that movement, Francois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire, famously spent quite a bit of his time refuting atheism on the ground that no atheistic society could be moral. Indeed, at one point, in answer to a letter from a correspondent he wrote:
Public and Population Health Informatics: The Bridging of Big Data to Benefit Communities

Objective: To summarize the recent public and population health informatics literature with a focus on the synergistic “bridging” of electronic data to benefit communities and other populations. Methods: The review was primarily driven by a search of the literature from July 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017. The search included articles indexed in PubMed using subject headings with (MeSH) keywords “public health informatics” and “social determinants of health”. The “social determinants of health” search was refined to include articles that contained the keywords “public health”, “population health” or “surveillance”. Results: Several categories were observed in the review focusing on public health's socio-technical infrastructure: evaluation of surveillance practices, surveillance methods, interoperable health information infrastructure, mobile health, social media, and population health. Common trends discussing socio-technical infrastructure included big data platforms, social determinants of health, geographical information systems, novel data sources, and new visualization techniques. A common thread connected these categories of workforce, governance, and sustainability: using clinical resources and data to bridge public and population health. Conclusions: Both medical care providers and public health agencies are increasingly using informatics and big data tools to create and share digital information. The intent of this “bridging” is to proactively identify, monitor, and improve a range of medical, environmental, and social factors relevant to the health of communities. These efforts show a significant growth in a range of population health-centric information exchange and analytics activities.
Strain relaxation in low-mismatched GaAs/GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs heterostructures

Abstract The creation of structural defects in low-mismatched GaAs/GaAs0.92Sb0.08/GaAs(001) heterostructures and their evolution during strain relaxation have been studied using transmission electron microscopy as well as high-resolution x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. These GaAsSb films had thicknesses in the range of 50–4000 nm with 50-nm-thick capping layers and were grown using molecular beam epitaxy. The strain relaxation had three distinct phases as the film thickness was increased, whereas the thin GaAs capping layers exhibited only the initial sluggish stage of relaxation in heterostructures with thick GaAsSb films. The character of the misfit dislocations at the two interfaces was determined using g.b analysis, and atomic-scale structural information was obtained using aberration-corrected electron microscopy. Stage-I relaxation took place primarily by glide of dissociated 60° dislocations. Although the films were mostly free of threading dislocations, many curved dislocations extended into the substrate side for heterostructures that had undergone Stage-II and Stage-III relaxation. Investigation of dislocation density evolution at the cap/film interface and morphological evolution of the growth surface revealed a strong correlation. The smoother growth surface in the heterostructure with 4000-nm-thick film resulted in a reduced areal density of surface troughs that acted as nucleation sites for dislocations, which explained the decreased dislocation density at the cap/film interface. Overall, these results prove that heterogeneously nucleated surface half-loops are the primary source of threading dislocations in low-mismatched heterostructures.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE OF THE PLATING MEDIUM ON THE VIABLE COUNT OF PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA1

Summary Various cultures of pseudomonads reacted differently to changes in temperature of the plating medium during pouring. An increase in the temperature of the medium during pouring from 45–50 C...
Methods to minimize power loss at interim futility analyses and final analyses due to violations of initial sample size assumptions in oncology clinical trials with survival endpoints.

e22201 Background: The gold-standard for efficacy in oncology clinical trials is overall survival – a time-to-event endpoint. In phase III trials when interim analyses include a futility component ...
Characterizing Mutual Information Loss in Pyramidal Image Processing Structures

Gaussian and Laplacian pyramids have long been important for image analysis and compression. More recently, Gaussian and Laplacian pyramids have become an important component of machine learning and deep learning for image analysis and image recognition. Constructing these pyramids consists of a series of filtering, decimation, and differencing operations, and the quality indicator is usually mean squared reconstruction error in comparison to the original image. We present a new characterization of the information loss in a Gaussian pyramid in terms of the change in mutual information. More specifically, we show that one half the log ratio of entropy powers between two stages in a Gaussian pyramid is equal to the difference in mutual information between these two stages. We show that this relationship holds for a wide variety of probability distributions and present several examples of analyzing Gaussian and Laplacian pyramids for different images.
Wolman, Wial, St. Clair, and Hill: Coping With Adversity: Regional Economic Resilience and Public Policy

In the past decade, natural and social scientists have sought to apply the concept of resilience to a variety of disciplines, but only recently have urban policy researchers begun to focus on its e...
Thinking about Justice in the Unjust Meantime

Many philosophers endorse the ideal of justice yet disagree radically over what that ideal requires. One persistent problem for thinking about justice is that the unjust social arrangements that originally motivated our questions may also distort our thinking about possible answers. This paper suggests some strategies for improving our thinking about justice in the unjust meantime. As our world becomes more just, we may expect our thinking about justice to improve.
Attachment and post-traumatic stress in victims of interpersonal trauma: The mediating role of emotion-focused coping:

Two studies examined whether negative emotion-focused coping accounts for associations between attachment insecurity and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTS). Victims of physical or sexual assault ...
Polygraphic recordings of night sleep in patients with brain stem lesions

Bei 13 Patienten mit frischen und alteren Hirnstammlasionen wurden jeweils 3 polygraphische Nachtschlaf-EEG-Registrierungen durchgefuhrt. Auser der ublichen polygraphischen Registrierung (EEG, ENG, EMG, EKG, Atmung) wurden eine occipitale EEG-Ableitung, die Augenbewegungen und das EMG des M. mentalis auf einem automatischen EEG-Intervall-Spektrum-Analysator (EISA, Tonnies) aufgenommen. Die Hirnlokalisation wurde nach klinischen Leitsymptomen in mesencephale, pontine, caudale (Medulla oblongata) und diffuse Hirnstammschadigungen eingeteilt.
Continuity and Community: An Analysis of Membership Turnover, Growth and Decline in Three Congregations

This article explores congregational growth and decline from the perspective of long-term members, drawing on personal interviews and fieldwork in a mainline, evangelical and Orthodox congregation. In these, we find distinctive patterns of stability, growth and decline, largely related to congregational demographics and leadership change consistent with findings from previous research. Yet when we shift the perspective from that of the pulpit (number of members) to the view from the pew (continuity of community) a different picture emerges—one focused on the salience of relationships within congregations. This approach challenges the methodological focus on net growth and decline as a way of assessing congregational stability and change. We argue that regardless of whether congregations are growing or shrinking, the experience of worship is shaped by continuity of community—and that continuity, more than size, creates an enduring and sense of connection helps explain why people choose not to circulate, but rather stay.
Modern Multidisciplinary Care in Spine Tumors

Nearly 50% of patients with cancer-related death are found to have spinal metastases on autopsy, highlighting the prevalence of spine metastases in advanced cancer. However, the prognosis of patients with cancer, including those with spinal metastases and primary spinal tumors, has continued to improve. The reasons underlying this improvement are multifactorial and related to advances in local and systemic therapies, as well as early detection. Therefore, it is important to consider advances in prognosis when evaluating local therapy options in patients with spine involvement to avoid missed opportunities for meaningful intervention. Furthermore, specific considerations must be given to the time of invasive procedures in the era of targeted therapies and immunotherapy, underscoring the importance of multidisciplinary care.
The Relationship between Deficiency Needs and Growth Needs: The Continuing Investigation of Maslow’s Theory

Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” theory—which hypothesized that if human lower level “deficiency needs” were not met, higher level “growth needs” would be impaired—has received substantial theoretical...
Playground Equipment-related Genital Injuries in Children: An Analysis of United States Emergency Departments Visits, 2010-2019.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the demographics, epidemiology, and common mechanisms associated with playground equipment-related genital injuries in children. Methods We examined the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database to obtain playground-related genital injuries sustained in children ≤17 years from 2010 to 2019. Demographics of the patients and injury characteristics were analyzed using sample weights to produce national estimates. Results During the study period, an estimated 27,738 (95% confidence interval 18,602-36,874) emergency department visits with an average annual incidence of 3.8 (95% confidence interval 2.5-5) per 100,000 United States population ≤17 years were reported. The mean age was 6.6 (standard error 0.152) years with most injuries occurring in pre-school children (48.1%) and females (81.1%). Over ½ of genital injuries (55.2%) were associated with climbing apparatus. This was followed by slides (10.7%), swings (9%), and seesaws (4.8%). Most genital injuries occurred at public (41.4%) and school settings (36.3%). Straddling and/or falling was the most common mechanism leading to genital injuries (84.4%). The incidence of injuries remained constant during the 10-year study period (change = + 2.6%; r2 = 0.121, P = .326). Monthly variations in the number of injuries existed with peak injuries in April-May, and September-October. Conclusion Despite current safety standards, genital injuries arising from playground equipment have remained stable since 2010. By defining common devices, mechanisms, and conditions associated with genital injuries, this study may help guide efforts aimed at the prevention of such injuries in various locations.
Glass surface as strong base, 'green' heterogeneous catalyst and degradation reagent.

Systematic screening of accelerated chemical reactions at solid/solution interfaces has been carried out in high-throughput fashion using desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and it provides evidence that glass surfaces accelerate various base-catalyzed chemical reactions. The reaction types include elimination, solvolysis, condensation and oxidation, whether or not the substrates are pre-charged. In a detailed mechanistic study, we provide evidence using nanoESI showing that glass surfaces can act as strong bases and convert protic solvents into their conjugate bases which then act as bases/nucleophiles when participating in chemical reactions. In aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, glass surfaces act as ‘green’ heterogeneous catalysts that can be recovered and reused after simple rinsing. Besides their use in organic reaction catalysis, glass surfaces are also found to act as degradation reagents for phospholipids with increasing extents of degradation occurring at low concentrations. This finding suggests that the storage of base/nucleophile-labile compounds or lipids in glass containers should be avoided.
Adapted Physical Education: Meeting the Requirements of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act:

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) requires that school districts provide eligible students with specially designed instruction that confers a free appropriate public education ...
The Feeding Value of Heat Damaged Soybeans in Cattle Diets

Heat damaged grain, if not completely destroyed by fire, takes on a roasted appearance ranging from a slight brownish tint to black. This grain can be salvaged and used in cattle rations. The color can be used to determine relative digestibility and subsequent available energy in the diets of cattle.
Conformant planning for domains with constraints: a new approach

The paper presents a pair of new conformant planners, CPApc and CPAph, based on recent developments in theory of action and change. As an input the planners take a domain description D in action language AL which allows state constraints (non-stratified axioms), together with a set of CNF formulae describing the initial state, and a set of literals representing the goal. We propose two approximations of the transition diagram T defined by D. Both approximations are deterministic transition functions and can be computed efficiently. Moreover they are sound (and sometimes complete) with respect to T. In its search for a plan, an approximation based planner analyses paths of an approximation instead of that of T. CPApc and CPAph are forward, best first search planners based on this idea. We compare them with two state-of-the-art conformant planners, KACMBP and Conformant-FF (CFF), over benchmarks in the literature, and over two new domains. One has large number of state constraints and another has a high degree of incompleteness. Our planners perform reasonably well in benchmark domains and outperform KACMBP and CFF in the first domain while still working well with the second one. Our experimental result shows that having an integral part of a conformant planner to deal with state constraints directly can significantly improve its performance extending a similar claim for classical planners in (Thiebaux. Hoffmann, & Nebel 2003).
The Cubic Field in the System CaO‐ZrO2

The range of existence of the cubic phase in the system CaO-ZrO2 was determined at temperatures from 1300° to 1700°C, using the lattice parameter method. This technique could not be used at higher temperatures because of anomalous changes in the lattice parameter. The possibility of the existence of a compound, CaZr4O9, occurring at 20 mole % CaO, was inferred from X-ray data. The (hypothesized) compound appeared to undergo a phase transformation at about 1650°C. The cubic field was widened when CaCO2 was substituted for CaO as a reagent, probably because of the formation of an intermediate active oxide. This widening of the field may shed light on some of the discrepancies in the literature.
THE EFFECTS OF NEIGHBORHOOD DEMOCRACY ON COOPERATION: A LABORATORY STUDY

ABSTRACT:What effect does participation in neighborhood governments have on residents’ willingness to contribute to the provision of public goods? This is an important question to ask given the gro...
Plastic deformation of quenched and tempered 52100 bearing steel in compression

The compressive flow stress and rate of work hardening of quenched and tempered AISI 52100 steel were measured for a variety of heat treatments. Both the flow stress and the work hardening index,n, increase with decreasing tempering temperature. Flow stresses increase initially with increasing austenitizing temperature,Ta, then decrease with a further increase inTa as the amount of retained austenite increases.n tends to increase asTa increases. In specimens temperared to eliminate retained austenite,n decreases to near zero as the strain increases. This behavior appears to be characteristic of tempered martensite. When less than 10 pct retained austenite is present,n still decreases with increasing strain, but witn n ore than about 15 pct retained austenite,n increases with strain. Heat treatments which refine the primary carbides increase the flow stress forTa≤840°C. Since fine primary carbides lead to more retained austenite at a givenTa, n tends to be greater when primary carbides are refined. For one heat treatment, the retained austenite content was measured by an X-ray method as a function of plastic strain. From changes in the relative intensities of austenite reflections, it was found that austenite crystals most favorably oriented for deformation in compression transform most readily to martensite on straining.
Response to Comment on "Brain IRS2 Signaling Coordinates Life Span and Nutrient Homeostasis"

Differences in reported life span of mice heterozygous for a null allele of the insulin receptor substrate–2 (Irs2) might involve the effects of diet, breeding strategies, and genetic background on insulin-like signaling cascades. A better understanding will emerge from studies focusing on the coordination of nutrient homeostasis and life span by insulin-like signaling in specific peripheral tissues and the central nervous system.
Pulmonary delivery of cisplatin–hyaluronan conjugates via endotracheal instillation for the treatment of lung cancer

Cisplatin (CDDP) intravenous treatments suffer several dose-limiting toxicity issues. Hyaluronan (HA), a naturally occurring biopolymer in the interstitium, is primarily cleared by the lymphatic system. An alteration in input rate and administration route through pulmonary delivery of hyaluronan-cisplatin (HA-Pt) conjugate may increase local lung CDDP concentrations and decrease systemic toxicity. Sprague-Dawley rats were split into four groups: i.v. CDDP (3.5 mg/kg), i.v. HA-Pt conjugate (3.5 mg/kg equivalent CDDP), lung instillation CDDP and lung instillation HA-Pt conjugate. Total platinum level in the lungs of the HA-Pt lung instillation group was 5.7-fold and 1.2-fold higher than the CDDP intravenous group at 24 and 96 h, respectively. A 1.1-fold increase of Pt accumulation in lung draining nodes for the HA-Pt lung instillation group was achieved at 24h relative to the CDDP i.v. group. In the brain and kidneys, the CDDP i.v. group had higher tissue/plasma ratios compared to the HA-Pt lung instillation group. Augmented tissue distribution from CDDP i.v. could translate into enhanced tissue toxicity compared to the altered input rate and distribution of the intrapulmonary nanoformulation. In conclusion, a local pulmonary CDDP delivery system was developed with increased platinum concentration in the lungs and draining nodes compared to i.v. therapy.
The effects of amphenone on thyroid function in man.

AMPHENONE is a synthetic chemical compound of particular biologic significance because of its diverse endocrine properties. It was selected for study by Hertz and his associates as a result of its structural similarity to stilbestrol. The chemical formula originally assigned to amphenone by Allen and Corwin (1) was that of a desoxybenzoin derivative (Fig. 1A). This has recently been modified by Allen and Bencze (2). The new structural formula (Fig. 1B) is that of a substituted diphenylmethane compound. This alteration in the designated molecular configuration of amphenone is of practical importance in helping to define the relationship between chemical structure and biologic activity necessary for the selection of analogous compounds for further investigation. It should be noted that the new formula assigned to amphenone is similar to that of the adrenocorticolytic insecticide, 2,2-bis-(p-chlorphenyl)-1,1-dichlorethane, known as “DDD” (Fig. 1C) (3–5). The following biologic properties of amphenone have be...
Oxygen tolerance estimates in Campylobacter species depend on the testing medium.

J.P. HODGE AND N.R. KRIEG. 1994. Oxygen tolerance of the microaerophile Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni varied with different brands of complex media which were used for plating the dilute cell suspensions. The tryptone component was one factor. With some tryptones growth occurred at 21% oxygen whereas with others there was no growth at oxygen levels of 15% or higher. A chemically-defined, agar-solidified plating medium was used to estimate the oxygen tolerance of Camp. jejuni subsp. jejuni, Camp. coli and Camp. fetus subsp. fetus, and also to assess the effect of added scavengers of reactive oxygen intermediates on the oxygen tolerance. Some scavengers such as allopurinol, azelaic acid, caffeine, cimetidine, TEMPOL and pyruvate enhanced oxygen tolerance markedly whereas others such as carnosine, dimethyl thiourea, spermidine and superoxide dismutase had little effect.
Superfluid-insulator transition and fermion pairing in Bose-Fermi mixtures

It is well known that bosons on an optical lattice undergo a second-order superfluid-insulator transition (SIT) when the lattice potential increases. In this paper, we study SIT when fermions coexist with the bosons. We find that the critical properties of particle-hole symmetric SIT with dynamical exponent $z=1$ is modified when fermions are present; it either becomes a fluctuation-driven first-order transition or a different second-order transition. On the other hand, the more generic particle-hole asymmetric (with $z=2$) SIT is stable against coupling with fermions. We also discuss pairing interaction between fermions mediated by quantum critical fluctuations near SIT and show that the fermion pairing and/or superfluid transition temperature peaks near SIT when a single species of fermion is present.
Drinking problems and mortality risk in the United States

Objective We examine the links between 41 problems related to alcohol consumption and the risk of death among adults in the United States.