cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vacuuming XML

A transaction-time XML database archives XML data versions to create a complete history of the data and processes transaction-time queries to fetch requested versions of data. The database will grow over time as new versions are created, and its unrestrained growth will eventually exceed storage capacity. To become an autonomous, self-managing database this growth must be controlled by vacuuming versions of data, which reclaims space and prevents the data from exceeding storage capacity. Vacuuming policies specify which versions to vacuum. This paper develops micro and macro vacuuming policies for an XML data collection. A micro vacuuming policy targets specific elements in the data, while a macro policy applies to the entire collection. We show how the mix of policies can effectively manage the growth of a database. Vacuuming hierarchical data differs from vacuuming relational data since vacuuming data high in the hierarchy also potentially removes data versions, not explicitly vacuumed, lower in the hierarchy. Vacuuming controls the growth of the archive by sacrificing the completeness of the data's history. Some requests can no longer be satisfied since a requested version might have been vacuumed. An autonomous transaction-time database must also be self-repairing, so this paper also presents a query repair strategy to redirect queries to data that has not been vacuumed. All of the new functionalities were designed to be backwards compatible with existing protocols (e.g., SOAP) and standards (e.g., XML), so a data collection can become a vacuum-enhanced, transaction-time collection at any time.
Desoxyribonucleoprotein Thromboembolism Following Total Body Irradiation: Case Report

A case of sudden death shortly after total body radiation is reported in a patient with acute stem cell leukemia. The sudden death was associated with capillary DNA thromboembolism.
Total synthesis of (+)-tanikolide via oxidative lactonization

(+)-Tanikolide has been synthesized in eight linear steps with a 31% overall yield. The key step in the synthesis utilizes a recently developed tandem oxidative cleavage–lactonization of a precursor alkenol to deliver the lactone moiety.
A decadal precession of atmospheric pressures over the North Pacific

Sustained droughts over the Northwestern U.S. can alter water availability to the region's agricultural, hydroelectric, and ecosystem service sectors. Here we analyze decadal variations in precipitation across this region and reveal their relation to the slow (~10 year) progression of an atmospheric pressure pattern around the North Pacific, which we term the Pacific Decadal Precession (PDP). Observations corroborate that leading patterns of atmospheric pressure variability over the North Pacific evolve in a manner consistent with the PDP and manifest as different phases in its evolution. Further analysis of the data indicates that low-frequency fluctuations of the tropical Pacific Ocean state energize one phase of the PDP and possibly the other through coupling with the polar stratosphere. Evidence that many recent climate variations influencing the North Pacific/North American sector over the last few years are consistent with the current phase of the PDP confirms the need to enhance our predictive understanding of its behavior.
A Review and Discussion of Rocket Vehicle Propulsion Efficiency

The efficiency with which any system uses available energy is often an important measure of the performance of that system. Rockets operate by transforming carried energy of various forms into useful kinetic energy of the payload portion of the vehicle. The efficiency of this transformation is usually not examined in favor of maximizing the change in velocity, V, of the rocket vehicle. However, missions such as launch vehicles, interplanetary missions or other complex trajectories where the initial mass of the vehicle is a large economic driver may benefit from more efficiently expending the energy that is required to be carried. A review of rocket propulsion efficiency is presented. Various definitions of efficiency are discussed such as optimizing the end kinetic energy of the vehicle as a function of mass ratio or optimizing the end kinetic energy as a function of total energy carried. It is shown through derivations of the V equation with changing exhaust velocity during the rocket operation that increases in V may be achieved over the constant exhaust velocity case. For a given amount of propellant energy the optimum manner in which propellant should be expelled is discussed. The potential magnitude of the increase in V is shown through example calculations. The discussion is expanded to a volume limited chemical rocket system where the exhaust velocity depends on the mixture ratio of the oxidizer and fuel. Increases in V are shown by example calculations with various restrictions on propellant loading.
Abstract TMP64: Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment Less Likely to Receive t-PA for Stroke

Background and Objectives: Many adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) live years with good quality of life and do not progress to dementia. It is unclear whether patients with pre-existing MCI (without dementia) are less likely to receive effective treatments for acute ischemic stroke than patients without MCI. We measured differences in intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) treatment for ischemic stroke between MCI patients and cognitively normal patients in a population-based stroke surveillance project. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of prospectively obtained data of 626 first-ever ischemic stroke subjects 45 years or older without dementia in the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi (BASIC) project from 2008 to 2012. We compared receipt of IV t-PA from chart abstraction between subjects with prestroke MCI (Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly [IQCODE] score >3 and <3.44, a valid measure of prestroke MCI) and those with normal cognition (IQCODE score ≤3). We examined associations between receipt of t-PA and cognitive status using logistic regression and adjusting for age and sex as well as variables that were significantly associated with both MCI and receipt of t-PA. Results: Stroke patients with MCI (median age, 70 years; interquartile range (IQR), 60-79 years; n=233) were more likely than cognitively normal patients (median age, 63 years; IQR, 55-73 years; n=393) to be older and women (both P<0.01), and to have a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order (P=0.01). Patients with MCI were less likely to receive IV t-PA for acute ischemic stroke compared with cognitively normal patients (6% vs. 10.7%; unadjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.53; 95% CI, 0.29-1.00; P=0.05). MCI patients remained significantly less likely to receive t-PA compared with cognitively normal patients after adjusting for age, sex, DNR status, and stroke severity (adjusted OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.23-0.97; P=0.04). Conclusion: Patients with MCI are less likely to receive t-PA for acute ischemic stroke compared with cognitively normal patients. Research is needed to determine whether these treatment differences are the result of differences in treatment eligibility, patient/ family preferences, or a less aggressive approach to MCI patients.
The Choice of Nonprofits as Agents of Public Policy

The previous chapter describes the principal-agent relationship and how in general it is established. This chapter describes how a specific contractual relationship is established through the government contracting process and why the nonprofit may be the chosen contractor. When the government signs a contract or makes a grant to an entity, it has selected that entity to be an agent to perform functions specified in that contract on behalf of the public the government represents. Governments at all levels and throughout the world enter into these contracts every day, selecting from a pool of qualified agents that are either firms or nonprofits. The basic questions of this chapter are: How does the government do this? Why would it select a nonprofit over an equally qualified firm?
Changing the Subject: Modernism and the Travel Poetry of Mori Michiyo

This chapter examines one Japanese female modernist, the poet Mori Michiyo (1901-1977), and considers selected aspects of modanizumu insofar as these are reflected in her poetry. A selection from Michiyo's travel poetry is discussed as poetry of enforced mobility and expatriation that resulted in a distinctly gendered and cosmopolitan intervention in the production of Japanese literary modernism. If date of birth is one measure of identifying a generation, then Mori Michiyo clearly belongs to the group of modernist Japanese women writers who were born in the latter part of the Meiji period and began writing in the 1920s. During the course of her writing career, Mori Michiyo produced four slim volumes of poetry and co-authored one even slimmer volume with her husband and travelling companion. Keywords: Japanese literary modernism; Meiji period; modanizumu ; Mori Michiyo
Development of Universal Design Mobile Interface Guidelines (UDMIG) for Aging Population

The number of older adults using technology is steadily increasing. However, this group of users has faced a variety of user interface (UI) usability issues due to various and multiple age-related limitations they have. Four different strategies designed to solve the usability issues older adults have while interacting with user interfaces were analyzed. When placed in a context of mobile interfaces for older adults, Universal Design (UD), Design for Aging, Universal Usability (UU), and Guidelines for handheld mobile device interface design were not found sufficiently complete and inclusive to meet the usability needs of older adults. There is a need to address these usability needs and reconcile inconsistencies between the four strategies. The purpose of this research study was to develop a robust, integrative set of design guidelines based on the four design strategies to ensure usability of mobile devices by older adults. An example of the application of the guidelines to the mobile interface is presented in the paper.
Paternal Multiple Partner Fertility and Environmental Chaos Among Unmarried Nonresident Fathers.

This study examined the association between paternal multiple partner fertility (MPF; having children with two or more partners) and indicators of environmental chaos (partnership instability, resi...
Functional multiplicity among nonprotein amino acids in Mimosoid legumes: A case against redundancy

The nonprotein amino acid chemistry of Mimosoid legumes is diverse. Rare pipecolic acid derivatives and sulphur compounds accumulate in seeds and leaves, and others are excreted from roots. The syn...
INACTIVATION OF CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYMES BY CYCLOPROPYLAMINES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the results of a study conducted to analyze the inactivation of cytochrome P-450 enzymes by cyclopropylamines. The cyclopropyl moiety is a chemically novel entity possessing an electronic structure intermediate between that of alkyl and aryl systems. Cyclopropyl compounds also exhibit novel pharmacological properties in the inhibition of MAO. In this study, a series of p-substituted benzylcyclopropylamines was synthesized to examine the dependence of inhibition on the Hammett σ parameter and other physico–chemical indices. The corresponding N-isopropyl compounds were synthesized to act as reference controls. It was found that inactivation of P-450 increased with incubation time for cyclopropylamines. Experiments indicated that the time-dependent inactivation process required NADPH and was blocked by CO. The compounds had no effect on the NADPH generating system or NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, and inactivation could not be blocked by glutathione or semicarbazide. Preliminary studies indicate that N-benzylcyclopropylamine tritiated at the benzylic position becomes covalently bound to microsomes in vitro. All of these results also suggest that the cyclopropylamines are suicide substrates for cytochromes P-450.
A Case Study: Using The Dupont Approach For Formulating Managerial Decisions

This case introduces a unique approach to financial statement analysis that centers on managerial decision-making as the locus for student analysis. Rather than grouping ratios into traditional categories, such as liquidity, asset efficiency, profitability, insolvency and market ratios, ratios are grouped into operating, investing and financing decision-making areas. Students deepen their understanding of a firm’s strengths and weaknesses through a process of “drilling-down” into the three decision-making domains. The analysis begins with an examination of ROE using the Dupont analysis which provides a useful framework for focusing on the three core managerial decision making activities. The case is constructed using real world information extracted from 10K reports and from recent company announcements. It can be used at the undergraduate (400) or graduate level. It is most suitable for a course in Financial Statement Analysis, or a course in Corporate Financial Management/Corporate Finance. The basics of financial statement analysis are necessary to successfully navigate the case.
Steganography with two JPEGs of the same scene

It is widely recognized that incorporating side-information at the sender can significantly improve steganographic security in practice. Currently, most side-informed schemes for digital images utilize a high quality “precover” image that is subsequently processed and then jointly quantized and embedded with a secret. In this paper, we investigate an alternative form of side-information in the form of two JPEG images of the same scene. The second JPEG image is used to determine the preferred polarity of embedding changes and to modulate their costs. Tests on real imagery show a very significant improvement in empirical security with respect to steganography utilizing a single JPEG image.
Cognitive Functioning, Health Screening Behaviors and Desire to Improve One's Health in Diabetic versus Healthy Older Women.

Aims To attempt to fill a gap in the literature on diabetic versus healthy older women on desire to improve one's health, health screening behaviors, and cognitive health. Study Design Between-subjects design. Place and Duration of Study Department of Psychology, California State University Northridge, between July 2013 and June 2015. Methodology In this preliminary study, we compared 30 diabetic older women to 42 healthy older women (i.e., respondents who reported having no physical illnesses and not taking any medications) on: desire to improve their health (hypothesized as being higher in the diabetes group), receiving mammograms and regular health screenings (analyzed without any hypotheses, due to the lack of evidence on this topic), as well as cognitive functioning (hypothesized as lower in the diabetes group, based on prior research findings). Participants (N=72, mean age=69.29, SD=6.579, age range=50-90) were multiethnic, non-institutionalized women over the age of 50 residing in Los Angeles County who completed our research packet. The latter contained the first author's demographics list and her original structured interview protocol on older women's health, as well as the well-known Mini-Cog. Results The results of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed that, as hypothesized, diabetic women desired to improve their health more than the women in the control group [F (1,70)=11.87, p<.05, η2 =.15]. Additionally, upon implementing Chi-square analyses, we discovered that diabetic respondents were significantly more likely to receive mammograms [X2 (1)=5.87, p<.05] and general health screenings [X2 (1)=4.51, p<.05] than healthy women. Moreover, in contrast with prior literature's findings, cognitive health in the diabetic group obtained marginal significance in an ANOVA as being better than the cognitive health of the control group [F(1,68)=3.30, p=.06, η2 =.05]. Conclusion We have established a significant relationship between diabetes and a) desire to improve one's health and b) health screening behaviors, as well as c) cognitive impairment (at a marginally significant level) among diabetic versus healthy women. This has important clinical and public health implications. Although the findings of prior research suggest that diabetic older women often experience impaired cognitive performance compared to healthy older women, our marginally significant results showed that the opposite is true, at least in our ethnically diverse sample of modest size. Moreover, we found that diabetic older women desired to improve their health significantly more than healthy women and pursued cancer screenings and general health screenings more than their healthy counterpart. The limited size of our sample does not allow for generalizations of our findings. Additional research with larger samples is definitely needed to investigate these topics further.
Emerging Therapies for Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Immunotherapy

The current standard of care for locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer includes radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery in certain individualized cases. In unresectable non-small cell lung cancer, chemoradiation has been the standard of care for the past three decades. Local and distant failure remains high in this group of patients, so dose escalation has been studied in both single institution and national clinical trials. Though initial studies showed a benefit to dose escalation, phase III studies examining dose escalation using standard fractionation or hyperfractionation have failed to show a benefit. Over the last 17 years, stereotactic body radiation therapy has shown a high degree of safety and local control for stage I lung cancers and other localized malignancies. More recently, phase I/II studies using stereotactic body radiation therapy for dose escalation after conventional chemoradiation in locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer have been promising with good apparent safety. Immunotherapy also offers opportunities to address distant disease and preclinical data suggests immunotherapy in tandem with stereotactic body radiation therapy may be a rational way to induce an “abscopal effect” although there is little clinical data as yet. By building on the proven concept of conventional chemoradiation for patients with locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer with a subsequent radiation dose intensification to residual disease with stereotactic body radiation therapy concurrent with immunotherapy, we hope address the issues of metastatic and local failures. This “quadmodality” approach is still in its infancy but appears to be a safe and rational approach to the improving the outcome of non-small cell lung cancer therapy.
There's Nothing Natural About the State of Government Spending in Arkansas

Arkansas is one of the poorest states in the United States, but it has a relatively high level of state government spending compared to similar states. This study examines the drivers of state spending and of spending increases in Arkansas. We investigate both the largest spending categories in absolute terms and categories that have grown significantly in recent decades. We also investigate formal and informal institutional changes that affect state and local government spending. Arkansas has seen significant growth in spending in recent decades. Between 1991 and 2013, state spending has almost doubled, increasing by almost 97 percent even after adjusting for inflation and population. The growth since 1951 has been ever more dramatic, increasing ninefold in real, per capita terms. We investigate what state- and local-level changes have brought about this growth and what institutional changes may have driven the growth, and we suggest institutional reforms.
The Farmers' Influence over Prices

The ability to exercise command over prices is the determining factor in the distribution of goods, whereby one class is enabled to rise to the higher levels of economic wellbeing; while the inability to command the price situation means eventual loss of such position, or failure ever to attain it. Probably no other class, or group, of people so great in numbers, with so high a level of intelligence, have during the past eventful century and a half remained so passive, and taken its share of the social dividend with such resignation, as have the farmers. Over a large part of this period it is almost as though the farmers' income were predetermined by the fates, and forecast by nothing more modern or reliable than the auguries. This extreme situation is more thoroughly characteristic of America than of some other countries, such for example as Germany, Denmark, and earlier, England. The American farmer is undoubtedly the most individualistic citizen to be found in numbers in any modern country. His life and his contacts have contributed to the development of a spirit of independence which has long been his pride, and now constitutes his weakness. For more than a century following the Revolution the farmer was coaxed westward by free land, not appreciating that free land
Cross-Domain Sentiment Classification via a Bifurcated-LSTM

Sentiment classification plays a vital role in current online commercial transactions because it is critical to understand users’ opinions and feedbacks in businesses or products. Cross-domain sentiment classification can adopt a well-trained classifier from one source domain to other target domains, which reduces the time and efforts of training new classifiers in these domains. Existing cross-domain sentiment classification methods require data or other information in target domains in order to train their models. However, collecting and processing new corpora require very heavy workload. Besides, the data in target domains may be private and not always available for training. To address these issues, motivated by multi-task learning, we design a Bifurcated-LSTM which takes advantages of attention-based LSTM classifiers along with augmented dataset and orthogonal constraints. This Bifurcated-LSTM can extract domain-invariant sentiment features from the source domain to perform sentiment analysis in different target domains. We conduct extensive experiments on seven classic types of product reviews, and results show that our system leads to significant performance improvement.
‘You Want Me to Sing?’ Holocaust Testimonies in the Intersubjective Field

Studies of Holocaust testimonies often depict survivors as traumatized victims who require the therapeutic assistance of interviewers to tell their stories. This paper focuses on six testimonies fr...
Comparison and Deviation from a Representation Formula

Let X ~ ID(b, ΣE, v), i.e., let X be a d-dimensional infinitely divisible random vector with characteristic function $$\varphi (t) = \exp \left\{ {i\langle t,b\rangle - \frac{1}{2}\langle \sum t ,t\rangle + \int_{{\mathbb{R}^d}} {({e^{i\langle t,u\rangle }} - 1 - i\langle t,u\rangle 1(\left| u \right|} < 1))\nu (du)} \right\},$$ (1.1) where t, b ∈ ℝ d , Σ is a positive semidefinite d × d matrix and v (the Levy measure) is a positive measure on B(ℝ d ), the Borel σ-algebra of ℝ d , without atom at the origin and such that \(\int_{\mathbb{R}^d } {(\left| u \right|} ^2 \wedge 1)\nu (du) < + \infty (\langle \cdot , \cdot \rangle {e_{1}}, \ldots ,{e_{n}},e_{i}^{2} = - 1, \) and ∣ · ∣ are respectively the Euclidean inner product and norm in ℝ d ).
Origin and replication of defective interfering particles.

Defective interfering virus (DI) particles represent a major controlling element of virus replication. They are constantly generated at low levels by infectious virus and only amplify to interfering levels when the parent helper vims is abundant. This autointerference phenomenon, as it was called when first discovered, is achieved by rearrangements and deletions of the standard virus genome such that the resulting “incomplete form” of the virus can preferentially replicate.
Milrinone, dobutamine, and nitroprusside: comparative effects on hemodynamics and myocardial energetics in patients with severe congestive heart failure.

To assess their comparative effects on hemodynamics and myocardial energetics, we administered nitroprusside (1.5 +/- 0.6 microgram/kg-min), dobutamine (10 +/- 3 micrograms/kg-min), and milrinone (67 +/- 13 micrograms/kg-min) sequentially to 10 patients with severe (NYHA class III or IV) congestive heart failure. Each agent led to a significant (p = .001) increase in cardiac index (1.9 +/- 0.5 to 2.7 +/- 0.6 liters/min/m2; 1.7 +/- 0.4 to 2.6 +/- 0.6 liters/min/m2; and 1.8 +/- 0.5 to 2.7 +/- 0.5 liters/min/m2, for nitroprusside, dobutamine, and milrinone, respectively). Dobutamine did not produce a significant change in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (27 +/- 5 to 24 +/- 6 mm Hg, NS) nor in mean arterial pressure (83 +/- 9 to 86 +/- 10 mm Hg, NS), but caused a significant rise in heart rate (85 +/- 16 to 99 +/- 17 beats/min, p = .001) and in myocardial oxygen consumption (8.7 +/- 2.1 to 11.1 +/- 3.8 ml O2/min, p = .03). In contrast, nitroprusside and milrinone each caused a significant (p = .001) fall in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (27 +/- 6 to 19 +/- 7 mm Hg and 26 +/- 6 to 19 +/- 9 mm Hg, respectively), without significantly increasing either the heart rate (87 +/- 18 to 85 +/- 17 beats/min and 86 +/- 17 to 89 +/- 17 beats/min, respectively) or myocardial oxygen consumption (8.8 +/- 2.3 to 7.6 +/- 2.1 ml O2/min and 8.8 +/- 2.1 to 8.4 +/- 2.1 ml O2/min, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Recommendations for Specimen Banking and Monitoring Accumulations of Air Pollutants by Plants

Over the past four decades vegetation throughout the world has become exposed to increasing doses of atmospheric depositions of anthropogenic origins. Exposure of vegetation is more intense proximal to industrial sources and downwind of major urban centers but increasing depositions of gases, aerosols, dusts, and fine particles of submicron size are being observed in remote regions of the world. Examples of heavily impacted areas of an industrial nature would include the smelter districts in Canada (Sudbury and Wawa; Ontario; and Trail, British Columbia) and the United States (Copper Hill, Tennessee) and the area within and proximal to the Ruhr Valley in Germany. Major studies of vegetation effects downwind of large metropolitan areas have included the San Bernardino Mountains in California (downwind of Los Angeles) and the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia (downwind of the industrial Midwest and Northeast) and the well-known studies in Sweden and Norway as related to acidic depositions originating in the British Isles and the industrial corridor of Northern Europe. Additionally, depositions obviously occur on perhaps a more uniform basis (due to dilution) over much broader regions due to mesocale transport phenomenon.
Correlation of in-situ transmission electron microscopy and microchemistry analysis of radiation-induced precipitation and segregation in ion irradiated advanced ferritic/martensitic steels

Abstract This article presents a novel method combining ion irradiation, in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and microchemistry analysis before/after irradiation, which allows to examine same microstructural areas throughout ion irradiation. A 12 wt% Cr Ferritic/Martensitic steel (HT9) was irradiated in the TEM to 1.17 × 1020 ions·m−2 at 440 °C using 1 MeV Kr2+ ions, and the in-situ characterization focused on radiation-induced precipitation and segregation. Results of in-situ experiments were compared with those obtained from ex-situ experiments, to showcase how this method helps to better understand precipitation kinetics in the irradiated material examined ex-situ, for which only snapshots are available at limited doses.
Carbon Amendments Induce Shifts in Nutrient Use, Inhibitory, and Resistance Phenotypes Among Soilborne Streptomyces

Carbon amendments are used in agriculture for increasing microbial activity and biomass in the soil. Changes in microbial community composition and function in response to carbon additions to soil have been associated with biological suppression of soilborne diseases. However, the specific selective impacts of carbon amendments on microbial antagonistic populations are not well understood. We investigated the effects of soil carbon amendments on nutrient use profiles, and antibiotic inhibitory and resistance phenotypes of Streptomyces populations from agricultural soils. Soil mesocosms were amended at intervals over 9 months with low or high dose solutions of glucose, fructose, a complex amendment, or water only (non-amendment control). Over 130 Streptomyces isolates were collected from amended and non-amended mesocosm soils, and nutrient utilization profiles on 95 different carbon substrates were determined. A subset of isolates (n = 40) was characterized for their ability to inhibit or resist one another. Carbon amendments resulted in Streptomyces populations with greater niche widths, and increased growth efficiencies as compared with Streptomyces in non-amended soils. Shifts in microbial nutrient use and growth capacities coincided with positive selection for Streptomyces antibiotic inhibitory phenotypes in carbon-amended soils, resulting in populations dominated by phenotypes that combine both antagonistic capacities and a generalist lifestyle. Carbon inputs resulted in populations that on average were more resistant to one another than populations in non-amended soils. Shifts in metabolic capacities and antagonistic activity indicate that carbon additions to soil may selectively enrich Streptomyces antagonistic phenotypes, that are rare under non-nutrient selection, but can inhibit more intensively nutrient competitors, and resist phenotypes with similar functional traits. These results shed light on the potential for using carbon amendments to strategically mediate soil microbial community assembly, and contribute to the establishment of pathogen-suppressive soils in agricultural systems.
The Gamification of Meditation: A Randomized-Controlled Study of a Prescribed Mobile Mindfulness Meditation Application in Reducing College Students’ Depression:

Objective. Roughly 35% of college students report depression as a significant concern, which unaddressed, can lead to an increased likelihood to quit school and develop comorbid conditions. Traditi...
Yarrowia lipolytica: more than an oleaginous workhorse

Microbial production of fuels and chemicals offers a means by which sustainable product manufacture can be achieved. In this regard, Yarrowia lipolytica is a unique microorganism suitable for a diverse array of biotechnological applications. As a robust oleaginous yeast, it has been well studied for production of fuels and chemicals derived from fatty acids. However, thanks in part to newfound genetic tools and metabolic understanding, Y. lipolytica has been explored for high-level production of a variety of non-lipid products. This mini-review will discuss some of the recent research surrounding the ability of Y. lipolytica to support bio-based chemical production outside the realm of fatty acid metabolism including polyketides, terpenes, carotenoids, pentose phosphate-derived products, polymers, and nanoparticles.
Effects of Rapid Induction Heating on Transformations in 0.6% C Steels

Rapid induction surface hardening of high-carbon steel with an initial martensitic microstructure can attain the very high-strength levels needed for lightweighting components such as shafts, gears, and bearings that are subjected to high operating stresses. Specimens of pearlitic and martensitic 0.6 wt pct C steels were heat-treated using a dilatometer to investigate the effects of prior microstructure, heating rates (5 to 500 °C/s), and austenitizing temperatures (850 to 1050 °C) on the transformation to austenite and subsequent transformation to martensite during helium quenching. Specimens were quenched from selected temperatures during heating to assess the initial cementite precipitates formed in martensite before transformation to austenite. Other specimens were isothermally held at the austenitizing temperature to assess cementite dissolution rates and austenite grain evolution. Higher heating rates increased the Ac1 and Ac3 temperatures and lowered the Ms temperatures. Martensitic prior microstructures resulted in lower Ms temperatures and lower hardness as compared to a pearlitic prior microstructure. Alloy content and the austenitizing temperature (900 or 1150 °C) utilized to provide the initial martensitic microstructure also influenced the transformation temperatures and the amount of retained austenite.
Data-Driven Approach to Understanding the In-Operando Performance of Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Electrodes

Doping with heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen has been widely practiced to improve the capacitance of carbon electrodes for supercapacitor energy storage. However, the role of different heter...
The density effect in centroid estimation is blind to contrast polarity.

Abstract Human vision is highly efficient in estimating the centroids of spatially scattered items. However, the processes underlying this remarkable skill remain poorly understood. A salient fact is that in estimating the centroids of dot-clouds, observers underweight densely packed dots relative to isolated dots; thus, when an observer estimates the centroid of a dot cloud, the weight exerted on the subject’s response by a given dot tends to be suppressed by other dots near it. The current experiment sought to determine whether dots of contrast polarity equal vs. opposite to a given dot differ in how they alter the weight it exerts. Six observers were tested in a task that used brief (180 ms), Gaussian clouds that mixed 9 white and 9 black dots on a gray background. On each trial, the observer strove to mouse-click the centroid of the stimulus cloud weighting all dots equally. The model used to describe the results allows the weight exerted on the subject’s response by a given dot to depend on its peripherality in the stimulus cloud as well as on the density of same- and opposite-polarity dots surrounding it. For four observers, peripheral dots exerted lower influence than central dots on responses; the other two showed little effect of peripherality. For all observers, dots in high-density regions exerted less weight on responses than dots in low-density regions. Concerning the primary research question: dots of opposite vs. the same polarity as a given dot suppressed the weight it exerted with equal effectiveness. This suggests that the site of the interaction producing the density effect is a neural population that registers positive and negative contrast polarities in the same way.
The impact of 9/11 and the War on Terror on Arab and Muslim children and families

There is a growing body of work that documents the impact of 9/11 and the war on terror on Arab and Muslim children and families. This review is designed to provide a brief overview and suggest new ways to better understand this understudied population. Several studies show anti-Arab and anti-Muslim sentiments at its highest levels since 9/11. There is strong evidence that Arab and Muslim children and families experience some of the highest levels of discrimination, and as a result, they report higher levels of mental health symptoms. Given the limited data, we need future studies (a) to focus on populations outside of the USA and Europe; (b) to use longitudinal designs; (c) to pay attention to within group variations by race, gender, social class, and immigration status; and (d) to use culturally validated instruments.
Running kinetics and femoral trochlea cartilage characteristics in recreational and collegiate distance runners.

Recreational running can benefit knee cartilage, but the relationship between competitive running and knee cartilage is unclear. We compared femoral cartilage between collegiate runners, recreation...
Differential calcium alterations in animal models of neurodegenerative disease: Reversal by FK506

Abnormal accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn), and microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Pick's disease (PiD). The mechanisms through which aggregated versions of α-syn, Aβ, and tau may lead to neurodegeneration are not entirely clear, however, there is emerging evidence that neuronal calcium dysregulation is at play. Two-photon microscopy is a powerful tool that can be used to measure in vivo alterations of calcium transients using animal models of neurodegeneration, and when coupled with statistical methods to characterize functional signals, can reveal features that identify and discern between distinct mouse types. We studied four mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases, wild-type (WT) α-syn, E57K α-syn, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and triple-repeat (3R)-Tau and Non-transgenic (tg) littermates using two-photon microscopy. We found that for calcium transients, simple measures such as area under the curve (AUC) and peak width in the 1-Hz whisker pad stimulation paradigm, were significantly increased for WT α-syn, E57K α-syn and APP mice across all cortical depths compared to Non-tg mice. A similar result was found in the 3-Hz paradigm in E57K α-syn mice. Spontaneous calcium transient AUC was significantly higher in WT α-syn mice and lower for APP and 3R Tau mice at 150-μm depth. Going beyond simple measure differences such as group means for AUC, signal peak width, and spontaneous calcium activity counts, we built statistical classifiers to characterize neuronal calcium signals to identify and discern, with quantified measures of confidence, all mouse types. We tested our classifier with FK506, which regulates mitochondrial calcium and found that this drug modulated the WT α-syn calcium transients to such an extent that the classifier easily identified the calcium transients as belonging to Non-tg mice. The coupling of two-photon microscopy data and statistical classifiers serves to effectively create a bioassay where the number of animals and scientific resources can be reduced without compromising the results of the experiment.
Relationship between Self-Reported Maternal Substance Abuse and Adverse Outcomes in the Premature Newborn.

Objective This study aims to compare neonatal and long-term outcomes among preterm newborns from women with reported versus those who did not report substance abuse. Study Design Secondary analysis of a trial of magnesium sulfate for cerebral palsy prevention. Cases were pregnant women who reported substance abuse, controls were those who denied it. Study outcomes included (1) composite neonatal morbidity, defined as any of the following: Apgar score ≤ 3 at 5 minutes, seizures, culture-proven sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis grades 2 or 3, intraventricular hemorrhage grades 3 or 4, and/or death before discharge; (2) infant and childhood morbidity, defined as stillbirth or death by 1 year, or moderate/severe cerebral palsy by age of 2. Results Among 1,972 women meeting the inclusion criteria, 197 (10%) reported substance abuse. Composite neonatal, infant, and childhood morbidity rates were similar between cases and controls. However, women reporting substance abuse who delivered between 320/7 and 366/7 weeks had a higher frequency of composite infant and childhood morbidity (6.5 vs. 1.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 6.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–36.99). Conclusions Preterm birth was associated with similar composite neonatal morbidity between cases and controls. After 32 weeks, self-reported substance abuse was associated with a sevenfold increase in the rates of stillbirth and long-term infant morbidity.
Evaluation of Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations of ozone during Arctic winter 2004–2005

[1] The work presented here evaluates polar stratospheric ozone simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) for the Arctic winter of 2004–2005. We use the Specified Dynamics version of WACCM (SD-WACCM), in which temperatures and winds are nudged to meteorological assimilation analysis results. Model simulations of ozone and related constituents generally compare well to observations from the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). At most times, modeled ozone agrees with MLS data to within ~10%. However, a systematic high bias in ozone in the model of ~18% is found in the lowermost stratosphere in March. We attribute most of this ozone bias to too little heterogeneous processing of halogens late in the winter. We suggest that the model under-predicts ClONO2 early in the winter, which leads to less heterogeneous processing and too little activated chlorine. Model HCl could also be overestimated due to an underestimation of HCl uptake into supercooled ternary solution (STS) particles. In late winter, the model overestimates gas-phase HNO3, and thus NOy, which leads to an over-prediction of ClONO2 (under-prediction of activated chlorine). A sensitivity study, in which temperatures for heterogeneous chemistry reactions were reduced by 1.5 K, shows significant improvement of modeled ozone. Chemical ozone loss is inferred from the MLS observations using the pseudo-passive subtraction approach. The inferred ozone loss using this method is in agreement with or less than previous independent results for the Arctic winter of 2004–2005, reaching 1.0 ppmv on average and up to 1.6 ppmv locally in the polar vortex.
Electron Transport Phenomena and Oscillatory Behavior in the Lattice Conductivity of an Antimony Single Crystal in a Magnetic Field at Low Temperature

With the magnetic field parallel to the trigonal direction, the experimental coefficients of the transport effects have been measured in the basal plane of an antimony crystal, i.e., in a transverse field. The zero-field resistance ratio was ρ 300°/ρ 1.3° ≈ 9000.
Screening for dementia in community-based memory clinics.

PROBLEM Dementia is a significant public health problem that is underrecognized in primary care settings. This study examined the usefulness of 3 brief screening tests in detecting dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in persons seeking consultation for memory complaints within a network of memory diagnostic clinics in Wisconsin. METHODS This prospective study of consecutive referrals for memory diagnostic evaluation analyzed data for 364 patients > or = 50 years. Scores on 3 cognitive screening measures-the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing, and Animal Naming--were compared to clinical diagnosis of normal cognitive aging, MCI, or dementia. RESULTS Using the standard cut score of <24, the MMSE identified only 60% of persons diagnosed with dementia. By contrast, using a recommended cut score of <14 words per minute, Animal Naming identified 85% of persons with dementia with a relatively low (12%) false positive rate. Clock Drawing was intermediate to the other 2 measures in screening effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Animal Naming was moderately to highly effective in identifying dementia. The naming procedure is easy to administer and may have value as a brief initial dementia screen in busy practice settings. More demanding cognitive measures may be needed to improve screening accuracy for MCI.
Techniques for classifying acoustic resonant spectra

A second-generation nondestructive evaluation (NDE) system that discriminates between different types of chemical munitions is under development. The NDE system extracts features from the acoustic spectra of known munitions, builds templates from these features, and performs classification by comparing features extracted from an unknown munition to a template library. Improvements over first-generation feature extraction, template construction and classification algorithms are reported. Results are presented on the performance of the system on a large data set collected from surrogate-filled munitions. >
Fat-suppressed MR of the orbit and cavernous sinus: comparison of fast spin-echo and conventional spin-echo.

PURPOSE To compare T2-weighted fat-suppressed fast spin-echo imaging with fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo imaging in the detection of normal intraorbital and pericavernous anatomy and orbital disease, and to determine the efficacy of fat saturation with T2-weighted fast spin-echo imaging of the cavernous sinus. METHODS Contrast-to-noise ratios of normal intraorbital anatomy were calculated and compared in 10 consecutive patients using fat-suppressed fast spin-echo and conventional spin-echo T2-weighted images. Contrast-to-noise ratios of common intraorbital lesions were calculated and compared using fat-suppressed fast spin-echo and fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo. Qualitative evaluation was performed and compared for normal intraorbital anatomy using both fat-suppressed fast spin-echo and fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo in 16 patients. Qualitative evaluation for the detection of normal anatomic structures of the pericavernous region was performed and compared using fast spin-echo with and without fat suppression and fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo T2-weighted images in 16 patients. Fat saturation was performed using standard commercially available chemical saturation technique. RESULTS Reduced imaging time allowed more acquisitions for fat-suppressed fast spin-echo images, which significantly improved visibility of intraorbital and pericavernous anatomy over fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo. Anatomic visibility was also improved because of reduced motion, phase encoding, and susceptibility artifacts. There was no significant difference between contrast-to-noise ratios for fat-suppressed fast spin-echo and fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo imaging of the lateral and medial rectus muscles. Contrast-to-noise ratios of fat suppressed fast spin-echo of orbital disease was significantly greater than contrast-to-noise ratios of fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo. Detection of several normal anatomic structures of the pericavernous region was significantly improved with non-fat-suppressed fast spin-echo over fat-suppressed fast spin-echo because of significantly reduced magnetic susceptibility artifact. CONCLUSIONS Fat-suppressed fast spin-echo is superior to fat-suppressed conventional spin-echo for T2-weighted orbital imaging. Non-fat-suppressed fast spin-echo is the preferred pulse sequence for T2-weighted imaging of the cavernous sinus because of the minimal susceptibility artifact.
FPSO electrical system challenges & lessons learned

This paper discusses the lessons learned during the specification, cost estimation, design, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance of an electrical system on a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) offshore platform. The FPSO has a design capacity of 150,000 barrel per day and contains 93 MW of power generation capacity and associated distribution and electrical loads. The lessons learned are applicable to other offshore facilities, zoned facilities, facilities in a marine environment and other existing or planned, large, industrial facilities with substantial electric load. This paper explores many of these lessons learned in detail and documents their implications.
Comparing Advantages : US Trade with the Rest of the World, 1968~2008

Calibrating a stylized version of the Dornbusch-Fischer-Samuelson model, this paper finds that relative to a cohort of 97 trading partners, the US capital stock, labor force, and nominal GDP per capita decreased, while the level of technology embodied in its output increased. These observed dynamics suggest a shift in comparative advantage that, coupled with increased production at the extensive and intensive margins, yields an expectation of labor market churning. Grouping trading partners by World Bank income classifications reveals that observed changes for low and lower middle income cohorts resulted in more pronounced shifts in comparative advantage. Examining employment and earnings in US manufacturing industries, a dynamic regression model reveals that increased import penetration has significant negative effects on production worker employment and wages, while increases in exports has significant positive effects on production worker employment. Variation in labor market outcomes is found across income classifications, as well as industries categorized by trade orientation.