cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time PCR assays for monitoring benzimidazole resistance-associated mutations in Ancylostoma caninum

Frequent and broad application of anthelmintic drugs for treatment of intestinal parasite infection has led to drug resistance that often renders whole populations of livestock unresponsive to treatment. Therefore, it is important to detect mutations associated with drug resistance before it becomes clinically manifest. To monitor developing drug resistance against benzimidazoles (BZ), we developed real-time PCR assays and applied them to analyse the beta-tubulin isotype-1 gene of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum, an important parasite of dogs. Previously, we developed PCR assays to monitor codon positions 167 and 200. Here, we describe an assay which is able to detect resistance alleles in codon 198. These real-time PCR assays were subsequently applied to screen hookworm specimens recovered from dogs in Georgia. No elevated levels of polymorphisms at the investigated loci were found, suggesting that selection for resistance in the tested samples did not occur.
The role of orthodontics in implant dentistry

Orthodontic treatment of partially edentulous patients is difficult, especially if a significant number of teeth are missing. With loss of teeth, adjacent or opposing teeth usually tip, drift or over-erupt leaving spaces that are not optimal for replacement of missing teeth. Orthodontic correction of these spatial relationships will aid prosthetic replacement of the missing teeth, function, hygiene and aesthetics. Orthodontists rely on teeth to provide the anchorage to correct malocclusions. With patients with an intact dentition dental anchorage is usually adequate to facilitate tooth movement. In some partially edentulous patients however, insufficient anchorage may present to correct the malocclusion. In these patients implants can provide additional anchorage. At times, osseointegrated implants can also be used to support restorations after completion of orthodontic therapy if treatment planning is precise. The use of implants for orthodontic anchorage requires an interdisciplinary approach and precise planning to achieve optimal results.
Using edge-detector to model wake effects on wind turbines

A healthy wind turbine is essential for efficient wind energy generation, and fault monitoring is required to ensure that. To detect faults accurately, while reducing false alarms, we need to identify the temporary power generation loss that is not due to fault. One major phenomenon that is not a fault but will cause power reduction is the wake effect. Wake effect is the blocking of the air flow towards one turbine by another turbine or other structures, when the wind is blowing in certain direction. Identifying the existence of wake can effectively reduce the false alarms of faults. Meanwhile, although wake is not a fault, it increases the turbine's structural loading and may eventually lead to a fault. Therefore, it is beneficial to understand how susceptible a turbine is to wake effect, which is affected by the layout of the wind farm and reflected in the data. Currently the wind farms are typically equipped with the capacity to collect SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) data in this standard data format; however, the large amount of SCADA data may not be fully utilized to its potential, and we propose to use the SCADA data to learn the wake pattern for each turbine. Our approach is driven by the data, without any pre-determined modeling, and hence it is automatic, adaptive and widely applicable. Specifically, we propose to represent the wind speed difference data against wind direction, similar to an image, and then we use an edge detector to discern the pattern in the data to capture the wake effect. Due to the nature of the images to be processed, where outlier pixels can be viewed as “salt & pepper” noise, we propose to use a linear prediction based entropy thresholding method for edge detection, to illustrate our concept for wake effect detection. To further improve wake detection accuracy, each extracted edge map was converted into a linear data series so that an envelope can be built based on the pixels forming the “valleys” and the “peaks”. The envelope enables simple and accurate measurements of the width and depth of the “valleys”. Finally, we generate a single wake pattern for each turbine of interest, by fusing the wake patterns caused by all the neighboring turbines, no matter how many neighboring turbines there are. The more the wind directions in the wake pattern, the more susceptible the turbine of interest is to wake effect. The accurate wake pattern generated by our approach is helpful to separate wakes from true faults, and to understand the vulnerability of the turbines.
Phonological Acquisition in Bilingual Spanish–English Speaking Children

Purpose In this study, the authors aimed to determine how between-language interaction contributes to phonological acquisition in bilingual Spanish–English speaking children. Method A total of 24 t...
Some properties of millimetric space debris

We describe radar observations at 8510 MHz of 39 small particles in Earth orbit. The altitudes vary between 510 and 1550 km, while the radial velocities lie between -310 and +520 m/s. Regarding all the observations as belonging to one statistical population, we calculate with the principle of least squares a best fitting semimajor axis and eccentricity. The simimajor axis is (7450+98/-92) km, while the eccentricity is (0.039+0.012/-0.016).
Role of hydrophobic effects in the reaction of a polynuclear aromatic diol epoxide with oligodeoxynucleotides in aqueous solutions.

The need for large-scale direct synthesis of stereochemically defined and site-specific benzo[a]pyrenediol epoxide−oligodeoxyribonucleotide adducts for detailed NMR and other biochemical and physic...
Two-three-year stability and interrelations of bulimotypic indicators and depressive and anxious symptoms in middle-aged women.

Objective: There is a paucity of research examining eating disorder symptoms among middle-aged women. Method: This prospective study assessed the stability of bulimic symptoms and 5 associated variables (perfectionism, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, anxiety symptoms, and perceived weight status) in a sample of 150 middle-aged women (mean age ¼ 45.19 years) over a2 .5-year time period. In addition, interrelations among bulimic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Results: Results suggested that all 6 bulimia-related variables remained significantly stable over 2.5 years. In addition, notable relations between Time 1
Premenopausal risk factors for coronary and aortic calcification: A 20-year follow-up in the healthy women study

Objective It is important to understand the early development of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women to prevent costly morbidity and mortality associated with CVD events.
Ventilatory pressure loading at constant pulmonary FCO2 in Gallus domesticus.

Abstract Seven White Leghorn roosters were unidirectionally ventilated at constant flows and CO2 concentrations. The birds were awake and stood or crouched in a plethysmograph. A servo system clamped the pressure in the air sacs at constant values from −10 to + 10 cm H2O in 2 cm H2O increments. Therefore, the animals could inflate or deflate the air sacs with breathing movements without affecting intrapulmonary pressures. Decreasing air sac pressure less than atmospheric caused inspiratory duration (T I ), expiratory duration (T E ), total period (T TOT and tidal volume (V R ) to decrease, the ratio, T I /T E to increase. Increasing air sac pressures to 6 cm H2O above atmospheric caused, T E to increase, T I and T I /T E to decrease and V T and T TOT to change very little. After bilateral vagotomy air sac pressure changes caused little or no changes in T I , T E , T TOT or T I /T E , but produced percentage changes in V T similar to before vagotomy. Comparison of end expiratory volumes with apneic volumes (produced by lowering CO2 in the insulfating gas) over the range of air sac pressures clamped shows: (1) chickens actively exhale at pressures as low as −10 cm H2O, and (2) the change of mean air sac volume due to imposed pressure is less during breathing than during apnea. These findings, we believe, are due to a reflex initiated by mechanoreceptors with projections in the vagus nerves.
System optimization of turbofan engines using genetic algorithms

Abstract This paper presents an application of genetic algorithms to the system optimization of turbofan engines. Genetic algorithms are relatively new general-purpose optimization algorithms that apply the rules of natural genetics to explore a given search space. In order to characterize the many measures of aricraft engine performance, two different criteria are chosen for evaluation. These criteria are thrust per unit mass flow rate and overall efficiency. These criteria are optimized using four key parameters including Mach number, compressor pressure ratio, fan pressure ratio, and bypass ratio. After observing how each parameter influences objective functions independently, the two objective functions are combined to examine their interaction in a multiobjective function optimization. Numerical results indicate that genetic algorithms are capable of optimizing a complex system quickly. The resultant parameter values agree well with previous studies.
Experimental and numerical analysis on normalization of picture frame tests for composite materials

Abstract Material characterization of woven fiber reinforced composites is one of the critical issues in promoting their applications. Existing experimental tests for characterizing the material behavior of textile composites include the shear frame test, biaxial tensile test and bias extension test. Each test method has its own merits as well as its disadvantages. One important question is how to correlate testing data from different laboratories, specifically, how to compare the data? Should we normalize the reaction force by the side length or by the area of the composite sheet in the shear frame test? In this paper, we discuss this question from the energy point of view with the assistance of numerical simulations, and present experimental results designed to address this problem. Our answer to this question is ‘it depends’, i.e., how to normalize the data depends on the experimental configuration.
Aging and Visual Attention

Older adults are often slower and less accurate than are younger adults in performing visual-search tasks, suggesting an age-related decline in attentional functioning. Age-related decline in attention, however, is not entirely pervasive. Visual search that is based on the observer's expectations (i.e., top-down attention) is relatively preserved as a function of adult age. Neuroimaging research suggests that age-related decline occurs in the structure and function of brain regions mediating the visual sensory input, whereas activation of regions in the frontal and parietal lobes is often greater for older adults than for younger adults. This increased activation may represent an age-related increase in the role of top-down attention during visual tasks. To obtain a more complete account of age-related decline and preservation of visual attention, current research is beginning to explore the relation of neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function to behavioral measures of visual attention.
An exonuclease III and graphene oxide-aided assay for DNA detection.

Abstract We have developed a novel DNA assay based on exonuclease III (ExoIII)-induced target recycling and the fluorescence quenching ability of graphene oxide (GO). This assay consists of a linear DNA probe labeled with a fluorophore in the middle. Introduction of target sequence induces the exonuclease III catalyzed probe digestion and generation of single nucleotides. After each cycle of digestion, the target is recycled to realize the amplification. Finally, graphene oxide is added to quench the remaining probes and the signal from the resulting fluorophore labeled single nucleotides is detected. With this approach, a sub-picomolar detection limit can be achieved within 40 min at 37 °C. The method was successfully applied to multicolor DNA detection and the analysis of telomerase activity in extracts from cancer cells.
Kearns on Rule A

The so-called Direct Argument for the incompatibility of moral responsibility and causal determinism depends on a rule of inference called Rule A, a rule that says no one is (or could be) even partly morally responsible for a necessary truth. While most philosophers think that Rule A is valid, Stephen Kearns has recently offered several alleged counterexamples to the rule. In the paper, I show that Kearns’ counterexamples are unsuccessful.
Liquid crystalline/gel state phase separation in docosahexaenoic acid-containing bilayers and monolayers.

Abstract The phase behavior of lipid mixtures containing 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0, 22:6 PC) with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) was studied with bilayers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and with monolayers monitoring pressure/area isotherms and surface elasticity, and lipid domain formation followed by epifluorescence microscopy. From DSC studies it is concluded that DPPC/18:0, 22:6 PC phase separates into DPPC-rich and 18:0, 22:6 PC-rich phases. In monolayers, phase separation is indicated by changes in pressure–area isotherms implying phase separation where 18:0, 22:6 PC is ‘squeezed out’ of the remaining DPPC monolayer. Phase separation into lipid domains in the mixed PC monolayer is quantified by epifluorescence microscopy using the fluorescently labeled phospholipid membrane probe, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl). These results further describe the ability of docosahexaenoic acid to participate in lipid phase separations in membranes.
Synthesis of N-{N-[4-(4-{N 11C]methylamino}phenyl)butyryl]-L-prolyl}pyrrolidine: A potential radiotracer for prolyl endopeptidase

The synthesis of the 4-[11 C]methylamino derivative of N-{N-[4-(4-Aminophenyl)butyryl]-L-prolyl}pyrrolidine (SUAM-1221), is described as a potential marker for prolyl endopeptidase for in vivo positron emission tomography studies. Direct methylation of the 4-amino derivative of SUAM-1221 (1) with methyl iodide provided a mixture of the 4-monomethyl (2) and 4-dimethylamino (3) derivatives which were separated by chromatography. Methylation of 1 with [11 C]methyl iodide provided the 4-[11C]methylamino derivative of SUAM-1221, ([11C]2), in 18–30% decay corrected radiochemical yield after HPLC purification, with a specific activity > 1700 Ci/mmol and a 40 minute synthesis time from end of bombardment.
Ultrastructural changes of the lateral vestibular nucleus in acute experimental thiamine deficiency.

This report deals with an ultrastructural study of the lateral vestibular nucleus of 12 rats with acute thiamine deficiency (Group A), 6 rats made deficient but subsequently given a thiamine-supplemented diet and sacrificed when asymptomatic (Group B), and 6 normal controls (Group C). In Group A the most striking changes were observed in the presynaptic boutons and consisted of proliferation of granular-surfaced juxtaposed cisterns, proliferation of smooth-surfaced tubulovesicular cisterns resembling SER, and hypertrophy of the boutons. Other alterations were increased density of the axoplasm, an increased number of mitochondria, a decreased number of synaptic vesicles and necrosis of the matrix. The axons displayed similar assemblies of granular as well as smooth-surfaced cisterns. Moreover, they exhibited fusiform swellings with an increased number of mitochondria, densification of the axoplasm and loss of neurofilaments and microtubules. Although Groups B and C occasionally revealed similar changes in the terminal boutons, these were much less frequent. It is believed that the alterations occurring in acute thiamine deficiency primarily affect the presynaptic boutons and axons, and are for the most part, reversible under the proper treatment.
Contesting Privilege with Critical Participatory Action Research

The construct of privilege has been undertheorized in the field of psychology. The discipline more commonly examines those who have been disenfranchised, marginalized, and discriminated against. However, psychologists concerned with social issues must also attend to questions of power and privilege. This article uses a collaborative research project with New York City youth and adults called Polling for Justice to engage in a discussion about privilege as it runs through three areas of that work: by design, in results, and through action. First, the paper argues that privilege is an epistemological standpoint of empirical psychology that has been disguised as objectivity. Next, that privilege is a set of material and social psychological conditions that protect adolescents as they develop, take risks, and mature. Finally, that those who hold privilege can embrace and model a sense of collective responsibility and solidarity, not retreat or passively empathize.
Regional effects of lateral hypothalamic lesions on brain norepinephrine in the cat.

Abstract Unilateral destruction of the medial forebrain bundle in the cat lateral hypothalamus produces a significant decrease in the norepinephrine content of the brain half ipsilateral to the lesion. Regional analyses of norepinephrine after such lesions demonstrate that the decreases in amine occur throughout the telencephalon, both in subcortical and cortical regions. No changes occur in the norepinephrine content of the diencephalon, including the area of the lesion, or brainstem. Medial hypothalamic lesions do not affect the norepinephrine content of any region of the brain. The regional decreases in norepinephrine resulting from medial forebrain bundle lesions are similar in magnitude and identical in distribution to those previously reported for serotonin. Neither can be completely accounted for on the basis of a simple explanation such as section of norepinephrine-producing or serotonin-producing nerve fibers. In each case changes in amine occur both in areas directly innervated and in areas at a distance from the direct connections of the area destroyed by the lesion. The changes in areas not directly innervated represent a transynaptic neurochemical effect of the lesion.
Compensation for collimator divergence in SPECT using inverse Monte Carlo reconstruction

The inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) reconstruction algorithm achieved compensation for two degrading collimator effects in SPECT (single-photon-emission computed tomography) imaging: position dependence and radial/tangential asymmetry in reconstructed resolution. With filtered backprojection using a ramp filter, full width at half maximum (FWHM, radial and tangential, respectively) for a line source on axis with a high-sensitivity collimator were 19.3 mm and 16.4 mm. At 12 cm off axis, FWHM were 14.8 mm and 8.2 mm, respectively. With IMC after 35 iterations, FWHM on axis were 8.4 mm and 7.7 mm and off axis were 6.0 mm and 7.4 mm, respectively. Thus, for the simple imaging task of line sources with no background activity using simulated projection data, IMC provides compensation for the collimator effects in addition to providing higher resolution. >
Tobacco use and cancer: an epidemiologic perspective for geneticists

Much of what is known about the deleterious effects of tobacco use on health was learned from epidemiologic studies over the last half century. These studies establish unequivocally that tobacco use, particularly manufactured cigarette smoking, causes most cancers of the lung, oropharynx, larynx, and esophagus in the USA, and approximately one-third of all cancers of the pancreas, kidney, urinary bladder and uterine cervix. More recent evidence also implicates smoking with cancers of the stomach, liver and colorectum. While over half of the estimated 440 000 smoking-attributable deaths that occur annually in the USA involve non-malignant cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, smoking-attributable cancers are more recognized and feared. Geneticists increasingly study tobacco use as a model for environmental carcinogenicity. Tobacco-exposed populations provide opportunities to characterize the somatic mutations that give rise to specific cancers and to identify the inherited genetic traits that confer susceptibility or resistance. Studies to identify the genetic determinants of addiction may be particularly important. Future research to identify other susceptibility factors, such as genes that modify carcinogen metabolism or DNA repair, will need to be substantially larger and to quantify lifetime tobacco exposure with more precision than have past studies in order to distinguish gradations in risk due to exposure from those caused by genetic susceptibility. This review considers: (a) the epidemiology of tobacco use; (b) cancers presently classified as smoking-attributable by the US Surgeon General; (c) the magnitude of the epidemic of cancers and other diseases caused by tobacco use; (d) selected issues in the epidemiology of lung cancer; and (e) the interface of genetics and epidemiology in understanding, preventing, and treating tobacco-attributable disease.
Structural analysis of Pythagorean monoids

This article reports on studies of the structure of a monoid that consists of all linear transformations which map Pythagorean triples into Pythagorean triples. A detailed description of the elements of the monoid with all LPTs whose rank is 1, is given. An open problem is discussed and a partial answer given. The results of this analysis will be of interest to a broad spectrum of readers. It bridges such concepts as fixed point, linear transformation, and Pythagorean triple. It should be of pedagogical as well as theoretical value.
Light scattering signatures of individual spheres on optically smooth conducting surfaces.

The differential (angle-resolved) light scattering characteristics of spheres deposited on an optically smooth polished nickel surface were studied. In the experimental work a He–Ne laser beam (632.8 nm) illuminated individual polystyrene spheres of diameters 0.50, 1.09, 2.02, and 4.10 μm. The laser beam was directed onto the surface at 45° angle of incidence and focused to 15-μm 1/e2 diameter. A ring/wedge photodiode detector array centered about the specularly reflected beam collected the light scattered into twenty one ring-shaped elements ranging from ~17° to 62° from the specular direction. For comparison with experiment a theoretical model which partially uncoupled the scattering by the surface and the particle was developed based on extensions of Lorenz-Mie theory. The scattering measurements showed reasonable agreement with the model and indicated that the formulation can be adapted for first-order predictions of light scattering by spherical particles on optically smooth surfaces.
The Role of Technology on Young Adolescent Development: Implications for Policy, Research and Practice

This National Science Foundation funded qualitative study highlights unique features of adolescent technology use and its impact on the developmental maturational processes of early adolescence. One hundred twenty-eight 13- and 14-year-old students were interviewed about their information technology (IT) use. The most salient feature of the interview data is that the students perceived technology as integral to all aspects of their everyday life experience. In particular, they understood the necessity of using technology for the development of their cognitive/academic skills, and they spoke about the need to have technology skills for their future careers. They also seemed to understand how IT helped them develop psychosocially, especially in the areas of communication and relationship development. Throughout the interviews, these young adolescents expressed pleasure and pride in their self-reported high level of technoliteracy. Their voices can help expand our understanding of adolescent development in the digital age, and suggest implications for policy, practice, and research.
Direct and indirect links between parenting styles, self-concealment (secrets), impaired control over drinking and alcohol-related outcomes

Abstract Introduction Self-concealment reflects uncomfortable feelings, thoughts, and information people have about themselves that they avoid telling others (Larson & Chastain, 1990). According to Larson and Chastain (1990) these secrets range from the slightly embarrassing to the very distressing with an individual's most traumatic experiences often concealed. Parental attitudes including those involving self-disclosure are thought to be expressed in their choice of parenting style (Brand, Hatzinger, Beck, & Holsboer-Trachsler, 2009). The specific aim of this investigation was to examine the direct and indirect influences of parenting styles on self-concealment, impaired control over drinking (i.e. the inability to stop drinking when intended), alcohol use (quantity/frequency), and alcohol-related problems. Methods A structural equation model with 419 (223 men, 196 women) university students was examined. Two and three path mediated effects were examined with the bias corrected bootstrap technique in Mplus. Results Having an authoritarian mother was directly linked to more self-concealment, while having an authoritative father was directly linked to less self-concealment. Higher levels of mother authoritarianism were indirectly linked to both increased alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through more self-concealment and more impaired control over drinking. Moreover, higher levels of father authoritativeness were indirectly linked to less alcohol use and alcohol-related problems through less self-concealment and less impaired control over drinking. Conclusions These findings suggest that parenting styles influence vulnerabilities such as self-concealment in the impaired control over the drinking pathway to alcohol use and alcohol-related problems.
The Multiplier for the Ball and Radial Functions

Abstract It is shown that the multiplier for the ball is restricted weak type on radial functions in L p ( R n ) when p = 2n (n + 1) . Interpolation then yields a theorem of Herz.
Interaction and Children's Mathematics

Abstract In this article we propose the beginnings of a constructivist model of mathematical learning that supersedes Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on learning. First, we analyze aspects of Piaget's and Vygotsky's grand theories of learning and development. Then, we formulate our superseding model, which is based on the interrelations between two types of interaction in constructivism—the basic sequence of action and perturbation, and the interaction of constructs in the course of re-presentation or other previously constructed items. When teaching children, we base our interactions with them on the schemes we infer by observing the children's interactions in a medium. This emphasis makes contact with both Piaget's and Vygotsky's ideas of spontaneous development. In our model, learning is understood as being spontaneous rather than provoked. To maintain our emphasis on spontaneity, we separate the unintentionality of the learner from the intentionality of the teacher. To ground our model, we describe how ...
The General Language Course in the College Curriculum

Objectives of the purely cultural college course in General Language are broader than those of the corresponding secondary school course. While a vital function of the college course is the preparation of prospective language teachers, students of the social sciences should also derive benefits. Methods and subject matter depend on the level at which the course is given, but the pattern of instruction should be built around a survey of existing languages and their relationship and historical development without attempting a working knowledge of any particular language.
Return Mapping Procedure for Frictional Force Calculation: Some Insights

The return mapping procedure is studied to gain insights for its numerical implementation to calculate the frictional force during contact analysis. A simple quasistatic truss–wall frictional contact analysis problem is used in the study. The problem has closed-form solutions which provide exact target solutions for a numerical algorithm. The penalty method and a true augmented Lagrangian method that automatically determines an accurate value of the penalty parameter are employed in the numerical study. It is determined that the return mapping procedure is not applicable unless the contacting node is constrained to stay at the initial contact point, and the total normal reaction force, the tangential reaction force and the friction limit have been determined. If these requirements are not met, inaccurate or even incorrect solutions are obtained. This characteristic of the procedure is studied by solving slip and stick cases with several different load increments. It is concluded that the return mapping pr...
Large enhancement of spontaneous emission rates of InAs quantum dots in GaAs microdisks

We have studied the enhancement of spontaneous emission rates for InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs microdisks in a time-resolved photoluminescence experiment. Inhomogeneous broadening of the quantum dot energy levels and random spatial distribution of the quantum dots in a microdisk lead to a broad distribution of the spontaneous emission rates. Using a nonnegative least-norm algorithm, we extract the distribution of spontaneous emission rates from the temporal decay of emission intensity. The maximum spontaneous emission enhancement factor exceeds 10.
The effect of Ag or Au overlayers on underlying YBa2Cu3O7 thin films

Abstract Although Ag and Au are commonly used to provide low-resistance contacts to YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO), their effect on the electrical properties of the underlying YBCO has been largely neglected. Epitaxial YBCO thin films on LaAlO 3 substrates were used in this study. Thin (50 nm) and thick (1 μm) layers of Ag or Au were deposited as overlayers, and in some cases annealed in oxygen at 550–650°C. Compared to samples with no metal overlayers, for both Ag and Au the normal-state parameters changed (resistivity, its temperature coefficient, and the transition width), whereas the transition temperature and critical current density remained unaltered. These results are encouraging for the use of these metals as contacts and/or conducting overlayers on YBCO.
Treatment of Chronic Digital Ischemia With Direct Microsurgical Revascularization

The authors present their technique for treating digital ischemia using a radial-to-digital artery bypass graft performed in a bloodless field under tourniquet with the use of a microscope. The outcomes in 6 patients were resolution of fingertip ulcers, avoidance of more proximal amputations, and elimination of ischemic pain.
Attributions of control and seropositivity among Latinos: examining the predictive utility of the locus of control construct

This investigation explored the utility of the health locus of control construct in predicting the mental health quality of life (MHQOL) ratings of 72 Latinos living with HIV/AIDS. After controlling for patient CD4 count, viral load, time since diagnosis, Physical Health Quality of Life and acculturative status, Powerful Others Locus of Control beliefs accounted for a significant increment of the variance in Mental Health Quality of Life. In a similar model, Internal Locus of Control failed to predict MHQOL. Discussion and implications highlight how cultural considerations may broaden investigations of health among diverse, minority populations.
Achievements and problems from the view of a physician.

Penicillin made possible the cure of many common, and also the most serious, infections, such as meningococcal meningitis and bacterial endocarditis, often with few or no sequelae. Endocarditis had been invariably fatal. Semisynthetic penicillins added new dimensions of convenience of administration and a broader spectrum in the presence of many β-lactamases. A quantum step forward was permitted by the derivatives of cephalosporin C. Specific clinical advances were (1) the opportunity to use these in some penicillinallergic patients, (2) activity against wider range of Gram-negative bacilli, (3) activity against Bacteroides fragilis (cefoxitin), (4) more complete renal excretion after oral cephalosporins than with oral penicillins, and (5) delayed renal excretion. Major remaining problems limiting β-lactam use are (1) allergy, (2) resistant organisms, (3) relatively poor entry into the cerebrospinal fluid (especially of cephalosporins, (4) some nephrotoxicity, (5) local irritation of veins and tissues during administration, and (6) poor results in patients with agranulocytosis.
Boundary element analysis of adhesively bonded joints

Boundary element method has proven to have very good resolution of large stress gradients, yet its application in analysis of bonded joints is practically non-existent even though large stress gradients exist in the bonded region and bonded joints are one of the critical technology in modern design. This paper describes application of boundary element method to bonded joints, the numerical modeling considerations which have limited this application, how these limitations can be overcome, and the future research that is needed for the growth of the boundary element methodology for bonded joint application. Numerical results of single, double lap joints with several spew angles demonstrate the potential of boundary element method in analysis of bonded joints.
I/O brush: drawing with everyday objects as ink

We introduce I/O Brush, a new drawing tool aimed at young children, ages four and up, to explore colors, textures, and movements found in everyday materials by "picking up" and drawing with them. I/O Brush looks like a regular physical paintbrush but has a small video camera with lights and touch sensors embedded inside. Outside of the drawing canvas, the brush can pick up color, texture, and movement of a brushed surface. On the canvas, children can draw with the special "ink" they just picked up from their immediate environment. In our preliminary study with kindergarteners, we found that children not only produced complex works of art using I/O Brush, but they also engaged in explicit talk about patterns and features available in their environment. I/O Brush invites children to explore the transformation from concrete and familiar raw material into abstract concepts about patterns of colors, textures and movements.
Shape-Sensitive Configurational Descriptions of Building Plans

While the traditional graph-theoretic techniques of space syntax are able to provide a rich description of the spatial configuration of buildings, they are not sufficiently shape sensitive. Therefore, techniques are proposed to describe building plans as configurations of spaces taking into consideration the elements of shape explicitly. First, the traditional space syntax techniques are applied to a more shape-sensitive partition of a plan in order to find out if these techniques would reveal any interesting shape property of the plan. Following this, a technique to characterize the spatial units of a plan is suggested taking into consideration how surfaces become visible from these units. Finally, a plan is described as the configuration of triangles defined by the vertices of the shape of the plan, and triangulation is used as a technique for a shape-sensitive description of spatial configuration.
Sex Laws and Sexuality Rights in Comparative and Global Perspectives

This article seeks to explain the emergence of a new field of study oriented toward sex laws and sexuality rights in comparative and global perspectives. We argue that this field comes into focus because of three changes in the social context: the introductions of sexuality into sex, of human rights into national laws, and of global into comparative perspectives. Each turn of the social kaleidoscope generates new objects of and rationales for scholarly analysis, along with new ways and reasons to think about existing objects of analysis. Together, these contextual changes inaugurate the global study of sexuality rights and invigorate the comparative study of sex laws. Theoretical shifts accompany the empirical developments. Phenomenological approaches arise alongside their realist counterparts. The consolidation of this new field of study is important not only on academic grounds: It suggests the dynamics of a wider field of policy and practice.
Optimal data use in staple yarn manufacturing

The contemporary cotton spinning mill is home to modern machinery capable of generating a plethora of data. This data comes in the form of online data, which is real-time data created by the proces...
MHC control of CD4+ T cell subset activation.

The present results demonstrate that CD4+ T cells activated in the primary in vivo response to antigen produce distinct patterns of cytokines depending upon the MHC class II haplotype of the responding mice. I-As mice were found to selectively activate IL-2/IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells, whereas I-Ab mice exhibited selective activation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells in response to collagen IV. The effector response phenotype was found to correlate with the cytokine phenotype of CD4+ T cells activated in vivo; IL-2/IFN-gamma-producing cells giving rise to proliferative (cell-mediated) responses, IL-4-producing cells leading to secondary IgG (humoral) responses. Together the data support the notion that the outcome of a given immune response (e.g., protection vs. onset, tolerance vs. autoimmunity) may be determined in part by the type of CD4+ T cells initially activated by antigen. Moreover, the present experiments demonstrate for the first time that polymorphism in class II MHC can determine such selective activation of different cytokine-producing CD4+ T cell phenotypes.
Stability in active mass damping control of a flexible robot

Active mass damping has been shown to be an effective method for reducing vibrations in flexible robots by previous researchers working on an experimental test bed at Georgia Tech. Acceleration feedback can cause instability in this test bed. System identification and root locus analysis were used to determine the causes of this instability. Several potential modifications to the system were simulated including: 1) replacing accelerometers with position sensors; 2) removing second order dynamics from the actuator; and 3) adding an additional accelerometer to use modal feedback.
Peoplecloud for the globally integrated enterprise

Crowdsourcing has emerged as the new on-line distributed production model in which people collaborate and may be awarded to complete a task. While many existing services enable enterprises to employ the wisdom of crowd, there is no existing practice defined for integration of crowdsourcing with the business processes. We propose PeopleCloud, as the (1) mechanism to enable access to scalable workforce on-line, connecting it to the enterprise and (2) an interface to services required for crowdsourcing tasks. We define requirements for PeopleCloud, based on our experiences in employing wisdom of crowd to source business and IT information within the enterprise.
Assessing the Environmental Merits of Conservation Subdivision Design

Conservation subdivision design has been posited to have several ecological benefits; however, the degree to which conservation subdivisions have achieved these benefits has received little empirical evidence. With the use of spatial and statistical analysis, this study investigates land preservation characteristics in fifty-four Waukesha County, Wisconsin, conservation subdivisions. Additional comparative analysis is performed with twenty-six paired conventional subdivisions. The study finds that while conservation subdivisions protected around 2,500 acres of land and helped create an interconnected network of open spaces, they also created large impervious surfaces and fragmented wildlife habitats and other natural resources. Implications for environmental sustainability are discussed.
Large-scale failures of f -α scaling in natural image spectra

Several studies have demonstrated that the power spectra of natural image ensembles scale as f(-alpha). A stronger claim that has been made is that the power spectra of single natural images typically also scale as f(-alpha). Results are presented that challenge this latter claim. The results are based on a method for estimating large-scale structure in single images that compares aliasing artifacts produced by image windows of different shape. Failures of f(-alpha) scaling are found at large scales in many natural images. These failures cannot be accounted for by f(-alpha) scaling models such as a linear superposition model or a model based on two-dimensional occlusions in the image plane. The results imply that claims about f(-alpha) scaling in single natural images have been exaggerated. The results also offer insight into why such failures of f(-alpha) scaling occur.
Habit Formation and Returns on Bonds and Stocks

This paper proposes a habit formation model that explains the failure of the expectations hypothesis documented by Campbell and Shiller (1991) and Fama and Bliss (1987). The model also produces positive excess returns on long-term bonds, an upward sloping average yield curve, and allows for realistic levels of time-variation in the mean of consumption growth. The model generates a novel empirical prediction: Long lags of consumption growth predict the short-term interest rate with a negative sign. This prediction is shown to be strongly supported by the data.
Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators

Ecological indicators can be used to assess the condition of the environment, to provide an early warning signal of changes in the environment, or to diagnose the cause of an environmental problem. Ideally the suite of indicators should represent key information about structure, function, and composition of the ecological system. Three concerns hamper the use of ecological indicators as a resource management tool. (1) Monitoring programs often depend on a small number of indicators and fail to consider the full complexity of the ecological system. (2) Choice of ecological indicators is confounded in management programs that have vague long-term goals and objectives. (3) Management and monitoring programs often lack scientific rigor because of their failure to use a defined protocol for identifying ecological indicators. Thus, ecological indicators need to capture the complexities of the ecosystem yet remain simple enough to be easily and routinely monitored. Ecological indicators should meet the following criteria: be easily measured, be sensitive to stresses on the system, respond to stress in a predictable manner, be anticipatory, predict changes that can be averted by management actions, be integrative, have a known response to disturbances, anthropogenic stresses, and changes over time, and have low variability in response. The challenge is to derive a manageable set of indicators that together meet these criteria. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Gene expression profiling for mechanistic understanding of cellular aggregation in mammalian cell perfusion cultures

Aggregation of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells cultivated in perfusion mode for manufacturing recombinant proteins was characterized. The potential impact of cultivation time on cell aggregation for an aggregating culture (cell line A) was studied by comparing expression profiles of 84 genes in the extracellular adhesion molecules (ECM) pathway by qRT-PCR from 9 and 25 day shake flask samples and 80 and 94 day bioreactor samples. Significant up-regulation of THBS2 (4.4- to 6.9-fold) was seen in both the 25 day shake flask and 80 and 94 day bioreactor samples compared to the 9 day shake flask while NCAM1 was down-regulated 5.1- to 8.9-fold in the 80 and 94 day bioreactor samples. Subsequent comparisons were made between cell line A and a non-aggregating culture (cell line B). A 65 day perfusion bioreactor sample from cell line B served as the control for 80 and 94 day samples from four different perfusion bioreactors for cell line A. Of the 84 genes in the ECM pathway, four (COL1A1, COL4A1, THBS2, and VCAN) were consistently up-regulated in cell line A while two (NCAM1 and THBS1) were consistently down-regulated. The magnitudes of differential gene expression were much higher when cell lines were compared (4.1- to 44.6-fold) than when early and late cell line B samples were compared (4.4- to 6.9-fold) indicating greater variability between aggregating and non-aggregating cell lines. Based on the differential gene expression results, two mechanistic models were proposed for aggregation of BHK cells in perfusion cultures.
Design Criteria for Future Fuels and Related Power Systems Addressing the Impacts of Non-CO2 Pollutants on Human Health and Climate Change

Concerns over the economics, supply chain, and emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the wide use of fossil fuels have led to increasing interest in developing alternative and renewable fuels for stationary power generation and transportation systems. Although there is considerable uncertainty regarding the economic and environmental impacts of alternative and renewable fuels, there is a great need for assessment of potential and emerging fuels to guide research priorities and infrastructure investment. Likewise, there is a great need to identify potential unintended adverse impacts of new fuels and related power systems before they are widely adopted. Historically, the environmental impacts of emerging fuels and power systems have largely focused on carbon dioxide emissions, often called the carbon footprint, which is used to assess impacts on climate change. Such assessments largely ignore the large impacts of emissions of other air pollutants. Given the potential changes in emissions of air pol...
Was the Big Sky Really Falling? Examining Montana's Response to Kelo v. City of New London

The U.S. Supreme Court sent shockwaves throughout the country when it ruled in Kelo v. City of New London that New London, Connecticut could condemn ordinary neighborhood properties and resell the land to private developers for economic development. Those shockwaves were felt in Montana, where many citizens let it be known that they did not want Kelo to happen in their state. But could Kelo happen in Montana? The short answer is “no”-- not under facts like those in the Kelo case. But the introspection Kelo triggered did reveal some gray areas in the State's eminent domain law that warranted clarification. Ultimately, however, the Legislature lost sight of Montana law in its rush to enact a Kelo fix and may have taken the response too far by eliminating an important tool for condemning and renewing unsafe urban properties. Part I of this article summarizes the Kelo decision and highlights what will later be shown as key distinctions between U.S. Supreme Court jurisprudence and eminent domain law in Montana. Part II provides a brief sketch of Montana eminent domain law, highlights the key distinctions between Montana law and Kelo, and identifies some of the gray areas in Montana law. Part III then describes Montana's legislative response to Kelo and where the State's eminent domain law stands today. Finally, the article concludes with an assessment of Montana's response to Kelo and suggests future possibilities for Montana's eminent domain law that better balance private property rights and community safety.