cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colorado Court of Appeals Holds that Contingent Fee Recovered after Dissolution of Law Firm is an Asset of the Firm

When a law firm organized as a limited liability company (“LLC”) dissolves, what happens to a contingent fee that is recovered from a client that continues to be represented by a former member of the LLC? On February 16, 2012, the Colorado Court of Appeals answered this question of first impression in Colorado Law. This article agrees with the Court’s well-reasoned opinion in LaFond v. Sweeny, in which the Court held that post-dissolution recovery of a contingent fee generated by a pre-dissolution contingent case is an asset of the dissolved law firm and must be allocated according to the LLC members’ pre-dissolution agreement. In the LaFond case, the trial court held that Sweeney, the attorney who did not represent the client in the contingent fee case in question, was only entitled to half of the quantum meruit value of the case at the time of dissolution. She appealed. The Court of Appeals held that Sweeney and the law firm are entitled to half of the entire contingent fee. The Court’s decision is grounded on three principles: 1) cases belong to clients, not to attorneys; 2) contingent fee agreements provide an attorney with certain rights; and 3) under LLC law and partnership law, a contingent fee may be an asset of a dissolved law firm to be divided among its members once it is earned. The first two principles are well settled. The third principle is noteworthy because the Court applied principles of Colorado’s partnership statute, as well as extra-jurisdictional case law applying partnership law, to an LLC. The article contends that the Court took the correct approach because LLCs share many characteristics of partnerships and because the Colorado Uniform Partnership Act is based on the Uniform Partnership Act adopted by other states.This article also contends that important policy considerations support the Court’s holding. A contrary decision would encourage members of a law firm LLC to compete for the most lucrative cases during the firm’s existence and later scramble to seize client files and solicit clients when a firm dissolves. Such a decision would undermine the fiduciary duty that members of a law firm LLC owe to each other. The article concludes by explaining that the Court in the LaFond case gave guidance to practicing lawyers in Colorado to help them avoid the same result. The Court suggested that members of a law firm LLC, or partners in a partnership, may avoid the result of the LaFond case by including a provision in the operating agreement or partnership agreement stating that if the firm dissolves, each lawyer keeps the fees generated in cases that the lawyer completes after dissolution.
Evaluación Docente E Incentivos

Resumen: La administracion de organizaciones educacionales ha implementado sistemas de compensacion e incentivos que reflejan, de gran manera, su filosofia de competencia y su vision individualista del mundo. Los profesores han visto que sus objetivos de ser respetados y tratados como profesionales no han sido reconocidos ni respetados. Estas orientaciones individuales y competitivas pueden ser analizadas tanto de una forma relacionada con las orientaciones grupales y comunitarias como tambien cooperativas e interdependientes. Los efectos cuantitativos y cualitativos de estos sistemas de compensacion pueden ser comparados. Los sistemas competitivos han destruido muchos de los cimientos basicos de las sociedades humanas: relaciones comunitarias, valoricas y cooperativas, como tambien aquellas intra e interfamiliares. Este ensayo pretende demostrar por que han fracasado y proponer un sistema alternativo. Abstract: The administration of education has typically used compensation and incentive systems that are based on their personal values of individualism and competition. As a consequence, the majority of the education professionals have seen their interest in being seen, respected and treated as professionals go unrecognized. This orientation based on individualism, competition can be compared to organization wide, and group based incentives and compensation on one level. On a second level, the quantitative and qualitative effects of these systems can be compared. The competitive systems have damaged the social underpinnings of our societies: community relations, values and cooperation as well as inter and intra-family relationships. This essay will show why the competitive and individual based systems of compensation and incentives have failed and propose an alternative system.
Microfluidically reconfigurable GaN power amplifier on multilayer organic substrate for s-band and c-band applications

This paper presents, for the first time, a microfluidic tuning solution on a multilayer organic substrate to tune the frequency response of a GaN-based power amplifier (PA) from 2.4 GHz to 5.8 GHz and vice versa. By changing the fluid inside the matching networks microchannels, the packaged PA large signal response can be tuned allowing it to work optimally at the two specified frequencies based on the fluid in use. In this work, the fluids used are acetone and air and are meant to work for 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz respectively. The measured large signal data for the PA shows that P out = 35.02 dBm, PAE = 36.41 % for P in = 21 dBm at 2.3 GHz (acetone configuration) and P out = 36.88 dBm, PAE = 44.03 % for P in = 25 dBm at 5.7 GHz (air configuration). These numbers improve significantly for higher input power levels.
Electromagnetic Diffraction by a Moving Wedge

This study is the examination of the diffracted field produced by an H-type plane wave striking a moving conducting wedge. This is the first attempt to examine diffraction by a moving body possessing an edge. The procedure consists of applying the Lorentz transformation to the stationary wedge problem, solving for the diffracted cylindrical field in a Sommerfeld integral formulation, and transforming the solution to the frame of the incident wave. It is shown that there is a shift in the apparent direction of incidence. Graphical results showing the modification of the far-field amplitude for the case of a half-plane are also presented.
An adaptive algorithm with information-dependent data forgetting

An adaptive algorithm is derived, based on a weighted least-squares criterion incorporating a penalty on parameter variations. The result is a recursive algorithm whose covariance matrix update is identical to existing regularized or stabilized least-squares algorithms. In particular, the covariance matrix and its inverse are bounded under weak conditions. The parameter update equation is different from conventional algorithms and exhibits a second-order response, as opposed to the first-order response of the standard weighted least-squares algorithm. An averaging analysis shows that a linear time-invariant approximation of the parameter response gives useful information about the system. The approximate system has two sets of poles, with one set being the same as the one obtained for the weighted least-squares algorithm. The other set of poles is close to the origin in the z-plane when there is significant excitation, and close to the number one when the excitation vanishes. The results allow one to select design parameters so that the algorithm reacts with a fast response under normal conditions, but slows down when the excitation is insufficient to yield adequate noise rejection.
Regulated expression of the nor-1 and ver-1 genes associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis.

Abstract RNA transcript accumulation for the ver-1 and nor-1 genes, which are associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis in the fungus Aspergillus parasiticus, was measured before and during aflatoxin production in liquid shake culture. Transcripts were not detected until near the end of trophophase (growth phase) and could still be observed well into stationary phase during batch fermentation in an aflatoxin-supporting growth medium. Maximum accumulation of both transcripts occurred just prior to the onset of stationary phase. Aflatoxin B1 was first detected approximately 8 h after the appearance of the ver-1 and nor-1 transcripts. In contrast, maximum transcript accumulation for the pyrG gene (encoding orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase), which is involved in primary metabolism, was observed at the onset of trophophase when the ver-1 and nor-1 transcripts could not be detected. Accumulation of the ver-1 and nor-1 transcripts was also studied following a nutritional shift from a non-aflatoxin-supporting medium (peptone mineral salts [PMS]) to a glucose-containing medium (glucose mineral salts [GMS]), which does support aflatoxin biosynthesis. Transcripts from ver-1 and nor-1 could not be detected on PMS medium but did accumulate approximately 4 to 7 h following transfer to GMS medium. Additionally, aflatoxins were not detected in PMS medium but were observed to accumulate within 24 h after the shift from PMS to GMS. These data suggest that aflatoxin biosynthesis is in part regulated by the accumulation of the ver-1 and nor-1 transcripts.
The approval of suicide: a social-psychological model

This article develops and tests a model that seeks to explain individual variation in the approval of suicide. The model draws on the three leading theories of crime/deviance: strain, social learning, and social control theories. It is predicted that individuals will be most approving of suicide when (1) they have had major life problems that could not be solved through conventional channels, (2) they were taught or exposed to beliefs that favored or were conducive to suicide, and (3) they are not strongly attached or committed to conventional individuals and groups. These predictions are explored with data from the 1990 and 1991 General Social Surveys, based on a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States. The results provide partial support for the predictions, especially the second prediction, with the strongest correlates of suicide approval being education, political liberalism, and a set of religion variables.
Safety Risk Analysis of Maritime Transportation

Maritime means of transportation have been heavily used for freight throughout recorded history. Although the importance of maritime transportation for passengers has decreased in recent decades as a result of developments in aviation, passengers still use cruises and ferries. However, the demands on maritime transportation for cargo increase daily, result in many accidents, and lead to considerable economic losses and tragic outcomes such as human casualty and environmental damage. These dangers have prompted research for qualifying or quantifying safety risks in ports or waterways. This paper examines the concept of risk analysis and its definition in different fields. Finally, much of the literature related to safety risks in the field of maritime transportation is reviewed. This review may serve as a guide for researchers in the field and government organizations, including regulatory agencies, coast guards, port and waterway stakeholders, and various industries and practitioners.
Entrepreneur Gender and Firm Innovation Activity: A Multilevel Perspective

Using a multilevel approach, we explore the entrepreneur gender–innovation relationship in new ventures. We investigate individual education, interfirm network ties, and firm regional location using a sample of 4265 new Korean firms. Results show that male entrepreneurs, compared with female, are more likely to complete engineering or natural science degrees, maintain heterogeneous interfirm network ties, and locate firms in clustered regions. Further, engineering or natural science degrees, heterogeneous interfirm network ties, and locating in clustered regions are positively associated with firm innovation. We find that individual education, interfirm network ties, and firm regional location mediate the entrepreneur gender–firm innovation relationship.
Context free derivations on word monoids

The notion of a (direct) derivation is introduced on word monoids generated by finite languages over total vocabularies of context free grammars. It is shown that using generators of the length at most two, context sensitive and recursively enumerable languages can be characterized in a natural manner.
Unequal Exchange Without a Labor Theory of Prices: On the Need for a Global Marshall Plan and a Solidarity Trading Regime

A modified three-sector, two-good, Roemerian model, first developed by Hahnel (1980), is used to analyze different international trading regimes. “Free trade” leads to “unequal exchange,” which produces poverty in the South and unemployment in the North. “Fair trade” eliminates inequality but preserves a global division of labor that limits long-term development. A“global Marshall Plan” and a “ Solidarity trading regime” generate equitable and sustainable long-term development for the South and the North.
Reduction of Bitterness in Grapefruit Juice with β-Cyclodextrin Polymer in a Continuous-Flow Process

Levels of the bitter components naringin and limonin were reduced an average of 50% or more in clarified grapefruit juice by treatment of about 16 bed volumes of juice with beta-cyclodextrin polymer in a continuous flow process. Dilute alkaline solution regenerated the column effectively, ethanol was only about half as effective as dilute alkali. Cloudy grapefruit juice was also debittered in the same column using reversed flow to prevent column plugging. This process was less efficient because liquid flow was inadequate to maintain a fluid bed. A preliminary batch process showed ability of the polymer to be regenerated at least 19 times with no loss in ability to adsorb bitter components.
Incorporating leaf transmission and head scatter corrections into step-and-shoot leaf sequences for IMRT.

Abstract Purpose: Leaf transmission and head scatter are two important factors that influence intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) delivery and should be correctly taken into account when generating multileaf collimator (MLC) sequences. Significant discrepancies between the desired and delivered intensity profiles could otherwise result. The purpose of this article is to propose a reliable algorithm to minimize the dosimetric effects caused by the two factors in step-and-shoot mode. Methods and materials: The goal of the algorithm is to minimize the difference between the desired fluence map and the fluence map actually delivered. For this purpose, an error function, defined as the least-square difference between the desired and the delivered fluence maps, is introduced. The effects of transmission and head scatter are minimized by adjusting the fractional monitor units (MUs) in the initial MLC sequences, created by using the desired fluence map without inclusion of the contributions from the two factors. Computationally, a downhill simplex optimization method is used to minimize the error function with respect to the fractional MUs. A three-source model is used to evaluate the relative head scatter distribution for each segment at the beginning of the calculation. The algorithm has been assessed by comparing the dose distributions delivered by the corrected leaf sequence files and the theoretic predication, calculated by Monte Carlo simulation using the desired fluence maps, for an intuitive test field and several clinical IMRT cases. Results: The deviations between the desired fluence maps and those calculated using the corrected leaf sequence files are Conclusions: Transmission and head scatter play important roles in the dosimetric behavior of IMRT delivery. A larger error may result if only one factor is considered because of the opposite effects of the two factors. We noted that the influence of the two effects is more pronounced in absolute dose than in the relative dose. The algorithm proposed in this work accurately corrects for these two effects in step-and-shoot delivery and provides a reliable tool for clinical IMRT application.
Pitfalls in Hemoglobin A1c Measurement: When Results may be Misleading

Since the beginning of clinical use in the 1970s, hemoglobin A1c (A1c) has become the standard tool for monitoring glycemic control in patients with diabetes. The role of the A1c test was broadened in 2010, when the American Diabetes Association added A1c as a diagnostic criterion for diabetes. Because of hemoglobin A1c’s integral role in diagnosis and treatment, it is important to recognize clinical scenarios and interfering factors that yield false results. The purpose of this review is to describe the A1c measurement, outline clinical scenarios or factors that may yield false results, and describe alternative laboratory biomarkers.
Identity-based mix: Anonymous communications without public key certificates

A mix is a cryptographic construction for anonymizing communications. Existing mixes require that the public key certificates of mix servers have been distributed among users. In this paper, we propose a new mix that uses techniques from identity-based cryptography. Our mix does not require any public certificates; as long as the users know the identities of mix servers, the mix can anonymize messages. We give proofs of correctness and privacy, as well as analysis of efficiency.
Photoreceptor Loss Overlying Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium by Optical Coherence Tomography

Objective To describe the cross-sectional retinal anatomy overlying congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Retrospective, observational, noncomparative case series. Participants Ten consecutive patients with CHRPE. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) thickness relative to normal tissue and the status of the retinal layers, in particular the photoreceptor layer. Results The median patient age was 36 years (mean, 34 years; range, 7–56 years). The CHRPE was within 6 mm of the optic disc or foveola in all patients. All patients showed retinal thinning and complete photoreceptor loss overlying the CHRPE. The sensory retina measured a mean of 68% of normal thickness (range, 47%–87%). Of the 8 patients with pigmented CHRPE, the CHRPE was 52% thicker than adjacent RPE. All 8 patients with pigmented CHRPE showed moderate relative shadowing of the underlying choroid. The 2 patients with nonpigmented CHRPE, presumed to represent large lacunae with thin CHRPE rim, showed absent RPE and increased transmission of light, not shadowing, into the choroid by OCT. Both patients with visual field testing showed a visual field defect corresponding to the photoreceptor loss. Conclusions Using OCT, overlying retinal thinning and photoreceptor loss directly over CHRPE was found in 10 consecutive patients. These findings likely account for related visual field loss.
Transforming function of proto-ras genes depends on heterologous promoters and is enhanced by specific point mutations.

Abstract Based on transfection into cells in culture or natural transduction into retroviruses, proto-ras genes seem to derive transforming function either from heterologous promoters or from point mutations. Here we ask how such different events could achieve the same results. To identify homologous regulatory elements, about 3 kilobases of rat DNA upstream of the first untranslated proto-Ha-ras exon was sequenced. Surprisingly, the sequence shares at -1858 a homology of 148 nucleotides with Harvey (Ha) sarcoma virus, 5' of viral ras, signaling possibly a second untranslated proto-Ha-ras exon. In addition the sequence contains a perfect repeat of 25 CA dinucleotides at -2655. A retroviral promoter, even from upstream of the poly(CA), conferred transforming function on proto-Ha-ras and increased transcription greater than 100-fold compared with that of unrearranged proto-ras. Point mutations were not necessary for transforming function of rat and human proto-Ha-ras genes with retroviral promoters but did enhance it greater than 10-fold. A unifying hypothesis proposes that proto-ras genes depend on high expression from heterologous promoters or enhancers for transforming function, which is modulated by ras point mutations. The hypothesis makes two testable predictions. (i) Unrearranged proto-ras genes with point mutations, which occur in some cancers, have no transforming function. Indeed, tumors with mutated proto-ras genes, even those that also lack hypothetical tumor-suppressor genes, are indistinguishable from counterparts with normal proto-ras genes. (ii) Proto-ras genes in transfected cells derive transforming function from heterologous promoters or enhancers acquired via illegitimate recombination from vector DNAs and particularly from viral helper genes that must be cotransfected for transformation of primary cells. Indeed, expression of exogenous proto-ras genes in cells transformed by transfection is as high as for viral ras genes and is much higher than in the cells of origin.
Division and migration of satellite glia in the embryonic rat superior cervical ganglion.

While distinct precursors committed to a neuronal or glial cell fate are generated from neural crest cells early in peripheral gangliogenesis, little is known about the subsequent generation and maturation of young satellite glia from restricted glial precursor cells. To examine the division and migration of glial precursor cells and their satellite cell progeny, morphological, immunocytochemical and culture techniques were applied to the developing rat superior cervical ganglion. At embryonic day (E)18.5, numerous clusters of nonneuronal cells appeared transiently in the ganglion. Individual cells with a similar morphology were present in E16.5 ganglia, and are likely to represent the precursor cells which generate these clusters. The clustered cells were distinguishable from neighbouring neurons as well as from endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Morphologically similar cells were present in nerve bundles at E18.5 and surrounding principal neurons and nerve bundles in the adult ganglion. Double-label studies of the E18.5 ganglion with tyrosine hydroxylase to identify noradrenergic neurons and propidium iodide counterstaining to visualize all cell nuclei revealed that the cells in clusters stained with propidium iodide but lacked tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. To determine if cell clusters arose from division, bromodeoxyuridine, a thymidine analogue, was administered to pregnant mothers between E16.5–E18.5, and ganglionic cells examined at E18.5 bothin vivo andin vitro. Numerous non-neuronal cells divided during this periodin situ and composed portions of clusters. When dissociated, superior cervical ganglion satellite glia reacted with an NGF-receptor antibody (MAb 217c) and possessed a flattened shape, in contrast to bipolar Schwann cells. Over half of the 217c-immunoreactive glia at E18.5 had incorporated bromodeoxyuridine during E16.5–18.5in vivo. At birth, non-neuronal cells were no longer grouped in clusters, but were associated with neuronal cell bodies and processes. These findings suggest that, between E16.5–E18.5, glial precursors divide rapidly to form clusters, and that, after the peak of neurogenesis, daughter cells migrate within the ganglion to associate with nerve cell bodies and processes where proliferation continues at a slower rate. Distinct cellular and molecular interactions are likely to trigger the initial rapid division of glial precursors, initiate their migration and association with neuron cell bodies, and control their subsequent slower division.
Incorporation of carbon from glucose and pyruvate into the preimplantation mouse embryo

Abstract Incorporation of carbon from glucose and pyruvate into the mouse embryo over relatively long periods of time has been determined for the preimplantation mouse embryo. Total incorporation of carbon increases from 2.409 μμ atoms/embryo/h during the one-cell to two-cell period up to 21.801 μμ atoms/embryo/h during the morula to blastocyst period. The studies show that incorporation of glucose carbon is greater than pyruvate carbon for all the preimplantation developmental stages. These studies also indicate that glucose is incorporated more than it is oxidized and that pyruvate is oxidized more than it is incorporated throughout the preimplantation developmental period in the mouse.
On Blind Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalization for Block QAM Signals

A two-phase decision feedback equalizer (DFE) has been proposed for block QAM signals. This equalizer operates initially in blind mode, and then switches to a decision feedback mode once the error level in the equalizer output is determined to be low enough for successful equalization. In this work an automatic condition for switching between these two modes is introduced, which is based on a threshold test of a simple easily computed measure called the 'block average variance'. The blind CMA + AMA equalizer is used to initialize the DFE scheme, and performance evaluation results are presented for a random channel. Performance is evaluated using average symbol error rate (SER). Application of this equalizer to the case of a SIMO channel is discussed.
Towards verifiable deeply embedded systems

An important class of deeply embedded systems (DES) involves interlocking cyber-physical control loops, each with its own dynamics and correctness constraints. For instance, in medical systems which monitor a patient's vital signs and control drug infusion rates, multiple sensing and control systems may be implicitly coupled. These systems present new challenges for control theory, scheduling and verification. What is needed are platforms capable of precise monitoring and enforcement of diverse execution constraints, and techniques to verify system correctness.
Binding of cholera toxin B subunit: a surface marker for murine microglia but not oligodendrocytes or astrocytes.

GM1 ganglioside is a receptor for the B subunit of cholera toxin. In lymphocytes, B subunit elicits an influx of extracellular Ca++ (Dixon et al., 1987). To investigate this signaling pathway in glia, we assessed the presence of GM1 ganglioside on the surface of cultured murine central nervous system (CNS) glia by binding of fluorescein-labeled B subunit. B subunit binding was compared to binding of peanut agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, and Bandeiraea (Griffonia) simplicifolia lectin (BSL) I, a microglial marker. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein, A007/O4 antigens, and galactocerebroside were used to identify astrocytes, immature oligodendrocytes (OLs) and mature OLs, respectively. Binding patterns differed based on cell type and developmental stage. Wheat germ and peanut agglutinins bound to the surface of microglia, astrocytes, and immature OLs; neither lectin bound to any significant extent to the surface of membrane sheets of mature OLs, although wheat germ agglutinin was rapidly endocytosed. Cells identified as microglia by BSL I binding and morphology were the only cells to stain brightly on the surface with B subunit. Thus, surface GM1 ganglioside appears to be a highly enriched marker for microglia in these mixed glial cultures. The effects of B subunit on intracellular Ca++ were examined by laser cytometry in glial cultures loaded with Indo-1. No Ca++ responses were observed in microglia. Mature OLs were examined for Ca++ responses to B subunit before and after surface levels of GM1 ganglioside were increased by incubation with exogenous GM1 ganglioside. Again, no Ca++ responses were observed. Thus, cultured microglia and mature OLs do not have the GM1-mediated signal transduction pathway seen in lymphocytes. However, the presence of GM1 ganglioside on microglia may play a role in giving rise to antibodies to this glycolipid in some CNS inflammatory diseases. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:605–612, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Principles of Multiphoton Microscopy

Multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is a powerful, important tool in biomedical research that offers low photon toxicity and higher spatial and temporal resolution than other in vivo imaging modalities. The capability to collect images hundreds of micrometers into biological tissues provides an invaluable tool for studying cellular and subcellular processes in the context of tissues and organs in living animals. Multiphoton microscopy is based upon two-photon excitation of fluorescence that occurs only in a sub-femtoliter volume at the focus; by scanning the focus through a sample, 2- and 3-dimensional images can be collected. The complex 3-dimensional organization of the kidney makes it especially appropriate for multiphoton microscopic analysis, which has been used to characterize numerous aspects of renal physiology and pathophysiology in living rats and mice. However, the ability to collect fluorescence images deep into biological tissues raises unique problems not encountered in other forms of optical microscopy, including issues of probe access, and tissue optics. Future improvements in multiphoton fluorescence microscopy will involve optimizing objectives for the unique characteristics of multiphoton fluorescence imaging, improving the speed at which images may be collected and extending the depth to which imaging may be conducted.
Latency requirements for head-worn display S/EVS applications

NASA's Aviation Safety Program, Synthetic Vision Systems Project is conducting research in advanced flight deck concepts, such as Synthetic/Enhanced Vision Systems (S/EVS), for commercial and business aircraft. An emerging thrust in this activity is the development of spatially-integrated, large field-of-regard information display systems. Head-worn or helmet-mounted display systems are being proposed as one method in which to meet this objective. System delays or latencies inherent to spatially-integrated, head-worn displays critically influence the display utility, usability, and acceptability. Research results from three different, yet similar technical areas - flight control, flight simulation, and virtual reality - are collectively assembled in this paper to create a global perspective of delay or latency effects in head-worn or helmet-mounted display systems. Consistent definitions and measurement techniques are proposed herein for universal application and latency requirements for Head-Worn Display S/EVS applications are drafted. Future research areas are defined.
Language in normal aging: Linguistic and neuropsychological factors

Abstract We have hypothesized that non-linguistic cognitive factors (memory, attention, etc.) contribute to the language changes of normal aging. In this paper, after reviewing the changing patterns of language use associated with normal aging, we address the question of whether and how non-linguistic factors contribute to these patterns. We focus on the processes of naming. One hundred and fifty-two men and women, ages 30–79, were administered three naming tests: the Boston Naming Test, the Action Naming Test, and the Category Naming Test. In addition, each subject was tested on several neuropsychological tests that provided measures of short and long-term memory, attention, visual-perceptual processes, metalinguistic skills, perseveration, and semantic memory. On the basis of performance on the neuropsychological tests, we developed a model of neuropsychological measures that may influence naming performance. Multiple regression analyses revealed that although our measures did contribute significantly to naming performance across age groups, a different pattern emerged within each age group. Our results indicate that involvement of non-linguistic cognitive processes in naming may actually decrease with age. These findings suggest that the mild anomia of normal aging is primarily linguistic, and is not significantly influenced by memory, attentional, perceptual, or metalinguistic factors.
Regulation of dopamine D3 receptor in the striatal regions and substantia nigra in diffuse Lewy body disease

The regulation of D₃ receptor has not been well documented in diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD). In this study, a novel D₃-preferring radioligand [(3)H]WC-10 and a D₂-preferring radioligand [(3)H]raclopride were used and the absolute densities of the dopamine D₃ and D₂ receptors were determined in the striatal regions and substantia nigra (SN) from postmortem brains from five cases of DLBD, which included dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n=4) and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD, n=1). The densities of the dopamine D₁ receptor, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), and dopamine transporter (DAT) were also measured by quantitative autoradiography using [(3)H]SCH23390, [(3)H]dihydrotetrabenazine, and [(3)H]WIN35428, respectively. The densities of these dopaminergic markers were also measured in the same brain regions in 10 age-matched control cases. Dopamine D₃ receptor density was significantly increased in the striatal regions including caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens (NAc). There were no significant changes in the dopamine D₁ and D₂ receptor densities in any brain regions measured. VMAT2 and DAT densities were reduced in all the brain regions measured in DLB/PDD, however, the significant reduction was found in the putamen for DAT and in the NAc and SN for VMAT2. The decrease of dopamine pre-synaptic markers implies neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in these DLB/PDD cases, while the increase of D₃ receptors in striatal regions could be attributed to dopaminergic medication history and psychiatric states such as hallucinations. Whether it also reflects compensatory regulation upon dopaminergic denervation warrants further confirmations on larger populations.
Intimate Partner Violence, Spiritual Well-Being, and Parenting Stress in African-American Women

Sequelae associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) include negative emotional, physical, and parenting outcomes. This study explored spiritual well-being as a potential mediator of the relations between IPV (physical and nonphysical abuse) and parenting stress scores in a sample of 152 low-income, African-American women. Path analytic models identified spiritual well-being as a mediator of the nonphysical (but not physical)–IPV parenting stress (three subscales) link. These findings suggest that spiritual well-being may be a protective factor against parenting stress for African-American women who experience nonphysical IPV, and an important target for culturally informed preventative interventions and treatment in this population.
Effect of surgical sympathectomy on catecholamine concentrations in the posterior pituitary of the rat

Approximately one-third of the norepinephrine in the posterior pituitary of the rat is contained in terminals of sympathetic nerves which originate in the superior cervical ganglia; the remaining norepinephrine and dopamine appear to be in nerves of central origin.
Competitive formation of ternary metallic glasses

In an effort to elucidate the formation of metallic glasses and glass-matrix composites in ternary eutectic systems, we have applied the competitive growth principle with the premise that glass formation competes with the growth of all the possible crystalline structures. It is found that each crystalline structure defines a characteristic glass-forming velocity beyond which its growth will be completely suppressed by glass formation. A glass-forming composition diagram, as thus derived, indicates that the formation of a full glass is limited by the complete suppression of growth of the primary competing structure that has the greatest characteristic glass-forming velocity. Moreover, the formation of two types of glass-matrix composites, i.e., single-phase dendrites plus a glass, and single-phase dendrites plus a two-phase eutectic plus a glass, has been predicted as a result of the incomplete suppression of growth of the primary and/or secondary competing structures. A new criterion gauging the globally optimum glass-forming ability in a ternary eutectic system is also derived.
Physical Therapy Management of Diabetics Undergoing Lower Extremity Amputations

The Rehabilitation Team at New Eng land Deaconess Hospital includes the surgical and medical attendees, the dressing nurse, physical therapist, and prosthetist. The importance of wound healing, dressings, and progressive ambulation is stressed. A study of 260 diabetic amputees gives a basis for the most appropriate post operative timing for initial exercises, ambulation, fitting of prosthesis, and training with the prosthesis.
Evaluation and pharmacologic management of symptoms in cancer patients undergoing acute rehabilitation in a comprehensive cancer center.

Abstract Guo Y, Young BL, Hainley S, Palmer JL, Bruera E. Evaluation and pharmacologic management of symptoms in cancer patients undergoing acute rehabilitation in a comprehensive cancer center. Objectives To identify cancer patients' symptoms at admission and on discharge from an acute rehabilitation unit, to document the discharge medications used for symptom management, and to assess how symptoms affect lengths of stay (LOS). Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Acute inpatient rehabilitation unit within a tertiary cancer center. Participants Ninety-six patients (49 men, 47 women) were admitted to an acute inpatient rehabilitation unit. The median age was 64 years (range, 26–87y). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) scores at admission and on discharge. Results The most intense symptom (mean ESAS visual analog scale score ± standard deviation) on admission was poor appetite (3.7±3.3), followed by fatigue (3.4±2.6). Similar results were found for the 63 patients with ESAS scores available at both time points. On discharge, poor appetite (2.2±2.4) was still the most intense symptom reported, again followed by fatigue (2.2±2.1). There were significant improvements in anxiety ( P =.001), constipation ( P =.001), fatigue ( P =.002), pain ( P =.003), appetite ( P =.004), sense of well-being ( P =.01), and insomnia ( P =.04). Seventy percent (65/93) of patients received discharge prescriptions for symptom control, with analgesics being the most frequently prescribed. The poor appetite and depression admission scores correlated positively with hospital LOS ( P P =.05, respectively). Conclusions Assessment of symptoms revealed significant symptom burdens in cancer patients undergoing rehabilitation. Pharmacologic interventions for management of symptoms were frequently needed.
The impact of firmspecific capabilities on the amount of capital raised in an initial public offering: Evidence from the biotechnology industry

Abstract Going “public” has a magical sound to most entrepreneurial managers. By going public the firm increases its legitimacy in the business community, improves access to debt financing, and creates a means of exit for major shareholders. However, by far the most important reason for going public is to infuse a significant amount of investment capital into the firm. It is well documented that small businesses frequently fail because of insufficient funding and heavy debt loads. Issuing an initial public offering (IPO) allows entrepreneurial firms to overcome these pitfalls. Clearly, if access to capital is the major goal of going public, then the success of an offering is measured by the amount of capital raised by the firm. This study presents a model of the total amount of capital raised by a firm through an IPO. The explanatory variables include several indicators of the scientific capabilities of the firm including the location of the firm, the quality of the research staff, the number of products under development, the number of patents held by the firm, and the firm's prior spending on research and development (R&D). The model is empirically tested on a sample of 92 biotechnology IPOs. The results provide strong support for the hypothesized positive relationship between the total amount of capital raised by a firm's IPO and the scientific capabilities of the firm. Our results have important implications for entrepreneurs. First, an entrepreneur needs to develop and send credible signals indicating the value of the firm's intangible assets to the market. Second, the market values as deep a product pipeline as possible given a firm's resource constraints. Third, choice of location is a key strategic decision that should not be overlooked. Fourth, the market values firm-specific capabilities and will increase the capital it is willing to invest in a firm accordingly. Finally, the amount of capital a firm raises in its IPO can be influenced by entrepreneurial managers' strategic decisions.
Proposed Accelerator for Heavy Ions

The design of a flexible linear accelerator for heavy ions is described. An array of short, independently phased helix resonators is used with a 4 MV injector having a positive ion source.
Paleomagnetism of the type Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary section at Santa Maria de Catanzaro, Italy, and the problem of post-depositional precipitation of magnetic minerals

Abstract In order to assist in global correlation of the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary, a paleomagnetic survey has been made of the world type section for the boundary, in Calabria, Italy. A total of 116 specimens from 36 sites were collected from the section, which as sampled is about 30 m thick. All sites possess stable remanent magnetism and northern hemisphere virtual geomagnetic poles, consistent with deposition during a period of normal polarity. If this period was during the Gilsa event, a minimum sedimentation rate of 17 cm per 1000 years would be required. Since a normal polarity chemical overprint, acquired during the last 0.69 m.y. could also explain the data, thermomagnetic analyses were made of selected samples. The results show the presence of highly unstable superparamagnetic material, which is most likely a product of post-depositional chemical precipitation. This observation enhances the possibility that any longer-duration precipitation could have created coarse and thus magnetically more stable components, the effects of which could not be readily distinguished from the original remanent magnetism. The difficulties of distinguishing between original depositional remanent magnetism and post-depositional chemical remanent magnetism, in outcropping marine sediments, as well as the large range of possible natural causes of the latter, is summarized in the form of a discussion of feasible Eh and pH changes occurring between original deposition at upper bathyal dephts and final sampling above sea level. It is considered that, in the absence of experimental means to distinguish the roles of original and chemically overprinted paleomagnetic signals, similarity of magnetic polarity stratigraphy between sections of sediments representing different paleoenvironments and sedimentation rates is a necessary if insufficient requirement for diagnosis of real geomagnetic behavior during deposition, as opposed to posidepositional effects.
Causality and the lorentz polarization term

Abstract Two new theoretical reasons, simpler than those previously available, are given for the incorrectness of retaining the Lorentz polarization term in the magneto-ionic theory. If the Lorentz term is retained, then the dielectric constant violates the Kramers-Kronig relation and therefore the principle of causality. In addition, the retention of the Lorentz term leads to absurd results in the limit of zero frequency.
Sulfate Uptake and Respiration of Aging Potato Discs Modified by Malonic Acid and Ultraviolet Radiation

The time course of sulfate uptake in relation to respiration is shown for aging slices of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet. For comparative purposes, a time course for phosphate uptake is also shown. Malonic acid depressed both the respiratory rise and the sulfate accumulating ability of aging discs. A low dose of ultraviolet radiation given at the onset of aging reduced sulfate uptake by one-half without lowering respiration. We hypothesize that sulfate uptake is controlled by at least two mechanisms: one associated with oxidative metabolism and the other mediated by protein synthesis.
On the computational complexity and geometry of the first-order theory of the reals. Part II: The general decision problem. Preliminaries for quantifier elimination

This series of papers presents a complete development and complexity analysis of a decision method, and a quantifier elimination method, for the first order theory of the reals. The complexity upper bounds which are established are the best presently available, both for sequential and parallel computation, and both for the bit model of computation and the real number model of computation; except for the bounds pertaining to the sequential decision method in the bit model of computation, all bounds represent significant improvements over previously established bounds.
Schur indices of characters of groups related to finite sporadic simple groups

LetG be a finite sporadic simple group. Then there exist groupsn.G., n.G.2 and, in casen is even,n.G.2i, the group isoclinic to but not isomorphic ton.G.2. The Schur indices of all irreducible characters of these groups are computed. In a previous paper this was done for the groupsn.G (with one exception). The division algebra corresponding to a character is determined by all the local Schur indices. These are all listed in the tables in Section 6 using the notation from the ATLAS.
Cigarette smoking and urinary incontinence in women.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The goal of this case control study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking and female urinary incontinence. STUDY DESIGN: The study included 606 women whose smoking histories were known; 322 were incontinent and 284 were continent. The condition(s) causing each subject's incontinence was determined by urodynamic testing; 40% of the continent subjects had the same testing. RESULTS: There were highly significant overall differences ( p = 0.000009) in the distribution of current, former, and never smokers between incontinent (35%, 16%, 49%) and continent (24%, 8%, 68%) groups. The odds ratio for genuine stress incontinence was 2.20 for former (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 4.11) and 2.48 for current smokers (95% confidence interval 1.60 to 3.84); for motor incontinence it was 2.92 for former (95% confidence interval 1.58 to 5.39) and 1.89 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 3.02) for current smokers. Increasing daily and lifetime cigarette consumption was associated with an increasing odds ratio for genuine stress incontinence but not for motor incontinence. The increased risk for incontinence was not due to differences in age, parity, weight, or hypoestrogenic status. CONCLUSION: The data establish a strong statistical relationship between current and former cigarette smoking and both stress and motor urinary incontinence in women.
Apparatus for studies of high-temperature chemical reactions in single particle systems

We report a compact microgravity flight apparatus for characterization of high-temperature chemical reactions in single particle systems. The apparatus employs an infrared CO2 laser to ignite 1–5mm samples while video images, thermocouple measurements, laser on/off status, and XYZ accelerometer signals are synchronously recorded. Different operating modes permit preignition quenching, ignition, and combustion experiments to be performed. The apparatus was successfully utilized during microgravity experiments on board NASA research aircraft.
Graph Decompositions Satisfying Extremal Degree Constraints

We show that the vertex set of any graph G with p⩾2 vertices can be partitioned into non-empty sets V1, V2, such that the maximum degree of the induced subgraph 〈Vi〉 does not exceed where pi = |Vi|, for i=1, 2. Furthermore, the structure of the induced subgraphs is investigated in the extreme case.
Residential conservation incentives

Abstract This article analyses existing knowledge of consumer response to conservation incentives for energy efficiency. It criticizes the treatment of incentive effects in existing energy demand models and reviews the literature on three questions that have been given insufficient attention in formal analyses of energy demand: How does the size of an incentive affect energy users' responses? Are different types of incentives (eg, rebates, loans, grants) perceived differently even when they have the same economic value? What non-financial features of financial incentive programmes influence their effectiveness? Finally, it discusses approaches to resolving such questions.