cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids in connective tissue staining I. Histochemical studies

An investigation of the role of phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids in Mallory-like trichrome methods showed unexpectedly that, rather than acting as mordants to anionic dyes, these polyacids selectively blocked staining of all tissue components other than connective tissue fibres to Aniline Blue and other similar fibrereactive dyes. Connective tissue components were found to contain residues resembling histidine that are easily accessible to anionic dyes. Blocking towards typical anionic dyes for demonstrating plasma proteins, such as Biebrich Scarlet, was also demonstrated but was less complete. The blockade of both types of dye was labile if the staining times were extended; plasma dyes were more sensitive than fibre dyes in this respect. Histochemical reactions for tyrosine residues were blocked. In connective tissue, phosphotungstic acid did not block histidine residues demonstrable by the coupled tetrazonium reaction with previous iodination. Thus it is postulated that differential trichrome staining occurs by binding of Aniline Blue to basic residues in the connective tissue not blocked by phosphotungstic acid and subsequent replacement of the blocking agent by an anionic dye. The binding of phosphotungstic acid to both epithelium and connective tissue was demonstrated by the quenching of autofluorescence in these regions and by the reduction of the bound PTA to blue coloured products with titanium trichloride.
Brain alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex: kinetic properties, regional distribution, and effects of inhibitors.

The substrate and cofactor requirements and some kinetic properties of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC; EC 1.2.4.2, EC 2.3.1.61, and EC 1.6.4.3) in purified rat brain mitochondria were studied. Brain mitochondrial KGDHC showed absolute requirement for alpha-ketoglutarate, CoA and NAD, and only partial requirement for added thiamine pyrophosphate, but no requirement for Mg2+ under the assay conditions employed in this study. The pH optimum was between 7.2 and 7.4, but, at pH values below 7.0 or above 7.8, KGDHC activity decreased markedly. KGDHC activity in various brain regions followed the rank order: cerebral cortex greater than cerebellum greater than or equal to midbrain greater than striatum = hippocampus greater than hypothalamus greater than pons and medulla greater than olfactory bulb. Significant inhibition of brain mitochondrial KGDHC was noted at pathological concentrations of ammonia (0.2-2 mM). However, the purified bovine heart KGDHC and KGDHC activity in isolated rat heart mitochondria were much less sensitive to inhibition. At 5 mM both beta-methylene-D,L-aspartate and D,L-vinylglycine (inhibitors of cerebral glucose oxidation) inhibited the purified heart but not the brain mitochondrial enzyme complex. At approximately 10 microM, calcium slightly stimulated (by 10-15%) the brain mitochondrial KGDHC. At concentrations above 100 microM, calcium (IC50 = 1 mM) inhibited both brain mitochondrial and purified heart KGDHC. The present results suggest that some of the kinetic properties of the rat brain mitochondrial KGDHC differ from those of the purified bovine heart and rat heart mitochondrial enzyme complexes. They also suggest that the inhibition of KGDHC by ammonia and the consequent effect on the citric acid cycle fluxes may be of pathophysiological and/or pathogenetic importance in hyperammonemia and in diseases (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy, inborn errors of urea metabolism, Reye's syndrome) where hyperammonemia is a consistent feature. Brain accumulation of calcium occurs in a number of pathological conditions. Therefore, it is possible that such a calcium accumulation may have a deleterious effect on KGDHC activity.
Chimeric and point-mutated receptors reveal that a single glycine residue in transmembrane domain 6 is critical for high affinity melatonin binding.

To delineate domains of high affinity melatonin receptors that are essential for melatonin binding, we generated chimeras between the human Mel1a melatonin receptor and the melatonin-related orphan H9 receptor. The latter receptor displays no high affinity melatonin binding. The chimeric receptors were transiently expressed in COS-7 cells and analyzed by radioligand binding using 2-[125I]iodomelatonin ([125I]Mel). Replacement of individual transmembrane domains (TMs) of the Mel1a receptor by the corresponding H9 helixes revealed that TM6 plays a critical role in ligand binding. Substitution of H9-TM6 into the Mel1a receptor abolished any detectable[ 125I]Mel binding, whereas the remaining TMs could be readily exchanged without affecting ligand binding. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis showed that glycine 20 in TM6 of the Mel1a receptor occupies an important position in the binding site. Thus, the mutation of glycine 20 to threonine, the corresponding H9 residue, severely reduced the receptor’s affinit...
SABP2, a methyl salicylate esterase is required for the systemic acquired resistance induced by acibenzolar-S-methyl in plants.

Tobacco SABP2, a 29 kDa protein catalyzes the conversion of methyl salicylic acid (MeSA) into salicylic acid (SA) to induce SAR. Pretreatment of plants with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a functional analog of salicylic acid induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Data presented in this paper suggest that SABP2 catalyzes the conversion of ASM into acibenzolar to induce SAR. Transgenic SABP2-silenced tobacco plants when treated with ASM, fail to express PR-1 proteins and do not induce robust SAR expression. When treated with acibenzolar, full SAR is induced in SABP2-silenced plants. These results show that functional SABP2 is required for ASM-mediated induction of resistance.
Conformally flat spaces and solutions to Yang-Mills equations

Using the conformal invariance of Yang-Mills equations in four-dimensional manifolds, it is proved that in a simply connected space of negative constant curvature Yang-Mills equations admit solutions with any real number as their Pontryagin number. It is also shown that the space S/sup 3/ x S/sup 1/ which is the regular counterpart of the meron solution is one example of a class of solutions to Yang-Mills equations on compact manifolds that are neither self-dual nor anti-self-dual.
Improving smartphone responsiveness through I/O optimizations

Smartphones suffer various unpredictable delays, e.g., when launching an application. In this work, we investigate the behavior of reads and writes in smartphones. We conduct the first large-scale measurement study on the Android I/O delay using the data collected from our Android application running on 1480 devices within 188 days. Among others, we observe that reads experience up to 626% slowdown when blocked by concurrent writes. We use this obtained knowledge to design a pilot solution that reduces application delays by prioritizing reads over writes. The evaluation shows that our system reduces launch delays by up to 37.8%.
Franck-Condon analysis of thermal and vibrational excitation effects on the ozone Hartley continuum

Abstract The Hartley ultraviolet continuum of vibrationally and rotationally excited ozone is studied by a Franck-Condon spectral synthesis. Harmonic potential surfaces and the Condon approximation are utilized. Good agreement with experiment is obtained for ozone spectra taken over a wide temperature range and for the spectrum of CO 2 laser-excited ozone. The accuracy of previous, semi-empirical spectra models is discussed in the light of the current work. A semi-empirical expression for the spectrum is developed which is accurate over a wide temperature range, and may be applied to other molecules as well. The usefulness of Franck-Condon sum rules in the analysis of electronic spectra is also demonstrated.
Global state considered unnecessary: An introduction to object-based semantics

Semantics of imperative programming languages is traditionally described in terms of functions on global states. We propose here a novel approach based on a notion of objects and characterize them in terms of their observable behavior. States are regarded as part of the internal structure of objects and play no role in the observable behavior. It is shown that this leads to considerable accuracy in the semantic modelling of locality and single-threadedness properties of objects.
Velocity dependence in the potentials for neutron scattering models

Abstract Although static potentials have long been used in nuclear models, and reproduce many experimental results remarkably well, they do not satisfy certain physical requirements. It is shown that for single-particle problems at a fixed energy, some static potential will always give the same results as any velocity-dependent potential. Furthermore, if the velocity-dependent potential is assigned a certain type of functional form, including the commonly used one proposed by Woods and Saxon, the equivalent static potential has nearly the same form. Thus, it is very difficult to test for velocity-dependence by means of elastic scattering and energy-level calculations. The effect of velocity-dependence on inelastic scattering is not established analytically, but numerical calculations imply that it would also be extremely difficult to detect.
Enhanced THz transmission through periodic subwavelength aperture arrays fabricated in graphite

We demonstrate that graphite is an attractive medium for plasmonics applications at THz frequencies. We accomplish this by measuring the complex dielectric properties of planar and periodically perforated graphite films using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.
Gas barrier of polystyrene montmorillonite clay nanocomposites: Effect of mineral layer aggregation

Three polystyrene (PS)/clay hybrid systems have been prepared via in situ polymerization of styrene in the presence of unmodified sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) clay, MMT modified with zwitterionic cationic surfactant octadecyldimethyl betaine (C18DMB) and MMT modified with polymerizable cationic surfactant vinylbenzyldime-thyldodecylammonium chloride (VDAC). X-ray diffraction and TEM were used to probe mineral layer organization and to expose the morphology of these systems. The PS/Na-MMT composite was found to exhibit a conventional composite structure consisting of unintercalated micro and nanoclay particles homogeneously dispersed in the PS matrix. The PS/C18DMB-MMT system exhibited an intercalated layered silicate nanocomposite structure consisting of intercalated tactoids dispersed in the PS matrix. Finally, the PS/ VDAC-MMT system exhibited features of both intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites. Systematic statistical analysis of aggregate orientation, characteristic width, length, aspect ratio, and number of layers using multiple TEM micrographs enabled the development of representative morphological models for each of the nanocomposite structures. Oxygen barrier properties of all three PS/clay hybrid systems were measured as a function of mineral composition and analyzed in terms of traditional Nielsen and Cussler approaches. A modification of the Nielsen model has been proposed, which considers the effect of layer aggregation (layer stacking) on gas barrier.
Yeast ribosomes bind to highly purified reconstituted Sec61p complex and to mammalian p180.

To determine whether the yeast Sec61p translocation pore is a high-affinity ribosome receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum, we isolated the Sec61p complex using an improved protocol in which contaminants found previously to be associated with the complex are absent. The purified complex, which contains Sec61p with an amino terminal hexahistidine tag, was active since it rescued a sec61–3 post-translational translocation defect in a reconstituted system. Co-reconstitution of the Sec61p and Sec63p complexes into liposomes failed to support post-translational translocation, suggesting that Sec62p is required for this process. By Scatchard analysis, the purified Sec61p complex bound to yeast ribosomes when reconstituted into liposomes with a KD of 5.6 nm, a value similar to the KD obtained when ribosome binding to total microsomal protein was measured (2.7 nm). In addition, a mammalian protein, p180, which has been proposed to be a ribosome receptor, was expressed in yeast, and endoplasmic reticulum-derived microsomes isolated from this strain exhibited ∼2.3-fold greater binding to yeast ribosomes. Despite this increase in ribosome binding, neither co- nor post-translational translocation was compromised in vivo. In sum, our data suggest that the Sec61p complex is a ribosome receptor in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
Interaction of insulin-like growth factor I with turkey satellite cells and satellite cell-derived myotubes.

Satellite cells, isolated from the superficial pectoralis muscle of growing Nicholas tom turkeys, were cloned to obtain a pure population of myogenic cells. These cells proliferated rapidly and differentiated (fused) into myotubes typically containing 92–98% fused nuclei. Competitive binding assays were performed on near-confluent satellite cell or myotube cultures in 35 mm diameter wells by adding [125I]IGF-I along with increasing concentrations of unlabeled IGF-I, IGF-II, or insulin. Following incubation, the cultures were washed to remove the unbound hormones, solubilized with 0.5 N NaOH, and the radioactivity specifically bound was determined. Total and fused nuclei number as well as total protein were determined in parallel cultures. Our results indicate that turkey satellite cell and myotube cultures possess specific binding sites for IGF-I. Displacement of [125I]IGF-I was in the order of IGF-I > IGF-II ⩾ insulin. Although the [125I]IGF-I association constants were similar for turkey satellite cells and myotubes, a 2.8-fold decrease in the number of receptors per nuclei was observed as satellite cells differentiated into myotubes. The 50% inhibition constants for IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin were 3.7 × 10−9 M, 7.5 × 10−8 M, and 8.7 × 10−8 M for satellite cells and 3.1 × 10−9 M, 7.5 × 10−8 MM, and 9.6 × 10−8 M for myotubes, respectively. Receptor cross-linking analysis using disucinimidyl suberate was performed on near-confluent satellite cell cultures incubated with [125I]IGF-I in the presence or absence of 1 × 10−7 M IGF-I, IGF-II, or insulin. Receptor subunit species of Mr 130 kDa and 98 kDa were observed under reducing conditions (100 mM dithiothreitol) and at a Mr > 300 kDa (native receptor tetramer) under non-reduced conditions. Autoradiographic bands were displaced with IGF-I but not with equimolar levels of IGF-II or insulin. The results suggest that turkey satellite cells possess a type I IGF receptor.
Measuring Whether Canadian Studies Courses Make a Difference in Knowledge of Canada

In this research, we compare the results for a 2009 survey of Iowa State University students (our non-Canadian Studies sample) with the 2010 survey of Loyola University, Chicago, the University of Missouri, and Universite Laval students (our Canadian Studies sample) on their knowledge of Canada. In general, we find significant differences between these two groups on the overall survey results, but we also find differences between the two groups on two subscales within the survey (one on geography, politics, and economic items, the other on Quebec culture). We also report the difference among the three groups of students with exposure to Canadian Studies. Not unexpectedly, we find that the Laval students to be more knowledgeable about Quebec, but we also find some differences among students at these institutions on their knowledge of political, geographical, and economic knowledge of Canada. We conclude our analysis by discussing the implications of these results for increasing the knowledge about Canada t...
Cloning and characterization of the genes encoding a glycine betaine ABC-type transporter in Halobacillus trueperi DSM10404T.

By using Southern blot hybridization and inverse polymerase chain reaction, a 5.5-kb DNA fragment was obtained from the genomic DNA of Halobacillus trueperi DSM10404T. Sequence analysis revealed that it contained a potential operon with high levels of sequence similarity to the opuA operon encoding glycine betaine transporter from Bacillus subtilis, which is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) substrate binding the protein-dependent transporter superfamily. The potential operon, designated as qatA (quaternary amine transporter), consists of three structural genes, which are predicted to encode an ATP-binding protein (QatAA), a membrane-associated protein (QatAB), and an extracellular substrate-binding protein (QatAC). Moreover, the putative promoter region of the operon was found with close homology to the σA-dependent promoter of B. subtilis. Reverse transcription (RT)–PCR analysis revealed that qatAA, qatAB, and qatAC genes were transcribed in cells of H. trueperi. Cells of Escherichia coli mutant MKH13 harboring qatA on pAY41 were able to grow on selective M9 salt medium containing glycine betaine and accumulated glycine betaine in the cytoplasm, showing that qatAA, qatAB, and qatAC genes together encode a functional glycine betaine transporter.
Influence of counter ions on the reverse osmosis through MFI zeolite membranes: implications for produced water desalination

Abstract Desalination of brines produced from oil and gas fields is a potential resource for potable water in the southwestern U.S. and other semi-arid areas. Oilfield brines typically contain high concentrations of Na+ and Cl−, as well as other multivalent cations and anions that can reduce efficacy of reverse osmosis (RO). RO separation of NaCl solutions at existence of other co-ions or at increased ion concentration and operating pressure was experimentally tested on a pure silicalite zeolite membrane. Water fluxes increase linearly with increase of net driving force (ΔP−ΣriRTCc,f). Ion flux is essentially independent of the operating pressure but increases exponentially by a power factor of 1.13 as feed concentration increases from 0.001 M to 0.3 M. Inorganic cations (K+, Ca2+, and Al3+) and anions (Br−, and SO42−), when present in a 0.01 M NaCl solution, play an important role on separation performance of the NaCl solutions. A notable variation of water flux and ion rejection in the presence of counter cations was observed, while the permeation behavior of 0.01 M NaCl solution was hardly affected by counter anions. This study is part of a broader project seeking to make desalination of oilfield-produced waters economically viable.
Model-based user interface engineering with design patterns

The main idea surrounding model-based UI (User Interface) development is to identify useful abstractions that highlight the core aspects and properties of an interactive system and its design. These abstractions are instantiated and iteratively transformed at different level to create a concrete user interface. However, certain limitations prevent UI developers from adopting model-based approaches for UI engineering. One such limitation is the lack of reusability of best design practices and knowledge within such approaches. With a view to fostering reuse in the instantiation and transformation of models, we introduce patterns as building blocks, which can be first used to construct different models and then instantiated into concrete UI artefacts. In particular, we will demonstrate how different kinds of patterns can be used as modules for establishing task, dialog, presentation and layout models. Starting from an outline of the general process of pattern application, an interface for combining patterns and a possible formalization are suggested. The Task Pattern Wizard, an XML/XUL-based tool for selecting, adapting and applying patterns to task models, will be presented. In addition, an extended example will illustrate the intimate complicity of several patterns and the proposed model-driven approach.
Transition strategies to ensure active student engagement

Student affairs professionals have an opportunity to promote active student engagement and improve the experiences of students with disabilities by embracing a collaborative and inclusive model of practice.
General Tiebreaking Schemes for Computational Social Choice

In (computational) social choice, how ties are broken can affect the axiomatic and computational properties of a voting rule. In this paper, we first consider settings where we may have multiple winners. We formalize the notion of parallel universes tiebreaking with respect to a particular tree that represents the computation of the winners, and show that the specific tree used does not matter if certain conditions hold. We then move on to settings where a single winner must be returned, generally by randomized tiebreaking, and examine some drawbacks of existing approaches. We propose a new class of tiebreaking schemes based on randomly perturbing the vote profile. Finally, we show that one member of this class uniquely satisfies a number of desirable properties.
North Atlantic phylogeography and large‐scale population differentiation of the seagrass Zostera marina L.

As the most widespread seagrass in temperate waters of the Northern Hemisphere, Zostera marina provides a unique opportunity to investigate the extent to which the historical legacy of the last glacial maximum (LGM18 000–10 000 years BP ) is detectable in modern population genetic structure. We used sequences from the nuclear rDNA–internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast mat K-intron, and nine microsatellite loci to survey 49 populations (> 2000 individuals) from throughout the species’ range. Minimal sequence variation between Pacific and Atlantic populations combined with biogeographical groupings derived from the microsatellite data, suggest that the trans -Arctic connection is currently open. The east Pacific and west Atlantic are more connected than either is to the east Atlantic. Allelic richness was almost two-fold higher in the Pacific. Populations from putative Atlantic refugia now represent the southern edges of the distribution and are not genetically diverse. Unexpectedly, the highest allelic diversity was observed in the North Sea–Wadden Sea–southwest Baltic region. Except for the Mediterranean and Black Seas, significant isolation-by-distance was found from ~150 to 5000 km. A transition from weak to strong isolation-by-distance occurred at ~150 km among northern European populations suggesting this scale as the natural limit for dispersal within the metapopulation. Links between historical and contemporary processes are discussed in terms of the projected effects of climate change on coastal marine plants. The identification of a high genetic diversity hotspot in Northern Europe provides a basis for restoration decisions.
Crystal structure of the Streptococcus pneumoniae mevalonate kinase in complex with diphosphomevalonate

Streptococcus pneumoniae, a ubiquitous gram-positive pathogen with an alarming, steadily evolving resistance to frontline antimicrobials, poses a severe global health threat both in the community and in the clinic. The recent discovery that diphosphomevalonate (DPM), an essential intermediate in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, potently and allosterically inhibits S. pneumoniae mevalonate kinase (SpMK) without affecting the human isozyme established a new target and lead compound for antimicrobial design. Here we present the crystal structure of the first S. pneumoniae mevalonate
When and How to Change Quorums on Wide Area Networks

In wide-area settings, unpredictable events, such as flash crowds caused by nearly instantaneous popularity of services, can cause servers that are expected to respond quickly to instead suddenly respond slowly. This presents a problem for achieving consistently good performance in quorum-based distributed systems, in which clients must choose which quorums (sets of servers) to access. Typically,clients are motivated to choose quorums containing the servers that respond fastest. Often, these may be the closest servers, but when the closest servers are particularly slow to respond, e.g., because of a changed workload, servers that are farther may actually respond faster. In this paper, we show how clients can locally change their quorum selections efficiently such that the overall system performance rapidly converges to that of the best global strategy for the current conditions. Moreover, we discuss how to benefit even when changes in quorums must be accompanied by expensive state-transfer operations.
The Brain’s Learning and Control Architecture

Many brain-imaging studies are designed with the goal of isolating brain regions responsible for a specific mental function. The results, which reveal islands of activity scattered about the brain, can give the impression that the brain is just a disorganized collection of specialized processing centers. However, examination of how brain activity changes as a new skill is learned reveals a structured learning architecture composed of three hierarchically organized systems, each with a distinct role in learning and each characterized by a distinct pattern of learning-dependent plasticity. These systems are a representation system, which supports associative learning; a cognitive control network, which allocates attention during the execution of newly learned behaviors; and a metacognitive system, which guides the establishment of new behavioral routines, monitors the quality of ongoing behaviors, and oversees the transitions from one behavior to another. The combined involvement of these systems allows hum...
Multi-echelon supply chain simulation using metamodel

Metamodels are abstractions of the simulation model that expose the system's input-output relationship through simple mathematical expression (Santos and Santos 2007). It provides an analytical way to study the behavior of a complex system. Multi-echelon supply chain are one of the complex systems. It is hard if not impossible to draw close-form analytical solutions due to the complexities of inventory system and the underlying uncertainty. In this paper, we will apply the methodology of simulation metamodel to a multi-echelon supply chain problem and make statistically analysis of the parameters. The model is validated using training experiment conditions.
Heterogeneous chip multiprocessors

Heterogeneous (or asymmetric) chip multiprocessors present unique opportunities for improving system throughput, reducing processor power, and mitigating Amdahl's law. On-chip heterogeneity allow the processor to better match execution resources to each application's needs and to address a much wider spectrum of system loads - from low to high thread parallelism - with high efficiency.
Performing and Interpreting Experiments Towards Understanding Noise Generation in Displacement Machines

Noise generation in fluid power systems remains an important problem in current applications, and in the expansion of fluid power to new lighter applications such as passenger vehicles. The current research looks to understand noise generation from two main angles, experimental measurements and numerical modeling. This activity shows the experimental procedures and results towards better understanding the noise performance in the particular case of external gear pumps. Sound intensity measurements and analysis of the frequency characteristics of these machines are used to characterize the air-borne noise generated. Better understanding of the key sources and transmission paths of the noise can lead to a better understanding of how to improve the noise performance from a design standpoint. The method of measuring and interpreting the noise performance of several different displacement machines is explained along with the significance of the results pertaining to the design of new quieter hydraulic solutions. This research serves the more general goal as a validation reference for modeling noise generation and propagation from the sources inside the machine and out to the environment.
Node Filtering and Face Routing for Sensor Network

Greedy forward routing and face routing algorithms have been extensively used for sending messages in sensor networks. In this paper, we consider the problem of filtering redundant nodes in a sensor network as a pre-processing step for face routing. We propose an algorithm for identifying redundant nodes. We test the performance of proposed filtering algorithm on generated networks. The prototype algorithm for testing the proposed algorithms has been implemented in the Java programming language. Experimental investigation shows that the proposed filtering algorithms are effective in removing redundant nodes without compromising the network connectivity.
Contract Pricing in Consumer Credit Markets

We analyze subprime consumer lending and the role played by down payment requirements in screening high-risk borrowers and limiting defaults. To do this, we develop an empirical model of the demand for financed purchases that incorporates both adverse selection and repayment incentives. We estimate the model using detailed transaction-level data on subprime auto loans. We show how different elements of loan contracts affect the quality of the borrower pool and subsequent loan performance. We also evaluate the returns to credit scoring that allows sellers to customize financing terms to individual applicants. Our approach shows how standard econometric tools for analyzing demand and supply under imperfect competition extend to settings in which firms care about the identity of their customers and their postpurchase behavior.
Numerical investigation of transitional and weak turbulent flow past a sphere

This work reports results of numerical simulations of viscous incompressible flow past a sphere. The primary objective is to identify transitions that occur with increasing Reynolds number, as well as their underlying physical mechanisms. The numerical method used is a mixed spectral element/Fourier spectral method developed for applications involving both Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates. In cylindrical coordinates, a formulation, based on special Jacobi-type polynomials, is used close to the axis of symmetry for the efficient treatment of the ‘pole’ problem. Spectral convergence and accuracy of the numerical formulation are verified. Many of the computations reported here were performed on parallel computers. It was found that the first transition of the flow past a sphere is a linear one and leads to a three-dimensional steady flow field with planar symmetry, i.e. it is of the ‘exchange of stability’ type, consistent with experimental observations on falling spheres and linear stability analysis results. The second transition leads to a single-frequency periodic flow with vortex shedding, which maintains the planar symmetry observed at lower Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number increases further, the planar symmetry is lost and the flow reaches a chaotic state. Small scales are first introduced in the flow by Kelvin–Helmholtz instability of the separating cylindrical shear layer; this shear layer instability is present even after the wake is rendered turbulent.
Patterns of Ethnic Marriage in the United States

Using data from the November 1979 Current Population Survey on ethnic ancestry this paper examines the strength and patterns of ethnic intermarriage in the United States investigating some of the implications of rising intermarriage rates. After noting the infrequency of marriages across the dividing line of European/non-European ancestry we focus on marriages between individuals of European (or American Indian) ancestry. The authors use a log-linear modeling strategy to identify some major factors influencing intermarriage including group size mixed or single ancestry and degree of ethnic relatedness. With regard to the rising rate of intermarriage among white ethnic groups it is noted that "even though persons of unmixed ancestry still exhibit fairly strong tendencies to marry endogamously a shift in the relative frequency of mixed versus unmixed ancestry is reducing the sizes of the categories with the strongest in-marriage tendencies and increasing the sizes of those with weaker such tendencies." (EXCERPT)
A SPECIFIC FLOCCULATION REACTION OCCURRING BETWEEN ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM

1. A flocculation reaction has been described which occurs between alcoholic extracts of pneumococci and antipneumococcus serum. 2. The reaction appears to be species-specific. It is not strictly type-specific, as slight or moderate cross-reactions occurred between Type I serums and Type II and Type III extracts. 3. The flocculating power of the serum from five horses undergoing immunization with pneumococcus, Type I, did not develop to any extent before the end of the 4th or 5th month. 4. In the case of two of these horses in which it was possible to carry out parallel tests on a larger number of subsequent bleedings until the end of immunization, some relationship was suggested between the flocculating power and the protective titer as ascertained by the routine method of standardization in mice.
Quantitative prediction of improvement in cardiac function after revascularization with MR imaging and modeling: initial results.

PURPOSE: To evaluate a model that can be used quantitatively to predict changes in postrevascularization left ventricular function based on classification of myocardial tissue as hibernating, scarred, or normal with cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction were studied before and after revascularization with cine MR imaging. Regional myocardial contractility and wall thickness were used in the model to predict postrevascularization ejection fraction (EF). The actual EF from the postrevascularization MR images was compared with the EF from the prerevascularization images predicted with the model by using regression analysis and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: Correlation between the actual EF after revascularization and the EF predicted by using the model yielded an R value of 0.98, with a standard error of 1.3 EF percentage points. Predicting changes in function in a myocardial segment was less successful because only 55% of segments classified as hibernating actually improved resting function after revascularization. In nonimproved segments, 78% were either adjacent to infarcted segments or had nontransmural wall thinning. CONCLUSION: A simple mathematical model combined with functional information provided by MR imaging was used to predict improvements in global EF resulting from revascularization.
Protein kinase C is differentially stimulated by Wnt and Frizzled homologs in aG-protein-dependent manner

In studies of developmental signaling pathways stimulated by the Wnt proteins and their receptors, Xenopus Wnt-5A (Xwnt-5A) and a prospective Wnt receptor, rat Frizzled 2 (Rfz2), have been shown to stimulate inositol signaling and Ca2+ fluxes in zebrafish [1] [2] [3]. As protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms can respond to Ca2+ signals [4], we asked whether expression of different Wnt and Frizzled homologs modulates PKC. Expression of Rfz2 and Xwnt-5A resulted in translocation of PKC to the plasma membrane, whereas expression of rat Frizzled 1 (Rfz1), which activates a Wnt pathway using beta-catenin but not Ca2+ fluxes [5], did not. Rfz2 and Xwnt-5A were also able to stimulate PKC activity in an in vitro kinase assay. Agents that inhibit Rfz2-induced signaling through G-protein subunits blocked Rfz2-induced translocation of PKC. To determine if other Frizzled homologs differentially stimulate PKC, we tested mouse Frizzled (Mfz) homologs for their ability to induce PKC translocation relative to their ability to induce the expression of two target genes of beta-catenin, siamois and Xnr3. Mfz7 and Mfz8 stimulated siamois and Xnr3 expression but not PKC activation, whereas Mfz3, Mfz4 and Mfz6 reciprocally stimulated PKC activation but not expression of siamois or Xnr3. These results demonstrate that some but not all Wnt and Frizzled signals modulate PKC localization and stimulate PKC activity via a G-protein-dependent mechanism. In agreement with other studies [1] [2] [3]. [6] [7] these data support the existence of multiple Wnt and Frizzled signaling pathways in vertebrates.
Wavelength-selective infrared Salisbury screen absorber

Experimental long wavelength infrared spectral response characterization of a narrowband Salisbury screen absorber suitable for use in microbolometer focal plane arrays is presented. We have demonstrated a microfabricated germanium dielectric support structure layer that replaces the usual silicon nitride structural layer in microbolometers. The fabricated Salisbury screen absorber consists of a chromium resistive sheet as an absorber layer above a germanium dielectric/air-gap/interference structure. In order to produce wavelength-selective narrowband absorption, the general design rules for the germanium dielectric supported Salisbury screen show that the thickness of the air gap should be a half wavelength thick and the optical thickness of the germanium layer a quarter dielectric wavelength thick.
Comparison of four approaches to automatic language identification of telephone speech

Abstruct- We have compared the performance of four approaches for automatic language identification of speech utterances: Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classification; single-language phone recognition followed by languagedependent, interpolated n-gram language modeling (PRLM); parallel PRLM, which uses multiple single-language phone recognizers, each trained in a different language; and languagedependent parallel phone recognition (PPR). These approaches, which span a wide range of training requirements and levels of recognition complexity, were evaluated with the Oregon Graduate Institute Multi-Language Telephone Speech Corpus. Systems containing phone recognizers performed better than the simpler GMM classifier. The top-performing system was parallel PRLM, which exhibited an error rate of 2% for 45-s utterances and 5% for 10-s utterances in two-language, closed-set, forcedchoice classification. The error rate for 11-language, closed-set, forced-choice classification was 11 % for 45-s utterances and 21% for 10-s utterances.
Steroid Hormone Receptors in Human Breast Cancer

Publisher Summary The relation between human breast cancer and the endocrine organs, long suspected and frequently manipulated, lacked a systematic biological basis until the development of steroid receptor assays. They have revolutionized the knowledge of the cell biology of breast cancer and have guided the hand of the internist and the surgeon. The purpose of this chapter is to explore both the foundations and the superstructure of this revolution. It explores the historical background and the development of steroid receptors, the current methodology, the physiology and cell biology of steroid receptors, and their pathologic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Estrogen receptor—the most widely used steroid receptor—is measured usually either by sucrose density gradient centrifugation or by the dextran-coated charcoal technique. Both methods are in common use and provide reproducible results in trained hands. Other methods of assay include gel filtration, agar gel electrophoresis, protamine sulfate precipitation, hydroxyl- apatite adsorption, isoelectric focusing, and antisteroid antibodies. Immunochemical and cytochemical methods, though promising, have not till date been shown to reveal estrogen receptor.
Mass Biopsy Using Ultrasound

Mass biopsy has reached a point where no accessible mass or organ in the body has not been subjected to percutaneous puncture using a smallbore needle [1, 2, 12]. Since morbidity is minimal, mass biopsy under ultrasound control is indicated under the following circumstances: 1. To confirm the diagnosis in a mass too extensive to resect, e.g., a carcinoma of the pancreas surrounding the superior mesenteric vein. 2. When in a patient with a previous neoplasm it is uncertain whether a new mass represents a metastatic lesion or a fresh primary. 3. When proof that a mass is a metastatic lesion is required prior to the commencement of a chemotherapy protocol. 4. When it is uncertain whether a mass represents a neoplasm, an abscess, or a hematoma; therapy for the latter two possibilities would be conservative rather than surgical and the ultrasonic and computed tomographic (CT) appearances can be identical.
Assessing Demographic Differences in Patient-Perceived Improvement in Facial Appearance and Quality of Life Following Rhinoplasty.

Background As rhinoplasty patient demographics evolve, surgeons must consider the impact of demographics on patient satisfaction. Objectives The objective of this study was to identify independent demographic predictors of differences in satisfaction with appearance and quality of life following rhinoplasty utilizing the FACE-Q patient-reported outcome instrument. Methods Patients presenting for rhinoplasty completed the following FACE-Q scales: Satisfaction with Facial Appearance, Satisfaction with Nose, Social Function, and Psychological Well-being. Higher FACE-Q scores indicate greater satisfaction with appearance or superior quality of life. Pre- and post-treatment scores were compared in the context of patient demographics. Results The scales were completed by 59 patients. Women demonstrated statistically significant improvements in Satisfaction with Facial Appearance and quality of life while men only experienced significant improvement in Satisfaction with Facial appearance. Caucasians demonstrated statistically significant improvement in Satisfaction with Facial Appearance and quality of life while non-Caucasians did not. Patients younger than 35 years old were more likely to experience enhanced Satisfaction with Facial Appearance and quality of life compared with patients older than 35 years old. Patients with income ≥$100,000 were more likely to experience significant increases in Satisfaction with Facial Appearance and quality of life than patients with incomes <$100,000. Conclusions In an objective study using a validated patient-reported outcome instrument, the authors were able to quantify differences in the clinically meaningful change in perception of appearance and quality of life that rhinoplasty patients gain based on demographic variables. The authors also demonstrated that these variables are potential predictors of differences in satisfaction. Level of Evidence 3![Graphic][1] Therapeutic [10.1093/asj/sjv099][2] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1093/asj/sjv099
Integration and Arms Control in the European Political Environment: A Summary Report*

At the heart of our research was a single basic question: What arms control and disarmament measures might be acceptable to Europeans in 1966, in 1971, and in 1976? And differently put: What would be Europe's attitude in those years either to arms competition or to arms control, and what particular policies would be most popular or least popular in Europe in this respect?This basic question implied four more detailed questions. The first, What is Europe now, in 1966, and where is it going for the 1971 to 1976 period? Is it going to be a Europe of nation-states with only marginal common functional arrangements on matters not central in importance to the concerns of its citizens? Or will it be to some extent substantially integrated, with some major policy decisions made by common institutions? Or will it be a common body politic, speaking with a single voice and developing common institutions for a wide range of decisions?Second, do Europeans in general approve or disapprove of arms control? Do they welcome the relaxation of tensions between America and Russia and between the East and West, or do they fear such relaxation?Third, what specific arms control measures are likely to be most acceptable to Europeans, and which arms control measures are likely to be least acceptable?And fourth, what are the strength, location, and time aspects of political support for specific policies, such as the policies of France and its President de Gaulle vis-a-vis the NATO Alliance and the United States?
Emerging security mechanisms for medical cyber physical systems

The following decade will witness a surge in remote health-monitoring systems that are based on body-worn monitoring devices. These Medical Cyber Physical Systems (MCPS) will be capable of transmitting the acquired data to a private or public cloud for storage and processing. Machine learning algorithms running in the cloud and processing this data can provide decision support to healthcare professionals. There is no doubt that the security and privacy of the medical data is one of the most important concerns in designing an MCPS. In this paper, we depict the general architecture of an MCPS consisting of four layers: data acquisition, data aggregation, cloud processing, and action. Due to the differences in hardware and communication capabilities of each layer, different encryption schemes must be used to guarantee data privacy within that layer. We survey conventional and emerging encryption schemes based on their ability to provide secure storage, data sharing, and secure computation. Our detailed experimental evaluation of each scheme shows that while the emerging encryption schemes enable exciting new features such as secure sharing and secure computation, they introduce several orders-of-magnitude computational and storage overhead. We conclude our paper by outlining future research directions to improve the usability of the emerging encryption schemes in an MCPS.
A Letter to Social Justice Advocates: Thirteen Lessons Learned by Katrina Social Justice Advocates Looking Back Ten Years Later

This article tells the stories of social justice advocates, some lawyers, some advocates, and some people who were students when Hurricane Katrina hit and who later went on to become lawyers. Though the stories stand on their own, their wisdom is distilled into thirteen lessons in the hope that these experiences might guide others facing similar disasters.
Research on the Inverter Feed-forward Control Technology of Photovoltaic Grid-connected System

Aiming at the circuit structure of photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system,in order to guarantee the sine grid-connected current and the unity power factor,PI-regulation and feed-forward compensation were adopted.The parameters calculating method of the regulator and the filter circuit were introduced and the auto-change step incremental conductance algorithm was presented to solve the problem of maximum output power of solar cells.Experimental results confirm these control strategies are effective and can meet the requirement of photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system well.
Association between Temporal Changes in Primary Care Workforce and Patient Outcomes.

Objective To examine the association between 10-year temporal changes in the primary care workforce and Medicare beneficiaries' outcomes. Data Sources 2001 and 2011 American Medical Association Masterfiles and fee-for-service Medicare claims. Study Design/Methods We calculated two primary care workforce measures within Primary Care Service Areas: the number of primary care physicians per 10,000 population (per capita) and the number of Medicare primary care full-time equivalents (FTEs) per 10,000 Medicare beneficiaries. The three outcomes were mortality, ambulatory care–sensitive condition (ACSC) hospitalizations, and emergency department (ED) visits. We measured the marginal association between changes in primary care workforce and patient outcomes using Poisson regression models. Principal Findings An increase of one primary care physician per 10,000 population was associated with 15.1 fewer deaths per 100,000 and 39.7 fewer ACSC hospitalizations per 100,000 (both p < .05). An increase of one Medicare primary care FTE per 10,000 beneficiaries was associated with 82.8 fewer deaths per 100,000, 160.8 fewer ACSC hospitalizations per 100,000, and 712.3 fewer ED visits per 100,000 (all p < .05). Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries' outcomes improved as the number of primary care physicians and their clinical effort increased.