cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial volume effect correction in PET using regularized iterative deconvolution with variance control based on local topology.

Correcting positron emission tomography (PET) images for the partial volume effect (PVE) due to the limited resolution of PET has been a long-standing challenge. Various approaches including incorporation of the system response function in the reconstruction have been previously tested. We present a post-reconstruction PVE correction based on iterative deconvolution using a 3D maximum likelihood expectation-maximization (MLEM) algorithm. To achieve convergence we used a one step late (OSL) regularization procedure based on the assumption of local monotonic behavior of the PET signal following Alenius et al. This technique was further modified to selectively control variance depending on the local topology of the PET image. No prior 'anatomic' information is needed in this approach. An estimate of the noise properties of the image is used instead. The procedure was tested for symmetric and isotropic deconvolution functions with Gaussian shape and full width at half-maximum (FWHM) ranging from 6.31 mm to infinity. The method was applied to simulated and experimental scans of the NEMA NU 2 image quality phantom with the GE Discovery LS PET/CT scanner. The phantom contained uniform activity spheres with diameters ranging from 1 cm to 3.7 cm within uniform background. The optimal sphere activity to variance ratio was obtained when the deconvolution function was replaced by a step function few voxels wide. In this case, the deconvolution method converged in ~3–5 iterations for most points on both the simulated and experimental images. For the 1 cm diameter sphere, the contrast recovery improved from 12% to 36% in the simulated and from 21% to 55% in the experimental data. Recovery coefficients between 80% and 120% were obtained for all larger spheres, except for the 13 mm diameter sphere in the simulated scan (68%). No increase in variance was observed except for a few voxels neighboring strong activity gradients and inside the largest spheres. Testing the method for patient images increased the visibility of small lesions in non-uniform background and preserved the overall image quality. Regularized iterative deconvolution with variance control based on the local properties of the PET image and on estimated image noise is a promising approach for partial volume effect corrections in PET.
The role of angiotensin II in renal growth.

Angiotensin II (All) has many of the features of the archetypical growth factors and appears to be a growth regulator in the kidney. All binds to specific cell surface receptors present on a number of
PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING FIRMNESS OF PASTEURIZED JALAPENO PEPPER RINGS

Physical and chemical properties that influence textural properties of pasteurized pepper rings of four jalapeno pepper cultivars were determined. Hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were positively correlated with moisture and wall thickness, and negatively associated with water soluble pectin and alcohol insoluble solid (AIS) contents. After 90 days' storage, Veracruz peppers were firmer than the other cultivars due to their greater levels of chelator soluble pectin and bound calcium, and lower levels of water soluble pectin. Texture measurement of fresh peppers was not a reliable predictor of firmness for pasteurized peppers.
Death Goes to the Polls: A Meta-Analysis of Mortality Salience Effects on Political Attitudes*

Terror management theory posits that people are motivated to affirm cultural meaning systems, including political ideologies, to avoid the awareness of mortality. Accordingly, studies show that increasing mortality salience (MS) intensifies people's attitudes toward political issues and figures. However, whereas in some studies MS increases affirmation of preexisting political ideologies, be they liberal or conservative (supporting a “worldview-defense hypothesis”), in other studies MS elicits a general shift toward conservatism, regardless of preexisting ideology (supporting a “conservative-shift hypothesis”). The current study used meta-analysis to assess the overall magnitude of MS effects on explicitly political attitudes and to clarify the nature of these effects by comparing effect sizes for these competing hypotheses. The overall effect of MS on political attitudes was large (r = .50). The effects of MS-induced worldview defense (r = .35) and conservative shifting (r = .22) were significant and statistically equivalent. We discuss the conditions (e.g., contextual salience of political values) under which conservative shifting or worldview defense occurs.
Stressful Job Demands and Worker Health: An Investigation of the Effects of Self-Monitoring1

The hypothesis that self-monitoring would moderate the relationship between work stressors and health was tested on a sample of 136 registered nurses. Results showed that subjects who were more other-directed and who were more concerned with situational appropriateness had more mental and physical distress when exposed to higher levels of work stressors.
Recent advances in the understanding of the role of synaptic proteins in Alzheimer's Disease and other neurodegenerative disorders

Synaptic damage is an early pathological event common to many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is the best correlate to the cognitive impairment. Several molecules involved in AD and in other neurodegenerative disorders play an important role in synaptic function and when misfolded aggregate and form amyloid fibrils. Synaptic proteins with an amyloid domain include amyloid beta-protein precursor, prion protein, huntingtin, ataxin-1 and alpha-synuclein. Two of the possible mechanisms by which alterations in synaptic proteins lead to synapse damage are: 1) misfolded or aggregated synaptic molecules have lost their normal function and/or 2) they have gained a toxic capacity. Recent studies support the possibility that while oligomers are toxic, polymers might be inactive. The mechanisms by which oligomers trigger synapse loss could be related to their ability to triggers stress signals once they enter the nucleus and/or accumulate at the endoplasmic reticulum.
A comparison of the performance of four exact string matching algorithms

There are numerous exact string matching algorithms that have similar performance characteristics. Which algorithm is best depends on the length of the pattern being searched for, the number of letters in the alphabet and the particular architecture where the program is being executed. Results of experiments on different recent microprocessors, with different word lengths are reported.
Toxicity of Penicillium citrinum AUA-532 contaminated corn and citrinin in broiler chicks.

Abstract The toxicity and histopathological changes in broiler chicks fed 0, 33, 65, 130, and 260 ppm citrinin were investigated. Dietary citrinin caused subacute toxicity with increased water consumption and diarrhea at the 130 and 260 ppm levels, but no mortality was observed during the 6-week period. At necropsy, chicks fed 130 and 260 ppm citrinin had hemorrhagic jejunums, mottled livers, and enlarged kidneys. Chicks fed lower levels of citrinin appeared normal macroscopically; however, all levels of dietary citrinin caused cellular infiltrations in the liver, kidney, and pancreas suggestive of an allergen. Anaplastic areas in the kidney and pancreas and increased mitosis of tubular epithelial cells in the kidney of chicks fed 260 ppm citrinin indicated citrinin could be a carcinogen in the chick. Feeding a 62% level of Pencillium citrinum-contaminated corn caused markedly different symptoms from those of the citrinin toxicosis. Acute toxicity was observed with 58% chick mortality in 2 weeks. Severe growth depression, organ atrophy, and enlarged gallbladders were observed macroscopically. Depletion of lymphoid tissue, cardiac and skeletal myopathy, necrosis of centrilobular hepatocytes and glomerular atrophy and hyperplasia were observed microscopically. The toxic factors in the P. citrinum-contaminated ration are unidentified.
The Earth's plasma sheet as a laboratory for flow turbulence in high-β MHD

The bulk flows and magnetic-field fluctuations of the plasma sheet are investigated using single-point measurements from the ISEE-2 Fast Plasma Experiment and fluxgate magnetometer. Ten several-hour-long intervals of continuous data (with 3 s and 12 s time resolution) are analysed. The plasma-sheet flow appears to be strongly ‘turbulent’ (i.e. the flow is dominated by fluctuations that are unpredictable, with rms velocities[Gt ]mean velocities and with field fluctuations≈mean fields). The flow velocities are typically sub-Alfvenic. The flow-velocity probability distribution P(v) is constructed, and is found to be well fitted by exponential functions. Autocorrelation functions [Ascr ](τ) are constructed, and the autocorrelation times τcorr for the flow velocities are found to be about 2 min. From the flow measurements, an estimate of the mixing length in the plasma sheet is produced, yielding Lmix≈2 Earth radii; correspondingly, the plasma-sheet material appears to be well mixed in density and temperature. An eddy viscosity for the plasma sheet is also estimated. Power spectra, which are constructed from the v(t) and B(t) time series, have portions that are power laws with spectral indices that are near the range of those expected for turbulence theories. The plasma sheet may provide a laboratory for the study of turbulence in parameter regimes different from that of solar-wind turbulence: the plasma sheet is a β[Gt ]1, hot-ion plasma, and the turbulence may be strongly driven rather than well developed. The turbulent nature of the flow and the disordered nature of the magnetic field have implications for the transport of plasma-sheet material, for the penetration of the solar-wind electric field into the plasma sheet, and for the calculation of particle orbits in the magnetotail.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Fosamprenavir-Ritonavir and Rifabutin in Healthy Subjects

Rifabutin (RFB) is administered for treatment of tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex infection, including use for patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Increased systemic exposure to RFB and its equipotent active metabolite, 25- O -desacetyl-RFB (dAc-RFB), has been reported during concomitant administration of CYP3A4 inhibitors, including ritonavir (RTV), lopinavir, and amprenavir (APV); therefore, a reduction in the RFB dosage is recommended when it is coadministered with these protease inhibitors. Fosamprenavir (FPV), the phosphate ester prodrug of the HIV type 1 protease inhibitor APV, is administered either with or without RTV. A randomized, open-label, two-period, two-sequence, balanced, crossover drug interaction study was conducted with 22 healthy adult subjects to compare steady-state plasma RFB pharmacokinetic parameters during concomitant administration of FPV-RTV (700/100 mg twice a day [BID]) with a 75%-reduced RFB dose (150 mg every other day [QOD]) to the standard RFB regimen (300 mg once per day [QD]) by geometric least-squares mean ratios. Relative to results with RFB (300 mg QD), coadministration of dose-adjusted RFB with FPV-RTV resulted in an unchanged RFB area under the concentration-time curve for 0 to 48 h (AUC 0-48 ) and a 14% decrease in the maximum concentration of drug in plasma ( C max ), whereas the AUC 0-48 and C max of dAc-RFB were increased by 11- and 6-fold, respectively, resulting in a 64% increase in the total antimycobacterial AUC 0-48 . Relative to historical controls, the plasma APV AUC from 0 h to the end of the dosing interval (AUC 0-τ ) and C max were increased ∼35%, and the concentration at the end of the dosing interval at steady state was unchanged following coadministration of RFB with FPV-RTV. The safety profile of the combination of RFB and FPV-RTV was consistent with previously described events with RFB or FPV-RTV alone. Based on the results of this study, a reduction in the RFB dose by ≥75% (to 150 mg QOD or three times per week) is recommended when it is coadministered with FPV-RTV (700/100 mg BID).
Thermal injury alters macrophage responses to prostaglandin E2: contribution to the enhancement of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and macro- phage (Mf) -derived reactive nitrogen intermedi- ates (RNI) have been implicated in T cell dysfunc- tion after thermal injury. Normally, Mf inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity can be regu- lated by PGE2, however, it is unknown whether PGE2 modulates Mf iNOS activity after thermal injury. Splenic Mf isolated from mice 7 days after thermal injury produced higher levels of RNI than Mf from sham mice when stimulated with lipopoly- saccharide (LPS) or interferon-g (IFN-g) and tu- mor necrosis factor a (TNF-a) in combination. PGE2, when added concurrently with LPS, sup- pressed RNI production by Mf from sham mice, whereas Mf from injured mice were unaffected. When Mf were pretreated with PGE2 before LPS, RNI production was suppressed in both popula- tions. RNI production in response to IFN-g or IFN-g and TNF-a in combination was enhanced by PGE2 in both populations, however, the effect was markedly greater in Mf from injured mice. The PGE2-mediated changes in RNI production were paralleled by similar changes in iNOS protein ex- pression, suggesting that the effect of PGE2 was at the level of enzyme expression rather than activity. Dibutryl cAMP induced similar effects as PGE2, suggesting the response to PGE2 after thermal injury is independent of potential changes in PGE2- induced adenylate cyclase activity and is cAMP- mediated. The results indicate that Mf from burned mice display an altered sensitivity to PGE2, result- ing in enhanced iNOS activity. Thus, PGE2, which is elevated after thermal injury and can directly suppress T cell function, may also contribute to immune dysfunction through the enhancement of Mf iNOS activity. J. Leukoc. Biol. 64: 740-746; 1998.
Adrenergic Blockade May Inhibit the Increase in Plasma 1,25-(OH) 2 -Vitamin D During Phosphate Deprivation in the Rat

Dietary phosphate deprivation in rats is accompanied by a 4 to 5 fold increase in the plasma concentration of 1,25-(OH)2-Vitamin D. This increase in plasma levels has recently been shown to be the result of increased renal synthesis of the hormone (1), and is not mediated by PTH or gonadal hormones (2–4). Earlier work by Tanaka and DeLuca (5) had suggested that this response might be mediated by hypophosphatemia per se, but recent experiments in rats have shown that hypophysectomy completely abolishes the response despite a comparable degree of hypophosphatemia in the phosphate-deprived hypophysectomized (hypox) animals (4). In addition, hypox rats retain their ability to increase plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels on a low Ca diet (4). Finally, replacement of phosphate-deprived hypox rats with either growth hormone or, independently, with thyroid hormone at least partially restores the ability of such animals to increase their plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D levels on a low phosphorus diet (6). These results would suggest that the low-phosphate stimulus to renal 1,25-(OH)2-D synthesis is, at least in part, hormonally mediated.
Non-Rigid Registration for brain MRI: faster and cheaper

We study the problem of Non-Rigid Registration (NRR) for intra-operative recovery of brain shift during image-guided neurosurgery. Time-critical nature of the tumour resection procedure presents a major obstacle to the routine clinical use of many available NRR approaches. In this paper, we utilise the resources of a single multicore workstation with an advanced graphics card to parallelise and evaluate an end-to-end implementation of a clinically validated NRR method. The results on clinical brain MRI data show the parallel NRR can reach real-time clinical requirement.
News, Trust in the European Parliament, and EP Election Voting Moderated-Mediation Model Investigating Voting in Established and New Member States

This article examines the role of news exposure and political trust in the decision to vote in European Parliament (EP) elections in established (EU-15) and new member states of the 2004/2007 enlar...
Daistish: systematic algebraic testing for OO programs in the presence of side-effects

Daistish is a tool that performs systematic algebraic testing similar to Gannon's DAISTS tool [2]. However, Daistish creates effective test drivers for programs in languages that use side effects to implement ADTs; this includes C++ and most other object-oriented languages. The functional approach of DAISTS does not apply directly in these cases. The approach in our work is most similar to the ASTOOT system of Doong and Frankl [1]; Daistish differs from ASTOOT by using Guttag-style algebraic specs (functional notation), by allowing aliasing of type names to tailor the application of parameters in test cases, and by retaining the abilities of DAISTS to compose new test points from existing ones. Daistish is a Perl script, and is compact and practical to apply. We describe the implementation and our experiments in both Eiffel and C++. Our work has concentrated on solving the semantics-specific issues of correctly duplicating objects for comparison; we have not worked on methods for selecting specific test cases.Daistish consists of a perl script and supporting documentation. The current distribution can be obtained via WWW at URLhttp://www.cs.unc.edu/~stotts/Daistish/
Signature-Based Small Molecule Screening Identifies Cytosine Arabinoside as an EWS/FLI Modulator in Ewing Sarcoma

Background The presence of tumor-specific mutations in the cancer genome represents a potential opportunity for pharmacologic intervention to therapeutic benefit. Unfortunately, many classes of oncoproteins (e.g., transcription factors) are not amenable to conventional small-molecule screening. Despite the identification of tumor-specific somatic mutations, most cancer therapy still utilizes nonspecific, cytotoxic drugs. One illustrative example is the treatment of Ewing sarcoma. Although the EWS/FLI oncoprotein, present in the vast majority of Ewing tumors, was characterized over ten years ago, it has never been exploited as a target of therapy. Previously, this target has been intractable to modulation with traditional small-molecule library screening approaches. Here we describe a gene expression–based approach to identify compounds that induce a signature of EWS/FLI attenuation. We hypothesize that screening small-molecule libraries highly enriched for FDA-approved drugs will provide a more rapid path to clinical application.
Characterization of Na-K-ATPase in dog tracheal epithelium: enzymatic and ion transport measurements.

The dog tracheal epithelium actively secretes Cl and absorbs Na. The possible dependency of this electrolyte transport on a Mg-dependent, Na-K-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase, EC 3.6.1.3) was examined. The characteristics of this enzyme system were investigated using homogenates of tracheal epithelium. The electrical properties and ion fluxes of this epithelium were determined in tissues mounted in Ussing chambers. Addition of Na and K produced an approximate 50% activation of basal Mg-ATPase activity. The apparent Km values for ATP, Na, K, and Mg were 0.4, 12.7, 1.9, and 1.6 mM, respectively. The total specific ATPase activity was 8.1 ± 0.4 and that of the Mg-ATPase 4.3 ± 0.1 mumol Pi. mg protein -1.h-1. Addition of ouabain (1 muM) or omission of K from the submucosal bathing solution reduced potential difference (PD) and short-circuit current (SCC) significantly. Relatively low concentrations (0.1 mM or less) of ethacrynic acid, furosemide, or 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) depressed SCC and PD significantly, i.e., at concentrations that were without effect on the Na-K-ATPase activity. Ethacrynic acid inhibited Cl secretion, whereas 2,4-DNP lowered both Na and Cl transport. These data demonstrate that 1) the tracheal mucosa of dogs contains a Na-K-ATPase at relatively high specific activity, 2) this enzyme is likely contained in the basal aspect of this membrane, 3) it appears to be essential for maintenance of Cl secretion, and 4) Cl secretion can be reduced (by ethacrynic acid, furosemide, and 2,4-DNP) without Na-K-ATPase inhibition.
3.3–3.4- $\mu{\rm m}$ Diode Lasers Based on Triple-Layer GaInAsSb Quantum Wells

Diode lasers based on triple-layer GaInAsSb quantum wells (QWs) operating in continuous wave regime at room temperature were designed and fabricated. The fine adjustment of the device operating wavelength was achieved by independent control of the effective electron and hole QW widths. The modified W-QW design approach allowed using 50% In composition in 10-12-nm-wide QW to achieve laser operation above 3.2 μm. The diode lasers emitting at 3.3 and 3.4 μm demonstrated 50 mW per 50- μm-wide stripe and 30 mW per 100- μm-wide stripe at 17 °C, respectively.
Autologous flap breast reconstruction: Surgical algorithm and patient selection

Whole breast reconstruction using autologous tissue is the gold standard in many regions of the world. Reasons include breast replacement with native skin and fat, ability to shape and mold the tissue into a breast, no foreign materials are necessary, and it lasts forever when successful. There are now many options for autologous breast reconstruction and the decision making process regarding which flap to choose will depend on ones experience and comfort, ability to perform microvascular surgery, and the milieu in which one operates. This chapter will review many of the options for autologous breast reconstruction and provide an algorithmic approach for flap and patient selection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:865-874. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Predictive Model for Preliminary Gas Turbine Blade Cooling Analysis

The growing trend to achieve a higher Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) in the modern gas turbine industry requires, in return, a more efficient and advanced cooling system design. Therefore, a complete study of heat transfer is necessary to predict the thermal loadings in the turbine vane/blade. To estimate the metal temperatures, it is important to simulate the external hot gas flow condition, the conduction in the blade material, and the internal coolant flow characteristics accurately and simultaneously. As a result, proposing novel, quicker, and more convenient ways to study the heat transfer behavior of gas turbine blades is of absolute necessity. In the current work, a predictive model for the gas turbine blade cooling analysis in the form of a computer program has been developed to answer this need. The program is capable of estimating distribution of coolant mass flow rate, internal pressure and metal temperature of a turbine blade based on external and internal boundary conditions. The simultaneous solutions result from the coupled equations of mass and energy balance. The model is validated by showing its accuracy to predict the temperature distributions of a NASA E3 blade with an uncertainty of less than +/−10%. Later, this paper documents the overall analysis for a set of different boundary conditions with the same blade model (E3) and demonstrates the capability of the program to extend for other cases as well.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Acoustic Eigenvalues of a Quasispherical Resonator: Second Order Shape Perturbation Theory for Arbitrary Modes.

The boundary-shape formalism of Morse and Ingard is applied to the acoustic modes of a deformed spherical resonator (quasisphere) with rigid boundaries. For boundary shapes described by r = a [1 - e ℱ(θ, ϕ)], where e is a small scale parameter and ℱ is a function of order unity, the frequency perturbation is calculated to order e (2). The formal results apply to acoustic modes whose angular dependence is designated by the indices l and m. Specific examples are worked out for the radial (l = 0) and triplet (l = 1) modes, for prolate and oblate spheroids, and for triaxial ellipsoids. The exact eigenvalues for the spheroids, and eigenvalue determined with finite-element calculations, are shown to agree with perturbation theory through terms of order e (2). This work is an extension of the author's previous papers on the acoustic eigenfrequencies of deformed spherical resonators, which were limited to the second-order perturbation for radial modes [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 1109-1113 (1982)] and the first order-perturbation for arbitrary modes [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 79, 278-285 (1986)].
What is the Best Strategy to Minimize After-Care Costs for Total Joint Arthroplasty in a Bundled Payment Environment?

Abstract Background The post-acute care strategies after lower extremity total joint arthroplasty including the use of post-acute rehabilitation centers and home therapy services are associated with different costs. Providers in bundled payment programs are incentivized to use the most cost-effective strategies. Methods We used decision analysis to examine the impact of extending the inpatient hospital stay to avoid discharge of patients to a post-acute rehabilitation facility. Results The results of this decision analysis show that extended acute hospital care for up to 5.2 extra days to allow for home discharge, rather than discharge to a post-acute inpatient facility can be financially preferable, provided quality is not negatively impacted. Conclusion The data demonstrate that because the cost of additional acute care hospital days is relatively small and because the cost of an extended post-acute inpatient rehabilitation facility is high, keeping patients in the acute facility for a few extra days and then discharging them directly to home may result in an overall lower cost than discharge after a shorter hospital stay to an expensive post-acute facility. However, this approach will have challenges, and future studies are needed to evaluate this change in strategy.
Managing scholarship in the faculty role.

BACKGROUND This article was written to describe approaches the author used that ultimately resulted in tenure and promotion. METHOD Self-reflection was used to identify the progressive steps that lead to being tenured and promoted. RESULTS This article describes the key factors to remember in gaining promotion and tenured status. Personal experiences and life philosophy describe the essence of the steps taken. CONCLUSION Achieving tenure and promotion, while never easy, is best accomplished with a clear vision of the desired outcomes, a plan that allows incorporation of alternative opportunities, willingness to persevere in the face of obstacles, and the ability to see humor in the midst of turmoil.
Life Without Home, For the Last Time

In Dickinson’s 1864 letter to Higginson, her grief at living away from the Homestead suffuses her prose: “I was ill since September, and since April, in Boston, for a Physician’s Care—He does not let me go, yet I work in my Prison, and make Guests for myself.” It is this letter that speaks with sympathy of her dog, “Carlo did not come, because that he would die, in Jail, and the Mountains, I could not hold now …” (LII 431). Her word choice is vivid—“Prison,” “Jail,” being away from her “Mountains”—and then toward the end of page one, Dickinson asks “Can you render my Pencil? The Physician has taken away my Pen.” The word for a synthesis of these emotions must be either bereavement or, in Dickinson’s spelling, wo.
Acetyl phosphate formation catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

SUMMARY 1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of acetaldehyde to acetyl phosphate. Inorganic phosphate and DPN participate in the reaction. 2. The oxidation of the aldehyde also occurs in the absence of phosphate or arsenate. 3. The dehydrogenase also catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Warburg, O., and Christian, W., Biochem. Z., 303, 40 (1939). 2. Cori, G. T., Slein, M. W., and Cori, C. F., J. Biol. Chem., 173, 605 (1948). 3. Harting, J., Pederation Proc., 10, 195 (1951). 4. Kunitz, M., and McDonald, M. R., J. Gen. Physiol., 29, 393 (1946). 5. Rafter, G. W., and Krebs, E. G., Arch. Biochem., 29, 233 (1950). 6. Stadtman, E. R., and Lipmann, F., J. Biol. Chem., 186, 549 (1950). 7. Lipmann, F., and Tuttle, L. C., J. Biol. Chem., 169, 21 (1945). 8. Fiske, C. H., and Subbarow, Y., J. Biol. Chem., 66, 375 (1925). 9. Lowry, 0. H., and Lopez, 3. A., J. Biol. Chem., 162, 421 (1946). 10. Stadtman, E. R., and Barker, H. A., J. Biol. Chew, 184, 769 (1950). 11. Krebs, E. G., and Rafter, G. W., Federation Proc., 11, 243 (1952). 12. Velick, S. F., Hayes, J. E., Jr., and Harting, J., J. BioZ. Chem., 203,527 (1953). 13. Cori, C. F., Velick, S. F., and Cori, G. T., Biochim. et biophys. acta, 4, 160 (1950).
A Local Trace Formula for Anosov Flows

We prove a local trace formula for Anosov flows. It relates Pollicott–Ruelle resonances to the periods of closed orbits. As an application, we show that the counting function for resonances in a sufficiently wide strip cannot have a sublinear growth. In particular, for any Anosov flow there exist strips with infinitely many resonances.
Copyright for Undergraduates: Lessons Learned While Teaching a Semester-Length Online Course

Semester-length copyright classes for undergraduates that cover topics of general interest are few and far between. However, considering the exponential growth of digital technologies as well as the amount of available information from year to year, such a class becomes increasingly relevant for this demographic. Over the past several years, this author has taught “one-shot” library instruction classes and workshops in copyright for undergraduate and graduate students across different disciplines such as visual art, media arts, music, theatre, education, and business. One hour, or one and a half hours, for a “one-shot session” was never enough time to cover all of the topics relevant to the particular audience. In order to cover all of the necessary topics to help undergraduate students get a better understanding of how copyright law affects them, this author decided to offer a semester-length class on copyright with a multidisciplinary approach.
The Psychological Logic of Peace Summits: How Empathy Shapes Outcomes of Diplomatic Negotiations

Why do some peace summits succeed while others fail? We offer an explanation that highlights the importance of empathy between leaders. Studies in negotiations and psychology show that empathy—the ability to take the perspective of others and understand their cognitive and affective states without necessarily sympathizing with them—is critical in overcoming biases, transcending long-held enmities, and increasing the likelihood of cooperation. We show that empathy is perceptual in nature. Actors can convey it through both words and expressive behaviors in face-to-face interactions. From these, leaders gain an understanding of whether the other side is willing to negotiate in good faith and what a potential agreement might look like. Additionally, we argue that all is not lost if the leaders of warring states prove unable to cultivate these beliefs about each other. A skilled mediator can step in and build relational empathy between disputants. We assess the empirical ramifications of conveyed and relational empathy by comparing two of the most salient Middle East peace process summits with divergent outcomes: success at Camp David 1978 and failure in 2000.
Congenital Pouch Colon with Rectal Atresia: A Rare Association.

Rectal atresia is categorized in rare variants of anorectal malformations (ARM) and comprised of only 1-2% of all cases of ARM. Similarly, congenital pouch colon (CPC) is placed under the rare malformations category. Although it is scarce in prevalence in most part of the world, however, it forms 10-20% cases of ARM in south Asian countries like India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Concurrent presence of rectal atresia and CPC is exceedingly rare and only 4 cases have been described so far.[1-4] We are reporting another case and first from Pakistan, of this concurrence.
Helicopter Parenting and the Policy Attitudes of College Students

Helicopter parenting is a phenomenon that is attracting sizable attention from university administrators and instructors. We examine the implications of helicopter parenting for both the political science classroom and for public opinion. Using a survey conducted at multiple universities in the United States, we find that helicopter parenting has a significant impact on the policy attitudes of college students. Specifically, students with helicopter parents are more likely to express support for both government surveillance and nanny state policies than are students without helicopter parents. Given the growing trend of helicopter parenting, these findings will likely have substantial implications for both the political science classroom and public opinion in the near future.
Hydrology drives seasonal variation in dryland stream macroinvertebrate communities

Many lotic ecosystems are spatially and temporally heterogeneous but none more so than dryland streams flowing through arid and semi-arid landscapes. Understanding seasonal variation in richness and trait composition is critical to our fundamental understanding of these dynamic stream networks. Here, we analyzed aquatic macroinvertebrate communities within perennial and intermittent reaches in replicate dryland watersheds in southwestern USA across 10 seasons and 4 years. We quantified how hydrology, season, and microhabitat type affected taxa richness and trait composition. Taxa richness was higher in perennial than intermittent reaches, in pools than riffles, and in fall and summer than in spring. The interaction between hydrology and season was important; the difference between fall high and spring low richness was greater in intermittent than perennial streams. Hydrology was the main predictor of trait composition; intermittent streams supported a larger fraction of small taxa, taxa with the ability to undergo diapause, and uni- or multivoltine taxa (i.e., taxa with shorter life cycles). Trait composition did not vary across seasons among perennial reaches whereas the fraction of aerial dispersers appeared to be greater in spring than other seasons among intermittent reaches. Our results were largely consistent with predictions of the habitat templet; r-selected traits were more frequently represented in intermittent communities. The temporal characterization of macroinvertebrate community structure in dryland streams provides a powerful glimpse of how stream communities may respond to a drying climate.
Unobtrusive and assistive obstacle avoidance for tele-operation of ground vehicles

This paper presents a new obstacle avoidance method that provides unobtrusive assistance to tele-operation of unmanned ground vehicles. Different from existing obstacle avoidance methods, the present method can determine whether the driving commands from an operator are safe in the presence of obstacles and can automatically adjust unsafe commands to help the operator avoid proximate obstacles. The command adjustment is done in an unobtrusive manner and conforms to the dynamic and kinematic constraints of the vehicle in order to minimize its interference to the operator. Due to its assistive and unobtrusive nature, this method can quietly share some control authority with an operator in tele-operating a vehicle, and hence it has the potential to make tele-operation of ground vehicles in challenging environments significantly easier and safer. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated in extensive experiments in cluttered environments using military-grade tracked robots.
Phytoplankton assemblage response to changing nutrients in Florida Bay: Results of mesocosm studies

Abstract The ongoing restoration of the Florida Everglades has changed the hydrology in south Florida and increasing freshwater discharge has contributed to a shift in nutrients and phytoplankton in northern Florida Bay. To understand the effect of the changing nitrogen (N) forms and nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios on phytoplankton biomass and assemblage composition, five mesocosm experiments were conducted. Nutrient additions included a matrix of different forms of N (NO 3 − , NH 4 + , and DON) and P (as sodium β-glycerophosphate pentahydrate) in differing N:P molar ratios (4, 16, 32), a P alone addition, and a control. In general, chlorophyll a increased three-fold in the + P treatments and ten-fold in the + N + P treatments, while it did not increase in the + N treatments. Typically the + N + P treatments, particularly the + NO 3 − +P at the N:P molar ratio of 32, promoted high concentrations of fucoxanthin (generally indicative of diatoms) relative to chlorophyll a . While chlorophyll a did not increase significantly in the + N alone treatments, there was a change in the phytoplankton assemblage. The + N treatments, when N was in the form of + NH 4 + yielded proportionally higher zeaxanthin (generally indicative of picocyanobacteria). When the + N:P ratio increased, the relative concentrations of fucoxanthin and alloxanthin (generally indicative of cryptophytes) to chlorophyll a increased, whereas the relative concentrations of zeaxanthin and dinoflagellates (generally indicative of photosynthetic dinoflagellates) declined. This study highlights the importance of dual P and N control, particularly N in the forms of NH 4 + and DON if picocyanobacterial blooms are to be controlled.
RAS Proteins and Their Regulators in Human Disease.

RAS proteins are binary switches, cycling between ON and OFF states during signal transduction. These switches are normally tightly controlled, but in RAS-related diseases, such as cancer, RASopathies, and many psychiatric disorders, mutations in the RAS genes or their regulators render RAS proteins persistently active. The structural basis of the switch and many of the pathways that RAS controls are well known, but the precise mechanisms by which RAS proteins function are less clear. All RAS biology occurs in membranes: a precise understanding of RAS' interaction with membranes is essential to understand RAS action and to intervene in RAS-driven diseases.
Race, Talk, Opportunity Gaps, and Curriculum Shifts in (Teacher) Education:

Although race remains a controversial, yet pervasive, issue in society and education, practicing teachers may still grapple with whether race should be a central feature of curriculum and related i...
Magnetic field dependent dynamics and field-driven metal-to-insulator transition of the half-filled Hubbard model: A DMFT+DMRG study

We study the magnetic field-driven metal-to-insulator transition in half-filled Hubbard model on the Bethe lattice, using the dynamical mean-field theory by solving the quantum impurity problem with density-matrix renormalization group algorithm. The method enables us to obtain a high-resolution spectral densities in the presence of a magnetic field. It is found that the Kondo resonance at the Fermi level splits at relatively high magnetic field: the spin-up and -down components move away from the Fermi level and finally form a spin-polarized band insulator. By calculating the magnetization and spin susceptibility, we clarify that an applied magnetic field drives a transition from a paramagnetic metallic phase to a band insulating phase. In the weak interaction regime, the nature of the transition is continuous and captured by the Stoner's description, while in the strong interaction regime the transition is very likely to be metamagnetic, evidenced by the hysteresis curve. Furthermore, we determine the phase boundary by tracking the kink in the magnetic susceptibility, and the steplike change of the entanglement entropy and the entanglement gap closing. Interestingly, the phase boundaries determined from these two different ways are largely consistent with each other.
Visualizing translational errors: one cell at a time

Physiological heterogeneity among single cells with identical genetic information has been observed in a large number of bacterial phenotypes, including growth, stress responses, cell size, and antibiotic tolerance. Despite the widespread observation of this phenomenon in bacterial populations, not much is known about the molecular mechanisms behind phenotypic heterogeneity. Currently, our understanding is primarily limited to transcriptional profile of single cells using fluorescence reporters. Although the development of these tools has been extremely informative, it cannot fully explain the heterogeneity seen in populations. In a recent publication, Fan et al. have developed a dual-fluorescent reporter system that is capable of quantitatively measuring translational fidelity in single cells. It is shown that translational fidelity is heterogeneous and affects the growth characteristics of single cells. The development of tools for analysis of molecular heterogeneity downstream of transcription may play an important role in advancing our understanding of the physiology of bacterial populations.
Multi-node power supply resiliency of communication networks during extreme events

This paper develops resiliency models for cell sites considering multiple nodes during extreme events. The spatial and temporal resilience characteristics are calculated for different cities across the US. Evaluating local energy storage's impact on uptime and user-cell site connections is done via the developed multi-node resilience models. The multi-node resiliency model provides a broad quantitative view of cell site power supply performance and its impact on communication system performance. Local resilience calculations were used as a building block to calculate the multi-node resiliency. The resilience functions show grid failure, cellular traffic and travel delays concurrently leads to poor single node as well as multi-node resilience in the absence of energy storage. Overall power supply resilience improvement can be observed due to proper energy storage sizing and planning for possible long delays in fuel delivery with larger storage tanks.
Revealing the Dark Matter Halo with Axion Direct Detection

The next generation of axion direct-detection experiments may rule out or confirm axions as the dominant source of dark matter. We develop a general likelihood-based framework for studying the time-series data at such experiments, with a focus on the role of dark matter astrophysics, to search for signatures of the QCD axion or axionlike particles. We illustrate how in the event of a detection the likelihood framework may be used to extract measures of the local dark matter phase-space distribution, accounting for effects such as annual modulation and gravitational focusing, which is the perturbation to the dark matter phase-space distribution by the gravitational field of the Sun. Moreover, we show how potential dark matter substructure, such as cold dark matter streams or a thick dark disk, could impact the signal. For example, we find that when the bulk dark matter halo is detected at $5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ global significance, the unique time-dependent features imprinted by the dark matter component of the Sagittarius stream, even if only a few percent of the local dark matter density, may be detectable at $\ensuremath{\sim}2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ significance. A corotating dark disk, with lag speed $\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{s}$, that is $\ensuremath{\sim}20%$ of the local dark matter density could dominate the signal, while colder but as-of-yet unknown substructure may be even more important. Our likelihood formalism, and the results derived with it, are generally applicable to any time-series-based approach to axion direct detection.
TCT-417 Long-term mortality of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement for bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic stenosis

Studies have proven the beneficial effect of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) on mortality in severe tricuspid aortic stenosis (TAS) patients with intermediate/high surgical risk. However, 1-year mortality post-TAVR is unknown in patients with bicuspid aortic stenosis (BAS). Our study
Captioning Online Course Videos: An Investigation into Knowledge Retention and Student Perception

The expansion of computer science programs into the digital world has significantly increased the use of videos as an instructional medium. In an effort to improve student performance in a video driven learning environment, this paper explores the impact of captions on learning performance. Previous work has focused on the benefits of captions for persons with disabilities, those learning English as a second language, and reading instruction for children. This work expands on the caption knowledge base by investigating (1) if the inclusion of captions significantly improves knowledge retention amongst all students in an online computer science course, and (2) if students perceive videos with captions as beneficial to learning. Our results show a statistically significant performance improvement after watching videos with captions vs. videos without captions. Students reported using captions as a learning resource as they helped reinforce video material, maintain focus, and enhance comprehension.
Design of an experimental facility with a unit cell test section for studies of the lower plenum in prismatic high temperature gas reactors

Abstract One proposed design for a Generation IV reactor is the very-high temperature reactor (VHTR), which employs helium as the primary coolant. Although many advantages exist with this design, a number of challenges remain. One such area of concern is the turbulent mixing of non-isothermal flows in the lower plenum, where an array of coolant jets collectively mix and traverse around a series of structural support posts before exiting the core. Neighboring jets in the lower plenum could experience temperature differences as high as 300–400 K, causing potential hot streaking in the support posts. Additional problems could occur further downstream if the level of non-uniformity in the temperatures is too high (e.g, inducing thermal stresses on gas turbine blades). Therefore, it is important that adequate tools exist to predict the turbulent mixing within the VHTR lower plenum. This task remains difficult to achieve due to the complex geometry and flow physics that dictate the mixing. Various modeling approaches can only be assessed using data acquired from a carefully designed experimental facility. This paper presents details of such a facility, where high-fidelity measurements can be acquired for a scaled portion of the lower plenum defined herein as a “unit cell”, which consists of a hexagonal array of jets whose flow is directed into a test section with support posts positioned between neighboring jets, and subjected to a crossflow. Through adjusting velocity and temperature conditions at the jet inlets, different locations within the lower plenum can be experimentally simulated. System response quantities (SRQs) include both temperature and velocity measurements, captured via multiple thermocouples embedded in each post, and particle image velocimetry (PIV), respectively. These SRQs provide assessment metrics for both the momentum and energy models present in current computational solvers, and therefore the experimental facility is a valuable source for validation data. Another benefit is a more comprehensive understanding of the thermal-hydraulic loading conditions and flow physics present in the VHTR lower plenum.