cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diradical Interactions in Ring-Open Isoxazole

Electron capture by the σ* LUMO of isoxazole triggers the dissociation of the O-N bond and the opening of the ring. Photodetachment of the resulting anion accesses a neutral structure, in which the O· and ·N bond fragments interact through the intact remainder of the molecular ring and via a 3 A gap created by the bond dissociation. These through-bond and through-space interactions result in a dense manifold of diradical states, including (in the order of increasing energy) a triplet, an open-shell singlet, a closed-shell singlet, and another triplet state. We report photoelectron spectra that reflect partially resolved signatures of these states. Remarkably, the structure of the isoxazole diradical manifold is qualitatively different from that of the analogous system in oxazole. The distinct properties of the two manifolds are explained by using a coupled-fragments molecular-orbital model. Consistent with the past conclusions [Culberson et al. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2014, 16, 3964-3972], the lingering through-space interactions between the O· and ·C bond fragments in ring-open oxazole are responsible for the relative stabilization of the closed-shell singlet state, which correlates with the ground-state cyclic structure. In contrast, the placement of the N atom in the terminal position within the ring-open structure of isoxazole is the key factor leading to the near degeneracy of the π and σ* orbitals, favoring a triplet-state configuration.
Learning Guided Attention Masks for Facial Action Unit Recognition

Humans have the innate ability to rapidly spot and react to a person’s emotional response. For computers to be able to understand expressions in a similar way, the gap between the perception of expressions between the humans and computers needs to be minimized. Inspired by human visual fixations, we propose a guided attention mechanism that facilitates the network to ‘look’ at the most important features of a face. Rather than imposing hard attention, we learn the attention maps from the intermediate representation for Action Units (AUs). We propose a joint attention learning and AU classification module with minimal increase in the network parameters. We demonstrate the efficiency of our approach on three standard datasets: BP4D, MMSE and DISFA and obtain state of the art and near state of the art results respectively.
The role of the neuropeptide [His7]-corazonin on phase-related characteristics in the Central American locust

Density-dependent phase polyphenism in locusts is one of the most extreme forms of phenotypic plasticity. Locusts exist along the continuum between two density-dependent phenotypes that differ in nymphal coloration, behavior, morphology, physiology, and reproduction among others. Nymphs of the solitarious phase, found in low population densities, are usually green, relatively inactive, and avoid each other, while gregarious nymphs, found in high density, exhibit a very obvious yellow/orange background with black patterning, and are highly active and attracted to each other. The multifunctional neuropeptide [His7]-corazonin has been shown to strongly affect black coloration and several other phase-related characteristics in at least two locust species, even though no effect on phase-related behavioral traits has been found. In this study, we investigate the role of [His7]-corazonin in the Central American locust Schistocerca piceifrons (Walker), which evolved density-dependent phase polyphenism independently from the two previously studied locust species. After successfully knocking down the transcript encoding [His7]-corazonin (CRZ) using RNA interference, we show that such a knockdown influences both color and morphometrics in this species, but does not influence phase-related behavioral traits. Our results suggest that the role of [His7]-corazonin is conserved in different locust species. Finally, our study represents the first controlled study of behavioral solitarization in S. piceifrons.
Age and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage.

In 1941, Richardson and Hyland wrote that the prognosis of patients with ruptured aneurysms was worse with increasing age and if they had pre-existing hypertension.1 Loss of consciousness at ictus, prolonged coma and focal neurological deficits also portended worse outcome. Prognostic models derived three quarters of a century later confirm these findings, albiet more rigorously; Jaja and colleagues developed prediction models for outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and found few additional variables improved outcome prediction beyond admission neurological grade, age and pre-existing hypertension.2 The relationship between patient age, clinical grade on admission and outcome after aneurysmal SAH is explored in detail by Ikawa, et al 3. The new finding is the relationship between age and poor outcome is not linear for patients admitted in World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS) grades 1–3, who are termed good-grade patients. There was a …
Modeling myosin Va liposome transport through actin filament networks reveals a percolation threshold that modulates transport properties

Myosin Va (myoVa) motors transport membrane-bound cargo through three-dimensional, intracellular actin filament networks. We developed a coarse-grained, in silico model to predict how actin filament density (3-800 filaments) within a randomly oriented actin network affects fluid-like liposome (350nm vs. 1,750nm) transport by myoVa motors. 5,000 simulated liposomes transported within each network adopted one of three states: transport, tug of war, or diffusion. Diffusion due to liposome detachment from actin rarely occurred given at least 10 motors on the liposome surface. However, with increased actin density, liposomes transitioned from primarily directed transport on single actin filaments to an apparent random walk, resulting from a mixture of transport and tug of wars as the probability of encountering additional actin filaments increased. This phase transition arises from a percolation phase transition at a critical number of accessible actin filaments, Nc. Nc, is a geometric property of the actin network that depends only on the position and polarity of the actin filaments and the liposome diameter, as evidenced by a five-fold increase in liposome diameter resulting in a five-fold decrease in Nc. Thus, in cells, actin network density and cargo size may be regulated to match cargo delivery to the cell9s physiological demands.
The position of the sun based on a simplified model

Abstract A simplified model for the position of the sun at any location on earth is shown to produce fairly accurate results when compared to values calculated in a spreadsheet from the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). A straightforward derivation of the model is presented, in which all terms and parameters have clear physical meaning. In the first version of the model, the only parameters are the tilt of the earth's axis and the date and time of the nearest northern hemisphere winter solstice. The differences between the elevation and azimuth calculated using the model and the NOAA results are typically a few degrees or less, and it is seen that the primary cause of these differences is the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. A simple correction is then added to the model, in which the only parameters are the earth's orbital eccentricity and the date and time of the perihelion nearest the solstice already in the model. This removes most of the differences between the model and the NOAA results. The model is shown to work in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
Focus: Music, Nationalism, and the Making of the New Europe

1. Music and Nationalism: Why Do We Love to Hate Them? 2. The European Nation-State in History 3. National Music 4. Nationalist Music 5. In the Belly of the Beast: Music and Nation in Central Europe 6. Europeans without Nations: Music at and beyond the Borders of the Nation-State 7. Europeans of Many Nations: Music beyond the Borders of the Nation-State 8. The New Europeanness: New Musics and New Nationalisms
The role of neutrophils in B cell dysregulation in systemic lupus erythematosus (BA7P.146)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease involving dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune compartments. The hallmark of SLE is loss of B cell tolerance and production of auto-antibodies, which results in tissue damage and inflammation. Factors driving loss of B cell tolerance are incompletely characterized, but include failure of central tolerance mechanisms, inadequate clearance of cell debris, and alterations in the cytokine milieu, including elevated interferon alpha (IFNα). Our lab and others have shown that SLE neutrophils are a significant source of IFNα as well as self-antigen in the form of apoptotic debris and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, it is unknown whether neutrophils contribute to B cell activation and tolerance loss in lupus. To address this, we examined both splenic and bone marrow (BM) tissues from lupus prone mice to determine whether neutrophils secrete cytokines that alter the inflammatory milieu. Our data shows that neutrophil numbers and apoptosis are increased in lupus BM. BM neutrophils from lupus prone mice have elevated production of the B cell survival cytokines BAFF and APRIL, as well as IFNα. There was an enrichment of IFNα-producing neutrophils in the spleen in close proximity to both B and T cells. These data suggests that neutrophils likely participate in the creation of an inflammatory microenvironment that sustains auto-reactive B cells and exacerbates SLE pathogenesis in the spleen and the BM.
Human health risks of airborne particles: Historical perspective

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the human health risks of airborne particles. Quantitative information on adverse health effects associated with particulate matter dates back to the London episode of 1873. The Ministry of Health (1954) report noted that there was a clear association between chronic air pollution and the incidence of bronchitis and other respiratory diseases. According to the report, the death rate from bronchitis in England and Wales was much higher than in other northern European countries. The very high chronic coal smoke exposure in the U.K., associated with a high prevalence of chronic bronchitis, appears to have created a large pool of individuals susceptible to harvesting by an acute pollution episode. With the phasing out of bituminous coal as a fuel for domestic heating, the use of the optical density of smoke samples as an index of the health risk associated with ambient particulate matter (PM) became increasingly problematic. It has also become clear that total suspended particulate matter (TSP), the standard index of PM pollution in the U.S. prior to 1987, is also far from ideal. Under high wind conditions, gravimetric TSP concentrations are dominated by PM too large to penetrate into the human thorax, even during oral inhalation.
Issues of Conducting Qualitative Research in an Inner-City Community

ABSTRACT This paper describes and critiques the use of a combined qualitative and quantitative research methodology to investigate the impact of the verdict and subsequent civil disturbances in the Rodney King police brutality case upon Black youth, ages 15-3Q, in South Central Los Angeles. The study conducted in 1993-1994, focused on the attitudes and experiences of these youth in four institutional systems: education, employment, criminal justice and health care. Eight research issues were identified in 17 focus groups and 32 individual interviews: (1) developing the study design; (2) establishing research credibility; (3) recruiting the sample, (4) conducting the focus groups; (5) confidentiality and use of data; (6) data analysis; (7) generalizability of results; and (8) feedback to the community.
The acetylation of 2-methyl-Δ2-thiazoline—II : Formation and properties of 2-methylene-3-acetylthiazolidine

Abstract The N-acylated ketene-S,N-acetal 1, postulated to be an intermediate in the acetylation of 2-methyl-Δ2-thiazoline, has been detected, and characterized by NMR and mass spectra. Evidence has been obtained that the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 1 to N,S-diacetylcysteamine involves the transient formation of an intermediate, possibly N,N-diacetylcysteamine.
Closing the Wealth Gap: A Review of Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Homeownership

Homeownership plays an important role in the socioeconomic well-being of Americans. Despite recent major losses in wealth due to the subprime market crash, home equity remains the largest source of wealth for the average American family. A marker of class status, owning one's home provides access to neighborhoods with the best schools, quality public services, and lowest crime. This article demonstrates that minorities have not had the same access to homeownership that Whites have, and this contributes to continuing socioeconomic disparities between Whites and minorities. This article explores the homeownership experience of Blacks – including African-Americans, Caribbeans, and Africans – Hispanics, and Asians in the United States relative to non-Hispanic Whites. Minorities rely heavily on homeownership and home equity as the key component of their wealth and remain less likely than Whites to hold alternative forms of investment such as stocks. The role that homeownership plays in perpetuating intergenerational wealth disparities between Whites and minorities is discussed as are challenges to minority homeownership such as the pervasiveness of risky mortgage products. Exploring the racial gap in homeownership is fundamental to understanding racial inequalities and formulating strategies and policies to help close such disparities. This article concludes with suggestions for future research.
Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Recent milestones 3. An overview of quantitative policy analysis 4. The nature and sources of uncertainty 5. Probability distributions and statistical estimation 6. Human judgement about and with uncertainty 7. Performing probability assessment 8. The propagation and analysis of uncertainty 9. The graphic communication of uncertainty 10. Analytica: a software tool for uncertainty analysis 11. Large and complex models 12. The value of knowing how little you know Index.
HOUSING CHRONICALLY HOMELESS VETERANS: EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF A HOUSING FIRST APPROACH TO HUD‐VASH

Rapidly placing homeless Veterans with severe mental illness into permanent housing is one important goal of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program; however, no research has tested whether an explicit organizational alignment of this goal with revised practices could improve outcomes. A demonstration project initiated in 2010 to reform housing placement practices in a metropolitan area enabled researchers to compare an explicit “Housing First” program—offering immediate permanent housing without requiring treatment compliance, abstinence, or “housing readiness”—with a treatment-first program for 177 homeless Veterans. The Housing First initiative successfully reduced time to housing placement, from 223 to 35 days, housing retention rates were significantly higher among Housing First tenants, and emergency room use declined significantly among the Housing First cohort. The results suggest that a national Housing First model for the VA would be associated with improved outcomes for Veterans experiencing homelessness.
Detecting and tracking gait asymmetries with wearable accelerometers

Gait asymmetry can be a useful indicator of a variety of medical and pathological conditions, including musculoskeletal injury (MSI), neurological damage associated with stroke or head trauma, and a variety of age-related disorders. Body-worn accelerometers can enable real-time monitoring and detection of changes in gait asymmetry, thereby informing medical conditions and triggering timely interventions. We propose a practical and robust algorithm for detecting gait asymmetry based on summary statistics extracted from accelerometers attached to each foot. By registering simultaneous acceleration differences between the two feet, these asymmetry features provide robustness to a variety of confounding factors, such as changes in walking speed and load carriage. Evaluating the algorithm on natural walking data with induced gait asymmetries, we demonstrate that the extracted features are sensitive to the sign and magnitude of gait asymmetries and enable the detection and tracking of asymmetries during continuous monitoring.
How to Obtain and Analyze Electrocardiograms in Clinical Trials

Prolongation of the QTc interval on the ECG associated with reports of sudden death produced by noncardiac drugs has focused the attention of regulatory authorities on ECG findings from clinical drug development programs. During clinical testing, the nonrigorous, site-specific, and largely uncontrolled methods for performing and analyzing ECGs that is currently practiced should now be reconsidered. Current methods may miss important cardiac electrophysiological effects of new drugs as well as produce false-positive ECG findings that are artifactual and the result of the methods used. The use of a core ECG laboratory that has cardiovascular expertise, state-of-the-art information management technologies, and ECG reading systems that are scientifically validated, quality assured, and precise can cost effectively manage a development program's entire ECG safety program. A.N.E. 1999;4(4):425–433
Dietary (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Remodel Mouse T-Cell Lipid Rafts

In vitro evidence indicates that (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) suppress T-cell activation in part by displacing proteins from lipid rafts, specialized regions within the plasma membrane that play an important role in T-cell signal transduction. However, the ability of (n-3) PUFA to influence membrane microdomains in vivo has not been examined to date. Therefore, we compared the effect of dietary (n-3) PUFA on raft (liquid ordered) vs. soluble (liquid disordered) microdomain phospholipid composition in mouse T cells. Mice were fed diets containing either 5 g/100 g corn oil (control) or 4 g/100 g fish oil [contains (n-3) PUFA] + 1 g/100 g corn oil for 14 d. Splenic T-cell lipid rafts were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Raft sphingomyelin content (mol/100 mol) was decreased (P < 0.05) in T cells isolated from (n-3) PUFA-fed mice. Dietary (n-3) PUFA were selectively incorporated into T-cell raft and soluble membrane phospholipids. Phosphatidylserine and glycerophosphoethanolamine, which are highly localized to the inner cytoplasmic leaflet, were enriched to a greater extent with unsaturated fatty acids compared with sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol and glycerophosphocholine. These data indicate for the first time that dietary (n-3) PUFA differentially modulate T-cell raft and soluble membrane phospholipid and fatty acyl composition.
Rapid, sensitive detection of neurotransmitters at microelectrodes modified with self-assembled SWCNT forests.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) modification of microelectrodes can result in increased sensitivity without compromising time response. However, dip coating CNTs is not very reproducible and the CNTs tend to lay flat on the electrode surface which limits access to the electroactive sites on the ends. In this study, aligned CNT forests were formed using a chemical self-assembly method, which resulted in more exposed CNT ends to the analyte. Shortened, carboxylic acid functionalized single-walled CNTs were assembled from a dimethylformamide (DMF) suspension onto a carbon-fiber disk microelectrode modified with a thin iron hydroxide-decorated Nafion film. The modified electrodes were highly sensitive, with 36-fold higher oxidation currents for dopamine using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry than bare electrodes and 34-fold more current than electrodes dipped in CNTs. The limit of detection (LOD) for dopamine was 17 ± 3 nM at a 10 Hz repetition rate and 65 ± 7 nM at 90 Hz. The LOD at 90 Hz was the same as a bare electrode ...
Lattices of compactifications of Tychonoff spaces

Abstract It is shown that, for a Tychonoff space X, the complete upper semilattice K(X) of compactifications of X is a lattice if either (1) βX⧹X is realcompact and C∗-embedded in βX, or (2) βX⧹X is a P-space and clβX(βX⧹X) is an F-space. The concept of bounding lattice is introduced and examples of spaces X are given such that K(X) is a lattice but not a bounding lattice. A certain class of Tychonoff spaces X is constructed such that K(X) is a lattice.
Dynamic observation of the fcc to 9r shear transformation in a copper ∑ = 3 incoherent twin boundary

Abstract The HRTEM observations and atomistic simulations presented in this paper are in qualitative agreement. They show that the width of the dissociated 9R boundary phase in the copper can vary with time and this effect appears to be a response to far field strain of the bicrystal. As such, the boundary structure should be expected to depend sensitively on the local state of mechanical loading. This opens up a number of interesting questions regarding the nature of the transition regions between different states of rigid-body displacement. These issues can be addressed by diffraction-contrast imaging methods from thicker section of boundary.
Rapid and accurate solution of reactor models by the quadrature method

Abstract A proper application of the quadrature method for numerical solution of a model of an isothermal reactor with axial mixing is presented. It is shown that the present method alleviates the numerical difficulties encountered in the previous finite difference and quadrature solutions while satisfying the boundary conditions accurately. In addition, the present method captured the affect of the pressure waves which is missing in the previously reported solutions.
Experimental computer for schools

The computer is a small desk-top machine designed for teaching schoolchildren how computers work and how to use them. It works in decimal notation and has a powerful instruction set which includes 3-address floating-point instructions implemented as ‘extracode’ subroutines. Addressing can be absolute, relative or indirect. For input it uses a capacitive touch keyboard, and for output and display, a perfectly normal t.v. receiver is used. Another input/output device is an ordinary domestic tape recorder, used mainly for long-term storage of programs. To make the operation of the machine easy to follow, it can be made to stop at certain stages in the processing of an processing of an instruction and automatically display the contents of all registers and storage locations relevant at that time. The paper gives a description of the machine and a discussion of the factors that have influenced its design.
Effects of Participative and Directive Leadership in Electronic Groups

A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the effects of participative and directive leadership on participation, performance, and satisfaction of 24 undergraduate student work groups that interacted electronically via a Group Decision Support System (GDSS) to performa creativity task. Participative and directive leadership were manipulated through confederate leaders who entered scripted comments into the GDSS. Performance was measured in terms of quality and uniqueness of solutions.Results of partial least squares analysis indicated that perceptions of both leader participativeness and directiveness were positively related to levels of participation. Participation in turn was positively related to performance but negatively related to satisfaction. Problem structure moderated all these relationships except for the relationship between participation and performance. Practical and research implications, study contributions, and limitations are discussed.
Tests of symmetry derived as components of pearson's phi-squared distance measure

Rank statistics which arise as estimates of the first and third components of a frequency decomposition of Pearson's phi-squared distance measure, introduced by Eubank, LaRiccia, and Rosenstein (1987), are examined for their usefulness as tests of symmetry about a known median against various asymmetric alternatives, Pitman asymptotic relative efficiencies are used to compare the efficacies of the new statistics with classical test procedures, and empirical powers of the new tests are compared via simulation for a variety of asymmetric distributions. Statistics which arise from components based on Legendre polynomials are of particular interest. The first component is the familiar Wilcoxon signed rank statistic. The third component, which is a new statistic for this problem, exhibits a high level of sensitivity to a variety of asymmetric alternatives both asymptotically and in small sample studies.
Development of the Work–Family Interface Scale

Based on a series of qualitative and quantitative studies, a 20-item measure of work–family interface was developed and tested with a group of 188 childcare providers. The instrument, the Work–Family Interface Scale (W-FIS), had an overall alpha of .90 and a mean inter-item correlation (MIC) of .31. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test a five-factor structure with supportive evidence emerging. The factors were named General Overload (4 items), Conflict of Family to Work (4 items), Spillover of Family to Work (4 items), Spillover of Work to Family (3 items), and Conflict of Work to Family (5 items). Alpha coefficients were (in order) .85, .73, .83, .74, and .86; MICs were .59, .43, .55, .48, and .56. Multivariate analyses indicated that when entered into a regression analysis with job demands, job control, and job resources, only the W-FIS and job resources were related to depression symptoms (R 2 = .23). Work–family interface was found to mediate the association between job demands and depression symptoms; and the interaction term between job resources and work–family interface was significant when added to the regression analysis ( p<. 0001). Regression lines for low, medium, and high levels on work–family interface indicated that high levels of work–family interference and low job resources are associated with higher levels of depression symptoms. © 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc.
Proliferative signals for suppressor T cells. Helper cells stimulated with pokeweed mitogen in vitro produce a suppressor cell growth factor.

Abstract To define molecular signals elaborated by inducer populations supporting growth or differentiation of T8+ cells, we collected supernatants of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cultures depleted of T8+ cells. When added to purified T8+ cells, these supernatants caused significant proliferation. PWM plus interleukin 2 (IL-2) in amounts equivalent to those in the supernatant could not reconstitute the response caused by the supernatant. T8+ cells activated by supernatants obtained from PWM-pulsed T4+ cells suppressed fresh PWM cultures. Although exhibiting little proliferation, T8+ cells cultured for 6 d in PWM plus IL-2 still suppressed a fresh PWM response. The supernatants therefore contain an additional T suppressor cell growth factor (TsGF). Elaboration of TsGF required radiosensitive T4+Leu8+ cells. Molecular weight determination by high performance liquid chromatography gave a single peak of TsGF activity at approximately 8,000. Finally, whereas TsGF in the absence of IL-2 could not support the proliferation of T suppressor cells, it did cause T8+ cells to become strongly IL-2 receptor-positive.
Formal modeling of active network nodes using PVS

Active Networks are a new type of networks where all elements are programmable. Active packets can contain fragments of code to be executed on intermediate nodes they pass through. Active nodes provide the necessary environment and resources for the packets to be processed. In giving the users the capability to program the network as they desire, there is an issue of security risks. This paper presents a formal model for an active node that can be used to specify and verify the correct operation of the node. The model is used to verify that scenarios where privacy of data is violated or functionality of a node is compromised never occur. The proposed model is generic to any type of active node and is written using the Prototype Verification System (PVS).
Reflected Solar Radiances from Regional Scale Scenes

Abstract A set of bi-directional reflectance models is presented for various atmospheric scene types. The models were composited from data collected from an aircraft platform in May-July 1979 during Summer MONEX. The space scale of the composited models is generally from 250 to 1000 km, which corresponds to the scale of interest in climate monitoring and modeling. Composite models for the following scene types are presented: the desert sands of the Saudi Arabian Empty Quarters, the Himalayan mountains, the Arabian Sea with the ever-present fair weather cumulus cloudiness, the semi-arid agricultural land surface of the Indian subcontinent under pre-monsoon conditions, broken middle and low level clouds over ocean, an altostratus cloud deck, and the broken pack-ice fields of Hudson Bay. Nearly all the models display a degree of anisotropy such that serious errors (10–100%) would result in the reflected flux density isotropically inferred from some of the reflected radiances. The features of many of the mode...
pH-dependent changes in mitochondrial membrane structure

The pH-dependent changes in structure of submitochondrial vesicles prepared from rat liver have been investigated by a variety of structural “probes”. The main changes are: (a) the volume of the vesicles as assessed by electron microscopy and packed volume is dependent upon pH, being a minimum at pH 5. Between pH 5 and pH 9 the changes are reversible; (b) the accompanying light-scattering changes are also sensitive to divalent cations; (c) the binding characteristics of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid indicate pH-dependent changes in the amount of net charge on the membrane; (d) above pH 4, circular dichroism spectra show alterations characteristic of changes in quaternary protein structure; (e) below pH 4, infrared studies indicate changes in protein secondary conformation are also taking place. From these results, the nature and limits of conformational (molecular) and configurational (morphological) changes in mitochondrial membranes following changes in H+ activity are better defined. In the physiological range, pH-dependent conformational changes are confined to reversible changes in quaternary structure resulting from alterations in membrane charge.
A Universal and Inexpensive Servomotor for Vestibular Research

Rotations of any type over 300°in the horizontal plane are produced by this motor controller for vestibular research. This dc motor produces 1.28 N ·m(0.94 ft ·Ib) of torque and is powered by a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) amplifier. Turntable angle is fed back via a potentiometer. For large movements, the motor produces maximum torque for acceleration and maximum reverse torque for deceleration (bang-bang control). When the error is small, linear control is used. For a monkey and turntable of 0.31 kg ·m2 inertial load, the motor produces 240°/s2 acceleration. The system costs $ 450.
Changes in brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone, pituitary and plasma gonadotropins, and plasma thyroxine during smoltification in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha)

Abstract Concentrations of brain salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (sGnRH), plasma gonadotropin I (GTH I), and pituitary GTH I and GTH II were determined in yearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) during the parr-smolt transformation in two successive seasons. There were significant elevations in brain sGnRH content from February to March in 1988, and from February to April in 1989. Increases in brain sGnRH content coincided with elevations in plasma thyroxine levels that occurred from February to March, 1988 and 1989. Plasma GTH levels were relatively constant (1–2 ng/ml) throughout the period of sampling. However, during 1988, plasma concentrations of GTH I decreased significantly between late March and early April. During 1989, plasma GTH I levels appeared to reach a peak (2 ng/ml) in mid-February, but otherwise remained near 1 ng/ml. Previous studies have shown that GTH II was not detectable in plasma at this stage. During 1989, pituitary GTH I concentrations were 50- to 70-fold higher than that of GTH II, and increased, though not significantly, from February through April. Although GTH II was detected in the pituitary by RIA, it is likely that the measurable levels are due to GTH I cross-reaction in the GTH II RIA. Histological examination of the gonads indicated that throughout smoltification the oocytes remained in the perinucleolar stage of oogenesis and the testes were in the spermatogonial stage of spermatogenesis. Although no observable changes in gametogenesis occurred, the changes in brain sGnRH content, plasma GTH I levels, and pituitary GTH content suggest that some changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis may occur during smoltification.
Exploring context information for inter-camera multiple target tracking

In this paper, we present a new solution to inter-camera multiple target tracking with non-overlapping fields of view. The identities of people are maintained when they are moving from one camera to another. Instead of matching snapshots of people across cameras, we mainly explore what kind of context information from videos can be used for inter-camera tracking. We introduce two kinds of context information, spatio-temporal context and relative appearance context in this paper. The spatio-temporal context indicates a way of collecting samples for discriminative appearance learning where target-specific appearance models are learned to distinguish different people from each other. The relative appearance context models inter-object appearance similarities for people walking in proximity. The relative appearance model helps disambiguate individual appearance matching across cameras. We show improved performance with context information for inter-camera tracking. Our method achieves promising results in two crowded scenes compared with state-of-art methods.
Communication connections: service learning and American sign language

Purpose This article describes a connection between service learning and American Sign Language (ASL) instruction. The Deaf community served as communication partners for university students, enabl...
Structured anaphora to quantifier domains

The paper proposes a novel analysis of quantificational subordination, e.g., Harvey courts a woman at every convention.She is very pretty. vs. She always comes to the banquet with him. - in particular of the fact that the indefinite in the initial sentence can have wide or narrow scope, but the first discourse as a whole allows only for the wide scope reading, while the second discourse allows for both readings. The cross-sentential interaction between scope and anaphora is captured in terms of structured anaphora to quantifier domains, formalized in a new dynamic system couched in classical type logic that builds on the Dynamic Plural Logic of van den Berg [9]. Given the underlying type logic, compositionality at sub-clausal level follows automatically. Modal subordination is analyzed in a parallel way, thereby capturing the parallels between the individual and modal domains repeatedly argued for in the literature. We also outline the analysis of several other phenomena in terms of structured anaphora: exceptional scope, weak/strong donkey readings, anaphoric/uniqueness-implying definite descriptions and interactions between same/different and quantifier scope.
Follicular and scarring disorders in skin of color: presentation and management

Skin of color, also known as ethnic skin, is described as skin of individuals of African, Asian, Hispanic, Native-American, Middle Eastern, and Pacific Island backgrounds. Differences in hair morphology, hair grooming, cultural practices, and susceptibility to keloid scarring exist within these populations and have been implicated in hair, scalp, and skin disorders. Acne keloidalis (AK), central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS), pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB), traction alopecia (TA), and keloids are the most prevalent follicular and scarring disorders in skin of color. They have been associated with disfigurement, permanent hair loss, emotional distress, and decreased quality of life. Hair grooming practices, such as the use of chemical relaxers, heat straightening, and tight braiding and weaving can cause scalp irritation and follicular damage and are linked to the pathogenesis of some of these conditions. Consequently, patient education and behavior modifications are integral to the prevention and management of these disorders. Scarring disorders are also of concern in ethnic populations. Keloid scarring is more prevalent in individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent. The scarring alopecia CCCA is almost exclusively seen in patients of African descent. Therapeutic regimens such as intralesional corticosteroids, surgical excision, and laser therapy can be effective for these follicular and scarring disorders, but carry a risk of dyspigmentation and keloid scarring. Ethnic skin and hair may present unique challenges to the clinician, and knowledge of these differences is essential to providing quality care.
Rapidly reversible multiorgan failure after ingestion of “Molly” (pure 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): a case report

“Molly” is a street name for pure 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, an amphetamine derivative which acts by enhancing the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. This produces euphoria, increased sensory awareness and central stimulation that make it a popular club drug. Nevertheless, it is also associated with serious side effects. We report an unusual case of rapid multiorgan failure after ingestion of “Molly”. Unlike previously described patterns of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-related organ failure, our case does not appear to be related to hyperthermia, rhabdomyolysis or hyponatremia. A 24-year-old Hispanic man presented to our hospital with an episode of seizure and subsequently developed acute kidney injury, respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation and congestive heart failure after ingestion of “Molly”. He rapidly recovered with supportive care and was discharged home. The spectrum of complications associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine is wide and patient presentation may vary. Moreover, there appears to be multiple mechanisms involved in organ failure. Drug toxicity should be suspected while evaluating a patient with multisystem organ failure of unclear etiology. Treatment is generally supportive sometimes requiring mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis. Nevertheless, complete reversal of organ failure can be expected.
Modeling effects of transit system transfers on travel behavior: Case of commuter rail and subway in downtown Boston, Massachusetts

Transfers can have an important influence on customer satisfaction and on whether many customers find transit service an attractive option. An empirical investigation of transfers from commuter rail to subway in downtown Boston, Massachusetts, is performed. The research identifies a higher transfer penalty between commuter rail and subway than between subway lines. Fare payment and network familiarity also are shown to affect transfer decisions. Despite a large variation of the transfer experience between the stations analyzed, riders seem to have a similar perception of transfers. For example, in most cases, the perceived transfer penalty has a narrow distribution, with a coefficient of variation below 0.5. Potential applications of the research findings to transit planning are presented.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate synergistically promote differentiation of a monocytic cell line.

cAMP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25- (OH)2D3] have both been shown to affect cell proliferation and phenotype. Since 1,25-(OH)2D3 modulates cellular cAMP production in the U937 cell line, we have investigated the possibility that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may interact with cAMP to affect distal cellular events. The U937 cell normally contains less than 2000 receptors/cell for the chemotactic factor C5a, as measured by concentration-dependent binding assays with the ligand probe [125I]iodo-C5a; this number rises when the cell is exposed to agents that promote cellular differentiation, such as (Bu)2cAMP. U937 cells incubated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 or cAMP agonists [prostaglandin (0.03–3μm), isoproterenol (10−7–10−5 m), and forskolin (5–15 μm)] alone demonstrate no increase in C5a receptor number. When the cAMP agonists are combined with 1,25-(OH)2D3 for up to 4 days, receptors are induced to levels comparable to those achieved with pharmacological doses of (Bu)2cAMP (25,000–75,000/cell), with a similar dose inducing half...
Functional Assessment of the Elderly: A Comparison of Standard Instruments With Clinical Judgment

• Using specific instruments and scales to measure mental status, nutritional state, visual acuity, gait, and activities of daily living, we studied 79 medical inpatients aged 70 years or older. We then interviewed the patients' primary physicians and nurses and asked them to rate their patients. The prevalence of functional impairment was high: 25 (32%) of the 79 patients were mentally impaired, 31 (39%) were malnourished, 18 (23%) were visually impaired, 31 (39%) had impaired gait, and 23 (29%) had problems with continence. Although clinicians recognized severe impairments, the sensitivity of their clinical judgment was poor in detecting moderate impairment in four categories: mental status sensitivity was 28% (5/18); nutrition, 54% (14/26); vision, 27% (4/15); and continence, 42% (5/12). With clinical judgment alone, physicians and nurses correctly identify severe impairment, but the more prevalent moderate impairments in mental status, nutrition, vision, and continence are poorly recognized. Comprehensive functional assessment instruments can detect these moderate impairments, which may be remediable through early intervention. (Arch Intern Med1987;147:484-488)
Frequency domain analysis of ground reaction force in preadolescents with and without Down syndrome.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) display less stable and coordinated gait patterns in the time domain than their healthy peers. However, little is known about whether this group difference exists in the frequency domain. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in vertical ground reaction force (GRF) in the frequency domain between preadolescents with and without DS. Twenty children at 7-10 years of age with and without DS participated in this study. Participants walked on an instrumented treadmill at two speeds with and without external ankle load. Vertical GRF was collected and the data was processed through a Fourier transform. Frequency content variables included fundamental frequency, power of the first five harmonics, and the frequency and number of harmonics at 95%, 99% and 99.5% of total power. Preadolescents with DS had a similar fundamental frequency as their healthy peers even though the DS group walked at slower speeds. The DS group displayed a different power spectrum of the first five harmonics and had the lower frequency and number of harmonics at 99% and 99.5% of total power. However, walking at a faster speed with external ankle load helped the DS group produce a power spectrum more similar to healthy children. Frequency content of vertical GRF provides additional assessment parameters in functional gait evaluation of children with DS. Treadmill intervention at a faster speed and with external ankle load appears to be clinically promising and needs further investigation.
Opioids in the Treatment of Headache: Perspective from the Bench

It is well appreciated that excessive use of medication in the treatment of severe headaches may result in a paradoxical increase in intensity and frequency of the headaches, along with changes in the subjective qualities of the headaches themselves. A parallel development is found in the increasing appreciation for the observations that development of paradoxic abnormal pain can occur in response to prolonged exposure to opioids. In both of these situations, no clear mechanisms have yet been established. The increase in opioid use for clinical management of chronic, nonmalignant pain, including recurrent headache syndromes, over the past two decades has resulted in increased interest in the study of this phenomenon. Recent studies have indicated that prolonged opioid exposure results in several neuroplastic changes that ultimately lead to the establishment of descending facilitation arising from the RVM and in spinal sensitization. These changes have been associated with increased activity of CCK in the RVM that likely results in increased expression of spinal dynorphin, which itself promotes increased afferent inputs. Activation of a descending pain facilitatory system along with increased spinal dynorphin promote the release of excitatory neurotransmitters from primary afferent neurons. Together with increased release of PGE2 from spinal neurons, the increased outflow of neurotransmitters from the primary afferent fibers sensitizes projection neurons that in turn activate descending pain facilitatory systems. Ultimately, knowledge of the mechanisms of possible deleterious actions of opiates may allow the development of new chemical approaches that can prevent these effects. Importantly, evidence is emerging that medication-induced enhanced pain is not unique to opioids, but may be generalized to other analgesic classes acting through G-protein coupled receptor systems. An understanding of these mechanisms would lead to improved therapeutic management of long-term painful conditions, including recurrent headache.
Indeterminate growth paths and stability

Abstract Indeterminacy in an economic growth model arises whenever the stable manifold has dimension greater than the number of predetermined initial conditions. The stability (indeterminacy) of transition paths in the Benhabib and Farmer (1996) model of growth is investigated, using both the Lyapunov method and numerical simulation techniques. The sensitivity of transient dynamics is analyzed with respect to the choice of parameter values and with respect to the choice of initial conditions. The likelihood that the business cycle is a pure `sunspot' phenomenon is investigated.