cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using automated recorders and occupancy models to monitor common forest birds across a large geographic region

Automated recorders and occupancy models can be used together to monitor population trends of multiple avian species across a large geographic region. Automated recorders are an attractive method for monitoring birds, because they leave a record that can be independently validated and multiple units can be programmed to repeatedly survey different locations at the same daily times. We assessed the use of automated recorders and single-species, single-season occupancy models to monitor common forest birds across a 5.4-million-ha region of northern California. Using a survey protocol of 5-minute recordings at 3 times of the morning repeated over 3 consecutive days at 453 sites, we detected 32 species at >10% of these sites. Five of these species (Steller's jay [Cyanocitta stelleri], mountain chickadee [Poecile gambeli], red-breasted nuthatch [Sitta canadensis], dark-eyed junco [Junco hyemalis], and western tanager [Piranga ludoviciana]) were dominant with occupancies >0.5. We also modeled occupancy associations with elevation and canopy cover for brown creeper (Certhia americana), MacGillivray's warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei), and western tanager and found the environmental conditions at which occupancy was maximized differed by up to 399 m in elevation and 17.9% canopy cover for these species. Given a sampling effort of 100 new sites per year, we demonstrated 80% power (α = 0.1) to detect occupancy declines as small as 2.5% per year over 20 years for the 32 most common species. The effective radius of automated recorder surveys was approximately 50 m. In a field test, surveys conducted concurrently using automated recorders and point counts yielded similar occupancy estimates despite differences in detection probability. Our results suggest that automated recorders, used alone or in conjunction with point counts, can provide a practical means of monitoring common forest birds across a large geographic area. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor: increased survival and decreased DNA breakage of human RPE cells induced by oxidative stress.

Purpose Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) has been shown to be a growth and survival factor and to be present in a wide variety of cell types. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LEDGF enhances survival of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells when challenged by oxidative stress or by ultraviolet (UVB) irradiation in a culture system. Methods Primary RPE cells were cultured in standard Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 15% fetal bovine serum. Protein blot analysis with antibodies to LEDGF was used to detect LEDGF in RPE cells. Initially, RPE cells were cultured in the standard medium for 1 day to allow attachment to the culture plates and then cultured in serum-free DMEM, with and without LEDGF. The trypan blue exclusion method was used to test RPE cell viability. Single-cell electrophoresis was used to evaluate single strand breaks of genomic DNA after exposure to H(2)O(2) or irradiation by UVB. Results LEDGF was present in RPE cells, predominantly in the nucleus. RPE cells grew for 1 week and survived for 3 weeks in the presence of LEDGF. In the absence of LEDGF, they increased in number for the first week and gradually died in the following 2 weeks. LEDGF protected RPE cells against H(2)O(2) exposure and UVB irradiation. DNA damage induced by H(2)O(2) exposure or UVB irradiation was lower in the presence than in the absence of LEDGF. The expression of heat shock protein (Hsp)27 was elevated by LEDGF. Conclusions LEDGF enhanced survival of RPE cells in culture when challenged by oxidative stress and UVB irradiation. LEDGF protected DNA from single-strand breakage and upregulated the expression of Hsp27. These results suggest that LEDGF may be a potential agent for protecting RPE cells under various stress conditions.
Ionizing radiation for control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables.

Publisher Summary This chapter considers the facets of radiation biology that affect the fungicidal and fungistatic consequences of radiation to lay a foundation for discussions of recent investigations in the area of irradiation of fresh fruits and vegetables. Certain aspects of radiation effects are of particular importance to studies of the use of ionizing radiation in the pathology of harvested fruits and vegetables. Thus, these considerations have been discussed in detail. The use of radiation in post-harvest pathology depends on the radiation sensitivity of the fungus compared with the ability of the host to withstand the treatment with little or no injury or deleterious side effects. The apparent sensitivity of the fungus is determined by a number of factors. One factor is the inherent resistance of a fungus to inactivation by ionizing radiation. The chapter discusses problems of technique in studies involving mycelium. Experimental conditions before, during, or after irradiation influence the results of experiments designed to determine the effectiveness of radiation as a fungicidal treatment. Some factors magnify the damaging qualities of the irradiation, whereas others alter the ability of the living cell to withstand injury. A number of different approaches have been used in studying the dose response of fungi to irradiation. As all approaches have various limitations or defects, the method is selected with care. For in vitro studies, the methods usually used with yeasts or bacteria frequently require modification because of the filamentous habit of growth of most postharvest decay species. The chapter also discusses the use of packaging to protect fruits or vegetables from post-irradiation infection.
The role of phospholipid oxidation products in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: evidence from animal models and in humans.

Since the discovery of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) and their implication as modulators of inflammation in cardiovascular disease, roles for these lipid oxidation products have been suggested in many other disease settings. Lipid oxidation products accumulate in inflamed and oxidatively damaged tissue, where they are derived from oxidative modification of lipoproteins, but also from membranes of cells undergoing apoptosis. Thus, increased oxidative stress as well as decreased clearance of apoptotic cells has been implied to contribute to accumulation of OxPL in chronically inflamed tissues.
CHAT, Ethnomethodology, Distributed Cognition, Actor-Network Theory: Pick One: Acting With Technology: Activity Theory and Interaction Design, by Victor Kaptelinin and Bonnie A. Nardi, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006, 333 pp. $35.00 (cloth).

Feuerbach will sinnliche, von den Gedankenobjekten wirklich unterschiedene Objekte; aberer fast die menschliche Tatigkeit selbst nicht als gegenstandliche Tatigkeit. (Feuerbach wishes to treat mate...
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Electrochemically Characterized Interfaces. Relations between Raman Scattering Intensity and Surface Coverage for Simple Anionic Adsorbates.

Abstract Surface-enhanced raman scattering (SERS) obtained as a function of electrode potential for chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate, azide, and cyanide adsorbed at roughened silver electrodes is compared with corresponding surface concentration-potential data extracted from differential capacitance measurements in order to examine the relation between SERS and surface coverage for these structurally simple adsorbates. After generating SERS by means of an oxidation-reduction cycle, it was found that altering the potential to a more negative value, where the adsorbate coverage fell below a monolayer, corresponded closely in most cases to the onset of a potential-dependent decay in the SERS intensity. Monitoring the potential dependence of the Raman intensity with an optical multichannel analyzer as well as with a conventional scanning spectrometer allowed a rapid “reversible” component of the potential dependence to be separated from an additional “irreversible” signal decay associated with the loss of Raman-active sites. Examination of potential-dependent SERS sufficiently rapidly so that reversible conditions prevail has the crucial advantage of holding constant the concentration of Ramanactive sites. For adsorbed chloride and bromide, an approximate correlation was found between the fractional coverage and the variation in the corresponding reversible Raman intensity brought about by altering the electrode potential. The present results suggest that the adsorption energetics of the Raman-active surface sites do not differ substantially from those for the sites occupied by the majority of the adsorbate.
Evolution of intelligence: Direct modeling of temporal effects of environment on a global absolute scale vs statistics

The social sciences are really the “hard sciences” and the physical sciences are the “easy” sciences. One of the great contributors to making the job of the social scientist very difficult is the lack of fundamental dimensions on the basis of which absolute (i.e. ratio) scales can be formulated and in which relationships could be realized as the [allegedly] coveted equations of physics. This deficiency leads directly to the uses of statistical methods of various types. However it is possible, as shown, to formulate equations and to use them to obtain ratio/absolute scales and relationships based on them. This paper uses differential/integral equations, fundamental ideas from the processing view of the brain‐mind, multiple scale approximation via Taylor series, and basic reasoning some of which may be formulated as infinite‐valued logic, and which is related to probability theory (the theoretical basis of statistics) to resolve some of the basic issues relating to learning theory, the roles of nature and nurture in intelligence, the measurement of intelligence itself, and leads to the correct formulation of the potential‐actual type behaviors (specifically intelligence) and dynamical‐temporal model of intelligence development. Specifically, it is shown that the: (1) basic model for intelligence in terms of genetics and environment has to be multiplicative, which corresponds to a logical‐AND, and is not additive; (2) related concept of “genetics” creating its own environment is simply another way of saying that the interaction of genetics and environment is multiplicative as in (1); (3) timing of environmental richness is critical and must be modeled dynamically, e.g. in the form of a differential equation; (4) path functions, not point functions, must be used to model such phenomena; (5) integral equation formulation shows that intelligence at any time t, is a a sum over time of the past interaction of intelligence with environmental and genetic factors; (6) intelligence is about 100 per cent inherited on a global absolute (ratio) scale which is the natural (dimensionless) scale for measuring variables in social science; (7) nature of the approximation assumptions implicit in statistical methods leads to “heritability” calculations in the neighborhood of 0.5. and that short of having controlled randomized experiments such as in animal studies these are expected sheerely due to the methods used; (8) concepts from AI, psychology, epistemology and physics coincide in many respects except for the terminology used, and these concepts can be modeled nonlinearly.
Mouse neurovirulence determinants of poliovirus type 1 strain LS-a map to the coding regions of capsid protein VP1 and proteinase 2Apro.

Abstract Poliovirus type 1 strain LS-a [PV1(LS-a)] is a OV variant adapted to mice by multiple passages through mouse and monkey tissues. To investigate the molecular basis underlying mouse neurovirulence of PV1(LS-a), a cDNA of the viral genome containing nucleotides 112 to 7441 was cloned, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Compared with that of the mouse avirulent progenitor PV1(Mahoney), 54 nucleotide changes were found in the genome of the PV1(LS-a) virus, resulting in 20 amino acid substitutions in the virus polyprotein. Whereas the nucleotide changes were scattered throughout the genome, the amino acid substitutions were largely clustered in the capsid proteins and, to a certain extent, in the virus proteinase 2Apro. By in vitro mutagenesis, PV1(LS-a)-specific capsid mutations were introduced into a cDNA clone of PV1(Mahoney). We show that neither the individual amino acid mutations nor combinations of mutations in the region encoding VP1 conferred to PV1(Mahoney) the mouse-adapted phenotype of PV1(LS-a). Chimeric cDNA studies demonstrated that a recombinant type 1 virus containing the PV1(LS-a) sequence from nucleotide 2470 to nucleotide 3625 displayed a neurovirulent phenotype in mice. Further dissection of this region revealed that mouse neurovirulence of PV1(LS-a) was determined by multiple mutations in regions encoding both viral proteinase 2Apro and capsid protein VP1. The mouse neurovirulent viruses, PV1(LS-a), W1-M/LS-Pf [nucleotides 496 to 3625 from PV1(LS-a)], and W1-M/LS-NP [nucleotides 2470 to 3625 from PV1(LS-a)], showed increased sensitivity to heat treatment at 45 degrees C for 1 h. Surprisingly, the thermolabile phenotype was also displayed by a recombinant of PV1(Mahoney) carrying a PV1(LS-a) DNA fragment encoding the N-terminal portion of 2Apro. This suggests that base substitutions in the region encoding 2Apro affected capsid stability, thereby contributing to the neurovirulence of the virus in mice.
The Catholic Church and U.S. Health Care Reform

The Catholic Church is the largest (and arguably the best organized) single denomination in the United States, and it has extensive holdings in the health care field. It therefore has a material stake in the current debate over health care reform, as well as a moral interest in a question touching on the ethics of resource distribution. The position of the church on health care is analyzed as a case study of how organized religion interacts with and attempts to influence social policy in a pluralistic society.
Besides That I'm Ok: Well-Being in Caribbean and American Adolescents and Youth

A total of 235 adolescents and college students from Aruba, St. Lucia, Tennessee, and Alabama participated in this study that measured various aspects of well-being. The Life Factors Questionnaire measured participants' responses on such self-reported measures as health, intelligence, subjective well-being, responses to stress, optimism, depressive symptoms, and on several open-ended queries of participants' perceptions on life goals, role models, and important values. Results show that overall groups were quite similar on most of the well-being variables measured. Older participants tended to report more depressive symptoms than their younger counterparts. American adolescents and college students had more depressive symptoms than their Caribbean counterparts. Seventh-Day Adventist adolescents reported twice as many depressive symptoms than students from different religious affiliations (Roman Catholic and other religions).
A process analysis of nonprofessional intervention with children

Abstract Process analysis research methodology was used to examine the interactions between 41 nonprofessional child-aides and 166 primary graders with school maladaptation in 11 urban and suburban schools. Sixty-five percent of the interaction time was spent in play activities, 15% each in conversation and tutoring. Urban schools had more tutoring, while suburban schools emphasized socialization and relation building. Learning disability children had more tutoring time and acting out children more problem conversation. Aides' personal and attitudinal attributes related to process measures. The findings indicate the feasibility and usefulness of process analysis for studying the helping interventions of nonprofessional workers.
Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE)-Receptor for AGE (RAGE) Signaling and Up-regulation of Egr-1 in Hypoxic Macrophages

Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE)-dependent signaling has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart, lung, liver, and brain. Because macrophages contribute to vascular perturbation and tissue injury in hypoxic settings, we tested the hypothesis that RAGE regulates early growth response-1 (Egr-1) expression in hypoxia-exposed macrophages. Molecular analysis, including silencing of RAGE, or blockade of RAGE with sRAGE (the extracellular ligand-binding domain of RAGE), anti-RAGE IgG, or anti-AGE IgG in THP-1 cells, and genetic deletion of RAGE in peritoneal macrophages, revealed that hypoxia-induced up-regulation of Egr-1 is mediated by RAGE signaling. In addition, the observation of increased cellular release of RAGE ligand AGEs in hypoxic THP-1 cells suggests that recruitment of RAGE in hypoxia is stimulated by rapid production of RAGE ligands in this setting. Finally, we show that mDia-1, previously shown to interact with the RAGE cytoplasmic domain, is essential for hypoxia-stimulated regulation of Egr-1, at least in part through protein kinase C βII, ERK1/2, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling triggered by RAGE ligands. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism by which an extracellular signal initiated by RAGE ligand AGEs regulates Egr-1 in a manner requiring mDia-1.
Got Milk? Food Insecurity in a Dairyland Community

Though local food assistance sites in a Wisconsin community report increases in use of their services, the amount of food insecurity clients experience was not known. Therefore, the extent of food insecurity was measured using the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) “Guide to Measuring Household Food Insecurity.” A purposive convenience sample of 165 individuals seeking food assistance at local food banks and meal sites was surveyed and asked questions about hunger in their households. The results demonstrated that clients of food banks experienced higher levels of food insecurity and were more likely to lack calcium-rich foods and vitamin C in their diets than those seeking assistance at meal sites. Because this study was conducted in Wisconsin, America's Dairyland, a lack of calcium-rich foods was an especially surprising finding.
Queue-Length Proportional and Max-Min Fair Bandwidth Allocation for Best Effort Flows

A group of switch schedulers make packet scheduling decisions based on predefined bandwidth allocation for each flow. Allocating bandwidth for best effort flows is challenging due to lack of allocation criteria and fairness principles. In this paper, we propose sequential and parallel algorithms to allocate bandwidth for best effort flows in a switch, to achieve fairness and efficiency. The proposed algorithms use the queue length proportional allocation criterion, which allocates bandwidth to a best effort flow proportional to its queue length, giving more bandwidth to congested flows. In addition, the algorithms adopt the max-min fairness principle, which maximizes bandwidth utilization and maintains fairness among flows. We first formulate the problem based on the allocation criterion and fairness principle. Then, we present a sequential algorithm and prove that it achieves max-min fairness. To accelerate the allocation process, we propose a parallel version of the algorithm, which allows different input ports and output ports to conduct calculation in parallel, resulting in fast convergence. Finally, we present simulation data to demonstrate that the parallel algorithm is effective in reducing the convergence iterations.
Rings of Low Multiplicative Complexity

The complexity of the multiplication operation in finite fields is of interest for both theoretical and practical reasons. For example, an optimal normal basis for F2N has complexity 2N?1. A construction described in J. H. Silverman, (“Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1717, pp. 122?134, Springer?Verlag, Berlin, 1999.) allows multiplication of complexity N+1 to be performed in F2N by working in a larger ring R of dimension N+1 over F2. In this paper we give a complete classification of all such rings and show that this construction is the only one which also has a certain useful permutability property.
Ti-based subunit couplings: a concise, modular synthesis of routiennocin methyl ester

Abstract A short total synthesis of routiennocin methyl ester is reported. The key reaction is the direct acylation of a titanacyclopropane with valerolactone to give a ketone.
A radiation-reduced hybrid cell line containing 5 Mb/17 cM of human DNA from 9q34

Disease gene loci for tuberous sclerosis (TSC1), idiopathic torsion dystonia (DYT1), and nail-patella syndrome (NPS1) have been mapped by genetic linkage analysis to human chromosome 9q band 34. To create a resource for physical mapping and manipulation of this region of the genome, we have created a radiation-reduced hybrid cell line containing DNA from human 9q34 as its only human component. This cell line, E6B, has been characterized by Southern blot and PCR analysis using a panel of 9q markers and fluorescent in situ hybridization. We estimate that it contains 5 Mb of human DNA, equal to 17 cM of genetic distance, extending from AK1 to ABO on 9q34.
The Politicization Of Labor In 1905: The Case Of Odessa Salesclerks

One remarkable feature of the 1905 Russian Revolution was the efflorescence of labor organizations that occurred throughout the urban regions of the empire. Many workers throughout the empire demonstrated their resolve to promote and defend their interests in an organized and rational manner, with the mass labor movement often cutting across craft and occupational divisions to bring all kinds of workers into joint economic and political action against both employer and autocracy. As 1905 progressed the political radicalization of urban workers inspired much of the opposition movement that nearly brought the government to its knees. As several United States historians have recently shown, in 1905 organized labor, particularly trade unions, entered the political arena as a potent force, with workers simultaneously demanding individual rights of citizenship and collective rights of association.' After 1905 Russian historians began debating the origins of trade unions in Russia.2 Bolshevik historians, following the lead set by Lenin, asserted that trade unions emerged from the strikes of 1905 and were partially rooted in the illegal strike funds set up under the direction of the Social Democrats. Other Russian historians, while not denying the importance of labor unrest and underground radical activity in fueling the emergence of trade unions, recognized that workers' experiences in other pre-1905 labor organizations were significant in union formation. Of particular importance to some of these historians was the specific role of mutual aid societies in the establishment of individual unions. Vladimir Sviatlovskii, a liberal professor at St. Petersburg
Will electronic information finally result in real resource sharing

Libraries are adapting very rapidly to the information age, but the infrastructure required makes it harder and harder to get that data. Access is much improved, but accessing data electronically increasingly requires more and more sophisticated software and hardware. And, at the same time and with the same resources, libraries are being asked to continue their twentieth-century role, i.e., building collections of books and journals and other types fo library materials. Thus, the dilemna is one of obtaining resources for this transition
A methodology for time-staged capacity expansion sensitive to short-run pricing and operational policy optimization

Abstract A significant problem in investment planning for major facilities such as transport systems and public utilities results from the inseparability of capacity expansion decisions and operation control during expansion periods. Short-run pricing and capacity management decisions must be optimized within the context of the longer run decisions to expand productive capacity. In this paper, the time-staged capacity expansion problem is formulated as a dynamic programming problem. Each stage of the program is decomposed into a series of short-run optimization problems ahat solve for an optimal set of prices and operational control policies. The pricing problem is one of determination of a peak-load responsibility price schedule that includes future capacity costs. The operational control policies represent public policy decisions that allocate capacity to distinct categories of consumers. The general formulation is applied to the particular problem of airport capacity expansion. This problem is characteristic of the class of public utility investment decision problems where demand is growing but is subject to considerable peaking. The output of the airport is consumed by distinct categories of consumers and is therefore subject to a variety of capacity allocation options.
Reductive side of water splitting in artificial photosynthesis: new homogeneous photosystems of great activity and mechanistic insight.

Rhodamine photosensitizers (PSs) substituting S or Se for O in the xanthene ring give turnover numbers (TONs) as high as 9000 for the generation of hydrogen via the reduction of water using [CoIII(dmgH)2(py)Cl] (where dmgH = dimethylglyoximate and py = pyridine) as the catalyst and triethanolamine as the sacrificial electron donor. The turnover frequencies were 0, 1700, and 5500 mol H2/mol PS/h for O, S, and Se derivatives, respectively (ΦH2 = 0%, 12.2%, and 32.8%, respectively), which correlates well with relative triplet yields estimated from quantum yields for singlet oxygen generation. Phosphorescence from the excited PS was quenched by the sacrificial electron donor. Fluorescence lifetimes were similar for the O- and S-containing rhodamines (∼2.6 ns) and shorter for the Se analog (∼0.1 ns). These data suggest a reaction pathway involving reductive quenching of the triplet excited state of the PS giving the reduced PS− that then transfers an electron to the Co catalyst. The longer-lived triplet state ...
Stathmin expression and megakaryocyte differentiation: a potential role in polyploidy.

Abstract Objective. Megakaryopoiesis is characterized by two major processes, acquisition of lineage-specific markers and polyploidization. Polyploidy is a result of endomitosis, a process that is characterized by continued DNA replication in the presence of abortive mitosis. Stathmin is a major microtubule-regulatory protein that plays an important role in the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Our previous studies had shown that inhibition of stathmin expression in human leukemia cells results in the assembly of atypical mitotic spindles and abnormal exit from mitosis. We hypothesized that the absence of stathmin expression in megakaryocytes might be important for their abortive mitosis. Materials and Methods. The experimental models that we used were human K562 and HEL cell lines that can be induced to undergo megakaryocytic differentiation and primary murine megakaryocytes generated by in vitro culture of bone marrow cells. The megakaryocytic phenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry and light microscopy. The DNA content (ploidy) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Stathmin expression was analyzed by Western and Northern blotting and by RT-PCR. Results. Our studies showed an inverse correlation between the level of ploidy and the level of stathmin expression in megakaryocytic cell lines and in primary cells. More importantly, inhibition of stathmin expression in K562 cells enhanced the propensity of these cells to undergo endomitosis and to become polyploid upon induction of megakaryocytic differentiation. In contrast, inhibition of stathmin expression interfered with the ability of the cells to acquire megakaryocyte-specific markers of differentiation. Conclusion. Based on these observations, we propose a model of megakaryopoiesis in which stathmin expression is necessary for the proliferation and differentiation of early megakaryoblasts and its suppression in the later stages of megakaryocytic maturation is necessary for polyploidization.
Unsteady viscous flow over irregular boundaries

Unsteady viscous flow over irregular and fractal walls is discussed, and the flow generated by the longitudinal and transverse vibrations of an infinite periodic two-dimensional wall with cylindrical grooves is considered in detail. The behaviour of the Stokes layer and the functional dependence between the drag force and the frequency are illustrated in a broad band of frequencies for walls with sinusoidal corrugations and a family of walls with triangular asperities leading to fractal shapes. In the case of longitudinal oscillations, the drag force on a fractal wall with self-similar structure exhibits a power-law dependence on the frequency with an exponent that is related to the fractal dimension of the microstructure expressing the gain in surface area with increasing spatial resolution
Axisymmetric slow viscous flow past an arbitrary convex body of revolution

Considerable advances have been made in the past few years in treating a variety of problems in slender-body Stokes flow (Taylor 1969; Batchelor 1970; Cox 1970, 1971; Tillett 1970). However, the problem of treating the creeping motion past bluff objects, whose boundaries do not conform to a constant co-ordinate surface of one of the special orthogonal co-ordinate systems for which the Stokes slow-flow equation is simply separable, is still largely unsolved. In the slender-body Stokes flow studies mentioned above, the viscous-flow boundary-value problem is formulated approximately as an integral equation for an unknown distribution of Stokeslets over a line enclosed by the body. The theory is valid for only very extended shapes, since the error in drag decays inversely as the logarithm of the aspect ratio of the object. By contrast, the present authors show that the boundary-value problem for the axisymmetric flow past an arbitrary convex body of revolution can be formulated exactly as an integral equation for an unknown distribution of ring-like singularities over the surface of the body. The kernel in this integral equation is closely related to the fundamental separable solutions of the Stokes slow-flow equation when written in an oblate spheroidal co-ordinate system of vanishing aspect ratio. The two lowest-order appropriate spheroidal singularities are found to provide a complete description for all surface elements, except those perpendicular to the axis. Higher-order singularities of all orders are required to describe axially perpendicular surfaces, such as the ends of a cylinder or the blunt base of an object. The newly derived integral equation is solved numerically to provide the first theoretical solutions for low aspect ratio cylinders and cones. The theoretically predicted drag results are in excellent agreement with experimentally measured values.
Freeze‐Texturized Maine Shrimp Protein Extract

Coagulated protein obtained from alkali extraction and acid precipitation from an abundant and inexpensive Maine Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) was packed in disc and cylindrical containers and freeze textured. A more pronounced fibrous formation was found at lower freezing rates, and the samples were harder. While disc samples exhibited randomized fibrous alignment, cylindrical samples had a continuous fiber development along their longitudinal axis which, at lower freezing rates, was similar to red meat muscle alignment; in case of higher freezing rate, the fiber simulated that of the poultry meat. Choosing a freezing rate would rely on the natural counterparts to be simulated. Morphological examination had depicted significant differences which contributed to the variations in texture, moisture, and color.
PBS KIDS mathematics transmedia suites in preschool homes

There is growing evidence that economically disadvantaged preschool children have less extensive mathematical knowledge than their middle-income peers [14, 37]. This study addresses a program to foster low-income parents' support for their preschool children's mathematical development. Parents use PBS KIDS LAB web- and mobile-based mathematics transmedia game suites with their children. The study used a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group design, which assigned 90 parent/child dyads from two Head Start centers serving primarily low-income families to an intervention or comparison group. The results indicate that the intervention was positively associated with gains in children's knowledge and skills in mathematics (p.05), as measured by Test of Early Mathematics Ability (TEMA-3), after accounting for differences in baseline assessment results and participant demographic characteristics. The use of these age-appropriate digital media and related home activities also led to increases in parents' awareness of strategies to support their child's mathematics learning and their direct support of mathematics learning in the home environment.
Algorithm for low-variance biclusters to identify coregulation modules in sequencing datasets

High-throughput sequencing (CHIP-Seq) data exhibit binding events with possible binding locations and their strengths, followed by interpretations of the locations of peaks. Recent methods tend to summarize all CHIP-Seq peaks detected within a limited up and down region of each gene into one real-valued score in order to quantify the probability of regulation in a region. Applying subspace clustering (or biclustering) techniques on these scores would discover important knowledge such as the potential co-regulation or co-factors mechanisms. The ideal biclusters generated should contain subsets of genes, and transcription factors (TF) such that the cell-values in biclusters are distributed around a mean value with low variance. Such biclusters would indicate TF sets regulating gene sets with the same probability values. However, most existing biclustering algorithms are neither able to enforce variance as a strict limitation on the values contained in a bicluster, nor use variance as the guiding metric while searching for the desirable biclusters. An algorithm that uses search spaces defined by lattices containing all overlapping biclusters and a bound on variance values as the guiding metric is presented in this paper. The algorithm is shown to be an efficient and effective method for discovering the possibly overlapping biclusters under pre-defined variance bounds. We present in this paper our algorithm, its results with synthetic and CHIP-Seq and motif datasets, and compare them with the results obtained by other algorithms to demonstrate the power and effectiveness of our algorithm.
Effect of drawing conditions on the mechanical strength of fibers pulled in a graphite furnace

Drawing from a graphite furnace is an important commercial means of producing optical fibers. The factors affecting the strength of silica fibers pulled from a preform rod in a graphite furnace have been examined. Five general areas may be distinguished, which have a direct influence on fiber strength:
Somaclonal variation from Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cell culture

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, plants were regenerated from 4 to 5 month old callus cultures originally derived from seedling explants. Somaclonal variation was examined in the SC2 and SC3 generations of eight different clones plus the non-tissue cultured parent line. Characters examined included the area of the third leaf, height, tiller number, total shoot weight, seed number, grain yield, days to flowering, and chlorophyll content in the SC2 generation. Some plants were phenotypically different from the parent line in the SC2 generation. All clones were similar to the parent in third leaf area and chlorophyll content. Three clones had significant height reduction and six had significantly higher total plant matter production. Seven of the clones had significant increases in number of secondary tillers, and all had significant decreases in days to flowering. Only three clones had significant increases in grain yield and seed number; however, all the clones had smaller seeds. In subsequent studies of SC2 and SC3 generations of three somaclones, characters examined included height, tiller number, total shoot weight, and days to flower. In one of the somaclones none of the original differences in characters was maintained in two subsequent growing seasons in the SC2 or SC3 generation. The other two somaclones maintained the increased tiller number in the next growing season in both the SC2 and SC3 generations. In one of the somaclones plant height reduction occurred in the SC2 and SC3 generations. All other traits were not maintained.
Absorption Ångström coefficient, brown carbon, and aerosols: basic concepts, bulk matter, and spherical particles

Abstract. The concept of wavelength-dependent absorption Angstrom coefficients (AACs) is discussed and clarified for both single and two-wavelengths AACs and guidance for their implementation with noisy absorption spectra is provided. This discussion is followed by application of the concept to models for brown carbon bulk absorption spectra including the damped simple harmonic oscillator model, its Lorentzian approximation, and the band-gap model with and without Urbach tail. We show that the band-gap model with Urbach tail always has an unphysical discontinuity in the first derivative of the AAC at the band-gap – Urbach-tail matching wavelength. Complex refractive indices obtained from the bulk damped simple harmonic oscillator model are used to calculate absorption spectra for spherical particles, followed by a discussion of their features. For bulk material and small particles, this model predicts a monotonic decrease of the AAC with wavelength well above the resonance wavelength; the model predicts a monotonic increase for large particles.
SOURCE MEMORY AND EYEWITNESS SUGGESTIBILITY IN OLDER ADULTS

The authors investigated the influence of test format on the source-memory performance of older adults (N = 128). Each participant viewed a picture and wrote a description of the scene. Then half of the participants (control group) read a text that accurately described the scene; the other half (misled group) read a text that contained misinformation. After writing another scene description, the participants were given a surprise memory test. Half were given a yes/no recognition test, and half were given a source-monitoring test. The misled yes/no participants mistakenly indicated more often than the control yes/no participants that misleading-text items were in the picture (suggestibility effect). There was no suggestibility effect for source-monitoring participants. The data are discussed in terms of the source monitoring framework.
Studies of Caenorhabditis elegans DAF-2/insulin signaling reveal targets for pharmacological manipulation of lifespan

Much excitement has arisen from the observation that decrements in insulin-like signaling can dramatically extend lifespan in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, there are tantalizing hints that the IGF-I pathway in mice may have similar effects. In addition to dramatic effects on lifespan, invertebrate insulin-like signaling also promotes changes in stress resistance, metabolism and development. Which, if any, of the various phenotypes of insulin pathway mutants are relevant to longevity? What are the genes that function in collaboration with insulin to prolong lifespan? These questions are at the heart of current research in C. elegans longevity. Two main theories exist as to the mechanism behind insulin's effects on invertebrate longevity. One theory is that insulin programs metabolic parameters that prolong or reduce lifespan. The other theory is that insulin determines the cell's ability to endure oxidative stress from respiration, thereby determining the rate of aging. However, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and several studies seem to support a role for both. Here, we review recently published reports investigating the mechanisms behind insulin's dramatic effect on longevity. We also spotlight several C. elegans genes that are now known to interact with insulin signaling to determine lifespan. These insights into pathways affecting invertebrate lifespan may provide a basis for developing strategies for pharmacological manipulation of human lifespan.
Chaos in atomic force microscopy.

Chaotic oscillations of microcantilever tips in dynamic atomic force microscopy (AFM) are reported and characterized. Systematic experiments performed using a variety of microcantilevers under a wide range of operating conditions indicate that softer AFM microcantilevers bifurcate from periodic to chaotic oscillations near the transition from the noncontact to the tapping regimes. Careful Lyapunov exponent and noise titration calculations of the tip oscillation data confirm their chaotic nature. AFM images taken by scanning the chaotically oscillating tips over the sample show small, but significant metrology errors at the nanoscale due to this ``deterministic'' uncertainty.
Storage of copulatory stimulation in the female rat.

Abstract The copulatory intromissions, delivered by the male rat before ejaculating, trigger the progestational state necessary for ovum implantation and subsequent pregnancy in the female. Since the multiple intromissions' effect is cumulative, there must be some mechanism by which the stimulation from each of the intromissions is stored. The storage of excitation in the female rat, as a function of the interval between intromissions, was studied in the work presented here. Each female rat received either 2, 3, 5, or 10 intromissions. In one experiment, the spacing between intromissions was varied from approximately 40 sec to 1 hr. For most groups, there was prolonged storage of the copulatory stimulation even though the inter-intromission interval was as long as 1 hr. Moreover, in the groups where females received 5 intromissions, more females became progestational if the intromissions were spaced apart by several minutes than if these intromissions were delivered ad lib (40 sec). In another experiment, females received 5 intromissions, a delay which could be as long as 4 hr, and then another five intromissions. In this case, the proportion of females becoming progestational was the same as for those females that received 10 consecutive intromissions. Thus, the female rat is capable of storing copulatory stimulation over prolonged periods of time. This storage capability may be related to the normal copulatory pattern of the rat in its natural environment.
Persistent Copulation in Asexual Female Potamopyrgus antipodarum: Evidence for Male Control with Size-Based Preferences

Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction provide a useful context for investigating the evolutionary loss of nonfunctional traits. It is often assumed that useless behaviors or structures will degrade, but this process is poorly understood. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is an ancestrally sexual New Zealand freshwater snail characterized by numerous independent transitions to asexual all-female lineages. The availability of multiple independently-derived asexual lineages of various time since derivation from sexual ancestors means that the P. antipodarum system is well-suited for the study of trait loss related to mating behavior and copulation. Here, we asked whether mating behavior in asexual female P. antipodarum degrades with increasing asexual lineage age. While copulation frequency did not differ in females from old versus young asexual lineages, post hoc analyses indicated that it was instead positively associated with mean lineage female size. We observed that female P. antipodarum take a passive physical role in copulatory interactions, indicating that female behavior may not be a useful variable for detection of sex-related vestigialization in this system. Instead, males seem to be in proximate control of copulation frequencies, meaning that male mating behavior may be a primary determinant of the expression of mating behavior in asexual female P. antipodarum.
THE INFLUENCE OF INITIAL FORCING ON NON-LINEAR CONTROL

The property of sensitive dependence on initial forcing may be used as an effective trigger of changes in a system response and, thus, used to redistribute energy favorably and efficiently. One unstable periodic orbit was selected from each experiment to demonstrate the role of the initial forcing in an active control strategy to yield improved performance.
The combat simulation of desert storm with applications for contingency operations

Operation Desert Storm shattered the myth that the next war U.S. forces would fight would be a European battle between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. The senior leadership of the Army, in conjunction with the National Command Authority, demanded insights from combat simulations to assist in war-planning and war-fighting efforts for Operation Desert Storm. This article describes how an existing theater-level simulation, the Concepts Evaluation Model, was used by analysts at the U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA) to simulate Desert Storm in support of those efforts, and details specific innovations that may have applications for future contingency operations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in the duodenum of the mouse from birth to maturity

Actinomycin D elevates the alkaline phosphatase activity of the duodenum of the mouse. The effect is relatively slight, but positive, during the first postnatal week, but thereafter becomes marked, not only in the period before the normal maximal level of phosphatase activity is reached at 20 days, but also afterwards, as the activity declines to the adult level. The effect is not manifested in mice at the age of one month, but reappears in adults. Doses of actinomycin that enhance duodenal phosphatase activity depress the activity of the same enzyme in the kidney. Puromycin also increases duodenal phosphatase activity, the effect again being quite small in the first week. At all stages from nine days to adult, however, puromycin strongly elevates activity. Cycloheximide is also effective in raising duodenal phosphatase activity in young mice. Glucocorticoids are known to control the normal developmental increase of phosphatase, but the effect of actinomycin D can be exerted in adrenalectomized mice. The effects of both actinomycin and puromycin are additive with those of hydrocortisone acetate, and both raise phosphatase activity after 15 days, when exogenous corticoids no longer exert any influence. Puromycin stops mitosis in the duodenal epithelium in doses that elevate phosphatase. Hence, some alteration of the enzyme must occur in the striated border of cells that have emerged from the crypts and are in place on the surfaces of the villi. Since the phosphatase-stimulating agents are all inhibitors of protein synthesis, the results are interpreted to mean that duodenal phosphatase normally tends to undergo an activity-enhancing conversion that is restrained by a labile protein.
A chromogenic cephalosporin for β-lactamase inhibitor screening assays.

Production of β-lactamases is the primary mechanism of antibiotic resistance employed by gram-negative pathogens. Chromogenic β-lactams are important reagents for detection and assay of β-lactamases, but limited commercial availability and exorbitant pricing of these compounds are prohibitive. Here we describe a straightforward synthesis of a chromogenic cephalosporin for β-lactamase assay that gives an overall yield of 74%. On hydrolysis, its λmax undergoes a bathochromic shift that is easy to see and measure spectrophotometrically with a Δe442 nm of 14,500 cm−1 M−1. This compound was shown to be a substrate for a variety of β-lactamases.