cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiology of Glyphosate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Susceptible Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Biotypes Collected from North Carolina

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes of Palmer amaranth are now commonly found across the southern United States. Experiments were conducted to characterize physiological differences between a GR biotype and a glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype from North Carolina. The GR biotype had an 18-fold level of resistance based upon rates necessary to reduce shoot fresh weight 50%. Shikimate accumulated in both biotypes following glyphosate application, but greater concentrations were found in GS plants. Absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate were studied in both biotypes with and without an overspray with commercial glyphosate potassium salt (840 g ae ha−1) immediately prior to 14C-glyphosate application. Greater absorption was noted 6 h after treatment (HAT) in GS compared with GR plants, but no differences were observed at 12 to 72 HAT. Oversprayed plants absorbed 33 and 61% more 14C by 48 and 72 HAT, respectively, than plants not oversprayed. 14C distribution (above treated leaf, below treated leaf, roots) was similar in both biotypes. Together, these results suggest that resistance in this biotype is not due to an altered target enzyme or translocation but may be in part due to the rate of glyphosate absorption. These results also are consistent with resistance being due to increased gene copy number for the target enzyme.
Levels of Ethics Education in University Graduate Programs

Professional ethics are critical in guiding how professionals conduct themselves as they apply their knowledge for providing services to the public. Therefore it should be without question that during education, professional degree seeking students should be taught ethics pertaining to their field of study. However, in many graduate programs in the field of engineering sciences throughout the country, professional ethics is not required for a degree, particularly beyond undergraduate degrees. A study was performed in 2006 polling some major universities, covering most of the geographical areas and states of the United States, on the content of their graduate engineering programs pertaining to professional ethics. The results showed that only a very small percentage of universities had a full course or a subject of a course pertaining to professional ethics. These numbers reflect a significant shortage in the students’ education on how to perform in a professional setting. Five years later in 2011, the same universities were polled again to see if any change has been made to improve the ethics education at the graduate level. The data showed a small increase in the number of schools mentioning professional ethics at the graduate level, but the numbers are still very low. This paper covers the poll results along with an analysis of the findings and attempts to explore the reasons behind this lack of emphases on ethics education in engineering at the graduate level. It also discusses what Universities should be teaching students in regards to professional ethics. The analysis includes skills needed in industry as well as the supporting arguments for the importance of ethics education.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Production of convulsions in mice by the combination of methionine and homocysteine

Behavioral effects of methionine have been attributed to either increased availability of methyl groups for the production of methylated amines or accumulation of convulsive metabolites. If the second hypothesis is correct, methionine would be expected to have convulsive properties either by itself or in combination with subconvulsive dosages of other known convulsants. Methionine alone did not induce convulsions when administered by various routes in dosages of 250–13,000 mg/kg, although larger doses of methionine (500–4,000 mg/kg) decreased behavioral activity. However, methionine pretreatment (125–1,000 mg/kg) markedly enhanced convulsions in animals challenged with subconvulsine dosages of homocysteine. Pentylenetetrazol was less effective than homocysteine in promoting convulsions in mehtionine-pretreated animals. Although the convulsive effects of methionine were not shared by other natural amino acids (glutamate, asparate, cysteine, tryptophan, and others), ethionine enhanced homocysteine-induced convulsions almost as effectively as did methionine. Methionine thus promotes convulsions under certain conditions, perhaps due to an accumulation of homocysteine or of other metabolites with convulsive properties.
Generative Models of Segregation: Investigating Model-Generated Patterns of Residential Segregation by Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status

This article considers the potential for using agent models to explore theories of residential segregation in urban areas. Results of generative experiments conducted using an agent-based simulation of segregation dynamics document that varying a small number of model parameters representing constructs from urban-ecological theories of segregation can generate a wide range of qualitatively distinct and substantively interesting segregation patterns. The results suggest how complex, macro-level patterns of residential segregation can arise from a small set of simple micro-level social dynamics operating within particular urban-demographic contexts. The promise and current limitations of agent simulation studies are noted and optimism is expressed regarding the potential for such studies to engage and contribute to the broader research literature on residential segregation. [An appendix to this article is featured as an online supplement at the publisher's website.]
An efficient numerical technique for electrochemical simulation of complicated microelectromechanical structures

Abstract An efficient algorithm for self-consistent analysis of three-dimensional (3-D) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is described. The algorithm employs a hybrid finite-element/boundary-element technique for coupled mechanical and electrical analysis. The nonlinear coupled equations are solved by employing a Newton-GMRES technique. The coupled algorithm is shown to converge rapidly and is much faster than relaxation for tightly coupled cases.
Temporal stability of chelated Co and Zn in reducing geochemical environments

Abstract Laboratory controlled-environment experiments were performed to measure the temporal stability of CoEDTA, CoNTA, CoDTPA, and ZnEDTA complexes in strongly reducing anoxic geochemical regimes. Cobalt complexes are persistant in these environments relative to ZnEDTA which is removed rapidly from solution. The results apparently reflect kinetic differences in reactivity between Co and Zn in contrast to expected behavior based on reported stability constants for Co and Zn chelates. These results indicate that reliable predictions of metal-chelate behavior under field conditions cannot be based on similarities in thermodynamic equilibria constants alone without empirical confirmation.
Implementing an Oral Health Program in a Group Prenatal Practice

The Rochester Adolescent Maternity Program (RAMP) has incorporated evidence‐based oral health guidelines into its prenatal care. These guidelines focus on tracking oral health services, screening and triaging prenatal patients, and providing patient and staff with the education needed to decrease oral health risks to mother, fetus, and baby. The RAMP process serves as a model for promoting quality oral health practices in pregnant teenagers and their babies.
Familial dyadic patterns in defenses and object relations

The Defense Mechanisms Inventory was administered to 308 sets of marital couples, and adult sons or daughters. The inventory yields five defensive clusters as well as a composite object relations measure. Correlational analyses were aimed at determining the extent to which defensive and object relations styles generalize within the family. Results showed consistent similarities across the family in object relations styles and in acting out defenses. Dyadic analyses showed striking similarities between Husband-Wife, Father-Son, and Mother-Daughter, but not for Father-Daughter and Mother-Son dyads. Results are discussed in context of modeling, sex role, and systems theory.
Thermomechanical modeling of the pin-chucked EUV reticle during exposure

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography has emerged as the forerunner in the selection process to become the industry's choice as the technology for next-generation lithography (NGL). An advantageous characteristic of the EUV reticle is that it is reflective, so it can be chucked across the entirety of its backside. This chucking will aid in meeting flatness requirements as well enhancing the heat removal ability of the chuck when compared to the mounts used for optical reticles. The EUV exposure process occurs in a vacuum environment, which precludes the use of vacuum chucks; therefore, electrostatic chucks are the favored choice. One concern is that particles may become lodged between the chuck and reticle, causing distortions to occur once the reticle is chucked flat. To counter this effect, electrostatic pin chucks have been proposed. However, because of the lower heat transfer ability of the pin chuck due to the interstitial gap, thermal issues may arise. A predominant pin-chuck configuration has yet to emerge, and there is no set of standards to facilitate new designs. The intent of this paper is to provide general guidelines to assist in preliminary designs. Parameters that were seen as potentially important factors in pin chuck performance were chosen and the results are presented.
The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene protects cells from UV-mediated apoptosis

The familial cancer syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease, characterized by a predisposition to renal cell carcinoma and certain other tumor types, is caused by mutational inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Loss of VHL gene function is detected also in the vast majority of sporadic renal cell carcinomas. Previous reports have determined a protective role for VHL in response to serum withdrawal and glucose deprivation. In this study, the effect of UV irradiation on VHL-negative and VHL-positive renal carcinoma cells was examined. VHL-negative 786-O renal carcinoma cells underwent apoptosis following UV irradiation. In contrast, reintroduction of wild-type VHL expression protected 786-O cells from UV-mediated cell death. p53 and Bax levels were equivalent in VHL-negative and VHL-positive 786-O cells. Strikingly, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 underwent proteasome-dependent degradation in VHL-negative 786-O cells following UV treatment. However, p21 and p27 protein levels were stable in VHL-positive cells. Also, levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL were elevated in VHL-positive cells, consistent with the protection from apoptotic stimuli. UV treatment led to increased S phase in VHL-negative, but not VHL-positive cells. Thus, following UV irradiation, diminution of p21 and p27 levels resulted in a hyperproliferative state in VHL-negative cells, leading to apoptosis. These results suggest that loss of VHL function promotes apoptosis and may provide selective pressure toward cells that are able to escape apoptosis, leading to tumorigenesis.
Urban Anthropology, Postmodernist Cities, and Perspectives

WITH THE REALIZATION that “the city” was an essentialization and that anthropology of the city was a chimera, urban anthropology seems without a topic for study. This article argues that the need for urban anthropology has never been greater, if we consider that there are contesting perspectives constituting cities. One perspective appropriate to a renewed urban anthropology is presented in David Harvey's The Condition of Postmoderniiy (1989). Using that perspective the article demonstrates from ethnographic examples that deindustrialization in First-World cities has its flip side in industrialization of Third-World cities, [globalization, postmodernism, deindustrialization]
Ultrasonically guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy of solid masses.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy is a highly accurate cytologic technique in the differentiation of benign vs. malignant disease. After careful localization with the ultrasound beam, a 22 gauge 0.6 mm needle is used to obtain four to five cell samples. Seventy percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsies were performed nodes, subcutaneous nodules, and other retroperitoneal masses. Ninety-three percent accuracy was obtained with no complications. Studies in four patients with carcinoma of the tail of the pancreas were falsely negative for malignant cells; all four patients had desmoplastic tumors. Complications of hemorrhage, tumor seeding, infection, fistula formation, and pain encountered with other methods and using larger bore needles have not been found with the fine needle technique. It is a safe, accurate method that can be performed as an out-patient procedure.
Inhaled Albuterol and Oral Prednisone Therapy in Hospitalized Adult Asthmatics: Does Aminophylline Add Any Benefit?

Study objective To determine the efficacy of intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of adult patients hospitalized for exacerbation of asthma. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial throughout the study. Setting University Hospital Clinical Research Center. Patients Forty-four patients admitted from the emergency room with a primary diagnosis asthma; 39 patients completed the study. Interventions Patients received either intravenous aminophylline or placebo in addition to frequent nebulized albuterol; prednisone 0.5 mg/kg body weight every 6 h orally; and supplemental oxygen. Aminophylline infusion rates were adjusted to achieve serum theophylline concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml. Changes were made in placebo infusion rates to maintain the double blind design. Measurements and results Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) and other spirometric measurements before and after albuterol inhalation were measured every 8 h by a blinded investigator or trained respiratory therapist. Subjective patient response and duration of hospitalization were compared. No difference in spirometric measurements was observed between the two groups at any time point. On admission to the study, FEV 1 in the placebo group was 41.5 (±2.9) percent predicted and in the aminophylline group 34.7 (±2.3) percent predicted (p = 0.08). At discharge, FEV 1 was 70.4 (±2.9) percent predicted in the placebo group and 63.7 (±2.8) percent predicted in the theophylline group (p=0.10). There was no difference in subjective patient rating or duration of hospitalization between the two groups (placebo 1.95 days and aminophylline 1.78 days, p=0.51). Conclusions Our results suggest that aminophylline therapy does not add significant benefit to other standard therapies in hospitalized adult asthmatic patients. Because of the risks and cost of aminophylline treatment in the hospital setting, further research is needed to determine if there are subgroups of adult asthmatics who may benefit from the addition of aminophylline to other standard optimal therapies.
Cytoskeleton-bound polysomes in plants. III. Polysome-cytoskeleton-membrane interactions in corn endosperm.

Over 80% of the polysomes in corn endosperm sediment along with protein bodies at 30 xg from seeds ground in cytoskeleton-stabilizing buffer. The cytoskeleton-disrupting agents, Tris-HCl, K+, heparin, and sodium deoxycholate cause polysome release, while protease K and the non-ionic detergent, PTE, are effective only in the presence of these agents, and RNase is almost without effect. We suggest that many of the polysomes in corn endosperm are associated via their ribosomes, but not mRNA or nascent polypeptides with the actin component of the cytoskeleton and only indirectly with membranes. Corn endosperm homogenates examined under the fluorescence microscope show polysomes coating individual protein bodies and co-localizing with actin, but not with ER.
Obstructive sleep apnoea in children: perioperative considerations

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has become a major public health concern as its incidence and severity have increased in tandem with the obesity epidemic. In children, OSA is now recognized as a common disorder and can be associated with significant morbidity. OSA belongs to a spectrum of diagnoses known as sleep-related breathing disorders in which the airway is completely (apnoea) or partially (hypopnoea) occluded during sleep despite continued respiratory efforts. This airway obstruction can cause abnormal gas exchange leading to hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, and their attendant physiological and behavioural consequences. The degrees of hypercapnia, hypoxaemia, and upper airway airflow reduction are the primary factors determining the severity of OSA. In young children, adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the most common anatomical abnormality associated with OSA, and adenotonsillectomy is, therefore, the most common surgical intervention. Perioperative complications associated with adenotonsillectomy are more common in children with severe OSA. A thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of OSA, careful and complete preoperative assessment, meticulous intraoperative and postoperative management, and early recognition of potential perioperative complications are essential to optimization of outcomes. The safe anaesthetic management of a child with OSA requires an anaesthetic technique tailored to the underlying aetiology and severity of OSA and the surgical procedure. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of OSA, and the state-of-the-art and future directions in the perioperative management of children with OSA.
Ga actions on c3 and c7

All proper rational actions of the additive group on complex affine three space admit equivariant trivializations with quotient isomorphic to complex two space. An example of an additive group action on complex seven space with a nonfmitely generated ring of invariants is presented.
Morphology and basement of the Sahul Shelf

Abstract By tracing lineaments from the land into the adjacent Sahul Shelf, previous authors speculated that the bathymetric rises on the shelf correspond to areas of relatively shallow Precambrian rocks, and a bathymetric depression to deeper Precambrian rocks. A recent aeromagnetic survey confirms these speculations: the bathymetric depression corresponds in detail with the axis of a non-magnetic section 6 km thick, and the bathymetric rises with crests of a thinner non-magnetic section. The shelf morphology is thus a subtle reflection of regional structure, and originated by the rejuvenation of very ancient structural patterns. In the adjacent Timor Trough, the submarine morphology does not correspond with the depth of the magnetic basement, indicating a different kind of structural history.
ON GEE-BASED REGRESSION ESTIMATORS UNDER FIRST MOMENT MISSPECIFICATION

tors that solve an equation. In common special cases, estimating equation-based estimators have appeal because fhev correspond to the maximum oi minimum of an objective function. In such cases, an intuitively reasonable criterion for estimation, such as minimizing the Euclidean distance between the observation vector and the fitted value, motivates the procedure. In general, however, solutions of estimating equations need not minimize an objective function. Therefore, when the assumed model for the data is inaccurate, it is unclear what aspect of the data is being described by an estimating equation-based estimator. Since the landmark article of Liang and Zeger (1986), there has been considerable interest in using estimating equations for longitudinal and other clustered data. In this paper we examine the form of the regression parameter estimand under model misspecification when estimating equations related to Liang and Zeger's generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are used for model fitting. Closed fo...
Separation of dimer acids using enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography

Abstract The polymerization products of C18 fatty acids are complex mixtures of high dimeric, trimeric and higher molecular weight liquid acids. The current separation method for these mixtures involves a lengthy normal-phase HPLC gradient and the use of primary standards that are prepared via a semi-preparative HPLC. In this study, enhanced-fluidity liquid mobile phases, methanol/CO 2 and methanol/CHF 3 , were studied as a possible alternative methodology for the separation of dimer and trimer acids. This study demonstrated that enhanced-fluidity liquid chromatography provides several advantages over normal-phase HPLC with conventional solvents. These advantages included faster speed of analysis, lower consumption of organic solvents, and much improved sample throughput. The best separation of dimer acids was achieved on a silica column using a steep methanol concentration gradient. Methanol/CO 2 and methanol/CHF 3 mixtures showed comparable elution strength using this steep gradient on the silica stationary phase. However, these polar compounds showed a normal-phase type retention on five reversed-phase columns which indicated an unusual retention mechanism.
The insulin gene is located on chromosome 11 in humans

The polypeptide hormone insulin is required for normal glucose homeostasis. Insulin deprivation results in diabetes, a disease affecting up to 5% of the human population1,2. In some animals there are two insulin genes3; however, in most others, including humans, a single gene is present. The conclusion that there is a single insulin gene in humans is based on the finding of a single insulin species and on genetic studies involving mutant insulin alleles4,5. As the pattern of inheritance of insulin defects is not sex linked, the insulin gene must be located on an autosomal chromosome5. Recently, genomic DNA segments containing the human and rat insulin genes have been cloned and the DNA has been sequenced6–8. The fact that mouse and rat insulins are identical3 suggests that the insulin gene sequences and organization are similar. A knowledge of the restriction endonuclease map for the human and mouse insulin genes enables human or mouse insulin DNA sequences to be distinguished in somatic cell hybrids between the two species. In the present study, somatic cell hybrid gene mapping methodologies9 have been used to determine the chromosome localization10 of the human insulin gene. Human–mouse cell hybrids with different numbers and combinations of human chromosomes were examined for the presence of specific human chromosomes and the human insulin gene using cloned human and rat cDNA probes. A 14-kilobase DNA fragment containing the human insulin gene was present in some cell hybrids and was easily distinguished from the DNA fragments containing the mouse insulin gene found in all cell hybrids. Co-existence of the 14-kilobase fragment and chromosome 11 indicate that the insulin gene resolves on chromosome 11 in humans.
Stimulation of collagen production in an in vitro model for Peyronie's disease.

Aims of this study This study evaluated whether human cavernosal myofibroblasts in cell culture is a viable model for the study of the role of oxygen free radicals in the production of collagen types I and III, as observed in Peyronie's disease. Method Human cavernosal cells in primary culture were incubated with 3H-proline in the absence or presence of (i) glyceraldehyde; (ii) alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E); (iii) a combination of the two; or (iv) gamma interferon alone or in combination with glyceraldehyde. Collagen production was monitored after precipitation by specific monoclonal antibody and quantitated using a scintillation counter. Results Collagen type III was stimulated to higher than baseline values after doses of 10 and 100 microM glyceraldehyde was added and showed suppression of stimulation with incorporation of alpha-tocopherol. There was a 40% increase in collagen type III production as compared to baseline values in glyceraldehyde-treated cells. Collagen type I showed no consistent stimulation or suppression. In glyceraldehyde-stimulated transformed caveronsal cells, alpha-tocopherol treatment caused a 10-60% decrease in collagen type I and III production. With the addition of 100,000 IU/ml gamma interferon, a significant reduction of both collagen types I and III was observed. Conclusions The generation of oxygen radicals is associated with the stimulation of collagen production in cavernosal cells. Transformed fibroblasts from cavernosal cells in culture can be utilized to explore possible etiologies of Peyronie's disease and to further evaluate potential medical therapies for this pathological condition.
X-ray Spectroscopy of Nitric Oxide Binding to Iron in Inactive Nitrile Hydratase and a Synthetic Model Compound

Analysis of the iron K-edge X-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of the “dark”, inactive form of nitrile hydratase (NHdk) from Rhodococcus sp. R312 confirms a 1:1 stoichiometry of nitric oxide bound to low-spin iron(III). We also report XAS analyses of four iron complexes of the pentadentate ligands 2,3,13,14-tetramethyl-4,8,12-triaza-3,12-pentadecadiene-2,14-dithiolate (L2-, also denoted as S2Me2N3(Pr,Pr)2-) and 2,12-dimethyl-3,7,11-triaza-2,11-tridecadiene-1,13-dithiolate (L‘2-, also denoted as S2N3(Pr,Pr)2-): five-coordinate FeIIL‘ and FeL+ and low-spin six-coordinate FeL(N3) and FeL(NO)+ (cationic species are PF6- salts). The XAS of FeL(N3) and FeL(NO)+ closely mimic the spectra of butyrate-stabilized active nitrile hydratase (NHlt) and NHdk, respectively. The 1s → 3d pre-edge peak is about twice as intense in five-coordinate FeL+ than for the remaining samples, suggesting that the iron in both NHlt and NHdk is six-coordinate. This peak and other edge features are 1 eV higher in energy for NHdk and FeL(NO...
A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders: A facet level analysis

Abstract Theory and research have suggested that the personality disorders contained within the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) can be understood as maladaptive variants of the personality traits included within the five-factor model (FFM). The current meta-analysis of FFM personality disorder research both replicated and extended the 2004 work of Saulsman and Page (The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1055–1085) through a facet level analysis that provides a more specific and nuanced description of each DSM-IV-TR personality disorder. The empirical FFM profiles generated for each personality disorder were generally congruent at the facet level with hypothesized FFM translations of the DSM-IV-TR personality disorders. However, notable exceptions to the hypotheses did occur and even some findings that were consistent with FFM theory could be said to be instrument specific.
Computational Design of a Self-Assembling β-Peptide Oligomer

The first computationally designed self-assembling oligomer consisting of exclusively β-amino acids (βAAs) is presented. The packing of a β-314 helix into coiled-coils of varying stoichiometries as a function of amino acid sequence is examined. β-Peptides with hVal repeating every third residue in the sequence appeared to have a strong propensity to pack into hexameric bundles. The designed sequence was synthesized and characterized with CD spectroscopy, NMR, and analytical ultracentrifugation, suggesting that the peptide adopts a well-folded hexameric structure.
Co‐operation and conflict between firms, communities, new social movements and the role of government v. Cerro De San Pedro case

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to analyze relationships of cooperation and conflict between a mining company and the involved communities, focusing on the presence of the mining company (MSX) in Cerro de San Pedro, Mexico.Design/methodology/approach – The paper focuses on the co‐operation and conflict between firms, communities, new social movements and the role of government.Findings – The presence of the mining company has caused a severe social conflict among the inhabitants of San Pedro, Soledad y San Luis, alerting all who are concerned with historic heritage, cultural and environmental issues. At the center of the controversy is the cheap and efficient technology. Federal and state laws were violated. It is quite evident that there was a lack of sensitivity of foreign mining companies toward the consequences of their activities upon the communities and environment. This case also shows the lack of negotiation between firms, communities, new social movements and governments. Information about ext...
Quantitative analysis of graded Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 thin films by AES, ICP-OES, and EPMA

Abstract The overall composition and the compositional profile of the quaternary semiconductor Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 (CIGS) have strong effects on the performance of photovoltaic devices based on it. Recent work that has yielded ∼20% efficient solar cells based on CIGS has forced extra attention on quantitative analysis of the absorber layers. In this paper we present details of the procedures used to generate detailed compositional profiles of graded Cu(In1−x,Gax)Se2 thin films by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) that when integrated, agree quantitatively with inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) data on the same films. The effects of sample rotation during sputter depth profiling on the quantification results are described. Details of the procedures used for the ICP-OES and wavelength-dispersed electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) analyses are also presented. Finally, we show why X-ray microanalysis techniques alone should not be used to argue that specific windows of copper and gallium concentrations can yield high performance devices.
A Mutational Analysis of the Amino Terminal Domain of the Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 Oncoprotein

The human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) E7 oncoprotein shares structural and functional similarity with the adenovirus (Ad) E1A protein and the SV40 large tumor antigen (TAg). Like these other DNA tumor virus oncoproteins, HPV-16 E7 interacts with the "pocket proteins," a family of host cellular proteins that include the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein and can cooperate with the ras oncogene to transform primary rodent cells. Mutational analyses have indicated that amino acid sequences outside of the pRB binding region are also important for the cellular transformation property of HPV-16 E7. These sequences include an amino terminal domain of the E7 protein that is similar to a portion of conserved region 1 of Ad E1A. In this study it is shown that the homologous amino acid sequences in Ad E1A and SV40 TAg are functionally interchangeable with the amino terminal HPV-16 E7 domain in transformation assays. Deletion analysis across the amino terminus of HPV-16 E7 indicated that the overall integrity of the entire CR1 homology domain is important for the biological activity of the HPV E7 oncoprotein.
Direct isolation in cell-free medium of a spiroplasma fromHaemaphysalis leporispalustris (Acari: Ixodidae) in Maryland

A spiroplasma isolate, was obtained from rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) taken from cottontail rabbits in Maryland by inoculation of tick suspensions into SP-4 medium. The isolate was indistinguishable from an experimental vertebrate pathogen (suckling mouse cataract agent spiroplasma) when tested with other plant and tick spiroplasmas in growth inhibition, deformation, and metabolism inhibition tests. The isolated organism had a pathogenic profile for suckling rats and embryonated chicken eggs that differed significantly from that of other suckling mouse cataract agent strains. This is the first report of a direct spiroplasma isolation from ticks in cell-free medium, and confirms the specific association of spiroplasmas of the suckling mouse cataract agent serogroup with rabbit ticks.
Glycosylsphingolipids from Euonymus japonicus Thunb.

Abstract The stem bark of Euonymus japonicus Thunb. led to the isolation of three new glycosylsphingolipids ( 1 – 3 ), 1- O -[- L -rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- β - D -glucopyranosyl]-(2 S ,3 R ,9 E )-2- N -[(2 R )-hydroxystearoyl]-octadecasphinga-9-ene (euojaposphingoside A, 1 ), 1- O -[ β - D -glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)- β - D -glucopyranosyl]-(2 S ,3 R ,4 R ,11 E )-2- N -[(2 R )-hydroxydocasanoyl]-octadecasphinga-11-ene (euojaposphingoside B, 2 ), 1- O -[ β - D -glucopyranosyl]-2′- O -[ β - D -glucopyranosyl]-(2 S ,3 R ,4 R ,11 E )-2- N -[(2 R )-hydroxytetracosanoyl]-octadecasphinga-11-ene (euojaposphingoside C, 3 ) along with three known glycosylsphingolipids ( 4 – 6 ), 1- O -[ β - D -glucopyranosyl]-(2 S ,3 R ,9 E )-3-hydroxymethyl-2- N -[(2 R )-hydroxynonacosanoyl)-tridecasphinga-9-ene ( 4 ), 1- O -[ β - D -glucopyranosyl]-(2 S ,3 R ,9 E ,12 E )-2- N -[(2 R )-hydroxytetracosanoyl] octadecasphinga-9,12–diene ( 5 ), 1- O -[ β - D -glucopyranosyl]-(2 S ,3 R ,5 R ,9 E )-2- N -[tridecanoyl] nonacosasphinga-9-ene ( 6 ), lupeol ( 7 ), stigmasterol ( 8 ), sitosterol (β and α) ( 9 , 10 ) and β -carotene ( 11 ). The structure of all the compounds was achieved by spectroscopic and chemical data analysis. The antiplasmodial, antileismanial and cytotoxic activity of all compounds was tested.
Design Process Analysis: A Measurement and Analysis Technique

The range of services provided by design automation computing centers covers a broad spectrum. At one end of this spectrum is the center which provides pure computation power only. It is the user's responsibility to select, install, and tune the applications as well as to debug the resultant output. At the other end, it is the turnkey center which provides a near total service, relegating the user to job selection from a fixed set of installed applications with which to accomplish the design task.The most effective design automation center combines the healthy attributes of these two extremes: buffering the user from I/S considerations, freeing him to concentrate on the design task; and providing the I/S center with application understanding and involvement to allow for proper system tuning.The management information technique to achieve the desired objectives of improved user productivity and cycle time is referred to as design process analysis (DPA).Detailed definitions of the data flow nodes as well as samples of the type of output obtainable from such a DPA system are covered in the presentation.Management of an effective design automation center is a demanding and ongoing task, combining the skill levels of people, the capabilities of the DA applications, and the processing power of the computer center. Tuning this combination in a disciplined and orderly manner to provide the most timely and cost effective solutions to design problems requires an automatic data collection system driving a dynamic model of the design process. Utilizing the techniques of design process analysis, such an objective can be met
IBOX(2-(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-iodobenzoxazole): a ligand for imaging amyloid plaques in the brain.

It is well known that overproduction and accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques in the brain is a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously it was demonstrated that [125I]TZDM, 2-(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-iodobenzothiazole, a thioflavin derivative, was an effective ligand with good in vitro and in vivo binding characteristics. To further improve the initial uptake and washout rate from the brain, important properties for in vivo imaging agents, a novel radioiodinated ligand, 2-(4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-iodobenzoxazole ([125I]IBOX, 3), for detecting Abeta plaques in the brain, was synthesized and evaluated. The new iodinated ligand, IBOX, is based on an isosteric replacement of a sulfur atom of TZDM by an oxygen, by which the molecular weight is reduced while the lipophilicity of the iodinated ligand is increased. Partition coefficients (P.C.) of these two ligands were 70 and 124 for TZDM and IBOX, respectively. In vitro binding study indicated that the isosteric displacement yielded a new ligand with equal binding potency to Abeta(1-40) aggregates (K(i) = 1.9 and 0.8 nM for TZDM and IBOX, respectively). Autoradiography of postmortem brain sections of a confirmed AD patient by [125I]IBOX showed excellent labeling of plaques similar to that observed with [125I]TZDM. More importantly, in vivo biodistribution of [125I]IBOX in normal mice displayed superior peak brain uptake (2.08% at 30 min vs 1.57% at 60 min dose/brain for [125I]IBOX and [125I]TZDM, respectively). In addition, the washout from the brain was much faster for [125I]IBOX as compared to [125I]TZDM. Based on the data presented for [125I]IBOX, it is predicted that the brain trapping of this new radioiodinated ligand in the Abeta containing regions will be more favorable than that of the parent compound, [125I]TZDM. Further evaluation of [125I]IBOX is warranted to confirm the Abeta plaque labeling properties in vivo.
The changing role of eosinophils in long-term hyperreactivity following a single ozone exposure.

Ozone hyperreactivity over 24 h is mediated by blockade of inhibitory M2 muscarinic autoreceptors by eosinophil major basic protein. Because eosinophil populations in the lungs fluctuate following ...
Human Papillomavirus-Associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Survival: A Comparison by Tumor Site and Initial Treatment

Recent evidence suggests that human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients have better survival than HPV-negative patients. However, it is unclear if similar patterns for survival exist across different tumor sites, and whether HPV-associated prognosis is modified by type of treatment. We prospectively tested 222 histologically confirmed HNSCC primary tumors for HPV DNA by PCR and HPV E6/E7 RNA by RT-PCR prior to treatment at a large urban health center. Cox proportional hazard ratio models were constructed to assess HPV-associated differences in overall and disease-specific survival adjusting for clinical and demographic covariates. HPV detection varied significantly by primary HNSCC tumor site, from 35 % for oropharynx, to 25 % for hypopharynx, 5 % for larynx, and 3 % for oral cavity (p < 0.0001), with HPV16 accounting for the majority (95 %) of HPV-positive tumors. The hazard-risk of overall and disease-specific death comparing HPV16-positive versus negative oropharyngeal HNSCC was reduced by 74 and 89 %, respectively (p values < 0.05), and was independent of other prognostic indicators; no statistically significant changes in outcomes were observed for non-oropharyngeal HNSCC sites. Prediction of overall survival was better with combined DNA and RNA HPV16 positive PCR detection. There was no difference in HPV16-associated survival whether patients received either surgery or (chemo)radiotherapy as their initial treatment modality. Improved HPV-associated HNSCC survival is limited to patients with oropharyngeal primaries. No selective treatment advantage is observed for HPV-positive tumors, although clinical trials are needed to evaluate which treatment modalities provide the most benefit for HPV-positive HNSCC.
Synthesis and assembly of spectrin during avian erythropoiesis: Stoichiometric assembly but unequal synthesis of α and β spectrin

The synthesis and assembly of spectrin was investigated in erythroid cells during chicken embryo development. Immunoprecipitation of Triton X-100-soluble and -insoluble cytoskeletal fractions with alpha- and beta-spectrin antisera show that, at steady state, alpha and beta spectrin are present in stoichiometric amounts, and exclusively, in the cytoskeleton. However, pulse labeling of cells and in vitro translation of total erythroid cell RNA reveal that alpha spectrin is synthesized in a two to three fold excess over beta spectrin. Pulse-chase experiments show that newly synthesized alpha and beta spectrin are present in both the cytoskeletal and soluble fractions, and that stoichiometric amounts are stably assembled in the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, there is a severalfold excess of alpha relative to beta spectrin in the soluble fraction, both of which turn over with a half-life of 50 min. In cells from 4 day old embryos, more than 80% of the newly synthesized beta spectrin, but only 10% of the alpha spectrin, are present in the cytoskeleton. Thus, early in development, the association of alpha and beta spectrin with the membrane-cytoskeleton may be rate-limited by the amount of beta spectrin synthesized. Later on in erythroid development, progressively lesser proportions of newly synthesized beta spectrin are present in the cytoskeleton, suggesting that during development, the rate of association of beta spectrin with the membrane-cytoskeleton becomes limited by some other membrane-cytoskeletal component.
Effects of thermal history on the peel strength of linear polyethylene

Peel strength of linear polyethylene–aluminum bonds is strongly affected by thermal history. Slow cooling from the melt resulted in 10 lb/in. peel strength; quenching, in 50–90 lb/in.; annealing of quenched bonds reduced the peel strength to 30 lb/in. Adhesion to aluminum was obtained by treating the substrates in a solution of vinyl triethoxysilane. Cohesive failure occurred regardless of thermal treatment. The changes in peel strength were not due to changes in strength of the bulk polymer. Rather, the volume of polymer deformed in peeling seemed to correlate with strength. No correlation was found between peel strength and degree of crystallinity or of transcrystalline orientation. Segregation resulting in a weak boundary layer seems to be the probable cause of the dependence of peel strength on cooling rate, and changes in the tie molecule configuration, the cause of loss of strength on annealing.
Some considerations pertaining to the use of the Doppler-broadening positron annihilation technique for in-field non-destructive evaluation testing

Abstract Positron annihilation techniques have been used extensively in laboratory studies of defects in metals. Because of its non-destructive nature, it is natural to consider the application of positron annihilation to in-field testing. Concerns which are raised by the consideration of in-field testing include the effect of the source-sample-detector configuration and the effect of surface preparation on the sensitivity of the technique. The present study found these two variables to have very little influence on Doppler-broadening positron annihilation measurements.
5α,6α- AND 5β,6β-dichloromethylene adducts of 3β-acetoxy-5-androsten-17-one

Abstract Both the 5α, 6α- and 5β, 6β-dichloromethylene adducts ( 2a and 2b ) of 3β-acetoxy-5-androsten-17-one ( 1 ) are produced when the latter is exposed to dichlorocarbene generated from chloroform and base by Phase Transfer Catalysis using ultrasound as a means of agitation. The 1H NMR substituent effects of 5α, 6α- and 5β, 6β-dichloromethylene on the angular methyl groups (Zurcher values) are given. The 13C NMR spectra for both compounds are presented and discussed.
Flexible transparent conductors based on metal nanowire networks

Few conductors are transparent and flexible. Metals have the best electrical conductivity, but they are opaque and stiff in bulk form. However, metals can be transparent and flexible when they are very thin or properly arranged on the nanoscale. This review focuses on the flexible transparent conductors based on percolating networks of metal. Specifically, we discuss the fabrication, the means to improve the electrical conductivity, the large stretchability and its mechanism, and the applications of these metal networks. We also suggest some criteria for evaluating flexible transparent conductors and propose some new research directions in this emerging field.
Spillover of CO and H2 onto Al2O3 surfaces

Abstract Temperature-programmed reaction and desorption (TPR, TPD) for Al 2 O 3 physically mixed with supported Ni catalysts show directly that one of the two CH 4 peaks observed previously for TPR (CO hydrogenation) on Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalysts results from spillover of adsorbed species onto Al 2 O 3 and is not due to adsorption on unreduced Ni sites. Temperature-programmed desorption from physical mixtures of Al 2 O 3 and 19% Ni/Al 2 O 3 indicates that the support-bound species is a HCO complex, and the stoichiometry is consistent with that of a CH 3 O species. The concentration of CH 3 0 on Al 2 O 3 is estimated to be approximately 1 μmol/m 2 A1203 (350 μmol/g A1203). Though CH 3 O does not form on the SiO 2 support of Ni/SiO 2 , it does form on physical mixtures of Ni/SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 that were prepared to provide good contact between particles. The rate of spillover appears to increase with the closer proximity between the support and the catalyst, higher Ni surface area, and better contact between the particles, but it also depends on the Al 2 O 3 area available for transfer. The rate of CH 3 O hydrogenation increases with Ni surface area. An unexplained loss in Ni surface area was observed with physical mixtures of Al 2 O 3 and catalysts that were prepared by crushing the particles while wet.
High-frequency nonlinearity analysis of common-emitter and differential-pair transconductance stages

Equations describing the high-frequency nonlinear behavior of common-emitter and differential-pair transconductance stages are derived. The equations show that transconductance stages using inductive degeneration are more linear than those using capacitive or resistive degeneration, and that the common-emitter transconductance stages are more linear than the differential-pair transconductance stages with the same bias current and transconductance. The nonlinearity equations can also be used to explain the class AB behavior of the common-emitter transconductance stage with inductive degeneration.
Carrier effect in the analysis of phenylurea herbicides using high-performance liquid chromatoeraphy—particle beam-mass spectrometry

Abstract The structural similarity between phenylurea and the herbicides diuron, linuron, and monuron is exploited to enhance the analysis for the chlorophenylureas using high-performance liquid chromatography—particle beam-mass spectrometry. Phenylurea functions as the analyte “carrier” through the particle beam interface, improving the detection limits and the linearity of the calibration curves for the cited compounds of the herbicide class. Combined with solid phase extraction the method provides a rapid and reliable analysis for the chlorophenylureas in water matrices.
Endogenous leadership in incentive contracts

Abstract We study the effect of leadership on incentive contracts in a moral-hazard framework. In our model, agents are allowed to choose the timing of their actions. The agents may choose their effort levels simultaneously or sequentially. We show that relative performance evaluation leads to a subgame in which agents make simultaneous effort choices, whereas joint performance evaluation yields a subgame in which agents make sequential effort choices. Since agents exert more effort in the sequential game, the principal uses joint performance evaluation to induce the leader–follower relationship among agents.