cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
China's emissions trading system and an ETS-carbon tax hybrid

Abstract China is introducing a national carbon emission trading system (ETS), with details yet to be finalized. The ETS is expected to cover only the major emitters but it is often argued that a more comprehensive system will achieve the emission goals at lower cost. We first examine an ETS that covers both electricity and cement sectors and consider an ambitious cap starting in 2017 that will meet the official objective to reduce the carbon-GDP intensity by 60–65% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels. The two ETS-covered industries are compensated with an output-based subsidy to represent the intention to give free permits to the covered enterprises. We then consider a hybrid system where the non-ETS sectors pay a carbon tax and share in the CO2 reduction burden. Our simulations indicate that hybrid systems will achieve the same CO2 goals with lower permit prices and GDP losses. We also show how auctioning of the permits improves the efficiency of the ETS and the hybrid systems. Finally, we find that these CO2 control policies are progressive in that higher income households bear a bigger burden.
Indoor Localization Using Smartphone Magnetic and Light Sensors: a Deep LSTM Approach

With the increasing demand for location-based services, indoor localization has attracted great interest. In this paper, we present DeepML, a deep long short-term memory (LSTM) based system for indoor localization using magnetic and light sensors on smartphones. We experimentally verify the feasibility of using bimodal data from magnetic and light sensors for indoor localization for closed environments where there is no ambient light. We then design the DeepML system, which first builds bimodal images by data preprocessing, and then trains a deep LSTM network in the offline phase. Newly received magnetic field and light data are then exploited for estimating the location of the mobile device using a probabilistic method. The extensive experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed DeepML system.
When Experiential Education Intersects with Learning Disabilities.

While experiential education has been an essential component of pharmacy education for many years, access to experiential education for students with disabilities continues to be a challenge and an evolving topic. Learning disabilities (eg, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia,
Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) intraspecific and interspecific interference in soybean

Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Clinton, NC, to quantify the effects of season-long interference of large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) on ‘AG6536’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Weed density treatments consisted of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 plants m−2 for A. palmeri and 0, 1, 2, 4, and 16 plants m−2 for D. sanguinalis with (interspecific interference) and without (intraspecific interference) soybean to determine the impacts on weed biomass, soybean biomass, and seed yield. Biomass per square meter increased with increasing weed density for both weed species with and without soybean present. Biomass per square meter of D. sanguinalis was 617% and 37% greater when grown without soybean than with soybean, for 1 and 16 plants m−2 respectively. Biomass per square meter of A. palmeri was 272% and 115% greater when grown without soybean than with soybean for 1 and 8 plants m−2, respectively. Biomass per plant for D. sanguinalis and A. palmeri grown without soybean was greatest at the 1 plant m−2 density. Biomass per plant of D. sanguinalis plants across measured densities was 33% to 83% greater when grown without soybean compared with biomass per plant when soybean was present for 1 and 16 plants m−2, respectively. Similarly, biomass per plant for A. palmeri was 56% to 74% greater when grown without soybean for 1 and 8 plants m−2, respectively. Biomass per plant of either weed species was not affected by weed density when grown with soybean due to interspecific competition with soybean. Yield loss for soybean grown with A. palmeri ranged from 14% to 37% for densities of 1 to 8 plants m−2, respectively, with a maximum yield loss estimate of 49%. Similarly, predicted loss for soybean grown with D. sanguinalis was 0 % to 37% for densities of 1 to 16 m−2 with a maximum yield loss estimate of 50%. Soybean biomass was not affected by weed species or density. Results from these studies indicate that A. palmeri is more competitive than D. sanguinalis at lower densities, but that similar yield loss can occur when densities greater than 4 plants m−2 of either weed are present.
Off-label use of dupilumab for pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis: A multicenter retrospective review.

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic type 2 inflammatory skin disease, typically starting in infancy, with increased risk for subsequent extracutaneous atopic morbidities. Dupilumab is the first biologic agent targeting type 2 inflammation approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA); it was licensed in 2017 for adults with moderate to severe AD and 2 years later for adolescents. Systemic treatment for pediatric AD remains a significant unmet medical need. Objective To analyze off-label use of dupilumab in children with AD. Methods Multicenter retrospective review that evaluated children who were prescribed dupilumab for moderate to severe AD. Results One hundred eleven of 124 patients (89.5%) gained access to dupilumab after a mean of 9 weeks. The dosing range was 4 to 15.5 mg/kg for the loading dose and 2.0 to 15.3 mg/kg every other week for maintenance. The range was widest for 6- to 11-year-olds and was related to use of either full or half of adult dosing. Associated morbidities, treatment response, and adverse events were comparable to those in previous adolescent and adult trials. Limitations The retrospective design of the study limited uniform data collection. Conclusion Access to dupilumab was achievable for the majority of children after a mean 9-week delay because of insurance payment denial. This review supports dupilumab response and tolerability in children. Optimal dosing for patients younger than 12 years has not been defined. Availability of the drug in 2 different concentrations is an important safety issue.
Stagnating National Declines in Stroke Mortality Mask Widespread County-Level Increases, 2010-2016.

Background and Purpose— Recent national and state-level trends show a stalling or reversal of previously declining stroke death rates. These national trends may mask local geographic variation and ...
Hamiltonian and Langevin Monte Carlo

Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) is a powerful framework for sampling from high-dimensional continuous distributions. Langevin Monte Carlo (LMC) is a special case of HMC that is widely used in Deep Learning applications. Given an n-dimensional continuous density P(X), the only requirement for implementing HMC is the differentiability of the energy \(U(X) = - \log P(X)\). Like other MCMC methods (e.g. slice sampling, Swendsen-Wang cuts), HMC introduces auxiliary variables to facilitate movement in the original space. In HMC, the original variables represent position, and the auxiliary variables represent momentum. Each position dimension has a single corresponding momentum variable, so the joint space of the original and auxiliary variables has dimension 2n, twice the size of the original space. Once the momentum variables are introduced, Hamilton’s Equations are used to simulate the time evolution of a physical system with potential energy U. The properties of Hamilton’s Equations ensure that movement in the joint space preserves the distribution of P in the original space.
6.17 – Somatosensory Neurotoxicity: Agents and Assessment Methodology☆

The somatosensory system is comprised of a variety of sensory receptors located in the skin, muscle tendons, and visceral organs that are innervated by myelinated and nonmyelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system. These peripheral sensory nerve fibers in turn communicate somatosensory information to spinal reflex pathways and to the ascending sensory tracts and integration centers of the central nervous system. The consequences of somatosensory toxicity may appear as abnormal paresthesia, tingling or burning sensations, or deficits in sensitivity to touch, vibration, pain, temperature, or position sense. The evaluation of somatosensory function may be accomplished through a variety of behavioral and neurophysiological procedures. Somatosensory toxicity may follow exposure to industrial chemicals, natural toxins, or therapeutic agents. For example, somatosensory neurotoxicity may be an important dose-limiting side effect for several chemotherapeutic drugs. This article provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the somatosensory system, behavioral and neurophysiological assessment techniques, and selected chemicals or chemical classes that can produce somatosensory toxicity.
DNA methylation and congenital heart disease pathogenesis

The roles that DNA methylation play in the congenital heart disease have recently begun to come to light.The abonormal DNA meghylation pattern on key regulation gne during heart development,such as T-box,CHD7,LINE1,methylenetrahydrofolate reductase,changed the expression of those gene,and increased the incidence of the congenital heart disease.The DNA methylation could be determined by sequencing,methylationsensitive PCR and combined bisulfate restriction anylysis.To study the DNA methylation will not only reveal the mechanism of congenital heart disease,but also provide a new strategy for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Key words: Congenital heart disease; DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Gene; Direct sequencing
Copper-Catalyzed C–H Fluorination/Functionalization Sequence Enabling Benzylic C–H Cross Coupling with Diverse Nucleophiles

Site-selective transformation of benzylic C-H bonds into diverse functional groups is achieved via Cu-catalyzed C-H fluorination with N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI), followed by substitution of the resulting fluoride with various nucleophiles. The benzyl fluorides generated in these reactions are reactive electrophiles in the presence of hydrogen-bond donors or Lewis acids, allowing them to be used without isolation in C-O, C-N, and C-C coupling reactions.
Lung Injury: Techniques

Thoracic trauma is a common occurrence and may be caused by either penetrating or blunt injury. A majority of patients with chest trauma sustain either a pneumothorax or hemothorax, and most of these injuries can be managed nonoperatively with either observation or a chest tube. Surgical intervention may still be indicated and may require a lung repair or resection. In general, blunt injuries have a lower incidence of operative requirements compared to penetrating injury; however, critical blunt thoracic injury often causes more severe and diffuse lung damage. Thus, patients who require thoracotomy following blunt trauma often require more extensive resections and are associated with higher mortality.
Pain and functional outcomes in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort study

Background: Although survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of chronic pain, the impact of pain on daily functioning is not well understood. Methods: A total of 2836 survivors (mean age, 32.2 years [SD, 8.5 years]; mean time since diagnosis, 23.7 years [SD, 8.2 years]) and 343 noncancer community controls (mean age, 35.5 years [SD, 10.2 years]) underwent comprehensive medical, neurocognitive, and physical performance assessments, and completed measures of pain, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and social functioning. Multinomial logistic regression models, using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), examined associations between diagnosis, treatment exposures, chronic health conditions, and pain. Relative risks (RRs) between pain and neurocognition, physical performance, social functioning, and HRQOL were examined using modified Poisson regression. Results: Approximately 18% of survivors (95% CI, 16.1%-18.9%) versus 8% of controls (95% CI, 5.0%-10.9%) reported moderate to very severe pain with moderate to extreme daily interference (P <.001). Severe and life-threatening chronic health conditions were associated with an increased likelihood of pain with interference (odds ratio, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.62-2.54). Pain with daily interference was found to be associated with an increased risk of impaired neurocognition (attention: RR, 1.88 [95% CI, 1.46-2.41]; and memory: RR, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.25-2.17]), physical functioning (aerobic capacity: RR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.84-2.84]; and mobility: RR, 1.71 [95% CI, 1.42-2.06]), social functioning (inability to hold a job and/or attend school: RR, 4.46 [95% CI, 3.45-5.76]; and assistance with routine and/or personal care needs: RR, 5.64 [95% CI, 3.92-8.10]), and HRQOL (physical: RR, 6.34 [95% CI, 5.04-7.98]; and emotional: RR, 2.83 [95% CI, 2.28-3.50]). Conclusions: Survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of pain and associated functional impairments. Survivors should be screened routinely for pain and interventions targeting pain interference are needed. (Less)
Correlates of Support Utilization After Experiencing a Sexual Assault Among College Women and Men

Though previous research has examined survivors’ use of formal and informal services, less research has looked at whether sexual orientation, race, and different sexual assault types (e.g., coerciv...
Eosinophil Responses at the Airway Epithelial Barrier during the Early Phase of Influenza A Virus Infection in C57BL/6 Mice

Eosinophils, previously considered terminally differentiated effector cells, have multifaceted functions in tissues. We previously found that allergic mice with eosinophil-rich inflammation were protected from severe influenza and discovered specialized antiviral effector functions for eosinophils including promoting cellular immunity during influenza. In this study, we hypothesized that eosinophil responses during the early phase of influenza contribute to host protection. Using in vitro and in vivo models, we found that eosinophils were rapidly and dynamically regulated upon influenza A virus (IAV) exposure to gain migratory capabilities to traffic to lymphoid organs after pulmonary infection. Eosinophils were capable of neutralizing virus upon contact and combinations of eosinophil granule proteins reduced virus infectivity through hemagglutinin inactivation. Bi-directional crosstalk between IAV-exposed epithelial cells and eosinophils occurred after IAV infection and cross-regulation promoted barrier responses to improve antiviral defenses in airway epithelial cells. Direct interactions between eosinophils and airway epithelial cells after IAV infection prevented virus-induced cytopathology in airway epithelial cells in vitro, and eosinophil recipient IAV-infected mice also maintained normal airway epithelial cell morphology. Our data suggest that eosinophils are important in the early phase of IAV infection providing immediate protection to the epithelial barrier until adaptive immune responses are deployed during influenza.
Escaping the Labyrinth - On Finding a Common Path Forward in the ICU.

Escaping the Labyrinth Events and branch points in a patient’s ICU course may be interpreted variously by patients, families, and physicians. These interpretations can lead to multiple potential pa...
Periodicities in Saturn's magnetosphere

[1] Although the exact rotation period of Saturn is unknown, Saturn's magnetosphere displays an abundance of periodicities near ~10.7 h. Such modulations appear in charged particles, magnetic fields, energetic neutral atoms, radio emissions, motions of the plasma sheet and magnetopause, and even in Saturn's rings themselves. Known to an accuracy of four significant figures, these periodicities do not remain constant but vary by ~1% over time scales of a year or longer. Magnetospheric periodicities also display slightly different periods in the northern and southern hemispheres: ~10.6 h and ~10.8 h, respectively. The magnetic and spin axes of Saturn are aligned to within ~1°, so that Saturn's magnetospheric periodicities cannot be explained as “wobble” caused by a geometric tilt, unlike those of the Earth and Jupiter. Furthermore, the variations in periodicity argue against a cause related to changes interior to an object as large as Saturn. Several models have been proposed for the periodicities, including rotating planetary vortices, periodic plasma releases, and a flapping magnetodisk, but none can satisfactorily explain all of Saturn's periodicities. This review discusses the observations of these periodicities from their initial discovery during the Pioneer flyby to their long-term surveillance by Cassini and examines the various struggles to explain and model them. Understanding Saturn's periodicity may elucidate periodic phenomena in other magnetospheric environments.
Evidence for a Σ−η enhancement near threshold☆

Abstract Evidence from a DBC experiment is presented for a large cross section for the process K − n → Σ − η in the center of mass energy region of 1746–1900 MeV. Using the Fermi momentum of the neutron in D 2 the cross section is shown to fall with increasing center of mass energy. The threshold enhancement appears to be similar to that observed in the K − p → Λη and π − p → n η systems.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in the Era of HAART

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an important viral infection of the central nervous system that has attracted increasing attention in recent years because of the surge in incidence accompanying the epidemic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An interesting problem raising concern among neuro-AIDS experts has been the development of an increasing number of serious, undiagnosed white matter conditions in the setting of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Clinical presentations of PML are also helpful in suggesting the diagnosis. While the disease is often pathologically multifocal, it is most commonly clinically characteristic of a progressive focal disease. Analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been complementary to examination and magnetic resonance (MR) scanning and has improved the sensitivity and specificity to the point that in most cases, even for research purposes, a brain biopsy does not appear to be necessary. Numerous case reports of cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine) treatment associated with disease arrest were included in the literature through the years. PML remains an important challenge for clinicians and researchers. Increasing ability to detect and tract the activity of this ubiquitous virus will enhance our understanding of its pathobiology.
Linearly Derived Steiner Triple Systems

We attach a graph to every Steiner triple system. The chromatic number of this graph is related to the possibility of extending the triple system to a quadruple system. For example, the triple systems with chromatic number one are precisely the classical systems of points and lines of a projective geometry over the two-element field, the Hall triple systems have chromatic number three (and, as is well-known, are extendable) and all Steiner triple systems whose graph has chromatic number two are extendable. We also give a configurational characterization of the Hall triple systems in terms of mitres.
Studies on the urinary tract after delivery

Abstract 1. 1. Some degree of dilatation of the ureters and kidney pelves occurs in almost every case of normal pregnancy. This usually regresses to normal in from one to seven weeks after delivery, although apparently it may last much longer in certain cases. 2. 2. Twenty-eight patients who had pyelitis of pregnancy from five months to fourteen years ago have been studied with intravenous or retrograde pyelograms. Twenty-six (93 per cent) showed some degree of abnormality in the x-rays, the more serious changes occurring in 18 (64 per cent). 3. 3. The most frequent findings were hydronephrosis (71 per cent) and hydroureter (53 per cent) on the right side. Stones were present in two cases. 4. 4. This large percentage of abnormalities indicates the necessity of careful urologic studies after pyelitis of pregnancy
Risk-Return Tradeoffs and Managerial incentives

Moral hazard theory posits that managerial risk aversion imposes agency costs on shareholders, and firms respond by providing risk-taking incentives to mitigate these costs. An underlying assumption in this literature is that increasing shareholder value requires increasing risk, yet there is limited empirical evidence supporting this assumption or the role of such risk-return tradeoffs in incentive compensation design. Using measures based on the firm’s stock price, I find that shareholder value increases with risk, consistent with managerial risk aversion reducing shareholder value. I also find that firms implement compensation contracts with stronger risk-taking incentives when potential risk-related agency costs are more severe, particularly among firms where value increases with idiosyncratic rather than systematic risk and whose managers are more risk-averse. Overall, these results are consistent with firms designing executive compensation contracts to help manage risk-related agency costs. Additional findings highlight how the incentive effects of equity-based compensation depend on firms’ risk-return tradeoffs, providing one explanation for conflicting results in prior literature regarding how managers’ stock holdings affect their investment decisions.
Asymptotically optimal control of many-server heterogeneous service systems with $H_{2}^{*}$ service times

Optimal control of many-server heterogenous service systems with service times that have a special hyper-exponential distribution, denoted by $H_{2}^{*}$ , which is a mixture of an exponential distribution and a unit point mass at 0, is considered. A static priority policy that assigns priorities to server pools based on their service time distributions is proposed. This policy is shown to be asymptotically optimal in the many-server heavy-traffic regime in minimizing the total number of customers.
Colocalizing ribozymes with substrate RNAs to increase their efficacy as gene inhibitors.

The ability to target ribozymes to specifically cleave viral RNAs in vitro has led to much speculation about their potential therapeutic value as antiviral agents in vivo. To transfer a ribozyme’s potential as an antiviral agent from test tubes to cells and organisms successfully, the characteristics that distinguish these settings must be considered. In vitro, ribozymes and substrate RNAs freely diffuse in solution in test tubes, and trans-cleavage reactions are dependent on a diffusive step. In eukaryotic cells, by contrast, many RNAs do not appear to diffuse freely. Instead, they appear to be highly compartmentalized and actively sorted to specific cellular locations. Such RNA trafficking may result in localization of substrate RNAs in a different compartment than ribozymes, which would effectively reduce substrate RNA availability to ribozymes and therefore limit the effectiveness of ribozymes as gene inhibitors.
The outcome of combined-modality treatments for stage I and II primary large B-cell lymphoma of the mediastinum

Abstract Purpose: Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PML) has clinicopathologic features distinct from those of other diffuse large-cell lymphomas. However, the optimal treatment for this tumor is evolving, and in particular, the role of radiation therapy remains undefined. We conducted a retrospective review to evaluate the role of radiation therapy in this disease. Methods and Materials: The medical records of 40 consecutive patients with Ann Arbor Stage I or II PML treated at our institution from January 1980 to December 1995 were reviewed. There were 18 patients with Stage I disease and 22 patients with Stage II disease; 62.5% were women and 37.5% were men. The median age was 32.4 years (range, 17–74 years). The tumor scores were 0 in 1 patient, I in 5 patients, II in 13 patients, III in 7 patients, IV in 4 patients, and unknown in 10 patients. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) was 0 in 10 patients, I in 26 patients, II in 2 patients, and unknown in 2 patients. All patients were treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy, and 35 patients received radiation therapy. For most patients who received radiation therapy, an involved field or a modified-mantle field was used, and a dose of 40 Gy in 20 fractions or 39.6 Gy in 22 fractions was administered. Univariate analysis was performed to identify prognostic factors. Results: The median follow-up in surviving patients was 56 months (range, 19–194 months). The actuarial 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate for all patients were 67% and 72%, respectively. Thirty-five patients achieved a complete response; 32 of these patients received radiation therapy. The patterns of failure for the complete responders were as follows: locoregional failure alone for 1 patient (at the margin of the radiation field); distant failure alone for 5 patients; and both locoregional (in-field) and distant failure for 1 patient. There were no failures after 2.5 years. None of the 5 patients who never achieved a complete response had local control, and all died with disease. Only 2 of the 5 completed the planned course of radiation therapy; both had massive mediastinal disease. There was no treatment-related death from the initial chemotherapy or radiation therapy. One patient developed a second malignancy (sarcoma) within the radiation field after 13 years. The tumor score was a significant predictor of RFS ( p = 0.016) and OS ( p = 0.006), but the IPI did not prove to be a significant predictor. Conclusion: We recommend consolidative radiation therapy in view of the excellent local control and the lack of significant toxicity. Modified mantle or involved field appears to be an adequate volume, and 39.6–40 Gy appears to be an adequate dose. The tumor score is a significant prognostic factor.
Looking for the Just

This essay explores the idea of the just which allowed Ricoeur to move beyond and expand the “little ethics” presented in Oneself as Another . One key development is that he moves beyond the idea of solicitude as a kind of benevolent spontaneity on the basis of the insight that not all intersubjective relations are face-to-face. This recognition that who the other is can be important allows him to show why the just is a notion that explicitly arises at the level of the distant and often anonymous other, which is that of social and political institutions where the question of justice rather than friendship is central. Another related development is that the idea of reciprocity is shown still to fall short of truly mutual recognition. Pursuing a just solution to social problems leads to the question of a limited but bounded pluralism and a concomitant role for tolerance at the level of society and politics.
Cryosurgery for intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix

Cryosurgery was used as the means of therapy in 203 patients with intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix. One hundred and ten patients were diagnosed by colposcopy, directed biopsy, and endocervical curettings. The histological diagnosis varied between mild dysplasia and carcinoma in situ. Carbon dioxide gas was used as the refrigerant. Cryosurgery was effective in 96% of the 203 patients treated. The main causes of failure were: lack of colposcopy, endocervical involvement, the size of the lesion, single freeze, and severity of the lesion. False-negative Pap smear rates were 12.8%. The results suggest that carefully selected patients with early intraepithelial neoplasia can be treated adequately by cryosurgery with low incidence of recurrence and without risk and the cost of hospitalization. Meanwhile, this study reaffirms the need to perform biopsies and investigate any abnormal changes of the cervix, even in the absence of an abnormal cytology smear, before any treatment.
Weak interactions in the SO(4) × U(1) gauge☆

Abstract To accommodate recent neutrino and antineutrino data on charged and neutral currents, a six-quark model under the gauge group SO(4) × U(1) is proposed which allows for right-handed charged-current excitations and yet has the same effective neutral-current couplings to neutrinos as the standard four-quark SU(2) × U(1) model. As for the effective neutral-current couplings to electrons, three variants of the basic model are considered: one gives the same results for parity violation in atomic transitions as the standard model, whereas the other two (one of which is “vector-like”) allow for no such effect. A comprehensive study of all three possibilities is given in the light of present and future experiments.
A System for Multiattribute Drug Product Comparison

We describe a system for multiattribute drug product searching. We then demonstrate the system's performance on sample queries, and evaluate the name-based similarity searching component. Ten drug names were used to query a database of existing drug names using five different retrieval methods. Retrieved names were merged into master lists and presented to 15 pharmacists. Pharmacists rated the similarity between the query name and each retrieved names on a scale of 1–5. We report the precision of our five different retrieval methods at 11 levels of recall. The best single measure was editex, with a precision of 17.4% averaged across 11 levels of recall. A regression model using four objective measures of similarity as predictors accounted for 40.6% of the variance in observed mean similarity ratings. Automated, multiattribute drug product searching may improve the effectiveness and efficiency of preapproval screening processes and thereby prevent medication errors.
Fabrication and characterization of silicon/silicon dioxide super lattices for silicon based light emitting devices

Silicon based light emitting materials are of particular interest for integrating electric and photonic devices into an all-silicon platform. The progress of nano-scale fabrication has led to the ability to realize silicon emitters based on quantum confinement mechanisms. Quantum confinement in nano-structured silicon overcomes the indirect bandgap present in bulk silicon allowing for radiative emissions. Two common structures that utilize the quantum mechanisms leading to light emission in silicon are nanocrystals embedded in silicon dioxide and silicon/silicon dioxide super lattices. Nanocrystals employ quantum confinement in three dimensions while the super lattice structure induces two-dimensional confinement. Strong photoluminescence (PL) has been demonstrated in both structures, confirming the presence of quantum confinement effects. Our super lattice structures are grown using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with alternating layers of silicon and silicon dioxide. We present here sub-10nm period superlattices confirmed via transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction and reflectivity. We also present a new design for an electrically pumped device along with preliminary current-voltage characteristics.
The International Congress for Educators in Complementary and Integrative Medicine.

The first International Congress for Educators in Complementary and Integrative Medicine (ICECIM) was held from October 24–26, 2012, at Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Three hundred twenty-eight registrants from over 10 professional fields attended the Congress, which featured 68 session presentations, 57 posters, and 28 oral abstracts. 1 The primary goals of the congress were to “advance the field of complementary and integrative medicine education through the sharing of best practices in the development, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination of curricula and teaching methods; the strengthening of existing partnerships; and the development of new collaborations.” 2 By all accounts the Congress was a tremendous success, with 99% of responding attendees rating the meeting as excellent or good. 1 This issue of Explore contains ten papers based on presentations at ICECIM as well as all of the 28 oral abstracts from the meeting. These papers were chosen, with difficulty, from the rich and broad array of topics and formats presented at the Congress, and we are indebted to all those who contributed their original work to this successful Congress. Time will tell whether this Congress plays a transformational role or simply reflects a transformation in the field of complementary and integrative medicine, but it is noted that this Congress was deliberate in choosing the phrase Complementary and Integrative Medicine in its title. Terminology is still a barrier to communication and integration with some experts viewing the term integrative medicine as dogmatic and limiting. 3 Congress planners considered the terminology and
Regulation of Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate Receptors by InsP3 Receptor-Associated cGMP Kinase Substrate (IRAG)

Various factors interact with IP3R, regulating Ca2+ release and thus serve to define the spatial and temporal characteristics of the cytosolic Ca2+ signal. IP3R-associated cGMP kinase substrate (IRAG) has been reported to bind IP3R type-1 and inhibit Ca2+ mobilization in smooth muscle cells. No information is however available as to whether IRAG interacts or has functional effects on other IP3R family members. In this study, we examined whether IRAG binds to and regulates Ca2+ release via IP3R type-2 or type-3. cDNA encoding IP3R type-1, IRAG-GFP, and protein kinase G1β (PKG1β) were transiently transfected into COS cells. Following immunoprecipitation from cell lysates with an anti-GFP antibody, IP3R type-1 was detected by immunoblotting. In contrast, an IRAG-GFP construct (IRAGΔE12-GFP) in which 40 amino acids required for binding with IP3R was deleted, failed to interact with IP3R type-1, but was still capable of binding to PKG1β, an additional cognate binding partner of IRAG. Similarly, IP3R type-2 or IP3R type-3 could be shown to interact with IRAG-GFP but not IRAGΔE12-GFP in COS cells. Next, we investigated if IRAG regulates IP3-induced Ca-release using DT40-3KO cell lines stably expressing mammalian IP3R type-2 or type-3 in isolation. In DT40-3KO cells stably expressing IP3R type-2, and transiently expressing Muscarinic M3 receptor, IRAG-GFP and PKG1β, cell permeable PKG activators reduced the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh)-induced Ca2+-release. Ca2+ oscillations induced by low concentrations of CCh or by stimulating the endogenous B cell receptor were similarly attenuated. No inhibitory effect was evident in cells expressing IRAGΔE12-GFP or in the absence of IRAG-GFP. Similar results were obtained with DT40-3KO cells stably expressing IP3R type-3. These results indicate that Ca2+ release through all Inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate receptors are inhibited by an interaction with IRAG and PKG1β.
CAN US-TYPE COURT MANAGEMENT APPROACHES WORK IN CIVIL LAW SYSTEMS? EXPERIENCES FROM THE BALKANS AND BEYOND

The benefit of applying modern management approaches to court operations to ensuring access to justice, timely and transparent dispositions, and increased public trust in courts is recognized in many countries. In the USA, the art of applying modern management techniques to court operations has evolved over the past 30 years into a now solidly established profession. Since the underlying principles and techniques of modern court management, such as case flow management, goal-oriented performance measures, workload assessments, customer surveys, etc., are derived from general management concepts they are not tied to a particular legal system or framework and can be successfully applied in non-US systems if they are properly adjusted. Interested in the positive results of court management in the USA, researchers and practitioners in several European countries have been looking at the applicability of the approaches used in the USA to improve their own ability to manage court processes more efficiently. Since court management has become a main staple of reforming court operations in the USA, it is not surprising that US-funded development assistance in the Balkan states and other countries often involves transferring court management US-style into the newly evolving democracies as part of rule of law or commercial sector development assistance. These projects frequently introduce, among others, case flow management techniques that sometimes seem to be in conflict with underlying legal principles or procedural laws, and often defy the local legal culture. The US-funded assistance programs are often introduced parallel to efforts funded by European and other donors, which may take and suggest different approaches to the host country. As a result, confusion and insecurity about which approaches are appropriate for a particular country can arise and impede much needed reforms or lead to legislative and regulatory changes that do not mesh well or even conflict with other parts of the legal framework. This article reviews the role of US-based court management approaches in recent court reform efforts under way in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia and, in light of lessons learned there and in other countries, assesses the reform processes applied and their status. It also outlines how these court management approaches fit into non-US court systems, how they can be adjusted according to individual country needs and what the main obstacles are that such reform efforts generally face.
Food availability and brood number do not influence intraspecific aggression in Argentine ants

Nestmate recognition cues can derive from both environmental and genetic factors, but can also be modulated in response to context-specific cues. Synchronous changes in nestmate recognition systems occur seasonally in some species of ants, however the mechanisms underlying these seasonal changes are often unknown. We studied two mechanisms, relative brood number and food availability, to determine if they generate temporal variation in intraspecific aggression in an introduced population of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile. Using data from previous studies we found that seasonal increases in aggression levels correlate with seasonal increases in brood-to-worker ratios in the field. However, when we manipulated brood-to-worker ratios in paired experimental colonies, we found no direct evidence that relative brood numbers influenced aggression levels. To determine if food availability influenced aggression we conducted a second experiment in which we randomly assigned pairs of experimental colonies to starved or fed treatments and then measured aggression levels weekly for five weeks. We observed no difference in the level of aggression between these two treatment groups indicating that food availability also has no affect on aggression levels between hostile conspecific colonies.
Assessment of Social Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Despite the high prevalence of social anxiety in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there is little agreement on how to best assess such problems in this population. To inform evidence-based assessment, we conducted a comprehensive review of research that has assessed social anxiety in children and adolescents with ASD without co-occurring intellectual disability. Although some evidence in support of the reliability of existing measures exists, there are concerns about inflated estimates of the co-occurrence of social anxiety because of symptom overlap with ASD diagnostic criteria, and the diagnostic sensitivity of existing measures is questionable. Recommendations for clinical assessment of social anxiety in this population and future directions for research on this topic, including the development of new measures, are provided.
Fact and fancy in neutrino physics

This paper reviews the success of the quark model in describing deep-inelastic lepton scattering. The neutral current predictions of a variety of unified gauge models are given and it is shown how experiment may distinguish among them. All the models involve new hadronic quantum numbers (charm or fancy). Their effects at high energy are explored.
Review of laser material interaction to improve CIGSeS thin film solar cells

The best conversion efficiency of champion, small-area CIGSeS cells and mass-produced modules are 20.3% and ~12.0% respectively. Molybdenum back-contact layer is scribed with a laser (P1). Development of laser scribing for P2 and P3 scribes will reduce the dead area and improve the reliability. Development of a laser annealing technique can minimize and passivate micro-non-uniformities and grain boundaries thus reducing carrier recombination. In-situ characterization of the sample through a nonintrusive method such as reflectivity measurement during the laser recrystallization process can enhance insight into laser-material interaction and the effect of material structures on the photoelectric properties of solar cells. The improvement in efficiency achieved with laser processing can help to bring down the cost.
Some ideas from medical imaging applied to the detection of landmines

Diffusive optical tomography provides a technique for imaging the human body using modulated laser light. The modulation of the light allows measurement of the amplitude and phase of the modulation, which improves the spatial resolution over that which could be obtained with unmodulated light. Diffusive optical tomography is normally described by a diffusion equation for photon density. An alternative description considers the propagation of an optical carrier and two sidebands, and the diffusive wave is the mathematical result of the slight differences among the carrier and sidebands, the result being described as a wave at the difference frequency. This suggested that the use of multiple, closely spaced frequencies might be advantageous in other subsurface imaging. Here we discuss an application to landmine detection under a rough surface.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Economics of Crime: Climbing the Decision Tree

How is it possible to study crime as an economic problem? George Brower, of the University of Connecticut, shows how the original argument of Professor Gary Becker has been tested and developed.
Assessment of bone mineralization in children and adolescents

Bone mineral accrual during growth results in gender-, race-, and maturation-specific changes in trabecular and cortical density and dimensions. Children with chronic disease have multiple potential risk factors for impaired bone accrual. Risk factors include delayed growth and maturation, decreased weight-bearing activity, malnutrition, vitamin D deficiency, glucocorticoid therapy, impaired sex hormones and growth hormone, and increased bone resorption by inflammatory cytokines. The impact of chronic diseases may be immediate, resulting in childhood fragility fractures, or delayed, owing to suboptimal peak bone mass accrual and increased fracture risk with the inevitable bone loss during aging. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is, by far, the most frequent method for the assessment of bone health in children at risk. This assessment is hampered by lack of a agreement on the quantitative definition of osteopenia and osteoporosis in children, inadequate reference data, technical limitations in small children, and varied approaches to the interpretation of results in children with delayed growth and maturation. This review summarizes the expected gains in bone size, mass and strength during childhood and adolescence, the role of the bone—muscle unit, the advantages and disadvantages of the available technologies for the assessment of skeletal health in children, and possible alternative strategies for the assessment of bone healthy in children with delayed growth and maturation.
Addressing the Complexities of Culture and Gender in Counseling

The purpose of this article is to describe a model for organizing and systematically considering 9 complex and overlapping cultural influences that counselors need to be addressing in their work: Age and generational influences, Disability, Religion, Ethnicity, Social status, Sexual orientation, Indigenous heritage, National origin, and Gender (which together form the slightly misspelled acronym ADRESSING). The ADRESSING model is particularly useful in helping counselors and educators to (a) examine their own biases and areas of inexperience regarding minority cultures and (b) consider the salience of multiple cultural influences and identities with their clients.
Density-and-temperature-dependent volume translation for the SRK EOS: 1. Pure fluids

Abstract A mathematical framework for applying a density-and-temperature-dependent volume translation in a thermodynamically consistent manner was developed. Volumetric equations of state (EOS)s that incorporate this translation procedure can be used to generate derived properties, such as fugacity and enthalpy departure, that are based on isothermal departure or residuals from ideal gas state conditions. This kind of translation serves to improve the original EOS and not simply act as a correlation for molar volumes. A density-and-temperature-modified translation of this type was applied to the Soave–Redlich–Kwong EOS and was shown to possess accuracy for saturation pressure predictions equivalent to the untranslated EOS, as well as greatly improved density predictions compared to what is available when using only constant valued translation. The EOS translated in this manner retains many of the important features of the untranslated EOS, such as explicit calculation of volume roots, while having the representation capabilities of substantially more complicated models, such as the extended virial equation of Benedict, Webb, Rubin, and Starling.
Dying on the way: the influence of migrational mortality on clines.

Migrational mortality is introduced into the classical single-locus model for migration and selection. Genotype-independent migration follows selection, which may be soft or hard. For soft selection, the effect of mortality on the backward migration matrix is the same as in the Malecot model; for hard selection, some neutral results still hold, but some do not. For two diallelic demes, mortality can increase or decrease the stringency of the condition for protecting an allele from loss. In the discrete-space, continuous-time limit, mortality increases the diagonal elements of the migration rate matrix and decreases its off-diagonal elements. Were it not for the same result in the Malecot model, it would be surprising that mortality does not alter the general diffusion limit for multiple alleles, arbitrary multidimensional migration, and arbitrary selection.
Comparing human norovirus surrogates: murine norovirus and Tulane virus.

Viral surrogates are widely used by researchers to predict human norovirus behavior. Murine norovirus (MNV) is currently accepted as the best surrogate and is assumed to mimic the survival and inactivation of human noroviruses. Recently, a new calicivirus, the Tulane virus (TV), was discovered, and its potential as a human norovirus surrogate is being explored. This study aimed to compare the behavior of the two potential surrogates under varying treatments of pH (2.0 to 10.0), chlorine (0.2 to 2,000 ppm), heat (50 to 75°C), and survival in tap water at room (20°C) and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures for up to 30 days. Viral infectivity was determined by the plaque assay for both MNV and TV. There was no significant difference between the inactivation of MNV and TV in all heat treatments, and for both MNV and TV survival in tap water at 20°C over 30 days. At 4°C, MNV remained infectious over 30 days at a titer of approximately 5 log PFU/ml, whereas TV titers decreased significantly by 5 days. MNV was mor...