cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curvilinear Relationships between Statistics Anxiety and Performance among Undergraduate Students: Evidence for Optimal Anxiety.

This study examined the possibility of a curvilinear relationship between statistics anxiety and performance in a statistics course. Eighty-three undergraduate students enrolled in an introductory course completed measures of statistics anxiety and need for achievement at seven points during the semester in conjunction with six tests. Statistics anxiety scores were reliable internally and across time. Statistics anxiety decreased during the term yet paradoxically became more strongly related to performance. Curvilinear models were better predictors of test performance than linear, suggesting a mid-range optimal level of statistics anxiety. However, students’ need for achievement proved not to mediate the relationship between anxiety and performance. The authors suggest ways these findings may influence future research in statistics anxiety and classroom management of anxiety.
Rotation invariant spherical harmonic representation of 3D shape descriptors

One of the challenges in 3D shape matching arises from the fact that in many applications, models should be considered to be the same if they differ by a rotation. Consequently, when comparing two models, a similarity metric implicitly provides the measure of similarity at the optimal alignment. Explicitly solving for the optimal alignment is usually impractical. So, two general methods have been proposed for addressing this issue: (1) Every model is represented using rotation invariant descriptors. (2) Every model is described by a rotation dependent descriptor that is aligned into a canonical coordinate system defined by the model. In this paper, we describe the limitations of canonical alignment and discuss an alternate method, based on spherical harmonics, for obtaining rotation invariant representations. We describe the properties of this tool and show how it can be applied to a number of existing, orientation dependent descriptors to improve their matching performance. The advantages of this tool are two-fold: First, it improves the matching performance of many descriptors. Second, it reduces the dimensionality of the descriptor, providing a more compact representation, which in turn makes comparing two models more efficient.
A 6 A monolithic switch-mode solenoid driver

A monolithic intelligent-power switch-mode integrated circuit designed specifically for use as a solenoid driver is described. It uses pulsewidth modulation (PWM) techniques to provide a pull-in current of 6 A and a hold-in current of 3 A. The device has internal control, self-protection, and diagnostic capabilities. It uses a bipolar IC process with an isolated vertical PNP transistor option. The five interface pins are load and diagnostic outputs, the current supply (V/sub BATT/), and ground. In addition, a transistor-transistor-logic (TTL) level compatible input activates the device, and for the first 12 ms a high current is allowed to flow into the load from V/sub BATT/ to turn on the solenoid. The initial current is maintained in the range of 4 to 6 A using PWM of the high-side driver. Current rises in the inductive solenoid, and upon reaching 6 A the drive from V/sub BATT/ is removed. The recycle mode through the ground path is initiated, allowing the current to decay gradually to about 4 A, at which point the V/sub BATT/ drive is reapplied, and the cycle is repeated. Following this initial pull-in time, current thresholds are allowed to reduce, and the device switches between 2 and 3 A for the hold-in period. >
3D protein model assessment using geometric and biological features

Automatic prediction of protein three-dimensional structures from its amino acid sequence has become one of the most important researched fields in bioinformatics. With that increases the importance of determining the quality of these protein models. Protein three-dimensional structure evaluation is a complex problem in computational structure biology. We attempt to solve this problem using SVM and information from both sequence and structure of the protein. The goal is to generate a machine that understands structures from PDB and when given a new model, predicts whether it belongs to the same class as the PDB structures or not (correct or incorrect protein model). Here we show one such machine; results appear promising for further analysis. For the purpose of reducing computational overhead multiprocessor environment and basic feature selection method is used.
Opioid- and phencyclidine-like discriminative effects of ditolylguanidine, a selective sigma ligand.

The sigma binding site in brain has affinity for psychotomimetic opioids, phencyclidine (PCP) and antipsychotic drugs, and is a separate entity from the PCP receptor. In order to demonstrate a behavioral correlate of sigma binding, rats were trained to discriminate between s.c. injections of saline and 3.0 mg/kg of ditolylguanidine (DTG), a selective and high affinity sigma ligand, and tested for generalization to novel drugs. The rats generalized dose dependently and completely or almost completely to PCP and related drugs and to mu, kappa and sigma opioid agonists. A separate group of rats trained to discriminate saline from 2.0 mg/kg of PCP generalized completely to DTG, confirming the commonalities in the discriminative effects of these drugs. DTG-like discriminative effects of opioid enantiomers showed no consistent stereoselectivity. Discriminative effects of the DTG training dose were neither mimicked by haloperidol and (-)-butaclamol, which have high affinity for the sigma site, or by the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Order of potency in producing DTG-like discriminative effects did not correlate with published reports of relative drug affinity for the sigma site or the PCP receptor. Although the discriminative effects of DTG have commonalities with those of several types of opioid and PCP-like drugs, their pharmacologic characteristics are different from the pharmacologic characteristics of opioid and PCP receptors as well as from those of the sigma binding site.
Postal survey of the anaesthetic techniques used for paediatric tonsillectomy surgery.

Summary A postal survey of anaesthetic techniques used for tonsillectomy surgery in children (age 3–16 years) was performed with particular reference to the use of the reinforced laryngeal mask airway and the use of suxamethonium. From 110 questionnaires despatched, replies were obtained from 88 consultant anaesthetists with commitments to otolaryngologic (ENT) anaesthesia (response rate 80%). In paediatric practice, the reinforced laryngeal mask airway was routinely used by 14 (16%) respondents from the 88 who replied. Thirteen (33%) respondents out of 39 respondents who replied saying that they had used the reinforced laryngeal mask airway at some point, reported problems with its use. Suxamethonium was used routinely by 40 consultants (45%) for tonsillectomy surgery. Severe problems with its use had been encountered by 26 (30%) respondents
Hypotheses, Definitions and Explanatory Mechanisms

This research uses past treaty successes and failures in managing hydrologic stress as a means of determining the importance of treaty design parameters. These parameters can then be used more broadly across other treaties to estimate capabilities for managing stresses, such as those from climate change. It assumes that treaties in general improve resiliency and hopes to provide direction for basins without a treaty or those that wish to develop institutions to better account for climate change.
How important is screening angiography for CAS in diabetic patients awaiting transplant? A cardiologist's view

How important is screening angiography for CAS in diabetic patients awaiting transplant? A cardiologist's view
1 and 1-1,2:4,5-di-O-cyclohexylidene-3-O-allyl-myo-inositols: Complementary versatile new starting materials for syntheses in the 1-myo-inositol series

The preparation and proof of absolute configuration as 1d- and 1l- respectively are presented for (−)- and (+)-1,2:4,5-di-O-cyclohexylidene-3-O-allyl-myo-inositol, two versatile complementary materials equally suitable for syntheses in the 1d-myo-inositol series.
The gastrointestinal tract in chemotherapy-induced emesis. A final common pathway.

The objective of this paper is to summarize current knowledge of gastrointestinal motility and to describe those alterations which emetic agents induce, or may induce, which result in vomiting.
Sun exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based, case-control study.

Abstract To investigate the association between sun exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) by histologic subtypes and to explore whether or not vitamin D intake modify sun–NHL association, we analysed data from a population-based, case–control study conducted in Nebraska between 1999 and 2002. Information on sun exposure during the spring, summer, fall and winter was collected from 387 cases and 535 controls by telephone interview. We found no association between seasonal sun exposure and risk of NHL. Vitamin D intake was also not associated with NHL risk, nor does it modify the sun–NHL association. In contrast, total hours of sun exposure was inversely associated with the risk of NHL (odds ratio (OR) = 0.7 comparing >30 h/week to 30 h/week; p-trend = 0.02), but not among non-farmers. Total hours of sun exposure was also inversely associated with risk of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma. In conclusion, our data suggest that total hours of sun exposure is associated with a lower risk of NHL, and the inverse association is not modified by vitamin D intake, is stronger among farmer, and may vary by subtypes.
Preneoplastic Alterations in Nuclear Morphology That Accompany Loss of Tumor Suppressor Phenotype

Alterations of nuclear shape are frequently observed in tumor cells, but the genes controlling these changes and the stage in the neoplastic process at which they occur are unknown. We have studied nuclear shape changes in chemically immortalized, nontumorigenic Syrian hamster embryo cell clones that had either retained (supB+) or lost (supB-) the ability to suppress the tumorigenic phenotype when they were hybridized with a tumor cell line (BP6T). Quantitative morphometric analysis of the nuclei of cells from each of two pairs of supB+/supB- variants indicated that the nuclei of supB- cells were significantly more out of round than those of their corresponding supB+ clones. These data indicate that modification of nuclear structure may represent an early, preneoplastic event in multistep chemical carcinogenesis and that loss of a tumor suppressor gene function may regulate alterations in nuclear morphology.
Control of charging in low-voltage SEM

Charging of the specimen under electron beam irradiation is a common problem in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It results in unstable imaging conditions and a loss in resolution due to defocus of the beam. In addition, it can cause permanent changes in some specimens from translocation of mobile ions under the influence of the induced electrostatic field. To minimize charging and its associated problems, the incident beam energy must be carefully chosen to be the value E2 at which a dynamic charge balance is obtained. This article presents data on E2 values for a variety of materials and demonstrates how E2 is affected by the choice of angle of beam incidence.
A two-server queueing system with periodic and credit-based server availabilities*

A discrete-time, two-server queueing system is studied in this paper. The service time of a customer (cell) is fixed and equal to one time unit. Server 1 provides for periodic service of the queue (periodT). Server 2 provides for service only when server 1 is unavailable and provided that the associated service credit is nonzero. The resulting system is shown to model the queueing behavior of a network user which is subject to traffic regulation for congestion avoidance in high speed ATM networks. A general methodology is developed for the study of this queueing system, based on renewal theory. The dimensionality of the developed model is independent ofT;T increases with the network speed. The cell loss probabilities are computed in the case of finite capacity queue.
Turning heads: The biology of solar tracking in sunflower

Solar tracking in the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus, is a dramatic example of a diurnal rhythm in plants. During the day, the shoot apex continuously reorients, following the sun's relative position so that the developing heads track from east to west. At night, the reverse happens, and the heads return and face east in anticipation of dawn. This daily cycle dampens and eventually stops at anthesis, after which the sunflower head maintains an easterly orientation. Although shoot apical heliotropism has long been the subject of physiological studies in sunflower, the underlying developmental, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that drive the directional growth and curvature of the stem in response to extrinsic and perhaps intrinsic cues are not known. Furthermore, the ecological functions of solar tracking and the easterly orientation of mature heads have been the subject of significant but unresolved speculation. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about this complex, dynamic trait. Candidate mechanisms that may contribute to daytime and nighttime movement are highlighted, including light signaling, hormonal action, and circadian regulation of growth pathways. The merits of the diverse hypotheses advanced to explain the adaptive significance of heliotropism in sunflower are also considered.
Minimum Surface Bhattacharyya feature selection

This paper introduces a novel feature selection method called Minimum Surface Bhattacharyya (MSB). The method is applicable for multiple class problems utilizing supervised training. The minimum surface method selects features by means of inter-class separability. For the purposes of this paper, the method is applied to a hyperspectral data set with high correlations among the features. The method shows promise for hyperspectral analysis due to its speed and demonstrated capacity to improve classification performance.
Effect of relative rubbing speed on the tribo‐electrification of continuous filament yarn by stainless steel pins

The effect of relative rubbing speed on the tribo‐electrification between different continuous filament yarns and stainless steel “charging pins” was analysed. A modified linear tester, housed in an environmental room, was used to charge the yarn while transporting at desired speed and input tension. The yarn was rubbed against the charging pin, which was also rotated at different speeds. The yarn surface charge, yarn output tension and charging pin’s vibration were monitored in real time automatically. The results showed that for nylon yarn charge was minimized when the yarn/pin relative speed approached zero, regardless of the absolute rubbing speeds of yarn and pin. It was also found that, at the same relative speed, less charge was generated when a larger pin was used. For finish‐free nylon yarn, the charge was also minimized as the relative speed approaches zero; however, for finish‐free polyester yarn and finish‐free polypropylene yarn, the effect of relative rubbing speed on the electrification was...
How (and What) Political Theorists Teach: Results of a National Survey.

The article reports the results of a 2008 national survey of political theorists concerning what and how they teach. The results are based on 1,086 responses from professors at accredited, four-year colleges and universities in the United States. The responses include information about which thinkers are currently being taught, the status of non-Western political thought in political theory education, the relative degrees of implementation of various teaching methodologies, demographic information about the respondents, information about the kinds of texts theorists use to teach, and finally a ranking of undergraduate programs in terms of their strength in theory.
Filipino Americans and Racism: A Multiple Mediation Model of Coping.

Although the literature on Asian Americans and racism has been emerging, few studies have examined how coping influences one's encounters with racism. To advance the literature, the present study focused on the psychological impact of Filipino Americans' experiences with racism and the role of coping as a mediator using a community-based sample of adults (N = 199). Two multiple mediation models were used to examine the mediating effects of active, avoidance, support-seeking, and forbearance coping on the relationship between perceived racism and psychological distress and self-esteem, respectively. Separate analyses were also conducted for men and women given differences in coping utilization. For men, a bootstrap procedure indicated that active, support-seeking, and avoidance coping were mediators of the relationship between perceived racism and psychological distress. Active coping was negatively associated with psychological distress, whereas both support seeking and avoidance were positively associated with psychological distress. A second bootstrap procedure for men indicated that active and avoidance coping mediated the relationship between perceived racism and self-esteem such that active coping was positively associated with self-esteem, and avoidance was negatively associated with self-esteem. For women, only avoidance coping had a significant mediating effect that was associated with elevations in psychological distress and decreases in self-esteem. The results highlight the importance of examining the efficacy of specific coping responses to racism and the need to differentiate between the experiences of men and women.
FUNGAL DETERIORATION OF BAGS DURING INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT OF CORN SOYA MILK: A TEST SHIPMENT

Losses due to mold deterioration have developed in shipments of dry corn-soya-milk (CSM) made through the U.S. Food for Peace Program. USDA, the dry milling industry and a container manufacturer cooperated in a large-scale test shipment from Milwaukee, WI, to Cochin, India. Conventional multiwall paper bags and two types of polyethylene-coated bags of CSM were randomly stowed in different areas of the ship. During unloading, 13% of all bags had visible mold. Surface fungal counts on both conventional and poly-coated bags had increased a hundredfold during transit. However, mold penetration was slight and contents were unaffected. Mold penetrated and destroyed conventional bags stored under special conditions to induce mold growth, whereas penetration of poly-coated bags was usually associated with a fracture and was less severe. Bag structure, CSM temperature and ventilation were identified as factors influencing mold losses.
Information processing and PTSD: a review of the empirical literature.

Abstract This article reviews a series of studies that have utilized information-processing paradigms with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) populations. The review suggests that pre-trauma measures of intelligence (IQ) are predictive of the development of PTSD symptoms following trauma. There is also evidence of impaired performance on standardized tests of memory (independent of IQ) in PTSD populations. PTSD populations are found to exhibit deficits in memory function that may be due to hippocampus damage secondary to excessive neuroendocrine responses to conditioned stimuli. In addition, individuals with PTSD evince an attentional bias towards trauma-related stimuli at postrecognition stages of information processing. The review also includes that there is insufficient evidence to either support, or reject, the theoretical proposition that PTSD patients are sensitive to global valence effects at the earliest stages of information processing relative to traumatized non-PTSD populations. Finally, there is some evidence to suggest that the processes associated with autobiographical memory in PTSD populations are similar to those seen in depression. The implications of these findings for the behavioral and cognitive treatment of PTSD are discussed. Directions for future research with such paradigms are also discussed in light of contemporary information processing theories of PTSD.
Substitution and bounded languages

A full AFL is defined to be full-bounded if it can be generated by a set of boundedlanguages. It is shown that if @? is an AFL not consisting entirely of regular sets and if @? is contained in any full-bounded AFL, then @? is not closed under e-free substitution. Some typical consequences are that some context-free languages cannot be generated from any set of (not necessarily context-free) bounded languages by full AFL operations, or from any set of bounded context-free languages by full AFL operations and substitution.
Developmental changes in rat adrenal enkephalin precursor: peptide ratio

Developmental changes in rat adrenal [Met5]enkephalin (ME) immunoreactivity and [Met5]enkephalinargininephenylalanine (MERF) immunoreactivity (which presumably reflects proenkephalin) were examined. The concentration of MERF appeared highest at the end of the first week postnatally and decreased fourfold to near adult values by day 21, while ME levels decreased only about twofold. This indicates a fall in the adrenal proenkephalin:ME ratio during the transition from the suckling to the weanling period in the rat. The elevated MERF levels during the suckling period may result from deficient processing of proenkephalin to free ME. An increase in the activity of the processing enzyme carboxypeptidase E was observed at day 15, which may contribute to the developmental fall in the adrenal proenkephalin to free ME ratio. Mimicking sympathetic activity by nicotine treatment (3 mg/kg i.p. twice daily from birth) produced a precocious decrease in the MERF:ME ratio at day 8, and also increased the activity of the processing enzyme. Denervation at day 10 markedly decreased adrenal ME and produced a three-fold increase in MERF:ME ratio when measured at day 30. Adrenal carboxypeptidase E activity was also decreased after denervation. In summary, these results suggest that increasing preganglionic sympathetic nerve activity during the third week postnatally stimulates proenkephalin processing and leads to the developmental decrease in MERF:ME ratio in the rat adrenal.
Stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve in treatment of angina pectoris

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve was used for symptomatic treatment of four patients with severe angina pectoris resistant to medical treatment and without indication for surgery. A radio-frequency device was used with implantable leads and receiver. One patient died two weeks after the operation; one sustained acute myocardial infarction, and another paralysis of the left hypoglossal nerve immediately after surgery. The angina was relieved rapidly and reliably in the first two surviving patients who now have an increased exercise tolerance. The last showed a slight symptomatic benefit. The therapeutic value of this method requires further experience. The heart rate and blood pressure diminished consistently during the stimulation.
Effects of Some Adrenergic Agents on Low Frequency Electroshock Seizures

The effect of several adrenergic agents on low frequency electroshock seizures was studied in normal, reserpine and α-mmT pretreated mice. Seizure threshold was elevated by pronethalol and propranolol and reduced by phenoxybenzamine and isoproterenol. Both reserpine and α-mmT antagonized the threshold altering activity of pronethalol and phenoxybenzamine. Reserpine plus pronethalol or propranolol completely abolished the central stimulation induced by isoproterenol. A central adrenergic system involving antagonistic types of receptors appears to be involved.
Seismic survey design in environmentally sensitive regions of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska

The discovery of Alpine Field has renewed industry interest in oil exploration within the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA). Alpine Field, near the northeast border of the NPRA, is the first commercial production from the Jurassic sands within the Kingak Shale. It is estimated to contain in excess of 400 million barrels of proven reserves and, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, the stratigraphic conditions found at Alpine are likely to extend across the northern portion of the NPRA. Over the last several years, geophysical companies have collected 3D seismic data along the expected Alpine trend.
Incidence of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage after glaucoma filtration surgeries in the United States

PURPOSE To report the 3-month incidence rates of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage after glaucoma filtration surgeries and to examine the subsequent surgical treatments in these eyes. METHODS This is a retrospective study using the nationally pooled, insurance claim-based MarketScan databases from the years 2007-2011. Patients with records of trabeculectomy and/or tube shunt procedures were identified, and all cases of "definite" (ie, properly coded) and "suspected" (possibly miscoded) postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage occurring within 3 months of their glaucoma filtration procedures were captured along with the surgical interventions used for this condition. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to evaluate the 3-month incidence rates of suprachoroidal hemorrhage, and regression analysis was applied to calculate the odds ratios, confidence intervals, and P-values. RESULTS There were 17,843 trabeculectomies and 9,597 tube shunt surgeries identified. Among these, there were 107 cases (247 including "suspected" cases) of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage within 3 months of trabeculectomy and 113 cases (255 including "suspected" cases) within 3 months of tube shunt procedures. The 3-month cumulative incidence rate of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage ranged from 0.6%±0.06% to 1.4%±0.09% after trabeculectomy and 1.2%±0.11% to 2.7%±0.16% after tube shunt surgery. Postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage was almost twice as likely to occur after tube shunt surgeries than after trabeculectomies for both "definite" and "definite" plus "suspected" cases (odds ratio, 1.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-2.58; P<0.001; and odds ratio, 1.95; 95% confidence interval, 1.63-2.32; P<0.001, respectively). Among the 502 "definite" and "suspected" cases of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage, 32.9% (165 cases) had a treatment record of choroidal tap and 8.8% (44 cases) had a treatment record of pars plana vitrectomy. CONCLUSION In this sample, the 3-month cumulative incidence rate of postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage was 0.6%-1.4% after trabeculectomy and 1.2%-2.7% after tube shunt procedures, and the majority of the cases appeared to be managed without further surgery. Postoperative suprachoroidal hemorrhage was almost twice as likely to occur after tube shunt surgeries as after trabeculectomies.
Effects of anesthetic injected into brainstem sites on body temperature and behavioral thermoregulation.

Abstract The preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region (PO/AH), the posterior (PH) and lateral hypothalamic (LH) regions, the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) and the medulla oblongata (MED) have all been implicated in the control of body temperature. The purpose of the present research was to learn whether differential effects upon physiological and behavioral thermoregulation are produced by temporarily depressing the activity of these regions with anesthetic. The rectal temperature (T re ) of rats with central cannulae was recorded after sodium pentobarbital injections while the animals rested in 23°, 10° and 34°C environments. In other experiments the effects of central anesthetic injections on behavioral regulation against heat were measured. Anesthetic injected into the PO/AH region caused changes in T re and behavior that are consistent with a coordinated rise in the set point of body temperature control. Injections into the MED produced transient and rapid decreases in T re without affecting behavioral thermoregulation. Bilateral injections into the LH caused hyperthermia in the 10° and 34°C environments, hypothermia in the 23°C environment and had no effect on behavioral temperature regulation. No changes in thermoregulatory responses were observed after PH and MRF injections. These results indicate that there are differences among the 5 brain regions in relative importance to overall temperature control and specific differences in the significance of certain regions to the two forms of temperature control; physiological and behavioral temperature regulation.
Retinohypothalamic projections and immunocytochemical analysis of the suprachiasmatic region of the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis

Two separate and distinct retinal projections to the hypothalamus in the iguanid lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis were described using horseradish peroxidase and cobalt-filling techniques. Both of the projections were unilateral and completely crossed; one terminated in the supraoptic nucleus and the other in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that the supraoptic nucleus contained cell bodies and fibers that cross-react with antibodies raised against arginine vasopressin, while the suprachiasmatic nucleus contained arginine vasopressin-like immunoreactive fibers emanating from cells in the nearby paraventricular nucleus. The suprachasmatic nucleus contained a dense plexus of fibers that cross-reacted with neuropeptide-Y antibody. Antiserum against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide showed no reactivity in any part of the forebrain, while antiserum against serotonin showed sparse and uniform reactivity throughout the forebrain, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These results, together with other data, indicate that the suprachiasmatic nucleus of D. dorsalis is homologous to the suprachiasmatic nuclei of rodents, structures known to contain circadian pacemakers. We suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus may play a similar role in the circadian system of D. dorsalis.
Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

The time course of lexical access in fluent Portuguese-English bilinguals and in English speaking monolinguals was examined during the on-line processing of spoken sentences using the phoneme-triggered lexical decision task (Blank, 1980). The bilinguals were tested in two distinct speech modes: a monolingual, English or Portuguese, speech mode, and a bilingual, code-switching, speech mode. Although the bilingual’s lexical decision response times to word targets in the monolingual speech modes were identical to those of the monolingual subjects, their response times to code-switched word targets in the bilingual mode were significantly slower. In addition, the bilinguals took longer to detect nonwords in both the monolingual and bilingual modes. These results confirm that bilinguals cannot totally deactivate their other language when in a monolingual speech mode. It is hypothesized that bilinguals search both lexicons when confronted with nonwords, even when in a totally monolingual mode, and that they search the base-language lexicon before the other lexicon when in a bilingual, code-switching, speech mode.
Influence of Rearing Host on Adult Size and Ovipositional Behavior of Mass Produced FemaleTrichogramma minutumRiley andTrichogramma pretiosumRiley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Abstract The size (body length) of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma minutum Riley adult females is, to a great extent, dependent on the size of the host egg on which the insect developed. The fecundity of female Trichogramma was dependent on their body size. Two kinds of artificial eggs were used, wax artificial eggs and stretched plastic artificial eggs. Females reared on different hosts were induced to oviposit on artificial eggs with an oviposition stimulus. T. pretiosum reared on Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) eggs oviposited in 80.0–83.3% of the wax artificial eggs compared with the 49.5% of the wax artificial eggs oviposited in when the parasitoid was reared on Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs. T. minutum reared on H. zea eggs, an artificial diet in wax artificial eggs, or S. cerealella eggs oviposited in 76.2, 89.3, or 30.9%, respectively, of stretched plastic artificial eggs.
Results from late-breaking clinical trials sessions at ACCIS 2000 and ACC 2000

### One-year follow-up of patients with refractory angina randomized to percutaneous transmyocardial revascularization versus medical therapy Emerson C. Perin, MD, FACC Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas Percutaneous transmyocardial revascularization (PTMR) has previously been reported to be
Awareness and Preferences Regarding BRCA1/2 Genetic Counseling and Testing Among Latinas and Non-Latina White Women at Increased Risk for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer

This study was an investigation of awareness, cognitions, and psychosocial and educational needs related to genetic counseling and testing among Latinas and non-Latina whites at increased risk for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Sixty-three Latina and eighty-four non-Latina white women completed telephone surveys employing a mixture of quantitative and qualitative questions assessing awareness, benefits, risks, barriers, and genetic counseling communication preferences regarding BRCA1/2 testing. Among participants who had not previously had genetic counseling/testing, 56.9% of Latinas (29/51) and 34.8% of non-Latina white participants (24/69) were unaware of the availability of BRCA1/2 testing. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Latina ethnicity was the only statistically significant independent factor associated with lack of awareness (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.19–0.35). No appreciable differences were noted between ethnic groups regarding perceived benefits of BRCA1/2 testing or desired genetic counseling topics. These findings underscore the importance of increasing awareness of cancer genetic counseling and genetic testing among both Latina and non-Latina white populations.
Photochemical model performance for PM2.5 sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and precursor species SO2, HNO3, and NH3 at background monitor locations in the central and eastern United States

Abstract Health studies have shown premature death is statistically associated with exposure to particulate matter A monitor study was established using one urban (Detroit) and nine rural locations in the central and eastern United States to simultaneously measure PM2.5 sulfate ion (SO 4 2− ), nitrate ion (NO 3 − ), ammonium ion (NH 4 + ), and precursor species sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitric acid (HNO 3 ), and ammonia (NH 3 ). This monitor study provides a unique opportunity to assess how well the modeling system predicts the spatial and temporal variability of important precursor species and co-located PM2.5 ions, which is not well characterized in the central and eastern United States. The modeling system performs well at estimating the PM2.5 species, but does not perform quite as well for the precursor species. Ammonia is under-predicted in the coldest months, nitric acid tends to be over-predicted in the summer months, and sulfur dioxide appears to be systematically over-predicted. Several indicators of PM2.5 ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate formation and chemical composition are estimated with the ambient data and photochemical model output. PM2.5 sulfate ion is usually not fully neutralized to ammonium sulfate in ambient measurements and is usually fully neutralized in model estimates. The model and ambient estimates agree that the ammonia study monitors tend to be nitric acid limited for PM2.5 nitrate formation. Regulatory strategies in this part of the country should focus on reductions in NO X rather than ammonia to control PM2.5 ammonium nitrate.
Copper concentration in cornea, iris, normal, and cataractous lenses and intraocular fluids of vertebrates.

A method using electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy was developed for the determination of copper (Cu) concentration in the cornea, iris, and lens of a variety of species, including dog, cat, rabbit, horse, and toad. Previously described methods were used to determine Cu in aqueous and vitreous humor. There was little difference between copper levels in the same tissue or fluid across the species. However, there were age and pathology-related changes in Cu concentration of the aqueous humor, cornea, and lens. In the groups of older dogs, the Cu concentration of the aqueous humor and cornea is significantly lower than the two younger groups. In both the dog and rabbit, lenses from young animals have the lowest copper concentration which increases and then finally decreases with age. Canine hypermature cataracts have a significantly higher copper concentration than control dogs of all age groups. There was no correlation between Cu concentration in the intraocular fluids and the cataractous lenses ...
Children’s coping in self- and other-relevant contexts

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine children′s coping strategies in situations in which negative events befall the children themselves and contexts in which children observe others in negative situations. Kindergarten and second-grade children and their mothers were interviewed about the children′s coping strategies in distressing self- or other-relevant contexts (e.g., when the children themselves were socially rejected or when they observed a peer being rejected). According to both child and maternal reports, children were particularly likely to use instrumental coping strategies when they observed another child′s distress; they appeared to prefer distracting and avoidant actions, crying, or support from others when they themselves experienced distress. With age, there also was evidence of a decrease in the use of support-related strategies, and increases in cognitive restructuring, cognitive avoidance, and direct problem-solving. Several sex differences consistent with gender stereotypes also were noted.
Information Content Subsetting of Highly Correlated Error Sources

Credible estimates of a large number of error model terms in missile system postflight guidance analysis are often not possible because of the quality of the data and the high functional correlation between various error sources. For this reason, an information content subsetting technique was devised which grouped the error terms into highly related sets and subsequently used a representative error term from each set in the estimation model. The subsets were chosen by maximizing an information content comparison criterion. The technique uses a criterion based on a measure of the theoretical information contained in the system model and the a priori statistics vs an earlier correlation coefficient technique which only used indications of the correlation in the system model. The relationship between the system models correlation, observability, and information content is discussed. An example illustrates the subsetting technique, and indicates that care must be taken in using theoretical estimation error covariances obtained from the filter.
Particle fluxes to the interior of the Southern Ocean in the Western Pacific sector along 170°W

Abstract An array of five bottom-tethered moorings with 19 PARFLUX time-series sediment trap at three depths (1 and 2 km below the surface, and 0.7 km above the sea-floor) was deployed in the western Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, along 170°W. The five stations were selected to sample settling particles in the main hydrological zones of the Southern Ocean. The sampling period spanned 425 days (November 28, 1996–January 23, 1998) and was divided into 13 or 21 synchronized time intervals. A total of 174 sequential samples were recovered and analyzed to estimate fluxes of total mass (TMF), organic carbon, carbonate, biogenic silica, and lithogenic particles. The fluxes of biogenic material were higher than anticipated, challenging the notion that the Southern Ocean is a low-productivity region. Organic carbon fluxes at 1 km depth within the Polar Frontal Zone and the Antarctic Zone were relatively uniform (1.7–2.3 g m−2 yr−1), and about twice the estimated ocean-wide average (ca. 1 g m−2 yr−1). Carbonate fluxes were also high and uniform between the Subantarctic Front and ca. 64°S (11–13 g m−2 yr−1). A large fraction of the carbonate flux in the Antarctic Zone was due to the presence of pteropod shells. Coccoliths were found only to the north of the Polar Front, and calcium carbonate became the dominant phase in the Subantarctic Zone. In contrast, carbonate particles were nearly absent near 64°S. Latitudinal variations in biogenic silica fluxes were substantial. The large opal flux (57 g m−2 yr−1) measured in the Antarctic Zone suggests that opal productivity in this region has been previously underestimated and helps to explain the high sedimentary opal accumulation often found south of the Polar Front. Unlike biogenic material, fluxes of lithogenic particles were among the lowest measured in the open-ocean (0.12–0.05 g m−2 yr−1), reflecting a very low dust input.
Balloon dilation of the nasolacrimal duct.

Purpose: Our purpose is to report our experience with balloon catheter dilation of the nasolacrimal duct after failed probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Methods: We undertook a retrospective chart review. Patients who were enrolled had symptoms of persistent nasolacrimal duct obstruction after simple probing and irrigation. Balloon nasolacrimal ductoplasty was performed using the LacriCATH system (Quest Medical, Inc. An Atrion Company, Allen, TX). Outcomes were determined by postoperative examination and telephone follow-up. Results: Thirty-nine lacrimal systems of 26 patients (age range, 10 months to 84 months) were treated. Of the obstructed ducts treated, 82% (32/39) showed resolution of epiphora. There were 9 children older than the age of 2, with 15 nasolacrimal systems studied. These had 11 of 15 successes for a success rate of 73%. There were 17 children between the ages of 10 months and 2 years with 24 nasolacrimal systems studied. These had 21 of 24 successes for a success rate of approximately 88%. The difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.28). Conclusion: Balloon dilation of the nasolacrimal duct is an alternative to silicone intubation in the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction after failed simple probing. Although our success rate was slightly lower than some published reports of nasolacrimal system intubation, this simple and atraumatic procedure was successful in 82% of cases for this specific situation.
Postsynthesis Hydrothermal Restructuring of M41S Mesoporous Molecular Sieves in Water

A high-quality Si−MCM-41 was prepared with the composition of SiO2, 0.2; TEAOH, 0.25; CTMABr, 35 in H2O using fumed silica as the silica source. The quality of the compounds was assessed using different analytical techniques such as XRD, N2 adsorption−desorption measurement, UV−vis absorption, FTIR, and 29Si MAS NMR. The quality of M41S mesoporous materials, synthesized using a single C16TMA+ surfactant, could be further improved by a postsynthesis hydrothermal treatment of the as-synthesized materials in water. In comparison with the ordinary preparation, the water-treated materials exhibited a higher long-distance order, a higher BET surface area, and a larger pore size. The postsynthesis water treatment method provided an easy and mild way to prepare high-quality M41S molecular sieves with the pore size controllable by altering either the treatment time or the temperature. The postsynthesis treatment also enhanced the stability, especially the hydrothermal stability, of Si−MCM-41. The 29Si MAS NMR resu...
Bonobo but not chimpanzee infants use socio-sexual contact with peers

Bonobos have been observed to use socio-sexual behavior at higher frequency than chimpanzees. Little is known about the developmental influences that shape this behavior in bonobos. We compared the social sexual behavior of wild-born bonobo (n = 8) and chimpanzee (n = 16) infants in an experimental feeding test. Subjects of both species were orphans of the bushmeat trade living at sanctuaries in peer groups. During the experiment, chimpanzee infants never had socio-sexual interactions with one another. In contrast, bonobo infants had socio-sexual interactions significantly more than the chimpanzee infants and more often when food was presented. During these socio-sexual interactions, bonobo infants did not show a preference for heterosexual partners or genital–genital positioning that is reproductive in adults (e.g. a dorso–ventral posture). These findings suggest that the socio-sexual behavior previously observed in various captive and wild bonobos is species-typical. Wild-born bonobos originating from a large geographical range develop this behavior long before puberty and without the need for adults initiating such behavior or acting as models for observational learning. Meanwhile, chimpanzee infants of the same age with similar rearing history show no signs of the same socio-sexual behavior. Results are interpreted regarding hypotheses for the evolution of bonobo psychology.
Generalization of the Use of Random Copolymers To Control the Wetting Behavior of Block Copolymer Films

Random copolymer brushes of poly(styrene-r-methyl methacrylate) (PS-r-PMMA) have previously been used to control the wetting behavior of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) block copolymer. Here we demonstrate that the use of random copolymer may be generalized to other block copolymer systems. A series of poly(styrene-r-2-vinylpyridine-r-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PS-r-P2VP-r-PHEMA) random copolymers was synthesized and evaluated as brush layers to control the orientation of domains in thin films of poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) block copolymer. On nonpreferential brushes, thin films of PS-b-P2VP had a mixed orientation of domains consisting of a perpendicular orientation of lamellar domains near the copolymer−substrate interface and a parallel orientation of lamellar domains at free surface because of the lower surface energy of the PS block. The composition window of brushes that induce vertical orientation of domains near the substrate ranges from 47.8% styrene to 57.0% styr...
Time trends in total ankle arthroplasty in the USA: a study of the National Inpatient Sample

The objective of this study was to assess the time trends in utilization, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients undergoing total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) in the USA. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from 1998 to 2010 to examine time trends in the utilization rates of TAA. We used the Cochran Armitage test for trend to assess time trends across the years and the analysis of variance (ANOVA), Wilcoxon test, or chi-squared test (as appropriate) to compare the first (1998–2000) and the last time periods (2009–2010). TAA utilization rate increased significant from 1998 to 2010: 0.13 to 0.84 per 100,000 overall, 0.14 to 0.88 per 100,000 in females, and from 0.11 to 0.81 per 100,000 in males (p 0.05). The utilization rate of TAA increased rapidly in the USA from 1998 to 2010, but post-arthroplasty mortality rate was stable. Underlying diagnosis and medical comorbidity changed over time and both can impact outcomes after TAA. Further studies should examine how the outcomes and complications of TAA have evolved over time.