cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coherent structures near the wall in a turbulent channel flow

Coherent structures (CS) near the wall (i.e. y + ≤ 60) in a numerically simulated turbulent channel flow are educed using a conditional sampling scheme which extracts the entire extent of dominant vortical structures. Such structures are detected from the instantaneous flow field using our newly developed vortex definition (Jeong & Hussain 1995) - a region of negative λ 2, the second largest eigenvalue of the tensor SikSkj + ΩikΩkj - which accurately captures the structure details (unlike velocity-, vorticity- or pressure-based eduction). Extensive testing has shown that λ 2 correctly captures vortical structures, even in the presence of the strong shear occurring near the wall of a boundary layer. We have shown that the dominant near-wall educed (i.e. ensemble averaged after proper alignment) CS are highly elongated quasi-streamwise vortices; the CS are inclined 9° in the vertical (x, y)-plane and tilted ±4° in the horizontal (x, z)-plane. The vortices of alternating sign overlap in x as a staggered array; there is no indication near the wall of hairpin vortices, not only in the educed data but also in instantaneous fields. Our model of the CS array reproduces nearly all experimentally observed events reported in the literature, such as VITA, Reynolds stress distribution, wall pressure variation, elongated low-speed streaks, spanwise shear, etc. In particular, a phase difference (in space) between streamwise and normal velocity fluctuations created by CS advection causes Q4 ('sweep’) events to dominate Q2 ('ejection’) and also creates counter-gradient Reynolds stresses (such as Ql and Q3 events) above and below the CS. We also show that these effects are adequately modelled by half of a Batchelor's dipole embedded in (and decoupled from) a background shear U(y). The CS tilting (in the (x, z)-plane) is found to be responsible for sustaining CS through redistribution of streamwise turbulent kinetic energy to normal and spanwise components via coherent pressure-strain effects.
Direct Nucleotide Sequencing for Amplification Product Identification

The advances of technology to determine the nucleotide sequence of DNA have fundamentally changed the field of biological research and medicine. For diagnostic molecular microbiology, the most precise method of identification of a PCR product (amplicon) is to determine its nucleotide sequence. Although it is not always necessary to sequence the entire amplicon for routine diagnostic procedures, DNA sequence has been used to analyze broad range PCR products for bacterial identification, for gene mutations related with antimicrobial resistance, and for bacterial strain typing and viral geno-typing, etc. Most of the amplicons of these applications are large (range approximately from 300 to 1,500 bp), and the exact nucleotide sequence of the amplicons are crucial for the results.
Global Observations—The Key to Model Development and Improved Assessments

One application of global models is to predict the response of stratospheric ozone to changes in composition and climate. The recent international ozone assessment included results from three-dimensional models with interactions among the dynamical, photochemical and radiative processes that all influence ozone behavior. The physical basis of such models is far more realistic than that of either the one-dimensional (single profile) models of the 1970's and early 1980's or the two-dimensional (latitude height) models of the late 1980's and 1990's. Observations have played a key role in the model development at all stages. This talk will highlight the role of observations in inspiring broad model improvements that have grown from the effort to reproduce observed relationships or processes, for example the correlations between long-lived constituents seen in aircraft data and the deep unmixed descent of mesospheric air into the winter polar vortices seen from satellite. The talk will also trace the evolution of model evaluation from contour plots showing 'good agreement' to the more rigorous process-oriented evaluation of three-dimensional models that is becoming the norm using the wealth of space-based observations obtained from the late 1970's until present.
Self-Focusing and Filaments of Light: Past and Present

Early research on self-focusing and filament formation of nanosecond and picosecond light pulses in nonlinear media is briefly reviewed. Emphasis is on physical understanding of characteristic features of the self-focusing phenomenon. Connections with the recent discovery of self-focusing and the appearance of apparently long filaments of light in air created by femtosecond light pulses are made. Similarities and differences between self-focusing of ns-ps pulses and fs pulses are discussed.
Dynamic noise margins of MOS logic gates

Voltage transfer characteristics and static noise margins of basic NMOS and CMOS inverter connections are reviewed in terms of their logic dynamic performances and dynamic noise margins. The hysteresis phenomena, immunity to short pulse inputs, and noise margins depending upon both the capacitive load and the speed of the input signal are presented and discussed. The results of this study contribute to an understanding of the switching phenomena of VLSI logic and to the determining of the dynamic characteristics, including noise immunity, from well-understood static performance. >
Prior Experiences Shaping Family Science Conversations at a Nature Center

Using families as the analytical focus, this study informs the field of informal science education with a focus on the role of prior experiences in family science conversations during nature walks at an outdoor-based nature center. Through video-based research, the team analyzed 16 families during walks at a nature center. Each family's prior science learning experience provided conversational strategies for learning together as a social group and when making meaning out of observations in the outdoors. This analysis provides three main findings: (1) families frequently tapped into a vast repertoire of previous experiences during conversations about nature and very often, explicitly sourced a specific prior experience in their dialogue with one another; (2) when families sourced a prior experience, they almost exclusively named an experience from a nonschool setting, with everyday experiences, designed spaces (i.e., informal institutions), and programs for science learning being the most common experiences cited; and (3) families leveraged references to prior experiences during family science conversations to serve four primary facilitation processes in conversation: reminding, prompting, explaining, and orienting. Implications from this study emphasize the importance of referencing previous life experiences during family science conversations as a meaning-making tool and for additional research on families learning science in outdoor education spaces.
Importance of resin ducts in reducing ponderosa pine mortality from bark beetle attack

The relative importance of growth and defense to tree mortality during drought and bark beetle attacks is poorly understood. We addressed this issue by comparing growth and defense characteristics between 25 pairs of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) trees that survived and trees that died from drought-associated bark beetle attacks in forests of northern Arizona, USA. The three major findings of our research were: (1) xylem resin ducts in live trees were >10% larger (diameter), >25% denser (no. of resin ducts mm−2), and composed >50% more area per unit ring growth than dead trees; (2) measures of defense, such as resin duct production (no. of resin ducts year−1) and the proportion of xylem ring area to resin ducts, not growth, were the best model parameters of ponderosa pine mortality; and (3) most correlations between annual variation in growth and resin duct characteristics were positive suggesting that conditions conducive to growth also increase resin duct production. Our results suggest that trees that survive drought and subsequent bark beetle attacks invest more carbon in resin defense than trees that die, and that carbon allocation to resin ducts is a more important determinant of tree mortality than allocation to radial growth.
A Survey on Wireless Grid Computing

Wireless Grid computing extends the traditional Grid computing paradigm to include a diverse collection of mobile devices enabled to communicate using radio frequency, infrared, optical and other wireless mechanisms. Among the devices coming into use in wireless grid implementations are tiny sensors, Radio Frequency Identification tags (RFID). Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and paging devices, cellular phones, hand-held or wearable computers, laptop computers and special purpose computers embedded into many modern appliances [8, 26, 29]. Though many of these devices were initially developed to serve a specific, autonomous purpose, their potential for cooperation through the sharing of resources and capabilities, and the massive amounts of resources available due to their numbers, is quickly leading to applications resembling traditional Grid computing. This paper presents a survey of the current state of wireless grid computing. This includes a discussion of the cooperation between wired and wireless grids including ways in which wireless grids extend the capabilities of existing wired grids. It also discusses many of the new capabilities and resources available to wireless grid devices and a sampling of several applications of these new resources. It provides a sampling of many current research endeavors in the wireless grid arena and an examination of a number of the potential challenges resulting from the unique characteristics of wireless grid devices.
Recirculation Zones in a Cylindrical Container

The flow field induced inside a cylindrical container by the rotation of the two end walls is described. It is shown that stagnation points leading to separation bubbles occur on the axis of rotation and/or the bottom end wall for certain ranges of the characteristic parameters; the Reynolds number, the aspect ratio of the container, and the ratio of the rotation rates of the end walls. Flow fields in a container of aspect ratio 2.0 are examined for Reynolds numbers from 100 to 3000 and ratios of the rotation rates of the top and bottom end walls from -0.10 to 1.0. For a range of ratios of the rotation rates of the top and bottom end walls and Reynolds numbers it is shown that ring vortices surrounding a columnar vortex core exist
Trends in the Study of Socialization: Is There a Lewinian Heritage?

Work on “democratic” and “authoritative” parenting is traced to historical roots in the Lewinian work on group atmospheres. A consistent theme, running through socialization research for many years and especially strong at the present time, is that successful socialization of children involves not only bringing about their outward conformity to parental directives, but also enabling them to become self-regulating, and motivating them so that they become willing to cooperate with parental socialization efforts. Research seeking to identify the parenting practices most associated with self-regulation and willing compliance is reviewed. Reciprocity between parents and children, and the bidirectional nature of influence, are stressed.
Giant cell aortitis with histopathologic and clinical response to steroid therapy: A case report

References 1. von Oppell UO, Mohr FW. Chordal replacement for both minimally invasive and conventional mitral valve surgery using premeasured Gore-tex loops. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70:2166-8. 2. Ngaage DL, Mullany CJ, Daly RC, Dearani JA, Edwards WD, Orzulak TA, et al. Surgical treatment of cardiac papillary fibroelastoma: a single center experience with eighty-eight patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005; 80:1712-8. 3. Galve E, Candell-Riera J, Pigrau C, Permanyer-Miralda G, Garcia-DelCastillo H, Soler-Soler J. Prevalence, morphologic types and evolution of cardiac valvular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:817-23. 4. Roldan CA. Valvular disease associated with systemic illness. Cardiol Clin. 1998;16:531-50. 5. Sasahashi N, Aono N, Kuji T, Shinoka T, Sueshiro M, Tomino T. A case of mitral replacement for Libman–Sacks endocarditis. Nipponn Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1992;40:155-60.
Beyond Citizenship to Vocation: Literature, Writing, and Service

This article analyzes the experience of teaching and learning in a “Literature of Service” course in its attempt to utilize the best of civic learning and faith-based reflection to make sense of social inequality. The language of students’ final portfolios for the course suggests a direct connection between their classroom talk about literary texts and questions of vocation, their writing about these issues, and their service in the community. The concept of vocation allows students to reframe their perception of community engagement from a duty of citizenship to a spiritual calling that clarifies their relationship to the broader world.
SARS News Coverage and Its Determinants in China and the US

/ This study investigates the prevalence of news frames in SARS news coverage from the Xinhua News Agency and the Associated Press (AP), as well as whether the frames were predicted by news environ...
Determining femoral rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty: reliability of techniques.

Abstract Several anatomic axes routinely are used for determining femoral rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of these techniques. The transepicondylar axis, anteroposterior axis, and balanced flexion gap tension line were identified relative to the posterior condylar axis in 8 fresh frozen cadaver knees by 3 independent observers. The flexion-extension axis was defined in each knee for comparison. The anteroposterior and balanced tension axes defined most reliably the flexion-extension axis and best balanced the flexion gap with no significant interobserver differences. The transepicondylar axis was less predictable and significantly more externally rotated than the anteroposterior axis ( P P
Electrical transport properties of crystalline silicon carbide/silicon heterojunctions

The electrical transport properties of beta -SiC/Si heterojunctions were investigated using current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics. The heterojunctions were fabricated by growing n-type crystalline beta -SiC films on p-type Si substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The I-V data measured at various temperatures indicate that at relatively high current, the heterojunction forward current is dominated by thermionic emission of carriers and can be expressed as exp(-qV/sub bi//kT) exp(V/ eta kT), where V/sub bi/ is the built-in voltage of the heterojunction and eta (=1.3) is a constant independent of voltage and temperature. At lower current, defect-assisted multitunneling current dominates. The effective density of states and the density-of-states effective mass of electrons in the conduction band of SiC are estimated to be 1.7*10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/ and 0.78m/sub 0/, respectively. This study indicates that the beta -SiC/Si heterojunction is a promising system for heterojunction (HJ) devices such as SiC-emitter heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs). >
Well that changes everything! The genesis of memory bias for threat with implications for delayed onset in anxiety disorders

Abstract Background and Objectives A number of aetiological pathways have been proposed in the development of anxiety disorders, including those associated with stressful triggering situations. Life events can provide new meaning to past situations, potentially leading to the delayed onset of a disorder. Whether or not a disorder will emerge is theoretically related to one's appraisal and memory of prior events, and memory biases are proposed to exist for threat-related information in association with anxiety. Given that new events may change the meaning of past experiences, threatening information may change one's memory for once-neutral events. Methods The current study aimed to examine the effect of threatening information on memory for previously encoded (neutral) stimuli. Undergraduate participants ( n = 81) interacted with 30 neutral objects (displayed in two boxes) and completed a recall memory test for these objects. They were then randomly assigned to receive either new threatening or new neutral information about half (one box) of the already-learned objects; a second recall test was then administered. Results Individuals given threatening information showed a greater proportion of memory for items that were manipulated to total items recalled than did individuals given new non-threatening information. Limitations A nonclinical sample reported relatively low ratings of disgust and anxiety. Additionally, the time between the two memory tests was brief, likely differing from the actual occurrence of delayed onset disorders. Conclusions Results showed the genesis of a memory bias for threat in the presumed absence of an attentional bias, and are discussed in terms of the delayed onset of anxiety disorders.
What's My Domain?

In this article we discuss a simple method for determining the maximum interval of existence for a solution of a single, autonomous, first-order differential equation, and the behavior of the solut...
Usefulness of anemia in men as an independent predictor of two-year cardiovascular outcome in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome.

Anemia has been shown to be an independent risk factor for the development of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in a variety of patient populations. In the case of patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), anemia has been demonstrated to be a powerful and independent predictor of 30-day outcomes. However, there are limited and conflicting data about the long-term independent predictive value of anemia in patients with ACS. This is in contrast to non-ACS populations in which anemia has been shown to be an independent predictor of long-term outcomes. The present study investigated the long-term prognostic significance of anemia in a well-characterized cohort of 193 men with ACS who were referred for coronary angiography at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. All patients were followed prospectively for the development of death or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and follow-up data were available for all patients at 24 months. After controlling for a variety of baseline clinical, laboratory, and angiographic variables, hemoglobin (analyzed as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable using the World Health Organization cutoff of 13 g/dl for men) was a strong and independent predictor of the composite end point of death or AMI at 24 months when using a Cox proportional hazards model. At 24 months, the event-free survival was 64% in the group with a hemoglobin level
Effect of excess dietary calcium on colon mucosal membranes and fecal lipids.

The objective of the present studies was to examine the biochemical alterations in colon apical membranes upon feeding excess calcium to animals on a saturated fatty acid-rich diet. It has been suggested recently that excess dietary calcium may offer a protection to colon membranes as judged by histologic examination. Sprague-Dawley weanling male rats were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 14% beef fat plus 2% corn oil and either the calcium requirement or excess calcium in the form of calcium carbonate. Animals were fed the diets for 4 weeks. Feces were collected in the last 3 days. The results indicate that excess dietary calcium resulted in alteration in the density of 4 protein bands of colon apical membranes upon examination on SDS-gel electrophoresis. These bands contain 20% of membrane proteins. The diet had no effect on either the lipid content or fatty acid composition of the membranes. Excess dietary calcium resulted in 54% reduction in fecal water bile acids and a 44% reduction in fecal water free fatty acids. The reduction in fecal water lipids was due to alterations in the solubility of these lipids. This was not mediated through alterations in the pH of fecal water. The observed alterations in protein patterns of these membranes may be due to either the reduction of fecal water bile acids and free fatty acids or may be a direct effect of dietary calcium on membrane proteins.
Vitrectomy for progressive macular traction associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

• A small group of eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy develop progressive macular traction characterized by partial vitreous detachment with vitreoretinal traction along the arcades and disc, retinal traction lines extending through the fovea, and progressive visual loss. Vitrectomy may be helpful in stabilizing selected eyes and actually improving visual acuity.
The coming vitality of rural places

In many parts of the world, whether “developing” or “developed,” the concept of a rural sort of education is largely ignored by national ministries. The United States is just one notable example of silence at the bureaucratic center, despite scholarly interest in provincial universities. The future may change the “terms of engagement,” however, and this essay considers the leadership of rural schools and communities from the vantage of the daunting, but clearly visible, challenges of the future. The challenges described in the essay relate to a variety of visible, perhaps even familiar, economic, environmental, political, and cultural threats confronting life in the coming century. Though increasingly important and relevant to education, these threats are not a common part of discussions in education policy. The essay explains why, and why the threats are important to rural villages and districts. Discussion concludes with five rurally appropriate shifts of thinking that might help rural citizens and subjects around the world engage the challenges and counter the threats.
Persistent Vegetative State: Where Do We Go From Here?

A number of "new" diseases have been discovered in the waning decades of the 20th century. Some are the result of newly evolved or more aggressive pathogenic organisms, eg, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, while other conditions are the result of the application of modern medical technology. The persistent vegetative state (PVS) is an example of the latter type of "new" disease. Patients with this devastating neurological entity rarely, if ever, survived for long before the advent of modern medical interventions, such as intravenous antibiotics and intravenous and/or enteral nutritional support. Unfortunately, prolonged survival of patients with PVS has created a very difficult moral and ethical dilemma for the health care profession. Should these patients receive intense, life-prolonging therapy? Who should make crucial life and death decisions for these individuals? What are the legal implications of continuing vs withdrawing intensive care or technological support? Can we as a society afford to pay
Border crossings and shifting sexualities among Mexican gay immigrant men: Beyond monolithic conceptions

This article describes patterns of interpretation and practice of same-sex desires pre- and post-migration among self-identified gay and bisexual Mexican immigrant men to the USA. Drawing on in-dep...
Most patients with asymptomatic, disease-free third molars elect extraction over retention as their preferred treatment.

Purpose To answer the clinical question, “Among patients presenting for evaluation of their third molars (M3s), do those who choose M3 extraction, compared with those who choose M3 retention, differ in important demographic, clinical, anatomic, or radiographic ways?” Materials and Methods The investigators implemented a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample composed of patients presenting for M3 evaluation. The primary predictor variable was the clinician's assessment of M3 status categorized as asymptomatic, disease free (Sx–/D–); asymptomatic, disease present (Sx–/D+); symptomatic, disease free (Sx+/D–); and symptomatic, disease present (Sx+/D+). The secondary predictor variable was treatment recommendation grouped as extraction, retention, or patient choice. The primary outcome variable was the subject's treatment decision: extract or retain M3s. Data analyses were performed using bivariate and multiple regression methods. Results The study sample comprised 249 subjects (855 M3s) with a mean age of 27.3 ± 10.4 (median = 25.0) years. Of the 855 M3s evaluated, 37.3% were Sx–/D–, 0.6% were Sx+/D–, 51.1% were Sx–/D+, and 11.0% were Sx+/D+. The treatment recommendations were retention (6.5%), extraction (55.7%), or patient choice (37.8%). Subjects chose M3 extraction 82.1% of the time. In the adjusted multiple logistic regression model, increasing age, presence of Sx–/D– M3s, and a treatment recommendation of M3 retention were factors statistically (P < .05) associated with subject treatment choice of M3 retention. Conclusion When offered the choice of retention or extraction, most patients (60%) with asymptomatic, disease-free M3s elected for extraction. When M3 symptoms or disease were present, more than 95% of patients chose extraction as the preferred treatment.
In search of the elusive long-wave fundamental.

Abstract Action spectra for threshold detection of flicker (30 Hz) were obtained on 11 deuteranopes under carefully controlled adaptation conditions. Individual differences were large, so that each one of the long-wave fundamentals proposed by different theorists finds reasonable justification in the spectrum measured on at least one deuteranope. Some deuteranopes' spectra are not described by any one of these “fundamentals”. To a first approximation at least, trichromats' spectra show the property of linear additivity. One such trichromat's spectrum agreed well with that of a deuteranope with whom he shares a common erythrolabe, and appears to be uninfluenced by his chlorolabe-filled cones.
A direct measurement of shear fracture energy in rocks

Shear fracture energy has been measured for a granite and a limestone using a torsional method. We monitor failure with periodic stiffness determinations and measure strain energy released by integrating the load-displacement record. Values of strain energy release rate (G3C) obtained for zero normal stress lie in the range 10²–10³ Jm−2. These fall between the values of G1C from tensile experiments and of shear fracture energy measured under high normal stress in triaxial tests.
On the Theoretical Investigation on Spectroscopy of the Electron Donor−Acceptor Complex TCNE−HMB†

By performing ab inito calculations for the TCNE−HMB complex, we obtain the optimized geometry and the vibrational modes of the ground state. We find that symmetry is broken due to a formation of hydrogen bond between one of the hydrogen atoms of HMB and one of the nitrogen atoms of TCNE. We also find that all the donor−acceptor intermolecular modes are found in the frequency region less than 100 cm-1. We identify donor−acceptor stretching mode at 59 cm-1 and two TCNE vibrations at 167 and 170 cm-1, which two modes are highly associated with the experimentally observed mode. Deuteriation effects are also investigated for this complex. We set up a new model for optical transitions, which consists of the two CT states and one ground state including 33 vibrational modes. On the basis of this new model, we analyze the steady state absorption and fluorescence spectra to tentatively obtain potential parameters. We find that the ratio of the transition moment of the CT2 state to that of the CT1 is about 0.3.
Male dominance and mount series duration in Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques

Abstract It has been hypothesized that series mounting (multiple intromissions preceding ejaculation) is functionally related to male–male competition and/or female mate choice. Free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta , engaged in uninterrupted mount series ranging in duration from less than 1 min to 56 min. Over 90% of mount series interruptions were carried out by males dominant to the male of the mounting pair. Females were more likely to experience mount series interruption during mount series with low-ranking males than with high-ranking males. During mount series, oestrous females approached males other than their copulatory partner at lower rates than they approached non-consort males while in consortship yet not engaged in a mount series. Males ranking in the top 20% of the dominance hierarchy engaged in longer uninterrupted mount series than other males. Males of the lowest 80% of the dominance hierarchy did not increase their mount series durations as a function of (1) the visibility of the copulating pair or (2) the current operational sex ratio. Among males of all ranks, mount series duration did not vary consistently as a function of operational sex ratio, responsibility for proximity maintenance within the mating pair, or female cycle state. Analogous survival analyses using each mount series, rather than each male, as a data point produced similar results.
Image-guided non-invasive ultrasound liver ablation using histotripsy: feasibility study in an in vivo porcine model.

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), or liver cancer, is one of the fastest growing cancers in the United States. Current liver ablation methods are thermal based and share limitations resulting from the heat sink effect of blood flow through the highly vascular liver. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using histotripsy for non-invasive liver ablation in the treatment of liver cancer. Histotripsy is a non-thermal ablation method that fractionates soft tissue through the control of acoustic cavitation. Twelve histotripsy lesions ∼1 cm3 were created in the livers of six pigs through an intact abdomen and chest in vivo. Histotripsy pulses of 10 cycles, 500-Hz pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and 14- to 17-MPa estimated in situ peak negative pressure were applied to the liver using a 1-MHz therapy transducer. Treatments were performed through 4–6 cm of overlying tissue, with 30%–50% of the ultrasound pathway covered by the rib cage. Complete fractionation of liver parenchyma was observed, with sharp boundaries after 16.7-min treatments. In addition, two larger volumes of 18 and 60 cm3 were generated within 60 min in two additional pigs. As major vessels and gallbladder have higher mechanical strength and are more resistant to histotripsy, these remained intact while the liver surrounding these structures was completely fractionated. This work shows that histotripsy is capable of non-invasively fractionating liver tissue while preserving critical anatomic structures within the liver. Results suggest histotripsy has potential for the non-invasive ablation of liver tumors.
Aeropropulsion Research for the U.S. Army

A timely review of selected examples of research in aeropropulsion being sponsored by the U. S. Army covering the full spectrum of relevant topics is given. The discussion in this paper is focussed on aerodynamic components, mechanical elements and materials with emphasis on those fundamental issues which strongly influence engine reliability and life-cycle cost, particularly reduced fuel consumption. Specific research investigations on compressors, combustors, turbines, mechanical components, materials and cycle analysis are described and new desired research initiatives are elaborated. The reader can acquire a rather complete overview of Army activities related to small gas turbine engines from this paper.Copyright © 1982 by ASME
Vortex Dynamics and Mechanisms for Viscous Losses in the Tip-Clearance Flow

The tip-clearance flow in axial turbomachines is studied using large-eddy simulation with particular emphasis on understanding the underlying mechanisms for viscous losses in the end-wall region and the unsteady characteristics of the tip-leakage vortical structures. Systematic and detailed analysis of the mean flow field and turbulence statistics has been made in a linear cascade with a moving end-wall. The tip-leakage jet and tip-leakage vortex are found to produce significant mean velocity gradients, leading to the production of vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy. These are the major causes for viscous losses in the cascade end-wall region. An analysis of the energy spectra and space-time correlations of the velocity fluctuations suggests that the tip-leakage vortex is subject to a pitchwise low frequency wandering motion.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
L2 acquisition of English synthetic compounding is not constrained by level-ordering (and neither, probably, is L1 ):

This article investigates the acquisition of English synthetic compounding by native Spanish and native Chinese speakers. Data are presented which con tradict the claim by Gordon (1985), Clahsen (1991) and Clahsen et al. (1992) that morphological level-ordering is universally, innately available to lan guage learners to guide their acquisition of compounding constraints. Empirical arguments are given which show that compounding, at least, can not be universally subject to the particular inflectional constraints - namely, a restriction on plurals in compounds - imposed by the level-ordering mod els cited in the above acquisition studies. I also present additional experi mental results which demonstrate that L2 learners of English freely violate this restriction, and that such violations reflect particular L1 influence.I suggest an alternative approach to analysing the role of Universal Grammar in the acquisition of compounding which better accounts for both the L1 and L2 English data, by considering 1) the...
Low-Temperature Photomagnetoelectric and Photoconductive Effects in n -Type InAs

A Study of the photomagnetoelectric (PME) and photoconductive (PC) effects in $n$-type InAs single crystals has been made between 4.2 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K under small-signal conditions. It was found that for $Tg77$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the PME open-circuit voltage is proportional to the magnetic induction, and for $Tl21$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the PME open-circuit voltage saturates at large magnetic induction, which is in accord with the large-Hall-angle PME theory. Carrier lifetimes were computed from the PME and PC data between 4.2 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and the hole mobility was estimated from the PME data at 21 and 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The observed linear relationship between the PME open-circuit voltage and photoconductance at low light levels manifests that the effect of trapping is essentially nil over the entire temperature range from 4.2 to 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Fatty acids of geochemical significance in microscopic algae

Abstract Fatty acids ranging from 14:0 to 18:4 were found in eleven different species of green and blue-green algae. In general, the unsaturated C18 fatty acids predominate in all the species of green algae analyzed while with some exceptions the C16 saturated acids are predominant in the blue-green algae. By the nature of their as chromatographic patterns, there appears to be no direct correlation between the fatty acids and the hydrocarbons within the same species of algae. The fatty acids are distributed in a narrower molecular weight range (C14C18) than the hydrocarbons (C15C33) and do not show any significant qualitative variations between species. All assignments of structural identities are supported by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric data.
Changes in pituitary, hypothalamic and brain progestin-metabolizing enzyme activities during lactation.

Abstract Progesterone 5α-reductase activity and 5α-dihydroprogesterone 3α-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (3α-HSOR) activities (NADH- and NADPH-linked) were measured in anterior pituitaries, hypothalami and brains from lactating rats (8 and 21 days postpartum) and non-lactating (60-day-old cycling) rats. Tissue levels of these three enyme activities varied significantly among the three groups examined. In terms of pituitary, mean levels of both of its 3α-HSOR activities were 40–140% higher in actively lactating rats (8 days postpartum) relative to mean levels in lactating rats at weaning (21 days postpartum) or in non-lactating rats. There were no differences in pituitary progesterone 5α-reductase activity among the three experimental groups. In the hypothalamus, the NADPH-linked 3α-HSOR was elevated (50%) at 8 days of lactation compared to the group at 21 days. Hypothalamic NADH-linked 3α-HSOR levels did not vary among the 3 groups. Hypothalamic progesterone 5α-reductase levels in the actively lactating and weaning groups were 30% lower than those of the non-lactating group. Brain levels of progesterone 5α-reductase were also lower these two lactating groups (35–55%) as compared to the non-lactating control group. In brain, NADPH 3α-HSOR activity did not vary among the three groups, but levels of NADH 3α-HSOR activity were lower (40–50%) in the weaning group as compared to the actively lactating and control groups. These findings suggest the possibility that tissue changes in these progesterone-metabolizing enzyme activities during lactation and at weaning are influencing the in situ supply of 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone and 5α-dihydroprogesterone and their derivative effects on GABA A receptor activity and prolactin and gonadotropin release. The decreased activity of progesterone 5α-reductase in hypothalamus and brain would presumably reduce in situ 5α-dihydroprogesterone formation while increases in 3α-HSOR activity would suggest higher in situ 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone formation especially in the pituitary.
American Federalism and Regional Policy

American federalism is a unique political structure, especially in its capacity for managing regional economic development. Multiple and often competing development goals — equity, efficiency, democracy, and long term economic vitality — are demanded of it. The system performs relatively well at providing access for democratic participation and engendering efficiency in public service provision, but it has difficulty ensuring long-term vitality and achieving equity. Territorialized legislative bodies substitute for and impede the evolution of more centralized, deliberative regional policy.
Multilevel investigation into the community context of child maltreatment

Official rates of child maltreatment vary considerably from community to community. Extensive research on the role of the community context in maltreatment suggests that the neighborhood in which families live could impact their maltreatment behavior. However, the vast majority of existing studies and literature reviews on the topic have not used statistical methods to appropriately control for the impact of these variables at the individual level. This literature review approaches the question of whether the community context affects maltreatment behavior above and beyond the individual-level variables by critiquing the studies that have successfully measured maltreatment risks at both the individual and community level using multilevel modeling.
A simple implementation of efficient allocations

Abstract A simple constrained game form implementing Pareto-optimal allocations in any neoclassical environment is constructed. The mechanism treats group members symmetrically, it is feasible and finite dimensional. This general scheme is then applied to a problem of income redistribution in a society in which members exhibit social conscienceness.
Elimination of redundant array subscript range checks

This paper presents a compiler optimization algorithm to reduce the run time overhead of array subscript range checks in programs without compromising safety. The algorithm is based on partial redundancy elimination and it incorporates previously developed algorithms for range check optimization. We implemented the algorithm in our research compiler, Nascent, and conducted experiments on a suite of 10 benchmark programs to obtain four results: (1) the execution overhead of naive range checking is high enough to merit optimization, (2) there are substantial differences between various optimizations, (3) loop-based optimizations that hoist checks out of loops are effective in eliminating about 98% of the range checks, and (4) more sophisticated analysis and optimization algorithms produce very marginal benefits.
Consumer Service Quality Assessments and Future Revenues in Small Businesses: A Case Study

This study is based on shopper assessments of grocery store services. It suggests that there is a direct relationship between consumers' attitudes regarding a store's service quality and their intent to continue to choose that store for much of their ongoing shopping needs, given that the service remains the same or improves. The findings, while limited, posit a possible connection between service quality satisfaction and potential ongoing revenue. In addition, it is suggested that store pricing, store formats, and shopping enjoyment may mitigate ongoing choice. The findings should encourage service-focused small businesses not currently doing so to consider putting quality measurements in place to guide the satisfaction-revenue connection.
Discriminative stimulus properties of quipazine

Abstract Rats were trained to discriminate quipazine (2.5 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever, drug discrimination task. After high levels of accuracy (i.e. 90% correct choice responding) were attained, dose and time parameters of the quipazine cue were studied during extinction test sessions. Quipazine was highly discriminable at doses of 1.25 and 0.94 mg/kg. With decreasing doses, the percentage of responding on the quipazine lever declined in a dose-related fashion. By varying the normal 30-min time interval between injection and testing, the onset and duration of action of quipazine were determined to be about 5–15 min and 60–90 min respectively. After injections with novel drugs, animals were tested during extinction sessions. Lysergic acid diethylamide, (LSD), at doses of 0.08 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/kg, transferred completely to the quipazine cue (i.e. above 95% quipazine responding); neither d -amphetamine (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) nor apomorphine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) showed any transfer to the quipazine cue. By administering various neurotransmitter blockers in conjunction with quipazine and testing during extinction sessions, it was found that the putative central 5-HT antagonists cyproheptadine (1.0 mg/kg), methysergide (1.0 mg/kg), and methiothepin (1.0 mg/kg) produced significant decreases in the discriminability of quipazine. The dopamine antagonists haloperidol (0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg) and fluphenazine (1.0 mg/kg) were without effect. It was concluded that LSD and quipazine have a common mechanism of action which may (or may not) involve 5-HT; a role for DA was not indicated.
The role of brain norepinephrine in the anorexic effects of dextroamphetamine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the rat.

The effects of d-amphetamine on food and water intake and brain monoamine concentrations in rats that had been deprived of food and water for 24 h were compared with those of two MAO inhibitors: tranylcypromine which has prominent amphetamine-like activity; and, pargyline which does not. All drugs produced dose-related depressions of food and water intake. The anorexic effects of the MAO inhibitors were correlated, over a 16-fold dose range, with elevated levels of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin. The anorexic effect of d-amphetamine was blocked by α-methyltyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis. α-Methyltyrosine failed to block the depression of food and water intake caused by the MAO inhibitors, although the rise in catecholamine levels was prevented. It was concluded that the mechanisms by which d-amphetamine produces anorexia may differ from those of the MAO inhibitors. Central adrenergic mediation appears to play a role in the anorexic activity of d-amphetamine, but may not be essential for the anorexic effect of tranylcypromine and pargyline.
Computer-aided multivariable control system design for processes with time delays

Abstract A computer-aided control system design package is described which handles processes with multiple time delays and allows subsequent design of interaction compensators. The package synthesizes control system designs for complex problems in a short time while also providing dynamic simulation for the purpose of evaluating controller performance. Example problems are presented along with a case study on sensitivity to errors in the delays.
Competing risks in parallel and series systems

Abstract The reliability of a system is computed when failure is due to multiple modes. These failure modes are considered as competing risks. Both series and parallel systems are considered when these competing risks are acting independent of one another. A system with dependent competing risks is also considered.
Comparing PLFA and amino sugars for microbial analysis in an Upper Michigan old growth forest

Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and amino sugars analysis were compared with respect to their capacity to reliably indicate microbial biomass and gross community structure (e.g. fungi to bacteria ratio). We sampled three sets of soils beneath dominant canopy-tree species in an old growth forest and extracted them using both PLFA and amino sugars procedures. Amino sugars data had a lower coefficient of variation among sample replicates and therefore may be better for quantitative application compared to PLFA data. However, when considering microbial community structure, PLFA had an advantage over amino sugars due to its more straightforward interpretation. Finally, because each biomarker derives from different portions of the microbial biomass, a conversion factor between cell membrane PLFA and cell wall amino sugars may be valuable in understanding soil carbon cycling.
Stem cell damage, adaptation, and leukemogenesis in Fanconi anemia

Biallelic inactivation of any one of 7 genes results in Fanconi anemia (FA), a rare disease that predisposes children and adults to bone marrow failure, endocrinopathies, myelodysplasia (MDS), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and epithelial malignancies. There exists evidence that the FA proteins
The shape of the intense Au198 beta spectrum and the K conversion coefficient of the 412-keV transition

The intense beta spectrum of Au/sup 198/ and the K internal conversion coefficient of the 412-kev transition were measured. The beta spectrum was found to have a nonstatistical shape which can be best fitted with a once-forbidden shape factor of the form 1--0.33 W + 0.074 W/sup 2/. With this shape factor used to determine the total intensity of the beta spectrum and thereby the intensity of the gamma radiation, the K internal conversion coefficient of the 412-kev transition in Hg/sup 198/ is found to be alpha /sub K/ = (282 plus or minus 10) x 10/sup -4/. On the basis of a statistical shape for the beta spectrum a value of 297 x 10/sup -4/ would be obtained. (auth)
ASSET PRICING IN DYNAMIC STOCHASTIC GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS WITH INDETERMINACY

We explore asset pricing in the context of the one-sector Benhabib-Farmer-Guo (BFG) model with increasing returns to scale in production and compare our results with financial implications of the standard dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Our main goal is to determine the effects of local indeterminacy and the presence of sunspot shocks on asset pricing. We find that the BFG model does not adequately represent key stylized facts of U.S. capital markets and does not improve on the asset-pricing results obtained in the standard DSGE model.