cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehension-based model of correct performance and errors in skilled, display-based, human-computer interaction

This paper describes a computational model of skilled use of an application with a graphical user interface. The model provides a principled explanation of action slips, errors made by experienced users. The model is based on Hutchins, Holland and Norman's analysis of direct manipulation and is implemented using Kintsch and Mannes's construction-integration theory of action planning. The model attends to a limited number of objects on the screen and then selects action on one of them, such as moving mouse cursor, clicking mouse button, typing letters, and so on, by integrating information from various sources. These sources include the display, task goals, expected display states, and knowledge about the interface and the application domain. The model simulates a graph drawing task. In addition, we describe how the model makes errors even when it is provided with the knowledge sufficient to generate correct actions.
Development of Advanced Metallic-Thermal-Protection System Prototype Hardware

A new metallic thermal-protection-system concept has been designed, analyzed, and fabricated. A specific location on a slngle-stage-to-orbit reusable launch vehicle was selected to develop loads and requirements needed todesign prototype panels. The design loads include ascent and entry heating rates, pressures, acoustics, and accelerations. Additional design issues were identified and discussed. An iterative sizing procedure was used to size the thermal protection system panels for thermal and structural loads as part of an integrated wall construction that included the thermal protection system and cryogenic tank structure. The panels were sized to maintain acceptable temperatures on the underlying structure and to operate under the design structural loading. Detailed creep analyses were also performed on critical components of the panels. Four 18-in.-square metallic thermal-protection-system panels were fabricated. A lightweight, thermally compliant support system to connect the thermal protection system to the cryogenic tank structure was designed and fabricated.
Intraatomic exchange and the violation of Hund's rule in twisted ethylene

Abstract It is demonstrated that the reason the singlet state lies below the triplet state in twisted ethylene (in violation of Hund's rule) is because there remains a significant component of the antiferromagnetic coupling of two triplet methylenes optimal for the methylene—methylene separated limit. We find that this effect can be completely described using a simple generalized valence bond wavefunction.
A Model for Multicomponent Spray Vaporization in a High-Pressure and High-Temperature Environment

A multicomponent droplet vaporization model including both gas and liquid phase transport processes was developed for multidimensional spray computations. This paper focuses on two effects altering vaporisation in a high-pressure and high-temperature environment. One effect is on droplet surface regression caused by a higher vaporization rate. This effect is well characterized by the Lewis number and the Peclet number with the regression velocity. Formulas based on the two numbers were included to improve model accuracy. The other effect is on the nonideal behavior arid was covered in the model by using the Peng-Robinson equation of state to determine phase equilibrium at the droplet surface. The model was validated by the results from an accurate simplified vortex model and experimental measurements, and excellent agreements were demonstrated. Further comparisons against the model without the two effects and an infinite diffusion model show that significant improvement was achieved by the model for single-droplet and spray computations.
Exequias reales en la Contrarreforma: doctrina católica y Barroco en el sermón funeral de fray Alonso de Cabrera (1549?1598) por la muerte de Felipe II

Los funerales reales eran una de las ceremonias publicas que mas representaban los valores culturales espanoles durante la Contrarreforma porque combinaban lo espectacular, lo religioso y lo politico. Este articulo analiza el sermon pronunciado por el predicador real fray Alonso de Cabrera en el funeral por la muerte de Felipe II (1598). El articulo contextualiza la ideologia religiosa y politica de la Espana de finales del siglo XVI con respecto a los rituales de la muerte, y analiza el sermon de Cabrera como un ejemplo paradigmatico de la mentalidad de la epoca. El texto del sermon es, ademas, un modelo unico en cuanto a la manera en que fusiona argumentos biblicos, la tradicion patristica, el genero de la hagiografia y el tema del desengano. Igualmente su estilo retorico es variado con modos de lenguaje ascetico, cortesano y literario que inicia ya el estilo barroco. Este estudio arguye que el sermon era una parte central de los rituales de la muerte del Siglo de Oro, y que el predicador transmitia con...
The Local Lyα Forest. I. Observations with the GHRS/G160M on the Hubble Space Telescope

We present the target selection, observations, and data reduction and analysis process for a program aimed at discovering numerous, weak (equivalent width ≤100 mA) Lyα absorption lines in the local universe (0.003 ≤ z ≤ 0.069). The purpose of this program is to study the physical conditions of the local intergalactic medium, including absorber distributions in Doppler width and H I column density, redshift evolution of absorber number density, line-of-sight two-point correlation function, and the baryonic content and metallicity. By making use of large-angle, nearby galaxy redshift surveys, we will investigate the relationship (if any) between these Lyα absorbers and galaxies, superclusters, and voids. In Paper I we present high-resolution (~19 km s-1) spectroscopic observations of 15 very bright (V ≤ 14.5) active galactic nuclei (AGNs) targets made with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We find 81 definite (≥4 σ) and 30 possible (3-4 σ) Lyα absorption lines in these spectra, which probe a total path length of 116,000 km s-1 (Δz ~ 0.4) at very low redshift (z ≤ 0.069) and column density (12.5 ≤ log N ≤ 14.5). We found numerous metal lines arising in the Milky Way halo, including absorption from high-velocity clouds in 10 of 15 sight lines and numerous absorptions intrinsic to the target AGN. We present reduced spectra, absorption-line lists, "pie diagrams," showing the known galaxy distributions in the direction of each target, and nearest galaxy tables for each absorber. In Papers II and III, we use the data presented here to determine the basic physical characteristics of the low-z Lyα forest and to investigate the relationship of the absorbers to the local galaxy distribution.
ACADEMIC ORAL COMMUNICATION NEEDS OF EAP LEARNERS: WHAT SUBJECT-MATTER INSTRUCTORS ACTUALLY REQUIRE

One of the most vital steps in needs analysis for English for academic purposes (EAP) is to describe the expectations and requirements of instructors at a variety of institutions and across a range of contexts. Though much work has been done in identifying academic literacy tasks, little attention has been thus far paid to describing the listening and speaking tasks required by instructors in academic settings. To examine and describe these expectations and requirements, we surveyed over 900 professors at four different institutions: a community college, a public teaching-oriented university, a public research-oriented university, and a private university. The results demonstrated that instructors' requirements vary across academic discipline, type of institution, and class size. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses also indicated that U.S. instructors' lecturing styles are becoming less formal and more interactive and that this trend places new expectations upon the students. The implications for EAP teaching are that genre-specific listening/speaking courses and tasks may be necessary and that EAP teachers need to prepare students for comprehension of and participation in a variety of lecture/discussion formats.
Web site lets solar scientists inform and inspire students

Where on the Web can a middle school girl ask a female solar scientist about solar storms, the course and behavior of charged solar particles, and the origin of the Sun's dynamo—and also find out what the scientist was like as a child, whether the scientist has tattoos or enjoys snowboarding, what she likes and dislikes about her career, and how she balances her energy for work and family life? These kinds of exchanges happen at Solar Week (http://www.solarweek.org; see Figure 1). Established in 2000, Solar Week is an online resource for middle and lower high school students about the science of the Sun, sponsored by the Center for Science Education at the Space Sciences Laboratory (CSE@SSL) at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley). The Web site's goals are to educate students about the Sun and solar physics and to encourage future careers in science—especially for girls. One way is by giving solar scientists the chance to be relatable role models, to answer students' questions, and to share their experiences in an online forum.
The components of barley stripe mosaic and related viruses.

Abstract Natural isolates of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) and the related viruses, lychnis ringspot virus (LRSV) and poa semilatent virus (PSLV), generally contain at least 3 RNA components, although some BSMV isolates contain only two. RNA components with apparent molecular weights of 1.4 and 1.25 million are common to all these viruses. The Rothamsted isolate of BSMV which contains these two RNAs and a third of apparent molecular weight 1.15 million requires all three components to infect Chenopodium amaranticolor .
Mathematical Foundations of Networks Supporting Cluster Identification

The author proved that the continuous general linear (Lie) group in n dimensions can be decomposed into (a) a Markov type Lie group (MTLG) preserving the sum of the components of a vector, and (b) an Abelian Lie scaling group that scales each of the components. For a specific Lie basis, the MTLG generated all continuous Markov transformations (a Lie Markov Monoid LMM) and in subsequently published work, proved that every possible network as defined by an n x n connection matrix Cij of non-negative off-diagonal real numbers was isomorphic to the set of LMM. As this defined the diagonal of C, it supported full eigenvalue analysis of the generated Markov Matrix as well as support of Renyi entropies whose spectra ordered the nodes and make comparison of networks now possible. Our new research provides (a) a method of expanding a network topology in different orders of Renyi entropies, (b) the construction of a meta-network of all possible networks of use in network classification, (c) the use of eigenvector analysis of the LMM generated by a network C to provide an agnostic methodology for identifying clusters and (d) an a methodology for identifying clusters in general numeric database tables.
DEPRESSURIZATION-INDUCED GAS PRODUCTION FROM CLASS 1 AND CLASS 2 HYDRATE DEPOSITS

Class 1 hydrate deposits are characterized by a Hy-drate-Bearing Layer (HBL) underlain by a two-phase zone involving mobile gas. Such deposits are further divided to Class 1W (involving water and hydrate in the HBL) and Class 1G (involving gas and hydrate in the HBL). In Class 2 deposits, a mobile water zone underlies the hydrate zone. Methane is the main hydrate-forming gas in natural accumulations. Using TOUGH-FX/HYDRATE to study the depressurization-induced gas production from such deposits, we determine that large volumes of gas could be readily produced at high rates for long times using conventional technology. Dissociation in Class 1W deposits proceeds in distinct stages, but is continuous in Class 1G deposits. Hydrates are shown to contribute significantly to the production rate (up to 65 percent and 75 percent in Class 1W and 1G, respectively) and to the cumulative volume of produced gas (up to 45 percent and 54 percent in Class 1W and 1G, respectively). Large volumes of hydrate-originating CH4 could be produced from Class 2 hydrates, but a relatively long lead time would be needed before gas production (which continuously increases over time) attains a substantial level. The permeability of the confining boundaries plays a significant role in gas production from Class 2 deposits. In general, long-term production is needed to realize the full potential of the very promising Class 1 and Class 2 hydrate deposits.
Noise-figure calculations for crossed-field forward-wave amplifiers

The problem of finding an adequate model for derivation of noise-figure expressions for crossed-field forward-wave amplifiers is investigated. The modified Llewellyn-Peterson equations are used for the portion of the beam near the cathode. Four waves, two cyclotron waves and two space-charge waves, are used for the space connecting the gun and interaction region. Noise-figures are found by considering five waves in the interaction region. The results are very close to those found when only the space-charge waves are considered in the development of the equations for both drift and interaction regions. A matrix, like the space-charge-wave matrix for O-type beams, giving the transformation of beam fluctuations along a drifting, crossed-field stream including the effects of four waves is presented. Expressions for fluctuations of transverse velocity and beam center of gravity are derived to account for all the excitation quantities which are believed to be important in crossed-field amplifiers. The transformation of fluctuations of beam position, or center of gravity, along an accelerating stream is derived. Calculated values of noise figures are far in excess of experimental values. The reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.
Socializing children about television: An intergenerational study

This article describes a study on mothers’ views of television and children’s perceptions of their mothers’ socialization efforts regarding television. Results from the investigation involving 174 mother and child (in Grades 3–6) dyads suggest that mothers’ perceptions of their responsibilities regarding children’s television viewing vary by parental style. In addition, children’s perceptions of mothers’ verbal interactions about TV and coviewing together with opinions, monitoring, and controlling of television similarly vary across parental styles. These findings support previous research that parental styles play a role in determining the manner in which mothers socialize their offspring about television.
Race/Ethnicity, Foreign-Born Status, and Victimization in Seattle, WA:

Despite growing interest in immigration, little is known about the impact of foreign-born status on victimization or the factors that account for any variation in victimization between foreign-born...
Polymorphic forms of the protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase involved in the repair of age-damaged proteins

The protein L-isoaspartate (D-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (PCMT1) can initiate the repair of age-damaged aspartyl and asparaginyl residues of intracellular proteins. The human gene PCMT1 encoding this enzyme has at least four polymorphic sites, one of which results in two major isoforms with either an Ile residue or a Val residue at amino acid position 119. The frequencies of the alleles encoding the Ile119 and Val119 variants are similar in Caucasian populations, but a predominance of the Ile119 allele exists in Asian and African populations. Analyses of the enzymatic activities of the Ile119 and Val119 variants in red blood cell lysates show that the higher specific activity and thermostability of the Ile119 isoform is balanced by the potentially compensating higher substrate affinity of the Val119 isoform. In a preliminary attempt to find an association between genotype frequency at the PCMT1 locus and healthy aging, we compared the distribution of genotypes in a healthy older population of Ashkenazi Jewish individuals with that in a younger ethnically matched control group. We found that 65% of the healthy older population had the heterozygous genotype, greater than the 50% expected by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggesting a possible selection for having both alleles of the repair methyltransferase in successful aging. Three additional polymorphisms in non-coding regions of the methyltransferase gene were found to be biallelic and demonstrated nonrandom association in a specific haplotype with the codon 119 polymorphism. Finally, we also detected a heterozygous mutation in the splicing branch site of intron 2 that did not appear to affect activity. This study will help define the normal physiological range of activity for this repair methyltransferase and give us a better understanding of its role in the processes of aging and disease.
Outcomes and risk factors of cardiac arrest after vascular surgery procedures

Background Despite increased awareness of the value of discussing patients' goals of care, advance directives, and code status as part of the surgical informed consent process, the actual outcomes and risks of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) remain poorly defined among some subsets of surgical patients. Thus, in an effort to generate an evidence base for communication about shared decision making and informed consent for vascular surgery patients and their surrogates, we defined the incidence, risks, and outcomes of postoperative cardiac arrest after primary vascular surgery procedures. Methods The 2007 to 2010 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data were queried to develop a multi-institutional database of patients undergoing vascular surgery (N = 123,581). Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify crude and adjusted risk factors for postoperative cardiac arrest requiring CPR and to assess outcomes. Results Postoperative cardiac arrest requiring CPR was seen in 1234 of 123,581 patients (1.0%) after vascular surgery at a mean of 7.2 ± 2 days. The 30-day mortality was 73.4% compared with 2.7% among patients who did not arrest ( P P P P P P P P = .001), and peripheral embolectomy (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9; P = .002). At least one major complication preceded cardiac arrest in 47.7% of patients including sepsis (23.5%), renal failure (14.5%), and myocardial infarction (12.1%). Patients with do not resuscitate orders were significantly less likely to undergo CPR (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39-0.93; P = .021). Conclusions Patients undergoing vascular surgery who suffer a postoperative cardiac arrest frequently die in spite of receiving CPR; for those who survive, there is likely to be prolonged hospitalization and significant morbidity. These data provide an evidence base for discussing goals of care, advance directives, and code status with vascular surgery patients and their surrogates. Further research into how to best communicate risk, to elicit patient preferences, and to engage in shared decision making is needed.
Cell wall changes during the expansion and senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) petals

Senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L. ev. White Sim) petals coincided with a decrease on a per flower basis in the yield of cell wall and ethanol-insoluble solids. The decrease in cell wall yield per flower was due largely to a loss of neutral sugars, primarily galactose (45%) and arabinose (23%). On a per flower basis, water-and chelator-soluble pectins increased throughout development, comprising in senescent petals 18 and 58%, respectively, of total pectin. Alkali-soluble pectins ranged from 35 to 45% of the total pectin and decreased during senescence. Gel chromatography of chelator- and alkali-soluble pectins revealed no change in molecular size and polygalacturonase activity was not detected. Large-molecular-size hemicelluloses decreased during development, an observation reminiscent of the changes affecting hemicelluloses during the ripening of a number of fruit types. Compositional analysis of the large hemicellulosic polymers revealed a decrease in xylose and galactose content.
AP1 Regulation of Proliferation and Initiation of Apoptosis in Erythropoietin-Dependent Erythroid Cells

The transcription factor AP1 has been implicated in the induction of apoptosis in cells in response to stress factors and growth factor withdrawal. We report here that AP1 is necessary for the induction of apoptosis following hormone withdrawal in the erythropoietin (EPO)-dependent erythroid cell line HCD57. AP1 DNA binding activity increased upon withdrawal of HCD57 cells from EPO. A dominant negative AP1 mutant rendered these cells resistant to apoptosis induced by EPO withdrawal and blocked the downregulation of Bcl-XL. JunB is a major binding protein in the AP1 complex observed upon EPO withdrawal; JunB but not c-Jun was present in the AP1 complex 3 h after EPO withdrawal in HCD57 cells, with a concurrent increase in junB message and protein. Furthermore, analysis of AP1 DNA binding activity in an apoptosis-resistant subclone of HCD57 revealed a lack of induction in AP1 DNA binding activity and no change in junB mRNA levels upon EPO withdrawal. In addition, we determined that c-Jun and AP1 activities correlated with EPO-induced proliferation and/or protection from apoptosis. AP1 DNA binding activity increased over the first 3 h following EPO stimulation of HCD57 cells, and suppression of AP1 activity partially inhibited EPO-induced proliferation. c-Jun but not JunB was present in the AP1 complex 3 h after EPO addition. These results implicate AP1 in the regulation of proliferation and survival of erythroid cells and suggest that different AP1 factors may play distinct roles in both triggering apoptosis (JunB) and protecting erythroid cells from apoptosis (c-Jun).
pProgramming for artists: a visual language for expressive lighting design

Programming is a process of formalizing and codifying knowledge, and, as a result, programming languages are designed for generalists trained in this process of formalization. Artists, whose training focuses on skill and tacit knowledge, are marginalized by existing tools. By designing visual languages that take advantage of an artist's skills in visual perception and expression, we can allow that artist to take advantage of the expressive potential that modern computing offers. In particular, this paper will look at lighting design for interactive, virtual environments, and augmenting an existing programming language to allow artists to leverage their skills in the pragmatics of that medium.
Attitude Driven Team Formation using Multi-Dimensional Trust

When agents form a team to solve a given problem, a critical step in improving performance is selecting beneficial teammates by identifying the helpfulness of other agents. To maximize its performance, an agent must consider the trustworthiness of potential teammates relative to multiple behavioral constraints. This multidimensional trustworthiness assessment is shown to be of significant benefit in solving the team formation problem. This research introduces the concept of attitude to assert how much an agent should trust other agents by identifying the most influential facet among multiple trustworthiness assessments. In this sense, attitudes define how an agent selects beneficial teammates given different situations. In addition, this research shows how those attitudes are learned and aid in teammate selection.
Urodynamics for clinically suspected obstruction after anti-incontinence surgery in women.

Purpose: We determined the usefulness of urodynamics in patients with obstruction secondary to anti-incontinence surgery.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of all procedures performed from January 2001 to June 2011 to relieve obstruction due to anti-incontinence surgery. Patients were excluded from study if they underwent prior procedures to relieve obstruction, followup data were missing or a neurological disorder was present. Patients were grouped into categories before intervention, including urodynamics diagnostic of obstruction vs nondiagnostic urodynamics vs no urodynamics testing. We also separated patients with predominantly storage symptoms and those with incomplete emptying.Results: A total of 71 women were included in analysis. Of 54 women who presented with increased post-void residual urine volume 33 (61%) were diagnosed with obstruction on urodynamics, urodynamics was not diagnostic in 4 (7.4%) and 17 (32%) did not undergo urodynamics preoperatively. All 18 patien...
Access to Historical Works in a French Library: Documents for Monastic History in the Médiathèque d’Arles

Despite ever-increasing electronic access to a wide variety of information resources, academic librarians need to remember that a significant number of historical documents are not available in digital form; nor have the catalogs or bibliographies containing these documents been digitized. While it is true that many libraries in Europe, as well as the United States, now make their general library catalogs available on the Internet, frequently there existed manuscripts and documents that never were included in the original card catalog that served as the basis for the online catalog. Thus, the historical scholar must depend on reference sources, such as . . .
Water supply dilemmas of geothermal development in the Imperial Valley of California

There are four known geothermal resource areas in the Imperial Valley that have a combined potential of over 4,000 megawatts of electrical energy for 25 years. Water resources available to support geothermal energy development are imported Colorado River water, agricultural waste waters, Salton Sea water, and groundwater. In addition, geothermal power plants can produce their own cooling water from steam condensate. Nevertheless, the relatively high water requirements of geothermal facilities along with a series of real and potential constraints may cause water supply dilemmas involving both the acquisition and use of cooling water. Important constraints are institutional policies, water supply costs, technical problems, and impacts upon the Salton Sea. These constraints and related dilemmas are examined in light of relevant information on the valley's water resources, geothermal resources and energy technologies, cooling water requirements, and water supply options.
Multiplexed order-reducing control of linear discrete-time systems

In this work we consider linear discrete-time systems for which groups of control inputs are updated sequentially and cyclically instead of simultaneously, in what is called a multiplexed implementation. Such update scheme may arise, for instance, when hardware or computational constraints make impossible the simultaneous update of all actuators. A control law is proposed here for asymptotic stabilization of the resulting periodic system by the introduction of a set of subspaces to which the system state is driven, resembling sliding mode techniques. The applicability of the method includes systems which are not stabilizable from the update groups of actuators if taken individually. Simulations with a marginally stable system demonstrate the method.
Hot flashes refractory to HRT and SSRI therapy but responsive to gabapentin therapy

Abstract There is a need for alternative therapies for hot flashes, as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with increased rates of breast cancer and heart disease and some women fail to respond to HRT. A 32-year-old woman with surgically-induced menopause experienced 20-30 severe hot flashes per day and failed to respond to various formulations of HRT and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy for 17 years. She markedly responded to gabapentin therapy. Gabapentin, SSRIs, and estrogen may act at different cellular targets in the treatment of hot flashes.
Improvement of bioremediation by Pseudomonas and Burkholderia by mutants of the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) integrated into their chromosomes

Using genetic engineering, the Vitreoscilla (bacterial) hemoglobin gene (vgb) was integrated stably into the chromosomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia sp. strain DNT. This was done for both wild type vgb and two site-directed mutants of vgb that produce Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) with lowered oxygen affinities; in all cases functional VHb was expressed. Similar to previous results, the wild type VHb improved growth for both species and degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (Burkholderia sp.) or benzoic acid (P. aeruginosa) under both normal and low aeration conditions. Both mutant vgbs enhanced these parameters compared to wild type vgb, and the improvement was seen in both species. The enhancements were generally greater at low aeration than at normal aeration. The results demonstrate the possibility that the positive effects provided by VHb may be augmented by protein engineering.
Aircraft flight control system design under state and control bounds

Sophisticated control configurations are needed to meet the mission and pilotage requirements for advanced aircraft. The required vehicle performance during low altitude, low speed and high angle of attack flight, all-weather, day and night operations must be achieved, and new control technologies should be developed. This work presents a systematic control design philosophy for flight control systems when the state variables and control inputs are bounded by the prespecified constraints. The design procedure uses the dynamic programming concept. The fundamental idea involves minimization of nonquadratic functionals. A new representation of constraints is proposed using the smooth functions. The advantages of the synthesis approach are presented. To illustrate the design methodology the longitudinal control configuration for the F-18 fighter is synthesized.
AN IMPROVED ASPIRATING PROBE FOR TOTAL-TEMPERATURE AND TOTAL-PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN COMPRESSOR FLOWS

The aspirating probe originally designed by Epstein and Ng at MIT was modified by replacing the two platinum-coated tungsten hot wires normally used with platinum-iridium alloy wires. The resulting improved unsteady total pressure and total temperature resolution of the modified probe is demonstrated. Flowfield measurements were made downstream of NASA Rotor 37 for a part-speed operating condition to test the performance of the probe. Time-resolved blade-to-blade total temperature and total pressure as calculated from the two platinum-iridium hot-wire voltages are shown. The flowfield measurements are compared with independent measurements of total pressure with high response transducers and total temperature calculated from laser anemometer measurements. Limitations ofa more often used unsteady temperature data reduction method, which involves only one aspirating probe hot-wire voltage and a high-response pressure measurement, are discussed.
Seasonal carbon dynamics and water fluxes in an Amazon rainforest

Satellite-based observations indicate that seasonal patterns in canopy greenness and productivity in the Amazon are negatively correlated with precipitation, with increased greenness occurring during the dry months. Flux tower measurements indicate that the canopy greening that occurs during the dry season is associated with increases in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and evapotranspiration (ET). Land surface and terrestrial biosphere model simulations for the region have predicted the opposite of these observed patterns, with significant declines in greenness, NEP, and ET during the dry season. In this study, we address this issue mainly by developing an empirically constrained, light-controlled phenology submodel within the Ecosystem Demography model version 2 (ED2). The constrained ED2 model with a suite of field observations shows markedly improved predictions of seasonal ecosystem dynamics, more accurately capturing the observed patterns of seasonality in water, carbon, and litter fluxes seen at the Tapajos National Forest, Brazil (2.86°S, 54.96°W). Long-term simulations indicate that this light-controlled phenology increases the resilience of Amazon forest NEP to interannual variability in climate forcing.
CONNET: self-controlled access links for delay and jitter requirements

Access links are typically the bottleneck between a high bandwidth LAN and a high bandwidth IP network. Without a priori resource provisioning or reservation, this tends to have a serious effect on premium traffic from delay- and jitter-sensitive applications. This paper develops a new reservation-less mechanism for delay and jitter guarantees across "single FIFO queue" access links by controlling interfering non-premium traffic. The mechanism, called CONNET (CONtrolled NETwork), uses feedback regulation to create self-controlled network services capable of tracking delay and jitter references. We use a control-theoretic approach in designing the feedback loop based on a "black-box" model of the access link in both cases of single and multiple nodes. For robust control, we employ optimal Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulator. We evaluate the performance of CONNET using a real testbed implementation showing its superiority to other rate-based schemes (such as CBQ and WFQ) in terms of simplicity, deployability, and accuracy
UNIVERSITY COURSES IN FINANCE

A survey made in 1947 of the opinions of leading business executives appeared to show that little emphasis is placed upon course training in business subjects as a requisite for executive positions in American enterprise. Emphasis in the selection of trainees for top-level executive posts was found to be placed upon breadth of knowledge rather than upon specialization.' A recent newspaper report appeared telling of industry's need for specialists with definite skills. One business executive was said to have placed the blame for shortage of trained personnel on the colleges, claiming that he could get a dozen men a day with college degrees and little more. "What do I get? Men just out of college with a broad cultural background. Maybe the banks and insurance companies can use him. I can't.2 A third and more moderate view was expressed in the June issue of Fortune, detailing the training of specialist managers without broad backgrounds, but also industry's ability to train the latter in techniques, if the trainee possessed sufficient intellectual training.
Vicarious Dishonesty: When Psychological Closeness Creates Distance from One's Moral Compass

In four studies employing multiple manipulations of psychological closeness, we found that feeling connected to another individual who engages in selfish or dishonest behavior leads people to behave more selfishly and less ethically themselves. In addition, psychologically connecting with a scoundrel led to greater moral disengagement. We also establish that vicarious justification is the mechanism explaining this effect: When participants felt psychologically close to someone who had behaved selfishly, they were more likely to consider the behavior to be less shame-worthy and less unethical; it was these lenient judgments that then led them to act more unethically themselves. These vicarious effects were moderated by whether the miscreant was identified with a photograph and by the type of behavior. Importantly, we establish a general process of vicariousness: psychological closeness produced both vicarious generosity and selfishness depending on the behavior of the person one feels psychologically connected to. These findings suggest an irony of psychological closeness: it can create distance from one’s own moral compass.
Tetrabenazine in Huntington’s Disease Chorea

Huntington's disease (HD) is a heredodegenerative neurological disorder with chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders being part of the disease spectrum. These along with cognitive and neurobehavioral manifestations contribute significantly to patient's disability. Several classes of drugs have been used to treat the various symptoms of HD. These include typical and atypical neuroleptics along with dopamine depletors for treatment of chorea and antidepressants, GABA agonists, antiepileptic medications, cholinesterase inhibitors, antiglutamatergic drugs and botulinum toxin for treatment of other manifestations. Tetrabenazine (TBZ), a dopamine depleting medication was recently approved by the US FDA for treatment of chorea in HD. The purpose of this article is to briefly review information regarding HD and current treatments for chorea and specifically focus on TBZ and review the literature related to its use in HD chorea.
Temporal Parts and Bundle Theory

In this paper, I try to make a bundle theory of objects consistentwith a temporal parts theory of object persistence. To that end,I propose that such bundles are made up of tropes includingthe co-instantiation relation.
Effects of Varied Techniques in Organizing Class Competition upon Changes in Sociometric Status

Abstract The effects of different methods of class organization and different competitive situations upon social status change in college men was investigated. After initial testing, 88 male subjects were randomly assigned to four experimental groups and participated three days per wk. for six weeks in badminton activity classes. A control group of 22 subjects did not participate in any activity. The subjects engaged in their respective programs for three weeks in anticohesive pairs and three weeks in cohesive pairs. A social distance rating card was used to obtain scores at the beginning and end of each three-week period. The findings in this study would appear to warrant the conclusions that (a) positive shifts in social acceptance can be brought about through a conscious effort on the part of the teacher to organize class activity and direct student interaction in light of measured sociometric status; and (b) that changes in sociometric ratings are not likely to occur automatically as a result of the n...
Classification of sleep disorders.

Publisher Summary This chapter gives an overview of the Second Edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-2). This revision of ICSD was commissioned and supervised by the Board of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. ICSD-2 abandoned the hope for a common framework to classify all sleep disorders. Some of these eight categories are based on a common complaint such as insomnia or hypersomnia. Others are grouped around the organ system from which the problems arise, such as the sleep-related breathing disorders and the sleep-related movement disorders. Still others are grouped around a presumed common etiology, such as the problems with the biological clock that are thought to underlie circadian rhythm disorders. ICSD-2 distinguishes the following eight categories of sleep disorders: (1) Insomnias, (2) Sleep-related breathing disorders, (3) Hypersomnias of central origin not due to a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, sleep-related breathing disorder, or other cause of disturbed sleep, (4) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders, (5) Parasomnias, (6) Sleep-related movement disorders, (7) Isolated symptoms, apparently normal variants and unresolved issues, and (8) Other sleep disorders. Many sleep disorders are multifactorial. In accordance with the rules developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), these different factors are classified separately.
Arterial Anatomy of the Posterior Tibial Nerve in the Tarsal Tunnel

Background Both vascular and compression etiologies have been proposed as the source of neurologic symptoms in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Advancing the understanding of the arterial anatomy supplying the posterior tibial nerve (PTN) and its branches may provide insight into the cause of tarsal tunnel symptoms. The purpose of this study was to describe the arterial anatomy of the PTN and its branches. Methods Sixty adult cadaveric lower extremities (thirty previously frozen and thirty fresh specimens) were amputated distal to the knee. The vascular supply to the PTN and its branches was identified, measured, and described macroscopically (the thirty previously frozen specimens, prepared using a formerly described debridement technique) and microscopically (the thirty fresh specimens, processed using the Spalteholz technique). Results On both macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, the PTN and the medial and lateral plantar nerves were observed to have multiple entering vessels within the tarsal tunnel. On microscopic evaluation, a vessel was observed to enter the nerve at the bifurcation of the PTN into the medial and lateral plantar nerves in twenty-two (73%) of the thirty specimens. There was a significant difference (p Conclusions The abundant blood supply to the PTN and its branches identified in this study is consistent with observations of other peripheral nerves. This rich vascular network may render the PTN and its branches susceptible to nerve compression related to vascular congestion. The combination of vascular and structural compression may also elicit neurologic symptoms. Clinical relevance Advancing the understanding of the arterial anatomy supplying the PTN and its branches may provide insight into the cause and treatment of tarsal tunnel syndrome.
Googling Down the Cost of Low Sanctions

This brief solicited response addresses Prof. Irina Manta's article "The High Cost of Low Sanctions," which appeared in 66 Florida Law Review 157 (2014). Prof. Manta argued argues that to the extent the substantive law is unjust, low sanctions, in the long run, potentially create more problems and are more likely to perpetuate injustice than high sanctions would. She demonstrates that the general theory is applicable to the world of copyright, and then explains why as of late, the public has become more aware of and more resistant to the imposition of additional sanctions. In Professor Manta's view, the reason for this is the ubiquity of infringement. In response, while generally agreeing with Professor Manta's observations, I critique her work for not giving enough weight to alternative explanation -- that the rise of corporate giants like Google, YouTube, Wikipedia, and other businesses that collect and disseminate information has provided political counterweight to to the Disneys, Viacoms, and RIAAs of the world. I compare this new and more balanced representation of copyright views to what has been happening in the world of patents where corporate titans in various industries present arguments for both stronger and weaker patent law, with the final bills ending up somewhere in between. Ultimately, I suggest that perhaps, the high cost is imposed not by low sanctions, but, at least in part, by absence of the organized and well funded opposition that would be affected by these sanctions.
The Relation of the Public's Knowledge of Insects and their Destructiveness to Quarantine Enforcement

Growers, entomologists and others having a knowledge of economic insects either detailed or limited instinctively as a result of contact with pests are helpful and sympathetic to plant quarantine enforcement. Lack of interest in insect pests or their destructiveness by the general public is manifest in an apathy to quarantine enforcement work, probably due primarily to the personal inconveniences attendant. Popular yet brief accurate press items, also simple teachings in elementary schools and similar educational aids, are undoubtedly helpful.
The Laboratory Career Advancement Program

This article describes the Laboratory Career Advancement Program, which was created to increase the salaries of laboratory professionals to a competitive level and to develop a system of professional growth within the laboratory.
Transonic-buffet associated aeroelasticity of a supercritical wing

This paper presents a computational aeroelastic study of a transonic transport wing using the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid flow and modal equations for the structures. The computed results successfully predict pressure profiles, as well as the static deflections obtained in experiments. Unsteady calculations at M = 0.92 and a = 2 deg are presented, resulting in sustained aeroelastic oscillations as has been observed experimentally. The coupling and interaction of the shock oscillations and the modal response is observed using spectral analysis.
Striatal associative learning signals are tuned to in-groups

An important feature of adaptive social behavior is the ability to flexibly modify future actions based on the successes or failures of past experiences. The ventral striatum VS occupies a central role in shaping behavior by using feedback to evaluate actions and guide learning. The current studies tested whether feedback indicating the need to update social knowledge would engage the VS, thereby facilitating subsequent learning. We also examined the sensitivity of these striatal signals to the value associated with social group membership. Across two fMRI studies, participants answered questions testing their knowledge about the preferences of personally relevant social groups who were high in-group or low out-group in social value. Participants received feedback indicating whether their responses were correct or incorrect on a trial-by-trial basis. After scanning, participants were given a surprise memory test examining memory for the different types of feedback. VS activity in response to social feedback correlated with subsequent memory, specifying a role for the VS in encoding and updating social knowledge. This effect was more robust in response to in-group than out-group feedback, indicating that the VS tracks variations in social value. These results provide novel evidence of a neurobiological mechanism adaptively tuned to the motivational relevance of the surrounding social environment that focuses learning efforts on the most valuable social outcomes and triggers adjustments in behavior when necessary.