cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linoleic Acid Metabolites Act to Increase Contractility in Isolated Rat Heart

Previous in vivo studies in dogs suggest that the 9,10-monoepoxide of linoleic acid (9,10-cis-epoxyoctadecenoic acid [9,10-EOA]) has toxic cardiovascular effects that result in death at higher doses. More recent work with rabbit renal proximal tubule cells suggests that the 12,13-metabolites of linoleic acid are more toxic than the 9,10-isomers. Thus, in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that 12,13-EOA and 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (12,13-DHOA) have direct adverse effects on the heart. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts were exposed to 30 μM linoleic acid, 30 μM 12,13-EOA, or 30 μM 12,13-DHOA for 60 min followed by a 30-min recovery period. As indicated by peak left intraventricular pressure and/or +dP/dtmax, all three of the agents elicited moderate increases in contractile function that peaked within 10–20 min. The effects of linoleic acid and 12,13-EOA returned to control values during the remainder of the 60-min exposure, whereas the positive inotropic response to 12,13-DHOA was maintained until washout. Sustained arrhythmias and negative inotropic actions were not observed with any of the three compounds. Subsequently, the monoepoxides were infused into conscious rats (35 mg/kg/h) while blood pressure, heart rate, and EKG were monitored for 24 h using biotelemetry techniques. The only effect observed was a slight decline in blood pressure. Thus, current data suggest that linoleic acid and its oxidative metabolites do not have direct cardiotoxic effects during acute exposure.
Safety of heparinization for cerebral aneurysm coiling soon after external ventriculostomy drain placement.

Objective Our practice has been to heparinize patients for cerebral aneurysm coiling even after recent external ventriculostomy drain (EVD) placement. The current medical literature cites a 12.5% symptomatic hemorrhage rate with heparinization after recent EVD placement. We reviewed our experience to determine our level of safety with this practice. Methods A search of our prospectively collected computerized aneurysm database revealed that from February 1998 to February 2004, 356 aneurysms were coiled, of which 119 patients had had recent EVD placement before coiling. During the same time period, 251 subarachnoid hemorrhage patients underwent EVD placement without coiling or heparinization. We reviewed the head computed tomographic scan reports and medical records to determine the incidence of EVD-related hemorrhage in heparinized patients compared with nonheparinized patients. Results There was only 1 patient in the heparinized group who had a symptomatic EVD-related hemorrhage attributable to heparinization (0.8%) and 11 patients with asymptomatic EVD-related hemorrhage (9.2%). Among the nonheparinized patients, there were 3 patients who had symptomatic EVD-related hemorrhages (1.2%) and 22 patients with asymptomatic EVD-related hemorrhages (8.8%) (P = not significant for both symptomatic and asymptomatic EVD-related hemorrhages). The time interval between EVD placement and heparinization in the heparinized patient with symptomatic EVD-related hemorrhage was 0.5 day; the mean time interval in the heparinized patients with asymptomatic EVD-related hemorrhage was 0.8 day; and in the heparinized patients with no hemorrhage, it was 0.8 day. The peak activated prothrombin time of the heparinized patient with symptomatic EVD-related hemorrhage was >150 seconds, the mean peak activated prothrombin time of the heparinized patients with asymptomatic EVD-related hemorrhage was 73.1 seconds, and that of the heparinized patients with no hemorrhage was 90.3 seconds. Conclusion Heparinization for cerebral aneurysm coiling can be safely performed even after EVD placement within 24 hours, particularly if the activated prothrombin time is kept strictly controlled.
The effects of cyanide on the electrochemical properties of transition metal macrocycles for oxygen reduction in alkaline solutions

Abstract In order to obtain further insight into the redox properties and the oxygen reduction electrocatalysis on macrocycles, the effect of cyanide, capable of coordinating with the transition metal in the axial position, has been examined. These studies have been conducted with Fe- and Co-tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines adsorbed at the monolayer level on an ordinary pyrolytic graphite (OPG) rotating disk electrode. Fe and Co tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrins adsorbed on Vulcan XC-72 carbon at monolayer coverages have also been examined in 0.1 M NaOH in the form of a thin porous coating on an OPG disk with Teflon as the binder. The major focus has been on the blocking of the axial positions of the transition metal with CN− and the resulting effects on the redox couples as well as on O2 reduction. The data indicate that a strong axial interaction of O2 with the transition metal in the macrocycle is an important factor for O2 electrocatalysis. These blocking effects confirm the assignment of the peaks in cyclic voltammetry curves and the importance of particular redox couples to the O2 electrocatalysis.
In vivo change in ultrasonic backscattered energy with temperature in motion-compensated images.

Ultrasound is an attractive modality for non-invasive imaging to monitor temperature of tumorous regions undergoing hyperthermia therapy. Previously, we predicted monotonic changes in backscattered energy (CBE) of ultrasound with temperature for certain sub-wavelength scatterers. We also measured CBE values similar to our predictions in bovine liver, turkey breast muscle, and pork rib muscle in both 1D and 2D in in vitro studies. To corroborate those results in perfused, living tissue, we measured CBE in both normal tissue and in implanted human tumors (HT29 colon cancer line) in 7 nude mice. Images were formed by a phased-array imager with a 7.5 MHz linear probe during homogeneous heating from 37° to 45°C in 0.5°C steps and from body temperature to 43°C during heterogeneous heating. We used cross-correlation as a similarity measure in RF signals to automatically track feature displacement as a function of temperature. Feature displacement was non-uniform with a maximum value of 1 mm across all specimens ...
Safety and feasibility of performing staged non-culprit vessel percutaneous coronary intervention within the index hospitalization in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether staged percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within the same hospitalization as primary PCI is safe. Background In ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients with multivessel disease undergoing primary PCI, staged non-culprit vessel PCI at a separate session is recommended. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 282 consecutive STEMI patients with multivessel disease who underwent primary PCI followed by staged PCI of the non-culprit vessel. Patients were categorized into staged PCI in the same hospitalization (n = 184) and staged PCI at a separate hospitalization within 8 weeks of primary PCI (n = 98). Results Baseline characteristics, presentation of STEMI, and procedural characteristics were similar in both groups. Contrast amount was higher in the separate hospitalization group for both index (175 vs. 153 ml, p = 0.011) and staged (144 vs. 120 ml, p = 0.004) procedures. More staged left main PCI was performed in the separate hospitalization group (3.9 vs. 0.3%, p = 0.008). Angiographic success of staged PCI was similar in both groups, with similar rates of vascular complications and major bleeding. Following staged PCI, in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (3.3 vs. 1.0%, p = 0.43) and mortality (2.7 vs. 0%, p = 0.17) were similar in both groups. Conclusions Our study supports the safety and feasibility of staged PCI within the same hospitalization as primary PCI, achieving similar procedural success and in-hospital outcomes as staged PCI at a separate hospitalization. Higher contrast amount used during primary PCI and presence of left main lesion in non-culprit vessels may influence the decision to stage the PCI at a separate hospitalization.
Renewable thermosetting resins and thermoplastics from vanillin

Two cyanate ester resins and a polycarbonate thermoplastic have been synthesized from vanillin. The bisphenol precursors were prepared by both an electrochemical route as well as by a McMurry coupling reaction. 1,2-Bis(4-cyanato-3-methoxyphenyl)ethene (6) had a high melting point of 237 °C and did not cure completely under a standard cure protocol. In contrast, the reduced version, 1,2-bis(4-cyanato-3-methoxyphenyl)ethane (7) melted at 190 °C and underwent complete cure to form a thermoset material with Tg = 202 °C. 7 showed thermal stability up to 335 °C and decomposed via formation of phenolics and isocyanic acid. A polycarbonate was then synthesized from the reduced bisphenol by a transesterification reaction with diphenylcarbonate. The polymer had Mn = 3588, Mw/Mn = 1.9, and a Tg of 86 °C. TGA/FTIR data suggested that the polycarbonate decomposed via formation of benzodioxolones with concomitant elimination of methane. The results show that vanillin is a useful precursor to both thermosetting resins and thermoplastics without significant modification.
Treatment of giant cell arteritis: Interleukin‐6 as a biologic marker of disease activity

Objective To determine the value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) as biologic markers for monitoring disease activity in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Methods Twenty-five patients with biopsy-proven GCA were enrolled into a prospective treatment study. Therapy was initiated with prednisone, 60 mg/day, followed by a predetermined tapering schedule. Patients were monitored monthly for clinical signs of active vasculitis and laboratory parameters indicative of inflammation, including elevated ESR (>30 mm/hour) and elevated plasma IL-6 concentrations (>6.1 pg/ml). Results Upon initiation of corticosteroid treatment, clinical signs of GCA disappeared in all patients; however, 60% of the patients developed symptoms of recurrent disease, on 1 or more occasions, while the prednisone dosage was being reduced. These 31 disease flares diagnosed over 550 days were associated with symptoms of systemic inflammation but did not result in vascular complications. The ESR was elevated in 76% of the patients prior to initiation of treatment (median 65 mm/hour) and normalized by day 28 of therapy (median 6 mm/hour). The median ESR remained in the normal range during the followup period. Plasma IL-6 levels, which were abnormal in 92% of untreated patients (median 16 pg/ml), were partially responsive to the initial high doses of corticosteroids by day 28 (median 6 pg/ml), but levels did not completely normalize with continued therapy. Elevation of the ESR was seen during only 58% of all disease flares, but 89% of disease recurrences were associated with increased plasma IL-6 levels (P = 0.03). Conclusion Plasma IL-6 is more sensitive than ESR for indicating disease activity in untreated and treated GCA patients. Standard corticosteroid regimens only partially suppress vascular inflammation. Smoldering disease activity may expose GCA patients to the risk of progressive vascular disease (e.g., formation of aortic aneurysms) and chronic systemic complications such as IL-6–mediated osteopenia.
“God Willing”: Really? A Note on the Ambiguities of an Interfaith Expression

We seek here to investigate and clarify the origins of the popular pietistic expression “God willing”. We discuss the historical relationship between that Christian affirmation and expectation of divine aid and the common Arabic Islamic expression inshallah (“if/when Allah wills”). Philological and historical investigation indicates that “God willing” can be traced back through Christian triumphal affirmations to classical Latin and koine (New Testament) Greek commonplace expressions. The ultimate origin may well be a classical Greek Stoic expression which made its way into common parlance. We propose that the philological, semantic, and historical evidence suggests that Arabic inshallah may well have been an Islamic adoption of a Latin and/or Greek phrase encountered in the era of the Crusades.
Bending vibration of a rectangular plate with arbitrarily located rectilinear crack

Abstract Harmonic flexural vibration of a rectangular plate with an arbitrarily located rectilinear crack is investigated. Double finite Fourier transformation of discontinuous functions is applied to a plate with arbitrary boundary conditions and subjected to transverse harmonic loading. Natural vibration of a simply supported plate is analyzed as a special case. The unknown amplitudes of discontinuities of the displacement and slope across the crack are determined by satisfying boundary conditions at the crack's edge. The square-root singularities of the bending moment at the crack's tips are built into the solution. The method of reduction is applied to the infinite characteristic determinant of the problem. Numerical values of three lowest frequencies of vibration of a square plate are obtained for a diagonally located crack of changing length.
When tumors pose as sports injuries.

In active patients, benign tu-brief mors such as osteoid osteoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, and chondroblastoma can masquerade as common sports-related conditions like muscle strains or tendinitis. Sometimes musculoskeletal symptoms can result from a cyst or tumor in another organ system. Four case studies show that the physician should have a high index of suspicion when patients do not respond as expected to initial conservative treatment. In such instances, appropriate referrals or imaging studies must be considered. Beyond plain radiographs, MRI or CT may be helpful if warranted by clinical and radiographic findings. Specific treatment of benign bone tumors is individualized, but commonly includes curettage and bone grafting.
Exposure to interpersonal violence and risk for PTSD, depression, delinquency, and binge drinking among adolescents: Data from the NSA-R

Interpersonal violence (IPV) is associated with a range of subsequent negative outcomes; however, research has yet to test whether IPV operates as a specific risk factor for separate psychopathology outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depressive symptoms, delinquent acts, or binge drinking. To address this, cumulative exposure to IPV and non-IPV-related traumatic events, PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, delinquent acts, and binge drinking were measured 3 times over approximately 3 years among a nationally representative sample of adolescents aged 12–17 (N = 3,614 at Wave 1). Results demonstrated that cumulative IPV exposure predicted subsequent PTSD, depression, delinquency, and binge drinking (βs = .07, .12, .10, and .09, respectively; all ps < .01) when all cross-relationships (e.g., the effect of delinquency on future binge drinking) were in the model. Exposure to non-IPV traumatic events generally did not confer vulnerability to subsequent psychopathology outcomes. Overall, findings from this study advance the literature in this area by exploring consequences for adolescents following cumulative IPV exposure.
Age-resolving Osteopetrosis: A Rat Model Implicating Microphthalmia and the Related Transcription Factor TFE3

Summary Microphthalmia (Mi) is a basic helix-loop-helix‐leucine zipper (b-HLH-ZIP) transcription factor implicated in pigmentation, mast cells, and bone development. Two dominant-negative mi alleles ( mi / mi and Mi or / Mi or ) in mice cause osteopetrosis. In contrast, osteopetrosis has not been observed in a number of recessive mi alleles, suggesting the existence of Mi protein partners important in osteoclast function. An osteopetrotic rat of unknown genetic defect ( mib ) has been described whose skeletal sclerosis improves dramatically with age and that is associated with pigmentation defects reminiscent of mouse mi alleles. Here we report that this rat strain harbors a large genomic deletion encompassing the 3 9 half of mi including most of the b-HLHZIP region. Osteoclasts from these animals lack Mi protein in contrast to wild-type rat, mouse, and human osteoclasts. Mi is not detectable in primary osteoblasts. In addition TFE3, a b-HLHZIP transcription factor related to Mi, was found to be expressed in osteoclasts, but not osteoblasts, and to coimmunoprecipitate with Mi. These results demonstrate the existence of members of a family of biochemically related transcription factors that may cooperate to play a central role in osteoclast function and possibly in age-related osteoclast homeostasis.
Residue formulation of the Chern character on smooth manifolds

Abstract The Chern character of a complex vector bundle is most conveniently defined as the exponential of a curvature of a connection. It is well known that its cohomology class does not depend on the particular connection chosen. It has been shown by Quillen that a connection may be perturbed by an endomorphism of the vector bundle, such as a symbol of some elliptic differential operator. This point of view, as we intend to show, allows one to relate Chern character to a noncommutative sibling formulated by Connes and Moscovici.
SU-E-QI-15: Single Point Dosimetry by Means of Cerenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET)

Purpose: Cerenkov light is generated when a charged particles with energy greater then 250 keV, moves faster than the speed of light in a given medium. Both x-ray photons and electrons produce optical Cerenkov photons during the static megavoltage linear accelerator (LINAC) operational mode. Recently, Cerenkov radiation gained considerable interest as possible candidate as a new imaging modality. Optical signals generated by Cerenkov radiation may act as a surrogate for the absorbed superficial radiation dose. We demonstrated a novel single point dosimetry method for megavoltage photon and electron therapy utilizing down conversion of Cerenkov photons. Methods: The custom build signal characterization system was used: a sample holder (probe) with adjacent light tight compartments was connected via fiber-optic cables to a photon counting photomultiplier tube (PMT). One compartment contains a medium only while the other contains medium and red-shifting nano-particles (Q-dots, nanoclusters). By taking the difference between the two signals (Cerenkov photons and CRET photons) we obtain a measure of the down-converted light, which we expect to be proportional to dose as measured with an adjacent ion chamber. Experimental results are compared to Monte Carlo simulations performed using the GEANT4 code. Results: The signal correlation between CR signal, CRET readings andmore » dose produced by LINAC at a single point were investigated. The experimental results were compared with simulations. The dose linearity, signal to noise ratio and dose rate dependence were tested with custom build CRET based probe. Conclusion: Performance characteristics of the proposed single point CRET based probe were evaluated. The direct use of the induced Cerenkov emission and CRET in an irradiated single point volume as an indirect surrogate for the imparted dose was investigated. We conclude that CRET is a promising optical based dosimetry method that offers advantages over those already proposed.« less
The basic science of articular cartilage: structure, composition, and function

Articular cartilage is the highly specialized connective tissue of diarthrodial joints. Its principal function is to provide a smooth, lubricated surface for articulation and to facilitate the transmission of loads with a low frictional coefficient (Figure 1). Articular cartilage is devoid of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves and is subject to a harsh biomechanical environment. Most important, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for intrinsic healing and repair. In this regard, the preservation and health of articular cartilage are paramount to joint health. Figure 1. Gross photograph of healthy articular cartilage in an adult human knee. Injury to articular cartilage is recognized as a cause of significant musculoskeletal morbidity. The unique and complex structure of articular cartilage makes treatment and repair or restoration of the defects challenging for the patient, the surgeon, and the physical therapist. The preservation of articular cartilage is highly dependent on maintaining its organized architecture.
Ventriculomammary shunt: An unusual ventriculoperitoneal shunt complication

Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt malfunctions are common and can result in significant consequences for patients. Despite the prevalence of breast augmentation surgery and breast surgery for other pathologies, few breast related VP shunt complications have been reported. A 54-year-old woman with hydrocephalus post-subarachnoid hemorrhage returned 1 month after VP shunt placement complaining of painful unilateral breast enlargement. After investigation, it was determined that the distal VP shunt catheter had migrated from the peritoneal cavity into the breast and wrapped around her breast implant. The breast enlargement was the result of cerebrospinal fluid retention. We detail this unusual case and review all breast related VP shunt complications reported in the literature. To avoid breast related complications related to VP shunt procedures, it is important to illicit pre-procedural history regarding breast implants, evade indwelling implants during catheter tunneling and carefully securing the abdominal catheter to prevent retrograde catheter migration to the breast.
Social Cognitive Influences on Early Adolescents' Decisions to Copy Software in Hypothetical Situations:

The relationship between sociomoral reasoning and social problem-solving (SPS) skills in the prediction of decisional choice was investigated. The criterion behavior involved hypothetical decisions...
Distribution of Io's volcanoes: Possible influence on spin axis

[1] We examine the potential effect of volcano distribution on the orientation of Io's spin axis. Volcanoes dominate Io's surface and the massive outpourings documented in short intervals could cause instability in Io's rotation and a corresponding reorientation of its spin axis. Currently, the volcanoes and mountains exhibit a complementary distribution, with the maximum principal axis for the set of 351 volcanoes close to the position of the rotation axis. In addition, a delicate balance results from the near equivalence of the magnitudes of the maximum and intermediate eigenvalues. Assuming an otherwise homogeneous body, a changing mass distribution on its surface could control the location of the spin axis. In our models, changing the location of as few as three volcanoes is sufficient to cause dramatic shifts of the principal axis positions, and hence the spin axis orientation. This result, although somewhat diminished, still prevails even when a strong influence of Io's tidal bulge is included in the model.
Derivation of stiffness matrices for problems in plane elasticity by Galerkin's method

Solution of plane elastic problems by piecewise linear approximation is outlined. This method is based upon Galerkin error distribution technique, which leads to simultaneous algebraic equations identical to those associated with the Finite Element Method. In addition, this method permits definition of the discretization error, which can be computed once the displacement components are known. Properties of the interpolation functions are discussed, and a sequence of internally compatible plane elastic elements is defined.
Pediatric duodenal cancer and biallelic mismatch repair gene mutations

Gastrointestinal malignancies are extremely rare in the pediatric population, and duodenal cancers represent an even more unusual entity. Intestinal cancers in young adults and children have been observed to be associated with functional deficiencies of the mismatch repair (MMR) system causing a cancer-predisposition syndrome. We report the case of a 16-year-old female with duodenal adenocarcinoma and past history of medulloblastoma found to have a novel germline bialleleic truncating mutation (c.[949C>T]+[949C>T]) of the PMS2 gene. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:116–120. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experiences with HIV Testing, Entry, and Engagement in Care by HIV-Infected Women of Color, and the Need for Autonomy, Competency, and Relatedness

Self-determination theory examines the needs of people adopting new behaviors but has not been applied to the adoption of HIV healthcare behaviors. The current study applied self-determination theory to descriptions of healthcare behaviors adopted by ethnic minority women after an HIV diagnosis. Women of color were asked to describe their experiences with HIV testing, entry, and engagement-in-care in qualitative interviews and focus groups. Participants were mostly African-American (88%), over 40 years old (70%), had been diagnosed for more than 6 years (87%) and had disclosed their HIV infection to more than 3 people (73%). Women described unmet self-determination needs at different time points along the HIV Continuum of Care. Women experienced a significant loss of autonomy at the time of HIV diagnosis. Meeting competency and relatedness needs assisted women in entry and engagement-in-care. However, re-establishing autonomy was a key element for long-term engagement-in-care. Interventions that satisfy these needs at the optimal time point in care could improve diagnosis, entry-to-care, and retention-in-care for women living with HIV.
Office triage and the physician's supply curve

This paper contains a theoretical and empirical model of the physician firm. The utility maximizing physician chooses the number of hours of labor to supply and the mix between patient visits and time per visit. Theory suggests that a serious specification error may occur if one estimates the labor supply curve and patient demand curve without simultaneously estimating the mix between patient visits and time per visit. A Chi-Square specification test reveals that this “triage” model statistically dominates the simple supply/demand model. Estimation results indicate relevant backward-bending labor and negatively sloped service supply functions.
Understanding binding interactions of cationic porphyrins with B-form DNA

Abstract The DNA-binding interactions of 5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin, herein denoted H2T4, and related cationic porphyrins have long been of interest because of the potential for therapeutic applications and the novel binding interactions observed with DNA. A brief review of available physical studies reveals that the monomeric porphyrin can bind either externally, or by intercalation, depending on the nature of the DNA substrate. Coulombic interactions, van der Waals’ forces, and hydrophobic effects provide for stability of the adduct, while the pyridiniumyl substituents and axial ligands on metalated forms pose important steric constraints. Competitive binding studies involving DNA hairpin substrates reveal that the base composition, not the sequence, dictates the mode of binding. An overarching principle is that relatively rigid stretches of DNA, i.e., runs containing 50% or more G C base pairs, do not support high-affinity external binding. Instead, H2T4 binds by intercalation despite unfavorable steric contacts that arise within the minor groove. The same pattern holds true for Cu(T4) and other metalated forms lacking axial ligands. New results presented include structures of a pair of less bulky, disubstituted porphyrins, H2D3n (5,15-di(3-pyridyl)porphyrin) and H2D4 (5,15-di(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin), both of which intercalate into B-form DNA regardless of the base composition. Even the zinc(II) derivatives prove to be good intercalators. A stepwise energy breakdown provides a simple, but effective way to illustrate competing effects that influence the binding.
Cigarette Advertising and Regulation: A Game Theoretical Approach:

This article describes the regulatory problems in controlling cigarette advertising and marketing activities and develops a framework employing a game-theoretic approach to create a public policy solution. The model assumes that cigarette advertising has differential effects—primary demand stimulation (of the overall market for cigarettes) and selective demand stimulation (for individual cigarette brands). We first propose a tax on total market sales and then show how this encourages firms to emphasize selective demand stimulation components such that aggregate demand for cigarettes decreases through reduced effectiveness of advertising messages to potential smokers.
Calculation of Some Excited S 2 States of Lithium in Hylleraas Coordinates

Early calculations by James and Coolidge and more recent work by Larsson have treated the lithium ground state by expansions containing correlation factors of the form ${{\mathcal{r}}_{\mathrm{ij}}}^{p}$. Similar calculations of the first two excited $^{2}S$ states are reported herein. Expansions of 22 and 18 terms, respectively, led to calculated nonrelativistic energies (in a. u.) of - 7.3535 and - 7.3175, as compared to relativistically adjusted experimental values of - 7.3541 and - 7.3185. A brief discussion is given of feasibility of similar calculations for more complex atoms.
Socially mediated plasticity of chorusing behavior in the gladiator frog Hypsiboas rosenbergi

Competition for mates often occurs in social set- tings composed of many displaying males. While this poses some special challenges for communication, the proximity of other males may also provide information that chorus partic- ipants may use to adaptively adjust their calling behavior to the local level of competition. Conducting behavioral obser- vations in natural choruses as well as playback experiments with focal males, I investigated socially mediated plasticity in the calling behavior of a neotropical gladiator frog, Hypsiboas rosenbergi. In natural choruses, male call rate was negatively correlated with the distance to the nearest calling neighbor, suggesting that the presence and distance of competing males influences call rate in this species. In a playback experiment thattestedfortheeffectofthepresenceandcompetitivenessof rivals, H. rosenbergi males proved able to quickly notice changes in their acoustic environment and to respond to those changes in a graded fashion. As competition increased (either by increasing the number or attractiveness of the simulated rivals), males raised their calling rate; as competition was reduced, males lowered their calling rate. This indicates that males can perceive changes in their social environment and modify their calling behavior in ways that reflect the level of competition in the chorus. This socially mediated plasticity in calling behavior may help males to economize their energy reserves.
Disordered eating in adolescent males from a school-based sample.

Objective The authors sought to describe a sample of adolescent males who reported disordered eating, to explore whether males with disordered eating are overweight or obese, and to determine if patterns displayed by females would be replicated with a male sample. Method: Three school-based adolescent samples were selected: (1) 27 males reporting disordered eating (2) 27 physically matched controls, and (3) 27 randomly selected controls. Results: Findings indicated that boys reporting disordered eating expressed greater body dissatisfaction, depression, restraint, and poorer interoceptive awareness compared to matched and randomly selected controls. Negative Emotionality and poor Interoceptive Awareness scores showed the strongest associations with eating pathology. Body mass index and Negative Emotionality scores showed the strongest relationships to restrained eating. Discussion: Previous results for female adolescents were replicated, suggesting that findings for females can be generalized to males. Disordered eating appears to exist in the absence of significant weight problems in adolescent males. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 23:125–132, 1998.
Fresh Faces, New Places: Moving Beyond Teacher-Researcher Perspectives in Hip-Hop-Based Education Research

Grounded in critical and culturally relevant theory, hip-hop-based education (HHBE) research documents the use of hip-hop in educational settings. Despite the richness of the emerging field, overreliance on teacher-researcher perspectives leaves much to be desired. Little is known of the extent and ways HHBE is used by nonresearching K-12 teachers. The field of HHBE would be well served to begin exploring the practices of K-12 teachers in various school settings. To encourage such a move, this article demonstrates that a new set of educators whose identities and teaching contexts are not considered in the field are indeed interested in HHBE.
Hydrophobic silica aerogels prepared via rapid supercritical extraction

Hydrophobic silica aerogels have been prepared using the rapid supercritical extraction (RSCE) technique. The RSCE technique is a one-step methanol supercritical extraction method for producing aerogel monoliths in 3 to 8 h. Standard aerogels were prepared from a tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) recipe with a molar ratio of TMOS:MeOH:H2O:NH4OH of 1.0:12.0:4.0:7.4 × 10−3. Hydrophobic aerogels were prepared using the same recipe except the TMOS was replaced with a mixture of TMOS and one of the following organosilane co-precursors: methytrimethoxysilane (MTMS), ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMS), or propyltrimeth-oxysilane (PTMS). Results show that, by increasing the amount of catalyst and increasing gelation time, monolithic aerogels can be prepared out of volume mixtures including up to 75% MTMS, 50% ETMS or 50% PTMS in 7.5–15 h. As the amount of co-precursor is increased the aerogels become more hydrophobic (sessile tests with water droplets yield contact angles up to 155°) and less transparent (transmission through a 12.2-mm thick sample decreases from 83 to 50% at 800 nm). The skeletal and bulk density decrease and the surface area increases (550–760 m2/g) when TMOS is substituted with increasing amounts of MTMS. The amount of co-precursor does not affect the thermal conductivity. SEM imaging shows significant differences in the nanostructure for the most hydrophobic surfaces.
Computers and connectivity in Illinois emergency departments.

UNLABELLED Although the Internet has been described as "ubiquitous," little is known about the extent to which physicians have access to the Internet while providing clinical care. OBJECTIVE To assess the extent of Internet connectivity within the clinical area of every ED within the state of Illinois. METHODS This was a prospective observational study. Each Illinois ED listed in a published directory was called by telephone, and a responsible party was identified to provide information regarding the type and size of the ED, patient demographics, the types of personal computers (PCs) available in the ED (if any), the types of operating systems used, the availability of access to the World Wide Web (Web), and the highest speed at which an Internet connection could be established. Responses regarding the presence and types of PCs and the types of operating systems used were assessed using one-factor chi-square. Univariate and multivariate predictors of the type of PC used, the presence or absence of Web access, and the highest speed of Internet access were evaluated using optimal discriminant analysis and nonlinear classification tree analysis, respectively. RESULTS One hundred ninety-eight of the 199 EDs in the state of Illinois (99.5%) completed the survey. Of the responding EDs, 50.5% had PCs, but only 17.6% had Web access. When Web access was available, it was most often available through a high-speed Internet connection that was faster than a dial-up modem. Most departments (68.1%) with PCs used the Windows 95 or Windows 98 operating systems. A majority (62.5%) used the Netscape browser exclusively. Larger EDs (more than six ED beds) in rural or suburban areas were more likely to have a PC compared with smaller EDs (six or fewer beds). Large EDs (more than 12 ED beds) in private tertiary care or academic hospitals were most likely to have Web access. CONCLUSIONS Although half of Illinois EDs have PCs, only one in six has access to the Internet; thus, most emergency physicians do not have ready access to the Web from the site where they deliver clinical care.
Same-sign dilepton events at pp colliders as a signature for new physics.

We show that new physical processes may be uniquely separated from either bb production or W → t + b decays through the ratio of same-sign to opposite-sign dimuonsR(μ+-μ+-/μ+μ-) as a function of the transverse momenta of the leptons. The same technique can be used to uniquely observe the t-quark for events with rich jet structure.
ANIMALES QUE CUENTAN HISTORIAS

Resumen es: Los estudios de restos de fauna han entregado muy buenos resultados en los ultimos tiempos. En ese sentido, en el presente trabajo se discuten los concep...
s̀‐Fragmented Banach Spaces and Function Spaces

: This is an exposition of results jointly obtained with J. E. Jayne, C. A. Rogers and R. Pol. We begin by discussing the notion of fragmentability and proceed to that of s-fragmentability. Then we consider the question of which Banach spaces are s-fragmented in the weak or weak* topology and which function spaces are s-fragmented in the pointwise topology. Not only are these questions related to known properties of Banach spaces and compact spaces, but they also pose some interesting problems to be investigated further.
Kilometer-scale Spatial Variation in Prevalence of the Rhizocephalan Lernaeodiscus porcellanae on the Porcelain Crab Petrolisthes cabrilloi

Abstract We studied spatial variation in the prevalence of the rhizocephalan barnacle Lernaeodiscus porcellanae on its porcelain crab host, Petrolisthes cabrilloi, at four southern California intertidal sites separated by only a few km. The prevalence of rhizocephalan externae varied significantly among sites in 2008-2009, with the southernmost site, White Point, consistently showing higher prevalence than the others. Externa prevalence was a good proxy of estimated true prevalence, i.e., the prevalence of rhizocephalans as a whole, not just those that had formed externae. We examined several hypotheses that might explain the observed spatial variation in prevalence. Host susceptibility to infection (indicated by the proxy of damage to host limbs, some of which are used to remove parasite infective stages), did not differ among sites. At all sites, prevalence was slightly higher in female crabs than in males, and the sex ratio at White Point was slightly female-biased while that at the other sites was mal...
Weber’s political ethics and the problem of dirty hands

Discussions of political ethics, and of the problem of dirty hands, often cite Max Weber’s comments on these subjects, especially as presented in “Politics as a vocation”. Offers an interpretation of Weber’s views by explaining why he focused on the political leader as the proper subject of political morality, why he deemed certain personal qualities essential to responsible leadership, how he conceived the relationship between ethics and politics, and why he believed the problem of dirty hands to be both inescapable and unresolvable. Advances the central claims that Weber conceived political ethics as the attempt to reconcile ethical with political duties, and dirty hands as the inevitable accompaniment of political action because of its unavoidable association with violence and the partiality of its ends.
Administrative controls and innovation

Administrative control procedures and organizational innovation appear to be incompatible organizational processes. Administrative control procedures are used to maximize coordination and to ensure reliability and predictability of behavior in the organization. Innovations are used to facilitate adaptation to the environment and to improve achievement of organizational goals. Innovation may reduce the degree of reliability in the organization, and the use of administrative controls may reduce innovation. However, administrative controls assume two forms whose effects on innovation may differ. One form is activity control—the degree to which members of the organization use procedures or resources specified by their superiors. The other is visibility of consequences—the ability and willingness to measure the consequences of organizational programs in terms of organizational goals. The following general hypotheses are advanced: (1) innovation varies inversely with activity control because activity control reduces the search for new programs and abridges the individual's capacity and incentive to innovate; and (2) innovation varies directly with visibility of consequences, since visibility of consequences allows the owner of an organization to evaluate the innovation's effect on goal achievement and to reward and encourage successful innovators. The variables were measured in 24 short-term, voluntary, nonteaching hospitals in the Chicago area, ranging in size from 216 to 393 beds. Innovation was measured by the promptness and frequency of trial of new drugs. Activity control and visibility of consequences were measured by indices of hospital procedures affecting medical staff practices. The following operational hypotheses were advanced: (1) the greater the control over medical staff activities, the less prompt the trials of new drugs; (2) the greater the control over medical staff activities, the less frequent the trials of new drugs; (3) the higher the visibility over medical care, the more prompt the trials of new drugs; and (4) the higher the visibility over medical care, the more frequent the trials of new drugs. Multiple regression analyses of the data were made. Other factors likely to affect innovation were included in the regressions to control for their effects. Hypothesis 4 received support at the 0.05 level of significance and the others received support at the 0.10 level. The pattern of findings lends support to the general hypotheses. The findings assume added importance because hospital control over medical staff activities is minimal. The relationships may be more pronounced in more tightly controlled organizations.
A category theory for programming languages

The paper first shows how the categorical theory of sequences is useful in explaining properties of the (word) differentiation of Brzozowski (1964). Then, the paper shows how a more general theory of languages, including both procedural and functional languages, should be constructed by using a switch proposition that extends the common equivalence between the general tensor and general hom functors of categories. Lastly, the paper offers a new way of approaching projectivity concepts of general relative homological algebra. The most interesting result is that there is a class of functors so that “functor-projectives” intersect projectives and injectives trivially, and behave correctly. Moreover, any non-zero abelian group is not Q⊗-projective.
Antiguided vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Novel single-mode VCSEL designs based on antiguided structures are discussed. Modal characteristics of single-element, 8-12m-dia, ARROW-type VCSELs and two-dimensional phase-locked arrays (4x4 elements) of antiguided VCSELs are studied. ARROW-type VCSELs exhibit low loss for the fundamental mode and strong high-order mode suppression as a result of edge radiation leakage. Preliminary results are 1mW single-mode (thermally limited) from 12im-dia devices. Two-dimensional arrays of antiguided VCSELs are shown to exhibit resonant coupling if the interelement spacing corresponds to an integer number of half-waves of the lateral radiation leakage. Single-mode emission with all array elements locked "in-phase" is demonstrated for the first time from a monolithic 2-D array of VCSELs. Large phase-locked arrays have potential for <100mW of single-mode output power with further optimization and efficient heatsinking.
Automatic processing: Effects of temperature and time changes on sensitometric properties of ULTRA-SPEED and EKTASPEED films

The effects of changes in the processing temperature and time of automatic processors were studied with Kodak ULTRA-SPEED and EKTASPEED dental x-ray films. Speeds and inherent contrasts were derived for the two films from sensitometric curves at seven different temperatures and at five different processing times. As opposed to manual processing, only a slight change in film fog was observed with increases in automatic processing temperature or time. Film speed and contrast could be increased by increasing the processing temperature or time. The EKTASPEED film was more sensitive to these changes than was the ULTRA-SPEED film. Temperature had a stronger influence than processing time. All films were of archival storage quality except those processed at the low processing times of 2.5 or 3.5 minutes, and at the low processing temperature of 21 degrees C.
Improving the quality of existing quadrupoles

A cost-effective method is reported for improving the quality of existing LAMPF side-coupled-linac quadrupole magnet doublets. New coils, without steering windings but with improved quality control and turn counting, were manufactured and a new pole shape was designed using a combination of computer simulation and field-harmonic measurements. An investment casting was used for the difference between the old pole and the new pole. The castings met all dimensional tolerances and expectations of magnetic performance. The new pole pieces are shown to provide reduced levels of integral harmonics and increased integrated gradient strength. Data of the old and new designs verify these improvements. >
The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the hydration of Amoeba proteus as determined by contractile vacuolar function

Abstract Amoeba proteus was irradiated at 2537 A with a Sterilamp, with a resulting increase in C.V. output following radiation corresponding to the dose. U.V. increased the permeability of the cell as reflected by increased C.V. output. This increased output by the C.V. seems to reflect a change in the osmotic properties of the organism, and the data suggests C.V. output was independent of nuclear damage.
Hydrocortisone is associated with cell surface blebbing in cultures of human embryonic lung fibroblasts

Abstract Treatment with hydrocortisone (HC) is associated with increased cell surface blebbing of proliferatively active WI-38 and IMR-90 fibroblasts at low and high population doubling levels within the first 24 h after seeding. Time course studies show a marked decrease in blebbing after 2 days. In contrast, very old cells near the end of the population life span (>96% life span completed) show blebbing which is independent of HC treatment. Since the time of increased HC-associated blebbing in cycling cell populations coincides with the time during which HC-treated cells condition the medium with a growth-stimulating (autocrine) factor, it is possible that blebbing may represent extrusion of this factor from the cells at these times.
Imaginative skill, wording of suggestions and hypnotic susceptibility.

Abstract 3 groups of 20 Ss based on preselected imaginative capacity were administered either a hypnotic susceptibility scale containing item wording that suggested a goal-directed fantasy or one that did not. Preselected imaginative ability did not predict hypnotic susceptibility or the production of goal-directed fantasies during hypnosis. However, Ss who received the hypnotic scale containing item wording that suggested goal-directed fantasies reported more goal-direded fantasies than Ss who received the other scale. Limitations of the study are discussed and the causal role of goal-directed fantasy in hypnotic responsiveness is questioned.