cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance Use as Impression Management

This investigation examined the function of substance use as an impression management tactic. Using a model linking self-monitoring to self-esteem via perceived success in impression management and interaction anxiety, it was hypothesized that (a) self-monitoring, perceived success in impression management, and interaction anxiety predict self-esteem; (b) self-monitoring, perceived success in impression management, interaction anxiety, and self-esteem discriminate alcohol initiators from noninitiators, and (c) the same four variables discriminate cigarette initiators from noninitiators. Introductory psychology students (n = 377) responded to a survey instrument measuring the aforementioned variables. Hierarchical regression and discriminant function analyses produced results supportive of the first two hypotheses but not the third. Results suggest that alcohol use may serve an impression management function.
Flexible vehicle control using quantitative feedback theory

The design of a longitudinal pitch-axis flight control system for a flexible aircraft with uncertainty in the vehicle model is presented. This uncertainty includes the characteristics of the vehicle elastic mode. Quantitative feedback theory is used in the control system design. A level 1 handling qualities requirement is included in the control systems design specifications. This requirement is generated through pilot-vehicle analysis using a structural model of the human pilot and handling qualities sensitivity functions. Although two aerodynamic controls were available (elevator and forward vane), it is shown that elevator control alone can be used to meet the command-following, disturbance rejection, and handling qualities requirements. Nomenclature [d®/dx]cp = slope of body bending mode shape evaluated at pilot's station q = dO/dt, rad/s u = perturbation of x body axis component of vehicle velocity, ft/s a = angle of attack, rad 8C = canard angle (positive trailing edge down), deg 8e = elevator angle (positive trailing edge down), deg rj = generalized modal coordinate for symmetric body bending mode 9 = pitch attitude of rigid body, rad
Necker cube: Duration of preexposure of an unambiguous form

Two well practiced subjects indicated the apparent orientation of a Necker cube displayed immediately after the offset of one of two unambiguous forms. The unambiguous forms were identical to the Necker cube, except that lines were removed to represent opaque rather than transparent cubes. The duration of preexposure of the unambiguous forms was varied at 300, 600, 1,200, 2,400, and 4,800 msec. The main dependent variable was the estimated probability of the response to the ambiguous stimulus, being opposite to the orientation of the preexposed stimulus. From about 600 responses from each subject at each duration, these probability estimates turned out to be significantly different for the different durations. They all were greater than .5 and increased monotonically with preexposure duration. It was concluded that a simple random model of Necker reversals is inadequate; some form of a satiation model is needed.
Limits to running speed in dogs, horses and humans

Are there absolute limits to the speed at which animals can run? If so, how close are present-day individuals to these limits? I approach these questions by using three statistical models and data from competitive races to estimate maximum running speeds for greyhounds, thoroughbred horses and elite human athletes. In each case, an absolute speed limit is definable, and the current record approaches that predicted maximum. While all such extrapolations must be used cautiously, these data suggest that there are limits to the ability of either natural or artificial selection to produce ever faster dogs, horses and humans. Quantification of the limits to running speed may aid in formulating and testing models of locomotion.
Time-varying noise estimation for speech enhancement and recognition using sequential Monte Carlo method

We present a method for sequentially estimating time-varying noise parameters. Noise parameters are sequences of time-varying mean vectors representing the noise power in the log-spectral domain. The proposed sequential Monte Carlo method generates a set of particles in compliance with the prior distribution given by clean speech models. The noise parameters in this model evolve according to random walk functions and the model uses extended Kalman filters to update the weight of each particle as a function of observed noisy speech signals, speech model parameters, and the evolved noise parameters in each particle. Finally, the updated noise parameter is obtained by means of minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation on these particles. For efficient computations, the residual resampling and Metropolis-Hastings smoothing are used. The proposed sequential estimation method is applied to noisy speech recognition and speech enhancement under strongly time-varying noise conditions. In both scenarios, this method outperforms some alternative methods.
Electrocardiograms Should Be Included in Preparticipation Screening of Athletes

Among the adolescent and young adult population, the absolute risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is low, whereas the benefits of identifying predisposing conditions and preventing SCA are disproportionately large.1,2 Competitive athletes included within this population subgroup are at higher risk of SCA than expected for the general population in this age category.3–5 Recently, there has been considerable debate in the United States about the appropriate strategies, effectiveness, and logistics of various preparticipation screening techniques for identifying individuals at risk. Despite the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)6 and the International Olympic Committee (IOC)7 that an ECG be added to the preparticipation screening process, the American Heart Association (AHA) has recently reaffirmed its long-held position on preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes.8 The AHA suggests that ECG screening is not warranted as a component of preparticipation evaluations unless specific observations in the history or physical examination exist that trigger a more extensive cardiovascular evaluation.8 This position is retained despite various sources of data supporting an incremental benefit attributable to routine ECG screening.9 General agreement exists on preparticipation screening guidelines that include an appropriate personal medical and family history and physical examination, but the inclusion of additional elements such as an ECG is in dispute. The purpose of this article is to respond to the AHA recommendation and to provide a reasoned alternative approach. Response by Chaitman p 2626 SCA leads to unexpected death and affects all segments of society. It is a large public health problem, accounting for at least 50% of all cardiovascular deaths and a higher proportion in selected segments of society . 10 From the perspectives of clinical and epidemiological impact, SCA did not receive the attention it deserved until recent years, with recognition notably absent …
Mild core hyperthermia does not alter electroencephalographic responses during Epidural-Enflurane enfsthesia in humans

Abstract Study Objectives: To determine the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes induced by mild hyperthermia during enfurane anesthesia and to test the reliability of two new infrared thermometers. Design: Prospective laboratory evaluation. Setting: The Thermoregulation Research Laboratory at the University of California, San Francisco. Volunteers: 6 healthy female volunteers aged 30 ± 8 years. Interventions: Epidural anesthesia (≈ T 10 dermatome) was induced and maintained using 2-chloroprocaine anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced by inhalation of nitrous oxide and enflurane and maintained with enf urane at an end-tidal concentration of 1.7%. A minimum of 2°C core hyperthermia was induced by active cutaneous warming, and the volunteers subsequently were passively cooled. Measurements and Main Results: EEG data were recorded from gold cup electrodes positioned at FP 1 and FP 2 , with the reference electrode at CZ and the ground lead on the mastoid. In addition to routine EEG parameters, we evaluated the bipectral index. Bispectral analysis quantifies the phase coupling between various frequencies in the power spectrum and may be a useful measure of anesthetic depth. Core temperature was measured at the left tympanic membrane and distal esophagus. Core temperature also was determined from the right ear using two new, infrared tympanic membrane thermometers. One of these directly measures tympanic temperature, and the other extrapolates core temperature from the external ear canal. Induction of 2°C core hyperthermia did not produce statistically significant or clinically important changes in beta or delta power, the 95% spectral edge frequency, or the bispectral index. Temperatures recorded from the right ear by the direct thermometer were 0.27°C ± 0.33°C less than those measured in the left ear, but the values correlated well (r 2 = 0.95 ± 0.04). Temperatures recorded from the right ear by the core temperature extrapolater were 0.42°C ± 0.33°C lower than those measured in the left ear, and the correlation between values was slightly worse (r 2 = 0.83 ° 0.16). Conclusions: Since mild core hyperthermia does not alter routine EEG parameters or the bispectral index, typical perianesthetic thermal disturbances are unlikely to obscure EEG estimates of anesthetic depth. Both the direct thermometer and the core temperature extrapolater were found to be sufficiently accurate and precise for routine clinical use, but the direct thermometer would be preferable in the perioperative period.
Verification of beam placement accuracy in gamma knife radiosurgery by a BANG3 polymer gel dosimeter

Polymer gel dosimeter BANG3(R) was used to measure beam placement accuracy of a Leksell Gamma Knife radiosurgery unit. The authors did two experiments over a five-month period. Both show a 1.8-mm (corresponding to the size of two pixels) shift of measured dose distributions relative to the isodose lines calculated by the treatment planning software in the left-right direction. There is no observable error in the anterior-posterior direction. The authors have considered several sources for the observed shift, which include phantom setup error, MRI image distortion due to field inhomogeneity and non-linearity, treatment planning software error, and design/manufacturing error of the radiosurgery unit. The observed error has not been identified using the quality assurance procedure recommended by the manufacturer. The authors have demonstrated, therefore, that the polymer gel dosimeter is useful to verify the beam placement accuracy of a Leksell Gamma Knife unit as a part of acceptance test of hardware and treatment planning software. They recommend that the treatment prescription should be made considering the accuracy limit presented in this study.
Camera calibration using geometric constraints

A method to estimate the intrinsic and extrinsic patterns of a camera model is presented. The intrinsic parameters of camera center and focal length are estimated with a calibration device which is adjusted iteratively with four independent motions. Experimentation demonstrates that inexperienced users rapidly converge to satisfactory estimates. Extrinsic parameters define the position and orientation of the camera in a world coordinate frame. The straightforward formulation of this mapping leads to a complex system of nonlinear equations. Solutions based on nonlinear estimation techniques used unconstrained sets of known target points. These methods may converge to an incorrect solution and are characteristically ill-conditioned. By imposing a simple regularity on the arrangement of calibration points, the problem can be decomposed into a series of simple one- or two-parameter linear equations. The approach is described, and empirical tests of the accuracy of the method are given. >
On the evolution equation for the rest stress in rate-dependent plasticity

Three different structures of the evolution equation for the rest stress are derived. They correspond to different models of viscoplastic response, constructed by three-dimensional generalization of simple one-dimensional rheological models. Isotropic, kinematic and combined isotropic–kinematic hardening, with an evolution equation for the back stress, are incorporated in the constitutive framework. The results may be of interest in the analytical and numerical studies of the rate-dependent inelastic response. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
KATBERGIA GEN. NOV., A NEW TRACE FOSSIL FROM UPPER PERMIAN AND LOWER TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE KAROO BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT THE P/TR EXTINCTION EVENT

A new ichnogenus and ichnospecies of burrow, Katbergia carltonichnus, are described from Upper Permian and Lower Triassic rocks of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, where they are preserved in pedogenically modified overbank deposits that are interpreted as inceptisols subsequently gley- sol overprinted. Sigmoidal burrows consist of a long (‡0.5 m) cylindrical tube, ranging from 1-2 cm in diameter, terminating in a slightly larger living chamber. The burrows are unlined and passively filled, preserving a hierarchy of scratch patterns on the burrow walls. Scratch patterns include longitudinal, transverse, and crescent-shaped mark- ings found around the circumference of the burrow, but which are less densely concentrated on the burrow floor. Cal- careous concretions are associated with burrowed siltstone intervals, generally restricted to the lowermost decimetre, with nodules nucleating around burrows. Stable d 13 C and d 18 O isotope data on calcite cement in the burrow fill, entombing siltstone, and associated calcareous nodules all cluster together when plotted, indicating that nodule forma- tion occurred following burrow horizon abandonment and a rise in regional water table. Isotopic data reflect calcite pre- cipitation under a semi-closed system in saturated condi- tions. A model for burrow emplacement, abandonment and infill, and subsequent cementation by calcite is presented demonstrating that previous interpretations of Late Permian and Early Triassic palaeosol types associated with the P ⁄Tr extinction event must be re-evaluated.
Use of potentiated antibiotics in wound management

Prevention or resolution of microbial colonization of wounds is critical to rapid and uneventful healing. The use and misuse of antimicrobial agents continues to support the evolution of multidrug resistant organisms that can cause severe or life-threatening infections. Chelating agents have been shown to potentiate the effects of antimicrobial compounds. The third generation chelating agent. Tricide has been shown to be effective against many multidrug resistant pathogens, prevents pathogens from development resistance to the antimicrobials with which it is mixed and substantially reduces the amount of antimicrobials needed to kill bacteria and fungi.
Quantitation of persistent organic pollutants adsorbed on plastic debris from the Northern Pacific Gyre's “eastern garbage patch”

Floating marine plastic debris was found to function as solid-phase extraction media, adsorbing and concentrating pollutants out of the water column. Plastic debris was collected in the North Pacific Gyre, extracted, and analyzed for 36 individual PCB congeners, 17 organochlorine pesticides, and 16 EPA priority PAHs. Over 50% contained PCBs, 40% contained pesticides, and nearly 80% contained PAHs. The PAHs included 2, 3 and 4 ring congeners. The PCBs were primarily CB-11, 28, 44, 52, 66, and 101. The pesticides detected were primarily p,p-DDTs and its metabolite, o,p-DDD, as well as BHC (a,b,g and d). The concentrations of pollutants found ranged from a few ppb to thousands of ppb. The types of PCBs and PAHs found were similar to those found in marine sediments. However, these plastic particles were mostly polyethylene which is resistant to degradation and although functioning similarly to sediments in accumulating pollutants, these had remained on or near the ocean surface. Particles collected included intact plastic items as well as many pieces less than 5 mm in size.
Synthesis of (R,R)‐4,6‐Dibenzofurandiyl‐2,2′‐Bis (4‐Phenyloxazoline) (DBFOX/PH) – A Novel Tridentate Ligand

Dibenzofuran-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (R,R)-Dibenzofuran-4,6-dicarboxylic acid bis(2-hydroxy-1-phenylethyl) amide (R,R)-4,6-Dibenzofurandiyl-2,2′(4-phenyloxazoline) Sec-Butyl lithium Dimethylformamide Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride Carbon dioxide Keywords: tridentate ligand; dibenzofurans; dicarbonyl chlorides; oxazoles; waste disposal; diaminosulfur trifluoride; Diels-Alder reactions; nitrone cycloadditions; chiral Lewis acid
A wireless body area network of intelligent motion sensors for computer assisted physical rehabilitation

Background Recent technological advances in integrated circuits, wireless communications, and physiological sensing allow miniature, lightweight, ultra-low power, intelligent monitoring devices. A number of these devices can be integrated into a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN), a new enabling technology for health monitoring.
Is Mobility Good? Firm Mobility and the Low Wage-Low Productivity Trap

This paper explores the possibility that unregulated FDI flows are causally implicated in the decline in labor productivity growth in semi-industrialized economies. These effects are hypothesized to operate through the negative impact of firm mobility on worker bargaining power and thus affecting wages. Downward pressure on wages can reduce the pressure on firms to raise productivity in defense of profits, contributing to a low wage-low productivity trap. This paper presents empirical evidence, based on panel data fixed effects and GMM estimation for 37 semi-industrialized economies, that supports the causal link between increased firm mobility and lower wages, as well as slower productivity growth over the period 1970-2000.
Pretransplantation fluorine-18-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scan has no influence on relapse and survival in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients undergoing allo-SCT.

Pretransplantation fluorine-18-deoxyglucose-positron emission tomography scan has no influence on relapse and survival in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients undergoing allo-SCT
Geodesy: An Introduction and Overview

Geodesy is the science of measuring the size and shape of the Earth. Its history dates back to Eratosthenes (276–196 BC) who first determined the radius of the Earth. In that same era, Hipparchus (190–120 BC) introduced the concepts of lines of latitude and longitude and started one of the three pillars of modern geodesy, namely, the measurement of the geometric shape of the Earth. The second pillar of geodesy, the gravity field of the Earth, was not measured quantitatively until the 1600s with Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) taking up the challenge of determining the value of gravitational acceleration at the surface of the Earth. The third pillar of geodesy, the rotation of the Earth, has been studied since ancient times through the precession of the equinoxes, which occurs because the direction of the rotation axis in space changes. The measurement of changes in the rotation axis relative to the crust of the Earth did not happen until much later (1800s). Estimation of changes in the rate of Earth rotation was also made in these later times. The chapters in this volume cover all aspects of these pillars of geodesy. Despite the long history of geodesy, two major developments in the mid-1900s thrust geodesy into new measurement accuracies and capabilities. They are the development of methods that allow distance measurements to be measured using light travel times and the launch of Earth-orbiting satellites. Both of these developments allowed truly global views and measurements of the Earth. Perturbations in the orbits of the satellites provide a method for determining the Earth's gravity field and its time variations. Measurement of distances and their time derivatives from and to these satellites allows the determination of global positions and changes in the rotation vector of the Earth. The geodetic methods can also be applied to bodies outside of near Earth orbit allowing direct measurement of solar system bodies and extragalactic objects, both of which allow realization of inertial reference frames. These frames are realized either through the dynamics of the orbits or through a nonrotational system of extragalactic objects.
Overnight delay in the reduction of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.

The article by Mehlman et al. in this issue of The Journal critically evaluates the need for emergent reduction and pin fixation of type-III supracondylar fractures of the distal part of the humerus in children. Those of us who treat a large number of these fractures have traditionally considered them to require immediate reduction and fixation to prevent or substantially reduce the risk of complications such as compartment ischemia and to increase the likelihood that closed reduction will be successful. Prior to the 1999 report by Iyengar et al.1, these fractures had been treated as an emergency. Mehlman et al. performed a double-cohort study of 220 consecutive pediatric patients who had been treated operatively for a displaced supracondylar fracture of the distal part of the humerus. They excluded patients …
Lightweight Forwarding Protocols in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the unavoidable battery replacement or replenishment, diverse energy harvesting techniques have been integrated with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) to overcome limited battery power and extend the network lifetime. However, variable transmission power levels based on non-uniform energy harvesting rates can incur asymmetric links. In this paper, we propose light-weight forwarding protocols to reliably deliver sensory data to a sink over time-varying asymmetric links in energy harvesting WSNs. A Weighted Confirmation (WCFM) scheme is proposed to differentiate multiple paths between a data source and a sink by assigning multiplicative weights on the paths. A Lazy Confirmation (LCFM) scheme is also proposed to assure a reverse path by waiting for extended communication range. In addition, an Asymmetric Link Aware Back off mechanism is proposed to avoid possible packet contentions and collisions. We evaluate the proposed techniques through extensive simulation experiments and their results indicate that the proposed forwarding protocols can be a viable approach in energy harvesting WSNs.
Hypersensitivity to chemical allergens. I. Use of allergen-erythrocyte conjugates in detection of antibodies.

SummaryAn in vitro method for demonstration of antibodies to chemical allergens, using formalinized erythrocytes is described. Results are reproducible and the test can be specifically inhibited. Except for chemicals of related structure, cross reactions were not observed.
Large Eddy Simulation and Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Simulations of Flow in a Realistic Pump Intake: A Validation Study

It is well known that the flow inside pump-bays is characterized by the formation of sub-surface and free-surface vortices due to poor design or due to operating those structures outside their design range. These vortices are observed to be highly unsteady and intermittent. The presence of these vortices and the high level of non-uniformity in the approach flow can produce high levels of unsteady swirl inside the pump column which in turn can result in uneven impeller loading and adversely affect the performance of the pumps. Numerical prediction of these flows characterized by the formation of unsteady (meandering) intermittent vortices and massive separation is very challenging. Successful prediction of these phenomena requires numerical methods and turbulence models that can accurately capture the dynamics of the main coherent structures in these flows. The present paper describes such a model that is based on using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) techniques in conjunction with an accurate non-dissipative Navier-Stokes massively parallel solver to predict the flow and vortical structures in pump intakes. The numerical solver can use unstructured hybrid meshes which allows flexibility in meshing very complex geometries while maintaining high quality of the computational mesh which is essential in obtaining accurate solutions. Some recent PIV data collected on a laboratory model of a realistic geometry pump intake is used to validate the newly developed LES model. To better put in perspective the predictive performances of the LES model, results from simulations employing the SST RANS model performed using a state-of-the-art commercial Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software are presented and compared with LES. The LES model is intended to be used as a design tool to remediate problems at existing pump intakes or test new design ideas without need to perform expensive scaled-model studies.
Solid Phase Epitaxial Regrowth of Implantation Amorphized Si0.7Ge0.3 Grown on (100) Silicon

The solid phase epitaxial regrowth (SPER) process of implantation amorphized Si0.7Ge0.3 layers (850± A thick) grown on (100) Si has been studied by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. For amorphous layers produced by 40 Ar+ implantation highly defective three dimensional regrowth was observed in both Si0.7Ge0.3 and Si. Stacking faults were the principle defect formed of both materials during regrowth. SPER after amorphization via 73 Ge+ implantation was also investigated. It was found that the SPER velocity of the 73 Ge+ implanted Si0.7 Ge0.7 Ge0.3 was about twice the velocity of the 40 Ar+ implanted samples; for 73 Ge+ implanted Si it was about three times that of the 40Ar+ implanted samples. The activation energy for SPER in 40Ar+ and in 73 Ge+ implanted Si0.7 Geo0.3 was about 1.6 and 2.6 eV, respectively. The defect density was significantly reduced in 73 Ge+ amorphized Si but not in the 73 Ge+ amorphized Si0.7 Ge0.3. It is proposed that limited Ar solubility inhibits high quality regrowth in both SiGe and Si. Upon 73 Ge+ amorphization and solid phase epitaxy the interfacial strain between the SiGe and Si cannot be accommodated. Thus the epitaxial process is poor in these SiGe strained layers regardless of the amorphizing species.
Hepatic metabolism of short-chain bile acids. Inversion of the 3-hydroxyl group of isoetianic acid (3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid) by the adult rat.

The stereospecificity of mechanisms for hepatic transport of short-chain bile acids has been examined by following the hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion of 3 beta-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid (isoetianic acid) administered in two different labeled forms to rats prepared with an external biliary fistula. While 93% of the administered [2,2,4,4-3H]isoetianic acid was recovered in bile after 20 h, only 18% of a similar dose of [3 alpha-3H]isoetianic acid was secreted in bile over the same time period. The recovered radioactivity of the latter compound was mainly associated with bile water. With the [2,2,4,4-3H]isoetianic acid, the bulk of the biliary isotope was determined to be in the form of two glucuronide conjugates. Spectral analysis identified these metabolites as the hydroxyl-linked (major) and carboxyl-linked (minor) beta-glucuronides, not of the 3 beta-hydroxy compound administered, but of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid (etianic acid), i.e., the products of hydroxyl group inversion. It is concluded that isoetianic acid is efficiently cleared from plasma and conjugated with glucuronic acid after its epimerization to etianic acid. The prevalent, but not complete, loss of the 3-tritium atom and the retention of the 2- and 4-tritium atoms probably indicates a 3-oxo-5 beta-androstane-17 beta-carboxylic acid intermediate with partial return of the label via a limited labeled pool of reduced nicotinamide cofactor.
Analysis of DLL/PLL of GPS Receiver and Its Anti-jamming Capability

In order to improve anti-jamming capability of GPS receiver,US take a series of anti-jamming measurements.DLL/PLL is the general used technology.The DLL/PLL of GPS receiver is mainly analyzed,and according to threshold of DLL/PLL defined by empirical rule,the anti-jamming capability of GPS receiver,which takes DLL/PLL technology,is analyzed also.
The Relationship of Body Mass Index and Functional Outcomes in Patients With Acute Burns

Obesity may contribute to the functional decline in elderly adults. It can also increase the risk of mortality in burn patients. However, little data exist regarding the relationship between obesity and functional outcomes in patients with burns. Data were collected regarding admission body mass index (BMI), length of stay, TBSA burn, inhalation injury, age, sex, discharge disposition, and discharge functional independence measure (FIM) scores for 221 patients. We used the classification and regression trees (CART) method to determine the strongest predictors of discharge disposition and FIM scores. Patients older than 59, with 0 to 30.75% TBSA burn, and a BMI of less than 27 were more likely to return home when compared with matched patients with a greater BMI. Regardless of age and BMI, patients with greater than 30.75% TBSA burn were less likely to return home (27.6%) posthospitalization when compared with patients with less than 30.75% TBSA burn (82.8%). Patients aged 54 to 72 years with less than 22.50% TBSA burn and a higher BMI (>25.15) demonstrated lower FIM locomotion scores than corresponding patients with a lower BMI ( 72.5 years) with burns less than 22.50% TBSA and a larger BMI (>31.25) had lower transfer FIM scores when compared with matched patients with a smaller BMI (< or =31.25). Among patients with greater than 22.50 TBSA burn, women demonstrated lower FIM transfer and locomotion scores when compared with men. BMI may contribute to lower functional scores and the likelihood of discharge to an inpatient setting in elderly patients with less severe burns.
Numerical simulation of a flat back airfoil for wind turbine applications.

Wind energy provides an attractive power source as an alternative to fossil fuels because it is abundant, clean, and produces no harmful emissions. To extract more energy from the wind we need to increase the wind turbine size. However, the increase in size has begun to reach a limit in terms of material composition and structural stability. To quell the trend of increasing size in wind power systems alternative wind turbine blade designs are investigated and evaluated to increase power production and efficiency of present size machines. Flat back airfoils have been proposed for the inboard region of large wind turbine blades because they provide structural and aerodynamic advantages. In this work we will investigate the aerodynamic performance of flat back airfoils with computational fluid dynamics techniques. To reduce the drag and noise inherent from the blunt trailing edge, a splitter plate with varying lengths is added to the trailing edge of the airfoils. Comparisons are made with experimental data. Excellent agreement is achieved with the measurements. Our numerical simulations show that the flat back airfoil can increase lift production as much as 20%. The splitter can effectively reduce drag by as much as 20% and tonal noise by as much as 20 dB.
Residual Strength of 48-Inch Diameter Corroded Pipe Determined by Full Scale Combined Loading Experiments

To provide a data base for the confirmation of computational and classical residual strength analyses of corroded pipelines subjected to combined loads, full scale experiments of 48-inch diameter pipe sections with artificial corrosion were conducted. Design of the experiments was guided by the prerequisite of testing pipe sections in full scale such that subsequent corrections for the uniform depth and extent of the degraded region, and D/t ratios were not required. The testing and analysis procedures were progressively developed through three distinct phases of the program: 1) one proof of concept experiment performed on smaller diameter pipe with artificial corrosion subjected to internal pressure and axial bending, 2) five 48-inch diameter pipe tests, each with artificial corrosion, subjected to internal pressure and axial bending, and 3) eight 48-inch diameter pipe tests, each with artificial corrosion subjected to pressure, axial bending, and axial compression. Combined loading on the test specimens followed a predetermined path until failure by either rupture or global buckling occurred, while the elastic-plastic load-deflection and large strain behavior was recorded. The uniform depth, axial length, and circumferential length of the degraded region were selected to represent commonly observed general corrosion dimensions found among in-service pipelines, with the maximum and minimum extents reflecting the typical wall loss characteristics at the girth and seam weld locations. The pipe behavior during the experiments and analyses was ultimately modeled and verified by an elastic-shell model capable of defining failure pressure and curvature for a corroded pipe subjected to combined service loads.This paper presents details on the test procedures, specimen preparation and design, and complex data acquisition techniques utilized in the generation of required global and location response information. In addition, significant experimental results from the program which enabled the development and validation of a new procedure for the assessment of corroded pipes under combined loads are reviewed.Copyright © 1996 by ASME
An Introduction to Biostatistics: Randomization, Hypothesis Testing, and Sample Size Estimation

Publisher Summary Study design is part science and part art. Randomization methods and hypotheses need to match the question of interest, and many choices are available. Sample sizes should be calculated to detect meaningful differences and for a number of different design parameters to account for the uncertainty in these parameters. Finally, it is wise to consult with a statistician at the earliest stages of planning a study to obtain help with study design, hypothesis generation, and appropriate sample size calculations. Timely collaboration with an eager statistician will help the study succeed. This chapter provides an intuitive explanation of the statistical principles used in medical research. The information provided is basic, so the results of analyses presented in medical research papers can be easily understood. The principles of biostatistics are related to the types of studies conducted at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). These principles are illustrated by three motivating studies that are typical of the studies conducted within NIH's intramural and extramural programs.
Nietzsche on Language: Interpretation as Religious Practice

In ‘Maxims and Arrows,’ the first part of the Twilight of the Idols, Nietzsche speculated that ‘[i]f we possess our why of life we can put up with almost any how.’1 The possibility of possessing the ‘why’ of life, of believing that human experience has meaning, is an integral part of his reflection on the relationship between the religious imagination and language — between creativity and meaning. In the aftermath of the death of God, meaninglessness is the sign of powerlessness. Not only has humanity lost its will to truth — which of itself is among the causes of meaninglessness — but it has ‘grown one stage poorer, no longer possessing the strength to interpret, to create fictions …’ of which even the will to truth avails itself (WP 585A). The revaluation of values is Nietzsche’s attempt to recover the ‘strength to interpret, to create fictions’ in order to lend meaning to human existence. His rejection of metaphysics, the notion of a transcendent referent and the certainty vested in objective truth, signifies the emergence of a new and dynamic understanding of values.
Entanglement and the Formation of the Ancient Nubian Napatan State

Entanglement and the Formation of Ancient Nubian Napatan State Michele R. Buzon Department of Anthropology Purdue University 700 W. State Street West Lafayette IN 47907 mbuzon@purdue.edu (corresponding author) Stuart Tyson Smith Department of Anthropology University of California, Santa Barbara Antonio Simonetti Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences University of Notre Dame Abstract: Through the concept of entanglement, archaeological indications of cultural identity and skeletal evidence of biological and geographic interaction are used to explore the development of the Nubian polity who ruled as the 25th Dynasty of Egypt (Napatan Period c. 750-656 B.C.E.). In this paper, we examine the ways in which cultural and biological linkages impact the political, social, and cultural trajectories of the political entities in the ancient Nile Valley. Early studies of political developments in this region have often focused on Egypt, ignoring the aspects of power formation that may have developed independently and the long tradition of established local institutions in Nubia. The present research uses evidence from the site of Tombos, located in Upper Nubia, to investigate the processes of identity formation and population composition during the Egyptian colonial occupation and subsequent rise of the Nubian Napatan polity. We address the impact of Egyptian and Nubian immigrants on the political developments, finding strongest support for the influence of Nubian-Egyptian communities established in colonial times on the character of the Napatan polity.
The aging face

Advancements in technology and medicine have led to a greater life expectancy and a corresponding increased interest in the mechanisms and prevention of aging. Because of its central role in human perception of age and emotion, the aging face generates a high demand for understanding the etiology of senescence-related changes. There are effective nonsurgical and surgical methods available for those seeking functional or cosmetic facial rejuvenation.
Increasing Knowledge and Confidence in Behavioral Change: A Pilot Study.

Objective To assess whether and how effectively an interactive presentation about lifestyle medicine could impact the knowledge and attitudes of medical students to prepare them for managing chronic conditions in their patients. Chronic diseases are increasingly prevalent and problematic. Although chronic disease management involves lifestyle modification, few physicians are adequately trained in effective motivational interventions. Methods We surveyed first- and second-year Harvard Medical School students in October 2015 before and after a presentation on lifestyle medicine and quantified changes in their knowledge, attitudes/confidence, and skills. Results Medical students learned the basics of behavioral change after a 1-hour presentation, and their confidence with regard to implementing interventions increased. Median scores of confidence in counseling patients on lifestyle changes improved as did their ability to counsel patients on exercise, nutrition, sleep, stress management, and smoking cessation. Conclusions After a brief intervention, medical students can learn principles of behavioral management and how to implement the skills with patients suffering from chronic illnesses.
Sample size and power for a stratified doubly randomized preference design.

The two-stage (or doubly) randomized preference trial design is an important tool for researchers seeking to disentangle the role of patient treatment preference on treatment response through estim...
Women Are Why.

Women are different. And, every February, the Go Red for Women campaign of the American Heart Association celebrates the efforts made to improve care of women through a greater understanding of these differences.1 Over the past 13 years, this campaign has increased awareness of heart disease in women and pushed for greater funding to study these conditions in light of unique biological and sociocultural complexities. Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes has joined in these efforts by annually publishing articles focused on cardiovascular disease in this special cohort. This year, we are excited that Joe Hill and his team at Circulation are joining as well. Extending knowledge on discovery, treatment, and implementation of cardiovascular care in women is a key priority for all of us. More than 900 000 women have joined the Go Red campaign.2 Spreading the word regarding heart disease and related risk factors has helped motivate 2 million more to assess their individual risk using the Go Red Heart Check up. These local efforts complement the landmark research conducted over the past several decades that has focused broadly …
Techniques de consolidation osseuse guidée par imagerie en oncologie : cimentoplastie et vissage

Resume L’apparition de metastases osseuses est un evenement frequent en oncologie. Ces metastases sont souvent associees a des douleurs mais aussi a des risques de fracture avec alteration majeure de la qualite de vie lorsqu’elles touchent des os porteurs. La prise en charge des metastases osseuses beneficie largement du developpement des techniques de consolidation par radiologie interventionnelle. La cimentoplastie consiste a injecter du ciment acrylique dans un os fragilise pour assurer sa consolidation et controler les douleurs. Cette technique peu invasive a prouve depuis de nombreuses annees son efficacite sur les os soumis a des contraintes en compression : vertebres, toit du cotyle, condyles. Ses capacites de stabilisation mecanique restent cependant plus limitees sur les os longs du fait d’une moindre resistance des ciments aux forces de torsion. Plus recemment, la mise en place de vis percutanees sous guidage d’imagerie s’est developpee ; l’amelioration des techniques de guidage permet l’insertion des vis de maniere mini invasive et precise, sans avoir recours a une approche chirurgicale conventionnelle ouverte. Ceci permet de simplifier les suites operatoires et de ne pas retarder l’introduction ou la reprise d’un traitement systemique. Si besoin, le vissage peut etre couple a la cimentoplastie afin d’obtenir un meilleur ancrage, lorsque la destruction osseuse est importante. Ces techniques de consolidation par radiologie interventionnelle permettent de renforcer l’arsenal therapeutique oncologique et doivent etre evoquees en concertation pluridisciplinaire pour selectionner les meilleures indications adaptees a la situation clinique du patient.
LGBTQ adolescents of color: Considerations for working with youth and their families

Adolescence is a period during which youth are tasked with self-discovery and formation of their identity. This may be more challenging for youths of minority backgrounds. LGBTQ individuals have th...
Evaluating HIV knowledge questionnaires among men who have sex with men: A multi-study item response theory analysis

Knowledge about the transmission, prevention, and treatment of HIV remains a critical element in psychosocial models of HIV risk behavior and is commonly used as an outcome in HIV prevention interventions. However, most HIV knowledge questions have not undergone rigorous psychometric testing such as using item response theory. The current study used data from six studies of men who have sex with men (MSM; n = 3565) to (1) examine the item properties of HIV knowledge questions, (2) test for differential item functioning on commonly studied characteristics (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, and HIV risk behavior), (3) select items with the optimal item characteristics, and (4) leverage this combined dataset to examine the potential moderating effect of age on the relationship between condomless anal sex (CAS) and HIV knowledge. Findings indicated that existing questions tend to poorly differentiate those with higher levels of HIV knowledge, but items were relatively robust across diverse individuals. Furthermore, age moderated the relationship between CAS and HIV knowledge with older MSM having the strongest association. These findings suggest that additional items are required in order to capture a more nuanced understanding of HIV knowledge and that the association between CAS and HIV knowledge may vary by age.
Cross-Layer Design Exploration for Energy-Quality Tradeoffs in Spiking and Non-Spiking Deep Artificial Neural Networks

Deep learning convolutional artificial neural networks have achieved success in a large number of visual processing tasks and are currently utilized for many real-world applications like image search and speech recognition among others. However, despite achieving high accuracy in such classification problems, they involve significant computational resources. Over the past few years, non-spiking deep convolutional artificial neural network models have evolved into more biologically realistic and event-driven spiking deep convolutional artificial neural networks. Recent research efforts have been directed at developing mechanisms to convert traditional non-spiking deep convolutional artificial neural networks to the spiking ones where neurons communicate by means of spikes. However, there have been limited studies providing insights on the specific power, area, and energy benefits offered by the spiking deep convolutional artificial neural networks in comparison to their non-spiking counterparts. We perform a comprehensive study for hardware implementation of spiking/non-spiking deep convolutional artificial neural networks on MNIST, CIFAR10, and SVHN datasets. To this effect, we design AccelNN - a Neural Network Accelerator to execute neural network benchmarks and analyze the effects of circuit-architecture level techniques to harness event-drivenness. A comparative analysis between spiking and non-spiking versions of deep convolutional artificial neural networks is presented by performing trade-offs between recognition accuracy and corresponding power, latency and energy requirements.
Japan's Womenomics Diplomacy: Fighting Stigma and Constructing ODA Leadership on Gender Equality

Under conservative Prime Minister Abe Shinzo, Japan has embarked upon a high profile ‘Womenomics’ foreign policy agenda to highlight Japan's official development assistance (ODA) contributions to women's empowerment worldwide. This paper examines the puzzle of why such an avowedly conservative government would pursue a feminist foreign policy agenda. The paper finds that Japan's Womenomics diplomacy cannot be explained simply by materialist or domestic political explanations, but is best understood as a strategic campaign stemming from elite concern about Japan's national identity and esteem about its status in the world. Through Womenomics diplomacy, Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs attempts to construct Japan as a leader on women's rights and gender equality in response to the twin stigmas of Japan's treatment of wartime ‘comfort women’ and perennial low rankings on international indexes of gender equality.