cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Effects of Electric Fields: EPRI'S Role

Since 1973 the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has supported research to evaluate the biological effects which may result from exposure to electric fields produced by AC overhead transmission lines; more recently, EPRI has also begun DC research. Through 1981 EPRI will have expended $8.7M on these efforts. Ongoing AC projects are studying a variety of lifeforms exposed to electric fields; these include humans, miniature swine, rats, honeybees, chick embryos, and crops. The status of these projects is discussed. The DC program has not as yet produced data. These studies will add to the current data base so as to enable a more complete assessment of health risks which may be associated with exposure to electric fields at power frequencies.
Histidine induced hypothermia in the rat.

Abstract The mechanism by which systemic injection of histidine induces hypothermia has been studied in rats. Injection of histidine directly into the rostral hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers, at sites at which histamine causes hypothermia, had no effect on body temperature. Systemic histidine laoding did not change the hypothalamic or whole brain levels of norepinephrine, dopamine or 5-HT, indicating that the fall in temperature is not due to depletion of these amines which are known to be involved in thermoregulation. Blood pressure measurements showed that when histidine was administered to rats pretreated with a peripherally acting histidine decarboxylase inhibitor no appreciable amount of systemic histamine was formed. It is concluded that the hypothermic effect of histidine is due to the increased formation of histamine in the brain.
Predicted electron precipitation for a filled loss cone at the top of the auroral electron acceleration region

The electron precipitation flux and energy flux for a filled loss cone at the top of the auroral electron acceleration region have been calculated for the actual height for the top of the acceleration region. The resulting flux and energy flux are thus found to be more than sufficient to account for the aurora, thereby contradicting Knight's well-known theory for electron precipitation during an auroral substorm.
Vibrational analysis of α-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid

Abstract In the present study, a comparative Raman vibrational analysis of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (4CHCA) and its derivative, alpha-cyano-3-hydroxycinnamic acid (3CHCA), was performed. The Raman spectra of the 4CHCA and 3CHCA in solid form were obtained and analyzed to determine differences between the two structurally similar derivatives. For comparison, the CHCA derivatives cyanocinnamic acid (CCA) and coumaric acid (CA) were also studied. The plausible vibrational assignments were made and matched with those obtained theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) based method employing a 6–31 g basis set. The computational wavenumbers obtained were in good agreement with the observed experimental results. This was the first reported Raman study of CCA, 3CHCA and 4CHCA.
Identification of a cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase that is preferentially expressed in bovine corneal epithelium. A corneal epithelial crystallin.

Abstract Recently, metabolic enzymes have been observed in both the lens and corneal epithelium at levels greatly exceeding what is necessary for normal metabolic functions. These proteins have been termed taxon-specific crystallins and are thought to play a role in maintaining tissue transparency. We report here that cytosolic NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) represents a new corneal crystallin. Using suppression subtractive hybridization, we identified a gene (with a deduced amino acid sequence that showed 94% identity to rat cytosolic NADP+-dependent ICDH) that is preferentially expressed in bovine corneal epithelium. Northern blots established that its mRNA level in the corneal epithelium was 31-, 39-, 133-, 230-, and 929-fold more than in the liver, bladder epithelium, stomach epithelium, brain, and heart, respectively. This mRNA was detected primarily in corneal epithelial basal cells by in situhybridization. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two-dimensional gel analysis, and Western blotting showed that this protein was overexpressed in the corneal epithelium, constituting ∼13% of the total soluble bovine corneal epithelial proteins. Enzyme assays showed a corresponding overabundance of this protein in bovine corneal epithelium. Taken together, these data indicate that bovine cytosolic ICDH fulfills the criteria for a corneal epithelial crystallin and may be involved in maintaining corneal epithelial transparency.
Observation of in-plane carbonyl scrambling in a derivative of dodecacarbonyltriosmium.

Abstract 13 C NMR spectra obtained for the norbornadiene complex Os 3 (CO) 10 (C 7 H 8 )indicate restricted equilibration of in-plane carbonyls via a triply bridged intermediate. Spectral assignments are facilitated by observation of significant 13 C- 13 C coupling between nonequivalent trans carbonyls.
Axis II comorbidity of normal-weight bulimia.

Abstract The axis II comorbidity of 34 women with active bulimia, 18 women with remitted bulimia, and 20 women with a history of major depression was assessed blind to axis I diagnosis using the Diagnostic Interview for Personality Disorders (DIPD), a semistructured interview of demonstrated reliability. Fifty percent of the active bulimic subjects, 44% of the remitted bulimic subjects, and 35% of the depressed controls met DSM-III criteria for at least one axis II disorder. Despite the generally higher prevalance of axis II pathology in both bulimic groups than depressed controls, these between-group differences did not reach significance. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Management of the Adult with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), most commonly due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD), has been studied by pediatric endocrinologists for decades. Advances in the care of these patients have enabled many of these children to reach adulthood. In contrast to the course and management of the disease in childhood, little is known about CAH in adults. In many patients, the proclivity to salt-wasting crises decreases. Linear growth ceases, and reproductive function becomes an issue. Most importantly, management must minimize the potential for long-term consequences of conventional therapies. Here we review the existing literature regarding comorbidities of adults with 21OHD, goals of treatment, and approaches to therapy, with an emphasis on need for improved management strategies.
Transient mass transport between a finite volume of homogenized fluid and a sphere with finite interfacial transport coefficients

10. taneous conduction and radiation in an absorbing medium, J. Heat Transfer 88C, 63-12 (1962). R. VISKANTA and R. J. GROSH, Effect of surface emissivity on heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and radiation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 5, 129-134 (1962). W. LICK, Energy transfer by radiation and conduction, Proc. Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, pp. 1426. Stanford University Press, Stanford (1963). R. GREII, Energy transfer by radiation and conduction with variable gas properties, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 7, 891-900 (1964). YAN-PO CHANG, A potential treatment of energy transfer in a conducting, absorbing, and emitting medium. ASME Paner 61-WAiHT-40 (1961). L. A. TARSHIS, S. ‘O’HARA and R. VISK~NTA, Heat transfer by simultaneous conduction and radiation for two absorbing media in intimate contact, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 11, 333-341 (1969). R. VISKANTA, Heat transfer by conduction and radiation in absorbing and scattering materials, J. Heat Transfer 87C, 143-150 (1965). D. H. TIMMON~ and J. 0. MINGLF., Simultaneous radiation and conduction with specular reflection, AIAA 6th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Paper No, 68-28, New York (1968). W. LICK, Transient energy transfer by radiation and conduction, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer& 119-121(1965). A. S. HAZZAH and J. V. BECK, Unsteady combined conduction-radiation energy transfer using a rigorous differential method, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 13, 511-522 (1910). 11.
The development of the copulatory organs (gonopods) of a spiroboloid milliped

In the spiroboloid millipeds the male gonopods develop from rudiments of both pairs of legs of the seventh body segment. They are first evident as “lumps” on the sternum of the seventh segment following the molt to instar 5; they replace the functional walking legs of the seventh segment of earlier instars. These “lumps” go through progressive morphological changes in each instar until they attain the adult form. It is evident that in the spirobolid millipeds the gonopods do not develop as a gradual modification of functional walking legs; rather they pass through a progressive growth and differentiation of their own.
Carboxybetaine, sulfobetaine, and cationic block copolymer coatings: A comparison of the surface properties and antibiofouling behavior

Two different zwitterionic block copolymers (BCs) and a cationic BC were synthesized from the same BC precursor, which consisted of a polystyrene (PS) block and a poly(N-(3-dimethylamino-1-propyl)acrylamide) block. The zwitterionic BCs contained the dimethylammonioacetate (carboxybetaine) and dimethylammoniopropyl sulfonate (sulfobetaine) groups. Thin films cast from these polymers were investigated for surface wettability, surface charge, and protein adsorption. Surface-energy parameters calculated with advancing contact angle (ya) and receding contact angle (yr) of different probe liquids showed that it was yr and not ya that was representative of the polar/ionic groups in the near-surface regions of the coatings. Electrophoretic mobility was used to characterize the influence of pH on the net sur- face charge. In aqueous dispersions, the carboxybetaine poly- mer showed an ampholyte behavior with an isoelectric point of 6, whereas the sulfobetaine polymer was found to be ani- onic at all pH values between 2 and 10. Protein adsorption on the carboxybetaine BC was relatively independent of the net charges on the protein or the polymer, but the negatively charged sulfobetaine polymer showed a higher adsorption of positively charged protein molecules. Regardless of the net protein charge, both zwitterionic coatings adsorbed less protein compared to the PS and poly(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoros- tyrene) controls. The sulfobetaine and cationic BCs adsorbed higher amounts of oppositely charged protein molecules than like-charged protein molecules. However, the adsorp- tion of oppositely charged protein was much higher on the cationic surface than on the sulfobetaine surface. The zwitter- ionic BCs, particularly the carboxybetaine polymer, from this article are expected to function as stable, low-fouling surface modifiers in different biological environments. V C 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 124: 2154-2170, 2012
Expression of a recombinant Entamoeba histolytica antigen in a Salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain.

Abstract The expression of a major surface antigen of the intestinal protozoal parasite Entamoeba histolytica in an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain is described. A polymerase chain reaction fragment derived from cDNA encoding the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein, SREHP, was introduced into S. typhimurium χ3987 (Δcya Δcrp Δasd) using a plasmid expression vector (pYA292) containing the aspartate semialdehyde (asd) gene. S. typhimurium expressing recombinant SREHP as a SREHP/maltose binding protein fusion protein was administered orally to mice and gerbils (an important animal model for E. histolytica infection) and was recovered from splenic tissue in both species. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of expressing recombinant amoebic proteins in attenuated S. typhimurium strains, and shows that vaccine strains of S. typhimurium can successfully infect the gerbil, a widely used model for amoebic liver abscess and intestinal amoebiasis.
Development and characterization of an aptamer binding ligand of fractalkine using domain targeted SELEX

Fractalkine (FKN) is a unique cell surface protein with potential as a therapeutic target because of its role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. We developed an aptamer, named FKN-S2, with a dissociation constant of 3.4 ± 0.7 nM that is specific to the chemokine domain of fractalkine.
BRCA2 Localization to the Midbody by Filamin A Regulates CEP55 Signaling and Completion of Cytokinesis

Disruption of the BRCA2 tumor suppressor is associated with structural and numerical chromosomal defects. The numerical abnormalities in BRCA2-deficient cells may partly result from aberrations in cell division caused by disruption of BRCA2 during cytokinesis. Here we show that BRCA2 is a component of the midbody that is recruited through an interaction with Filamin A actin-binding protein. At the midbody, BRCA2 influences the recruitment of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-associated proteins, Alix and Tsg101, and formation of CEP55-Alix and CEP55-Tsg101 complexes during abscission. Disruption of these BRCA2 interactions by cancer-associated mutations results in increased cytokinetic defects but has no effect on BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination repair of DNA damage. These findings identify a specific role for BRCA2 in the regulation of midbody structure and function, separate from DNA damage repair, that may explain in part the whole-chromosomal instability in BRCA2-deficient tumors.
Acetylseco hemicholinium-3, a new choline acetyltransferase inhibitor useful in neuropharmacological studies.

Summary-Described are the synthesis and some aspects of the pharmacology of acetylseco hemicholinium-3 (acetylseco HC-3), the acetylated open ring analogue of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3). The effects of both compounds were determined in uiuo on rat brain acetylcholine (ACh), ‘Y-choline (14C-Ch) incorporation into 14C-acetylcholine (14C-ACh) and on one way jump box avoidance and escape behavior in naive and trained rats. In addition, the in vitro effects of both drugs were determined on choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAc) in rat brain. When given intraventricularly in doses of l-20 pg both compounds reduced total ACh content in the brain to a maximum of 5’0% of normal in 30-60 min. In doses of 20 pg intraventricularly, both drugs also reduced 14C-Ch incorporation into Y-ACh by 845% for acetylseco HC-3 and by 52% for HC-3. The in viva changes of ACh in the brain were correlated with the behavioral deficits induced in one way shuttle box acquisition and retention. In doses of 20 pg total intraventri~ularly, both compounds produced behavioral deficits which were greater in naive than in trained animals. Zn vitro, acetylseco HC-3 inhibited ChAc activity with an 150 of 1 x 10e5 M with Ch IO-* M and acetyl CoA 6.4 x 10m4 M, while HC-3 had no inhibitory effects. Using rat brain homogenate as the enzyme source and commercial acetyl CoA for kinetic studies, acetylseco HC-3 was shown to be a mixed inhibitor of acetyl CoA and a competitive inhibitor of Ch. The in uiuo actions of acetyiseco HC-3 are consistent with those of a ChAc inhibitor. However, it is necessary to rule out the possibility that the drug may also compete with Ch for its transport across biological membranes like its deacetylated derivative HC-3.
Partial purification of hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase: Studies of some of its properties

Abstract 1. 1. Purification of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UDP-glucuronate glucuronyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.17) from guinea pig liver, achieved by ultrasonication, sucrose gradient fractionation and Sephadex G-200 elution, increased the capacity to conjugate bilirubin in vitro 20-fold and o- aminophenol 50-fold. The stability of enzymatic activity in this preparation was greater than previously described for this enzyme in preparations with a comparable increase in initial activity and was strikingly similar with both substrates. The purification procedure did not separate conjugating ability for any of the substrates tested. 2. 2. The inadequacy of gravitational criteria alone in indicating solubilization of a membrane-bound enzyme was demonstrated by electron microscopy. Methods used unsuccessfully in attempting true solubilization are listed. 3. 3. The purified enzyme preparation was shown to contain a number of proteins including microsomal enzymes and lipids. The possible effect of these on kinetic studies is critically discussed. 4. 4. Application of the purification procedure to livers of cat, Gunn rat and hypophysectomized or thyroidectomized rats also yielded a stable purified enzyme preparation, without separating conjugating ability for the substrates tested. 5. 5. The results of these investigations are discussed and their relationship to possible multiplicity of UDP-glucuronyltransferase considered.
Robot navigation in dense human crowds: the case for cooperation

We consider mobile robot navigation in dense human crowds. In particular, we explore two questions. Can we design a navigation algorithm that encourages humans to cooperate with a robot? Would such cooperation improve navigation performance? We address the first question by developing a probabilistic predictive model of cooperative collision avoidance and goal-oriented behavior by extending the interacting Gaussian processes approach to include multiple goals and stochastic movement duration. We answer the second question with an extensive quantitative study of robot navigation in dense human crowds (488 runs completed), specifically testing how cooperation models effect navigation performance. We find that the “multiple goal” interacting Gaussian processes algorithm performs comparably with human teleoperators in crowd densities near 1 person/m2, while a state of the art noncooperative planner exhibits unsafe behavior more than 3 times as often as this multiple goal extension, and more than twice as often as the basic interacting Gaussian processes. Furthermore, a reactive planner based on the widely used “dynamic window” approach fails for crowd densities above 0.55 people/m2. Based on these experimental results, and previous theoretical observations, we conclude that a cooperation model is important for safe and efficient robot navigation in dense human crowds.
Feynman graph expansion for tricritical exponents

Abstract The determination of the fixed points of the Wilson classical spin model by the ϵ-expansion is discussed. Expansions in ϵ for d = 3−ϵ are given for the tricritical exponents γ, η and α.
Connections between universal observability and topological dynamics

In a previous paper, an equivalence was established between real prime flows with positively separating quotients and universally observable flows. In this paper, we further study the connections between universal observability and topological dynamics. We consider the relationship between universally observable flows and flows that are prime and nonasymptotic, or distal. We end with a result involving the observability of flows with positively separating quotients.
Systematic and Non-Systematic Position Error Correction of Wheeled Robots while Navigation in a Square

This paper addresses a modified localization scheme of a wheeled mobile robot. When it navigates in a square given by the operator, the position error of a robot accumulates and it never ends up with the goal position where the robot intends to go to initially. The objective of localization is to estimate the position of a robot precisely. Many algorithms were developed and still are being researched for localization of a mobile robot at present. Among them, a localization algorithm named continuous localization proposed by Schultz (Schultz and Adams, 1998) has some merits on real-time navigation and is easy to be implemented compared to other schemes. Continuous localization (CL) is based on map-matching algorithm with global and local maps using only ultrasonic sensors for making grid maps following a given path by us (e.g. squares). In addition to CL, we here propose systematic error correction and fast powerful map-matching algorithm for localization of a mobile robot by experiments
The role of inlet location on the dynamics of thin two-dimensional buoyant surface jets

The transition between the motion of a subsurface buoyant jet and a supersurface buoyant jet has been studied. Measurements indicate that the transition region is sharp and characterized by an intermediate regime where both a wall-hugging flow and the more standard outlet flow are present. The point of transition was found to exhibit significant hysteresis depending on whether the receiving pool height was increasing or decreasing with time. Measurements of the temperature field downstream show that the effects of the different regimes on the density stratification can persist for long distances.
Effects of Ethanol on Immune Response in the Brain: Region Specific Changes in Adolescent versus Adult Mice

Background Alcohol use occurs across the life span beginning in adolescence and continuing through adulthood. Ethanol (EtOH)-induced pathology varies with age and includes changes in neurogenesis, neurodegeneration, and glial cell activation. EtOH-induced changes in glial activation and immune activity are believed to contribute to EtOH-induced neuropathology. Recent studies indicate an emerging role of glial-derived neuroimmune molecules in alcohol abuse and addiction. Methods Adolescent and adult C57BL/6 mice were treated via gavage with 6 g/kg EtOH for 10 days, and tissue was harvested 1 day post treatment. We compared the effects of EtOH on chemokine and cytokine expression and astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining and morphology in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. Results EtOH increased mRNA levels of the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1 in all 3 regions of adult mice relative to controls. The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) was selectively increased only in the adult cerebellum. EtOH did not affect mRNA levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in any of these brain regions in adult animals. Interestingly, CCL2, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels were not increased in the hippocampus, cerebellum, or cortex of adolescent mice. EtOH treatment of adult and adolescent mice resulted in increased GFAP immunostaining. Conclusions Collectively, these data indicate an age- and region-specific susceptibility to EtOH regulation of neuroinflammatory and addiction-related molecules as well as astrocyte phenotype. These studies may have important implications concerning differential alcohol-induced neuropathology and alcohol addiction across the life span.
Poly-ADP-ribosylated histones: potent DNA suppressors.

Abstract When rat liver nuclear chromatin was sonicated in buffer containing 0.35 M (NH4)SO4 to release the engaged RNA polymerases, a potent inhibitor was also released. This inhibitor elicited dramatic inhibition of RNA synthesis regardless of whether the free or engaged RNA polymerase was used. On further analysis, it became apparent that the site of inhibition was on the DNA template, not on the enzyme. This inhibitor could be extracted into 0.25 N HCl by the standard procedure for the isolation of histones. This acid-soluble inhibitor, showing typical histone band on gel, was RNase A and DNase I resistant, but was sensitive to both pronase and snake venom phosphodiesterase digestion, as well as to 0.1 N KOH hydrolysis. Furthermore, when [14C]adenine labeled poly-ADP-ribosylated histones were digested by snake venom phosphodiesterase, the release of radioactivity was in parallel to the loss of inhibitor activity. We conclude that the inhibitor substances are poly-ADP-ribosylated histones and propose that the poly-ADP-ribosylated histones rather than the histones are the natural suppressors of the gene.
Does psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol predict subsequent alcohol use

Data from 42 male and 58 female subjects who participated in the Colorado Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees (CARTA) project were subjected to model-fitting analyses. The aim of the present study was to use linear structural equation models to determine whether differences in previously measured psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol predict differences in self-reported alcohol consumption over a 4-year period. LISREL model-fitting results indicate that, for male subjects, only rail walking insensitivity is predictive of alcohol use reported 2 years after their initial CARTA testing. For females, only hand steadiness sensitivity is predictive of alcohol use reported 2 years after their initial CARTA testing. The results for males support a hypothesis that would consider alcohol insensitive individuals at greater risk for alcohol abuse. The female results, however, would argue against such a hypothesis. With only one measure of sensitivity predicting alcohol use at only one out of four time points, in both men and women, the overall results suggest that our three measures of psychomotor sensitivity to alcohol are, in general, poor predictors of alcohol consumption in this sample.
Organ blood flow following cardiac arrest in a swine low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass model

Abstract Study objective: To determine organ blood flow changes, relative to baseline, following cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a closed-chest cardiac arrest swine model using cardiopulmonary bypass to achieve reproducible return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Interventions: Following 10 min of ventricular fibrillation (VF), animals ( n = 10) received low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass at 10 ml/kg/min from 10–15 min. At 15 min of VF, norepinephrine (0.12 mg/kg) was given and bypass flow increased to 50 ml/kg/min, followed by countershocks at 16 min. Following ROSC, cardiopulmonary bypass was immediately weaned off with norepinephrine support. Organ blood flows were determined during normal sinus rhythm, during reperfusion of VF and during the early post-ROSC period while off cardiopulmonary bypass support. Organ blood flows during the early ROSC period were compared with organ blood flow at baseline and during VF. Results: During early reperfusion of VF prior to any drug therapy, myocardial, cerebral and abdominal organ blood flows were all low. All animals achieved ROSC at 16.9 ± 0.7 min and were weaned from bypass in Conclusion: This low-flow bypass model produces reproducible high resuscitation rates and ROSC times. Early post-resuscitation organ blood flow is characterized by a selective hyperemia involving the cerebral, myocardial and adrenal vascular beds, in contrast to hypoperfusion of the pulmonary and mesenteric vascular beds.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EXCITATION TRANSFER EFFECT

(Received 10 December 195’2) Snmmary-Excitation transfer refers to the main effect of an arousing experience (e.g. exercise) on subsequent emotional reactions (e.g. reactions to emotional photographs). Residual arousal from the earlier task is said to “transfer” to the latter task, with the arousal being misattributed to subsequent stimuli. Studies examining individual differences in excitation transfer have focused on physical characteristics, such as cardiovascular fitness. However, because excitation transfer involves both arousal and hedonic tone, it may be that personality dimensions relevant to arousability or emotional reactivity may predict individual differences in the excitation transfer effect. Several hypotheses were proposed based upon differing personality theories. Results supported the notion that excitation transfer is strongest for the hedonically-valenced emotions with which the person has relatively less experience. Extraversion predicted excitation transfer to unpleasant (but not pleasant) stimuli, and Neuroticism predicted excitation transfer to pleasant (but not unpleasant) stimuli. Results are discussed in terms of processing bodily information more during unfamiliar than familiar affective states.
Natural allelic variations in glutathione peroxidase-1 affect its subcellular localization and function.

Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1) has been implicated in the etiology of several common diseases due to the association between specific allelic variations and cancer risk. The most common among these variations are the codon 198 polymorphism that results in either a leucine or proline and the number of alanine repeat codons in the coding sequence. The molecular and biological consequences of these variations remain to be characterized. Towards achieving this goal, we have examined the cellular location of GPx-1 encoded by allelic variants by ectopically expressing these genes in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells that produce undetectable levels of GPx-1, thus achieving exclusive expression in the same cellular environment. A differential distribution between the cytoplasm and mitochondria was observed, with the allele expressing the leucine-198 polymorphism and 7 alanine repeats being more cytoplasmically located than the other alleles examined. To assess whether the distribution of GPx-1 between the cytoplasm and mitochondria had a biological consequence, we engineered derivative GPx-1 proteins that were targeted to the mitochondria by the addition of a mitochondria targeting sequence and expressed these proteins in MCF-7 cells. These cells were examined for their response to oxidative stress, energy metabolism and impact on cancer-associated signaling molecules. The results obtained indicated that both primary GPx-1 sequence and cellular location have a profound impact on cellular biology and offer feasible hypotheses as to how expression of distinct GPx-1 alleles can impact cancer risk.
In Vitro Susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae to Eight Antibiotics

Freshly isolated strains of Haemophilus influenzae type B were studied for their in vitro susceptibility to eight antibiotics with a low concentration inoculum. No organisms were identified as being resistant to ampicillin, but minimal inhibiting concentrations for that antibiotic were somewhat higher than reported previously for a similar method. Carbenicillin and ticarcillin resembled ampicillin in activity, and the three agents were more effective on a weight basis than the other agents tested.
CAE Model Correlation Metrics for Automotive Noise and Vibration Analysis

CAE models have become more and more critical for decision making in various stages of the product development process with less hardware builds and shorten development time. To serve their purpose, it is important to understand the CAE capability of a model. A metric is essential to quantify this capability as well as track its history for improvement over the time. In particular, the noise and vibration sensitivity of a vehicle to a unit force or torque in a wide frequency range is of interest. In this paper, various correlation analysis techniques are applied to the Frequency Response Spectrum data from a CAE model and hardware test to develop a correlation metric. The comparison between Principal Component Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis and the developed metrics in this paper is presented. The correlation metrics developed in this paper also matches the subjective evaluation of our CAE capability for different measurement.
The Transmission of Helicobacter pylori. A Critical Review of the Evidence

This paper critically reviews the reported data regarding the transmission of Helicobacter pylori. The mode of transmission remains poorly understood ; no single transmission pathway has been clearly identified. Laboratory studies have experienced difficulty in isolating this organism from material other than gastric tissue. The problematic detection of this bacterium has presented obstacles to pinpointing portals of entry and exit and to implicating or ruling out environmental reservoirs. It is shown additionally that knowledge of H. pylori transmission is limited due to lack of solid epidemiological evidence from population-based analyses that adequately consider confounding. Reported observations in general support a person-to-person mode of transmission that occurs most frequently early in life ; H. pylori is consistently linked to conditions associated with residential crowding in childhood. Laboratory studies have yielded evidence in favour of both faecal-oral and oral-oral pathways. However, a role for either waterborne or zoonotic transmission has not been ruled out. The failure of investigations to single out a mode of transmission for H. pylori signals the possibility of multiple transmission pathways.
Crustal structure of the Basin and Range–Sierra Nevada Transition from COCORP deep seismic-reflection profiling

Deep seismic-reflection data collected by COCORP along a 145-km-long line in westernmost Nevada and easternmost California as part of the 40°N latitude transect of the western Cordillera reveal the geometry of three crustal-scale features associated with the Walker Lane and the transition from the Basin and Range extensional province to the Sierra Nevada crustal block. The Walker Lane, a zone of late Cenozoic strike-slip and normal faults crossed in the central third of the line, is underlain by a zone of moderately west-dipping reflections that terminate at a discontinuous mid-crustal zone of subhorizontal reflections extending across most of the line at depths ranging from 14 to 23 km. We interpret the mid-crustal reflections as an active detachment accommodating strike-slip and extensional displacements. It may coincide with the base of the Sierran batholith, a shear zone, and/or the transition from brittle to ductile crustal deformation. The dipping reflections are inferred to be from a moderately dipping (45°) fault that soles in this mid-crustal detachment and accommodates the strike-slip and normal displacement of the northern Walker Lane. Discontinuous reflections at 9.5–10.2 s two-way travel time (28–30 km) on the eastern half of the line are interpreted as the Moho, similar to the Moho imaged by COCORP lines farther east in Nevada. Moho reflections are imaged at 11.0–11.5 s (33–35 km) in the western third of the line, and project westward toward similar reflections as deep as 12–13 s (37–41 km) beneath the eastern Sierra Nevada, and so the crust appears to thin gradually from the Sierra Nevada into the Basin and Range. The lower crust east of the Walker Lane is relatively highly reflective, characteristic of COCORP data from other Nevada lines, but the lower crust west of the Walker Lane is less reflective, similar to COCORP data from the northern Sierra Nevada. The change in reflectivity of the lower crust also appears to occur gradually, with no sharp offsets or boundaries. On the basis of the COCORP data, therefore, the transition between the Basin and Range and Sierra Nevada appears to be a wide (∼100 km) zone of crustal thinning possibly accompanied by a change in deformation fabric that may correspond to changes in lower crustal rheology or degree of deformation. This transition zone is dominated by a moderately dipping fault underlying the Walker Lane and accommodating strike-slip and normal displacement down to a mid-crustal detachment level.
The Monte Carlo multiply scattered components (MCMSC) approach for natural gamma-ray logging tool interpretation

A new approach called the Monte Carlo Multiply Scattered Component (MCMSC) approach has been developed for natural gamma-ray logging tool interpretation. It consists of first determining individual scatter component library gamma-ray spectra for each of the three sources of natural gamma radiation (/sup 40/K, U, and Th) for a reference sample by Monte Carlo simulation. Then these scatter component library spectra, normalized to unit area, are used to obtain coefficients by the library least-squares (LLS) method with the natural radioisotope library spectra for a range of sample parameters such as borehole fluid density and composition as well as formation density and composition. Finally, empirical relationships are developed between the individual scatter component library coefficients and the sample parameters. It is found that the normalized scatter component libraries are insensitive to the formation lithology, and the range of allowable parameter variations covers most of the sedimentary formations. This approach allows one to construct the appropriate natural radioisotope libraries for /sup 40/K, uranium, and thorium for a sample with known characteristics in a very efficient and accurate manner. This, in turn, allows the calculation (again by the LLS method) of amounts of the three sources of natural gamma rays for any sample spectrum.
Adolescents Born with Spina Bifida: Experiential Worlds and Biopsychosocial Developmental Challenges

The author used phenomenological (interpretive) ethnography to investigate the experience of physical disability and its attached meanings in relation to self, world, and other for adolescents born with spina bifida. Multiple in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 late-stage adolescents (aged 18-24 years). Analysis of their narrative accounts illustrated commonalities with respect to the biopsychosocial impact of living with the physical disability of spina bifida. The theme, "Experiencing self as dissimilar other" is reported upon. Findings imply that youth born with spina bifida face biological, psychological, and social challenges that might interfere with normative developmental tasks of adolescence, including identity formation. Greater emphasis needs to be directed toward humanizing and emancipating the physical and social environment for youth with physical disabilities to maximize developmental opportunities and potential while fostering positive identity.
Muscle Spindle-Derived Neurotrophin 3 Regulates Synaptic Connectivity between Muscle Sensory and Motor Neurons

Ia afferents induce the formation of muscle spindles prenatally and maintain them postnatally. To address whether spindles, in turn, regulate the function of Ia afferents, we examined Egr3-null mutant mice (Egr3−/−), in which muscle spindles degenerate progressively after birth. Egr3−/− mice develop gait ataxia, scoliosis, resting tremors, and ptosis, suggesting a defect in proprioception. Despite the normal morphological appearance of peripheral and central sensory projections, we observed a profound functional deficit in the strength of sensory–motor connections in Egr3−/− mice. Muscle spindles in Egr3−/− mice do not express NT3. Intramuscular injections of NT3 to Egr3−/− mice during the postnatal period restored sensory–motor connections. Thus, NT3 derived from muscle spindles regulates the synaptic connectivity between muscle sensory and motor neurons.
MOSFET Performance Scaling—Part II: Future Directions

The analytical MOSFET intrinsic delay introduced in Part I of this paper is used to examine the tradeoffs between key device elements required in order for the performance scaling trend to continue in future high-performance CMOS generations. A scaling scenario based on contacted source/drain gate pitch is presented and used to examine the prospects of MOSFET performance in the future nodes. It is shown that, from 32-nm node onwards, MOSFET performance will counterscale, mainly due to increase in the parasitic gate capacitance as a result of proximity of the gate and source/drain electrodes. As a case study, the dependence of the transistor performance on various device parameters at the 32-nm node is analyzed. Reducing the fringing capacitance is shown to be the most effective approach to meet the required transistor delay.
The Sources of Gender Role Attitudes among Christian and Muslim Arab-American Women

This study examines the impact of religion on the gender role attitudes of Arab-American women, members of an ethnic group comprised of Christians and Muslims. A popular stereotype of Arab-American women portrays them as islamic traditionalists - veiled and secluded within the home, yet few empirical studies document the effects of Islam on Arab-American women's attitudes and behaviors. This study addresses this question and distinguishes particular cultural influences on women's gender beliefs using survey data collected from a national sample of Arab Americans. Results of the analysis find that Arab-American women are more diverse and less traditional than popular stereotypes imply. Over one-half of women sampled are Christian, nearly one-half are foreign-bom, and many hold progressive gender role beliefs. Moreover, the analysis finds that religiosity and ethnicity are more important in shaping women's gender role attitudes than are their affiliations as Muslims and Christians
Frequency Content of Cartilage Impact Force Signal Reflects Acute Histologic Structural Damage

Objective:The objective of this study was to determine if acute cartilage impact damage could be predicted by a quantification of the frequency content of the impact force signal.Design:Osteochondral specimens excised from bovine lateral tibial plateaus were impacted with one of six impact energies. Each impact force signal underwent frequency analysis, with the amount of higher-frequency content (percentage of frequency spectrum above 1 kHz) being registered. Specimens were histologically evaluated to assess acute structural damage (articular surface cracking and cartilage crushing) resulting from the impact.Results:Acute histologic structural damage to the cartilage had higher concordance with the high-frequency content measure than with other mechanical impact measures (delivered impact energy, impact maximum stress, and impact maximum stress rate of change).Conclusions:This result suggests that the frequency content of an impact force signal, specifically the proportion of higher-frequency components,...
Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of apical membrane chloride channels in normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelium.

Abstract The observations described herein allow us to make several inferences about PKC and regulation of normal and CF Cl- channels. FIGURE 5 shows a model that summarizes these observations. In this model, for the sake of clarity, we refer to the channel as a single entity, but note that it may consist of multiple subunits and associated proteins. FIGURE 5A shows the channel in an inactivated state following excision from the cell. The channel can be activated by strong membrane depolarization, via an unknown mechanism, or by phosphorylation with PKA or PKC at a low [Ca2+] We speculate that PKA and PKC may phosphorylate and activate the channel at the same site, or region of the channel, because phosphorylation-dependent activation by both is defective in CF. This result suggests that the CF defect might lie in a defective phosphorylation site on the channel, or associated protein, or in the mechanism that converts phosphorylation into a change in channel conformation, such as activation. Activated channels can be inactivated by PKC at a high [Ca2+]. At high [Ca2+], PKC maintains the channel in an inactivated state and it inactivates channels that have been activated by PKC at low [Ca2+], by depolarization, or by PKA. Both activation and inactivation appear to result from phosphorylation; neither can be explained by down-regulation of the channel. There are several possible ways to explain the two opposite effects of PKC on the Cl- channel: different responses may be due to an effect of Ca2+ on the channel, on PKC, or on the interaction between the two.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gender Differences in Pro-Environmental Intentions: A Cross-National Perspective on the Influence of Self-Enhancement Values and Views on Technology*

While many studies have addressed the complex relationship between gender and environmental constructs, few have attempted to determine just how gender influences environmentalism. We argue that the interaction of gender with other sociocultural variables must be examined. Our study includes two of these variables: technological values and self-enhancement values. Study results indicate that the effect of gender on environmental intentions is moderated by these two variables. This is established in a multicountry study of college students in the United States, Canada, and Germany. In examining willingness to change consumption behaviors, when controlling for self-enhancement or technological values, the gender effect holds only when there are high scores for the other variable. When technological or self-enhancement scores are low, men and women are equally willing to change their intentions. The gender by technology effect was moderated somewhat by country. Thus, gender alone does not function independently in its impact on respondents’ willingness to change consumption behaviors. The study results have implications for future research on the relationship between gender and environmentalism and for environmental education efforts.
Surface tension studies on novel allylic mono-and dihydroxy fatty compounds. A method to distinguisherythro/threo diastereomers

The suitability of the selenium dioxide/tert.-butyl-hydroperoxide system for obtaining allylic mono- and dihydroxy fatty compounds has recently been reported. The surface tension of some selected products was determined in 1N NaOH and compared to that of some known materials, such as ricinoleic acid. The surface properties of the novel monohydroxy fatty acids are comparable or better than those of the reference materials. The critical micelle concentrations of the novel monohydroxy acids are in the range 10−4–10−3 mol/L, depending on their structure. Furthermore, the monohydroxy acids were more effective when the hydroxy group was closer to the functional group at C1. Allylic dihydroxy acids also lowered the surface tension but less so than the monohydroxy compounds. Theerythro andthreo diastereomers of the allylic dihydroxy acids can be distinguished by surface tension, with thethreo diastereomers possessing better surfactant properties. Mixtures of the novel hydroxy fatty acids are also effective, thus obviating the need for complete purification of the products. Side products such as enones, which are formed during the allylic hydroxylations, also lower the surface tension. The products may be suitable for use in microemulsions or as additives in various commercial products.
ADC trends and impact on SAR ADC architecture and analysis

The performance of ADCs continues to improve with process scaling. For low to moderate resolutions, SAR ADCs deliver the best energy efficiency. Interleaved SAR converters have become popular for very high sampling speeds. The SAR assisted scheme has dramatically improved the energy efficiency of higher resolution pipeline ADCs. This paper reviews the fundamental limits of the energy efficiency of the SAR architecture, considering the energy consumption of the capacitor array and of the comparator. ADCs. ADC yield as a function of capacitor matching is also considered.
Orthography and reading of the arabic language

Arabic, a Semitic language, is spoken today by about 60 million people from Asia to the Atlantic Ocean. The Arabic language is the major language in the Arabian peninsula and north Africa. Because of its extensive use which arose from the Arab conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries, the Arabic alphabet had been adapted to several languages such as Urdu, Persian, Hebrew, Turkish, Slavic, Spanish, Malay, Berber, Swahili, and Sudanese. Thus, in the modern world, the Arabic alphabet is second only to Latin in the extent to which it is used (Hanna & Greis, 1972). Despite its wide use and tremendous variation, Arabic has remained a conservative, slowly changing language (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 2, 1973).
Trends in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) clinical research as reported in the ASCO Proceedings from 1996- 2006

6089 Background: The results of clinical research can be seen through the review of ASCO Proceedings abstracts. We aimed to identify treatment trends in HNSCC as reported at the ASCO annual meeting...
The Slow Decline in Quality of Vaccinia Virus at Low Temperatures (37°G to −62°G)

ConclusionsVaccinia virus is exceedingly stable, with an indicated half-life of many years at —70°C. It may lose virtually all infectivity (PFU) in the temperature range 56° to —20°C without loss in countable particles. In the range 37°C to —20°C the activation energy for the process is 14 K cal / mole, a value which is lower than that of most viruses and much lower than that for the reaction at 56°C. Apparently the process of degradation of the virus is quite different in the 2 temperature regions.