cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control Strategies Utilizing the Physics of Flux-Pinned Interfaces for Spacecraft

Flux-Pinned Interfaces are a developing technology for spacecraft that exploit flux pinning, a phenomenon in superconducting physics, to manipulate the dynamics between two spacecraft modules. Flux pinning occurs in certain types of superconductors which, when cooled below their critical temperature, will resist changes to the distribution of magnetic flux that was present during the temperature transition. The resulting physics passively “pins” a magnetic field source in a six-degree-of-freedom equilibrium relative to the superconductor. By placing a magnetic array on one spacecraft module and a superconductor with this capability on another, it is possible to exploit these passive physics to augment technologies for close-proximity spacecraft operations such as rendezvous, docking, and formation flying. This paper investigates the use of the nonlinearities and specific physics in the flux pinning connection to develop efficient control strategies that will allow spacecraft operators to alter the equilibrium of a flux-pinned space system. Specifically, the dynamic model for flux-pinned spacecraft is presented, a set of design principles for actuators are examined with simulation plots to demonstrate the system response to various stimuli, and two potential control strategies are presented. The paper concludes with an assessment of the actuation strategies and potential advantages and disadvantages that each has to offer in the context of actual spacecraft operations.
Thermal Decomposition of Pentacene Oxyradicals

The energetics and kinetics of the thermal decomposition of pentacene oxyradicals were studied using a combination of ab initio electronic structure theory and energy-transfer master equation modeling. The rate coefficients of pentacene oxyradical decomposition were computed for the range of 1500–2500 K and 0.01–10 atm and found to be both temperature and pressure dependent. The computational results reveal that oxyradicals with oxygen attached to the inner rings are kinetically more stable than those with oxygen attached to the outer rings. The latter decompose to produce CO at rates comparable to those of phenoxy radical, while CO is unlikely to be produced from oxyradicals with oxygen bonded to the inner rings.
Lateral transfer, vertical translocation, and survival of inoculated bacteria during moisture enhancement of pork.

Lateral transfer, vertical translocation, and survival of bacteria during moisture enhancement of pork were investigated under laboratory conditions. In the first experiment, a pork loin was surface inoculated with Escherichia coli biotype I and moisture enhanced with brine to 10%. After the inoculated loin had been injected, four uninoculated loins were processed in the same manner, without cleaning or sanitizing the injector equipment. Samples were collected from both the surface and the interior tissues of the pork loins. E. coli biotype I was transferred from the inoculated loins to both the exterior and interior of the uninoculated loins in this process. In the second experiment, pork loins were surface inoculated with E. coli biotype I and injected to 10, 20, and 30% of initial weight. After injection, E. coli biotype I was recovered from both the surface and the interior tissues in the pork loins, although there were no significant differences between injection levels. The third experiment was perf...
Analysis On The Surveillance Of Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome In Fuyang City From 2006 To 2010

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the trends of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS) in Fuyang from 2006 to 2010,and provide theoretic basis for formulating the control measures.Methods Epidemiological data of HFRS from 2006 to 2010 were collected to describe the epidemiologic characteristics of HFRS.The specimens were used for HFRS antigen and antibody detection.Results The disease presented sporadic feature,a total of 170 HFRS cases was reported in whole city from 2006 to 2010,and the annual average incidence was 0.4/lakh.Cases were reported in each month,and the peak incidence occurred in November which accounted for 27.65% of the total cases.Onset age of the cases ranged from 11 to 79,and predominated within the 30~60 age groups which accounted for 74.71%.The number of cases was more in male than in female,and the ratio of male to female was 3.36:1.Of all the HFRS infections,79.41% were peasants.The indoor rat density was 4.96% on average,and most of them were mus musculus.The outdoor rat density was 6.83%,and most of them were apodemus agrarius.The virulence carriage rate of indoor rat lungs was 2.36%,and that of outdoor rat lungs was 6.58%.Conclusion The HFRS incidence rate in Fuyang maintained at a low level.The main source of infection was apodemus agrarius.The epidemic season was mainly in late autumn and early winter.Doing well in rats prevention and killing and vaccination among key population were the effective measures to decrease the incidence.
The Study and Strategy for Promoting the Modern Logistics of Agricultural Products in China

Modern logistics bases on the modern information technology and integrates the logistic functions by systematic concept;therefore,it can reduce costs effectively and promote the efficiency and yield of logistics.At present,the logistics of agricultural products in China is still in the straggly traditional stage.Thus,the realization of systematization,informatization and standardization are the crucial point to promote the modern logistics of agricultural products in China.
The expression of oncogene Met in the miR-199a/a~* mimic transfected HepG2 cell line

Objective To explore Met gene is the target of miR-199a/a* or not in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2.Methods The simulant of miR-199a/a* or the negative control(NC) were transfected into HepG2 cells.Total RNA was isolated from transfected cells at 48 hours post-transfection and protein at 72 hours.Then Met expression was detected by RT-PCR and Western Blot.Results Compared with NC group,the expressions of Met mRNA(P0.05) and protein(P0.001) were obviously down-regulated in Up-miR-199a* group.However,there was no significant difference between Up-miR-199a and NC groups.Conclusion In HepG2 cell line,miR-199a* negatively regulate Met expression both in mRNA and protein level.
Three-Dimensional Phenomena in Bluff Body Wakes: Part 1: 3-D Phase Dynamics Part 2: Wave Interactions in the Far Wake

A number of recent investigations have been concerned with three-dimensional aspects of cylinder wakes, in both the laminar and transition regimes. In the laminar regime, it has been found that the end boundary conditions of long cylinders are important in determining the flow over the whole span, and for inducing various parallel and oblique vortex patterns. These near wake patterns have implications to the far wake structure.
THE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF ONLINE HELP FOR UNIX EMACS: ACCESS MECHANISMS

We discuss the use of the card sort technique and cluster analysis for determining an effective organization for a help menu in Unix EMACS. We gathered similarity data using a card sorting task with EMACS commands. We then used hierarchical cluster analysis to analyze the data. The results indicate that differences among novices, intermediates, and experts appear with computer-based concepts such as windows and buffers, but that the sorts are more similar than they are different. We argue that cluster analysis may aid designers in determining a functional organization, but that in our domain, this organization will not help users bridge the mapping from real world tasks to computer tasks.
Glancing at the complex biology of T-cells through the microenvironment of Hodgkin lymphoma

In this issue of Leukemia and Lymphoma, Alonso and colleagues report on a systematic analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) using flow cytometry.[1] The authors quant...
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is the biomedical name for a group of associated symptoms resulting from a cell's inability to respond to androgenic hormones. AIS can occur in people with any karyotype, but is only clinically significant in individuals with Y chromosomes. There are three categories of AIS: Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS), Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (PAIS), and Mild Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (MAIS). People with AIS range from typical female phenotype to typical male phenotype. The incidence of AIS varies depending on population as well as its severity. Clinical diagnosis and management of AIS is dependent upon type of AIS present. Keywords: biochemistry/physiology; genetics; health; intersexual; intersexuality; sexual development
Deimination in ocular tissues: Present and future

Deimination refers to the posttranslational conversion of protein-bound arginines into protein-bound citrullines, catalyzed by peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes (Vossenaar et al. 2003). Lack of a carrier tRNA for citrulline has established deimination as a posttranslational modification. Deimination and citrullination are interchangeably used for conversion of arginine into citrulline. To distinguish free arginine citrullination from protein-bound citrullination, we prefer referring to the latter as deimination (Bhattacharya 2009). Throughout this chapter we use deimination to refer to the conversion of protein-bound arginine modification into citrulline.
Referent Points and Taxpayers’ Compliance: Insights into Taxpayers’ Risk Preferences for Honest Reporting

Prior research (Schepanski and Shearer, 1995; Alm and Torgler, 2011) relying on prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) shows that taxpayers’ compliance is influenced by their perception of whether they owe more or less taxes than they anticipated: Taxpayers are more likely to cheat on their taxes when they perceive that they are in a tax “loss” position as compared to a tax “gain”. Yet what remains to be understood is what exactly constitutes the referent point that separates a tax loss from a tax gain. In an attempt to provide in-depth insight of what constitutes the referent point for taxpayers, we observe taxpayers filing their actual tax return and investigate the extent to which different proxies for the referent point used in prior literature best differentiates between taxpayers’ preference to cheat or file their taxes honestly. Our findings indicate that expected asset position is critical to influencing taxpayers’ ethical behavior. This revelation is important as it suggests that taxpayers’ perceptions influence their tendency to report honestly and comply with tax authorities. Our research is important to the tax authority for determining how to encourage voluntary tax payments, and contributes to the tax ethics literature by clarifying the point which differentiates between taxpayers’ tax gain and tax losses. and in so doing, their tendency to file their taxes honestly.
Drugs and Receptors: Chemical Bonding

The interaction of drug molecules with biological material—whether with protein, lipid, cell membrane, or receptor—is highly complex and is understood in only the most rudimentary way. A fully detailed, yet practical, understanding of the nature of drug molecules, biological material, and the interaction between them does not exist. Although sophisticated theories that describe the electronic nature of molecules do exist (e.g., quantum mechanical approaches), they are difficult to apply to large drug molecules. Further, whereas the biological material can be well characterized anatomically, the interaction of this material with drug molecules is still speculative (proton tunneling, analogies to solid-state physics, etc.). Although the details of the advanced analysis of these phenomena are beyond the scope of this book, some basic ideas of long standing are still useful in visualizing the drug-tissue interaction and are summarized in this chapter.
The Shock of the Anthropocene: the Earth, history, and us

Despite its dire topic, The Shock of the Anthropocene is almost playful in its proliferation of invented terms for our global environmental catastrophe. Bonneuil and Fressoz reject ‘Anthropocene’ o...
Treated Versus Untreated Depression in Total Joint Arthroplasty Impacts Outcomes.

Abstract Background To determine if there was a difference in the change in patient-reported physical function (PF) between nondepressed and medically treated depressed or untreated depressed total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients. Methods This is an Institutional Review Board exempt retrospective review of 280 TJA cases from March 2014 to May 2016. Patient-reported PF was measured as part of the routine care via the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System PF computerized adaptive test. Linear generalized estimating equation regression analyses were used. Results Untreated depressed cases demonstrated much smaller gains in PF scores compared to nondepressed patients (P = .020). Additionally, although treated and untreated depressed patients had statistically similar preoperative and postoperative PF scores (P > .05), untreated depressed cases experienced a lower magnitude of change (P = .015). Conclusion Medically treated depressed patients may have similar PF gains as nondepressed patients. Larger prospective studies may help identify whether screening for untreated depression and subsequent treatment leads to improved outcomes.
Advances in ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for neural tissue engineering.

Abstract The technologies related to ex vivo models and lab-on-a-chip devices for studying the regeneration of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve tissues are essential tools for neural tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research. The need for ex vivo systems, lab-on-a-chip technologies and disease models for neural tissue engineering applications are emerging to overcome the shortages and drawbacks of traditional in vitro systems and animal models. Ex vivo models have evolved from traditional 2D cell culture models to 3D tissue-engineered scaffold systems, bioreactors, and recently organoid test beds. In addition to ex vivo model systems, we discuss lab-on-a-chip devices and technologies specifically for neural tissue engineering applications. Finally, we review current commercial products that mimic diseased and normal neural tissues, and discuss the future directions in this field.
Future systems and control research in synthetic biology

Synthetic biology is the application of engineering principles to the fundamental components of biology, with the aim of creating systems with novel functionalities that can be used for energy, environment, and medical applications. While the potential impact of this new technology is enormous, there are challenges that we need to overcome before the impact of synthetic biology can be fully realized. Many of these challenges fall beyond the scope of molecular biology and are indeed “system-level” problems, where very little research is being performed. This paper identifies pressing challenges in synthetic biology that can be formulated as systems and control theoretic problems and outlines potentially new systems and control theories/tools that are required to tackle such problems. The aim is to attract more systems and control theorists to collaborate with molecular biologists and biophysicists and help synthetic biology reach its promise. At the same time, engaging the systems and control community more broadly into the rich research opportunities and life-changing applications of synthetic biology may provide added visibility to the field of systems and controls.
Approximate symbolic models for verification

The abstraction techniques presented in Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 were based on the construction of quotient systems. In generalizing exact to approximate similarity relationships, we abandon quotient based abstractions to focus on a different abstraction technique introduced in this chapter for affine dynamical systems. Similar results for nonlinear dynamical systems are presented as special topics. The results in Chapter 11 further enlarge the class of approximate symbolic models for verification by considering the effect of adversarial inputs.
8-Aminoguanine Induces Diuresis, Natriuresis, and Glucosuria by Inhibiting Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase and Reduces Potassium Excretion by Inhibiting Rac1.

Background 8‐Aminoguanosine and 8‐aminoguanine are K+‐sparing natriuretics that increase glucose excretion. Most effects of 8‐aminoguanosine are due to its metabolism to 8‐aminoguanine. However, th...
Update on Risankizumab for Psoriasis

This review highlights the latest data on risankizumab, including efficacy and safety data from recent clinical trials. In multiple phase 3 clinical trials, risankizumab was shown to be safe and efficacious. Risankizumab demonstrated superior efficacy to leading active comparators for the induction and maintenance of clear skin and was shown to have a safety profile similar to other biologic therapies currently on the market. Targeted biologic medications for plaque psoriasis have provided insight into the complex immune pathways that are now understood to lead to the development of several autoimmune diseases including plaque psoriasis. Risankizumab, a novel, fully human monoclonal antibody against the IL-23p19 subunit, is currently under investigation for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and shows promise to provide complete and lasting skin clearance with convenient dosing for patients. Future studies are needed to explore the long-term safety and efficacy of risankizumab beyond 5 years of therapy.
Early stages of spreading and sintering

The early stages of sintering of highly viscous droplets are very similar to the early stages of a viscous droplet spreading on a solid substrate. The flows in both problems are closely analogous to the displacements in a Hertzian elastic contact. We exploit that analogy to provide both a scaling argument and a calculation for the early growth of the contact radius $a$ with time, namely $a=(3 \pi \gamma R^2 t/(32 \eta))^{1/3}$. (This result is complementary to the well-known Tanner law for spreading, $a \sim t^{1/10}$, which holds in the regime of low contact angles.) For viscoelastic fluids, the linear scaling of $a^3$ with time is replaced by the general result that $a^3(t)$ is proportional to the creep compliance $J(t)$.
The relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and telomere length: The 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract Socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods have been associated with poor health outcomes. Little is known about the biological mechanism by which deprived neighborhood conditions exert negative influences on health. Data from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used to assess the relationship between neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and log-transformed leukocyte telomere length (LTL) via multilevel modeling to control for census tract level clustering. Models were constructed using tertiles of NDI (ref = low NDI). NDI was calculated using census tract level socioeconomic indicators from the 2000 U.S. Census. The sample (n = 5,106 adults) was 49.8% female and consisted of 82.9% non-Hispanic whites, 9.4% non-Hispanic blacks, and 7.6% Mexican Americans. Mean age was 45.8 years. Residents of neighborhoods with high NDI were younger, non-white, had lower educational attainment, and had a lower poverty to income ratio (all p
An Examination of Pre-Service Teachers’ Development of Communication Skills with Parents of ELs and Conceptual Understanding about Parental Involvement

Parent involvement has been shown to have a positive effect on second language acquisition, student motivation and academic achievement. This is particularly true for the almost five million Englis...
Fragile Bones Secondary to SMURF1 Gene Duplication

Studies on mice have shown that the Smad Ubiquitin Regulatory Factor-1 (SMURF1) gene negatively regulates osteoblast function and the response to bone morphogenetic protein in a dose-dependent fashion (Chan et al. in Mol Cell Biol 27(16):5776–5789, https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00218-07, 2007; Yamashita et al. in Cell 121(1):101–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.035, 2005). In addition, a tumorigenic role for SMURF1 has been implicated due to the interference with apoptosis signals (Nie et al. in J Biol Chem 285(30):22818–22830, https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.126920, 2010; Wang et al. in Nat Commun 5:4901, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5901, 2014). A 10-year-old girl with a history of severe developmental delay, infantile seizures, and B-cell lymphoma, in remission for approximately 3.5 years, was referred to the metabolic bone clinic for fractures and low bone mineral density. Array comparative genomic hybridization revealed a pathogenic microduplication in chromosome 7 at bands 7q21.3q22.1 that encompasses the SMURF1 gene. The clinical features of this child are congruous with the phenotype as ascribed excess Smurf1 mutations in mice. This is the first case description of osteoporosis in a child secondary to a microduplication involving SMURF1 gene.
Chapter 6.2.3 – 2D Scattering

Publisher Summary There are several important nonlinear evolution equations in two spatial variables that admit a Lax-pair formulation and hence can be solved by the method of inverse scattering (spectral) transforms. These include the N-wave interaction equation, the Kadomstev–Petviashvili equations, the Davey–Stewartson equations, and the Ishimori equation. The inverse scattering transforms for these equations are associated with linear partial differential operators with constant coefficients in two independent variables. The chapter concludes with the discussion of first-order hyperbolic systems, the time-dependent Schrodinger operator, and the heat operator. The Ishimori equation is gauge equivalent to the Davey–Stewartson-II equation and is therefore solvable by the inverse scattering theory. The inverse scattering transform associated with the time-dependent Schrodinger equation can be used to solve the Cauchy problem for the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili-I equation.
Organizational Culture, Discipline, and the Politics of Self: Transformation Through Responsive Conversation:

As organization and management scholars increasingly embrace organizations as social constructions, communication is more commonly recognized as the practice that creates, maintains, and changes or...
Generative probabilistic biological sequence models that account for mutational variability

Abstract Large-scale sequencing has revealed extraordinary diversity among biological sequences, produced over the course of evolution and within the lifetime of individual organisms. Existing methods for building statistical models of sequences often pre-process the data using multiple sequence alignment, an unreliable approach for many genetic elements (antibodies, disordered proteins, etc.) that is subject to fundamental statistical pathologies. Here we introduce a structured emission distribution (the MuE distribution) that accounts for mutational variability (substitutions and indels) and use it to construct generative and predictive hierarchical Bayesian models (H-MuE models). Our framework enables the application of arbitrary continuous-space vector models (e.g. linear regression, factor models, image neural-networks) to unaligned sequence data. Theoretically, we show that the MuE generalizes classic probabilistic alignment models. Empirically, we show that H-MuE models can infer latent representations and features for immune repertoires, predict functional unobserved members of disordered protein families, and forecast the future evolution of pathogens.
An Efficient and Fast 112Gbps/PAM4 Signal Line Design with Conventional FCBGA Substrate Based on a 3-D Component Library

This paper proposes and demonstrates a component library-based design that reduces 112Gbps signal design lead-time of LSI product package from months to several days with keeping design robustness against fabrication process deviation, as well as offering three-dimensional (3-D) electromagnetic (EM) simulation accuracy.
Communication: Dominance of extreme statistics in a prototype many-body Brownian ratchet

Many forms of cell motility rely on Brownian ratchet mechanisms that involve multiple stochastic processes. We present a computational and theoretical study of the nonequilibrium statistical dynamics of such a many-body ratchet, in the specific form of a growing polymer gel that pushes a diffusing obstacle. We find that oft-neglected correlations among constituent filaments impact steady-state kinetics and significantly deplete the gel's density within molecular distances of its leading edge. These behaviors are captured quantitatively by a self-consistent theory for extreme fluctuations in filaments' spatial distribution.
The Silent Majority of Emergency General Surgery: An Assessment of Consult and Operative Volumes

Abstract Background Defining the work performed by emergency general surgery (EGS) surgeons has relied on quantifying surgical interventions, failing to include nonsurgical management performed. The purpose of this study was to identify the extent of operative and nonoperative patient management provided by an EGS service line in response to consults from other hospital providers. Methods This is a retrospective descriptive study of all adult patients with an EGS consult request placed from July 1, 2014 to June 30, 2016 at a 1000-bed tertiary referral center. Consult requests were classified by suspected diagnosis and linked to patient demographic and clinical information. Operative and nonoperative cases were compared. Results About 4998 EGS consults were requested during the 2-y period, of which 69.6% were placed on the first day of the patient encounter. Disposition outcomes after consultation included admission to the EGS service (27.6%) and discharge from the emergency department (25.3%). Small bowel obstruction, appendicitis, and cholecystitis decisively comprised the top three diagnoses for overall consults and those requiring admission to the EGS service. For every consult requiring an operation (n = 1400), 2.6 consults were managed without an operation (n = 3598). Conclusions EGS surgeons are asked to evaluate and manage a variety of potentially surgical diagnoses. As most consults do not require surgical intervention, operative volume is a poor surrogate for quantifying EGS productivity. The role of this service is vital to patient triage and disposition, particularly in the emergency department setting. Institutions should consider the volume of their nonoperative consultations when evaluating EGS service line workload and in guiding staffing needs.
A Different Look at Commercial Real Estate Returns

Commercial real estate makes up a relatively small percentage of most institutional portfolios, even though the existing literature has consistently reported attractive risk-return characteristics that would suggest much larger allocations. The discrepancy has been explained by a perceived lack of comparability between return series calculated for real estate and those calculated for other asset classes. Just as investors actively involved in the futures markets do not consider individual common stocks to be traded continuously, those active in the stock market do not consider real estate to be traded continuously. In both cases, adjustments to reported returns are necessary to achieve a degree of comparability. This study makes such adjustments, using sales data from the properties that help comprise the National Council of Real Estate Fiduciaries/Frank Russell Company (NCREIF/FRC) Index to generate a transaction-driven commercial real estate return series. Examination of the risk-return characteristics of this series shows that it is quite different from traditionally reported real estate return series and is far more consistent with risk-return characteristics that have been reported for other asset classes.
Using Long wave Infrared Spectroscopy to Determine Changes in the Mafic Mineralogy of Drill Core Samples from the Humu'ula Groundwater Research Project

Spectroscopy can be used effectively in the first stages of mineral identification and exploration. Long wave infrared (LWIR) wavelengths are particularly useful in identifying diagnostic features in common rock forming minerals. These techniques will be utilized to determine mafic minerology of eleven rock slabs from a drill core project in the Humu'ula Saddle region. Changes in the minerology of core samples through spectral shifts and changes in the long wave infrared will expand on our knowledge of geologic processes in the area as well as provide analogues to Mars. With widespread occurrences of mafic basaltic flows on the surface of Mars, critical examination of the minerology of Hawaiian drill core can help to model mafic and groundwater interactions on that planet. The results of this study will supplement previous studies of the drill core and offer insight into how long-wave infrared spectroscopy can complement data from shorter wavelengths.
From the guest editor: the creative practitioner: an introduction to psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy

Psychodrama is a triadic system that incorporates psychodrama, sociometry, and group psychotherapy. It was developed in the first half of the 20th century by Jacob L. Moreno, a physician by trainin...
Aortoiliofemoral Angiography and IVUS

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a revolutionary treatment modality that has proven efficacy in patients with symptomatic, severe aortic stenosis (AS). While there are a number of methods for implantation of the stented valve, the transfemoral (TF) route has emerged as the “default” for patients with appropriate vascular access. Appropriate patient selection, as well as the ability to perform TF-TAVR successfully and minimize the risk of vascular complications, rests on a thorough pre-procedural analysis of the aortoiliofemoral system. This is generally accomplished using all or a combination of the following multimodality imaging: angiography, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). We will concentrate this chapter on the analysis of angiography and IVUS.
Chapter 17 Selecting the Best System

Abstract We describe the basic principles of ranking and selection, a collection of experiment-design techniques for comparing “populations” with the goal of finding the best among them. We then describe the challenges and opportunities encountered in adapting ranking-and-selection techniques to stochastic simulation problems, along with key theorems, results and analysis tools that have proven useful in extending them to this setting. Some specific procedures are presented along with a numerical illustration.
Digital gene expression analysis of male and female bud transition in Metasequoia reveals high activity of MADS-box transcription factors and hormone-mediated sugar pathways

Metasequoiaglyptostroboidies is a famous redwood tree of ecological and economic importance, and requires more than 20 years of juvenile-to-adult transition before producing female and male cones. Previously, we induced reproductive buds using a hormone solution in juvenile Metasequoia trees as young as5-to-7years old. In the current study, hormone-treated shoots found in female and male buds were used to identify candidate genes involved in reproductive bud transition in Metasequoia. Samples from hormone-treated cone reproductive shoots and naturally occurring non-cone setting shoots were analyzed using 24 digital gene expression (DGE) tag profiles using Illumina, generating a total of 69,520 putative transcripts. Next, 32 differentially and specifically expressed transcripts were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, including the upregulation of MADS-box transcription factors involved in male bud transition and flowering time control proteins involved in female bud transition. These differentially expressed transcripts were associated with 243 KEGG pathways. Among the significantly changed pathways, sugar pathways were mediated by hormone signals during the vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and sucrose and starch metabolism pathways. Key enzymes were identified in these pathways, including alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD) and glutathione dehydrogenase for the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, and glucanphosphorylase for sucrose and starch metabolism pathways. Our results increase our understanding of the reproductive bud transition in gymnosperms. In addition, these studies on hormone-mediated sugar pathways increase our understanding of the relationship between sugar and hormone signaling during female and male bud initiation in Metasequoia.
Implementing Number Theory: An Experiment with Nuprl

We describe the results of an experiment in which the Nuprl proof development system was used in conjunction with a collection of simple proof-assisting programs to constructively prove a substantial theorem of number theory. We believe that these results indicate the promise of an approach to reasoning about computationally meaningful mathematics by which both proof construction and the results of formal reasoning are mathematically comprehensible.
What’s Law Got to Do With It? Economics, Nation-Building, and Human Rights in India and Beyond

The review essay examines three recently published books: Eleanor Newbigin’s The Hindu Family and the Emergence of Modern India: Law, Citizenship and Community, Narendra Subramanian’s Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India, and Yuksel Sezgin’s Human Rights Under State-Enforced Religious Family Laws in Israel, Egypt and India.
principles-of-plasma-physics-for-engineers-and-scientists

This unified introduction provides the tools and techniques needed to analyze plasmas and connects plasma phenomena to other fields of study. Combining mathematical rigor with qualitative explanations, and linking theory to practice with example problems, this is a perfect textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students taking one-semester introductory plasma physics courses. For the first time, material is presented in the context of unifying principles, illustrated using organizational charts, and structured in a successive progression from single particle motion, to kinetic theory and average values, through to collective phenomena of waves in plasma. This provides students with a stronger understanding of the topics covered, their interconnections, and when different types of plasma models are applicable. Furthermore, mathematical derivations are rigorous, yet concise, so physical understanding is not lost in lengthy mathematical treatments. Worked examples illustrate practical applications of theory and students can test their new knowledge with 90 end-of-chapter problems.
Working with Immigrant Children of “Undocumented” and “Mixed” Families

Immigrant children constitute a large and growing segment of preK-5 children in the United States. An increasing number of young children are also living with undocumented parents or in families of mixed status, i.e., one or both parents, as well as one or more siblings, are undocumented. Despite this population growth, researchers and educational practitioners know little about these children or their vulnerabilities, such as family poverty, marginalized social and legal status, and serious societal and institutional barriers that cause academic, social/legal, psychological, and emotional difficulties. To help educators develop more awareness and understanding of the challenges this young population faces, and help them work effectively with immigrant children, this chapter examines practice and policy issues and explores three areas of concern: (1) health, social, and legal services; (2) support for linguistic transition and acculturation; (3) community outreach and children’s advocacy. In summary, schools should ensure that migrant students are provided services that are comparable to those offered to other students in the school district, and that every immigrant child is involved in the regular classroom/school programs offered to other students.
Optimal Controller Placements in Large Scale Linear Systems

The problem of controller placements in large scale linear systems is considered in this paper. Specifically, given a large scale linear system, it is desired to find the optimal number of linear controllers, the optimal locations in the system to place these controllers and the optimal feedback gain of each contoller so that an objective function is optimized, and also so that other desirable properties of the controlled system, such as eigenstructure assignment, occur. A formulation of the controller placement problem is presented. A general solution algorithm based on simulated annealing is developed for the controller placement problem. The solution algorithm can arrive at the global optimal solution. The solution algorithm has been implemented into a software package and tested on a 132-dimension linear system with very promising results.
Foreign Gene Expression in Plant Cells

Publisher Summary Various studies show that plant cell genomes display a definite propensity to tolerate, recombine, and express genes of foreign origin. This chapter shows the way this conclusion came about and discusses the experimental systems that can be used to alter plant cells genetically through an uptake of exogenous DNA. The use of these techniques in the study of gene regulation is also discussed in the chapter, along with the practical applications of plant genetic engineering. Plant cell transformation by foreign genes was demonstrated through the use of a natural vector and a natural gene transfer system—namely, the Ti plasmid present in its host, Agrobacterium. The chapter emphasizes the great flexibility of Agrobacterium as a gene delivery system and describes strategies designed to produce nononcogenic Ti plasmids. The genetic manipulation of plants can be perceived as having a very practical, agronomical facet. Without a doubt, crop improvement via gene transfer has attracted considerable attention from commercial companies, and thus transformation techniques are now being applied to plant species having commercial value.
NPR - A new QoS-based routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks

Ad-hoc on-demand networks have received a significant interest in the literature. Many routing schemes for such networks focus on finding an optimal path. In this paper, however, we consider the routing problem from the viewpoint of sustaining QoS (quality of service) requirement. Some algorithms such as MP-DSR already have considered this problem in terms of the end-to-end reliability requirement. While the Multi-Path Dynamic Source Routing (MP-DSR) algorithm is capable of resolving the issue to a certain extent, it only considers disjoint paths between a pair of source and destination nodes. In reality due to mobility of nodes there may not exist such disjoint paths. In this paper the proposed approach is independent of the nature of the paths, and yet it achieves the required reliability to satisfy QoS requirement.
Flight qualified micro sun sensor for Mars applications

A flight qualified micro sun sensor is being developed and flight qualified for future Mars missions. The micro sun sensor, which is basically a small pinhole camera, consists of a small mask with pinholes, placed on top of an image detector. Images of the sun are formed on the image detector when the sun illuminates the mask. Image processing is performed in the sun sensor that outputs sun centroids.
RAD10, an excision repair gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is involved in the RAD1 pathway of mitotic recombination.

Abstract The RAD10 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the incision step of excision repair of UV-damaged DNA. We show that the RAD10 gene is also required for mitotic recombination. The rad10 delta mutation lowered the rate of intrachromosomal recombination of a his3 duplication in which one his3 allele has a deletion at the 3' end and the other his3 allele has a deletion at the 5' end (his3 delta 3' his3 delta 5'). The rate of formation of HIS3+ recombinants in the rad10 delta mutant was not affected by the rad1 delta mutation but decreased synergistically in the presence of the rad10 delta mutation in combination with the rad52 delta mutation. These observations indicate that the RAD1 and RAD10 genes function together in a mitotic recombination pathway that is distinct from the RAD52 recombination pathway. The rad10 delta mutation also lowered the efficiency of integration of linear DNA molecules and circular plasmids into homologous genomic sequences. We suggest that the RAD1 and RAD10 gene products act in recombination after the formation of the recombinogenic substrate. The rad1 delta and rad10 delta mutations did not affect meiotic intrachromosomal recombination of the his3 delta 3' his3 delta 5' duplication or mitotic and meiotic recombination of ade2 heteroalleles located on homologous chromosomes.
Position summary: hinting for goodness' sake

Modern operating systems and adaptive applications offer an overwhelming number of parameters affecting application latency, throughput, image resolution, audio quality, and so on. We are designing a system to automatically tune resource allocation and application parameters at runtime, with the aim of maximizing user happiness or goodness. Consider a 3D graphics application that operates at variable resolution, trading output fidelity for processor time. Simultaneously, a data mining application adapts to network and processor load by migrating computation between the client and storage node. We must allocate resources between these applications and select their adaptive parameters to meet the user's overall goals. Since the user lacks the time and expertise to translate his preferences into parameter values, we would like the system to do this. Existing systems lack the right abstractions for applications to expose information for automated parameter tuning. Goodness hints are the solution to this problem. Applications use these hints to tell the operating system how resource allocations will affect their goodness (utility). Goodness hints are used by the operating system to make resource allocation decisions and by applications to tune their adaptive parameters. Our contribution is a decomposition of goodness hints into manageable and independent pieces and a methodology to automatically generate them.
Roles of Insulin and Amino Acids in the Regulation of Protein Synthesis in the Neonate

Neonates deposit protein at a very high rate and efficiently utilize dietary amino acids for protein deposition. This high efficiency is associated with an elevated stimulation of tissue protein synthesis by feeding. Our recent studies have focused on identification of the factors that mediate this response in the neonate. A positive curvilinear relationship between skeletal muscle protein synthesis and plasma insulin concentration was identified in fasted and fed suckling pigs; the relationship changes with development. To test the specific effects of insulin on protein metabolism in the neonate, a procedure to clamp amino acids, under hyperinsulinemic conditions, was developed. By using this technique, we showed that insulin-stimulated whole-body amino acid disposal is elevated in the neonate, and this response may account for the efficient use of dietary amino acids for protein accretion. More recent studies suggest that the enhanced stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by feeding in the neonate is primarily insulin mediated; however, the stimulation of liver protein synthesis by feeding seems to be largely a function of amino acid concentration.
Cost Drivers and Resource Allocation in Military Health Care Systems

ABSTRACT This study illustrates the feasibility of incorporating technical efficiency considerations in the funding of military hospitals and identifies the primary drivers for hospital costs. Secondary data collected for 24 U.S.-based Army hospitals and medical centers for the years 2001 to 2003 are the basis for this analysis. Technical efficiency was measured by using data envelopment analysis; subsequently, efficiency estimates were included in logarithmic-linear cost models that specified cost as a function of volume, complexity, efficiency, time, and facility type. These logarithmic-linear models were compared against stochastic frontier analysis models. A parsimonious, three-variable, logarithmic-linear model composed of volume, complexity, and efficiency variables exhibited a strong linear relationship with observed costs (R2 = 0.98). This model also proved reliable in forecasting (R2 = 0.96). Based on our analysis, as much as $120 million might be reallocated to improve the United States-based Ar...
ADVERTISING MODERNITY IN WOMEN'S WORLD: WOMEN'S LIFESTYLE AND LEISURE IN LATE-OTTOMAN ISTANBUL

Women and gender can be used as an index of modernization in late-Ottoman society. The study of women in relation to consumption is relatively new, but it is a topic capable of informing us simultaneously about the emergence of modern goods and services targeting women and women's attitudes and expectations towards the new lifestyle that was beginning to attract them. This study explores advertisements—mostly on education, entertainment, leisure and conveniences, food, and wealth—which appeared in a late-Ottoman women's journal, Women's World, during the early decades of the twentieth century. It traces the emergence of "the new woman" through the popular press, showing how women comprised a well-defined, visible market for many of the modern goods and services in these areas. Advertisements paint a picture of upper-class Ottoman women who were active in shaping a hybrid Ottoman modernity, even as they shared the anxieties of the broader culture, which greeted many of the new products, tastes, and customs with ambivalence.
Analysis of the physical mechanisms behind the Weddell Sea Anomaly using a physics-based data assimilation model

The Weddell Sea Anomaly (WSA) is a mid-latitude F region ionosphere phenomena taking place over the regions west of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is most prominent during local summer, is characterized by larger electron densities at night than at noon and completely disappears during winter. Though the WSA has been known for several decades, its generation mechanism is not fully understood and its modeling remains a challenge. In the current study the GPS radio occultation measurements from the six FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites combined with a physics-based data assimilation model of the ionosphere were used to understand the physical mechanism behind the WSA generation. The data assimilation model is the Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measurements Full-Physics model (GAIM-FP) that covers the altitude range from 90 to 20,000 km, includes six ion species (NO+, O2+, N2+, O+, H+, He+), is based on the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), and allows for interhemispheric flow. The model uses an Ensemble Kalman filter approach and provides the 3-dimensional electron density distribution throughout the ionosphere and information about the physical drivers, including the magnetic meridional wind, neutral composition and electric fields. The geographic zonal and meridional winds were inferred from the magnetic meridional wind based on a decoupling procedure that considers the longitudinal variation of magnetic declination and wind decomposition into zonal harmonics. The separate wind components were used to study their effects on the generation of the anomaly. In addition the production, loss and transport processes were separately analyzed to establish the relative role of the various physical processes that cause the WSA.