cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward Common Ground: The Uses of Educational Anthropology in Multicultural Education

This article reviews advances of interest to multicultural educators and researchers in the complementary disciplines of multicultural education and educational anthropology including: the culture concept; biological and sociological conceptions of “race;” postmodern understandings of identity and subjectivity; and ethnographic accounts of how students’ school experiences are shaped by globalization, immigration, class culture, neoliberalism, and popular culture. We further consider ways that teachers can support students from diverse backgrounds, and sociocultural approaches to understanding educational policy impacts and appropriation. Our hope is to narrow the distance between these two fields so that common aims can be even more effectively realized.
Electromechanical behavior of antiferroelectric-ferroelectric multilayer PZT based composites

Using a tape casting process, lamellar heterogeneous devices comprised of layers of a commercial soft ferroelectric (modified PZT) and an antiferroelectric (modified PZSnT) were produced. Such devices were found to behave in a similar way to that of a transpolarizer and to effectively stabilize the polarization in the soft material under high field cycling conditions.
Anomia and Militancy Among Urban Negroes: A Study of Neighborhood and Individual Effects*

HISTORIANS AND SOCIAL scientists have usually concurred that one of the results of industrialization and urbanization is an increasing alienation of the individual from the community and society. Within the discipline of sociology a great deal of recent theory and research on alienation may be traced to Merton's "meansends paradigm" (Merton, 1963:161-194). Merton attributes one form of alienation, anomie, to a ".. . breakdown in the cultural structure," brought about by the incapacity of certain groups to reach the culturally prescribed goals by means of the available access routes. Although the Mertonian version of anomie is fundamentally a sociological rather than a psychological concept, suggesting strains within a social system, most researchers have focused upon anomic attitudes of individuals, implying that such attitudes mirror stresses and strains within the total society (Srole, 1956:709-716; Merton, 1964:213-242). Several studies of urban areas confirm that residents of lower-class neighborhoods manifest a high degree of anomia, reflecting in turn the perceived castelike hopelessness of slum life, particularly within lower-class Negro neighborhoods (Bullough, 1967:471-478; Killian and Grigg, 1962:661-665). Recent changes within the social structure, however, have presumably loosened the severity of the social controls which once forced the lower-class Negro to walk a straight and narrow path in areas of life which formerly were open territory only to whites. Within the past twenty years the emergence of these changes has been evident through a wide range of trends: Supreme Court decisions, the growth of civil rights and black power movements, the development of massive programs such as the "War on Poverty" and Model Cities. Increasingly it might be expected that many Negroes will manifest a more militant stance in seeking the goals which have been legitimated by the movements of the fifties and sixties. Among Negroes not strongly affected by the events of this period, however, the anomic attitudes which have been historically evident may still prevail. But among those who have been at least marginally touched by these trends, a recognition of this new goal-directed orientation toward civil rights should be manifest. A large proportion of the Negro population of the United States resides in poverty-stricken urban areas. If the neighborhood concept is to have utility in sociology, it is essential to gain a better understanding of the function of these local areas in the generation and maintenance of norms and attitudes. When the neighborhood is considered from the classical ecological perspective, its social context is usually viewed as a product of a competition for life-space, an interplay of forces principally within the economic realm. Beyond the recognition that the ecology of the city reflects a social class distribution, it has frequently been noted that inner-city neighborhoods undergo an invasion and succession of vari-
A retrospective on real-time imaging, a new taxonomy and a roadmap for the future

In this paper, the history and current state of research in real-time imaging is discussed and a review of previous taxonomies for classifying real-time imaging research is presented. Next, a new taxonomy is proposed followed by a review of the state of research with respect to that taxonomy. Finally, future research in these areas is suggested. The objective is to provide a clear vision of the past and a roadmap for future researchers in this field.
Using Affect to Understand Employee Turnover: A Context-Specific Application of a Theory of Social Exchange

Employee turnover is of broad interest, and we focus on turnover in an occupational group that is appropriate for our theoretical approach: Nursing home staff. Using a large and representative sample, we apply conceptual work in the area of social exchange by Lawler and colleagues to examine the role of affect toward the organization on employee turnover as well as antecedents of that affect. We use previous research and survey data to demonstrate that nursing home staff work in the conditions under which Lawler's theories of social exchange apply. We use longitudinal survey data to test whether nursing home staff turnover can be predicted by the level of affective attachment of the individual staff members to the nursing home, controlling for factors related to nursing home turnover. We find that lower nursing home staff turnover at Time 2 is predicted by affective attachment to the nursing home at Time 1.
The operational nature of acidic functional group analyses and its impact on mathematical descriptions of acid-base equilibria in humic substances

Abstract Calorimetric and potentiometric titrations have been used to evaluate direct and indirect methods of analysis for the carboxyl content of aquatic humic substances. The effects of cation binding, base strength, and removal of humic reaction products on carboxyl content values have been examined. The results suggest that the most appropriate analytical method for determination of an operationally defined carboxyl content would utilize a weak base that does not contain a polyvalent cation in an indirect titration on a reaction mixture from which all humic reaction products have been removed prior to titration. Titration data have been analyzed in terms of a formation function (δnOH) and in terms of operationally defined ‘mass action quotients’ ( K ). The dependence of K on pH is more readily and realistically described if no artificial differentiation of carboxyl groups into two or more sub-groups is imposed upon the data.
In-frame deletions of BRCA1 may define critical functional domains

The identification of genomic rearrangements involving more than 0.5 kb of the BRCA1 gene has confirmed a more complex mutation spectrum than was initially appreciated. Genomic rearrangements in BRCA1 represent 15% of all mutations in a group of French and American breast and ovarian cancer families and 36% of all mutations in a group of Dutch families. The rearrangements described to date range in size from 510 bp to 23.8 kb, are found throughout the gene, and are most frequently attributable to homologous recombination. We describe the identification of rearrangements in two breast and ovarian cancer families that involve 3.4 and 11.5 kb of the BRCA1 gene and span multiple exons but maintain the reading frame. Both gene rearrangements appear to result from Alu-mediated homologous recombination and have been detected by using a combination of protein truncation analysis and Southern blot analysis. These rearrangements result in the loss of amino acids that lie at the carboxy-terminus of the protein and that have previously been shown to have functional significance. Because these rearrangements result in the deletion of exons but maintain the reading frame, they may provide insights into specific regions and amino acids that have functional significance for the BRCA1 protein.
Ab initio calculation of amine out-of-plane angles

Fully optimized geometries are computed at the Hartree–Fock level for formamide and methylamine with basis sets ranging up to ones that are triple-zeta plus two sets of polarization functions in the valence shell. The effect of very diffuse s and p functions is also examined. The relation of basis set size and composition to the computed amino group out-of-plane angle and to the related localized molecular orbitals is systematically investigated and compared with scattered results previously reported for other systems. It is concluded that the amino group angle is the result of a delicate balance between lone pair character of the nitrogen electrons and delocalization of these electrons into other portions of the molecule. Polarization functions in the nitrogen basis set are necessary to provide for proper description of the lone pair character, but even in methylamine the delocalization is not properly described without an extensive basis set, either polarization functions or very diffuse s and p functions, on the other heavy atoms. The effect is extreme for molecules such as formamide, aniline, and PF2NH2, where very large basis sets are required to obtain the correct out-of-plane angle.
Reduced-order estimation Part 1. Filtering

ABSTRACT This paper presents a method for designing an ‘optimum’ unbiased reduced-order filter. For the proposed approach to work, the order of the filter must be greater than a certain minimum determined by the number of independent observations of the system available. The filler is much like a Luenberger observer for the state to be estimated, but with parameters optimized with respect to the noises in the system. A reduced-order innovation process is proposed that has properties similar to those of the full-order innovation process when the reduced filter is optimized. The approach offers the possibility of significant reduction in real-time computational requirements compared with the full-order filter, though at the cost of some loss of performance. The algorithm for the reduced-order filter is simple to implement— quite similar to that of the Kalman filter. An example is presented to compare the performance of the proposed method with the full-order Kalman filter.
Recording of A-V nodal activity in the intact dog heart.

Abstract The electrical activity of the A-V node, the N potential, was recorded in 30 openchested intact dog hearts using close bipolar recording wires. The N potential was recorded as a slow biphasic wave which was contiguous with the atrial and His-bundle electrograms. The most characteristic feature of the N potential was the notching. The earliest activity of the N potential was recorded during the upstroke of the P wave of the surface ECG. During A-V conduction delay, induced by vagal stimulation, atrial pacing, and a combination of these two maneuvers, there occurred an increase in the N potential duration and a loss of N potential amplitude. A-V nodal activity was also recorded during retrograde conduction. Evidence is presented which suggests that the bundle of His and not the A-V node is the pacemaker site in A-V junctional rhythms.
The relative reliability of the escape reaction and righting-reflex sleeping times in the mouse.

The “escape reaction” method of measuring the end point of sleeping time in mice was compared to the “righting-reflex” method. The former was found to be more reliable, to have a more definite end point, to measure more effectively lower levels of CNS depression, and to measure cortical rather than midbrain reflexes.
Insensitivity of mitochondrial RNA synthesis to mengovirus infection in CHO cells.

IN animal cells, RNA is synthesized both in the nuclei and the mitochondria, and synthesis is inhibited by infection with certain viruses. Working with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we have been able to show that, in the initial stages of infection with Mengovirus, nuclear synthesis is inhibited but mitochondrial synthesis is not.
Three-dimensional electrophysiological topography of the rat corticostriatal system.

Projections from the cerebral cortex are the major afferents of the caudoputamen and probably determine the functions subserved by each region of the nucleus. The corticostriatal system has been mapped using cytological techniques which give little information on the physiological importance of projections from individual cortical areas. The objective of this study was to characterize the three-dimensional topography of the corticostriatal system in the rat and to determine the physiological significance of these projections using electrophysiological techniques. Eight functionally distinct areas of the cerebral cortex (prefrontal, primary motor, rostral and caudal primary somatosensory, hindlimb, auditory, occipital and primary visual) were stimulated while recording the multiple unit activity in seven dorsal and seven ventral areas of the caudoputamen. Each stimulation site produced a distinctive pattern of activation within the caudoputamen. There was also a large site-dependant variation in electrophysiological activation produced by each stimulation. The motor and somatosensory areas produced the most powerful overall activation. In addition, a number of trends were obvious. There was a rostrocaudal topographical relationship between the site of stimulation and the area of the caudoputamen activated. Furthermore, more caudally and medially placed stimulation sites produced greater dorsal activation of the caudoputamen relative to ventral.
THz Polaritonics: Shaped Waveforms, Large Amplitudes and Linear and Nonlinear Spectroscopy

A novel “pseudo-phasematching” scheme for THz polariton amplification is demonstrated. Nonlinear THz spectroscopy using an integrated platform for THz generation, guidance, and visualization enabled the first observations of nonlinear lattice responses from LiNbO3.
Sequences conserved by selection across mouse and human malaria species

Little is known, either experimentally or computationally, about the genomic sequence features that regulate malaria genes. A sequence conservation analysis of the malaria species P. falciparum, P. berghei, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi could significantly advance knowledge of malaria gene regulation. We computationally identify intergenic sequences conserved beyond neutral expectations, using a conservation algorithm that accounts for the strong compositional biases in malaria genomes. We first quantify the composition-specific divergence at silent positions in coding sequence. Using this as a background, we examine gene 5' regions, identifying 610 blocks conserved far beyond neutral expectations across the three mouse malariae, and 81 blocks conserved as strongly across all four species (p < 10-6). Detailed analysis of these blocks indicates that only a minor fraction are likely to be previously unknown coding sequences. Analogous noncoding conserved blocks have been shown to regulate adjacent genes in other phylogenies, making the predicted blocks excellent candidates for novel regulatory functions. We also find three potential transcription factor binding motifs which exhibit strong conservation and overrepresentation among the rodent malariae. A broader finding of our analysis is that less malaria intergenic sequence has been conserved by selection than in yeast or vertebrate genomes. This supports the hypothesis that transcriptional regulation is simpler in malaria than other eukaryotic species. We have built a public database containing all sequence alignments and functional predictions, and we expect this to be a valuable resource to the malaria research community.
Imagining community and hoping for recognition: Bicentennial celebrations in 1976 and 1988

Bicentennial celebrations were held in the United States in 1976 and in Australia in 1988. Here, I compare talk about national identity by organizers of bicentennials in each country. The commemorations were similarly designed to enact unity while attempting to avoid apathy and dissension. They show a common repertoire of cultural claims which help address the shared constraints of their cultural production. There were also differences in the way different sorts of claims were developed. For Australians, international recognition was much more important than for Americans; for the Americans, founding moment history was much more important than for the Australians. Americans treated political values as foundational in imagined community, and the land had low salience; the reverse was true for the Australians. But both sets of organizers stressed diversity and shared spectacle to recognize, coopt, and imaginatively transcend salient cultural and political difference. The analysis suggests that there is an internationally available repertoire of claims about national identity which includes themes of international recognition, history, abstractly inclusive characteristics like political values or the land, and claims about diversity and spectacle.
The welfare effects of foreign investment in tariff distorted economies

Abstract The welfare effects of foreign investment in the presence of large tariffs are examined. In models where capital is endogenously mobile, capital flows induced by large tariffs may be welfare-improving. A numerical example is provided.
Nanogap-Enhanced Terahertz Sensing of 1 nm Thick (λ/106) Dielectric Films

We experimentally show that terahertz (THz) waves confined in sub-10 nm metallic gaps can detect refractive index changes caused by only a 1 nm thick (∼λ/106) dielectric overlayer. We use atomic layer lithography to fabricate a wafer-scale array of annular nanogaps. Using THz time-domain spectroscopy in conjunction with atomic layer deposition, we measure spectral shifts of a THz resonance peak with increasing Al2O3 film thickness in 1 nm intervals. Because of the enormous mismatch in length scales between THz waves and sub-10 nm gaps, conventional modeling techniques cannot readily be used to analyze our results. We employ an advanced finite-element-modeling (FEM) technique, Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) scheme, for full three-dimensional modeling of the resonant transmission of THz waves through an annular gap that is 2 nm in width and 32 μm in diameter. Our multiscale 3D FEM technique and atomic layer lithography will enable a series of new investigations in THz nanophotonics that has not b...
Characterization of mode II fracture behavior in fiber-reinforced ceramic composite utilizing laser interferometry

A test technique to characterize the mode II fracture behavior in fiber-reinforced ceramic composites utilizing laser interferometry was developed. This was demonstrated by measuring the mode II critical strain energy release rate at room temperature. The present study used the siliconcarbide-fiber/glass-ceramic matrix composite system.
Laser ablation characterization of an ArF excimer-laser-ablated plasma

Recent work from this research group has investigated and characterized a plasma formed by an ArF excimer laser at a metal surface. The ArF excimer laser plasma has the potential to replace conventional plasma (e.g., inductively coupled plasma, direct current plasma, etc.) for spectrochemical analysis. This paper describes the formation and instrumentation used to characterize and evaluate the plasma. Space and time resolved studies using emission measurements were obtained for copper and lead targets. Results are presented which show that the two metals gave quite different sizes of plasma. The plasma formed with copper extending 2 mm, and that with lead extending 5 mm above the metal surface. Excitation temperature of the plasma was calculated using the Boltzmann method and found to be in the range 11,200 to 17,200 degree(s)K for copper and 11,700 to 15,300 degree(s)K for lead. The effect of pressure over the range 10 - 760 torr and atmosphere (air, argon, and helium) on the shape and line-to background ratio and temperature of the plasma created above the surface of a copper target also is discussed.
Representation of letter position in single-word reading: Evidence from acquired dyslexia

Visual word recognition requires information about the positions as well as the identities of the letters in a word. This study addresses representation of letter position at prelexical levels of the word recognition process. We present evidence from an acquired dyslexic patient, L.H.D., who perseverates letters in single-word reading tasks: Far more often than expected by chance, L.H.D.'s reading responses include letters from preceding responses (e.g., SAILOR read as SAILOG immediately after FLAG was read correctly). Analyses carried out over two large data sets compared the positions of perseverated letters (e.g., the G in SAILOG) with the positions of the corresponding “source” letters (e.g., the G in FLAG). The analyses assessed the extent to which the perseverations preserved source position as defined by various theories of letter position representation. The results provided strong evidence for graded both-edges position representations, in which the position of each letter is encoded coarsely rel...
The application of stereoscopic PIV to measure the flow of air into an enclosure containing a fire

Flow fields encountered in full-scale enclosure fires are highly three-dimensional and span a large spatial extent. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV) was applied to provide a large-scale planar interrogation of the flow of air available to a series of fires burning inside an enclosure. Time-averaged velocity fields across the doorway of the enclosure are presented. These flows are bi-directional and SPIV reveals that the time-averaged height of the region of flow reversal depends on location within the doorway. The volume flow rate of available air computed from the classical one-dimensional flow approach agrees well with the numerical integration using the velocity field provided by SPIV. Good agreement between the measured velocities for SPIV configurations optimized for seed particle displacements along the laser sheet axis and optimized for displacements perpendicular to the laser sheet demonstrate that large-scale SPIV measurements can be conducted with very good precision.
Nondestructive methods of integrating energy harvesting systems with structures

ABSTRACT Designing an attachment structure that is both novel and meets the system requirem ents can be a diffic ult task especially for inexperienced designers. This paper presents a design methodology for concept generation of a parent/child attachment system. The child is broadly defined as any device, part, or subsystem that will attach to any existing system, part, or device called the parent. An inductive research process was used to study a variety of products, patents, and biological examples that exemplified the parent/child system. Common traits among these products were found and categorized as attachment principles in three different domains: mechanical, material, and field. The attachment principles within the mechanical domain and accompanying examples are the focus of this paper. As an example of the method, a case study of generating concepts for a bridge mounted wind energy harvester using the mechanical attachment principles derived from the methodology and TRIZ principles derived from Altshullers matrix of contradictions is presented. Keywords: Design Methodology, Concept Generation, Attachment Systems Integration, Energy Harvesting, Wind Turbine Attachment, Structural Health M onitoring, Bridge Attachment, Connections
Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with pulse cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone: response to therapy is linked to the duration of progressive disease.

Objective: To determine if there are variables linked to responsiveness to pulse cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone therapy in progressive Multiple Scerosis (MS). Background: MS is a presumed autoimmune disease of the CNS in which immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory treatments are being used. We have treated patient with the progressive form of MS using a regimen consisting of pulse cyclophosphamide/methylprednisolone that is given as an outpatient at 4-8 week intervals similar to lupus nephritis protocols. Design/Methods: We investigated a series of 95 consecutive progressive MS patient treated in an open label fashion in an effort to identify factors linked to response to treatment. Clinical outcome measures included status at 12 months and time to failure determined by EDSS change and global physician impression. For each endpoint associations were examined between outcome and patient characteristics including gender age at onset of disease and treatment, EDSS 1 year previously and at start of trea...
The physics of the expanding universe

certainly because the evolution of nebulae cannot be traced in sufficient detail to interpret the measures of objects that are consistently younger the further we look. So long as those other theories suffer from this debility, and whether they are in fact right or wrong, they are in the category of the "satisfying scheme" rather than the useful scientific theory. The future observations of nebulae, which will be concerned with detailed measures of quantities and numbers, would remain merely a filrther collection of data in no way surprising or important except if those detailed quantities can show that some great generalization is true or false.
Repair of oligodeoxyribonucleotides by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase

Activity of the DNA repair protein O(6)-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) is an important source of tumor cell resistance to alkylating agents. AGT inhibitors may prove useful in enhancing chemotherapy. AGT is inactivated by reacting stoichiometrically with O(6)-benzylguanine (b(6)G), which is currently in clinical trials for this purpose. Short oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing a central b(6)G are more potent inactivators of AGT than b(6)G. We examined whether human AGT could react with oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing multiple b(6)G residues. The single-stranded 7-mer 5'-d[T(b(6)G)(5)G]-3' was an excellent AGT substrate with all five b(6)G adducts repaired although one adduct was repaired much more slowly. The highly b(6)G-resistant Y158H and P140K AGT mutants were also inactivated by 5'-d[T(b(6)G)(5)G]-3'. Studies with 7-mers containing a single b(6)G adduct showed that 5'-d[TGGGG(b(6)G)G]-3' was more poorly repaired by wild-type AGT than 5'-d[T(b(6)G)GGGGG]-3' and 5'-d[TGG(b(6)G)GGG]-3' and was even less repairable by mutants Y158H and P140K. This positional effect was unaffected by interchanging the terminal 5'- or 3'-nucleotides and was also observed with single-stranded 16-mer oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing O(6)-methylguanine, where a minimum of four nucleotides 3' to the lesion was required for the most efficient repair. Annealing with the reverse complementary strands to produce double-stranded substrates increased the ability of AGT to repair adducts at all positions except at positions 2 and 15. Our results suggest that AGT recognizes the polarity of single-stranded DNA, with the best substrates having an adduct adjacent to the 5'-terminal residue. These findings will aid in designing novel AGT inhibitors that incorporate O(6)-alkylguanine adducts in oligodeoxyribonucleotide contexts.
Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Controls Viral Chromatin Modifications through Effects on Kinetics of Virus Growth and Cell Cycle Progression

Minichromosomes of wild-type polyomavirus were previously shown to be highly acetylated on histones H3 and H4 compared either to bulk cell chromatin or to viral chromatin of nontransforming hr-t mutants, which are defective in both the small T and middle T antigens. A series of site-directed virus mutants have been used along with antibodies to sites of histone modifications to further investigate the state of viral chromatin and its dependence on the T antigens. Small T but not middle T was important in hyperacetylation at major sites in H3 and H4. Mutants blocked in middle T signaling pathways but encoding normal small T showed a hyperacetylated pattern similar to that of wild-type virus. The hyperacetylation defect of hr-t mutant NG59 was partially complemented by growth of the mutant in cells expressing wild-type small T. In contrast to the hypoacetylated state of NG59, NG59 minichromosomes were hypermethylated at specific lysines in H3 and also showed a higher level of phosphorylation at H3ser10, a modification associated with the late G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. Comparisons of virus growth kinetics and cell cycle progression in wild-type- and NG59-infected cells showed a correlation between the phase of the cell cycle at which virus assembly occurred and histone modifications in the progeny virus. Replication and assembly of wild-type virus were completed largely during S phase. Growth of NG59 was delayed by about 12 h with assembly occurring predominately in G2. These results suggest that small T affects modifications of viral chromatin by altering the temporal coordination of virus growth and the cell cycle.
Tyrosine kinase receptor Axl enhances entry of Zaire ebolavirus without direct interactions with the viral glycoprotein

In a bioinformatics-based screen for cellular genes that enhance Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) transduction, AXL mRNA expression strongly correlated with ZEBOV infection. A series of cell lines and primary cells were identified that require Axl for optimal ZEBOV entry. Using one of these cell lines, we identified ZEBOV entry events that are Axl-dependent. Interactions between ZEBOV-GP and the Axl ectodomain were not detected in immunoprecipitations and reduction of surface-expressed Axl by RNAi did not alter ZEBOV-GP binding, providing evidence that Axl does not serve as a receptor for the virus. However, RNAi knock down of Axl reduced ZEBOV pseudovirion internalization and α-Axl antisera inhibited pseudovirion fusion with cellular membranes. Consistent with the importance of Axl for ZEBOV transduction, Axl transiently co-localized on the surface of cells with ZEBOV virus particles and was internalized during virion transduction. In total, these findings indicate that endosomal uptake of filoviruses is facilitated by Axl.
Tenderization of Meat with Ginger Rhizome Protease

Beef steaks and sliced beef marinated with different levels of crude ginger extract were evaluated for the tenderness and structural changes. A significant (P<0.05) enhancement of tenderness with increasing amounts of ginger extract was observed at low levels of extract (0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mL/6.5 cm2 for the steaks; 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mL/lOOg for the sliced beef), whereas further improvement of tenderness at more than 0.2 mL/6.5 cm2 or 1 mL/lOOg was minimal. Electron microscopy of the treated beef revealed the preferential degradation of thin filaments in the I-bands, resulting in extensive fragmentation of myofibrils. Thus, ginger rhizome protease is an effective meat tenderizer and the tenderization is achieved through preferential degradation of thin filaments.
The public's image of nursing as described to baccalaureate prenursing students

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of nursing's image by nonnursing students, professionals, and other nonnursing individuals. Because the image of nursing has been a long-standing problem for nurses, an indication of the overall effectiveness of various individual and group efforts to change the public's image of nursing over the last several years was examined. Content analysis was used to analyze 831 responses to determine the respondent's perceptions of nurses and the nursing profession. Results indicated that the majority of individuals who participated in the study believed that nursing is most closely associated with the concept of caring, even though the meaning and practice of nurse caring was defined very differently.
Dynamic power estimation for deep submicron circuits with process variation

Dynamic power consumption in CMOS circuits is usually estimated based on the number of signal transitions. However, when considering glitches, this is not accurate because narrow glitches consume less power than wide glitches. Glitch width and transition density modeling is further complicated by the effect of process variation. This paper presents a fast and accurate dynamic power estimation method that considers the detailed effect of process variation. First, we extend the probabilistic modeling approach to handle timing variations. Then the power consumption of a logic gate is computed based on the transition waveforms of its inputs. Both mean values and standard deviations of the dynamic power are estimated with high confidence based on accurate device characterization data. Compared with SPICE-based Monte Carlo simulations for small circuits, our power estimator reports power results within 3% error for the mean and 5% error for the standard deviation with six orders of magnitude speedup. For medium and large benchmarks, it is impossible to run Monte Carlo simulations with enough samples due to very long runtime, while our estimator can finish within minutes.
Structural stability and non-catalytic nucleation inhibition effect of Si–Zr–B mould coating on undercooled superalloy melt

AbstractThe investment moulding technique was first adopted to prepare a SiO2–ZrO2–B2O3 (Si–Zr–B) substrate layer on the inner surface of the mould, by employing SiO2 glass dust and ZrO2 powder, SiO2–ZrO2 sol, and analytical grade H3BO3 as refractory material, binder, and softening agent, respectively. Then using sol–gel processing, seven layers of Si–Zr–B film of the same formula as the aforementioned Si–Zr–B substrate layer were compounded with the substrate layer step by step. After glassing treatment at 850°C for 60 min, this film transformed into a glass lined coating. It was shown from X-ray diffraction analysis that, after holding it at a temperature of 1500°C for 30 min, the amount of crystallinity in the Si–Zr–B coating was about 1–3% (vol.-%). Finally, the undercooling experiment showed that a large undercooling (up to 140 K) was achieved in a DD3 (Ni–Cr–Mo–Al–Ti–Co–W) single crystal superalloy melt in this coated mould. So it is concluded that a Si–Zr–B coating has got a good structural stabili...
Adapting and RE-AIMing a heart disease prevention program for older women with diabetes.

Coronary heart disease is a pervasive public health problem with a heavy burden among older women. There is a need for developing effective interventions for addressing this problem and for evaluating the dissemination potential of such interventions. A multiple-behavior-change program originally designed for men with heart disease was adapted for women at high risk of heart disease in two randomized clinical trials—the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program and iViva Bien!. Results from these two trials, including readiness for dissemination, are evaluated using the RE-AIM framework in terms of Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance. Program adaptations produced relative high reach as well as consistent and replicated effectiveness and maintenance, and were adopted by a high percentage of primary care offices and clinicians approached. We discuss key findings, lessons learned, future directions for related research, and use of RE-AIM for program development, adaptation, scale-up, and evaluation.
Allocating Tolerances Statistically With Tolerance-Maps and Beta Distributions: The Target a Planar Face

A new math model for geometric tolerances is used to build the frequency distribution for clearance in an assembly of parts, each of which is manufactured to a given set of size and orientation tolerances. The central element of the new math model is the Tolerance-Map® (T-Map® ); it is the range of points resulting from a one-to-one mapping from all the variational possibilities of a feature, within its tolerance-zone, to a specially designed Euclidean point-space. A functional T-Map represents both the acceptable range of 1-D clearance and the acceptable limits to the 3-D variational possibilities of the target face consistent with it. An accumulation T-Map represents all the accumulated 3-D variational possibilities of the target which arise from allowable manufacturing variations on the individual parts in the assembly. The geometric shapes of the accumulation and functional maps are used to compute a measure of all variational possibilities of manufacture of the parts which will give each value of clearance. The measures are then arranged as a probability density function over the acceptable range of clearance, and a beta distribution is fitted to it. The method is applied to two examples.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Patterns of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Early and Late Stages of Rasmussen's Syndrome

Rasmussen's syndrome is a chronic encephalitis characterized by intractable focal epilepsy and progressive neurologic deterioration with lateralized brain destruction. In the early stages of the disease, the diagnosis can be difficult to make, and brain biopsy is often performed. We evaluated the patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (PET) in 15 children (age range 2.9—15.4 years, mean age 8.7 ± 4.3 years) with Rasmussen's syndrome. In 6 patients evaluated early (≤ 1 year of onset of seizures), the PET scan showed areas of abnormal metabolism restricted mostly to the frontal and temporal regions, whereas the posterior cortex was preserved. Pathologic changes seen in the resected cortex were more pronounced in cortical areas of abnormal metabolism than in regions showing normal metabolism. In 9 patients evaluated later (>1 year after onset of seizures), the PET scan showed more diffuse hemispheric metabolic abnormalities including the oc...
The osmotic properties of tetradecylsulfonic acid

Abstract The osmotic coefficient “ g ” of a series of aqueous solutions of tetradecylsulfonic acid have been measured, with the use of precision methods of freezing point and vapor pressure lowerings. The results conform to the pattern of similar long-chain acids and confirm the fact that they belong to the class of colloidal electrolytes.
Earth system curator: metadata infrastructure for climate modeling

The Earth System Curator is a National Science Foundation sponsored project developing a metadata formalism for describing the digital resources used in climate simulations. The primary motivating observation of the project is that a simulation/model’s source code plus the configuration parameters required for a model run are a compact representation of the dataset generated when the model is executed. The end goal of the project is a convergence of models and data where both resources are accessed uniformly from a single registry. In this paper we review the current metadata landscape of the climate modeling community, present our work on developing a metadata formalism for describing climate models, and reflect on technical challenges we have faced that require new research in the area of Earth Science Informatics.
Systemic application of chlorantraniliprole to cabbage transplants for control of foliar-feeding lepidopteran pests

Abstract The diamide insecticide chlorantraniliprole is registered for control of lepidopteran pests in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). Taking advantage of its root-uptake systemic properties, chlorantraniliprole is labeled for use with a variety of soil application methods in different countries, depending on pests and local practices. We investigated the efficacy of different cabbage transplant application methods using a leaf consumption bioassay. In the laboratory, we compared different transplant water volumes, characterized the effect of transplant plug size when the insecticide is applied by drenching or soaking the seedling tray, and determined the effect of different soil types. At three field sites, we compared the efficacy of chlorantraniliprole applied in transplant water or as a tray drench or tray soak treatment. In the laboratory, transplant water volume did not affect the level or duration of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) mortality caused by chlorantraniliprole. When seedling trays were drenched with insecticide solution, transplant plug size did not affect mortality, but when trays were soaked with an equivalent volume of solution, mortality was higher with small plugs. Transplanting plugs treated by transplant water, drench or soak into different soil types did not affect mortality caused by chlorantraniliprole. In the field, transplant water application was the most effective method at all three locations. Tray soak was the most variable application method. Different application methods can be used to take advantage of the systemic characteristics of chlorantraniliprole. Among the methods tested, transplant water and tray drench resulted in more consistent mortality under variable field conditions.
Ultrasonic Attenuation of Transverse Waves in V, Nb, and Ta for ql<1

The temperature dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation coefficient of transverse waves with a wave vector parallel to (110) was measured in superconducting V, Nb, and Ta. The product of the wave vector times the mean free path q1 was smaller than one during these measurements. The sharp drop in the attenuation Foefficient below the trsnsition temperature, which is found when ql > 1, was not present. The zero-temperature energy gap was found to be 3.6 plus or minus 0.2 kT/sub c/ for V, 3.5 plus or minus 0.3 kT/sub c/ for Nb, and 3.5 plus or minus 0.2 kT/su b c/ for Ta. (auth)
An arithmetic-geometric-harmonic mean inequality involving Hadamard products

Abstract Given matrices of the same size, A = [ a ij ] and B = [ b ij ], we define their Hadamard product to be A ∘ B = [ a ij b ij ]. We show that if x i > 0 and q ⩾ p ⩾ 0, then the n × n matrices x i x j x i +x j , , x i −1 +x j −1 x i x j ,and x i p +x j p x i q +x j q are positive definite, and we relate these facts to some matrix valued arithmetic- geometric-harmonic mean inequalities—some of which involve Hadamard products and others unitarily invariant norms. It is known that if A is positive semidefinite then max{| A ∘ B |:| B |⩽1} = max a ij , where |·| denotes the spectral norm. We show that the converse of this statement is false and give a useful partial converse.
The study of plant growth: A link between the physiological ecology and population biology of plants

Abstract As the fields of plant physiological ecology and plant population biology mature, it becomes apparent that answers to many key ecological questions require the approaches of both subdisciplines. Historically, the two approaches have developed along separate lines and the links between them have not been clearly defined. In the present paper, we suggest that the study of plant growth may provide one necessary link. This suggestion is motivated by recent trends toward evaluation of physiological responses in terms of growth, and the use of plant size as a predictor of life history traits. In the future, studies which combine these techniques will accrue two important advantages: (1) the significance of plant adaptations (physiological or morphological) may be understood in demographic or Darwinian terms of survivorship and fecundity schedules of the individuals possessing them, and conversely, (2) variation in survivorship and fecundity may be attributed to alternative plant adaptations.
Development and validation of self-consistent 3D beam-beam modeling code within SciDAC

The calculation of beam-beam effects has been an ongoing activity within SciDAC. We report the first validation of a detailed beam-beam simulation with data measured at the VEPP-2M collider in Novosbirsk. The validation of the simulation gives us con.dence to apply it to understanding and improving the operation of existing colliders such as the Tevatron, RHIC and LHC, and the design of the International Linear Collider.
Takayasu's arteritis.

The aorta and its major branches are the prime disease targets in Takayasu's arteritis (TA). Clinical symptoms of vascular inflammation and vascular insufficiency are usually accompanied or preceded by a systemic inflammatory process. TA disease tends to affect women much more often than men (female:male ratio 9:1), and has a predilection for Asian women. However, the disease has been described in individuals of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. TA is associated with granulomatous inflammation within the blood vessel wall. The histopathologic features of the disease closely resemble those of giant cell arteritis. TA leads to vascular narrowing in most of the blood vessels it affects. However, in the aorta, the disease can cause aneurysms. These often lead to aortic regurgitation of the ascending aorta. A lesion of great concern in TA is renal artery stenosis, which can lead to a rennin-mediated hypertension. If the patient has narrowings in all of the blood vessels to the four extremities, then peripheral blood pressure measurements may not be accurate assessments of the true central aortic pressures. Catheterization may be required to determine the patient's blood pressure accurately. Eye lesions in TA are of two major types: hypertensive retinopathy (particularly in the setting of renal artery stenosis) and proliferative retinopathy (caused by extreme narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the head, which leads to neovascularization of the retinal vascular supply). Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, the most common ocular lesion of giant cell arteritis, occurs very rarely in TA.
Effect of tunicamycin on histological organization and Na, K-ATPase distribution in the adult cat retina

Intravitreal injection of tunicamycin (TM) was evaluated as a method for inducing photoreceptor-specific degeneration in cat retina. TM (1 μg, 5-weeks duration) markedly decreased electroretinogram amplitudes. A polyclonal antibody directed against the Na, K-ATPase was used to further assess cell-specific retinal injury induced by TM. TM-treatment induced marked alterations in the differential distribution of the Na, K-ATPase within the retina. Histology confirmed photoreceptor degeneration in TM-treated retina, but further showed a severe, non-selective degradation of most retinal layers. Therefore, long-term intraocular exposure to TM results in a progressive general toxicity to the cat retina.
High glucose, no cry

Just as a Bob Marley tune can elicit a visceral pull, a rhythmic awakening can shake up metabolism, with a new study in mice showing that cryptochrome (CRY) in the liver controls glucose levels during fasting and improves insulin sensitivity—introducing a new possible therapy for type II diabetes (pages 1152–1156).
Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of ventricular septal rupture secondary to acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Ventricular septal rupture is a rare complication of acute myocardial infarction and is usually fatal if not surgically repaired. 1 Two-dimensional 2 and color Doppler 3–6 surface echocardiography are sensitive in its detection, but their main limitation is the presence of small acoustic windows in some patients. However, the recently introduced technique of transesophageal echocardiography has circumvented this limitation to a large extent. This study evaluates the usefulness of color Doppler transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction.
The influence of transverse shear on the static flexure and Charpy impact response of hybrid composite materials

Classical laminated anisotropic plate theory, extended to include the effects of transverse shear, is applied to the three-point beam bending problem, to determine the deflections under load, hence flexural modulus, and also the energy absorbed by the beam to the point of peak load, i.e. to first failure. A standard unnotched Charpy impact specimen configuration, constructed of a multi-lamina hybrid composite material, is analysed. Transverse shear is shown to have a significant influence on the response. The analytical results are compared with experimental data, for both impact and static loadings. A definite loading rate dependence is observed.