cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fully integrated on-chip DC-DC conversion and power management system

It is widely recognized that adaptive control of the power supply is one of the most effective variables to achieve energy-efficient computation. Most on-chip dc-dc conversion systems have relied on buck converters with off-chip LC filters. In this paper, we describe the development of a software controllable, fully integrated on-chip dc-dc downconversion system that combines switched-capacitor voltage dividers and linear regulators to efficiently regulate from 2.5 V down to about 0.65 V. The use of switched-capacitor supplies offers better efficiencies than what is achievable with linear regulators alone.
Gibberellin-induced growth and regulation of the cell division cycle in deepwater rice.

Excised stem sections of deepwater rice (Oryza sativa L., cv. Pin Gaew 56) containing the highest internode were used to study induction of rapid internodal elongation by gibberellin. It has been shown previously that this growth response is based on an increased cell production rate in the intercalary meristem and on increased cell elongation. Our investigations were aimed at establishing the temporal sequence of these GA-regulated processes. Cell sizes were determined by scanning electron microscopy, the phases of the cell cycle by flow cytometry, and DNA synthesis by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The lag time for the onset of gibberellic acid (GA3)-induced growth was 40 min. Treatment with GA3 promoted cell elongation in the intercalary meristem within 2 h. After 4 h of treatment with GA3, the fraction of meristematic cells in the G2 phase had declined, indicating that cells in the G2 phase had entered mitosis. Subsequent activation of DNA replication led to an overall increase in the cell-production rate. This was evident from an increase in the percentage of cells in the S phase and from enhanced incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA between 4 and 7 h of GA3 treatment. An increase in the final cell length contributed to the growth response after 7 h of GA3 application. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that gibberellin first promotes cell elongation in the intercalary meristem and that cell division is stimulated as a result of cell-growth.
Adhesion versus cohesion in liquid-liquid and solid-liquid dispersions

Abstract It is found experimentally that, in the absence of specific interactions or electrical effects at the interface, the more stable liquid-in-liquid films are those formed by the liquid of smaller surface tension, which surrounds and separates droplets of the liquid of larger surface tension. A thermodynamic theory postulates that the condition for stability of the film is that the work of adhesion per unit area of interface between the two liquids shall be larger than the specific surface free energy of the liquid of which the film is composed. The deflocculation or flocculation of a dispersed solid in a liquid medium is also shown to depend on the same relation between the work of adhesion and the specific surface free energy of the medium, or, in equivalent terms, on whether the solid particle is “wetted” or not “wetted” by the medium.
Psycholinguistics and education: Directions and divergences

The development of reading, foreign language competence, rhetorical and communicative skills, and symbolic thought processes differs from “pure” psycholinguistic research as horticulture differs from botany. Correspondences between educational psycholinguistics and pure psycholinguistics lie in how each views the learner on a continuum that ranges from docile to autonomous. Language can be characterized as arbitrary or derived from possible universal symbolizing processes, and curriculum in general can be characterized on a continuum ranging from opaque to emergent. Language acquisition can be viewed as the product of intentional socialization or an outgrowth of natural processes, and educators may be said to range from instructive to eductive in their approach to methods. The divergences between education and psycholinguistics in respect to their philosophical analysis of their research strategies and their views about individual variation and central tendencies seem to presage mutually supportive research programs.
Lipid‐laden macrophage index in healthy canines

Background The quantity of lipids in alveolar macrophages is used clinically as an indicator of aspiration, which is associated with increased lung inflammation. This is determined in the macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and is expressed as lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI). Although there is ample data on LLMI in human subjects, there is no published data pertaining to the baseline measures of the LLMI in canines, which are extensively used for experimental studies on gastroesophageal reflex (GER) and airway diseases. Primary aim of the present study was to collect data pertaining to the cytology and LLMI in BAL fluids obtained from healthy dogs. Materials and methods Eight dogs underwent a bronchoscopy with BAL collection, and esophageal pH monitoring to determine the reflux index (RI). The BAL fluid was processed and reviewed under a microscope to determine the proportions of the various cell types and the LLMI. Results The median RI among the subjects was found to be 0·6 (0·0, 1·2). The BAL cytology analysis showed 77·5% (71·0, 83·5) macrophages, 21·0 (13·0, 24·5) lymphocytes and 2·5 (1·5, 5·0) neutrophils. The median LLMI was found to be 156 (111, 208). Conclusions Although the differential cell counts in the dogs’ BAL fluid was comparable to that of other experimental animals and humans, the LLMI was distinctly higher than the corresponding value reported for other species. As LLMI is a valuable modality for evaluation of intrapulmonary pathophysiology, these data on LLMI can be used as a species-specific standard for canine subjects used for experimental studies on GER and airway diseases.
Developmental Progression to Infectivity in Trypanosoma brucei Triggered by an RNA-Binding Protein

Unraveling the intricate interactions between Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite causing African trypanosomiasis, and the tsetse (Glossina) vector remains a challenge. Metacyclic trypanosomes, which inhabit the tsetse salivary glands, transmit the disease and are produced through a complex differentiation and unknown program. By overexpressing a single RNA-binding protein, TbRBP6, in cultured noninfectious trypanosomes, we recapitulated the developmental stages that have been observed in tsetse, including the generation of infective metacyclic forms expressing the variant surface glycoprotein. Thus, events leading to acquisition of infectivity in the insect vector are now accessible to laboratory investigation, providing an opening for new intervention strategies.
On Monte Carlo simulations of dynamic systems

The Monte Carlo method provides both design and research engineers with a useful tool for evaluating the effect of input uncertainty on system performance. This paper addresses the basics and the utility of the Monte Carlo approach. Two practical applications of the method help to demonstrate why Monte Carlo simulation is becoming a contemporary trend in system analysis.
Presence of B-100 in rat mesenteric chyle.

Summary Molecular forms of apolipoprotein B (ApoB * ) were studied in the rat intestinal chyle by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting and immunodiffusion. Time studies on intestinal chyle showed the presence of B-100 in all the samples analyzed within 3 hr after drawing. However, the analyses repeated on day 2 or day 3 revealed disappearance of B-100 and appearance of B-48. Addition of 3 mM EDTA, 10 mM diisopropylfluorophosphate, 5 mM chloroquine and 10 mM ɛ-amino caproic acid slowed down but could not prevent the disappearance of B-100. Chylomicrons isolated from chyle in the presence of preservatives immediately after drawing displayed B-100 as a major and B-48 as a minor ApoB form. However, repeatedly washed chylomicrons or those isolated from chyle 18–24 hr after drawing showed B-48 as the only ApoB present. These results suggest that rat intestine synthesizes B-100 which is quickly converted to smaller molecular form.
Finite element analysis of a bimaterial interface crack

Abstract In this investigation, the enriched element method developed by Benzley was extended to treat the stress analysis problem involving a bimaterial interface crack. Unlike crack problems in isotropic elasticity, where the stress singularity at the crack tip is of the inverse square root type, the interface crack contains an additional oscillatory singularity. Although the effect of this oscillatory characteristic is confined to a region very close to the crak tip, it nevertheless requires proper treatment in order to obtain accurate predictions on the stress intensity factors. Using appropriate crack tip stress and displacement expressions, the enriched element method can model the stress singularity for an interface crack exactly. The finite element implementation of this method has been made on the code APES. Stress intensity factor results predicted by the modified APES program compare favorably with those available in the literature. This indicates tha the enriched element technique provides an accurate and efficient numerical tool for the analysis of bimaterial interface crack problems.
WE-G-17A-02: MRI-Based Lung Tumor Tracking with Navigator Echo Pulses

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of directly tracking the displacement of lung tumors in MRI using navigator echo pulses, and to compare the navigator-derived tumor positions with manually-identified tumor positions. Methods: Twelve patients with lung tumors underwent free-breathing sagittal MR scans under an IRB-approved protocol for 8–12 min. We used a multi-slice 2D TruFISP pulse sequence on a 1.5T Siemens Avanto scanner. Scan parameters were as follows: TE=1.29ms, TR=2.57ms, flip angle=60°, pixel matrix=176×256, resolution=1.95mm × 1.95 mm × (9–16) mm, acquisition time=2.5s. One-dimensional profiles of the images in the SI and AP directions that passed through the center of the tumor were selected for analysis as simulated navigator echo profiles. The tumor position was identified through edge detection and tracked throughout the temporally varying images in each direction. The navigator-tracked direct tumor positions were compared with tumor centroid positions manually identified by an expert physician on the full images (200 acquisitions per scan). The correlation coefficient and pixel distance between the two tumor positions were calculated. In addition, respiratory surrogate navigator positions of the diaphragm and chest wall were also evaluated for correlation with the manually-identified tumor positions. Results: Direct tracking of the lung tumor position with navigator echoes was more highly correlated to the manual tumor positions than surrogate tracking in 72% of cases with significant correlations (p 0.6). The average distance between the navigator tumor positions and the manually-identified tumor positions was 0.99±0.74 pixels (1.93±1.44 mm). Conclusions: Lung tumor displacement can be tracked using navigator echoes to within 2 mm (1 pixel) of manually identified tumor positions. This work was supported in part by Grant No. CA124766 from the NIH/NCI, and Varian Medical Systems (Palo Alto, CA).
Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children (K-SADS-PL) for the assessment of preschool children – A preliminary psychometric study

Abstract Objective To assess the psychometrics of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) in diagnosing DSM-IV psychiatric disorders and subsyndromal symptomatology in preschool children. Method Parents were interviewed about their children using the K-SADS-PL, and they completed the early childhood inventory-4 (ECI-4) and child behavior checklist for ages 1½–5 years (CBCL). Discriminant, divergent, and convergent validity of the K-SADS-PL were evaluated in 204 offspring ages 2–5 years old of parents from an ongoing study. Inter-rater reliability as well as predictive validity of intake diagnoses at second assessment approximately two years after intake were evaluated. Fourteen children were also assessed by the preschool age psychiatric assessment (PAPA). Results Children who were diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, mood, or elimination disorders had significantly higher scores on the ECI-4 than children without these disorders. Significant correlations were found for all convergent CBCL scales. Divergent validity was acceptable for emotional disorders. Inter-rater kappa coefficients for all diagnoses were good. Above noted results were similar for children with at least one positive K-SADS-PL key screen symptom. A significantly higher percentage of children with an intake diagnosis had a diagnosis approximately two years after intake compared to those without an intake disorder. Overall, there was consistency between the PAPA and the K-SADS-PL. Conclusions Pending further testing, the K-SADS-PL may prove useful for the assessment of psychopathology in preschoolers.
Nonsink Dissolution Rate Equation

An equation was developed which describes the dissolution of monodisperse particles beyond the point where concentrations are small compared to solubility. If it is assumed that a stagnant layer model applies, the thickness of these layers is of the same order of magnitude as calculated via the Hixson-Crowell treatment but dissolution rate constants are 1.5-2 times as large. The application of the equation to dissolution of hydrocortisone, levodopa, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid is shown.
WOMEN'S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION DURING AND AFTER COMMUNISM: A STUDY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA

This research uses four micro-data sets to examine differences in married women's labor force participation between Communist and post-Communist Czech Republic and Slovakia. Descriptive statistics show that participation has dropped in both regions following the regime change, particularly for young women. To explain this phenomenon, one hypothesis is that own and spouse wage elasticities of participation are the same during and after Communism and the behavior change results from different offered wages. An alternative hypothesis is that wage elasticities changed. We expect higher elasticities in the regime which offers a broader set of options to families making time allocation decisions. Rejecting the hypothesis that elasticities are unchanged, the analysis uses probits stratified by age to examine own and spouse earnings effects on participation. While own earnings effects rose after Communism in Slovakia, they dropped in the Czech Republic, suggesting that constraints on married women's participation decisions have increased there. Although earnings affect participation less after Communism, children have an increased effect, particularly for young women in the Czech Republic.
Distinguishing the parasitic wasp, Peristenus howardi, from some of its congeners using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion

A molecular procedure incorporating polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the COI gene and restriction endonuclease digestion of PCR products was used to distinguish Peristenus howardi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from four other Peristenus species. Non-solvent extraction of parasite DNA using a commercially available kit proved to be very effective in producing amplifiable template. Use of SfcI endonuclease produced restriction fragments with banding patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis that readily separated P. howardi, P. digoneutis, P. conradi, P. pallipes, and P. pseudopallipes. However, while the restriction fragment banding patterns of both P. pallipes and P. pseudopallipes were easily distinguishable from the other Peristenus species, they could not be reliably separated from one another. This molecular procedure can be used in applied and ecological research to better understand the role of P. howardi in the Peristenus-Lygus parasite-host system within the Pacific Northwest. Consensus sequences of our amplimers for all five Peristenus spp. are deposited in GenBank under accession numbers AY626370, AY626371, AY626372, AY626373, and AY626374.
Evaluation of Percutaneous Gastrostomy as a Technique for Permanent Gastropexy

Objective- This study was designed to evaluate right-sided percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as a method for creation of a permanent gastropexy. Study Design- Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy adhesions were evaluated by gross examination and by mechanical testing and the results were compared with those obtained by conventional incisional gastropexy. Animals or Sample Population- Fourteen mixed-breed dogs. Methods- Incisional gastropexies were performed on the dogs of group one (N = 7) and PEG tubes were placed in the dogs of group 2 (N = 7). All skin sutures (group 1) and PEG tubes (group 2) were removed on day 14. The animals were maintained for an additional 44 days before euthanasia and immediate necropsy. Gastropexy adhesions were evaluated and collected for biomechanical evaluation using a materials testing machine. Results- The duration of the procedure for group 2 was less (32.86 min ±7.65) than for group 1 (56.29 min ±8.28). The number of complications was not significantly different between group 1 and group 2 (P=.103). Gastroperitoneal adhesions were present in 7 of 7 dogs in group 1 and 4 of 7 dogs in group 2. The adhesion lengths and widths were significantly larger in dogs in group 1 compared with those in group 2. The adhesions present in group 1 dogs sustained significantly greater tensile loads to failure (61.98 ±14.65 N), compared with the adhesions present in group 2 dogs (22.31 ±26.87 N). Conclusions- Right-sided PEG inconsistently formed a weak gastropexy and the procedure was associated with a trend toward greater morbidity than incisional gastropexy. Clinical Relevance- Right-sided PEG is not recommended as a means of prophylactic gastropexy.
Endocrine aspects of eating disorders in adolescents.

Eating disorders are an important health concern among adolescents. Young women frequently present with signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These disorders represent clinically significant illnesses with serious and sometimes permanent medical complications including a number of endocrine conditions that in general result from the bodys adaptive response to malnutrition. Examples include disorders of metabolism cortisol and leptin regulation fluid and electrolyte homeostasis thyroid function glucose regulation growth and development and reproductive function with the development of amenorrhea as well as the risk of osteoporosis. (authors)
Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy integration

The fast growth of wind energy utilization has necessitated research on wind energy integration. Due to the variable nature of wind and the forecasting challenges, it is desirable to utilize wind energy alongside energy storage sources for reliable wind energy integration. This paper details the design of a supercapacitor storage system that is integrated into an in-lab grid that was developed to research methods aimed at optimizing energy production while increasing the predictability of wind farm outputs. The in-lab grid features the emulation of several high-power grid sources and loads including a wind farm, energy storage systems and hydro resources. Results include the storage system simulations generated from a variety of AGC algorithms run on a dSPACE rapid prototyping machine. In addition, this paper presents a model for a supercapacitor developed to be used in characterization and lifetime tests. These tests are useful in predicting performance of the system for purposes of ensuring its efficient and safe use. Results validating the model and estimating the expected performance of the system are presented.
Performance evaluation of communication networks for distributed computing

We present performance results for several high-speed networks in distributed computing environments. These networks are: HiPPI, ATM, Fibre Channel, IBM Allnode switch, FDDI, and Ethernet. These networks are parts of two testbeds: DaVinci-a cluster of 16 SGI R8000 workstations at NASA Ames-and LACE-a cluster of 96 IBM RS6000 workstations at NASA Lewis. Also, an IBM SP2 machine is considered for comparison. Several communication tests are performed and the results are presented for two programming levels: BSD socket programming interface using the program ttcp and PVM message passing library. These results show that the emerging network technologies can achieve reasonable performance under certain conditions. However, the achievable performance is still far behind the theoretical peak rates.
Regional variations in health care intensity and physician perceptions of quality of care.

The authors tested the hypothesis that physicians working in geographic regions with high use of medical care feel better able to care for patients than physicians in low-intensity regions. They an...
Quantification of carbon nanotube induced adhesion of osteoblast on hydroxyapatite using nano-scratch technique

This paper explores the nano-scratch technique for measuring the adhesion strength of a single osteoblast cell on a hydroxyapatite (HA) surface reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This technique efficiently separates out the contribution of the environment (culture medium and substrate) from the measured adhesion force of the cell, which is a major limitation of the existing techniques. Nano-scratches were performed on plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA‐CNT coatings to quantify the adhesion of the osteoblast. The presence of CNTs in HA coating promotes an increase in the adhesion of osteoblasts. The adhesion force and energy of an osteoblast on a HA‐CNT surface are 17 ± 2 μN/cell and 78 ± 14 pJ/cell respectively, as compared to 11 ± 2 μN/cell and 45 ± 10 pJ/cell on a HA surface after 1 day of incubation. The adhesion force and energy of the osteoblasts increase on both the surfaces with culture periods of up to 5 days. This increase is more pronounced for osteoblasts cultured on HA‐CNT. Staining of actin filaments revealed a higher spreading and attachment of osteoblasts on a surface containing CNTs. The affinity of CNTs to conjugate with integrin and other proteins is responsible for the enhanced attachment of osteoblasts. Our results suggest that the addition of CNTs to surfaces used in medical applications may be beneficial when stronger adhesion of osteoblasts is desired. S Online supplementary data available from stacks.iop.org/Nano/22/355703/mmedia (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
Clinical Results and Failure Mechanisms of a Nonmodular Constrained Knee Without Stem Extensions

Introduction In the setting of persistent knee instability despite appropriate ligament balancing for primary total knee arthroplasty, most surgeons advocate the use of an implant with increased articular constraint. These implants are commonly supplemented with stem extensions to improve stress transfer and decrease the risk of aseptic loosening. However, disadvantages exist with the use of stem extensions, including increased cost, intramedullary invasion, and diaphyseal pain. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare the clinical results as assessed by the Knee Society, Hospital for Special Surgery, and SF-12 scores, (2) determine the incidence of failure as defined by the need for a revision procedure, and (3) to analyze the causes or modes of failure of a nonmodular constrained condylar knee without the use of stem extensions versus a conventional, posterior-stabilized design.
Deep crustal structure of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Implications for rift evolution and seafloor spreading

We image deep crustal structure using marine seismic refraction data recorded by a linear array of ocean-bottom seismometers in the Gulf of Mexico Basin Opening project (GUMBO Line 3) in order to provide new constraints on the nature of continental and oceanic crust in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. GUMBO Line 3 extends ~524 km from the continental shelf offshore Pensacola, Florida, across the De Soto Canyon and into the central Gulf basin. Travel times from long offset, wide angle reflections and refractions resolve compressional seismic velocities and layer boundaries for sediment, crystalline crust, and upper mantle. We compare our results with coincident multichannel seismic reflection data. Our velocity model recovers shallow seismic velocities (~2.0–4.5 km/s) that we interpret as evaporites and clastic sediments. A Cretaceous carbonate platform is interpreted beneath the De Soto Canyon with seismic velocities >5.0 km/s. Crystalline continental crust thins seaward along GUMBO Line 3 from 23–10 km across the De Soto Canyon. High seismic velocity lower crust (>7.2 km/s) is interpreted as extensive syn-rift magmatism and possibly mafic underplating, common features at volcanic rift margins with high mantle potential temperatures. In the central Gulf basin we interpret thick oceanic crust (>8 km) emplaced at a slow full-spreading rate (~24 mm/yr). We suggest a sustained thermal anomaly during slow seafloor-spreading conditions led to voluminous basalt flows from a spreading ridge that overprinted seafloor magnetic anomalies in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
Using High-Resolution MR Imaging at 7T to Evaluate the Anatomy of the Midbrain Dopaminergic System

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Dysfunction of DA neurotransmission from the SN and VTA has been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases, including Parkinson disease and schizophrenia. Unfortunately, these midbrain DA structures are difficult to define on clinical MR imaging. To more precisely evaluate the anatomic architecture of the DA midbrain, we scanned healthy participants with a 7T MR imaging system. Here we contrast the performance of high-resolution T2- and T2*-weighted GRASE and FFE MR imaging scans at 7T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten healthy participants were scanned by using GRASE and FFE sequences. CNRs were calculated among the SN, VTA, and RN, and their volumes were estimated by using a segmentation algorithm. RESULTS: Both GRASE and FFE scans revealed visible contrast between midbrain DA regions. The GRASE scan showed higher CNRs compared with the FFE scan. The T2* contrast of the FFE scan further delineated substructures and microvasculature within the midbrain SN and RN. Segmentation and volume estimation of the midbrain SN, RN, and VTA showed individual differences in the size and volume of these structures across participants. CONCLUSIONS: Both GRASE and FFE provide sufficient CNR to evaluate the anatomy of the midbrain DA system. The FFE in particular reveals vascular details and substructure information within the midbrain regions that could be useful for examining structural changes in midbrain pathologies.
Pharmacogenomic Discovery Delineating the Genetic Basis of Drug Response.

Personalized medicine has the promise to tailor medical care based on the patient’s genetic make-up and clinical variables such as gender, race, and exposure to environmental stimuli. Recent progress in pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies has suggested that drug response to therapeutic treatments is likely a complex trait influenced by a variety of genetic and non-genetic factors. Identifying molecular targets (e.g., genetic variants) delineating the genetic basis of drug response could help understand the complex nature of drug response. The last decade has witnessed significant advances in genome-wide profiling technologies for genetic/epigenetic variations and gene expression. As an unbiased, cell-based model for pharmacogenomic discovery, a tremendous resource of whole-genome molecular targets has been accumulated for the HapMap lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). The current progress, particularly in cancer pharmacogenomics, using the LCL model is reviewed to illustrate the potential impact of systems biology approaches on pharmacogenomic discovery.
From Punched Cards to "Big Data": A Social History of Database Populism

Since the diffusion of the punched card tabulator following the 1890 U.S. Census, mass-scale information processing has been alternately a site of opportunity, ambivalence and fear in the American imagination. While large bureaucracies have tended to deploy database technology toward purposes of surveillance and control, the rise of personal computing made databases accessible to individuals and small businesses for the first time. Today, the massive collection of trace communication data by public and private institutions has renewed popular anxiety about the role of the database in society. This essay traces the social history of database technology across three periods that represent significant changes in the accessibility and infrastructure of information processing systems. Although many proposed uses of "big data" seem to threaten individual privacy, a largely-forgotten database populism from the 1970s and 1980s suggests that a reclamation of small-scale data processing might lead to sharper popular critique in the future.
The tyrosine‐6 hydroxyl of γδ resolvase is not required for the DNA cleavage and rejoining reactions

Summary Site-specific recombinases of the resolvase and DNA invertase family all contain a tyrosine residue close to the N-terminus, and four residues away from a serine that has been implicated in catalysis of DNA strand breakage and reunion. To examine the role of this tyrosine in recombination, we have constructed a mutant of γδ resolvase in which the tyrosine (residue 6) is replaced by phenytalanine. Characterization of the Y6F mutant protein in vitro indicated that although it was highly defective in recombination, it could cleave ONA at the cross-over site, form a covalent resolvase-DNA complex and rejoin the cleaved cross-over site (usually restoring the parental site). These data rule out a direct role of the Tyr-6 hydroxyl as the nucleophile In the DNA cleavage reaction and strengthen the conclusion that this nucleophile is the nearby invariant serine residue, Ser-10. We conclude that Tyr-6 is essential for fully coordinated strand cleavage and exchange, but is dispensable for individual strand cleavage and religation reactions.
Do bacterial and fungal communities assemble differently during primary succession

High-throughput sequencing technologies are now allowing us to study patterns of community assembly for diverse microbial assemblages across environmental gradients and during succession. Here we discuss potential explanations for similarities and differences in bacterial and fungal community assembly patterns along a soil chronosequence in the foreland of a receding glacier. Although the data are not entirely conclusive, they do indicate that successional trajectories for bacteria and fungi may be quite different. Recent empirical and theoretical studies indicate that smaller microbes (like most bacteria) are less likely to be dispersal limited than are larger microbes - which could result in a more deterministic community assembly pattern for bacteria during primary succession. Many bacteria are also better adapted (than are fungi) to life in barren, early-successional sediments in that some can fix nitrogen and carbon from the atmosphere - traits not possessed by any fungi. Other differences between bacteria and fungi are discussed, but it is apparent from this and other recent studies of microbial succession that we are a long way from understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of microbial community assembly during ecosystem succession. We especially need a better understanding of global and regional patterns of microbial dispersal and what environmental factors control the development of microbial communities in complex natural systems.
Rapid, short‐term ensemble forecast adjustment through offline data assimilation

Rapid updates of short-term numerical forecasts remain limited by the time it takes to assimilate observations and run a dynamical model to produce new forecasts. Here we use an ensemble-based statistical method to rapidly adjust a user-defined subspace of the forecast grids as observations become available. Specifically, an ensemble Kalman filter is used to adjust forecast variables based on covariances between the ensemble estimate of the observation and the forecast variables. This approach allows rapid adjustment of forecast fields, or functions of those fields, “offline,” without the expense or time limitation of running the full dynamical model. Furthermore, by updating an ensemble, forecast uncertainty is also adjusted. The technique is tested using operational ensemble forecasts from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts and Canadian Meteorological Centre. Results show that the method is effective at reducing forecast errors in surface pressure at least 18–24 hours after the observation time, with maximum impact of 9–15% for 12-hour forecasts. Results for surface temperature show error reduction 6–12 hours after the observation time. Incorporating time-lagged ensembles provides even greater reduction in error, and a novel covariance localization technique that operates in space and time based on statistical significance is evaluated.
Single Flow Routing Through a Network

After you have studied this chapter, you should: Know the classification system for vehicle routing problems and algorithms. For the class of single-flow routing problems you should know: The characteristics of the base problem and various variants. The mathematical formulation. Dijkstra’s solution algorithm. How to solve problems of modest size with a computer program.
Zero-Field Splitting of a 6 S Ion in Trigonal Symmetry

The expressions for various possible mechanisms under the point-multipole approximation which contribute to the zero-field splitting parameter $^{6}S$ in the spin Hamiltonian $D$ for a paramagnetic ${H}_{S}=D[3{S}_{z}^{2}\ensuremath{-}S(S+1)]$ ion in a trigonal symmetry have been derived. Important differences have been noticed in this axial symmetry in contrast with the results in the tetragonal symmetry considered previously. The applications of the expressions to two hypothetical cases and the real case of Cd${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ reveal that both the spin-spin and spin-orbit interactions are important. In the case of Cd${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$, the spin-orbit contribution ${(\ensuremath{-}10.43\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) cancels a large part of the spin-spin contribution (+15.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), giving the value $D=+4.92\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This compares favorably with the results (at room temperature) of +5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for $D$ from experiments on single crystals and \ensuremath{\sim} + 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from experiments on powdered samples. The latter approximate result from powdered samples has been deduced by reducing the uncertainty in $D$ using the graph illustrating the experimental variation of $D$ with temperature. For ${\mathrm{CdCl}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ it has also been pointed out that the value of $D$ varies from -2.11\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to + 10.49\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ if one considers the existing uncertainty in the crystal structure parameter obtained from x-ray diffraction. In the present study, the presence of higher multipoles because of the ions, and the distortion of the lattice surrounding the magnetic ion, have not been taken into account.
Metaphors, Models, and the Development of Federal Theory

The use of figurative language has been practically universal in efforts to advance knowledge of political phenomena. Although, in most research, the emphasis is on highly abstract and sophisticated models, metaphor continues to be, as Robert Nisbet has said, an important "way of knowing-one of the oldest, most deeply embedded, even indispensable ways known in the history of human consciousness."' Later in this article a list of 326 metaphors and models of federalism will be presented. Because of the explosion in kinds and types of explanations of the workings of federal systems, there is a need for such an inventory, and a need also to examine systematically the function of metaphors and models in the development of federal theory. The surprising size of the list reflects the fact that there are as many or more "theories" of intergovernmental relations as there are commentators on the subject. The list illustrates the tremendous complexity of federal forms today. The roster reflects aspects of federalism either unknown in the past or which have now become more relevant. Also, it indicates new problems and conditions which warrant further study and perhaps action. Among groups of scholars, federal theorists have been particularly prone to use ostensibly crude, nonmathematical, frequently metaphorical conceptualizations to label changes in governmental roles. Our enumeration of "federalisms" reflects the difficulties scholars and practitioners inevitably experience when thinking about or working with federal institutions. The purpose of this article is to examine especially the use of metaphors in the development of federal theory. The principal sources relied upon fall into two general categories. First, this author has examined, on a continuing basis, the substantial body of scholarly and popular writing on federalism, particularly that produced in recent years. Here, an effort has been made to identify metaphorical and allied conceptualizations. The second category of sources has been the general field of metaphorical language study. In this case, the writers normally are not political scientists but rhetoricians,
Fuel Properties of Highly Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. Prediction of Fuel Properties of Algal Biodiesel

Biodiesel, defined as the monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats, can be derived from other triacylglycerol-containing feedstocks. Algae are being considered for this purpose due to their claimed high production potential. However, there are no comprehensive reports regarding the fuel properties of biodiesel obtained from algal oils. Algal oils, with examples of some exceptions also mentioned here, often contain significant amounts of saturated and highly polyunsaturated (≥4 double bonds) fatty acid chains which influence fuel properties of the resulting biodiesel. In this connection, the relevant fuel properties of biodiesel from algal oils and the important fuel properties of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters as they would occur in many biodiesel fuels obtained from algal oils, have not yet been reported. To fill this gap, in the present work for the first time two neat highly polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with more than three double bonds, methyl 5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),14(...
A Numerical Study of Compaction of Dry Granular Material

The material-point method is used to examine numerically the macroscopic stress-strain response of a granular sample under compression. The simulations reproduce experimental observations of the large stiffening that occurs as the granular bed becomes packed. We also show the network of force chains that forms and how the character of contacts between grains changes for large deformations. Finally, we examine the probability distribution of forces and observe exponential distributions above the mean with a small peak at the mean for small deformations, and a transition to a larger peak at larger deformations.
Research and Development of the General Intelligent Controller for Fertigation Machine

Under the policy support of the national Twelfth Five-year Plan and NO.1Document of the Central Government,the integration of water and fertilizer has become the core of developing modern agriculture and has a good development prospect.Most of the existing domestic related equipments are simple and lack of monitoring and management,and the automation degree is low.The advanced fertigation equipments have various structure and high technical threshold,so it is difficult to guarantee the stability.Aiming at the above problem,on the basis of the research on the structure of the existing fertigation equipments,this paper puts forward the general structure of the fertigation equipments and designs a configurable intelligent controller.The controller takes the LPC2387 chip as the core,uses the sensor technology,the automatic control technology,and the information acquisition and processing technology,develops an embedded programmable software in theμC/OS-II operating system,can realize the transformation of fertigation from traditional mode to intelligent mode,the modular management of equipment,the logical associated system,the graphic touch interface,and the intuitive information present.This paper also introduces a quick build plan for single-way mode.The controller adopts the general pattern and can deal with the problems of all kinds of system equipment upgrading,the scale expansion,the optimization configuration,the reliable monitoring,the automatic control,and the precise management.
The Impact of Collaboration on Health Information Exchange Sustainability: Conceptual Paper

Despite two decades of Health Information Exchange (HIE) failures across the country, the United States government has incorporated HIE into Meaningful Use Stage 2 , which in turn, has sparked rene...
Abstract 4599: Bile acids modulate estrogen receptor β signaling through nongenomic actions in colorectal cancer

Bile acids deoxycholic acid (DCA) and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) have contrasting effects on tumor development. DCA is measurable at increased levels in the serum of colorectal adenocarcinoma patients and is associated with disease progression. DCA is also a well-established tumor promoter. On the other hand, UDCA is a chemopreventative agent revealed to suppress the recurrence of highly dysplastic polyps in a phase III clinical trial. Remarkably, retrospective investigation of the data had shown that UDCA9s efficacy as a chemopreventive mediator was gender specific. UDCA significantly lowered the recurrence of advanced lesions in males, but caused a significant increase in the recurrence of advanced lesions in females. Our lab is in pursuit of understanding the gender specific chemopreventive role of UDCA. Estrogen receptor β (ERβ) has been shown to play a significant role in controlling the development of colorectal cancer. Therefore, we hypothesized that the altered regulation of the ERβ pathway by UDCA might explain the gender specificity of this molecule. In order to assess this, we analyzed the effects of UDCA on ERβ to those of the known tumor promoter DCA in both male and female human adenocarcinoma cell lines. Female HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells induced the phosphorylation of ERβ, as well as up-regulated gene expression of estrogen response elements (EREs), showing stimulated activity of this hormonal receptor. Moreover, we found that pre-treating the cells with PD98059, a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, UDCA and DCA-induced phosphorylation of ERβ, along with increased ERE gene expression, was significantly reduced. Collectively, this data suggests that UDCA and DCA can stimulate ERβ signaling through the non-genomic MAPK signaling cascade; suggesting that UDCA9s gender-specific effects may be due, in part, to signaling through hormone receptors. Citation Format: Jesse Trujillo. Bile acids modulate estrogen receptor β signaling through nongenomic actions in colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4599.
A physically based scalable SPICE model for Shielded-Gate Trench Power MOSFETs

This paper proposes a novel physical scalable SPICE model for Shielded-Gate Trench Power MOSFETs. The model is based on process and layout parameters, enabling design optimization through a direct link between SPICE and process technology. The model has been validated with Fairchild's state of the art technology. The model is SPICE agnostic, working seamlessly across multiple industry standard simulation platforms.
Comparative and developmental patterns of amphibious auditory function in salamanders

Early amphibious tetrapods may have detected aquatic sound pressure using sound-induced lung vibrations, but their lack of tympanic middle ears would have restricted aerial sensitivity. Sharing these characteristics, salamanders could be models for the carryover of auditory function across an aquatic–terrestrial boundary without tympanic middle ears. We measured amphibious auditory evoked potential audiograms in five phylogenetically and ecologically distinct salamanders (Amphiuma means, Notophthalmus viridescens, Ambystoma talpoideum, Eurycea spp., and Plethodon glutinosus) and tested whether metamorphosis and terrestrial niche were linked to aerial sensitivity. Threshold differences between media varied between species. A. means’ relative aerial sensitivity was greatest at 100 Hz and decreased with increasing frequency. In contrast, all other salamanders retained greater sensitivity up to 500 Hz, and in A. talpoideum and Eurycea, relative sensitivity at 500 Hz was higher than at 100 Hz. Aerial thresholds of terrestrial P. glutinosus above 200 Hz were similar to A. talpoideum and Eurycea, but lower than N. viridescens and A. means. Metamorphosis did not affect aerial sensitivity in N. viridescens or A. talpoideum. These results fail to support a hypothesis of terrestrial hearing specialization across ontogeny or phylogeny. We discuss methodological limitations to our amphibious comparisons and factors affecting variation in amphibious performance.
Planar-Based Adaptive Down-Sampling of Point Clouds

Abstract Derived point clouds from laser scanners and image-based dense-matching techniques usually include tremendous number of points. Processing (e.g., segmenting) such huge dataset is time-consuming and might not be necessary. For example, a planar surface just needs few points to be defined. In contrast, linear/cylindrical and rough features require more points for reliable modeling since during the data acquisition process, only a portion of linear/cylindrical features is present in the point cloud. This paper introduces an adaptive down-sampling strategy for removing redundant points from high density planar regions while retaining points in planar areas with sparse points and all the points within linear/cylindrical and rough neighborhoods. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed procedure, a comparison of segmentation results using original laser and image-based point clouds as well as the adaptively, uniformly, and point-spacing-based down-sampled point clouds are presented while commenting on the computational efficiency and the segmentation quality.
A new method of international education: Using a consulting model to build social work skills in Chile:

International experiences in social work education have become more common in the last few decades. The literature has shown these experiences to improve students’ cultural competency, intercultura...