cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive assessment in epilepsy surgery of children.

Introduction Although the neurocognitive assessment in children as in the adults is an important step before and after surgery, in the literature, the data about pre- and postoperative neurocognitive evaluations in children are very few. Objective The purpose of this paper is to consider some peculiar aspects of the neurocognitive assessment during development, and report literature data about neuropsychological outcome of epileptic children treated with focal resection and hemispherectomy. Results and discussion The second section concerns our personal experience about a cohort of 45 children with refractory epilepsy operated on before 7 years. The results suggest that early surgical treatment is generally effective for seizure control and behavior improvement in children with refractory epilepsy. Concerning cognitive outcome, we found that the neurocognitive level was unchanged in the majority of the patients. Conclusion We underline the importance of multicentric studies with standardized neuropsychological assessments in large series of young children.
Venus: Vertical accretion of crust and depleted mantle and implications for geological history and processes

Models for the vertical accretion of a basaltic crust and depleted mantle layer on Venus over geologic time predict the eventual development of a net negatively buoyant depleted mantle layer, its foundering and its remixing with the underlying mantle. The consequences of the development of this layer, its loss, and the aftermath are investigated and compared to the geologic record of Venus revealed by Magellan. The young average age of the surface of Venus (several hundred million years), the formation of the heavily deformed tessera regions, the subsequent emplacement of widespread volcanic plains, the presently low rate of volcanic activity, and impact crater population that cannot be distinguished from a completely spatially random distribution, and the small number of impact craters embayed by volcanism, are all consistent with the development of a depleted mantle layer, its relatively rapid loss followed by large-scale volcanic flooding, and its subsequent reestablishment. We outline a 'catastrophic' tectonic resurfacing model in which the foundering of the depleted mantle layer several hundred million years ago caused globally extensive tectonic deformation and obliteration of the cratering record, accompanied by upwelling of warm fertile mantle and its pressure-release melting to produce extensive surface volcanism in the following period. Venus presently appears to be characterized by a relatively thick depleted mantle layer and lithosphere reestablished over the last several hundred million years following the previous instability event inferred to have produced the tessera terrain.
Epidemiologic association between prostatitis and prostate cancer

Abstract Objectives. To quantify the relationship between prostatitis and prostate cancer by pooling previous epidemiologic studies of this association. Methods. A comprehensive search for articles published through 2000 was performed, blinded reviews of each study were conducted, data were abstracted, and all such studies were pooled. Results. In this meta-analysis, an increased risk was seen among men with a history of prostatitis (odds ratio=1.6), particularly with population-based case-control studies (odds ratio=1.8). Increased relative risk estimates were also seen among men with a history of syphilis and a history of gonorrhea. Conclusions. These associations with prostate cancer suggest that infections may represent one mechanism through which prostate cancer develops. However, causality is unclear, because recall bias and detection bias cannot be ruled out. Future cohort studies of prostate cancer should examine sexually transmitted infections, as well as other infections, as potential risk factors.
Augmentation of cocaine-sensitized dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of adult mice following prenatal cocaine exposure.

Behavioral changes in adult mice after prenatal exposure to cocaine have been identified. Mice exposed to cocaine in utero (40 or 20 mg/kg/day) and controls were given a sensitizing cocaine regimen (1
THE REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION

Recent discoveries about the factors that regulate growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin secretion have not only expanded our understanding of GH physiology but have broadened our concept of clinical disorders of growth and GH secretion. This article reviews the physiology of GH secretion at both a system level and a cellular level and discusses mechanisms by which GH secretion is altered during health and disease.
A multipole analysis of a dielectric loaded coaxial rectangular waveguide

A multipole analysis of a coaxial rectangular waveguide whose inner conductor is circular is made in order to determine the TE and TM modes of the system. The analysis is based on using multipole (dipole, quadrupole etc.) electric and magnetic current sources to generate field solutions in the waveguide. These solutions are used to match the electromagnetic boundary condition in a homogeneous coaxial rectangular waveguide and to determine the TE and TM eigenvalues of the waveguide system. Eigenvalue results are compared with results of the generalized spectral domain method and to eigenvalue results for a ridged waveguide. Propagation in a coaxial rectangular waveguide is also studied when the coaxial rectangular waveguide is loaded with lossy inhomogeneous dielectric material. A variational formula is used to relate the TEM, TE, and TM modes of an empty coaxial rectangular waveguide to the propagation in the loaded inhomogeneous dielectric waveguide. >
Differential gene expression of cytochrome P450 11beta-hydroxylase in rat adrenal cortex after in vivo activation.

In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to monitor the expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase,Δ 4-isomerase (3βHSD) and cytochrome P450 11β-hydroxylase (P45011β) messenger RNA (mRNA) in adult rat adrenals after stimulation in vivo. In Exp 1, adrenals were collected from rats injected with saline or ACTH for 1, 2, 3, or 4 days. Adrenal sections from saline-treated rats showed uniform expression of 3βHSD mRNA that extended from the adrenal capsule to the medullary border. In contrast, P45011β mRNA showed high levels in the outer fasciculata and low levels in the inner fasciculata/reticularis. In response to ACTH, the integrated density of 3βHSD hybridization did not increase until 4 days. The integrated density of P45011β hybridization increased in ACTH-treated rats between 1–4 days due to increased hybridization in the inner fasciculata/reticularis. In Exp 2, rats were treated with ACTH or saline, and adrenals were harvested at 4, 8, or 24 h. The hybridization density of 3βHSD did not change a...
Computer-determined kinetic parameters from TG curves. Part XVIII

Determination des expressions possibles des evaluations simultanee de E et n, qui gardent intacte la fonction d'Arrhenius, mais qui utilisent une expression derivee numerique approximative de l'estimation des courbes de thermogravimetrie
SPECIAL VALUES OF L-FUNCTIONS ON GSp4 × GL2 AND THE NON-VANISHING OF SELMER GROUPS

In this paper, we show how one can use an inner product formula of Heim giving the inner product of the pullback of an Eisenstein series from Sp10 to Sp2 × Sp4 × Sp4 with a new-form on GL2 and a Saito–Kurokawa lift to produce congruences between Saito–Kurokawa lifts and non-CAP forms. This congruence is in part controlled by the L-function on GSp4 × GL2. The congruence is then used to produce nontrivial torsion elements in an appropriate Selmer group, providing evidence for the Bloch–Kato conjecture.
Perceptions of Lung Cancer Risk and Beliefs in Screening Accuracy of Spiral Computed Tomography among High-Risk Lung Cancer Family Members

Rationale and Objectives Spiral computed tomography (SCT) is being evaluated as a screening tool for lung cancer. Our objective was to describe the effect of participation in SCT screening on participants' risk perceptions, worry, and expectations regarding the accuracy of the screening result. Materials and Methods We surveyed 60 individuals with lung cancer family history who were participating in an SCT study for the primary purpose of improving genetic linkage analysis at baseline, and then 1 and 6 months post-SCT. Results Of the 60 participants, 40 received normal results, 19 received non-negative results requiring follow-up, and 1 was diagnosed with lung cancer. At baseline, participants reported high levels of perceived lung cancer risk (64%), were concerned about developing lung cancer (94%), and the majority (84%) were not OK with receiving a non-negative SCT result when they really didn't have cancer. At 1 month post-SCT, those with a non-negative screen ( n = 19) had lowered their expectations of test accuracy regarding non-negative results (54%) and reported increased levels in worry/concern (100%) and perceived risk (75%), but these effects diminished over time and returned almost to baseline levels at 6 months. Conclusions Persons at very high empiric risk for lung cancer expect their SCT screening test to be accurate and present with high levels of lung cancer risk perception and worry/concern overall. Our findings suggest a need for risk counseling and discussion on the limitations of screening tests to accurately detect lung cancer.
Effects of zinc and iron supplementation fail to improve motor and language milestone scores of infants and toddlers.

Abstract Objective To assess the effects of zinc and iron–folic acid supplementation on motor and language milestones in Nepali children. Methods Five hundred forty-four children 4 to 17 mo old residing in Ishwarpur, Nepal were randomized to receive placebo, iron–folic acid, zinc, or zinc plus iron–folic acid daily. Data were collected at baseline and at 3-mo intervals for 1 y. The main effects of zinc and iron folic–acid supplementation were estimated for motor and language milestones. Crude and adjusted mean cumulative changes in scores from visits 1 to 5 and adjusted rates of change were modeled. Results Adjusted differences in motor milestone scores from visits 1 to 5 and rates of change were not significantly different for the zinc and non-zinc groups (adjusted β = −0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.4 to 0.01; adjusted β = −0.1, 95% CI −0.5 to 0.3, respectively). Motor milestones in children receiving and not receiving iron supplements were not significantly different (adjusted β = 0.1, 95% CI −0.7 to 0.8, from visits 1 to 5; adjusted β = 0.1, 95% CI −0.3 to 0.5, for rate of change). Children receiving zinc had a 0.8 lower mean crude change in language score from visits 1 to 5 compared with children not receiving zinc (95% CI −1.3 to −0.3), but the significance was lost after adjustment (adjusted β = −0.2, 95% CI −0.6 to 0.2, for visits 1 to 5; β = −0.1, 95% CI −0.3 to 0.2, for rate of change). No significant difference in motor or language milestone scores from iron supplementation was observed. Conclusion After 1 y, neither zinc nor iron–folic acid supplementation in Nepali children improved the attainment of motor or language milestones.
A data translation tool for engineering systems

A description is given of a data translation tool developed explicitly for engineering data. It is based on the ROSE 1.0 object-oriented engineering database system. The ROSE data model is flexible enough to handle a wide variety of engineering data structures, and the ROSE extended relational algebra provides the primitive operations needed to edit these data structures to translate engineering data from one form to another. The motivation, design, and implementation of this data translation tool are described, along with lessons learned in its development. >
Gender indexing in publications of clinical trials: 1991-2008

Background In 1993 Congress passed the NIH Revitalization Act, which instructed the Director of the NIH to ensure that phase III clinical trials are ‘designed and carried out in a manner sufficient to provide for a valid analysis of whether the variables being studied in the trial affect females or members of minority groups, as the case may be, differently than other subjects in the trial.’Purpose The purpose of this article is to track the PubMed indexing of gender in clinical trial publications since 1991 with a view toward assessing the impact of the legislation on the number of gender specific trials.Methods We searched PubMed for full-length publications from years 1991 to 2008 of research on humans indexed as publication type ‘clinical trial’, ‘randomized clinical trial’ and multicenter randomized trial (‘multicenter study’ AND ‘randomized clinical trial’), and counted the number of trials indexed as male-only, female-only, male and female, and gender unknown in PubMed.Results The majority of trial...
Mantle deformation beneath southern Africa

Seismic anisotropy from the southern African mantle has been inferred from shear-wave splitting mea- sured at 79 sites of the Southern African Seismic Experi- ment. Thesedataprovidethemostdramaticsupporttodate thatArcheanmantledeformation ispreservedasfossil man- tle anisotropy. Fast polarization directions systematically follow the trend of Archean structures and splitting delay times exhibitgeologic control. Themost anisotropic regions are Late-Archean in age (Zimbabwe craton, Limpopo belt, western Kaapvaal craton), with delay times reduced dra- matically in o-craton regions to the southwest and Early- Archean regions to the southeast. While thin lithosphere can account for weak o-craton splitting, small or vertically incoherent anisotropy is a more likely explanation for the Early-Archean region. We speculate that this dierence in on-craton anisotropic structure is the result of two dierent continent-forming processes operating.
A Reduced-Order Model of a Fixed-Bed Reactor based on Novel Application of the Taylor-Dispersion Approximation

Taylor dispersion in a fixed bed reactor results from heat exchange between the flowing reactant stream and the fixed thermal capacitances of the catalyst particles and reactor wall. The Taylor approximation transforms the hyperbolic partial differential equations representing deviations of the energy balance from steady-state into a single parabolic partial differential equation encompassing convection and diffusion. The hybrid Taylor diffusion model developed here incorporates spatially varying heat generation by reaction into the parabolic partial differential equation and couples it to a material balance on the fluid. A third or fourth order spatial discretization of this model provides a good approximation of the frequency response, and was used for online control and optimization.
How "Psychological" Should Economic and Marketing Models Be?

Abstract The authors discuss the potential of making the recently developed behavioral economics models even more “psychological” by (1) increasing their context specificity, (2) allowing different people to have different model parameters, and (3) capturing the underlying psychological processes more explicitly. They show that some of these models already make room for understanding context specificity and heterogeneity, and they discuss new ways to enrich the models along those two dimensions. The task of adding process details is more challenging in simple mathematical forms because these models must serve as building blocks for aggregate market models.
Interaction of Endogenous and Environmental Periods in Plant Growth.

In its natural environment the plant is exposed to alternating periods of light and dark, the combined lengths of which are always 24 hours. Thus we may speak of plants in nature as growing on a 24 hour cycle length. Garner and Allard (2) investigated the effect of light-dark cycles shorter than 24 hours on growth and on flowering. They found that in general such cycles cause reduction in growth. Highkin and Hanson (4) have reported that tomato plants grown under 12 hour and 48 hour cycles become abnormal and that growth is markedly reduced as compared with that of plants grown on a 24 hour cycle. Verkerk (8) has shown that tomatoes require a daily dark period for normal development. Hillman (5) also found that leaf injury appears very quickly when tomatoes are grown in continuous light or in cycle lengths which deviate too greatly from 24 hours, e.g., 18 hours or shorter. Hillman found in addition that the requirement of tomatoes for a daily dark period can be replaced by a period, in light, at a temperature much lower than that during the balance of the cycle. It may be concluded that normal development of the tomato requires that each cvcle include a dark period (or a period at low temperature) and that the length of the cycle must be close to 24 hours. This suggests that the plant possesses some endogenously rhythmic process with a period of 24 hours, which is involved in the growth process, and which must be properly in register with the environmental cycle. Endogenous rhythms are known to participate in and regulate other phases of plant behavior. Thus the leaf movements of beans possess an endogenous rhythmicity. Buinning (1) has shown that the period of such leaf movements of Phaseolus is but slightly temperature dependent. The period, which is 24 hours at 260 C increases to approximately 30 hours at 150 C. A comparable lengthening of the period of the photoperiodic response in the soybean has been found by Nanda and Hamner (6). Plant growth rate is also temperature sensitive (Went. (9)) and decreases in growth rate under unfavorable temperature conditions might be due in principle to effects of temperature on the period of such an internal rhythm. It has in fact been shown by \Vent (9) that the African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) grows but poorly at 100 C on a 24 hour cycle, but grows more vigorously at the same temperature if the cycle length is increased to 32 hours. Went obtained similar results with Baeria chrysostoma Fisch. and Mey. as well as with tomatoes. The present paper deals with further studies in this field. It will be shown that the environmental cycle length which yields maximal dry matter production becomes longer as the temperature is lowered and the reverse. Symptoms of temperature injury can be lessened or prevented by adjusting the length of the environmental cycle and without alteration of the temperature.
Complementarity in the multiverse

In the multiverse, as in AdS space, light cones relate bulk points to boundary scales. This holographic UV-IR connection defines a preferred global time cutoff that regulates the divergences of eternal inflation. An entirely different cutoff, the causal patch, arises in the holographic description of black holes. Remarkably, I find evidence that these two regulators define the same probability measure in the multiverse. Initial conditions for the causal patch are controlled by the late-time attractor regime of the global description.
A test and maintenance controller for a module containing testable chips

A design of a module test and maintenance controller (MMC) is presented. Driven by structured test programs, an MMC is able to test every chip in a module via an ETM-BUS or a boundary scan bus. More than one test bus can be controlled by an MMC. MMC processor instructions, when executed, produce bus timing sequences which control a chip's BIT structures. The proposed MMC is a universal design. The difference between MMCs on different modules is the test programs which they executed and the number of test buses they control. Performance analysis indicates that either a RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer)-type processor or DMA controller is required in the MMC. Some self-test features of the MMC are also presented. >
Magnetic moments of Dirac and Majorana neutrinos

Abstract We present two models where the magnetic moment of the electron neutrino can be as high as the experimental bound of 10 −10 Bohr magnetons. The models, one in which the neutrinos are Dirac particles and the other where they are Majorana particles possessing transition moments, are consistent with known experiments and are realizations of a recent suggestion by Voloshin, Vysotsky and Okun to explain the solar neutrino experiment.
Vaccinated Mice Remain More Susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Initiated via the Respiratory Route than via the Intravenous Route

Mice given Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli via the respiratory route succumbed much sooner to infection than mice given 1,000 times more bacilli via the intravenous route. Vaccination provided increased protection to an M. tuberculosis challenge infection; however, mice infected via the respiratory route remained much more susceptible.
Ab initio derived reaction mechanism for the dry reforming of methane on Rh doped pyrochlore catalysts

Abstract The conversion of methane into syngas is of growing importance given recent increases in methane production worldwide. Furthermore, using CO2 as the co-feed offers many environmental advantages. To this end, experimentalists have shown that Rh-substituted lanthanum zirconate pyrochlore (LRhZ) catalysts are active and stable at the high temperatures needed for the dry reforming of methane (DRM). To enable further improvements to these catalysts, the reaction mechanism for DRM on LRhZ catalysts was attained using density functional theory (DFT). Following the identification of favored reaction sites for all elementary reactions, reaction and activation energies were calculated and used to discern the primary reaction pathway. Simulations show that inclusion of Rh decreases activation barriers, including the barriers for the two rate limiting steps (CH2 oxygenation and CHO dehydrogenation), which makes the plane (1 1 1) catalytically active for DRM. The slow steps are on the CH4 dehydrogenation/oxygenation path, which agrees with experimental observations.
Environment and Public Policy in the United States: A Diffusion Analysis

Comparative research on legislative behaviour in the United States has focused on the characteristics of states that are useful in predicting their behavior. These characteristics range from socio-economic conditions (Crittenden, 1967; Hofferbert, 1966) to political organizations (Jacob and Vines, 1965; Sullivan, 1973) while the state behavior being analyzed has ranged from welfare expenditures (Dawson and Robinson, 1963; Dye, 1966) to policy outputs (Crew, 1970; Hofferbert, 1966). This paper presents a continuation of that tradition. In this case the behavior we are analyzing represents the state adoption of new policies to protect its environment. From the perspective of the adopting state, the policy is an innovation, not meaning that the state originated it but that the policy is new for that state.
Recovery of Agricultural Nutrients from Biorefineries

This review lays the foundation for why nutrient recovery must be a key consideration in design and operation of biorefineries and comprehensively reviews technologies that can be used to recover an array of nitrogen, phosphorus, and/or potassium-rich products of relevance to agricultural applications. Recovery of these products using combinations of physical, chemical, and biological operations will promote sustainability at biorefineries by converting low-value biomass (particularly waste material) into a portfolio of higher-value products. These products can include a natural partnering of traditional biorefinery outputs such as biofuels and chemicals together with nutrient-rich fertilizers. Nutrient recovery not only adds an additional marketable biorefinery product, but also avoids the negative consequences of eutrophication, and helps to close anthropogenic nutrient cycles, thereby providing an alternative to current unsustainable approaches to fertilizer production, which are energy-intensive and reliant on nonrenewable natural resource extraction.
A Project for Discovery, Extension, and Generalization in Abstract Algebra

(2000). A Project for Discovery, Extension, and Generalization in Abstract Algebra. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 329-332.
Chemical Synthesis of Nanostructures

The control of structure on the nanoscale relies on intermolecular interactions whose specificity and geometry can be treated on a predictive basis. With this criterion in mind, DNA is an extremely favorable construction medium: The sticky-ended association of DNA molecules occurs with high specificity, and it results in the formation of double helical DNA, whose structure is well known. The use of stable branched DNA molecules permits one to make stick-figures. We have used this strategy to construct a covalently closed DNA molecule whose helix axes have the connectivity of a cube. The molecule has twelve double helical edges; each edge is two helical turns in length, resulting in a hexacatenane, each of whose strands corresponds to a face of the object. The cube has been fabricated in solution, which is inefficient. We have developed a solid-support-based synthetic methodology that is much more effective. The key features of the technique are control over the formation of each edge of the object, and the topological closure of each intermediate. Each edge results from the restriction of two hairpins, which are then ligated together. The isolation of individual objects on the surface of the support permits one to use both symmetric and asymmetric sites in the formation of edges that close polygons. We have used solid-support-based methodology to construct a molecule whose helix axes have the connectivity of a truncated octahedron. This figure has 14 faces, of which six are ideally square and eight are hexagonal; this Archimedean polyhedron contains 24 vertices and 36 edges. Control of topology is strong in this system, but control of 3-D structure remains elusive. Topological control is enhanced by the use of topological protection techniques. Our key aim is the formation of prespecified 2-D and 3-D periodic structures with defined topologies. Applications envisioned include nanomanipulators and scaffolding for molecular electronic devices.
The Exalto--Mann--Williamson ulcer. A review of the literature.

This review of the literature indicates that a number of factors may be important in the Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer. First, the jejunal ulcer(s) associated with this surgical procedure can be produced with some degree of regularity, although the time of the ulcer appearance is more variable. Secondly, a gastric hypersecretion has been observed, but its time of onset, the role of pepsin, its relationship to the vagus, the gastrin mechanism, and to increase parietal cell counts have yet to be resolved. The dilution and the neutralization of this increased acid gastric content is not possible by this surgical technique. Thirdly, the dogs exhibited a marked weight loss with a probable altered digestion, but its significance in ulcer production is not known. Fourthly, the exclusion of pancreatic juice with its associated gastric hypersecretion and/or the exclusion of the duodenal inhibitor hormones might play an important role in the ulcer formation. In the past, different investigators have emphasized specific factors in the genesis of this Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer. In view of the incomplete data in the literature, no new hypothesis needs to be presented. However, perhaps we should modify our outlook and consider a combination of factors as being responsibe for the formation of the Exalto-Mann-Williamson ulcer.
Predicting Genocide and Mass Atrocities

This article examines several current risk assessment and early warning models to predict genocide and mass atrocities. Risk assessment (RA) concerns a country's long -term structural conditions (regime type, state-led discrimination, etc.) that determine overall risk for atrocities. Early warning (EW) focuses on short/midterm dynamics that can serve as triggers. The article evaluates contemporary RA and EW forecast modeling, and asks: How well can we predict mass atrocities and genocide? What are the strengths and limitations to current predictive modeling? Part I examines several quantitative (statistical) RA models and identifies several strengths and limitations in current research. Part II investigates a number of EW approaches, and also discusses their strengths and areas for further development. The article notes the impressive advances that have been made in the past fifteen years in RA and EW, but also counsels realistic expectations the possibilities of forecasting.
Analysis on Behavioral Risk Factors among Middle and High School Students in Luozhuang City

[Objective]To discuss the behavioral risk factors of middle and high school students and provide evidence for developing prevention and control measures.[Methods]Stratified random sampling and questionnaire survey were adopted to investigate 1 886 students in Luozhuang District of Linyi City of Shandong Province, the investigation results were analyzed statistically.[Results]54.2% of the students regarded without disease or with normal body function as health, among which the students of grade 1 in junior high school showed a higher ratio (66.3%) than that of grade 2 and grade 3 in senior high school (46.5% and 44.4% respectively, P0.05). Smoking rate among boys was 9.77%, 1.01% of girls, smoking rate of boys was significantly higher than that of girls. 53.2% of smokers thought smoking mainly due to the influence of the society, family and environment. 10.6% of boys and 3.36% of girls drank frequently. 3.19% students in high grades had premarital sex and 0.88% in middle school students, the difference of sexual behavior was significant between middle and high school students (P0.05). 42.0% of high school students agreed on premarital sex.[Conclusion]A variety of health-related risk behaviors exist among middle and high school students in Luozhuang city, Middle school students are lack of knowledge on health, especially on knowledge of sexual health. Related health education and intervention should be implemented via school, family and society.
Selection of clarifying agent for blueberry vinegar

Using homemade blueberry vinegar as raw material, the effects of single and compound clarifying agents of chitosan, diatomite, pectinase,gelatin-tannin on the blueberry vinegar was studied, and the light transmittance, acidity, soluble solid content were studied. The results showed that when single clarifying agent was applied, the effect of pectinase, gelatin, and tannin were better than others, and the light transmittance reached64.7%、62.0%、61.0% with the optimum addition 3%. For compound clarifying agents, the effect of pectinase/gelatine/tannin was the optimal with addition of 8.0∶1.0∶1.0, and the light transmittance reached 64.5% when the optimum addition was 5%. In conclusion, taking clarification results and stabilizing effects into comprehensive consideration, the optimal clarifying agents were pectinase/gelatine/tannin 8∶1∶1, and the product was clarified with pleasant flavor.
Catalytic Spectrophotometric for the Determination of Trace Cobalt by the New

A kinetic spectrophotometric method for determination of trace cobalt(Ⅱ) was setablished. it was based on the Co(Ⅱ) catalyzed the discoloring reaction of malachite green by potassium periodate in the presence of HBO 3-Ba 2B 4O 7 solution (PH=8.5). The sensitivity of method is 2.1×10 -10 g/mL. The rang of determination is 0~0.032μg/mL The apparent activation of catalytic reaction is 37.94kJ.mol -1 . The method has been applied to the determination of cobalt in tea leaf and injection of vitamin B 12 samples with satisfactory results.
Cl- channels in basolateral renal medullary vesicles XI. rbClC-Ka cDNA encodes basolateral MTAL Cl- channels

The present experiments examined whether rbClC-Ka, a CIC family Cl-channel cDNA from rabbit outer medulla, encodes a basolateral membrane Cl- channel mediating net medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) Cl- absorption. MTAL cells contain a Cl- channel having certain properties that make it a plausible candidate for the basolateral Cl- channel in that segment. Especially pertinent among properties is the fact that cytosolic Cl- increases in the range 2-25 mM activated these Cl- channels. Cultured mouse MTAL cells were grown in the presence of an antisense oligonucleotide specific for rbCIC-Ka or a random oligonucleotide with no complementarity to rbCIC-Ka. The abundance of Cl- channels was assessed by the frequency of incorporation of Cl- channels from membrane vesicles prepared from these cells into lipid bilayers and by Western blot analysis using an antiserum to the COOH terminus of the rbClC-ka protein. With the use of vesicles from untreated cells or cells treated with the random oligonucleotide, Cl- channels were incorporated into bilayers in 17% and 16% of trials, respectively. However, when vesicles were prepared from cells pretreated with antisense oligonucleotide, there was a virtual abolition of Cl- channel incorporation into bilayers but no effect on the frequency of K+ channel incorporation. In parallel with the reduction in Cl- channel incorporation, the abundance of rbClC-Ka protein was reduced approximately 50% on Western blots. Finally, exposure of Cl- channels in lipid bilayers to the rbClC-Ka antiserum resulted in a block in channel activity. These results support the contention that the basolateral Cl- channel mediating net Cl- absorption in the MTAL is encoded by rbClC-Ka.
Boiling Enhancement on Nanostructured Surfaces with Engineered Variations in Wettability and Thermal Conductivity

ABSTRACTThis work provides fundamental insights into the underlying mechanisms of pool boiling enhancement using a variety of different engineered surface designs. Specifically, the effects of nanostructured coatings, surfaces with mixed wettability, and surfaces with in-plane variations in thermal conductivity are investigated. The positive and negative impacts of each design on the onset of nucleate boiling, heat transfer coefficient, bubble dynamics and the ebullition cycle, as well as critical heat flux have been characterized. It is seen that while several techniques enhance one element of the boiling process, they can degrade others. This analysis has led to the design, fabrication, and characterization of complex heterogeneous surfaces by combining multiple engineered surface techniques. Nanostructured surfaces with variations in substrate thermal conductivity have been shown to increase critical heat flux by a factor of 2.6× as compared to bare copper substrates. In addition, nanostructured surfac...
Anti-Myeloma Response to Bortezomib Is Associated with Increased Osteoblast Activity and Bone Formation in Primary Myelomatous SCID-rab Mice.

Recent studies have indicated that certain proteasome inhibitors have bone anabolic activity in vivo. Our clinical study have shown a significant association between anti-myeloma (MM) response of bortezomib (Millennium Pharmaceuticals) and increased serum bone alkaline phosphatase in patients with MM (Zangari et al., BJH 2005, In press). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bortezomib on bone remodeling and the association between anti-myeloma response and increased bone formation in our established SCID-rab model for primary MM. In this system rabbit bones were implanted S.C. in unconditioned SCID mice. After 6 weeks, primary MM cells were injected directly into the implanted bone. MM cells from >85% of patients (n>70) were successfully engrafted, grew exclusively in the implanted bone and produced typical disease manifestations including increased osteoclast activity, reduced osteoblast numbers and induction of osteolytic bone disease (Yata & Yaccoby, Leukemia 2004). In the present study, SCID-rab mice were engrafted with MM cells from 5 patients. Following establishment of MM growth, as monitored by weekly measurement of human monoclonal immunoglobulins (hIg) in mice sera (587±276 μg/ml) and by x-rays, mice were injected subcutaneously twice a week with 0.5 mg/kg bortezomib or PBS for 4–8 weeks. Whereas all PBS-treated mice had increased hIg levels during the experimental period, bortezomib treatment resulted in marked reduction of hIg in 2 experiments by 95% and 73% from pretreatment levels, respectively, retardation of myeloma growth in an additional experiment and no response in 2 experiments. Overall, tumor burden in control PBS- and bortezomib-treated mice was increased by 298%±51 and 110%±88 from pretreatment levels, respectively (p
Bayesian Optimization with a Finite Budget: An Approximate Dynamic Programming Approach

We consider the problem of optimizing an expensive objective function when a finite budget of total evaluations is prescribed. In that context, the optimal solution strategy for Bayesian optimization can be formulated as a dynamic programming instance. This results in a complex problem with uncountable, dimension-increasing state space and an uncountable control space. We show how to approximate the solution of this dynamic programming problem using rollout, and propose rollout heuristics specifically designed for the Bayesian optimization setting. We present numerical experiments showing that the resulting algorithm for optimization with a finite budget outperforms several popular Bayesian optimization algorithms.
Practical Considerations in Managing Relapsed Multiple Myeloma

Considerable advances have been made in the treatment of relapsed and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, with numerous novel agents and combination strategies receiving regulatory approval worldwide during the past several years. An increasing body of phase III data has clearly demonstrated increased overall response rates, improved depths of response, and more durable responses when a third novel agent is incorporated into lenalidomide-dexamethasone and bortezomib-dexamethasone platforms, in most cases with acceptable toxicity. The carfilzomib-dexamethasone doublet has also demonstrated promising activity. With this rapid progress has come many new questions. We review the data supporting the use of these novel treatment paradigms for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, discuss the place of autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in this rapidly evolving treatment space, and propose strategies to best use these regimens, considering the disease, host, and previous treatment factors.
Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and Other Oncolytic Viruses for the Treatment of Melanoma.

Many mammalian viruses have properties that can be commandeered for the treatment of cancer. These characteristics include preferential infection and replication in tumor cells, the initiation of tumor cell lysis, and the induction of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, viruses can be genetically engineered to reduce pathogenicity and increase immunogenicity resulting in minimally toxic therapeutic agents. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC; Imlygic™), is a genetically modified herpes simplex virus, type 1, and is the first oncolytic virus therapy to be approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma by the US FDA. T-VEC is attenuated by the deletion of the herpes neurovirulence viral genes and enhanced for immunogenicity by the deletion of the viral ICP47 gene. Immunogenicity is further supported by expression of the human granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene, which helps promote the priming of T cell responses. T-VEC demonstrated significant improvement in durable response rate, objective response rate, and progression-free survival in a randomized phase III clinical trial for patients with advanced melanoma. This review will discuss the optimal selection of patients for such treatment and describe how therapy is optimally delivered. We will also discuss future directions for oncolytic virus immunotherapy, which will likely include combination T-VEC clinical trials, expansion of T-VEC to other types of non-melanoma skin cancers, and renewed efforts at oncolytic virus drug development with other viruses.
Using participatory and mixed-methods approaches in GIS to develop a Place-Based Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Index:

This paper discusses the development of a Place-Based Food Insecurity and Vulnerability Index (PFIVI), which incorporates six indicators and 30 variables. It also presents an application of this In...
Poetics and Ethics of World/Sense: Cultivating the Lessons

Walsh urgently advocates that cultivation of peace depends on lived experiences with border crossing cultures and power hierarchies, whether between communities or between academic disciplines, and learning to live in the visceral liminal borderlands created—cultivating both a poetics and ethics of world/sense. Taking such experiences seriously carries implications for the visions of peace witnessed in each case study as well as implications for a range of professional academic disciplines, including clinical, pastoral, health and human service care; secular and religious educators; social and religious institutions; and theological and religious scholarship. Taking lessons from interdisciplinary encounters seriously also creates a larger context for intersectional signs of hope in a shared world troubled by violent trauma and looming climate change.
Memory Is the Treasury and Guardian of All Things

Transcriptional memory often relies on interactions with nuclear pore proteins. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Pascual-Garcia et al. (2017) describe hormone-induced developmental transcriptional memory in cells that have previously experienced ecdysone, mediated by Nup98-dependent enhancer-promoter looping.
Report From the American Society of Transplantation Conference on Donor Heart Selection in Adult Cardiac Transplantation in the United States

Cardiac transplantation remains the only definitive treatment for end-stage heart failure. Transplantation rates are limited by a shortage of donor hearts. This shortage is magnified because many hearts are discarded because of strict selection criteria and concern for regulatory reprimand for less-than-optimal posttransplant outcomes. There is no standardized approach to donor selection despite proposals to liberalize acceptance criteria. A donor heart selection conference was organized to facilitate discussion and generate ideas for future research. The event was attended by 66 participants from 41 centers with considerable experience in cardiac donor selection. There were state-of-the-art presentations on donor selection, with subsequent breakout sessions on standardizing the process and increasing utilization of donor hearts. Participants debated misconceptions and established agreement on donor and recipient risk factors for donor selection and identified the components necessary for a future donor risk score. Ideas for future initiatives include modification of regulatory practices to consider extended criteria donors when evaluating outcomes and prospective studies aimed at identifying the factors leading to nonacceptance of available donor hearts. With agreement on the most important donor and recipient risk factors, it is anticipated that a consistent approach to donor selection will improve rates of heart transplantation.
Gastrointestinal Disturbances in the Elderly

Gastrointestinal (GI) age-related changes create alterations in the body's ability to digest, absorb, and excrete nutrients, medications, and alcohol and disrupts GI immunity responses. All older adults exhibit some degree of swallowing difficulty, also known as senescent swallowing. The effects of chronic disease and sustained use of alcohol, tobacco, and medications often exacerbate age-related GI dysfunction. Older adults often have nonspecific complaints, warranting a thorough health history and physical examination, including prescription and over-the-counter medications. Colorectal cancer screening tests should be discussed with all older adults because of the high incidence of colorectal cancer in this patient population.
Multielectron Cycling of a Low-Potential Anolyte in Alkali Metal Electrolytes for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Recent efforts have led to the design of new anolytes for nonaqueous flow batteries that exhibit reversible redox couples at low potentials. However, these molecules generally cycle through just a single electron-transfer event, which limits the overall energy density of resulting batteries on account of the undesirably high equivalent weight (i.e., ratio of anolyte/supporting electrolyte molecular weight to electrons transferred). In addition, these anolytes generally require expensive alkylammonium salts as supporting electrolytes for stable cycling, which further increases the equivalent weight of the system. The current work describes the multielectron redox cycling of a low-potential anolyte using alkali metal salts as supporting electrolytes. These studies reveal that potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF6) dramatically lowers the equivalent weight of the anolyte system while supporting flow cell cycling through two redox events at low potentials for 150 cycles with no detectable degradation.
Treating LGBT Veterans with Substance Use Disorders: A Gay Psychiatrist’s Experience

In recent years, American citizens who identify asQ1 lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) have enjoyed increasing recognition, including protection against discrimination regarding employment, legislation surrounding hate crimes, and finally the opportunity to marry officially. LGB military service members also benefitted from the repeal of Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (DADT) in 2011. Due to lack of data on LGBT veterans, the author shares clinical experiences as a gay psychiatrist in the treatment of substance use disorders (SUDs) in LGBT veterans as well as comorbidities, such as PTSD. Important concepts and dynamics, as well as the author’s reflections as a gay psychiatrist, are explored in three case studies, including therapeutic alliance, empathy, anxiety and gifts, internalized homophobia, and the therapist’s self-disclosure. Challenges for LGBT therapists are discussed, as well as the need for more data on lesbian and transgendered veterans with SUD. The gradual opening of American society to “see” LGBT veterans has led to a more hopeful tone for treatment and for future research.
Judicial Federalism: The Impact of Federalization of State Crimes

Congressional enactment of laws pertaining to crimes that earlier had been the exclusive preserve of the states is the focus of the paper. Chief Justice William H. Taft of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1922 explained the federalization of state crimes was delaying the courts’ civil adjudication because of the speedy trial act that provides for the dismissal of a criminal indictment if a trial is not commenced within a specified time period.The paper presents the views of scholars supporting and opposing federalization of state crimes. Seven criteria are presented to Congress to assist it in determining whether to enact a bill federalizing a state crime. The paper recommends initiation of twelve actions by Congress to eliminate problems associated with federalization of state crimes.
Manipulating Environmental Commitment: A Replication and Extension.

Environmental commitment, the subjective experience of dependence on the natural environment, is marked by a long-term orientation and psychological attachment towards the natural environment. The ...
Unification: Then and Now

This chapter looks back at some of the most memorable achievements in high-energy physics during the 50 years spanning CERN's PS and LHC.
Proof Without Words: The Length of a Triangle Median via the Parallelogram Law

(2013). Proof Without Words: The Length of a Triangle Median via the Parallelogram Law. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 146-146.