cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1,4‐Dioxene

[543-75-9] C4H6O2 (MW 86.09) InChI = 1S/C4H6O2/c1-2-6-4-3-5-1/h1-2H,3-4H2 InChIKey = HIZVCIIORGCREW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (used to introduce carbonyl groups with varying degrees of oxygenation; Diels–Alder, [2 + 2] cycloaddition, and enol ether addition substrate; alcohol protecting group) Alternate Name: 2,3-dihydro-[1,4]-dioxine, dihydro-[1,4]-dioxin, 2,3-dihydrodioxine. Physical Data: bp 94 °C; d 1.0836 g cm−3 (20 °C). Solubility: soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in H2O. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 5.89 (s, 2H), 4.00 (s, 4H); 13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3) ppm 126.7 (2C), 64.4 (2C).1 Preparative Methods: not commercially available. First identified in 1935,2 1,4-dioxene can be prepared through four reaction pathways. Photochlorination of p-dioxane followed by reductive dehalogenation using magnesium and iodine gives 1,4-dioxene after distillation.3 It has also been prepared by heating diethylene glycol at 230–250 °C in the presence of copper chromite and potassium hydrogen sulfate.4 Pyrolysis of the photoadduct of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and p-dioxane at 230–250 °C gives 1,4-dioxene after purification by distillation.5 Finally, pyrolysis of 2-acetoxy-1,4-dioxane at 450 °C, which is formed from the reaction between lead(IV) acetate and p-dioxane, gives pure 1,4-dioxene.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: 1,4-dioxene can be stored for a significant period of time (years) if kept in a freezer. Storage in the presence of acids should be avoided as conversion to 2-hydroxydioxane, which is in equilibrium with 5-hydroxy-3-oxapentanal, occurs.6
Co-Infection by Chytrid Fungus and Ranaviruses in Wild and Harvested Frogs in the Tropical Andes

While global amphibian declines are associated with the spread of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), undetected concurrent co-infection by other pathogens may be little recognized threats to amphibians. Emerging viruses in the genus Ranavirus (Rv) also cause die-offs of amphibians and other ectotherms, but the extent of their distribution globally, or how co-infections with Bd impact amphibians are poorly understood. We provide the first report of Bd and Rv co-infection in South America, and the first report of Rv infections in the amphibian biodiversity hotspot of the Peruvian Andes, where Bd is associated with extinctions. Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that Bd or Rv parasites facilitate co-infection, as assessed by parasite abundance or infection intensity within individual adult frogs. Co-infection occurred in 30% of stream-dwelling frogs; 65% were infected by Bd and 40% by Rv. Among terrestrial, direct-developing Pristimantis frogs 40% were infected by Bd, 35% by Rv, and 20% co-infected. In Telmatobius frogs harvested for the live-trade 49% were co-infected, 92% were infected by Bd, and 53% by Rv. Median Bd and Rv loads were similar in both wild (Bd = 101.2 Ze, Rv = 102.3 viral copies) and harvested frogs (Bd = 103.1 Ze, Rv = 102.7 viral copies). While neither parasite abundance nor infection intensity were associated with co-infection patterns in adults, these data did not include the most susceptible larval and metamorphic life stages. These findings suggest Rv distribution is global and that co-infection among these parasites may be common. These results raise conservation concerns, but greater testing is necessary to determine if parasite interactions increase amphibian vulnerability to secondary infections across differing life stages, and constitute a previously undetected threat to declining populations. Greater surveillance of parasite interactions may increase our capacity to contain and mitigate the impacts of these and other wildlife diseases.
Hard-Won Victory Must Be Secured

Great moments for the right to vote include passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920 prohibiting voting denial because of gender and the 26th Amendment in 1971 guaranteeing the vote for 18-, 19- and 20- year-olds. Although Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954 is the most celebrated case in civil rights, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 deserves its rightful place alongside Brown and these other momentous occasions.Thousands were killed when they tried to vote. Maceo Snipes, the only black to vote in the Democratic primary in Taylor County, Ga., in 1946, was shot and lynched soon thereafter. Harry Moore, who organized a voter registration drive in Florida in 1950, was killed by a bomb placed under his home on Christmas Eve in 1951. In Philadelphia, Miss., election workers Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner and James Chaney were murdered a year before the Voting Rights Act passed.Despite this progress, the Voting Rights Act is not the panacea. Since 1965, its protections have been strengthened on three separate occasions. Even with these revisions, voting irregularities in the 2000 and 2004 presidential races in Florida and Ohio, where there were allegations of discrimination due to faulty machines, police intimidation and purging of voter rolls, suggests that additional protections against racial discrimination may be necessary. With such problems looming, it is hard to believe that conservative Republicans, including President Bush, question the need to reauthorize the Voting Rights Act in 2007.
Compression of Solid He 3 and He 4 to 20 000 Bars

For purposes of comparison, we have measured the compression of both solid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ and ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ at 4.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K up to 20 000 bars pressure. The relative volume changes of the solid samples were measured in a direct piston displacement apparatus. It was found that both isotopes fit a Murnaghan finite strain relation. From this compressibilities were computed. Within experimental error, the two isotopes have the same compressibility throughout the range. As might be expected from its larger zero-point energy, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ has the slightly greater molar volume at all pressures.
Rapid Quench in an Electrostatic Levitator

The Electrostatic Levitation (ESL) Laboratory at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is a unique facility for investigators studying high-temperature materials. The ESL laboratory’s main chamber has been upgraded with the addition of a rapid quench system. This system allows samples to be dropped into a quench vessel that can be filled with a low melting point material, such as a gallium or indium alloy, as a quench medium. Thereby allowing rapid quenching of undercooled liquid metals. Up to eight quench vessels can be loaded into a wheel inside the chamber that is indexed with control software. The system has been tested successfully with samples of zirconium, iron-cobalt alloys, iron-chromium-nickel, titanium-zirconium-nickel alloys, and a silicon-cobalt alloy. This new rapid quench system will allow materials science studies of undercooled materials and new materials development. The system is described and some initial results are presented.
Clinical factors influencing the decision to transfuse after percutaneous native kidney biopsy

BACKGROUND Transfusion of erythrocytes is the most common intervention after a complicated percutaneous renal biopsy (PRB). Anemia is considered to be a leading risk factor for bleeding following a PRB, and based on recent studies of transfusions in hospitalized patients, many institutions are restricting the threshold for erythrocyte transfusion to a lower hemoglobin concentration (Hgb). The purpose of this study is to analyze factors that influence the transfusion decision after a PRB, and to determine whether anemia is truly a risk factor for bleeding or anemic patients are simply more likely to receive a transfusion because of their already lower pre-PRB Hgb. METHODS PRB of native kidneys was performed using real-time ultrasound with automated biopsy needles from January 1990 to April 2014. All patients were prospectively followed for bleeding with a 24-h inpatient observation. An intervention for a bleeding complication (BL-I) was defined by undergoing a procedure (cystoscopy, embolization), receiving a blood transfusion (BL-T), death and/or readmission related to the biopsy. To further define the effect of anemia, patients were divided into three pre-PRB Hgb groups: 11.0 g/dL (n = 565). RESULTS BL-I occurred in 71/910 (7.8%) of PRBs. The majority of these were BL-T (57/71, 80%; 57/910, 6.3% overall). Patients with BL-I had lower pre-PRB Hgb than those without BL-I (mean ± SD; 10.3 ± 2.0 versus 12.0 ± 2.1 g/dL, P < 0.0001) and a greater change (Δ) in Hgb (2.1 ± 1.6 versus 1.0 ± 0.8 g/dL, P < 0.0001). When compared with higher Hgb, patients with Hgb <9.0 g/dL had more traditional risk factors for bleeding (older age: 49 ± 18 versus 48 ± 18 versus 45 ± 16 years, P = 0.02; female: 72 versus 70 versus 56%, P < 0.0001; higher serum creatinine: 4.0 ± 2.9 versus 2.9 ± 2.6 versus 1.7 ± 1.4 mg/dL, P < 0.0001; higher systolic blood pressure: 138 ± 18 versus 133 ± 19 versus 133 ± 18 mmHg, P = 0.06; higher bleeding time: 7.6 ± 1.8 versus 7.4 ± 2.0 versus 6.7 ± 1.8 min, P < 0.0001). When BL-T was stratified by pre-PRB Hgb, there were more transfusions in those with lower pre-PRB Hgb (24 versus 9 versus 3%, P < 0.0001). However, these patients not only had fewer hematomas (58 versus 83 versus 87%, P = 0.04) but also demonstrated a smaller ΔHgb post-PRB (1.3 ± 1.0 versus 1.8 ± 0.8 versus 3.2 ± 1.6, P < 0.0001) compared with patients with higher pre-PRB Hgb, yet still received a transfusion. CONCLUSIONS While patients with lower pre-PRB Hgb have more of the traditional risk factors for a complication after PRB, there was actually less clinically evident bleeding in these patients who were transfused. Although anemia itself has been considered to be a risk factor for a complication in the past, it more accurately represents only a predictor of receiving an erythrocyte transfusion. In the setting of the PRB, the decision for transfusion is influenced more by the severity of anemia at baseline as opposed to clinically evident bleeding.
Barriers to Hybridization between Diabrotica virgifera and D. longicornis barberi (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Eggs from interspecific laboratory crosses between Diabrotica virgifera and D. longicornis barberi had a much lower percentage of hatch than eggs from conspecific pairings. No-choice mating tests over 24 hours resulted in greater than 70% conspecific insemination but no interspecific insemination. In an experiment giving males a choice only conspecific mating occurred. Some interspecific insemination occurred when beetles were confined together for periods of 11 days and 30 days. With D. virgifera, fecundity was enhanced by conspecific and interspecific insemination. Two barriers to hybridization were detected; one involved mating behavior and the other was a postinsemination barrier which reduced egg viability.
Taste for poison reevolves in fruit flies

Evolution is unpredictable. To illustrate this, Stephen J. Gould once proposed a thought experiment: rewind the tape of life to a point in the distant past, press the replay button, and observe the outcome. “Any replay of the tape,” he supposed, “would lead evolution down a pathway radically different from the road actually taken” (1). However, nature is littered with examples of independently evolved organisms that share similar phenotypes (2). Reconciling the unpredictability of evolution with the fact that similar traits appear over and over again independently is an important task for evolutionary biologists. The repeated evolution of traits, convergent evolution, can be the result of two or more lineages independently adaptating to similar environments (2). However simple this fact, many critical questions remain, particularly at the genetic level. Chief among these is the extent to which cases of convergent evolution rely on molecular (genetic) parallelism: the process through which changes at the same genes lead to similar phenotypes in different lineages. In PNAS, Yassin et al. (3) leverage methods in evolutionary genomics, including a new statistical tool they invented, to investigate the molecular basis of convergent evolution in two fruit fly species that independently evolved to specialize on the same toxin-producing fruit. Importantly, this discovery and future insights rest on our continued ability to explore and study our planet’s threatened biosphere. The story uncovered by Yassin et al. (3) begins around 30,000 y ago. At this time, a population of the rather ordinary fruit fly Drosophila yakuba invaded the island of Mayotte (Fig. 1 A ), situated in the Mozambique channel of the Indian Ocean roughly midway between northern Mozambique and northern Madagascar (3). To put this timeframe into perspective, Homo sapiens in Europe began painting the likenesses of the animals they hunted—and that hunted them—in caves near Chauvet, France around … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: whiteman{at}berkeley.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
User involvement in ontology matching using an online active learning approach.

We propose a semi-automatic ontology matching system using a hybrid active learning and online learning approach. Following the former paradigm, those mappings whose validation is estimated to lead to greater quality gain are selected for user validation, a process that occurs in each iteration, following the online learning paradigm. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The role of cardiac troponin in the recent redefinition of acute myocardial infarction.

1. Alan HB Wu, PhD[⇑][1] 1. is at Hartford Hospital, Hartford CT 1. Address for correspondence: Alan HB Wu PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hartford Hospital, 80 Seymour St, Hartford CT 06102. (860) 545-5221, (860) 545-3733 (fax). awu{at}harthosp.org 1. Describe the structure and function of the three troponin proteins. 2. Explain the release of cardiac troponins following an acute myocardial infarction. 3. Discuss the clinical utility of troponin T versus troponin I. 4. Describe the impact of troponin assays on the redefinition of acute myocardial infarction. 5. Explain the issues surrounding lower cutoff concentrations for troponin assays. Troponin is a complex of three proteins (troponins T, I, and C) that bind to the thin filament (actin) of striated muscle. Its major regulatory function is to bind calcium and regulate muscle contraction. Following injury to muscle cells (heart or skeletal muscles) the intact troponin complex along with free troponin subunits are released into blood. Although troponin is found in both skeletal muscles and the myocardium, the amino acid sequences for cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and I (cTnI) isoforms are significantly different from their skeletal muscle counterparts. This is not the case for troponin C, where the subunits from these tissues are identical. Commercial assays have been constructed for measurement of cTnT and cTnI in blood that have been shown to have high specificity for cardiac disease. These assays also have high sensitivity, because the tissue concentrations of cardiac troponin T and I are higher than for other cardiac markers such as myoglobin and creatine kinase. Moreover, the normal concentrations of these cardiac proteins are much lower than for myoglobin and CK, as these proteins are also released from normal skeletal muscle turnover.1 Following acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac troponins are released into blood from two subcellular pools. The initial rise within the first six hours after disease onset is due to the free cytosolic pool, estimated to be about 6% to 8% for cTnT and 3% to 4% for cTnI.2 There is a second, continual increase of cardiac troponin that is due to the gradual breakdown of myofibrils… ABBREVIATIONS: AMI = acute myocardial infarction; cTnI = cardiac troponin I; cTnT = cardiac troponin T. 1. Describe the structure and function of the three troponin proteins. 2. Explain the release of cardiac troponins following an acute myocardial infarction. 3. Discuss the clinical utility of troponin T versus troponin I. 4. Describe the impact of troponin assays on the redefinition of acute myocardial infarction. 5. Explain the issues surrounding lower cutoff concentrations for troponin assays. [1]: #corresp-1
Piperazine Functionalization of C70 for Incorporation into Supramolecular Assemblies

The photochemical reaction of piperazine with C70 produces a mono-adduct (N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 ) in high yield (67 %) along with three bis-adducts. These piperazine adducts can combine with various Lewis acids to form crystalline supramolecular aggregates suitable for X-ray diffraction. The structure of the mono-adduct was determined from examination of the adduct I2 N(CH2 CH2 )2 NI2 C70 that was formed by reaction of N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 with I2 . Crystals of polymeric {Rh2 (O2 CCF3 )4 N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 }n ⋅nC6 H6 that formed from reaction of the mono-adduct with Rh2 (O2 CCF3 )4 contain a sinusoidal strand of alternating molecules of N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 and Rh2 (O2 CCF3 )4 connected through Rh-N bonds. Silver nitrate reacts with N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 to form black crystals of {(Ag(NO3 ))4 (N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 )4 }n ⋅7nCH2 Cl2 that contain parallel, nearly linear chains of alternating (N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 molecules and silver ions. Four of these {Ag(NO3 )N(CH2 CH2 )2 NC70 }n chains adopt a structure that resembles a columnar micelle with the ionic silver nitrate portion in the center and the nearly non-polar C70 cages encircling that core. Of the three bis-adducts, one was definitively identified through crystallization in the presence of I2 as 12 {N(CH2 CH2 )2 N}2 C70 with addends on opposite poles of the C70 cage and a structure with C2v symmetry. In 12 {I2 N(CH2 CH2 )2 N}2 C70 , individual 12 {I2 N(CH2 CH2 )2 N}2 C70 units are further connected by secondary I2⋅⋅⋅N2 interactions to form chains that occur in layers within the crystal. Halogen bond formation between a Lewis base such as a tertiary amine and I2 is suggested as a method to produce ordered crystals with complex supramolecular structures from substances that are otherwise difficult to crystallize.
Fingerspelled and Printed Words Are Recoded into a Speech-based Code in Short-term Memory.

We conducted three immediate serial recall experiments that manipulated type of stimulus presentation (printed or fingerspelled words) and word similarity (speech-based or manual). Matched deaf American Sign Language signers and hearing non-signers participated (mean reading age = 14-15 years). Speech-based similarity effects were found for both stimulus types indicating that deaf signers recoded both printed and fingerspelled words into a speech-based phonological code. A manual similarity effect was not observed for printed words indicating that print was not recoded into fingerspelling (FS). A manual similarity effect was observed for fingerspelled words when similarity was based on joint angles rather than on handshape compactness. However, a follow-up experiment suggested that the manual similarity effect was due to perceptual confusion at encoding. Overall, these findings suggest that FS is strongly linked to English phonology for deaf adult signers who are relatively skilled readers. This link between fingerspelled words and English phonology allows for the use of a more efficient speech-based code for retaining fingerspelled words in short-term memory and may strengthen the representation of English vocabulary.
Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for pouchitis

Abstract Pouchitis is a complication of restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis surgery in patients who undergo the procedure for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease or familial adenomatous polyposis. Patients can present with increased stool frequency, urgency, fecal seepage, and abdominal cramps. The reported cumulative frequency rates of pouchitis 10 years after IPAA surgery range from 23% to 60% in IBD patients and 0% to 11% in FAP patients. Although the pathogenesis of pouchitis is unclear, several risk factors for pouchitis have been identified including extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disorder(s), severity of disease, serologic markers (serum IgG4, autoantibodies to bacterial antigens, p-ANCA, and anti-CBir1 flagellin antibody), genetic markers (NOD2 mutation), smoking, and certain dietary factors. In this review, we will focus on the incidence, prevalence, and risk factors associated with pouchitis.
Historical Overview: Fore and Aft

When one considers the dimensions of the problem of impulsive individuals, it is remarkable how late in our history the mental health professions began to give serious attention to their study. I would like to consider some of the reasons why we have been so tardy in focusing our efforts in this area.
The Victimizer's Path to Forgiveness: A Jewish Perspective

In some religions, victims have a duty to forgive their victimizers. In Judaism, victims morally may withhold their forgiveness. This empowers the victim. It also allows the victim to burden the victimizer’s path to forgiveness. The victim may create obstacles to peace and reconciliation. The victim feeling power may demand too much from the victimizer or may revel in an unforgiving victimhood. Victimizers should not underestimate the difficulties of the path to forgiveness. In a world of inequality, the Jewish perspective doesn’t enable victimizations because victims are not required to “turn the other cheek.” In a world of egoism, the Jewish perspective risks reconciliation by enabling an extravagant consciousness of victimization. In a world of identities, the Jewish tradition enables self-consciousness to be structured by unforgiven victimizations. The Jewish tradition establishes a procedure for the victimizer to take toward forgiveness. After the victimizer has properly performed the procedure, the victim who chooses not to forgive is labeled “cruel.” Informal community sanctions deal with cruel people. Limiting the demands that a victim sets as the condition of granting forgiveness is taught by character edifying stories and principles. The pride of victimhood is cast as denying the changeability of humans, which is an affront to Creation: The transformability of both victim and victimizer is necessary as both are fashioned in G-d’s image. Peace, then, derives from recognizing the possibility of transformation. This recognition is not taught at the moment of forgiveness or at the time of peace-making, but as part of character development. One must know how to embrace the other and be embraced before one can forgive. But, Judaism teaches, one should not expect too much reconciliation: There will be those who choose to establish their identity by being cruel. And there will be victimizers who choose not to take the path to forgiveness.
Spectral analytics of solar photovoltaic power output for optimal distributed energy resource utilization

This paper examines the spectral analytics of solar photovoltaic (PV) power output in order to understand its frequency content. This information is then exploited to illustrate that the different frequency components of PV generation can be consumed locally by controlling local distributed energy resources in residential/commercial buildings. The solar PV generation signal is divided into three components: high frequency (second-level), medium frequency (minute-level), and low-frequency that correlate with the solar activity. One year of solar PV power data is analyzed with 1-second resolution to find the ideal bounds for the different frequency bands. Results show that by employing intelligent control of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems, HVAC loads are able to accommodate the low and medium frequency components of the PV generation. While local energy storage systems can be used to offset the high frequency components. This demonstrates the ability to spatially-local consumption of PV generation using controllable loads so as to minimize impact on the grid, reduce size of storage devices, and increase solar PV penetration levels.
Predicting long term cognitive outcomes after stroke using pre and post-stroke cognitive trajectories. (P2.098)

Objective: To assess whether the trajectory of pre-stroke cognitive impairmentpredicts post-stroke cognitive decline and eventual diagnosis. Background: Multiple studies have found that pre-stroke cognitive impairment is arisk factor for post-stroke dementia. While most studies have assessedpre-stroke cognitive status using retrospective questionnaires after the stroke, few have examined associations between rates of cognitive decline pre and post-stroke. This study examines the relationship between longitudinal decline in cognition pre and post-stroke in older individuals followed with annual cognitive assessments for up to 23 years. Design/Methods: Participants were included who had a stroke after enrollment, and >1 neuro psychological assessment before and after stroke. Linear regression analysiswas used to examine the relationship between rate of decline in memory and executive function before and after stroke. In those without cognitive impairment at the time of stroke, we then examined whether the change in rate of cognitive decline pre and post-stroke predicted their final diagnosis. Results: Sixty participants met inclusion criteria. Average age was 83 years with a mean follow-up of 10.5 years. The slopes of decline in both memory and executive function before stroke were significantly correlated with slopes of decline after stroke (delayed recall p=0.03, animal fluency p=0.001). When only including participants without pre-stroke cognitive impairment, the change in rate of decline before and after stroke in memory and executive function were both significantly greater in patients who went on to develop dementia. Conclusions: The rate of decline in cognition after stroke is predicted by rate of decline prior to stroke. Furthermore, greater change in rate of cognitive decline after incident stroke predicts dementia in individuals who were normal at the time of stroke. This may be a marker of both ongoing cerebrovascular injury and underlying neurodegenerative pathology. Disclosure: Dr. Thomas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mattek has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wild has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dodge has nothing to disclose. Dr. Silbert has received research support from Eli-Lilly. Dr. Kaye has received personal compensation for activities with Lily LZAM and LZAN clinical trials. Dr. Erten-Lyons has received research support from Lundbeck, Eisai, Roche and Lilly.
Reporting Qualitative Research: Standards, Challenges, and Implications for Health Design

Objective:This Methods column describes the existing reporting standards for qualitative research, their application to health design research, and the challenges to implementation. Intended for both researchers and practitioners, this article provides multiple perspectives on both reporting and evaluating high-quality qualitative research.Background:Two popular reporting standards exist for reporting qualitative research—the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) and the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR). Though compiled using similar procedures, they differ in their criteria and the methods to which they apply. Creating and applying reporting criteria is inherently difficult due to the undefined and fluctuating nature of qualitative research when compared to quantitative studies.Conclusions:Qualitative research is expansive and occasionally controversial, spanning many different methods of inquiry and epistemological approaches. A “one-size-fits-all” standard ...
Understanding why pictorial cigarette pack warnings increase quit attempts.

BACKGROUND Our randomized trial found that pictorial cigarette pack warnings elicited more quit attempts than text-only warnings. PURPOSE In the current study, we sought to identify psychological mechanisms that explain why pictorial cigarette pack warnings change behavior. METHODS In 2014 and 2015, we recruited 2,149 adult smokers in NC and CA, USA. We randomly assigned smokers to receive on their cigarette packs for 4 weeks either a text-only warning (one of the USA's current warnings on the side of cigarette packs) or a pictorial warning (one of the USA's proposed text warnings with pictures on the top half of the front and back of cigarette packs). RESULTS Pictorial warnings increased attention to, reactions to, and social interactions about cigarette pack warnings (all p < .05). However, pictorial warnings changed almost no belief or attitude measures. Mediators of the impact of pictorial warnings included increased attention, negative affect, social interactions, thinking about the warning and harms of smoking, and intentions to quit (all p < .05). Analyses also found that pictorial warnings led to greater avoidance of the warnings, which was associated with more quit attempts (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Pictorial warnings increased quit attempts by eliciting aversive reactions and by keeping the message vividly in smokers' minds. Contrary to predictions from several theories of health behavior, the warnings exerted little of their influence through changes in beliefs and attitudes and none of their influence through changes in risk perception. We propose the Tobacco Warnings Model based on these findings. CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02247908; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02247908.
Covenant Attachment: A Constructivist Grounded Theory of Christian Couples and God

The purpose of this constructivist grounded theory study was to develop a deeper understanding of the relational system of married couples and God. We interviewed nine marital couples from Christian denominations that reported having a strong relationship with each other and with God together. We used constructivist grounded theory techniques presented by Charmaz (2006) and analyzed emergent categories of behaviors, emotions, and cognitions to construct a theory and model of Christian marital couples and their shared relationship with God. We then compared and contrasted the results and theory to existing literature on attachment theory and theorized a shared attachment to God. We applied the theological concept of kinship covenant to the results in order to organize and situate the theory into a Christian framework. Finally, we discuss clinical, pastoral, and future research implications.
Observed and calculated cerebral critical closing pressure are highly correlated in preterm infants.

Cerebrovascular critical closing pressure (CrCP) is the arterial blood pressure (ABP) at which cerebral blood flow ceases. Preterm ABP is low and close to CrCP. The diastolic closing margin (diastolic ABP minus CrCP) has been associated with intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants. CrCP is estimated from middle cerebral artery cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and ABP waveforms. However, these estimations have not been validated due to a lack of gold standard. Direct observation of the CrCP in preterm infants with hypotension is an opportunity to validate synchronously estimated CrCP. ABP and CBFV tracings were obtained from 24 extremely low birth weight infants. Recordings where diastolic CBFV was zero were identified. The gold standard CrCP was delineated using piecewise regression of ABP and CBFV values paired by rank ordering and then estimated using a published formula. The measured and estimated values were compared using linear regression and Bland–Altman analysis. Linear regression showed a high degree of correlation between measured and calculated CrCP (r2 = 0.93). This is the first study to validate a calculated CrCP by comparing it to direct measurements of CrCP from preterm infants when ABP is lower than CrCP.
(Be)Longing: a family’s desire for authentic inclusion

The purpose of this article is to explore questions posed by the guest editors of this special edition – Who belongs in school or university? How is belonging created or stifled? What does belongin...
Integral Accuracy and the Stability of Two Methods for the Solution of Time-Domain Integral Equations for Scattering From Perfect Conductors

The stability of time-domain (TD) integral equation (TDIE) approaches to the computation of electromagnetic scattering is profoundly affected by the accuracy of the underlying numerical integration methods used for computation of the kernel elements. In most publications, the accuracy of the quadratures used to compute kernel elements is never measured, and higher order computation is assumed to deliver high accuracy. In this communication, we examine the complicated relationship between the actual accuracy of kernel element computation and the resulting stability of integral equations. The numerical results show that stability may be improved for higher integral accuracy. Although integral accuracy is not always improved by higher order integration rules, more careful integration (as delivered by adaptive integration methods) is often helpful. The numerical results for a range of problems demonstrate these contentions.
Revisiting The Solitary Life

Thomas Merton’s ideas about solitude and eremitic life have been the subject of considerable scholarly focus. Employing findings from several recent studies, this essay revisits the circumstances a...
High-Temperature Inter-Cavity Silicon Interposer Substrate for Multi-Chip Module Assembly

Many of the Integrated Circuit (IC) solutions generated by GCI involve multi-chip module (MCM) types of layouts within the package cavity to emulate the original monolithic device (single die in package cavity), ultimately providing a form, ’it, and functional drop-in replacement. These MCM architectures provide the greatest degree of flexibility when ensuring that the obsolete component’s electrical requirements are met1). This paper will address the design, development, and manufacture of inter-cavity silicon interposer substrates, by GCI and the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Electrical and Computer Engineering department (UCCS-ECE), that provide signal routing of the passive and active devices within the cavity to meet the functional requirements of older obsolete devices. In this manner, a wide array of newer generation components can be configured within the package cavity on these silicon interposer substrates to architect obsolescence solutions while also meeting the high-temperature requirements of the Au-Sn (gold/tin) lid solder seal processes (∼340°C). Silicon substrates can also replace ceramic interposer versions2, while meeting or exceeding performance requirements, decreasing lead times, and manufactured with more competitive costs.
Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis Responses to an Acute Bout of Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise in Breast Cancer Survivors

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of one 30-minute bout of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormone responses in women with...
Advancing theory in marketing: insights from conversations in other disciplines

Over the years, marketing scholars have voiced concerns regarding the dearth of indigenous theory development in marketing, reliance on theories developed in other disciplines, and the downward trend in conceptual articles published in marketing journals. Advancing marketing theory encompasses developing organic marketing theories, refining and extending theories developed in other disciplines used to explain and predict marketing phenomena, evaluating theories currently in vogue in the field and discarding flawed theories, and developing overarching theories that in addition to explaining marketing phenomena also explain a broader range of phenomena that transcend disciplinary boundaries. Along the lines of the demonstrated potential of theories developed in other disciplines to shed light into marketing phenomena, the potential of organic marketing theories to shed light into phenomena that are the focus of research in other disciplines also merit exploration. Against this backdrop, drawing on theory insights from marketing literature and other disciplines, this commentary focuses on issues relating to development of new theories, extensions and revisions of theories in vogue, and discarding of flawed theories.
The Great Mimicker: A Case of Bannwarth Syndrome (2028)

Objective: This case demonstrates the variability in presentation of CNS Lyme. Background: Spirochetal infections have a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and severity, with 10–15% of those infected with Lyme disease having CNS involvement. This is due to meningeal seeding of the spirochetes in early disseminated Lyme disease. Due to variability in presentation, diagnosis is often difficult to make. Design/Methods: NA Results: A 50-year-old previously healthy man presented to our hospital with acute onset total right sided facial tingling and weakness. Prior to hospitalization, patient had presented to his primary doctor three weeks prior for painful paresthesias of his low back, right hip, right buttocks, and left thigh. His primary doctor ordered a hip XR, which was negative, and prescribed Flexeril. Due to persistent pain and paresthesias, patient was then started on prednisone, and he then developed a right facial droop, pressure-like headache, and double vision leading to his presentation to the hospital. At our initial assessment, patient had a right 7th nerve palsy with House-Brackmann grade of IV, right 5th nerve palsy, and right 6th nerve palsy. Motor and sensory testing elsewhere were normal, although patient had non-specific complaints of shoulder and hip girdle pain with paresthesias into his extremities. Lumbar puncture was performed, which was significant for CSF pleocytosis and eventually CNS Lyme returned as positive. Patient empirically started on IV Ceftriaxone after lumbar puncture and had eventual clinical improvement. Conclusions: This case illustrates the prolonged time to diagnosis, and possible worsening with steroidal treatment, in a patient with CNS Lyme disease. While our patient’s initial presenting symptoms appear non-specific, the initial complaint concerning for mechanical radiculopathy without apparent mechanical precipitant could suggest the possibility of a radiculoneuritis. The constellation of radiculoneuritis, multiple cranial neuropathies, and CSF pleocytosis helped us to make the diagnosis of CNS Lyme. Disclosure: Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose.
The Performance of Microbial Lipase Immobilized onto Ion Exchange Resins and onto the Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite

The paper describes a study into the performance of a microbial lipase immobilized on to four different ion exchangers. Lipase from the yeast Candida rugosa was immobilized onto the anionic ion exchange resins Dowex MWA-1, Purolite A109, and Amberlite IR45. The performance of the immobilized lipase in each case was evaluated by measuring the immobilization efficiency and by following the reaction kinetics of hydrolysis of a tri-glyceride ester to free fatty acid and glycerol. The immobilization efficiency is a measure of the enzyme activity in the immobilized state relative to the free enzyme. The performance of the three synthetic anionic ion exchangers was compared with that of the naturally occurring zeolitic cationic exchanger – clinoptilolite, which was similarly evaluated as a lipase support. The potential improvement of immobilization using the technique of pre-cross-linkage of the lipase using a glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent was also studied. The final part of the study focused on the potential enhancement of reaction performance through the addition of pure form cationic and anionic ion exchange resin to the reaction mixture together with the immobilized enzyme as a means of in-situ removal of free fatty acid product. In all cases the specific enzyme activity for the immobilized lipase was significantly lower compared with the activity in free solution. The Purolite A109 displayed the highest value of immobilization efficiency but only by a small margin compared with the Dowex MWA-1, and the Amberlite IR45. The clinoptilolite showed immobilization efficiency 50% lower than that of the synthetic ion exchangers. The application of glutaraldehyde cross-linkage during the immobilization protocol in the cases of the Dowex MWA-1 and the Purolite A109 resulted in increases in total protein uptake of 14.5 and 4.1%, respectively. The significant increase in total protein uptake in the case of the Dowex MWA-1 was not reflected in any significant enhancement of reaction kinetics. The reaction kinetics exhibited by the lipase immobilized on the anionic Purolite A109 resin, when mixed with cationic ion exchange resin in the sodium form during the reaction showed substantial enhancement. This observation suggests removal of fatty acid product through ion exchange uptake of H+ ions.
Atrazine intoxication in cattle, confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Ten of 40 cows died within 48 h of gaining access to a barn in which various chemicals were stored. Some of the surviving cows exhibited drooling, muscle tremors, and agitation. Postmortem examinat...
Multiple Levels of Selection Responsive to Immunoglobulin Light Chain and Heavy Chain Structures Impede the Development of Dμ-Expressing B Cells

The truncated/V(H)-less mouse H chain Dmu forms precursor B cell receptors with the surrogate L chain complex that promotes allelic exclusion but not other aspects of pre-B cell development, causing most progenitor B cells expressing this H chain to be eliminated at the pre-B cell checkpoint. However, there is evidence that Dmu-lambda1 complexes can be made and are positively selected during fetal life but cannot sustain adult B lymphopoiesis. How surrogate and conventional L chains interpret Dmu's unusual structure and how that affects signaling outcome are unclear. Using nonlymphoid and primary mouse B cells, we show that secretion-competent lambda1 L chains could associate with both full-length H chains and Dmu, whereas secretion-incompetent lambda1 L chains could only do so with full-length H chains. In contrast, Dmu could not form receptors with a panel of kappa L chains irrespective of their secretion properties. This was due to an incompatibility of Dmu with the kappa-joining and constant regions. Finally, the Dmu-lambda1 receptor was less active than the full-length mouse mu-lambda1 receptor in promoting growth under conditions of limiting IL-7. Thus, multiple receptor-dependent mechanisms operating at all stages of B cell development limit the contribution of B cells with Dmu H chain alleles to the repertoire.
Asymptotic nonet symmetry and $$g_{\Phi p\pi } /g_{\omega p\pi } $$

We study a model in which asymptotic nonet symmetry is broken further by a 27 term in a Weinberg II sum rule. We predict \(m_\rho\)=(778.4 ± 0.7) MeV and an intermediate mixing angle θ=(32.8±0.2)o. Using asymptotic nonet symmetry for vertices, we calculate \(g_{\Phi p\pi } /g_{\omega p\pi } \)==0.033±0.002.
A Desperate Case under the Commerce Clause: Federal Jurisdiction over All Radio Use

Developments over the past seventy years in law governing radio use demonstrate the importance of judiciously articulating the Commerce Clause. In the absence of such articulation, an expedient and widely acclaimed solution to a regulatory crisis involving AM radio service in the mid-1920s led to apparent federal authority over all radio use. Statutory law governing jurisdiction in radio regulation changed significantly without significant legislative deliberation. Case law ignored the written text of statutory law and converted weak precedent into doctrine through repetition and dicta. To foster a better federal-state balance in radio regulation, courts should read existing Commerce Clause precedent with renewed appreciation for the eighteenth century meaning of commerce as intercourse. Doing so provides a coherent, relevant, and practical basis for Commerce Clause law in the twenty-first century.
Phase I trial of intraperitoneal iododeoxyuridine with and without intravenous high-dose folinic acid in the treatment of advanced malignancies primarily confined to the peritoneal cavity: Flow cytometric and pharmacokinetic analysis

Abstract In this Phase I study, the maximally tolerated doses (MTDs) of i.p. iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd) alone and in combination with i.v. calcium leucovorin (LV) were determined. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacological advantage of IdUrd were evaluated, and flow cytometric analysis allowed examination of the extent of incorporation of IdUrd into tumor cells with and without the addition of i.v. LV. Thirty-nine patients with advanced neoplasms primarily confined to the peritoneal space were enrolled in a dose-escalation trial using 4-h dwells of IdUrd administered i.p. daily for 4 days with and without an i.v. infusion of LV 500 mg/m 2 /day for 4.5 days. Twenty-three patients received single-agent therapy, and 13 patients received i.p. IdUrd in combination with i.v. LV. The MTD of single-agent IdUrd administered on this schedule was 4125 mg/m 2 /day for 4 days; and that of the IdUrd in combination was 3438 mg/m 2 /day. Dose-limiting toxicities were myelosuppression and stomatitis. During the period of the dwell, the peritoneal AUC (area under the curve) of IdUrd exceeded the plasma AUC of IdUrd by one or two orders of magnitude in all patients at all doses tested; there was a possible effect of LV on peritoneal AUC. The geometric mean pharmacological advantage (AUC peritoneal /AUC plasma ) was 181 at 625 mg/m 2 /day and 90 at 4538 mg/m 2 /day. Flow cytometric analysis suggests saturation of IdUrd measured in DNA at the 2500–3125 mg/m 2 dose level, without an increase after the addition of LV. Twelve patients received 4–12 courses of therapy. One patient with recurrent ovarian cancer who received 16 courses of therapy experienced complete resolution of her ascites, near normalization of CA-125 levels, and imporved quality of life; two patients with high-risk tumors receiving “adjuvant” therapy are disease-free at 3 and 6 years after treatment; other patients experienced transient clearing of ascites. The recommended Phase II dose of i.p. IdUrd using a 4-h dwell daily for 4 days is 3750 mg/m 2 /day alone or 3125 mg/m 2 /day in combination with continuous i.v. LV at 500 mg/m 2 /day for 4.5 days. Although flow cytometric data suggest that DNA incorporation of IdUrd is not affected by the addition of LV, the cytotoxicity of the combination regimen may be increased due to LV-enhanced, IdUrd-related inhibition of thymidylate synthase. For this reason, we recommend that efficacy studies of the combination continue in parallel with studies of IdUrd alone.
Origins of bacterial diversity through horizontal genetic transfer and adaptation to new ecological niches.

Horizontal genetic transfer (HGT) has played an important role in bacterial evolution at least since the origins of the bacterial divisions, and HGT still facilitates the origins of bacterial diversity, including diversity based on antibiotic resistance. Adaptive HGT is aided by unique features of genetic exchange in bacteria such as the promiscuity of genetic exchange and the shortness of segments transferred. Genetic exchange rates are limited by the genetic and ecological similarity of organisms. Adaptive transfer of genes is limited to those that can be transferred as a functional unit, provide a niche-transcending adaptation, and are compatible with the architecture and physiology of other organisms. Horizontally transferred adaptations may bring about fitness costs, and natural selection may ameliorate these costs. The origins of ecological diversity can be analyzed by comparing the genomes of recently divergent, ecologically distinct populations, which can be discovered as sequence clusters. Such genome comparisons demonstrate the importance of HGT in ecological diversification. Newly divergent populations cannot be discovered as sequence clusters when their ecological differences are coded by plasmids, as is often the case for antibiotic resistance; the discovery of such populations requires a screen for plasmid-coded functions.