cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro interactions between cucumoviral satellite RNAs and RNAs of helper and non-helper viruses

A model, previously proposed for the interaction of the satellite RNAs with the genomic RNAs of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), has been evaluated experimentally. This model is based on the ability of the satellite RNA of the Q-strain of CMV to anneal to sequences contained within the coat protein gene of Q-CMV; i.e. to RNA3 and RNA4; an interaction which is suggested to play a role in the regulation of viral functions by satellite RNA. Eight satellite RNAs of cucumoviruses, differing in their effects on symptom production, were annealed to RNAs of various strains of CMV and other helper and non-helper viruses. In addition, truncated transcripts and antisense RNA transcripts of a cloned satellite RNA were annealed to various viral RNAs. Interactions occurred between satellite RNA sequences and most of the helper and non-helper viral RNAs tested, but the nature of the interaction varied with different combinations of satellite RNA and viral RNA. Furthermore, some satellite RNAs annealed with RNAs 1 and 2 as well as with RNAs 3 and 4 of helper viruses. The formation of the hydrogen-bonded satellite RNA: viral RNA complex did not affect the in vitro mRNA activity of these viral RNAs, suggesting that the effects of satellite RNAs are not mediated through the inhibition of the expression of their helper virus genome.
Power and Willpower in the American Future: Why the United States Is Not Destined to Decline

To argue against the widely proclaimed idea of American decline might seem a lonely task. After all, the problems are real and serious. Yet if we take a longer view, much of the discourse about decline appears exaggerated, hyperbolic and ahistorical. Why? First, because of the deep underlying strengths of the United States. These include not only size, population, demography and resources, but also the scale and importance of its economy and financial markets, its scientific research and technology, its competitiveness, its military power and its attractiveness to talented immigrants. Second, there is the weight of history and of American exceptionalism. Throughout its history, the United States has repeatedly faced and eventually overcome daunting challenges and crises. Contrary to a prevailing pessimism, there is nothing inevitable about American decline. Ultimately, the ability to avoid serious decline is less a question of material factors than of policy, leadership and political will.
On setting TCP's congestion window limit in mobile ad hoc networks

Improving TCP performance has long been the focus of many research efforts in mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). In this paper, we address one aspect of this endeavor: how to properly set TCP's congestion window limit (CWL) to achieve optimal performance. Past research has shown that using a small CWL improves TCP performance in certain scenarios [M. Gerla et al., Feb. 1999], [Z. Fu et al., Apr. 2003], however, no comprehensive study has been given. To this end, we turn the problem of setting TCP's optimal CWL into identifying the bandwidth-delay product (BDP) of a path in MANET. We first show and prove that, independent of the MAC layer protocol being used, the BDP of a path in MANET cannot exceed the round-trip hop-count (RTHC) of the path. We further refine this upper bound based on the IEEE 802.11 MAC layer protocol, and show that in a chain topology, a tighter upper bound exists, which is approximately 1/5 of the RTHC of the path. Based on this tighter bound, we propose an adaptive CWL setting strategy to dynamically adjust TCP's CWL according to the current RTHC of its path. Using ns-2 simulations, we show that our simple strategy improves TCP performance by 8% to 16% in a dynamic MANET environment.
Does Temperature have a Metric Structure

Is there anything more to temperature than the ordering of things from colder to hotter? Are there also facts, for example, about how much hotter (twice as hot, three times as hot, etc.) one thing is than another? There certainly are, but the only strong justification for this claim comes from statistical mechanics. What we knew about temperature before the advent of statistical mechanics (what we knew about it from thermodynamics) provided only weak reasons to believe it.
Cholinergic and anticholinergic influences on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior

Abstract The effect of cholinergic and anticholinergic agents on the threshold dosage of amphetamine required to produce stereotyped behavior in guinea pigs was investigated. The anticholinergic agent scopolamine lowered the threshold dosage of amphetamine required to produce stereotyped behavior. The cholinergic agent physostigmine strongly antagonized the onset of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. The effect of altering cholinergic activity in human movement disorders which have as their basis alterations in the dopaminergic system is discussed. On the basis of this investigation it is suggested that centrally acting cholinergic agents may be of value in the treatment of Huntington's chorea, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and tardive dyskinesias. It is further suggested that the use of anticholinergic drugs in patients receiving chronic neuroleptic therapy may predispose them to the development of tardive dyskinesias and should be avoided.
Thoracoscopic resection of 85 pulmonary lesions

Abstract Advances in endoscopic surgical equipment and laser technology have expanded the role of thoracoscopy to include thoracoscopic pulmonary resection. Eighty-five thoracoscopic pulmonary resections were performed on 61 consecutive patients with small lesions (
Gender influences on earnings of obstetrician-gynecologists

Objective To test the hypothesis that the observed difference in earnings between male and female obstetriciangynecologists could be explained by variations in productivity and human capital. Methods Data from a 1991 national survey of ACOG Fellows were used to provide a descriptive analysis of male and female obstetrician-gynecologists' demographic characteristics, net income, experience, practice characteristics, workload, and practice activities. Variables found to have a significant impact on net income or to vary significantly by sex were included in a multiple regression analysis. Results Twenty-one percent of the 1286 survey respondents were female obstetrician-gynecologists. Women were almost twice as likely as men to be in salaried positions ( P P P P P Conclusion More than half of the overall male-female income gap was explained by differences in personal and practice characteristics. However, female obstetrician-gynecologists earned 14.2% less than men, after controlling for variations in productivity and human capital.
Constitutive parameters for liquid-fluidized beds

The constitutive parameters (particulate phase effective elasticity, particulate effective viscosity, added mass coefficient and drag gradient) in an unstable liquid-fluidized bed are determined as functions of voidage and slip velocity. To identify these system parameters, first, forced instability wave properties are measured in water-fluidized beds, then an optimum parameter identification method is developed to reliably determine these system parameters based on a generic instability model. The results give some insight into the internal mechanics of liquid-fluidized beds and are compared with other models when they are available.
Electromigration stress induced deformation mechanisms in free-standing platinum thin films

We present experimental evidence of anomalously high grain boundary mobility in 3–5 nm grain size platinum films at near room temperature. This mobility can be explained in terms of the localized electromigration stresses of the order of a few GPa that we observed. In the absence of conventional deformation mechanisms, the stress is relaxed through rapid grain growth up to a grain size of 40 nm. For larger grain sizes, grain boundary mobility is reduced as the stresses are relaxed by grain rotation and dislocation-based deformation mechanisms.
Reclaiming the Spirit: The Journeys of Gay Men and Lesbian Women Toward Integration

The goal of this study is to understand and describe the way gay men and lesbian women see and interpret their spiritual journeys. Its intent is to open up the variety of experiences that gay men and lesbians encounter and is, therefore, not based on a single religious tradition or path, such as through crisis or AIDS. The findings included a model which interweaves the coming out process and the spiritual journey for this group of gay men and lesbian women, highlighting the period of questioning, reclaiming, and reintegration that happens for many as they resolve their sense of themselves as sexual and spiritual. Also addressed is the choice of mainstream and non-mainstream spiritual identification.
Abstract 348: Analysis of somatic hypermutations in IGHV genes from Hairy Cell Leukemia Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain rearrangements

The B-cell receptors of malignant B-cells each contain a monoclonal immunoglobulin sequence which may be relevant for both prognosis and cell of origin. The character of somatic hypermutations (SHM) has been studied to predict whether antigen contacted the B-cell prior to its malignant transformation, or at least whether the SHMs observed are ‘canonical’, or consistent with those expected from mutation machinery used for antigen-driven SHM. Hairy cell leukemia B-cell receptors have previously been evaluated for gene usage and homology to germline sequence, but detection of canonical SHMs was not previously possible because of the limited number of HCL rearrangements. To compare HCL with CLL and normal B-cells, somatic hypermutation (SHM) features in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) were examined in a series of 130 immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IgH) rearrangements, including 102 from 100 classic (HCLc) and 28 from 26 variant (HCLv) patients. The frequency of unmutated rearrangements in HCLc was much lower than that in HCLv (18% vs 54%, p=0.0003) or historically in CLL (18% vs 46%, p=9×10-9), but HCLv and CLL were similar (p=0.45). As previously reported for CLL, evidence of canonical SHM was observed in HCLc rearrangements including 1) a higher ratio of replacement to silent mutations (R/S ratio) in the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) than framework regions (FRs) (2.83 vs 1.40, p Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 348. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-348
Kinetic parameters for the anodic oxidation of thiocyanate at the glassy carbon electrode

Abstract The kinetic parameters for the irreversible oxidation of the thiocyanate ion at the glassy carbon electrode have been determined. The rate-controlling step in the overall sequence was found to be the removal of the first electron from the thiocyanate ion.
PIXE analysis of south pole aerosol

Abstract The Geophysical Monitoring tor Climatic Change (GMCC) program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) operates an atmospheric monitoring observatory at Amundsen-Scott Station, South Pole. Long-term measurements of carbon dioxide, ozone, aerosols, and other background pollutants are obtained to understand their possible effects on the earth's climate. The aerosol measurement program consists of the continuous measurement of condensation nucleus (CN) concentration and aerosol scattering extinction coefficient ( σ sp ). During 1982 Nuclepore-filter aerosol samples were taken with 8-h time resolution for analysis by the proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique. A time series of sodium, chlorine, and sulfur concentrations shows that the sulfur and CN records are similar and that the sodium, chlorine, and σ sp records are similar. Episodes of sodium are measured at the ground in the austral winter and are apparently caused by large-scale transport from coastal regions and vertical transport to the surface during times of surface warming and weakening of the surface temperature inversion. These episodes are characterized by increases in sodium concentration, CI/Na ratio, σ sp , and particle size, and decreases in nonseasalt sulfur concentration, suggesting a decrease in atmospheric acidity with a displacement of sulfuric acid aerosol. An analysis of back trajectories suggests transport times of several days from the Antarctic coast.
Channel characteristics for elevator shafts at 5 GHz

We provide some measured channel characterization results for two elevator shaft channels in the 5-GHz band, for two distinct elevator shaft types in two buildings. The elevator shaft channel is of interest for several applications, including public safety. Even though other authors have reported elevator shaft channel characteristics for lower-frequency bands (255-MHz, 900-MHz, 1.9-GHz), to our knowledge ours is the first work for the 5-GHz band. Prior work has also not thoroughly addressed channel characteristics when the elevator car is in motion, whereas here we provide some initial measurement results for this dynamic condition. We measured power delay profiles and from these estimated propagation path loss and root-mean square delay spread (RMS-DS). Path loss exponents were approximately 2 in one building and 6 in the other. Mean RMS-DS values range from 14–60 ns when the elevator car is motionless, with RMS-DS generally increasing with link distance. Maximum RMS-DS values increase to 58 ns and 70 ns in the two buildings when the elevator car is moving and the receiver is inside the car.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIGENIC BRUGIA ADULT WORM PROTEINS BY PEPTIDE MASS FINGERPRINTING

With the recent completion of the Brugia malayi genome, proteomics offers a new resource for a deeper understanding of the biology of filarial parasites. We employed 2-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis followed by peptide mass fingerprinting on a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometer to identify Brugia adult worm proteins and then determined which proteins were recognized by the host humoral immune response. We identified 18 unique proteins, several of which were determined to be antigenic by immunoblot. The proteins identified here may contribute to future studies to analyze the transmission and pathogenesis of lymphatic filariasis.
Urology and the scientific method in ancient Egypt.

Objectives To examine the practice of urology in ancient Egypt using various sources, including the Edwin Smith and Ebers Papyri. The sources of knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine include medical papyri, paleopathology, art, and hieroglyphic carvings. Methods A brief overview of the medical system in ancient Egypt was completed, in addition to an examination of the training and specialization of the physician in the ancient world. Urologic diseases treated in ancient Egypt and some of the first documented urologic surgeries are presented. Finally, we studied the role of the physician-priest and the intertwined use of religion and magic in ancient Egyptian medicine. Results The same medical conditions urologists treat in the office today were methodically documented thousands of years ago. Medical papyri show evidence that the ancient Egyptians practiced medicine using a scientific method based on the clinical observation of disease. This has been exemplified by the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, a collection of surgical cases that gives a diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for each ailment, and the discovery of medical specialization in ancient Egypt, giving us perhaps the world's first urologists. Intertwined with the scientific method was also the rich mysticism and religion of ancient Egypt, which were integral components of the healing process. Conclusions We present an overview of the practice of urology in ancient Egypt, in terms of both pharmacologic and surgical intervention, as well as with a look into the religion of medicine practiced at that time.
Continuum interpretation of virial stress in molecular simulations

Abstract The equivalence of the virial stress and Cauchy stress is reviewed using both theoretical arguments and numerical simulations. Using thermoelasticity problems as examples, we numerically demonstrate that virial stress is equivalent to the continuum Cauchy stress. Neglecting the velocity terms in the definition of virial stress as many authors have recently suggested, can cause significant errors in interpreting MD simulation results at elevated temperatures (T > 0 K).
The double-bubble deformity: cause, prevention, and treatment.

BACKGROUND The double-bubble deformity is a widely recognized complication of breast augmentation, but there have been very few articles in the peer-reviewed literature devoted exclusively to this topic. METHODS Prior publications addressing the anatomy of the inframammary fold and its relationship to the double-bubble deformity are systematically reviewed. Disagreements among authorities regarding the precise anatomical structure of the inframammary fold are addressed. The cause and surgical correction of the double-bubble deformity are discussed in detail as they relate to the anatomy of the fold. RESULTS The key to understanding the causes and correction of the double bubble lies in an appreciation of the anatomy of the inframammary fold. Correction of the deformity varies depending on whether or not patients had preexisting anatomical features predisposing them to development of a double bubble. CONCLUSION A variety of surgical strategies, including use of a dual-plane pocket, form-stable shaped implants, capsulorrhaphy, pocket plane conversion, and use of acellular dermal matrices can play a role in prevention and treatment of the double-bubble deformity. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
Chemo and phototactic nano/microbots

One of the more interesting recent discoveries has been the ability to design nano/microparticles which catalytically harness the chemical energy in their environments to move autonomously. These “nanomotors” can be directed by externally applied magnetic fields, or optical and chemical gradients. Our group has now developed two systems in which chemical secretions from the translating micro/nanomotors initiate long-range, collective interactions among the particles via self-diffusiophoresis. Herein, we discuss two different approaches to model the complex emergent behavior of these particles, the first being a qualitative probability-based model with wide applicability, and the second being a more quantitative Brownian dynamics simulation specific to the self-diffusiophoretic phenomenon.
The trousers test for tearing of soft biomaterials

Abstract The mechanical modeling of rubber-like materials within the framework of nonlinear elasticity theory is well established. The application of such modeling to soft biomaterials is currently the subject of intense investigation. For soft biomaterials it is well known that exponential strain energy density models are particularly useful as they reflect the typical J-shaped stress-stretch stiffening response that is observed experimentally. The most celebrated of these models for isotropic hyperelastic materials are those of Fung and Demiray which depends only on the first strain invariant and its generalization by Vito that depends on both strain invariants. In the limit as the strain-stiffening parameter tends to zero, one recovers the neo-Hookean and Mooney–Rivlin models that are linear functions of the invariants. Here we apply these models to the analysis of the fracture or tearing of soft biomaterials. Attention is focused on a particular fracture test namely the trousers test where two legs of a cut specimen are pulled horizontally apart out of the plane of the test piece. It is shown that, in general, the location of the cut in the specimen plays a key role in the fracture analysis, and that the effect of the cut position depends crucially on the constitutive model employed. This dependence is characterized explicitly for the strain-stiffening exponential constitutive models considered. In contrast to the situation for rubber, our findings show that the critical driving force and fracture toughness in tearing of some soft biomaterials in the trousers test are virtually independent of the cut position.
Platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy favorably impacts survival outcomes in stage I uterine papillary serous carcinoma

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to determine recurrence patterns and survival outcomes of stage I uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) patients. METHODS: A retrospective, multi-institutional study of stage I UPSC patients diagnosed from 1993 to 2006 was performed. Patients underwent comprehensive surgical staging; postoperative treatment included observation (OBS); radiotherapy alone (RT); or platinum/taxane–based chemotherapy (CT) ± RT. RESULTS: The authors identified 142 patients with a median follow-up of 37 months (range, 7-144 months). Thirty-three patients were observed, 20 received RT alone, and 89 received CT ± RT. Twenty-five recurrences (17.6%) were diagnosed, and 60% were extrapelvic. Chemotherapy-treated patients experienced significantly fewer recurrences than those treated without chemotherapy (P = .013). Specifically, CT ± RT patients had a lower risk of recurrence (11.2%) compared with patients who received RT alone (25%, P = .146) or OBS (30.3%, P = .016). This effect was most pronounced in stage IB/IC (P = .007). CT- and CT + RT–treated patients experienced similar recurrence. After multivariate analysis, treatment with chemotherapy was associated with a decreased risk of recurrence (P = .047). The majority of recurrences (88%) were not salvageable. Progression-free survival (PFS) and cause-specific survival (CSS) for chemotherapy-treated patients were more favorable than for those who did not receive chemotherapy (P = .013 and .081). Five-year PFS and CSS rates were 81.5% and 87.6% in CT ± RT, 64.1% and 59.5% in RT alone, and 64.7% and 70.2% for OBS. CONCLUSIONS: Stage I UPSC patients have significant risk for extrapelvic recurrence and poor survival. Recurrence and survival outcomes are improved in well-staged patients treated with platinum/taxane–based chemotherapy. This multi-institutional study is the largest to support systemic therapy for early stage UPSC patients. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Dendrimers in molecular recognition and self-assembly

Dendrimers are a novel class of polymers possessing hyperbranched structures. A globular structure combined with a high number of end-groups and open cavities within makes these molecules ideal building blocks for supramolecular chemistry.
Measuring the effects of race differentials in mortality upon surviving family members

A model is developed to use marital history data from the U.S. Current Population Survey and mortality statistics from the federal registration system to estimate color differences in (a) the risk of widowhood among women in the working ages and (b) the cumulative duration of widowhood. Color differentials in mortality among married males are thereby translated into person-years of dependent survivorship among women, in anticipation of our later estimating average and cumulative lifetime income losses for the survivors. Initial results of this model, dealing with the demographic aspects of survivorship, are presented.
Hypokalemic sensory overstimulation.

This report describes 2 generations of a family with symptoms of sensory overstimulation that exhibit a potassium sensitivity similar to that seen in hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The sensory overstimulation is characterized by a subjective experience of sensory overload and a relative resistance to lidocaine local anesthesia. The sensory overload is treatable with oral potassium gluconate, with onset of the therapeutic effect in ~20 minutes. The effect of potassium is reminiscent of its effect in the channelopathies underlying hypokalemic periodic paralysis, and the resistance to lidocaine applied peripherally suggests a peripheral sensory localization to the abnormality. The phenotype overlaps with that of attention deficit disorder, raising the possibility of subtypes of attention deficit disorder that have a peripheral sensory cause and novel forms of therapy.
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION INVESTIGATION OF THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS OF RARE-EARTH METALS WITH GROUP V ANIONS

The magnetic properties of heavy rare-earth compounds with the NaCl-type structure have been investigated at temperatures between 295 and 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by neutron diffraction experiments on powdered specimens. All of the nitrides except TmN have a net ferromagnetism at low temperatures, but the diffraction patterns indicate a complicated type of magnetic order. HoP also has an unusual magnetic structure at low temperatures and this structure is presumably stabilized by dipole forces. The other phosphides, antimonides, and arsenides were found to have magnetic ordering transitions to the Mn-O type of antiferromagnetic structure. Low values of the atomic moments and large magnetic anisotropies in the ordered magnetic structures indicate the effects of crystal field interactions at low temperatures.
Weak correction to the muon magnetic moment in a gauge model

Abstract The weak correction, a μ w , to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon is calculated in an SU(2) ⊗ U(1) ⊗ U(1) gauge model of weak and electromagnetic interactions. The R ξ gauge is used and Ward-Takahashi indentities are utilized eliminating all ξ-dependence before the loop integration is performed. a μ w,expt places no constraint on the mass of one of the neutral vector mesons, which may be arbitrarily small.
Complement Activation Promotes Muscle Inflammation during Modified Muscle Use

Modified muscle use can result in muscle inflammation that is triggered by unidentified events. In the present investigation, we tested whether the activation of the complement system is a component of muscle inflammation that results from changes in muscle loading. Modified rat hindlimb muscle loading was achieved by removing weight-bearing from the hindlimbs for 10 days followed by reloading through normal ambulation. Experimental animals were injected with the recombinant, soluble complement receptor sCR1 to inhibit complement activation. Assays for complement C4 or factor B in sera showed that sCR1 produced large reductions in the capacity for activation of the complement system through both the classical and alternative pathways. Analysis of complement C4 concentration in serum in untreated animals showed that the classical pathway was activated during the first 2 hours of reloading. Analysis of factor B concentration in untreated animals showed activation of the alternative pathway at 6 hours of reloading. Administration of sCR1 significantly attenuated the invasion of neutrophils (-49%) and ED1(+) macrophages (-52%) that occurred in nontreated animals after 6 hours of reloading. The presence of sCR1 also reduced significantly the degree of edema by 22% as compared to untreated animals. Together, these data show that increased muscle loading activated the complement system which then briefly contributes to the early recruitment of inflammatory cells during modified muscle loading.
Hospitalists And Hospitals’ Bottom Line: How Do Hospitals That Use Hospitalists Fare?

Hospitalists are group of hospital-based physicians that specialize in the provision of hospital medicine. Since the mid- 1990s, hospitalists have grown unprecedentedly. Studies on hospitalists have focused for the most part on efficiency as measured by costs and length of stay (LOS). Very few investigations have attempted to explore the relationship between hospitals’ use of hospitalists and hospitals’ bottom line. The purpose of this study is to explore the association between the use of hospitalists and financial performance. The data for this study was extracted from the AHA Annual Survey, the Area Health Resource File (AHRF), and CMS’ costs reports and Case Mix Index (CMI) files. This longitudinal study (2007- 2010) consisted of a national sample of U.S. acute care hospitals. A panel design with facility and year fixed effects regression was performed to assess this relationship. We found that an increase in the use of hospitalists is associated with higher costs and revenue. Our study also showed th...
Academic dishonesty and low self‐control: An empirical test of a general theory of crime

This study uses academic dishonesty as a unique type of fraudulent behavior upon which to test Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime. The study utilizes self‐report data from a survey of undergraduate students enrolled in sociology courses at a large southwestern university. With these data, the authors examine a number of the core theoretical propositions of Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. That is, we test issues concerning the dimensionality of low self‐control, the influence of parenting on the development of self‐control, the association between levels of self‐control and involvement in academic dishonesty, and the interactive effects of low self‐control and opportunity on the frequency of academic dishonesty. The results of our analyses, although rather mixed, do provide qualified support for the theory.
DDT Stimulates c-erbB2, c-met, and STATS Tyrosine Phosphorylation, Grb2-Sos Association, MAPK Phosphorylation, and Proliferation of Human Breast Epithelial Cells☆

Several environmental organochlorines, some of which exhibit estrogenic activity, have been detected in human breast tissue and have been suggested as having a role in tumorigenesis. In this communication, we report the effects of DDT on c-erbB2 and c-met growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and STATS signal transduction processes in human breast epithelial MCF-10A cells. p,p'-DDT at physiologically relevant concentrations (i.e. 10 nM) elevated c-erbB2, c-met and STAT1 alpha (p84/91) tyrosine phosphorylation, stimulated Grb2-Sos1 association and elevated MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, o,p'-DDT under identical conditions failed to stimulate either c-erbB2 or c-met tyrosine phosphorylation, demonstrating a structural specificity for this effect. p,p'-DDT also stimulated breast epithelial cell proliferation, as evidenced by 3H thymidine incorporation and analysis of cell doubling times. These results provide evidence of additional pathways by which environmental chemicals may stimulate cell proliferation and/or tumorigenesis and thereby function as xenomitogens.
What We Mean When We Talk About MRD in Myeloma. A Review of Current Methods. Part 1 of a Two-Part Series

Assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) is becoming standard of care for potentially curable cancers, like some leukemias. For diseases not currently curable, like multiple myeloma (MM), the optimal methodology to assess MRD is much less clear, let alone the clinical significance. In this two-part series, we review each of these aspects of MRD in MM. In part 1, we review different methodologies available for MRD assessment, with an emphasis on multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) and duplex immunohistochemistry. There is currently a strong push in the MM community for the use of MFC, based on studies demonstrating MRD negativity by MFC being associated with delayed time to relapse. After participating in a recent international meeting of leaders in the field, convened to discuss this topic, we review and assess the voiced opinions and published data. While great strides have been made toward the standardization of MFC for MRD, we review not only intrinsic biologic differences between MM and leukemia but also the technical challenges that follow from these differences, including the need for live cells, a difficult to characterize immunophenotype, and significant interlaboratory variability in MFC testing and interpretation.
The influence on Fermi energy of Li-site change in LizTi1−yNiyS2 on crossing z = 1

The Fermi energy EF of the TiS2 layers of metallic LixTiS2 increases by 1.3 eV as x increases through x = 1 to a two-phase state containing a Li-rich phase with Li shifted from octahedral to tetrahedral sites of the space between TiS2 layers. For x 1 phase, EF lies in the 3d band of the Ti(III)/Ti(II) mixed valence. In order to determine how much of the shift of EF is due to the on-site electron–electron electrostatic energy U of the narrow band Ti-3d electrons and how much is due to the shift of the Li in the interlayer space from octahedral to tetrahedral sites, we have monitored the change in EF within the Ti(IV)/Ti(III) mixed-valence state of Lix(Ti0.9Ni0.1)S2 as x is increased through x = 1. Substitution of Ni for Ti changes the sulfur stacking from hexagonal to cubic, but the stacking changes back to hexagonal on insertion of Li to x ≈ 1. A voltage step at 1.45 V with cubic stacking of the sulfide planes and at 1.15 V with hexagonal stacking reveals a raising of EF by 0.3 eV on going from cubic to hexagonal stacking. Shifting of the Li+ ions from octahedral sites to a Li-rich phase in which they occupy tetrahedral sites on increasing x through x ≈ 1 raises EF by Δm ≈ 0.5 eV, which indicates a U ≈ 1.3 eV − Δm ≈ 0.8 eV in the narrow Ti-3d band of LiTiS2 having a width W > U.
Attachment Theory: History, Research, and Practice

John Bowlby revolutionized the view of mother-infant bonds and relationships when he outlined attachment theory. This article reviews attachment theory and how history and research impact clinical practice. Attachment definitions and components are offered, some research history is highlighted and critiqued, new areas of research are indicated from globalization and marginalization perspectives, and implications for social work treatment with children are discussed including differentiation and integration of the self, attachment reparation, and reinforcement of internal working models. Attachment theory premises are based in an enduring pattern of relatedness that exists, not only for survival, but also for connection.
Test reliability and practice effects

The purpose of this paper is to develop mathematical formulations of test reliability when the estimation of reliability requires successive observations and these observations are not independent of the process (or act) of measurement. The specific application of concern arises in performance testing where performance varies as a function of practice and where practice accrues as a result of measurement. Repeated measures are experimentally nonindependent in such cases. Formulations for the estimation of reliability are developed for each of two cases. The first of these assumes a linear model for acquisition; the second assumes a nonlinear (quadratic) model. Illustrative data are presented whereby insights may be gained as to the inadequacy of the models.
Development of the city of quality: a hypertext-based group decision support system for quality function deployment

Abstract The goal of the City of Quality system is to provide a group support system (GSS) for strategic planning of large-scale system development projects—a GSS which can significantly enhance these projects by providing tools for detailed requirements management, modeling, and analysis. It is an adaptation and implementation, using hypertext, of an ensemble of Japanese management techniques. The name of these techniques translates, roughly, as Quality Function Deployment (QFD), which is part of Total Quality Management (TQM). These manual techniques have been developed over a number of years as a response to the problems of developing large, complex systems that must satisfy conflicting requirements. They can be an important strategic planning tool. When successfully applied, QFD can save 50 percent of the system development costs; however, many organizations find it difficult to apply QFD successfully. Decision support system (DSS) and GSS technology can help address this problem. Hypertext tools allow the development of a low-cost DSS implementation to support QFD. This DSS can be extended to a GSS with network management software.
Partial hepatectomy reduces both metabolism and toxicity of benzene

Removal of 70–80% of the liver reduced both the metabolism and the toxicity of benzene in rats. Metabolism was evaluated by measuring the levels of urinary metabolites in both sham‐operated and partially hepatectomized rats given 2200 mg/kg [3H]benzene sc. Toxicity was evaluated by measuring the incorporation of 59Fe into circulating erythrocytes according to the method of Lee et al. The observation that partial hepatectomy decreases benzene metabolism and protects against benzene toxicity indicates that the liver may play a primary role in the development of benzene‐induced bone marrow toxicity. The fact that benzene administration also reduces the ability of the liver to regenerate after partial hepatectomy suggests that the regenerating liver may serve as a model system in lieu of the bone marrow for studying the mechanism by which benzene inhibits cell proliferation.
Estimation of Mass-Transport Overpotentials during Long-Term PEMFC Operation

A comprehensive method for separating proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode catalyst-layer and gas diffusion layer (GDL) mass-transport overpotentials was derived utilizing kinetic and ohmic analysis of high humidified H 2 /O 2 and low humidified H 2 /air polarization data. A hybridized method was applied accounting for electrochemical surface area, hydrogen crossover, and exchange current density. This method delineates separate cathode GDL and electrode mass-transport overpotentials as a function of current density and operating time. The methodology is systematic and generalized and can be applied to polarization data from any type of durability test. The derivation was applied to periodic polarization data from a steady-state 1050 h durability test and is shown to provide an accurate breakdown of the sources of performance losses. Increases in mass-transport overpotential for the cathode GDL and oxygen reduction reaction overpotential were predominantly offset by improvements in the mass-transport overpotential of the cathode catalyst layer and reductions in the high frequency resistance. Little increase in the GDL mass-transport overpotential was observed during the first ∼500 h period, but a substantial increase was seen during the second ∼500 h period. The mass-transport overpotential of the cathode catalyst layer was almost negligible at the end of ∼1000 h of operation, suggesting little O 2 diffusion resistance through the ionomer and adjacent void volume.
Behavioral and cardiac rhythmicity during mother-father-stranger infant social interaction.

Summary: In an effort to understand the temporal organization of infant physiologic and behavioral systems during social interaction with adults, spectral and cross-spectral analyses of infant heart rate and mother-father-stranger-infant behavioral data are described herein for a 3-month-old infant during face-to-face social interaction with her parents and a stranger. This infant's heart rate rhythms were stronger during social interaction with both mother and father than with a stranger. Infant behavioral rhythms were associated with (high coherence) the parents' behavioral rhythms, but not with those of the stranger. Furthermore, infant heart rate and infant behavioral rhythms showed high coherence with all three adults. Although these findings are preliminary, based on a case study and need replication, they generate intriguing hypotheses. This technique of studying the rhythmicity of infant social interaction with spectral analysis suggests that the 3-month-old infant's behavior and heart rate are synchronized during interaction with all three adults; however, the infant and adult behavioral rhythms are synchronous only with mother and father and not with an unfamiliar stranger.
Ultrastructural basement membrane topography of the bladder epithelium

The basement membrane underlies epithelium and separates it from deeper tissues. Recent studies suggest that nanoscale topography of the surface of basement membrane may modulate adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of overlying epithelium. This study was performed to elucidate nanoscale topographic features of basement membrane of the bladder. Bladder tissues were obtained from three adult female rhesus macaques. A process was developed to remove the epithelium while preserving the underlying basement membrane, and tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Detailed measurements were made of stereo SEM images to quantitatively define topographic features. Measurements made from multiple SEM images of bladder basement membrane provided the following values for topographic features: mean feature height, 178±57 nm; mean fiber diameters, 52±28 nm; mean pore diameter, 82±49 nm; and mean interpore distance (center to center), 127±54 nm. These dimensions are similar to those reported previously for basement membranes of other species and anatomical locations. This information provides a rational basis for design of nanostructured biomaterials to produce composite grafts for repair or replacement of segments of the urinary tract.
Setpoint tracking with actuator offset and sensor bias - Probing the limits of integral control

In SISO systems, a servo-loop architecture with a forward-and backward-path controller cannot be used to achieve asymptotic setpoint tracking when both an actuator offset and sensor bias are present. We provide results for SISO systems that illustrate the limits of integral control in achieving setpoint tracking. Although the results in this article are confined to the case of SISO transfer functions, extensions to the MIMO case based on state-space models are of interest. In particular, a MIMO treatment of the problem of command following in the presence of actuator offset is given in (Davison and Smith, 1971). For the case of actuator and sensor disturbances that are both measured, setpoint tracking using feedforward control is considered in (Davison, 1973). Consequently, our results on actuator offset are a special case of (Davison and Smith, 1971), whereas our results on sensor bias are not addressed by (Davison, 1973) due to the additional assumption in (Davison, 1973) of measured offsets
A simple microcomputer-based three-dimensional serial section reconstruction system (MICROS).

Abstract We have developed a computer system which enters and aligns serial sections and displays the completed reconstructions at different rotations in space. The system uses commercially available hardware, including a Hewlett-Packard 9845T microcomputer and an H-P 9874A digitizer. The software for the system is written in the BASIC language. The system consists of two programs, one for section digitization, the other for rotation and display of the reconstructions. Sections are digitized directly from micrographs or back-projected slides. The outlines of cells or other structures are traced from these media using a hand-held cursor on the digitizer. The positions of elements (inputs) which contact the structure and fiducials are also digitized. The sections are aligned by simultaneously displaying two consecutive sections on the graphics CRT screen. The sections are coarsely superimposed by centering around screen center using a centering algorithm. They are precisely aligned by rotating and translating the images with a reference cursor. Special functions for inserting and deleting sections and rapid section scanning are available for editing. The aligned sections are stored using a linked-list file structure on either floppy disks or tape cartridges. The rotation program replots the completed reconstructions on the graphics CRT or digital plotter. The program will reproduce the reconstructions at any scale and at any rotation in the x-, y- or z-planes. A hidden line algorithm removes hidden lines to give a 3-dimensional (3-D) perspective to the reconstructions. The positions of inputs and fiducials are represented by symbols. We use the system to reconstruct cells and neural processes. The 3-D reconstructions allow us to: (a) examine the spatial distribution and density of synaptic contacts on neurons; (b) study complex neuronal shapes; (c) examine the vectors of neural processes. The computer reconstruction system, which is moderately priced, should also prove useful for reconstructing many other types of biological profile.
Methacrylate Insertion into Cationic Diimine Palladium(II)−Alkyl Complexes and the Synthesis of Poly(alkene-block-alkene/carbon monoxide) Copolymers

The reaction of cationic Pd(II) diimine complex [(N∧N)Pd(Me)(L)][B(Arf)4] ((N∧N) = 2,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenylimino)butane, Arf = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3, L = Et2O) with methyl methacrylate results in 1,...
From the Treatise to the General Theory: the transformation of Keynes's theory of investment in working capital

Keynes knew that in the Treatise he failed to develop a satisfactory analysis of the cumulative processes caused by the induced demand effect for working capital. In the 1932 draft he concentrated on this question and came close to formulating a dynamic theory of effective demand. As discussed in this paper, diis version of his theory combines short-run determination of output with long-run changes in die costs of production, and lends itself to die study of not only the depression but also the different aspects and phases of cyclical growth. But Keynes wanted to engage the orthodoxy on its own terms, and his work made a sharp turn towards a static reformulation of his theory in 1933. This created a multitude of problems, since die static structure of the orthodox dieory contradicted die dynamic essence of his theory. One important problem was the treatment of investment in working capital, which became theoretically indistinguishable from unintended variations in firms' stocks following unforeseen displacement from static equilibrium.
On stabilizing CO2 concentrations — cost-effective emission reduction strategies

In recent years, global climate change has become one of the most contentious environmental issues facing the international community. The UN Framework Convention calls for the “stabilization of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” (Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992). Yet the issue of what constitutes “dangerous anthropogenic interference” is likely to remain the subject of intense scientific and political debate for some time. For the present, international negotiations must remain an ongoing process, with ample opportunities for learning and for midcourse corrections. We are currently in the midst of one such review cycle. When initially put forward at the “Earth Summit” in 1992, the Framework Convention called upon developed countries to aim to return emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000. At the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 1995, these commitments were deemed inadequate. As a result, the so-called Berlin Mandate was adopted. This called upon developed countries to set “quantified limitation and reduction objectives” for the post-2000 time frame (UN, 1995).
Songwriting and Activism: A Young Singer's Efforts to Write Himself into the Traditions of an Activist Group

This article examines how music functions as a vehicle by which people may place themselves in social movements. Centering questions of culture, the article describes how an environmentalist group based in the northeastern USA used music to: (1) assert a collective identity; (2) project a past, present and future; and (3) forge relationships among group members and between group members and the general public. Against this background, the article considers how a young activist used music to take on and adapt a movement identity and position himself within the movement's traditions and social relations. In a discourse analysis of a song this young activist composed and performed at the group's summer music festival, the article shows how he adapted a range of cultural resources to reimagine and place himself within the group's relations of time and social space.