cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extracting Kinetics Information from Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Data Using Hidden Markov Models

Hidden Markov models (HMM) have been proposed as a method of analysis for noisy single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (SM FRET) data. However, there are practical and fundamental limits in applying HMM to SM FRET data due to the short photobleaching lifetimes of fluorophores and the limited time resolution of detection devices. The fast photobleaching fluorophores yield short SM FRET time traces, and the limited detection time resolution generates abnormal FRET values, which result in systematic underestimation of kinetic rates. In this work, a HMM algorithm is implemented to optimize one set of HMM parameters with multiple short SM FRET traces. The FRET efficiency distribution function for the HMM optimization was modified to accommodate the abnormal FRET values resulting from limited detection time resolution. Computer simulations reveal that one set of HMM parameters is optimized successfully using multiple short SM FRET traces and that the degree of the kinetic rate underestimation is reduced by using the proposed modified FRET efficiency distribution. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that HMM can be used to reproducibly analyze short SM FRET time traces.
Solution of Howells’ model of the scalar spectrum and comparison with experiment

Howells’ model of the scalar spectrum for isotropic turbulent flow is simplified using a restriction to large Peclet number and statistically stationary turbulence at high wavenumbers, and is generalized by introducing Batchelor's constant as a free parameter. The resulting model is compared with data from the atmospheric surface layer, ocean, and liquid mercury. It is found that Howells’ model, which is applicable for arbitrary Prandtl number ( Pr ), does not compare well with data for large and intermediate Pr at wavenumbers higher than those in the inertial-convective range. The model implies that the inertial-diffusive range asymptotic form, $k^{\frac{17}{3}}$ , cannot appear even for Pr as small as that of mercury ( Pr = 0·018).
Technique to improve surveying in confined areas

Current surveying instrumentation precludes the thorough analysis of some areas of cast topography. The use of readily available, supplemental instrumentation when casts are surveyed will enhance removable partial denture therapy. In particular, facial embrasures and rest seats can be advantageously studied with this modified technique.
Theories of Causality: From Antiquity to the Present by John Losee; The Oxford Handbook of Causation by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies (Eds.)

Theories of Causality: From Antiquity to the Present, John Losee. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 2011, 218 pages, $59.95 (hardcover). The Oxford Handbook of Causation, Helen Beebee, Christop...
A pulsed injection parahydrogen generator and techniques for quantifying enrichment.

Abstract A device is presented for efficiently enriching parahydrogen by pulsed injection of ambient hydrogen gas. Hydrogen input to the generator is pulsed at high pressure to a catalyst chamber making thermal contact with the cold head of a closed-cycle cryocooler maintained between 15 and 20 K. The system enables fast production (0.9 standard liters per minute) and allows for a wide range of production targets. Production rates can be systematically adjusted by varying the actuation sequence of high-pressure solenoid valves, which are controlled via an open source microcontroller to sample all combinations between fast and thorough enrichment by varying duration of hydrogen contact in the catalyst chamber. The entire enrichment cycle from optimization to quantification and storage kinetics are also described. Conversion of the para spin-isomer to orthohydrogen in borosilicate tubes was measured at 8 min intervals over a period of 64 h with a 12 T NMR spectrometer. These relaxation curves were then used to extract initial enrichment by exploiting the known equilibrium (relaxed) distribution of spin isomers with linear least squares fitting to a single exponential decay curve with an estimated error less than or equal to 1%. This procedure is time-consuming, but requires only one sample pressurized to atmosphere. Given that tedious matching to external references are unnecessary with this procedure, we find it to be useful for periodic inspection of generator performance. The equipment and procedures offer a variation in generator design that eliminate the need to meter flow while enabling access to increased rates of production. These tools for enriching and quantifying parahydrogen have been in steady use for 3 years and should be helpful as a template or as reference material for building and operating a parahydrogen production facility.
Factors which control exciplex formation in the 1,3-photoaddition reaction of anisole with olefins

Abstract Quantitative data on the photochemical 1,3-addition of anisole to a number of olefins over a range of concentrations of the latter are reported. The reaction which is believed to proceed via an exciplex intermediate is shown to be influenced by steric considerations and, perhaps, by the ionization potential of the olefin.
Modularity, evolution, and the binding problem: a view from stability theory

Any biological object, and specifically the brain, is the result of evolution. Evolution proceeds by accumulation and combination of stable intermediate states-as is well known, survival of the fittest really means survival of the stable. Simple examples abound: for instance, human emotional response involves both a fast archaic loop bypassing the cortex, and a slower cortical loop; motion control architecture in vertebrates is believed to involve combinations of simple motor primitives. However, in themselves, accumulations and combinations of stable elements have no reason to be stable. Hence the hypothesis that evolution will favor a particular form of stability, which automatically guarantees stability in combination. Such a form of stability, which we refer to as 'contraction,' can be characterized mathematically. Thus, contraction theory may help guide functional modeling of the central nervous system, and conversely it provides a systematic method to build arbitrarily complex robots out of simpler elements. Furthermore, contraction theory may shed light on the problem of perceptual unity (binding problem) by providing simple models and conditions for the overall convergence of a large number of specialized processing elements connected through networks of feedback loops.
Biaxial magnetic structures in rare-earth compounds: GdMg and HoP

Abstract The flopside spin structure, where the magnetic moments form two sublattices which at low temperatures are mutually perpendicular was first found in HoP and then in other rare-earth pnictides. There are large orbital contributions to the magnetic moments of these compounds and it had been thought that they play an important role in stabilizing the flopside spin structure. However, recently this spin structure has been found in GdMg. As Gd3+ is an S-state ion, there are negligible orbital effects. We have developed a model Hamiltonian which is able to explain both the occurence of initially a ferromagnetic phase and then at low temperature the flopside spin structure in two very dissimilar compounds GdMg and HoP. For GdMg we find that the competition between the near neighbor ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic bilinear exchange interactions is such that while they produce a transition to a ferromagnetic phase at 110 K, an unusually small amount of biquadratic (quadrupolar) coupling is able to stabilize a flopside phase at low temperature which is able to resist collapse in a field as large as 150 kOe. For HoP we find that although anisotropic bilinear pair interactions - as for example pseudo-dipole - exist, they cannot be the primary origin of the flopside phase; quadrupole pair interactions are essential to explain the appearance of first the ferromagnetic and then the flopside phases found in HoP. On the basis of our model calculations we are able to explain the data extant on these compounds and we make some predictions which are open to experimental verification.
Language in Child and Chimp

Today one can scarcely read a daily newspaper or news magazine without encountering a feature extolling the latest linguistic accomplishments of one or another ape. Contemporary introductory psychology textbooks may devote as much space to the achievements of the likes of Sarah and Washoe as they do to the language development of children. With increasing frequency, widely ready journals such as Science publish reports of the transmutation of base primates into noble ones. It is no wonder there is a growing belief among students and scientists alike that modern behavioral science has in fact succeeded in teaching human language to apes.
A correlation of convective heat transfer and recovery temperature data for cylinders in compressible flow

Abstract A correlation is made of heat-transfer data for circular cylinders of high thermal conductivity in the Reynolds number range 2 × 10-2 0.2. The Nusselt number is found to vary monotonically from the continuum heat-transfer law Nu ∼ Re 1 2 at high Reynolds numbers to Nu ∼ Re in free-molecule flow. The normalized recovery temperature is found to be a function only of the free-stream Knudsen number for Mach numbers greater than 0.6, and a method of estimating the recovery temperature for all Mach numbers is proposed. Empirical formulas are presented for the Nusselt number, recovery factor, and slope of the Nu-Re correlation. The results indicate a free-molecule flow energy accommodation coefficient near unity.
Zoonoses, Public Health, and the Exotic Animal Practitioner

During my residency in Avian and Zoological Medicine at the University of Tennessee, people often asked me why I was pursuing a Masters degree in Public Health. I usually had two possible responses: 1) I like to torture myself and am going to have no life for the 3 years of my residency, so I may as well get as much out of it as possible; or the slightly longer version: 2) Do you realize that approximately three-fourths of today’s emerging human pathogens come from animals? And, of these zoonoses, a large portion comes from exotic pets and wildlife! I would then proceed to run down the list of recent zoonotic epidemics and their associated animal reservoirs until they walked away or stopped paying attention. Today, I commonly have veterinary students who are aspiring exotic/zoo/wildlife veterinarians come to me for advice. Some of the common questions are, “How can I get a residency?” or “How do I get your job?” There are usually two recommendations I make. First, I tell students that getting research experience during veterinary school is a great idea, regardless of what species they work on. Second, I recommend they pursue an MPH. I often have to give them explanation number 2 above so they understand the relevance to their professional goals. Despite progress in human and veterinary medicine, pathogens are constantly evolving and staying one step in front of us. As the people of this world become more globally mobile and have closer, more frequent interactions with animals, the likelihood of future zoonotic epidemics seems inevitable. Additionally, changes in climate may alter the range of animal reservoirs or vectors, therefore changing the geographic distribution of current zoonoses. However, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of contracting a zoonotic disease. These steps include not only quarantine and disinfection, but more importantly, education. All health care professionals, whether their patients are humans or animals, need to be engaged in education and prevention of zoonoses. This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice has authors who are at the forefront of practicing, researching, and teaching exotic animal
Parametric excitations of density waves in semiconductors by electromagnetic radiation

The parametric excitations of electron-hole density fluctuations by means of a long wavelength radiation field is discussed. The kinetic equations for electrons and holes driven by a "strong" homogeneous radiation field is solved. The condition for the onset of instability is obtained.
How Quickly Do Catholic Bishops Become Obsolete? : Bishop Tenure and Diocesan Performance.

A well-developed management literature exists that argues that new corporate chief executive officers’ performance initially increases, but for a variety of reasons it eventually peaks and then decreases; this pattern of performance is graphically depicted as an inverted U-shaped form. The explanation is that although there might exist an appropriate match between the CEO and the organization's needs at the time of appointment, a CEO’s effectiveness will diminish because of factors such as a leveling off in learning on the part of the CEO; a reluctance on the part of CEOs to change their management style; an increased reliance on fewer, primarily internal, advisors; and the tendency for these advisors to provide CEOs only with the type of information that they want to hear. All of this is compounded by a dynamic external environment. This article applies this theory to the case of US Catholic bishops in an effort to discover whether they might follow the same pattern in leading their dioceses. Using the number of seminarians recruited as a performance measure, a pooled data set was tested for the existence of an inverted U-shaped pattern. Instead, the findings show a monotonically decreasing impact on performance as bishop tenure increases. One possible explanation is a poor initial match between a bishop's talents and the diocese's needs.
Projecting the Income from Milk Sales for a Dairy Enterprise

Abstract Financial management is critically important for maintaining an efficient and profitable dairy farm enterprise. For good financial management, monthly cash flow planning is a necessity. The most important component in cash flow planning is projecting the income from milk sales. Projection factors were developed to predict for a cow the monthly milk yield for the next 6 mo. Predictions for individual cows then can be summed for the entire herd, and from the forecasted milk price the milk check can be estimated. The data consisted of 204,558 complete Holstein lactations from 1959 to 1969 in 2100 New York herds. Different sets of projection factors were developed for cows in milk at the time of prediction and for cows entering production during the predicted period. Factors were developed considering lactation number (1, 2, 3, and 4 or greater), season of calving (January to April, May to August, September to December) and, for the first three lactations, age at calving (younger and older). The accuracy of these predictions was measured by the correlation between the actual and predicted milk yield by month of prediction. This correlation was highest (.90) for the 1st mo of prediction and decreased as the predicted month was further away, being .52 for the 6th mo of prediction. To be effective in assisting dairy farmers with their cash flow planning activity, the procedure developed should be incorporated in the Dairy Herd Improvement system. Consequently, the farmer will receive a monthly report that includes the predicted milk checks for the next 6 mo.
Challenges to recruitment and retention of the state health department epidemiology workforce

Background With nearly one quarter of the combined governmental public health workforce eligible for retirement within the next few years, recruitment and retention of workers is a growing concern. Epidemiology has been identified as a potential workforce shortage area in state health departments. Purpose Understanding strategies for recruiting and retaining epidemiologists may help health departments stabilize their epidemiology workforce. The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists conducted a survey, the Epidemiology Capacity Assessment (ECA), of state health departments to identify recruitment and retention factors. Methods The ECA was distributed to 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and four U.S. territories in 2009. The 50 states and DC are included in this analysis. The State Epidemiologist completed the organizational-level assessment; health department epidemiologists completed an individual-level assessment. Data were analyzed in 2010. Results All states responded to the ECA, as did 1544 epidemiologists. Seventeen percent of epidemiologists reported intent to retire or change careers in the next 5 years. Ninety percent of states and DC identified state and local government websites, schools of public health, and professional organizations as the most useful recruitment tools. Top recruitment barriers included salary scale, hiring freezes, and ability to offer competitive pay; lack of promotion opportunities and merit raise restrictions were main retention barriers. Conclusions Although the proportion of state health department epidemiologists intending to retire or change careers during the next 5 years is lower than the estimate for the total state public health workforce, important recruitment and retention barriers for the employees exist.
Home Medication Support for Childhood Cancer: Family-Centered Design and Testing

The authors created and tested a stakeholder-designed, Web-based intervention to support home chemotherapy use, a tool which they say may prevent serious medication errors in a larger study.
When the cartesian product of two directed cycles is hyperhamiltonian

We show that the Cartesian product Za × Zb of two directed cycles is hypo-Hamiltonian (Hamiltonian) if and only if there is a pair of relatively prime positive integers m and n with ma + nb = ab - 1 (ma + nb = ab). The result for hypo-Hamiltonian is new; that for Hamiltonian is known. These are special cases of the fact that there is a simple circuit of length p in Za × Zb if and only if there is a pair of relatively prime non-negative integers m and n with ma + nb = p ≤ ab.
The Association Between Family Violence and Adolescent Dating Violence Onset: Does it Vary by Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Family Structure?.

The authors determine if the associations between family violence (corporal punishment violence against the child with the intention of harm and witnessing violence between parents) and adolescent dating violence vary by subgroups based on race socioeconomic status and family structure. This study is guided by the theoretical propositions of Rowe Vazsonyi and Flannery (1994) related to examining subgroup differences and similarities in developmental processes. The sample is 1218 early adolescents (56.6% female 16.4% Black) who completed two self-administered questionnaires during 1 ½ years. We found many subgroup differences in the associations between the family violence variables and dating violence; the most consistent being across race. In most cases exposure to family violence predicted dating violence by Black adolescents but was not associated with dating violence for White adolescents. We also found within-race differences in the associations examined. Results are supportive of subgroup differences in developmental processes. (authors)
Three Kolmogorov-Smirnov-type one-sample tests with improved power properties

(1973). Three Kolmogorov-Smirnov-type one-sample tests with improved power properties. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 139-148.
New Estimates of Gaps and Transitions in Health Insurance

Changes in individual or family circumstances cause many Americans to experience gaps and transitions in public and private health insurance. Using data from the 2004-2007 Survey of Income and Program Participation, this article updates earlier analyses of insurance gaps and transitions. Eighty-nine million people (one third of nonelderly Americans) were uninsured for at least 1 month during those 4 years. Approximately 23 million lost insurance more than once. The analyses call attention to the continuing instability and insecurity of health insurance, can inform implementation of national reforms, and establish a recent baseline that will be helpful in evaluating the reforms’ effects on coverage stability.
Electrocardiographic radiotelemetry in the early recuperative period of acute myocardial infarction. Its value in detecting arrhythmias in the setting of a progressive coronary care unit.

One hundred seventeen consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction transferred from the coronary care unit to a progressive coronary care unit were monitored by electrocardiographic radiotelemetry for a median of five days for arrhythmia detection. Eighty patients (68 percent) had arrhythmias; 37 patients (32 percent) had none. Almost all arrhythmias were detected by the sixth day of monitoring. Thirty-nine patients (33 percent) had premature ventricular contractions, two patients had primary ventricular tachycardia, one patient had primary ventricular fibrillation, and two patients had secondary ventricular fibrillation. An additional patient was successfully resuscitated after monitoring had been discontinued. Four (3 percent) of 117 patients had a potentially lethal arrhythmia treated successfully, three while being monitored. Twenty-five of the patients (21 percent) had 33 episodes of treatment intervention because of telemetrically detected events. Five patients (4 percent) died, all of unpreventable causes. No patient died because of an arrythmia. We conclude that telemetry is feasible and practical in detecting arrhythmias. It is clear that potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias do occur following transfer from the coronary care unit and that monitoring is, therefore, desirable.
Neglect Assessment in Urban Emergency Departments and Confirmation by an Expert Clinical Team

Background. Elder neglect accounts for over 70% of all adult protective services reports in the nation annually, and il has been estimated thai there are over 70.000 new cases each year. The purpose of this study was to conduct elder neglect research in the emergency department (ED), using a dyadic vulnerahility/risk-profiling framework for elder neglect. Methods. Patients were recruited through four EDs in New York and Tampa from the beginning of February 20(11 through Ihe end of September 2003. Demographics, a Mini-Mental Status Examination score, and an initial elder assessment screen were collected. The diagnosis of neglect was then made by a Neglect Assessment Team (NAT) comprising a nurse, physician, and social worker, with extensive clinical experience in elder neglect. Results. Of the 3664 ED screens of adults 7(1 years and older. 405 (I 1%) met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate. Neglect was diagnosed by the NAT in 86 of the 405 cases reviewed. Demographic differences between neglect versus no negleet cases were examined using Fisher's exact lest. and differences emerged between the 2 groups. Conclusion. This study documents the underreporting of cases of neglect as evidenced by differences in diagnoses hy screeners versus experts. The research assistants screened positive for neglect in 55 (N - 22) of the 405 cases. The NAT made the diagnosis of negleet in 22% (86/389) of the cases. This markedly different rate of neglect may mean that ED screns are important hut may underestimate the true number of cases. Conversely, an NAT may make the diagnosis of neglect in an older adult more often given a higher sensitivity and a more robust knowledge base of the problem.
Effects of Dietary Lactose upon Chicks Fed a Purified Diet

Abstract THE nutritional value and physiological effects of dietary lactose in several species have been considered in two extensive reviews (Duncan, 1955; Atkinson, Kratzer and Stewart, 1957). Atkinson et al. (1957) concluded that “Poultry, either young or old, are unable to utilize even moderate levels of dietary lactose.” The galactose moiety, when fed alone, has been shown to cause convulsions and a toe deformity as well as poor growth in chicks (Dam, 1944; Rutter et al., 1953). A small, but variable, stimulation of growth was produced in chicks by a supplement of lactose at a level of 15% in a practical diet (Romoser et al., 1952). In the present studies, the growth rate of chicks fed a purified diet was increased in 16 4-week experiments when lactose was incorporated at levels between 10 and 30%. This effect was not seen in chicks that received a practical diet. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEUDRE Day-old female …
Akt kinase C-terminal modifications control activation loop dephosphorylation and enhance insulin response.

The Akt protein kinase, also known as protein kinase B, plays key roles in insulin receptor signalling and regulates cell growth, survival and metabolism. Recently, we described a mechanism to enhance Akt phosphorylation that restricts access of cellular phosphatases to the Akt activation loop (Thr308 in Akt1 or protein kinase B isoform alpha) in an ATP-dependent manner. In the present paper, we describe a distinct mechanism to control Thr308 dephosphorylation and thus Akt deactivation that depends on intramolecular interactions of Akt C-terminal sequences with its kinase domain. Modifications of amino acids surrounding the Akt1 C-terminal mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2) phosphorylation site (Ser473) increased phosphatase resistance of the phosphorylated activation loop (pThr308) and amplified Akt phosphorylation. Furthermore, the phosphatase-resistant Akt was refractory to ceramide-dependent dephosphorylation and amplified insulin-dependent Thr308 phosphorylation in a regulated fashion. Collectively, these results suggest that the Akt C-terminal hydrophobic groove is a target for the development of agents that enhance Akt phosphorylation by insulin. * AMP-PNP, : adenosine 5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate; DNA-PK, : DNA-dependent protein kinase; GAPDH, : glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HA, : haemagglutinin; HEK, : human embryonic kidney; LT, : large tag; Myr, : myristoylation; PDK1, : phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; PH, : pleckstrin homology; PHLPP, : PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase; PI3K, : phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA/C, : protein kinase A/C; PNPP, : p -nitrophenyl phosphate phosphatase; PP2A, : protein phosphatase 2A; PRK2, : PKC-related protein kinase 2; WT, : wild-type
Effect of Dilution, Pressure, and Velocity on Smoke Point in Laminar Jet Flames

Smoke point measurements of diluted methane and ethylene flames were made in a co-flowing laminar jet diffusion flame at pressures up to 8 atm. The smoke point corresponds to the fuel flow rate where the soot production is exactly offset by the soot oxidation, and as such is sensitive to changes in rates of production or oxidation. Flame height in these flames was measured as a function of pressure, diluent, and dilution level as well as both fuel exit velocity profile (i.e., plug or parabolic) and fuel/air velocity ratio. As pressure increases, the smoke point became less sensitive to diluent or dilution level. In addition to heat capacity and thermal diffusivity differences between CO2 and He for example, the large differences in kinematic viscosity was shown to play an important role in the diluent's ability to suppress the fuel's propensity to form soot.
Interpreting H2O and CO2 Contents in Melt Inclusions: Constraints from Solubility Experiments and Modeling

Due to their volatile nature and low solubility in silicate melts at the surface of the Earth, the direct measurement of the volatile components H2O and CO2 in magmatic systems is dependent on the presence of glass inclusions trapped in a crystal host prior to eruption. These inclusions, along with the glassy rinds of submarine pillow lavas, represent one of the few windows researchers have into the pre-eruptive chemical characteristics of magmatic systems (e.g., Anderson et al. 2000; Roggensack 2001a; Metrich and Wallace 2008). This information is critically important, as it is volatile exsolution and expansion that provides much of the energy for explosive eruptions, plus it informs our broader understanding of geochemical fluxes in igneous environments (Wallace 2005), and helps us understand specific magmatic behavior such as pre-eruptive phase equilibria (Moore and Carmichael 1998). The dissolved volatile concentration in magmas also strongly influences their physical properties such as density and viscosity (Lange 1994; Ochs and Lange 1999), which in turn affect volcanological behavior such as eruption style (Sparks et al. 1994; Zhang et al. 2007). In order to use melt inclusion volatile content measurements for petrologic interpretation, experimental volatile solubility data are critically necessary. Experimental solubility constraints allow the measured volatile contents in melt inclusions to be used to estimate intensive properties such as a minimum depth of entrapment of the inclusion (i.e., a calculated fluid saturation pressure), as well as to indicate the type of degassing process (i.e., open or closed system) that occurred during the emplacement and eruption of the magma (Fig. 1⇓). These estimates assume, of course, that the magma is saturated in a fluid containing H2O and/or CO2, and are not appropriate for a magma that is fluid-undersaturated. With the assumption of …
Organizational Capacity and Organizational Effectiveness among Street-Level Food Assistance Programs:

Organizational capacity is a critical issue for street-level charitable organizations, such as food pantries and soup kitchens, which are increasingly involved as partners with government in the provision of social services. Capacity refers to a set of attributes assumed in the literature to bear on organizational effectiveness. This survey of food programs in the Detroit metropolitan area not only attempts to develop a capacity profile, but it empirically seeks to link the notion of capacity to effectiveness, that is, to mission fulfillment. The key attributes of organizational capacity that bear on mission fulfillment among this sample of organizations are the presence of a paid staff person and computerization of records. Institutionalization and seeking technical assistance from other organizations, other aspects of capacity, seem to do little to increase organizational effectiveness.
A Wish List for 21st Century Environmental Policy: Decentralization, Integration, Cooperation, Flexibility, and Enhanced Participation by Citizens and Loc Governments

Jeanne W. Clarke and Daniel McCool, Staking Out the Terrain: Power and Performance Among Natural Resource Agencies (2nd 4.). Larry S. Luton, The Politics of Garbage: A Community Perspective on Solid Waste Policy Making. Peter J. May, Raymond J. Burby, Neil J. Ericksen, John W. Handmer, Jennifer E. Dixon, Sarah Michaels, and D. Ingle Smith, Environmental Management and Governance: Intergovernmental Approaches to Hazards and Sustainability.
Deep space communication relay services under energy constraint with optimal power control

Extreme physical conditions in the deep space environment result in the severe challenge of unreliable deep-space data communications. Moreover, high data rate services such as Earth-Mar multimedia communication in space exploration applications consume significant amount of energy, while the limited battery energy storage forms another communication bottleneck. To overcome these challenges, we propose an algorithm to adaptively control transmission power in a two-hop relay Mars-Earth communication link, to improve end-to-end throughput performance while minimizing the energy consumption at different transmission stations. In the proposed approach, transmission power of each communication station is adaptively adjusted according the energy storage leftover at each node. To achieve such optimal power adaptation, energy budget constraint is considered in the overall optimization process. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed power control methodology can bring significant improvement of throughput performance to support traffic intensive multimedia applications by exploring the limited energy budget.
Incorporating Pharmacy Scholarship to Management Responsibilities

Practice advancement demands innovation. Amidst professional change, pharmacy leaders have the opportunity to collaborate with colleagues to develop transformational ideas, implement these solutions, and share those successes with professionals around the state, country, and world. Scholarship, defined as contributing to the literature through publications, presentations, and other writings, is an ideal way to advance innovation within the profession. It is critical for pharmacy leaders to build scholarship into their professional workflow. Ensuring that successful projects are published or presented may translate into shared best practices. Many pharmacy leaders may find it difficult to participate in scholarship activities because of their busy schedules. This column serves to outline recommendations on how to effectively incorporate writing for publications, making presentations, and other scholarly work into the role of pharmacy leaders and managers. To reduce the barriers to scholarship, pharmacy lea...
Abstract TP130: Age-Adjusted Normative Blood Flow in Major Cerebral Vessels: Implications for Assessment of Cerebrovascular Occlusive Disease

Objective: We have previously demonstrated an effect of age and Circle of Willis anatomic variants on individual major cerebral vessel flow rates, using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography (QMRA). We have now sought to establish normative flow ranges which could serve as clinically useful benchmarks for evaluating the hemodynamics of large vessel cerebrovascular occlusive disease. Methods: 326 healthy adult volunteers with no history of cerebrovascular disease underwent QMRA of cerebral vessels. Flows were measured bilaterally in the internal carotid artery (ICA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA) A1 and A2 segments, posterior cerebral artery (PCA), basilar artery (BA), and vertebral artery (VA). Both individual vessel flow in ml/min, and indexed to total cerebral flow (TCBF=ICAs + VAs) was examined in relation to age and vascular anatomy, and percentile thresholds for normative flow were determined. Results: The volunteers ranged from 18 to 84 (mean 48) years old, with 48% female. All individual vessel flows declined with age (P Conclusions: Indexing individual flows to TCBF allows age-adjusted normative ranges to be defined by percentile categories. Definition of these ranges may allow examination of the hemodynamic effect of cerebrovascular occlusive disease, although it remains to be examined if specific percentile thresholds for individual distal vessel flow will be a useful predictor of increased hemodynamic stroke risk.
All Your Voices are Belong to Us: Stealing Voices to Fool Humans and Machines

In this paper, we study voice impersonation attacks to defeat humans and machines. Equipped with the current advancement in automated speech synthesis, our attacker can build a very close model of a victim’s voice after learning only a very limited number of samples in the victim’s voice (e.g., mined through the Internet, or recorded via physical proximity). Specifically, the attacker uses voice morphing techniques to transform its voice – speaking any arbitrary message – into the victim’s voice. We examine the aftermaths of such a voice impersonation capability against two important applications and contexts: (1) impersonating the victim in a voice-based user authentication system, and (2) mimicking the victim in arbitrary speech contexts (e.g., posting fake samples on the Internet or leaving fake voice messages).
Identification and characterization of Ditylenchus spp. populations from garlic in New York State, USA

Ditylenchus dipsaci is an important pathogen of onion and garlic and causes reductions in bulb quality. Between 2012 and 2014, 345 garlic bulb samples were tested for Ditylenchus spp. The average incidence of Ditylenchus spp. was 14.1 %. Twenty-five individuals from 31 Ditylenchus spp. populations were selected for identification by morphology, species-specific PCR, and sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Thirty populations were identified by morphology and species-specific PCR as D. dipsaci. Sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the ribosomal DNA found the populations were 99.7 to 100 % similar to each other, and 99.3 to 100 % similar to other D. dipsaci reference isolates from France, and California, USA. One population was identified as Ditylenchus sp. and was 97 % similar within the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region to D. destructor. This information will be useful for the monitoring of future pest outbreaks in garlic in New York State, USA, and the effectiveness of management recommendations.
A method for visualization of kidney blood vessels applied to studies of the crush syndrome.

SummaryThe technic for visualization of blood vessels by intravenous injection of the fluorescent dye, Thioflavine-S, has been used in a study of kidney circulation in normal rabbits and rabbits exposed to crush injury.The results obtained show that the blood flow in the medulla is decreased. We have not been able to confirm Trueta's results indicating a by-pass through the juxta-medullary glomeruli.
Dynamics of Warbler Assemblages During Migration

We investigated among- and within-year community-level patterns in the phenology of wood-warblers (Parulidae) in old field/deciduous forest habitat in western Pennsylvania. The numbers of each of 29 species of warblers captured in mist nets were summed over six-day intervals from January 1981 to December 1985, and the data for spring and fall periods were analyzed separately by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). De- spite substantial annual variation in species abundances, patterns and rates of species turn- over were consistent across years. However, within-year patterns differed qualitatively be- tween seasons; in fall, species turnover was unidirectional (species replaced each other in sequence), whereas in spring it was bi-directional (community composition in late spring came to resemble that earlier in the season). Timing of migration was also associated with the general regions in which species either bred or wintered. DCA proved to be a powerful tool for analysis of dynamic community patterns. Received 29 July 1998, accepted 8 January 1999.
Indications contributing to the increasing cesarean delivery rate.

OBJECTIVE: To examine physician-documented indications for cesarean delivery in order to investigate the specific factors contributing to the increasing cesarean delivery rate. METHODS: We analyzed rates of primary and repeat cesarean delivery, including indications for the procedure, among 32,443 live births at a major academic hospital between 2003 and 2009. Time trends for each indication were modeled to estimate the absolute and cumulative annualized relative risk of cesarean by indication over time and the relative contribution of each indication to the overall increase in primary cesarean delivery rate. RESULTS: The cesarean delivery rate increased from 26% to 36.5% between 2003 and 2009; 50.0% of the increase was attributable to an increase in primary cesarean delivery. Among the documented indications, nonreassuring fetal status, arrest of dilation, multiple gestation, preeclampsia, suspected macrosomia, and maternal request increased over time, whereas arrest of descent, malpresentation, maternal-fetal indications, and other obstetric indications (eg, cord prolapse, placenta previa) did not increase. The relative contributions of each indication to the total increase in primary cesarean rate were: nonreassuring fetal status (32%), labor arrest disorders (18%), multiple gestation (16%), suspected macrosomia (10%), preeclampsia (10%), maternal request (8%), maternal-fetal conditions (5%), and other obstetric conditions (1%). CONCLUSION: Primary cesarean births accounted for 50% of the increasing cesarean rate. Among primary cesarean deliveries, more subjective indications (nonreassuring fetal status and arrest of dilation) contributed larger proportions than more objective indications (malpresentation, maternal-fetal, and obstetric conditions). (Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:29–38) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31821e5f65 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III
Политическая экономия военных союзов: пример программ военной помощи США Израилю (Selected Cases on Political Economy of Alliances: US Aid for Israel – A Short Historical Review)

Russian Abstract: Исторические данные по американской помощи Израилю хорошо иллюстрируют механизмы работы групп специальных интересов и стимулы политиков в Израиле. На раннем этапе союза с США Израиль был ценным союзником, создававшим стратегическую угрозу СССР и другим врагам США. На данном этапе элемент взаимной выгоды сильно ослаблен в пользу контроля старшего союзника над младшим (фактически, американскими и израильскими интересантами над израильскими политиками). В данном обзоре внимание сосредоточено на личных стимулах, объясняющих такую динамику союза и программ помощи. Становясь все менее значимым экономическим факторам она связывает руки политикам и военным в Израиле и подрывает оборонную мощь страны. Представленные данные поддерживают новый подход к американской помощи: все ее программы необходимо отменить как можно скорее в интересах и Израиля и США.English Abstract: Historical data on US aid to Israel illustrates incentives of political leaders and special interests, first and foremost in Israel. As on the early stages of Alliance Israel military capabilities could provide valuable services to USA, undermining USSR influence in the Middle East, the current relations are hard to explain by mutual national interests. Currently the alliance is turning into the instrument of control imposed on Israeli elected politician by US and Israel special interests.The paper focus on the political actors' personal incentives, provides explanation for growing exploitation of US Aid by the special interests in Israel, while significance of the aid is approaching to insignificant level and contributes negatively to the country Defense capacity because of political conditionality imposed.The data presented could support a new vision of US-Israel alliance: ceasing of the US Aid programs for Middle East could contribute both countries Defense needs.
Introductory editorial to ‘Orgasm: Neurophysiological, Psychological, and Evolutionary Perspectives’

No abstract available. (Published: 25 October 2016) Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2016, 6 : 33598 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/snp.v6.33598 This paper is part of the Special Issue: Orgasm: Neurophysiological, Psychological, and Evolutionary Perspectives . More papers from this issue can be found at www.socioaffectiveneuroscipsychol.net
Computing for the 21 st century

This paper takes the position that there are fundamental computing skills and knowledge that all students should acquire before graduating from college, and that many, if not most, students do not come to college with those computing skills and knowledge; and that therefore a course, or courses, covering this material should be available for those students. To support this position this paper (a) considers the computing skills and knowledge that every student should acquire before graduating from college, (b) describes a course designed to provide those skills and knowledge, and (c) presents the results of research that suggests that many students do not have those skills and knowledge when they enter college, and that there is a significant improvement in those areas after completing the course described in (b) above.
Abstract 4714: Targeting p53 mutant cancers through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases

The bulk of cellular phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PI-4,5-P2) is generated by the canonical pathway in which a 5-kinase converts phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI-4-P) to PI-4,5-P2. However, several years ago we discovered that PI-4, 5-P2 can also be generated at intracellular sites by a family of kinases that phosphorylate the 4 position of phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate (PI-5-P), a lipid that was not previously known to exist in nature. These enzymes are called the type 2 phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases (PI5P4Ks). To date, we have shown that a subset of breast cancers express high levels of PI5P4Kα and/or β, and have provided evidence that these kinases are essential for growth in the absence of p53 (Emerling et al., 2013). Furthermore, we showed that PI5P4Kα and β play critical roles in mediating changes in metabolism in response to cellular stress, in particular, stress that occurs in the absence of p53. Here, we disclose the discovery of potent and selective inhibitors of PI5P4K (Kis in the range of 10 to 200 nM). These novel PI5P4K inhibitors have provided us with powerful tools to further investigate the role of the PI5P4K enzymes in cancer metabolism. Through pharmacological inhibition of PI5P4K, we now have support that PI5P4K provides an alternative pathway to p53 in regard to mediating responses to metabolic and oxidative stress, thereby suggesting that the PI5P4K enzymes are essential for survival mechanisms when p53 function is lost. Above all, these inhibitors may be effective therapies not only for breast cancers with genetic aberrations in TP53, but in all cancer types with loss of p53 function. Supported by DOD Breast Research Program Breakthrough Award to B.M.E. References Emerling BM, Hurov JB, Poulogiannis G, Tsukazawa KS, Wulf G, Bell EL, Shim H, Choo-Wing R, Bellinger G, Lamia KA, Rameh LE, Sasaki A, Asara JM, Yuan X, Bullock A, Brown V, Signoretti S, and Cantley LC. (2013) Depletion of a Putatively Druggable Class of Phosphatidylinositol Kinases Inhibits Growth of p53 Null Tumors. Cell. Nov 7; 155 (4): 844-57. Citation Format: Brooke M. Emerling, Zhiwei Yang, Ryan Loughran, T.Jonathan Yang, Jared Johnson, Rajan Pragani, Mindy Davis, Min Shen, Matthew Boxer, Anton Simeonov, Lewis C. Cantley. Targeting p53 mutant cancers through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4714. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4714
A Collaborative Study: Determination of Mycotoxins in Corn, Peanut Butter, and Wheat Flour Using Stable Isotope Dilution Assay (SIDA) and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) and LC-MS/MS for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2; deoxynivalenol; fumonisins B1, B2, and B3; ochratoxin A; HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin; and zearalenone in foods. Samples were fortified with 12 13C uniformly labeled mycotoxins (13C-IS) corresponding to the native mycotoxins and extracted with acetonitrile/water (50:50 v/v), followed by centrifugation, filtration, and LC-MS/MS analysis. In addition to certified reference materials, the six participating laboratories analyzed corn, peanut butter, and wheat flour fortified with the 12 mycotoxins at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 1000 ng/g. Using their available LC-MS/MS platform, each laboratory developed in-house instrumental conditions for analysis. The majority of recoveries ranged from 80 to 120% with relative standard derivations (RSDs) <20%. Greater than 90% of the average recoveries of the participating laboratories were in the range of 90...