cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Serological Testing for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)–1 and HSV-2 Infection

Serological tests for herpes simplex virus (HSV) that can accurately distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2 are now commercially available. These tests detect antibodies to HSV glycoproteins G-1 and G-2, which evoke a type-specific antibody response. Focus Technologies produces the HerpeSelect-1 and HerpeSelect-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests and the HSV-1 and HSV-2 HerpeSelect1/2 Immunoblot. Diagnology has marketed POCkit-HSV-2, a point-of-care test for HSV-2 that allows blood from a finger stick to be tested in a clinic. These tests can be used to confirm a genital herpes diagnosis, establish diagnosis of HSV infection in patients with atypical complaints, identify asymptomatic carriers, and identify persons at risk for acquiring HSV. Potential settings for use of these tests include sexually transmitted disease clinics, prenatal clinics, and clinics that care for patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Patient interest in HSV serological tests appears high.
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E6 and E7 Proteins Inhibit Differentiation-dependent Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β2 in Cervical Keratinocytes

Infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represents a major risk factor for the development of cervical cancer. The HPV-16 E6 and E7 proteins are highly expressed in differentiating keratinocytes, where they inactivate the p53 and retinoblastoma (pRb) proteins, two important transcriptional regulators. We have used cDNA expression arrays to identify global alterations in gene expression induced by E6 and E7 in differentiating cultures of human cervical keratinocytes. We show that E6 and E7 decrease expression of TGF-beta2 mRNA and alter expression of multiple TGF-beta-responsive genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and tissue remodeling. E6 and E7 inhibited expression of TGF-beta2 RNA 7-fold (relative effectiveness, E6/ E7 > E6 > E7 > control) and decreased secretion of biologically active TGF-beta2 by 70-80% (reduced from 70 to 10 pg/10(6) cells/24 h). Downregulation occurred through p53- and pRb-dependent pathways. In contrast, E6 and E7 did not alter expression of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3. Down-regulation of TGF-beta2 was biologically relevant because the addition of recombinant cytokine (10-200 pg/ml) to E6/E7-expressing cells restored expression of TGF-P-responsive genes, inhibited growth of keratinocytes, and decreased immortalization by E6 and E7. These results suggest that TGF-32- and TGF-3-responsive genes are important targets for the HPV-16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins in differentiating cervical keratinocytes.
What is the `process' in cultural process and in processual archaeology?:

The concept of ‘cultural process’ has been of interest to anthropologists since the late 19th century. Franz Boas indicated that investigating cultural processes was central to anthropology, but his failure to define the concept set a disciplinary precedent. Process has seldom been discussed in theoretical detail because the basic notion is commonsensical. A.L. Kroeber provided a definition in 1948 and distinguished between short-term dynamics of how cultures operate and long-term dynamics resulting in cultural change. Leslie White conflated the two families of processes. Archaeologists working before 1960 focused on processes resulting in the diachronic evolution of cultures; many of these involved cultural transmission. Initially, processes involving the synchronic operation of a culture were conflated with diachronic evolutionary processes by processual archaeologists. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Lewis Binford, David Clarke, and Frank Hole and Robert Heizer all discussed cultural processes within the framework of systems theory. Simultaneously, growing concern over the formational processes that created the archaeological record shifted attention from the original conception of cultural processes. Models of the temporal duration, scale, and magnitude of cultural processes illustrate their complexity and suggest avenues for further conceptualization.
Neonatal Idiotypic Exposure Alters Subsequent Cytokine, Pathology, and Survival Patterns in Experimental Schistosoma mansoni Infections

Exposure to maternal idiotypes (Ids) or antigens might predispose a child to develop an immunoregulated, asymptomatic clinical presentation of schistosomiasis. We have used an experimental murine system to address the role of Ids in this immunoregulation. Sera from mice with 8-wk Schistosoma mansoni infection, chronic (20-wk infection) moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS), or chronic hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS) were passed over an S. mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) immunoaffinity column to prepare Ids (8WkId, MSS Id, HSS Id). Newborn mice were injected with 8WkId, MSS Id, HSS Id, or normal mouse immunoglobulin (NoMoIgG) and infected with S. mansoni 8 wk later. Mice exposed to 8WkId or MSS Id as newborns had prolonged survival and decreased morbidity compared with mice that received HSS Id or NoMoIgG. When stimulated with SEA, 8WkId, or MSS Id, spleen cells from mice neonatally injected with 8WkId or MSS Id produced more interferon gamma than spleen cells from mice neonatally injected with HSS Id or NoMoIgG. Furthermore, neonatal exposure to 8WkId or MSS Id, but not NoMoIgG or HSS Id, led to significantly smaller granuloma size and lower hepatic fibrosis levels in infected mice. Together, these results indicate that perinatal exposure to appropriate anti-SEA Ids induces long-term effects on survival, pathology, and immune response patterns in mice subsequently infected with S. mansoni.
Exploring the heterogeneity in clinical presentation and functional impairment of postpartum depression

Objective: Examine the spectrum of postpartum psychiatric conditions with the aim to evaluate the current use of a postpartum onset specifier. Background: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) uses an onset specifier to categorise a limited number of psychiatric diagnoses as postpartum onset. Diagnoses and clinical symptomatology, however, may be more complex than what the DSM-IV-TR allows. Methods: A total of 59 women aged 19–41 years were recruited 3–6 months postpartum. Women completed questionnaires and those scoring possibly depressed, identified by scoring at least 10 (30 maximum) on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, participated in semi-structured psychiatric evaluations. Degree of functional impairment was rated on a three-point scale. Results: Possibly depressed women did not differ from healthy controls on several background characteristics. Postpartum diagnoses were heterogeneous; only 46% of possibly depressed women receive...
Accuracy and speed considerations of a new numerical method for modeling cardiac excitation

A fast algorithm called the modified backward Euler (mBE) method, an explicit, variable timestep method, has been developed. Despite its explicit nature, the algorithm is unconditionally stable, allowing the use of timesteps several orders of magnitude larger than the timestep limit imposed by forward Euler methods. A guard cell algorithm also allows the use of timesteps larger than those imposed by the Courant Friedrich Levy (CFL) stability condition. The algorithm was applied to a two-dimensional tissue using the advanced Luo-Rudy ventricular cell model. Characteristic properties of action potential (AP) propagation including velocity, AP amplitude and duration, maximum membrane voltage and V/spl dot//sub max/ were computed versus computational speed and compared to those obtained from a forward Euler fixed timestep (FEFT) method. Overall, for a given accuracy in velocity of 1% to 3%, the computational speed was increased by a factor of 30 to 40 over the FEFT, while the other errors were kept below 1%.
Equity Sensitivity in "Fringe" Benefit Value and Satisfaction

This study evaluated Equity Sensitivity (ES) as an explanation for individual differences in employee valuation and satisfaction with non wage employee benefits (i.e., fringe benefits) utilizing both the Equity Sensitivity Instrument (ESI) and Equity Preference Questionnaire (EPQ). ES proposes that individuals vary in their tolerance for inequity. It was hypothesized that individuals lower on the ES spectrum would more accurately estimate employer contributions toward benefits compared to individuals higher on the spectrum and individuals lower on the ES spectrum would be less satisfied with their benefits compared to those higher on the spectrum. Results found that individuals higher on the ES spectrum (i.e., those more tolerant of inequity) more accurately estimated their benefits and were also more satisfied with them. Additionally, the ESI and EPQ exhibited equivalent reliabilities though the ESI was found to have only one underlying dimension while the EPQ had four. Implications for management and directions for future research are discussed.
Creating regional Detroit’s first “net zero energy” community

A multi-disciplinary faculty/student research team (the Team) at an accredited Architectural School, is partnering with the Southwest Detroit Development Collaborative (SDDC) to create a plan for our region’s first “net zero energy” community by defining and modeling key elements of a sustainable community to inform the future urban form of Southwest Detroit. Guided by our investigations, we will make recommendations on how existing community initiatives and the SDDC can use energy solutions, density, and community empowerment to create a sustainable community. The team is focusing on three areas: ecological footprint, LEED ND, and hybrid alternative energy. Utilizing our unique digital mapping interface, we will add relevant data, model “analysis layerings”, and make specific design proposals for these key elements: energy hubs, green economy, targeted, mixed-use density, and green infrastructure to support enhanced pedestrian mobility, mass transit, and electrical vehicle fleets. This project is consistent with the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership for Energy and Environmental Design [LEED and LEED ND] and will integrate LEED criteria into our digital mapping interface to recommend where points can be gained for sustainable design.The team will incorporate alternative energy sources such as solar and wind power systems which are the foundation of powering residential, commercial and industrial needs, recharge stations for electric vehicles, subgradebattery banks, and a system for compressing air in unused salt mines underneath Southwest Detroit. We will establish an ecological footprint for the community, identifying opportunities for repurposing of vacant land and development of alternative energy to drive and support sustainable community and economic growth. It is hoped that the outcome of this research would make Southwest Detroit our region’s first net zero energy community, serving as a prototype for the rest of the city and state, as well as cities worldwide.
Chronic corticosterone treatment increases myocardial infarct size in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of chronic elevations in corticosterone on myocardial infarct size. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated for 7-22 days with corticosterone. Plasm...
Elucidating the role of C9orf72 mutations in ALS

The most common cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a hexanucleotide repeat expansion on chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9orf72). Proposed pathological mechanisms include sequestration of RNA-binding proteins and toxic gain or loss of function. Evidence supporting a loss-of
Sonar and scuba survey of a submerged allochthonous forest in Spirit Lake, Washington

A log raft (>5.1 ki2) covering more than half the surface of Spirit Lake formed as a result of the eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Since then, erectfloating stumps have settled to the lake bottom. In August, 1985, side-scan sonar transects covering approximately 0.8% of the lake bottom revealed 154 erect stumps. Extrapolation to the entire bottom area indicates that there would be about 19,500 submerged erect stumps. Observations at Spirit Lake suggest that lacustrine environments receiving trees uprooted by catastrophic events have the potential to preserve accumulations of erect trees that are difficult to distinguish from in situ forests.
Adhesion of sickle red blood cells and damage to interleukin-1 beta stimulated endothelial cells under flow in vitro

Two factors that are hypothesized to contribute to vasoocclusive crises in sickle cell anemia are increased sickle red blood cell-endothelial cell interactions and damage to endothelium. Despite considerable study, the mechanisms by which erythrocyte-endothelial interactions occur and the role of endothelial damage have not yet been fully elucidated. In this report, we demonstrate that adhesion and damage may be related in a model of vasoocclusion in sickle cell anemia. Phase contrast microscopy coupled to digital image processing was used to determine the adhesion of sickle red blood cells to 1-, 4-, and 24-hour interleukin-I beta (IL-1 beta) stimulated endothelial calls in a parallel plate flow chamber. Morphological alterations to activated endothelial cells after the perfusion of sickle erythrocytes were also identified. Pretreatment of monolayers with 50 pg/mL of IL-1 beta for 1, 4, and 24 hours caused approximately 16-fold increases in adhesion of sickle cells to activated endothelium at all time points. Results with an Arginine-glycine aspartic acid (RGD) peptide and monoclonal antibodies indicated a role for three different endothelial cell receptors: alpha v beta 3 after 1 hour of IL-1 beta stimulation; E-selectin after 4 hours of IL-1 beta stimulation; and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 after prolonged exposure to cytokines. Perfusion of sickle, but not normal, erythrocytes resulted in alteration of endothelial morphology. Approximately 6% to 8% damage was observed on 4- and 24-hour IL-1 beta stimulated endothelial cells after the perfusion of sickle cells. Damage to 24-hour activated endothelial cells showed a positive correlation (r = .899) with the number of adherent sickle erythrocytes.
Cloning and Expression of Recombinant Fibrinolytic Protein from Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube

OBJECTIVE To clone and express a new protease with fibrinolytic activity from Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube digestive tract epithelial cells.METHODS Total RNA of Clamworm digestive tract epithelial cells was extracted by Trizol reagent,and cDNA was obtained,then screened by a specific primer designed according to the amino acid sequence in the conserved domain of serine proteases,the positive clone was sequenced.According to this sequence,the cDNA was amplified using 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends,and the product was cloned into pMAL-p2 to construct expression vector,then introduced into Escherichia coli BL21,and expresed by IPTG induction.The fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography on an amylose resin column and ion-exchange chromatography on a DEAD-Sepharose 4B column,and its fibrinolytic activity was detected by artificial fibrin plates.RESULTS A DNA band of approximate 260 bp was amplified by RACE,which deduced including a encoding gene of a protetin of 83 amino acids.After being induced by IPTG,the recombinant pMAL-p2 expressed a fusion protein of 51.0×103,which had obvious fibrinolytic activity detected by artificial fibrin plates methods.CONCLUSION The fusion protein expressed by encoding gene from Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube had obvious fibrinolytic activity,and may be a new thrombolytic agent.
Testing the ice-water discrimination and freeboard retrieval algorithms for the ICESat-2 mission☆

Abstract The ICESat-2 mission will provide routine estimates of sea ice freeboard from profiles of surface heights acquired by its photon-counting lidar: the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS). In this paper, we describe and test procedures devised to separate returns of ice from open water — a crucial step in the estimation of local sea levels for freeboard calculations. The two data sets used in these tests, one each from winter and summer, were acquired by a Multiple Altimeter Beam Experimental Lidar (MABEL) implemented to support pre-launch development of retrieval approaches. Our approach first identifies likely open water returns using surface photon and background count rates as proxy indicators of apparent surface reflectance. Since these measured rates are noisy estimates of expected reflectance, relative surface heights are used to refine the selection of the candidate sea surface samples. Results show that winter freeboard distributions are consistent with expected regional variability, and the nearly identical repeat-track freeboard distributions during summer show retrieval consistency. From coincident lidar coverage, variability of sea level samples identified in the MABEL and Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) lidar profiles are 1.6 cm and 2.6 cm, with the overall difference between the distributions at 0.00 ± 0.15 m. This demonstrates the viability of the algorithms. The parameters used in these procedures will serve as a baseline and as a guide for understanding algorithm reliability. It is expected that they will be adjusted post-launch to reflect the on-orbit performance of ATLAS.
Chronopharmacology of cisplatin: Role of the circadian rhythm in modulating the cisplatin transporters levels

PurposeCisplatin is one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs in treating a variety of tumors including cancers of ovaries, testis, lungs, blood and solid tumors of the head and neck. However, the major limitation of cisplatin as a chemotherapeutic drug is due to tumor resistance and nephrotoxicity. The main focus of our project was to study the chronopharmacologic effects that have been demonstrated in human models of cisplatin chemotherapy showing decreased renal toxicity and side effects. We hypothesized a mechanistic, circadian rhythm-based cause for these outcomes. To further evaluate our hypothesis, we have screened the expression levels of all known cisplatin transporters (both influx and efflux) as well as the cisplatin-DNA repair activity as a function of the circadian rhythm. Experimental DesignStudies were done on mouse models of wild-type and circadian disrupted Per1/2 −/− animals from tissues samples (kidney and liver) taken at different circadian time points and compared via qRT-P...
Abstract 2393: Kidneys of VHL patients reveal the origin of renal clear cell carcinoma

VHL disease is a classic tumor suppressor gene syndrome characterized by development of specific types of tumors in selective organs with nervous system and kidney being most consistently affected. Detailed studies on human spinal cord and cerebellum have previously revealed earliest stages of CNS tumorigenesis and the morphologic sequence resulting in development of frank tumors. To elucidate earliest stages of renal clear cell carcinoma, we performed a similar approach in kidney tissues of four VHL patients and three sporadic control cases. From all cases, blocks of interest were procured, followed by serial sectioning and 3dimensional reconstruction of potential precursor lesions. The results reveal an abundance of foci with aberrant mesonephric clear cell proliferations that initially develop along the tubular lining, but have the potential to aggregate within individual tubules. This stage is followed by microscopic invasive clear cell aggregations which represent tumor precursor structures. This study presents evidence for a consistent morphologic sequence for renal clear cell carcinogenesis. Molecular analysis of early steps within this sequence will allow for identification of earliest genetic and proteomic changes in the future. Therapeutic targeting of earliest changes may allow to develop preventive strategies for renal cancer development for VHL patients, potentially also for the non-VHL population. Citation Format: Mayyan Mubarak, Samuel Sommaruga, David Voigt, Xiacao Xu, Steve Kim, Ailin Song, Alexander O. Vortmeyer. Kidneys of VHL patients reveal the origin of renal clear cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2393.
The Relative Persuasiveness of Different Forms of Arguments-From-Consequences: A Review and Integration

Research on persuasive communication has explored a great many different message variations as possible influences on persuasive effectiveness, including image-oriented versus product-quality-oriented advertisements for consumer products, arguments based on long-term or short-term consequences of the advocated action, promotion-oriented versus prevention-oriented appeals, gain-framed versus loss-framed appeals, individualist-oriented appeals versus collectivist-oriented appeals, strong versus weak arguments, and variations in fear appeals—with these commonly treated as more or less independent areas of work. This essay argues that these and other lines of research are in fact quite closely related, because all examine variations of a single argument form, argument-from-consequences. Correspondingly, their findings fit together neatly to underwrite several broad generalizations about the relative persuasiveness of different varieties of consequence-based arguments.
Incarceration History and Uncontrolled Blood Pressure in a Multi-Site Cohort.

Background Incarceration is associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease mortality. We used data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) to explore the impact of incarceration on blood pressure (BP) control.
A unified mixture formulation for density and volumetric growth of multi-constituent solids in tissue engineering

Abstract A unified computational method is developed for the modeling of growth in hard and soft biological tissues using a mixture theory approach. The model problem of tissue engineering is considered, whereby a polymeric scaffold is infused by cells and cross-linking proteins. In particular, the underlying scaffold or fibrous network is treated as an inert anisotropic material, and the cross-linking cells or proteins are treated as isotropic materials capable of growth. Both the cases of (i) growth at constant density and (ii) growth at constant volume are considered in order to encompass a broader range of biological response. The relative motions and interactions of the constituents are treated in a generalized sense through the incorporation of mass transfer and drag force terms, in contrast to constrained mixture theory wherein all constituents are constrained to move and deform in unison. Therefore, nodal interpolations are required for both the scaffold and cross-linking solid constituents, thereby modeling concurrent and coexisting constituents. Emphasis herein is placed on the consistent numerical solution procedure for the coupled system of momentum balance equations. Numerical simulations involving growth and relaxation are performed on representative volumes to highlight the features of the method.
T Cell Receptor Activation of NF-κB in Effector T Cells: Visualizing Signaling Events Within and Beyond the Cytoplasmic Domain of the Immunological Synapse

The T cell receptor (TCR) to NF-κB signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulation of proliferation and effector T cell differentiation and function. In naive T cells, data suggest that most or all key cytoplasmic NF-κB signaling occurs in a TCR-proximal manner at the immunological synapse (IS). However, the subcellular organization of cytoplasmic NF-κB-activating complexes in effector T cells is more complex, involving signaling molecules and regulatory mechanisms beyond those operative in naive cells. Additionally, in effector T cells, much signaling occurs at cytoplasmic locations distant from the IS. Visualization of these cytoplasmic signaling complexes has provided key insights into the complex and dynamic regulation of NF-κB signal transduction in effector T cells. In this chapter, we provide in-depth protocols for activating and preparing effector T cells for fluorescence imaging, as well as a discussion of the effective application of distinct imaging methodologies, including confocal and super-resolution microscopy and imaging flow cytometry.
A Highly Predictive Risk Model for Pacemaker Implantation After TAVR

Abstract Objectives This study sought to develop a robust and definitive risk model for new permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI) after SAPIEN 3 (third generation balloon expandable valve) (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, California) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (third generation balloon expandable valve TAVR), including calcification in the aortic-valvular complex (AVC). Background The association between calcium in the AVC and need for PPMI is poorly delineated after third generation balloon expandable valve TAVR. Methods At Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles, California, a total of 240 patients with severe aortic stenosis underwent third generation balloon expandable valve TAVR and had contrast computed tomography. AVC was characterized precisely by leaflet sector and region. Results The total new PPMI rate was 14.6%. On multivariate analysis for predictors of PPMI, pre-procedure third generation balloon expandable valve TAVR, right bundle branch block (RBBB), shorter membranous septum (MS) length, and noncoronary cusp device-landing zone calcium volume (NCC-DLZ CA) were included. Predictive probabilities were generated using this logistic regression model. If 3 pre-procedural risk factors were present, the c-statistic of the model for PPMI was area under the curve of 0.88, sensitivity of 77.1%, and specificity of 87.1%; this risk model had high negative predictive value (95.7%). The addition of the procedural factor of device depth to the model, with the parameter of difference between implantation depth and MS length, combined with RBBB and NCC-DLZ CA increased the c-statistic to 0.92, sensitivity to 94.3%, specificity to 83.8%, and negative predictive value to 98.8% Conclusions By using a precise characterization of distribution of calcification in the AVC in a single-center, retrospective study, NCC-DLZ CA was found to be an independent predictor of new PPMI post–third generation balloon expandable valve TAVR. The findings also reinforce the importance of short MS length, pre-existing RBBB, and ventricular implantation depth as important synergistic PPMI risk factors. This risk model will need validation by future prospective multicenter studies.
Augmented Cognition for Continuous Authentication

Authentication serves the gatekeeping function in computing systems. Methods used in authentication fall into three major paradigms: ‘what you know’, ‘who you are’ and ‘what you have’ of which the first is still the most commonly applied in the form of passwords authentication. Recall and recognition are the cognitive functions central to the ‘what you know’ authentication paradigm. Studies have shown that more secure passwords are harder to recall and this often leads to habits that facilitate recollection at the expense of security. Combining the uniqueness of physiological measures, such as brainwave patterns, with memorable augmented passwords shows the promise of providing a secure and memorable authentication process. In this paper, we discuss authentication and related problems and considerations in literature. We then test a password system designed to make use of character property transformations such as color and font to minimize the need for complex passwords while not compromising security. The findings from this study suggest that applying transformations to passwords facilitates memorability. We then discuss a study to combine an augmented password system with physiological measures that can provide a more secure model for continuous authentication.
Crystal structure of ({(1R,2R)-N,N'-bis-[(quino-lin-2-yl)methyl]cyclo-hexane-1,2-di-amine}-chlorido-iron(III))-μ-oxido-[tri-chlorido-ferrate(III)] chloro-form monosolvate.

The first FeIII atom in the solvated title compound, [Fe2Cl4O(C26H28N4)]·CHCl3, adopts a distorted six-coordinate octa­hedral geometry. It is coordinated by one chloride ligand, four N atoms from the (1R,2R)-N,N′-bis­[(quinolin-2-yl)methyl]cyclo­hexane-1,2-di­amine ligand, and a bridging oxido ligand attached to the second FeIII atom, which is also bonded to three chloride ions. A very weak intra­molecular N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal, the coordination complexes stack in columns, and a grouping of six such columns create channels, which are populated by disordered chloro­form solvent mol­ecules. Although the Fe—Cl bond lengths for the two metal atoms are comparable to the mean Fe—Cl bond lengths as derived from the Cambridge Structural Database, the Fe—O bond lengths are notably shorter. The solvent chloro­form mol­ecule exhibits `flip' disorder of the C—H moiety in a 0.544 (3):0.456 (3) ratio. The only directional inter­action noted is a weak C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bond.
Axiomatic hierarchical clustering given intervals of metric distances

This paper examines metric spaces in which the distance between any pair of nodes is given by an interval. The goal is to investigate methods for hierarchical clustering, i.e., a family of nested partitions indexed by a connectivity parameter, deduced from the underlying distance intervals of the metric spaces. Our construction is based on designing admissible methods abiding to the axioms of value and transformation. Two admissible methods are constructed and are shown to provide upper and lower bounds in the space of all admissible methods. Practical implications are explored by clustering moving points via snapshots. The proposed clustering methods succeed in identifying underlying clustering structures via the maximum and minimum distances in all snapshots.
Automating Data Acquisition on a Mechanical Equal-Arm Balance Used in Large Mass Calibrations

This paper focuses on efforts by the Mass and Force Group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to enhance the data taking operations of an approximately 40 year-old mechanic...
A reevaluation of the origin of the rate acceleration for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer.

There is no consensus of opinion on the origin of the large rate accelerations observed for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer. The interpretation of recent results from studies on hydride transfer reactions catalyzed by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) focus on the proposal that the effective barrier height is reduced by quantum-mechanical tunneling through the energy barrier. This interpretation contrasts sharply with the notion that enzymatic rate accelerations are obtained through direct stabilization of the transition state for the nonenzymatic reaction in water. The binding energy of the dianion of substrate DHAP provides 11 kcal mol−1 stabilization of the transition state for the hydride transfer reaction catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). We summarize evidence that the binding interactions between (GPDH) and dianion activators are utilized directly for stabilization of the transition state for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer. The possibility is considered, and then discounted, that these dianion binding interactions are utilized for the stabilization of a tunnel ready state (TRS) that enables efficient tunneling of the transferred hydride through the energy barrier, and underneath the energy maximum for the transition state. It is noted that the evidence to support the existence of a tunnel-ready state for the hydride transfer reactions catalyzed by ADH is ambiguous. We propose that the rate acceleration for ADH is due to the utilization of the binding energy of the cofactor NAD+/NADH in the stabilization of the transition state for enzyme-catalyzed hydride transfer.
Effects of fertilizer and night interruption on overwinter survival of rooted cuttings of Quercus L

Abstract The effects of night interruption (NI) and fertilizer (F) on the overwinter survival of rooted cuttings, collected on May 15 and June 18, of Quercus lyrata Walter, Q. phellos L., Q. robur L., Q. rubra L., and Q. virginiana Mill., were determined. Ideally, after Quercus cuttings root, a growth flush must be induced in order to insure overwinter survival (OS). For the May 15 cuttings that produced at least one flush of growth prior to dormancy, OS was 100%, regardless of species or treatment. Quercus lyrata survived 100% regardless of treatment or cutting date. Quercus phellos survived best under a night interruption-no fertilizer (NI-NF) treatment. When no growth flush occurred prior to overwintering, cuttings of Q. robur under short day-no fertilizer (SD-NF) and NI-NF survived in the highest percentages. Cuttings from the June 18 sample data generally overwintered best under NI-NF treatment. Quercus lyrata OS was 100% under the SD-NF and NI-NF treatments. NI-NF produced the greatest OS of Q. phel...
Enhanced Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio Using Asynchronous Primary and Secondary Users

We show that timing mismatch between the primary and the secondary users results in improving the cognitive radio networks (CRNs) performance. We perform oversampling to exploit the advantages of asynchrony in CRNs. We design detectors for asynchronous transmission to boost the signal received by the primary user in the selfless overlay CRN paradigm. Accordingly, more power is conserved for the secondary user transmission without the performance of the primary user or spectrum license holder being degraded. Simulation results present a green CRN with an almost 6-dB power gain compared with the current CRN frameworks.
Handcuffing Big Brother: an Abuse-Resilient Transaction Escrow Scheme

We propose a practical abuse-resilient transaction escrow scheme with applications to privacy-preserving audit and monitoring of electronic transactions. Our scheme ensures correctness of escrows as long as at least one of the participating parties is honest, and it ensures privacy and anonymity of transactions even if the escrow agent is corrupt or malicious. The escrowed information is secret and anonymous, but the escrow agent can efficiently find transactions involving some user in response to a subpoena or a search warrant. Moreover, for applications such as abuse-resilient monitoring of unusually high levels of certain transactions, the escrow agent can identify escrows with particular common characteristics and automatically (i.e., without a subpoena) open them once their number has reached a pre-specified threshold.
Myopericytoma at the Craniocervical Junction: Clinicopathological Report and Review of a Rare Perivascular Neoplasm

Background and importance Myopericytoma is an emerging class of neoplasm originating from the perivascular myoid cellular environment, previously classified as a variant of hemangiopericytoma. Most reported myopericytomas are found in soft tissues of the extremities; however, infrequent cases are described involving the central nervous system. Intracranial myopericytoma remains rare. Here, we describe the first report of myopericytoma occurring at the cervicomedullary junction in close proximity to the vertebral artery, mimicking a vascular lesion. Clinical presentation A 64-yr-old woman presented with radiating neck pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-circumscribed enhancing lesion adjacent to the vertebral artery-accessory nerve complex. She underwent a far lateral craniotomy and cervical laminectomy to obtain proximal vertebral artery control and adequate exposure of the lesion, which appeared most consistent with neoplasm at surgery. Histopathology revealed a grade I myopericytoma. A gross total resection was achieved, and the patient has no evidence of recurrence 3 yr after surgery. Conclusion Tumors of perivascular origin include hemangiopericytoma, glomus tumor, myofibroma, and myopericytoma and are uncommon lesions intracranially. Consideration of and distinction among these perivascular tumors is critically important, as they each have distinct clinical behaviors and management. Myopericytoma can mimic other neoplastic and cerebrovascular pathologies, but it most commonly has a benign course and can be surgically cured if a gross total resection can be achieved. Rarer myopericytoma variants that adopt a more malignant course have been described, and ongoing molecular studies may identify mutations or activated signaling pathways that can be targeted to offer chemotherapeutic options in the future.
Castoriadis versus Michels: A reflection on the iron law of oligarchy

Throughout his life, Cornelius Castoriadis displayed an unwavering commitment to democracy. He militated for it and developed concepts to elucidate its significance for human freedom. Yet are the c...
Biology and Structure of Plant Satellite Viruses Activated by Icosahedral Helper Viruses

Nearly 40 years ago, Kassanis and Nixon (1960) described two kinds of particles in tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) infections that differed in size, and thus seemed to be separate viruses. The smaller component was demonstrated to depend on the larger autonomous virus for its multiplication, and hence was designated a satellite virus, satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV). This discovery quickly stimulated research in several areas of biology and chemistry with a focus on relationships, pathology, transmission, and interdependence of STNV and TNV. Following the realization of the satellite nature of STNV, identification of other satellite viruses was remarkably slow compared with the rates of discovery of new viruses, satellite RNAs, and viroids. More than 15 years passed before a second satellite virus, satellite panicum mosaic virus (SPMV; Fig. 1), was described (Buzen et al. 1984; Niblett and Paulsen 1975). A satellite virus particle associated with maize white line mosaic virus (MWLMV) that constitutes a third distinct satellite virus was subsequently identified (Gingery and Louie 1985; Zhang et al. 1991a). The helper viruses that support replication of these three satellite viruses are all isometric and have monopartite genomes. However, particle morphology of the helper virus seems to be inconsequential for support of isometric satellite viruses, since a fourth satellite virus, satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), naturally occurs in Nicotiana glauca infected with the rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus (Valverde and Dodds 1986).
Bullying, Incivility, and Disruptive Behaviors in the Healthcare Setting: Identification, Impact, and Intervention

Bullying, incivility, and their associated disruptive behaviors are insidious and destructive forces with negative consequences that require identification and intervention at the individual and organizational level. Costs incurred secondary to these insensitive behaviors are substantial and involve matters of patient safety, absenteeism, turnover, turnover intentions, organizational commitment, and employee healthcare. Factors that increase the risk of hostile behaviors include changing hierarchies, conflicting loyalties, stress, and the state of the science. Each organization has the responsibility to develop processes for managing threatening and intimidating actions. New criteria are proposed to guide the implementation of successful programs.
Pharmacokinetic Models and Positron Emission Tomography: Studies of Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Conditions

Because of the structurally and functionally heterogeneous nature of the brain, it is necessary to measure changes in physiologic and biochemical parameters in the human brain on a regional basis. Such information is important in furthering our understanding of the normal function of the brain and the derangements that occur in various pathologic conditions. The development of the Kety-Schmidt technique for the quantitative measurement of cerebral blood flow in man, made it possible to determine the average rates of glucose and oxygen utilization and blood flow in the brain as a whole (1). Using these same principles a method to measure hemispheric changes in these parameters has been developed (2). Regional methods for the determination of cerebral blood flow using diffusable tracers have also been developed (3–5). These methods, however, do not provide 3-dimensional resolution by which it is possible to determine the physiologic and metabolic parameters in specific structural and functional subunits of the brain. With the development of the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose technique it became possible to do this in terms of glucose metabolism in the human brain (6).
Mathematik lernen für die Schule

Die Anlehnung dieses Titels an das geflugelte Wort „Nicht fur die Schule, sondern fur das Leben lernen wir.” ist beabsichtigt. Dieses Wort soll aber von dem Philosophen Seneca mit bissigem Unterton genau anders herum formuliert worden sein: „Nicht fur das Leben, sondern fur die Schule lernen wir.” Wie dem auch sei - beide Formulierungen umgreifen die Problematik, der die folgenden Uberlegungen - speziell auf den Mathematikunterricht bezogen - gewidmet sind. Beide Formulierungen unterstellen eine mogliche Spaltung zwischen schulischem Lernen und lebensweltlichem Bezug.
Estimation of aquifer permeabilities from electric well logs

Evidence from core data and log studies shows that permeability is related to formation resistivity factor. Empirical correlation relating the two rock parameters is determined using core data. Knowing the formation resistivity factor from electric logs, it is possible to calculate the permeability of a given formation interval. Field examples show that the proposed method is applicable in both water bearing and hydrocarbon bearing zones. The ability to predict the permeability of water bearing zones from electric well logs is of great importance in the assessment of aquifers geopressure energy resource.
Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Cultured in Hyperglycemic Media Accumulate Increased Amounts of Glycosaminoglycan Precursors

Confluent human retinal pigmented epithelial cells were cultured on microcarrier beads in the presence of 5.6 or 26 mmol/1 glucose with or without the aldose-reductase inhibitor Sorbinil (200 ^M) for 2 wk. At the end of the incubation period, perchloric acid extracts were prepared and analyzed by 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. As assessed by this method, the phosphorylated metabolites of cells incubated with 5.6 or 26 mmol/1 glucose differed significantly in the concentrations of a number of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-conjugated monosaccharides, which were elevated two- to threefold in cells incubated in 26 mmol/1 glucose over control samples. The affected metabolites were identified (through a series of spiking experiments) to be UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, and UDP-glucuronic acid. Coincubation of the cells with Sorbinil 200 fiM in the presence of 26 mmol/1 glucose had no effect on this accumulation. Under normal circumstances, these molecules selectively and sequentially are incorporated into the polysaccharide chains of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), whose presence and distribution in the basement membranes is affected adversely by diabetes mellitus. These data suggest that the availability of the monosaccharide precursor is not the rate-limiting step for GAG synthesis in the presence of pathologic glucose concentrations. Thus, the lost GAG content in the basement membranes of diabetic patients may be caused by changes elsewhere in the biosynthesis and/or catabolism of the polysaccharide-linked protein molecules. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2619-2625,1992
A tactical defense initiative for Western Europe

Antitactical ballistic missile defenses have come to the fore in NATO debates. In these two articles, Ivo Daalder distinguishes between U.S. and European plans for ATBMs, while Benoit Morel questions the technical basis for either version.
A phase II study evaluating efficacy of zoledronic acid in prevention of aromatase inhibitor (AI)-associated musculoskeletal symptoms: The ZAP trial.

9615 Background: Aromatase inhibitor-associated musculoskeletal symptoms (AIMSS) contribute to significant morbidity and therapy discontinuation. Retrospective data suggest that bisphosphonates may...
Non-finitely based finite involution semigroups with finitely based semigroup reducts

Recently, an infinite class of finitely based finite involution semigroups with non-finitely based semigroup reducts have been found. In contrast, only one example of the opposite type---non-finitely based finite involution semigroups with finitely based semigroup reducts---has so far been published. In the present article, a sufficient condition is established under which an involution semigroup is non-finitely based. This result is then applied to exhibit several examples of the desired opposite type.
RNA-Binding Protein HuR Regulates Rac1 Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Through Nucleophosmin in the Intestinal Epithelium

Background & Aims The mammalian intestinal epithelium is a rapidly self-renewing tissue in the body, and its homeostasis is tightly regulated via well-controlled mechanisms. The RNA-binding protein HuR is essential for maintaining gut epithelial integrity, and targeted deletion of HuR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) disrupts mucosal regeneration and delays repair after injury. Here, we defined the role of HuR in regulating subcellular distribution of small guanosine triphosphatase Rac1 and investigated the implication of nucleophosmin (NPM) as a molecular chaperone in this process. Methods Studies were conducted in intestinal epithelial tissue-specific HuR knockout (IE-HuR -/- ) mice and cultured IEC-6 cells, derived from rat small intestinal crypts. Functions of HuR and NPM in vitro were investigated via their gene silencing and overexpression. Results The abundance of cytoplasmic Rac1 in the small intestinal mucosa increased significantly in IE-HuR -/- mice, although HuR deletion did not alter total Rac1 levels. HuR silencing in cultured IECs also increased the cytoplasmic Rac1 levels, without an effect on whole-cell Rac1 content. In addition, HuR deficiency in the intestinal epithelium decreased the levels of NPM in IE-HuR -/- mice and cultured IECs. NPM physically interacted with Rac1 and formed the NPM/Rac1 complex. NPM silencing decreased the NPM/Rac1 association and inhibited nuclear accumulation of Rac1, along with an increase in cytoplasmic abundances of Rac1. In contrast, ectopically expressed NPM enhanced Rac1 nuclear translocation and restored Rac1 subcellular localization to near normal in HuR-deficient cells. Conclusions These results indicate that HuR regulates Rac1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in the intestinal epithelium by altering NPM expression.
Perioral Demodex folliculitis masquerading as perioral dermatitis in the peripartum period.

Demodex folliculorum is a parasitic mite that is found in pilosebaceous units. Demodicosis, or an overgrowth of the mites, have been implicated in diseases such as blepharitis, scalp folliculitis, and nonspecific diffuse, pruritic papulopustular eruptions of the face and neck areas.1, 2, 3 Here we present a case of localized Demodex folliculitis mimicking perioral dermatitis in a pregnant woman and highlight the rapid onset of action of systemic ivermectin therapy.
A Microscopic Comparison of Fresh and Burned Bone

Examination of the microstructure of human bone is useful in estimating age at death in forensic science cases. This technique has been tested and is well accepted, however samples of burned bone may complicate analysis because of possible changes in the microstructure occurring during the burning process. In a comparison of fresh and burned ground thin sections taken from midshaft femorae of eight dissecting-room cadavers of known age and sex, this study finds significant shrinkage of microstructural elements through the burning process. These results are compared to previous work on the subject, which found the microstructural elements to increase through the burning process.