cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy Dissipation in Multiphase Infalling Clouds in Galaxy Halos

During the epoch of large galaxy formation, thermal instability leads to the formation of a population of cool fragments that are embedded within a background of tenuous hot gas. The hot gas attains a quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium. Although the cool clouds are pressure confined by the hot gas, they fall into the galactic potential, and their motion is subject to drag from the hot gas. The release of gravitational energy due to the infall of the cool clouds is first converted into their kinetic energy and is subsequently dissipated as heat. The cool clouds therefore represent a potentially significant energy source for the background hot gas, depending on the ratio of thermal energy deposited within the clouds versus the hot gas. In this paper, we show that most of the dissipated energy is deposited in the tenuous hot halo gas, providing a source of internal energy to replenish losses in the hot gas through bremsstrahlung emission and conduction into the cool clouds. The heating from the motion of the cool clouds allows the multiphase structure of the interstellar medium to be maintained.
Physiological responses of cucumber seedlings under different blue and red photon flux ratios using LEDs

Abstract Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are frequently regarded as a new light source for the production of horticultural crops under closed-type conditions. However, before use of LEDs as the sole source of light can be advanced, plant responses to light quality have to be investigated for important horticultural plants. The objective of the present study was to evaluate cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings physiological responses to different blue (B) and red (R) photon flux (PF) ratios using LEDs. Cucumber seedlings (cv. Cumlaude) were grown in a growth chamber until the second true leaf stage (17 days) with LED lighting and 18-h photoperiod. The treatments consisted of 100 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) with B:R PF ratios of 0B:100R%, 10B:90R%, 30B:70R%, 50B:50R%, 75B:25R%, 100B:0R%. Another treatment consisted of B, green (G) and R PF ratio of 20B:28G:52R%. Peak wavelengths of LEDs were 455 nm (B) and 661 nm (R) for the in the B:R treatments and 473 nm (B), 532 nm (G), 660 nm (R) in the B:G:R treatment. Hypocotyl length decreased with the increase of B PF up to the 75B:25R% treatment. Hypocotyl length in the 0B:100R% treatment was 164% greater than in the 75B:25R treatment. Plants under the 100B:0R% treatment had unexpected greater plant height, hypocotyl, and epicotyl length than plants under all other treatments. For example, the hypocotyl length under the 100B:0R% was 69% greater than in the 0B:100R treatment and 346% greater than in the 75B:25R% treatment. Leaf area decreased with the increase of B PF when plants were irradiated with the combination of B and R PF. The response of leaf area under the 100B:0R% treatment was unexpected since plants in the 100B:0R% treatment had 48% greater leaf area than plants in the 75B:25R% treatment. Chlorophyll content per leaf area, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance increased with the increase of B PF. Shoot dry and fresh mass decreased with the increase of B PF when plants were irradiated with the combination of B and R PF. Plants under 0B:100R% had the lowest dry and fresh mass from all the treatments and plants under 100B:0R% showed the greatest fresh mass from all the treatments and equal dry mass as the plants under 10B:90R% treatment. The addition of G PF to the spectrum did not have any influence in cucumber plant responses. For cucumber seedlings, morphological responses influenced plant growth since B PF responses in growth parameters (i.e., dry mass) closely matched those in morphological parameter (i.e., leaf area). More research is needed to find the optimal spectrum for the growth and development of horticultural crops under sole source electrical lighting such as LEDs.
A simple technique for boxing impressions for fabrication of altered casts.

border area and therefore produce a land area on the cast. A plethora of techniques and materials have been described for boxing procedures.1-11 This tip is a modification of the technique and mix described by Plummer.5 The materials involved should be available to all dentists. 1. Trim excess impression material, remove all edentulous areas of the cast distal to the posterior abutment(s), and create undercuts and mechanical locks in the master cast (Fig. 1). 2. Soak the master cast in slurry water for 5 to 10 minutes. Allow the cast to dry, and attach the framework firmly to the master cast with sticky wax. Protect teeth on the master cast by covering them with irreversible hydrocolloid (Fig. 2). 3. Make a support base mix with an Accu-Dent (Buellton, Calif.) water measure. Mix 2 parts (26 mL) cornstarch (Argo Cornstarch, Best Foods Div, CPC International Inc, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), 1 part (13 mL) fine pumice, and 1 part (13 mL) plaster. Mix the dry powders and add to 115 mL water. Pour the material into a denture flask. The consistency of the materials should be such that it supports the impression. Center the master cast and frame assembly upside down in the flask, immersing the framework within the supporting confines of the flask (Fig. 3). 4. Fill around the impression, leaving 5 mm of border area exposed. Mold with fingers to a smooth consistency. If the mix has dried, working time may be altered by wetting one’s fingers and applying water to the surface of the supporting mix. Let set for 15 minutes. Pour a base with a compatible stone to that of the master cast, filling up the denture flask. Once set, remove from flask. Separate master cast from the supporting base and irreversible hydrocolloid (this supporting base is easy to remove with one’s fingers). Trim the cast to the desired dimensions (Fig. 4).
Computed Tomographic Investigation of the Influence of Gas Sparger Design on Gas Holdup Distribution in a Bubble Column

The effect of gas sparger design on the gas holdup radial profile in a bubble column (with a diameter of 0.162 m) has been studied using γ-ray computed tomography (CT). Six different configurations of gas spargers were examined, using an air−water system for selected superficial gas velocities from 2 cm/s to 30 cm/s, covering the homogeneous and heterogeneous (churn-turbulent) flow regimes. Two operating pressures were used: 1 and 4 atm. Differences were found between the gas holdup distributions produced by different spargers at dimensionless radii of r/R < 0.8 in the central region of the column. The cross and single nozzle spargers produced closely similar gas holdup distributions, while the perforated plate sparger produced a higher gas holdup when compared to other spargers with the same percentage open area (POA). At 4 atm, the sparger design did not have a significant effect on the gas holdup profiles, compared to atmospheric pressure, except for the case of the single-hole sparger, which was found...
Postoperative Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea.

Background Abdominal surgery is thought to be a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). The aims of this study were to discern pre-operative factors associated with postoperative CDAD, examine outcomes after postoperative CDAD, and compare outcomes of postoperative versus medical CDAD. Methods Data from 3904 patients who had abdominal operations at Montefiore Medical Center were extracted from Montefiore's clinical information system. Cases of 30-day postoperative CDAD were identified. Pre-operative factors associated with developing postoperative CDAD were identified using logistic regression. Medical patients and surgical patients with postoperative CDAD were compared for demographic and clinical characteristics, CDAD recurrence, and 90-day postinfection mortality. Results The rate of 30-day postoperative CDAD was 1.2%. After adjustment for age and comorbidities, factors significantly associated with postoperative CDAD were: antibiotic use (OR: 1.94), proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use (OR: 2.32), prior hospitalization (OR: 2.27), and low serum albumin (OR: 2.05). In comparison with medical patients with CDAD, postoperative patients with CDAD were significantly more likely to have received antibiotics (98% vs 85%), less likely to have received a PPI (39% vs 58%), or to have had a prior hospitalization (43% vs 67%). Postoperative patients with CDAD had decreased risk of mortality when compared with medical patients with CDAD (HR 0.36). Conclusion CDAD is an infrequent complication after abdominal operations. Several avoidable pre-operative exposures (eg, antibiotic and PPI use) were identified that increase the risk of postoperative CDAD. Postoperative CDAD is associated with decreased risk of mortality when compared with CDAD on the medical service.
Social Networks and Smoking Exploring the Effects of Peer Influence and Smoker Popularity Through Simulations

Adolescent smoking and friendship networks are related in many ways that can amplify smoking prevalence. Understanding and developing interventions within such a complex system requires new analytic approaches. We draw on recent advances in dynamic network modeling to develop a technique that explores the implications of various intervention strategies targeted toward micro-level processes. Our approach begins by estimating a stochastic actor-based model using data from one school in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The model provides estimates of several factors predicting friendship ties and smoking behavior. We then use estimated model parameters to simulate the coevolution of friendship and smoking behavior under potential intervention scenarios. Namely, we manipulate the strength of peer influence on smoking and the popularity of smokers relative to nonsmokers. We measure how these manipulations affect smoking prevalence, smoking initiation, and smoking cessation. Results indicat...
Some cautionary notes regarding the use of aggregated scores as a measure of behavioral stability

Abstract The utility of the method of aggregation as a measure of behavioral consistency was examined in 26 studies involving computer-generated, repeated-measurement data. The first series of studies involved rectangular distributions in which score constant. A second series of studies used normally distributed z scores, and score consistency was manipulated by inducing a desired correlation between the scores in adjacent trials. In both sets of studies, the aggregate stability coefficient was a strictly increasing function of the number of aggregated trials, and even trivial amounts of score stability resulted in large stability coefficients. In a third series of studies, high stability coefficients occurred when computed on combined unstable subsamples which differed from each other only in central tendency. Terminal aggregate coefficients were compared with Spearman-Brown prophecy and Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients computed on the experimental data. It was concluded that the method of aggregation produces spuriously high estimates of behavioral consistency. It was further shown that the Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and coefficient alpha accurately predict the results of the aggregation method, suggesting that aggregation is an internal consistency reliability procedure. The equating of stability with traditional notions of reliability was questioned.
Minor Amputation and Palliative Wound Care as a Strategy to Avoid Major Amputation in Patients With Foot Infections and Severe Peripheral Arterial Disease

Foot infections occurring in patients with severe peripheral arterial disease (PAD) who are not considered candidates for revascularization and limb salvage efforts are generally treated with major amputations. Herein we describe our early experiences in managing foot infections with minor amputations and palliative wound care as a strategy to avoid the functional disability often associated with major amputations. Patients with severe PAD that underwent minor amputations and subsequent palliative wound care for moderate/severe infections were paired with age-matched controls with PAD that underwent primary major amputations for foot infections. Eleven patients who underwent minor amputations and palliative wound care of 13 limbs were compared to an age-matched cohort of 12 patients undergoing 13 major amputations.The median age was 80 years in both groups. Survival at 1 and 2 years did not differ significantly between groups. All patients who were ambulatory and/or independently living remained so following palliative management; in contrast, major amputation changed ambulatory status in 75% of patients and independent living status in 50%. Palliative management did not result in ascending/systemic sepsis or progressive necrosis. The need for reoperations was uncommon in both groups. In summary, minor amputations and operative drainage with subsequent palliative wound care appears to be a safe management option in patients with severe PAD and moderate or severe foot infections that are not candidates for revascularization. Palliative management may result in less functional impairment than major amputation.
Relationships as organizational resources: Examining public relations impact through its connection with organizational strategies

Abstract This study empirically examined the oft-ignored link between public relations and strategy by incorporating the resource-based view (RBV) from management literature. Thirty-three interviews with public relations managers and strategy managers in China were conducted to explore relationships as organizational resources and their contribution to strategy implementation. Within the major theoretical framework, this study found that relationships possessed these key features for resources that could lead to competitive advantages: valuable, rare, difficult to imitate, and hard to be substituted. Relationships contributed to strategy implementation in general and were used also to achieve a fit with different strategies.
The Tuberculosis Movement: A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era

Acknowledgments Abbreviations Introduction Tuberculosis Before Koch The Crusade is Launched The Tuberculosis Movement Educating the Public Breaking the Chain of Infection Chasing the Cure The Tuberculosis Movement Shifts From Cure to Isolation Heredity, Environment, and Tuberculosis The Children's Tuberculosis Crusade Conclusion: A Modern Health Campaign References Index
Regulatory network nodes of check point factors in DNA repair pathways

DNA repair pathways and associated cell-cycle checkpoint factors are critical to normal cellular function. Although the roles of many of the member genes of the DNA repair pathways are well known, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of these genes. We hypothesize that the genes involved in DNA repair processes have a common regulatory control system. To address the hypothesis, we analyzed the word content of promoter sequences for genes in the check point factor pathway. This manuscript reports on our discoveries -- putative nodes of a regulatory network.
Disappearance of bundle branch block with slowing of normal heart rate.

Abstract Four patients are presented with varied mechanisms of converting bundle branch block to normal ventricular conduction with slowing of normal heart rate. One patient had a relatively constant range of critical heart rates for left bundle branch block, incomplete left bundle branch block, and normal conduction during a three-year period of observation. This report emphasized that bradycardia-dependent normalization of bundle branch block is not uncommon.
Superconvergent procedures for the computation of engineering data from finite element solutions

The computation of engineering data from finite element solutions based on the virtual work formulation is discussed. It is shown that, using specially chosen virtual displacement functions, it is possible to compute certain functionals from the virtual work expression with much greater efficiency than would be possible by direct methods.
How do eating disorder specialist clinicians apply DSM-IV diagnostic criteria in routine clinical practice? Implications for enhancing clinical utility in DSM-5.

Abstract The clinical utility of the DSM-IV eating disorder (ED) diagnostic criteria among practicing clinicians has not been formally evaluated, despite the considerable diagnostic challenges these disorders present. This study evaluated inter-rater reliability between research and clinical diagnoses, identified discrepantly rated diagnostic criteria, and evaluated ED subtype use in a naturalistic treatment setting. Seventy-six adolescent and young adult female patients consecutively admitted to a residential ED program were evaluated independently by clinicians (unstructured clinical interview) and research assessors (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV). Clinicians and research assessors conferred concordant ED diagnoses in 80.3% of cases ( κ =0.70), thus highlighting the clinical utility of the extant DSM-IV diagnostic scheme in this specialty ED treatment setting. All but two discordant cases included a diagnosis of ED not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Clinicians applied ED subtypes in just 20.4% of eligible cases, and were significantly more likely to apply subtypes to major depressive disorder. Although clinical and research interviews yielded substantial reliability, EDNOS had the lowest reliability among the ED diagnoses. Moreover, infrequent subtype application on this specialty unit raises questions about the clinical utility of DSM-IV anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa subtypes, even in the context of clinically useful overarching categories.
Low-rank tensor decomposition based dynamic network tracking

Lots of data is generated around us in today's big data age. Much of this data is time-varying or dynamic, such as the social network connections that change across time or dynamic functional brain connectivity networks constructed across multiple subjects. In these dynamic (time-varying) networks, it is important to reduce the large amount of data into a few meaningful descriptors. One way to achieve this goal is to detect change points or anomalies in the connectivity patterns across time. Recently, there has been an interest in describing the time-varying network activity as a tensor and detecting the anomalies in terms of the changes in the subspaces of the tensor along each mode [1], [2]. However, the current approaches to tensor decomposition are not robust to non-Gaussian noise, outliers, and corruption in the data. For this reason, a robust low-rank tensor recovery algorithm similar to robust principal components analysis (RPCA) has been recently proposed. In this paper, we employ higher order robust PCA (HoRPCA) for tracking dynamic networks in time and detecting anomalies using a subspace distance measure. The proposed approach assumes that most real life networks are low-rank in nature and considers a low-rank plus sparse tensor decomposition at each time point. The subspaces corresponding to each mode and each time point are described through a projection operator and the subspace distance is quantified through a Hausdorff distance measure. The proposed framework is evaluated on both simulated networks and dynamic functional connectivity brain networks.
Improved method for determining antibiotic susceptibility of Flavobacterium columnare isolates by broth microdilution.

Abstract A simple and reproducible microdilution method was developed to test the susceptibility of the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare to antibiotics in vitro. The testing was conducted at 28°C for 44–48 h at two dilutions of Mueller–Hinton broth (DMHB) using a standardized inoculum, a reference isolate of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 as a quality control organism, positive and negative control wells, and standardized custom-made microtiter plates. The E. coli ATCC25922 and F. columnare ATCC23463 (the species type strain) had significantly better growth in DMHB at 1:5 (4 g/L) than at 1:7 (3 g/L). The E. coli ATCC25922 was found to be acceptable as a reference isolate and produced minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values similar to those in the range published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute derived using standard Mueller–Hinton broth. The new method was used to determine the MIC of 23 F. columnare isolates (representing the three genotypes of the species) to enrofloxacin, ampicil...
The reactions of biacetyl, hydroxylamine and metal ions to form chelates

Abstract Two additional reaction intermediates in the reaction between biacetyl and hydroxylamine (E.D. Salesin, E.W. Abrahamson and Louis Gordon, Talanta , 1962, 9 , 699) are reported. The effect of the presence of Ni II or Pd II on the course of the reaction is being studied.
Precursors of ricinine in the castor bean plant

Abstract Isotopic tracer experiments confirmed that glycerol and succinic acid are good precursors of the pyridine ring of ricinine in castor bean plants. Tritium from C-2 was lost from tritiated glycerol while tritium from C-1 was retained. Thus a derivative of dihydroxyacetone is likely to be intermediate. By simultaneous feeding of glycerol-1-(3)-[3H] and succinic acid-2(3)-[14C], it was hoped to find precursors of ricinine containing both labels, but none could be found. There was no evidence for the appearance of labeled quinolinic acid, which is presumed to be a precursor of ricinine.
Suspended carbon nanotube thin film structures with high degree of alignment for NEMS switch applications

We describe microfluidic channel assisted carbon nanotube (CNT) alignment followed by microfabrication and characterization of a suspended CNT thin film. The alignment of CNT is enhanced by heating the CNT dispersion, which is characterized with Raman spectroscopy yielding a high G- to D-band intensity ratio of 22 along the microfluidic flow direction. The sidewall of CNT film pattern, left in a lift-off process, is eliminated by oxygen plasma etching. The resistivity of aligned CNT film is found as 1.45 × 10−3 Ωcm. The aligned CNT film is released by etching a sacrificial layer of amorphous silicon and characterized mechanically demonstrating a nominal high Young's modulus of 635 GPa and a yield strength of 2.4 GPa through a fixed-end beam deflection test. The lithography compatible fabrication process and the highly conductive film with an excellent mechanical property enable the aligned CNT film to be a potent candidate for nanoelectromechanical device applications.
Cardiovascular Surgery in Patients with Congenital Plasma Coagulopathies

Abstract From 1978 to 1986, fifteen cardiovascular operations were performed on 13 patients with known congenital bleeding disorders. The patients (10 men and 3 women) had a mean age of 51.1 ± 3.4 years. Four were seen with cardiovascular lesions and documented hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency); 3 had hemophilia B (Factor IX deficiency); 3 had Factor XI deficiency; 2 had von Willebrand's disease, and 1 had dysfibrinogenemia. All patients had a history of major hemorrhage after dental extractions or general surgical procedures, and had clearly documented coagulation disorders on hematological evaluation. Elective cardiovascular procedures performed in these patients included aortocoronary bypass grafting (eight), cardiac valve replacement or repair (five), aortic graft placement (one), and carotid endarterectomy (one). The mainstay of perioperative management included appropriate replacement therapy with blood components. Coagulation factor levels were measured routinely to guide therapy. There were no deaths. Two hemorrhagic complications necessitated reexploration. We conclude that in patients known to have congenital coagulation disorders, cardiovascular operations using systemic heparinization can be performed with minimal morbidity and mortality when carried out with preoperative and perioperative support from the hematology service, adequate replacement therapy using blood components, and careful monitoring of the coagulation status.
Diethyl ether and contractility of isolated cat heart muscle. Comparison of inotropic effects of five anaesthetics at equipotent levels.

Inotropic effects of diethyl ether on the contractile state of the isolated cat papillary heart muscles were determined by means of force-velocity relations and compared with those of cyclopropane, Ethrane, methoxyflurane, and halothane. All anaesthetics studied produced a dose-dependent leftward shift of the force-velocity curve, indicating a negative inotropism. Concentrations of anaesthetics in mg/100 ml of Krebs-Henseleit solution necessary to produce the same degree of depression (50 per cent, ED50) in maximum velocity of shortening (Vmax) and in peak force (Fm) were 255 and 192 for diethyl ether, 20 and 16 for Ethrane, 19 and 14 for cyclopropane, 17 and 12 for methoxyflurane, and 6 and 7 for halothane. On the other hand, calculated percentage decreases in Vmax and Fm at an equipotent level of anaesthesia (a partial pressure of minimal alveolar concentration) were 6 and 12 for cyclopropane, 10 and 34 for Ēthrane, 15 and 23 for diethyl ether, 28 and 37 for methoxyflurane, and 44 and 40 for halothane. These findings indicate that each anaesthetic studied evokes a qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different, negative inotropic effect on the isolated heart muscle.
Comparison of ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium oxalate to assess the availability of molybdenum in mine spoils and soils

Abstract A variety of extractants has been used to assess the availability of molybdenum (Mo) in soils. Most of the extractants have been studied from a deficiency aspect rather than for soils with Mo toxicity, and none of them have been used to extract available Mo from mine spoils. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of different chemical extractants for assessing the availability of Mo in mine spoils and soils. One mine spoil and three soils were treated with sodium molybdate and then subjected to wetting and drying cycles for two months. These spoil/soils were extracted with ammonium bicarbonate DTPA (AB‐DTPA), ammonium carbonate, and ammonium oxalate solution for available Mo. Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were grown in the spoil/soils in a greenhouse to determine plant uptake of Mo. Additionally, four mine spoils and six soils were extracted and analyzed for available Mo as mentioned above. The results obtained by these three extractants we...
Vapor-Condensation Generation and STM Analysis of Fullerene Tubes.

Fullerene tubular structures can be generated by vapor condensation of carbon on an atomically flat graphite surface. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images revealed the presence of tubes with extremely small diameters (from 10 to 70 angstroms), most of which are terminated by hemispherical caps. Atomic resolution images of such structures showed that the tubes have a helical graphitic nature. The formation of the tubes under the quasi-free conditions suggests that the growth to tubular rather than spherical configurations is preferred for "giant fullerenes."
Encapsulating vesicles and colloids from cochleate cylinders

Encapsulating small vesicles or colloidal particles within a phospholipid bilayer affords multicompartment structures that are interesting for targeted drug delivery, imaging, or separations. Dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), an anionic lipid, forms cochleate cylinders, tightly wrapped tubes of concentric bilayers, on addition of millimolar Ca2+. Complexation of Ca2+ by the subsequent addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) results in the unwrapping of the cochleate cylinders of DOPS sheets and reclosure to form micrometer-sized vesicles, which can entrap smaller vesicles in solution. Polystyrene spheres added to the cochleate cylinders before the EDTA unwrapping can also be enclosed.
Resolution of epoxide enantiomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by chiral stationary-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract Enantiomers of nine K-region and one non-K-region epoxides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have been resolved by high-performance liquid chromatography with chiral stationary phases either ionically or covalently bonded to γ-aminopropylsilanized silica. Resolution of enantiomers was confirmed by ultraviolet-visible absorption, circular dichroism, and mass spectral analyses. This method has been applied to the determination of optical purity and absolute configuration of the K-region epoxides formed in the metabolism of 1-methylbenz[ a ]anthracene, 7-methylbenz[ a ]anthracene, and 12-methylbenz[ a ]anthracene by rat liver microsomes.
Using scientific data to teach a database systems course

Database systems instructors face an ongoing challenge to develop meaningful assignments for their courses. We have found that instructors can successfully use large scientific datasets in teaching a database systems course to better prepare students for real-world database systems work.
SERVING AND LEARNING ATA UNIVERSITY LABORATORY SCHOOL: STUDENTS FROM BIRTH THOUGH ADULTHOOD BENEFIT WHEN SERVICE LEARNING IS INTEGRATED INTO THE PRESERVICE CURRICULUM

Service‐Learning (S‐L) pedagogy is attracting increased attention in teacher education. This article describes the implementation of S‐L in the preservice early childhood curriculum, which placed students in a birth‐5 years setting. It identifies a continuum of learning to care, which begins in infancy, as caring capacities emerge, through to adulthood, when preservice teachers learn from experienced mentors how caring characterizes their interactions with learners of all ages. Students’ journals indicate they believe S‐L experiences contribute to their personal, academic and professional development. Carefully implemented S‐L experiences validate students’ caring interactions, give them first‐hand experiences with young children during which they can apply theoretical constructs, provide experiences which help them clarify their own career goals, and make them feel better prepared to manage instructional and classroom management dimensions of working with young children.
The role of crazes in the crack growth of polyethylene

Brittle slow crack growth, or stress cracking, is a major concern in many applications of polyethylene materials. Using a constant tensile load test and removing specimens prior to complete failure, details of the crack tip region can be discerned in both butene and hexene copolymerized polyethylene. In both the presence and absence of an accelerating environment (Igepal CO-630), it was found that crazes formed at the crack tip, although secondary crazes were also evident in the specimens removed from the Igepal. Multiple crack arrest lines were clearly evident, suggesting a stick-slip mechanism under static load. The appearance of the craze zone at the crack tip can be explained through invoking an interlamellar failure model.
Microwave Power Measurements Employing Electron Beam Techniques

A new electron beam technique for measuring microwave power flow, either cw or pulse, in waveguides is described. This technique consists of accelerating an electron beam transversely through an evacuated section of waveguide carrying power in the TE10 mode. The transit time of the electrons is adjusted to a value which gives maximum interaction of the field in the guide with the electrons, i.e., electrons gain maximum energy. The energy gained by the electrons is measured by means of a dc stopping potential which can be related to the field. Power is then calculated from the Poynting vector. The instrument takes the form of a sealed-off vacuum tube having a short section of waveguide as part of the tube. The ends of the waveguide may be sealed using known window techniques. The theory for the ideal case is presented and then means of correcting for the various perturbations present in an actual tube are discussed. The theory and the corrections are verified by experiment. The technique appears to have definite value for monitoring or measuring high- and medium-level cw or pulse-power flow. Theoretically the device is self-calibrating and therefore might make a good primary standard. Its suitability as a primary standard is under further investigation.
The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of Cells: A Virtual Smartphone Architecture

Smartphones are increasingly ubiquitous, and many users carry multiple phones to accommodate work, personal, and geographic mobility needs. We present Cells, a virtualization architecture for enabling multiple virtual smartphones to run simultaneously on the same physical cellphone in an isolated, secure manner. Cells introduces a usage model of having one foreground virtual phone and multiple background virtual phones. This model enables a new device namespace mechanism and novel device proxies that integrate with lightweight operating system virtualization to multiplex phone hardware across multiple virtual phones while providing native hardware device performance. Cells virtual phone features include fully accelerated 3D graphics, complete power management features, and full telephony functionality with separately assignable telephone numbers and caller ID support. We have implemented a prototype of Cells that supports multiple Android virtual phones on the same phone. Our performance results demonstrate that Cells imposes only modest runtime and memory overhead, works seamlessly across multiple hardware devices including Google Nexus 1 and Nexus S phones, and transparently runs Android applications at native speed without any modifications.
DEFORMED FERMI SURFACE THEORY OF MAGNETO–ACOUSTIC RESPONSE IN MODULATED QUANTUM HALL SYSTEMS NEAR ν=1/2

We develop a magneto-transport theory for the nonlocal response of a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the Fractional Quantum Hall Regime near ν=1/2 in the presence of a periodic density modulation. We introduce a new generic model of a deformed Composite Fermion–Fermi Surface (CF–FS). Our model permits us to explain recent surface acoustic wave observations of anisotropic anomalies1 in sound velocity and attenuation, such as appearance of peaks and anisotropy, which originate from contributions to the conductivity tensor due to regions of the CF–FS which are flattened by the applied modulation. The calculated magnetic field and wave vector dependence of the CF conductivity, velocity shift and attenuation agree with experiments.
Numerical Experiments with a General Circulation Model Concerning the Distribution of Ozone in the Stratosphere

The distribution of ozone below 60 km altitude has been simulated in two experiments employing a nine-layer quasi-geostrophic spectral model and linear parameterization of ozone photochemistry, the first of which included thermal and orographic forcing of the planetary scale waves, while the second omitted it. The first experiment exhibited a high latitude winter ozone buildup which was due to a Brewer-Dodson circulation forced by large amplitude (planetary scale) waves in the winter lower stratosphere. Photochemistry was also found to be important down to lower altitudes (20 km) in the summer stratosphere than had previously been supposed.
Food and Feeding Ecology of Puffins

This study shows that although annual fluctuations occur in the main prey types of Skomer Puffins, food availability does not appear to limit breeding success. Most birds found food close to the colony, showing peaks of activity early in the day and again in late afternoon; and two out of four experimental pairs were able to rear 'twins', though the growth-rates of these were less than for single chicks. Some interesting observations are given on the feeding of the chick and on kleptoparasitism of adults by Jackdaws and gulls.
Some novel features of morphology dependent resonances of bispheres

On aggregation, two identical spheres produce split resonant structures so broadened as to be observable even if their (single) progenitor resonances are narrow beyond detectability.
Analysis of soluble fibrin complexes by agarose gel chromatography and protamine sulfate gelation

The molecular makeup of soluble fibrin complexes was studied by gel exclusion chromatography using radio-labelling to characterize individual components in protein mixtures. Products of limited plasmin degradation of fibrinogen and mixtures of fibrinogen and "early" fibrinogen digests formed high molecular weight soluble fibrin complexes upon incubation with thrombin. Purified, nonclottable fragment Y did not incorporate into soluble fibrin complexes, nor could we demonstrate incorporation of fragments D and E as previously described from our laboratory. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, soluble fibrin complexes have two identifiable components, fibrin monomer and clottable fragment X monomer, although incorporation of native fibrinogen or fragment X unreacted by thrombin into soluble fibrin complexes cannot be excluded. Individual fractions of thrombin-treated early fibrinogen digests isolated by agarose gel chromatography were treated with protamine sulfate at 37 degrees C resulting in precipitation-gelation of greater than 90 per cent of high molecular weight soluble fibrin complexes; whereas, less than 10 per cent of lower molecular weight fibrinogen degradation products precipitated by protamine sulfate. These findings do not support the widely held concept that soluble fibrin complexes incorporate nonclottable degradation products of fibrinogen proteolysis, nor do they support the notion that the so-called paracoagulation reaction induced by protamine sulfate results from the splitting of complexes between fibrin monomer and nonclottable fibrinogen degradation products.
Mechanism for the decomposition of lithium borohydride

Abstract We report first-principles density functional theory studies of native defects in lithium borohydride (LiBH4), a potential material for hydrogen storage. Based on our detailed analysis of the structure, energetics, and migration of lithium-, boron-, and hydrogen-related defects, we propose a specific mechanism for the decomposition and dehydrogenation of LiBH4 that involves mass transport mediated by native defects. In this mechanism, LiBH4 releases borane (BH3) at the surface or interface, leaving the negatively charged hydrogen interstitial ( H i − ) in the material, which then acts as the nucleation site for LiH formation. The diffusion of ( H i − ) in the bulk LiBH4 is the rate-limiting step in the decomposition kinetics. Lithium vacancies and interstitials have low formation energies and are highly mobile. These defects are responsible for maintaining local charge neutrality as other charged defects migrating along the material, and assisting in the formation of LiH. In light of this mechanism, we discuss the effects of metal additives on hydrogen desorption kinetics.
A comparison of greenhouse gas mitigation options

Abstract The mitigation of atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions is important for minimizing the anthropogenic contributions to climate change. These concerns have led to the investigation of many technologies and strategies for mitigation, both in the U.S. and abroad. One technology explored at ANL is integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power generation, which is based on extraction of CO2 by a solvent. The IGCC process reduces CO2 production through efficient fuel use, which makes CO2 recovery less expensive than conventional systems. Recovery using the following solvents was explored in detail: monoethanolamine (MEA), glycol, chilled methanol, and hot potassium carbonate. Other incentive-based options for mitigation have also been explored, including market incentives (carbon fees and tradable permits) and regulatory measures. Our work suggests a complex global strategy will be necessary to optimize options for mitigation of global climate change, one that takes into account both local and regional considerations.
Stochastic behavior of Mindlin plate with uncertain geometric and material parameters

The Mindlin assumption in the plate bending allows the shear deformation together with the bending one. The constitutive relation for shear behavior, however, has different order of contribution from the plate thickness t than that in bending. Therefore, when we have concern on the stochastic behavior of Mindlin plate taking into account the uncertain plate thickness, the bending and shear parts have to be handled in different ways. Furthermore, if the concern is put on the multiple uncertain parameters such as between elastic modulus and plate thickness, the influence of correlation between these parameters also has to be resolved. In this study, a formulation for stochastic analysis is given in the context of the weighted integral method for Mindlin plate with uncertainties in elastic modulus and plate thickness. The effects of correlation between these parameters on the structural behavior are examined. In addition, the stability of response variability in terms of the aspect ratio of a plate is investigated. Several square plates with various boundary conditions subjected to uniformly distributed or concentrated loads are taken as examples, and the results are compared with those of precedent works as well as those of classical Monte Carlo simulation.
Postoperative intussusception after vaginal vault suspension

Postoperative intussusception in the adult is a rarely reported and poorly understood condition. Presented is the case of a patient developing incomplete small bowel obstruction after an uneventful vaginal vault suspension. Jejunojejunal intussusception, requiring resection, was found at celiotomy. Intussusception must be considered in treating patients developing postoperative intestinal obstruction.
Immunomodulatory effects of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) extract in female B6C3F1/N mice

Abstract Black cohosh extracts (BCE; Actaea racemosa) are being used worldwide as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy for the management of menstrual and menopausal symptoms, yet the effects of BCE on the immune system are largely unknown. Female B6C3F1/N mice were treated daily with BCE (0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg) for 28 days by oral gavage. Liver weights were significantly increased (26–32%) at the 1000 mg/kg dose. Dose-related increases in mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were observed. Decreasing trends were observed in all thymic T cell populations, with the most notable dose-responsive effects on immature thymocytes. In the spleen, dose-related decreases were observed in all cell phenotypes evaluated, reaching the level of statistical significance at the 1000 mg/kg BCE dose. Splenic natural killer (NK) cell numbers were significantly decreased at all BCE doses, with the exception of absolute NK numbers at the 125 mg/kg dose. No effects were observed on T-dependent antibody responses of the humoral immune system, including the antibody-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes (sRBC) and IgM antibody levels to both sRBC and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Cytotoxic T cell (TCTL) activity was increased, as was the mixed leukocyte response in one of two studies. Anti-CD3 mediated proliferation and the delayed-type hypersensitivity response were unaffected. No effects were observed on innate immunity or on bone marrow cellularity and colony-forming units. Overall, BCE exposure in B6C3F1/N mice for 28 days at doses up to 1000 mg/kg had minimal immune effects, with the exception of an increased TCTL response.
A study on the rewetting temperature

Abstract The rewetting or quench temperature is the temperature of a hot solid surface at which a liquid can reestablish contact with the dry surface. An estimation of this temperature is essential in predicting the rate at which the coolant quenches the core of a light-water reactor (LWR) after a loss-of-coolant accident. The present study reviews and evaluates previous work in this area and presents a model relating experiments to theory for the different possible types of reflood in LWRs. It is postulated that, with the exception of those cases of top reflood by a film in a single-rod geometry and bottom reflood with a very low mass flow rate, the quench temperature corresponds to either the minimum film boiling temperature or the Leidenfrost temperature. In cases where there are such exceptions, the quench temperature corresponds to the critical heat flux temperature. New correlations for the rewetting or quench temperature are presented.
Conceptualizing, Implementing, and Monitoring a Structural Health Promotion Intervention in an Organizational Setting

This article presents a framework for developing and carrying out an implementation monitoring plan of a complex structural intervention in an organizational setting and describes seven steps for a...
Energy-Efficient Interference-Based Routing for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

In this paper, we develop an energy efficient routing scheme that takes into account the interference created by existing flows in the network. Unlike previous works, we explicitly study the impact of routing a new flow on the energy consumption of the network. Under certain assumptions on how links are scheduled, we can show that our proposed algorithm is asymptotically (in time) optimal in terms of minimizing the average energy consumption. We also develop a distributed version of the algorithm. Our algorithm automatically detours around a congested area in the network, which helps mitigate network congestion and improve overall network performance. Using simulations, we show that the routes chosen by our algorithm (centralized and distributed) are more energy efficient than the state of the art.
Modeling and analysis of III–V logic FETs for devices and circuits: Sub-22nm technology III–V SRAM cell design

A compact model of III–V HFETs is developed for digital logic circuit applications such as a 6T-SRAM cell. We study sub-22nm technology III–V SRAM circuit design via III–V MOSFETs with thin high-k dielectric for low gate tunneling current, and optimized extrinsic structure for minimum parasitic capacitance. We investigate the drawbacks of a weak PMOS device in a SRAM cell and propose a minimum requirement for III–V PMOS strength for SRAM to be viable.
A new filterbank-based MMSE approach to reducing the degrees of freedom in adaptive sensor array processing

This paper introduces a cross-spectral minimum-mean square error approach for the reduction in degrees of freedom in partially adaptive array processing. In space communications, as with all space-segment and airborne sensors, size-weight-power platform constraints coupled with the desire or requirement for large element arrays and space-time adaptive processing make fully adaptive array processors unrealizable. The general solution to reducing the degrees of freedom for array processors is addressed from a joint-process point of view using the geometry of least squares to select a lower dimensional subspace for adaptive nulling. It is demonstrated that the subspace selection based on this technique may outperform the principal components method. A tree-structured time-varying filterbank is proposed to provide an adaptive transformation for the subspace selection. >
Does School Connectedness Buffer the Impact of Peer Victimization on Early Adolescents' Subsequent Adjustment Problems?.

The current study examined the role of school connectedness as a moderator of the associations between overt and relational forms of peer victimization and early adolescents' subsequent adjustment problems. Data were collected from 490 adolescents when they were initially in the sixth and seventh grades and again 1 year later. Regression analyses indicated that overt, but not relational, victimization predicted increases in boys' and girls' conduct problems and social anxiety and girls' depressive symptoms across the 1-year period. School connectedness was associated with decreases in adolescents' conduct problems across time and buffered the impact of overt victimization on girls' subsequent conduct problems. Study findings highlighted the protective role of the school context for girls experiencing overt victimization. Language: en