cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Mature is Your Software Process

We describe how a study of the SEI's Capability Maturity Model led us to change the structure and content of a project-intensive introductory graduate course sequence in software engineering. A brief review of the Capability Model is followed by an assessment of our software process as it previously existed. We then present some of the changes that were introduced and how they seem to have benefited the students.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Nonregular

For bounded probability distributions capable of J or U shapes, the log-likelihood function can become unbounded as the boundary parameters approach their respective limits. However, use of penalty function techniques that urge the maximum likelihood (ML) search away from the unbounded region can be used to circumvent this problem. Another approach to nonregular problems is ‘correcting’ the likelihood to estimate the model parameters. In an application to simulated data, this technique was found to be effective with quick convergence to parameter estimates. Keywords: maximum likelihood; nonregular estimation; probability distribution
Nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy: Clinical, histologic and fine structural studies

Abstract Six primigravid women developed the nephrotic syndrome in pregnancy during a 4 year period of observation, including 12,707 deliveries. Clinical evaluation and examination of renal tissue by light and electron microscopy were carried out in each case. Four of the initial pregnancies ended with the delivery of viable infants. Four subsequent pregnancies also terminated successfully. A variety of morphologic lesions was found, including diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, and pre-eclampsia. Four patients were followed from 1 to 4 years after delivery. Three women showed minimal clinical and histologic evidence of renal disease at the end of the follow-up period, although one with morphologic abnormalities of pre-eclampsia relapsed transiently 9 months post partum. The fourth patient with an initial kidney biopsy specimen compatible with pre-eclampsia progressed into end-stage renal failure. The findings suggest that the histologic characteristics of pre-eclampsia may not be specific but may be associated with other renal diseases occurring during pregnancy.
The evaluation of human hand odor volatiles on various textiles: a comparison between contact and noncontact sampling methods.

The focus of this study is to compare contact and noncontact human scent collection procedures across an array of textiles (cotton, rayon, polyester, and wool) to determine an optimized collection method for human scent evidence. Six subjects were sampled in triplicate for each textile and collection mode, and the samples were then analyzed through headspace solid-phase micro-extraction in combination with gas chromato- graphy ⁄ mass spectrometry (SPME-GC ⁄ MS). Contact sampling with cotton material has been shown to be the collection method that yielded the greatest number of volatile compounds and the highest scent mass amounts. Through Spearman rank correlations, it was shown that an individual's scent profile is more reproducible within samples collected on the same textile type than between different materials. Furthermore, contact sampling with cotton fabric demonstrated the greatest reproducibility producing the lowest amount of type I and type II errors with 90.85% of the samples distinguished at the 0.9 match ⁄ no match threshold.
Relative Roles of Radiologists and Other Physicians in Percutaneous Endovascular Neurointerventions

Abstract Purpose Cerebral catheter angiography and endovascular neurointerventions (ENIs) were developed and refined by early pioneers in neuroradiology. Recently, with developments in the safety and efficacy of ENIs, other physician specialists have expressed strong interest in performing these procedures. Our purpose was to compare volume and utilization of ENIs, among the various specialties, from 2000 to 2013. Methods Data from the Medicare Part B Physician/Supplier Procedure Summary Master Files for 2000 to 2013 were used to study ENI volume and utilization rates, by radiologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, vascular surgeons, cardiologists, and other physicians. Results From 2000 to 2013, the volume of intracranial ENIs increased: overall, from 2,439 to 7,424; for radiologists, from 1,956 to 3,993; and for neurosurgeons, from 237 to 2,900. Although cardiologists did not perform many intracranial ENIs in these years, they performed most of the carotid artery stenting procedures (4,097, which is 51% of the total 8,201 performed in 2013). Conclusions Radiologists continue to maintain a strong presence in the field of neurointerventional radiology, particularly in percutaneous intracranial interventions, performing 51% of all intracranial procedures in 2013, down from 80% in 2000. However, neurosurgeons have made substantial inroads into ENI procedures, with their volume increasing from 10% to 33%, from 2000 to 2013. The overall volume of ENIs rose steadily from 2000 to 2013.
CRL/NMSU and Brandeis MucBruce : MUC-4 test results and analysis

The Computing Research Laboratory (New Mexico State University) and the Computer Science Department (Brandeis University) are collaborating on the development of a system (DIDEROT) to perform data extraction for the Tipster project. This system is still far from fully developed, but as many of the techniques being used are domain ---and in many cases language--- independent, we have assembled them in a preliminary manner to produce a prototype system (MucBruce), which handles the MUC-4 texts.
An Educational Elasticity Problem With Friction, Part 2: Unloading for Strong Friction and Reloading

This paper examines the case of unloading with strong friction, and also treats reloading of the unbounded solid with a semi-infinite cut. The solid is compressed uniformly normal to the cut, and a concentrated force acts on the tip of the cut causing localized separation and frictional slip.
Interactions of divalent cations with the surface of pyrite

Abstract Interactions between pyrite and dissolved Ca 2+ , Mn 2+ , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Zn 2+ were studied as a function of pH, ionic strength, and adsorbate concentration in NaCl solutions and in seawater. Apparent adsorption constants were calculated using an ion-exchange surface complexation model, and second-order rate constants for the sorption of Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cd 2+ , and Zn 2+ were calculated from their uptake kinetics. Apparent adsorption constants generally varied by less than an order of magnitude, except for Ca 2+ which exhibited complex behavior. The apparent adsorption constants decreased in the order Co 2+ > Cd 2+ > Mn 2+ > Ni 2+ > Ca 2+ > Zn 2+ . The ranking of the apparent adsorption constants does not correlate with the first hydrolysis constants of the adsorbates or the solubility products of their sulfide minerals. The behavior of the second-order forward and reverse rate constants in different solutions indicates that adsorption is more complex than the second-order reaction model described by the ion exchange surface complexation model. The forward sorption reaction rate constants increased with increasing pH, and decreased with increasing ionic strength or initial adsorbate concentration. The reverse sorption reaction rate constants increased with increasing pH or initial adsorbate concentration, and were unaffected by ionic strength. The effect of pH on the forward and reverse rate constants may have been due to, respectively, a surface-induced hydrolysis reaction mechanism and a rate-limiting step prior to the surface complex-hydrogen ion reaction. The effect of ionic strength on the forward rate constants may have been due to site competition with Na + , while the effect of initial adsorbate concentration on the forward and reverse rate constants may have been due to, respectively, the assumption of a constant concentration of surface sites available for reaction and the presence of heterogeneous surface sites.
Upper limb rehabilitation and evaluation of children using a humanoid robot

This paper discusses a preliminary approach to matching child movements with robotic movements for the purpose of evaluating child upper limb rehabilitation exercises. Utilizing existing algorithms termed Motion History Imaging and Dynamic Time Warping for determining areas of movement and video frame mapping respectively, we are able to determine whether or not a patient is consistently performing accurate rehabilitation exercises. The overall goal of this research is to fuse play and rehabilitation techniques using a robotic design to induce child-robot interaction that will be entertaining as well as effective for the child.
Vibrational spectrum of the K-590 intermediate in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle at room temperature: picosecond time-resolved resonance coherent anti-Raman spectroscopy

Abstract The vibrational spectrum of the K-590 intermediate, thought to contribute significantly to the energy storage and transduction mechanism in the bacteriorhodopsin (BR) photocycle, is measured at room temperature using picosecond time-resolved resonance coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (PTR/CARS). The room-temperature BR photocycle is initiated by the 3 ps, 570 nm excitation of the ground-state species, BR-570, prepared in both H2O and D2O suspensions of BR. PTR/CARS data, recorded 50 ps after BR-570 excitation, at which time only BR-570 and K-590 are present, have an excellent S/N which provides a significantly more detailed view of the K-590 vibrational degrees of freedom than previously available. Two picosecond (6 ps FWHM) laser pulses, ω1 (633.4 nm) and ωS (675–700 nm), are used to record PTR/CARS data via electronic resonance enhancement in both BR-570 and K-590, each of which contains a distinct retinal structure (assigned as 13-rans, 15-anti, 13-cis, respectively). To obtain the vibrational spectrum of K-590 separately, the PTR/CARS spectra from the mixture of isomeric retinals is quantitatively analyzed in terms of third-order susceptibility (η(3)) relationships. PTR/CARS spectra of K-590 recorded from both H2O and D2O suspensions of BR are compared with the analogous vibrational data obtained via spontaneous resonance Raman (RR) scattering at both low (77 K) and room temperature. Analyses of these vibrational spectra identify temperature-dependent effects and changes assignable to the substitution of deuterium at the Schiff-base nitrogen not previously reported.
War Refugees and Violence in Hamidian Istanbul

This paper examines the place of war refugees in patterns of interpersonal violence in Istanbul in the 1890s. I argue that refugees, especially from the 1878 Russo-Turkish war, committed a disproportionate amount of criminal violence, and that their violent acts were often more extreme than those of other groups. I argue that factors such as poverty are insufficient to explain the degree of difference from the patterns of the general population. It is also necessary to look at an important cultural factor that most of these refugees share: exposure to and experience of violence. The conflicts from which the subjects of my paper were fleeing were particularly brutal ones, and thus could be expected to have a particularly brutalizing effect.
Parametric study of silicon carbide coatings deposited in a fluidized bed

Abstract Silicon carbide coatings have been deposited on microspheres in a fluidized bed by the reaction of methyltrichlorosilane and hydrogen. The principal variables of reactant gas composition and temperature were correlated with the morphology, the microstructure and the density of the coating. The effect of the coating rate on these characteristics was shown to be slight. The optimum gas composition for highly dense coatings was about 5 vol. % or less methyltrichlorosilane in H 2 . The amount of grown-in porosity increased as the gas composition increased above 5 vol. % methyltrichlorosilane in H 2 . The optimum temperature for highly dense coatings was in the range 1475–1675 °C. Lower temperatures resulted in silicon-rich deposits, while higher temperatures caused unacceptable porosity.
Dispersal behavior and vector potential of Aedes cantator (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern Maryland.

Three Aedes cantator broods were monitored in the vicinity of a salt marsh during May–July 1978. Landing rates and parous rates were estimated semiweeldy at 4 sites extending 2 km inland from the marsh-upland ecotone. Larval surveys and light-trap data were also used to detect brood emergences. Data indicate that females disperse inland at least 2 km and return to the marsh for oviposition. Parous females return inland for additional blood feeding and no inhibition of dispersal tendency was detected in parous individuals. Parous mosquitoes were present at all sampling sites from 22 May–5 July and no significant difference in parous rates was found at any of the study locations. These data suggest that Ae. cantator could act as a biological vector both near the marsh and at inland locations. Initial dispersal behavior appears to be similar to that of Aedes sollicitans in that flight is appetential and gradual in nature; however, it differs from true migration exhibited by Aedes taeniorhynchus .
Image processing: digital versus polarization-based enhancementencoding techniques

Image processing is a field of great interest for many applications. Nowadays it is very hard to name an application where image processing is not involved. Digital techniques remains the dominant ones applied to digital image processing with significant automation approaches that are built in image display, as in most digital cameras and digital TVs, to name few. Depending on the application, digital image processing techniques produces satisfactory accurate results. However, digital enhancement techniques suffer from the main constraint: slow processing speed, an inherited problem associated with any digital image processing technique. On the other hand optical image enhancement techniques such as the polarization-based ones produce satisfactory accurate results and at the same time overcome the processing time constraint associated with their digital counter ones. This paper presents a comparison between digital and polarization-based enhancement/encoding techniques with respect to their accuracy, security and processing time in automated pattern recognition applications.
The gynecologic patient with urinary symptoms

Abstract 1. 1. Our experiences with 200 consecutive minor urologie cases in gynecologic patients is here reported. 2. 2. A special cystoscopic clinic is an essential part of a gynecologic out-patient department. 3. 3. Topographic subdivision of the bladder is of value in practical diagnosis. 4. 4. Treatment should not be routine, but should be specific for each type of bladder disease. 5. 5. There are various constitutional and mental factors that are important in the selection of proper treatment. 6. 6. In this series, over 90 per cent of the patients presented pathologic conditions about the bladder neck and internal sphincter. 7. 7. Dilatation of the urethra is found to be of great value in this type of patient.
Assessment of host-associated genetic differentiation among phenotypically divergent populations of a coral-eating gastropod across the Caribbean.

Host-associated adaptation is emerging as a potential driver of population differentiation and speciation for marine organisms with major implications for ecosystem structure and function. Coralliophila abbreviata are corallivorous gastropods that live and feed on most of the reef-building corals in the tropical western Atlantic and Caribbean. Populations of C. abbreviata associated with the threatened acroporid corals, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, display different behavioral, morphological, demographic, and life-history characteristics than those that inhabit other coral host taxa, indicating that host-specific selective forces may be acting on C. abbreviata. Here, we used newly developed polymorphic microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data to assess the population genetic structure, connectivity, and demographic history of C. abbreviata populations from three coral host taxa (A. palmata, Montastraea spp., Mycetophyllia spp.) and six geographic locations across the Caribbean. Analysis of molecular variance provided some evidence of weak and possibly geographically variable host-associated differentiation but no evidence of differentiation among sampling locations or major oceanographic regions, suggesting high gene flow across the Caribbean. Phylogenetic network and Bayesian clustering analyses supported a hypothesis of a single panmictic population as individuals failed to cluster by host or sampling location. Demographic analyses consistently supported a scenario of population expansion during the Pleistocene, a time of major carbonate reef development in the region. Although further study is needed to fully elucidate the interactive effects of host-associated selection and high gene flow in this system, our results have implications for local and regional community interactions and impact of predation on declining coral populations.
Mechanisms of Immune Privilege in the Eye and Hair Follicle

It has been recognized for over a century that the eye is endowed with remarkable properties that permit the long-term survival of foreign tumor and tissue grafts that are normally rejected at extraocular sites. This ocular immune privilege was originally attributed to a putative sequestration of antigens in the eye as a result of the conspicuous absence of intraocular lymphatic drainage channels. In the last 30 years, a sizeable body of information indicates that ocular immune privilege is a product of multiple anatomical, physiological, and immunoregulatory processes. Ocular tissues and fluids express a wide variety of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive molecules, including CD95L (FasL), transforming growth factor-β, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, α-melanocyte–stimulating hormone, calcitonin gene–related peptide, somatostatin, and complement regulatory proteins. Moreover, antigens entering the anterior chamber of the eye evoke a unique form of immune deviation that culminates in the antigen-specific suppression of TH1 immune responses. Finally, the intraocular milieu contains both cell membrane and soluble factors that inhibit both the adaptive and innate immune systems. The hair follicle is also recognized for its immune privilege. Like the anterior chamber of the eye, it produces anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines, such as transforming growth factor-β and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The cells of the hair follicle display limited expression of class Ia MHC molecules and, like cells that line the anterior chamber of the eye, are protected against CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocyte attack. Gaining a better understanding of the immune privilege of the hair follicle may provide insights into the regulation and pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases of the skin.
Structural characterization of high-zirconia borosilicate glasses using Raman spectroscopy

Polarized Raman spectra were obtained for a collection of borosilicate glasses that have been developed as candidate compositions for the immobilization of wastes generated from the reprocessing of Zircaloy-clad spent nuclear fuel. Raman spectra were obtained for borosilicate glasses with zirconia compositions as high as 21 wt%, as well as for crystalline ZrO2 (baddeleyite) and crystalline ZrSiO4 (zircon). As zirconia content in the glass is increased, two trends in the spectra indicate that the partially polymerized silicate tetrahedral network becomes more depolymerized: one, the polarized mid frequency envelope near 450 cm ˇ1 , assigned to Si‐O‐Si symmetrical bend modes, decreases in area; and two, the higher frequency band assigned to Si‐O stretch in Q 2 units (silicate chains) increases in area, while band areas decrease for modes assigned to Si‐O stretch in more polymerized Q 3 and Q 4 units (silicate sheets and cages). These trends take place whether the glass composition is relatively simple or considerably more complex. As zirconia concentrations in the glass increase beyond 15 wt%, a series of sharp lines are observed in the spectra from baddeleyite crystals, and to a minor extent Zn‐Cr spinel phases, superimposed on broad features from the glass matrix. A low intensity, broad band near 1400 cm ˇ1 in the glass spectra is probably due to B‐O stretch modes within BO3 units. ” 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Chemisorption of alkenes on copper-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite

On Cu-ZSM-5 zeolite at room temperature, propane is physisorbed, while propene shows characteristics of chemisorption. The chemisorption mode has certain advantages for the catalytic control of automotive emissions. Alkane and alkene adsorption equilibria and kinetics are compared on Cu-ZSM-5 and on ZSM-5 free of alumina. The results are discussed in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Optical backscatter measurement of cloud particulates

Optical backscatter measurements of cloud particulates provide a means to make important in-situ observations of the atmosphere. These observations are vital for ascertaining if airspace is safe for commercial air traffic and for understanding global climate challenges. In this work, a new detection and measurement system based on optical backscattering with a backscattering angle of 135-150° is demonstrated. From the polarization ratio and backscatter signal magnitude at various angles and different wavelengths, the mean particle size and their number density as well as type of particle can be evaluated. Measurements on water particle density and size are reported, and the extension to silica particle measurements is discussed.
Identification of olfactory dimensions by semantic differential technique

Twenty Ss rated 14 odorants on 24 semantic differential scales. Scale scores for each odorant were obtained as the median rating across Ss. Factor analysis yielded four interpretable dimensions of olfactory perception.
A honeycomb model for soft tissue deformation

This paper presents a new deformable model for soft tissue that ensures volume preservation, which may be an inherently more fundamental property than others for the human organ. And by modeling the organ as a combination of a honeycomb structure with fluid filling the inside, we are able to model deeply-coupled stress in different directions, which should be another property for real soft tissues. We illustrate the efficacy of this model by the simulation of a cubic object.
Catalytic isomerization of allyl alcohols to carbonyl compounds using poisoned Pd nanoparticles

Abstract This article shows that Pd nanoparticles (NPs) poisoned by alkanethiolate monolayers can catalyze the isomerization of allyl alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in a relatively high efficiency and with a high selectivity. Pd nanoparticles are produced by the borohydride reduction of K2PdCl4 in toluene/H2O using sodium S-dodecylthiosulfate as a source for the alkanethiolate ligands. Both kinetic and thermodynamic effects control the catalytic reactions of various substituted allyl alcohols. In general, less substituted allyl alcohols including prop-2-en-1-ol and pent-1-en-3-ol are isomerized to the corresponding aldehyde or ketone more efficiently. More substituted allyl alcohols such as but-2-en-1-ol and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol do not undergo isomerization under the same condition. However, the presence of reactive, less substituted allyl alcohols is found to promote the isomerization of poorly reactive, more substituted allyl alcohols.
Nutritive value of legume seeds. XI. Counteracting the growth inhibitor of raw soybeans.

SummaryGrowth of rats fed a ration containing 25% raw soybean oil meal was improved to the same rate of gain as rats fed autoclaved meal when 5% crude trypsin powder was added to each ration. The ability of the crude trypsin powder to counteract the soybean growth inhibitor (SGI) has established the existence of an anti-SGI. That the anti-SGI activity of crude trypsin powder was not dependent upon trypsin was established by heat stability.
The direct binding of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 to the PKR protein kinase is necessary but not sufficient for inactivation and disruption of enzyme dimer formation.

The PKR protein kinase is among the best-studied effectors of the host interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral and antiproliferative response system. In response to stress signals, including virus infection, the normally latent PKR becomes activated through autophosphorylation and dimerization and phosphorylates the eIF2α translation initiation factor subunit, leading to an inhibition of mRNA translation initiation. While numerous virally encoded or modulated proteins that bind and inhibit PKR during virus infection have been studied, little is known about the cellular proteins that counteract PKR activity in uninfected cells. Overexpression of PKR in yeast also leads to an inhibition of eIF2α-dependent protein synthesis, resulting in severe growth suppression. Screening of a human cDNA library for clones capable of counteracting the PKR-mediated growth defect in yeast led to the identification of the catalytic subunit (PP1C) of protein phosphatase 1α. PP1C reduced double-stranded RNA-mediated auto-activation of PKR and inhibited PKR transphosphorylation activities. A specific and direct interaction between PP1C and PKR was detected, with PP1C binding to the N-terminal regulatory region regardless of the double-stranded RNA-binding activity of PKR. Importantly, a consensus motif shared by many PP1C-interacting proteins was necessary for PKR binding to PP1C. The PKR-interactive site was mapped to a C-terminal non-catalytic region that is conserved in the PP1C2 isoform. Indeed, co-expression of PP1C or PP1C2 inhibited PKR dimer formation in Escherichia coli. Interestingly, co-expression of a PP1C mutant lacking the catalytic domain, despite retaining its ability to bind PKR, did not prevent PKR dimerization. Our findings suggest that PP1Cmodulates PKR activity via protein dephosphorylation and subsequent disruption of PKR dimers.
Cationic ethylzinc compound: a benzene complex with catalytic activity in hydroamination and hydrosilylation reactions.

The tight ion pair [EtZn(η3-C6H6)][CHB11Cl11]·C6H6 (1·C6H6) was obtained through β-hydrogen abstraction and concomitant ethene elimination from Et2Zn with the trityl salt [Ph3C][CHB11Cl11]. This ionlike species shows catalytic activity in hydrosilylation and intramolecular hydroamination reactions. The amine adduct {CH2CHCH2C(Ph2)CH2NH2}3ZnCB11Cl11 (3), which features a rare transition metal–carborane σ bond, was isolated from a hydroamination experiment.
Biologically-inspired approaches for self-organization, adaptation, and collaboration of heterogeneous autonomous systems

This paper presents a selective survey of theoretical and experimental progress in the development of biologicallyinspired approaches for complex surveillance and reconnaissance problems with multiple, heterogeneous autonomous systems. The focus is on approaches that may address ISR problems that can quickly become mathematically intractable or otherwise impractical to implement using traditional optimization techniques as the size and complexity of the problem is increased. These problems require dealing with complex spatiotemporal objectives and constraints at a variety of levels from motion planning to task allocation. There is also a need to ensure solutions are reliable and robust to uncertainty and communications limitations. First, the paper will provide a short introduction to the current state of relevant biological research as relates to collective animal behavior. Second, the paper will describe research on largely decentralized, reactive, or swarm approaches that have been inspired by biological phenomena such as schools of fish, flocks of birds, ant colonies, and insect swarms. Next, the paper will discuss approaches towards more complex organizational and cooperative mechanisms in team and coalition behaviors in order to provide mission coverage of large, complex areas. Relevant team behavior may be derived from recent advances in understanding of the social and cooperative behaviors used for collaboration by tens of animals with higher-level cognitive abilities such as mammals and birds. Finally, the paper will briefly discuss challenges involved in user interaction with these types of systems.
Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of a submicron GaAs MESFET with a nonuniformly doped channel

Abstract A two-dimensional-ensemble Monte Carlo program coupled with a program for solving Poisson's equation is used to perform a self-consistent simulation of a GaAs MESFET having a nonuniformly doped (ion-implanted) channel. For V gs = −0.5 V and V ds = 1 V, the simulation yields I ds = 18 mA/50 μ m, g m = 755 mS/mm and f T = 230 GHz. The results are compared to those obtained from a conventional 2D device-analysis program which uses static velocity-field characteristics and an empirical expression for low-field mobility versus doping concentration. The currents, transconductance, and cutoff frequency obtained from the Monte Carlo simulation are considerably larger than those obtained from the conventional 2D analysis. This difference is explained by the fact that the conventional device analysis program fails to account for transient transport phenomena.
Europe and the collapse of Yugoslavia: The Role of Non-State Actors and European Diplomacy

Branislav Radeljic (London: I.B. Tauris, 2012), xii+255 pp Can any study on the collapse of Yugoslavia add anything new at this point? Radeljic's question, the influence of non-state actors on the ...
Failure analysis and failure prevention in electric power systems

Abstract New methods have been developed and applied to better quantify and increase the reliability, safety, and availability of electric power plants. Present and potential problem areas have been identified both by development of an improved computerized data base of malfunctions in nuclear power plants and by detailed metallurgical and mechanical failure analyses of selected problems. Significant advances in the accuracy and speed of structural analyses have been made through development and application of the boundary integral equation and influence function methods of stress and fracture mechanics analyses. The currently specified flaw evaluation procedures of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code have been computerized. Results obtained from these procedures for evaluation of specific in-service inspection indications have been compared with results obtained utilizing our improved analytical methods. Mathematical methods have also been developed to describe and analyze the statistical variations in materials properties and in component loading, and uncertainties in the flaw size that might be passed by quality assurance systems. These new methods have been combined to develop accurate failure rate predictions based upon probabilistic fracture mechanics. Improved failure prevention strategies have been formulated by combining probabilistic fracture mechanics and cost optimization techniques. The approach has been demonstrated by optimizing the nondestructive inspection level with regard to both reliability and cost.
Thermal Management Design of a Nanoscale Biocalorimeter

A nanoscale calorimeter design based on temperature induced changes in a surface plasmon based photonics effect has the potential to decrease the mass of experimental compounds consumed and to increase the throughput of experiments investigating drug development. This calorimeter is based on a demonstrated surface plasmon biosensor in which index of refraction changes as small as 10−5 % caused by biochemical reactions on the sensor surface are detected. To achieve this sensitivity require that the device’s temperature be held constant to within ± 0.001 K. In the biosensor the temperature was held constant to measure the concentration changes. For the calorimeter the concentration is held constant and temperature changes are monitored. In the calorimeter design the nanohole array sensor will be used as a sensitive thermometer that will be used to determine the enthalpy of binding, equilibrium binding constant and entropy changes of biochemical reactions. The numerical analysis described in this work demonstrates that nanoscale calorimetry is possible. The simulations demonstrate that two designs can produce temperature rises of 5.5 and 40 C, respectively well above the (10−3 ) C resolution of the sensors. These results were obtained using less than three orders of magnitude less reactants than is currently being used in calorimetry studies which is a significant advance of this technology.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Composition of Anomalous Cosmic Rays and Other Heliospheric Ions

Interstellar pickup ions accelerated by the termination shock of the solar wind dominate the anomalous cosmic-ray (ACR) intensities observed by the Voyager spacecraft in the outer heliosphere. Using a twodimensional acceleration and propagation model, we derive the relative abundances of these interstellar ACRs and determine the mass dependence of the injection/acceleration efficiency for the diffusive acceleration of H + ,H e + ,N + ,O + , and Ne + . The energy spectra of C, Na, Mg, Si, S, and Ar also exhibit ACR increases at low energies. To interpret these observations, we have developed a new set of ionization rates for 11 neutral atoms, H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Na, Mg, Si, S, and Ar at 1 AU, and a new set of filtration factors relating neutral densities in the local interstellar medium to those at the location of the solar wind termination shock. Using the injection/acceleration efficiencies and the Ar filtration factor, we estimate the density of neutral Ar to be ð3:5 � 1:6 Þ� 10 � 7 cm � 3 in the local interstellar medium. ACR C may have a significant contribution from interstellar neutral C, but the observed intensities of ACR Na, Mg, Si, and S significantly exceed that expected from interstellar neutrals, providing evidence of another source of pickup ions. One possibility discussed is the recently discovered ‘‘ inner source ’’ of singly charged ions that is thought to be solar wind atoms desorbed from interplanetary dust grains. Subject headings: acceleration of particles — atomic processes — cosmic rays — interplanetary medium — ISM: abundances — ISM: atoms
Tribological properties of quasicrystals: Effect of aperiodic versus periodic surface order

We investigated the nanoscale tribological properties of a decagonal quasicrystal using a combination of atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum. This combination permitted a variety of in situ measurements, including atomic-scale structure, friction and adhesion force, tip-sample current, and topography. We found that thiol-passivated tips can be used for reproducible studies of the tip-quasicrystal contact while nonpassivated probes adhere irreversibly to the clean quasicrystalline surface causing permanent modifications. The most remarkable results were obtained on the twofold surface of the Al-Ni-Co decagonal quasicrystal where atoms are arranged periodically along the tenfold axis and aperiodically in the perpendicular direction. Strong friction anisotropy was observed on this surface, with high friction along the periodic direction and low friction in the aperiodic direction.
Using Photovoice to Identify Service Needs of Older African American Methadone Clients

ABSTRACT This article presents findings from a photovoice project designed to identify service needs of older-adult African American methadone clients, as well as their current barriers to and supports for abstinence. The project involved 10 participants (aged 53 to 63 years old) recruited from a methadone maintenance program in a large Northeastern U.S. city. Thematic analysis techniques were used to analyze participants’ narratives of their pictures. Transportation emerged as a significant challenge to accessing services, and caregiving was a motivation for remaining abstinent. Future research should use similar participatory methods and engage a broader group of aging people struggling with substance abuse.
Observations on the Sociology of Citizenship: Obligations and Rights

Citizenship is a central concept in the development of political democracy and the pursuit of political and social equality. However, citizenship rests on a balance of obligations and rights. This paper shows the development of an imbalance of rights versus obligations and examines the macrosociological implications for multi-party states. Equality, rather than citizenship is a core concern of contemporary sociology. Yet citizenship becomes an indirect interest because it connotes the spread of citizen rights designed to enlarge the realm of equality-political, economic, and social. Sociological writings have therefore dealt with citizenship by and large in terms of the spread of citizen rights and the barriers to the equality of rights. The result has been a basic distortion or at least pervasive omission in the sociology of citizenship. It is inescapable to me that citizenship involves some sort of balance or interplay between rights and obligations. It is impossible to study a polity, especially a democratic polity without assessing the significance of citizen obligation. This paper seeks to redress this imbalance in the sociology of citizenship. The imbalance in the sociological literature clearly reflects the relative priority on rights versus obligation in the political process of Western political democracies. I shall argue it does not require elaborate analysis to conclude that the original meaning of citizenship made reference to a balance of citizen rights and citizen obligations.1 The long-term trend has been to emphasize and elaborate citizen rights without simultaneously clarifying the issues of citizen obligation. The content of obligation becomes particularly important with the advent of advanced industrialism. Clearly the notion of citizenship requires continual, conceptual, philosophical, and value clarification. However, my paper is an institutional analysis of the arrangements of an advanced industrial society which are directly related to the exercise of citizenship. Are the societal institutions organized and articulated so as to make the practice of citizen duties and
Force, deflection, and time: Proposition VI of Newton's Principia

Diese Untersuchung verdeutlicht die Formulierungen und Beweise des Sechsten Lehrsatzes im Buch I von Newtons Principia. Dabei wird zunachst ihre Entwicklung verfolgt, um festzustellen, inwiefern sich der Text im Vergleich zu fruheren Fassungen gewandelt hat. Anschliesend werden einige Uneindeutigkeiten untersucht, wie sie sich in zwei jungeren Kommentaren zum Sechsten Lehrsatz zeigen. Sodann werden andere Uneindeutigkeiten in Newtons eigenem Beweis und insbesondere in seiner Formulierung des Lehrsatzes registriert. Was genau meint Newton mit ?corpus ? circa centrum immobile in orbe quocunque revolvatur?? Mit ?arcum quemvis jamjam nascentem?? Mit ?sagitta arcus?? Mit ?vis centripeta?? Mit ?erit ? ut?? Um den mathematischen Bedeutungen nachzugehen, die Newton bei diesen Wendungen im Sinn hat, werden Erorterungen zur ?Methode der ersten und letzten Verhaltnisse?, zur Zentripetalkraft, und zum zweiten Bewegungsgesetz in fruheren Abschnitten der Principia untersucht. Was der Sechste Lehrsatz bedeuten soll, lasst sich dann aus den Bedeutungen jener Wendungen rekonstruieren. Als nachstes ruckt der Beweis des Sechsten Lehrsatzes in den Mittelpunkt, wobei zunachst festgestellt wird, dass Newtons eigenes Argument nicht vollstandig uberzeugend ist, ehe ein neuer, strengerer Beweis konstruiert wird. Allerdings ist dieser Beweis nicht so einfach wie man erwarten konnte, und die Ursache dafur liegt in der ?sagitta arcus?, die im Sechsten Lehrsatz das Mas der Ablenkung ist. Indem man anstelle der sagitta ein naturliches Mas der Ablenkung verwendet, erhalt man etwas, das sich als Platonischer Sechster Lehrsatz bezeichnen liese und dessen Beweis von Platonischer Einfachheit ist. Abschlies end wird der grundlegende erste Zusatz des Sechsten Lehrsatzes untersucht. In dessen Formulierung ersetzt Newton die sagitta des Sechsten Lehrsatzes durch eine nicht vollstandig gleiche Ablenkung von der Tangente und die vom Radius aufgespannte Flache (die im Sechsten Lehrsatz die Zeit darstellt) durch die nicht vollstandig gleiche Flache eines Dreiecks. Diese beiden Approximationen fuhren zu kleinen Abweichungen, aber sind diese Abweichungen klein genug? Gehen sie schnell genug gegen Null, um diese Substitutionen zu rechtfertigen? Newton muss dieser Uberzeugung gewesen sein, aber er hat es, genau wie nachfolgende Kommentatoren, versaumt, diese Frage zu stellen. Diese Studie stellt und beantwortet diese fundamentale Frage, was es moglich macht, einen uberzeugenden Beweis des ersten Zusatzes zu liefern.
Estradiol increases α7 nicotinic receptor in serotonergic dorsal raphe and noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons of macaques

Acetylcholine, acting on presynaptic nicotinic receptors (nAChRs), modulates the release of neurotransmitters in the brain. The rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and the locus coeruleus (LC) receive cholinergic input and express the alpha7nAChR. In previous reports, we demonstrated that estradiol (E) administration stimulates DR serotonergic and LC noradrenergic function in the macaque. In addition, it has been reported that E induces the expression of the alpha7nAChR in rats. We questioned whether E increased the expression of the alpha7nAChR in the macaque DR and LC. We utilized double immunostaining to study the effect of a simulated preovulatory surge of E on the expression of the alpha7nAChR in the DR and the LC and to determine whether alpha7nAChR colocalizes with serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in macaques. There was no difference in the number of alpha7nAChR-positive neurons between ovariectomized (OVX) controls and OVX animals treated with a silastic capsule containing E (Ecap). However, supplemental infusion of E for 5-30 hours to Ecap animals (Ecap + inf) significantly increased the number of alpha7nAChR-positive neurons in DR and LC. In addition, supplemental E infusion significantly increased the number of neurons in which alpha7nAChR colocalized with serotonin and TH. These results constitute an important antecedent for study of the effects of nicotine and ovarian steroid hormones in the physiological functions regulated by the DR and the LC in women.
Antiferromagnetic coupling of the single-molecule magnet Mn 12 to a ferromagnetic substrate

We investigate magnetic coupling between a monolayer of prototype single-molecule magnets Mn${}_{12}$ and a ferromagnetic Ni(111) substrate through S, using density-functional theory (DFT) and a DFT+$U$ method. Our DFT and DFT+$U$ calculations show that the Mn${}_{12}$ molecules favor antiferromagnetic coupling to the Ni substrate, and that they possess magnetic moments deviated from the magnetic moments of isolated Mn${}_{12}$ molecules. We find that the magnetic easy axis of the Mn${}_{12}$ on Ni (whole system) is dictated by that of the Ni substrate. The antiferromagnetic coupling is, dominantly, caused by superexchange interactions between the magnetic moments of the Mn and the Ni substrate via the S, C, and O anions. Our findings can be observed from x-ray magnetic circular dichroism or scanning tunneling microscopy.
New Crystalline Frameworks Formed from 1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne and Co(NO3)2: Interpenetrating Molecular Ladders and an Unexpected Molecular Parquet Pattern from T-Shaped Building Blocks

Two isomeric members of an organic/inorganic network family, both with the formula Co(NO3)2(C12N2H8)1.5·MeOH, have been obtained in a one-pot synthesis by the reaction of 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne with cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate in a MeOH/MeCN solvent mixture. Compound 1 (shown) has an unexpected undulating molecular parquet pattern, while compound 2 has an infinite one-dimensional pattern with interpenetrating molecular ladders. Both isomers feature a heptacoordinate cobalt atom, surrounded by three 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne ligands and two bidentate nitrate ligands. The three 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne ligands around the cobalt atom define a slightly distorted T-shaped building block, on which the infinite frameworks of both compounds are based.
From causal diagrams to birth weight-specific curves of infant mortality

This report explores the low birth weight paradox using two graphical approaches: causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), and the empirical curves of the birth weight distribution and birth weight-specific mortality. The birth weight curves are able to represent the associations quantitatively, while the corresponding causal DAGs provide a set of plausible explanations for the findings. Taken together, these two approaches can facilitate discussion of underlying biological mechanisms.
Nonrandom rejoining in the formation of chromatid interchanges: variations through the cell cycle and the effect of chromosome pairing.

Abstract The relative frequencies of X-ray induced symmetrical and asymmetrical chromatid interchanges were analysed as a function of the cell cycle. The asymmetrical type of interchange was the most common. When the proportions of symmetrical interchange at all sampling times were plotted, the resulting “best line fit” had a significant negative slope. This finding is interpreted to mean that rejoining to form interchange aberrations is not random and varies through the cell cycle. Further experiments were carried out on the types and frequencies of interchanges produced between paired sister chromosomes of diplochromosomes. There was a highly nonrandom formation of symmetrical and asymmetrical exchanges whether they occurred spontaneously or were induced by X-rays or [ 3 H]-thymidine. The X-type symmetrical exchange was 6–20 times more frequent than the U-type asymmetrical exchange. These data are interpreted to mean that some preferential patterns of rejoining are determined by chromosome proximity and other spatial features that are variable throughout the cell cycle.
Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease.

Objective:To examine associations between loneliness and risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) over a 19-year follow-up period in a community sample of men and women. Loneliness, the perceived discrepancy between actual and desired social relationships, has been linked to several adverse hea
Comparative studies on nuclear and cytosol phosphohistone phosphatases of calf liver.

Abstract 1. 1. Calf liver cytosol and nuclear phosphohistone phosphatases have been resolved into multiple molecular weight forms by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. 2. 2. Treatment of these enzymes with ethanol, converted these multiple forms into a single molecular species. 3. 3. Before ethanol treatment, the cytosol enzyme activity is stimulated several-fold by salt, divalent cations and ATP, but ethanol treatment abolished this response. 4. 4. The nuclear enzyme is rather unresponsive to these factors before and after the ethanol treatment. 5. 5. Both the nuclear and cytosol enzymes after ethanol treatment have similar molecular weights, isoelectric points and K m values towards phosphohistone.