cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Definition of Reliable, Objective Criteria by Abdominal Radiography to Identify Occult Constipation in Children with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Purpose: Treating constipation in children with voiding dysfunction may improve or resolve urinary symptoms. A clinical diagnosis of constipation may not identify all patients. Abdominal radiographs (plain x-ray of the kidneys, ureters and bladder) are often used to assess constipation but no objective definition of constipation based on abdominal radiographs exists. Most abdominal radiograph rating scales use subjective criteria and our previous series showed that these scales have poor reliability. We identified reliable, objective parameters on abdominal radiograph to predict constipation.Materials and Methods: The abdominal radiographs of 80 children 4 to 12 years old, including 40 with constipation and 40 successfully treated for constipation, were assessed for several measurable parameters. Logistic regression was used to construct a model to predict constipation status based on these abdominal radiograph parameters. Model accuracy was assessed using AUC analysis of ROC curves.Results: The most pred...
Acoustical conditioning and retention in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Abstract Classical acoustic conditioning was investigated with the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) to determine its potential as a management tool for this invasive species. Groups of five juvenile carp were trained to associate a 400 Hz pure tone stimulus with a food reward in small laboratory tanks (≤ 1000 L). Following three days of training, the majority of fish showed a consistent and rapid (
Tip-based nanofabrication: an approach to true nanotechnology

True nanotechnology, defined as the ability to reliably and repeatably fabricate nanostructures with controlled differences in size, shape, and orientation at precise substrate locations, currently does not exist. There are many examples demonstrating the capability to grow, deposit, and manipulate nanometer-sized features, but typically these techniques do not allow for controllable manufacturing of individual structures. To bridge this gap and to unlock the true potential of nanotechnology for defense sensing applications, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) launched the Tip-Based Nanofabrication (TBN) research program with the intent of achieving controlled manufacturing of nanostructures using functionalized AFM cantilevers and tips. This work describes the background, goals, and recent advances achieved during the multi-year TBN program.
Separation Distress and Attachment in Surrogate-Reared Squirrel Monkeys

Abstract Surrogate-reared infant squirrel monkeys were exposed to various conditions of separation from their surrogate. Infants showed significant increases in plasma levels of cortisol when they were placed in an unfamiliar environment during the separation period. Changes in behavior, but not cortisol, were observed under conditions in which the surrogate was removed and the infant left in the home cage. These results differ from those previously obtained with mother-reared infants. It is concluded that surrogate-reared infant squirrel monkeys do not show the same separation response or attachment to their rearing figure as do mother-reared infants.
Nuclear rearrangement scattering. II scattering of composite projectiles with application to deuteron elastic scattering, the deuteron optical model, and deuteron stripping

Abstract Methods developed for the description of scattering from correlated nuclei and applied previously to the elastic scattering of nucleons, and to quasifree (p, 2p) reactions, are extended to include the possibility of describing composite nuclear projectiles. These methods are then applied to obtain a unified description of deuteron scattering. We consider the elastic and the stripping final channels explicitly. The correlated structure of the deuteron and of the target nucleus and the influence of these correlations on the off-shell character of the appropriate channel interactions are taken fully into account. So too are the Pauli and exchange effects due to the identity of the nucleons of the deuteron and the target nucleus. Our methods, however, do not contain any treatment of target recoil effects. The theory leads to a two-potential formulation for the optical potential for deuteron elastic scattering. The first potential describes the deuteron breakup and scattering resulting from the Pauli principle as it applies to the constituents of the target and is expressed entirely in terms of well-behaved quantities, even in the case of singular nucleon-nucleon interactions. The second potential contains the remaining deuteron-nucleus interaction and is evaluated in terms of a fully renormalized perturbation expansion. While this expansion involves the usual Brueckner reaction matrices and occupation probabilities for the bound orbitals it cannot in general be expressed solely in terms of such quantities. It requires the introduction of more complicated two-body interaction matrices as well. These are quite distinct from the reaction matrix because they involve the entire two-body Hamiltonian and because the projction operator accompanying the intermediate state propogator cannot be factorized into a product of one-body projection operators. At high energy, however, the latter interaction becomes negligible and, to lowest order, the deuteron optical potential reduces to the sum of two one-body optical potentials, as expected. The correct energy dependence of these potentials is explicitly exhibited. Deuteron stripping is also discussed in some detail within the context of our formalism. We obtain the lowest-order expression for the stripping amplitude and we indicate a certain class of corrections to this lowest-order term. The various approximations which are necessary to make contact with phenomenological distorted-wave treatments are indicated.
Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane with oxygen catalyzed by K–Y zeolite supported first-row transition metals

Abstract Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu oxide loaded K–Y zeolites were synthesized using a two-step method, in which transition metals in the zeolite framework reacted with the anions in solution to form an insoluble salt which, when calcined, is expected to form an oxide that is anchored to the inner and/or outer zeolite surface(s). The catalytic properties of these zeolites, for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) to ethylene were then investigated. An ethylene selectivity of close to 80%, at an ethane conversion of >20% was achieved on a nickel oxide loaded K–Y catalyst. This is a higher ethylene selectivity, at higher ethane conversion, than was achieved using a previously reported Ni/KY catalyst. The effects of both reaction temperature and the O 2 /C 2 H 6 ratio on the catalytic performance were examined. The apparent energy of activation for the ODHE reaction on the nickel oxide loaded K–Y catalyst was 51.5 ± 0.7 kJ/mol. The C 2 H 4 selectivity at zero conversion ( S 0 ) on nickel oxide loaded K–Y was estimated for various O 2 /C 2 H 6 ratios at a number of temperatures. The implications for the reaction mechanism of the S 0 values, with regard to the relative values of critical rate constants are discussed.
Changes in membrane polar lipids associated with bud break in apple induced by nitroguanidines

The predominant lipids in membranes obtained from apple buds were galacto- and phospholipids. The major galactolipid components in apple bud were monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the major phospholipids in the apple buds. α-Linolenic acid (C 18:3) was the major fatty acid in MGDG, DGDG, and PC. Phosphatidylglycerol (PG) is the only lipid to contain significant amounts of palmitic acid (C 16:0) in the dormant buds. An increase in the galacto- and phospholipids and the ratio of the unsaturated fatty acids to the corresponding saturated fatty acids of the buds occurred as a result of induction by 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-nitroguanidine or 1-(α-ethylbenzyl)-3-nitroguanidine during bud break. The identities of fatty acids in apple buds were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Analysis of the largest tandemly repeated DNA families in the human genome

Tandemly Repeated DNA represents a large portion of the human genome, and accounts for a significant amount of copy number variation. Here we present a genome wide analysis of the largest tandem repeats found in the human genome sequence. Using Tandem Repeats Finder (TRF), tandem repeat arrays greater than 10 kb in total size were identified, and classified into simple sequence e.g. GAATG, classical satellites e.g. alpha satellite DNA, and locus specific VNTR arrays. Analysis of these large sequenced regions revealed that several "simple sequence" arrays actually showed complex domain and/or higher order repeat organization. Using additional methods, we further identified a total of 96 additional arrays with tandem repeat units greater than 2 kb (the detection limit of TRF), 53 of which contained genes or repeated exons. The overall size of an array of tandem 12 kb repeats which spanned a gap on chromosome 8 was found to be 600 kb to 1.7 Mbp in size, representing one of the largest non-centromeric arrays characterized. Several novel megasatellite tandem DNA families were observed that are characterized by repeating patterns of interspersed transposable elements that have expanded presumably by unequal crossing over. One of these families is found on 11 different chromosomes in >25 arrays, and represents one of the largest most widespread megasatellite DNA families. This study represents the most comprehensive genome wide analysis of large tandem repeats in the human genome, and will serve as an important resource towards understanding the organization and copy number variation of these complex DNA families.
1972 IFAC congress paper: On the determination of optimal costly measurement strategies for linear stochastic systems

This paper presents the formulation of a class of optimization problems dealing with selecting, at each instant of time, one measurement provided by one out of many sensors. Each measurement has an associated measurement cost. The basic problem is then to select an optimal measurement policy, during a specified observation time interval, so that a weighted combination of ''prediction accuracy'' and accumulated ''observation cost'' is optimized. The current analysis is limited to the class of linear stochastic dynamic systems and measurement subsystems. The problem of selecting the optimal measurement strategy can be transformed into a deterministic optimal control problem. An iterative digital computer algorithm is suggested for obtaining numerical results. It is shown that the optimal measurement policy and the associated ''matched'' Kalman-type filter can be precomputed, i.e. specified before the measurements actually occur. Numerical results for a third-order system with two possible measurements are presented.
Narcissism and social interest among counselors-in-training.

The anticipated negative correlation between social interest and narcissism among 78 counselor trainees was −.28. This provides evidence for regarding narcissism as a dimension of personality.
The role of juvenile hormone in endocrine control of pigmentation in Manduca sexta

Abstract Spatial and temporal distribution of insecticyanin was studied in the fourth and fifth larval instars of Manduca sexta. The protein was distributed between the epidermis (62%), the hemolymph (37%) and the pericardial cells (0.5%). Hemolymph insecticyanin (HINS) was highest (0.6 mg/ml) in the very early fourth instar, gradually declining to 0.3 mg/ml. Levels in the fifth instar decreased after ecdysis (0.15 mg/ml), began to rise at wandering, and nearly doubled by the time of pupation. Titers of epidermal insecticyanin (EINS) followed the general growth patterns during the fourth and early fifth instar. At 76 hr after fifth instar ecdysis, titers of EINS dropped precipitously and then rose again to peak just after the wandering stage. Levels of EINS again rapidly declined and could not be detected after 180 hr. Ecdysteroids appear to shut off synthesis of EINS but this response is quantitatively modified in the presence of JH. Endocrine manipulation of the last larval-larval molt indicated that juvenile hormone (JH) acts quantitatively on EINS to induce a dose-dependent increase. The JH-induced increase can be as much as 4-fold, depending upon the body region.
Comparison of alterations in tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine levels, and dopamine uptake in the striatum of the weaver mutant mouse

Previous reports have shown that among the markers for the nigro-striatal dopamine (DA) system measured in the striatum, dopamine uptake seems to be more severely affected than the others in the weaver mutant mouse. In the present study we examined DA levels, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity, and high-affinity DA uptake to determine if the DA uptake is most affected when all the measurements are made in the same striatal homogenate in the same laboratory. We found that the DA uptake activity was most altered (93% lower) compared to DA levels (68% lower) and TH activity (64% lower). The DA uptake was so low in the weaver that we could not obtain reliable kinetic parameters. For TH activity we found that the Vmax was 36% lower while the Km for L-tyrosine was 92% higher in the weaver striatum. This lower affinity for substrate suggests that the TH enzyme itself may be altered in the nigro-striatal system of the weaver mutant mouse.
Did Residual Normality ever have a chance

Thomas & Karmiloff-Smith (T&K-S) show that the assumption of residual normality (RN) does not hold in connectionist simulations, and argue that RN has been inappropriately applied to childhood disorders. We agree. However, we suggest that the RN hypothesis may never have been fully viable, either empirically or computationally.
Intron-Dominated Genomes of Early Ancestors of Eukaryotes

Evolutionary reconstructions using maximum likelihood methods point to unexpectedly high densities of introns in protein-coding genes of ancestral eukaryotic forms including the last common ancestor of all extant eukaryotes. Combined with the evidence of the origin of spliceosomal introns from invading Group II self-splicing introns, these results suggest that early ancestral eukaryotic genomes consisted of up to 80% sequences derived from Group II introns, a much greater contribution of introns than that seen in any extant genome. An organism with such an unusual genome architecture could survive only under conditions of a severe population bottleneck.
Degradation of Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factors by Enzyme Purified From Human Erythrocytes: Comparison of Degradation Products Observed With A14- and B26-[125I]monoiodoinsulin

An insulin-degrading enzyme has been purified from human erythrocytes. This enzyme degraded 125I-labeled insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) more slowly than 125I-IGF-II and degraded IGF-II more slowly than 125I-insulin. The time course of 125I-insulin degradation suggested the presence of intermediates, each of which was itself shown to be a substrate for the enzyme. One of these intermediates appeared to be made up entirely of B-chain residues and had HisB10 as its NH2-terminal. The final major radiolabeled degradation product of A14-[125I]monoiodoinsulin was a peptide with TyrA14 at the A-chain NH2 terminal. This peptide could be reduced with dithiothreitol, suggesting that it contained amino acid residues from both A- and B-chains. It was partially precipitated by trichloroacetic acid and anti-insulin antibody but bound poorly to IM-9 lymphocytes. The final major degradation product of B26-[125I]monoiodoinsulin was a peptide whose NH2-terminal was TyrB26 and could not be reduced by dithiothreitol. It was partially precipitated by anti-insulin antibody but was precipitated poorly, if at all, by trichloroacetic acid and bound poorly to IM-9 lymphocytes. The results show that this enzyme degraded insulin by sequential cleavage of peptide bonds on both A- and B-chains. We identified LeuA13-TyrA14, SerB9-HisB10, and PheB25-TyrB26 as three of the bonds that are cleaved.
IgY – Immune component of eggs as a source of passive immunity for animals and humans

Antibodies deposited in the avian egg have been found to be a platform for the production of a diverse array of safe commercial products for improving animal health and the efficiency of their prod...
Vocabulary Difficulty, Prior Knowledge, and Text Comprehension.

In order to examine the relative importance of vocabulary difficulty and prior knowledge to the comprehension of a narrative passage taken from a social studies text, 61 sixth graders were given either an easy vocabulary or a difficult vocabulary version of a text. They also were given either relevant or irrelevant preinstruction about the culture described in the text. Both vocabulary difficulty and type of preinstruction had significant effects on comprehension, but the two effects did not significantly interact, partially replicating the findings of Freebody and Anderson (1983b). The results indicate that knowledge-based preinstruction can significantly improve comprehension of a text written about an unfamiliar topic but cannot compensate for the effects of text difficulty in itself. Both vocabulary difficulty and prior knowledge have repeatedly been found to influence comprehension of a passage. Measures of vocabulary knowledge have been found to correlate highly with measures of reading comprehension (Anderson & Freebody, 1981) and vocabulary difficulty has been found to be one of the best predictors of text difficulty (see Chall, 1958). Measures of prior knowledge have similarly had high correlations with text comprehension measures (e.g., Pearson, Hansen, & Gordon, 1979). However, when prior knowledge and vocabulary difficulty have been studied together, prior knowledge had not been shown to compensate for word difficulty (Freebody & Anderson, 1983b). It is the purpose of this study to reexamine the compensatory power of prior knowledge by looking at the effects of vocabulary difficulty and prior knowledge, both individually and interactively, on the comprehension of a social studies passage with unfamiliar subject matter. Anderson and Freebody (1981) suggest three hypotheses which might explain the relationships between vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. The first, the instrumentalist hypothesis, suggests that vocabulary
Asynchronous multiple-access channel capacity

The capacity region for the discrete memoryless multiple-access channel without time synchronization at the transmitters and receivers is shown to be the same as the known capacity region for the ordinary multiple-access channel. The proof utilizes time sharing of two optimal codes for the ordinary multiple-access channel and uses maximum likelihood decoding over shifts of the hypothesized transmitter words.
An oxygen effect on the efficiency of inactivation of Escherichiacoli by incorporated radiophosphorus

Abstract An oxygen effect on the efficiency of inactivation of E. coli cells by incorporated radiophosphorus has been found.
Adaptive data partitioning for MPEG-2 video transmission over ATM based networks

For high-end real-time video services, a layered source coding (LSC) scheme should generate a high priority (HP) layer which meets the following two criteria: 1) the HP data can be guaranteed to be delivered in a simple and efficient manner by a network usage parameter control (UPC) function such as the leaky bucket (LB) control; and 2) the HP layer should carry enough high visual quality. This paper investigates different data partitioning (DP) schemes for this purpose. Based upon the characteristics of the human visual system and the MPEG traffic characteristics, an adaptive DP scheme is implemented that achieves an acceptable compromise between high visual quality and low bit rate requirement during periods of long bursts.
Learning Disabilities and Special Education A Critique

For those enmeshed in the day-by-day problems of the field, the trees often obscure the forest. Those familiar with the career of James Gallagher know that he has not only managed to keep the forest in view but has created a vision of how it should grow and evolve. Thus, he was a clear choice for bringing an insider's perspective to the difficult task of critiquing the papers in this series. In offering his views, he begins by noting the consensus among respondents to the future survey with regard to four key problems: (a) the unsatisfactory nature of the status quo, (b) the heterogeneity among those labeled as LD, (c) the need for greater emphasis on differential treatment, and (d) concern over political factors shaping professional decisions. He then explores the classification problem, drawing implications for resolving the conflict between etiology and treatment and for improving research and training. Recognizing that naming problems and identifying possible solutions is not enough, Gallagher conclud...
Peeking Behind the Plea Bargaining Process

The Supreme Court’s rulings in Missouri v. Frye and Lafler v. Cooper, which recognized a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel in plea bargaining, creates new responsibilities for judges, defense counsel and prosecutors. This article explores what those responsibilities are in light of the history and role of plea bargaining in the United States.
EFFECT OF LERNAEA CYPRINACEA (CRUSTACEA: COPEPODA) ON STOCKED RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS)

Prevalence, intensity and pathogenesis of Lernaea cyprinacea (anchorworm) in stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings were monitored annually for 4 yr (1981 to 1984) in East Canyon Reservoir, Utah (USA). Anchorworms were first detected in midsummer each year and were most abundant in the fall. The mean parasite intensity was highest in October 1982 (19 anchorworms per fish); in other years, maximum density was 7 to 9. The dorsal and caudal areas of the fish were the most heavily parasitized. The histological response to parasite attachment included an infectious granuloma similar to that reported in other fish hosts. Bacteria were not found in the kidneys of fish before stocking, but afterward bacteria that were presumptively identified as belonging to the genus Aeromonas, were found in the kidneys of up to 45% of the parasitized fish. Most (94%) anglers noticed the anchorworms, but few (8%) discarded parasitized fish. Some 28% used special cleaning techniques to prepare fish but 49% did no...
Dynamics of Initial Penetration in Drilling: Part 2—Motion Models for Drill Skidding and Wandering With Experimental Verification

This part of the paper is aimed at the development of models for the drill tip's transverse and angular motions, the definition of models for establishing the drilled hole's profile and, by combining these results with the dynamic force models of Part I, the formulation of the complete model for drill skidding and wandering. An experimental verification of the models concludes the paper. For the development of the drill motion models the drill is simplified as a pretwisted beam subjected to a compressive axial load and radial forces acting on its tip. The governing equations are developed using Hamilton's principle. Subsequently. the weak form of the governing equation is formulated to facilitate their solution by the finite element method. The corresponding boundary conditions for the motion model are also defined for three drilling phase, i.e., drill skidding, drill wandering and stabilized drilling. Based on the drill tip's wandering locus and drill rotation, a mathematical model for describing the drilled hole's profile is developed.
SCEPTICISM AND EVERYDAY ATTITUDES IN ANCIENT AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY

Analyse de la these contemporaine d'isolation postulant le contrast entre la philosophie ancienne et la philosophie moderne: ces dernieres se distinguent categoriquement sur la question de la relation entre les reflexions philosophiques et les attitudes quotidiennes. L'A. suggere que le probleme est beaucoup plus complexe
Compliance with Osteoporosis Treatment Guidelines in Postmenopausal Women

Background:Osteoporosis continues to be poorly managed despite compelling statistics indicating increased morbidity and mortality associated with fractures. Guideline compliance in individual practices must be evaluated to implement improvements in the care of patients with this disease state.Objective:To evaluate compliance with osteoporosis treatment guidelines by physicians and patients at 2 family medicine clinics affiliated with a large university teaching hospital.Methods:Postmenopausal women 65 years of age or older with the ICD-9 diagnosis code 733.0 for osteoporosis during the study period between July 2006 and July 2007 were identified through the family medicine electronic medical record (EMR). Of 133 patients, 113 were eligible for inclusion. A retrospective chart review was conducted and prospective voluntary telephone surveys were administered. The EMR of each eligible patient was examined for presence of a baseline dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan as well as appropriate follow-up...
Small-scale nutrient patchiness: Some consequences and a new encounter mechanism'

Semicontinuous cultures of Lake Michigan algal assemblages were run at O.l5*day-’ dilution rates under P limitation for 41 days. In control cultures, nutrients were supplied to the entire culture once per day. In patch cultures, 10% of the cultures received a high concentration IO-min pulse each day. Patch and control cultures received equal nutrient flux and achieved equal biomass levels; however, their species composition was different. Patch cultures were dominated by the filamentous blue-green alga Schizothrix calcicola and control cultures were dominated equally by S. calcicolu, Nitzschia aciculuris, and a group of phytoflagellates. These results, as well as shifts in subdominants, demonstrate the effect of small-scale, short term nutrient patches on species composition. Similar patch and control unialgal cultures revealed lower cell nutrient quotas for patchy cultures. Microvideographic observations of Daphnia magna suspended in three concentrations of Chlamydomonas sp. allowed quantification of rates at which algal cells were collected, swept close by, and released via bolus rejection or outwashing of unpacked cells. Outwashing release rates of presumably unharmed cells increased from 3 1 to 7 1% of the collection rate as food concentration increased. It appears that algal outwashing is a significant mechanism for eliminating excess food. An important implication is the potential algal nutritional consequence of this very close nondestructive encounter.
The design principles of the Natural-Knee system.

The clinically successful Natural-Knee system was intro- duced 25 years ago. More than 1 million patients have been treated with this design since the first implanta- tion in October 1985. This article reviews the design principles and evolution, over 25 years of clinical per- formance, of this cementless and cemented system, in which measured resection techniques are used to anatomically resurface the knee joint.
Prolonged severe obstructive jaundice in Hodgkin's disease.

Summary A patient with Hodgkin's disease with marked elevation of both serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase values over a 441-day period of observation is reported. This patient was believed to have chronic hepatitis until autopsy revealed the true nature of his illness. However, even postmortem examination did not provide a completely satisfactory explanation for the exact cause of the jaundice. Although there was some enlargement of lymph nodes in the hilus of the liver, the bile ducts did not show changes usually seen in chronic bile duct obstruction. In addition, there was no demonstrable Hodgkin's infiltrate in the liver. Similar cases of Hodgkin's disease with poorly explained jaundice are reported in the literature. However, it is unusual for a patient with Hodgkin's disease to have such a marked elevation of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase values over such a prolonged period of observation.
GENETIC STRUCTURE OF COUGAR POPULATIONS ACROSS THE WYOMING BASIN: METAPOPULATION OR MEGAPOPULATION

We examined the genetic structure of 5 Wyoming cougar (Puma concolor) populations surrounding the Wyoming Basin, as well as a population from southwestern Colorado. When using 9 microsatellite DNA loci, observed heterozygosity was similar among populations (HO ¼ 0.49–0.59) and intermediate to that of other large carnivores. Estimates of genetic structure (FST ¼ 0.028, RST ¼ 0.029) and number of migrants per generation (Nm) suggested high gene flow. Nm was lowest between distant populations and highest among adjacent populations. Examination of these data, plus Mantel test results of genetic versus geographic distance (P � 0.01), suggested both isolation by distance and an effect of habitat matrix. Bayesian assignment to population based on individual genotypes showed that cougars in this region were best described as a single panmictic population. Total effective population size for cougars in this region ranged from 1,797 to 4,532 depending on mutation model and analytical method used. Based on measures of gene flow, extinction risk in the near future appears low. We found no support for the existence of metapopulation structure among cougars in this region.
A versatile technique for the optimal approximation of random processes by Functional Quantization

This paper presents the mathematical foundation of a novel and versatile technique for the approximation of random processes using the Functional Quantization concept. In this approach, random processes are represented by optimal quantizers; that is, finite collections of deterministic functions and corresponding probability masses that are carefully constructed to attain certain optimal properties. Although the computational cost of obtaining such optimal quantizers is not negligible, their use in applications is simple and relatively inexpensive. The paper has two objectives. First, we present an accessible overview of Functional Quantization theory. Second, we introduce a novel methodology to compute optimal quantizers, which is based on the classical Lloyd's Method and Monte Carlo Simulation. For validation purposes, the proposed methodology is tested using two fundamental Gaussian random processes (Brownian motion and fractional Brownian motion) for which optimal quantizers are known. The results obtained compare very well with previous results reported in the literature. Then, to demonstrate the unique versatility of the methodology, the application to a non-Gaussian process is presented.
Is the Suppressor-mutator element controlled by a basic developmental regulatory mechanism?

We report the results of genetic studies on derivatives of two different alleles of the maize a locus with an insertion of the Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element in which the element is inactive, but can be reactivated readily. We present evidence that the mechanism that the mechanism that determines whether the element is in an active or inactive phase has two genetically distinguishable components. One determines whether or not the element is genetically active (the phase setting) and the other determines the stability of the setting in development, its heritability, and its phase in the next generation (the phase program). We show that the element's phase can be reset in a reproducible pattern during plant development. We also show that the Spm element can be reprogrammed to undergo a subsequent phase change without a concomitant phase change. The capacity to reset and reprogram the Spm element is differentially expressed within the plant in a pattern that is correlated with the developmental fate of apical and lateral meristems, suggesting the involvement of a basic developmental determination mechanism.
Analyses of earthquake ground motions at Japanese sites

Abstract Ground motions at several Japanese sites are evaluated using recently-developed techniques which involve assessing the base-rock motion at the site due to an earthquake, establishing the properties of the overlying soil layers, and computing the response at the ground surface using a lumped-mass-analysis procedure. The maximum acceleration and the form of the response spectra for ground motions recorded at the several sites agree reasonably well with the computed values. It is concluded that where the soil conditions can be reliably determined, the analytical procedures offer good promise as a means of considering the effects of local soil conditions in the prediction of ground response.
Use of Self-Generated and others' Cues in Immediate and Delayed Recall

Summary.-63 college students formed three groups. For mnemonic aids, they were instructed either to create stories to link lists of words or were given stories which were created by others. Compared to controls, there were no differences for immediate recall. Delayed recall showed that both using a story and generating it oneself produced superior performance. Long-term memory is the vircually unlimited score of that information which is more or less permanent. However, encoding information into longterm memory efficiently and retrieving it on cue are both tasks which may present problems. Several mnemonic techniques have been studied which both allow efficient encoding and provide retrieval cues. Studies of these techniques show improvement in memory relative to that in concrol conditions in which subjects are not instructed how to encode information. In one study, Bower and Clark (1969) had subjects learn several lists of words by eirher using a story to link the words or by repetitive rehearsal. Stories facilitated delayed but not immediate recall. The present question of interest is whether the act of creating the retrieval cues is critical to the success
Second Quantization of Gaussian Modes and Mode Interaction in Limited Space

We second quantize multiple orders of Gaussian modes. We analytically examine the interaction between modes when space is limited and the orthogonality between modes is destroyed. We numerically simulate the effect of interaction on squeezed vacuum states and show it matches experimental data.
Computer-monitored Flight Mill for the Boll Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Plans are presented for construction of a low-cost microcomputer-controlled flight mill. The mill was used to study flight behavior of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, and is suitable for other insects as well. Monitoring is done by a Timex Sinclair 1000 computer with a commercially available interface board. This system has monitored several thousand flights to date and has been very reliable.
Predicting photodynamic therapy efficacy with photoacoustic imaging(Conference Presentation)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photochemistry based cytotoxic technique that imparts cellular damage via excitation of a photosensitizer with drug-specific wavelength of light. The dose at the treatment site for type II PDT is determined by three factors: photosensitizer (PS) concentration, oxygenation status and delivered light irradiance. Most of the FDA approved photosensitizers in their triplet-excited state generate cytotoxic species by reacting with the ground state oxygen that is available in the surrounding environment. Given the inter- and intra-subject variability in the uptake of the photosensitizer and the distribution of oxygen in the tumor, understanding the interplay between these dose parameters could aid in determining photodynamic therapy efficacy. Previously several studies have discussed the interplay between the dose parameters using shown point measurements and 2D imaging systems. Using various subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models we will demonstrate the utility of a non-invasive non-ionizing photoacoustic imaging modality to determine efficacy and predict treatment response in Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) or Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) based PDT. We further compare the predictive capability of photoacoustic imaging with the more predominantly used fluorescence imaging and immunohistochemistry techniques.
RB test and its control tactic analysis for 600 MW supercritical once-through power generation unit

The paper introduced the control tactic of RB test for 600 MW supercritical once-through generation unit and dynamic test situation,and analyzed the some keys and difficult aspects in RB control and presented countermeasures.
More Than a Game: The Carlisle Indians Take to the Gridiron, 1893–1917

When students at Carlisle Indian School asked to play football, Superintendent Richard Pratt agreed, believing that the sight of Indians competing against the best college teams in the country would advance the school's assimilationist vision. But as this essay makes clear, Pratt was unable to control the meaning that journalists, spectators, and players read into Indian white football.
Interactions of ultrapure bovine hemoglobin with renal epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro

Using an ultrapurified hemoglobin (Hb) solution, we investigated the physiological effects and cellular processing of Hb in rat kidneys and in cultured opossum kidney (OK) cells. Rats infused with < 5.0 g/kg Hb showed no change in baseline serum creatinine (SCr) values (0.58 +/- 0.05 mg/dl) over 48 h, whereas transient acute renal failure followed infusion of 7.5 g/kg Hb (SCr 3.4 +/- 1.02 mg/dl, P = 0.02). Histology of Hb-infused kidneys demonstrated tubular epithelial cell injury. Renal injury was not caused by volume or oncotic load, cardiovascular effect, or ATP depletion. After Hb infusion, heme oxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in Hb catabolism, was induced in an organ-specific fashion. Inhibiting heme oxygenase activity with cimetidine did not alter Hb renal injury. Using OK cells, we determined that renal epithelia process Hb by fluid-phase endocytosis. Proton permeability of fluorescein Hb endosomes was unaltered compared with fluorescein dextran controls, demonstrating that Hb does not alter endosomal membrane integrity. These data suggest that Hb renal injury in rats occurs following large doses of ultrapure Hb, does not alter early steps in Hb endosomal processing by renal epithelia, and involves a mechanism that is not heme oxygenase dependent.
Case-Based Examples of Management of the Rheumatoid Hand

Careful consideration and planning are required to determine the best surgical treatment for patients with hand deformities caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Pain relief and stability of critical joints in the hand and wrist should be the surgeon’s foremost concern. If indicated, procedures such as thumb MCP fusion and wrist fusion are excellent options to achieve these results. However, the patient’s goals and values must be considered before choosing an appropriate treatment. This chapter will present illustrative cases to highlight the indications for hand surgery in RA patients and techniques recommended to achieve the best outcome for the patient.
Computing Game Strategies

We revisit the problem of constructing strategies for simple position games. We derive a general, executable formalism for describing game rules and desired strategy properties. We present the outcomes for several variants of the familiar game of tic-tac-toe.
Breeding Area Fidelity, Natal Philopatry, and the Social Systems of Sandpipers

Sexual selection and kin selection theory have advanced with leaps and bounds in recent years, providing a framework for the study of mating system evolution and expression. Theoretical development has been enhanced by utilization of electrophoretic and various field techniques that aid in determination of parentage. At the same time, field studies of the long-term mating relationships of individually marked animals have shed new light on the genetic relationships within and between wild populations.
The Potential Role for Early Biomarker Testing as Part of a Modern, Multidisciplinary Approach to Sjögren’s Syndrome Diagnosis

Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic and progressive multisystem autoimmune disease typically managed by rheumatologists. Diagnostic delays are common, due in large part to the non-specific and variable nature of SS symptoms and the slow progression of disease. The hallmark characteristics of SS are dry eye and dry mouth, but there are a broad range of other possible symptoms such as joint and muscle pain, skin rashes, chronic dry cough, vaginal dryness, extremity numbness or tingling, and disabling fatigue. Given that dry eye and dry mouth are typically the earliest presenting complaints, eye care clinicians and dental professionals are often the first point of medical contact and can provide critical collaboration with rheumatologists to facilitate both timely diagnosis and ongoing care of patients with SS. Current diagnostic criteria advocated by the American College of Rheumatology are predicated on the presence of signs/symptoms suggestive of SS along with at least two objective factors such as traditional biomarker positivity, salivary gland biopsy findings, and/or presence of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Traditional biomarkers for SS include the autoantibodies anti-Sjogren's syndrome-related antigen A (SS-A/Ro), anti-Sjogren's syndrome-related antigen B (SS-B/La), antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers, and rheumatoid factor (RF). While diagnostically useful, these biomarkers have low specificity for SS and are not always positive, especially in early cases of SS. Several newly-identified biomarkers for SS include autoantibodies to proteins specific to the salivary and lacrimal glands [SP-1 (salivary gland protein-1), PSP (parotid secretory protein), CA-6 (carbonic anhydrase VI)]. Data suggest that these novel biomarkers may appear earlier in the course of disease and are often identified in cases that test negative to traditional biomarkers. The Sjo® test is a commercially available diagnostic panel that incorporates testing for traditional SS biomarkers (anti-SS-A/Ro, anti-SS-B/La, ANA, and RF), as well as three novel, proprietary early biomarkers (antibodies to SP-1, PSP, and CA-6) which provide greater sensitivity and specificity than traditional biomarker testing alone. Timely diagnosis of SS requires appropriate clinical vigilance for potential SS symptoms, referral and collaborative communication among rheumatology, ophthalmology, and oral care professions, and proactive differential work-up that includes both physical and laboratory evaluations.
Examination of Mixed-Phase Precipitation Forecasts from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh Model Using Surface Observations and Sounding Data

AbstractAccurate prediction of mixed-phase precipitation remains challenging for numerical weather prediction models even at high resolution and with a sophisticated explicit microphysics scheme and diagnostic algorithm to designate the surface precipitation type. Since mixed-phase winter weather precipitation can damage infrastructure and produce significant disruptions to air and road travel, incorrect surface precipitation phase forecasts can have major consequences for local and statewide decision-makers as well as the general public. Building upon earlier work, this study examines the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model’s ability to forecast the surface precipitation phase, with a particular focus on model-predicted vertical temperature profiles associated with mixed-phase precipitation, using upper-air sounding observations as well as the Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) and Meteorological Phenomena Identification Near the Ground (mPING) observations. The analyses concentrate on reg...
New Method for Common Mode Voltage Cancellation in Motor Drives: Concept, Realization, and Asymmetry Influence

This paper introduces a new concept of common mode voltage cancellation for pulse width modulated motor drives, aiming at solving issues such as ground leakage current, common mode electromagnetic interference, and bearing current. The balanced inverter topology and dual-winding stator configuration are proposed as a practical realization. Implementation considerations on the influence of circuit asymmetry are also investigated. Finally, a gallium nitride HEMT based induction motor drive prototype is built and tested to evaluate the performance of the cancellation concept in a practical situation.
Chronic N enrichment and drought alter plant cover and community composition in a Mediterranean-type semi-arid shrubland

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has caused a decline in native plant species and an increase in exotic plant species in many terrestrial ecosystems; however, vegetation change depends on the rate and/or duration of N input, individual species responses, interactions with other resources, and ecosystem properties such as species richness and canopy cover, soil texture, pH, and/or disturbance regime. Native shrub and exotic forb responses to N enrichment were evaluated over a 13-year field experiment in a mature coastal sage scrub (CSS) shrubland of southern California to test the hypothesis that dry-season N input will cause a decline in native shrubs and an increase in exotic annuals. Nitrogen enrichment caused the dominant native shrubs, Artemisia californica and Salvia mellifera, to respond differently, with A. californica initially increasing with N input but declining thereafter and S. mellifera declining consistently over the 13-year-period. Both species exhibited higher canopy dieback during drought conditions, especially in N plots. Brassica nigra, an exotic annual, invaded N plots significantly more than control plots, but only after 10 years of N addition and a prolonged drought, which increased native shrub canopy dieback. These results indicate a possible synergism between N enrichment and drought on native shrub and exotic forb abundance, which would have important implications for plant diversity in semi-arid shrublands of southwest US that are anticipated to experience an increase in anthropogenic N enrichment and the frequency and duration of drought.
Network security monitoring and analysis based on big data technologies

Network flow data provides valuable information to understand the network status and to be aware of the network security threads. However, handling the large amount of data collected from the network and providing real time information remain as big challenges. Big Data technologies provide new approaches to collect, store, real time measurement and analysis of the large amount of data. This dissertation aims to provide a system of network security monitoring and analysis based on the Big Data technologies. First, I present an extensive survey of the network flow applications that covers past research perspectives, methodologies, and a discussion of challenges and future works. Then, I present system design of the network security monitoring and analysis platform based on the Big Data technologies. Components of this system include Flume and Kafka for real time distributed data collection, Storm for real time streaming distributed data processing, Cassandra for NoSQL data storage, data processing, and user interfaces. The system supports real time continuous network monitoring, interactive visualization, network measurement, and advanced network modeling to classify host roles based on host behaviors and to identify a particular user among the other users. It is critical to continuously monitor the network status and network security threats in real time, but it is a challenge to process these large amount of data in real time. I demonstrate how the Big Data security system designed in this dissertation supports such features. For instance, querying a network host 24 hours network traffic took 56 milliseconds round-trip. Another usage of the network flow data is to measure the contents and usage of the network. I demonstrate how this Big Data system provides understanding of the usage of anonymity technologies on the campus Internet. Then I present methods and the results of classification and identification of network objects based on the Big Data system designed in this dissertation. Decision Tree and On-Line Support Vector Machine are used to model host role behaviors and user behaviors. I report very high accuracy of host role classification and user identification.