cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart muscle hexokinase: subcellular distribution and inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate.

The intracellular distribution of hexokinase and the susceptibility of partly purified preparations of the enzyme to inhibition by glucose 6-phosphate was determined in the hearts of several species. The use of sucrose as a medium for fractionation of heart homogenates indicated that most of the enzyme was nonparticulate, but on differential centrifugation in isotonic KCl a large fraction of hexokinase activity was associated with mitochondria. To test the hypothesis that glucose utilization is controlled through the inhibition of hexokinase by glucose-6-P, enzyme activity from heart mitochondria and soluble fraction was measured under conditions in which glucose-6-P was or was not allowed to accumulate. The apparent inhibitor constants for glucose-6-P ranged from 3 x 10-5 to 1.3 x 10-4 M in various preparations, and this inhibition was noncompetitive relative to ATP or glucose. However, aging of the enzyme prepared from dog heart resulted in a 3- to 10-fold increase in the apparent Ki, and an increase in the Km of ATP and the interaction between glucose-6-P and ATP became competitive. A change in the activity-pH relationship of hexokinase also occurred. Inorganic orthophosphate antagonized the inhibitory effect of glucose-6-P in concentrations comparable to physiological ones. This effect was lost on aging of dog heart mitochondria. The data on the in vitro kinetics of heart hexokinase agree with observations of others on the control of glucose phosphorylation in perfused heart under conditions in which relatively large changes in glucose-6-P and inorganic phosphate concentrations occur such as after the administration of epinephrine and during anoxia, respectively. They are also in agreement with the fact that the administration of large doses of epinephrine to intact animals results in an increase in cardiac glucose 6-phosphate concentration and accumulation of intracellular glucose, presumably as a result of inhibition of hexokinase activity.
Relation of American Heart Association's life's simple 7 cardiovascular health factors with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: We examined the relation of American Heart Association9s Life9s Simple 7 cardiovascular (CV) health factors (body mass index, diet, blood pressure, cholesterol level, smoking, physical activity and fasting glucose level) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in US adults. Methods: We studied adults aged >18 from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009-2012 and the odds of COPD defined by Global initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria as FEV1/FVC Results: 4019 adults (51% female, 11% African-American, 14% Hispanic) representing 89 million persons were included. 14% were defined as having COPD, with the prevalence ranging from 25% to 2% among those with 0 to 6-7 ideal health factors (figure). Compared to 0 ideal health factors, the gender and ethnicity-adjusted odds (95% confidence intervals) for COPD were 0.77 [0.31-1.90], 0.57 [0.28-1.17], 0.34 [0.15-0.75], 0.32 [0.13-0.83], and 0.14 [0.07-0.28] for those with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5-7 factors, respectively. These relationships, however, were attenuated after further adjustment for age. Conclusions: COPD in US adults is inversely related to the number of AHA cardiovascular health factors at ideal levels.
Prediction of the impacts of climate change on energy consumption for a medium-size office building with two climate models

Abstract The paper presents an energy simulation-based study to investigate the impacts of climate change on energy consumptions of an office building located in five different cities, United States. Annual energy consumption of a medium-size office building was predicted by building energy simulation software—EnergyPlus using TMY3 weather data and future climate data. In this study, we have used two sets of further climate data with different climate models including (1) Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3), and (2) NCAR Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). A morphing method was applied to downscale the monthly weather forecast to hourly forecast for use in building energy simulation for the two General Circulation Models (GCMs): HadCM3 and CESM1. Using the generated future weather files, HVAC operation related mitigation measures including adjustment of thermostat setpoints, reduced HVAC operation hours, reduced VAV box minimum flow setting, and mixed-mode ventilation were simulated to compare with ASHRAE Standard 90.1 baseline simulated using TMY3 weather data. Simulation results on predicted whole building, heating and cooling energy consumptions were examined. The paper highlighted the importance of efficiently operating mechanical systems in buildings to ensure a more sustainable future.
Absence of the V617F JAK2 Mutation in 181 Healthy Donors.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2) encodes for a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase involved in normal hematopoietic growth factor signaling. Point mutations of the JAK2 gene on chromosome 9, specifically V617F, a point mutation at amino acid 617, are associated with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). The V617F JAK2 mutation has been found in 90% of patients with polycythemia vera, 50–60% of patients with essential thrombocythemia or idiopathic myelofibrosis and 1–5% of patients with other MPD. To our knowledge, previous studies involving the V617F JAK2 mutation were not performed on a control population of normal individuals. Therefore, the prevalence of this mutation has not been established. In this study, we tested volunteer blood donors from a hospital-based blood donation center for the presence of the V617F JAK2 mutation. METHODS: Citrated whole blood was obtained from volunteer blood donors, age 17 and older, who presented to donate whole blood at a hospital-based blood donation center. The donors met all qualifications to donate blood as defined by FDA regulations. DNA was extracted using the QIAagen and QIAamp DNA extraction columns, quantified and diluted to 100ng/ul. DNA was simultaneously amplified and detected using allele specific minor groove binder probes and primers for the V617F JAK2 mutation. The resultant amplification was recorded by real-time, quantitative PCR using an ABI 7500 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). A 1% limit of detection, determined from sensitivity and specificity studies using a known cell line control, was set as the technically reproducible threshold sensitivity of the test. Samples were defined as negative for the V617F JAK2 mutation if only the wild type allele was detected. Samples that had a mutant allele detected above the 1% limit of detection were defined as positive for the V617F JAK2 mutation. Samples that had a mutant allele detected below the 1% limit of detection were defined as negative for the V617F JAK2 mutation. RESULTS: A total of 181 DNA samples from volunteer blood donors were tested for the V617F JAK2 mutation. The test group consisted of 104 males (mean age 44, range 17–77) and 77 females (mean age 42, range 18–71). Of the 181 donors tested, 171 had only wild type allele detected and were considered negative. Ten donors had high background of the mutant allele detected below the 1% limit of detection and were considered negative. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting the prevalence of the V617F JAK2 mutation in a healthy blood donor population. In this study of 181 volunteer blood donors none had the V617F JAK2 mutation. Although 10 of the 181 donors were found to have mutant allele detected, they were below the 1% technically reproducible sensitivity threshold of the test and were considered negative. We recommend that mutations detected below the technical threshold of 1% of our assay be considered false positives. The results of this study suggest that the V617F JAK2 mutation is not present in a healthy blood donor population and is significant when detected by our method.
Vitiligo Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatments

The pathogenesis of vitiligo involves interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic melanocyte defects, innate immune inflammation, and T-cell-mediated melanocyte destruction. The goal of treatment is to not only halt disease progression but also promote repigmentation through melanocyte regeneration, proliferation, and migration. Treatment strategies that address all aspects of disease pathogenesis and repigmentation are likely to have greatest efficacy, a strategy that may require combination therapies. Current treatments generally involve nontargeted suppression of autoimmunity, whereas emerging treatments are likely to use a more targeted approach based on in-depth understanding of disease pathogenesis, which may provide higher efficacy with a good safety profile.
Online Modified Greedy algorithm for storage control under uncertainty

This paper studies the general problem of operating energy storage under uncertainty. Two fundamental sources of uncertainty are considered, namely the uncertainty in the unexpected fluctuation of the net demand process and the uncertainty in the locational marginal prices. We propose a very simple algorithm termed Online Modified Greedy (OMG) algorithm for this problem. A stylized analysis for the algorithm is performed, which shows that comparing to the optimal cost of the corresponding stochastic control problem, the sub-optimality of OMG is controlled by an easily computable bound. This suggests that, albeit simple, OMG is guaranteed to have good performance in cases when the bound is small. Meanwhile, OMG together with the sub-optimality bound can be used to provide a lower bound for the optimal cost. Such a lower bound can be valuable in evaluating other heuristic algorithms. For the latter cases, a semidefinite program is derived to minimize the sub-optimality bound of OMG. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify our theoretical analysis and to demonstrate the use of the algorithm.
Plasma Membrane Association by N-Acylation Governs PKG Function in Toxoplasma gondii.

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase G [PKG]) is essential for microneme secretion, motility, invasion, and egress in apicomplexan parasites, However, the separate roles of two isoforms of the kinase that are expressed by some apicomplexans remain uncertain. Despite having identical regulatory and catalytic domains, PKGI is plasma membrane associated whereas PKGII is cytosolic in Toxoplasma gondii To determine whether these isoforms are functionally distinct or redundant, we developed an auxin-inducible degron (AID) tagging system for conditional protein depletion in T. gondii By combining AID regulation with genome editing strategies, we determined that PKGI is necessary and fully sufficient for PKG-dependent cellular processes. Conversely, PKGII is functionally insufficient and dispensable in the presence of PKGI The difference in functionality mapped to the first 15 residues of PKGI, containing a myristoylated Gly residue at position 2 that is critical for membrane association and PKG function. Collectively, we have identified a novel requirement for cGMP signaling at the plasma membrane and developed a new system for examining essential proteins in T. gondiiIMPORTANCEToxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite and important clinical and veterinary pathogen that causes toxoplasmosis. Since apicomplexans can only propagate within host cells, efficient invasion is critically important for their life cycles. Previous studies using chemical genetics demonstrated that cyclic GMP signaling through protein kinase G (PKG)-controlled invasion by apicomplexan parasites. However, these studies did not resolve functional differences between two compartmentalized isoforms of the kinase. Here we developed a conditional protein regulation tool to interrogate PKG isoforms in T. gondii We found that the cytosolic PKG isoform was largely insufficient and dispensable. In contrast, the plasma membrane-associated isoform was necessary and fully sufficient for PKG function. Our studies identify the plasma membrane as a key location for PKG activity and provide a broadly applicable system for examining essential proteins in T. gondii.
Paternal Incarceration and Adolescent Social Network Disadvantage

Previous research has suggested that adolescent peers influence behavior and provide social support during a critical developmental period, but few studies have addressed the antecedents of adolescent social networks. Research on the collateral consequences of incarceration has explored the implications of parental incarceration for children's behavioral problems, academic achievement, health, and housing stability, but not their social networks. Using network data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, I find that adolescents with recently incarcerated fathers are in socially marginal positions in their schools and befriend more-marginal peers than other adolescents: their friends are less advantaged, less academically successful, and more delinquent than other adolescents' friends. Differences in network outcomes are robust to a variety of specifications and are consistent across race and gender subgroups. This study advances the social networks literature by exploring how familial characteristics can shape adolescent social networks and contributes to the collateral consequences of incarceration literature by using network analysis to consider how mass incarceration may promote intergenerational social marginalization.
Arginine as a Precursor of Pyrimidines in Strain L-929 Fibroblasts Infected with Pleuropneumonia- like Organisms*

line for growth (1, 2). The importance of arginine is empha- sized by the fact that it is rapidly depleted from the medium in many primary and established cell strains (3). The L-929 fibroblasts maintained in this laboratory and shown to harbor a pleuropneumonia-like infection also demonstrate a.n
Postural tachycardia in hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: A distinct subtype?

Abstract Introduction It is not clear if patients with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) differ from patients with POTS due to other etiologies. We compared the results of autonomic testing and healthcare utilization in POTS patients with and without hEDS. Methods Patients with POTS + hEDS ( n = 20) and POTS controls without hypermobility ( n = 20) were included in the study. All patients underwent autonomic testing, and the electronic medical records were reviewed to determine the number and types of medications patients were taking, as well as the number of outpatient, emergency department, and inpatient visits over the prior year. Results Patients with hEDS had twice as many outpatient visits (21 v. 10, p = 0.012), were taking more prescription medications (8 vs. 5.5, p = 0.030), and were more likely to see a pain physician (70% vs 25%, p = 0.005). Autonomic testing demonstrated a slight reduction in heart rate variability and slightly lower blood pressures on tilt table testing in hEDS patients, however for most patients these variables remained within the range of normal. Orthostatic tachycardia on tilt table testing was greater in POTS controls (46 bpm vs 39 bpm, p = 0.018). Abnormal QSweat responses were common in both groups (38% of POTS + hEDS and 36% of POTS controls). Conclusions While autonomic testing results were not significantly different between groups, patients with POTS + hEDS took more medications and had greater markers of healthcare utilization, with chronic pain likely playing a prominent role.
The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2016

Abstract This is a review of papers published in the year 2016 that focus on the synthesis, reactivity, or properties of compounds containing a carbon-transition metal double or triple bond. Highlights for the year 2016 include: (1) significant advances in the design of new precursors to carbene complex intermediates (e.g. alkynes, triazoles, and tosylhydrazones) that serve as safer alternatives to potentially hazardous diazo compounds, (2) continued vast employment of olefin metathesis for the synthesis of complex small molecules and polymers, including many examples of Z-selective reactions, (3) design of novel transformations employing metallacumulene intermediates, (4) preparation of novel aromatic ring systems incorporating transition elements, (5) use of gold and platinum carbene-mediated transformations of alkynes in complex synthetic organic transformations, and (6) design of novel reaction pathways for capture of transition metal carbenoid intermediates.
Reversible ADP-Ribosylation of Dinitrogenase Reductase from Rhodospirillum rubrum Regulates the Activity of the Enzyme In Vivo and In Vitro

The nitrogenase activity of Rhodospirillum rubrum is regulated by reversible mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the dinitrogenase reductase component of the enzyme (1, 2). R. rubrum is a gram-negative, non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium that is capable of growth on N2 as the N-source in pure culture. The organism is capable of diverse modes of growth including anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration and anoxygenic photosynthesis.
Academic Library Management: Case Studies: Dearie, Tammy Nickelson, Michael Meth, and Elaine L. Westbrooks, eds. Chicago: Neal-Schuman, 2018, 213 pp., $69.00, ISBN: 978-0-8389-1559-2

One of the biggest challenges faced by library professionals is being asked to step up and become a manager, supervisor, or interim director without any prior experience or guidance. There are plen...
Free Library of Health: Consumer Health Information, Health Literacy, and Library Programming in Philadelphia

ABSTRACTIn 2016, the Free Library of Philadelphia reopened the newly renovated South Philadelphia Library. This full-service neighborhood library is co-located with pediatric primary care services, a city-run health center, and a recreation center in a first-of-its-kind facility called the Community Health and Literacy Center. The South Philadelphia Library aims to improve health literacy in the community through the provision of consumer health information and health programming, and the co-location with health care and recreation services provides unique opportunities to partner and offer health-based library services. A community health librarian certified in consumer health information assists customers with accessing reliable health information, and health programming covers many areas of interest. Partnerships with nearby health organizations also allow the library to connect customers with vetted neighborhood services. By combining health services with traditional library programming, customers are...
Products in Homology and Cohomology

The most important product is undoubtedly the so-calledcup product: It assigns to any elements u ∈H p (X; G1) and v ∈ Hq(X ; G2) an elementu ∪ v ∈ H p + q (X ;G1⊗ G2). This product is bilinear (or distributive), and is natural with respect to homomorphisms induced by continuous maps. It is an additional element of structure on the cohomology groups that often allows one to distinguish between spaces of different homotopy types, even though they have isomorphic homology and cohomology groups. This additional structure also imposes restrictions on the possible homomorphisms which can be induced by continuous maps.
Grazers on Benthic Seaweeds

Grazing is a major force structuring seaweed communities. Grazer–seaweed interactions are ecologically complex with important implications for seaweed standing biomass and community composition, the energy flow through the system, and higher trophic level predator–prey interactions. This chapter presents a summary of the vast amount of information on herbivore–seaweed interactions, focusing on key concepts illustrated with select examples. Grazer–seaweed interactions are first discussed from the grazer perspective, starting with several common classification systems of grazers based on their feeding mode, size, and diet specificity. This chapter then covers how grazers can impact seaweeds and seaweed communities in multiple ways, including mutualistic relationships between herbivores and seaweeds. Algal–herbivore interactions are then considered from the seaweed perspective, specifically types of algal defenses against grazing, such grazing tolerance and avoidance of herbivores, as well as structural and chemical defenses. The chapter ends with a brief consideration of potential climate change effects on grazer–seaweed interactions.
Longitudinal targets and persistent inefficiency in data envelopment analysis

A typical interpretation of data envelopment analysis (DEA) targets in manufacturing and other contexts is to identify performance goals that if achieved in the future will move an inefficient decision-making unit to the best practice efficiency frontier. Less discussed, however, is that this only will occur with certainty if all other units maintain their same input and output levels, an implicit assumption that is rarely the case in practice. Since this phenomenon can be important in many practical applications, this paper explores its manifestation and approaches for interpreting and setting future performance targets in this context, including forward and backward-looking analysis, forecasting, and Monte Carlo approaches. Each method is illustrated and compared using two empirical data sets.
Evaluation of a recombination-resistant coronavirus as a broadly applicable, rapidly implementable vaccine platform

Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic viral diseases are major threats to global health, economic stability, and national security. Vaccines are key for reducing coronaviral disease burden; however, the utility of live-attenuated vaccines is limited by risks of reversion or repair. Because of their history of emergence events due to their prevalence in zoonotic pools, designing live-attenuated coronavirus vaccines that can be rapidly and broadly implemented is essential for outbreak preparedness. Here, we show that coronaviruses with completely rewired transcription regulatory networks (TRNs) are effective vaccines against SARS-CoV. The TRN-rewired viruses are attenuated and protect against lethal SARS-CoV challenge. While a 3-nt rewired TRN reverts via second-site mutation upon serial passage, a 7-nt rewired TRN is more stable, suggesting that a more extensively rewired TRN might be essential for avoiding growth selection. In summary, rewiring the TRN is a feasible strategy for limiting reversion in an effective live-attenuated coronavirus vaccine candidate that is potentially portable across the Nidovirales order.
NOXA1-dependent NADPH oxidase regulates redox signaling and phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cell during atherogenesis

Abstract Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and inflammation are key factors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We previously reported that NOX activator 1 (NOXA1) is the critical functional homolog of p67phox for NADPH oxidase activation in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Here we investigated the effects of systemic and SMC-specific deletion of Noxa1 on VSMC phenotype during atherogenesis in mice. Neointimal hyperplasia following endovascular injury was lower in Noxa1-deficient mice versus the wild-type following endovascular injury. Noxa1 deletion in Apoe-/- or Ldlr-/- mice fed a Western diet showed 50% reduction in vascular ROS and 30% reduction in aortic atherosclerotic lesion area and aortic sinus lesion volume (P Our data support an important role for NOXA1-dependent NADPH oxidase activity in VSMC plasticity during restenosis and atherosclerosis, augmenting VSMC proliferation and migration and KLF4-mediated transition to macrophage-like cells, plaque inflammation, and expansion.
Analysis of the Impact of Installation Parameters and System Size on Bifacial Gain and Energy Yield of PV Systems

In this work, we present the combined effect of installation parameters (tilt angle, height above ground, and albedo) on the bifacial gain and energy yield of three photovoltaic (PV) system configurations: a single module, a row of five modules, and five rows of five modules utilizing RADIANCE based ray tracing model. We show that optimum tilt angle is dependent on parameters such as height, albedo, size of the system, and time of the year. For a single bifacial module installed in Albuquerque, NM, the optimum tilt angle is lowest (∼5°) for summer solstice and highest (∼65°) for winter solstice. For larger systems, optimum tilt angle can be up to 20° more than that for a single module system. We also show that modules in large scale systems, generate lower energy due to large shadowing areas cast by the modules on the ground. For albedo of 21 %, middle module in a large array generates up to 7% less energy than a single bifacial module. To validate our model, we utilize measured data from Sandia's fixed tilt bifacial PV testbed and compare it with our simulations. We find that due to higher non-uniformity, lower tilt angles demonstrate high normalized root mean square deviation (NRMSD) between measured and simulated values than high tilt angles.
Open Problems in Stream Processing: A Call To Action

In the last four years, stream processing has gone from niche to mainstream, with real-time data processing systems gaining traction in not only fast-moving startups, but also their more skeptical and cautious enterprise brethren. In light of such pervasive adoption, is it safe to say we've we finally reached the point where stream processing is a solved commodity? Are we done and ready to move on to the next big thing?In this talk, I will argue that the answer to those questions is conclusively "no": stream processing as a field of research is alive and well. In fact, as streaming systems evolve to look more and more alike, the need for active exploration of new ideas is all the more pressing. And though streaming systems are more capable and robust than ever, they remain in many ways difficult to use, difficult to maintain, and difficult to understand. But we can change that.I don't claim to have all the answers; no one does. But I do have a few ideas of where we can start. And by sharing my thoughts on some of the more interesting open problems in stream processing, and encouraging others to share theirs, I'm hoping that we as a research community can work together to help move the needle just a little bit further.
Technical note: Equilibrium droplet size distributions in a turbulent cloud chamber with uniform supersaturation

Abstract. In a laboratory cloud chamber that is undergoing Rayleigh–Benard convection, supersaturation is produced by isobaric mixing. When aerosols (cloud condensation nuclei) are injected into the chamber at a constant rate, and the rate of droplet activation is balanced by the rate of droplet loss, an equilibrium droplet size distribution (DSD) can be achieved. We derived analytic equilibrium DSDs and probability density functions (PDFs) of droplet radius and squared radius for conditions that could occur in such a turbulent cloud chamber when there is uniform supersaturation. We neglected the effects of droplet curvature and solute on the droplet growth rate. The loss rate due to fallout that we used assumes that (1) the droplets are well-mixed by turbulence, (2) when a droplet becomes sufficiently close to the lower boundary, the droplet's terminal velocity determines its probability of fallout per unit time, and (3) a droplet's terminal velocity follows Stokes' law (so it is proportional to its radius squared). Given the chamber height, the analytic PDF is determined by the mean supersaturation alone. From the expression for the PDF of the radius, we obtained analytic expressions for the first five moments of the radius, including moments for truncated DSDs. We used statistics from a set of measured DSDs to check for consistency with the analytic PDF. We found consistency between the theoretical and measured moments, but only when the truncation radius of the measured DSDs was taken into account. This consistency allows us to infer the mean supersaturations that would produce the measured PDFs in the absence of supersaturation fluctuations. We found that accounting for the truncation radius of the measured DSDs is particularly important when comparing the theoretical and measured relative dispersions of the droplet radius. We also included some additional quantities derived from the analytic DSD: droplet sedimentation flux, precipitation flux, and condensation rate.
The class ceiling: Why it pays to be privileged

Sam Friedman and Daniel Laurison close their compelling book with a simple set of statements: “In contemporary Britain it quite literally pays to be privileged. Even when individuals from working-c...
Application of a physics-based lumped parameter model to evaluate reservoir parameters during CO 2 storage

Evaluating reservoir performance could be challenging, especially when available data are only limited to pressures and rates from oil field production and/or injection wells. Numerical simulation is a typical approach to estimate reservoir properties using the history match process by reconciling field observations and model predictions. Performing numerical simulations can be computationally expensive by considering a large number of grids required to capture the spatial variation in geological properties, detailed structural complexity of the reservoir, and numerical time steps to cover different periods of oil recovery. In this work, a simplified physics-based model is used to estimate specific reservoir parameters during CO2 storage into a depleted oil reservoir. The governing equation is based on the integrated capacitance resistance model algorithm. A multivariate linear regression method is used for estimating reservoir parameters (injectivity index and compressibility). Synthetic scenarios were generated using a multiphase flow numerical simulator. Then, the results of the simplified physics-based model in terms of the estimated fluid compressibility were compared against the simulation results. CO2 injection data including bottom hole pressure and injection rate were also gathered from a depleted oil reef in Michigan Basin. A field application of the simplified physics-based model was presented to estimate above-mentioned parameters for the case of CO2 storage in a depleted oil reservoir in Michigan Basin. The results of this work show that this simple lumped parameter model can be used for a quick estimation of the specific reservoir parameters and its changes over the CO2 injection period.
Mapping the Iceberg: The Impact of Data Sources on the Study of District Courts

Three decades ago, Siegelman and Donohue aptly characterized research about courts and litigation that relied only on published opinions as “studying the iceberg from its tip.” They implored researchers to view published district court opinions “with greater sensitivity to the ways in which such cases are unrepresentative of all cases”. The dynamic, multistage nature of trial court litigation makes a focus solely on published opinions particularly ill‐suited to the study of federal district courts. Expanded electronic access to court documents now allows more precise analysis of the ways in which published cases are unrepresentative and what differences that makes for conclusions about the work of district courts. Heeding Siegelman and Donohue's admonition, this study seeks to map the iceberg, exploring the extent to which the visible part misrepresents what lies below the surface. Using a supplemented version of the Kim, Schlanger, and Martin EEOC Litigation Project data, this article examines the varying extent to which cases and judicial activity are visible in the several data sources commonly used by district court researchers. More specifically, we analyze how the work of federal district courts looks different depending on whether research relies on published opinions, on opinions available on Westlaw or Lexis (both “published” and “unpublished”), or on more comprehensive data available on PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Documents). Our results reveal vast variation in visibility of cases and motions, depending on the data source used. We also demonstrate that these differences in case and motion visibility can affect the results of empirical analyses relating to, for example, the success rates of litigants and whether the party of the appointing president affects judicial behavior. Our findings mean that utilizing docket sheets, now available electronically, to gather data will often be required to draw accurate conclusions about the nature of district court litigation and the behavior of district court judges.
Cry Havoc: Charlottesville and American Democracy Under Siege: by Michael Signer, New York, Public Affairs, 2020, xiii, 383 pp., $28.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-54173-615-3

Cry Havoc is a politician’s account of the August 2017 white supremacist/alt-right rally and counter-protest in Charlottesville, Virginia, which led to the death of one anti-racist protester, Heath...
Tumor Tissue- versus Plasma-based Genotyping for Selection of Matched Therapy and Impact on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Actionable mutations can guide genotype-directed matched therapy. We evaluated the utility of tissue-based and plasma-based genotyping for the identification of actionable mutations and selection of matched therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Experimental Design: Patients with MBC who underwent tissue genotyping (institutional platform, 91-gene assay) or plasma-based cell-free DNA (cfDNA, Guardant360, 73-gene assay) between January 2016 and December 2017 were included. A chart review of records to identify subtype, demographics, treatment, outcomes, and tissue genotyping or cfDNA results was performed. The incidence of actionable mutations and the selection of matched therapy in tissue genotyping or cfDNA cohorts was determined. The impact of matched therapy status on overall survival (OS) in tissue genotyping or cfDNA subgroups was determined with Cox regression analysis. Results: Of 252 patients who underwent cfDNA testing, 232 (92%) had detectable mutations, 196 (78%) had actionable mutations, and 86 (34%) received matched therapy. Of 118 patients who underwent tissue genotyping, 90 (76%) had detectable mutations, 59 (50%) had actionable mutations, and 13 (11%) received matched therapy. For cfDNA patients with actionable mutations, matched versus nonmatched therapy was associated with better OS [HR 0.41, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23–0.73, P = 0.002], and this remained significant in a multivariable analysis correcting for age, subtype, visceral metastases, and brain metastases (HR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26–0.83, P = 0.010). Conclusions: Plasma-based genotyping identified high rates of actionable mutations, which was associated with significant application of matched therapy and better OS in patients with MBC. See related commentary by Rugo and Huppert, p. 3275
Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among female breast cancer survivors: cross-sectional findings from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.

Abstract Objectives Breast cancer survivors have reported worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes on some subscales when compared with members of the general population. However, the increased attention to breast cancer survivorship should have improved the HRQoL of these survivors. Our aim was to examine whether physical and mental component scores (PCS-12 and MCS-12) using the Short Form (SF-12) questionnaire were different for racial/ethnic minorities, specifically for Black and Hispanic women relative to White women. Furthermore, we stratified the data by age group to evaluate these racial/ethnic differences in HRQoL of breast cancer survivors. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods Pooled cross-sectional analyses using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey between 2008 and 2016 were conducted. Pooled ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to examine the racial/ethnic differences in PCS-12 and MCS-12 scores of breast cancer survivors. Furthermore, stratified analyses by age group were conducted to evaluate racial/ethnic differences in HRQoL by the age of breast cancer survivors. Results After adjusting for confounders, there was no association between race/ethnicity and PCS-12 scores. However, Hispanic breast cancer survivors had statistically significantly lower MCS-12 scores (by 1.9 points [95% confidence interval {CI}: −3.53 to −0.37]) when compared with White breast cancer survivors. For PCS-12, after stratifying by age, the adjusted analyses showed no significant differences in PCS-12 scores when White female breast cancer survivors were compared with the other racial/ethnic categories. On the other hand, Black female survivors aged Conclusion Our study generated findings showing the racial/ethnic differences in HRQoL of breast cancer survivors and presented results stratified by age group. These findings provide the much-needed rationale for targeted and racial/ethnic-specific HRQoL improvement strategies among breast cancer survivors.
Diagnosis, management and recurrence rates of Mitrofanoff polyps.

Summary Background Intraluminal polyps are a known complication following creation of a urinary continent catheterizable channel (Mitrofanoff). These polyps can lead to difficult catheterizations in addition to symptomatic bleeding. However, there is limited data available regarding management and outcomes of these polyps. We aim to describe clinical presentation and management of a large series of polyps occurring in a Mitrofanoff channel. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients that were treated for polyps in a Mitrofanoff at our institution. Information was collected regarding presenting symptoms, management and recurrence rates of the polyps. Results A total of 24 patients were identified that fulfilled inclusion criteria. The majority of these polyps developed in channels composed of appendix (87%), while only 3 patients (13%) had polyps develop in an ileal composed channel. Thirteen (54%) of these polyps were incidentally diagnosed while 11 patients presented with a variety of symptoms such as difficulty in catheterization, bleeding with catheterization or both difficulty catheterizing and bleeding. For management of the polyps, a cystoscopy was performed and snaring the polyp with stone basket was performed in 37%, energy was applied to base to remove polyps in 33%, 16% were fulgurated and only 13% were left in situ. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia and all of the pathology was benign showing chronic inflammatory tissue. Eight polyps (33%) recurred after initial treatment. Discussion We did not observe an asymptomatic channel polyp convert to a symptomatic during our follow up period. Our experience has led us to not intervene on all asymptomatic Mitrofanoff polyps encountered during cystoscopy under assumption they will inevitably become symptomatic. Although we admit our follow up period may not be long enough to make this a universal declaration of best practice when any Mitrofanoff polyp is diagnosed. Endoscopic treatment was effective minimally invasive method to address the symptomatic polyp rather than excision and construction of new channel. Conclusions This is the largest series to date of polyps developing in urinary continent catheterizable channels. The majority of these polyps were encountered incidentally however symptomatic polyps presented with difficulty with catheterizations. Symptomatic polyps can be managed endoscopically but recurrence of the polyp can occur. Download : Download high-res image (269KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure . Mitrofanoff Polyp.
Incorporating photoemission into the theoretical unification of electron emission and space-charge limited current

Photon emitters are becoming increasingly important due to their ability to generate high brightness, low emittance, and spatiotemporally coherent electron bunches for multiple applications; however, these emitters rarely produce electrons solely due to photoemission. Often, photon emitters are prone to undesired thermionic emission; alternatively, some devices intentionally leverage field and thermionic emission to increase output current. Regardless, attempting to extract higher currents from these devices raises concerns about space-charge buildup. While theories have examined the transitions between many of these mechanisms, none have used a common framework to unify photo-, thermionic, field, and space-charge limited emission simultaneously, typically represented individually by the Fowler–Dubridge (FD), Richardson–Laue–Dushman (RLD), Fowler–Nordheim (FN), and Child–Langmuir (CL) equations, respectively. This paper derives an exact solution unifying these mechanisms and reports conditions where emission bypasses RLD to directly transition from FD to FN based on asymptotically matching the three models at a nexus point. Furthermore, we provide a step-by-step approach for developing nexus phase space plots exhibiting the operating conditions for transitions among FD, RLD, FN, CL, Mott–Gurney for space-charge limited current with collisions, and Ohm's law for an external resistor. We demonstrate the utility of nexus plots for assessing the applicability of the simple well-known theories based on a single mechanism or the necessity to use more complicated solutions combining multiple mechanisms. As such, nexus theory provides a simple framework for guiding theorists in model development, simulation experts in algorithm development and selection, and experimentalists in device design.
Exclusive Display in Sponsored Search Advertising

As sponsored search becomes increasingly important as an advertising medium for firms, search engines are exploring more advanced bidding and ranking mechanisms to increase their revenue from auctions for sponsored search advertising. For instance, Google, Yahoo! and Bing are experimenting with auction mechanisms in which each advertiser can bid to be displayed exclusively. In such an auction, each advertiser submits two bids: one bid for the standard display format in which multiple advertisers are displayed, and one bid for being shown exclusively. The search engine decides the outcome as non-exclusive or exclusive based on revenue generated — if the exclusive-placement bid by an advertiser is high enough then only that advertiser is displayed, otherwise multiple advertisers are displayed and ranked based on their multiple-placement bids. We find that allowing advertisers to bid for exclusivity has two countervailing effects for search engine revenue. First, competition is heightened because bidders can express their display preferences more flexibly and compete not only for positions in the non-exclusive outcome but also compete for the outcome to be exclusive or non-exclusive; this is good for search engine revenue. Second, competition between non-exclusive and exclusive outcomes gives bidders the incentive to reduce their bids for their non- preferred outcome; this is bad for search engine revenue. Under different parametric conditions, either force can prevail and search engine revenue may increase or decrease accordingly. We also find counterintuitive results on the bidding strategies of advertisers; for instance, we find that, under certain conditions, advertisers have the incentive to bid above their true valuations.
Como podemos fazer as pazes?: Uma contribuição desde a filosofia para a transformação pacífica de conflitos

Como podemos fazer as pazes? Uma contribuicao desde a filosofia para a transformacao pacifica de conflitos
Evidence for Two Discrete Carbamyl Phosphate Pools in Neurospora

Abstract In Neurospora, carbamyl phosphate (carbamyl-P) is synthesized by two glutamine-dependent carbamyl phosphate synthetases (EC 2.7.2.5): one specific for the arginine pathway (CP-synthetase A), and one specific for the pyrimidine pathway (CP-synthetase P). Mutants lacking CP-synthetase A require arginine, and those lacking CP-synthetase P require uridine. Experiments were designed to test for the existence of two pathway-specific carbamyl-P pools. A method for determining carbamyl-P pools in exponentially growing Neurospora mycelia was developed. Steady state values of about 6 nmoles of carbamyl-P per g, dry weight, were obtained from wild type mycelium grown in minimal medium. Mutants having only CP-synthetase P contained 0.4 nmole of carbamyl-P per g, and mutants having only CP-synthetase A contained about 3.5 nmoles of carbamyl-P per g. Double mutants lacking both CP-synthetases contained no detectable carbamyl-P. A strain starving for uridine as a result of a CP-synthetase P deficiency has a normal or somewhat elevated pool of carbamyl-P produced by CP-synthetase A. The results indicate a "channeling" mechanism which normally segregates carbamyl-P of one pathway from the transcarbamylase of the other pathway. Impairment of transcarbamylase function, however, leads to a 10-fold elevation of the carbamyl-P associated with the pathway affected, and an overflow of carbamyl-P to the other pathway. The channeling mechanism, therefore, can be flooded by high carbamyl-P concentrations. The carbamyl-P associated with the pyrimidine sequence has a lower cellular concentration than the bifunctional enzyme complex carrying both CP-synthetase P and aspartate transcarbamylase activities. The complex could therefore confine pyrimidine-specific carbamyl-P as an enzyme-bound intermediate. Arginine-specific carbamyl-P may be confined in the mitochondrion, since a substantial fraction of CP-synthetase A and ornithine transcarbamylase is associated with this organelle in crude extracts. Regulation of the rate of arginine-specific carbamyl-P synthesis by arginine appears to take place mainly at the level of enzyme synthesis.
Multiple TRIM proteins are targets of autoimmune response in lupus and Sjogren's syndrome. (HUM7P.308)

TRIM21 belongs to the large family of tripartite motif containing proteins, and is often targeted by autoantibodies in lupus and Sjogren’s syndrome. Considering the significant protein domain homology between different TRIM proteins, we hypothesized that additional TRIM proteins are targets of autoimmunity. Based on the literature, in this study we investigated autoantibody responses to TRIM38. While 9% of lupus patients (n=149) had anti-TRIM38 antibodies, the incidence in Sjogren’s syndrome patients (n=150) was 12%, and in controls (n=50) it was 4%. With respect to TRIM21, the incidence was 62%, 68%, and 4% respectively. In Sjogren’s syndrome patients, the presence of anti-TRIM38 antibodies was closely associated with the increased severity of dry eye parameters. Epitope mapping studies showed that anti-TRIM21 antibodies reacted with the RING, Coiled coil and PRY-SPRY domains of TRIM21, whereas anti-TRIM38 antibodies reacted only with the Coiled coil and PRY-SPRY domains of TRIM38. All anti-TRIM38 positive patients also had anti-TRIM21 antibodies. Affinity purified anti-TRIM21 antibodies from lupus patients did not immunoprecipitate TRIM38, indicating lack of cross-reactivity at B cell level. However, we observed T cell cross-reactivity between TRIM21298-312 and TRIM38302-316. Our study suggests that immune responses to TRIM proteins can evolve through epitope spreading and contribute towards exacerbating the pathogenesis in autoimmune disorders.
A Neutrino Mass Matrix with Vanishing mu-mu and tau-tau Entries

We revisit our earlier proposal for the form of the neutrino mass matrix: a two-zero ansatz wherein the CP-violating PMNS phase $\delta$ plays a surprisingly important role. We review its observable consequences and show how our ansatz follows from a softly-broken symmetry (muon number minus tau lepton number) in a see-saw model with three Higgs doublets.