cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A more direct liquefaction of bronchial secretion by aerosol therapy.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Aerosol therapy is indicated when thick viscous mucopurulent secretion occurs in bronchopulmonary disease. 2. Its action and limitations in such cases is discussed, including the need of a liquefying aerosol. 3. In severe and chronic disease, an aerosol containing liquid, detergent and a mucolytic chemical is the efficient approach. 4. A new aerosol solution containing Tergitol 08 (sodium 2-hexylethyl sulfate) 0.125 per cent, potassium iodide 0.1 per cent in water is described. 5. A series of 96 patients with severe bronchopulmonary disease was treated by this aerosol solution. No irritation of mucous membranes or toxicity was noted. 6. Clinical results are reported: Excellent in 66, good in 30, fair none, no improvement, none. 7. This aerosol solution appears to be definitely beneficial in bronchopulmonary disease with thick viscous mucopurulent secretion.
A SEARCH FOR RADIO SUPERNOVA REMNANTS IN FOUR IRREGULAR GALAXIES

We survey four nearby irregular galaxies for radio supernova remnants (SNRs) using deep (1{sigma} {approx} 20 {mu}Jy), high-resolution ({approx}20 pc) Very Large Array continuum data at 20, 6, and 3.6 cm. We identify discrete sources in these galaxies and use radio spectral indices and H{alpha} images to categorize them as SNRs, H II regions, or background radio galaxies. Our classifications are generally in good agreement with the literature. We identify a total of 43 SNR candidates: 23 in NGC 1569, seven in NGC 4214, five in NGC 2366, and eight in NGC 4449. Only one SNR-the well-studied object J1228+441 in NGC 4449-is more luminous at 20 cm than Cas A. By comparing the total thermal flux density in each galaxy with that localized in H II regions, we conclude that a significant fraction must be in a diffuse component or in low-luminosity H II regions.
On the constant that fixes the area spectrum in canonical quantum gravity

The formula for the area eigenvalues obtained by many authors within the approach known as loop quantum gravity states that each edge of a spin network contributes an area proportional to times the Planck length squared to any surface it transversely intersects. However, some confusion exists in the literature as to a value of the proportionality coefficient. The purpose of this rather technical note is to fix this coefficient. We present a calculation which shows that in a sector of quantum theory based on the connection , where is the spin connection compatible with the triad field, K is the extrinsic curvature and is Immirzi parameter, the value of the multiplicative factor is . In other words, each edge of a spin network contributes an area to any surface it transversely intersects.
The Sprawl Debate: Let Markets Plan

Sprawl issues ought not be a federal issue because land-use control is local. Americans have been moving to both suburban and private communities for many years, an expression of the constitutional right to travel. They seek more direct control over their personal property rights. Both trends are at odds with the desire of planners to impose more controls via land-use and growth controls. Planners base their arguments on the need to control urban sprawl. Examining their arguments one-by-one shows that they are empirically weak. The controls are ineffective and will do little to slow down these shifts in residential location. The logic of the planners’ position would be to control development everywhere via state and even federal legislation, but this is undesirable, unattainable, and probably unconstitutional. Sprawl will remain an issue over which state and local jurisdictions will either continue to fight or find an uneasy accommodation. In the presidential election campaign of 2000, both candidates responded to a request from an environmental group for a written statement of their position on sprawl. Al Gore’s statement was more than double the length of that of George W. Bush, but both took a strong anti-sprawl position. Nevertheless, the sprawl issue never took fire in the campaign, despite the obviously great interest in the issue among the American public. The reason is not difficult to find. Land use is a local policy problem as demonstrated from constitutional decisions tracing back to the 1920s. The federal government, moreover cannot address land use directly. This explains why the Clinton administration’s initiatives in this sphere (e.g., the Communities Reinvestment Act) focused on the revival of central cities as an indirect approach to controlling sprawl. In the case of land-use controls, the central intergovernmental issue is the role of state versus local governments. The federal system gives priority to state rights, but local governments do not give up their police power of controlling land use lightly. In several states that have passed mandatory statewide growth-management legislation, some local jurisdictions (counties or municipalities) have been very recalcitrant. Another point about the U.S. presidential election of 2000 is that it confirmed the long-term trend of declining voter participation. Turnouts in 2000
Synthesis and Structure Activity Relationships of 5-Substituted - 4′-thio-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosines

Abstract Four 5-substituted (chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl) 1-(4-thio-P-Darabinofuranosy1) cytosines and their a anomers were synthesized by a facile route in high yields. All of these nucleosides were evaluated for cytotoxicity against a panel of human tumor cell lines in vitro. Only 5-fluoro-1 -(4-thio-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine was found to be highly cytotoxic in all the cell lines and was further evaluated in vivo.
Structure and Dynamics of a Phase-Separating Active Colloidal Fluid

We examine a minimal model for an active colloidal fluid in the form of self-propelled Brownian spheres that interact purely through excluded volume with no aligning interaction. Using simulations and analytic modeling, we quantify the phase diagram and separation kinetics. We show that this nonequilibrium active system undergoes an analog of an equilibrium continuous phase transition, with a binodal curve beneath which the system separates into dense and dilute phases whose concentrations depend only on activity. The dense phase is a unique material that we call an active solid, which exhibits the structural signatures of a crystalline solid near the crystal-hexatic transition point, and anomalous dynamics including superdiffusive motion on intermediate time scales.
Mass formulas for local Galois representations to wreath products and cross products

Bhargava proved a formula for counting, with certain weights, degree n etale extensions of a local field, or equivalently, local Galois representations to Sn. This formula is motivation for his conjectures about the density of discriminants of Sn-number fields. We prove there are analogous “mass formulas” that count local Galois representations to any group that can be formed from symmetric groups by wreath products and cross products, corresponding to counting towers and direct sums of etale extensions. We obtain as a corollary that the above mentioned groups have rational character tables. Our result implies that D4 has a mass formula for certain weights, but we show that D4 does not have a mass formula when the local Galois representations to D4 are weighted in the same way as representations to S4 are weighted in Bhargava’s mass formula.
Applications of Tripodal [S3] and [Se3] L2X Donor Ligands to Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury Chemistry: Organometallic and Bioinorganic Perspectives

The tripodal tris(2-mercapto-1-R–imidazolyl)hydroborato ligand system, [TmR], and its selenium counterpart, [TseR], provide useful platforms for investigating organometallic and bioinorganic aspects of the chemistry of zinc, cadmium and mercury in sulfur-rich and selenium-rich coordination environments. For example, the tridentate [TmR] ligand provides an [S3] donor array that is of use for mimicking aspects of zinc enzymes and proteins that have sulfur-rich active sites, such as the Ada DNA repair protein. With respect to mercury, an interesting application of the [TmBut] ligand is the synthesis of the mercury alkyl compounds [TmBut]HgR (R = Me, Et) that react with PhSH to yield [TmBut]HgSPh and RH, a reaction that emulates mercury detoxification by the organomercurial lyase, MerB. In addition to the tridentate [TmR] and [TseR] ligands, applications of the bidentate counterparts, [BmR] and [BseR] are also described.
Characterization of an inverted geometry helicon plasma source

Summary form only given. Helicon plasmas continue to be useful as a hot, dense source with low magnetic field requirements. Since the implementation of helicon waves in a low pressure gas by Boswell, there have been multiple advances in this field. To date, no single theory has completely explained the coupling mechanism of the waves to the plasma, although Trivelpiece-Gould (TG) modes remain a strong candidate. The concept of an inverted geometry helicon antenna is proposed here, comprised of a standard helicon antenna, covered by a dielectric, and placed within the vacuum chamber. RF energy that is normally radiated outward from the antenna will now also couple to the plasma, for additional heating and better efficiency. An internal antenna is also not constrained to the minimum radius of the vacuum chamber, thus antennas can be made smaller to determine what, if any, critical radius exists for plasma excitation. Smaller antennas also mean more tightly wound magnetic field coils that can deliver the same field for less current. The primary antenna type to be used is a Nagoya type III, although others are used for various experiments. With such an arrangement, it is now possible to make measurements of the plasma at an arbitrarily close distance to the antenna. This setup is in contrast to conventional antennas which surround a dielectric cylinder where the plasma, as well as the diagnostics are housed. To characterize the plasma, an RF-compensated Langmuir probe is employed to make measurements in both radial and axial directions. The radial measurements extend beyond the antenna region for comparison with conventional helicon plasma sources. To explore the method of wave-plasma coupling, mobile B-dot and J-dot probes measure the field shape in the plasma region as well as very close to the antenna itself. In addition to the above diagnostics, optical emission spectroscopy is used to observe visual changes in plasma intensity for mode jumps, as well as to measure line ratios
CYCLOPROPANES : CALCULATION OF NMR SPECTRA BY AB INITIO METHODOLOGY

Abstract 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shifts for a select group of cyclopropyl systems were calculated using ab initio/gauge-independent atomic orbital methodology. Long range nucleus independent chemical shifts attributable to cyclopropane ring currents were estimated. The results demonstrate the viability of this protocol to simulate unusual long range shielding/deshielding effects associated with cyclopropyl systems. Examination of the molecular orbitals of bicyclo[3.1.0]-hexyl systems revealed a highly delocalized HOMO for the anti -conformer (pseudo-chair form). Natural atomic population analyses were used to examine putative correlations between atomic charges and chemical shifts.
Glycosylated diazeniumdiolates: a novel class of enzyme-activated nitric oxide donors

Abstract Synthetic procedures have been developed to attach the nitric oxide releasing diazeniumdiolate functional groups [N(O)NO] − to a carbohydrate unit. These glycosylated diazeniumdiolates exhibited significantly improved stability as compared to their parent diazeniumdiolate salts, yet they could readily release nitric oxide upon activation by glycosidases. Preliminary antitumor screen assay demonstrated that this class of compounds had antitumor activity.
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction in critically ill patients with a low free thyroxine index

The purpose of this study is to investigate the association of hypothalamic-pituitary axis abnormalities with the free thyroxine index (FTI) in critically ill patients. Fourteen critically ill patients and twenty healthy volunteers were studied using combined anterior pituitary gland testing with CRF, GHRH, TRH, and GnRH. The subjects were grouped as follows: I-healthy volunteers; II-sick/normal FTI; and III-sick/low FTI. Serial measurements of hormones were performed over a two-hour interval and the following parameters were measured: baseline level, response amplitude and time to maximal response. Response velocities and area-under-the-curves (integrated responses) were also computed. Group III had a longer mean ICU duration prior to testing than group II. Urinary cortisol, serum cortisol and serum PRL levels were elevated in groups II and III. However, group III had lower baseline ACTH levels, slower ACTH and TSH response velocities and decreased PRL integrated responses. Cortisol response parameters were similar between groups II and III. There were no differences in LH, FSH or GH response velocities or integrated responses among the 3 groups. These data confirm that critically ill patients develop hyperprolactinemia and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation but when a low FTI exists, a plurality of changes occur reflected by attenuated PRL, TSH and ACTH responses despite unaffected adrenal cortisol output.
A thermodynamic unification of jamming

Grains, foams and colloids can behave as liquids or solids. Their flow is difficult to predict, often jamming. Such systems are far from equilibrium but there may now be a thermodynamic framework for granular media.
Universal outlier detection

The following outlier detection problem is studied in a universal setting. Vector observations are collected each with M coordinates. When the i-th coordinate is the outlier, the observations in that coordinate are assumed to be distributed according to the “outlier” distribution, distinct from the common “typical” distribution governing the observations in all the other coordinates. Nothing is known about the outlier and the typical distributions except that they are distinct and have full supports. The goal is to design a universal detector to best discern the outlier coordinate. A universal detector is proposed and is shown to be universally exponentially consistent, and a singleletter characterization of the exponent for a symmetric error criterion achievable by this detector is derived. An upper bound for the error exponent that applies to any universal detector is also derived. For the special case of M = 3, a tighter upper bound is derived that quantifies the loss in the exponent when the knowledge of the outlier and typical distributions is absent, from when they are known.
Learning for Transformation in a Changing Landscape

This article argues that transformative learning becomes increasingly essential for educators in the changing landscape of the adult and higher education institutions of the United States that has ...
Lacunarity and intermittency in fluid turbulence

Oscillations in the high-order moments of turbulent velocity fields are inherent to the fractal character of intermittent turbulence. Such oscillations are a feature of the lacunarity of fractal sets.
Joint Back-Pressure Power Control and Interference Cancellation in Wireless Multi-Hop Networks

Back-Pressure Power Control (BPPC) is a cross-layer network optimization policy that uses power control at the physical layer to facilitate efficient routing of packets at the network layer. The starting point of this paper is that interference cancellation can be judiciously employed together with power control to further enhance network throughput. Effective cancellation requires that the interfering signal can be reliably decoded, implying that power control and interference cancellation are tightly coupled. This leads to a joint Back-Pressure Power Control and Interference Cancellation (BPPC-IC) problem formulation, with the pragmatic constraint that each receiver can cancel at most one interfering signal. This problem is shown to be NP-hard, and two approximate solutions are proposed based on successive geometric programming approximation, and an extended weighted minimum mean squared error (WMMSE) reformulation, respectively. A simpler approximation based on stochastic exploration of the control space is also considered. Simulation results demonstrate that joint optimization of power control and interference cancellation pays off, enabling considerably higher network throughput, and lower average delay due to reduced backlogs.
Evidence based rules and learning in symmetric normal-form games

We put forth a general theory of boundedly rational behavior and learning for symmetric normal-form games with unique symmetric Nash equilibria. A class of evidence-based behavioral rules is specified, which includes best-responding to a prior and Nash play. A player begins with initial propsenities towards the rules, and given experience over time adjusts his/her propensities in proportion to the past performance of the rules. We focus on scenarios in which the past distribution of play is revealed to all players. Confronting this theory with experimental data, we find significant support for rule learning and heterogeneity among participants.
WFPC2 Observations of Massive and Compact Young Star Clusters in M31

We present color-magnitude diagrams of four blue massive and compact star clusters in M31: G38, G44, G94, and G293. The diagrams of the four clusters reveal a well-populated upper main sequence and various numbers of supergiants. The U-B and B-V colors of the upper main sequence stars are used to determine reddening estimates of the different lines of sight in the M31 disk. Reddening values range from EB-V = 0.20 ± 0.10 to 0.31 ± 0.11. We statistically remove field stars on the basis of completeness, magnitude, and color. Isochrone fits to the field-subtracted, reddening-corrected diagrams yield age estimates ranging from 63 ± 15 to 160 ± 60 Myr. Implications for the recent evolution of the disk near NGC 206 are discussed.
Air-sea fluxes from satellite sensors: calibration, time, space, and scale transitions

A number of spaceborne microwave sensors have been launched in the last decade, significantly increasing the quantity and quality of observations over the oceans that can be used to study air-sea interactions. These observations, when combined with conventional in-situ observations and model output, can be used to improve air-sea flux estimates and for model initialization and parameterization. However, because of the different characteristics, sampling frequency and resolution, and sensor accuracy, the calibration of satellite observations against in-situ observations is discussed. Special attention is paid to time, space, and scale transitions, and to formulating a velocity scale for use in large scale models. Specifically, the paper reviews recent observational and modeling studies that show that a considerable subgrid air-sea flux may be generated by directional variability in the near surface wind field. It then describes: (i) temporal-spatial conversion methods that allow proper calibration of satellite observations against in-situ data and synergistic use of heterogeneous data sets for estimating flux enhancement; and (ii) resolution dependent velocity scale terms that can be formulated from scatterometer observations and incorporate in General Circulation Models bulk formulas.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Improved low Q2 model for neutrino and electron nucleon cross sections in few GeV region

We present an improved model on neutrino- and electron-nucleon scattering cross sections using effective leading order PDFs with a new scaling variable ξ w . Non-perturbative QCD effects at low Q 2 are separately treated for u and d valence quarks, and sea quarks. The improved model uses all inelastic charged lepton F 2 data (SLAC/BCDMS/NMC/HERA), and photoproduction data on proton and deuterium. In this way, we obtain an improved model which describes all inelastic scattering charged lepton data, JLAB resonance data, and neutrino data. This improved model is expected to be better for neutrino oscillation experiments at few GeV region. (Presented by Un Ki Yang at NuInt04, Mar. 2004, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso -INFN - Assergi, Italy)
An examination of the impact of coordinating supply chain policies and price markdowns on short lifecycle product retail performance

Abstract The study evaluates the implications of coordinating price markdown policies with supply chain policies of inventory replenishment, and transportation expediting on retail performance of a short lifecycle product. The product replenishment policies consider the freeze quantities and times for order placement along with the replenishment mode (typically water or air) in situations with demand uncertainty. The replenishment policy highlights the situation where the retailer commits for supplier capacity and material resources in case additional manufacturing and supply of product is needed due to high demand. Simulation model development and the related parameter assumptions are based on extensive discussions with executives from a leading US-based firm involved in retail operations for short lifecycle products. The situation in retail environments of products with short lifecycles is compared with a base case of low demand variability. Based on the current practices of the US retailer, we investigate the scenario in which only price markdown policy is used and the scenario in which the markdown policy is coordinated with the operational replenishment and expediting policies. Monte-Carlo simulation approach is used and statistical analysis is conducted to test the research hypotheses. Our results suggest that while in low demand variability situation relying solely on price markdowns result in better overall retail performance; in the presence of high demand variability the retail performance achieved by coordinating price markdowns with supply chain policies is higher.
Environmental influences on nectar secretion

1. By increasing humidity the secretion from nectaries of water but not that of sugar is increased. 2. Excessive water supply lessens the sugar surplus in the parts of the flower. 3. Dilution and washing by rain cause much of the sugar of nectar to be lost. 4. Rate of secretion for both sugar and water increases with temperature up to a certain optimum. 5. Accumulation of sugar in the flower and its vicinity varies inversely as the temperature. 6. The optimum condition for sugar secretion is an alternation of low and high temperatures. 7. Variation of atmospheric pressure has no marked influence on secretion. 8. Sugar excretion is markedly diminished in darkness on account of limitation of the food reserves of the plant. Water excretion may or may not continue, depending upon the species. Removal of the leaves has the same deterrent effect. 9. The more favorable all conditions for growth and the more vigorous the plant, the greater is the amount of sugar secreted. 10. Nectar is most abundant early in the ...
Structural properties of the lattice heavy quark effective theory

We discuss two related aspects of the lattice version of the heavy quark effective theory (HQET). They are the effects of heavy quark modes with large momenta, near the boundary of the Brillouin zone, and the renormalization of the lattice HQET. We argue that even though large momentum modes are present, their contributions to heavy-light bound states and perturbative loop integrals are dynamically suppressed and vanish in the continuum limit. We also discuss a new feature of the renormalization of the lattice HQET not present in the continuum theory, namely that the classical velocity is finitely renormalized.
Lunar photoelectron layer dynamics

Possible waves and oscillations in the lunar photoelectron layer (PEL) are investigated. The steady state PEL is reviewed as a basis for discussing PEL motions. Magnetic fields are neglected, so that there are four possible wave modes to consider. The propagation through the PEL of the two electromagnetic modes is discussed. Positive-ion waves, the third mode, are dismissed and plasma waves are considered at length. It is concluded that there are no propagating waves in the PEL other than electromagnetic. However, there is a type of oscillation which appears to be new and which may not be strongly damped. With these oscillations, termed flight-time oscillations, the height of the PEL fluctuates as does the electric field. These oscillations appear to be analogous to the height oscillations of the vertical jet of water in a city park water fountain. If flight-time oscillations are not much damped then it would be simplest to interpret them as plasma oscillations continually driven by the upwelling photoelectron stream. A possible laboratory investigation of these oscillations is discussed. For the surfaces of the Moon and the planet Mercury, the flight-time oscillation frequency,ω F, is found to be respectively c 4 × 106 and c 107 rad s−1. The PEL's of those surfaces may be in a state of continual vertical ‘quivering’ due to flight-time oscillations, or may be quiescent.
Computational and experimental study of a multi-layer absorptivity enhanced thin film silicon solar cell

Abstract We report on the computational design, fabrication and validation of a multi-layer silicon based thin film solar cell. The cell structure consists of a thin absorber layer of amorphous silicon deposited on a back-reflector aluminum layer and coated on top with ITO transparent conductive oxide. The structure is mounted on a glass substrate. We first use constrained optimization techniques along with numerical solvers of the electromagnetic equations (i.e. FDTD) to tune the geometry of the design. The resulting structure suggests that photon absorptivity in the thin film silicon can be enhanced by as much as 100% over the uncoated layer. The proposed design is then fabricated using thin film deposition techniques, along with a control sample of bare silicon absorber for comparison. AFM imaging and spectrophotometry experiments are applied to image and record the surface roughness and measure the reflectivity spectrum of the sample. Using the measured reflectivity spectrum, we then use inverse optimization to estimate the realized thin film dimensions, deposition error and unwanted oxidation volume. At the end, we use a statistical Monte Carlo analysis as a second method of verification to demonstrate that the measured spectra are in accordance with the expected curves from simulation, and to estimate the effects of fabrication error.
Decoding Algorithm in Statistical Machine Translation

Decoding algorithm is a crucial part in statistical machine translation. We describe a stack decoding algorithm in this paper. We present the hypothesis scoring method and the heuristics used in our algorithm. We report several techniques deployed to improve the performance of the decoder. We also introduce a simplified model to moderate the sparse data problem and to speed up the decoding process. We evaluate and compare these techniques/models in our statistical machine translation system.
Derivation of efficiency and loss factors for solar air heaters

Abstract The collector efficiency factor which measures the effectiveness of a collector absorber plate in transferring heat to the transport fluid, and the loss factor for air-type collectors, are mathematically derived. These equations provide a method for computing these two factors, which with the effective transmittance-absorptance product, enables one to write the generalized performance equation. The prediction of performance provided by this procedure is particularly useful in comparing performance of different collectors and for studying a specific collector's performance with changes in environment and design parameters which can be controlled to some extent by the designer.
THE EFFECT OF LENGTH ON THE ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION PERFORMANCE OF CONCENTRIC EXPANSION CHAMBERS: AN ANALYTICAL, COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

Abstract Due to their desirable broadband noise attenuation characteristics, expansion chambers are widely used in the ducting systems for pulsating flows, including the breathing systems of engines and reciprocating turbomachinery. The present study investigates in detail the effect of the length on the acoustic attenuation performance of concentric expansion chambers. Three approaches are employed to determine the transmission loss: (1) a two-dimensional, axisymmetric analytical solution; (2) a three-dimensional computational solution based on the boundary element method; and (3) experiments on an extended impedance tube set-up with nine expansion chambers fabricated with fixed inlet and outlet ducts, fixed chamber diameters and varying chamber length to diameter ratios from l / d =0·2 to 3·5. The results from all three approaches are shown to agree well. The effect of multi-dimensional propagation is discussed in comparison with the classical treatment for the breakdown of planar waves. The study also provides a simple relation for the number of repeating attenuation domes prior to the domination of higher order modes in terms of the l / d ratio of the expansion chamber.
FTIR study of the reaction of ethyl radicals with O2 and Cl2 in air at 295 K

Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the ethene yield from the reaction of C 2 H 5 radicals with O 2 has been determined to be 1.50±0.09%, 085±0.11%, and <0.1% at total pressures of 25,50, and 700 torr, respectively. Additionally, the rate constant of the reaction of C 2 H 5 radicals with mnolecular chlorine was measured relative to that with molecular oxygen. C 2 H 5 +Cl 2 →C 2 H 5 Cl+Cl. C 2 H 5 +O 2 →products. A ratio k 6 /k 7 =1.99±0.14 was measured at 700 torr total pressure which, together with the literature value of k 7 =4.4×10 −2 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , yields k 6 =(8.8±0.6)×10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Quoted errors represent 2σ. These results are discussed with respect to previous kinetic and mechanistic studies of C 2 H 5 radicals
Abelian groups yield many large families for the diamond problem

There is much recent interest in excluded subposets. Given a fixed poset \(P\), how many subsets of \([n]\) can be found without a copy of \(P\) realized by the subset relation? The hardest and most intensely investigated problem of this kind is when \(P\) is a diamond, i.e. the power set of a two-element set. In this paper, we show infinitely many asymptotically tight constructions using random set families defined from posets based on Abelian groups. They are provided by the convergence of Markov chains on groups. Such constructions suggest that the diamond problem is hard.
Low-Cost High-Performance VLF Receiver Front-End

A VLF receiver front end has been designed using standard linear IC's. The basic methods have been evaluated extensively on the omega 10.2-kHz channel but are readily adaptable to any other VLF frequency in the 10.2-20 kHz region. Applications for the modules exist in position location, time-frequency measurements, and signal propagation. The set provides control gates, zero-crossing signals, and analog outputs to interface with any type of digital logic, microprocessor, or analog signal processor.
Semiconductor memory circuits and technology

In the past few years the use of semiconductor flip-flops for a significant portion of the memory of a computing system has been approaching a practical reality. The pressures and commitments within semiconductor laboratories toward achieving a competitive edge in the main frame memory market are increasing. The memory field offers a new market area as opposed to the displacement of existing products in a new form. Furthermore, the manufacturing process for semiconductor memories is characterized by the mass production of similar items; this process is in exact accordance with the present production methods in the semiconductor industry and is far less painful than that of the LSI logic field, which threatens to lead to an endless product proliferation at small volumes. Although the memory field is in its infancy and largely speculative, it is possible to make a brief survey of the technology and the concepts being pursued in the developmental laboratories. A further review of semiconductor memory can be found in Reference (1).
SU(3) lattice gauge autocorrelations with anisotropic action

Abstract We report results of autocorrelation measurements in pure SU(3) lattice gauge theory. The computations are performed on the convex spp 1200 parallel platform within the canopy programming environment. The focus of our analysis is on typical autocorrelation times and optimization of the mixing ratio between overrelaxation and pseudo-heatbath sweeps for generating gauge field configurations. We study second order tadpole-improved approximation of the Wilson action in the gluon sector, which offers the advantage on smaller lattices (83 × 16 and 63 × 12 – 30). We also make use of anisotropic lattices, with temporal lattice spacing smaller than the spatial spacing, which prove useful for calculating noisy correlation functions with large spatial lattice discretization (of the order of 0.4 fm).
Extracting the neutron–neutron scattering length—recent developments

The experimental and theoretical issues and challenges for extracting the neutron–neutron scattering length are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on recent results and their impact on the field. Comments are made regarding current experimental and theoretical possibilities.
Graphics in business decision making

Abstract Mountains of data can be converted into easily digested graphs so that decision makers can grasp the peaks and trends of economic situations and make rapid and confidential decisions. We will study how we can define simple models using a graphic-based Industrial Dynamics system (Forrester of MIT), then interact with them symbionically to obtain graphs of various manufacturing or sales considerations. We will proceed to apply graphic analysis techniques to these graphs in order to produce curves that identify the sensitivities of the analysis, to reinforce confidence in the decision to be made. Finally, we will discuss the progress and the potential of graphics in business decision making.
Currency Unions and International Integration

This paper characterizes the integration patterns of international currency unions (such as the CFA Franc Zone). We empirically explore different features of currency unions, and compare them to countries with sovereign monies by examining the criteria for MundellOs concept of an optimum currency area. We find that members of currency unions are more integrated than countries with their own currencies. For instance, we find that currency union members have more trade and less volatile real exchange rates than countries with their own monies; business cycles are more highly synchronized across currency union countries than across countries with sovereign monies.
APPARENT RADIATION PROPERTIES OF A ROUGH SURFACE

Apparent thermal radiation properties for one dimensionally rough surface, discussing variance with property models employed in engineering analysis of radiant transfer
Collaborative Problem Solving and Groupware for Software Development

When a group is working together toward a common goal, communication and collaboration are key. This is especially true in software development where a project of any significance involves groups of people. Collaborative problem-solving techniques and groupware technology can be a boon to software development because they enhance communication and cooperation. This article examines how software development is affected by collaborative problem solving and decision making, groupware theory and tools, and group cognition and psychology. It also analyzes collaboration tools and their correlation to problem solving and group characteristics.
Compatibility with Killer explains the Rise of RNAi-deficient fungi

The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is found in most eukaryotic lineages but curiously is absent in others, including that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We show that reconstituting RNAi in S. cerevisiae causes loss of a beneficial double-stranded RNA virus known as killer virus. Incompatibility between RNAi and killer viruses extends to other fungal species in that RNAi is absent in all species known to possess double-stranded RNA killer viruses, whereas killer viruses are absent in closely related species that retained RNAi. Thus, the advantage imparted by acquiring and retaining killer viruses explains the persistence of RNAi-deficient species during fungal evolution.
How to share a secret with cheaters

This paper demonstrates that Shamir’s scheme (“How to share a secret”, Communications of the ACM, vol. 22, no. 11, November 1979, 612–613) is not secure against cheating. A small modification to his scheme retains the security and efficiency of the original, is secure against cheating, and preserves the property that its security does not depend on any unproven assumptions such as the intractability of computing number-theoretic functions.
Poverty traps and nonlinear income dynamics with measurement error and individual heterogeneity

Theories of poverty traps stand in sharp contrast to the view that anybody can make it through hard work and thrift. However, empirical detection of poverty traps is complicated by the lack of long panels, measurement error, and attrition. This paper shows how dynamic pseudo-panel methods can overcome these difficulties, allowing estimation of non-linear income dynamics and testing for the presence of poverty traps. The paper explicitly allows for individual heterogeneity in income dynamics to account for the possibility that particular groups of individuals may face traps, even if the average individual does not. These methods are used to examine the evidence for a poverty trap in labor earnings, income, and expenditure in Mexico and are compared to panel data estimates from a short rotating panel. The results do find evidence of nonlinearities in household income dynamics and demonstrate large bias in the panel data estimates. Nevertheless, even after allowing for heterogeneity and accounting for measurement error, the paper finds no evidence of the existence of a poverty trap for any group in the sample.
An Independent Analysis of Kepler-4b through Kepler-8b

We present two independent, homogeneous, global analyses of the transit light curves, radial velocities, and spectroscopy of Kepler-4b, Kepler-5b, Kepler-6b, Kepler-7b, and Kepler-8b with numerous differences compared to the previous methods. These include: (1) improved decorrelated parameter fitting set used, (2) new limb-darkening coefficients, (3) time stamps modified to barycentric Julian date for consistency with radial velocity data, (4) two different methods for compensating for the long integration time of Kepler long-cadence data, (5) best-fit secondary eclipse depths and excluded upper limits, and (6) fitted mid-transit times, durations, depths, and baseline fluxes for individual transits. We make several determinations not found in the discovery papers. (1) We detect a secondary eclipse for Kepler-7b of depth (47 ± 14) ppm and statistical significance 3.5σ. We conclude that reflected light is a much more plausible origin than thermal emission and determine a geometric albedo of Ag = (0.38 ± 0.12). (2) We find that an eccentric orbit model for the Neptune-mass planet Kepler-4b is detected at the 2σ level with e = (0.25 ± 0.12). If confirmed, this would place Kepler-4b in a similar category as GJ 436b and HAT-P-11b, as an eccentric, Neptune-mass planet. (3) We find weak evidence for a secondary eclipse in Kepler-5b of 2σ significance and depth (26 ± 17) ppm. The most plausible explanation is reflected light caused by a planet of geometric albedo Ag = (0.15 ± 0.10). (4) A 2.6σ peak in Kepler-6b TTV periodogram is detected and is not easily explained as an aliased frequency. We find that mean-motion resonant (MMR) perturbers, non-resonant perturbers, and a companion extrasolar moon all provide inadequate explanations for this signal and the most likely source is stellar rotation. (5) We find different impact parameters relative to the discovery papers in most cases, but generally self-consistent when compared to the two methods employed here. (6) We constrain the presence of MMR planets for all five planets through an analysis of the mid-transit times. (7) We constrain the presence of extrasolar moons for all five planets. (8) We constrain the presence of Trojans for all five planets.
Mariner 9-Image processing and products

The purpose of this paper is to describe the system for the display, processing, and production of image-data products created to support the Mariner 9 Television Experiment. Of necessity, the system was large in order to respond to the needs of a large team of scientists with a broad scope of experimental objectives. The desire to generate processed data products as rapidly as possible, coupled with the complexities introduced by the nature of the vidicon camera, greatly increased the scale of the ground-image processing effort. This paper describes the systems that carried out the processes and delivered the products necessary for real-time and near-real-time analyses. References are made to the computer algorithms used for the different levels of decalibration and analysis.
An analytic comparison of RPS video repair

Transmitting high-quality, real-time interactive video over lossy networks is challenging because network data loss can severely degrade video quality. A promising feedback technique for low-latency video repair is Reference Picture Selection (RPS), whereby the encoder selects one of several previous frames as a reference frame for predictive encoding of subsequent frames. RPS operates in two different modes: an optimistic policy that uses negative acknowledgements (NACKs) and a more conservative policy that relies upon positive acknowledgements (ACKs). The choice between RPS NACK and RPS ACK depends on network conditions, such as round-trip time and loss probability, and on the video content, such as low or high motion. This paper derives two analytical models to predict the quality of videos (using Peak Signal to Noise Ration, PSNR) with RPS NACK and RPS ACK. These models are used to study RPS performance under varied network conditions and with different video contents through a series of experiments. Analysis shows that the best choice of ACK or NACK greatly depends upon the round-trip time and packet loss, and somewhat depends upon the video content and Group of Pictures (GOP) size. In particular: 1) RPS ACK performs better than RPS NACK when round-trip times are low; 2) RPS NACK performs better than RPS ACK when the loss rate is low, and RPS ACK performs better than RPS NACK when the loss rate is high; 3) for a given round-trip time, the loss rate where RPS NACK performs worse than RPS ACK is higher for low motion videos than it is for high motion videos; 4) videos with RPS NACK always perform no worse than videos without repair for all GOP sizes; however, 5) below certain GOP sizes, videos without RPS outperform videos with RPS ACK. These insights derived from our models can help determine appropriate choices for RPS NACK and RPS ACK under various scenarios.
One dimensional nanostructured materials

Abstract The quest for materials with molecular scale properties that can satisfy the demands of the 21st century has led to the development of one dimensional nanostructures, ODNS. Nearly, every class of traditional material has an ODNS counterpart. ODNS has a profound impact in nanoelectronics, nanodevices and systems, nanocomposite materials, alternative energy resources and national security. The interface of nanoscience and technology with biological and therapeutic sciences is expected to radically improve the ability to provide efficient treatments in otherwise impossible situations. Ironically, the huge investment in the past few years across the globe is yet to bring the real benefit of nanotechnology in day to day life. While scientists and engineers are working towards this goal, concerns about the possible harmful effects of the high aspect ratio materials are increasing every day. Following is an effort to assimilate most of the aforementioned aspects including the entire gamut of ODNS, i.e., elements, ceramics, polymers and composites, with a brief discussion on CNT and toxicology. The focus of this article is mainly on the science behind the synthesis and properties of the ODNS rather than the device fabrication. However, a few challenges in the field of device fabrication are mentioned in appropriate contexts. Possible mechanisms of the ODNS evolution from various methods, such as vapor liquid solid (VLS), template based and electrochemically induced growth, have been discussed in detail. Electron microscopy analysis has received special focus in determining the unique structural features. The article concludes by discussing current research related to environment and toxicology effects and current challenges in this rapidly evolving field.
Zoology of heterotic supercurrent supermultiplets in d = 2

We present various (0, 2) heterotic supercurrent supermultiplets in (1 + 1) dimensional quantum field theories. From the minimal supercurrent supermultiplets, we deduce conditions on symmetry enhancement such as Lorentz invariance, (chiral) dilatation invariance, R-invariance, (chiral) conformal invariance and their various combinations. Our construction covers many interesting and/or exotic possibilities such as Lifshitz supersymmetry and warped superconformal algebra. We also discuss the corresponding supergravity by gauging the supercurrent supermultiplet. In particular, we propose a novel class of heterotic supergravity based on the virial supercurrent.
Assessment of Present and Future Large-Scale Semiconductor Detector Systems

The performance of large-scale semiconductor detector systems is assessed with respect to their theoretical potential and to the practical limitations imposed by processing techniques, readout electronics and radiation damage. In addition to devices Which detect reaction products directly, the analysis includes photodetectors for scintillator arrays. Beyond present technology we also examine currently evolving structures and techniques which show potential for producing practical devices in the foreseeable future.
Towards an RCC-based accelerator for computational fluid dynamics applications

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications are a critical tool in designing sophisticated mechanical systems such as jet engines and gas turbines. CFD applications use intensive floating-point calculations and are typically run on High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems. We analyze three of the most compute intensive functions (Euler, Viscous, and Smoothing algorithms) and develop a baseline system architecture for accelerating these functions in RCC hardware. We then present detailed design data for the most compute intensive (Euler) function. Based on this analysis, we show that an RCC-based CFD accelerator--compared to conventional processors--promises dramatic improvement in sustained compute speed at better price-performance ratios coupled with much lower overall power consumption.
The risk concept for entrepreneurs reconsidered: New challenges to the conventional wisdom

Abstract This paper explores the entrepreneurial risk construct, focusing on how the decision to launch a new venture may entail risks different from what is found in established firms. Opportunities often emerge from the creation of specialized knowledge: in start-ups this knowledge is characterized by concerns for rent appropriation and information asymmetry. We suggest that traditional measures of risk do not properly account for these concerns; hence an illusion of greater risk-taking attaches itself to entrepreneurs, especially if the specialized-knowledge is difficult to observe. We suggest alternative measures that better capture these concerns, including the dilution of control when issuing equity, cash burn rates, etc.