cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Models of the Information Seeking Process

In order to design successful search user interfaces, it is necessary to understand the human information seeking process, including the strategies people employ when engaged in search. Numerous theoretical treatments have been proposed to characterize this complex cognitive process (Belkin et al. 1982; Jarvelin and Ingwersen 2004; Kuhlthau 1991; Marchionini 1995; Saracevic 1997; Sutcliffe and Ennis's 1998). This chapter presents the most commonly discussed theoretical models of the search process: the standard model, the cognitive model, the dynamic model, search as a sequence of stages, search as a strategic process, and sensemaking. The chapter concludes with a discussion of information needs, including methods for inferring information needs from their expression as queries. The Standard Model of Information Seeking Many accounts of the information seeking process assume an interaction cycle consisting of identifying an information need, followed by the activities of query specification, examination of retrieval results, and if needed, reformulation of the query, repeating the cycle until a satisfactory result set is found (Salton 1989; Shneiderman et al. 1998). As Marchionini (1989) puts it: “Information-seeking is a special case of problem solving. It includes recognizing and interpreting the information problem, establishing a plan of search, conducting the search, evaluating the results, and if necessary, iterating through the process again.” This model is elaborated by Sutcliffe and Ennis's (1998) oft-cited information seeking process model, which they formulate as a cycle consisting of four main activities: Problem identification, Articulation of information need(s), Query formulation, and Results evaluation.
Identification of a novel C-terminal extension mutation in EPHA2 in a family affected with congenital cataract.

Purpose Congenital cataracts occur in 3–4 per 10,000 live births and account for 5% to 20% of pediatric blindness worldwide. With more than 37 genes known to be associated with isolated congenital cataract, whole exome sequencing (WES) was recently introduced as an efficient method for screening all known factors.
Implementation of orthogonal frequency coded SAW devices using apodized reflectors

Recently, orthogonal frequency coding (OFC) has been presented as a novel method for coding SAW tags and sensors (Malocha et al.,2004). Orthogonal frequency coding is a spread spectrum technique and has been shown to provide enhanced processing gain and reduced time ambiguity resulting in greater range and increased sensitivity when compared with single carrier frequency devices. The sensor works both as a tag and a sensor with the ability to send back "tagged" sensor information in a multi-sensor environment. The tag information is provided by a series of reflectors which map into a known chip sequence. The time-chip- sequence is coded by differing OFC and PN sequences. Therefore, the implementation of an OFC sensor requires reflectors having differing local carrier frequencies. In the case of narrow fractional bandwidths or high reflectivity (such as on LiNbO3), it is desirable to adjust the reflectivity per electrode in the various chips. For varying system requirements, the use of weighted reflectors is an option; both apodization and variable weighted reflectors are investigated. Experimental results on cosine weighted apodized reflectors will be compared to COM predictions on YZ LiNbO3. This paper presents several OFC SAW device embodiments that are employed using wideband input transducers and multiple weighted reflector gratings. The devices operate in the differential mode using gratings on either side of the transducer. The advantages of using the weighted reflector gratings in OFC SAW devices are discussed. OFC temperature sensor device experimental results are presented using weighted reflectors to obtain the proper time coded response and compared to predictions
Impact of prostate biopsy tumor amount on imaging based prognostics employing transductive semi-supervised regression

For newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients with a positive biopsy, there are a variety of treatment options to consider. To aid physicians and patients in their decision making, a variety of predictive assays have emerged within the last decade, many of them imaging based. These assays build predictive models for survival analysis to provide personalized risk assessments for the patients. However, there have rarely been any published studies on how the amount of tumor in the positive prostate biopsy affects the predictive power of these imaging based assays. Recently we have proposed a new algorithmic framework for survival analysis employing semi-supervised transductive regression. This approach has improved the predictive power of biopsy based prostate cancer prognostic models. In this paper, we explore how different amounts of tumor in the prostate biopsy affect the accuracy of imaging based prognostic models employing this framework. We show that the framework improves accuracy even with diminishing amounts of tumor, thereby enabling more accurate treatment decisions.
Factors Influencing Managers’ Decisions to Prepare a Business Plan

This paper investigates factors that influence entrepreneurs’ decisions to prepare business plans. Data is obtained from a survey administered to clients of the Arkansas Small Business and Technology Development Center and designed to address various aspects of financing options. Logistic regression analysis is used to develop a descriptive model that identifies factors and interactions between factors that are associated with the entrepreneur’s decision to prepare a business plan, including greater amount of required start-up costs, financial self-efficacy, size of the business, adequacy of capital resources acquired from business financing, and others. These findings have implications for research related to the preparation of business plans and organizational performance. Mixed results in prior studies may be attributed to failure to control for context and person factors that may influence both performance and the decision to prepare a business plan.
Textile sensor system for electrocardiogram monitoring

Wearable self-powered medical devices have long been a goal of the medical community. The ability to constantly monitor the patient's vital signs for abnormalities, in addition to alerting first responders to immediate problems, would allow for more rapid medical treatment. As the population of the United States ages, low-cost and ubiquitous medical devices will improve the ability of medical personnel to diagnose potential health issues early, thus increasing the survival rate and decreasing the potential complications. Electrocardiograms are a major focus of the medical community due to the prevalence of heart issues among elderly Americans, and as the cost of sensors and wireless communication decreases, new devices are possible. This paper describes a Bluetooth-based, dry electrode electrocardiogram monitoring system seamlessly integrated into a T-shirt. The shirt used three dry silver-based electrodes to collect the ECG signal and streamed the resulting signal to an Android smartphone for analysis.
The Role of Proteins and Lipids in Organelle Biogenesis in the Secretory Pathway

Membrane compartments in the secretory pathway retain their identity in spite of continuous membrane and protein flux through each compartment. A challenge in cell biology is to discover how compartment identity is established and maintained. A related issue is how protein and membrane cargo is sorted from resident molecules in a donor compartment and vectorially delivered to an acceptor compartment without compromise to the integrity of individual compartments. We review accumulating evidence indicating that compartmental identity is conferred combinatorially by members of key protein families (Rabs, ARFs, SNAREs) and lipid constituents (phosphoinositides). These molecules and their effectors participate in assembling exit sites in donor compartments that sort and package cargo, and entry sites in recipient compartments that mediate cargo entry without intermixing compartment constituents.
Partial Nephrectomy for Presumed Renal-Cell Carcinoma: Incidence, Predictors, and Perioperative Outcomes of Benign Lesions.

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of benign histology after partial nephrectomy (PN) in patients with presumed malignancy from preoperative imaging. Furthermore, preoperative predictors of benign lesions and perioperative outcomes were also assessed. Methods: A series of patients undergoing PN for renal masses was identified using a prospectively maintained database. Patients were excluded for known genetic conditions, if more than one renal mass was resected, or if standard preoperative imaging was not suspicious for renal-cell carcinoma (RCC). Differences in characteristics between patients with benign and malignant pathology were assessed. Results: A total of 916 patients were identified who underwent PN between 2007 and 2015, including 129 (14.1%) patients with a final diagnosis of benign disease. The most common types of benign pathology were oncocytoma (n = 66, 51.2%), angiomyolipoma (n = 37, 28.7%), and complex cysts (n = 10, 7.8%). Low body mass index (BMI...
Migrant domestic workers and shifting strategies in organizing

The mobilization of domestic workers in the United States has strengthened and grown nationally in the last 15 years, and scholars have been paying particular attention to the ways their organizing has undertaken innovative strategies to address social, cultural, and legal exclusions specific to migrant domestic workers. Research has focused on historicizing the entrenched colonial legacy of servitude and domesticity, but more recently studies have concentrated on documenting the challenges and victories domestic workers have achieved as a result of their legislative state campaigns for a Domestic Worker Bill of Rights. This article reviews recent research that analyzes the complex strategies employed in organizing, and the role that migrant domestic workers play in challenging the boundaries of citizenship and integrating a transnational dimension to domestic worker organizing. Although research shows that enforcement continues to be a central issue in states where a Domestic Workers Bill of Rights has been enacted, migrant domestic workers continue to strengthen the coalitional power that has shown to transform new directions in organizing that demand alternate ways of contemplating workers experiences as generating different principles of justice.
APW Pseudopotential Form Factors for the Alkali Metals

Several authors have adapted the techniques of band structure calculation to analyze experimental Fermi surface data. The secular determinant that arises in a first principles band structure calculation is expressed in terms of suitably-chosen parameters, and these are adjusted to fit the data. Two alternative methods have been developed and exploited; the OPW pseudopotential method is based on the OPW secular determinant, while the phase shift method is based on the APW secular determinant. The relationship between these two methods in the analysis of experimental Fermi surface data is discussed. The APW pseudopotential form factors that describe the electronion interaction in the alkali metals are presented, and are compared with form factors derived from OPW based pseudopotentials.
Temperature controlled interlayer disorder in ultrathin films of α-sexithiophene

Abstract The surface potential difference between the first and second layer of α-sexithiophene (6T) films on silane passivated SiO2 is observed using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. The relative surface potential between the first two layers changes sign depending on whether the films are grown at 70 °C or 120 °C substrate temperature. Complementary wide angle X-ray scattering observations show that this difference can be interpreted as the result of a higher concentration of interlayer hole traps due to poor out-of-plane ordering in films deposited at lower temperature. Molecular sliding and shifts in tilt angle are proposed as the microscopic origin of out-of-plane disorder leading to trapped charges.
Dismantling Stereotypes About Latinos in STEM

The present study compared the effectiveness of a self-affirmation and a role model guest lecture intervention on reducing students’ perceptions of science-related social identity threat. Participa...
Presentation of the 2016 Paleontological Society Pojeta Award to Judy Scotchmoor

It is a great pleasure to award Judy Scotchmoor, former Assistant Director for Outreach and Education at the University of California’s Museum of Paleontology (UCMP), the Paleontological Society’s Pojeta Award. Judy is perhaps best known as a science educator and many of her most significant accomplishments have been in that context. However, Judy’s association and involvement in paleontology has included much more than this. Judy was a renowned middle school science teacher at Marin Country Day School when she first came into contact with paleontology. Her love of science was enormous and she dedicated herself to sharing that love and excitement with her students. This also meant experiencing science herself, not just teaching it, and this led her to seek out opportunities to participate first hand. Paleontology had been of interest since her undergraduate days and she sought out opportunities to participate, including a Museum of the Rockies course in Bozeman, Montana followed by volunteer work as a field assistant in the Precambrian of the White Sea in Russia, and in the Cretaceous of the North Slope of Alaska. Those experiences, followed by a weekend teachers’ workshop, convinced her that paleontology was both her first love as well as an exciting source of topics for her teaching. Her passion and commitment to paleontology was so strong that she spent her next sabbatical year volunteering in UCMP’s preparation lab where she learned fossil preparation and worked in the field at …
Applications of Automata in XML Processing

XML is at once a document format and a semistructed data model, and has become a de-facto standard for exchanging data on the Internet. XML documents can alternatively be viewed as labeled trees, and tree automata are natural mechanisms for a wide range of processing tasks on XML documents. In this talk, I survey applications of automata in XML processing with an emphasis on those directions of work that so far have had the greatest practical impact. The talk will consist of three parts. In the first, I will discuss XML validation. The standard schema formalisms for XML, Document Type Definitions and XML Schema, are regular tree grammars at their core. These official standards of the World Wide Web Consortium are well-founded in automata theory and formal language theory, and are designed to incorporate special restrictions to facilitate the creation of automata for document validation. The second part will cover XML stream processing techniques and XML publish-subscribe systems, an area in which a number of exciting automata-based systems have been built. The third and final part covers XML query processing using automata, and applications in Web information extraction.
Isoform-Specific Metabolism of Apolipoprotein E: Implications for Alzheimer ’s Disease

Inheritance of specific apolipoprotein E alleles determines, in large part, the risk and mean age of onset of late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer disease (AD) (see Strittmatter and Roses, 1995). The mechanism by which the apolipoprotein E isoforms differentially contribute to disease expression is, however, unknown. Many isoform-specific interactions of apolipoprotein E have been identified. Identification of isoform-specific interactions of apolipoprotein E give rise to testable hypotheses for the mechanism of pathogenesis of AD. An unresolved issue of increasing importance is the relationship between the structural pathological lesions and the cellular pathogenesis responsible for the clinical disease phenotype, progressive dementia.
Pseudo-Gaucher Cells Preceding the Appearance of Immunoblastic Lymphoma

A 49-year-old white woman who presented with multiple lytic bone lesions was found to have Gaucher-like storage cells in multiple bone marrow aspirates and a percutaneous bone marrow biopsy several months before the development of overt disseminated lymphoma. Open bone biopsies of three different sites at initial presentation revealed only necrotic debris and a nondiagnostic polymorphic infiltrate. Elevated leukocyte beta-glucocerebrosidase levels ruled out the diagnosis of classic Gaucher's disease. The ultrastructural characteristics of these storage cells were found to be identical to those of pseudo-Gaucher cells found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and distinctly different from those previously reported in other non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or plasma cell dyscrasias. A possible pathogenetic mechanism is suggested.
The NCA Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism-Intent, Use, and Practicality

In August 1972, the NCA Criteria for The Diagnosis (1) of Alcoholism (CRIT), was published simultaneously in the American Journal of Psychiatry and The Annals of Internal Medicine. This event was a milestone of codification of diagnosis for better appreciation of the disease of alcoholism. It is now over ten years since this event and perhaps time to review the intent, use and practicality of the document.
Possible Evidence of Deterministic Chaos for the Sinusoidally-Driven Weakly-Bound Electron

The theoretical search for quantum chaos in deterministic Hamiltonian systems has recently concentrated on two types of problems. The stationary states of autonomous two-dimensional classically—stochastic nonlinear systems have been investigated, examples being the Henon-Heiles model of two coupled one-dimensional anharmonic oscillators, and the bound electron in a strong static magnetic field (Harada and Hasegawa, 1983; Hose et al., 1985). Although the onset of classical stochastic behavior has been associated theoretically with changes in the quantum spectra of such systems, quantum calculations within their irregular regions have been hampered by a lack of convergence that may be characteristic of such stationary state problems.
Improved probabilistic verification by hash compaction

We present and analyze a probabilistic method for verification by explicit state enumeration, which improves on the “hashcompact” method of Wolper and Leroy. The hashcompact method maintains a hash table in which compressed values for states instead of full state descriptors are stored. This method saves space but allows a non-zero probability of omitting states during verification, which may cause verification to miss design errors (i.e. verification may produce “false positives”). Our method improves on Wolper and Leroy's by calculating the hash and compressed values independently, and by using a specific hashing scheme that requires a low number of probes in the hash table. The result is a large reduction in the probability of omitting a state. Hence, we can achieve a given upper bound on the probability of omitting a state using fewer bits per compressed state. For example, we can reduce the number of bytes stored for each state from the eight recommended by Wolper and Leroy to only five, and still enumerate state spaces of up to 80 million reachable states while keeping the probability of missing even one state to less than 0.13%.
Tests and Measurements: For the Administrative Program of Physical Education: A Statement of Present Status

(1932). Tests and Measurements. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 9-59.
Social Connectedness and Loneliness Mediate the Association Between Autistic Traits and Internalizing Symptoms Among Young Adults

Adults with autism and subclinical autistic traits report greater internalizing problems than their peers, but the psychological processes underlying these associations are not well understood. The current study used structural equation modeling to examine whether social experiences (social connectedness and loneliness) mediate the link between autistic traits and internalizing symptoms among 821 college students. Those with higher total Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) scores reported lower social connectedness, which related to greater loneliness, and, in turn, greater anxious and depressive symptoms. Relations with specific BAPQ subscales were also examined. Results indicate that, among young adults, stronger subclinical autistic traits relate to greater mental health and social difficulties and point to the important role of social experiences in mental health adjustment.
Analysis of the Moment Inertia of Energy Storage System Under Different Control Modes

In power system, the moment of inertia is the main index to measure the frequency change rate of power grid. The bidirectional power control of energy storage system improves the frequency modulation capability of power grid, which means that the energy storage system provides additional moment inertia for power grid. However, there is still a lack of relevant theoretical methods based on how to characterize the equivalent inertia of energy storage system. According to the motion equation of the rotor, the expressions of inertia of the energy storage system under different control modes are analyzed. According to the influence of the moment of inertia on the frequency variation of the power grid, the optimal frequency regulation method of the energy storage system is given. The simulation and analysis environment is established to verify the influence of different control modes of energy storage on the moment inertia and frequency change rate of power grid.
Voicing in intervocalic stops and fricatives in Dutch

Abstract: This study represents an addition to the literature describing the role of the larynx in the production of voiced and voiceless stop and fricative consonants. Electromyographic recordings from the intrinsic laryngeal musculature and measurements of sub- and supraglottal air pressures were obtained from a speaker of Standard Dutch, who produced nonsense forms preceded by a short carrier Dutch phrase. The forms included intervocalic voiced and voiceless stops and fricatives, as well as certain combinations of these consonants. The data obtained are in general conformity with previous studies of larynx management in consonant voicing, indicating systematic differences for voiced vs voiceless and for stop vs fricative categories. The different EMG patterns suggest that the voicing dimension involves primarily the varying adjustment of static glottal width by means of the adductor-abductor muscles, while the stop-fricative difference involves both this variable and a feature of longitudinal vocal fold tensioning. The evidence is negative so far as providing support for a view that this latter feature plays a significant role in the voicing distinction.
Nonverbal Communication: Evolution and Today

One aspect of social intelligence is the ability to identify when others are being deceptive. It would seem that individuals who were bestowed with such an ability to recognize honest signals of emotion, particularly when attempts to suppress them are made, would have a reproductive advantage over others without it. Yet the research literature suggests that on average people are good at detecting only overt manifestations of these signals. We argue instead that our evolution as a social species living in groups permitted discovery of deceptive incidents due to the factual evidence of the deception transmitted verbally through social connections. Thus the same principles that pressed for our evolution as a cooperative social species enabled us to develop the equivalent of an intelligence network that would pass along information and evidence, thus rendering a press for an individual lie detector moot.
Children with obesity have cardiac remodeling and dysfunction: a cine DENSE magnetic resonance imaging study

Background Obesity affects one in five children in the US and these children tend to maintain excess weight into adulthood. It has recently been shown that childhood obesity is associated with both cardiac remodeling (hypertrophy) and contractile dysfunction. However, the etiology of these cardiac changes is not well understood. We hypothesized that cardiac remodeling and dysfunction could not be entirely explained by elevations in blood pressure and that excess abdominal and epicardial adiposity may also correlate with cardiac changes.
Chief Tui Makes Way: Moana, Misogyny, and the Possibility of a Profeminist Ethic:

Much has been made of Moana as a different kind of Disney princess. This essay suggests that Chief Tui is a different kind of Disney father. While Chief Tui exhibits misogynist behavior through the...
Marijuana Businesses, Section 280E, and the Sixteenth Amendment

Quite a few judicial opinions in recent years have discussed the constitutionality of Internal Revenue Code section 280E, which denies income-tax deductions and credits to taxpayers for any trade or business that involves “trafficking in controlled substances,” as the section is applied to cannabis businesses. Since marijuana is a controlled substance under federal law, section 280E comes into play for those in the cannabis industry even though that industry has been legalized in many states. This article makes two main points. One is that, even though courts have consistently rejected taxpayers’ arguments that Congress may not impose limits on business-related deductions, that shouldn’t mean that Congress can deny all deductions from gross income for trafficking individuals and still have a “tax on incomes” exempted from the direct-tax apportionment rule by the Sixteenth Amendment. The second is that the Sixteenth Amendment isn’t even arguably relevant if the taxpayer engaged in the cannabis business is a C corporation, a taxable entity. The Supreme Court concluded, before the 1913 ratification of the amendment, that a corporate income tax is not a direct tax that has to be apportioned to be valid. Denial of significant deductions to a corporate taxpayer may be an important policy issue, but it’s not a constitutional one.
Cyber Physical Systems Applications with a Case Study of Intelligent Dispatch of PV

Increased investments into renewable energy as distributed energy sources throughout the distribution grid are a driving force behind the need to adopt smart grid advances. Issues such as intermittency of generation from these renewables have been studied concerning the stability of the grid at higher penetration levels. One need that industry meetings have pointed out is the need for forecasting models and advanced controls that mitigate the intermittency effects. Wide-scale adoption of computing nodes into the power grid such as smart meters and smart inverters have transformed the traditional grid into a cyber-physical system (CPS), as well as independent CPS nodes such as microgrids. Centralized command and control are necessary to maintain visibility over resources and management of them. With developments in cyber-physical-systems integrations more distributed controllers are potential. Data collection becomes a more challenging task as the number of intelligent devices in the field that generates data increases. New key-store based database technologies could be utilized in highly heterogeneous data environments. One of the potential distributed CPS controllers are demonstrated in this paper is a case study of a forecasting based economic dispatch controller for large scale PV power plant that is part of the energy mix. The cost in this scenario is found to be lower when the controller is used.
Establishing a Variable Context for Lexical Subjects in Spanish

The dominant trend in variationist studies of Spanish subject expression is to focus on pronominal subjects, excluding lexical subjects (LSs). Due to such lack of attention to LSs in previous research, the current paper aims to fill this gap and to gain a better understanding of variation between LSs and subject pronouns (SPs). While previous research that analyzes LSs makes a significant contribution to the scholarship on subjects and enriches our understanding of the functions of LSs, a variable context for LSs in the variationist tradition has not heretofore been established. The current paper proposes a variable context methodology for LSs by investigating cases where LSs are produced (e.g. mi mama trabaja ‘my mom works’), particularly in contexts in which SPs (overt or null) could have alternatively been produced (e.g. ella/∅ trabaja ‘she works’). Overall frequencies, constraints, and pragmatic functions of LSs are discussed.
Visual information and communication context as modulators of interpersonal coordination in face-to-face and videoconference-based interactions.

Abstract Interpersonal coordination of body movement—or the similarity in patterning and timing of body movement between interaction partners over time—is a well-documented phenomenon in face-to-face (FTF) conversation. The present study will investigate the degree to which interpersonal coordination is impacted by the amount of visual information available and the type of interaction conversation partners are having. To do so within a naturalistic context, we take advantage of changes induced by the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has changed communication, with mitigation efforts having forced nearly everyone to engage over videoconferencing (VC) platforms (which limit body visibility but not face visibility) or to meet FTF with public health constraints (which limit face visibility but not body visibility). We will ask 69 pairs of participants to communicate in one of three ways: (1) socially distanced FTF while wearing masks; (2) VC in a laboratory where each partner will see one another's full torso; or (3) VC in a remote setting where each partner will see only one another's face and shoulders. Each pair will hold three conversations: (a) affiliative, (b) argumentative, and (c) task-based. We will quantify interpersonal coordination by extracting overall amounts of movement from videos of the participants using well-validated computer vision methods and then calculating the relationship between the two participants' movement using nonlinear time series analyses. In doing so, we will be able to identify the degree to which visual information and conversational context shape the emergence of interpersonal coordination within now-naturalistic modes of interaction.
The pressing shortage of buprenorphine prescribers and the pending role of telemedicine

Background The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 created an opportunity for primary care physicians and addiction treatment agencies to integrate, as primary care physicians became able to prescribe opiate treatment medications from their practices. Fourteen years later, a National Institute on Drug Abuse evidence-based practice implementation trial in Ohio is finding that physician capacity is becoming a primary barrier to use of buprenorphine. This presentation will document: a) the degree of the physician capacity barrier for specialty addiction treatment providers wanting to expand their buprenorphine programs; b) strategies being considered to overcome this barrier, including telemedicine; and c) what workflow challenges implementation of telemedicine can expect (based on the experience of a Veterans Administration [VA] telemedicine study and qualitative analysis of telemedicine implementation in several facilities).
Experimental study of binding copper powders by electrochemical deposition

Binding of metal powders using electrochemically deposited binders provides a novel approach to achieve metal additive manufacturing at ambient temperature. In this study, using an in-house built experimental setup, a single layer of copper powders were electrochemically bound together with the help of nickel binder and the deposits were studied by scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Mechanical characterization performed on the deposits reveals that the yield strength of the deposit is comparable to that of laser-sintered parts made from Cu/Ni powder. Furthermore, Taguchi studies have been conducted to investigate the optimal process parameters required for minimum diameter of electrochemically bound spot, layer thickness and yield strength. Analysis of variance and signal-to-noise ratio were used to determine the important levels of process parameters and the results were then experimentally verified.
A global Heymann's Lemma for nonlinear systems

In linear system theory Heymann's Lemma shows that a controllable multi-input system can be converted into a single-input controllable system by use of appropriate feedback. A global version of this lemma is developed. Two main results are obtained. The first result shows that if the (strong) controllability rank condition is satisfied generically by the original C/sub infinity / system, then there exists C/sub infinity / feedback ( alpha , beta ) such that the closed loop single-input system satisfies the (strong) controllability rank condition generically. The second results gives a sufficient condition to ensure the existence of a C/sub infinity / feedback such that the closed-loop single-input system satisfies the (strong) controllability rank condition globally. It is also shown that under some restrictions on the state manifold, such sufficient conditions are also necessary. >
Calcium promotes cell survival through CaM-K kinase activation of the protein-kinase-B pathway

The protection against apoptosis provided by growth factors in several cell lines is due to stimulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K) pathway, which results in activation of protein kinase B (PKB; also known as c-Akt and Rac) and phosphorylation and sequestration to protein 14-3-3 of the proapoptotic Bcl-2-family member BAD. A modest increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration also promotes survival of some cultured neurons through a pathway that requires calmodulin but is independent of PI(3)K and the MAP kinases. Here we report that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM-KK) activates PKB directly, resulting in phosphorylation of BAD on serine residue 136 and the interaction of BAD with protein 14-3-3. Serum withdrawal induced a three- to fourfold increase in cell death of NG108 neuroblastoma cells, and this apoptosis was largely blocked by increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration with NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) or KCl or by transfection with constitutively active CaM-KK. The effect of NMDA on cell survival was blocked by transfection with dominant-negative forms of CaM-KK or PKB. These results identify a Ca2+-triggered signalling cascade in which CaM-KK activates PKB, which in turn phosphorylates BAD and protects cells from apoptosis.
Application of the deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid hybridization technique in Bdellovibrio as a model for studying ribonucleic acid turnover in host-parasite systems.

The kinetics of host ribonucleic acid (RNA) degradation and its resynthesis into Bdellovibrio-specific polyribonucleotides has been studied. The kinetics of RNA turnover was followed during a one-step synchronous growth cycle of Bdellovibrio growing within 32PO4-labeled Escherichia coli host cells. The species of labeled RNA present at any given time was ascertained through the specificity of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/RNA hybridization technique. At nearsaturating levels of RNA and at zero time, 7% of the host DNA sequences and only 0.04% of the Bdellovibrio DNA became hybridized with 32P-labeled host cell RNA (greater than 99% host specific). At the end of the burst, 98% of the labeled RNA sequences were specific for Bdellovibrio DNA. About 74% of the initial labeled host cell RNA became turned over into Bdellovibrio-specific sequences. We provide data indicating that host cell ribosomal RNA is assimilated by Bdellovibrio. Degradation of host cell RNA occurs in a gradual fashion over most of the Bdellovibrio developmental growth cycle. This application of the DNA/RNA hybridization technique and its general concept should be of value in elucidating the kinetics of nucleic acid turnover in other types of host-parasite systems.
N-acetylglucosamine Regulates Virulence Properties in Microbial Pathogens.

There is growing evidence that the sugar N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) plays diverse roles in cell signaling pathways that impact the virulence properties of microbes and host cells. GlcNAc is already well known as a ubiquitous structural component at the cell surface that forms part of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan, cell wall chitin in fungi and parasites, and extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycans of animal cells. Chitin and peptidoglycan have been previously linked to cell signaling as they can stimulate responses in plant and animal host cells [1–3]. Recent studies now indicate that GlcNAc released from these polymers can also activate cell signaling via several different mechanisms [4–6]. The role of these new GlcNAc signaling pathways in the regulation of virulence factors will be the focus of this review.
Errors in Inner Speech

Many people have the feeling that they can hear a little voice inside their heads. This inner speech accompanies reading and writing and often co-occurs with activities that involve mental planning such as problem solving (Sokolov, 1972). Clearly, inner speech is ubiquitous in our mental lives, and so it is not surprising that it has played a large role in psychological theory. For example, it has been proposed that inner speech is a necessary accompaniment to thought and even that inner speech is to be identified with thought (Watson, 1919). Although these radical views of the relation between inner speech and thought are held by few, if any, psychologists today, there is, nonetheless, widespread assent that the voice in the head is important.
Clean Air and Energy: Reform of the PSD Provisions of the Clean Air Act

Air pollution regulation in the United States has come under repeated attack over the years for a number of reasons. Early in the past decade, prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) legislation, which protects currently clean areas, came into conflict with domestic energy production goals. This paper presents an applied analysis of present and alternative regulations for achievement of PSD air quality goals. A model of the Four Corners region of the Southwest is developed, and several policy alternatives tested in terms of economic efficiency and ability to achieve air quality goals. Alternatives examined include emission fees, marketable emission permits, and technological standards.
Geräte für den Kanalbau, Rohrvortrieb und Rohrleitungsbau

Im Kanal- und Grabenverbau werden weitgehend Verbausysteme angewendet. Es handelt sich dabei um Verbaueinheiten, die aus zwei senkrechten Stahlplatten und Abstandsstreben eine Einheit bilden. Die Stabilitat der Platten und deren Erhohungen erlauben eine Anwendung bis ca. 6 m Tiefe. Es ist darauf zu achten, dass nur vom Fachausschuss Tiefbau bauartgeprufte Verbaueinheiten verwendet werden durfen. Zu erkennen sind diese an einer Prufplakette am Gerat oder am Vorliegen einer Prufbescheinigung. Beim Einsatz muss auf der Baustelle eine Verwendungsanleitung vorliegen, aus der die Belastbarkeit der Verbaueinheiten ersichtlich ist. Bei Tiefen groser 6 m konnen der Gleitschienenverbau oder der Dielen-Kammerplattenverbau mit den entsprechenden Spundwandprofilen angewendet werden. Fur gerauscharmes und erschutterungsfreies Verbauen steht der hydraulische Presverbau zur Verfugung (s. Abschnitt 11.2.4). Dabei werden in Rahmen gefuhrte Einzelbohlen oder Plattenelemente im Zuge des Aushubes hydraulisch in den Boden gepresst.
Pheochromocytoma diagnosed pathologically with previous negative serum markers

Background and objectives Patients presenting with adrenal masses require workup with catecholamine or metabolite measurements to rule out pheochromocytoma. There is a select portion of patients with marker negative pheochromocytoma. The aim of this study is to compare patient characteristics and presentations between marker positive and marker negative tumors. Methods We performed an IRB-approved retrospective chart review of 88 cases of pheochromocytoma excised at our institution from 1995 to 2013. We considered any abnormal elevation in diagnostic test to be marker-positive. Results Seventy-eight cases had laboratory results available. Among these, seven had no elevations in laboratory testing. There was no difference in age or tumor size, but marker-negative patients had higher BMI than marker-positive patients. Marker negative patients were more likely to present with vertigo/dizziness (P = 0.003). Neither was more likely to have a genetic syndrome associated with risk of pheochromocytoma. Conclusions Marker-negative pheochromocytoma is uncommon, representing 9% of cases in our series. Of patients with adrenal masses or presentation suggesting catecholamine excess with normal labs, those with vertigo/dizziness may warrant a metaiodobenzylguanidine scan or repeat testing to avoid missing pheochromocytoma. Clinicians may need a high degree of suspicion for pheochromocytoma in patients with negative testing and elevated BMI. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:492–495. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Callus formation from mechanically isolated soybean cotyledonary cells

Abstract Cells mechanically isolated in sterile, distilled water from cotyledons of 5-day-old soybeans enlarged and divided within 3 days on modified Schenk-Hildebrandt's S-H medium. Callus developed and grew on the same medium. Cell growth and initial divisions occured only at cell populations of 1.5−5.0 × 105 cells per 60 mm × 15 mm petri dish containing 10 ml medium.
Sorting of Drosophila Small Silencing RNAs

In Drosophila, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which direct RNA interference through the Argonaute protein Ago2, are produced by a biogenesis pathway distinct from microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate endogenous mRNA expression as guides for Ago1. Here, we report that siRNAs and miRNAs are sorted into Ago1 and Ago2 by pathways independent from the processes that produce these two classes of small RNAs. Such small-RNA sorting reflects the structure of the double-stranded assembly intermediates--the miRNA/miRNA( *) and siRNA duplexes--from which Argonaute proteins are loaded. We find that the Dcr-2/R2D2 heterodimer acts as a gatekeeper for the assembly of Ago2 complexes, promoting the incorporation of siRNAs and disfavoring miRNAs as loading substrates for Drosophila Ago2. A separate mechanism acts in parallel to favor miRNA/miRNA( *) duplexes and exclude siRNAs from assembly into Ago1 complexes. Thus, in flies small-RNA duplexes are actively sorted into Argonaute-containing complexes according to their intrinsic structures.
Learning to act in uncertain environments: technical perspective

The problem of decision making in an uncertain environment arises in many diverse contexts: deciding whether to keep a hard drive spinning in a net-book; choosing which advertisement to post to a Web site visitor; choosing how many newspapers to order so as to maximize profits; or choosing a route to recommend to a driver given limited and possibly out-of-date information about traffic conditions. All are sequential decision problems, since earlier decisions affect subsequent performance; all require adaptive approaches, since they involve significant uncertainty. The key issue in effectively solving problems like these is known as the exploration/exploitation trade-off: If I am at a cross-roads, when should I go in the most advantageous direction among those that I have already explored, and when should I strike out in a new direction, in the hopes I will discover something better?
Stable numerical solution of a fractional-diffusion inverse heat conduction problem

The ill-posed problem of attempting to recover the boundary temperature and the heat flux functions from one measured transient data temperature at some interior point of a one-dimensional semi-infinite conductor when the governing linear diffusion equation is of fractional type is discussed. A simple algorithm based on space marching mollification techniques is introduced for the numerical solution of the discrete problem. Stability bounds, error estimates and numerical examples of interest are also presented.
Medicalized Psychiatry and the Talking Cure: A Hermeneutic Intervention

The dominance of the medical-model in American psychiatry over the last 30 years has resulted in the subsequent decline of the “talking cure”. In this paper, we identify a number of problems associated with medicalized psychiatry, focusing primarily on how it conceptualizes the self as a de-contextualized set of symptoms. Drawing on the tradition of hermeneutic phenomenology, we argue that medicalized psychiatry invariably overlooks the fact that our identities, and the meanings and values that matter to us, are created and constituted by our dialogical relations with others. While acknowledging the importance of medical and pharmaceutical interventions, we suggest that it is only by means of the dialogical interplay of the talking cure that the client can both recognize unhealthy and self-defeating ways of being and be opened up to the possibility of new meanings and self-interpretations.
A comparison of physicochemical methods for the remediation of porous medium systems contaminated with tar.

Abstract The remediation of former manufactured gas plant (FMGP) sites contaminated with tar DNAPLs (dense non-aqueous phase liquids) presents a significant challenge. The tars are viscous mixtures of thousands of individual compounds, including known and suspected carcinogens. This work investigates the use of combinations of mobilization, solubilization, and chemical oxidation approaches to remove and degrade tars and tar components in porous medium systems. Column experiments were conducted using several flushing solutions, including an alkaline–polymer (AP) solution containing NaOH and xanthan gum (XG), a surfactant–polymer (SP) solution containing Triton X-100 surfactant (TX100) and XG, an alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) solution containing NaOH, TX100, and XG, and base-activated sodium persulfate both with and without added TX100. The effectiveness of the flushing solutions was assessed based on both removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mass and on the reduction of dissolved-phase PAH concentrations. SP flushes of 6.6 to 20.9 PV removed over 99% of residual PAH mass and reduced dissolved-phase concentrations by up to two orders of magnitude. ASP flushing efficiently removed 95–96% of residual PAH mass within about 2 PV, and significantly reduced dissolved-phase concentrations of several low molar mass compounds, including naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, and phenanthrene. AP flushing removed a large portion of the residual tar (77%), but was considerably less effective than SP and ASP in terms of the effect on dissolved PAH concentrations. Persulfate was shown to oxidize tar components, primarily those with low molar mass, however, the overall degradation was relatively low (30–50% in columns with low initial tar saturations), and the impact on dissolved-phase concentrations was minimal.
What is Heritage Good For? Report on the Pocantico Conference for the International Journal of Cultural Property , October, 19–21, 2005.

The field of cultural property or heritage, as it appears to an outsider, is bedeviled by different, perhaps contradictory fundamental values and structuring metaphors, on one hand, and by large practical problems of enforcement and unintended consequence, on the other. I am an outsider to the field. I was asked to write a report with the hope that I might be able to provide a different perspective precisely because I am not a practitioner. I am taking it on faith that my lack of authority is, for the purposes of this essay, authoritative. I will focus on questions that seem important to me and suggest some answers that seem reasonable to me. I leave it in the hands of the readers to decide whether the exercise serves any purpose for them. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Peter Turner is a doctoral student in Classics at Princeton University.