cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture, Aging and Disease in Bone and Teeth

Biological materials comprising mineralized tissues, such as bone and dentin in teeth, have hierarchical structures with characteristic length scales ranging from nanometers to millimeters. In this presentation, in vitro fracture toughness and fatigue-crack propagation properties of dentin and human cortical bone are examined from a perspective of discerning how these properties depend upon such microstructural hierarchies. The motivation for this is that although there is substantial clinical interest in their fracture resistance, there is relatively little mechanistic information available on how bone and teeth derive their resistance to cracking and how this is affected by cyclic loads. Specifically, in vitro experiments are described that establish that the initiation of fracture is locally strain-controlled (Nalla et al. [1]) and that subsequent crack growth (characterized by resistance-curve behavior) is associated with a variety of extrinsic toughening (crack-tip shielding) mechanisms, most importantly crack bridging (from individual collagen fibrils and especially “uncracked ligaments”), macroscopic crack deflection and to a lesser extent diffuse microcracking (Fig. 1) (Kruzic et al. [2], Nalla et al. [3]).
Communication Between Oncofertility Providers and Patients

Although they are faced with the stresses inherent in a new cancer diagnosis, reproductive-age cancer patients (and the parents of prepubertal cancer patients) list future fertility as one of their most important concerns. Unfortunately, very few patients have the opportunity to discuss fertility issues with their oncologist or are referred to a reproductive specialist at or soon after their initial cancer diagnosis. Both provider- and patient-related issues contribute to the poor communication of fertility issues, including lack of knowledge of the impact of cancer therapies on fertility and lack of resources for referring patients to reproductive specialists. It is clear that discussions about fertility preservation are of most benefit when they occur as early as possible after the cancer diagnosis. Increasing providers’ awareness of current guidelines regarding fertility preservation for cancer patients, as well as the patient resources that are available, can facilitate timely referral of patients to a consultation with a reproductive specialist. Patients may benefit from educational resources on basic concepts and issues in reproduction and fertility that they can access before their visit to the reproductive specialist.
Hybrid network clusters using common gameplay for massively multiplayer online games

With advancements in network technology and cost-efficient hardware, developers have begun placing servers throughout the world. These servers reside at the edge of cloud network infrastructures and vastly improved network quality. However, many locations in the world are still distant when accessing these edge servers. Further, massively multiplayer online games can strain edge server resources with additional hardware not available at the desired location. In this paper, we explore the benefits of adapting a hybrid peer-to-peer network built to communicate with edge servers. In modern development of massively multiplayer online game topology, developers choose a traditional server and client model. The central server is the focus of network optimization with emphasis on adding additional hardware and creating multiple instances of the gaming virtual world. With edge servers, additional hardware is not always an option, and we require an innovative approach to the problem. Prior work has practically ruled out peer-to-peer network topology for games due to poor latency and high variation in connection strength. This has resulted in the overall avoidance of peer-to-peer network design. However, adding an edge server to the equation, and reducing the physical distance of client connections to this system, may improve the stability of a peer-to-peer network. We propose Avatar Fog as a novel solution for forming a hybrid peer-to-peer cluster of nodes using game design to decide network topology rather than the physical structure of the client and server locations. We place emphasis on improvements to latency between players participating in common gameplay, which is players participating in similar objectives within the virtual world. A key element to the success of such a system is within ideal cluster formation. We look at interactions within the virtual world, rather than the physical connections of clients and servers to determine optimal cluster formation. We propose a novel solution to this cluster formation by grouping clients together using common gameplay, rather than virtual world positioning. We compare this solution to the traditional server and client topology analyzing the effects on latency and server resources. We conclude that Avatar Fog improves latency and server resources over the traditional server and client model and dispels the myth that peer-to-peer networks for massively multiplayer online games are unusable.
Borylated Polystyrenes as Versatile Functional Materials

The use of inorganic and organometallic compounds as building blocks of functional polymeric materials has developed into a flourishing research direction. Boron-containing polymers in particular are attracting tremendous attention for applications ranging from precursors to high-performance ceramics, flame retardants, electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries, supramolecular materials, optical and electronic materials, sensors and bioimaging agents, and polymer-supported reagents and catalysts. New synthetic approaches have been introduced in recent years that allow for controlled functionalization of polymeric materials with structurally diverse organoborane moieties, utilizing either polymer modification procedures or the direct polymerization of borane monomers. In this chapter we summarize our efforts toward the discovery of new functional materials derived from organoborane hybrid polymers, focusing on polystyrene-based systems.
Pricing of Islamic deposit insurance

Abstract We present an Islamic deposit insurance model with both government and private insurers. We show that government insurer provides strong incentives for banks to take excessive systematic risks, and private insurers can eliminate such incentives by charging a higher fee.
High‐frequency ultrasound imaging of the anal sphincter muscles in normal subjects and patients with fecal incontinence

Introduction The current "gold standard" to diagnose anal sphincter morphology and disruptions utilizes low-frequency (3-9 MHz) ultrasound (US) imaging techniques that provide a general outline of the sphincter muscles, but not their microstructural details. High-frequency US transducers (7-15 MHz) have been used to study the muscle architecture (direction of muscle fascicles) in the limb muscle. Aims The goal of our study was to visualize the microstructural anatomy of the anal sphincters, specifically the external anal sphincter (EAS), using high-frequency US imaging. Methods Studies were conducted in asymptomatic female and male subjects and patients with fecal incontinence. US images were acquired using a low-frequency US (3-9 MHz) and high-frequency (7-15 MHz) US transducer. The latter was placed intra-anally to image the anal canal at 12, 9, 3, and 6 o'clock positions. Results The low-frequency US images revealed the general outline of the anal sphincter muscles. On the other hand, high-frequency imaging visualized muscle fascicles and connective tissue inside the external anal sphincter (EAS). In FI patients, there was loss of muscle fascicles and alteration in the echo-intensity pattern in the region of damaged EAS suggestive of muscle fibrosis. Conclusion High-frequency ultrasound imaging is a powerful tool to visualize the microstructural details of the EAS. Our studies show that damage to the EAS muscle results in the alteration of its myoarchitecture, that is, loss of muscle fascicles and increase in the muscle connective tissue.
Russia in the Central African Republic: Exploitation Under the Guise of Intervention

The Central African Republic (CAR) is a country in conflict and despite UN actions, it remains exceedingly violent, unstable and unable to alleviate the conditions that place it at almost the very lowest 2017 Human Development Index ranking. Recently Russia has stepped up to intervene with provisions and training. Draped in a guise of assistance with UN Security Council approval, Russia is fulfilling its own ends. While arms sales increase Putin’s support in the Russian military-industrial complex domestically, training allows for Russian actors to be placed in country. The arming and training CAR’s government forces as well as rebel factions enables Russia to influence all sectors while leveraging these opposing sides to further develop a powerful Russian stronghold in CAR. Russian personnel in CAR, with additional to troops in nearby Sudan, provide state actors to direct activities for Russia’s benefit in rebel controlled areas with great natural resource value. The 2018 diplomatic agreements specifically allow Russia to access CAR’s natural resources and clearly identify Russia’s economic interests in CAR. The impact of controlling CAR’s resources is enhanced by Russian seaport access in Sudan. Combined, internationally approved Russian arms and personnel for training create the means for Russia to exploit CAR’s conflict. Russia gains influence over both the CAR government and rebels, access resources, and builds strategic and logistical strength in CAR as well as on the Red Sea, all, while dynamically balancing Chinese interests in the African continent.
The RNA demethylase FTO is required for maintenance of bone mass and functions to protect osteoblasts from genotoxic damage.

The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) encodes an m6A RNA demethylase that controls mRNA processing and has been linked to both obesity and bone mineral density in humans by genome-wide association studies. To examine the role of FTO in bone, we characterized the phenotype of mice lacking Fto globally (FtoKO) or selectively in osteoblasts (FtoOcKO). Both mouse models developed age-related reductions in bone volume in both the trabecular and cortical compartments. RNA profiling in osteoblasts following acute disruption of Fto revealed changes in transcripts of Hspa1a and other genes in the DNA repair pathway containing consensus m6A motifs required for demethylation by Fto. Fto KO osteoblasts were more susceptible to genotoxic agents (UV and H2O2) and exhibited increased rates of apoptosis. Importantly, forced expression of Hspa1a or inhibition of NF-κB signaling normalized the DNA damage and apoptotic rates in Fto KO osteoblasts. Furthermore, increased metabolic stress induced in mice by feeding a high-fat diet induced greater DNA damage in osteoblast of FtoOc KO mice compared to controls. These data suggest that FTO functions intrinsically in osteoblasts through Hspa1a–NF-κB signaling to enhance the stability of mRNA of proteins that function to protect cells from genotoxic damage.
Deep Hashing and Its Application for Histopathology Image Analysis.

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) has attracted considerable attention for histopathology image analysis because it can provide more clinical evidence to support the diagnosis. Hashing is an important tool in CBIR due to the significant gain in both computation and storage. Because of the tremendous success of deep learning, deep hashing simultaneously learning powerful feature representations and binary codes has achieved promising performance on microscopic images. This chapter presents several popular deep hashing techniques and their applications on histopathology images. It starts introducing the automated histopathology image analysis and explaining the reasons why deep hashing is a significant and urgent need for data analysis in histopathology images. Then, it specifically discusses three popular deep hashing techniques and mainly introduces pairwise-based deep hashing. Finally, it presents their applications on histopathology image analysis.
Greater Early Disambiguating Information for Less-Probable Words: The Lexicon Is Shaped by Incremental Processing

There has been much work over the last century on optimization of the lexicon for efficient communication, with a particular focus on the form of words as an evolving balance between production eas...
Homeostatic plasticity triggered by rod photoreceptor degenerative disease is associated with maintenance of sensitive night vision

Neuronal plasticity of the inner retina has been observed in response to photoreceptor degeneration. Typically, this phenomenon has been considered maladaptive and may preclude vision restoration in the blind. However, several recent studies utilizing triggered photoreceptor ablation have shown adaptive responses in bipolar cell dendrites expected to support normal vision. Whether such homeostatic plasticity occurs during progressive photoreceptor degenerative disease to help maintain normal visual behavior is unknown. We addressed these issues in an established mouse model of Retinitis Pigmentosa caused by the P23H mutation in rhodopsin. We show robust modulation of the retinal transcriptomic network reminiscent of the neurodevelopmental state as well as potentiation of rod - rod bipolar cell signaling following rod photoreceptor degeneration. Additionally, we found highly sensitive night vision in P23H mice even when more than half of the rod photoreceptors were lost. The results implicate retinal adaptation leading to persistent visual function during photoreceptor degenerative disease.
Climate Change Impacts on Texas Water: A White Paper Assessment of the Past, Present and Future and Recommendations for Action

Texas comprises the eastern portion of the Southwest region, where the convergence of climatological and geopolitical forces has the potential to put extreme stress on water resources. Geologic records indicate that Texas experienced large climate changes on millennial time scales in the past, and over the last thousand years, tree-ring records indicate that there were significant periods of drought in Texas. These droughts were of longer duration than the 1950s “drought of record” that is commonly used in planning, and they occurred independently of human-induced global climate change. Although there has been a negligible net temperature increase in Texas over the past century, temperatures have increased more significantly over the past three decades. Under essentially all climate model projections, Texas is susceptible to significant climate change in the future. Most projections for the 21st century show that with increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, there will be an increase in temperatures across Texas and a shift to a more arid average climate. Studies agree that Texas will likely become significantly warmer and drier, yet the magnitude, timing, and regional distribution of these changes are uncertain. There is a large uncertainty in the projected changes in precipitation for Texas for the 21st century. In contrast, the more robust projected increase in temperature with its effect on evaporation, which is a dominant component in the region’s hydrologic cycle, is consistent with model projections of frequent and extended droughts throughout the state. For these reasons, we recommend that Texas invest resources to investigate and anticipate the impacts of climate change on Texas’ water resources, with the goal of providing data to inform resource planning. This investment should support development of 1) research programs that provide policy-relevant science; 2) education programs to engage future researchers and policy-makers; and 3) connections between policy-makers, scientists, water resource managers, and other stakeholders. It is proposed that these goals may be achieved through the establishment of a Texas Climate Consortium, consisting of representatives from academia, industry, government agencies, water authorities, and other stakeholders. The mission of this consortium would be to develop the capacity to provide decision makers with the information needed to develop adaptation strategies in the face of future climate change and uncertainty. Citation: Banner JL, Jackson CS, Yang ZL, Hayhoe K, Woodhouse C, Gulden L, Jacobs K, North G, Leung R, Washington W, Jiang X, Casteel R. 2010. Climate Change Impacts on Texas Water: A white paper assessment of the past, present and future and recommendations for action. Texas Water Journal. 1(1):1-19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.21423/twj.v1i1.1043.
Vancomycin plus piperacillin/tazobactam and acute kidney injury risk: A review of the literature.

What is known and objective Acute kidney injury is a devastating consequence observed with antibiotic therapy. The objective of this review was to summarize available data regarding the rates of acute kidney injury with vancomycin plus piperacillin/tazobactam compared to other beta-lactam combinations. Methods A PubMed search from 2011 to May 2020 was conducted using the following search terms: vancomycin AND piperacillin/tazobactam AND acute kidney injury. Additional references were identified from a review of citations. Articles evaluating exclusively paediatric patients and articles evaluating vancomycin monotherapy as the comparator group were excluded. Case reports and case series were also excluded. Results and discussion There were 18 studies included. Ten studies adjusted for potential confounders of acute kidney injury. Fourteen retrospective studies, one prospective study and three meta-analyses found the combination of vancomycin/piperacillin/tazobactam to be associated with a higher rate of acute kidney injury than the comparator group(s). What is new and conclusion Although there are data to support that the combination of vancomycin plus piperacillin-tazobactam increases the risk of acute kidney, much of the data come from small retrospective studies with variable adjustment for confounders. Furthermore, study heterogeneity on inclusion criteria and evaluation of long-term outcomes should be cautiously interpreted. Finally, additional data suggest that the risk of acute kidney injury seems to be minimized with shorter courses of therapy. Without prospective studies available, antimicrobial stewardship efforts should continue to target reducing broad-spectrum regimens, often limiting the need for long-term vancomycin/piperacillin/tazobactam combination.
Discharge prescription optimization by emergency medicine pharmacists in an academic emergency department in the United States

Background Emergency medicine (EM) pharmacists may be uniquely positioned to optimize discharge prescriptions for emergency department (ED) patients but the clinical significance of interventions and association with patient outcomes are not well-described. Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of EM pharmacist interventions completed during review of ED discharge prescriptions. Setting This study was conducted in an academic medical center ED. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of patients discharged with prescriptions from the ED over two months. EM pharmacists reviewed discharge prescriptions and provided drug therapy recommendations. Two independent reviewers rated the clinical significance of interventions. High risk criteria were proposed a priori and included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify variables independently associated with pharmacist intervention. Main Outcome Measure The primary outcome measure was the rate, type, and clinical significance of interventions associated with EM pharmacist review of discharge prescriptions. Results A total of 3107 prescriptions for 1648 patients were reviewed. Interventions occurred for 7.3% of patients with 29% of interventions rated as significant. The intervention rate was higher in patients with at least 1 high risk criteria versus those without (9.6% vs. 3.7%, p < 0.0001). An incremental increase in the number of discharge prescriptions was independently associated with pharmacist intervention. The 30 day readmission rates did not differ between patients with and without pharmacist review (27.4% vs. 26.2%, p = 0.38). Conclusion: Pharmacist review of discharge prescriptions resulted in clinically significant interventions but did not impact readmission rates. An incremental increase in the number of discharge prescriptions was associated with pharmacist intervention.
The Depiction of Medical Errors in a Sample of Medical Television Shows.

BACKGROUND Medical errors and adverse events may affect up to 7.5% of hospitalizations, although observational studies suggest the numbers could be even higher. Previous studies have shown that medical television (TV) shows may be a major driver when it comes to a patient's medical knowledge and perspectives. METHODS Six episodes from the first season of eight medical TV series were analyzed by four reviewers. Demographics of the healthcare provider responsible for the error, demographics of the victim, type of error, setting of error, level of disability, and reporting of the error were recorded. Data was compared with event rates from US hospitals. RESULTS A total of 242 medical errors (average 6.4/hr) were included in the analysis. The healthcare provider responsible for the error was often an attending physician (55.8%), while victims were often White (73.6%), males (55.0%), aged 16-44 years (50.8%). Errors in diagnosis (28.9%) and operative errors (19.4%) were most common. Compared with data from US hospitals, TV series depicted more errors in diagnosis (p<0.001) and fewer operative errors (p<0.001). The most common levels of disability following medical errors were emotional trauma (37.6%) and temporary injury (30.2%). Emotional trauma was significantly overrepresented and temporary injuries were underrepresented (p<0.001). Error was not reported to the victim in 49.2% of events. CONCLUSION There were multiple discrepancies between errors depicted on TV and US hospital data. This may lead to viewer fear and anxiety that results in delays in seeking medical care and increased medicolegal cases. Healthcare systems should attempt to reduce the incidence of medical errors and adverse events by ensuring competencies of their providers, instituting methods of risk analysis and prevention, and training providers on methods of proper error disclosure.
Standardization notice: EOG standard reapproved

Standards of methodology and reporting in clinical electrophysiology are important so that clinical measures of visual function can be obtained accurately, and compared accurately, anywhere in the world. In 1989 the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) developed an International Standard for the Electroretinogram (ERG) (revised in 1994) [1] and over the ensuing decade, standards or guidelines were published for the electro-oculogram (EOG) [2], pattern electroretinogram (PERG) [3], visual evoked cortical potential (VECP) [4] and the calibration of electrophysiologic equipment [5]. These standards and guidelines show how to perform the core basic procedures for each type of electrophysiologic investigation, in a manner that will give reproducible and recognizable results anywhere. However, individual laboratories may choose to supplement the Standard responses with additional specialized procedures, or to modify a protocol to meet special needs of a particular patient. The EOG is a widely used test which measures the light response of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a slow change in the voltage of the basal RPE membrane. This signal requires light reception by the retina, and is mediated by a chemical messenger that probably comes from the photoreceptors. The EOG requires integrity of the RPE membranes, but is not a pure test of RPE function since retinal photoreception is required and since the light response is not known to be correlated with any specific RPE or retinal function (including RPE water transport, visual pigment regeneration and vision). The EOG is most specific as a marker for Best’s vitelliform dystrophy, a dominantly inherited macular dystrophy in which a severely depressed light response is found more consistently with the genetic abnormality than lesions in the fundus. The measured value of the EOG (the ratio of light peak amplitude to either the dark trough or dark baseline amplitude) can vary with conditions of light- and dark-adaptation, and the EOG Standard defines a range of stimulus conditions that will make results as consistent as possible. Because the essential features of an EOG response can be elicited in several
Who Will Become Productive Adults? Longitudinal Patterns of Gainful Activities Among Serious Adolescent Offenders:

The juvenile justice system is charged with the welfare of the children it serves, yet less is known about the prosocial behaviors of adolescent youthful offenders. This study identifies patterns o...
Interview and Think Aloud Accessibility for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Participants in Design Research

In interaction or user-centered design practices, it is common to employ interviews and think-aloud techniques to gather data about user behavior. These techniques enable researchers to learn about how users think and use technologies during the design and user testing process. However, such techniques involve accessing audio feedback, which may require workarounds if the researcher identifies as deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). We report on a project led by a DHH researcher in which workarounds to audio access resulted in methodological changes. We discuss the implications of these adjustments.
The effects of ENSO and the North American monsoon on mast seeding in two Rocky Mountain conifer species.

We aimed to disentangle the patterns of synchronous and variable cone production (i.e. masting) and its relationship to climate in two conifer species native to dry forests of western North America...
Superpower Interventions and Their Consequences for Democracy

Do superpower interventions to install and prop up political leaders in other countries subsequently result in more or less democracy, and does this effect vary depending on whether the intervening superpower is democratic or authoritarian? While democracy may be expected to decline contemporaneously with superpower interference, the effect on democracy after a few years is far from obvious. The absence of reliable information on covert interventions has hitherto served as an obstacle to seriously addressing these questions. The recent declassification of Cold War CIA and KGB documents now makes it possible to systematically address these questions in the Cold War context. We thus develop a new panel dataset of superpower interventions during the Cold War. We find that superpower interventions are followed by significant declines in democracy, and that the substantive effects are large. Perhaps surprisingly, once endogeneity is addressed, US and Soviet interventions have equally detrimental effects on the subsequent level of democracy; both decrease democracy by about 33%. Our findings thus suggest that one should not expect significant differences in the adverse institutional consequences of superpower interventions based on whether the intervening superpower is a democracy or a dictatorship.
Propuesta de protocolo de atención nutricional para pacientes viviendo con VIH sin terapia antirretroviral, atendidos en el centro de referencias diagnósticas del Hospital San Martín de Quillota

Background: The nutritional care for HIV patients in Chile is a challenge for public health due to the absence of ministerial guidelines to ensure standardized and timely nutritional care that helps to enhance immunity and delay immunological failure from a preventive approach. Objective: To design a proposal of protocol for nutritional care to optimize the nutritional management in a group of patients living with HIV. Methodology: The design considered an initial diagnosis (patients and nutritional care characterization in a secondary public health service) to identify local needs, which was complemented with bibliographical precedents. Protocol content was validated by expert opinion, using a Likert questionnaire evaluating three variables: format, protocol’s plan of nutritional care, and content quality. Results: The proposed protocol consists of flowcharts care, nutritional care procedures and educational material. The validation process involved five experts, according to whom more time for patient care should be assigned, integration of the multidisciplinary team should be consider in the flowcharts and in short term reliability and applicability of the protocol should be assessed. Discussion: This proposal is the first document oriented to nutritional management of outpatient with HIV from the early stages of the disease in Chile. Studies are needed to measure the impact of nutritional intervention in patients with HIV without antiretroviral therapy.
Space-time block coded rate-adaptive modulation with uncertain SNR feedback

Channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter can be used to adapt transmission rate or antenna gains in multi-antenna systems. However, the CSI that is fed back will get outdated if the channel is changing rapidly. We propose a rate-adaptive M-QAM technique equipped with space-time block coding with signal to noise ratio (SNR) feedback as opposed to full channel feedback. We obtain closed-form expressions for the average BER and average throughput for our scheme. We illustrate the performance gains achievable through the rate adaptation and possibly delayed SNR feedback. Our numerical results illustrate the immunity of our proposed technique to error caused by time-delayed feedback.
Decision-based median filter improved by predictions

This paper presents a decision-based median filtering algorithm in which local image structures are used to estimate the original values of the noisy pixels. The decision whether a pixel is corrupted or not is based on a new decision measure which considers the differences of adjacent pixel values in the rank-ordered sequence. Once the pixels in a noisy image have been classified into uncorrupted and noise-corrupted ones, the blocks containing only the uncorrupted pixels are used to train the predictive relationship between the center pixel and its neighbors, which is represented by a function approximation f. By applying f to noise-corrupted blocks, we could generate the candidates of the original value of a noise-corrupted pixel, and estimate it using median filtering of the candidates.
Nanosensing applications of In2O3 nanowires and carbon nanotubes

We report complementary detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using n-type In 2 O 3 nanowires and p-type carbon nanotubes. Our innovation involves developing an approach to covalently attach antibodies to In 2 O 3 NW surfaces via the onsite surface synthesis of phosphoric acid-succinylimide ester. Electronic measurements under dry conditions revealed complementary response for In 2 O 3 NW and SWNT devices after the binding of PSA. Real time detection in solution has also been demonstrated for PSA down to 5 ng/mL, a benchmark concentration significant for clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer, which is the most frequently diagnosed cancer.
Prophylactic internal iliac artery ligation at cesarean hysterectomy

Abstract One hundred and eight preplanned cesarean hysterectomies have been evaluated in an effort to determine the advisability of prophylactic bilateral hypogastric artery ligation when there is anticipated heavy bleeding associated with surgery. The data indicates that prophylactic bilateral internal iliac artery ligation is of questionable value in reducing operative bleeding, which can be controlled by more conventional means. However, when used therapeutically, it may be a lifesaving operation. Familiarity with the procedure is necessary for all those performing operative obstetrics and gynecology.
Public Option Versus the Market: Perceived Value Violations Drive Opposition to Healthcare Reform

The debate over healthcare reform in the United States has been divisive. Research demonstrates that beliefs that policy beneficiaries violate values strongly predict opposition to these policies. Similar dynamics may be happening regarding opposition to healthcare reform. Specifically, this study tested the hypothesis that opposition to a public option in healthcare reform results from stereotypes that public-option beneficiaries violate values. In two studies utilizing three samples, beliefs about beneficiaries violating values of hard work consistently predicted opposition to a public option and an alternative market-based healthcare reform plan, often proposed by public-option opponents. Results also suggest that assertions that a public option would lead to bigger government increases opposition to a public option by indirectly masking underlying stereotypes about value violations.
Making workstations a friendly environment for batch jobs

It is argued that batch processing is not something of the past or something which applies only to mainframe computers, but that distributed batch processing on workstations in an area of considerable and increasing importance, and as such should be given serious consideration by operating system designers. The most important of the services found lacking are detailed. The reasons why these services are important and the need for the services to be presented in a uniform way across platforms are shown. >
Cognitive Pathways and Historical Research

The nursing literature is replete with articles detailing the logical reasoning processes required by the individual scientist to implement the rigors of research and theory development. Much less attention has been focused on creative and critical thinking as modes for deriving explanations, inferences, and conclusions essential to science as a product. Historical research, as a particular kind of qualitative research, is dependent on and compatible with such mental strategies as logical, creative, and critical thinking. These strategies depict an intellectual framework for the scientist examining archival data and offer a structure for such inquiry. A model for analyzing historical data delineating the cognitive pathways of logical reasoning, creative processing, and critical thinking is proposed.
Biological and structural characterization of a Ras transforming mutation at the phenylalanine-156 residue, which is conserved in all members of the Ras superfamily

Abstract Although Ras residue phenylalanine-156 (F156) is strictly conserved in all members of the Ras superfamily of proteins, it is located outside of the consensus GDP/GTP-binding pocket. Its location within the hydrophobic core of Ras suggests that its strict conservation reflects a crucial role in structural stability. However, mutation of the equivalent residue (F157L) in the Drosophila Ras-related protein Rap results in a gain-of-function phenotype, suggesting an alternative role for this residue. Therefore, we have introduced an F156L mutation into Ras to evaluate the role of this residue in Ras structure and function. Whereas introduction of this mutation activated the transforming potential of wild-type Ras, it did not impair that of oncogenic Ras. Further, Ras (156L) exhibited an extremely rapid off rate for bound GDP/GTP in vitro and showed increased levels of Ras.GTP in vivo. To determine the structural basis for these altered properties, we used high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The F156L mutation caused loss of contact with residues 6, 23, 55, and 79, resulting in disruption of secondary structure in alpha-helix 1 and in beta-sheets 1-5. These major structural changes contrast with the isolated alterations induced by oncogenic mutation (residues 12 or 61) that perturb GTPase activity, and instead, weaken Ras contacts with Mg2+ and its guanine nucleotide substrate and result in increased rates of GDP/GTP dissociation. Altogether, these observations demonstrate the essential role of this conserved residue in Ras structure and its function as a regulated GDP/GTP switch.
Alternative measures of photosystem II electron transfer inhibition in anthraquinone-treated chloroplasts.

— We have previously used chlorophyll fluorescence measurements at Fmax conditions (i.e. with Photosystem II electron acceptor QA reduced) to monitor the action of 9,10-anthraquinones on photosynthetic electron transport in plant chloroplasts. The present investigation employs two additional techniques to characterize the extent of electron transport inhibition induced by the addition of substituted anthraquinones to the suspending medium of spinach chloroplasts. Results are presented for spectrophotometric assays of the rate of electron transfer to an exogenous electron acceptor, 2.6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) and for electrochemical determinations of the rate of oxygen evolution in anthraquinone-treated chloroplasts. In general, amino-substituted anthraquinones are ineffective inhibitors, maintaining electron transfer rates to DCIP at levels ranging from 50 to 90% of normal rates and yielding rates of O2 evolution averaging at 70% of the rate in untreated chloroplasts. In contrast, hydroxy-substituted anthraquinones efficiently block Photosystem II electron transport, resulting in low rates of DCIP photoreduction ranging from 0 to 20% of normal values and reducing O2 evolution rates to an average of 30% of the rate observed for untreated chloroplasts. Relative rates of DCIP photoreduction for anthraquinone-treated chloroplasts show a strong linear correlation with the reported relative Fmax chlorophyll fluorescence intensities. Relative O2 evolution rates are observed to correlate with the Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching parameter Ksv. We suggest that slight differences in the extent of inhibitory activity of an anthraquinone as measured by the three techniques are consistent with certain known Photosystem II heterogeneities. The similarities in relative rankings of inhibitory effects for the 9,10-anthraquinones, however, demonstrate that the three techniques employed (measurements of Fmax chlorophyll fluorescence, DCIP photoreduction rates, and O2 evolution rates) are alternative assays of anthraquinone-induced Photosystem II electron transport inhibition.
Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair: Historical Review and Description of a Re-engineered Technique:

Most complications related to thoracoabdominal aortic reconstruction stem from ischemia-induced injury to the viscera, kidneys, and spinal cord. Pioneers in the treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms recognized the danger of producing ischemic damage to these vital organs. In addition to adjunctive methods designed to minimize metabolic demands of the spinal cord during aortic cross-clamping, a variety of extracorporeal techniques have been developed that provide supplemental blood flow to vital end organs during the period of clamp-induced ischemia. This article reviews these extracorporeal methods and provides a historical perspective of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair. In addition, a reengineered technique for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair is highlighted.
Use of serial progesterone measurements to assess cycle length, time of ovulation and timing of uterine flushes in order to recover equine morulae

Summary In 1987, as part of an embryo transfer programme to produce monozygotic twin foals, mares were flushed during the morning (09:30 to 13:30 h) of Day 6. Of 100 flushes, 48 embryos were recovered half of which were morulae. In 1988, in an attempt to increase the proportion of morulae, various flushing times between 17.00 h on Day 5 and the afternoon of Day 6 were used. For flushes carried out during the morning of Day 6, recovery rates were similar to those of the previous year. However, although the proportion of flushes resulting in the recovery of morulae was not significantly different for times between 23:00 h on Day 5 and 13:00 h on Day 6, the overall recovery rates for flushes on Day 6 were higher than those on Day 5. In addition, a number of mares that did not produce an embryo when flushed before 09:00 h on Day 6, were subsequently found to be pregnant when scanned at Day 18 suggesting that flushing had been carried out before arrival of the embryo in the uterus. To determine whether valid predictions could be made as to when to flush a mare to maximise recovery of morulae, a review of embryo recovery rates and plasma progesterone profiles of a large herd of mares over two breeding seasons was carried out. Mean plasma progesterone levels on the first three days after ovulation were higher for mares that produced embryos when flushed on Day 5 than for all other groups. Comparison of the results of previous flushes with the corresponding plasma progesterone profiles suggested that the characteristics of the post ovulation progesterone rise may have some value in deciding when a mare should be flushed. A review of the effects of uterine flushing, PGF2α and hCG on cycle length and ovulation time was also carried out in order to devise more efficient methods of herd management and ensure a supply of suitably synchronised recipient and donor mares at convenient times for embryo transfer experiments.
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA AND RIGHT VENTRICULAR OBSTRUCTION

A 53-year-old man with a history of a T3bNOMX, grade IV papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder presented with weight loss, swelling in both lower extremities and shortness of breath. The cancer was diagnosed 4 months previously and treated with cystectomy and urinary diversion. Examination revealed marked jugular venous distension, bilateral edema to the knees, decreased breath sounds and a systolic murmur. An electrocardiogram showed a right axis deviation. An echocardiogram showed a large thrombus occupying 904 of the right ventricle with extension into the right atrium and diminished flow through the pulmonary artery (fig. 1). Noninvasive lower extremity venous studies revealed a left femoral thrombus. The patient underwent sternotomy for resection of the thrombus to prevent a lethal pulmonary embolus. Inside the right atrium, a mass was found extending from the apex of the ventricle to the atrial appendage. A frozen section revealed anaplastic carcinoma. The patient underwent debulking of the mass, and a channel to the pulmonary artery was cored open. The patient was extubated 36 hours later. He eventually died of pulmonary dysfunction. Postmortem examination revealed metastatic poorly differentiated carci-
Copper(II) complexes of a biphenyl-based ligand: Tuning the needs of the metal with those of the ligand

Abstract The novel pyrazole-containing tetradentate ligand 2,2′-bis[[(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methyl]amino]-1,1′-biphenyl (N4-mpz), 1, was synthesized and three Cu(II) complexes, 2–4, were prepared from this compound. These complexes were characterized by a combination of elemental analysis, FAB-MS and electrochemistry and were shown to have the structure of [Cu(N4-mpz)(Pz)]X2 where X = BF4 or ClO4 or [Cu(N4-mpz)(Cl)]Cl. The X-ray structure of [Cu(N4-mpz)(Pz)] (ClO4)2 · CH3OH, 2, was determined and it showed the Cu(II) coordinated by the four nitrogen donors from the ligand along with an exogenous pyrazole donor that had been extracted from another molecule of the ligand. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated that the complexes undergo quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in acetonitrile at potentials between 396 and 422 mV versus Ag/AgCl.
The slaves and their protectors: reforming resistance in a slave society, the Cape Colony, 1826–1834

(1991). The slaves and their protectors: reforming resistance in a slave society, the Cape Colony, 1826–1834. Journal of Southern African Studies: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 103-128.
A simulation-based method for estimating metroplex efficiency

The nature of metroplex operations is interdependencies among its component airports. The operational interdependencies require a system view to study metroplex operations and a system-wide coordination solution method to solve and improve metroplex issues. This paper developed a link-node simulation model to study three typical generic metroplex layouts: tandem, parallel, and crossing. By studying the impact of sharing fixes and system-wide scheduling metroplex operations in the given generic metroplex layouts, decoupling fixes and temporal coordination among airports can improve system efficiency in a certain level.
Plasticity in cerebellar tactile maps in the adult rat.

We previously demonstrated that the fractured tactile cerebellar map within the crus IIa folia of the cerebellar hemispheres reorganizes after deafferentation of the upper lip in neonatal rats (postnatal day [PND] 1-30). The present study examined the capacity of this map to reorganize after deafferentation in adults and animals late in development (PND 30-89). Several months after cauterization of the infraorbital branch of the trigeminal nerve, the tactile map in the granule cell layer of crus IIa reorganized, with representations of intact structures expanding into the denervated area. The pattern of reorganization was similar to reorganization after neonatal lesions in that (1) all representations were from perioral structures, (2) the reorganized map maintained a fractured somatotopy, and (3) the denervated area was predominantly and consistently invaded by the upper incisor representation. We conclude that the spatial pattern of reorganization is essentially the same regardless of the age of deafferentation. However, we also observed developmental differences in reorganization. First, more areas of crus IIa were nonresponsive in animals lesioned later in development (PND 30-89). Second, we found a surprising degree of variability in the pattern of tactilely evoked cerebellar field potentials of PND 30-40 animals compared with neonates and adults, suggesting that this time period differs from other stages. The pattern of evoked potentials reflects the two primary inputs to the map. Our data show that, although both afferent pathways are capable of reorganization throughout development, their relative contribution to the map appears to differ, depending on the age at which lesion occurs.
Aerodynamic interaction between vortical wakes and the viscous flow about a circular cylinder

In the design analysis of conventional aircraft configurations, the prediction of the strong interaction between vortical wakes and the viscous flow field about bodies is of considerable importance. Interactions between vortical wakes and aircraft components are even more common on rotorcraft and configurations with lifting surfaces forward of the wing. An accurate analysis of the vortex-wake interaction with aircraft components is needed for the optimization of the payload and the reduction of vibratory loads. However, the three-dimensional flow field beneath the rotor disk and the interaction of the rotor wake with solid bodies in the flow field are highly complex. The present paper has the objective to provide a basis for the considered interactions by studying a simpler problem. This problem involves the two-dimensional interaction of external wakes with the viscous flow about a circular cylinder.
Impacts of Federal Salinity Control on Water Rights Allocation Patterns in the Colorado River Basin

Abstract The effects of federal salinity control policy on water allocation in the Colorado River Basin remain unresolved, despite the initiation of project construction. Description of these water rights effects is a prerequisite to understanding institutional barriers to conservation as well as to guiding the social distribution of water conservation benefits. This paper examines water rights issues within the larger hierarchy of water control institutions and shows how water rights effects depend upon the spatial patterning and relative seniority of water rights holders. A focus on a salinity control project in the Grand Valley area of Colorado reveals that, in the absence of property rights reform and new regional water markets, salinity control projects will highlight existing tensions in the water allocation system. Water diversion rates will remain excessive, interstate water agreements will falter, and water quality considerations will be poorly integrated within western water law.