cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medicaid managed care: the next generation?

The author provides an overview of the motivation leading nearly every state to develop managed health care arrangements under the state and federally funded Medicaid program for the poor. With managed care already a reform movement in state Medicaid efforts, further expansions of similar types of organized systems of care are anticipated in the future U.S. health care system. The author explores the acceleration of state investment in managed care planning and operations in terms of what is happening and whether expectations are being met. Specific plan features representing two very different managed care models within the evolution of how these plans have developed over time--Arizona's statewide prepaid plan begun in 1982 and New York's recently expanded statewide program designed to enroll 50% of those eligible within five years--are described. The author raises questions about these programs based on recent literature and discussions with key informants. Are sufficient providers out there and are there optimum ways to organize delivery networks? What additional safeguards may be required to protect consumers under managed care arrangements, and what are the effects of such programs on access to services and quality of care? What obstacles do health plans that traditionally serve mainly poor women and children have to overcome when serving people with disabilities or those with chronic health conditions? The author considers other barriers faced by states, providers, and policymakers in meeting the high expectations for the current generation of state-supported managed care plans. These questions and issues will remain important for some time as the states' efforts to promote managed care continue their anticipated expansion under health care reform.
Effect of Age and Outlet Resistance on Rabbit Urinary Bladder Emptying

AbstractPurpose: To investigate the influence of age and effect of increased outlet resistance on the ability of rabbit bladders to empty in response to various methods of stimulation.Materials and Methods: Bladders from six-month-old (young) and three-year-old rabbits (aged) were mounted in an in vitro whole organ bath system and filled with 15 ml. saline. The ability of the bladders to empty against low outlet resistance (LOR) and high outlet resistance (HOR) in response to field stimulation, bethanechol, and KCl was measured. The following parameters were measured: Intravesical pressure and volume emptied. From these, flow rate, power, and external mechanical work were calculated.Results: Maximum isometric pressure did not change with age. All bladders emptied with increased pressure and decreased flow rate at HOR. The young bladders generated a greater maximum power in response to bethanechol and KCl than the aged bladders at both outlet resistances, and maximum power did not change with increased res...
Relationship of Voters' Turnout to Indices of Social Distress

50 states' voter turnout in presidential elections, 1980–1992, was correlated with two of five measures of social distress, suggesting more situationally immediate determinants affect voters' turnout.
The outer boundary of the cytoskeleton: a lamina derived from plasma membrane proteins

We prepared the cytoskeletal framework by gently extracting cells with Triton X-100. Lipids and soluble proteins were removed, leaving a complex meshlike structure which contains the cell nucleus and is composed of the major cell filament networks as well as the microtrabeculae with attached polyribosomes. The surface sheet or lamina covering this structure contains most of the cell surface proteins by the following criteria. Intact cells are labeled externally with radioiodine and then extracted with detergent. The iodinated poteins remain almost entirely with skeletal framework. A new major integral protein, the coat protein of Sindbis virus, is inserted into the plasma membrane of infected cells. This new protein is heavily iodinated and remains almost completely associated with the framework after extraction. Lectin binding and poliovirus binding sites are also retained after detergent extraction. Our results indicate that plasma membrane proteins form a sheet or lamina upon removal of lipids. This lamina reproduces even complex surface convolutions and appears to be supported by and intimately connected to the underlying skeleton. In this case, the surface lamina, and hence the plasma membrane of the original intact cell, might be viewed as a component of the cytoskeletal framework.
The Missing Women Library Directors: Deprivation versus Mentoring

Why is the percentage of women academic library directors much lower than the percentage of women in the profession as a whole? This article examines survey responses to conclude that factors blocking the advancement of women library directors include deprivation behavior or antimentoring, which supports a glass ceiling. A second survey finds that mentoring is a central factor in career advancement of many women library directors.
Smoking Initiation and the Iron Law of Demand

We show, with three longitudinal datasets, that cigarette taxes and prices affect smoking initiation decisions. Evidence from longitudinal studies is mixed but generally find that initiation does not vary with price or tax. We show that the lack of statistical significance partly results because of limited policy variation in the time periods studied, truncated behavioral windows, or mis-assignment of price and tax rates in retrospective data (which occurs when one has no information about respondents' prior state or region of residence). Our findings highlight issues relevant to initiation behavior generally, particularly those for which individuals' responses to policy changes may be noisy or small in magnitude.
Technique for Assessment of Local Effects of Substances Found in Bile upon Opening Pressure of Choledochoduodenal Junction

An assessment of the localized influences of various chemicals found in bile was made by applying them to the interior of the canine choledochoduodenal junction. Test agents were isolated by air bubbles and introduced into the terminal lumen of the intramural portion of the common bile duct via the pressure measurement catheter; they remained in the duct for approximately 1.5 min. The system was flushed and opening pressures were then measured. Responses were measured in terms of alterations in ductal opening pressures generated by a linear pressure ramp. Histamine, serotonin, and bethanechol markedly increased ductal opening pressures, whereas epinephrine and norepinephrine decreased opening pressures. None of the agents affected either cardiovascular or small intestinal motor activity in the vicinity of the sphincter when administered in this manner. The results suggest that the presence in bile of certain neurohumoral transmitters and neurohumoral‐like agents may directly affect the canine choledochoduodenal sphincter function.
Forecasting with a nonlinear dynamic model of stock returns and industrial production

Abstract We model stock returns and industrial production as nonlinear and state-dependent, with dynamics depending on the sign and magnitude of past realization of returns and the growth of industrial production. We estimate various nonlinear models including smooth transition autoregressive models and examine their in-sample properties. We also conduct an out-of-sample forecasting exercise and compare the forecasting performance of the various nonlinear models with that of a linear model. For stock returns, we find that the linear model generally does as well or better than any of our nonlinear models, while for growth in industrial production, two of our nonlinear models outperformed the linear model.
New approaches for cell-specific targeting: identification of cell-selective peptides from combinatorial libraries

Peptides that recognize specific cell types promise to be valuable tools both in research and clinical applications. Cell-specific peptides can be useful as drug delivery vehicles, diagnostic agents, affinity reagents for cell purification, gene therapy delivery agents, and research tools to probe the nature of a cell's surface. Recently, cell-specific targeting-peptides have been identified by phage-display selections against purified cell-surface markers, whole cells in tissue culture, and even tissues within live animals. These methods for identifying cell-targeting peptides will certainly increase the tools available to the scientist for cell-specific targeting.
Processes of understanding anaphora

Abstract Three experiments explored the understanding of anaphoric verb phrases, verb phrases with ellipsis or a substitute element that must be interpreted through reference to an antecedent. For example, Mom tried out the new car after Dad did contains the pro-verb did . Linguistic analysis of anaphoric verb phrases (VPs) suggests that people use two understanding strategies, one accessing a surface representation of the antecedent in short-term memory and one based on plausible reasoning in a mental “discourse model” of the text. Three experiments investigated how these strategies are coordinated in understanding. Subjects read brief stories one sentence at a time, and their reading times were recorded. The results found that a number of factors affected these reading times. First, long antecedents and antecedents that were syntactically “inconsistent” slowed comprehension. Second, both of these effects held primarily when the antecedent was in the preceding sentence; placing the antecedent further away also slowed reading times overall. Third, the experiments found no reliable differences between two different categories of anaphora (“deep” and “surface” anaphora), nor did any of the other effects depend on the type of anaphor. These results suggest constraints on a theory of how readers coordinate syntactic and pragmatic processes used in interpreting anaphoric verb phrases.
Computational Aeroelastic Analysis of Store-Induced Limit-Cycle Oscillation

Limit-cycle oscillation was simulated for a rectangular wing referred to as the Goland + wing. It was found that the aerodynamic nonlinearity responsible for limit-cycle oscillation in the Goland + wing was shock motion and the periodic appearance/disappearance of shocks. The Goland + structural model was such that in the transonic flutter dip region, the primary bending and twisting modes were in phase and coupled to produce a single-degree-of-freedom, torsional flutter mode about a point located ahead of the leading edge of the wing. It was determined that the combination of strong trailing-edge and lambda shocks which periodically appear/disappear, limited the energy flow into the structure. This mechanism quenched the growth of the flutter, resulting in a steady limit-cycle oscillation. Underwing and tip stores were added to the Goland + wing to determine how they affected limit-cycle oscillation. It was found that the aerodynamic forces on the store transferred additional energy into the structure increasing the amplitude of the limit-cycle oscillation. However, it was also found that the underwing store interfered with the airflow on the bottom of the wing, which limited the amplitude of the limit-cycle oscillation.
Nonportable computed radiography of the chest--radiologists' acceptance

Following a large ROC study to assess diagnostic accuracy of PA chest computed radiography (CR) images displayed in a variety of formats, we asked nine experienced radiologists to subjectively assess their acceptance of and preferences for display modes in primary diagnosis of erect PA chest images. Our results indicate that radiologists felt somewhat less comfortable interpreting CR images displayed on either laser-printed films or workstations as compared to conventional films. The use of four minified images were thought to somewhat decrease diagnostic confidence, as well as to increase the time of interpretation. The reverse mode (black bone) images increased radiologists' confidence level in the detection of soft tissue abnormalities.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Environmental Education: A Geographical Perspective

Abstract Geography is an ideal disciplinary vehicle for environmental education; however, non-geographers are rarely aware of the vast geographic interest, research, and literature related to the environment. Geographers study the environment in four major ways: 1) the natural environment using scientific methods and techniques; 2) the impact of human behavior on the environment; 3) environmental influences on human behavior; and 4) the different cultural perceptions of the environment and how these perceptions are expressed in the surrounding landscape. Within these avenues of inquiry, geographers examine spatial patterns of environmentally related topics at different scales—local, regional, and global—and the interconnections of the global environment and economy. The future role of geography in environmental education is shaped by four current activities: the development of science and geography standards and assessment frameworks, the formulation of environmental literacy standards, and the creation o...
The use of the optimal partition in a linear programming solution for postoptimal analysis

Over the years we have learned to use an optimal basic solution to perform sensitivity analysis. Recently, the importance of an optimal partition, induced by a strictly complementary solution, has surfaced in connection with the interior point method. This paper gives examples where the partition is what is needed or desired to perform the analysis.
The relation between locomotor activity and level of audiogenic seizures in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice at ages of peak convulsion risk

Running wheel activity data were collected at 15 min intervals for 2 hr on naive 21 and 24 day old DBA/2J mice, naive 21 day old C57BL/6J mice, and 21 day old C57BL/6J mice subjected to audiogenic priming on day 16 (birth = Day 0). Immediately thereafter, mice were tested for susceptibility to sound-induced seizures. Both the incidence of running and speed of running served as weak predictors of the level of audiogenic seizure in which a mouse would terminate. Mice which manifested no response during testing for audiogenic seizures tended to run both longer and faster than those which manifested a convulsion during testing.
Uptake and Impact of Silver Nanoparticles on Brassica rapa: An Environmental Nanoscience Laboratory Sequence for a Nonmajors Course

Nanoscience is one of the fast growing fields in science and engineering. Curricular materials ranging from laboratory experiments to entire courses have been developed for undergraduate science majors. However, little material has been developed for the nonmajor students. Here we present a semester-long laboratory sequence developed for a nonmajors course, where students investigate the potential environmental impacts of nanoscience. Students synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles using green synthetic methods. They then use the suspension of silver nanoparticles to “water” Wisconsin Fast Plants, Brassica rapa, over a three to four week period to simulate environmental exposure. Possible impacts are examined throughout the growth period, and silver uptake by the plants is quantified at the end of the growth period. This lab requires design input from the student, making it an open-ended experiment. Although designed for nonmajors, this lab could easily be adapted for an environmental chemistry ...
Can PlaNYC make New York City “greener and greater” for everyone?: sustainability planning and the promise of environmental justice

Many cities across the country are developing sustainability agendas and competing for the title of the “greenest city”. This research evaluates how one of the leading US citywide sustainability plans, New York's 2007 PlaNYC, deals with concerns about equity and environmental justice (EJ). By examining the politics around PlaNYC, the plan itself, and the subsequent land use decision-making, this paper explores the extent to which PlaNYC has changed the City's planning framework to promote EJ. EJ advocates give PlaNYC and the planning process surrounding it mixed reviews suggesting that there is more work to be done to counteract the power dynamics that shape inequitable and unjust urban land-use decisions.
Quasi-two-dimensional phase fluctuations in bulk superconducting YBa2Cu3O7 single crystals.

A detailed study of the electrical transport properties in high-quality bulk single crystals ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ has manifested a Kosterlitz-Thouless (K-T)--type transition in the ab plane 0.2 K below the mean-field superconducting transition (${T}_{c}^{0}$=93.15 K). The c-axis correlation length ${l}_{c}$(T=0)\ensuremath{\simeq}6 A\r{} and a large two-dimensional effective mass (${m}_{\mathrm{ab}}^{\mathrm{*}}$/${m}_{e}$\ensuremath{\sim}10) of the supercarrier are estimated based on the K-T theory. The large effective mass suggests strong electron-electron correlations for the supercarriers confined in a quasi-two-dimensional sheet.
Partial Coherence In Projection Printing

AbstractA mathematical model for partially coherent imaging in projection printing is presented using Fouriertransform methods. Some interesting two -dimensional examples are offered which illustrate the dramatic effectsof partial coherence in the mask illumination on the edge contours in the image. Optical simulation techniquesare discussed with possible application to system evaluation and design.IntroductionThe effects of partial coherence in projection printing have received considerable attention in recentyears because of the improvement in edge contrast as predicted by theory and substantiated by the user of pro-jection aligners.(1) Though only a few commercial aligners presently allow user control of the illuminationcoherence, an increased awareness of the importance of optimized illumination will undoubtedly shape the nextgeneration of optical projection printers.The mercury and xenon arc lamps, presently dominating the optical lithography industry, may soon give wayto rapidly improving industrial laser sources. Unlike conventional radiators, the collimated laser outputallows considerably more freedom in controlling partial coherence without sacrificing throughput and provideseither a single or multi -line spectral source in the near ultraviolet.This paper attempts to briefly explore some of the properties of partially coherent imaging with more com-plex mask geometries than generally attempted in the literature, which thus far has concentrated on one- dimen-sional profiles of isolated lines and edges. The examples offered serve mainly to dramatize the two- dimen-sional effects of partial coherence on binary image structures. For more complex mask geometries and operat-ing conditions, optical simulation techniques offer a practical tool for real -time studies.A Model for Partial Coherence in Projection PrintingA schematic of a unit magnification projection printer with Kohler's illumination is shown in Figure 1.The collimating lens L1 provides uniform illumination over the mask and, in combination with L2, images thesource into the aperture stop P. The projection optics are represented by lenses L2 and L3, which image themask onto the wafer. With the aperture stop located midway between L2 and L3, the entrance and exit pupilslie at infinity, characteristic of modern telecentric designs for unit magnification projection printers.
Evaluation of BioCorkscrew and Bioknotless RC suture anchor rotator cuff repair fixation: an in vitro biomechanical study

This in vitro biomechanical study used cadaveric specimens to compare the rotator cuff repair fixation provided by BioCorkscrew and Bioknotless RC suture anchors. Three cm wide by 1-cm long full-thickness supraspinatus defects were repaired using either two BioCorkscrew suture anchors with combined vertical and horizontal mattress sutures (n = 7) or three Bioknotless RC suture anchors with simple sutures (n = 7). Therefore, the BioCorkscrew suture anchor group had two sutures per anchor (four total sutures), while the Bioknotless RC suture anchor group had one suture per anchor (three total sutures). Two-phase cyclic (5–100 N, 1,000 cycles and 5–180 N, 2,000 cycles) and load to failure tests (31 mm/s) were performed. Non-parametric statistics were used to compare group differences (P < 0.05). All of the BioCorkscrew group specimens (seven of seven) completed the two phase cyclic test regimen without failure or gapping ≥ 5 mm, compared to only three of seven of the Bioknotless RC group (Fisher’s Exact test = 0.03). Groups did not differ for repair site gapping during the 5–100 N cyclic test phase (Fisher’s Exact test = 0.77), however more of the Bioknotless RC group displayed gapping ≥ 5 mm during the 5–180 N cyclic test phase than the BioCorkscrew group (P = 0.02). The BioCorkscrew group also displayed greater yield load during load to failure testing (492.2 ± 204 N vs. 296.4 ± 155 N, P = 0.03). In this in vitro biomechanical study, the BioCorkscrew group with combined vertical and horizontal mattress sutures displayed greater cyclic test survival, less repair site gapping, and superior yield load compared to the Bioknotless RC group with simple sutures. These results in human cadaveric rotator cuff-humerus specimens suggest better immediate post-operative repair site strength and a reduced need for post-operative restrictions. Clinical studies are needed to determine how these rotator cuff repair modes withstand the forces of early rehabilitation and activities of daily living that potentially influence patient outcomes.
Role of narK2X and narGHJI in Hypoxic Upregulation of Nitrate Reduction by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the strongest reducers of nitrate in the genus Mycobacterium. Under microaerobic conditions, whole cells exhibit upregulation of activity, producing approximately eightfold more nitrite than those of aerobic cultures of the same age. Assays of cell extracts from aerobic cultures and hypoxic cultures yielded comparable nitrate reductase activities. Mycobacterium bovis produced only low levels of nitrite, and this activity was not induced by hypoxia. M. tuberculosis has two sets of genes, narGHJI and narX of the narK2X operon, that exhibit some degree of homology to prokaryotic dissimilatory nitrate reductases. Each of these were knocked out by insertional inactivation. The narG mutant showed no nitrate reductase activity in whole culture or in cell-free assays, while the narX mutant showed wild-type levels in both assays. A knockout of the putative nitrite transporter narK2 gene produced a strain that had aerobic levels of nitrate reductase activity but failed to show hypoxic upregulation. Insertion of the M. tuberculosis narGHJI into a nitrate reductase Escherichia coli mutant allowed anaerobic growth in the presence of nitrate. Under aerobic and hypoxic conditions, transcription of narGHJI was constitutive, while the narK2X operon was induced under hypoxia, as measured with a lacZ reporter system and by quantitative real-time reverse PCR. This indicates that nitrate reductase activity in M. tuberculosis is due to the narGHJI locus with no detectable contribution from narX and that the hypoxic upregulation of activity is associated with the induction of the nitrate and nitrite transport gene narK2.
Resting and high-frequency evoked 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat inferior colliculus: Developmental changes and effects of short-term conduction blockade

Development of resting and high-frequency-evoked metabolic patterns in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) in rat was investigated using the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) method. The effects of early short-term acoustic deprivation were studied by unilateral blockade of the external auditory meatus on postnatal day 12. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on 2-DG uptake in 5 regional sectors of ICC. Adult resting ICC uptake is robust and exhibits regional differentiation with the ventromedial region preferentially labelled. At 17 days of age, resting uptake is substantially lower and regionally more uniform than in the adult. This age-dependent change is likely a function of the immature stage of neuronal and cochlear development at 17 days. Unilateral 50 kHz stimulation in the adult results in bilaterally enhanced 2-DG incorporation in ventromedial ICC, with a discrete band of elevated uptake along the contralateral ventromedial border. 50 kHz stimulation evokes ventromedial banding in the contralateral, but not ipsilateral, ICC of undeprived 17-day-olds, though at a much reduced level relative to the adult. Following monaural conduction blockade from 12 to 17 days of age, stimulation through the reopened deprived ear elicits a band of uptake along the lateral ICC border, oblique to the normal tonotopic gradient. Cochlear mechanisms may account for modified patterning of high-frequency-evoked 2-DG uptake in ICC subsequent to conductive hearing loss during a period of elevated susceptibility to experiential factors.
A Practical Application of Management and Organization Theory for the Academic Administrator

In this article the author examines the communication gap the exists between practitioners and theorists in the management and organizational fields and attempts to bridge this divide. He presents his case in hopes of demonstrating to academic administrators that having a recognition of management and organizational principals can be invaluable when managing change. He notes that being aware of these principals can help change come about more smoothly and achieve desired results more quickly. He presents a case that outlines how the application of ineffective management principals can slow the process of organizational change and present unnecessary problems for those in charge of implementing the change.
Recent progress and current problems in management of invasive fungal infections in patients with neoplastic diseases

Patients with neoplastic diseases are predisposed to develop invasive fungal infections as the result of impairments of host defense mechanisms due principally to pharmacologic immunosuppression resulting from intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy, ablative radiation therapy, and corticosteroids. Candida species, Aspergillus species, and emerging opportunistic fungal pathogens comprise the principal etiologic agents of opportunistic mycoses in cancer patients. This paper reviews the recent progress, particularly during the year of 1991, in management of invasive fungal infections and the current problems of invasive mycosis, which confront patients with neoplastic diseases.
Phase Change in Adsorbed Helium at Low Temperature

Several recent reports indicate a growing interest in the properties of adsorbed helium at low temperatures. This interest is based on the expected influence of restrictions of mobility and dimensions on thermodynamic properties such as heat capacity,(1,2) adsorption isotherms,(3) magnetic susceptibility,(4-6) and nuclear polarization.(7) This Letter presents specific heat data for adsorbed helium in the temperature range from 0.25 to 4°K, at several partial monolayer coverages. We interpret the results as indicating the existence of two surface phases. See Also: Erratum: D. L. Goodstein, J. G. Dash, and W. D. McCormick, Phase Change in Adsorbed Helium at Low Temperature., Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 740 (1965).
Two-phase velocity measurements in dense particle-laden jets

Mean velocities and velocity fluctuations are reported for both phases in two downward flowing, low-Reynolds-number, particle-laden jets. The Reynolds number based on the initial bulk air flow is 780. Initial solid-air volume flux ratios of 0.0027 and 0.0225 are studied for spherical particles having a number-average diameter of 163 μm. Both cases may be considerd as gravity driven flows, and in most regions of these jets there is a measurable slip velocity between phases. Gas-phase velocities are obtained using a combination of amplitude discrimination and velocity filtering. The velocity filtering is done on the computer as a postprocessing step. Comparison of the two jets shows that high particle loading decreases the slip velocity, decreases the velocity fluctuations of both phases, and decreases the spreading rate of the particles.
Environmental aspects of dredging in the coastal zone

(1976). Environmental aspects of dredging in the coastal zone. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 91-109.
An approximation to rate-equalization fairness with logarithmic complexity for QoS

Rate-guaranteed scheduling protocols ensure that packets from each input flow are forwarded at a rate no less than the rate reserved by the flow. WFQ is the classical example. Many of these protocols, including WFQ, provide both rate and fairness guarantees. In particular, they distribute unused capacity among among the flows in proportion to the reserved rate of each flow. In earlier work, we presented a scheduling algorithm that distributes unused capacity to flows whose reserved rate is the least. However, the per-packet complexity of this algorithm, known as rate-equalization fairness, is linear in the number of flows. Here, we present an algorithm that approximates rate-equalization fairness, but with only logarithmic complexity per packet.
Sputter Deposited Multilayer V-UV Mirrors

The design and fgbrication of aluminum/niobium multilayers to be used as normal-incidence reflectors for 300 A radiation are presented. Preliminary characterization results are discussed showing the effects of interfacial roughness and diffusion.
An effect of nuclear electric quadrupole moments in thermonuclear fusion plasmas

Consideration of the nuclear electric quadrupole terms in the expression for the fusion Coulomb barrier suggests that this electrostatic barrier may be substantially modified from that calculated under the usual plasma assumption that the nuclei are electric monopoles. This effect is a result of the nonspherical potential shape and the spatial quantization of the nuclear spins of the fully stripped ions in the presence of a magnetic field. For monopole-quadrupole fuel cycles like p-B-11, the fusion cross-section may be substantially increased at low energies if the protons are injected at a small angle relative to the confining magnetic field.
Challenge & Response in the Colorado River Basin

The Colorado River Basin supplies water to roughly 40 million people in the southwestern United States. A complex interstate regime that has evolved across the past century governs allocation and management of these coveted flows, and formidable challenges face this regime in contemporary times—an historical era aptly dubbed the “era of limits.” This paper illuminates these challenges and offers modest input regarding potential responses to them. We initially survey the evolution of the interstate water regime and outline its essential features as well as those of the basin. We then turn to the contemporary challenges and potential responses, which generally concern an unprecedented imbalance between water supplies and demands, longstanding disagreements over the meaning of the Colorado River Compact, water rights held by American Indian tribes on reservations throughout the basin, and ongoing biodiversity protection and salinity control efforts. We conclude by reflecting on lessons from and for the Colorado River Basin vis-a-vis the interstate water regimes existent in four other basins encompassed within the Harvard Water Federalism Project undertaken in 2011-2012.
Model for Label-Free Detection of Viruses inside Ferrofluid

The authors introduced a novel method for detecting nonmagnetic objects inside ferrofluid as a new method for label-free sensing of whole viruses. The proposed idea is advantageous because it not only avoids the use of labels, but it also permits direct volume measurement of the material attached to the sensor. This analysis found that field produced by a virus inside ferrofluid can be slightly stronger in magnitude than the corresponding field of a magnetic particle in water. If the sensor were sensitive to magnetic flux density, B, as opposed to magnetic field strength, H, then further increases in the sensor signal can be expected using the ferrofluid immersion approach.
A novel method for real-time multiple moving targets detection from moving IR camera

This paper presents a novel method for detecting multiple moving targets in real-time from infrared (IR) image sequences collected by an airborne IR camera. This novel method is based on dynamic Gabor filter and dynamic Gaussian detector. First, the ego-motion induced by the airborne platform is modeled by parametric affine transformation based on feature point matching, and the IR video is stabilized by eliminating the background motion. Then, a dynamic Gabor filter is employed to enhance the image changes for accurate detection and localization of moving targets. The orientation of Gabor filter is dynamically changed according to the orientation of optical flows. Next, the specular highlights generated by the dynamic Gabor filter are detected. The outliers and specular highlights are fused to identify the moving targets. The experimental results show that the proposed detection algorithm is effective and efficient. And the detection speed is approximate 2 frames per second.
Preliminary X‐ray diffraction analysis of crystals of tomato aspermy virus (TAV)

Tomato aspermy virus (TAV) is a member of the T = 3 cucumovirus group, and the chrysanthemum strain (C-TAV) has been crystallized in a form suitable for X-ray structural analysis. The crystals, which grow in 14–17% ethanol at pH 8.5, are of orthorhombic space group I222 with unit cell dimensions of a = 295.1 A, b = 320.5 A, and c = 383.6 A. There are two T = 3 virus particles in the unit cell, which means that they must be centered at 0,0,0 and 1/2, 1/2, 1/2 with icosahedral 222 symmetry elements coincident with crystallographic symmetry operators. The asymmetric unit of the crystals, therefore, contains one quarter of a virus particle, or 45 capsid subunits. Native diffraction data to 4 A resolution have been collected using synchrotron radiation, though data appear to be present beyond that resolution. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CALCIUM DEPENDENCE OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ON LUTEINIZING HORMONE-INDUCED CYCLIC AMP PRODUCTION IN RAT GRANULOSA CELLS

The role of calcium in the inhibitory action of the GnRH superagonist, [D–Ala6]des–Gly10–GnRH N–ethylamide (GnRHa), on LH–stimulated cAMP production was studied in cultured granulosa cells obtained from immature hypophysectomized diethylstilbestrol (DES)–implanted rats. After culture for 48 h with FSH to induce LH receptors, cells were incubated for 2 h with LH or LH plus GnRHa. In this system, the cAMP response to LH was independent of extracellular calcium. In the presence of 0.25 to 1 mM extracellular calcium, 10−8 M GnRHa caused a 15 to 40% inhibition of LH-stimulated cAMP production. Omission of extracellular calcium completely abolished the inhibitory effect of GnRHa upon LH-induced cAMP production. The inhibitory effects of GnRHa on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and isoproterenol-induced cAMP productions werealso markedly reduced in the absence of extracellular calcium. Addition of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, l-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), reversed the inhibitory action of GnRHa on LH-induced cA...
The solitary pulmonary nodule.

At the University of Washington we consider a solitary pulmonary nodule to be a discrete, single lung abnormality with well-defined margins. It can be calcified or cavitary and small or large. We do not exclude a lesion over 4 cm, as some authors do, and we do not exclude a lesion when there is accompanying disease in the lungs, as long as the nodule is distinguishable.
Additional freeze hardiness in wheat acquired by exposure to –3 °C is associated with extensive physiological, morphological, and molecular changes

Cold-acclimated plants acquire an additional 3-5 degrees C increase in freezing tolerance when exposed to -3 degrees C for 12-18 h before a freezing test (LT50) is applied. The -3 degrees C treatment replicates soil freezing that can occur in the days or weeks leading to overwintering by freezing-tolerant plants. This additional freezing tolerance is called subzero acclimation (SZA) to differentiate it from cold acclimation (CA) that is acquired at above-freezing temperatures. Using wheat as a model, results have been obtained indicating that SZA is accompanied by changes in physiology, cellular structure, the transcriptome, and the proteome. Using a variety of assays, including DNA arrays, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 2D gels with mass spectroscopic identification of proteins, and electron microscopy, changes were observed to occur as a consequence of SZA and the acquisition of added freezing tolerance. In contrast to CA, SZA induced the movement of intracellular water to the extracellular space. Many unknown and stress-related genes were upregulated by SZA including some with obvious roles in SZA. Many genes related to photosynthesis and plastids were downregulated. Changes resulting from SZA often appeared to be a loss of rather than an appearance of new proteins. From a cytological perspective, SZA resulted in alterations of organelle structure including the Golgi. The results indicate that the enhanced freezing tolerance of SZA is correlated with a wide diversity of changes, indicating that the additional freezing tolerance is the result of complex biological processes.
Characterization of Drosophila OVO protein DNA binding specificity using random DNA oligomer selection suggests zinc finger degeneration.

The Drosophila melanogaster ovo locus codes for several tissue- and stage-specific proteins that all possess a common C-terminal array of four C2H2 zinc fingers. Three fingers conform to the motif framework and are evolutionarily conserved; the fourth diverges considerably. The ovo genetic function affects germ cell viability, sex identity and oogenesis, while the overlapping svb function is a key selector for epidermal structures under the control of wnt and EGF receptor signaling. We isolated synthetic DNA oligomers bound by the OVO zinc finger array from a high complexity starting population and derived a statistically significant 9 bp long DNA consensus sequence, which is nearly identical to a consensus derived from several Drosophila genes known or suspected of being regulated by the ovo function in vivo. The DNA consensus recognized by Drosophila OVO protein is atypical for zinc finger proteins in that it does not conform to many of the ‘rules’ for the interaction of amino acid contact residues and DNA bases. Additionally, our results suggest that only three of the OVO zinc fingers contribute to DNA-binding specificity.
Role of Complement in Host Defense against Pneumococcal Otitis Media

Strategies to limit complement deposition on Streptococcus pneumoniae are established as virulence features for invasive disease, but their role in respiratory tract infection requires further analysis. We evaluated complement C3 protein deposition on discordant S. pneumoniae isolates of the same serotype (6A) and their capacity to cause nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization and experimental otitis media (EOM) in an animal model. We compared C3 binding to five 6A isolates from asymptomatic NP carriers with five 6A strains that caused invasive disease, and we observed less C3 ( approximately 10-fold less fluorescence) binding to invasive isolates. We selected two high-level C3-binding carriage and two low-level C3-binding invasive 6A isolates for further study. In the EOM model, 11/12 (92%) ears challenged with a low-level C3-binding 6A strain became infected. Only 2/8 (25%) ears challenged with the discordant high-level C3-binding 6A isolate developed disease (P = 0.005). Results with the second discordant 6A isolate pair were comparable. Cobra venom factor (CoVF) treatment, which depletes C3 and consumes complement, restored virulence of the high-level C3-binding strain; 8/8 (100%) ears in CoVF-treated animals developed EOM compared to only 25% of ears in naive animals (P = 0.007). These studies demonstrate the critical role for complement evasion in pneumococcal EOM. Colonization with carriage isolates that bound high levels of C3 caused EOM in fewer animals compared to low-level C3-binding invasive strains. Thus, limiting C3 deposition on the surface of S. pneumoniae correlates with increased incidence of EOM following NP colonization and barotrauma in the animal model.
Gendered Organizations in the New Economy

Gender scholars draw on the “theory of gendered organizations” to explain persistent gender inequality in the workplace. This theory argues that gender inequality is built into work organizations in which jobs are characterized by long-term security, standardized career ladders and job descriptions, and management controlled evaluations. Over the past few decades, this basic organizational logic has been transformed. In the so-called new economy, work is increasingly characterized by job insecurity, teamwork, career maps, and networking. Using a case study of geoscientists in the oil and gas industry, we apply a gender lens to this evolving organization of work. This article extends Acker’s theory of gendered organizations by identifying the mechanisms that reproduce gender inequality in the twenty-first-century workplace, and by suggesting appropriate policy approaches to remedy these disparities.
Reading the Mind in the Eyes or Reading between the Lines? Theory of Mind Predicts Collective Intelligence Equally Well Online and Face-To-Face

Recent research with face-to-face groups found that a measure of general group effectiveness (called “collective intelligence”) predicted a group’s performance on a wide range of different tasks. The same research also found that collective intelligence was correlated with the individual group members’ ability to reason about the mental states of others (an ability called “Theory of Mind” or “ToM”). Since ToM was measured in this work by a test that requires participants to “read” the mental states of others from looking at their eyes (the “Reading the Mind in the Eyes” test), it is uncertain whether the same results would emerge in online groups where these visual cues are not available. Here we find that: (1) a collective intelligence factor characterizes group performance approximately as well for online groups as for face-to-face groups; and (2) surprisingly, the ToM measure is equally predictive of collective intelligence in both face-to-face and online groups, even though the online groups communicate only via text and never see each other at all. This provides strong evidence that ToM abilities are just as important to group performance in online environments with limited nonverbal cues as they are face-to-face. It also suggests that the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test measures a deeper, domain-independent aspect of social reasoning, not merely the ability to recognize facial expressions of mental states.
Sex difference in the rate of disappearance of corticosterone-4-C14 from plasma of intact rats: further evidence for the influence of hepatic Delta4-steroid hydrogenase activity on adrenal cortical function.

The half-time for the disappearance of corticosterone from plasma in female rats is much shorter than that in males. This large sex difference in steroid metabolism in vivo corresponds to the in vitro sex difference in corticosteroid inactivation by hepatic Δ4-steroid hydrogenases, but is opposite to the sex difference in cortisone metabolism by hepatic C20-carbonyl hydrogenases. From calculations based on these data we conclude that the half-life is ordinarily independent of hepatic blood flow. The steady-state rate of corti-costerone secretion was estimated in both sexes. Under the conditions of these experiments the female adrenal cortex appears to secrete corticosterone in vivo at a steady-state rate more than twice as great as that of male adrenals. The virtual volume of distribution and the half-life of corticosterone both appear to be independent of the dose of corticosterone administered, over a four-fold physiological concentration range.
Integrated power control and base station assignment

In cellular wireless communication systems, transmitted power is regulated to provide each user an acceptable connection while limiting the interference seen by other users. Previous work has focused on maximizing the minimum carrier to interference ratio (CIR) or attaining a common CIR over all radio links. However, previous work has assumed the assignment of mobiles to base stations is known and fixed. In this work, we integrate power control and base station assignment. In the context of a CDMA system, we consider the minimization of the total transmitted uplink power subject to maintaining an individual target CIR for each mobile. This minimization occurs over the set of power vectors and base station assignments. We show that this problem has special structure and identify synchronous and asynchronous distributed algorithms that find the optimal power vector and base station assignment. >
Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle

Summary Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra-low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO3)2·6H2O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Theories of Hermann Aubin Critically Considered

G o ERMANY, the homeland of particularism, is in many ways also the homeland of regionalism. On all kinds of German regions there exists an absolutely staggering wealth of assorted literature. Towering above this multitudinous evidence of local pride and local patriotism stands the work done by a group of German scholars who labored together on the task of finding in the region, the Raum, the Landschaft, the meaningful unit for historical study.' Their work is associated most closely with the name of Hermann Aubin. This paper is intended to introduce to American students of economic history the work and ideas of Hermann Aubin and the men working directly or indirectly under Aubin's inspiration.