cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-aware routing in hybrid optical network-on-chip for future multi-processor system-on-chip

With the development of Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) in recent years, the intra-chip communication is becoming the bottleneck of the whole system. Current electronic network-on-chip (NoC) designs face serious challenges, such as bandwidth, latency and power consumption. Optical interconnection networks are a promising technology to overcome these problems. In this paper, we study the routing problem in optical NoCs with arbitrary network topologies. Traditionally, a minimum hop count routing policy is employed for electronic NoCs, as it minimizes both power consumption and latency. However, due to the special architecture of current optical NoC routers, such a minimum-hop path may not be energy-wise optimal. Using a detailed model of optical routers we reduce the energy-aware routing problem into a shortest-path problem, which can then be solved using one of the many well known techniques. By applying our approach to different popular topologies, we show that the energy consumed in data communication in an optical NoC can be significantly reduced. We also propose the use of optical burst switching (OBS) in optical NoCs to reduce control overhead, as well as an adaptive routing mechanism to reduce energy consumption without introducing extra latency. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Global Existence for Capillary Water Waves

Consider the capillary water waves equations, set in the whole space with infinite depth, and consider small data (i.e., sufficiently close to zero velocity, and constant height of the water). We prove global existence and scattering. The proof combines in a novel way the energy method with a cascade of energy estimates, the space-time resonance method and commuting vector fields. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational aspects of solid-solid phase transformation modeling with a Gibbs function

Numerical implementation of solid-solid phase transformation modeling with a Gibbs function is presented with particular emphasis on computational efficiency. The phase transformation model is outlined first, followed by a discussion of the proposed constrained integration method. Numerical tests are then presented demonstrating the characteristic accuracy of the method under both mechanical and thermal loads.
Resolving P-wave travel-time anomalies using seismic array observations of oceanic storms

Abstract Array analysis of seismic noise has the potential to be very useful in improving body-wave tomography of Earth structure, just as noise cross-correlation methods have recently proven successful in surface-wave tomography. Beamforming of seismic noise recorded in southern California reveals P-wave arrivals from distant storms in open oceans. In this case, the noise can be processed using cross-correlation among different station pairs and optimal P-wave relative arrival times can be estimated using the same approach traditionally used to analyze earthquake arrival times. Using three storms in the Gulf of Mexico, the Western Pacific (near Japan), and the South Pacific (near Fiji) respectively, we demonstrate that travel-time anomalies can be obtained from P waves generated by a distant storm, and that they are similar to those obtained from using an earthquake close to the storm. Our results suggest using oceanic storms as additional seismic sources for resolving P-wave travel-time anomalies.
Basic Connection between Superconductivity and Superfluidity

A basic and inherently simple connection is shown to exist between superconductivity and superfluidity. It is shown that the author's previously derived general equation, which agrees well with the superconducting transition temperatures for the heavy-electron superconductors, metallic superconductors, oxide superconductors, metallic hydrogen, and neutron stars, also works well for the superfluid transition temperature of 2.6 mK for liquid3He. Reasonable estimates are made from 10−3 to 109 K — a range of 12 orders of magnitude. The same paradigm applies to the superfluid transition temperature of liquid4He, but results in a slightly different equation. The superfluid transition temperature for dilute solutions of3He in superfluid4He is estimated to be ∼l–10μK. This paradigm works well in detail for metallic, cuprate, and organic superconductors.
Mutual Constraints between Reionization Models and Parameter Extraction from Cosmic Microwave Background Data

Spectroscopic studies of high-redshift objects and increasingly precise data on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are beginning to independently place strong complementary bounds on the epoch of hydrogen reionization. Parameter estimation from current CMB data continues, however, to be subject to several degeneracies. Here, we focus on those degeneracies in CMB parameter forecasts related to the optical depth to reionization. We extend earlier work on the mutual constraints that such analyses of CMB data and a reionization model may place on each other to a more general parameter set and to the case of data anticipated from the MAP satellite. We focus in particular on a semianalytic model of reionization by the first stars, although the methods here are easily extended to other reionization scenarios. A reionization model can provide useful complementary information for cosmological parameter extraction from the CMB, particularly for the degeneracies between the optical depth and either of the amplitude and index of the primordial scalar power spectrum, which are still present in the most recent data. Alternatively, by using a reionization model, known limits on astrophysical quantities can reduce the forecasted errors on cosmological parameters. Forthcoming CMB data also have the potential to constrain the sites of early star formation, as well as the fraction of baryons that participate in it, if reionization were caused by stellar activity at high redshifts. Finally, we examine the implications of an independent, e.g., spectroscopic, determination of the epoch of reionization for the determination of cosmological parameters from the CMB. This has the potential to significantly strengthen limits from the CMB on parameters such as the index of the power spectrum, while having the considerable advantage of being free of the choice of the reionization model.
Sensitivity Analysis of Asset Flow Differential Equations and Volatility Comparison of Two Related Variables

In this study, I apply forward sensitivity analysis to the dynamical system of nonlinear asset flow differential equations (AFDEs). I find that all parameters in AFDEs are needed and can be estimated from market prices and net asset values data. Moreover, the market price is the most fluctuating state variable, and the coefficient for the trend-based investor' sentiment is the dominant parameter. Furthermore, I define and compare the extreme value-based volatilities of market price and net asset value for closed-end funds. I find that the extreme value-based volatility of market price is higher than that of net asset value for the vast majority of closed-end funds for both overlapping and non-overlapping cases.
Study of optical output couplers for submillimeter wavelength backward-wave oscillators (BWO's)

The machining of slow wave structures for high frequency BWO's is extremely difficult beyond l THz. Recently a microfabrication technique using photolithography and ion-beam assisted etching has been used to construct a prototype BWO operating at 200 to 265 GHz. The output coupler for such tubes remains a problem. Waveguides do not exist or are very lossy at the frequencies of interest (300 to 2000 GHz). This paper discusses several scaled experiments of optical output couplers for submillimeter BWO's. Various designs of planar antennas (Vivaldi horns) and lens-feed systems (hyperhemispherical lens) were constructed and tested between 20 and 100 GHz using a spectrum analyzer. The lens system was also tested at 337 GHz using a CO2 pumped FIR laser.
Assignment of the 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of congested helicenes using two‐dimensional NMR methods: Phenanthro[3′,4′:3,4]phenanthro[2,1‐b]thiophene

Phenanthro[3′,4′:3,4]phenanthro[2,1-b]thiophene has been prepared and its highly congested proton and carbon nmr spectra assigned. The nmr assignments required concerted utilization of two-dimensional nmr techniques which included: COSY, direct and long range optimized heteronuclear chemical shift correlation and heteronuclear relayed coherence transfer.
Peculiar Velocity and Deaberration of the Sky

Recent studies have found the earth's peculiar velocity to be significant in microwave-background-based tests for compact cosmic topology, and modifications to these tests have been proposed. Tests of non-Gaussianity, weak-lensing analysis, and new tests using improved cosmic microwave background (CMB) data will also be sensitive to peculiar velocity. We propose here to simplify matters by showing how to construct a deaberrated CMB map to which any test requiring a Hubble flow view point can be applied without further complication. In a similar manner, deaberration can also be applied to object surveys used, for example, in topological searches and matter distribution analysis. In particular, we have produced a revised list of objects with z > 1.0 using the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.
Fermionic Superfluidity: From High Tc Superconductors to Ultracold Fermi Gases

We present a pairing fluctuation theory which self-consistently incorporates finite momentum pair excita- tions in the context of BCS—Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) crossover, and we apply this theory to high Tc super- conductors and ultracold Fermi gases. There are strong sim- ilarities between Fermi gases in the unitary regime and high Tc superconductors. Here, we address key issues of com- mon interest, especially the pseudogap. In the Fermi gases, we summarize recent experiments including various phase diagrams (with and without population imbalance), as well as evidence for a pseudogap in thermodynamic and other experiments.
Orientation adaptive subband coding of images

In the subband coding of images, directionality of image features has thus far been exploited very little. The proposed subband coding scheme utilizes orientation of local image features to avoid the highly objectionable Gibbs-like phenomena observed at reconstructed image edges with conventional subband schemes at low bit rates, At comparable bit rates, the subjective image quality obtained by our orientation adaptive scheme is considerably enhanced over a conventional separable subband coding scheme, as well as other separable approaches such as the JPEG compression standard. >
Modeling of preparative liquid chromatography

Abstract In order to achieve an acceptable production rate at reasonable cost, preparative chromatography must be carried out with phase systems in which the kinetics of mass transfers and adsorption—desorption are fast. Accordingly, band profiles in overloaded chromatographic columns are best understood by considering the ideal model, while the process itself is most suitably modeled using the equilibrium-dispersive model. The former model assumes an infinite column efficiency, while the latter lumps the contributions of axial dispersion and mass transfer resistances into a single apparent dispersion coefficient. The properties and solutions of these models are reviewed. The conditions under which they give satisfactory results are summarized. The excellent agreement between the experimental band profiles of the components of binary mixtures and the individual band profiles calculated with the equilibrium-dispersive model is demonstrated. The degree of agreement is limited only by the accuracy with which the competitive equilibrium isotherms are accounted for.
Hard Tiling Problems with Simple Tiles

It is well known that the question of whether a given finite region can be tiled with a given set of tiles is NP -complete. We show that the same is true for the right tromino and square tetromino on the square lattice, or for the right tromino alone. In the process we show that Monotone 1-in-3 Satisfiability is NP-complete for planar cubic graphs. In higher dimensions we show NP-completeness for the domino and straight tromino for general regions on the cubic lattice, and for simply connected regions on the four-dimensional hypercubic lattice.
The Stueckelberg Z prime at the LHC: discovery potential, signature spaces and model discrimination

An analysis is given of the capability of the LHC to detect narrow resonances using high luminosities and techniques for discriminating among models are discussed. The analysis is carried out with focus on the U(1)X Abelian (Higgless) Stueckelberg extension of the Standard Model (StSM) gauge group which naturally leads to a very narrow Z' resonance. Comparison is made to another class of models, i.e., models based on the warped geometry which also lead to a narrow resonance via a massive graviton (G). Methods of distinguishing the StSM Z' from the massive graviton at the LHC are analyzed using the dilepton final state in the Drell-Yan process pp?Z'?l+l? and pp?G?l+l?. It is shown that the signature spaces in the ?.Br(l+l?)-resonance mass plane for the Z prime and for the massive graviton are distinct. The angular distributions in the dilepton C-M system are also analyzed and it is shown that these distributions lie high above the background and are distinguishable from each other. A remarkable result that emerges from the analysis is the observation that the StSM model with Z' widths even in the MeV and sub-MeV range for Z' masses extending in the TeV region can produce detectable cross section signals in the dilepton channel in the Drell-Yan process with luminosities accessible at the LHC. While the result is derived within the specific StSM class of models, the capability of the LHC to probe models with narrow resonances in this range may hold more generally.
Linewidth preserved broadband parametric comb seeded by two injection-locked pumps

By launching two phase-correlated continuous-wave pumps via injection-locking, a broadband optical comb generated through higher-order parametric interactions shows unchanged linewidth of each comb line over 100-nm, compared to otherwise quadratically-scaled linewidth.
Usability of Online Services: The Role of Technology Readiness and Context*

An important prerequisite for the success of any online service is ensuring that customers' experience—via the interface—satisfies both sensory and functional needs. Developing interfaces that are responsive to customers' needs requires a perspective on interface design as well as a deep understanding of the customers themselves. Drawing upon research in consumer behavior concerning consumer beliefs about technology, we deploy an alternative way to describe customers based on psychographic characteristics. Technology readiness (TR), a multidimensional psychographic construct, offers a way to segment online customers based upon underlying positive and negative technology beliefs. The core premise of this study is that the beliefs form the foundation for expectations of how things should work and how specific online service interfaces are evaluated by customers. At the same time, usability evaluations of specific online services might be contingent on contextual factors, specifically the type of site (hedonic vs. utilitarian) and access method (Web vs. wireless Web). The aspects of usability examined here are those incorporated into the usability metric and instrument based on the Microsoft Usability Guidelines (MUG). The results of an empirical study with 160 participants indicate that (i) TR customer segments vary in usability requirements and (ii) usability evaluations of specific online service interfaces are influenced by complex interactions among site type, access method, and TR segment membership. As organizations continue to expand their online service offerings, managers must recognize that the interface exists to serve the customers, so their design must be matched to market needs and TR.
Atmospheric Imaging Assembly Response Functions: Solving the Fe viii Problems with Hinode EIS Bright Point Data

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory is a state-of-the-art imager with the potential to perform an unprecedented time-dependent multi-thermal analysis at every pixel on scales that are short compared to the radiative and conductive cooling times. Recent results, however, have identified missing spectral lines in the CHIANTI atomic physics database, which is used to construct the instrument response functions. This is not surprising since the wavelength range from 90 A to 140 A has rarely been observed with solar spectrometers, and atomic data for many of these ions are simply not available in the literature. We have performed a differential emission measure analysis using simultaneous AIA and Hinode/EIS observations of six X-ray bright points. Our results not only support the conclusion that CHIANTI is incomplete near 131 A, but more importantly, suggest that the peak temperature of the Fe viii emissivity/response is likely to be closer to log T=5.8 than to the current value of log T=5.7. Using a revised emissivity/response calculation for Fe viii, we find that observed AIA 131-A flux can be underestimated by ≈ 1.25, lower than previous comparisons. With these adjustments, not only the AIA 131-A data, but also the EIS Fe viii lines, match the remainder of the bright-point data better. In addition, we find that CHIANTI is reasonably complete in the AIA 171- and 193-A bands. For the AIA 211-, 335-, and 94-A channels, we recommend that more work be done with AIA–EIS DEM comparisons using observations of active-region cores, i.e. coronal structures with more emission measure at warmer temperatures than our bright points. Then a variety of EIS iron lines could be directly compared with AIA data.
Anticipating, preventing, and surviving secondary boycotts

Abstract Even the best stakeholder-managed firms can suffer when they become targets of a secondary boycott, as recent headlines attest. By definition, a secondary boycott is a group's refusal to engage a target firm with which the group has no direct dispute, in an attempt to sway public opinion, draw attention to an issue, or influence the actions of a disputant. This article provides a new perspective and tools for both scholars and managers concerned with this phenomenon. Building on a stakeholder theory foundation, we examine possible actions managers can take to avoid being surprised by a secondary boycott, propose conditions that raise the probability of becoming the target of a secondary boycott, and develop four alternative approaches for managing stakeholder relationships in a world of secondary boycotts.
Autonomous satellite navigation by stellar refraction

This paper describes the error analysis of an autonomous navigator using refraction measurements of starlight passing through the upper atmosphere. The analysis is based on a discrete linear Kalman filter. The filter generated steady-state values of navigator performance for a variety of test cases. Results of these simulations show that in low-Earth orbit position-error standard deviations of less than 0.100 km may be obtained using only 40 star sightings per orbit. N autonomous navigation system is a satellite subsystem designed to estimate the spacecraft's current position and velocity without assistance from ground tracking. Such systems can detect deviations'from a desired trajectory and thus enable satellites to initiate their own orbital corrections. The real-time acquisition of satellite position may also assist the performance of other mission functions. With these capabilities incorporated within £ satellite its users can benefit from lower maintenance costs and assured mission continuity should terrestrial tracking or communication be interrupted for extended periods.1'2 ; ' Many autonomous navigation schemes, drawing from a wide range of methodologies , have been proposed and a few implemented. One important glass of navigators uses angular measurements between the sun or fixed stars and the limb of the Earth to update satellite;,position. Although, in concept, systems of this type are simple, their accuracy and utility have been limited by the difficulty of sensing the Earth's horizon precisely. The horizon, viewed from orbit, appears as diffuse atmospheric bands gradually blending into the darkness of space; the edge of the Earth's surface is completely obscured. Consequently, limb-sensing navigators are presented with an inherently ill-defined target with which to chart the satellite's course.3 It is proposed that an'autonomous navigation system use measurements of refracted starlight to sense the depth of the interposing atmosphere. The problem of directly detecting the Earth's horizon is circumvented by using stellar observations and knowledge of the optical properties of the*atmospher e to infer the location of the Earth's surface. The method is simple and, because it utilizes multiple-star observations, provides inputs for autonomous attitude determination. The passage of starlight through the Earth's atmosphere "bends the rays inward (see Fig. 1)."Viewed from orbit, % setting star's image persists along the Earth's limb well after its true position has passed below the horizon. This refractiofi is greatest near the Earth's surface and grows progressively weaker at higher altitudes. The starlight refraction angle, /?, may be expressed
Qd(p)-free rank two finite groups act freely on a homotopy product of two spheres

Abstract A classic result of Swan states that a finite group G acts freely on a finite homotopy sphere if and only if every abelian subgroup of G is cyclic. Following this result, Benson and Carlson conjectured that a finite group G acts freely on a finite complex with the homotopy type of n spheres if the rank of G is less than or equal to n . Recently, Adem and Smith have shown that every rank two finite p -group acts freely on a finite complex with the homotopy type of two spheres. In this paper we will make further progress, showing that rank two groups that are Qd ( p ) -free act freely on a finite homotopy product of two spheres.
Instabilities of D-brane bound states and their related theories

We investigate the Gregory-Laflamme instability for bound states of branes in type II string theory and in M-theory. We examine systems with two different constituent branes: for instance, D3-F1 or D4-D0. For the cases in which the Gregory-Laflamme instability can occur, we describe the boundary of thermodynamic stability. We also present an argument for the validity of the Correlated Stability Conjecture, generalizing earlier work by Reall. We discuss the implications for OM theory and NCOS theory, finding that in both cases, there exists some critical temperature above which the system becomes unstable to clumping of the open strings/membranes.
The preparation of thiophene-S,S-dioxides and their role in organic electronics

In the last decade, Rozen's reagent (HOF·CH3CN) has been shown to be powerful yet selective enough to oxidize thiophene moieties in various environments. The resulting thiophene-S,S-dioxides display attractive properties for electronic devices, in particular a reduced HOMO–LUMO band gap. This highlight illustrates how utilizing this unprecedentedly potent oxidizing agent allows access to an exciting new family of molecules that show great promise for semiconductors.
Toward Fast Color-Shaded Images of CAD/CAM Geometry

A software processor developed at RPI adds color-shaded imaging capability to 3-D geometric modeling systems, greatly enhancing their usefulness in industrial design applications.
Integrated Environmental Assessment: Part III: Exposure Assessment

Human exposure assessment is a key step in estimating the environmental and public health burdens that result chemical emissions in the life cycle of an industrial product or service. This column presents the third in a series of overviews of the state of the art in integrated environmental assessment - earlier columns described emissions estimation (Frey and Small, 2003) and fate and transport modeling (Ramaswami, et al., 2004). When combined, these first two assessment elements provide estimates of ambient concentrations in the environment. Here we discuss how both models and measurements are used to translate ambient concentrations into metrics of human and ecological exposure, the necessary precursors to impact assessment. Exposure assessment is the process of measuring and/or modeling the magnitude, frequency and duration of contact between a potentially harmful agent and a target population, including the size and characteristics of that population (IPCS, 2001; Zartarian, et al., 2005). Ideally the exposure assessment process should characterize the sources, routes, pathways, and uncertainties in the assessment. Route of exposure refers to the way that an agent enters the receptor during an exposure event. Humans contact pollutants through three routes--inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake. Inhalation occurs in both outdoor environments and indoor environments where most people spend the majority of their time. Ingestion includes both water and food, as well as soil and dust uptake due to hand-to-mouth activity. Dermal uptake occurs through contacts with consumer products; indoor and outdoor surfaces; the water supply during washing or bathing; ambient surface waters during swimming or boating; soil during activities such as work, gardening, and play; and, to a lesser extent, from the air that surrounds us. An exposure pathway is the course that a pollutant takes from an ambient environmental medium (air, soil, water, biota, etc), to an exposure medium (indoor air, food, tap water, etc.) and to an exposed individual. Exposure scenarios are used to define plausible pathways for human contact. Recognition of the multiple pathways possible for exposure highlights the importance of a multimedia, multipathway exposure framework.
Zirconocene-catalyzed kinetic resolution of dihydrofurans

Abstract Zirconocene-catalyzed kinetic resolution of dihydrofurans may be effected in the presence of 10 mol% non-racemic (EBTHI)ZrCl 2 . Transformations reported herein proceed efficiently to afford two constitutionally distinct and readily separable products with excellent levels of diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Preparation and resolution of the substrate furans may be carried out in a single pot.
Direct, stereospecific generation of (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols.

A one-pot method to prepare highly functionalized (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols is introduced. Hydroboration of a variety of 1-bromo-1-acetylenes with dicyclohexyl borane, reaction with t-BuLi, and transmetalation to zinc generates a (Z)-disubstituted vinylzinc reagent. In situ reaction of this reagent with aldehydes generates (Z)-disubstituted allylic alcohols in high yields (81−97%). Addition to chiral protected α- or β-oxygenated aldehydes proceeds with diastereoselectivities between 6:1 and 18:1. The anti-Felkin product is obtained in most cases.
Comments on an article by Francesco Minisci and Francesca Fontana

Abstract Evidence is summarized to show that the latest aspects of Gif chemistry do not involve Fenton-type radical chemistry.
Exotic snails dominate nitrogen and carbon cycling in a highly productive stream

Individual animal species can impact ecosystem processes, but few exotic invaders have demonstrated ecosystem-scale impacts, even when population sizes are large. We combined whole-stream measures of carbon and nitrogen fluxes with rates of consumption and ammonium excretion to show that an exotic freshwater snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, dominated these fluxes in a highly productive stream. The snails consumed 75% of gross primary productivity, and their excretion accounted for two-thirds of ammonium demand. Such large fluxes were due to high snail biomass rather than high rates of excretion or consumption. This exotic species may dramatically alter ecosystem function in rivers, with potential consequences for food web structure and element transport.
Numerical Computation of First-Passage Times of Increasing Lévy Processes

Let {D(s), s ≥ 0} be a non-decreasing Levy process. The first-hitting time process {E(t), t ≥ 0} (which is sometimes referred to as an inverse subordinator) defined by $E(t) = \inf \{s: D(s) > t \}$ is a process which has arisen in many applications. Of particular interest is the mean first-hitting time $U(t)=\mathbb{E}E(t)$ . This function characterizes all finite-dimensional distributions of the process E. The function U can be calculated by inverting the Laplace transform of the function $\widetilde{U}(\lambda) = (\lambda \phi(\lambda))^{-1}$ , where ϕ is the Levy exponent of the subordinator D. In this paper, we give two methods for computing numerically the inverse of this Laplace transform. The first is based on the Bromwich integral and the second is based on the Post-Widder inversion formula. The software written to support this work is available from the authors and we illustrate its use at the end of the paper.
Balmer‐dominated Shocks Revisited

We present a new formalism to describe the ratios and profiles of emission lines from hydrogen in Balmer- dominated shocks. We use this model to interpret the measured widths and ratios of broad and narrow H� ,H � , and Lyemissionlinesinsupernovaremnants(SNRs).Ourmodelresultsagreefairlywellwiththoseobtainedpreviously by Chevalier, Kirshner, & Raymond and are consistent with observations of several SNRs. The same model fails to accountfortheratioof broadtonarrowlineemission fromthereverseshockinSNR1987Aasobserved byHengand coworkers. We suggest that this discrepancy between theory and observation results from a faulty assumption that Balmer-dominatedshockscanbetreatedassharpdiscontinuities.Ifthespatialstructureoftheshocktransitionzoneis taken into account, the predicted ratios of broad to narrow line emission in most SNRs will change by modest fac- tors, but the ratio in SNR 1987Awill increase substantially. Significantly greater shock velocities will be required to account for the observed full widths at half-maximum of the broad emission lines in most SNRs. Subject headingg shock waves — supernova remnants
Kinematics of X-ray-emitting components in cassiopeia a

We present high-resolution X-ray proper-motion measurements of Cassiopeia A using Chandra X-Ray Observatory observations from 2000 and 2002. We separate the emission into four spectrally distinct classes: Si-dominated, Fe-dominated, low-energy-enhanced, and continuum-dominated. These classes also represent distinct spatial and kinematic components. The Si- and Fe-dominated classes are ejecta and have a mean expansion rate of 0.2% yr-1. This is the same as for the forward shock filaments but less than the 0.3% yr-1 characteristic of optical ejecta. The low-energy-enhanced spectral class possibly illuminates a clumpy circumstellar component and has a mean expansion rate of 0.05% yr-1. The continuum-dominated emission likely represents the forward shock and consists of diffuse circumstellar material, which is seen as a circular ring around the periphery of the remnant as well as projected across the center.
Distribution-free estimation of some nonlinear panel data models

This paper studies distribution-free estimation of some multiplicative unobserved components panel data models. One class of estimators requires only specification of the conditional mean; in particular, the multinomial quasi-conditional maximum likelihood estimator is shown to be consistent when only the conditional mean in the unobserved effects model is correctly specified. Additional orthogonality conditions can be used in a method of moments framework. A second class of problems specifies the conditional mean, conditional variances, and conditional covariances. Using the notion of a conditional linear predictor, it is shown that specification of conditional second moments implies further orthogonality conditions in the observable data that can be exploited for efficiency gains. This has applications to both count and gamma-type panel data regression models.
Plug-in hybrid vehicle GHG impacts in California: Integrating consumer-informed recharge profiles with an electricity-dispatch model

This paper explores how Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles (PHEVs) may reduce source-to-wheel Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from passenger vehicles. The two primary advances are the incorporation of (1) explicit measures of consumer interest in and potential use of different types of PHEVs and (2) a model of the California electricity grid capable of differentiating hourly and seasonal GHG emissions by generation source. We construct PHEV emissions scenarios to address inherent relationships between vehicle design, driving and recharging behaviors, seasonal and time-of-day variation in GHG-intensity of electricity, and total GHG emissions. A sample of 877 California new vehicle buyers provide data on driving, time of day recharge access, and PHEV design interests. The elicited data differ substantially from the assumptions used in previous analyses. We construct electricity demand profiles scaled to one million PHEVs and input them into an hourly California electricity supply model to simulate GHG emissions. Compared to conventional vehicles, consumer-designed PHEVs cut marginal (incremental) GHG emissions by more than one-third in current California energy scenarios and by one-quarter in future energy scenarios—reductions similar to those simulated for all-electric PHEV designs. Across the emissions scenarios, long-term GHG reductions depends on reducing the carbon intensity of the grid.
Valvular flow abnormalities are often identified by a resting focused Doppler examination performed at the time of stress echocardiography.

Abstract Background Patients are usually referred for stress echocardiography to assess whether there is inducible myocardial ischemia. At some centers, a focused Doppler examination is also performed. We sought to determine the clinical value of this additional study by examining how often valvular flow abnormalities were identified that might affect clinical care. Methods We reviewed 1272 consecutive stress echocardiogram reports from a 1-year period, including 1223 tests that contained focused Doppler data. Important Doppler findings were defined as at least moderate mitral regurgitation, at least mild aortic regurgitation, any aortic or mitral valve stenosis, or any resting left ventricular outflow tract gradient. Results Overall, focused Doppler identified an important Doppler abnormality in 214 patients (17%). At least moderate mitral regurgitation was identified in 67 patients (5%) and at least mild aortic regurgitation was identified in 163 patients (13%). In addition, aortic stenosis (n = 14; 1%), mitral stenosis (n = 5; 0.4%), and resting outflow tract gradient (n = 2; 0.2%) were noted. A prior echocardiogram had been performed at our institution in 317 patients (26%). For this subset, a new important Doppler finding, a two-step change in regurgitant grade, or a one-step change in stenosis severity was noted in 28 patients (9%). Among patients who had a previous study, the prevalence of new findings was the same (9%) in those who had been studied within the previous year as in those whose previous study had been performed more than 2 years before. Conclusion Focused Doppler documents valvular flow abnormalities in 17% of patients referred for stress echocardiography, thereby enhancing the potential overall value of the test. The frequency of new findings was independent of the time interval from the previous Doppler study. These data should be considered when clinicians choose a stress imaging modality.
Millimicrosecond transistor current switching techniques

There are five major limitations on the speed of transistor switching circuits. These are: 1) carrier storage delays, where the transistors are operated in saturation, 2) the limitations imposed by transistor and circuit capacitances, 3) α cutoff frequency, 4) diffusion or transit-time delay, 5) storage time in associated diodes.
Substituent effects within the DNA binding subunit of CBI analogues of the duocarmycins and CC-1065.

A series of CBI analogues of the duocarmycins and CC-1065 exploring substituent effects within the first indole DNA binding subunit are detailed. Substitution at the indole C5 position led to cytotoxic potency enhancements that are ≥1000-fold, providing simplified analogues containing a single DNA binding subunit that are more potent (IC50=2–3 pM) than CBI-TMI, duocarmycin SA, or CC-1065.
Diagnosis of panic disorder in prepubertal children.

Abstract Few reports on panic disorder in children are available, despite the retrospectively documented onset in childhood of about 20% of the cases of adult panic disorder. The authors report on six prepubertal children, aged 8 to 13 years, who met DSM-III-R criteria for adult-type panic disorder. Hyperthyroidism, cardiologic, and respiratory problems were excluded as well as abuse of caffeine or other drugs. The first panic attack occurred between 5 to 11 years of age, with an average interval of 3 years between onset of the disorder and diagnosis. Mitral valve prolapse was documented in two cases. Family history was always positive for panic disorder. Although not common, panic disorder should be considered in children with school phobia and positive family history. As it is in adults, mitral valve prolapse may be associated with panic disorder in children. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1990, 29, 5:782–784.
The maximum Theorem and the existence of Nash equilibrium of (generalized) games without lower semicontinuities

Abstract In this paper we generalize Berge's Maximum Theorem to the case where the payoff (utility) functions and the feasible action correspondences are not lower semicontinuous. The condition we introduced is called the Feasible Path Transfer Lower Semicontinuity (in short, FPT l.s.c.). By applying our Maximum Theorem to game theory and economics, we are able to prove the existence of equilibrium for the generalized games (the so-called abstract economics) and Nash equilibrium for games where the payoff functions and the feasible strategy correspondences are not lower semicontinuous. Thus the existence theorems given in this paper generalize many existence theorems on Nash equilibrium and equilibrium for the generalized games in the literature.
Extremal black holes as bound states

Abstract We consider a simple static extremal multi-black hole solution with constituents charged under different U(1) fields. Each of the constituents by itself is an extremal dilatonic black hole of coupling a = 3 . For a special case with two electrically and two magnetically charged black holes the multi-black hole solution interpolates between the familiar a = 3 , 1, 1 3 and 0 solutions, depending on how many black holes are placed at infinity. This proves the hypothesis that black holes with the above dilaton couplings arise in string theory as bound states of fundamental a = 3 states with zero binding energy. We also generalize the result to states where the action does not admit a single scalar truncation and show that a wide class of dyonic black holes in toroidally compactified string theory can be viewed as bound states of fundamental a = 3 black holes.
Ultrafast Spatially Resolved Carrier Dynamics in Single CdSSe Nanobelts

We present ultrafast microscopy measurements on CdSSe semiconductor nanobelts addressing the early luminescence dynamics, charge transport, and charge carrier localization in individual nanoparticles. The diffraction limited spatial resolution of our femtosecond Kerr-gated microscope allowed us to address single particles and study the transport and localization in individual nanobelts. Microscopic “emission movies” consisting of 100 fs frames as well as time-resolved luminescence spectra of single CdSSe nanoparticles were recorded. The dramatically improved time-resolution enabled us to reveal the complex early emission dynamics of highly excited semiconductor nanobelts and to obtain Shockley−Read, nongeminate, and Auger recombination rates.
Measuring opportunity inequality with monetary transfers

In this paper I consider the problem of measuring opportunity inequality when monetary transfers are possible. First, I consider the case in which agents have common evaluations (or identical preferences), as in the previous literature. I then propose an extension to the heterogeneous case. In both cases I identify an appropriate egalitarian benchmark relative to which inequality can be mea- sured, and I establish that this yields a theory of measurement analogous to that of income inequality. Consequently, the introduction of money (or an infinitely divisible commodity) avoids the difficulty reported in Ok (J Econ Theory 77:300- 329, 1997). The results of the paper are immediately applicable to the measurement of multidimensional economic inequality including economies with indivisible goods.
Special Multimodality and Adaptivity in Renju Game

Some aspects of a special multimodality and adaptivity in a two-person game, renju (a Japanese alignment game on a board) are presented. It is argued that such a renju multimodality will surely be a new basis of ideas and understanding of adaptive processes in artificial inttelligence requiring multimodal optimum search. The necessary concepts are developed, such as distance between any two points, four directions, string, jumstring, costring, dead (jum)string, and criterion function of a placed stone (piece or chip) on a renju board. The essential aspects of renju multimodality and adaptivity studied here are as follows: possible values of the criterion function, realized number of the highest peak (lowest valley) formed by the criterion function within a game, height of maximum peak versus the issue of the game, possible number of the highest peak (lowest valley), illustration of the criterion function, developing processes of peak and valley, adaptive mobility of the optimum point, and practical appearance of the multimodality of renju problems.
Quantitative estimates of steric effects: Intramolecular strain energy effects on the activation energy for aquation of some trans-dichlorotetraaminecobalt(III) complexes

Abstract In an effort to quantitatively estimate steric contributions to the aquation rates of a series of structurally related cobalt(III) tetraamine complexes, strain energy minimization calculations have been performed on the reactant and some plausible transition state structures. Free energies of activation Δ G * obs , are factored as: Δ G * obs , = Δ G * bb + Δ G * strain + Δ G * CF + Δ G * solvation + … where Δ G * bb is the free energy change associated with bond breaking, Δ G * solvation is the solvation free energy difference between the reactant and a proposed transition stare, Δ G * CF is the difference in crystal field stabilization between the reactant and a proposed transition state, and Δ G * strain is the strain energy difference between the reactant complex and a proposed transition state. The activation energy for the aquation of a hypothetical ‘strain free’ complex is defined as Δ G * int and reflects the energy required for the bond breaking step with all other terms. For the cations trans -( RR,SS )-dichloro-1,8- diamino-3,6-diazaoctanecobalt(III)( trans [Co(2,2,2- tet)Cl 2 ] + ), trans -(RR,SS)- or trans -( RS )-dichloro-1.9- diamino-3,7-diazanonanecobalt(III)(trans [Co(2,3,2- tet)Cl 2 ] + and trans -( RS )-dichloro-1,10-diamino-4,7- diazadecanecobalt(III)( trans [Co(3,2,3-tet)Cl 2 ] + ) Δ G * int is found to be a constant 123 kJ/mol. For the trans -dichlorocobalt(III) complexes with the ligands 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclotridecane([13]-ane-N 4 ), 1,4,8, 11-tetraazacyclotetradecane([14]-ane-N 4 ), 1,4,8,12- tetraazacyclopentadecane([15]-ane-N 4 ) and 1,5,9,13- tetraazacyclohexadecane([16]-ane-N 4 ), Δ G * int lies in the range 133–139 kJ/mol.
A Meta-Analysis of Relationships Linking Employee Satisfaction to Customer Responses

Abstract The authors report a meta-analysis of relationships linking employee job satisfaction to customer satisfaction and perceived service quality in studies that correlate employee data with customer data. Overall, both relationships are positive and statistically and substantively significant. Moderator analyses show that service industry characteristics (relationship versus encounter, personal versus non-personal) and methodological characteristics (aggregated versus individual level of analysis, concurrent versus predictive survey) moderate these relationships. Estimation of a path analytic model using the aggregated data shows that customer-perceived service quality completely mediates the relationship between employee job satisfaction and customer satisfaction. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
On the anomalous U(1) in free fermionic superstring models

The realistic free fermionic models have had an intriguing success in explaining different properties of the observed particle spectrum. In this paper we discuss in some detail the anomalous U(1) symmetry which exists in these models. We study the properties of the anomalous U(1) in both the more realistic NAHE-based free fermionic models and those in a general NAHE class. Appearance of an anomalous U(1) in the more realistic NAHE models is shown to be an effect of reduction of world sheet supersymmetry from (2,2) to (2,0). We show, however, that in more general (2,1) and (2,0) models, all U(1) can remain anomaly-free under certain conditions. Several phenomenological issues related to the anomalous U(1) are discussed. In particular, we note that in some examples the anomalous U(1) arises from the breaking E6 → SO(10)×U(1)A, resulting in U(1)A being family universal.
Establishing virtual circuits in large computer networks

Abstract Network routing algorithms generally attempt to provide communication between two nodes by sending data messages along the best or shortest path between them. Unfortunately, in large networks it is difficult to maintain knowledge of such path due to the cost in storage, computation, and communication bandwidth. In an attempt to solve this problem the technique of clustering has been proposed. Clustering generally reduces the cost of routing of by sacrificing optimality. Kamoun has shown that this sacrifice is asymptotically negligible under certain strong assumptions. In this paper we propose a new clustering technique which permits us to obtain optimal paths. However, determining these paths requires some effort and thus the methodology is appropriate only if the paths are then used for many messages in virtual circuit fashion. An application to planar networks gives a quantitative demonstration of obtaining optimal paths with reduced path determination cost.
The Uses of Authority in Economics: Shared Intellectual Frameworks as the Foundation of Personal Persuasion

The answer to the questions about what economists believe and why they do not all believe the same things revolves around the nature, variety, and uses of authority in economics. The data used are the various frameworks that economists, knowingly and unknowingly, employ to formulate their questions and organize their intellectual endeavors. These devices are called patristic traditions, or cultural and intellectual frameworks, or governing legacies, or several other phrases. They all connote authority systems, traceable to specific intellectual or cultural precursors, or authorities. The central proposition is that the specific set of governing legacies that each individual economist possesses effectively guides his or her thinking. By recognizing these authorities it is possible to more effectively understand others' minds and increase the ability to persuade.
Millisecond-scale differences in neural activity in auditory cortex can drive decisions

Neurons in the auditory cortex can lock to the fine timing of acoustic stimuli with millisecond precision, but it is not known whether this precise spike timing can be used to guide decisions. We used chronically implanted microelectrode pairs to stimulate neurons in the rat auditory cortex directly and found that rats can exploit differences in the timing of cortical activity that are as short as 3 ms to guide decisions.