cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Widespread QoI Fungicide Resistance Revealed Among Corynespora cassiicola Tomato Isolates in Florida.

Target spot of tomato caused by Corynespora cassiicola is one of the most economically destructive diseases of tomato in Florida. A collection of 123 isolates from eight counties in Florida were evaluated for sensitivity to azoxystrobin and fenamidone based on mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), spore germination (SG), detached leaflet assays (DLAs), and sequence-based analysis of the cytochrome b gene (cytb). Cleavage of cytb by restriction enzyme (Fnu4HI) revealed the presence of a mutation conferring a glycine (G) to alanine (A) mutation at amino acid position 143 (G143A) in approximately 90% of the population, correlating with quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) resistance based on MGI ( 50% at 10 μg/ml), and DLA (>10% and 50% at 5 μg/ml), SG (>50% at 1 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml), and DLA (>50% severity reduction) correlated to non-mutation-containing isolates or those with a silent mutation. This study indicates that QoI resistance among C. cassiicola isolates from tomato is widespread in Florida and validates rapid screening methods using MGI or molecular assays to identify resistant isolates in future studies.
Fabrication and scale-up of multi-leaf spiral-wound membrane modules for CO2 capture from flue gas

Abstract Facilitated transport membranes for CO2 capture from flue gas were scaled up and subsequently fabricated into spiral-wound modules. In order to increase the membrane area in each module conveniently, a multi-leaf rolling procedure utilizing a carrier layer was used, and the fabrication steps were documented in detail. The prototype module comprised up to 7 membrane leaves (each membrane leaf had dimensions of 14″ by 36″) and had a total membrane area of up to 2.94 m2. By controlling the spacer thicknesses, the packing density in each of the modules was enhanced, while the pressure drops on both feed and permeate sides were maintained below 1.5 psi/m. The fabricated membrane modules showed consistent transport results as the corresponding scale-up membranes. For instance, a CO2 permeance of 1450 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 185 were achieved with a simulated flue gas at 67 °C. Furthermore, the pressure drop and concentration polarization phenomenon were quantitatively correlated to the feed flow rate. The developed correlations were used to predict the separation performance of a full-size (8″ × 40″) module.
VALUATION, HEDGING, AND BOUNDS OF SWAPS UNDER MULTI-FACTOR BNS-TYPE STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODELS

In this paper, we consider price weighted-volatility swap and price weighted-variance swap. The underlying asset considered in this paper is assumed to follow a general stochastic differential equa...
Delayed Adulthood, Delayed Desistance? A Brief Report on Changing Age Schedules of Risky Behaviors:

Desistance from the risky behaviors associated with adolescence is linked to entry into adult roles like marriage and employment. Increases in the age of these transitions may delay desistance from...
Renoprotective effect of Stat1 deletion in murine aristolochic acid nephropathy.

Injured tubule epithelium stimulates a profibrotic milieu that accelerates loss of function in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study tested the role of signal transducer and activator of transcr...
Phantom for evaluation of dedicated nuclear medicine breast imaging systems

1857 Objectives Nuclear breast imaging requires high sensitivity and resolution close to the camera face for detection of small lesions with low target to background count ratios (T/B). Manufacturers have developed planar imaging systems with pixelated detectors and optimized collimation. Most quality control phantoms are oversized, SPECT specific and utilize high-contrast cold defects. A new phantom has been designed to better emulate the breast-imaging scenario by producing small areas of increased counts at varying T/B. Methods The phantom was constructed by layering eight acrylic sheets. Six 2.4 mm thick interior sheets were cut to create an easily filled 16x23 cm chamber divided into sections of 1/6, 2/6, 3/6 or 4/6 layers of acrylic/water. Target activity is an array of 1.6 to 16 mm diameter holes in each section. Images appear to have structures of different sizes and sectional T/B of 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0. The phantom was filled with 99mTc solution and imaged with a CZT molecular breast imaging system (D750b), a pixelated scintillation camera with LEHS (2020HS) and LEHR (2020HR) collimation, and conventional LEHR scintillation cameras. The phantom was placed directly on and 3.5 cm above (separated by a water bath) the collimator for high (optimal performance) and patient equivalent count images. Results The table shows the smallest structure visualized with the phantom directly on the collimator. When a scattering medium was introduced, image quality degraded by varying degrees for all systems. The 16 mm structure provided a measure of contrast without significant partial volume effects. Conclusions A phantom has been designed for assessment of dedicated nuclear medicine breast imaging systems. Images of the phantom demonstrate that it can be used to evaluate the systems in a breast-specific setting. Images also demonstrate the advantage of dedicated breast imaging systems over those designed for general imaging. Research Support This work was supported in part by GE Healthcare.
Cubic-phase-compensated, sub-100-fs chirped-pulse amplification system with a fiber stretcher and a grating-pair compressor

It has long been recognized that an optical fiber is not a useful pulse stretcher for sub-picosecond CPA systems because of the cubic-phase mismatch between the fiber and grating-pair compressor.1 The use of a grating stretcher (which more closely matches a compressor) made possible the amplification and compression of 100-fs pulses. The grating stretcher has been refined to support shorter pulses,2 but these improvements in performance have come at the expense of simplicity. Compared to grating stretchers, the optical fiber stretcher is extremely compact and easy to align. In addition, a fiber produces a perfect spatial-chirp-free beam (which is difficult to obtain with grating stretchers). ACPA system capable of employing a fiber stretcher would greatly simplify the challenge of producing a clean stretched pulse. In this paper we propose a fiber stretcher and grating-prism compressor that is fully cubic-phase compensated and can be used with millijoule-energy, sub-100-fs pulses.
A social network perspective on the Bamboo Ceiling: Ethnic homophily explains why East Asians but not South Asians are underrepresented in leadership in multiethnic environments.

In the United States, Asians appear disproportionately underrepresented in leadership roles, a puzzling phenomenon known as the "Bamboo Ceiling" (Hyun, 2005; Lu et al., 2020). We advance a social network explanation for this phenomenon: ethnic homophily. We theorize that East Asians (e.g., ethnic Chinese)-but not South Asians (e.g., ethnic Indians)-are less likely than other ethnicities to emerge as leaders in multiethnic environments partly because East Asians socialize more with ethnic ingroup members (other East Asians). Analyzing a survey of 54,620 Juris Doctor (JD) students from 124 U.S. law schools, Study 1 revealed that East Asians had the highest ethnic homophily of all ethnicities. Studies 2 and 3 examined friendship networks and leadership emergence in 11 class sections of new Master of Business Administration (MBA) students in a U.S. business school, and found that East Asians were the least likely to be nominated and elected as leaders. Social network analysis revealed that, compared to South Asians, Latinos, and Whites, East Asians exhibited higher ethnic homophily, which mediated their lower leadership emergence. These effects occurred for both East Asian internationals and East Asian Americans, and were robust after accounting for variables such as assertiveness (parallel mediator), network centrality, English proficiency, demographics, and personality. By integrating social network analysis into psychology, we identify ethnic homophily as one reason why the Bamboo Ceiling exists for East Asians but not South Asians. Moreover, by uncovering the negative link between ethnic homophily and leadership emergence, our research suggests that bonding with people from different ethnic backgrounds can facilitate individuals' leadership emergence in multiethnic environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Anaerobic Microbial Activity Under Electric Fields

The impact of electric fields on some environmental conditions and on the activity of anaerobic microorganisms was investigated in this study. Experiments were conducted in plexiglass chambers with coated titanium mesh electrodes mounted on either end. Electric fields of 1.5 V/cm through 6 V/cm were applied. Anaerobic cultures (primarily a consortium with methane producing bacteria) obtained from a mesophilic digester from the Redhook Wastewater Treatment Plant, Brooklyn, were used in these experiments. Results indicated that the pH decreased to as low as 4.5 even under completely mixed conditions in fed-batch reactors, if pH-control measures were not in place. Microbial activity, measured as a function of the ability of the anaerobic microorganisms to consume readily degradable acetate, generally decreased as expected if the pH and dissolved oxygen were not controlled. Using sodium sulfite slightly in excess of the stoichiometric amount and sodium bicarbonate, both pH variation as well as oxygen generation were adequately controlled. Microbial activity initially decreased under exposure to electric current but recovered after a period of several hours of exposure, suggesting a degree of acclimation of the anaerobic culture to the electric current.
Personality, Interactive Relations, and Applied Psychology

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the evaluation models. Models that are designed to increase the understanding of psychological phenomena needed to reflect the conditional and nonlinear relations that are certainly operating among psychological variables. Models serving the more pragmatic goal of efficiently predicting important criteria are always handicapped by the inclusion of complex relations. The development of simple models that rely on higher order variables automatically includes the complexity that exists. The most basic model for predicting one variable from another is the simple linear relation model. This model is an extreme simplification of nearly all psychological phenomena. Multivariate extension model is the mainstay of statistical prediction for most of the history of personality assessment. Specifically, this model is limited to a linear combination of the predictor variables. Psychological phenomena are almost certainly caused by a more complicated, nonlinear function of a set of variables. Interactive models have contributed to their power to predict human behavior. These models have not fared well in applied settings. There is little doubt that multivariate and interactive models are more faithful models of human behavior.
Effect of grape consumption on metabolic parameters in obese adults (831.11)

Consumption of polyphenol-rich grapes has previously shown cardioprotective effects. This randomized, double-blind, crossover study aimed to determine the impact of whole grapes on biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk compared to placebo. We examined plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein in obese adults (mean BMI 39.2 ± 11.7) in good health. Diets included 60 g of whole grape powder (WGP), equivalent to 2 cups whole grapes providing 300 mg total polyphenols, or placebo(C) matched in calories and appearance providing 0 mg polyphenols. Subjects completed two 4-wk intervention periods, separated by a 2-wk washout, during which they consumed WGP or C once daily in addition to low polyphenol diets. Fasting blood samples were drawn at beginning and end of each intervention period. Acute postprandial effects at 1, 3, and 5 h were examined following consumption of WGP or C with a standardized high fat, high carbohydrate test meal. Preliminary data reveals subjects receiving WGP had no signi...
Detecting Malicious Codes by the Presence of Their “Gene of Self-replication”

A high percentage of information attacks are perpetrated by deploying computer viruses and worms, which result in very costly and destructive “epidemics”. Spread of malicious codes is achieved by the built-in ability to self-replicate through the Internet and computer media. Since most legitimate codes do not self-replicate, and the number of ways to achieve self-replication is limited to the order of fifty, the detection of malicious codes could be reduced to the detection of the “gene of self-replication” in the code in question. This paper present the analysis of the self-replication mechanism of one of the recent computer viruses and discusses the ways to detect the ability of a computer code to self-replicate before the execution.
The chet package

This is a sample produced using chet. This package is inspired by Paul Ginsparg's harvmac, but uses LaTeX2e instead of TeX. The commands provided are to be used as faster alternatives to LaTeX2e's default environments (which can all still be used with chet).
Subjective Scaling of Digital Imagery

Hard-copy digital imagery was studied with respect to subjective image quality. Trained Air Force photo-interpreters judged the interpretability of 250 military images. The images varied in noise, blur, and scene content.Other analyses performed on the data showed that at least 62 categories should be used to scale interpretability, the correlation between information extraction performance and scale values for digital imagery is high, and multidimensional scaling can be used with questionable utility in studying image quality.
Methyl Cyclopropyl Ketone

Methyl cyclopropyl ketone intermediate: 5-chloro-2-pentanone product: methyl cyclopropyl ketone intermediate: ether-ketone Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[3]; cyclization, condensation; decarboxylation; decarboxylation; hydrolysis, esters and lactones; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; stirrers, sweep-type
MONKEY POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX NEURONS ANTIDROMICALLY ACTIVATED FROM SUPERIOR COLLICULUS

Pare, Martin and Robert H. Wurtz. Monkey posterior parietal cortex neurons antidromically activated from superior colliculus. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3493–3497, 1997. The connection between the poster...
Integrated Visual Studies - A case study of student participation in a College of Education

Some educationalists feel that if students are given the opportunity to co-operate in determining the pattern and content of their own education they will be able to benefit by being active decision-makers during their period of initial training and, that they are then more likely to become confident and responsible teachers . This in turn could help students to develop self - determining attitudes in flexible situations in which their own interests are seen . to be important . Indeed, since Dewey, 'progressive ' educators have stressed the importance of student participation in what goes on in education. In expr~ssing his views on student-centered learning Dewey criticized the traditional process of subject-centered teaching with its emphases on the acquirement of knowledge for its own sake . He advocated the use of activity methods and experimentation and also suggested that the student's personal interests should be taken into account . In the writer's own department, staff and students have been experimenting with integrated work in Art and Design within the framework of the existing syllabus. The department is, to a large extent , organised as an integral teaching and learning unit in which flexibility and personal initiative are encouraged .
A Review of “Special Operations and Strategy: From World War II to the War on Terrorism”

Special operations are a popular topic today. The conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the continuing “long war” against terrorism have dramatically increased interest and focus on special operation...
Tear-film osmolarity in normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis

Objective To compare the tear-film osmolarity of normal cats and cats with conjunctivitis. Animal studied The population consisted of shelter, research, and privately owned cats. Procedures Cats were classified as normal or having conjunctivitis. An ophthalmic examination including Schirmer tear test (STT), fluorescein staining, tear-film break-up time (TFBUT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and slit-lamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment was performed. The severity of conjunctivitis was graded and assigned a numerical score. The Tear LabTM Osmolarity System was utilized to determine the tear-film osmolarity. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare tear-film osmolarity, TFBUT, IOP, and STT of the two groups. Results A total of 93 cats (186 eyes) were examined. There were 37 normal cats (74 eyes) and 39 conjunctivitis cats (78 eyes). The mean age was 2.34 years. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.2065) between the median tear-film osmolarity of normal cats (328.5 ± 17.94 mOsms/L) and conjunctivitis cats (325.0 ± 24.84 mOsms/L). Cats with conjunctivitis had an accelerated TFBUT (P < 0.0001) and lower IOPs (P < 0.0001) as compared to normal cats. No statistical difference was found between STT values (P = 0.1304). Conclusions The median tear-film osmolarity of normal cats was 328.5 mOsms/L. Despite the accelerated TFBUT, conjunctivitis did not cause a statistically significant change in tear-film osmolarity. The Tear LabTM Osmolarity System was easily used and well tolerated by the cats in the study.
Effect of Hf 4+ Concentration on Oxygen Grain‐Boundary Diffusion in Alumina

The kinetics of oxygen grain-boundary diffusion in alumina was studied as a function of HfO2 concentration. The oxidation of Ni marker particles to NiAl2O4 spinel was utilized to delineate the position of the oxidation front. The HfO2 doping levels spanned the solubility limit, ranging from 100 to 2000 ppm (Hf:Al concentration). For each dopant level, the parabolic rate constant (k) was determined for oxidation anneals carried out at 1400°C. Relative to undoped alumina, HfO2 doping slowed the oxygen transport kinetics by a factor of approximately 3–8, depending on the dopant concentration. At 1400°C, the solubility limit of HfO2 was found to be between 100 and 200 ppm. The results showed that the level of benefit saturated at the dopant level corresponding to the solubility limit (sollim), where 100 ppm < sollim < 200 ppm. The results of the transport experiments were also examined with respect to the fractional grain-boundary coverage (f), as opposed to overall HfO2 content. An approximate linear relationship between the rate of oxygen transport and f was observed, which can be rationalized in terms of a site-blocking model.
Stable versus Shifting Ethical Leadership: The Impact on Follower Positivity and Performance

Considering the temporal nature of ethical leadership is among the greatest challenges for ethical leadership researchers (Brown & Mitchell, 2010). Rising to that challenge, the central goal of thi...
Partial Pest Management Programs on Dry Large Lima Beans in California: Regulation of L. hesperus

Dimethoate, carbofuran, monocrotophos, oxydemetonmethyl, phosalone, and Parathion, when applied at about the period of 1st bloom for reduction of Lygus hesperus (Knight) populations, increased yields by 1591 to 2780 kg/ha. The addition of a mid-season application contributed mainly to improved quality of the dry beans. A single mid-season treatment resulted in increased yields over untreated plants but was inferior to a single early application. During 1969–71 several unregistered insecticides (especially carbofuran, monocrotophos, and oxydemetonmethyl) were shown to be potentially useful for control of this bug.
Men's Participation in Child Care and Women's Work Attachment

Who cares for children is an important determinant of women's work effort and their potential earnings. Although research on child care has grown dramatically over the last decade, previous studies have ignored the effects of child-care arrangements on female employment. Using the Survey of Income and Program Participation , a 1985 sample of employed mothers of preschool-age children was selected, and determinants of quitting work by 1986 were examined. Women who relied on their husbands for child-care supervision were found to be more likely to quit work than women in the reference category; in addition, this effect was stronger among lowwage women. The need for additional work on the relation between child care and the female labor supply is examined.
Observational Selection Effects in Europa Image Data: Identification of Chaotic Terrain

Abstract The identification of terrains on images of Europa is highly dependent on the image resolution and illumination angle, both of which are quite variable due to the observational selection constraints of the Galileo mission. Higher resolution images allow for the identification of smaller patches of chaotic terrain, which are indistinguishable from surrounding tectonic terrain in most other Galileo imagery. The incidence angle of light also introduces an observational bias in the identification of chaotic terrain: Images acquired closer to Europa's terminator generally reveal more chaos features than images taken with higher Sun. Proper accounting for selection effects has implications for the size distribution and chronology of chaotic terrain, and the geologic history of the satellite: At ∼200 m/pixel 30% of Europa's surface appears as chaotic terrain, but with the effects of lighting and resolution taken into account, the portion is 40% or more; bias correction eliminates the 10-km-size peak that had been the basis of an earlier thick-ice model; “mottled terrain” and “lenticulae” appear to be the same as chaotic terrain, even though they have been mapped separately in the past; and accounting for how observational bias affects the freshness of appearance of chaotic terrain and the identification of tectonic modification of chaotic terrain demonstrates that the formation of tectonic and chaotic terrain have been concurrent processes throughout Europa's surface history.
Phase I studies on the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of SB-649868, a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist

The orexin system plays a major role in the integration of metabolic and circadian influences that drive wakefulness. This paper describes initial Phase I trials of a novel dual orexin receptor ant...
Three-dimensional display and quantitative analysis of multidimensional light microscope images

Specialized high speed volume rendering tools and image preprocessing methods required for the automated interactive microscope (AIM) are described. AIM will allow the biologist to perform 'closed loop' experiments, meaning tea the biologist will be able to view preliminary results to allow critical observations which facilitate the changing of the course of image data collection dynamically during the experiment. To facilitate this process, we are developing high-speed volume rendering tools utilizing 3-D texture mapping hardware. In addition, specific preprocessing methods are described which enable the seeing of 3-D structures in volume renderings of differential interference contrast (DIC) volume images. Without these methods, structures of interest, which are critically related to the experiment, would be obscured as though in a dense fog.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nuclide migration field experiments in tuff, G tunnel, Nevada Test Site

A project to begin to address the phenomena of flow and element migration in fractured porous rock has recently been started by the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. The work has three objectives: (1) to develop the experimental, instrumental, and safety techniques necessary to conduct controlled, small-scale, radionuclide migration, field experiments; (2) to use these techniques to define radionuclide migration through rock by performing generic, at-depth experiments under closely controlled conditions in a single fracture in porous rock; and (3) to determine whether available lithologic, geochemical, and hydraulic properties together with existing or developed transport models are sufficient and appropriate to describe real field conditions (i.e., to scale from small-scale laboratory studies to bench-size studies to field studies). The detailed scope of this project and its current status are described. 2 figures.
Where Do Merger Profits Go

Stockholders make money from takeovers—stockholders of the acquired firm, that is. When Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR) took RJR Nabisco private for over $24 billion, for example, the RJR stockholders received more than twice what their shares had sold for prior to the bidding battle. That profit margin is typical of contested takeovers, although higher than the premium paid for all acquisitions in the past decade, which have averaged around 40 percent.
Physical and chemical properties of squarate complexes. II. Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility studies of several dimeric and trimeric iron(III) complexes containing the squarate dianion

Abstract Products obtained by the reaction of certain bases with μ-dihydroxo-bis[squaratodiaquoiron(III) dihydrate, [Fe(C4O4)(H2O)2(OH)]2·2H2O, I, have been isolated and studied by the complementary methods of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility. Reaction of I with pyridine or substituted pyridine bases gives materials with formula [Fe(C4O4)(L)2(OH)]2·2H2O where L = pyridine, 4-methylpyridine, or 3-methylpyridine. The Fe2(OH)2 bridging unit is maintained in these complexes as evidenced by their variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility behavior. The data are very well described with a HDVVS1= S2 = 5 2 dimer model where J ≅−8 cm−1 and g = 2.00. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) reacts with I to give a μ3-oxo complex containing coordinated DMSO, [Fe3O(C4O4)3(DMSO)3(H2O)3](OH). Magnetic susceptibility data for this complex are analyzed with a HDVV S1 = S2 = 5 2 trimer model by assuming equivalent spin sites. Results of this analysis give J = −39 cm−1 and g = 2.00. The proposed trimeric structure of this complex is also inferred from the presence of a strong infrared absorption near 550 cm−1 assigned to the FeO stretching mode, Vasym(Fe3O). Reaction of I with KOH in ethanol yields a material whose magnetic susceptibility versus temperature behavior is indicative of a S1 = S2 = 5 2 dimer with J = 96 cm−1 and g = 2.00. Presence of a strong infrared absorption at 820 and 750 cm−1, assigned to the FeOFe stretching mode,vasym(Fe2O) is additional evidence for the proposed μ-oxo structure for this complex, [Fe(C4O4)(H2O)2]2O. Mossbauer spectral parameters for these ferric squarate complexes are consistent with proposed structures.
Sex differences in the association between sleep and body mass index in adolescents.

Objective To determine whether an association between short sleep duration and increased body mass index (BMI) exists in a sample of U.S. adolescents. Study design Public-use dataset of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Final sample included 4486 adolescents (51% female). Main outcome was BMI transformed into z-scores for age and sex using reference values from the Centers for Disease Control/National Center for Health Statistics. Overweight was defined as ≥95th percentile. Linear and logistic regression models were calculated. Sleep duration was self-reported in hours. A quadratic term for sleep was added to test curvilinear association. Covariates included age, race, parental education, activity and inactivity scores. Results Among males, linear regression indicated that sleep duration significantly predicted BMI z-score (Beta = −0.08, 95% CI: −0.12, −0.03). Logistic regression indicated that sleep duration predicted risk of overweight among males (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.00). Sleep duration was not a significant predictor among females in either regression model. Quadratic term for sleep was not significant for either sex. Conclusions Longer sleep duration was weakly associated with lower BMI and risk of overweight among male adolescents only. This sex-related difference may be due to differences in the physiology of puberty or in sleep characteristics.
The expectation value coupled-cluster method and analytical energy derivatives

A new method for correlation energies and properties based upon the coupled-cluster expectation value (XCC) expression is developed. The size-extensive XCC method is shown to satisfy the generalized Hellmann-Feynman theorem, aiding the evaluation of first and higher derivatives to define molecular properties or to search energy surfaces and predict vibrational spectra. Though truncated at order n, XCC(n) methods include effects of infinite-order correlation, containing MBPT(n) as a special case. In XCC(5), the contributions from connected quadruple excitations arise, but these may be evaluated with only an ∼ n7 algorithm instead of the ∼ n10 that might have been expected.
Solid-state NMR spin-echo investigation of the metalloproteins parvalbumin, concanavalin A, and pea and lentil lectins, substituted with cadmium-113

Abstract Solid-state 113 Cd NMR spectroscopy of static powder samples of 113 Cd-substituted metalloproteins, parvalbumin, concanavalin A, and pea and lentil lectins, was carried out. Cross polarization followed by application of a train of uniformly spaced π pulses was employed to investigate the origin of residual cadmium NMR linewidths observed previously in these proteins. Fourier transformation of the resulting spin-echo train yielded spectra consisting of uniformly spaced lines having linewidths of the order of 1–2 ppm. The observed linewidths were not influenced by temperature as low as −50°C or by extent of protein hydration. Since the echo-train pulse sequence is able to eliminate inhomogeneous but not homogeneous contributions to the linewidths, there is a predominant inhomogeneous contribution to cadmium linewidths in the protein CP/MAS spectra. However, significant changes in spectral intensities were observed with change in temperature and extent of protein hydration. These intensity changes are attributed for parvalbumin and concanavalin A to changes in cross-polarization efficiency with temperature and hydration. For pea and lentil lectins, this effect is attributed to the elimination of static disorder at the pea and lentil S2 metal-ion sites due to sugar binding.
Early growth of silicon on sapphire. II. Models

We analyze data obtained on the morphology of (100) silicon on (0112) sapphire at early stages of growth. For the sake of simplicity and concreteness, we assume, perhaps incorrectly, that isolated growth islands are hemispherical. In order to account for the observation that the rate of increase of deposited silicon has achieved the bulk value at surface coverages of 50% or less, we postulate a ’’collection zone’’ around each growing island. Material falling in this zone is assumed to all diffuse to the growing island. For our experiments, the width of this zone is some tens of angstroms. We show that the growth rate of {110} islands is not significantly different than that of (100) islands. The eventual disappearance of {110} Si for full growths can be ascribed to the tendency to reduce the high‐energy contact area between (100) and {110} Si. The logarithm of (100) island density appears to be proportional to (growth time)1/2. A simple model of island coalescence yields such a dependence, the proportionality constant being essentially equal to the (initial nucleation site density)1/4 multiplied by the (growth rate)1/2. The model for individual island growth in conjunction with the coalescence model yields a satisfactory explanation of the observed time dependence of island density, of surface coverage, and of total deposited volume. We suggest that, under the high effective supersaturations used in the growth of silicon on sapphire, island growth and coalescence are not dominated by surface energies. We speculate that nucleation of silicon on sapphire occurs by a type of homogeneous surface mechanism, rather than being due to either ’’dirt’’ on the substrate or crystallographic defects in the sapphire substrate.
Cumulative impacts are not properly addressed in environmental assessments

Abstract Environmental assessments (EAs) refer to preliminary studies conducted within the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process in the United States; such studies are used to determine the significance of anticipated impacts of proposed actions. If significant impacts are identified, detailed studies leading to the preparation of environmental impact statements (EISs) are necessary. If no significant impacts are expected, findings of no significant impacts (FONSIs) are prepared and the EIA process is completed. Cumulative impacts (CIs) should be considered, along with direct and indirect impacts, in the significance determination documented within an EA. However, CIs may not receive detailed attention due to either the absence of specific requirements or uncertainty as to what to address. This study included a systematic review of CI considerations in 30 EAs prepared on a variety of project types in the United States. In general, it was determined that CIs are neither normally mentioned nor thoroughly addressed; in fact, only 14 EAs even mentioned the term. When CIs were mentioned, they were typically addressed in a qualitative manner without clear delineations of spatial and temporal study boundaries and utilized guidelines or methodologies. Therefore, if EAs are to continue to be decision documents for determining if EISs need to be prepared, significance determinations for CIs must be more systematically addressed and documented. Such documentation could refer to the consideration of CIs and the determination that they are not significant; in contrast; for some EAs the topic of CIs may be the determining issue in decisions to prepare EISs.
Do attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder influence preschool unintentional injury risk?

PURPOSE: This study explores the relationship among preschool attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), injury-risk-taking behavior, and unintentional injury. METHOD: An emergency department (ED) casecontrol study of parent-reported child behavior was conducted. FINDINGS: Children with ODD and ADHD had significantly more injury-risk-taking behaviors (odds ratio [OR] = 7.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25-26.25; OR = 4.87, 95% CI 1.17--20.28, respectively), and injured children had a 17-fold increase in high-risk-taking behaviors (OR 17.2, 95% CI 2.14--138.0). No significant association existed between ODD or ADHD and ED-treated unintentional injury. IMPLICATIONS: Disruptive behavior disorders are not major contributors to ED-treated unintentional injury in preschool children. Language: en
Coal Conversion and the Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978

The Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978 (PIFUA) is designed to conserve domestic natural gas by requiring certain electric power plants to use alternate fuels. The author feels that the environmental implications of increasing coal use will not be made worse by PIFUA because best available control technology requirements will meet Clean Air Act standards and because market forces will increase coal use anyway. By favoring coal conversion, however, PIFUA supports industry efforts to weaken the standards. 58 references. (DCK)
The limits of life on Earth and searching for life on Mars

Considerations of basic properties of bacteria such as size, structure, and metabolic versatility allow one to understand how these remarkable life-forms are so adaptable to environments previously thought to be uninhabitable. It is now appreciated that bacteria on Earth can utilize almost any redox couple that yields energy, taking advantage of this energy, while transforming the elements during metabolism. The ability to grow at the expense of inorganic redox couples allows the microbes to occupy niches not available to the more metabolically constrained eukaryotes. Furthermore, the simplicity of the bacterial structure allows them considerably more resistance to environmental variables (pH, salinity, temperature) that are toxic or lethal to more complex organisms. This information can be used to explain the predominance of prokaryotes in extreme environments on Earth, and to speculate as to simple types of metabolism and biogeochemical cycles that may exist on this planet, Mars, and perhaps other non-Earth environments.
Visual evoked potentials during hypothermia and prolonged circulatory arrest

Abstract Visual evoked potentials were recorded in eight children during hypothermia and circulatory arrest. The potentials were lost in all children recorded in late arrest. The evoked potential is a more sensitive indicator of CNS stress as provoked by combined hypothermia and hypoxia than is the EEG. EEG activity persisted in six of the eight children in this series even during circulatory arrest. The EEG had been seen to do the same in more than half of a larger series of children recorded at that stage. The results suggest that evoked potentials may be a sensitive indicator of early impairment of cerebral function and may demonstrate useful changes sooner than the EEG. The examination may be useful in following children with illnesses producing hypoxia or anoxia. The N1 component was as easily and as frequently identifiable as the P2 component. Under the stress of this procedure, the latency of the P2 component became more variable than the N1 peak. The results suggest the N1 component may be as useful and perhaps more useful than the P2 wave in following the effect of some CNS stresses in children.
Tillage and Cover Cropping Effects on Aggregate-Protected Carbon in Cotton and Tomato

Conservation tillage (CT) and cover cropping (CC) are agricultural practices that may provide solutions to address water and air quality issues arising from intensive agricultural practices. This study investigated how CT and CC affect soil organic matter dynamics in a cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)–tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) rotation in California’s San Joaquin Valley. There were four treatments: conservation tillage, no cover crop (CTNO); conservation tillage with cover crop (CTCC); standard tillage, no cover crop (STNO); and standard tillage with cover crop (STCC). After 5 yr, the top 30 cm of soil in CTCC had an increase of 4500 kg C ha −1 , compared with an increase of 3800 kg C ha −1 in STCC from initial soil C content in 1999. To enhance our understanding of C dynamics in CT systems, we pulse-labeled cotton with 13 CO 2 in the fi eld and followed the decomposition of both the roots and the shoots through three physical fractions: light fraction (LF), which tends to turnover quickly, and two relatively stable C pools—intraaggregate LF (iLF) and mineral-associated carbon (mC). Soil under CT treatments retained more of the cottonresidue-derived C in LF and iLF than ST 3 mo after placement in the fi eld. These differences disappeared after 1 yr, however, with no discernable differences between CT and ST regardless of CC. In California’s Mediterranean climate, CT alone does not accumulate or stabilize more C than ST in tomato–cotton rotations, and the addition of cover crop biomass is more important than tillage reduction for total soil C accumulation. Abbreviations: CT, conservation tillage; CTCC, conservation tillage with cover crop; CTNO, conservation tillage, no cover crop; iLF, intraaggregate light fraction; LF, light fraction; mC, mineralassociated carbon; SOM, soil organic matter; ST, standard tillage; STCC, standard tillage with cover crop; STNO, standard tillage, no cover crop.
Determination of copper concentration in aqueous and organic phases from solvent extraction processes by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

An X-ray fluorescence method has been developed to determine the metal concentration in the aqueous and organic phases from solvent extraction processes. The method has been specifically applied to the determination of copper, but can be extended to include other elements which form soluble organic complexes. Accuracy and precision are comparable with that obtainable by the electrogravimetric technique for the analysis of copper in aqueous solution, but are superior to the atomic absorption analysis of copper in organic solution. Rapid analysis is achieved by presenting a diluted sample directly to the spectrometer. Inter-element absorption enhancement effects are corrected by the selection of a suitable internal standard which is added to the diluent.
Survival of Women with Surgical Stage II Endometrial Cancer

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to report survival and determine prognostic factors and results of therapy in women with surgical stage II endometrial cancer. Methods. Forty-eight consecutive women with surgical stage II endometrial cancer treated at the University of Vermont between March 1984 and March 1998 were reviewed. Patients' characteristics, surgical procedure, postoperative treatment and its complications, and tumor recurrence and its treatment were recorded. In addition, a formal review of their pathological material for confirmation of the diagnosis was performed. Results. The median duration of follow-up was 6.2 years. Three patients (6.3%) had tumor recurrence and two (4.2%) died of their disease. The estimated 5-year overall survival and disease-free survivals were 92.1% (SE = 5.5%, 95% confidence interval: 81.3, 100%) and 89.9% (SE = 5.8%, 95% confidence interval: 78.5%, 100%), respectively. None of the patients treated by total abdominal hysterectomy followed by both whole pelvic and vaginal cuff radiation therapy (the main line of treatment for patients in whom cervical involvement was diagnosed following hysterectomy, n = 20) or by radical hysterectomy (the main line of treatment for patients in whom cervical involvement was known before hysterectomy, n = 11) had tumor recurrence. Three of 17 (17.6%) patients treated with total abdominal hysterectomy followed by either whole pelvic ( n = 13) or vaginal cuff ( n = 4) radiation therapy had tumor recurrence. The difference between those two groups was statistically significant (0/31 versus 3/17, P = 0.02). There was no difference in survival among women with stage IIA and IIB or women who underwent radical abdominal hysterectomy and those who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with postoperative pelvic and vaginal cuff radiation. Morbidity secondary to therapy was mild. Age, depth of myometrial invasion, tumor histology, and grade were not significantly related to recurrence. Conclusions. Survival of women with surgical stage II endometrial cancer is excellent especially among those treated with total abdominal hysterectomy followed by both pelvic and vaginal cuff radiotherapy or by radical abdominal hysterectomy.
An extension of the (szwarc) truck assignment problem

IN THIS JOURNAL IN 1967, SZWARE PRESENTED AN ALGORITHM FOR THE OPTIMAL ROUTING OF A COMMON VEHICLE FLEET BETWEEN M SOURCES AND N SINKS WITH P DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMODITIES. THE MAIN PREMISE OF THE FORMULATION IS THAT A TRUCK MAY CARRY ONLY ONE COMMODITY AT A TIME AND MUST DELIVER THE ENTIRE LOAD TO ONE DEMAND AREA. THIS ELIMINATES THE PROBLEM OF ROUTING VEHICLES BETWEEN SOURCES OR BETWEEN SINKS AND LIMITS THE PROBLEM TO THE ROUTING OF LOADED TRUCKS BETWEEN SOURCES AND SINKS AND EMPTY TRUCKS MAKING THE RETURN TRIP. SZWARE CONSIDERED ONLY THE TRANSPORTATION ASPECT OF THE PROBLEM (I.E., NO INTERMEDIATE POINTS) AND PRESENTED A VERY EFFICIENT ALGORITHM FOR SOLUTION OF THE CASE HE DESCRIBED. IF THE TOTAL SUPPLY IS GREATER THAN THE TOTAL DEMAND, SZWARE SHOWS THAT THE PROBLEM IS EQUIVALENT TO A (MP + N) BY (NP + M) HITCHCOCK TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM. DIGITAL COMPUTER CODES FOR THIS ALGORITHM REQUIRE RAPID ACCESS STORAGE FOR A MATRIX OF SIZE (MP + N) BY (NP + M); THERFORE, COMPUTER STORAGE REQUIRED GROWS PROPORTIONALLY TO P SQUARED. THIS PAPER OFFERS AN EXTENSION OF HIS WORK TO A MORE GENERAL FORM: A TRANSSHIPMENT NETWORK WITH CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS ON ALL ARCS AND FACILITIES. THE PROBLEM IS SHOWN TO BE SOLVABLE DIRECTLY BY FULKERSON'S OUT-OF-KILTER ALGORITHM. DIGITAL COMPUTER CODES FOR THIS FORMULATION REQUIRE RAPID ACCESS STORAGE PROPORTIONAL TO P INSTEAD OF P SQUARED. COMPUTATIONAL RESULTS INDICATE THAT, IN ADDITION TO HANDLING THE EXTENSIONS, THE OUT-OF-KILTER ALGORITHM IS MORE EFFICIENT IN THE SOLUTION OF THE ORIGINAL PROBLEM WHEN THERE IS A MODERATE NUMBER OF COMMODITIES AND A COMPUTER OF LIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY. /AUTHOR/
Ambrisentan for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of ambrisentan, a selective endothelin type A (ETA) receptor antagonist, for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hyperte...
Parallel Detection of Groupwise Space–Time Codes by Predictive Soft Interference Cancellation

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques promise huge capacity increase in fading channels. Groupwise space-time coding is a tradeoff between complexity and performance. In this letter, the structure of particular component space-time code trellises is exploited, using partial information from a Viterbi decoder of the simultaneously decoded interfering component codes. We have shown that by calculating the a posteriori probabilities of different states of the encoder at each time, and predicting the conditional mean and covariance of interference for the next time index, the system performance can be improved by soft interference cancellation. The word-error rate performance improvement for a system with four transmit and four receive antennas is 1.7 and 1.5 dB for two space-time codes with 8 and 16 states, respectively. In addition, the parallel structure does not have a decoding delay, as in successive interference cancellation, and is highly modular for very-large-scale integration implementation
Use of a clinical decision rule to diagnose streptococcal pharyngitis in hospital employees.

Abstract Some people with pharyngitis have clinical findings that are suggestive of either streptococcal or nonstreptococcal disease. In this study the published results of the accuracy of a clinical decision rule are used to calculate the probable outcomes of withholding antibiotics from some hospital employees or giving others treatment presumptively without testing for a group A streptococcal disease. Cost-benefit analysis shows explicitly how selective testing results in a trade-off among costs, the number of people given treatment unnecessarily, and the number with untreated disease that may spread within the hospital. The best strategy depends on judgment, taking into account the nature of the employee's patient contact, the needs of the hospital, and the resources for infection control.
Fusing Text and Frienships for Location Inference in Online Social Networks

Location information is becoming prevalent in today's online social networks (OSNs), which raises special privacy concerns with regard to both location sharing and its applications. Even when no explicit location is disclosed by a user, it is possible to geolocate the user through his/her social context, e.g., status updates and social relationships in OSNs. To demonstrate this, we propose GeoFind, which accurately identifies users' geographic regions through effective fusion (re-ranking) of (1) text-based ranking using geo-sensitive textual features and (2) structure-based ranking using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of geotagged friends. Evaluation results using 0.8 million geotagged Twitter users over a 3-month period demonstrate that GeoFind outperforms state-of-the-art techniques, with significant reduction of estimation error (25% of average error, 66% of median error). The potential of improving location accuracy through the fusion of multiple data types calls for a re-examination of existing privacy protection policies and mechanisms.