cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mind‐Body Interventions During Pregnancy

ABSTRACT Objective To examine published evidence on the effectiveness of mind-body interventions during pregnancy on perceived stress, mood, and perinatal outcomes. Data sources Computerized searches of PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. Study Selection Twelve out of 64 published intervention studies between 1980 and February 2007 of healthy, adult pregnant women met criteria for review. Data extraction and synthesis Studies were categorized by type of mind-body modality used. Progressive muscle relaxation was the most common intervention. Other studies used a multimodal psychoeducation approach or a yoga and meditation intervention. The research contained methodological problems, primarily absence of a randomized control group or failure to adequately control confounding variables. Nonetheless, there was modest evidence for the efficacy of mind-body modalities during pregnancy. Treatment group outcomes included higher birthweight, shorter length of labor, fewer instrument-assisted births, and reduced perceived stress and anxiety. Conclusions There is evidence that pregnant women have health benefits from mind-body therapies used in conjunction with conventional prenatal care. Further research is necessary to build on these studies in order to predict characteristics of subgroups that might benefit from mind-body practices and examine cost effectiveness of these interventions on perinatal outcomes.
Integrative computational and experimental approaches to establish a post-myocardial infarction knowledge map.

Vast research efforts have been devoted to providing clinical diagnostic markers of myocardial infarction (MI), leading to over one million abstracts associated with “MI” and “Cardiovascular Diseases” in PubMed. Accumulation of the research results imposed a challenge to integrate and interpret these results. To address this problem and better understand how the left ventricle (LV) remodels post-MI at both the molecular and cellular levels, we propose here an integrative framework that couples computational methods and experimental data. We selected an initial set of MI-related proteins from published human studies and constructed an MI-specific protein-protein-interaction network (MIPIN). Structural and functional analysis of the MIPIN showed that the post-MI LV exhibited increased representation of proteins involved in transcriptional activity, inflammatory response, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Known plasma or serum expression changes of the MIPIN proteins in patients with MI were acquired by data mining of the PubMed and UniProt knowledgebase, and served as a training set to predict unlabeled MIPIN protein changes post-MI. The predictions were validated with published results in PubMed, suggesting prognosticative capability of the MIPIN. Further, we established the first knowledge map related to the post-MI response, providing a major step towards enhancing our understanding of molecular interactions specific to MI and linking the molecular interaction, cellular responses, and biological processes to quantify LV remodeling.
Revisiting Using the Results of Pre-Executed Instructions in Runahead Processors

Long-latency cache accesses cause significant performance-impacting delays for both in-order and out-of-order processor systems. To address these delays, runahead pre-execution has been shown to produce speedups by warming-up cache structures during stalls caused by long-latency memory accesses. While improving cache related performance, basic runahead approaches do not otherwise utilize results from accurately pre-executed instructions during normal operation. This simple model of execution is potentially inefficient and performance constraining. However, a previous study showed that exploiting the results of accurately pre-executed runahead instructions for out-of-order processors provide little performance improvement over simple re-execution. This work will show that, unlike out-of-order runahead architectures, the performance improvement from runahead result use for an in-order pipeline is more significant, on average, and in some situations provides dramatic performance improvements. For a set of SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks which experience performance improvement from basic runahead, the addition of result use to the pipeline provided an additional speedup of 1.14× (high − 1.48×) for an in-order processor model compared to only 1.05× (high − 1.16×) for an out-of-order one. When considering benchmarks with poor data cache locality, the average speedup increased to 1.21× for in-order compared to only 1.10× for out-of-order.
Effects of unilateral visual deprivation on the developing avian brain

Abstract The effect of varying states of visual deprivation on the development of the optic lobes and cerebral hemispheres has been studied in the chick where the visual pathways are totally crossed over. Unilateral eye extirpation of the new hatched chick resulted in arrested development of the contralateral but not ipsilateral lobe, as measured by weight, protein content and acetylcholinesterase activity. Similar effects but of smaller magnitude were observed in the cerebral hemispheres. Histologic and enzymic evidence revealed the absence of significant degeneration in the optic lobe contralateral to an eye removed 17 days previously. These results were observed in the optic lobes of operated animals maintained either in light of in darkness between 3 and 17 days after hatch. However, in the inpaired cerebral hemispheres, differences could only be detected in birds kept the light. The effects of unilateral eyelid suturing on the development of chick brain regions were also examined. In this group, all asymmetrical differences observed within paired brain regions were totally light dependent and confined to the cerebral hemispheres. The hemisphere contralateral to the sutured eye weighed less and had less acetylcholinesterase activity than its paired hemisphere. The cerebral hemispheres of monocularly treated birds manifested effects of similar magnitude whether the treatment was enucleation or suturing. This suggests that the complete development of the associative centers in avian cerebral hemispheres is dependent on both intact innervation and on the information content of the visual input.
Ideology in the 1980 Election: Ideological Sophistication Does Matter

The debate over the extent of ideological awareness in the American electorate has been characterized as an argument over whether the "ideology glass" is half empty or half full. This characterization results from the fact that analyses to date have employed various alternative indicators of ideology in isolation from each other. This paper presents an integrated assessment of ideological thinking in the American electorate. Specifically, it examines the effects of partisanship, ideological identification and policy preferences on the presidential vote in 1980 within the "levels of conceptualization." It concludes that when ideological sentiment is supported by the level of sophistication required to merit classification as an "ideologue" it has a substantial impact on candidate choice. Under all other conditions its impact is marginal, at best.
The tumor suppressor p53 is a negative regulator of estrogen receptor signaling pathways.

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor which regulates growth, development, differentiation and reproduction. To test the hypothesis that the diverse effects of the ER could be mediated by interacting with other transcription factors/oncogenes, the present study assessed its interaction with the tumor suppressor p53. p53 is a transcription factor which is involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. We found that the wild-type p53 physically interacted with ER in vivo and repressed the estrogen-activated transcriptional activity. However, p53 mutants had no or reduced repression effect, depending on the sites of mutation. These findings suggest that p53 can cross talk with the ER in hormone-activated signaling pathways in cells.
Floral and mating system divergence in secondary sympatry: Testing an alternative hypothesis to reinforcement in Clarkia

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Reproductive character displacement (RCD) is often an important signature of reinforcement when partially cross-compatible taxa meet in secondary sympatry. In this study, floral evolution is examined during the Holocene range expansion of Clarkia xantiana subsp. parviflora from eastern Pleistocene refugia to a western zone of sympatry with its sister taxon, subsp. xantiana. Floral divergence between the two taxa is greater in sympatry than allopatry. The goal was to test an alternative hypothesis to reinforcement - that floral divergence of sympatric genotypes is simply a by-product of adaptation to pollination environments that differ between the allopatric and sympatric portions of the subspecies' range. METHODS Floral trait data from two common garden studies were used to examine floral divergence between sympatric and allopatric regions and among phylogeographically defined lineages. In natural populations of C. x. parviflora, the magnitude of pollen limitation and reproductive assurance were quantified across its west-to-east range. Potted sympatric and allopatric genotypes were also reciprocally translocated between geographical regions to distinguish between the effects of floral phenotype versus contrasting pollinator environments on reproductive ecology. KEY RESULTS Sympatric populations are considerably smaller flowered with reduced herkogamy. Pollen limitation and the reproductive assurance value of selfing are greater in sympatric than in allopatric populations. Most significantly, reciprocal translocation experiments showed these differences in reproductive ecology cannot be attributed to contrasting pollinator environments between the sympatric and allopatric regions, but instead reflect the effects of flower size on pollinator attraction. CONCLUSIONS Floral evolution occurred during the westward range expansion of parviflora, particularly in the zone of sympatry with xantiana. No evidence was found that strongly reduced flower size in sympatric parviflora (and RCD between parviflora and xantiana) is due to adaptation to limited pollinator availability. Rather, floral divergence appears to have been driven by other factors, such as interactions with congenerics in secondary sympatry.
College basketball scheduling with travel swings

The Missouri Valley Conference uses travel swings, in which a team plays two opponents during one road trip, to reduce the expenses for their college basketball programs. While these swings are financially beneficial, they significantly complicate the scheduling process. In particular, the swings alter the structure of the schedule by allowing games to occur outside of the standard time slots into which games are typically assigned. An integer programming formulation was developed that incorporates these swings into the scheduling problem. This program was solved efficiently by assigning swings first, then fitting remaining games around the swings. This generated a large number of candidate schedules, one of which was used for the 2001 season.
Front line help desk at Rice University

This paper is a description of work at the Rice University Help Desk, from the perspective of a staffer working in the cubicles. It includes a description of the range of Help Desk customers, individuals and organizations, at Rice and their needs. I discuss how the interaction with the customer is critical to the work and about my methods of customer interactions by telephone and text. This paper includes a limited discussion of volume and ticket processing statistics (my workload). This paper discusses recent evolution of services offered and changes we anticipate. This paper discusses the tools we use, and the planning stages of implementing at Rice. I talk about the practical work at the phones and the keyboard.
Coherence effects in the anisotropy of optical experiments

Abstract It is often assumed that the anisotropy in time-resolved fluorescence and pump-probe experiments is always smaller than or at most equal to 2 5 . From resonance Raman experiments it is well known, however, that the anisotropy can range anywhere from 1 to − 1 2 (depolarization ratio between 0 and ∞) depending on the symmetry of the final state in the Raman transition. Since the resonance Raman intensity depends on the short-time vibrational dynamics in the excited state potential, it is to be expected that similar anisotropies will be observed in femtosecond pump-probe experiments. In this article the anisotropies in ultrashort pulse pump-probe experiments will be calculated and the original results, well known from the theory of resonance Raman, are recovered for zero delay times. In time-resolved pump-probe experiments there is a new effect, however, that is not present in resonance Raman scattering: for increasing delay times the anisotropy is expected to decay due to the electronic dephasing of the degenerate electronic states involved. Therefore measurement of the femtosecond anisotropy decay enables one to obtain electronic dephasing times in condensed phases.
The accuracy of aminoacylation--ensuring the fidelity of the genetic code.

The fidelity of protein biosynthesis rests not only on the proper interaction of the messenger RNA codon with the anticodon of the tRNA, but also on the correct attachment of amino acids to their corresponding (cognate) transfer RNA (tRNA) species. This process is catalyzed by the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases which discriminate with remarkable selectivity amongst many structurally similar tRNAs. The basis for this highly specific recognition of tRNA by these enzymes (also referred to as ‘tRNA identity’) is currently being elucidated by genetic, biochemical and biophysical techniques. At least two factors are important in determining the accuracy of aminoacylation: a) ‘identity elements’ in tRNA denote nucleotides in certain positions crucial for protein interactions determining specificity, and b) the occurrence in vivo of competition between synthetases for a particular tRNA which may have ambiguous identity.
Benzo[b]Fluorenone as a Quadruplex Interactive Agent (Qia): Binding Studies and Quadruplex Formation with the Human Telomeric HT4 Sequence

Many previously investigated agents capable of binding to and stabilizing G-quadruplex DNA conformations possess aromatic, planar chemical structures. Here, initial investigations on the interaction of benzo[b]fluorenone (BF) with the human telomeric forming oligonucleotide HT4 using circular dichroism (CD), thermal melting and steady-state fluorescence are reported. CD studies suggest that BF exhibits binding selectivity for G-quadruplex over model double-stranded DNA structures. BF binds to hybrid-mixed type quadruplex structures in the presence of physiological concentrations of K+ ions (100mM). However, even in the absence of salt, BF can induce an anti-parallel type quadruplex conformation. Thermal melting studies on quadruplex HT4 in the presence and absence of salt show BF has little effect on the melting temperature, suggesting that BF may associate with the G-quadruplex structure through a non-intercalating mode. As BF is known to be a solvatochromic fluorophore, steady state fluorescence emission spectra were taken for BF titrated with the HT4 quadruplex formed at 100mM K+, to explore the ability of BF to act as a potential probe of the environment of its binding site. Based on the red shift of BF emission, BF/quadruplex association appears to involve a relatively polar and hydrogen-bonded environment. This work was supported by NIH SCORE Grant S06 GM 060654.
A variational calculation of the trapping rate in thermal barriers

A variational calculation of the trapping rate and trapped-ion density in thermal barriers is presented. The effects of diffusion in energy as well as pitch-angle scattering are retained. The variational formulation uses the actual trapped/passing boundary in velocity space. The boundary condition is that the trapped-ion distribution function match the passing-ion distribution function, which is taken to be a Maxwellian, on the boundary. The results compare well with the two-dimensional Fokker-Planck code calculations by Futch and LoDestro. The CPU time for a variational calculation is less than 0.1 s using the CRAY-I computer, while a typical Fokker-Planck code calculation takes 10–20 min.
Movies as equipment for living: A developmental analysis of the importance of film in everyday life

The use of movies as “equipment for living”; is considered in the context of several scholarly traditions: textual analysis, viewer‐effects research, cultural studies, and gratifications research. In light of these traditions, a developmental approach to symbolization is advanced as one means toward understanding how viewers apply their interpretations of films to their everyday lives. An open‐ended interview methodology was utilized that encouraged twelve participants to examine their autobiographical recollections of their film viewing experiences and to generate examples of when movies have had an impact in their lives. These self‐reports were used to exemplify three developmental categories which address the relationship between self (viewer) and other (film) in regard to film's perceived functions: 1) undifferentiated, 2) differentiated, and 3) integrated. Underlying sociocultural considerations evident in the self‐reports are also examined. The implications of a symbolic‐developmental approach for o...
Parent–child interaction therapy emotion development: a novel treatment for depression in preschool children

Background: Psychotherapies with known efficacy in adolescent depression have been adapted for prepubertal children; however, none have been empirically validated for use with depressed very young children. Due to the centrality of the parent–child relationship to the emotional well being of the young child, with caregiver support shown to mediate the risk for depression severity, we created an Emotional Development (ED) module to address emotion development impairments identified in preschool onset depression. The new module was integrated with an established intervention for preschool disruptive disorders, Parent Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Preliminary findings of an open trial of this novel intervention, PCIT-ED, with depressed preschool children are reported. Methods: PCIT was adapted for the treatment of preschool depression by incorporating a novel emotional development module, focused on teaching the parent to facilitate the child's emotional development and enhance emotion regulation. Eight parent–child dyads with depressed preschoolers participated in 14 sessions of the treatment. Depression severity, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, functional impairment, and emotion recognition/discrimination were measured pre- and posttreatment. Results: Depression severity scores significantly decreased with a large effect size (1.28). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms as well as functional impairment were also significantly decreased pre- to posttreatment. Conclusions: PCIT-ED seems to be a promising treatment for preschoolers with depression, and the large effect sizes observed in this open trial suggest early intervention may provide a window of opportunity for more effective treatment. A randomized controlled trial of PCIT-ED in preschool depression is currently underway. Depression and Anxiety, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Disorders of Body Water Homeostasis

Disorders of body fluids are among the most commonly encountered problems in the practice of clinical medicine. This is in large part because many different disease states can potentially disrupt the finely balanced mechanisms that control the intake and output of water and solute. It therefore behoves clinicians treating such patients to have a good understanding of the pathophysiology, the differential diagnosis and the management of these disorders. Because body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid, disorders of body water homeostasis can be divided into hypo-osmolar disorders, in which there is an excess of body water relative to body solute, and hyperosmolar disorders, in which there is a deficiency of body water relative to body solute. The classical hyperosmolar disorder is diabetes insipidus (DI), and the classical hypo-osmolar disorder is the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). This chapter first reviews the regulatory mechanisms underlying water and sodium metabolism, the two major determinants of body fluid homeostasis. The major disorders of water metabolism causing hyperosmolality and hypo-osmolality, DI and SIADH, are then discussed in detail, including the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
Reversible Brain Death: A Manifestation of Amitriptyline Overdose

Tricyclic antidepressants are known to cause central nervous system depression. However, a generalized depression of brainstem functions is rarely reported. We report a patient in deep coma with complete absence of brain-stem reflexes after she had taken a large quantity of amitriptyline. With continuous supportive treatment, she eventually regained all neurologic function and made a full recovery.
Isolation of a type C virus (FS-1) from the European Wildcat (Felis sylvestris).

Abstract The DNA of the European wildcat ( Felis sylvestris ) contains sequences which hybridize to [ 3 H]DNA transcripts of the RNA of domestic cat type C viruses of the RD-114/CCC group. To determine if the sequences could code for the production of infectious virions, tissues from a European wildcat were cocultivated with established cell lines from heterologous species known to be permissive for the replication of endogenous domestic cat type C viruses. Both a syncytium-forming (“foamy”) and a type C virus were isolated, and the type C viral component was resolved by passaging the mixed virus stock in cells which are relatively resistant to infection by feline syncytium-forming viruses. The European wildcat type C virus (FS-1) is highly related to viruses of the RD-114/CCC group by viral host range and interference critera. FS-1 contains a reverse transcriptase and major group-specific protein (p30) with antigenic determinants similar to those of the homologous proteins of RD-114, and [ 3 H]DNA transcripts of FS-1 RNA hybridize extensively to the RNA of endogenous domestic cat type C viruses. Like viruses of the RD-114/CCC group, FS-1 is related by several criteria to endogenous baboon type C viruses. The results indicate that European wildcats contain endogenous type C virogenes which can code for the production of infectious type C particles.
Nozzle Flow Characteristics of Alternate Fuels for Compression Ignition Engine Applications

Inner nozzle flow characteristics (e.g., cavitation, turbulence, injection velocity) are known to affect spray development and hence combustion and emissions. Our previous studies showed that petrodiesel and biodiesel (soybean-based fuels) had very different cavitation and turbulence characteristics, which caused differences in spray breakup, penetration, dispersion, etc. Specifically, the atomization characteristics of biodiesel were worse than those of diesel; they were a direct consequence of biodiesel’s reduced cavitation and turbulence levels at the nozzle exit. In this study, the nozzle flow characteristics of biodiesel (from different feedstocks like tallow, soy, rapeseed, cuphea, and hydrotreated vegetable oil [HVO]) were compared with those of diesel. The first step was to obtain data on the physical properties of these fuels (e.g., their density, viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure) at different temperatures. At full-needle open position, the cavitation contours scaled with the vapor pressure and viscosity; hence, methyl esters such as soy (SME), rapeseed (RME), and tallow (TME) exhibited less cavitation. The nozzle discharge coefficient, exit velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and dissipation rate at the orifice exit were also compared for these fuels. Transient effects due to needle movement upon the inception of cavitation were studied. The effects of different needle-lift profiles (pertaining to various load conditions) on the nozzle flow development of these fuels were also characterized. This study also provides data on the critical boundary conditions for spray simulations from using the Kelvin Helmholtz-aerodynamic cavitation turbulence (KH-ACT) model, which accounts for cavitation and turbulence-induced breakup in addition to aerodynamic breakup.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
PROLIFERATIVE ACTINIC KERATOSIS

Background. Solar/actinic keratoses (AKS) are premalignant lesions, usually less than 1 cm in diameter, that appear on chronically sun-damaged skin. Methods. We describe four patients with a form of AK that enlarged and recurred despite standard treatment. Histologic examination revealed a single and multilayered sheet of anaplastic cells along the undersurface of the epidermis extending down hair follicles and present over a large area. Results. Three of the patients developed either a squamous cell carcinoma (sec) or basal cell carcinoma (see) within the area encompassed by the AK. Conclusions. These cases represent an insidious, proliferative form of AK with an increased tendency to develop into skin cancer.
Direct comparison of rest and adenosine stress myocardial perfusion CT with rest and stress SPECT.

We have recently described a technique for assessing myocardial perfusion using adenosine-mediated stress imaging (CTP) with dual source computed tomography. SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT-MPI) is a widely utilized and extensively validated method for assessing myocardial perfusion. The aim of this study was to determine the level of agreement between CTP and SPECT-MPI at rest and under stress on a per-segment, per-vessel, and per-patient basis. Forty-seven consecutive patients underwent CTP and SPECT-MPI. Perfusion images were interpreted using the 17 segment AHA model and were scored on a 0 (normal) to 3 (abnormal) scale. Summed rest and stress scores were calculated for each vascular territory and patient by adding corresponding segmental scores. On a per-segment basis (n = 799), CTP and SPECT-MPI demonstrated excellent correlation: Goodman-Kruskall γ = .59 (P < .0001) for stress and .75 (P < .0001) for rest. On a per-vessel basis (n = 141), CTP and SPECT-MPI summed scores demonstrated good correlation: Pearson r = .56 (P < .0001) for stress and .66 (P < .0001) for rest. On a per-patient basis (n = 47), CTP and SPECT-MPI demonstrated good correlation: Pearson r = .60 (P < .0001) for stress and .76 (P < .0001) for rest. CTP compares favorably with SPECT-MPI for detection, extent, and severity of myocardial perfusion defects at rest and stress.
The ethics of human reproductive cloning

This article addresses the question of whether human reproductive cloning could be ethically justifiable in at least some cases involving infertile couples who would choose cloning as a way to have a genetically related child. At present, the risk of congenital anomalies constitutes a compelling argument against human reproductive cloning. The article explores whether reproductive cloning could be ethically justifiable if, at some future time, cloning becomes possible without an elevated risk of anomalies. It is argued that freedom to use cloning is a form of procreative freedom and, as such, deserves respect. All of the objections that have been raised against human reproductive cloning fall under three main categories: those that appeal to the interests of the child, those based on consequences for society, and those arising from teleological views. Objections that appeal to the child's interests are, in turn, of two main kinds: consequentialist and deontological. All of these types of objections are examined, and it is found that each involves serious problems that prevent it from being a reasonable objection in the context of the infertility cases considered. It is concluded that human reproductive cloning would be ethically justifiable in at least some cases involving infertile couples, provided that it could be performed without an elevated risk of anomalies.
Noise normalization and windowing functions for VALIDAR in wind parameter estimation

The wind parameter estimates from a state-of-the-art 2-μm coherent lidar system located at NASA Langley, Virginia, named VALIDAR (validation lidar), were compared after normalizing the noise by its estimated power spectra via the periodogram and the linear predictive coding (LPC) scheme. The power spectra and the Doppler shift estimates were the main parameter estimates for comparison. Different types of windowing functions were implemented in VALIDAR data processing algorithm and their impact on the wind parameter estimates was observed. Time and frequency independent windowing functions such as Rectangular, Hanning, and Kaiser-Bessel and time and frequency dependent apodized windowing function were compared. The briefing of current nonlinear algorithm development for Doppler shift correction subsequently follows.
Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. A treatable entity

Of 920 patients with histologically confirmed renal cell carcinoma (RCC) seen at University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital over a 10-year period, 44 (4.8%) had the sarcomatoid variant. The authors show that, although sarcomatoid RCC has as common denominators with classic RCC in certain epidemiologic parameters such as age and sex, its biologic behavior is different. It is more malignant, has a higher metastatic rate, ultimate recurrence in localized disease which translates to a shorter survival time. Metastasis at presentation, advanced age (older than 59 years) and female sex were a associate with a worse prognosis. This entity is characterized by a high incidence of bone metastasis at presentation (48%) and by a tendency toward pathologic bone fractures. All of the untreated patients died very soon after diagnosis (median, 3.8 months), whereas all of the patients treated with the various systemic modalities initiated only in the presence of metastatic disease survived significantly longer (median, 13.0 months). Of the eight patients who were treated with doxorubicin HCI chemotherapy regimens two (on CYVADIC) showed complete responses and are the only survivors (50, 65 months). Four patients treated with interferon had the longest median survival (41.0 months). These results suggest that CYVADIC chemotherapy should be combined with interferon in this entity. Since surgery is not curative in early stages of sarcomatoid RCC, adjuvant therapy with those agents should be considered.
Selective inhibition of excitatory amino acid-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the rat hippocampus by activation of protein kinase C

The relative roles of protein kinase C in regulating excitatory amino acid-, cholinoceptor-, and adrenoceptor-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis were studied. Slices of rat hippocampus were prelabeled with [3H]-myo-inositol, and agonist-induced [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was measured by the formation of [3H]-inositol monophosphate ([3H]-IP) in the presence of lithium ion. Activation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) (10(-6) M) completely inhibited ibotenate (IBO) (10(-3) M)-induced [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis. Half-maximal inhibition was observed at about 10(-7) M PDB. Higher concentrations of PDB were required to inhibit stimulation of [3H]-IP by either carbachol (CARB) (10(-3) M) or norepinephrine (NE) (10(-4) M, and only partial inhibition could be attained. Preincubation with staurosporine (STAURO) (10(-5) M) or 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) (10(-4) M), inhibitors of protein kinase C, potentiated IBO- but not CARB- or NE-induced stimulation of [3H]-IP. PDB inhibition of IBO- or NE-stimulated [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was reversed by co-addition of STAURO or H-7. In the case of IBO + STAURO, this reversal was to the potentiated level observed with STAURO alone. Enhanced agonist stimulation and reversal of PDB inhibition were also produced by STAURO when [3H]-phosphoinositide hydrolysis was stimulated by either L-glutamate or quisqualate. These experiments show that direct activation of protein kinase C by PDB leads to inhibition of phosphoinositide hydrolysis mediated by excitatory amino acid receptors, cholinoceptors, or adrenoceptors. However, the enhanced agonist-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis elicited by inhibitors of protein kinase C suggests that, when protein kinase C is indirectly activated, only excitatory amino acids rapidly inhibit further receptor-coupling.
Assessment of psychological morbidity in primary care: explorations with the General Health Questionnaire.

Abstract The 30-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was completed by 1649 new adult enrollees in a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO), Factor analysis of responses disclosed six factors (Anxiety/Strain, Confidence, Depression, Energy, Social Function, and Insomnia) and a strong tendency for items of similar wording (positive phrasing) to cluster together. Elevations of GHQ scores, especially when persistent over two administrations of the GHQ separated by 7 months, were strongly associated with the probability of both mental health and non-mental health care within 12 months of enrollment. Anxiety/Strain, Depression, and Social Function scores were associated with the probability of use; Confidence and Energy factors were not. Once in care a member's rate of use of service was relatively independent of the response pattern to the GHQ at enrollment.
Iron(III)-doped Q-sized TiO2 coatings in a fiber-optic cable photochemical reactor

The photochemical quantum efficiencies and oxidation performance of iron(III)-doped quantum-sized TiO_2 (Fe/Q-TiO_2), Degussa P25 (P25), and hybrid Fe/Q-TiO_2/P25 photocatalytic coatings are investigated using an optical fiber bundled array reactor. Fe/Q-TiO_2 coatings made from hydrosols of varying Fe/Q-TiO_2 content, 5–20 wt.%, a 13 wt.% P25 coating, and a hybrid, layered Fe/Q-TiO_2/P25 (5/13 wt.%) coating are tested. The light absorption efficiencies of the Fe/Q-TiO_2 coatings are inferior to the P25 coating, absorbing a maximum of only 80% of the input light compared with greater than 95% for P25 and 90% for the hybrid coating. The Fe/Q-TiO_2 coatings are found to increase the linear light transmission in a single optical fiber relative to P25 coated fibers by a factor of two owing to a reduced interfacial surface coverage of the photocatalyst particles on the quartz fiber. The hybrid coating does not significantly enhance linear light transmission. Slurry-phase photoefficiencies for the photooxidation of 4-chlorophenol for the Fe/Q-TiO_2 photocatalyst are found to be significantly lower than those measured for P25, φFe/Q-TiO_2 = 0.002 vs.φ_(P25) = 0.012. In addition, the length of the coated fiber-bundle used in our reactor is insufficient to capitalize on the increased light transmission for the Fe/Q-TiO_2 coating. Thus, we are unable to investigate the effect of increased light transmission on the photoefficiency of the system. Initial reaction rates for the photooxidation of 4-chlorophenol range from 2.0 to 4.5 μM h^(−1) generally increasing with increasing hydrosol Fe/Q-TiO2 content and an average relative quantum efficiency of φ_(Fe/Q-TiO2) = 0.004 ± 0.001 is observed. These values are significantly low compared with initial rates and relative quantum efficiencies of 18.0 μM h^(−1), and φFe/_(Q-TiO2/P25) = 0.011 and 20.4 μM h^(−1) and φ_(P25) = 0.012 for the hybrid and P25 coatings, respectively.
Synthesis of fluorinated polymers by chemical modification

Abstract Polymers that contain atomic fluorine in or along the backbone possess many desirable physical properties. In general, fluoropolymers exhibit high thermal stability, enhanced chemical resistance, and low surface energy when compared to their non-fluorinated analogs. Two distinct routes are ordinarily utilized for the synthesis of these interesting macromolecules. Firstly, they can be prepared by the polymerization of fluorine-containing monomers (e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene from tetrafluoroethylene). Secondly, fluoropolymers can be prepared through polymer modification reactions that incorporate fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing moieties into a non-fluorinated parent polymer. Many commercially available fluoropolymers are prepared by the polymerization of fluorinated monomers. However, the different types of fluoropolymers that can be prepared by this route are limited by the availability of unique, suitably reactive fluorine-containing monomers. On the other hand, polymer fluorination methods, while less commonly practiced, allow for the preparation of novel fluorinated materials for which there is no suitable fluorine-containing monomer. Numerous methods have been described for the fluorination of polymers. These methods range from reactions that use fluorinated reagents to degrade or crosslink the polymeric substrate, to reactions that add fluorine atoms to the polymer in a highly non-specific fashion, to methods that introduce fluorine in a very selective manner to specific functional groups present in the parent polymer backbone. In the context of this review, ideal polymer fluorination methods are ones that allow for the selective and controlled introduction of fluorine atoms or fluorine-containing molecules to functional groups in or the polymer backbone without inducing degradation or crosslinking of the parent polymer chains. This article reviews methods for the bulk incorporation of fluorine in or along the backbone of macromolecules with fluorination procedures adhering to these criteria.
Tree ring records reconstruct streamflow variability in Utah

People in northern Utah, including Salt Lake City, depend on water stored as winter snow and delivered by mountain streams to populated areas. Climate models predict that in the near future, warmer temperatures will lead to a decrease in winter snow and streamflow in mountain streams, possibly leading to water shortages for the region.
Site of gene action in steel mice: analysis of the pigment defect by mesoderm-ectoderm recombinations.

Mice homozygous for the gene steel (S1) are black-eyed white, anemic and sterile. Previous studies have shown that the pigment defect in the skin and hair results from a failure of the tissue environment to support pigment cell development. In an attempt to analyse more critically this block of pigmentation by the skin, recombinations were made between dermal mesoderm and epidermal ectoderm from normal and mutant 13 day mouse embryos. The re-combined skin pieces were then grown for 14 days in the chick coelom and subsequently examined for melanocytes in the dermis and epidermis. The results demonstrated that both the mesodermal and ectodermal components of steel skin are adversely affected by the mutant gene. Steel dermis combined with normal epidermis failed to receive or support the development of melanoblasts from the normal component. Steel epidermis combined with normal dermis likewise remained free of melanocytes. No effect of the steel components on the development of pigmentation in the normal associated component was observed. These results are discussed in relation to the general inhibition of pigment in tissues other than skin of steel mice, and in relation to the interesting pleiotropic effects of the gene steel.
Tubular graphic carbon structures

We define two classes of infinite graphitic carbon tubes (buckytubes) depending on the underlying morphology of their hexagonal ring structures. The principal axis of a cylindrical (1, 0) tube (type one, helical pitch zero) is parallel to two of the sides of each regular hexagon, and the orientation of hexagon sides in a (2, 0) cylinder (type two, pitch zero) lies at 90° to the tube axis. Helical graphitic tubes where the pitch is larger than zero can also be constructed. The tubes in which the helical pitch takes on the values zero and unity are considered in this work. Based on HMO level calculations, we obtain general formulae and/or recurrence relationships for characteristic polynomials of these tubes. From the formulae, it is found that (1,0) tubes with a circumference of 3R hexagonal rings (R is an integer) have zero HOMO-LUMO band gaps; other (1, 0) tubes always have nonzero band gaps. This pattern is slightly altered when the pitch equals one. In this case, the (1,1) tubes with a circumference of...
Electroencephalographic changes in childhood optic neuritis

Abstract The EEG changes in acute optic neuritis in children are described. The EEGs are essentially normal in unilateral cases of optic neuritis. In contrast, bilateral optic neuritis with significant visual deficit produced occipital slowing, at times appearing very rapidly. The slowing correlated with the degree of visual deficit and improved with the improvement of visual acuity. In two cases, permanent visual deficit remained and in these, occipital spikes were superimposed on pre-existing slow waves. These clinical observations are discussed in light of the deafferentation hypothesis proposed from other clinical and experimental data.
Vertical Structure and Turbulence in the Very Stable Boundary Layer

Abstract The structure of turbulence in a strongly stratified nocturnal boundary layer is studied using fast-response aircraft data collected under clear sky conditions with weak ambient flow. The principal source of turbulence is shear generation near the top of the surface inversion layer. This shear is induced by the development of surface flow which appears to be cold air drainage. The downward heat flux in the turbulent shear zone acts to warm the upper part of the inversion layer and is opposed by clear-air radiative cooling and advection of cold air. The horizontal structure of the turbulence is studied using conditional means and other properties of the joint frequency distribution and analysis of the eigenvectors of the correlation matrix. Often, the turbulence exhibits statistical properties consistent with shear instability on horizontal scales near 300–400 m. Although modified by stratification, the main motions are turbulent-like with sharp horizontal boundaries and lead to net downward heat ...
Landscape patterns in boundary intensity: a case study of mussel beds

This work examines the proposition that positive interactions among neighboring individuals within a population may produce landscape patterns in boundary intensity. The large scale patterns emerge because the interactions favor an aggregated distribution in the face of a potential limiting factor, and the strength of that factor varies over the landscape. The consequences of spatially varying neighborhood processes were explored using cellular automata simulating the structure of mussel beds in 2-dimensional intertidal landscapes, each characterized by a vertical gradient of tidal immersion and a horizontal gradient of wave energy. Running the model with and without the neighborhood processes demonstrated that the facilitating neighborhood processes elevate intensity above that caused by the gradients, and consequently abrupt (high intensity) boundaries emerged in the midst of gradual environmental variation. Trends generated on the 2-D landscape by the model were compared with those in photo-mosaics of intertidal mussel beds, Mytilus californianus on rocky shores of the British Columbia. The analysis involved interpolation of boundary locations using a spatially-constrained cluster algorithm, and then estimation of the corresponding boundary intensities using a landscape index aggregation (CLUMPY). The general similarity between predicted and real trends in intensity over the wave energy gradients suggests that spatially varying neighborhood processes determine much of the landscape scale variation in boundary intensity, while certain discrepancies (e.g. a more rapid rise of observed intensities with increasing wave exposure) suggest modifications of the theory and new empirical work.
Activity of wine and grape phenolic antioxidants in human LDL

Although diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risks of coronary heart disease and cancer [1], the potential benefits of dietary flavonoids may have been overlooked. Plant foods and beverages may be beneficial by providing an array of bioactive compounds that reduce lipid oxidation and thereby retard the onset and progress of many common chronic diseases, including heart disease and cancer [2]. LDL is the most important particle that transports lipids in the blood, including cholesterol esters, phospholipids, triglycerides and linoleic acid. If the polyunsaturated lipids in LDL become oxidized these lipoprotein particles become atherogenic [3]. There are now many published studies with animals showing the inhibition of atherosclerosis by antioxidants [3–5]. With humans, the evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies indicates that high intakes in vitamin E correlate with reduced coronary disease. There is also epidemiological evidence showing that flavonoid intake (quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, apigenin and luteolin) was inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease in elderly men [6]. Flavonoids are among the most active natural antioxidants. Two of the most important flavonoids in wine include two pentahydroxy compounds: catechin and quercetin. Our HPLC analyses of wines showed an average of 5 mg/l of quercetin in red wine, and 60 mg/l of catechin + epicatechin in white wine, and 250–300 mg/l in red wine [7]. These flavonoid compounds are also important in fruits, vegetables and leaves [8] and can represent a substantial portion of the plant foods in our diet.
Computer room air conditioning

This article discusses the basics of computer‐room air conditioning, an important component of the special environment required by mainframe computers and many mini‐computers as well. Computer room air conditioners differ in some significant ways from “comfort” air‐conditioners, which are designed for the comfort of people rather than machines. These differences make it less than ideal to use air conditioning systems designed for human comfort for computer cooling. The author describes several different types of air‐conditioners, considerations related to the construction of a computer room, and factors that determine air‐conditioning requirements.
The Measurement and Conceptualization of Curiosity

In this study, the authors tried various methods to measure and conceptualize curiosity. A sample of 369 education students (103 men, 266 women) who were attending universities on the East Coast of the United States completed 5 paper-and-pencil curiosity measures in 1 of their classes. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors found that the data best fit a 3-factor curiosity model consisting of cognitive curiosity, physical thrill seeking, and social thrill seeking. These findings supported the development of new instruments that specifically measured those 3 curiosity types, new empirical research predicting meaningful curiosity-related outcomes, and subsequent theory building concerning how and why curiosity is a fundamental part of optimal human functioning.
The Queerly Disadvantaged and the Making of San Francisco's War on Poverty, 1964-1967

The sudden availability of funds through President Johnson’s War on Poverty disrupted established social movements and urban politics; the very definition of minority changed as a result. In San Francisco, agitation for federal monies challenged existing understandings of who was or was not “disadvantaged” and hence eligible for assistance. Initially, the San Francisco Equal Opportunity Council defined disadvantage in terms of the ethnic minority status of certain neighborhoods, but organizers in the Tenderloin and South of Market areas fought for equal eligibility for their own constituencies, including white people disadvantaged by both poverty and their sexual orientation and gender identities. As a consequence, the geographic definition of minority groups was mapped anew. Among residents of these San Francisco neighborhoods, affinity groups who previously had not yet been considered minorities coalesced into a true minority constituency that for the first time was recognized as such by an entity of the state.