cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
US stem cell clinics, patient safety, and the FDA

Scholarship on patients accessing unproven stem cell interventions is dominated by research addressing 'stem cell tourism' to such countries as China, India, Mexico, and the Ukraine. However, clinics marketing 'adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell treatments' are proliferating across the USA. These businesses typically claim to operate in compliance with federal regulations, but careful review of their commercial practices suggests that such clinics are marketing unapproved and noncompliant biological drugs.
Metabolic Bone Diseases

1. Russell W. Chesney 1. Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 Upon viewing a skeleton, one thinks of bone as an inert framework upon which the remainder of the body is constructed. Nothing could be more incorrect, since bone is a dynamic living organ which is capable of constant turnover, weight-bearing, and sustaining the remarkable stresses incurred in running, jumping, and other daily activities. Bone is constantly being formed and reformed (modeled and remodeled), is continuously serving as a reservoir of the divalent minerals (calcium, phosphate, and magnesium), and, in children, is constantly undergoing growth. In this article, the disorders that affect bone will be reviewed. These conditions fall under the general rubric metabolic bone disease and generally comprise a group of disorders in which impaired formation, enhanced resorption, or altered turnover of bone prevails (Table 1). The human skeleton is composed of a collagen-containing (and noncollagen protein-containing) matrix, or osteoid, upon which is deposited a crystalline mineral phase. This mineral component of bone contains calcium and phosphate in various inorganic chemical compounds, the major one being hydroxyapatite. However, this hydroxyapatite is deep within bone trabeculae and ordinarily inaccessible. The rapidly exchangeable pool and accessible mineral phase of bone is composed of newly formed, but incomplete, hydroxyapatite crystals and amorphous calcium phosphate.1
Modulation of cocaine self-administration in the rat through D-3 dopamine receptors

The reinforcing properties of cocaine are probably mediated by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways in the central nervous system, but not all of the dopamine receptor subtypes involved in cocaine's reinforcing actions have been clearly identified. Recently, the D-3 receptor has been cloned, and its distribution in the brain has been found to be relatively restricted to limbic projections of the midbrain dopamine system. The D-3-selective compounds 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OHDPAT) and quinpirole potently decreased cocaine self-administration in the rat at doses that were not by themselves reinforcing. Moreover, three dopamine receptor agonists had affinities for binding to the D-3 receptor that correlated highly with their relative potencies in decreasing cocaine self-administration. The D-3 receptor may be involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine and may be a useful target for the development of new pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse.
Highly sensitive, all solid state fibre optic oxygen sensor based on the sol-gel coating technique

A fibre optic sensor probe based on the fluorescence quenching of an optically active sol-gel coating is demonstrated. The simplified probe design includes a blue LED light source, a photodiode silicon detector and a bifurcated optical fibre. The sensor performance was characterised by a detection limit of <1 ppm of oxygen vapour, a response time of <10 s and a linear dynamic range for oxygen concentrations extending from 1 to 1000 ppm.
Looking Backwards into the Future: Mathematical Sociology Then and Now

I reflect on the last 30 years of mathematical sociology from my point of view as a student of the field 30 years ago and how I expected the field to grow and develop. I discuss how the problems and prospects that concerned me 30 years ago are still relevant today. In particular, I elaborate on the intellectual frustrations faced by formal sociologists, the need for new mathematics to capture social science insights, the diversity of inquiry and lack of unification in mathematical sociology, and the need for formalists to offer empirically grounded models that appeal to the general reader on the basis of the empirical puzzles they explain
Genetic diversity and genomic distribution of homologs encoding NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins in sunflower

Three-fourths of the recognition-dependent disease resistance genes (R-genes) identified in plants encode nucleotide binding site (NBS) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins. NBS-LRR homologs have only been isolated on a limited scale from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and most of the previously identified homologs are members of two large NBS-LRR clusters harboring downy mildew R-genes. We mined the sunflower EST database and used comparative genomics approaches to develop a deeper understanding of the diversity and distribution of NBS-LRR homologs in the sunflower genome. Collectively, 630 NBS-LRR homologs were identified, 88 by mining a database of 284,241 sunflower ESTs and 542 by sequencing 1,248 genomic DNA amplicons isolated from common and wild sunflower species. DNA markers were developed from 196 unique NBS-LRR sequences and facilitated genetic mapping of 167 NBS-LRR loci. The latter were distributed throughout the sunflower genome in 44 clusters or singletons. Wild species ESTs were a particularly rich source of novel NBS-LRR homologs, many of which were tightly linked to previously mapped downy mildew, rust, and broomrape R-genes. The DNA sequence and mapping resources described here should facilitate the discovery and isolation of recognition-dependent R-genes guarding sunflower from a broad spectrum of economically important diseases. Sunflower nucleotide and amino acid sequences have been deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under accession numbers EF 560168-EF 559378 and ABQ 58077-ABQ 57529.
Visual crowd surveillance through a hydrodynamics lens

People in high-density crowds appear to move with the flow of the crowd, like particles in a liquid.
The PIT-1 Gene Is Regulated by Distinct Early and Late Pituitary-Specific Enhancers

Abstract The differentiation of three anterior pituitary cell types is regulated by the tissue-specific POU domain factor Pit-1, which is initially expressed on Embryonic Day 13.5–14 in mice. The Pit-1 gene remains continuously, highly expressed in the somatotrope, thyrotrope, and lactotrope cells of the adult. Using the Pit-1-defective Snell dwarf as a genetic background, we demonstrate that the Pit-1 gene utilizes distinct enhancers for initial gene activation and for subsequent autoregulation (required for maintenance of expression) and that Pit-1-dependent activation of the distal enhancer can be mediated in the absence of the early enhancer. These two distinct enhancers provide the basis for temporally specific regulation by discrete pituitary-specific factors, events likely to be prototypic for regulation of other classes of genes encoding transcription factors controlling terminal differentiation.
The origin of large neuronal spikes observed in the sensory nuclei of cats

Abstract Several investigators have suggested that the large neuronal spikes observed in multiple unit neuronal activity represent the summation of spike potentials from many neurons that fire in unison rather than the spike potential from a single neuron. To test this hypothesis, two electrodes were implanted 1.0 mm apart in the sensory nuclei of 6 cats. Identical and unique spike patterns were recorded simultaneously by the electrodes. The results support the position that the large neuronal spikes were generated by the summation of many neurons firing in synchrony.
High efficiency T7 polymerase synthesis of infectious RNA from cloned brome mosaic virus cdna and effects of 5' extensions on transcript infectivity.

Addition of a single extra 5′ G residue reduces the infectivity of transcripts from cloned BMV cDNA no more than threefold, while addition of 7- or 16-base 5′ extensions to RNA3 transcripts dramatically suppresses their biological activity. Moreover, despite resultant alteration of the promoter consensus sequence, fusion of BMV cDNA directly to the initiation site of the canonical φ10 promoter of bacteriophage T7 allows efficient in vitro synthesis of infectious BMV transcripts by T7 RNA polymerase, providing substantial improvement in the ease and reproducibility with which BMV cDNA can be expressed. BMV transcripts without a 5′ cap were found to be infectious to barley protoplasts, but at a much lower efficiency than capped transcripts.
Actions of estrogens and progestins on nerve cells

Estrogens and progestins alter electrical and chemical features of nerve cells, particularly in hypothalamus. Temporally, these events follow nuclear receptor occupation by these steroids, although not all effects have been proved to depend on translocation of receptors to the nucleus. Narrowing studies to focus on particular medial hypothalamic cells has been useful for understanding some of the actions of these steroids in brain. The variety of morphological, chemical, and electrical effects allow for a multiplicity in the cellular functions controlled by these hormones.
Therapist Use-of-Self Orientations Questionnaire: A Reliability and Validity Study

This article describes the development of the Therapist Use-of-Self Orientation Questionnaire (TUSO-Q), an instrument designed to measure therapists’ use-of-self orientations while working with clients. A total of 373 therapists participated in this study. Exploratory factor analysis in the structural equation modeling context revealed three different therapist use-of-self orientations: Transpersonal, Contextual, and Instrumental. The final model provided an excellent fit to the data. TUSO-Q scores exhibited satisfactory evidence of internal consistency reliability and construct validity. Implications for the scale’s use in clinical research and training are discussed.
Using tutoring systems to study learning: An application of HyperCard

HyperCard was used to develop a simplified tutoring system whose principles were based on a learning theory, and a genetics tutoring system was evaluated experimentally. Learning was studied by examining immediate versus delayed feedback after an error was made. Such tutoring systems aid in psychological studies of learning, because experimental variables can be easily manipulated. HyperCard provides a good vehicle for tutoring system development, since it requires no extensive programming skills.
Confinement effects in antiferromagnets

Phase equilibrium in confined Ising antiferromagnets was studied as a function of the coupling $(v)$ and a magnetic field (h) at the surfaces, in the presence of an external field H. The ground-state properties were calculated exactly for symmetric boundary conditions and nearest-neighbor interactions, and a full zero-temperature phase diagram in the plane $v\ensuremath{-}h$ was obtained for films with symmetry-preserving surface orientations. The ground-state analysis was extended to the $H\ensuremath{-}T$ plane using a cluster-variation free energy. The study of the finite-$T$ properties (as a function of $v$ and $h)$ reveals the close interdependence between the surface and finite-size effects and, together with the ground-state phase diagram, provides an integral picture of the confinement in anisotropic antiferromagnets with surfaces that preserve the symmetry of the order parameter.
Tape edge study in a linear tape drive with single-flanged guides

Improved tape guiding and tape dimensional stability are essential for magnetic tape linear recoding formats to take advantage of vastly increased track density and thereby achieve higher storage capacities. Tape guiding is dependent on numerous parameters, such as type of the guides and tape path geometry, quality of virgin tape edge, drive operating parameters (e.g., tape speed and tape tension), mechanical properties of the tape, and tape geometry (e.g., cupping and curvature). The objective of the present study is to evaluate guiding and tribological performance of single-flanged guides with porous air bearings in a linear tape drive. A comparison of guiding performance of the dual flanged stationary guides and single-flanged guides with porous air bearings is performed. The effect of tape path geometry, drive operating conditions (speed and tension) and tape edge quality of factory-slit tapes on tape guiding are evaluated during short-term tests. A lateral force measurement technique is used to measure the force exerted by the tape edge on the guide flange. A technique for the lateral tape motion measurement is used to study the effect of continuous sliding on tape guiding. Wear tests up to 5000 cycles are conducted and coefficient of friction and lateral tape motion are monitored to study the effect of drive operating conditions (speed and tension), edge quality of factory-slit tapes and tape thickness on tape guiding. Optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are employed to study and quantify the quality of tape edge.
Group selection among alternative evolutionarily stable strategies

Many important models of the evolution of social behavior have more than one evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS). Examples include co-ordination games, contests, mutualism, reciprocity, and sexual selection. Here we show that when there are multiple evolutionarily stable strategies, selection among groups can cause the spread of the strategy that has the lowest extinction rate or highest probability of contributing to the colonization of empty habitats, and that this may occur even when groups are usually very large, migration rates are substantial, and “extinction” entails only the disruption of the group and the dispersal of its members. The main requirements are: (1) individuals drawn from a single surviving group make up a sufficiently large fraction newly formed groups, and (2) the processes increasing the frequency of successful strategies within groups are strong compared to rate of migration among groups. The latter condition suggests that this form of group selection will be particularly important when behavioral variation is culturally acquired.
Plasma molybdenum reflects dietary molybdenum intake.

Abstract The relationship between plasma molybdenum (Mo) and dietary intake has not been investigated in humans. We developed an isotope dilution method to determine molybdenum in 0.5 mL blood plasma by ICP-MS and conducted a study to determine the effect of dietary intake on plasma molybdenum. Twelve young men consumed a very low Mo diet (22 μg/day) for 24 days while confined to the WHNRC metabolic research unit and plasma molybdenum was monitored. 97 Mo was infused in four of the subjects (Group 1) to follow its clearance from the blood. The other eight remained in unit for 120 days (an additional 96 days). Four consumed the 22 μg/day molybdenum diet for 102 days followed by 467 μg/day for 18 days (Group 2). and four consumed five levels of dietary molybdenum for 24 days each (Group 3). 100 Mo was added to the diet one or more times at each dietary level. Total plasma molybdenum and 100 Mo were monitored throughout the study. Plasma molybdenum in the 12 subjects decreased from 8.2 ± 0.5 to 6.1 ± 0.5 nmol/L after 13 days of low molybdenum intake and was 5.1 ± 0.5 nmol/L after 24 days. In Group 2, average plasma molybdenum was 7.8 ± 0.9 nmol/L at the beginning of the study, 5.4 ± 0.4 nmol/L during the 102 days low molybdenum period, and 16.5 ± 0.6 nmol/L during the high molybdenum period. Plasma molybdenum in Group 3 was 4.2 ± 2.1 nmol/L at 22 μg/day; 5.8 ± 2.5 nmol/L at 72 μg/day; 6.6 ± 2.3 nmol/L at 121 μg/day; 19.7 nmol/L ±2.1 at 467 μg/day; and 43.9 ± 2.1 nmol/L at 1490 μg/day. The results demonstrate that, in contrast to most other essential minerals, plasma molybdenum reflects low and high dietary molybdenum intakes within 14 days and may a useful indicator of low and high dietary intakes.
Temperature Strains of a Thermophilic Blue-green Alga

IN the few physiological investigations of thermophilic blue-green algae, species which tolerate temperatures only as high as 55° C have usually been used1,2.
Studies on the stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine.

Abstract Exposure of rat brain Na+ + K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase E.C. 3.6.1.3) to concentrations of cassaine greater than 1 × 10−4 M resulted in a poorly reversible inhibition of this enzyme. Inhibition did not require the presence of ATP and developed rapidly, but the final amount of inhibition observed was independent of time. The amount of inhibition observed at a given concentration of cassaine was reduced by increasing the concentration of membranes in the system. The inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was associated with equivalent inhibition of the phosphorylation and (3H)-ouabain binding reactions of this enzyme, while the uninhibited enzyme was apparently kinetically normal. Concentrations of cassaine which produced this stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase had no effect on the Mg2+-activated ATPase or the NADH cytochrome-c-reductase activities of crude rat brain microsomal preparations. Cassaine inhibited the cholinesterase activity of rat brain microsomes with a Ki of about 5 × 10−5 M, but this inhibition was fully reversible. The poorly reversible inhibitory actions of cassaine, thus, appeared specific for Na+ + K+-ATPase. Because this stable pattern of inhibition of the Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine required drug concentrations at least one hundred-fold greater than those which produce positive inotropic effects, it appears unlikely that this pattern of Na+ + K+-ATPase inhibition is involved in the cardiotonic actions of this drug.
Exposure-Response Pattern for Sulfuric Acid-Induced Effects on Particle Clearance from the Respiratory Region of Rabbit Lungs

AbstractDetermining whether responses to air pollutants are dependent solely on exposure concentration or both concentration and exposure time is important in relating toxicity to ambient measurements. A previous paper examined the C × T relationship for effects of short-term repeated exposures (1–4 h/d, for 14 d) to relatively high concentrations (≥ 0.25 mg/m3) of sulfuric acid aerosol (H2SO4), a pollutant produced by oxidation of sulfur dioxide released largely via combustion of fossil fuels, on the clearance of particles from the respiratory region of the lungs of rabbits. This current study extended the H2SO4 exposure concentrations used down to 0.05 mg/m3, a level below that currently found as peaks in ambient air. Acid-induced alterations in clearance were found to follow a graded response, ranging from acceleration to retardation, depending on both C and T, with 0.05 mg/m3 effective when exposures were for 4 h/d.
Chemical Meaning of the Standard Free Energy of Transfer. 2. Use of van der Waals' Equation of State To Evaluate the Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions of Free Volume and Attractive Forces to Chemical Potentials

In a previous paper we derived an equation for the chemical potential of a nonideal, infinitely dilute solute in a van der Waals fluid. From this we also explored the change in the Gibbs energy of transfer of a solute between two van der Waals fluids and explored the effects of using different standard states on the interpretation of that Gibbs energy. In this paper, we extend that treatment by dissecting the equation for the chemical potential of an infinitely dilute solute in a van der Waals fluid to reveal the enthalpic and entropic origins of each term. We also provide a physical interpretation of each term based on its enthalpic and entropic contributions to the overall chemical potential. We conclude the paper with an exploration of the phenomenon of enthalpy/entropy compensation, using the van der Waals equation of state to derive a condition under which enthalpy/entropy compensation must be observed.
Human respiratory mechanics demonstration model

Respiratory mechanics is a difficult topic for instructors and students alike. Existing respiratory mechanics models are limited in their abilities to demonstrate any effects of rib cage movement on alveolar and intrapleural pressures. We developed a model that can be used in both large and small classroom settings. This model contains digital pressure displays and computer integration for real-time demonstration of pressure changes that correspond to the different phases of breathing. Moving the simulated diaphragm and rib cage causes a volume change that results in pressure changes visible on the digital sensors and computer display. Device testing confirmed the model's ability to accurately demonstrate pressure changes in proportion to physiological values. Classroom testing in 427 surveyed students showed improved understanding of respiratory concepts (P < 0.05). We conclude that our respiratory mechanics model is a valuable instructional tool and provide detailed instructions for those who would like to create their own.
Fourier transform infrared investigation of thin perfluoropolyether films exposed to electric fields

Reflection–absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to monitor thin layers of hydroxyl-terminated perfluoropolyether lubricant (Fomblin ZDOL) for molecular changes caused by long exposures to dc electric fields with intensities in the range 3–6 × 104 V/cm. A new absorption band appears in the 1720–1640 cm−1 region of some field-exposed specimens. The new spectral feature is attributed to the presence of C=O, a functional group not present in the ZDOL chemical structure but commonly found in perfluoropolyether degradation products. The peak position of the carbonyl absorption band indicates that hydrogenated carbon is present at the α-position. The presence of hydrogenated --carbons suggests that structural modifications occur via a mechanism that primarily involves the –CH2–OH functional endgroup, rather than the more commonly proposed bond cleavage at the –O–CF2–O– acetal groups in perfluoropolyether lubricants having no polar endgroups. These results suggest that slow but cumulative lubricant degradation may occur when strong electric fields are present at the head-disk interface.
Optimization of low-profile antennas for applications in unattended ground sensor networks

An investigation into the design of optimal low-profile, small antennas for unattended ground sensor (UGS) networks operating at VHF or higher frequencies is featured in this study. Because UGS transceivers are intended for operation near the ground, ground proximity effects become extremely important for considerations related to antenna efficiency, input matching, radiation pattern, and the overall path loss between the transmitter and receiver nodes. While vertical wire antennas are shown to be less susceptible to path loss, a low-profile alternative is required in fabricating cheap, monolithic on-chip, miniaturized systems. In seeking an optimal design, the performances of different transceiver systems utilizing different types of antenna structures including the dipole, loop, ordinary circular slot, and cavity-backed circular slot are analyzed using a full-wave hybrid approach consisting of the moment method in conjunction with an asymptotic field propagation model. The figure of merit for comparison among the various configurations is identified as the efficiency factor calculated from the ratio of the radiated power at the transmitting terminal to the received power at the receiving terminal. To the best of our knowledge, the study as presented here on the performances of low-profile, small antennas including ground proximity effects is the first of its kind.
Trinomial Response Modeling in One Logit Regression

Constructing a triple ordinal outcome model in one binary logistic regression is proposed. Various applied problems can be formulated with response variable of three ordinal categorical levels of negative–neutral–positive kind. Such a response is commonly considered in two ordinal logistic models or in two multinomial shares of three possible outcomes. The current work shows that the problem can be presented in a much simpler and convenient one binomial logistic regression model, so in one probability scale. This approach is based on a special data transformation used in the Best–Worst scaling or MaxDiff modeling, when the positive-neutral data subset is stacked with the negative–neutral subset and in the latter one the predictors’ signs are changed to opposite. The binary dependent variable is kept equal one for both positive–negative outcomes and equals zero for neutral outcomes, respectively. In the obtained one logit regression, the positive category predictions are closer to 1, negative—closer to 0, and neutral are in the middle of its continuous 0–1 scale. Theoretical features and practical application of the model are discussed.
Decreased cardiac output in humans during laparoscopic antireflux surgery: direct measurements.

Objective: In a porcine model, we demonstrated that laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication causes a significant drop in cardiac output (30%) because it exposes both the peritoneal cavity and the medias...
Spectrophotometric assay for combinations of ethinyl estradiol and methyltestosterone.

The ultraviolet absorption curves of ethinyl estradiol and of methyltestosterone were determined in acidic and alkaline methanol. The methyltestosterone absorption curve is independent of pH in the range studied; however the absorption of ethinyl estradiol is affected by changes in the pH of the solvent. Ethinyl estradiol has a stable absorption maximum at 281 m μ in acidic methanol and a stable maximum at 298 m μ in alkaline methanol solutions greater than 0.2 N in potassium hydroxide. At ratios of ethinyl estradiol to methyltestosterone in the order of 6 : 1 to 1 : 4, simultaneous determination of the two is satisfactory. In commercial products in which the ratio is of the order 1 : 200 to 1 : 500, methyltestosterone can be determined directly, whereas acceptable results for ethinyl estradiol appear to require separation.
Chronicles of England

Kellogg considers the first (1480) and second edition (1482) of the "Chronicles of England" printed at William Caxton's press at Westminster and its various imitations at other presses.Â He concludes that "As a contribution to the knowledge of history, the Chronicles of England is of limited value. However, for the study of cultural history, the book is invaluable. In it one finds narrative built upon narrative, a series of stories which somehow cumulatively illustrate a people's sense of the turbulence, richness, and wonder of their nation; and which vividly reflect an uncritical and intense national pride.
Nonlinear optics in aerosols.

We identify an aerosol of dielectric particles as a broadband, low-power nonlinear-optics medium. We demonstrate theoretically that a room-temperature volume of 5-μm-radius glass spheres will exhibit a third-order susceptibility in the visible equal to ~10f esu, where f is the volumetric packing fraction of the spheres. The response of the system is broadband throughout the visible, and the nonlinear-optic gain coefficient is shown to exceed the extinction coefficient because of scattering at pump-power levels on the order of 0.3 W/cm2. Two techniques for levitation of the aerosol are quantitatively evaluated.
Molecular biology of odorant receptors in vertebrates

▪ Abstract The initial step in olfactory discrimination involves the interaction of odorous ligands with specific receptors on the surface of olfactory sensory neurons. The foundation for a molecular understanding of odor recognition in vertebrates was provided by the identification of a family of genes encoding putative odorant receptors, by Buck & Axel in 1991. Odorant receptor (OR) genes form the largest gene family in the vertebrate genome. This review summarizes progress over the past seven years. Major new insights are: Olfaction is accomplished in vertebrates by a very large number of receptors; olfactory sensory neurons express a small subset of the OR repertoire; in rat and mouse, axons of neurons expressing the same OR converge onto defined glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.
The neural correlates of recollection: hippocampal activation declines as episodic memory fades.

Memories for certain events tend to linger in rich, vivid detail, and retrieval of these memories includes a sense of re-experienc- ing the details of the event. Most events, however, are not retained in any detailed way for more than a few days. According to one theory, the hippocampus plays a specific role in supporting episodic retrieval, that is, the re-experiencing of an event as part of one's personal past. This theory predicts that as episodic memories fade over time and are reduced to feelings of familiarity, activity in the hippocampus should no longer be associated with retrieval. We used high-resolution functional imaging to explore neural activity in medial temporal lobe subregions while participants performed a recognition task at both a short (10-min) and long (1-week) study-test delay. For each recognized item, subjects made ''Remember/Know'' judgments, allowing us to distinguish between items that were consistently episodic across the two tests and items that were initially episodic, but later became merely familiar. Our results demonstrate that activity in the subiculum is specifically associated with episodic recollection. Overall, recollected items were associated with higher activity in the subiculum than other items. For transiently recol- lected items, there was a decrease in subicular activity across the 1- week delay as memory faded from recollection to familiarity, whereas consistently recollected items were associated with enhanced subicular activity at both delays. These results provide evidence of a link between subicular activation and recollective experience. V V C 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Targeting heme oxygenase after intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the primary event in approximately 10% of strokes, and has higher rates of morbidity and mortality than ischemic stroke. Experimental evidence suggests that the toxicity of hemoglobin and its degradation products contributes to secondary injury that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. Hemin, the oxidized form of heme, accumulates in intracranial hematomas to cytotoxic levels. The rate limiting step of its breakdown is catalyzed by the heme oxygenase (HO) enzymes, which consist of inducible HO-1 and constitutively-expressed HO-2. The effect of these enzymes on perihematomal injury and neurological outcome has been investigated in ICH models using both genetic and pharmacological approaches to alter their expression, with variable results reported. These findings are summarized and reconciled in this review; therapeutic strategies that may optimize HO expression and activity after ICH are described.
Breeding for Multiple Disease Resistance in Sugarbeet: Registration of FC220 and FC221

FC220 (Reg. No. GP-263, PI 651015) and FC221 (Reg. No. GP-264, PI 651016) sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) germplasm were released from 05-FC1030-15 (Sp) and 05-FC1030-16 (Sp) seed lots, respectively, and tested under those designations and as 03-FC1030-15 and 03-FC1030-16, respectively. They were developed by the USDA–ARS, at Fort Collins, CO, and at Salinas, CA, in cooperation with the Beet Sugar Development Foundation, Denver, CO. FC220 and FC221 are multigerm sugarbeet germplasm in fertile cytoplasm, segregating for self-fertility and hypocotyl color. Both have resistance to root-rotting strains (AG-2-2) of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and are segregating for the Rz1 gene, which confers resistance to some strains of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus, the causal agent of rhizomania. These germplasm have moderate resistance to Aphanomyces cochlioides Drechs., which causes aphanomyces root rot (aphanomyces black root). FC221 is moderately resistant to curly top caused by Beet severe curly top virus. FC220 is resistant to the sugarbeet root aphid (Pemphigus sp.). Both germplasm are moderately susceptible to cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora beticola Sacc. FC220 and FC221 have favorable yield characteristics when evaluated as lines or in experimental hybrids under rhizomania conditions at Salinas, CA. Under these conditions, FC220, as a line and in hybrid combinations, had a slight to signifi cantly higher sucrose concentration than FC221.
Identity creation and cluster construction: the case of the Paso Robles wine region

Through a study of a newly recognized wine production cluster in Paso Robles, CA, this article demonstrates that in addition to the commonly accepted features of an industrial cluster, such as suppliers, skilled labor and local knowledge sharing, a hitherto largely ignored feature is identity, which, while a socially emergent feature, has economic value. The wine industry is particularly suited as an ideal type because the cluster is legally strictly circumscribed. We demonstrate how cluster identity formation is the result of internal developments and external validation. In culture goods industries such as wine, identity performs a crucial role in the cluster’s development and success, but we suggest that this can be extended to other industrial clusters that have successfully created an identity.
Qualification and reliability tests: What are we doing and why?

The semiconductor industry and its customers perform component qualification tests and reliability tests that are reasonably similar if not the same due to the standards in the industry and tradition. Some of the tests are not reliability tests, but robustness tests and the term reliability is often misused. As semiconductor technology has advanced and electronic packaging has changed the tests and criteria have not been changed at the same rate. The spectrum of applications has grown so that in some cases the tests are overly stringent or testing for the wrong failure mechanisms. In other cases the tests do not adequately reflect the level or length of time necessary to ensure successful applications. This paper will attempt to challenge the conventional tests and acceptance of those tests and to encourage the reader to look at semiconductor tests in a different light. A proposed method is made to use the tests in place in a more productive manner.
Measurement of granular temperature and stresses in risers

Detailed experimental velocity, particle concentration, and stresses for flow of particles in a vertical pipe, riser are needed for verification of various CFD models for multiphase flow. This is the principle-unsolved task of the Fluid Dynamics Multiphase Flow Consortium, organized by Dow Chemical Company. This study provides such information for flow of 530 μm glass beads in the fully developed flow region of a 7 m symmetric riser with a splash plate. Instantaneous particle-velocity distributions were obtained using a particle velocity imaging technique, and a probe inserted into the riser, while the particle concentrations were measured with a gamma-ray densitometer. Time-averaged particle-velocity distributions can be well represented by a parabolic- velocity distribution, with the mean velocity obtained from flux divided by the measured bulk density. The flow is very anisotropic. The radial granular-temperature profiles agree with an analytical expression similar to the thermal-temperature distribution in Poiseuille flow with viscous heat generation. A numerical solution for the standard isotropic model developed shows that the approximations made in the analytical solutions are reasonable. In the core, the normal Reynolds stresses are much smaller than the velocity averaged particle stresses, whereas near the wall the time averaged normal Reynolds stresses are large. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1760–1775, 2004
The politics of new media, space, and race: A socio-spatial analysis of the 2008 presidential election

Recent national, regional, and community-level research has shown that the Internet has the potential to provide a powerful medium for political engagement. Yet, systematic analyses that consider space and place as critical components of this area of research are lacking. This issue is important inasmuch as the extant literature has clearly shown that the diffusion of sophisticated Internet technology to some places has been slow and that the use of high-speed broadband modems has a significant impact on using the technology for social and economic purposes. The data for this study come from the nationally representative Pew Internet and American Life Study conducted in November 2008 directly after the United States presidential election. Although the results are consistent with previous research on both spatial and digital inequality in terms of Internet use, the interactions between race and place suggest that it is not just that the Obama campaign used new media to mobilize constituents, but that these...
A New Biometric Approach to Systematic Problems

The recent history of systematics1 perhaps can best be summarized as a search for new levels of objectivity and analytic power. With the values and limitations of cytotaxonomy and biosystematics now quite well understood, taxonomy currently seeks to develop a subdiscipline of biochemical systematics and another that we prefer to call biometric systematics. In an admirable review, Alston and Turner (1963) have noted that the history of developments in serology has been marked with rife dissension:
Z3 dark matter and two-loop neutrino mass

Abstract Dark matter and neutrino mass are two of the most important issues to be understood in particle physics and astrophysics. Dark matter is universally assumed to be distinguished from ordinary matter by an odd–even parity, i.e. the discrete symmetry Z 2 , but that is not based on any fundamental principle. As an alternative and foil, a simple model of Z 3 dark matter is proposed and shown to be natural for understanding the smallness of neutrino mass as a two-loop radiative effect.
Immunotherapy for virus infection.

Understanding of virus-induced immune response disease and the related immunopathology has its roots in the studies reported by Rowe (1954). He showed that suppression of immune responses changed the ordinarily lethal, acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to a persistent infection in susceptible mice. The subsequent work of many investigators who used neonatal thymectomy, genetically athymic mice, irradiation, antilymphoid drugs, or antithymocyte sera, etc. (reviewed in Buchmeeer et al. 1980) extended the concept of immune response-mediated injury during viral infection. Thereafter, the role of lymphocytes in mediating virus-induced immunologic injury was delineated. First, experiments performed independently by Lundstedt (1969) and Oldstone et al. (1969) showed that lymphocytes obtained 6–9 days after an acute LCMV infection or primary inoculation killed LCMV-infected targets in vitro. Next, such lymphocytes were found to be of thymic origin and to bear Thy 1.2 markers of their surfaces (Cole et al. 1973; Marker and Volkert 1973). Gilden et al. (1972a, b) showed that mice which survived an ordinarily lethal dose of LCMV owing to immunosuppression developed acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) disease and died when reconstituted with syngeneic, immune T-lymphocytes. Zinkernagel and Doherty (1974 a) defined the need for two signals between the cytolytic T-lymphocyte and its infected target, namely, virus specificity and H-2 restriction, so that killing of LCMV-infected cells could proceed.
LANDSCAPE ECOSYSTEMS OF NORTHERN LOWER MICHIGAN AND THE OCCURRENCE AND MANAGEMENT OF THE KIRTLANDS WARBLER

The Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii Baird) is an endangered songbird that nests in northern Lower Michigan in ecosystems dominated by young jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.). An ecological, multifactor approach was used to determine the range and characteristics of landform-level ecosystems supporting the warbler and to compare the spatial and temporal patterns of warbler occupation among these ecosystems. Using an ecosystem rather than a strictly biological approach, the landforms occupied by the warbler are very diverse. Twelve landforms were identified based on 61 sites currently or formerly occupied by the warbler. Average annual jack pine height growth, an indicator of stand structural features that influences initial warbler colonization and duration of occupancy, differed significantly among landforms, resulting in marked differences in warbler occurrence in time and space across the breeding range. Landforms with favorable growing conditions for jack pine were colonized earliest and were occupied for the shortest duration, whereas landforms with unfavorable growing conditions were colonized relatively late but were occupied longest. Different ecological factors, such as the spatial position of landforms, microclimate, soil texture, or a combination of these factors, may account for favorable or unfavorable growing conditions for jack pine, which in turn affects the timing and duration of warbler occupancy. The classification and description of ecosystems occupied by the warbler provides an ecological framework for warbler management, especially when plantations rather than wildfire are the primary source of warbler habitat.
Reactive knee stiffness strategies between various conditioning histories

Optimizing joint stiffness through appropriate muscular activation is crucial for maintaining stability and preventing injury. Conditioning techniques may affect joint stability by increasing joint...
Information Sensitivity and the Scope of Financial Intermediation

We present a model of financial intermediation in which bank scope determines a lender's incentives to acquire information about the nature of a firm's moral-hazard problem. In the model, the lender's informedness is crucial for offering optimal financing contracts. We characterize the efficiency gains from contracting with an informed lender in terms of the firm's fundamentals, and explore coordination failures in information acquisition by multiple banks with heterogenous monitoring technologies. We develop a notion of firm-level information sensitivity to generate predictions about the firm-level effects of increasing the scope of banking. Highly volatile firms that are simultaneously highly productive are best placed to realize efficiency gains from contracting with banks offering a wide array of financial services. We propose the stepwise repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in the U.S. during the 1990s as a suitable experiment that varied the scope of banking. Our key prediction is in line with the empirical record from this period. We use our framework to generate further empirical predictions regarding the structure of bank syndicates and the relationship between volatility and size.
Sampling of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) and Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera : Anthocoridae) in grain sorghum panicles by a modification of the beat-bucket method

A modification of the beat-bucket sample method was evaluated for Helioth18 Zea (Boddie) and Orius insidiosus (Say) in grain sorghum panicles. Grain sorghum panicles were cut and twirled inside a 19-liter plastic bucket rather than beating the panicles against the bucket wall. Based on absolute density estimates, the modified beat-bucket method recovered > 50.0% of the H. zea larvae and O. insidiosus adults and 35.0% of the O. insidiosus nymphs in the grain sorghum panicles. The method provided reliable estimates of population trends of H. zea larvae and O. insidiosus nymphs and adults. The method was calibrated for H. zea larvae. Relative density estimates (y) may be converted to absolute density estimates (x) by the formula x = y/b (b , slope of regression line).
The Evolution of “New Notes,” Origins, and Future Directions

The transformation of the submucosa into a working space provided a paradigm shift for endolumenal endoscopic intervention. The submucosal space can provide an undermining access to the removal of overlying mucosal disease. This space can also provide a protective mucosal barrier accommodating interventions into the deep layers of the gut wall and body cavities, such as the abdomen and mediastinum.
Stigma Management among Children of Incarcerated Parents

ABSTRACTThe stigma of incarceration can extend beyond the offender to his or her family, yet we know very little about how children of incarcerated parents manage their spoiled identity. Using interviews with 32 college students whose parents were incarcerated during their childhood, this study explored their stigma management techniques. Through grounded theory analysis, it became apparent that participants separated themselves from their incarcerated parent, viewed their incarcerated parent as a role model, and framed parental incarceration positively. These techniques allowed them to sustain a prosocial identity in light of their experience of parental incarceration.
Clinical Laboratory Management

Clinical Laboratory Management is a comprehensive book about modern management tools useful both as practical information and as guidelines for all those who work in the clinical laboratory and in health care management. The book is also of great value for students in health care administration, medical laboratory technology, and other allied health disciplines. Fifty-eight practicing laboratorians have compiled extensive information on various topics related to clinical laboratory management, including management principles and practices, regulatory issues, financial aspects, personnel issues, and strategic planning, as well as current trends and future anticipated developments impacting the disciplines of pathology and laboratory medicine.
Before Prime Minister: Margaret Thatcher, Angela Merkel, and Gendered Party Leadership Contests

Given that most national executives have been men, it is a commonplace to observe that access to executive power is gendered. Men have historically served as heads of government, and few women have been presidents or prime ministers. Women's numbers are increasing, however, as is research focusing on women who have achieved national executive leadership (e.g., Jalalzai 2013; Murray 2010). Such research has emphasized women's individual resources and credentials, family background, and political experience as factors contributing to their political success; research focusing on the strategic and institutional structural factors that contribute to this success has been rare.
Complications and problems in the management of distal radius fractures.

SUMMARY Despite the best of treatments, problems and complications may be inherent in the fracture, depending on the nature of its severity. For that reason, patients should be followed for a minimum of 2 years after injury and treatment to assess the result and rule out a degenerative processes. A careful, thoughtful analysis at the time of presentation using a descriptive classification system that provides guidance for therapeutic intervention followed by meticulous execution of the mode of treatment employed, regular follow-up care, and rehabilitation will provide the surgeon with a means to treat these common yet vexing problems in an effective way while minimizing complications.