cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resilient composite of silicone and foamed tin as a new material for electrical and thermal contacts

Abstract Silicone-infiltrated tin foam containing 14 volume % metal is a new composite material that is resilient up to a compressive stress of 2 MPa and a strain of 13%. Its volume electrical resistivity is 5 × 10 −4 ω cm and remains below 1 × 10 −3 ω cm up to 1700 compressive loading cycles (0.075 MPa). Its contact resistivity (with copper) decreases with pressure and levels off at 0.22 ω cm 2 at a pressure of 0.07 MPa. Beyond 1000 compressive loading cycles (0.08 MPa), the contact resistivity rises, reaching 0.48 ω cm 2 at 1700 cycles. The thermal expansion coefficient is 215 × 10 −6 °C −1 at 45°C, compared with a value of 282 × 10 −6 °C −1 for silicone. This composite is attractive as a material for electrical and thermal contacts in electronic packages. Compared with silicone-infiltrated tin foam, silicone-infiltrated tin-lead foam exhibits a lower volume electrical resistivity, a lower contact resistivity (with copper) and a higher fatigue resistance, but it is resilient only up to a compressive stress of 0.4 MPa and a strain of 0.8%. The bonding between silicone and tin is stronger than that between silicone and tin-lead.
Rethinking the Linkage between Tibet and the China-India Border Conflict: A Realist Approach

This article assesses the dynamic political and military relationships among Tibet, China, and India in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By examining the three governments' calculations and security interests, the article shows that the relationships among the three are best understood from a realist perspective. The focus in the article is on the Sino-Indian dispute over the territory known as “Assam Himalaya,” located on the far eastern end of the Sino-Indian border, between southeastern Tibet and northeast India. The article covers a relatively lengthy period, from 1913 to 1962, but in doing so it shows that territorial claims and the desire for secure borders were the key concern of all the countries involved—Tibet, China, India under British imperial rule, post-1947 India, and the United States.
“Popping the Question” When the Answer is Known: The Engagement Proposal as Performance

Abstract This paper analyzes the engagement proposal as a pre-wedding ritual that couples use to indicate to others that they are going to be getting married. The proposal is treated as a formality by the couples, but it is an important marker for their relationship. Based on interviews with engaged heterosexual Midwestern couples, we show how a couple works together to plan the engagement. The engagement proposal is a performance for two audiences, first for the woman and then for the couple's friends and family as they use the story to demonstrate they are an engaged couple ready to get married. Standard signals are used to convey these messages, and failing to use them may confuse the audience. Although the proposal is a “surprise,” the woman works backstage to ensure that it is carried out according to her specifications. Based on this investigation, we argue that in the absence of any ideological challenge to the “traditional” proposal, the proposal as performance has more significance than other iss...
Measurement of the temperature non-uniformity in a microchannel heat sink using microscale laser-induced fluorescence

Abstract Ratiometric laser induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry is developed as a tool for temperature measurements using microscale visualization methods. Rhodamine B (RhB) and Rhodamine 110 (Rh110) are used as the temperature-dependent and temperature-independent dyes, respectively. The temperature responses of the two dyes are carefully measured as a function of concentration. The traditional two-dye LIF technique is compared to the single-dye LIF technique for microfluidic temperature measurement. The capabilities of these methods are demonstrated by visualizing the mixing plane between a hot and a cold fluid stream near a ‘T’ junction. The method is then applied to study the non-uniform temperature profiles generated due to flow maldistribution in a silicon microchannel heat sink. The experimental results illustrate the importance of proper design of inlet and outlet manifolds to maximize the performance of a microchannel heat sink. The technique is demonstrated to have a maximum uncertainty of ±1.25 °C for single-pixel measurements and a minimum uncertainty of ±0.6 °C for measurements averaged over a large area in a temperature range of 20–50 °C.
Tests of two hypotheses on extraversion

Abstract Three samples give mixed results on a hypothesis that higher extraversion is associated with greater tendency to assume similarity between oneself and others. Results consistently support a second hypothesis that group judgements of the socially desirable personality on an American college campus will show that personality to be highly extraverted. The average actual student is in fact substantially less extraverted than what is considered desirable. These findings are discussed in terms of possible tensions produced by the discrepancy between the ideal and the real.
Mating activates estrogen receptor-containing neurons in the female monkey brain.

Abstract In contrast to some other species, the numbers of activated neurons in the brains of male and female macaques are high in both mated and unmated animals. Dual labeling with the 1D5 anti-estrogen receptor antibody and the c- fos polyclonal anti-c- fos antibody was used in 19 female cynomolgus monkeys to examine whether mating selectively increases the activation of neurons containing estrogen receptors (ER). Mated females, and social controls exposed to males without mating, were euthanized about 75 min after the start of the test, exactly 60 min after the first ejaculation (mated females, N = 7) and 75 min after the start of exposure to a male (social controls, N = 4). A second control group of unmated females ( N = 8) remained in their individual cages until euthanasia. Neuronal nuclei containing Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-ir) alone, ER-immunoreactivity (ER-ir) alone, or both Fos-ir and ER-ir, were counted in 8 brain regions, but 2 of these regions contained too few ER-ir neurons to permit analysis. The proportion of ER-ir neurons colocalizing Fos-ir was significantly higher in the preoptic area ( P = 0.027) and ventromedial hypothalamus ( P = 0.04) of mated than of control females, suggesting the selective activation of ER-containing neurons by mating in these two brain regions known to be important in the control of female mating. The proportion of Fos-ir neurons not containing ER-ir was significantly lower in the cortical amygdala ( P = 0.045) of mated than in control females, suggesting a selective deactivation of neurons not containing ER-ir.
APPRECIATION (EIN TIEFERES SICH BESINNEN)1

of teaching problems, to present the various experiences along the lines of our various endeavors,, to give and to receive quickening. It is in this spirit that my offering is made, and if it leads to large and wholesome discussion, I shall be glad, indeed. One wonders sometimes in view of the many meetings from time immemorial to discuss the problems of the teacher of Modern Languages: Is there any problem left to be discussed? But supposing for the moment that all questions pertaining to our field were satisfactorily answered, there yet remains always the question: "How can I best make use of this or that principle under the present circumstances?" for the dynamic forces of life are unceasingly creative, working out the pattern and the design of the present hour. Whatever counted yesterday, needs revision today; old theories and facts are questioned and restated; new emphases, new angles of approach are re-shaping and re-evaluating what we had supposed were fixt and unbending verities. This is so in our political and economic life; it is equally true for our academic world. In the latter, if anywhere, should the untrammeled thought and spirit of man find its greatest play-ground, and there are hopeful signs that time-honored incrustations are crumbling, that a new fresh breath of air is sweeping through our corridors and lecture-rooms and is again giving that contact with life as a whole, without whose creative impulsion only sterility and crystallization can result.
Calculated 118Te production rates from enriched 122,123Te targets

Abstract The 118 Te/ 118 Sb generator has potential application for positron emission tomography. In this study, we modelled the production of the 118 Te precursor via proton activation of 122 Te and 123 Te targets. 118 Te excitation functions were calculated for the (p, xn) and (p, pxn) production channels using a compound nucleus/statistical evaporation approach. These calculations indicate that 118 Te can be produced in GBq (100 mCi) quantities by the irradiation of a thin (0.4 g/cm 2 ) enriched 122 Te target with 62 MeV protons. This corresponds to a cumulative 118 Te production rate in the 62-60 MeV proton energy region of 16 GBq/C (1.6 mCi/μA-h). In this proton energy range, 118 Te production is maximized while the production of such contaminant nuclides as 119 Te is relatively low. In view of the sizable 118 Te production rate estimate, we are proceeding with the development of optimal Te/Sb separation chemistry applicable to a generator system.
A personal introduction to the special issue of the Jacob P. Waletzky Award

Pain, particularly great pain, changes people in different ways. For some, it is transient and affects those close to them but few others; for others, the pain transforms not only the lives of those directly afflicted but, through their actions, the lives of many who were not touched by the original pain. The sudden death of Jacob Waletzky at the age of 29 by a cocaine-induced arrhythmia brought about such transformative pain. Jacob, a graduate of Yale University, studied philosophy at the University of Chicago and had finished his coursework for an M.F.A. in writing at Columbia University. He was warm and hugely likeable. He was loved well and by many but, as is not infrequently the case, advantages of mind, education, and family did not guarantee an easy life for him, nor a life free from drug addiction. Jacob’s death devastated his family and friends. Jeremy Waletzky, his father and a psychiatrist, was hit hard by shock and then by grief. Those of us who know Jeremy, and he has been my close friend for more than 25 years, watched him try to come to terms with Jacob’s addiction and death. We also watched him as he struggled to find a way to help others, to bring some good from the suffering. After months of discussing a variety of possibilities with his family and friends, Jeremy and the Waletzky family decided to set up a prize for research in the basic science of addiction. The Jacob P. Waletzky Award, given to young scientists through the Society for Neuroscience, was first awarded in 2003 and is now an integral part of the scientific meetings of the Society for Neuroscience. The papers collected for this issue of Psychopharmacology mark the 10th year of the award and represent the exceptional work of the Waletzky awardees. “Out of yourwreckage,”wrote the poet Robert Lowell, “came your book.” Here, out of the wreckage, is a book of promise.
Real-World Knowledge through Real-World Maps: A Developmental Guide for Navigating the Educational Terrain

Abstract Maps have real-world utility for activities of daily life and are critical for many disciplines. Here we discuss how educating children to use maps for navigation may enhance not only their wayfinding skills, but also their more general representational and spatial skills. After reviewing relevant developmental and educational research, we document the need for innovative educational curricula to meet the challenges of teaching map navigation within the school setting. We then describe the development and evaluation of one such curriculum— Where Are We? ( WAW?; Kastens, 2000)—designed to simulate real-world map-navigation experience. We close by proposing five components that should be included when evaluating any developmentally motivated curriculum for teaching real-world knowledge, illustrating each component by reference to our ongoing WAW? evaluation research.
Initial and residual toxicity following acute exposure of developing male rats to dibromochloropropane.

Abstract Male Fischer 344 rats were given a single, sc injection of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) at 6 or 25 days of age. One group of treated animals was killed 1 to 3 days afterward to compare the dose and time relationships of the acute toxic response of neonatal and weanling male rats to DBCP and another group at approximate sexual maturity (∼ 120 days of age) to detect residual toxic effects resulting from acute exposure. The 6-day-old rats were more susceptible than the 25-day-old rats to the acute toxic effects of DBCP, as characterized by reduced 48-hr survival, renal dysfunction, and renal and hepatic necrosis over the dose range of 80 to 320 mg/kg. The lowest dose tested, 20 mg/kg, and all higher doses reduced subsequent body and gonadal weight gains, and caused hypospermatogenesis or seminiferous tubular atrophy in animals exposed at 6 days of age and killed at sexual maturity. Similar effects were observed in animals exposed at 25 days of age, except that doses of 160 mg/kg or greater were required to produce residual toxic effects. These data indicate enhanced susceptibility of neonatal male rats to the gonadotoxic effects of dibromochloropropane, including the possiblity of apparent irreversible injury caused by acute exposure.
Role of the built environment on mode choice decisions: additional evidence on the impact of density

Density is a key component in the recent surge of mixed-use neighborhood developments. Empirical research has shown an inconsistent picture on the impact of density. In particular, it is unclear whether it is the density or the variables that go long with density that affect people’s travel behavior. Many existing studies on density neglect confounding factors, for example, residential self-selection, generalized travel cost, accessibility, and access to transit stations. In addition, most still use a single trip as their observation unit, even though trip chaining is well recognized. The goal of this paper is to assess the role of density in affecting mode choice decisions in home-based work tours, while controlling for confounding factors. Using the dataset collected in the New York Metropolitan Region, we estimated a simultaneous two-equation system comprising two mutually interacting dependent variables: car ownership and the propensity to use auto. The results confirm the role of density after controlling for the confounding factors; in particular, employment density at work exerts more influence than residential density at home. The study also demonstrates the importance of using tour as the analysis unit in mode choice decisions. The study advances the field by analyzing the role of the built environment on home-based work tours. New knowledge is obtained in the relative contribution of density vs. a set of correlated factors, including generalized travel cost, accessibility, and access to transit stations.
Perceiving the Affordance of Contact in Four- and Five-Month-Old Infants.

The focus of this study was on the ability of infants to perceive whether an object is positioned at a distance that would make contact possible. As a toy was presented, sometimes within and sometimes beyond reach, the initiation of reaching and leaning forward was scored. Infants were divided into leaning and nonleaning groups. Both leaning and nonleaning 5-month-olds changed their behavior dramatically when the object was placed beyond, as opposed to within, reach. The nonleaners showed a decline in reaching when this boundary for contact was crossed. The "leaners" did not; rather, they began to lean forward. These results suggest that 5-month-olds use information for the affordance of contact. 4-month-olds provided less evidence that arm length regulates reaching. 5-month-old infants acted as if they not only had some sensitivity to the absolute distance of an object but also to the effect that leaning forward has on their ability to make contact with a distant object.
The category of commutative Hopf C * -algebras

In this paper, we first continue our study of group duality, and prove that the duality we established earlier is natural. Then we use this naturality to study the category of commutative, cocommutative HopfC *-algebras, and show that the category of compact Abelian semigroups and the category of commutative, cocommutative HopfC *-algebras with units are isomorphic. By using this result, we show that the category of commutative, cocommutative quantum groups is Abelian. This is a generalization of a result of Grothendieck about the catrgory of finite-dimensional commutative, cocommutative Hopf algebras with antipodes.
Drinking water distribution systems contamination management to reduce public health impacts and system service interruptions

Decisions on protecting public health against drinking water systems contamination threats should be made with careful consideration of credibility of threat observations and adverse impacts of response on system serviceability. Decision support models are developed in this study to prepare water utility operators for making these critical decisions during the intense course of an emergency. A pressure-dependent demand model is developed to simulate the system hydraulics and contaminant propagation under pressure-deficit conditions that emerge after the response actions are executed. Contrary to conventional demand-driven models, this hydraulic analysis approach prevents potential occurrence of negative pressures during the simulation and may identify better response protocols through exploring a larger search space. Response mechanisms of contaminant containment and discharge are optimized using evolutionary algorithms to achieve public health protection with minimum service interruption. Sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess optimal response performance for varying response delay, number of hydrants, and intrusion characteristics. Different methods for quantifying impacts on public health and system serviceability are explored and the sensitivity of the optimal response plan to these different formulations is investigated. The simulation-optimization schemes are demonstrated and discussed using a virtual water distribution system. Hydraulic and exposure models are developed to simulate water contamination events.Response mechanisms are optimized to reduce contamination consequences.Contaminant containment and flushing are effective for public health protection.Effectiveness of emergency response actions drastically decreases as time passes.Impacts are better quantified as ingested contaminant mass than number of sicknesses.
The right ventricle and critical illness: a review of anatomy, physiology, and clinical evaluation of its function

This paper reviews right ventricular anatomy and physiology in the critically ill patient. The role of right ventricular function during acute pulmonary artery hypertension and the effect of acute myocardial injury upon right ventricular performance are examined. Clinical methods of assessing right ventricular function at the bedside in acutely ill patients are critically reviewed.
Corrosion in Coal Gasification Systems

Over the last 10 years, extensive research has been performed to evaluate the corrosion behavior of both metallic and refractory materials in multicomponent-gas and liquid-slag environments that are relevant to various coal gasification schemes. This paper examines the available information on metallic materials to give insight into the development of protective scales on alloy surfaces and causes of scale breakdown. Available long-term kinetic data on sound-metal loss are examined to evaluate the effects of alloy and gas chemistry on corrosion of materials in complex oxygen-sulfur atmospheres. In addition, the corrosion behavior of a variety of refractory materials after laboratory and pilot plant exposures is examined and wear mechanisms are discussed. From current knowledge of the process environments and of the behavior of metallic and refractory materials, a number of areas are identified for long-range research that can have significant impact on the design and performance of coal gasification plants.
A Study of Color Planning Criteria Used by Noted Designers

This study was conducted to identify color planning criteria that noted designers reported using in textile, sig-nage, interior, and architecture projects. The national sample consisted of designers (n =41) who were nominated as either accomplished colorists (n =23) or comparably accomplished generalists (n =18). Data were collected through an in-person interview regarding a self-selected project and a standardized color acuity test. Potential sources of variation in color acuity between the colorists and generalists were examined. No statistically significant differences were found between groups, but the total sample scored significantly better on hue discrimination when compared to the normative adult mean. Primary findings showed that noted designers employed five categories of criteria in the design process: compositional to create unity or emphasis, or to manipulate space and form with color; symbolic to express design concepts with color; behavioral to address activity needs with color; preferential to consider individual color preferences or market trends; and pragmatic to support maintenance needs and preconditions with color. Over half of the sample (52 percent) used two or more color categories per project, and exploratory analyses revealed that colorists used compositional color criteria more frequently than generalists. The results provided a basis for formulating a framework of color planning.
SEISMIC DESIGN AND RETROFIT ISSUES FOR BRIDGES IN NEW JERSEY

An overview of guidelines and requirements for seismic design of new bridges and retrofit of existing ones in New Jersey is presented. The results of an ongoing study on seismic assessment of existing bridges in New Jersey are also presented. It is shown that for many older bridges the seismic capacity in the transverse direction is minimal and the bearings can be damaged. However, because of the redundancy of multi-girder bridges, failure of the bearings may not cause collapse of the bridge as long as the columns and piers possess adequate ductility and strength. Circular columns do have adequate lateral reinforcement, but square columns lack the needed ductility demand. In the longitudinal direction, again, failure of the bearings because of shear failure of the bolts is a strong possibility. Unlike in the transverse direction, because of impact and separation of adjacent spans and inadequacy of seat width at the abutments and the tops of piers, loss of span and total failure of the bridge can occur. Th...
Observation of Solitons in Stimulated Raman Scattering

Anomalous pump-depletion reversal in stimulated Raman scattering has been observed and is interpreted as the development of a soliton induced by a random phase shift in the injected Stokes beam. The experimental findings are presented and compared with the analytical solutions to the undamped stimulated Raman scattering equations as well as with a numerical study of the damped equations.
An analytical method for dye-sensitized solar cell geometric design

Abstract Novel fabrication techniques have enabled increasingly controlled microstructural geometries in electrochemical energy devices, including dye-sensitized solar cells. An analytical tool, based on an electrochemical analogy to thermal fin analysis, has been developed to support the design of such microstructures. An adapted version of this tool is presented for analyzing the performance of microstructural geometry in dye-sensitized solar cells. This electrochemical fin model is capable of describing experimentally observed performance gains associated with specific microstructural geometries. The assessment of structures based on nanorod and nanoparticle architectures is addressed, and insights into trade-offs between surface charge transfer reactions and diffusive transport in solid photoelectrode phases are discussed.
Isolation and Crystallographic Characterization of ErSc2N@C80: an Endohedral Fullerene Which Crystallizes with Remarkable Internal Order

The ErnSc3-nN@C80 (n = 0−3) family of four endohedral fullerenes has been prepared by vaporization of graphite rods packed with 2% Sc2O3/3% Er2O3/95% graphite powder in a Kratschmer−Huffman fullerene generator under dynamic flow of helium and dinitrogen. ErSc2N@C80 has been isolated in pure form via three stages of high-pressure liquid chromatography and characterized by mass spectrometry. The first structure of a mixed metal endohedral, ErSc2N@C80, has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 90 K on ErSc2N@C80·CoII(OEP)·1.5C6H6·0.3CHCl3, which was obtained by diffusion of a solution of ErSc2N@C80 in benzene into a solution of CoII(OEP) (OEP is the dianion of octaethylporphyrin) in chloroform. The structure of ErSc2N@C80 consists of a planar ErSc2N unit surrounded by an icosahedral C80 cage. The nominal Er−N distance is 2.089(9) A and the Sc−N distance is, as expected, shorter, 1.968(6) A. Despite its location within the C80 cage, the ErSc2N unit displays a remarkable degree of order within...
Assessing the influence of maternal depression on the validity of the child behavior checklist

The relative effects of maternal depression, child gender, and child psychiatric status on mothers' ratings of their children were assessed in a study of the validity of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Both maternal depression and gender were found to be significantly associated with mothers' ratings of their children on the CBCL. Nevertheless, mothers' ratings continued to differentiate groups of children with and without psychiatric problems even after the variance accounted for by maternal depression and child gender was removed. These findings support the criterion validity of the CBCL, and point also to the importance of assessing parents as part of the clinical evaluation of children.
A stable monomeric nickel borohydride.

A stable discrete nickel borohydride complex (Tp*NiBH4 or Tp*NiBD4) was prepared using the nitrogen-donor ligand hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate (Tp*-). This complex represents one of the best characterized nickel(II) borohydrides to date. Tp*NiBH4 and Tp*NiBD4 are stable toward air, boiling water, and high temperatures (mp > 230 °C dec). X-ray crystallographic measurements for Tp*NiBH4 showed a six-coordinate geometry for the complex, with the nickel(II) center facially coordinated by three bridging hydrogen atoms from borohydride and a tridentate Tp*- ligand. For Tp*NiBH4, the empirical formula is C15H26B2N6Ni, a = 13.469(9) A, b = 7.740(1) A, c = 18.851(2) A, β = 107.605(9)°, the space group is monoclinic P21/c, and Z = 4. Infrared measurements confirmed the presence of bridging hydrogen atoms; both ν(B−H)terminal and ν(B−H)bridging are assignable and shifted relative to ν(B−D) of Tp*NiBD4 by amounts in agreement with theory. Despite their hydrolytic stability, Tp*NiBH4 and Tp*NiBD4 readily redu...
Conformation of sLex Tetrasaccharide, Free in Solution and Bound to E-, P-, and L-Selectin†,‡

The conformations of the NeuAcα2(I)→3Galβ1(II)→4[Fucα1(III)→3]GlcNAc-O-CH3 tetrasaccharide (sLex), in aqueous solution and bound to E-, P-, and L-selectin have been determined using high resolution NMR spectroscopy. In the free ligand, the conformation of glycosidic linkage I is disordered with {ΦI, ΨI} sampling values close to {−60°, 0°}, {−100°, −50°}, and {180°, 0°}. The trisaccharide portion is rigid and characterized by {ΦII, ΨII; ΦIII, ΨIII} = {46°, 18°; 48°, 24°}. The measured dissociation rates and equilibrium binding constants, {koff, KD}, were {164 ± 24 s-1, 0.72 ± 0.4 mM}, {522 ± 166 s-1, 7.8 ± 1.0 mM}, and {1080 ± 167 s-1, 3.9 ± 0.6 mM} at 300 K for E-, P-, and L-selectin, respectively. The bound conformations of the ligand were calculated from the full relaxation matrix analysis of transferred-NOE spectra for E- and P-selectin or by using a two-spin approximation for the L-selectin complex. Both E- and P-selectin recognize the {−60°, 0°} conformation of sLex while the {−100°, −50°} conformer ...
Multispecies trapping ofHelicoverpa (Heliothis) zea, Spodoptera frugiperda, Pseudaletia unipuncta, andAgrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Multispecies sex pheromone trapping (trapping of more than one species in the same trap) for the bollworm,Helicoverpa (Heliothis) zea (Boddie); fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith); armyworm,Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth); and the black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) was evaluated. Baiting of individual traps with all possible combinations of the four species taken two at a time caused a reduction in the catches of at least one of any two species involved when compared to traps baited for only one species. These results demonstrated the species specificity of sex pheromones identified for these species. Although the effects were reduced in some cases, the interaction between species also was observed when adjacent traps were baited with the sex pheromone dispensers of the different species. These results indicate that the spacing between pheromone traps when more than one species are being trapped at the same site affects trap capture and should be evaluated further.
Cumulative dose-effect curves in rats run twice a week on an interresponse-time > 72-sec schedule

Ovariectomized Long-Evans rats were trained to emit a lever-press response on an interresponse-time (IRT) > 72-sec schedule of food reinforcement and were maintained on a regimen of two sessions per week. This regimen yielded acceptably stable baseline behavior with moderate response rates and low reinforcement rates. Within-session cumulative dose-effect curves for four standard psychoactive drugs were generated by injecting five ascending doses per os at 20-min intervals. d-Amphetamine (0.125--2.0 mg/kg) increased responses. Chlorpromazine (1.25--20 mg/kg) decreased responses. Chlordiazepoxide and pentobarbital (1.25--20 mg/kg) increased responses at low and moderate doses and decreased responses at higher doses; overall increases resulted from a burst-and-pause pattern. Drug effects were similar to those previously reported for the typical daily 1-hr session. We concluded that cumulative dosing in rats run twice a week on an IRT > 72-sec schedule could increase the ouput of routine operant data.
Inactivation of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) protein by epigallocatechin (EGCG) stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) and induces hepcidin (Hamp) in rat kidney

HIF-1α plays a key role in iron uptake and transport in the liver, whose activity is tightly linked to the repression of hepcidin (Hamp). Hamp prevents intestinal iron uptake and cellular efflux by negatively modulating ferroportin. Hamp is also expressed in the kidneys, where transcriptional control by HIF-1α remains poorly understood. We show that the administration of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) results in a considerable Hamp expression in rat kidneys. We also provide evidence to show that EGCG inhibited prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity, essential for HIF-1α degradation in vivo and in vitro. Rats that were dosed with EGCG (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) over a 7 day time course stabilized HIF-1α protein in kidney tissues. Interestingly, Hamp gene expression was induced, even after subjecting rats to a 4h hypoxia treatment (8% oxygen). Using Hep3B cells, we determined that EGCG conferred its inhibitory action by complexing with PHD, altering its catalytic iron center and thus preventing HIF-1α hydroxylation. These data demonstrate EGCG's therapeutic potential in modulating hepcidin expression in diseases associated with altered iron metabolism.
Replication of avian influenza viruses in equine tracheal epithelium but not in horses

We evaluated a hypothesis that horses are susceptible to avian influenza viruses by in vitro testing, using explanted equine tracheal epithelial cultures, and in vivo testing by aerosol inoculation of ponies. Results showed that several subtypes of avian influenza viruses detectably replicated in vitro. Three viruses with high in vitro replication competence were administered to ponies. None of the three demonstrably replicated or caused disease signs in ponies. While these results do not exhaustively test our hypothesis, they do highlight that the tracheal explant culture system is a poor predictor of in vivo infectivity.
Telepresence, soundscapes and technological expectation: putting the observer into the equation

In an experiment exploring the impact of sound on sensations of telepresence, 126 participants watched a video clip using either headphones or speakers. The results illustrate that sound is an important factor in stimulating telepresence responses in audiences. Interactions between soundscape and screen size were also revealed. A traverse interaction between aural/visual congruency and soundscapes was evident. A second data set of 102 participants was collected to illuminate the effect of technological expectation that emerged in the first study. Expectations had been mentioned in other studies, and the data support the notion that people have an expectation of the technological quality of a presentation. The results suggest that examining expectations could assist in future conceptualizations of telepresence.
Delivery of a Therapeutic Protein by Immune-Privileged Sertoli Cells

Immune-privileged Sertoli cells survive long term after allogeneic or xenogeneic transplantation without the use of immunosuppressive drugs, suggesting they could be used as a vehicle to deliver therapeutic proteins. As a model to test this, we engineered Sertoli cells to transiently produce basal levels of insulin and then examined their ability to lower blood glucose levels after transplantation into diabetic SCID mice. Mouse and porcine Sertoli cells transduced with a recombinant adenoviral vector containing furin-modified human proinsulin cDNA expressed insulin mRNA and secreted insulin protein. Transplantation of 5–20 million insulin-expressing porcine Sertoli cells into diabetic SCID mice significantly decreased blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner, with 20 million Sertoli cells decreasing blood glucose levels to 9.8 ± 2.7 mM. Similar results were obtained when 20 million insulin-positive, BALB/c mouse Sertoli cells were transplanted; blood glucose levels dropped to 6.3 ± 2.4 mM and remained significantly lower for 5 days. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate Sertoli cells can be engineered to produce and secrete a clinically relevant factor that has a therapeutic effect, thus supporting the concept of using immune-privileged Sertoli cells as a potential vehicle for gene therapy.
Decoupling of U–Pb dates from chemical and crystallographic domains in granulite facies zircon

Abstract High spatial resolution (12 μm spot size) and high density (up to 22 spots per crystal) U–Pb ion probe data were acquired for zircon crystals from a mafic granulite in the Canadian shield. The zircon grains are metamorphic in origin and were subjected to a subsequent high-pressure granulite facies event. 207Pb/206Pb dates span ≥ 650 Ma, and can be used to define discrete intracrystalline domains of dates by contouring the age results. The boundaries of these domains cut at high angles across compositional zonation revealed by cathodoluminescence, backscatter, Hf and U chemical mapping, and electron backscatter diffraction misorientation data. The results indicate decoupling of radiogenic Pb behavior from other trace elements in the zircon crystals. Previously published U–Pb ID-TIMS data define a highly linear discordia array with an upper intercept at 2554.5 ± 4.3 Ma associated with initial zircon growth during granulite facies metamorphism, and a lower intercept at 1896.0 ± 18.0 Ma associated with a second granulite facies metamorphic event that caused U–Pb discordance. The intracrystalline patterns of ion probe dates are incompatible with multiple zircon growth events, and are inconsistent with reported examples of zircon recrystallization in which resetting of the U–Pb systematics was accompanied by modification of zircon chemistry and CL patterns. Grains lack discernible core–rim variations expected for diffusion profiles, and diagnostic indicators of low temperature radiation damage-enhanced Pb loss are absent. Rather, the data appear to require heterogeneous Pb loss from non-metamict metamorphic zircon during high-temperature metamorphism, implying that under certain circumstances other intracrystalline fast pathways facilitate Pb loss in metamorphic zircon crystals. This result is incompatible with conventional thinking regarding Pb mobility in zircon, and indicates that important aspects of Pb behavior in zircon are not yet fully understood.
Grigori Efimovich Rasputin 1871 – 1916

(1956). Grigori Efimovich Rasputin 1871 – 1916. The Social Studies: Vol. 47, No. 8, pp. 292-300.
TRPM Channels Modulate Epileptic-like Convulsions via Systemic Ion Homeostasis

Neuronal networks operate over a wide range of activity levels, with both neuronal and nonneuronal cells contributing to the balance of excitation and inhibition. Activity imbalance within neuronal networks underlies many neurological diseases, such as epilepsy. The Caenorhabditis elegans locomotor circuit operates via coordinated activity of cholinergic excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory transmission. We have previously shown that a gain-of-function mutation in a neuronal acetylcholine receptor, acr-2(gf), causes an epileptic-like convulsion behavior. Here we report that the behavioral and physiological effects of acr-2(gf) require the activity of the TRPM channel GTL-2 in nonneuronal tissues. Loss of gtl-2 function does not affect baseline synaptic transmission but can compensate for the excitation-inhibition imbalance caused by acr-2(gf). The compensatory effects of removing gtl-2 are counterbalanced by another TRPM channel, GTL-1, and can be recapitulated by acute treatment with divalent cation chelators, including those specific for Zn(2+). Together, these data reveal an important role for ion homeostasis in the balance of neuronal network activity and a novel function of nonneuronal TRPM channels in the fine-tuning of this network activity.
Activating Ion Determines Differential Ethanol-Sensitivity of Slo Family Channels

Ethanol levels reached in circulation during moderate-heavy alcohol intoxication (50 mM) modify BK channel steady-state activity (NPo) eventually altering physiology and behavior. In general, ethanol decreases NPo of vascular smooth muscle BK channels while increasing NPo of neuronal BK channels. Channel subunit composition, posttranslational modification and channel lipid microenvironment all play a role in alcohol final effect (Brodie et al., 2007). However, ethanol action on BK NPo solely requires the channel-forming subunit (slo1) and is function of activating ion (i.e., Ca2+i) (Liu et al., 2008; Bukiya et al., 2009). Whether activating ion-dependence of alcohol action is unique to slo1 or, rather, extends to the other members of the slo family remains unknown. Slo2.1 (Slick), Slo2.2 (Slack), and Slo3 gene products render ion channel proteins that display a phenotype common to slo1: high conductance for K+ and dual regulation of gating by transmembrane voltage and intracellular ion-recognition, with slo2 and slo3 being activated by Na+i and OH−i, respectively (Salkoff et al., 2006). Here, after expression in Xenopus oocytes, we probed cbv1, slick/slack and slo3 channels with 50 mM ethanol over a wide range of activating ion concentration in inside-out patches. Thus, we constructed conductance-voltage plots from macroscopic current or measured NPo from single channel recordings. Ethanol-induced potentiation of cbv1 currents turned into inhibition as Ca2+i increased, with a crossover at ∼20 μM Ca2+i. In contrast, slo2 and slo3 channels remained resistant to 50 mM ethanol even when probed at a wide concentration range of activating ion: 10-140 mM Na+i (slo2) and 0.01-10 μM OH−i (slo3). Data underscore that the ethanol-sensitivity and its ligand-dependence found in slo1 channels are not extensive to other members of the slo channel family, suggesting selective interaction(s) between Ca2+-sensing and ethanol-sensing mechanisms. Support: R37AA011560 (AMD)
Secretory otitis media: immunologic studies of middle ear secretions.

Abstract Thirty-one middle ear effusions obtained from children with typical serous otitis media were analyzed for immunoglobulin and secretory piece content. All specimens contained IgG and almost all contained IgA and IgM. IgE was found in 2 aspirates and secretory piece in 19. The secretory piece in middle ear effusions appeared to be immunologically identical with that present in other external secretions. It was also bound to IgA protein. IgGIgA ratios of paired serum and secretions revealed considerable variations. Immunofluorescent studies of middle ear mucosa showed the presence of IgG, IgA, and IgM, and secretory piece. These studies indicate that the effusion in secretory otitis media is due at least in part to a locally active secretory process with local immunoglobulin production.
Treatment of Malocclusion and TMJ Dysfunction Secondary to Condylar Fractures

Unfavorable sequelae from mandibular fractures includes malocclusion and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The management of these complications is presented in this article and is largely based on the authors' experience. Cases that provide details on treatment methods are shown. Finally, an algorithm for treatment is suggested.
CEO Presentations in Conjunction with Earnings Announcements Extending the Construct of Organizational Genre Through Competing Values Profiling and User-Needs Analysis

This study extends genre analysis beyond analysis of text to context and audience response, thus exploring the relevance of user-based analytical tools. Competing values profiling and user informat...
Mass spectrometry--a useful tool for the protein X-ray crystallographer and NMR spectroscopist.

Proteolysis is widely used by structural biologists to reduce the size of proteins to manageable proportions or to isolate structurally rigid domains. Mass spectrometry proves a method of choice for the rapid and reliable identification of such proteolytically truncated proteins. If the protease (employed to cleave the protein) has high specificity, a simple molecular weight determination may be quite sufficient to yield an unambiguous, accurate identification of the portion of the protein produced. Mass spectrometry is vastly superior to SDS- PAGE for this purpose. If, however, the protease has broad specificity, it may be advantageous to define the amino terminus of the cleaved domain by Edman sequencing of a few residues. The carboxyl terminus (and hence the whole domain) can then be defined without ambiguity by an accurate molecular weight measurement.To illustrate the principle of the mass spectrometric analysis described above, consider a preparation of streptavidin from Streptomyces avidinii that has undergone proteolytic digestion [11xPostsecretory modifications of streptavidin. Bayer, E.A., Ben-Hur, H., Hiller, Y., and Wilchek, M. Biochem. J. 1989; 258: 369–376PubMedSee all References[11]. The matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrum of this preparation (obtained from Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana) is shown in Figure 1Figure 1 together with the sequence of the intact precursor subunit. Edman degradation of the preparation defines the amino-terminal residues as EAGIT… , showing that the amino terminus begins at residue 14. The molecular weight of the dominant component in the preparation was measured to be 12 969 ± 2 Da. With the knowledge that the amino terminus begins at residue 14, we can calculate (using the known sequence of streptavidin) the molecular weights of the modified protein with all possible carboxy terminal truncations. The molecule containing residues 14–136 has a calculated molecular weight of 12 971 Da, in good agreement with the measured value. Thus, the accurate molecular weight determination has defined unambiguously the carboxyl terminus of this modified streptavidin preparation. The sequence of the modified streptavidin is shown underlined in Figure 1Figure 1.In summary, mass spectrometry provides one of the most rapid, straightforward and informative methods for assessing the identity, integrity, and purity of protein preparations, and is therefore likely to become an indispensable tool for the structural biologist.
Ellis Island to Ebbets Field: Sport and the American Jewish Experience

A general study of Jewish participation in American sports, which focuses specifically on baseball, boxing and basketball. The author refutes the assumption that Jewish tradition has not been positive about sporting activities.
Evaluation framework for search instruments

A framework for quantitatively evaluating current and proposed gamma-ray instruments intended for search applications has been developed. The framework is designed to generate a large library of "virtual neighborhoods" that can be used to assess the performance of nearly any gamma-ray sensor type (e.g. handhelds or Compton imagers). Calculating nuisance-source emissions and combining various sources to create a large number of random virtual scenes places a significant computational burden on the development of the framework. To reduce this burden, a number of radiation transport simplifications have been made which maintain the essential physics ingredients for the quantitative assessment of search instruments while significantly reducing computational times. The general approach to creating the evaluation framework and the simplifying transport assumptions employed to make it computationally tractable are discussed, and examples of how such a framework might be utilized by the national and homeland security communities are provided
Efficient Geometric Routing in Three Dimensional Ad Hoc Networks

Efficient geometric routing algorithms have been studied extensively in two-dimensional ad hoc networks, or simply 2D networks. These algorithms are efficient and they have been proven to be the worst-case optimal, localized routing algorithms. However, few prior works have focused on efficient geometric routing in 3D networks due to the lack of an efficient method to limit the search once the greedy routing algorithm encounters a local-minimum, like face routing in 2D networks. In this paper, we tackle the problem of efficient geometric routing in 3D networks. We propose routing on hulls, a 3D analogue to face routing, and present the first 3D partial unit Delaunay triangulation (PUDT) algorithm to divide the entire network space into a number of closed subspaces. The proposed greedy- hull-greedy (GHG) routing is efficient because it bounds the local- minimum recovery process from the whole network to the surface structure (hull) of only one of the subspaces.