cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cratering Rates in the Outer Solar System

We use several independent constraints on the number of ecliptic comets (aka JFCs) to determine impact cratering rates from Jupiter to Pluto. Long period comets and asteroids are currently unimportant on most worlds at most sizes. The size- number distribution of comets smaller than 20 km is inferred from size-number distributions of impact craters on Europa, Ganymede, and Triton; while the size- number distribution of comets bigger than 50 km is equated to the size-number distribution of Kuiper Belt Objects. The gap is bridged by interpolation. It is notable that small craters on Jupiter's moons indicate a pronounced paucity of small impactors, while small craters on Triton imply a collisional population rich in small bodies. However it is unclear whether the craters on Triton are of heliocentric or planetocentric origin. We therefore consider two cases for Saturn and beyond: a Case A in which the size-number distribution is like that inferred at Jupiter, and a Case B in which small objects obey a more nearly collisional distribution. Known craters on Saturnian and Uranian satellites are consistent with either Case, although surface ages are much younger in Case B, especially at Saturn and Uranus. At Neptune and especially at Saturn our cratering rates are much higher than rates estimated by Shoemaker and colleagues, presumably because Shoemaker's estimates mostly predate discovery of the Kuiper Belt. We also estimate collisional disruption rates of moons and compare these to estimates in the literature .
Evaluation of a broadly protective Chlamydia–cholera combination vaccine candidate

The need to simultaneously target infections with epidemiological overlap in the population with a single vaccine provides the basis for developing combination vaccines. Vibrio cholerae ghosts (rVCG) offer an attractive approach for developing vaccines against a number of human and animal pathogens. In this study, we constructed a multisubunit vaccine candidate co-expressing the serovar D-derived Porin B and polymorphic membrane protein-D proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis and evaluated its ability to simultaneously induce broad-based chlamydial immunity and elicit a vibriocidal antibody response to the Vibrio carrier envelope. Intramuscular (IM) immunization with the vaccine candidate elicited high levels of antigen-specific genital mucosal and systemic Th1 cell-mediated and humoral immune responses against heterologous serovars and strains, including serovars E–H and L. Also, in addition to the multisubunit vaccine, the single subunit constructs conferred significant cross protection against the heterologous mouse strain, Chlamydia muridarum. Furthermore, all mice immunized with rVCG vaccine constructs responded with a significant rise in vibriocidal antibody titer, the surrogate marker for protection in cholera. These findings demonstrate the ability of the multisubunit vaccine to induce cross protective chlamydial as well as vibriocidal immunity and establish the possibility of developing a broadly efficacious Chlamydia–cholera combination vaccine.
Robust polymer gel opals – An easy approach by inter-sphere cross-linking gel nanoparticle assembly in acetone

Abstract Narrowly distributed poly( N -isopropylacrylamide- co -acrylic acid) (PNIPAM- co -AA) nanoparticles with different particle sizes were synthesized and used as building blocks to form crystalline polymer gels. It was found that PNIPAM- co -AA nanoparticles can self-assemble into crystalline arrays in organic solvent as indicated by their iridescent colors and by the scattering peak in UV–vis spectra caused by Bragg diffraction. These crystalline structures were stabilized in acetone using epichlorohydrin to cross-link neighboring particles at ∼90 °C. The resultant opals had much higher polymer concentration than that of similar hydrogels. Due to their higher polymer contents, these opals had much better mechanical strength and could undergo the solvent exchange from an organic solvent to water without being broken. Kinetics of the solvent exchange was measured and explained in terms of the volume phase transition of the PNIPAM in mixed solvents. Shear modulus of the opal was measured in the linear stress-yield ranges for the same gel crystals in both acetone and water.
An Uneasy Alliance Law Enforcement and Domestic Violence Victim Advocates in a Rural Area

This study illuminates the conflicts that emerged in a collaboration between a feminist- oriented victim advocacy group and law enforcement personnel in a rural area. Observations and interviews conducted during an 18-month period document disagreements between participants and elucidate why these conflicts arose. Results suggest some potential strategies for overcoming barriers to collaboration between victim advocates and the police, including provisions for conflict resolution and practical/financial commitment to cross-training. Moreover, training should include discussions of philosophical and protocol differences between agencies, as well as structural barriers to leaving an abusive relationship in rural areas.
Intravenous glucose infusion decreases intracisternal thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced vagal stimulation of gastric acid secretion in anesthetized rats

Abstract Gastroparesis is a common complication of diabetes attributed to autonomic neuropathy. This study investigated whether acute hyperglycemia influences central thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a well-established brain medullary vagal stimulus, induced gastric acid secretion in overnight fasted, urethane-anesthetized rats. Intravenous infusion of D-glucose (20%, 30% and 40%) dose dependently reduced intracisternal TRH-induced gastric acid secretion (71±28 μmol/90 min) by 39%, 90% and 100% respectively. Pretreatment with cholecystokinin A (CCK A ) receptor antagonist devazepide (1 mg/kg) did not influence the inhibitory effect of intravenous glucose (30%). These results indicate that hyperglycemia may have a central effect to antagonize medullary TRH stimulation of vagal outflow to the stomach.
An Approach for Long Term Forecasting with an Application to Solar Electric Energy

An approach is proposed that is useful for long term forecasting of market penetration of new technologies, fuel price and availability, business performance, etc. The central idea is to systematically solicit experts' opinion in the form of subjective probability distributions in making future projections. The approach has two basic ingredients. One is the decomposition of the problem so that each expert is dealing with a relatively simple situation. The other is to use modeling so as to minimize the information required of the experts. The likelihood of occurrence of the relevant future scenarios is computed by eliciting from experts the single event and the conditional probabilities. The probability distributions for the variable of interest are assessed by specifying some scenarios. A model is used to predict the probability distributions for a general set of scenarios. A study using the approach to forecast solar electric energy market penetration by the year 2000 is discussed. In this study several experts from utility companies, governmental agencies, research laboratories, and universities were interviewed. The implications of our findings to long range planning for solar electric energy are discussed. The results of this study should be useful to the planners in the utility companies and the governmental agencies.
Challenges of turning nucleic acids into therapeutics.

‘‘Frustrations are life’s gestures, through which up the shattered expectations of gene therapy into we grow in knowledge’’ [1]. Failure in turning reality [3]. nucleic acids into therapeutics has led many gene In this issue of Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, therapy companies into bankruptcy, but the endeavor we have attempted to illustrate the recent advances continues. Gene therapy is a new biomedical disand bottlenecks in the use of plasmid DNA, cipline that is still in its infancy. In the last decade, ribozymes and peptide nucleic acids (PNA) for gene enormous progress has been made in various aspects therapy. This issue has attempted to cover the most of gene therapy, including gene transfer in animal exciting areas in the science of gene transfer with the models. However, to realize its full potential to treat articles contributed by leaders of their respective a variety of diseases, much basic science research fields of study. and pre-clinical studies will be needed to rigorously Gene therapy is a method for the prevention, establish efficacy and safety in relevant animal correction or modulation of genetic and acquired models of specific diseases. As biologic responses in diseases that uses genes to produce therapeutic cultured cells and animals may not always reflect proteins [4]. David Dean overviews the possible use what will actually happen in humans, there can be no of peptide nucleic acids (or PNAs) as antisense and substitute to clinical testing of the new treatment antigene compounds that inhibit both transcription modalities in patients. There were also serious and translation. PNA has also been used to link setbacks, especially with the death of Jesse Gelsingspecific targeting ligands or peptides to plasmids to er, a young volunteer, in a gene therapy trial in circumvent barriers, such as cell-targeting and nuSeptember, 1999, at the University of Pennsylvania clear localization for enhanced gene transfer. in Philadelphia [2]. However, creating an accurate Leonidas Phylactou discusses the use of ribozymes understanding of the potential benefit and limitations to down-regulate or repair un-wanted gene expresof gene therapy among the public, regulators and sion by RNA cleavage and RNA trans-splicing, financial community will allow us to begin moving respectively. Watanabe and Sullenger discuss the strategy that uses a therapeutic repair approach to correct a mutation by modifying the altered nucleic *Tel.: 1 1-801-581-6834; fax: 1 1-801-581-7848. acid sequence within the cells. Natural living cells E-mail address: ram.mahato@deans.pharm.utah.edu (R.I. Mahato). often modify their genetic instructions at the mRNA
Viscosity Measurements and Data Correlation for Two Synthetic Natural Gas Mixtures

Viscosity is among the most relevant properties required for the reliable and economic design of natural gas processing and transport units. However, the available viscosity data covering wide pressure and temperature ranges are scarce. This worldwide research project has a goal of producing accurate thermophysical properties for synthetic natural gas mixtures in a systematic manner using state-of-the-art techniques. The main purpose of the work is to analyze the effect of different compounds on mixture thermophysical properties and the validity of available predictive models. In this work, the viscosity measurements for the first two studied samples, QNG-S1 and QNG-S2, cover the temperature range (250 to 450) K and pressure range (10 to 65) MPa. Experimental measurements utilized an electromagnetic piston viscometer with a comparison to available reference data for pure methane. Using the reported results to probe the predictive ability of several theoretical models leads to unsatisfactory results. This ...
Organization of bison hunting at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition on the Plains of North America

This paper focuses on the development of large scale bison hunting across the North American Great Plains. Prehistoric hunters were not merely opportunistic. An understanding of topography, environment, bison behavior, and migration patterns was necessary to perform complex, large scale bison kills. In turn, these kills required the existence of social complexity whereby multiple groups of hunters worked in unison toward a successful kill event. On the southern Plains of North America, evidence suggests large scale bison hunting arose as mammoths and other megafauna became extinct 11,000 radiocarbon years ago. We review this evidence in light of new site discoveries.
Magnetic properties of Dy‐Lu alloys

Although many binary heavy rare‐earth alloy systems have been studied extensively, there has been little work reported on the Dy‐Lu system. The properties of single‐crystal DyxLu1−x films grown by molecular beam epitaxy are reported. SQUID magnetometer and neutron diffraction measurements on samples with x=0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 show that the samples order helimagnetically with Neel temperatures of TN=90, 105, and 120 K, respectively. The helical turn angle was mapped as a function of temperature for each of the three alloys. Magnetic x‐ray scattering, the first in an alloy, was observed at the (002)± positions at 15 and 60 K in the x=0.4 sample using resonant exchange scattering of synchrotron radiation at the Dy LIII edge.
Polymerization of MMA by oscillating zirconocene catalysts, diastereomeric zirconocene mixtures, and diastereospecific metallocene pairs

Abstract Characteristics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization using oscillating zirconocene catalysts, (2-Ph-Ind) 2 ZrX 2 (X = Cl, 1 ; X = Me, 2 ), mixtures of rac - and meso -zirconocene diastereomers, (SBI)ZrMe 2 [ 3 , SBI = Me 2 Si(Ind) 2 ] and (EBI)ZrMe 2 [ 4 , EBI = C 2 H 4 (Ind) 2 ], as well as diastereospecific metallocene pairs, rac - 4 /Cp 2 ZrMe 2 ( 5 ) and rac - 4 /CGCTiMe 2 [ 6 , CGC = Me 2 Si(Me 4 C 5 )( t -BuN)], are reported. MMA polymerization using the chloride catalyst precursor 1 activated with a large excess of the modified methyl aluminoxane is sluggish, uncontrolled, and produces atactic PMMA. On the other hand, the polymerization by a 2/1 ratio of 2 /B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 or 2 /Ph 3 CB(C 6 F 5 ) 4 is controlled and produces syndiotactic PMMA. Mixtures of diastereomeric ansa -zirconocenes 3 or 4 containing various rac / meso ratios, when activated with B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 , yield bimodal PMMA; this behavior is attributed to the meso -diastereomer that, in its pure form, affords bimodal, syndio-rich atactic PMMA. For MMA polymerization using diastereospecific metallocene pairs, rac - 4 / 5 and rac - 4 / 6 , the isospecific catalyst site dominates the polymerization events under the conditions employed in this study, and the aspecific and syndiospecific sites are largely nonproductive, thereby forming only highly isotactic PMMA.
NOTES AND CORRESPONDENCE Exploration of the MODIS Cloud-Top Property Products for the Investigation of Equatorial Wave Systems

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations provide an unprecedented opportunity for studying cloud macrophysical (cloud-top pressure, temperature, height, and phase), microphysical (effective particle size), and optical (optical thickness) properties. Given the length of time these MODIS products have been available, it is found that the cloud products can provide a wealth of information about equatorial wave systems. In this study, more than six years of the MODIS cloud-top properties inferred fromtheAquaMODISobservationsareusedtoinvestigateequatorialwaves.Itisshownthatthehigh-resolution daily gridded cloud-top temperature product can be used to quantitatively study convective clouds. Various modes of convectively coupled equatorial waves including Kelvin, n 5 1 equatorial Rossby, mixed Rossby‐ gravity,n 50 eastwardinertial-gravity waves, and the Madden‐Julian oscillationare identified on the basis of space‐time spectral analysis. The application of spectral analysis to cirrus cloud optical thickness, retrieved from MODIS cirrus reflectance, confirms the convective signals at high altitudes. A cluster of Kelvin pulses is found to propagate eastward around the globe at a phase speed approximately 15 m s 21 . The Madden‐Julian oscillation propagates at a slower speed and is most prominent over the Indian‐Pacific Oceans region. The consistency between the present results with those of previous studies demonstrates that the MODIS cloudtop property products are valuable for studying phenomena associated with atmospheric dynamics.
Estimation for u-shaped beta distributions: minimum hellinger distance and related methods

We compare minimum Hellinger distance and minimum Heiiinger disparity estimates for U-shaped beta distributions. Given suitable density estimates, both methods are known to be asymptotically efficient when the data come from the assumed model family, and robust to small perturbations from the model family. Most implementations use kernel density estimates, which may not be appropriate for U-shaped distributions. We compare fixed binwidth histograms, percentile mesh histograms, and averaged shifted histograms. Minimum disparity estimates are less sensitive to the choice of density estimate than are minimum distance estimates, and the percentile mesh histogram gives the best results for both minimum distance and minimum disparity estimates. Minimum distance estimates are biased and a bias-corrected method is proposed. Minimum disparity estimates and bias-corrected minimum distance estimates are comparable to maximum likelihood estimates when the model holds, and give better results than either method of mom...
NMR Study of 100 kDa HCV IRES RNA Using Segmental Isotope Labeling

RNA NMR is hindered by the large size of most biological RNAs. We present here a simple method for segmental isotopic labeling of an RNA fragment within the context of a larger RNA. The methodology uses transcription and ribozyme cleavage to prepare appropriate ends for RNA ligase catalyzed ligation. We demonstrate that a 64 nucleotide domain of the Hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) RNA adopts an independently folded domain within the context of the intact, 100 kDa IRES.
A synthetic lethality-based strategy to treat cancers harboring a genetic deficiency in the chromatin remodeling factor BRG1--letter.

We would like to comment on a recently published research article in your journal, entitled “A Synthetic Lethality-Based Strategy to Treat Cancers Harboring a Genetic Deficiency in the Chromatin Remodeling Factor BRG1,” by Oike and colleagues ([1][1]). This article attempts to demonstrate that
Statistical analysis of water-quality data containing multiple detection limits: S-language software for regression on order statistics

Trace contaminants in water, including metals and organics, often are measured at sufficiently low concentrations to be reported only as values below the instrument detection limit. Interpretation of these ''less thans'' is complicated when multiple detection limits occur. Statistical methods for multiply censored, or multiple-detection limit, datasets have been developed for medical and industrial statistics, and can be employed to estimate summary statistics or model the distributions of trace-level environmental data. We describe S-language-based software tools that perform robust linear regression on order statistics (ROS). The ROS method has been evaluated as one of the most reliable procedures for developing summary statistics of multiply censored data. It is applicable to any dataset that has 0 to 80% of its values censored. These tools are a part of a software library, or add-on package, for the R environment for statistical computing. This library can be used to generate ROS models and associated summary statistics, plot modeled distributions, and predict exceedance probabilities of water-quality standards.
Reprogramming the pluripotent cell cycle: restoration of an abbreviated G1 phase in human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells derived from terminally differentiated human fibroblasts are re-programmed to possess stem cell like properties. However, the extent to which iPS cells exhibit unique properties of the human embryonic stem (hES) cell cycle remains to be established. Human ES cells are characterized by an abbreviated G1 phase (~2.5 h) and accelerated organization of subnuclear domains that mediate the assembly of regulatory machinery for histone gene expression [i.e., histone locus bodies (HLBs)]. We therefore examined cell cycle parameters of iPS cells in comparison to hES cells. Analysis of DNA synthesis (BrdU incorporation), cell cycle distribution (FACS analysis and Ki67 staining) and subnuclear organization of HLBs [immuno-fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)] revealed that human iPS cells have a short G1 phase (~2.5 h) and an abbreviated cell cycle (16–18 h). Furthermore, HLBs are formed and reorganized rapidly after mitosis (within0.5 to 1.5 h). Thus, reprogrammed iPS cells have cell cycle kinetics and dynamic subnuclear organization of regulatory machinery that are principal properties of pluripotent hES cells. Our findings support the concept that the abbreviated cell cycle of hES and iPS cells is functionally linked to pluripotency.
Fractional exclusion statistics and anyons

Do anyons, dynamically realized by the field theoretic Chern-Simons construction, obey fractional exclusion statistics? We find that they do if the statistical interaction between anyons and antianyons is taken into account. For this anyon model, we show perturbatively that the exchange statistical parameter of anyons is equal to the exclusion statistical parameter. We obtain the same result by applying the relation between the exclusion statistical parameter and the second virial coefficient in the nonrelativistic limit.
Metastable states in the van der Waals-Maxwell theory

A slight modification of the recent Penrose and Lebowitz treatment of thermodynamic metastable states is presented. For the case of periodic boundary conditions, this modification allows the condition of metastability to be extended to all the metastable states in the van der Waals-Maxwell theory of the liquid-vapor phase transition, that is, for all states satisfyingf 0(ρ)+1/2αρ 2>f(ρ, 0+) andf″0(ρ)+α⩾x>0 wheref(ρ, 0+) is the (stable) Helmholtz free energy density of the generalized van der Waals-Maxwell theory andf 0(ρ) is the Helmholtz free energy density of a reference system with no long-range interaction, α is a “mean field”-type term arising from a long-range Kac interaction, ρ is the overall mean particle density, andx is any positive number. For the case of rigid-wall boundary conditions, a more restrictive condition is placed onx.
Modeling Methane Adsorption in Interpenetrating Porous Polymer Networks

Porous polymer networks (PPNs) are a class of porous materials of particular interest in a variety of energy-related applications because of their stability, high surface areas, and gas uptake capacities. Computationally derived structures for five recently synthesized PPN frameworks, PPN-2, -3, -4, -5, and -6, were generated for various topologies, optimized using semiempirical electronic structure methods, and evaluated using classical grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations. We show that a key factor in modeling the methane uptake performance of these materials is whether, and how, these material frameworks interpenetrate and demonstrate a computational approach for predicting the presence, degree, and nature of interpenetration in PPNs that enables the reproduction of experimental adsorption data.
Optical bleaching of defect centers in TLD-100 (LiF : Mg, Ti)

Abstract γ-irradiated crystals of LiF : Mg, Ti (TLD-100) were bleached at 254 nm, 280 nm, 313 nm and 334 nm, and an absorption band at ∼ 4.45 eV was identified as being due to a magnesium related defect. The structure of this defect center is tentatively suggested as a F-center, perturbed by an interstitial magnesium ion on a next-nearest neighbor site.
Effect of cyclosporin A on renal function and kidney growth in the uninephrectomized rat.

Effect of cyclosporin A on renal function and kidney growth in the uninephrectomized rat. This study was designed to characterize the effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on renal function and compensatory kidney growth in a rat model of uninephrectomy (Ux). The infusion of CsA (12.5 mg/k body wt) after acute Ux resulted in a fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) and a marked increase in renal vascular resistance (RVR). Three weeks following Ux, GFR was also reduced in CsA treated animals as compared to pair-fed controls (0.39 ± 0.03 vs. 0.67 ± 0.06 ml/min/100 g, P
Computed tomographic findings in basilar invagination

Abstract Four patients, three with Paget's disease of the skull and one with plabasia, were evaluated by CT. The findings were to the conventional roentgenographic studies, CT accurately demonstrated the bony thickening of the occipital bone, narrowing of the foramen magnum and the invagination of the foramen magnum and the C 1 and C 2 . Hydrocephalus secondary to basilar invagination was demonstrated in one patient. There was correlation between the degree of basalaz invagination and the degree of neurologic deficit.
A 160 GHz Pulsed Radar Transceiver in 65 nm CMOS

This paper presents a 160 GHz center frequency pulsed 65 nm CMOS transceiver for short range radar applications. Four phased array transceivers were implemented in a single chip with antennas implemented in a BGA package. The implemented transmitter is capable of producing pulses of 100 ps widths ( >20 GHz RF bandwidth) at a 160 GHz carrier frequency. The measured effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is 18.8 dBm for continuous wave outputs. The analog beam forming receiver achieves an overall gain of 42.5 dB, -14 dBm IP1dB, 7 GHz bandwidth, and a noise figure of 22.5 dB. The sliding window time-dilation baseband relaxes the output data rate and subsequent digital processing requirements. Fine grained duty cycling reduces power dissipation. The entire chip consumes 2.2 W from 1.2/1.4 V supplies in a 65 nm digital CMOS process.
Probing primordial non-Gaussianity with large - scale structure

We consider primordial non-Gaussianity due to quadratic corrections in the gravitational potential parametrized by a nonlinear coupling parameter ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}.$ We study constraints on ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}$ from measurements of the galaxy bispectrum in redshift surveys. Using estimates for idealized survey geometries of the 2dF and SDSS surveys and realistic ones from SDSS mock catalogs, we show that it is possible to probe $|{f}_{\mathrm{NL}}|\ensuremath{\simeq}100,$ after marginalization over bias parameters. We apply our methods to the galaxy bispectrum measured from the PSCz survey, and obtain a $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ constraint $|{f}_{\mathrm{NL}}|\ensuremath{\lesssim}1800.$ We estimate that an all sky redshift survey up to $z\ensuremath{\simeq}1$ can probe $|{f}_{\mathrm{NL}}|\ensuremath{\simeq}1.$ We also consider the use of cluster abundance to constrain ${f}_{\mathrm{NL}}$ and find that in order to be sensitive to $|{f}_{\mathrm{NL}}|\ensuremath{\simeq}100,$ cluster masses need to be determined with an accuracy of a few percent, assuming perfect knowledge of the mass function and cosmological parameters.
Emotion, Motivation, and the Persuasive Effects of Message Framing

This study explored the effects of premessage emotions (happiness, anger, and fear) and chronic levels of motivational system activation (behavioral approach system: BAS, and behavioral inhibition system: BIS) on the processing of gain- and loss-framed persuasive messages. The data showed that emotion functions (approach and avoidance), not valences (positive and negative), predicted emotions' interactions with motivational systems and framed messages. While fear was associated with BIS, happiness and anger were linked to BAS. Also, while a loss frame was more persuasive among fearful individuals, a gain frame produced more persuasion for happy and angry participants. BAS mediated persuasion when angry and happy participants read a gain frame; BIS mediated persuasion among fearful individuals who attended to a loss frame.
Reputation in Repeated Second-Price Auctions

Abstract A model in which two bidders take part in a series of second-price, comon-value auctions is examined. The question of an optimal auction from an auctioneer's standpoint, in a repeated auction setting, is partially addressed. It is shown that the results from single auction models do not carry over to repeated auctions, when one of the bidders is endowed with a reputation for bidding aggressively. Second-price auctions with two bidders are highly susceptible to manipulative behaviour by an aggressive bidder, and yield much lower revenues to the auctioneer.
Lipopolysaccharide enhances neurogenic plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways

1. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in many pulmonary and airway inflammatory diseases. Tachykinins released from nerve endings increase vascular permeability. In this study, we have assessed the enhancement by LPS of tachykinin-mediated plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways, and examined the role of oxidants as well as leukocyte adherence. 2. LPS (100 microg kg(-1), i.v.) was administered 0-3 h before bilateral electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves in animals anaesthetized with urethane and ventilated. Vagal stimulation increased vascular permeability in the airways. LPS enhanced the vagally-mediated plasma exudation with the peak effect at 1 h after LPS administration. LPS alone induced no significant plasma exudation. LPS also enhanced exogenous substance P (10(-8) mol kg(-1), i.v.)-induced plasma exudation. 3. The NK-1 receptor antagonist L-732,138 abolished vagally-induced plasma exudation and significantly inhibited the enhancement by LPS. Pretreatment with superoxide dismutase (SOD, 5000 U kg(-1), i.p.) did not affect the vagally-induced plasma exudation, but inhibited the LPS-enhanced neurogenic plasma leakage. The LPS-enhanced vagally-induced plasma exudation was not completely inhibited by either L-732,138 or SOD pretreatment alone, but was blocked by the combination of both pretreatments. 4. Neutrophil depletion by cyclophosphamide alone did not influence vagally-induced plasma exudation, but significantly inhibited the LPS-enhanced response. 5. In conclusion, we have demonstrated LPS enhanced neurogenic plasma exudation by augmenting the response to tachykinins, partly through NK-1 receptors, to directly increase vascular permeability or to enhance leukocyte adhesion-mediated endothelial cell injury. Tachykinins released from nerve endings may contribute to endotoxin-related airway inflammatory responses.
Intracellular microbial polysaccharide production and dental caries in a Guatemalan Indian Village.

Abstract The ability of the human oral flora to form intracellular polysaccharide appears to vary with caries activity and dietary carbohydrate. Results reported here suggest similar findings in a Guatemalan Mayan village subsisting on a high starch, low sucrose, low protein diet. Seventy-two village, thirty-five Boston, and thirty-one Guatemala City children were studied. The following determinations were made under field conditions for each child: DMF and DMS surface examination, collection and nitrogen analysis of all tooth surface debris and high dilution plating on a 2.0% glucose medium. A statistical relationship between active caries and microbial polysaccharide formation was found in the village. The low caries group had 2.1 ± 0.5% and the high caries group 9.0 ± 2.1 % polysaccharide positive colonies. Dietary sucrose was implicated as a determinant of microbial polysaccharide formation. The high sucrose consuming Guatemala City children had a significantly higher percentage of microbial intracellular polysaccharide forming colonies than did the village children.
Membrane technology in the vegetable oil industry

The vegetable oil industry now may be ready for a large-scale penetration by membranes. This article focuses on the opportunities and challenges of this application.
Effect of variable visual-feedback delay on movement time

The effects of variable feedback delays on movement time were examined in a three-dimensional (3D) virtual environment. The participants' task was to use a 3D controller to position a cursor in targets as they appeared in a cubic workspace. Both the mean and standard deviation of the delay between the movement of the controller and the displayed position of the cursor were manipulated. In addition, the size of the targets and the distance between targets were varied. The results suggested that movement times are much more strongly affected by mean delay than by delay variability and that the effect of both variables is greatest during the closed-loop component of the movement. The results are discussed in relation to buffering strategies for reducing delay variability, Fitts' law, and other descriptions of aimed movements. Language: en
Ileal digestibility of amino acids in coproducts of corn processing into ethanol for pigs

Five barrows with an average initial BW of 45 kg and fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum were fed 5 diets to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in corn (Zea mays) distillers' dried grains (DDG), DDG with solubles (DDGS), high-protein DDG (HPDDG) and high-protein DDGS (HPDDGS). On a DM basis, the test ingredients contained 33.7% CP, 19.2% ADF, and 53.1% NDF for DDG; 30.3% CP, 11.8% ADF, and 40.6% NDF for DDGS; 62.5% CP, 28.4% ADF, and 45.1% NDF for HPDDG; and 52.4% CP, 17.4% ADF, and 30.4% NDF for HPDDGS. The 5 diets consisted of a N-free diet (NFD) and 4 semipurified diets, in which the test ingredient was the sole protein source with chromic oxide added at 5 g/kg as an indigestible marker, and fed for each of 5 periods. The NFD was used to determine basal endogenous AA losses. Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and 2 d of ileal digesta collection for 10 h on each of day 6 and day 7. Amino acids in the test ingredients were well digested by pigs and SID of Lys for DDG, DDGS, HPDDG, and HPDDGS were 88.6, 79.9, 94.6, and 85.8%, respectively. Corresponding values for were Met 93.9, 92.8, 97.1, and 94.6%. The SID of Lys was greater (P < 0.05) in HPDDG than DDGS. In general, digestibility of AA in the high-protein coproduct of the dry grind processing of corn into ethanol was 2 to 8 percentage units more than in the regular coproduct and 2 to 9 percentage units less in the coproduct with added solubles.
The residual phosphorus, potassium, chlorides and other salts in soils following five years of fertility studies

Abstract Soil samples were taken from six experimental sites (3 in phosphorus and 3 in the potassium rate studies) to depths of 60 or 90 cm. Phosphorus from the various rates of applied P was found to have accumulated in the surface soil except where mechanical mixing was suspected. Potassium from the various rates of applied K was found accumulated in soil depths of 0 to 20 cm. However, the accumulated amounts of P and K were small in comparison to the rates applied. In the potassium studies, chlorides accumulated in the subsoils of the two sites that had restricted soil layers.
Procedures for Identification of Design Attributes for Mental Hospital Treatment Units

This paper summarizes the purposes, procedures and results of the Environmental Design Research Project conducted at the Arizona State Hospital. This research was conducted to identify important attributes that influence the design of mental hospital treatment units, assess staff perception of these attributes, and confirm resident activities on existing wards. The field research was conducted to provide an empirical basis for the development of a performance-based design guide for designing new, or modifying existing, treatment units. Environmental control, health safety and welfare, maintenance, and staff control attributes were rated “most useful” in the staff's evaluation. Personalization, orientation, and activity-related attributes seemed less critical, according to staff. In addition, observation research confirmed the activity patterns of elderly residents on two of the hospital treatment units.
Wind loads on a building model in a family of surface layers

Abstract A family of simulated neutral atmospheric surface layers was used to determine the response, i.e. “sensitivity”, of the wind loads on a building model, as well as the associated flowfield near it, to variations in the characteristics of these “test boundary layers”. The detailed description of this family of surface layers and the general flowfield near the same building model have been presented in a companion paper [1]. In both paper results are presented for the building in two orientations with respect to the wind. Mean and unsteady pressure profiles on all sides of the building model provided new insight into the complex mechanisms involved in the flowfield of such bluff bodies. Good accuracy of the unsteady pressure distributions and their spectral content was facilitated by a new technique for the removal of the ever-present sound contamination from low-level pressure signals, which was developed [2] in the course of this study. The pressure measurements, combined with the corresponding velocity survey, reflected the primary features of importance that may be sensitive to the details of the mean or fluctuating characteristics of the surface layer. The results include: the variation in the size of the horse-shoe vortex at the base of the building; spectra of pressure fluctuations; and documented variaions in the wake Strouhal frequency with changing boundary layer characteristics. On the windward face of the building, the distribution of mean and fluctuating pressure coefficients is presented using different normalizations in an attempt to reach definitions which lead to universal results for a full range of simulated atmospheric conditions. The best of these utilizes weighted sums of the mean and turbulent streamwise velocity components of the approach surface layers.
Localization and solubilization of a rat liver microsomal carnitine acetyltransferase.

Carnitine acetyltransferase activity had been previously shown to occur in peroxisomes, mitochondria, and a membranous fraction of rat and pig hepatocytes. When components of this third subcellular fraction (plasma membranes, components of the Golgi apparatus, and microsomes) were further separated, carnitine acetyltransferase fractionated with the microsomes. Microsomes isolated by three different methods (isopycnic sucrose density zonal centrifugation, high-speed differential centrifugation, and aggregation with Ca2+ followed by low-speed differential centrifugation) all contained carnitine acetyltransferase activity. The lability of carnitine acetyltransferase in microsomes isolated by different methods and in different isolation media is reported. When total microsomes were subfractionated into rough and smooth components, carnitine acetyltransferase activity was found to the same extent in both and was tightly associated with the microsomal membrane. The microsomal enzyme was rapidly inactivated in 0.25 m sucrose or 0.1 m phosphate, but was stable for at least 2 weeks in 0.4 m KCl. Extensive treatment with high ionic strength salt solutions, 1% Triton X-100, or a combination of the two was used to solubilize microsomal carnitine acetyltransferase activity. Carnitine octanoyltransferase activity was also found in the microsomal fractions isolated by three different methods, but no carnitine palmitoyltransferase was detected in the microsomal fractions. It is proposed that microsomal carnitine acetyl- and octanoyltransferases could be involved in the transfer of acyl groups across the microsomal membrane, thereby providing a source of acetyl and other acyl CoA's at sites of acetylation reactions and synthesis.
Mutual drag of two- and three-dimensional electron gases in heterostuctures

Mutual drag of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D electron gases in GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs heterostructures is considered. The main purpose of the paper is to explain the recent experiment of Solomon et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 2508 (1989)] in which a current in the channel induced a current in the gate and the latter changed its sign when temperature decreased. It is shown that Coulomb mutual scattering gives rise to two mechanisms of the current induction. The first of them is the direct momentum transfer between the 2D and 3D electron gases and induces a current in the gate in the same direction as that in the channel. The second mechanism is connected with the presence of a temperature gradient in the channel due to the Peltier effect on the contacts. Energy exchange between the electron gases transfers the temperature gradient to the gate where it induces a thermocurrent in the direction opposite to the current in the channel. At high temperatures the temperature gradient in the gate is small because of efficient energy exchange between the 3D electron gas and the lattice so that the current due to the direct momentum transfer dominates. When temperature decreases, the number of phonons participating in scattering processes with 3D electrons drops off (the Bloch-Gr\"uneisen regime sets in), and the energy transferred from the 3D electron gas to the lattice decreases. As a result the thermocurrent dominates and the total current changes its sign. The theory explains the principal features of the experiment.
Effect of glossectomy technique on histopathologic assessment in a rat model.

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the tissue effects of 3 surgical methods of glossectomy with respect to histopathologic assessment by a pathologist. Methods The anterior tongue of 30 Sprague–Dawley rats was excised using either a steel scalpel, monopolar electrosurgery, or ultrasonic scalpel (3 groups of 10). Specimens were examined by a pathologist blinded to the surgical procedure, using a previously described grading system for margin artifact assessment. Results Minimal tissue disruption at the surgical margin was produced by the steel scalpel, in contrast to monopolar electrosurgery and ultrasonic scalpel, which both produced varying levels of tissue distortion. Margin fragmentation was significantly greater with monopolar electrosurgery when compared to an ultrasonic scalpel. Conclusion Ultrasonic scalpel creates less tissue distortion at the surgical margin than monopolar electrosurgery. Further study is required to determine the clinical relevance of these findings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Studies on the Mechanism of Intermolecular Enyne Metathesis: Kinetic Method and Alkyne Substituent Effects

The kinetics of enyne metathesis were studied by IR spectroscopy for a variety of alkyne−alkene combinations. The rate law was determined for alkyne−ethylene and alkyne−1-hexene cross metathesis. In the cases examined, greater substitution on the alkyne accelerates the rate of metathesis, and chelation by propargylic esters was ruled out through rate comparison with hydrocarbon alkynes. The findings are discussed in terms of an alkylidene-first reaction mechanism, phosphine-bound ruthenium carbene resting states, and the rate-determining turnover of vinyl carbene intermediates (for alkyne−1-hexene metatheses).
Productivity growth in polish industry

Abstract Polish economists have long emphasized the need to increase factor productivity and enterprise efficiency to shift from an extensive pattern of development. Both individual and joint factor productivity at the industrial branch level during the 1960–1977 period are examined. Several industrial branches experienced an increase in the rate of growth of joint factor productivity during the mid-1970s. It also appears that co-production and licensing agreements have contributed to these increases whereas greater than average growth rates of gross fixed capital had little impact.
High-dose mitoxantrone in acute leukaemia: New York Medical College experience.

Based on promising preclinical data, a progressive series of evaluations of the use of high-dose mitoxantrone-based chemotherapy was initiated in acute leukaemia patients. A preliminary phase I study demonstrated that up to 80 mg/m2 of mitoxantrone in combination with cytarabine 3 g/m2 daily for 5 days could be given as induction therapy to leukaemic patients with acceptable toxicity. Pharmacokinetic data from these patients demonstrated that high concentrations of mitoxantrone were achievable in vivo to levels that were extremely cytotoxic in vitro. Subsequently, in a phase II study, 45 patients with untreated acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) under the age of 60 received mitoxantrone 80 mg/m2 in combination with cytarabine 3 g/m2 daily for 5 days and etoposide 150 mg/m2 for 3 days. Following this induction, patients received five cycles of consolidation with cytarabine 3 g/m2 daily for 4 days with mitoxantrone 20 mg/m2 for 1 day on cycles 2 and 4, and etoposide 150 mg/m2 for 2 days with cytarabine on courses 1,3 and 5. The patients in this study achieved a complete remission (CR) rate of 80% and a 3-year projected probability of survival of 40%. In a second AML study, 54 adults over the age of 60 with untreated AML were randomized to receive either high-dose or standard-dose mitoxantrone with cytarabine as a single induction regimen without consolidation. Patients receiving high-dose mitoxantrone did not experience increased morbidity or mortality compared with those given lower doses. Comparison of CR rates, disease-free and overall survival consistently favoured high-dose mitoxantrone, although the results did not achieve statistical significance. In patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), high-dose mitoxantrone with cytarabine was given as initial therapy in a phase II study involving 37 previously untreated adults. Results demonstrated that this dose-intensive regimen could produce a high CR rate (84%) with acceptable toxicity and compared favourably with experiences with vincristine/prednisone-based induction regimens. These studies demonstrate that high-dose mitoxantrone can be safely and effectively administered to patients with acute leukaemia and suggest that the incorporation of high doses of mitoxantrone into treatment regimens may lead to enhanced antileukaemic efficacy compared with standard doses. Phase III evaluations are planned.
Efficient time-varying loudness estimation via the hopping Goertzel DFT

The efficient and accurate time-varying measurement of loudness is an important problem in audio and acoustics. In this work, we present an optimization to the multi-resolution spectrogram used in the loudness model of Glasberg and Moore (Jour. Aud. Eng. Soc, 2002). This optimization is based on a modification to the sliding Goertzel DFT algorithm, referred to as the hopping Goertzel DFT. As in Glasberg and Moore's model, multi-resolution spectra are computed at 1 ms intervals, using 6 different bands with spectral resolution inversely proportional to frequency. Initial PC-based tests show a significant efficiency improvement with the hopping Goertzel technique versus the use of parallel FFTs for multi-resolution spectrogram computation.
Learning to teach elementary mathematics and science: a global learning dimension

Research and experience suggest that structured reflections and metacognitive thinking positively influence prospective teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and beliefs and attitudes (dispositions) about mathematics and science learning and teaching. To provide a motivating learning environment for such activities, prospective teachers from different educational cultures will be paired in a global learning project. They will (1) engage in interactive (online) reflective journaling based on experiences that combine content and pedagogy, and (2) have an opportunity to design a sequence of activities to teach a mathematics and science concept that will be displayed on joint web pages. The project is guided by a series of questions about the effects of cross-cultural shared experiences on the development of specific PCK and on prospective teachers' dispositions?.