cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brainstem Motoneuron Cell Groups that die in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are Rich in the GLT-1 Glutamate Transporter

Several studies have suggested that excessive Ca2+ influx into cells may underlie the selective destruction of motoneurons observed in the sporadic form of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)1–4. Consistent with this, in the cranial motor nuclei that survive better in sporadic ALS (i.e. oculomotor, trochlear and abducens motor nuclei), a high percentage of the motoneurons are enriched in the Ca2+ buffering protein parvalbumin in normal monkey and normal human brainstem5,6. In contrast, in the cranial motor nuclei that are dramatically affected in sporadic ALS (i.e. trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal motor nuclei), only a low percentage of the motoneurons contain parvalbumin5,6. One possible clue as to why excessive Ca2+ influx into cells may occur in sporadic ALS has been provided by Rothstein and colleagues3. In brief, they have found a significant decrease of high-affinity glutamate transport in the motor cortex and spinal cord of sporadic ALS victims3, which seems to be due mainly to a profound loss of a specific glutamate transporter subtype, GLT-1, which is localized to astroglia7. A minor loss of another glutamate transporter subtype, EAAC1 (localized to neurons), also occurs in the motor cortex of ALS victims which may be secondary to the death of cortical neurons7. A defect in either glutamate transporter subtype would lead to an excess of extracellular glutamate in the vicinity of neurons depending on that transporter for glutamate clearance from the extracellular space.
The Krausz Dimension of a Graph

This, the last chapter of the book, might be called ‘beyond line graphs’ because most of the graphs under consideration are not in fact line graphs. Recall that Krausz’s characterization theorem was this: A graph is a line graph if and only if its edges can be partitioned into complete subgraphs in such a way that each vertex is in just one or two of the subgraphs. Here, we extend this idea and define the Krausz dimension of a graph G to be the minimum value of d for which the edge set of G can be partitioned into complete subgraphs in such a way that each vertex is in at most d of the subgraphs. This turns out to be an NP-complete parameter, and so our focus is on bounds and critical graphs.
Soft Drugs VI. The Application of the Inactive Metabolite Approach for Design of Soft β-Blockers1?2.

The “inactive metabolite approach” was used to design β-blockers. The acidic inactive metabolite of metoprolol [4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino) propoxyphenylacetic acid] was used as the lead compound. Its esters (alkyl and cycloalkyl) were found active in vivo while reverting quantitatively to the same inactive metabolite in plasma. The cyclohexyl ester showed the best activity, which was cardioselective, similar to the parent compound metoprolol. Although most esters had a plasma half-life of approximately 1 min, their activity (antagonism of isoproterenol induced increase in heart rate) following intravenous administration lasted 45–90 minutes, and the maximum β-blockade was observed at 45–60 minutes in both rats and dogs.
Hypercalcemia and Renal Failure: Etiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Hypercalcemia is a frequent disorder of calcium metabolism in dogs and cats. Hypercalcemia-induced alterations in renal function and morphology are linked to many of the clinical manifestations observed in hypercalcemic patients. Since many renal effects induced by hypercalcemia are potentially reversible, early recognition and characterization of the problem facilitates rapid therapeutic intervention.
The Impact of Teaching on Fundamental General Urologic Procedures: Do Residents Help or Hurt?

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of trainee involvement on fundamental urology procedures. METHODS Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify patients within the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database who underwent a selection of fundamental general urology procedures (2005-2013). Operative time and perioperative complications (30-day) were compared between cases with and without trainee involvement. RESULTS 29,488 patients had general urology procedures with information regarding trainee involvement, 13,251 (44.9%) with trainee involvement, and 16,237 (55.1%) without. Overall patients who underwent procedures with trainee involvement were younger and had fewer comorbidities (Table 1). Trainee involvement showed significant increase in operative time in all procedures included in the study (Table 2). On multivariate analysis trainee involvement increased the risk of complications (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.61, 95% CI 1.45-1.78, P < .001). Other factors that increased the risk of complications were: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class 3-4 (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.46-2.77, P < .001), partially or totally dependent functional status (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.68-2.94, P < .001), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05-1.39, P = .008), heart disease (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.02-1.38, P = .027), and respiratory disease (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.63, P = .027). CONCLUSION While trainees are valuable members of the urology team at teaching hospitals and training is necessary, their involvement in urologic surgery appears to increase operative time for all procedures and complications in certain procedures. Further research needs to be done on how to mitigate these effects while preserving surgical education quality.
Retrospective characterization of canine coagulopathies using the turbidimetric ACL‐TOP 300 analyzer (2014–2015): Forty‐seven dogs

OBJECTIVE To characterize disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), liver failure (LF), post-hepatic cholestasis (PHC), and anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication (ROD) in dogs using an immunoturbidimetric coagulation analyzer and to characterize the relationship between clinical bleeding and bleeding parameters. DESIGN Retrospective study (August 2014-July 2015). SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Forty-seven client-owned dogs diagnosed with DIC (n = 24), LF (n = 9), PHC (n = 5), or ROD (n = 9) based on history, clinical pathology, cytology, histopathology. or exploratory surgery. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Median prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and quantitative fribrinogen assay (QFA) were above the reference interval for DIC, LF, PHC and ROD with the exception of a normal QFA for LF. Clot curve analysis for DIC was characterized by elevated PT Delta, PT first derivative, and aPTT Delta, and normal for aPTT second derivative; all LF parameters were within the RI; all PHC parameters were above the RI; and ROD had elevated aPTT delta, but low aPTT second derivative. Coagulopathic bleeding recognized within the DIC group was characterized by median PT delta in mABS (milliabsorbance), first derivative and aPTT delta values in mABS within the RI at 35.0, 55.5 and 38, respectively. The nonbleeding DIC group median values of these same parameters were 189.5, 586.5 and 288, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The classically utilized indicators of secondary hemostasis, PT and aPTT, were prolonged within all 4 groups; DIC, LF, PHC and ROD as expected. Fibrinogen concentration was increased in both PHC and ROD, decreased in LF and increased but with a bimodal distribution in DIC that correlated with clinical bleeding. The degree of PT and aPTT prolongation did not correlate with clinical bleeding in the DIC group, however clot curve analysis, did reveal an association.
Two patients with FOXF1 mutations with alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins and other malformations: Two different presentations and outcomes

Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACDMPV) describes a group of developmental disorders affecting the lungs with its pulmonary vasculature. Mutations in the FOXF1 gene have been reported in most cases, and extrapulmonary findings were described. We present two patients with ACDMPV and FOXF1 mutations that illustrate the variability in presentation and outcome of their disease. Patient 1 was a full-term infant with imperforate anus and pulmonary hypertension. He required Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation on day of life (DOL) 3, and passed away on DOL 13 after no clinical improvement. Postmortem findings were consistent with ACDMPV. FOXF1 testing revealed a heterozygous pathogenic frameshift de novo mutation, c.1057_1078dup, p.(Gly360Valfs*58). Patient 2 is a 6-month-old female, with a small omphalocele. She had intermittent retractions at 1 week of age. She was admitted with pulmonary hypertension at 7 weeks of age. Lung biopsy confirmed ACDMPV. FOXF1 testing revealed a de novo, heterozygous likely pathogenic missense mutation c.253T>C, p.(Phe85Leu]). Our two patients had different presentations, ages of onset, and progression of their disease. Our second patient had patchy lung involvement on biopsy, which may explain the relatively delayed onset and longer survival. ACDMPV is an important consideration for full-term infants with worsening pulmonary hypertension early in life.
Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistant (AMR) Salmonella Enterica Isolates Associated With Cattle at Harvest in Mexico

Despite being the target of control efforts for many decades, Salmonella enterica continues to be linked with a large amount of foodborne illnesses and outbreaks worldwide. Over the years, Salmonella isolated from meat products have exhibited a high level of antibiotic resistance. In this study, a total of 351 Salmonella isolates, recovered from cattle fecal samples (n = 31), hides (n = 105), and beef carcasses (n = 215) from 3 abattoirs in Mexico were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial drug was found in 205 (58.4%) isolates and 20 different resistance phenotypes were observed among this Salmonella isolates set. Resistance to tetracycline (40.2%) and nalidixic acid (21.1%) was most commonly observed. Additionally, the most common multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes shared resistance to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, and trimethopin/sulfamethoxazole (11.3%), resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and trimethopin/sulfamethoxazole (3.4%), and resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline (2.5%). When it came to antimicrobial resistance phenotypes in each abattoir, we determined there was no statistical difference in the frequency of resistant vs. susceptible Salmonella isolates among the three abattoirs (P > 0.05). These data indicate that Salmonella isolates recovered from beef cattle in Mexico are commonly resistant to antimicrobials and often multiple antimicrobials. In Mexico, antimicrobial resistance, and in particular, multidrug-resistance, maybe of particular concern due to the much higher prevalence of Salmonella in retail beef. This may lead to the spread of resistance and to the reduction of antibiotic efficacy for the control of animal and human infections. Promoting control measures and inspection standards on imported animals and food products should be applied to avoid the spread of antibiotic resistance in various populations and among countries.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

This chapter presents the second law of thermodynamics. This law will conform to your intuition—once you understand its significance and can apply it properly to both closed and open systems.
Regenerative Heater Optimization for Steam Turbo-Generation Cycles of Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants with a Comparison of Two Concepts for the Westinghouse International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS)

The intent of this study is to discuss some of the many factors involved in the development of the design and layout of a steam turbo-generation unit as part of a modular Generation IV nuclear power plant. Of the many factors involved in the design and layout, this research will cover feed water system layout and optimization issues. The research is arranged in hopes that it can be generalized to any Generation IV system which uses a steam powered turbo-generation unit. The research is done using the ORCENT-II heat balance codes and the Salisbury methodology to be reviewed herein. The Salisbury methodology is used on an original cycle design by Famiani for the Westinghouse IRIS and the effects due to parameter variation are studied. The vital parameters of the Salisbury methodology are the incremental heater surface capital cost (S) in $/ft{sup 2}, the value of incremental power (I) in $/kW, and the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in Btu/ft{sup 2}-degrees Fahrenheit-hr. Each is varied in order to determine the effects on the cycles overall heat rate, output, as well as, the heater surface areas. The effects of each are shown. Then the methodology is then used to compare the optimized original Famiani design consisting of seven regenerative feedwater heaters with an optimized new cycle concept, INRC8, containing four regenerative heaters. The results are shown. It can be seen that a trade between the complexity of the seven stage regenerative Famiani cycle and the simplicity of the INRC8 cycle can be made. It is desired that this methodology can be used to show the ability to evaluate modularity through the value of size a complexity of the system as well as the performance. It also shows the effectiveness of the Salisbury methodology in the optimization of regenerative cycles for such an evaluation.
P39 Meeting the sexual health needs of adolescents

Aims This study assessed support for increases in sexuality education and sexual health services for both middle school and high school students. Data is essential to reinforce change in communities with limited sexuality education, services, and related policy, yet with high rates of teen pregnancy and STDs/HIV. Methods A 22-item survey was developed after an extensive review of existing instruments and feedback from an expert panel. Questions addressed support for specific sexuality education topics and sexual health services at middle and high school levels. Through a University research-polling center, Random-Digit-Dialing methodology for landlines (26.9%) and cell phones (71.3%) was implemented. Surveys were conducted in English and Spanish. The resulting sample included 615 completed surveys. Results Despite wide differences in party identification, median household income, population density and racial make-up, the counties’ aggregate opinions were very supportive of sexuality education and sexual health services. Of eight sexuality education topics presented, ‘HIV and STDs’ received the highest support (91% middle school, 96% high school) and ‘Gender and Sexual Orientation’ received the lowest (71% middle school, 78% high school). Of four sexual health services presented, ‘Testing for STDs/HIV’ received the highest level of support (61% middle school, 82% high school), while ‘Providing Condoms’ received the lowest (49% middle school, 69% high school). Additionally, most participants (84-90%) would allow their children to participate in grade level appropriate sexuality education, most (85-89%) support teaching both abstinence and birth control, yet almost half (47%) do not know if sexuality education is taught in their districts. Demographic differences will be presented along with participant perceptions of adolescent sexual behaviors. Conclusions Overwhelming support for increasing efforts to improve sexual health among adolescents exits. Findings from this study can be used to advance initiatives addressing unplanned pregnancy, STD/HIV infection, healthy relationships and active consent. This data supports components of evidence-based programs and current national efforts to improve adolescent sexual heath.
Biologics Provide Hope For Immune System Disorders: Patients tell the story and ask for appropriate access.

Every year, innovations come to market that can provide substantial relief to patients with serious chronic conditions. As they do, managed care professionals grapple with hard decisions about triaging conditions, establishing which treatments to include in formularies, and defining the circumstances under which a patient should be covered. In the documentary film INNER-STATE, three people with three kinds of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders — Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and psoriasis — give a broader perspective into the many different factors that go into a treatment decision. They bring the statistics to life by sharing their journeys from onset to diagnosis to treatment, through years of debilitating illness and struggle. In each story, the far-reaching impact of these conditions is a common thread. The people who are featured in the film suffer from several related physical and psychological injuries, while their families deal with substantial emotional and economic strain. Communities are robbed of these patients’ valuable contributions to schools, organizations, and the workforce. A poster for the documentary film INNERSTATE. Centocor, with support from groups like the National Psoriasis Foundation, has been screening the film across the country to help educate patients, their families, and the general public. Another group stands to benefit from being in the audience as well: managed care professionals. By watching patient stories unfold in such detail — the debilitating long-term impact, the related conditions and stresses, the struggles to get coverage and access to treatment — payers can learn more about conditions for which they may have limited familiarity. This may lead to a better understanding of how to identify appropriate individuals for treatment and which biologics to include on formularies.
Distribution of Pathogenic Vibrio Species in the Coastal Seawater of South Korea (2017-2018).

Objectives Pathogenic Vibrio species are widely distributed in warm estuarine and coastal environments, and can infect humans through the consumption of raw or mishandled contaminated seafood and seawater. For this reason, the distribution of these bacteria in South Korea was investigated. Methods Seawater samples were collected from 145 coastal area points in the aquatic environment in which Vibrio species live. Environmental data (i.e., water temperature, salinity, turbidity, and atmospheric temperature) was collected which may help predict the distribution of the species (data not shown). Seawater samples were filtered, and incubated overnight in alkaline peptone water, at 37°C. Using species-specific polymerase chain reaction methods, screening tests were performed for the hlyA, ctxA, vvhA, and tlh genes. Clones of pathogenic Vibrio species were isolated using 3 selective plating media. Results In 2017, total seawater isolation rates for Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae (non-pathogenic, non-O1, non-O139 serogroups), and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were 15.82%, 13.18%, 65.80%, respectively. However, in 2018 isolation rates for each were 21.81%, 19.40%, and 70.05%, respectively. Conclusion The isolation rates of pathogenic Vibrio species positively correlated with the temperature of seawater and atmosphere, but negatively correlated with salinity and turbidity. From 2017 to 2018, the most frequent seawater-isolated Vibrio species were V. parahaemolyticus (68.10 %), V. vulnificus (16.54%), and non-toxigenic V. cholerae (19.58%). Comprehensive monitoring, prevention, and control efforts are needed to protect the public from pathogenic Vibrio species.
SAFER PRACTICES in the COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 has created a wave of uncertainty for nurses and healthcare practitioners, with new information on the virus being released constantly. Paul Silverston discusses the assessment of patients...
Technical Adequacy of a Spelling Curriculum-Based Measure for English Language Learners in the First Through Third Grades

This study represents an initial examination of the potential of word dictation (WD), a form of curriculum-based measure, to identify risk in writing for young English language learners (ELs). The ...
Prevalence, elicitors, and expression of anger in 21st century mass shootings

Abstract As mass shootings increase in frequency, they continue to baffle public officials and the media who often portray such incidents as random and senseless acts of violence. Abundant evidence points to a co-occurrence or association of violence and anger; yet, anger is inadequately examined in mass shootings. Objective This study was designed to determine the presence of anger in US mass shootings between 2000 and 2015, the elicitors of such anger, and aspects of the expression of such anger. Method The Stanford MSA database was accessed for information on these variables. A total of 132 cases were evaluated by two independent judges using a coding system for presence/absence of anger, elicitors of anger, and dimensions of anger expression. Kappa coefficients were computed to establish reliability of judgments. The Chi-square tested whether a statistically significant number of mass shootings evidenced anger. Results Clear presence of anger was identified in 70% of cases (p Conclusions Findings indicate a high prevalence of anger in mass shootings and the predominantly psychological rather than physical provocation therein. The modal expression style does not suggest random and senseless acts but relatively controlled behavior intended to inflict serious harm in retaliation for perceived wrongdoing. These features of anger and demographics of mass shooters warrant consideration in risk assessment and treatment of this population.
Pembrolizumab-induced lichen planus pemphigoides in a patient with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including pembrolizumab, are novel immunotherapeutic agents that have revolutionized cancer therapy. With increasing use of immunotherapy, early recognition and prompt treatment of associated adverse events are critical to ensure patient safety. Cutaneous toxicities are among the most commonly observed adverse events with this class of drugs. Here we report a novel case of lichen planus pemphigoides (LPP) arising in a patient with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma treated with pembrolizumab.
Fathering Across Military Deployment and Reintegration

This chapter explores the experiences of fathers parenting young children across military deployment and reintegration. Deployment and extended family separation are significant stressors for military fathers, particularly those with infants and young children. Post-deployment reunification also poses challenges as fathers work to repair disrupted relationships and reestablish roles and routines. Military fathers frequently display remarkable resilience in the face of significant stressors, and this chapter reviews parenting strengths as well as challenges of men who must balance military and family life.
Discovery of a Selective, Covalent IRAK1 Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Activity in MYD88 Mutated B-Cell Lymphoma

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) are serine/threonine kinases that play critical roles in initiating the innate immune response against foreign pathogens. Additionally, dysregulation of IRAK1 signaling plays a role in neoplastic disorders. For example, IRAK1 was shown to be important for survival and proliferation in many B-cell lymphomas, including Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) and ABC subtype Diffused Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) cells. Here, we report the discovery of a highly potent and selective covalent inhibitor of IRAK1, JH-X-119-01. Intact protein MS labeling studies confirmed that JH-X-119-01 irreversibly labels IRAK1 at C302. This compound exhibited cytotoxic activity at single digit micromolar concentrations in a panel of WM, DLBCL, and lymphoma cell lines expressing MYD88. Cotreatment of JH-X-119-01 with the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib resulted in synergistic killing effects in these systems. Taken together, JH-X-119-01 represents a highly selective probe of IRAK1 for further development.
Understanding and improving the governance of ecosystem services: The case of agriculture

Abstract. (Agro)ecosystem services is a “new” term, which is rapidly and widely used in academicstudies, and policies and business practices around the globe.Nevertheless, in many countries around the globe, studies associated with agroecosystem services and their “management” are at the beginning stage.This article suggests a holistic framework for defining, evaluating and improving the system of governance of agro-ecosystem services. The interdisciplinary Theory of Ecosystem Services and the New Institutional Economy are adapted, and the governance of agroecosystem services defined, various related agents identified, principle forms and mechanisms of governance classified, an adequate criterion for assessing efficiency formulated, and stages for analysis and improvement of the system of governance characterized. The proposed new approach is based on the “building up” of a hierarchy of agro-ecosystems and services related to its different levels, and an assessment of the efficiency and complementarities of the governance modes and mechanisms, corresponding to each level of “provision” of agroecosystem services. Keywords. Agro-ecosystems, Services, Governance, Market, Private, Public modes, Efficiency. JEL. Q12, Q13, Q15, Q18.
A Constructed Response Model.

Text mining methods are widely used to analyze a respondent’s constructed response to open ended questions in questionnaires. A constructed response requires an individual to generate an answer rat...
Incubation of a foreign object by a Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) in Florida

Ground-nesting birds typically maintain a nest free of foreign materials but occasionally are known to incubate a foreign object, often in the presence of other eggs. In May 2012, we discovered a Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor) incubating a turkey oak (Quercus cerris) acorn along with 2 eggs within a mesic flatwoods forest in Clay County, Florida, USA. Herein, we report this observation and include 3 possible hypotheses for this behavior.
Systemic capillary leak syndrome in a patient receiving adjuvant oxaliplatin for locally advanced colon cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed in the USA each year. Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, is part of the standard adjuvant chemotherapy regimen FOLFOX (oxaliplatin with 5-fluorouracil [5-FU] and leucovorin [LV]) for the treatment of stage III and some high-risk stage II colorectal cancers. Although oxaliplatin is generally well tolerated, certain side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and peripheral neuropathy are common. We report a case of oxaliplatin-induced capillary-leak syndrome in a 63-year-old man undergoing his 12th and final cycle of FOLFOX for stage III colorectal cancer. To our knowledge, this is the first case of systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) reported in association with oxaliplatin. Currently, there is no prevention for SCLS. Documenting future cases of SCLS attributed to oxaliplatin is vital, as SCLS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and no standard treatments beyond supportive care measures exist. Early recognition and diagnosis are therefore essential to improving patient outcomes.
Correlation of Testicular Color Doppler Ultrasonography, Physical Examination and Venography in the Detection of Left Varicoceles in Men with Infertility

High resolution color Doppler ultrasound is a noninvasive means of simultaneously imaging and evaluating the blood flow to the testes. To define the ability of color Doppler ultrasound to detect clinically evident as well as subclinical varicoceles men referred to our urology division with oligospermia and infertility underwent spermatic vein venography of the left testis if there was physical examination and/or color Doppler ultrasound evidence of a varicocele. The detection of valvular incompetence on venography was considered diagnostic for a varicocele. Of 17 study patients physical examination detected 10 of 14 venographically evident varicoceles (71%), whereas color Doppler ultrasound detected 13 of 14 (93%). Of 5 patients with a normal physical examination but with color Doppler ultrasound evidence of a varicocele 4 had a confirmatory venogram, and 1 of 2 patients with a varicocele on physical examination and a normal Doppler ultrasound had a positive venogram. These data suggest that color Doppler ultrasound of the testis may more appropriately direct further invasive testing and therapy of infertile men than physical examination alone.
The Disintegration of Labor Law: Some Notes for a Comparative Study of Legal Transformation

While acknowledging the difficulties inherent in a comparative approach to labor and employment ordering issues, the author argues that our times and circumstances force us to consider such a perspective. This essay looks at the some of the background and characteristics of the labor law regimes of the United States and Germany to reflect on where we have been and where we might be going, and concludes that we stand at the edge of a new world, one that may well entail a new culture of work and new ways of being for all its inhabitants.
Changes in human tear protein levels with progressively increasing stimulus

The levels of 13 proteins were measured in six tear samples collected atraumatically at progressively increasing flow rate from nonstimulated (less than 0.5 microliter/min) to highly stimulated (greater than 50 microliters/min) in ten subjects. Tears were fractionated initially by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and kinetic assays were then applied to relevant SE-HPLC fractions to determine specific protein levels. Nine of the 13 proteins assayed showed significantly higher concentrations in nonstimulated tears than in any other tear sample. Immunoglobulin (Ig) M, secretory IgA, polymeric IgA1, and polymeric IgA2 all decreased progressively in concentration from nonstimulated tears to the higher flow-rate stimulated samples. The level of IgG, albumin, and transferrin showed a large drop in concentration between nonstimulated tears and the first (lowest flow-rate) stimulated sample, with relatively little decrease for any subsequent sample. Levels of lactoferrin, tear-specific prealbumin, lysozyme, and peroxidase were relatively constant throughout the series of tear samples. These results indicate that the mechanisms responsible for changes in concentration of constitutive, serum-derived, and regulated tear proteins with stimulus can be studied successfully using noninvasive methods to collect human tears. They also show that simply distinguishing between nonstimulated and stimulated tears is not sufficient to completely characterize the effect of stimulus conditions on tear protein composition.
Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Imaging Systems Utilizing Germanium Strip Detectors

We investigate the characteristics of imaging systems in the 20 keV - 10 MeV energy band which incorporate the high spatial and spectral resolution of planar germanium strip detectors. A Compton scatter telescope provides sensitivity above approximately 250 keV; a coded aperture positioned above the top germanium detector plane of the Compton telescope forms a coded-aperture telescope with sensitivity in the 20 – 250 keV band. The high spectral resolution and spatial resolution of germanium strip detectors provides a Compton telescope with dramatically improved energy resolution, angular resolution, and sensitivity compared with previous Compton instruments. Such a system has excellent angular response for point source identification and spectroscopy and also provides response to high energy diffuse emissions such as the Galactic 511 keV line emission and 26A1 emission. Monte Carlo simulations of the concept and estimates of the sensitivity shall be presented.
A Self-Defeat Problem for the Rhetorical Theory of Argument

The rhetorical theory of argument, if held as the conclusion of an argument, is self-defeating. There are two arguments that it is. First is the quick and dirty argument: the rhetorical theory is that argument quality is adjudged by eliciting conviction, but the case for the theory is not convincing. Second is the process argument: if one has the view that one's reasons are arranged with the sole purpose of eliciting assent, one does not view one's resultant commitments as reflective of truth.
RADIOLOGICAL STUDY OF WHEAT MONOSOMICS. I. DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY OF MONOSOMIC X AND THE DISOMIC TO X-IRRADIATION'

Monosomic and disomic strains of Triticum aestivum var. Chinese Spring were used throughout the experiment. Monosomic X of the 21 monosomics available was employed for the experiment. Source of the monosomics was the progeny of self-pollinated monosomic X. The progenies, consequently, were a mixture of disomics, monosomics, and some nullisomic X’s. Disomics were obtained from progeny of selfed monosomics to eliminate genetic heterogeneity of the experimental strains. The seed from the disomics was produced in the greenhouse and the seed from monosomic X in the field. Dormant seeds were treated with X-rays. A G.E. Maxitian X-ray machine, operated at a distance of 35 cm, at 250 KV, and 30 MA, with an aluminum filter 1 mm thick was used. The X-ray dosage per minute was 655r. Seeds were planted in flats about two weeks after irradiation, and seedlings,
Important developments in federal income taxation

This outline covers significant development in federal income taxation along with a few other interesting or noteworthy tax topics. The outline also includes brief coverage of the ATRA 2012 and some significant developments under the ACA. It is not intended to provide exhaustive coverage, but it offers selective treatment of items likely to interest practitioners and advisors within a broad range of professional practices. Coverage includes events from late December 2012 to November 2013. These materials were prepared for the Great Plains Tax Institute in Omaha, Nebraska (December 5, 2013) and the State Bar of South Dakota Tax Update XXXV in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (December 13, 2013).
IMPROVED METHOD OF SCREENING FOR AFLATOXIN WITH A COCONUT AGAR MEDIUM

Nine isolates of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus were screened for aflatoxin production on a coconut extract agar medium. Aflatoxin-producing colonies were detected under long-wave UV light (365 nm) by blue fluorescence on the reverse side after 2 to 5 days of growth. Aflatoxin production was verified by chemical analysis. Several types of shredded coconut available in the United States were tested and found to be satisfactory. No additives were required. Various parameters affecting the test were investigated.
Analysis of cytotoxicity and invasiveness of heterotrophic plate count bacteria (HPC) isolated from drinking water on blood media

Heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria are naturally present in all aqueous environments. These bacteria undergo multiplication cycles in drinking water, especially in closed containers (bottled water) or in tap water when chlorine levels are dissipated, such as in dead ends in water mains or household plumbing. A study was undertaken to estimate health risk from these naturally occurring bacteria by the determination of cytotoxicity and invasiveness in a human enterocyte cell line. HPC bacteria were isolated from bottled and tap water samples by enumerating them under physical and chemical conditions analogous to human physiology. All HPC bacteria were examined at both log and lag phase of their growth cycles. Bacterial broth supernatant fluids were also tested to serve as critical negative controls. Naturally occurring HPC bacteria demonstrated low invasiveness and cytotoxicity with more than 95% of isolates showing equivalency to broth supernatant fluid. When showing either invasiveness or cytotoxicity, only a small number of cells from the culture were positive. Of those that were positive, log phase HPC bacteria were significantly more cytotoxic and invasive than those from stationary phase. Bacterial broth controls demonstrated varied, but often marked, cytotoxicity.
Exocellular β-mannanases from hemicellulolytic fungi.

Production of exocellular β-mannan- and xylan-degrading enzymes by eight wood rotting fungi was studied. Although all organisms excreted β-mannanase, endoxyfanase and acetylxylan esterase, production ofl-α-arabinosidase and 4-O-methylglucuronidase was variable. β-Mannanosidase was not detected in any culture filltrate. Righest β-mannanase and endoxylanase activities were observed in cultures ofPolyporus versicolor andSchizophyllum commune grown in Avicel-supplemented media. While crude β-mannanases fromLinzites saepiria andS. commune exhibited equivalent affinities for gluco- and galactomannan substrates,P. versicolor β-mannanase preferred a glucomannan substrate and did not use galactomannan from guar sum as a substrate.
An optimal algorithm for 2 × n bottleneck transportation problems

Bottleneck transportation problems differ from the standard transportation problems only in their objective function which is expressed as the maximum cost of shipping a commodity instead of as the sum of shipping costs. In this paper, we present a linear and hence an optimal algorithm for 2 x n bottleneck transportation problems.
Signal integrity analysis of a 2-D and 3-D integrated potentiostat for neurotransmitter sensing

3-D integration technology offers significant advantages in implantable devices by reducing the form factor and power dissipation. Signal integrity characteristics of a 2-D and 3-D integrated potentiostat for neurotransmitter sensing are investigated and compared. The potentiostat is implemented as current integrating switched-capacitor first-order single-bit delta-sigma modulator. An electrical model is developed for the substrate, power network, and through silicon vias (TSVs). These models are combined with the neurotransmitter sensing circuit to generate an entire model to analyze signal integrity. Contrary to the conventional assumption, a 3-D integrated hybrid system does not necessarily exhibit enhanced noise isolation despite the advantage of having separate planes, as demonstrated in this paper. Noise coupling into the substrate due to TSVs is shown to be a significant mechanism that degrades signal integrity in 3-D integrated implantable systems.
Fluid−Liquid and Fluid−Solid Transitions of Poly(ethylene-co-octene-1) in Sub- and Supercritical Propane Solutions

Fluid−liquid (FL) and fluid−solid (FS) phase transitions are measured and correlated with two SAFT equations of state for poly(ethylene-co-octene-1) solutions in sub- and supercritical propane. The polymer concentration is found to have a weak effect on both FL and FS transitions in the range of this study (0.01−0.1 polymer weight fraction). Increasing molecular weight is found to increase the FL pressure and FS temperature, whereas increasing branch density is found to decrease the FL pressure and FS temperature.
Presenting Consumer Technology with Pop: A Rhetorical and Ethnographic Exploration of Point-of-Purchase Advertising

Point-of-purchase advertising (POP) is responsible for half of the purchase decisions made in the store. Because of: 1) the influence of POP on the sale of technical consumer products and the economy; 2) our need to understand trends that shape technical and business communication; 3) the intermedial nature of POP (where spoken and written words work with place, visual image, physical structures, and multimedia integrated marketing campaigns); and 4) its theatrical and local nature, we need both a situated and theoretical exploration of POP. Drawing upon three months' participant observation in advertising, I describe a POP composing process in an integrated marketing campaign. Cognitive responses to layout and the interrelation of rhetorical canons are considered for preparing communication for a marketplace that is three-dimensional variegated, noisy, and peripatetic.
Carotenoids quench evolution of excited species in epidermis exposed to UV-B (290-320 nm) light.

— Reactions involving singlet oxygen and other free radicals have been identified in epidermis containing either exogenous or endogenous photosensitizers. soaked in a singlet oxygen/free radical trap, and then exposed to visible or UV-A (320-400 nm) light. Such reactions can be quenched by the presence of the carotenoid pigments β-carotene and canthaxanthin which accumulate in epidermis after oral administration. We report here that the carotenoid pigments β-carotene. canthaxanthin and phytoene accumulating in epidermis can also quench to some degree those photochemical reactions involving singlet oxygen and free radicals that occur when epidermis is exposed to the sunburn spectrum of light (UV-B. 290–320 nm).
Growth potential of twelve Acacia species on acid soils in Hawaii

Abstract Reforestation of degraded tropical sites is often hampered by soils of high acidity, high aluminum saturation, and low fertility. To evaluate the possibility of cultivating Acacia species on such soils, a study was conducted at Waiawa, HI, to test growth under conditions of (1) high acidity (primarily aluminum) and nutrient stress, and (2) no acidity stress and high nutrient availability. Twelve Acacia species, including the important native Hawaiian species Acacia koa , were established on a Ustic Kanhaplohumult soil. The experimental design was a split plot with two fertility treatments as the main plots and the 12 Acacia species as subplots. The treatments were: low fertility (F 0 ; 143 kg ha -1 14–14–14 plus micronutrients) and high fertility (F 1 ; 8 Mg ha -1 lime, 143 kg ha -1 14–14–14 plus micronutrients, 200 kg P ha -1 , and 77 kg K ha -1 ). Acacia angustissima , Acacia aulacocarpa , Acacia auriculiformis , Acacia cincinnata , Acacia crassicarpa , Acacia implexa , Acacia koa , and Acacia mangium grew significantly faster under the high fertility treatment. Three species, A. cincinnata , A. crassicarpa , and A. mangium , are recommended for planting on infertile acid soils. The volume of A. koa was increased ten-fold by the high fertility treatment. Additional study on koa's nutritional requirements is suggested in order to identify the nutrients contributing to this increased growth.
City System Behaviour and Corporate Influence: The Headquarters Location of US Industrial Firms, 1955-75

Research on the locational patterns of corporate headquarters in the United States shows that corporate control has become less concentrated over the past 25 years. Analysis of the largest 500 industrial corporations reveals a trend toward a more balanced distribution on a regional basis but a greater degree of stability within the rank size hierarchy. The largest cities, regardless of their location, tend to be the steering points in the economic system. Although corporate headquarters have been decentralising to the suburbs, they are able to do so without surrendering their accessibility to specialised contact networks, ancillary business services, and inter-metropolitan transportation networks.
Practitioners’ perceptions of their ethics in Korean global firms

Abstract This qualitative study used in-depth interviews to review the perceptions held by public relations practitioners who work in global public relations firms, regarding their ethics, and to identify elements that support their ethics. Results indicate that those practitioners are adamantly ethics-oriented but they have a limited understanding of ethics specific to public relations. No absolute universal ethical standards were found. This study identified nine elements affecting public relations practitioners’ ethics. The important and powerful elements were chiefly attributed to cultural influences. It finally provides critical clues to the process of enhancing public relations professionalism.
Zebrafish wnt9a is expressed in pharyngeal ectoderm and is required for palate and lower jaw development

Wnt activity is critical in craniofacial morphogenesis. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling results in significant alterations in the facial form, and has been implicated in cleft palate phenotypes in mouse and man. In zebrafish, we show that wnt9a is expressed in the pharyngeal arch, oropharyngeal epithelium that circumscribes the ethmoid plate, and ectodermal cells superficial to the lower jaw structures. Alcian blue staining of morpholino-mediated knockdown of wnt9a results in loss of the ethmoid plate, absence of lateral and posterior parachordals, and significant abrogation of the lower jaw structures. Analysis of cranial neural crest cells in the sox10:eGFP transgenic demonstrates that the wnt9a is required early during pharyngeal development, and confirms that the absence of Alcian blue staining is due to absence of neural crest derived chondrocytes. Molecular analysis of genes regulating cranial neural crest migration and chondrogenic differentiation suggest that wnt9a is dispensable for early cranial neural crest migration, but is required for chondrogenic development of major craniofacial structures. Taken together, these data corroborate the central role for Wnt signaling in vertebrate craniofacial development, and reveal that wnt9a provides the signal from the pharyngeal epithelium to support craniofacial chondrogenic morphogenesis in zebrafish.
Measuring health-related quality of life for persons with mobility impairments: an enabled version of the short-form 36 (SF-36E)

Examine psychometric properties of the SF-36 and SF-36E for mobility-impaired individuals and assess whether the SF-36E yields higher health-related quality-of-life scores. We altered the SF-36 Physical Function scale by substituting the word “go” for “walk” and “climb” and changed the stem to reflect function using assistive devices. We compared responses between versions for 201 individuals with disabilities (n = 95 wheelchair users, n = 48 other device users, 58 = no device users). Both surveys yielded reliable scores, but floor and ceiling effects occurred with both versions. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrate good fit for the SF-36 and SF36E, but were compromised by low sample size. Respondents demonstrated significantly better Role Physical, Bodily Pain, and Vitality on the SF-36E, but worse General Health. The World Health Organization framework, the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) suggests that it is important to know both what one can do without assistance (capacity) and what one can do with assistance (performance). Results suggest that the SF-36E successfully measures performance among mobility-impaired individuals, including wheelchair users. However, further validation studies of the SF-36 and SF-36E are warranted with samples of individuals with disabilities.
Readability of Patient Education Materials Available at the Point of Care

Background Many patient education materials (PEMs) available on the internet are written at high school or college reading levels, rendering them inaccessible to the average US resident, who reads at or below an 8th grade level. Currently, electronic health record (EHR) providers partner with companies that produce PEMs, allowing clinicians to access PEMs at the point of care.
Impact of mobility on distributed computations

The integration of mobile/portable computers within existing static networks introduces a new set of issues to distributed computations. A mobile host can connect to the network from different locations at different times; distributed algorithms therefore, cannot rely on the assumption that a participant maintains a fixed and universally known location in the network at all times. Mobile hosts communicate with the rest of the network via a wireless broadcast medium and portable computers such as laptops and palmtops, often operate in a "disconnected" or "doze" mode to conserve battery power. These unique physical features of a mobile computing environment need to be considered as well, while designing distributed algorithms for such systems.