cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA is upregulated in skin tumors of v-ha-ras transgenic TG-AC mice treated with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.

The correlation between the steady-state level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA and skin tumors induced following treatment with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was investigated in transgenic TG-AC mice, which carry the v-Ha-ras oncogene fused to the promoter of the mouse embryonic α-like, ξ-globin gene. In animals treated with TPA (2.5 μg×2/week, for 2 weeks), the increase of iNOS mRNA wa locally confined only to the regions of papillomas, but not to the skin tissues surrounding the papillomas. However, the tissues surrounding the papillomas showed only a minor increase in the steady-state level of iNOS mRNA. These data suggest that iNOS gene expressions may underlie tumorigenesis during TPA promotion in TG-AC mice.
Core Accounting Web Resources

Abstract This chapter outlines key Web resources for the accounting field, including sites of professional organizations and associations.
Thermal stability of intermediate sized acetylenic compounds and the heats of formation of propargyl radicals

4-Methylhexyne-1, 5-methylhexyne-1, hexyne-1, and 6-methylheptyne-2 have been decomposed in comparative-rate single-pulse shock-tube experiments. Rate expressions for the initial decomposition reactions at 1100°K and from 2 to 6 atm pressure are In combination with previous results, rate expressions for propargyl CC bond cleavage are related to that for the alkanes by the expression These results yield a propargyl resonance energy of D(nC3H7-H) – D(C3H3-H) = 36 ± 2 kJ, in excellent agreement with a previous shock-tube study. They also lead to D(CH3C≡CCH2-H) – D(C3H3-H) = 0.6 ± 3 kJ, D(sC4H9-H) – D(iC3H7-H) = 0 ± 3 kJ, D(iC4H9-H) – D(nC3H7-H) = 2 ± 3 kJ, and D(nC3H7-H) – D(iC3H7-H) = 13.9 ± 3 kJ (all values are for 300°K). The systematics of the molecular decomposition process are explored.
RIP140 contributes to foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages

Atherosclerosis, a syndrome with abnormal arterial walls, is one of the major causes that lead to the development of various cardiovascular diseases. The key initiator of atherosclerosis is cholesterol accumulation. The uncontrolled cholesterol deposition, mainly involving low-density lipoprotein (LDL), causes atheroma plaque formation, which initiates chronic inflammation due to the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages. Macrophages scavenge excess peripheral cholesterol and transport intracellular cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for excretion or storage. Cholesterol-laden macrophage-derived foam cell formation is the main cause of atherogenesis. It is critical to understand the regulatory mechanism of cholesterol homeostasis in the macrophage in order to prevent foam cells formation and further develop novel therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis. Here we identified a protein, RIP140 (receptor interacting protein 140), which enhances macrophage-derived foam cell formation by reducing expression of reverse cholesterol transport genes, A TP-binding membrane cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G-1 (ABCG1). In animal models, we found that reducing RIP140 levels by crossing macrophage-specific RIP140 knockdown (MϕRIP140KD) mice with ApoE null mice effectively ameliorates high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis. Our data suggest that reducing RIP140 levels in macrophages significantly inhibits atherosclerosis, along with markers of inflammation and the number of macrophages in a western diet fed ApoE null mouse. This study provides a proof-of-concept for RIP140 as a risk biomarker of, and a therapeutic target for, atherosclerosis.
Distributed Circuit Model for Multi-Color Light-Actuated Opto-Electrowetting Microfluidic Device

We report on a distributed circuit model for multi-color light-actuated optoelectrowetting devices. The model takes into consideration the large variation of absorption coefficient (15×) of photoconductors in the visible spectrum and the nonuniform distribution of photogenerated carriers. With the help of this model, we designed opto-electrowetting devices with optimum thickness of photoconductors. This leads to significant improvement in performance compared with prior reports, including 200× lower optical power, 5× lower voltage, and 20× faster droplet moving speed. This enables the use of commercial projectors to create on-demand “virtual” electrodes for large-scale parallel manipulation of droplets. We have achieved simultaneous manipulation of 96-droplet array. Finally, we have demonstrated parallel on chip detection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 within 45 min using a real-time isothermal polymerase chain reaction assay.
The pλCM system: Phage immunity-specific incompatibility with IncP-1 plasmids

A p lambda CM2 replicon derived by an N- deletion from lambda::Tn9 which carries the imm434 immunity region is incompatible with some (but not all) IncP-1 plasmids. The imm lambda p lambda CM1 replicon does not show the same incompatibility behavior.
Expression of the p16INK4A tumor suppressor versus other INK4 family members during mouse development and aging

Four INK4 proteins can prevent cell proliferation by specifically inhibiting cyclin D-dependent kinases. Both p18INK4c and p19INK4d were widely expressed during mouse embryogenesis, but p16INK4a and p15INK4b were not readily detected prenatally. Although p15INK4b, p18INK4c and p19INK4d were demonstrated in many tissues by 4 weeks after birth, p16INK4a protein expression was restricted to the lung and spleen of older mice, with increased, more widespread mRNA expression during aging. Transcripts encoding the INK4a alternative reading frame product p19ARF were not detected before birth but were ubiquitous postnatally. Expression of p16INK4a and p15INK4b was induced when mouse embryos were disrupted and cultured as mouse embryo 'fibroblasts' (MEFs). The levels of p16INK4a and p18INK4c, but not p15INK4b or p19INK4d, further increased as MEFs approached senescence. Following crisis and establishment, three of four independently-derived cell lines became polyploid and expressed higher levels of functional p16INK4a. In contrast, one MEF line that sustained bi-allelic deletions of INK4a initially remained diploid. Therefore, loss of p16INK4a and other events predisposing to polyploidy may represent alternative processes contributing to cell immortalization. Whereas p18INK4c and p19INK4d may regulate pre- and postnatal development, p16INK4a more likely plays a checkpoint function during cell senescence that underscores its selective role as a tumor suppressor.
Decreased Atherosclerosis in Heterozygous Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-deficient Mice Expressing the Scavenger Receptor BI Transgene

Scavenger receptor type B class I (SR-BI), initially identified as a receptor that recognizes low density lipoprotein (LDL), was recently shown to mediate the selective uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl esters in liver and steroidogenic tissues. To evaluate effects on atherosclerosis, transgenic mice with liver-specific overexpression of SR-BI (SR-BI Tg mice) have been crossed onto LDL receptor-deficient backgrounds. To induce atherosclerosis in a setting of moderate hypercholesterolemia, heterozygous LDL receptor-deficient mice (LDLR1) were fed a high fat/cholesterol/bile salt diet, and homozygous LDL receptor knock-outs (LDLR0) were fed a high fat/cholesterol diet. LDLR1/SR-BI Tg mice showed decreases in VLDL, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and a significant 80% decrease in mean lesion area in the aortic root compared with LDLR1 mice (female LDLR1 74, 120 μm2 versus LDLR1/SR-BI Tg 12, 667 μm2; male 25, 747 μm2 versus 5, 448 μm2, respectively). LDLR0/SR-BI Tg mice showed decreased LDL and HDL cholesterol but increased VLDL cholesterol and no significant difference in extent of atherosclerosis compared with LDLR0 mice. Combined data analysis showed a strong correlation between atherosclerotic lesion area and the VLDL+LDL cholesterol level but no correlation with HDL level. These studies demonstrate a strong anti-atherogenic potential of hepatic SR-BI overexpression. In mice with marked overexpression of SR-BI, the protective effect appears to be primarily related to the lowering of VLDL and LDL cholesterol levels.
Tracheocele: an unusual cause of dysphonia.

EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES Describe the clinical presentation and management of tracheoceles. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review and review of the medical literature. RESULTS A 56 year old female patient presented with progressive dysphonia and history of benign thyroid nodules. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed a severely paretic right true vocal cord. Computed tomography revealed a right sided air filled sac in the tracheoesophageal groove suspicious for causing compression of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The patient underwent an elective right hemithyroidectomy and resection of the air filled sac. Post operative pathology of the air filled sax was consistent with a tracheocele. A laryngoscopy performed 6 months postoperatively demonstrated recovery of right cord function. CONCLUSIONS Tracheoceles are an uncommon entity first described in 1846 by Rokitansky (1) with only a paucity of case reports in the literature describing the surgical management and treatment of this disease. Herein, we report a patient who presented with dysphonia from a tracheocele in the right tracheoesophageal groove who subsequently underwent surgical resection ultimately improving vocal cord function.
Results of the Arizona Medicaid Health Information Technology Pharmacy Focus Groups

Abstract Background In 2007, a federal Medicaid Transformation Grant was awarded to design, develop, and deploy a statewide Health Information Exchange and Electronic Health Record in Arizona, United States. Objective To explore the health information technology needs, knowledge, and expectations of Arizona’s health care professionals, moderated focus groups were conducted. This article describes the results of the pharmacist focus groups. Methods Focus group activities included a brief presentation, completion of a paper-based survey, and group discussion. The methods included solicitation by invitation, participant selection, meeting content, collaterals, focus group execution, recording, analysis, and discerning comparability among groups. Results Pharmacy focus group discussions centered on electronic prescribing, including the anticipated advantages: reducing handwriting interpretation errors, improving formulary compliance, improving communication with prescribers, increasing efficiency, and ensuring data accuracy. Disadvantages included: medication errors, inadequate training and knowledge of software applications, and inflated patient expectations. Conclusions Pharmacists ranked e-prescribing as the highest priority feature of an electronic health system.
Repression of the TMEFF2 promoter by c-Myc.

Abstract TMEFF2 is a novel transmembrane protein, containing two follistatin domains and an epidermal growth factor-like motif that is mainly expressed in the prostate and brain. Recently, we showed that expression of TMEFF2 could inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. In addition, the TMEFF2 gene is frequently hypermethylated in human tumor cells, suggesting that it might be a tumor suppressor gene. We cloned the 5′-flanking region of the human TMEFF2 gene and using a luciferase reporter assay showed that it contains a functional promoter. The 0.7 kb region upstream to the TMEFF2 transcription start site encompasses the minimal promoter required for TMEFF2 expression. Sequence analysis of the TMEFF2 promoter revealed potential binding sites for several transcription factors including Sp1 and an E-box that could be recognized by c-Myc. An inverse correlation between TMEFF2 and c-Myc expression was found in CWR22 prostate xenografts. Reporter gene and mobility shift assays demonstrated that c-Myc could repress TMEFF2 gene expression through its cognate site. In light of the probable role of TMEFF2 in inhibiting cell growth, its suppression may contribute to the oncogenic properties of c-Myc.
Functional diversification of the toll-like receptor gene family

Phylogenetic analyses supported the hypothesis that the vertebrate toll-like receptors (TLRs) include two very ancient groups that arose by gene duplication prior to the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes: (1) the TLR1 family (including mammalian TLR1, TLR2, TLR6, and TLR10); and (2) a clade including the remainder of mammalian TLRs. Correlating data on ligand type, subcellular localization, and gene expression in leukocytes and other tissues with the phylogeny provided evidence that certain major functional specializations within the TLRs occurred after ancient gene duplication events and that these traits have been retained through further events of gene duplication. For example, the recognition of bacterial lipoproteins appears to have arisen in the ancestor of the TLR1 family and continues to characterize members of that family whose ligands are known. Likewise, expression on the endosomal membrane and the recognition of nucleic acids appears to have been arisen in the ancestor of the TLR7 family and some related TLRs. On the other hand, gene expression patterns across tissues appear to have been much more volatile over the evolution of the vertebrate TLRs, since genes may show expression profiles similar to those of distantly related genes but dissimilar to those of closely related genes. Thus, the vertebrate TLRs provide an example of a multi-gene family in which gene duplication has been followed by extensive changes in certain aspects of gene function, while others have been conserved throughout vertebrate history.
3-Neopentylallyllithium II. Reactions in hydrocarbon media

Abstract Product distributions are reported for several reactions in hydrocarbon solvent of 3-neopentylallyllithium, the 1,4-addition product of tert-butyllithium and 1,3-butadiene. Protolysis with several agents yields predominately the “normal” products [(Ia) and (Ib)] with less than 6% of the terminal olefin observed. The ratio of the cis/trans isomers [(Ia) and (Ib)] parallels the ratio of the lithiated forms before protolysis. Reaction with chlorotrimethylsilane also shows no “rearranged” product. Carboxylation and ketone addition reactions, however, proceed with marked rearrangement unless the ketone is very hindered. Di-tert-butyl ketone and benzophenone give no rearranged product. Addition of a second mole of butadiene also results in predominant (60%) rearrangement of the neopentylallyl group. Bromination with molecular bromine and 1,2-dibromoethane yields a mixture of dibromo-derivatives in the former case and C 16 -diolefin coupling products in the later case. Tentative mechanisms for protolysis and addition reactions are discussed.
On the structure of linear graphs

Denote byG(n; m) a graph ofn vertices andm edges. We prove that everyG(n; [n 2/4]+1) contains a circuit ofl edges for every 3 ≦l<c 2 n, also that everyG(n; [n 2/4]+1) contains ak e(u n, un) withu n=[c 1 logn] (for the definition ofk e(u n, un) see the introduction). Finally fort>t 0 everyG(n; [tn 3/2]) contains a circuit of 2l edges for 2≦l<c 3 t 2.
The potential for radiation sensitizers and radiation protectors combined with radiation therapy in gynecologic cancer

Radiation sensitizers are agents which can increase the lethal properties of ionizing radiation when administered in conjunction with radiation therapy. They increase radiosensitivity without being innately toxic and give rise to significant increase in the radiation sensitivity of neoplasm over normal tissues. Much laboratory work, mostly in vitro, has shown that many chemical compounds can act as radiation sensitizers. The practicality depends upon the exploitation of the differences between normal and malignant cells when radiation sensitizers are used. Many tumors contain hypoxic cells which are relatively resistant to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation. In human tumors, these hypoxic cells present a potential barrier to successful treatment. The application of chemical radiosensitizers active against hypoxic cells offers great potential for improvement in cancer management using radiation therapy. Data is presented to illustrate the usefulness of these agents in gynecologic cancer.
Inverse problems in dielectrics

Inverse problems are problems where the answer is known, but not the question, or where the results or consequences are known, but not the cause. In this contribution specific cases of inverse problems related to dielectrics will be presented. The problems that will be discussed are resolving distribution of relaxation times from impedance measurements, determining the depolarization factors (geometrical description) in dielectric mixtures and obtaining space-charge distribution from the current measurements in laser intensity modulation method. These cases are based on Fredholm first kind integral equation. The integral is solved using a Monte Carlo integration approach— a non-parametric method that does not suffer from a-priori assumptions.
Planet formation: Theory, observations, and experiments, by Hubert Klahr and Wolfgang Brandner

Planet formation: Theory, observations, and experiments, by Hubert Klahr and Wolfgang Brandner
Frequency dependence of ponderomotive shifts in strong-field photodetachment.

The nonlinear two-color photodetachment of a negative ion is considered for two limits: rapid and adiabatic time dependence of the field. It is shown that the resulting ponderomotive shift depends strongly on an adiabatic parameter and can be observed only for the ``rapid'' limit. In the opposite ``adiabatic'' limit, the spectrum of detached electron energies can be represented by a ``smooth'' function without any ponderomotive shift. The results of the model are in qualitative agreement with recent experimental studies of the two-color photodetachment of ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the syrian hamster : Subnuclei and connections of the posterior division

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is a key part of a ring of cells extending between the centromedial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis referred to as the extended amygdala. The present study describes the architecture of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the connections of subnuclei in posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The hamster bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is readily allotted to anterior and posterior divisions separated by the fibers of the body of the anterior commissure. The anterior division has four subnuclei: anteromedial, anterointermediate, anterolateral, and anteroventral. Within the posterior division, there are three distinct regions: posteromedial, posterointermediate, and posterolateral. In hamsters, the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis contributes to male sexual behavior, particularly chemoinvestigation. Moreover, the posterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is part of a neural circuit essential for mating, including the medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial preoptic area. The connections of bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posteromedial part, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterointermediate part and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterolateral part were visualized by co-injection of anterograde (Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) and retrograde (cholera toxin B) tract tracers. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterointermediate part and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posteromedial part have dense bidirectional connections with medial amygdaloid nucleus and cortical amygdala via the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathway. These subnuclei also maintain bidirectional connections with steroid-concentrating areas including lateral septum, medial preoptic area, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterointermediate part and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posteromedial part receive projections from the subiculum and send projections to deep mesencephalic nuclei. By contrast, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterolateral part is connected with the central amygdala, lateral hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, substantia innominata, substantia nigra and thalamus. Thus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterointermediate part and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posteromedial part have similar connections with areas involved in social behaviors. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterolateral part maintains connections with areas involved in motivational circuits. This supports the concept of distinct circuits within the extended amygdala which differentially link the centromedial amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
Carbonation of hydrothermally treated phosphate-bonded calcium aluminate cements

Abstract To evaluate the potential of phosphate-bonded calcium aluminate cements (PBC) as wet CO 2 -resistance cementitious materials in geothermal wells, specimens that had been autoclaved at 200°C or 300°C were exposed to Na 2 CO 3 -laden water at 100°C or 200°C. The phase compositions of the hydrothermal reaction products formed in the autoclaved PBC consist mainly of hydroxyapatite (HOAp) and boehmite. The Na 2 CO 3 -induced carbonation of autoclaved PBC yielded two different carbonate species, CaCO 3 as the major species, and CO 3 2− -incorporated HOAp as the minor one. The former species resulted from the carbonation of HOAp and free Ca dissociated from the calcium aluminate reactants; the latter was derived from the substitution of CO 3 2− for OH − in HOAp. However, the rate of CaCO 3 -related carbonation was very small, suggesting that the PBC can be categorized as a CO 2 -resistant cement.
Phase II trial of methylglyoxal-bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) in patients with refractory multiple myeloma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study.

AbstractTwenty patients with refractory multiple myeloma were treated with methylglyoxalbis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), an inhibitor of polyamine synthesis. MGBG 500 mg/m2 was administered on days 1 and 8, and then every 14 days. The dose was escalated to 600 mg/m2 on day 22, as tolerated. Of 14 evaluable patients, none met ECOG criteria for an objective response. The major toxicity was hematologic and related infections. MGBG demonstrated insufficient activity in the treatment of refractory multiple myeloma to warrant further study.
Working with Non-Monogamy: Dance/Movement Therapists’ Experience of Working with Individuals in Non-Monogamous Relationships

This qualitative research study was conducted by interviewing three dance/movement therapists concerning their work with non-monogamous clients. Coming from a Grounded Theory perspective, what was evaluated during the interviews included what topics participants witnessed surfacing for non-monogamous clients and the participants’ use of dance/movement therapy (DMT) interventions in response to these topics. The results of this study manifested in two interweaving layers of thematic material that provide a jumping off point from which possible implications for DMT interventions with non-monogamous clients can be made. This study is also meant to provoke a conversation regarding continued multi-cultural competency regarding what it means to be in relationship and how different relationships manifest in the world.
Genetic evidence on the nature of the repressor for alkaline phosphatase in E. coli

Certain constitutive mutations in the two regulator genes for alkaline phosphatase respond to an external suppressor. This result suggests that the products of the regulator genes, and therefore the repressor for alkaline phosphatase, are protein molecules.
Home range size and population dynamic

Abstract A relationship between home range size and population density is developed. Dynamics of the adjustment of home range size to equilibrium are considered for two cases. When the equilibrial size is constant, actual home range size approaches the equilibrial value in an exponential fashion. When the equilibrial size is a variable determined jointly by many physical and biotic factors, home range size dynamics become complex. The dynamics are treated in the simplified case in which all factors affecting the equilibrial home range size are constant except population density. Equilibrial home range size as determined by population density is defined as the sum of the area available per animal and the per animal overlap of home ranges, with a quadratic function relating overlap to population density. During exponential population growth, home range size becomes constant as the population expands infinitely or contracts toward zero. Actually, home ranges might be disrupted at extreme high or low densities. With logistic growth, home range approaches a stable size between its maximal and minimal values if the carrying capacity lies in the range of population sizes for which the equilibrial home range size is variable.
Oxygen Atoms' Effect on Vibrational Relaxation of Nitrogen in Blunt-Body Flows

Numerical simulations are presented of the steady-state aire ow over a hemisphere cylinder of 1-m radius having hypersonic Mach numbers, where vibrational relaxation is the dominant mechanism and the dissociation of oxygen is small. A Mach 6.5 e ow was analyzed at freestream pressure of 50 Pa with a nonequilibrium freestream translational temperature of 300 K and vibrational temperature of 4000 K; a Mach 1.5 e ow was also studied to delineate effects of vibration ‐translation (V‐T)energy losses due to N 2‐O collisions. The effects on the vibrational population distribution, temperature, and pressure in the e owe eld were studied for various media: pure nitrogen and air mixtures of 0.0001, 0.1, and 1% oxygen atoms. Code validation was performed with previously reported computational results and experimental data for equilibrium e ow in freestream, but nonequilibrium in the shock layer. An upwind difference numerical scheme was used to solve the inviscid Euler equations coupled to a vibrational kineticsmodel ofN 2,assumedasananharmonicoscillatorof40quantum levels. Theshock-standoffdistance comparison with experimental data for a Mach 7.7 and 8.6 aire ow past a blunt body showed good agreement. For the Mach 1.5 e ow at nonequilibrium freestream conditions, the high efe ciency of the V ‐T rates of N2‐O collisions introduces additional heating in the shock layer for 0.1% and higher atomic oxygen, thus increasing the shockstandoff distance; for the Mach 6.5 e ow, a 0.1% atomic oxygen in air decreases the translational temperature in air compared to that of pure nitrogen in the stagnation region.
Energy Partition in Underwater Explosion Phenomena

Pressure-time curves, continuous from initial shock wave incidence through the second bubble pulse, are examined in the light of acoustic theory. Calculations of impulse and reversible and irreversible energy flux are made for the various phases of the phenomenon. An estimate has been made of the amount of energy dissipation associated with the propagation of the shock front. A tabulation of the energy partition is included, and it is shown that substantial quantities of energy are radiated or dissipated by mechanisms other than these taken into account in this discussion.
Improved tables for the calculation of nonspherical contributions to second virial coefficients

A set of improved numerical tables is given for use in calculating the effects of nonspherical molecular interactions on the second virial coefficients of simple molecular gases. The second virial coefficients are given as a spherical-core contribution (not discussed in this paper) plus a series of nonspherical perturbation terms. The tables give easy-to-interpolate auxiliary functions that occur in the perturbation terms. These functions depend on the form assumed for the spherical-core part of the interaction potential, but only in a relatively insensitive way, so that the tables should be adequate for almost all calculations that are likely to occur in this connection. The auxiliary functions JnT are tabulated for n from 6 to 30 and T from 0.5 to 10, where T* = kT/ɛe0 and ɛe0 is the well depth of the spherical-core potential. Explicit formulas are given for the simple cases of axially symmetric molecules, but the tabulated functions can also be used for more complex cases.
Dissection and 2-Photon Imaging of Peripheral Lymph Nodes in Mice

Two-photon imaging has revealed an elegant choreography of motility and cellular interactions within the lymph node under basal conditions and at the initiation of an immune response (1). Here, we present methods for adoptive transfer of labeled T cells, isolation of lymph nodes, and imaging motility of CD4+ T cells in the explanted lymph node as first described in 2002 (2). Two-photon imaging of immune cells requires that the cells are fluorescently labeled, either by staining with a cell tracker dye or by expressing a fluorescent protein. We demonstrate the adoptive transfer procedure of injecting cells derived from donor mice into the tail vein of a recipient animal, where they home to lymphoid organs within approximately 15-30 min. We illustrate the isolation of a lymph node and describe methods to ensure proper mounting of the excised lymph node. Other considerations such as proper oxygenation of perfused media, temperature, and laser power are discussed. Finally, we present 3D video images of naive CD4+ T cells exhibiting steady state motility at 37 degrees C.
On the achievement of strength at high temperature in binary alloys

The authors address the fining that the strengthening encountered in polycrystals, the Hall-Petch effect, can also be expected in materials which are not necessarily polycrystalline but, insofar as the effect is concerned, are similar to them. Specifically considered were two-phase alloys in which the matrix forms the minor constituent and in which the other, major phase, is particulate. Such alloys are to be considered as equivalent to polycrystals if the matrix is so thin that, at the stress involved, it cannot, independent of the particles, deform plastically. This restriction is also available in circumstances where the particles are replaced by rods or plates, effectively infinite in length.
Bioavailability of Soil-Borne Chemicals: Method Development and Validation

ABSTRACT Chemicals present in contaminated soils generally exhibit altered bioavailability compared to other vehicles used in studies of chemical toxicity. Methods used to assess the bioavailability of soil-borne chemicals have generally been modified versions of methods that are widely used in biomedical research. Oral and dermal bioavailability of semivolatile organic chemicals and metals in soil has been assessed by a variety of in vivo and in vitro methods. Due to variations in metabolism and excretion of different chemicals, approaches to measuring bioavailability must be selected with an understanding of disposition of the chemical being studied. Standard methods need to be modified due to constraints associated with doses relevant to environmental concentrations, the need to reflect weathering behavior in soils over time, and the need to generate data applicable to human health risk assessments. Estimates of relative bioavailability for chemicals in soil can be used directly to modify exposure esti...
Fracture toughness testing of brittle materials using semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen

Abstract The semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen was suggested in 1984 for testing mode I fracture toughness of rock and other geo or brittle materials. Since then SCB has been used worldwide, extended and improved for many other applications by various researchers. Formulations for mode I and mixed mode fracture of this specimen proposed by a number of researchers are presented. Methods to determine fracture toughness using both straight-notched and chevron-notched specimens have been proposed although the general consensus is that a specimen having a sharp straight notch should yield accurate fracture toughness. Other applications of SCB specimen include testing of rock subjected to in situ conditions such as elevated temperature, confining pressure and pore water pressure. Furthermore it has been proven that it is a suitable specimen to test fracture toughness of rock at very high strain rates. Areas requiring further research to improve the accuracy of formulations are identified.
Synthetic seleno-organic compound with glutathione peroxidase-like activity in the chick.

Abstract The glutathione peroxidase activity catalyzed by the seleno-organic anti-inflammatory drug Ebselen (registered under the trademark of the Natterman Corp. Cologne, FRG) [PZ51, 2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2 H )on], as measured by NADPH oxidation, was inhibited in vitro by the selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGSHpx) inhibitors aurothioglucose and D -(−)penicillamine HCl. Vitamin E- and selenium-deficient chicks were given 0, 80 or 320 ppm PZ51 in diets devoid of vitamin E and supplemented with low levels of sodium selenite (0.04 ppm selenium added to the basal diet containing ca. 0.015 ppm selenium) when a small number of chicks ( ca. 13%) had exudative diathesis (ED). By 24 hr, the high PZ51 dose (320 ppm) delayed the onset of ED compared to untreated controls. Similarly, vitamin E-deficient chicks fed diets containing 0, 80, 160, 320, 640 or 1280 ppm PZ51 and supplemented with 0.04 ppm selenium showed ED in inverse proportion to log PZ51 dose. Plasma and liver post-mitochondrial supernatant samples from these chicks also exhibited log-linear relationships between dietary PZ51 level and selenium content or SeGSHpx-like activity. The amount of SeGSHpx-like activity for chicks given PZ51 above that determined for untreated chicks was extractable into ethanol, indicating that those PZ51-associated increases were not due to protein-bound selenium or SeGSHpx. This suggests that selenium from PZ51 was not available to support synthesis of SeGSHpx. Dietary PZ51 (1280 ppm) or selenium (0.1 ppm) alone or in combination decreased the acute lethalities of nitrofurantoin or paraquat in vitamin E-adequate chicks. The results indicate that SeGSHpx-like activity in selenium-deficient chicks is increased by oral administration of PZ51, which appears to mimic the true enzyme by affording protection against clinical signs of selenium deficiency (i.e. ED) and proxidant drug lethality.
Notch Oncoproteins Depend on γ-Secretase/Presenilin Activity for Processing and Function

During normal development Notch receptor signaling is important in regulating numerous cell fate decisions. Mutations that truncate the extracellular domain of Notch receptors can cause aberrant signaling and promote unregulated cell growth. We have examined two types of truncated Notch oncoproteins that arise from proviral insertion into the Notch4 gene (Notch4/int-3) or a chromosomal translocation involving the Notch1 gene (TAN-1). Both Notch4/int-3 and TAN-1 oncoproteins lack most or all of their ectodomain. Normal Notch signaling requires gamma-secretase/presenilin-mediated proteolytic processing, but whether Notch oncoproteins are also dependent on gamma-secretase/presenilin activity is not known. We demonstrate that Notch4/int-3-induced activation of the downstream transcription factor, CSL, is abrogated in cells deficient in presenilins or treated with a pharmacological inhibitor of gamma-secretase/presenilins. Furthermore, we find that both Notch4/int-3 and TAN-1 accumulate at the cell surface, where presenilin-dependent cleavage occurs, when gamma-secretase/presenilin activity is inhibited. gamma-Secretase/presenilin inhibition effectively blocks cellular responses to Notch4/int-3, but not TAN-1, apparently because some TAN-1 polypeptides lack transmembrane domains and do not require gamma-secretase/presenilin activity for nuclear access. These studies highlight potential uses and limitations of gamma-secretase/presenilin inhibitors in targeted therapy of Notch-related neoplasms.
Pharmacokinetics of palifermin administered as the standard dose and as a collapsed dose in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Study Objective. To assess the pharmacokinetic profile of palifermin after intravenous dosing with either a collapsed dose of 180 μg/kg/day for 1 day or a standard dose of 60 μg/kg/day for 3 days, before and after myeloablative chemoradiotherapy and peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation. Design. Prospective, open-label pharmacokinetic study. Setting. University-affiliated hematology and oncology center. Patients. Twenty-five adult patients with hematologic malignancies receiving myeloablative therapy; 13 were in the standard-dose group, and 12 were in the collapsed-dose group. Intervention. Patients received total-body irradiation (study days −8 to −5), etoposide (day −4), cyclophosphamide (day −2), and PBPC transplantation (day 0). Standard-dose palifermin was administered on days −11, −10, −9, 0, 1, and 2; collapsed-dose palifermin was administered on days −11 and 0. Measurements and Main Results. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded. Blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic assessment, presence of palifermin antibodies, and routine chemistry and hematology panels. Adverse events were documented daily. For both dosing groups, palifermin concentrations declined rapidly (≥ 98%) in the first 30 minutes and increased slightly between 1 and 4 hours after dosing, with a terminal decay phase. For standard-dose palifermin, mean values for area under the serum concentration–time curve (AUC) were within 15% between doses 1 and 3 and within 1% between doses 1 and 4. For collapsed-dose palifermin, mean AUC values and other pharmacokinetic parameters were within 2% between doses 1 and 2. Mean AUC on days −11 and 0 were approximately 4-fold higher for collapsed-dose palifermin than for standard-dose palifermin. Both dosing regimens were well tolerated. Conclusions. Our results were consistent with approximately dose-linear pharmacokinetics for the two dosing regimens, with no observed accumulation. A randomized, controlled study is warranted to assess the safety and efficacy of collapsed-dose palifermin, which may provide a more convenient administration schedule.
Review of the Proposed DSM‐5 Substance Use Disorder

The DSM-5 Task Force has recommended a new substance use disorder to replace substance abuse and dependence. This article provides an overview of substance abuse and dependence, a description of the DSM-5 substance use disorder, and implications and potential consequences of this change.
Calculated and TLD-based absorbed dose estimates for I-131-labeled 3F8 monoclonal antibody in a human neuroblastoma xenograft nude mouse model.

Preclinical evaluation of the therapeutic potential of radiolabeled antibodies is commonly performed in a xenografted nude mouse model. To assess therapeutic efficacy it is important to estimate the absorbed dose to the tumor and normal tissues of the nude mouse. The current study was designed to accurately measure radiation does to human neuroblastoma xenografts and normal organs in nude mice treated with I-131-labeled 3F8 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against disialoganglioside GD2 antigen. Absorbed dose estimates were obtained using two different approaches: (1) measurement with teflon-imbedded CaSO4:Dy mini-thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) and (2) calculations using mouse S-factors. The calculated total dose to tumor one week after i.v. injection of the 50 microCi I-131-3F8 MoAb was 604 cGy. The corresponding decay corrected and not corrected TLD measurements were 109 +/- 9 and 48.7 +/- 3.4 cGy respectively. The calculated to TLD-derived dose ratios for tumor ranged from 6.1 at 24 h to 5.5 at 1 week. The light output fading rate was found to depend upon the tissue type within which the TLDs were implanted. The decay rate in tumor, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and in vitro, were 9.5, 5.0, 3.7 and 0.67% per day, respectively. We have demonstrated that the type of tissue in which the TLD was implanted strongly influenced the in vivo decay of light output. Even with decay correction, a significant discrepancy was observed between MIRD-based calculated and CaSO4:Dy mini-TLD measured absorbed doses. Batch dependence, pH of the tumor or other variables associated with TLDs which are not as yet well known may account for this discrepancy.
Comparison of ANSI/ASME and ISO models for calculation of uncertainty

Abstract The procedures for determining experimental uncertainty contained in the current version of the ANSI/ASME Standard (PTC19.1-1985) Measurement Uncertainty are compared with the procedure presented in the 1993 ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. A Monte Carlo technique is used to stimulate several example experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the models for predicting an appropriate uncertainty interval at a given confidence level, either 95% or 99%. The simulation results show that the ISO model is more consistent in providing an uncertainty interval at the desired level of confidence. The simulations also show that if a determined results has degrees of freedom of nine or more, simplified models using values of t95 = 2.0 for a 95% confidence level and t99 = 2.6 for a 99% confidence level can be used to determine the uncertainty to a good approximation.
Pancreatoblastoma: A Rare, Adult Pancreatic Tumor With Many Faces

Pancreatoblastomas are malignant epithelial neoplasms of the pancreas that are heterogeneous and have variable cellular differentiation, complicating the diagnosis. We report a case of pancreatoblastoma occurring in an adult patient, presenting as a pancreatic head mass with liver metastasis and jaundice. The initial liver biopsy diagnosis was metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma based on morphology and synaptophysin positivity. At pancreatic resection, the diagnostic features of pancreatoblastoma were recognized. We review the radiologic and pathologic differential diagnosis, histologic heterogeneity, clinical presentation, and associated genetic syndromes for this unusual tumor that can mimic other types of pancreatic neoplasia.
Ex Situ Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis of β-Amyloid Self-Assembly and Deposition on a Synthetic Template

The β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, which is the conversion of soluble Aβ peptides to insoluble plaques on a surface, is an essential pathological process in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The identification and characterization of possible environmental factors that may influence amyloid deposition in vivo are important to unveil the underlying etiology of AD. According to the amyloid cascade hypothesis, diffuse plaques are initial and visual deposits in the early event of AD, leading to amyloid plaques. To study amyloid deposition and growth in vitro, we prepared a synthetic template by immobilizing Aβ seeds on an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester-activated solid surface. According to our analysis with an ex situ atomic force microscope, the formation of amyloid plaque-like aggregates was mediated by the interaction between Aβ in a solution and on a synthetic template, suggesting that Aβ oligomers function well as seeds for amyloid deposition. It was observed that insoluble amyloid aggregates formed on the template surf...
Quasi-steady-state regime in transient stimulated Raman scattering.

A method is developed for studying transient stimulated Raman scattering in the quasi-steady-state regime when the input pump field consists of a repetitive periodic sequence of pulses. The method is most attractive for cases where the single-pulse duration is substantially shorter than the repetition time scale, making a straightforward numerical simulation very costly, time consuming, and potentially intractable. The method is applicable to any periodic electric field envelope including that generated by a finite number of longitudinal modes with arbitrary phase. A second numerically efficient method is developed for treating the buildup of the entire pulse train. In addition, an analytic solution is found in the undepleted-pump regime which illuminates the underlying physics of the process.
Model-based approach to reconstruction of source activity and attenuation distribution in emission tomography

A new approach in single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is presented to reconstruct the distributions of both activity and attenuation from projection data. Poisson noise, attenuation, scatter, and collimator effects were corrected completely with a Bayesian statistical model. The attenuation distribution was modeled with deformable template since the attenuation coefficients for the (gamma) -ray used in SPECT were nearly uniform within different regions of the human body. A prior probability was constructed for the attenuation distribution with a Gibbs measure on a hierarchical deformable template while the activity distribution was modeled by a Markov random field. By maximizing the joint posterior probability, the maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) estimate of the distributions of both activity and attenuation was obtained. The implementation of MAP estimation was achieved approximately by a hybrid algorithm of iterated conditional modes and gradient descent.
Superconductivity in non-stoichiometric and tin-substituted La2CuO4: preparation, characterization, Mössbauer and microwave-absorption studies

Two samples of non-stoichiometric La2CuO4 were synthesized, one with La/Cu<2, and the other with 10% Sn substituting Cu. They were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and microwave-absorption techniques. The microwave-absorption data indicated that they were both superconducting, with the transition temperatures Tc of 40.5 and 41.5 K, the one doped with Sn possessing the higher Tc. The Mossbauer spectra revealed that there exist two kinds of Sn(IV) atoms disordered with Cu. Their isomer shift, δ=−0.244(4) mm/s, is in agreement with Sn(IV) coordinated by oxygen. One site was characterized by a single Mossbauer line, being associated with a weakly distorted environment, wherein the Sn, coordinated more symmetrically, is surrounded by four Cu2+ ions. On the other hand, the other site, characterized by a Mossbauer doublet exhibited a quadrupole splitting Δ=1.07(2) mm/s, being associated with a highly distorted coordination, explained to be due to Sn occupying two adjacent cationic sites. To our knowledge, such a substitution for copper ions not resulting in a decrease of Tc has not been reported previously.