cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Silicon SoC Validation Challenges

Modern System-on-Chip (SoC) designs are becoming increasingly complex and powerful to meet the ever-growing computing demands form diverse application domains including the emerging Internet of Things (IoT). Given the widespread acceptance of SoCs in the electronic industry, it is critical to ensure their correctness from both functional and nonfunctional perspectives. SoC design complexity is increasing rapidly keeping pace with twofold increase in number of transistors every technology cycle. Drastic increase in design complexity has led to significant increase in SoC validation complexity. Due to increasing design complexity coupled with shrinking time-to-market constraints, it is not possible to detect all design flaws (errors) during pre-silicon validation. Post-silicon validation needs to capture these escaped functional errors as well as electrical faults including crosstalk, delay, and transient faults. Post-silicon validation is widely acknowledged as a major bottleneck in SoC design methodology—many recent studies suggest that it consumes more than 50% of an SoCs overall design effort (total cost) at 65nm technology. This problem is expected to get worse as the industry continues to move to even smaller geometries. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of different challenges associated with SoC post-silicon validation and debug.
Performance of Map-Reduce Using Java-8 Parallel Streams

The primary purpose of parallel streams in the recent release of Java 8 is to help Java programs make better use of multi-core processors for improved performance. However, in some cases, parallel streams can actually perform considerably worse than ordinary sequential Java code. This paper presents a Map-Reduce parallel programming pattern for Java parallel streams that produces good speedup over sequential code. An important component of the Map-Reduce pattern is two optimizations: grouping and locality. Three parallel application programs are used to illustrate the Map-Reduce pattern and its optimizations: Histogram of an Image, Document Keyword Search, and Solution to a Differential Equation. A proposal is included for a new terminal stream operation for the Java language called MapReduce() that applies this pattern and its optimizations automatically.
MECHANISMS OF INTRACELLULAR ENZYME LOCALIZATION

ABSTRACT: Mutation at the Eg gene in the mouse destroys virtually all binding of β-glucuronidase to microsomal membranes. Normally, 30-50% of the enzyme is specifically located in microsomes in hepatic cells. Genetic studies have mapped the Eg gene to a site on chromosome 8, where it is genetically unlinked to the enzyme structural gene, Gus , on chromosome 5. Physical-chemical studies on electrophoretically separable forms of the enzyme revealed that the microsomal components are X, a tetramer of 260,000 molecular weight, which is especially prominent after induction of the enzyme in kidney by androgens and M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 which differ from X in that they contain 1, 2, 3, and 4 copies of an enzymatically inactive protein of about 55,000 molecular weight. Lysosomal component L like X is a tetramer of 260,000 daltons though it has a more negative charge than the microsomal components. The Eg° mutant, while containing detectable levels of the microsomal tetramer X, lacks microsomal polymers M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 . The presence of an additional protein in the microsomal glucuronidase of wild type mice was confirmed in immunoprecipitates obtained with the F (ab) 2 fragment of specific anti-mouse glucuronidase. The new protein, named egasyn, is noncovalently associated with microsomal glucuronidase, is not present in immunoprecipitates of lysosomal enzyme, and is not detectable in immunoprecipitates of glucuronidase from mutant Eg° mice. Specific membrane attachment of glucuronidase thus is effected through complex formation with a noncovalently associated protein, egasyn, whose attachment requires the Eg gene. The use of hydrophobic peptide sequences may be a general mechanism for specifically associating enzymes and membranes.
Feasibility and Acceptability of Mindfulness-Based Group Visits for Smoking Cessation in Low-Socioeconomic Status and Minority Smokers with Cancer.

Abstract Objective: Smoking cessation studies tailored for low-income and racial/ethnic minority cancer patients are limited. African American and low-socioeconomic status (SES) smokers have higher...
Predictability of Seasonal Streamflow and Soil Moisture in National Water Model and a Humid Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin

AbstractThis study investigates the potential predictability of streamflow and soil moisture in the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa (ACT) river basin in the Southeastern United States. The study employs t...
Abl kinase deficiency promotes AKT pathway activation and prostate cancer progression and metastasis

Abl family kinases function as proto-oncogenes in various leukemias, and pro-tumor functions have been discovered for Abl kinases in solid tumors as well. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that Abl kinases can function to suppress tumor cell proliferation, motility, and in vivo tumor growth in some settings. To investigate the role of Abl kinases in prostate cancer, we generated Abl-deficient cells in a pre-clinical model of spontaneously metastatic, androgen-indifferent prostate cancer. Loss of Abl family kinase expression resulted in a highly aggressive, metastatic phenotype in vivo that was associated with AKT pathway activation, increased growth on 3D collagen matrix, and enhanced cell motility in vitro. Treatment of Abl kinase-expressing cells with the Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib phenocopied the malignant phenotypes observed in Abl-deficient tumor cells. In addition, inhibiting AKT pathway signaling abolished the increased 3D growth of Abl-deficient cells. Our data reveal that Abl family kinases can function as suppressors of prostate cancer progression and metastasis by restraining AKT signaling, a signaling pathway known to be associated with emergence of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer.
AB1010 CLINICAL SPECTRUM AND IMMUNE ANALYSIS OF PATIENTS WITH CRYOPYRIN-ASSOCIATED AUTOINFLAMMATORY SYNDROME IN TAIWAN

Background: Hydronephrosis, a common complication of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (iRPF), may lead to poor renal outcomes unless it is resolved. Pathological confirmation can help to identify the aetiology of the disease and determine the treatment strategy. But, in most cases, it is difficult to obtain sufficient tissue due to the location of fibrosis. In a recent study, parts of iRPF are correlated with IgG4-related disease characterised by elevated serum IgG4 levels (>135 mg/dL). Normal serum IgG3 level (21–176 mg/dL) has been known to be higher than normal serum IgG4 level (4–86 mg/dL). The reverse IgG4/IgG3 ratio has been suggested to be an IgG4-related disease component that distinguishes it from primary sclerosing cholangitis [1]. However, the ratio of IgG3 and IgG4 may be reversed in iRPF patients with hydronephrosis. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the ratio of IgG subclasses as a predictive factor associated with treatment response of hydronephrosis in patients with iRPF. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 19 iRPF patients with hydronephrosis who evaluated serum IgG subclasses in a tertiary hospital between 2004 and 2019. Hydronephrosis was evaluated on the basis of imaging findings. Medications and clinical and laboratory findings, including IgG subclasses, were reviewed following the diagnosis of hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis improvement on subsequent images was evaluated to assess treatment response. Categorised data were compared using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Continuous variables were compared using Mann–Whitney U test. Results: At baseline, median serum IgG3 and IgG4 levels were 64 (IQR 37–82) mg/dL and 71 (IQR 40–171) mg/dL. Five patients had serum IgG4 levels > 135 mg/dL and 11 patients had the reverse serum level of IgG4/IgG3. On subsequent images (median follow-up at 3.2 [IQR 1.7–4.0] months), 11 patients showed hydronephrosis improvement. The proportions of positive ratio of serum IgG4/IgG3 (81.8% vs. 25%, p = 0.024), periaortic involvement (81.8% vs. 25%, p = 0.024) and high-dose glucocorticoid treatment (45.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.045) were significantly higher in patients with improvement than in those without improvement (Table 1). Interestingly, even in cases with normal serum IgG4 levels, patients with improvement showed a higher serum IgG4/IgG3 ratio than in those without improvement (median 1.5 vs. 0.7, p = 0.038). Conclusion: The reverse ratio of serum IgG4/IgG3 was associated with hydronephrosis treatment response, thus suggesting favourable responses to high-dose corticosteroid. References: [1]Boonstra K, Culver EL, de Buy Wenniger LM, et al. Serum immunoglobulin G4 and immunoglobulin G1 for distinguishing immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis from primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2014;59:1954-63. Disclosure of Interests: None declared
Immunologic Mechanisms in Drug-Induced Acute Interstitial Nephritis

It is well established that certain therapeutic agents can cause acute interstitial nephritis (AIN),* which is characterized histologically by interstitial edema, leukocytic infiltration, and tubular cell damage (Baldwin et al., 1968; McCluskey and Colvin, 1978). The infiltrate usually consists principally of mononuclear cells, most of which have the appearance of lymphocytes, but eosinophils are usually present, often in large numbers, and plasma cells, as well as small numbers of basophils, are frequently found. Tubules are often invaded by leukocytes and severe tubular damage may be seen. The glomeruli and blood vessels appear normal. In most cases there are no characteristic immunofluorescence findings and distinctive ultrastructural features are not seen.
Information Search and Financial Markets under COVID-19

The discovery and sudden spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) exposed individuals to a great uncertainty about the potential health and economic ramifications of the virus, which triggered a surge in demand for information about COVID-19. To understand financial market implications of individuals' behavior upon such uncertainty, we explore the relationship between Google search queries related to COVID-19-information search that reflects one's level of concern or risk perception-and the performance of major financial indices. The empirical analysis based on the Bayesian inference of a structural vector autoregressive model shows that one unit increase in the popularity of COVID-19-related global search queries, after controlling for COVID-19 cases, results in 0.038 - 0.069 % of a cumulative decline in global financial indices after one day and 0.054 - 0.150 % of a cumulative decline after one week.
Influence of material and process parameters in the dry-development of positive-tone, polyaldehyde photoresist

Poly(phthalaldehyde) (pPHA) and copolymers with aliphatic aldehydes were investigated as dry-develop, positive-tone photoresist. Exposure of the films loaded with a photoacid generator to 248 nm radiation creates an acid that depolymerizes the polymer into volatile monomers, allowing the development of features by vaporization rather than solution-based processes. By controlling the acid content, the vaporization rate of the reaction products, and the degree of liquid formation of the decomposed polymer, control of spatial resolution and the quality of polyaldehyde dry-develop photoresist was achieved. Heat, vacuum, and forced convection were evaluated as development techniques in determining the resist sensitivity, contrast, and resolution. Forced convection of heated nitrogen was the most controllable development method for pPHA films. Five-micron lines and spaces were printed. Poly(aldehyde) copolymer resins had slightly lower spatial resolution but were able to be developed faster due to higher vapor pressure of the depolymerized monomers. Cold photo-exposures and development were used to prevent detrimental liquid formation of the decomposed copolymers. In addition to exploring new dry-development methods that have not been tested before, these findings offer insights into designing better material systems and optimizing processes for dry-develop photoresists.
İkinci Ürün Olarak Yetiştirilen Maş Fasulyesinde Farklı Hasat Zamanlarının Ot Kalitesi ve Mineral İçeriğine Etkileri

Arastirma, Isparta Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Egitim, Arastirma ve Uygulama Ciftligi deneme arazilerinde 2017 yilinda yurutulmustur. Calismanin amaci, ikinci urun olarak yetistirilen ve farkli zamanlarda hasat edilen mas fasulyesi genotiplerinde ot verimi, kalitesi ve mineral iceriginin belirlenmesidir. Calismada 02 G 06 ve 70 S 01 mas fasulyesi genotipleri tohum materyali olarak kullanilmis olup, deneme tesaduf bloklari deneme desenine gore faktoriyel duzende 3 tekerrurlu olarak kurulmustur. Calismada bitki boyu, kuru madde orani, ADF, NDF, ADL, TSBM degeri, hemiseluloz, seluloz, nisbi yem degeri, metabolik enerji ozellikleri ile Mg, K, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Mn ve Zn icerikleri incelenmistir. Elde edilen verilere gore, bitki boyu 6,45-53,78 cm, kuru madde orani %18,42-23,82, ADF icerigi %15,21-20,99, NDF icerigi %30,99-39,87, ADL icerigi %4,39-7,0, TSBM degeri %66,61-70,95, hemiseluloz %13,81-24,66, seluloz %8,21-14,35, nisbi yem degeri 179,8-228,9, metabolik enerji 10,33-11,10 MJ kg-1, Mg icerigi %0,34-0,46, K icerigi %2,39-3,41, Ca icerigi %2,39-2,84, P icerigi %0,30-0,38, Fe icerigi 202,67-586,0 ppm, Cu icerigi 7,67-11,50 ppm, Mn icerigi 121,75-245,0 ppm ve Zn icerigi 29,0-38,17 ppm arasinda degisim gostermistir. Sonuc olarak, yore kosullarinda mas fasulyesinin tahil hasadindan sonra ikinci urun olarak ekilebilecegi ve hayvan besleme yonunden kaliteli bir kaba yem olabilecegi dusunulmektedir.
The harmonization of lending standards within banks through mandated loan-level transparency

Abstract We explore whether the introduction of transparent reporting rules increases credit standard harmonization within a bank. We exploit the new loan-level reporting rules imposed on banks that borrow from the European Central Bank using repurchase agreements collateralized by their asset-backed securities. We compare credit terms of similar mortgages issued by a bank across a country's regions and find that harmonization increases following the adoption of the new reporting rules. Learning and regulatory scrutiny constitute mechanisms underlying this economic effect. We also show that harmonization leads to more favorable lending terms to borrowers and higher loan quality for banks. Overall, these findings suggest that transparent reporting rules incentivize banks to improve their internal decision-making and thereby reduce regional divergence in their credit standards.
Gut microbial differences in breast and prostate cancer cases from two randomised controlled trials compared to matched cancer-free controls.

Implicated in several chronic diseases, the gastrointestinal microbiome is hypothesised to influence carcinogenesis. We compared faecal microbiota of newly diagnosed treatment-naive overweight and obese cancer patients and matched controls. Cases were enrolled in presurgical weight-loss trials for breast (NCT02224807) and prostate (NCT01886677) cancers and had a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. Cancer-free controls were matched 1:1 by age (±5 years), race, gender, and BMI (±5 kg/m2). All participants provided faecal samples; isolated bacterial DNA were PCR amplified at the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and analysed using the QIIME pipeline. Tests compared cases versus controls, then separately by gender. Microbial alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were assessed, and relative abundance of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU's) were compared at the genus level, with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. 22 overweight and obese cancer patients were matched with 22 cancer-free controls, with an average BMI of 30.5±4.3 kg/m2, age 54.4±5.3 years, and 54.5% were black. Fourteen matches were made between breast cancer cases and healthy female controls, and 8 matches were made with prostate cancer cases and healthy male controls. Comparison of all cases and controls revealed no differences in alpha diversity, though prostate cancer patients had higher Chao1 (P=0.006) and Observed Species (P=0.036) than cancer-free males. Beta-diversity metrics were significantly different between cases and controls (P<0.03 for all tests in whole sample and in men), though only unweighted Unifrac was different in women (P=0.005). Kruskal Wallis tests indicated significant differences among 16 genera in all matches, 9 in female, and 51 in male. This study suggests the faecal microbiota of treatment-naive breast and prostate cancer patients differs from controls, though larger samples are needed to substantiate these findings. Trial registration: NIH Clinical Trials, NCT01886677, NCT02224807, registered 26 June 2013, 25 Aug 2014 (respectively) - retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01886677; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02224807.
2020 Women in Thoracic Surgery Update on the Status of Women in Cardiothoracic Surgery.

Abstract Background Women in Thoracic Surgery (WTS) has previously reported on the status of women in cardiothoracic (CT) surgery. We sought to provide a 10-year update on women in CT surgery. Methods An anonymous research electronic data capture survey link was emailed to female diplomats of the American Board of Thoracic Surgery. Survey questions queried respondents regarding demographics, training, accolades, practice details, and career satisfaction. The survey link was open for 30 days. Results were compared with The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2019 workforce survey. Descriptive analyses were performed using frequency and proportions. Comparisons were performed using Student's t tests, Fisher's exact tests, and χ2 tests. Results Of 354 female diplomats, 309 were contacted and 176 (57%) responded. The majority of respondents were aged 36 to 50 years (59%), white (67.4%), and had graduated from traditional-track programs (91.4%). Most respondents reported practicing in an urban (64%) and academic setting (73.1%). 36.4% and 23.9% reported a general thoracic and adult cardiac practice (22.7% mixed practice, 9.6% congenital). Fifty percent of respondents reported salaries between $400,000 and $700,000 annually; 37.7% reported salaries less than 90% of their male colleagues; 21.6% of respondents in academia are full professor; 53.4% reported having a leadership role. Whereas 74.1% would pursue a career in CT surgery again, only 27.3% agreed that CT surgery is a healthy and positive environment for women. Conclusions The number of women in CT surgery has steadily increased. Although women are rising in academic rank and into leadership positions, salary disparities and the CT surgery work environment remain important issues in achieving a diverse work force.
A Mathematical Model for Biomechanical Evaluation of Micro-motion in Dental Prosthetics using Vibroacoustic RFA

Dental implants are placed in the jaw of a patient to perform the function of a missing tooth. However, before the implant is subjected to masticatory loading, sufficient osseointegration should take place to prevent its failure. Resonance Frequency Analysis is one of the methods to measure the primary stability of an implant system in terms of micromotion. This paper aims to formulate a mathematical model of the dental prosthetic for the vibroacoustic RFA technique. Vibroacoustic RFA is a novel method that excites the implant using either a loudspeaker or a buzzer and captures the subsequent displacement. In this study, a single degree of freedom mathematical model is excited using a sinusoidal force. The subsequent displacement or micro-motion of the implant system is found out by basic equations of vibrations while varying the input frequency between 1 – 50 Hz. The resonant frequency corresponding to the maximum micro-motion which lies between 1.2 – 2 µm is plotted using MATLAB. The resonant frequency values lie between 8975 – 8995 Hz with an average value of 8985 Hz. When the input frequency increases beyond 40 Hz, the micromotion shows a percentage increase of 40.62%. A higher value of resonance frequency indicates better osseointegration with decrease in micromotion. A Mathematical model and subsequent signal analysis using RFA is advantageous for implant stability measurement. Further research is needed to develop multiple degree of freedom systems to simulate the dental implant model.
Introducing Less-Invasive Surfactant Administration into a Level IV NICU: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

Less-invasive surfactant administration (LISA), a newer technique of delivering surfactant via a thin catheter, avoids mechanical ventilation. LISA has been widely adopted in Europe but less so in the US. Our goal was to increase the percentage of surfactant delivered via LISA from 0% to 51% by 12/2020. Project planning and literature review started 12/2019, and included a standardized equipment kit and simulation training sessions. We began Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles in 6/2020. Initial exclusions for LISA were gestational age (GA) 70 if known; GA exclusion is now <25 w. From 6 to 12/2020, 97 patients received surfactant, 35 (36%) via LISA. When non-LISA-eligible patients were excluded, 35/42 (83%) received LISA successfully. There were only 2/37 patients for whom LISA was not able to be performed. Three LISA infants required mechanical ventilation in the first week of life. Sedation remained an initial challenge but improved when sucrose was used routinely. LISA was safely and successfully introduced in our NICU.
Microaggressions in the Accounting Academy: The Black Experience

Black Americans are underrepresented members of the US accounting academy (Brown-Liburd and Joe 2020). By interviewing Black faculty about their experiences during their doctoral education and institutional hiring and promotion processes, we discover stories of microaggressions that the participants report negatively impact their views about the accounting academic profession and increase their turnover intentions. Our findings are important as they support the results of related quantitative research (e.g., Brown-Liburd and Joe 2020), contribute to related extant literature in other fields (e.g., McGee and Kazembe 2016; Robinson-Wood et al. 2020), enlighten the accounting profession, and provide an impetus for improving the diversity of accounting faculty. Although our focus is on the disparate treatment of Black accounting academics, many of the stories and our conclusions are applicable to other underrepresented groups and academic disciplines.
Radionuclides in oncology.

Radionuclides already have a major role in the daily practice of oncology and will, undoubtedly, be of even greater importance in the future. The variety of current and potential applications is shown in tab. 1. Their major use at this time is, in the broadest sense, for ‘tumour scanning’, which includes the evaluation of specific organs for the presence of tumour (usually with different radiopharmaceuticals for each organ) and the entire body (generalized tumour searches with radiopharmaceuticals like67Ga-citrate or111In-labeled bleomycin). The clinician uses these agents in the initial evaluation of extent of tumour (staging) and in the subsequent management of the patient with cancer to assess response to treatment, to reveal early relapse, and to assist in making decisions concerning treatment. The other potential roles for radionuclides are also briefly considered in this review.
Incidence of Pulmonary Fibrosis in Lungs of CUX-1 Transgenic Mice

CUX-1 is a transcriptional repressor gene and part of the network controlling G1-S phase transition by repressing the cyclin-kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. CUX-1 transgenic mice develop polycystic kidneys, reduced spermatogenesis, and liver fibrosis as a consequence of aberrant repression of p27. We reported that these mice also show severe pulmonary inflammation with vasculitis, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and diffuse presence of fibroblasts. This study reports the presence of collagen using Image J software (NIH program) on slides of lungs of CUX-1 mice stained by trichrome. Wild type mice were used as controls. An average of seven photographs at 400x magnification were taken on the lungs of each mouse. Collagen presence and intensity was 17.06% in lungs of CUX-1 mice versus 8.73% the wild type mice (p<0.05). Fibrosis was mostly evident in the basal membrane and musculature of the ectasic bronchi and the peribronchial arteries. CUX-1 mice also showed medial thickening, reduced lumen patency (64% versus ...
Stripping Operations in Polymer Processing

Publisher Summary Polymer processing operations that do not involve shaping are that are concerned with the synthesis of high-molecular-weight polymers, or with affecting physicochemical changes in the nature of polymeric materials. This chapter discusses the developing stresses during flow and and describes how these, as well as solidification rates, influence the morphology and performance properties of the shaped structure. The engineering analysis and design of these operations are addressed. In the process of polymer processing, three of the “nonshaping” operations are shown: (1) a chemical reaction, that is, coagulation; (2) a liquid–liquid extraction operation that involves a molten polymer and water; and (3) a vapor–liquid stripping operation that involves the removal of a volatile component from the molten polymer. The analysis and design of any stripping operation would be relatively straightforward if the velocity and concentration profiles that obtain in the extraction unit are known. Solutions to the momentum and diffusion equations provide this information, but, for most cases of interest in the chemical process industries, solutions to these equations are difficult to obtain since the flow geometry is often not well defined and flow may be both tortuous and turbulent.
High Frequency of Matrix Attachment Regions and Cut-Like Protein x/CCAAT-Displacement Protein and B Cell Regulator of IgH Transcription Binding Sites Flanking Ig V Region Genes

A major component in controlling V(D)J recombination is differential accessibility through localized changes in chromatin structure. Attachment of DNA to the nuclear matrix via matrix attachment region (MAR) sequences, and interaction with MAR-binding proteins have been shown to alter chromatin conformation, promote histone acetylation, and influence gene transcription. In this study, the flanking regions of several human and mouse Ig V H and Ig Vκ genes were analyzed extensively for the presence of MARs by in vitro matrix-binding assay, and for interaction with the MAR-binding proteins cut-like protein x/CCAAT-displacement protein (Cux/CDP), B cell regulator of IgH transcription (Bright), and special AT-rich sequence-binding protein (SATB1) by EMSA. Cux/CDP and SATB1 are associated with repression, while Bright is an activator of Ig transcription. Binding sites were identified in the vicinity of all analyzed Ig V genes, and were also found flanking TCR Vβ genes. We also show that the binding sites of the different factors do not always occur at MAR sequences. MAR sequences were also found within the Ig V loci at a much higher frequency than throughout the rest of the genome. Overall, the frequency and location of binding sites relative to the coding regions, and the strength of DNA-protein interaction showed much heterogeneity. Thus, variations in factor binding and MAR activity could potentially influence the extent of localized accessibility to V(D)J recombination and thus could play a role in unequal rearrangement of individual V genes. These sites could also contribute to effective transcription of Ig genes in mature and/or activated B cells, bringing both the promoter as well as the enhancer regions into close proximity at the nuclear matrix.
A Primer on Probabilistic Inference

In this chapter, we introduce some of the tools that can be used to address these challenges. By considering how probabilistic models can be defined and used, we aim to provide some of the background relevant to the other chapters in this volume. The plan of the chapter is as follows. First, we outline the fundamentals of Bayesian inference, which is at the heart of many probabilistic models. We then discuss how to define probabilistic models that use richly structured probability distributions, introducing some of the key ideas behind graphical models, which can be used to represent the dependencies among a set of variables. Finally, we discuss two of the main algorithms that are used to evaluate the predictions of probabilistic models – the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) – and some sophisticated probabilistic models that exploit these algorithms. Several books provide a more detailed discussion of these topics in the context of statistics (e.g., Berger, 1993; Bernardo & Smith, 1994; Gelman, Carlin, Stern, & Rubin, 1995), machine learning (e.g., Bishop, 2006; Duda, Hart, & Stork, 2000; Hastie, Tibshirani, & Friedman, 2001; Mackay, 2003), and artificial intelligence (e.g., Korb & Nicholson, 2003; Pearl, 1988; Russell & Norvig, 2002). Griffiths, Kemp, and Tenenbaum (in press) provide further information on some of the methods touched on in this chapter, together with examples of applications of these methods in cognitive science.
The Turn to Psychology in Constructivism

Psychology and Constructivism in International Relations: An Ideational Alliance. Edited by Vaughn P. Shannon, Paul A. Kowert. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2012. 277 pp., $80.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-472-11799-4). This is a long-overdue volume bringing together two approaches to the study of global politics whose mutual overlap holds notable potential. In Psychology and Constructivism in International Relations: An Ideational Alliance , Vaughn Shannon and Paul Kowert stage a sustained dialogue between constructivist and psychological approaches, and the result is a nuanced account of how these frameworks may be usefully synthesized. In the editors' views, constructivists and psychologists have been reluctant to directly speak to each other. Constructivists have emphasized how their arguments focus on the social while viewing psychology as strictly individualist, while political psychologists have viewed the postmodern version of constructivism with skepticism (p. v). In their goal of overcoming these mutual suspicions, Shannon and Kowert and their contributors certainly succeed. Given this overall argument, this volume deserves broad interest from not only scholars and graduate students interested in psychology and constructivism, but also those interested in International Relations theory more generally and particularly those interested in how dialogues between different theoretical frameworks can enrich the scope of both—an exercise IR could certainly see more of. This volume follows many studies applying psychological theories to international politics (McDermott 2004), constructivist theorizing (Wendt 1999), and recent indications of what a “psychological constructivism” (Hymans 2010) may look like. Yet, one of the strongest contributions of this book is the truly engaged orientation of the chapters. Not content with vague assertions that both approaches share a general interest in the ideational and intersubjective, the authors variously engage with rationalist approaches, …
Mondor’s disease mimicking a Spigelian hernia

Superficial thrombophlebitis of the thoracoepigastric veins (also known as Mondor's disease) is an uncommon disorder that typically affects middle-aged women and classically involves the chest wall including the breasts. Only one previously published, non-operative case of the disease, describes how the condition can resemble a strangulated Spigelian hernia. Herein we describe another similar case in which the diagnosis was made intra-operatively. The extremely unusual and similar clinical findings we observed demonstrate that Mondor's disease can occur in the Spigelian hernia belt and cause diagnostic confusion.
Working Under Monarchy: Political Leadership and Democracy in Nepal

The purpose of this study was to discover the prospects and challenges of democracy in Nepal. Mired with corruption and escalating conflict, Nepal is in its 16th year of democratic transition, with little hope for a fully functional, consolidated, liberal democracy. In trying to study the causes, the author hypothesizes that political leaders have made decisions that have had an adverse effect on democracy in Nepal. Empirical research has been conducted on landmark decisions made by political leaders to test the hypothesis. The author concludes that charismatic leaders, depending on their vision, statesmanship, and liberalism, choose to decide differently, and these decisions determine their mode of governance and its impact on democracy.
The synthesis and reactivity of a molybdenum (IV) stretched-dihydrogen complex.

Reaction of [Mo(NPh)(PMe3)3(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)] (1) with molecular hydrogen (ca. 1 atm) at −10 °C in toluene-d8 results in the formation of dihydrogen complex [Mo(NPh)(PMe3)2(H2)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)] (2) by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. In solution at −50 °C 1 and 2 are present in a 1:3 ratio, respectively. The nature of dihydrogen ligand bonding in 2 was probed by T1 analysis and analysis of the JH-D coupling constant in the deuterium hydride isotopomer of 2 giving H−H distances of 1.18 A and 1.17 A, respectively. When allowed to warm to 30 °C, 2 reacts affording [Mo(NPh)(PMe3)3(o-(Me3SiN)(NH)C6H4)] (3) over a 1 h period. The X-ray structures of 1 and 3 are reported.
Metabolic correction of fucosidosis lymphoid cells by galaptin-α-L-fucosidase conjugates

Summary To determine if isolated galaptin, an endogenous galactoside-binding lectin, could serve as a transport vehicle of therapeutic agents to cells, galaptin and α -L-fucosidase were coupled using glutaraldehyde. The conjugates were incubated with α -L-fucosidase-deficient, EBV-immortalized lymphoid cells from a fucosidosis patient. Conjugates were effectively bound and internalized by the cells in a lactose inhibitable manner. Internalization of conjugate resulted in the reduced accumulation of α -L-fucosyl-N-acetylglucosaminylasparagine, a glycopeptide that accumulates in cells of fucosidosis patients, to levels found in lymphoid cells from a healthy individual. Thus, galaptin- α -L-fucosidase conjugates may be useful for enzyme replacement therapy of fucosidosis. The concept of using galaptin as a transport vehicle may be applied to the delivery of other compounds to cells bearing galaptin receptors.
Multipole-specific, model-independent, velocity-change spectra of collisionally perturbed 3P1-state 174Yb atoms.

Coherent transient (echo) techniques have been employed in a high-precision study of collisional velocity thermalization in a sample of $(6s6p)^{3}P_{1}$, excited-state, $^{174}\mathrm{Yb}$ atoms perturbed by He or Ar. This work probes the comparative response of aligned and oriented atoms to both depolarizing and to weak, nondepolarizing and/or velocity-changing collisions. By direct inversion of our time-domain echo relaxation data, we also provide a model-independent determination of velocity-change spectra (collision kernels) for nondepolarizing collisions.
Cooperative learning and critical thinking

(1995). Cooperative learning and critical thinking. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 7-9.
Microstructural stability of nanostructured Cu alloys during high-temperature irradiation

The stability of model nanostructured Cu90Mo10 and Cu90W10 alloys during irradiation with 1.8 MeV Kr+ at very high temperatures was investigated. Significant coarsening occurs only above ∼0.6Tm in Cu90Mo10 and ∼0.8Tm in Cu90W10 (Tm is the melting point of Cu). Below these temperatures, nanoprecipitates nucleate and grow to a saturation diameter of ∼4 nm. These very small nanoprecipitates confer remarkable microstructural stability, with the Cu grain size remaining below 40 nm. Computer simulations help to explain why these nanostructures are so stable.
Overview Of Advances In Light Sources

Current efforts at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to improve the operational efficiency of fluorescent lamps are based upon novel techniques intended to reduce internal resonance radiative transport losses. Such losses have been associated with "entrapment" of resonance radiation in the optically thick positive column of the mercury vapor discharge. Two promising techniques for entrapment reduction are provided respectively to selective mercury isotope enrichment and by the broadening of the hyper-fine structure (hfs) of the resonance line X2537 via the Zeeman effect. These techniques have, thus far, led to fluorescent lamp UV production efficiency enhancements, respectively of about 6.8% and 7%. Additional efforts to improve HID sources are in progress. Interesting metallic halides have been combined with electrodeless arc technology to produce a laboratory discharge system operating with an efficacy exceeding 170 lumens per watt, and a color rendering index (CRI) of 52.
First report of gastrocotylinean post-oncomiracidia (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea: Heteronchoinea) on gills of flyingfish (Exocoetidae), snapper (Lutjanidae), dolphinfish (Coryphaenidae), and amberjack (Carangidae) from the Gulf of Mexico: Decoy hosts and the dilution effect

Larvae, identified as post-oncomiracidia of the suborder Gastrocotylinea (Monogenoidea), were collected from formalin-fixed gills excised from six species of marine fishes captured from the Gulf of Mexico off Mississippi and Florida: common dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus and pompano dolphinfish, Coryphaena equiselis (both Perciformes, Coryphaenidae); gray snapper, Lutjanus griseus (Perciformes, Lutjanidae); greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Perciformes, Carangidae); and Atlantic flyingfish, Cheilopogon melanurus and sailfin flyingfish, Parexocoetus hillianus (both Beloniformes and Exocoetidae). Based on a combination of diagnostic morphological features, the specimens were divided into two basic forms, each of which was further subdivided into two morphotypes. No gastrocotylinean post-oncomiracidium had been reported previously from these hosts. Of the six host species, only C. hippurus serves as a host (unconfirmed) for the adult of a gastrocotylinean species, suggesting that the recorded fishes from the Gulf of Mexico comprise dead-end hosts acting as decoys for the oncomiracidia. These comparatively non-susceptible “decoy hosts” apparently dilute the susceptible fish-host population and by intercepting infective larvae (oncomiracidia) decrease the abundance of parasites on their typical hosts.
Faculty Perspectives of Undergraduate Chemistry Laboratory:: Goals and Obstacles to Success

Faculty perspectives of the undergraduate chemistry laboratory were the focus of a study to articulate the goals, strategies, and assessments used in undergraduate teaching laboratories. Data were collected via semistructured interviews with faculty (N = 22) from community colleges, liberal arts colleges, comprehensive universities, and research institutions engaged in teaching or supervising undergraduate laboratories. The goals for general chemistry, organic chemistry, and upper-division laboratories are described and compared among faculty who have received NSF-CCLI (now called NSF-TUES) grants to implement changes in laboratory and those who have not. Problems and limitations to success in laboratory are also reported, and the impact of these obstacles on student achievement and laboratory curricula is discussed.
Application of the method of incremental coefficients (MIC) algorithm to inertial systems

Detection of two of the most dominant errors in an inertial navigation system, the schulering and the earth-rate error components, are studied using the Kalman filtering technique. Dynamics of the inertial system are modelled by a combination of two coupled oscillators subjected to additive noise, by using the state variables method, contrary to the technique used in the literature using equations of classical mechanics. In this paper the utilization of the method of incremental coefficients (MIC) algorithm is presented. The variance equation (appearing in the filter) is given by the differential equation in P 12(t, t 0). (The matrices P ij (t, t 0) belong to the MIC algorithm) ; and it was solved by the semi-group property of this algorithm. Both schemes, non-adaptive and adaptive, from an accuracy standpoint are simulated. It is shown that using an adaptive filter approach, the Kalman filter is able to filter out the schulering and the earth-rate oscillations to an acceptable level. The controllability ...
Laparoscopic ultrasound as the primary method for bile duct imaging during cholecystectomy.

Background Intraoperative fluorocholangiography (IOC) has been the standard method for bile duct imaging during cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) has been evaluated as a possible alternative, but has been used less frequently. The authors examined the evolving use of these two methods to assess the relative utility of LUS as the primary method for routine bile duct imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).
Addressing the silence in the noise: how abortion support talklines meet some women's needs for non-political discussion of their experiences.

Abortion is a frequent topic in political discourse, but few opportunities are available for women to discuss their complex emotions and experiences concerning abortion. Popular belief holds that many women need “counseling” about their decision to have an abortion, but little systematic after-abortion emotional care is available. The authors of this study conducted semi-structured interviews (N = 7) and focus groups (N = 2; 13 participants) with staff members and volunteer counselors at four abortion support talklines between February 2009 and March 2010 for their insights into the post-abortion needs of callers. The authors found evidence that some women needed a space devoid of politics for processing their experience and emotions over time. Talklines begin to meet these needs, especially the episodic processing needs of women experiencing emotional difficulty at any time after an abortion. However, some mental health needs are still unmet, including those among women experiencing emotional difficulty ...
Hindsight Distortion and the 1980 Presidential Election

The tendency for people retrospectively to overestimate the degree to which they expected certain events to occur was examined within the context of the 1980 presidential election. Previous research has concluded that distorted hindsight occurs due to people's inability to reconstruct prior probabilities for an event after it has occurred, but the possible mediation of motivational factors, specifically self-esteem and self-presentation, has not been adequately examined. Subjects were asked either before or after the 1980 presidential election, and under public or private response conditions, to predict the outcome of the election (preelection) or to indicate what they would have predicted the outcome to be had they been asked before the election (postelection). In addition, subjects were classified as being either high or low in ego involvement regarding knowledge of politics. Results showed clear evidence of hindsight distortion: Subjects asked after the election said they woud have predicted an outcome...
The event-driven paradigm for control, communication and optimization

The event-driven paradigm offers an alternative to the time-driven paradigm for modelling, sampling, estimation, control and optimization. This has come about largely as a consequence of systems being increasingly networked, wireless and consisting of distributed communicating components. The key idea is that control actions need not be dictated by time steps taken by a “clock”; rather, an action should be triggered by an “event” which may be a well-defined condition on the system state, including the possibility of a simple time step, or a random state transition. We provide an overview of recent developments in event-driven approaches and focus on two areas to illustrate their value. First, in distributed systems, we describe how event-driven, rather than synchronous, communication can guarantee convergence in cooperative distributed optimization while provably maintaining optimality. Second, in hybrid systems where events naturally decompose state trajectories into different discrete states (modes), we...
Changes in the DNase I sensitivity of DNA sequences within the yeast 2 μm plasmid nucleoprotein complex effected by plasmid-encoded products

We examined the effect of plasmid-encoded gene products on two DNase-I-sensitive regions of DNA in the yeast 2 micron plasmid nucleoprotein complex. For these studies, each sensitive region was cloned into an appropriate vector, and the chimeric plasmids were transformed into yeast. Nucleoprotein complexes of the chimeric plasmids were partially purified and tested for sensitivity to DNase I digestion. One sensitive region is between the 3' end of the 2 micron plasmid coding region D and the plasmid REP3 locus. This region was more sensitive and exhibited a different cleavage pattern when purified from a yeast strain containing endogenous 2 micron plasmid copies than when purified from a yeast strain lacking plasmid copies. Examination of the effect of individual gene products and combinations of the various gene products revealed that the plasmid's REP1, REP2 and D loci were all necessary to restore the pattern to that found in the preparation containing endogenous 2 micron plasmid copies. The other sensitive region studied brackets the binding site of the plasmid-encoded FLP protein, which catalyzes site-specific recombination between the 2 micron plasmid's inverted repeated sequences. In contrast to the first sensitive region examined, the sensitive region in the inverted repeat was less sensitive in chimeric plasmids isolated from a yeast strain containing endogenous 2 micron plasmid copies than from one lacking endogenous copies. Presumably, this protection results from the binding of the FLP protein.
Intrinsic conductivity of objects having arbitrary shape and conductivity.

We study the electrical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of a dispersion of randomly oriented and positioned particle inclusions having common shape and conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}$, suspended in an isotropic homogeneous matrix of conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}$. For this problem, the mixture conductivity is a scalar and we concentrate on the leading order concentration virial coefficient, the "intrinsic conductivity" [$\ensuremath{\sigma}$]. Results for [$\ensuremath{\sigma}$] are summarized for limiting cases where there is a large mismatch between the conductivities of the inclusions and the suspending matrix. For a general particle shape, we then treat the more difficult case of arbitrary relative conductivity $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}}$ through the introduction of a Pad\'e approximant that incorporates (exact or numerical) information for [$\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\Delta})$] in the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}^{+}$, and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\approx}1$ limits. Comparison of this approximation for [$\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\Delta})$] to exact and finite element calculations for a variety of particle shapes in two and three dimensions shows excellent agreement over the entire range of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$. This relation should be useful for inferring particle shape and property information from conductivity measurements on dilute particle dispersions. The leading order concentration virial coefficient for other mixture properties (thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, refractive index, shear modulus, bulk modulus, viscosity, etc.) are equally well described by a similar Pad\'e approximant.