cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Prognostic Significance of Frequency and Morphology of Premature Ventricular Complexes during Ambulatory Holter Monitoring

Background: Multiform premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are associated with an adverse prognosis in patients with structural heart disease. Very frequent PVCs are associated with ventricular dysfunction. Our hypothesis is that multiform PVCs confer an adverse prognosis in the general population. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients ≥18 years old referred to our institution for 24-hour ambulatory Holter monitoring between July 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009. Holters without PVCs or with more frequent ectopy (couplets, triplets, or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia) were excluded. Clinical and adverse event (AE) data (“major adverse cardiovascular event” or new/worsening heart failure) were gathered from chart review. Data was analyzed by PVC frequency (rare, occasional, or frequent) and pattern (uniform or multiform). Results: A total of 222 patients (43% male, mean age: 55 ± 16 years) were evaluated (median follow-up 2.3 years [IQR: 2.0–2.6]). Median frequency was 2 PVCs per hour (IQR: 1–13). Multiform PVCs were noted in 48%. Patients with multiform PVCs were older, and had a higher prevalence of comorbidities. Thirty-nine AE were noted. Patients with an AE were younger, had a higher prevalence of HTN, diabetes, CAD, CHF, and previous MI. The multiform group had a higher incidence of AE (28%) compared to the uniform group (8%) (P < 0.001). Increasing PVC frequency was associated with a higher incidence of AE (8% vs 24% vs 35%, respectively). In Cox regression analyses, the multiform pattern but not frequency predicted AE. Conclusions: Multiform PVCs were associated with a 4-fold increase in AE in patients referred for ambulatory Holter monitoring. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2013;18(2):118–125 multiform; ventricular; premature; prognosis
Adolescent development of inhibition as a function of SES and gender: Converging evidence from behavior and fMRI

The ability to adaptively inhibit responses to tempting/distracting stimuli in the pursuit of goals is an essential set of skills necessary for adult competence and wellbeing. These inhibitory capacities develop throughout childhood, with growing evidence of important maturational changes occurring in adolescence. There also has been intense interest in the role of social adversity on the development of executive function, including inhibitory control. We hypothesized that the onset of adolescence could be a time of particular opportunity/vulnerability in the development of inhibition due to the large degree of maturational changes in neural systems involved in regulatory control. We investigated this hypothesis in a longitudinal study of adolescents by examining the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on the maturation of inhibition and concurrent brain function. Furthermore, we examined gender as a potential moderator of this relationship, given evidence of gender-specificity in the developmental pathways of inhibition as well as sex differences in adolescent development. Results reveal that lower SES is associated with worse behavioral inhibition over time and a concurrent increase in anterior cingulate (ACC) activation, but only in girls. We also found that lower SES girls exhibited decreased ACC ↔ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) coupling over time. Our findings suggest that female adolescents with lower SES appear to develop less efficient inhibitory processing in dlPFC, requiring greater and relatively unsuccessful compensatory recruitment of ACC. In summary, the present study provides a novel window into the neural mechanisms by which the influence of SES on inhibition may be transmitted during adolescence.
The compatible balancing approach to initialization, and four-dimensional data assimilation

We present an attempt at a unified theoretical approach to both the four-dimensional assimilation of asynoptic data and the initialization problem. This approach relies on the derivation of certain relationships between geopotential tendencies and tendencies of the horizontal velocity field in primitive-equation models of atmospheric flow. The approach is worked out and analyzed in detail for some simple barotropic models. Certain independent results of numerical experiments for the time-continuous assimilation of real asynoptic meterological data into a complex, baroclinic weather prediction model are discussed in the context of the present approach. Tentative inferences are drawn for practical assimilation procedures. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00947.x
Failure of gastric inhibitory polypeptide to inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion in vagotomized human subjects.

Five vagotomized male subjects were given graded doses of pentagastrin without and with a background infusion of 2 μg/kg/hr of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). An insulin infusion test (0.1 units/kg/hr) showed that the vagotomies were complete. GIP infusion failed to inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated acid and pepsin secretion even though plasma GIP concentration reached a plateau much higher than that measured after ingestion of a meal. We conclude that GIP does not inhibit pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion in vagotomized human subjects.
Spinal involvement in mucopolysaccharidoses: a review.

Background Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) represent a group of inheritable lysosomal storage diseases caused by mutations in the genes coding for enzymes involved in catabolism of different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They are clinically heterogeneous multisystemic diseases, often involving the spine. Bony abnormalities of the spine included in the so-called dysostosis multiplex and GAG deposits in the dura mater and supporting ligaments can result in spinal cord compression, which can lead to compressive myelopathy. Spinal involvement is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in some MPS (e.g., MPS IVA, VI, and I), and early radiological diagnosis is critical in preventing or arresting neurological deterioration and loss of function.
Glucoprivic responsivity after insulin in hypodipsic and in water deficit rats.

Abstract Long Evans rate were made acutely hypodipsic through quinine adulteration of their water supply, and they ate normally in response to 2, 4 and 6 unit insulin injections. Other subjects were made chronically hypodipsic through adulteration; and while their glucoprivic feeding was lowered absolutely, it remained relatively elevated over their control session intake. These data indicate that subjects with reduced drinking abilities can respond to the insulin-induced glucoprivic challenge and that hydrational factors apparently do not serve as critical confounds in brain lesion investigations into the glucoprivic feeding response.
Principles of broad-band coherent imaging

The combination of broad-band illumination and coherent (synchronous) detection techniques provides a means by which imaging systems can derive added object information and consequently enhance their resolution. In this paper a unified theory of coherent imaging or holography with broad-band illumination is developed in terms of the temporal impulse response, the spectral frequency response, and cross-correlation imaging with noise illumination of the object. The equivalence of these three methods is established and their resolution capabilities in the imaging of one- and two-dimensional nondispersive objects is determined. The resolution is shown to be dependent on bandwidth and geometry. The advantages of broad-band illumination over monochromatic illumination are also discussed.
SIMPLE OBJECTIVE CRITERIA IDENTIFY INFANTS AT LOW RISK (LR) FOR BACTERIAL DISEASE (BD) AMONG INFANTS <3MO WITH SUSPECTED SEPSIS

Serious BD in febrile infants <3mo is difficult to exclude on clinical grounds. In most medical centers such infants are hospitalized and treated with broad spectrum antibiotics despite cost and iatrogenic risk. The purpose of this prospective study was to test the ability of simple, objective criteria to identify infants at LR for BD.
Postoperative outcome of patients with narcolepsy. A retrospective analysis

Abstract Study Objective To determine the postoperative outcome of narcolepsy patients, a population that may be at increased risk of perioperative complications, including postoperative hypersomnia, prolonged emergence after general anesthesia, and apnea. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Academic medical center. Measurements The perioperative outcome of pharmacologically treated narcolepsy patients, diagnosed at the Mayo Clinic sleep laboratory between January 1, 1965, and December 31, 2001, was studied. A total of 37 narcolepsy patients was identified. Charts were reviewed for the following perioperative (intraoperative time plus recovery room time) events: time for extubation, duration of stay in the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU), and duration of stay in the hospital. Furthermore, any of the following complications were noted: electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, postoperative nausea and vomiting, hypotension, subjective reports of pain, decreasing oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) levels, respiratory complications, postoperative fever, agitation in the PACU, and hypersomnolence in PACU. In addition, patient hospital stay and major morbidity and mortality during hospital stay were recorded. Main Results Ten patients pharmacologically treated for their narcolepsy symptoms that underwent 27 noncardiac surgical procedures under general anesthesia. We found no evidence that the pharmacologically treated narcolepsy patients were at any increased risk for perioperative complications. Furthermore, their time for endotracheal extubation, length of stay in the PACU and hospital did not differ from nonnarcolepsy patients. Conclusion Pharmacological therapy for narcolepsy should be continued during the perioperative period. In addition, treated narcolepsy patients are at no increased risk for postoperative complications.
Flow Control for Wind Turbine Airfoil

The flow over a NREL S822 wind turbine airfoil was simulated for a chord Reynolds number of 100,000 and an angle of attack of 5deg. These conditions approximately match the blade element conditions at 80% radius of a 2m diameter turbine operating at 300rpm. A simulation of the uncontrolled flow with steady approach flow conditions shows boundary layer separation on the suction side which is consistent with University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign experimental data. Active flow control has the potential to locally (and on demand) reduce the unsteady loads on individual turbine blades during non-nominal operation, thereby increasing turbine life. In addition, flow control may help lower the cut-in wind speed. Unsteady flow control for reducing the suction side separation using pulsed vortex generator jets, flip-flop jets, and plasma actuators were evaluated. It was found that very low actuation amplitudes were already sufficient for eliminating the suction side separation. The high effectiveness and efficiency is traced back to hydrodynamic instabilities that lead to a downstream growth of the forced disturbances. Too high actuator amplitudes resulted in early disturbance saturation which made the control inefficient.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Nonspecificity of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Test: Positive Reactions with Polynucleotides and Proteins

A positive limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test has been considered specific for the presence of bacterial endotoxins. The present studies indicated that a variety of compounds such as thrombin, thromboplastin, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly (I) poly (C) ], polyriboadenylic-polyribouridylic acid [poly (A) poly (U) ] and ribonuclease all resulted in a positive LAL test. In addition, two other pyrogenic compounds, human leukocytic pyrogen and dextrans, reacted negatively in this assay. When bacterial endotoxins are known to be present, the LAL test remains the most sensitive assay for their measurement. However, it is essential to take the nonspecificity of the reaction into account when interpreting positive LAL tests of unknown solutions.
Generic topology mapping strategies for large-scale parallel architectures

The steadily increasing number of nodes in high-performance computing systems and the technology and power constraints lead to sparse network topologies. Efficient mapping of application communication patterns to the network topology gains importance as systems grow to petascale and beyond. Such mapping is supported in parallel programming frameworks such as MPI, but is often not well implemented. We show that the topology mapping problem is NP-complete and analyze and compare different practical topology mapping heuristics. We demonstrate an efficient and fast new heuristic which is based on graph similarity and show its utility with application communication patterns on real topologies. Our mapping strategies support heterogeneous networks and show significant reduction of congestion on torus, fat-tree, and the PERCS network topologies, for irregular communication patterns. We also demonstrate that the benefit of topology mapping grows with the network size and show how our algorithms can be used in a practical setting to optimize communication performance. Our efficient topology mapping strategies are shown to reduce network congestion by up to 80%, reduce average dilation by up to 50%, and improve benchmarked communication performance by 18%.
Optimized Gaussian basis sets for use with relativistic effective (core) potentials: K, Ca, Ga—Kr

Balanced atomic basis sets, at the double-zeta level with d functions, have been developed for the elements Li-Ar within the relativistic effective core potential procedure.The number of primitive functions, their orbital exponents, and the number of contractions were chosen for use in both Hartree-Fock and correlated calculations. Spin-orbit splittings have been obtained using the approximate operator corresponding to relativistic effective potentials and are compared with experimental values
George S. Eisenbarth: insulin and type 1 diabetes.

George S. Eisenbarth, MD, PhD, could be considered a natural conduit in the research of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the fields of endocrinology and immunology. His recognition of T1D as a chronic autoimmune disease has advanced the field toward prediction, prevention, and clinical trials. His focus on insulin as the key autoantigen in islet autoimmunity unraveled the molecular basis of the insulin autoimmune response, leading to experimental antigen-specific therapies that are presently approaching clinical translation and represent a model approach for the treatment of human T1D and other autoimmune diseases. George Eisenbarth was born in 1947, in Brooklyn, New York, to a working-class family of German ancestry. He graduated from Grover Cleveland High School in 1965 and won a Pulitzer Scholarship to Columbia University in New York City. His father feared the scholarship was some sort of scam that would not fully cover tuition, and he had to be convinced to let Eisenbarth enter the program. Eisenbarth obtained a BA degree from Columbia in 1969, followed by his PhD (Physiology-Pharmacology, 1974) and MD (1975) degrees from Duke University Medical School. As a PhD-MD student, Eisenbarth worked under the mentorship of Dr. Harold Lebovitz. According to Dr. Lebovitz, once Eisenbarth joined his laboratory, everyone else started working for him! Eisenbarth did not become a leader over time, he always was one. Dr. Eisenbarth married his wife Frieda, and they had two children, Stephanie and Stephen, who are both successful in their careers. Nothing gave him more pride than his daughter becoming an immunologist and a productive researcher at Yale University. He was a loving husband, caring father, and proud grandfather. His treasures were family, friends, and his work. Always kind and polite, he was loved and respected by all who knew him and by the many he touched. Gifted with …
The absorption of electrons in atomic oxygen

Abstract A detailed description is given of the energy degradation of energetic electrons absorbed in a weakly ionized gas of atomic oxygen that takes account of the discreteness of the energy losses through excitation. Graphs are constructed of the numbers of excitations to the various excited levels and of the numbers of ionizations that are produced when an energetic electron is absorbed in a gas with fractional ionization ranging from 10−6 to 10−2. The results are briefly applied to atmospheric phenomena.
Hepatocyte growth factor enhances intestinal mucosal cell function and mass in vivo

Abstract Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), originally known to stimulate hepatocyte DNA synthesis, recently has been shown to enhance growth of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. However, there have been no studies on the effect of HGF on the function of intestinal epithelial cells in vivo. This study was designed to examine the effect of systemically administrated HGF on intestinal epithelial cell mass and function. Twenty young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent placement of jugular venous catheters connected to subcutaneously placed osmotic minipumps. The rats were divided into four groups based on the contents in the osmotic pump: Group 1 (control, n=5), normal saline; Group 2 (n = 5), HGF 75 μg/kg/d; Group 3 (n = 5), HGF 150 μg/kg/d; and Group 4 (n = 5), HGF 300 μg/kg/d. After a 14 day infusion, [C 14 ] galactose and [C 14 ] glycine absorption were measured in a 10-cm segment of mid small intestine using an in vivo closed-recirculation technique. Mucosal DNA content and protein content of the same small bowel segment were determined for each group. With all three doses, HGF significantly increased DNA content ( P P P P P
Evidence for a seasonal variation in the ability of exogenous melatonin to suppress prolactin secretion in the mare

Abstract In seasonally breeding species photoperiodic information is thought to be conveyed to the reproductive and prolactin axis via changes in circulating concentrations of melatonin. For some species, a constant melatonin stimulus is perceived as a short day, whereas in others no photoperiodic information is provided. In the mare, a preliminary study demonstrated that constant administration of melatonin did not modify prolactin secretion, suggesting that this treatment regimen failed to provide photoperiodic information. To further investigate this proposal and to investigate an alternative explanation, namely a seasonal variation in response to melatonin, 4 experiments were performed. In experiments 1–3, the effects of constant administration of melatonin on prolactin secretion were investigated. In each study the time of treatment initiation varied beginning before the summer solstice, (May 9; Exp. 1), at the autumnal equinox (Sept. 21; Exp. 2) or the winter solstice (Dec. 21; Exp. 3). In Experiment 4, melatonin was administered as a timed daily injection (5 PM) for 6 months, beginning at the summer solstice (June 21). Constantly elevated physiological concentrations of melatonin (expts. 1–3) and an extended nighttime elevation of melatonin (exp. 4) suppressed prolactin concentrations only during the spring and early summer months (April–August). At other times during the year prolactin concentrations were similar to untreated mares. In the presence of a continuous melatonin implant the circannual rhythm of prolactin secretion was not disturbed. The results suggest that the prolactin axis of the mare is sensitive to an inhibitory melatonin signal during a restricted period of time and that at other times is refractory to this signal.
A General Statistical Model for Multifactorial Inheritance of Discontinuous Traits

A general statistical model for the analysis of ordered discrete phenotypes given a multifactorial mode of inheritance is outlined. This model can be applied to give (i) components of variance and covariance for various genetic and environmental effects that are eatimable from the genetic sampling design, (ii) a factor analysis structure, and (iii) regression estimates for description of the relationship among the genetic and environmental factors.
Point-spread function modeling for the James Webb Space Telescope

We describe software which models the Point Spread Function of the James Webb Space Telescope. The software is designed to be expandable to incorporate optical and instrument data as they become available. An initial model of the detector used in the Near Infra-red Camera has been used to generate realistic stellar images.
Experimental Study of Chaotic Vibrations in a Pin-Jointed Space Truss Structure

In this paper, the dynamics of a pin-jointed space truss structure is studied. Experimental results demonstrated that the response of the truss, under sinusoidal excitation, exhibited broad-band, chaotic-like vibrations. It is believed that very small gaps in the joints create nonlinearities that lead to the chaos. When a tension cable was added to place the structure under compressive loads, the level of chaos was reduced. Numerical simulation of the truss dynamics including small gaps in the truss joints also showed similar chaotic behavior. ARGE practical space frame structures are often con- structed from individual truss elements with pin joints. Also, in some planned space experiments deployable structures will be used. 1'2 In either case, small play or looseness in the joints represent nonlinear departures from ideal pin jointed structures or welded frame structures. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of an actual pin jointed truss on the dynamic response of a multibay space truss structure. It was our suspicion that small amounts of play in the joints could lead to chaotic dynamics in the response of the structure under periodic excitation. Chaotic dynamics in actual space structures might make it difficult to design active control system to damp out transient dynamics. A second goal of this study was to see if internal stresses applied through a tension cable could reduce the pin-related nonlinearities and eliminate the chaotic dynamics. The results of both studies lead us to believe that pin-con- nected trusses can behave quite chaotically under periodic forcing and that internal compressive loads may partially quench this chaotic behavior under low enough forcing. Nu- merical simulation for trusses having loose joints was also carried out to verify some of our experimental results. The Structure The structure which was tested in our laboratory is a 3.5 meter long 3-D truss with 16 bays, built with aluminum rods. The aluminum rods have a diameter of 0.476 cm (3/16 in) and have yield and ultimate stresses of 324 and 468 x 10 6 N/m2, respectively. The Young's modulus is 73.0 x 10 9 N/m2 (10.6 x 10 6 psi), and the density is 2.77 gram/cm3 (0.1 lb/in.3). The structure is shown in Fig. 1, where the diagonal members on the front side were not drawn for the purpose of clarity. The cross section of the structure is triangular consisting of three equal-length rods of 22.2 cm (8.75 in.). The bay length is also 22.2 cm.
One witch, two dogs, and a game of ninepins: Cervantes' use of renaissance dialectic in thecoloquio de los perros

The best and best-known of Cervantes'Exemplary Novels, The Colloquy of Dogs, is also the most difficult yet most rewarding. Exploiting a humanist poetics grounded in the classical tradition of rhetorical dialectic and colloquy and imitating Erasmus'sPraise of Folly, Cervantes makes human nature and the human use of reason problematic by raising questions and paradoxes about them. In such a work, built through many layers of narration and dialogue, the meaning finally rests with the reader (as, mutatis mutandis, in the dialogues of Plato) whose job it is to determine reading and so at last stabilize the text. In this way,The Colloquy of Dogs not only teaches the reader but puts the lessons of the colloquy to an immediate test and into immediate action.
Rosmarinic acid production in perfused Anchusa officinalis culture: Effect of inoculum size

High cell density and rosmarinic acid (RA) productivity have been achieved by applying periodic culture perfusion to the Anchusa officinalis cell suspension. In this study, the effect of inoculum size on cell growth and RA productivity in the perfused Anchusa culture was investigated. Experimental results showed that RA productivity increased with the inoculum size, up to 4 g dry weight/L. Further increases in the inoculum size did not yield a higher RA productivity regardless of culture perfusion. Moreover, the maximum cell concentration was not affected by the inoculum sizes, from 1 to 11 g dry weight/L. Cell crowding, indicated by high culture packed cell volumes, is believed to be the predominant cause of low productivity in perfused cultures with high inoculum sizes.
Charm Spectroscopy via Electron-Positron Annihilation

Electron-positron annihilation should be a rich source of charmed hadrons. The search for invariant-mass peaks together with the measurement of recoil-mass spectra is a technique that recently has borne fruit at SPEAR. We show how this technique may reveal the existence of the charmed baryons and of the excited states of the charmed mesons.
Antisence RNA inhibits expression of membrane skeleton protein 4.1 during embryonic development of xenopus

Abstract Plasmids expressing partial-length sense or antisense protein 4.1 RNA were microinjected into fertilized Xenopus eggs. Nuclease protection assays reveal that antisense protein 4.1 RNA leads to the specific loss of endogenous protein 4.1 transcripts after midblastula transition, with no effect on the levels of three unrelated transcripts. As a control, we show that this dramatic loss of endogenous protein 4.1 transcripts is blocked when fertilized eggs receive a second injection of plasmids that express partial-length sense protein 4.1 RNA. Immunocytochemistry of tadpole embryos with antibodies monospecific for protein 4.1 demonstrates that the antisense protein 4.1 RNA blocks the normal expression of protein 4.1 in embryos and interferes with the normal interdigitation of the photoreceptor outer segments with the pigment epithelium layer in the retina. These data suggest that reduced expression of a single membrane skeleton protein is sufficient to perturb normal cellular interactions of the retina.
Phosphoryl stretching frequencies of some tris para-substituted phenylphosphine oxides

Abstract The i.r. and Raman spectra of the series (4—XC6H4)3PO with X = H, Cl, F, CF3, CH3, C2H5, and OCH3 have been recorded and the phosphoryl stretching frequencies are assigned. The order of the frequencies is found to correlate with the order of the Hammett σ values. The substituent effect is interpreted in terms of changes in the oxygen to phosphorus Π back-bonding.
The basis of current and future therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Summary The majority of patients with IBD can be managed with currently available therapy, but the currently available agents do not seem to alter the natural history of the disease. An explosion of information about the immune system and the mediators of inflammation has now generated a host of new strategies that will likely benefit patients with IBD as well as patients with other chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Molecules of the immune system are being harnessed to treat disorders of the immune system. Some of these new concepts and therapies have been discussed here. Some are already in clinical trials, others have yet to be tried. As more specific immune modulators are tested in patients, it is likely that some will be effective in Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis and vice versa, due to, and revealing, the differences in the pathogenesis of these two diseases. The hope is that the application of these new modalities will alter the natural history of these diseases to the benefit of our patients.
Response expectancies and beliefs about hypnosis: another look

The present study found 266 undergraduates' pre-induction beliefs about hypnosis and their self-reported expectation of experiencing hypnosis to correlate with their performance on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (Shor & Orne, 1962). Futhermore, participants tended to label their hypnotic experience (on a 7-point scale employed by Radtke and Spanos, 1982) in a manner consistent with their pre-induction beliefs and expectancies. Finally, the present study showed that pre-induction expectancies about the likelihood of being hypnotized influenced post hoc ratings of participants apart from actual hypnotic performance. Findings are discussed as supporting Kirsch's (1985) expectancy model of hypnosis. Copyright © 1997 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
The occurrence of intramitochondrial granules in nerve cells.

The mitochondria of spinal cord motoneurons of normal rats have been studied and compared with those of animals given 2.5 mg/kg of strychnine sulfate. The mitochondria in the motoneurons of the treated animals exhibited opaque granules in the matrix. Such granules were observed only when calcium chloride was present in the fixing media and were not present in any other component of the nervous tissue of the spinal cord. Granules were not seen in the mitochondria of motoneurons of untreated control animals. The possible function of these granules in nerve cell metabolism is discussed.
Automatic Off-Body Grid Generation for Domains of Arbitrary Size

A fully automatic method for the management and generation of off-body grid systems is presented. The method product is a set of structured uniform Cartesian grids that overset curvilinear near-body grids and extend to the domain far-field boundaries. The order inherent to the method effectively de couples domain size and total number of grid points. Attributes of the method enable efficient moving-body and adaptive grid refinement within the context of overset structured grids. Basic concepts and algorithms of the method are described. The resulting general off-body grid generation scheme is defined. The method is applied to a set of geometrically complex three-dimensional applications including a helicopter dog-fight and an accident involving a military aircraft.
SU‐GG‐T‐612: Quantitative Tools to Assess the Fidelity of Treatment Planning System Commissioning for IMRT

Purpose: Develop tools for quantitative evaluation of beam modeling of focal‐ and extra‐focal radiation in a 3D treatment planning system (3DTPS) for IMRT.Method and Materials: Cross‐beam photon beam characteristics in a convolution/superposition‐based 3DTPS (Pinnacle3) are typically verified by comparing measured and calculated cross beam profiles for a series of field sizes defined by MLC leaf end at various depths. We employed one dimensional gamma analysis, with 1%/1mm criteria, to evaluate each beam profile. Percentage of points failing gamma analyses in high gradient region and low gradient region were respectively calculated as High Gradient Failure (HGF) and Low Gradient Failure (LGF). A mean gamma score (MGS) was also calculated. HGF, LGF and MGS were averaged over all measurement depths for each measurement field size to arrive at a single score for the evaluation of “goodness” of beam modeling. This approach was used to compute leaf‐end‐separation weighted average of HGF, LGF and MGS from all sub‐fields sizes used in clinic for 30 Head & Neck, 30 lung and 30 prostate SMLC‐based IMRT cases for four different effective source sizes ranging from 0.01 cm to 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 cm. Results: HGF, LGF and MGS parameters were used to evaluate the overall performance of beam modeling using different effective source sizes. The results of leaf end separation weighted averages of HGF, LGF and MGS show that the beam modeled with 0.1 cm effective source size gives the best overall performance for clinical IMRT cases planned on Pinnacle3 3DTPS. Conclusion: Quantities such as HGF, LGF and MGS described in this work can prove to be extremely useful tools for clinical physicists commissioning and evaluating photon beam models in 3DTPS.
Healthy older adults have insufficient hip range of motion and plantar flexor strength to walk like healthy young adults

Limited plantar flexor strength and hip extension range of motion (ROM) in older adults are believed to underlie common age-related differences in gait. However, no studies of age-related differences in gait have quantified the percentage of strength and ROM used during gait. We examined peak hip angles, hip torques and plantar flexor torques, and corresponding estimates of functional capacity utilized (FCU), which we define as the percentage of available strength or joint ROM used, in 10 young and 10 older healthy adults walking under self-selected and controlled (slow and fast) conditions. Older adults walked with about 30% smaller hip extension angle, 28% larger hip flexion angle, 34% more hip extensor torque in the slow condition, and 12% less plantar flexor torque in the fast condition than young adults. Older adults had higher FCU than young adults for hip flexion angle (47% vs. 34%) and hip extensor torque (48% vs. 27%). FCUs for plantar flexor torque (both age groups) and hip extension angle (older adults in all conditions; young adults in self-selected gait) were not significantly <100%, and were higher than for other measures examined. Older adults lacked sufficient hip extension ROM to walk with a hip extension angle as large as that of young adults. Similarly, in the fast gait condition older adults lacked the strength to match the plantar flexor torque produced by young adults. This supports the hypothesis that hip extension ROM and plantar flexor strength are limiting factors in gait and contribute to age-related differences in gait.
Optimal design of multi-stage structures: a nested decomposition approach

Abstract A new approach to the optimal design of multi-stage structures is presented. The problem considered is that of optimal sizing and configurations for minimal weight, using limit analysis under a single loading condition. It is formulated as a large-scale linear program with the staircase structure. Using the technique of nested decomposition, design problems too large for conventional methods can be solved. Computational results are reported on examples in planar truss design.
A Creative Process in the Art of Costume Design

An empirical study of the psychology of creativity carried out over a period of more than 20 years has identified a specific creative operation called "homospatial process. " This process has been shown to have an important function in various types of creative activities in the arts and sciences. As defined, the homospatial process consists ofactively conceiving two or more discrete entities occupying the same mentally represented space or spatial location, a conception leading to the articulation of new identities.A technical method for facilitating homospatial thinking in costume design is described. This method involves the use of slide transparencies superimposed on a projection screen from two separate light sources and reproduces the effect of discrete entities occupying the same space. Specific examples demonstrate the feasibiltiy of using such a technique to facilitate the creative process of costume design.
Characterization of the heavily doped emitter and junction regions of silicon solar cells using an electron beam

Heavily doped emitter and junction regions of silicon solar cells are investigated by means of the electron-beam-induced-current (EBIC) technique. Although the experimental EBIC data are collected under three-dimensional conditions, it is analytically demonstrated with two numerical examples that the solutions obtained with one-dimensional numerical modeling are adequate. EBIC data for bare and oxide-covered emitter surfaces are compared with theory. The improvement in collection efficiency when an emitter surface is covered with a 100-A SiO2 film varies with beam energy; for a cell with a junction depth of 0.35 microns, the improvement is about 54 percent at 2 keV.
6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline: Electron microscopic evidence for uptake into the amine-binding vesicles in sympathetic nerves of rat iris and pineal gland

Summary After incubation in a medium containing 6,7-dihydroxytetrahydroisoquinoline, slices of pineal gland and iris from reserpinized rats showed regranulation of a large number of small and large dense core vesicles in sympathetic boutons. The binding of 6,7-dihydroxy-TIQ to small vesicles that normally bind norepinephrine supports the suggestion that this alkaloid may be capable of functioning as a ‘false transmitter’.
An Automatic Acoustic Ray Tracing Computer

An automatic analog device for plotting sound ray trajectories in the ocean, and determining time of travel, is described, The basis of the machine is a small general purpose analog computer with only 17 operational amplifiers. It is capable of plotting long rays, and rays with surface reflections and bottom reflections. Vertical velocity gradients are accommodated, horizontal velocity gradients less conveniently. The machine has been tested and used and is completely successful, being reasonably simple to operate, as accurate as the approximations of the input data allow, and requiring only 10 to 15 minutes to produce a ray diagram from the appropriate oceanographic data. The computation involves the solution of a nonlinear second-order differential equation. The nonlinear oceanographic data are approximated by a series of straight line segments. Each segment is applied to the machine as a potentiometer setting, with automatic switching between the potentiometers. The velocity profile is represented by up to 25 layers of adjustable depth; this number could be increased with little effort. The surface and bottom reflections are automatic.
Major Permian Tectonic Features and Post-Permian Displacements in Western Utah, Nevada, and Southeastern California, as Reflected by Distribution of Permian Riepe Spring Coralline Facies: ABSTRACT

Several facies of the Riepe Spring Limestone and its equivalents in Utah, Nevada, and California have been recognized. The most distinctive is limestone with massive, rugose corals. This facies is interpreted as representing low-energy, shallow-shelf deposition, on the basis of sedimentary characteristics and abundance of algae. Generally eastward, the coralline facies is replaced by dolomite and sandstone representing nearshore, restricted environments of deposition. Westward, higher energy and/or deeper water deposits accumulated. The coralline facies forms a band 15-50 mi wide that extends from southern Idaho to southeastern California. In northeastern Nevada and western Utah, this facies forms an enormous westward-directed loop, where it accumulated around an approxim tely westward-trending axis of restricted environments. In southern Nevada and southeastern California, the coralline facies clearly is offset tens of miles in a right-lateral sense on the Las Vegas shear zone and on the Furnace Creek-Death Valley fault zones. Southeast of the Garlock fault, either facies trends shift directions abruptly, or there has been tens of miles of movement in a left-lateral sense. End_of_Article - Last_Page 807------------
Electrophoretic studies on human hemoglobin in the premature and new-born.

Abstract 1. 1. An electrophoretic study of carbonylhemoglobin derived from cord blood obtained from full-term and premature live human infants from 16 to 48 weeks postconception has shown definitely that a form of hemoglobin is present in the red cells of these infants that differs from normal adult human hemoglobin. 2. 2. Human fetal hemoglobin for the age group between 32 and 48 weeks has an electrophoretic mobility ranging from +0.10 to +0.00 in the pH range 6.94 – 7.00, in potassium phosphate buffer of 0.1 ionic strength. 3. 3. Human fetal hemoglobin differs from human adult hemoglobin also in the effect on electrophoretic mobility of change from carbonylhemoglobin to ferrohemoglobin, the effect on electrophoretic mobility of change in buffer ions, the effect of caprylate ion in producing a colorless constituent, and the number of components of the globin obtained on removal of the heme by acid treatment.
Body tensor formalism in finite deformation elasticity part II: Application to the torsion of a circular cylinder

The formalism of the previous paper is applied to the torsion of a right circular cylinder whose length is prevented from changing by applying a force at the end. The solution of the torsion problem leads to a second order non-linear differential equation which on can linearize and solve to the first two orders in a dimensionless torsion parameter.
A Data-Fidelity Metric for Designing Slow-Light Media

In slow light systems, increasing the delay-bandwidth product also increases distortion. We present a distortion metric that is directly related to data fidelity and can be used to design slow-light media under a bit-error-rate constraint.
Identification of molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide in formate dehydrogenase from Methanobacterium formicicum.

The pterin cofactor in formate dehydrogenase isolated from Methanobacterium formicium is identified as molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide. The pterin, stabilized as the alkylated, dicarboxamidomethyl derivative, is shown to have absorption and chromatographic properties identical to those of the previously characterized authentic compound. Treatment with nucleotide pyrophosphatase produced the expected degradation products GMP and carboxamidomethyl molybdopterin. The molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide released from the enzyme by treatment with 95% dimethyl sulfoxide is shown to be functional in the in vitro reconstitution of the cofactor-deficient nitrate reductase in extracts of the Neurospora crassa nit-1 mutant.
Service level agreements with spectrum consumption models

The forecasted growth of wireless services and applications is driving and being driven by regulatory, technological and economic changes that will create new technical and business models in wireless service provision and spectrum management practices. The efficient use of spectrum via Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) methods will be key in achieving efficient use of spectrum resources in the future. However, the use of DSA methods and the enablement of efficient spectrum sharing interactions between users of spectrum requires that they can define service level agreements (SLAs) that allow the parties in the agreement to document a common understanding of the aspects of spectrum use and the roles and responsibilities of both parties in maintaining compatible spectrum use, along with enforcement mechanisms. This paper focuses on how the use of spectrum consumption models (SCM) supports the negotiation and definition of SLAs. Spectrum consumption modeling attempts to capture spectral, spatial, and temporal consumption of spectrum of any specific transmitter, receiver, system, or collection of systems. The information contained in the SCMs enable better spectrum management practices and allows for the identification of spectrum reuse opportunities. The recent addition of a probability element to the modeling approach supports the definition of softer boundaries and the negotiation of SLAs. It allows parties to agree that rare occurrences of interference are permissible. The creation of an SLA would have parties define the SCMs of their spectrum use and iteratively exchange them until the SCMs are assessed as compatible. The SLAs would be further complemented with data indicating conditions for compliance in addition to those implied by the SCMs and agreement to the methods to assess compliance and to obtain remediation.
Acquisition Performance Comparison of Energy Detector and Single-pulse Correlator for UWB Systems

Efficient acquisition is a very challenge task for ultra-wideband (UWB) systems due to the extremely low transmission power of UWB signals. An energy detector (ED) is not only easy to implement in practice but also can combine the multipath energy, which in turn renders a possible gain in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the acquisition algorithm. In this paper, we propose a two-step random search algorithm for the acquisition process. The acquisition performances of single-pulse correlator schemes and ED schemes are analyzed and compared over a common stage. The results show the ED scheme achieves a much faster average acquisition time (AAT) than the single-pulse correlator scheme does under the same false-acquisition rate (FAR) constraint.
Hallucinations in children and adolescents

Clinicians need to consider a wide range of differential diagnoses when children and adolescents present with hallucinations. This includes considering whether it is a developmentally normal phenomenon or if there is a psychiatric, medical, or neurologic diagnosis. Nonpsychotic children with hallucinations can be differentiated from psychotic children. Nonpsychotic children who are at risk (or prodromal) for future psychosis can be differentiated from nonprodromal healthier children. We examine the epidemiology, prognosis, and neurobiological research. Lastly, we discuss treatment approaches, including medication and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Three-dimensional early retinal progenitor 3D tissue constructs derived from human embryonic stem cells.

Abstract Purpose To develop three-dimensional (3D) constructs of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and early retina progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Methods 3D tissue constructs were developed by culturing hESC-derived neural retinal progenitors in a matrix on top of hESC-derived RPE cells in a cell culture insert. An osmolarity gradient maintained the nutrition of the 3D cell constructs. Cross-sections through hESC-derived tissue constructs were characterized by immunohistochemistry for various transcription factors and cell markers. Results hESC-derived tissue constructs expressed transcription factors characteristic of retinal development, such as pax6, Otx2, Chx10, retinal RAX; Brn3b (necessary for differentiation of retinal ganglion cells); and crx and nrl (role in photoreceptor development). Many cells expressed neuronal markers including nestin, beta-tubulin and microtubule-associated proteins. Conclusions This study shows for the first time that 3D early retinal progenitor tissue constructs can be derived from hESCs.
The relative dependence of calcium antagonists and neuroleptics binding to brain and heart receptors on drug lipophilicity

— QSAR analysis of the binding of calcium antagonists to brain and heart tissue shows that relative binding to brain tissue increases with increasing octanol/water partition coefficients. A number of antischizophrenic drugs follow the same pattern.
Biosynthesis of thiamine. Inhibition of thiamine phosphatase activity by pyridoxal.

SummaryThe biosynthesis of thiamine from 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine and 4-methyl-5-(hydroxyethyl) thiazole, or from their pyro-and monophosphate esters respectively, was inhibited by pyridoxal. Pyridoxal was shown to inhibit the conversion of thiamine monophosphate to thiamine by a cell-free enzyme system prepared from baker's yeast.The author wishes to thank Mr. Robert Wei and Mr. Robert Domush for skillful technical assistance in this work, which was supported, in part, by grant AM-08393 from Nat. Inst. of Health, U.S.P.H.S.
Market‐Entry Approaches for Central Europe

It is tempting to think of the countries of Central Europe as one homogeneous region. But their prewar stages of economic development varied greatly, their communistera experience varied significantly, their ethnic and linguistic differences are as great as those between Great Britain and Spain, and the distance between Gdansk in northern Poland and Szeged in southern Hungary is greater than that between Frankfurt and Rome.