cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spherical torus concept as power plants—the ARIES-ST study

Recent experimental achievements and theoretical studies have generated substantial interest in the spherical torus concept. The ARIES-ST study was undertaken as a national US effort to investigate the potential of the spherical tokamak concept as a fusion power plant. This 1000 MWe fusion power plant conceptual design has an aspect ratio of 1.6, a major radius of 3.2 m, a plasma elongation (at 95% flux surface) of 3.4 and triangularity of 0.64. This configuration attains a plasma bT of 50% (which is 90% of theoretical limit). While the plasma current is 28 MA, the almost perfect alignment of bootstrap and equilibrium current density profiles results in a current-drive power of only 28 MW. The on-axis toroidal field of 2.1 T and the peak field at the TF coil of 7.4 T led to 329 MW of Joule losses in the normal-conducting TF system. The power core uses an advanced ‘dual-cooled’ breeding blanket with flowing PbLi breeder and He-cooled ferritic steel structures that can achieve a thermal conversion efficiency of � /45%. The ARIESST study has highlighted many areas where trade-off among physics and engineering systems are critical in determining the optimum regime of operation for ST power plants. # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Deriving input syntactic structure from execution

Program input syntactic structure is essential for a wide range of applications such as test case generation, software debugging and network security. However, such important information is often not available (e.g., most malware programs make use of secret protocols to communicate) or not directly usable by machines (e.g., many programs specify their inputs in plain text or other random formats). Furthermore, many programs claim they accept inputs with a published format, but their implementations actually support a subset or a variant. Based on the observations that input structure is manifested by the way input symbols are used during execution and most programs take input with top-down or bottom-up grammars, we devise two dynamic analyses, one for each grammar category. Our evaluation on a set of real-world programs shows that our technique is able to precisely reverse engineer input syntactic structure from execution.
MEKK1-MKK4-JNK-AP1 pathway negatively regulates Rgs4 expression in colonic smooth muscle cells.

Background Regulator of G-protein Signaling 4 (RGS4) plays an important role in regulating smooth muscle contraction, cardiac development, neural plasticity and psychiatric disorder. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Our recent studies have shown that upregulation of Rgs4 by interleukin (IL)-1β is mediated by the activation of NFκB signaling and modulated by extracellular signal-regulated kinases, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase. Here we investigate the effect of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway on Rgs4 expression in rabbit colonic smooth muscle cells.
Cluster analysis of wind turbines of large wind farm with diffusion distance method

Understanding the dynamics of power output of a wind farm is important for integration of large-scale wind energy. In a large complex dynamic system, such as a wind farm, clustering is a way to reduce the model complexity and improve the understanding of the model dynamics. This study presents a methodology for clustering wind turbines of a wind farm into different groups. A weighted graph is firstly designed to represent the complex relationships between the power outputs of wind turbines. Such graph is used to construct a Markov chain for estimation of the likelihood of wind turbines belonging to the same cluster. The spectral properties of the constructed Markov chain are analyzed to identify the number of clusters, so the elements of each cluster can be identified in a feature space. Theoretical study shows that the proposed methodology can simplify the dynamic model of power output of wind farm without compromising the overall dynamic characteristics of the original system asymptotically. The methodology of clustering is demonstrated and tested based on observations of power output of wind turbines in an actual wind farm. The methodology can be used to simplify controller design, and operation and forecast of wind farm output.
Building Blocks for Personal Brands.

At the 2011 ALA Midwinter Conference, the ACRL New Members Discussion Group presented a panel on “Personal Branding for New Librarians.” Moderated by Bohyun Kim (Florida International University), ...
A rapidly converging technique for vibration analysis of plates with a discrete mass distribution

A technique based on the Galerkin approach has been developed for determination of the natural frequencies of rectangular plates with discrete masses added. The technique is applied to the rectangular plates with simply supported and clamped boundary conditions, but no difficulty exists in applying the same method to the plates of various forms with different boundary conditions. The results of this technique applied to one particular case are compared to a solution obtained by an exact method; the comparison shows the two methods to be in excellent agreement.
Identification of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Putative Classical Nitroreductase Gene Whose Expression Is Coregulated with That of the acr Gene within Macrophages, in Standing versus Shaking Cultures, and under Low Oxygen Conditions

Tuberculosis remains a leading killer worldwide, and new approaches for its treatment and prevention are urgently needed. This effort will benefit greatly from a better understanding of gene regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, particularly with respect to this pathogen's response to its host environment. We examined the behavior of two promoters from the divergently transcribed M. tuberculosis genes acr/hspX/Rv2031c (α-crystallin homolog) and Rv2032/acg (acr-coregulated gene) by using a promoter-GFP fusion assay in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. We found that Rv2032 is a novel macrophage-induced gene whose expression is coregulated with that of acr. Relative levels of intracellular induction for both promoters were significantly affected by shallow standing versus shaking bacterial culture conditions prior to macrophage infection, and both promoters were strongly induced under low oxygen conditions. Deletion analyses showed that DNA sequences within a 43-bp region were required for expression of these promoters under all conditions. Multiple sequence alignment and database searches performed with PROBE indicated that Rv2032 is one of eight M. tuberculosis genes of previously unknown function that belong to an unusual superfamily of classical nitroreductases, which may have a role for bacteria within the host environment. These findings show that mycobacterial culture conditions can greatly influence the results and interpretation of subsequent gene regulation experiments. We propose that these differences might be exploited for dissection of the regulatory factors that affect mycobacterial gene expression within the host.
Genu Recurvatum after Tibial Tuberosity Fracture

Fractures of the tibial tuberosity are infrequent injuries that occur during adolescence. Displaced tibial tuberosity fractures are typically treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Since these fractures occur at or near skeletal maturity, growth disturbances are not seen. This paper presents a case, the first report to our knowledge, of genu recurvatum deformity after open reduction and internal fixation of a tibial tuberosity fracture. A successful treatment plan of tibial tuberosity osteotomy with proximal tibial opening wedge osteotomy was used for the correction of genu recurvatum deformity and to maintain appropriate patellar height. At eighteen-month followup, the deformity remains corrected with satisfactory functional results. This case highlights the importance of recognition of potential complications of fracture management in adolescence.
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID INTAKE AND INCIDENCE OF NON-FATAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION DIFFER BETWEEN COASTAL AND INTERNAL REGIONS OF SAUDI ARABIA

The purpose of this study was to investigate the intake of omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA) in two population groups in Saudi Arabia—one living in the coastal region and one living in the internal region—and to examine the relationship between n-3 FA intakes and non-fatal myocardial infarction and risk factors for heart disease. Sixty elderly men from each region participated. Histories of non-fatal myocardial infarction and heart disease risk factors were collected from medical files. A 24-hour dietary recall and two-day food records were collected. Data were analyzed using student t-test, chi-square, and point-biserial correlation. Total n-3 FA intakes were higher among residents in the coastal than the internal region (P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between n-3 FA intakes and rates of non-fatal myocardial infarction in both the coastal (p<0.01) and internal (P<0.05) regions. We conclude that food consumption patterns of n-3 FA differ by region of the country. Intake of n-3 FA is negatively correl...
A Cellular Automata Modeling Approach for Continuum Elastodynamics

This article details a physics-based Cellular Automata (CA) modeling approach for studying the dynamic response of a solid elastic continuum. The domain of interest is discretized into rectangular cellular automata and a rule set is developed for evolving each cell’s state based on its present state and its neighbors’ states. A cell’s state is comprised of its displacement and velocity components, and its external force. It is shown that the choice of rectangular cells yields discrete equations equivalent to the centered-difference finite difference (FD) approach. However, the discrete equations are arrived at from the ‘bottom up’ using local rules vice ‘top-down’ discretization of global partial differential equations. A further distinction between the two methods concerns the location of stresses and its impact on boundary conditions: the CA approach assigns stresses to the cell faces while the FD approach assigns stress collocated with displacement components at a single node. These differences may provide important perspective on modeling arbitrary geometry with a finite difference-like approach based on cell assembly, similar to finite element analysis. Implementation of the CA paradigm using autonomous, local cells fits naturally with object-oriented programming practices and lends itself readily to distributed computing. Results are provided for an example ground-shock simulation in which a differentiated Gaussian pulse on the surface of a half-space generates the expected pressure, shear, and surface waves. Comparisons to waves computed using a staggered-grid finite difference approach demonstrate very good agreement. In addition, the simulation results suggest that the CA approach may exhibit less ‘ringing’ as waves pass, and more symmetry in left-ward and right-ward moving waves.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Enacting Democracy: Using Forum Theatre to Confront Bullying.

This article describes a curriculum project designed to create opportunities for transformative educational experiences in relation to democratic and social justice ideals. The project used an empowering interactive art form, Forum Theatre, to explore the topic of bullying. Through the development of Forum Theatre scenes by eighth grade students in a social studies classroom in the Northwest, the project delves into the complex work of educators seeking to integrate theory and practice. This project demonstrates that using structured, interactive, meaning-making activities around topics significant to adolescents can provide opportunities for students to practice democracy.
Retrospective analysis of the treatment of acute esophageal food impaction in a community gastroenterology practice

Retrospective analysis of the treatment of acute esophageal food impaction in a community gastroenterology practice
Interleukin-1β Stimulates Ovarian Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) Expression and Activity: Up-Regulation of Both Secretory and Cytosolic PLA21

Interleukin (IL)-1β has been shown to stimulate ovarian prostaglandin biosynthesis. We hypothesized that this effect entails the induction of phospholipase A2 (PLA2). Treatment of cultured whole ovarian dispersates of immature rat origin with IL-1β produced significant increases in [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) release and [3H]prostanoid accumulation as well as increases in cellular PLA2 activity and in secretory PLA2 and cytosolic PLA2 transcripts. Cotreatment with IL-1 receptor antagonist reversed IL-mediated (and basal) release of [3H]labeled AA and prostaglandin products, as well as cellular PLA2 activity. Treatment with IL-1β also promoted a significant decrease in the cellular content of[ 3H]phospholipids (apparently phosphatidylethanolamine but not phosphatidylcholine). These observations establish the ovary as a site of IL-1-dependent sPLA2 and cPLA2 gene expression, document the presence of a possible phosphatidylethanolamine-dependent PLA2 activity in cultured whole ovarian dispersates, reveal the u...
Phase transition in a directed traffic flow network

The generic feature of traffic in a network of flowing electronic data packets is a phase transition from a stationary free-flow phase to a continuously growing congested nonstationary phase. In the most simple network of directed oriented square lattice we have been able to observe all crucial features of such flow systems having nontrivial critical behavior near the critical point of transition. The network here is in the shape of a square lattice and data packets are randomly posted with a rate $\ensuremath{\rho}$ at one side of the lattice. Each packet executes a directed diffusive motion toward the opposite boundary where it is delivered. Packets accumulated at a particular node form a queue and a maximum of $m$ such packets randomly jump out of this node at every time step to its neighbors on a first-in-first-out basis. The phase transition occurs at ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}=m$. The distribution of travel times through the system is found to have a log-normal behavior and the power spectrum of the load time series shows $1∕f$-like noise similar to the scenario of Internet traffic.
Critical Damping in Linear Discrete Dynamic Systems

Abstract : Free viscously damped vibrations of linear discrete structural systems are studied. The amount of damping varies among the various structural elements of the system resulting in several critical damping possibilities. A general method is developed for determining the critical damping surfaces of a system. These surfaces represent the loci of combinations of damping values corresponding to critically damped motions, and thus separate regions of partial or complete underdamping for those of overdamping. The dimension of a critical damping surface is equal to the number of independent amounts of damping present in the system. The determination of the surface point corresponding to equal amounts of damping is considerably simplified for systems which, on the assumption that all amounts of damping are equal, possess a damping matrix of the Rayleigh type. Three examples presented in detail illustrate the proposed technique and some of the important characteristics of critical damping surfaces. (Author)
Fast All-Optical Memory and Switching with Mode-Locked Quantum Dot Lasers

We investigate the wavelength switching properties of a bistable two-section quantum-dot diode laser. The switching time is about 150 ps, which is approximately two round trips times of the laser.
Fundamentals of nanoscale polymer-protein interactions and potential contributions to solid-state nanobioarrays.

Protein adsorption onto polymer surfaces is a very complex, ubiquitous, and integrated process, impacting essential areas of food processing and packaging, health devices, diagnostic tools, and medical products. The nature of protein–surface interactions is becoming much more complicated with continuous efforts toward miniaturization, especially for the development of highly compact protein detection and diagnostic devices. A large body of literature reports on protein adsorption from the perspective of ensemble-averaged behavior on macroscopic, chemically homogeneous, polymeric surfaces. However, protein–surface interactions governing the nanoscale size regime may not be effectively inferred from their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. Recently, research efforts have been made to produce periodically arranged, nanoscopic protein patterns on diblock copolymer surfaces solely through self-assembly. Intriguing protein adsorption phenomena are directly probed on the individual biomolecule level fo...
Distribution of nitric oxide synthase‐immunoreactive interneurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus

The spinal trigeminal nucleus is involved in the transmission of orofacial sensory information. Neither the distribution of the neuromessenger, nitric oxide, within the trigeminal system nor the possible relationship of this simple gas with trigeminothalamic neurons has been carefully studied. Using immunocytochemical (against nitric oxide synthase) and histochemical (NADPH-diaphorase staining) techniques, we have found that nitric oxide neurons and processes are more prominent in the nucleus caudalis and the dorsomedial aspect of the nucleus oralis than in other spinal trigeminal regions. To study the relationship of nitric oxide to trigeminothalamic neurons and intertrigeminal interneurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, spinal trigeminal neurons were retrogradely labeled with fluorogold by thalamic injections or by injections into the junction of the nucleus interpolaris and nucleus caudalis. Medullary sections were subsequently processed with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. None of the diaphorase-stained neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus was found to contain fluorogold; however, some diaphorase-stained processes were found in close proximity to trigeminothalamic neurons. Following spinal trigeminal nucleus injections, many diaphorasestained neurons were found to contain fluorogold, especially in the nucleus caudalis, suggesting that nitric oxide-containing neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus are intertrigeminal interneurons. Collectively, these data indicate that nitric oxide is most prominent in interneurons located in nucleus caudalis and that these interneurons give rise to processes that appose trigeminothalamic neurons, raising the possibility that they may indirectly influence orofacial nociceptive processing at the level of the spinal trigeminal nucleus via nitric oxide production. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Establishment and determination of interfacial potetials and stationary phase dielectric constant in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract Salts added to the mobile phase in reversed-phase chromatography are used to established an electrostatic potential difference between mobile phase and stationary phase. This electroastatic potential may be easily measured using k′ values for three solutes that are assumed to be identical except for charge, namely tetraphenylsilane, tetraphenylarsonium cation and tetraphenylborate anion. The same results can be used to measure the stationary phase dielectric constant. Results show a stationary phase dielectric constant of 22. The data strongly suggest a minor influence of ion specific effects, e.g ion exchange and ion pairing. The major effect of the ionic hetaerons employed is the electrostatic potential difference between the mobile phase and the stationary phase. These potentials are more negative than the very approximate theory suggests, reflecting the influence of stationary phase anionic sites.
Governors Make the Grade: Growing Gubernatorial Influence in State Education Policy.

Since the 1970s, American governors have become increasingly active in education politics. Where they once told state education chiefs to “make me the best education governor ever,” they now demand control of state boards of education, push for state control of school funding, and urge statewide standards for teacher evaluation. This article surveys the growth of gubernatorial interest in education in Wisconsin, Ohio, and Florida. It argues that sustained financial pressure on state budgets and widespread calls for educational equity have undercut both school districts and legislatures as effective arbiters of education policy. These twin pressures have forced governors, who have a statewide political constituency and are responsible for the state budget, to accept greater control over education policy.
Cholinergic drugs and 4-aminopyridine alter hypoxic-induced behavioral deficits

To test the hypothesis that decreased acetylcholine (ACh) metabolism during hypoxia is behaviorally important, the effects of cholinergic drugs and 4-aminopyridine, an enhancer of ACh release, were examined in hypoxic mice. Chemical hypoxia (150 mg/kg NaNO2) reduced tight rope test scores from 13.2 +/- 0.2 to 2.8 +/- 0.3. 4-Aminopyridine partially reversed the scores of hypoxic mice (7.3 +/- 0.7). Physostigmine improved performance by hypoxic mice (7.9 +/- 0.4) when it was given before NaNO2 and this effect was blocked by pretreatment with atropine (3.5 +/- 0.4) or mecamylamine (2.4 +/- 0.6). Neostigmine (0.002-0.2 mg/kg) was ineffective. Performance also improved if atropine (7.0 +/- 0.5) or mecamylamine (7.2 +/- 0.5) was given before NaNO2. Nicotine (5.5 +/- 0.7) or the muscarinic agonist arecoline (5.4 +/- 0.5) improved performance when given during the hypoxic episode, and when the drugs were combined, the score was even higher (8.2 +/- 1.0). Neither epinephrine (0.002-2.0 mg/kg) nor norepinephrine (0.00002-2.0 mg/kg) improved performance by hypoxic mice. These results suggest that hypoxia produces a behaviorally important impairment of the cholinergic system perhaps through a primary alteration of acetylcholine release.
Heat Removal and Thermophysical Properties of Biporous Evaporators

This paper presents a study of different biporous evaporators as potential candidates for cooling high-power electronic devices. A biporous evaporator has two characteristic pore size distributions, which due to an enhancement in capillarity and vapor permeability greatly increase the critical heat flux (CHF) of the evaporator. In this work, eleven biporous evaporators are made by sintering together clusters of copper particles. Particles with diameters of 58, 76, 83, and 98μm are sintered into clusters with diameters of 302, 605, and 855μm. Clusters are subsequently sintered into evaporators with constant thickness-to-cluster diameter ratios of 3.3 and 0.32cm2 evaporator area. Finally, they are tested with degassed distilled water at 0.07bar. The highest CHF, 471W/cm2 at 149°C wall temperature and 104°C superheat, is measured for the 855/58 evaporator. A comparison of heat fluxes removed at a constant wall temperature of 125°C for all eleven evaporators shows that the highest heat flux of 388W/cm2 is removed with the 302/83 evaporator. A statistical regression analysis on heat fluxes at 125°C wall temperatures for all evaporators tested yields a correlation that relates the heat fluxes to cluster and particle diameters and is further used to predict a region of particle and cluster diameters with the highest heat flux.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The Ohio Edison Energy Control Center

The Ohio Edison Company is implementing a new Energy Control Center for its System Dispatch Office (SDO) to perform Economic Dispatch and Automatic Generation Control, Data Acquisition and Supervisory Control of its transmission system and Advanced Security Assessment.
Notes On the Behavior of Some North American Gulls. I. Aerial Hostile Behavior

The Ring-billed Gull, the Herring Gull, Franklin's Gull, and Bonaparte's Gull have many hostile aerial behavior patterns, produced by simultaneous activation of the attack and escape drives. Among these patterns are superficially, and probably deceptively, "pure" attack and escape reactions, and a whole host of more obviously ambivalent reactions, including ritualized patterns or displays. The four species seem to have similar repertories of aerial hostility; i.e. most of their aerial hostile patterns appear to be homologous. Many (at least) of the same patterns are found in the european Black-headed Gull and the Little Gull. It is probable, therefore, that the range of aerial hostile behavior is essentially similar in all gulls. This does not mean, however, that there are no minor differences between the repertories of different species. Some species have peculiar patterns all their own; and even the strictly homologous patterns of different species may differ in details of physical form, orientation, frequency, strength of motivation, degree of ritualization, etc. The Ring-billed Gull, for instance, can be distinguished by the relative rarity and simplicity of its aerial reactions. Its only aerial hostile displays are a few calls. The aerial hostility of the Herring Gull is particularly reminiscent of the Ring-bill; and most of its aerial patterns are almost equally rare. The Herring Gull does, however, have several distinctive. display postures. The hooded gulls, as a group, can be distinguished from both the Ring-bill and the Herring Gull by the fact that their aerial reactions are performed much more frequently. They all have numerous aerial hostile displays (including many ritualized movements and postures as well as calls), most of which are apparently threat. Some of these displays are of considerable comparative interest. Some of the aerial hostile displays of Franklin's Gull are peculiar in physical form, and many of them are frequently re-orientated or redirected in a most peculiar fashion; but several of them also show particular, and probably significant, resemblances to certain patterns of such diverse species as the Ring-bill, the Laughing Gull, the Black-headed Gull, and the Little Gull. Some of the aerial hostile displays of Bonaparte's Gull appear to be equally distinctive in physical form, if more conventional in orientation ; but the whole aerial hostility of this species is more like that of the Black-headed Gull and less like that of the other gulls.
Status sense multiple-access (S/sup 2/MA) communication

A new contention-based multi-access protocol, named status sense multiple access (S/sup 2/MA), is introduced. S/sup 2/MA is synchronous TDMA in its framing but it possesses many features of random access. The approach of S/sup 2/MA is geared towards integrating heterogeneous classes of customers over a common broadcast channel. The performance of this protocol with two classes of customers, such as voice and data, is analyzed. Unlike fixed and some moveable-boundary approaches of integrating voice and data, here no slot is wasted, except for possible collision, as long as there is a demand for the slot from either of the two classes. Therefore, the channel utilization efficiency can be very high. >
Standardization of a Scale for the Study of Children's Learning Styles: Structure, Stability, and Criterion Validity.

Conventional approaches to early assessment and intervention for young school children focus primarily upon notions of general intelligence, academic readiness, personality, and perceptual integrity. However, such concepts are grounded largely in hypothetical constructs that provide little information to those carrying out enrichment and remediation programs. Alternatively, the concept of learning style focuses upon the phenomenology of potentially changeable or teachable behaviors manifested in common learning situations. The 16-item Study of Children's Learning Styles rating scale was completed by teachers for 1,513 kindergarten children from diverse community, racial, socioeconomic, and religious backgrounds. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed three distinct styles of learning-related behavior; i.e., Avoidant, Inattentive, and Overly Independent. These dimensions were found to retain substantial internal consistency, as well as retest and interobserver reliability. Learning styles were validated against the criteria of teacher-assigned grades and standardized achievement scores gathered one year later, and were compared to a concurrent measure of general intelligence. Each style was related to other behavioral dimensions not devoted exclusively to the learning process.
Some asymptotic results on bivariate quantile splines

Abstract Nonparametric estimation of conditional quantiles is of fundamental importance in analyzing general regression problems, especially when heteroscedasticity is suspected. Koenker et al. (Biometrika 81, 1994, 673) generalized the classical Koenker–Bassett regression quantiles to provide spline estimators of conditional quantiles when there is a single regressor. Later, He et al. (J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B 60, 1998, 537) generalised this approach to the case of two regressors. Here we consider asymptotic properties of these bivariate quantile splines. A general consistency result is provided for bivariate quantile smoothing splines, and an asymptotic representation yielding asymptotic normality is developed for fixed-knot B-splines. These results provide asymptotic justification for using quantile splines, and the latter results provide a basis for asymptotic inference.
A Survey of Management Training and Education Practices in U.S. Companies.

A survey was systematically developed to assess issues related to management training and education, and it was sent to 1,000 randomly selected U.S. companies with at least 1,000 employees. Based on a 61% response rate, findings were obtained regarding issues such as needs assessment, management training and development approaches, reasons for selecting particular programs, characteristics of participants, how decisions are made regarding who will participate, preparation and follow-up of participants, evaluation of management training programs, future management training trends, and needed training content. Significant findings by company size and industry type also are reported.
Engineering your electrical engineering education

Electrical and computer engineering (ECE) courses are usually structured in such a way to provide the student with the basics to solve problems in the field and then challenge the student with increasingly more difficult problems to effectively stretch those basic problem-solving approaches into more advanced techniques. While most of this problem-solving focus is placed on the technical arena, this is only one part of the educational experience for an ECE student. There are many nontechnical facets to one problem-solving repertoire that require development to become a successful practicing engineer in industry or academia after graduation. This article serves to provide some of these facets in a career-direction informational guide to junior- and senior-level undergraduate students and graduate students early in their ECE career. It also serves as a guide to outline some useful strategies not found in an engineering text to maximize one's educational experience at the undergraduate and graduate levels as well as the transition between them
Improved fitting of radioimmunoassay data by Scatchard analysis.

Abstract We present a model of radioligand binding, based on the approach of Scatchard, that improves the fit of the data to the standard curve by allowing for the presence of radioactivity which cannot be bound by the antibody and using this non-specific binding as an additional fitting parameter. Further, it accounts for the specific activity (mass contribution) of the radioligand. Our procedures aim to: (1) minimize the squared error of the fit rather than to maximize the correlation coefficient; (2) provide assistance in the design and debugging of routine radioimmunoassay data; and (3) help assure the quality of results produced by established assay systems.
INCREASED THERMOGENIC CAPACITY IN BROWN FAT MITOCHONDRIA DURING TUMOR GROWTH IN THE RAT

Abstract Studies in mice indicate that during development of a cancerous tumor, heat production in brown fat becomes augmented. There is disagreement, however, whether the thermogenesis occurs to help maintain body temperature or represents a pathologically induced energy wastage that contributes to cachexia. In the present study, Buffalo rats housed at 24 or 28°C (thermoneutrality) were implanted subcutaneously with the Morris 7777 hepatoma or underwent sham implantation (controls). After two weeks, rats were killed, mitochondria of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) were isolated, and specific binding of GDP was measured as an index of thermogenic status of the tissue. Tumor-bearing rats became hypophagic and had reduced weight gain compared to controls. Mitochondria isolated from tumor rats housed at 24° had GDP binding elevated above controls, indicating there had been greater thermogenic activity. This difference was not evident when rats were housed at 28°. Rats without tumors that were underfed for 4 days also exhibited elevated GDP binding in IBAT when housed at 24°, but not at 28°. Together, these findings suggest that it is the combination of hypophagia and environmental temperature below thermoneutrality that influences BAT thermogenic properties in tumor-bearing animals, to meet the requirements of thermoregulation.
The power function and an approximation for testing variance components in the presence of interaction in two‐way random effects models

In this paper we consider a two-way layout random-effects model with interaction proportional to the product of two random components and derive the distributions of the sums of squares and the F-ratio under the usual normality assumption for the random effects. Approximations to these distributions by finite series Laguerre polynomial expansions are then developed. Some numerical results are given to illustrate the applications of the theory.
Development of a questionnaire to assess health profession students’ knowledge of older adults

Abstract Objective The objectives of this study were twofold: to develop and psychometrically test a questionnaire to measure health profession students' knowledge of aging in older adults and to assess comparative professional geriatric knowledge in pharmacy, nursing, and physician assistant (PA) students. Design An interdisciplinary team of faculty with clinical geriatric expertise and experience in item scale development designed a scale, termed the Geriatric Knowledge Assessment Scale (GKAS), to measure health profession students' geriatric knowledge in the areas of aging disease, physical activity, drug therapy, and nutrition. Upon development of the scale, the psychometric properties of the GKAS were analyzed. The tool was administered to pharmacy, nursing, and PA students in the final semester of their professional education programs. Results A total of 412 students participated in the test and 408 completed the questionnaire with health profession responses as follows: pharmacy students ( n = 159), nursing students ( n = 162), and PA students ( n = 87). PA students scored at a significantly higher level on the GKAS than both pharmacy and nursing students ( p p = 0.05). Overall, 65% of students agreed or strongly agreed on a five-point Likert scale that the gerontological content in their professional education adequately prepared them to address the health care needs of older adults. Conclusion Further research and utilization of the GKAS in geriatric health care education is required. Our findings also support ongoing evaluation of geriatrics education and training within all health professions.
Cognition-emotion dysinteraction in schizophrenia.

Evolving theories of schizophrenia emphasize a ‘disconnection’ in distributed fronto-striatal-limbic neural systems, which may give rise to breakdowns in cognition and emotional function. We discuss these diverse domains of function from the perspective of disrupted neural circuits involved in ‘cold’ cognitive vs. ‘hot’ affective operations and the interplay between these processes. We focus on three research areas that highlight cognition-emotion dysinteractions in schizophrenia: First, we discuss the role of cognitive deficits in the ‘maintenance’ of emotional information. We review recent evidence suggesting that motivational abnormalities in schizophrenia may in part arise due to a disrupted ability to ‘maintain’ affective information over time. Here, dysfunction in a prototypical ‘cold’ cognitive operation may result in ‘affective’ deficits in schizophrenia. Second, we discuss abnormalities in the detection and ascription of salience, manifest as excessive processing of non-emotional stimuli and inappropriate distractibility. We review emerging evidence suggesting deficits in some, but not other, specific emotional processes in schizophrenia – namely an intact ability to perceive emotion ‘in the moment’ but poor prospective valuation of stimuli and heightened reactivity to stimuli that ought to be filtered. Third, we discuss abnormalities in learning mechanisms that may give rise to delusions, the fixed, false and often emotionally charged beliefs that accompany psychosis. We discuss the role of affect in aberrant belief formation, mostly ignored by current theoretical models. Together, we attempt to provide a consilient overview for how breakdowns in neural systems underlying affect and cognition in psychosis interact across symptom domains. We conclude with a brief treatment of the neurobiology of schizophrenia and the need to close our explanatory gap between cellular-level hypotheses and complex behavioral symptoms observed in schizophrenia.
The role of social media in self-regulated learning

The challenge for faculty and academic institutions is to leverage the learning affordances of social media, particularly those that enable learners to become independent, self-regulated learners. There is evidence that social media can facilitate the creation of personal learning environments (PLE) that help learners develop and apply self-regulated learning processes such as setting appropriate personal goals, using task strategies to manage information, and engaging in self-monitoring and self-evaluation to progress to socially mediated knowledge and networked learning. The present study examines how learners (N = 87) use social media to create a PLE that supports their learning experience and whether learners apply self-regulated learning processes while creating this PLE. The study also reports on the degree to which learners' use of social media aligns with a three-level pedagogical framework for social media use and provides guidelines for the development of PLE.
Vegetarian Diets in Children and Adolescents

1. Meredith Renda, MD* 2. Philip Fischer, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn Vegetarianism is becoming more common among adults, with 1 in 40 adults currently choosing a vegetarian diet. Consequently, more children are raised as vegetarians. Vegetarianism is adopted for various reasons, including moral, religious, and health. Numerous studies have shown significant health benefits for individuals following this type of diet. Pediatricians should be well informed about vegetarianism and its role in our pediatric population. A first-time mother and her 2-month-old boy present to the clinic for a health supervision visit. The mother is breastfeeding, and her baby is growing appropriately. At the end of the visit, the mother mentions that she is a vegetarian and that she would like to raise her son in the same way. She would like to know what she should be doing as a breastfeeding mother and how she can make sure that her son has the appropriate nutrition in the future . The physician should begin by taking a dietary history from the mother to determine what type of vegetarianism she practices. He or she should explain to the mother that her infant's nutrition is based on her own dietary intake for as long as she continues to breastfeed. The pediatrician should counsel the mother on the importance of diet variety. If the mother is vegan, the pediatrician must take time to ensure that she is getting enough vitamin B12 and calcium in her diet. When she is ready to wean her infant, she should continue to focus on dietary variety. The mother should be cautioned that adult vegetarian diets that are high in bulk and low in calories are not always appropriate for the growing and developing child. Finally, the pediatrician should ensure that the mother has the appropriate resources to guide her in finding the best foods for her child's nutritional needs. …
The Potential Influence of Regionalization Strategies on Delivery of Care for Elective Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Regionalization of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) to high volume hospitals (HVHs) may affect access to care and complication risk. Using administrative data, 2,560,314 patients who underwent primary total hip or knee arthroplasty from 1991 to 2006 were categorized by whether an HVH (>200 annual TJAs) was available locally. Associations among patient characteristics, hospital utilization, and in-hospital complications were estimated using regression modeling. The complication risk was higher (Odds Ratio 1.18 [95% CI: 1.16, 1.20]) if patients went to a local low volume hospital. Black and Medicaid patients were more likely to utilize the local low volume hospital than a local HVH. Utilizing a local HVH is associated with lower complication risks. However, patients from vulnerable groups were less likely to utilize these patterns.
Altered processing of sweet taste in the brain of diet soda drinkers

Artificially sweetened beverage consumption has been linked to obesity, and it has been hypothesized that considerable exposure to nonnutritive sweeteners may be associated with impaired energy regulation. The reward system plays an integral role in modulating energy intake, but little is known about whether habitual use of artificial sweetener (i.e., diet soda consumption) may be related to altered reward processing of sweet taste in the brain. To investigate this, we examined fMRI response after a 12-hour fast to sucrose (a nutritive sweetener) and saccharin (a nonnutritive sweetener) during hedonic evaluation in young adult diet soda drinkers and non-diet soda drinkers. Diet soda drinkers demonstrated greater activation to sweet taste in the dopaminergic midbrain (including ventral tegmental area) and right amygdala. Saccharin elicited a greater response in the right orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann Area 47) relative to sucrose in non-diet soda drinkers. There was no difference in fMRI response to the nutritive or nonnutritive sweetener for diet soda drinkers. Within the diet soda drinkers, fMRI activation of the right caudate head in response to saccharin was negatively associated with the amount of diet sodas consumed per week; individuals who consumed a greater number of diet sodas had reduced caudate head activation. These findings suggest that there are alterations in reward processing of sweet taste in individuals who regularly consume diet soda, and this is associated with the degree of consumption. These findings may provide some insight into the link between diet soda consumption and obesity.
Thirty Years of Conjoint Analysis: Reflections and Prospects

Conjoint analysis is marketers' favorite methodology for finding out how buyers make trade-offs among competing products and suppliers. Conjoint analysts develop and present descriptions of alternative products or services that are prepared from fractional factorial, experimental designs. They use various models to infer buyers' part-worths for attribute levels, and enter the part-worths into buyer-choice simulators to predict how buyers will choose among products and services. Easy-to-use software has been important for applying these models. Thousands of applications of conjoint analysis have been carried out over the past three decades.
Partial hepatectomy induced liver proteome changes in mice

Acceleration of liver regeneration could be of great clinical benefit in various liver-associated diseases. However, at present little is known about therapeutic interventions to enhance this regenerative process. Our limited understanding and the complexity of the mechanisms involved have prevented the identification of new targets for treatment. Here we propose a broad-range proteomic approach to this problem that makes possible the simultaneous study of different signaling and metabolic pathways on the liver proteome. Changes in protein expression in mouse livers (n =5 per group) at 6 h and 12 h after partial hepatectomy and sham operation, as compared to untreated controls, were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry (MS), and mass fingerprinting. Twelve proteins, identified by MS, were up-regulated by at least 2-fold after partial hepatectomy. These included adipose differentiation-related protein, gamma-actin, enoyl coenzyme A hydratase 1, serum amyloid A and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3. These results indicate that liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy affects various signaling and metabolic pathways.
The role of situational context in the development of high-performance skills

The effects of context on perceptual learning were examined in a visual search task involving words from semantically distinct categories. Subjects were trained for a total of 8000 trials in five conditions consisting of a variably mapped (VM) condition, a consistently mapped (CM) condition, and three context conditions in which the consistency of the targets and distractors was dependent on the joint occurrence of specific target/distractor sets. The results of the training phase of the experiment showed that performance in the context conditions improved more than in the VM condition, indicating some benefit of context in the absence of total consistency, but there was less improvement than in the CM condition. After training, the subjects completed 3200 trials in five transfer conditions in which the targets and distractors of the original CM and context conditions were reversed and a new CM condition was added. In the transfer phase of the experiment there was a significant increase in RT (200 ms), in...
Stochastic Optimal Control of the Storage System to Limit Ramp Rates of Wind Power Output

The purpose of this paper is to reduce the required amounts of ancillary services, by limiting ramp rates of wind power through control of a storage system. Storage operation policies to limit the ramp rate of net production (wind + storage output) are optimized in a two-stage stochastic linear program with fixed recourse. Operation policies decide the storage operation based on the probability density function of one step ahead wind power, which is forecasted by a Gaussian process. In this optimization problem, it is assumed that a financial penalty is incurred when violating the ramp rate limit (RRL), and that the penalty is linearly proportional to the number of MW per period above or below the RRLs. The L-shaped method is used to reduce the number of constraints caused by various wind power scenarios. Then, the storage specification is determined based on minimizing the sum of the penalty costs and the investment costs of the storage system. The ultimate goal of this paper is to find the relationship between the financial penalties and the RRL.