cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Probability

Consider the problem of constructing a model of the process (experiment) of throwing a die and observing the outcome; in doing so, we need to impose on the experiment a certain probabilistic framework, since the same die thrown under ostensibly identical circumstances generally yields different outcomes. The framework represents, primarily, the investigator’s view of the nature of the process, but it must also conform to certain logical rules. In dealing with the experiment above, we shall employ the mathematical framework we have created in Chapter 1. This is done not because the complexity of the problem requires it, but only in order to demonstrate, in a totally transparent fashion, the use to which such a framework may be put.
Recognition of the −10 Promoter Sequence by a Partial Polypeptide of σ70 in Vitro

Abstract Promoter recognition by RNA polymerase depends upon its ability to bind to specific DNA sequences. The sigma (σ) subunit provides selectivity for transcription initiation by interacting with the −10 and −35 elements of promoter DNA. Suppressor mutations in σ factor that compensate for specific “down” substitutions in the promoter have demonstrated that σ factor recognizes certain base pairs of the promoter. Since these suppressors were only identified for changes at the −12 and −11 positions of the −10 element (TAAT), the role of the other base pairs of this region in specifying recognition by σ factor remained unclear. Using a partial polypeptide of σ70 carrying regions 2-4, this report shows that the first three positions of the −10 element (−12, −11, −10) are important for σ factor alone to recognize and bind to duplex DNA. The σ polypeptide also binds to an “extended −10” promoter, even without a −35 element. A mismatch bubble from −10 to +3 is bound regardless of the sequence within the bubble, or the presence or absence of a −35 element. Unexpectedly, binding to a mismatch bubble that lacks a −35 hexamer is sensitive to the identity of the −11 position, but not the −12 position.
Possible Sources of a Transient Natural Neutrino Flux

Recent observations of variability in the ``atmospheric neutrino'' rate place constraints on possible explanations of the atmospheric neutrino anomaly. Many proposed solutions to the problem are static and can not be adapted to the temporal dependence observed. Nonatmospheric sources may be needed to explain the variations.
How does the oxidative burst of macrophages kill bacteria? Still an open question

Macrophages engulf and kill bacteria. Although the overall role of macrophages has been known for over 100 years, we understand surprisingly little of the actual mechanisms by which bacteria are destroyed. The cell biology of phagolysosomal formation is fairly well understood. Macrophages recognize and engulf bacteria into phagosomes, which subsequently acidify. These phagosomes mature into phagolysosomes upon vesicle-mediated delivery of various antimicrobial effectors, which include proteases, antimicrobial peptides, and lysozyme (Garin et al., 2001)(Figure 1). The phagolysosome is also a nutrient-limiting environment. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are produced in this compartment. The multi-subunit NADPH-dependent phagocytic oxidase (Phox or NOX2) is assembled on the phagolysosome membrane and pumps electrons into the compartment to reduce oxygen to superoxide anion (O2−). The inducible nitric oxide synthase uses arginine and oxygen as substrates to produce nitric oxide (Fang, 2004). Figure 1 Reactive oxygen species in the Salmonella containing vacuole Most bacteria are rapidly killed and degraded in the phagolysosome, making it difficult to dissect the mechanism of death. But a few bacteria have evolved to survive in macrophages. Salmonella use a type III secretion system to affect vesicular trafficking and maturation of the phagolysosome (Holden, 2002). It is presumed that the bacteria within this modified “Salmonella containing vacuole” (SCV) are subjected to a less intense antimicrobial response. However, the phagocytic arsenal still has a role in Salmonella pathogenesis and the bacteria must also be resistant to these antimicrobial factors. This balance between survival and killing makes Salmonella a powerful model to understand the mechanisms of action of the phagocytic effectors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical weapons in the phagocyte arsenal. In theory, O2− and nitric oxide can combine to form highly reactive peroxynitrite (ONOO−). But the roles of Phox and iNOS are both temporally (Vazquez-Torres et al., 2000a) and genetically (Craig and Slauch, 2009) separable during Salmonella infection, suggesting that ONOO− is irrelevant when combating this pathogen. Studies by Aussel et al. (2011), reported in this volume, provide important information regarding Salmonella resistance to the ROS produced by Phox, and suggest that Salmonella relies less on blocking ROS formation than on scavenging.
One Man's Dreams, Another Man's Cosmology

Summary In this article, I examine a series of conversations that I had with a South Indian Ayurvedic practitioner (vaidya) about a dream I had while in the field. The dream provided him an opportunity to engage me as cultural broker and creatively reconstruct his own cosmology. The article at once details the reasoning, diagnosis, explanation, and treatment of traditional Ayurvedic practitioners at large, and one vaidya's idiosyncratic project that has legitimacy within the larger discursive field provided by the register of Ayurveda. Further, the article also provides an example of how ongoing conversations with an anthropologist shape the knowledge produced by informants in context. In this article, I make use of a Boasian model of the elite informant as a creator of ethnographic texts that are inventive and idiosyncratic in the cultural milieu. These texts constitute a form of intellectual creativity (lila) that leads the vaidya to feel renewed in his commitment to his cosmology. As Durkheim pointed out long ago, ecstatic emotions are what generate a conviction of the presence of the transcendent. Durkheim focused on collective rituals. In this article, I provide a case in which such emotions are generated by the thrill of insight.
Human Work in Catholic Social Thought

In Catholic Social Thought, work is at the center of issues related to morality and economic life. It is simultaneously objective and subjective. Workers are the real agents of production, and therefore labor should have priority over capital. The able-bodied have a moral obligation to work to obtain the things they need, but everyone has a claim on the basic necessities of life. Hence the property claims of the well-to-do are not to exclude the poor from what they need. The property-right claim of stockholders depends on the firm serving work and the interests of workers. In unions, workers' natural right to form associations aligns with the right to participate in decisions affecting their lives. Numerous groups and organizations have some degree of complicity in workplace injustice and some degree of responsibility to address it.
Global stability analysis of on/off systems

This paper considers quadratic surface Lyapunov functions in the study of global stability analysis of on/off systems (OFS), including those OFS with unstable nonlinearity sectors. In previous work, quadratic surface Lyapunov functions were successfully applied to prove global asymptotic stability of limit cycles of relay feedback systems. In this work, we show that these ideas can be used to prove global asymptotic stability of equilibrium points of piecewise linear systems (PLS). We present conditions in the form of LMI that, when satisfied, guarantee global asymptotic stability of an equilibrium point. A large number of examples was successfully proven globally stable. These include systems with an unstable affine linear subsystem, systems of relative degree larger than one and of high dimension, and systems with unstable nonlinearity sectors, for which all classical fail to analyze. In fact, existence of an example with a globally stable equilibrium point that could not be successfully analyzed with this new methodology is still an open problem. This work opens the door to the possibility that more general PLS can be systematically globally analyzed using quadratic surface Lyapunov functions.
Building-integrated PV-analysis and US market potential

Arthur D. Little, Inc., in conjunction with Solar Design Associates, conducted a study for the US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Building Technologies (OBT) to determine the market potential for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). This study defines BIPV as two types of applications: (1) where the PV modules are an integral part of the building, often serving as the exterior weathering skin, and (2) the PV modules are mounted on the existing building exterior. Both of these systems are fully integrated with the energy usage of the building and have potential for significant market penetration in the US.
Rank Methods for Combination of Independent Experiments in Analysis of Variance

It is now coming to be generally agreed that in testing for shift in the two-sample problem, certain tests based on ranks have considerable advantage over the classical t-test. From the beginning, rank tests were recognized to have one important advantage: their significance levels are exact under the sole assumption that the samples are randomly drawn (or that the assignment of treatments to subjects is performed at random), whereas the t-test in effect is exact only when we are dealing with random samples from normal distributions. On the other hand, it was felt that this advantage had to be balanced against the various optimum properties possessed by the t-test under the assumption of normality. It is now being recognized that these optimum properties are somewhat illusory and that, under realistic assumptions about extreme observations or gross errors, the t-test in practice may well be less efficient than such rank tests as the Wilcoxon or normal scores test [6], [7].
Tactical Tourism: A Comparative Analysis of Rainforest Development in Ecuador and Belize

This article examines the strategic development of nature-based tourism as a means by which to generate sustainable economies in the rainforests of Ecuador and Belize as an alternative to more soci...
Detection of an antioxidant profile in the human brain in vivo via double editing with MEGA-PRESS

Vitamin C (ascorbate) and glutathione (GSH) are the two most concentrated non-enzymatic antioxidants in the human brain. Double editing with (DEW) MEGA-PRESS at 4T was designed in this study to measure both antioxidants in the same amount of time previously required to measure one. In the occipital lobe of four human subjects, resolved ascorbate (Asc) and GSH resonances were detected repeatedly and simultaneously using DEW MEGA-PRESS. The Asc and GSH concentrations measured using LCModel analysis of DEW MEGA-PRESS spectra were 0.8 +/- 0.1 and 1.0 +/- 0.1 micromol/g (mean +/- SD), with average Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) of 10% and 7%, respectively. Aside from the effects of J-modulation at a common echo time (TE), double editing did not compromise sensitivity. To determine the extent to which the oxidized forms of Asc and GSH contribute to DEW MEGA-PRESS spectra in vivo, chemical shifts and coupling constants for dehydroascorbate (DHA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured at physiologic pH and temperature. DHA does not contribute to the 3.73 ppm DEW MEGA-PRESS Asc resonance. GSSG contributions to the DEW MEGA-PRESS GSH resonance (3.0 ppm) are negligible under physiologic conditions, and would be evidenced by a distinct GSSG resonance (3.3 ppm) at exceptionally high concentrations.
A Top Management Team's Reactions to Organizational Transformation: The Diagnostic Benefits of Five Key Change Sentiments

Abstract From research dating to the 1940s, we identified five precursor sentiments deemed important by organizational scientists studying reactions of organizational change recipients. Collectively, these sentiments constitute a framework for understanding reactions to change. We investigated the validity and utility of the framework for assessing the progress of an organizational change by using it to guide the analysis of qualitative interview data collected from a top management team as part of an assessment of a major organizational change. We demonstrate that the five-sentiment framework provides a useful and reliable tool for coding interview responses. In addition, the data, thus coded, provided very useful insight into the underlying concerns regarding the change. We suggest that the five sentiment framework is a useful guide for diagnosing change progress and planning measures to correct change shortcomings.
Finite size gap effects on the modeling of thermal contact conductance at polymer-mold wall interface in injection molding

Heat transfer in polymer processing by injection molding is affected by the thermal contact conductance at the interface between the polymer and the metal mold. The modeling of thermal contact conductance at such interfaces is simplified by the assumption of an isothermal condition at the two contacting surfaces. In this study we examine the validity of such an assumption for the case of an interface involving plastic (a low thermal conductivity material) and metal (a high thermal conductivity material). The study shows that at such an interface between materials of widely varying thermal conductivity, the conditions at the interface depart from the isothermal assumption, with the heat flux becoming more uniform and the temperature difference varying by a larger magnitude across the contact plane. This effect is more pronounced as the width of the gaps increases for the same area of contact. This suggests that the modeling of the contact conductance should be based on average temperatures for the contacting surfaces. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1776–1782, 2000
Impedance calculations for modified coplanar waveguides

In view of the fact that recessed-gale FETs (Furutsuka et al, 1979) can sustain higher breakdown voltages and hence more power than conventional FETs, it is important to design new microwave transmission lines compatible with recessed-gate FETs on GaAs monolithic integrated circuits (MICs). Structures and impedances of three modified coplanar waveguides (CPWs) are presented here: (1) a finite-thickness CPW with a third ground plane for improved heat-sinking, (2) an abrupt-recessed strip CPW, and (3) a graded-recessed strip CPW. All of the above CPWs are structured to fit the recessed-gate FETs on MICs. The gap dimensions of the structures are assumed to be sufficiently small so that conformal mapping techniques suitable for a quasi-static mode can be applied.
"Patientgate"--digital recordings change everything.

Patients’ recordings of consultations are a valuable addition to the medical evidence base It’s 8.30 am, just before clinic opens. It is 2010. Dr Byte checks an online forum, and something catches his eye. A female patient is complaining about a doctor. Her posting has led to strident reactions from other doctors. Patients are taking her side. It looks ugly. It turns out that the patient had asked her family doctor whether she could use her smartphone to record the encounter. Her doctor was apparently taken aback and had paused to gather his thoughts. He asked the patient to put her smartphone away, saying that it was not the policy of the clinic to allow patients to take recordings. The patient described how the mood of the meeting shifted. Initially jovial, the doctor had become defensive. She complied and turned off her smartphone. The patient wrote that as soon as the smartphone was turned off the doctor raised his voice and berated her for making the request, saying that the use of a recording device would betray the fundamental trust that is the basis of a good patient-doctor relationship. The patient wrote that she tried to reason, explaining that the recording would be useful to her and her family. But the doctor shouted at her, asking her to leave immediately and find …
Optimal internal pricing and backup capacity of computer systems subject to breakdowns

Abstract In a recent survey computers were found to break down nine times per year in the average company and computer downtime cost U.S. business $4 billion in 1991. The existing literature that combines pricing and queuing analysis of a shared service facility does not explicitly consider the failures of computer systems. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of computer breakdowns on various aspects of the pricing and capacity decisions. It also examines the issue whether to acquire backup capacity when the computer system is in repair. The results of this paper show that computer breakdowns have significant impact on various aspects of concern. In general, computer breakdowns increase the expected time of jobs in the system, thus discouraging the submission of low-value jobs. Less computer capacity is needed to service the jobs with higher values compared to the case where a computer works all the time. The utilization ratio is lower in view of computer breakdowns. The firm, faced with computer breakdowns, has to increase the price of computer service and the increase in price is significant. Secondly, the findings suggest that it is imperative to acquire backup capacity when computing is critical to the firm in terms of high delay cost of jobs. The research results support the “hot backup” strategy, a common industry practice to operate in parallel two computers with the same capacity. Finally, the firm should charge users the total marginal capacity costs of the firm's computer as well as the backup.
Molecular Mechanism of Membrane Targeting by Endosomal Adaptor Proteins

To control cellular processes, cells dampen signaling through a broad range of mechanisms including cargo internalization and by slowing down the transport of metabolites through the plasma membrane. The mechanism of cargo removal includes internalization by endocytosis, followed by ubiquitin-mediated delivery into early endosomes. Cargo is further sorted into vesicles of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies followed by, in most cases, degradation in the lysosomal lumen. Adaptor proteins regulate cargo sorting through their ubiquitin-binding domains, ensuring the precise sorting of endosomal ubiquitinated cargo proteins. One of these adaptor proteins is Tollip, which mediates protein sorting by association with Tom1, polyubiquitinated cargo, and clathrin. Tollip is localized on early endosomes where it is required for degradation of ubiquitin-conjugated cargo including the interleukin-1 receptor, a key player in inflammation and innate immunity. Tollip is modular in architecture with an N-terminal Tom1-binding domain (TBD), a central C2 domain, followed by a C-terminal CUE domain. We establish that the Tollip C2 domain preferentially interacts with phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), a phosphoinositide exclusively enriched at the early endosomal membranes. We identified key PtdIns(3)P-interacting residues predicted to be in a flexible region nearby the beta-groove of the protein. We also demonstrate that the CUE domain mediates Tollip's dimerization and binds ubiquitin. More importantly, we establish that ubiquitin negatively regulates Tollip's phosphoinositide binding and this novel function is associated to direct binding to its C2 domain. We also show the structural basis by which the adaptor protein Tom1 binds ubiquitin and Tollip TBD in a mutually exclusive manner. Thus, we propose the association of ubiquitin to Tollip and Tom1 negatively modulates Tollip's membrane targeting. Thereby, our studies provide structural insight of how Tollip is partitioned in different intracellular pools and Tollip's molecular interactions modulate innate immunity and membrane trafficking.
Protecting Citizen-Children Safeguards Our Common Future

For every two adult undocumented immigrants that are deported from the U.S., one citizen-child is affected. With roughly 1.3 million adults deported in the past decade, the number of citizen-children is staggering. Deportation forces parents to make crucial decisions about their U.S.-born children: to take them or leave them behind. Our deportation policies and practices fall hardest on citizen-children in mixed-status families. In this commentary, I review the conditions facing citizen-children, and consider the consequences to the children and to the U.S. To remedy the effects of deportation policies and practices, federal immigration enforcement must follow sound child welfare models. Solid health and educational research helps immigration courts in decision-making by documenting the effects of parental deportation on citizen-children. Promoting legislation such as the Child-Citizen Protection and The Dream Act insures the principled and humane treatment of citizen-children. International treaties and programs that protect citizen-children will also safeguard our nation's future.
Optic nerve neovascularization in incontinentia pigmenti

Purpose To describe the presence of optic disk neovascularization in a child with incontinentia pigmenti. Methods A 6-month-old infant with incontinentia pigmenti developed optic disk neovascularization in addition to vascular abnormalities in the peripheral retina. Panretinal photocoagulation was performed. Result The optic disk neovascularization regressed after panretinal photocoagulation. Conclusions Optic disk neovascularization is another notable retinal manifestation of incontinentia pigmenti. When optic disk neovascularization is detected, retinal ablation should be considered as treatment.
A Method to Obtain the Infinity-Norm of Systems using the Routh Table

In this paper, a method is proposed to compute the infinity-norm of the systems that are single-input single-output (SISO), linear time-invariant (LTI), strictly proper and finite-dimensional. The method uses state-space model of the system and applies one of the special conditions of the Routh table to a polynomial obtained from the system model. The proposed method is simple and provides an analytical solution for the infinity-norm of systems. The frequency corresponding to the infinity-norm of the system can also be determined. The method can also be used to determine the sensitivity of the infinity-norm to the parameters of the system.
A preliminary study of cytokines in suicidal and nonsuicidal adolescents with major depression.

Abstract Background: Increased systemic cytokine levels, modulators of the immune system, have been repeatedly documented in adult and adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD). This preliminary study extends this work to test the role of cytokines in suicidal symptomatology in adolescent MDD. Hypotheses were that acutely suicidal depressed adolescents would have: (1) increased plasma levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, and (2) a proinflammatory/antiinflammatory cytokine imbalance (indexed by plasma IFN-γ/IL-4), compared to nonsuicidal depressed adolescents and healthy controls. Methods: Twelve suicidal adolescents with MDD (7 females [58%]; 5 medication-free/naive), 18 nonsuicidal adolescents with MDD (12 females [67%]; 8 medication-free/naive), and 15 controls (8 females [53%]) were enrolled. MDD had to be of at least 6 weeks duration, with a minimum severity score of 40 on the Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised. Plasma cytokines wer...
Analytical Methods for Detection of Selected Estrogenic Compounds in Aqueous Mixtures

Both natural estrogens and synthetic compounds that mimic estrogen can reach the aquatic environment through wastewater discharges. Because nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPE), 17β-estradiol (E2), and ethynylestradiol (EE2) have previously been found to be estrogenic and to occur in wastewater effluents, they were the primary analytes for which the method was developed. Water samples were extracted in situ using solid-phase extraction disks. Analytes were separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and detected by fluorescence or competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA). Method detection limits (MDLs) using HPLC with fluorescence detection were 11, 2, and 52 ng/L of water for NP, OP, and NPE, respectively. The RIA MDLs for E2 and EE2 were 107 and 53 pg/L, respectively. Samples were collected from four municipal wastewater treatment plants in south central Michigan, eight locations on the Trenton Channel of the Detroit River, MI, and five locations in Lake Mead, NV. Concent...
Corrections to “Time-Step Considerations in Particle Simulation Algorithms for Coulomb Collisions in Plasmas” [Sep 10 2394-2406]

An error in (17) of B. I. Cohen, A. M. Dimits, A. Friedman, and R. E. Caflisch, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 38, 2394 (2010), is corrected. The consequences of this error, which are minor, are discussed.
Prognostic value of positive lymph nodes in rectal cancer

Abdominal “curative” resections for rectal cancer in 109 patients with positive lymph nodes were prospectively studied. The best subdivision of patients for predicting outcome was into 1–3 and >3 positive lymph node groups. Comparison with patients with >3 positive lymph nodes demonstrated that patients with 1–3 positive nodes had less local (35.0 percentvs.13.0 percent;P=0.007) and less distant recurrences (45.0 percentvs.26.0 percent;P=0.04) and had much better crude five-year survival (58.2 percentvs.17.0 percent;P< 0.0001). For predicting postsurgical outcome in patients with positive lymph nodes, the results justify subdividing patients into the following two prognostic subgroups: 1) those with 1–3 involved lymph nodes and 2) those with metastatic tumor in four or more lymph nodes.
Reactions of trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate and dihalo-bis-ligandplatinum(II) complexes

Abstract The reaction of several platinum complexes, PtX2L2 (L = P(C6H5)3, P(C2H5)3, P(C6H5)2CH3, p-CNC6H4CH3, X = Cl; and L = CNCH3; X = Cl, Br, I) and trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate gave the appropriate [Pt2X2L4](BF4)2 species; in this reaction the oxonium salt appears to be acting as halide acceptor, a function previously not ascribed to this reagent.
THE ADLER-WEISBERGER SUM RULE AND gA IN THE LARGE-N EXPANSION

The consistency of the Adler-Weisberger sum rule in the large-N expansion is examined. It is shown that the Δ saturates the sum rule in the nonrelativistic quark model to all orders in and in the Skyrme model to leading order in . Phenomenologically, it is evident that either gA or the integral over the difference of πp total cross sections appearing in the sum rule is poorly behaved as an expansion in . In the Skyrme model, based on the calculation of the Δ contribution to the sum rule, it appears that it is gA itself which has large higher-order corrections. It seems likely that in a direct calculation of gA, it it is necessary to include the first two subleading orders before an accurate result for gA can be obtained.
Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of Drugs for Preventing Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

Contrast-induced nephropathy is a common cause of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. Clinicians use many drugs to reduce the risk for the condition, including N-acetylcysteine, theophyll...
The Escherichia coli cysG gene encodes the multifunctional protein, siroheme synthase

Previously, the E. coli cysG gene product had been shown to sequentially methylate uro'gen III to produce precorrin-2, hence it was given the trivial name uro'gen III methylase. We now report that in addition to methylase activity, the CysG protein catalyses both the NAD+ dependent oxidation of precorrin-2 to sirohydrochlorin, but also the insertion of iron into this oxidized intermediate, thereby producing siroheme. Thus CysG is a multifunctional protein solely responsible for siroheme synthesis from uro'gen III in E. coli, and accordingly is renamed siroheme synthase.
Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with solid organ malignancies.

Background Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) can be associated with systemic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, inflammatory arthritis, and hematologic malignancy. Previous literature exploring the rare association between PG and solid organ malignancy is predominantly limited to single case reports. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the cases of five patients with PG and solid organ malignancies at our institution between 1996 and 2013. Results For the five patients identified, PG and solid organ malignancy occurred within three months of each other. Mean age at onset of PG was 55.6 years, and four patients were women. Three patients had breast carcinoma (one was recurrent), and two had gastrointestinal carcinoma. PG occurred before (n = 2), after (n = 2), or synchronously with (n = 1) the malignancy. In one patient with a history of PG and quiescent inflammatory bowel disease, recurrent PG developed synchronously with a new diagnosis of metastatic rectosigmoid carcinoma. Three patients had partial or complete response of PG with treatment of PG alone. Conclusions To our knowledge, our study is the first to report that the onset of PG can herald a recurrence of a solid organ malignancy and that recurrent PG can be associated with solid organ malignancy. A possible association of solid organ malignancy and PG should be considered in patients with PG of unknown etiology or with a history of malignancy.
Science Highlights and Lessons Learned from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and companion instrument, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on the NASA Earth Observing System Aqua spacecraft are facility instruments designed to support measurements of atmospheric temperature, water vapor and a wide range of atmospheric constituents in support of weather forecasting and scientific research in climate and atmospheric chemistry. This paper is an update to the science highlights from a paper by the authors released last year and also looks back at the lessons learned and future needs of the scientific community. These lessons not only include requirements on the measurements, but scientific shortfalls as well. Results from the NASA Science Community Workshop in IR and MW Sounders relating to AIRS and AMSU requirements and concerns are covered and reflect much of what has been learned and what is needed for future atmospheric sounding from Low Earth Orbit.
Molecular clones of α-tubulin genes of Plasmodium yoelii reveal an unusual feature of the carboxy terminus

Abstract By using a Trypanosoma brucei α-tubulin cDNA probe under reduced stringency hybridization conditions, we have isolated two genomic clones that constitute portions of α-tubulin genes of the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii, P. yoelii has two α-tubulin genes, the 3′ portions of which were present in the two clones, PyαT1 and PyαT2, containing 1.3 kb and 6.6 kb Eco RI fragments respectively. The 1358 bp PyαT1 clone was completely sequenced and found to contain 591 nucleotides of uninterrupted coding sequence with a strong bias for AT-rich codons, starting with codon 254 of a consensus α-tubulin sequence. Numerous attempts to clone 5′ portions of these genes were unsuccessful. A single mRNA of 2.3 kb was recognized by both the clones in the erythrocytic stages of P. yoelii . A probe constituting the untranslated sequences of PyαT1 also recognized this RNA but failed to hybridize with PyαT2 sequences, indicating that the gene represented by the PyαT1 clone was expressed during the erythrocytic stages. The deduced amino acid sequence of the PyαT1 gene terminates in Tyr-Glu instead of Glu-Tyr observed in α-tubulins of almost all other organisms. The difference observed may have implications for α-tubulin metabolism in malarial parasites.
Incidence of axillary lymph node metastases in T1a and T1b breast carcinoma.

Background: We investigated the incidence of axillary lymph node metastases in patients with T1a (⩽0.5 cm) and T1b (>0.5 cm and ⩽1.0 cm) breast cancers.
Small-polaron mobility in nonstoichiometric cerium dioxide

The high temperature drift mobility (ad) of charge carriers in nonstoichiometric cerium dioxide (CeOz_,X) has been calculated by combining the electrical conductivity and nonstoichiomet~ data on the basis of the oxygen vacancy model with correct ionization state. The electrical conductivity was measured by a four-probe d.c. technique and the nonstoichiometry by thermogravimetric analysis. The dilute solution model of the point defects is valid up to x = 0.03. From the magnitude of pd and its temperature dependence, the charge carriers in CeO,_, are proposed to be small-poiarons formed by localization of electrons at cerium sites and the charge transport process is proposed to occur by a hopping mechanism. The observed temperature dependence of s,+ is in accord with that derived by Holstein and Friedman for small-poiaron transport by the hopping mechanism. The activation energy of mobility is found to increase with increasing x as expected for the hopping model. lNTRODUCTlON Electronic conduction in solid oxides can occur by motion of the charge carriers in a band or by a diffusion- like motion called hopping mechanism. The hopping mechanism is considered to apply to the low mobility oxide semiconductors at elevated temperatures and the charge carrier in this case is termed a small-polaron. It is the purpose of this paper to show experimental evidence for small-polarons and to demonstrate the hopping-type small-polaron mobility at elevated temperatures in nonstoichiometric cerium dioxide fCeOZ-, f. From the electrical conductivity and thermodynamic measurements at temperatures above 7OO"C, the n-type conductivity and oxygen deficiency in CeOz_, have been alternatively proposed to be due to the cerium interstitials ( I-31 or oxygen vacancies(4-61. However, recent results of X-ray and neutron diffraction analysis (7,8), high tem~rature lattice parameter and macroscopic length change measurementsfg, IO) and diffusion studies ( 11,121 have conclusively shown the point defects in CeO*_, to be the oxygen vacancies. The mobility of the charge carriers in CeOz_, can be cal- culated if the carrier concentration and the conductivity can be independently determined. One way of determin- ing the carrier concent~tion is to measure the nonstoi- chiometry x in CeOz-, and calculate the carrier concen- tration from the known defect structure including the correct ionization state of the defects. Care must be taken to calculate the carrier concentration in the x range where dilute solution model of the defects is valid. This is necessary because the carrier concentration is directly proportional to the point defect concentration, and hence x, only in this dilute solution region where defect inter- actions are negligible. In a recent paper discussing elec- tron mobility in CeOz-, ( 131, this was not explicitly done and the ionization state of the defects assumed was not correct as will be discussed later. Also, no a~empt was
Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors Associated With Weight Gain and Impaired Glucose Tolerance Among Pregnant Latinas

Pregnancy has been proposed as a critical period for the development of subsequent maternal overweight and/or obesity. Excessive gestational weight gain is, in turn, associated with maternal complications such as cesarean delivery, hypertension, preeclampsia, impaired glucose tolerance, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Although there is substantial evidence that targeting at-risk groups for type 2 diabetes prevention is effective if lifestyle changes are made, relatively little attention has been paid to the prevention of excessive gestational weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States, with the highest birth and immigration rates of any minority group and are disproportionately affected by overweight and obesity. However, due to cultural factors, socioeconomic factors, and language barriers, Latinos have had limited access to public health interventions that promote healthy lifestyles. Therefore, the objective of this article is to review the scientific evidence regarding the association between physical activity, dietary behaviors, and gestational weight gain and impaired glucose tolerance among Latinas. A second objective is to discuss how lifestyle interventions including weight management through diet and exercise could be successful in reducing the risk of excessive gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus. Finally, recommendations are provided for future lifestyle intervention programs in this population with a focus on translation and dissemination of research findings.
IL4 Limits the Efficacy of Tumor-Targeted Antibody Therapy in a Murine Model

Tumor-targeted antibody therapy has had a major impact on reducing morbidity and mortality in a wide range of cancers. Antibodies mediate their anti-tumor activity in part by activating immune effector cells; however, the tumor microenvironment is enriched with cellular and soluble mediators that actively suppress generation of anti-tumor immunity. Here, we investigate the potential of prospectively identifying and neutralizing an immunomodulatory soluble mediator within the tumor microenvironment to enhance therapeutic efficacy of the HER2-directed antibody trastuzumab. Using the D5-HER2 cell line and an immunocompetent human HER2 transgenic animal (hmHER2Tg) in which human HER2 is seen as a self-antigen, we determined that IL-4 was present in the tumor microenvironment and produced by both tumor and stromal cells. A siRNA-based screening approach identified Stat5a as a novel negative regulator of IL-4 production by D5-HER2 tumor cells. Furthermore, IL-4 neutralization using the anti-IL-4 antibody 11B11 enhanced the efficacy of trastuzumab and modulated the tumor microenvironment. For example, IL-4 neutralization resulted in reduced levels of myeloid chemoattractants CCL2, CCL11, and CXCL5 in the tumor microenvironment. Combination therapy with 11B11 and trastuzumab resulted in a reduction of tumor-infiltrating CD11b+CD206+ myeloid cells compared to monotherapy. These data suggest that IL-4 neutralization enhances the efficacy of trastuzumab by influencing the phenotype of myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment and provides further rationale for combining tumor-targeted antibody therapy with agents that neutralize factors in the tumor microenvironment that suppress generation of productive anti-tumor immune responses.
Beta receptor sensitivity testing in humans.

AbstractUnderstanding of beta receptor function in vitro and at the molecular level has advanced enormously in the last five years. With that improved understanding has come the recognition that some of the changes seen in certain pathophysiological states may be related to altered function of the beta receptor in vivo. For example changes in beta receptor function have been described following catecholamine administration (1), with altered sodium intake (2), pseudohypoparthyroidism (3), propranolol withdrawal (2, 4), corticosteroid administration (1), cardiac failure (5), hypertension (6), exercise (7), aging (9, 11) and recently endogenous depression (8). However prior to extrapolating the findings from ex vivo studies of receptor function to the in vivo setting it is necessary to correlate the ex vivo changes to in vivo in sensitivity. Unfortunately in contrast to the plethora of studies reporting changes in receptor function ex vivo the number of studies which have demonstrated a correlation between e...
Analysis of a Discontinuous Finite Element Method for the Coupled Stokes and Darcy Problems

The coupled Stokes and Darcy flows problem is solved by the locally conservative discontinuous Galerkin method. Optimal error estimates for the fluid velocity and pressure are derived.
Theory of the lattice Boltzmann method: From the Boltzmann equation to the lattice Boltzmann equation

In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann equation is directly derived from the Boltzmann equation. It is shown that the lattice Boltzmann equation is a special discretized form of the Boltzmann equation. Various approximations for the discretization of the Boltzmann equation in both time and phase space are discussed in detail. A general procedure to derive the lattice Boltzmann model from the continuous Boltzmann equation is demonstrated explicitly. The lattice Boltzmann models derived include the two-dimensional 6-bit, 7-bit, and 9-bit, and three-dimensional 27-bit models.
Identification of a sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moth

A sex pheromone produced by female velvetbean caterpillar moths,Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, that attracts conspecific males was isolated and identified as a blend of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-eicosatriene and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-heneicosatriene in a ratio of ca. 5∶3, respectively, when combined. The synthesized compounds elicited responses by velvetbean caterpillar moth males equivalent to those elicited by females in both laboratory wind tunnel bioassays and field trapping experiments.
Demonstration of a Novel HIV-1 Restriction Phenotype from a Human T Cell Line

Background Although retroviruses may invade host cells, a productive infection can be established only after the virus counteracts inhibition from different types of host restriction factors. Fv1, APOBEC3G/F, TRIM5α, ZAP, and CD317 inhibit the replication of different retroviruses by interfering with viral uncoating, reverse transcription, nuclear import, RNA stability, and release. In humans, although APOBEC3G/3F and CD317 block HIV-1 replication, their antiviral activities are neutralized by viral proteins Vif and Vpu. So far, no human gene has been found to effectively block wild type HIV-1 replication under natural condition. Thus, identification of such a gene product would be of great medical importance for the development of HIV therapies. Method and Findings In this study, we discovered a new type of host restriction against the wild type HIV-1 from a CD4/CXCR4 double-positive human T cell line. We identified a CEM-derived cell line (CEM.NKR) that is highly resistant to productive HIV-1 infection. Viral production was reduced by at least 1000-fold when compared to the other permissive human T cell lines such as H9, A3.01, and CEM-T4. Importantly, this resistance was evident at extremely high multiplicity of infection. Further analyses demonstrated that HIV-1 could finish the first round of replication in CEM.NKR cells, but the released virions were poorly infectious. These virions could enter the target cells, but failed to initiate reverse transcription. Notably, this restriction phenotype was also present in CEM.NKR and 293T heterokaryons. Conclusions These results clearly indicate that CEM.NKR cells express a HIV inhibitory gene(s). Further characterization of this novel gene product(s) will reveal a new antiretroviral mechanism that directly inactivates wild type HIV-1.
Chemical Changes of Flattened Enamel Surfaces with in Vitro Weak Acid Demineralization

Infrared internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS) was used to study changes in surface chemistry of enamel after in vitro weak acid demineralization. Hypotheses that relate previous histomorphologic observations to current IRS findings are discussed.
Adequate social science, curriculum investigations, and theory

(1982). Adequate social science, curriculum investigations, and theory. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 21, Curriculum Theory, pp. 34-37.
The dynamics of an upper-level trough in the baroclinic westerlies: Analysis based upon data from a wind profiler network

Abstract Hourly wind data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's demonstration network of 404-MHz profilers in the central United States and hourly wind data from the standard National Weather Service surface network are used to determine the validity of the geostrophic momentum (GM) approximation in the vicinity of a sharp trough in the baroclinic westerlies by using observations alone. The ageostrophic and geostrophic components of the wind are retrieved from time-filtered and objectively analyzed wind data and from kinematically computed vertical velocities using the inviscid form of the horizontal equations of motion in pressure coordinates. The success of the retrieval technique is discussed critically in terms of the difference between the horizontal divergence of the wind and the horizontal divergence of the retrieved ageostrophic wind and in terms of the retrieval of the geostrophic wind field from simulated wind data using a primitive equation numerical model of a growing baro...
A backprojection algorithm for electrical impedance imaging

The authors study a two-dimensional reconstruction algorithm due to D. C. Barber and B. H. Brown, applied to a linearized electrostatic inverse problem. First, the authors demonstrate how this algorithm fits within the framework of inverses of generalized Radon transforms studied by G. Beylkin. Second, an iterative improvement of the Barber–Brown algorithm is constructed based on the conjugate residual method. Several numerical results obtained with this iterative algorithm are presented.
High-temperature metal coating for modification of photonic band edge position

Atomic-layer-deposited iridium is coated onto three-dimensional tungsten woodpile photonic crystals to modify the optical properties of the structure. As the lattice constant of a metallic photonic bandgap structure decreases to the scale of the near-IR wavelengths, the band edge becomes pinned and cannot be pushed to shorter wavelengths because of limitations inherent in the material. With a thin coating of iridium, the band edge of a pinned tungsten lattice is pushed from ~1.6 μm to below 1 μm. This shift in the reflectance band edge will be accompanied by a reduction in the absorptance of the structure in the 1-2 μm range.
Rheumatic manifestations of hepatitis C infection

Among chronic viral infections, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is uniquely associated with an array of rheumatic manifestations and autoimmune laboratory findings. These include, among others, arthralgias, arthritis, fatigue, fibromyalgia, vasculitis, and sialadenitis (Sjogren-like). The mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of these diverse manifestations have not yet been clarified. Regardless of the direct or indirect pathogenetic role of HCV in these clinical entities, the concomitant presence of a chronic viral infection creates a number of diagnostic and therapeutic problems. This is particularly true when immunosuppressive therapy is needed for control of disease activity (eg, HCV-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis). The emerging treatment options for chronic HCV offer a major chance for viral eradication and conceivably for cure of these HCV-associated conditions. In this review, the recent advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment of HCV-associated rheumatic conditions are presented.
Tory Brontëë: Shirley and the ““MAN””

ABSTRACT Philip Rogers, ““Tory Brontee: Shirley and the ‘‘man’’”” (pp.141––175) Charlotte Brontee9s politics in Shirley (1849) conform to the Tory principles implicit in the Duke of Wellington9s responses to Chartist unrest and parliamentary reform. Brontee9s representation of Robert Moore9s defense of his mill against Luddite rioters directly reflects Wellington9s hostility to mob violence and also his strategy, as Commander-in-Chief, for suppressing the Chartist demonstration of 10 April 1848. The novel9s defensive eulogizing of Wellington derides the liberal Manchester politics of Richard Cobden and the Peace Society as unmanly and unpatriotic. The Duke also serves subtextually as the model for changes that Robert and Louis Moore must undergo to make them suitable matches for Caroline and Shirley. Wellington consequently presides over the joint resolutions of the novel9s domestic and political narratives. In this essay I challenge the view of Brontee9s politics presented by Elizabeth Gaskell, subsequent biographers, and manycritics——who, understandably wishing to view Brontee9s proto-feminism as evidence of political liberalism, have blunted the anti-democratic edge of her conservatism.