cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary particle size distribution of eroded material affected by degree of aggregate slaking and seal development

Summary Primary particle size distribution (PSD) of eroded sediment can be used to estimate potential nutrient losses from soil and pollution hazards to the environment. We studied eroded sediment PSDs from three saturated soils, packed in trays (20 × 40 × 4 cm), that had undergone either minimal aggregate slaking (MAS) or severe aggregate slaking (SAS) prior to a 60 mm simulated rainstorm (kinetic energy, 15.9 kJ m−3; droplet diameter, 2.97 mm) and collected runoff at regular intervals. The degree of aggregate slaking was controlled by the rate at which soils were wetted to saturation. The PSDs of eroded materials and of parent soils were determined using a laser particle size analyser. For each soil, PSD frequency curves of eroded sediments and parent soils were generally of a similar shape but most eroded sediments had larger clay contents than their parent soils. In the SAS treatment, cumulative clay enrichment in the eroded materials was inversely related to the parent soil clay content, these being 28.5, 26.6 and 22.8% richer in clay than their parent soils for the loam, sandy clay and clay, respectively. Generally, total clay loss was greater from soils with SAS than from those with MAS because of erosion rates; however, clay enrichment of sediments, compared with parent soil clay contents, was mostly greater in samples with MAS. Greater clay enrichment took place during the early seal development stage in the loam, but could not readily be associated with specific stages of seal development for the clay. In the sandy clay, the relation between seal development and clay enrichment in the eroded material depended on the initial degree of aggregate slaking. The observed large preferential loss of clay by erosion in cultivated soils re-emphasizes the need to employ erosion control measures.
Changes in the Black Community

at Tuskegee Institute is concluding a followup investigation of Charles S. Johnson's classic study of southern rural blacks, entitled "Shadow of the Plantation." The study was published in 1934. The area selected for study was Macon County, Alabama-one of the "black belt" counties which historically formed the region of cotton culture in the South. It is also the county in which Tuskegee Institute is located. The results of this study provide the base line data for our current restudy of the same area almost fifty years later. At the time of the original study, the plantation system, under which blacks had lived for generations, was seen as a sick and dying institution, unable to compete successfully with other cotton-raising areas in the world market. The blacks who were the subjects of the study were seen as folk people. Given these conceptualizations, Robert E. Park, in his introduction to Shadow of the Plantation, proposes a conceptual framework which guided the study:
Vibrotactile Displays for Improving Spatial Awareness

This paper discusses the effects of tactile cueing on performance in a fixed base simulated helicopter hover task. Sixteen active-duty military helicopter pilots participated in a repeated measures two minute stationary hover test. Participants performed the hover task under four treatment conditions; tactile cueing (on/off) and secondary arithmetic task (on/off). Following each 2-minute hover, participants reported subjective situation awareness using the five point China Lake Situation Awareness Scale (CLSA). Total time on target improved with tactile cueing with a significant task by display interaction. Performance on the arithmetic task remained consistent across conditions and no significant change was seen on CLSA scores between the tactile/no tactile conditions. Results demonstrate that tactile cues can be used to improve performance in spatial tasks, such as hovering a helicopter, especially in the presence of distracting secondary workload tasks. The lack of a significant difference in SA scores...
Engineering-Driven Factor Analysis for Variation Source Identification in Multistage Manufacturing Processes

Variation source identification is an important task of quality assurance in multistage manufacturing processes (MMPs). However, existing approaches, including the quantitative engineering-model-based methods and the data-driven methods, provide limited capabilities in variation source identification. This paper proposes a new methodology that does not depend on accurate quantitative engineering models. Instead, engineering domain knowledge about the interactions between potential variation sources and product quality variables is represented as qualitative indicator vectors. These indicator vectors guide the rotation of the factor loading vectors that are derived from factor analysis of the multivariate measurement data. Based on this engineering-driven factor analysis, a procedure is presented to identify multiple variation sources that are present in a MMP. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated in a case study of a three-stage assembly process.
Cloned spindle and epithelioid cells from murine kaposi's sarcoma-like tumors are of endothelial origin

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a complex neoplasm comprising spindle cells, vascular structures, erythrocytes, and an inflammatory infiltrate. The pathogenesis of this disorder is not yet understood, which is a major impediment to the design of safe and effective new therapies. We previously reported a murine model in which simian virus 40 (SV40) T-antigen-transformed murine endothelial cells induce lesions with the histopathologic features of KS. We have now cloned by limiting dilution seven morphologically distinct tumor-derived lines, all of which express the SV40 T antigen. Because SV40 is non-permissive in mouse cells, the presence of this viral marker permits definitive identification of cellular origin. We report here that both spindle cell and epithelioid cell clones from these KS-like tumors are derived from endothelial cells.
The skin of primates. XLI. The skin of the silver marmoset—Callithrix (= Mico) Argentata†

The skin of the silver marmoset, Callithrix (= Mico) argentata Linnaeus, has many outstanding characteristics. The unusually thin epidermis and dermis are generally devoid of melanotic melanocytes. The surface of the interramal gular region is peppered with small, elevated papillae; that of the corpus penis is characterized by keratinized, proximally directed hollow spines in whose cavities are organized nerve end-organs and capillary loops. Cholinesterase-reactive papillary nerve end-organs and Meissner corpuscles populate all volar friction surfaces. A highly vascular dermis and subcutaneous fat pad partially contribute to the characteristic rubicund color of the face, external ears, and anogenital region. Many body surface hairs are accompanied by the classic Haarscheibe of Pinkus. Sinus hairs are plentiful; a circumscribed vibrissa-bearing eminence is located on the ventral ulnar aspect of each wrist. Alkaline phosphatase-positive, stellate-shaped cells are found on the outer root sheath and epithelial sac of active and quiescent hairs in all cephalic regions; such cells are not argyrophilic, aurophilic, or osmiophilic. Hairs grow in linear perfect sets of 3 to 5 follicles; they do not grow singly on the cheek. Large sebaceous glands contain alkaline phosphatase in their peripheral acini; extensive fields of gigantic multilobular sebaceous glands contribute to the distinct, opaque-white color of the scrotal skin. Numbers of apocrine sweat glands are diminished in cephalic regions but one gland occurs with each hair follicle in the axilla, scrotum, suprapubic region, and ulnar eminence. Relatively avascular eccrine sweat glands are confined to the volar friction surfaces. Their secretory coils contain sporadically distributed glycogen and phosphorylase and surrounding nerves are much more reactive for acetyl- than butyrylcholinesterase.
Simulation of the september 8, 2011, san diego blackout

The development of predictive tools for emergency management has recently become a subject of major consideration among emergency responders, especially at the federal level. Often the news of an impending high-consequence threat causes significant stress on these agencies because of their inability to apprise management of probable impacts with sufficient certainty. This paper documents Argonne National Laboratory's effort to demonstrate the predictive capability of its newly enhanced tool called EPfast in estimating the impacts of postulated events on our power system. Specifically, the study focuses on EPfast's ability to estimate power outage areas resulting from random system contingencies. The San Diego September 8, 2011, blackout that affected most of southern California was selected for simulation using EPfast. Results showed agreement with actual reported impacts in both spatial and quantitative terms. The method, assumptions, and data used are presented here, and results showing their potential application to emergency planning are discussed.
Inlet turbulence intensity level and cross-stream distribution effects on the heat transfer in plane wall jets

The effect of the turbulence intensity level and its cross-stream distribution at the inlet on the numerical prediction of the heat transfer in a two-dimensional turbulent-wall jet was investigated. The investigation was carried out within the framework of the standard kappa-epsilon turbulence model. The predicted Nusselt number showed the influence of the turbulence intensity level and its cross-stream distribution at the inlet to be significant but restricted to the first 15 slot widths from the inlet slot. Beyond this location, all the predictions were observed to collapse onto a single curve which exhibited a maximum over-prediction of about 30 percent when compared with the available experimental data.
Glatiramer acetate (GA) therapy induces a focused, oligoclonal CD8+ T-cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis

We have demonstrated that GA therapy induces a differential upregulation of GA-specific, cytotoxic/suppressor CD8+ T-cell responses in MS patients. We utilized a novel combination of flow sorting and anchored PCR to analyze the evolving clonal composition of GA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. TCRβ chain analysis revealed the development of an oligoclonal GA-specific CD8+ repertoire with persistence of dominant clones over long periods. Interestingly, some sequences resembled published oligoclonal CD8+ TCR sequences from MS lesions. In contrast, GA-specific CD4+ responses were polyclonal and showed continual evolution of their repertoire. This clonotypic and functional analysis provides mechanistic insights into GA therapy.
Relative quantum yield for the production of O-atom and S-atom from the photodissociation of OCS in the vacuum UV

The relative efficiencies for two dissociative channels in the vacuum UV photolysis of carbonyl sulphide have been determined using the flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique to measure initial yields of atomic oxygen and atomic sulphur. At wavelengths above 105 nm, the dissociation of OCS to form atomic sulphur exceeded that for the formation of atomic oxygen to such an extent that only an upper limit could be placed on the minor process. In addition, the flash photo-excitation of carbonyl sulphide produced a long-lived spontaneous emission in the UV and vacuum UV that might be due to molecular fluorescence from OCS.
Polygraphic findings of 47 cases with respiratory inhibition after crying.

AbstractObjective: To report the polygraphic findings of infants with respiratory inhibition after crying (RIAC).Methods: We screened for RIAC among infants with a gestational age ≥36 weeks using our established method with cranial ultrasonography, SpO2 monitoring and polygraphy. RIAC is defined as central apnea that occurred immediately after crying with a decrease in SpO2 to <60%, followed by repeated irregular respiration and apnea as the respiration gradually recovered. The subjects were infants with RIAC for whom we could study the polygraphic findings in detail.Results: Forty-seven RIAC cases were included in the present analysis. The frequency of RIAC was 2.1 (1.2–7.0) times per 24 h. The maximum duration of respiratory inhibition was 78.0 (52.6–109.0) s. The maximum duration of SpO2 <60% during RIAC was 39.0 (9.8–93.2) s. The minimum SpO2 value during RIAC was 53.0% (42.2–58.0%). The minimum heart rate during RIAC was 103.0 (79.1–127.1) bpm.Conclusions: RIAC is observed among healthy infants, and ...
Extraction and Quantitative Analysis of Oil from Commercial Corn Fiber

Extraction of commercial corn fiber with hexane or supercritical CO2 yielded an oil that comprised from 0.54 to 3.68 wt % of the fiber. An HPLC method with sensitive evaporative light-scattering de...
Co-precipitation in some binary sulphate systems

Abstract Studies have been made of the distribution behaviour of tracers with alkaline earth sulphates, using the technique of precipitation from homogeneous solution. The co-precipitation of strontium with barium sulphate and of lead, lanthanum, and yttrium, separately, with barium sulphate, and with strontium sulphate, were investigated. Although there was qualitative correlation between the observed values of the distribution coefficient and the theoretical solubility product ratios for each of the binary systems studied, the divergence between theory and observation was so great that it seems unlikely that there is any quantitative correlation.
Female gametophyte development in Aristolochia labiata Willd. (Aristolochiaceae)

Piperales are an extremely diverse angiosperm lineage in terms of female gametophyte structure and, as such, an excellent candidate for comparative investigations of developmental evolution. In Piperales, Aristolochiaceae are sister to clades in which several divergent patterns of female gametophyte development are prevalent. Outgroup comparisons and explicit analyses of character evolution demonstrate that Polygonum-type female gametophyte development and structure in Aristolochiaceae appears to represent the plesiomorphic condition from which the divergent ontogenies of Piperales evolved. Here, we present detailed analyses of female gametophyte development in Aristolochia labiata that combine light and confocal microscopy with three-dimensional computer reconstruction. Our reconstructions demonstrate that, at the two-nucleate stage of development, separation of nuclei to opposite poles of the female gametophyte does not appear to be dependent on vacuolar expansion as generally hypothesized. We also found a decrease in antipodal volume following formation of the secondary nucleus. Our data provide a baseline for future efforts to describe developmental modifications responsible for evolutionary transitions in female gametophyte ontogeny throughout Piperales. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 19‐29.
Lipid metabolism in germinating flaxseed

Flaxseed was germinated in the dark at 25C for 90 hr and the amt of triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and phospholipids, as well as the fatty acid composition of each, were determined at 18-hr intervals. The amt of FFA increased greatly during germination. There was no preferential metabolism of any particular fatty acid in either the triglyceride or FFA fractions. The percentage of linolenic acid in the phospholipids increased as germination progressed. Behenic, lignoceric and cerotic acids were observed in the FFA fraction after 54 hr of germination. Odd-numbered saturated and unsaturated acids, indicative of ana-oxidation mechanism, were observed in the FFA fraction at 54 hr and in the triglyceride fraction at 72 hr.
EVALUATION OF A CONDITION-ADAPTIVE TEST OF READING COMPREHENSION FOR STUDENTS WITH READING-BASED LEARNING DISABILITIES

This study presents secondary analyses on a 2–stage test of reading comprehension for students with reading-based learning disabilities (RLD). The present paper describes student perceptions of the test and its features as well as analyses focused on the routing test and associated cut score. The routing test contained typical state assessment content and was designed to route the RLD participants into 1 of 2 accessible 2nd-stage tests, 1 accommodated and 1 not accommodated, and we refer to this structure as condition-adaptive. The accommodated test was presented with a read-aloud accommodation, and an oral reading fluency subtest was also administered as part of that test to evaluate decoding skill that may have been masked by the read-aloud accommodation. This design allowed for componentwise measurement of reading proficiency at the 2nd stage with the goal of creating an accessible tailored test that would provide more comparable accommodated and nonaccommodated test scores for possible use for accountability. Overall, student perceptions differed depending on which 2nd-stage test was taken, but most students indicated that they tried as hard on this field test as they did on other tests, and many expressed a preference for the read-aloud accommodation. We found that routing test length was more strongly correlated with 2nd-stage test performance for the higher performing RLD students, that relatively similar routing decisions could be made using a shorter routing test made up of a smaller subset of the available passages, and that the percentage of students routed into each 2nd-stage test was sensitive to perturbations of the cut score.
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the HAART-Treated HIV-1 Population

AbstractAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the general population, is also an increasing cause for concern for HIV-infected patients. A number of risk factors for CVD are also associated with HIV disease and HIV therapy, particularly insulin resistance, metabolic dyslipidemia, and inflammation. For example, atherogenic dyslipidemia, a side effect of HIV therapy, is an established risk for CVD in the non-HIV-infected population. As our understanding of atherosclerotic disease evolves, new markers of CVD risk have been identified, including metabolic syndrome definitions and C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation. Use of these markers, in association with established risk factor guidelines, may serve as important tools in helping HIV physicians implement drug regimens that allow optimum management of metabolic complications associated with HIV and HAART, and thereby reduce CVD risk. The objective of this article is to review the mechanisms of at...
Part Two: Patterns of resort in the use of therapy systems and their significance for health planning in South Asia

Abstract It is generally recognized that indigenous medical practitioners play an important role in providing health care to rural villagers in developing countries. However, not much is known about the extent to which these practitioners continue to be utilized when modern sources of medical aid become available. A rural Primary Health Center zone in South India which is served by a variety of traditional, eclectic, and modern medical practitioners was selected for study. Attention was focused on patterns of resort in the selection of medical aid for a variety of illnesses. It is pointed out that although allopathy is immensely popular in rural India, many types of illness are initially brought to indigenous practitioners. The patterns of resort cited are of regional importance. On the basis of this pilot study, it is suggested that, in addition to studies of availability and access to different types of medical practitioners, studies on resort patterns be carried out throughout India to more completely ...
Optimizing psychological interventions for trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder): an update on current empirical status

Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is a psychiatric condition characterized by a persistent habit of pulling out one's hair. In treatment-seeking populations, hair-pulling disorder can be severe, chronic, and difficult to treat. In the early 1970s, behavioral interventions (eg, habit reversal training) were developed and proved effective in treating chronic hair-pulling for many individuals. In order to further increase treatment efficacy and improve long-term outcome, several authors have developed augmented treatment protocols that combine traditional behavioral strategies with other cognitive-behavioral interventions, including cognitive therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. In the present review, we give an overview of the clinical and diagnostic features of hair-pulling disorder, describe different cognitive-behavioral interventions, and evaluate research on their efficacy.
Effect of changes in substrate salinity on the elongation of Rosa hybrida L. ‘Kardinal’ stems

Abstract Changes in stem elongation rates of Rosa hybrida L. ‘Kardinal’ stems were measured using linear displacement position sensors (LDPS) while plants were exposed to salinized nutrient solutions for 2 or 12 h. Greenhouse-grown plants were acclimated for at least 24 h in a growth chamber before treatment. While in the growth chamber under constant 25 °C and continuous light, plants were automatically irrigated based on substrate moisture tension with half-strength modified Hoagland’s nutrient solution in demineralized water (NS). In the 2 h exposure experiment, a pretreatment irrigation of NS was initiated at 1:00 a.m. and was followed 2 h later by an application of demineralized (deionized) water (DI), NS, or NS with NaCl to increase the solution electrical conductivity (EC) by 1, 2, 4, or 8 dS m −1 (+1, +2, +4, and +8, respectively). A post-treatment irrigation with NS followed after two more hours. The shoot elongation rate (SER) of plants treated with DI increased by 0.30 mm h −1 from 0.95 mm h −1 , then returned to the pretreatment rate after the final irrigation. Treatment with NS resulted in a growth rate 0.10 mm h −1 greater than the pretreatment rate. This was unexpected and is probably due to a temperature effect caused by irrigating with cold solution. The +1 treatment had no effect on growth rate, but the higher concentrations resulted in decreases in SER of 0.12, 0.23, and 0.86 mm h −1 , respectively. Shoot growth rates of salinized plants returned to or exceeded pretreatment rates after the final leaching irrigation. In a 12 h exposure experiment, the treatment solution was not leached and data was collected for 12 h after the treatment. Treatment with +2, +4, and +8 caused immediate, but temporary reductions in SER. Growth rates then increased and restabilized after 4–6 h. Stems of the +2 and +4 treated plants regained the pretreatment elongation rates, but +8 treated stems only partially recovered at 78% of the pretreatment rate.
RISKS FOR AND PREVENTION OF INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS

It is accepted medical practice to prevent bacterial endocarditis in patients with susceptible congenital or acquired cardiac malformations who are likely to experience predictable procedure-related bacteremia. Patients in general, those with congenital heart disease specifically, are insufficiently aware of the need for such prophylaxis. It is responsibility of the physician to determine which patients are susceptible to endocarditis and the need for endocarditis prophylaxis for each patient for any given instance and to educate the patient as to this need. The American Heart Association provides wallet-sized cards that may be given to each patient. Those patients not previously known to have heart disease are, of course, not eligible for chemoprophylaxis. Because these represent many of the patients with endocarditis each year, it can be argued that only a minority of patients have preventable cases. Regarding the clinical application of anti-infective endocarditis prophylaxis, the American Heart Association gives this perspective: This statement represents recommended guidelines to supplement practitioners in the exercise of their clinical judgement and is not intended as a standard of care for all cases.... Because no adequate, controlled clinical trials of antibiotic regimens for the prevention of bacteria endocarditis in humans have been done, recommendations are based on vitro studies, clinical experience, data from experimental animal models, and assessment of both the bacteria most likely to produce bacteremia from a given site and those most likely to result in endocarditis. Bacterial endocarditis is one of the few infectious disease that almost always result in death unless treated. The dramatic nature of the morbidity and mortality of infective endocarditis in those so afflicted makes the prevention of even a few cases worth the effort.
"ACCELERATED STARVATION" AND THE SKIPPED BREAKFAST IN LATE NORMAL PREGNANCY

After dinner at 6 P.M. food was withheld from non-pregnant women and women in the third trimester of pregnancy: there were lean and obese women in each group, and all had normal carbohydrate metabolism. Levels of circulating fuels and glucoregulatory hormones were monitored between 6 A.M. (12 h fast) and noon (18 h fast) the following day. In non-pregnant women plasma levels of glucose, alanine, free fatty acids (FFA) beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and glucagon remained constant between 6 A.M. and noon except for slight fall in plasma alanine in the obese women and slight increases in beta-hydroxybutyrate in the lean. By contrast, in pregnant women the concentrations of all substances measured changed profoundly after extension of the overnight fast. Levels of plasma glucose, which were significantly lower than those in non-pregnant women at 6 A.M., fell further during the subsequent 6 h; plasma alanine levels declined significantly during the same interval, and there were coincident rises in plasma FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate and reductions in plasma insulin. The changes in lean and obese women were of similar magnitude; habitus did not therefore seem to have effects additional to those of pregnancy on the response to skipping breakfast. In all the pregnant women final levels of FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate were strongly correlated and inversely related to final levels of plasma glucose. The studies indicate that "accelerated starvation" can be unmasked during pregnancy even with the minor dietary deprivation common in conventional clinical circumstances. Thus, insofar as it may be desirable to avoid ketonaemia during pregnancy, the common practice of skipping breakfast whether by personal preference or for doctor-initiated laboratory testing should be avoided in pregnant women.
Frictionless Contact of Layered Half-Planes, Part I: Analysis

The multilayered half planes consists of an arbitrary number of isotropic, orthotropic, or monoclinic layers arranged in any sequence. A displacement formulation is employed and the resulting Navier equations that govern the distribution of displacements in the individual layers are solved using Fourier transforms
The importance of streamside sandbars to ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities in a deciduous forest

We used pitfall traps to sample ground beetles on sandbars along a small woodland stream and in the adjacent floodplain forest (Oglethorpe Co., GA, USA). We captured a total of 1,477 ground beetles representing 41 species. Twenty-two species were exclusive to sandbars, while eight were found only in the forested habitat. Ground beetles were captured in significantly greater numbers from sandbars, especially Brachinus janthinipennis and Omophron americanum. The B. janthinipennis record represents a new state record for the species. This study demonstrates that many unique species can be found in specialized microhabitats and emphasizes the need for biodiversity assessment surveys to include a wide range of these microhabitats within a survey area. In addition, it appears that many generalist forest species might use sandbars seasonally to exploit available resources.
9Be Low-Lying Spectrum Within a Three-Cluster Model

The energy spectrum of 9Be is studied within the cluster model α + α + n. Configuration space Faddeev equations are applied to calculate energies of the bound state and resonances. LS coupling is used for partial wave analysis. The 9Be low-lying levels are classified as members of spin-flip doublets, in compliance with the total orbital momentum of the α + α + n system. The 9Be spectral data are well reproduced by the proposed model.
Effect of fire on fine root density in red shank (Adenostoma sparsifolium Torr.) chaparral

In December 1981 a 2 ha site of 54-yr southern California chaparral was burned. A frequent species on this site wasAdenostoma sparsifolium. This shrub regenerates after fire with stump sprouting. The total fine root (diam. <1.0 mm) density of the matureA. sparsifolium stand was estimated to be 50–100 g m−2. This value was obtained in late summer. At this time fine root density in chaparral is at its lowest. In the growing season after the burn no signs for reduced fine root density were detected. Indeed, indications for a fire-enchanced flush of fine root growth were found.
Apoptotic Mechanisms in Targeted Neuronal Cell Death by Chromophore-Activated Photolysis

Apoptosis influences early development and later refinement in adult tissues. Experiments in which embryonic neurons or multipotent neural precursor cells are transplanted into regions of neuronal degeneration following targeted photolytic cell death show similar regulation of neuronal migration and differentiation. In those experiments, transplanted cells sought to restore normal cytoarchitecture by preferential migration into neuron deficient regions, assumption of pyramidal morphology, and early process elongation. Control transplants into intact and kainic acid lesioned cortex failed to elicit similar responses. We investigated the possibility that mechanisms of neuronal death common to apoptosis and targeted photolysis could explain the similar developmental influences. We assessed the pathways of cellular injury and eventual cell death in neuroblastoma and PC12 cell cultures labeled with nanospheres carrying the chromophore NH4-chlorin e6 and subjected to photoactivation (1) pharmacologically by scavengers of singlet oxygen and inhibitors of lysosomal proteases, (2) histologically by electron, fluorescence, and light microscopy, and (3) biochemically with binding of cellular DNA by propridium iodide, 3'-OH DNA end terminal labeling, and gel electrophoresis. We found that nanospheres were incorporated into lysosomes, and exposure to light energy led to singlet oxygen (1O2) production and cell death within both neuroblastoma and PC-12 cell lines. Scavengers of 1O2 prevented cell toxicity, while inactivation of lysosomal proteases reduced cell death. Morphologically, degenerating cells revealed release of proteases from lysosomes and disruption of cytoskeletal proteins. Apoptotic characteristics including early loss of cell adhesion, plasma membrane blebbing, and nuclear condensation and convolution were observed. Biochemically, DNA fragmentation was present in cells stained with propridium iodide and observed by 3'-OH end terminal labeling and gel electrophoresis. Thus, cells targeted by photolytically generated 1O2 undergo a form of cell autolysis whose final common pathway is apoptotic. The slow, nonnecrotic process of targeted neuronal cell death in vivo may activate many of the same physiological cues activated by programmed cell death during normal development and during organizational refinement in the adult vertebrate nervous system. This may potentially explain the migration and differentiation of neocortical neurons and neural precursors transplanted into these regions of neuronal degeneration.
Seismic Screening of Public Facilities in Oregon's Western Counties

The objective of this study was to use rapid visual screening (RVS) methods to identify potential seismic hazards for Oregon's public facilities, including schools, hospitals, fire stations, police stations, and emergency response centers. There were 1,075 buildings screened in nine western Oregon counties. This study is part of a larger effort under the 2005 Oregon Senate Bill 2 to assess the seismic needs and upgrade public facilities in Oregon. RVS methodology generally followed the Federal Emergency Management Agency's FEMA 154 Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Hazards: A Handbook. This method identifies structural type and building characteristics that may indicate poor performance under the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). Each building is given a final score related to the probability of collapse under the MCE. Screening was conducted by four individuals over three months. Quality assurance (QA) testing on nine buildings examined consistency between screeners. QA results showed final scores varied between screeners depending on building size, structure type, and architectural cladding. FEMA 154 was developed using California buildings. Differences between Oregon and California construction and the use of FEMA 154 in Oregon are discussed in this paper, reviewing the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and Oregon Structural Specialty Code (OSSC) amendments. The study provided two important conclusions. First, the average final score for buildings screened fell below the FEMA 154 cut-off score of 2.0 Second, the OSSC had an exception to the UBC that allowed the construction of unreinforced masonry buildings two stories or less in height. With this context, screening results can help in assigning priorities for further analysis and seismic retrofits.
Diagnosis of inferior vena cava anomalies by computerized tomography

Abstract Knowledge of normal and variant vascular anatomy has become essential with increasing use of computerized tomography and ultrasound. We present three cases of IVC anomalies diagnosed by computerized tomography, including azygos continuation of the IVC and the first case of left IVC demonstrated on CT scan. The embryology of the normal and variant IVC is presented. The practical significance of these findings is discussed.
Homologies of repetitive DNA sequences among Crustacea.

The interrelationships of a number of Crustacea were measured by nucleic acid hybridization techniques, with special emphas is on the question of whether GC-rich satellite DNA contains nucleotide sequences homologous to sequences found in other Crustacea with and without similar satellite DNAs. Repetitious sequences from both main-band DNA and GC-rich satellite DNA from the land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis, were hybridized to the total DNAs of crustaceans ranging from the brine shrimp (Subclass: Branchiopoda) to the North American lobster (Homarus americanus, Subclass: Malacostraca; Suborder: Repantia; Section: Macrura) and the true crabs (Subclass: Malacostraca; Suborder: Reptantia; Section: Brachyura). Approximately half of the Gecarcinus repetitious main-band DNA sequences were found to be represented in the DNA of the other true crabs, while a lesser but still significant amount of homology (5 to 10%) to the GC-rich satellite DNA was observed. We also observed a significant amount of homology of the Gecarcinus GC-rich satellite to other crustacean DNAs, even at the level of a different taxonomic Section. This is the first observation of hybrid formation between a purified satellite and DNAs from other organisms under stringent hybridization conditions.
Functional connectivity between task-positive and task-negative brain areas and its relation to working memory performance

Functional brain imaging studies have identified a set of brain areas typically activated during cognitive tasks (task-positive brain areas) and another set of brain areas typically deactivated during cognitive tasks (task-negative brain areas). Negative correlations, or anticorrelations, between task-positive and task-negative brain areas have been reported at rest. Furthermore, the strength of these anticorrelations appears to be related to cognitive function. However, studies examining anticorrelations have typically employed global regression or similar analysis steps that force anticorrelated relationships to exist between brain areas. Therefore the validity of these findings has been questioned. Here we examine anticorrelations between a task-negative region in the medial frontal gyrus/anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a classic task-positive area, using an analysis that does not include global regression. Instead, we control for whole-brain correlations in the group-level analysis. Using this approach, we demonstrate that the strength of the functional connection between the medial frontal cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is related to cognitive function and that this relationship is not an artifact of global regression.
A New Foundation for the Propensity Interpretation of Fitness

The propensity interpretation of fitness (PIF) is commonly taken to be subject to a set of simple counterexamples. We argue that three of the most important of these are not counterexamples to the PIF itself, but only to the traditional mathematical model of this propensity: fitness as expected number of offspring. They fail to demonstrate that a new mathematical model of the PIF could not succeed where this older model fails. We then propose a new formalization of the PIF that avoids these (and other) counterexamples. By producing a counterexample-free model of the PIF, we call into question one of the primary motivations for adopting the statisticalist interpretation of fitness. In addition, this new model has the benefit of being more closely allied with contemporary mathematical biology than the traditional model of the PIF.
Pigment-specific relationships between feather corticosterone concentrations and sexual coloration

Author(s): Grunst, ML; Grunst, AS; Parker, CE; Romero, LM; Rotenberry, JT | Abstract: The adrenocortical stress response may divert energy away from sexual ornamentation, such that ornaments signal exposure or resistance to physiological stress. Alternatively, steroid glucocorticoids released via the stress response may support ornament development by stimulating foraging and metabolism. The relationship between glucocorticoids and ornamentation may vary with ornament type and across age and sex classes that experience different resource allocation tradeoffs. In yellow warblers (Setophaga petechia), we conducted the first study to simultaneously assess whether relationships between corticosterone (the primary avian glucocorticoid) and ornamentation depend on sexual pigment type, age, and sex. We quantified carotenoid- and phaeomelanin-based pigmentation using spectrometry, and assayed corticosterone in feathers (CORTf) to derive an integrative metric of corticosterone levels during molt. Yellow warblers with lower carotenoid hue (lambda R50) had higher CORTf, suggesting that carotenoid hue may signal stress during molt across age and sex classes. Carotenoid chroma also negatively correlated with CORTf. However, this correlation was absent in older males, seemingly because these males display more saturated carotenoid pigmentation, and thus less variance in carotenoid chroma. Young males with higher CORTf also tended to have poorer quality tertial feathers, indicating poor condition at molt. Phaeomelanin-based pigmentation was largely unrelated to CORTf, suggesting that pleiotropic effects do not link phaeomelanogenesis and CORT release. Finally, CORTf was repeatable across years within individuals. Thus, carotenoid- and phaeomelanin-based pigmentation communicate nonequivalent information about physiological stress, with carotenoid pigmentation having the potential to signal stable differences in stress levels that could affect fitness.
Video Authentication against Correlation Analysis Attack in Wireless Network

Transporting live Image/video data thought a Wireless Network is required in many applications (such as video wireless sensor networks). However multi-hop wireless video transportation is inherently more vulnerable against attackers due to the openness of its physical media. We present a blind video watermark scheme that is resilient against correlation attack and playback attack. Our scheme uses a unique F-modulation method where each watermark bit is modulated by a local F bit to enable blind detection at the receiver side. A novel content based block selection algorithm is used to spreading the locations of marked blocks to prevent correlation attack.
Interpretation of rent's rule for ultralarge-scale integrated circuit designs, with an application to wirelength distribution models

Computer hardware components have changed significantly since the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and even since the early 1990s. Work concerning Rent's memos prior to the present paper has been based on a 1971 interpretation of two unpublished memoranda written in 1960 by E. F. Rent while working at IBM, even though today's computer components are significantly different from those in 1960 and 1971. However, because of the significant changes in the design and implementation of computer hardware components since 1960 and 1971, a new interpretation of Rent's memos is needed for today's components. We have obtained copies of Rent's two memos. In these memos, Rent describes the method that he used to obtain an empirical relationship between properties of the computer hardware components of the IBM 1401 and the IBM 1410 computers. We have studied these memos carefully in order to understand Rent's original intent. Based on our careful reading of these two memos, the personal knowledge of one of us with the 1401 and 1410 computers, and our experience designing ultralarge-scale integrated (ULSI) circuits for high-performance microprocessors, we have derived an historically equivalent interpretation of Rent's memos suitable for today's computer components. The purpose of this paper is to present a new interpretation of the memos and to present an application to wirelength distributions of real ULSI circuitry. In this paper, we will: 1) describe the contents of the memos and Rent's method; 2) provide an historically-equivalent interpretation of Rent's memos for today's computer components; and 3) apply this new interpretation to real ULSI control logic circuitry in the 1.3-GHz IBM POWER4 microprocessor. In this paper, we will show that this new interpretation of the two memos provides improved wirelength distribution models with better qualitative agreement with measurements and more accurate estimates of wirelength distributions and wirelength requirements for real ULSI designs compared with prior methods.
Deep brain stimulation for movement and other neurologic disorders

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) was introduced as a treatment for patients with parkinsonism and other movement disorders in the early 1990s. The technique rapidly became the treatment of choice for these conditions, and is now also being explored for other diseases, including Tourette syndrome, gait disorders, epilepsy, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and depression. Although the mechanism of action of DBS remains unclear, it is recognized that DBS works through focal modulation of functionally specific circuits. The fact that the same DBS parameters and targets can be used in multiple diseases suggests that DBS does not counteract the pathophysiology of any specific disorder, but acts to replace pathologic activities in disease-affected brain circuits with activity that is more easily tolerated. Despite the progress made in the use of DBS, much remains to be done to fully realize the potential of this therapy. We describe some of the most active areas of research in this field, both in terms of exploration of new targets and stimulation parameters, and in terms of new electrode or stimulator designs.
Role of monoclonal antibodies in tumor-specific immunity.

Monoclonal antibodies, considered to be ‘magic bullets’ 20 years ago, may finally be realizing their full potential, particularly in the area of oncology, where > 10 monoclonal antibodies are approved for treatment. Monoclonal antibodies are being used to modulate tumor-specific immunity through several approaches: antibodies that direct cytotoxicity against the tumor through cellular or complement-mediated pathways; antibodies that directly modulate immune regulation; antibodies that alter tolerance to tumor antigens; and antibodies that act as antigen mimetics through the anti-idiotype network. Therapeutic progress in these areas is reviewed as well as the potential to combine these approaches with standard therapies.
Reply to Balan and Gottlieb

REPLY: Several important questions are raised in the recent comparison by Balan and Gottlieb (2009) between the description by Balan et al. (2008) of lateral intraparietal (LIP) neuron activity in monkeys performing visual search with manual responses and our recent report of frontal eye field (FEF) neuron activity in monkeys performing visual search with saccade responses (Cohen et al. 2009). Both studies manipulated the number of distractors in the search display. Balan et al. 2008 reported decreased firing rate with increasing set size, but they reported no delay in the time at which activity for the target exceeded activity for the distractors, referred to as target selection time. Cohen and colleagues (2009) also reported decreased firing rate with increasing set size, but also observed delayed target selection time with increasing set size. How should we interpret the different observations across laboratories, effectors, cortical areas, and task designs? First, we emphasize that this is not a case of one observation being correct and the other incorrect. The results of both studies are valid within their respective contexts. However, the question remains: which difference between studies explains the different outcomes? We argue that task demands are the major factors. In other words, measured under the same task demands, we predict that the same pattern of results would be obtained across effector (manual response vs. saccade) and cortical area (LIP vs. FEF). The first step of the argument is to appreciate that categorical statements about the relationship between target selection time and response time are not possible because these times vary for at least three reasons. First, neuron type matters. Multiple
Cardiovascular involvement in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Cardiovascular abnormalities often result in structural and functional abnormalities in a number of organ systems in human body. Abnormalities in other systems can also result in overt or sub-clinical abnormalities in cardiovascular system. Several genetic, biochemical, toxic and infectious conditions involve multiple organ systems to varying degrees. Detection of abnormalities in one organ system often results in a search for abnormalities in other organ systems. Hemochromatosis, amyloidosis, hypertension and chronic alcohol abuse are common examples of conditions where a thorough evaluation often reveals multisystem involvement irrespective of the primary mode of presentation. In a study in this issue of the Journal, Torregrosa et al. investigated the presence of abnormalities in cardiovascular system in patients with liver cirrhosis by performing echocardiography and rest and exercise equilibrium radionuclide angiocardiography [1]. Patients with overt cardiovascular abnormalities such as congestive heart failure, hypertension and symptomatic coronary artery disease were excluded. Subtle, sub-clinical abnormalities were common in these patients. These abnormalities comprised of a slight increase in left ventricular wall thickness and left ventricular mass; higher resting stroke volume, left ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac output; failure of left ventricular ejection fraction to increase with semi-supine exercise; and impaired overall exercise capacity. These abnormalities were more common in patients with ascites. These abnormalities regressed following successful liver transplantation. Interestingly, these abnormalities were equally common in patients with non-alcoholic and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Cardiovascular complications are the major source of peri-operative morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery and also for subsequent