cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Textuality and Deritualization: The Case of Western Liturgical Usage

Ce qui se trouve pose par les eglises occidentales: la deritualisation de la liturgie. En effet, elles se sont ecartees de l'usage des mots comme propos celebrants ainsi que des actions pour la subordonner entierement aux textes imprimes prets a la recitation. Cette mutation fait du culte une fonction de la foi, alors qu'il devrait en etre le fondement et la source. L'A. presente une contribution tres schematique aux raisons et aux manieres dont la liturgie a ete absorbee par le texte et conclut par quelques considerations sur la facon d'inverser la tendance
Fatal Cerebral Air Embolism: A Case Series and Literature Review

Cerebral air embolism (CAE) is an infrequently reported complication of routine medical procedures. We present two cases of CAE. The first patient was a 55-year-old male presenting with vomiting and loss of consciousness one day after his hemodialysis session. Physical exam was significant for hypotension and hypoxia with no focal neurologic deficits. Computed tomography (CT) scan of head showed gas in cerebral venous circulation. The patient did not undergo any procedures prior to presentation, and his last hemodialysis session was uneventful. Retrograde rise of venous air to the cerebral circulation was the likely mechanism for venous CAE. The second patient was a 46-year-old female presenting with fever, shortness of breath, and hematemesis. She was febrile, tachypneic, and tachycardic and required intubation and mechanical ventilation. An orogastric tube inserted drained 2500 mL of bright red blood. Flexible laryngoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy were performed. She also underwent central venous catheter placement. CT scan of head performed the next day due to absent brain stem reflexes revealed intravascular air within cerebral arteries. A transthoracic echocardiogram with bubble study ruled out patent foramen ovale. The patient had a paradoxical CAE in the absence of a patent foramen ovale.
Primary care physicians' perspective on financial issues and adult immunization in the Era of the Affordable Care Act.

Abstract Background Financial barriers to adult vaccination are poorly understood. Our objectives were to assess among general internists (GIM) and family physicians (FP) shortly after Affordable Care Act (ACA) implementation: (1) proportion of adult patients deferring or refusing vaccines because of cost and frequency of physicians not recommending vaccines for financial reasons; (2) satisfaction with reimbursement for vaccine purchase and administration by payer type; (3) knowledge of Medicare coverage of vaccines; and (4) awareness of vaccine-specific provisions of the ACA. Methods We administered an Internet and mail survey from June to October 2013 to national networks of 438 GIMs and 401 FPs. Results Response rates were 72% (317/438) for GIM and 59% (236/401) for FP. Among physicians who routinely recommended vaccines, up to 24% of GIM and 30% of FP reported adult patients defer or refuse certain vaccines for financial reasons most of the time. Physicians reported not recommending vaccines because they thought the patient’s insurance would not cover it (35%) or the patient could be vaccinated more affordably elsewhere (38%). Among physicians who saw patients with this insurance, dissatisfaction (‘very dissatisfied’) was highest for payments received from Medicaid (16% vaccine purchase, 14% vaccine administration) and Medicare Part B (11% vaccine purchase, 11% vaccine administration). Depending on the vaccine, 36–71% reported not knowing how Medicare covered the vaccine. Thirty-seven percent were ‘not at all aware’ and 19% were ‘a little aware’ of vaccine-specific provisions of the ACA. Conclusions Patients are refusing and physicians are not recommending adult vaccinations for financial reasons. Increased knowledge of private and public insurance coverage for adult vaccinations might position physicians to be more likely to recommend vaccines and better enable them to refer patients to other vaccine providers when a particular vaccine or vaccines are not offered in the practice.
Spatial Control of Bacteria Using Screen Printing

Abstract Synthetic biology has led to advances in both our understanding and engineering of genetic circuits that affect spatial and temporal behaviors in living cells. A growing array of native an...
Associations between home insulin dose adjustments and glycemic outcomes at hospital admission

Abstract Aims To describe patterns of home insulin dose adjustments for non-surgical, non-critically ill patients at admission and to describe associations between these adjustments and inpatient glycemic control. Methods Hospital records of non-critically ill patients treated with basal insulin prior to admission were identified. After exclusion of records in which a confounding factor influencing insulin dosing was present, 258 patient-admissions over a 3-year time period were included. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between adjustments to home insulin total daily dose (TDD) and inpatient glycemic control within the first 48 h, adjusting for relevant confounders. Results On hospital days 1 (HD1) and 2 (HD2), the home insulin TDD was reduced by 43.5% and 23.9%, respectively. Reductions in the home TDD ranging from 10% to 50% were not associated with normoglycemia or hyperglycemia, whereas increases ranging from 10% to 50% were associated with 2–5-fold increased odds of hyperglycemia. For patients with home insulin TDD ≥0.4 units/kg/day, a weight-based dose of 0.4–0.6 units/kg/day was associated with significantly higher odds of normoglycemia on HD2 (OR 3.99; 95% CI 1.42–11.21) compared to lower doses. Conclusions Compared to less aggressive increases, home insulin dose increases ranging from 10% to 50% were associated with greater odds of hyperglycemia without increased odds of hypoglycemia during early hospitalization. Weight-based insulin dosing may be a preferred strategy for glycemic control among patients whose home TDD is ≥0.4 units/kg/day.
Excited-State N2 Dissociation Pathway on Fe-Functionalized Au

Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) offer the possibility of light-activated chemical catalysis on surfaces of strongly plasmonic metal nanoparticles. This technology relies on lower-barrier bond formation and/or dissociation routes made available through energy transfer following the eventual decay of LSPRs. The coupling between these decay processes and a chemical trajectory (nuclear motion, charge-transfer, intersystem crossing, etc.) dictates the availability of these alternative (possibly lower barrier) excited-state channels. The Haber–Bosch method of NH3 synthesis from N2 and H2 is notoriously energy intensive. This is due to the difficulty of N2 dissociation despite the overall reaction being thermodynamically favorable at ambient temperatures and pressures. LSPRs may provide means to improve the kinetics of N2 dissociation via induced resonance electronic excitation. In this work, we calculate, via embedded n-electron valence second-order perturbation theory within the density functional...
Imaging Corneal Biomechanical Responses to Ocular Pulse Using High-Frequency Ultrasound

Imaging corneal biomechanical changes or abnormalities is important for better clinical diagnosis and treatment of corneal diseases. We propose a novel ultrasound-based method, called ocular pulse elastography (OPE), to image corneal deformation during the naturally occurring ocular pulse. Experiments on animal and human donor eyes, as well as synthetic radiofrequency (RF) data, were used to evaluate the efficacy of the OPE method. Using very high-frequency ultrasound (center frequency = 55 MHz), correlation-based speckle tracking yielded an accuracy of less than 10% error for axial tissue displacements of $0.5~\mu \text{m}$ or above. Satisfactory speckle tracking was achieved for out-of-plane displacements up to $32~\mu \text{m}$ . Using synthetic RF data with or without a pre-defined uniform strain, the OPE method detected strains down to 0.0001 axially and 0.00025 laterally with an error less than 10%. Experiments in human donor eyes showed excellent repeatability with an intraclass correlation of 0.98. The measurement outcome from OPE was also shown to be highly correlated with that of standard inflation. These results suggest the feasibility of OPE as a potential clinical tool for evaluating corneal biomechanics in vivo .
High Performance Streaming Telemetry in Optical Transport Networks

We demonstrate streaming telemetry capabilities for optical networks implemented as modular software service. The telemetry system is capable of user-defined configurable streaming to an external collector at very high frequencies of all critical optical performance metrics.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography as a Means of Characterizing Isoforms of Steroid Hormone Receptor Proteins

Steroid hormone receptors remain one of the most elusive, labile proteins under study in the field of molecular endocrinology. To our knowledge, no one has provided conclusive evidence of the “native state” of either estrogen or progestin receptors in breast and endometrial carcinomas. Most investigators have utilized sucrose gradient centrifugation, conventional column chromatography and/or isoelectric focusing to characterize these proteins in impure preparations1,2. Using these techniques, several receptor species have been identified.
Effect of carbogen-breathing on redox status of the RIF-1 tumor

Tissue redox status and p0 are two factors that are hypothesized to be different in normal and malignant tissues. Methods that can detect subtle differences in the above physiological parameters would greatly aid in devising appropriate treatment strategies. We have previously used in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and imaging techniques and showed that tumor tissues are highly reducing and hypoxic compared to normal tissues. The purpose of the present study was to obtain spatially resolved redox data from tumor tissue and to examine the effect of oxygenation on the tumor redox status.
WaRS: A Method for Signal Classification

Rough hybrid methods are used worldwide for pattern recognition and classification problems. In this chapter, WaRS, a combination of wavelets with rough set tools is presented, and examples of its application to problems of artificial and real-life (biomedical) origin are supplied.
Yield Improvement via minimization of step height non-uniformity in Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP)

Obtaining local and global planarity is one of the prime criteria in dielectric and metal planarizations. Although Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) helps us achieve this criterion in constant pattern density surfaces, the same is not true for variable pattern density surfaces this results in formation of global step heights across the die. This paper provides a pressure open loop control algorithms for obtaining planarity across a die containing variations in pattern densities. Based on the variation of pattern density and surface heights across the die, the surfaces are separated into zones and the pressure is varied spatially and/or temporally to obtain uniform surface heights, with enhanced step height uniformity. One of the algorithms looks ahead and recalculates/modifies the pressure values by identifying the step heights that could be formed after a specified time step. The final surface predictions have improved uniformity on the upper surface as well as on the step heights across the entire die. The simulation would help us track the polishing process for each time step and guide us with the optimized pressure values that can be applied in order to an uniform final surface evolution.
Pointfree pointwise suprema in unital archimedean ℓ-groups

We generalize the concept of the pointwise supremum of real-valued functions to the pointfree setting. The concept itself admits a direct and intuitive formulation which makes no mention of points. But our aim here is to investigate pointwise suprema of subsets of RLRL, the family of continuous real valued functions on a locale, or pointfree space. Thus our setting is the category W of archimedean lattice-ordered groups (l-groups) with designated weak order unit, with morphisms which preserve the group and lattice operations and take units to units. This is an appropriate context for this investigation because every W-object can be canonically represented as a subobject of some RLRL. We show that the suprema which are pointwise in the Madden representation can be characterized purely algebraically. They are precisely the suprema which are context-free, in the sense of being preserved by every W homomorphism out of G. We show that closure under such suprema characterizes the W-kernels among the convex l-subgroups. Finally, we prove that all existing joins in a W-object G are pointwise iff its Madden frame L is boolean, and that all existing countable joins in G are pointwise if L is a P-frame, but not conversely. This leads up to the appropriate analog of the Nakano–Stone Theorem: a (completely regular) locale L has the feature that RLRL is conditionally pointwise complete (σ -complete), i.e., every bounded (countable) family from RLRL has a pointwise supremum in RLRL, iff L is boolean (a P-locale). We adopt a maximally broad definition of unconditional pointwise completeness (σ-completeness): a divisible W-object G is pointwise complete (σ-complete) if it contains a pointwise supremum for every subset which has a supremum in any extension. We show that the pointwise complete (σ-complete) W-objects are those of the form RLRL for L a boolean locale (P-locale). Finally, we show that a W-object G is pointwise σ-complete iff it is epicomplete.
Unraveling the structural properties and dynamics of sulfonated solid acid carbon catalysts with neutron vibrational spectroscopy

Abstract Last year, nearly 1 billion waste tires were disposed of globally, a number that continues to grow with the deployment of more automobiles. Recycling this hazardous waste to produce useful products is paramount towards sustainability that has a direct impact on society. In an effort to alleviate the impact of this waste, we have shown that scrap tire crumb rubber can be turned into value-added sulfonated carbon catalysts that can be used for a number of applications. Here, we analyze the sulfonated carbon catalysts with several techniques in order to elucidate the structural properties as well as the impact of pre- and post-sulfonation on the surface functionalities. Most notably, we applied neutron vibrational spectroscopy in order to better understand the surface chemistry of carbon material and resolve the role of protons in tire-derived carbon. Our results suggest that tuning the surface chemistry and the content of sulfur and hydrogen will promote Lewis-acid catalysis, which allows for important heterogeneous reactions such as esterification.
Addressing Patients' Mental Health Needs at a Student-Run Free Clinic.

Student-run free clinics are uniquely positioned to understand the barriers to accessing mental health resources. We abstracted patient demographics and clinical characteristics from 355 patient charts and examined referral patterns for a subset of patients. Seventy-three (21%) of patients were found to have a psychiatric diagnosis and were more likely to have more medical comorbidities (10 versus 6, p < 0.001), total medications (8 versus 6, p < 0.001, and to be English-speaking (odds ratio: 1.97, p < 0.05). Of patients who received a referral, 37 (60%) were referred to specialty treatment, the majority to a single outside agency provider. 15 (25%) of patients were interviewed. Barriers to successful referral included transportation and medical symptoms. A facilitator of successful referral was concern for individual’s health. Language, social stigma, and cost were not cited as barriers. This study describes mental health needs at a SRFC and suggests opportunities for improvement.
HTSeqQC: A Flexible and One-Step Quality Control Software for High-throughput Sequence Data Analysis

Use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has become indispensable in life science research. Raw HTS data contains several sequencing artifacts, and as a first step it is imperative to remove the artifacts for reliable downstream bioinformatics analysis. Although there are multiple stand-alone tools available that can perform the various quality control steps separately, availability of an integrated tool that can allow one-step, automated quality control analysis of HTS datasets will significantly enhance handling large number of samples parallelly. Here, we developed HTSQualC, a stand-alone, flexible, and easy-to-use software for one-step quality control analysis of raw HTS data. HTSQualC can evaluate HTS data quality and perform filtering and trimming analysis in a single run. We evaluated the performance of HTSQualC for conducting batch analysis of HTS datasets with 322 samples with an average ~1M (paired end) sequence reads per sample. HTSQualC accomplished the QC analysis in ~3 hours in distributed mode and ~31 hours in shared mode, thus underscoring its utility and robust performance. In addition to command-line execution, we integrated HTSQualC into the free, open-source, CyVerse cyberinfrastructure resource as a GUI interface, for wider access to experimental biologists who have limited computational resources and/or programming abilities.
Assessment of Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis Diagnosis, Management and Outcomes in Patients with Solid Tumors Over a Decade of Experience.

Objective Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC), a common complication of advanced malignancies, is associated with high morbidity and mortality, yet diagnosis and treatment decisions remain challenging. This study describes the diagnostic and treatment modalities for LMC and identifies factors associated with overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods We performed a single-institution retrospective study (registration #: OSU2016C0053) of 153 patients diagnosed with LMC treated at The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Center, (OSUCCC)-James between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. Results Median age at diagnosis was 55.7 years, and 61% had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group baseline performance status ≤1. Most common primary tumors were breast (43%), lung (26%), and cutaneous melanoma (10%). At presentation, most patients were stage III-IV (71%) with higher grade tumors (grade III: 46%). Metastases to bone (36%), brain (33%), and lung (12%) were the most common sites with a median of 0.5 years (range, 0-14.9 years) between the diagnosis of first metastasis and of LMC. 153 (100%) patients had MRI evidence of LMC. Of the 67 (44%) who underwent lumbar puncture (LP), 33 (22%) had positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Most patients received radiotherapy for LMC (60%) and chemotherapy (93%) for either the primary disease or LMC. 28 patients received intrathecal chemotherapy, 22 of whom had a primary diagnosis of breast cancer. 98% died with median OS of all patients was 1.9 months (95% CI: 1.3-2.5 months). Conclusion Despite improved treatments and targeted therapies, outcomes of LMC remain extremely poor. Positive CSF cytology was associated with lower OS in patients who had cytology assessed and specifically in patients with breast cancer. CSF cytology serves as an important indicator for prognosis and helps aid in developing individualized therapeutic strategies for patients with LMC.
THERMONUCLEAR SUPERNOVAE: PROBING MAGNETIC FIELDS BY POSITRONS AND LATE-TIME IR LINE PROFILES

We show the importance of γ and positron transport for the formation of late-time spectra in Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). The goal is to study the imprint of magnetic fields (B) on late-time IR line profiles, particularly the [Fe II] feature at 1.644 μm, which becomes prominent two to three months after the explosion. As a benchmark, we use the explosion of a Chandrasekhar mass (M {sub Ch}) white dwarf (WD) and, specifically, a delayed detonation model that can reproduce the light curves and spectra for a Branch-normal SN Ia. We assume WDs with initial magnetic surface fields between 1 and 10{sup 9} G. We discuss large-scale dipole and small-scale magnetic fields. We show that positron transport effects must be taken into account for the interpretation of emission features starting at about one to two years after maximum light, depending on the size of B. The [Fe II] line profile and its evolution with time can be understood in terms of the overall energy input by radioactive decay and the transition from a γ-ray to a positron-dominated regime. We find that the [Fe II] line at 1.644 μm can be used to analyze the overall chemical and density structuremore » of the exploding WD up to day 200 without considering B. At later times, positron transport and magnetic field effects become important. After about day 300, the line profile allows one to probe the size of the B-field. The profile becomes sensitive to the morphology of B at about day 500. In the presence of a large-scale dipole field, a broad line is produced in M {sub Ch} mass explosions that may appear flat-topped or rounded depending on the inclination at which the SN is observed. Small or no directional dependence of the spectra is found for small-scale B. We note that narrow-line profiles require central {sup 56}Ni as shown in our previous studies. Persistent broad-line, flat-topped profiles require high-density burning, which is the signature of a WD close to M {sub Ch}. Good time coverage is required to separate the effects of optical depth, the size and morphology of B, and the aspect angle of the observer. The spectra require a resolution of about 500 km s{sup –1} and a signal-to-noise ratio of about 20%. Two other strong near-IR spectral features at about 1.5 and 1.8 μm are used to demonstrate the importance of line blending, which may invalidate a kinematic interpretation of emission lines. Flat-topped line profiles between 300 and 400 days have been observed and reported in the literature. They lend support for M {sub Ch} mass explosions in at least some cases and require magnetic fields equal to or in excess of 10{sup 6} G. We briefly discuss the effects of the size and morphology of B on light curves, as well as limitations. We argue that line profiles are a more direct measurement of B than light curves because they measure both the distribution of {sup 56}Ni and the redistribution of the energy input by positrons rather than the total energy input. Finally, we discuss possible mechanisms for the formation of high B-fields and the limitations of our analysis.« less
Determining the impact of US mammography screening guidelines on patient survival in a predominantly African American population treated in a public hospital during 2008

BACKGROUND: In November 2009, the US Preventive Service Task Force (USPSTF) published updated breast cancer screening guidelines. This marked a change from the 2002 recommendations and a significant divergence from the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines. In the current study, the potential effect of using the revised 2009 USPSTF guidelines on patient disease stage and survival were evaluated and compared with those actually observed and to predicted under ACS recommendations. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for 84 patients who were diagnosed with stage I through III breast cancer at Grady Memorial Hospital during 2008. Previously published tumor volume doubling times were used to model an equation that would estimate tumor sizes. For each patient, a disease stage at diagnosis was predicted, and outcomes were modeled as though the patient had been screened according to the recommended versions of the ACS and USPSTF guidelines. Patient survival rates were then estimated based on prognostic data according to disease stage. RESULTS: The average age of patients in the study was 55 years, and 85% were African American. The USPSTF guidelines predicted later stages at diagnosis (14% stage I, 73% stage II), whereas the ACS guidelines predicted earlier stages (47% stage I, 53% stage II). CONCLUSIONS: A large stage migration was predicted, indicating significantly earlier diagnosis, when the ACS-recommended screening guidelines were followed. The authors concluded that practitioners should understand how race and/or socioeconomic factors increase the risk of breast cancer and should be encouraged to prioritize discussions regarding the benefits and risks of annual mammographic screening, especially among women who have a potentially greater risk of developing breast cancer at a younger age. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Heavy sterile neutrinos and supernova explosions

Abstract We consider sterile neutrinos with rest masses ∼ 0.2 GeV and with vacuum flavor mixing angles θ 2 > 10 −8 for mixing with τ-neutrinos, or 10 −8 θ 2 10 −7 for mixing with muon neutrinos. Such sterile neutrinos could augment core collapse supernova shock energies by enhancing energy transport from the core to the vicinity of the shock front. The decay of these neutrinos could produce a flux of very energetic active neutrinos, detectable by future neutrino observations from galactic supernova. The relevant range of sterile neutrino masses and mixing angles can be probed in future laboratory experiments.
Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides: repellency and penetrability of treated textiles to pesticide sprays

It is known that pesticide intoxication in agricultural workers is probably the result of excessive dermal exposure to pesticides. Poisonings can occur in applicators from spillage and in field workers due to contamination of clothing by drift and residue (Southwick et al. 1975). Absorption through the skin is perhaps the most important mode of entry of the pesticide into the body during spray applications. Wolfe (1973) found that over 97% of the pesticide to which the body is subjected during possible exposure situations is deposited on the skin.
Ion permeation through the L‐type Ca2+ channel in rat phaeochromocytoma cells: two sets of ion binding sites in the pore.

1. Both inward and outward unitary Li+ currents through the L-type Ca2+ channel and discrete block of such currents by either internal or external Ca2+ are recorded. Detailed kinetic analyses are obtained for all of the four experimental configurations (internal or external Ca2+ block of either inward or outward Li+ currents). 2. No matter from which side the blocking Ca2+ ion comes, the exit (unblocking) rates are always the same at the same potential in the same direction of Li+ current flow. This indicates that the high-affinity Ca2+ binding site (the blocking site) is in the pore, and internal and external Ca2+ both go to the same site to produce the block. In other words, there can only be one high-affinity Ca2+ binding site or one set of such sites (sites separated by insignificant barriers) in the pore. Furthermore, the direction of exit of the blocking Ca2+ ion is always with, not against, the Li+ current flow. This suggests ion-ion interaction (the 'long pore effect') in the high-affinity sites. Therefore there must be more than one high-affinity site in the pore. Overall it is concluded that the pore must contain a set of high-affinity Ca2+ binding sites separated by insignificant energy barriers. 3. The voltage dependence of the off- (exit) rates is very similar in amplitude for all the four experimental configurations (e-fold change per approximately 25 mV depolarization or hyperpolarization). This strong voltage dependence in every configuration cannot be explained by any Ca2+ energy profile alone and must include a certain contribution from Li+. The mechanism underlying such a contribution seems to reside in the enhancement effect of Li+ on the exist of Ca2+. 4. The on-rates (blocking rates) for external Ca2+ are always fast no matter whether the Li+ currents are outward or inward. In certain cases the rates even approach the diffusion-controlled limit (approximately 10(9) M-1 S-1). This suggests that the high-affinity sites are very easily accessible from the outside, and probably there is no other ionic site located between the external pore mouth and the high-affinity sites. 5. The on-rates for internal Ca2+ are fast and voltage independent in outward Li+ currents, but are very slow and strongly voltage dependent in inward Li+ currents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Building symbolic primitives with continuous control routines

Abstract This paper is about the interface between continuous and symbolic robot control. We advocate describing continuous actions and their related sensing strategies as situation specific activities , which can be manipulated by a symbolic reactive planner. The approach addresses the issues involved in turning symbolic actions into continuous activities, and using task specific sensing routines to support those activities. Situation specific activities help preserve the convenient fiction of “primitive actions” for use in planning without requiring that they all be programmed into the control system in advance. We demonstrate the utility of this architecture with an object tracking example. A control system is presented that can be reconfigured by a the RAP reactive executor to achieve different tasks. We show how this system allows us to build interchangeable tracking activities that use different sensing/action feedback loops in different situations.
Geometric structure of coexisting phases found in the Biham-Middleton-Levine traffic model

The Biham-Middleton-Levine traffic model is perhaps the simplest system exhibiting phase transitions and self-organization. Moreover, it is an underpinning to extensive modern studies of traffic flow. The general belief is that the system exhibits a sharp phase transition from freely flowing to fully jammed, as a function of initial density of cars. However we discover intermediate stable phases, where jams and freely flowing traffic coexist. The geometric structure of such phases is highly regular, with bands of free flowing traffic intersecting at jammed wavefronts that propagate smoothly through the space. Instead of a phase transition as a function of density, we see bifurcation points, where intermediate phases begin coexisting with the more conventionally known phases. We show that the regular geometric structure is in part a consequence of the finite size and aspect ratio of the underlying lattice, and that for certain aspect ratios the asymptotic intermediate phase is on a short periodic limit cycle (the exact microscopic configuration recurs each tau timesteps, where tau is small compared to the system size). Aside from describing these intermediate states, which previously were overlooked, we derive simple equations to describe the geometric constraints, and predict their asymptotic velocities.
Ultra-wideband balun using a multiaperture ferromagnetic core

This paper will describe the design of an ultrawideband balun using a multiaperture ferromagnetic core. The balun is designed to operate over several decades of bandwidth to provide a broadband solution to an increasingly complex spectrum. This design is intended for receiver front-end applications where wideband performance is a critical device requirement. The characteristics of the ferromagnetic material and unique design arrangement provides state-of-the-art insertion loss performance when compared to commercially available baluns.
Transient phenomena in bistable optical devices

We demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically a new mode of transient switching using rapid onset light signals in a bistable optical device with two comparable time constants. Four distinct transmission modes for input pulse trains have been observed, one of which produces a sub harmonic of the input pulse train by alternate overshoot switching.
Differences and correlations in knee and hip mechanics during single-leg landing, single-leg squat, double-leg landing, and double-leg squat tasks

Landing and squat tasks have been utilized to assess lower extremity biomechanics associated with anterior cruciate ligament loading and injury risks. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences and correlations in knee and hip mechanics during a single-leg landing, a single-leg squat, a double-leg landing, and a double-leg squat. Seventeen male and 17 female recreational athletes performed landings and squats when kinematic and kinetic data were collected. ANOVAs showed significant differences (p < 0.00001) for maximum knee flexion angles, maximum hip flexion angles, maximum knee abduction angles, maximum hip adduction angles, and maximum external knee abduction moments among squats and landings. For maximum knee and hip flexion angles, significant correlations (r ≥ 0.5, p ≤ 0.003) were observed between the two landings and between the two squats. For maximum knee abduction and hip adduction angles and maximum external knee abduction moments, significant correlations were mostly found between the two landings, and between the single-leg squat and landings (r ≥ 0.54, p ≤ 0.001). Individuals are likely to demonstrate different profiles of injury risks when screened using different tasks. While a double-leg landing should be considered as a priority in screening, a single-leg squat may be used as a surrogate to assess frontal plane motion and loading.
Effect of d1-α-Tocopherol on Antibotulinal Effectiveness of Sodium Nitrite in Bacon

It has been proposed that d1-α-tocopherol be added to bacon to reduce the formation of nitrosamines upon frying. The effect of d1-α-tocopherol on antibotulinal properties of bacon formulated with sodium nitrite was tested. The bacon was made with 0 or 0.9% sucrose and 0, 500 or 1,000 ppm d1-α-tocopherol. Each slice was inoculated with heat-shocked spores of Clostridium botulinum types A and B, then incubated at 27, 25 or 23°C in vacuum packages. Gassy samples were assayed for botulinum toxin as they occurred. The addition of d1-α-tocopherol up to 1,000 ppm did not retard the antibotulinal properties of 120 ppm sodium nitrite in bacon.
NON–INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

NIDDM in children and adolescents represents a heterogeneous group of disorders with different underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Most subtypes of NIDDM that occur in childhood are uncommon, but some, such as early onset of "classic" NIDDM, seem to be increasing in prevalence. This observed increase is thought to be caused by societal factors that lead to sedentary lifestyles and an increased prevalence of obesity. In adults, hyperglycemia frequently exists for years before a diagnosis of NIDDM is made and treatment is begun. Microvascular complications, such as retinopathy, are often already present at the time of diagnosis. Children are frequently asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis, so screening for this disorder in high-risk populations is important. Screening should be considered for children of high-risk ethnic populations with a strong family history of NIDDM with obesity or signs of hyperinsulinism, such as acanthosis nigricans. Even for children in these high-risk groups who do not yet manifest hyperglycemia, primary care providers can have an important role in encouraging lifestyle modifications that might delay or prevent onset of NIDDM.
Unipotent subgroups of groups of Lie type

Let G = G’ be either a simple algebraic group over an algebraically closed field k or a finite Chevalley group (normal or twisted) over k = F, with q > 4. For the case of an algebraic group all groups discussed are taken to be closed subgroups of G. In this paper we prove results that parallel those in [ 141, where we deterined those subgroups of G containing a maximal torus (given restrictions on k). Here we study the overgroups of a certain type of unipotent subgroup of G which like the maximal tori are of particular importance to the understanding of the subgroup structure of G. As applications we establish results about overgroups of local subgroups of G and results concerning generation by centralizers of unipotent elements. A unipotent group I’< G is said to be full provided I’ contains each unipotent element of its centralizer. Such subgroups occur quite often. For example, let V,, be an arbitrary unipotent subgroup of G and V a maximal unipotent subgroup of either NG( V,) or V,C,( V,). Then V, < V and V is full. Before stating the results, we introduce the following notation and terminology. Let p = char(k). A subgroup X of G is quasisimple if it is a perfect central extension of a simple group (connected in case G is an algebraic group); X is semisimple if it is a commuting product of quasisimple groups. Let R,(X) denote the unipotent radical of X, which we interpret as O,(X) in case G is finite. If k = iF, or F4, let O”‘(X) denote the group generated by all unipotent elements (i.e., p-elements) of X.
Probing interfacial reactions with X-ray reflectivity and X-ray reflection interface microscopy: Influence of NaCl on the dissolution of orthoclase at pOH 2 and 85 °C

Abstract The role of electrolyte ions in the dissolution of orthoclase (0 0 1) in 0.01 m NaOH (pOH ∼ 2) at 84 ± 1 °C is studied using a combination of in-situ X-ray reflectivity (XR) and ex-situ X-ray reflection interface microscopy (XRIM). The real-time XR measurements show characteristic intensity oscillations as a function of time indicative of the successive removal of individual layers. The dissolution rate in 0.01 m NaOH increases approximately linearly with increasing NaCl concentration up to 2 m NaCl. XRIM measurements of the lateral interfacial topography/structure were made for unreacted surfaces and those reacted in 0.01 m NaOH/1.0 m NaCl solution for 15, 30 and 58 min. The XRIM images reveal that the dissolution reaction leads to the formation of micron-scale regions that are characterized by intrinsically lower reflectivity than the unreacted regions, and appears to be nucleated at steps and defect sites. The reflectivity signal from these reacted regions in the presence of NaCl in solution is significantly lower than that calculated from an idealized layer-by-layer dissolution process, as observed previously in 0.1 m NaOH in the absence of added electrolyte. This difference suggests that dissolved NaCl results in a higher terrace reactivity leading to a more three-dimensional process, consistent with the real-time XR measurements. These observations demonstrate the feasibility of XRIM to gain new insights into processes that control interfacial reactivity, specifically the role of electrolytes in feldspar dissolution at alkaline conditions.
Application of the in situ TEM deformation technique to observe how “clean” and doped grain boundaries respond to local stress concentrations

Abstract The in situ TEM deformation technique has been employed to investigate the differences in the response of grain boundaries to local stress concentrations in materials that ultimately fail in either a transgranular or an intergranular manner. In the early stages of deformation, dislocation pile-ups were formed at grain boundaries in both classes of material and dislocations were incorporated into the grain boundary. The primary difference between the materials was in the response of the grain boundaries. In systems that failed transgranularly, the grain boundaries activated dislocation sources and ejected dislocations into the adjoining grain, whereas in intergranular failing systems, cracks nucleated and propagated in the grain boundary plane. The response mode could be changed by altering the chemistry of the grain boundary.
An energy analysis of the grain boundary behavior in cleavage cracking in Fe–3wt.%Si alloy

Abstract The resistance of high-angle grain boundaries to cleavage cracking in Fe–3wt.%Si bicrystals is discussed in context of linear elastic fracture mechanics based on an energy method. The grain boundary toughness is determined by the fracture work associated with the plastic shear along the grain boundary and the crack-trapping effect. The influence of the crystallographic misorientation and the size effect are analyzed. It is concluded that the toughening effect of the grain boundary is dominated by the tilt and twist angles and is more pronounced for shorter cracks. The numerical results fit with the experimental data quite well.
Parameters of emotional processing in neuropsychiatric disorders: Conceptual issues and a battery of tests

Components of emotional processing were examined in psychiatric and neurological populations: communication channel (face/voice), processing mode (expression/perception), and emotional valence (positive/negative). These were assessed with an experimental affect battery which was administered to schizophrenic, unipolar depressive, right-brain-damaged, Parkinson's disease, and normal control right-handed adults. For expression, subjects were taped while producing facial and vocal emotional expressions. Judges rated the expressions for accuracy and intensity. For perception, subjects were asked to identify and discriminate facial and vocal emotions. Using correlational techniques, relationships between facial and vocal channels and between expressive and perceptual modes were explored. The test battery has good psychometric properties and discriminates among diagnostic groups.
The Kamin blocking effect with variable-duration CSs

The role of temporal uncertainty surrounding the time of US occurrence in Kamin’s two-stage blocking paradigm was studied. In Stage 1, stimulus A terminated with the onset of a .5-sec, 1-mA shock US; in Stage 2, a compound stimulus, AX, was similarly reinforced. For different groups of eight rats each, the duration of stimulus A and/or AX was either fixed or was varied from trial to trial. When the stimulus duration was fixed, it predicted the exact time of US onset; when it was varied, it did not. We suspected that uncertainty about the moment of US occurrence might enhance US “surprise.” If so, then blocking might be attenuated in the varied CS-duration conditions relative to the standard condition in which both A and AX were fixed. Within the range of temporal uncertainty studied here, however, no significant attenuation of blocking was observed.
Two Cheers for Bargaining Theory: Assessing Rationalist Explanations of the Iraq War

The Iraq War has received little sustained analysis from scholars of international relations. I assess the rationalist approach to war—or, simply, bargaining theory—as one possible explanation of the conflict. Bargaining theory correctly directs attention to the inherently strategic nature of all wars. It also highlights problems of credible commitment and asymmetric information that lead conflicts of interest, ubiquitous in international relations, to turn violent. These strategic interactions were central to the outbreak of the Iraq War in 2003. Nonetheless, bargaining theory is inadequate as an explanation of the Iraq War. Although the problem of credible commitment was real, it could not be solved because of the prior beliefs of the Bush administration that Saddam Hussein was uniquely evil and because of Saddam's inability to signal accurately to multiple audiences, both factors now outside bargaining theory. Nor was the problem of private information an important impediment to bargaining; rather, the...
Outpatient management of the neutropenic child with unexplained fever

Abstract Traditionally, febrile neutropenic patients have been admitted to inpatient units and managed empirically with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics until neutropenia resolved. Several advances have allowed clinicians to consider outpatient management of febrile episodes in selected, carefully monitored neutropenic children. Clinical studies have better delineated risk categories for patients with neutropenia. Widespread emergence of home intravenous therapy agencies and development of programmable intravenous infusion pumps have facilitated outpatient intravenous therapy. Development of broad-spectrum absorbable antibiotics has enabled implementation of empiric oral antibiotic therapy. In addition, managed care has promoted cost-efficient, outpatient delivery of health care. Although the potential for outpatient management has been expanded significantly, outpatient therapy must be targeted to low-risk children who can be adequately monitored in an outpatient setting and who have ready access to a medical facility that can appropriately manage complications in neutropenic children. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Educational Policy Analyses: Three Recent Works

Books reviewed in this articles: Derrick Ben, ed., Shades of Brown; New Perspectives on School Desegregation Michael E. Manley-Casimir, ed., Family Choice in Schooling Michael A. Rebell and Arthur R. Block, Educational Policy Making and the Courts: An Empirical Study of Judicial Activism
Extraversion and Arousal Procrastination: Waiting for the Kicks

Procrastination is a prevalent and complex psychological phenomenon that has been defined as the purposive delay in beginning or completing a task. Given the potential implications for a broad range of situations, including both academic performance and safety sensitive occupations, it seems reasonable and judicious to systematically examine this phenomenon. While there is growing interest in procrastination, our understanding of underlying explanatory factors remains quite limited. Eysenck’s (1967) theory of personality, and in particular his biologically-based theory of extraversion, could shed light on this phenomenon. The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between extraversion and arousal procrastination. In accordance with Eysenck’s theory that extraverts tend to seek external sources of arousal, it was hypothesized that they would be more likely than introverts to engage in arousal procrastination. Participants completed a series of counterbalanced questionnaires measuring extraversion and procrastination. Results indicated that extraversion significantly predicted the engagement in this type of procrastination. Limitations, implications, and future research are discussed.
Modeling Thermal-Hydrologic Processes for a Heated Fractured Rock System: Impact of a Capillary-Pressure Maximum

Various thermal-hydrologic models have been developed to simulate thermal-hydrologic conditions in emplacement drifts and surrounding host rock for the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The modeling involves two-phase (liquid and gas) and two-component (water and air) transport in a fractured-rock system, which is conceptualized as a dual-permeability medium. Simulated hydrologic processes depend upon calibrated system parameters, such as the van Genuchten α and m, which quantify the capillary properties of the fractures and rock matrix. Typically, these parameters are not calibrated for strongly heat-driven conditions, i.e., conditions for which boiling and rock dryout occur. The objective of this study is to modify the relationship between capillary pressure and saturation, P c(S), for strongly heated conditions that drive saturation below the residual saturation (S → 0). We offer various extensions to the van Genuchten capillary-pressure function and compare results from a thermal-hydrologic model with data collected during the Drift-Scale Test, an in situ thermal test at Yucca Mountain, to investigate the suitability of these various P c extension methods. The study suggests that the use of extension methods and the imposition of a capillary-pressure cap (or maximum) improve the agreement between Drift-Scale Test data and model results for strongly heat-driven conditions. However, for thermal-hydrologic models of the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, temperature and relative humidity are insensitive to the choice of extension method for the capillary-pressure function. Therefore, the choice of extension method applied to models of drift-scale thermal-hydrologic behavior at Yucca Mountain can be made on the basis of numerical performance.