cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility quantification in MRI using modified conjugate gradient least square method

MR susceptometry provides a new approach to enhance contrast in MR imaging and quantify substances such as iron, calcium, blood oxygenation in various organs for the clinical diagnosis of many diseases. Susceptibility is closely related to the magnetic field inhomogeneity in MRI, and calculation of susceptibility from the measured magnetic field is an ill-posed inverse problem. Conjugate gradient least square (CGLS) method with Tikhonov regularization is a powerful tool to solve the inverse problems. However, the estimated quantity in CGLS method is usually in one-dimensional (e.g., a column vector) while the most of MR data are in the form of three dimensions. In this work, the least square problem is modified to enable the calculation of susceptibility directly from three-dimensional MR phase maps, which has the benefit of reducing the size of associated matrices and usage of computer memories. Numerical simulations were used to find the proper regularization parameters and study the influence of different noise levels of the magnetic field on the regularization parameters. Experiments of superparamagnetic iron oxide phantom were also conducted. Both of the results demonstrate the validation and accuracy of this method.
On a least-squares finite element method for advective transport in air pollution modeling

A least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) is used for the numerical solution of the advective transport of pollutants. Unlike many finite element methods, LSFEM does not involve any tuning parameter or intrinsic time function. Furthermore, LSFEM leads to a symmetric, positive-definite linear system of equations. The standard rotating cone problem and a rotating puff in a parabolic angular velocity flow field are used to test the least-squares finite element method. The results demonstrate that the least-squares finite element method is a promising approach for the advective transport of pollutants.
Structure, permeability, and rheology of supercritical CO2 dispersed polystyrene-clay nanocomposites

Abstract Improvement in clay dispersion and clay-polymer interfacial interactions are keys to producing superior nanocomposites. A supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) processing method was utilized to pre-disperse commercial organic clays, for further solvent mixing with polystyrene (PS) to form nanocomposites with significant dispersion and interfacial enhancement. The effect of scCO 2 processing on clay pre-dispersion, and clay dispersion and interfacial interaction in nanocomposites were investigated. SEM and WAXD of the clays indicated that after scCO 2 processing the clays lose their long region ordered layer structure appreciably, associated with reduction in particle size. WAXD and TEM of the PS/clay nanocomposites showed that the polymer penetrated into the pre-dispersed clay, leading to a disordered intercalated/exfoliated structure with improved interfacial interaction rather than a disordered intercalated structure as seen with as-received clays. Relationships between those structures, rheological and barrier properties were investigated. The scCO 2 -processed nanocomposites showed a plateau in the low-frequency storage modules and increased complex viscosity, each associated with significant clay dispersion in the nanocomposite. With only 1.09% volume fraction of clay, significant reduction (∼49%) of oxygen permeation was achieved.
Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma of the oral cavity in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient and the detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus.

The etiology of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) was recently linked to a newly identified human virus, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). The discovery that MCPyV plays an important role in the tumorigenesis of >80% of MCCs provides an explanation for the increased incidence of this rare malignancy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive and immunocompromised patients. We report an unusual metastasis of MCC to the mandibular gingiva of an HIV-positive patient. In addition to routine hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical studies, we also performed a molecular biologic analysis to look for the presence of MCPyV in this case. We detected evidence of the MCPyV genome in this lesion similar to what has been observed for MCCs reported in other immunocompromised patients. These results stress the importance of combining morphologic and molecular biologic analyses in the evaluation of MCC, because confirmation of viral etiology would likely affect the choice of treatment and prognosis when specific antiviral therapy becomes available for this aggressive tumor.
Interior turns in globular proteins

Reverse turns are specific sites in proteins at which the polypeptide chain changes its overall direction. This category of secondary structure enables the chain to turn a corner, and its frequent occurrence is the geometric basis for the ultimate globular shape of the protein. beta-Turns in particular are comprised of four consecutive residues with a stereochemistry that constrains the turn to be polar. In consequence, turns are almost always situated at the surface of the protein, in contact with solvent water. We have searched proteins of known structure and find that, on occasion, a turn may be buried within the hydrophobic interior of the molecule. In every instance of a buried turn, one or more solvent molecules were also found in a hydrogen-bonded complex with main-chain atoms of the turn residues. These bound water molecules appear to function as an integral part of the protein structure.
Sexual hormones in the pathophysiology of tourette's syndrome

The following paper discusses clinical and neurochemical evidence for a role of sexual hormones in the pathophysiology of Tourette's syndrome.
Acousto-optical confirmation of the localized wave phenomena

An acousto-optical measurement method is described which was used to conduct proof of principle experiments for a novel acoustic pulse system. The pulse theory the Localized Wave pulse is discussed and the system explained and described. The results of the experiments confirm the Localized Wave theory. 2.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTISCALE MODELS IN A PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORK FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED DURABILITY ENGINEERING

Corrosion of reinforcing bars in concrete presents a global problem for safety, serviceability, and economic and environmental sustainability. Owing to the interrelation between transport of corrosives and cracking, predicting the onset and consequences of corrosion of steel reinforcement is challenging. Multiscale models of hydration, transport of water and chlorides, cracking, and material degradation can be used to improve predictions of structural capacity and remaining service life. Implementation of such models within a probabilistic framework that allows incorporation of uncertainty as well as analysis of corrosion-related outcomes of interest to owners is being studied. The performance-based durability engineering (PBDE) framework presented here combines flexibility in modeling with industry-oriented decision-making information.
Representation of the magnetization characteristic by a sum of exponentials

It is possible to set up equations of the form B(H) = a_{0} + a_{1} e^{-\alpha_{1}H} + a_{2} e^{-\alpha_{2}H} + a_{3} e^{-\alpha_{3}H} + a_{4} e^{-\alpha_{4}H} on an analog computer to fit accurately a B-H curve of any magnetic material over the whole range from zero to the knee of the curve to the saturation part of the curve.
Everyday persuasion knowledge

Laypeople's everyday persuasion knowledge is one of their most valuable sociocognitive resources. People draw on their beliefs about persuasion to cope with other people's attempts to influence them and to fashion their own persuasion attempts. Because persuasion-related tasks are so important in everyday life, the acquiring and sharing of persuasion expertise is an ongoing sociocultural process. In this article we discuss how beliefs about persuasion tactics get diffused within a culture, the role of researchers in that diffusion process, and the murky meaning of expertise in the domain of persuasion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization and localization of three soluble invertase forms from Lilium longiflorum flower buds

Three invertase forms (EC 3.2.1.26) were identified in soluble extracts from developing flower buds of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Nellie White. The enzymes were separable on a diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-Sephacel column and designated invertase I. II or III according to the order of elution from Sephacel. To determine tissue specificity of these floral invertases, anthers were separated from tepal. pistil and filament tissue, and analyzed for invertase activity. Invertase I was localized primarily in anthers, with invertases II and III being present in much smaller amounts (less than 5% of the invertase I activity). Much higher levels of invertases II and III were found in the nonanther organs of the flower, where essentially no invertase 1 was detectable. Further purification of each form (using gel filtration. Con-A-Sepharose affinity chromatog-raphy and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-agarose) resulted in 135- 189- and 202-fold purification of pooled fractions from DEAE-Sephacel. respectively, and established that each invertase form is a glycoprotein. Each was an acid invertase. with pH optima between 4.0 and 5.0 and an apparent molecular mass of 77 500 Da (as determined by Sephadex gel filtration). The invertases had sucrose Km values of 1.0. 6.4 and 6.6 mM. and temperature optima of 40. 50 and 45°C. respectively. A temperature stability study revealed that invertase III was the most thermostable, followed by II and I. Invertases II and III had lower affinity to raffinose and stachyose than invertase I. All three enzymes were completely inhibited by Hg2+ or Ag+ ions at 1.7 mM. At this concentration. Cu2-showed differential partial inhibition. Although fructan was shown to be present in both anther and nonanther tissues of Lilium flower buds, these invertases showed no sucrose:sucrose fructosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.99) activity.
Transition from epoprostenol and treprostinil to the oral endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Study objectives: Prior to the availability of the oral endothelin antagonist bosentan, most patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were treated with continuously infused prostacyclins. Many patients receiving prostacyclins would have received bosentan if it had been available at the time of their diagnosis. Noninvasive criteria (symptoms, World Health Organization [WHO] functional class, 6-min walk test [6MWT] distances, and echocardiograms) are used to govern up-titration of prostacyclins and to assess response to bosentan. The purposes of this study were to see if some patients might be able to transition safely from prostacyclin to bosentan, and whether noninvasive criteria could be used to monitor this transition. Methods: From January 2002 to July 2003, 23 stable patients with PAH attempted a transition from prostacyclin to bosentan over an 8-week period. 6MWT results, WHO class, and echocardiograms were recorded prior to transition and 1 month after successful transition. The transition was stopped and prostacyclin was resumed or up-titrated if any symptoms of PAH worsened. Results: Of 23 candidates (19 female and 4 male; age range, 17 to 73 years), 15 patients were transitioned to bosentan. Of these patients, four patients experienced worsening symptoms (range, 7 weeks to 12 months after cessation of prostacyclin) and resumed treatment with prostacyclin. Of the remaining 11 patients, 2 patients had liver function abnormalities 3 months and 10 months after transition to bosentan, respectively; 9 patients remained on bosentan 3 to 16 months after prostacyclin cessation. Patients failing transition and resuming prostacyclin returned to their pretransition functional baseline. Conclusion: Nine of 23 carefully selected, stable patients with PAH receiving long-term prostacyclin were successfully transitioned to oral bosentan using noninvasive monitoring. No long-term adverse events were associated with failed transition attempts. Further studies need to be carried out to determine which patients are more likely to undergo the transition successfully.
Snake behavior and seasonal variation in nest survival of northern cardinals Cardinalis cardinalis

Seasonal variation in nest success is well documented for many bird species. Predator behavior has been suggested as a mechanism behind these seasonal patterns, but this hypothesis has received little attention. Here we test the hypothesis that predator behavior produces seasonal patterns of nest success by relating nest success of northern cardinals Cardinalis cardinalis to the activity of Texas rat snakes Elaphe obsoleta. Cardinal nest survival varied over the season and was lower when rat snakes were more active. The probability that a nest survived was associated both with when cardinals nested and with nest height, indicating that both temporal and habitat factors affected predation risk. The increased success of higher nests could be associated with some aspect of rat snakes’ climbing ability. In combination with results for two other species studied previously at the same location, our results for cardinals suggest that the specific seasonal pattern of nest success expected for a given bird species will depend on how its nesting season coincides with predator activity. Determining the generality of seasonal variation in predator behavior as a mechanism for producing seasonal patterns of avian nest success will require additional studies that investigate birds and their nest predators simultaneously.
When is Hamilton's Principle an Extremum Principle?

For a dynamic system, the action / for motion from time f0 to time t\ can be written as I = ^(T— V)dt, where T is the kinetic energy and V is the potential energy. In many references to Hamilton's principle, particularly in the engineering literature, it is stated or implied that the true motion of the system will give the action an extreme value, usually stated to be a minimum value. In this Paper it is first demonstrated by very simple examples that Hamilton's principle is not, in general, an extremum principle. Then a relatively elementary and direct proof, which does not require sufficiency theory from the calculus of variations, is presented which shows that for certain discrete linear systems the action is always minimized over short time intervals; and a precise characterization is given for the maximum length of the time interval over which the action is guaranteed to be minimized by the true solution. Finally, it is shown that for continuous systems the action is never minimized by the true solution.
Reconstruction Control of Magnetic Properties during Epitaxial Growth of Ferromagnetic Mn 3-δ Ga on Wurtzite GaN(0001)

Binary ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}\mathrm{Ga}$ ($1.2l3\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\le}1.5$) crystalline thin films have been epitaxially grown on wurtzite GaN(0001) surfaces using rf $N$-plasma molecular beam epitaxy. The film structure is face-centered tetragonal with CuAu type-I ($L{1}_{0}$) ordering with (111) orientation. The in-plane epitaxial relationship to GaN is nearly ideal with $[1\overline{1}0{]}_{\mathrm{MnGa}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[1\overline{1}00{]}_{\mathrm{GaN}}$ and $[11\overline{2}{]}_{\mathrm{MnGa}}\ensuremath{\parallel}[11\overline{2}0{]}_{\mathrm{GaN}}$. We observe magnetic anisotropy along both the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. The magnetic moments are found to depend on the $\mathrm{Mn}/(\mathrm{Mn}+\mathrm{Ga})$ flux ratio and can be controlled by observation of the surface reconstruction during growth, which varies from $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$ with increasing Mn stoichiometry.
Coupling of Peripheral Tolerance to Endogenous Interleukin 10 Promotes Effective Modulation of Myelin-Activated T Cells and Ameliorates Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Several immune-based approaches are being considered for modulation of inflammatory T cells and amelioration of autoimmune diseases. The most recent strategies include simulation of peripheral self-tolerance by injection of adjuvant free antigen, local delivery of cytokines by genetically altered T cells, and interference with the function of costimulatory molecules. Although promising results have been obtained from these studies that define mechanisms of T cell modulation, efficacy, practicality, and toxicity, concerns remain unsolved, thereby justifying further investigations to define alternatives for effective downregulation of aggressive T cells. In prior studies, we demonstrated that an immunoglobulin (Ig) chimera carrying the encephalitogenic proteolipid protein (PLP)1 peptide corresponding to amino acid sequence 139–151 of PLP, Ig-PLP1, is presented to T cells ∼100-fold better than free PLP1. Here, we demonstrate that aggregation endows Ig-PLP1 with an additional feature, namely, induction of interleukin (IL)-10 production by macrophages and dendritic cells, both of which are antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These functions synergize in vivo and drive effective modulation of autoimmunity. Indeed, it is shown that animals with ongoing active experimental allergic encephalomyelitis dramatically reduce the severity of their paralysis when treated with adjuvant free aggregated Ig-PLP1. Moreover, IL-10 displays bystander antagonism on unrelated autoreactive T cells, allowing for reversal of disease involving multiple epitopes. Therefore, aggregated Ig-PLP1 likely brings together a peripheral T cell tolerance mechanism emanating from peptide presentation by APCs expressing suboptimal costimulatory molecules and IL-10 bystander suppression to drive a dual-modal T cell modulation system effective for reversal of autoimmunity involving several epitopes and diverse T cell specificities.
Dual peak cholera transmission in Bengal Delta: A hydroclimatological explanation

[1] Cholera has reemerged as a global killer with the world witnessing an unprecedented rise in cholera infection and transmission since the 1990s. Cholera outbreaks across most affected areas show infection patterns with a single annual peak. However, cholera incidences in the Bengal Delta region, the native homeland of cholera, show bi-annual peaks. The mechanisms behind this unique seasonal dual peak phenomenon in cholera dynamics, especially the role of climatic and hydrologic variables, are not fully understood. Here, we show that low flow in the Brahmaputra and the Ganges during spring is associated with the first outbreaks of cholera in Bangladesh; elevated spring cholera outbreaks are seen in low discharge years. Peak streamflow of these rivers, on the other hand, create a different cholera transmission environment; peak flood volumes and extent of flood-affected areas during monsoon are responsible for autumn cholera outbreaks. Our results demonstrate how regional hydroclimatology may explain the seasonality and dual peaks of cholera incidence in the Bengal Delta region. A quantitative understanding of the relationships among the hydroclimatological drivers and seasonal cholera outbreaks will help early cholera detection and prevention efforts.
Phase behavior studies of the system polystyrene‐polybutadiene‐chloroform. I. Application of the flory‐huggins theory

Phase behavior of polymer-polymer-solvent systems can be determined using gel permeation chromatography. This technique enables one to generate the binodal curve and tie lines relating coexisting phases, to locate the critical point and, through the use of an appropriate solution theory, to calculate interaction parameters. Previous studies of the incompatible polystyrene-polybutadiene-chloroform system indicated that the classical Flory-Huggins theory yields an anomalous behavior of negative interaction parameters. Probable causes are specific interactions due to the polar nature of chloroform plus failure to account for the concentration dependence of the polystyrene-chloroform interaction. A modified version of the Flory-Huggins theory incorporating concentration dependence of polymer-solvent interaction was used to reevaluate the polystyrene-polybutadiene-chloroform system. This approach yields positive interaction parameters for the incompatible system polystyrene and polybutadiene.
American Indian Adolescent Drug Use and Socialization Characteristics A Cross-Cultural Comparison

The socialization variables of family strength, religious identification, school adjustment, family sanctions against drug use and peer associations correlate with youth drug abuse. A path model testing the relationships between these variables among Anglo youths has shown that peer drug associations mediate the influence of the other factors and that with minor exceptions peers are likely to be the dominating force in youth drug abuse. The current study applied the same path model to a group of American Indian youths and the findings were replicated with two important exceptions. Peer drug associations, although still dominant in the model, were not as highly correlated with drug use for Indian youths, and family sanctions against drugs had a direct influence on drug use in addition to an indirect influence. Differences in family dynamics among American Indian youths may account for the findings; they may associate more with and learn about drug use from same-aged siblings and other relatives in the exte...
SIZE DOESN'T MATTER: MICROBIAL SELECTION EXPERIMENTS ADDRESS ECOLOGICAL PHENOMENA.

Experimental evolution is relevant to ecology because it can connect phys- iology, and in particular metabolism, to questions in ecology. The investigation of the linkage between the environment and the evolution of metabolism is tractable because these experiments manipulate a very simple environment to produce predictable evolutionary outcomes. In doing so, microbial selection experiments can examine the causal elements of natural selection: how specific traits in varying environments will yield different fitnesses. Here, we review the methodology of microbial evolution experiments and address three issues that are relevant to ecologists: genotype-by-environment interactions, ecological diversification due to specialization, and negative frequency-dependent selection. First, we expect that genotype-by-environment interactions will be ubiquitous in biological systems. Second, while antagonistic pleiotropy is implicated in some cases of ecological speciali- zation, other mechanisms also seem to be at work. Third, while negative frequency- dependent selection can maintain ecological diversity in laboratory systems, a mechanistic (biochemical) analysis of these systems suggests that negative frequency dependence may only apply within a narrow range of environments if resources are substitutable. Finally, we conclude that microbial experimental evolution needs to avail itself of molecular tech- niques that could enable a mechanistic understanding of ecological diversification in these simple systems.
Analysis of Cumulus Cloud Updrafts as Observed with 1-Min Resolution Super Rapid Scan GOES Imagery

AbstractA study was undertaken to examine growing cumulus clouds using 1-min time resolution Super Rapid Scan Operations for Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) (SRSOR) imagery to diagnose in-cloud processes from cloud-top information. SRSOR data were collected using GOES-14 for events in 2012–14. Use of 1-min resolution SRSOR observations of rapidly changing scenes provides far more insights into cloud processes as compared to when present-day 5–15-min time resolution GOES data are used. For midday times on five days, cloud-top temperatures were cataloged for 71 cumulus clouds as they grew to possess anvils and often overshooting cloud tops, which occurred over 33–152-min time periods. Characteristics of the SRSOR-observed updrafts were examined individually, on a per day basis, and collectively, to reveal unique aspects of updraft behavior, strength, and acceleration as related to the ambient stability profile and cloud-top glaciation. A conclusion is that the 1-min observations...
A Review of: “The State of Our Scholarly Union: A Review of The Academy of Management Annals, Volume 1 Edited by James P. Walsh and Arthur P. Brief”

The Academy of Management Annals is a new publication sponsored by the Academy of Management. According to series editors James Walsh and Arthur Brief, the Annals are intended to provide an ongoing...
The Singularity and the State of the Art in Artificial Intelligence: The technological singularity (Ubiquity symposium)

The state of the art in automating basic cognitive tasks, including vision and natural language understanding, is far below human abilities. Real-world reasoning, which is an unavoidable part of many advanced forms of computer vision and natural language understanding, is particularly difficult---suggesting the advent of computers with superhuman general intelligence is not imminent. The possibility of attaining a singularity by computers that lack these abilities is discussed briefly.
V1 neurons respond differently to object motion versus motion from eye movements

How does the visual system differentiate self-generated motion from motion in the external world? Humans can discern object motion from identical retinal image displacements induced by eye movements, but the brain mechanisms underlying this ability are unknown. Here we exploit the frequent production of microsaccades during ocular fixation in the primate to compare primary visual cortical responses to self-generated motion (real microsaccades) versus motion in the external world (object motion mimicking microsaccades). Real and simulated microsaccades were randomly interleaved in the same viewing condition, thereby producing equivalent oculomotor and behavioural engagement. Our results show that real microsaccades generate biphasic neural responses, consisting of a rapid increase in the firing rate followed by a slow and smaller-amplitude suppression that drops below baseline. Simulated microsaccades generate solely excitatory responses. These findings indicate that V1 neurons can respond differently to internally and externally generated motion, and expand V1's potential role in information processing and visual stability during eye movements.
Environments organize the verbal brain

FOXP2 expression in the evolution of language derives from its role in allowing vocal articulation that is sensitive to its consequences. The discrete verbal discourse it allows must have evolved recently relative to affective features of vocal behavior such as tone of voice. Because all organ systems must have evolved in the service of behavior, attention is given to ways in which environments may have driven brain organization.
Children's use ofGet passives

Children's use ofget in passivelike constructions was examined in this study. Fifty-eight children at three age levels were tested twice on imitation, comprehension, and production tasks. For the imitation and comprehension tasks, passive sentences withget were modeled in one instance and withbe in the other instance. On both tasks, children performed significantly better on theget items than on thebe items. For the production tasks, active sentences were used as the experimental stimuli. Among 928 production responses possible, children produced 423get passives and 6be passives. The frequency ofget passives increased with increasing age. Qualitative analyses were performed to determine agerelated changes in the pattern of linguistic strategies chosen. These data were consistent with predictions derived from a model of lexical directionality: Children used moreget thanbe passives and more truncated than full passives.
Recommendations for Improving Cholesterol Measurement: Executive Summary: A Report From the Laboratory Standardization Panel of the National Education Program

In November 1985 the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) was launched with the goal of reducing the prevalence of elevated blood cholesterol in the United States and thereby contribute to reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). This program was based on convincing scientific evidence showing that elevated cholesterol (and associated increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels) is associated with increased risk of CHD. Studies also have shown that reducing cholesterol levels reduces the incidence of CHD. A Laboratory Standardization Panel was formed as part of the NCEP so laboratories could provide the same degree of accuracy and precision in measuring cholesterol levels as the Lipid Research Clinic laboratories. As ASCP representative, I served on this panel, which has made recommendations to laboratories and manufacturers in an attempt to provide optimal cholesterol standardization and measurement. The full report addresses the need for reliable measurements with current performance update and analytical performance specifications. The report also addresses preanalytical factors that include biological and other factors altering cholesterol levels. Analytical issues are then dealt with, including methods, reagents, instruments, calibration, quality control, matrix effects, and desk top analyzers.
Improved Speech Feature Extraction and Its Application

Noise is a pivotal factor that reduces recognition rate of a speech recognition system. So how to extract effective speech characteristicsbecomes an important path for a speech recognition system to increase accuracy. This paper analyses speech feature extraction and makesimprovement of it. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm combined with LDA+MLLT+CMS has better robustness than othercombinations. Average syllable recognition rate reaches 43.79% by using it under conditions of noises. The algorithm combination has also a goodperformance in Mandarin Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition (LVCSR). Syllable recognition accuracy achieves 83.56%.
Angle-domain LS Channel Estimation Algorithm for MIMO-OFDM Systems

The algorithm complexity will be significantly increased when the prior knowledge is used to obtain the iden-tification of multiple-input multiple-output with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(MIMO-OFDM) channels. In order to deal with this problem,a new scheme of phase shifted orthogonal angle-domain LS(least square) algorithm which has low complexity and doesn’t need any prior information is designed. The idea of the proposed algorithm which is under the premise of the minimum mean square error(MSE) performance of LS algorithm depends on the spatial independence of channels between different transmit and receive antennas in angle domain. Then,the most significant taps(MST) technique is used to reduce the effect of noise on the estimates. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm is of better performance.
Effects of extraction with isooctane upon the properties of liver microsomes.

When rat liver microsomes were extracted with isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane), the resultant preparation was essentially devoid of the ability to produce a type I difference spectrum upon addition of hexobarbital. At high concentrations of hexobarbital, a type II spectral change was obtained with the extracted microsomes. The type II interaction of aniline with isooctane-extracted microsomes was not enhanced in the presence of hexobarbital, as it was in the case of untreated microsomes. Hexobarbital binding to cytochrome P-450 of untreated microsomes was inhibited in the presence of isooctane, but the amount of residual isooctane in the extracted microsomes was not sufficient to explain the loss of hexobarbital-binding activity. The isooctane extracts contained phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The results are discussed in terms of a model in which the type I binding form of cytochrome P-450 involves an association of hemoprotein with a phospholipid, or with some other microsomal constituent in an interaction involving phosphatides.
Psychological Foundations of Elementary Writing Instruction

Publisher Summary Elementary teachers are doing a better job of teaching students how to write. However, in some areas of writing instruction, they can do better. Students must understand that writing is a problem-solving process, in which much learning can occur. This chapter illustrates endogenous development, exogenous learning, functionalism, dialectical constructivism, and an eclectic approach to elementary writing instruction. The essence of endogenous development is that individuals create knowledge about writing within their own memory structures rather than acquire information from the environment. Young writers experiment at an early age by representing their ideas in drawing and printing. Students of low socioeconomic status are at a marked disadvantage in terms of expressive language abilities. A two-stage model of spelling development—inability to spell versus spelling competence—has progressed into five stages, such as precommunicative, semiphonetic, phonetic, transitional, and competent spelling. Exogenous learning stems from the empiricist assumption that knowledge is acquired from the environment and therefore can be learned. Phonemic awareness refers to the knowledge of sound patterns in letters and words and about how to blend and delete phonemic segments.
The Diurnal Cycle of Warm Season Rainfall over West Africa. Part I: Observational Analysis

AbstractThis study provides an improved understanding of the diurnal cycle of warm season (June–September) rainfall over West Africa, including its underlying physical processes. Rainfall from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and atmospheric dynamics fields from reanalyses are used to evaluate the 1998–2013 climatology and a case study for 2006.In both the climatology and the 2006 case study, most regions of West Africa are shown to have a single diurnal peak of rainfall either in the afternoon or at night. Averaging over West Africa produces a diurnal cycle with two peaks, but this type of diurnal cycle is quite atypical on smaller space scales. Rainfall systems are usually generated in the afternoon and propagate westward, lasting into the night. Afternoon rainfall peaks are associated with an unstable lower troposphere. They occur either over topography or in regions undisturbed by nocturnal systems, allowing locally generated instability to dominate. Nocturnal rainfall peaks are associated with...
Intensive glucose-lowering in type 2 diabetes was linked to hypoglycemia in high-complexity patients

Source Citation McCoy RG, Lipska KJ, Yao X, et al. Intensive treatment and severe hypoglycemia among adults with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2016; 176:969-78. 27273792
Analysis of the FM Radio Spectrum for Secondary Licensing of Low-Power Short-Range Cognitive Internet of Things Devices

The analysis presented in this paper indicates that the FM radio spectrum is underutilized in the areas of the continental United States that have a population of 100000 or less. These locations have vacant FM radio spectrum of at least 13 MHz with sufficient spectrum spacing between adjacent FM radio channels. The spectrum spacing provides the required bandwidth for data transmission and provides enough bandwidth to minimize interference introduced by neighboring predicted and unpredicted FM radio stations and other low-power short-range Internet of Thing (IoT) devices. To ensure that low-power short-range IoT devices maintain reliable communications vacant radio spectrum, such as the FM radio spectrum in these areas, will need to be used through cognitive radio.
Some Relationships of Fine and Gross Motor Abilities

(1942). Some Relationships of Fine and Gross Motor Abilities. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 259-274.
Epidemiological evaluation of cats rescued at a secondary emergency animal shelter in Miharu, Fukushima, after the Great East Japan Earthquakes

The aims of this research were to report characteristics of rescued cats at a secondary emergency animal shelter in Fukushima prefecture, Japan, and evaluate how adoptability, stress level, upper respiratory infection (URI) syndrome incidence, and URI pathogen prevalence were associated with the cat's shelter intake source and shelter characteristics. All cats admitted to the Miharu shelter, Fukushima Prefecture from 2012 to 2014 were included in the study. The results demonstrate that in situ corticosteroid and antibiotic use were associated with cats subsequently developing upper respiratory infections (URI). Disease and cat behavior were unassociated with adoption. Cats in group housing had lower stress metrics than cats individually housed. Prevalences of URI pathogens exceeded 80%, but symptomatic cats were uncommon. Environmental enrichment and stress reduction strategies are important in controlling URI and reducing the need for corticosteroids and antibiotics in shelters. Preemptive protocols are important in preventing shelter admission of cats during disasters.
The use of bed sediments in water quality studies and monitoring programs

Abstract. In most water quality monitoring programs, either filtered water (dissolved) or suspended sediment (either whole water or separated suspended sediment) are the traditional sample media of choice. This results both from regulatory requirements and a desire to maintain consistency with long-standing data collection procedures. Despite the fact that both bed sediments and/or flood plain deposits have been used to identify substantial water quality issues, they rarely are used in traditional water quality monitoring programs. The usual rationale is that bed sediment chemistry does not provide the temporal immediacy that can be obtained using more traditional sample media (e.g., suspended sediment, water). However, despite the issue of temporal immediacy, bed sediments can be used to address/identify certain types of water quality problems and could be employed more frequently for that purpose. Examples where bed sediments could be used include: (1) identifying potential long-term monitoring sites/water quality hot spots , (2) establishing a water quality/geochemical history for a particular site/area, and (3) as a surrogate for establishing mean/median chemical values for suspended sediment.
HIMSS eBooks Review

ABSTRACTHealthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) eBooks is a web platform http://ebooks.himss.org/bookshelf created on iPublishCentral and hosted by Impelsys. HIMSS is a nonprofit organization that produces literature focused on better health care through information technology. This review will discuss the HIMSS eBooks online platform, including the content, the functionality of the platform, and its features, and the business model of the company.
On the formalization, design, and implementation of component-oriented access control in lightweight virtualized server environments

Abstract In modern day operating systems, such as Linux, it is now possible to handle a large number of concurrent application services on a single server instance. Individual application components of such services may run in different isolated runtime environments, such as chrooted jails or application containers, and may need access to system resources and the ability to collaborate and coordinate with each other. We formalize the access control requirements of such components; our model allows access to OS resources on a need-to-know basis and also controls collaboration and coordination among service components running in disjoint containerized environments under a single Linux OS server instance. Such access control is managed and enforced through a Linux Policy Machine (LPM) that acts as the centralized reference monitor and provides a uniform interface for accessing system resources and requesting application data and control objects. We present the design of the LPM and provide an implementation to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach.
A Unifying Framework for Linear Exact Modeling

Abstract Exact modeling problems satisfying constraints of complexity, stability, and norm boundedness, are cast and solved into a common framework. The data are exponential trajectories. Rational interpolation turns out to be a special case of this modeling problem. The main tool is the most powerful model, a central concept in the behavioral framework, and its representations, called the generating systems.
US Geriatrics, an Historical Perspective

The greatest success of the twentieth century has been a doubling of life expectancy. The next challenge will be to increase the quality of life throughout that lifespan. Person-centered care and value-based models of care have always been part of Geriatrics from its very beginnings. Not only older adults, but their caregivers are demanding transparency and high-quality person-centered care. Changes in healthcare financing are inevitable, but an emphasis on value-based healthcare transformation is unlikely to change as total spending on healthcare approaches 20% of the GDP.
A novel framework for intelligent signal detection via artificial neural networks for cyclic voltammetry in pyroprocessing technology

Abstract Electrorefiner (ER) is the heart of pyroprocessing technology which contains different fission, rare-earth, and transuranic chloride compositions during the operation. This is still a developing technology that needs to be advanced for the commercial reprocessing design of used nuclear fuel (UNF) in terms of intelligent materials detection and accountability towards safeguards. A novel signal detection, artificial neural network (ANN), has been proposed in this study to apply on massive ER systemic parameters to simulate cyclic voltammetry (CV) graphs for the unseen situation. ANN could be trained to mimic the system by driving the data sets interrelation between variables to provide current and potential simulated data sets with a high accuracy of prediction. For this purpose, over 230,000 experimental data points reported in literature have been explored—0.5–5 wt% of zirconium chloride (ZrCl 4 ) in LiCl-KCl molten salt with different scan rates at 773 K. This study has illustrated a new framework of ANN implementation to eliminate trial and error approach by comparing the average error of one to three hidden layers with different number of neurons. In addition, this framework results in finding a preferable balance between underfitting and overfitting in deep learning. Furthermore, simulated CV graphs were compared with the experimental data and illustrated a reasonable prediction. The results reveal two structures with three hidden layers providing a good prediction with a low average error. The outcomes indicate that ANN has a strong potential in applying toward safeguards for pyroprocessing technology.
Protocols for communicating in the factory

The description is given of the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP), a set of communication protocols based on a bus configuration, in which network stations are wired together with a common bus so all can receive all messages. Any station, when sending a message, designates in the address portion of that message where it should go. All other stations receive the transmitted message and examine its address field (a code for the particular station to which the message is being sent). If a station decodes its own address, it takes the appropriate action; otherwise it ignores the message. MAP development programs have evolved to the point of making products available for network implementation, and users should begin planning for MAP or inquiring about MAP products from computer and communications suppliers. The first plant-wide implementation of MAP at General Motors will take place in 1986 at five truck and bus plants and at a factory-of-the-future project in Saginaw, Michigan.
Flow-time estimation by synergistically modeling real and simulation data

The ability to quote a competitive and reliable lead time for a new order is a key competitive advantage for manufacturers and plays a significant role in customer acquisition and satisfaction. Quoting a precise and reliable lead time requires a good prediction for the flow time of a new order. This research focuses on quantifying the dependence of the flow time upon observed job shop status variables, the size of a new order, and the arrival rate of future orders. An iterative fitting procedure based on stochastic kriging with qualitative factors, is developed to synergistically model simulation and real manufacturing data, for the prediction of a new order's flow time.
Predictions of thermal conductivity and degradation of irradiated SiC/SiC composites by materials-genome-based multiscale modeling

Abstract A new materials-genome-based multiscale modeling method is proposed to predict the thermal conductivity of SiC/SiC composites subjected to neutron irradiation. The modeling method bridges different scales from the atomic scale to the macro scale of a 2D SiC/SiC composite. The irradiation-induced point defects in the interphase of SiC/SiC composites are first studied using molecular dynamics simulations to compute the degradation of thermal conductivity as a function of irradiation dose and temperature. The thermal conductivities of SiC fibers, matrices and interphase are then used as input for the new materials genome model to compute the thermal conductivities of 2D SiC/SiC composites subject to neutron irradiation. The predicted thermal conductivities for both unirradiated and irradiated SiC/SiC composites are found to decrease with an increase of temperature while the irradiation effect on interphase needs to be considered for irradiated SiC/SiC composites.
Bending Ternary Dihalides.

The bonding preferences in the mixed dihalides (MXY) of groups 2 and 12 metals, including the extent of any anomalous bending, are assessed and established. The deviation from linearity in group 2 metal binary dihalides is well-known, runs contrary to simple bonding models, and is believed to be decisive for structural preferences in the extended solids. Yet the bonding in the ternary, MXY, molecules has not been investigated systematically until now. The structure and bonding in these ternary systems (and, for completeness, the binary cases as well) are determined herein at high levels of theory. A softness criterion formulated by Szentpaly and Schwerdtfeger, and tested initially on binary dihalides with predictions for mixed systems, is confirmed to apply broadly for binary and ternary species of the group 2 and 12 metals. For each M, a function of the form E(Θ) = Ae- kΘ is shown to predict the barriers to linearization for all of the bent molecules. The extended solids of some of the ternary dihalides are of interest for their optical properties. The bonding in the molecular (MXY) units may offer we think some new perspectives from which to rationalize the bonding preferences in those crystal structures.