cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a technique to prevent radiation damage of chromate conversion coatings during X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis

Photoreduction of hydrated sodium dichromate in the presence of carbon compounds has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS results show that sodium dichromate also undergoes thermal breakdown during analysis. The photochemical and thermal reduction appears to be prevented by cooling with liquid nitrogen and using hydrocarbon-free vacuum pumping conditions. A model for the photoreduction of dichromate has been put forward based on an earlier photoreduction model developed by this group. Using the insight gained from this work, chromium spectra obtained from XPS of chromate conversion coatings (CCCs) on AA2024-T3 aluminum alloy have for the first time been fitted with six species of chromium compounds. The Cr 2p spectra have been critically examined for photoreduction of the hexavalent species: tetravalent and trivalent decomposition products have been identified. To explain the observed photochemical breakdown in CCCs even when performed under clean pumping conditions and liquid nitrogen cooling, its has been verified that the reduction is partly due to the cyanide species present in the CCCs. Cooling with liquid nitrogen prevents the adsorbed water on the coating from reacting with Cr(IV) to form trivalent species as the water molecules are immobilized and kinetics are slowed. As the Cr(VI)/Cr(III) ratio is critical to the performance of the CCC, and its accurate determination by XPS has not formerly been possible due to the photoreduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), we present a reliable method by which XPS can be used in characterization of chromate conversion coatings.
UNITARY REPRESENTATIONS OF LIE GROUPS WITH REFLECTION SYMMETRY

We consider the following class of unitary representationsπof some (real) Lie groupGwhich has a matched pair of symmetries described as follows: (i) SupposeGhas a period-2 automorphismτ, and that the Hilbert spaceH(π) carries a unitary operatorJsuch thatJπ=(π∘τ)J(i.e.,selfsimilarity). (ii) An added symmetry is implied ifH(π) further contains a closed subspaceK0having a certainorder-covarianceproperty, and satisfying theK0-restricted positivity : ⦠v | Jv⦔⩾0, ∀v∈K0, where ⦠· | ·⦔ is the inner product inH(π). From (i)–(ii), we get an induced dual representation of an associated dual groupGc. All three properties, selfsimilarity, order-covariance, and positivity, are satisfied in a natural context whenGis semisimple and hermitean; but whenGis the (ax+b)-group, or the Heisenberg group, positivity is incompatible with the other two axioms for the infinite-dimensional irreducible representations. We describe a class ofG, containing the latter two, which admits a classification of the possible spacesK0⊂H(π) satisfying the axioms of selfsimilarity and order-covariance.
Land-Use Threats and Protected Areas: A Scenario-Based, Landscape Level Approach

Anthropogenic land use will likely present a greater challenge to biodiversity than climate change this century in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Even if species are equipped with the adaptive capacity to migrate in the face of a changing climate, they will likely encounter a human-dominated landscape as a major dispersal obstacle. Our goal was to identify, at the ecoregion-level, protected areas in close proximity to lands with a higher likelihood of future land-use conversion. Using a state-and-transition simulation model, we modeled spatially explicit (1 km 2 ) land use from 2000 to 2100 under seven alternative land-use and emission scenarios for ecoregions in the Pacific Northwest. We analyzed scenario-based land-use conversion threats from logging, agriculture, and development near existing protected areas. A conversion threat index (CTI) was created to identify ecoregions with highest projected land-use conversion potential within closest proximity to existing protected areas. Our analysis indicated nearly 22% of land area in the Coast Range, over 16% of land area in the Puget Lowland, and nearly 11% of the Cascades had very high CTI values. Broader regional-scale land-use change is projected to impact nearly 40% of the Coast Range, 30% of the Puget Lowland, and 24% of the Cascades (i.e., two highest CTI classes). A landscape level, scenario-based approach to modeling future land use helps identify ecoregions with existing protected areas at greater risk from regional land-use threats and can help prioritize future conservation efforts.
Understanding Functional Residues of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor for Drug Discovery

The brain cannabinoid (CB(1)) receptor that mediates numerous physiological processes in response to marijuana and other psychoactive compounds is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and shares common structural features with many rhodopsin class GPCRs. For the rational development of therapeutic agents targeting the CB(1) receptor, understanding of the ligand-specific CB(1) receptor interactions responsible for unique G protein signals is crucial. For a more than a decade, a combination of mutagenesis and computational modeling approaches has been successfully employed to study the ligand-specific CB(1) receptor interactions. In this review, after a brief discussion about recent advances in understanding of some structural and functional features of GPCRs commonly applicable to the CB(1) receptor, the CB(1) receptor functional residues reported from mutational studies are divided into three different types, ligand binding (B), receptor stabilization (S) and receptor activation (A) residues, to delineate the nature of the binding pockets of anandamide, CP55940, WIN55212-2 and SR141716A and to describe the molecular events of the ligand-specific CB(1) receptor activation from ligand binding to G protein signaling. Taken these CB(1) receptor functional residues, some of which are unique to the CB(1) receptor, together with the biophysical knowledge accumulated for the GPCR active state, it is possible to propose the early stages of the CB(1) receptor activation process that not only provide some insights into understanding molecular mechanisms of receptor activation but also are applicable for identifying new therapeutic agents by applying the validated structure-based approaches, such as virtual high throughput screening (HTS) and fragment-based approach (FBA).
The determinants of job seekers' reputation perceptions

Although job seekers' reputation perceptions may be based on different factors than other constituents (e.g., investors, consumers), we know little about the antecedents of job seekers' reputation perceptions. The present study utilizes verbal protocol analysis to explore the factors that job seekers consider when evaluating employers' reputations. Results from this qualitative investigation are complemented and cross-validated with an experimental policy capturing study and a field study of recruiting organizations. Data from all three methodologies suggest that some factors affecting job seekers' reputation perceptions are quite different from factors that have been revealed in previous reputation research, which has focused primarily on executives. For example, results from the present study reveal that the type of industry in which a firm operates, the opportunities that a firm provides for employee development, and organizational culture affect job seekers' reputation perceptions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NOTES ON A THEORETICALLY BASED MANIFEST RIGIDITY INVENTORY

Recently Braen ( 1960) reported the development of the Self Description Inventory (SDI) which is designed to measure manifest rigidity in college srudents. The SDI consists of 49 true and false items measuring four item sets, inferred from the Lewinian rigidity construct and called: Homogeneity-Heterogeneity ( Hom-Het ) , Coherence-Incoherence (Coh-Inc ) , Deliberation-Impulsivity (Del-Imp), and Externalization-Internalization (Ext-Int) . Also included is the 15-item "Lie" scale from the MMPl and 136 filler items. Later a short form of the SDI (49 rigidity items and the 15-item "Lie" scale) was used with high school students (Braen & Wallen, 1960). In both studies odd-even reliability was assessed. The purposes of the present investigation were to determine the restretest reliabilities of both the short and long forms of the SDI and to determine the relationship between forms. Students from three undergraduate psychology classes were Ss. Class 1 was administered the long form of the SDI twice with an interval of three weeks between testings. The procedure was identical for Class 2 except
Illumination instability analysis of ZnO thin film transistors with HfO 2 gate dielectrics

ZnO thin film electronics have received much attention due to the relatively high electron mobility of ZnO thin films in comparison to amorphous silicon (a-Si) and organic thin films. There is significant interest in using ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs), or similar oxides such as InGaZnO and zinc tin oxide, to replace a-Si TFTs in large area display technologies such as active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) devices and active matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays where transparency in the visible range and high carrier mobilities are significant advantages. In addition, the integration of high dielectric constant (high-k) dielectrics in ZnO TFTs has demonstrated performance advantages including reduced operating voltage, increased I on /I off ratios, and larger transconductance. HfO 2 has emerged as a high-k dielectric of choice for both silicon microelectronics and thin film electronics due to the high dielectric constant (e r ∼ 25e 0 ), low leakage current, and low synthesis temperature.
Verification of Software: The Textbook and Real Problems

The process of verification, or determining the order of accuracy of computational codes, can be problematic when working with large, legacy computational methods that have been used extensively in industry or government. Verification does not ensure that the computer program is producing a physically correct solution, it ensures merely that the observed order of accuracy of solutions are the same as the theoretical order of accuracy. The Method of Manufactured Solutions (MMS) is one of several ways for determining the order of accuracy. MMS is used to verify a series of computer codes progressing in sophistication from "textbook" to "real life" applications. The degree of numerical precision in the computations considerably influenced the range of mesh density to achieve the theoretical order of accuracy even for 1-D problems. The choice of manufactured solutions and mesh form shifted the observed order in specific areas but not in general. Solution residual (iterative) convergence was not always achieved for 2-D Euler manufactured solutions. L(sub 2,norm) convergence differed variable to variable therefore an observed order of accuracy could not be determined conclusively in all cases, the cause of which is currently under investigation.
The interactive effects of job advertisement characteristics and applicant experience on reactions to recruitment messages

Job seekers often use job advertisements presented during the early stages of recruitment to gather important information about potential employers. Content of these advertisements as well as associated peripheral cues have the potential to influence job seekers' organizational attitudes. Using the elaboration likelihood model as a theoretical framework, the authors proposed that job seekers' previous work and job search experience moderate the extent to which these job advertisement characteristics influence attitudes towards organizations. Results suggest that the content of job advertisements influence the organizational attitudes of experienced job seekers more than their inexperienced counterparts. Additionally, the presence of peripheral cues (i.e. physical attractiveness of those persons shown in recruitment material) appears to have a greater effect on the organizational attractiveness perceptions of job seekers having less work and job search experience versus those having more experience. Implications of the findings regarding organizational recruitment practices are discussed.
The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations: Changes in the University Community.

DIGITAL LIBRARIES are one of the most effective vehicles for change in higher education. They facilitate collaboration involving universities in an international cooperative venture, unlocking scholarly resources, and carrying out functions previously limited to publishers. They allow faculty and students to improve learning by drawing on rapidly growing collections of valuable content—heretofore largely hidden behind the doors of the library—that include an increasing proportion of multimedia elements or interactive software. The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), launched in 1996 and building upon work started in 1987, is a federated effort involving well over 120 universities scattered around the globe. Rapidly growing as a result of local, state, regional, national, and international efforts, it aims to enhance the skills of all graduate students preparing theses or dissertations, so they are empowered to create an electronic thesis or dissertation (ETD) and to effectively use digital libraries. As universities move to require submission of ETDs, they build the local infrastructure to support their own students in this regard and to dramatically enhance access to this important genre of scholarly publication. NDLTD supports these changes and helps ensure that the move to ETDs remains a sustainable initiative that will continue to enhance university libraries and publishing.
A Simulation of Multiple Selection Using Nominal Group Procedures

A common decision problem involves the selection of k alternatives from a larger but finite set. Examples are the selection of personnel for a training program or the funding of research proposals. A related problem is that of screening where a large but finite group of initial candidates is reduced prior to final selection. Choices of this type frequently are made on judgmental grounds by group processes; because of the subjectivity it is difficult to develop objective criteria for choosing one group process over another. In this paper, the comparative effectiveness of three procedures for group opinion summarization: standardized scores, sum of ranks, and zero-one scoring, are studied by means of a simulated nominal group process. The analysis leads to several simple “rules of thumb” which should prove useful to the practicing manager.
Health Disparities and Relational Well-Being between Multi- and Mono-Ethnic Asian Americans

Focusing on Hawaii, a state with 21.3% of the population being multi-racial according to the 2010 U.S. Census, this study aims to examine the existence and nature of health disparities between mono- and multi-ethnic Asian Americans and the importance of Relational Well-Being in affecting the health of Asian Americans. A series of ordinary least squares regression models that examine the direct and moderating effect of multi-ethnicity with indices of Relational Well-Being on physical health and mental health were estimated using Asian American data in the 2008 Hawaii Health Survey (N = 2,440). Multi-ethnic Asian Americans are found to enjoy better physical health and mental health compared to their mono-ethnic counterparts. Indices of Relational Well-Being such as Sense of Security, Sense of Resilience, and Sense of Family are stronger independent correlates of mental health compared to multi-ethnicity. Multi-ethnicity moderates the effect of some indices of Relational Well-Being such that Sense of Security benefits mental health and physical health more for the multi-ethnic group whereas Sense of Resilience benefits mental health more for the mono-ethnic group. Findings underscore the importance of multi-ethnicity and the construct of Relational Well-Being, which has its origins in both indigenous and Asian cultures, in understanding the health disparities among Asian Americans.
Incubation effects in anagram solution

Forty-eight undergraduates each solved 12 anagrams. Solution procedure was varied between Ss. In the incubation condition, solution time for any given problem was distributed, while in the control condition, solution time for any given problem was massed. Incubated anagram problems were more quickly solved than control problems (p <.05). It was concluded that an incubation procedure mitigates a S’s fixation on unproductive steps in the anagram solution process.
A Novel Motion Compensated Frame Interpolation Based on Block-Merging and Residual Energy

In this paper, a novel motion compensated frame interpolation (MCFI) algorithm by merging blocks that have unreliable motion vectors (MVs) based on their residual errors is proposed. Unlike the conventional methods that find true motion using smaller blocks and vector median filter, we proposed to find one single motion vector to represent a group of adjacent macroblocks (MBs) where the conventional MCFI methods are likely to fail. likely to fail. The proposed method is able to preserve the structure of different objects and their edge information, without requiring complicated edge detection and object-based motion estimation. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves both visual quality and PSNR, especially in the areas with different motions and the motion boundary.
Data mining and online recognition of mammographic images based on Haar wavelets, principal component analysis, and rough sets methods

The paper presents an application of 2D Haar wavelets, neural networks, principal component analysis, and rough sets based data mining methods for classification of mammographic images. The features from the mammographic images have been extracted based on the 2D Haar wavelets. The rough sets method has been applied for feature selection and data reduction.
Some uterine effects obtained in female monkeys during continued oestrin administration, with especial reference to the cervix uteri†

Observations particularly of the cervix of 4 female castrate rhesus monkeys given large doses of estrin are reported. Estrin (amniotin Squibb) in corn oil was injected daily for 60 80 110 or 170 days. At autopsy squamous cells apparently new growths not connected with the vaginal epithelium were seen in circumscribed areas throughout the cervical glands. The most extensive replacement of columnar cells by squamous cells was at the cervical apex . Growth was in the direction of the lumen and did not penetrate the supporting tissues; in general it did not show malignant characteristics. The greatest endometrial proliferation occurred in the animal treated for only 60 days this result suggesting the possibility of an exhaustion effect. There was a periodic flushing and blanching of the sexual skin during the latter portion of the injections and unexplained uterine bleeding was observed.
Inference of the time of origin of some Drosophila species.

MUCH attention has recently been paid to the interpretation of protein evolution through amino acid substitution. These events are under genetic control and seem, in certain well documented cases, to occur at a constant rate per site per year for many species1,2. At the population level, arguments have been adduced that the observed allozymic variation may also have similar clock-like properties3. A further area of present interest is the existence of certain pairs of species which show only very slight genetic difference as measured by allozymes4–6. These cases may represent pairs of newly formed species. Thus, genetic similarity may serve as direct measure of the recency of the cladistic event which separated the two compared lines of descent. This note extends the ‘protein clock’ idea to a series of species endemic to a set of successively younger island volcanoes, for which ages are well documented.
Microstrip-fed quasi-Yagi antenna with broadband characteristics

A compact and uniplanar antenna with broadband characteristics is presented. The novel Yagi-like printed dipole array antenna is fed by a microstrip-to-coplanar strip transition, and uses the truncated microstrip ground plane as its reflecting element. An X-band prototype measures a bandwidth of 17%. With 6.5 dB gain, 18 dB front-to-back ratio, and lower than -15 dB cross-polarisation level at 10 GHz.
Conformational Changes Of Arp2/3 Complex During Activation

Kinetic and structural studies of Actin-related protein (Arp) 2/3 complex point to a transition from inactive to active conformations at an actin branch point. The inactive conformation is greatly favored for purified Arp2/3 complex. Crystal structures of inactive Arp2/3 complex show that Arp2 and Arp3 are separated by about 3 nm compared to their positions as the first two subunits of the daughter filament in low resolution models based in reconstructions from electron tomograms of actin filament branch junctions. Here, we use atomistic-scale molecular dynamics simulations to study activation of Arp2/3 complex. Starting in the ATP-bound inactive crystal structure, we apply forces to Arp2 and Arp3 so that the energy of the system is at a minimum when Arp2 and Arp3 are positioned like the first and second subunits of the daughter filament. Arp2 does not detach from the other subunits during activation as proposed from biochemical experiments. The long C-terminal α-helix of p34 rotates along with Arp2 and p40 through interactions with p20. Residues His30-Leu35 of p20 stay in contact with the residues of the αG helix of Arp2 throughout the course of the simulation. Also, residues Arg106-Lys107 of p20 interact with the region of Arp2 surrounding Leu235 between the αF and αG loops. The main impediment to a smooth transition is the αK helix of subdomain 3 of Arp3, which collides with the DNase binding loop of Arp2. This study provides the first insights into the conformational changes of Arp2/3 complex forms an actin filament branch.
Social organization of a red junglefowl,Gallus gallus, population related to evolution theory

Abstract The purpose of this study was to relate the social organization of a population of red junglefowl, Gallus gallus , to evolution theory. During a 7-year study of lifetime breeding success in an unconfined population of red junglefowl, only a small proportion of the most dominant cocks and hens produced most of the adults of succeeding generations. Variability in progeny number reared to independence was such that the genetically effective number of adults in the study population was only 28% of what it would be if the progeny distribution were random (Poisson). Under an isolation by distance model, the effective breeding size was 47% of the harmonic mean (43) of population size over seven years. Combining these two estimates, the genetically effective breeding size of the population was only about 13% of the census number of adults. These results suggest ample basis for random differentiation of local populations in this species, which combined with natural selection and other factors should help to provide favourable conditions for adaptive evolution as envisaged by Sewall Wright in his shifting balance theory of evolution. Social behaviour often greatly restricts effective breeding size of local populations, and so helps to determine the conditions for adaptive evolution favoured by Wright. Wright's theory is based on application of the principles of animal breeding to evolution, and further evidence for this theory is cited from studies on breeding of domestic fowl. The red junglefowl is the principal and perhaps sole ancestor of the domestic fowl.
The Immunopathophysiological Effects of Chronic Serum Sickness on Rat Choroid Plexus, Ciliary Process and Renal Glomeruli

The immunopathological findings and their effects upon the vascular permeability of the ciliary process, choroid plexus and renal glomeruli to intravenously injected 125I-bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been studied in 26 rats who survived a prolonged period of bovine serum albuminemia following the experimental chronic serum sickness model of Fennell and Pardo (8). Rat IgG and C3 and BSA were demonstrated in the experimental rats by direct immunofluorescence in glomeruli, ciliary process and choroid plexus of 85, 38 and 39 percent of animals respectively. Age and sex matched control tissues were negative. Statistically significant differences in the 125I-BSA content of urine, eye and brain were observed between the experimental and control groups. This experimental model offers an approach to the understanding of ocular and central nervous system involvement in clinical situations characterized by circulating immune complexes as well as an experimental tool with which to explore further the physiological consequences of immune deposits within the choroid plexus and ciliary body.
Stability considerations for adaptive optical filtering

We report analytical and experimental results from an interferometric optical system configured to implement a least mean square error filtering operation with an adaptive filtering loop. We describe the basic operation, experimental optical system, and simulation model; we then compare the results of the model and hardware. We find that the time delay must be minimized in the closed loop signal path to achieve good performance. Optical aberrations must also be controlled depending on the degree of phase margin required to maintain stability. We show that 30–35 dB of stable gain can be achieved with reasonable hardware and system tolerance requirements.
Perception, Discipleship, and Revelation in the Gospel of Matthew

Healings of blindness carry deep symbolic meaning in the Gospel of Matthew, both in demonstrating Jesus' messianic status and in providing models of discipleship. Such stories have negative connotations, however, for how the blind themselves are perceived. A comparison of Matt. 9:27-31 with similar stories shows the distinctiveness of this episode in terms of how the blind are depicted both following and disobeying Jesus. The implications of these differences for the representation of disability in the Gospel are explored, with particular attention to the role of sensory experiences in creating disciples.
An Interactive Planning Prototype for Task Force Air Defense

This work reports development of an interactive prototype of a military planning workspace, implemented in Macromedia Flash. The interface was structured to support the natural reasoning strategies that are encouraged by a functional structure based on an Abstraction-Decomposition Space. A scenario involving planning for naval task force air defence is used to illustrate the use of the system. The prototype demonstrates a pictorially rich information workspace for planning and also the flexibility of Macromedia Flash for developing a prototype that permits interactive exploration of an information work system.
Spatial Weighting of Smart Materials for Real-time Measurement of Aerodynamic Forces

Spatial weighting techniques are used to determine the apertures of a conformal smart material sensor required to measure aerodynamic forces on an aircraft wing section. Aperture shading with a linear weighting allows for the compilation of an aerodynamic center of pressure sensor. A technique is presented that allows the extraction of sectional aerodynamic forces, such as lift and drag, from appropriately shaped sensor electrodes. An example of the implementation of this sensor aperture weighting technique is given for a wing section with a NACA 0010 airfoil cross-section. It is shown that, given any airfoil cross-section, a unique lift and drag sensor aperture can be derived. Preliminary data from the testing of a prototype center of pressure sensor is presented. This sensor technology enables real-time measurement of aerodynamic forces in a free-flight testing environment.
Expression of Na+/H+ Exchanger Isoforms in Inner Segment of Inner Medullary Collecting Duct (IMCD3)

Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) play a critical role in many cellular and transport processes in the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). Morphologically, the IMCD is divided into the outer (IMCD1), middle (IMCD2), and inner (IMCD3) segments. The inner, IMCD3 segment contains only one cell type, the IMCD cell, which is distinct in ultrastructure and in function from the principal and intercalated cells that are present in other portions of the IMCD. NHEs constitute a gene family containing several isoforms (NHE1, NHE2, NHE3, NHE4 and NHE5) which possess distinct characteristics and serve specialized functions. To understand the molecular basis of NHE-related processes in the IMCD, it is critical to know the molecular identity of the NHEs in this tubule segment. The purpose of the present study was to identify the NHE isoforms present and their polar distribution in IMCD3. Applying the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique to IMCD3 (obtained from distal 50% of inner medulla) of mouse and rat kidneys, we found that NHE1, NHE2 and NHE4, but not NHE3 were expressed in both species. The polar localization of NHE in IMCD3 was examined in tubules isolated from rats and perfused in vitro with HEPES-buffered solutions under isotonic conditions. pHi was measured by BCECF fluorescence. Na+-dependent, amiloride-inhibitable pHi recovery from cell acidification (consistent with NHE) was detected in the basolateral, but not the apical, membrane of IMCD3. We conclude that NHE1, NHE2 and NHE4, but not NHE3, are present in both the mouse and rat IMCD3. Functionally, NHE is limited to the basolateral membrane. Additional studies are needed to determine the physiological roles and regulation of basolateral NHE isoforms in this tubule segment.
The relation of discordant Rb-Sr mineral and whole rock ages in an igneous rock to its time of crystallization and to the time of subsequent Sr87/Sr86 metamorphism☆

Abstract Interpretation of discordant Rb—Sr ages of coexisting biotite and K-feldspar in igneous rocks, mostly from Sudbury, Ontario, has been attempted using supplementary whole-rock ages. Following a model proposed by Compston and Jeffery , it is postulated that, if the igneous body is a closed system, and a post-crystallization thermal event interrupts the accumulation of Sr87 in biotite and K-feldspar, the whole-rock analysis will give the true age and, owing to diffusion of radiogenic Sr out of biotite and K-feldspar, the apparent ages of these two minerals would be less than the whole-rock age. The common intersection of the three radiogenic growth lines (Sr87/Sr86 plotted against age) gives the time of metamorphism. For the majority of the twelve examples the model offers an apparently valid explanation of the discrepant ages in terms of known field relations and two orogenic events at 1·2 billion years and 1·6 billion years.
The Availability of Health Care Resources for Elders Living in Nonmetropolitan Persistent Low-Income Counties in the South:

The purpose of this study was to determine if elders living in nonmetropolitan persistent low-income counties in the South had the same volume of health care resources available to them as did their counterparts who lived in other counties of the same size either inside or outside the region. Nine indicators of the availability of health care resources were examined: five reflected the availability of key health care personnel (i.e., physicians and nurses) and four measured the bed capacity of two types of health care facilities (i.e., hospitals and nursing homes). Results indicated that in 47 of 54 comparisons (87.0%), nonmetropolitan persistent low-income counties in the South had fewer health care resources available for their elderly residents than did other places the same size inside or outside the region. The largest discrepancies occurred in the availability of medical specialists, but substantial differences also were observed in the availability of the total number of physicians, physicians prac...
Reduction of methemoglobin by tetrahydropterin and glutathione.

Abstract The reduced pteridine 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine nonenzymatically reduces methemoglobin in solution and in intact erythrocytes. The extent of the reaction in whole cells is markedly increased in the presence of glucose. The stimulating effect of glucose is absent in erythrocytes from individuals deficient in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Glucose functions by maintaining levels of reduced glutathione which, in turn, reduce the dihydropterin to the active tetrahydro form. Although it appears unlikely that this mechanism could contribute in more than a minor way to the maintenance of ferrous hemoglobin in vivo , the results suggest that the interaction of glutathione with pterins might be of consequence in the regulation of pterin-dependent pathways in other tissues.
Gas hydrate—a source of shallow water flow?

Shallow water flow is a serious drilling hazard encountered across several areas of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Numerous incidents have occurred in which intense shallow water flows have disrupted drilling, added millions of dollars to the cost of a well, or caused a well to be abandoned. In one survey of 74 offshore wells, Alberty and colleagues found only 34% of the wells did not encounter problems related to shallow water flow. In separate writings, Holm and Alberty stated that steps taken to prevent or remediate shallow water flow add at least $2 million to the cost of a well.
Differential Concanavalin A binding of cystic fibrosis and normal liver α-L-fucosidase

Abstract A novel technique has been employed to demonstrate that α-L-fucosidase purified from cystic fibrosis and control livers exhibits differential binding to the lectin Concanavalin A. The concentration of α-CH3-mannoside necessary to prevent 50% binding of α-L-fucosidase to Concanavalin A is considerably lower for the cystic fibrosis enzyme (13.5 vs. 33.3 mM). Comparable results were found when binding studies were done on crude supernatant α-L-fucosidase from 8 cystic fibrosis and 8 control livers (5.6 ± 0.4 mM and 13.2 ± 3.4 mM, respectively), without any overlap of values between the cystic fibrosis and control livers. These results suggest that comparative lectin binding studies on cystic fibrosis and normal glycoproteins from readily available tissues might result in an assay for detecting the cystic fibrosis genotype.
Simian virus 40 and cancer

Since its discovery in 1960 as a contaminant of poliovaccines, Simian Virus 40 (SV40) has been the object of extensive studies to assess whether this oncogenic virus plays a role in human carcinogenesis. Over the last two decades, this question has met with broad scepticism. However, there is increasing evidence linking SV40 to specific types of human cancer, especially malignant mesothelioma. Recently, two laboratories using different experimental approaches independently confirmed that SV40 acts synergistically with environmental fibers to promote mesothelial cell transformation and mesothelioma. Most of the scepticism concerning SV40 and cancer was due to the lack of clear epidemiologic data. However, it is still not clear how SV40 circulates in the human population, making the identification of SV40-exposed versus non-exposed cohorts problematic. Consequently, the most helpful insights into SV40-mediated carcinogenesis have come from molecular pathology, cell and molecular biology, and from animal studies.
Broadening the Repertoire of Functional Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1–Specific CD8+ T Cells Reduces Viral Reactivation from Latency in Sensory Ganglia

A large proportion of the world population harbors HSV type 1 (HSV-1) in a latent state in their trigeminal ganglia (TG). TG-resident CD8 + T cells appear important for preventing HSV-1 reactivation from latency and recurrent herpetic disease. In C57BL/6J mice, half of these cells are specific for an immunodominant epitope on HSV-1 glycoprotein B, whereas the other half are specific for 18 subdominant epitopes. In this study, we show that the CD8 + T cell dominance hierarchy in the TG established during acute infection is maintained during latency. However, CD8 + T cells specific for subdominant epitopes lose functionality, whereas those specific for the immunodominant epitope exhibit increased functionality in latently infected TG. Furthermore, we show that IL-10 produced by 16.4 ± 2.8% of TG-resident CD4 + T cells maintains the immunodominance hierarchy in part through selective inhibition of subdominant CD8 + T cell proliferation. Upon systemic anti–IL-10R Ab treatment, we observed a significant expansion of functional subdominant CD8 + T cells, resulting in significantly improved protection from viral reactivation. In fact, systemic anti–IL-10R Ab treatment prevented viral reactivation in up to 50% of treated mice. Our results not only demonstrate that HSV-1 reactivation from latency can be prevented by expanding the repertoire of functional TG-resident CD8 + T cells, but also that IL-10R blockade might have therapeutic potential to reduce or eliminate recurrent herpetic disease.
The Influence of Hydrogen Plasma Passivation on Electrical and Optical Properties of Aigan Samples Grown on Sapphire

Hydrogen plasma passivation effects are studied for undoped AlGaN layers grown by MOCVD. Hydrogen treatment at 200°C for lh led to a substantial decrease in carrier concentration accompanied by an increase in electron mobility. The magnitude of the near-band edge absorption tails also dramatically decreased after hydrogen passivation. The effect is explained by pairing of negatively charged hydrogen acceptors with positively charged native donors commonly believed to be related to nitrogen vacancies. The bond strength in such hydrogen complexes increases as the composition of AlGaN moves towards A1N, as revealed by results of post hydrogenation annealing.
Comparison of dietary supplement product knowledge and confidence between pharmacists and health food store employees.

Abstract Objectives To determine pharmacists' and health food store employees' knowledge about the safety and efficacy of common, nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements in a retail setting and confidence in discussing, recommending, and acquiring knowledge about complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Central and western New York in May and June 2012. Main Outcome Measures Knowledge and confidence survey scores based on true/false and Likert scale responses. Results Pharmacists' mean knowledge score was significantly higher than that of health food store employees (8.42 vs. 6.15 items of 15 total knowledge questions). Adjusting for differences in experience, education, occupation, and confidence, knowledge scores were significantly higher for pharmacists and those with a higher total confidence score. Pharmacists were significantly less confident about the safety and efficacy of CAM comparatively (13 vs. 16 items of 20 total questions). Conclusion Pharmacists scored significantly higher than health food store employees on a survey assessing knowledge of dietary supplements' safety and efficacy. Despite the significant difference, scores were unacceptably low for pharmacists, highlighting a knowledge deficit in subject matter.
Mental health in U.S. adults: The role of positive social support and social negativity in personal relationships

This study examines positive social support, social negativity, and anxiety and mood disorders in a random sample of 4688 adults aged 21-54 years from the National Comorbidity Survey (1990-1992). Social negativity with spouses, relatives, and friends had a strong positive association with the number of anxiety and mood disorder episodes. One surprising finding was that positive support was not as strongly associated with the number of anxiety and mood disorder episodes as social negativity. Positive support from spouses or friends was not associated with a lower number of episodes of either anxiety or mood disorders. Only positive support from relatives was associated with a lower number of episodes of both anxiety and mood disorders. These results may be due to variation by source in the link between support and negativity. Given that much previous research has focused on the role of positive social support, these findings demonstrate the significant impact that negative social exchanges can have on ment...
Optical and electronic manipulation of spin coherence in semiconductors

Understanding how to manipulate and store information in the form of electronic and nuclear spin states may lead to exciting applications in quantum computing and spintronics. Electron spin polarization in semiconductors can be prepared optically and then manipulated using optical, electronic, and magnetic techniques. Optical studies of electron spin states reveal long coherence times in semiconductors, heterostructures, and quantum dots. Electron spin packets can be transported in a semiconductor and across heterojunctions with electric fields. Recent experiments demonstrate the possibility of performing quantum operations on electron spin states using femtosecond optical pulses or electrical gating. In addition, nuclear spin states can be controlled by their interactions with either periodically-excited electrons or ferromagnetic overlayers.
Targeting argininosuccinate synthetase negative melanomas using combination of arginine degrading enzyme and cisplatin

Loss of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) expression in melanoma makes these tumor cells vulnerable to arginine deprivation. Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) which degrades arginine to citrulline and ammonia has been used clinically and partial responses and stable disease have been noted with minimal toxicity. In order to improve the therapeutic efficacy of ADI-PEG20, we have combined ADI-PEG20 with a DNA damaging agent, cisplatin. We have shown that the combination of the two drugs together significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy when compared to ADI-PEG20 alone or cisplatin alone in 4 melanoma cell lines, regardless of their BRAF mutation. In-vivo study also exhibited the same effect as in-vitro with no added toxicity to either agent alone. The underlying mechanism is complex, but increased DNA damage upon arginine deprivation due to decreased DNA repair proteins, FANCD2, ATM, and CHK1/2 most likely leads to increased apoptosis. This action is further intensified by increased proapoptotic protein, NOXA, and decreased antiapoptotic proteins, SURVIVIN, BCL2 and XIAP. The autophagic process which protects cells from apoptosis upon ADI-PEG20 treatment also dampens upon cisplatin administration. Thus, the combination of arginine deprivation and cisplatin function in concert to kill tumor cells which do not express ASS without added toxicity to normal cells.
Directional Change in Tunneling of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Response to Decayed Wood Attractants

Wood discs decayed with brown rot fungi and polymer discs impregnated with acetone extract of decayed wood were embedded in sand of a two-dimensional foraging arena to evaluate their attractant potential in directing termite tunnels toward them. Termites were released near one arena corner and were guided to follow the physical guideline of the arena edges. In the absence of the attractants, termites generally formed a relatively linear tunnel along the edges. When decayed wood discs or treated polymer discs were placed in wet sand near one side of the arena, termite tunnels departed from the arena edges and were oriented toward them. The attraction distance ranged from 12 to 18 cm. The attractant properties were most likely water soluble and permeated through wet sand to cause termites to change their orientation. The results demonstrated that when such attractants are placed near a bait station in the field, they may be used to direct termite foraging toward the station.
Physical Performance Tests in Job Selection a Model for Empirical Validation

(1982). Physical Performance Tests in Job Selection a Model for Empirical Validation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 267-270.
The Historical Context of the Fourteenth Amendment

This article explores Congress’ intentions when ratifying the 14th Amendment, specifically in the context of the Bill of Rights through race relations. To understand the country’s views on race leading up to the 14th, one must first consider the development of race laws before the Civil War from both the northern and southern viewpoints. This article provides examples of Negrophobia in the north and the efforts of many leaders to change discriminatory laws, and protect free blacks while also honoring the Constitution which protected slavery. Furthermore, the article considers the 14th as a reaction to the violent and hateful “black codes” which followed the 13th Amendment, to protect the position of the freedmen, their civil rights, and the civil rights of those who would defend them.
Divorce and Parental Separation

This article reviews the current research literature on divorce and the separation of unmarried parents. More specifically, we review the demographics of separation, including how common it is and who is at greatest risk to experience it, the consequences of separation for adults and children, and the possible interventions both to prevent separation and to help families deal with its aftermath when it does occur.
Effects of nidus microarchitecture on cerebral arteriovenous malformation hemodynamics

Intranidal vessel geometry and organization underlying flow within cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is poorly understood. We examine the relationship between intranidal vessel characteristics and AVM flow. Records of patients with AVM evaluated at our institution between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were included if surgical specimens were available and flows were obtained before treatment using quantitative magnetic resonance angiography. Intranidal vessels were identified and the diameter and cross-sectional area of each vessel were measured from digitized images of specimen slides. The relationship between vessel diameter, vessel cross-sectional area, AVM volume, and AVM flow was assessed. Twenty-nine patients were included. Mean total number of vessels per specimen was 133. Mean total AVM flow was 340 ± 276 mL/min. Mean vessel diameter ranged from 0.18-2.37 mm and mean vessel cross-sectional area ranged from 0.09-9.46 mm(2). Linear regression analysis showed that total flow is significantly associated with larger AVM volume (R(2)=0.28, P=0.007), but not with number of vessels per section of the specimen (P=0.20) or mean vessel diameter (P=0.92). Exponential regression analysis demonstrated that AVM flow is significantly correlated to the sum of the cross-sectional vessel areas within each specimen (R(2)=0.16, P=0.05). Total AVM flow is significantly related to sum of the cross-sectional areas of all vessels within each nidus, rather than to total number of vessels or mean nidal vessel diameter. This finding suggests that the sum of the cross-sectional areas of intranidal vessels likely determines the resistance to flow within a cerebral AVM.
Eine Methode zur Weckung und Aufrechterhaltung der Aufmerksamkeit von Studenten

Die Aufmerksamkeit von Studenten zu wecken und wachzuhalten, insbesondere wenn das Semester weiter fortgeschritten ist, stellt stets ein Problem dar. Ich unterbreite meinen Kollegen hiermit die folgende Methode, mit der ich mir schon im ersten Augenblick des Unterrichts die volle Aufmerksamkeit sichere und zu jeder beliebigen Zeit des Jahres wiedergewinne.