cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Nerve Grafting During Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: Extended Follow-up

Abstract Objectives. To confirm the benefit of using an interposition sural nerve graft at the time of radical retropubic prostatectomy in an extended series of men with at least 1 year of follow-up. We previously reported the return of erectile function after resection of both cavernous nerves. Methods. Twenty-eight potent men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy with deliberate wide bilateral neurovascular bundle resection and the placement of bilateral nerve grafts. Erectile dysfunction questionnaires and patient interviews were completed at 6-month intervals. A minimum of 12 months of follow-up (mean 23 ± 10 months) was obtained for 23 men (mean age 58 ± 6 years). A control group of 12 men who underwent bilateral nerve resections, but declined nerve graft placement, was also followed up. Results. Of the 23 men, 6 (26%) had spontaneous, medically unassisted erections sufficient for sexual intercourse with vaginal penetration. An additional 6 men (26%) described “40% to 60%” spontaneous erections (fullness, no rigidity, not able to penetrate). Ten men (43%) had intercourse with sildenafil. No demonstrable erections occurred before 5 months postoperatively. The greatest return of function thus far was observed at 18 months after surgery. Conclusions. This surgical technique continues to show promise as an advance in prostate cancer surgery. The results of this study demonstrated recovery of erectile function in men who underwent bilateral nerve graft placement during radical retropubic prostatectomy when both cavernous nerves were deliberately resected.
Ez, a Depth-dependent Potential for Assessing the Energies of Insertion of Amino Acid Side-chains into Membranes: Derivation and Applications to Determining the Orientation of Transmembrane and Interfacial Helices

We have developed an empirical residue-based potential (E(z) potential) for protein insertion in lipid membranes. Propensities for occurrence as a function of depth in the bilayer were calculated for the individual amino acid types from their distribution in known structures of helical membrane proteins. The propensities were then fit to continuous curves and converted to a potential using a reverse-Boltzman relationship. The E(z) potential demonstrated a good correlation with experimental data such as amino acid transfer free energy scales (water to membrane center and water to interface), and it incorporates transmembrane helices of varying composition in the membrane with trends similar to those obtained with translocon-mediated insertion experiments. The potential has a variety of applications in the analysis of natural membrane proteins as well as in the design of new ones. It can help in calculating the propensity of single helices to insert in the bilayer and estimate their tilt angle with respect to the bilayer normal. It can be utilized to discriminate amphiphilic helices that assume a parallel orientation at the membrane interface, such as those of membrane-active peptides. In membrane protein design applications, the potential allows an environment-dependent selection of amino acid identities.
Identification of Fetal Liver Tyrosine Kinase 3 (Flt3) Ligand Domain Required for Receptor Binding and Function Using Naturally Occurring Ligand Isoforms

We used a comparative approach to identify the fetal liver tyrosine kinase 3 (flt3) ligand structure required for binding and function. Two conserved bovine flt3 ligand isoforms, which differ in a defined region within the extracellular domain, were identified and shown to be uniformly transcribed in individuals with diverse MHC haplotypes. Notably, at the amino acid level, the extracellular domain of the bovine flt3 ligand isoform 1 is 81 and 72% identical with the extracellular domains of the human and murine flt3 ligands, respectively, whereas isoform-2 has a deletion within this domain. Bovine flt3 ligand isoform 1, but not 2, bound the human flt3 receptor and stimulated murine pro B cells transfected with the murine flt3 receptor. This retention of binding and function allowed definition of key residues by identifying sequences conserved among species. We have shown that a highly conserved, 18 aa sequence within the flt3 ligand extracellular domain is required for flt3 receptor binding and function. However, a peptide representing this sequence is insufficient for receptor binding as demonstrated by its failure to inhibit the bovine flt3 ligand isoform 1 binding to the human flt3 receptor. The requirement for flanking structure was confirmed by testing bovine flt3 ligand isoform 1 constructs truncated at specific residues outside the 18 aa sequence. Overall, the flt3 ligand structure required for function is markedly similar to that of the related hemopoietic growth factors, CSF-1 and steel factor. This definition of the required flt3 ligand structure will facilitate development of agonists to enhance dendritic cell recruitment for vaccines and immunotherapy.
Frequency-to-Time-Assisted Interferometry for Full-Field Optical Waveform Measurements With Picosecond Resolution and Microsecond Record Lengths

This paper describes and demonstrates a single-shot, full-field (amplitude and phase) optical waveform measurement technique that utilizes interferometry, frequency-to-time mapping, and four-quadrature coherent detection. This generalized frequency-to-time-mapping technique and associated reconstruction algorithm does not need to satisfy the usual far-field (Fraunhofer) requirement for performing an optical Fourier transform (OFT), and therefore, it provides significant improvements in fidelity and record length compared with previous OFT-based methods. Different implementations of the method demonstrate polarization-diversified, real-time, single-shot measurements with optical bandwidths in excess of 560 GHz, signal powers as small as 25 μW, and extend record lengths to more than 3 μs. Results show the measurement of complex waveforms with time-bandwidth products in excess of 1 million.
Factors Related to Adherence to Medication Regimens in Pediatric Seizure Patients

Factors related to medication adherence were studied in 35 pediatric seizure patients at a public hospital serving primarily low-income minority patients. Adherence ratings by pediatric neurologists were based primarily on three blood assays drawn at monthly intervals and patients were rated as adherent on 1, 2, or 3 visits. Parent and child satisfaction with medical care was associated with greater adherence. Parental worry about the child's health was positively correlated with the number of behavioral restrictions placed on the child, and both variables were negatively related to adherence. The authors hypothesize that anxiety-based denial and perceived threats to patient autonomy may interfere with medication adherence. Implications for the development of intervention strategies for improving adherence among pediatric seizure patients are discussed.
H3+ as the benchmark for rigorous ab initio theory

The observed ro-vibrational spectral lines of the simplest polyatomic molecule, H þ 3 , serve as the benchmark to test the most rigorous ab initio theory of intra-molecular dynamics. The ground state equilibrium structure of H þ
Graying of the HIV epidemic: a challenge for inpatient medicine providers

Since the advent of anti-retroviral therapy, patients with HIV are living longer, and in the year 2015, over half of those infected with the virus will be older than age 50. Moreover, as the general aging population continues to grow, more elderly individuals will become newly infected with HIV. Older patients with HIV contribute to high numbers of initial and rehospitalizations, have longer lengths of hospital day stays, and are at increased risk of death compared to younger patients with HIV and those without HIV. Age-related comorbidities can be exaggerated in HIV-positive patients on and off therapy. Furthermore, signs and symptoms of HIV and AIDS may mimic features seen in the normal aging process of older adults. Internists caring for patients in inpatient settings will be expected to care for and diagnose increasing numbers of older patients with HIV. This will be critical for improving quality of patient care, reducing morbidity and mortality, and managing newly diagnosed patients earlier in the disease course while reducing spread of the virus. Internists should be central leaders in the development of targeted and non-targeted HIV screening efforts in inpatient general medicine wards.
Technology and society as embedded: an alternative framework for information and communication technology and development:

An emerging topic in the development field is how information and communication technology (ICT) can be used for economic and social development. The general approach relies on technological determinism, whereby the discussion revolves around how and to what extent will ICT support development. It assumes the benefits of ICT as inherent. This approach ignores that ICT is created and experienced within a socially divisive and complex space. A more critical and sociological analysis is needed for development studies to better understand the implications of ICT initiatives. In this article, I argue that Saskia Sassen’s analytical framework of technology and society as embedded avoids this technological determinism and allows social theorists to account for social and material aspects of ICT. To support this alternative framework, I present a case study of a rural ICT initiative in Gujarat, India, and discuss how this re-conceptualization reveals more nuanced understanding of ICT and society. Based on intervi...
Nrf2 Activation Inhibits Effects of Thrombin in Human Amnion Cells and Thrombin-Induced Preterm Birth in Mice.

Context: Nrf2 is a key transcription factor that modulates cell defense mechanisms against endogenous and exogenous stress. Previously, we reported that thrombin increased matrix metalloproteinases and prostaglandin synthesis in human amnion mesenchymal cells. Objective: We sought to determine whether activation of Nrf2 alters the effect of thrombin on prostaglandin synthesis, protease activation, and cytokine release in human amnion. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of Nrf2 activation on thrombin-induced preterm labor in mice. Design: Primary human amnion mesenchymal cells and pregnant mice were employed to investigate the effect of Nrf2 on thrombin-induced inflammation and preterm birth. Setting: This was a laboratory-based study using cells and mice. Results: As expected, thrombin increased cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 in amnion mesenchymal cells. Preincubation with Nrf2 activators, diethyl maleate or 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), profoundly rep...
Eye Hypersensitivity Elicited by Monilia Psilosis Polysaccharide.

In studies on sympathetic ophthalmia, Woods1 sensitized one eye of dogs by injecting uveal pigment into the vitreous humor and observed an inflammatory reaction in both eyes on subsequent intraperitoneal injection of the same antigen. By injecting horse serum about the iris, Riehm2 succeeded in sensitizing the rabbit eye so that subsequent intravenous injection of the antigen produced a bilateral uveitis. In their work on local organ hypersensitiveness Seegal and Seegal3 sensitized the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye with various protein antigens, and later obtained local reactivation by intravenous administration of the homologous antigen.Inasmuch as the substances heretofore used to sensitize and reactivate the eye have been protein in nature, a similar experiment is reported, using as the reactivator a polysaccharide fraction4 prepared from the yeast-like fungus Monilia psilosis, Ashford. The organism itself was used as sensitizer, since the uncombined bacterial polysaccharides have been found to be...
Five Experimental Insect Growth Regulators: Effect on Populations of Tobacco Budworm and Trichogramma Sp. in Field Cages,

Five insect growth regulators (IGR's) applied as sprays to cotton in field cages had a pronounced juvenilizing effect on larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). The F1 generation averaged 20, 17, and 14 days longer, respectively, than the control when larvae developed on plots treated with A13-70119 ( E )-4-[(6,7-epoxy-3-ethyl-7-methyl-2-nonenyl)oxy]-1,2-(methylenedioxy) benzene, A13-70356 (1-chloro-4-[6,7-epoxy-3, 7-dimethyl-2-nonenyl)oxy] benzene (mixed isomers)), and A13-33972 (methyl 10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate). Also, the fecundity of the F2 generation was reduced as a result of treatment with A13-70350 (ethyl 10,11-epoxy-3,7,10,11-tetramethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate) and A13-703S6, since fewer F2 larvae were found in plots treated with A13-70356. Although the F3 egg population was higher in plots treated with A13-70119 than in other plots, no small larvae were found in these plots. Since these IGR's did not appear to affect parasitization of Trichogramma sp., or cause the tobacco budworm to be sterile, they may be compatible with this parasite and might perhaps have potential in an integrated control program.
Increased Embryonic Loss in Chickens From 0.05% Dietary Caffeine

Abstract White Leghorn pullets were fed standard laying rations supplemented with 0.0%, 0.05%, and 0.1% levels of dietary caffeine. There was no statistical difference in fertility among the three groups. Embryonic loss in eggs from pullets fed 0.05% caffeine was between values previously reported for 0.0% and 0.1% dietary caffeine. This suggests that embryonic mortality increases as levels of caffeine are increased in the diet up to 0.1%.
Integrated Optimization of Railway Wagon Flow Reorganization and Layout of Technical Service Stations

Wagon flow reorganization and layout of technical service stations are two basic important issues closely related in railway transportation organization.Under constraint of the train reorganization capacity and number of formation direction of technical stations,the two issues are integraled and optimized.The 0-1 integral optimization model is built with the objective to minimize the costs of wagon flow running,wagon flow reorganization and layout adjustment of technical stations.So as to reduce the scale of solution finding,the model is introduced in to further develop on the basis of the candidate set and division of technical stations by districts.An example of a network with 10 nodes is designed to test the model.The result shows that the model can help to coordinate the relationship of wagon flow organization and layout of technical stations,and to promote the overall optimization of the system.
Variants in Adjacent Oxytocin/Vasopressin Gene Region and Associations with ASD Diagnosis and Other Autism Related Endophenotypes.

Background: There has been increasing interest in oxytocin (peptide: OT, gene: OXT) as a treatment pathway for neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Neurodevelopmental disorders affect functional, social, and intellectual abilities. With advances in molecular biology, research has connected multiple gene regions to the clinical presentation of ASD. Studies have also shown that the neuropeptide hormones OT and arginine vasopressin (AVP) influence mammalian social and territorial behaviors and may have treatment potential for neurodevelopmental disorders. Published data examining molecular and phenotypic variation in ASD, such as cognitive abilities, are limited. Since most studies have focused on the receptors in the OT-AVP system, we investigated genetic variation within peptide genes for association with phenotypic ASD features that help identify subgroups within the spectrum. Methods: In this study, TDT analysis was carried out utilizing FBAT in 207 probands (156 trios) and a European Ancestry (EA) subsample (108 trios). The evolutionarily related and adjacent genes of OXT and AVP were studied for associations between the tagged single nucleotide polymorphisms and ASD diagnosis, social abilities, restrictive and repetitive behaviors, and IQ for cognitive abilities. Additionally, relationships with whole blood serotonin (WB5HT) were explored because of the developmental relationships connecting plasma levels of OT and WB5HT within ASD. Results: Results indicate significant association between OXT rs6084258 (p=0.001) and ASD. Associations with several intermediate phenotypes were also noted: OXT rs6133010 was associated with IQ (full scale IQ, p=0.008; nonverbal IQ, p=0.010, verbal IQ, p=0.006); and OXT rs4813625 and OXT rs877172 were associated with WB5HT levels (EA, p=0.027 and p=0.033, respectively). Additionally, we measured plasma OT (pOT) levels in a subsample (N=54). Results show the three polymorphisms, OXT rs6084258, OXT rs11697250, and OXT rs877172, have significant association with pOT (EA, p=0.011, p=0.010, and p=0.002, respectively). Conclusions: These findings suggest that SNPs near OXT and AVP are associated with diagnosis of ASD, social behaviors, restricted and repetitive behaviors, IQ, pOT, and WB5HT. Future studies need to replicate these findings and examine gene-interactions in other neurodevelopmental disorders. Mechanisms of action may influence early social and cognitive development that may or may not be limited to ASD diagnosis.
Stop the compartmentalization: unified robust algorithms for handling uncertainties in security games

Given the real-world applications of Stackelberg security games (SSGs), addressing uncertainties in these games is a major challenge. Unfortunately, we lack any unified computational framework for handling uncertainties in SSGs. Current state-of-the-art has provided only compartmentalized robust algorithms that handle uncertainty exclusively either in the defender's strategy or in adversary's payoff or in the adversary's rationality, leading to potential failures in real-world scenarios where a defender often faces multiple types of uncertainties. Furthermore, insights for improving performance are not leveraged across the compartments, leading to significant losses in quality or efficiency.In this paper, we provide the following main contributions: 1) we present the first unified framework for handling the uncertainties explored in SSGs; 2) based on this unified framework, we propose the first set of ``unified'' robust algorithms to address combinations of these uncertainties; 3) we introduce approximate scalable robust algorithms for handling these uncertainties that leverage insights across compartments; 4) we present experiments demonstrating solution quality and runtime advantages of our algorithms.
Extent and site of mineral release from six forage species incubated in mobile dacron bags

A study was conducted to measure the extent of DM disappearance and mineral release from six forage species within the rumen, abomasum and intestines of the adult bovine using the mobile bag technique. Three nonlactating Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were given ad libitum access to alfalfa hay. One gram (DM) of alfalfa, rhizoma peanut, dwarf elephantgrass, bahiagrass, bermudagrass, and limpograss was individually weighed into 8-cm x 3-cm dacron bags. After ruminal incubation for 24 h, bags were incubated in an acid-pepsin solution (a simulated abomasal environment) for 1 h, inserted into the duodenum via cannula, and collected in the feces upon excretion. Ruminal incubation accounted for 86% to 100% of total DM disappearance. Release of Ca from all forages was at least 65%, with the majority having extents of release of over 70%. Most Ca was released in the rumen, but acid-pepsin incubation and washing increased Ca release an additional 17 to 272%. Forages with the highest NDF concentration (bermuda, bahia, and limpograss) sequestered Ca in the intestines. Total tract P release ranged from 84 to 98%, with an average of 7.5 percentage units occurring postabomasally. Grasses released more P in the intestines than legumes. Eighty-eight to 98% of total Mg was released in the rumen. Acid-pepsin incubation increased Mg release only slightly, with some Mg being sequestered in the intestines. Potassium release was complete in the rumen. Ranking of minerals based on maximal extent of release was K greater than Mg greater than P greater than Ca. With the exception of K, legumes released more of their minerals than grasses.
Seismic refraction observations north of the Brownson Deep

Abstract Results of several refraction profiles made on the rise to the north of the Brownson Deep are presented. Good evidence for a high-speed layer with travel-time curves showing a compressional velocity of 7.94 km/sec. and an intercept of 8.4 sec. is presented, and the presence of an overlying lower-speed layer (6.64 km/sec., intercept 8.1 sec.) is demonstrated on less complete evidence. Neither layer correlates with existing reflection data in the area. Two sets of secondary low-frequency arrivals are tentatively interpreted as a refracted shear wave and a wave that has taken a bottom and surface reflection and then a basement refraction. Evidence is presented for a newly observed forerunner of the refracted-surface reflected waves of the permanent sound channel (RSR waves) consisting of a train of nearly constant frequency waves which appear to travel between surface and bottom via the RSR path and along the bottom at the speed of sound in water at the bottom.
A Qualitative Assessment of the Impact of a Service-Learning Course on Students' Discipline-Specific Self-Efficacy

Investigators employed a multi-method qualitative approach to determine the impact of a service-learning course on students’ discipline-specific self-efficacy. The majority of students reported an increase in discipline-specific self-efficacy after participating in this service-learning course. Analysis resulted in three major themes: (1) constructive criticism and self-reflection improve self-efficacy; (2) experience breeds confidence; and (3) service-learning encourages students to obtain more knowledge and experience in areas of deficiency after the service-learning experience.
Criticism mismatched: Response to de Keyzer et al. 2016

In a recent paper, we reported on the evolution of shorter tongues in two alpine bumble bee species in response to climate-induced flower deficits. De Keyzer et al. concede that tongue lengths have decreased but criticize the level of support for our claims. Here, we address the alternative mechanisms they proposed, highlight evidence presented in the supplementary material, and elaborate on the support for our claims in the literature. De Keyzer et al.’s criticisms reflect concerns about the misrepresentation of our work in the popular press. To clarify, we do not imply that evolutionary rescue is necessarily a prudent conservation strategy; we illustrate that remote bumble bee populations buffered from other environmental stressors have undergone an adaptive evolutionary response to dwindling resources under climate change.
Robust Graph-Theoretic Clustering Approaches Using Node-Based Resilience Measures

This paper examines a schema for graph-theoretic clustering using node-based resilience measures. Node-based resilience measures optimize an objective based on a critical set of nodes whose removal causes some severity of disconnection in the network. Beyond presenting a general framework for the usage of node based resilience measures for variations of clustering problems, we emphasize the unique potential of such methods to accomplish the following properties: (i) clustering a graph in one step without knowing the number of clusters a priori, and (ii) removing noise from noisy data. We first present results of clustering experiments using a β-parametrized generalization of vertex attack tolerance, showing high clustering accuracy for both real datasets and equal density synthetic data sets, as well as successful removal of noise nodes. It is shown that arbitrarily increasing β increases the number of noise nodes removed in some cases, and that internal validation measures can be used to determine the correct number of clusters in a class of datasets. Further results are presented using five different resilience measures with a general node-based resilience clustering technique. In a subset of cases a resilience measure, such as integrity, is able to cluster to high accuracy in one step, giving the correct clustering while also determining the correct number of clusters. Integrity is also shown to be promising with respect to noise removal, removing up to 80% of noise on some datasets.
Obsessive compulsive disorder in primary care

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is more common than previously thought. Because 1% to 2% of the general population has OCD, its prevalence in the primary care setting has to be high. OCD is the fourth most common mental disorder. Recognition of clinical markers will increase diagnostic frequency and hopefully reduce the morbidity caused by the disorder. In addition to early recognition of the disorder, primary care physicians can help demystify the illness because of their relationship with the patient. OCD patients are not only embarrassed by their illness, but they also have a great fear of going "insane." A supportive nonjudgmental attitude will be therapeutic.
Addressing Power and Resistance with Chinese American Daughters-in-Law and Their Immigrant Mothers-in-Law

Mother-in-law and daughter-in-law relationships in Asian/Asian American families have stereotypically been portrayed as conflict ridden, with the older women wielding tremendous power. However, these relationships are far more complex and diverse than they are commonly depicted (Shih and Pyke 2010). Drawing on interview accounts of 15 second-generation Chinese American daughters-in-law, this chapter focuses on their overt and covert power dynamics with their mothers-in-law as well as the strategies they engage to manage their relationships. I also explore the role a husband plays in mediating the relationship between his mother and wife and how it shapes family dynamics. Implications for therapists and professionals who work with Asian American or Asian immigrant families are discussed.
Abstract 261: Robust Cardioprotection Afforded by a Previously Unrecognized Link between the Unfolded Protein Response and the Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway

Background: The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) generates UDP-GlcNAc (uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine) for glycan synthesis and O-linked GlcNAc (O-GlcNAc) protein modifications. Despite the established role of the HBP in glucose metabolism and multiple diseases, regulation of the HBP remains largely undefined. Methods & Results: Here, we show that spliced Xbp1 (Xbp1s), the most conserved signal transducer of the unfolded protein response (UPR), is a direct transcriptional activator of the HBP. We demonstrate that the UPR triggers activation of the HBP by means of Xbp1s-dependent transcription of genes coding for key, rate-limiting enzymes. We establish that this previously unrecognized UPR-HBP axis is triggered in a variety of stress conditions known to promote O-GlcNAc modification. We go on to demonstrate that Xbp1s, acutely stimulated by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in heart, confers robust cardioprotection against I/R injury. We also show that HBP induction is required for this cardioprotective response. Mechanistically, HBP may mediate the adaptive branch of the UPR by activating autophagy and ER-associated degradation. Conclusion: These studies reveal that Xbp1s couples the UPR to the HBP, promoting robust cardioprotection during I/R.
Reduced-Order Adaptive Parameter Identification

Abstract The stability properties of discrete-time parallel and series-parallel identifiers with respect to a specific model-plant order mismatch are analyzed. While in a deterministic environment with no modeling error the two schemes give identical results, when used in a deterministic environment with modeling error their performance is different. We assume a simgularly perturbed state representation for the plant where the modeling error consists of fast parasitics which are weakly observable in the plant output. Detailed bounds on parameter and output estimate errors are established and the robustness of the adaptive identifiers is established by showing that the error bound goes to zero as the modeling error goes to zero, i.e. as the parasitics become infinitely fast. The dependence of this residual identification error on the input signal, the neglected parasitics, and the initial error conditions is shown to be crucial. The bounds indicate possibilities for reducing the error by a proper choice of the input signal.
The end of the (cell) line: methods for the study of apoptosis in vitro.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes techniques commonly used to study cell death using in vitro cell culture systems. These techniques include a range of simple dye exclusion assays that give crude information on cell viability but do not necessarily discriminate between apoptotic or necrotic modes of cell death. The chapter describes cell death assays that are based on the observation that apoptosis is accompanied by DNA fragmentation, either into the classical “ladder” pattern of 200 bp integer multiples, 50kb fragments, or single-stranded DNA cleavage. Assays used to measure this fragmentation include gel electrophoresis of total DNA, quantification of the release of radioactively labeled DNA, examination of cell cycle profile, and in situ nick translation. Because apoptotic cells are morphologically highly distinctive and are easily distinguishable from both viable and necrotic cells, most cell death assays should be coupled with direct morphological evaluation of the cell population under study to define with certainty the mode of cell death that is occurring.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Radiology: Opportunities, Challenges, Pitfalls, and Criteria for Success

Abstract Worldwide interest in artificial intelligence (AI) applications, including imaging, is high and growing rapidly, fueled by availability of large datasets ("big data"), substantial advances in computing power, and new deep-learning algorithms. Apart from developing new AI methods per se, there are many opportunities and challenges for the imaging community, including the development of a common nomenclature, better ways to share image data, and standards for validating AI program use across different imaging platforms and patient populations. AI surveillance programs may help radiologists prioritize work lists by identifying suspicious or positive cases for early review. AI programs can be used to extract "radiomic" information from images not discernible by visual inspection, potentially increasing the diagnostic and prognostic value derived from image datasets. Predictions have been made that suggest AI will put radiologists out of business. This issue has been overstated, and it is much more likely that radiologists will beneficially incorporate AI methods into their practices. Current limitations in availability of technical expertise and even computing power will be resolved over time and can also be addressed by remote access solutions. Success for AI in imaging will be measured by value created: increased diagnostic certainty, faster turnaround, better outcomes for patients, and better quality of work life for radiologists. AI offers a new and promising set of methods for analyzing image data. Radiologists will explore these new pathways and are likely to play a leading role in medical applications of AI.
Cross-talk inhibition between 5-HT2B and 5-HT7 receptors in phrenic motor facilitation via NADPH oxidase and PKA

Intermittent spinal serotonin receptor activation elicits phrenic motor facilitation (pMF), a form of spinal respiratory motor plasticity. Episodic activation of either serotonin type 2 (5-HT2) or ...
Virtually Settled: Tips for Online Labor Negotiation Projects

Many labor relations and collective bargaining courses make use of labor negotiation simulations to give students the opportunity to practice negotiations skills and learn about human resource management policies. Teaching these courses online via the internet need not be a barrier to incorporating a labor negotiation simulation between groups of students. This paper presents tips and suggestions, learned over fourteen semesters, for scheduling class activities, forming groups, and managing a labor bargaining simulation among undergraduate online students. Topics discussed include: Scheduling and Timing of the Project, Organization of the Project Website, Group Pages and Communication, Negotiating Online, and Evaluating the Project and Assigning Grades.
Measurement and Interpretation of Beliefs

In the introduction to their excellent chapter on “Preference, Utility, and Subjective Probability” in the Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, Luce and Suppes wrote that Although we are correct in viewing formal theories of preferences as a part of mathematical psychology, it would badly wrench history to suggest that the research was mostly carried out by people who classify themselves as psychologists. Much of the theory, and certainly the best of it, was worked out by economists and statisticians who needed psychological underpinnings for their decision theories (Luce & Suppes, 1965, pp. 252–3).
Perceptions of Intra-Uterine Device Users in Mirebalais, Haiti: A Mixed Methods Study.

Introduction: IUDs are safe, effective, and used worldwide to prevent unintended pregnancy. However, uptake in Haiti is low. There are limited data on IUD choice and experience in low resource settings; anecdotal reports from providers in Haiti have suggested that Haitian women are unlikely to choose to use or be satisfied with the IUD. The objective of this study is to explore the perceptions of a cohort of IUD users in Mirebalais, Haiti. Methods: In June and July 2015, an IRB-approved mixed methods study of women over age eighteen with hormonal or copper IUDs inserted at Hopital Universitaire de Mirebalais (HUM) was performed in Mirebalais, Haiti. Results: Twenty-one eligible women participated, out of 58 women identified as eligible. Most women (81%) reported using the copper IUD; most (86%) had used the IUD for 6 months or more. Over half were under 30 years old (62%) and most had completed primary school or less (76%). Almost all (91%) reported prior pregnancies; 65% did not desire more children. The majority of participants were satisfied with the IUD, with 70% being very satisfied and 25% somewhat satisfied. Most women (71%) reported no very bothersome side effects, and would recommend the IUD to others (86%). Qualitative data highlighted positive perceptions of the IUD among users, as well as misperceptions and lack of knowledge regarding the IUD among members of their communities. Conclusion/Implications: Understanding of culture-specific perceptions is critical in addressing barriers to IUD uptake. Our findings indicate that IUDs can be an acceptable contraceptive method for women in Haiti, and suggest the possibility that increased access to the IUD may lead to increased acceptance of this method.
Deep Learning for Real-Time Modeling of High Repetition Rate, Short Pulse CPA Laser Amplifier

Real-time feedback loop of kHz repetition rate, high intensity laser sets new challenges to the traditional modeling concept. We present a deep learning approach to model amplification and laser-induced damage in CPA laser system enabling high speed analysis above tens of kHz.© 2019 The Author(s)
Preoperative platelet leukocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for postoperative outcomes in colorectal cancers.

3591Background: Although preoperative platelet/leukocyte ratio (PLR) is a predictor of postoperative outcomes in various neoplasms, data is lacking for colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that...
Carbon dioxide fixation by a hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium: Biomass yield, reversal respiratory quotient, stoichiometric equations and bioenergetics

Abstract A strain of Cupriavidus necator was grown on a gas mixture of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide to measure the cell mass formation and uptake rates of individual gases. The cell mass yield on consumed hydrogen and reversal respiratory quotient (RRQ) changed with cell density, indicating dynamic growth of the autotrophic microbes. A general stoichiometric equation was formulated by combining three half reactions of electron donor, electron accepter and cell mass synthesis. The only unknown parameter was the mole fraction of electrons (free energy) used in cell mass synthesis and determined with the measured cell mass yield or RRQ. The stoichiometric coefficients depended on the time duration of the measurements because of maintenance requirements. The energy efficiency of biomass formation from CO2 declined from 25% to 14% with increased cell density. The efficiency decline was not caused by wasteful oxygenase activity of Rubisco, but other mechanisms that decoupled the proton pump and ATP synthesis. Under the conditions of fast autotrophic growth with a low RRQ, the coupling was quite efficient, generating ca. 3 mol ATP per mole H2 oxidation (P/O ≈ 3), and the energy cost of CO2 reduction to carbohydrate via the CBB cycle was ca. 263 kJ (C-mol CO2)−1.
Bilateral thoracic paravertebral nerve blocks for placement of percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case series.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS To assess the efficacy of bilateral thoracic paravertebral nerve blocks (PVB) in providing procedural anesthesia and post-procedural analgesia for placement of percutaneous radiologic gastrostomy tubes (PRG) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS We prospectively observed 10 patients with ALS scheduled for PRG placement that had bilateral thoracic PVBs at thoracic 7, 8, and 9 levels with administration of a mixture of 3 mL of 1% ropivacaine, 0.5 mg/mL dexamethasone, and 5 μg/mL epinephrine at each level. The success of the block was assessed after 10 minutes. PRG placement was done in the interventional radiology suite without sedation. All patients were followed up via phone 24 hours after the procedure. RESULTS All 10 patients had successful placement of PRG with PVBs as the primary anesthetic. Segmental anesthesia over the surgical site in all cases was successful with first attempt of the blocks. Three patients had significant hypotension after the block, requiring boluses of vasopressors and intravenous fluids. All patients reported high levels of satisfaction and sleep quality on the night of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS Bilateral thoracic PVBs provided satisfactory procedural anesthesia and post-procedural analgesia, and thus, seem promising as a safe alternative to sedation in ALS patients having PRG placement.
Cigarette Smoking, Mental Health, and Other Substance Use among Court-Involved Youth.

AbstractBackground: Justice-involved youth are at risk to become cigarette smokers as they age, leading to a variety of poor health outcomes. However, little is known about cigarette use among just...
Gender and Military Recruitment Since the Lifting of the Combat Ban

The chapter considers whether the military altered its depictions of women in marketing and recruitment materials after the announcement of the repeal of the combat ban in 2013. Through a comparative analysis of over 1000 Facebook posts on the official recruitment Facebook pages of the Army, Air Force, Marines, and Navy between January 2013 and October 2015, it explores both textual and visual representations of military service tracing key themes and modal tropes since the announcement of the end of the combat ban on women. The research presented in the chapter demonstrates that women continued to be marginalized in online recruitment materials across the four branches during those years, frequently depicted in stereotypical roles or settings. Although they varied in their online representations of women, the Army, Air Force, Marines, and Navy remained wedded to an overarching depiction of militarized masculinity—and a racialized depiction that foregrounded white men.
Hypomethylation of LINE-1 repeat elements and global loss of DNA hydroxymethylation in vapers and smokers

The outbreak of vaping-related severe lung injuries and deaths and the epidemic of teen vaping in the U.S. underscore the urgent need for determining the biological consequences of electronic cigar...
Delirium in hospitalised children

Delirium is a syndrome characterised by an acute and fluctuating alteration in cognition and awareness. It occurs frequently in children with serious medical illness, and is associated with adverse outcomes such as increased length of hospital stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital costs, and mortality. Delirium-especially the hypoactive subtype-is often overlooked by paediatric practitioners, but can be reduced by mitigating risks and effectively managed if detected early. Non-modifiable risk factors of delirium include young age (age <2 years), cognitive or neurological disabilities, need for invasive mechanical ventilation, severe underlying illness and pre-existing chronic conditions, and poor nutritional status. Routine bedside screening using validated tools can enable early detection of delirium. To reduce delirium in hospitalised children, health-care providers should optimise the hospital environment (eg, by reducing sleep disruption and keeping the child stimulated during the day), improve pain management, and decrease sedation (particularly use of benzodiazepines).
Evidence of Boron Assistance for CO2 Activation during Copper-Catalyzed Boracarboxylation of Vinyl Arenes: A Synthetic Model for Cooperative Fixation of CO2

In this comment, insights gained from density functional theory into the mechanism by which the Cu(I)-catalyzed boracarboxylation of vinyl arenes occurs with specific focus on the CO2 insertion ste...
Deep inelastic scattering from A = 3 nuclei: Nucleon structure and the EMC effect

The MARATHON experiment ran at Jefferson Laboratory in 2018, measuring deep inelastic scattering of 10.6 GeV electrons from the proton (p), deuterium (D), tritium ( 3H), and helium-3 ( 3He). MARATHON's experimental observables are cross section ratios, most notably 3H/ 3He. This ratio of mirror nuclei is used for a novel extraction of the nucleon structure function ratio $$F^n_2$$ /$$F^p_2$$ with minimal nuclear corrections. Determining leading-order $$F^n_2$$ /$$F^p_2$$ at high x provides important constrains on the ratio of nucleon valence quark distributions d/u. The ratios 3H/D and 3He/D allow a determination of the EMC effect in the lightest nuclei sensitive to possible isospin dependence of nuclear effects. Lastly, the D/p ratio allows a comparison of the MARATHON experiment to SLAC measurements, and provides data to which the A = 3 ratios can be renormalized. The MARATHON results provide new constraints on d/u. Additionally, the results emphasize the importance of higher-order effects in extracting $$F^n_2$$ /$$F^p_2$$ from DIS measurements, and can help constrain said effects. In the renormalization scheme applied in the MARATHON analysis, no significant isospin dependence of the EMC effect is observed.
Does Graft type affect the Cost of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Approach Comparing Hamstring and Bone Patella Bone Autograft:

Objectives:Annually, an estimated 250,000 anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions are performed. Operative management of ACL injuries has increased 22% between 2002 and 2014. With national...
368. Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 American Indian Patients in Rural Arizona

Background: American Indians have an increased risk of serious complications from COVID-19 due to the high prevalence of comorbidities such as diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and asthma To date, there has been limited analysis of COVID-19 in the AI population This study describes the characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients from a well-defined AI population in eastern Arizona Additionally, we explored the impact of early referral via contact tracing versus those who self-presented Methods: Retrospective chart reviews were completed for patients hospitalized for COVID from March 29 to May 16, 2020 Summary statistics were used to describe demographics, symptoms, pre-existing conditions, and hospitalization data Results: We observed 447 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19, resulting in 71 (15 9%) hospitalizations over a 7-week period and a hospitalization rate of 159 per 1,000 persons Of the 50 hospitalizations reviewed sequentially, 56% were female, median age of 55 (IQR 44-65) Median number of days hospitalized was 4 (2-6), with 16% requiring intensive care unit support, 15% intubated, 12% readmitted, and 10% deceased 67% had an epidemiological link, and 32% had an emergency department or outpatient clinic visit within 7 days of hospitalization All patients were symptomatic;the most common symptoms were cough (90%), shortness of breath (78%), and subjective fever (66%) 86% of patients had a pre-existing condition;the most common pre-existing conditions were diabetes (66%), obesity (58%), and hypertension (52%, Figure 1) All patients had elevated LDH, 94% had elevated CRP, 86% had elevated d-dimer, and 40% had lymphopenia;only 10% had an elevated WBC count and 26% had thrombocytopenia (Table 1) 26% of the patients were referred in by the tracing team (Table 2) Analysis of 500 hospitalizations will be available in October 2020 Conclusion: Most AI patients hospitalized had a pre-existing condition, symptoms of cough or shortness of breath, and elevated LDH, CRP, and d-dimer More research is needed to understand the patterns of COVID-19 related disease in vulnerable populations, like AI/AN, and to examine the utility of early referral by contact tracing teams in rural settings which may guide future tracing strategies
El caso chileno: de la Constitución neoliberal a la Constitución social y democrática

En este trabajo analizaremos criticamente la interpretacion tradicional del principio de subsidiariedad en la Constitucion Chile de 1980 y su influencia en la configuracion de nuestra constitucion economica. Para ello, en primer lugar, examinaremos la interpretacion tradicional de la subsidiariedad, a fin de mostrar sus defectos argumentativos, y su vinculacion con el pensamiento neoliberal. Luego, evaluaremos la influencia de dicha postura en la jurisprudencia constitucional de los ultimos anos (2015-2019). Y finalmente, habida cuenta de la crisis de legitimidad que afecta a nuestro sistema politico, propondremos la formula del Estado social y democratico de derecho como una solucion al problema constitucional.
Temporal dynamics of sagebrush songbird abundance in relation to energy development

Abstract Spatial aspects of wildlife responses to human-induced habitat change have been examined frequently, yet the temporal dynamics of responses remain less understood. We tested alternative hypotheses for how the abundance of a suite of declining songbirds in relation to energy development changed over time. We conducted point counts at two natural gas fields during two periods spanning a decade (2008–2009 and 2018–2019), and compared the abundance of sagebrush songbirds across a gradient of surface disturbance between study periods (trend-by-time). We also assessed changes in the abundance of birds between study periods relative to additional development that had occurred (trend-over-time). We predicted that abundance responses to surface disturbance would be more negative during the second period, regardless of additional disturbance that had occurred, because of previously observed inverse relationships between surface disturbance and nest survival at our sites. Contrary to our predictions, abundance responses attenuated by the second time period for two of three species, Brewer's sparrow and sage thrasher (the latter at one energy field only). Sagebrush sparrow abundance, however, consistently decreased with surface disturbance within and between periods. Sage thrasher abundance consistently decreased with surface disturbance at one of the gas fields, and the probability of colonization by thrashers between study periods was lower where additional surface disturbance had occurred. Our results highlight the importance of revisiting wildlife responses to anthropogenic habitat changes over time, to clarify the severity and longevity of effects.