cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the modes of adsorption and electronic structure of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol over TiO 2 rutile (110) surface within the context of water splitting

Abstract While photocatalytic water splitting over many materials is favourable thermodynamically the kinetic of the reaction is very slow. One of the proposed reasons linked to the slow oxidation reaction rate is H2O2 formation as a reaction intermediate. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) H2O2 is investigated on TiO2 rutile (110) surface to determine its most stable adsorption modes: molecular, (H)O(H)O − (a), partially dissociated, (H)OO − (a), and fully dissociated (a) − OO − (a). We then compare H2O2 interaction to that of a fast hole scavenger molecule, ethanol. Geometry, electronic structure, charge density difference and work function determination of both adsorbates are presented and compared using DFT with different functionals (PBE, PBE-D, PBE-U, and HSE + D). H2O2 is found to be strongly adsorbed on TiO2 rutile (110) surface with adsorption energies reaching 0.95 eV, comparable to that of ethanol (0.89 eV); using GGA PBE. The negative changes in the work function upon adsorption were found to be highest for molecular adsorption ( − 1.23 eV) and lowest for the fully dissociated mode ( − 0.54 eV) of H2O2. This may indicate that electrons flow from the surface to the adsorbate in order to make O(s)-H partially offset the overall magnitude of the oxygen lone pair interaction (of H2O2) with Ti4+ cations. Examination of the electronic structure through density of states (DOS) at the PBE level of computation, indicates that the H2O2 highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level is not overlapping with oxygen atoms of TiO2 surface at any of its adsorption modes and at any of the computation methods. Some overlap is seen using the HSE + D computational method. On the other hand the dissociated mode of ethanol (ethoxides) does overlap with all computational methods used. The high adsorption energy and the absence of overlapping of the HOMO level of H2O2 with TiO2 rutile (110) surface may explain why water splitting is slow.
Orthogonality, Orthogonal Decomposition, and Their Role in Modern Experimental Design

In Chap. 2, we saw how to investigate whether or not one factor influences some dependent variable. Our approach was to partition the total sum of squares (TSS), the variability in the original data, into two components – the sum of squares between columns (SSBc), attributable to the factor under study, and the sum of squares within a column (SSW), the variability not explained by the factor under study, and instead explained by “everything else.” Finally, these quantities were combined with the appropriate degrees of freedom in order to assess statistical significance. We were able to accept or reject the null hypothesis that all column means are equal (or, correspondingly, reject or accept that the factor under study has an impact on the response). In Chap. 4, we discussed multiple-comparison techniques for asking more detailed questions about the factor under study; for example, if not all column means are equal, how do they differ? We now present a more sophisticated, flexible, and potent way to analyze (or “decompose”) the impact of a factor on the response, not limited to pairwise comparisons.
Effects of ply orientation and material on the ballistic impact behavior of multilayer plain-weave aramid fabric targets

Abstract Virtual testing of fabric armor provides an efficient and inexpensive means of systematically studying the influence of various architectural and material parameters on the ballistic impact behavior of woven fabrics, before actual laboratory prototypes are woven and destructively tested. In this finite element study, the combined effects of individual ply orientations and material properties on the impact performance of multi-layered, non-stitched woven aramid fabrics are studied using 2- and 4- sided clamping configurations. Individual ply orientations of 0°, ±15°, ±30°, and ±45° are considered along with three levels of inter-yarn friction coefficient. Functionally graded fabric targets are also considered wherein the yarn stiffness progressively increases or decreases through the target thickness while keeping the yarn strain energy density constant and with all other material and architectural parameters unchanged for consistency. For each target configuration, one non-penetrating and one penetrating impact velocity is chosen. The impact performance is evaluated by the time taken to arrest the projectile and the backface deformation for the non-penetrating impacts, and by the residual velocity for the penetrating impact tests. All deterministic impact simulations are performed using LS-DYNA. 2-sided clamped targets and lower inter-yarn frictional levels generally resulted in better impact performance. The functionally graded targets generally showed either similar or inferior impact performance than the baseline fabric target configurations for the non-penetrating shots. Some performance improvements were observed for the penetrating shots when the yarn stiffness was progressively decreased through the layers in a direction away from the strike face, with additional performance enhancements achieved by simultaneously reducing the inter-yarn friction.
Groups to Resolve Conflicts Between Groups: Diplomacy with a Therapeutic Dimension

The “group self,” an individual's self-perception as a member of a group, is distinguished from the “group's self,” a personification of the group as a person with a self. The perceived “group's self” of an opposing other group is often a repository for attributes group members are not ready to recognize in their own “group's self.” Theoretically, the need for an adversarial other to “hold” one's own group's unwanted attributes—and thus to complete one's own “group's self”—contributes, however unconsciously, to the apparent intractability of intergroup disputes. In dealing with these issues, I compare intergroup conflict resolution (ICR) groups with therapy groups, on the one hand, and advocacy groups on the other. All of this sets the stage for a presentation of two ICR projects and their analysis in group-developmental terms.
Combined Immune Deficiencies

Combined immune deficiencies (CIDs) form a group of inherited immune disorders in which lymphocyte numbers may be diminished and lymphocyte functions are impaired. These disorders affect primarily T cells, typically disturbing their ability to provide assistance for antibody production and therefore causing decreased immunoglobulins. The disorders may also directly affect B cells and/or natural killer (NK) cells. The defects can occur during ontogeny and may be caused by genes that are known to cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). In the case of CID, peripheral T cells are produced in greater numbers than in SCID due to less severe – i.e., hypomorphic – mutations that permit partial or full mature T cell egress from the thymus. Alternatively, defects in T cell function can occur at various stages of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling or cytokine responsiveness of mature T cells. Because B cells and NK cells have evolved similar signaling pathways, defects in these response mechanisms can impair B and/or NK cell functions.
Monoclonal Antibody Targeted Radiation Cancer Therapy

Rituximab (Rituxan), a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD-20, and trastuzumab (Herceptin), a mAb against HER2, have shown efficacy in clinical trials and have gained approval for therapeutic use from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Mylotarg, an anti-CD33 mAb conjugated with the exceedingly cytotoxic antibiotic calicheamicin, has also proven effective for treating patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and it has also received FDA approval. A major area of development in mAb therapeutics involves the use of radionuclides to augment the inherent mAb activity and to exploit specific targeting properties. Zevalin, an anti-CD20 mAb armed with 90Y, and Bexxar, an anti-CD20 mAb armed with 131I, are two radionuclide-bearing mAbs that have recently been approved by the FDA. This chapter presents the background and strategies pertaining to radiolabeled monoclonal antibody therapy.
Free Amino Acids and Related Substances in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter describes free amino acids and related substances in normal and neoplastic tissues and discusses the roles of various metabolic systems in normal and neoplastic tissues. It presents the distribution of these metabolic systems at various stages of development in a particular species. A necessary first step in elucidating metabolic balances in living cells is a determination of the types and amounts of various important cellular constituents. In a given species, at a particular stage of development, each normal tissue, including every type of blood cell, has a distribution of ninhydrin-reactive constituents, which is characteristic for that tissue. In healthy organisms, the patterns are highly specific and reproducible from one animal to another, Tissues generally contain much greater concentrations of a number of the ninhydrin-reactive substances than are found in whole blood or plasma, and the relative amounts of the various constituents are not the same as those in plasma. Relatively gentle procedures, such as homogenization in cold 80% alcohol, heat coagulation and dialysis, or deproteinization with cold trichloroacetic or perchloric acids yield extracts, which give identical chromatograms.
The Importance of Synchronization During Neonatal Noninvasive Ventilation

Primary use of nasal CPAP in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome has been associated with improved outcomes.[1][1],[2][2] Avoiding intubation and invasive ventilation may reduce injury, inflammation, pulmonary growth arrest, and development of chronic lung disease.[3][3],[4][4]
The Heart of Compassion in Mengzi 2A6

This essay examines the structural position of Mengzi’s 孟子 heart of compassion (ceyin zhi xin 惻隱之心) within his theoretical goal of teaching moral self-cultivation. I first investigate Kim Myeong-seok’s account that views ceyin zhi xin as a higher cognitive emotion with a concern-based construal. I argue that Kim’s conclusion is not sufficiently supported by the text of the Mengzi, but is also tarnished by the possibility of constructing a noncognitivist counter-theory of ceyin zhi xin. Instead, I suggest that David Hume’s causation-based approach to sentiment provides an alternative route to reach the theoretical core of Mengzi’s ceyin zhi xin. People’s uniform moral sentiment as the effect of mental causation implies that there is a natural cause universally engraved in the human heart. As Mengzi’s practical teaching of moral self-cultivation begins with recognizing this heart of compassion, his focus is placed not upon the characteristics of the expressed emotion, but upon the universal presence of its natural cause in the human heart which demonstrates our moral potential to care for others.
Hemiarthroplasty Conversion: A Comparison to Primary and Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Arthroplasty is the standard of care for elderly patients with displaced femoral neck fractures, with viable options including hemiarthroplasty (HA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). With time, HA may need to be converted to THA, but it is unclear whether this is more similar to primary or revision THA. We compare complication and revision rates between these groups within 90 days and 2 years postoperatively. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 3 cohorts of patients treated at our institution: primary, conversion, and revision THA. Outcomes studied included intraoperative data, postoperative complications, and revision rates. We analyzed the groups using both parametric (analysis of variance test) and nonparametric (chi-squared test) statistics. Results Operative time between primary THA (108.0 minutes), conversion HA (147.9 minutes), and revision THA (160.1 minutes) cohorts differed significantly (P = .011). Estimated blood loss was also different between primary THA (386 mL), conversion HA (587 mL), and revision THA cohorts (529 mL) (P = .011). At 2 years, major complication rates between primary THA (6.2%), conversion HA (11.7%), and revision THA (26.7%) cohorts also differed significantly (P = .003), as was the revision rate in the primary THA (4.6%), conversion HA (10.0%), and revision THA (18.3%) cohorts (P = .043). Conclusion This is the first study to compare short-term and midterm complications between primary, conversion, and revision THA. We observed conversion HA had similar operative time and estimated blood loss to revision THA, which was significantly higher than primary THA. However, we found that conversion HA more closely resembled primary THA with respect to perioperative complications rates.
Do high levels of US employment reduce labour matching efficiency

The US has witnessed an unprecedented period of employment expansion following the 2008/09 recession. This article uses a Beveridge curve approach to estimate US labour matching efficiency over the...
Solid Organ Transplantation in HIV-Infected Recipients: History, Progress, and Frontiers.

End-stage organ disease prevalence is increasing among HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. Trial and registry data confirm that solid organ transplantation (SOT) is efficacious in this population. Optimizing access to transplant and decreasing complications represent active frontiers. HIV+ recipients historically experienced 2–4-fold higher rejection. Integrase strand transferase inhibitors (INSTIs) minimize drug interactions and may reduce rejection along with lymphodepleting induction immunosuppression. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection has been associated with inferior outcomes, yet direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) may mitigate this. Experience in South Africa and the US HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act support HIV+ donor to HIV+ recipient (HIV D+/R+) transplantation. SOT is the optimal treatment for end-stage organ disease in HIV+ individuals. Recent advances include use of INSTIs and DAAs in transplant recipients; however, strategies to improve access to transplant are needed. HIV D+/R+ transplantation is under investigation and may improve access and provide insights for HIV cure and pathogenesis research.
Efficacy of indocyanine green fluorescence in predicting parathyroid vascularization during thyroid surgery

Background We examined the value of indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography in predicting parathyroid vascularization following thyroid and central compartment surgeries. Methods Data were prospectively collected on adult patients undergoing thyroid and/or central compartment surgeries. Outcomes were compared in surgeries performed with and without ICG use. ICG scoring was used to quantify the vascularity of parathyroid glands. Results One hundred eleven patients were included; 43 (38.7%) patients underwent ICG injections. There was no significant difference in mean parathyroid hormone (PTH) changes at the end of surgery (29.24 vs 23.48 pg/mL, P = .38), symptomatic hypocalcemia (7.9% vs 3.9%, P = .37), or length of stay (1.095 ± 0.22 vs 0.912 ± 0.07 days, P = .51) between surgeries performed with and without ICG. The average vascularization score among individuals undergoing ICG angiography was 2.89 out of a maximum of 8 points. Conclusion Low-flow ICG patterns are not associated with postoperative PTH changes or transient hypocalcemia and may lead to unnecessary parathyroid autotransplantation.
Palliative and End-of-Life Care for Infants and Their Families in the NICU: Building a Program of Research.

Abstract This article is a brief report on the building of a program of research to support palliative and end-of-life care for infants and their families in the neonatal intensive care unit.
Surgical Reconstruction of Post-TURP Urethral Strictures

Benign prostatic hyperplasia may cause lower urinary tract symptoms in men as early as in the fifth decade of life. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard for the surgical management of benign prostatic obstruction. The incidence of urethral stricture disease after TURP can range from 2.2% to 9.8%. Patients with urethral strictures after TURP are fundamentally treated in a similar fashion as idiopathic strictures.
Generating Formality-Tuned Summaries Using Input-Dependent Rewards.

Abstractive text summarization aims at generating human-like summaries by understanding and paraphrasing the given input content. Recent efforts based on sequence-to-sequence networks only allow the generation of a single summary. However, it is often desirable to accommodate the psycho-linguistic preferences of the intended audience while generating the summaries. In this work, we present a reinforcement learning based approach to generate formality-tailored summaries for an input article. Our novel input-dependent reward function aids in training the model with stylistic feedback on sampled and ground-truth summaries together. Once trained, the same model can generate formal and informal summary variants. Our automated and qualitative evaluations show the viability of the proposed framework.
Rapid volumetric gagCEST imaging of knee articular cartilage at 3 T: evaluation of improved dynamic range and an osteoarthritic population

Chemical exchange saturation transfer of glycosaminoglycans, gagCEST, is a quantitative MR technique that has potential for assessing cartilage proteoglycan content at field strengths of 7 T and higher. However, its utility at 3 T remains unclear. The objective of this work was to implement a rapid volumetric gagCEST sequence with higher gagCEST asymmetry at 3 T to evaluate its sensitivity to osteoarthritic changes in knee articular cartilage and in comparison with T2 and T1ρ measures. We hypothesize that gagCEST asymmetry at 3 T decreases with increasing severity of osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-two human volunteers, including 10 healthy subjects and 32 subjects with medial OA, were included in the study. Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) were assessed for all subjects, and Kellgren-Lawrence grading was performed for OA volunteers. Healthy subjects were scanned consecutively at 3 T to assess the repeatability of the volumetric gagCEST sequence at 3 T. For healthy and OA subjects, gagCEST asymmetry and T2 and T1ρ relaxation times were calculated for the femoral articular cartilage to assess sensitivity to OA severity. Volumetric gagCEST imaging had higher gagCEST asymmetry than single-slice acquisitions (p = 0.015). The average scan-rescan coefficient of variation was 6.8%. There were no significant differences in average gagCEST asymmetry between younger and older healthy controls (p = 0.655) or between healthy controls and OA subjects (p = 0.310). T2 and T1ρ relaxation times were elevated in OA subjects (p < 0.001 for both) compared with healthy controls and both were moderately correlated with total KOOS scores (rho = -0.181 and rho = -0.332 respectively). The gagCEST technique developed here, with volumetric scan times under 10 min and high gagCEST asymmetry at 3 T, did not vary significantly between healthy subjects and those with mild-moderate OA. This further supports a limited utility for gagCEST imaging at 3 T for assessment of early changes in cartilage composition in OA.
Are the Effects of Oral and Vaginal Contraceptives on Bone Formation in Young Women Mediated via the Growth Hormone-IGF-I Axis?

Purpose: Combined hormonal contraceptive therapy has been associated with negative bone mineral density outcomes that may be route-dependent [i.e., combined oral contraception (COC) vs. contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR)] and involve the hepatic growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis. The objective of the pilot study was to assess the impact of route of contraceptive administration on IGF-I and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) responses to an IGF-I Generation Test. We hypothesized that the peak rise in IGF-I and PINP concentration and area under the curve (AUC) would be attenuated following COC, but not CVR, use. Methods: Healthy, premenopausal women not taking hormonal contraception were recruited. Women were enrolled in the control group (n = 8) or randomly assigned to COC (n = 8) or CVR (n = 8) for two contraceptive cycles. IGF-I Generation Tests were used as a probe to stimulate IGF-I release and were completed during the pre-intervention and intervention phases. Serum IGF-I and PINP were measured during both IGF-I Generation Tests. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02367833). Results: Compared to the pre-intervention phase, peak IGF-I concentration in response to the IGF-I Generation Test in the intervention phase was suppressed in the COC group (p 0.090). Additionally, compared to the pre-intervention phase, PINP AUC during the intervention phase was suppressed in both COC and CVR groups (p < 0.001), while no difference was observed in the control group (p = 0.980). Conclusion: These data suggest that changes in recombinant human GH-stimulated hepatic IGF-I synthesis in response to combined hormonal contraception (CHC) use are dependent on route of CHC administration, while the influence on PINP is route-independent. Future research is needed to expand these results with larger randomized control trials in all age ranges of women who utilize hormonal contraception. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02367833.
Molecular Copper(I)–Copper(II) Photosensitizer–Catalyst Photoelectrode for Water Oxidation

Copper(II)-based electrocatalysts for water oxidation in aqueous solution have been studied previously, but photodriving these systems still remains a challenge. In this work, a bis(diimine)copper(...
Abstract 16541: Clinical and Imaging Phenotypes From a Registry of Segmental Arterial Mediolysis

Background: Segmental arterial mediolsyis (SAM) is a non-inflammatory arteriopathy that is increasingly being recognized; however, its clinical characteristics and natural history remain poorly def...
A New Take on Cataloging Popular Music Recordings

Cataloging popular music audio formats such as compact discs and LPs has always required different procedures from cataloging Western art music recordings. Bibliographic records and standards have ...
Funding Public Pension Plans

Most state and local government employees are covered by traditional final-average-pay pension plans. State and local government employers typically fund those pension plans through a combination of employer and employee contributions, with help from investment returns on already-accumulated assets. Unlike private sector pension plans, however, public pension plans are not subject to strict minimum funding standards like those in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Public pensions also face more flexible accounting standards than private sector pensions. To be sure, many public pensions are nevertheless fairly well funded. Unfortunately, however, the recent meltdown of financial markets, the decline in the stock market, and the recession are putting tremendous pressure on both public pensions and the state and local governments that fund them; and public employers will need to respond. At the outset, this article reviews the operation and funding status of state and local government pension plans. Next, this article discusses the major financial, accounting, and legal issues that relate to the funding of state and local government pension plans. Finally, this article considers how to ensure that public employees will have adequate retirement benefits now and in the future.
Sentiment Analysis of Bangla Language Using Deep Learning Approaches

Emotion is the most important gear for human textual communication with each other via social media. Nowadays, people use text for reviewing or recommending things, sharing opinions, rating their choices or unlikeness, providing feedback for different services, and so on. Bangladeshi people use Bangla to express their emotions. Current research based on sentiment analysis has got low-performance output by using several approaches on detecting sentiment polarity and emotion from Bangla texts. In this study, we have developed four models with the hybrid of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) with various Word Embeddings including Embedding Layer, Word2Vec, Global Vectors (Glove), and Continuous Bag of Words (CBOW) to detect emotion from Bangla texts (words, sentences). Our models can define the basic three emotions; happiness, anger, and sadness. It will make interaction lively and interesting. Our comparisons are bestowed against CNN, LSTM with different Word Embeddings, and also against some previous researches with the same dataset based on classical Machine Learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes, and K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN). In our proposed study, we have used Facebook Bangla comments for a suitable dataset. In our study, we have tried to detect the exact emotion from the text. And in result, the best model integrating Word2Vec embedding layer with a hybrid of CNN-LSTM detected emotions from raw textual data with an accuracy of 90.49% and F1 score of 92.83%.
Patient Concerns Regarding Suspended Ophthalmic Care Due to COVID-19.

PURPOSE: The temporary cessation and profound changes in ophthalmic care delivery that occurred as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic have yet to be fully understood. Our objective is to assess patients' self-reported impact of healthcare lockdown measures on their fears and anxieties during the crisis period of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. METHODS: We conducted a digital, self-reported, patient care survey distributed by electronic mail (e-mail) at Columbia University's department of ophthalmology outpatient faculty practice. Inclusion criteria were age greater than or equal to 18 years, a diagnosis of either retinal disease or glaucoma and a cancelled or rescheduled ophthalmology established patient appointment during the acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. Patients without an e-mail address listed in their electronic medical record were excluded. The survey occurred between March 2, 2020 to May 30, 2o2o. Primary measures were survey responses to assess key areas of patient anxiety or concern during the pandemic including safety of care delivery in a COVID pandemic, difficulties contacting or being seen by their ophthalmologist, concern of vision loss or disease progression, and concern over missed or access to treatments. Secondary measures were correlating survey response to factors such as: visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), diagnosis, disease severity, follow up urgency, recent treatments and diagnostic testing data. RESULTS: Of the 2,594 surveys sent out, 510 (19.66%) were completed. Over 95% of patients were at least as concerned as in normal circumstances about their ocular health during the peak of the pandemic. 76% of respondents were more concerned than normal that they could not be seen by their ophthalmologist soon enough. Increased concern over ocular health, disease progression and access to care all showed positive correlations (P<0.05) with worse disease severity as measured with testing such as visual fields and optical coherence tomography. Additionally, 55% of patients were afraid of contracting COVID-19 during an office visit. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: We found a majority of our patients were concerned about limitations in access to ophthalmic care and were fearful of disease progression. Additionally, we found a number of demographic and clinical factors that correlated with increased anxiety in our patients.
Brief Report: Medicaid Expansion and Growth in the Workforce for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Over 700,000 children throughout the U.S. have received insurance coverage through welcome mat effects of Medicaid expansion, including children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Utilizing health workforce data from the Health Resources and Services Administration, we examined workforce growth (2008–2017) among three types of health providers for children with ASD as a result of Medicaid expansion: child psychiatrists, board-certified behavioral analysts (BCBAs) and pediatricians. We found that state Medicaid expansion was associated with a 9% increase in BCBAs per 100,000 children one year after enactment, a 5% increase in child psychiatrists, and was not associated with growth in pediatricians. Results indicate the importance of new policies that directly address a shortage of providers for children with ASD.
ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAMES BY SUPERPOSITION

THE USEFULNESS IS DEMONSTRATED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION IN THE ANALYSIS OF RIGID FRAMES BY THE SLOPE- DEFLECTION AND MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHODS. A NUMBER OF EXAMPLES ARE PRESENTED TO SHOW HOW THE PRINCIPLE MAY BE USED TO ADVANTAGE IN ITS APPLICATION TO A VARIETY OF PROBLEMS. THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION IS USUALLY STATED IN TEXT BOOKS ON STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, BUT IN THE AUTHOR'S OPINION ITS APPLICATION IS NOT EMPHASIZED TO THE EXTENT THAT ITS IMPORTANCE WARRANTS. IN THE STUDY OF CONTINUOUS STRUCTURES, IN PARTICULAR, A THOROUGH WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF THIS PRINCIPLE IS INDISPENSABLE. NO NEW METHOD OF ANALYSIS IS PROPOSED IN THIS PAPER. INSTEAD, A METHOD OF PROCEDURE IS OUTLINED WHICH COORDINATES THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION WITH EXISTING METHODS AND, AT THE SAME TIME, PLACES EMPHASIS WHERE IT PROPERLY BELONGS. THE SCOPE OF THIS PAPER IS LIMITED TO THE ANALYSIS OF FRAMES IN WHICH APPLIED LOADS CAUSE LINEAR DISPLACEMENTS OF THE JOINTS IN ADDITION TO ANGULAR DISPLACEMENTS (ROTATION) AND CONSEQUENT ANGULAR DISPLACEMENTS OF THE MEMBERS. IT IS ASSUMED THAT EACH MEMBER OF ANY FRAME CONSIDERED HAS CONSTANT SECTION THROUGHOUT ITS LENGTH. HOWEVER, THE METHOD OF PROCEDURE WHICH IS PRESENTED IS GENERAL, SINCE IT IS BASED UPON FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES. THIS METHOD CAN BE APPLIED WITH LITTLE ADDITIONAL LABOR TO THE ANALYSIS OF FRAMES HAVING MEMBERS OF VARYING SECTION AFTER FIXED-END MOMENTS, CARRY-OVER FACTORS AND STIFFNESS VALUES HAVE BEEN EVALUATED. /ASCE/
Integrated mathematics and physical science (IMPS): a new approach for first year students at Dartmouth college

Summary form only given. The introductory calculus, physics and chemistry courses required of students in physical science and engineering are typically taught "a la carte", without coordination or cooperation by the departments and faculty involved. Students frequently find it difficult to effectively integrate the mathematics with the science and to apply it in their subsequent coursework. This paper describes how, at Dartmouth College (USA), the authors have addressed this with a course sequence called IMPS (Integrated Mathematics and Physical Science), co-developed and co-taught by faculty from mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering. IMPS is being developed as part of Dartmouth's Mathematics Across the Curriculum project, sponsored by NSF. Students in IMPS take two courses, one in mathematics and one in physical science, in consecutive class periods during all three terms of the freshman year. They are required to have credit for the traditional first calculus course, but there are no other requirements; IMPS is not an honors course.
Detection and quantification of β-methylamino-L-alanine in aquatic invertebrates

β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is an excitotoxic neurotoxin that has been implicated in the etiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex in the South Pacific island of Guam. BMAA has been reported to be present in a wide range of cyanobacteria taxa and aquatic invertebrates. However, there are large uncertainties in the human health risks associated with BMAA exposure because of the analytical challenges associated with the detection and quantification of BMAA. Here we describe an improved liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of BMAA in aquatic invertebrate sample matrices, and present initial findings for oysters and blue crabs collected in the southeastern United States. The LC-MS/MS method is linear over a wide range of BMAA concentrations (0.4−153.2 pg µL−1, r2 = 0.997), and analytically precise, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.4%. The on-column limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) values for this method were determined to be 5 pg (0.2 pg µL−1) and 17 pg (0.8 pg µL−1), respectively. We observed a weak ion enhancement effect of ~10% in a mollusk matrix that tested negative for BMAA. Analyte recovery for the method averaged 92% (8% RSD). BMAA concentrations for oysters and blue crabs ranged from 5 to 47 µg g−1 dry weight sample and are substantially lower than the concentrations reported previously with a nonspecific BMAA method that was based on liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (LC-FL). We conclude that BMAA analysis via LC-MS/MS methodologies is absolutely necessary for obtaining reliable data.
Does More Sophisticated Mean Better? A Critique of Alternative Approaches to Sourcing the Interest Expense of American Multinationals

This article discusses, from an economic perspective but with considerable legal detail, the United States income tax rules for "sourcing" deductions for interest expense incurred by American multinationals. Among other points, it shows that the "fungibility" standard for interest allocation that has been unquestioned for several decades lacks any persuasive normative foundation.
Second-order Non-nonstandard Analysis

Following [3], we build higher-order models of analysis resembling the frameworks of nonstandard analysis. The models are entirely canonical, constructed without Choice. Weak transfer principles are developed and the models are applied to topology, graph theory, and measure theory. A Loeb-like measure is constructed.
"Comparable Markets" as an Instrument of Antimonopoly Policy

The article presents economic foundations of markets comparability within the context of competition evaluation on particular commodities markets. It contains approaches to interpretation and evaluation of norms on markets comparability in the Russian law "On competition protection", ways and scenarios of the "comparable markets" concept implementation for antimonopoly regulation purposes. The issues of distributing the burden of proving between antimonopoly agencies and economic entities within the context of presumptions implemented are considered as well.
Caffeine analogs: effects on ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channels and GABAA receptors.

1. Caffeine at 0.3–10 mM enhanced the binding of [3H]ryanodine to calcium-release channels of rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. A variety of other xanthines were as efficacious as caffeine or nearly so, but none appeared markedly more potent.
Spotlighting women scientists in the press: tokenism in science journalism

Science and its practitioners have been extensively covered in the media, and research has analyzed this coverage. Yet relatively few studies have analyzed news coverage of science and scientists in a social context. This project concerns itself with the question of cultural power in the context of gendered media representation. In this study, I borrow on the concept of social tokenism and argue for its broader application for investigating journalistic discourse. In particular, I address the treatment of female scientists by science journalists as an illustration of the use of tokenistic rhetoric routines in the press. Before examining conceptualization and methodology, I provide a brief review of the portrayal of scientists as anchors in stories involved in the presentation of the scientific enterprise, including the depiction of female scientists in the news media.
Thinning Out Structural Theory

In this article, I argue that we can construct a new kind of account of constitutional doctrine, in which courts implement a handful of abstract norms — for example: “states may not undermine the constitutional structure” — with different doctrinal devices depending on the practical problems of implementation in different contexts. The central insight is that if we look carefully, we can find patterns in the forests of convoluted constitutional doctrine. These patterns suggest deep and long-lived consensuses on certain fundamental constitutional requirements; and we can explain a great deal of constitutional doctrine with these basic consensus norms and jettison standard justifications that make many of these doctrines controversial. This is surprising, and runs against the conventional picture of constitutional theory and practice as dominated by battles between incommensurable theories of value or constitutional interpretation. This account is preferable to conventional views on criteria for selecting among competing theories developed in the philosophy of science: It is consistent with our best general theory of law, legal positivism; it can advance constitutional theory beyond the interpretive debates in which the research program often seems mired; and it is simpler, more capacious, and more fruitful for future research than conventional accounts. At a time when it seems that we are fundamentally divided on nearly every constitutional question, this approach can begin dispelling this appearance by providing an alternative to constitutional theory’s traditional focus on interpretive and value controversies and by countering the increasing politicization of constitutional questions with evidence that we actually agree on important constitutional matters.
The Effects of Maternal Employment on the Academic Attitudes and Performance of School-Aged Children

(1980). The Effects of Maternal Employment on the Academic Attitudes and Performance of School-Aged Children. School Psychology Review: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 319-335.
How political migrants' networks differ from those of economic migrants: ‘strategic anonymity’ among Iraqi refugees in Jordan

ABSTRACTThe study of migrant networks has led scholars to believe that political migrants, including refugees and asylum seekers, utilise social networks in similar ways to economic migrants. This assumption is based on empirical investigations of South–North migration in which the Western receiving context is held constant. I argue that the utility of social networks is influenced by the reason for displacement and regional geopolitical frameworks. Like economic migrants, political migrants believe that they would benefit from networks; however, some political migrants must exercise caution in the face of potentially harmful new relationships in receiving countries. These political migrants practise strategic anonymity to navigate social networks. This refers to proactive acts of withholding personal information to maintain security for oneself and one's family. I rely on 30 interviews conducted between 2009 and 2010 with Iraqi refugees in Jordan displaced after the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq.
Writing Language‐based Trade Books: Making Linguistics Accessible to Lay Audiences

New publishing models and increased interest in “popular science” books have converged to make it increasingly viable for linguists to write language-based trade books focusing on regional and social speech varieties. In order for such books to reach a broad audience, authors must make writing choices that are quite dissimilar from those made when writing for academic peers. In this article, we examine a number of recent sociolinguistic trade books and consider the effects of the authors' choices on the effectiveness in engaging and conveying technical information to non-academic audiences. From our investigation of issues of audience, prose, images, citations, etc., emerge some guidelines that might help others be more successful in appealing to a popular readership. Though we offer no prescriptions, we hope that our investigation begins a conversation of best practices for engaging the public in linguistic investigations of regional and social speech varieties via trade books. In doing so, we also examine issues related to research ethics and the value in the academy of trade books specifically and linguistic gratuity projects in general.
Oblivion: The Right to Be Different from Oneself - Reproposing the Right to Be Forgotten

This article proposes a new conceptualization of the right to be forgotten, arguing in favour of its theoretical construction and concrete application under the umbrella of the right to identity. Following this perspective, I intend to shed new light on the right to be forgotten, contributing to a more developed conceptualization and enforceability while clarifying its scope of application.Based on the distinction between the right to identity and that of privacy, the paper presents the advantages of associating the right to be forgotten with the right to identity. Through this identity oriented conceptualization, I claim that the right to be forgotten should also be applied to user-generated content and information processed for personal purposes, overriding the ‘household exemption’ established in the European Data Protection Directive. I also argue that the right to oblivion, framed as part of the right to personal identity, should address public facts and information, providing a stronger rationale and justification to attain a better and fairer balance with the competing right to freedom of information.The article then comments on the most relevant conflicts that the right to be forgotten will have to address vis-a-vis the freedom of expression and the need to preserve social memory. As a branch of the right to identity, the right to be forgotten is presented as the right to be different, not from others but from oneself, i.e. from the one(s) we were before. The right to be forgotten also underlines the process of identity creation as not only constructive but also de-constructive.
Virtue and Consequences: Hobbes on the Value of the Moral Virtues

Comparant la notion de vertu chez Hobbes a celle de Platon et Aristote, l'A. mesure le defi a la theorie morale hobbesienne que constitue la figure du fou dans le «Leviathan», d'une part, et souleve les problemes que posent la lecture contractualiste de Hobbes chez D. Gauthier et la lecture legale-egoiste de G. Kavka, d'autre part. Examinant l'interpretation de D. Boonin-Vail selon laquelle la theorie morale de Hobbes est une theorie de la vertu, et proposant une experience de pensee qui consiste a attribuer au fou du «Leviathan» l'anneau de Gyges de la «Republique» de Platon, l'A. montre que la valeur sociale que Hobbes accorde a la vertu manque les notions d'excellence et de bien presentes dans la tradition classique
Influence of nonionic surfactants on the optical response of cation selective membrane films

Abstract The effect of nonionic surfactants Triton X-100, and Brij 35 on the response performances of calcium, potassium and sodium optical sensors as well as chromophore only doped polymeric films was studied. Upon addition of surfactants, over five-fold enhancement of optical response was observed for potassium and barium ions at ionophore-free membranes. As to the two surfactants, the response enhancement is Triton X-100 30–50% greater than Brij 35. For calcium ionophore ETH 129 or ETH 1001 doped membranes using anionic fluorescein dye as chromophore, no significant effect of the surfactants on the calcium response and selectivity were observed. For the calcium membranes based on ETH 1001 and chromophore ETH 5350, the selectivity for calcium over potassium decreased more than two orders of magnitude by these nonionic surfactants. The effect of the surfactants on potassium ion sensors based on valinomycin is relatively small. For sensors using sodium ionophore-VI, the response enhancement by Brij 35 and X-100 at 5 × 10 −5 M was 12 and 20%, respectively, but the selectivity for sodium over potassium and barium ions decreased dramatically. The polymeric films doped only with chromophores such as DCFOE or ETH 5350 were found to be selective and useful for the determination of nonionic surfactants, Triton X-100 and Brij 35, in the range of 5 × 10 −6 M to 3 × 10 −4 M using 0.1–0.01 M potassium or barium ions as background.
Cationic surface modification of PLG nanoparticles offers sustained gene delivery to pulmonary epithelial cells

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles are currently being explored as a nonviral gene delivery system; however, many obstacles impede the translation of these nanomaterials. For example, nanoparticles delivered systemically are inherently prone to adsorbing serum proteins and agglomerating as a result of their large surface/volume ratio. What is desired is a simple procedure to prepare nanoparticles that may be delivered locally and exhibit minimal toxicity while improving entry into cells for effectively delivering DNA. The objective of this study was to optimize the formulation of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles for gene delivery performance to a model of the pulmonary epithelium. Using a simple solvent diffusion technique, the chemistry of the particle surface was varied by using different coating materials that adsorb to the particle surface during formation. A variety of cationic coating materials were studied and compared to more conventional surfactants used for PLG nanoparticle fabrication. Nanoparticles (∼200 nm) efficiently encapsulated plasmids encoding for luciferase (80–90%) and slowly released the same for 2 weeks. In A549 alveolar lung epithelial cells, high levels of gene expression appeared at day 5 for certain positively charged PLG particles and gene expression was maintained for at least 2 weeks. In contrast, PEI gene expression ended at day 5. PLG particles were also significantly less cytotoxic than PEI suggesting the use of these vehicles for localized, sustained gene delivery to the pulmonary epithelium. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99: 2413–2422, 2010
Influence of fiber concentration on the startup of shear flow behavior of long fiber suspensions

Abstract In order to use rheological measurements as a tool to investigate fiber orientation in simple flows, the relationship between stress and fiber orientation must be understood. In this work, a sliding plate rheometer was used to measure the shear stress growth during the startup of simple shear flow of a polymer melt containing long glass fibers. The concentrations of the suspensions were varied from 10 to 40 wt% and tested over three shear rates spanning an order of magnitude. Significant shear thinning was observed in the suspension as concentration increased. Additionally, the magnitude of stress and breadth of the stress growth overshoot increased with concentration. A larger distinction between the different concentrations is observed in the shear stress growth than the measured evolution of fiber orientation. Measured values of fiber orientation were used with a semi-dilute stress equation to show that the fiber motion in these experiments was not responsible for the stress overshoot and that additional stress contributions must be considered.
Formation of a Stable Adduct of Ethoxycarbonyldithiocarbamic Acid and a Dimer of Ethoxycarbonyl Isothiocyanate

The reaction of ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate with water in the absence of a solvent has yielded the new compound [EtO2CN=CS2C{N(H)CO2Et}{S2CN(H)CO2Et}] (1) in 76% yield that has been isolated in a crystalline form that con-tains one equivalent of ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate. Compound 1 can be viewed as an adduct of a dimer of EtO2CN=C=S and the dithiocarbamic acid 2. Compound 1 dissociates in solution to yield 2 and free ethoxyxcarbonyl isothiocyanate. Compound 2 can be isolated chromatog-raphically, but it is slowly oxidized when allowed to stand in the open air to form the thiuram disulfide 3. Compounds 1 and 3 were characterized crystallographically. Compound 1 contains an imino-substituted dithietane ring with a dithiocarbamate substitutent bonded to one of the ring carbon atoms. Compound 3 is a thiuram disulfide which has C2 crystallographic symmetry.