cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of congenital anomalies in patients with histiocytosis X

The frequency of congenital anomalies in 39 cases of histiocytosis × collected over a 30 year period was 23%. Through a retrospective chart review of these cases and two control populations (children with bone tumors and children with suspected child abuse) we sought to assess the significance of this finding as well as any special characteristics of those histiocytic patients who had congenital anomalies. The frequency of congenital anomalies in the histiocytosis × group (23%) was greater than the frequency found in our control groups, the bone tumor group (13%), and the child advocacy control group (15%). Considering only major congenital anomalies, the histiocytic population had an increased frequency (18%) relative to both control groups (3% and 8%, respectively). Only one patient with unifocal eosinophilic granuloma had congenital anomalies. Patients with histiocytosis × and congenital anomalies were more likely to have histiocytosis X involving organ dysfunction (lung, liver, hematopoietic). Through this retrospective study we observe an increased frequency of congenital anomalies in patients with histiocytosis X. This observation does not seem to apply to patients with unifocal eosinophilic granuloma. The presence of congenital anomalies, especially multiple congenital anomalies, seemed to be a prognostic indicator of organ dysfunction in our histiocytic population.
An all-implanted CCD/CMOS process

A process has been developed that combines double-polysilicon, surface-type, n-channel charge-coupled devices (CCD's) with silicon-gate CMOS circuits on the same substrate. The process is all ion-implanted (including the getter step), requires only one more masking step than the 18-V CMOS flow, and is fully compatible with the 5-µm-gate-length silicon-gate Planox (localized oxidation of silicon) CMOS process. To demonstrate the design flexibility afforded by the availability of both p- and n-channel transistors, CCD shift registers with CMOS peripheral circuits and a silicon-gate CMOS operational amplifier have been designed and characterized. Low-pass and band-pass filters have also been designed and characterized and found to be comparable with those fabricated through the conventional CCD/NMOS process.
Maintainability of the Linux kernel

The authors have examined 365 versions of Linux. For every version, they counted the number of instances of common (global) coupling between each of the 17 kernel modules and all the other modules in that version of Linux. They found that the number of instances of common coupling grows exponentially with the version number. This result is significant at the 99.99% level, and no additional variables are needed to explain this increase. On the other hand, the number of lines of code in each kernel module grows only linearly with the version number. They conclude that, unless Linux is restructured with a bare minimum of common coupling, the dependencies induced by common coupling will, at some future date, make Linux exceedingly hard to maintain without inducing regression faults.
Li3Fe2(HPO3)3Cl: an electroactive iron phosphite as a new polyanionic cathode material for Li-ion battery

A novel lithium containing iron-chlorophosphite, Li3Fe2(HPO3)3Cl has been synthesized by employing low melting phosphorous acid flux. The single-crystal X-ray structure determination established that the compound has a 3-dimensional structure built up by edge-shared octahedral dimers and phosphite moieties that create narrow channels along the a- and b-axis. Two crystallographically independent Li ions are located in those channels. The compound was further characterized by TGA, IR, magnetic measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Magnetic measurements indicate that the compound has a field-induced metamagnetic transition. In this article we report for the first time an iron chloro-phosphite, Li3Fe2(HPO3)3Cl, as a new polyanion-based cathode with a promising electrochemical activity that shows an average voltage of 3.1 V vs. Li+/Li for the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couple and a reversible capacity of 70 mA h g−1. Details of electrochemical studies including cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electro-impedance spectroscopy are reported here.
Spin-induced shape changes in light-medium mass compound nuclei.

At very high spins an oblate-to-triaxial transition in the equilibrium shape of hot medium mass nuclei is expected, with superdeformed major to minor axis ratios of 2:1 and larger. To search for this shape transition, we measured \ensuremath{\gamma} ray production cross sections and angular distributions for the decay of $^{59,63}\mathrm{Cu}$ compound nuclei populated in the fusion of $^{32}\mathrm{S}$${+}^{27}$Al and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{45}$Sc over a wide range of spin (J=0-47\ensuremath{\Elzxh}) and excitation energy (${\mathit{E}}^{\mathrm{*}}$=55\char21{}130 MeV). Very broad giant dipole resonance (GDR) strength functions are deduced at high bombarding energy (spin), implying the existence of large deformation in the ensemble of decaying states. Thermal shape and orientation fluctuation calculations based on the rotating liquid drop model provide a good description of the GDR strength functions for all cases. The calculations fail to reproduce the GDR strength functions at high bombarding energy (spin) cases when the oblate-to-triaxial shape transition and the associated softness in the PES are removed, indicating the observed broadening of the GDR strength function is due mostly to spin-driven deformation. Threshold bremsstrahlung production is inferred from measured angular distribution anisotropies in $^{18}\mathrm{O}$${+}^{45}$Sc collisions at 125 and 149 MeV.
Enzymatic activity in extracts of allergy-causing astigmatid mites

Many of the previously characterized allergens of house dust mites are known to be proteases, and this enzymatic activity is thought to contribute to their allergenicity. Other astigmatid mites, including stored-product mites and the ectoparasitic itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei De Geer, are also known to be allergenic, but little or nothing is known about their enzymatic activities. The purpose of this study was to characterize the enzymatic activities present in extracts of the parasitic itch mite and from eight other species of free-living astigmatid mites. Extracts were prepared from one parasitic mite (S. scabiei), five stored-product mites (Chortoglyphus arcuatus (Troupeau), Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank), Blomia tropicalis Bronswijk, Cock, Oshima, Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank), and Acarus siro L.), and three house dust mites [Dermatophagoidesfarinae Hughes, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Troussart), and Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman) ]. ApiZym strips were used to screen for the presence of 19 individual enzyme activities. Digestion of nine other substrates was evaluated by spectrophotometric or electrophoretic methods. All mite extracts exhibited some form of phosphatase, esterase, aminopeptidase, and glycosidase activity, although their substrate specificities varied considerably. Itch mite extract did not possess detectable serine peptidase activity nor was it able to hydrolyze gelatin or casein, whereas all other mite extracts exhibited these activities. Storage mite extracts possessed enzymes capable of degrading the widest range of substrates, whereas itch mite extract had the most limited proteolytic capacity. Extracts of nine species of allergy-causing astigmatid mites contain wide and diverse repertoires of enzymatic activities. These catalytic activities may be important contributors to the induction and manifestation of inflammatory and immune responses to mites in patients.
Tumors from rats given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine plus chlorophyllin or indole-3-carbinol contain transcriptional changes in β-catenin that are independent of β-catenin mutation status

Tumors induced in the rat by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) contain mutations in β-catenin, but the spectrum of such mutations can be influenced by phytochemicals such as chlorophyllin (CHL) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C). In the present study, we determined the mutation status of β-catenin in more than 50 DMH-induced colon tumors and small intestine tumors, and compared this with the concomitant expression of β-catenin mRNA using quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis. In total, 19/57 (33%) of the tumors harbored mutations in β-catenin, and 14/19 (74%) of the genetic changes substituted amino acids adjacent to Ser33, a key site for phosphorylation and β-catenin degradation. These tumors were found to express a 10-fold range of β-catenin mRNA levels, independent of the β-catenin mutation status and phytochemical exposure, i.e. CHL or I3C given post-initiation. However, β-catenin mRNA levels were strongly correlated with mRNA levels of c-myc, c-jun and cyclin D1, which are targets of β-catenin/Tcf signaling. Tumors with the highest levels of β-catenin mRNA often had over-expressed β-catenin protein, and those with lower β-catenin mRNA typically had low β-catenin protein expression, but there were exceptions (high β-catenin mRNA/low β-catenin protein, or vice versa). We conclude that DMH-induced mutations stabilize β-catenin protein in tumors, which increase c-myc, c-jun and cyclin D1, but there also can be over-expression of β-catenin itself at the mRNA level, contributing to high β-catenin protein levels. Similar findings have been reported in primary human colon cancers and their liver metastases, compared with matched normal-looking tissue. Thus, further studies are warranted on the mechanisms that upregulate β-catenin at the transcriptional level in human and rodent colon cancers.
Mitrofanoff continent catheterizable conduits: Top down or bottom up?

Abstract Objective During augmentation and Mitrofanoff procedures, conduits are usually implanted into the posterior bladder wall. Anatomical considerations may necessitate an anterior conduit. To compare the relative drainage efficiency in patients with posterior and anterior conduits, we studied their rates of bladder stone formation and urinary tract infection (UTI). Materials and methods A retrospective chart review identified exstrophy patients who underwent augmentation and Mitrofanoff between 1991 and 2003. Patients with 3 years or greater follow-up were included. Fifty-four patients fit this criterion, with a conduit implanted anteriorly (33) or posteriorly (21). We compared rates of bladder stone formation and UTI. Stomal revisions and the status of the bladder neck were also noted. Results Stone formation and UTI rates were higher in the anterior conduits, although only UTI showed a statistically significant difference. Patient demographics were similar between the two groups, including age and sex. The rates of stomal complications and the bladder neck status were also similar. Conclusions Patients with anterior conduits had an increased risk of UTI and bladder stone formation compared to those with posterior conduits, although this was not significant in the case of bladder stone rate. This may indicate sub-optimal bladder drainage and should be addressed with careful preoperative counseling and close follow-up.
DNA replication in Escherichia coli: evidence for two classes of small deoxyribonucleotide chains.

Abstract We have used [ 3 H]thymidine to pulse label cultures growing at 20 or 37 °C. At these temperatures, thymidine can be used interchangeably with thymine for labeling periods of 0.1 minute or longer. Incorporation does not stop immediately when cultures are poured on to ice-cold medium-KCN mixtures, but can be stopped by pouring on to the same mixture plus pyridine. We have extracted DNA from cells pulse-labeled with [ 3 H]thymidine and measured the number of short deoxynucleotide chains by treating them with bacterial alkaline phosphatase and labeling their 5′ ends with 32 P using [ γ - 32 P]ATP and polynucleotide kinase. There are at least 40 deoxynucleotide chains per bacterium (20 per replicating chromosome) whose sedimentation coefficient is less than 15 S. The small deoxynucleotide chains labeled by a pulse of [ 3 H]thymidine behave as intermediates in the replication of DNA. They accumulate if ligase is inhibited and they disappear if their synthesis is blocked by inactivating a gene product responsible for their synthesis. In contrast, the 32 P-labeled pieces do not accumulate rapidly or disappear under the same experimental conditions. The data indicate that many of the 32 P-labeled short chains are not located at the replication fork and that they do not behave as intermediates in the replication of DNA. The size distribution of 3 H pulse-labeled pieces and of the short chains labeled with 32 P are apparently the same when measured by sedimentation through alkaline sucrose. About 25% of the molecules are extremely short. The remainder are distributed in such a way that, roughly, the number of pieces greater than any particular length decreases exponentially as that length increases.
An SEU Tolerant Memory Cell Derived from Fundamental Studies of SEU Mechanisms in SRAM

A new single event upset (SEU) hardening concept, an LRAM cell, is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. Decoupling resistors in the LRAM are used only to protect against the short n-channel transient; longer persisting pulses are reduced in magnitude by a voltage divider, a basically new concept for SEU protection. In such a design, smaller resistors provide SEU tolerance, allowing higher performance, hardened memories. As basis for the LRAM idea, techniques were developed to measure time constants for ion induced voltage transients in conventional static random access memories, SRAM. Time constants of 0.8 and 6.3 nsec were measured for transients following strikes at the n- and p-channel drains, respectively--primary areas of SEU sensitivity. These data are the first transient time measurements on full memory chips and the large difference is fundamental to the LRAM concept. Test structures of the new design exhibit equivalent SEU tolerance with resistors 5-to-10 times smaller than currently used in SRAM. Our advanced transport-plus-circuit numerical simulations of the SEU process predicted this result and account for the LRAM experiments, as well as a variety of experiments on conventional SRAM.
Precambrian Marine Environment and the Development of Life

The tropical thermocline must have existed since the ocean's depth exceeded 300 meters. The density gradient in this layer concentrated organic aggregates formed abiologically near the surface of the sea, and the low rates of diflusion across this layer permitted the accumulation of oxygen once the layer was populated by blue-green algae; thus the evolution of eukaryotes became possible within the layer. Because of rapid mixing over the shelves, the eukaryotes were restricted initially to the thermocline over deep water. The shelves could not be permanently inhabited by organisms requiring respiration until the oxygen level of the atmosphere was adequate. At this stage, the swimming Metazoa of the thermocline could adapt to a benthic environment on the shelves by developing exoskeletons.
The effects of hyperthermia on tumor carcinoembryonic antigen expression.

Abstract The effects of hyperthermia on carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) expression were investigated. The human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, LS174T, was heated in vitro for 42°C/1 hr, 43°C/1 hr, or 45°C/30 min. Carcinoembryonic antigen membrane expression was assayed by live cell radioimmunoassay 0–-6 days after heating. A heat exposure of 45°C/30 min resulted in an initial decrease in carcinoembryonic antigen membrane expression 1 day post-heating followed by a 2–3 fold increase which peaked 3 days post-heating. Carcinoembryonic antigen expression began returning to normal by the sixth day. Heat exposures of 42°C/1 hr and 43°C/1 hr also resulted in increased carcinoembryonic antigen expression but this increase was of lesser magnitude and of shorter duration. Carcinoembryonic antigen shed into the medium, as measured by enzyme immunoassay, also increased after heating in a temperature-dependent fashion. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that cells in all phases of the cell cycle expressed this increase. We conclude that hyperthermia results in significant changes in carcinoembryonic antigen membrane expression and shedding. The implications that these findings have with regards to clinical hyperthermia and radioimmunotherapy are discussed.
Fire History of a Temperate Forest with an Endemic Fire-Dependent Herb

A dendroecological fire history study was conducted for The Nature Conser- vancy's Narrows Preserve on Peters Mountain, Virginia, where the predominant vegetation is oak (Quercus L.)-dominated forest containing some other hardwoods and pines (Pinus L.). The site encompasses all the known habitat of the endangered and endemic Peters Mountain mallow (Iliamna corei Sherff.), a perennial herb that requires fire for seed germi- nation and habitat maintenance. Fire scars from 73 pines indicate frequent burning in the past (Weibull median composite fire interval = 2.2 years), primarily during the dormant season. Fire frequency exhibited little temporal variability from the beginning of the fire chronology in 1794 until the 1940s, despite changing land uses. However, the incidence of fire declined subsequently with the advent of effective fire protection measures. Ageing trees near the mallow population indicates that the fire-tolerant chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.) recruited relatively continuously under frequent fire, but that other spe- cies were established primarily during the fire protection era. The decline in burning appears to have permitted an increase in tree density that likely inhibits the growth and recruitment of mallow plants. Our results suggest that reintroducing frequent fire would be an appropriate technique for managing the mallows and the greater Peters Mountain land-
To study the people: The American working class

(1980). To study the people: The American working class. Labor History: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 485-512.
Characterizing a cosmic string with the statistics of string lensing

The deep imaging of the field of an observed lensing event by a cosmic string reveals many additional lensing events. We study the statistics of such string lensing. We derive explicit expressions for the distributions of image separations of lensing by a cosmic string and point out that they are quite sensitive to parameters which characterize the cosmic string, such as the redshift and tension of the cosmic string. Thus the statistics of string lensing events add new important information on the cosmic string which cannot be obtained from the detailed investigation of one lensing event.
Multi-modal rigid and non-rigid registration for attenuation correction in cardiac SPECT/CT using emission scatter to CT conversion

Patient body or respiratory motion between emission imaging and CT can cause misalignment of position of heart in the emission and attenuation maps, causing significant artifacts in emission reconstruction upon attenuation correction. In this work, we investigate multi-modal registration of cardiac SPECT and CT datasets, and then use the registered CT maps for attenuation correction (AC). The challenges for multi-modal registration are many: missing structural data in SPECT, nonrigid motion between organs, noise etc. Our hypothesis is that some of the missing structural information in the photo-peak window slices is available if we use the scatter window reconstructed data because of the tissue density dependence of scatter at 140 keV. We investigate this by converting the emission scatter-window slices into "CT like"-images and then using rigid and non-rigid registration methods to align them to actual CT. The non-rigid registration method used is the diffeomorphic demons algorithm with sum-squared difference as the metric. To evaluate the method, MRI-derived volunteer-specific XCAT datasets were obtained for volunteers undergoing large motions between successive MRI imaging scans. These were used to create Monte Carlo simulated SPECT and CT studies. The motions investigated were a bend, a twist, and an axial slide between emission and CT. AC using the matched CT was employed to gauge the success of registration. We observed that using registered attenuation maps eliminated or reduced the AC artifacts due the motions, where present. More motion cases for a larger population of volunteers and polar map quantification of cardiac update need to be analyzed before conclusions can be drawn from these studies.
A Novel Resin Linker for Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis Which Can Be Cleaved Using Two Sequential Mild Reactions

The interest in developing new linkers for solid-phase peptide and organic synthesis has increased tremendously as a result of the rapid development of combinatorial chemistry. Herein, we report the development of a new redox-sensitive linker for solid-phase peptide synthesis. This linker can be readily cleaved under mild conditions by using two sequential mild reactions, a reduction followed by a base (Bu4N+F-)-catalyzed cyclic ether formation. By using this new linker, two short peptides, a tetrapeptide [Boc-Trp-Ala-Gly-Gly-OH] and a pentapeptide [Boc-Asn-Ala-Ser(OBn)-Gly-Glu(OBn)-OH)], were synthesized. Because the cleavage does not use acidic conditions, this resin linker provides an alternative when acidic conditions are not desirable. Furthermore, the cleavage conditions do not affect most of the side chain protecting group. Therefore, the peptides synthesized can be used for the segment synthesis of larger peptides without the need to reprotect the side chain functional groups.
Postexposure chemoprophylaxis for occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus type 1: current status and prospects for the future.

Abstract Occupational exposures to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continue to occur in the health care setting. Each such exposure is associated with risk for occupational infection. Although occupational HIV infections have been uncommon in health care workers, the occurrence of even one such infection is traumatic for the health care worker and his or her institution. To attempt to prevent infection following occupational exposures, some institutions and investigators have elected to offer postexposure chemoprophylaxis with zidovudine. Unfortunately, data describing the use of nucleoside analogues in animals and humans as antiviral chemoprophylaxis are quite limited and data simply do not exist that definitively support or refute their use in this setting. One can mount an equally reasonable argument for or against the use of these agents in this setting in 1990. This article reviews the available data regarding postexposure chemoprophylaxis, summarizes the clinical experience with zidovudine use for postexposure chemoprophylaxis to date, and evaluates prospects for additional chemoprophylaxis options in the future.
A model of strategic default of sovereign debt

This paper presents a continuous-time stochastic model to study the timing decision of strategic default of sovereign debt. The debtor country precommits to an investment plan, finances part of it with a foreign loan, and maximizes the present value (PV) of utility from an infinite stream of consumption. Default risk arises from uncertainty surrounding the evolution of GDP over time. As the debt ratio increases, it introduces an increasing drag on the growth of GDP and also increases the risk premium on the loans. At each moment the nation must decide whether to service the loan over the next period (infinitesimally small) or to default, thereby gaining the PV of the loan, but correspondingly suffering a default penalty, and forgoing the option to default in the future. This choice is cast as a first-passage problem: default occurs (if and) when the PV of consumption under default first exceeds the PV given continuance of debt service. The actual values of the debt ratio for several debt-ridden countries is found to be close to the theoretically derived critical level. This framework also enables the study of austerity programs, rescheduling and other policy alternatives.
Screening for anticholinergic effects of atropine and chlordiazepoxide.

Mild tranquilizers are suspected of having anticholinergic as well as anti-anxiety effects; if so, a reduction in palmar sweating in response to a tranquilizer cannot be interpreted simply as an anti-anxiety effect. A simple, reliable, and valid technique for measuring palmar sweating was used to compare the response curves of placebo; a known anticholinergic agent, atropine sulfate; and a mild tranquilizer, chlordiazepoxide, in a double-blind, balanced, repeated measures design. A significant atropine effect and reliable correlations with arousal were demonstrated, and no evidence of an anticholinergic effect of chlordiazepoxide was found within 90 min with the drug dosage used. Conditions are specified for the appropriate use of the FSP as a measure of the anti-anxiety effects of chlordiazepoxide.
Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Mediates Proliferation of Human Endometrial Epithelial Cells by Positive and Negative Regulation of Growth-associated Genes

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) inhibits chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase, and cathepsin G. This protein also exhibits proliferative effects, although little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity. We have generated SLPI-ablated epithelial sublines by stably transfecting the Ishikawa human endometrial cell line with an antisense human SLPI RNA expression vector. We demonstrate a positive correlation between cellular SLPI production and proliferation. We further show that Ishikawa sublines expressing low to undetectable SLPI have correspondingly increased and decreased expression, respectively, of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and cyclin D1 genes, relative to parental cells. SLPI selectively increased cyclin D1 gene expression, with the effect occurring in part at the level of promoter activity. Cellular SLPI levels negatively influenced the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 expression. We also identified lysyl oxidase, a phenotypic inhibitor of the ras oncogenic pathway and a tumor suppressor, as SLPI-repressed gene, whose expression is up-regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1. Our results suggest that SLPI acts at the node(s) of at least three major interacting growth inhibitory pathways. Because expression of SLPI is generally high in epithelial cells exhibiting abnormal proliferation such as in carcinomas, SLPI may define a novel pathway by which cellular growth is modulated.
Ambidextrous organizations and firm performance: the role of marketing function implementation

Managers continue to struggle with implementing a firm's approach to its market. Many potential pitfalls exist, particularly at the functional level. For firms that pursue an ambidextrous approach, simultaneously exploiting existing markets while exploring new opportunities, implementation is perhaps even more critical. Interestingly, the implications of functional implementation on multiple dimensions of financial and non-financial performance in the context of an ambidextrous approach are unknown. In light of these challenges, we examine the mediating effect of the implementation of the marketing function strategy in the ambidextrous organization–performance relationship. We find that the implementation of marketing strategy fully mediates the ambidextrous organization–performance relationship on important dimensions of firm performance, including key outcomes such as profits and customer satisfaction. Our results demonstrate that the benefits of developing an ambidextrous organization that can balance ...
Sequence confirmation of modified oligonucleotides using IRMPD in the external ion reservoir of an electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer

Modified oligonucleotides continue to play an important role as antisense compounds that inhibit the expression of genes associated with metabolic disorders, cancer, and infectious diseases. Because the majority of modifications render these molecules refractory to standard enzymatic sequencing techniques, alternative sequencing methods which are fast and reliable are needed. In this work we explore how sugar and backbone modifications affect fragmentation patterns observed from oligonucleotides which are fragmented by infrared multiple photon dissociation in the external reservoir of an electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer. The modifications influence which fragment types (i.e., a(n)-B versus c(n)) dominate and the ease with which the oligonucleotides are fragmented. General observations for confirming the sequence of oligonucleotides are described.
A Managerial Decision Model of International Cooperative Venture Formation

This paper develops a model of international cooperative venture formation that is centered on the decisionmaking process of MNE executives. Central issues for managerial decisions are developed from the organizational studies literature. A framework delineating the sequence and criteria used in the decision to form international cooperative ventures is developed from these defined issues and from existing models. Propositions pertaining to the venture formation decision process are outlined.
Digital total variation filtering as postprocessing for Chebyshev pseudospectral methods for conservation laws

Digital total variation filtering is analyzed as a fast, robust, post-processing method for accelerating the convergence of pseudospectral approximations that have been contaminated by Gibbs oscillations. The method, which originated in image processing, can be combined with spectral filters to quickly post-process large data sets with sharp resolution of discontinuities and with exponential accuracy away from the discontinuities.
High performance displacement chromatography: Calculation and experimental verification of zone development

Effluent concentration profiles from high performance displacement chromatography were calculated by using the theory of equilibrium chromatography of Helfferich and Klein (1970). The close agreement between predictions of the theory neglecting mass transfer resistances and experimental results demonstrates that conditions close to ideal chromatography are attainable in HPLC. Individual adsorption isotherms, as measured by frontal development, closely followed Langmuirian behavior.
Wavelength-sized optomechanical disk resonator embedded in a sunflower circular photonic crystal

We demonstrate a micron-sized ultrahigh-Q (Q o =740,000) disk cavity by embedding it in a sunflower-type circular photonic crystal. The disk's fundamental mechanical radial-contour mode is optically transduced at 2.19 GHz with a displacement sensitivity of 6.4 am/Hz1/2.
Indirect Government Aid To the Arts: the Tax Expenditure in Charitable Contributions

Government support of the arts consists of a familiar direct portion (including the appropriations to such agencies as the National Endowment for the Arts) and a less-well known indirect portion, including what Surrey has called tax expenditures. The tax expenditure that flows through individual deductions of charitable contributions to arts institutions from taxable income is estimated from IRS data and other sources, and is found to have been between $300 million and $380 million in 1975. This figure is over four times as large as appropriations for the National Endowment for the Arts (the principal direct federal aid program) for fiscal 1975. Viewed as a subsidy to the donor, it is found to be highly regressive.
Optical properties of durable oxide coatings for infrared applications

There is a continuing need for durable and protective coatings for long wavelength infrared (LWIR) windows and domes as a result of the environmental and mechanical vulnerability of most LWIS transparent materials. Diamond coatings would be ideal except for the fact that relatively high deposition temperatures are required to deposit films having low optical absorption. Diamond-like carbon films deposited at low temperatures are typically too absorbing or highly stressed. Certain transition metal oxide films can be used successfully for many applications, are very durable and can be deposited by traditional thin film deposition methods. In this study, Y 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 and HfO 2 films are deposited and characterized, in particulara their absorption coefficients as a function of wavelength are derived at wavelengths in the LWIR. Durable oxide coatings are deposited over full-size LWIR windows.
Strength scale behavior of nanoporous Ag, Pd and Cu foams

A comprehensive study of the deformation mode for nanoporous Au, Pd, Cu and Ag foams is presented. Several nanoporous models that include surface, nodes and ligament size effects are investigated within the scope of elastic buckling or plastic collapse foam models. The predictions from the deformation models are then compared to experimental foams hardness values for a wide range of ligament sizes. Results show that plastic collapse appears to be the dominant failure mode for all the nanoporous foams. Small deviations from the plastic collapse models are attributed to irregular cell size and relative density estimations.
Antioxidant activity, total phenolics content, anthocyanin, and color stability of isotonic model beverages colored with Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth) anthocyanin powder.

: The stability of anthocyanin (ACN) freeze-dried powders from Andes berry (Rubus glaucus Benth) as affected by storage, addition of maltodextrin as a carrier agent, and illumination was evaluated in isotonic model beverages. The ethanolic ACN extract was freeze dried with and without maltodextrin DE 20. Isotonic model beverages were colored with freeze-dried ACN powder (FDA), freeze-dried ACN powder with maltodextrin (MFDA), and red nr 40. Beverages were stored in the dark and under the effect of illumination. Half life of the ACNs, changes in color, total phenolics content (TPC), and antioxidant activity were analyzed for 71 d. Addition of maltodextrin and absence of light stabilized the color of beverages and improved ACN and TPC stability during storage. The antioxidant activity of the beverages was higher when they were colored with MFDA and highly correlated with ACN content. There was no correlation between antioxidant activity and TPC. It is concluded that addition of maltodextrin DE 20 as a carrier agent during freeze-drying improves the color and stability of nutraceutical antioxidants present in Andes berry extract. This suggests a protective enclosing of ACNs within a maltodextrin matrix with a resulting powder that could serve as a supplement or additive to naturally color and to enhance the antioxidant capacity of isotonic beverages.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Applied to a Generic Ocean-Wave Energy Extractor

This paper evaluates the theoretical application of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) to a model-scale point absorber for wave energy conversion. The NMPC strategy will be evaluated against a passive system, which utilizes no controller, using a performance metric based on the absorbed energy. The NMPC strategy was setup as a nonlinear optimization problem utilizing the interior point optimizer (IPOPT) package to obtain a time-varying optimal generator damping from the power-take-off (PTO) unit. This formulation is different from previous investigations in model predictive control, as the current methodology only allows the PTO unit to behave as a generator, thereby unable to return energy to the waves. Each strategy was simulated in the time domain for regular and irregular waves, the latter taken from a modified Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum. In regular waves, the performance advantages over a passive system appear at frequencies near resonance while at the lower and higher frequencies they become nearly equivalent. For irregular waves, the NMPC strategy leads to greater energy absorption than the passive system, though strongly dependent on the prediction horizon. It was found that the ideal NMPC strategy required a generator that could be turned on and off instantaneously, leading to sequences where the generator can be inactive for up to 50% of the wave period.
Pediatric Sleep Medicine Comes Into Its Own

Sleep disorders are common in children. Some of these disorders are unique to pediatrics, such as apparent life-threatening events. Other disorders differ significantly in their presentation in children compared with adults, such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, in which excessive daytime sleepiness, the cardinal symptom in adults, is rare in young children. Some sleep disorders such as narcolepsy are usually diagnosed during adulthood, although their symptoms most commonly begin during childhood.1 Pediatric sleep disorders range from the common conditions encountered by every pediatrician (such as toddlers who keep their parents awake at night [sleep-onset association disorder] and teenagers who won’t go to bed at night [delayed sleep phase syndrome]) to those that are rare and life threatening (such as congenital central hypoventilation syndrome). Despite the frequency, severity, and uniqueness of … Address correspondence to Carole L. Marcus, MBBCh, Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, 5th Floor Wood, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: marcus{at}email.chop.edu
The ultrastructure of nuclear differentiation during spermiogenesis in the salmon

Progressive condensation of nuclear material occurs during spermiogenesis in the salmon. Nuclei of early spermatid stages contain randomly distributed, contorted fibers, similar in appearance, distribution, and mean diameter (175 A) to chromatin fibers of salmon somatic cell and spermatocyte nuclei. These fibers give way in nuclei of later spermatid stages to oriented, unusually thick fibers (with mean diameter 340 A), and to highly unusual, irregular, ribbonlike elements. In late spermatid stages nuclear fibers are no longer clearly visible; only short lengths of fibers and ribbonlike elements remain. Mature sperm nuclei are extremely electron-dense, showing little substructure. The unusually thick fibers and irregular ribbons which form during spermiogenesis in the salmon are clearly different from the typical fibers found in somatic cell nuclei and chromosomes and in the interphaselike nuclei of early spermatids. At least some of the striking structural changes which occur during nuclear condensation in salmon spermiogenesis probably are related to replacement of histones by protamine.
The Relationship Between Serum and Saliva Trimethobenzamide Concentrations in Man

Six healthy volunteers provided simultaneous serum and mixed saliva specimens at various time intervals after receiving three different concentrations of trimethobenzamide HCI (total dose 800 mg) via rectal syringe on three separate occasions. Specimens were analyzed for trimethobenzamide content and the results subjected to pharmacokinetic analysis and other statistical procedures to identify characteristics of the relationship between distribution processes in these specimen types. On the basis of linear regression analysis there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.01) between saliva and serum drug content for both mean values (r = 0.94) at each sampling time and all individuals' paired data points (r = 0.72). Because of the large degree of scatter in individual pairs, the data were subjected to analysis of variance in an attempt to determine a potential source of this divergence. The relationship between serum and saliva drug concentrations was found to depend upon the time after drug administration. We conclude that a nonuniform process determines the relative degree of partitioning trimethobenzamide between serum and saliva.
Using HTML to create early prototypes

This paper discusses the use of HTML for creating early prototypes of interactive systems. The HTML prototyping technique uses an iterative approach for the creation of early prototypes. Low fidelity prototypes are iteratively refined into higher fidelity versions. The prototypes are easily accessible to project stakeholders. We evaluate the HTML prototyping technique with respect to criteria published in the CHI community.
EFFECT OF DISSOLVED MANGANESE ON SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF PURE AND IMPURE INDIUM

The superconducting critical temperature of indium decreases by \ensuremath{\sim}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K per unit resistance ratio, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{4.2}}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{273\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}}}$, when doped with manganese. The addition of a third element, lead or tin, (just a few percent) progressively decreases the effect of the manganese and eliminates the effect completely when the mean free path is decreased to \ensuremath{\sim}500 \AA{}. The data are explained on the basis of the Korringa model for the resistivity-minimum phenomenon found in dilute transition-metal solutions. It is assumed that the scattering of the conduction electrons undergoes a resonance (presumably caused by the localized moments) of width \ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at the Fermi surface. The effect disappears when enough nonparamagnetic impurity is added to make the width of the electron energy levels large compared to that of the resonance. The technique and the model (if correct) opens a new way for investigating the resonance model for paramagnetic impurities.
Study of the life history of Capitella capitata (Polychaeta: Capitellidae) in Amakusa, South Japan including a comparison with other geographical regions

The life history of Capitella capitata (Fabricius), occurring in Amakusa, South Japan, was studied in detail through field investigations and laboratory experiments. The important life-history characteristics of this species in the present study area are described and compared with those reported in previous studies from various geographic regions. Though some life-history characteristics (extended breeding season throughout almost the whole year, parental brooding habit, and early maturation) are common to all localities, the reproductive mode, larval developmental pattern and morphology are very distinct among the worms from various localities. C. capitata showing these considerable geographical variations should not be treated as a single species. It is suggested that C. capitata, originally defined on the basis of morphological features of adult worms, needs to be subdivided into several species, subspecies, or biological races.
The impaired learning of semantic knowledge following bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection.

The integrity of several aspects of semantic memory (including knowledge of the meaning, lexical status, perception, and pronunciation of words and famous names) was examined in H.M., a patient with anterograde amnesia following bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision. Despite normal memory for such semantic knowledge acquired prior to the onset of his amnesia in 1953, H.M. showed a severe deficit in memory for semantic information encountered subsequently. In combination with the previously reported impairments in new learning shown by H.M., the deficits observed here point to an association between semantic and episodic memory, and do not lend support to a distinction between them. The acquisition of semantic and episodic information, therefore, appears to depend upon a common memory system that requires the intact functioning of medial temporal-lobe structures.
Fetal irradiation interferes with adult cognition in the nonhuman primate.

Background Exposure to x-irradiation in early gestation has been shown to disrupt normal thalamocortical development in the monkey and thereby model one key feature of the neuropathology of schizophrenia. However, the effect of fetal irradiation on cognitive functions that are vulnerable in schizophrenia (e.g., working memory) has not been examined. Methods Four fetally irradiated macaque monkeys (FIMs) and four age-matched controls (CONs) were tested as juveniles (12–30 months) and again as adults (∼5 years) on delayed spatial response (DR), a working memory task that is dependent on intact prefrontal cortical circuitry. Results As juveniles, seven of eight monkeys learned DR; one FIM refused to test. Performance in the two groups was not different. As adults, only one FIM achieved criterion on DR. Three of four FIMs did not reach criterion at the 0-sec delay interval of the DR task, whereas all four CONs mastered DR at the maximum tested delay of 10 sec. FIMs completed fewer DR test sessions compared with CONs. In contrast, all FIMs and three of four CONs learned an associative memory task, visual pattern discrimination. Conclusions Fetal exposure to irradiation resulted in an adult-onset cognitive impairment in the working memory domain that is relevant to understanding the developmental etiology of schizophrenia.
Neonatal‐onset adrenoleukodystrophy in a girl

A 4-year 11-month-old girl developed cerebral degeneration with onset in the neonatal period. Postmortem examination showed gross, microscopic, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes identical to those associated with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a sex-linked disorder of boys beginning in the first decade of life. Cytoplasmic inclusions ultrastructurally identical to those in brains and adrenal glands of ALD patients were present not only in this girl's adrenal glands and brain but also in reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, lymph node, spleen, thymus, and hepatic lysosomes. Thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of cerebral tissues demonstrated abnormal long-chain fatty acids in the cholesterol ester fraction, identical to those present in affected tissues of males with ALD. The documentation of abnormal long-chain fatty acids in cerebral tissues of a female patient supports the concept that infantile-onset ALD is a clinically and pathologically distinctive entity characterized by prominent visceral storage abnormalities and occurrence in both sexes. These findings also suggest that ALD and related entities are either phenotypic variants of a specific enzyme deficiency or separate diseases resulting from different mutations in a common metabolic pathway.
Reactions of Ruthenium Benzylidene Complexes with Cyclic and Acyclic Imines: Oligomerization of 1-Pyrroline and Metathesis via Tautomerism

At room temperature, NMR spectroscopy indicates that the ruthenium benzylidene complex (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCHPh reacts with 1-pyrroline to yield (Cl)2(PCy3)(1-pyrroline)RuCHPh. Heating a solution of (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCHPh with excess 1-pyrroline to 90 °C results in ring-opening oligomerization of the cyclic imine. The combination of ruthenium carbene complexes (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCHPh and (Cl)2(PCy3)(H2IMes)RuCHPh (H2IMes = 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazolylidene) with acyclic imines of the type (R)NCH(R‘) results in metathesis reactions when the imine possesses a C−H bond α to the imine carbon. Imines that lack C−H bonds α to the imine carbon do not react with (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCHPh. The primary products from the reactions of (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCHPh and (Cl)2(PCy3)(H2IMes)RuCHPh with acyclic imines are olefins and new Fischer carbene complexes of the type (Cl)2(L)(L‘)RuCH{N(H)R} (L = L‘ = PCy3; L = PCy3, L‘ = H2IMes). The ruthenium complex (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCH{N(H)Pr} has been isolated from the reaction of (Cl)2(PCy3)2RuCHPh with (...
SMALL HEAD SIZE AFTER IN-UTERO EXPOSURE TO ATOMIC RADIATION

Abstract For the first time, dose estimates have been related to small head circumference induced by exposure in utero to the atomic bomb. There was a progressive increase with dose in the frequency of the abnormality among persons whose mothers were exposed before the eighteenth week of pregnancy. In Hiroshima the minimum dose-producing effect was 10-19 rad, but in Nagasaki no effect was observed under 150 rad. At maternal doses of 150 rad or more in both cities, small head circumference was often accompanied by mental retardation. The observations at low doses in Hiroshima are not directly applicable to medical radiology because of the possible influence of neutrons (nil in Nagasaki) and perhaps to interactions with other environmental disturbances, more widespread in Hiroshima than in Nagasaki.