cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperband: Bandit-Based Configuration Evaluation for Hyperparameter Optimization

Performance of machine learning algorithms depends critically on identifying a good set of hyperparameters. While recent approaches use Bayesian Optimization to adaptively select configurations, we focus on speeding up random search through adaptive resource allocation. We present Hyperband, a novel algorithm for hyperparameter optimization that is simple, flexible, and theoretically sound. Hyperband is a principled early-stoppping method that adaptively allocates a predefined resource, e.g., iterations, data samples or number of features, to randomly sampled configurations. We compare Hyperband with state-of-the-art Bayesian Optimization methods on several hyperparameter optimization problems. We observe that Hyperband can provide over an order of magnitude speedups over competitors on a variety of neural network and kernel-based learning problems.
Ice-templated silicon foams with aligned lamellar channels

An aqueous suspension of 5 vol% silicon (Si) nanoparticles was directionally solidified at substrate temperatures between -10 and -25 °C, resulting in colonies of aligned pure ice dendrites separated by interdendritic Si particles packed walls. Channels are created by sublimation of the dendrites, and the surrounding Si walls are densified by sintering. The resulting Si foams exhibit a 76 ± 2% macroporosity, with the width of the ice-templated channels and the Si walls decreasing with solidification temperature, from 106 to 60 μm and from 34 to 17 μm, respectively. Si walls show high surface roughness from inverse templating of short secondary ice dendrite arms.
End of moderation: the radicalization of AKP in Turkey

Turkey’s Justice and Development Party, AKP, was for many years believed to be paramount in ushering in a new era of moderate Islamism. However, in recent years, AKP has troublingly reversed course...
High frequency reciprocating sliding wear behavior and mechanisms of quaternary metal oxide coatings

Abstract Wear resistant coatings based on quaternary metal oxides were studied with comparisons made to more traditional ternary metal oxides. While much is known about ternary metal oxide wear behavior and mechanisms from room to higher temperatures, little is known about quaternary oxides; for instance, the role of the fourth element in determining the coating crystalline state and defect structure and how they control tribological properties. To this end, the system (ZnTiZr)xOy was deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and compared to previously studied wear resistant nanocrystalline ALD ZnTiO3 coatings. X-ray diffraction determined that both as-deposited and ex situ 550 °C annealed ternary and quaternary coatings exhibit ZnTiO3 phase or solid solution Zn(Ti,Zr)O3 phase only, respectively. However, the coatings have completely different growth structures where the ternary ZnTiO3 coatings exhibit textured (104) nanocolumnar grains and the quaternary Zn(Ti,Zr)O3 coatings are predominantly amorphous with some nanocrystalline grains. High frequency reciprocating sliding on these coatings revealed that the growth structure did not influence the wear rate (~1×10−6 mm3/N m). However, the crystal structure-dependent deformation mechanisms were different as revealed by FIB–SEM and HRTEM analyses inside worn surfaces. It was determined that both coatings show surface deformation due to ductile layering/smearing with no evidence of brittle fracture. Wear reduction of the ZnTiO3 coating was due to nanoscale sliding-induced plastic deformation when (104) stacking faults were sheared along the sliding direction resulting in an intrafilm shear velocity accommodation mode. Conversely, wear reduction in the quaternary Zn(Ti,Zr)O3 coating was a result of a tribofilm/mechanically mixed layer, composed of amorphous transferred silica from the sliding Si3N4 counterface and refined nanocrystalline Zn(Ti,Zr)O3 grains from the coating. Both wear surfaces contained solid cylindrical rolls or roll-ups often found in ceramic–ceramic reciprocating sliding. New insights revealed that the rolls originate in the tribofilm, with similar composition and structure, and evolve to the surface with continued sliding.
Landau Theory of Phase Transitions

In this chapter, starting with the classical approach, we define a phase as homogeneous stable matter and classify phase transitions according to the Ehrenfest classification. Then we introduce a concept of an order parameter as a hidden variable responsible for symmetry changes during the transition. We consider different thermodynamic functions and choose the Gibbs free energy as a function of temperature, pressure, and order parameter (the Landau potential) to identify the equilibrium states in open systems. Using the concept of the order parameter, the phase transitions are considered as mathematical catastrophes of the Landau potential. The “catastrophic” approach helps us to classify the phase transitions and see how different forms of the Landau potential are applicable to different cases of phase transitions. We also look at the special lines and points of the phase diagram from the point of view of the “catastrophic” changes of the order parameter. We conclude the chapter with the analysis of the external field on the phase transition, using the properties of conjugation between the field and order parameter.
Clinical Applications of Biofeedback: Current Status and Future Prospects

During the past decade there has been a surge of interest in the feasibility of applying new techniques in “biofeedback” to the alleviation of psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. In addition, there has been a proliferation of advertising in the lay press and in some professional journals describing the development of centers devoted to the enhancement of personal growth and creativity through the utilization of biofeedback techniques. The purpose of this chapter is to review the current state of research on the efficacy of biofeedback as a therapeutic tool for psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders and to evaluate the degree to which the use of biofeedback as a growth and creativity facilitator is justified by the research results.
Radio-tail Galaxies

This chapter discusses a model of a class of galaxies with radio tails. It is assumed that the tailed source is analogous to a double-lobed extended source, but distorted into a double tail by the motion of the parent galaxy relative to an intracluster medium. The strength of the turbulence is determined by the relative velocity of the blob and the intracluster medium, that is, the vector sum of the plasmon ejection velocity and the relative velocity of the galaxy and the intracluster medium. The chapter also discusses the physical parameters of radio tail galaxies by presenting the source 3C 129 as a numerical example.
Microglia and the Brain: Complementary Partners in Development and Disease.

An explosion of findings driven by powerful new technologies has expanded our understanding of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). This wave of discoveries has...
Who Owns Autism? Economics, Fetishism, and Stakeholders

This chapter outlines the growth of the value of the autism diagnosis in the U.S. from an economic and comparative perspective. The existing international literature on the economics of autism almost exclusively concerns medical and therapeutic costs, estimates of loss of productivity of caregivers, supported employment, and residential care, rather than the dynamic construction of value. In contrast, this chapter focuses on how the economics of autism are linked to the changing concept of autism. The chapter illustrates how the economics of autism goes beyond dollars and their flows to the analysis of how financial interests help constitute not just costs but forms of knowledge. Topics covered include: the rise of therapeutic specializations, the survival of which requires a steady stream of new autism diagnoses; special education litigation, which disproportionately involves cases of autism; and the role of family wealth in diagnosis. These topics help to demonstrate that the concept of autism, as way of organizing a wide-ranging spectrum of individual skills and challenges, has taken on an unanticipated and often masked economic power. The final section of the chapter theorizes autism as a new sacred object, fetishized in the interests of an emerging “autism industrial complex.”
Abstract TP304: Stroke-Specific Quality of Life as an Independent Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) is important to patients and decision makers. However, little is known about QoL in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) survivors. The purpose of this study is to inv...
The Abridgement Paradox

When axiomatizing a body of truths, one first concentrates on obtaining a set of axioms that entail all and only those truths. The theorist expects that this complete system will have some needless...
Proceedings of the eighteenth international symposium on Software testing and analysis

Welcome to ISSTA 2009: The Eighteenth International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. ISSTA 2009 brings together academics, industrial researchers, and practitioners to exchange ideas, solve problems, and share experiences related to software testing and program analysis. We are delighted to be holding this ISSTA in the city of Chicago, Illinois, USA -- a city renowned for its architecture, its music, its art, and its wide range of ethnic neighborhoods, cultures, and cuisines. We are certain that you'll find many things to occupy your time outside the conference. The ISSTA week includes four workshops: Defects 2009: Defects in Large Software Systems PADTAD 2009: Parallel and Distributed Systems: Testing and Debugging SSEAT 2009: Workshop on State-space Exploration for Automated Testing WODA 2009: Workshop on Dynamic Analysis Defects, PADTAD, and WODA precede the technical program, and SSEAT follows it. The ISSTA technical program consists of two invited talks and twenty-five research paper presentations. Our invited speakers, Thomas W. Reps and Richard A. Kemmerer, speak on issues relevant to analysis and validation of software. The presentations were selected from ninety-three research papers submitted to ISSTA. At least three members of the Program Committee reviewed each paper, and additional reviewers also reviewed some.
Reduction of directivity of the fiber-optic water flow sensor based on laser-heated silicon Fabry-Perot cavity by using a spherical Tin shell

Fiber-optic flow sensor based on a laser-heated silicon Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) exhibits a strong directivity owing to the cylindrical shape of the sensor head. In this work, a new sensor structure has been designed to effectively reduce the directivity. The proposed sensor embeds the laser-heated silicon FPI in a Tin microsphere (diameter ~1mm). Due to the circular shape of the outer metal layer, a more symmetric response to flow from different directions is achieved. In the meantime, the high thermal conductivity and small footprint of the metal sphere helps maintain the good responsivity of the silicon FPI to the flow. Directivity of the newly designed sensor has been tested in water flow. Experimental results suggest that deviation in the directional response is reduced to 4% at a speed of ~1.4 ms-1 , in comparison to the 44% for the original sensor without the metal shell. The directivity can be reduced further by improving the fabrication techniques for the metal sphere.
Project Switch: Lenalidomide and dexamethasone (Len-Dex) as a potential synthetic control arm (SCA) in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (rrMM).

8047Background: Len-Dex is a common comparator arm to test novel therapies in rrMM trials. There is interest in evaluating if the control data from one clinical trial can be borrowed to another cli...
Issues in Implementing Augmented Cognition and Gamification on a Mobile Platform

There are two major trends in computing that will impact augmented cognition. The first is the shift in computing platform from the desktop to mobile computing (e.g., smartphone and tablet) because the user wants to be able to do computing tasks where ever they are. The second trend is the gamification of computer applications to keep the user engaged and motivated. Compared to a workstation, the mobile computing environment is a challenge because of limited computing power, storage capacity, internet connectivity and battery capacity. This paper discusses the issues involved in implementing augmented cognition activities on a mobile platform and the tradeoffs of gamifying augmented cognition activities. These issues are discussed in terms of two example mobile platform applications that implement internal and external sensors.
Concerning Exponential Bases on Multi-Rectangles of \(\boldsymbol {\mathbb {R}^d}\)

We produce exponential bases with explicit frame constants on finite union of disjoint rectangles in \(\mathbb {R}^d\) with rational vertices.
Dynamics of the Excited State in Photosynthetic Bacterial Reaction Centers.

In the initial charge-separation reaction of photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers, a dimer of strongly interacting bacteriochlorophylls (P) transfers an electron to a third bacteriochlorophyll...
Application evaluation of procalcitonin in diagnosis of neonatal infection

Procalcitonin (PCT) has been recognized a marker of infectious diseases for the past few years.The value of PCT is specific elevation in infectious diseases or inflammation caused by bacterial and it has an important role in the identification of bloodstream infections, bacterial and non-bacterial, rational usage of antibiotics and prediction disease prognosis.PCT is a high value diagnostic indicators.However, the PCT do not reflect a clear advantage in the diagnosis of neonatal infection.In this paper, the composition of the PCT, the source in the body of PCT, the metabolism of PCT, laboratory testing methods of PCT and its applications in neonatal infection were reviewed in order to gain a deeper understanding of the value of PCT in the neonatal diagnosis of infectious diseases. Key words: Procalcitonin; Neonate; Infection; Markers
A Review of Contact Lens Dropout.

Purpose Contact lens (CL) dropout is likely a major factor contributing to the near stagnant growth in the CL market. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge related to the frequency of CL dropout and the factors associated with it. Methods PubMed.gov was searched on or before March 22, 2020, with the terms "contact lens" with "dropout" or "cessation" or "disruption" or "discomfort". Pertinent articles were collected. The references from these articles were likewise searched to identify additional relevant articles. Only manuscripts written in English were included. No study design or date exclusions were imposed on this review. Results This literature review found that CL dropout was frequent across developed countries, with a CL dropout frequency that ranged between 12.0% and 27.4% (pooled mean = 21.7%). The top cited reason for CL dropout in established CL wearers was discomfort, while vision was the top reason in neophyte CL wearers. If given the chance, CL dropouts are often able to successfully resume CL wear up to 74% of the time. While the literature is mixed with regard to factors promoting CL dropout, meibomian gland dysfunction appears to promote CL dropout. Conclusion CL dropout is a frequently encountered condition that may be curtailed by early detection, patient education, alterative CL options, or early treatment of underlying ocular surface diseases such as meibomian gland dysfunction.
Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective γ-C(sp3)-H Functionalizations of Free Cyclopropylmethylamines.

Prized for their ability to reliably forge stereocenters with precise regiocontrol from simple and abundant starting materials, substrate-directable enantioselective reactions are widely used in mo...
Using Evidence-Based Library Space Planning for Long-Term Student Success

Recent ethnographic research of physical academic library spaces demonstrates that students often utilise these spaces quite differently than the library’s staff may have originally intended. Stude...
An Educational Intervention Incorporating Digital Storytelling to Implement Family Nursing Practice in Acute Care Settings

This project describes implementation of an educational intervention designed to initiate practice changes that support families and nurses during acute illness. An academic-practice partnership and digital storytelling methodology provided a foundation. A quasi-experimental research design included quantitative and qualitative measurement before and after the educational intervention. Themes identified in digital stories of nurse experiences caring for families provided direction for the educational intervention including the digital stories, empirical evidence, and proposed changes in nursing practice focused on families. Nurse participants (n = 160) in the educational intervention reported positive responses on a qualitative questionnaire. Comparing pretest and posttest results of the Family Nurse Practice Scale reflected positive, though not significant change. Family members (n = 49) reported significantly improved perceptions of support on 7 of the 14 items on the Iceland Perceived Family Support Questionnaire. This project highlighted digital storytelling's power to promote family interventions and move family nursing knowledge into practice.
The Effect of Anion Bridging on Heterogeneous Charge Transfer for V2+/V3+

Summary Vanadium redox flow batteries suffer from inefficiencies partly due to the kinetics of the V2+/V3+ reaction, for which lack of mechanistic understanding hinders electrolyte and electrocatalyst design to improve reaction rates. Here, we provide insights into the V2+/V3+ reaction in HClO4, H2SO4, HCl, HBr, and HI. We identify the V2+ and V3+ structures in these electrolytes using extended X-ray absorption fine structure, UV-vis, and density functional theory; this includes the hydrated structures of V2+ and V3+ in water (i.e., without anion complexation). We show that V2+/V3+ kinetics correlate with the energy of vanadium intermediate bound to carbon through a bridging anion (∗[bridge−V3+]). The anion-induced kinetic enhancement is from a decreased activation energy because of changing ∗[bridge−V3+] energy. The ∗[bridge−V3+] energy increases in the order of anion polarizability (OH−
Developing Use of Force Doctrine: A Legal Case Study of the Coast Guard's Airborne Use of Force

* The author is currently a staff attorney in the Office of Environmental Law, Coast Guard Headquarters. She received a B.S. from Emory University, a J.D. from the University of Florida and an L.L.M. from the University of Miami. She was the legal advisor in the Office of Law Enforcement, Coast Guard Headquarters at the time the initiative described in this article was undertaken. The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author and do not refect the official views of the United States Coast Guard. The author gratefully acknolwdges the assistance of Charles Michel and Wayne Raabe in both grappling with the legal issues associated with use of force initiative and the drafting of this article.
The Power to Declare Peace Unilaterally

In response to the attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the United States Congress passed a joint resolution authorizing President Bush "to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks."' As the "War on Terrorism" moves on with still no end in sight, one wonders: Who has the power to end the War on Terrorism?2 This question is important because the existence of a state of war affects both domestic and international law. Domestically, the existence of a state of war has a major impact on civil liberties. The power of the federal government, and its ability to restrict civil liberties, increases during war.3 This principle has been recognized by the Supreme Court4 and is rooted in the text of the Constitution. The Bill of Rights contains two provisions, the Third and Fifth Amendments, that explicitly reduce the protection of individual rights during "time of war."5 Additionally, the legality of military tribunals, such as those proposed for use during the War on Terrorism, depends on the existence of a state of war.
A Novel Interesterification Process for Fats and Oils Using Acetone-Dried Fungus Immobilized in Biomass Support Particles

Lipase not only hydrolyzes triglycerides but also catalyzes transesterification under micro-aqueous condition. Among lipase reactions the production of cocoa butter substitute by transesterification has recently drawn industrial attention. Since lipases are expensive as compared with amylases and proteases, however, the development of a more economical transesterification process is desirable.
Pentium Pro processor workstation/server PCI Chipset

The 82450GX PCI Chipset provides a high performance memory subsystem and PCI bridge solution for workstation and server Pentium Pro processor based systems. This paper describes the architecture, performance, and feature set of the 82450GX.
A Historical Overview and General Principles of Adult Development

The concept of the life cycle and adult development is nearly as old as recorded history. For instance, Solon (ca. 630–560 B.C.), the ancient Greek philosopher and poet, described six periods of adulthood and assigned developmental tasks to each, such as developing one’s capabilities to the fullest and increasing in virtue. Shortly thereafter, Confucius (551–479 B.c.) described life experience in terms of age-related issues, such as setting one’s heart to learning at 15 years of age, planting one’s feet firmly on the ground at 30, knowing the biddings of heaven at 50, and following the dictates of the heart at 60. This idea of a continuous developmental process and change was eventually expressed in the lifelong Confucian quest for self-realization. Similar notions are embedded in Western thought, in the Talmudic prescription for the successive stages of maturation in the faith, and in the Christian quest for satisfaction and salvation, which addresses all major adult developmental themes.
Machine sharing in cellular manufacturing systems

Abstract In this chapter, we study the effect of machine sharing on performance of traditional cellular manufacturing systems. We present analytical models for evaluating the desirability of sharing machines of the same type among two or more cells. The impact of machine sharing on several performance measures, such as machine utilizations, cell production rates, and part flow times is investigated under varying conditions of system loading, setup time, batch sizes, and demand and processing variability. Conditions under which machine sharing may be of value and the operating requirements necessary for realizing this value are identified. A methodology for trading off costs and benefits of machine sharing and determining optimal sharing levels is also presented. The sensitivity of these results to different scheduling policies is examined.
General Characteristics of Inductive Inference Over Arbitrary Sets of Data Representations

Kevin T. Kelly. General Characteristics of Inductive Inference Over Arbitrary Sets of Data Representations.
A canonical correlation-based feature extraction method for underwater target classification

A new feature extraction method for underwater target detection and classification is developed. This is accomplished by applying a canonical coordinate decomposition to the backscattered signals to maximize the mutual information between the outputs of the channels associated with consecutive aspects/pings. As a consequence of this information maximization the most coherent target features are extracted while reverberation effects are removed. The classification of targets/nontargets can then be made based on the extracted canonical coordinate features. Test results presented in this paper are based on a wideband data set that has been collected at Applied Research Lab (ARL), University of Texas (UT)-Austin. This data set consists of the backscattered signals of four different objects: two mine-like objects and two non-mine-like objects for several aspect angles and both smooth and rough bottom conditions. The extracted canonical coordinate features from every other aspect angle of backscattered signals in smooth bottom condition are used to train a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) classifier. The generalization ability of the trained network is then demonstrated by computing the classification rate statistics on the rest of the smooth data set. The performance of the classifier is investigated against environmental changes by testing the trained network on the rough bottom condition data. The results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for feature extraction in difficult bottom/buried conditions.
Genetically induced abnormal cranial development in human trisomy 18 with holoprosencephaly: comparisons with the normal tempo of osteogenic-neural development.

Craniofacial malformations are common congenital defects caused by failed midline inductive signals. These midline defects are associated with exposure of the fetus to exogenous teratogens and with inborn genetic errors such as those found in Down, Patau, Edwards' and Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndromes. Yet, there are no studies that analyze contributions of synchronous neurocranial and neural development in these disorders. Here we present the first in-depth analysis of malformations of the basicranium of a holoprosencephalic (HPE) trisomy 18 (T18; Edwards' syndrome) fetus with synophthalmic cyclopia and alobar HPE. With a combination of traditional gross dissection and state-of-the-art computed tomography, we demonstrate the deleterious effects of T18 caused by a translocation at 18p11.31. Bony features included a single developmentally unseparated frontal bone, and complete dual absence of the anterior cranial fossa and ethmoid bone. From a superior view with the calvarium plates removed, there was direct visual access to the orbital foramen and hard palate. Both the eyes and the pituitary gland, normally protected by bony structures, were exposed in the cranial cavity and in direct contact with the brain. The middle cranial fossa was shifted anteriorly, and foramina were either missing or displaced to an abnormal location due to the absence or misplacement of its respective cranial nerve (CN). When CN development was conserved in its induction and placement, the respective foramen developed in its normal location albeit with abnormal gross anatomical features, as seen in the facial nerve (CNVII) and the internal acoustic meatus. More anteriorly localized CNs and their foramina were absent or heavily disrupted compared with posterior ones. The severe malformations exhibited in the cranial fossae, orbital region, pituitary gland and sella turcica highlight the crucial involvement of transcription factors such as TGIF, which is located on chromosome 18 and contributes to neural patterning, in the proper development of neural and cranial structures. Our study of a T18 specimen emphasizes the intricate interplay between bone and brain development in midline craniofacial abnormalities in general.
Software change impacts-an evolving perspective

As software engineering practice evolves to respond to demands for distributed applications on heterogeneous platforms, software change is increasingly influenced by middleware and components. Interoperability dependency relationships now point to more relevant impacts of software change and necessarily drive the analysis. Software changes to software systems that incorporate middleware components like Web services expose these systems and the organizations they serve to unforeseen ripple effects that frequently result in failures. Current software change impact analysis models have not adequately addressed this trend. Moreover, as software systems grow in size and complexity, the dependency webs of information extend beyond most software engineers ability to comprehend them. This paper examines preliminary research for extending current software change impact analysis to incorporate interoperability dependency relationships for addressing distributed applications and explores three dimensional (3D) visualization techniques for more effective navigation of software changes.
Visceral Fat Analysis at CT Colonography

Rationale and Objectives Obesity is associated with increased risks for colorectal neoplasia. Few studies have examined quantitative body fat measurements as predictors of colorectal polyps. The objective is to determine whether visceral fat is associated with colorectal polyps at computed tomography (CT) colonography. Materials and Methods Case (n = 25) and control (n = 25) subjects with proven large (>1 cm) colorectal adenomas or normal colons respectively were randomly selected from among an established CT colonography research study cohort. Using supine CT colonography data, the body wall was traced at three levels: top of the right kidney, iliac crest, and superior acetabulum. Total area from the three slices and each slice area were determined within the visceral fat range (–170 to –45 Hounsfield units) and recorded within the selected region. Visceral fat measures were compared between patient groups with and without polyps. Results None of the single slice visceral fat area measures or summed measures predicted case or control status. The most informative visceral fat measure was obtained at the top of the right kidney with a maximum area under the received operator characteristic curve of 0.77 (0.05 SE). For a selected sensitivity of 75%, the maximum specificity for a large (≥1 cm) polyp was 64%. Conclusion In this pilot study, visceral fat measures at CT colonography were not significantly associated with the presence of large colorectal adenomas. However, odd ratios were elevated by a factor of 2. This suggests that a larger study may be justified.
The j-point phenomenon in aggressive therapy of hypertension: new insights.

In the era of aggressive control of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, the mantra of “lower is better” has taken a strong foothold. Although there is clear epidemiologic evidence that lower blood pressure improves specific organ-related outcomes, this rule does not apply to all patients and definitely not all target organs. The concept of J-curve or adverse outcomes at lower blood pressure has been proposed for more than three decades but has recently come under increasing scrutiny. Specifically, a relationship between adverse cardiovascular outcomes and low diastolic blood pressure has been observed in multiple clinical trials. In this article we review the advances in understanding of the J-curve phenomenon and include a discussion on specific populations that might be at higher risk due to the J-curve relationship.
TECHNIQUES FOR ESTABLISHING SCHEDULES WITH WHEEL RUNNING AS REINFORCEMENT IN RATS

In three experiments, access to wheel running was contingent on lever pressing. In each experiment, the duration of access to running was reduced gradually to 4, 5, or 6 s, and the schedule parameters were expanded gradually. The sessions lasted 2 hr. In Experiment 1, a fixed-ratio 20 schedule controlled a typical break-and-run pattern of lever pressing that was maintained throughout the session for 3 rats. In Experiment 2, a fixed-interval schedule of 6 min maintained lever pressing throughout the session for 3 rats, and for 1 rat, the rate of lever pressing was positively accelerated between reinforcements. In Experiment 3, a variable-ratio schedule of 20 or 35 was in effect and maintained lever pressing at a very stable pace throughout the session for 2 of 3 rats; for 1 rat, lever pressing was maintained at an irregular rate. When the session duration was extended to successive 24-hr periods, with food and water accessible in Experiment 3, lever pressing settled into a periodic pattern occurring at a high rate at approximately the same time each day. In each experiment, the rats that developed the highest local rates of running during wheel access also maintained the most stable and highest rates of lever pressing.
Outcomes after Ventricular Assist Device Support in Patients Bridged with Temporary Circulatory Support: Analysis from INTERMACS

Purpose The use of temporary circulatory support (TCS) strategies to bridge high risk patients (pts) to a permanent ventricular assist device (VAD) platform has not been well studied. We sought to describe pts bridged with TCS and hypothesized that despite having an increased risk, the effects of TCS on end-organ function would result in non-inferior outcomes compared to pts in INTERMACS Profile 1-3 who were not supported with TCS. Methods and Materials The study cohort included INTERMACS pts in Profiles 1-3 who were implanted with a continuous flow LVAD (CFLVAD). Kaplan-Meier and hazard multivariable modeling was used to assess survival. Results 3433 CFLVAD implants (3/2009-3/2012) in Profiles 1-3 were selected where 661 were bridged with TCS and the majority (75%) on an IABP. Pts supported with TCS were more likely to have lower albumin, lower hemoglobin, lower platelet counts, abnormal liver function, lower systemic blood pressures (TCS: 100, non-TCS: 103, p figure 1 ] When corrected for the increased disease burden of the pts bridged with TCS, there was no difference in mortality except in profile 3 where TCS was associated with decreased survival (p=0.004). Conclusions Despite the use of TCS, outcomes are not improved in high risk pts undergoing implantation of a current-generation left VAD. Clinical studies are necessary to investigate strategies to bridge cardiogenic shock pts to long-term success with LVADs.
Incidence and prognostic factors of c5 palsy: a clinical study of 1001 cases and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND C5 palsy is a known cause of postoperative deltoid weakness. Prognostic variables affecting the incidence of the palsy have been poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence and perioperative characteristics/predictors of C5 palsy after anterior vs posterior operations. METHODS All patients undergoing C4-5 operations for degenerative conditions were retrospectively reviewed over 21 years. Anterior operations included an anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) or a corpectomy, whereas posterior operations included laminectomy and fusion (± foraminotomies). RESULTS Of the total 1001 operations, in 49.0% anterior and 51.0% posterior cases, there was an overall C5 palsy incidence of 5.2% (52 cases): 1.6% and 8.6%, respectively (P < .001). Of the 99 corpectomies, the palsy incidence of 4.0% was not only higher than ACDFs (1.0%), but also followed an upward trend with increasing corpectomy levels (P = .009). Of the 69 posterior and 83 anterior C4-5 foraminotomies, the incidence of C5 palsy was statistically higher in the posterior (14.5%) vs anterior (2.4%) cohort (P = .01). Multiple logistical regression identified older age as the strongest predictor of C5 palsy in the anterior (P = .02) and C4-5 foraminotomy in the posterior (P = .06) cohort. This condition improved within 3 to 6 months in 75% of patients in the anterior and 88.6% in the posterior cohort after a mean follow-up of 14.4 and 27.6 months, respectively. CONCLUSION In one of the largest cohorts on C5 palsy, we found in anterior operations an increasing number of corpectomy levels had a higher incidence of C5 palsy; however, older age was the strongest predictor of C5 palsy. In posterior operations, C4-5 foraminotomy carried the strongest correlation.
Regulation of Complement Component C3 in Astrocytes by IL-1β and Morphine

Substances of abuse, such as opiates, and astroglial-derived proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, likely contribute to the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes observed in NeuroAIDS in injection drug users. Furthermore, uncontrolled synthesis and activation of complement component C3 in the brain can also lead to inflammation and neurodegeneration. We hypothesized that morphine may alter regulation of the C3 gene by IL-1beta in astrocytes. Our studies demonstrate that IL-1beta induces C3 promoter activity in a CAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-dependent manner. Inhibition of IL-1beta mediated C3 promoter activation by the dominant negative mutant of p38-alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase suggests that IL-1beta induces C3 expression through the activation of C/EBP. Morphine (0.01 microM) in combination with IL-1beta further induced C3 promoter activity. Similarly, the C/EBP-beta isoform liver activating protein and C/EBP-delta-induced C3 promoter activity were upregulated by morphine and IL-1beta. Taken together, this study illustrates that morphine modulates IL-1beta-mediated C3 expression in astrocytic cells.
Rhetorical criticism of political myth: From Goldwater legend to Reagan mystique

This essay identifies the American Western myth and the myth of the birth of the nation as political myths depicted by Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan in their 1964 and 1980 presidential campaigns respectively. While Goldwater and Reagan rely on the Western myth through 1964 to “define” America and promote political beliefs, Reagan joins the Western myth with the myth of the birth of the nation after Goldwater's resounding defeat to provide a rhetorical ground for moderating his political views and broadening his audience. In the essay, a model of political myth based on form and function is described and then applied to three addresses, one by Goldwater and two by Reagan. Analysis of the speeches reveals a symbiotic relationship between the Western myth and the birth myth that joins individuality with community in a heroic tale of America's growth as a nation. It also shows that Reagan's rhetoric expresses this symbiosis while Goldwater's does not.
Fragmentation of lipopolysaccharide anchors in plasma desorption mass spectrometry

Abstract Plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PD-MS) was employed for the structural analysis of lipid A's derived from the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Escherichia coli D31m4, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides 3TCC 17023, and Rhodopseudomonas capsulata ATCC 23782. The deep rough chemotype LPS (ReLPS) of E. coli D31m4, a lipid A containing two 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO) units, was also analyzed. Several forms were examined, including the mono- and di-phosphoryl lipid A's, and lipid A's methylated at the phosphate group. Positive ion PD-MS gave molecular ions, ions corresponding to the loss of ester-linked fatty acyl and glycosidic phosphate groups, oxonium ions formed by the cleavage of the distal sugar, and ions resulting from the two-bond cleavage of the reducing-end sugar. Negative ion PD-MS gave molecular ions and fragmentation products of the phosphate group and fatty acyl anions in the low mass region. The presence of the KDO group on the lipid A structure had little effect on the fragmentation pattern of the rest of the molecule of ReLPS. PD-MS of lipid A has allowed us to determine the molecular weight, the distribution of the fatty acyl groups in both the distal and reducing-end sugars, the nature of the O-linked fatty acyl groups, and the presence of a glycosidic-linked phosphate. In combination with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, PD-MS allows one to determine the complete structure of lipid A.
Phenotypic mixing between group A arboviruses.

WHEN two different viruses infect the same cell some of the progeny may exhibit phenotypic mixing: that is, the genome of one parent may be enclosed in a coat determined, at least in part, by the genome of the other parent. Thus the phenotype may not correspond to the genotype. This anomaly disappears after one cycle of growth if further mixed infections are avoided. Phenotypic mixing was first detected in bacteriophage1 and has subsequently been observed in polio viruses2 and myxoviruses3. We shall describe a double mutant of Sindbis virus (a group A arbovirus) that can be used in a simple test for phenotypic mixing with other wild-type arboviruses. Such a test for phenotypic mixing may be useful in confirming or suggesting relationships among these viruses. The methods used for the growth and titration of arboviruses in primary chick embryo cultures have been described4.
The complex cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation: Hopf bifurcations yielding traveling waves

In this paper we use a traveling wave reduction or a so-called spatial approximation to comprehensively investigate the periodic solutions of the complex cubic-quintic Ginzburg-Landau equation. The primary tools used here are Hopf bifurcation theory and perturbation theory. Explicit results are obtained for the post-bifurcation periodic orbits and their stability. Generalized and degenerate Hopf bifurcations are also briefly considered to track the emergence of global structure such as homoclinic orbits.
Surface sampling techniques for 3D object inspection

While the uniform sampling method is quite popular for pointwise measurement of manufactured parts, this paper proposes three novel sampling strategies which emphasize 3D non-uniform inspection capability. They are: (a) the adaptive sampling, (b) the local adjustment sampling, and (c) the finite element centroid sampling techniques. The adaptive sampling strategy is based on a recursive surface subdivision process. Two different approaches are described for this adaptive sampling strategy. One uses triangle patches while the other uses rectangle patches. Several real world objects were tested using these two algorithms. Preliminary results show that sample points are distributed more closely around edges, corners, and vertices as desired for many classes of objects. Adaptive sampling using triangle patches is shown to generally perform better than both uniform and adaptive sampling using rectangle patches. The local adjustment sampling strategy uses a set of predefined starting points and then finds the local optimum position of each nodal point. This method approximates the object by moving the points toward object edges and corners. In a hybrid approach, uniform points sets and non-uniform points sets, first preprocessed by the adaptive sampling algorithm on a real world object were then tested using the local adjustment sampling method. The results show that the initial point sets when preprocessed by adaptive sampling using triangle patches, are moved the least amount of distance by the subsequently applied local adjustment method, again showing the superiority of this method. The finite element sampling technique samples the centroids of the surface triangle meshes produced from the finite element method. The performance of this algorithm was compared to that of the adaptive sampling using triangular patches. The adaptive sampling with triangular patches was once again shown to be better on different classes of objects.
Enumerating pseudo-triangulations in the plane

A pseudo-triangle is a simple polygon with exactly three convex vertices. A pseudo-triangulation of a finite point set S in the plane is a partition of the convex hull of S into interior disjoint pseudo-triangles whose vertices are points of S. A pointed pseudo-triangulation is one which has the least number of pseudo-triangles. We study the graph G whose vertices represent the pointed pseudo-triangulations and whose edges represent flips. We present an algorithm for enumerating pointed pseudo-triangulations in O(log n) time per pseudo-triangulation.
Knowledge-guided parsing in video databases

Visual information systems require a new insertion process. Prior to storage within the database, the system must first identify the desired objects (shots and episodes), and then calculate a descriptive representation of these objects. This paper discusses the steps in the insertion process, and some of the tools we have developed to semi-automatically segment the data into domain objects which are meaningful to the user. Image processing routines are necessary to derive features of the video frames. Models are required to represent the desired domain, and similarity measures must compare the models to the derived features.
Determination of bioactive eicosanoids in brain tissue by a sensitive reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection

Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized to prostaglandins (PGs) via cyclooxygenases (COX) catalysis, and to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DiHETrEs), and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. A reliable and robust fluorescence based HPLC method for these eicosanoids was developed. A new selective reverse-phase solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for PG, DiHETrEs, HETE, and EETs of interest from rat cortical brain tissue. The eicosanoids were derivatized with 2-(2,3-naphthalimino)ethyl-trifluoromethanesulphonate (NE-OTf), followed by separation and quantification at high sensitivity using reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescent detection, and further identified via LC/MS. The derivatization was studied and optimized to obtain reproducible reactions. Various PGs, DiHETrEs, HETEs, EETs, and AA were sensitively detected and baseline resolved simultaneously. LC/MS under positive electrospray ionization selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was developed to further identify the peaks of these eicosanoids in cortical brain tissue. The method was applied in the traumatic brain injured rat brain.
The Function of Parents and Their Children With Cerebral Palsy

Objective To determine associations between the function of parents and that of their children with cerebral palsy (CP) and the influence of the levels of the child's impairment, parenting stress, parent self-efficacy, and family functioning. Design Descriptive correlational cross-sectional survey. Setting Academic tertiary care children's hospital and pediatric specialty orthopedic hospital in the intermountain West. Participants A total of 51 parents or guardians who provide the majority of daily care in their homes for their children with CP between the ages of 5 and 18 years. Methods Survey of a convenience sample of parents of children with CP. Main Outcome Measurements (1) Short-form 36 Health Survey v2.0 to measure parent mental and physical health; (2) Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory v4.0 to measure the physical, social, school, emotional and psychosocial function, and total quality of life of their children with CP; (3) Gross Motor Function Classification System to assess severity of the child's CP; (4) Parenting Stress Index; (5) Family Environment Scale, relationship dimension; and (6) Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Index. Results Positive correlations were found between parent physical health and the physical function of their children with CP (r = 0.32) and between parent mental health and the emotional function (r = 0.46), psychosocial function (r = 0.40), and total health-related quality of life (r = 0.38) of their children. When adjusting for severity of CP, we found that parenting stress and parenting self-efficacy attenuated these relationships to varying degrees. Conclusions A clear positive correlation was found between the function of parents and the function of their children with CP. Although a cross-sectional study does not demonstrate the direction of the relationship, it seems reasonable to conclude that clinicians who are attempting to directly maximize child function should also consider the potential value of interventions that support and improve parent function, particularly mental health.