cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Various Postpartum Depression Treatments and the Impact of Antidepressant Drugs on Nursing Infants

Background: Postpartum depression is seen in approximately 13% of women who have recently given birth; unfortunately, it often remains untreated. Important causes for undertreatment of this disorder are providers’ and patients’ lack of information about the effectiveness of various treatments, and their concerns about the impact of treatment on nursing infants. This article presents research-based evidence on the benefits of various treatments for postpartum depression and their potential risks to nursing infants. Methods: The medical literature on postpartum depression treatment was reviewed by searching MEDLINE and Current Contents using such key terms as “postpartum depression,” “treatment,” “therapy,” “psychotherapy,” and “breastfeeding.” Results and Conclusions: There is evidence that postpartum depression improves with antidepressant drug therapy, estrogen, individual psychotherapy, nurse home visits, and possibly group therapy. Of the more frequently studied antidepressant drugs in breastfeeding women, paroxetine, sertraline, and nortriptyline have not been found to have adverse effects on infants. Fluoxetine, however, should be avoided in breastfeeding women. By administering effective treatment to women with postpartum depression, we can positively impact the lives of mothers, their infants, and other family members.
Trade and search generated unemployment

We argue that trade economists should begin to seriously consider environments in which unemployment is carefully modeled. We introduce such a model, derive several results, and compare them to results derived in full employment models. We argue that some traditional results are probably too narrow (the determinants of comparative advantage) and that some results do not generalize to models with unemployment (the link between trade and income distribution for employed factors). We also show that in some important cases results do generalize (there is an extended Stolper-Samuelson Theorem that links trade to the distribution of income for searching factors) and that our model allows us to address issues that traditional models cannot handle (the impact of trade on unemployment and the welfare of the unemployed). © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
How Native Is a "Native" Anthropologist?

L'A. s'eleve contre la distinction faite entre les anthropologues « indigenes » (interne a la societe) et « non indigenes » (externe a la societe). Si a l'epoque du colonialisme, les etudes faites par, ou a l'aide, des autochtones etaient davantage estimees car refletant une soit-disant meilleure realite, une approche hybride, ou narration et analyse rigoureuse sont melees, aurait tout autant de valeur.
Global synthesis of Searchlight reports using knowledge discovery and visualization

– The purpose of this paper is to synthesize trends, issues, and policies related to development using a database of Searchlight reports. The paper seeks to utilize three techniques – conceptual tree visualizations to uncover patterns impacting regional development; network analysis to compare and contrast urbanization in South Asia and Southern Africa; and sentiment analysis to assess various sectors of development that elicit positive and negative reactions., – The paper presents a synthesis based on a unique database that was developed using a novel scoring scheme to quantify the development concepts presented in 312 Searchlight articles in a period between September 2009 and December 2010., – Primary and secondary concepts define an ontology that can be visualized to provide an overall synthesis of a subset of the Searchlight database. Social issues were significant in Asia, climate change narrative in Africa, and governance in Latin America. In terms of sentiments, negative sentiments tended to overshadow optimism. However, technology and knowledge was seen as a panacea along with social entrepreneurship in some regions of Asia. There is also a realization that newer issues related to climate change, resource and energy depletion, food insecurity and the current financial crisis will exacerbate present difficult conditions., – The paper suggests that qualitative data presented in various articles could be synthesized and visualized using data mining techniques. This methodology provides a comprehensive way to capture knowledge and insights provided by development experts to coherently share and discuss the multitude of common global challenges of the twenty‐first century., – The visualizations and data mining techniques are developed for this study context. The approach can add value by tracking and monitoring current and emerging trends relevant to the Foundation's strategic framework, operational initiatives, and areas of work. Parts of this paper have been presented in a previous publication (see www.bu.edu/pardee/publications‐library/connecting‐the‐dots/).
Use of Lecture Recordings in Medical Education

Medical schools provide many educational resources in their basic science curriculum, including slide-based lectures, handouts, study guides, reviews, textbooks, primary literature, and web-based links. We recently instituted a web-based lecture recording system, which synchronizes lecture audio with visual components, as opposed to previous audio-only recordings. This study sought to determine how this recording system was being used by students, whether its availability impacted class attendance, and whether this resource had a positive effect on student performance. First- and second-year medical students were surveyed regarding class attendance and their use of lecture recordings. In addition, students indicated their impression of how lecture recordings influenced exam performance for several of their basic science courses. Student perception was compared with actual exam results. Of 206 students who completed the survey, 80.1% (N = 165) utilized the lecture recording system. Of 91 second-year students using the resource, only 14.4% (N = 13) mentioned a decline in lecture attendance. Despite how it was used, first- and second-year medical students overwhelmingly responded in favor of these audiovisual-synchronized recordings. 90.3% of responding medical students using recordings felt this resource improved exam performance. While student perception was positive, our multidisciplinary data suggest otherwise. With the exception of the second-year Pharmacology course, lecture recordings did not have an impact, either in a positive or negative direction on exam performance across seven first- and second-year basic science courses. Lecture recordings can be viewed as another useful tool, in addition to traditional lectures, that allows for flexibility in study habits and self-directed learning.
Piston-motion micromirror based on electrowetting of liquid metals

This paper reports a new actuating method of a micromirror with piston motion by the electrowetting effect. Liquid metals drops (LMD), gallium and mercury, instead of conventional electrolyte solution, are used in the electrowetting experiments to reduce the vapor pressure and to increase the conductivity. An approximate formula of LMD height changes versus actuated voltage is deduced and the electrowetting setup is improved for actuating the mirror. The actuating performance of the LMD as a pivot is investigated. The hysteresis of contact angle is effectively minimized with argon sputtering the surface of the insulating layer, which makes the deformation of the LMD highly repeatable. The frequency response (0.01 Hz-3 kHz) and 6 vibration modes of the mercury drop are observed. The maximum acceleration of the drop during the actuation is 300 g (g=9/spl middot/8 m/s/sup 2/). We fabricated a 1000 /spl mu/m/spl times/1000 /spl mu/m/spl times/20 /spl mu/m, 50 /spl mu/g micromirror and an actuating circuit based on the electrowetting of liquid metal. With the LMD confine spot, a mercury drop of 500 /spl mu/m in diameter is placed between the mirror and the actuating electrodes. A 440-Hz sinusoidal voltage of 75 V actuates the micromirror, with a maximum of 60 /spl mu/m displacement.
East–West differences among medical tourism facilitators’ websites

Abstract As more and more patients from developed Western countries seek medical care outside their home countries, an industry of medical tourism facilitators has developed to help them find appropriate destination hospitals and clinics and to help manage their travel. This study looks at the ways in which these firms differentiate themselves from each other on their web sites. It finds that there are differences associated with whether the firm is based in a Western or an Eastern country. Such differences are due to cultural factors, such as the preference for high-context or low-context communication, and to differences in cost advantages in providing certain services. The study also finds that the types of medical treatments facilitated by these firms tend to be grouped into clusters.
Miles to go before we sleep: education, technology, and the changing paradigms in health information

Article discussing a philosophy of educating health information professionals in a rapidly changing health care and information environment.
Application of Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks to Unsteady Flow Control Optimization

Evolutionary algorithms have been successfully used as a design optimization tool in several engineering optimization problems. Here, a genetic algorithm is linked with a computational fluid dynamics code in a GA-CFD system to optimize the configuration of a dual synthetic jet arrangement. The test problem is a two-dimensional NACA 0012 at a high angle of attack. The optimal configuration significantly reduces the separation region over the airfoil, yielding higher lift and lower drag. The data generated from this evolution are also used to test a possible neural network replacement for CFD computations which if successful could significantly accelerate the GA-CFD process for these types of optimizations.
Selective Inhibition of Acetylcholine-Evoked Responses of α7 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors by Novel tris- and tetrakis-Azaaromatic Quaternary Ammonium Antagonists

A family of 20 tris-azaaromatic quaternary ammonium (AQA) compounds were tested for their inhibition of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The potency of inhibitory activity was related to the hydrophobic character of the tris head groups. Two tris-AQA compounds were studied in detail: the highly effective inhibitor 1,3,5-tri-[5-(1-quinolinum)-pent-1-yn-1-yl]-benzene tribromide (tPyQB) and the less potent antagonist 1,3,5,-tri-{5-[1-(2-picolinium)]-pent-1-yn-1-yl}benzene tribromide (tPy2PiB). In addition, we evaluated 1,2,4,5-tetra-{5-[1-(3-benzyl)pyridinium]pent-1-yl}benzene tetrabromide (tkP3BzPB), a tetrakis-AQA with very hydrophobic headgroups. We compared the activity of the AQA compounds to the frequently used α7-antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA). Both tPyQB and tkP3BzPB were selective antagonists of α7. However, although inhibition by tPyQB was reversible within 5 min, the recovery time constant for tkP3BzPB inhibition was 26.6 ± 0.8 min, so that the equilibrium inhibition in the prolonged presence of nanomolar concentrations of tkP3BzPB was nearly 100%. The potency, selectivity, and slow reversibility of tkP3BzPB were comparable with or greater than that of MLA. The inhibitory actions of tPyQB, tPy2PiB, and tkP3BzPB were evaluated on the acetylcholine (ACh)-evoked responses of native nAChRs in rat brain slices. The α7-mediated responses of hippocampal interneurons were effectively reduced by 1 μM tPyQB and tkP3BzPB but not tPy2PiB. In rat medial septum, tkP3BzPB produced a greater inhibition of ACh-evoked responses of cells with fast inward currents (type I) than of cells with predominantly slow kinetics (type II), suggesting that tkP3BzPB can block α7 yet preserve the responsiveness of non-α7 receptors. These agents might be helpful in elucidating complex receptor responses in brain regions with mixed populations of nAChRs.
Diffusional Mobility of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Mutant, ΔF508-CFTR, in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Measured by Photobleaching of GFP-CFTR Chimeras

Mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR) cause cystic fibrosis. The most common disease-causing mutation, F508, is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is unable to function as a plasma membrane chloride channel. To investigate whether the ER retention of F508CFTR is caused by immobilization and/or aggregation, we have measured the diffusional mobility of green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimeras of wild type (wt)-CFTR and F508-CFTR by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. GFP-labeled F508-CFTR was localized in the ER and wt-CFTR in the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes in transfected COS7 and Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells. Both chimeras localized to the ER after brefeldin A treatment. Spot photobleaching showed that CFTR diffusion (diffusion coefficient 10 9 cm 2 /s) was not significantly slowed by the F508 mutation and that nearly all wt-CFTR and F508-CFTR diffused throughout the ER without restriction. Stabilization of molecular chaperone interactions by ATP depletion produced remarkable F508-CFTR immobilization (50%) and slowed diffusion (6.5 10 10 cm 2 /s) but had little effect on wt-CFTR. Fluorescence depletion experiments revealed that the immobilized F508-CFTR in ATP-depleted cells remained in an ER pattern. The mobility of wt-CFTR and F508-CFTR was reduced by maneuvers that alter CFTR processing or interactions with molecular chaperones, including tunicamycin, geldanamycin, and lactacystin. Photobleaching of the fluorescent ER lipid diOC4(3) showed that neither ER restructuring nor fragmentation during these maneuvers was responsible for the slowing and immobilization of CFTR. These results suggest that (a) the ER retention of F508-CFTR is not due to restricted ER mobility, (b) the majority of F508-CFTR is not aggregated or bound
An Educational Animation of the Propagation of Earthquake-Generated Seismic Shear Waves across the Mantle

Computer-generated animations form a powerful tool for geophysical education. The realistic animations, computed from more than 100,000 normal mode synthetic seismograms, show the manner in which seismic shear waves propagate across the mantle from hypothetical earthquakes. The visualizations provide an understanding of seismic wave propagation that cannot be gained from more traditional ray-tracing techniques.
Flip Distance Is in FPT Time O(n+ k * c^k)

Let T be a triangulation of a set P of n points in the plane, and let e be an edge shared by two triangles in T such that the quadrilateral Q formed by these two triangles is convex. A flip of e is the operation of replacing e by the other diagonal of Q to obtain a new triangulation of P from T. The flip distance between two triangulations of P is the minimum number of flips needed to transform one triangulation into the other. The Flip Distance problem asks if the flip distance between two given triangulations of P is k, for some given k \in \mathbb{N}. It is a fundamental and a challenging problem. In this paper we present an algorithm for the Flip Distance problem that runs in time O(n + k \cdot c^{k}), for a constant c \leq 2 \cdot 14^11, which implies that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable. The NP-hardness reduction for the Flip Distance problem given by Lubiw and Pathak can be used to show that, unless the exponential-time hypothesis (ETH) fails, the Flip Distance problem cannot be solved in time O^*(2^o(k)). Therefore, one cannot expect an asymptotic improvement in the exponent of the running time of our algorithm.
Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with resistant cytomegalovirus infection after face transplantation.

A 39-year-old male, who received a facial allograft (cytomegalovirus [CMV] donor-seropositive, recipient-seronegative), developed multidrug-resistant CMV infection despite valganciclovir prophylaxis (900 mg/day) 6 months post transplantation. Lower extremity weakness with upper and lower extremity paresthesias developed progressively 11 months post transplantation, coinciding with immune control of CMV. An axonal form of Guillain-Barre syndrome was diagnosed, based on electrophysiological evidence of a generalized, non-length-dependent, sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin led to complete recovery without recurrence after 6 months.
Central Dogma Goes Digital

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Tay and colleagues (Albayrak et al., 2016) describe a new technique to digitally quantify the numbers of protein and mRNA in the same mammalian cell, providing a new way to look at the central dogma of molecular biology.
The new frontiers in computational modeling of material structures

We are witnessing the emergence of a new paradigm in the modeling of material structures. It stems from the digitization of manufacturing and is fueled by advances in additive manufacturing and material science. This paper strives to provide a critical examination of this new paradigm in a historical and technological context and to show that it requires non-trivial extensions and generalizations of the classical theoretical foundation and algorithmic solutions originally developed for solid modeling. Specifically, it requires new models and data-intensive representations for materials, physical behavior, and manufacturing processes across multiple scales. In particular, we argue that most computational tasks that support traditional and emerging manufacturing may be formulated systematically and addressed in terms of relations (conversions, synthesis, change propagation updates, verification, and other harmonization activities) among four views (manifestations) of an engineered artifact: Functional, which captures the design constraints and tolerances on shape, properties, and behavior; Designed, which represents a toleranced design that satisfies these constraints; Planned, which defines a manufacturing process plan; Simulated, which models the expected outcome of the process plan; and a Real sample set of physical artifacts produced by executing the process plan on a particular manufacturing technology. Based on this formulation, we outline important directions for a research agenda aimed at enabling, driving, and amplifying further advances in digital design and manufacturing. Display Omitted
Abstract IA45: Obesity and the microenvironment in basal-like breast cancer

Obesity is associated with an aggressive subtype of breast cancer called basal-like breast cancer (BBC). BBC is a triple-negative subtype characterized by the lack of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and type-2 human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) and as such, BBCs are a breast cancer subtype without a targeted therapy. BBC disproportionately affects young ( Citation Format: Sneha Sundaram, David B. Darr, Kirk K. McNaughton, Joseph A. Galanko, Melissa A. Troester, Liza Makowski. Obesity and the microenvironment in basal-like breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA45.
Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Nodules in Pulmonary Infection

Feature of multiple nodules in pulmonary is a popular manifestation of infectious diseases, and can be caused by many pathogens, including tuberculosis, fungus and various bacteria. The authors describe the radiological manifestations and review the imaging features of these diseases.
Update on in vitro fertilization.

I. Introduction THE TECHNIQUE for in vitro fertilization was originally devised by Edwards and Steptoe (1) for the relief of otherwise uncorrectable tubal infertility. Oocytes are retrieved surgically from the Graafian follicles and fertilized in the laboratory with the husband's sperm. The conceptus is cultured for 40 h, at which time it is transferred into the uterus at the four-cell stage. A program for in vitro fertilization, therefore, involves the marriage of three major disciplines: reproductive surgery, embryology, and endocrinology; with surgery for the retrieval and transfer of the oocyte and conceptus; embryology for the oocyte culture and fertilization; and endocrinology for stimulation of multiple follicle development. The importance of surgical skills is self-evident, as laparoscopic oocyte retrieval may be difficult in patients who have had multiple operative procedures. Because the procedures are done under anesthesia, hospital facilities, at least on an outpatient basis, are a requirement.
Industrialisierung von Bankprozessen

Seit einigen Jahren ist eine tiefgreifende Veranderung in der Ausgestaltung der Wertschopfungskette des Retailgeschaftes der in der Bundesrepublik tatigen Banken zu beobachten. Auslandische Marktteilnehmer haben hierbei die Rolle von Katalysatoren ubernommen, indem sie die fortschreitende Deregulierung und Harmonisierung der aufsichtsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen des Bankgeschaftes in Europa dazu nutzen, Segmente des Retailbanking attraktiv auszugestalten. Erfolgreich mit diesem Konzept sind die ING Diba im online-gestutzten generellen Retailbanking, die Royal Bank of Scotland mit standardisierten Ratenkrediten. Beispielhaft ist hier die Citibank hervorzuheben, die neben ihrer Vertriebskompetenz im Retailbanking sich konsequent auf die Industrialisierung des Retailprocessings fokussiert hat (Blatter, Strukturumbruch in der Finanzdienstleistungsindustrie, 2008). Als einziges deutsches Institut agiert die norisbank in ahnlicher Weise. Die Erfolge dieser Marktbegleiter fuhren zu einer insgesamt steigenden Intensitat des Wettbewerbs mit hoherem Kostendruck und sinkenden Margen bei den deutschen Banken, Sparkassen und Genossenschaftsbanken. Erschwerend tritt fur die deutschen Banken hinzu, dass sie im europaischen Vergleich bereits einen niedrigen Return on Equity und eine lediglich mittlere Cost-Income-Ratio von 61 % ausweisen (UniCredit Group, Bank Finance Monit, 2000(2):15−18, 2006).
Counting Arrangements of 1's and -1's

(1996). Counting Arrangements of 1's and -1's. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 128-131.
Envisioning and Implementing a Whole-School Youth Development Approach

Middle schools have the opportunity to positively impact the full development of young adolescents. Yet, initiatives that promote schools’ rigorous attention to specific academic outcomes can make it difficult to attend to other important and interconnected domains of adolescent development. How might middle schools intentionally situate academics within the broader frame of youth development? Youth in the Middle (YiM), a partnership between John W. Gardner Center for Youth and Their Communities (JGC) at Stanford University and Kennedy Middle School in Redwood City, California, has pursued four areas of work that are central to developing a whole-school youth development approach. This article describes these work areas and offers preliminary evidence of progress.
The stability of secondary structure in aqueous solution

Conformational thermodynamics determine the ability of peptides to adopt specific secondary structural motifs. In aqueous solution, the preference for a particular motif is strongly influenced by the solvent. We will describe results from our ongoing systematic study of the factors which influence stability of peptide conformations in aqueous solution. Through the use of peptide models containing the simplest amino acids, e.g., ala, gly, pro and val, we have focussed on the "intrinsic" features of stability as determined solely by peptide backbone conformational preferences, peptide backbone hydrogen bonding and solvent-peptide interactions.In this lecture results for the stability of the hydrogen bond, reverse turns, alpha helices and beta sheets will be presented. Contributions to the stability from solvent induced forces, peptide conformational energetics and entropic factors will be separated to provide a physical picture of the resulting thermodynamics.
Depression Development: The Interwar Origins of a Global US Modernization Agenda

Modernization was a crucial mechanism for the United States to contend with the problems posted by both the Cold War and decolonization in the mid-twentieth century. While part of the longer history of development in global history, modernization ideas evolved in response to the Depression and the international instability it brought to the 1930s. In response to threatening ideologies and global fragmentation, Americans articulated a global vision for modernization that would be transferred across global war into the global Cold War.
Postoperative narcotic use is associated with development of clinically relevant pancreatic fistulas after distal pancreatectomy.

Abstract Background Various strategies to decrease postoperative pancreatic fistula after a distal pancreatectomy have proved unsuccessful. Because narcotics can cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi and thereby increase pressure within the pancreatic duct stump, we hypothesized that increased narcotic use would be associated with increased occurrence of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy. Methods Retrospective analysis of consecutive distal pancreatectomies (2011–2016) was performed. Postoperative narcotic use was calculated in morphine equivalents. Postoperative pancreatic fistula was graded according to the International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery. Perioperative variables were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression with clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula as the dependent outcome. Results In the study, 310 distal pancreatectomies were analyzed (61% robotic, 20% open, 19% laparoscopic). Average age was 62 (53% female), and median total dose of morphine equivalents was 424 mg (interquartile range 242–768). Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred in 21.6%. Clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula and not clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula cohorts were similar in most demographics and operative variables, but clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula patients had fewer stapled transections (80 vs 90%, P = .025), less pancreatic cancers (11 vs 35%, P 424 (cohort median). On multivariate analysis, only pancreatic cancer pathology was protective against a clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (odds ratio 0.24, confidence interval, 0.10–0.50, P = .001), while increasing total morphine equivalents were predictive of a clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula (odds ratio 1.13, confidence interval, 1.01–1.27, P = .035) with a 13% increased risk for every approximate ≈100 mg increase in total morphine equivalents. Conclusion In this retrospective analysis, postoperative narcotic use was associated with the development of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy. Limiting narcotic use may be one of the few available mitigating strategies against the development of a clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy.
Improving a 3D-printed artificial anthropomorphic hand using the human hand model

This paper presents a modified 3D-printed artificial hand and control methods for trajectory smoothing. The InMoov hand was enhanced by adding medial rotation to the thumb — allowing it to be opposable. Open loop control, was implemented on the hand to allow fast and smooth trajectory displacement. Cameras and proximity sensors were introduced to the InMoov model to enable the InMoov hand to identify objects of interest for future works. The open loop control was tested to verily the trajectory smoothing and the reduction of the overshoot.
Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus infection to various alpha, beta and gamma chemokines.

Examination of a large panel of chemokines indicates that in addition to RANTES, MIP-1a and MIP1b, the b-chemokine MCP-2 and, to a lesser extent, the c-chemokine lymphotactin also show antihuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity in cell culture. The amount of chemokine needed to suppress HIV replication by Z 50% was generally greater (Z 250 ng/ml) than that required for inhibition of virus infection by RANTES, MIP-1a and MIP-1b. The b-chemokine MCP-3 was found to enhance the replication of both non-syncytiuminducing (NSI) and syncytium-inducing (SI) viruses at high concentrations (0‐5‐5 lg/ml). In contrast to a previous report, macrophage-derived chemokine was not found to inhibit HIV replication of either NSI or SI viruses, but at low concentrations enhanced NSI virus replication. When small amounts of RANTES or MCP-2 were added together with high concentrations of non-inhibitory chemokines, the anti-HIV effects were countered. Information on chemokines that affect HIV infection could be useful for future therapeutic strategies. The b-chemokines RANTES, MIP-1a and MIP-1b have been shown to inhibit the infection of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) isolates of HIV (Cocchi et al., 1995). This finding, along with the identification of the receptor for stromal-derived factor-1 as an HIV-1 coreceptor (Feng et al., 1996), led to observations that several chemokine receptors can act as coreceptors for HIV infection (reviewed by Berger, 1997). Recently, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) (Pal et al., 1997) and monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) (Gong et al., 1998) have been identified as other b-chemokines that can block HIV infection. These chemokines can exert their antiHIV activity either by interfering with the binding of the virus
Membrane-Associated C-Type Cytochromes of Rhodobacter Capsulatus Involved in Photosynthesis and Respiration

Purple nonsulfur facultative phototrophs, e.g. Rhodobacterspecies (Rhodobacter capsulatusand Rhodobacter sphaeroides) provide excellent model systems for studying the structure, function, regulation and biogenesis of cytochrome (cyt) complexes involved in photosynthesis (Ps) and respiration (Res). In these species Ps electron transport pathway is cyclic. It involves the photochemical reaction center (RC) and the ubihydroquinone: cyt coxidoreductase (also called the cyt bc 1 complex) connected to each other by c-type cyts and the ubihydroquinone (UQ) pool (Figure 1). On the other hand, the Res pathways are often branched at the UQ pool and contain several terminal oxidases thought to work at different oxygen tensions. R. capsulatushas a quinol oxidase (Qox) and a cyt coxidase (Cox) of cbb 3 -typewhile R. sphaeroidesalso has an additional cyt coxidase of aa 3-ty?e (Figure 1). These electron transport components are involved in production of energy which is essential for cell survival. They are responsible for translocation of protons across the cellular membrane to produce a proton gradient which is then used for ATP synthesis. Because of their crucial importance for life they are often multiplicated with overlapping roles, so that the absence of any one of them, although restrictive under some growth modes, is rarely lethal for the organism. Most of the energy transduction complexes contain c-type cyts which are attached to the cytoplasmic membrane with their co-valently bound heme groups facing the periplasm.
Maximizing the benefits of parallel search using machine learning

Many of the artificial intelligence techniques developed to date rely on heuristic search through large spaces. Unfortunately, the size of these spaces and corresponding computational effort reduce the applicability of otherwise novel and effective algorithms. A number of parallel and distributed approaches to search have considerably improved the performance of certain aspects of the search process. In this paper we describe the EUREKA system, which combines the benefits of many different approaches to parallel heuristic search. EUREKA uses a machine learning system to decide upon the optimal parallel search strategy for a given problem space. When a new search task is input to the system, EUREKA gathers information about the search space and automatically selects the appropriate search strategy. EUREKA includes diverse approaches to task distribution, load balancing, and tree ordering, and has been tested on a MIMD parallel processor, a distributed network of workstations, and a single workstation using multithreading. Results in the fifteen puzzle domain, robot arm path planning domain, and an artificial domain indicate that EUREKA outperforms any existing strategy used exclusively for all problem instances.
ACUTE AND CHRONIC EFFECTS OF GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE ON REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF RAMS DURING THE NONBREEDING SEASON

SUMMARY Acute and chronic effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on reproductive characteristics of 32 rams have been assessed during the nonbreeding season. Rams injected intramuscularly with 50 /ag of GnRH had elevated (P<.01)concentra tions of serum testosterone and noticeably higher (60%) mating activities when compared to control animals injected with saline. Daily injections of GnRH resulted not only in higher testosterone concentrations and mating activity, but also in increased testes size (P<.05). The apparent change in testicular function may account for the improvement in semen quality which was observed in these animals. Although benefits were only slight for percentages of live sperm, normal sperm and sperm with normal acrosomes, sperm motility was markedly increased (P<.05). These data suggest that reproductive performance in rams is related to testicular androgen secretion and that a spring decline in those characteristics normally associated with high fertility in the male can be lessened by chronic
Poetry Therapy and Infertility Counseling

Various authors have recognized the significance of grief among clients who are infertile. Poetry therapy offers unique opportunities for clients to crystallize and communicate their thoughts and feelings about this painful issue. Examples of poetry used to illustrate the various stages of grieving reflect the author's personal experience of infertility.
Innovations and Industrial Marketing Strategy

The need to innovate is both obvious and necessary to accommodate the changes needed by our economic and social systems. Innovation demands risk-taking and in-turn effective strategic planning. Three dimensions would seem useful in developing a frame of reference for planning. These are the ratio of change and the component structure of the usage gap for the type of innovation that can be superimposed on the third dimension — a consumer-industrial dichotomy.
Smart Surrogate Munitions for Nearshore Unexploded Ordnance Mobility/Burial Studies

Unexploded ordnance (UXO, also referred to as munitions) are located in nearshore and other underwater environments as a result of military activities. UXO have been found in the surf zone and on populated beaches. This paper describes the development and evaluation of instrumented UXO surrogates for observing munitions migration and burial. Surrogates were designed and fabricated to match mass properties for a variety of common munitions (81-mm Mortar, BLU-61 Cluster Bomb, M151-70 Hydra Rocket, M107 155-mm). Surrogates housed suites of self-logging sensors. Sensor suites that could record up to 7–12 h included various combinations of inertial motion units (IMUs), pressure transducers, shock recorders, and photocells. Instrumented surrogates were then exposed to prototype scale wave conditions over a mobile bed at the Littoral Warfare Environment at the Aberdeen Test Center, Aberdeen, MD, USA. Surrogates were deployed in the swash and breaker zones. IMUs and shock recorders provided congruent acceleration measurements of swash impact. IMUs accurately resolved heading and orientation during periods of low-frequency motion. Photocells resolved surrogate roll consistent with IMU as well as surrogate burial. However, in the breaker zone, the large presence of suspended sediment and surface foam make photocell data more difficult to interpret. Surrogate mobility and forcing conditions measurements can provide data to improve modeling of munitions burial and migration in the nearshore environment.
An advanced experimental design for modified burst testing of nuclear fuel cladding materials during transient loading

Abstract An advanced tube-burst test system was designed to test samples of nuclear fuel cladding under conditions relevant to a postulated design-basis reactivity insertion accident (RIA) in light-water reactors. The system is based on the “driver tube” concept and allows for high-speed testing with internal pressure impulses of 10–1000 ms. To measure strain, the system was equipped with an ultra-high-speed video camera with a telecentric lens providing high focal depth, to compensate for specimen shift. A mirror system was developed to provide 360° view of the tube specimen into a single camera. Images taken during the test allow the use of a digital image correlation approach in strain evaluation. Several experiments were conducted to assess the performance of the experimental setup, and results are reported.
Natures’ Reaction to Anthropogenic Activities

Climate-related events including catastrophic ones are a natural phenomenon, but all natural events cannot be directly linked to the recent climate change. It is not possible to say with confidence that a particular storm, fire, flood, drought or earthquake was caused by the recent climate change. But what can be said with certainty is the fact that any action that leads to increase in GHG, whether locally or globally, increases the risk of catastrophic events. It is also true that in recent years, there has been rise in torrential hurricanes, droughts, and ice and snow storms, raging heatwaves that have devastated many areas of the world claiming human and animal lives. Disproportionate increase in human population, overconsumption of resources and pollution has reached a point where rate of replenishment of natural resources is far less than depletion. Different regions and countries in the world are under some threat or the other including inundation by sea level rise, melting of snow and glacier retreat, forest fire, droughts. The cumulative economic impact of restoration may run into billions of dollars which many poor nations can ill afford.
Influence of boron nitride on reinforcement to improve high temperature oxidation resistance of titanium

Influence of boron nitride (BN) addition in commercially pure titanium (Cp-Ti) was characterized for their microstructural variation, hardness, and oxidation kinetics. Feedstock powders, Cp-Ti with 3 wt% BN (3BN) and 6 wt% BN (6BN), were prepared by roller mill followed by additive manufacturing using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™). Rate of oxidation was measured from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at 1000 °C for 50 h. Average instantaneous parabolic constants (kp) for Cp-Ti, 3BN, and 6BN were 41.2 ± 12.0, 28.6 ± 2.8, and 18.2 ± 9.2 mg2/(cm4 h), respectively. Cp-Ti displayed acicular α-Ti microstructure. After TGA, large equiaxed grains along with TiO2 formation at the grain boundaries were observed, which increased the hardness. With BN addition, plate-like TiN and needle-like TiB secondary phases were also observed. Hardness for Cp-Ti, 3BN, and 6BN were 256.9 ± 7.7, 424.0 ± 33.6, and 548.3 ± 49.7 HV0.2, respectively. Overall, a small addition of BN was effective in improving the oxidation resistance of Cp-Ti.
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Patients: How to Navigate Terminology in Patient Care.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to describe how health care providers can improve their practice environments to be more welcoming for patients on the spectrum of gender and sexual identity. Methods Literature searches were performed in WorldCat, PubMed, and nongovernmental organizations and Gallup polls. The years searched were from 2005 to 2018. Key words used included sexual orientation, transgender, and health care. The PubMed MeSH termed searched included gender identity and sexuality, both in combination with patient care. Results Terminology that patients use to identify their gender may vary. Understanding the terminology that patients use to self-identify is a first step to becoming more sensitive to the needs of gender and sexual minority patients. Minority patients on the spectrum of gender and sexual identity experience discrimination when accessing health care. Therefore, an accepting doctor–patient relationship especially benefits these patients. When communication competency and fluency is established, health care providers provide a more inclusive, accepting environment. Addressing patients based on their preferences and using inclusive forms and patient handouts are some recommendations that are made to create an open, patient-centered environment. Conclusion This article provides health care providers with terminology that facilitates communication and the healing environment for sexual and gender minority patients. Understanding and using this may create a more welcoming environment to all patients.
Accuracy of Grading in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms and Effect on Survival Estimates: An Institutional Experience.

Accurate grading of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) is crucial for proper assessment of prognosis. Estimation of the proliferative indices, if not performed properly, is largely erroneous due to significant intratumoral heterogeneity. We sought to establish the degree of error in the grading of a cohort of curatively resected pancreatic NENs (PanNENs) and the theoretical impact of that in a larger cohort of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) patients. A retrospective query of an institutional surgical database was performed from 2000 to 2018 to identify optimally resected PanNENs, which were reviewed by two gastrointestinal pathologists and regraded according to the WHO 2017 classification. Overall survival and recurrence-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method for original and new grading systems, respectively and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effect of the interested variables, including new grading systems. A total of 176 cases were identified. After regrading, 17/64 (26.6%) G1 neoplasms were classified as G2 and 12/95 (12.6%) G2 neoplasms were classified as G1, while 1/11 (9.1%) G3 neoplasms were classified as G2. Our expert gastrointestinal pathologists agreed on 97% of reclassified cases by blind review. Application of the G1/G2 misclassification errors on various groups, including PanNENs, in a SEER database of 1385 patients rendered the reported survival differences nonsignificant (1000 repetitions; p = 0.063, 95% confidence interval 0.056–0.070). Mischaracterization of grade is common in optimally resected PanNENs but is eliminated with proper training and adherence to guidelines. The discrepancy rates can cast doubt on the generally accepted survival differences between G1 and G2 patients, as surmised by large database analyses.
4 – Megaloblastic anemia

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the characterization and factors associated with megaloblastic anemia. The presence of megaloblasts in the bone marrow and macrocytes in the blood characterizes the megaloblastic anemia. It is a result of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in 95% cases and also results from rare inborn errors of metabolism of folate or vitamin B12. In addition, deficiencies of ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and thiamine may be related to megaloblastic anemia. The causes of megaloblastosis are: vitamin B12, folate deficiency, congenital disorders and acquired defects in DNA synthesis, and drug-induced megaloblastosis. Dietary vitamin B12 is acquired mostly from animal sources, including meat and milk. The causes of vitamin B12 deficiency are inadequate vitamin B12 intake, defective vitamin B12 absorption, defective vitamin B12 transport, and disorders of vitamin B12 metabolism. In conditions in which there is a risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency, prophylactic vitamin B12 should be prescribed. Folate deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide and is a component of malnutrition and starvation. The major benefit of folate sufficiency for the fetus is the prevention of neural tube defects. This is currently best achieved by administering folate to mothers during the periconceptional period. Successful treatment of patients with folate deficiency involves correction of the folate deficiency, treatment of the underlying causative disorder, improvement of diet to increase folate intake, and follow-up evaluations at intervals to monitor the patient's clinical status.
Opinion: Neonicotinoids pose undocumented threats to food webs.

One of the main lessons that emerged from Silent Spring (1) is that we overuse pesticides at our own peril because human and natural environments are unquestionably linked. It is time to revisit these lessons given current use patterns of neonicotinoid insecticides. Neonicotinoids pose broader risks to biodiversity and food webs than previously recognized. Serious efforts must be made to decrease the scale of their use. Image credit: Shutterstock/lantapix. Since their introduction in the early 1990s, neonicotinoids have become the most widely used insecticides in the world. Their toxicity allows less active ingredients to be used and, compared with older classes of insecticides, they appear to have relatively low toxicity to vertebrates, particularly mammals (2). Neonicotinoids have been repeatedly called “perfect” for use in crop protection (2). Yet recent research calls this perfection into doubt as neonicotinoids have become widespread environmental contaminants causing unexpected nontarget effects. In particular, researchers have found that neonicotinoids can move from treated plants to pollinators and from plants to pests to natural enemies. Worse, transmission through simple food chains portends widespread, undocumented transmission into entire food webs. We believe that neonicotinoids pose broader risks to biodiversity and food webs than previously recognized. Although further research is needed to document the ecosystem-wide transmission and consequences of neonicotinoids to establish their true costs and benefits, serious efforts must be made to decrease the scale of their use. In 2014, the neonicotinoid market exceeded $3 billion and accounted for about 25% of the global pesticide market (3). Neonicotinoids are popular in part because they are very good at what they do. In fact, they are among the most toxic insecticides ever developed. The active ingredient imidacloprid, for example, is 10,000 times more potent to insects than nicotine, the biological inspiration for neonicotinoids and a very toxic compound … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: sdfrank{at}ncsu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1