cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Load absorption and interaction of two adjacent filaments in a fiber-reinforced material

This investigation is concerned with the interaction—as far as load-absorption is concerned—of a pair of identical parallel elastic filaments in a fiber-reinforced composite material. The filaments are assumed to have uniform circular cross-sections, are taken to be semi-infinite, and are supposed to be continuously bonded to an all-around infinite matrix of distinct elastic properties. At infinity the matrix is subjected to uniaxial tension parallel to the filaments. Two separate but related problems are treated. In the first both filaments extend to infinity in the same direction and their terminal cross-sections are coplanar. In the second problem the filaments extend to infinity in opposite directions and their terminal cross-sections need no longer be coplanar, the two filaments being permitted to overlap partly. An approximate scheme based in part on three-dimensional linear elasticity and developed originally by Muki and Sternberg is employed in the analysis. The problems are ultimately reduced to Fredholm integral equations which characterize the distribution of the axial filament force. The integral equations are analyzed asymptotically and numerically. Results are presented which show the variation of filament force with position and the effect on this variation of various relevant geometrical and material parameters. One result is of particular interest. In the second problem, involving the overlapping filaments, for certain cases the filament force exceeds its far-field asymptotic value for a portion of the filament length. Stated another way, this means that the filament is loaded in excess of that which one would calculate by equating axial strains.
ACUTE HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF MEPHENTERMINE IN MAN

SUMMARY The circulatory effects of single intravenous injections of 0.75 mg/kg mephentermine were investigated in five healthy volunteer subjects. Ninety min after the first injection, atropine 1–2 mg was administered i.v. and the injection of mephentermine repeated. Cardiac output was measured beat-by-beat with an analogue computer-ballistocardio-graph system, validated by dye-dilution cardiac outputs. The first injection of mephentermine increased mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and left ventricular minute work, with no change in the other variables. The injection of atropine produced a sudden marked increase in heart rate, cardiac output, arterial pressure, and left ventricular work, and a fall in stroke volume. The repeat injection of mephentermine caused considerably smaller changes in the circulation than either previous injection. Atropine thus unmasked the beta-adrenergic stimulating effects of mephentermine, as well as a surprisingly prolonged action of the agent. It is suggested that the combination of atropine plus mephentermine be investigated as an approach to improved pressor therapy. Mephentermine is relatively slow in onset, with prolonged peak effects. For a given increase in arterial pressure, it produces much less drastic changes in other cardiovascular variables than does methoxamine.
A Comparison of Student Achievement and Retention on Subjective Versus Objective Social Studies Examinations as Influenced by Different Instructional Patterns

In addition to a comparison of student achievement on different types of examinations, changes in student atti tudes toward the social studies mini-course as influenced by a particular instructional pattern were measured, and student attitudes concerning the teacher's performance as a result of a particular instructional pattern were com pared between treatments. The investigation included three groups: two experimental groups?pupil-centric in structional pattern and teacher-centric instructional pattern; and a control group?combination pupil-centric and teacher-centric instructional pattern. A pretest, mid-unit test, posttest, and retention test were administered. A pre-experiment and post-experiment student attitude inventory which measured attitude toward the course was administered, and a student attitude scale which measured the teacher's instructional performance as perceived by the student was administered at the completion of the course. Results indicated that the pupil-centric pattern was superior to teacher-centric instruction in terms of student achievement. Student attitudes toward the effec tiveness of the teacher's performance were improved as a result of the pupil-centric instructional pattern. SOCIAL STUDIES education has entered a new era,, prompted in part by recent studies in cogni tive thinking and by current emphasis upon the structure of the disciplines. The problem-solving approach, as explained by Kenworthy (1), and the inquiry approach advocated by Fenton (2) and Michaelis (3) are illustrative of the popular trends in social studies instruction. Regardless of the terminology, the current emphasis in social studies curriculum development is based upon the assumption that maximizing student participation in the classroom maximizes learning. If the student is to engage in a variety of class room activities, then it is necessary to employ a variety of evaluative techniques to measure his ability to meet established instructional objectives. Furthermore, if the student is expected to demon strate his ability to engage in higher level cogni tive thought processes, then he must be exposed to evaluation instruments that encourage his self expression. The most widely accepted method of measuring student achievement is the written examination. The two main categories of written examinations are the objective and subjective or essay style, with the objective test the dominant instrument in the social studies. Writers of secondary level social studies teach ing texts suggest numerous instructional patterns for teaching social studies. In recent years, re search findings stress the superiority of instruc tion patterns collectively called pupil-centric. The social studies teacher is confronted with the prob lem of selecting the instructional pattern which best facilitates student achievement as measured by written examinations.
Algorithms and Hardware Structures for Unobtrusive Real-Time Compression of Instruction and Data Address Traces

Instruction and data address traces are widely used by computer designers for quantitative evaluations of new architectures and workload characterization, as well as by software developers for program optimization, performance tuning, and debugging. Such traces are typically very large and need to be compressed to reduce the storage, processing, and communication bandwidth requirements. However, preexisting general-purpose and trace-specific compression algorithms are designed for software implementation and are not suitable for runtime compression. Compressing program execution traces at runtime in hardware can deliver insights into the behavior of the system under test without any negative interference with normal program execution. Traditional debugging tools, on the other hand, have to stop the program frequently to examine the state of the processor. Moreover, software developers often do not have access to the entire history of computation that led to an erroneous state. In addition, stepping through a program is a tedious task and may interact with other system components in such a way that the original errors disappear, thus preventing any useful insight. The need for unobtrusive tracing is further underscored by the development of computer systems that feature multiple processing cores on a single chip. In this paper, we introduce a set of algorithms for compressing instruction and data address traces that can easily be implemented in an on-chip trace compression module and describe the corresponding hardware structures. The proposed algorithms are analytically and experimentally evaluated. Our results show that very small hardware structures suffice to achieve a compression ratio similar to that of a software implementation of gzip while being orders of magnitude faster. A hardware structure with slightly over 2 KB of state achieves a compression ratio of 125.9 for instruction address traces, whereas gzip achieves a compression ratio of 87.4. For data address traces, a hardware structure with 5 KB of state achieves a compression ratio of 6.1, compared to 6.8 achieved by gzip
Tradeoffs in canonical sequential function representations

State space exploration is of prime importance in the study of finite state sequential systems, with several efforts aimed at compact representation of the state space in order to tackle the state explosion problem. In the work presented on formal verification of inductively-defined hardware, we have identified a useful class of Boolean functions called linearly inductive functions (LIFs). We explore the relationship between our LIF representation and the classic DFA (deterministic finite state automaton) representation of a sequential function, and examine the associated tradeoffs. We show that our LIF representation corresponds to a minimal reverse DFA, i.e. a minimal DFA which accepts the language consisting of the reverse input strings, where our implicit method for obtaining an LIF representation does not require explicit construction of a forward DFA. Its practical usefulness arises from our demonstration that reverse DFAs for several datapath circuits are exponentially more compact than the classic forward DFAs. Furthermore, in comparison to the traditional representation of DFAs as state transition diagrams, our LIF representations allow for state-sharing while maintaining decomposition, resulting in memory savings in practice. >
Flip chip assembly with sub-micron 3D re-alignment via solder surface tension

We demonstrate experimentally a flip-chip assembly with submicron three-dimensional alignment accuracy. We employ solder surface tension to push the flipped chip into lithographically defined alignment stops. During reflow, surface tension forces of the melted solder can move a chip by more than a hundred microns. We use these motions to obtain self-alignment by constraining the motions to lithographically defined mechanical stops and chip edge butting. This approach is particularly useful in InP laser to Si photonic assemblies, where sub-micron alignment is required for low optical connection loss. In this report, our test vehicles comprise silicon photonic chips and laser placeholder chips made of silicon as well. To enable self-alignment of edge-emitting single-mode lasers, a significant re-alignment range is needed to overcome the laser cleaving tolerance of +/− 15 microns and the low +/− 10 microns placement accuracy of high-throughput pick-and-place tools. We employ in-situ infrared (IR) microscopy to look through the assembled chips during solder induced re-alignment. We show that the self-alignment of the chips starts at the moment the solders melt. Cross sectional analysis is used to confirm the alignment accuracy and contact on the lithographic stops. We discuss process window considerations related to standoff height and solder volume.
Tomographic Imaging of Dynamic Objects With the Ensemble Kalman Filter

We address the image formation of a dynamic object from projections by formulating it as a state estimation problem. The problem is solved with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), a Monte Carlo algorithm that is computationally tractable when the state dimension is large. In this paper, we first rigorously address the convergence of the EnKF. Then, the effectiveness of the EnKF is demonstrated in a numerical experiment where a highly variable object is reconstructed from its projections, an imaging modality not yet explored with the EnKF. The results show that the EnKF can yield estimates of almost equal quality as the optimal Kalman filter but at a fraction of the computational effort. Further experiments explore the rate of convergence of the EnKF, its performance relative to an idealized particle filter, and implications of modeling the system dynamics as a random walk.
MATURATION OF ALGAL ZYGOTES: ALTERNATIVE EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES FOR CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII (CHLOROPHYCEAE)1

Young zygotes from crosses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang. mutant and wild-type strains were incubated, in the presence or absence of light and/or nitrogen to determine whether continuation of conditions inducing gamete formation permits zygospore formation without loss of viability. Different culture media, continuous illumination vs. dark incubation and various durations of the maturation period were tested, for effect on zygospore germination efficiency, zygospore “burst size” and zoospore viability. Following either the routine maturation procedure of dark incubation on standard minimal medium, or following a new procedure of incubation under continuous illumination on N-free medium, zygospore formation can be ensured and high germination efficiencies obtained within 3 days after mating. Tetrad analysis indicates meiosis occurs normally whether zygotes have been matured in the presence or absence of light or nitrogen. Preliminary data suggest an effect of increased maturation time on the transmission of cytoplasmic genes, if a N-free continuous illumination maturation protocol is followed. Two experimental approaches for the maturation of C. reinhardtii zygotes are suggested and advantages of each are discussed.
Predicting AIDS-related events using CD4 percentage or CD4 absolute counts

The extent of immunosuppression and the probability of developing an AIDS-related complication in HIV-infected people is usually measured by the absolute number of CD4 positive T-cells. The percentage of CD4 positive cells is a more easily measured and less variable number. We analyzed sequential CD4 and CD8 numbers, percentages and ratios in 218 of our HIV infected patients to determine the most reliable predictor of an AIDS-related event. The CD4 percentage was an unsurpassed predictor of the occurrence of AIDS-related events when all subsets of patients are considered. The CD4 absolute count was the next most reliable, followed by the ratio of CD4/CD8 percentages. The value of CD4 percentage over the CD4 absolute count was seen even after the introduction of highly effective HIV therapy. The CD4 percentage is unsurpassed as a parameter for predicting the onset of HIV-related diseases. The extra time and expense of measuring the CD4 absolute count may be unnecessary.
Do infants fed directly from the breast have improved appetite regulation and slower growth during early childhood compared with infants fed from a bottle

Behavioral mechanisms that contribute to the association between breastfeeding and reduced obesity risk are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that feeding human milk from the breast (direct breastfeeding) has a more optimal association with subsequent child appetite regulation behaviors and growth, when compared to bottle-feeding. Children (n = 109) aged 3- to 6- years were retrospectively classified as directly breastfed (fed exclusively at the breast), bottle-fed human milk, or bottle-fed formula in the first three months of life. Young children's appetite regulation was examined by measuring three constructs (satiety response, food responsiveness, enjoyment of food) associated with obesity risk, using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to test whether children bottle-fed either human milk or formula had reduced odds of high satiety and increased odds of high food responsiveness and high enjoyment of food compared to children fed directly from the breast. Current child weight status and growth trends from 6-36 months were also examined for their relation to direct breastfeeding and appetite regulation behaviors in early childhood. Children fed human milk in a bottle were 67% less likely to have high satiety responsiveness compared to directly breastfed children, after controlling for child age, child weight status, maternal race/ethnicity, and maternal education. There was no association of bottle-feeding (either human milk or formula) with young children's food responsiveness and enjoyment of food. There was neither an association of direct breastfeeding with current child weight status, nor was there a clear difference between directly breastfed and bottle-fed children in growth trajectories from 6- to 36-months. More rapid infant changes in weight-for-age score were associated with lower satiety responsiveness, higher food responsiveness and higher enjoyment of food in later childhood While direct breastfeeding was not found to differentially affect growth trajectories from infancy to childhood compared to bottle-feeding, results suggest direct breastfeeding during early infancy is associated with greater appetite regulation later in childhood. A better understanding of such behavioral distinctions between direct breastfeeding and bottle-feeding may identify new pathways to reduce the pediatric obesity epidemic.
An alternative approach for implementing a multiband VHF/UHF handled radio with narrowband secure voice

The authors outline a concept for a handled radio which utilizes 2.4-kb/s LPC-10 linear predictive voice encoding, error correction coding and decoding, digital modulation, and hybrid radio-frequency (RF) techniques. The intent is to achieve a handheld radio which can operate in 12.5-kHz channels over the low VHF, high VHF, and UHF bands. Such a radio would achieve better communications performance at lower cost and with greater reliability by a shared use of a digital signal processor and a microprocessor and by an RF design which obviates the need for interchangeable RF modules. Continuously variable slope delta (CVSD) modulation, encryption devices, and FM are used to implement digitized secure voice. Multiband operation is achieved using interchangeable RF modules. >
Inhibitory effects of the macrolide antimicrobial tylosin on anaerobic treatment.

A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was operated using a glucose-based synthetic wastewater to study the effects of tylosin, a macrolide antimicrobial commonly used in swine production, on treatment performance. The experimental period was divided into three consecutive phases with different influent tylosin concentrations (0, 1.67, and 167 mg/L). The addition of 1.67 mg/L tylosin to the reactor had negligible effects on the overall treatment performance, that is, total methane production and effluent chemical oxygen demand did not change significantly ( P < 0.05), yet analyses of individual ASBR cycles revealed a decrease in the rates of both methane production and propionate uptake after tylosin was added. The addition of 167 mg/L tylosin to the reactor resulted in a gradual decrease in methane production and the accumula- tion of propionate and acetate. Subsequent inhibition of methanogenesis was attributed to a decrease in the pH of the reactor. After the addition of 167 mg/L tylosin to the reactor, an initial decrease in the rate of glucose uptake during the ASBR cycle followed by a gradual recovery was observed. In batch tests, the specific biogas production with the substrate butyrate was completely inhibited in the presence of tylosin. This study indicated that tylosin inhibited propionate- and butyrate-oxidizing syntrophic bacteria and fermenting bacteria resulting in unfavorable effects on methanogenesis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;101: 73-82.
Commonalities in the Experience of Household Food Insecurity across Cultures: What Are Measures Missing?

This paper hypothesizes that there is a common "core" to the household food insecurity experience that goes beyond insufficient food quantity and that transcends culture. The paper for the first time employs an exploratory approach to identify cross-cultural commonalities of the food insecurity experience as captured in 22 scales and related ethnographies derived from 15 different countries. The constant comparative method was used to code elements of the food insecurity experience expressed in the ethnographies and to regroup them into domains and subdomains. This typology was then applied to ascertain which experiential domains and subdomains were measured (or not) across all 22 studies. Survey data from 11 of the studies were then analyzed to assess similarities in the relative frequency with which culturally diverse households responded to questionnaire items related to these common domains/subdomains. The analysis confirmed that insufficient food quantity, inadequate food quality, and uncertainty and worry about food were a significant part of the food insecurity experience in all sampled cultures; concerns about social unacceptability emerged in all ethnographic accounts. Several subdomains were identified, such as concern over food safety and meal pattern disruption, with potentially important consequences for physical and psychological well-being. The comparative survey data showed that the relative frequency at which populations responded to domain-related questionnaire items was similar across all but a few cultures. Future food insecurity assessments should consider these core domains and subdomains as the starting point for measures that can generate rich information to inform food security policies and programs.
Preventing Acquaintance Rape Through Education: What Do We Know?

Emerging information that rape primarily occurs between acquaintances has not only exploded our understanding of this problem, but forced a reexamination of our notions of prevention. In recent years, the vast majority of rape prevention programs have taken the format of educational workshops, with the underlying assumption that change in rape-supportive ideologies will decrease the actual incidence of sexual aggression. This article critically reviews such rape prevention education with particular focus on common techniques such as: “debunking” rape mythology, generating participant interaction, providing sexuality education and a feminist orientation, and avoiding confrontational approaches. Finally, theoretical and practical concerns are discussed regarding previous experiences of sexual victimization or perpetration, the conceptualization and use of outcome measures, issues of program facilitation, and processes underlying change in rape-supportive ideologies. It is concluded that future research must seriously address these many issues through thoughtful conceptualization and rigorous experimentation, so that the promise of rape prevention can be fully realized.
Ode to Luther Gulick Span of Control and Organizational Performance

Early management scholars such as Henri Fayol, Lydal Urwick, and Luther Gulick argued that principles such as specialization of labor and hierarchical leadership structures would result in optimal organizational performance. This perspective was attacked by Herbert Simon, who argued that the principles of administrative management were vague and contradictory. Simon’s devastating critique was widely accepted, and scholars soon turned their attention away from studying the principles of management. Ironically, little systematic research existed on many of the principles of management at the time Simon leveled his critique. In this study, the goal is to refocus attention on a particular principle of management, span of control, most closely associated with Luther Gulick. After discussing the importance of span of control to their understanding of organizational behavior, the authors present a theory that links span of control to organizational performance. They test their theory by examining how span of con...
“Bottom-up” three-dimensional metamaterials at terahertz frequencies

In this paper, we present our recent progress on three-dimensional (3D) metamaterials at terahertz (THz) frequencies. Using a “bottom-up” multilayer electroplating technique, a flexible and a broadband tunable metamaterial was fabricated and characterized. In agreement well with numerical simulations, characterization on these 3D metamaterials by THz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) indicates excellent performance of 3D metamaterials in manipulating electromagnetic waves. The successful fabrication of these 3D structures from well-defined building blocks provides a new pathway towards “bottom-up” 3D metamaterials for potential applications at THz frequencies.
Ploidy dictates repair pathway choice under DNA replication stress.

This study reports an unusual ploidy-specific response to replication stress presented by a defective minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase allele in yeast. The corresponding mouse allele, Mcm4Chaos3, predisposes mice to mammary gland tumors. While mcm4Chaos3 causes replication stress in both haploid and diploid yeast, only diploid mutants exhibit G2/M delay, severe genetic instability (GIN), and reduced viability. These different outcomes are associated with distinct repair pathways adopted in haploid and diploid mutants. Haploid mutants use the Rad6-dependent pathways that resume stalled forks, whereas the diploid mutants use the Rad52- and MRX-dependent pathways that repair double strand breaks. The repair pathway choice is irreversible and not regulated by the availability of repair enzymes. This ploidy effect is independent of mating type heterozygosity and not further enhanced by increasing ploidy. In summary, a defective MCM helicase causes GIN only in particular cell types. In response to replication stress, early events associated with ploidy dictate the repair pathway choice. This study uncovers a fundamental difference between haplophase and diplophase in the maintenance of genome integrity.
Voice over IP: the challenges behind the vision

If the Internet were to displace the telephone network for voice communication, it must be capable of providing the same level of service quality as the telephone network. However, this is not straightforward since the Internet was not designed with voice communication in mind. Voice packets transmitted over the Internet incur loss and delay jitter. While certain measures can be taken at the application layer to overcome these problems (such as loss concealment and adaptive playout), their effectiveness is limited to only certain ranges of network conditions. This paper explores some of the issues underlying packet networks that make up the Internet, with a particular focus on the Internet backbones and wireless LANs.
Prioritization of Code Development Efforts in Partitioned Analysis

In partitioned analysis of systems that are driven by the interaction of functionally distinct but strongly coupled constituents, the predictive accuracy of the simulation hinges on the accuracy of individual con- stituent models. Potential improvement in the predictive accuracy of the simulation that can be gained through improving a constituent model depends not only on the relative importance, but also on the inherent uncertainty and inaccuracy of that particular constituent. A need ex- ists for prioritization of code development efforts to cost- effectively allocate available resources to the constituents that require improvement the most. This article proposes a novel and quantitative code prioritization index to ac- complish such a task and demonstrates its application on a case study of a steel frame with semirigid connections. Findings show that as high-fidelity constituent models are integrated, the predictive ability of model-based simula- tion is improved; however, the rate of improvement is de- pendent upon the sequence in which the constituents are improved.
Vi-bowling: a tactile spatial exergame for individuals with visual impairments

Lack of sight forms a significant barrier to participate in physical activity. Consequently, individuals with visual impairments are at greater risk for developing serious health problems, such as obesity. Exergames are video games that provide physical exercise. For individuals with visual impairments, exergames have the potential to reduce health disparities as they may be safer to play and can be played without the help of others. This paper presents VI Bowling, a tactile/audio exergame that can be played using an inexpensive motion-sensing controller. VI Bowling explores tactile dowsing: a novel technique for performing spatial sensorimotor challenges, which can be used for motor learning. VI Bowling was evaluated with six blind adults. All players enjoyed VI Bowling and the challenge tactile dowsing provided. Players could throw their ball with an average error of 9.76 degrees using tactile dowsing. Participants achieved an average active energy expenditure of 4.61 kJ/Min while playing VI Bowling, which is comparable to walking.
The basic-applied continuum and the possible evolution of human operant social and verbal research.

Human operant research is typically viewed as fitting somewhere between the end points of a basic-to-applied continuum. Viewed in this way, the major role of human operant research is to determine the conditions under which principles discovered with animals also hold with humans. Relative to the basic and applied end points, which have defined the major journals and graduate training programs in Behavior Analysis, the human operant area has not been strong since the late 1950’s when a scientifically based application was only an exciting possibility. However, application quickly became a reality and to some extent it replaced the major role of human operant research. After about 15 years of focusing on the basic and applied end points, an increasing number of behavior analysts are concerned about the large content of psychology (e.g., social and verbal behavior) between the end points and the continued growth of Behavior Analysis. Basic research in social and verbal behavior should ordinarily begin with the human instead of a lower animal, because the human is the most qualified and prepared subject in the sense that most complex social and verbal behaviors are more accessible in humans. This new role for basic human research of initiating rather than only replicating, could result in a rebuilding of the “bridge” between basic and applied, and contribute to the growth of Behavior Analysis in terms of extensions to new content areas, methods, and the followers it would reach in these areas.
Drug Interactions Involving Immunologic Agents Part II. Immunodiagnostic and other Immunologic Drug Interactions

Part I of this series appeared in the January 1990 issue.This two-part review addresses pharmacists' need for information about immunologic drug interactions. Reports of interactions involving vaccines, immune globulins, and immunodiagnostic reagents are widely dispersed and, therefore, difficult to access. In the conclusion of this two-part article, immunodiagnostic drug interactions as well as interactions involving interferons and other biologic-response modifiers are discussed, as are epinephrine interactions that affect treatment of immunologic-induced anaphylaxis. Host factors of groups and individuals relating to the clinical significance of proposed interactions are covered, such as those involving influenza vaccine with theophylline, warfarin, or phenytoin, and other combinations. Vigilance by all pharmacists is needed to detect previously unreported immunologic drug interactions and further assess known interactions.
Methodologies and Techniques for Reverse Engineering–The Potential for Automation with 3-D Laser Scanners

In this chapter, we present methodologies and technologies for automating reverse engineering (RE) through digital imaging and computer vision. We begin this chapter with a definition of RE in terms of generating computer-aided design (CAD) models from existing objects and components. We use the term computer-aided reverse engineering (CARE) to describe this process. With this definition, we present a brief overview of the traditional approach to RE using coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). Then, we begin the main focus of the chapter where we explore digital imaging and computer vision as an alternative to CMMs. This exploration begins with data acquisition, where we present laser-based range scanners as a promising approach. For these scanners, we explain and highlight differences in data resolution and scanning rates and contrast those to CMM performance. Next, we present a processing pipeline for creating CAD models using these scanners. This processing includes tasks such as view registration, surface integration, patch reconstruction, model fitting, noise removal, and other functions. This chapter explains these topics to help the reader understand their importance in designing an RE imaging system and the impact that various parameters have on modeling accuracy.
Planar imaging measurements of three scalars in a turbulent jet

Two-dimensional measurements of all individual mole fractions in a three-species nonreacting turbulent o w are obtained using planar Rayleigh scattering and planar laser-induced uorescence (PLIF). The o w is an axisymmetric jet of acetone and helium in an air coo w. PLIF measures the acetone mole fraction, while Rayleigh scattering measures a linear combination of the acetone and helium mole fractions. The simultaneous implementation of these techniques allows for the calculation of the helium and air mole fraction elds. The acetone and helium are initially mixed, but have diering distributions downstream. This allows investigation of the eect of molecular transport properties, namely dierences in molecular diusivit y and density, on turbulent mixing.
Life History Notes on the Oregon Vole, Microtus oregoni

Life history and population data and other information were obtained from 713 Oregon voles ( Microtus oregoni oregoni ) captured in poor habitat in western Oregon from 1952 to 1967. With one exception, greater numbers were caught annually in clearcut areas than in virgin forest habitat even during the early stages of plant succession. The population increased on clearcut areas until 4 years after burning, but there was no consistent relationship between the age of a clearcut area and the abundance of voles. Estimated number of voles per acre ranged from zero to 6.0 and averaged 0.8 in spring and 1.6 in autumn. Fifty-one per cent of live-trapped animals were recaptured after the first month and only 1 per cent after 12 months. Greatest longevity recorded was for a female at least 16 months old. Average area and length of home ranges, determined on the basis of six-night trapping periods, were 0.224 acre and 178 feet for adult males and 0.142 acre and 110 feet for adult females. Ranges for adults were roughly similar for three to five captures, and were not greatly influenced by the type or density of live vegetation. The sex ratio was 47:53, males to females. Juveniles were found in each month except February, and their number was greatest in October (51 per cent). The average breeding season extended from mid-February to mid-September. Litter size, based on embryos and uterine scars, ranged from one to eight (average 3.2), with a mode of three. Calculations suggested an average of 4.8 litters per female per year.
Development of a wavelength agile in-situ gas concentration sensor for monitoring NO

This paper presents the design methodology for a radiative emission based sensor that can nonintrusively monitor NO concentration levels in high temperature flows such as power plant exhausts. The measurement requires high spectral resolution (typically 1 nm or below) and relatively high optical throughput. A Fabry-Perot interferometer provides this capability and its conceptual design is discussed at length. Predictions for the instrument are a minimum resolvable NO level below 10 ppm based on a simple background subtraction scheme with a gas temperature of 800 K. Initial results for the interferometer are promising; the instrument appears to perform close to its design specification but does show significant sensitivity to alignment. Finally, initial results for radiant emission measurements from water are presented.
On Normalization of Translation of Sino-Foreign Joint Educational Agreements——Principles of Translation of Agreements and Contracts

As a unique genre of contract texts,sino-foreign joint educational agreements may involve the issues such as academic exchanges,credit transfer and joint educational programs.With rapid development of international joint education,the competent educational authorities begin to show much concern about the normalization of the draft and translation of such agreements.This paper,with an analysis of the samples of flawed translations,discusses the features of sino-foreign joint educational agreements and the normalization of their translations,and sums up the basic rules and principles in translating agreements and contracts.
Decreased Vibration Control for Centrifuges Rotor:A New Adaptive Hybrid Control Technique

This paper presents a new adaptive control method which can restrain centrifuge rotor system unstable self-vibration. In the new scheme, support stiffness active control and decreased vibration force adaptive control are combined effectively. Centrifuge rotor system is controlled in minimum vibration region.A horizontal centrifuge rotor experiment is used to test our new control method. Experimental result showthe effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Intracellular pathways for contraction in gastroesophageal smooth muscle cells

Intracellular pathways utilized for contraction in response to acetylcholine (ACh), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), and KCl were examined in isolated circular smooth cells from the esophagus, lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and fundus. In physiological nutrient salt solution (PSS) intact muscle cells isolated from these three tissues responded in a similar dose-dependent manner to ACh. In all tissues the contractile response to ACh was maximal at 30 s. Contraction of smooth muscle cells from LES and fundus did not change after incubation in Ca(2+)-free medium, but contraction of esophageal cells was abolished. KCl-induced contraction of all three cell types was also abolished after incubation in Ca(2+)-free medium. After permeabilization with saponin in cytosolic (low Ca2+) salt solution, muscle cells from LES and fundus contracted in a dose-dependent manner in response to IP3, whereas cells from esophagus did not contract. Contraction of permeabilized LES and fundic cells in response to ACh was the same as that of intact muscle cells. Response to IP3 was more rapid than response to ACh; it reached 85% of maximum by 5 s and peaked at 15 s. Calmodulin antagonists W-7 and CGS 9343B blocked contraction in response to ACh in intact cells from LES and fundus but had no effect on ACh-induced contraction in esophageal cells. These antagonists blocked IP3-induced contraction in permeabilized cells from LES and fundus. KCl-induced contraction in intact cells from all three tissues was not blocked by either W-7 or CGS 9343B. These data suggest that calmodulin antagonists block contraction mediated by release of intracellular Ca2+ induced by ACh or IP3.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
In vitro assessment of prophylactic knee brace function

In an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic knee bracing and to determine the influence of brace design and material characteristics on the protection of knee ligaments, a series of biomechanical studies were completed. The first series of tests were preliminary parametric tests of brace function utilizing cadaver limbs to understand the failure biomechanics of the medial restraints during low- and high-rate valgus-producing knee trauma. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of the braces were also studied. Finally, a limited series of brace/cadaver knee low-rate loading response tests were performed. With the information obtained from preliminary testing, an instrumented surrogate knee was developed and validated for lateral impact responses. The surrogate allowed for the measurement of ligament force time response during a controlled impact. Special impact facilities were constructed to allow the measurement and control of impact momentum. The effectiveness of six different prophylactic braces in preventing MCL and ACL injury was evaluated using the surrogate and impact facility. Impact parameters of mass, velocity, knee flexion angle, and limb restraint were varied to simulate different direct lateral impact conditions of game play. Testing results were normalized and expressed as an impact safety factor to allow for comparison of braces. An ISF of 1.5 (representing a ligament force reduction of 30%) was arbitrarily chosen as the minimum standard for brace performance. The majority of prophylactic knee braces tested proved to be biomechanically inadequate for protecting the MCl from a direct lateral impact. A few, however, appear to protect the ACL preferentially. In the case of a controlled, direct lateral blow, all but a few braces tested provided some beneficial protection to the MCL and ACL, but performed well below the standard 1.5 ISF level. Therefore, based on the biomechanical research, it is our opinion that the concept of prophylactic lateral knee bracing can be effective. We recommend that prophylactic braces not be abandoned, but rather improved, biomechanically validated, and further evaluated through well-controlled prospective clinical studies.
An Assessment of Early Adolescent Stress Factors

AbstractThis study examined the frequency and intensity of early adolescent experiences with stress. A sample of 3382 middle level students from thirteen states responded to the Early Adolescent St...
The indignity of legislation

I In the introductory lectures on political science that he gave in Cambridge in Michaelmas Term 1885, John Robert Seeley noted the tendency of German writers on politics to characterize states (or stages in the development of the state) according to what is taken to be the province of their main activity, their most important function, the function that organizes and inspires everything that they do. There is Der Kriegstaat (the state organized for war), Der Rechtstaat (the state organized around the principle of the Rule of Law and individual rights), Der Handelstaat (the state devoted to the advancement of trade), Der Polizeistaat (the policestate), and so on. We live, said Sir John, in a Legislation -state, which is not at all the same thing as a Rechtstaat , but rather a form of state devoted to the business of making continual improvements in the life of the community by means of explicit legal innovations, i.e. by parliamentary legislation. We may be committed in principle to laissez-faire economics and to free trade, he said; we may accept Mill's principle of liberty so far as society's interference with the private life of the individual is concerned, but we do not infer from this any principle or moral requirement of government inactivity. On the contrary, every day another demand emerges for new legislation to deal with some difficulty or to reorganize some aspect of social affairs, be it education or public hygiene or the reform of the civil service. All parties in modern politics agree, said Seeley, “that there is a vast amount to be done, that we have more work before us than can possibly be overtaken,” and that consequently “governments ought to be continually busy in passing important laws.”
Monolayer Transistor SRAMs: Toward Low-Power, Denser Memory Systems

Monolayer heterojunction FETs based on vertical heterogeneous transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCFETs) and planar black phosphorus FETs (BPFETs) have demonstrated excellent subthreshold swing, high IONIOFF, and high scalability, making them attractive candidates for post-CMOS memory design. This article explores TMDCFET and BPFET SRAM design by combining atomistic self-consistent device modeling with SRAM circuit design and simulation. We perform detailed evaluations of the TMDCFET/BPFET SRAMs at a single bitcell and at SRAM array level. Our simulations show that at low operating voltages, TMDCFET/BPFET SRAMs exhibit significant advantages in static power, dynamic read/write noise margin, and read/write delay over nominal 16nm CMOS SRAMs at both bitcell and array-level implementations. We also analyze the effect of process variations on the performance of TMDCFET/BPFET SRAMs. Our simulations demonstrate that TMDCFET/BPFET SRAMs exhibit high tolerance to process variations, which is desirable for low operating voltages.
Living the Revolution: Urban Communes & Soviet Socialism, 1917–1932

Andy Willimott’s monograph Living the Revolution is an exemplary study of the people who founded, developed and lived in urban communes in the early Soviet Union. These individuals, Willimott argue...
What Happened to Software Metrics

A panel of seven experts discuss the past 40 years of software metrics, with a focus on evidence-based methods.
Seasonal variation and correlation between corticosterone and the antioxidant uric acid during stress in the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis).

Glucocorticoids modify metabolism and other physiological processes in order to mount an appropriate response to stress. This stress response is affected by a combination of seasonal changes, life-history events, and environmental factors. Determining seasonal variability and the potential connection between stress hormones and metabolism is fundamental in understanding seasonal physiological changes in animals. Here, we compared an indicator of stress (corticosterone) with an indicator of metabolic activity (uric acid-a non-enzymatic antioxidant and end product of protein metabolism) during capture and restraint in Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) during fall, winter, spring, and summer. Baseline corticosterone, the acute change in corticosterone (Δ10-corticosterone), and integrated corticosterone during capture stress were significantly different among seasons. For all corticosterone measurements birds captured in summer consistently had the lowest values while spring birds were highest. The lower corticosterone stress response in summer may decrease the likelihood of abandonment and thus protect investment in eggs/chicks. Higher glucocorticoid secretion in spring may benefit birds competing for nesting sites. No differences in uric acid levels (baseline, 60 min, and acute change over 60 min- Δ60-uric acid) were found among seasons. While plasma uric acid significantly decreased over an hour in all seasons examined, there were no significant correlations between baseline corticosterone and uric acid, time-60 corticosterone and uric acid, and Δ10-corticosterone and Δ60-uric acid. We conclude that the relationship between corticosterone and metabolism, as measured by uric acid, is indirect, and seasonal variation occurs with corticosterone secretion but not with uric acid, as measured here.