cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Failure Mechanisms of 3‐D Woven Sic/Sic Composites Under Tensile and Flexural Loading at Room and Elevated Temperatures

Nicalon silicon carbide 3D yarn with silicon carbide matrix composites made through a chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process were investigated under tensile and flexural loading at 23, 1200 and 1550 C in air. The effectiveness of a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) SiC surface coating was also evaluated in severe oxidizing environment. Acoustic emission sensors and in situ optical microscopy were used at room temperature to monitor the failure mechanisms. It is shown that the level of tensile stress at which nonlinear behavior begins is not drastically reduced at 1200 and 1550 C when composites were protected by a SiC surface coating. Extensive fiber pull-out was observed only in the 1550 C specimen. Similar behaviors were also found in flexural specimens.
Prenatal aneuploidy screening

Prenatal screening for birth defects gives the pregnant woman autonomy by providing her with information that she can use to decide either to continue the pregnancy or to terminate it. The most widely used prenatal screening tests are designed to detect fetal Down syndrome and trisomy 18. The basis of most of these screening protocols is the woman's age-related risk, which is modified by the results of a blood test and/or an ultrasound exam. Ultrasound can also be used to screen for major malformations and minor dysmorphisms that independently indicate increased aneuploidy risk. The woman is then counseled regarding the composite estimated risk of fetal aneuploidy determined by her screening tests, and offered a definitive diagnostic test. Currently, diagnostic testing can only be performed on fetal cells obtained by an invasive procedure such as amniocentesis or chorionic villous sampling, which each entail a finite risk of post-procedure pregnancy loss. Ultimately, the decision to undergo prenatal serum or ultrasound screening and then to undergo invasive testing must be made by the woman, on the basis of information provided during counseling and her own beliefs and values. Keywords: Down syndrome screening; trisomy 18; choroid plexus cysts
Beach almond (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) seed production and predation by scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides)

Knowledge of ecological impacts of exotic beach almond (Terminalia catappa) in the central Pacific of Costa Rica are little known, but studies have found this species to be a potentially important food source for endangered scarlet macaws (Ara macao). In this study, reproductive phenology and seed predation by variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) and scarlet macaws were measured during March and April 2011 on beaches of central Pacific coastal Costa Rica. Seed productivity and predation levels were quantified on a weekly basis for 111 beach almond trees to assess the importance of beach almond as a food source for scarlet macaws and the extent of resource partitioning between seed predators. Seed production of the trees was great (about 194 272 seeds) and approximately 67% of seeds were predated by seed predators. Macaws consumed an estimated 49% of seeds while squirrels consumed 18%. Additionally, evidence of resource partitioning between squirrels and macaws was found. Scarlet macaws preferred to feed on the northern side and edge of the canopy while squirrels preferred to feed on the southern and inside parts of the canopy. Both species ate most seeds on the ocean side of the tree. Despite the status of this tree as an exotic species, the beach almond appears to be an important resource for scarlet macaw population recovery. The resource produced by this tree should be taken into account as reforestation efforts continue in Costa Rica.
The Electron Foreshock

ISEE particle and wave data are noted to furnish substantial support for the basic features of the velocity dispersed model at the foreshock boundary that was proposed by Filbert and Kellogg (1979). Among many remaining discrepancies between this model and observation, it is noted that unstable reduced velocity distributions have been discovered behind the thin boundary proposed by the model, and that these are at suprathermal energies lying far below those explainable in terms of an oscillating, two-stream instability. Although the long-theorized unstable beam of electrons has been found in the foreshock, there is still no ready explanation of the means by which it could have gotten there.
Protein phosphorylation: hormones, drugs, and bioregulation.

Reversible protein phosphorylation is widely recognized as an important mechanism for the regulation of cell function by a variety of physiological stimuli. Exposure of cells to hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors initiates a cascade of events facilitated by intracellular second messengers and mediated in many cases by protein kinases and/or phosphatases. The subsequent covalent modification of target proteins and the associated changes in their function account for the physiological response. Considerable evidence points to cross-talk between multiple membrane-associated signaling processes leading to coordinated regulation of cellular processes. The role of protein phosphorylation at multiple points in the pathways that integrate these signals is becoming increasingly apparent. Pharmacological modulation of cellular protein phosphorylation has yielded useful information on the molecular events involved. This review surveys some of the recent progress in hormonal regulation of cell function, ...
Atmospheric refractive effects on coherent lidar performance at 10.6 μm

The aperture diameter over which a lidar transceiver collects backscattered signal that can be coherently detected depends on refractive index inhomogeneities in the atmosphere. We have studied the change in coherently detected signal with change in aperture for a cw (focusing) lidar operating at 10.6-μm wavelength over a horizontal path 2 m above the ground at target ranges between 0.6 km and 2.6 km. We conclude that for average daytime conditions at a range of 1 km, for example, a transceiver aperture diameter of 27 cm gives approximately 65% of the coherent signal expected from an aperture of twice that diameter.
Pork Safety: Achievements and Challenges

Safepork is a biennial international symposium for researchers investigating the epidemiology and control of foodborne hazards in pork. Current research is heavily weighted towards enteric bacterial pathogens for which development of reliable practical interventions for farmers has proven frustrating. In contrast, modern production practices have greatly reduced the risk of parasitic foodborne pathogens. Better understanding of host adaptation of emerging agents is important for assessing their potential zoonotic and foodborne risks.
Confessions of a researcher turned policymaker

A university president provides advice to policy analysts. He emphasizes that the successful analyst understands administrative realities.
An autoradiographic survey of mouse brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors defined by null mutants

Abstract Nine nicotinic receptor subunits are expressed in the central nervous system indicating that a variety of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) may be assembled. A useful method with which to identify putative nAChR is radioligand binding. In the current study the binding of [ 125 I]α-bungarotoxin, [ 125 I]α-conotoxinMII, 5[ 125 I]-3-((2S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine (A-85380), and [ 125 I]epibatidine has been measured autoradiographically to provide data on many nAChR binding sites. Each binding site was evaluated semi-quantitatively for samples prepared from wild-type and α2, α4, α6, α7, β2, β4, α5 and β3 null mutant mice. Deletion of the α7 subunit completely and selectively eliminated [ 125 I]α-bungarotoxin binding. The binding of [ 125 I]α-conotoxinMII was eliminated in most brain regions by deletion of either the α6 or β2 subunit and is reduced by deletion of either the α4 or β3 subunit. The binding of 5[ 125 I]A-85380 was completely eliminated by deletion of the β2 subunit and significantly reduced by deletion of the α4 subunit. Most, but not all, α4-independent sites require expression of the α6 subunit. The effect of gene deletion on total [ 125 I]epibatidine binding was very similar to that on [ 125 I]A-85380 binding. [ 125 I]Epibatidine also labels β4* nAChR, which was readily apparent for incubations conducted in the presence of 100 nM cytisine. The effects of α3 gene deletion could not be evaluated, but persistence of residual sites implies the expression of α3* nAChR. Taken together these results confirm and extend previously published evaluations of the effect of nAChR gene deletion and help to define the nAChR subtypes measurable by ligand binding.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Dermatomyositis and Their Management

Dermatomyositis is a condition with pathognomonic and characteristic cutaneous lesions. This article describes the skin manifestations observed in patients with dermatomyositis, their differential diagnosis, their relationship to internal disease (particularly malignancy), and their management.
Penetration of Methicillin, Oxacillin, and Cephalothin into Bone and Synovial Tissues

The penetrations of methicillin, oxacillin, and cephalothin into cortical bone and synovial tissues were studied 1 h after their intravenous administration in 105 patients having arthroplasty of the hip. Although the lowest serum levels were noted with cephalothin (P < 0.01), more patients receiving cephalothin achieved osseous drug levels inhibitory to staphylococci (P < 0.01). Differences in the penetration of the three agents into synovial tissues were not statistically significant.
Effects of adenosine deaminase inhibition on blood pressure in old spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Adenosine is an ubiquitously occurring endogenous nucleoside that via cell surface receptors exerts multiple antihypertensive actions, and mediates a number of biological responses that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Therefore modulation of endogenous levels of adenosine may offer beneficial effects in hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether inhibition of adenosine deaminase lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We investigated the effects of erythro-9-(2-hydroxyl-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA), an adenosine deaminase inhibitor, on hemodynamic and renal parameters in 16-week-old and 36-week-old SHR and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and in 36-week-old SHR and WKY pretreated with 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfopheznylxanthine (DPSPX, an adenosine antagonist that does not enter the brain and is restricted to the extracellular space). Adenosine deaminase inhibition with EHNA (10 m a g, iv.) produced a marked fall in arterial blood pressure in older (MABP 16...
Preliminary evaluation of cavitation resistance of type 316LN stainless steel in mercury using a vibratory horn

Abstract Type 316LN stainless steel in a variety of conditions (annealed, cold-worked, surface-modified) was exposed to cavitation conditions in stagnant mercury using a vibratory horn. The test conditions included peak-to-peak displacement of the specimen surface of 25 μm at a frequency of 20 kHz and a mercury temperature in the range −5 to 80 °C. Following a brief incubation period in which little or no damage was observed, specimens of annealed 316LN exhibited increasing weight loss and surface roughening with increasing exposure times. Examination of test surfaces with the scanning electron microscope revealed primarily general/uniform wastage in all cases but, for long exposure times, a few randomly oriented ‘pits’ were also observed. Type 316LN that was 50% cold-worked was considerably more resistant to cavitation erosion damage than annealed material, but the surface modifications (CrN coating, metallic glass coating, laser treatment to form a diamond-like surface) provided little or no protection for the substrate. In addition, the cavitation erosion resistance of other materials – Inconel 718, Nitronic 60, and Stellite 3 – was also compared with that of 316LN for identical screening test conditions.
Electromagnetic principles in manufacturing

In manufacturing, electrical machines, devices or tools are utilized in the process of transforming the base (raw) materials to the finished product. To the operator of these electrical equipments, the visible responses of the equipments when turned on is usually rotation, pull, push, illumination, heat, etc according to the equipment type or application. How these visible responses are produced are often times a subject of curiosity to the equipment operators. This paper uses physical analogies to present the energy conversion process in electrical manufacturing from the invisible electricity building block (electron) to the visible reactions of rotation, actuation, light or heat. The paper also presents some tools for problem solving, process characterization and product characterization to aid individuals engaged in motor or coil manufacturing in the coil or motor manufacturing industry.
Hormonal Manipulation of the Mare: A Review

Progestins Production of foals early in the year is essential for performance in the show ring and maximizing prices obtained for yearlings. It is now commonplace to expose mares to increasing photoperiod beginning approximately December 1 in order to hasten the onset of the breeding season. Even though artificial photoperiod has been shown to be quite effective in hastening the first ovulation of the year, mares still experience a transition period from winter anestrus to normal cyclicity. The combination of artificial photoperiod and a 12to 15-day exposure to exogenous progesterone has been used in combination to synchronize the first ovulation of the year. This approach has been called ‘‘programming’’ the mare, such that the time of breeding during the transition can be somewhat controlled. Generally, one waits until the mare has been exposed to artificial photoperiod for approximately 30 to 60 days, and then administers progestins after some follicular development on the ovary has been induced. There is some controversy as to whether exogenous progesterone during the transition period will actually hasten or possibly just synchronize the first ovulation of the year. Generally, either oral altrenogest is administered or progesterone in oil injected on a daily basis for 10 to 15 days. More recently, long-acting progesterone compounds have been made available from compounding pharmacies which allow the administration of progestins only once. These long-acting compounds are designed to release progesterone over a period of 7 to 10 days. Regardless of the type of progesterone, it has been shown numerous times that only mares in middle to late transition respond favorably to progestin treatment. This is generally defined as mares having R25 mm follicles. One of the advantages of using progestins for programming mares for breeding is that progesterone can be administered variable lengths of time from 10 to 20 days without any potential
Distinct prion proteins in short and long scrapie incubation period mice

Abstract The Prn-i gene, controlling scrapie incubation period, is linked to or congruent with the murine prion protein (PrP) gene, Prn-p . In prototypic mouse strains with long (ILn) and short (NZW) incubation periods, Prn-p transcription is initiated at similar multiple sites. The predicted NZW and ILn PrP proteins differ at codons 108 and 189. Codon 189, highly conserved in mammals, lies within a polymorphic BstEll site that is retained in 17 mouse strains known to have short or intermediate incubation times, but is absent in ILn and two other inbred mice with long incubation times. Codon 108 in mice with short or intermediate incubation times encodes Leu; in mice with long incubation times it encodes Phe. The correlation of PrP sequence with length of scrapie incubation period suggests, but does not formally prove, congruency between Prn-p and Prn-i .
Threshold detection in pulsed laser ranging.

Suzaki and Tachibana (1972, 1973) have developed a method for detecting the arrival time of the return pulse in pulsed laser ranging based on the identification of the time at which the preset threshold level is exceeded by the output of the optical detector. The received optical pulse is considered to be made up of cells of width equal to the resolution time of the receiver and an equation is derived for P sub j, the probability that the threshold is first exceeded in the j-th cell. Using the density P sub j, expressions are obtained for the mean position of the cell at which threshold occurs and for the standard deviation (rms error) in the detection cell. The present paper maintains that, since the number j is purely an artifice for identifying the cells, its mean and standard deviation are inadequate for characterizing the detection cell and detection errors. It is proposed that if the detection cell is defined as the cell at which P sub j attains a maximum, then the above-cited ambiguity would be eliminated.
Cerebral lateralization of speech: The effects of age, sex, race, and socioeconomic class ☆

Abstract This study attempted to discover what effects the variables of age, sex, race, and socioeconomic class have on ear asymmetry. A significant right ear superiority was found at all ages studied; 5, 7, 9, and 11 yr of age. Males were found to develop essentially the same as females and white children develop the same as black children on dichotic listening tasks, which were utilized as the criteria measures of ear asymmetry. There were significant social class differences found, the middle class S 's showing a significantly greater degree of asymmetry than their lower class counterparts. All ages in both social classes, however, showed a significant right-left difference in favor of the right ear. Precise methodological controls were utilized and their relevance discussed. Possible explanations for discrepant findings between the present study and other research are also discussed.
Teaching Contemporary Feminist Rhetoric: An Illustrative Syllabus.

The syllabus presented in this article provides a rhetorical perspective for the study of contemporary feminism in that it focuses on feminism as a rhetorica movement as well as on the major topics that currently are being debated by both feminists and the general public. Summaries of lectures, sources, and sample discussion questions are included.
Synthesis of a Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer in the Undergraduate Organic Teaching Laboratory

Fluorescent organic polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including explosive sensing, clean energy technologies, and biological detection schemes. However, such polymers are rarely synthesized in an undergraduate organic teaching laboratory due to their air and moisture sensitivity. The synthesis of a fluorescent organic polymer, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), is described for the upper-division undergraduate organic laboratory. This polymerization is accomplished using straightforward procedures to exclude air and moisture, without requiring the use of a glovebox or strict inert-atmosphere conditions. Once synthesized, the polymer is used for two applications, the fabrication of fluorescent thin films and the formation of organic conjugated nanoparticles, and leads to a number of pedagogical opportunities about polymerization, organic fluorescence, solid-state properties, and hydrophobic nanoparticle formation.
Should elderly men be screened for prostate cancer

Judd W Moul1† & Vladimir Mouraviev2 †Author for correspondence 1Division of Urologic Surgery, Duke Prostate Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3707, Durham, NC 27710, USA Tel.: +1 919 684 5057; Fax: +1 919 684 8794; E-mail: judd.moul@duke.edu 2Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Box 2804, Durham, NC 27710, USA Tel.: +1 919 684 9055; Fax: +1 919 66
The induction of antigen-specific thymic regulatory cells in the mouse.

Abstract Regulatory T cells are known to play a role in the termination of the immune response. In this investigation, we bring evidence in support of the induction of antigen-specific regulatory cells in the thymus of the mouse. These thymus-derived regulatory cells depend upon injection with a high dose of antigen for their induction, appear in the thymus early after primary immunization (Days 7–12), are H-2- and strain-restricted in their action, and can by themselves suppress directly the secretion of antibodies from syngeneic antibody-forming cells in vitro . These regulatory cells, therefore, differ from previously reported murine suppressor T cells which exert their effect on antibody formation indirectly, generally by acting on helper T cells.
Inelastic proton-proton scattering at 5.10 GeV

Inelastic proton-proton collisions were examined at a bombarding energy of 5.10 GeV using nuclear emulsions. Cross-sections and reaction parameters were obtained and compared with the results of experiments at other energies. The scattering data were analysed in terms ofa) the invariant mass andb) the effective target mass approach. Phase predictions, based upon approximate solutions of the phase-space integrals and a computer method for obtaining estimates of background, were employed to study the invariant-mass distributions. The adequacy of the effective target mass approach was examined.
The overlaid network algorithms for areal interpolation problem

Abstract In economic, social, and urban studies, areal units under analysis frequently differ from areal units over which data are compiled. Most area-based analyses, hence, face an unavoidable problem of transferring data across different zonal systems. This paper introduces a novel approach, the overlaid network algorithm, to develop a series of improved methods for tackling the population interpolation problem based on current GIS techniques and available digital information. The term network means that the partitioning of population for source zones is carried out over street segments. People are sheltered by houses which are located along the sides of streets or connected by roads. Thus, the street network provides an important information about the spatial distribution of population. The network length method discerns an even population distribution along one-dimensional line. The network hierarchical weighting method observes variations of residential density among different classes of streets. The network house bearing method breaks the assumptions of even population distribution over one and two dimensions and provides an automatic way of enumerating population over space. The application of these techniques to the interpolation of population in Erie County, New York improves the performance of areal interpolation significantly when compared with traditional methods.
The role of the hypothalamus in aging of the female reproductive system

We have investigated the role of neuroendocrine and neurochemical changes in the age-related deterioration of cyclic female reproductive function. During middle age the timing and amplitude of the proestrous and estradiol-induced LH surge is altered. We have found that the diurnal pattern of norepinephrine turnover is altered in critical hypothalamic areas known to regulate the release of LHRH. These changes may contribute to alterations in the timing and the amplitude of LH release, which may, in turn, affect the ability of rats to maintain regular estrous cycles.
Population differentiation in Spartina patens : Water potential components and bulk modulus of elasticity

Pressure-volume technique was utilized to evaluate salinity response among three populations ofSpartina patens (Ait.) Muhl. from Louisiana Gulf coast marshes. Plants were subjected to salinities of 85 and 425 mol m−3 for 77 d in a greenhouse. Ψw and Ψπ decreased in all populations in response to increases in salinity. There were 32% decrease in Ψsat, 42% decrease in Ψtlp in response to salinity changes from 85 to 425 mol m−3 in the Ferblanc population. Similarly, there were 35% and 41% decrease in Ψsat in the Clovelly and Lake Tambour populations, respectively. All populations showed the ability to adapt to the increased salinity as was evidenced by osmotic adjustment. However, the Lake Tambour population appeared to have superior ability to adapt to high salinity through having a significantly lower osmotic potential at saturation (Ψsat), osmotic potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp), and maximum turgor potential (ΨP(max)) compared to other populations. Ferblanc and Clovelly populations revealed the ability to adapt to saline environments to a lesser extent as compared to the Lake Tambour population. Results indicate that there is a potential for selection of superior strains ofSpartina patens for use in marsh restoration projects aiming at prevention of wetland loss in certain coastal areas.
Multi-Wavelength Arrays of Mode-Locked Lasers for WDM Applications

The continued need for increased bandwidth is driving the pursuit of both increased speed in TDM and more channels in WDM for fiber optic communication systems.
Extensions to C for interface programming

Extending the facilities available to a programmer can be more productive, flexible, and appealing when done via additions to the syntax and semantics of the programming language, than when done by way of procedure packages. Database programming, for example, is now routinely done using query languages that are embedded in programming languages.Interaction dialog programming can be greatly simplified by use of a specification language. Dialog languages are not often integrated with a programming language. In this report, a set of extensions to the C language are presented. These extensions provide a rule-based sublanguage for describing interaction dialogs. A translator and interpreter have been constructed for the extended (C + Dialog) language, and used in a research project investigating gestural interfaces.
Beyond Arms-Control Monitoring

Arms-control treaties are often considered burdensome, yet they need to be sustained into the indefinite future. In particular, because compliance must be verified, arms-control treaties can be intrusive and may be perceived as a challenge to the sovereignty of nations being monitored.
Demetrius, Deinotes, and Burkean Identification at the University of Chicago

Peripatetic critic Demetrius has received little attention in rhetorical scholarship, but at the University of Chicago in the 1940s and 1950s, the use of On Style sparked debate among the English faculty, whose neo-Aristotelianism significantly articulated departmental direction. This tension centered on the use of the “forcible” style, and the subsequent debate gave rise to a faction of Chicago faculty who were sympathetic to the “New Rhetoric” of Kenneth Burke, who lectured there in 1949. This article demonstrates the significance of institutional context in the creation of critical positions, that these positions are often rhetorical responses to administrative, pedagogical, and political problems.
The Retention/Intervention Study of Native American Undergraduates at the University of New Mexico

Student service programs act as key resources to help students persist in school until graduation. However, some critics question whether service programs aimed at specific ethnic populations contr...
Negotiating gender in post‐World War II America

Janet Walker, Couching Resistance: Women, Film, and Psychoanalytic Psychiatry. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. 211 pp. Jackie Byars, All That Hollywood Allows: Re‐reading Gender in 1950s Melodrama. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 326 pp.
The role of α3β1 integrin in determining the supramolecular organization of laminin-5 in the extracellular matrix of keratinocytes

Analyses of mice with targeted deletions in the genes for alpha3 and beta1 integrin suggest that the alpha3beta1 integrin heterodimer likely determines the organization of the extracellular matrix within the basement membrane of skin. Here we tested this hypothesis using keratinocytes derived from alpha3 integrin-null mice. We have compared the organizational state of laminin-5, a ligand of alpha3beta1 integrin, in the matrix of wild-type keratinocytes with that of laminin-5 in the matrix of alpha3 integrin-null cells. Laminin-5 distributes diffusely in arc structures in the matrix of wild-type mouse keratinocytes, whereas laminin-5 is organized into linear, spike-like arrays by the alpha3 integrin-null cells. The fact that alpha3 integrin-null cells are deficient in their ability to assemble a proper laminin-5 matrix is also shown by their failure to remodel laminin-5 when plated onto surfaces coated with purified laminin-5 protein. In sharp contrast, wild-type keratinocytes organize exogenously added laminin-5 into discrete ring-like organizations. These findings led us next to assess whether differences in laminin-5 organization in the matrix of the wild-type and alpha3 integrin-null cells impact cell behavior. Our results indicate that alpha3 integrin-null cells are more motile than their wild-type counterparts and leave extensive trails of laminin-5 over the surface on which they move. Moreover, HEK 293 cells migrate significantly more on the laminin-5-rich matrix derived from the alpha3 integrin-null cells than on the wild-type keratinocyte laminin-5 matrix. In addition, alpha3 integrin-null cells show low strength of adhesion to surfaces coated with purified laminin-5 compared to wild-type cells although both the wild type and the alpha3 integrin-null keratinocytes adhere equally strongly to laminin-5 that has been organized into arrays by other epithelial cells. These data suggest: (1) that alpha3beta1 integrin plays an important role in determining the incorporation of laminin-5 into its proper higher-order structure within the extracellular matrix of keratinocytes and (2) that the organizational state of laminin-5 has an influence on laminin-5 matrix function.
Price of isotropy in multidetector CT

Recent advances in multidetector computed tomography (CT) have made isotropic data acquisition feasible for nearly every application. The benefits of routine use of isotropic data for image display and interpretation have been described in the literature and at educational conferences. However, there is usually a trade-off in the form of an increased radiation dose to the patient. The parameters that affect the radiation dose vary considerably in accordance with the CT scanner design, and those variations determine the cost in dose increase relative to the voxel size. The detector configuration and beam collimation (narrow or wide) used for a particular acquisition also affect the voxel size and the relationship between spatial resolution and the radiation dose. By closely comparing the quality of multidetector CT images obtained with different detector configurations on scanners with four, 16, 40, and 64 channels and the estimated radiation exposure incurred with each option, radiologists may achieve an understanding of the relationship between radiation dose and voxel size. This understanding, in turn, may help balance the need for diagnostic image quality against the concern for patient safety.
P-53 Low incidence of petersen's hernia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass with a 2-stitch technique

hundred sixty seven were performed with the 21mm OrVilTM device and 502 were performed using either a 25mm PPCCEATM transgastric approach ( n 245) or a 25mm OrVilTM device ( n 257). The OrVilTM device was successfully deployed in all cases. There were no leaks nor need for secondary intervention due to bleeding in the 21mm OrVilTM group. Forty six patients (8%) suffered a gastrojejunostmy (GJ) stricture in the 21mm OrVilTM group. Of these patients, 8 (17%) required a revision of their GJ secondary to refractive strictures and ulcers. In patients where the 21 OrVilTM was not used, 40 patients (8%, 40/502) developed a GJ stricture. No patient required a revision of their GJ in the non-21mm OrVilTM group (p 0.006). Conclusion: The 21mm OrVilTM can be safely deployed and results in acceptable leak rates with low bleeding related complications. Strictures following its use seem to be more refractive to endoscopic intervention and results in a significantly higher GJ revision rates (p 0.006). While this observation may be related to anvil size and circular stapler height, future studies are warranted.
Industrialization and Femininity: A Case Study of Nineteenth Century New England

Femininity as we now know it was developed in the United States in the nineteenth century. Books for women, mainly published in New England, proclaimed that woman's place was in the home, that her primary task was child-raising, and that she must accept subordination to her husband's authority. These ideas reflected real changes in women's lives as their families moved from farming villages to industrializing towns. As they lost their functions in the family economy, their dependence on men was heightened and the basis for what little power they held eroded. But women's domesticity was not a necessary result of industrial capitalism. Women could have worked outside the home while children were cared for communally or by their fathers. It was men who benefitted from women's domesticity, male power that enforced it, and the ideology of femininity that induced women to accept it.
Determination of uranyl in aqueous solutions using a fiber-optic-based, time-resolved luminescence sensor

The use of time-resolved luminescence measurements is an effective way to determine a wide range of uranyl concentrations in aqueous samples. We have coupled this technique with the use of a remote optical sensing device, a
The future of HIV testing.

HIV testing is the essential entry point for both treatment and prevention. The need to identify acute HIV infection (the period immediately after HIVacquisition, when persons are most infectious) and HIV-2 infection, which does not respond to many first-line antiretroviral agents, poses challenges for the traditional algorithm of Western blot confirmation after a repeatedly reactive antibody screening test. Immunoassays that detect antibodies earlier, tests for HIV RNA, and combination assays that screen simultaneously for both p24 antigen and HIV antibody are now approved for HIV diagnosis by the Food and Drug Administration. A revised testing algorithm can address the challenges posed by acute infection, HIV-2 infection, and the shortcomings of the Western blot. These new diagnostic strategies will allow earlier more accurate identification of infected persons so that they can benefit from effective treatment and also enhance abilities to focus prevention efforts where HIV transmission is most active.
Decoding Microbial Chatter: Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria

Intelligence operations worldwide monitor individuals directly or indirectly linked to terrorist networks for their communication activities, collectively described as “chatter.” Considerable effort and resources are devoted to assessing intelligence chatter. A major challenge is to distinguish
Tolerance to Changes in Membrane Lipid Composition as a Selected Trait of Membrane Proteins

Membrane lipid composition can vary dramatically across the three domains of life and even within single organisms. Here we review evidence that the lipid-exposed surfaces of membrane proteins have generally evolved to maintain correct structure and function in the face of major changes in lipid composition. Such tolerance has allowed evolution to extensively remodel membrane lipid compositions during the emergence of new species without having to extensively remodel the associated membrane proteins. The tolerance of membrane proteins also permits single-cell organisms to vary their membrane lipid composition in response to their changing environments and allows dynamic and organelle-specific variations in the lipid compositions of eukaryotic cells. Membrane protein structural biology has greatly benefited from this seemingly intrinsic property of membrane proteins: the majority of structures determined to date have been characterized under model membrane conditions that little resemble those of native membranes. Nevertheless, with a few notable exceptions, most experimentally determined membrane protein structures appear, to a good approximation, to faithfully report on native structure.
Predicting incipient velocity of capsules in pipe

An equation for predicting the incipient velocity of capsules given in a previous paper was analyzed for sources of errors and ways to improve. It is shown that substantially better predictions can be achieved by: (1) using a better formula to determine the lift coefficient; (2) determining the static contact friction coefficient between the capsule and the pipe accurately; (3) using a contraction coefficient somewhat larger than that for sharp-edged capsules; (4) using more accurate values of the capsule-to-pipe diameter ratio; and (5) using a Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient somewhat larger than for hydraulically smooth pipe. The equation for predicting the incipient velocity of single capsules in pipe is also modified for predicting the incipient velocity of a capsule train in pipe. A formula is developed to determine the extra roughness of the capsule train caused by the rough junctions between neighboring capsules. The formula enables more accurate prediction of the incipient velocity of capsule trains than is possible without using the formula.
A review of the application of modern control theory to solar energy systems

In this paper we review some applications of modern control theory to the problem of solar energy temperature control, that have been reported in the literature. We review briefly classical temperature control and some of the basic model components required for solar systems. Then a number of optimization techniques proposed in the literature for solar systems including linear-quadratic optimization, optimal on-off control, singular control, periodic optimization, optimal-adaptive control, and stochastic optimization are discussed. Finally some comments are included on the realization of controllers using microprocessors.
Stress, coping, and hope

Hope is discussed in many literatures and from many perspectives. In this essay hope is discussed from the vantage of psychology and stress and coping theory. Hope and psychological stress share a number of formal properties: both are contextual, meaning-based, and dynamic, and both affect well-being in difficult circumstances. Two assumptions underlie this essay: (1) hope is essential for people who are coping with serious and prolonged psychological stress; (2) hope is not a perpetually self-renewing resource; it has peaks and valleys and is at times absent altogether. The relationship between hope and coping is dynamic and reciprocal; each in turn supports and is supported by the other. This relationship is illustrated with two adaptive tasks common across situations that threaten physical or psychological well-being—managing uncertainty and coping with a changing reality. The essay describes ways in which coping fosters hope when it is at low ebb as well as ways in which hope fosters and sustains coping over the long term.
Suffering and Transcendence

This essay explores the experience of suffering in order to see to what extent it can be understood within the context of the human condition without diverting the reality of suffering or denying the meaning of human existence and divine reality. Particular attention is given to describing and interpreting what I call the transcendent dimensions of suffering with the intent of showing that in the experience of suffereing persons come up against the limits of what can be accounted for in ordinary terms and point towards transcendent reality. In religious faith the transcendent dimensions of suffering may be understood to come together with other transcendent dimensions of experience in a more distinctive or focused encounter with transcendent reality. The conception of God that is suggested by the transcendent dimensions of suffering, however, differs from the model of God in western theism as an absolutely transcendent, all powerful, immutable and impassible being.
Quantum Hamiltonians associated with finite-dimensional Lie algebras and factorized s-matrices

We consider quantum Hamiltonian systems of lattice type which are associated with classical finite dimensional Lie algebras (like MH(2), SO(3) etc.), and possess complete integrability properties. These Hamiltonian systems are written in canonical Heisenberg pn, qn variables. They have factorized S-matrices and are generalizations of the quantum Toda lattice Hamiltonian as well as XYZ-models of statistical mechanics.
Protein array staining methods for undefined protein content, manufacturing quality control, and performance validation

Methods to assess the quality and performance of protein microarrays fabricated from undefined protein content are required to elucidate slide-to-slide variability and interpolate resulting signal intensity values after an interaction assay. We therefore developed several simple total- and posttranslational modification-specific, on-chip staining methods to quantitatively assess the quality of gel element protein arrays manufactured with whole-cell lysate in vitro protein fractions derived from two-dimensional liquid-phase fractionation (PF2D) technology. A linear dynamic range of at least 3 logs was observed for protein stains and immobilized protein content, with a lower limit of detection at 8 pg of protein per gel element with Deep Purple protein stain and a field-portable microarray imager. Data demonstrate the successful isolation, separation, transfer, and immobilization of putative transmembrane proteins from Yersinia pestis KIM D27 with the combined PF2D and gel element array method. Internal bovine serum albumin standard curves provided a method to assess on-chip PF2D transfer and quantify total protein immobilized per gel element. The basic PF2D array fabrication and quality assurance/quality control methods described here therefore provide a standard operating procedure and basis for developing whole-proteome arrays for interrogating host-pathogen interactions, independent of sequenced genomes, affinity tags, or a priori knowledge of target cell composition.
Super-Rényi entropy & Wilson loops for \( \mathcal{N}=4 \) SYM and their gravity duals

We compute the supersymmetric Renyi entropies across a spherical entanglement surface in $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ SU(N) SYM theory using localization on the four-dimensional ellipsoid. We extract the leading result at large N and λ and match its universal part to a gravity calculation involving a hyperbolically sliced supersymmetric black hole solution of $$ \mathcal{N}={4}^{+} $$ SU(2) × U(1) gauged supergravity in five dimensions. We repeat the analysis in the presence of a Wilson loop insertion and find again a perfect match with the dual string theory. Understanding the Wilson loop operator requires knowledge of the full ten-dimensional IIB supergravity solution which we elaborate upon.
Slender streams with gravity: Outer asymptotic expansions. I

A method is presented to determine the steady, three‐dimensional, potential flow (neglecting surface tension) of a slender stream of fluid in the presence of gravity. Three basic flows are considered: jet flow (for which the bounding surface is entirely free); pipe flow (for which the bounding surface is entirely specified) and channel flow (for which the bounding surface is partially free and partially specified). The leading terms in the asymptotic expansions of these flows, which are called outer expansions, are presented. The leading terms in the pressure distribution for each of the three basic flows are also computed and several examples are presented.
Erosion of limestone building surfaces caused by wind-driven rain: 2. Numerical modeling

Wind-driven rain and its effect on surface stone deterioration have been studied at the Cathedral of Learning, a tall limestone building on the University of Pittsburgh campus. In this second paper of the series, a numerical method based on computational fluid dynamics techniques is used to predict wind-driven rain on the Cathedral. Three steps are involved: computing the airflow field around the building, determining raindrop trajectories, and estimating total rain impingement based on meteorological data. Results are expressed in terms of the Catch Ratio, the flux of rain on the building walls divided by the flux of rain on the ground. The method is applied to 94 rain events during the measurement period. Results show good agreement with field data, indicating that the method can provide reasonable predictions of wind-driven rain.
Once-a-week irradiation for locally advanced lung cancer☆

Abstract Twenty-eight patients with very advanced lung cancer were treated with 500 rad once weekly to a total dose of 6000 rad (2050 ret). Twenty-one of the 28 patients (75 %) achieved at least a partial local response. There were 9 patients (32 %) who achieved a complete response and 12 patients (43 %) who achieved a partial response. The responses were 9 11 for squamous cell carcinoma, 5 10 for adenocarcinoma, 5 5 for large cell carcinoma, and 2 2 for small cell carcinoma patients. Treatment was very well tolerated and in fact, no acute radiation related complications were observed during the 10–12 week treatment duration. Radiation induced fibrosis of various degrees has occurred but it has been mostly asymptomatic and similar to what is normally seen using conventional continuous schedules. In this group of very advanced lung cancer patients, failures have mostly resulted from metastatic progression; only one patient progressed locally in the irradiated field without evidence of metastatic disease. A preliminary analysis indicates that this treatment yields results that are similar to those achieved with conventional fractionation regimens and should be explored further.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Evaluation of Single-Kernel Deoxynivalenol Accumulation and Fusarium Head Blight Resistance Components in Wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) symptoms, single-kernel deoxynivalenol (DON) levels, and distribution of DON levels among kernels in response to artificial FHB inoculation were investigated in three selected wheat cultivars that had different reported levels of FHB resistance. DON levels were estimated with near-infrared spectroscopy. The percentages of DON-containing spikelets per spike of 15.2, 49.7, and 89.1% were significantly different among point-inoculated spikes of Everest, Karl 92, and Overley, respectively. The percentage of visually Fusarium-damaged kernels in point-inoculated Karl 92 and Overley spikes was significantly higher than for Everest. However, the DON-containing spikelets per spike and visually Fusarium-damaged kernels values for spray-inoculated spikes were not significantly different among the three cultivars. In spray-inoculated spikes, DON levels in kernels ranged from 0 to 291.3 ppm, whereas the variation of DON levels in spikelet positions was random. In contrast, DON levels in spik...