cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the protein resistance of silicone via surface-restructuring PEO-silane amphiphiles with variable PEO length

Silicones with superior protein resistance were produced by bulk-modification with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)–silane amphiphiles that demonstrated a higher capacity to restructure to the surface–water interface versus conventional non-amphiphilic PEO–silanes. The PEO–silane amphiphiles were prepared with a single siloxane tether length but variable PEO segment lengths: α-(EtO)3Si(CH2)2-oligodimethylsiloxane13-block-poly(ethylene oxide)n-OCH3 (n = 3, 8, and 16). Conventional PEO–silane analogues (n = 3, 8, and 16) as well as a siloxane tether-silane (i.e. no PEO segment) were prepared as controls. When surface-grafted onto silicon wafer, PEO–silane amphiphiles produced surfaces that were more hydrophobic and thus more adherent towards fibrinogen versus the corresponding PEO–silane. However, when blended into a silicone, PEO–silane amphiphiles exhibited rapid restructuring to the surface–water interface and excellent protein resistance whereas the PEO–silanes did not. Silicones modified with PEO–silane amphiphiles of PEO segment lengths n = 8 and 16 achieved the highest protein resistance.
Predicting social behavior from personality traits

Abstract The classic view of traits as dispositions was examined and a number of ambiguities noted. When clarified, implications for predicting social behaviors from personality variables were derived. Two types of behavioral criterion were delineated, and it was argued that personality measures should be systematically related to multiple act criteria , but not necessarily to single act criteria . It was suggested that behaviors could be treated as items on a behavioral measure of personality and that standard scaling criteria be applied in identifying behaviors that should be related to a given trait dimension. In attempting to identify behaviors which are linearly related to a personality trait, the application of Bayes theorem was shown to be of theoretical interest. Two indices, a validity index and a linearity index, were derived from Bayes theorem and it was shown that validity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for linearity.
STM-induced H atom desorption from Si(100): isotope effects and site selectivity

Abstract We investigate the scanning tunnelling microscopy-induced H and D atom desorption from Si(100)-(2 × 1):H(D). The desorption of both atoms shows the same energy threshold that corresponds well with the computed σ → σ ∗ excitation energy of the SiH group. The H desorption yield, however, is much higher than the D yield. We ascribe this to the greater influence of quenching processes on the excited state of the SiD species. We use wavepacket dynamics to follow the motion of H and D atoms, and conclude that desorption occurs, for the most part, from the ‘hot’ ground state populated by the quenching process. Site-selective excitation-induced chemistry is found in the desorption of H from Si(100)-(3 × 1):H.
The Degradation Mitigation Effect of Cerium Oxide in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in Extended Fuel Cell Durability Tests

Abstract In this work, two formulations of cerium oxide nanoparticles were incorporated into perfluorosulfonic acid membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) and their ability to improve the in-situ membrane durability was studied by subjecting them to 94 and 500 h open-circuit voltage hold accelerated durability tests. In the shorter test the open circuit voltage decay rate was reduced by half and the fluoride emission by at least one order of magnitude, though no effect on hydrogen crossover or performance on the baseline MEAs was measured. The presence of the additive increased the particle size but decreased the number of platinum catalyst particles that were deposited in the membrane. The main Pt band was found at the predicted location; however, the incorporation of ceria caused a broadening with particles reaching further into the membrane. In 500 h tests, ceria-containing MEAs demonstrated a seven-fold decrease in open-circuit voltage decay and three orders of magnitude reduction in fluoride emission rates with unchanged performance and hydrogen crossover, remaining effectively pristine whilst the baseline MEA underwent catastrophic failure.
Analysis of survival after laparoscopy in women with endometrial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The effect of the laparoscopic surgical approach on the survival of women with endometrial carcinoma remains unclear. The objectives of the current study were to assess the effect of laparoscopic surgery on the survival of women with early-stage endometrial carcinoma and to analyze the factors that affect such survival. METHODS A retrospective review of women presenting with clinical stage I endometrial carcinoma (according to the 1988 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Staging System) was performed. Women treated with laparoscopy were compared with those treated with laparotomy with regard to their characteristics, surgical procedure, treatment, surgical stage, histology, tumor grade, and recurrence-free and overall survival. Factors affecting survival (surgical approach, histology, grade, and surgical stage) were evaluated using multivariate analysis and survival curves were constructed using Kaplan–Meier analyses. RESULTS One hundred women underwent laparoscopy and 86 underwent laparotomy. Both groups were similar with regard to age, parity, menopausal status, lymphadenectomy, surgical stage, tumor grade, histology, and postoperative radiation therapy. Women who underwent laparoscopy and those who underwent laparotomy had similar 2-year and 5-year estimated recurrence-free survival rates (93% vs. 94% and 90% vs. 92%, respectively), as well as similar 2-year and 5-year overall survival rates (98% vs. 96% and 92% vs. 92%, respectively). There was no apparent difference with regard to the sites of recurrence between both groups. In univariate and multivariate analyses, surgical stage, tumor grade, and histology (but not the surgical approach) were found to have a significant effect on survival. CONCLUSIONS Although longer follow-up is needed, the survival of women with early-stage endometrial carcinoma does not appear to be worsened by laparoscopy. Surgical stage, tumor histology, and tumor grade were found to significantly affect survival regardless of the surgical approach used. Cancer 2002;95:1894–901. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10928
Seismic Behavior and Design of High-Strength Square Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Beam Columns

The behavior of high strength square concrete filled steel tube (CFT) beam columns subjected to constant axial load and cyclically varying flexural loading was investigated experimentally. The effe...
Art, Aging, and Abandonment in Japan

Representations of aging in Japanese art not only influence how older adults construct their identity in late life, but the ethical implications of this identification. This article concentrates on one representation of aging in Japanese art, the crone of Obasuteyama, as she has appeared in various forms throughout centuries of Japanese folklore, literature, theater, and film. This article argues that although the Obasuteyama story addresses the moral questions surrounding the fear of abandonment in old age, its multiple artistic interpretations also provide older adults with different, and sometimes contradictory cultural models to understand and cope with this fear. Ethnographic observations and interview material concerning aging and abandonment in the lives of present-day Japanese adults are used to show how seemingly different attitudes toward aging can be linked to a shared narrative of abandonment.
The Role of Academic Psychiatry in Leading Health Policy Reform

The authors discuss the current state of mental health care reform and the opportunity for academic psychiatry to emerge in a leadership role in the organization and delivery of mental health care.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Tensile Strength, Hardness and Thermal Conductivity of Blended Polymer Composite

Sometimes, there is a need for a material that has some properties of one polymer as well as some properties of another polymer. Instead of going back in to the laboratory and trying to synthesize a brand new polymer with all the needed
Influence of Filler Particles and Filler Clusters on Phase Separation in Binary Polymer Blends

Motivated by recent experiments on filled polymer thin films, we study the effect of the presence of filler particles on phase separating mixtures. Using a generalized Cahn-Hillard-cook model, we show that the preferential wetting of one phase on the filler surface generates transient composition waves in the phase separating blends. The interference of the composition waves from different particles can stabilize the transient patterns, leading to desirable control of the morphology.
A multi-agent approach using perceptron-based learning for robust operation of distributed chemical reactor networks

Abstract Controlling the individual reactors of a chemical reactor network producing different grades of a product requires intelligent reconfiguration strategies. Agent-based approaches are ideal for such distributed manufacturing processes, since they provide flexible, robust, and emergent solutions under dynamically changing process conditions. This paper proposes a multi-layered, multi-agent framework based on a decentralized online learning approach for the supervision of grade transitions in autocatalytic reactor networks. The values for the manipulated variables and the path to the target reactor are determined to give the least disturbance to the system. Case studies illustrate the performance of the approach in managing grade transition and disturbance rejection in a reactor network.
Posterolateral instability of theknee: treatment using the clancy biceps femoris tenodesis

Abstract Posterolateral instability of the knee is perhaps the most challenging injury facing the sports medicine physiciantoday. Diagnosis requires a thorough understanding of the complex anatomy, function, and biomechanics of the posterolateral structures. In isolated cases of posterolateral instability, the physical findings may be subtle and easily overlooked. Similarly, in complex injuries involving the posterolateral structures, the physical findings may be confusing and misdiagnosed as an isolated cruciate ligament injury. Failure to appropriately diagnose and treat a posterolateral injury can lead to significant functional disability and failure of associated ligamentous reconstruction. Optimal results may be achieved if the injury is diagnosed acutely and surgical treatment is carried out promptly with stabilization of the posterolateral structures and any associated ligamentous insufficiencies. The clinical and biomechanical results of the Clancy biceps tenodesis have proven the procedure successful for controlling varus and external rotational laxity. Rerouting of the biceps femoris tendon with tenodesis to the lateral femoral epicondyle creates a new fibular collateral ligament and tightens the posterolateral capsule and arcuate complex. In addition, tenodesis eliminates the dynamic external rotation of the tibia by the biceps femoris muscle, which actively exacerbates posterolateral subluxation. When performed properly, the biceps tenodesis can eliminate posterolateral instability and restore functional stability to the knee.
Response to "Benzodiazepine misadventure in acute alcohol withdrawal: the transition from delirium tremens to ICU delirium".

To the Editor: We read with interest the response by Johnson et al. [1] to our article in the May issue of the Journal of Anesthesia, and appreciate their comments [2]. In our retrospective case series, we reported the use of dexmedetomidine for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), to avoid mechanical ventilation. We described our protocol, which uses dexmedetomidine as the primary agent for AWS. In addition, adjunctive agents are used at low doses including a benzodiazepine, lorazepam 2 mg intravenously every 6 h, and haloperidol 5 mg intravenously every 6 h. Johnson et al. suggest a secondary benefit of dexmedetomidine is a lower incidence of delirium tremens, and subsequent less progression to ICU delirium. They also describe their experience with a case of severe AWS in a patient requiring over 1000 mg parenteral midazolam and lorazepam during her course in the ICU. After 11 days she was placed on dexmedetomidine, with resolution of her AWS within 34 h. We would like to address the queries in the letter. At the time of our study, we did not have use of the Confusion Assessment Method in the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) in our hospital as a validated delirium assessment tool. The CAM-ICU was recently implemented at our institution, but have not accumulated enough experience to assert that the dexmedetomidine is reducing the incidence of delirium, although the hypothesis is certainly plausible, and merits further study. We did not collect data specifically on the reduction of benzodiazepine requirements subsequent to initiation of the dexmedetomidine. However, Rayner et al. [3] have subsequently reported 61.5 % reduction in benzodiazepines with the use of dexmedetomidine in their series of AWS patients. With experience, we have learned that the dexmedetomidine should be started earlier in these patients, and this serves to shorten the course of the AWS. We have managed cases in which the AWS patient had dexmedetomidine initiated on admission to our emergency department, continued in the SICU, and was off the dexmedetomidine and stable for floor care within 36 h. We have also broadened the use of dexmedetomidine to other withdrawal syndromes, including benzodiazepines, opioids, and cocaine. It has also been particularly effective for the polydrug abuser, a traditionally difficult patient experiencing overlapping withdrawal syndromes.
Orthogonal micro-organization of orientation and spatial frequency in primate primary visual cortex

Orientation and spatial frequency tuning are highly salient properties of neurons in primary visual cortex (V1). The combined organization of these particular tuning properties in the cortical space will strongly shape the V1 population response to different visual inputs, yet it is poorly understood. In this study, we used two-photon imaging in macaque monkey V1 to demonstrate the three-dimensional cell-by-cell layout of both spatial frequency and orientation tuning. We first found that spatial frequency tuning was organized into highly structured maps that remained consistent across the depth of layer II/III, similarly to orientation tuning. Next, we found that orientation and spatial frequency maps were intimately related at the fine spatial scale observed with two-photon imaging. Not only did the map gradients tend notably toward orthogonality, but they also co-varied negatively from cell to cell at the spatial scale of cortical columns.
Interpretation and explanation: Influences on communicative exchanges within intimate relationships

This paper is aimed at illuminating various implications of attribution‐making for a study of ongoing, intimate relationships. Explicit attributions are viewed as conscious, cognitive appraisals concerning why a communicative behavior has occurred. Implicit attributions are conceptualized more as tools of inference‐making intrinsic to the decoding process; as such, implicit attributions not only influence interpretation, explanation, and meaning‐assignment, but also mediate ongoing interpersonal message responses. It is argued that, while attribution concepts are quite relevant to various theories of interpersonal communication, the significance of attribution‐making within intimate dyadic interaction has been understated in communication research. Further analysis of attribution constructs employed by communicators—especially the interpersonal attribution category—might improve theory‐building in such areas as relational communication, communication conflict, metacommunication, and communication and affe...
An Outsourcing Acceptance Model: An Application of TAM to Application Development Outsourcing Decisions

The use of outsourcing is expanding rapidly. This study empirically tests a model of application development outsourcing acceptance based on the technology acceptance model TAM. TAM suggested perceived usefulness and ease of use mediate the effects of other variables on users' attitudes towards a technology. The model tested in this study suggests perceived usefulness and ease of use of outsourcing mediate the effects of the external environment, prior outsourcing relationships, and risks on decision-makers' attitude toward application development outsourcing. One hundred and sixty respondents to a survey sent to 3000 IT decision makers provided data to confirm the applicability of TAM and the influences of these external variables. Support for applying TAM in this alternative context was found. Three sub-dimensions of risk, project management, relationship, and employee risk emerged. Project management and employee risks along with prior relationships were found to significantly influence decision maker perceptions about application development outsourcing.
Atrial natriuretic peptide prohormone gene expression: hormones and diseases that upregulate its expression.

Atrial natriuretic peptides consist of a family of peptide hormones that are synthesized by three separate genes and then stored as three different prohormones (i.e., 126-amino acid [a.a.]) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 108-a.a. brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and 126-a.a. C-natriuretic peptide (CNP) prohormones. The gene encoding for the synthesis of the atrial natriuretic peptide prohormone (proANP) consists of three exons and two introns. Exon 1 encodes the signal peptide and the first 16 a.a. of the ANP prohormone. These 16 a.a. form the N -terminus of a peptide hormone named long-acting natriuretic hormone (LANH). A valine-to-methionine substitution in LANH results in a 2-fold increased incidence of strokes in humans. Exon 2 of the proANP gene encodes for three peptide hormones, i.e., vessel dilator, kaliuretic hormone, and ANP. Each of the proANP gene products have vasodilatory, diuretic, natriuretic, and/or kaliuretic properties. Stretch, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormone(s), mineralocorticoids, and calcium enhance proANP gene expression. Enhanced proANP gene expression is found in congestive heart failure, hypertension, and cirrhosis with ascites. The proANP gene is present with invertebrates and plants as well as in humans and other vertebrates.
Paternity Following the Replacement of Breeding Cockerels

Abstract THE use of multiple shifts for testing large numbers of cockerels has proven of value as a method for recognizing superior sires (Hutt and Cole, 1955). Males proven to be superior by performance of approximately 50 daughters are then used in subsequent years throughout an entire breeding season of 8 to 9 weeks and produce families two to four times as large. The chief objection to the shifting or replacing of males in the breeding pens is that for a period of time the paternity of the chicks hatched may be in doubt. In practice, this uncertainty need not be a deterrent to the use of multiple shifts. The actual error in assignment of paternity is so low that it would not influence the evaluation of either parent. PREVIOUS REPORTS Crew (1926) exchanged males in two breeding pens and measured the speed with which the semen of the replacing male …
Time-domain signature of an axially excited cholesteric liquid crystal. Part II : Rectangular wide-extent pulses

Summary Solving the Maxwell equations directly in the time-domain using a newly developed accelerated algorithm, we examine the response of axially excited layers of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) to rectangular wide-extent pulses (WEPs). Although the circular Bragg phenomenon certainly distorts a rectangular WEP when its bandwidth substantially lies within the Bragg regime and the carrier wave's handedness coincides with the structural handedness of a CLC layer, the pulse edges are still transmitted and appropriately coded information is thus not lost.
Intraosseous administration of antibiotics: Same-dose comparison with intravenous administration in the weanling pig

Study objectives: To assess the reliability of the intraosseous route of administration for delivery of a loading dose of broad-spectrum antibiotics in a pediatric animal model. Design: Serum levels achieved within 90 minutes of equivalent intraosseous (IO) and IV bolus dosing of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and a combination of ampicillin and gentamicin were compared in the weanling pig. Subjects: Twelve female weanling pigs were studied in the Animal Facilities Laboratory at the University of Mississippi Medical Center. Interventions: Through a proximal tibial IO catheter, each anesthetized animal received one of the following: 50 mg/kg ceftriaxone, 50 mg/kg cefotaxime, or 300 mg/kg ampicillin followed immediately by 2.5 mg/kg gentamicin. Venous blood was obtained for antibiotic assay at 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after IO injection. The animals were allowed to recover, and, after a one-week washout period, each received the same antibiotic and dose as before through a peripheral IV. Levels were assayed at the same intervals and IO versus IV were compared. Measurements and main results: Comparable serum levels of all four antibiotics were achieved by the two routes. Gentamicin levels were statistically indistinguishable 10 versus IV at all assay intervals. Ampicillin and cefotaxime levels achieved by the two routes were equivalent within one hour of dosing. Serum levels of ceftriaxone after IO administration paralleled those after IV dosing but remained significantly lower at all time intervals. Conclusions: In the weanling pig model, the IO route was used to deliver serum levels of broad-spectrum antibiotics comparable to those attained after IV administration. The data support the use of standard parenteral doses for IO administration. To overcome potential avid protein binding of ceftriaxone in the bone marrow, we recommend using ceftriaxone at its highest recommended 10 loading dose. Consistent with many other medications that have been similarly tested, these data indicate that initial or empiric antibiotic coverage in hypodynamic and shock states in infants and young children need not await the establishment of traditional IV access.
A linear bond length-stabilization energy relation for five-membered rings

Abstract Calculations carried out on five-membered ring systems using CCSD geometries and G3MP2B3 model chemistry energies confirm that the C β C β ′ formally single bond in the butadiene portion of the ring is linearly related over a large range of energies to the cyclic stabilization energy as measured by homomolecular homodesmotic reactions. The relationship covers an energy range of ±20 kcal/mol from the aromatic/antiaromatic crossover point and provides a very simple aromatic/antiaromatic descriptor.
The use of clinical practice guidelines in determining standard of care

Determining the legal responsibility—the standard of care—that is required of an individual physician treating a unique patient is a challenging problem in many allegations of medical malpractice. ...
To generalize or not to generalize? Comment on Robinson and Davies

Recently, Robinson and Davies (2010) published an article investigating the effect of educational background on performance in simulation studies. They highlight the importance of the subject by em...
Address-independent routing for local networks

A routing methodology is introduced which permits messages to be propagated throughout a network without recourse to destination or origin addresses. Two classes of networks, bidirectional trees and augmented rings, are analyzed from this point of view. An optimality property is proved for the bidirectional tree, and three types of address-independent routing strategies are derived. It is shown that augmented loops, a class of structures incorporating redundant links, may be rerouted to compensate for the failure of any single node or link.
Safeguards for Cell Cooperation in Mouse Embryogenesis Shown by Genome-Wide Cheater Screen

Ensuring cooperation among formerly autonomous cells has been a central challenge in the evolution of multicellular organisms. One solution is monoclonality, but this option still leaves room for exploitative behavior, as it does not eliminate genetic and epigenetic variability. We therefore hypothesized that embryonic development must be protected by robust regulatory mechanisms that prevent aberrant clones from superseding wild-type cells. Using a genome-wide screen in murine induced pluripotent stem cells, we identified a network of genes (centered on p53, topoisomerase 1, and olfactory receptors) whose down-regulation caused the cells to replace wild-type cells in vitro and in the mouse embryo--without perturbing normal development. These genes thus appear to fulfill an unexpected role in fostering cell cooperation.
Microdissection of developmental stages of the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum, using a ruby laser

The ruby microlaser was used to damage restricted regions of the migrating slug and fruiting stages. No absorption of the laser beam occurred unless the cells were colored. Neutral red in the growth medium added the necessary color. A 50-μm diameter beam pulsed against the anterior end or midsection of a 1 mm-long slug often produced breakup of the entire slug into several smaller slugs. It was hypothesized that the cells of the anterior end initiate signals to the rear, which maintain their leadership over the posterior cells. The anterior cells of the fruiting stages were most sensitive to the laser and the result was often permanent desistance of stalk development. In early fruits, laser irradiation could prevent completion of both stalk development and spore formation. Laser irradiation of the fruit's exposed stalk resulted in loss of stalk cell turgor pressure, and collapse of the pressure supported cellulose walls and stalk sheath.
Boundary Terms, Variational Principles and Higher Derivative Modified Gravity

We discuss the criteria that must be satisfied by a well-posed variational principle. We clarify the role of Gibbons-Hawking-York type boundary terms in the actions of higher derivative models of gravity, such as F(R) gravity, and argue that the correct boundary terms are the naive ones obtained through the correspondence with scalar-tensor theory, despite the fact that variations of normal derivatives of the metric must be fixed on the boundary. We show in the case of F(R) gravity that these boundary terms reproduce the correct Arnowitt-Deser-Misner energy in the Hamiltonian formalism, and the correct entropy for black holes in the semiclassical approximation.
Operant conditioning of spinal stretch reflexes in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Abstract Hyperactive spinal stretch reflexes (SSRs) often occur with spinal cord injuries (SCI). These altered SSRs may impair movement. Recent studies in monkeys and human subjects have indicated that the magnitude of SSRs can be modulated using operant conditioning. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hyperactive biceps brachii SSRs could be operantly conditioned downward. Seventeen chronic (>1 year postlesion) spinal cord-injured patients participated. Subjects were trained to keep biceps background prestretch) electromyographic (EMG) activity and elbow angle at predetermined levels prior to having the elbow rapidly extended by a torque motor to elicit the biceps SSR. All subjects participated in six baseline sessions over a 2-week period. Then, subjects were randomly assigned to either control or training groups for the next 24 sessions over an 8-week period. By the end of the study, training subjects had significantly reduced biceps SSRs (t test, P 0.05). The reduced SSRs persisted for up to 4 months following cessation of training. The results of this study support the hypothesis that hyperactive SSRs can be operantly conditioned downward in SCI patients.
Design, fabrication, and dynamic testing of a V-groove radiator mechanical development unit

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and dynamic testing of a V-groove radiator development unit. The intended goal was to survive the dynamic environment of the Mars Observer mission. The development unit was designed to achieve a temperature of 80 K with a heat load of about 80 milliwatts. An analysis was performed to predict the thermal performance of the development unit. The radiator with a mass mockup of a Gamma Ray Spectrometer detector, the most massive of the candidate Mars Observer instrument detectors (1.7 Kg), passed vibration and acoustic testing to the Mars Observer requirements in effect at that time.
Interpersonal Trust and Within-Nation Regional E-Commerce Adoption

The value of trust plays a critical role in social and economic exchanges (Adler & Kwon, 2002; Butler, 1991; Giffin, 1967; Kumar, Scheer & Steenkamp, 1995; Morgan, 1994). Trust also has a significant impact on e-commerce activity (Bhattacherjee, 2002; Gefen, 2000; Green & Pearson 2011; Kassim, & Abdullah, 2008; McKnight & Chervany 2001; Tan & Theon, 2003). Furthermore, trust levels and trust development processes have been shown to vary cross-nationally (Doney, Cannon, & Mullen, 1998; Gefen & Heart, 2006), and affect differences in e-commerce between nations (Greenberg, Wong-On-Wing, & Lui, 2008; Kim, 2008; Mahmood, Bagchi & Ford, 2004; Schumann, Von Wangenheim, Stringfellow, et al., 2010). However, cross-cultural studies of the relationship between trust and e-commerce activity have only been conducted at the national level with no studies to date investigating the relationship of trust to e-commerce activity among within-nation regions. This gap in the literature is troublesome given that a number of scholars have demonstrated that within-nation regional differences are a key area in need of further research (Fukuyama, 1995; Lenartowicz & Roth, 2001; Locke, 1995; Peterson & Smith 2008; Stelzl & Seligman, 2009). Therefore, the role that trust plays in e-commerce activity among withinnation regions should be further investigated. This paper explores within-nation regional differences in e-commerce activity and investigates whether trust is significantly related to regional e-commerce activity.
Resistance of the alfalfa caterpillar, Colias eurytheme, at high temperatures to a cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus and thermal inactivation point of the virus.

Abstract The thermal inactivation point of a cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa caterpillar, Colias eurytheme , is 85° C for 10 min. When reared at 35° C and fed the virus, the alfalfa-caterpillar larva resisted viral infection. At 23° C for 24 hr, and transferred to 35° C, most of the larvae developed uninfected, but when kept at 23° C for 72 hr, most of them were found infected by the virus.
Impact of Blood Transfusions on Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Patients Who Underwent Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

Baseline anemia is associated with transfusions and increased risk of mortality in patients who underwent cardiac surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention. The impact of blood transfusions in anemic patients who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains unclear. All patients who underwent transfemoral TAVI at our institution were retrospectively included. We determined the effect of blood transfusions on short- and long-term mortality and its interaction with baseline hemoglobin levels and bleeding complications. Additionally, we evaluated baseline hemoglobin effect on mortality. A total of 332 patients were included. All patients (99%) except 2 (1%) met the definition for anemia. Of the 332 patients, 124 (37%) received a blood transfusion and 208 (63%) did not. Blood transfusions were associated with increased in-hospital (p <0.001), 30-day (p <0.001), and 1-year (28% vs 13%, p = 0.001) mortality; however, after a landmark analysis, the effect of blood transfusion on mortality was only seen within 30 days of the procedure (p = 0.001). The increased risk of mortality associated with blood transfusion was present after multivariate adjustment at 30 days (hazard ratio 3.59 [1.04 to 12.4]; p = 0.04). Major vascular complications were a correlate for short- and long-term death. In contrast, baseline hemoglobin level and bleeding complications were not independently associated with mortality. The p value for interaction was not significant between transfusion and hemoglobin level and for transfusion and bleeding complication and transfusion and major vascular complication. In conclusion, the presence of anemia in patients who underwent TAVI does not affect mortality. Transfusion is a correlate of all-cause mortality in this patient population and should be used with caution.
Down‐regulation of the myeloid homeobox protein Hex is essential for normal T‐cell development

The haematopoietic homeobox gene Hex (also called Prh) is expressed in myeloid cells and B cells but not T cells. To investigate whether Hex levels might play a role in myeloid versus T-cell development, two types of transgenic mouse lines were constructed, each with ectopic expression of Hex in T cells (CD11a/Hex and Lck/Hex). Both these types of transgenic mouse had the same defects in T-cell maturation, indicating that proper T-cell development may be dependent not just on the up-regulation of lymphoid-specific transcriptional regulators but also on the co-ordinated down-regulation of myeloid-specific transcriptional regulators such as Hex. In addition, Hex over-expression significantly increased myeloid progenitor cycling, which may explain its role in retrovirally induced murine leukaemia.
Pheromonal covariation and kinship in social beeLasioglossum zephyrum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Both males and females of the primitively eusocial beeLasioglossum zephyrum can distinguish among female conspecifics with regard to genealogical relationship. Closely related females covary with respect to Dufour's gland pheromone products which are believed to function in individual or kin recognition. This is the first report of a population-wide parallel between similarity of communicative glandular product and genetic similarity.
Molecular and anatomical determinants of central leptin resistance

The increasing incidence of obesity in developed nations is an ever-growing challenge to health care, promoting diabetes and other diseases. The hormone leptin, which is derived from adipose tissue, regulates feeding and energy expenditure. Most forms of obesity are associated with diminished responsiveness to the appetite-suppressing effects of leptin. Here we review the mechanisms by which leptin activates intracellular signals, the roles of these signals in leptin action in vivo, and mechanisms that may attenuate leptin signaling, limiting its action in obese individuals. We highlight data regarding the expression of SOCS3 (a potential mediator of leptin resistance) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Condensed Complexes and the Calorimetry of Cholesterol-Phospholipid Bilayers

A recent thermodynamic model describes a reversible reaction between cholesterol (C) and phospholipid (P) to form a condensed complex C(nq)P(np). Here q and p are relatively prime integers used to define the stoichiometric composition, and n is a measure of cooperativity. The present study applies this model to the scanning calorimetry of binary mixtures of cholesterol and saturated phosphatidylcholines, especially work by McElhaney and collaborators. These mixtures generally show two heat capacity peaks, a sharp peak and a broad peak. The sharp heat absorption is largely due to the chain melting transition of pure phospholipid. In the present work the broad heat absorption is attributed to the thermal dissociation of complexes. The best fits of the model to the data require the complex formation to be highly cooperative, with cooperativity n = 12. Detailed comparisons are made between model calculations and calorimetric data. A number of unusual features of the data arise naturally in the model. The principal discrepancy between the calculations and experimental results is a spurious calculated heat absorption peak. This discrepancy is related to the reported relative magnitudes of the integrated broad and sharp heat absorption curves.
Six-vertex model with rotated boundary conditions

We investigate the six-vertex model on a square lattice rotated through an arbitrary angle with respect to the coordinate axes, a model recently introduced by Litvin and Priezzhev. Auxiliary vertices are used to define an inhomogeneous system which leads to a one-parameter family of commuting transfer matrices. A product of commuting transfer matrices can be interpreted as a transfer matrix acting on zigzag walls in the rotated system. Using an equation for commuting transfer matrices, we calculate their eigenvalues. Finite-size properties of the model are discussed from the viewpoint of the conformal field theory.
A multi-shot dense plasma focus with improved cathode design

Abstract A dense plasma focus device that can be fired repetitively without purging the test gas between shots has been developed. A uniform neutron output of ≈ (1.0 ± 0.4) x 10 8 per shot was obtained over a three-month period using the same gas fill. Neutron output has been improved with the addition of a modified cathode having a reduced waist diameter in the vicinity of the end of the insulator.
Decision-making in Neonatal Intensive Care: Interventions on Behalf of Preterm Infants

This review traces the history of judicial and legislative interventions into proxy decision-making by parents and physicians on behalf of neonates in intensive care units. The doctrine of parens patriae is traced from the first governmental intrusions into life-support decisions for newborns who had congenital anomalies during the 1980s to the 2002 federal legislation on the legal status of “born-alive” infants. Ethical problems inherent in decisions to resuscitate and provide neonatal intensive care for extremely preterm infants are discussed. A formal shared decision-making approach to care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) could limit the need for legal or legislative intrusions into the complex decisions about the appropriateness of care for infants born at the margin of viability.
Evidence from the Ross Sea for Widespread Submarine Erosion

ONLY limited studies of sedimentary sections in cores from the Ross Sea are available1. Palaeoclimatological investigations of the Antarctic Pacific based on deep sea cores are restricted to latitudes north of 65° S (refs. 2, 3). The high latitude position of the Ross Sea (Fig. 1) and its association with the Ross Ice Shelf make it an ideal area for a study of relationships between the palaeoclimatology and palaeo-oceanography of the Antarctic.
Demographic consequences of a food and water shortage to desert Chacma Baboons, Papio ursinus

The age-sex composition of a chacma baboon (Papio ursinus)population changed following a 5-month interval of extreme food and water shortages. Mortality was significantly greater among adult females, juveniles, and infants than among adult males. The probable basis of 19 of 22 deaths during the interval of food and water shortage was starvation caused by drought conditions which localized water sources, reducing access to food resources. This resulted in a long-term (> 6-year) shift in adult sex ratios within this three-troop population, from 1.04 to 1.42-1.58 adult and subadult males per adult female. Patterns of intertroop interaction were also influenced by food scarcity, which determined which troop was most seriously affected.
Efficacy and Safety of Portal Vein Embolization for Two-Stage Hepatectomy in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastasis

Abstract Purpose To examine the efficacy and safety of portal vein embolization (PVE) when used during two-stage hepatectomy for bilobar colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Materials and Methods PVE was performed as an adjunct to two-stage hepatectomy in 56 patients with CLM. Absolute future liver remnant (FLR) volumes, standardized FLR ratios, degree of hypertrophy (DH), and complications were analyzed. Segment II and III volumes and DH were also measured separately. All volumetric measurements were compared with a cohort of 96 patients (n = 37 right portal vein embolization [RPVE], n=59 right portal vein embolization extended to segment IV portal veins [RPVE+4]) in whom PVE was performed before single-stage hepatectomy. Results For patients who completed RPVE during two-stage hepatectomy (n = 17 of 17), mean absolute FLR volume increased from 272.1 cm 3 to 427.0 cm 3 ( P P 3 to 424.8 cm 3 ( P P Conclusions PVE effectively and safely induced a significant DH in the FLR during two-stage hepatectomy in patients with CLM.
Antibody and T-cell receptors.

A VERTEBRATE is an attractive culture medium for viruses, bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites. It is therefore understandable that vertebrates have had to develop a body defense mechanism directed toward these pathogens for their emergence and survival. This defense mechanism is the See also pp 1834 and 1837. immune system. The crucial event in mounting an immune response is the recognition of chemical markers that are present on infectious organisms and foreign bodies. The molecules entrusted to this task are the B-cell-synthesized antibodies and the antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs). Antigens are numerous and structurally diverse. The fact that the body can produce antibodies against many artificially made chemicals and can discriminate among them attests to the vastness of the antigenic world. The antigen-binding specificity of an antibody or a TCR is determined by the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chains that compose these proteins. The enormous diversity of antigens,
Treatment of mammalian bite wounds of the maxillofacial region.

Summary Infected human bites may result in devastating consequences. Failure to recognize the destructive potential of infections of bone, tendons, joints, and soft tissue caused by oral microorganisms can lead to serious loss of intrinsic functions. Rapid prevention or resolution of infection by appropriate use of antibiotics and surgical treatment continues to be a therapeutic challenge.
Superantigens: Gazing into the crystal ball

Abstract The recently determined crystal structures of complexes between bacterial toxin ‘superantigens' and MHC class II molecules shed light on the nature of the interactions between these two molecules.
Organization of higher-order brain areas that initiate locomotor activity in larval lamprey

In the lamprey, spinal locomotor activity can be initiated by pharmacological microstimulation in several brain areas: rostrolateral rhombencephalon (RLR); dorsolateral mesencephalon (DLM); ventromedial diencephalon (VMD); and reticular nuclei. During DLM- or VMD-initiated locomotor activity in in vitro brain/spinal cord preparations, application of a solution that focally depressed neuronal activity in reticular nuclei often attenuated or abolished the locomotor rhythm. Electrical microstimulation in the DLM or VMD elicited synaptic responses in reticulospinal (RS) neurons, and close temporal stimulation in both areas evoked responses that summated and could elicit action potentials when neither input alone was sufficient. During RLR-initiated locomotor activity, focal application of a solution that depressed neuronal activity in the DLM or VMD abolished or attenuated the rhythm. These new results suggest that neurons in the RLR project rostrally to locomotor areas in the DLM and VMD. These latter areas then appear to project caudally to RS neurons, which probably integrate the synaptic inputs from both areas and activate the spinal locomotor networks. These pathways are likely to be important components of the brain neural networks for the initiation of locomotion and have parallels to locomotor command systems in higher vertebrates.
A ‘fair share’ model of public good provision

Abstract Many voluntary or non-profit organizations produce outputs that are best characterized as public goods. These organizations are financed, at least in part. by donations from individuals. Only models which incorporate internal (psychic) rewards for donating appear to be consistent with actual donor behavior. A simple ‘fair share’ model is proposed as an example. It is shown that under weak restrictions on demand, the donation process is locally stable about the Lindahl allocation. The process therefore converges to an efficient level of public good provision entirely without government intervention.
Fish Assemblage of a Cypress Wetland within an Urban Landscape

Abstract Fishes were sampled from Gillam Park Wetland, a small cypress swamp located within the city limits of Little Rock, AR during Fall 2005. The objectives of this research were to contribute to our knowledge of understudied wetland habitats in Arkansas, determine the status of the fish community in an urban wetland, and provide baseline data for future monitoring of this unique site. We collected 20 total species from three wetland sections (lower, middle, upper). Although fish community composition varied among the sections, species richness was similar across wetland sections. Fyke nets were more effective at capturing fish along the heavily vegetated and structured shorelines than either seines or funnel traps. The fish community residing in Gillam Park Wetland indicates that this “urban wetland” is functioning and seemingly healthy despite its proximity to anthropogenic impacts. Furthermore, Gillam Park Wetland is located along a major physiogeographic boundary that may play an important role in ...
Fully Coupled Rigid Internal Combustion Engine Dynamics and Vibration—Part I: Model Development

Robust predictions of engine vibration are important for preliminary design of new engines and new vehicles, and in setting component tolerances. Vibration modeling of internal combustion engines is commonly based on a one-way-coupling assumption between the engine's moving internal components and the vibrating engine block. This assumption causes Coriolis and gyroscopic interactions to be neglected, and leads to a vibration model that does not properly conserve energy. This paper presents a new seven-degree-of-freedom model for low frequency engine vibrations that does not utilize the one-way-coupling assumption. The model is based on fully coupled rigid-body dynamics for the pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft, flywheel, and engine block. Predictions from the new model are compared to those from an equivalent one-way-coupled model for poorly balanced (one-cylinder) and well-balanced (inline six-cylinder) engines. Predicted mount forces are dissimilar for the poorly balanced engine but are nearly the same for the well-balanced engine. In addition, the new model is found to properly conserve energy and account for gravitational forces.
FLAIR: fluz line-segment model for advection and interface reconstruction

Abstract A computational technique for solving fluid problems with free surfaces and interfaces is presented. The conventional cell volume fraction approach is employed for tracking the interfaces. However, for surface advection and its reconstruction, a new and more accurate FLAIR (flux line-segment model for advection and interface reconstruction) algorithm is developed. The surface is approximated by a set of line segments fitted at the boundary of every two neighboring computational cells. A criterion is developed for identifying the line-segment orientation by inspecting the cell volume fractions. The new cell volume fraction field is obtained by integrating the advected area underneath the interface line-segment. As an example, this technique is applied to the capillary driven viscous flow of an initially elliptic, two-dimensional fluid zone. The problem is posed mathematically as a solution of the Navier-Stokes equations with moving free surface boundary conditions. The damping motion of the fluid zone is observed through transport of the free surface, which is related to the instantaneous internal velocity field under the influence of surface tension and viscous forces.