cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Independence and Diversity as Taught by My Mentors

In this chapter, the author reflects on her formative childhood experience during the tumultuous Cultural Revolution in China (1968–1978). She makes the case that the lessons of independence and diversity during this period from her mother, nanny, and others shaped her as a person and as a researcher.
Do Beta –2 Agonists Reduce Admission Rate in Children With Bronchiolitis?

Introduction: Bronchiolitis is a very common disease in children less than 2 years of age. RSV virus is the major cause of this illness and its admissions represent 18 % of all pediatric hospitalization in infant less than 1 year of age. Globally, RSV infections in children less than 5 years of age account for 3.4 million hospitalizations and the admission rate has relatively increased during the last 15 years, despite the routine use of Beta-2 agonists in children with bronchiolitis in emergency departments. Methods: The aim is to determine from the medical literature whether the use of Albuterol in children (less than 2 years of age) with bronchiolitis, reduce admission rate or not? PubMed, Scopus, web of science and OneFile gale were searched, 1591 articles identified. Randomized controlled trials that comparing Albuterol group recipients with placebo recipients in children (less than 2 years of age) were only included in this study. Results: 7 (RCT)s representing 670 patients with bronchiolitis published between 1990 to 2011, Risk of bias generally low and quality of evidence are high, (100%) of included studies have concluded that Beta-2 agonists did not reduce Admission rate in children with bronchiolitis (16.5% in Albuterol group vs 20% in placebo group [ odd ratio 0.74 , P = 0.20, confidence interval (CI) = (0.47 - 1.16) ]. Conclusion: Use of Beta-2 Agonists in children (less than 2 years of age) with bronchiolitis do not reduce the admission rate.
Benefits of Experience and Knowledge for Older Adults’ Monetary Sequence Preferences:

Financial literacy and financial experience may be important for understanding age differences in financial decisionmaking. Older adults generally have more financial experience than younger adults...
The Acute Care Surgeon in Pandemics: Lessons from COVID-19

The pandemic in 2020 has had economic, health, social, and cultural impacts on the entire world’s population. At the time of writing, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), had infected over 169 million people causing 3.5 million deaths with ongoing exponential growth in case numbers in many parts of the world. The impact of surgical care delivery has been profound. Initial orders to cancel elective surgery preserved inadequate stockpiles of personal protective equipment and prevented exposures of surgical patients to asymptomatic COVID-19-infected persons in the face of insufficient testing. However, this led to a backlog of elective surgery. There were also delays in presentation of acute surgical conditions, probably due to patient fears of contracting COVID-19 at hospitals. Surgeons were required to develop processes such as creation of dedicated COVID-19 operating rooms to prevent nosocomial spread of the disease and infection of the operating room team. Surgeons have provided surgical and critical care to COVID-19 patients during the current pandemic despite initial shortages of ventilators, PPE, and information. Surgeons are now successfully managing acute surgical complications of COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 patients presenting with trauma and non-COVID-19-related acute surgical conditions, despite early reports of poor outcomes. Lessons learned included issues in preparation, training, planning, provider wellness, burnout, surgical disparities, testing, PPE, operating rooms, cancellations of elective surgery, regional coordination, and information technology. Surgeons should be now ready to engage in advocacy efforts to ensure that the next pandemic can be better handled by the healthcare system.
Left displacement of the abomasum in a reticulated giraffe bull in managed care

A 10-y-old giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) bull developed colic after a 3-mo history of reduced feed consumption. Physical examination and management were performed with 2 standing seda...
Surfactant catabolism

Abstract: Alveolar pulmonary surfactant is a complex of macromolecular aggregates composed of phospholipids and surfactant proteins (SP) that is essential for maintenance of normal lung function. The importance of surfactant homeostasis is recognized in the patients and the animal models with pulmonary disease, although the mechanisms of surfactant homeostasis are not fully understood. In this review the author will discuss: (i) the mechanisms of the surfactant catabolism by macrophage and type II cells; and (ii) the important role of SP-D on ultrastructure of surfactant that affects uptake by type II cells.
(Auto)Theorizing the maternal interval: Burlesque performance as creative research

Burlesque is a form that engages ideas of bodily inscription and gender performativity. Through burlesque, I seek to interrogate, critique, iterate and, ultimately, rewrite existing ideologies of f...
Hardware acceleration of lucky-region fusion (LRF) algorithm for high-performance real-time video processing

"Lucky-region" fusion (LRF) is a synthetic imaging technique that has proven successful in enhancing the quality of images distorted by atmospheric turbulence. The LRF algorithm extracts sharp regions of an image obtained from a series of short exposure frames from fast, high-resolution image sensors, and fuses the sharp regions into a final, improved image. In our previous research, the LRF algorithm had been implemented on CPU and field programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms. The CPU did not have sufficient processing power to handle real-time processing of video. Last year, we presented a real-time LRF implementation using an FPGA. However, due to the slow register-transfer level (RTL) development and simulation time, it was difficult to adjust and discover optimal LRF settings such as Gaussian kernel radius and synthetic frame buffer size. To overcome this limitation, we implemented the LRF algorithm on an off-the-shelf graphical processing unit (GPU) in order to take advantage of built-in parallelization and significantly faster development time. Our initial results show that the unoptimized GPU implementation has almost comparable turbulence mitigation to the FPGA version. In our presentation, we will explore optimization of the LRF algorithm on the GPU to achieve higher performance results, and adding new performance capabilities such as image stabilization.
Characterization of prostaglandin receptors in the bovine corpus luteum cell membranes.

Abstract [3H]Prostaglandin (PG) E1 bound to the cell membrane fraction of bovine corpus luteum with high affinity and specificity. Unlabeled PGE1 and E2 inhibited [3H]PGE1 binding to the membranes in a dose-dependent manner with complete inhibition occurring at 1.4 x 10-7 m. Other PGs (PGF1α, F2α, B1, A1, and A2) inhibited 80 to 100% of [3H]PGE1 binding only at 100-fold greater concentrations than that of PGEs. Membrane-bound and free [3H]PGE1 were found to be essentially unchanged under the present incubation conditions. The Scatchard plot analysis of the equilibrium binding data suggested the presence of high and low affinity binding sites having apparent dissociation constants (Kd) of 1.3 x 10-9 m and 1.0 x 10-8 m, respectively. Free energy changes of +12.6 and +11.4 Cal per mole were calculated for the dissociation of [3H]PGE1 from high and low affinity binding sites, respectively. The rate constants for association and dissociation, 1.9 x 105 m-1 s-1 and 2.8 x 10-3 s-1, were measured at 38°. The apparent Kd calculated from the ratio of rate constants at 22° and 38° (2.8 x 10-8 m versus 1.5 x 10-8 m) agreed very well with each other. Maximum specific binding of [3H]PGE1 occurred at pH 6.2 from 30 to 38°. For concentrations of various cations, up to 1 x 10-1 m, only Ca2+ and Mg2+ moderately increased [3H]PGE1 binding. When the concentrations were increased above 1 x 10-1 m, both mono- and divalent cations significantly decreased [3H]PGE1 binding. Incubation of membranes with various enzymes revealed that PGE receptor molecules are protein in nature which require lipids and specific phospholipids, but not sialic acid residues, of membranes and/or receptor in binding of [3H]-PGE1. Treatment of membranes with several protein-modifying reagents suggested that tyrosyl residues but not sulfhydryl groups were involved in the binding interaction.
Fracture toughness and fracture behavior of SA508-III steel at different temperatures

The fracture toughness of SA508-III steel was studied in the temperature range from room temperature to 320°C using the J-integral method. The fracture behavior of the steel was also investigated. It was found that the conditional fracture toughness (J Q) of the steel first decreased and then increased with increasing test temperature. The maximum and minimum values of J Q were 517.4 kJ/m2 at 25°C and 304.5 kJ/m2 at 180°C, respectively. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) was also observed to occur when the temperature exceeded 260°C with a certain strain rate. Both the dislocation density and the number of small dislocation cells effectively increased because of the occurrence of DSA; as a consequence, crack propagation was more strongly inhibited in the steel. Simultaneously, an increasing number of fine carbides precipitated under high stress at temperatures greater than 260°C. Thus, the deformation resistance of the steel was improved and the J Q was enhanced.
Immune response to polyoma tumor cells in mice: II. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity with embryonic and polyoma specificity☆

Abstract C3H/HeN mice, hyperimmunized with mitomycin C treated syngeneic polyoma virus transformed tumor cells, developed antisera that induced normal C3H lymphocytes to be cytotoxic against these tumor cells in vitro. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was observed when cells from spleen, lymph node, and thymus were used as effector cells at dilutions of antiserum as high as 1:1280. This cytotoxicity was predominantly polyoma specific. Polyoma-transformed cells from three different mouse strains were sensitive to thymocyte-mediated cytotoxicity induced by this antiserum from mice immunized against syngeneic polyoma-transformed cells. However, some cytotoxicity at relatively high serum concentrations was observed against primary C3H embryo fibroblasts. Cells transformed by MuSV or SV-40 were not killed by the same combinations of antisera and lymphocytes. Antisera taken from animals immunized with syngeneic embryo fibroblasts also induced ADCC by spleen cells and thymocytes. These antisera produced significant ADCC against all cell lines tested (polyoma, SV-40, and MuSV-transformed cells) and against one of two primary embryofibroblast isolates. There were, however, differences between cell lines in the magnitude and endpoint titers of the ADCC and the relative efficiency of splenic versus thymocyte effector cells. Indirect immunofluorescence was used as an independent assay for the antibody content of both groups of antisera. The same general specificity was found by fluorescence. However, the titers observed by this method were much lower than those detected by ADCC.
Renal changes associated with acclimatization to high altitude

White rats were exposed to atmospheric pressures equivalent to 18,000 feet altitude for approximately 24 hours a day for as long as four months. Ratio between glomeruli and non-glomerular cortical tissue was determined using the Chalkley technique. Mean cross-sectional glomerular area was determined using a delineascope projection method. Conclusions reached as a result of this study are: (a) A decrease in kidney weight per 100 gm body weight is observed in altitude acclimatized rats compared to ground level control animals. Kidneys of rats at high altitudes weighed 15% ± 2.9% less than controls. (b) A decrease in the amount of non-glomerular tissue per glomerulus is noted in animals at high altitude. (c) A decrease in mean glomerular area was observed in animals at high altitudes. Since no gross change in volume of renal cortex is observed during acclimatization, the conclusion is drawn from this information that during altitude acclimatization an increase in the total number of functioning nephrons occurs.
RIT's BS program in software engineering: initial experiences

Summary form only given. In 1996, Rochester Institute of Technology launched the US's first Bachelor of Science Program in Software Engineering. The program is innovative in many respects, including its interdisciplinary sponsorship by the Departments of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, which are themselves housed in two distinct colleges of RIT. In addition, the curriculum was developed with input from across a broad range of industrial software development domains: commercial off-the-shelf (COTS), finance and banking, embedded real-time control systems, and telecommunications and networking. The result is a rich, broad-based curriculum, where the foundation laid by the core computer science and engineering courses provides the basis for deeper upper division study in software engineering. The curriculum is very much a work in progress. The paper focuses on experiences to date, including issues related to administering a multidisciplinary program, student response to the initial set of courses, and plans for the future.
Land Value and Parcel Size: A Semiparametric Analysis

We use a semiparametric estimator to analyze the relationship between land values and parcel size in a sample of 158 undeveloped parcels in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area. The semiparametric estimator combines the benefits of parametric and nonparametric estimation. The value-size relationship is estimated nonparametrically, which permits the function to be linear, convex, and concave in different regions. A simple log-linear parametric relationship is assumed for the rest of the model, which conserves degrees of freedom and simplifies hypothesis testing. Our semiparametric estimates do not reject log-linearity for the value-size relationship.
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical Research in the United States

In the U.S., the development of extensive regulations for the protection of human subjects of research began in the 1960s and continued through the 1970s. The substance of these regulations reflects the American social and political climate of the time. There is a focus on rights--e.g., to be left alone, to be self-determining--reflected in elaborate requirements to assure the validity and documentation of informed consent. There is also a focus on systems of disinterested review and monitoring procedures to assure uniform adherence to the requirements of the regulations. To the extent that the U.S. has developed extensive regulations in this field, it may be viewed as more advanced than the U.K. And yet, it is apparent that there remain on both sides of the Atlantic very difficult and similar problems regarding the definition of responsible research. Such problems are illustrated by consideration of current controversies about the ethical justification of RCTs. There are some features of the U.S. regulatory system that I can commend to the attention of other nations as they develop policies for the protection of human research subjects. For example, a uniform requirement for informed consent and committee review appears to be responsive to some problems currently encountered in the conduct of RCTs in the U.K. A note of caution is in order, however. Some features of our regulatory policy and practices are excessively inflexible, wasteful of human resources, and occasionally counterproductive.
Localization procedures in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of noninvasive and invasive localization studies in patients with persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism (HPT). Design and Setting: Reoperations based on patients who were treated surgically for recurrent or persistent HPT at the University of California—San Francisco Hospitals from 1982 to 1993. Patients: This study evaluated 174 localization studies performed in 152 patients before reoperation (110 women and 42 men). Main Outcome Measures: The accuracy of localization studies, including ultrasonography, thallous chloride Tl 201–technetium Tc 99m pertechnetate scanning, technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scanning, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and selective venous catheterization, were evaluated, as were the results of parathyroid reoperations. Results: A total of 174 consecutive reoperations were performed in 152 patients with HPT (persistent, 113; recurrent, 39; mean age, 54 years; range, 21 to 88 years). One hundred thirty-three patients had primary HPT, 15 had secondary HPT, and four had tertiary HPT. Overall, 141 (93%) became normocalcemic, two (1%) became hypocalcemic, and nine (6%) remained hypercalcemic. Abnormal parathyroid glands at reoperation were situated in a normal location in 77 cases (44%), in the mediastinum in 37 cases (22%), in a deep cervical location in 34 cases (19%), or in an intrathyroidal location in 14 cases (8%), or were undescended in four cases (2%); supernumerary glands were found in 26 cases (15%). Some patients had more than one remaining abnormal gland. Selective venous catheterization with a parathyroid hormone assay was done in cases in which the results of noninvasive localization studies were equivocal or negative, and it frequently converted an equivocal result of a localization study to a definitely positive result. There were no complications from the localization studies. At reoperation, permanent hypoparathyroidism that required parathyroid autotransplantation of cryopreserved tissue developed in two patients and two patients had recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies. Conclusion: We currently recommend using ultrasonography and technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scanning and magnetic resonance imaging for patients with recurrent or persistent HPT. Selective venous catheterization with a parathyroid hormone assay is done selectively. Localization tests decrease morbidity and improve overall results in these patients. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:870-875)
Evidence for a human ovarian progesterone receptor

Abstract The aromatization of androgens to estrogens in the ovary and the roles of estrogens in promoting follicular growth have been described by a number of investigators. Furthermore, specific receptors for estrogens have been defined in granulosa cells as well as other target tissues. In other estrogen-responsive tissues, there is also a progesterone receptor, which mediates estrogen antagonism at the molecular level. We have previously described an ovarian progesterone receptor in an animal model. We now describe a heat-labile ovarian cytoplasmic protein that specifically binds progestins with a very high affinity. The equilibrium dissociation constant for progesterone (Kd) = 4.8 × 10 −9 M and it is present in the ovary in a concentration of 3.3 × 10 −13 moles/mg of protein. Since the characteristics of this protein are compatible with an ovarian progesterone receptor, there is the implication that the ovary is a target organ for progesterone. Thus, progesterone may have a role in the modulation of ovarian physiology.
Structural Characterization of CalS8, a TDP-α-D-Glucose Dehydrogenase Involved in Calicheamicin Aminodideoxypentose Biosynthesis.

Abstract Classical UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenases (UGDH; EC 1.1.1.22) catalyze the conversion of UDP-α-D-glucose (UDP-Glc) to the key metabolic precursor UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) and display specificity for UDP-Glc. The fundamental biochemical and structural study of the UGDH homolog CalS8 encoded by the calicheamicin biosynthetic gene is reported and represents one of the first studies of a UGDH homolog involved in secondary metabolism. The corresponding biochemical characterization of CalS8 reveals CalS8 as one of the first characterized base permissive UGDH homologs with a >15-fold preference for TDP-Glc over UDP-Glc. The corresponding structure elucidation of apo-CalS8 and the CalS8/substrate/cofactor ternary complex (at 2.47 angstrom and 1.95 angstrom resolution, respectively) highlight a notably high degree of conservation between CalS8 and classical UGDHs where structural divergence within the intersubunit loop structure likely contributes to the CalS8 base permissivity. As such, this study begins to provide a putative blueprint for base specificity among sugar nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases and, in conjunction with prior studies on the base specificity of the calicheamicin aminopentosyltransferase CalG4, provides growing support for the calicheamicin aminopentose pathway as a TDP-sugar-dependent process.
Fire from Heaven: Pentecostals in the Secular City

Abstract Is Harvey Cox’s Fire from Heaven which focused on Pentecostalism merely a mea culpa for the hubris of predicting the death of God in the 1960s or a case of using the “pentecostalization” of religions to describe the shape of religiosity in the emerging global civil society, global secular city? This essay shows how theologically liberal ideas in both his Fire from Heaven and Secular City are today used to theologize the relevant shape of faith in the global civil society in ways that hauntingly suggest Pentecostalism is implicated in the emergence and working of the global secular city which reject notions of transcendence in religion. The essay then challenges pentecostal theologians to seriously consider the question: In what way is Pentecostalism already secularized or secularizing from its core?
Cartilaginous Dermal Scales in Cephalopods

Epidermal scales of the squid Cranchia scabra are composed of tissue which stains metachromatically with toluidine blue, and which is similar in appearance to hyaline cartilage.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of an Untethered, Nonlinear Spherical Buoy in a Wave Tank

The horizontal and vertical motions of a spherical buoy, excited by synthetic ocean waves within a wave flume, is numerically and experimentally investigated. First, fluid motion in the wave tank is described using Airy’s theory, and the forces on the buoy are determined using a modified form of Morison’s equation. The system is then studied statically in order to determine the effects of varying system parameters. Numerical simulations then use the governing equations to compare predicted motions with experimentally observed behavior.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Functional Validation in Grid Computing

The development of the World Wide Web has changed the way we think about information. Information on the web is distributed, updates are made asynchronously and resources come online and go offline without centralized control. Global networking will similarly change the way we think about and perform computation. Grid computing refers to computing in a distributed networked environment where computing and data resources are located throughout a network. In order to locate these resources dynamically in a grid computation, a broker or matchmaker uses keywords and ontologies to describe and specify grid services. However, we believe that keywords and ontologies can not always be defined or interpreted precisely enough to achieve deep semantic agreement in a truly distributed, heterogeneous computing environment. To this end, we introduce the concept of functional validation. Functional validation goes beyond the symbolic level of brokering and matchmaking, to the level of validating actual functional performance of grid services. In this paper, we present the functional validation concept in grid computing, analyze the possible validation situations and apply basic machine learning theory such as PAC learning and Chernoff bounds to explore the relationship between sample size and confidence in service semantics.
Gender and age-appropriate enrolment in Uganda

Abstract Secondary school enrolment in Uganda has historically favoured males over females. Recently, however, researchers have reported that the secondary enrolment gender gap has significantly diminished, and perhaps even disappeared in Uganda. Even if gender parity is being achieved for enrolment broadly, there may be a gender gap concerning age-appropriate enrolment. This is an important next step in educational research concerning gender equity in education worldwide. There is little information about what individual, family and regional factors influence age-appropriate enrolment. Therefore, this study investigates a potential age-appropriate enrolment gender gap for secondary-aged youth, and examines the factors that influence gendered enrolment behaviours in Uganda. Implications for policy, practice, and further research are discussed.
Transcriptional regulation of the NKT cell lineage.

How expression of canonical semi-invariant TCRs leads to innate-like effector differentiation is a central enigma of NKT cell development. NKT thymic precursors undergo elevated TCR signals leading to increased Egr2, which directly induces their signature transcription factor, PLZF. PLZF is necessary and sufficient to induce a multipotent, unbiased effector program that precedes terminal differentiation into T-bethigh NK1.1+ (NKT1) cells and recently identified NKT2 and NKT17 sublineages. Major variations in polarized NKT sublineages have been uncovered in different mouse strains and in several mutants, with direct impact on NKT cell function but also, unexpectedly, on the development and function of conventional T cells.
Less Than Human, More Than Human: The Use of Mouse Models in Dermatologic Research

Funny looking mice, but not funny looking kids, have long been prized for their unique or distinctive features because much that we might wish to know concerning unique humans is increasingly discernible through studies involving unique mice. 1-10 Some of the earliest observations of genetic differences and mutations within mouse colonies were indeed detected and described in terms of differences in the murine integument, such as differences in hair color, texture, or other changes in fur or vibrissae. 1 Beginning with these simple visual tools, much has been learned about mammalian chromosomal organization. From such humble beginnings, manipulation of the mouse genome has now reached the point that the 1990s have been labeled the (biomedical) "decade of the mouse." What advances have led to such opinions? Why should scientists, clinicians, and the lay public be interested in mouse biology and genetics? Why are inbred mice particularly useful in the study of human genetic diseases in general, and of human skin diseases in particular?
The virial theorem in hydromagnetics

A tensor form of the virial theorem appropriate for configurations in hydromagnetic equilibrium is obtained. Various elementary consequences of this theorem are derived such as the impossibility of spherical symmetry for static configurations with prevailing magnetic fields. A variational form of the virial theorem governing small departures from an initial static state is obtained; and the usefulness of this variational form for estimating the characteristic periods of oscillation of a hydromagnetic system is illustrated by considering a special case.
Performance factors for ground-air thermoelectric power generators

Abstract The daily variation in air temperature is large compared with the temperature changes a short distance below the surface of the ground. In theory, a heat engine can be arranged to produce electricity from this temperature difference. In practice, the thermal efficiency of such a device will be low because of the small temperature differences involved. One example of such an energy harvesting device that can produce a small amount of electrical power uses a thermoelectric generator operating between the air and ground temperatures. The low thermal efficiency means that accurately predicting thermal resistances throughout the device and at the air-side and ground-side heat exchangers is critical to the creation of a useful device. Advantages of this device include high reliability, no acoustic emissions, low visibility, significant night-time power production, ruggedness, and long life. With appropriate external power conditioning components, the device could be used to power remote sensors and communications systems. The design of a pair of milliwatt-scale ground source heat engines is described. The devices were fabricated using custom heat exchangers and off-the-shelf thermoelectric modules and other supplies. Both systems were tested over an extended period in order to quantitatively assess effects of sunlight and precipitation on system performance and life. Exhaustive analysis of air-side average heat transfer coefficients, system thermal resistances, and ground-side thermal resistances provides quantitative design information for future applications. Finned and unfinned versions of otherwise identical prototypes permits assessment of fin performance on both ground-side and air-side heat transfer.
Temperature evolution of spin-transfer switching in nonlocal spin valves with dipolar coupling

Abstract The spin-transfer effect has been achieved in nanoscale metallic nonlocal spin valves. A magnetic domain (∼70×150 nm 2 ) in an extended wire can be switched by a pure spin current between 4.5 and 200 K. The dipolar coupling between the magnetic spin injector (F 1 ) and spin detector (F 2 ), the surface anisotropy of the thin F 2 layer, and the thermal instability of F 2 generates complex switching characteristics. Analysis of the results allows for detailed understanding of magnetic configurations during the current-sweep and the field-sweep measurements. The critical current ( I c ) for spin-transfer switching gradually decreases as the temperature increases. The I c + for the transition from parallel (P) state to antiparallel (AP) state decreases faster than the I c ‐ for the transition from AP to P due to the dipolar coupling. Above 200 K, the dipolar coupling and the thermal instability prevents a stable P state in the absence of an external field.
Experimental investigation of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flows in porous media

Abstract Experimental studies of Newtonian (distilled water) and non-Newtonian (polyacrylamide solution with concentration 10 ppm) fluid flows in porous media (Berea Sandstone core) are conducted on the experimental setup design and built for future water, gas and chemical core flood experiments. A linear flow rate-pressure curve is obtained for distilled water (Newtonian fluid). The calculated permeability for distilled water is in the range of the permeabilities suggested by the manufacturer (∼300 md). The permeability for the distilled water is almost constant with pressure variation as predicted by earlier models. The flow curve obtained for the polyacrylamide solution (non-Newtonian fluid) is non-linear, as expected. The empirical constants were obtained for the flow curve and permeability.
Movement of fertilizer and limestone in a Tatum clay loam

Abstract Surface applied lime and fertilizer normally move slowly through soils and are only beneficial in the immediate zone of application. One means for correcting subsurface acidity and potentially enhancing deeper root development is plowsole application of lime, but limited information is available on movement of lime and fertilizer placed in the plowsole. In 1980 dolomitic limestone in combination with varying levels of P and K were applied in the plowsole at a depth of 30 cm, to a Tatum clay loam (Typic Hapludult, clayey, mixed, thermic). In 1982 soil samples were collected from the Ap (0 to 5 cm), the plowsole depth (30 cm), 5 and 10 cm above and below the plowsole and at the 45 and 100 cm depths and analyzed for pH, exchangeable Al, Ca, Mg, K, and extractable P. Soils that did not receive lime had lower pH and increased Al concentrations compared to lime treated plots. Plowsole placement of lime increased pH and decreased Al, particularly at the 25 to 35 cm depth. Calcium and Mg applied in the p...
A New Instrument for Intraoperative Assessment of Individual Vocal Folds

Objectives: Intraoperative assessment of vocal fold vibration during phonomicrosurgery performed under general anesthesia may enhance surgical decision-making. We therefore developed and bench-tested a new device we refer to as the aerodynamic vocal fold driver (AVFD). Materials and Methods: The AVFD comprises a hand-held probe that uses airflow to drive individual vocal folds into phonatory-like vibration. This permits stroboscopic visualization of mucosal waves with simultaneous control of subglottal air pressure. In initial experiments to validate the technique, AVFD driven phonation and conventional whole-larynx phonation were compared using excised canine larynges (n = 14). Results: Single vocal fold phonation using the AVFD and whole larynx phonation yielded similar, positive correlations between subglottal pressure and both amplitude and frequency of vibration. Experiments simulating vocal fold scar-related mucosal stiffening by subepithelial injection of fixative showed the expected elevation of phonation threshold pressures as measured with the AVFD. Likewise, unilateral tissue compression injury disrupted vocal fold vibration, and the AVFD was useful for quantifying improvement in the damaged vocal fold after repair with injection of cross-linked hyaluronic acid gel. Conclusions: These results show that this new instrument has the potential to provide novel and useful information for laryngeal experimentation and to improve phonosurgery.
Optimization of Loads in Piping Systems by the Realistic Calculation Method Applying Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) and Dynamic Friction

To reduce costs and to extend the lifetime of piping systems their design loads due to valve action have to be optimized. To get the best effect the results of the fluiddynamic and structural calculations should be realistic as far as possible. Therefore, the calculation programs were coupled to consider the fluid structure interaction and the effect of dynamic fluid friction was introduced to get realistic results of oscillations due to pressure surges. Detailed modeling of check valve behavior allows minimizing the pressure surge loading by improving the valve function and adapting it to the system behavior. The method was validated at measurements of load cases in power plant piping systems. Results with different load cases show the effectiveness of reducing the fluid forces on piping. Examples are given to prove the reduction of supports.
Competition, Connection, and Collaboration in Smaller German Programs.

The MLA Report on “Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World” has been criticized for focusing its proposals on large German programs. This article attempts to show how some of its recommendations can also be implemented in smaller language programs. These programs exist within a network of relations to other academic programs in their institution with which they both compete and collaborate in order to perform and grow, such as the proliferating International Studies major. Inter-institutional collaboration can also open up opportunities for richer course offerings than what one small German program could provide. Designing a curriculum that encourages students, especially those from the science and technology disciplines, to double major in German Studies and achieve a high level of proficiency, includes components such as flexible groups of electives, mandatory study abroad or internship abroad, and courses tailored to a student audience interested in science and technology. This includes cultural studies courses that follow a model of interdisciplinarity with the potential for connections with other disciplines. In this article these are explored and illustrated with examples from a course on “Green Germany.” Finally, measures of success are addressed, including ways that even a small German Studies program can establish and maintain its relevance and value in a range of institutional contexts.
COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGES OF BIRDS OBTAINED WITH SEDATION VS GENERAL ANESTHESIA

Abstract Computed tomography (CT) is an increasingly available and valuable imaging modality for the diagnosis of companion avian pets. Previously, CT studies of birds required general anesthesia with inhalant anesthetics. Owing to the risks associated with general anesthesia, the authors of this article investigated the effect of sedation on birds during a CT examination. In this study, 10 psittacine birds were imaged using a 40-slice helical CT scanner. Birds were sedated with midazolam and butorphanol and placed in a positioning device. Following the initial study, birds were removed from the device and placed under general anesthesia with isoflurane. A second study was then performed. Two radiologists, blinded to the identity of the birds and partially blinded to the conditions of the study, reviewed the images. Studies were evaluated using a questionnaire consisting of 18 questions. Each question was scored on a Likert scale. A Wilcoxon signed rank test compared scores of sedated and anesthetized birds. A significant difference ( P = 0.05) between sedated and anesthetized studies was found for 2 of 18 (11.1%) questions for radiologist 1 and 1 of 18 (5.5%) questions for radiologist 2, with differences identified in the scleral ossicles and the femoral heads. Interrater agreement for all questions using a linearly weighted κ was 0.334 and 0.311 for sedated and anesthetized birds, respectively, indicating fair agreement. The interrater agreement, excluding the head and musculoskeletal system, was 0.381 for sedated animals, indicating fair agreement, and 0.404 for anesthetized birds, indicating moderate agreement. Based on our results, performing CT studies in birds with sedation is a viable alternative to studies performed under general anesthesia.
Petrology of monogenetic volcanoes, Mount Bailey area, Cascade Range, Oregon

Abstract The Mt. Bailey area encompasses the contact between Western Cascade and High Cascade volcanic rocks in southern Oregon. Western Cascade rocks are represented by a thick stack of magnetically reversed lavas and intercalated laharic deposits (the “Devils Canyon sequence”) that range in composition from calc-alkaline basalt to andesite. The oldest (magnetically reversed) rocks of the High Cascade sequence formed two small andesitic shield volcanoes and, in the northern part of the area, several intracanyon flows of high-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT). These eruptions were followed by formation of a basaltic shield volcano (Sherwood Butte) and then by the eruption of andesitic lavas to form Mt. Bailey, and basaltic andesite which formed the adjacent cone of Garwood Butte. The Devils Canyon lavas are enriched in total Fe, total alkalis, K2O, P2O5, and TiO2 relative to the High Cascade lavas. High Cascade lavas display calc-alkaline affinities (e.g., enrichment of large-ion lithophile element and light rare earth elements) except for the intracanyon HAOT, which has trace-element characteristics typical of MORB. Rb/Zr ratios suggest that calc-alkaline lavas from each of the High Cascade volcanoes represent distinct episodes of partial melting. The source of the calc-alkaline magmas was probably mantle enriched by fluids derived from subducted oceanic crust, whereas the source of the HOAT was depleted mantle similar to the source of MORB.
The effect of zinc deficiency on glucose metabolism in meal-fed rats.

1. The incorporation of uniformly-labelled [14C]glucose into fatty acids and glycogen of adipose tissue and liver was used to assess the effects of zinc deficiency on glucose metabolism in meal-fed rats.2. Throughout the study, identical feeding regimens were maintained between each of the Zn-deficient groups and their appropriate controls. The feeding regimens were either meal-feeding or ad lib. feeding.3. Zn deficiency reduced [14C]glucose incorporation into fatty acids of epididymal fat pads of meal-fed rats by 75% when compared with meal-fed controls.4. Zn deficiency caused a slight but significant decrease in [14C]glucose incorporation into liver fatty acids of meal-fed fats when compared with meal-fed controls.5. Zn deficiency significantly increased [14C]glucose incorporation into liver glycogen of meal-fed rats in Expt. 2 but not in Expt 1.6. Some effects of Zn deficiency on glucose metabolism were shown to be independent of the feeding regimen when a single daily meal was given to both Zn deficient and control groups. This method of feeding may be a useful approach to study the effects of Zn on glucose metabolism in the rat.
New microtextural criterion for differentiation of compaction and early cementation in fine-grained limestones

Mechanisms of porosity reduction in fine-grained limestones (micrites), the most abundant type of limestone, have been difficult to evaluate because of the fine crystal sizes. Scanning electron microscopy reveals common minute voids termed microfenestrae ({approximately} 1.5-40{mu}m diameter) in Holocene lime muds from all marine carbonate environments studied. Experimental compaction of lime muds greatly reduces abundance of microfenestrae at pressures less than 10 bar. Thus, the abundance of cement-filled microfenestrae in micrites appears to be a widely applicable criterion for recognition of the extent of cementation prior to significant compaction in any given micrite. Microfenestrae in most Phanerozoic micrites studied are about as common as in Holocene lime muds, suggesting that early cementation is a more important mechanism in micrite porosity reduction than recent views have suggested.
Rotational-echo double resonance of uniformly labeled 13C clusters.

Abstract The use of rotational-echo double resonance NMR to measure distances from an observed tightly coupled cluster of 13C spins to a distant 15N, 31P, or 19F is practical if 13C chemical shifts and homonuclear 13C–13C isotropic J interactions are refocused by a combination of rotor-synchronized 13C π and π/2 pulses. This scheme is illustrated by experiments performed on diluted and recrystallized l -[13C3,15N]alanine and l -[13C6,α-15N]histidine.
A comparative study of two polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures (Aroclors 1242 and 1016) containing 42% chlorine on induction of hepatic porphyria and drug metabolizing enzymes.

Abstract Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016 are polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures with similar chlorine content (42 vs 41%), but Aroclor 1242 contains 9% biphenyl homologs with five or more chlorines while Aroclor 1016 contains only 1%. The effects of Aroclor 1242 and Aroclor 1016 on induction of hepatic porphyria and drug-metabolizing enzymes were compared in female rats fed 100 ppm or 500 ppm of each. At 1 wk, Aroclor 1242 markedly increased liver weight and all drug-metabolizing pathways tested including cytochrome P-450, liver weight, N -demethylase, nitroreductase, aniline hydroxylase, and glucuronyl transferase, while Aroclor 1016 had produced only very minimal effects. At 6 mo, however, 500 ppm of either Aroclor markedly increased drug-metabolism, while at the lower dose, Aroclor 1016 was much less effective than Aroclor 1242. Both doses of Aroclor 1242 produced porphyria, but only the higher dose of Aroclor 1016 was porphyrogenic. The porphyria occurred after a lag of 1–6 mo and was characterized by excretion and hepatic storage of uroporphyrins. Aroclor tissue concentrations were similar in rats fed equal doses of the two mixtures. Therefore, the marked differences in the biological effects of Aroclor 1016 and Aroclor 1242 cannot be explained by differences in absorption, metabolism, or excretion.
Phencyclidine: Effect on the accumulation of 3H-dopamine in synaptic vesicles

Abstract A subcellular fraction was prepared from pig caudate by density gradient centrifugation and characterized with respect to 3 Hdopamine uptake. The fraction, containing synaptic storage vesicles, was shown to be dependent upon the presence of ATP and Mg 2+ in the incubation medium. Further, aliquots of the fraction isolated did accumulate 3 HDA with linearity up to an incubation time of ten minutes. Accumulation of 3 HDA was inhibited by reserpine (IC 50 = 8.5 nM), a drug known to inhibit vesicular uptake of catecholamines. Accumulation of 3 HDA was reduced by the enantiomers of amphetamine. The S-(+)-enantiomer was 10 times more potent than the R-(−)-enantiomer. Phencyclidine was as potent as R-(−)-amphetamine in reducing the accumulation of 3 H-dopamine.
Concentration effects on membrane sieving: development of a stagnant filmmodel incorporating the effects of solute-solute interactions

Abstract Recent theoretical analyses have demonstrated that the actual membrane sieving coefficient increases with increasing solute concentration due to the effects of solute-solute interactions at high concentration. In contrast, experimental studies in stirred and crossflow filtration devices have generally failed to detect any significant concentration dependence for the sieving coefficient, even though solute concentrations at the membrane surface are often quite large due to the high degree of concentration polarization. We propose that this apparent discrepancy arises from the effect of solute-solute interactions on bulk solute transport. We have developed a stagnant film model that explicitly accounts for this effect by incorporating a concentration-dependent activity coefficient and a concentration-dependent frictional hindrance factor into the convective-diffusion equation. The results indicate that solute-solute interactions increase the rate of solute diffusion away from the membrane, an effect which balances the corresponding increase in the actual sieving coefficient. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the apparent discrepancy between previous experimental results and the theoretical analyses can be resolved by incorporation of the effect of solute-solute interactions into the stagnant film model for bulk mass transport.
Optimization in headspace GC/FTIR

In recent years GC/FTIR has developed into a valuable complementary technique to GC/MS, yielding additional information especially with respect to the identification of isomeric compounds. A disadvantage of GC/FTIR is its inherent inability to attain the low detection levels of GC/MS. Sensitivity is known to be enhanced when employing headspace GC for the trace analysis of volatile components in a non-volatile matrix. Thus, lower detection limits may be expected in GC/FTIR when using the headspace sampling technique. Nevertheless, very little work on headspace GC/FTIR has been done in the past [1]. Generally speaking, optimization in GC/FTIR means increasing the amount of sample and modifying the chromatographic operating parameters in order to obtain the best compromise between maximum chromatographic resolution and highest S/N ratio of the infrared spectra. Using the equilibrium headspace technique, the chromatographic resolution is influenced most strongly by the volume of gas injected onto the column. In balanced pressure sampling with a long injection period, the total amount of sample may be so large that peak distortion will occur. Therefore, in order to optimize headspace GC/FTIR, information is needed on how the sampling time will influence the chromatographic resolution and the S/N ratio of the spectra. The best possible approach to optimized headspace GC/FTIR utilizes the cryogenic capillary head trapping technique, which allows high preconcentration during long sampling periods without any loss in chromatographic resolution [2].