cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A divergence‐free interpolation scheme for the immersed boundary method

The immersed boundary approach for the modeling of complex geometries in incompressible flows is examined critically from the perspective of satisfying boundary conditions and mass conservation. It is shown that the system of discretized equations for mass and momentum can be inconsistent, if the velocity is used in defining the force density to satisfy the boundary conditions. As a result, the velocity is generally not divergence free and the pressure at locations in the vicinity of the immersed boundary is not physical. However, the use of the pseudo-velocities in defining the force density, as frequently done when the governing equations are solved using a fractional step or projection method, combined with the use of the specified velocity on the immersed boundary, is shown to result in a consistent set of equations which allows a divergence-free velocity but, depending on the time step, is shown to have the undesirable effects of inaccurately satisfying the boundary conditions and allowing a significant permeability of the immersed boundary. If the time step is reduced sufficiently, the boundary conditions on the immersed boundary can be satisfied. However, this entails an unacceptable increase in computational expense. Two new methods that satisfy the boundary conditions and allow a divergence-free velocity while avoiding the increased computational expense are presented and shown to be second-order accurate in space. The first new method is based on local time step reduction. This method is suitable for problems where the immersed boundary does not move. For these problems, the first new method is shown to be closely related to the second new method. The second new method uses an optimization scheme to minimize the deviation from the interpolation stencil used to represent the immersed boundary while ensuring a divergence-free velocity. This method performs well for all problems, including those where the immersed boundary moves relative to the grid. Additional results include showing that the force density that is added to satisfy the boundary conditions at the immersed boundary is unbounded as the time step is reduced and that the pressure in the vicinity of the immersed boundary is unphysical, being strongly a function of the time step. A method of computing the total force on an immersed boundary which takes into account the specifics of the numerical solver used in the iterative process and correctly computes the total force irrespective of the residual level is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation between computed equilibrium secondary structure free energy and siRNA efficiency

We have explored correlations between the measured efficiency of the RNAi process and several computed signatures that characterize equilibrium secondary structure of the participating mRNA, siRNA, and their complexes. A previously published data set of 609 experimental points (with efficiency represented as percentage of remaining mRNA) was used for the analysis. While virtually no correlation with the computed structural signatures are observed for individual data points, several clear trends emerge when the “noise” is reduced by averaging over 10 bins of N ~ 60 data points per bin. The strongest of the trends is a positive linear (r2 = 0.87) correlation between ln(remaining mRNA) and ΔG ms , the combined free energy cost of unraveling the siRNA and creating the break in the mRNA secondary structure at the complementary target strand region. At the same time, the free energy change ΔG total of the entire process mRNA + siRNA → (mRNA-siRNA) Complex is not correlated with RNAi efficiency, even after the averaging. These general findings appear to be robust to details of the computational protocols, suggesting that, while straightforward analysis based on equilibrium secondary structure thermodynamics may not be directly applicable to the entire RNAi process, it is applicable to at least one of its key stages. The correlation between computed ΔG ms and experimentally observed RNAi efficiency can be used to enhance the ability of a machine learning algorithm based on a support vector machine (SVM) to predict effective siRNA sequences for a given target mRNA. Specifically, we observe modest, 3 to 7%, but consistent improvement in the positive predictive value (PPV) when the SVM training set is pre- or post-filtered to half the original size according to a ΔG ms threshold.
Symptom: Subjectivities, Social Ills, Technologies

In the domain of health, not only are the raw effects of economic, social, and medical inequalities continually devastating, but novel processes of reconfiguring illness experience, subjectivity, and control are also underway. Human relationships to medical technology are increasingly constituted outside the clinical encounter. In this article we explore how the domestic encroachment of medical commodities affects social bonds in both affluent and resource-poor contexts, as well as how these commodities become interwoven in the very fabric of symptoms and identities. Symptoms are more than contingent matters; they are, at times, a necessary condition for the afflicted to articulate a new relationship to the world and to others. In exploring how people conceptualize technological self-care, we are specifically concerned with disciplinary modes of evidence-making and ask the following: what are the possibilities and limitations of theoretical frameworks (such as structural violence, biopower, social sufferi...
Alternate sunitinib schedules in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

Sunitinib malate is an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor exhibiting antiangiogenic activity. Sunitinib demonstrated improved outcomes in comparison to interferon-α in a large phase III study of treatment naive patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Maintaining patients on sunitinib treatment is essential for a sustained disease control as higher exposure to sunitinib has been associated with an improved overall response rate, progression-free survival and overall survival. Various studies have compared the outcomes of patients undergoing sunitinib therapy based on modifications from their standard dose and schedule. Several studies have shown that switching to an alternate schedule with more frequent dose interruptions without affecting dose density over a 6-week cycle is associated with improved outcomes and increased tolerability.
Simplified procedure for carrying out simultaneous multiple hydrogen fluoride cleavages of protected peptide resins

Methods have recently been presented which greatly increase the ability to synthesize large numbers of peptides. These advances make it essential to be able to cleave large numbers of protected peptide resins. Two different procedures are presented for carrying out cleavage of protected peptide resins. The first procedure enables multiple cleavages to be carried out with many existing HF apparatuses, while the second utilizes a new apparatus design. Using these procedures, at least 50 individual cleavages can be carried out per day.
A Faster Telemeter for Carrier-Current Channels

This new frequency-type telemetering system combines continuous measurement and fast response with high accuracy and stability of calibration. It uses as a translating means an alternating electric signal whose frequency is directly proportional to the measured quantity. This signal originating in a contactless transmitter can be used to modulate or key carrier-current channels of conventional fixed frequency types. It is the frequency of this signal rather than its magnitude which is detected by the receiver and converted without moving parts into a proportional direct current sufficient to operate a conventional indicating or recording instrument. This system in its basic form was developed to telemeter a-c watts, vars, volts, and amperes. Auxiliary equipment is available to permit telemetering practically any other electrical or nonelectrical quantity.
3-d Bathymetric Imaging: State Of The Art

Developments in bathymetric imaging have been driven by innovations in swath map­ ping sonar systems and computer graphics hardware. The advent of new beam forming and interferometric sonar systems has resulted in the discovery of a host of new geological phenomena. specialized com­ puter graphics hardware allows rapid display of complex color 3-D shaded relief images, with the specification of surface properties, light source positions. Hard­ ware continues to evolve, with affordable 300 mips 3-D image processing systems now available. Software standards are finally emerging. Examples are drawn from recent UCSB expeditions which have explored the mid-ocean ridges, as displayed on a Raster Technologies 3-D graphics system.
Lack of Associational Effects between Two Hosts of an Invasive Herbivore: Opuntia Spp. and Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

ABSTRACT Associational susceptibility has been predicted to arise when a target plant's neighbor is more palatable to an herbivore than the target plant itself, resulting in attraction and spill-over of the herbivore onto the target plant. This prediction was tested on two hosts of the invasive pyralid moth Cactoblastis cactorum Berg. A combination of observational surveys and experimental plantings were used to test for differences in herbivore damage and plant size on isolated Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. plants, O. humifusa paired with O. stricta (Haw.) Haw., and O. humifusa in conspecific pairs. Based on general patterns of associational effects and specific C. cactorum behavior, it was predicted that O. humifusa would have higher levels of C. cactorum damage when growing near O. stricta, as compared with isolated plants or those growing near conspecifics. However, little support for associational resistance or susceptibility was found. Surveys revealed that isolated O. humifusa plants had on average ...
Effective or ineffective: Attribute framing and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine

Abstract Objective To experimentally test whether presenting logically equivalent, but differently valenced effectiveness information (i.e. attribute framing) affects perceived effectiveness of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, vaccine-related intentions and policy opinions. Methods A survey-based experiment ( N =334) was fielded in August and September 2007 as part of a larger ongoing web-enabled monthly survey, the Annenberg National Health Communication Survey. Participants were randomly assigned to read a short passage about the HPV vaccine that framed vaccine effectiveness information in one of five ways. Afterward, they rated the vaccine and related opinion questions. Main statistical methods included ANOVA and t -tests. Results On average, respondents exposed to positive framing (70% effective) rated the HPV vaccine as more effective and were more supportive of vaccine mandate policy than those exposed to the negative frame (30% ineffective) or the control frame. Mixed valence frames showed some evidence for order effects; phrasing that ended by emphasizing vaccine ineffectiveness showed similar vaccine ratings to the negative frame. Conclusion The experiment finds that logically equivalent information about vaccine effectiveness not only influences perceived effectiveness, but can in some cases influence support for policies mandating vaccine use. Practice implications These framing effects should be considered when designing messages.
252Cf plasma desorption fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

The ions produced by 252Cf plasma desorption are detected by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance techniques. Results for CsI and N,N,N-trimethyl-p-aminophenolate iodide show the feasibility of the technique with high resolution (up to 11 000 at m/z 23) and good signal-to-noise ratio (up to 726).
The Possibility of Theistic Experience

In a recent issue of Religious Studies Kevin Corcoran has criticized my arguments for the impossibility of theistic experience (i.e. an experience which is phenomenologically of God). Building on, and amending, criticisms already levelled against my views by Nelson Pike (in the latter's Mystic Union), Corcoran argues that my views are based on an account of what it is for an experience to be 'phenomenologically of' an individual (or kind of thing) which leads to 'wildly implausible' results. I here try to show that Corcoran's criticisms are based on a misunderstanding of my views.
The natural occurrence of flux splitting in a hyperbolic setting

Classical derivations of the so-called Riemann invariants for hyperbolic partial differential equations have depended upon the strong-solution concept. Thus, invariance may rigorously be guaranteed only in regions of smooth flow. In general, this is as much as can be said. However, by restricting attention to linear hyperbolic systems, it further emerges that the Riemann invariant fully justifies its title. By using distribution-theoretical arguments based on the weak-solution concept. Riemann invariants of a more generalized nature are studied. For a particular weak solution u there exists, among the equivalence class [u] of weak solutions that differ from u at most on a set of measure zero, a weak solution u whose Riemann invariant corresponding to characteristic direction λ is constant on lines C: dx/dt = λ. Moreover, every piecewise-smooth weak solution has Riemann invariants that are continuous across a finite jump discontinuity. This result is used to establish for a certain Riemann problem that the one-sided time derivative at a point of discontinuity exhibits a character usually regarded in the literature as flux splitting. This result sheds light upon the validity of some upstream-biased approximation techniques for the numerical solution of hyperbolic systems.
Diverticula of the Esophagus

Esophageal diverticula can cause disabling symptoms. The authors describe here our preferred surgical approach for Zenker's and epi-phrenic diverticula. For most patients, excision of the diverticulum and addition of a myotomy will result in a favorable functional outcome and a low recurrence rate.
Relation of the Protein, Fat, and Energy of the Ration to the Composition of Chickens

Abstract IN THE course of an investigation by Fraps and Carlyle (1939, 1941, 1942), on the utilization of the energy of feeds by growing chickens, a number of rations were used which are not ordinarily tested in experiments with chickens. These rations had some interesting effects upon the growth of the chickens and their chemical composition, especially on their fat content. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The methods will be described only as they relate to the results here presented. Baby chicks were fed upon a corn meal ration for a week, after which five groups of equal average weight were selected. Four of the groups of six chicks each were placed upon experiment, one group was analyzed, and others were used for digestion experiments. The chicks were fed individually in battery brooders and weighed weekly. At the end of the experimental period they were killed, the contents of the intestines removed and the . . .
Thoracic and lumbar dural ectasia in a two-year-old boy

A two year old boy, admitted for evaluation of failure to thrive was found to have multiple paraspinal masses and a widened spinal canal. The masses proved to be lateral meningoceles, present varying degrees at every thoracic and lumbar level.
HIV Prevention Altruism and Sexual Risk Behavior in HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men

An understanding of men’s motivations to avoid risk behavior is needed to create efficacious HIV prevention programs for HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). This study investigates the relationship between sexual risk behavior and HIV prevention altruism, which is defined as the values, motivations, and practices of caretaking towards one’s sexual partners to prevent the transmission of HIV. In a sample of 637 HIV-positive MSM, HIV prevention altruism significantly protects against serodiscordant unprotected anal intercourse (SDUAI) in crude analysis, but not after adjustment for drug use and compulsive sexual behavior. HIV prevention altruism is also related to not engaging in anal intercourse, but is not related to serodisclosure to secondary partners. Lack of altruism appears related to sexual risk behavior in HIV-positive MSM, although other psychological and contextual factors play significant roles. The promotion of HIV prevention altruism may provide a formidable new direction for HIV prevention programs.
A symmetric FEM-IE formulation with a single-level IE-QR algorithm for solving electromagnetic radiation and scattering problems

This paper presents, for the first time in the engineering community, a symmetric coupling between the finite element and integral equation methods (FEM-IE) for solving three-dimensional unbounded radiation and scattering problems. The proposed FEM-IE is based on the E-field vector Helmholtz equation. Curl-conforming vector finite elements are used to discretize the interior region, whereas the divergence-conforming surface elements are utilized in the IE truncation surface. The symmetry in the IE part is restored through the application of the Calderon-projector. Moreover, the IE computations are accelerated using a single level QR algorithm. This reduces both memory and computational time. Furthermore it allows the use of different Green's functions for the exterior problem, with only minor modifications on the algorithm. The resulted system of equations is solved with a very efficient preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCCG) with a p-Multiplicative Schwarz preconditioner.
Best-subset selection procedure

We propose an indifference-zone approach for a ranking and selection (R&S) problem with the goal of finding the best-subset from a finite number of competing simulated systems given a level of correct-selection probability. Here the "best" system refers to the system with the largest or smallest performance measures. We present a best-subset selection procedure that can effectively eliminate the non-competitive systems and return only those alternatives as the selection result where statistically confident conclusions hold. Numerical experiments document that our procedure works well by selecting the correct best-subset with very high probability.
Smart MEMS: micro-structures with error-suppression and self-calibration control capabilities

Micro-sensors and actuators are differentiated from conventional sensors and actuators by their size, cost, and techniques used in their manufacture. The small size of MEMS is a convenience, a contribution to their potentially low cost, and a source of new conceptual challenges. Improvements in sensing structures, process technology, and circuit technology are presently addressed by the MEMS research community. Unavoidable, the next logical step in-the MEMS evolution will be development of precision micro-systems by integrating a number of smart control functions including self-calibration, self-testing, structural compensation, and even communication with one or more other sensors located on the same chip. The control community will be the critical driving force in these developments. This paper gives an overview of functional blocks needed for Smart MEMS and provides several examples highlighting benefits of the paradigm.
Negotiating Integrative Medicine: A Framework for Provider-Patient Conversations

Efforts to integrate complementary and alternative medical (CAM) therapies into conventional medical settings are creating a variety of negotiation challenges between various stakeholders. Focusing on the two-party encounter between physician and patient offers a way to understand the application of principled negotiation to perhaps the most fundamental and emotionally charged place within the health care system in which the introduction of CAM therapies is likely to disrupt relationships and produce conflict. This article suggest ways in which the theory and analysis of principled negotiation can add to current liability and ethical frameworks, and might thereby contribute to optimal future health care by helping to wisely integrate CAM therapies into conventional medical care.
Slowed Speech Input has a Differential Impact on On-line and Off-line Processing in Children’s Comprehension of Pronouns

The central question underlying this study revolves around how children process co-reference relationships—such as those evidenced by pronouns (him) and reflexives (himself)—and how a slowed rate of speech input may critically affect this process. Previous studies of child language processing have demonstrated that typical language developing (TLD) children as young as 4 years of age process co-reference relations in a manner similar to adults on-line. In contrast, off-line measures of pronoun comprehension suggest a developmental delay for pronouns (relative to reflexives). The present study examines dependency relations in TLD children (ages 5–13) and investigates how a slowed rate of speech input affects the unconscious (on-line) and conscious (off-line) parsing of these constructions. For the on-line investigations (using a cross-modal picture priming paradigm), results indicate that at a normal rate of speech TLD children demonstrate adult-like syntactic reflexes. At a slowed rate of speech the typical language developing children displayed a breakdown in automatic syntactic parsing (again, similar to the pattern seen in unimpaired adults). As demonstrated in the literature, our off-line investigations (sentence/picture matching task) revealed that these children performed much better on reflexives than on pronouns at a regular speech rate. However, at the slow speech rate, performance on pronouns was substantially improved, whereas performance on reflexives was not different than at the regular speech rate. We interpret these results in light of a distinction between fast automatic processes (relied upon for on-line processing in real time) and conscious reflective processes (relied upon for off-line processing), such that slowed speech input disrupts the former, yet improves the latter.
Developmental Versus Prescriptive Advising: Must It Be One or the Other?

How well I remember the first time 1 came across Crookston's article. I was amazed by the way he approached a complicated and multifaceted dyad and reduced it to simple, straightforward constructs that could be studied, evalua ted , and measured. As a result Crookston's model that contrasts prescriptive and developmental advising has inspired many, including me, to attempt to unravel the intricacies o f t h e advisor-advisee relationship (Fielstein, 1987, 1989; Fielstein & Lammers, 1992; Fielstein, Scoles, & Webb, 1992; Frost, 1993; Miller & McCaffrey, 1982; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1977; Winston & Sandor, 1984). Unquestionably Crookston's seminal work has inspired speculation and thought, culminating in many noteworthy theoretical and empirical studies (e.g., Crockett, 1978; Dassance & Batdorf , 1980; Ender , Winston, & Miller, 1982; Habley, 1982; Pascarella, 1980; Tinto, 1975). Reading Crookston's article fbr the first time was truly an aha! experience for me. It gave me direction and purpose; it set my academic career in motion^. In 1984 I was searching for a theoretical base for my dissertation. 1 was clear as to what my subject would be-students' perceptions of the relationship between advisor and advisee. What was unclear to me, however, was how to conceptualize the advising relationship in such a way that i t could be systematically studied. Discovering Crookston's model was critical; it offered the foundation I needed. It allowed me to test whether the developmental approach, which was endorsed in the literature. was the relationship students actually wanted from an academic advisor? In my literature review I found a second article that greatly influenced me and subsequently became a springboard for my study; Winston and Sandor (1984) had found that students (men and women, freshmen through seniors) preferred developmental advising to prescriptive advising. This sounded intuitively appealing and accurate. After all, what college student would want to defer to an authority figure? For some students the tieedom to make choices was the pri'as
Examining the Impact of HIV-Prevalence on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Panel Data Analysis

In the current project, we want to study the impact of HIV prevalence rates on economic growth in 40 developing countries from Africa over the period of 2005 to 2009. We want to create a panel data set and use a fixed/random effect model to test the impact of HIV prevalence. Most of the studies that exist in this field are case studies that deal with one country at a time. Or they are survey types of studies that do not go into regression and estimation techniques. Also, other authors have used computer simulation based production function models to examine this question. We want to cover this gap in the existing literature with our paper through using a new method, which is the fixed-effect and random effect model. Therefore, our study will supplement the existing literature on the topic by providing empirical evidence/support for the adverse impacts of HIV prevalence on economic growth rates. The conventional literature on macroeconomic impacts of HIV states that “AIDS Has Little Net Macroeconomic Impact” (using per capita GDP as a metric). However, we prove that HIV prevalence (the percentage of the population living with HIV) has significant negative impacts on per capita GDP.In the second phase of this study, we examine the impact of HIV on other macroeconomic variables, such as savings, consumption, labor supply, and investment. Initial findings show that HIV prevalence has a negative impact on economic growth. This is true in all countries included in this study. On the other hand, countries with the highest level of income per capita show such an inverse association. Countries that have lower and medium per capita income do not show such an association.
Individual finger control of a modular prosthetic limb using high-density electrocorticography in a human subject

Objective. We used native sensorimotor representations of fingers in a brain–machine interface (BMI) to achieve immediate online control of individual prosthetic fingers. Approach. Using high gamma responses recorded with a high-density electrocorticography (ECoG) array, we rapidly mapped the functional anatomy of cued finger movements. We used these cortical maps to select ECoG electrodes for a hierarchical linear discriminant analysis classification scheme to predict: (1) if any finger was moving, and, if so, (2) which digit was moving. To account for sensory feedback, we also mapped the spatiotemporal activation elicited by vibrotactile stimulation. Finally, we used this prediction framework to provide immediate online control over individual fingers of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory modular prosthetic limb. Main results. The balanced classification accuracy for detection of movements during the online control session was 92% (chance: 50%). At the onset of movement, finger classification was 76% (chance: 20%), and 88% (chance: 25%) if the pinky and ring finger movements were coupled. Balanced accuracy of fully flexing the cued finger was 64%, and 77% had we combined pinky and ring commands. Offline decoding yielded a peak finger decoding accuracy of 96.5% (chance: 20%) when using an optimized selection of electrodes. Offline analysis demonstrated significant finger-specific activations throughout sensorimotor cortex. Activations either prior to movement onset or during sensory feedback led to discriminable finger control. Significance. Our results demonstrate the ability of ECoG-based BMIs to leverage the native functional anatomy of sensorimotor cortical populations to immediately control individual finger movements in real time.
Associations between sexual health concerns and mental health symptoms among African American and European American women veterans who have experienced interpersonal trauma

Abstract African American women are highly represented in the military and have higher rates of interpersonal trauma than European American women, placing them at greater risk for mental health problems and sexual health issues. The current study examined whether African American women would demonstrate differential associations in sexual health and mental health symptoms than European American women. The study included 91 women Veterans (38 African American, 53 European American) who were seeking treatment for posttraumatic distress. African American women demonstrated more severe sexual health concerns compared to European American women. Bivariate associations were observed between PTSD, depression, and sexual health concerns for African American women, whereas PTSD was the only mental health variable associated with sexual health concerns in European American women. A hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that PTSD and depression in combination contributed significantly to the prediction of sexual concerns in African American women. This study highlights the presence of sexual health concerns in a highly vulnerable population of women, illustrates the impact of PTSD and depression on sexual health concerns, and suggests that race may be an important factor in studying the effect of interpersonal trauma on women's sexual health.
Searching for Goldilocks: The Spatial Capitalization Effects of Local Public Services

This paper empirically models the effect of distance on residential property values of three different types of services, fire, police, and emergency medical services. Interesting economic tradeoffs emerge as service station proximity provides both amenity and disamenity effects. Using an extensive database of home sales from the state of Florida along with two different measures of distance, this study provides evidence of non-linear capitalization effects on local housing values. A difference-in-difference model utilizing new facility construction provides corroborating evidence of these findings.
N-Alkylpyrido[1′,2′:1,5]pyrazolo-[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines: A new series of negative allosteric modulators of mGlu1/5 with CNS exposure in rodents

Selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of each of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu1 and mGlu5) have been well characterized in the literature and offer potential as therapeutics in several disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Still, compounds that are potent mGlu1/5 NAMs with selectivity versus the other six members of the mGlu family as well as the balance of properties required for use in vivo are lacking. A medicinal chemistry effort centered on the identification of a lead series with the potential of delivering such compounds is described in this Letter. Specifically, a new class of pyrido[1',2':1,5]pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amines was designed as a novel isosteric replacement for 4-aminoquinazolines, and compounds from within this chemotype exhibited dual NAM activity at both group I mGlus. One compound, VU0467558 (29), demonstrated near equipotent activity at both receptors, selectivity versus other mGlus, a favorable ancillary pharmacology profile, and CNS exposure in rodents.
138. Immunological predicament of obesity: Is low-grade inflammation a culprit of immunosuppression?

Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation and also characterized by compromised immunocompetence. Little knowledge is available in cellular mechanism linking chronic inflammation and impaired immunity. We investigated systemic inflammation and antigen-stimulated intracellular cytokine levels in 96 asymptomatic individuals and effects of in vitro recombinant TNF incubation. We hypothesized that obese individuals will exhibit elevated plasma TNF levels contrasted by impaired antigen-stimulated TNF production by monocytes. Body mass index (BMI) was used to identify overall obesity, and DEXA scan was used to determine %trunk and total fat. Plasma TNF levels were determined by immunoassay. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytic intracellular TNF was assessed by flow cytometry. Firstly, plasma TNF and monocytic intracellular TNF levels were negatively correlated ( r = −0.34, p p p ’s
Hawaiian Forest Fungi. IV. Rusts on Endemic Acacia Species

Four rusts, Uromyces digitatus, U. koae, Endoraecium acaciae, and E. hawaiiense, occur on endemic Acacia spp. in Hawaii. Endoraecium is a new genus erected to accommodate endocyclic species with pe...
Carrier Multiplication in Quantum Dots within the Framework of Two Competing Energy Relaxation Mechanisms.

The realization of high-yield, low-threshold carrier multiplication (CM) in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is a promising step toward third-generation photovoltaics (PV). Recent studies of QD solar cells have shown that CM can indeed produce greater-than-unity quantum efficiencies in photon-to-charge-carrier conversion, establishing the relevance of this process to practical PV technologies. While being appreciable, the reported CM yields are still not high enough for a significant increase in the power conversion efficiency over traditional bulk materials. At present, the design of nanomaterials with improved CM is hindered by a poor understanding of the mechanism underlying this process. Here, we present a possible solution to this problem by introducing a model that treats CM as a competition between impact-ionization-like scattering and non-CM energy losses. Importantly, it allows for evaluation of expected CM yields from fairly straightforward measurements of Auger recombination (inverse of CM) and...
Energetics of manganese oxides

The energetics of some manganese oxides: pyrolusite MnO{sub 2}, bixbyite Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3}, hausmannite Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} and manganosite MnO were studied by transposed temperature drop calorimetry and high temperature drop solution calorimetry in molten 2PbO {center_dot} B{sub 2}O{sub 3} at 977 K. The enthalpies of oxidation at 298 K in the Mn-O system, determined by appropriate thermodynamic cycles, are (in kJ/mol O{sub 2}): {minus}441.4 {+-} 5.8 for the reaction 6 MnO + O{sub 2} {ge} 2 Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4}, {minus}201.8 {+-} 8.7 for 4 Mn{sub 3}O{sub 4} + O{sub 2} {ge} 6 Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} and {minus}162.1 {+-} 7.2 for 2 Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} + O{sub 2} {ge} 4 MnO{sub 2}. These values agree very well with previous data obtained by equilibrium pO{sub 2} measurements and indicate that direct calorimetric measurements are well suited to obtain reliable enthalpy of formation data for oxides containing manganese in the 2+, 3+ and 4+ states. The phase diagram of the Mn-O system was calculated using these new values of enthalpies.
Needs and Requirements for Future Research Reactors (ORNL Perspectives)

The High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) is a vital national and international resource for neutron science research, production of radioisotopes, and materials irradiation. While HFIR is expected to continue operation for the foreseeable future, interest is growing in understanding future research reactors features, needs, and requirements. To clarify, discuss, and compile these needs from the perspective of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) research and development (R&D) missions, a workshop, titled “Needs and Requirements for Future Research Reactors”, was held at ORNL on May 12, 2015. The workshop engaged ORNL staff that is directly involved in research using HFIR to collect valuable input on the reactor’s current and future missions. The workshop provided an interactive forum for a fruitful exchange of opinions, and included a mix of short presentations and open discussions. ORNL staff members made 15 technical presentations based on their experience and areas of expertise, and discussed those capabilities of the HFIR and future research reactors that are essential for their current and future R&D needs. The workshop was attended by approximately 60 participants from three ORNL directorates. The agenda is included in Appendix A. This document summarizes the feedback provided by workshop contributors and participants. It also includesmore » information and insights addressing key points that originated from the dialogue started at the workshop. A general overview is provided on the design features and capabilities of high performance research reactors currently in use or under construction worldwide. Recent and ongoing design efforts in the US and internationally are briefly summarized, followed by conclusions and recommendations.« less
Segmentation of sacral curve on dynamic MRI for diagnosis of pelvic organ prolapse

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a critical health condition for women. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently used for assessing POP and to complement clinical examination. Current studies have shown some evidence on the association between the shape of the sacral curve and the development of POP. However, the sacral curve is currently extracted manually resulting in a time-consuming and subjective process. A new method is proposed to automate the identification and segmentation of the sacral curve on MRI. The proposed method identifies the region of interest without any user input by using our previously developed pelvic floor point identification model. Edges of the sacral structure are detected to identify points along the curve, which are then connected using a proposed adaptive shortest path algorithm. These points are used to finalize the segmentation of the sacral curve using smoothing curve fitting algorithm. Results show that the proposed method can achieve good accuracy for 80% of the dataset used in this study.
The Potential Effect of Unchecked Statistical Assumptions

This paper explores the possible impact of several unchecked assumptions on the calculated risk of an earthquake-related radiation leak accepted by the government and court in evaluating the safety of a nuclear power plant. As a full description of the legal decisions and risk calculation appears elsewhere (Gastwirth, 1989) we summarize the assumptions adopted by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and illustrate how violations of them could lead to a substantially greater risk estimate.
The Importance of Hemorheology and Patient Anatomy on the Hemodynamics in the Inferior Vena Cava.

Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters have been used for nearly half a century to prevent pulmonary embolism in at-risk patients. However, complications with IVC filters remain common. In this study, we investigate the importance of considering the hemorheological and morphological effects on IVC hemodynamics by simulating Newtonian and non-Newtonian blood flow in three IVC models with varying levels of geometric idealization. Partial occlusion by an IVC filter and a thrombus is also considered. More than 99% of the infrarenal IVC volume is found to contain flow in the nonlinear region of the shear rate–viscosity curve for blood (less than 100 s−1) in the unoccluded IVCs. Newtonian simulations performed using the asymptotic viscosity for blood over-predict the non-Newtonian Reynolds numbers by more than a factor of two and under-predict the mean wall shear stress (WSS) by 28–54%. Agreement with the non-Newtonian simulations is better using a characteristic viscosity, but local WSS errors are still large (up to 50%) in the partially occluded cases. Secondary flow patterns in the IVC also depend on the viscosity model and IVC morphological complexity. Non-Newtonian simulations required only a marginal increase in computational expense compared with the Newtonian simulations. We recommend that future studies of IVC hemodynamics consider the effects of hemorheology and IVC morphology when accurate predictions of WSS and secondary flow features are desired.
An Interesting Orbit-Induced Partition of the Class of all Groups

Given that the set of endomorphisms of a group is contained in the set of distributive elements of its endomorphism near-ring, which, in turn, is contained in the endomorphism near-ring, we show that the class of all groups is partitioned into four nonempty subclasses when all combinations of these inclusions, proper or non-proper, are considered. Furthermore, a characterization of each subclass is given in terms of the orbits of the underlying group.
Can Leaders of Public Companies Make Them Innovative

Public companies have limitations to innovate because they are usually concentrated on short-term results and are subjected to scrutiny and accountability in their innovation projects. Therefore, leaders of public companies face a greater challenge if they want their companies to be innovative. Leaders must make use of all their creativity and leadership skills to accomplish short-term goals and at the same time foster the innovation that companies need to remain successful.
p53 and p16Ink4a/p19Arf Loss Promotes Different Pancreatic Tumor Types from PyMT-Expressing Progenitor Cells

In human studies and mouse models, the contributions of p53 and p16Ink4a/p19Arf loss are well established in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although loss of functional p53 pathway and loss of Ink4a/Arf in human pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PanNET) are identified, their direct roles in tumorigenesis of PACC and PanNET remain to be determined. Using transgenic mouse models expressing the viral oncogene polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT), we demonstrate that p53 loss in pancreatic Pdx1+ progenitor cells results in aggressive PACC, whereas Ink4a/Arf loss results in PanNETs. Concurrent loss of p53 and Ink4a/Arf resembles loss of p53 alone, suggesting that Ink4a/Arf loss has no additive effect to PACC progression. Our results show that specific tumor suppressor genotypes provocatively influence the tumor biological phenotypes in pancreatic progenitor cells. Additionally, in a mouse model of β-cell hyperplasia, we demonstrate that p53 and Ink4a/Arf play cooperative roles in constraining the progression of PanNETs.
A Laboratory Exercise in Mineral Thermodynamics

Geology students should learn mathematical skills early in their academic careers. Enhancing proficiency in mathematics opens up new learning possibilities, including mineral thermodynamics. Laboratory exercises can effectively teach students important scientific principles requiring the application of mathematics. With basic mathematical skills, students can learn to perform a variety of thermodynamic calculations. Consequently, mineralogy students and students enrolled in freshman honors geology can be exposed to more than mineral identification, crystal symmetry, phase diagrams, and other traditional topics.
Maritime transportation of illegal drugs from South America

Abstract Background The US invests considerable effort in searching and interdicting drug-trafficking vessels in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific regions. While some vessels are indeed interdicted, resulting in confiscation of substantial quantities of drugs, many such vessels manage to avoid detection and arrive safely at their destinations in Central America and Mexico with their drug load intact. The agency in charge of interdicting this traffic, Joint Interagency Task Force South—JIATF-S, sends out both aerial and surface assets for search and interdiction missions. Methods An important parameter for planning search and interdiction missions is an estimate of the expected steady-state number of the various types of drug trafficking vessels present in the search regions at any given time. In this paper we use various publicly available sources to estimate these numbers. Results We estimate that the number of drug shipments initiated per month ranges between four and six dozen, and at any given time there are between two and four vessels, of all types, on the high seas. These estimates remain quite robust over a relatively large range of assumptions and estimates regarding the size and distribution of the drug flow, mix of vessel types, and physical characteristics of those vessels. Conclusion Our analysis provides insight for how to allocate assets to search, detect, and interdict drug trafficking vessels. The results can also be useful to vet informants to check if their information is consistent with our flow estimates. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time such flow estimates appear in the open literature.
Significance and clinical characteristics of atrial fibrillation post epicardial access.

Epicardial access (EpiAcc) has become an important adjunct for ventricular tachycardia (VT) or premature ventricular complex (PVC) ablation. We hypothesized that post-procedural pericarditis may lead to an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), and therefore assessed the incidence and clinical impact of post-procedural AF in patients undergoing EpiAcc. We reviewed the records of all patients who underwent EpiAcc as part of an ablation procedure between January 1, 2004 and July 31, 2014 at Mayo Clinic Rochester. AF occurrence was determined by clinical documentation or electrocardiographic recordings post procedure. Epicardial access was obtained in 170 pts (indication 110 VT and 60 PVC). The mean age was 53 ± 16 years and 122 (72%) were male. Seven (4.1%) patients developed AF within 7 days of the procedure, at a mean of 49 ± 18 h post procedure; it was paroxysmal in all patients with an average duration 6.0 ± 5.5 h (range 2–18). All patients spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm; but 3 needed rate control with AV nodal blockade (calcium channel blockers [n = 2] or beta blockers [n = 1]). One patient out of 60 who received intrapericardial steroids developed AF (2%), while of the 110 who did not receive steroids, 6 developed AF (5%) (p = 0.42). During average follow-up 2.3 years, there were no documented recurrences of atrial fibrillation in these patients. Atrial fibrillation following epicardial access is infrequent. When it occurs, it tends to be paroxysmal in nature and without severe symptoms. Administration of intrapericardial steroids did not affect the rate of AF post procedure; further studies however are needed to define their role.
Movements and use of space by Mangrove Cuckoos (Coccyzus minor) in Florida, USA

I used radio-telemetry to track the movements of Mangrove Cuckoos (Coccyzus minor) captured in southwest Florida. Relatively little is known about the natural history of Mangrove Cuckoos, and my goal was to provide an initial description of how individuals use space, with a focus on the size and placement of home ranges. I captured and affixed VHF radio-transmitters to 32 individuals between 2012 and 2015, and obtained a sufficient number of relocations from 16 of them to estimate home-range boundaries and describe patterns of movement. Home-range area varied widely among individuals, but in general was roughly four times larger than expected based on the body size of Mangrove Cuckoos. The median core area (50% isopleth) of a home range was 42 ha (range: 9-91 ha), and the median overall home range (90% isopleth) was 128 ha (range: 28-319 ha). The median distance between estimated locations recorded on subsequent days was 298 m (95% CI [187 m-409 m]), but variation within and among individuals was substantial, and it was not uncommon to relocate individuals >1 km from their location on the previous day. Site fidelity by individual birds was low; although Mangrove Cuckoos were present year-round within the study area, I did not observe any individuals that remained on a single home range throughout the year. Although individual birds showed no evidence of avoiding anthropogenic edges, they did not incorporate developed areas into their daily movements and home ranges consisted almost entirely of mangrove forest. The persistence of the species in the study area depended on a network of conserved lands-mostly public, but some privately conserved land as well-because large patches of mangrove forest did not occur on tracts left unprotected from development.