cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domestic Coalitions: International Sources and Effects

Author(s): Solingen, Etel; Gourevitch, Peter | Editor(s): Thompson, William R; Whytock, Christopher A | Abstract: The centrality of domestic coalitions serves as transmission belts between the domestic and international realms. Despite its long lineage in international and comparative political economy and its relevance to the understanding of contemporary responses to globalization, coalitional analysis has been typically neglected when explaining outcomes in international relations. The analytical framework adopted here builds on two “ideal-typical” coalitions—an “inward-nationalist” and an “outward-internationalist” model—each advancing competing models across industrialized and industrializing contexts alike. Several applications illustrate the breadth and scope of this framework, spacious enough to explain economic responses in Europe from the repeal of the Corn Laws to the 20th century; the security implications of economic responses leading to World War I; the impact of internationalization on regional orders in the industrializing world since 1945; the relationship between coalitional approaches to the global economy and nuclear weapons proliferation since 1970; and the relevance of coalitional divides to outcomes regarding Brexit, Donald Trump’s election, and beyond. Coalitional analysis thus (a) offers important insights on wide-ranging empirical phenomena in comparative and international politics that institutional approaches alone fail to explain; (b) provides a unifying framework addressing trans-historical responses to globalization, nationalism, ethno-confessionalism, and their effects on interstate relations; (c) attends to political cleavages in political economy that intersect with security; (d) transcends dated level-of-analysis categories by linking subnational and global processes; (e) is flexible enough to accommodate wide variation in state–society relations and political institutionalization; (f) grounds politics in a dynamic framework able to explain both continuity and change; and (g) clarifies contradictory findings regarding interdependence and war by providing a mechanism explaining why, when, and how economic exchange with the world may or may not inhibit war.
Altered synaptic transmission and maturation of hippocampal CA1 neurons in a mouse model of human chr16p11.2 microdeletion.

The synaptic pathophysiology underlying neurodevelopmental disorders often emerges during infancy and toddlerhood. Therefore, identifying initial changes in synaptic function is crucial for gaining...
Predicting evolutionary predictability

The observation that phenotypic convergence and genetic convergence are widespread in nature implies that evolution is at least somewhat predictable. But to what extent and under what circumstances? In other words, how predictable is evolutionary predictability? Answering this question requires going beyond documenting examples of repeated evolution to actually quantifying predictability at different hierarchical levels. At present, few such studies exist. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Chaturvedi et al. () quantify the predictability of genomewide changes that accompany shifts to an introduced host plant (alfalfa) in populations of the Melissa blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa). They evaluate predictability in two contexts: (i) overlap in host-associated loci among populations that have independently colonized alfalfa, and (ii) overlap between host-associated loci in nature and loci associated with host performance in laboratory experiments. Overall, they find that the genomic changes that accompany host shifts in this system are indeed somewhat predictable. However, the degree of predictability depends on the type of comparison (among natural populations vs. between natural and experimental populations), type of convergence (specific genomic locations vs. direction of allele frequency change), geographic scale (rangewide vs. specific population pairs) and location in the genome (autosomes vs. sex chromosomes). Together with a handful of comparable data sets, Chaturvedi et al.'s () work suggests that the relative contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes to genomewide responses to novel selection pressures may be highly variable, but possibly predictably so.
Stresses and Strains in Axially Loaded Members

In Chapter 1, several cases of members subjected to axial loads were introduced and discussed. Methods were developed for determining internal forces in axially loaded members for cases in which the applied axial load was either a constant, or varied in some fashion along the length of the member. The concept of the axial force diagram was also developed to show the way the internal axial force in a member varies along the length of the member.
Clay Distribution Patterns Regulate Natural Attenuation of Marcellus Shale Waters in Natural Aquifers

This work examines the largely unexplored role of clay distribution patterns in determining reactive transport and natural attenuation of Marcellus Shale waters accidentally released into natural w...
Prevalence and Profile of High-Impact Chronic Pain in the United States.

Abstract The multidimensional nature of chronic pain is not reflected by definitions based solely on pain duration, resulting in high prevalence estimates limiting effective policy development. The newly proposed concept of high-impact chronic pain (HICP) incorporates both disability and pain duration to identify a more severely impacted portion of the chronic pain population yet remains uncharacterized at the population level. As such, we used the 2011 National Health Interview Survey (N = 15,670) to 1) assess the likelihood of disability in the overall chronic pain population, 2) estimate the prevalence of HICP, and 3) characterize the disability, health status, and health care use profile of this population in the United States. Overall, chronic pain, defined as pain experienced on most days or every day in the previous 3 months, was strongly associated with an increased risk of disability after controlling for other chronic health conditions (odds ratio = 4.43; 95% confidence interval = 3.73–5.26), where disability was more likely in those with chronic pain than in those with stroke or kidney failure, among others. HICP affected 4.8% of the U.S. adult population, or approximately 10.6 million individuals, in 2011. The HICP population reported more severe pain and more mental health and cognitive impairments than persons with chronic pain without disability, and was also more likely to report worsening health, more difficulty with self-care, and greater health care use. HICP clearly represents a more severely impacted portion of the chronic pain population. Understanding this heterogeneity will contribute to developing more effective legislation promoting safe and cost-effective approaches to the prevention and treatment of chronic pain. Perspective HICP is a powerful new classification that differentiates those with debilitating chronic pain from those with less impactful chronic pain. By addressing the multidimensionality of chronic pain, this classification will improve clinical practice, research, and the development of effective health policy.
Maverick: a system for discovering exceptional facts from knowledge graphs

This paper presents Maverick, a system for discovering exceptional facts about entities in knowledge graphs. Maverick is built upon a beam-search based algorithmic framework which we proposed in a research paper that is published in SIGMOD 2018. In this demonstration proposal, we showcase an end-to-end system that includes a user-facing portal and a cache server. In Maverick, an exceptional fact about an entity of interest is modeled as a context-subspace pair, in which the subspace is a set of attributes and the context is defined by a graph query pattern of which the entity is a match, together with other matching entities. The entity is exceptional among the entities in the context, with regard to the sub-space. The portal allows users to search entities in a knowledge graph and explores exceptional facts about the entities of interest. It presents exceptional facts to users in forms of natural language sentences and illustration charts, for better interpretability of the discovered exceptional facts. The cache server stores intermediate computation results, such as pattern evaluations, exceptionality calculations, and candidate patterns. It is built for sharing computation across entities, such that repetitive computation across entities can be avoided.
Emma of Ivry, c. 1008–1080

Emma of Ivry (c. 1008–1080)—wife of Osbern the Steward, mother of William fitzOsbern, and cousin of the Norman dukes—has never been the subject of a study. This biography shows that Emma was not a peripheral figure to her male kin, but a central agent who actively worked to maintain the ducal family’s power in Normandy, particularly during the minority of William the Conqueror in the 1040s. Emma served as guardian for William, her sons, and ducal kin; ruled her lands as a lord; and finished her career as a lord and ducal representative in Rouen as abbess of Saint-Amand. Emma’s life shows the many ways that women exercised power within the family, the noble court, and the church.
Positive Cumulative Fluid Balance Is Associated With Mortality in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Setting of Acute Kidney Injury.

Objectives:As acute kidney injury and elevated cumulative fluid balance commonly co-occur in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, we aimed to identify risk factors for their development and evaluate their independent relationships with mortality. We hypothesized that acute kidney injury an
Integrated ecosystem service assessment for landscape conservation design in the Green Bay watershed, Wisconsin

Abstract Comprehensive, partnership-driven, landscape-scale conservation planning presents challenges and opportunities to account for diverse articulations of ecosystem services. There is a need for research that engages scientists in building a body of knowledge built on technical and standardized meanings for ecosystem services, while maintaining flexibility to adapt to meanings held by communities. Herein, we share the results of an integrated ecosystem service assessment that leveraged inductive and deductive methods to identify critical services for the Fox River-Green Bay region of Wisconsin, USA according to stakeholders and experts. We found that stakeholders tended to emphasize components related to tradeoffs, management practices, and cultural benefits, while experts were instrumental in identifying ecological structures and functions, and considering the needs of stakeholders not at the table. We engaged with an expanded cascade model that included management and access concerns. This expanded cascade model helped integrate a wide range of stakeholder perspectives alongside technical knowledge and allowed us to identify several tradeoffs related to access between commercial and charter fisheries, and local farmers and agricultural tourists. By connecting services, benefits, and management and access concerns to particular stakeholder groups, we provide further evidence of ways in which what counts as a service is mediated through societal standing. This work highlights the need for integrating inductive and deductive approaches to ecosystem service assessments and outlines a path for integrated ecosystem service assessment through iterative, multi-level assessments.
Developing Training Packages

Accountability in education has challenged special educators to examine closer their methods for educating teachers. The concept of self contained packaged inservice and preservice training programs offers an alternative to traditional methods of instruction. Major considerations in package development are discussed, along with implications for education.
Measuring attentional bias to food cues in young children using a visual search task: An eye-tracking study.

Abstract Objective Attentional bias to food cues may be a risk factor for childhood obesity, yet there are few paradigms to measure such biases in young children. Therefore, the present work introduces an eye-tracking visual search task to measure attentional bias in young children. Methods: Fifty-one 3-6-year-olds played a game to find a target cartoon character among food (experimental condition) or toy (control condition) distractors. Children completed the experimental and toy conditions on two separate visits in randomized order. Behavioral (response latencies) and eye-tracking measures (time to first fixation, initial gaze duration duration, cumulative gaze duration ) of attention to food and toy cues were computed. Regressions were used to test for attentional bias to food versus toy cues, and whether attentional bias to food cues was related to current BMI z-score. Results: Children spent more cumulative time looking at food versus toy distractors and took longer to locate the target when searching through food versus toy distractors. The faster children fixated on their first food versus toy distractor was associated with higher BMI z-scores. Conclusions: Using a game-based paradigm employing eye-tracking, we found a behavioral attentional bias to food vs. toy distractors in young children. Further, attentional bias to food cues was associated with current BMI z-score.
A Challenging Case of Extensive Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection.

Abstract The detection of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) causing myocardial infarction is integral in pursuing the appropriate management. Our case posed a diagnostic challenge, with...
The use of organs from hepatitis C virus-viremic donors into uninfected recipients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been an ongoing disparity between the number of organs available for solid organ transplantation (SOT) relative to the need. This has resulted in significant waitlist mortality, may affect transplant outcomes due to transplants being performed on sicker patients and may even increase healthcare costs due to extended hospital stays. Transplanting organs from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected donors into uninfected recipients (D+/R-) is now a reality, due to the advent of highly affective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) which not only have very high efficacy, but also a favorable side effect and drug-drug interaction profile. RECENT FINDINGS Data from multiple centers reporting outcomes of kidney, liver, heart, lung and liver-kidney transplant during the past few years reveal that SOT from HCV-infected donors into noninfected recipients is safe, efficacious and can result in excellent recipient outcomes, with an opportunity to decrease the time on the waitlist, waitlist mortality and to improve outcomes after transplant due to less morbidity at the time of surgery. When livers are the transplanted organ, 8-12 weeks of DAA treatment will be required. For other organs, 2-4 weeks is likely sufficient. The available DAAs have profiles such that patients with all genotypes, with or without renal insufficiency an on renal replacement therapy and those who fail treatment may be successfully treated, with a sustained virologic response rate of more than 95%. Based upon the available data, starting DAAs shortly after transplant will likely limit posttransplant complications. that This will require cooperation between the transplant team, transplant hospital and insurer providing medication coverage. SUMMARY SOT from HCV infected recipients is safe, is associated with excellent outcomes and should be considered for recipients who would benefit from receiving an organ earlier than they would if they waited for an organ from an uninfected donor.
The Ground on Which We Stand: Making Abolition

Abstract Abolition is both a vision and a practice As abolitionists, we envision a world without prisons We must also make that world together Abolition is thus more than an ideological commitment to the absence of prisons Abolition is presence, as Ruth Wilson Gilmore reminds us It is the presence of life-giving institutions It is our presence with one another, as we enact and explore in this article As co-authors, we have been journeying together at Florida State University for nearly a year Our work has shapeshifted through the COVID pandemic and in the wake of the Tallahassee Police Department murders of Mychael Johnson and Tony McDade We open this article on these grounds, honoring the people have fought before us and all who fight in their legacy We also stretch back into the violent histories that fill our present, and reflect in succession on the intimate work of building the world otherwise Our prison nation may govern through erasure and abandonment, but the prison is in fact everywhere That means that abolition must be everywhere, too This ethnography is our work to create it Through it, we hope to support you in making your own abolitionist futures in real time
Nilfactors of ℝ m and configurations in sets of positive upper density in ℝ m

We use ergodic theoretic tools to solve a classical problem in geometric Ramsey theory. LetE be a measurable subset of ℝ m , with\(\bar D(E) > 0\). LetV = {0,v 1,...,v k} ⊂ ℝm. We show that fort large enough, we can find an isometric copy oftV arbitrarily close toE. This is a generalization of a theorem of Furstenberg, Katznelson and Weiss [FuKaW] showing a similar property form=k=2.
ACCOUNTING TEXTBOOKS AS CHANGE AGENTS: FINNEY'S INTERMEDIATE AND FINNEY AND MILLER'S INTERMEDIATE FROM 1934 TO 19581

This paper undertakes to illustrate how the two leading intermediate accounting textbooks published between the 1930s and 1950s, by Finney and Finney/Miller, regularly critiqued recommended and acc...
Workplace performance: a sustainable approach

Organisations face major disruptions and transformative change as a result of developments in the contexts in which they operate and the COVID-19 crisis These dramatic changes highlight the need to reassess the emphasis on financial and economic outcomes at the national and organisational level International organisations recognise the urgency of explicitly acknowledging a variety of performance outcomes as ends in themselves Organisations need to be seen as meeting the needs of a number of stakeholders who have varying interests There could be tensions between the desired outcomes in the financial, social and human, and ecological areas These tensions need to be managed in a number of ways Movement towards a broader range of performance outcomes also requires a long-term view, acknowledgement of the Sustainable Development Goals and International Labour Organisation Declarations and Initiatives, and International Trade Union Confederation recommendations Processes of dialogue between stakeholders are essential Human resource management (HRM) activities can contribute to these performance outcomes through a Sustainable HRM approach © 2021 Australian Human Resources Institute (AHRI)
Complex Systems in a Complex Time: Two Flexible Activities Using Online Models To Study Infectious Disease Transmission and Code Complex Systems Simulations

With the advent of COVID-19, major media outlets and health organizations have been eager to provide projections on the spread of infectious disease through a population based on different variables. This report outlines two activities for leveraging the global interest in COVID-19 to (i) encourage students to explore simulations and data presentation, and (ii) develop models of complex systems using a block-based coding platform (StarLogo Nova). The activities may be used independently or paired to build upon each other.
Photovoltaic Faults: A comparative overview of detection and identification methods

During the last decade, exponential growth in energy production by Photovoltaic systems (PVS) has been observed. Although very promising concerning energy production, PVS are often prone to faults that arise either due to environmental conditions or to the quality of materials used for their manufacturing and handling during installation. If these faults are left untreated, a risk arises both to the operation of the system itself (risk of destruction) and to its very ability to produce energy reliably. This paper discusses methods for fault detection and identification on the DC side of the photovoltaic systems. The methods are studied for their ability to identify various fault types as well as their complexity and limitations.
P-3 A reflective review of referrals by ethnicity considering local demographics

Background National work identifies risk of poorer access to palliative care services for people from ethnic minorities (Calanzani, Koffman, Higginson, 2013; Dixon, King, Matosevic et al., 2015) . We provide hospice beds and 24/7 community specialist palliative care support to three neighbouring boroughs with widely differing demographics. Low referrals of people from ethnic minorities have traditionally been attributed to our more diverse communities being younger. Aims Identify our most ethnically diverse borough and determine whether referrals to our services reflect that diversity. Include consideration of public health data for mortality/age/social deprivation which could contribute to any identified disparity in ethnic representation. Methods Local census data (2011) (Office for National Statistics) for each borough was reviewed by ethnicity. For the most diverse borough, referrals to hospice services were reviewed for Jan. 2019 – Dec. 2020. These were categorised and compared with local census data. Public health data, including age, mortality and social deprivation, was also reviewed to contextualise the borough and its likely palliative care need. Results From the census, our most ethnically diverse borough had a 42% non-white population, compared to our least diverse borough with a 6% non-white population. Hospice referrals from our most ethnically diverse borough were lower than expected for size, compared with our other boroughs. Referrals by ethnicity: 2019 – Black 6% (22) Asian 8% (27), Mixed 2% (7), White 84% (295), Other 0% (1) 2020 – Black 7% (29), Asian 9% (39), Mixed 1% (3), White 82% (343), Other 1% (4) i.e. there was a small increase in % referrals for people from ethnic minority backgrounds from 2019 (16%) to 2020 (18%). Census data identified a younger borough population, but with more social deprivation and higher all-cause mortality. Conclusion Taking common variables that may influence referral to our service into consideration, we learned that despite the younger age profile, this borough has significant health needs, not reflected in our referral rates, especially for people from ethnic minorities.
Helicopter flight simulation motion platform requirements

To determine motion fidelity requirements, a series of piloted simulations was performed. Several key results were found. First, lateral and vertical translational platform cues had significant effects on fidelity. Their presence improved performance and reduced pilot workload. Second, yaw and roll rotational platform cues were not as important as the translational platform cues. In particular, the yaw rotational motion platform cue did not appear at all useful in improving performance or reducing workload. Third, when the lateral translational platform cue was combined with visual yaw rotational cues, pilots believed the platform was rotating when it was not. Thus, simulator systems can be made more efficient by proper combination of platform and visual cues. Fourth, motion fidelity specifications were revised that now provide simulator users with a better prediction of motion fidelity based upon the frequency responses of their motion control laws. Fifth, vertical platform motion affected pilot estimates of steady-state altitude during altitude repositioning. Finally, the combined results led to a general method for configuring helicopter motion systems and for developing simulator tasks that more likely represent actual flight. The overall results can serve as a guide to future simulator designers and to today's operators.
Direct detection of green fluorescent protein in histological preparations of recombinant vaccinia virus in mice (1050.9)

Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing recombinant viruses have proven to be invaluable tools for the in-vivo monitoring of viral kinetics and disease progression in infectious disease models. ...
A new perspective on algorithms for optimizing policies under uncertainty

The paper takes a fresh look at algorithms for maximizing expected utility over a set of policies, that is, a set of possible ways of reacting to observations about an uncertain state of the world. Using the bucket-elimination framework, we characterize the complexity of this optimization task by graph-based parameters, and devise an improved variant of existing algorithms. The improvement is shown to yield a dramatic gain in complexity when the probabilistic subgraph (of the influence diagram) is sparse, regardless of the complexity introduced by its utility subgraph.
The Transition to the Normal State of a Stabilized Composite Superconductor

The transition to the normal state of a stabilized composite superconductor, induced by applying a thermal pulse directly to the superconductor, is studied experimentally. The conductor is configured such that heat transport is one dimensional and current diffusion times are lengthened enabling measurement. The transport current capacity, transport current distribution, time of the normal transition after application of a thermal pulse, and recovery currents for transport currents exceeding the critical current of the superconductor are measured and explained.
A new class of wideband low-profile, conformal antennas-its impact to wireless telecommunications

The authors discuss spiral-mode microstrip antennas. This class of antennas is wideband, with performance comparable to that of the cavity-loaded spiral and sinuous antennas, but has high efficiency and low profile like the microstrip patch antenna. In addition, the authors believe that the mode-switching and beam-steering capability of the multimode version of this antenna will most likely open up new design concepts, enhance performance, and add new features in future systems. They introduce the performance of several versions of this class of antennas, and analyze its consequential impact on system designs. >
A parameter estimation approach to artificial neural network weight selection for nonlinear system identification

A unified framework for artificial neural network (ANN) training algorithms applied to nonlinear system identification based on considering weight selection as a parameter estimation problem is presented. Three existing ANN training strategies are reviewed within this framework, including gradient-descent backpropagation, the extended Kalman algorithm, and the recursive-least-squares method. A strikingly different approach to error backpropagation is presented, resulting in the development of a novel method of backward signal propagation and target state generation for embedded layers. The technique is suitable for implementation with a linear Kalman-based update algorithm and is applied with a unique method of covariance modification for the elimination of transients associated with initial conditions. Experimental nonlinear identification results demonstrate a greatly increased rate of convergence in comparison with backpropagation. The new algorithm displayed similar rates of parameter convergence and a decreased computational overhead compared with the extended Kalman algorithm. >
GENOTYPIC-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS FOR VARIOUS TEMPERATURES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

NTERACTIONS between genotype and environment are defined as the differ' ing behavior of similar genotypes in diverse environments. Evidence is accumulating that such interactions are common (LERNER 1958; MATHER 1955.) The mechanism by which populations react to different environments is difficult to assess; however, by definition, populations of genotypes exhibiting greater stability or homeostasis than others are less liable to be affected by fortuitous fluctuations of the environment. Populations exhibiting a high degree of stability or homeostasis may be expected, therefore, to show genotype-environmental interactions of less importance than populations with low stability. In a population with low stability, the genotypic variance obtained in one environment may be radically different from that obtained in another, whereas in a population with high stability there should be a greater correlation between various environments. A critical factor in a breeding program is the magnitude of the genotypic variance of a population over the multiplicity of environments likely to be encountered. In this paper, data are presented on the ability of D. melanogaster larvae to emerge as adults under six different temperature regimes. Three inbred lines, their hybrids and the F, generation are considered in an attempt to study the relationships between homozygosity, homeostasis or stability, and the magnitude of genotype-environmental interactions. In a similar, but considerably smaller experiment, THODAY (1953) studied the mean number of adults emerging from cultures of ten eggs for two inbred lines and their hybrids under four temperature regimes. He noted that the F, flies survived extreme temperatures better than the parents and therefore had greater stability for the specific environments involved. He did not, however, carry his analysis further than this.
Metaphysics, 9.8, 1050a30—b4: The Identity of Soul and Energeia

I argue that 1050a30—b3 contains an argument in which a series of analogies treating the ‘in’ relation are deployed to constrain how the relation between life and the soul is to be construed, such that, given other reasonable premises, it follows that the soul is identical with the activity life. The interpretation of the ‘in’ relation turns crucially upon the distinction between a subject and a site for an activity, which opens the way for understanding the relation designated as not being that of inherence, which would imply some form of ontological distinction. After establishing the conclusion concerning identity, I explain how the soul may be understood as possessing a modally graded internal structure, each higher-order modality corresponding to a higher level of completion, thinking being the highest grade in human beings. I then show how the identity of soul and living activities affirmed at b2—3 implies the substantial priority of energeia to potentiality affirmed at b3—4.
TLK1B promotes repair of UV-damaged DNA through chromatin remodeling by Asf1

Background The mammalian protein kinase TLK1 is a homologue of Tousled, a gene involved in flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana. The function of TLK1 is not well known, although knockout of the gene in Drosophila, or expression of a dominant negative mutant in mouse mammary cells causes loss of nuclear divisions and chromosome mis-segregation. TLK1B is a splice variant of TLK1 and it confers radioresistance in a normal mammary mouse cell line possibly due to increased chromatin remodeling capacity, but the mechanism of resistance remains to be fully elucidated.
THE EFFECT OF ABLATION OF THE OLFACTORY BULBS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOUR IN SHEEP

Abstract The effect of removal of the olfactory bulbs on the detailed pattern of food intake of eight sheep, housed indoors and fed on a pelleted diet, was examined. Five sheep were used as “sham operated” controls. The effects of bulbectomy, in each sheep, were evaluated by examination of various characteristics of 100 meals eaten pre operative and 100 meals post operative. The data were collected using an automatic recording system linked to a computer. Bulbectomy did not significantly alter total daily food intake or increase the variation in daily intake and there was no significant tendency for the sheep to alter the size of the meals which they ate. Following bulbectomy, the sheep took a significantly longer time to eat their meals and this was due to the development of an increased tendency to pause during feeding.
The pH dependence of the inhibition of ascorbate oxidase by anions

Abstract Double-reciprocal plots of azide inhibition, with respect to ascorbate, of ascorbate oxidase indicate mixed-type inhibition at pH values above 6. This is in contrast to the simple competitive inhibition previously observed at pH 5.6. Linear replots of the slopes and intercepts of the double-reciprocal plots yield two inhibition constants. Both constants are pH dependent. Similar inhibition patterns are obtained with fluoride and thiocyanate. These results suggest the presence of two inhibitor binding sites, one of which is competitive with respect to ascorbate and the other uncompetitive.
Type I interferons: diversity of sources, production pathways and effects on immune responses

Type I interferons (IFN-I) were first described over 50 years ago as factors produced by cells that interfere with virus replication and promote an antiviral state. Innate and adaptive immune responses to viruses are also greatly influenced by IFN-I. In this article we discuss the diversity of cellular sources of IFN-I and the pathways leading to IFN-I production during viral infections. Finally, we discuss the effects of IFN-I on cells of the immune system with emphasis on dendritic cells.
Compressions of ta10w alloy kennertium w-2, and beryllium oxide to 4.5 GPa

Abstract The volume compressions of a tantalum alloy, tungsten alloy, and beryllium oxide (BeO) have been derived from the measurements of axial shortenings of cylindrical specimens of these materials to 4.5 GPa at room temperature. These measurements were carried out in a solid pressure medium piston- cylinder apparatus.
Pd-mediated activation of molecular oxygen in a nonpolar medium.

The mechanism for direct insertion of O2 in a toluene-solvated palladium−hydride bond (avoiding palladium zero) has been elucidated using quantum mechanics (B3LYP/LACVP** with the PBF polarizable continuum solvent model) for PdII((−)-sparteine)(Cl)(H) and the model compound PdII(bipyridine)(Cl)(H). We find that the process involves (1) the abstraction of the hydrogen atom by triplet oxygen, (2) the formation of a stable L2XPdIOOH triplet species, (3) a spin transition resulting in a stable L2XPdIIOOH singlet species, and (4) the loss of H2O2 and completion of the catalytic cycle upon the addition of HX. The limitations involved in the spin transition, the formation of the triplet PdI−OOH species and the stability of that triplet species are all dependent on the presence of an H-bond acceptor cis to the hydride and the electronic characteristics of the other ligands which may or may not stabilize the PdI species. Without this cis H-bond acceptor and/or electron-withdrawing ligands that can stabilize PdI, t...
Mechanism of hypertension produced by ureteral obstruction

Abstract A second case of recent onset ureteral obstruction resulting in elevated plasma renin levels and hypertension, both of which were corrected by surgery, is presented. A mechanism for the production of the hypertension that may be seen with recent onset hydronephrosis is suggested.
Driver Mutations Determine Survival in Smokers and Never Smokers with Stage IIIB/IV Lung Adenocarcinomas

BACKGROUND: The authors previously demonstrated that never-smokers with stage IIIB/IV nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lived 50% longer than former/current smokers. This observation persisted after adjusting for age, performance status, and sex. In this study, the authors hypothesized that smoking-dependent differences in the distribution of driver mutations may explain differences in prognosis between these subgroups. METHODS: In total, 293 never-smokers and 382 former/current smokers with lung adenocarcinoma who underwent testing for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations and rearrangements in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) between 2009 and 2010 were investigated. Clinical outcomes and patient characteristics were collected. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Group comparison was performed with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards methods. RESULTS: Although the overall incidence of these mutations was nearly identical (55% never-smokers vs 57% current/former smokers; P = .48), there were significant differences in the distribution of mutations between these groups for EGFR mutations (37% never-smokers vs 14% former/current smokers; P < .0001), KRAS mutations (4% never-smokers vs 43% former/current smokers; P < .0001), and ALK rearrangements (12% never-smokers vs 2% former/current smokers; P < .0001). Among never-smokers and former/current smokers, the prognosis differed significantly by genotype. Patients who had KRAS mutations had the poorest survival. Smoking status, however, had no influence on survival within each genotype. CONCLUSIONS: Never-smokers and former/current smokers with lung adenocarcinomas were not homogeneous subgroups. Each was made up of individuals whose tumors had a unique distribution of driver mutations, which were associated with different prognoses, irrespective of smoking history. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Correlation for the Viscosity of Pentafluoroethane (R125) from the Triple Point to 500 K at Pressures up to 60 MPa

We present a correlation for the viscosity of pentafluoroethane (R125) based on a compilation and critical assessment of the available experimental data. The correlation covers a wide range of fluid states, including the supercritical region. It is applicable from the triple point at 172.52 to 500 K, with pressures varying up to 60 MPa. The formulation includes a zero-density contribution, initial density dependence based on the Rainwater-Friend theory, and a residual contribution for higher densities that combines virial terms with a free-volume term, both being temperature-dependent. The estimated uncertainty of the viscosity correlation (coverage factor of 2) is 3% along the liquid-phase saturation boundary, 3% in the compressed liquid phase at pressures to 60 MPa, and 0.8% in the vapor.
Medication Safety in Primary Care Practice: Results From a PPRNet Quality Improvement Intervention

Reducing medication errors is a fundamental patient safety goal; however, few improvement interventions have been evaluated in primary care settings. The Medication Safety in Primary Care Practice project was designed to test the impact of a multimethod quality improvement intervention on 5 categories of preventable prescribing and monitoring errors in 20 Practice Partner Research Network (PPRNet) practices. PPRNet is a primary care practice-based research network among users of a common electronic health record (EHR). The intervention was associated with significant improvements in avoidance of potentially inappropriate therapy, potential drug-disease interactions, and monitoring of potential adverse events over 2 years. Avoidance of potentially inappropriate dosages and drug-drug interactions did not change over time. Practices implemented a variety of medication safety strategies that may be relevant to other primary care audiences, including use of EHR-based audit and feedback reports, medication reconciliation, decision-support tools, and refill protocols.
Serological demonstration of h-y (male) antigen on mouse sperm.

WE have recently overcome certain technical difficulties in applying the cytotoxicity test to mouse spermatozoa and have been able to show directly that H-2 antigens are expressed on these cells1, thus confirming less direct evidence leading to the same conclusion2. We have since applied the cytotoxicity test to sperm with antisera directed against a number of other systems of mouse alloantigens, TL3, θ4, Ly-A5 and Ly-B5, but none of these has given a positive reaction with sperm. This is not surprising because these are all “differentiation antigens”6 expressed primarily on lymphoid cells. Another antigenic system which distinguishes one mouse from another is H-Y. The H-Y antigen is carried by male cells only and is responsible for the rejection of male tissues by females of the same inbred strain7.
Anomalies in the tRNA-aminoacylation reaction which could lead to misinterpretation of evidence for tRNA changes during development and aging.

Abstract Anomalies in the tRNA-aminoacylation reaction are described and discussed. These include enzyme-dependent tRNA-acylation plateau values at low enzyme to tRNA ratios in the presence of Tris buffer, and the attainment of tRNA-acylation maxima at high enzyme to tRNA ratios. The enzyme-dependent plateaus are believed to represent the steady state resultant of simultaneously occurring enzymatic and non-enzymatic deacylation processes with the acylation reaction. The failure to maintain a level plateau at high enzyme to tRNA ratios is ascribed to another competing reaction — the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate (PPi) which is not dependent upon aminoacyl-tRNA formation. Tris buffer appears to accelerate non-enzymatic deacylation of tRNA thus leading to plateau values representing (at low enzyme to tRNA ratios) incomplete charging of tRNA. The relative balance of these competing reactions may be favorably manipulated by avoiding Tris-type buffers and by altering the enzyme to tRNA ratio to obtain an optimal acylation plateau. If increasing the enzyme concentration (keeping the tRNA concentration constant) leads to increasing tRNA acylation plateaus, this is evidence that one is operating below the optimal ratio; if increasing enzyme concentration leads to decreasing plateaus or to charging maxima (no plateau) it is evidence that one is operating above the optimal ratio. Since these precautions have not ordinarily been considered, some reports of changes in tRNA and/or aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complements during development and aging may be inaccurate.
Hybrid optofluidic device for fluidic particle manipulation and detection

Integrated fluidic control and optical detection are presented through the synthesis of microfluidic automata and optofluidic waveguides. Analyte mixing and fluid velocity are controlled on Automaton while optical detection is achieved via liquid-core ARROW waveguides.
Role of the HIV-1 Matrix Protein in Gag Intracellular Trafficking and Targeting to the Plasma Membrane for Virus Assembly

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) encodes a polypeptide called Gag that is able to form virus-like particles in vitro in the absence of any cellular or viral constituents. During the late phase of the HIV-1 infection, Gag polyproteins are transported to the plasma membrane (PM) for assembly. In the past two decades, in vivo, in vitro, and structural studies have shown that Gag trafficking and targeting to the PM are orchestrated events that are dependent on multiple factors including cellular proteins and specific membrane lipids. The matrix (MA) domain of Gag has been the focus of these studies as it appears to be engaged in multiple intracellular interactions that are suggested to be critical for virus assembly and replication. The interaction between Gag and the PM is perhaps the most understood. It is now established that the ultimate localization of Gag on punctate sites on the PM is mediated by specific interactions between the MA domain of Gag and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)], a minor lipid localized on the inner leaflet of the PM. Structure-based studies revealed that binding of PI(4,5)P(2) to MA induces minor conformational changes, leading to exposure of the myristyl (myr) group. Exposure of the myr group is also triggered by binding of calmodulin, enhanced by factors that promote protein self-association like the capsid domain of Gag, and is modulated by pH. Despite the steady progress in defining both the viral and cellular determinants of retroviral assembly and release, Gag's intracellular interactions and trafficking to its assembly sites in the infected cell are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structural and functional role of MA in HIV replication.
Surface-induced dissociation of peptide ions: kinetics and dynamics.

Kinetics and dynamics studies have been carried out for the surface-induced dissociation (SID) of a set of model peptides utilizing a specially designed electrospray ionization Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer in which mass-selected and vibrationally relaxed ions are collided on a orthogonally-mounted fluorinated self-assembled monolayer on Au {111} crystal. The sampling time in this apparatus can be varied from hundreds of microseconds to tens of seconds, enabling the investigation of kinetics of ion decomposition over an extended range of decomposition rates. RRKM-based modeling of these reactions for a set of polyalanines demonstrates that SID kinetics of these simple peptides is very similar to slow, multiple-collision activation and that the distribution of internal energies following collisional activation is indistinguishable from a thermal distribution. For more complex peptides comprised of several amino acids and with internal degrees of freedom (DOF) of the order of 350 there is a dramatic change in kinetics in which RRKM kinetics is no longer capable of describing the decomposition of these complex ions. A combination of RRKM kinetics and the “sudden death” approximation, according to which decomposition occurs instantaneously, is a satisfactory description. This implies that a population of ions—which is dependant on the nature of the peptide, kinetic energy and sampling time—decomposes on or very near the surface. The shattering transition is described quantitatively for the limited set of molecules examined to date.
Prospective Relationship Between Obsessive–Compulsive and Depressive Symptoms During Multimodal Treatment in Pediatric Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder

The present study examined the prospective relationship between obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms during a multimodal treatment study involving youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Participants included fifty-six youth, aged 7-17 years (M = 12.16 years) who were enrolled in a two-site randomized controlled pharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy treatment trial. Obsessive-compulsive severity was measured using the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, and depressive symptoms were rated using the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised. Multi-level modeling analyses indicated that, on average over the course of treatment, variable and less severe obsessive-compulsive symptoms significantly predicted a decrease in depressive symptoms. Additionally, week-to-week fluctuations in OCD severity did not significantly predict weekly changes in depressive symptom severity. Level of baseline depressive symptom severity did not moderate these relationships. Findings suggest that when treating youth with OCD with co-occurring depression, therapists should begin by treating obsessive-compulsive symptoms, as when these are targeted effectively, depressive symptoms diminish as well.