cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfusion medicine knowledge in Postgraduate Year 1 residents.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion medicine is a complex important subspecialty of pathology. A transfusion carries measurable risks and benefits. Although fellowship training exists in transfusion medicine, the majority of transfusion decisions are made by clinicians without formal training. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 116 recently graduated medical students entering 10 residency programs at a single medical center over 2 years were evaluated using a standardized patient encounter to determine baseline knowledge. Transfusion medicine knowledge was assessed during the encounter by obtaining verbal consent for red blood cell transfusion, answering patient questions, and completing a written quiz. Final performance was scored using a peer-reviewed data collection sheet. RESULTS: Scores ranged from 24.0% to 67.1%. Postgraduate Year 1 (PGY-1) residents graduating from allopathic medical schools had higher scores than those from osteopathic schools (mean, 41.3% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.036). There was no significant difference between PGY-1 residents entering primary care versus surgical specialties (38.2% and 41.6%; p = 0.10). Although not significant, PGY-1 residents with previous transfusion medicine education demonstrated a trend toward better performance than those without prior education (47.0% vs. 43.0%; p = 0.057). A total of 17.2% of PGY-1's could define transfusion-related acute lung injury, 6.0% knew the transfusion transmission rate of human immunodeficiency virus, 5.2% knew the transfusion transmission rate of hepatitis C virus, and 0% knew the indication for blood product irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: Marked knowledge deficits in transfusion medicine were noted. If the results of this study could be reproduced at other training institutions, medical schools may be willing to donate more resources into transfusion medicine education.
Healthcare mobile information flow

There are a variety of mobile technologies currently available that have increased the potential for healthcare practitioners to access clinical decision support resources delivered over an array of mobile devices as a component of clinical workflow. Mobile devices ranging from smartphones to iPads, to netbooks are frequently used by clinical practitioners to gain access to vital patient and operational data as a part of their daily regimen. The convergence of mobile technology, pent-up demand by practitioners, and increasingly “smart” devices is spiking the potential for widespread deployment. This paper looks at the market drivers from the perspective of the STM publisher. The conclusion is that of the various mobility options available, the most promising for the publishers is to increase their interest in converging traditional referential content with newer forms of electronic workflow tools that uses an interactive data layer to access patient workflow data from a variety of embedded Hospital Information Systems HIS. The Thomson Reuters Clinical Xpert solutions are presented as examples of these evolving services. This opportunity should expand the publisher's legacy position within clinical decision support driven by the healthy forecast adoption rates for mobile e-Services among providers at the hospital and physician level. Given increasing regulatory mandates in the US along with likely improvements in Electronic Health Records EHR, publishers along with new types of service providers from the Healthcare Ecosystem will likely be competing as they seek to expand their footprint by offering enhanced mobile clinical decision support data driven services in what is forecast to be a growing market opportunity.
Revision osteoarticular allograft transplantation in weight-bearing joints. A clinical review

The early results of revision osteoarticular allografts in weight-bearing joints are reported. Sixteen consecutive patients underwent surgery over a six-year period between 1982 and 1988. At the time of review eight patients (50%) had surviving second allografts with an average follow-up time of 48 months (range 12 to 87). Five patients were graded excellent according to the Mankin scale, one good and two fair. Eight patients (50%) required further surgery, but only two patients came to amputation.
A simple chamber for recording from submerged brain slices.

Abstract The construction of a chamber is described for stable intracellular recording from submerged brain slices while switching solutions. The chamber is simple and inexpensive to make and is simple to use.
Synthesis and carbon-13 NMR study of 2-benzyl, 2-methyl, 2-aryloctahydropyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrroles and the 1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrrole ring system

2-Benzyl, 2-phenyl, 2- (3-methoxyphenyl) and 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl) octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d, respectively) were prepared in five steps from 1-benzylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid (2). 2-Methyloctahydropyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole (9′a) was prepared analogously in six steps from 1-methylpyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylic acid (3). Diborane reduction of 1-benzyl-N-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3,4-dicarboximide (7′a) and 1, N-dibenzyl-1H-pyrrole-3,4-dicarboximide (7a) gave 5-benzyl-2-methyl and 2, 5-dibenzyl-1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole (19′ and 19, respectively); the first reported members of the 1,2,3,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole ring system. A detailed study of the carbon-13 nmr shifts permitted a complete assignment for all compounds. Mono and disubstituted products produce a systematic effect on the shifts for the bicyclic ring systems which can be readily interpreted in terms of substituent chemical shifts. The effect of protonation at nitrogen is also shown to produce a series of well defined chemical shifts for the octahydropyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrrole ring system.
Block vs. loose salt consumption by dairy cattle.

Summary In 2 out of 3 years, lactating cows on pasture voluntarily consumed significantly more loose than block salt. However, the lower intakes of salt as block salt were adequate to meet the needs for lactation. The intake of salt was significantly influenced by the type of pasture furnished the cows.
Current surgical approaches to venous hypertension and valvular reflux

Venous hypertension in the lower extremity with and without ankle ulceration can be attributed to venous outflow obstruction, venous valve incompetence with massive reflux. Compression stocking and pneumatic pump cannot provide a long-term cure of this advance stage of venous pathology and ulcer recurrence is to be expected. Definitive treatment requires the following sequential order: (1) correction of potential underlying coagulopathy (deficiency in Protein C, Protein S, anthrombin III), (2) correction of venous outflow obstruction in the pop-fem-iliac or inferior vena cava with venous bypass (balloon angioplasty of venous stenosis has disappointing long-term results because fibrocollagen is resistant to dilation), (3) correction of valve incompetence in the following order of preference: valvuloplasty, vein transposition, and valve transplantation, (4) perforator ligation and saphenous vein stripping, (5) compression stocking and pneumatic pump to enhance venous return and reduce superficial venous congestion. In nonpostphlebitic venopathy, compression stocking + pneumatic boot pump can function as a substitute for perforator ligation + saphenous vein stripping. There is high incidence of incompetence in transplated valve (53%) that can be restored with open valvuloplasty.
Cerebral Aneurysms: Analysis of Rehabilitation Outcomes

Abstract Objective: To classify deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and correlate rehabilitation outcomes with these findings. Design: A retrospective review of medical records. Setting: Institution-based rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Eighty patients admitted to a rehabilitation facility after aneurysmal SAH. Main Outcome Measures: For each subject, data were collected for time between surgery and admission, total inpatient days, time orientation at discharge, and level of supervision required at discharge. Results: Fifty-five percent of the subjects were women and 45% were men. The average age was 47 years. Sixty percent of the lesions were right-sided and 40% were left-sided. Aneurysms were localized, in decreasing order of frequency, in the anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery, basilar artery, anterior cerebral artery, and posterior inferior cerebellar artery distribution. Conclusion: Longer rehabilitation stays were associated with right-sided lesions (mean = 44.64 versus 33.93 days) and motor impairment (mean = 43.8 versus 31.53 days). A trend suggested that motor impairment also predicted the level of supervision required at discharge. The shorter the time between surgery and admission to rehabilitation, the more likely the patient will be oriented at the time of discharge (29.47 versus 43.29 days).
Evaluation of a reliable and cost-effective method of DNA isolation for mouse genotyping

Genotyping is commonly used to define specific gene alterations or the presence of transgenes in mice. This procedure is typically done using DNA isolated from mouse tail tissue. Although there are commercially available kits for tail DNA isolation, they can be time consuming and costly for routine genotyping. In this study, we describe a rapid, "crude" DNA isolation method using mouse tail tissue and compare it to a frequently used, commercially available kit in the genotyping of over 1,000 total mice from 8 genetic lines. Our genotyping results were obtained faster and less expensively but with the same success rate (Crude method: 97.7 %, Kit method: 98.4 %). To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study to compare the reliability of this crude DNA isolation method for mouse genotyping compared to a commercially available kit.
The Importance of Attitudes in the Prediction of College Students' Intentions to Drink

Fishbein's (1967, 1980) theory of reasoned action was used to test the relative importance of attitudes and subjective norms in predicting undergraduate students' intentions to perform 3 different types of social drinking actions: avoiding drinking, drinking enough to get a slight buzz, and drinking enough to get drunk. A multiple regression paradigm was used to determine the relative effectiveness of attitudes and subjective norms in predicting intentions to perform each of the 3 drinking behaviors. Although attitudes were consistently found to be better predictors of intentions than were subjective norms, the strength of the attitude-intention relation varied widely across the 3 actions. In particular, the attitude-intention correlation was strongest for “drinking enough to get drunk.” Findings also suggest that subjective norms, previous behavior, and perceived behavioral control are not important variables for predicting this behavior.
Studies of Ir–Ta–O as High Temperature Stable Electrode Material and Its Application for Ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 Thin Film Deposition

An Ir–Ta–O/Ta/Si structure with Ir–Ta–O as electrode and Ta as diffusion barrier layer on silicon substrate has been fabricated. The Ir–Ta–O film was deposited by reactive sputtering using separate Ir and Ta targets in oxygen ambient. Annealing results performed from 500–1000°C in oxygen ambient showed that the Ir–Ta–O film exhibited extraordinary high temperature stability. This film showed good conductivity and integrity even after 5 min annealing at 1000°C. No destructive peeling and hillock formation were observed. By using this film as bottom electrode for depositing ferroelectric SrBi2Ta2O9 thin film at 800°C, good ferroelectric properties were achieved.
Corning's approach to segment blank manufacturing for an extremely large telescope

It is expected that the next generation of large ground based astronomical telescopes will be built using a segmented primary and secondary mirror versus monolithic blanks. Corning has proposed a process to be used in the manufacturing of segment mirror blanks from Corning ULE titania-silica glass in segment sizes ranging from 1.0 to 1.8 meters flat to flat. This paper will describe the facilities, equipment, resources and process required by Corning to produce several hundred to several thousand mirror segment blanks for extremely large telescope mirror blanks.
Surgical treatment of mitral stenosis: Open versus closed technics

Abstract With accumulated experience, it became increasingly apparent that maximal valvular correction by the closed technic was not possible or entirely successful because of subvalvular stenosis, calcification or aggravation of regurgitation. One hundred and six patients have now had valvular correction by means of the open approach employing extracorporeal circulation with far greater improvement than previously provided by the closed approach. Postoperative physiologic studies demonstrated marked hemodynamic improvement and greater valvular correction by the open technic in twice as many patients with mitral stenosis as the closed technic.
Behavior of pediatric dental patients throughout the course of restorative dental treatment in a private pediatric dental practice.

The purpose of this study was to describe and quantify patient behavior patterns observed throughout restorative dentistry appointments in a private pediatric dental practice. Patient behavior throughout the course of the first restorative dental visit was recorded using the Sarnat Behavior Scale. Behavior of patients in age groups 0 to 5 (0 to 60 months), 5 to 8 (61 to 96 months) and 8 to 12 (97 to 144 months) was noted at the start of the visit, during the procedure and when the patient was dismissed. Socio-demographic variables such as sex and method of payment as an indicator of socio-economic status were also considered. In addition, it was also noted whether, the child was referred by a general dentist. The results showed that the percentage of patients having Sarnat scores of 3, 4 or 5 (S345), which is indicative of negative behavior, increased after the start of the visit and then decreased to a lower level when the patient was dismissed. This observation was the same for all age groups, although ...
S-Matrix Method for Calculation of Electromagnetic Corrections to Strong Interactions

We develop an S-matrix method for calculating the effect of small perturbations on a partial-wave amplitude, and in particular, on the positions and residues of bound states. The method is applicable to both nonrelativistic and relativistic problems. It has, as a particular virtue, rapid convergence of the dispersion integrals. Electromagnetic corrections to strong interactions are the main application we have in mind, and modifications useful for handling the infrared divergence that occurs in this case are described in detail.
Partition-distance: A problem and class of perfect graphs arising in clustering

Partitioning of a set of elements into disjoint clusters is a fundamental problem that arises in many applications. Different methods produce different partitions, so it is useful to have a measure of the similarity, or distance, between two or more partitions. In this paper we examine one distance measure used in a clustering application in computational genetics. We show how to efficiently compute the distance, and how this defines a new class of perfect graphs.
Micro method for the quantitative determination of Δ22-sterols

Abstract A rapid and efficient method for the quantitative determination of sterols containing a Δ 22 -unsaturation has been developed. The technique consists of a controlled periodate-permanganate oxidation of the C 27 , C 28 , or C 29 sterol, extraction of the acidic fragments, and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of the C 5 , C 6 , or C 7 carboxylic acid cleavage product using a 10 % diethylene glycol succinate + 2 % phosphoric acid liquid phase. Oxidation of 22 -dehydrocholesteryl acetate and 7,22 -bisdehydrocholesteryl acetate produced isovaleric acid, and oxidation of ergosterol and stigmasterol gave α-methylisovaleric acid and α-ethylisovaleric acid, respectively. Except for the stigmasterol oxidation, the yields were high. As expected, no short-chain acidic products could be detected from cholesterol, 7 -dehydrocholesterol, or lathosterol.
Monte Carlo dose mapping on deforming anatomy

This paper proposes a Monte Carlo-based energy and mass congruent mapping (EMCM) method to calculate the dose on deforming anatomy. Different from dose interpolation methods, EMCM separately maps each voxel's deposited energy and mass from a source image to a reference image with a displacement vector field (DVF) generated by deformable image registration (DIR). EMCM was compared with other dose mapping methods: energy-based dose interpolation (EBDI) and trilinear dose interpolation (TDI). These methods were implemented in EGSnrc/DOSXYZnrc, validated using a numerical deformable phantom and compared for clinical CT images. On the numerical phantom with an analytically invertible deformation map, EMCM mapped the dose exactly the same as its analytic solution, while EBDI and TDI had average dose errors of 2.5% and 6.0%. For a lung patient's IMRT treatment plan, EBDI and TDI differed from EMCM by 1.96% and 7.3% in the lung patient's entire dose region, respectively. As a 4D Monte Carlo dose calculation technique, EMCM is accurate and its speed is comparable to 3D Monte Carlo simulation. This method may serve as a valuable tool for accurate dose accumulation as well as for 4D dosimetry QA.
Is physiologic sympathoadrenal catecholamine release exocytotic in humans

In cultured cells and isolated perfused organs, catecholamines are coreleased with chromogranin A (CgA) from adrenal chromaffin cells and sympathetic neurons. The corelease suggests that exocytosis is the mechanism of catecholamine secretion. To investigate whether physiologic catecholamine secretion is exocytotic in humans, we measured plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and CgA responses to differentiated stimuli of sympathoadrenal discharge. The CgA radioimmunoassay antibody recognized authentic CgA in normal human adrenal chromaffin vesicles. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and caffeine ingestion, in decreasing order of potency, selectively stimulated epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla. During hypoglycemia, plasma levels of epinephrine and CgA rose, and peak plasma levels of epinephrine and CgA correlated, suggesting that gradations in epinephrine release represented gradations in exocytosis. However, significant increments in plasma CgA were not observed after caffeine ingestion. Furthermore, the rise of CgA levels during hypoglycemia lagged 60 minutes behind those of epinephrine. A less-pronounced temporal dissociation between CgA and epinephrine release was also shown in isolated chromaffin cells in vitro. Selective adrenal vein catheterization suggested a barrier to CgA transport across the adrenal capillary wall. Short-term, high-intensity dynamic exercise, assumption of the upright posture, prolonged low-intensity dynamic exercise, and smoking, in decreasing order of potency, stimulated norepinephrine release from sympathetic nerve endings. Only the first sympathetic neuronal stimulus resulted in significant increments in plasma CgA, increments considerably less than those attained during adrenal medullary activation by insulin hypoglycemia. During high-intensity exercise, peak plasma norepinephrine and CgA levels correlated, suggesting that gradations in norepinephrine release represented gradations in exocytosis. The human adrenal medulla was a far more prominent tissue source of CgA than human sympathetic nerves--adrenal medullary homogenates contained 97-fold more CgA (micrograms/g) than sympathetic nerve homogenates. In conclusion, catecholamine secretion during selective stimulation of either sympathetic nerves or the adrenal medulla is, at least in part, exocytotic. Furthermore, stimulation of the former results in comparatively modest changes in plasma CgA compared with changes attained during stimulation of the latter. CgA appears to be transported by a route different from that of catecholamines from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells to the circulation in vivo.
When the charge on a planar conductor is a function of its curvature

While there is no general relationship between the electric charge density on a conducting surface and its curvature, the two quantities can be functionally related in special circumstances. This paper presents a complete classification of two-dimensional conductors for which charge density is a function of boundary curvature. Whenever the curvature function is non-injective, the conductor must transform under one of the planar symmetry groups. In particular, for the charge density on a closed conductor with smooth boundary to be a function of its curvature, the conductor must possess dihedral symmetry with a mirror line running through each curvature extremum. Several examples are presented along with explicit charge-curvature functions. Both increasing and decreasing functions were found.
Lithium lanthanum titanate as an electrolyte for novel lithium ion battery systems

Solid electrolytes with high lithium conductivity may serve as useful components for enabling novel lithium ion battery system design. This work demonstrates the integration of lithium lanthanum titanate (Li 0.29 La 0.57 TiO 3 ) into a battery system separating electrodes based on liquid electrolyte. Specifically, binder free electrodes based on graphite and LiCoO 2 were tested against lithium metal in liquid electrolyte with an intermediate solid electrolyte. The system was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance.
Identification of a novel D109Y mutation in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1) gene associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

We report a novel missense mutation (Asp109Tyr) in exon 4 of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (sod1) gene in a woman with apparently sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS). Signs of motor deficit appeared at the age of 51 years which progressed over the next 6 years to upper and lower motor neuron disease and death occurred by the age of 57 years. In this mutation, the base change of guanine to thymine at codon 109 of sod1 gene leads to the replacement of aspartic by tyrosine in the protein. This amino acid change in the protein however, did not alter the catalytic activity of the SOD1 enzyme as there was no change in the enzymatic activity of purified SOD1 from the patient's erythrocytes compared to control.
Optimal control of price through restricted production

Consider a regulated monopolist whose current profits would be maximized if they could charge a price p, where p exceeds the current market price. By reducing production below current consumer demand the monopolist can create an illusion of a shortage and induce the regulator to allow a price increase. Conditions are given for which the production rate that maximizes the monopolist's expected discounted profits over an infinite horizon will have the property that the amount of unsatisfied consumer demand will be a non-increasing function of current market price.
Exact solutions for buckling of some divergence-type nonconservative systems in terms of Bessel and Lommel functions

Abstract Closed-form solutions for a divergence-type nonconservative system, that of the column under follower distributed forces, is given for three types of boundary conditions. The solution generalizes the previous classical studies by Pfluger, who found the solution for the column simply supported at its ends in terms of Bessel functions, as well as by Leipholz and Madan, who formulated the series solutions for the column clamped at one end, and simply supported or clamped at the other. In the present work the solution is formulated in terms of Bessel and Lommel functions, yielding exact characteristics equations, with attendant buckling loads found within any desired numerical accuracy.
Synthesis and dopamine transporter binding of 2β-isopropyl ester analogs of cocaine

Abstract A series of 2β-isopropyl ester analogs of cocaine (7–11) was synthesised and evaluated in an in vitro dopamine transporter (DAT) binding assays. Ecgonine HCl (5) was obtained from (−)-cocaine (1) by hydrolysis using 1 N HCl. Acid catalysed esterification of 5 using 2-propanol and HCl gas afforded 2β-isopropyl ecgonine (6). Compounds 7–9 were obtained via esterification of the 3β-hydroxyl group of 6 using the appropriate acid chloride. Compound 10 was obtained via selective hydrolysis and re-esterification of 7 using 2-propanol and HCl gas. Compound 11 was obtained by reduction of 9 using H2/PdC. Compounds 7, 10 and 11 showed high binding affinity to the DAT (as indicated from the inhibition of the binding of [3H]WIN 35,428 (3)) with IC50 values (mean±S.E.M.) 208.5±9.5, 47.43±1.79 and 11.25±3.37 nM, respectively). Compound 7 is comparatively as active as cocaine, 10 is ca. fivefold more active than cocaine and 11 is ca. 20-fold more active than cocaine and even twice more active than the radioligand 3. Compound 11, like its methyl ester analog (2′ aminococaine), exhibited the highest affinity to the DAT. These results, along with previous results, emphasise the importance of a hydrogen-bond donor group at the 2′-position of cocaine and its isopropyl ester analogs to enhance binding affinity to the DAT.
Primer and Interviews: Gene Regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana

The animal and plant kingdoms use many of the same molecular tools to build decidedly different multicellular organisms. Learning how plants approach challenges common to both kingdoms can inspire new ways of thinking in the animal biologist. This primer introduces how a weed from the mustard family, Arabidopsis thaliana, has been used to work through developmental problems. It also compares and contrasts gene regulation tools in animals and plants. Accompanying the primer is a discussion of current topics in root development with Arabidopsis researchers Philip N. Benfey, Ph.D., and Kenneth D. Birnbaum, Ph.D.
709. Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery of siRNAs Leads to a Reduction in Phospholamban Levels

Regulation of Ca2+ flux in the heart via the blockade of the |[beta]|-adrenergic receptor affects the phosphorylation state of phospholamban (PLN), a regulator of the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a). Reducing the activity of PLN enhances cardiac function in some animal models of congenital and ischemic cardiac disease. Objective: As an alternative to pharmacological regulation of PLN, the aim of this study is to use viral vectors to deliver short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting the PLN mRNA through the RNA interference pathway. We employed Adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) and also a self-complementary version of AAV1 (scAAV1). ScAAV allows a more rapid expression of the gene of interest. The regulated expression of these PLN small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) could lead to a gene therapy for myocardial dysfunction. Methods: Two PLN-specific siRNAs, si248 and si750, and a control siRNA were designed. Co-transfection of the siRNAs in combination with a plasmid expressing PLN was performed in HEK 293 cells. Subsequently, DNA versions of small hairpins containing the three siRNAs were each cloned into AAV vectors. All vectors contained GFP in addition to one of the three siRNAs driven by the H1 promoter. Co-transfection experiments were performed using a 1:4 molar ratio of PLN:siRNA plasmids. RT-PCR was utilized for quantitation of PLN mRNA levels. Immunoblots were used to assay PLN protein levels. The siRNA plasmids were then packaged into AAV-1 capsids. These viruses were used for infection of primary ventricular neonatal cardiomyocytes. Infected myocytes were GFP positive and assessed for PLN mRNA and protein reduction. Additionally, temporal vein injections were performed into neonatal mice. Animals were assessed 4 weeks post-injection. Results: In co-transfected HEK 293 cells, si248 and si750 yielded a 55% and 33% reduction in PLN mRNA levels respectively, compared to the control siRNA. Protein levels were reduced by much higher levels (>85% for both). Similarly, a |[sim]|40|[ndash]|47% reduction was seen in PLN mRNA levels 48 hours post-transfection using the PLN-targeting shRNAs expressed from the scAAV plasmids. Again, the reduction in protein levels was much higher, >80% for both. In the primary cells, levels of RNA and protein were reduced by 46% and 51% respectively after infection with scAAV virus. In addition, indirect immunofluorescence staining showed a marked reduction in PLN protein levels in cultured myocytes infected with the AAV-shRNA targeting PLN and not in cells infected with the control expressing shRNA virus. Furthermore, in vivo mRNA reduction of PLN was observed to be proportional to transduction levels in the mouse myocardium. Conclusions: AAV mediated delivery of shRNAs is a powerful tool for disrupting PLN expression. RNA interference mediated by both AAV and scAAV proved to be successful in producing targeted reduction of PLN mRNA and protein. Additional experiments are currently underway to assess the effects of in vivo RNA interference on PLN following cardiac transduction of neonatal mice.
Making Do Without the T Quark

Abstract A class of theories of electroweak and strong interactions which do not involve at quark is just as attractive as the conventional theory which does. Direct observation of b quark decay will distinguish between these two possibilities, as, of course, would observations of the t.
Amino acid transport in the intestine of the caiman.

Abstract 1. 1. Seventeen amino acids were fed singly to small caimans and the rates of their disappearance from the gut lumen, and of their appearance in intestinal mucosa, whole intestine, whole stomach, and plasma were determined. 2. 2.The results were compared with those in which massive amounts of protein were fed. 3. 3.When single amino acids were fed, only traces of arginine, ornithine, lysine, aspartate and asparagine were absorbed intact. 4. 4.Glycine, alanine and serine were absorbed rapidly reaching mucosal concentrations as high as 40 mM. The others were not concentrated as highly and most were absorbed by the mucosa more slowly than the glycine group. 5. 5.Protein feeding did not result in high amino acid concentrations in the mucosa. 6. 6.Whether amino acids were ingested as protein or in the free state, glycine, alanine and glutamine increased in the mucosa, suggesting these three incorporate nitrogen released from the others. 7. 7.It appeared that several transport systems operate if amino acids are given singly, and that a different more efficient transport system operates during protein digestion.
Alp7R Regulates Expression of the Actin-Like Protein Alp7A in Bacillus subtilis

Alp7A is a bacterial actin from Bacillus subtilis plasmid pLS20 that functions in plasmid segregation. Alp7A's function requires that it assemble into filaments that treadmill and exhibit dynamic instability. These dynamic properties require the two other components of the alp7A operon, the downstream alp7R gene and the upstream alp7C sequence, as does the ability of Alp7A to form filaments at its physiological concentration in the cell. Here, we show that these two other components of the operon also determine the amount of Alp7A that is produced in the cell. The deletion of alp7R leads to overproduction of Alp7A, which assembles into large, amorphous, static filaments that disrupt chromosome segregation and cell division. The product of the alp7R gene is a DNA-binding protein that represses transcription of the alp7A operon. Purified Alp7R protein binds specifically to alp7C, which contains two σ(A) promoters embedded within a series of near-repeats of a 10-mer. Alp7R also shows the typical nonspecific binding activity of a DNA-binding protein: Alp7R-GFP (green fluorescent protein) associates with the chromosomes of cells that lack alp7C. When Alp7A-GFP is produced in B. subtilis along with untagged Alp7R, Alp7A-GFP also colocalizes with the chromosome, indicating that Alp7R associates with Alp7A. Hence Alp7R, determines both the activity and the cellular concentration of Alp7A, and it can associate with Alp7A even if it is not bound to alp7C.
Taking the lead: a qualitative study of expert docent characteristics

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of docent expertise and answer the question: What are the characteristics that define an expert docent? A basic interpretive approach was employed using documents, observations, and in-depth interviews with 12 participants from four historically themed museums. Inductive analysis revealed that expert docents possess the characteristics of having extensive subject matter knowledge – utilizing prior experiences, adaptability, enthusiasm and commitment, as well as a sense of humor. Based on these findings, the implications for museum practitioners and scholars are discussed, with particular attention paid to ways of enhancing and cultivating these characteristics in docents in order to develop expertise.
Optic Neuropathy Associated with Vitamin B12Deficiency

A 17-year-old boy with vitamin B12 deficiency that occurred after a small bowel resection developed bilateral centrocecal scotomas during folic acid therapy and improved on therapy including vitamin B complex.
Forced wave motion in an unbouded space surrounding a lined, spherical cavity

This investigation considers the point-symmetric response of an unbounded, elastic medium. A spherical cavity in the unbounded medium is lined by an elastic, spherical shell attached to the surrounding medium. The shell liner is subjected to specified time-varying surface stress acting upon its internal surface. A detailed evaluation of the shell liner shielding characteristics is presented.
Practical aspects of two-dimensional transverse NOE spectroscopy

Recently, Bothner-By and co-workers proposed a new method for measuring homonuclear NOE effects under spin-locked conditions, which they named the CAMELSPIN experiment (I). We prefer to refer to this experiment as rotatingframe Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (ROESY) since this name suggests a similarity with the closely related 2D NOESY experiment (2, 3). The ROESY method is particularly suitable for molecules that have a motional correlation time, TV, near the condition UT, = 1, where w is the angular Larmor frequency. In this case the laboratory-frame NOE effect is near zero, whereas the rotating-frame NOE (under spin-locked conditions) is always positive and monotonically increases for increasing value of T,, and can be significantly large under those conditions. The pulse scheme of the ROESY experiment is sketched in Fig. 1. At the end of the evolution period, a strong rf field is switched on. for a duration 7,. During this mixing time, T,, projections of the magnetization vectors present at the end of the evolution period, t,, onto the vector of the effective rf field remain spin locked along this effective t-f field vector. Spin exchange among spin-locked magnetization components of different nuclei can then occur, analogously to spin exchange in the regular NOE experiments, where magnetizations are aligned along the -tz axis. The spectral density functions describing spin exchange in the ROESY experiment differ from those in the NOESY experiment and cause the effect to be positive for all values of 7,. We will analyze some experimental considerations that are relevant to this new technique. In particular, we will consider the effect of limited rf field strength of the spin-locking field as well as artifacts that can occur in this type of experiment. First, as is the case for the NOESY experiment, it is very advantageous to record the ROESY spectrum in the 2D absorption mode. .4s will be shown below, there is an additional advantage in this type of experiment to the use of absorption-mode spectra: distinction between positive and negative peaks facilitates the identification of certain types of artifacts. A 2D hypercomplex Fourier transformation, as outlined by Miiller and Ernst (4) and States et al. (5) is conveniently used in this type of experiment. A simple description of this procedure is presented elsewhere (6). A minimum of four experiments with phase cycling according to Table 1 is required
New technologies for FPA dewars

The common module family of long wavelength infrared (LWIR) forward looking infrared (FLIR) components, developed in 1974, established the feasibility of building custom infrared (IR) systems from a small family of critical components. Since 1974, Texas Instruments (TI) has produced over 35,000 of 80,000 detector dewar assemblies in 60-, 120-, and 180-channel configurations delivered to various U.S. and foreign government agencies. TI's success has resulted in a joint DoD and industry initiative to develop a family of second generation multi- mission LWIR detector dewar assemblies for the 1990s and beyond. This paper defines the dewar related second generation detector and system requirements, categorizes the requirements into specific dewar classes, and shows TI's approach to achieving cost effective results.
A methodology for multiple rule system integration and resolutions within a singular knowledge base

Expert Systems which support knowledge representation by qualitative modelling techniques experience problems, when called upon to support integrated views embodying description and explanation, especially when other factors such as multiple causality, competing rule model resolution, and multiple uses of knowledge representation are included. MITRE Corporation, in conjunction with several directorates of NASA at Johnson Space Center, is currently developing a series of prototypes to demonstrate the feasibility of automating the process of systems engineering, design and configuration, and diagnosis and fault management. It is important to study these processes as they pertain to the analysis of design tradeoff issues, knowledge capture and Space Station planning and assessment. The MITRE effort will involve not only a generic knowledge representation; it must also support multiple views at varying levels of description and interaction between physical elements, systems, and subsystems. Moreover, it will involve models of description and explanation for each level. This multiple-model feature requires the development of control methods between rule systems and heuristics on a meta-level for each expert system involved in an integrated and larger class of expert system. This paper describes the broadest possible category of interacting expert systems and proposes a general methodology for the knowledge representation and control of mutually exclusive rule systems within the context of a single knowledge representation scheme.
From supply‐chain management to value network advocacy: implications for e‐supply chains

Purpose – To introduce a broader concept for supply‐chain management (SCM), the notion of value network advocacy.Design/methodology/approach – The historical roots and the traditional terms used to describe SCM are explored to show how their meanings have led to specific types of information systems to support SCM. The limitations of these systems are demonstrated with case studies. Then the concept of value network advocacy is introduced to address these limitations, and implications of this term are explored.Findings – The term SCM has its historical roots in the control of fulfillment activities that support the linear physical flow of goods from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors to retailers. Consequently many information systems (IS) applications that support the supply chain have a similar focus. These systems often separate supply from demand management and focus on linear information flows. Often they are implemented without reengineering business processes. A broader concept, value netwo...
Results of resection of metastatic tumors of the liver.

Abstract Twenty-five patients with liver metastasis treated by surgical resection are reviewed. The average survival period was 35.1 months. Of those operated on more than five years prior to the study, four (20 per cent) are surviving and have no evidence of recurrent or residual disease. A more aggressive approach is advised in treating patients with metastatic lesions of the liver.
NEONATAL MOUSE TUMORIGENICITY BIOASSAY

The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) has suggested the use of the newborn mouse bioassay as an alternative tumorigenicity assay. There are sufficient data to conclude that this animal model is highly sensitive to chemical carcinogens that exert their action through mechanisms involving the formation ofcovalently bound DNA adducts (exogenous adducts) of the administered compound and the processing of these adducts to mutations. Mechanistic studies, including metabolism, DNA adduct formation, and ras-oncogene activation, presented in this paper aid in the interpretation of tumor experiments. By comparison, the data thus far obtained suggest that this bioassay is very likely insensitive to some indirect-acting chemical carcinogens. Ongoing studies are focused on the sensitivity of this bioassay to indirect-acting carcinogens that are believed to exert their tumorigenicity through secondary mechanisms, including: 1. induction of lipid peroxidation and increases in endogenous DNA adducts, 2. endocrine disruption, and 3. induction of peroxisome proliferation. A systematic approach to validate the neonatal mouse tumorige-nicity bioassay as a part of a risk identification procedure is proposed. This approach combines the tumorigenicity bioassay with several simple and convenient supportive mechanistic experiments of study so that direct-acting chemical carcinogens, indirect-acting carcinogens, and noncarcinogens can be distinguished.
Revision Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair: Systematic Review and Authors' Preferred Surgical Technique

Purpose Recurrent tear after rotator cuff repair is not uncommon. Advances in arthroscopic shoulder surgery have created opportunities to better evaluate and treat these failures. The purposes of this systematic review were to evaluate the reported results of revision arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) and to describe our technique of revision ARCR. Methods A PubMed search from 1950 to 2011 was performed to identify articles describing revision rotator cuff repair. Studies were included in this systematic review if (1) they focused on revision ARCR, (2) they provided Levels I-IV evidence relevant to the search terms, (3) at least a partial repair was performed, and (4) they had a minimum of 12 months' follow-up. Results We identified 4 articles that discussed the techniques and the results of revision ARCR. In all studies there were improvements in postoperative motion and functional outcome scores. Poorer results were associated with female patients, tear recurrence after revision repair, preoperative active forward flexion of less than 135°, and preoperative pain score greater than 5 on a visual analog scale. Conclusions This systematic review suggests that revision ARCR can frequently lead to improvement in functional outcome and reasonable patient satisfaction. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.
User Interface Migration of Microsoft Windows Applications

When migrating a legacy application to a new platform, it is often necessary to recreate the application due to the unavailability of the source code. While there is extensive research addressing the migration of the program logic and modeling of user interface (UI) dynamics, there is limited research dealing with the recreation of the physical graphical user interface. This work investigates to what extent low-level application programming interface calls and graphical comparison techniques can detect and identify objects in the executable version of the legacy application, and then recreate that UI in a new application. Results are reported from an empirical test of 20 applications from multiple software vendors. Findings indicate that the ability to identify objects is dependent on the development platform originally used to create the legacy application. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha decay of 247Cm

Abstract An enriched sample of 247Cm (99.4 %) has been used to investigate the α-decay scheme of 247Cm. Seven α-groups with energies and intensities 5.265 (13.8 %), 5.210 (5.7 %), 5.145 (1.2 %), 4.983 (2.0 %), 4.941 (1.6 %), 4.868 (71.0 %) and 4.818 (4.7 %) were observed. Gamma-singles and αγ coincidence spectra showed the presence of 278.0, 287.5, 346.0 and 402.4 keV γ-rays. A two-parameter coincidence experiment established that the sources of the 402.4 and the 287.5 keV γ-rays were 4.868 and 4.983 MeV α-groups, respectively. The multipolarity of the 287.5 keV transition was found to be M1. The K conversion coefficient of the 402.4 keV γ-ray indicates an E1 multipolarity for this transition. The levels at 287.5 and 402.4 keV have been assigned to the 5 2 + (622) and 9 2 − (734) Nilsson states, respectively. The half-life of 247Cm was found to be (1.56±0.05) ×107 y from the α pulse analysis and mass spectrometric analysis of the sample.
Self care behaviors in a rural population with diabetes

Abstract Sixty-nine diabetic patients from three rural Appalachian communities were assessed on levels of diabetes knowledge, self-reported adherence and metabolic control. Adherence to diabetic self-care was inadequate for the maintenance of adequate metabolic control and the prevention of long term complications. Fewer than 20% of the patients stayed on their diet everyday. Only half of the sample tested their glucose levels, and those testing averaged only twice a week. Footcare was sporadic, and exercise was too infrequent for beneficial results. Only the medication regimen was closely followed. Diabetes knowledge averaged seven correct responses out of 24 total. Regression models were developed predicting self-care. A four-group discriminant analysis demonstrated that patients on oral medication, diet-only, and insulin regimens could be significantly discriminated using attitudes toward living diabetes and relative weight.
Vasodilators in the treatment of pediatric heart failure.

The goals of heart failure therapy have shifted from purely hemodynamic manipulation to a combination of hemodynamic w . and neurohumoral modulation. Vasodilators with neurohumoral modulatory properties such as ACE inhibitors ACEi and x third generation b-blockers have become the cornerstone of chronic heart failure therapy. These newer agents have proven to improve morbidity and mortality in adults with chronic heart failure. Pure vasodilators still have a place in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure and in patients who are intolerant to ACEi or b-blocker therapy. In decompensated heart failure management, improvement of cardiac output is of paramount importance and restoration of normal hemodynamics takes priority over modulation of cardiac maladaptation. Under these circumstances agents that improve contractility and modify cardiac preload and afterload are used. In the intensive care unit setting inodilators offer the advantage of an added positive inotropic effect. NO donors play an important role when close titration of blood pressure is also needed. It is the purpose of this manuscript to address principles and current practice regarding the use of vasodilators in pediatric heart failure. ACE inhibitors and third generation b-blockers due to their importance in today's therapeutic approach to heart failure are the focus of more detailed articles in this issue of Progress in Pediatric Cardiology. Q 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.