cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aristotle on Responsibility for One's Character and the Possibility of Character Change

A ristotle's discussion of the voluntary and the involuntary occurs in Book III, chapters 1 through 5, of the Nicomachean Ethics. He is concerned to assess the conditions under which a) an action and b) a state of character can be called voluntary or involuntary. And he wants to make the important point that only voluntary actions and voluntarily acquired states of character are praiseworthy or blameworthy and that men can be held responsible only for these kinds of actions and states of character. In this discussion I am only concerned with Aristotle's views concerning one of the conditions under which men can be held responsible for their states of character although this has implications for his analysis of the nature of human action and the relation of knowledge to the virtues. If, under some conditions at least, men can be held responsible for their states of character, some related questions arise. Is it possible to act contrary to an established state of character? Is it possible to form contrary states of character by performing actions contrary to an established state of character? Is, for example, the habitual coward doomed to live out his state of character or is moral reform possible? In the opening lines of Book II, Aristotle implies that character change is possible. Moral virtue arises in men, unlike intellectual virtue, by habituation and thus
Adjusting To a New Racial Climate: Maintenance of Personal Integrity

This paper will focus on the writer’s experience as a native New Yorker relocating to Montgomery, Alabama. The writer will share how he adjusted and coped with overt discrimination and racism in the context of the high school in which he attended there-a majority white high school on the “other” side of town. The writer will share how he employed the following coping mechanisms as methods of adjusting to his new environment: translating emotional experiences into words (relaxation and talk therapy), involvement with other black positive peers, careful assessment before acting, withdrawal and avoidance, and consuming African-American literature.
Sponsorship and service as mediators of the effects of Making Alcoholics Anonymous Easier (MAAEZ), a 12-step facilitation intervention.

A recent trial (n=508) of “Making Alcoholics Anonymous Easier” (MAAEZ), a group-format 12-step facilitation program, showed that MAAEZ participants had increased odds of abstinence (OR = 1.58, p = 0.063). Effects were especially marked in several subgroups, including those with more prior AA/NA/CA exposure, and those with severe psychiatric problems. This paper examines whether the effects of MAAEZ were explained by higher engagement in particular Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other 12-step organization activities. Mediation analyses were performed, estimating MAAEZ effects attributable to AA/NA/CA meeting attendance, overall AA/NA/CA involvement, having a sponsor, and engaging in 12-step service. The only variable that appeared to mediate MAAEZ effects in the sample overall was doing service at either 6 months or at both 6 and 12 months. Among those with high prior AA/NA/CA attendance, both having a sponsor and doing service emerged as mediators, with having a sponsor explaining approximately 25% of the MAAEZ effect. Doing service also partially explained the MAAEZ effect among those with high psychiatric severity. Results highlight the value of studying specific AA/NA/CA activities as mediators of treatment effects, and demonstrate the importance of exploring subgroups when trying to understand treatment mechanisms. Findings also suggest that treatment programs should emphasize specific activities for particular clients. For example, individuals may have attended many AA/NA/CA meetings, but never known how to ask for a sponsor or get involved in service; doing service may represent a non-threatening way of connecting with 12-step members for clients with psychiatric problems such as social anxiety.
Enhancing digital libraries using missing content analysis

This work shows how the content of a digital library can be enhanced to better satisfy its users' needs. Missing content is identified by finding missing content topics in the system's query log or in a pre-defined taxonomy of required knowledge. The collection is then enhanced with new relevant knowledge, which is extracted from external sources that satisfy those missing content topics. Experiments we conducted measure the precision of the system before and after content enhancement. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the system effectiveness as a result of content enhancement and the superiority of the missing content enhancement policy over several other possible policies.
Evolution of the upper mantle of the Earth's Moon: Neodymium and strontium isotopic constraints from high-Ti mare basalts

Isotopic studies of mare basalts have led workers to conclude that their sources are heterogeneous on both large and small scales. Furthermore, these studies have led workers to postulate that depletion within the lunar mantle occurred early in its evolution and was a result of accumulation of mafic minerals from a LREE-enriched magma ocean. High-Ti basalts from the Apollo 1 I and 17 landing sites and ilmenite basalts from Apollo 12 are secondary evidence of this extreme, early depletion event. KREEPy rocks are the complementary enriched component in the Moon. A total of fourteen high-Ti basalts have now been analyzed from the Apollo 11 landing site for neo- dymium and strontium isotopes. A Sm-Nd internal isochron on basalt 10058 yields an age of 3.70 + 0.06 Ga, similar to 40Ar/39Ar ages of other Group B 1 basal@.. A compilation of all previously determined ages on Apollo 11 high-Ti basalts indicates four distinct phases of volcanism at 3.85 + 0.02 Ga (Group B2), 3.71 f 0.02 Ga (Group B3), 3.67 + 0.02 Ga (Group Bl), and 3.59 f 0.04 Ga (Group A). Whole- rock Sm-Nd isotopic data for all Apollo 11 high-Ti basalts form a linear array, which yields the age of the Moon (4.55 f 0.30 Ga). A similar regression of all uncontaminated high-Ti basalts from the Moon (both Apollo 11 and Apollo 17) yields an age of 4.46 + 0.17 Ga. Both arrays are interpreted as average source ages of the high-Ti basalts and are consistent with the formation of these sources by precipitation of cumulates from a magma ocean early in the history of the Moon. These new strontium and neodymium isotopic data, coupled with previously published data, are con- sistent with a two-component model for the upper mantle of the Moon. These two components include mafic adcumulates precipitated from a magma ocean prior to 4.4 Ga and small amounts (~2%) of trapped, KREEPy, late-stage, magma ocean differentiates. The mafic adcumulate evolves from 4.5 Ga, with '47Sm/'44Nd = 0.318 and *'Rb/%r = 0.005 to extremely radiogenic neodymium isotopic ratios and very unradiogenic strontium isotopic ratios. The KREEPy trapped liquid has a 14'Sm/ '44Nd = 0.168 and "Rb/%r = 0.235 and thus, evolves toward very unradiogenic neodymium and radiogenic strontium isotopic ratios. Because the KREEPy trapped liquid is enriched in both rubidium and the REEs by over an order of magnitude compared to the mafic adcumulate, trapping of even small proportions of this liquid in the adcumulate will control the radiogenic isotopic composition of the source. The apparent heterogeneity in the source regions of mare basalts could be caused by trapping of variable, yet small, proportions of this LILE-enriched liquid in the cumulate pile.
Characterizing the effect of prey on swimming and feeding efficiency of the scyphomedusa Chrysaora quinquecirrha

The scyphomedusa Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor, 1848) is an important predator in many coastal and estuarine systems of the eastern USA, but little is known of its swimming or feeding behavior. Medusae were collected from two tributaries of Chesapeake Bay, USA, in August–October 1998 and videotaped in three dimensions in a 10,000 l tank (diameter=2.4 m, depth=2.3 m). Their swimming patterns were dependent on the presence of prey. When prey were present, medusae decreased their pulsation rate by 17%, and increased their velocity and acceleration by 87% and 78%, respectively, as compared to when prey were absent. In addition, cyclical variations in each of these characteristics were prey dependent. When prey were absent, medusae altered their pulsation rate and velocity cyclically every 50–100 s. By contrast, when prey were available, pulsation rate and velocity varied every 18 s, and acceleration varied every 37 s. Medusae often were near the surface or bottom of the tanks regardless of the availability of prey, but swimming between these two locations was more frequent when prey were available. We attribute these prey-dependent changes in swimming to feeding behavior that minimizes energy expended while searching for and capturing prey in habitats where prey is heterogeneously distributed.
Revised position on natural hazards

At the 2000 Fall Meeting in December, the AGU Council reaffirmed a revised version of AGU's position statement, “Meeting the Challenges of Natural Hazards.” This position was first adopted in 1996. The revised version (see accompanying text box) contains the same message as the original, but in concise language more easily understood by policy-makers and other non-scientists. The statement calls for more research in the geophysical processes to help understand the nature of natural hazards. However, it also clearly indicates that research alone will not improve the ability of society to withstand a natural disaster. Multidisciplinary approaches involving groups as disparate as builders, insurers, and relief organizations are required to improve mitigation efforts worldwide. The policy statement also emphasizes the need to communicate the results of scientific research to the public, especially those communities situated in areas particularly susceptible to extreme natural hazards.
Stochastic Ionization of Surface-State Electrons

A classical analysis is presented of the microwave perturbation of electrons bound to the surface of liquid helium by their image charge. Since the classical dynamics can exhibit chaotic behavior, this one-dimensional quantum system provides a novel system for the experimental investigation of quantum stochasticity. Analytic estimates for the classical thresholds and rates for stochastic excitation and ionization are determined as functions of microwave field amplitude and frequency. The frequencies and powers required to study stochasticity in the quantum regime are readily available.
Cell Shape Control and Related Focal Adheshion Dynamics on Aligned Fiber Networks

Cellular elasticity, a measure of a cell’s resistance to changing its shape in response to external stimuli, has been shown in the recent past to be a potential indicator of cell health [1]. A variety of methods including AFM techniques [1, 2], magnetic/optical tweezers [3, 4], and micropillar arrays [6–8] have been used to quantify cellular elasticity to identify cell disease state, including stages of progression in cancerous cells. Since cellular behavior is heavily dependent on the physical nature of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), understanding mechanical cell-substrate interactions may lead to connections between the elasticity of a cell and the cell’s health state [1]. In this study, the STEP (Spinneret-based Tunable Engineered Parameters) technique is used to create suspended nanofibrous polystyrene substrates with tight control on fiber diameter and spacing in single and multiple layers. As cells interact with these various substrates, they take on repeatable configurations and allow the probing of biophysical traits. Specifically, cytoskeletal arrangements provide information on the behavior of the cell nucleus, f-actin stress fibers, and focal adhesions via paxillin staining, which allow for calculation of cellular elasticity.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management

Abstract Resilient organizations thrive despite experiencing conditions that are surprising, uncertain, often adverse, and usually unstable. We propose that an organization's capacity for resilience is developed through strategically managing human resources to create competencies among core employees, that when aggregated at the organizational level, make it possible for organizations to achieve the ability to respond in a resilient manner when they experience severe shocks. We begin by reviewing three elements central to developing an organization's capacity for resilience (specific cognitive abilities, behavioral characteristics, and contextual conditions). Next we identify the individual level employee contributions needed to achieve each of these elements. We then explain how HR policies and practices within a strategic human resource management system can influence individual attitudes and behaviors so that when these individual contributions are aggregated at the organizational level through the processes of double interact and attraction–selection–attrition, the organization is more likely to possess a capacity for resilience.
Trace metal adsorption potential of phases comprising black coatings on stream pebbles

Abstract A sequential extraction of Cu and Zn was completed on 8 samples of black coatings on coarse stream alluvium before and after immersion in prepared metal-rich solutions. Such immersion resulted in a substantial change in the partitioning of the metals among the various phases present. Most of the samples were collected from small streams in areas of the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont provinces of north-central Virginia without known mineral deposits, and partitioning relationships were determined by a five-step selective extraction procedure. The following order of partitioning was determined in the samples:
Evidence for a New Isotope of Potassium

A study of the potassium isotopes produced by the bombardment of argon with helium ions reveals the presence of a hitherto unknown isotope with a 22.4 hour half-life. The new potassium isotope has two beta-components of approximately 0.25-Mev and 0.8-Mev maximum energies. A gamma-component is present of roughly 0.4-Mev energy. The evidence strongly suggests that the isotope in question is ${\mathrm{K}}^{43}$ produced by the reaction ${\mathrm{A}}^{40}(\ensuremath{\alpha},p){\mathrm{K}}^{43}$.
Warm-season grass productivity and growth rate as influenced by canopy management

Warm-season grasses adapted to cool-temperate environments can improve the seasonal distribution and supplement the productivity of forage systems in the northeastern USA. Management practices concerning clipping regimes for warm-season grasses grown in the region, are not well understood. A 2-yr field study was conducted to determine productivity and growth rates of flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum Griseb.), swithgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), and Caucasian bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T. Blake] clipped according to sward height criteria. Treatments were replicated three times and included; first clipped at full heading; or 50% removal of short canopy and 50% and 75% removal of tall canopies at vegetative stages. Cumulative yields of warm-season grasses were influenced by a complex clipping treatment, species, and year interaction. When first cut was made at a mature stage, 1990 and 1991 yields were similar, but were greater in 1991 than 1990 when cut early. Cumulative herbage yield of bermudagrass and Caucasian bluestem exceeded that of switchgrass and flaccidgrass when clipping was begun early in the growing season (species×treatment interaction; P≤0.01). Mean growth rates were greatest when canopies were managed as hay or when 75% of a tall canopy was removed, and were greater in 1991 than in 1990. Instantaneous growth rates suggest that bermudagrass and Caucasian bluestem appear to be better adapted to repeated defoliation than the tall-growing species. Swithgrass and flaccidgrass may be best used in limited-defoliation or conserved forage situations
Molecular basis for the interplay of apoptosis and proliferation mediated by Bcl-xL:Bim interactions

A major mechanism through which cancer cells avoid apoptosis is by promoting the association of anti-apoptotic members of the pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins with BH_3 domain-only proteins.
Enhanced Extended Depth-of-Field Microscopy via modeling of SLM effects on the applied phase mask

To represent the imaging model precisely for wavefront encoded systems, we modified our forward model to take into consideration the diffraction inefficiency of spatial light modulator response and its effect on the ideal phase mask.
Trends and Problems in the Sociological Study of Crime

Major trends in the sociological study of crime for the past quarter of a century include a movement away from concrete studies of crime and criminals toward more general theories of deviance and social control, the development of labeling theory as a dominant perspective in sociology, a concentration on applied, "impact" studies, and the growth of conflict theory. One consequence of these trends is that we have withdrawn attention from the offender to those who are part of the social control network. A need to refocus our attention on the nature of criminal activity is suggested. Second, we should devote more resources to the study of so-called "white-collar crime." Our failure to do so is documented, along with reasons for the failure and suggestions for some directions such studies might take.
Results from a swept-frequency ionospheric impedance probe

Abstract Experimental results are presented for the impedance of a rocket-borne dipole antenna immersed in the ionospheric plasma. The dependence of several interesting impedance artifacts upon the antenna position relative to the Earth's magnetic field and rocket motion through the ionospheric plasma are shown. Possible evidence for plasma compressibility is provided by an impedance discontinuity occurring consistently at approximately twice the electron cyclotron frequency and a frequency shifted cyclotron-resonance impedance minimum.
Nickel-rich portion of the Ni-Al-Nb phase diagram

The solubility of Nb + Al in the γ solid solution decreases markedly with decreasing temperature; thus alloys can be prepared that are γ at 1200°C and yet contain 50 pct γ’ precipitate after aging at 800°C. Thermal stability of the γ’ precipitate is related to the lattice mismatch between the γ and γ’ phases; the smaller the mismatch the lower is the interfacial elastic energy and the more stable is the γ’. Upon aging certain alloys at 800°C a γ’ growth interface other than the normal (100)γll(100)γ’ is observed. The maximum solubility of the niobium in γ’ is ∼7 at. pct; the width of the γ’ field increases with increasing niobium content but it is essentially independent of temperature. Replacing aluminum by niobium in γ’ gives hardnesses of up to 400 Dpn.
Newspaper coverage of post political election violence in Africa: an assessment of the Kenyan example

The media in Africa are often indicted for being partly responsible for the conflicts and tensions in the continent, and the role of the radio in escalating the 1994 genocide in Rwanda is frequentl...
Surface and gas phase reactions for fluorocarbon plasma etching of Si and SiO/sub 2/

Summary form only given. The reaction mechanism for fluorocarbon etching of SiO/sub 2/ involves simultaneous deposition of a polymer layer and consumption of the polymer layer by the etch process. The etching kinetics (rate and selectivity) strongly depend on the thickness of the polymeric passivation layer. The gas phase plasma properties in turn also depend on the surface kinetics through the recycling of plasma generated species on the surface. To investigate the coupling of gas phase plasma chemistry and surface kinetics, reaction mechanisms for Si/SiO/sub 2/ etching by Ar/C/sub 2/F/sub 6/ inductively and capacitively coupled plasmas have been developed and employed in an integrated plasma equipment model. The model accounts for both plasma and surface chemistry, and is linked to a feature profile model.
Polymorphism of LiGa5O8 and of LiGa5O8‐MgGa2O4Solid Solutions

High-temperature X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyses showed that LiGa5O8 exists in two polymorphs related by the first-order transition at 1138°±3°C of the low-temperature simple-cubic form, space group (probably) O7, to the high-temperature spinel (fcc) form, space group Oh7. The transition is rapid, and the high-temperature form in pure LiGa5O8 could not be quenched to room temperature under the conditions used. However, the high-temperature polymorph can be quenched under equilibrium conditions when 40 mol% or more MgGa2O4 is present. The subsolidus equilibrium relations in the system MgGa2O4-LiGa5O8 are discussed.
Asymptotic spectroscopy of rotating black holes

We calculate analytically the transmission and reflection amplitudes for waves incident on a rotating black hole in d=4, analytically continued to asymptotically large, nearly imaginary frequency. These amplitudes determine the asymptotic resonant frequencies of the black hole, including quasinormal modes, total-transmission modes and total-reflection modes. We identify these modes with semiclassical bound states of a one-dimensional Schroedinger equation, localized along contours in the complexified r-plane which connect turning points of corresponding null geodesics. Each family of modes has a characteristic temperature and chemical potential. The relations between them provide hints about the microscopic description of the black hole in this asymptotic regime.
The long morning: A re‐evaluation of Arthur Schnitzler's Anatol

(1973). The long morning: A re‐evaluation of Arthur Schnitzler's Anatol. Western Speech: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 34-46.
Ignition propensity of hydrogen/air mixtures impinging on a platinum stagnation surface

Abstract An experimental investigation into the ignition characteristics of lean pre-mixed hydrogen/air mixtures is conducted using a stagnation-point flow configuration against a platinum surface, with a special emphasis on the determination of potential fire safety hazards associated with hydrogen release in the presence of a catalyst. Two distinct regimes are observed for this system – catalytic surface reactions and gas-phase ignition. It is demonstrated that depending on mixture equivalence ratio, catalytic surface reactions can be initiated with or without surface heating. When significant surface heat is released via catalytic reactions, gas-phase ignition can be induced, greatly increasing the apparent danger of hydrogen leaks in the presence of a platinum surface. The critical surface temperatures leading to catalytic ignition for hydrogen/air mixtures over a platinum surface are further investigated over a range of equivalence ratios and stretch rates. It is shown that ultra-lean hydrogen/air mixtures can be catalytically ignited even in the absence of external heat addition, suggesting that hydrogen leakage in the presence of a platinum surface may pose a fire safety risk even at room temperature. Furthermore, even without a transition to gas-phase ignition, the surface temperature that can be sustained with surface reactions alone may contribute to component degradation or itself pose a safety hazard.
Extending the Dynamic Range of an S-Band Radar for Cloud and Precipitation Studies

Abstract A new S-band vertical profiler with a coupler option for extending the dynamic range of the radar’s receiver is discussed. The added dynamic range allows the profiler to record radar reflectivity measurements in moderate to heavy precipitation that otherwise would not have been possible with this system because of receiver saturation. The radar hardware, signal processor, and operating software are based on existing S-band and UHF profiler technology. Results from a side-by-side comparison with a calibrated Ka-band radar are used to determine the calibration and sensitivity of the S-band profiler. In a typical cloud profiling mode of operation, the sensitivity is −14 dBZ at 10 km. Examples taken from a recent field campaign are shown to illustrate the profiler’s ability to measure vertical velocity and radar reflectivity profiles in clouds and precipitation, with particular emphasis on the benefit provided by the coupler technology.
SU-E-T-74: Commissioning of the Elekta VersaHD Linear Accelerator

Purpose: To present the commissioning process of recently-released Elekta VersaHD linear accelerator, equipped with Agility 160-leaf multileaf collimator and flattening-filter free (FFF) photon modes. Methods: In addition to routine QA procedures, we adopted an EPID-based method to perform the table rotation and Winston-Lutz tests, and a novel multiradiation isocenter alignment check. The beam data acquired include photon percent-depth dose (PDD) of 6X, 6XFFF, 10X, 10XFFF, and 15X in the field size from 2×2 to 40×40cm{sup 2}, profiles, collimator and phantom scatter factors (Sc and Sp), wedge factor, electron (6, 9, 12, and 15MeV) PDD and profiles, cone and cutout factors, and virtual SSD. Validation measurements were carried out in water tank to evaluate the accuracy of beam modeling by the Pinnacle planning system. End-to-End test and IMRT QA were performed to validate the overall delivery accuracy. A theoretical model has also been used to extract the primary dose ratio and off-axis beam softening effects by fitting photon beam profile measurements. Results: The PDDs of FFF beams with field size 10×10cm{sup 2} at 10cm depth, 100cm SSD were intentionally adjusted within 1% of the non-FFF beams. The photon profiles of 30×30cm{sup 2} at 10cm depth between non-FFF and FFF beams aremore » very different, OAR(10)=0.74 and 0.63, respectively, for 6XFFF and 10XFFF. The collimator and phantom scatter factors of FFF beam demonstrated smaller variation with field sizes. The EPID-based method demonstrated the maximum deviation between the table rotation axis and radiation isocenter is within 1mm, and the radiation isocenters are within 0.4mm relative to that of 6X. The validation measurement shows less than 2% deviation between the measurement and Pinnacle modeling for most of the test conditions. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the Elekta VersaHD commissioning experience, which can be a valuable reference for the radiotherapy community.« less
Rigid Motions in Einstein Spaces

General relativistic dyadic formalism applied to metrics of rigid bodies moving in Einstein space of uniform space-time curvature
On the partial realization problem

Abstract In this paper we take a unified approach to the partial realization problem in which we seek to incorporate ideas from numerical linear algebra, most of which were originally developed in other contexts. We approach the partial realization problem from several different angles and explore the connections to such topics as factoriza- tion of Hankel matrices, block tridiagonalization, generalizations of the Lanczos process for biorthogonalization, the Euclidean algorithm and the principal-part con- tinued fractions of Arne Magnus, the Pade table, and the Berlekamp-Masseyalgo- rithm. In this way we are able to clarify some previous results by Rissanen, Kalman, and others and place them in a broader context. This leads to several results and concepts which we think are new. Our analysis is restricted to the scalar case, but some definitions and formulations have been rigged to facilitate an extension to the matrix case.
Are diet quality scores after breast cancer diagnosis associated with improved breast cancer survival

Previous studies have found that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with reduced breast cancer mortality. However, these eating patterns do not necessarily reflect overall diet quality. The association of breast cancer mortality with a priori defined dietary scores, which are based on recommended dietary guidelines and reflect diet quality, has not been evaluated. We hypothesized that diet quality indices based on recommended guidelines are associated with decreased risk of breast cancer and nonbreast cancer mortality in breast cancer survivors. We examined the association between the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score, and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI)-2010, and the risk of breast cancer mortality and total mortality among women from the Nurses' Health Study diagnosed with breast cancer. Adherence to DASH-style and AHEI-2010 diets were associated with reduced risk of nonbreast cancer mortality (comparing the fifth quintile with the first quintile, relative risk (RR) = 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53-0.99, P trend = 0.03 for DASH, and RR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.42-0.77, P trend <0.0001 for AHEI-2010). Diet scores were not significantly associated with breast cancer mortality. Our findings suggest that adherence to a higher quality diet after breast cancer diagnosis does not considerably change the risk of breast cancer death and recurrence. However, healthy dietary choices after breast cancer were associated with reduced risk of nonbreast cancer mortality in women with breast cancer.
The Effects of Job Embeddedness on Organizational Citizenship, Job Performance, Volitional Absences, and Voluntary Turnover

This study extends theory and research on job embeddedness, which was disaggregated into its two major subdimensions, on-the-job and off-the-job embeddedness. As hypothesized, regression analyses r...
The use of second-intention healing for partial-thickness Mohs defects involving the vermilion and/or mucosal surfaces of the lip.

Abstract Background: Partial-thickness defects involving the vermilion and mucosa of the lip are difficult to repair surgically. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic and functional effectiveness of second-intention healing in the repair of partial-thickness defects confined predominantly to the vermilion and mucosa of the lip. Methods: Thirteen patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip underwent Mohs micrographic surgery, which resulted in partial-thickness defects predominantly confined to the vermilion and/or mucosa of the lip. All defects were allowed to heal by secondary intention. Results: Twelve patients had good to excellent cosmetic results, and functional impairment was not noted in any of the patients. One patient whose defect extended to the cutaneous portion of the lip had deformation of the vermilion border. Conclusions: Second-intention healing yields good to excellent cosmetic and functional results for the repair of partial-thickness defects involving the vermilion and/or mucosa of the lip. Defects involving more than 2 mm of the cutaneous lip or defects extending deeper than the superficial portion of the orbicularis oris muscle may result in cosmetic or functional deformity or both if allowed to heal secondarily. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:893-7.)
Sedimentology of the Malawi Rift: Facies and stratigraphy of the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi

Abstract Shallow water, nearshore lake beds and fluviatile deposits exposed in the Karonga District (northern Malawi) are subdivided into several depositional units which are bounded by unconformities reflecting sedimentary breaks. Prior to the formation of a major perennial lake which also flooded the area studied, sedimentation was characterized by extensive fluviatile deposits mainly formed by reworked material of Jurassic red beds. Formation of a major lake after this episode is reflected by widespread lacustrine silts and sands with interbedded, mollusc-rich layers. Tectonic reorganization of the rift finally led to localized uplift resulting in an angular unconformity and exposure of the Plio-Pleistocene deposits. The hominid fossil at Uraha Hill occurs in an interchannel or swamp-related alluvial setting.
Micro-Embossing of Polymeric Substrates for Fluidic Self-Assembly

Fluidic Self-Assembly™ (FSA)™ has become a routine manufacturing process in the production of radio-frequency identification tags. FSA operates through the self-positioning of micro-devices into pre-prepared matching receptor sites in a substrate. Research at North Dakota State University has focused on extending the applications of FSA well-beyond the current production routine. This pursuit requires, among other modifications, substantive extrapolation of the size, depth, configuration, spacing and spatial density of receptor sites. Three different test wafer patterns (see Figure 5 for patterns having nominal sizes of 1050μ, 1500μ, μ2150 and 3050μ square receptors with different spacing between them) took into account the corner compensation structure dimensions, which are based on thickness of silicon mold wafer feature to be etched (see Figure 2). The embossing tool (silicon wafer) was patterned photo-lithographically and subsequently wet etched in a KOH 2:1 solution. Experiments suggest shorter tool life in the case of closely packed features (spacing ~ 0.5mm). Receptor profiles evaluated using both optical and mechanical inspection (see Figures 3 and 4) suggest that features having larger size (up to nominal size of 3050μ square) and thickness (nominal depths of 110μ and 210μ) can be embossed accurately for use in FSA by slightly increasing the embossing time in case of deeper receptors. It was also noticed that the relative receptor depths attained with respect to the thickness of the feature on the mold wafer was lower while embossing deeper receptor sites, leading to the conclusion that mold wafers must be etched longer in such cases. The embossed receptor sites were subsequently filled with micro-devices in accordance with the standard operating parameters of Fluidic Self-Assembly process. These sample experimental runs suggest receptors slightly deeper than the micro-devices facilitate higher yields (or fill rates) in FSA. However, in cases where the receptors are too deep relative to the micro-device (> 5μ), air-entrapment occurred between the micro-device and the bottom of the receptor site, which caused problems in post-FSA processes due to air expansion. This paper presents comprehensive guidelines for embossing larger and deeper receptors for effective use in FSA.
A Canadian Lens on Facilitating Factors for North American Partnerships

What does it take to develop and maintain effective international education partnerships between institutions in the Canada, Mexico, and United States? This was a driving question for the qualitati...
In vitro autoradiography of ionotropic glutamate receptors in hippocampus and striatum of aged Long–Evans rats: relationship to spatial learning

Abstract Using in vitro autoradiography, we investigated [ 3 H]α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate, [ 3 H]kainate and [ 3 H] N -methyl- d -aspartate binding in two forebrain regions, the hippocampus and striatum, of young (four months of age) and aged (24–25 months of age) Long–Evans rats that had previously been tested for spatial learning ability in the Morris water maze. Although there was substantial preservation of binding in the aged rats, reductions in binding were present in the aged rats that were specific to ligand and anatomical region. In the hippocampus of aged rats, [ 3 H]α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate binding in CA1 and [ 3 H]kainate binding in CA3 were reduced. In contrast, N -methyl- d -aspartate binding was not significantly different between age groups. There was evidence of sprouting in the dentate gyrus molecular layer of aged rats, indicated by changes in the topography of [ 3 H]kainate binding. Binding density was analysed with respect to patch/matrix compartmentalization in the striatum. The most striking result was a large decrease in N -methyl- d -aspartate binding in aged rats that was not limited to any dorsal/ventral or patch/matrix area of the striatum. Additionally, [ 3 H]kainate binding in striatal matrix was modestly reduced in aged rats. Of these age effects, only N -methyl- d -aspartate binding in the striatum and [ 3 H]kainate binding in the CA3 region of the hippocampus were correlated with spatial learning, with lower binding in the aged rats associated with better spatial learning ability. Age-related alterations in ionotropic glutamate receptors differ with respect to the receptor subtype and anatomical region examined. The age effects were not neccessarily indicative of cognitive decline, as only two age-related binding changes were correlated with spatial learning. Interestingly, in these instances, lower binding in the aged rats was associated with preserved spatial learning, suggesting a compensatory reduction in receptor binding in a subpopulation of aged rats.
Rude or Rushed? Effects of Narrative and Impression Processing Objectives on Person Perception

Jones and Thibaut (1958) argue that information gleaned from social interaction depends on the perceiver's current objectives. Five experiments examined how narrative construction and impression formation objectives influenced interpretation of social behaviors. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read a series of sentences describing persons performing various behaviors and indicated the cause of the behaviors. Results indicated a reliable tendency for all participants to explain behaviors using situational attributions rather than chronic dispositions; however, this tendency was enhanced for participants instructed to construct a narrative using the behaviors. Experiments 3 and 4 found that participants given impression formation objectives were more likely than those with narrative construction objectives to generalize observed behaviors to future situations. Experiment 5 examined how attributions were rendered without explicit processing goals. Implications for social perception and judgment are discussed.
Differentiability of the blow-up curve for one dimensional nonlinear wave equations

Consider the Cauchy problem $$rac{{{artial ^2}u}}{{artial {t^2}}} - umimits_{i = 1}^N {rac{{{artial ^2}u}}{{artial x_i^2}}} = F(u)(x n {athbb{R}^N},t >0),$$ $$ueft( {x,0} ight) = feft( x ight)eft( {x n {athbb{R}^N}} ight),$$ $${u_t}eft( {x,0} ight) = geft( x ight)eft( {x n {athbb{R}^N}} ight)$$ with N ≦ 3. It is well known that if F(u) is superlinear, i.e., $$Feft( u ight)A{eft| u ight|^p}ifeft| u ight| o nfty eft( {A >0,p > 1} ight) $$ (0.1) then solutions generally blow up in finite time; see [2]–[6].
Computer-generated stereograms: a new dimension for the graphic arts

The discovery of stereopsis in the mid-nineteenth century presented the opportunity to simulate the visual impact of a three-dimensional entity through a pair of two-dimensional, perspective images. Modern image processing techniques now permit the extensive exploration of abstract stereograms, but most recent investigations have focused on scientific rather than aesthetic compositions. This paper describes a complete svstem for the creation of stereo artwork and discusses the implications of using stereoscopy for artistic, "three-dimensional expression.
Evaluating health utility in patients with melanoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer: a nationwide, population-based assessment.

Abstract Background Understanding the quality of life and health utility for cancer survivors is important; however, little data are available—particularly for long-term (>5 year) survivors. Using “health utility” scores as a proxy for quality of life may be advantageous because it is a single value. Utility scores range from 1.0 (perfect health) to 0 (death), and have been shown to be a good numerical summary of overall quality of life . Using a validated instrument for health utility (HALex), we calculated and report the scores of four different surgical cancers at multiple periods of follow-up, ranging from 5 years after diagnosis. Methods Patients diagnosed with either breast, colon, melanoma, or lung cancer were studied using the 1998 National Health Information Survey. Responses to several validated questions were collected and health utility scores were calculated. Different time periods were measured; acute ( 5 years). Once a single health utility score was calculated, multivariate analyses were performed to identify important predictors of better versus worse health utility scores. Results The total sample size was 692 (breast 377, colon 169, melanoma 92, lung 54). Mean ages at diagnosis for the cancer groups were 56, 61, 52, and 60 years, respectively. The mean health utility scores in the acute period after diagnosis were: breast 0.62, colon 0.67, melanoma 0.73, and lung 0.42. In this acute period, the mean utility score for lung cancer survivors was statistically lower versus the others in the acute period (P P = 0.01), colon 12%, melanoma 7%, and lung 47%. Multivariate regression analyses identified important associations of health utility scores. Significant predictors of lower health utility included the presence of pain and the presence of co-existent diseases, most commonly joint problems, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Conclusions For four surgical cancers in three time periods after diagnosis, health utility scores were lowest immediately after treatment and improved over time. Long-term (>5 year) survivors had the highest scores. Additionally, our analyses show that a part of health utility in this cohort is determined by the presence of pain and co-existent diseases, which are often items that can be improved by quality clinical care.
IN VIVO SPECIFIC LABELING OF CHLAMYDOMONAS CHLOROPLAST DNA

When Chlamydomonas reinhardi is supplied with (methyl-3H)-thymidine, radioactivity is incorporated specifically into chloroplast DNA Chromatographic analysis of the products of enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA reveals that only thymidine monophosphate has been labeled. Use of thymidine-6-3H yields an identical result. If thymidine-3H monophosphate is supplied, a small amount of radioactivity is incorporated into both nuclear and chloroplast DNA in proportion to the abundance of these DNA components. These observations are consistent with earlier suggestions that algae lack cytoplasmic thymidine kinase, but that the enzyme is present within their chloroplasts.
Assertion modeling and its role in clinical phenotype identification

This paper describes an approach to assertion classification and an empirical study on the impact this task has on phenotype identification, a real world application in the clinical domain. The task of assertion classification is to assign to each medical concept mentioned in a clinical report (e.g., pneumonia, chest pain) a specific assertion category (e.g., present, absent, and possible). To improve the classification of medical assertions, we propose several new features that capture the semantic properties of special cue words highly indicative of a specific assertion category. The results obtained outperform the current state-of-the-art results for this task. Furthermore, we confirm the intuition that assertion classification contributes in significantly improving the results of phenotype identification from free-text clinical records.
Archival precipitation data set for the Mississippi River Basin: Evaluation

[1] The goals of the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) point to the need for high resolution data sets on all elements of the land surface and atmospheric hydrologic cycle. A high resolution precipitation data set has been derived from radar reflectivity observations taken from the National Weather Service WSR-88D radars in the continental U.S. To evaluate the product the authors provide several case studies of radar-rain gauge comparisons at locations throughout the Mississippi River Basin. They present bias, root mean square difference, fractional standard difference, and correlation coefficient statistics for radar-rain gauge comparisons for the hourly, daily, monthly, yearly and warm season temporal scale. These point (gauge) and pixel (radar) comparisons show large discrepancies at the hourly scale, on the order of 600–800%. An evaluation of the differences associated with temporally integrated estimates shows marked reduction in these discrepancies. At the long-term (warm season), these reduce to about 10%. An estimate of the difference in the comparison of the long term accumulation of gridded gauge based estimates and radar estimates at 0.25° × 0.25° shows values in the range of 20% but decrease to about 15% after applying filtering techniques in the basin-wide comparisons.
Clinicians' perceptions of barriers to pain management in AIDS

A growing body of literature has demonstrated the widespread undertreatment of pain in patients with AIDS. While clinician-related barriers to cancer pain management have been studied, to date there has been no systematic attempt to survey clinician-related barriers to the management of pain in patients with AIDS. We surveyed AIDS health care providers' attitudes towards pain management, as well as their perception of the barriers to adequate pain management in patients with HIV disease. Subjects were 492 AIDS care providers attending continuing education symposia on the clinical management of pain in patients with AIDS in 5 major U.S. cities (New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Miami). Results indicated that the most frequently endorsed barriers to pain management were those regarding lack of knowledge about pain management or access to pain management experts, and concerns regarding potential substance abuse or addiction. Experience in the management of pain in patients with AIDS was inversely correlated with endorsement of barriers related to pain management expertise and concern regarding potential substance abuse. More experienced clinicians were significantly less likely to cite these factors as barriers to pain management. More knowledgeable respondents were significantly more likely to identify barriers to pain management and individuals with more conservative attitudes towards pain management were significantly more likely to cite substance abuse issues or medical concerns as barriers to pain management.
Accelerating mobile augmented reality on a handheld platform

Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) is an emerging visual computing application for the mobile internet device (MID). In one MAR usage model, the user points the handheld device to an object (like a wine bottle or a building) and the MID automatically recognizes and displays information regarding the object. Achieving this in software on the handheld requires significant compute processing for object recognition and matching. In this paper, we identify hotspot functions of the MAR workload on a low-power x86 platform that motivates acceleration. We present the detailed design of two hardware accelerators, one for object recognition (MAR-HA) and the other for match processing (MAR-MA). We also quantify the performance and area efficiency of the hardware accelerators. Our analysis shows that hardware acceleration has the potential to improve the individual hotspot functions by as much as 20x, and overall response time by 7x. As a result, user response time can be reduced significantly.