cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of inhibitors to the major glutathione S-transferase from bovine brain. Competitive binding between bilirubin and glutathione.

Abstract The binding of non-substrate ligands to the glutathione S -transferase (RX: glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) from bovine brain has been investigated kinetically by monitoring the inhibition of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction between glutathione and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Bilirubin, thyroxine, lithocholic acid, retinoic acid and retinol are competitive inhibitors with respect to glutathione. Cooperative binding effects are observed with lithocholic acid, retinoic acid and retinol while cooperative binding is not observed with thyroxine or bilirubin. Bilirubin is the most potent inhibitor with constants of 0.1 and 110 μM. 50% of the total activity is lost upon binding to the high-affinity site and the remainder is lost at higher bilirubin concentrations. In spite of the apparently favorable binding for bilirubin, it is estimated that the high intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione will saturate the enzyme and allow only a small fraction of the bilirubin in brain to bind to the enzyme. It is concluded that the binding of these ligands may be of minor importance in vivo.
Ionization potentials of furan by the transition operator method

Abstract Ab initio calculations of the ionization energies of furan are performed within the spin-unrestricted and within the restricted Hartree—Fock schemes in the MO LCAO approximation. Convergence problems are encountered in both methods. The removal of the symmetry plane perpendicular to the molecular plane leads to localized deep carbon holes.
Carotid Endarterectomy: The Gold Standard:

Carotid endarterectomy has been firmly established as the gold standard of therapy for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with severe carotid stenosis, provided surgical complication rates are within prescribed limits. The procedure-related risk of stroke/death should be < 3% in asymptomatic patients and < 6% in symptomatic patients. New investigational therapies such as balloon angioplasty and stenting for carotid stenosis should be evaluated against the same standard.
CKIɛ/discs overgrown Promotes Both Wnt-Fz/β-Catenin and Fz/PCP Signaling in Drosophila

The related Wnt-Frizzled(Fz)/beta-catenin and Fz/planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways are essential for the regulation of numerous developmental processes and are deregulated in many human diseases. Both pathways require members of the Dishevelled (Dsh or Dvl) family of cytoplasmic factors for signal transduction downstream of the Fz receptors. Dsh family members have been studied extensively, but their activation and regulation remains largely unknown. In particular, very little is known about how Dsh differentially signals to the two pathways. Recent work in cell culture has suggested that phosphorylation of Dsh by Casein Kinase I epsilon (CKIepsilon) may act as a molecular "switch," promoting Wnt/beta-catenin while inhibiting Fz/PCP signaling. Here, we demonstrate in vivo in Drosophila through a series of loss-of-function and coexpression assays that CKIepsilon acts positively for signaling in both pathways, rather than as a switch. Our data suggest that the kinase activity of CKIepsilon is required for peak levels of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. In contrast, CKIepsilon is a mandatory signaling factor in the Fz/PCP pathway, possibly through a kinase-independent mechanism. Furthermore, we have identified the primary kinase target residue of CKIepsilon on Dsh. Thus, our data suggest that CKIepsilon modulates Wnt/beta-catenin and Fz/PCP signaling pathways via kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Granuloma collagenase and EDTA-sensitive neutral protease production in hepatic murine schistosomiasis.

Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni represent a model for study of hepatic fibrosis in humans. Production of trypsin-activatable inactive collagenase and EDTA-sensitive neutral protease was measured in the culture medium in which granuloma explants or primary cultures were maintained. Collagenase production was maximal in granulomas obtained from liver of mice 8 weeks postinfection and was inhibited by Actinomycin D or cycloheximide, and enhanced by lymphocyte factor(s) or heparin. Isolated schistosome eggs did not release these enzymatic activities but did release EDTA-insensitive protease activity. Both enzymes were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and purified to homogeneity. Isolated collagenase had an isoelectric point of 6.2 and molecular weight of 60,000 and had the functional characteristics of a tissue collagenase. The specific activity of collagenase was 33 units per mg protein at an optimum pH 7.5 and lacked proteolytic activity against noncollagenous protein substrates. Isolated EDTA-sensitive neutral protease had specific caseinolytic activity of 150 units per mg protein and gelatinolytic activity of 300 units per mg protein at an optimun pH 7.5; the enzyme lacked activity against undenatured collagen. Isoelectric point was pH 6.0. Protease activity was inhibited by known inhibitors of collagenases. Production and activation of EDTA-sensitive neutral protease and collagenase accompany increased collagen synthesis and content in the liver of mice 8 weeks postinfection with S. mansoni cercariae. Continued accumulation of liver collagen under these conditions suggests an insufficiency in collagenase activity relative to the increase in collagen synthesis.
Personality characteristics of sisters and spouses of male alcoholics.

Sisters of alcoholics from high-density multigenerational families were assessed to determine personality characteristics. Spousal similarity was evaluated in proband/spouse pairs and in spouse pairs from the parental generation, allowing for comparisons of selection versus contagion as explanations for this similarity. Sisters were found to differ from control women with respect to Alienation and Social Closeness from the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, and Scale 6 (Paranoia) from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Only spouses from the parental generation were similar on Alienation, suggesting that exposure over time (contagion) leads to greater similarity in parents from High-Risk families. Modest correlations in spouse pairs from both generations suggest that assortative mating for Social Closeness occurs among the parents of these individuals from High-Risk families, and further suggest that a diminished level of Social Closeness for sisters of alcoholics may be mediated in part by additive genetic variance. It is concluded that assortative mating for particular traits may contribute to increased risk for alcoholism. Also, failure to mate assortatively for other traits (e.g., Traditionalism, Harm Avoidance) may also contribute to increased rates in High-Risk families.
Scuffing behavior of 390 aluminum against steel under starved lubrication conditions

Abstract The scuffing characteristics of 390-T6 aluminum–silicon alloy sliding against 52100 steel are examined under starved lubrication conditions. The evaluation is based on a shoe-on-disc geometry which simulates the plate/shoe contacts in an automotive air conditioning swashplate compressor. Four shoe geometries (flat shoe, crowned shoe, crowned shoe with a dimple at the center and crowned shoe with a groove) are tested against 390-T6 aluminum discs. All tests are conducted in a high-pressure tribometer (HPT) under R134a (tetrafluoroethane) environment with a base polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant. The effects of degree of lubricant starvation, sliding velocity, geometry of contact, surface topography, and a tin coating on scuffing are evaluated. It is hypothesized that scuffing of 390-T6 Al alloy under starved lubrication conditions is due to macroscopic adhesions leading to plastic shearing of the bulk material.
The Shifting Supply of Men and Women to Occupations: Feminization in Veterinary Education

A confining limitation for the occupational sex segregation literature has been the inability to determine how many persons of one sex would have entered an occupation had the other sex not successfully entered instead. Using panel data from all American colleges of veterinary medicine (1976-1995), a fixed-effects model with lagged independent variables finds support for the concurrent effects of many hypothesized feminization mechanisms. Declining relative earnings and policies aimed at increasing production of graduates affect applications from men and women similarly, but feminization is driven by the decline in men's college graduation and their avoidance of fields dominated by women. The findings demonstrate the relative contributions and interdependence of supply and demand to occupational sex composition and the job search process more broadly.
Genetic Diagnosis and Testing in Clinical Practice

Genetic testing is defined as "the analysis of human DNA, RNA, chromosomes, proteins and certain metabolites in order to detect heritable disease-related genotypes, mutations, phenotypes or karyotypes for clinical purposes." This article focuses on diagnostic and predictive genetic testing. The latter includes presymptomatic testing, which identifies individuals who are expected to become ill in the future and predisposition testing, which identifies those who are at increased risk of becoming ill. Decisions regarding genetic testing must be based not only on the analytic accuracy, availability and cost of the test, but on the clinical utility as well, including the sensitivity, specificity and interpretability of results. Clinical information, including the medical and family history and the findings of the physical examination, is vital for the selection of appropriate diagnostic tests, as well as the interpretation of the results. Presymptomatic genetic testing is a very personal choice that should only be made after the patient has had sufficient counseling to develop an understanding of the risks and benefits of the test and is able to make an informed decision. The same principle applies to predisposition testing; however, additional factors, such as the probability of a positive result, the likelihood that the disease will actually develop in those with positive results, the effect on the management of the index patient, the effects on family members, the risk of false reassurance if the result is negative or the potential for loss of hope if it is positive, all contribute to the assessment of risk versus benefit. Clinical evaluation and counseling of the patient who is at risk for a genetic disorder are labor intensive but essential for the selection and interpretation of genetic tests.
Overweight and Obesity in a Sample of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of overweight/obese status in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), identify associated characteristics, and develop a model to predict weight status. Methods The prevalence of overweight and obesity was determined in 2769 children with ASD enrolled in the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network, a collaboration of 17 academic centers, and compared with a national sample matched for age, sex, and race. Associations in the ASD sample between weight status and demographic and clinical variables, such as age, race, head circumference, and adaptive functioning, were tested using ordinal logistic regression. The accuracy of a final model that predicted weight status based on early life variables was evaluated in a validation sample. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 33.9% and 18.2%, respectively; ASD was associated with a higher risk of obesity (but not overweight) relative to the national sample (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.28; P = .003). In the adjusted analysis, overweight/obese status was significantly associated with Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.37–2.89), parental high school education (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09–2.21), high birth weight (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.11–2.18), macrocephaly (OR, 4.01; 95% CI, 2.96–5.43), and increased somatic symptoms (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.01–1.95). A prediction model designed to have high sensitivity predicted low risk of overweight/obesity accurately, but had low positive predictive value. Conclusions The prevalence of obesity in children with ASD was greater than a national sample. Independent associations with increased weight status included known risk factors and macrocephaly and increased level of somatic symptoms. A model based on early life variables accurately predicted low risk of overweight/obesity.
Infants’ Visual Recognition Memory for a Series of Categorically Related Items

Six-month-old infants' (N = 168) memory for individual items in a categorized list (e.g., images of dogs or cats) was examined to investigate the interactions between visual recognition memory, working memory, and categorization. In Experiments 1 and 2, infants were familiarized with six different cats or dogs, presented one at a time on a series of 15-second familiarization trials. When the test occurred immediately after the sixth familiarization trial (Experiment 1), infants showed strong novelty preference for items presented on the fourth or fifth familiarization trial, but not for the items presented on the first three trials or on the sixth trial. When a brief (15-second) retention delay occurred between the end of the sixth trial and the test trials (Experiment 2), memory for the sixth item was enhanced, memory for the fourth item was impaired, and memory for the fifth was unchanged relative to when no retention delay was included. Experiment 3 confirmed that infants can form a memory for the firs...
Hypoplasia-associated Severe Early Childhood Caries – A Proposed Definition

We propose a new classification of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC): hypoplasia-associated severe early childhood caries (HAS-ECC). This form of caries affects mostly young children living at or below poverty, characterized by structurally damaged primary teeth that are particularly vulnerable to dental caries. These predisposing developmental dental defects are mainly permutations of enamel hypoplasia (EHP). Anthropologists and dental researchers consider EHP an indicator for infant and maternal stresses including malnutrition, a variety of illnesses, and adverse birthing conditions. Differentiation of HAS-ECC from other forms of early childhood caries is warranted because of its distinct etiology, clinical presentation, and eventual management. Defining HAS-ECC has important clinical implications: Therapies that control or prevent other types of caries are likely to be less effective with HAS-ECC because the structural integrity of the teeth is compromised prior to their emergence into the oral cavity. By the time these children present to the dentist, the treatment options often become limited to surgical management under general anesthesia. To prevent HAS-ECC, dentists must partner with other health providers to develop interventions that begin with pregnant mothers, with the aim of eliminating or ameliorating the covariates accompanying poverty, including better pre- and post-natal care and nutrition.
The Dysgenetic Gonad: Aberrant Testicular Differentiation

It has been suggested that the heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes of the mammal arose from a homomorphic pair of homologous autosomes and that the X changed little during evolution, while the Y lost most of its genetic material to become a specialized testis-inducer (Ohno, 1967). Of course the sex determining role of the Y chromosome is borne out empirically: in the presence of the Y, the initially indifferent fetal gonad becomes a testis and in the absence of the Y, the gonad becomes an ovary. The newly organized testis secretes testosterone (to which both XV and XX cells can respond); this induces the secondary sex characteristics of the male and in the absence of testosterone, the embryo becomes a female (Jost, 1970; Wilson and MacDonald, 1978). Yet the scheme is rather more complicated, for presence of the V chromosome does not guarantee testicular differentiation and absence of the V does not guarantee ovarian differentiation; XV gonads may become ovaries and XX gonads may become testes and either may become ovotestes. Indeed there is a growing body of evidence that it is not the V chromosome itself that induces the testis, but a serologically defined, phylogenetically stable cell membrane component called ‘H-V antigen,’ synthesis of which is dependent either directly or indirectly on V chromosomal genes. In vitro, for example, XX cells of the dissociated neonatal ovary form seminiferous tubule-like aggregates in the presence of H-V antigen, whereas in the presence of H-V antibody, XV cells of the dissociated neonatal testis form ovarian ‘folliculoids.’ In vivo, H-V antigen is routinely detected in association with testicular differentiation, despite karyotype or secondary sex phenotype: XX males are H-V antigen positive (H Y+) and so are XV females with the testicular feminization syndrome; remarkably, XX true hermaphrodites (possessing both testis and ovary) manifest H-V phenotypes intermediate between those of normal male and female (reviewed in Ohno, 1979). Thus cell surface immunogenetics has provided a valuable new testing ground for the study of sex determination and reproductive biology. In this paper I shall review some of the advances of the past few years, emphasizing studies of abnormal differentiation in the human gonad. I intend to show that ovarian organogenesis of the XV gonad and testicular or ovotesticular differentiation of the XX gonad, may each be attributed to errors of synthesis, dissemination and binding of serologically detectable H-V antigen.
Electrochemical annealing and friction anisotropy of domains in epitaxial molecular films

Abstract : Electrochemical annealing of domain boundary defects in an epitaxial monolayer whose structure mimics the (001) layers of the organic superconductor Beta-bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene trioxide, (ET)2I3, has been visualized in situ using real-time atomic force microscopy. These defects are observed readily by lateral force imaging and high resolution contact mode imaging reveals that the domains are oriented at angles of +/-n6O because of epitaxy with the HOPG substrate. The frictional contrast between domains is due to the anisotropy molecular field encountered by the tip and is a direct consequence of the crystalline order of the rigid monolayer. Potential cycling about the deposition potential resulted in a reduction in the number of domains, with the smaller domains eventually adopting the orientation of surrounding larger ones, ultimately forming large (>15 micrometer(s) squared) defect free monolayers. This demonstrates that the defect density of redox-active molecular films can be reduced by relatively simple means.
Childhood Burn Injuries Related to Gasoline Can Home Storage

OBJECTIVE: To examine the risks associated with home storage of gasoline and to outline prevention strategies to avoid further injury and death. DESIGN: Case series. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five patients less than 6 years old were selected for study (3 by presentation to a tertiary care Children's Hospital Emergency Department, and 22 from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System Data during the same calendar year). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Data collected included child's age; burn injury, either percent body surface area or minor, moderate, or major burn classification; mortality; circumstances related to ignition of gasoline, such as behaviors, and if can was opened or closed; and flame source. RESULTS: Boys were involved in 95% of cases. Mean age was 2.7 years. The source of ignition was a pilot light in 100% of cases. Forty-four percent of patients died. Only vapors were ignited in 56% of cases. The gasoline can was described as closed in 64% of cases. CONCLUSION: Gasoline is dangerous. The rectangular red metal gasoline can is not safe either. National building codes and can specifications are needed to prevent serious injury and deaths among young children. Language: en
Closely spaced polymer microstructures as a unique tool for characterization at the small scales

The paper reports a method to characterize polymer microstructures whose characteristic dimensions are on the order of or less than a few micrometers. The closely spaced polymer microstructures with appropriate aspect ratios were fabricated. The interstructural collapse was introduced into these microstructures by evaporating the solution where the microstructures were immerged. The collapse was investigated using the Euler beam theory, and validated using optical measurements. The dynamic behaviors of unstable interstructural collapse were also investigated. By providing an approach with greatly reduced complexity and cost, this work is expected to help characterization of mechanical properties of the polymers microstructures at the small scales, especially those for mechanical sensing purposes.
Meta-Analysis of Environmental Kuznets Curve Studies: Determining the Cause of the Curve’s Presence

This investigation uses meta-analysis to explore the systematic variation across Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) studies to better understand the specific factors that affect the relationship between economic growth and environmental quality. Meta-analysis is the statistical synthesis of data from a set of comparable studies yielding a quantitative summary of pooled results. Following the findings of Li et al., (2007) a multinomial logit model is employed to analyze 929 observations from 120 different studies published between 1992 and 2012. Results indicate that seven variables (time, quality, emissions, development, fitness, anthropogenic-related gases, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide) significantly affect the presence of the EKC. There is no statistically significant evidence indicating an increased or decreased probability of finding an EKC from the number of observations, panel data, global aspect, reverse publication date, GDP measures, chemically active gases, biologically related gases, nitrogen oxide, and air pollution.
A unified formal specification and analysis of the new java memory models

In a multithreaded program running on a multiprocessor platform, different processors may observe operations in different orders. This may lead to surprising results not anticipated by the programmer. The problem is exacerbated by common compiler and hardware optimization techniques. A memory (consistency) model provides a contract between the system designer and the software designer that constrains the order in which operations are observed. Every memory model strikes some balance between strictness (simplifying program behavior) and laxness (permitting greater optimization). With its emphasis on cross-platform compatibility, the Java programming language needs a memory model that is satisfactory to language users and implementors. Everyone in the Java community must be able to understand the Java memory model and its ramifications. The description of the original Java memory model suffered from ambiguity and opaqueness, and attempts to interpret it revealed serious deficiencies. Two memory models have been proposed as replacements. Unfortunately, these two new models are described at different levels of abstraction and are represented in different formats, making it difficult to compare them. In this paper we formalize these models and develop a unified representation of them, using Abstract State Machines. Using our formal specifications, we relate the new Java memory models to the Location Consistency memory model and to each other.
Enabling yield analysis with X-compact

X-compactor is an X-tolerant test response compactor that is useful for massive reduction of test data volume and test time. This paper presents a technique for identifying failing flip-flops during scan test directly from the compacted response obtained from X-compactor outputs. The identified failing flip-flops can be used for several purposes - as inputs to a scan-based diagnosis tool to diagnose defects in combinational logic, to identify defective scan chains, or for statistical data collection during high volume manufacturing to analyze deformations and yield limiters. The presented technique requires no modification to existing scan-based diagnosis tools and has been used in high volume manufacturing flows. The experimental data from production test flows demonstrates its effectiveness for industrial designs
Phenomenal Organization and Perceptual Mode

IN recent years sense-datum theories have received much criticism, but there is one type of error frequently involved in the sensedatum concept which is in need of further consideration. This error consists in a category confusion of such a nature that what is properly regarded as perceptual mode is treated as though it were the attribute of a thing. The mode or manner of perception is mistakenly transferred to the sense-datum with results which a little careful reflection shows to be absurd. In what follows a specific case of this error connected with the notion of phenomenal organization will be discussed. It is a psychological commonplace that visual perception tends to group objects in accordance with certain principles. Thus there is a factor of proximity which consists in our tendency (other things being equal) of seeing as groups those things which are close together. For example, the fact that in Fig. i below we see the set of dots as four groups of four dots each and not as eight groups of two dots each or some other combination illustrates the factor of proximity.
Change in Variance Components Associated with Milk Records with Time and Increase in Mean Production

Abstract First-lactation milk records of artificially sired Holstein cows in New York were analyzed by a sire-by-herd variance component analysis separately for each year from 1954 to 1962. The two variables analyzed were 305-day, 2×, mature equivalent records and the mature equivalent records expressed as deviations from the average of their herd-mates. The total variance steadily increased wTith change in time. Most of the increase ( r = .97) was accounted for by increase in mean production. The relative increase in the sire component of variance was slightly faster than the increase in residual variance. Thus, heritability estimated from the paternal half-sib correlation tended to increase slightly. The difference in variance with time could bias the heritability estimate from daughter-dam regression upward by about 10% in these data. This bias does not account for all the difference in heritability estimates from paternal half-sib correlation (.25) and daughter-dam regression (.40) for the records analyzed as deviations. For mature equivalent records the estimates from both methods were .36.
Flexible link functions in a joint model of binary and longitudinal data

Joint models of binary primary endpoint and a longitudinal continuous process have been proposed when their association is of interest. The dependence between these two submodels can be characterized by introducing a common set of latent random effects. An important consideration that has been less investigated is to choose appropriate link functions for the binary primary endpoint in this joint model. We introduce two families of flexible link functions based on the generalized extreme value distribution and the symmetric power logit distribution. Our work is the first to investigate the importance of an appropriate and flexible link function in improving the estimation and prediction of a Bayesian joint model. Markov chain Monte Carlo is used for the posterior computation and inference. Flexibility and gains of the proposed joint model are demonstrated through detailed studies on simulated data sets and a real data example. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstitution of T-cell receptor repertoire diversity following T-cell depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is related to hematopoietic chimerism

CDR3 spectratyping was used to analyze the complexity of the T-cell repertoire and to define the mechanisms and kinetics of the reconstitution of T-cell immunity after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). This method, which is based on polymerase chain reaction amplification of all CDR3 regions using the T-cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta genes, was used to examine serial samples of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 11 adult patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who underwent T-cell-depleted allogeneic BMT. In contrast to 10 normal donors who display highly diverse and polyclonal spectratypes, patient samples before and early after BMT revealed markedly skewed repertoires, consisting of absent, monoclonal, or oligoclonal profiles for the majority of Vbeta subfamilies. To quantify changes in TCR repertoire over time, we established an 8-point scoring system for each Vbeta subfamily. The mean complexity score for patient samples before transplant (130.8) was significantly lower than that for normal donors (183; P = 0. 0007). TCR repertoire complexity was abnormal in all patients at 3 months after BMT (mean score = 87). Normalization of repertoire began in 4 patients at 6 months after BMT, but the majority of patients continued to display abnormal repertoires for up to 3 years after BMT. To determine whether the reconstituted T-cell repertoire was derived from the donor or recipient, unique microsatellite loci were examined to establish chimeric status. At 3 months after BMT, 7 patients demonstrated mixed chimerism; 4 had complete donor hematopoiesis (CDH). CDH strongly correlated with likelihood of restoration of T-cell repertoire complexity (P = 0.003). In contrast, patients who demonstrated persistence of recipient hematopoiesis failed to reconstitute a diverse TCR repertoire. These findings suggest that the reconstitution of a normal T-cell repertoire from T-cell progenitors in adults is influenced by interactions between recipient and donor hematopoietic cells. (Blood. 2000;95: 352-359)
Antidiscrimination Law in the Administrative State

Is the goal of antidiscrimination law to promote substantive ideals of equality, or is it limited to remedying wrongful acts of discrimination? This is the fundamental question at stake in debates about the most contested doctrines in antidiscrimination law, namely liability for disparate impact, hostile work environment, and failure to accommodate the disabled. This article argues that the answer to this question should affect a society's choices about the powers exercised by the administrative state in enforcing antidiscrimination law. In the United States, antidiscrimination law is mainly enforced through quasi-tort lawsuits against alleged discriminators. Unlike administrative agencies enforcing other bodies of law in the United States, and also unlike administrative agencies enforcing antidiscrimination law in Britain, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) does not exercise adjudicatory or rulemaking power in pursuit of policies promoting equality. If the goal of antidiscrimination law is to pursue a substantive vision of equality, greater regulation by the administrative state is warranted.
Anticipated disinflation and recession in the New Keynesian model under learning

Abstract In the New Keynesian model under rational expectations a disinflation announced in advance causes an expansion. This anomaly is robust to the assumption that monetary policy follows a Taylor rule. I show that under adaptive learning an anticipated disinflation causes a recession. Thus learning offers a resolution to the disinflationary-booms anomaly.
Trust and Community in the Practice of Network Security

The security of computer networks and systems is a growing and ongoing set of concerns for nation states, corporations, and individuals. The responses to these concerns typically span two areas: the training and recruitment of cybersecurity professionals, and the design and development of secure computing infrastructure. In addition to these two areas, we argue that effective practices of cybersecurity are premised upon social relationships of trust formed within communities of cybersecurity professionals. In this paper, we present preliminary work studying the practices of network security professionals, drawing from survey and ethnographic research across three separate kinds of attacks upon networks.First, we show how trust relationships and communities formed in professional communities of network operators are leveraged in responses to distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks. These relationships allow for rapid coordination during attacks, and these communities provide spaces for subsequent cross-national and cross-organizational collaboration to form more effective responses to these kinds of attacks. Second, we examine the role of reputation mechanisms in mitigating email spam. We study the processes involved in admission to membership in the Messaging, Mobile and Malware Anti-Abuse Working Group (M3AAWG), an international industry organization dedicated to combating email spam, among other concerns. Through our study of M3AAWG, we form understandings of the role of organizational reputation in the construction of block lists used to identify spam sources. Finally, we examine the mechanisms involved in securing the Domain Name System (DNS), focusing on the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC). The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) acts as the root trust authority for DNSSEC, responsible for maintaining the root signing keys used to cryptographically verify DNS records. We show how the trustworthiness of ICANN as a root authority is maintained within the DNS operators technical community through “trustworthy community representatives”, trusted members of the technical community who are physically present to witness ICANN key signing ceremonies.These three cases illustrate the importance of interpersonal and institutional trust, and professional communities within which trust relations may be formed, to the practice of network security. The support and extension of trust and community are essential to effective strategies for cybersecurity.
Prognostic Indicators of Hernia Development in Patients Undergoing CAPD

Among 157 patients trained for CAPD, 81 hernias developed in 44 of them. The hernias were 30% incisional, 38% umbilical, 17% inguinal and 15% ventral. Most hernias developed within the first year. Parous females, patients with polycystic kidney disease, and those with prior hernia surgery were at highest risk of this complication and deserve special vigilance. Hernias should be treated promptly to avoid incarceration which occurred in 19% of this series.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of the Semantic Web in the Life Sciences

The Semantic Web today is a vision of transparent search, request, manipulation, and delivery of information to the user by an interconnected set of services. This vision would change the way scientists interact with data, computations, and even each other. Realizing it begins with understanding the needs of biologists and the dynamic continuum of factors that will determine whether, in what form, and at what rate the Semantic Web is likely to be adopted as a scientific tool by this community. In this chapter I look at this continuum and hazard some predictions.
Conclusion: The World Deployed

In January 1950, William L. Clayton, former assistant secretary of state for economic affairs, spoke about the troubled legacy of the Second World War. ‘Hitler failed, it is true’, said Clayton, ‘but as he went out he slammed the door so hard it jarred the universe, as he promised he would do.’ In the aftermath of victory over the Axis, the United States was forced to make desperate choices in a new struggle, facing a shrewd ideological foe. The enemy was guided by ‘Oriental cunning’, using the technique of ‘boring from within’ to subvert freedom and undercut American power. The challenge and the danger could be easily depicted: one had only to ‘watch the map’.
Comparison of Transverse and Coronal Plane Stability at the First Tarsal-Metatarsal Joint With Multiple Screw Orientations.

Intercuneiform instability has been recognized as a potential cause of hallux valgus recurrence following tarsal-metatarsal joint (TMTJ) fusion. Recommendations have been made for additional screw ...
Unequal egalitarianism: Does organizational structure create different perceptions of male versus female leadership abilities?

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate how organizational structure (i.e. centralized hierarchical vs decentralized egalitarian decision-making) can color leadership evaluations of equivalently positioned men and women independent of their actual leadership style. This study addresses three questions: Are men’s leadership abilities, in terms of competence, dominance and interpersonal skills, evaluated more positively than women when they lead a hierarchical company? Are men and women’s leadership abilities evaluated similarly when they lead an egalitarian company? Do organizational outcomes change these effects? Design/methodology/approach – The research performs an eight-condition online vignette experiment on American community college students. Findings – The findings suggest that organizational structure and outcomes influence how male versus female leaders are perceived. When leading a hierarchical company, male leaders not only gain more in perceived leadership ability when their company succeeds but are also less likely to lose legitimacy when their company fails. When leading successful egalitarian organizations, men and women’s leadership skills are thought to gain similar legitimacy, but when an egalitarian organization fails, perceptions of female leaders’ competence, status dominance and interpersonal skills drop more than those of men. Research limitations/implications – This study’s generalizablity is limited given the sample of participants and the context of the industry utilized in the vignette. Practical implications – This study suggests that women’s promotion into leadership can be impeded by the decision-making structure of the organizations they lead independent of their individual choice in management style. Women leaders face not only disadvantaged evaluations of their leadership abilities in hierarchical organizations but are also not unilaterally advantaged in egalitarian organizations. Originality/value – This paper highlights the need to theoretically examine how organizational structures fundamentally embed gender stereotypes.
A nested case-control study of the association between melatonin secretion and incident myocardial infarction.

Objectives Low nocturnal melatonin secretion is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes and hypertension, while individuals with prevalent cardiovascular disease have lower nocturnal melatonin levels. However, the prospective association of melatonin secretion with myocardial infarction (MI) has not been studied. We aimed to study the association between melatonin secretion and the risk of developing MI. Methods We performed a prospective nested case–control study of participants from the Nurses9 Health Study cohorts I and II. A total of 209 incident cases of fatal and non-fatal MI were identified among women who provided first morning voided urine specimens at baseline and were matched to 209 controls. Nocturnal melatonin secretion was assessed using 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentrations in morning urines normalised to the urines9 creatinine concentration. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to analyse associations independent of important risk factors. Results Lower melatonin secretion was significantly associated with a higher risk of MI. After conditioning on matching variables, the OR for every one unit lower log-transformed sulfatoxymelatonin/creatinine ratio was 1.51 (95% CI 1.16 to 1.96). In multivariable models controlling for factors included in the American Heart Association Cardiovascular Risk Score plus circadian factors, every one unit lower in the ratio was associated with a significantly increased risk of MI (OR, 1.40; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.93). Women in the highest category had an estimated absolute risk of MI of 84 cases per 100 000 person-years compared with 197 cases per 100 000 person-years in the lowest category. The association was strongly modified by body mass index (BMI) (p value for interaction=0.02). Conclusions Lower melatonin secretion was significantly associated with a greater risk of incident MI in women with increased BMI. Melatonin may be a novel and modifiable risk factor for MI among such women.
Morphofunctional Сhanges of Gallbladder and Biochemical Parametеrs of Lipid Metabolism in Children with Liver Steatosis

Метою нашого дослідження було дослідити залежність між функціональним станом і структурними змінами жовчного міхура, а також ліпідним обміном у дітей зі стеатозом печінки. Матеріали та методи. Під спостереженням перебувала 51 дитина віком від 10 до 17 років, які за даними ультразвукового дослідження моторно-евакуаторної функції жовчного міхура та транзієнтної еластографії печінки були розподілені на 4 групи: І — 11 дітей із нормокінезією жовчного міхура без стеатозу печінки, що обрано як групу порівняння; ІІ — 20 дітей із гіпокінезією жовчного міхура без стеатозу печінки; ІІІ — 11 дітей із нормокінезією жовчного міхура і стеатозом печінки; IV — 9 дітей із гіпокінезією жовчного міхура зі стеатозом печінки. Оцінювали антропометричні дані: ріст, вагу, окружність талії, індекс маси тіла. Функціональний стан жовчного міхура і його характеристики визначали за допомогою ультразвукової діагностики. Як дослідні маркери ліпідного спектра сироватки крові використано вміст загального холестерину, тригліцеридів, ліпопротеїдів високої та низької щільності, ліпопротеїдів дуже низької щільності і розраховано коефіцієнт атерогенності. Результати. Установлено, що для пацієнтів зі стеатозом печінки характерними були надмірна вага (у 15 % пацієнтів), ожиріння (у 85 % хворих), збільшення об’єму жовчного міхура на 30–50 % (р < 0,05), щільності стінок — на 12–16 % (р < 0,05) і ехогенності стінки — на 24 % (р < 0,05) порівняно з групою без стеатозу і нормокінезією жовчного міхура. Виявлено позитивний зв’язок між товщиною стінки та наявністю стеатозу. Отже, збільшення ваги може бути одним із чинників розвитку розладів біліарної системи та ліпідного обміну. Виявлено, що в 70 % дітей з ожирінням наявні патологічні зміни рівня ліпідів, у тому числі в 74 % — збільшення атерогенних властивостей крові. Висновки. Призначаючи лікування при ожирінні в дітей та підлітків, слід обов’язково здійснювати корекцію функціонального стану жовчного міхура. Тільки комплексний підхід до лікування дасть змогу запобігти розвитку неалкогольної жирової хвороби печінки.
Pd‐Catalyzed Amination of Functionalized 6‐Bromo‐pyridinyl‐1,2,4‐triazine Complexant Scaffolds

Current efforts in this laboratory continue to focus on the preparation of novel complexant motifs for potential use in chemoselective minor actinide liquid-liquid separations of relevant cations from used nuclear fuel. The present work describes an efficient Pd-catalyzed amination reaction of diversely functionalized 6-bromo-1,2,4-triazinyl-pyridine scaffolds with various amines affording the opportunity for convergent modulation of complexant electronic and steric properties directly from one substrate towards potentially enhanced solubility in process-relevant solvents. The 21 novel examples presented highlight a unified approach to extensive molecular diversity and provide the ability to further study chelate effects, solubility properties, and complexation efficacy on nonsymmetric, moderately soft-Lewis basic complexant scaffolds without the incorporation of additional heteroaromatic moieties. Synthetic method optimization, amine and scaffold scope, as well as a scale-up experiment are presented.
Diogenes Syndrome in Frontotemporal Dementia

Diogenes syndrome refers to the combination of extreme self-neglect and excessive collecting with clutter and squalor, which is often present in patients with dementia. Diogenes syndrome may be particularly common in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), and the investigation of these patients may help clarify the nature of this syndrome. We describe 5 patients with bvFTD who exhibited a decline in self-care accompanied by hoarding behaviors. These patients, and a review of the literature, suggest a combination of frontal lobe disturbances: loss of insight or self-awareness with a failure to clean up or discard, a general compulsive drive, and an innate impulse to take environmental items. This impulse may be part of the environmental dependency syndrome in frontal disease, with specific involvement of a right frontolimbic-striatal system. Further investigation of the similarities and mechanisms of these symptoms in bvFTD could help in understanding Diogenes syndrome and lead to potential treatment options.
Property changes of oil shale during artificial maturation: The Irati Formation from the Paraná Basin, Brazil

ABSTRACTAcquiring elastic property information from oil shale during pyrolysis remains a difficult endeavor. We subject oil shale samples from the Irati Formation in the Parana Basin, Brazil, to high-temperature, high-pressure hydrous and anhydrous pyrolysis while simultaneously acquiring P- and S-waveform data. We present elastic properties as a function of temperature at constant differential pressure using samples cored in three different directions relative to the bedding plane. Hydrous pyrolysis decreased total organic carbon (TOC) in samples from 25 wt% to 20 wt%, whereas anhydrous pyrolysis had no significant change in TOC. The cores experienced higher strain hysteresis (up to –0.094 residual axial strain) after hydrous pyrolysis compared to after anhydrous pyrolysis (−0.56 residual axial strain). The larger residual strain was accompanied by a larger increase in shear velocity up to 35% after hydrous pyrolysis as compared to the 3% shear velocity increase after anhydrous pyrolysis. The change coul...
Regulatory considerations in the nonclinical safety assessment of adjuvanted preventive vaccines

Publisher Summary The regulatory considerations for vaccines are, for the most part, also applicable to vaccines formulated with adjuvants. However, for the latter products, additional issues may be considered that are unique to novel adjuvants. Preventive and therapeutic vaccines for infectious disease indications are regulated by the Office of Vaccines Research and Review in the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) within the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This is in contrast to vaccines for other indications such as cancer vaccines, which have different risk-benefit considerations and are regulated by a different office within CBER, the Office of Cell, Tissue, and Gene Therapies (OCTGT). Topics covered in this chapter include a brief overview of the Investigational New Drug Application (IND) regulations as they apply to preventive vaccines, an overview of the information to be included in the IND submission, and a discussion of the utility of the pre-IND meeting. Furthermore, this chapter includes recommendations regarding the nonclinical safety program for preventive adjuvanted vaccines, with emphasis on approaches to the design of preclinical toxicity studies to support initiation of phase I clinical trials.
Reply to Remy et al.: Local and global limitations to forest productivity as mediators of biogeochemical response to forest edge effects.

Despite the heavily fragmented nature of the world’s forests (1), the response of forest carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics to edge effects is understudied. Contrasting our findings that edge effects did not alter soil C and N storage of temperate forests within residential landscapes in New England (2), Remy et al. (3) point to their work showing that belowground C and N storage increases near temperate forest edges in an agricultural region of Belgium (4). Similar to other findings from the temperate region (5), Remy et al. (4) found increased N deposition at the forest edge and implicate shifts in N cycling resulting from increased deposition and changes in microclimate as the driver of increased … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: andrew.reinmann{at}asrc.cuny.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1