cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Sulfur in Reducing PCDD and PCDF Formation

Past research has suggested that the presence of sulfur (S) in municipal waste combustors (MWCs) can decrease the downstream formation of chlorinated organic compounds, particularly polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Thus, co-firing a MWC with coal, because of the S species from coal, may reduce PCDD and PCDF emissions. Experiments were carried out to test this hypothesis and to determine the role of S. A field-sampled MWC fly ash was injected into the EPA's pilot-scale reactor, doped with hydrogen chloride (HCl). The tests involved either natural gas or coal combustion. Besides the combustion environment, MWC fly ash injection temperature and sulfur-to-chlorine ratio (S/CI) were varied. Flue gas was sampled and analyzed for PCDD and PCDF to determine in-flight formation. In the natural-gas-fired reactor, when S was added (as sulfur dioxide, SO 2 ), the PCDD and PCDF formation decreased dramatically at S/Cl ratios as low as 0.64, and with varying furnace conditions, the inhibitory effect was consistent for S/Cl ratios of about 1. In tests with the coal-fired furnace, the S inhibitory effect was again observed at S/Cl values of 0.8 and 1.2, respectively, for the two coals tested. S inhibition mechanisms were studied in a bench-scale reactor. Results show that the depletion of molecular chlorine (Cl 2 ), an active chlorinating agent, by SO 2 through a gas-phase reaction appears to be a significant inhibition mechanism in addition to previously reported SO 2 deactivation of copper catalysts.
Amino and organic acids of the prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus indica L.)

The amino acids of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica L.) proteins, free amino acids and nonvolatile organic acids were determined on fresh and lyophilised young pads. The calculated biological value of prickly pear protein was 72.6, relative to egg protein. Trace amounts of malonic, malic and citric acids in material collected at 1800 hours; traces 0.95 and 0.31 mg g−1, respectively. In similar material analysed at 0600 hours, the concentrations of those acids were 0.36, 9.85, and 1.78 mg g−1, respectively. Since there was a significant accumulation of the acids during the evening, crassulacean-type metabolism is suggested.
Research Note: Effect of Various Light Sources on Broiler Performance and Efficiency of Production Under Commercial Conditions

Abstract Field trials were conducted in commercial broiler houses to test the effects of various light sources (incandescent and fluorescent) and light intensity on BW, feed conversion, mortality, condemnations, field defects, electrical usage, and electrical costs. Light sources included: 15- and 40-W incandescent lamps; 5 and 9-W compact, fluorescent lamps; and 40-W, 1.2-m fluorescent tube lamps. Type of lamp had no significant effect on bird performance measurements but did directly affect light intensity and lighting electricity costs. Light intensity was adequate in all instances and did not affect performance. Fluorescent lamps significantly reduced lighting electricity costs without any detrimental effect on broiler performance in comparison to standard low wattage incandescent lights.
Rotational analysis of the Hopfield emission system of O2

Abstract The spectrum of the Hopfield emission bands of O2+, c 4 Σ u − -b 4 Σ g − , has been reinvestigated with improved resolution. Spin splitting of the rotational lines has been observed for the first time, and the difference between the upper- and lower-state splittings due to spin-spin interaction was observed to be 3ϵ′ - 3ϵ″ = 0.87 cm−1. A rotational analysis has been made for seven bands, four of which (0-0, 0–1, 0–2, and 0–3) are new. The rotational constants for the upper state c 4 Σ u − are B0 = 1.5615 cm−1 and D0 = 6.7 × 10−6cm−1. For the lower state b 4 Σ g − , the rotational constants Bv and Dv are obtained for v = 0–6 and the vibrational constants are ωe = 1197.8 cm−1 and ωeχe = 17.3 cm−1.
Failure to sustain prepulse inhibition in adolescent marijuana users.

Background Marijuana use is typically initiated during adolescence, which is a critical period for neural development. Studies have reported reductions in prepulse inhibition (PPI) among adults who use marijuana chronically, although no human studies have been conducted during the critical adolescent period.
Cross-National Differences in Policy Implementation.

Existing research comparing regulatory processes for environmental and health hazards in Europe and North America indicates that there are considerable differences in the ways that countries with quite similar legal and political traditions approach both the scientific evidence on which policy is made and the frameworks that are used to implement such policy. Such differences may be even more extreme between countries with vastly different cultures and political traditions. This article describes and accounts for such differences in political, legislative, administrative, regulatory, and judicial systems that may present obstacles to reaching international accord.
Economic Systems of Foragers

A variety of economic systems prevail among societies relying primarily on hunting, gathering, or fishing for subsistence. Using 10 characteristics of distribution and property ownership and a sample of 44 foraging societies, the author employs a cluster analysis to define five distinct types of economic systems. Environmental factors appear important determinants for only two of the five types of economic systems. The author also shows that these different economic systems do not correlate with many of the standard social-structural and political variables that many anthropologists believe to be the primary causal factors explaining the operation of the economy. Focusing greater attention on the economic system pro-vides a new and important perspective for understanding the functioning of these foraging societies and to analyze property and distribution institutions and organizations in a more systematic fashion.
Moving Beyond Firm Boundaries: A Social Network Perspective on Reputation Spillover

A change in an organization's reputation has consequences and implications that may go beyond that organization's boundaries. Drawing on social network and stakeholder research, we introduce the construct of reputation spillover to examine the process in which a reputational crisis occurred to one organization may spillover to other organizations that are either proximate or structurally equivalent to the focal organization. We argue that this process occurs mainly through the perceptions and reactions of stakeholders and is contingent upon the network centrality of the focal organization, the network structure of the industry and the past reputation of potential recipient organizations.
The pure rotational spectrum of water vapor—A millimeter, submillimeter, and far infrared analysis

Line positions, strengths, and absolute energies are calculated for the pure rotational spectrum of water in the region between 0 cm−1 and 877 cm−1. These calculations are done in the context of a reduced centrifugal distortion Hamiltonian, and are based on microwave measurements of this spectrum to 1 THz, and Far Infrared measurements between 32 cm−1 and 715 cm−1.
Health Literacy, Acculturation, and the Use of Preventive Oral Health Care by Somali Refugees Living in Massachusetts

This study investigated the impact of English health literacy and spoken proficiency and acculturation on preventive dental care use among Somali refugees in Massachusetts. 439 adult Somalis in the US ≤10 years were interviewed. English functional health literacy, dental word recognition, and spoken proficiency were measured using STOFHLA, REALD, and BEST Plus. Logistic regression tested associations of language measures with preventive dental care use. Without controlling for acculturation, participants with higher health literacy were 2.0 times more likely to have had preventive care (P = 0.02). Subjects with higher word recognition were 1.8 times as likely to have had preventive care (P = 0.04). Controlling for acculturation, these were no longer significant, and spoken proficiency was not associated with increased preventive care use. English health literacy and spoken proficiency were not associated with preventive dental care. Other factors, like acculturation, were more predictive of care use than language skills.
Friends Becoming Enemies: Philadelphia Benevolence And The Neglected Era Of American Quaker History

At the end of the 1820s, American Quakers suffered a bitter and longterm division known as the Hicksite schism. Following a boisterous and caustic Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in April 1827, a group of Quaker reformers separated themselves from the main body of Friends, and formed their own independent meeting. The schism in the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting spread rapidly outward in concentric circles disrupting other Quaker meetings throughout North America. By the end of the decade, Philadelphia Quakers had divided into two distinct and hostile factions. Each group became known by the epithet given to it by the other, but their names represented well their differing positions within the Society. Those who retained leadership of the Yearly Meeting and the allegiance of a majority of urban Friends in Philadelphia were known as the "Orthodox" party for their attachment to traditional Protestant doctrines. The other faction acquired the label "Hicksite" for their sympathy with the ministry and teaching of Long Island Quaker Elias Hicks. Each side considered itself the legitimate Society of Friends.1
Lattice dynamics of hcp Hf

Inelastic neutron scattering techniques have been used to study the lattice dynamics of hcp Hf. The phonon dispersion curves along the [001], [100], and [110] symmetry directions were determined at 295 and 1300 K, and a selected number of phonon frequencies were measured also at 800 K. As the temperatures decreases we observe a rather large increase in the frequencies of all but the [001] LO branch. The zone-center mode of the [001] LO branch, on the other hand, softens appreciably, and at room temperature this branch exhibits a dip at the zone center. These features of the phonon dispersion curves of Hf are similar to those of hcp Zr and Ti. The data were used to evaluate the lattice specific heat at constant pressure as a function of temperature. The calculated total specific heat, obtained by taking into account the electronic contribution, was found to agree, to within experimental uncertainties, with the results of specific-heat measurements. We find that the phonon anomalies (and their temperature dependence) in the dispersion curves of the superconducting elements of the IV column of the Periodic Table can be understood qualitatively as originating from the splitting about the Fermi level of doubly degenerate bands by the lattice distortion corresponding to the [001] LO mode. We argue that this mechanism may also be responsible for the phonon anomalies observed in other superconducting elements (Tc) and compounds (La${\mathrm{Sn}}_{3}$).
HOW VALID ARE DYNAMIC MODELS OF SUBDUCTION AND CONVECTION WHEN PLATE MOTIONS ARE PRESCRIBED

A detailed comparison between fully dynamic and kinematic plate formulations has been made in models of mantle convection. Plate velocity is computed self-consistently from fully dynamic plate models with temperature- and stress-dependent viscosity and preexisting mobile faults. In fully dynamic models, the flow is driven solely by internal buoyancy, while in kinematic models the flow is driven by a combination of the prescribed surface velocity and internal buoyancy. Only a temperature-dependent viscosity, close to the effective viscosity determined from the fully dynamic models, is used in the kinematic models. The two types of models give very similar temperature structures and slab evolutionary histories when the effective viscosity and surface velocity are nearly identical. In kinematic plate models, the additional work introduced by the prescribed velocity boundary condition is apparently dissipated within the lithosphere and has little influence on the convection under the lithosphere. In models with periodic lateral boundary conditions, slabs sink into the lower mantle at an oblique angle and this contrasts with the vertical sinking which occurs with reflecting boundary conditions. Models show that we can simulate fully dynamic models with kinematic models under either periodic boundary conditions or reflecting boundary conditions.
Evaluation of Orientation Dependence of Fracture Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation Behavior of As-Deposited ARCAM EBM Ti-6Al-4V

This preliminary work documents the effects of test orientation with respect to build and beam raster directions on the fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth behavior of as-deposited EBM Ti-6Al-4V. Although ASTM/ISO standards exist for determining the orientation dependence of various mechanical properties in both cast and wrought materials, these standards are evolving for materials produced via additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. The current work was conducted as part of a larger America Makes funded project to begin to examine the effects of process variables on the microstructure and fracture and fatigue behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V. In the fatigue crack growth tests, the fatigue threshold, Paris law slope, and overload toughness were determined at different load ratios, R, whereas fatigue precracked samples were tested to determine the fracture toughness. The as-deposited material exhibited a fine-scale basket-weave microstructure throughout the build, and although fracture surface examination revealed the presence of unmelted powders, disbonded regions, and isolated porosity, the resulting mechanical properties were in the range of those reported for cast and wrought Ti-6Al-4V. Remote access and control of testing was also developed at Case Western Reserve University to improve efficiency of fatigue crack growth testing.
EFFECTS OF CORTISONE ON IN VITRO INCORPORATION OF GLYCINE INTO PROTEIN OF RAT DIAPHRAGM.

Experiments were carried out in which effects of administration of cortisone in vivo on incorporation of the 14C label of glycine into skeletal muscle (diaphragm) protein was measured in vitro. Specific activity of glycine was measured both in cell water and in muscle protein and the amount of amino acid incorporated into protein was calculated. No significant difference was observed between the concentration of glycine in cell water of the cortisone-treated and that of the control diaphragms. The mean specific activities of glycine with respect to 14C in cell water were also similar, but the mean specific activity of glycine in protein was significantly diminished in the cortisone-treated group. Incorporation of glycine into total protein (expressed as jumole free glycine incorporated per Mmole protein glycine per hr) was also diminished in the cortisone-treated tissues. These experiments provide evidence against the hypothesis that cortisone acts by limiting access of amino acids into the cells, and in ...
Reducing resident work hours: unproven assumptions and unforeseen outcomes.

In the 25 years that I have been teaching in New York, graduate medical education has changed a great deal. Clearly much has improved. However, the recent restrictions in work hours are an ominous ...
Theory of backscattering effects in waveguides

Associated with a signal transmitted down a waveguide are multiple back and forth scatterings. These produce a delayed decaying interference trailing a sharp signal pulse. An analytical description of this phenomenon enables an estimate of its effect on an optical waveguide’s information-carrying capacity. For the example of a signal-to-interference ratio of 100 in a 1-km fiber of 20-dB attenuation, a bit rate limitation occurs when the fractional backscattered power captured per unit length exceeds 1.3 dB/km.
Hospital variation and temporal trends in palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU.

A growing body of evidence demonstrates the importance of end-of-life care in the ICU. The ICU is a common place of death, as approximately one fifth of all deaths in the United States occur during or soon after a stay in the ICU (1). Many studies have documented regional and interhospital variability in the intensity of treatment at the end of life, but variability in family assessments, nurse assessments, and specific quality markers for palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU has not been as thoroughly examined (2–4). The Study to Understand Prognosis, Preferences, and Risks of Treatment (SUPPORT) showed that the quality of end-of-life care for seriously ill hospitalized patients was poor between 1989 and 1994 with a high burden of pain and other symptoms, and many patients receiving treatments they would not choose (5). SUPPORT also found that, for 50% of the patients, physicians were unaware of preferences for intensity of care at the end of life (5–7). Two recent trends raise the possibility that palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU may have improved over time: 1) the increasing emphasis on providing palliative care to patients in critical care settings (8–11) and 2) findings from recent studies reporting relatively high levels of family satisfaction with care in the ICU (12–14). Despite these important trends (15), there are few studies examining improvement in the delivery of palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU over time. We were interested in examining interhospital variability and temporal trends in the quality of palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU. We used data from a recent cluster-randomized trial of a quality-improvement intervention designed to improve palliative and end-of-life care in the ICU (16) to ask two questions: 1) Is there significant variability across individual hospitals in the quality of end-of-life care in the ICU, as defined by family and nurse ratings and by chart-based indicators of palliative care? and 2) Is there evidence that this quality of care has improved over time within institutions? Based on the prior literature, we hypothesized significant differences between individual hospitals and improved quality of end-of-life care in the ICU over time.
A new mathematical model of electrical cardiac activity

Abstract A mathematical model of electrical heart activity is constructed from thirteen electrical dipoles of known and fixed location and direction, and of variable moment. The moment of each is proportional to the monophasic action potential of a heart component and is found from the solution of a differential equation with discontinuous right-hand side. These equations differ according to whether the component is, or is not, pacemaker tissue. The conduction between components is modeled on biophysical principles, and a twelve-lead electrocardiograph is modeled on elementary dipole theory with the body regarded as a homogeneous volume conductor of infinite extent. High fidelity normal twelve-lead electrocardiograms, and some arrhythmic ones are generated by this model.
Seasonal patterns of total and Ostertagia-specific IgE in grazing cattle

Serum samples, collected monthly from January through December 1988 from 10 cows, their calves, and 10 yearling heifers, were used to determine total and Ostertagia-specific IgE levels. In addition, serum pepsinogen concentration, fecal egg counts, and body weights were measured. The following observations were made. (1) Total and Ostertagia-specific IgE levels followed similar seasonal patterns, being generally highest in the spring. (2) Breed and/or sire effects on total IgE levels were observed, with cattle from Angus-cross lines having higher levels than cattle of the other breeds tested. (3) Based on fecal egg counts, adult populations of Ostertagia ostertagi paralleled circulating IgE levels in the calves.
Hyperacute thermal lesions: MR imaging evaluation of development in the brain.

PURPOSE: To determine the natural time course of development of hyperacute thermal lesions in the brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten interstitial lesions were created in five rabbit brains with a radio-frequency probe; an electrode-tip temperature of 80 degrees C was maintained for 60 seconds. Continuous fast spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to follow lesion development for a minimum of 30 minutes. Temporal variations in lesion size and signal intensity were examined. Findings in final images were correlated with histologic findings. RESULTS: Images demonstrated a focal hyperintense zone, which developed into an expanding ring of edema surrounding a necrotic center in about 10 minutes. Quantitative analysis revealed a 23% +/- 6 (standard deviation) increase in average signal intensity of the edema layer and a 152% +/- 41 increase in overall lesion size. CONCLUSION: Full development of a thermal lesion is delayed for a period of minutes. Clinical implications of this effect should be consi...
Robust control of chaotic vibrations for impacting heat exchanger tubes in crossflow

Abstract A robust feedback controller design to suppress flutter-type chaotic vibrations in baffled heat exchanger tubes is presented. The vibrations are the result of the fluid dynamic forces on the tube which behave as a negative damping element. A consequence of these vibrations is that the heat exchanger tubes impact with the baffle plates thereby reducing the service life of the heat exchanger. To eliminate the resulting tube impacts, a feedback control strategy is proposed. The heat exchanger tube and the fluid dynamic forces acting on the tube are modeled with linear delayed differential equations. Due to the presence of the delay, these equations do not have a rational realization. The feedback controller is realized using a frequency domain loop shaping approach which is well suited for systems with transcendental transfer functions. The control effector is a magnetic force transducer that acts on the heat exchanger tube. The design strategy is based upon the premise that stabilizing the linear instability about the undeformed tube position will preclude the formation of the nonlinear chaotic vibrations that arise from impacting. The feedback controller is shown to provide robust stability and performance over a large flow velocity regime
Microfabricated polycarbonate CE devices for DNA analysis.

The microchip capillary electrophoresis (CE) devices were fabricated in polycarbonate (PC) plastic material by compression molding. The molded devices were enclosed utilizing thermal bonding to another PC wafer. These thermal bonds do not yield up to an applied force equivalent to 150 psi. Aqueous fluid transport inside the plastic CE devices was enhanced by UV irradiation treatment of the hydrophobic polycarbonate plastic surfaces prior to thermal bonding. In comparison to glass microchannels, electroosmotic flow (EOF) in native PC channels is low and is independent of buffer pH at pH 7 and 9. UV irradiation of PC surfaces increases surface hydrophilicity and increases EOF. CE DNA separation was demonstrated in these PC CE devices with good resolution and run-to-run reproducibility. The on-chip PCR/CE analysis of a 500-bp region of bacteriophage λ DNA was also demonstrated.
The Investigation of Locomotive Dynamics via A Large Degree of Freedom Modeling

An analytical model of a locomotive due to S. Levy is modified to accept random track input and used as the basis of a locomotive study with 63 degrees of freedom. This model differs from precursors in that it is faster, it accepts nonlinear suspension components and wheel/rail interactions, it includes routines so that track irregularities may be incorporated by means of vertical and lateral PSD curves, it accounts for adhesion limits, checks derailment conditions, and provides time histories of generalized variables. With this code, a specific locomotive model, similar to the General Electric Company's U33-C locomotive, is evaluated to ascertain what changes in either the model or the track parameters will permit higher safe speeds. This parametric study addresses speeds in the range of 70 to 280 ft/sec. (21.34 to 85.34 m/sec), three classes of track, 4, 5, and 6, primary suspension stiffnesses from 18 to 300 klbs/ft. (.263 to 4.38 MN/m), wheel flange clearances from .05 to .75 inches (1.27 to 19.1 mm) and the effect of vertical and lateral rail stiffnesses in the ranges of .5 to 8 and .25 to 4 Mlbs/ft. (7.3 to 117 and 3.65 to 58.4 MN/m), respectively. The results generally agree well with current standards governing safe running speeds on various class tracks. They indicate that at speeds equal to accepted safe operating speeds on class 4, 5, and 6 tracks, the rms values of the vertical forces at the contact of the first wheel and rail do not increase beyond 25% of the nominal vertical load at this point. Under these same conditions, maximum wheel-rail separations, if they occur, are for each case less than the wheel flange height assumed one inch (25.4 mm); for class 6 track, no separations larger than the flange height occur even at 280 ft/sec. (85.34 m/sec.).
Microcavity substrates casted from self-assembled microsphere monolayers for spheroid cell culture

Multicellular spheroids are an important 3-dimensional cell culture model that reflects many key aspects of in vivo microenvironments. This paper presents a scalable, self-assembly based approach for fabricating microcavity substrates for multicellular spheroid cell culture. Hydrophobic glass microbeads were self-assembled into a tightly packed monolayer through the combined actions of surface tension, gravity, and lateral capillary forces at the water-air interface of a polymer solution. The packed bead monolayer was subsequently embedded in the dried polymer layer. The surface was used as a template for replicating microcavity substrates with perfect spherical shapes. We demonstrated the use of the substrate in monitoring the formation process of tumor spheroids, a proof-of-concept scale-up fabrication procedure into standard microplate formats, and its application in testing cancer drug responses in the context of bone marrow stromal cells. The presented technique offers a simple and effective way of forming high-density uniformly-sized spheroids without microfabrication equipment for biological and drug screening applications.
Time and duration of lunar highlands crust formation

Due to remaining uncertainties in model parameters and assumptions in the calculation of model ages, it is not yet possible to resolve the precise dating and duration of lunar crust-mantle differentiation phenomena. Norites 78236 and 73255,27,45 were examined utilizing the Sm-Nd radiometric system. The systematics of 78236 show post-crystallization disturbance but indicate a crystallization date 4.34 AE ago. An isochron is defined by the 73255,27,45 data, with a crystallization date of 4.23 AE. The initial Nd isotopic composition of both norites is within uncertainty limits for a 'chondritic' reference reservoir at the time of their respective crystallizations. The implications for lunar crustal formation persisting over a time span of nearly 350 million years are discussed.
Vertical integration by means of shareholding interlocks

Abstract Vertically related Cournot oligopolies trading at arms' length produce more output when upstream firms own equity shares in downstream firms, particularly when the equity shares are exclusive in the sense that no two upstream firms own shares in the same downstream firm. Shareholding by downstream firms in upstream firms has either the opposite effect on output or no effect. The reason for the asymmetry is that with arms' length transactions, upstream firms are first movers and downstream firms are second movers.
Surgical Management of Metastases to the Thyroid Gland

Background Metastases to the thyroid gland are uncommon, with rates reported between 0.02% and 1.4% of surgically resected thyroid specimens. Our goal was to present our experience with surgical management of metastases to the thyroid gland.
Is Hegel a Republican? Pippin, Recognition, and Domination in the Philosophy of Right

Abstract Robert Pippin's masterful account of rational agency in Hegel emphasizes important dimensions of freedom and independence, where putative independence is always bound up with a profound dependence on others. This insistence on the complex relationships between freedom, dependence and independence raise an important question that Pippin does not consider: is Hegel a republican? This is especially significant given the fact that modern republicanism has explored this same conceptual terrain. I argue that a form of republicanism is in fact an important aspect of Hegel's theory of freedom, and this should lead us to moderate Pippin's account of the conservative side of Hegel's conception of social dependence. These affinities mean that even if Hegel does not fully endorse contemporary versions of republicanism (such as that of Philip Pettit), he shares core features of the republican view of domination and freedom. In fact, Hegel is a republican to the extent that he shares what Pippin calls “that no...
Benzene vapor transport in unsaturated soil: Adequacy of the diffusion equation

Abstract Experimental data for unsteady state benzene vapor transport in large (10.5 cm x 100 cm) columns packed with dry and wet soil were used to evaluate the adequacy of the diffusion equation. It was shown that the diffusion equation and local equilibrium, accounting for water phase partitioning and linear sorption, adequately described vapor transport in dry soil. In wet soil, however, possible benzene biodegradation resulted in deviation of the diffusion equation from the experimental data. At steady-state, the dimensionless vapor concentration versus distance profile for the dry soil was linear, as opposed to the same profile in the wet soil column. The best fit retardation factor of benzene vapor for wet soil (R = 12) was lower than that for dry soil (R = 46), because of a reduction in vapor sorption capacity, due to competition with water molecules. A vapor phase sorption coefficient, K′d= 5.05 cm3/g, was computed for the dry soil and K′d= 0 for the wet soil.
Combined mild diabetes with hypertension during aging increases white matter atrophy

A.M. Tiehuis, W.P. Mali, A.F. van Raamt, G.J. Biessels, L.J. Kappelle, F.L. Visseren, Y. van der Graaf Department of Radiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands Julius Center For Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Central L-Values and Toric Periods for GL(2)

Let π be a cusp form on GL(2) over a number field F and let E be a quadratic extension of F. Denote by π E the base change of π to E and by Ω a unitary character of A × E / E × . We use the relative trace formula to give an explicit formula for L(1/2, π E ⊗ Ω) in terms of period integrals of Gross-Prasad test vectors. We give an application of this formula to equidistribution of geodesics on a hyperbolic 3-fold.
Vector models of gravitational Lorentz symmetry breaking

Spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking can occur when the dynamics of a tensor field cause it to take on a nonzero expectation value in vacuo, thereby providing one or more 'preferred directions' in spacetime. Couplings between such fields and spacetime curvature will then affect the dynamics of the metric, leading to interesting gravitational effects. Bailey and Kostelecky[Q. G. Bailey and V. A. Kostelecky, Phys. Rev. D 74, 045001 (2006)] developed a post-Newtonian formalism that, under certain conditions concerning the field's couplings and stress-energy, allows for the analysis of gravitational effects in the presence of Lorentz symmetry breaking. We perform a systematic survey of vector models of spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking. We find that a two-parameter class of vector models, those with kinetic terms we call 'pseudo-Maxwell', can be successfully analyzed under the Bailey-Kostelecky formalism, and that one of these two 'dimensions' in parameter space has not yet been explored as a possible mechanism of spontaneous Lorentz symmetry breaking.
What Can We Learn from Chaos Theory? An Alternative Approach to Instructional Systems Design.

In this article, the “goodness of fit” between ISD and chaos theory is explored by applying the key concepts of chaos theory to the process of developing an alternative ISD model. After a brief introduction to chaos theory and an exploration of the limitations of and/or the problems with conventional ISD models, the theoretical implications for developing an alternative ISD model are explored. The assumptions of a conventional ISD model are compared to those of chaos theory and dynamic nonlinear systems in order to derive theoretical implications and recommendations for future research and practice in instructional systems design and development.
A strategy for delivering peptides into the central nervous system by sequential metabolism

Most peptides do not enter the central nervous system because of their hydrophilic character and the presence of peptidolytic enzymes in the lipoidal blood-brain barrier. To achieve brain delivery of a peptide conjugate, an opioid peptide (enkephalin) was placed in a molecular environment that disguises its peptide nature and provides biolabile, lipophilic functions to penetrate the blood-brain barrier by passive transport. The strategy also incorporates a 1,4-dihydrotrigonellinate targetor that undergoes an enzymatically mediated oxidation to a hydrophilic, membrane-impermeable trigonellinate salt. The polar targetorpeptide conjugate that is trapped behind the lipoidal blood-brain barrier is deposited in the central nervous system. Analgesia was observed with "packaged" enkephalin but not with the unmodified peptide or lipophilic peptide precursors.
Effects of Actin-Myosin Kinetics on the Calcium Sensitivity of Regulated Thin Filaments

Activation of thin filaments in striated muscle occurs when tropomyosin exposes myosin binding sites on actin either through calcium-troponin (Ca-Tn) binding or by actin-myosin (A-M) strong binding. However, the extent to which these binding events contributes to thin filament activation remains unclear. Here we propose a simple analytical model in which strong A-M binding and Ca-Tn binding independently activates the rate of A-M weak-to-strong binding. The model predicts how the level of activation varies with pCa as well as A-M attachment, N·katt, and detachment, kdet, kinetics. To test the model, we use an in vitro motility assay to measure the myosin-based sliding velocities of thin filaments at different pCa, N·katt, and kdet values. We observe that the combined effects of varying pCa, N·katt, and kdet are accurately fit by the analytical model. The model and supporting data imply that changes in attachment and detachment kinetics predictably affect the calcium sensitivity of striated muscle mechanics, providing a novel A-M kinetic-based interpretation for perturbations (e.g. disease-related mutations) that alter calcium sensitivity.
To use or not to use TM-24?

I am a member of the committee that wrote TM-24, An Optional Method for Adjusting the Recommended Illuminance for Visually Demanding Tasks Within IES Illuminance Categories P through Y Based on Lig...
Orthophosphate Control of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Light Modulation in Relation to the Induction Phase of Chloroplast Photosynthesis

High concentrations of orthophosphate (Pi) inhibited CO 2 -dependent O 2 evolution and prevented the inactivation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase by light in intact spinach and barley chloroplasts. Addition of glycerate-3-P to chloroplasts inhibited by Pi in the light, induced O 2 evolution and caused rapid inactivation of glucose-6-P dehydrogenase. The activity of phosphofructokinase detected in chloroplast preparations was not affected by light or by Pi. Dihydroxyacetone-P was a major product of chloroplast photosynthesis when optimum concentrations of Pi were used. Chloroplasts continued to form dihydroxyacetone-P at a slow rate in the presence of Pi at concentrations (2 to 4 millimolar) that gave complete inhibition of CO 2 -dependent O 2 evolution. Formation of dihydroxyacetone-P in the presence of 4 millimolar Pi was stimulated by light and either O 2 (150 micromolar) or sparker amounts of oxaloacetate. Conditions that favored dihydroxyacetone-P formation (high O 2 or low O 2 plus oxaloacetate) increased the optimum Pi concentration for CO 2 -dependent O 2 evolution and stimulated O 2 evolution at high concentrations of Pi. The stimulation of O 2 evolution at superoptimal concentrations of Pi by O 2 or oxaloacetate was prevented by dithiothreitol. The results suggested that formation of pentose-P pathway intermediates via the oxidative pentose-P pathway may be limited by availability of NADP in the light but may occur at significant rates and thereby contribute to termination of the induction phase of O 2 evolution.
Imipramine and REM sleep: cholinergic mediation in animals.

To date it has not been established whether the anticholinergic properties of imipramine are responsible for the drug's suppression of REM and prolongation of REM induction. A cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, was administered in conjunction with imipramine to determine if these effects of imipramine were cholinergically medicated. Sleep EEG recordings were observed in rats administered either physostigmine (1.0 mg/kg), or imipramine (1.25, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg), alone or in combination. The results indicate that physostigmine blocks the effects of imipramine on REM latency.
Politics of School-Based Management

Since the late 1970s the problem of urban education has been cast as partially a problem of governance and authority structures. This focus mirrors a larger preoccupation by educational reformers with democratizing the decision-making process in public schools, a preoccupation that is evident not only in this country but also many nations throughout the world. Borrowing from the private sector, the underlying assumption behind decentralization is that educational improvement is only possible if those closest to the point at which decision are enacted become the architects of these decisions. Thus, school-based management or participatory decision-making is viewed as a means to formally incorporate the voices of parents, teachers and the community in the management of their schools. This paper discusses the findings of a recently conducted study on school-based management in thirty of New Jersey's poorest districts (referred to as the Abbott Districts). These districts have begun a process of complex reform after the State's Supreme Court ruled that the state had failed to constitutionally provide a thorough and efficient education for its poorest students by the absence of parity funding. Populated by primarily black and Hispanic students, and representing most of the larger urban communities in the state, students in these districts exhibit performance levels significantly below that of the state average. The results of the study indicate that (1) genuine autonomy has been usurped by an intensification in state power and authority, (ii) state elites have provided little opportunity for districts and SBM teams to build capacity; (iii) the level of democratization or opening-up of decision making to local community members has been minimal as the teams become teacher dominated; and (iv) in the absence of clear guidelines from the State, conflict over the appropriate role of SBM members, principals, central office staff and local school boards has emerged. The paper on the basis of these findings explores some policy options that need to be considered both at the state and local levels as school communities move toward more decentralized governance structures.
Distant metastases from ear and temporal bone cancer.

Cancers of the temporal bone are rare. Cervical metastases occur in approximately 10% of cases and are much more likely once disease extends beyond the confines of the temporal bone. Nonlymphatic spread of squamous cell carcinoma is usually a late event resulting in metastatic deposits in the lung, bone, liver and brain. This chapter discusses detection of distant metastases and provides a recommended schedule for interval patient evaluation.
On instantaneous vs. syllabic companding in log domain filters

Companding is discussed as it concerns log domain filters. Here, companding is assumed to be implemented via modulation of additive biasing currents. From this perspective, only class AB log domain filters are considered "instantaneously" companding filters. Furthermore, class A and class AB filters are seen to be limiting cases of syllabically companding filters.
Characteristics of Academic Advising That Contribute to Racial and Ethnic Minority Student Success at Predominantly White Institutions

Racial and ethnic minority student departure continues to be a major concern for higher education researchers, policy makers, and practitioners. We explore the role that academic advisors play in facilitating success among students of color at predominantly White institutions that have demonstrated effectiveness at generating ethnic minority success. Three themes emerged from the findings and underscore the characteristics of academic advising that contribute to that success. First, participants noted the importance of advisors who humanized the practice of academic advising. Second, they highlighted the impact of those who adopted a multifaceted approach to advising. Finally, participants emphasized the importance of proactive academic advising. Implications for academic advising practices are discussed.
Multiple protein kinases influence the redistribution of fission yeast Clp1/Cdc14 phosphatase upon genotoxic stress

The Cdc14 phosphatase family antagonizes Cdk1 phosphorylation and is important for mitotic exit. To access their substrates, Cdc14 phosphatases are released from nucleolar sequestration during mitosis. Clp1/Flp1, the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cdc14 orthologue, and Cdc14B, a mammalian orthologue, also exit the nucleolus during interphase upon DNA replication stress or damage, respectively, implicating Cdc14 phosphatases in the response to genotoxic insults. However, a mechanistic understanding of Cdc14 phosphatase nucleolar release under these conditions is incomplete. We show here that relocalization of Clp1 during genotoxic stress is governed by complex phosphoregulation. Specifically, the Rad3 checkpoint effector kinases Cds1 and/or Chk1, the cell wall integrity mitogen-activated protein kinase Pmk1, and the cell cycle kinase Cdk1 directly phosphorylate Clp1 to promote genotoxic stress–induced nucleoplasmic accumulation. However, Cds1 and/or Chk1 phosphorylate RxxS sites preferentially upon hydroxyurea treatment, whereas Pmk1 and Cdk1 preferentially phosphorylate Clp1 TP sites upon H2O2 treatment. Abolishing both Clp1 RxxS and TP phosphosites eliminates any genotoxic stress–induced redistribution. Reciprocally, preventing dephosphorylation of Clp1 TP sites shifts the distribution of the enzyme to the nucleoplasm constitutively. This work advances our understanding of pathways influencing Clp1 localization and may provide insight into mechanisms controlling Cdc14B phosphatases in higher eukaryotes.
The Parabolic Dirichlet Problem, Sweeping, and Exceptional Sets

Let \( \dot{D} \) be a nonempty open subset of \( {{\dot{\mathbb{R}}}^{N}} \), and let \( \dot{h} \) be a strictly positive parabolic function on \( \dot{D} \). A function \( \dot{\upsilon }/\dot{h} \) on \( \dot{D} \) will be called \( \dot{h} \)-parabolic, \( \dot{h} \)-superparabolic, or \( \dot{h} \)-subparabolic if \( \dot{\upsilon } \) is parabolic, superparabolic, or sub-parabolic, respectively. The notation will be parallel to that in the classical context, with \( \dot{h} \) omitted when \( \dot{h} \equiv 1 \). Thus \( \dot{G}M_{{\dot{D}}}^{{\dot{h}}}{{,}^{{\dot{h}}}}\dot{R}_{{\dot{\upsilon }}}^{{\dot{A}}},\dot{\tau }_{{\dot{B}}}^{{\dot{h}}},\dot{H}_{f}^{{\dot{h}}} \),... need no further identification. In the dual context in which \( \dot{h} \) is coparabolic we write \( \mathop{G}\limits^{*} M_{{\dot{D}}}^{{\dot{h}}}{{,}^{{\dot{h}}}}{{\mathop{{{\text{ }}R}}\limits_{{\dot{\upsilon }}}^{*} }^{{\dot{A}}}},\mathop{\tau }\limits_{{{{{\dot{B}}}^{{\dot{h}}}}}}^{*} ,\mathop{{H_{f}^{{\dot{h}}}}}\limits^{*} , \ldots \)
Do We Owe the Global Poor Assistance or Rectification

A central theme throughout Thomas Pogge's pathbreaking World Poverty and Human Rights is that the global political and economic order harms people in developing countries, and that our duty toward the global poor is therefore not to assist them but to rectify injustice. But does the global order harm the poor? I argue elsewhere that there is a sense in which this is indeed so, at least if a certain empirical thesis is accepted. In this essay, however, I seek to show that the global order not only does not harm the poor but can plausibly be credited with the considerable improvements in human well-being that have been achieved over the last 200 years. Much of what Pogge says about our duties toward developing countries is therefore false.
Corporate Citizenship: Creating Intangible Assets Across Institutional Environments

We argue that citizenship programs are strategic investments comparable to R&D and advertising. They can create intangible assets that help companies overcome nationalistic barriers, facilitate globalization, and outcompete local rivals. Program content selection reflects a balance between legitimation and differentiation, and choices are influenced both by local institutional environments that shape expectations of corporate commitment to citizenship and by the degree of customization required because of institutional distance. Citizenship profiles therefore enable the sociocognitive integration that global companies require to operate effectively across diverse local markets.
The earnings of men and remarriage

Focusing on the effects of men’s earnings, this paper analyzes remarriage. Previous empirical research has not established what theoretical aspects of men’s earnings are important. Here, data for Wisconsin high school graduates that include male respondents’ Social Security earnings history are analyzed. The results indicate that absolute earnings, earnings instability, and earnings relative to peers have minimal effects on a man’s probability of remarriage, but that permanent income positively affects remarriage. However, studies of marital disruption often find permanent income is not as important as relative earnings measures. Concluding remarks speculate about the meaning of these contrasting findings for the economics of marriage.
Algorithms to identify detector Compton scatter in PET modules

Using Monte Carlo simulation, the authors investigate algorithms to identify and correct for detector Compton scatter in hypothetical PET modules with 3/spl times/3/spl times/30 mm EGO crystals coupled to individual photosensors. Rather than assume a particular design, the authors study three classes of detectors: (1) with energy resolution limited by counting statistics, (2) with energy resolution limited by electronic noise, and (3) with depth of interaction (DOI) measurement capability. For the first two classes, selecting the channel with the highest signal as the crystal of interaction yields a 22-25% misidentification fraction (MIF) for all reasonable noise fwhm to signal (N/S) ratios (i.e. <0.5 at 511 keV). Algorithms that attempt to correctly position events that undergo forward Compton scatter using only energy information can reduce the MIF to 12%, and can be easily realized with counting statistics limited detectors but can only be achieved with very low noise values for noise limited detectors. When using position of interaction to identify forward scatter, a MIF of 12% can be obtained if the detector has good energy and position resolution.