cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mismatch repair detection (MRD): high-throughput scanning for DNA variations

Although there are several methods for genotyping previously identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), there is a paucity of approaches for high-throughput scanning for unknown variations. Mismatch repair detection (MRD) utilizes a bacterial mismatch repair system in vivo to detect sequence variants in human DNA samples. We describe modifications in MRD that allow a high degree of parallel processing, and use this modified version to accurately scan for variations in 35 different human DNA fragments simultaneously. MRD's potential for high-throughput scanning can be used to identify new SNPs and to comprehensively compare sequences between patients and controls for identifying disease susceptibility alleles.
REDUCING THE BULK IN THE BULK SYNCHRONOUS PARALLEL MODEL

For over two decades the dominant means for enabling portable performance of computational science and engineering applications on parallel processing architectures has been the bulk-synchronous parallel programming (BSP) model. Code developers, motivated by performance considerations to minimize the number of messages transmitted, have typically pursued a strategy of aggregating message data into fewer, larger messages. Emerging and future high-performance architectures, especially those seen as targeting Exascale capabilities, provide motivation and capabilities for revisiting this approach. In this paper we explore alternative configurations within the context of a large-scale complex multi-physics application and a proxy that represents its behavior, presenting results that demonstrate some important advantages as the number of processors increases in scale.
Recent advances in quadrotor capabilities

Over the past year, our capabilities for the quadrotor platform have expanded significantly. This video represents a summary of our developments.
Altered Functioning of Both Renal Dopamine D1 and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors Causes Hypertension in Old Rats

Activation of renal dopamine D1 (D1R) and angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT(1)Rs) influences the activity of proximal tubular sodium transporter Na,K-ATPase and maintains sodium homeostasis and blood pressure. We reported recently that diminished D1R and exaggerated AT(1)R functions are associated with hypertension in old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1 (FBN) rats, and oxidative stress plays a central role in this phenomenon. Here we studied the mechanisms of age-associated increase in oxidative stress on diminished D1R and exaggerated AT(1)R functions in the renal proximal tubules of control and antioxidant Tempol-treated adult and old FBN rats. Although D1R numbers and D1R agonist SKF38393-mediated stimulation of [(35)S]-GTPγS binding (index of D1R activation) were lower, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (kinase that uncouples D1R) levels were higher in old FBN rats. Tempol treatment restored D1R numbers and G protein coupling and reduced G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 levels in old FBN rats. Angiotensin II-mediated stimulation of [(35)S]-GTPγS binding and Na,K-ATPase activity were higher in old FBN rats, which were also restored with Tempol treatment. We also measured renal AT(1)R function in adult and old Fischer 344 (F344) rats, which, despite exhibiting an age-related increase in oxidative stress and diminished renal D1R function, are normotensive. We found that diuretic and natriuretic responses to candesartan (indices of AT(1)R function) were similar in F344 rats, a likely explanation for the absence of age-associated hypertension in these rats. Perhaps, alterations in both D1R (diminished) and AT(1)R (exaggerated) functions are necessary for the development of age-associated hypertension, as seen in old FBN rats.
Formal verification made easy

Formal verification (FV) is considered by many to be complicated and to require considerable mathematical knowledge for successful application. We have developed a methodology in which we have added formal verification to the verification process without requiring any knowledge of formal verification languages. We use only finite-state machine notation, which is familiar and intuitive to designers. Another problem associated with formal verification is state-space explosion. If that occurs, no result is returned; our method switches to random simulation after one hour without results, and no effort is lost. We have compared FV against random simulation with respect to development time, and our results indicate that FV is at least as fast as random simulation. FV is superior in terms of verification quality, however, because it is exhaustive.
Planar Arrays: Analysis and Synthesis

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Rectangular Grid Arrays: Rectangular Boundary and Separable Distribution Circular Taylor Patterns Modified Circular Taylor Patterns: Ring Side Lobes of Individually Arbitrary Heights Modified Circular Taylor Patterns: Undulating Ring Side Lobes Sampling Generalized Taylor Distributions: Rectangular Grid Arrays Sampling Generalized Taylor Distributions: Circular Grid Arrays An Improved Discretizing Technique for Circular Grid Arrays Rectangular Grid Arrays with Rectangular Boundaries: Nonseparable Tseng-Cheng Distributions A Discretizing Technique for Rectangular Grid Arrays Circular Bayliss Patterns Modified Circular Bayliss Patterns The Discretizing Technique Applied to Planar Arrays Excited to Give a Difference Pattern Comparative Performance of Separable and Nonseparable Excitations for Planar Apertures Fourier Integral Representation of the Far Field This chapter contains sections titled: References Problems ]]>
The Influence of Taper on the Efficiency of Wide Flanged Box-Beams

In this section the stress function and the stresses for a number of fundamental loading conditions of beams of constant height are determined. These fundamental solutions are all derived for an infinite wedge. The stresses for a beam of finite span may then be determined in the following manner. One may imagine the part of the wedge to the right of a section x — constant cut off and assume that the calculated stresses along this section are the ones acting at the support. In any case the difference between the actual end section stress distribution and the calculated stresses is a system of
Cl- channel blockers inhibit acid secretion in rabbit parietal cells

Mechanisms of gastric parietal cell secretory membrane Cl- transport and the role of this Cl- transport in acid secretion were investigated by examining the effects of two Cl- channel blockers, dip...
Lithography-free visible metasurface absorbers with tunable dielectric spacers

We differentiate the spacer-dependent peak shift in coupled and decoupled super absorbing metasurfaces based on magnetic resonance and interference mechanism, respectively, which was experimentally validated by low-cost lithography-free fabrications.
The Organic/Inorganic Interface in Micro and Nano Composite Materials

We report the synthesis of new inorganic/organic composite particles with a core/shell structure. The core component is an inorganic oxide (e.g. TiO2, CeO2 or MoO3), and the shell component is a double-strand polyaniline. Three methods for material synthesis were examined. The electrochemical properties of one type of the composite particles show electronic interaction between the organic conducting polymer shell and its inorganic core. The double-strand polyaniline in the composite shows better pH stability of the conductive form than that of the corresponding single-strand polyaniline in a similar core/shell composite.
219 EFFICACY OF TRABECULECTOMIES IN ASIAN AND CAUCASIAN EYES: A CASE CONTROLLED COMPARISON

Objective To compare the efficacy and survival of trabeculectomy with intraoperative application of mitomycin-C (MMC) in Asian Americans and Caucasians at the University Glaucoma clinic in a retrospective case-controlled comparison. Methods Trabeculectomies performed between July 1997 and April 2003 (69 months) were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty-nine Asian Americans (29 eyes) older than 30 with at least one year of follow-up were case-matched with 29 Caucasians. Primary matching criteria included age, glaucoma subtype, and preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary matching criteria included gender, surgeon who performed the operation, and ocular history. The two groups were compared for IOP control, visual outcome, complication rate, hypotony rate, surgical success rate, and survival. Criteria of success included: (1) IOP reduction at least 20% of the preoperative IOP, or final IOP equal 10 mmHg or less, (2) final IOP was greater than 5 mmHg and less then 22 mmHg, and (3) without additional glaucoma surgery, loss of light perception, or devastating complication. Results Mean follow-up durations of Asian American and Caucasian group were 28.6± 16.9 months and 31.2± 14.6 months, respectively. (p=0.52). One year after trabeculectomy, IOP decreased from 18.7±6.1 mmHg to 10.9±3.9 mmHg (p≤0.0001) in the Asian American group, and 19.0± 5.5 mmHg to 10.6± 3.4 mmHg (p≤0.0001) in the Caucasian group. At the final visits, IOP decreased to 11.9± 4.6 mmHg in the Asian American group (p≤0.0001) and 11.0± 3.8 mmHg in the Caucasian group (p≤0.0001). There were no significant differences between the groups in postoperative IOP levels at 6 months, 1 year, and at the final follow-up visit, at a power of 90% and 80% to detect a difference of 3.2 mmHg and 2.8 mmHg, respectively, between the groups at an a = 0.05. The probability of trabeculectomy survival at 12 and 36 months was 75.9% and 54.8% in the Asian American group, and 75.9% and 70.8% in the Caucasian group (p = 0.54). There were no significant differences in the rates of surgical success, failure, complication, vision decrease, hypotony, and cataract development. Conclusions In a case-controlled comparison of trabeculectomies, Asian Americans have a similar efficacy and survival probability as Caucasians.
Uptake, Metabolism, and Volatilization of Selenium by Terrestrial Plants

There is a broad range in the tendency for higher plants to take up and accumulate Se in their aerial parts, both across species and within species. The primary accumulators of Se (hyperaccumulators) are from the Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae families, are endemic to naturally seleniferous soils, and can exhibit shoot Se concentrations as high as 10 × 103 mg kg−1 dry weight in field-grown specimens. Typically inorganic selenate is transported to the leaf chloroplast, where it is reduced first to selenite and then further reduced and assimilated into organic Se. Because of the chemical similarities between Se and S, selenate and selenite are readily assimilated by the S-metabolizing enzymes of the plant. The first stable, organic form of Se produced is selenocysteine which can be incorporated nonspecifically into proteins in lieu of cysteine, leading to phytotoxicity. An alternative fate of selenocysteine is ultimate conversion to selenomethionine, which also can be incorporated mistakenly into proteins, with generally less harmful effects. The selenomethionine can also be volatilized, converted to volatile dimethylselenide, offering a release valve for excess Se from the plant. Phytovolatilization of methylated Se compounds, offers an opportunity for the phytoextraction strategies to mitigate selenium laden soils.
Metastatic Manifestations as Presenting Symptoms of Primary Cancer of the Lung

Analysis is made of 2000 cases of primary cancer of the lung. In more than 10 per cent, the first symptoms were due to metastases, most commonly to bone and brain. The lack of symptoms of early cancer of the lung is emphasized, and the importance of searching for peripheral nodes either in the presence of known lung cancer or to establish the diagnosis is pointed out. The necessity for surveys to detect early lung cancer, when a high cure rate is possible, is stressed, and the need for exploratory thoracotomy in a suspicious lesion when other diagnostic measures fail is noted.
Family Systems in Europe

The last decades of the twentieth century were marked by lively debates over the existence of a European family system and attempts to carve up Europe into different zones, each with its own characteristic family pattern. Revisionists, who reacted against earlier assumptions that large, extended family households typified Europe's peasant past, were met by counter-revisionists who documented populations in which more complex forms of coresidence were widespread. Similarly, attempts to link particular residential patterns to particular ages at marriage and the prevalence of domestic service as a life stage were challenged. This article examines the various generalizations that have been put forward and argues against the revisionist claim that nuclear family households characterized Europe in the past. It also shows the importance of considering cultural and political economic influences on family norms and family behavior.
Development of a hybrid model with elements of information seeking, behavioral change and social influence

Abstract Health promotion campaigns using theories or models consistently produce stronger behavioral changes and are more effective interventions. The proposed Information Attainment and Adoption Model integrates components of the Theory of Motivated Information Management and the Precaution Adoption Process Model. The Information Attainment and Adoption Model uses strategic constructs in a semi-staged design to move individuals from being unaware of an issue to seeking and attaining the information to maintaining the behavior. The model is based on four stages: motivation, guidance, action and maintenance. The model is intended to be flexible enough to be used for a variety of health promotion issues and with a variety of communication channels. An example from the field of motor vehicle safety is used to demonstrate applicability of the model to a campaign under development. Empirical research is needed to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of the model in changing behavior as well as the ease of use for campaign developers.
A Genetic Algorithm for Finding Discriminative Functional Motifs in Long Non-coding RNAs

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), each with >200 nucleotides in length, constitute a large portion of the human transcriptome. Although recent studies indicate that lncRNAs play key roles in gene regulation, development and disease, the RNA functional motifs are still poorly understood. Most of the existing algorithms for motif finding are severely limited in scalability with regards to sequence and motif size. In this study, we propose a novel genetic algorithm for discriminative motif identification capable of handling large input sequences and motif sizes by utilizing genetic operators to learn and evolve in response to the input sequences. We utilize our method on long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) transcripts as a test case to identify functional motifs associated with subcellular localization. Our methodology shows high accuracy and the ability to identify functional motifs associated with subcellular localization in lncRNAs, which recapitulates a previous experimental study.
How effective is incidental learning of the shape of probability distributions

The idea that people learn detailed probabilistic generative models of the environments they interact with is intuitively appealing, and has received support from recent studies of implicit knowledge acquired in daily life. The goal of this study was to see whether people efficiently induce a probability distribution based upon incidental exposure to an unknown generative process. Subjects played a 'whack-a-mole' game in which they attempted to click on objects appearing briefly, one at a time on the screen. Horizontal positions of the objects were generated from a bimodal distribution. After 180 plays of the game, subjects were unexpectedly asked to generate another 180 target positions of their own from the same distribution. Their responses did not even show a bimodal distribution, much less an accurate one (Experiment 1). The same was true for a pre-announced test (Experiment 2). On the other hand, a more extreme bimodality with zero density in a middle region did produce some distributional learning (Experiment 3), perhaps reflecting conscious hypothesis testing. We discuss the challenge this poses to the idea of efficient accurate distributional learning.
Effects of lipid-soluble agents on sodium channel function in normal and MH-susceptible skeletal muscle cultures.

Some skeletal muscle abnormalities, including susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MH), may be traced to alterations of specific membrane functions. These in turn may be caused directly by mutations in the specific proteins subserving these functions, or by mutations which indirectly alter properties of membrane-bound proteins. Growth of human skeletal muscle cells in primary culture allows pharmacological and physiological exploration of potential regulatory mechanisms which cannot be studied by other means. Subtle, persistent differences in sodium channel function are present in MH-susceptible cells compared to non-susceptible cells. At the moment we are examining the hypothesis that these differences may be due to abnormal lipid metabolism which alters the processing or final environment of certain membrane proteins.
Propagation of the Bastille Day 2000 CME Shock in the Outer Heliosphere

The Bastille Day (14 July) 2000 CME is a fast, halo coronal mass ejection event headed earthward. The ejection reached Earth on 15 July 2000 and produced a very significant magnetic storm and widespread aurora. At 1 AU the Wind spacecraft recorded a strong forward shock with a speed jump from ∼ 600 to over 1000 km s−1. About 6 months later, this CME-driven shock arrived at Voyager 2 (∼ 63 AU) on 12 January 2001 with a speed jump of ∼ 60 km s−1. This provides a good opportunity to study the shock propagation in the outer heliosphere. In this study, we employ a 2.5-D MHD numerical model, which takes the interaction of solar wind protons and interstellar neutrals into account, to investigate the shock propagation in detail and compare the model predictions with the Voyager 2 observations. The Bastille Day CME shock undergoes a dramatic change in character from the inner to outer heliosphere. Its strength and propagation speed decay significantly with distance. The model results at the location of Voyager 2 are in good agreement with in-situ observations.
Uncertainty aware mapping of embedded systems for reliability, performance, and energy

Duo to technology downscaling, embedded systems have increased in complexity and heterogeneity. Increasingly large process, voltage, and temperature variations negatively affect the design and optimization process of these systems. These factors contribute to increased uncertainties that in turn undermine the accuracy and effectiveness of traditional design approaches. In this paper, we formulate the problem of uncertainty aware mapping for multicore embedded systems as a multi-objective optimization problem. We present a solution to this problem that integrates uncertainty models as a new design methodology constructed with Monto Carlo and evolutionary algorithms. The methodology is uncertainty aware because it is able to model uncertainties in design parameters and to identify robust design solutions that limit the influence of these uncertainties onto the objective functions. The proposed design methodology is implemented as a tool that can generate the robust Pareto frontier in the objective space formed by reliability, performance, and energy consumption.
Addressing Dietary Habits with Elementary School Students in Physical Education Class

It is often challenging to persuade children to consume nutrient-dense vegetables, fruits and legumes. This article describes how renaming nutrient-dense plants to encourage young children to consume them can be an effective strategy.
CULTIVATING TORGHUT MONGOLS IN A SEMI-ARID STEPPE

In 1782 acting Shaanxi Governor Bi Yuan 畢沅 (1730–97) submitted an exemplary memorial to the throne that concisely outlined the provincial administrative view of the proper order of relations between people, cultivars, livestock, climate, and water in northwestern China. He began with ostensibly human relations. His premise was that imperial official identity was ultimately formed through its connection to the food security of the general populace: “The root purpose of appointing officials is to prioritize the devotion of effort to civil affairs, and its main end is to put food sufficiency first.” Bi Yuan, like most of his contemporaries, unquestionably valued agriculture as the general and “main source” of food. By virtue of his posting to a China-proper province whose northern reaches lay along an ecotone with the Mongolian steppe, however, Bi Yuan was also distinctively aware of pastoralism as what he called the “second” source. While he made it clear that agriculture was certainly preferable, he was equally plain that human agency's range of choice was quite constrained in large parts of his jurisdiction, primarily by scarce water and cold climate. “Places in the northern provincial prefectures of Yan'an 延安 and Yulin 榆林, like Suide 綏德 and Fuzhou 鄜州, have land full of sand and gravel. Each is a high, cold frontier area where rainfall and ponds are scarce and inhibited, so that at harvest there is concern about shortfall.”
Genes That Modify Susceptibility to Atherosclerosis: Targets for Drug Action

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world and is a rapidly growing epidemic in less developed countries. Atherosclerosis is a complex disease with both environmental and genetic determinants. Genetic susceptibility is governed by an unfavorable combination of variants in genes involving multiple pathways, each with small quantitative effects on gene function. However, our understanding of the genes and mutations involved is limited. This chapter will use specific examples from both humans and murine models of atherosclerosis to illustrate the utility of genetic analysis to (1) identify polymorphisms in atherosclerotic susceptibility genes that will enhance our ability to both stratify patients according to risk and to develop targeted therapeutics based on an individual genotype and (2) identify new genes/pathways that contribute to atherosclerosis that may be new targets for drug action.
Pedigrees, Prizes, and Prisoners: The Misuse of Conditional Probability.

We present and discuss three examples of misapplication of the notion of conditional probability. In each example, we present the problem along with a published and/or well-known incorrect - but se...
Proteomics and pulse azidohomoalanine labeling of newly synthesized proteins: what are the potential applications?

Introduction: Measuring the immediate changes in cells that arise from changing environmental conditions is crucial to understanding the underlying mechanisms involved. These changes can be measure...
Crowdsourcing Trauma: Psychopathology in a Trauma-Exposed Sample Recruited via Mechanical Turk

Although crowdsourcing websites like Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) allow researchers to conduct research efficiently, it is unclear if MTurk and traditionally recruited samples are comparable when assessing the sequela of traumatic events. We compared the responses to validated self-report measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related constructs that were given by 822 participants recruited via MTurk and had experienced a DSM-5 Criterion A traumatic event to responses obtained in recent samples of participants recruited via traditional methods. Results suggested that the rate of PTSD in the present sample (19.8%) was statistically higher than that found in a recent systematic review of studies that used only traditional recruitment methods. The severity of PTSD reported in the MTurk sample was significantly greater than that reported in a college sample, d = 0.24, and significantly less than that reported in a veteran sample, d = 0.90. The factor structure of PTSD found in the MTurk sample was consistent with prevailing models of PTSD. Findings indicate that crowdsourcing may improve access to this hard-to-reach population.
Phase and microstructures in sputter deposited nanocrystalline Fe–Cr thin films

Abstract A series of FexCr1-x thin films (where X = 0 to 1) were magnetron sputter deposited. Their phase and microstructures were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT). The elemental films adopted the BCC structure with in-plane grain sizes (in the tens of nanometers). The Fe-49Cr (at.%) film grew as the high temperature σ-phase, with similarly shaped but even more refined grain sizes. Films of Fe-16Cr, Fe-24Cr, and Fe-72Cr deposited as the A2 structure. The Fe-24Cr and Fe-72Cr films revealed abnormal grain sizes that ranged from tens of nanometers to hundreds of nanometers. It is proposed that the thermodynamic driving force to phase separation contributed to the increased adatom mobility that resulted in varied grain sizes. These films also revealed a peculiar ‘star-burst’ contrast pattern within their grains which has been revealed to be from a modest crystallographic orientation shift contributed to the early onset of phase separation evident in the APT analysis. In the lower solute limit, the Fe-5Cr film short-range ordering of Cr (confirmed by APT) was noted and confirms prior modeling and diffuse neutron diffraction results of its presence at this composition. Upon depositing this film at 673 K, the short-range ordering was lost.
Integration of Health Questionnaire Systems to Facilitate Supportive Care Services for Patients at an Academic Breast Care Center.

PurposeThis study evaluated the use of an electronic Health Questionnaire System (HQS) within the University of California San Francisco Breast Care Center as a screening and triage tool to proactively recognize patients’ supportive care needs during new patient consultations and identify demographic characteristics associated with referrals to three supportive care services.Patients and MethodsA total of 428 patients with and without breast cancer between the ages of 18 and 84 years completed HQS intake forms before appointments at the University of California San Francisco Breast Care Center between November 2014 and May 2015 and agreed to participate in this study. Patient HQS responses triggered referrals to supportive care services, and a review of electronic health records was conducted to determine the outcomes of these referrals.ResultsA total of 242 patients (56.5%) met criteria for at least one supportive care referral. Women with invasive breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ met criteria f...
A Web-Based Calculator for the Prediction of Severe Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Preterm Infants Using Clinical and Imaging Characteristics

Although the most common forms of brain injury in preterm infants have been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, existing MRI scoring systems lack specificity, do not incorporate clinical factors, and are technically challenging to perform. The objective of this study was to develop a web-based, clinically-focused prediction system which differentiates severe neurodevelopmental outcomes from normal-moderate outcomes at two years. Infants were retrospectively identified as those who were born ≤30 weeks gestation and who had MRI imaging at term-equivalent age and neurodevelopmental testing at 18–24 months. Each MRI was scored on injury in three domains (intraventricular hemorrhage, white matter injury, and cerebellar hemorrhage) and clinical factors that were strongly predictive of an outcome were investigated. A binary logistic regression model was then generated from the composite of clinical and imaging components. A total of 154 infants were included (mean gestational age = 26.1 ± 1.8 weeks, birth weight = 889.1 ± 226.2 g). The final model (imaging score + ventilator days + delivery mode + antenatal steroids + retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgery) had strong discriminatory power for severe disability (AUC = 0.850), with a PPV (positive predictive value) of 76% and an NPV (negative predictive value) of 90%. Available as a web-based tool, it can be useful for prognostication and targeting early intervention services to infants who may benefit the most from such services.
Clonidine as early adjunctive therapy for alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department

Alpha-2-agonists may decrease cumulative benzodiazepines (BZD) requirements in alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), leading to a reduction in BZD related adverse events. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of adjunctive clonidine on BZD requirements in patients with AWS who presented to the emergency department (ED). A retrospective chart review study from 1/2015 to 12/2016 was performed in patients who were admitted for AWS via the ED and would have received at least 24 hours of benzodiazepines. The primary study outcome was the difference of the 12-hour cumulative BZD requirements in lorazepam equivalents (BZD-LE) in patients who received clonidine compared to patients who received BZD monotherapy. Secondary endpoints included total hospital benzodiazepine requirements, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU and hospital length of stay, and incidence of hypotension. A total of 11 patients who received clonidine adjunctive therapy and 33 patients to standard management were included in the study. The median 12 hour cumulative BZD-LE was 16 mg (IQR 3-19) in the intervention group compared to 7 mg (IQR 4-13) in the control group (P = 0.90). However, the total cumulative BZD-LE requirements for the hospital stay was 31 mg (IQR 21-48) in the intervention group compared to 45 mg (IQR 26-71) in the control group (P = 0.28). In conclusion, adjunctive clonidine administration to BZD in AWS initiated in the ED was not associated with a decrease in 12 hour BZD requirements .
A History of Technology and Environment: From stone tools to ecological crisis

This book provides an accessible overview of the ways that key areas of technology have impacted global ecosystems and natural communities. It offers a new way of thinking about the overall origins of environmental problems. Combining approaches drawn from environmental biology and the history of science and technology, it describes the motivations behind many technical advances and the settings in which they occurred, before tracing their ultimate environmental impacts. Four broad areas of human activity are described: over-harvesting of natural resources using the examples of hunting, fishing and freshwater use; farming, population, land use, and migration; discovery, synthesis and use of manufactured chemicals; and development of sources of artificial energy and the widespread pollution caused by power generation and energy use. These innovations have been driven by various forces, but in most cases new technologies have emerged out of fascinating, psychologically rich, human experiences. This book provides an introduction to these complex developments and will be essential reading for students of science, technology and society, environmental history, and the history of science and technology.
Mortality in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: Predictors over a 20-year period.

Research has shown that individuals with autism spectrum disorder have higher rates of health problems throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and that this may result in elevated risk of...
Constraints experienced by elite athletes with disabilities in Kenya, with implications for the development of a new hierarchical model of constraints at the societal level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the constraints to the development of elite sport for people with disabilities in Kenya. A grounded theory research design was utilized to analyze the d...
Thinking Fast and Slow: Children’s Descriptive-To-Prescriptive Tendency Under Varying Time Constraints

Children often infer that descriptive group norms (i.e., how a group is) are prescriptive (i.e., how group members should be), and this descriptive-to-prescriptive tendency, which biases children a...
Leptomeningeal spread of glioma in the molecular era.

e13537Background: Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is an uncommon event in patients with gliomas which is estimated to occur in 4% of cases and is associated with poor outcome. Genomic alterations in g...
ELEMENTS: A high-order finite element library in C++

Abstract We discuss the creation and implementation of a generalized library, named ELEMENTS, of mathematical functions for supporting a very broad range of element types including: linear, quadratic, and cubic serendipity elements in 2D and 3D; high-order spectral elements; and a linear 4D element. The ELEMENTS library can be used for research and development of both continuous and discontinuous finite element methods for solving a diverse range of partial differential equations. The library has functions for calculating quantities that are commonly used in finite element methods such as the gradient of a basis function, the Jacobi matrix, the inverse Jacobi matrix, the determinant of the Jacobi matrix, and a physical position inside the element, to name a few examples. The library also supports both Gauss–Legendre and Gauss–Lobatto quadrature rules up to 8 quadrature points in each coordinate direction. The examples and discussions in this paper will focus on Lagrangian solid mechanics and dynamics, but ELEMENTS can be used for many other applications.
The Long-Lasting Impact of EDGE: Testimonials from the EDGE Community

The EDGE program has had a profound effect on hundreds of people in the mathematics community. Women who have been involved with the EDGE program were asked to briefly describe the impact the EDGE program has had on them. (Informed consent to publish was obtained for all quotes included in this chapter.) We received an outpouring of feedback. Common themes include inspiration, community, support, and the power of mentoring. We invite the reader to enjoy these insights into the meaningful connections formed through the EDGE program.
Re: New Allopathic Medical Schools Train Fewer Family Physicians than Older Ones

To the Editor: Despite years of recommendations for correcting the shortage of primary care physicians, the struggle to coax students into primary care remains.[1][1],[2][2] Creation of new medical schools has not been the answer, as reported by Beachler et al.[3][3] Drowos[4][4] wisely calls on
Rapid kVp-switching DECT portal venous phase abdominal CT scans in patients with large body habitus: image quality considerations

To assess the diagnostic image quality and material decomposition characteristics of portal venous phase abdominal CT scans performed on rapid kVp-switching DECT (rsDECT) in patients with large body habitus. We retrospectively included consecutive patients with large body habitus (≥ 90 kg) undergoing portal venous phase abdominal CT scans on rsDECT scanners between Sep 2014 and March 2018. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the DECT data sets [65 keV monoenergetic, material density iodine (MD-I) and material density water (MD-W) images] was performed for determination of image quality (IQ) and image noise. Correlation of qualitative assessment scores with weight, BMI and patients’ diameter were calculated using Pearson correlation test. Optimal thresholds were calculated using AUC and Youden index to define most appropriate size cut off, below which the IQ of material density images is largely acceptable. The 65 keV monoenergetic images were of diagnostic quality (diagnostic acceptability, DA ≥ 3) in 97.8% of patients (n = 91/93). However, there was significant IQ degradation of MD-I images in 20.4% (n = 19/93, DA 110 kg and with BMI > 33.5 kg/m2, due to higher number of artifacts.
Emergency Department Evaluation of the Adult Psychiatric Patient

Many patients with acute behavioral or mental health emergencies use the emergency department for their care. Psychiatric patients have a higher incidence of chronic medical conditions and are at greater risk for injury than the general population. Patients with acute behavioral emergencies may stress already overcrowded emergency departments. This article addresses high-risk areas of the treatment and management of emergency department patients presenting with behavioral emergencies. This article identifies methods successful in determining whether the patient's behavioral emergency is the result of an organic disease process, as well as recognizing other potential acute medical emergencies in this high-risk population.
Combining Deep Learning and Optimization for Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow.

The security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) is fundamental in power systems and connects the automatic primary response (APR) of synchronized generators with the short-term schedule. Every day, the SCOPF problem is repeatedly solved for various inputs to determine robust schedules given a set of contingencies. Unfortunately, the modeling of APR within the SCOPF problem results in complex large-scale mixed-integer programs, which are hard to solve. To address this challenge, leveraging the wealth of available historical data, this paper proposes a novel approach that combines deep learning and robust optimization techniques. Unlike recent machine-learning applications where the aim is to mitigate the computational burden of exact solvers, the proposed method predicts directly the SCOPF implementable solution. Feasibility is enforced in two steps. First, during training, a Lagrangian dual method penalizes violations of physical and operations constraints, which are iteratively added as necessary to the machine-learning model by a Column-and-Constraint-Generation Algorithm (CCGA). Second, another different CCGA restores feasibility by finding the closest feasible solution to the prediction. Experiments on large test cases show that the method results in significant time reduction for obtaining feasible solutions with an optimality gap below 0.1%.
The nucleus of an adjunction and the Street monad on monads

An adjunction is a pair of functors related by a pair of natural transformations, and relating a pair of categories. It displays how a structure, or a concept, projects from each category to the other, and back. Adjunctions are the common denominator of Galois connections, representation theories, spectra, and generalized quantifiers. We call an adjunction nuclear when its categories determine each other. We show that every adjunction can be resolved into a nuclear adjunction. The resolution is idempotent in a strict sense. The resulting nucleus displays the concept that was implicit in the original adjunction, just as the singular value decomposition of an adjoint pair of linear operators displays their canonical bases. [snip] In his seminal early work, Ross Street described an adjunction between monads and comonads in 2-categories. Lifting the nucleus construction, we show that the resulting Street monad on monads is strictly idempotent, and extracts the nucleus of a monad. A dual treatment achieves the same for comonads. This uncovers remarkably concrete applications behind a notable fragment of pure 2-category theory. The other way around, driven by the tasks and methods of machine learning and data analysis, the nucleus construction also seems to uncover remarkably pure and general mathematical content lurking behind the daily practices of network computation and data analysis.
FOXP1 and NDRG1 act differentially as downstream effectors of RAD9-mediated prostate cancer cell functions

Metastatic progression is the key feature of prostate cancer primarily responsible for mortality caused by this disease. RAD9 is an oncogene for prostate cancer, and the encoded protein enhances metastasis-related phenotypes. RAD9 is a transcription factor with a limited set of regulated target genes, but the complete list of downstream genes critical for prostate carcinogenesis is unknown. We used microarray gene expression profiling and chromatin immunoprecipitation in parallel to identify genes transcriptionally controlled by RAD9 that contribute to this cancer. We found expression of 44 genes altered in human prostate cancer DU145 cells when RAD9 is knocked down by siRNA, and all of them bind RAD9 at their genomic location. FOXP1 and NDRG1 were down regulated when RAD9 expression was reduced, and we evaluated them further. We demonstrate that reduced RAD9, FOXP1 or NDGR1 expression decreases cell proliferation, rapid migration, anchorage-independent growth, anoikis resistance, and aerobic glycolysis. Ectopic expression of FOXP1 or NDRG1 partially restored aerobic glycolysis to prostate cancer cells with reduced RAD9 abundance, but only FOXP1 significantly complemented the other deficiencies. We thus show, for the first time, that RAD9 regulates FOXP1 and NDRG1 expression, and they function differently as downstream effectors for RAD9-mediated prostate cancer cell activities.
Jesuit Kaddish and I

James Bernauer’s Jesuit Kaddish about Jews and Jesuits in the shadow of the Holocaust is not a work of ordinary secular history. It is grounded in two distinctly Jesuit spiritual practices. This es...
Poor Children "Know Their Place": Perceptions of Poverty, Class, and Public Messages

This qualitative study hears and clarifies some of the voices of children concerning how they feel their lives are circumscribed by living in poverty, by public messages about the poor, and by their views of their socioeconomic status. Twenty-four children between the ages of 5-12 years were interviewed using snapshots of different economic level homes in order to capture their uncensored responses. Findings reveal that the children view poverty as a deprivation, perceive societal messages as disparaging of the poor, and have some difficulty holding on to positive views of themselves. These children's thoughts about the realities of their lives helped to shape suggestions for social work practice
Reflective Field Experiences For Success In Teaching Elementary Mathematics

In this paper the author will discuss the major components of a junior level pedagogy course for elementary education majors learning to teach mathematics. The course reviews content and knowledge of the teacher candidates and introduces methods and materials for teaching elementary mathematics.
Can We Really Derive Etiology from Human-based Studies?

This paper discusses the need for and limitations of human-based studies of diet and cancer. Four problems of such studies remain especially acute: assessment and monitoring of dietary practice; assessment of compliance in diet change studies; validation of dietary questionnaires; and the use of intermediate biological end points. These limit human-based studies' utilization of recent advances in the cellular and molecular biology of cancer. Those researchers who emphasize human-based studies cannot proceed without acknowledgment of and interface with these advances, which promise more precise definition of both exposure and disease and may facilitate evaluation of associations of dietary practice and carcinogenesis in the context of human-based studies. To take advantage of these advances will require critical attention to the causal mechanisms by which intermediate biological end points link dietary exposures with cancer risk.
Unpacking meaning from words: a context-centered approach to computational lexicon design

The knowledge representation tradition in computational lexicon design represents words as static encapsulations of purely lexical knowledge. We suggest that this view poses certain limitations on the ability of the lexicon to generate nuance-laden and context-sensitive meanings, because word boundaries are obstructive, and the impact of non-lexical knowledge on meaning is unaccounted for. Hoping to address these problematics, we explore a contextcentered approach to lexicon design called a Bubble Lexicon. Inspired by Ross Quillian's Semantic Memory System, we represent word-concepts as nodes on a symbolic-connectionist network. In a Bubble Lexicon, a word's meaning is defined by a dynamically grown context-sensitive bubble; thus giving a more natural account of systematic polysemy. Linguistic assembly tasks such as attribute attachment are made context-sensitive, and the incorporation of general world knowledge improves generative capability. Indicative trials over an implementation of the Bubble Lexicon lends support to our hypothesis that unpacking meaning from predefined word structures is a step toward a more natural handling of context in language.
Modified DCB Method for Measurement of High Toughness Ceramic Composites

The applied moment double cantilever beam (AMDCB) method of toughness measurement was modified by development of L-shaped arms to inhibit delamination of ceramic fiber and other anisotropic composites. Analytical and experimental evaluation of the method show it to be accurate; it also significantly reduces specimen preparation time.
Las políticas económicas y el sector ganadero en Colombia : 1950-1977

Una mirada al sector ganadero colombiano (produccion de carne y leche) de los 25 anos entre 1950 y 1975 plantea muchos interrogantes, algunos de caracter economico, otros de naturaleza social y politica. En lo economico se preguntaria ?por que un sector que en esa epoca aportaba el 10% de la economia exportaba tan poco, y por que existia un conflicto permanente en torno al precio y la politica comercial lecheros? ?Por que los ganaderos practicaban la ganaderia extensiva cuando podian copiar de otros paises el uso mas intensivo de capital, que significaba mayor rendimiento por animal? ?Por que los ganaderos se manifestaban tan “retrogrados” y poco progresistas, mientras que los algodoneros registraban rapida expansion y los arroceros adoptaban las nuevas variedades tan pronto estas se inventaban? ?Por que los ganaderos empleaban tan pocos trabajadores? ?Por que criaban ganado en grandes extensiones de tierra? ?Por que los ganaderos hacen uso de mano de obra en vez de maquinaria? Son incontables las preguntas, pero las respuestas a la mayoria de las aqui planteadas, y a otras mas, giran alrededor de incentivos economicos para los ganaderos.
Perceived Parental Marital Satisfaction and Divorce

Abstract The current study is an examination of how parental marital satisfaction and divorce relates to sibling relationships in emerging adulthood. Participants were 116 men and 189 women between the ages of 19 and 33. Participants were administered questionnaires regarding their parental marital satisfaction and divorce, sibling closeness, sibling communication, and sibling support. Results indicated that individuals from non-divorced families were closer to their siblings, communicated more with their siblings, and received greater levels of support from their siblings compared with individuals from divorced families. Additionally, perceived parental marital satisfaction was found to be a significant predictor of total sibling communication, closeness, and support. Finally, perceived parental marital satisfaction was found to mediate the relationship between parental divorce and total sibling support and between parental divorce and total sibling closeness.