cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the rates of error and adverse events in the ED

Abstract Background The incidence of errors and adverse events in emergency medicine is poorly characterized. Objective The objective was to systematically determine the rates and types of errors and adverse events in an academic, tertiary care emergency department (ED). Methods Prospective data were collected on all patients presenting to a tertiary-care academic medical center ED with an annual census of 55,000 patients between January 2009 and November 2012. Cases of patients meeting predetermined criteria were systematically identified by an electronic medical record system. Criteria for review included patients who (1) returned to the ED within 72 hours and were admitted on their second visit, (2) were admitted from the ED to the floor and then transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) within 24 hours, (3) expired within 24 hours of ED arrival, (4) required airway management, or (5) were referred to the QA committee as the result of complaints. Cases were randomly assigned to individual physicians not involved with the care. All cases were reviewed using a structured electronic tool that assessed the occurrence of error and adverse events. Institutional review board jurisdiction was waived by the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center IRB. Results During the study period, 152,214 cases were screened and 2131 cases (1.4%) met prespecified criteria for review. The incidence of error in these cases was 9.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3%-10.8%), representing an overall incidence of 0.13% among all ED patients. In cases that involved error, 50.5% occurred among patients who returned to the ED within 72 hours; 17.3% occurred among floor-to-ICU transfers; 5.4% occurred among mortality cases; 2.0% occurred among airway cases; and 24.8% occurred among cases referred as the result of complaints. The incidence of adverse events in the reviewed cohort was 8.3% (CI, 7.2%-9.6%), representing an overall incidence of 0.11% among all ED patients. In cases that involved adverse events, 48.6% occurred among patients who returned to the ED within 72 hours; 16.4% occurred among floor-to-ICU transfers; 9.0% occurred among mortality cases; 1.1% occurred among airway cases; and 24.9% occurred among cases referred as the result of complaints. Conclusion Although the overall incidence of error and adverse events in EDs is low, the likelihood of such events is markedly increased among patients who return to the ED within 72 hours, among patients who require floor-to-ICU transfer within 24 hours, and among those whose cases come to attention as the result of complaints.
Cavity-dumped femtosecond Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Al 2 O 3 laser

We report the generation of pulses with energies as high as 100 nJ and durations as short as 50 fs directly from a mode-locked Ti:A1(2)O(3) laser, using the technique of cavity dumping. The simplicity, high energy, short pulse widths, and variable repetition rate of this system make it an attractive tunable source for ultrafast measurements.
Pursuit eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia: Characteristics of oculomotor disturbance and diagnostic specificity

Abnormalities of visual pursuit are among the most robust psychobiological abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. These abnormalities are present and associated with schizotypal characteristics in relatives of affected probands, suggesting that the abnormality is a familial marker for the illness. Yet, the diagnostic specificity of the abnormality has not been well studied, and the neurophysiologic significance of the abnormality is not understood. Therefore, we studied pursuit performance in 101 schizophrenic inpatients (19 never medicated), 18 unmedicated manic inpatients (DSM-III-R diagnoses), and 46 age and sex-matched normal controls. Patients visually tracked a cursor oscillating at 0.4 Hz for 30 second trials in a block room. Performance was quantified by assessing the relative velocity of pursuit eye movements (gain), and the frequency of two forms of intrusive saccades that interrupt pursuit: square wave jerks (SWJ) and anticipatory saccades. Pursuit gain of both manic and schizophrenic patients was significantly lower than in normals, but the impairments were of a similar order of magnitude. It was expected that schizophrenics would show more SWJ, as is the case in several neurological disorders involving disease of the frontal lobe or basal ganglia where there is a failure to suppress irrelevant saccades. Contrary to this expectation, schizophrenic patients demonstrated fewer SWJ than the other groups. The sub-sample of 19 never-medicated acutely-disturbed schizophrenics had higher leftward than rightward pursuit velocity and more rightward SWJ, suggesting greater relative left hemisphere activation in these patients. Manic patients demonstrated asignificant increase above normal levels in anticipatory saccades, while schizophrenic patients did not. Schizophrenic patients with fewer SWJ had poorer adult social adjustment and earlier onset of illness, and more perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sort, poorer verbal list learning, and poorer perception of line orientation. Thus, reduced SWJ may identify a group of more severely affected cases. In schizophrenics, low gain was unrelated to symptom indices, but was related to impairments on cognitive tests Trails B, Judgement of Line Orientation (JLOT) and Digit Span. The results indicate that different forms of pursuit disturbance occur in manic and schizophrenic patients, and that in schizophrenics pursuit impairments were associated with neuropsychological dysfunctions. Lateralized disturbances of pursuit suggesting greater relative left hemisphere activation occur in the acute phase of illness, consistent with findings from studies that have used other cognitive and neuroimaging assessment strategies.
Behavioural disorders in children and adolescents

Conduct disorders are characterized by repetitive antisocial behaviour that lasts for at least 6 months. There is a strong link with family dysfunction, though genetic factors can have a role. Hyperkinetic disorder (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) is characterized by early onset of overactive behaviour, impulsiveness and marked inattention. Possible aetiological factors include brain dysfunction, mental retardation, head injury, early social deprivation and family discord.
Resumé and discussion of session on direct heavy ion reactions

The dynamics of heavy ion collisions at a barrier is discussed and a link between direct and compound-like reactions is established.
The intimate politics of secularism and the headscarf: the mall, the neighborhood, and the public square in Istanbul

The headscarf continues to be a highly charged political issue in Turkey where it is often understood through the prism of the opposition between so-called Islamists versus secularists. My work brings together feminist scholarship on the politics of everyday space and recent rethinking of the categories of secularism and religion. I begin by situating this politicized debate in the everyday material contexts of the public square, the street, and the mall. By introducing popular culture (notably the film
Stresses and deformations in pipe flanges subjected to creep at high temperatures

Abstract Various solutions have been made for determining the stresses in pipe flanges using the theory of elasticity (I). There are many cases, however, of pipe flanges which are subjected to stresses and at the same time a high temperature such that creep occurs.This paper gives an analysis of the stresses and deformations produced in a circular ring of rectangular cross section subjected to twisting couples uniformly distributed along its center line. Such a solution will also give an approximate analysis of the pipe flange. This approximation is justified in view of the complexity of the problem and the uncertainties still present in the fundamental creep-stress relation for metals. In the solution of this problem a deflection theory is also developed for straight beams subjected to bending accompanied by creep.
Response of Laying Hens to Choline When Fed Practical Diets Devoid of Supplemental Sulfur Amino Acids

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with White Leghorn laying hens. In both experiments, a corn-soybean meal basal diet was used, and hens were housed individually in cages in open-type houses. In Experiment 1, the basal diet contained no supplemental choline, inorganic sulfate, or sulfur amino acids and was supplemented with 0 or 660 mg choline/kg, and 0 and .1% K2 SO4, or K2 Mg(SO4)2. In Experiment 2, the basal diet contained .1% reagent grade K2 SO4. Four diets were formulated to contain 0, 110, 220, and 440 mg choline/kg, respectively. A fifth diet was formulated to contain 440 mg choline/kg and .15% DL-methionine. In Experiment 1, a significant increase in egg production resulted from supplementing the diet with 660 mg choline/kg in the absence of supplemental inorganic sulfate and sulfur amino acids. Only a numerical increase in egg production resulted from adding inorganic sulfate alone or in combination with choline. Addition of choline and inorganic sulfate in combination resulted in an increase in egg weight. In Experiment 2, 220 mg of supplemental choline/kg, or 114 mg choline intake/bird/day, resulted in maximum egg production and feed efficiency. However, maximum egg size was obtained only when supplemental DL-methionine and choline were present. The results obtained in this study indicate that laying hens will respond to supplemental choline in practical situations when diets are deficient in total sulfur amino acids, and daily sulfur amino acid intake is insufficient to meet the animal’s requirement. For maximum egg size, adequate sulfur amino acids must be present in the diet, because supplementing choline alone will not maximize egg size.
Angular distribution and spin polarization of Auger electrons following photoionization and photoexcitation

Angular distribution and spin polarization of Auger electrons following photoionization and photoexcitation are presented in concise parametrized expressions. The striking similarity with corresponding expressions for photoelectrons enables one to apply kinematic properties known for photoelectrons in analyzing Auger electrons.
Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from Los Alamos National Laboratory lands and the dose from consumption.

Abstract One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of 3H, 137Cs, 90Sr, totU, 238Pu, 239, 240Pu, and241 Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of 3H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuc...
The pressure dependence of the oxidation of aluminum at 298 °K☆

Abstract Recently published results on the pressure dependence of the oxidation of aluminum at room temperature are shown to be explicable in terms of the extended Cabrera-Mott theory for the formation of very thin oxide films.
Colloid Movement in Unsaturated Porous Media: Recent Advances and Future Directions

Investigations of colloid movement through geologic materials are driven by a variety of issues, including contaminant transport, soil-profile development, and subsurface migration of pathogenic microorganisms. In this review, we address recent advances in understanding of colloid transport through partially saturated porous media. Special emphasis is placed on features of the vadose zone (i.e., the presence of air–water interfaces, rapid fluctuations in porewater flow rates and chemistry) that distinguish colloid transport in unsaturated media from colloid transport in saturated media. We examine experimental studies on colloid deposition and mobilization and survey recent developments in modeling colloid transport and mass transfer. We conclude with an overview of directions for future research in this field.
Effects of brain lesions on the antinociceptive properties of morphine in rats

SUMMARY 1 Electrolytic lesions were made in various brain regions of the rat, and the effects of these lesions on nociceptive threshold and the antinociceptive actions of morphine were tested using a shock titration technique. 2 Lesions in the medial thalamus, the periaqueductal grey area, or the caudate nucleus, had no effect on the nociceptive threshold; whereas, lesions in the posterior hypothalamus resulted in a small but statistically significant increase in this threshold. 3 Morphine administered intraperitoneally to rats having histologically verified lesions in the posterior hypothalamus, the caudate nucleus or the periaqueductal grey area resulted in a 15–30% increase in the nociceptive threshold. This increase was similar to that observed in unoperated control rats. On the other hand, injections of morphine into animals having greater than 50% of the medial thalamus destroyed produced a highly significant increase of 95% in the threshold. This potentiation of the antinociceptive action of morphine was not observed in rats having less than 50% destruction of the medial thalamus.
Torah and Dogma: A Comment

The suggestion has often been made recently that the relationship between Judaism and Christianity can be adequately described in terms of a “schism.” This suggestion is worthy of serious consideration. It has much to commend it. It promises new possibilities (badly needed in view of past history), because “schism” can be healed. But its mere attractiveness and beneficial potential should not blind us to the problems involved. Because the term “schism” presupposes an underlying unity, its use to describe the relation between the two faiths preserves an emphasis which, in our given situation, where the dependence of the Church on the Synagogue is not sufficiently recognized, is too easily lost. And yet, without very careful definition, the term “schism” may be misleading. Who are to be called schismatics? Is it Christians for leaving Judaism or Jews for rejecting the Christian Messiah and his people? As will become apparent in the following pages, there are two extreme positions to be avoided. On the one hand, that which regards the relationship between Judaism and Christianity at the present time as so close that that relationship is merely schismatic, and, on the other hand, that which regards that relationship as one of unrelieved antithesis.
In-situ visualization and evaluation of neoplastic lesions of the human gastrointestinal tract using endoscopic optical coherence tomography

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel biomedical imaging technique that uses low-coherence optical interferometry to obtain micron-scale resolution cross- sectional images of tissue microstructure noninvasively. OCT fills a valuable niche in imaging of tissue structure, providing subsurface imaging with high spatial resolution (on the order of 10 micrometers) and penetration depths of 1 - 2 mm with no contact or matching medium needed between the probe and the tissue. An OCT system for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy has been developed using a small-diameter rotary-scanning probe compatible with standard GI endoscopes and capable of imaging in real-time. To date more than 100 volunteers have been imaged during routine upper and lower endoscopic procedures. Results of imaging in normal organs have demonstrated visualization of morphological layers (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria) and microscopic structures (glands, villi, crypts, vessels) in all endoscopically accessible GI organs. It has been observed in more than 30 patients that the EOCT appearance of Barrett's mucosa is clearly differentiable from normal gastric or esophageal mucosa. Furthermore, the EOCT appearance of dysplasia and neoplastic lesions, including adenocarcenoma in Barrett's and villous tumor in colon have been observed and are under investigation. Preliminary data indicate the potential of EOCT for routine clinical diagnostics in GI tissues, including early cancer detection and staging and detection of tumor margins.
Depressive mood states and their cognitive and personality correlates in college students : they improve over time

About 30% of 171 college student respondents reported at least mild dysphoria. Depressed mood states were associated with dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem problems, but not with gender or self-reported problem-solving ability. Findings about sex role orientation were mixed. The freshmen reported the highest levels of dysphoria, problem-solving difficulties, and dysfunctional attitudes, but there appeared to be consistent, gradual improvements, such that by the senior year students reported significantly less dysphoria. However, a 2-month follow-up found no significant changes in these areas, which suggests that the observed improvements may occur more gradually or may be an artifact of selective attrition from college. Implications of the results and directions for future research were discussed.
The Impact of Shareholders on Executive Pay

Those who own shares of stock in a company are called shareholders. As such they are in part owners of the company. Typically, stock of large companies is in the hands of institutional investors: m...
Contour-Mode Aluminum Nitride Vibrating RF Microsystems

Contour-mode aluminum nitride vibrating micromechanical resonators are presented as a new class of RF microsystems capable of low-loss filtering and frequency synthesis for next generation wireless devices. Contour-mode piezoelectric resonators can span frequencies from 10 MHz up to few GHz on the same silicon chip offering high quality factors in air (1,000-4,000) and low motional resistance (25-500 Omega). Low loss electrically and mechanically coupled filters can be easily implemented using this resonator technology. A microsystems approach that takes advantage of massively arraying micromechanical vibrating resonators is presented as a solution for next generation cognitive radios based on low power transceivers that use frequency hopping, multi-band filtering and direct frequency synthesis.
Real-time PCR analysis of cytochrome P450 aromatase expression in zebrafish: gene specific tissue distribution, sex differences, developmental programming, and estrogen regulation.

In teleost fish, the predominant brain form of cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450aromB) is a neural marker of estrogen effect, and an entry point for studying the role of hormonal and environmental estrogens on neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity. As part of a project using zebrafish to investigate these issues, we developed and validated a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for quantifying and comparing P450aromB and P450aromA expression in unfertilized eggs, embryos/larvae, and dissected tissues of adult fish. Results confirm that P450aromB and -A predominate in brain and ovary, respectively, and further show that the degree of overlapping expression (ratio, B:A) is 100:1 in brain, 1:50 in ovary, 1:1 in eye, and 2:1 in testis. Sex differences were observed in eye only (female > male). When compared to whole ovaries, unfertilized eggs had similar levels of P450aromA but enrichment of P450aromB, which suggests preferential synthesis or accumulation in mature oocytes. Both of the maternally derived aromatase isoforms were rapidly degraded post-fertilization, but the onset of embryonic P450aromB expression (5 hpf) was much earlier than P450aromA (48 hpf), and reached higher maximum levels (e.g., 10-fold at 72 hpf). Consistent with earlier reports, P450aromB but not -A was estrogen-inducible, but the estrogen response system in embryos was far more robust than in adults (>100- vs. <4-fold maximal induction, respectively). Application of this real-time PCR assay to measurement of P450aromB and -A in zebrafish embryos has utility for routine screening of chemicals and environmental samples for estrogen-like bioactivity and neural effects.
Calculation of dielectronic recombination rate coefficients for hydrogen-like titanium, chromium, and nickel

Abstract Dielectronic recombination (DR) rate coefficients are calculated for hydrogen-like Ti, Cr, and Ni at plasma temperatures 0.1–10 keV. The DR processes considered here are of the type 1 s + el →(2 ln 1 l 1 )→1 sn 2 l 2 + γ . Explicit intermediate coupling calculations with configuration interactions have been performed for all intermediate resonance states with n =2–8. The 1/ n 3 scaling was employed to estimate the DR rate coefficients for n >8. The total DR rate coefficients have been obtained by summing over all partial DR rates. We find that the 1/ n 3 scaling law underestimates the DR rates summed over all states of each n . The present calculation yields significantly larger total DR rates for hydrogen-like ions compared to previous calculations reported in the literature.
Applications for Compact Portable Pulsed Power: Rocket Science, Cancer Therapy, and the Movies

This paper discusses aspects of a review presented in plenary session to the 26th Power Modulator Conference, May 2006, in Washington B.C. The goal was to present results from a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative that focused on research into compact portable pulsed power, and to toss out a few ideas, looking ahead. The MURI was led by USC, with collaborators from the Univ. Missouri (Columbia) and Texas Tech University. The Conference was kind enough to encourage a presentation, after something rather similar, that is, a discussion of new applications and research issues for power modulators, presented to the conference 10 years ago (when it was called the Power Modulator Symposium). Hopefully, the results below will show some advancement in the numbers and diversity of applications reported a decade ago
Effect of Various Liquids on the Diffusion of Salicylic Acid from Ointment Bases

Water, alcohol, and dimethyl sulfoxide were each incorporated at 1, 2, and 5 percent concentrations into four ointment bases containing salicylic acid. The bases tested were white petrolatum, a hydrogenated cottonseed oil base, a water-in-oil emulsion base and an oil-in-water base. The diffusion of salicylic acid from five samples of each mixture was determined at 20-min. intervals for a period of 2 hr. All three liquids enhanced diffusion from the white petrolatum base and the water-in-oil base but tended to inhibit diffusion from the cottonseed oil base and the oil-in-water formula. In some instances the concentration of liquid appears to have an effect. Statistical analyses of data point out significance of differences.
Genes in Your Tissue: Probe Identification and Sequencing Microbial Targets from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue

Abstract Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is regarded as a valuable source of clinical information. Due to its potential use in biomarker discovery, research initiatives are driving the implementation of best practices in pre-analytical and post-analytical processing. The clinical microbiology laboratory stands to gain from these efforts to integrate standard operating procedures, extraction methods, and quality metrics. As molecular diagnostics broadens its test menu for tissue samples, results derived from tissue will become more reproducible, and microbiological detection methods, in the form of in-situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and nucleic acid sequencing, are likely to become more commonplace. Although limited in number, infectious disease diagnostic options are available for fixed tissue. Thus, it is important for microbiologists to better understand histological practices and the underpinnings of the tissue processing that occurs prior to the time of nucleic acid amplification attempts.
The Counseling Profession's Relationship to Jews and the Issues That Concern Them: More Than a Case of Selective Awareness

The goals of this article are to define anti-Semitism; demonstrate the necessity for accurately labeling anti-Semitic behavior as such; provide longitudinal evidence of anti-Semitism and the mistreatment of Jews and the absence of addressing Jewish issues by the counseling profession; prepare a compendium of the preceding—and in so doing, create an awareness of the resulting problem. The author posits that the near universal failure of those committed to multicultural counseling to rail against anti-Semitism and embrace the notion of Jews as a culturally distinct group poses a serious threat to the delivery of bias-free counseling and thus the image that the counseling profession presents of itself to other mental health professions and the general public.
Positive and negative solution of dual Riccati equations by matrix sign function iteration

Abstract For a matrix algebraic Riccati equation, it is shown that the positive definite stabilizing solution, the negative definite anti-stabilizing solution, and the positive and negative solutions of the corresponding dual equation may all be computed from a single matrix sign function iteration. This is potentially far more efficient than four separate Schur vector solutions. Moreover, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the existence of unique stabilizing or antistabilizing solutions of an algebraic Riccati equation in terms of the matrix sign of an associated Hamiltonian matrix.
Fluid Transport: Concentration of the Intercellular Compartment

Intercellular spaces of Periplaneta rectal pads are visible at a magnification of x 100 and distend during fluid uptake. Samples (0.025 to 0.1 nanoliter) obtained by micropuncture from the spaces were consistently more concentrated than the fluid in the rectal lumen. This observation supports the hypothesis of "local" osmosis in epithelial fluid transport.
Effects of cortisol and bone morphogenetic protein-2 on stromal cell differentiation: correlation with CCAAT-enhancer binding protein expression.

Abstract Bone marrow stroma contain pluripotential cells with the potential to differentiate into various mesenchymal cell lineages. We compared the effect of cortisol and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on the differentiation of murine ST-2 stromal cells into mature osteoblasts or adipocytes. ST-2 cells were cultured for 3–27 days in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 μg/mL ascorbic acid, and 5 mmol/L β-glycerolphosphate in the presence or absence of cortisol at 1 μmol/L or BMP-2 at 1 nmol/L. Untreated ST-2 cells expressed high levels of alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) 15 days after confluence, and this was followed by the appearance of mineralized nodules after 24 days. BMP-2 accelerated and intensified the appearance of cells expressing APA and the presence of mineralized nodules. In contrast, cortisol decreased APA, prevented the formation of mineralized nodules, and induced a cellular phenotype characteristic of adipocytes. Untreated stromal cells expressed osteocalcin, Cbfa1, type I collagen, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA. BMP-2 increased osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase mRNA, whereas cortisol suppressed their expression, as well as Cbfa1 and type I collagen transcripts. Cortisol enhanced, and BMP-2 downregulated, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 and adipsin transcripts. The C/EBP transcription factors regulate genes critical for adipocytic and osteoblastic differentiation. Cortisol increased the expression of C/EBP α, β, δ, and γ mRNA levels, whereas BMP-2 had minor effects on C/EBP expression. In conclusion, BMP-2 accelerates the differentiation of stromal cells toward an osteoblastic phenotype, whereas glucocorticoids induce their differentiation toward an adipocytic phenotype.
Sensitivity of feedback-enhanced MRI contrast to macroscopic and microscopic field variations.

Nonlinear feedback interactions have been shown to amplify contrast due to small differences in resonance frequency arising from microscopic susceptibility variations. Determining whether the selectivity of feedback-based contrast enhancement for small resonance frequency variations remains valid even in the presence of macroscopic field inhomogeneity is important for transitioning this new methodology into in vivo applications in imaging systems with lower field strengths and poorer homogeneity. This work shows that contrast enhancement under the radiation damping (RD) feedback field is sensitive to microscopic intravoxel frequency variations. Feedback-enhanced contrast provides superior signal differentiation from voxels with distinct microscopic frequency distributions compared with T-weighted imaging, while remaining robust to macroscopic field gradients, which frequently give rise to artifacts by other frequency-sensitive methods. Applying multiple RF pulses during evolution under RD and actively adjusting the phase and amplitude of the feedback field are shown to further improve signal differentiation. Experimental results reveal that feedback-enhanced contrast can generate positive contrast, reflecting microscopic field variations induced by strong local dipole fields, such as those created by blood vessels and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Extensions to in vivo imaging at lower field strengths are discussed in the context of amplifying the RD field via active electronic feedback. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous tensioning of the glenohumeral ligaments during arthroscopic bankart repair

Tensioning of the inferior glenohumeral ligament complex (IGLC) before arthroscopic repair is a critical step in restoring stability. This article describes a simple surgical technique to tension the IGLC percutaneously before arthroscopic fixation. This technique eliminates the need for grasping instruments and a second anterior portal.
Calcium-Flux-Mediated Modulation of InsP3R Channel Activity by ER Luminal Calcium Concentration

The ubiquitous, mostly endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized InsP3R channel modulates cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) to generate complex Ca2+ signals by releasing Ca2+ stored in the ER lumen. Whereas cytoplasmic InsP3 activation and biphasic [Ca2+]i regulation of the channel have been well studied, its regulation by ER luminal free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]ER) is poorly understood and controversial. Here, we used excised luminal-side-out nuclear patch clamping with perfusion solution exchange to study the effects of [Ca2+]ER on homotetrameric rat type 3 InsP3R (InsP3R-3) channel activity. In optimal 2 μM [Ca2+]i (buffered by 0.5 mM diBrBAPTA) and sub-saturating 3 μM InsP3, jumps of [Ca2+]ER from 70 nM (no Ca2+ flux through channel) to 300 μM (substantial Ca2+ flux) reduced channel open probability (Po) significantly. This inhibition was abrogated when saturating 10 μM InsP3 was used, but was restored when [Ca2+]ER was raised to 2 mM. This [Ca2+]ER effect exhibited a biphasic dependence on [Ca2+]i because jumps of [Ca2+]ER (70 nM to 300 μM) in 3 μM InsP3 increased Po in sub-optimal 70 nM Ca2+i. These effects of [Ca2+]ER were attenuated when an electrical potential was applied to oppose Ca2+ flux through the channel. Importantly, the effects of [Ca2+]ER on channel activity depended on cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering conditions: it was stronger when [Ca2+]i was weakly buffered by 0.1 mM HEDTA (a slow Ca2+ chelator) but was completely abolished with 5 mM diBrBAPTA buffering. These observations are completely accounted for by Ca2+ flux driven by [Ca2+]ER through the open InsP3R channel raising local [Ca2+]i around the channel to regulate its Po through its cytoplasmic activating and inhibitory Ca2+-binding sites. These results provide no evidence for a role of [Ca2+]ER in regulating InsP3R-3 activity by effects mediated directly on the luminal aspect of the channel.
Hydrogen model for radiation-induced interface states in SiO 2 -on-Si structures: a review of the evidence

A brief review is given of the evidence supporting the “hydrogen model” of interface trap generation in silicon-based MOS structures. Emphasis is placed on the importance of electron spin resonance (ESR) in identifying and quantifying certain crucial defect species, including atomic hydrogen, self-trapped holes, and the interface trap itself — theP b center. Three types of experiments are considered: (1) low-temperature irradiation and isochronal anneals, (2) pulse radiolysis at room temperature, and (3) exposure of previously-irradiated devices to hydrogen gas. These disparate types of data are all reasonably accounted for by a unified model involving the production of H+ and/or H0 species in the oxide which subsequently drift to the interface where they react with hydrogen-passivated dangling bonds to formP b centers.
How would selecting for skill change flows of immigrants to the United States? A simulation of three merit-based point systems

The policies determining how the foreign born enter the United States are some of the most complicated, least understood, and most disliked of all federal policies. This paper uses New Immigrant Survey (2003) data to examine how proposed changes to U.S. immigration policy might alter the composition of legal permanent residents (LPRs) admitted. Specifically, we consider the 2007 federal proposal that would have placed greater emphasis on employment and skills by instituting a merit-based point system while eliminating some types of family sponsorship. We also simulate point scores for the 2003 LPR cohort according to the point systems used in Canada and Australia. We find that, despite significant variation in point allocations, the three systems would admit similar numbers and types of immigrants. In the 2007 U.S. proposal, work experience in the United States is extremely important for earning high point scores. Thus, the proposal would place even more stress on temporary visa programs.
kappa-Opioid receptor signaling and brain reward function

The dynorphin-like peptides have profound effects on the state of the brain reward system and human and animal behavior. The dynorphin-like peptides affect locomotor activity, food intake, sexual behavior, anxiety-like behavior, and drug intake. Stimulation of kappa-opioid receptors, the endogenous receptor for the dynorphin-like peptides, inhibits dopamine release in the striatum (nucleus accumbens and caudate putamen) and induces a negative mood state in humans and animals. The administration of drugs of abuse increases the release of dopamine in the striatum and mediates the concomitant release of dynorphin-like peptides in this brain region. The reviewed studies suggest that chronic drug intake leads to an upregulation of the brain dynorphin system in the striatum and in particular in the dorsal part of the striatum/caudate putamen. This might inhibit drug-induced dopamine release and provide protection against the neurotoxic effects of high dopamine levels. After the discontinuation of chronic drug intake these neuroadaptations remain unopposed which has been suggested to contribute to the negative emotional state associated with drug withdrawal and increased drug intake. kappa-Opioid receptor agonists have also been shown to inhibit calcium channels. Calcium channel inhibitors have antidepressant-like effects and inhibit the release of norepinephrine. This might explain that in some studies kappa-opioid receptor agonists attenuate nicotine and opioid withdrawal symptomatology. A better understanding of the role of dynorphins in the regulation of brain reward function might contribute to the development of novel treatments for mood disorders and other disorders that stem from a dysregulation of the brain reward system.
The Importance of Contract Design

This article examines the contract design decisions of three federal agencies—the Departments of Health and Human Services, Defense, and Homeland Security—using five years of data from the Federal Procurement Data System. Three basic contract design elements are charted—type (fixed price versus cost reimbursement), length, and value—across simple to complex products. All three agencies use short-term, fixed-price contracts for the majority of the purchases that they make. This basic contract design allows agencies to tap the benefits of competition: innovation and cost-efficiency. However, the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security often dramatically increase the length and value of contracts through modifications to initial agreements. This approach forgoes the benefits of competition and may expose the agency to the risk of cost overruns, delivery delays, and diminished product quality.
An inverse kinematic solution for kinematically redundant robot manipulators

An inverse kinematic analysis addresses the problem of computing the sequence of joint motion from the Cartesian motion of an interested member, most often the end effector. Although the rates and accelerations are related linearly through the Jacobian, the positions go through a highly nonlinear transformation from one space to another. Hence, the closed-form solution has been obtained only for rather simple manipulator configurations where joints intersect or where consecutive axes are parallel or perpendicular. For the case of redundant manipulators, the number of joint variables generally exceeds that of the constraints, so that in this case the problem is further complicated due to an infinite number of solutions. Previous approaches have been directed to minimize a criterion function, taking into account additional constraints, which often implies a time-consuming optimization process. In this article, a different approach is taken to these problems. A Newton-Raphson numerical procedure has been developed based on a composite Jacobian which now includes rows for all members under constraint. This procedure may be applied to solve the inverse kinematic problem for a manipulator of any mechanical configuration without having to derive beforehand a closed-form solution. The technique is applicable to redundant manipulators since additional constraints on other members as well as on the end effector may be imposed. Finally, this approach has been applied to a seven degree-of-freedom manipulator, and its ability to avoid obstacles is demonstrated.
Rhythms in Deep-Sea Sediments from Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean: ABSTRACT

Rhythmic patterns observed in unconsolidated marine deposits in cores, collected from the western abyssal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and from the Beta Straits in the Caribbean, are based on sedimentary structures rather than on lithology. From the present knowledge of contourites, nepheolites, pelagites, and turbidites, it is believed that the silty clay intercalations from the Gulf cores, as well as the sandy intercalations from the Caribbean cores, can be interpreted best as incomplete turbidite sequences. This interpretation is based primarily on the incomplete sedimentary facies model as developed for ancient turbidites. The thin clay seams commonly found in recent deposits, as well as some other features not known in ancient turbidites, normally become invisibly thin from the effect of consolidation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 605------------
Growth of Hybrid Sunfishes and Channel Catfish at Low Temperatures

Abstract The growth of hybrid sunfish (male bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus x female green sunfish, L. cyanellus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) below 15 C was determined in ponds on natural food and in cages on artificial feed. In all cases, the hybrids gained weight, while the channel catfish lost weight.
Starch and sugar tastes in rodents: An update

Rats are strongly attracted to the sweet taste of sugar. Recent behavioral studies demonstrate that rats also have a well-developed taste for starch-derived polysaccharides (e.g., Polycose). In fact, rats prefer Polycose to sucrose and other sugars at low concentrations. Polycose appetite develops at a very young age (9 days) and, thus, appears to be innate. The results of conditioned taste aversion tests suggest that rats taste Polycose as qualitatively different from sucrose. Recent electrophysiological findings support the idea that rodents have separate taste channels for polysaccharides and sugars. In particular, copper chloride suppresses the chorda tympani nerve response to sucrose and other sugars but has minimal effect on the neural response to Polycose. Also, Polycose evokes a profile of neural activity in the nucleus tractus solitarius that differs substantially from that produced by sucrose. Preliminary results indicate that polysaccharide and sugar tastes also differ in their metabolic consequences, i.e., unlike sugars, Polycose does not elicit a cephalic phase insulin response. The presumed function of polysaccharide taste is to facilitate the identification of starch-rich foods. Recent findings demonstrate that rats can readily detect starch even at low concentrations, but whether polysaccharide taste receptors or other orosensory receptors mediate this response remains to be clarified.
Next steps in e-government crowdsourcing

In the US, the Federal Administration's Open Government Initiative has spurred use of crowdsourcing tools for several types of citizen participation. Likewise, US states and municipalities have implemented several forums. A survey of crowdsourcing initiatives as well as a discussion of important characteristics and features are provided in this paper. Most critical to crowdsourcing success is the feeling by participants that their efforts were considered and that results came from the initiative. This requires moderators who are knowledge workers adept at working in a social network environment, flexible crowdsourcing tools that make linking and feedback easy to provide, as well as a change in processes used to develop governmental services.
Sum rules for the normal mode frequencies of an ionic lattice coupled to free carriers in a magnetic field

Abstract A classical dielectric function appropriate to an ionic lattice containing carriers in a magnetic field is used to determine sum rules for the roots of the magneto-optical dielectric function. These sum rules are an extension of the Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relation and are useful in interpreting magneto-optic experiments.
A novel method of inducing muscle cramps using repetitive magnetic stimulation.

The lack of a practical model has hampered attempts to study the pathophysiology of muscle cramps. We investigated the feasibility, efficacy, and reproducibility of repetitive magnetic stimulation in producing experimental cramps. In 14 healthy subjects, the tibial nerve at the ankle was stimulated with a magnetic stimulator at rates beginning at 4 Hz to a maximum of 20 Hz. The frequency was gradually increased until a cramp was produced. Ten of 14 subjects demonstrated a muscle cramp. All subjects rated the discomfort of the procedure to be mild or moderate. Repeat testing yielded values that were highly reproducible. This technique holds promise for clinical studies and therapeutic trials.
On application of heat pipes for passive shutdown heat removal in advanced liquid metal and gas-cooled reactor designs

Abstract This paper proposes and evaluates three design options of a heat sink that can be employed for the condenser section of the heat pipes used for passive shutdown heat removal in the advanced liquid metal and gas-cooled reactor designs with conventional containment structure. The paper also presents a discussion on certain features of a heat pipe particularly suitable for such an application. The three possible heat sinks for the heat pipes are: (1) the atmosphere; (2) passive water cooling pond; and (3) the earth. Based on a comparative study, it was concluded that a water pond is the most favorable option.
Health and safety management systems through a multilevel and strategic management perspective: Theoretical and empirical considerations

Multilevel and strategic management theory and research methods are presented and applied to current issues in occupational health and safety (H&S), the primary goal being to better understand health and safety management systems (HSMS) from a theoretical and empirical perspective. Through these perspectives, a strategic HSMS may be understood as a construct that exists objectively at the strategic level of the organization—its objective content often distinct from the implemented practices and procedures within a workgroup and from worker perceptions and interpretations of its content. These nuances highlight the types of biases that can arise when choosing a level of measurement to assess the HSMS and techniques that can be used to minimize measurement error and increase the validity of inferences made. These nuances also illuminate the contingencies important for the success of a strategic organizational HSMS. The contingencies are discussed from a theoretical perspective and presented in a conceptual HSMS model.
Caries prevalence in Head Start children, 1986-87.

Since the early 1970s, caries prevalence among school-aged children in the United States has declined. It appears that a small percentage of the children experience most of the caries increment. In addition, a large proportion of children in the US who need dental care receive it (4,5). An important factor in the amount of treatment received by children is the socioeconomic status of the family. Data on caries prevalence among preschool populations are limited. The Head Start program serves low-income families in the US and offers a unique opportunity to look at individuals who may be at greater risk of health problems and may experience less access to health services. A survey of 1,796 three- to five-year old Head Start children from low-income families was conducted in 1986–87. Caries prevalence, baby bottle tooth decay prevalence and relative need for dental care are reported for fluoridated and non fluoridated communities in California, Hawaii, and Micronesia. The data reveal scores that are higher in the sample population than in five-year-olds in national surveys and among Head Start children in previous surveys.
The MDS1–EVI1 Gene Complex as a Retrovirus Integration Site: Impact on Behavior of Hematopoietic Cells and Implications for Gene Therapy

Gene therapy trials have been performed with virus-based vectors that have the ability to integrate permanently into genomic DNA and thus allow prolonged expression of corrective genes after transduction of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Adverse events observed during the X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency gene therapy trial revealed a significant risk of genotoxicity related to retrovirus vector integration and activation of adjacent proto-oncogenes, with several cases of T-cell leukemia linked to vector activation of the LMO2 gene. In patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), rhesus macaques, and mice receiving hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells transduced with retrovirus vectors, a highly non-random pattern of vector integration has been reported. The most striking finding has been overrepresentation of integrations in one specific genomic locus, a complex containing the MDS1 and the EVI1 genes. Most evidence suggests that this overrepresentation is primarily due to a modification of primitive myeloid cell behavior by overexpression of EVI1 or MDS1–EVI1, as opposed to a specific predilection for integration at this site. Three different proteins can be produced from this complex locus: MDS1, MDS1–EVI1, and EVI1. This review will summarize current knowledge regarding this locus and its gene products, with specific focus on issues with relevance to gene therapy, leukemogenesis, and hematopoiesis. Insights into the mechanisms that result in altered hematopoiesis and leukemogenesis when this locus is dysregulated could improve the safety of gene therapy in the future.