cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eminent Domain Law as Climate Policy

In 2019, several state legislatures adopted aggressive clean energy laws and other states are poised to do the same. These policies require electric utilities to secure all of the electricity they sell to customers from carbon-free energy resources by a specified date and many also require the state to drastically reduce carbon emissions from the transportation sector, increase energy efficiency in buildings, and otherwise decarbonize their economies. In order to meet these mandates, states must transform the physical infrastructure used to create and transport energy. This will require building new power plants that run on carbon-free energy resources like wind, solar, hydropower, or nuclear energy; constructing the electric transmission lines and other infrastructure needed to deliver these energy resources to consumers; setting standards and mandates for new buildings, vehicles, and transportation infrastructure that will reduce carbon emissions; and providing direct funding, tax incentives, new permitting processes, and staff to support the public and private actors that will implement these changes. These needs are becoming well documented. What remains completely unexplored, however, is the potential for state property law reform — most notably eminent domain law — to limit the development of fossil fuels and promote the growth of alternative energy to support these new clean energy policies. This Article contends that states should consider eliminating existing eminent domain rights for fossil fuel projects and extending eminent domain rights for clean energy projects as part of their state climate policies. Moreover, each state’s approach to eminent domain reform may differ based on the current energy mix in the state as well as the potential for technological development. These policy conversations regarding the use of eminent domain for energy projects are critical to developing robust state clean energy laws. They also can provide a useful template for Congress if, in the future, it decides to enact federal climate policy.
Are poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (Kevlar®) and other liquid crystalline polymers conformationally rigid?

Abstract In a series of papers beginning in the 1950s, Flory, and later Flory and Ronca, and Yoon, Ronca, Bruckner et al. theoretically derived and described the Statistical Mechanics of rodlike particles and semi-flexible chain molecules. Their work was based on a Lattice-Model whose free-energy was separable into independent terms:a mixing term depending on concentration and an athermal disorientation term depending on the equilibrium flexibility of the chain molecules. They eventually added energetic interactions between the rodlike particles to the disorientation partition function, and also considered aromatic polyesters with mesogenic phenyl rings and attached ester bonds separated by inherently flexible polymethylene segments. To treat the thermotropic aromatic polyesters, Yoon, Ronca, Bruckner et al. added an independent conformational partition function to account for the loss of conformations required for extension of the polymethylene segments to form liquid crystals. Though these treatments achieved various degrees of agreement with experimental observations of liquid crystalline polymers, in all cases the mesogenic backbone segments were assumed to be rigid with extended conformations. Their inherent flexibilities were never considered. Here we demonstrate that the mesogenic backbone segments may in fact not be inherently rigid, but instead conformationally flexible. As an example, we show that Kevlar® [poly-1,4-phenylene (terephthalamide)] remains extended enough and sufficiently anisotropic to be liquid crystalline even though its 1,4-linked backbone phenyl rings are conformationally flexible.
Learning Drug-Disease-Target Embedding (DDTE) from knowledge graphs to inform drug repurposing hypotheses

We aimed to develop and validate a new graph embedding algorithm for embedding drug-disease-target networks to generate novel drug repurposing hypotheses. Our model denotes drugs, diseases and targets as subjects, predicates and objects, respectively. Each entity is represented by a multidimensional vector and the predicate is regarded as a translation vector from a subject to an object vectors. These vectors are optimized so that when a subject-predicate-object triple represents a known drug-disease-target relationship, the summed vector between the subject and the predicate is to be close to that of the object; otherwise, the summed vector is distant from the object. The DTINet dataset was utilized to test this algorithm and discover unknown links between drugs and diseases. In cross-validation experiments, this new algorithm outperformed the original DTINet model. The MRR (Mean Reciprocal Rank) values of our models were around 0.80 while those of the original model were about 0.70. In addition, we have identified and verified several pairs of new therapeutic relations as well as adverse effect relations that were not recorded in the original DTINet dataset. This approach showed excellent performance, and the predicted drug-disease and drug-side-effect relationships were found to be consistent with literature reports. This novel method can be used to analyze diverse types of emerging biomedical and healthcare-related knowledge graphs (KG).
Primary and Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension: High Perioperative Mortality and Complications.

Abstract Background Although perioperative medical management during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has improved, there is limited literature characterizing outcomes of patients with pulmonary hypertension (HTN). This study examined mortality, medical complications, implant survivorship, and clinical outcomes in this medically complex cohort. Methods We identified 887 patients with pulmonary HTN who underwent 881 primary TKAs and 228 revision TKAs from 2000 to 2016 at a tertiary care center. Patients were followed up at regular intervals until death, revision surgery, or last clinical follow-up. Perioperative medical complications were individually reviewed. The risk of death was examined by calculating standardized mortality ratios and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Cumulative incidence analysis was used for reporting mortality, revision, and reoperation with death as a competing risk. Results The 90-day mortality was 0.7% and 4.8% for primary and revision TKAs, respectively. The risk of death was 2-fold higher compared to primary (hazard ratio 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.12-3.05) and revision (hazard ratio 2.16, 95% CI 1.78-2.62) TKA patients without pulmonary HTN. Rate of medical complications within 90 days from surgery was 6.5% and 14% in primary and revision TKAs. The 10-year cumulative incidence of any revision was 5% and 16% in primaries and revisions, respectively. Conclusion Patients with pulmonary HTN undergoing primary and revision TKAs had excess risk of death and experience a high rate of medical complications within 90 days of surgery. Counseling of risks, medical optimization, and referral to tertiary centers should be considered. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Detection of Expended Fatigue Life of AISI 4140 Steels from Magnetic Measurements

The objective of this study was to determine how magnetic properties such as coercivity, hysteresis loss and initial susceptibility of AISI 4140 steels depended on the expended fatigue life. If one or more of these magnetic properties was found to be sensitive to fatigue cycling, then it should be possible to devise a magnetic NDE technique based on these results, for monitoring of in-service components subjected to fatigue cycling.
The Influence of William M. Bass III on the Development of American Forensic Anthropology

Through his teaching, research and casework over the last 33 years, William M. Bass has become a central figure in the development of the American forensic anthropology. His influence can be measured through the quantity and activity of his students in the field, the number and breadth of his publications relating to the field, his growing casework, his activity and important role in the development of the Physical Anthropology section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and his continual willingness to lecture to interested groups. Like many of his contemporaries in physical anthropology. Bass gradually shifted his academic interests toward forensic anthropology throughout his career. This shift is reflected in all areas of his academic life. His contributions have raised professionalism and acceptance of forensic anthropology as an integrated aspect of both forensic science and anthropology. Bass's unique style and breadth of his contributions can be traced to his education (University of Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania) and his mentors (Coon, Krogman, Stewart, Eisley and Roberts).
Superclusters as Nondissipative Pancakes

The formation of aspherical superclusters (SC’s) is studied by 3-D N-body simulations that are confronted with the Local SC (LSC), and a simple model is developed. A nondissipative scenario, in which galaxies are formed from perturbations on smaller scales prior to the collapse of SC’s, is found to be successful. It explains the disk-halo structure of SC’s, their flattening and their low dispersions, which are nontransient because of the expansion along the long axes. The LSC has collapsed at z≤0.5. The large-scale velocity isotropy and the local 1-D infall indicate Ω 1.
Reaction systems: a model of computation inspired by biochemistry

Natural Computing (see, e.g., [5] or [6]) is concerned with human-designed computing inspired by nature as well as with computation taking place in nature. In other words, natural computing investigates models and computational techniques inspired by nature as well as it investigates, in terms of information processing, processes taking place in nature.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phosphorus(v) pesticides : Part I. Chemical shifts of protons as a means of identification of pesticides

Abstract Correlations of structural and proton chemical-hift data for 40 commercial phosphorus(V) pesticides are reported. Correlations of structure with the phosphorus coupling constants are discussed, and general trends are noted which aid in the use of NMR as a tool for identification and analysis of phosphorus(V) compounds.
Introduction to Articles on Black Women and Work

Black women are one of the hardest working groups in the country. However, hard work is not always properly rewarded. The existence of wage inequities based on race has been shown to exist (Darity The Journal of Human Resources XVII: 72–91 1982), and black women have not been exempt from its implications. In addition, African American women still experience higher unemployment levels than their white female counterparts. In papers examining black women in the nursing profession, their income and earnings volatility, and inequities in their employment, Richard McGregory, Bradley Hardy, and Linda Loubert provide an overview of where black women stand in the U.S. labor market with respect to work and earnings. While these pieces show that African American women have made significant inroads into the American labor market there is still further to go.
Silicon Pulse Sharpening Diodes — Switching Kilovolts in Tens of Picoseconds

Silicon pulse sharpening diodes were first described by Grekhov et al. [1] in the USSR. Grekhov’s work described generation of multi-kilovolt pulses with rise times in the order of 200 ps. We have been studying these diodes for applications requiring fast, high voltage, low jitter, electrically triggered pulses. The fastest rise times we have observed to date are approximately 70 ps for 1–2 KV pulses. Theoretical calculations using a numerical simulation of the operation of these devices indicates that rise times shorter than 30 ps should be achieved with optimally designed structures.
White Privilege and Clinical Social Work Practice: Reflections and Recommendations

This exploratory study examined how seasoned White social workers grappled with the presence and effects of White privilege on their clinical practice. Data were collected in focus groups; findings were surfaced through thematic analysis. Five themes emerged: the role of engaging in continuous self-awareness in clinical practice; the complexity of using intersectionality to inform our work; the necessity of addressing White privilege in clinical conversations; the importance of creating strategies for use of power; and the process of engaging in life-long growth. These workers demonstrated awareness of, and accountability for, White privilege. Implications for progressive social work practice are discussed.
A Computational Dynamic Model of Strategic Behavior in the US Retail Banking Market

This paper examines the dynamics of bank strategies and performance in retail deposit markets. I develop an infinite-horizon computational dynamic equilibrium duopoly model of value-maximizing banks. It is used to analyze several critical aspects of behavior in local banking markets such as price and non-price competition, strategic interactions between small and large banks, de novo bank growth, and consumer switching. The results suggest that growing banks offer higher deposit interest rates than established banks. Established banks are more likely to engage in non-price competition, which can impede the effectiveness of de novo bank strategies and growth. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alarm fatigue and its influence on staff performance

An alarm is a warning of an approaching situation which requires a response. The Emergency Care Research Institute considered alarm hazard as the number one health technology hazard for the years 2012 through 2014. In response, The Joint Commission set a standard for all hospitals in the United States to assess alarm fatigue in their monitoring process and to develop a systematic, coordinated approach to clinical alarm system management. In order to comply with this requirement, a working definition of alarm fatigue is necessary. This observational study undertook the objective of defining alarm fatigue, measuring it and exploring its role in performance deterioration. A conceptual model was developed considering the significance of working conditions and staff individuality on alarm fatigue and, consequently, alarm fatigue on staff performance. The results show that in general, performance deterioration is actually influenced by a combination of alarm fatigue, working conditions and staff individuality. ...
Frostbite in a Mountain Climber Treated with Hyperbaric Oxygen: Case Report

ABSTRACT We describe a case of frostbite to all fingers of a mountain climber, treated with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). All fingers eventually healed to full function, with only some cosmetic deformity to the tip of the most severely affected finger. Because few cases of frostbite treated with HBO have been reported, we hope that such case reports will stimulate future research in this area. It is hoped that multiple anecdotal cases may help guide future research in this area. Sequential digital photographs were taken at various stages of healing during HBO treatments. We raise the possibility of photographic techniques and standards that may facilitate planning of therapy for frostbite with improved treatment comparisons, resulting in more consistency in the future. For example, a graphical software application is described that allows morphing of sequential images to demonstrate healing progress in a concise movie format. The morphing allows concise demonstration of healing to the referring provider and pa...
Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Activated by CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Induce the Generation of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are key effectors in host innate immunity and orchestrate adaptive immune responses. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) have potent immunostimulatory effects on PDCs through TLR9 recognition and signaling. Little is known about the effects of CpG ODN on human PDC-mediated T cell priming. Here we show that type B CpG ODN effectively promotes PDCs to prime allogeneic naive CD4+CD25− T cells to differentiate into CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells. The CD4+CD25+ T cells induced by CpG ODN-activated PDCs express forkhead transcription factor 3 and produce IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and IL-6, but low IL-2 and IL-4. These CD4+CD25+ T cells are hyporesponsive to secondary alloantigen stimulation and strongly inhibit proliferation of autologous or allogeneic naive CD4+ T cells in an Ag-nonspecific manner. CpG ODN-activated PDCs require direct contact with T cells to induce CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Interestingly, IL-10 and TGF-β were undetectable in the supernatants of CpG ODN-stimulated PDC cultures. Both CpG-A and CpG-C ODN-activated PDCs similarly induced the generation of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells with strong immune suppressive function. This study demonstrates that TLR9 stimulation can promote PDC-mediated generation of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells and suggests PDCs may play an important role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance.
Fast ignition for inertial fusion energy

Fast ignition inertial fusion energy is a relatively new concept in which targets are separately compressed and ignited. Compared to central hot spot ignition, this approach results in substantially higher target gains, and relaxed driver and target specifications. If the concept proves viable, these changes allow construction of a much more attractive power plant. The high gain lowers the cost of the compressor drivers; the relaxation of other specifications allows thick fluid jets for wall protection, a simpler target factory, and easier target injection.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for chlorobenzene in F-344 rats.

A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of chlorobenzene in rats was developed. Partition coefficients were experimentally determined in rat tissues and blood samples using an in vitro vial equilibration technique. These solubility ratios were in agreement with previous reports. The in vivo metabolism of chlorobenzene was evaluated using groups of three F344 male rats exposed to initial chlorobenzene concentrations ranging from 82 to 6750 ppm in a closed, recirculating gas uptake system. An optimal fit of the family of uptake curves was obtained by adjusting Michaelis–Menten metabolic constants, Km (affinity) and Vmax (capacity), using the PBPK model. At the highest chamber concentration, the uptake curve could not be modeled without the addition of a first-order (Kfo) metabolic pathway. Pretreatment with pyrazole, an inhibitor of oxidative microsomal metabolism, had no impact on the slope of the uptake curve. The completed...
Mapping Small-World Properties through Development in the Human Brain: Disruption in Schizophrenia

Evidence from imaging studies suggests that the human brain has a small-world network topology that might be disrupted in certain brain disorders. However, current methodology is based on global graph theory measures, such as clustering, C, characteristic path length, L, and small-worldness, S, that lack spatial specificity and are insufficient to identify regional brain abnormalities. Here we propose novel ultra-fast methodology for mapping local properties of brain network topology such as local C, L and S (lC, lL and lS) in the human brain at 3-mm isotropic resolution from ‘resting-state’ magnetic resonance imaging data. Test-retest datasets from 40 healthy children/adolescents were used to demonstrate the overall good reliability of the measures across sessions and computational parameters (intraclass correlation > 0.5 for lC and lL) and their low variability across subjects (< 29%). Whereas regions with high local functional connectivity density (lFCD; local degree) in posterior parietal and occipital cortices demonstrated high lC and short lL, subcortical regions (globus pallidus, thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala), cerebellum (lobes and vermis), cingulum and temporal cortex also had high, lS, demonstrating stronger small-world topology than other hubs. Children/adolescents had stronger lFCD, higher lC and longer lL in most cortical regions and thalamus than 74 healthy adults, consistent with pruning of functional connectivity during maturation. In contrast, lFCD, lC and lL were weaker in thalamus and midbrain, and lL was shorter in frontal cortical regions and cerebellum for 69 schizophrenia patients than for 74 healthy controls, suggesting exaggerated pruning of connectivity in schizophrenia. Follow up correlation analyses for seeds in thalamus and midbrain uncovered lower positive connectivity of these regions in thalamus, putamen, cerebellum and frontal cortex (cingulum, orbitofrontal, inferior frontal) and lower negative connectivity in auditory, visual, motor, premotor and somatosensory cortices for schizophrenia patients than for controls, consistent with prior findings of thalamic disconnection in schizophrenia.
A study of Fe-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu superconductors

We have substituted 1.5% of Fe for Cu in several “2212” and “2223” Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu superconductors. All of the samples show a reduction ofTc about 13 K due to the Fe impurities. Mossbauer measurements at room temperature reveal the structural characteristics such as stacking faults and intergrowth of different phases in these Bi-based compounds on the microscopic scale. The susceptibility ofTc to Fe-doping in the Bi-“2212” or “2223” system is comparable to that of the “123” system but much smaller than that of the “214” system. The interplanar correlation existing in the “123” and the Bi-“2212” and “2223” systems seems to play an important role in sustaining the high temperature superconductivity and weakening the detrimental effect of impurity elements on superconductivity in these two systems.
A randomized, double‐blind study comparing the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of two formulations of cyclosporin, Neoral and Sandimmun, in patients with severe psoriasis

This study compared the efficacy, safety and optimal dose of two formulations of cyclosporin, Sandimmun and Neoral, in patients with severe, chronic plaque-type psoriasis. Patients were randomized on a 1:1 basis to 24 weeks of treatment with Neoral (n = 152) or Sandimmun (n = 157). The starting dose of each formulation was 2.5 mg/kg per day. Dose increases to maintain efficacy were allowed after 4 weeks. In patients who achieved remission, the dose was down-titrated at 4-week intervals from week 16. The maximum permitted dose for each formulation was 5.0 mg/kg per day. Neoral produced a more rapid response than Sandimmun: remission rates were higher for Neoral during the first 8 weeks of treatment. The number of dose reductions for safety was similar in both treatment groups, but there were more dose increases to maintain efficacy in the Sandimmun group (198) than the Neoral group (146). The number of patients with dose reductions after week 16 was higher for Neoral (n = 83) than for Sandimmun (n = 73). The frequency and nature of adverse events were similar for both treatment groups. The mean dose required to control the disease was approximately 10% lower with Neoral and fewer dose changes were needed. The increased bioavailability and reduced pharmacokinetic variability of cyclosporin provided by the Neoral formulation may facilitate short-course, intermittent therapy.
Radiation-Pressure Cooling of Bound Resonant Absorbers

We report the first observation of radiation-pressure cooling on a system of resonant absorbers which are elastically bound to a laboratory fixed apparatus. Mg ii ions confined in a Penning electromagnetic trap are cooled to 40 K by irradiating them with the 8-\ensuremath{\mu}W output of a frequency doubled, single- mode dye laser tuned to the low- frequency side of the Doppler profile on the $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ (${M}_{J}=+\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{M}_{J}=+\frac{3}{2}$ or ${M}_{J}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{M}_{J}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}$) transitions. Cooling to approximately ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ K should be possible.
Consecutive Field Trials Using Two Different Intraosseous Devices

Objective. Establishing traditional intravenous (IV) access in adult trauma andmedical patients can be difficult. We evaluated provider performance for obtaining intraosseous access with two FDA-approved intraosseous devices (F.A.S.T. 1TM andEZ-IO®) in two sequential field trials. Methods. One hundred twenty-four providers consented to participate in the first field trial evaluating the use of the F.A.S.T. 1TM system. Three hundred eighty-nine providers consented to participate in the second field trial, evaluating the use of the EZ-IO. Following each insertion attempt, a telephone data collection process with a member of the research team was completed. Insertion success rate andmeasures of provider comfort andsatisfaction with each device were collected andanalyzed. Results. One hundred seventy-eight insertions (89 F.A.S.T. 1TM; 89 EZ-IO®) were completed between February 2000 andDecember 2005. Sixty-four of the 89 insertions of the F.A.S.T. 1TM were successful, and78 of the 89 insertions of the EZ-IO® w...
Failure of vitamin E in the treatment of ragweed pollinosis (hay fever)

Abstract 1.1. Synthetic vitamin E administered by mouth in a dosage of 250 mg. per day was of no value in the treatment of a small series of cases of ragweed pollinosis.
Regional migratory osteoporosis.

An additional case of regional migratory osteoporosis is described in a 54- year-old male who had involvement of his right and left knees and left foot one after the other, each lasting for 7 to 9 months. Additional features observed in this case and not described previously in the literature were associated transient proximal muscle wasting, acrocyanosis, hyperhydrosis and tremors of both hands. A detailed bone biopsy from osteoporotic site is reported.
Race and Gender Matter: A Multidimensional Approach to Conceptualizing and Measuring Stress in African American Women

Based on prior research and theory, the authors constructed a multidimensional model of stress in African American women comprised of race-related, gender-related, and generic stress. Exposure to and appraisal of these three types of stress were combined into a higher-order global stress factor. Using structural equation modeling, the fit of this stress factor and its ability to predict distress symptoms were examined in 189 socioeconomically diverse African American women aged 21 to 78. Results support the multidimensional conceptualization and operationalization of stress. Race-related, gender-related, and generic stress contributed equally to the global stress factor, and global stress predicted a significant amount of variance in distress symptoms and intensity. This model exhibited better fit than a model without a global stress factor, in which each stress component predicted distress directly. Furthermore, race-related, gender-related, and generic stress did not contribute to distress beyond their representation in the global stress factor. These findings illustrate that stress related to central elements of identity, namely race and gender, cohere with generic stress to define the stress experience of African American women.
Lung function is unchanged in the 1 G environment following 6-months exposure to microgravity

Many organ systems adapt in response to the removal of gravity, such as that occurring during spaceflight. Such adaptation occurs over varying time periods depending on the organ system being considered, but the effect is that upon a return to the normal 1 G environment, the organ system is ill-adapted to that environment. As a consequence, either countermeasures to the adaptive process in flight, or rehabilitation upon return to 1 G is required. To determine whether the lung changed in response to a long period without gravity, we studied numerous aspects of lung function on ten subjects (one female) before and after they were exposed to 4–6 months of microgravity (μG, weightlessness) in the normobaric normoxic environment of the International Space Station. With the exception of small (and likely physiologically inconsequential) changes in expiratory reserve volume, one index of peripheral gas mixing in the periphery of the lung, and a possible slight reduction in DLCO in the early postflight period despite an unchanged cardiac output, lung function was unaltered by 4–6 months in μG. These results suggest that unlike many other organ systems in the human body, lung function returns to normal after long term exposure to the removal of gravity. We conclude that that in a normoxic, normobaric environment, lung function is not a concern following long-duration future spaceflight exploration missions of up to 6 months.
Prosthetic management of edentulous mandibulectomy patients. Part I. Anatomic, physiologic, and psychologic considerations

Abstract Part I of this series of articles dealing with the prosthetic treatment of mandibulectomy patients presents some general physiologic considerations pertinent to mandibulectomy patients discussed in terms of functional adaptability to surgical insult. Deglutition, speech, mandibular movement and mastication, saliva control, respiration, and psychosocial factors are characterized. A classification of mandibulectomy patients is suggested, and the anatomic and physiologic oral conditions of the patients in each group are described. Part II will present a step-by-step discussion of clinical procedures specifically designed for the anatomic and physiologic alterations of these patients. Part III will present an evaluation of these suggested procedures by means of a clinical research study of 30 mandibulectomy patients.
Efficiency of hydrogen production systems using alternative nuclear energy technologies

Abstract Nuclear energy can be used as the primary energy source in centralized hydrogen production through high-temperature thermochemical processes, water electrolysis, or high-temperature steam electrolysis. Energy efficiency is important in providing hydrogen economically and in a climate friendly manner. High operating temperatures are needed for more efficient thermochemical and electrochemical hydrogen production using nuclear energy. Therefore, high-temperature reactors, such as the gas-cooled, molten-salt-cooled and liquid-metal-cooled reactor technologies, are the candidates for use in hydrogen production. Several candidate technologies that span the range from well developed to conceptual are compared in our analysis. Among these alternatives, high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) coupled to an advanced gas reactor cooled by supercritical CO2 (S-CO2) and equipped with a supercritical CO2 power conversion cycle has the potential to provide higher energy efficiency at a lower temperature range than the other alternatives.
Linkage of a composite inhibitory phenotype to a chromosome 22q locus in eight Utah families.

Eight Utah multigenerational families, each with three to six cases of schizophrenia, were phenotyped with two specific measures of inhibitory neurophysiological functioning, P50 auditory sensory gating (P50), and antisaccade ocular motor performance (AS). A genomewide linkage analysis was performed to screen for loci underlying a qualitative phenotype combining the P50 and AS measures. For this composite inhibitory phenotype, the strongest evidence for linkage was to the D22s315 marker on chromosome 22q (lod score=3.55, theta=0) under an autosomal dominant model. Simulation analyses indicate that this 3.55 lod score is unlikely to represent a false positive result. Lod scores were 2.0 or greater for markers flanking D22s315. A nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis of the chromosome 22 data showed evidence for allele sharing over the broad region surrounding D22s315 with a maximum NPL score of 3.83 (p = .002) for all pedigrees combined. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:544–550, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cellular Membrane Tether Retraction: Experiment and Model

During leukocyte rolling on the endothelium, membrane tethers can be extracted simultaneously from both leukocytes and endothelial cells because of the force imposed by the blood flow [1]. Tether extraction has been shown to stabilize leukocyte rolling by increasing the lifetime of the adhesive selectin-ligand bonds that mediate leukocyte rolling [2]. Over the past two decades, tether extraction has been studied extensively, both experimentally and theoretically. In contrast, much less is known about tether retraction.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in macrophage lipid homeostasis

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a fatty acid receptor, has received particular attention as the molecular target of insulin-sensitizing drugs, and as a regulator of lipid accumulation by the coronary artery macrophages known as foam cells. Controversial results have been reported regarding the consequences of PPARγ activation in the inflammatory response, the progression or improvement of the atherosclerotic lesion, and the identity of target tissues (muscle or fat) for PPARγ-specific antidiabetic drugs. A clear understanding of how PPARγ functions in each of these processes is therefore necessary to advance its utility as a therapeutic target. Receptor-dependent and -independent actions of PPARγ agonists have been carefully examined with a combination of Pparg -knockout mice, PPARγ-null embryonic stem cells, PPARγ-specific drugs, and mouse models of atherosclerosis. Through those combined studies, a physiological and therapeutic role for PPARγ in lipid management by the macrophage has emerged.
An electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of the passive state on Alloy-22

Abstract The application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for interrogating the passive states on metals and alloys is outlined, with particular reference to Alloy-22 (nominally 22Cr 13Mo 3.6Fe 2.8W 1.0Co 0.1V balNi, w/o) in saturated NaCl (6.2 M) + 0.001 M HCl brine (pH 3) at 80 °C. The passive film is found to be an n-type semi conductor due to the predominance of oxygen vacancies and/or metal interstitials in the barrier layer. At higher potentials, starting just prior to the transition into the transpassive state, the barrier layer becomes p-type in character, due to the oxidative ejection of cations leading to the generation of an excess of cation vacancies. The steady-state barrier layer thickness and passive current as a function of voltage, as derived from the point defect model (PDM), are found to be consistent with the electronic character in both the passive and transpassive states. EIS data for the passive state are interpreted in terms of the PDM by optimizing the model on the data using commercial optimization program. Importantly, the impedance data across the entire passive range can be accounted for by a single set of parameters (standard rate constants, transfer coefficients, etc.). Finally, in a sensitivity analysis, the impedance of the passive state is calculated as a function of the standard rate constants for the defect generation and annihilation reactions at the interfaces and it is found that the rate of barrier layer dissolution has a major impact on the interphasial impedance and hence corrosion resistance.
Regulation of in vitro cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation. II. Demonstration of noncytotoxic alloantigen‐specific suppressor T lymphocytes

Both allospecific suppressor T lymphocytes (TsS) and nonspecific suppressor T lymphocytes (TsN) are activated in alloantigen-stimulated mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). TsS and TsN can suppress cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction upon transfer to fresh (second) MLC stimulated by the same alloantigens as in the first MLC (TsS or TsN) or by third-party alloantigens (TsN only). Evidence that TsS and TsN functions are performed by different T cell sets has been restricted to radioresistance of the former but not the latter. Separation of TsS from CTL has proven even more difficult. Methods are reported here which have allowed in vitro induction and functional separation of TsS from CTL and TsN in a totally allogeneic system. TsS are resistant to combined exposure to pyrilamine, a histamine1 antagonist and local anesthetic, during suppressor cell induction, and to X or gamma irradiation thereafter, while CTL precursors (CTL-P) and TsN are more sensitive to such treatments. This allowed us to use these treatments to generate TsS that are not contaminated with functional CTL, CTL-P or TsN. These data show that TsS regulate CTL induction by interacting with responding cell populations, rather than by cytotoxic depletion of stimulator cells.
Selfish Users and Fair Sharing of Bandwidth in Distributed Medium Access

Fair sharing of bandwidth in distributed systems is considered. The inherently contention-based medium access in distributed systems is modelled as a non-cooperative game: â€œAccess Gameâ€ . It is shown that the Nash Equilibrium (NE) for incomplete information games is usually inefficient compared to the NE of complete information games. Consequently, simple mechanisms to approximate an incomplete information scenario as a complete information scenario are proposed. For complete information games, it is shown that the NE usually does not result in fairness. Therefore, we compute the Constrained Nash Equilibrium (CNE) of the â€œAccess Gameâ€ with the fairness criteria as the constraints. It is shown that the CNE is unique.
Effectiveness of Lidocaine Lubricant for Discomfort during Pediatric Urethral Catheterization

ABSTRACTPurpose: Many children with urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux require catheterization. Catheterization can be a painful experience, and a desire to avoid this experience ma...
Calcium-sensitive interaction between calmodulin and modified forms of rat brain neurogranin/RC3.

Neurogranin (NG) binding of calmodulin (CaM) at its IQ domain is sensitive to Ca2+ concentration and to modifications by protein kinase C (PKC) and oxidants. The PKC phosphorylation site of NG is within the IQ domain whereas the four oxidant-sensitive Cys residues are outside this region. These Cys residues were oxidized forming two pairs of intramolecular disulfides, and could also be glutathiolated by S-nitrosoglutathione resulting in the incorporation of four glutathiones per NG. Circular dichroism (CD) showed that modification of NG by phosphorylation, oxidation forming intramolecular disulfides, or glutathiolation did not affect the α-helical content of this protein. Mutation of the four Cys residues [Cys(−)-NG] to Gly and Ser did not affect the α-helical content either. Interaction of CaM with the reduced (red)-, glutathiolated (GS)-, or Cys(−)-NG in the Ca2+-free solution resulted in an increase in the α-helicity determined by their CD spectra, but relatively little change was seen with the oxidize...
Subcritical crack growth in partially stabilized ZrO2(MgO)

The room temperature slow crack growth resistance in air (≈ 50% relative humidity) and in water for large cracks in MgO-partially stabilized zircoba (PSZ) improves with increase in critical fracture toughness,Klc. Ageing the as-fired PSZ at 1400° C for 8 h results in decreasing Klc from 8.5 MPa m1/2 to 6 M Pa M1/2. The ageing treatment also promotes the growth of eutectoid decomposition products on grain boundaries that is accompanied by a decrease in the dependence (A the change in Region I crack velocity with a change in the applied stress intensity. Calculated times to failures are markedly decreased in the aged as compared to the as-fired PSZ ceramic.
An object-oriented approach to parameterized software in Ada

A parameterized software system is one that can be configured by selecting generalized models and providing specific parameter values to fit those models into a general design [Stark 1990]. This is in contrast to the top-down development approach where a system is designed first, and software is reused only when it fits into the design. The concept of parameterized software is particularly useful in a development environment such as the Goddard Space Flight Center Flight Dynamics Division (FDD), where successive systems have similar characteristics.
THE PREPARATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF PENICILLENIC ACID DERIVATIVES RELEVANT TO PENICILLIN HYPERSENSITIVITY

A number of penicillenate and penicilloyl derivatives potentially useful in the study of penicillin hypersensitivity have been prepared and some of their properties described.
Gene Silencing and Antigenic Variation in Malaria Parasites

Malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases in the world today, infecting 300 to 500 million people yearly and resulting in 1 to 2 million deaths, primarily of young African children[1]. The most severe form of this disease is caused by infection with the mosquito borne protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This parasite lives by invading and multiplying within the red blood cells of its host, causing disease through anemia resulting from red cell destruction, and also through modifications made to the surface of infected red cells. These modifications make infected cells cytoadherent or “sticky”, allowing them to adhere to the walls of blood vessels, leading to obstruction of blood flow and such clinical manifestations as the often fatal syndrome of cerebral malaria[2]. In addition, parasites are capable of undergoing antigenic variation, a process of continually changing the identity of proteins on the surface of infected cells and thus avoiding the immune response mounted by the host[3]. This process promotes a long term, persistent infection that is difficult to clear.
Carbonate nodule growth on Florida's outer shelf and its implications for fossil interpretations

The use of carbonate nodules as paleoenvironmental indicators is generally based on examples of modern nodule growth. Although nodules are found in both shallowand deep-water environments, research on their composition, formation, and depositional setting has been limited almost exclusively to shallow depths. The lack of deep-water studies results primarily from the logistical difficulties associated with research below 20-30 m. Consequently, interpretation offossil deposits containing carbonate nodules may be biased by our lack of knowledge regarding nodule formation in relatively deep-water habitats. Recent observations of carbonate nodule growth on Florida's outer shelf reveal the processes by which carbonate nodules may form in a relatively deep (35-65 m), quiet-water setting. Observations in situ and examinations of internal nodule structure indicate that encrusting organisms-primarily the foraminifera, Gypsina vesicularis, and various coralline algae genera-grow on a nodule's upper as well as lower surfaces. Nodule formation may therefore be facilitated by slight repositioning rather than complete overturning. On Florida's outer shelf, repositioning of nodules occurs (1) frequently as a result of intense biologic activity at the sea floor, and (2) infrequently as a consequence of physical transport during hurricane-strength storms or periodic surge events. These findings suggest that in addition to the traditional association with shallow-water habitats and physical turbulence, fossil carbonate nodules may be indicative of a relatively deep, quiet-water setting characterized by persistent bioturbation and occasional near-bottom flow.
Characterization of an improved donor fluorescent protein for Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy

The genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FP), used in combination with Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy, provide the tools necessary for the direct visualization of protein interactions inside living cells. Typically, the Cerulean and Venus variants of the cyan and yellow FPs are used for FRET studies, but there are limitations to their use. Here, Cerulean and the newly developed monomeric Teal FP (mTFP) are compared as FRET donors for Venus using spectral and fluorescence lifetime measurements from living cells. The results demonstrate that when compared to Cerulean, mTFP has increased brightness, optimal excitation using the standard 458-nm laser line, increased photostability, and improved spectral overlap with Venus. In addition, the two-photon excitation and fluorescence lifetime characteristics are determined for mTFP. Together, these measurements indicate that mTFP is an excellent donor fluorophore for FRET studies, and that its use may improve the detection of interactions involving proteins that are difficult to express, or that need to be produced at low levels in cells.
Wheel-running activity during ad lib and food-deprivation conditions in four inbred mouse strains

The wheel-running hierarchy of four inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, BALB/cJ, and CBA/J) under ad lib food condition was compared to the exploratory activity hierarchy of the same strains. Although there was a difference in the hierarchies, this difference could be accounted for by the shift in position of the C57BL/6J strain from most active in the exploratory situation to third most active in the wheel-running situation. Under a 50% ad lib food-deprivation regimen, two effects were found. First, CBA/J mice differed from the other strains by decreasing wheel-running rate during the deprivation period, whereas the other strains showed an increase; and second, BALB/cJ and C3H/HeJ mice died early in the deprivation period. This early death rate may be the result of a more rapid weight loss when compared to C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice.
Auxin action in a cell-free system.

Abstract The plant hormone auxin regulates diverse aspects of plant growth and development [1]. Despite its importance, the mechanisms of auxin action remain poorly understood. In particular, the identities of the auxin receptor and other signaling proteins are unknown. Recent studies have shown that auxin acts by promoting the degradation of a family of transcriptional regulators called the Aux/IAA proteins [2–4]. These proteins interact with another large family of plant-specific transcription factors called Auxin Response Factors (ARF) and negatively regulate their activity [5]. Auxin stimulates Aux/IAA degradation by promoting the interaction between a ubiquitin protein ligase (E3) called SCF TIR1 and the Aux/IAA protein [2]. In this report, we demonstrate that auxin promotes the interaction between the Aux/IAA proteins and SCF TIR1 in a soluble extract free of membranes, indicating that this auxin response is mediated by a soluble receptor. In addition, we show that the response is not dependent on protein phosphorylation or dephosphorylation but rather is prevented by an inhibitor of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases.