cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores and hydrothermal fluids

Abstract Massive polymetallic sulfides are currently being deposited around active submarine hydrothermal vents associated with spreading centers. Chemoautolithotrophic bacteria are responsible for the high production of organic matter also associated with modern submarine hydrothermal activity. Thus, there is a significant potential for organic matter/metal interactions in these systems. We have studied modern and ancient hydrothermal metal ores and modern hydrothermal fluids in order to establish the amounts and origin of the organic matter associated with the metal ores. Twenty-six samples from modern and ancient hydrothermal systems were surveyed for their total organic C contents. Organic C values ranged from 0.01% to nearly 4.0% in these samples. Metal ores from modern and ancient sediment-covered hydrothermal systems had higher organic C values than those from modern and ancient hydrothermal systems lacking appreciable sedimentary cover. One massive pyrite sample from the Galapagos spreading center (3% organic C) had stable isotope values of −27.4% (δ13C) and 2.1% (δ15N), similar to those in benthic siphonophors from active vents and distinct from seep sea sedimentary organic matter. This result coupled with other analyses (e.g. 13C NMR, pyrolysis/GC, SEM) of this and other samples suggests that much of the organic matter may originate from chemoautolithotrophic bacteria at the vents. However, the organic matter in hydrothermal metal ores from sediment covered vents probably arises from complex sedimentary organic matter by hydrothermal pyrolysis. The dissolved organic C concentrations of hydrothermal fluids from one site (Juan de Fuca Ridge) were found to be the same as that of background seawater. This result may indicate that dissolved organic C is effectively scavenged from hydrothermal fluids by biological activity or by co-precipitation with metal ores.
Glycemic control and cardiopulmonary function in patients with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus

Abstract BACKGROUND: We studied cardiopulmonary function during exercise in young subjects with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) who have no clinical cardiopulmonary disease to determine the relationships of aerobic capacity, gas exchange, ventilatory power requirement, and cardiac output to chronic glycemic control. METHODS: Eighteen subjects with IDDM and 14 normal control subjects were studied. Nine diabetic subjects received twice daily insulin injections and had chronically elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (hyperglycemic group); 9 other diabetic subjects received insulin via continuous infusion pumps and maintained chronic near-normal levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (normoglycemic group). At the end of at least 7 years of regular follow-up, aerobic capacity was determined by cycle ergometry. Lung volume, diffusing capacity, and cardiac output during exercise were measured by a rebreathing technique. Ventilatory power was measured by the esophageal balloon technique. RESULTS: Maximal work load and oxygen uptake were markedly impaired in chronically hyperglycemic diabetic patients associated with significant restrictions of lung volume, lung diffusing capacity, and stroke index during exercise. Membrane diffusing capacity was significantly reduced at a given cardiac index. The normoglycemic patients consistently showed less impairment than the hyperglycemic patients. CONCLUSION: Physiologically significant cardiopulmonary dysfunction develops in asymptomatic patients with long-standing IDDM. Chronic maintenance of near-normoglycemia is associated with improved cardiopulmonary function.
Incentive payment and nonmanagerial productivity: An interrupted time series analysis of magnitude and trend

Abstract Using an interrupted time series design, this paper examined long-term changes in the magnitude and trend of productivity following the introduction of nonmanagerial incentive payment. Analyses of three 114-month data series from a unionized iron foundry revealed a strong asymptotic increase in productivity without corresponding increases in labor costs or employee grievances. These findings substantiated a power-curve trend in productivity, implying that wage incentives might stimulate employees to learn efficacious task behaviors, and suggesting that incentive payment's long-term productive efficacy might be greater than many of the short-term gains reported in prior research
Magneto-Gas Kinetic Method for Nonideal Magnetohydrodynamics Flows: Verification Protocol and Plasma Jet Simulations

In this work, the gas-kinetic method (GKM) is enhanced with resistive and Hall magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects. Known as MGKM (for MHD–GKM), this approach incorporates additional source terms to the momentum and energy conservation equations and solves the magnetic field induction equation. We establish a verification protocol involving numerical solutions to the one-dimensional (1D) shock tube problem and two-dimensional (2D) channel flows. The contributions of ideal, resistive, and Hall effects are examined in isolation and in combination against available analytical and computational results. We also simulate the evolution of a laminar MHD jet subject to an externally applied magnetic field. This configuration is of much importance in the field of plasma propulsion. Results support previous theoretical predictions of jet stretching due to magnetic field influence and azimuthal rotation due to the Hall effect. In summary, MGKM is established as a promising tool for investigating complex plasma flow phenomena.
A framework for electric vehicle charging-point network optimization

Electric vehicles (EVs) are often suggested as an effective green energy technology to reduce gasoline consumption and emissions. When preparing for the widespread adoption of EVs, a critical problem is to plan an optimal charging-point network that could best serve the customers as well as save costs. In this paper, a demand-based optimization model of an EV charging-point network is constructed. In the first part of this paper, the main scenarios of using charging points are identified, and charging demand is summarized in terms of "in-travel charging demand" (e.g., roadside charging during a driving break) and "stay charging demand" (e.g., charging when parking for several hours). Then, the spatial distribution of charging demand is analyzed for each type. In the second part of this paper, a charging-point network-optimization model is developed to improve the convenience of charging EVs (i.e., to minimize the average distance for EV charging) as well as minimize total cost. The framework has been successfully applied to the EV charging-network planning project in a city of China, which demonstrated the applicability of this framework in real-world scenarios.
Dislocation configurations and the forbidden energy gap of WSe2

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy and resistivity measurements were performed on as-grown and annealed crystals of WSe 2 . It was confirmed that the dislocation structure of the crystals has a definite effect on the forbidden energy gap of the semiconductor. This gap was changed from 0.076 eV in the as-grown crystal to 0.14 eV after four hours of annealing at 700°C. It was also found that dislocation networks became finer and occlusions developed in the crystal during annealing.
Competence and the maintenance of behavior

The overjustification effect is manifested by decreased interest in an attractive activity following removal of a reward made contingent upon participation in the activity. Evidence is reviewed which suggests that rewards conveying information that the person who is performing the activity is competent cause the behavior to become insulated from the overjustification effect. This maintenance of behavior resulting from competence information is also shown to be a powerful factor in increasing the transfer and posttherapy persistence of behavior in both behavioral and traditional therapies.
Interface interactions relevant to packaging technology

Abstract Interfaces play increasingly important roles in modern electronic technologies, including devices, interconnects and packaging, which use materials in thin film form extensively. Interactions at different interfaces therefore have a significant impact on the reliability and performance of the parts fabricated, as well as on the choice of the processes and structures. Two types of interactions, chemical and mechanical, are described here for several systems, including metal/metal, metal/ semiconductor, metal/polymer and metal/superconducting oxide. The application of such an understanding to packaging technology is also discussed.
Cryptovirology: extortion-based security threats and countermeasures

Traditionally, cryptography and its applications are defensive in nature, and provide privacy, authentication, and security to users. In this paper we present the idea of ``Cryptovirology'' which employs a twist on cryptography, showing that it can also be used offensively. By being offensive we mean that it can be used to mount extortion based attacks that cause loss of access to information, loss of confidentiality, and information leakage, tasks which cryptography typically prevents. In this paper we analyze potential threats and attacks that rogue use of cryptography can cause when combined with rogue software (viruses, Trojan horses), and demonstrate them experimentally by presenting an implementation of a ``cryptovirus'' that we have tested (we took careful precautions in the process to insure that the virus remained contained). Public-key cryptography is essential to the attacks that we demonstrate (which we call "cryptovirological attacks''). We also suggest countermeasures and mechanisms to cope with and prevent such attacks. These attacks have implications on how the use of cryptographic tools should be managed and audited in general purpose computing environments, and imply that access to cryptographic tools should be well controlled. The experimental virus demonstrates how cryptographic packages can be condensed into a small space, which may have independent applications (e.g., cryptographic module design in small mobile devices).
Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation increases in response to ATP and neuropeptide Y co-stimulation of ERK2 phosphorylation

ATP and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are examples of agents co-secreted with catecholamines from neuronal and neuroendocrine cells which may regulate the function of the cells from which they are released. For example, ATP and NPY could influence chromaffin cell activity in an autocrine or paracrine manner. The primary recognized function of chromaffin cells is the synthesis and secretion of catecholamines; therefore, we hypothesize that ATP and NPY can regulate catecholamine synthesis in chromaffin cells. ATP increases phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis, at Ser31 with a potency similar to that for ERK1/2 phosphorylation, the kinase responsible for TH phosphorylation at this site. Moreover, NPY co-stimulation increases the potency of ATP for both ERK1/2 and TH phosphorylation, while having no effect on these parameters alone. ATP and NPY had no effect on TH phosphorylation at Ser40, the primary site responsible for acute activation of the enzyme. Correspondingly, ATP and NPY did not increase TH activity. Additionally, ATP or ATP and NPY had no effect on TH expression. TH phosphorylation at Ser31 may be responsible for stabilization of the enzyme or may increase the rate and extent of phosphorylation of Ser40. We propose that ATP and NPY may serve to enhance the stimulatory effects of other agents on TH activity.
Consuming digital technologies and making home

Abstract Recognizing digital technology's dislocating impact on home, this paper focuses on an underrepresented consumer, the female head-of-household. This interpretive research study of army men's wives elucidates three issues: the digital home's structure, technology's roles, and women's technology consumption. First, the study introduces the center–periphery model of home. Second, the results go beyond technology's tool role to building a support system . Finally, this study sheds light on the neglected area of women's play with digital technology.
Ethylene contributes to potato aphid susceptibility in a compatible tomato host.

Summary • Resistance to potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is conferred by Mi-1. Early during both compatible and incompatible interactions, potato aphid feeding induces the expression of ethylene (ET) biosynthetic genes. Here, we used genetic and pharmacologic approaches to investigate the role of ET signaling in basal defense and Mi-1-mediated resistance to potato aphid in tomato. • The effect of potato aphid infestation on ET biosynthesis in susceptible and resistant plants was assessed. Aphid bioassays were performed using plants impaired in ET biosynthesis or perception using virus-induced gene silencing, the Never ripe (Nr) mutant, and 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) treatment. • A burst of ET was observed after aphid feeding in both resistant and susceptible plants, correlated with an increase in the expression of ET biosynthetic genes. However, impairing ET signaling or biosynthesis did not compromise Mi-1-mediated resistance but it did decrease susceptibility to potato aphid in a compatible host. • ET may not play a significant role in Mi-1-mediated resistance to potato aphids in tomato but modulates the host basal defense, enhancing its susceptibility to the aphid.
Modification of the thermoelectric properties of CePd3 by the substitution of neodymium and thorium

Abstract The temperature dependence of transport properties, including thermopower, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity, were measured on a series of Nd substituted CePd 3 samples and Th substituted Nd x Ce 1− x Pd 3 samples ( x =0.6,0.7). The relatively large thermoelectric figure of merit ( ZT ) associated with the intermediate valence state of CePd 3 is reduced for all Nd x Ce 1− x Pd 3 samples and is primarily the result of reducing the thermopower at all temperatures. The ZT values of the Nd x Ce 1− x Pd 3 samples ( x =0.6,0.7) are increased, especially at low temperature ( K ), by replacing some of the Nd x Ce 1− x with the larger, tetravalent Th. However, the ZT values never exceed that of the pure CePd 3 . For all compounds, the Lorentz ratios ( L / L 0 ) are close to unity at room temperature and deviate to larger values as the temperature is lowered.
Modified jet noise source model for twin-jet shielding analysis

An analytical method to estimate the influence that a jet of heated flow has on the noise emission from a parallel jet is presented. The shielding jet is modelled as a cylinder of constant cross-section in which the flow speed and temperature are uniform throughout. The jet noise emission is modelled by a point source with directivity imposed. The directivity term consists of: a self-noise term, a shear-noise term, and a convection factor. The self- and shear-noise terms each contain a basic directivity factor multiplying a spectral shape function. The various components are evaluated based on comparison with isothermal jet radiation experimental data. The modified source term is incorporated into the jet shielding model and compared to heated twin jet shielding data. The estimated spectra agree well except further downstream of the nozzle where peak of the noise spectrum estimated by the model lies approximately one octave below the experimental peak. The noise reduction estimated by the model agrees favorably with experiment in the near downstream region. This discrepancy is explained in terms of the shielding mechanism which is dominant far downstream.
Clustering of Ras on Membrane Surfaces Independent of Lipid Anchor Effects

Ras is a lipid-anchored small molecule GTPase and an important signaling node in mammalian cells. The dynamics of subcellular localization are a crucial dimension of Ras signaling, observed as lateral partitioning and hierarchies of lipid and protein interactions. H-Ras clustering in reconstituted bilayer systems was studied using a combination of photon counting histogram (PCH) spectroscopy, time-resolved anisotropy, and single molecule (SM) tracking. Lipid anchor effects were specifically excluded by tethering the hypervariable region (HVR) of H-Ras directly to membrane-miscible lipid tails in these bilayers. Translational and rotational diffusion were characterized across a broad range of surface densities. PCH revealed the H-Ras degree of clustering, which was confirmed by SM tracking. Using these complementary spectroscopic techniques, we calculated the dissociation constants of H-Ras in its nucleotide-dependent active and inactive states. Strikingly, we identified a point mutation that alters H-Ras clustering. We will present insight into the lipid membrane's role in this Ras oligomerization interaction, and discuss the implications for the regulation of up- and downstream effectors.
X-ray fluorescence analysis at the naval research laboratory

Abstract : This essay outlines the significant work of one group at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) during 50 years of leadership in X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF). NRL has produced many of the developments that make XRF analysis the quantitative method that it is today, including the first XRF spectrometer with electronic detection, multichannel analysis of energy dispersive XRF detectors, and public domain software for quantitative analysis. The NRLXRF computer program incorporated fundamental parameters as well as the empirical coefficient methods and treatment of particle size effects into one cohesive and flexible package. The fruits of this research, including the NRLXRF computer code, were actively transferred to industry where they ripened into products which became important in mining, manufacturing, and metals recycling. This legacy continues with the development of technologies for environmental cleanup and for wear monitoring of high value machinery.
Reconstruction of the (310), (210) and (110) surfaces in fcc metals

Abstract We have investigated the 1 × 2 missing-row reconstruction for the (310), (210), and (110) surfaces of Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, and Al using embedded atom potentials. The embedded method (EAM) predicts that on the (310) and (110) surfaces, only Au and Pt reconstruct, but that all seven metals reconstruct on the (210) face. We also introduce a simple model, based on the second moment of the missing bond distribution, that predicts 1 × 2 and possibly higher-order reconstruction for all (210) surfaces and for (110) and (310) surfaces of metals with a large Cauchy pressure (C12–C44). On the (110) surfaces, the EAM and the simple model predictions agree with experiment, but not on the (210) surface in the one case studied.
Stability regions for maintaining efficiency in data envelopment analysis

Abstract This paper develops a procedure for performing a sensitivity analysis of the efficient decision making units (DMUs) within the Charnes et al. (CCR) [European Journal of Operational Research 2 (1978) 429–444] model of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The procedure yields an exact `input stability region' and `output stability region' within which the efficiency of a specific efficient DMU remains unchanged. Such stability regions are simply characterized by optimal solutions of modified CCR models which are easily computed. In contrast to existing sufficient conditions for the preservation of efficiency under changes in inputs or outputs, the paper provides both necessary and sufficient conditions for an efficient DMU to remain efficient. The procedure is illustrated by numerical examples. Somewhat surprisingly, for real world data sets, for most of the efficient DMUs, the amount of some individual input can be infinitely increased when keeping other inputs and all outputs constant. This indicates that these efficient DMUs are located at extreme positions.
Shannon and Renyi mutual information in quantum critical spin chains

The author studies the Shannon and Renyi mutual information in gapless spin chains. He shows the universal coefficient governing the Shannon mutual information is close to but not identical to the spin chain's central charge.
Multiple myeloma cells are protected against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis by insulin-like growth factors

Multiple myeloma cell lines express functional receptors for insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and several cell types that make up the bone marrow microenvironment produce these cytokines. This suggests that IGFs may play a role in survival and/or expansion of the malignant clone within the marrow in patients with multiple myeloma. We tested the effects of these growth factors on myeloma cells challenged with dexamethasone. Dye exclusion and MTT assays demonstrated that both IGF-I and IGF-II protected the 8226 and dox-40 myeloma cell lines and three primary myeloma cultures from dexamethasone-induced cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. Morphologic studies of target cells and their nuclei as well as DNA electrophoresis confirmed the IGFs afforded protection against dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. Insulin also protected but was less impressive and required much higher concentrations. IGFs also protected against cycloheximide-induced apoptosis but were ineffective against serum starvation, topoisomerase II inhibitors, or anti-fas antibodies. IGF-induced protection against dexamethasone was not associated with any alteration in quantitative or qualitative expression of BCL-2, BAX or BCL-X proteins. These data indicate that insulin-like growth factors may play a role in maintenance of the malignant clone in patients with myeloma by protecting tumour cells from apoptotic death.
Fracture Toughness of CF8 Castings at Four Kelvin

The first fracture toughness measurements for CF8 stainless steel castings in liquid helium at 4 K are reported. Single-phase (austenite) and duplex (austenite + δ-ferrite) castings were tested. On the basis of estimates from J-integral data, the plane-strain fracture toughness (Klc) of castings containing 3.2 to 14.5 pct δ-ferrite ranged from 84 to 179 MPa · ml/2 at 4 K. In contrast, a fully austenitic casting (0 pct δ-ferrite) exhibited a Klc, value of 331 MPa · ml/2, which is nearly equivalent to the toughness of a wrought AISI 304 stainless steel of a similar strength. Light and scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that the inferior toughness of castings containing δ-ferrite may be attributed to the brittleness of this body-centered-cubic phase at cryogenic temperatures and its distribution in the microstructure. The relative stability of the austenitic phase with respect to martensitic phase transformation may also play a significant role.
Quaternionic-valued Gravitation in 8 D , Grand Unification and Finsler Geometry

A unification model of 4D gravity and SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1) Yang-Mills theory is presented. It is obtained from a Kaluza-Klein compactification of 8D quaternionic gravity on an internal CP 2=SU(3)/U(2) symmetric space. We proceed to explore the nonlinear connection $A^{a}_{\mu}( \textbf{x}, \textbf{y} ) $ formalism used in Finsler geometry to show how ordinary gravity in D=4+2 dimensions has enough degrees of freedom to encode a 4D gravitational and SU(5) Yang-Mills theory. This occurs when the internal two-dim space is a sphere S 2. This is an appealing result because SU(5) is one of the candidate GUT groups. We conclude by discussing how the nonlinear connection formalism of Finsler geometry provides an infinite hierarchical extension of the Standard Model within a six dimensional gravitational theory due to the embedding of SU(3)×SU(2)×U(1)⊂SU(5)⊂SU(∞).
EFFECTS OF COLOR AND TRAIT ANXIETY ON STATE ANXIETY

A 2 (trait anxiety) X 4 (color) factorial design was used to determine the effects of red, green, yellow, and blue on state anxiety as a function of high and low trait anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess both traint (A-Trait) and state (A-State) anxiety for the 10 students assigned to each of the eight treatment combinations. High A-Trait students were significantly more anxious while viewing blue, red, and green than were the low A-Trait students and blue produced significantly more state anxiety than did either yellow or green. These results are consitent with state-trait theory and indicate that the effects of color on state anxiety may be confounded with trait anxiety unless the levels of A-Trait are equivalent for each color condition. The role of cultural and individual differences in the relationship between color and emotion and implications for research are discussed.
Development of a cyber-physical experimental platform for real-time dynamic model updating

Abstract Model updating procedures are traditionally performed off-line. With the significant recent advances in embedded systems and the related real-time computing capabilities, online or real-time, model updating can be performed to inform decision making and controller actions. The applications for real-time model updating are mainly in the areas of (i) condition diagnosis and prognosis of engineering systems; and (ii) control systems that benefit from accurate modeling of the system plant. Herein, the development of a cyber-physical real-time model updating experimental platform, including real-time computing environment, model updating algorithm, hardware architecture and testbed, is described. Results from two challenging experimental implementations are presented to illustrate the performance of this cyber-physical platform in achieving the goal of updating nonlinear systems in real-time. The experiments consider typical nonlinear engineering systems that exhibit hysteresis. Among the available algorithms capable of identification of such complex nonlinearities, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is selected for these experiments as an effective method to update nonlinear dynamic system models under realistic conditions. The implementation of the platform is discussed for successful completion of these experiments, including required timing constraints and overall evaluation of the system.
Terrorism, Acute Stress, and Cardiovascular Health: A 3-Year National Study Following the September 11th Attacks

Context The terrorist attacks of 9/11 (September 11, 2001) present an unusual opportunity to examine prospectively the physical health impact of extreme stress in a national sample. Objective To examine the degree to which acute stress reactions to the 9/11 terrorist attacks predict cardiovascular outcomes in a national probability sample over the subsequent 3 years. Design, Setting, and Participants A national probability sample of 2729 adults (78.1% participation rate), 95.0% of whom had completed a health survey before 9/11 (final health sample, 2592), completed a Web-based assessment of acute stress responses approximately 9 to 14 days after the terrorist attacks. Follow-up health surveys reassessed physician-diagnosed cardiovascular ailments 1 (n = 1923, 84.3% participation rate), 2 (n = 1576, 74.2% participation rate), and 3 (n = 1950, 78.9% participation rate) years following the attacks. Main Outcome Measures Reports of physician-diagnosed cardiovascular ailments over the 3 years following the attacks. Results Acute stress responses to the 9/11 attacks were associated with a 53% increased incidence of cardiovascular ailments over the 3 subsequent years, even after adjusting for pre-9/11 cardiovascular and mental health status, degree of exposure to the attacks, cardiovascular risk factors (ie, smoking, body mass index, and number of endocrine ailments), total number of physical health ailments, somatization, and demographics. Individuals reporting high levels of acute stress immediately following the attacks reported an increased incidence of physician-diagnosed hypertension (rate ratios, 2.15 at 1 year and 1.75 at 2 years) and heart problems (rate ratios, 2.98 at 1 year and 3.12 at 2 years) over 2 years. Among individuals reporting ongoing worry about terrorism post-9/11, high 9/11-related acute stress symptoms predicted increased risk of physician-diagnosed heart problems 2 to 3 years following the attacks (rate ratios, 4.67 at 2 years and 3.22 at 3 years). Conclusion Using health data collected before 9/11 as a baseline, acute stress response to the terrorist attacks predicted increased reports of physician-diagnosed cardiovascular ailments over 3 years following the attacks.
Infrared Absorption Spectra of Co Adsorbed on Cu-Ru(001)

The electronic properties and dispersion of copper layers on Ru(001) are investigated utilizing high resolution vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR) and carbon monoxide as a molecular probe. Adsorption of CO on an annealed, epitaxial copper monolayer reveals that copper is modified by the underlying substrate. Both the C-0 stretching frequency at low CO coverage and its shift upon increase in coverage indicate stronger backdonation than for thick copper films which exhibit Cu(111) behavior. At submonolayer coverages (0.25<θCu<1.0), copper forms islands on Ru(001) which behave similar to the copper monolayer. Rough copper films evaporated at 85K exhibit a drastically different behavior upon CO adsorption. Vibrational spectra allow us to distinguish 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional copper aggregates of random orientation as well as clusters of small size (1–3 atoms). Annealing of a θCu =1.0 layer leads to 2- and 3-dimensional ordering at 250K and to complete surface wetting of the copper monolayer at 350K to 540K.
Monumentally Indian: The Photography of Edward Curtis and the Cuzco School of Photography

‘Monumentally Indian’ analyzes the similarities and differences in the representation of indigeneity in photography in the US and the Southern Peruvian Andes during the first decades of the twentieth century. The article shows an underlying (and often unconscious) poetic at work in the critical and popular reception of these photographic archives that undermines their potential for creating a radically new visual field.
Planar cold cathodes

There is a great need for electron sources for a variety of applications, such as klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), planar panel displays, vacuum triodes, etc.. The cold cathode electron emitters under investigation currently can be basically divided into two types: field emitters and planar emitters. Field emitters are based on the field emission mechanism which was first presented by Fowler and Nordheim in 1928. In planar emitters, electrons are accelerated inside solid state materials by internal electric field. Those electrons which reach the surface with enough kinetic energy to overcome the surface work function could be emitted into vacuum. A lot of work has been done in this area and many planar emitters based on different hot electron generation mechanisms have been described in the past 30 years. To obtain considerable emission efficiency and current density, the solid state surface is usually coated with low work function material (on the order of one mono-layer), such as cesium and cesium oxide. This paper reviews the developments of planar cold cathodes and discusses the characteristics of AlGaAs/GaAs planar doped-barrier electron emitters (PDBEEs) based on the study of their temperature dependent current-voltage (I-V) characteristics. >
Massive Interventricular Septal Aneurysm and Stroke in a Healthy Young Patient: Guilt by Association?

Aneurysm of the membranous interventricular septum is an uncommon cardiac defect that is, on rare occasions, associated with embolic stroke. We describe here the case of an otherwise healthy, 41-year-old man who presented to the hospital with acute-onset confusion and left-sided body weakness attributed to a right middle cerebral artery ischemic stroke. He experienced a nearly complete resolution of deficits following systemic thrombolytic therapy. After an extensive workup, the presumed mechanism of stroke was a thromboembolus that originated in a massive aneurysm of the patient's membranous interventricular septum. Due to a perceived risk of surgical morbidity, the patient was managed conservatively with anticoagulation. He denied further events and reported nearly full function at follow-up.
Optical breast cancer margin assessment: an observational study of the effects of tissue heterogeneity on optical contrast.

Residual cancer following breast conserving surgery increases the risk of local recurrence and mortality. Margin assessment presents an unmet clinical need. Breast tissue is markedly heterogeneous, which makes distinguishing small foci of cancer within the spectrum of normal tissue potentially challenging. This is further complicated by the heterogeneity as a function of menopausal status. Optical spectroscopy can provide surgeons with intra-operative diagnostic tools. Here, we evaluate ex-vivo breast tissue and determine which sources of optical contrast have the potential to detect malignancy at the margins in women of differing breast composition. Diffuse reflectance spectra were measured from 595 normal and 38 malignant sites from the margins of 104 partial mastectomy patients. All statistical tests were performed using Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests. Normal and malignant sites were compared before stratifying the data by tissue type and depth and computing statistical differences. The frequencies of the normal tissue types were separated by menopausal status and compared to the corresponding optical properties. The mean reduced scattering coefficient, , and concentration of total hemoglobin, [THb]), showed statistical differences between malignant ( : 8.96 cm-1 ± 2.24MAD, [THb]: 42.70 μM ± 29.31MAD) compared to normal sites ( : 7.29 cm-1 ± 2.15MAD, [THb]: 32.09 μM ± 16.73MAD) (P and A showed increased [β-carotene] within normal tissues. Scattering differentiated between most malignant sites, DCIS (9.46 cm-1 ± 1.06MAD) and IDC (8.00 cm-1 ± 1.81MAD), versus A (6.50 cm-1 ± 1.95MAD). [β-carotene] showed marginal differences between DCIS (19.00 μM ± 6.93MAD, and FG (15.30 μM ± 5.64MAD). [THb] exhibited statistical differences between positive sites (92.57 μM ± 18.46MAD) and FG (34.12 μM ± 22.77MAD), FA (28.63 μM ± 14.19MAD), and A (30.36 μM ± 14.86MAD). The diagnostic ability of the optical parameters was affected by distance of tumor from the margin as well as menopausal status. Due to decreased fibrous content and increased adipose content, normal sites in post-menopausal patients exhibited lower , but higher [β-carotene] than pre-menopausal patients. The data indicate that the ability of an optical parameter to differentiate benign from malignant breast tissues may be dictated by patient demographics. Scattering differentiated between malignant and adipose sites and would be most effective in post-menopausal women. [β-carotene] or [THb] may be more applicable in pre-menopausal women to differentiate malignant from fibrous sites. Patient demographics are therefore an important component to incorporate into optical characterization of breast specimens.
Vibratory response of a precision double-multilayer-monochromator positioning system using a generic modeling program with experimental verification

A generic vibratory response-modeling program has been developed as a tool for designing high-precision optical positioning systems. The systems are modeled as rigid-body structures connected by linear non-rigid elements such as complex actuators and bearings. The full dynamic properties of each non-rigid element are determined experimentally or theoretically, then integrated into the program as inertial and stiffness matrices. Thus, it is possible to have a suite of standardize structural elements for modeling many different positioning systems that use standardized components. This paper will present the application of this program to a double-multi-layer monochromator positioning system that utilizes standardized components. Calculated results are compared to experimental modal analysis results.
Measurements of the orbital geometric phase

Summary form only given. This paper presents measurements of the orbital geometric phase by interferometric technique. This study focuses on the phases and spaces of first and second order modes. These modes are expressed in terms of Hermite-Gauss and Laguerre-Gauss functions. For the case of transformations between first order modes the path could be followed geometrically on the orbital Poincare sphere. For all paths investigated in first and second order spaces the measurements of the magnitude and sign of the geometric phase are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Illicit Drug Use by Women with Disabilities

As in the general female population, women with disabilities face a number of situations that encourage illicit drug use, such as low self-esteem, peer pressure, and family history of substance abuse. In addition, women with disabilities more frequently encounter problems of personal adjustment, unusual developmental experiences, easy access to prescription drugs, unemployment, and medical or health-related difficulties. Using a random sample of 900 women with disabilities, we conducted a study of the patterns of illicit drug use and risk factors relating to illicit drug use among women with various disabilities. Multiple regression analyses revealed that age, illicit drug use by a best friend, being a victim of substance-abuse-related violence, and attitudes toward substance use by people with disabilities were significantly related to illicit drug use by the study population. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Functional Disability and School Activity Limitations in 41 300 School-Age Children: Relationship to Medical Impairments

Objective. Our purpose was to examine the contribution of medical impairments to functional disability and school activity limitations in 41 300 school-age children participating in the 1994–1995 National Health Interview Survey. Methods. The 1994 and 1995 National Health Interview Survey and Disability Interview Supplement samples provide International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision medical impairment codes for children with functional limitations or school activity limitations in a nationally representative US sample. Functional limitations were distributed as follows: mobility 12.4/1000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.1–13.6), self-care 8.8/1000 (95% CI: 7.7–9.8), communication 52.9/1000 (95% CI: 50.2–55.5), and learning 104.6/1000 (95% CI: 100.7–108.4). Functional disability status was classified as 4.1% mild, 5.9% major, and 1.9% multiple. School activity limitations included 4.1% needing or receiving special education, 0.7% unable to attend, and 0.9% limited attendance. We categorized International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision impairment codes reported in conjunction with medical usage as physical disorders (n = 1251; eg, leukemia, diabetes), asthma (n = 916), neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 802; eg, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, mental retardation, autism, blindness, deafness), and learning-behavior disorders (n = 806; eg, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, anxiety) for children with functional or school activity limitations. Of children with multiple functional disabilities, 29.9% had neurodevelopmental disorders, 27.1% had learning-behavior disorders, 18.1% had physical disorders, 4.2% had asthma, and 20.8% did not have an identified medical impairment because they had not received medical services in the past year. Among children requiring special education, physical disorders accounted for 9.4%, neurodevelopmental disorders for 16.7%, learning and behavior disorders for 17%, asthma for 3.4%, and 53.4% did not have an identified medical impairment because they had not received medical services in the past year. Conclusions. Chronic health impairments, neurodevelopmental disorders, learning-behavior disorders, and functional limitations in essential activities are required to understand the complexity of disability in school-age children. A large number of children with functional disability or school activity limitations have not received ongoing medical services.
On the equation grad f = M grad g

The system of differential equations ∇f = M∇g, where M is a given square matrix, arises in many contexts. A complete solution to this problem in the case when M is a constant matrix is presented here. Applications to continuum mechanics and biHamiltonian systems are indicated.
Privatization and Its Challenges for Human Resource Management in the Public Sector Symposium Introduction

During the past three decades, extensive reforms have challenged public management by advocating private sector innovation as a more efficient alternative. New public management, the National Performance Review, and other market-based reforms champion private sector innovation as a means for improving accountability and quality of service in the public sector. Privatization is a key component of these reforms that takes advantage of private sector economy in the delivery of public services. Drawing from case studies and current research, the articles in this symposium issue offer new and valuable insights into the dynamics and details of outsourcing the human resource function in the public sector. This introduction provides readers with a synopsis of the contributions to this symposium and urges further research avenues in the wake of findings presented here.
Rac1-null Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts Are Motile and Respond to Platelet-derived Growth Factor

Previous studies of Rac1 in fibroblasts have used dominant negative constructs, which may have nonspecific effects. We used a conditional Rac1 allele to critically examine Rac1 function in mouse fibroblasts. Lack of Rac1 had dramatic effects on nonconfluent cells, which were elongated and had extensive blebbing, but no lamellipodia or ruffle formation. However, Rac1-null fibroblasts translocated using pseudopodia-like protrusions without lamellipodia, migrating toward a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) gradient as efficiently as their wild-type counterparts. Rac1-null fibroblasts closed wounds in vitro and spread on a fibronectin substrate, although at a slower rate than wild-type cells. However, Rac1-null cells were markedly impaired in proliferation, with a defect in G1 to S transition, although they were capable of surviving in culture for more than 2 wk. These results refine our understanding of the functions of Rac1, indicate that lamellipodia formation is not required for cell motility, and show that PDGF-induced chemotaxis can occur in the absence of both lamellipodia and Rac1.
Interpretation of Cortisol Concentrations and Reference Intervals from the CALIPER Database

To the Editor: Measuring chronic stress and its effects is particularly challenging in the pediatric population. Infants and children are more vulnerable to the effects of chronic stress because the brain structures associated with stress regulation (hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenalaxis, autonomic nervous system, limbic system) are still developing and thus susceptible to allostatic load. In early childhood, these effects are often unmasked when diurnal cortisol patterns are measured over successive days, or when baseline cortisol concentrations are compared with those obtained after exposure to psychological stressors, physiological tests, or pharmacologic interventions (the insulin tolerance test, the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation test, the dexamethasone suppression test, and others). The investigators reporting from the CALIPER1 (Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals) program database (1–3) are laudably addressing the need for normative levels and reference intervals (RIs) for serum biomarkers in healthy children and adolescents. Nonetheless, there appear to be discrepancies in the age-associated concentrations of cortisol reported for the sampling …
The Moderating Effect of Social Support From a Dating Partner on the Association Between Dating Violence Victimization and Adjustment

Dating violence victimization is associated with decreased relationship satisfaction and increased mental health symptomatology. Yet, violent dating relationships often remain intact across time, even when the aggression fails to cease. Thus, research is needed to determine the factors that reduce the negative impact of victimization. One factor may be that abusive dating partners are perceived as supportive by their partners, serving to reduce the negative impact of victimization. The current study sought to examine whether perceived support (i.e., perceptions of support) and capitalization support (i.e., perceptions of support for positive events) moderated and reduced the impact of dating violence victimization on decreased relationship satisfaction and increased depressive symptoms. Using a sample of females in dating relationships (N = 253), results provided partial support for our hypotheses. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
A qualitative evaluation of the 2005–2011 National Academic Centers of Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention Program

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Division of Violence Prevention (DVP) funded eight National Academic Centers of Excellence (ACEs) in Youth Violence Prevention from 2005 to 2010 and two Urban Partnership Academic Centers of Excellence (UPACEs) in Youth Violence Prevention from 2006 to 2011. The ACEs and UPACEs constitute DVP's 2005-2011 ACE Program. ACE Program goals include partnering with communities to promote youth violence (YV) prevention and fostering connections between research and community practice. This article describes a qualitative evaluation of the 2005-2011 ACE Program using an innovative approach for collecting and analyzing data from multiple large research centers via a web-based Information System (ACE-IS). The ACE-IS was established as an efficient mechanism to collect and document ACE research and programmatic activities. Performance indicators for the ACE Program were established in an ACE Program logic model. Data on performance indicators were collected through the ACE-IS biannually. Data assessed Centers' ability to develop, implement, and evaluate YV prevention activities. Performance indicator data demonstrate substantial progress on Centers' research in YV risk and protective factors, community partnerships, and other accomplishments. Findings provide important lessons learned, illustrate progress made by the Centers, and point to new directions for YV prevention research and programmatic efforts.
The search for the molecular correlates of sleep and wakefulness.

Abstract Knowledge of the molecular correlates of sleep and wakefulness is essential if we are to understand the restorative processes occurring during sleep and the cellular mechanisms underlying sleep regulation. In order to determine what molecular changes occur during the sleep–waking cycle, we have recently performed a systematic screening of gene expression in the brain of sleeping, sleep deprived and spontaneously awake rats. Out of the ∼10 000 genes screened so far, a small minority (∼0.5%) was differentially expressed in the cerebral cortex across behavioral states. Most genes were upregulated in wakefulness and sleep deprivation relative to sleep, while only a few had higher expression in sleep relative to wakefulness and sleep deprivation. Almost all the genes upregulated in sleep, and several genes upregulated in wakefulness and sleep deprivation, did not match any known sequence. Known genes that were upregulated in wakefulness and sleep deprivation could be grouped into functional categories: immediate early genes/transcription factors, genes related to energy metabolism, growth factors/adhesion molecules, chaperones/heat shock proteins, vesicle- and synapse-related genes, neurotransmitter/hormone receptors, neurotransmitter transporters, enzymes, and others. Although the characterization of the molecular correlates of sleep, wakefulness and sleep deprivation is still in progress, it is already apparent that the transition from sleep to waking can affect basic cellular functions such as RNA and protein synthesis, neural plasticity, neurotransmission, and metabolism.