cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proteinase 2Apro Is Essential for Enterovirus Replication in Type I Interferon-Treated Cells

The Picornaviridae family comprises a diverse group of small RNA viruses that cause a variety of human and animal diseases. Some of these viruses are known to induce cleavage of components of the innate immune system and to inhibit steps in the interferon pathway that lead to the production of type I interferon. There has been no study of the effect of picornaviral infection on the events that occur after interferons have been produced. To determine whether members of the Enterovirus genus can antagonize the antiviral activity of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), we pretreated cells with alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and then infected the cells with poliovirus type 1, 2, or 3; enterovirus type 70; or human rhinovirus type 16. We found that these viruses were able to replicate in IFN-alpha-pretreated cells but that replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, a Rhabdovirus, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a picornavirus of the Cardiovirus genus, was completely inhibited. Although EMCV is sensitive to IFN-alpha, coinfection of cells with poliovirus and EMCV leads to EMCV replication in IFN-alpha-pretreated cells. The enteroviral 2A proteinase (2A(pro)) is essential for replication in cells pretreated with interferon, because amino acid changes in this protein render poliovirus sensitive to IFN-alpha. The addition of the poliovirus 2A(pro) gene to the EMCV genome allowed EMCV to replicate in IFN-alpha-pretreated cells. These results support an inhibitory role for 2A(pro) in the most downstream event in interferon signaling, the antiviral activities of ISGs.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: The need for epidemiologic studies

IT IS COMMONLY STATED that there is an increasing incidence of chronic pulmonary disease occurring in newborn infants within neonata l intensive care units. Substantive information on incidence, either past or present, is difficult to obtain since there has been no agreement on terminology, clinical definition, nor on an appropriate denominator for comparative studies. There is general agreement that bronehopulmonary dysplasia is a major contributor to prolot~ged hospitalization with high economic and emotional costs.
Sulfated flavonoids and leaf morphology in the Halophila ovalis—H. minor complex (Hydrocharitaceae) of the Indo-Pacific Ocean

Abstract Populations of the Halophila ovalis (R.Br) Hook. f—H. minor (Zoll.) den Hartog complex differ in the occurrence of sulfated flavonoids. In the Western Pacific, plants with larger leaves and/or more pairs of cross veins in the blades contain sulfated flavonoids, but those with smaller leaves and/or fewer cross veins lack these compounds. In the Indian Ocean, sulfated flavonoids are produced by smaller-leaved populations of Thailand, Tanzania and Madagascar, but are absent from smaller-leaved populations of India and South Africa. Among the larger-leaved populations of the Indian Ocean, those of India, Sudan and Saudi Arabia contain the sulfated flavonoids, but those of Thailand do not contain these compounds. Among the populations that contain sulfated flavonoids, most contained four compounds, but the small-leaved plants of Tanzania and Madagascar differed and produced only one sulfated flavonoid. The H. ovalis—H. minor complex remains one of the most complicated of the groups of seagrasses because of the wide range of morphological and chemical variation among local populations.
Spin and charge excitations in polyacetylene

Abstract Spin and charge excitations in pristine and AsF5-doped polyacetylene have been investigated to resolve the issue of whether or not topological solitons have been observed. We present experimental results for both materials suggesting that the simple model from which the soliton-based interpretations have been derived is inapplicable. In pristine trans-polyacetylene, both protonated and deuterated, conclusions are deduced from spin-echo and continuous-wave EPR about the spin diffusion rate, its temperature dependence and anisotropy that contradict predictions of the soliton theory. In AsF5-doped cis-polyacetyelene, we conclude from magnetic and transport measurements that the doping is very inhomogeneous, the doped and undoped parts being largely distinct with the doped regions metallic. The conductivity changes previously interpreted as arising from a transition wthin the doped region are attributed to a change in the topology of these regions, i. e. the crossing of a percolation threshold to a r...
Simulation of water mist suppression of small scale methanol liquid pool fires

Abstract The focus of this paper is on numerical modeling of methanol liquid pool fires and the suppression of these fires using water mist. A mathematical model is first developed to describe the evaporation and burning of liquid methanol. The complete set of unsteady, compressible Navier–Stokes equations are solved along with an Eulerian sectional water mist model. Heat transfer into the liquid pool and the metal container through conduction, convection and radiation are modeled by solving a modified form of the energy equation. Clausius–Clapeyron relationships are invoked to model the evaporation rate of a two-dimensional pool of pure liquid methanol. The interaction of water mist with pulsating fires stabilized above a liquid methanol pool and steady fires stabilized by a strong co-flowing air jet are simulated. Time-dependent heat release/absorption profiles indicate the location where the water droplets evaporate and absorb energy. The relative contribution of the various suppression mechanisms such as oxygen dilution, radiation and thermal cooling is investigated. Parametric studies are performed to determine the effect of mist density, injection velocity and droplet diameter on entrainment and suppression of pool fires. These results are reported in terms of reduction in peak temperature, effect on burning rate and changes in overall heat release rate. Numerical simulations indicate that small droplet diameters exhibit smaller characteristic time for decrease of relative velocity with respect to the gas phase, and therefore entrain more rapidly into the diffusion flame than larger droplet. Hence for the co-flow injection case, smaller diameter droplets produce maximum flame suppression for a fixed amount of water mist.
Design of Compensators for a Class of Nonliear Systems

For a class of multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems a technique of designing stabilizing compensators is given; the nonlinearities in the systems can possibly have memory. The linearizing effect of large compensator gain is shown for the class of systems under consideration. Furthermore, stability analysis for this class of systems is discussed.
Soy and bone. Where do we stand

Interest in the use of plant estrogens (phytoestrogens) to attenuate postmenopausal bone loss has increased during the past 10 years as healthcare consumers, practitioners, and scientists have searched for alternative treatments to the use of hormone replacement therapy. Promising research has emerged regarding the potential benefit of increased consumption of phytoestrogens, primarily from dietary soy products. Dietary phytoestrogens, primarily isoflavones found in soy foods, may alter bone turnover in postmenopausal women by decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation.
EFFECTS OF SOME SEMIOCHEMICALS ON THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

L'inclusion de traces de (Z)-11-hexadecenol dans l'appât sexuel synthetique contenu dans les pieges a papillons de la legionnaire bertha a reduit le piegeage; des quantites substantielles de (Z)-9-hexadecenol ou de (Z)-11-hexadecenal ont aussi eu effet reprimant. Des 22 autres oxyolefines etudiees, l'acetate de (Z)-7-dodecenyl a agi conjointement avec les composantes de l'appât pour la legionnaire bertha en attirant Euagrotis tepperi (Walker) aux pieges, et, de facon similaire, l'acetate de (Z)-7-tetradecenyl, attirant Lacinipolia vicina (Grote). Aucun des additifs etudies n'a ameliore la force ou la specificite du melange original pour la legionnaire bertha
P03.11. Relaxation response intervention induces respiration and heart rate variability changes in hypertensives

Purpose Mind/body practices that elicit the relaxation response (RR) have been used for health purposes for thousands of years, but mechanisms of action are not clearly understood. Our research team seeks to identify mechanisms underlying the impact of a mind/body relaxation response intervention on blood pressure. As an extension of that effort, the purpose of the current substudy explores physiologic measurements and heart rate variability (HRV) analysis during elicitation of the relaxation response in hypertensive adults.
Jefferson Lab phenomenology: selected highlights

An overview of recent experimental highlights from Jefferson Lab is presented. We review the status of baryon spectroscopy, including the search for pentaquarks, as well as measurements of electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon, featuring the proton G E / G M ratio and the determination of the strangeness form factors. In inclusive scattering, we describe recent studies of quark-hadron duality in structure functions in the resonance–scaling transition region, and outline future physics plans at an energy upgraded 12 GeV facility.
Canonical properties of optical-design modules

Modules are conceived as building blocks in formulating optical designs with certain useful properties. This paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for successfully combining (coupling) modules to form such a design system. Canonical ray tracing is defined, and canonical versions of aberration coefficients are derived. These are used to obtain equations for zero values of third-order-monochromatic and primary-chromatic-aberration coefficients. Their utilization in practical problems in optical design is illustrated.
Control of single switch inverters

This paper presents a control approach for a single switch inverter. The inverter exhibits non-minimum phase behavior in some of the operating modes. A dual feedforward controller was employed with an adaptive PI controller to obtain perfect tracking performance. The controller successfully isolates the non-minimum phase part of the system from the minimum phase. Both separated minimum phase and non-minimum phase sub-systems were used in the dual feedforward scheme to generate desired references. The non-minimum phase dynamics are transformed to minimum phase by using an inverse system transfer function as parallel compensator. The adaptive PI controller was used to track the voltage references.
Cooperative damage recognition by UvrA and UvrB: Identification of UvrA residues that mediate DNA binding

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is responsible for the recognition and removal of numerous structurally unrelated DNA lesions. In prokaryotes, the proteins UvrA, UvrB and UvrC orchestrate the recognition and excision of aberrant lesions from DNA. Despite the progress we have made in understanding the NER pathway, it remains unclear how the UvrA dimer interacts with DNA to facilitate DNA damage recognition. The purpose of this study was to define amino acid residues in UvrA that provide binding energy to DNA. Based on conservation among approximately 300 UvrA sequences and 3D-modeling, two positively charged residues, Lys680 and Arg691, were predicted to be important for DNA binding. Mutagenesis and biochemical analysis of Bacillus caldontenax UvrA variant proteins containing site directed mutations at these residues demonstrate that Lys680 and Arg691 make a significant contribution toward the DNA binding affinity of UvrA. Replacing these side chains with alanine or negatively charged residues decreased UvrA binding 3-37-fold. Survival studies indicated that these mutant proteins complemented a WP2 uvrA(-) strain of bacteria 10-100% of WT UvrA levels. Further analysis by DNase I footprinting of the double UvrA mutant revealed that the UvrA DNA binding defects caused a slower rate of transfer of DNA to UvrB. Consequently, the mutants initiated the oligonucleotide incision assay nearly as well as WT UvrA thus explaining the observed mild phenotype in the survival assay. Based on our findings we propose a model of how UvrA binds to DNA.
Functional expression of the rat heart I Na+ channel isoform. Demonstration of properties characteristic of native cardiac Na+ channels.

We describe the expression of functional Na+ channel in Xenopus oocytes injected with cRNA transcribed from the rat heart 1 cDNA clone. The expressed rat heart 1 Na+ currents show kinetic properties and resistance to tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin which are characteristic of native cardiac Na+ currents. The primary amino acid sequence of the rat heart 1 α-subunit is therefore sufficient for expression of of tetrodotoxin resistance, and the rat heart 1 clone is likely to account for the tetrodotoxin-resistant phenotype of cardiac and denervated skeletal muscle.
Texture Segmentation via Haar Fractal Feature Estimation

Abstract We examine an approach to texture segmentation that uses the fractal dimensions along the 1-D cross sections of 2-D texture data as image features, where an effective Haar transform fractal estimation algorithm is utilized. The major advantage of the Haar fractal estimator is its computational efficiency along with robustness. The method is fast due to the pyramid structure of the Haar transform and nearly optimal in the maximum likelihood sense for fractional Brownian motion (fBm) data. We compare the low complexity of this new algorithm with the complexity of existing fractal feature extraction techniques, and test our new method on fBm data, real Brodatz textures, and natural scenes.
An Approach to the Hexacyclic Skeleton of Trigonoliimines

A strategy to construct the hexacyclic skeleton of trigonoliimines A, B and their derivatives involving a carbanion-triggered intramolecular cyclization of a seven-membered ring and a subsequent six-membered ring formation in one pot is described.
Physical characterization of wood and wood‐polymer composites: An update

New and reliable test methods have been developed, and are under development, for the physical characterization of wood and whole wood-polymer composites (WPC is used in this article to refer to polymer-impregnated whole wood). The methods described here have been designed for smaller samples than are required for most ASTM tests. It should be stressed that, when comparing treated samples to untreated samples in any type of testing, the initial density or specific gravity (density before treatment) of the treated sample should be the same as the untreated control sample. If possible, measurements should be made on a given sample before and after treatment; on a split sample, half should be treated and compared with the untreated half. If there is much variation in density between samples within a group, the effectiveness of the treatment cannot be determined with an acceptable degree of accuracy, since whole wood varies greatly between specimens and density is a major factor contributing to property variability. For example, swelling (due to moisture uptake), modulus, toughness, surface hardness, and compressive strength of wood all increase dramatically with increasing density for both untreated whole wood and WPCs. Scanning electron microscopy, coupled with x-ray energy analysis, indicated the presence or absence of good interaction between wood components and in situ formed polymer. For example, poly(EHMA) (the homopolymer of ethyl α-hydroxymethylacrylate) and wood components were seen to be strongly bonded, and x-ray activation elemental analysis confirmed the presence of poly(EHMA) and its copolymers within the wood cell walls. On the other hand, proton spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1p) measurements (by 13C solid-state NMR) for balsa / EHMA WPCs gave two separate sets of relaxation times, one each for unique peaks corresponding to either the polymer or the wood components. It is probable that the region of interaction between poly(EHMA) and the wood component in the balsa / EHMA WPC (the interphase region) is small, as compared to the individual components, and is not observed. This result is consistent with a two-parameter relaxation process for the peak at ca. 61 ppm, which includes overlapping peaks for the hydroxymethyl carbons of poly(EHMA) and cellulose. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hydrodynamic delivery of human IL-15 cDNA increases murine natural killer cell recovery after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Immune deficiency immediately following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections as well as tumor relapse. Natural Killer (NK) cells play important roles in the resistance to virally infected and transformed cells. Interleukin (IL)-15 has been shown to be essential for NK cell development and survival. We administered human (h) IL-15 cDNA (pIL-15) via hydrodynamic delivery to murine recipients undergoing congenic BMT to determine its effects on NK cell reconstitution. Hydrodynamic pIL-15 delivery resulted in high levels of hIL-15 protein in the serum that lasted for several days and then quickly declined. The appearance of hIL-15 was followed by a significant increase of mature donor-derived NK cells within the bone marrow, spleens, and livers of the treated recipients. No accumulation of immature NK cell progenitors was observed. The NK cells from IL-15-treated recipients displayed an activated phenotype and were lytically active toward tumor targets in vitro to a similar degree as did those cells from recipients treated with control plasmid. This suggests that the predominant effect of IL-15 was a quantitative increase in total NK cell numbers and not qualitative changes in NK cell functions. No toxicities or adverse effects were observed. Studies performed in transplanted mice bearing renal carcinoma tumors demonstrated that this mode of hIL-15 gene delivery resulted in increased antitumor responses. These results support the use of cytokine gene transfer-based regimens as a platform to augment NK cell recovery after BMT.
An electromyographic study of the function of the jaw adducting muscles in Varanus exanthematicus (varanidae)

The function of major features of the skull of Varanus exanthematicus during feeding was examined using cineradiography and electromyography. During the initial stages of feeding, Varanus grabs and orients a prey item in the mouth with no mastication, tearing of the prey, or killing bite. Ingestion is through a highly stereotyped movement, inertial feeding. The tongue plays no role in food transport. Once the prey is in the pharyngeal region, the hyoid apparatus squeezes the prey into the esophagus and stomach. Activity of jaw adducting muscles during prey orientation and inertial feeding is strikingly different. In prey orientation, the adductor musculature is active over long periods, and intermuscular differentiation and unilateral activity are common. During these phases the musculature is producing force against the resistance of the prey item held between the teeth. In inertial feeding, the jaw musculature functions to close the jaws rapidly against little resistance. A consistent pattern of intramuscular differentiation is present, with some portions of the musculature being active during both jaw opening and closing. Activity of the Mm. adductor mandibulae externus and pterygoideus is indistinguishable. Neither meso- nor metakinetic movement was observed during inertial feeding; resolution of interacranial movement was less certain during power phases. The quadrate moved during jaw opening and closing in inertial feeding. However, its movement was not linked with that of the palatomaxillary segment. These data are discussed in three contexts: cranial kinesis, intramuscular differentiation, and the mechanics of whole muscles.
Statistical identification of sensors location using inverse differential equations

Many engineering designs are built on the basis of differential equations. In some cases, parameters of the underlying differential equations are not known and should be estimated from the measurement data at the sensors' locations, leading to an inverse problem. In this paper, we demonstrate how the optimal locations of these sensors can be determined using the statistical theory of optimal experiments. Three specific engineering problems are discussed to illustrate the statistical criteria: (1) adaptive determination of optimal locations of temperature sensors in a one-dimensional inverse heat transfer problem, (2) localization of a power leak/damage in conductive wire, (3) adaptive design in the framework of a one-dimensional boundary-value problem when the solution is found numerically using the finite difference approach. In all these problems, statistical criteria for parameter identification and optimal designs are applied.
Vapor-liquid and vapor-solid phase equilibria for united-atom benzene models near their triple points: the importance of quadrupolar interactions.

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate the vapor−liquid and vapor−solid coexistence curves for benzene using two simple united-atom models. An extension of the Gibbs ensemble method that makes use of an elongated box containing a slab of the condensed phase with a vapor phase along one axis was employed for the simulations of the vapor−solid equilibria and the vapor−liquid equilibria at very low reduced temperatures. Configurational-bias and aggregation-volume-bias Monte Carlo techniques were applied to improve the sampling of particle transfers between the two simulation boxes and between the vapor and condensed-phase regions of the elongated box. An isotropic united-atom representation with six Lennard-Jones sites at the positions of the carbon atoms was used for both force fields, but one model contained three additional out-of-plane partial charge sites to explicitly represent benzene's quadrupolar interactions. Both models were fitted to reproduce the critical temperature and d...
Geometric Optimization of Radiative Enclosures Through Nonlinear Programming

This article introduces a methodology for designing the geometry of diffuse-walled radiant enclosures through nonlinear programming. In this application, the enclosure is represented parametrically using B-spline curves, while the radiosity distribution is solved by infinitesimal-area analysis. The enclosure geometry is repeatedly adjusted with a gradientbased minimization algorithm until a near-optimum solution is found. This approach requires far less design time than the forward ‘‘trial-and-error’’ methodology, and the quality of the final solution is usually much better. The methodology is demonstrated by optimizing the geometry of a 2-D radiant enclosure, with the objective of obtaining a desired radiosity distribution over a portion of the enclosure surface.
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy of head and neck cancer aiming to reduce dysphagia: early dose-effect relationships for the swallowing structures.

Purpose: To present initial results of a clinical trial of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) aiming to spare the swallowing structures whose dysfunction after chemoradiation is a likely cause of dysphagia and aspiration, without compromising target doses. Methods and Materials: This was a prospective, longitudinal study of 36 patients with Stage III–IV oropharyngeal (31) or nasopharyngeal (5) cancer. Definitive chemo-IMRT spared salivary glands and swallowing structures: pharyngeal constrictors (PC), glottic and supraglottic larynx (GSL), and esophagus. Lateral but not medial retropharyngeal nodes were considered at risk. Dysphagia endpoints included objective swallowing dysfunction (videofluoroscopy), and both patient-reported and observer-rated scores. Correlations between doses and changes in these endpoints from pre-therapy to 3 months after therapy were assessed. Results: Significant correlations were observed between videofluoroscopy-based aspirations and the mean doses to the PC and GSL, as well as the partial volumes of these structures receiving 50–65 Gy; the highest correlations were associated with doses to the superior PC ( p = 0.005). All patients with aspirations received mean PC doses >60 Gy or PC V 65 >50%, and GSL V 50 >50%. Reduced laryngeal elevation and epiglottic inversion were correlated with mean PC and GSL doses ( p 70 >50%. Worsening patient-reported liquid swallowing was correlated with mean PC ( p = 0.05) and esophageal ( p = 0.02) doses. Only mean PC doses were correlated with worsening patient-reported solid swallowing ( p = 0.04) and observer-rated swallowing scores ( p = 0.04). Conclusions: These dose–volume-effect relationships provide initial IMRT optimization goals and motivate further efforts to reduce swallowing structures doses to reduce dysphagia and aspiration.
Hand Preference and Grade Outcome in Business Communication Classes

Abstract This article explores the issue of handedness (dominant use of the left and/or right hand for performing various tasks) and its relationship to performance in a language-intensive course, business communication. Knowledge of the brain and its hemispheric specialization suggests a link between handedness and the development and application of language tasks. Members of the Association for Business Communication, selected by random sample, were asked to record handedness data and final grades for students completing the basic business communication course. Results of 671 students indicated no significant difference between the final grade outcome of left-handers and that of right-handers.
Protein complexes studied by NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Recent advances in NMR methods now allow protein complexes to be studied in great detail in a wide range of solution conditions. Isotope-enrichment strategies, resonance-assignment approaches and structural-determination methods have evolved to the point where almost any type of complex involving proteins of reasonable size may be studied in a straigthforward way. A variety of isotope editing and filtering strategies underlie these powerful methodologies. Approaches to the characterization of the dynamics of protein complexes have also matured to the point where detailed studies of the effects of complexation on dynamics can be studied over a wide range of timescales.
Unification of detection, tracking, and recognition for millimeter wave and infrared sensors

Our pattern theoretic approach to the automated understanding of complex scenes brings the traditionally separate endeavors of detection, tracking, and recongition together into a unified jump-diffusion process. Concentrating on an air-to-ground scenario, we postulate data likelihood models for a low-resolution, wide field-of-view millimeter wave radar (for detection) and a high-resolution, narrow field-of-view forward-looking infrared sensor (for recognition). The interaction between the sensors is governed by a jump-diffusion process which provides a mathematical foundation for saccadic detection and computationally efficient target hypothesis during recognition. New objects are detected and object types are recognition through discrete jump moves. Between jumps, the location and orientation of objects are estimated via continuous diffusions. The methodology outlined may be applied to any scenario involving the fusion of low-resolution and high-resolution sensor data.
Fiducial Intervals for Variance Components in an Unbalanced Two-Component Normal Mixed Linear Model

In this article we propose a new method for constructing confidence intervals for σα2,σϵ2, and the intraclass correlation ρ==σα2(σα2++σe2) in a two-component mixed-effects linear model. This method is based on an extension of R. A. Fisher's fiducial argument. We conducted a simulation study to compare the resulting interval estimates with other competing confidence interval procedures from the literature. Our results demonstrate that the proposed fiducial intervals have satisfactory performance in terms of coverage probability, as well as shorter average confidence interval lengths overall. We also prove that these fiducial intervals have asymptotically exact frequentist coverage probability. The computations for the proposed procedures are illustrated using real data examples.
Dissociation of diatomic molecules into atoms with non-vanishing electronic angular momentum. Theory

Abstract Diatomic photodissociation theory is generalized to describe the differential cross sections for atomic fragments with non-vanishing electronic angular momentum The importaint non-adiabatic spin-orbit and Corious interactions produce quantum interference effects in the cross sections We determine state-to-state, degeneracy averaged, and fine structure averaged differential and integral cross sections.
Heightened cocaine and food self-administration in female rats with neonatal isolation experience.

Previously, we demonstrated that the early life stress of neonatal isolation facilitates acquisition of cocaine and food self-administration in adult female rats. We now test whether it enhances responding for these reinforcers after operant performance is established. Adult female rats were derived from litters that were either subjected to neonatal isolation (1 h/day isolation; postnatal days 2–9) or were nonhandled and assigned to one of two experiments. In Experiment 1, female rats well trained to self-administer cocaine were tested under a fixed-ratio 3 (FR3) schedule with several cocaine doses (0.0625–1.0 mg/kg/infusion) and under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule (0, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg/infusion cocaine). In Experiment 2, female rats well trained to respond for food reinforcers under an FR15 schedule were tested under two PR schedules. Results show that neonatal isolation enhanced responding for cocaine under both schedules of reinforcement and increased responding for food under a PR schedule of reinforcement. These data extend our previous acquisition study in female rats to show that neonatal isolation enhances responding under maintenance conditions. These enduring behavioral changes may relate to the ability of neonatal isolation to increase striatal dopamine responses to psychostimulants, effects we showed previously in infant and juvenile rats.
Requirements of a real-time microcomputer embedded laboratory project

This paper describes the requirements of a real-time microcomputer embedded project designed and implemented by the students in the Motorola Corporate Software Engineering Training Program. The objective of this project is to offer the students opportunities to practice the concepts and theory learned in the classroom by developing software for a real-time microcomputer based project.The hardware for this project, which is based on a dual-CPU architecture using Motorola 16-bit and 8-bit microprocessors, is constructed by each student. The application software including features such as time keeping and decimal calculator functions driven by a real-time multi-tasking executive are developed by following the software engineering methodology. The final debugged program is then burned into EPROM, resulting in an integrated hardware/software package which is totally self-contained.
Tactical Services Providers: Wireless and SATCOM Integration for Tactical Services

The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) is operating as the Lead Service in the FY07 Joint Capability Technology Demonstration (JCTD): Tactical Services Provider (TSP). TSP will evaluate the ability of mobile broadband technologies to provide global communication capabilities to support widely dispersed warfighters on mobile and fixed platforms. Utilizing a hybrid architecture of emerging, standards-based SATCOM and wireless technologies, TSP offers wideband communications that support two-way, high-bandwidth services for tactical users. The use of a standards-based SATCOM solution, Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite-Second Generation (DVB-S2) on the forward link and Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel Satellite (DVB-RCS) on the return link, provides TSP with the global presence and the increased bandwidth required to deliver broadband services and applications to tactical networks. IEEE 802.16-based technologies operating in the licensed and unlicensed bands will be leveraged to extend the delivery of these applications to the forward deployed warfighter extending situational awareness to the tactical edge. The evolution of 802.16-based devices using the IEEE 802.16e-2005 (Mobile WiMAX) standard provides users improved capabilities that are vital in the tactical networking environment. Leveraging DISA's extensive knowledge and experience with pre-WiMAX equipment and two-way SATCOM solutions, this paper examines the operational performance enhancements that Mobile WiMAX provides the tactical user when integrated with DVB-S2/RCS services. This document introduces TSP's hybrid SATCOM and wireless architecture, integration strategy, and evaluation parameters for the end-to-end transport system.
The biochemical phenotypes of two inborn errors in the biosynthesis of aldosterone.

Two inborn errors in the methyl oxidation of corticosterone to form aldosterone correspond to the two oxygenation-hydroxylation reactions required for this transformation. Both defects are characterized by overproduction of corticosterone of glomerulosa zone origin and deficient synthesis of aldosterone. In the type 1 corticosterone methyl oxidase defect (CMO I) impairment in the first step is reflected in decreased production of 18-hydroxycorticosterone while in CMO II an impaired second step is characterized by overproduction of 18-hydroxycorticosterone leading to an increased 18-hydroxycorticosterone:aldosterone metabolite ratio as a diagnostic index. This metabolite ratio may be increased somewhat in CMO I but not as much as in CMO II. The absolute value of 18-hydroxycorticosterone is a more reliable discriminator as is the corticosterone:18-hydroxycorticosterone metabolite ratio which is increased in CMO I and decreased in CMO II. On the basis of these findings, a North American kindred is reclassifi...
The structure of myo-inositol hexaphosphate dodecasodium salt octatriacontahydrate: a single crystal x-ray analysis.

Abstract Sodium phytate·38H2O crystals from water belonging to space group Cc gave cell dimensions a = 23.082, b = 12.203, c = 22.885 A, β = 108.30°, DC = 1.7457 gm/cm3 with four molecules per unit cell. Phytate has the hexaorthophosphate ester structure. The phosphates at positions C-1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are axially disposed with that at C-2 equatorial rather than the reverse stereochemistry reported by Johnson and Tate. The twelve sodium atoms are coordinated with phosphate and water oxygens in 2-hexa, 8-octa and 2-decahedral arrangements.
Poster 16: Antidepressant Use in PREDICT-HD: Patterns of Use Relevant to “Naturalistic” Drug Studies

Background Depression is a common psychiatric manifestation of Huntington's disease (HD), present in a notable subset of people even prior to motor impairment. Recent HD mouse model studies suggest that treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) may slow disease progression, making antidepressants a logical target for naturalistic study and controlled trials. However, both the rate of SSRI use and potentially confounding factors contributing to such use are unclear. In this study, we evaluated SSRI use in a large sample of prediagnosed individuals with known genetic status. Methods Medication logs from 950 PREDICT-HD participants (756 gene expanded, 194 non-expanded) were examined. At enrollment, 28% were taking antidepressants. Of those, 77% were taking SSRIs, the most common antidepressant class. Subsequent analyses focused on SSRI use. Controlling for age and sex, we examined SSRI use in gene expanded versus non-expanded participants. We used mixed-effect logistic regression to examine SSRI use in relation to diagnostic confidence level and research visit number, controlling for age, sex, and research site. Results At baseline, slightly more HD-expanded than control participants used SSRIs (14.7% vs. 9.3%, p = 0.05). There are statistically significant trends of increasing SSRI use with increasing diagnostic confidence level ( p = 0.001), punctuated by a notable increase (OR = 1.56) with transition to diagnosis. Regardless of diagnostic confidence, use also increases with number of research visits (OR = 1.14 per visit, p = 0.002.) Conclusions Undefined factors drive increasing SSRI usage with greater diagnostic confidence and numbers of visits. The diagnostic confidence trend may reflect depression severity and/or propensity toward treatment increasing with progress toward diagnosis. Increased use with longer participation may also reflect this, or treatment propensity related to research/clinical contact, or temporal trends in HD-related SSRI interest. Regardless, these findings reflect complicating confounders in naturalistic study and underline the need for controlled clinical trials in prediagnosed HD.
Do reduced inpatient costs associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) balance the overall cost for HIV treatment

In this article we analyse how the costs of treating patients with HIV infection in the US have changed over time, with an emphasis on the relationship between inpatient hospitalization costs and the costs of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We examine how HIV treatment modes have evolved by comparing the pre-HAART treatment period before 1996–7 with the subsequent use of HAART. We describe the sources of data on HIV healthcare service utilization, the costs of those services, and the differences between the annual costs of treating all patients with different stages of HIV and the lifetime costs of treating a person with HIV from the time of infection.
Teachers Doing Research: Beyond Classroom Walls

Teachers generally first learn about students during their preservice training. The secondhand or thirdhand knowledge they acquire at that time consists largely of psychological analyses of the learning characteristics of various populations of students, differentiated by race, gender, and class. This body of knowledge is the legacy of educational research, which until recently has been heavily influenced by behavioral psychology and positivism. Teachers may leave the university under the assumption that they know all they need to know about the students they will be teaching.
Metabolic and ventilatory acclimatization to cold stress in house sparrows (Passer domesticus).

Abstract Passerines that overwinter in temperate climates undergo seasonal acclimatization that is characterized by metabolic adjustments that may include increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) and cold‐induced summit metabolism (Msum) in winter relative to summer. Metabolic changes must be supported by equivalent changes in oxygen transport. While much is known about the morphology of the avian respiratory system, little is known about respiratory function under extreme cold stress. We examined seasonal variation in BMR, Msum, and ventilation in seasonally acclimatized house sparrows from Wisconsin. BMR and Msum increased significantly in winter compared with summer. In winter, BMR increased 64%, and Msum increased 29% over summer values. The 64% increase in winter BMR is the highest recorded for birds. Metabolic expansibility (Msum/BMR) was 9.0 in summer and 6.9 in winter birds. The metabolic expansibility of 9.0 in summer is the highest yet recorded for birds. Ventilatory accommodation under helox cold s...
Effects of dispersion on the optical drag effect in a laser gyro

The classical Fresnel form of optical drag coefficient is rederived for rotating dispersive media. Implications for the active ring laser gyro are considered, with strong enhancement of sensitivity near the points of critical anomalous dispersion.
Transferrable single-crystal silicon nanomembranes and their application to flexible microwave systems

This paper summarizes the recent fabrication and characterizations of flexible high-speed radio frequency (RF) transistors, PIN-diode single-pole single-throw switches, as well as flexible inductors and capacitors, based on single-crystalline Si nanomembranes transferred on polyethylene terephthalate substrates. Flexible thin-film transistors (TFTs) on plastic substrates have reached RF operation speed with a record cut-off/maximum oscillation frequency (f T/f max) values of 3.8/12 GHz. PIN diode switches exhibit excellent ON/OFF behaviors at high RF frequencies. Flexible inductors and capacitors compatible with high-speed TFT fabrication show resonance frequencies (f res) up to 9.1 and 13.5 GHz, respectively. Robust mechanical characteristics were also demonstrated with these high-frequency passives components.
Surface composition of dilute copper-gold alloys

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations in conjunction with the embedded atom method have been used to assess the composition of the (100) surface of dilute copper-gold alloys. These simulations have been performed for alloys having bulk gold atom fractions ranging from 0.03 to 0.11, and for temperatures from 400 to 1000 K. The results of the simulations have been found to be consistent in form with an analytical expression based on a nearest-neighbor bond formalism, which takes into account possible order-disorder transitions at the (100) surface. Comparison of these modeling approaches with recent measurements of the surface composition of a polycrystalline Cu0.93Au0.07 alloy, indicates that experimental surface composition averaged over many surface orientations does not coincide with modeling results for the (100) surface. However, the modeling approach is validated by showing that its predictions are in good agreement with measurements of surface composition performed on the (100) surface of Cu3Au.
Larger reward values alone are not enough to entice more cooperation

Two experiments using an iterated prisoner's dilemma game examined under which conditions participants' cooperation rates would either change due to monetary value changes (e.g., 3 cents to 3 dollars) or not change due to numeric value changes (e.g., 3 dollars to 300 cents). A total of 102 university students played the game against a computer that employed one of four strategies across blocks. Results showed high rates of cooperation when participants played against a tit-for-tat strategy and low rates of cooperation against a random strategy. There was no change in cooperation rates due to changes in numeric value alone and a decrease in cooperation rates when large monetary values were at stake. Cooperation rates were higher and cooperation responses slower at earlier stages of the game. I argue that people's ability to strategize plays a key role in the changing rates and speed of cooperative behaviour in the prisoner's dilemma.
“Women take action!” Women's direct action and social change

Abstract This article presents a framework for understanding women's nonviolent direct action in terms of its definition, history, varieties, and significance. Definitions are suggested for the terms direct action, nonviolence, and militancy. The history of women's nonviolent direct action is briefly surveyed, from early times to the 20th century. The great variety of actions, particularly in recent decades, is analyzed as falling into a number of categories described in the words of participants. Though the history, scope, and influence of women's direct action are still too little known to be fully assessed, and many questions remain to be explored, it is clear that it has had a more extensive history than has been generally recognized and has had major impact in manysignificant movements for social change.
Smoke and mirrors: railway travel and women in colonial India

Tracing the history of accommodation for female passengers on Indian railways, this article explores the anxieties and imperatives that regulated the presence of women in railway spaces in colonial India. Examining the entry of women into the public space of the railway, it emphasizes how an axiomatic relationship between female seclusion, respectability and mobility became pivotal to the conversation about women passengers from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. This correlation both cemented a masculine affinity across racial boundaries and became, simultaneously, a discursive frame for arguing colonial difference. The article argues that even as railway spaces were meant to be moulded to the strict norms of female seclusion, the demands of profitability ensured that – in practice – most Indian women travelled in accommodation similar to that provided for women in other parts of the world. This disjunction between theory and practice did not dim the discursive correlation between female seclusion in ra...
Comorbid substance use and mental disorders among offending youth

ABSTRACT This study examines the offense, substance use, and mental illness characteristics for a subset of adolescent juvenile detainees receiving services through a federally funded system of care initiative. Findings indicate that 65% of these youth were comorbid for both mental and substance use disorders. Female detainees were at greater risk on almost every measure of mental health impairment and dual substance use and mental disorders. Study results highlight the need for effective, integrated treatment models that can serve youth involved in multiple child-serving systems, and address the challenging constellation of comorbid conditions faced by many juvenile offenders.
RELATION OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT TO SCALES OF FAMOUS SAYINGS TEST

Summary.-Correlations of the four Famous Sayings test scales with smdent GPRs indicate that only the Fear of Failure was related to the academic achievement. With academic ability partialled out, the Fear of Failure scale may be of value in predicting academic success, as measured by GPR, in a col
Determination by peptide mapping of the unique polypeptides in Sendai virions and infected cells.

Abstract Peptide mapping of all of the Sendai virion polypeptides and the viral polypeptides synthesized in infected cells has shown that C (MW ∼22,000), which has been found only in infected cells, is unique and is thus a candidate for a nonstructural polypeptide. It has also been found that the L polypeptide of Sendai virus is unique, that polypeptide 5 is derived from NP, that polypeptide A is host-cell actin, and that the polypeptides L, P, HN, F 0 , NP, and M have the same peptide composition in virions as in infected cells.
Principles and Performance Analysis of Doppler Navigation Systems

The fundamental concepts of a Doppler navigation system are described. The theory of operation, design considerations, performance characteristics, and limitations of a Doppler radar are discussed along with the basic principles and major characteristics of navigational computers and heading references. The over-all performance characteristics of a Doppler navigation system and their dependence on the various characteristics of its major components are analyzed. It is shown that the over-all system accuracy of a Doppler system is a function of the accuracies of all three major components of the system?the Doppler radar, the computer, and the heading reference. Thus, the over-all system accuracy is shown to be no better than that of its weakest link. In most current systems, it is the heading reference error which swamps the other errors in the system. The performance capabilities of typical modern Doppler navigation systems are outlined. Such systems are shown to provide information on ground speed, drift angle, present position, and course and distance to destination. Complete Doppler navigation systems have been or being built which will produce maximum (95 per cent probability) position errors of less than 1.5 per cent of distance traveled over land and average sea state (neglecting unknown water motion effects). The maximum position error over water of any sea state is likely to be less than 2 per cent of distance traveled. Over-all position errors in per cent of distance traveled tend to decrease with distance.