cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-wall modeling of turbulent heat fluxes

Abstract The near-wall asymptotic behavior of the turbulent heat fluxes is analyzed and the result is used to formulate a second-moment turbulence closure for heat flux transport near a wall. The analysis shows that the pressure diffusion and viscous dissipation terms are of primary importance in the near-wall region and have to be properly modeled in the transport equations. New models satisfying the nearwall balance between viscous diffusion, viscous dissipation and pressure diffusion, and also having the characteristics of approaching their respective conventional high-Reynolds-number models far away from the wall are proposed. Fully-developed pipe flows with constant wall heat flux are chosen to validate the proposed models. The calculations show that the new models are capable of capturing the near-wall behavior very well. However, they also point to the rather immature status of the present high-Reynolds-number heat flux models. The modeling of the pressure-scrambling term is shown to have significant effects on the calculated heat flux and it is believed that this term is influenced by more than one turbulent time scale. Finally, the analysis also verifies the notion that the turbulent Prandtl number is not constant near a wall. If the turbulent Prandtl number is assumed constant, the results obtained are at variance with measurements.
Children's Categorization of Consonants by Manner and Place Characteristics

Ten normal-speaking 5-year-olds and 10 normal-speaking 7-year-olds were required to categorize consonants as "dripping" (stop) or "flowing" (fricative) and as "tongue" (lingual place of articulatio...
Complementation and noncomplementation in heterokaryons of three unlinked pigment mutants of the fowl.

This study shows that melanocyte heterokaryons formed between cells of the blue and recessive white genotypes complement one another to produce normal pigmentation, while heterokaryons of the blue and pinkeye genotypes fail to complement. The simplest interpretation of these findings is that the blue and recessive white mutations affect different aspects of pigment synthesis so that when both kinds of nuclei exist in the same cytoplasm, they can correct (complement) each other's defect. On the other hand, the blue and pinkeye mutations, although unlinked, apparently affect the same aspect of pigment synthesis so that when both kinds of nuclei are in a common cytoplasm, they cannot correct each other's defect. This suggests that one of these two loci exerts some kind of control, or “regulation,” over the other. It has previously been shown that recessive white-pinkeye heterokaryons can complement. Thus, only two heterokaryon complementation groups are evident within the three mutants examined.
Palmdale bulge still a puzzle

We may never know if there was a Palmdale bulge. After reconsidering hundreds of kilometers of surveying data taken in southern California, researchers are still divided about the results. At a presentation of findings, given during the AGU Spring Meeting, UCLA professor David Jackson reaffirmed his assessment that significant errors exist in the measuring techniques. Ross Stein of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) found that errors were small, random, and had little effect on deflating the bulge. Bill Strange of the National Geodetic Survey discussed a source of error different from that which started the controversy, but said that correcting for it took much of the uplift out of the bulge.
A Commentary on Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Assessments

Abstract Intense fishing for bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus in the western Atlantic Ocean began in the 1960s, when landings peaked at nearly 20,000 metric tons (mt). During the 1970s, landings averaged about 5,000 mt. The International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) established a total allowable catch (TAC) of 1,160 mt in 1982 and has set limits ranging from 1,995 to 2,660 mt annually since. The Commission's assessments indicate that unrestricted fishing through the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a sharp decline in abundance, primarily because heavy fishing on young fish wasted potentially good recruitment. Since the late 1980s, ICCAT management has stabilized the western Atlantic population, and recently there are signs of improvement. Resource assessments and management of western Atlantic bluefin tuna are subjects of severe controversy. Two of the most controversial issues are the stock assessment implications of fish migrations between the western and eastern Atlantic management ...
The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law

Although much scholarly work has already been done on Roman marriage law, most of it deals with the classical era, and little has been done to explore the remarkably radical changes to marriage law in Roman law in late antiquity, that is, during the fourth and fifth centuries C.E. The Theodosian Code provides a unique and valuable source of information, despite the limitations evident in any legal text, on a wide range of legal issues pertaining to marriage: the necessity of marriage, the choice of marriage partner and consent to marriage, marriage payments, adultery and divorce, remarriage and inheritance, and even the marriages of slaves, soldiers, and clerics, and same-sex marriage. The extent of the changes revealed even demands new questions about the influence of Christian ideology on later Roman law.
Uncompensated Hospital Care: Will It Be There If We Need It?

The debates over health care system reform continue, but they rarely mention the enduring need for free or reduced-cost hospital care as a safety net for uninsured and underinsured individuals. Policy changes on numerous fronts threaten the ability or willingness of hospitals to provide uncompensated care. These changes include the decline of Hill-Burton funds, the closings or mergers of not-for-profit and public hospitals, the dominance of competitive forces, and the redirection of funds intended for disproportionate share hospitals or uncompensated pools. Federal and state governments lack coordinated approaches toward uncompensated care, and health system reforms may not have the expected effects on reducing hospitals' burden of paying for services to indigents. Furthermore, measurement of uncompensated care is inconsistent. In light of the persistent growth in the number of persons with inadequate health insurance coverage and the central role that uncompensated care will continue to play in ensuring access to care for the poor and uninsured, these policies need to be reexamined. Guidelines for policy based on past experience are presented herein.
The stress-strain behaviour of a porous unidirectional ceramic matrix composite

Abstract The stress-strain behaviour of a porous unidirectional ceramic matrix composite is investigated. The fibres are SiC (Nicalon) and the matrix is an aluminium phosphate based system. Microscopic observations indicate that pores and microcracks break up the continuity of the matrix to create an irregular array of discontinuities or ‘matrix cracks’. Load/unload tensile test results indicate an increase in compliance, permanent strain and hysteresis as the peak stress is increased. These features are attributed to sliding at the fibre-matrix interface. In the model developed, the product of the crack spacing and interfacial sliding stress, l c τ, completely defines the stress-strain response provided the constituent properties, residual stresses and initial crack spacing are known. For the material investigated, the product l c τ maintains a value of about 1.0 mm MPa throughout the tensile test. This result is corroborated by optical measurements of the pore/microcrack spacing and push-out test results.
Deformation of crack-bridging ductile reinforcements in toughened brittle materials

Abstract The addition of a dispersed ductile phase to a brittle material can lead to significant increases in fracture resistance compared to the untoughened matrix material. Often the important mechanism appears to be bridging by intact ductile ligaments behind the advancing crack tip. Although a framework for predicting toughness enhancements from bridging mechanisms exists, the required detailed model of ligament deformation which would provide the load-extension relation for a typical ligament has not been available. In this paper, numerical modeling of a plastically deforming ligament constrained by surrounding elastic matrix material is performed and the relevant toughness enhancement information extracted. Comparison is made to model experiments as needed to investigate such deformation processes as well as to toughnesses measured for technologically important composites. The results suggest that debonding along the interface between the ligament and the matrix may enhance the toughening effect of a ductile phase.
Chromatin analysis of an Arabidopsis Phytochrome A allele reveals the correlation of transcriptional repression with recalcitrance to histone acetylation

Phytochrome A (phyA) is a major photoreceptor of red light that regulates seedling de-etiolation. The wild-type PHYA is abundantly expressed in dark and repressed by light through chromatin modification involving histone hypoacetylation and enrichment of the repressive histone mark, H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). Earlier, an Arabidopsis phyA allele, phyA-17, was reported that contains hypermethylation in the gene body, and is repressed constitutively (transcriptional repression in the dark). In this study, chromatin analysis of phyA-17 was done to understand the basis of its transcriptional repression. Specifically, this study analyzed four different histone modifications on phyA-17 and the wild-type PHYA (Columbia-0) in light and dark conditions. This analysis revealed hypoacetylation of phyA-17 chromatin in both conditions correlating with its constitutive repression. However, relative enrichment of H3K27me3 on phyA-17 chromatin was not detected in either condition. Histone hypoacetylation suggested a role of histone deacetylases in phyA-17 repression. Chemical inhibitors of histone deacetylases, Trichostatin A and Sodium Butyrate, induced partial de-etiolation of phyA-17 seedlings without activating the resident phyA gene. Gene expression analysis revealed activation of the phyA-signaling pathway by Trichostatin A, suggesting a role of histone deacetylases downstream in the seedling de-etiolation pathway. However, since phyA-17 repression is not dependent on histone deacetylases, recalcitrance to histone acetylation by histone acetyl transferases, possibly due to hypermethylation, is likely the basis of its hypoacetylated chromatin.
Late recovery of atrioventricular conduction after pacemaker implantation for complete heart block associated with surgery for congenital heart disease

Abstract Objectives Pacemaker implantation is a standard recommendation for patients with persistent complete heart block following surgery for congenital heart disease. This study was performed to determine the incidence and clinical significance of late recovery of atrioventricular conduction following pacemaker implantation. Methods Between 1990 and 2001, 5662 open cardiac procedures for congenital heart defects were performed at our institution. The postoperative course of all patients with complete heart block in whom a permanent pacemaker was implanted was followed on a monthly basis, by either clinical or transtelephonic follow-up. Results A total of 72 patients with persistent postoperative complete heart block underwent pacemaker implantation. After insertion of the pacemaker, recovery of atrioventricular conduction was recognized in 7 of 72 patients (9.6%) at a median of 41 days (18-113 days) after the initial cardiac operation. These included 3 patients with ventricular septal defect, 2 with ventricular inversion or single ventricle, and 1 each with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and atrioventricular septal defect. During a mean follow-up of 4.4 ± 2.6 years, there was no late recurrence of heart block. Three patients had residual right bundle branch block and 1 had first-degree atrioventricular block. Conclusions Atrioventricular conduction may return in a small but significant percentage of patients following pacemaker implantation for complete heart block associated with congenital heart surgery. When recovery of atrioventricular conduction occurs within the first months after surgery it appears reliable, which suggests that lifelong cardiac pacing may not be necessary in these individuals. 20,24
Development of Safer Gene Delivery Systems to Minimize the Risk of Insertional Mutagenesis-Related Malignancies: A Critical Issue for the Field of Gene Therapy

Integrating gene delivery systems allow for a more stable transgene expression in mammalian cells than the episomal ones. However, the integration of the shuttle vector within the cellular chromosomal DNA is associated with the risk of insertional mutagenesis, which, in turn, may cause malignant cell transformation. The use of a retroviral-derived vector system was responsible for the development of leukemia in five children, who participated in various clinical trials for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) in France and in the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, the hematological malignancy claimed the life of one patient in 2004, who was enrolled in the French clinical trial. In addition, adeno-associated-viral-(AAV-) mediated gene transfer induced tumors in animal models, whereas the Sleeping Beauty (SB) DNA transposon system was associated with insertional mutagenesis events in cell culture systems. On these grounds, it is necessary to develop safer gene delivery systems for the genetic manipulation of mammalian cells. This paper discusses the latest achievements that have been reported in the field of vector design.
Economic investment times for capacity expansion problems

Abstract A' simple rule for the determination of the optimal investment time for a capacity expansion problem is provided. Based on a general class of stochastic demand processes of practical interest, the timing rule is shown to be independent of the descriptive characteristics of the demand process, and thus, can be considered to be robust in nature.
Social skills training with verbal autistic adolescents and adults: A program model

An ongoing social skills training program was implemented with 15 verbal autistic adolescents and adults. The major long-range goals were for the participants to have positive peer-related social experiences in a supportive atmosphere and to learn useful skills in this way. Short-term training objectives included how to meet other people, stay on a topic of conversation, ask questions, pay attention, and express one's feelings and emotions. Teaching techniques included modeling, coaching, and role-playing. Preliminary indications suggest that the main goals and training objectives were being accomplished and that clients were progressing in their conversational skills, their selection of relevant topics, and their perceptions of themselves. The implications of this program for the understanding and treatment of autistic adolescents and adults is described, as well as the viability of a social skills training model. The need for more research on this most important issue is highlighted.
An HRP study of the relation between cell size and motor unit type in cat ankle extensor motoneurons

The dimensions of the somata and stem dendrites of 57 α- and three γ- motoneurons, identified as to motor unit type and labeled by intracelluar injection of horseradish peroxidase, were measured in the triceps surae and plantaris motor pools. The somata of type S motoneurons tended to be smaller (mean diameter 47.9 μm) than those of FF and FR units (52.5 and 53.1 μm, respectively) but these mean values were not significantly different and the data distributions showed considerable overlap between the unit types. The mean numbers and diameters of stem dendrites of stem dendrites exhibited somewhat larger differences related to motor unit type and some of these were statistically significant. The total membrane area (AN) of each cell was estimated from measurements of the soma and stem dendrites, by using recent data of Ulfhake and Kellerth ('81) to calculate the membrane area of a dendritic tree from stem dendrite diameter. Mean AN varied with motor unit type in the sequence FF > FR > S (average values: 369 × 1003 μm2, 323 × 1003 μm2, and 250 × 1003 μm2, respectively). There was covariation between AN and the conduction velocity of the motor axon, as well as with the force output from the muscle unit. Comparison of AN and motoneuron input resistance (RN) in 19 α-motoneurons suggested that the specific resistivity of the cell membrane in type S motoneurons was systematically higher than that characteristic of type FF or FR motoneurons.
Aberrations are a big part of OPC for phase shifting masks

A prototype CAD system for rapidly determining locations in large layouts that are most impacted by aberrations in projection printing is described. Aberrations are accurately modeled as producing spillover between mask openings with a localized pattern that is the inverse Fourier transform (IFT) of the optical path difference (OPD) function in the pupil. The novel function in the CAD system then quickly rank orders all pattern edges and corners according to the degree of similarity of their surrounding layout to the IFT function. The prototype is based on the Cadence Design Framework II CAD system and adds procedures for evaluating the spillover function, fast pattern matching, and extraction of local layout regions for further user aerial image simulation with SPLAT. Speed and memory limitations prompted the creation of a new C++ binary that incorporates the core data structures and algorithms for pattern matching. A pattern-matching sweep of a mask can now be accomplished in roughly the time it takes to flatten and merge the mask layout in Cadence. Results are presented in current technologies using both binary and phase-shifting masks.
Randomized micro lens arrays for color mixing

Color homogeneity is a key issue for LED lighting. To achieve sufficient flux, efficiency and color rendering, LED luminaires have to use multiple LEDs, whose brightness and color properties differ. To mix greenish white LEDs using phosphor with red monochromatic LEDs is an especially promising approach to achieve both high effiency and good color rendering at warm white colors. However, even for luminaires using only white LEDs, color and brightness of the LEDs varies due to random selection within LED bins, or by using LEDs from different bins. For diffuse illumination, color mixing is not too difficult, but for collimated light, good color mixing is a key challenge to the optical system. Micro lens arrays are known to provide extremely good color mixing while increasing beam divergence only slightly. However, in their standard forms with (i) hexagonal lenslets or (ii) circular lenslets with blackened triangles, they create beam patterns with (i) sharp edged hexagonal or (ii) less efficient sharp edged circular distributions, instead of the round, soft edged beam shapes needed for general lighting. This is due to the fact that the lenslet shapes are imaged to the far field. It is not possible to choose the lenslet shapes freely: the lenslet edges depend on the lenslet positions, forming a Voronoi diagram. We present various approaches to perturb the regular lenslet positions, forming a smooth round beam, while keeping the superior properties of standard micro lens arrays.
An Information-Theoretic Metric of System Complexity With Application to Engineering System Design

System complexity is considered a key driver of the inability of current system design practices to at times not recognize performance, cost, and schedule risks as they emerge. We present here a denition of system complexity and a quantitative metric for measuring that complexity based on information theory. We also derive sensitivity indices that indicate the fraction of complexity that can be reduced if more about certain factors of a system can become known. This information can be used as part of a resource allocation procedure aimed at reducing system complexity. Our methods incorporate Gaussian process emulators of expensive computer simulation models and account for both model inadequacy and code uncertainty. We demonstrate our methodology on a candidate design of an infantry ghting vehicle.
Access control policy evolution: an empirical study

Access Control Policies (ACPs) evolve. Understanding the trends and evolution patterns of ACPs could provide guidance about the reliability and maintenance of ACPs. Our research goal is to help policy authors improve the quality of ACP evolution based on the understanding of trends and evolution patterns in ACPs We performed an empirical study by analyzing the ACP changes over time for two systems: Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux), and an open-source virtual computing platform (VCL). We measured trends in terms of the number of policy lines and lines of code (LOC), respectively. We observed evolution patterns. For example, an evolution pattern st1 → st2 says that st1 (e.g., "read") evolves into st2 (e.g., "read" and "write"). This pattern indicates that policy authors add "write" permission in addition to existing "read" permission. We found that some of evolution patterns appear to occur more frequently.
K(+)-dependent composite gating of the yeast K(+) channel, Tok1.

Abstract TOK1 encodes an outwardly rectifying K + channel in the plasma membrane of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is capable of dwelling in two kinetically distinct impermeable states, a near-instantaneously activating R state and a set of related delayed activating C states (formerly called C 2 and C 1 , respectively). Dwell in the R state is dependent on membrane potential and both internal and external K + in a manner consistent with the K + electrochemical potential being its determinant, where dwell in the C states is dependent on voltage and only external K + . Whereas activation from the C states showed high temperature dependencies, typical of gating transitions in other Shaker -like channels, activation from the R state had a temperature dependence nearly as low as that of simple ionic diffusion. These findings lead us to conclude that although the C states reflect the activity of an internally oriented channel gate, the R state results from an intrinsic gating property of the channel filter region.
D-Penicillamine--induced pemphigus syndrome

D-Penicillamine is a chelating agent which is effective in the treatment of Wilson's disease, cystinuria, and lead poisoning. In recent years, it has also been used to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis with good results. The adverse effects of D-penicillamine are many. These include loss of taste, nephrotic syndrome, lupus erythematosus--like syndrome, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, myasthenia gravis, and agranulocytosis. Beginning in 1969, D-penicillamine was reported to induce a pemphigus eruption. We present a patient with D-penicillamine--induced pemphigus erythematosus and review previously reported cases.
Lipid changes during pre-germination and germination ofstriga asiatica seeds

Witchweed (Striga asiatica L. Kuntze) seeds were incubated at 28 C in a moist environment for a 14-day period, after which seeds germinated only when exposed to specific natural or synthetic germination stimulants. Changes in lipid composition were determined during germination of witchweed seeds and during early seedling growth. Witchweed seeds contained 37.5% (w/w) oil. Increased levels of monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol suggested the enlargement or multiplication of plastids after witchweed seeds had germinated. In contrast to the usual course of events in seeds with high oil reserves, witchweed seeds did not hydrolyze triacylglycerol rapidly during or after germination. These findings indicated that triacylglycerol in germinating witchweed seeds was conserved for subsequent use during haustorial formation and host invasion.
Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus) in human cancer cell lines.

Abstract Six flavonoids [xanthohumol (XN), 2′,4′,6′,4-tetrahydroxy-3′-prenylchalcone (TP); 2′,4′,6′,4-tetrahydroxy-3′-geranylchalcone (TG); dehydrocycloxanthohumol (DX); dehydrocycloxanthohumol hydrate (DH); and isoxanthohumol (IX)] from hops (Humulus lupulus) were tested for their antiproliferative activity in human breast cancer (MCF-7), colon cancer (HT-29) and ovarian cancer (A-2780) cells in vitro. XN, DX and IX caused a dose-dependent (0.1 to 100 μ m ) decrease in growth of all cancer cells. After a 2-day treatment, the concentrations at which the growth of MCF-7 cells was inhibited by 50% (IC50) were 13.3, 15.7 and 15.3 μ m for XN, DX and IX, respectively. After a 4-day treatment, the IC50 for XN, DX and IX were 3.47, 6.87 and 4.69 μ m , respectively. HT-29 cells were more resistant than MCF-7 cells to these flavonoids. In A-2780 cells, XN was highly antiproliferative with IC50 values of 0.52 and 5.2 μ m after 2 and 4 days of exposure, respectively. At 100 μ m , all the hop flavonoids were cytotoxic in the three cell lines. Growth inhibition of XN- and IX-treated MCF-7 cells was confirmed by cell counting. XN and IX inhibited DNA synthesis in MCF-7 cells. As antiproliferative agents, XN (chalcone) and IX (flavanone isomer of XN) may have potential chemopreventive activity against breast and ovarian cancer in humans.
Speculation overinflates long-term efficacy of vaccine for anal dysplasia

Patients with severe anal warts and anal intraepithelial neoplasia can need general surgery, which might still result in a high recurrence rate of disease. Anal disease associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) aff ects both HIV-negative and HIVpositive men and women, with HIVpositive patients developing more severe disease in a shorter time than those without HIV. Randomised trials such as the one by Olivier Richel and colleagues are increasingly necessary to guide appropriate treatments. The conclusion off ered by Ulrike Wieland and colleagues—that prophylactic HPV vaccination of boys might reduce anal intra epithelial neoplasia and anal cancer—is misleading to researchers, clinicians, and patients. Although mathematical models show that vaccination of males with prophylactic HPV vaccines increases the disruption of HPV transmission and infection among the entire population, little evidence exists of the quadrivalent vaccine’s long-term effi cacy for treatment of anal disease. Long-term effi cacy of the vaccine depends on antibody titres and memory B-cell responses in the human host. Studies of the quadrivalent vaccine show that immunogenicity diff ers by sex. Males lose detectable antibody titres to HPV 18, HPV 6, and HPV 11 signifi cantly faster than females after only 24 months from the fi rst of three vaccine doses (fi gure). It takes 8·5 years to see a 14% loss of detectable anti-HPV 16 titres in females, but corresponding longterm studies (of at least 8·5 years) to determine the full extent of antiHPV titre loss in males have not yet been undertaken. Nonetheless, if the vaccination of males at 11 years of age results in nearly 40% losing detectable titres to one of the two cancer-causing types at 13 years of age, it is suspect that long-term effi cacy can result in a signifi cant reduction in anal cancers. Investigations in females have looked at the antibody and memory B-cell response in recipients of the quadrivalent vaccine 24 months after the fi rst vaccine dose, fi nding memory B-cell responses to HPV 16 in only 67% of the population and to HPV 18 in only 53% of the population. No studies of memory B-cell response in males given the quadrivalent vaccine have been registered. Without long-term comprehensive work to understand the immunogenicity, effi cacy, and safety of the quadrivalent vaccine in males and in males who have sex with males (one of the highest risk populations for anal cancer), little chance for primary prevention of these cancers exists. Continuation of the intense work on chemotherapy, immune modulators, and other therapeutic vaccines for individuals with recalcitrant HPV anal disease is necessary. This work cannot be stopped in the hope that the prophylactic vaccine will remain eff ective in the next generation.
Thermomechanical fatigue and bithermal–thermomechanical fatigue of a nickel-base single crystal superalloy

Abstract Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) is a critical damage process incurred by turbine components. The most common methods for simulating the operating conditions of turbine components are either in-phase (IP) or out-of-phase (OP) TMF tests. However, due to the constantly changing temperature and applied load profile, it is challenging to decouple dominant damage mechanisms occurring in the material when relying solely on TMF test conditions. Further, the time to perform low(er) inelastic strain range TMF tests to failure can be cumbersome. This work proposes implementation of bithermal fatigue (BiF) tests to address these issues. Out-of-phase BiF tests are strain-controlled fatigue tests whereby a single cycle consists of an isothermal compressive half-cycle at the maximum temperature, followed by stress-free temperature change to the minimum temperature; the tensile half-cycle then occurs isothermally at the minimum temperature, followed by stress-free temperature change to the maximum temperature. Both conventional OP TMF and OP BiF tests were performed on nominally 〈0 0 1〉 oriented single crystal superalloy specimens. When plotting test results as inelastic strain range versus cycles to crack initiation, the OP BiF results exhibit a clear demarcation from the TMF data at a particular value of inelastic strain range; above which the results are primarily fatigue dominated and follow the trend of the OP TMF tests while below the results are environmentally dominated, creating a separate trend. Thermally-activated base material degradation supports the theory of damage driver segregation. A relationship is proposed relating the inelastic strain of BiF to that of TMF, for identical lives, within the environmentally dominated fatigue region. Finally, a life prediction model is proposed that includes fatigue and environmentally assisted damage mechanisms, which enables the life estimation of either test type. These relationships enable the use of BiF tests in place of, or in conjunction with, TMF tests, thereby providing insight into the dominant damage mechanisms present during testing and simplifying life prediction for more complex TMF cycles.
A characterization of indoor and outdoor microenvironmental concentrations of pollen and spores in two Houston neighborhoods

Abstract In order to investigate the factors affecting indoor and outdoor microenvironmental concentrations of aeroallergens, and the relationships between them, consecutive 12-hour samples of airborne pollens and spores were collected simultaneously at two fixed ambient air monitoring stations and inside and directly outside of each of 12 houses during the period June–October in Houston. Outdoor concentrations of pollen were spatially less heterogeneous than those of spores, and showed greater seasonal and diurnal variation. Indoor levels of both pollen and spores were uniformly lower than outdoor levels for all 12 air-conditioned homes, with indoor pollen counts on average 30% of outdoor values, and indoor spore counts on average 20% of outdoor values. Indoor levels of both aeroallergens in most homes were not significantly correlated with simultaneous outdoor levels. Variation in exposure to aeroallergens indoors appears largely determined by variations in both infiltration of outdoor air and activities of the household.
Rapid, Precise, Turbidometric Assay for Low Levels of Ampicillin in Serum After Single-Dose Oral Administration

A turbidometric assay is described for the quantitative measurement of ampicillin in serum. Standard curves prepared with known concentrations of ampicillin in serum exhibited acceptable linearity over a concentration range of approximately 0.2 to 1.8 mug/ml. Data are presented to show the excellent precision of the assay and the application of the assay to clinical studies. The advantages of this method over other procedures are discussed. Because of the questionable stability of ampicillin, samples containing known concentrations of ampicillin in serum were assayed after storage for various lengths of time. Serum samples maintained in the frozen state until the time of assay exhibited approximately 12% degradation after 7 days, whereas those samples which were subjected to repeated thawing and refreezing exhibited approximately 25% degradation after the same time interval.
Benchmarking UEDGE with DIII-D data

Comparisons between a 2-D fluid simulation of the scrape-off-layer (SOL) plasma of a diverted tokamak and experimental data from the DIII-D are shown. It is concluded that a simple diffusive model for perpendicular transport is consistent with the data. Discrepancies in the simulation suggest that impurity radiation may be playing a significant role in the experiment, and that further work is required to understand hydrogen recycling at the divertor.
Survey science on trial: the geographic contours of geology's practical science debate in late Victorian Canada

Abstract In 1884 the Select Committee on Geological Surveys convened in Ottawa to assess the practical contributions of the Geological Survey of Canada. Critics were concerned that the GSC was too focused on making theoretical contributions to geology rather than on the important task of locating, analyzing and reporting on Canada's promising mineral deposits. GSC officials repudiated this ‘pure vs. practical’ distinction, insisting that their territorially-extensive and intellectually wide-ranging reconnaissance surveys provided abundant practical knowledge to the Canadian public. As a result, GSC officials transformed the 1884 hearings into a spirited debate over what counted as practical science in service of the nation. This paper draws on Thomas Gieryn's insights concerning scientific ‘boundary-work’ and David Livingstone's efforts to ‘think geographically about science’ in order to analyze the hearing room as a short-lived yet consequential scientific ‘speech space’ in which the inherent geographic contours of the practical science debate came clearly into view when government-sponsored survey science was put on trial in 1884. Through a careful analysis of the testimony provided over the course of these hearings, the paper reveals the markedly different geographic perspectives advanced by GSC officials and their critics regarding the proper scale, orientation, and scope of a publicly-funded geological survey.
Influence of Pump Intake Location on Well Efficiency

We tested the influence of pump intake location on well efficiency using three intake locations—one above the screen, as recommended by current well design guidelines, and two in the screen. Testing was done in a semicircular physical model of a well with a screen, casing, and gravel pack. The experiments used three screen slot sizes, two sand sizes, and average screen entrance velocities from 0.18 to 0.55 m/s. For the finer sand, experimental results indicated that placing the pump intake at both positions in the screen increased well efficiency; the lowest intake position was generally the most efficient. For the coarser sand, the lowest intake position was also the most efficient; the intake position above the screen and the higher intake position in the screen produced similar, and lower, well efficiencies. These results indicate that the common practice of placing the pump intake above the screen may lead to less efficient well designs. The physical model also showed that the hydraulic head distribut...
Partial reinforcement effect following a shift from massed acquisition to spaced extinction

Rats received massed (5-min ITI) acquisition trials in a straight runway on either a PRF or a CRF schedule followed by massed or spaced (24-h ITI) extinction according to a 2 by 2 factorial design. PRF groups were more resistant to extinction than CRF groups at both ITIs. The PRF extinction effect was only slightly reduced by the shift from massed acquisition to spaced extinction. These results support the view that the behavioral effects of ITI shifts are asymmetrical. The importance of Trial 1 cues in relation to ITI shifts and spontaneous recovery are discussed.
Influence of Water-to-Cement Ratio on Hydration Kinetics: Simple Models Based on Spatial Considerations

Based on simple spatial considerations, models to describe the hydration kinetics of portland cement are developed and compared to existing experimental data, particularly in terms of the influence of the starting water-to-cement ratio (w/c) on hydration rates. The conceptual basis for the models is to relate the instantaneous hydration rate to local probabilities for the dissolution and precipitation of the cement phases. In the simplest model, hydration kinetics are strictly a function of the volume fraction of local (global) water-filled porosity, as computed based on Power's model for cement hydration. While this simplest model is inadequate to quantitatively describe the observed hydration behavior in real cement pastes with various w/c, a more complicated version of the model that considers both the water-filled porosity and the unhydrated cement volume fractions appears to provide an adequate description. Finally, the models are extended to consider the influence of the replacement of a portion of the cement by an inert filler on the resulting hydration kinetics.
Effects of copper and cadmium on growth, swimming and predator avoidance in Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda)

In this study we demonstrate the sensitivity of swimming behavior and predator-escape responses of nauplii of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis to sublethal doses of Cu and Cd. Behavior was generally altered at metal doses below those affecting growth rates or survival of the copepods. Swimming velocities of Cu-dosed nauplii were different from controls at all concentrations of Cu tested (10–50 μg l-1 total Cu) after 24- to 48-h exposure, whereas development rate of nauplii was significantly reduced only after 96 h at 25 μg l-1. The 96 h LC50 for Cu was approximately 30 μg l-1 Cu. Naupliar swimming velocity was also affected by Cd. Swimming speeds were reduced after 24 h at 130 μg l-1, and development was slowed after 48 h at 116 μg Cd l-1. The 96-h LC50 was >120 μg l-1. Little is known of the adaptive role of specific motile behaviors in the success of larval copepods. We investigated the relationship of swimming speed to predator — prey interactions of the nauplii using both real and simulated predators. Nauplii exposed to Cu for 24 h were observed to be generally hyperactive, a condition which could increase their encounter frequency with predators. Reduced numbers of escape responses of nauplii to a simulated predator, another indication of increased vulnerability to predation, were observed only after 48-h exposure to Cu. Nevertheless, feeding rates of non-dosed larval striped bass on dosed nauplii (24 h at 25 μg Cu l-1) were significantly higher than on control nauplii. Feeding rates of larval mysid shrimp, however, were not higher on similarly dosed nauplii; 24 h exposure of nauplii to >30 μg Cu l-1 did result in increased predation by mysids.
Image analysis for grain shape characterization in lamp filaments

Algorithms have been developed for appraising the quality of tungsten lamp filament wire microstructure with respect to its resistance to sag. They allow a numerical determination of grain aspect ratio, grain boundary contour, angle of boundary with wire diameter, and degree of grain boundary surface convolution. These values are combined algebraically to give a grain shape parameter (GSP) which reliably predicts how resistant the filament is to grain boundary sliding. Measurements are made of thermally etched grain boundaries on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the surfaces on coiled filaments. Data are recorded and parameters computed by means of an image analyzer. The technique has been tested on samples made from the same wire modified in process to have varying strain after the last anneal. It has also been tested on samples purchased from various vendors. These applications indicate that the computed GSP is a sensitive predictor of filament creep resistance and reliably reflects variation in wire drawing strain after the last anneal.
Flapping Wing CFD/CSD Aeroelastic Formulation Based on a Co- rotational Shell Finite Element

Flexible flapping wings have garnered a large amount of attention within the micro aerial vehicle (MAV) community: a critical component of MAV flight is the coupling of aerodynamics and structural dynamics. This paper presents a computational framework for simulating shell-like wing structures flapping in incompressible flow at low Reynolds numbers in both hover and forward flight. The framework is developed by coupling an in-house co-rotational finite element structural dynamics solver suitable for small strain and large rotations, to an in-house pressure-based Navier-Stokes solver. The development of the computational structural dynamics (CSD) solver and its coupling with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver is discussed in detail. Validation studies are presented for both the CSD and the aeroelastic solvers using different wing configurations. Structural dynamics solutions are presented for rectangular wings with either a prescribed plunge or a single degree-of-freedom flapping motion. The aeroelastic response is computed for two different wing configurations: 1) a thin-plate rectangular aluminum wing (aspect ratio 6) undergoing a single-axis large amplitude flapping motion and 2) a rectangular wing of NACA0012 cross-section (aspect ratio 6) under a pure plunge motion. Results are validated against available experimental data and those obtained from a different aeroelasticity framework previously developed by the authors.
Evaluating studies of the behavioral effects of sound on newborns.

Studies of the effects of sound on newborns can provide good information of use in clinical practice even though most were not designed for that purpose. Unfortunately, however, some poor-quality research has yielded unfounded yet clinically popular results. The clinician, therefore, must be careful in assessing the validity and reliability of research as well as the applicability of its findings to the care of individual patients. This article offers a checklist for evaluating research using auditory stimuli with newborns. Caveats concerning the newborn's gestational age and behavior (e.g., state, movement, attention, and habituation) are discussed. Particular design problems related to sound measurements and stimuli are identified. Clinicians are cautioned about applying findings from studies of term newborns to the care of preterm infants.
Differential Effects of Vitamin K1 on AFP and DCP Levels in Patients with Unresectable HCC and in HCC Cell Lines

DCP is a useful HCC tumor marker, which reflects a defect in vitamin K metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that vitamin K treatment of HCC patients might suppress this marker and possibly AFP also. HCC patients who had both elevated AFP and DCP were included. A phase I cohort was treated with escalating vitamin K1 intravenous weekly doses and a 27-patient phase II cohort was then treated with a fixed oral daily dose. A maximum tolerated dose was not reached up to 100-fold the normal vitamin K1 dose. No toxicities were found up to 1,000 mg/infusion. In the phase II cohort, 93% of patients had tumor marker responses by decreased DCP levels, but only 22% had responses by decreased AFP levels. CT scans showed 11% of patients had PRs, 59% had stable tumors and 29.6% had tumor progression. Mechanism studies showed that vitamin K1 induced phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Vitamin K1 was non-toxic at high doses, strongly inhibited plasma DCP levels, but weakly suppressed AFP levels. The results provide evidence that the two tumor markers are not directly linked and that DCP levels may not reflect HCC cell growth, as DCP levels were decreased in patients without AFP change, and were suppressed in vitro at 1% of the vitamin K1 concentration needed to inhibit AFP.
Radiated seismic energy based on dynamic rupture models of faulting

[1] By modeling spontaneous ruptures, we study the mechanism dependence of radiated seismic energy from three hypothetical crustal events, 30° dipping reverse fault, 60° dipping normal fault, and a vertical strike-slip fault, and the 1994 blind-thrust Northridge earthquake. Embedded in a homogeneous half-space, all three hypothetical faults have the same area and are subjected to the same shear and normal stress conditions and frictional parameters. Dynamic simulations produce apparent stress of 0.53 MPa, 0.23 MPa, and 0.34 MPa for the reverse, normal, and strike-slip faults, respectively. The energy distribution on a distant surface shows that a large fraction of energy is concentrated in the forward direction of rupture propagation. We use spontaneous rupture models to compute the radiated energy from the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The initial stress drop distribution is based on a kinematic slip distribution. Using a linear slip-weakening friction law, we modify both the initial stress and yield stress until the dynamic rupture produces near-source synthetics that are consistent with the data. The total radiated seismic energy from our model is 6.0 × 1014 J; seismic moment 1.47 × 1019 Nm; apparent stress 1.5 MPa; fracture energy 3.2 × 1014 J; and slip-weakening distance 0.25 m. The energy flux distribution is heterogeneous with strong directivity effects. These results suggest that correcting for directivity could be difficult, but necessary, for teleseismic and regional estimates of radiated energy. Dynamic source models constrained by ground motions can provide a stable and accurate energy estimate for large earthquakes.
High-speed pulse-train generation using single-mode-fibre recirculating delay lines

A simple technique is described, whereby the delay properties of a series of two single-mode-fibre recirculating delay lines were used to generate a sequence of uniform, high-speed pulse trains. A single, short input was used to generate a sequence of 1.25 Gbit/s pulse trains that were uniform to better than ±0.3 dB.
Applying pipelining techniques to microprocessors

Pipelining techniques are used in the Intel iAPX 286. High performance with full protection using normal speed memories require pipelining techniques. Pipelining gets the most done in each processor clock cycle. The internal pipelining is then exported to the memory bus to allow usage of slow memory devices.
Impact of high temperatures on efficacy of cyfluthrin and hydroprene applied to concrete to control Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Abstract In laboratory trials, concrete was treated with cyfluthrin wettable powder (WP) at 40 mg active ingredient [AI] cyfluthrin WP/m2, then heated for 4, 8, or 16 h at either 45°C or 55°C, or treated but not heated (seven treatment combinations). Bioassays were conducted by exposing adult Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) for 0.5, 1, and 2 h. Survival of T. castaneum was generally greater on unheated concrete compared with the heating treatments, and survival appeared to decrease as heating time increased at both 45°C and 55°C. In a second laboratory trial, concrete was treated with hydroprene (Gentrol) at the label rate of 1.9×10−3 mg [AI]/cm2, and bioassayed by exposing late-instar T. castaneum larvae on the treated surface. There were significant differences between untreated controls and the heat treatment regimes (P