cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binding of inhibitory metals to yeast enolase

Abstract Certain divalent cations can inhibit yeast enolase by binding at sites that are distinct from those metal binding sites normally associated with catalytic activity, i.e., the conformational and catalytic binding sites. By using a buffer that does not compete with metal ions (tetrapropylammonium borate) Zn, Co, Mn, Cu, Cd, and Ni are found to exhibit similar inhibitory characteristics. Inhibition by those metals is alleviated by the addition of imidazole or tris buffer and, for zinc, by a metal chelating agent (Calcein). Inhibition by zinc was examined in detail through binding studies and enzymatic activity measurement. In tetrapropylammonium buffers at pH 8.0, enolase binds up to four moles of zinc per mole of enzyme (two moles per subunit). An imidazole concentration of 0.05 M reduces the binding: in the absence of substrate, just two moles of zinc per enzyme are bound. The enzyme will bind two additional moles of zinc upon the addition of substrate in either buffer, but the enzyme in tetrapropylammonium buffer is nearly inactive. Inhibition is, therefore, correlated with the binding of two moles of zinc per mole of enzyme. Some additional metal ions, Ca, Tb, Hg, and Ag also caused inhibition of yeast enolase but not by binding to the inhibitory site described.
Effect of aqueous environment on fatigue-crack propagation behavior in a Zr-based bulk amorphous metal∗☆

Recently, a number of strongly glass forming metallic alloys have been found, most prominently the Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be, Zr-Cu-Ni-Al, and Pd-Cu-Ni-P systems, which may be produced in bulk form. Despite such promising mechanical properties, there is little information available on the performance of these glasses in electrochemically active environments. Consequently, in the present study, the authors examine the fatigue properties of the Zr{sub 41.2}Ti{sub 13.8}Cu{sub 12.5}Ni{sub 10}Be{sub 22.5} amorphous metal in the presence of three environments, ambient air, de-ionized water, and sodium chloride solution, with the specific goal of identifying the role of environment in the fatigue-crack growth process.
Building Community and Posting Projects: Creating “Student Pages” in Web-Based and Web-Enhanced Courses

: The author presents pedagogical arguments for integrating web-based student pages into intermediate- and upper-level foreign language courses. She shows how web-based student pages used for community-building activities and the presentation of culture projects contribute to meeting the five C's — Communication, Cultures, Connections, Comparisons, and Communities — as they are outlined in the 1996 ACTFL Standards for Foreign Language Learning. Based on the author's experience with web-based student pages in an online German course, this article offers models that can be applied in both web-based and web-enhanced foreign language courses.
Characterization of class II apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activities in the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum

We have reported that the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, repairs apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites on DNA by a long-patch base excision repair (BER) pathway. This biology is different from that in mammalian cells, which predominantly repair AP sites by a DNA-polymerase-beta-dependent, one-nucleotide patch BER pathway. As a starting point for the identification and biochemical characterization of the enzymes involved in the parasite DNA BER pathway, we chose characterization of the AP endonuclease activity in a P. falciparum cell-free lysate. Evidence is provided for the presence of class II, Mg(2+)-dependent and independent AP endonucleases in the parasite lysate. The investigation of the processing of AP sites in Plasmodium will provide new information about long-patch BER pathways; if they are different from those in the human host they might provide a new target for anti-malarial chemotherapy.
On Finding for Defendants Who Plead Insanity: The Crucial Impact of Dispositional Instructions and Opportunity to Deliberate

One hundred twenty participants functioned as mock-jurors and as members of deliberating juries in an experiment designed to assess the impact of dispositional instruction on verdicts rendered in an insanity trial. Consistent with prior research (K. E. & J. R. Ogloff, 1995), dispositional instruction had no effect on the verdict preferences of individual jurors prior to deliberating. Yet, as expected, the instruction manipulation had a major impact on postdeliberative decisions (i.e., group verdicts; individual juror verdict preferences). Content analyses of jury deliberations revealed that postdeliberative shifts toward harsh verdicts in uninstructed juries and toward lenient verdicts in instructed juries were mediated by the impact of the Instruction manipulation on the content of jury deliberations: uninstructed juries feared that an acquitted-insane defendant would be freed to act again, whereas instructed juries recognized that finding for an insane defendant implied his retention and treatment. Implications of these results for both legal policy and the conduct of mock-trial research are discussed.
Randomized Partially-Minimal Routing: Near-Optimal Oblivious Routing for 3-D Mesh Networks

The increasing viability of 3-D silicon integration technology has opened new opportunities for chip architecture innovations. One direction is in the extension of 2-D mesh-based tiled chip-multiprocessor architectures into three dimensions. This paper focuses on efficient routing algorithms for such 3-D mesh networks. Existing routing algorithms suffer from either poor worst-case throughput (DOR, ROMM) or poor latency (VAL). Although the minimal routing algorithm O1TURN proposed in already achieves near-optimal worst-case throughput for 2-D mesh networks, the optimality result does not extend to higher dimensions. For 3-D and higher dimensional meshes, the worst-case throughput of O1TURN degrades tremendously. The main contribution of this paper is a new oblivious routing algorithm for 3-D mesh networks called randomized partially-minimal (RPM) routing. RPM provably achieves optimal worst-case throughput for 3-D meshes when the network radix is even and within a factor of 1/k2 of optimal worst-case throughput when is odd. Finally, whereas VAL achieves optimal worst-case throughput at a penalty factor of 2 in average latency over DOR, RPM achieves (near) optimal worst-case throughput with a much smaller factor of 1.33. For practical asymmetric 3-D mesh configurations where the number of device layers are fewer than the number of tiles along the edge of a layer, the average latency of RPM reduces to just a factor of 1.11 to 1.19 of DOR. Additionally, a variant of RPM called randomized minimal first (RMF) routing is proposed, which leverages the inherent load-balancing properties of the network traffic to further reduce packet latency without compromising throughput.
The design and biological applications of dual-beam oscillating optical tweezer-based imaging cytorheometer

Because of its non-invasive nature, optical tweezers have emerged as a popular tool for the studies of complex fluids and biological cells and tissues. The capabilities of optical tweezer-based experimental instruments continue to evolve for better and broader applications, through new apparatus designs and integrations with microscopic imaging techniques. In this paper, we present the design, calibration and applications of a powerful microrheometer that integrates a novel high temporal and spatial resolution dual-beam oscillating optical tweezer-based cytorheometer (DOOTC) with spinning disk confocal microscopy. The oscillating scheme detects the position of micron-size probe particles via a phase-sensitive lock-in amplifier to greatly enhance sensitivity. The dual-beam scheme ensures that the cytorheometer is insensitive to sample specimen background parameter variances, and thus enables the investigation of micromechanical properties of biological samples, which are intrinsically inhomogeneous. The cytorheometer system is demonstrated to be capable of measuring dynamic local mechanical moduli in the frequency range of 0.1-150 Hz at up to 2 data point per second and with nanometer spatial resolutions, while visualizing and monitoring structural properties in situ. We report the results of system applications in the studies of bovine skin gelatin gel, purified microtubule assemblies, and human alveolar epithelial cells. The time evolution of the storage moduli G' and the loss moduli G'' of the gel is recorded for undisturbed gel-forming process with high temporal resolution. The micromechanical modulus G* of polymerized microtubule network as a function of frequency are shown to be both inhomogeneous and anisotropic consistent with local structures revealed by confocal imaging. The mechanical properties of A549 human lung cells as a function of temperature will be reported showing significant decrease in cell stiffness at higher temperature.
Evaluating AIDS prevention: Outcome, implementation, and mediating variables☆

Abstract Experience in evaluating AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) prevention projects leads us suggest several conceptual, measurement, and analysis recommendations: 1. follow the logic of prevention programs to translate effect sizes into a yield for AIDS risk reduction; 2. assume that secular trends toward risk reduction will reduce or disguise effect sizes; 3. measure behavior as the distal outcome in most evaluations; 4. measure all behaviors that are relevant to risk reduction; 5. measure interval level variables if possible; 6. estimate coverage and bias in coverage; and 7. measure a variety of mediating variables that may affect behavior and assist in tailoring, health education to the at-risk populations.
Replica symmetry breaking without frustration

Abstract It has been commonly thought that disorder, frustration, and the existence of numerous ground states are required for the phenomenon known as replica symmetry breaking. Here we demonstrate (using a very simple spin model) that replica symmetry breaking can occur in an unfrustrated system.
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: An evolutionary hypothesis

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, "morning sickness", is a common contemporary complaint. Many pregnant patients note alterations in smell and taste which can precipitate "morning sickness", symptoms that characterize early gestation. Epidemiologic studies suggest that pregnancies accompanied by "morning sickness" have better outcomes than asymptomatic pregnancies. The intimate connection between immunogenetic identity, chemoidentity, and chemocommunication by olfactory mechanisms suggests a relationship between maternal symptoms and maternal accommodation of paternal antigens contained in the fetoplacental unit. Most mammalian species utilize olfaction to reduce inbreeding and thus do not require an intimate placental connection between mother and fetus. The evolution of Homo sapiens included prolonged periods of small, genetically homogeneous foraging groups which limited selection of genetically heterogeneous mates. Adaptation to this circumstance included a reduction of olfactory precision in mate selection and a more intimate association between mother and fetus, the hemochorial placenta.
Innervation of the rat aortic (subclavian) body: an ultrastructural study following axonal degeneration.

The rat aortic (subclavian) body was studied to determine the type (afferent or efferent), source, and characteristics of the nerves which innervate these arterial chemoreceptors. To determine whether the nerve endings adjacent to the glomus cells were afferent (sensory) or efferent, axonal degeneration experiments were performed in which the vagus nerve was sectiones either above or below the nodose ganglion. The results of these studies confirm that almost all of the nerves are afferent axons whose nerve cell bodies are located in the nodose ganglion. Additionally, following injections of 6-OHDA, no axonal endings could be identified which were sympathetic postganglionic in origin. The few nerve endings which did not degenerate (∼5%) may be preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the inferior cervical ganglion. Synaptic connections between nerve endings and glomus cells include afferent nerve endings which are postsynaptic to glomus cells, a few presynaptic to glomus cells are rarely, some which form reciprocal synapses. All of the axonal endings are characterized by small clear-core synaptic vesicles (diameter = 45.4 nm) and a few larger dense-core vesicles (diameter = 74.2 nm). Glomus cells of the rat aortic body are characterized by an abundance of dense-core vesicles which average 109.6 nm in diameter. Glomus cells appeared to be of only one variety and were observed in synaptic contacty with one another. The results of this study demonstrate that there are differences between the aortic and carotid bodies, especially with respect to the sophistication of their synaptic connections. These morphological differences may be related to several of the known physiological differences between these chemoreceptors.
Review: Self-testing or self-management of oral anticoagulation reduces thromboembolic events and mortality more than usual care

Source Citation Bloomfield HE, Krause A, Greer N, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of patient self-testing and self-management of long-term anticoagulation on major clinical outcomes. Ann Intern Med. 2...
Patterns of epidermal cell polarity in healing open wounds.

Abstract The epidermal cells of the open wound margins are characteristically elongated with their long axes parallel to the wound defect. Their cytoplasmic organelles are polarized, suggesting that secretory products are released from one end of the cell. Results indicate that orientation and polarization of wound epidermis is coupled with cellular migration as wound closure proceeds.
Electron depolarization by inelastic exchange scattering from Cr3+ magnetic moments.

Inelastic exchange scattering of low-energy electrons off disordered localized Cr{sup 3+} magnetic moments at a Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface is studied by spin-polarized electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. The excitations from a spin-quartet ground state to doublet states via exchange scattering give rise to sharp energy-loss lines, which are predominantly spin flip, and provide an efficient electron depolarization mechanism.
Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics: cause for concern?

General anesthetics are highly lipid soluble and can dissolve in every membrane, penetrate into organelles and interact with numerous cellular constituents. Their actions have long been considered rapid and fully reversible, with the pharmacodynamic time course of anesthesia dictated solely by the pharmacokinetic profiles of anesthetic uptake and elimination. But recent laboratory data call for a cautious reassessment of this assumption. In the last decade, it has become apparent that anesthetics can affect gene expression, protein synthesis and processing, and cellular function in poorly understood ways that provide plausible biochemical substrates for durable long-term effects in a number of tissues. While in most patients physiological homeostasis is restored soon following general anesthesia, anesthetics have potentially profound and long-lasting effects that, in animal models, appear particularly consequential in specific developmental periods and pathophysiological contexts. Could a class of drugs employed for many decades without evidence of long-term damage have insidious and heretofore unrecognized neurotoxic effects? Here we critically evaluate available scientific evidence for general anesthetic ‘neurotoxicity’ and the potential clinical implications. Since the scope of this clinical commentary is limited, numerous deserving laboratory investigations could not be mentioned in this focused overview. Our goal as physician-scientists not directly involved in this area of research is to summarize the diverse directions of research in this field, while highlighting the limitations of existing data with respect to clinical practice in order to provide the reader with a rational platform for discussions with colleagues and patients. The barriers that must be overcome to permit clinical translation of the available laboratory research are emphasized, along with the need for further research, as recently highlighted in a consensus statement by a group including authoritative researchers in this field.1 As with any emerging field of research, new evidence continues to accrue such that conclusions are by necessity preliminary and will require frequent reappraisal.
Preparing for the 21st Century: Some Goals and Challenges for Studies of Infant Sensory and Perceptual Development

Abstract While acknowledging that there has been enormous progress in our understanding of sensory and perceptual development in human infancy over the past three decades, this paper looks toward future directions in preparation for the 21st century. It is argued that investigators should move away from the categorical thinking that dominates the field and focus more on developmental process in studying the acquisition of perceptual skills. Also, more attention should be paid to the functional role of perceptual skills and less to demonstrations of discrimination. In addition, researchers should attempt to bring their work and conceptualizations more in line with that on adults and older children. Future work on sensory and perceptual development in infancy will be heavily influenced by our understanding of how the brain works, especially with refinements in brain imaging and neurophysiology and with developments in computational modeling of perceptual processes. Finally, it is likely that there will be increased application of research findings to such problems as identification of infants at risk.
Mapping aerosol intrusion in Himalayan valleys using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO)

Abstract Mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of aerosols along mountain ranges is an important step toward elucidating orographic aerosol–cloud–rainfall interactions. This requires high spatial resolution aerosol observations over complex topography, which are not currently available either from ground-based observing systems or from remote-sensing products. Here, a novel approach is presented that relies on visible channels from MODIS Rapid Response data at 250 m spatial resolution to extract the daytime aerosol run-up (intrusion length and height) from the Indo-Gangetic Plains to the High Himalaya. Intrusion length and height are determined from the intersection of topography with the MODIS-derived aerosol plume using an adaptive object-classification algorithm. The methodology is demonstrated for a case study of the Arun River in eastern Nepal. Results of run-up extraction are examined along with the Total Attenuated Backscatter (Level 1B at 532 nm) from CALIPSO to investigate the regional variability of aerosol. During the pre-monsoon season, CALIPSO nighttime profiles show the presence of a slanted dust layer following the envelope topography. This is consistent with upper level transport of aerosol by north-westerly winds associated with high-frequency dust storms. In the winter, the signal is weaker, and the nighttime elevated aerosol layer is flat and remains below the envelope orography consistent with blocking conditions. For both seasons, the daytime aerosol layer detected from MODIS observations is always below the ridges. This suggests that in addition to seasonal variability governed by synoptic conditions, there is a distinct diurnal cycle in the North–South transport of aerosol between the Himalayas and the IGP.
New polydentate sulfide ligands: Synthesis, redox properties, and molecular structure of 4,5-bis(p-tolylthio)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione

The reaction of p-toluenethiol with 4,5-dichloro-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione in 1,2-dichloroethane with added DBU affords good yields of the new bidentate sulfide ligand 4,5-bis(p-tolylthio)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione. The title compound was isolated by column chromatography and characterized in solution by IR and NMR spectroscopies. The solid-state structure of RC=CRC(O)CH2C(O) (where R = p-tolylthio) was solved by X-ray crystallography. 4,5-Bis(p-tolylthio)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 14.203(3) A, b = 6.181(1) A, c = 20.372(4) A, β = 106.111(3)°, V = 1718.1(6) A3, Z = 4, and dcalc = 1.316 mg/m3; R = 0.0743, Rw = 0.1693 for 3958 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The redox properties of 4,5-bis(p-tolylthio)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione have been examined by cyclic voltammetry in CH2Cl2 solution, where a quasireversible reduction wave at −1.10 V was found. The reduction behavior is discussed relative to the nature of the LUMO level, which has been determined by extended Huckel MO calculations. The redox chemistry and the LUMO of our bidentate sulfide ligand are contrasted with the known redox chemistry and the LUMO composition of the corresponding bidentate phosphine ligand 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4-cyclopenten-1,3-dione (bpcd).
Small Mammal Responses to Thinning and Wildfire in Ponderosa Pine–Dominated Forests of the Southwestern United States

Abstract As part of a national experiment, the Fire and Fire Surrogate Project, we evaluated the effects of forest thinning on small mammal population densities and total small mammal biomass in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)–dominated forests at 2 study areas in northern Arizona and northern New Mexico, USA. We also evaluated the effects of wildfire on small mammal population densities and biomass after a wildfire burned a portion of one study area. Our statistical methods consisted of estimation of population densities in combined analyses across space and time, followed by a weighted regression analysis of treatment effects on densities. We hypothesized that habitat change postdisturbance would be the critical determinant of population responses to thinning and wildfire within 1 year of disturbances. Our results largely supported this hypothesis, as we documented predicted positive responses to thinning for deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), gray-collared chipmunks (Tamias cinereicollis), and least ...
A modified bacterial one-hybrid system yields improved quantitative models of transcription factor specificity

We examine the use of high-throughput sequencing on binding sites recovered using a bacterial onehybrid (B1H) system and find that improved models of transcription factor (TF) binding specificity can be obtained compared to standard methods of sequencing a small subset of the selected clones. We can obtain even more accurate binding models using a modified version of B1H selection method with constrained variation (CV-B1H). However, achieving these improved models using CV-B1H data required the development of a new method of analysis—GRaMS (Growth Rate Modeling of Specificity)—that estimates bacterial growth rates as a function of the quality of the recognition sequence. We benchmark these different methods of motif discovery using Zif268, a well-characterized C2H2 zinc-finger TF on both a 28bp randomized library for the standard B1H method and on 6bp randomized library for the CV-B1H method for which 45 different experimental conditions were tested: five time points and three different IPTG and 3-AT concentrations. We find that GRaMS analysis is robust to the different experimental parameters whereas other analysis methods give widely varying results depending on the conditions of the experiment. Finally, we demonstrate that the CV-B1H assay can be performed in liquid media, which produces recognition models that are similar in quality to sequences recovered from selection on solid media.
Posttranslational regulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein

Thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) is a metabolic regulator, which modulates insulin sensitivity and likely plays a role in type 2 diabetes. We studied the regulation of Txnip in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cells were incubated under different conditions and Txnip was measured by immunoblotting. We confirmed that high glucose markedly increases Txnip expression by promoting transcription. Insulin decreases Txnip protein levels. Rapamycin under most conditions decreased Txnip, suggesting that mTOR complex-1 is involved. The acute effects of insulin are mainly posttranscriptional; insulin (100 nM) accelerates Txnip degradation more than tenfold. This effect is cell type specific. It works in adipocytes, preadipocytes and in L6 myotubes but not in HepG2 or in HEK 293 cells or in a pancreatic b-cell line. The ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is involved. Degradation of Txnip occurred within 15 min in the presence of 3 nM insulin and overnight with 0.6 nM insulin. Proteasomal Txnip degradation is not mediated by a cysteine protease or an anti-calpain enzyme. Okadaic acid (OKA), an inhibitor of phosphoprotein phosphatases (pp), markedly reduced Txnip protein and stimulated its further decrease by insulin. The latter occurred after incubation with 1 or 1000 nM OKA, suggesting that insulin enhances the phosphorylation of a pp2A substrate. Incubation with 0.1 mM Wortmannin, a PI3 kinase inhibitor, increased Txnip protein twofold and significantly inhibited its insulin-induced decrease. Thus, while OKA mimics the effect of insulin, Wortmannin opposes it. In summary, insulin stimulates Txnip degradation by a PI3 kinase-dependent mechanism, which activates the ubiquitin/ proteasome pathway and likely serves to mitigate insulin resistance.
The pathophysiology of hypertension The importance of angiotensin II in cardiovascular remodeling

Emerging data on the role of the tissue renin-angiotensin system are redefining our understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension and other vascular disorders. Although the tissue renin-angiotensin system is quiescent after birth, it can be reactivated in response to tissue injury. Recent evidence suggests that this system is involved in maladaptive changes such as ventricular and vascular remodeling, alterations in renal function, and atherosclerosis. With increased recognition of the role of angiotensin II in these processes, new therapeutic opportunities are emerging. Blockade of angiotensin II will likely prove more effective than other vasodilator therapies in the setting of congestive heart failure and after acute myocardial infarction.
Numerical Study of Unsteady Low-Reynolds-Number Separation Bubbles Using a New High Order Scheme

Low-Reynolds-number flows over airfoils are often characterized by the presence of separation bubbles, which can be unsteady with vortex shedding. The separation bubbles are unstable and their structure depends on the ambient disturbances present. Hence, it is important to understand the receptivity to disturbances and its effect on the separation bubbles. The objectives of this paper are two fold: 1) to develop and validate a new high-order (of arbitrarily high order) explicit finite difference scheme with stable boundary closure for solving the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the vorticity-velocity form; 2) to present results of numerical simulations of unsteady separation bubbles induced on a flat plate. The first part of this paper presents a new method for solving unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, which uses arbitrarily high-order finite difference schemes with stable boundary closure schemes derived directly on a nonuniform stretched grid. The second part of the paper presents results from separation bubble simulations, computed using a fifth order accurate method in the streamwise and wall normal direction and a spectral method in the spanwise direction. The separation bubbles on the flat plate are induced by specifying a velocity gradient in the freestream or by suction at the freest ream. The freestream velocity distributions are varied to obtain different sizes of separation bubbles. The unsteady separation bubbles are studied by introducing wall blowing and suction disturbances, of varying frequencies and amplitudes.
An MNDO molecular orbital study of the reactions of protonated oxirane derivatives (XCHCH2OH+, X = CN, Cl, CH3, Ph) with simple nucleophiles. Implications for regioselectivity in the reactions of electrophiles with nucleic acid bases

The gas-phase analogs of the classical SN1 and SN2 reactions of nucleophiles with a series of protonated oxiranes bearing the substituents CN, Cl, Me, and Ph were studied using MNDO semiempirical molecular orbital theory. The transition states for nucleophilic attack on the intact rings are calculated to become progressively more “SN1-like,” as the ability of the substituent group to stabilize the corresponding ring opened carbenium ion increases. At the same time the activation barriers become progressively smaller and their relative values for different nucleophiles approach the order expected on the basis of a purely electrostatic attraction between the reacting moieties. Exactly the opposite trends are calculated for the transition states for nucleophilic attack on the intermediate carbenium ions. As the stabilities of the latter increase the extent of bond formation, and transfer of charge to the incoming nucleophile also increase. Here, the relative barriers for attack by different nucleophiles approach the order expected on the basis of a superposition of both covalent and electrostatic interactions in which the former dominate. These results support a previously suggested rationalization for the enhanced reactivities of certain alkylating agents towards the exocyclic oxygen atoms, rather than the ring nitrogens, of the nucleic acid bases. They also suggest a new explanation for the tendencies of aralkylating electrophiles to modify the exocyclic amino groups of the nucleic acid bases: sites which are unreactive towards simple alkylating agents.
Crystal chemistry of lead aluminosilicate hollandite: a new high- pressure synthetic phase with octahedral Si

Single crystals of lead aluminosilicate hollandite, with composition Pbo.sA11.6Si2.40s, have been synthesized at 16.5 GPa and 1450 0c. Crystals are tetragonal [space group 14, Z = 2, a = 9.414(3), c = 2.750(3) A, V = 243.7(3) A3]. Si and Al are disordered on the octahedral site. Pb is best modeled by two atom sites, one on the fourfold axis and the other split, lying off the fourfold axis. This feature was predicted by Post and Burnham (1986) but not previously observed.
Aspects of Information Flow

Along with our colleagues at the Oregon Graduate Institute and Georgia Institute of Technology, we have recently been experimenting with real-rate systems, that is, systems that are required to move data from one place to another at defined rates, such as 30 items per second. Audio conferencing or streaming video systems are typical: they are required to deliver video or audio frames from a source (a server or file system) in one place to a sink (a display or a sound generator) in another; the frames must arrive periodically, with constrained latency and jitter.
Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance of carbohydrate‐based fat replacers in biscuits

The effect of three different carbohydrate-based fat substitutes in a baking powder biscuit was studied. The various fat replacers were substituted for fat in the biscuit formula at a rate of 33%, 66% and 100%. The biscuit variations were assessed by objective and sensory measurements. Comparable objective and sensory results indicated that crust colour was lightened significantly with increased use of the individual fat substitute. Tenderness decreased as substitute use increased when biscuits were rated by the sensory panel, but opposite results were obtained by the texture analyser. Objective analysis indicated that an increase in use of the fat substitute produced a moister biscuit, which was in agreement with the sensory panel. Consumer location testing rated the biscuits as moderately acceptable, but data did indicate a willingness for a product of this type to become available in the marketplace. The overall results do indicate that a fat substitute can be a viable additive in the basic biscuit, but there is a maximum at which the substitute can be used for fat and still produce an acceptable product.
Moral Psychology of Shame in Early Confucian Philosophy

In Western traditions of virtue ethics, specifically in the Greco-Roman tradition of aretaic moral excellence, a virtue is characterized as a carefully developed and refined inner ability that reflects the personal and practical excellence of a moral agent. It is a fully developed disposition that comes out of careful process of cultivation and results in the well-rounded character and the flourishing life of a person.
JOINT MOTION AND SURFACE CONTACT AREA RELATED TO COMPONENT POSITION IN TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

A three-dimensional computer model of a total hip replacement was used to examine the relationship between the position of the components, the range of motion and the prosthetic joint contact area. Horizontal acetabular positions with small amounts of acetabular and femoral anteversion provide the largest contact areas, but result in limited joint movement. These data will allow surgeons to select implant positions that will provide the largest possible joint contact area for a given joint range of motion although these are conflicting goals. In some component positions a truncated spherical prosthetic head resulted in smaller contact areas than a completely spherical head.
Gay Discourse In Adult Education: A Critical Review:

This paper explores the dual roles, both emancipatory and oppressive, that adult education plays within the gay and lesbian community. The paper argues that heterosexism, a widely shared system that assumes compulsory heterosexuality for everyone, results in domination of lesbian and gay people. Theoretically, the paper locates heterocentricity within the larger field of education. An extensive literature review is used to demonstrate that mainstream adult education reproduces heterocentric assumptions, social relations, and beliefs, at the expense of gay resistance discourse. Libratory, popular adult education within the gay and lesbian community is contrasted with more mainstream adult education practices, purposes, and programs.
Role-based exploration of object-oriented programs

We present a new technique for helping developers understand heap properties of object-oriented programs and how the actions of the program affect these properties. Our dynamic analysis uses the aliasing properties of objects to synthesize a set of roles; each role represents an abstract object state intended to be of interest to the developer. We allow the developer to customize the analysis to explore the object states and behavior of the program at multiple different and potentially complementary levels of abstraction. The analysis uses roles as the basis for three abstractions: role transition diagrams, which present the observed transitions between roles and the methods responsible for the transitions; role relationship diagrams, which present the observed referencing relationships between objects playing different roles; and enhanced method interfaces, which present the observed roles of method parameters. Together, these abstractions provide useful information about important object and data structure properties and how the actions of the program affect these properties. We have used our implemented role analysis to explore the behavior of several Java programs. Our experience indicates that, when combined with a powerful graphical user interface, roles are a useful abstraction for helping developers explore and understand the behavior of object-oriented programs.
Device-dependent light-level correction errors in photovoltaic I-V performance measurements

Spectral corrections enable investigators to report key performance indicators (KPIs) for photovoltaic (PV) devices at standard reporting conditions (SRC). Important KPIs include short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum power, current at maximum power, voltage at maximum power, and fill factor. Spectral correction procedures typically include compensation for light-level variation monitored during a current-voltage (I-V) performance measurement of a PV device. ASTM measurement standards stipulate I-V curve corrections that include such compensation. For a PV device whose performance at 25°C is given by a common 5-parameter single-diode model, these corrections are shown not to be strictly valid. Considering systematic light-level offset and random light-level variation, we examine the potential magnitude of the I-V curve correction error and its effect on these KPIs. For specific PV device model parameters taken from the literature and assuming perfect measurements, the expected absolute relative error in the corrected maximum power is approximately 0.5% for a light level that is systematically below a 1-sun equivalent by 5% on average and varying at a 2% level. Such analyses can be used to quantify device-specific contributions to measurement uncertainty from light-level correction errors, and to limit such errors through measurement process control. Furthermore, these results suggest exploring an alternative approach to the light-level correction problem, in which I-V measurements would first be used to characterize the parameters of a suitable model of the PV device. This model would then be used to predict the device's I-V curve and KPIs at SRC.
Light management through guided-mode resonances in thin-film silicon solar cells

We theoretically explain and experimentally demonstrate light trapping in thin-film solar cells through guided-mode resonance (GMR) effects. Resonant field enhancement and propagation path elongation lead to enhanced solar absorption. We fabricate nanopatterned solar cells containing embedded 300-nm period, one-dimensional gratings. The grating pattern is fabricated on a glass substrate using laser interference lithography followed by a transparent conducting oxide coating as a top contact. A ∼320-nm thick p-i-n hydrogenated amorphous silicon solar cell is deposited over the patterned substrate followed by bottom contact deposition. We measure optical and electrical properties of the resonant solar cells. Compared to a planar reference solar cell, around 35% integrated absorption enhancement is observed over the 450 to 750-nm wavelength range. This light-management method results in enhanced short-circuit current density of 14.8 mA/cm 2 , which is a ∼40% improvement over planar solar cells. Our experimental demonstration proves the potential of simple and well-designed GMR features in thin-film solar cells.
Respiratory gases in uterine circulation of pregnant domestic swine as sampled by indwelling catheters

Data dealing with placental respiratory gas exchange are scant for species with an epitheliochorial placenta. None have been obtained from awake, unstressed animals. For this reason 18 pregnant swine were prepared with chronically implanted polyvinyl catheters. Respiratory gases in arterial and uterine venous blood were observed between the 30th day of gestation and term (110 days). There was a statistically significant relationship between uterine venous oxygen partial pressure (Po2 and the day of gestation. The value for Po2, fell from a mean of 70 to 57 Torr. The latter appears to be the highest mean value yet observed in uterine vein of any species at term. pregnancy; chronic preparation Submitted on March 7, 1977
High-Performance p-Type Black Phosphorus Transistor with Scandium Contact

A record high current density of 580 μA/μm is achieved for long-channel, few-layer black phosphorus transistors with scandium contacts after 400 K vacuum annealing. The annealing effectively improves the on-state current and Ion/Ioff ratio by 1 order of magnitude and the subthreshold swing by ∼2.5×, whereas Al2O3 capping significantly degrades transistor performances, resulting in 5× lower on-state current and 3× lower Ion/Ioff ratio. The influences of moisture on black phosphorus metal contacts are elucidated by analyzing the hysteresis of 3–20 nm thick black phosphorus transistors with scandium and gold contacts under different conditions: as-fabricated, after vacuum annealing, and after Al2O3 capping. The optimal black phosphorus film thickness for transistors with scandium contacts is found to be ∼10 nm. Moreover, p-type performance is shown in all transistors with scandium contacts, suggesting that the Fermi level is pinned closer to the valence band regardless of the flake thickness.
Effects of a Death Education Program upon Secondary School Students

AbstractTwo groups of secondary school students participated in death education modules conducted in their school settings and showed increase in their fear of death and dying. Comparison groups did not experience increases in fear. The results were explained in terms of a three-stage model. An assertion was made that large group death education programs do not move students into the third stage and that death-related activities are not necessarily worthwhile endeavors for high school students.
High selectivity for primary C-H bond cleavage of propane σ-complexes on the PdO(101) surface.

We investigated regioselectivity in the initial C–H bond activation of propane σ-complexes on the PdO(101) surface using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) experiments. We observe a significant kinetic isotope effect (KIE) in the initial C–H(D) bond cleavage of propane on PdO(101) such that the dissociation yield of C3H8 is 2.7 times higher than that of C3D8 at temperatures between 150 and 200 K. Measurements of the reactivity of (CH3)2CD2 and (CD3)2CH2 show that deuteration of the methyl groups is primarily responsible for the lower reactivity of C3D8 relative to C3H8, and thus that 1° C–H bond cleavage is the preferred pathway for propane activation on PdO(101). By analyzing the rate data within the context of a kinetic model for precursor-mediated dissociation, we estimate that 90% of the propane σ-complexes which dissociate on PdO(101) during TPRS do so by 1° C–H bond cleavage.
Anomalous behavior of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rates in YBa2Cu3O7 below Tc.

The authors have measured the change in the anisotropy of the NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates for $^{63}\mathrm{Cu}$(2), $^{17}\mathrm{O}$(2,3), and $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ between the normal and superconducting states of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. These results cannot be explained by a straightforward extension to T${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ of current theories, such as the theory of Millis, Monien, and Pines of normal-state NMR relaxation.
Adolescent with Foot Pain.

A previously healthy 14-year-old female presented to the emergency department because of a left foot injury. She reported “twisting” her foot while walking. She complained of left foot pain, but was able to ambulate with a limp. Physical exam was significant for soft tissue edema and isolated tenderness to the dorsum of the left foot in the region of the cuboid. She had full range of motion at the ankle joint without pain or tenderness and was neurovascularly intact. Radiographs were obtained and revealed cuboid subluxation (Figure).
The Socio-Philosophical Conception of Kurt H. Wolff

In order to situate the thinking of Kurt Wolff, first within the context of philosophical reflection, and then, within the context of the issues in this research program, it is necessary to say something about the presuppositions of empirical science. Just as the phenomenological tradition has endeavored to lay down the eidetic foundations of science, so the practitioners of science have endeavored to lay down methodological foundations to the research each pursues. Anyone familiar with empirical research, whether in the natural or social sciences, expects that there are certain ways, certain frameworks which enable us to ask the right questions about the phenomena under study.
Synthesis, structural characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectroscopic and ferroelectric properties studies of 4-methylbenzylammonium sulfate

ABSTRACTSingle crystals of 4-methylbenzylammonium sulfate were grown in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The grown compound is characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, and dielectric studies and its structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Its crystal structure is described as a three-dimensional network where the sulfate anions (HSO4−) are interconnected through H-bonds to form anionic layers between which the 4-methylbenzylammonium cations are located. The hydrogen bonding network connecting the different components is given. Hirshfeld surface analysis was performed to visualize, explore and quantify intermolecular interactions in the crystal lattice. This analysis revealed the presence of H…C/H…C, C…O/O…C intermolecular interactions and O…O, H…H short contacts in the crystal. X-ray, structural and electrical results are correlated. The kind of the observed conduction is protonic by translocation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows that this material pres...
A partial classification of waterfowl (Anatidae) based on single-copy DNA

ABSTR^CT.--Single-copy DNA-DNA hybridization was used to establish phylogenetic relationships among 13 species of waterfowl (Anatidae) chosen from 10 tribes. On the basis of UPGMA clustering of ATto distances, we suggest hat the tribes Anatini, Aythyini, Tadornini, Mergini, and Cairinini diverged more recently than the Anserini, Stictonettini, Oxyurini, Dendrocygnini, and Anseranatini. The Freckled Duck (Stictonetta naevosa, tribe Stictonettini) is only distantly related to the other Anatidae. Presumably the lineage diverged very early. The sheldgeese (tribe Tadornini) and the true geese (Anserini) are only remotely related. The Oxyurini, considered to be in the subfamily Anatinae, is remotely related to the other Anatidae. The Dendrocygnini form an isolated tribe with no close relationship to the swans and geese (subfamily Anserinae). We found that the screamers (Anhimidae) are distantly related to the Anatidae.
In situ upgrading of oil shale by Steamfrac in multistage transverse fractured horizontal well system

We conduct numerical simulations of kerogen pyrolysis by the in situ upgrading process of Steamfrac, which entails the steam or hot-water injection into multistage transverse fractured horizontal well systems, by using a fully functional simulator developed to describe the in situ upgrading process. We first conduct simulation cases of a huff-n-puff method to analyze the sensitivity of temperature distribution of the reservoir to the positions of horizontal wells. Then, we conduct continuous hot-water injection and simultaneous fluid production cases, and analyze the productivity by applying two different irreducible saturations of aqueous phase in the rock matrix.
The Dilemma of Autonomy

ABSTRACTThis article develops a framework for understanding the role of subnational states in water politics in decentralized federal systems. First, that role has increased worldwide as a result of decentralization. Second, the quest for autonomy sometimes leads subnational officials to prefer weak forms of cooperation. Third, the interaction of subnational states, central governments and non-governmental actors largely explains interjurisdictional conflict and cooperation in shared river basins. This framework is applied to the case of the Colorado River basin to help explain a long-term shift towards more cooperative relationships between the riparian states.