cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ω-REA set forming a minimal pair with 0~′

It is easy to see that no n-REA set can form a (non-trivial) minimal pair with 0 0 and only slightly more dicult to observe that no !-REA set can form a (non- 0 . We show that no such improvement is possible by constructing a set C with 0 <T C T 0 00 forming a minimal pair with 0 0 . We then show that no -REA set can form a (non-trivial) minimal pair with 0 00 . x1. Introduction. 1.1. Notation. The notation we use in this proof is largely standard. We use ;; to denote partial functions from ! tof0; 1g and write to denote that the function extends . We identify sets with their characteristic functions so that X has the expected meaning for X 2 P (!). We denote x2 dom ( x62 dom ) by (x)# ( (x)" ) and say is incompatible (compatible) with , denoted j ( - ), if there is some (no) x with (x)#6= (x)#. We let ;; range over elements in ! <! , write as shorthand for j j 1 and denote the concatenation of with by b . We denote the length of a byj j and the and extend this notation to partial functions by settingj j = 1 + max dom . Capital roman letters range over subsets of ! which we identify with their characteristic function. e(Z;x) denotes the e-thf0; 1g valued partial computable functional applied to oracle Z on the input x. We adopt the convention that if e(Z;x) converges in s steps, written e(Z;x)# s , then e(Z s ;x) = e(Z;x). W Z e is the e-th set c.e. in Z and W Z e;s is it's stage s approximation. We use hx;yi to denote the integer code of the pair (x;y). Capital roman letters range over P (!) and we write C e for the Turing degree of C, C for the compliment of C, C 0 for the jump of C and use T;T ;^T;_T to denote Turing reducibility, equivalence, meet and join respectively. We follow the standard practice of identifyingX (n) , then-th column ofX, with fyjhn;yi2 Xg and X ( n) forfhm;yi2 Xjm ng. We extend this notation to partial functions by letting ( l) represent the restriction of to ! ( l) . We also stipulate that X (<0) =;.
Deregulation of the Hippo pathway in mouse mammary stem cells promotes mammary tumorigenesis

The Hippo–YAP pathway mediates organ size control, contact inhibition, and tumorigenesis. It is a kinase cascade that inhibits the nuclear localization and transcriptional activities of YAP and TAZ. E-cadherin, cell junctions, polarity proteins, and the merlin/NF2 tumor suppressor activate the pathway to inhibit YAP/TAZ activity, while growth factor signaling inhibits the pathway to activate YAP/TAZ in the nucleus. We examined its role in the development of mouse mammary glands and tumor formation using gland reconstitution by transplantation of genetically modified mammary stem cells (MaSCs). Knockdown of YAP and TAZ with shRNA in MaSCs did not inhibit gland reconstitution. In contrast, knockdown of β-catenin blocked gland reconstitution, consistent with the known role of Wnt signaling in mammary gland development. However, we find that Hippo signaling is involved in mammary tumor formation. Expression of a constitutively active form of YAP caused rapid formation of large tumors. Moreover, knockdown of YAP/TAZ slowed the development of tumors in polyoma middle T transgenic mice, a well-studied mammary tumor model involving activation of several signaling pathways. YAP accumulated in nuclei of mammary glands in ErbB2/EGFR-transgenic mice, suggesting that EGFR signaling affects YAP in vivo similar to cell culture. ErbB2/EGFR-transgenic mice develop mammary tumors in 7–8 months, but surprisingly, MaSCs from these mice did not form tumors when transplanted into host mice. Nonetheless, expression of dominant-negative Lats, which inhibits Hippo signaling, leads to tumor formation in ErbB2-transgenic mice, suggesting that Hippo signaling is involved in EGFR-induced mammary tumorigenesis.
Spin control in semiconductors: Variations on a theme

The manipulation of electron spins in semiconductors is a core concept in semiconductor spintronics. We review recent experiments that show how optical, electrical and exchange fields allow the control of spin-dependent phenomena in semiconductor devices. The first example addresses the all-electrical generation of electron spin polarization in conventional semiconductors via the spin-orbit interaction. Our experiments show that current-induced spin polarization and the spin Hall effect can be observed even in wide band gap semiconductors such as ZnSe, despite a relatively weak spin-orbit coupling parameter. The next example shows how circularly polarized photons allow us to both pump and probe spin polarized states in semiconductor microcavity lasers, resulting in the surprising finding that the spin dephasing time is correlated with the Q-factor of the cavity and the onset of stimulated emission. Finally, we discuss how we exploit the exchange interaction between local moments and band electrons to manipulate electronic and local moment spin dynamics in magnetic semiconductor quantum structures.
Amphetamine-Associated Seizures

Neurologists at the Royal Perth Hospital, Western Australia, studied 44 adolescents and young adults who presented with first seizures occurring within 24 h of illicit use of amphetamine or related analogs (amphetamine-associated seizures, AAS) and identified over 8 years.
The Dean and the Princess: Why Tenure Matters

An account of how a young professor came to the true understanding of why tenure in academe really matters.
Dehydration Preparation of Mouse Sperm for Vitrification and Rapid Laser Warming

Background Mice are fundamental models of study due to their ease of breeding, manipulation, and the well-studied genome. There has been extensive research focused on the cryopreservation of mouse germaplasm, as a way to help maintain the different transgenic mouse breeds. The first protocols for mouse sperm were developed in the 90's using slow cooling and a mixture of raffinose and glycerol. Since then, the rate of success reported remains highly variable. Objective The Aim of this work is to study factors that are key for developing vitrification protocols for ultra-rapid laser warming of mouse sperm. Results Our results show that due to the exquisite sensitivity of sperm cells to osmotic excursions, our target levels of dehydration (~85% water content) cannot be achieved without causing a significant decrease in sperm motility and membrane fusion. Conclusion It seems likely that mouse sperm vitrification is going to be difficult to develop due to the exquisite sensitivity of mouse sperm cells to handling and dehydration.
Immunoglobulin A Lambda Multiple Myeloma in a Patient with HIV: An Unusual Cause of Massive Ascites.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells with overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobulins and infiltration into the bone and other organs. Ascites can develop in patients with lymphoproliferative and solid malignancies involving the peritoneum. However, ascites is unusual in MM and rarely the initial presenting sign or symptom. The development of ascites can be due to peritoneal infiltration or secondary to hepatic involvement, heart failure, or kidney failure. Ascites in MM reflects a more aggressive stage, and the reported prognosis is poor, with a median survival of 1–2 months. Here we present a rare case of immunoglobulin A lambda MM presenting with massive myelomatous ascites.
Otto Rank 1884–1939

Otto Rank is an important but neglected psychology pioneer. An early associate of Sigmund Freud, he eventually developed an independent approach to psychotherapy, known as will therapy. Throughout his life he was interested in creativity and artists. He wrote extensively about art, literture, anthropology, and spirituality.
Oswald Veblen and the Origins of Mathematical Logic at Princeton

The remarkable transformation from Aristotelean to mathematical logic in the period 1880–1930 was largely a European affair. The important centers of change were all located in Europe.1 Few Americans pursued research in logic, and those who did seldom contributed to mainstream developments.2 By the end of the 1930s, however, the United States had developed an important, indigenous research program in mathematical logic.3 For the first time American faculties were training their own students, making their own research contributions, and publishing their own research journals at levels competitive with the best Europe had to offer.
Protein Synthesis and Secretion as Seen by the Nascent Protein Chain

One of the features that distinguishes the ribosome from most other enzymes is the need to retain the product of each transpeptidation reaction, specifically the nascent or growing polypeptide chain, until the mRNA-dependent polymerization of amino acids is terminated by a stop codon. Since many proteins are more than 1000 amino acids in length, the space occupied by the nascent chain attached to the ribosome-bound peptidyl-tRNA can be substantial. The ribosome must therefore be designed to minimize the interference between the growing nascent chain and the molecular traffic associated with decoding and protein chain elongation (tRNA and elongation factors). The probable solution to this structural issue was provided by Malkin and Rich (1967) and by Blobel and Sabatini (1970), who found that the ribosome protected the C-terminal 40 or so amino acids of the nascent chain from proteolytic digestion. This suggested that the nascent chain was not exposed to the cytoplasm near the peptidyltransferase center, but instead left the ribosome far from its active site. This model was later supported by immunoelectron microscopy data that detected nascent chain folding outside the ribosome at the base of the large ribosomal subunit (Bernabeu and Lake, 1982) and by x-ray diffraction data that revealed a region of low electron density in the large ribosomal subunit that extended approximately from its base to the peptidyltransferase center located near the base of the central protuberance (Yonath et al., 1987).
REUs: undergraduate research experiences and funding

Researchers are sometimes daunted by the specter of bringing undergraduate students into their labs without compromising their research agenda, but still providing a meaningful educational experience for students. This panel brings together experienced undergraduate research mentors to discuss and explore the challenges, strategies, and benefits of robust research programs for undergraduates.
Advances in Automated Program Repair and a Call to Arms

In this keynote address I survey recent success and momentum in the subfield of automated program repair. I also encourage the search-based software engineering community to rise to various challenges and opportunities associated with test oracle generation, large-scale human studies, and reproducible research through benchmarks. I discuss recent advances in automated program repair, focusing on the search-based GenProg technique but also presenting a broad overview of the subfield. I argue that while many automated repair techniques are "correct by construction" or otherwise produce only a single repair e.g., AFix [13], Axis [17], Coker and Hafiz [4], Demsky and Rinard [7], Gopinath et al. [12], Jolt [2], Juzi [8], etc., the majority can be categorized as "generate and validate" approaches that enumerate and test elements of a space of candidate repairs and are thus directly amenable to search-based software engineering and mutation testing insights e.g., ARC [1], AutoFix-E [23], ARMOR [3], CASC [24], ClearView [21], Debroy and Wong [6], FINCH [20], PACHIKA [5], PAR [14], SemFix [18], Sidiroglou and Keromytis [22], etc.. I discuss challenges and advances such as scalability, test suite quality, and repair quality while attempting to convey the excitement surrounding a subfield that has grown so quickly in the last few years that it merited its own session at the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering [3,4,14,18]. Time permitting, I provide a frank discussion of mistakes made and lessons learned with GenProg [15]. In the second part of the talk, I pose three challenges to the SBSE community. I argue for the importance of human studies in automated software engineering. I present and describe multiple "how to" examples of using crowdsourcing e.g., Amazon's Mechanical Turk and massive on-line education MOOCs to enable SBSE-related human studies [10,11]. I argue that we should leverage our great strength in testing to tackle the increasingly-critical problem of test oracle generation e.g., [9] -- not just test data generation -- and draw supportive analogies with the subfields of specification mining and invariant detection [16,19]. Finally, I challenge the SBSE community to facilitate reproducible research and scientific advancement through benchmark creation, and support the need for such efforts with statistics from previous accepted papers.
Test σ12 verses σ22, Normal Populations

We have two populations: Pop I and Pop II. Pop I is normally distributed with unknown mean μ l and unknown variance σ 1 2 . Pop II is also normally distributed with unknown mean μ 2 and unknown variance σ 2 2 . We wish to do the following statistical test $$\mathop H\nolimits_0 :\mathop \sigma \nolimits_1^2 = \mathop \sigma \nolimits_2^2 $$ (20.1) verses $$\mathop H\nolimits_1 :\mathop \sigma \nolimits_1^2 \ne \mathop \sigma \nolimits_2^2 $$ (20.2) We collect a random sample of size n 1 from Pop I and let \(\overline {\mathop x\nolimits_1 } \) be the mean for this data and s 1 2 is the sample variance. We also gather a random sample of size \(\overline {\mathop x\nolimits_2 } \) is the mean for the second sample with s 2 2 the variance. We assume these two random samples are independent.
A Study of Support Effects for CH 4 and CO Oxidation over Pd Catalysts on ALD-Modified Al 2 O 3

Interactions between a metal and its oxide support can influence CO and CH4 oxidation, but promotion by the support can be difficult to study because oxides can have different surface structures and surface areas. To focus on the chemical aspects of support promotion for CO and CH4 oxidation, this study investigated the effect of support composition on Pd catalysts by preparing uniform films of NiO, Co3O4, Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, and ZrO2 on γ-Al2O3 using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). The structure of the films was characterized by XRD and STEM, and catalysts with ~ 1-wt% Pd were examined for CO and CH4 oxidation. CeO2/γ-Al2O3 was unique among the supports in greatly stabilizing the Pd dispersion to 1173 K. Rates for CO oxidation were enhanced by the presence of CeO2, Fe2O3, and MnO2, while the other oxides had no promotional effect. For CH4 oxidation, only NiO and Co3O4 were modest promoters, while the other reducible oxides even showed a negative effect on rates. Possible reasons for the differences between CH4 and CO oxidation activities are discussed.
The Irony of Rigor: 'No-Excuses' Charter Schools at the Intersections of Race and Disability.

Across the United States, the ‘no-excuses’ charter school movement featuring strict discipline policies and rigorous academic standards has gained popularity among schools serving poor and working-...
Development and integration of an Interprofessional Education (IPE) Clinic Visit Flowsheet for health professions students

Abstract Students graduating from many health professions disciplines are now required to demonstrate ability to work in a collaborative care team environment. Mastering skills needed to participate effectively among an interprofessional team is not an easy task. Students are often unsure of their role within the team, as discipline domains often overlap and students do not fully understand the scopes and strengths of other members of the team. As such, IPE clinic visits can be disjointed and confusing for patients, as learners navigate the complexity of team-based care. In order to streamline and improve efficiency of IPE clinic visits for health professions students, an IPE clinic flowsheet tool was developed. The tool allows for discipline-specific reflection, a team-based discussion, assignment of roles for the patient encounter, and assistance with writing post-visit documentation. This flowsheet tool has been effective in organizing IPE clinic visits for health professions students, as well as improving student self-perceived collaborative care skill set.
Three-dimensional biplane spectroscopic single-molecule localization microscopy

Spectroscopic single-molecule localization microscopy (sSMLM) captures the full emission spectra of individual molecules while simultaneously localizing their spatial locations at a precision greatly exceeding the optical diffraction limit. To achieve this, sSMLM uses a dispersive optical component to separate the emitted photons into dedicated spatial and spectral imaging channels for simultaneous acquisition. While adding a cylindrical lens in the spatial imaging channel enabled three-dimensional (3D) imaging in sSMLM, the inherent astigmatism leads to technical hurdles in spectral calibration and nonuniform lateral resolution at different depths. We found that implementing the biplane method based on the already established spatial and spectral imaging channels offers a much more attractive solution for 3D sSMLM. It allows for more efficient use of the limited photon budget and provides homogeneous lateral resolution compared with the astigmatism-based method using a cylindrical lens. Here we report 3D biplane sSMLM and demonstrate its multi-color 3D imaging capability by imaging microtubules and mitochondria in fixed COS-7 cells immunostained with Alexa Fluor 647 and CF 660C dyes, respectively. We showed a lateral localization precision of 20 nm at an average photon count of 550, a spectral precision of 4 nm at an average photon count of 1250, and an axial localization resolution of 50 nm.
CULTIVATING COMIDA: What Maria Exposed to Us

First paragraph: It has been nearly two years since Hurricane Maria unleased her fury on Puerto Rico, Dominica, and the U.S Virgin Islands in September 2017. Hurricane Maria caused an estimated US$94 billion in damages, with the majority of those damages reported in Puerto Rico (Mercy Corps, 2019). It is estimated that 2,975 Puerto Ricans lost their lives because of the hurricane, though the eventual death toll may have reached 4,000 (Mercy Corps, 2019). When Maria hit, the islands were still in recovery from Hurricane Irma, which had struck the north side of the main island just days before. The entirety of the archipelago, all 3.4 million resi­dents, lost power after Maria, and it was estimated that Puerto Ricans, on average, went 84 days without power, 68 days without water, and 41 days without cellular phone service (Mercy Corps, 2019). Overnight, Puerto Rico became discon­nected from the outside world. Prior to the 2017 hurricanes, Puerto Rico was already grappling with widespread poverty and a crumbling infrastructure after years of disinvestment and structural adjust­ment.[1] These inequalities left Puerto Ricans with a host of challenges related to their wellbeing. For instance, according to the National Resources Defense Council, in 2015, 99.5% of Puerto Ricans were served by community water systems that violated the Safe Drinking Water Act (NRDC, 2017). Before Maria, 1.5 million Puerto Ricans were food insecure, with children experiencing food insecurity at a rate of 56%—triple the U.S. average (Bread for the World, 2019). [1] Structural adjustment refers to the delivery and administration of loans to states or regions in economic crisis, often loaned by institutions like the World Bank or International Monetary Fund. These loans are given on the condition of economic reforms. Structural adjustment is widely critiqued as a mechanism that deepens poverty and increases dependency. See the press release for this article.
Pediatric whole body MRI detects causative ovarian teratoma in opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome

Opsoclonus Myoclonus Syndrome (OMS, or Opsoclonus Myoclonus Ataxia) is a rare condition that presents with saccadic movements of the eyes, cerebellar ataxia, and choreiform movements of the limbs. While previous reports have described the use of ultrasound, CT, FDG-PET and traditional focused MRI for localization of OMS-associated masses, whole body MRI has not previously been reported for this purpose. Here we describe a 16-year-old patient who exhibited OMS and underwent whole body MRI to rule out the more commonly associated neuroblastoma. An ovarian mass was discovered, resected, and pathology confirmed benign teratoma - there was subsequent resolution of symptoms after complete surgical resection. Whole body MRI should be considered in pediatric cases of OMS due to the paraneoplastic nature of the disease with associated tumor, high sensitivity of disease detection, lack of ionizing radiation, excellent tissue resolution and demonstrated effectiveness in pediatric imaging.
Heterozygotes for ACAN dwarfism alleles in horses have reduced stature.

Homozygous and compound heterozygous Miniature horses for ACAN alleles D1, D2, D3* and D4 exhibit chondrodysplastic dwarfism (OMIA 001271-9796). In a previous study, the carrier rate for these four alleles, combined, was 26.2%. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether carriers of these dwarfism-causing alleles had a shorter withers height than non-carriers. A total of 245 Miniature horses were tested for these four ACAN alleles and also were measured for withers height. Of these horses, 98 were carriers and 147 were non-carriers. A statistically significant difference of 1.43 inches was observed with the carriers being shorter (P = 1.72E - 11). The range of heights for the two groups overlapped, indicating that other factors, including genes, have an impact on withers height. However, the high carrier rate of these dwarfism-causing variants may be due to selection for decreased height.
Measuring the occurrence of antibiotics in surface water adjacent to cattle grazing areas using passive samplers.

Abstract A wide variety of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals are used in livestock production systems and residues passed to the environment, often unmetabolized, after use and excretion. Antibiotic residues may be transported from manure-treated soils via runoff and are also capable of reaching surface and groundwater systems through a variety of pathways. The occurrence and persistence of antibiotics in the environment is a concern due to the potential for ecological effects and proliferation of environmental antibiotic resistance in pathogenic organisms. In the present study, the occurrence and seasonal variation of 24 commonly-used veterinary antibiotics was evaluated in surface water adjacent to several livestock production systems using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS). Uptake rates for all compounds, nine of which have not been previously reported, were measured in the laboratory to permit estimation of changes in the time-weighted average (TWA) antibiotic concentrations during exposure. The antibiotics detected in POCIS extracts included sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, sulfamerazine, sulfadiazine, lincomycin, erythromycin, erythromycin anhydro- and monensin. The maximum TWA concentration belonged to sulfadiazine (25 ng/L) in the August–September sampling period and coincided with the highest number of precipitation events. With the exception of monensin that showed an increase in concentration over the stream path, none of the detected antibiotics were prescribed to livestock at the facility. The detection of antibiotics not prescribed by the facility may be attributable to the environmental persistence of previously used antibiotics, transfer by wind from other nearby livestock production sites or industrial uses, and/or the natural production of some antibiotics.
Who is abuzz about bees? Explaining residents’ attitudes in Phoenix, Arizona

Many stressors plague bee populations including habitat fragmentation and degradation, as well as pathogens and pesticide exposure. With bee communities at risk, conservation efforts are imperative. Although recent research has examined bee communities across cities, few studies have analyzed variation in human attitudes toward and perceptions of bees, or how these perspectives might influence bee conservation. We therefore analyzed residents’ attitudes toward and perceptions of bees, specifically in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Primarily drawing upon 2017 survey data (n = 496, 39% response rate), we posed the following questions: 1) What cognitive, environmental, and social factors explain whether people like or dislike bees? and 2) How do attitudes and perceptions about bees relate to land management practices, specifically landscaping choices, herbicide and pesticide use, and desert plantings? Overall, attitudes toward bees were mostly neutral with a slight trend toward dislike but most residents did not believe bees were problematic at their homes. Additional findings reveal that risk perceptions, ecological worldviews, and pet ownership significantly explained attitudes toward bees. Moreover, people who live closer to desert parks had relatively positive attitudes toward bees. Regarding yard management practices, both attitudes toward and perceptions of bees were positively correlated with adding desert plants to residential yards. Moreover, people who use pesticides had more negative attitudes toward bees. Our results indicate conservation potential for urban bee populations, for example, by planting native vegetation in residential areas near desert preserves. We hope this study will result in more attitudinal research on bee species and other understudied urban wildlife.
Estimation Risk and Implicit Value of Index-Tracking

We study Roll’s (1992) conjecture that there may exist an implicit value in index-tracking (IVIT) relative to forming mean-variance (MV) optimal portfolios under estimation error. While index-tracking portfolios are deemed MV inefficient ex-ante, it is unclear whether this is the case when taking into account estimation error in the parameters of the portfolio selection problem. To investigate this, we derive an analytical definition for the opportunity cost facing the MV investor who does not index-track, building on the expected out-of-sample utility framework of Kan & Zhou (2007). Our findings, both analytical and empirical, indicate that such opportunity cost is positive and statistically significant. The existence of an IVIT (positive opportunity cost) is strongly associated with a reduction in the portfolio’s induced estimation risk under index tracking relative to an MV-efficient portfolio of equal target mean return. Under cases of high estimation error, we show that increased IVIT translates to improved metrics of portfolio performance, such as higher risk-adjusted returns, lower volatility, higher Sharpe-ratio, lower turnover, and larger certainty equivalent returns. Moreover, our paper reconciles the theoretical propositions with the out-of-sample performance empirically. The cross-sectional regression results indicate that a one standard deviation increase in the proposed IVIT translates to an annual increase of 4%-5% in the out-of-sample Sharpe-ratio and a 6%-15% decrease in the monthly portfolio turnover.
Design and Implementation of a High Power Density Bipolar Multi-Level Active Power Pulsation Buffer for Single-Phase Converters

Active power decoupling methods in single-phase systems aim to reduce the required capacitance for twice-line frequency power ripple buffering, with added power conversion (i.e., active techniques) to improve the energy utilization ratio of the capacitors. While many active buffer solutions can improve the energy utilization ratio of the capacitor to a certain extent and reduce the required capacitance, they require the use of high energy density ceramic capacitors to achieve comparable power density to the passive electrolytic capacitor bank solution. The ceramic capacitors have to be carefully assembled and packaged, and they are also costly and heavy in weight. In this work, a bipolar ripple port converter, which allows the use of the minimum buffering capacitance in single-phase conversion with 100% energy utilization ratio, is implemented with metal film capacitors, and two flying capacitor multilevel (FCML) legs operated as a full-bridge to shrink the filter inductor size and improve efficiency. A compact hardware prototype with a new digital control scheme is implemented. Experimental results demonstrating the active power ripple decoupling at 2 kW, 400 V dc bus are provided and discussed.
Edge Architecture for Dynamic Data Stream Analysis and Manipulation

The exponential growth in IoT and connected devices featuring limited computational capabilities requires the delegation of computation tasks to cloud compute platforms. Edge compute tasks largely involve sending data from an edge compute device to a central location where data is processed and returned to the edge device as a response. Since most edge network infrastructure is restricted in its ability to dynamically delegate computation while retaining context, these events are commonly limited to a predefined task that the edge function is modeled to process and respond to. Edge functions traditionally handle isolated events or periodic updates, making them ill-suited for continuous tasks on streaming data. We propose a decentralized, massively scalable architecture of modular edge compute components which dynamically defines computation channels in the network, with emphasis on the ability to efficiently process data streams from a large amount of producers and support a large amount of consumers in real time. We test this architecture on real-world tasks, involving chaining of edge functions, context retention, and machine learning models on the edge, demonstrating its viability .
Aquaporins in lung health and disease: Emerging roles, regulation, and clinical implications

Abstract Aquaporins (AQPs) aka water channels are a family of conserved transmembrane proteins (~30 kDa monomers) expressed in various organ systems. Of the 13 AQPs (AQP0 through AQP12) in the human body, four (AQPs 1, 3, 4, and 5) are expressed in the respiratory system. These channels are conventionally known for mediating transcellular fluid movements. Certain AQPs (aquaglyceroporins) have the capability to transport glycerol and potentially other solutes. There is an emerging body of literature unveiling the non-conventional roles of AQPs such as in cell proliferation and migration, gas permeation, signal potentiation, etc. Initial gene knock-out studies established a physiological role for lung AQPs, particularly AQP5, in maintaining homeostasis, by mediating fluid secretion from submucosal glands onto the airway surface liquid (ASL) lining. Subsequent studies have highlighted the functional significance of AQPs, particularly AQP1 and AQP5 in lung pathophysiology and diseases, including but not limited to chronic and acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), other inflammatory lung conditions, and lung cancer. AQP1 has been suggested as a potential prognostic marker for malignant mesothelioma. Recent efforts are directed toward exploiting AQPs as targets for diagnosis, prevention, intervention, and/or treatment of various lung conditions. Emerging information on regulatory pathways and directed mechanistic research are posited to unravel novel strategies for these clinical implications. Future considerations should focus on development of AQP inhibitors, blockers, and modulators for therapeutic needs, and better understanding the role of lung-specific AQPs in inter-individual susceptibility to chronic lung diseases such as COPD and cancer.
Interim analysis of a phase 2 minimal residual disease (MRD)-adaptive trial of elotuzumab, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (Elo-KRd) for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM).

8011Background: The addition of a monoclonal antibody to triplet induction regimens in patients (pts) with MM with intent for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) has resulted in higher overall a...
Considering Density Functional Approaches for Actinide Species: The An66 Molecule Set.

The importance of spin-orbit effects on the predictions of energetic properties of actinide compounds has been considered for 18 different density functionals, comparing the spin-orbit and non-spin-orbit ("standard") forms of density functional theory (DFT). A set of enthalpies of formation for 66 small actinide (Th-Am) compounds-the An66 set, for which experimental data are available-have been investigated. The set includes actinide halides, oxides, and oxohalides in the general form AnOmXn, where n = 0-6, m = 0-3, and X = F, Cl, Br, or I. The impact of basis set choice was investigated, and to help account for the impact of relativity, the Stuttgart general and segmented contracted atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets paired with small core relativistic effective core potentials (RECP) as well as all-electron calculations utilizing the third-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess were considered.
Understanding the Spirit of the Sectors: Exploring Identity in a New Era of Organizing:

While sector distinction debates often re-emerge during periods of cultural and institutional upheaval, none have considered an identity-orientation perspective. Identity orientation is a natural d...
Krister Segerberg’s Philosophy of Action

In his logic of action, Krister Segerberg has provided many insights about how to formalize actions. In this chapter I consider these insights critically, concluding that any formalization of action needs to be thoroughly connected to the relevant reasoning, and in particular to temporal reasoning and planning in realistic contexts. This consideration reveals that Segerberg’s ideas are limited in several fundamental ways. To a large extent, these limitations have been overcome by research that has been carried out for many years in Artificial Intelligence.
Evidence from liposome encapsulation for transport-limited microbial metabolism of solid alkanes.

The recalcitrance of xenobiotics may be caused by an absence of transforming enzymes or by their inability to enter microbial cells. A nondestructive method for differentiating between these two possibilities is described. The solid n-alkanes octadecane (C18) and hexatriacontane (C36) were encapsulated into phosphatidylcholine bilayers (liposomes). The uptake and metabolism rates of encapsulated and unencapsulated substrates were then compared. During 1 h at 25°C, a Pseudomonas isolate took up 1.3% of radiolabeled and unencapsulated C18 (solid state) versus 23.5% of labeled and encapsulated C18. Growth at 25°C occurred with an apparent ks of 2453 ± 148 mg/liter. Liposome encapsulation decreased this Ks to 60 ± 12 mg/liter. At 34°C, growth on C18 (liquid state) occurred with an apparent Ks of 819 ± 83 mg/liter and on the readily available carbon source succinate, Ks values were 80 ± 10 and 13 ± 7 mg/liter at 25 and 34°C, respectively. At 25°C, the isolate grew on C36 with an apparent Ks of 2,698 ± 831 mg/liter. Liposome encapsulation decreased the Ks more than 60-fold to 41 ± 7 mg/liter, resulting in the complete utilization of 400 mg of C36 per liter in 16 h. Since controls excluded the metabolic utilization of phosphatidylcholine, the results clearly identify transport limitation as the cause for C36 recalcitrance.
Magnetic Resonance Studies of Specificity in Binding and Catalysis of Phosphotransferases

Two common characteristics of the active site structures of intermediate complexes formed in kinase reactions have been observed by magnetic resonance techniques. First, in creatine, arginine, adenylate and pyruvate kinases (EC2.73.2, 2.7.3.3, 2.7.4.3 and 2.7.1.40, respectively) water is progressively excluded and the structure at the active site is progressively immobilized as each reactant is successively added to the enzyme, as monitored by electron spin resonance (e.s.r) and the enhancement of the proton relaxation rate of water (PRR) due to paramagnetic manganese(II) probe. Significant, and often wide-spread, changes in the protein conformation accompanying successive additions of reaction components are shown with 1H n.m.r. studies of pyruvate kinase. The second characteristic is that, for the ternary enzyme-Mn-nucleotide complexes, two parameters, the e.s.r. spectrum and PRR enhancement values, fall within a range of 10% for all enzymes investigated, with the exception of bovine brain creatine kinase. These similarities suggest a homology in teriary structure at the active sites of these enzymes. An unsuspected aspect of substrate and cofactor specificity has been revealed by e.s.r. spectroscopy of the manganese(II) complexes of the transition-state analogue of creatine kinase (E-MnADP-formate-creatine) and of the ternary phosphoenolpyruvate complex. In the former case, replacement of ADP, the normal substrate, by its substrate analogues IDP or 2acute-deoxyadenosine diphosphate produced two interconvertible species of the transition-state analogue complexes, observed in the e.s.r. spectra as an isotropic species and a highly anisotropic species. With the normal substrate, only the anisotropic species is observed. Similarly, in the case of the complex pyruvate kinase-Mn-phosphoenolpyruvate, when the normal monovalent activator K+ is replaced by the inert tetramethylammonium ion, again two interconvertible species rather than the normal one species are observed by e.s.r. spectroscopy. The implications of these phenomena for the relation of specificity to catalytic efficiency are discussed.
A Fault-Tolerant Channel-Allocation Algorithm for Cellular Networks With Mobile Base Stations

In this paper, the performance of scheduling algorithms exploiting the multiuser selection diversity is studied. The authors consider schedulers with affordable-rate transmission and adaptive transmission based on the absolute signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the normalized SNR. In contrast to previous studies on multiuser diversity systems, channel dynamics is taken into consideration in this paper by a novel formulation based on the level-crossing analysis of stochastic processes. Then, a connection is made between the Doppler frequency shift, which indicates the channel temporal correlation, and the average (channel) access time, the average waiting time between accesses, and the average access rate of active users. These properties are important for the scheduler design, especially for applications where delay is a concern. In addition, analytical expressions for the system throughput and the degree of fairness when users have nonidentical average channel conditions are presented. These expressions quantify the effect of disparateness in users' average channel conditions on the system performance
Mindful navigation with guiding light: design considerations for projector based indoor navigation assistance system

People can easily become mindless in their decision-making and become disengaged from their surroundings when their actions depend on information and guidance from an assistive technology. Research has shown how automated navigation assistance systems lead users to be disengaged from the space through which they are traveling, resulting in poor recollection of the environment and poorer situational decision-making. This disengagement and mindlessness can potentially increase the risk of accidents and lower the quality of user experience. If we can help people become mindfully attentive to the environment and surroundings while carrying out navigation tasks using assistive technologies, I hypothesize that we will have better memory of the space, improved cognitive reconstruction of environment, and better understanding of the immediate situation, all of which will lead to better decision making and more efficient navigation. In this work, I present a new approach for analyzing the problem of navigation assistance for pedestrians, which considers both the physical and psychological constraints of users focused on navigation. I address the physical constraint that eyes should remain "on the street" by providing a new visual interface, named Guiding Light, that offers a mixed reality presentation of guidance information in the environment itself, instead of on a screen. We address the psychological constraint that minds should remain engaged with the environment by applying a framework based on mindfulness and mindlessness theory (Langer 1989) in the design of the system. The theory explains how mindsets affect engagement levels and decision-making in daily activities. In addition, this thesis describes an indoor positioning technology that provides relatively high accuracy localization and heading orientation of a user in indoor environments. The innovation not only involved developing a new sensor but also a software system to collect fingerprint maps and tracking location with the fingerprint maps. This new technology opens up a new area in the field to explore other possibilities of using a magnetic field based positioning system. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
The Effects of Education on the Natural Rate of Unemployment

This study develops a natural unemployment rate based upon education attainment. Behind this natural rate are labor force participation rates that vary positively with education attainment; observed unemployment rates that are inversely related to education attainment; and deviations of the observed unemployment rate from this hypothesized natural rate that are related to several expectation-based variables. With a lower natural unemployment rate today compared with years past, results point to a number of education-based challenges that employers will face. Matching employer needs with education will become more complicated as both education and needs become more specialized. Global labor markets will play an increasing role both in terms of skills and cost considerations. Next, the retirement of the baby boom generation will pose a unique challenge. Aside from the challenge of finding replacements from a pool of new workers smaller than the pool of retiring workers, retirements will not be easily predictable, thanks to the elimination of the earnings penalty for social security benefits. Finally, as college degrees become more prevalent, postgraduate studies will likely rise in importance as a distinguishing feature among skills.
SEVERE ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS IN FIRST IMMUNIZED PREGNANCIES.

NE E D for special observations during the first pregnancy in which Rh immunization occurs has been strongly emphasized by results of an analysis of perinatal morbidity and death in this institution in 1962. This evaluation is being reported in an effort to combat a popular impression that infants born of first immunized pregnancies exhibit little or no evidence of erythroblastosis fetalis. On the contrary, such infants may be affected sufficiently severely to die in utero or in the early neonatal period.
Bias-minimizing filters for gradient-based motion estimation

Among the myriad of techniques used in estimating motion vector fields, perhaps the most popular and accurate methods are the so called gradient-based methods. A critical step in the gradient-based estimation process is the estimation of image gradients using derivative filters. It is well known that the gradient-based estimators contain significant deterministic bias related to the gradient calculation. In this paper, we describe the fundamental relationship between estimator bias and choice of derivative filters. From this, we propose an image adaptive method for designing bias-minimizing gradient filters. Simulations validate the superior performance of such filters for the many variants of gradient-based estimation including the widely used multiscale iterative methods.
An Ignatian Analysis of the Walt Disney Company: Lessons for Jesuit Higher Education

How do directors of mission and identity at the 28 Jesuit institutions of higher education in the United States perceive campus culture? This article reports the findings of a survey of 27 chief administrators responsible for mission and identity and seeks to use the data obtained to identify similarities and differences in advancing mission and identity between Jesuit higher education and the Walt Disney Company. Based on the survey results, suggestions are made to enhance mission and identity programming, hiring and orientation practices, and the campus culture at Jesuit institutions of higher education. Part One of this study was published as An Ignatian Analysis of the Walt Disney Company: Lessons for Jesuit Higher Education (Caruso, 2002) in Volume 5, Number 3.
Role of IL-17 in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. (MUC2P.829)

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) to the small intestine following clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) results in an intense local inflammatory response characterized by neutrophil infiltration and villous damage. IL-17A is a cytokine expressed by a variety of cells in response to inflammatory cytokines that are released following tissue injury and/or inflammation. IL-17A induces epithelial cells to secrete neutrophil chemoattractants, such as CXCL2. The cytokine IL-23, which can be produced by epithelial cells, plays an important role in IL-17A production. Objective: To test the hypothesis that IL-17A is critical for intestinal damage following IRI. Materials and Methods: IRI was induced in mice by SMA clamping. IL-17A deficient (Il17a-/-) and IL-23R deficient (Il23r-/-) mice. Intestinal injury was evaluated by Chiu scores of jejunal histological sections. Results: IRI was significantly less in both Il17a-/- mice and Il23r/- mice than in WT controls. We also found that pretreatment of WT mice with neutralizing antibody to IL-17A or IL-23 resulted in significant decrease in IRI compared to mice treated with isotype control antibody. Conclusions: These results indicate that IL-17A plays a critical role in IRI. They also suggest that IL-23 contributes to IRI, possibly by promoting IL-17A production.
Information-Theoretic Analyses of Two-Level Quantum Systems

This paper has been superseded by quant-ph/0006009, "Quantum State Estimation Using Non-separable Measurements".
Paraquat poisoning: a review

The pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment of paraquat intoxication, primarily from oral ingestion, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of paraquat are reviewed. Toxicity has occurred after topical application, oral ingestion or inhalation of paraquat. Systemic toxicity has not been reported from smoking of paraquat-contaminated marijuana but heavy abusers of contaminated marijuana may experience coughing, hemoptysis and mouth irritation. Following ingestion of 30 mg/kg or 50 ml of a 21% (w/w) solution of paraquat (as the base), hepatic, cardiac or renal failure or death may occur. Smaller doses (greater than or equal to 4 mg/kg of paraquat base) may cause respiratory distress, renal dysfunction or, occasionally, jaundice or adrenal cortical necrosis. When paraquat ingestion is suspected, the drug should be removed immediately from the gastrointestinal tract by gastric lavage or by whole-gut irrigation. Adsorbents such as Fuller's earth, bentonite or activated charcoal may be used during gastric lavage. Combined use of forced diuresis (with furosemide, mannitol and i.v. dextrose in water or normal saline), hemodialysis or hemoperfusion is recommended until the compound cannot be detected in body fluids or the dialysate. Immediate and effective treatment is necessary to prevent systemic toxicity or death from paraquat intoxication.