cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accumulative Roll Bonding for Bladesmithing: From Book to Burrito to Blade

A bladesmithing program was undertaken with the aim of producing superior decorative steel from dissimilar starting metals using severe plastic deformation. Accumulative roll bonding using an antiquated rolling mill was performed on 1095, CPM S30V, and 15N20 Hi-Contrast steel. Original attempts using the CPM S30V and the 1095 were unsuccessful, while later attempts using the 1095 and 15N20 Hi-Contrast steels produced a more desirable ingot. Characterization and testing, consisting of both optical and scanning electron microscopy, of the starting and wrought materials as well as the challenges in producing knife steel via synthesis of modern and traditional forging techniques, are discussed and failures analyzed.
Toppling Patriarchal Incoherence in THE REVOLT OF ‘MOTHER’

In “The Revolt of ‘Mother,’” Mary Wilkins Freeman is emphatic about Sarah Penn as an extraordinary individual: she is a “genius” who has the creative imagination that enables her to find “originali...
Detection of potato beetle damage using remote sensing from small unmanned aircraft systems

Colorado potato beetle (CPB) adults and larvae devour leaves of potato and other solanaceous crops and weeds, and may quickly develop resistance to pesticides. With early detection of CPB damage, more options are available for precision integrated pest management, which reduces the amount of pesticides applied in a field. Remote sensing with small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) has potential for CPB detection because low flight altitudes allow image acquisition at very high spatial resolution. A five-band multispectral sensor and up-looking incident light sensor were mounted on a six-rotor sUAS, which was flown at altitudes of 60 and 30 m in June 2014. Plants went from visibly undamaged to having some damage in just 1 day. Whole-plot normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the number of pixels classified as damaged (0.70≤NDVI≤0.80) were not correlated with visible CPB damage ranked from least to most. Area of CPB damage estimated using object-based image analysis was highly correlated to the visual ranking of damage. Furthermore, plant height calculated using structure-from-motion point clouds was related to CPB damage, but this method required extensive operator intervention for success. Object-based image analysis has potential for early detection based on high spatial resolution sUAS remote sensing.
Political incentives and transaction costs of collaboration among US cities for economic development

ABSTRACTThis study extends research on Institutional Collective Action by testing a transaction cost explanation for self-organising economic development agreements between US cities. We offer a unique contribution to this literature by identifying how these agreements between cities with similar political institutions mitigate the transaction costs of collaboration, and how characteristics of these agreements combine with political institutions to shape collective action. The results of an empirical analysis of data collected through a survey of local officials suggest the alignment of high-powered political incentives between cities mitigates the coordination and division problems of forming a joint venture. Agreements that enable elected officials to distribute the benefits of an agreement are also found to moderate this effect.
A Review of Overpressure, Flow Focusing, and Slope Failure

Submarine slope failures with low-angle failure planes are commonly observed in the sedimentary record. These failures can be large (1,000s km2) or small (1 km2), and can have long runouts (100s km) or short runouts (<1 km). While the size and runout are well documented, the initiation and evolution of these failures are insufficiently understood. I review the role that fluid overpressure and flow focusing play in preconditioning low-angle slopes for failure by describing the stability of slopes in terms of overpressure, and reviewing the coupling of sedimentation, overpressure and fluid flow. I illustrate these processes with simple, one- and two-dimensional examples. I then review three regions that have slope failures that have been attributed to overpressure: the Ursa region in the Gulf of Mexico; the Storegga slide offshore Norway; and the Cascadia margin offshore Canada. Each study confirms that elevated pore pressure was critical to failure, but only under very specific conditions were overpressures the sole cause of failure. All three environments invoked earthquake shaking as the ultimate trigger for failure; however the earthquake magnitude ranged from small-to-large depending on the environment and the pressure conditions. These studies thus show that pore fluids are a dominant factor for preconditioning slopes for failure; however earthquake triggering appears to be key to the initiation of failures, even along passive margins. Future research is needed to understand the dynamics of weak slopes during earthquakes and the linkages between preconditioning, triggers, and failure morphology.
A Source–Receptor Perspective on the Polar Hydrologic Cycle: Sources, Seasonality, and Arctic–Antarctic Parity in the Hydrologic Cycle Response to CO2 Doubling

AbstractNumerical water tracers implemented in a global climate model are used to study how polar hydroclimate responds to CO2-induced warming from a source–receptor perspective. Although remote moisture sources contribute substantially more to polar precipitation year-round in the mean state, an increase in locally sourced moisture is crucial to the winter season polar precipitation response to greenhouse gas forcing. In general, the polar hydroclimate response to CO2-induced warming is strongly seasonal: over both the Arctic and Antarctic, locally sourced moisture constitutes a larger fraction of the precipitation in winter, while remote sources become even more dominant in summer. Increased local evaporation in fall and winter is coincident with sea ice retreat, which greatly augments local moisture sources in these seasons. In summer, however, larger contributions from more remote moisture source regions are consistent with an increase in moisture residence times and a longer moisture transport length...
“In-Round” Labral Repair After Acetabular Recession Using Intermittent Traction

The prevalence of hip arthroscopy has increased exponentially with the advent of arthroscopic labral repair techniques for femoroacetabular impingement. The goal of arthroscopic labral repair is to re-create the anatomic suction seal of the labrum against the femoral head. This important anatomic relationship has been demonstrated in several biomechanical studies. Performing the acetabular recession and evaluating the congruity of labral repairs during surgery is difficult with the application of traction distracting the femoral head from the chondrolabral junction. Additionally, prolonged traction risks nerve injury during hip arthroscopy. The purpose of this technique article is to describe a method of using traction only for central compartment work, and releasing the traction to allow the femoral head to reduce the labrum to its anatomic position for acetabular recession, anchor placement, and suture fixation. In this manner, the presented technique prevents an "out-of-round" or everted repair. This technique re-creates the native anatomy and biomechanics of the hip after acetabular recession and labral repair while decreasing traction time.
The Beginning of Us: A Conversation Among Friends About Our MedFT Family

From the very beginning of our (Tai, Angela, Jennifer) efforts in planning this book, we identified ideas that we wanted to convey through Chapter 1. Sometimes even the best laid plans lead to unanticipated routes, and sometimes those routes bring even better—more purposeful—results. This chapter, while formulated first, was the last to be written. In the name of transparency, we started our contributions to this book by writing our respective—other—chapters. As we were rounding into the halfway mark, and while at the same time experiencing several influential changes in our lives, a clearer vision for this chapter came to us. We recognized that many of you, as our readers, might be new to medical family therapy (MedFT) and would thereby need some perspective about our field’s history. While we wanted you to be informed about this history, we also wanted to offer something beyond just a history lesson—especially since the foundation of MedFT had already been described through other books and manuscripts (e.g., Doherty, McDaniel, & Hepworth, 1994; Hodgson, Lamson, Mendenhall, & Crane, 2014; McDaniel, Doherty, & Hepworth, 2014; McDaniel, Hepworth, & Doherty, 1992; Tyndall, Hodgson, Lamson, White, & Knight, 2012, 2014). In one of our many conference calls, we decied to construct an academic snapshot of MedFT (i.e., a cliff notes version) and then follow that content up with an opportunity for you to learn more about our own personal journeys that lead us to the field. Our hope is that these stories invite you into our love for MedFT and inspire you to build upon this field’s impressive history over the days and years to come.
Sobriety Checkpoints: Roadblocks to Fourth Amendment Protections

The danger to highway safety posed by the intoxicated driver has been the subject of much recent attention from law enforcement agencies and others. One of the most controversial procedures developed to combat this problem is the sobriety checkpoint. These checkpoints allow police officers to inspect the drivers who pass through them and to examine the viewable contents of their cars in order to check for signs of intoxication.The chief constitutional concern raised by sobriety checkpoints is that although automobile stops occurring at these checkpoints constitute seizures for purposes of the fourth amendment, these seizures are allowed without requiring that police first observe suspicious conduct on the part of the driver. Advocates of sobriety checkpoints respond to this concern by pointing to dictum in the 1979 Supreme Court decision, Delaware v. Prouse. After prohibiting the police procedure of randomly stopping vehicles to inspect for driver's licenses and automobile registrations, the Prouse Court commented, "This holding does not preclude...States from developing methods for spot checks that involve less intrusion or that do not involve the unconstrained exercise of discretion. Questioning of all oncoming traffic at roadblock-type stops is one possible alternative."This article suggests that the dictum in Prouse, when viewed in its proper context, has no application to sobriety checkpoints. A careful application of accepted constitutional principles to sobriety checkpoints demonstrates that the absence of a requirement of particularized suspicion causes these roadblock operations to fail the fourth amendment test of reasonableness. This test of reasonableness requires a balancing of the degree of intrusiveness against the government's interest in using the law enforcement procedure in question.This article will first discuss the type and degree of intrusion produced by sobriety checkpoints on constitutionally protected interests. It will then assess the significance of the requirement of particularized suspicion in ensuring that these constitutional protections are maintained. Next, it will examine those instances in which the Supreme Court has permitted incursions into areas protected by the fourth amendment without requiring the existence of particularized suspicion. The Court's criteria in determining the degree of intrusion to the individual and the nature of the government interest will then be applied to sobriety checkpoints. This approach will lead to a determination of whether sobriety checkpoints satisfy the fourth amendment's requirement of reasonableness.
The Safe School Communities Model

In the final chapter of this volume, we begin with a review of the key findings that have been presented throughout the book. These include research related to bullying, averted school shootings, successfully resolved barricaded captive events in schools, and building a positive school climate. We center the discussion on The Safe School Communities Model that integrates these key factors related to faculty, staff, and administrations’ responsibilities, and those of students.
Microscale and Nanoscale Electrophotonic Diagnostic Devices

Detecting and identifying infectious agents and potential pathogens in complex environments and characterizing their mode of action is a critical need. Traditional diagnostics have targeted a single characteristic (e.g., spectral response, surface receptor, mass, intrinsic conductivity, etc.). However, advances in detection technologies have identified emerging approaches in which multiple modes of action are combined to obtain enhanced performance characteristics. Particularly appealing in this regard, electrophotonic devices capable of coupling light to electron translocation have experienced rapid recent growth and offer significant advantages for diagnostics. In this review, we explore three specific promising approaches that combine electronics and photonics: (1) assays based on closed bipolar electrochemistry coupling electron transfer to color or fluorescence, (2) sensors based on localized surface plasmon resonances, and (3) emerging nanophotonics approaches, such as those based on zero-mode waveguides and metamaterials.
Influence of organ location and sex of patient on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor 5-year survival.

e15713Background: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) represent a rare tumor histology among patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (less than 2% incidence). These tumors arise from the endo...
The effects of amine-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes on the mouse microbiota.

Background Amine-modified carbon nanotubes are drug delivery platforms with great potential that have not yet been applied in human clinical trials. Although modified nanotube vectors have the ability to carry multiple effectors, targeting agents, and even wrapped RNA, reports on unmodified, insoluble carbon nanotubes have highlighted inflammation in organs, including the intestine, with disruption of its resident microbiota. Disruption of the microbiota may allow for colonization by pathogenic bacteria, such as Clostridoidies difficile, stimulate immunoinfiltrates into the lamina propria or alter the absorption of therapeutics. Most proposed nanotube drugs are soluble, modified structures that are administered parenterally, and the majority of these soluble macromolecules are renally excreted; however, some are released into the bile, gaining access to the gastrointestinal tract. Methods Using environmentally isolated BALB/C mice in oral and intraperitoneal dosing models, high dose (3.80 or 4.25 mg/week), we administered amine-modified, soluble carbon nanotubes for 7 or 8 weeks. The general health and weight of the mice were monitored weekly, and upon killing, the diversity and content of their colonic, cecal, and ileal microbiota were assessed using shotgun 16S DNA sequencing. Results and conclusion We show that while oral administration at suprapharmacological doses modestly altered the α- and β-diversity of the mouse microbiome, these changes did not result in observed changes in clinical end points. Intraperitoneally-dosed mice exhibited none of the toxicities assessed.
Understanding Differences in Types of Opioid Prescriptions Across Time and Space: A Community-Level Analysis:

For the better part of the 21st century, opioid abuse and related consequences have beleaguered the United States. Effectively fighting the crisis may require a better understanding of potential di...
Pilot Study - Composite Risk Score for Pre-Transplant Risk Assessment in Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Objective An internal pre-transplant risk assessment tool or Risk Monitor was developed by the Baylor Blood & Marrow Transplant (BMT) Data Management and Analytics team to assist with optimization of patient selection. The tool assigns a total risk score for allogeneic transplants based on attributes such as disease status, disease risk index (DRI), patient age, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), hematopoietic cellular therapy co-morbidity index (HCT-CI), and CMV status, along with psychosocial factors such as caregiver support, coping skills or motivation, health literacy, medication compliance, socioeconomic viability, distance of residence from the transplant center, as well as others. A retrospective pilot study was conducted to predict which attributes have the highest correlation with the primary outcome variable, post-transplant patient mortality. Method The Risk Monitor was developed using Microsoft Access (Microsoft®, Redmond, WA). A score of 0 (no risk) or 1 (risk) was assigned for each variable and an aggregate score was calculated for each patient (Figure 1). The data was analyzed using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka). Weka is an open-source data mining tool consisting of a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. It contains tools for data preparation, classification, regression, clustering, association rules mining, and visualization. Results We evaluated the total risk score for 97 patients that had undergone an allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) at Baylor University Medical Center in 2016. The total risk score for the patients varied between 0 and 9. Weka provided us with a list of independent attributes with rankings based on the intensity of correlation with the dependent variable, early mortality. Evaluation of the data set suggests that one attribute (Total Score) has the highest correlation with mortality, while other individual attributes (KPS, CMV status, DRI, HCT-CI and psychosocial factors such as caregiver support, coping skills, and health literacy) demonstrated a moderate to high correlation (Figure 2). Conclusion The Risk Monitor can serve as a useful tool for screening adult patients prior to allogeneic transplant. In addition, the tool may help to identify patients who need additional screening and social support to minimize the possibility of early mortality after transplantation. The Access database has been transitioned to a web-based (SQL Server/PHP/JavaScript) application to overcome certain Access-related issues such as client software installation, file corruption and interface update issues. Furthermore, this will enable easy cross platform usage, enhance security, and allow more concurrent users.
Introduction: A history of chromium studies (1955–2007)

Abstract While chromium as the trivalent ion was proposed to be an essential element about sixty years ago, recent research as shown that the element can no longer be considered to be essential for animals or man. The element may be pharmacologically active, increasing insulin sensitivity in large, supranutritional doses. Glucose tolerance factor, proposed to be the biologically active form of chromium, is an artifact of its isolation. Chromium nutritional supplements have no effect on body mass or body composition. Chromium supplements have not been clearly demonstrated to have beneficial effects on diabetic subjects, although they appear to increase insulin sensitivity in rodent models of diabetes, potentially as humans have not received doses proportionally as large as those used in rodent studies.
23.2 A 1.1V 1ynm 6.4Gb/s/pin 16Gb DDR5 SDRAM with a Phase-Rotator-Based DLL, High-Speed SerDes and RX/TX Equalization Scheme

Required system performance for the computing and server, cost and power forces DRAM to improve its bandwidth, capacity and power. DDR5 SDRAM has been proposed as the next memory solution, with various new functions and circuit techniques to overcome the limitation of DDR4. Speed has been increased to 4.4 – 6.4Gb/s from DDR4’s 3.2Gb/s. Energy efficiency has improved by over 30% using a $1.1\mathrm {V}\, V_{\mathrm {DD}}$ and a $1.8\mathrm {V}\, V_{\mathrm {PP}}$. To achieve the performance and power consumption targets DDR5 adopted a small number of command pins with 2cycle decoding, new write training methods, an on-die ECC, an un-matched DQ/DQS scheme, and an equalize scheme for the interface. This paper presents a 16Gb 6.4Gb/s/pin DDR5 SDRAM with a high-speed circuit techniques using a 1.1V DRAM process.
CONGENITAL-INFANTILE SPINDLE CELL AND SCLEROSING RHABDOMYOSARCOMAS: UNIQUE VARIANTS DEfiNED BY MOLECULAR FEATURES

Objectives Congenital-infantile spindle cell (SpRMS) and sclerosing (ScRMS) rhabdomyosarcomas with tumor-defining molecular features in the head and neck region will be described. These tumors may be confused with more commonly occurring spindle cell tumors (myofibroma, infantile fibrosarcoma) in infants. NCOA2 and VGLL2 rearrangements, and MyoD1 mutations are characteristically identified in SpRMS and ScRMS. NCOA2 and VGLL2 rearrangements are more common in SpRMS, while MyoD1 mutations are more common with ScRMS. NCOA2 or VGLL2 RMS tend to have favorable outcomes, but MyoD1 mutation RMS may have aggressive disease with dismal outcome. Findings 5 neonates and infants were diagnosed with head and neck SpRMS (n=3, 2 males, 1 female, ages 2 weeks to 6 months, 2 maxillary sinus, 1 neck) and ScRMS (n=2, 2 males, ages 5 weeks and 8 months, 1 perinasal, 1 mandible). SpRMS were characterized by malignant spindle cells that were compactly apposed, and closely resembled infantile fibrosarcoma. ScRMS were composed of small round cells in a prominent sclerotic matrix. Both SpRMS and ScRMS lacked rhabdomyoblastic differentiation on HE while NCOA2 RMS responded favorably to oncologic management. Conclusions SpRMS and ScRMS occurring in neonates and infants require molecular characterization for diagnosis, initiating appropriate oncologic and surgical management, and predicting outcome. SpRMS may mimic infantile fibrosarcoma closely, and it is recommended that spindle cell tumors in neonates and infants be assessed for myogenic differentiation.
Mandated societal lockdown and road traffic accidents

Abstract Background The effect of mandated societal lockdown to reduce the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on road traffic accidents is not known. For this reason, we performed an in-depth analysis using data from Statewide Traffic Accident Records System. Materials and methods We reviewed data on total 2292 road traffic accident records in Missouri from January 1, 2020 through May 15, 2020. We treated March 23 as the first day of mandated societal lockdown and May 3 as the first day of re-opening. Results We have found that there was a significant reduction in road traffic accidents resulting in minor or no injuries (mean 14.5 versus 10.8, p Conclusion The mandated societal lockdown policies led to reduction in road traffic accidents resulting in non-serious or no injuries but not those resulting in serious or fatal injuries.
Braving it Out

Being a 75-year-old emergency physician at the start of a viral pandemic skewed toward older victims is something. But despite pleas from the chair and many others for him to take a leave, the most senior of our faculty by at least a decade continued to work; he even volunteered to do extra shifts if some preferred to stay home.
Developing teachers’ research capacity: the essential role of teacher education

With a focus on the US, I briefly review the literature to examine current trends, and outline a typology of what is meant by educational research for teaching by, with and for teachers, followed b...
Apocrine Breast Cancer: Unique Features of a Predominantly Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Invasive apocrine carcinoma is a rare breast cancer that is frequently triple negative. Little is known about the characteristics of its molecular subtypes. We compared the incidence, demographics, and clinicopathologic features of this cancer with non-apocrine carcinomas stratified by molecular subtype. Women with invasive apocrine cancer were retrospectively identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Clinicopathologic and demographic features were compared with non-apocrine carcinomas, both overall using data from 2004 to 2017 and stratified by molecular subtypes using data from 2010 to 2017. The life table method was used to determine the 7-year breast cancer-specific survival. Compared with non-apocrine cancers, apocrine cancers presented at a younger age, with larger, higher-grade tumors that were much more likely to be triple negative (50% vs. 11%) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive (28% vs. 15%) and less likely to be luminal (22% vs. 74%); however, the 7-year survival was the same at 85%. The characteristics varied dramatically by molecular type. Compared with non-apocrine triple-negative, apocrine triple-negative patients were less likely to be African American and were much older, with smaller, lower-grade tumors and much better survival (86% vs. 74%). In contrast, compared with luminal non-apocrine, apocrine luminal patients had larger, higher-grade tumors and worse survival (79% vs. 89%). Invasive apocrine carcinomas have more aggressive features than non-apocrine carcinomas but the breast cancer-specific survival is the same. Half of these apocrine tumors are triple negative but these have more favorable features and much better survival than non-apocrine triple-negative cancers.
Pharmacological Inhibition of Cryptochrome and REV-ERB Promotes DNA Repair and Cell Cycle Arrest in Cisplatin-Treated Human Cells

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) and cell cycle checkpoints impact the ability of the anti-cancer drug cisplatin to inhibit cell proliferation and induce cell death. Genetic studies have shown that both NER and cell cycle progression are impacted by the circadian clock, which has emerged as a novel pharmacological target for the treatment of various disease states. In this study, cultured human cell lines were treated with combinations of cisplatin and the circadian clock modulating compounds KS15 and SR8278, which enhance circadian clock transcriptional output by inhibiting the activities of the cryptochrome and REV-ERB proteins, respectively. Treatment of cells with KS15 and SR8278 protected cells against the anti-proliferative effects of cisplatin and increased the expression of NER factor XPA and cell cycle regulators Wee1 and p21 at the mRNA and protein level. Correlated with these molecular changes, KS15 and SR8278 treatment resulted in fewer unrepaired cisplatin–DNA adducts in genomic DNA and a higher fraction of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Thus, the use of pharmacological agents targeting the circadian clock could be a novel approach to modulate the responses of normal and cancer cells to cisplatin chemotherapy regimens.
Generalized Partial Differential Equation and Fermat's Last Theorem

The equivalence of Fermat's Last Theorem and the non-existence of solutions of a generalized n th order homogeneous hyperbolic partial differential equation in three dimensions and periodic boundary conditions defined in a cubic lattice is demonstrated for all positive integer, n > 2. For the case n = 2, choosing one variable as time, solutions are identified as either propagating or standing waves. Solutions are found to exist in the corresponding problem in two dimensions.
Simplified Laplace Transform Inversion for Unsteady Surface Element Method for Transient Conduction

The unsteady surface element method is an analytical procedure for solving certain types of transient heat conduction problems. The method is intended for thermally contacting bodies of similar or dissimilar geometries such as occur in the contact conductance, fin, and temperature measurement problems. The method utilizes Duhamel's integral. The two simplified procedures in this paper utilize an approximate inverse Laplace transform relation given by Schapery to obtain functional forms of the solutions. In certain cases the approximate inverse Laplace relations simplify the solution greatly and produce acceptable accuracy. Tauberian, series, and numerical tests define these successful cases. The results presented are useful for the intrinsic thermocouple problem and as background for more general heat conduction problems.
Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressive drugs

Abstract Since maternal-fetal immunogenetic disparity facilitates growth of the fetoplacental unit, nonspecific depression of the maternal immune system by immunosuppressive drugs could result in previously unrecognized adverse effects such as fetal growth retardation. To test this hypothesis, groups of 6 to 8 primigravid Fischer female rats mated with DA or Fischer male rats were treated with saline (controls) or either cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) or azathioprine (Imuran) in doses similar to those used therapeutically in human subjects. It was found that these drugs caused an increased incidence of fetal death and produced fetal and neonatal growth retardation. Smaller placentas and fetuses reflected a decrease in cell number rather than cell size whereas water, fat, and protein content were only minimally affected. Analyses of mean maternal weight gain, spieen weight assays, and changes in the lymph nodes draining the uterus indicate that effects detrimental to the offspring are primarily the result of immunologic and cytotoxic mechanisms. Moreover, a review of the literature suggests that these immunosuppresive agents are also associated with small-for-gestational age infants in human pregnancies.
Ribonuclease II of Escherichia coli Is Not Inhibited by Adenosine Triphosphate

Abstract Adenosine triphosphate seems to inhibit unpurified, but not purified, ribonuclease II of Escherichia coli. The presumed inhibition seems to be the result of impurity in the enzyme preparation that converts mononucleotides into less alcohol-soluble diphosphonucleotides.
A Superhyperfine Interaction Involving 33S in the Iron-containing Proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii

Abstract A line-broadening effect attributable to 33S was observed in the asymmetrical electron spin resonance signals at g = 1.94 and 2.01 characteristic of non-heme iron proteins of Azotobacter vinelandii. The line broadening is believed to be due to unresolved superhyperfine splitting by the 33S nucleus. The observation implies an iron-sulfur interaction in at least one species of these proteins in A. vinelandii.
Should China appreciate the Yuan

A little logic and a little evidence does not warrant the conclusion that the yuan should be appreciated. There has been no depreciation of the yuan in recent years to generate increases in China's exports and the total of China's and Hong Kong's exports to the U.S. has remained virtually constant. Nor does the U.S./China bilateral trade deficit, itself, reveal an undervalued yuan. China's exports to the U.S. are due to U.S. economic growth and, until recently, the effects of the euro/dollar rate in directing exports to the U.S. It is possible that China's exchange rate is below its optimal value as its foreign exchange reserves are quite large. Yet it would be understandable if the Chinese authorities were concerned about the potential volatilities of a floating exchange and of international capital markets and want to self-insure by maintaining large reserves.
Impact of mergers & acquisitions on research productivity within the pharmaceutical industry

Several major econometric studies have looked at mergers and acquisitions (M&As) across various industries and concluded that, in general, there is no synergy created or released by M&A activity. This investigation concentrates upon research and development (R&D) performance in the pharmaceutical industry to examine the impact of M&A activity on corporate productivity. Findings indicate that, when compared to those companies within the pharmaceutical industry that did not experience merger activity during comparable time periods, as well as to the industry as a whole, pharmaceutical companies that merged were able to achieve more favorable post-merger productivity scores than were attained prior to their merger.
An experimental investigation of the flow through an axial-flow pump

The high Reynolds number pump (HIREP) facility at ARL Penn State has been used to perform a low-speed, large-scale experiment of the incompressible flow of water through a two-blade-row turbomachine. The objectives of this experiment were to provide a database for comparison with three-dimensional, turbulent flow computations, to evaluate engineering models, and to improve the physical understanding of many of the phenomena involved in this complex flow field. This summary paper briefly describes the experimental facility, as well as the experimental techniques--such as flow visualization, static-pressure measurements, laser Doppler velocimetry, and both slow- and fast-response pressure probes. Then, proceeding from the inlet to the exit of the pump, the paper presents highlights of experimental measurements and data analysis, giving examples of measured physical phenomena such as endwall boundary layers, separation regions, wakes, and secondary vortical structures. In conclusion, this paper provides a synopsis of a well-controlled, larger scope experiment that should prove helpful to those who wish to use the database.
EVALUATION OF THE HOLE PRESSURE METHOD TO MEASURE THE FIRST NORMAL STRESS DIFFERENCE OF CORN MEAL DOUGH DURING EXTRUSION COOKING

Rheological properties of food dough melt, such as steady shear viscosity (η) and first normal stress difference (N1), were measured using an in-line slit die rheometer attached to a laboratory model single-screw extruder. The flow rate through the rheometer was varied by altering the screw speed. Alternatively, a sidestream valve, to vary the flow rate through the rheometer at fixed screw speed, was also used to obtain rheological data. The slit die rheometer was tested with corn meal at three different experimental conditions: 25% and 35% moisture contents at 180C barrel temperature and 35% moisture content at 150C barrel temperature. N1 was measured using the hole-pressure and exit-pressure method. Exit pressure measurements were found to be erratic and unreliable. Hole pressure increased monotonically with increasing flow rate and was found to be affected by the processing history. The magnitude of the hole pressure ranged between 2% and 21% of pressure of the flush mounted transducer. For the experimental conditions used in this study, N1 ranged from 3 × 104 to 6 × 105 Pa for shear rates between 30 to 400 s−1. Possible sources of errors in the hole pressure measurements are discussed.
ACTH4–9 analog (ORG 2766) facilitates acquisition of an inhibitory avoidance response in rats☆

Abstract These experiments examined the effects of an ACTH4–9 analog (ORG 2766) on an inhibitory avoidance response in rats. Graded doses of ORG 2766 were administered either 1 hr prior to training, immediately after training, or 1 hr prior to the retention test. The animals were tested 24 hr after training. A 5.0 mg/kg dose was administered prior to training significantly facilitated acquisition of the response. ORG 2766 did not significantly affect retention when administered after training or prior to the retention test. Since ORG 2766 only affected acquisition of the response, it is suggested that the drug acts by influencing sensory, motivational or attentional variables rather than directly affecting memory consolidation or retrieval processes.
Autonomic and motor neuron death is progressive and parallel in a lumbosacral ventral root avulsion model of cauda equina injury.

Injuries to the cauda equina of the spinal cord result in autonomic and motor neuron dysfunction. We developed a rodent lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury model of cauda equina injury to investigate the lesion effect in the spinal cord. We studied the retrograde effects of a unilateral L5-S2 ventral root avulsion on efferent preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (PPNs) and pelvic motoneurons in the L6 and S1 segments at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively in the adult male rat. We used Fluoro-Gold-prelabeling techniques, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative stereologic analysis to show an injury-induced progressive and parallel death of PPNs and motoneurons. At 6 weeks after injury, only 22% of PPNs and 16% of motoneurons remained. Furthermore, of the neurons that survived at 6 weeks, the soma volume was reduced by 25% in PPNs and 50% in motoneurons. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) protein was expressed in only 30% of PPNs, but 80% of motoneurons remaining at 1 week postoperatively, suggesting early differential effects between these two neuronal types. However, all remaining PPNs and motoneurons were ChAT positive at 4 weeks postoperatively. Nuclear condensation and cleaved caspase-3 were detected in axotomized PPNs and motoneurons, suggesting apoptosis as a contributing mechanism of the neural death. We conclude that lumbosacral ventral root avulsions progressively deplete autonomic and motor neurons. The findings suggest that early neuroprotection will be an important consideration in future attempts of treating acute cauda equina injuries.
Long-term Outcomes of Percutaneous Venoplasty and Gianturco Stent Placement to Treat Obstruction of the Inferior Vena Cava Complicating Liver Transplantation

Evaluation of long-term outcomes of venoplasty and Gianturco stents to treat inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction after liver transplantation. We retrospectively analyzed records from 33 consecutive adult patients referred with the intent to treat suspected IVC obstruction after liver transplantation. Treatment was performed for occlusion or stenosis with a gradient exceeding 3 mmHg. The primary treatment was venoplasty and, if refractory, Gianturco stent placement. Recurrence prompted repeat venoplasty or stent placement. Of the 33 patients, 25 (aged 46.9 ± 12.2 years) required treatment at a mean of 2.3 years (14 days to 20.3 years) after transplantation. For technically successful cases, primary treatment was venoplasty alone (14) or with stent placement (10). Technical success was 96 % (24 of 25) reflecting failure to cross one occlusion. Clinical success was 88 % (22 of 25) reflecting the technical failure and two that died of unrelated complications within 5 weeks. Cumulative primary patencies were 57.1 % at 6 months (n = 21) and 51.4 % at 1 (n = 10), 3 (n = 7), 5 (n = 6), and 7 (n = 5) years. Cumulative primary assisted patency was 95.2 % at 6 months (n = 21) and at 1 (n = 15), 3 (n = 9), 5 (n = 8), and 7 (n = 8) years. The 17 patients stented for refractory (n = 10) or recurrent (n = 7) stenosis had cumulative primary and primary assisted patencies of 86.0 and 100 %, respectively, from 6 months (n = 14) to 7 years (n = 3). No major complications occurred; one fractured stent was observed after 11.6 years. For IVC obstruction following liver transplantation, excellent long-term outcomes can be achieved by venoplasty and Gianturco stent placement.
Structure and function in the third abdominal ganglion of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Girard).

The functional anatomy of the crayfish third abdominal ganglion was explored by reconstructions from silver-stained serial sections and by intracellular recording from units in the neuropile. Fibers entering the ganglion from the ventral nerve cord and the peripheral nerves from bundales with different paths and destinations. These bundles and other anatomical features such as commissures and cell body groups are constant from animal to animal, as are the positions of individual fibers and their branches. Organization in the ganglion is not based on topographical representation of the periphery, but there is a relation between the functions of individual fibers and their positions. Some of the bundles consist of fibers with similar or related functions. The orderliness, constancy and functional relations of the anatomy point toward specific anatomical connectivity between fibers in this preparation.
Elasto-Plastic Coupled Temperature-Displacement Finite Element Analysis of Two-Dimensional Rolling-Sliding Contact With a Translating Heat Source

The present paper describes a transient translating elastoplastic thermomechanical finite element model to study two-dimensional frictional rolling contact. Frictional two-dimensional contact is simulated by repeatedly translating a nonuniform thermomechanical distribution across the surface of an elastoplastic half space. The half space is represented by a two-dimensional finite element mesh with appropriate boundaries. Calculations are for an elastic-perfectly plastic material and the selected thermophysical properties are assumed to be temperature independent. The paper presents temperature variations, stress and plastic strain distributions and deformations. Residual tensile stresses are observed. The magnitude and depth of these stresses depends on (1) the temperature gradients and (2) the magnitudes of the normal and tangential tractions.
Exosomes derived from HTLV-1 infected cells contain the viral protein Tax

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia. The HTLV-1 transactivator protein Tax has been identified as a critical component in the proliferation and transformation of human primary T-cells. This 40 kDa phosphoprotein not only manipulates chromatin remodeling within the host, but also subverts host cell DNA damage response mechanisms, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis. Here we utilized a combination of filtration and ultracentrifugation methods to enrich for exosomes from culture supernatants of HTLV-1 infected cells. We then employed western blots, mass spectrometry, and cytokine arrays to proteomically characterize the host and viral components in these exosomes. Additionally, RT-PCR was used to determine the presence of viral transcripts in these exosomes. Our results demonstrate that exosomes derived from HTLV-1 infected cells contain traditional exosome proteins. Furthermore, our proteomics studies revealed that these exosomes contain viral components such as gp46 and Tax, as well as inflammatory mediators including IL-6 and IL-10. We also investigated the presence of HTLV-1 mRNA transcripts of Env, Tax, HBZ, and 5’LTR contained within exosomes. Moreover, we evaluated the functional impacts of treating naive recipient cells with exosomes secreted from HTLV-1 infected cells, and determined that the exosomes were able to induce a response in reactive oxygen species production. Our observation that the viral protein Tax is contained within exosomes and may be transmitted in an extracellular capacity raises important implications to pathogenesis associated with HTLV-1 infections.
Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Clinical Work with African American Children and Adolescents: A Review of the Literature.

A comprehensive review of the literature on clinical work with African American youth with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is presented. The strengths and limitations of CBT in relation to this population are outlined. Although CBT shows promise in helping, research on the efficacy and effectiveness of CBT in this group is lacking. Se presenta una resena exhaustiva de la literatura sobre trabajo clinico con jovenes Afroamericanos usando terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC). Se perfilan los puntos fuertes y las limitaciones de la TCC en relacion a esta poblacion. A pesar de que la TCC muestra signos prometedores para servir de ayuda, no hay suficiente investigacion sobre la eficacia y efectividad de la TCC en este grupo.
Calculating the Galois group of L1(L2(y))=0,L1,L2 completely reducible operators

In Calculating Galois groups of completely reducible linear operators, Compoint and Singer describe a decision procedure that computes the Galois group of a completely reducible linear differential operator with rational or algebraic function coefficients (i.e., a linear differential operator that is the least common left multiple of irreducible operators or, equivalently, one whose Galois group is a reductive group). At present, it is unknown how to calculate the Galois group of a general operator. In this paper, we push beyond the completely reducible case by showing how to compute the Galois group of an operator of the form L1∘L2 where L1 and L2 are completely reducible and have rational function coefficients. We begin by showing how to compute the Galois group of an equation of the form L(y)=b with L completely reducible. This corresponds to the case of L1∘L2 where L1=D−b′/b. We then show how one can reduce the general case to the above case and give several examples.
Robust shifts in S100a9 expression with aging: A novel mechanism for chronic inflammation

The S100a8 and S100a9 genes encode a pro-inflammatory protein (calgranulin) that has been implicated in multiple diseases. However, involvement of S100a8/a9 in the basic mechanisms of intrinsic aging has not been established. In this study, we show that shifts in the abundance of S100a8 and S100a9 mRNA are a robust feature of aging in mammalian tissues, involving a range of cell types including the central nervous system. To identify transcription factors that control S100a9 expression, we performed a large-scale transcriptome analysis of 62 mouse and human cell types. We identified cell type-specific trends, as well as robust associations linking S100a9 coexpression to elevated frequency of ETS family motifs, and in particular, to motifs recognized by the transcription factor SPI/PU.1. Sparse occurrence of SATB1 motifs was also a strong predictor of S100a9 coexpression. These findings offer support for a novel mechanism by which a SPI1/PU.1-S100a9 axis sustains chronic inflammation during aging.
Nanocomposite catalysts: Dendrimer encapsulated nanoparticles immobilized in sol–gel silica

Abstract A method for immobilizing dendrimer encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) in a sol–gel silica matrix was developed. To evaluate timing effects for DEN addition to the sol–gel preparation, platinum DENs were added at two different times: (1) just before the condensation reactions were initialized, and (2) 24 h after initializing the condensation reactions after the sol formation but before solutions had gelled. After gellation, drying, and activation, the catalysts had similar activities for CO oxidation catalysis. The catalyst prepared after sols had formed, however, was substantially less active for toluene hydrogenation. Infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed CO indicated that this latter catalyst had fewer available surface sites and that both catalysts remained poisoned by dendrimer decomposition products after activation.
CAPTRA: coordinated packet traceback

Network-based attacks can be either persistent or sporadic. Persistent attack flows can be relatively easy to trace by mechanisms such as probabilistic packet marking, traffic logging, data mining etc. Sporadic attacks are sometimes easily detected by the intrusion detection systems (IDSs) at the victims, but are hard to trace back to the attack origins. We propose CAPTRA, a coordinated packet traceback mechanism, for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that takes advantage of the broadcasting nature of the packet transmissions. By remembering packets in multi-dimensional Bloom filters distributed in overhearing sensors and later retrieving the information, CAPTRA identifies the path of the packet transfers using a series of REQUEST-VERDICT-CONFESS message exchanges between the forwarding and overhearing nodes. CAPTRA requires only small memory footprint on the sensors due to the usage of Bloom filters, and allows sensors to asynchronously refresh the Bloom filters so that the network traffic is continuously monitored. CAPTRA is simulated using J-Sim, and a few key parameters are tuned for the best tracing performance.