cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The psychoanalytic significance of onset age in bronchial asthma.

Within the framework of medical ecology, disease may be regarded dynamically as an unfavorable adaptation of the host organism to environmental stresses. That stage at which disease symptoms are clinically manifested, the age of onset, appears to represent the point where the host organism has exceeded its threshold of tolerable stresses.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation during Hyperactivated Motility of Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) Spermatozoa

Capacitation and capacitation-related hyperactivated motility do not occur spontaneously in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spermatozoa; instead, both have an absolute requirement for exogenous stimulation with caffeine and dibutyryl (db)cAMP. In the present study, we 1) defined sorting criteria for automated analysis of macaque sperm exhibiting hyperactivated motility (HA) and 2) investigated protein tyrosine phosphorylation involvement in dbcAMP- and caffeine-stimulated capacitation and HA. Motion characteristics were assessed by computer-assisted motion analysis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm tail proteins was determined by immunocytochemistry with PY-20 antiserum. Automated sorting criteria for HA were curvilinear velocity (VCL) >/= 150 microm/sec; amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) >/= 8.0 microm, and linearity (LIN) </= 60%. Using these criteria, caffeine and dbcAMP significantly stimulated HA (61 +/- 8%) compared to control conditions (12 +/- 2%), p < 0.01, with a concomitant increase in PY-20 labeling (88 +/- 12%) vs. control (13 +/- 2%), p < 0.01. PY-20 labeling significantly correlated with HA (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) and with some motion characteristics used for HA sorting including ALH (r = 0.86, p = 0.0013) and LIN (r = -0.88, p < 0.001) but not VCL (r = 0.21). Treatment with genistein (10 microM) had no effect on HA or PY-20 immunocytochemistry in the absence of caffeine and dbcAMP, but the tyrosine kinase inhibitor significantly decreased caffeine- and dbcAMP-stimulated HA and PY-20 labeling in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01). These results demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm tail proteins is an integral signaling pathway modulating some but not all of the motion characteristics associated with cAMP- and caffeine-stimulated HA in cynomolgus monkey spermatozoa.
Evidence for an immune barrier after in utero hematopoietic-cell transplantation

The competence of the immune system of the developing fetus to act as a barrier to in utero hematopoietic-cell transplantation (IUHCT) has been a source of debate. Until now, comparisons of allogeneic and congenic engraftment have been inconclusive due to methodologic limitations resulting in minimal and inefficient engraftment. In this study, E14 fetal mice received transplants of either allogeneic or congenic bone marrow using a new intravascular technique that allows definitive administration of much higher doses of donor cells. Our results demonstrate that 100% of surviving recipients demonstrate engraftment at 1 week of age, but that 70% of allogeneic recipients lose engraftment by 1 month of age, and 80% ultimately fail to sustain long-term chimerism. In contrast, all congenic recipients maintain stable, long-term, multilineage chimerism. These results strongly support an immune barrier to allogeneic engraftment after IUHCT.
Factors affecting the sensitivity to acid inhibition in novel acrylates characterized by secondary functionalities

Here we demonstrate that acrylates exhibit significant rate reductions in the presence of small concentrations of protic acids (0.1–0.5 wt %) compared with the bulk monomer concentration. Dramatically different sensitivities to acid inhibition, differing by up to 2 orders of magnitude, are exhibited for various acrylates. This study examines the various factors that cause enhanced sensitivity toward acid inhibition in novel acrylates characterized by carbamate and cyclic carbonate secondary functionalities. Acid inhibition studies conducted in the presence of a highly polar solvent, such as propylene carbonate, have been performed to determine the impact of overall medium polarity and the extent of acid dissociation on the sensitivity to acid inhibition. The studies depict only a twofold increase in the parameters associated with acid inhibition, upon the addition of 70 wt % propylene carbonate, in comparison with an increase of 2 orders of magnitude for the novel acrylates. These studies indicate that the susceptibility to acid inhibition is primarily determined by the stability of the hypothesized radical–acid complex as well as its propensity to terminate with other species in the system and not by the extent of acid dissociation in the system. Furthermore, it is implied that the stability of the radical–acid complex and its propensity to terminate with other species in the system are dominated by intramolecular interactions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1287–1295, 2007
Statistical Classifitcation of Major Event Days in Distribution System Reliability

This paper proposes defining a major event day (MED) in distribution reliability in terms of average frequency of occurrence. This definition is easy to understand for nontechnical people like regulators, seems to be fair to apply to systems of any size, and can be translated into a reliability threshold that can be used to classify individual days. Two possible methods of applying the definition are discussed with an example using real utility data, a bootstrap method, and fitting a probability distribution. Practical issues such as the type of probability distribution to use, how to handle zero-outage days, and calculating normal annual reliability with MEDs removed are discussed and resolved.
The Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation on Ocean Surface Heat Fluxes and Sea Surface Temperature

The Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) involves pronounced variations in convection and large-scale circulation throughout the tropical troposphere. In addition, the MJO is also related to dynamic and thermodynamic variability near the surface and the upper ocean. This study uses observational data to characterize the changes in surface heat fluxes and sea surface temperature (SST) during the life cycle of the MJO. Variations in convective activity are described with outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) during the period January 1985 through September 1994. International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data (January 1985‐ April 1991) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts surface analyses (January 1985‐December 1994) are used to derive surface fluxes of net shortwave radiation (SW), latent heat ( E), their difference (Q 5 SW 2 E), and SST. The spatial patterns of OLR, SW, E, Q, and SST anomalies reveal that the region of positive OLR anomalies that precede the occurrence of enhanced convection is associated with positive SW and negative E anomalies, which result in positive Q anomalies. The prevailing conditions in the region of positive Q anomalies favor the development of positive SST anomalies, which lead to variations of enhanced convection. In contrast the region of negative OLR anomalies is associated with negative SW and positive E anomalies. These conditions induce negative Q anomalies, which favor the formation of negative SST anomalies. The above results suggest a possible feedback between the oscillation and intraseasonal variations in SST and this may be an important mechanism for numerical simulations of the life cycle of the MJO.
Probing the limitations of isotropic pair potentials to produce ground-state structural extremes via inverse statistical mechanics.

this paper, we further test the fundamental limitations of radial pair potentials by targeting crystal structures with appreciably less symmetry, including those in which the particles have different local structural environments. These challenging target configurations demanded that we modify previous inverse optimization techniques. In particular, we first find local minima of a candidate enthalpy surface and determine the enthalpy differenceH between such inherent structures and the target structure. Then we determine the lowest positive eigenvalue λ0 of the Hessian matrix of the enthalpy surface at the target configuration. Finally, we maximize λ0�H so that the target structure is both locally stable and globally stable with respect to the inherent structures. Using this modified optimization technique, we have designed short-range radial pair potentials that stabilize the two-dimensional kagome crystal, the rectangular kagome crystal, and rectangular lattices, as well as the three-dimensional structure of the CaF2 crystal inhabited by a single-particle species. We verify our results by cooling liquid configurations to absolute zero temperature via simulated annealing and ensuring that such states have stable phonon spectra. Except for the rectangular kagome structure, all of the target structures can be stabilized with monotonic repulsive potentials. Our work demonstrates that single-component systems with short-range radial pair potentials can counterintuitively self-assemble into crystal ground states with low symmetry and different local structural environments. Finally, we present general principles that offer guidance in determining whether certain target structures can be achieved as ground states by radial pair potentials.
Excited State Absorption from Real-Time Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory

The optical response of excited states is a key property used to probe photophysical and photochemical dynamics. Additionally, materials with a large nonlinear absorption cross-section caused by two-photon (TPA) and excited state absorption (ESA) are desirable for optical limiting applications. The ability to predict the optical response of excited states would help in the interpretation of transient absorption experiments and aid in the search for and design of optical limiting materials. We have developed an approach to obtain excited state absorption spectra by combining real-time (RT) and linear-response (LR) time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Being based on RT-TDDFT, our method is aimed at tackling larger molecular complexes and materials systems where excited state absorption is predominantly seen and many time-resolved experimental efforts are focused. To demonstrate our method, we have calculated the ground and excited state spectra of H2+ and H2 due to the simplicity in the interpr...
Television and the Case Study Method—An Experiment

Presents an experiment which examined the use of a television (TV) case method of instruction to students working towards a Master of Business Administration °. Information on the TV studio used; D...
Diophantine approximation in characteristiep

We study diophantine approximations to algebraic functions in characteristicp. We improve a theorem of Osgood, and give two classes of examples showing that this result is nearly sharp. One of these classes exhibits a new phenomenon.
The Computatinal Theory of Cavitation Factor and Setting Elevation of Hydraulic Turbine with Consideration of Influence of Water Quality

The books of hydraulic turbine technology in countries all over the world in which it takes the vapor pressure of clear water as the condition of occurring cavitation of the flow by mistake.In fact,the cavitation and the vapor are two complete different physical processes;the former mainly bases on the air multivariate processes of the initial state of the enormous quantity air nucleus in the water while the latter is a phase change process that is the water transiting into the vapor.So we can't take the vapor pressure of the clear water at some temperature as the cavitation to ascertain the cavitation factor and set elevation of hydraulic turbine equipment.The effect of water quality on cavitation pressure characteristic is presented,and the computational theory of cavitation factor and setting elevation of hydraulic turbine is proposed.
Nationwide secondary overtriage in level 3 and level 4 trauma centers: are these transfers necessary?

Abstract Background Secondary overtriage (SO) refers to the interfacility transfer of trauma patients who are rapidly discharged home without surgical intervention by the receiving institution. SO imposes a financial hardship on patients and strains trauma center resources. Most studies on SO have been conducted from the perspective of the receiving hospital, which is usually a level 1 trauma center. Having previously studied SO from the referring rural hospital's perspective, we sought to identify variables contributing to SO at the national level. Methods Using data from the 2008-2012 National Trauma Data Bank, we isolated patients transferred to level 1 trauma centers who were: (1) discharged home within 48 h and (2) did not undergo any surgical procedure. This population was subsequently compared with similar patients treated at and discharged directly from level 3 and 4 centers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to isolate variables that independently influenced a patient's risk of undergoing SO. Injury patterns were characterized by use of subspecialty consultants. Results A total of 99,114 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 13.2% were discharged directly from level 3 or 4 trauma centers, and 86.8% of them were transferred to a level 1 trauma center before discharge. The mean Injury Severity Score of the nontransfer and transfer groups was 5.4 ± 4.5 and 7.3 ± 5.7, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that Injury Severity Score > 15, alcoholism, smoking, drug use, and certain injury patterns involving the head, vertebra, and face were associated with being transferred. In this minimally injured population, factors protective against transfers were: age > 65 y, female gender, systolic blood pressure Conclusions SO results from the complex interplay of variables including patient demographics, facility characteristics, and injury type. The inability to exclude a potentially devastating neurologic injury seems to drive SO.
A compact, high-speed, highly efficient hybrid silicon photodetector

We demonstrate a compact (30 μm × 4 μm) hybrid silicon photodetector with an internal responsivity of 1.18 A/W (95% internal quantum efficiency), a dark current of 10 nA, and an electrical bandwidth of 32 GHz.
Deoxyfluoro-D-trehalose (FDTre) analogues as potential PET probes for imaging mycobacterial infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of human tuberculosis, requires the non-mammalian disaccharide trehalose for growth and virulence. Recently, detectable trehalose analogues have gained attention as probes for studying trehalose metabolism and as potential diagnostic imaging agents for mycobacterial infections. Of particular interest are deoxy-[18F]fluoro-D-trehalose (18F-FDTre) analogues, which have been suggested as possible positron emission tomography (PET) probes for in vivo imaging of M. tuberculosis infection. Here, we report progress toward this objective, including the synthesis and conformational analysis of four non-radioactive deoxy-[19F]fluoro-D-trehalose (19F-FDTre) analogues, as well as evaluation of their uptake by M. smegmatis. The rapid synthesis and purification of several 19F-FDTre analogues was accomplished in high yield using a one-step chemoenzymatic method. Conformational analysis of the 19F-FDTre analogues using NMR and molecular modeling methods showed that fluorine substitution had a negligible effect on the conformation of the native disaccharide, suggesting that fluorinated analogues may be successfully recognized and processed by trehalose metabolic machinery in mycobacteria. To test this hypothesis and to evaluate a possible route for delivery of FDTre probes specifically to mycobacteria, we showed that 19F-FDTre analogues are actively imported into M. smegmatis via the trehalose-specific transporter SugABC-LpqY. Finally, to demonstrate the applicability of these results to the efficient preparation and use of short-lived 18F-FDTre PET radiotracers, we carried out 19F-FDTre synthesis, purification, and administration to M. smegmatis in 1 hour.
Community Pharmacists as Patient Advocates: Physician Attitudes

Abstract Objectives To assess physician attitudes toward community pharmacists acting as patient advocates with respect to drug-related matters, and to correlate physician attitudes with physician characteristics and physician–pharmacist interactions. Setting State of Utah. Participants Physicians in family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics, and psychiatry. Interventions Mail survey. Main Outcome Measures Physician attitudes toward community pharmacists performing 15 patient advocacy activities, as well as physician–pharmacist interaction and respondent demographics. Results Favorable attitudes were identified for pharmacists monitoring drug use, counseling patients, advising physicians, contacting physicians to discuss patients' pharmacotherapy, and recording over-the-counter product use in patient profiles. Attitudes were less favorable toward pharmacists helping patients manage adverse drug reactions, suggesting drug regimen alterations, providing health screening services, selecting drugs by a protocol, discussing therapeutic equivalents with patients, and changing dosage forms to better suit patient needs. Physician age was negatively correlated with attitude toward a pharmacist aiding a physician in selecting a drug to be prescribed. The helpfulness of physician–pharmacist interactions was positively correlated with physician attitudes. Conclusion From the physician's perspective, the most appropriate areas for expansion of the community pharmacist's role into patient advocacy are in monitoring pharmacotherapy, assisting physicians in coordinating pharmacotherapy, and providing patients with medication information. Physician resistance is more likely in areas where community pharmacists assume a more autonomous role in patient care.
Curative Control of the Peachtree Borer Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes

The peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say 1823), is a major pest of stone fruit trees in North America. Current management relies upon preventative control using broad-spectrum chemical insecticides, primarily chlorpyrifos, applied in the late summer or early fall. However, due to missed applications, poor application timing, or other factors, high levels of S. exitiosa infestation may still occur and persist through the following spring. Curative treatments applied in the spring to established infestations would limit damage to the tree and prevent the next generation of S. exitiosa from emerging within the orchard. However, such curative measures for control of S. exitiosa do not exist. Our objective was to measure the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, as a curative control for existing infestations of S. exitiosa. In peach orchards, spring applications of S. carpocapsae (obtained from a commercial source) were made to infested trees and compared with chlorpyrifos and a water-only control in 2014 and 2015. Additionally, types of spray equipment were compared: nematodes were applied via boom sprayer, handgun, or trunk sprayer. To control for effects of application method or nematode source, in vivo laboratory-grown S. carpocapsae, applied using a watering can, was also included. Treatment effects were assessed 39 d (2014) or 19 d (2015) later by measuring percentage of trees still infested, and also number of surviving S. exitiosa larvae per tree. Results indicated that S. carpocapsae provided significant curative control (e.g., .80% corrected control for the handgun application). In contrast, chlorpyrifos failed to reduce S. exitiosa infestations or number of surviving larvae. In most comparisons, no effect of nematode application method was detected; in one assessment, only the handgun and watering can methods reduced infestation. In conclusion, our study indicates that S. carpocapsae may be used as an effective curative measure for S. exitiosa infestations.
Linking Patient Alone Time and Provider Time to Staffing Levels and LOS at the Emergency Department: A RFID Based Study

Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) technology use in health care services has been shown to save lives, prevents errors, save costs and increases security. Implementation of RFID technology has been challenged with high implementation costs, substantial gap between technology implementation costs and the RFID-enabled benefits, lack of common standard of usage/data analysis and low operational performance level in a harsh environment. Yet, there is a growing interest of RFID use in health care sector which has attracted many researchers to investigate potential opportunities in many specialties especially the Emergency Department (ED) where critical and quality care is sought for life saving service in a timely fashion. In this work, RFID data within the ED was used to quantify 'patient alone' time and 'total provider time' which is studied to establish the relationship between Length of Stay (LOS) and physician staffing levels. Surprisingly, results indicate that LOS has no relationship between patient alone time and provider time. With respect to physician staffing at the ED, more physicians within a LOS period leads to longer patient alone time. Average patient alone time increases initially and then significantly drops with increase in patient to physician ratio. These finding motivates further investigation on larger dataset for validation which can provide insights to strategize allocation of health care workers for more focused service to improve care, reduce LOS and subsequently reduce the cost and improve operating capacity of the ED.
The Effect of Temperature and Host Plant Resistance on Population Growth of the Soybean Aphid Biotype 1 (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate direct and indirect effects of temperature on demographic traits and population growth of biotype 1 of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura. Our objectives were to better understand how temperature influences the expression of host plant resistance, quantify the individual and interactive effects of plant resistance and temperature on soybean aphid population growth, and generate thermal constants for predicting temperature-dependent development on both susceptible and resistant soybeans. To assess indirect (plant-mediated) effects, soybean aphids were reared under a range of temperatures (15-30 °C) on soybean seedlings from a line expressing a Rag1 gene for resistance, and life history traits were quantified and compared to those obtained for soybean aphids on a susceptible soybean line. Direct effects of temperature were obtained by comparing relative differences in the magnitude of life-history traits among temperatures on susceptible soybeans. We predicted that temperature and host plant resistance would have a combined, but asymmetrical, effect on soybean aphid fitness and population growth. Results showed that temperature and plant resistance influenced preimaginal development and survival, progeny produced, and adult longevity. There also appeared to be a complex interaction between temperature and plant resistance for survival and developmental rate. Evidence suggested that the level of plant resistance increased at higher, but not lower, temperature. Soybean aphids required about the same number of degree-days to develop on resistant and susceptible plants. Our results will be useful for making predictions of soybean aphid population growth on resistant plants under different seasonal temperatures.
Health Literacy and Health Communication

Communication is defined as “the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feeling, etc., to someone else.”1 In medicine, good communication skills can result in greater patient satisfaction and compliance with medical treatments, improved health outcomes, decreased healthcare costs, and fewer malpractice claims.2-4 Good communication skills are essential for interacting with patients and for providing effective health care.2 In addition to communication skills, there are three elements that impact health communication. The Joint Commission described limited English proficiency, cultural differences, and low health literacy as the “triple threat” to effective health communication and patient safety, and it urges clinicians and organizations to address this triple threat in order to improve the safety and quality of patient care.5.
Clues to vascular disorders at non-contrast CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Non-contrast chest CT scans are commonly performed while CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis are performed in a select subset of patients; those with limited renal function, an allergy to iodinated contrast, in the setting of suspected renal calculus, retroperitoneal hematoma, common duct calculus, abdominal aortic aneurysm with or without rupture, and in patients undergoing a PET-CT scan. In the absence of intravenous contrast, vascular structures may prove challenging to evaluate, yet their assessment is an important component of every non-contrast CT examination. We describe the key imaging features of both arterial and venous pathology, and review clues and common associated non-vascular findings, which can help the radiologist identify vascular disorders at non-contrast CT. Briefly, alternative imaging options are discussed.
Subband coding and wavelet transform

This chapter reviews the basics of subband coding and presents the different types of wavelet transforms in great detail. Subband coding means a transformation created by filtering and subsampling. The signal is separated approximately into frequency bands for efficient coding. The subband signals are quantized such that the objective measure is maximized. A wavelet is a basis function in continuous time. The most important aspect of the wavelet basis is that all wavelet functions are constructed from a single mother wavelet. This wavelet is a small wave or a pulse. The chapter also reveals one of the most important aspects of signal processing: the connections among filter, filter banks, and wavelets. The lowpass filter coefficients of the filter bank determine the scaling functions and the highpass filter coefficients produce the wavelets. The chapter also reviews the basics of subband decomposition that is strongly related to filter bank theory. The analysis bank splits the input signal into subbands using a parallel set of bandpass filters. Those subsignals can be compressed more efficiently than the original signal and can be transmitted or stored. The essential information is extracted from the subband signals in the processing block between the banks. The chapter mathematically describes the concepts of downsampling, upsampling, and perfect reconstruction filter banks. The chapter also reviews the operation of decimation and interpolation in the time-domain as well as in the frequency domain.
Sub-Sententials: Pragmatics or Semantics?

Stainton points out that speakers “can make assertions while speaking sub-sententially”. He argues for a “pragmatics-oriented approach” to these phenomena and against a “semantics-oriented approach”. In contrast, I argue for a largely semantics-oriented approach: typically, sub-sentential utterances assert a truth-conditional proposition in virtue of exploiting a semantic convention. Thus, there is an “implicit-demonstrative convention” in English of expressing a thought that a particular object in mind is F by saying simply ‘F’. I note also that some sub-sentential assertions include demonstrations and argue that these exploit another semantic convention for expressing a thought with a particular object in mind. I consider four objections that Stainton has to a semantics- oriented approach. The most interesting is the “syntactic ellipsis” objection, which rests on two planks: (A) the assumption that this approach must claim that what appears on the surface to be a sub-sentential is, at some deeper level of syntactic analysis, really a sentence; (B) the claim that there is no such syntactic ellipsis in these sub-sentential utterances. I argue that (A) is wrong and that (B) may well be. I also reject the other three objections: “too much ambiguity”; “no explanatory work”; and “fails a Kripkean test”. Nonetheless, occasionally, sub-sentential utterances semantically assert only a fragment of a truth-conditional proposition. This fragment needs to be pragmatically enriched to yield a propositional message. To this extent a pragmatics-oriented approach is correct.
A single-stage 6.78 MHz transmitter with the improved light load efficiency for wireless power transfer applications

A single-stage transmitter is reviewed, which directly converts a utility ac input to high frequency (6.78 MHz) ac output for wireless power transmission. By integrating two stages (totem-pole PFC rectifier and full bridge inverter) into a single stage, the topology achieves high efficiency and reduced component count. In this paper, a simple auxiliary circuit is added to allow the single-stage transmitter to operate in two modes. At heavy load, the transmitter operates as a totem-pole rectifier with PFC and achieves low distortion of the input current. At light load, the circuit operates as a voltage-doubler rectifier (VDR), extending the ZVS range of the transmitter. As a result, hard switching is avoided and efficiency is improved at light load. This improved single-stage transmitter is verified by a 100 W, GaN-based laboratory prototype.
Parameter Optimization of Olfactory Neurodynamics

We study a neural olfactory system that is characterized anatomically by the synaptic connections and physiologically by the spatio-temporal interactions among neural ensembles and external inputs. The behavior of each ensemble is governed by a 2 nd order ordinary differential equation (ODE) relating the aggregate activation of cells to system parameters and stimuli from an outside environment. Parameter optimizatbuion rules that lead to minimizing the distance between the actual output patterns of the model and the EEG waves from experimental data are derived. Numerical simulations support the mathematical analyses, and the system parameters are thus optimized.
Missed Diagnosis of New-Onset Systolic Heart Failure at First Presentation in Children with No Known Heart Disease.

Objective To determine frequency of missed heart failure diagnosis at first presentation among children with no known heart disease admitted with new-onset heart failure. Study design Using a retrospective design, we reviewed electronic medical records of all patients aged Results Of 191 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 49% (94/191) were missed on first presentation. Most common incorrect diagnostic labels given to “missed” patients were bacterial infection (29%; 27/94), followed by viral illness (22%; 21/94) and gastroenteritis/hepatitis (21%; 20/94). On multivariable analysis, presentation to primary care provider (PCP), longer duration of symptoms (median 7 days), more than 2 symptoms of heart failure, and nausea/emesis were associated with missed diagnosis. On examining process breakdowns, 49% had errors in history-taking and 50% had no documentation of differential diagnoses. There was no difference in hospital mortality, length of stay, or mechanical circulatory support in missed vs not-missed cohorts. Unnecessary noninvasive and invasive tests were performed in 18% and 4% of patients, respectively. Conclusions Nearly one-half of children with no known heart disease hospitalized with systolic heart failure were missed at first presentation and underwent significant nonrelevant treatment and testing. Initial presentation to the PCP, longer duration of symptoms before presentation, and nausea/emesis were associated with missed diagnosis.
Structured Ramp Loss Minimization for Machine Translation

This paper seeks to close the gap between training algorithms used in statistical machine translation and machine learning, specifically the framework of empirical risk minimization. We review well-known algorithms, arguing that they do not optimize the loss functions they are assumed to optimize when applied to machine translation. Instead, most have implicit connections to particular forms of ramp loss. We propose to minimize ramp loss directly and present a training algorithm that is easy to implement and that performs comparably to others. Most notably, our structured ramp loss minimization algorithm, Rampion, is less sensitive to initialization and random seeds than standard approaches.
An Alternate Grid-splitting Scheme and Efficient Algorithm for Voltage Source Converter Based Multiterminal DC Grid Protection and Restoration Control

Despite of the numerous advantages in realizing the super grid known as multi-terminal dc (MTDC) grid, core design requirement is the lack of a fast mature protection strategy (least tripping time) to quickly detect the dc fault, react to it and restore grid back to its normal operation within a few milliseconds. To bridge this gap, this paper investigates cost-effective novel protection scheme by installing minimum number of fast reacting grid splitting devices along with the other easily available alternate protection devices like high voltage AC circuit breakers (ACCBs), high speed DC switches (HSSs), fault current limiting inductors, with real time fault detection and control. Individual protection of each faulty zone is done by isolating the faulty part, resuming operation of the healthy grid zones. Rapidly increasing fault current is quickly reduced to sufficiently lower interruptible levels so that the no-load HSSs of faulty zone quickly and selectively open to isolate the faulty lines. Fault feeding from healthy zones of the grid into the faulted zone is eliminated and also the delay in current decaying behavior of ACCBs used for the dc fault current interruption is compensated improving their performance. This greatly assists in reducing the overall grid outage time or total fault processing time. The strategy is extensible, used to protect the smaller and un-transposed sections of a high impact MTDC grid by splitting it into a number of smaller faulty and healthy zones upon dc fault detection. Fault detectors with control continuously monitor the entire network to identify the faults correctly, quickly and differentiate between various fault types. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme was tested using MATLAB simulations.
Protease-activated receptor 4 protects mice from Coxsackievirus B3 and H1N1 influenza A virus infection

PAR4 is expressed by a variety of cells, including platelets, cardiac, lung and immune cells. We investigated the contribution of PAR4 to viral infections of the heart and lung. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3-dependent immune responses were analyzed after co-stimulation of PAR4 in murine bone-marrow derived macrophages, embryonic fibroblasts and embryonic cardiomyocytes. In addition, we analyzed Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) or H1N1 influenza A virus (H1N1 IAV) infection of PAR4-/- (ΔPAR4) and wild-type (WT) mice. Lastly, we investigated the effect of platelet inhibition on H1N1 IAV infection. In vitro experiments revealed that PAR4 stimulation enhances the expression of TLR3-dependent CXCL10 expression and decreases TLR3-dependent NFκB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, CVB3-infected ΔPAR4 mice exhibited a decreased anti-viral response and increased viral genomes in the heart leading to more pronounced CVB3 myocarditis compared to WT mice. Similarly, H1N1 IAV-infected ΔPAR4 mice had increased immune cell numbers and inflammatory mediators in the lung, and increased mortality compared with infected WT controls. The study showed that PAR4 protects mice from viral infections of the heart and lung.
Axis of rotation as a basic feature in visual search.

Searching for a “Q” among “O”s is easier than the opposite search (Treisman & Gormican in Psychological Review, 95, 15–48, 1988). In many cases, such “search asymmetries” occur because it is easier to search when a target is defined by the presence of a feature (i.e., the line terminator defining the tail of the “Q”), rather than by its absence. Treisman proposed that features that produce a search asymmetry are “basic” features in visual search (Treisman & Gormican in Psychological Review, 95, 15–48, 1988; Treisman & Souther in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 285–310, 1985). Other stimulus attributes, such as color, orientation, and motion, have been found to produce search asymmetries (Dick, Ullman, & Sagi in Science, 237, 400–402, 1987; Treisman & Gormican in Psychological Review, 95, 15–48, 1988; Treisman & Souther in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 114, 285–310, 1985). Other stimulus properties, such as facial expression, produce asymmetries because one type of item (e.g., neutral faces) demands less attention in search than another (e.g., angry faces). In the present series of experiments, search for a rolling target among spinning distractors proved to be more efficient than searching for a spinning target among rolling distractors. The effect does not appear to be due to differences in physical plausibility, direction of motion, or texture movement. Our results suggest that the spinning stimuli demand less attention, making search through spinning distractors for a rolling target easier than the opposite search.
2906 Enhanced Laparoscopic Identification of Peritoneal Endometriosis with Indocyanine Green Contrast: An Educational Video

Video Objective To demonstrate a laparoscopic surgical technique to enhance identification of peritoneal endometriosis for effective operative excision. Setting Academic Medical Center. Interventions Introduction of indocyanine green (ICG) contrast with fluorescence imaging for laparoscopic identification of apparent and occult endometriosis. Endometriosis is a common medical condition of reproductive age women impacting up to 90% of women with pelvic pain. Laparoscopic excision is effective in pain reduction and considered the gold standard for histologic diagnosis. Conversely, incomplete resection has been associated with persistent pain and recurrent disease. Endometriosis is implantation of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus and may be challenging to identify laparoscopically secondary to its variable appearance. Lesions of peritoneal endometriosis include red flame like lesions, puckered black or bluish lesions, and subtle white opacified lesions. Evidence supports that angiogenesis is required for development and persistence of endometriosis. Additionally, studies have found no difference in vascular density between the various types of lesions. ICG is a nontoxic, nonionizing contrast agent that binds to blood lipoproteins. It was FDA approved in 1959 as a contrast agent and has been used clinically to measure cardiac output, liver function and study retinal vessels. Fluorescence imaging with ICG has been used in surgical oncology including sentinel lymph node mapping in gynecologic patients with endometrial cancer. More recently, fluorescence imaging with ICG laparoscopically, has been demonstrated to correlate with visible areas of endometriosis as well as identify occult endometriosis in >15% of women with visible endometriosis. More effective identification and excision of endometriosis with ICG enhanced laparoscopy, specifically occult disease, is proposed to significantly decrease postoperative pain and recurrence of endometriosis. Conclusion We demonstrate an effective laparoscopic surgical technique to employ the use of fluorescence imaging with ICG contrast to identify apparent and occult endometriosis to optimize surgical excision.
Utility of Orchidometric Parameters for Assessing Sexual Maturation in Male Cynomolgus Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis)

Testicular volume is one of several parameters that have been used in preclinical toxicology to facilitate the identification of sexually mature male cynomolgus macaques when semen evaluation is unavailable. Furthermore, testicular volume provides additional information to pathologists to aid in the interpretation of microscopic findings. Orchidometry has been proposed as a useful tool for assessing testicular volume. To assess its utility for this purpose, we used orchidometry to measure testicular volume in untreated control male cynomolgus macaques during preclinical toxicology studies. Additional parameters including age, body weight, testicular weight, serum testosterone, and testicular histology were also evaluated. Serum inhibin B and the diameter of histologic testicular sections were assessed to determine whether they might provide any additional corroborative evidence for differentiating stages of sexual maturity in males. Orchidometry was easy to use in sedated or awake macaques and, in combination with testicular histology, enabled the establishment of cut-off values by which sexually mature male cynomolgus macaques can be identified with a high degree of confidence. The relative utility of the parameters examined for discriminating sexually mature and immature males was testicular volume ≥ serum testosterone > body weight > age; for differentiation of sexually mature and peripubertal males the order was testicular volume ≥ body weight > serum testosterone > age. Testicular weight and the diameter of histologic testicular sections provided corroborative information for discriminating stages of sexual maturity. Serum inhibin B was of little value in helping to differentiate the different stages of sexual maturation evaluated in this study.
Chapter 7 – Using Natural Language Interfaces

Publisher Summary Natural language interfaces (NLIs) can provide the most useful and efficient way for people to interact with computers. The goal for most natural language systems is to provide an interface that minimizes the training required for users. To most, this means a system that uses the words and syntax of a natural language such as English. There is, however, some disagreement as to the amount of understanding or flexibility required in the system. Research into NLIs continues, and a frequently asked question is how effective are these interfaces for human-computer communication. The chapter focuses on empirical methods that have been applied to the evaluation of limited NLIs and reviews the results of user studies. The discussion of empirical results uses the most liberal definition of natural language and looks at systems that provide flexible input languages that minimize training requirements. The discussion is limited to two study categories that report empirical results obtained from observing users interacting with these systems. The first category consists of prototype system studies developed in research environments. The second category consists of simulated systems studied in the laboratory that are designed to help identify desirable attributes of natural language systems.
Understanding Side-Effect Intentionality Asymmetries: Meaning, Morality, or Attitudes and Defaults?

People frequently label harmful (but not helpful) side effects as intentional. One proposed explanation for this asymmetry is that moral considerations fundamentally affect how people think about a...
Modeling the effect of temperature and relative humidity on the ethylene oxide fumigation of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium in whole black peppercorn

Abstract This research investigated the effect of temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions during ethylene oxide (EtO) fumigation for inactivation of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 on whole black peppercorns. Black peppercorn samples were inoculated with a five-strain Salmonella cocktail or E. faecium inoculum. EtO (735.3 mg/L) fumigation was conducted at different treatment temperatures (46, 53, and 60 °C) and different RH levels (30,40, and 50%) for the inactivation of inoculated black peppercorn samples with different exposure times (2–180 min). The temperature, RH, and exposure time exhibit significant linear effects on microbial inactivation. Bacterial inactivation during EtO fumigation was described by the Weibull model with the R2 > 0.70 and RMSE
Car Detection Based Algorithm For Automatic Parking Space Detection

In this paper, we present an object detection based algorithm to automatically map the parking spaces in a parking lot, instead of manually mapping them. The work addresses an important gap in the recent computer vision based artificial intelligence techniques to build smart parking systems. We test our approach with two of the most popular object detectors, Faster R-CNN and YOLOv4. Our results show that our approach decreases the human effort needed by up to a compelling 90%. We show that the percentage of the available parking spots that are automatically detected through our approach accumulates over time and, in theory, can approach a 100%, on a day when all the parking spots are fully occupied. In other words, the approach is designed to have its highest performance over a busy parking lot during the busiest time.
Insuring Natural Catastrophes In America

With climate change, continued property development throughout the country, and a growing population, natural catastrophes are becoming more frequent and more damaging in America. The most common natural catastrophes are floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes, and landslides. Of these, only wind damage and wildfires currently are widely insured, and insurers are decreasing their sales and renewals of policies that cover properties in areas prone to natural catastrophes. Consequently, about 50% of the billions of dollars in losses annually caused by natural catastrophes currently are uninsured. This Chapter in the forthcoming The Cambridge Handbook of Disaster Law: Risk, Recovery, and Redevelopment addresses the existing state of the insurance market for natural catastrophes in America and proposes some new approaches to insuring natural catastrophes moving forward.
Structures of quinone-binding sites in bc complexes: functional implications.

Near-atomic resolution structures are becoming available for the respiratory chain enzyme known as ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase or the cytochrome bc1 complex. Here we examine our current structure for the chicken bc1 complex to see what it can tell us about the mode of binding and mechanism of reaction of quinone at the two active sites.
High power and high linearity electroabsorption modulator for high speed analog RF link

High power electroabsorption modulator using intra-step-barrier quantum well and peripheral coupled waveguide are designed and tested for analog fiber link applications. The resulting device has demonstrated high optical power handling and low V/sup /spl pi// properties.
Bombing, Population Displacement, and Insurget Strength: Micro-Scale Evidence from the Vietnam War

This paper is a first cut at the analysis of a new (and as of this writing) incomplete database on bombing and territorial control in the Vietnam War. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the logic of attrition in insurgencies at the village level. More specifically, I address two questions. First, how did the very extensive US aerial bombing of South Vietnam affect the population growth (or depopulation) of villages? Second, what consequences did bombing and population change have on the ability of the Viet Cong to control villages? Did attrition via bombing tend to flip villages to South Vietnamese government control or did it undermine counterinsurgency efforts?The preliminary findings are quite striking: as we might expect, bombing was highly associated with village depopulation. Yet, in spite of its effects on the population, bombing appears to have been catastrophically counterproductive. Villages that were bombed intensively during the half-decade from 1965 – 1970 emerged under Viet Cong control in 1971 at a much higher rate than similar villages that were less heavily bombed.In the next section, I outline the logic of attrition in insurgencies and I briefly discuss existing findings. In the next section I describe my data. I then present my results, and finally I conclude.