cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine levels after surgery with spinal or general anesthesia.

Background and Objectives. Studies show that pain may cause neuroinflammatory changes in the spinal cord. These inflammatory changes could be caused by circulating factors such as plasma cytokines or could be a primary neuroimmune response of the central nervous system following peripheral nerve injury. To identify the possible effects of peripheral trauma and pain on the cytokine environment of the spinal cord, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations in plasma and cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) were measured before and after hip replacement surgery. Methods. The investigation used a prospective, observational design to measure cytokine levels in samples of plasma and CSF by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were taken from surgical patients before and after surgery under general anesthesia or spinal anesthesia performed with or without a spinal catheter. Reference samples were also obtained from healthy control subjects. Results. Both plasma and CSF levels of IL-6 increased substantially after major surgery with either general or spinal anesthesia. No significant correlation was observed between plasma IL-6 and CSF IL-6 levels, suggesting a central origin for increased CSF cytokine levels. IL-10 did not change in plasma or CSF after surgery. Plasma and CSF IL-6 and IL-10 cytokine levels were very low or undetectable in healthy controls. Conclusions. Major orthopedic surgery leads to elevated CSF levels of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-6. The origin of increased CSF IL-6 may be central because there was no significant correlation with plasma levels.
Ethanol-associated hypoglycemia is uncommon.

Objective: To determine the association of ethanol intoxication with hypoglycemia in ED patients. Methods: Retrospective, laboratory log review of 953 consecutive patients who were evaluated for ethanol intoxication in an urban university hospital ED over a three-month period. Simultaneous serum glucose determination was carried out for each patient and associations between ethanol level and glucose were sought. Results: Glucose concentrations were unavailable for 16 patients (1.7%). Of the remaining patients, 584 patients had detectable ethanol concentrations (ethanol-positive), and 353 had no detectable ethanol (ethanol-negative). Ethanol concentrations (mean ± SD) in the ethanol-positive group were 50.11 ± 24.08 mmol/L (231 ± 111 mg/dL), and glucose concentrations were 5.83 ± 1.94 mmol/L (105 ± 35 mg/dL). Hypoglycemia [glucose <3.72 mmol/L (67 mg/dL)] was observed for five (0.9%) ethanol-positive patients. It was classified as mild-moderate [2.78–3.66 mmol/L (50–66 mg/dL)] for four patients (0.7%) and severe [<2.78 mmol/L (50 mg/dL)] for one (0.2%). Ethanol concentrations ranged from 25.60 to 68.33 mmol/L (118 to 315 mg/ dL). There was no correlation between ethanol and glucose concentrations in any subset of the ethanol-positive patient population. In the ethanol-positive group, patients who had several ethanol-positive visits (56 patients, mean 3.6 visits/patient) accounted for four of the five episodes of hypoglycemia, including the one episode of severe hypoglycemia. The frequency of hypoglycemia in repeat visitors (2.0%) was higher than that in the group of patients without repeat visits (0.2%). In the ethanol-negative group, there were four (1.1%) episodes of mild-moderate hypoglycemia and no severely hypoglycemic patient. Hypoglycemia was not more likely to occur among ethanol-positive patients than it was among ethanol-negative patients. Conclusion: Hypoglycemia was uncommonly associated with ethanol intoxication, and was found almost exclusively among patients with several ethanol-positive visits. Glucose and ethanol concentrations do not show any linear correlation; patients with higher ethanol concentrations are not at higher risk of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is not more likely to occur in ethanol-positive than in ethanol-negative patients. Initial glucose screening does not appear to be necessary for all patients suspected of intoxication; selective screening may be more appropriate.
The effects of dipole tilt on the structure of the magnetosphere

The structure of the magnetosphere as a function of dipole tilt was studied by using a global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model. We show here that the cusp current sheet in the MHD model is related to the tail current sheet and that the calculated shape and positions of the tail current sheet are consistent with observations. In addition, we discuss the difference between the MHD model and the Chapman-Ferraro type model which manifests as a function of tilt angle.
Speech Recognition, Machine Translation, and Speech Translation—A Unified Discriminative Learning Paradigm [Lecture Notes]

In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in automatic speech recognition (ASR) [2], [9] and statistical machine translation (MT) [12]. Despite some conspicuous differences, many problems in ASR and MT are closely related and techniques in the two fields can be successfully cross-pollinated. In this lecture note, we elaborate on the fundamental connections between ASR and MT, and show that the unified ASR discriminative training paradigm recently developed and presented in [7] can be extended to train MT models in the same spirit.
Fringe formation and coherence of a soft-x-ray laser beam illuminating a Mach–Zehnder interferometer

We investigated the fringe visibility produced by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer illuminated by a collisionally pumped yttrium x-ray laser operating at 15.5 nm. Fringe visibility varied as a function both of relative path delay and of relative spatial overlap of the beams. This visibility information was extracted quantitatively from several interferograms and analyzed to produce a characterization of the temporal coherence, yielding a gain-narrowed linewidth of 1.3 pm for the 15.5-nm laser transition and spatial coherence consistent with an effective source size of ≈220 μm ± 50% at the x-ray laser output.
Fall Meeting abstract submission inspires science poetry

[1] When the 4 August deadline for submitting Fall Meeting abstracts passed, AGU had received more than 20,000 abstracts, a record-breaking number. The submission process had an unexpected by-product: It inspired some scientists to write haiku on Twitter. (Haiku is a form of Japanese poetry typically having three lines, the first with five syllables, the second with seven, and the third with five.) The following are examples of the haiku tweets, with the hashtag #AGU11AbstractHaiku. (For those who want to keep updated about the Fall Meeting on Twitter, the hashtag is #AGU11.) For more information about the meeting, including registration and housing, visit http://sites.agu.org/fallmeeting/.
Interacting with local and remote data repositories using the stashR package

The stashR package (a Set of Tools for Administering Shared Repositories) for R implements a basic versioned key-value style database where character string keys are associated with data values. Using the S4 classes ‘localDB’ and ‘remoteDB’, and associated methods, versioned key-value databases can be either created locally on the user’s computer or accessed remotely via the Internet. The stashR package can enhance reproducible research by providing a ‘localDB’ database format for the caching of computations which can subsequently be stored on the Internet. To reproduce a particular computation, a reader can access the ‘remoteDB’ database and obtain the associated R objects.
Issues in the learning of history

Abstract This paper presents reviews research that has been conducted on learning and reasoning in the subject matter of history The three sections of the paper are concerned with the goals of history instruction, student knowledge of history, and instructional efforts to improve history learning
Body proportions in Late Pleistocene Europe and modern human origins.

Abstract Body proportions covary with climate, apparently as the result of climatic selection. Ontogenetic research and migrant studies have demonstrated that body proportions are largely genetically controlled and are under low selective rates; thus studies of body form can provide evidence for evolutionarily short-term dispersals and/or gene flow. Following these observations, competing models of modern human origins yield different predictions concerning body proportion shifts in Late Pleistocene Europe. Replacement predicts that the earliest modern Europeans will possess “tropical” body proportions (assuming Africa is the center of origin), while Regional Continuity permits only minor shifts in body shape, due to climatic change and/or improved cultural buffering. This study tests these predictions via analyses of osteometric data reflective of trunk height and breadth, limb proportions and relative body mass for samples of Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP), Late Upper Paleolithic (LUP) and Mesolithic (MES) humans and 13 recent African and European populations. Results reveal a clear tendency for the EUP sample to cluster with recent Africans, while LUP and MES samples cluster with recent Europeans. These results refute the hypothesis of local continuity in Europe, and are consistent with an interpretation of elevated gene flow (and population dispersal?) from Africa, followed by subsequent climatic adaptation to colder conditions. These data do not, however, preclude the possibility of some (albeit small) contribution of genes from Neandertals to succeeding populations, as is postulated in Brauer’s “Afro-European Sapiens” model.
Hybrid speciation in Heliconius butterflies? A review and critique of the evidence

The evidence supporting the recent hypothesis of a homoploid hybrid origin for the butterfly species Heliconius heurippa is evaluated. Data from selective breeding experiments, mate-choice studies, and a wide variety of DNA markers are reviewed, and an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the species and its close relatives is proposed. A scenario of occasional red wing-pattern mutations in peripheral populations of Heliconius cydno with subsequent adaptive convergence towards sympatric mimicry rings involving H. melpomene and H. erato is offered as an alternative to the HHS hypothesis. Recent twists of this tale are addressed in a postscript.
An existence theorem for antichains

Abstract Let k1, k2,…, kn be given integers, 1 ⩽ k1 ⩽ k2 ⩽ … ⩽ kn, and let S be the set of vectors x = (x1,…, xn) with integral coefficients satisfying 0 ⩽ xi ⩽ ki, i = 1, 2, 3,…, n. A subset H of S is an antichain (or Sperner family or clutter) if and only if for each pair of distinct vectors x and y in H the inequalities xi ⩽ yi, i = 1, 2,…, n, do not all hold. Let |H| denote the number of vectors in H, let K = k1 + k2 + … + kn and for 0 ⩽ l ⩽ K let (l)H denote the subset of H consisting of vectors h = (h1, h2,…, hn) which satisfy h1 + h2 + … + hn = l. In this paper we show that if H is an antichain in S, then there exists an antichain H′ in S for which |(l)H′| = 0 if l K 2 , |( K 2 )H′| = |( K 2 )H| if K is even and |(l)H′| = |(l)H| + |(K − l)H| if l> K 2 .
Single-molecule junctions: thermoelectricity at the gate.

The electrical conductance and the Seebeck coefficient of molecular junction devices can be simultaneously enhanced using a gate electrode.
Chemi-ionization reactions of photo-excited K atoms

Abstract Ion production resulting from excitation of K atoms to m 2 P ( m ⩾ 6) levels has been observed in mixtures of K with various species. Mass spectrometric data provide direct evidence for the occurrence of K( m 2 P) + K(4 2 S) → K 2 + + e − and are consistent with the formation of unstable KX + ions from K( m 2 P) + X → KX + + e − for X = C 2 H 4 , CH 4 , N 2 .
A critical analysis of the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical utility of histologic endometrial dating in fertile women

Abstract Objective To refine or redefine the traditional histologic criteria used to date the secretory phase endometrium. Design Randomized, observational study. Setting Academic clinical research center. Patient(s) One hundred and thirty healthy, regularly cycling, fertile volunteers, aged 18 to 35 years. Intervention(s) Patients were randomized to undergo endometrial sampling and measurement of serum estradiol and progesterone 1 to 14 days after the midcycle urinary luteinizing hormone surge. Three gynecologic histopathologists objectively scored each tissue specimen for 32 distinct histologic features and dated the endometrium using traditional histologic criteria. Main outcome measure(s) The 32 features were evaluated for [1] temporally dependent variation, [2] the amplitude of variations in score observed across the secretory phase, and [3] interobserver variability. Additionally, traditional dating criteria were analyzed. Result(s) The traditional endometrial histologic dating criteria are much less temporally distinct and discriminating than originally described, due to considerable intersubject, intrasubject, and interobserver variability. Neither traditional dating criteria nor any combination of the best performing histologic features identified by our objective and systematic analyses could reliably distinguish any specific cycle day or narrow interval of days. Conclusion(s) Histologic endometrial dating does not have the accuracy or the precision necessary to provide a valid method for the diagnosis of luteal phase deficiency or to otherwise guide the clinical management of women with reproductive failure.
Generation of oxidative species from ultraviolet light induced photolysis of fructose

Fructose has shown significant reactivity during ultraviolet light (UV, 254nm) processing of fruit juices that can adversely affect product quality. The present study demonstrates that this reactivity of fructose is due to the oxidative nature of products formed from UV induced photolysis of fructose. This was accomplished using fluorescein, a fluorescent dye that loses fluorescence intensity upon reaction with oxidative species. Fructose caused a concentration dependent decay of fluorescence from fluorescein only in presence of UV, indicating oxidative nature of photolysis products of fructose. The transient oxidative species including free radicals and not one of the final photolysis products, furan, were responsible for fluorescence decay. Addition of an antioxidant and removal of oxygen from solution lowered the rate of fluorescence decay, suggesting strategies that can be employed to lower the deleterious effects of fructose on products. The understanding developed can be used to optimise UV processing of juices.
Sequential monte carlo integration in low-anisotropy participating media

This paper presents a novel method that effectively combines both control variates and importance sampling in a sequential Monte Carlo context. The radiance estimates computed during the rendering process are cached in a 5D adaptive hierarchical structure that defines dynamic predicate functions for both variance reduction techniques and guarantees well-behaved PDFs, yielding continually increasing efficiencies thanks to a marginal computational overhead. While remaining unbiased, the technique is effective within a single pass as both estimation and caching are done online, exploiting the coherency in illumination while being independent of the actual scene rep- resentation. The method is relatively easy to implement and to tune via a single parameter, and we demonstrate its practical benefits with important gains in convergence rate and competitive results with state of the art techniques.
Dysphoria induced in dialysis providers by secondary hyperparathyroidism.

We returned from Kidney Week in Philadelphia in November in a distinctly dysphoric mood. We were heading toward rounds in the Hemodialysis Unit of the New York Harbor Veterans Affairs Health Care System and wondering what exactly we were going to do about secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in our
Atomistic-based predictions of crack tip behavior in silicon carbide across a range of temperatures and strain rates

Abstract The utility of silicon carbide (SiC) as an engineering material is often limited by its brittleness. This work attempts to better illuminate the key mechanisms associated with this property by studying crack tip behavior. A multipronged investigative approach is taken, utilizing direct molecular dynamics simulations with empirical potentials, analytic modeling and electronic structure calculations. This approach enables us (i) to make atomistic-based predictions of the key mechanisms that occur at a SiC crack tip across a wide range of temperatures and strain rates; and (ii) to better understand the strengths and deficiencies of these analysis tools for predicting fracture in covalently bonded materials.
Acute pancreatitis: pancreas divisum with ventral duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

Acute recurrent pancreatitis occurs rarely in individuals with pancreas divisum. A 39-year-old woman with no significant history presented with pancreatitis. CT scan and MRI suggested acute on chronic pancreatitis with calcifications and pancreatic divisum. An endoscopic ultrasound demonstrated complete pancreas divisum. A large calcification measuring 12 mm × 6 mm was seen in the head of the pancreas with associated dilation of the ventral pancreatic duct. Fine-needle aspiration of the dilated ventral pancreatic duct showed an amylase level of 36 923 U/L and a carcinoembryonic antigen of 194. A ventral duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm was suspected and a pancreaticoduodenectomy procedure was recommended. After the procedure, pathology demonstrated an intraductal papillary lesion in the main duct with moderate dysplasia. A pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 2 was also present. Margins of resection were clear. This case represents the importance of assessing for secondary causes of pancreatitis in pancreas divisum.
Independence polynomials of some compound graphs

An independent set of a graph G is a set of pairwise non-adjacent vertices. G is well-covered if all its maximal independent sets have the same size, denoted by α ( G ) . Let f s ( G ) for 0 ? s ? α ( G ) denote the number of independent sets of s vertices in G . The independence polynomial I ( G ; x ) = ? i = 0 α ( G ) f s ( G ) x s defined first by Gutman and Harary has been the focus of considerable research recently. Motivated by a result of Gutman for some compound graphs, we extend the result for more general compound graphs. In particular, we use our main results to determine the coefficients f s ( G ) for some well-covered graphs and present the exact independence polynomials of several well-covered graphs. Using the independence polynomials we derive some interesting combinatorial identities and give exact values of the Merrifield-Simmons index for some special classes of graphs.
Carbon dioxide as working fluid for medium and high-temperature concentrated solar thermal systems

This paper explores the benefits and drawbacks of using carbon dioxide in solar thermal systems at medium and high operating temperatures. For medium temperatures, application of CO2 in non-imaging-optics based compound parabolic concentrators (CPC) combined with evacuated-tube collectors is studied. These collectors have been shown to obtain efficiencies higher than 40% operating at around 200C without the need of tracking. Validated numerical models of external compound parabolic concentrators (XCPCs) are used to simulate their performance using CO2 as working fluid. For higher temperatures, a mathematical model is implemented to analyze the operating performance of a parabolic trough solar collector (PTC) using CO2 at temperatures between 100C and 600C.
Tetomilast: new promise for phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors?

Introduction: Tetomilast is a novel thiazole phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor, which may prove useful in both the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, the authors review the pharmacology of the drug, and offer critical review of the available data for use of tetomilast in the treatment of IBD. Areas covered: Peer-reviewed publications, including Phase I and II clinical trials, all other formats included. Expert opinion: Tetomilast may be beneficial in IBD. Small differences in molecules and in recombinant proteins can translate into substantial differences in clinical effects and toxicity in IBD. This is a reasonable approach when exploring new options like tetomilast.
Best Practices on Delivering A Wiki Collaborative Solution for Enterprise Applications

Wikis have become a hot topic in the world of collaboration tools. Wikipedia.org [1], a vast, community-driven encyclopedia, has proven to be an invaluable information resource that has been developed through collaboration among thousands of people around the world. Today wikis are increasingly being employed for a wide variety of uses in business. Consequently, one of the key challenges is to enable wikis to interoperate with informational and business process applications. The ability to dynamically change the content of webpages and reflect the changes within an enterprise application brings the power of collaboration to business applications. This paper includes general information about wikis and describes how to use a wiki solution within an enterprise application. Integrating an enterprise application with a wiki permits real-time updates of pages in the application by certain groups of experts, without deploying files from the Web application server.
A Systematic Approach to Multifactorial Cardiovascular Disease: Causal Analysis

The combination of systems biology and large data sets offers new approaches to the study of cardiovascular diseases. These new approaches are especially important for the common cardiovascular diseases that have long been described as multifactorial. This promise is undermined by biologists’ skepticism of the spider web–like network diagrams required to analyze these large data sets. Although these spider webs resemble composites of the familiar biochemical pathway diagrams, the complexity of the webs is overwhelming. As a result, biologists collaborate with data analysts whose mathematical methods seem much like those of experts using Ouija boards. To make matters worse, it is not evident how to design experiments when the network implies that many molecules must be part of the disease process. Our goal is to remove some of this mystery and suggest a simple experimental approach to the design of experiments appropriate for such analysis. We will attempt to explain how combinations of data sets that include all possible variables, graphical diagrams, complementation of different data sets, and Bayesian analyses now make it possible to determine the causes of multifactorial cardiovascular disease. We will describe this approach using the term causal analysis. Finally, we will describe how causal analysis is already being used to decipher the interactions among cytokines as causes of cardiovascular disease.
The impact of chronic low back pain on older adults: A comparative study of patients and controls

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most common, poorly understood, and potentially disabling chronic pain conditions from which older adults suffer. Many older adults remain quite functional despite CLBP, and because age-related comorbidities often exist independently of pain (e.g., medical illnesses, sleep disturbance, mobility difficulty), the unique impact of CLBP is unknown. We conducted this research to identify the multidimensional factors that distinguish independent community dwelling older adults with CLBP from those that are pain-free. Three hundred twenty cognitively intact participants (162 with moderate pain for 3 months, and 158 pain-free) underwent comprehensive assessment of pain severity, medical comorbidity (illnesses, body mass index, medications), severity of degenerative disc and facet disease, lumbar flexion, psychological constructs (self-efficacy, mood, overall mental health), and self-reported as well as performance-based physical function. Significant differences were ascertained for all 22 measures. Discriminant function analysis revealed that eight measures uniquely maximized the separation between the two groups (self-reported function with the Functional Status Index and the SF-36, performance-based function with repetitive trunk rotation and functional reach, mood with the Geriatric Depression Scale, comorbidity with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale and BMI, and severity of degenerative disc disease). These results should help to guide investigators that perform studies of CLBP in older adults and practitioners that want an easily adaptable battery for use in clinical settings.
Aquifer composition and the tendency toward scale-deposit formation during reverse osmosis desalination — examples from saline ground water in New Mexico, USA

Desalination is expected to make a substantial contribution to water supply in the United States by 2020. Currently, reverse osmosis is one of the most cost effective and widely used desalination technologies. The tendency to form scale deposits during reverse osmosis is an important factor in determining the suitability of input waters for use in desalination. The tendency toward scale formation of samples of saline ground water from selected geologic units in New Mexico was assessed using simulated evaporation. All saline water samples showed a strong tendency to form CaCO3 scale deposits. Saline ground water samples from the Yeso Formation and the San Andres Limestone showed relatively stronger tendencies to form CaSO4·2H2O scale deposits and relatively weaker tendencies to form SiO2(a) scale deposits than saline ground water samples from the Rio Grande alluvium. Tendencies toward scale formation in saline ground water samples from the Dockum Group were highly variable. The tendencies toward scale formation of saline waters from the Yeso Formation, San Andres Limestone, and Rio Grande alluvium appear to correlate with the mineralogical composition of the geologic units, suggesting that scale-forming tendencies are governed by aquifer composition and water-rock interaction.
Histology of Air Sac Lesions Induced in Chickens by Contact Exposure to Mycoplasma synoviae

Chickens were housed when 1 day old with chickens experimentally infected with Mycoplasma synoviae. Air sacs from 16 of the 2-week-old and eight of the 3-week-old contact-exposed chickens were given gross lesion scores and embedded in glycol methacrylate for slide preparation. Histologic lesions in air sacs with gross scores of 0-2 were mild edema resulting in a two to eightfold increase in air sac thickness, capillary proliferation, and exudate consisting largely of heterophils and necrotic debris. Histologic lesions in air sacs with gross scores of 3 and 4 were marked hyperplasia of epithelial cells and diffuse infiltration of the air sac connective tissue by mononuclear cells. Nine of 10 air sacs with gross scores of 0 had no histologic evidence of inflammation. The most severe histologic lesions were in those air sacs with gross scores of 4. The glycol methacrylate procedure resulted in 2-mum sections with excellent cellular detail.
On equivalence between network topologies

One major open problem in network coding is to characterize the capacity region of a general multi-source multi-demand network. There are some existing computational tools for bounding the capacity of general networks, but their computational complexity grows very quickly with the size of the network. This motivates us to propose a new hierarchical approach which finds upper and lower bounding networks of smaller size for a given network. This approach sequentially replaces components of the network with simpler structures, i.e., with fewer links or nodes, so that the resulting network is more amenable to computational analysis and its capacity provides an upper or lower bound on the capacity of the original network. The accuracy of the resulting bounds can be bounded as a function of the link capacities. Surprisingly, we are able to simplify some families of network structures without any loss in accuracy.
On sustainability and social welfare

Abstract This paper proposes to define sustainability in terms of leaving it possible for future generations to sustain certain defined targets. It is shown that variants of genuine savings and the ecological footprint can then serve as indicators of sustainability. The link between sustainability and intergenerational welfare is examined, and it is shown how to incorporate indicators of sustainability into a social welfare measure, including risk in the analysis.
Actin and Actin-Binding Proteins: Masters of Dendritic Spine Formation, Morphology, and Function.

Dendritic spines are actin-rich protrusions that comprise the postsynaptic sites of synapses and receive the ma- jority of excitatory synaptic inputs in the central nervous system. These structures are central to cognitive processes, and alterations in their number, size, and morphology are associated with many neurological disorders. Although the actin cy- toskeleton is thought to govern spine formation, morphology, and synaptic functions, we are only beginning to understand how modulation of actin reorganization by actin-binding proteins (ABPs) contributes to the function of dendritic spines and synapses. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the role of ABPs in regulating the formation, mor- phology, motility, and plasticity of dendritic spines and synapses.
Versatile and biomass synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles supported on carbon matrix with high iron content and tunable reactivity

Iron-based nanoparticles supported on carbon (FeNPs@C) have enormous potential for environmental applications. Reported is a biomass-based method for FeNP@C synthesis that involves pyrolysis of bleached wood fiber pre-mixed with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. This method allows synthesis of iron-based nanoparticles with tunable chemical reactivity by changing the pyrolysis temperature. The FeNP@C synthesized at a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C (FeNP@C-500) reacts violently (pyrophoric) when exposed to air, while FeNP@C prepared at 800 °C (FeNP@C-800) remains stable in ambient condition for at least 3 months. The FeNPs in FeNP@C-800 are mostly below 50 nm in diameter and are surrounded by carbon. The immediate carbon layer (within 5–15 nm radius) on the FeNPs is graphitized. Proof-of-concept environmental applications of FeNPs@C-800 were demonstrated by Rhodamine 6G and arsenate (V) removal from water. This biomass-based method provides an effective way for iron-based nanoparticle fabrication and biomass utilization.
GUAVA: an error-correcting codes package

GUAVA is a GAP 4 package primarily designed for the construction and analysis of error-correcting codes authored by Jasper Cramwinckel, Erik Roijackers, Reinald Baart, Eric Minkes, Lea Ruscio, and David Joyner. Though GUAVA can call some special functions written in C, most of GUAVA is written in GAP's own interpretive language. Several algorithms that need the speed were integrated into the GAP kernel, also written in C, by Steve Linton.
Development and validation of a Daphnia magna four-day survival and growth test method.

Zooplankton are an important part of the aquatic ecology of all lakes and streams. As a result, numerous methods have been developed to assess the quality of waterbodies using various zooplankton species. Included in these is the freshwater species Daphnia magna. Current test methods using D. magna involve acute lethality test methods ranging from 24 to 96 h in duration and chronic test methods with durations of 21 to 28 d. Whereas the current acute and chronic test methods are useful, a need exists for a shorter-duration test method that will provide a chronic or subchronic endpoint with this species. In the present study, a 4-d, static-renewal survival and growth test was developed for use with D. magna. The test results were compared to performance criteria and results from 7-d survival and reproduction tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia to determine the level of comparability between the two methods. Results from the 4-d D. magna survival and growth test method indicated that this method will produce consistent results with various reference toxicant materials and provide data that are both reproducible and useful for detecting potential toxicity in aquatic environments. Keywords—Daphnia magna Test method Short-chronic Growth Ceriodaphnia dubia
Counseling Psychology in Multidisciplinary Health Settings: Implications for Future Training

Counseling psychologists have demonstrated a growing interest in the health field at a time when major changes are occurring in reimbursement and service delivery systems. In particular, the need for broad-based comprehensive treatments within cost-effective service delivery models has led to increased use of multidisciplinary staffing arrangements and increased completion among provider groups. In this article, the authors provide a historical overview of a multidisciplinary training component that has operated within a counseling psychology training program since 1979. Lessons learned from this experience are shared, and recommendations are made for the future training of counseling psychologists who seek health-related careers.
Creating the Queendom: A Lens on Transy House

ABSTRACTThe physical environment is often used as a tool to construct, validate, and express identity. This article presents findings from a study that explored the person—place dynamics of a unique landscape: Transy House. Transy house is a trans-dominated communal house for trans women where residents usurped and controlled a defined socio-spatial territory. Tight links were found between individual resident's identity and bedroom decor and between the collective identity of the house and the common areas. Additionally, the concept of a transcape is introduced as a place for people who transgress gender norms to restore and empower their identities through spatial tactics.
Interactions of bacteria and microflagellates in sequencing batch reactors exhibiting enhanced mineralization of toxic organic chemicals.

Community level interactions were studied in non-axenic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) being used to treat 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Increasing the influent DNP concentrations from 1 to 10 µg ml−1 eliminated large predatory organisms such as rotifers and ciliated protozoa from the SBRs. Under steady-state conditions at a DNP concentration of 10 µg ml−1, supplemental additions of glucose enhanced DNP degradation and led to the establishment of a microbial community consisting of five species of bacteria and a variety of microflagellates. The bacteria and flagellates exhibited oscillating population dynamics in this system, possibly indicating predator-prey interactions between these two groups. Only two of the five bacteria isolated from this system could utilize glucose as a growth substrate, and one of these two species was the only organism that could mineralize DNP in the system. The other three bacteria could grow using metabolic by-products of one of the glucose-utilizing strains (Bacillus cereus) found in the reactors. Supplemental glucose additions increased the average size of bacterial floc particles to 172 µm, compared with 41 µm in SBRs not receiving glucose. It is theorized that the enhanced mineralization of DNP in this non-axenic system was attributable to increased community interactions resulting in increased bacterial flocculation in SBRs receiving supplemental glucose additions.
Thomas Thomson's activities in Edinburgh, 1791-1811.

THE standard accounts of Thomas Thomson (1) pay little attention to the pre-1811 period—what may be referred to as his Edinburgh period—and reiterate only the standard obituary material in the main. Although it is still not possible to give a full account of his Edinburgh period, enough new material has come to light that may provide the incentive for further study of these years. Thomas Thomson was born in Crieff, Perthshire, in 1773 and, after two years at the Parish School at Crieff, he spent a further two years at the Stirling Grammar School whose headmaster Dr David Doig, was a classical scholar, thought by Robert Burns to have been ‘a queerish figure and something of a pedant’ (2). Thomson’s classical education at Stirling led to his becoming a Foundation Bursar in 1788 at St Andrews University which entitled him to board and lodging for three years.
SQID-XLink

Summary: Peptide identification algorithm is a major bottleneck for mass spectrometry based chemical cross-linking experiments. Our lab recently developed an intensity-incorporated peptide identification algorithm, and here we implemented this scheme for cross-linked peptide discovery. Our program, SQID-XLink, searches all regular, dead-end, intra and inter cross-linked peptides simultaneously, and its effectiveness is validated by testing a published dataset. This new algorithm provides an alternative approach for high confidence cross-linking identification. Availability: SQID-XLink program is freely available for download from http://quiz2.chem.arizona.edu/wysocki/bioinformatics.htm Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online. Contact: vwysocki@email.arizona.edu
The Invasive Nature of an Infectious Bacterial Symbiont

ABSTRACT. Xenosomes are infectious bacterial symbionts that exist exclusively in the cytoplasm of the small philasterine marine ciliate Parauronema acutum. We have used this host-symbiont system as a model to study infection. In the past we postulated that infection took place by a process in which the symbionts escaped digestion and entered into the host's cytoplasm through the food vacuole during phagocytosis. This is clearly not the case. We now present evidence based on electron microscopic observations that the symbionts infect in a manner involving direct penetration of the protozoan's cell membranes. We have obtained additional data that suggest that, following entrance of the symbionts into the cytoplasm, only a single xenosome is required to establish an infection.
The roles of hedgehog, wingless and lines in patterning the dorsal epidermis in Drosophila

Rows of cells that flank the parasegment boundary make up a signaling center within the epidermis of the Drosophila embryo. Signals emanating from these cells, encoded by hedgehog (hh) and wingless (wg), are shown to be required for all segment pattern dorsally. Wg activity is required for the differentiation of one cell type, constituting half the parasegment. The gene lines appears to act in parallel to the Wg pathway in the elaboration of this cell type. Hh activity is responsible for three other cell types in the parasegment. Some cell types are specified as Hh activity and interfere with the function of patched, analogous to patterning of imaginal discs. However, some pattern is independent of the antagonism of patched by Hh, and relies instead on novel interactions with lines. Lastly, we provide evidence that decapentaplegic does not mediate patterning by Hh in the dorsal epidermis.
Beyond Clientelism: The Piquetero Movement and the State in Argentina

The piqueteros, Argentina’s unemployed workers’ movement, emerged in 1996. Since then it has been one of the main contentious actors in the resistance to neoliberal reforms and in the struggle for the reincorporation of the popular sectors in Argentina’s sociopolitical arena for almost two decades. The name piqueteros (picketers) is based on the type of protest action that brought the movement to the public’s awareness: the picketing/blocking of the country’s main roads in their demand for jobs, unemployment subsidies, food, etc. In their struggle, the piqueteros needed to deal with a wide array of actors, such as elected and appointed public officials, informal party and union brokers, the police, churches, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The purpose of this chapter is to present the basic features of the piqueteros’ relationship with state institutions. I first show the limitations of the clientelism-based explanation of the interactions between the piqueteros and state institutions. I then propose an alternative logic for the pattern of interaction in question, which is based on two elements: the evolution of public policies and the territorially based dispute between the movement and other political actors. I also briefly analyze the strategic interaction between the state and the main piquetero social movement organizations (SMO)s.
Romantic Relationship Experiences from Late Adolescence to Young Adulthood: The Role of Older Siblings in Mexican-Origin Families

Youth's experiences with romantic relationships during adolescence and young adulthood have far reaching implications for future relationships, health, and well-being; yet, although scholars have examined potential peer and parent influences, we know little about the role of siblings in youth's romantic relationships. Accordingly, this study examined the prospective longitudinal links between Mexican-origin older and younger siblings' romantic relationship experiences and variation by sibling structural and relationship characteristics (i.e., sibling age and gender similarity, younger siblings' modeling) and cultural values (i.e., younger siblings' familism values). Data from 246 Mexican-origin families with older (M = 20.65 years; SD = 1.57; 50 % female) and younger (M = 17.72 years; SD = .57; 51 % female) siblings were used to examine the likelihood of younger siblings' involvement in dating relationships, sexual relations, cohabitation, and engagement/marriage with probit path analyses. Findings revealed older siblings' reports of involvement in a dating relationship, cohabitation, and engagement/marriage predicted younger siblings' relationship experiences over a 2-year period. These links were moderated by sibling age spacing, younger siblings' reports of modeling and familism values. Our findings suggest the significance of social learning dynamics as well as relational and cultural contexts in understanding the links between older and younger siblings' romantic relationship experiences among Mexican-origin youth.
Incentive Based Cooperation in Multi-Agent Auctions

Market or auction based algorithms offer effective methods for de-centralized task assignment in multi-agent teams. Typically there is an implicit assumption that agents are willing to cooperate and can be trusted to perform assigned tasks. Reciprocal collaboration may not always be a valid assumption. In cases where auctions are used for task allocation, without explicit revenue exchange, incentives are needed to enforce cooperation. An approach to incentive based trust is presented, which enables detection of team members that are not contributing and for dynamic formation of teams.
Teenage alcohol use.

Alcohol use among teenagers is increasing. Approximately 39% of the in-school adolescent population of the United States are at least moderate drinkers; 28% may be problem drinkers. Parental drinking models, peer structure, and other aspects of the social network supporting teenage alcohol use must be considered if attempts at intervention and treatment are to be successful.
The Troubled Subject of Railroad Regulation in the Gilded Age--A Reappraisal

U NTIL the late 1950s two generations of American historians had considered the matter of the origins and accomplishments of federal railroad regulation in the Gilded Age a closed question. Then, almost simultaneously, two things happened to reopen this complex subject, about which more controversy exists now than ever before. First came a growing feeling that regulation had failed to give Americans the cheap, efficient freight transportation system which presumably has been the goal of regulation. Historians were faced with the unwelcome conclusion that commission regulation, perhaps the chief innovation of the age of reform, had been inherently faulty. At almost the same moment, however, there arose a novel interpretation of the history of regulation: the railroad corporations had not really opposed regulation, but from the very beginning had supported it as being in their own best interests and had seen to it that the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 was framed, administered, and judicially interpreted in that light. The obvious corollary-that such has been the history and the fate of all regulatory efforts in the twentieth century as well -has been widely, even eagerly accepted. This essay seeks to show that such an interpretation of the origins and outcome of federal regulation is not only historically invalid but logically unnecessary to explain the failure of regulation to achieve constructive results in the nineteenth century. By 1912, the Interstate Commerce Commission was energetically applying the enormous powers which had been entrusted to it in 1906 and 1910 to a strong, well organized railroad industry. This was the second time the nation had tried to solve its apparently endless railroad problems by means of a federal commission. The Act to Regulate Interstate Commerce of 1887 had attempted to do so, but within ten years the "first" Interstate
A Self -Powered Wireless Active Acoustic Liner

This paper presents the proof of concept demonstration of a self -powered wirelessly -controlled active acoustic liner. The system consists of a tunable Helmholtz resonator for acoustic impedance boundary condition modification and an acoustic energy reclamation module as a system power supply for the wireless receiver and analog switches. The common electroacoustic element for both of these components is an electromechanical Helmholtz resonator (EMHR) with the standard rigid backplate replaced by a compliant piez oelectric composite diaphragm. The acoustic impedance of the resonator is adjusted by coupling the EMHR to a pas sive electrical shunt network. Different impedance boundary conditions for the same resonator are realized by switching from o ne passive network to another. Acoustic energy harvesting is achieved by connecting an EMHR with unit cell area of 4.83 cm 2 to an energy reclamation circuit that converts the acoustically generated ac voltage signal across the piezoceramic to a condition ed dc signal. This harvested energy is used to power the wireless receiver and a nalog switches, which requires 6 mW of power when operated at 3.5 V to permit the wireless tuning of the liner. The commands to modify the acoustic impedance of the active li ner are sent by a 300 MHz transmitter external to the self -powered wirelessly tuned active liner.
Development of a nearshore oscillating surge wave energy converter with variable geometry

This paper presents an analysis of a novel wave energy converter concept that combines an oscillating surge wave energy converter (OSWEC) with control surfaces. The control surfaces allow for a variable device geometry that enables the hydrodynamic properties to be adapted with respect to structural loading, absorption range and power-take-off capability. The device geometry is adjusted on a sea state-to-sea state time scale and combined with wave-to-wave manipulation of the power take-off (PTO) to provide greater control over the capture efficiency, capacity factor, and design loads. This work begins with a sensitivity study of the hydrodynamic coefficients with respect to device width, support structure thickness, and geometry. A linear frequency domain analysis is used to evaluate device performance in terms of absorbed power, foundation loads, and PTO torque. Previous OSWEC studies included nonlinear hydrodynamics, in response a nonlinear model that includes a quadratic viscous damping torque that was linearized via the Lorentz linearization. Inclusion of the quadratic viscous torque led to construction of an optimization problem that incorporated motion and PTO constraints. Results from this study found that, when transitioning from moderate-to-large sea states the novel OSWEC was capable of reducing structural loads while providing a near constant power output.