cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Classification and Authentication of One-dimensional Behavioral Biometrics

For some behavioral biometrics, only the timestamps of a recurring event may be available. This is the case for the recently proposed random time interval (RTI) biometric in which a user repeatedly presses a single button. A dynamical systems approach is taken to deal with biometrics which are inherently one-dimensional. The methodology uses the minimum description length principle to find the optimal time delay embedding for a time series and an optimization to the multivariate Wald-Wolfowitz test for efficiently comparing time series of different lengths. Promising classification and authentication results are achieved on several experimental datasets, utilizing event timestamps only. Classification accuracy ranged from 16.2% to 44.1% and authentication EER from 32.8% to 12.7%. The proposed methodology was also used to achieve first place in the 2014 EMVIC, with 39.6% classification accuracy. All code is made available for experiment reproducibility 1 .
A developmental framework for distinguishing disruptive behavior from normative misbehavior in preschool children

Background: Attaining a developmentally sensitive nosology for preschool disruptive behavior requires characterization of the features that distinguish it from the normative misbehavior of this developmental period. We hypothesize that quality of behavior and its pervasiveness across contexts are critical dimensions for clinical discrimination in young children and propose that structured diagnostic observation provides a systematic method for their identification. We use the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS) to examine whether: (a) observed quality and pervasiveness of behavior distinguishes preschoolers with clinically concerning disruptive behavior from typically developing preschoolers, and (b) observed pattern of clinically salient behavior predicts impairment above and beyond maternal report of behavioral frequency. Methods: Participants are a behaviorally heterogeneous sample of preschoolers (N = 327). Diagnostic methods developed for clinical assessment of preschoolers were used to classify children as (a) Non-Disruptive, (b) Sub-Clinical, or (c) Disruptive. Child behavior was coded based on interactions with parent and examiner during the DB-DOS. Results: Quality and pervasiveness of observed behaviors during the DB-DOS significantly distinguished the three behavioral groups. Discriminative utility varied depending on the comparison. With few exceptions, clinically concerning patterns on the DB-DOS added significant incremental utility in predicting impairment. Conclusions: Observed patterns of clinically salient behavior show promise for advancing developmentally-informed characterization of disruptive behavior within the preschool period.
Causes of Interscan Variability of Coronary Artery Calcium Measurements at Electron-Beam CT

Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to investigate the causes of interscan variability of coronary artery calcium measurements at electron-beam computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods Two sets of electron-beam CT scans were obtained in 298 consecutive patients who underwent electron-beam CT to screen for coronary artery calcium. Interscan variations of coronary artery calcium characteristics and the effects of heart rate, electrocardiographic (ECG) triggering method, image noise, and coronary motion on interscan variability were analyzed. Results The interscan mean variabilities were 21.6% (median, 11.7%) and 17.8% (median, 10.8%) with the Agatston and volumetric score, respectively (P < .01). Variability decreased with increasing calcification score (34.6% for a score of 11–50 and 9.4% for a score of 400–1,000, P < .0001). The absolute difference in Agatston score between scans was 44.1 ± 95.6. The correlation coefficient between the first and second sets of scans was 0.99 (P < .0001). Lower interscan variability was found in younger patients (<60 years), patients with stable heart rates (heart rate changing less than 10 beats per minute during scanning), patients with no visible coronary motion, and those with an optimal ECG triggering method (P < .05 for all). Results of multivariate logistic analysis showed that changes in calcium volume, mean attenuation, and peak attenuation were significant predictors of interscan variability and caused the interscan variations of the coronary artery calcium measurements (r2 = 0.83, P < .0001). Conclusion Coronary calcification at electron-beam CT varies from scan to scan. Volumetric scoring and optimal ECG triggering should be used to reduce interscan variability. Baseline calcium score and interscan variability must be considered in the evaluation of calcium progression.
Enhancement by visible light of recovery from ultra-violet irradiation in animal cells.

DULBECCO1 has reported that exposure to visible light in the presence of bacterial cells enhances reactivation of coli-bacteriophage which has been inactivated by ultra-violet radiation. Kelner2 reported earlier this year that visible light enhances the recovery of conidia of Streptomyces griseus which have been treated with ultra-violet radiation. Some years ago, Whitaker3 found what may have been the same kind of effect in the eggs of the alga, Fucus furcatus.
The Relationships Among Occupational and Task-Specific Measures of Career Self-Efficacy

The Short Form of the Task-Specific Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (TSOSS; Osipow, Temple, & Rooney, 1993) and a measure of self-efficacy with respect to 20 occupational titles (Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale [OSES; Betz & Hackett, 1981]) were administered to 111 male and 159 female college students. Results indicated significant gender and order of administration effects for both task- specific and occupational self-efficacy, with higher scores found among males and when the OSES, versus the TSOSS, was administered first. Relationships between task-specific and occupational self-efficacy were moderate in size, and TSOSS factor score intercorrelations were significantly stronger in females than males.
Inhomogeneities in Magnetic Field Due to Variations of Lamination Gap Heights

It is difficult and expensive to maintain stringent tolerances on the variation in gap heights of dipole magnet lamination. Using the perturbation technique of K. Halbach, whereby one approximates a deformation of a magnet pole tip by a change of the scalar potential on the undeformed pole, we have calculated the tolerance necessary to achieve a given homogeneity of the magnetic field. Tolerances may be significantly relaxed if a systematic shuffling scheme is used to minimize the lamination variations averaged over a distance small compared to the gap height. Results of our calculations are compared with data from field measurements on the bending magnets for the NSLS 700 MeV Ring, for which laminations were carefully shuffled, and for the corresponding prototype magnet which was not shuffled. We conclude that for magnets used in storage rings, very tight gap height tolerances are not necessary, because field variations are reduced by shuffling and significantly cancel out when integrated over the magnet.
Teaching Communication Research Methods: Student Perceptions of Topic Difficulty, Topic Understanding, and Their Relationship with Math Anxiety

The undergraduate Communication Research Methods course is a foundational course offered by a majority of departments across the country. Despite its ubiquity and importance, the course is often seen as a difficult pedagogical experience for students and instructors alike. To more completely understand student learning in this course, this study examined relationships between perceptions of course topic understanding, course topic difficulty, and their relationship with students’ level of math anxiety. Results revealed that statistical topics emerged as the most difficult for students to learn. Significant and strong negative correlations were observed between perceived difficulty and understanding for each of the 19 course topics. Self-reported math anxiety was positively related to both perceived difficulty and understanding of the topics. Suggestions are offered to enhance course instruction.
Strip waves in vibrated shear-thickening wormlike micellar solutions

We present an instability in vertically vibrated dilute wormlike micellar solutions. Above a critical driving acceleration the fluid forms elongated solitary domains of high amplitude waves. We model this instability using a Mathieu equation modified to account for the non-Newtonian character of the fluid. We find that our model successfully reproduces the observed transitions.
Susceptibility in Viburnum to Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum, the causal agent of sudden oak death on oak and tanoak and Ramorum blight or Ramorum shoot dieback on ornamentals, is a recently emerged pathogen. Viburnum is a genus of commonly grown ornamental shrubs known to be susceptible to P. ramorum. The entire genus has been placed on the P. ramorum host list. The range of susceptibility of genotypes in the genus is currently not understood. We evaluated whether or not cultivars in the genus Viburnum differ in susceptibility to P. ramorum in controlled, detached leaf inoculations using two isolates belonging to the two clonal lineages found in Oregon. The genus Viburnum shows remarkable differences in susceptibility to infection by P. ramorum. Viburnum genotypes differed significantly in susceptibility to P. ramorum in detached leaf inoculations. V. × burkwoodii was consistently the most susceptible host genotype, followed by V. plicatum 'Mariesii' and V. lentago. Most cultivars evaluated for resistance to P. ramorum were not susceptible or developed only small lesions as determined with a detached leaf assay. Our work only provides information on leaf based resistance, and inferences on epidemic development in whole canopies and under field conditions cannot currently be made.
Drug reactions involving the mouth

Abstract Adverse drug reactions involving the mouth are less common than those affecting the skin. The diagnosis of these reactions requires, in some instances, a high index of suspicion as they can mimic other disease states such as erythema multiforme or xerostomia. On the other hand, reactions such as gingival hyperplasia secondary to the phenytoins (Fig. 1) are quite characteristic. Characteristic reactions are given in Table 1. The pathogenic mechanisms are similar to those causing adverse drug reactions in the skin. These are discussed in detail elsewhere in this volume. Examples of adverse drug reactions by pathogenic mechanisms are given in Table 2. The clinical interview is the single most helpful aid to the diagnosis of the adverse drug reaction affecting the mouth. As with cutaneous drug eruptions, certain drugs are much more likely to cause reactions than others. For example, drugs causing xerostomia include antidepressants, tranquilizers, antihypertensives, and gastrointestinal antispasmodics. The phenytoins and the antirheumatic agents may be taken for weeks or months before the reaction develops. For most reactions, drugs recently administered should receive the highest suspicion. There is no laboratory examination to assist in establishing the diagnosis of an adverse drug reaction in the mouth. A biopsy of the mucosa can help classify the mechanism of damage, such as vasculitis, and exclude other conditions, such as pemphigus, but cannot establish a drug causation. Thus, the clinical history, coupled with a high index of suspicion, remains the single best tool for the diagnosis of an adverse drug reaction involving the mouth. In this chapter, the adverse drug reaction of the mouth will be discussed, as they present to the clinician, by signs or symptoms. Suggestions about therapy will be interspersed with the drug reaction and will be discussed in general at the end of the chapter.
A tactical model for resource allocation and its application to advertising budgeting

Abstract Models for optimal product positioning have received considerable attention by marketing researchers and marketing scientists over the past decade. Typically, optimizing models take the viewpoint that the manager wishes to find a specific vector of product attribute levels that, in the face of competitors’ product profiles, maximizes the firm’s market share (or, perhaps, return) over some designated planning horizon. This class of models emphasizes long run strategic modeling. In contrast, the authors introduce a tactical, short-term model, called SALIENCE, whose purpose is to allocate sales efforts in such a way as to increase the relative importance of attributes for which the sponsoring firm’s current product has a (possibly temporary) differential advantage. In this case emphasis is on short-run, tactical decision making. We describe the SALIENCE model, both informally and mathematically. The model is applied, illustratively, to a real (disguised) study of overnight air shipment delivery.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Grain-Boundary Diffusion for Varying TILT Angle Geometries

The effect of structure and geometry on grain boundary self-diffusion is investigated. Using static structures found by relaxation techniques (conjugate gradients) as starting points for a molecular dynamic simulation of a bicrystal model, diffusion coefficients and activation energies are calculated for (100) fcc Al and bcc α-Fe tilt boundaries. These quantities are derived by monitoring the mean-squared displacement of atoms in the grain boundary region as the simulation progresses and as the temperature of the simulated solid is changed. The angular, directional, and structural dependence of the simulated diffusion are discussed and compared to experimental measures and theoretical predictions. The implementation of the molecular dynamics algorithm on a parallel supercomputer is also briefly discussed to illustrate the performance benefits these computers make possible.
High throughput screening identifies modulators of histone deacetylase inhibitors

Previous studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that in addition to altering chromatin acetylation and conformation, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) disrupt the acetylation status of numerous transcription factors and other proteins. A whole genome yeast deletion library screen was used to identify components of the transcriptional apparatus that modulate the sensitivity to the hydroxamic acid-based HDACi, CG-1521. Screening 4852 haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion strains for sensitivity to CG-1521 identifies 407 sensitive and 80 resistant strains. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis shows that strains sensitive to CG-1521 are highly enriched in processes regulating chromatin remodeling and transcription as well as other ontologies, including vacuolar acidification and vesicle-mediated transport. CG-1521-resistant strains include those deficient in the regulation of transcription and tRNA modification. Components of the SAGA histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex are overrepresented in the sensitive strains, including the catalytic subunit, Gcn5. Cell cycle analysis indicates that both the wild-type and gcn5Δ strains show a G1 delay after CG-1521 treatment, however the gcn5Δ strain displays increased sensitivity to CG-1521-induced cell death compared to the wild-type strain. To test whether the enzymatic activity of Gcn5 is necessary in the response to CG-1521, growth assays with a yeast strain expressing a catalytically inactive variant of the Gcn5 protein were performed and the results show that this strain is less sensitive to CG-1521 than the gcn5Δ strain. Genome-wide deletion mutant screening identifies biological processes that affect the sensitivity to the HDAC inhibitor CG-1521, including transcription and chromatin remodeling. This study illuminates the pathways involved in the response to CG-1521 in yeast and provides incentives to understand the mechanisms of HDAC inhibitors in cancer cells. The data presented here demonstrate that components of the SAGA complex are involved in mediating the response to CG-1521. Additional experiments suggest that functions other than the acetyltransferase activity of Gcn5 may be sufficient to attenuate the effects of CG-1521 on cell growth.
Specific heat and resistivity near the charge-density-wave phase transitions in 2 H − T a Se 2 and 2 H − T a S 2

Detailed measurements of the specific heat and resistivity have been made on samples of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ near their charge-density-wave phase transitions. Because the crystal quality of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ is much better than that of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, we emphasize the results on $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and make quantitative comparison with the theory of charge-density waves in this material. In $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ the normal to incommensurate phase transition was found to be second order; the incommensurate to commensurate transition was first order. Specific-heat measurements on this material indicate that the zero-temperature coherence length is relatively short; $\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}\ensuremath{\simeq}14$ \AA{}. The resistivity of $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ immediately above the normal to incommensurate phase transition is dominated by resistive scattering from the periodic structural deformations accompanying the charge-density waves. The specific-heat and resistivity measurements both indicate that the normal to incommensurate phase transition in $2H\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ can be analyzed within a nearly-mean-field model.
The Forgiving Stair

Falls are the major cause of death for those older than 74. Stair falls are a major cause of death and injury. Research directed at stair safety has focused on reducing the number of accidents. The paper suggests that deaths and injuries can be substantially reduced by focusing instead on the causes of stair trauma; the types of falls, the parts of the body that are injured, the magnitude of the forces involved, and the parts of the stair that causes the injury. Using the model of the automobile interior, stairs can be designed without potentially injurious elements, and with an ability to cushion the force of the accident.
Experimental evidence for electrochemical nature of the reaction between iron oxide in calcia-silica-alumina slag and carbon in liquid iron

The electrochemical nature of the reaction between iron oxide in calcia-silica-alumina slag and carbon in liquid iron has been studied by measuring the kinetics of the slag-metal reaction. A base slag (48 pct CaO-40 pct SiO2-12 pct Al2O3) containing iron oxide (≤8 wt pct FeO t ) was reduced by an Fe-C metal bath (∼4 wt pct C) at 1400 °C. The reaction rate was calculated from measurements of the total inlet gas flow rate and the CO concentration in the outlet gas stream. The slag was “internally short circuited” by dipping an iron plate through the slag layer, and this resulted in an increase in the rate of CO evolution. An external circuit was produced by dipping a graphite rod (shielded from the slag) into the metal bath and a steel or molybdenum rod into the slag layer; the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current were measured when iron oxide was added to the base slag layer. The reaction rate was enhanced by applying a voltage across the slag layer, and an electric arc cathode was employed in some of these “electrolysis” experiments.
Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on survival among HIV‐infected men with Kaposi sarcoma or non‐Hodgkin lymphoma

The effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on survival in HIV-infected patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) or non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is unknown. Our study examines survival after HAART for these 2 malignancies. Analyses were performed using data from 387 HIV-infected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) after a diagnosis of either KS or NHL in 1990–99. Potential prognostic factors, including HAART, were evaluated in univariate analyses using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Multivariate survival analyses were conducted using Cox's time-dependent proportional hazards models, adjusting for CD4+ cell levels at the time of cancer diagnosis and other covariates. Forty-three of 287 KS patients (15%) and 13 of 100 NHL patients (13%) had been treated with HAART. HAART treatment was associated with improved survival for KS and NHL patients (log-rank p = 0.0001 for each group). In multivariate analyses, HAART was associated with an 81% reduced risk of death among KS patients [relative hazard (RH) 0.19, 95% confidence limits (CL) (0.08, 0.45)], compared to those not exposed to HAART and an 84% reduced risk [RH 0.16, 95% CL (0.04, 0.64)] among NHL patients. Relative hazards estimates were similar for those with HAART initiation before and after NHL diagnosis. The use of HAART prolongs overall survival among HIV-positive men diagnosed with KS and NHL. HAART appears to be effective in improving survival even when initiated after the diagnosis of NHL and KS. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interpretation of Steroid Receptors in Breast Cancer. A Case With Discordant Estrogen Receptor Results Using ER1D5 and H222 Antibodies

AbstractWe report a case of an invasive duct breast cancer, grade 1 by Bloom and Richardson criteria, and metastatic to axillary nodes and perinodal soft tissue. Immunostaining for estrogen receptor (ER) with ERlD5 resulted in intense positive tumor cell staining with both frozen and paraffin sections. Matching studies using a different anti-estrogen receptor reagent (H222), uniformly produced negative results in 3 different assay systems (EIA-ER, ER-ICA, ER-PAR). This case reveals a discrepancy between reactivity of ERlD5 and H222 that may indicate the presence of outlaw ER variants. It also illustrates the interpretation problems that can arise with new antibodies that have not been fully validated, particularly if the results are used in therapeutic decision making. (The J Histotechnol 18:331, 1995)
Hepatoblastoma in a Child with Trisomy 18: Cytogenetics, Liver Anomalies, and Literature Review

A 26-month-old female with trisomy 18 and repaired omphalocele died of metastatic disease after resection of hepatoblastoma (HB) at 21 months of age. Four other cases (three of them published) suggest that the association of trisomy 18 and HB may be nonrandom. Karyotype abnormalities of the tumor in our case included duplication of 2q and +20, reported previously in HB arising in patients with normal karyotype. Antecedent growth disturbance of liver, either intrinsic (abnormal lobation) or related to contiguous extrinsic anomalies such as omphalocele or local diaphragmatic hypoplasia and possibly augmented by unusual sensitivity to noxious environmental agents, may predispose to hepatoblastoma in trisomy 18. Longevity in trisomy 18 predisposes to both hepatoblastoma and Wilms tumor, possibly by a shared pathway.
Predictors of Injury Severity in Physical Child Abuse

This study is a preliminary examination of factors that might reasonably account for variation in the severity of physical child abuse. If distinctive patterns of such factors can be demonstrated to account for this variation, an empirical basis for a typology of physical abuse situations may emerge. Such a typology could provide a basis for developing and testing differential treatment and dispositional modalities. Data from Gil's 1967 study are used to explore factors that might account for variation in physical child abuse.
Upright bicycle exercise echocardiography after coronary artery bypass grafting

Upright bicycle exercise echocardiography and coronary angiography were performed in 42 patients from 1 month to 15 years (mean 6.3 years) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to determine if exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities could be correlated with the presence and location of nonrevascularized vessels. Nonrevascularized vessels were defined as obstructed vessels without grafts, obstructed grafts or native vessels obstructed distal to bypass graft insertion. Adequate quality echocardiograms were recorded at rest, peak exercise and after exercise in 38 patients (90%). Rest and postexercise echocardiograms were adequate in 3 others. Only 1 patient was excluded from analysis for inadequate peak and postexercise echocardiograms. Exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities were present in 33 of 35 patients (94%) who had 1 or more nonrevascularized vessels and these abnormalities were absent in 5 of 6 (83%) who had all vessels revascularized. Wall motion abnormalities were localized to the territory of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery or to a combined right (R) coronary-left circumflex (LC) region of circulation. Exercise-induced wall motion abnormalities were present in 24 of 27 LAD artery regions (89%) and 23 of 26 R-LC regions (88%) that had nonrevascularized vessels. These abnormalities were absent in 13 of 14 LAD regions (93%) and in 12 of 15 R-LC regions (80%) that had only revascularized vessels. Upright bicycle exercise echocardiography was successfully performed after CABG. The technique detected and accurately localized nonrevascularized and revascularized vessels.
Implantation and lethality of theyellow mouse

Evidence is presented to show that homozygousyellow lethal embryos undergo implantation irrespective of the genetic background, thereby demonstrating that failure to implant is not the immediate cause of death.
“An Object of Peculiar Interest”: The Education of Laura Bridgman

In the 1840s, Laura Bridgman, a teenage girl from a New Hampshire village, was among the most famous women in the Western world. Thomas Carlyle called her life story “one of the most beautiful phenomena at present visible under our Sun.” British intellectuals, including the novelist Charles Dickens, the geologist Charles Lyell, and the phrenologist George Combe considered a visit with Laura Bridgman an important stop on their much publicized American tours. Dickens devoted fifteen pages of his American Notes to describing his visit with her, and Combe reported that “Laura Bridgman is very much admired by the British public, and her case is universally attractive. It is spoken of with deep interest and admiration in every society into which I enter.” Journals on both sides of the Atlantic published annual updates on her life, periodic chapters in a biography hailed as a tale “of thrilling interest, not surpassed by those of the novelist.”
New approaches to atherosclerosis : an overview

Abstract The mechanisms of action and selected agents for a variety of approaches to the treatment of atherosclerosis have been reviewed. In Table I, each approach is listed according to its primary physiological effect. This is a simplification, of course, and some agents, such as ACAT inhibitors, may have primary effects in all of these categories. As one goes from left to right, the benefit of each physiological effect becomes more speculative. There is no question of the benefit of LDL reduction, but less evidence exists for the clinical benefits of HDL elevation. With regard to direct anti-atherosclerotic effects, most approaches have yet to gather clinical data of any type. Perhaps as a result, the degree of medicinal chemistry effort in each area to date declines as one goes from left to right. This situation is changing rapidly, however. As evidence supporting the HDL hypothesis accumulates and knowledge of how to elevate HDL levels grows, very exciting opportunities for medical advances present themselves. Likewise, the knowledge base for nonlipid intervention is growing and very rapid advances are being achieved with the plaque-imaging techniques needed for evaluating such agents in man. Such results can only lead to greater opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Thus, in the future, much greater research effort will likely be dedicated to HDL elevation and nonlipid approaches. Through these efforts, physicians of the future should be armed with several complementary agents that can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in all patient populations.
Effects of Initial Temperature and Tempering Medium on Thermal Tempering of Dental Porcelains

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that quenching of porcelain in silicone oil rather than in compressed air will significantly increase the flexure strength by reducing the potential for crack formation during transient cooling. A secondary hypothesis to be tested is that the initial tempering temperature can be reduced significantly below the porcelain maturing temperature of 982°C but well above Tg without a decrease in strength. Opaque-body porcelain disks, 16 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, with a thermal contraction mismatch (Δα) of -1.5,0, and +3.2 ppm/°C were tempered from initial temperatures of 650, 750, 850, and 982°C in silicone oil with kinematic viscosities of 50,1000, and 5000 centistokes. Porcelain disks were also subjected to three cooling procedures in air: slow cooling in a furnace (SC), free convective cooling in a laboratory bench (FC), and tempering (T) by blasting the surface of body porcelain with air.The crack size induced by a Vickers microhardness inden...
Carbon Dioxide as a Potential Water Disinfestant for Phytophthora Disease Risk Mitigation.

Abstract The spread of Phytophthora spp. through irrigation systems and natural waterways can have a significant impact on plant health and requires mitigation. Pressurized carbon dioxide (CO2) can inactivate Phytophthora nicotianae zoospores but its effectiveness at low pressure and on other species was unknown. This study evaluated the effect of injected CO2 at 63 to 4,000 ppm in irrigation water on zoospore survival of four Phytophthora spp. and infectivity of P. nicotianae zoospores. Zoospore survival of P. nicotianae, P. tropicalis, and P. pini was reduced by over 90% at 4,000 ppm and was reduced by 40% at 125 to 2,000 ppm after a 2-h exposure. Survival of P. megasperma was less affected by injected CO2, with a reduction of 37.1% at ≤4,000 ppm. CO2 treatments at 4,000 ppm for 30 or 120 min of water infested with P. nicotianae at zoospore concentrations of 1,000 and 5,000 ml−1 reduced disease incidence of annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) by 92 and 75%. Comparable efficacy was observed in the CO2 tre...
Behavioral determination of the preferred foot pad temperature of the mouse

Abstract Most thermoregulatory research in rodents focuses on air temperature (Tair) and its effects on convective, radiative, and evaporative heat loss. On the other hand, the foot pad temperature (Tfp), which is influenced by conductive heat exchange with the floor, is also thought to be important in driving behavioral and autonomic thermoeffectors. In this study the role of Tfp and Tair on behavioral thermoregulation was assessed by constructing an automated system which measured the selected floor temperature (Tf(s)) of mice placed on a copper floor with a temperature gradient. Drawing air through slots in the floor allowed Tair to be kept nearly constant. The frequency distribution of Tf(s) of female CD-1 mice was measured over 2 h periods in the gradient Tairat of 25–40°C. Mean Tf(s) was ∼34.5°C and the mode ranged from 33 to 37°C at Tair of 30–35°C. Mean Tf(s) decreased at a Tair of 40°C. There was a paradoxical reduction in Tf(s) at Tair of 25 and 27.5°C. The measurement of Tf(s) as a function of Tair allows one to discern the role of Tfp on thermoregulatory control. Moreover, it can be used to assess peripheral neuropathies resulting from exposure to neurotoxicants.
The Evolution of Just War Theory in Islamic Law: Texts, History, and the Purpose of “Reading”

The theory, the author maintains, stands on a correct reading of authoritative texts and early Muslim history
The microwave spectrum of 2,4-dioxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one

Abstract The R band (26.5–40 GHz) microwave spectrum of 2,4-dioxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one is reported. Rotational constants for the ground vibrational state of the common 12 C 4 1 H 4 16 O 3 and 13 C 1 , 13 C 6 isotopically substituted species (the latter observed in natural abundance) have been evaluated. In addition rotational constants of the V B = 1 to V B = 5 quanta associated with the bending vibration of the five membered ring have been determined. A partial r s structure has been calculated: r( C 1 − C 5 ) = 1.497± 0.016 A , r( C 1 − C 6 ) = r( C 6 − C 5 ) = 1.522 ± 0.015 A , ∠ C 6 C 1 C 5 = ∠ C 1 C 5 C 6 = 60°32′ ± 1°36′, ∠ C 1 C 6 C 5 = 58°′ ± 1°47′ . With certain assumed molecular information a least squares fit yields the following parameters: β = 68.5 ± 0.02°, r( C 1 O 2 = 1.408 ± 0.004 A , ∠ C 5 C 1 O 2 = 105.8 ± 0.02°, ∠ C 1 O 2 C 3 = 108.10 ± 0.03° , ∠ O 2 C 3 O 4 = 112.8 ± 0.02° .
Optical Emission From Crystalline Silicon

summary, we have demonstrated electroluminescence in Si:In is possible at efficiencies very close to that of the photoluminescence process in very simple EL structures. In addition, we have presented photoluminescence data for a new sulfur - related impurity complex in crystalline silicon. The luminescence spectrum consists oftwo components, the strongest of which centers at A= 1.32 µm and peaks near 80 K. Measurements of the external efficiency for this band yield values in the 2% to 5% range.Lifetime measurements suggest the recombination process as the decay of excitons bound to sulfur -related isoelectronic impurities in the silicon. An analysis of the measuredtemperature dependence of the 1.32 µm band yields a thermal dissociation energy for the exciton of 139 meV, the largest yet reported for such centers in silicon.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by The New York State Center for Advanced OpticalTechnology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY.References 1. J.D. Spear -Zino, R.R. Rice,J.K. Powers, D.A. Bryan, D.G. Hall, E.A. Dalke, and W.R.
Expression of class III beta-tubulin reduces microtubule assembly and confers resistance to paclitaxel.

Human brain and testis specific βIII-tubulin was amplified from a cDNA library, modified to encode a C-terminal hemagglutinin antigen epitope tag, and cloned into a vector that allows tetracycline regulated expression in mammalian cells. Immunofluorescence analysis of transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells demonstrated that expressed HA-tagged βIII-tubulin is able to assemble with endogenous tubulin into microtubules even though βIII-tubulin is not a normal constituent of these cells. A stable G418-resistant clone with moderate HAβIII-tubulin expression displayed weak (1.5–2-fold) resistance to paclitaxel. A second clone with higher HAβIII-tubulin expression could not grow unless tetracycline was present to repress transcription of the transfected cDNA. Analysis of cellular microtubules in each of these clones indicated that incorporation of HAβIII-tubulin led to a significant expression-dependent decrease in assembled tubulin. Paclitaxel resistant cells were also directly selected from the transfected cell population using a paclitaxel concentration 4 times higher than the minimum toxic dose. Few cells were able to survive the selection and they grew very slowly. Western blot analysis of these resistant cells revealed very high HAβIII-tubulin expression that led to almost complete replacement of endogenous β-tubulin at steady state. Transfected βIII-tubulin with no epitope tag behaved in a very similar fashion indicating that presence of the HA tag had no discernible functional effect. The results demonstrate that βIII-tubulin diminishes microtubule assembly, is toxic when present at high levels, but is able to confer weak resistance to paclitaxel when expressed at moderate levels in mammalian cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 56:45–56, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inactivation by Ultraviolet Light of an Acriflavine-Sensitive Gene Function in Phage T4D

Mutants of phage T4D can be isolated which multiply in the presence of concentrations of acriflavine inhibitory to the growth of wild-type phage. Bacteria mixedly infected with resistant and sensitive phage are unproductive in the presence of acriflavine. Irradiation of the sensitive phage with ultraviolet light results in inactivation of the function of the gene for acriflavine sensitivity, permitting the mixedly infected complexes to yield phage. This function is inactivated in an exponential manner and has a cross section comparable to cross sections of other gene functions in T4D.
The study of high density matter at RHIC

QCD predicts a phase transition between hadronic matter and a Quark Gluon Plasma at high energy density. The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory is a new facility dedicated to the experimental study of matter under extreme conditions. Already the first round of experimental results at RHIC indicated that the conditions to create a new state of matter are indeed reached in the collisions of heavy nuclei. Studies of particle spectra and their correlations at low transverse momenta provide evidence of strong pressure gradients in the highly interacting dense medium and hint that we observe a system in thermal equilibrium. Recent runs with high statistics allow us to explore the regime of hard-scattering processes where the suppression of hadrons at large transverse momentum, and quenching of di-jets are observed thus providing further evidence for extreme high density matter created in collisions at RHIC.
COMPARING HUMAN AND MACHINE PERFORMANCE FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE INFORMATION EXTRACTION: Results from the Tipster Text Evaluation

This paper presents results from a study comparing human performance on the text of natural language information extraction with that of machine extraction systems that were developed as part of the ARPA Tipster program. Information extraction is shown to be a difficult task for both humans and machines. Evidence for one set of text material, English Microelectronics, indicated that a human analyst produces about half the errors as does machine systems.
Radiative corrections to sfermion mass splittings.

We study the one-loop radiative corrections to the SU(2) breaking mass splittings between sfermions in SU(2) doublets in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. At tree-level, the differences of mass squared m 2 ˜ f1L − m 2 ˜ f2L of SU(2) doublet sfermions ( ˜ f1, ˜ f2)L in the first two generations are determined by tan β, and are universal to sleptons and squarks. The radiative correction, however, breaks this relation. The typical deviation from the universality between sleptons and squarks is within ±0.05 in terms of the “effective cos2β”. We also study the SUSY parameter dependence of the deviation. For very heavy sfermions, the relative corrections become large.
Child abuse and neglect: (Part I) A status report

N 8-MONTH-OLD BABY is shaken to death in Massachusetts. Nineteen children are found hungry and alone in a filthy, unheated apartment in Chicago. An l 1-year-old Wisconsin boy walks alone to the police station, barefoot and without a coat, on a cold, November night. He is desperately looking for someone to help his 7-year-old sister who is locked in a cage in the basement. Although these are recently documented cases, child abuse has occurred for centuries in all cultures. Historically, children were viewed as "property" to be worked as hard as a family's economic circumstances required. Corporal punishment was meted out as a matter of course and it was widely believed that the government had no business dictating how parents chose to discipline their
Reformulation and sampling to solve a stochastic network interdiction problem

The network interdiction problem involves interrupting an adversary's ability to maximize flow through a capacitated network by destroying portions of the network. A budget constraint limits the amount of the network that can be destroyed. In this article, we study a stochastic version of the network interdiction problem in which the successful destruction of an arc of the network is a Bernoulli random variable, and the objective is to minimize the maximum expected flow of the adversary. Using duality and linearization techniques, an equivalent deterministic mixed integer program is formulated. The structure of the reformulation allows for the application of decomposition techniques for its solution. Using a parallel algorithm designed to run on a distributed computing platform known as a computational grid, we give computational results showing the efficacy of a sampling-based approach to solve the problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2008
The role of laminin–integrin signaling in triggering MB formation. An in vivo and in vitro study

Abstract It is still unclear as to how hepatocytes perceive external factors and transduce the signals which initiate MB formation. To investigate this phenomenon, the model of MB formation in liver in vivo and in primary culture of hepatocytes derived from drug-primed mice was used. Control mice were fed the control diet (group 1). MBs were induced in the livers of mice fed diethyl-1, 4-dihydro-2, 4, 6-trimethyl-3, 5-pyridinedicarboxylate (DDC) for 10 weeks (group 2). The induced MBs completely disappeared after the withdrawal of DDC for 4 weeks (group 3). Newly formed MBs were numerous after DDC was refed for 1 week (group 4). Relative mRNA abundance was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR in the liver from the mice. The expression of integrin α 6 and β 2 was significantly increased in the livers of DDC-treated (group 2) and drug refed mice (group 4), when compared with the livers from controls (group 1) and DDC-withdrawn (group 3) mice. The increased mRNA of these two integrin genes was associated with the increased expression of laminin (a ligand for integrin α 6 β 1 and α 6 β 4 ), Icam1 (a ligand of αLβ2), Src, MEKK1, and ERK1. Primary cultures of isolated DDC-primed hepatocytes (group 4 mice were withdrawn from DDC-CMZ for 4–6 weeks) produced significantly more MBs on laminin-coated coverslips compared with plastic uncoated, fibronectin-, collagen-, or fibrinogen-coated coverslips. U0126, an inhibitor of MEK1 protein, significantly reduced the phosphorylated forms of ERK1/2 and MB formation in vitro. In conclusion, the current study revealed an association between MB formation and integrin-mediated signaling in vivo. The data indicate that laminin–integrin signaling which activates ERK, triggered MB formation in vitro, and an inhibitor of the signaling cascade reduced MB formation.
An X-Linked NDI Mutation Reveals a Requirement for Cell Surface V2R Expression

Function and biochemical properties of the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) mutant R337ter, identified in patients suffering from X-linked recessive nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, were investigated by expression in COS.M6 or HEK293 cells. Binding assays and measurements of adenylyl cyclase activity failed to detect function for the truncated receptor, although metabolic labeling demonstrated normal levels of protein synthesis. ELISA assays performed on cells expressing the receptors tagged at the amino terminus with the HA epitope failed to detect V2R R337ter on the plasma membrane. Treatment with endoglycosidase H revealed that the receptor was present only as a precursor form because the mature R337ter V2R, resistant to endoglycosidase H treatment, was not detected. The precursor of V2R-R337ter had a longer half-life than that of the wild type V2R, suggesting that arrested maturation may slow the degradation of the precursor. Unrelated experiments had demonstrated that V2R-G345ter, containing eight additi...
Electronic and School-Based Victimization: Unique Contexts for Adjustment Difficulties During Adolescence

Previous research suggests that school-based and electronic victimization have similar negative consequences, yet it is unclear whether these two contexts offer overlapping or unique associations with adolescents' adjustment. 802 ninth-graders (43% male, mean age = 15.84 years), majority being Caucasian (82%), completed measures assessing the prevalence of school and electronic victimization, as well as self-reports on self-esteem, self-efficacy, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and locus of control. Results revealed that the majority of adolescents did not report being victimized in either the electronic (75.3%) or the school (72.9%) context. Victimization in both contexts was associated with lower self-esteem and self-efficacy as well as higher stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and locus of control. Importantly, even after controlling for school-based victimization, electronic victimization remained as a significant predictor for all outcome measures. Different types of electronic victimization were also associated with different psychological outcomes. The findings suggest that it is important to distinguish between victimization contexts and specific adjustment outcomes as school and health officials continue to battle the effects of peer victimization.
Fitness and Action Monitoring: Evidence for Improved Cognitive Flexibility in Young Adults

To improve behavior, one must detect errors and initiate subsequent corrective adaptations. This action monitoring process has been widely studied, but little is known about how one may improve this aspect of cognition. To examine the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and action monitoring, we recorded the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related brain potential believed to index action monitoring, as well as post-error behavioral indices of action monitoring from healthy young adults (18-25 years) who varied in cardiorespiratory fitness. These measures were collected during the execution of flanker tasks emphasizing response accuracy or speed to better assess the specificity of any potential relationships between fitness and action monitoring. Higher fitness was associated with greater post-error accuracy and ERN amplitude during task conditions emphasizing accuracy, as well as greater modulation of these indices across task instruction conditions. These findings suggest that higher fitness is associated with increased cognitive flexibility, evidenced through greater change in action monitoring indices as a function of task parameters. Thus, fitness may benefit action monitoring by selectively increasing cognitive control under conditions where error detection and performance adjustments are more salient.
Intelligent frame selection for anatomic reconstruction from endoscopic video

Using endoscopic video, it is possible to perform 3D reconstruction of the anatomy using the well known epipolar constraint between matched feature points. Through this constraint, it is possible to recover the translation and rotation between camera positions and thus reconstruct the 3D anatomy by triangulation. However, these motion estimates are not stable for small camera motions. In this work, we propose a covariance estimation scheme to select pairs of frames which give rise to stable motion estimates, i.e. minimal variance with respect to pixel match error. We parameterize the essential matrix using a minimal 5 parameter representation and estimate motion covariance based upon the estimated feature match variance. The proposed algorithm is applied to endoscopic video sequences recorded in porcine sinus passages in order to extract stable motion estimates.