cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Black Ice? Race and the Political Psychology of Implicit Bias

Research on implicit bias suggests many individuals hold negative racial attitudes that influence their political judgments without their control or awareness. One implication from this research is that implicit bias is hard to suppress because it operates subconsciously. This paper illustrates that racial differences hold one key to understanding why and how the influence of implicit bias can be minimized. It argues that African Americans’ racialization as a group motivates them to resist learning and expressing racially biased behaviors and preferences. This motivation, I hypothesize, should produce implicit attitudes that are less crystallized and weakly automated for Blacks. I test these expectations using an original survey-experiment on immigration that contains Black and White respondents and a validated measure of implicit attitude toward Latinos (i.e., Implicit Association Test). I find that while African Americans and Whites display negative implicit bias toward Latinos, these attitudes are significantly weaker among Blacks. I also show implicit bias is irrelevant to Black immigration policy judgments. Indeed, while implicit bias toward Latinos consistently guides White immigration policy judgments, it fails to influence Black policy evaluations, even when Latinos are directly cued. Ultimately, Black support for immigration policy is shaped by their in-group attachment - a predisposition which consistently reduces their support for exclusionary immigration policies.
Band Structure and Cation Ordering in LiGaO2

Full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital calculations were performed for LiGaO2 in different crystal structures in order to investigate the nature and origin of the cation ordering, structural relaxation and their effects on the band structure. It is found that the most important factor for the bonding is the exclusive occurrence of Li2Ga2 tetrahedra surrounding oxygen. Structures including LiGa3 and Li3Ga tetrahedra have significantly higher total energies and smaller bandgaps. The band-offset between GaN and LiGaO2 is estimated using the dielectric midgap approach.
65Zn Excretion as an Index to Metabolic Rate in the Wood-Feeding Cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus1,2

Laboratory experiments showed a high correlation between the rate of oxygen consumption and the rate at which zinc-65 is excreted in the wood-feeding cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Orthoptera: Cryptocercidae). It is suggested that a relatively sensitive technique based on similar studies can be developed to determine metabolic rates of certain small ectotherms in nature.
The Role of Domestic Opposition and International Justice Regimes in Peaceful Transitions of Power

This article considers how international criminal justice administered by the International Criminal Court (ICC) affects the possibility of negotiated, peaceful transitions of power in autocracies. We argue that a strong international criminal tribunal can deter dictators’ decisions to peacefully relinquish their power. It does so when the dictator in question has faced a relatively violent opposition, one that was ready to strike a deal with the dictator promising him amnesty in exchange for stepping down. Facing an opposition that “has skeletons in its closet,” the dictator will peacefully exit his office only under a weak ICC regime. We use a cross-national time-series data set spanning 1998 to 2007 to test our theory and find that under a weak ICC regime, the more skeletons the opposition has in its own closet, the more likely is the dictator to peacefully step down from office. Interestingly, this relationship holds, to a large extent, across various levels of dictator’s culpability. If the ICC is st...
Distribution of Pathogenic Bacteria and Drug Resistance Surveillance in Pediatric Acute Appendicitis in a Hospital during 2010 to 2012

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the distribution of pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance in children with acute appendicitis in a hospital,and to offer the foundation of reasonable selection of antibacterial agents in the clinic.METHODS:Related data were collected through the hospital information system;the distribution and characteristics of pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance in children with acute appendicitis were analyzed statistically by WHONET 5.4 software.RESULTS:From 2010 to 2012,17 species 375 strains were detected out of 495 cases of pediatric acute appendicitis,among which there were 354 strains of Gram-negative bacteria,accounting for 94.40% and 21 strains of Gram-positive bacteria,accounting for 5.60%.Top 3 Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria were Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundii;Enterococcus faecium,Streptococcus viridans and Enterococcus faecalis,respectively.Drug resistant rates of Gram-negative bacteria were 0 to imipenem and meropenem.Those of Gram-positive bacteria were 0 to linezolid,teicoplanin and vancomycin,and no drug resistant strain was found.CONCLUSIONS:In anti-infection treatment,clinical phusicians should choose and use antibacterial ages correctly to reduce the incidence of drug resistance,thereby enhancing the clinical cure rate,based on the characteristics of pathogenic bacteria and drug resistance in children with acute appendicitis.
Stress-induced structural plasticity of medial amygdala stellate neurons and rapid prevention by a candidate antidepressant

The adult brain is capable of adapting to internal and external stressors by undergoing structural plasticity, and failure to be resilient and preserve normal structure and function is likely to contribute to depression and anxiety disorders. Although the hippocampus has provided the gateway for understanding stress effects on the brain, less is known about the amygdala, a key brain area involved in the neural circuitry of fear and anxiety. Here, in mice more vulnerable to stressors, we demonstrate structural plasticity within the medial and basolateral regions of the amygdala in response to prolonged 21-day chronic restraint stress (CRS). Three days before the end of CRS, treatment with the putative, rapidly acting antidepressant, acetyl-l-carnitine (LAC) in the drinking water opposed the direction of these changes. Behaviorally, the LAC treatment during the last part of CRS enhanced resilience, opposing the effects of CRS, as shown by an increased social interaction and reduced passive behavior in a forced swim test. Furthermore, CRS mice treated with LAC show resilience of the CRS-induced structural remodeling of medial amygdala (MeA) stellate neurons. Within the basolateral amygdala (BLA), LAC did not reduce, but slightly enhanced, the CRS-increased length and number of intersections of pyramidal neurons. No structural changes were observed in MeA bipolar neurons, BLA stellate neurons or in lateral amygdala stellate neurons. Our findings identify MeA stellate neurons as an important component in the responses to stress and LAC action and show that LAC can promote structural plasticity of the MeA. This may be useful as a model for increasing resilience to stressors in at-risk populations.
Indirect modulation of the endocannabinoid system by specific fractions of nutmeg total extract.

AbstractContext: Nutmeg [Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae)] has a long-standing reputation of psychoactivity. Anecdotal reports of nutmeg use as a cheap marijuana substitute, coupled to previous studies reporting a cannabimimetic-like action, suggest that nutmeg may interact with the endocannabinoid system.Objective: The study evaluates nutmeg fractions for binding capacity with various CNS receptors and their potential interaction with the endocannabinoid system.Materials and methods: Dichloromethane (DF) and ethyl acetate (EF) fractions were prepared from the methanol extract of powdered whole nutmeg. The HPLC-profiled fractions were assayed by the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) in a panel of CNS targets at a 10 μg/mL concentration. The fractions were also screened for fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibition, initially at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, then by concentration-dependent inhibition studies.Results: None of the tested fractions ...
Natural disturbance, vegetation patterns and ecological dynamics in tropical montane forests

Disturbance is a central process in forest dynamics, yet the role of natural disturbance in tropical montane forests (TMFs) has not been systematically addressed. We posit that disturbance in TMFs has a wider role than commonly acknowledged and its effects are distinctive because: (1) TMFs often have very low rates of productivity due to low resources, and so recovery from disturbance may be slow, (2) montane forests have marked environmental heterogeneity which interacts with disturbance, (3) a large percentage of TMFs are regularly exposed to high energy windstorms and landslides, and (4) TMFs contain a biogeographically rich mixture of tree species with divergent evolutionary histories that interact differently with different disturbance types. We reviewed the literature on natural disturbance in TMFs and found 119 peer-reviewed papers which met our search criteria. Our review shows that disturbance is widespread in TMFs with pronounced effects on structure, function, composition and dynamics. Disturbance is also evident in the ecology of TMF biota with clear examples of plant life-history traits adapted to disturbance, including disturbance-triggered germination, treefall gap strategies and resprouting ability. Important aspects of TMF disturbances are stochastic and site-specific, but there are broad patterns in disturbance type, frequency and severity along latitudinal, altitudinal and environmental gradients. Compared with the lowland tropics, TMF disturbances are more spatially structured, TMFs experience more disturbance types in a given area due to environmental complexity, and TMFs are much more prone to small-scale yet severe landslides as well the large and potentially catastrophic disturbances of cyclones, forest die-back and fire. On the whole, natural disturbance should assume a larger role in models of ecosystem processes and vegetation patterns in TMFs. An improved understanding of what creates variation in disturbance severity and post-disturbance recovery rates, how composition and diversity feedback on disturbance type and likelihood, and how global change will alter these dynamics are important priorities in future TMF ecology research.
Intolerance of Uncertainty Predicts Anxiety Outcomes Following CBT in Youth with ASD

Modified cognitive-behavioral therapy (MCBT) has been demonstrated to reduce anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, non-response rates are fairly high. Few studies have investigated factors associated with response. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a treatment target for anxiety and worry in neurotypical populations and has been linked to anxiety and ASD. We sought to examine whether IU affects outcomes following MCBT in 43 children, ages 8-14 years, with ASD without intellectual disability. Consistent with prior data, there was a significant reduction in parent reported anxiety following MCBT. Higher levels of pre-intervention IU predicted higher anxiety and worry pre- and post-intervention. These findings suggest that targeting IU may improve outcomes following MCBT in youth with ASD and anxiety.
Extraosseous Metastases Masquerading as Urine Contamination on Bone Scans

Urine contamination is probably the most common cause of focal soft-tissue activity in the pelvis, thigh or legs as seen on a rtulionuclide bone scan. We report two cases of focal soft­ tissue activity which were initially thought to represent urine contamination but were later proven to be extraosseous me­ tastases. We present these two cases to illustrate that soft­ tissue activity which is presumed to be caused by urine con­ tamination must always be verified by washing off the sus­ pected area and then obtaining an additional image to see if the activity has been removed or persists. This is particularly important in patients with primary malignant bone tumors and in tumors which have a propensity to produce calcifica­ tion.
The High School Literacy Coach: Searching for an Identity.

This case study examined the role of one high school literacy coach as she engaged in her daily work in a large high school in the Midwest. Over a period of six weeks, interviews and observations w...
Biocatalytic Synthesis of Allylic and Allenyl Sulfides through a Myoglobin-Catalyzed Doyle-Kirmse Reaction.

The first example of a biocatalytic [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement reaction involving allylic sulfides and diazo reagents (Doyle–Kirmse reaction) is reported. Engineered variants of sperm whale myoglobin catalyze this synthetically valuable C−C bond-forming transformation with high efficiency and product conversions across a variety of sulfide substrates (e.g., aryl-, benzyl-, and alkyl-substituted allylic sulfides) and α-diazo esters. Moreover, the scope of this myoglobin-mediated transformation could be extended to the conversion of propargylic sulfides to give substituted allenes. Active-site mutations proved effective in enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the hemoprotein in these reactions as well as modulating the enantioselectivity, resulting in the identification of the myoglobin variant Mb(L29S,H64V,V68F), which is capable of mediating asymmetric Doyle–Kirmse reactions with an enantiomeric excess up to 71 %. This work extends the toolbox of currently available biocatalytic strategies for the asymmetric formation of carbon–carbon bonds.
Cancer screening practices of African Americans in Forsyth County, NC

A102 Cancer disparities exist for African Americans in Forsyth County, North Carolina. Understanding the prevalence and correlates of cancer screening can provide vital information to health care providers to help address and alleviate this disparity. We conducted a survey of the cancer screening and cancer knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of African Americans in Forsyth County, North Carolina as part of the Faith Community Health Commission (FCHC) pilot project for the Piedmont Alliance for Cancer Research and Education (PACRE). The survey utilized in this study was based largely on the Centers for Disease Control’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey (BRFSS). The survey was conducted in two phases. In phase I, FCHC staff distributed the survey instrument to congregation members in seven largely African American churches. In phase two, residents of three low income housing communities participated in the survey, administered by staff of the Wake Forest University Survey Research Center. The participants were African American men and women >40 years of Participants received a $15 gift certificate for completing the survey. Data were transformed and entered into the Statistical Program for the Social Sciences (version 11.0, Chicago, Ill.) for analyses. A total of 756 surveys had completed data for eligibility variables. The average age of the sample was 54.1 years. 45% of the sample had a high school degree or less, and 20.1% had no health care coverage. Regarding cancer screening, 52.6% of men indicated that they had ever had a PSA test, and, of those, 63.6% had had a PSA within the past year. PSA testing was associated with younger age, being married, having a regular doctor, having insurance, and having a family history of prostate cancer. 67.9% of men had ever had a digital rectal exam, 56.3% of whom had had the test within the past year. Ever having a DRE was associated with being married, having a regular doctor, and having insurance. 88.6% of women had ever had a mammogram, 65.1% of whom had this test within the past year. Ever mammography screening was associated with older age, being married, having a regular doctor, and having insurance. 89.6% of women had ever had a clinical breast exam, 72.5% of whom had the test within the past year. Of respondents >50 year of age and older, less than half had ever had a blood stool test (46.6%) or colonoscopy (49.6%) for colorectal cancer screening, and of those 49.5% and 43.5%, respectively. Blood stool and colonoscopy testing was associated with older age, being married, having a doctor, and having insurance, while blood stool testing was also associated with having a higher education. Cancer screening rates for African Americans in Forsyth County, North Carolina are particularly low for prostate and colorectal cancer. Further research will examine additional demographic, health and cancer knowledge, attitude and behavioral correlates of screening practices in this population to guide prevention efforts.
Effect of Ancillary Ligands (A) on Oxidative Addition of CH4 to Rhenium(III) Complexes: A = B, Al, CH, SiH, N, and P Using MP2, CCSD(T), and MCSCF Methods

A computational study of oxidative addition (OA) of methane to Re(OC2H4)3A (A = ancillary ligand, which thus may interact with the metal) was carried out. The choice of ancillary ligands has been made based on their electronic properties: A = B or Al (Lewis acid), CH or SiH (electron precise), N (σ-donor), and P (σ-donor/π-acid). The main objective of this study was to understand how variation in A affects the structural and electronic properties of the reactant d4-Re(III) complex, which can ultimately tune the kinetics and thermodynamics of OA. Results obtained from MP2 calculations revealed that, for OA of CH4 to Re(OC2H4)3A, the order of ΔG‡ for a choice of ancillary ligand is B > Al > SiH > CH > N > P. Single point calculations for ΔG‡ obtained with CCSD(T) showed excellent agreement with those computed with MP2 methods. MCSCF calculations indicated that oxidative addition transition states are well described by a single electronic configuration, giving further confidence in the MP2 approach used for ...
Nondiscrimination and Beyond

A few years ago, J. Harvie Wilkinson (1974) wrote that Brown v. Board of Education 2 evoked a “certain nostalgia” for him, for Brown was “one of those last, great actions whose moral logic seemed so uncomplex and irrefutable, and whose opposition seemed so thoroughly extreme, rooted as it was in notions of racial hegemony and the constitutional premises of John C. Calhoun” (p. 133). This is a nostalgia that I share. Brown was premised on the notion that state statutes and constitutions that require the separation of White and Black children in the public schools are designed to and have the effect of stigmatizing Black Americans as inferior beings (Kluger, 1977). In the words of Charles Black (1960), “the social meaning of segregation is the putting of the Negro in a position of walled-off inferiority … [and] such treatment is hurtful to human beings” (p. 427). Whatever the original understanding of the 14th Amendment, the antidiscrimination principle, embodying the ethical assertion that race-dependent government decisions should be disfavored, is a principle of wide moral appeal that properly informs the interpretation and application of the Equal Protection Clause of that Amendment (Brest, 1976).
A Multi-attribute Simulation Paradigm for the Justification of FMS

Abstract The flexible manufacturing System (FMS) is the most promising solution to the problem of producing high quality products efficiently while still being able to adapt quickly to changes in demand. Due to the high cost of such systems, they require careful justification before implementation. Most justification approaches take a long-term view that heavily emphasizes capital investment. However, proper decisions in the operation of an FMS can greatly improve its performance and contribute to its justification. This paper develops a multi-attribute simulation model of an FMS which permits assessment of short and intermediate-term operation decisions. Measures of performance include not only the traditional ones, such as production rate, utilization and delay times, but heretofore neglected measures of quality and reliability. Experimentation with the model demonstrates that variables which define flexibility properties have a significant effect on quality measures. If one is concerned with efficiency and high quality in an FMS, the model must include input variables and output measures that explicitly define quality and reliability relationships.
The Spinal Cord in Hominin Evolution

Spinal cord dimensions increased in both relative and absolute terms during the course of hominin evolution. Recent discoveries demonstrate the presence of a fully developed human-sized cervical spinal cord in Australopithecus afarensis at 3.6 million years before present (Ma) and in the cervical and thoracic regions of Homo erectus at 1.8 Ma. The fossil evidence suggests that these hominins possessed a fully human-like postcranial neurological substrate for precision coordination of the arm and hand, corroborated by corresponding skeletal anatomy of the hand and shoulder, as well as discoveries of penecontemporaneous lithic use and putative throwing manuports in the archaeological record. These new fossils provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of sophisticated manual behaviours, and overturn prior thinking on the evolution of the central nervous system in the human lineage, indicating that the evolution of the hominin spinal cord was completed well in advance of advances in brain size. Key Concepts The brain and spinal cord are both larger in humans than those of the African great apes. New Australopithecus afarensis fossils from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia, demonstrate that hominin cervical spinal cord enlargement was completed by at least 3.6 million years ago. Evidence from Homo erectus now shows that hominin thoracic spinal cord enlargement was completed by at least 1.8 million years ago. These new discoveries reveal the neurological capability for fine-motor coordination of the arm, hand, and thoracic muscles in our smaller brained ancestors. It is now apparent that spinal cord expansion was completed prior to brain size expansion in the human lineage. Keywords: spinal cord; human evolution; brachial plexus; Australopithecus; Homo erectus
Affectively Intelligent User Interfaces for Enhanced E-Learning Applications

In this article we describe a new approach for electronic learning applications to interact with their users. First we discuss our motivation to build affectively intelligent user interfaces that can recognize learning related emotions and adapt to these through user modeling. In the remainder of the paper we describe the experiment we designed to elicit learning related emotions from students in order collect their physiological signals while they are experiencing those emotions and to classify those physiological signals into emotional states with pattern recognition algorithms.
The Origin and Early Evolution of SCPP Genes and Tissue Mineralization in Vertebrates

Various secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) genes are involved in the formation of the bone, dentin, enamel, and enameloid in bony vertebrates. By contrast, no SCPP gene is found in cartilaginous vertebrates. In order to explain this difference, I investigated the origin and early evolution of SCPP genes. First, I examined the phylogeny of SPARC-family genes that include evolutionary precursors of SCPP genes. Then, I analyzed the genomic arrangement of the SCPP genes and three SPARC-family genes, SPARCL1, SPARCL1L1, and SPARCR1. The results are consistent with our previous hypothesis that an SCPP gene-like structure arose in the 5′ half of SPARCL1L1 in a common ancestor of jawed vertebrates, at about the same time as the origin of mineralized skeleton. It is possible that cartilaginous vertebrates secondarily lost early SCPP genes, while bony vertebrates gained various new SCPP genes. Some of these new SCPP genes appear to have specifically involved in scale formation; however, these scale genes were lost in tetrapods.
Understanding grief reactions, thwarted belongingness, and suicide ideation in bereaved adolescents: Toward a unifying theory

Objective Childhood bereavement is linked to suicide-related behaviors in adolescence and adulthood, but candidate mechanisms through which bereavement may lead to suicide-related behaviors have not been explored. One candidate pathway is that grief reaction arising from bereavement lead to increased perceived burdensomeness and/or thwarted belongingness, resulting in increased suicide ideation. This cross-sectional study of bereaved adolescents explored indirect effects between grief reactions as distal predictors, perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness as proximal predictors, and suicide ideation. Method Participants were 58 bereaved youth, 12-17 years of age (mean = 14.21, SD = 1.65; 81.0% female; 51.7% Hispanic, 17.2% African American, and 22.4% Caucasian), and their parents/guardians seeking services at a trauma and grief specialty outpatient clinic. Results The indirect effect of grief reactions on suicide ideation via thwarted belongingness, but not perceived burdensomeness, was statistically significant. Conclusions Clinicians may wish to consider signs of thwarted belongingness as possible indicators of suicide risk among bereaved youth.
Fibrillar force generation by fibroblasts depends on formin

Fibroblasts in the extra-cellular matrix (ECM) often adopt a predominantly one-dimensional fibrillar geometry by virtue of their adhesion to the fibrils in the ECM. How much forces such fibrillar fibroblasts exert and how they respond to the extended stiffness of their micro-environment comprising of other ECM components and cells are not clear. We use fibroblasts adherent on fibronectin lines micropatterned onto soft polyacrylamide gels as an in vitro experimental model that maintains fibrillar cell morphology while still letting the cell mechanically interact with a continuous micro-environment of specified stiffness. We find that the exerted traction, quantified as the strain energy or the maximum exerted traction stress, is not a function of cell length. Both the strain energy and the maximum traction stress exerted by fibrillar cells are similar for low (13 kPa) or high (45 kPa) micro-environmental stiffness. Furthermore, we find that fibrillar fibroblasts exhibit prominent linear actin structures. Accordingly, inhibition of the formin family of nucleators strongly decreases the exerted traction forces. Interestingly, fibrillar cell migration is, however, not affected under formin inhibition. Our results suggest that fibrillar cell migration in such soft microenvironments is not dependent on high cellular force exertion in the absence of other topological constraints.
Ray-Launching Geometrical Optics in FEKO: A Summary of the Last Four Years of Intensive Development

The asymptotic Ray-Launching Geometrical Optics (RL-GO) solver in FEKO has been extended enormously during the last four years, not only accelerating the solution but also reducing memory consumption and improving accuracy. Here we review the most relevant features added during the last four years and present examples to show the enhanced capabilities of the high frequency method.
Degradation and statistical optimization of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by zero valent iron-activated persulfate

The compound 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of the broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos, is both more persistent and more water soluble than its parent compound. This difference, which allows TCPy to more readily leach into surface water and groundwater, has led to widespread contamination of TCPy in soils and aquatic environments. In this study, the degradation of TCPy by sulfate radicals was evaluated using zero valent iron activated persulfate in aqueous media. Response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of the independent variables (concentration of zero valent iron, concentration of persulfate, and pH) on the mineralization of TCPy by zero valent iron activated persulfate system. The interactions, coefficients, and residuals of these variables were statically evaluated by analysis of variance. Based on the model, the optimum conditions for maximum TCPy mineralization were determined as 10.4mM of persulfate, 1.2 g/L of zero valent iron and an initial pH of 3.2. The reaction kinetics of the degradation process were examined as functions of persulfate concentration, zero valent iron concentration, and pH. Results show that zero valent iron activated persulfate can effectively remove TCPy in water with a high mineralization rate of up to 81.1%. The degradation pathways of TCPy were proposed based on the products identified by GC-MS. Calculated ΔG values using density functional theory agreed with the proposed experimental pathway.
Family workers, stress, and the limits of self-care

Abstract High levels of work-related stress have been frequently documented among front-line family service providers including social workers, home visitors, and agency staff members. Left unaddressed, such stress contributes to burn-out and job turnover, with negative effects on client families as well as agencies and the workers themselves. In response to this problem, some child and family service organizations have encouraged the use of self-care practices to counteract the inherent stresses of these jobs. The present study reports on descriptions of stress and self-care contained in written portfolios of 99 family workers enrolled in a strength-based training program, the Family Development Credential®. As found in other research, virtually all study participants reported an over-arching sense of stress and anxiety, with specific issues of workload, client problems, and work/family imbalance most frequently mentioned. To deal with their stress, workers described a variety of self-care practices: most common were mindfulness, exercise, social connections, changing self-expectations, and time management. Results show a significant curvilinear relationship between the number of stresses and the number of self-care practices mentioned, such that workers discussing both the lowest and the highest number of stresses discussed fewer self-care practices than workers naming a moderate number of stresses. Although a similar relationship between the level of stress and individuals' ability to take advantage of available resources has been demonstrated for low-income families, to our knowledge the present study is the first empirical demonstration of this principle for people who serve such families. These findings illustrate the limits of individual self-care for dealing with high levels of stress, and suggest the importance of strengthening worker support at the agency level, as well as tailoring stress management programs to the needs of individual workers.
Queueing analysis of the replenishment of multiple in-the-aisle pick positions

A case-picking operation with Multiple In-The-Aisle Pick Positions (MIAPP) is modeled as an M/G/1/N queueing system. Cases are picked manually from pallets located on the bottom level of storage ra...
Irradiation‐Induced Extremes Create Hierarchical Face‐/Body‐Centered‐Cubic Phases in Nanostructured High Entropy Alloys

A nanoscale hierarchical dual-phase structure is reported to form in a nanocrystalline NiFeCoCrCu high-entropy-alloy (HEA) film via ion irradiation. Under the extreme energy deposition and consequent thermal energy dissipation induced by energetic particles, a fundamentally new phenomenon is revealed, in which the original single-phase face-centered-cubic (FCC) structure partially transforms into alternating nanometer layers of a body-centered-cubic (BCC) structure. The orientation relationship follows the Nishiyama-Wasser-man relationship, that is, (011)BCC || ( 1¯1¯1)FCC and [100]BCC || [ 11¯0]FCC . Simulation results indicate that Cr, as a BCC stabilizing element, exhibits a tendency to segregate to the stacking faults (SFs). Furthermore, the high densities of SFs and twin boundaries in each nanocrystalline grain serve to accelerate the nucleation and growth of the BCC phase during irradiation. By adjusting the irradiation parameters, desired thicknesses of the FCC and BCC phases in the laminates can be achieved. This work demonstrates the controlled formation of an attractive dual-phase nanolaminate structure under ion irradiation and provides a strategy for designing new derivate structures of HEAs.
Investigating the trade-off between folding and function in a multidomain Y-family DNA polymerase

The way in which multidomain proteins fold has been a puzzling question for decades. Until now, the mechanisms and functions of domain interactions involved in multidomain protein folding have been obscure. Here, we develop structure-based models to investigate the folding and DNA-binding processes of the multidomain Y-family DNA polymerase IV (DPO4). We uncover shifts in the folding mechanism among ordered domain-wise folding, backtracking folding, and cooperative folding, modulated by interdomain interactions. These lead to 'U-shaped' DPO4 folding kinetics. We characterize the effects of interdomain flexibility on the promotion of DPO4-DNA (un)binding, which probably contributes to the ability of DPO4 to bypass DNA lesions, which is a known biological role of Y-family polymerases. We suggest that the native topology of DPO4 leads to a trade-off between fast, stable folding and tight functional DNA binding. Our approach provides an effective way to quantitatively correlate the roles of protein interactions in conformational dynamics at the multidomain level.
Time, Money, and Race: Simone de Beauvoir on American Abstraction

In 1947, Simone de Beauvoir traveled to the United States for a four-month stay, during which she toured the country extensively. Her copious notes taken during this time eventually became the travelogue, America Day by Day ( L’Amerique au jour le jour ) as well as a piece written for the May 25, 1947 edition of the New York Times Magazine , “An Existentialist Looks at Americans.” In both of these writings, Beauvoir offers an astute criticism of American culture from a foreign perspective. This paper explores Beauvoir’s treatment of American abstraction and race with three goals in mind: first, to understand the American relationship to time and money as abstractions. Ignoring the past and projecting an idealistic (but ultimately vacuous) future, leads to a strange kind of fatalism and lack of passion that profoundly impacts White and Black Americans but in distinctively different ways. The second part of the paper explores these differences through an analysis of how White Americans attempt to live with “good” consciences through the positing of and attachment to abstract values and things. This attitude, in turn, produces a largely instrumental and racist treatment of many populations, in particular, Black Americans. The final section focuses on how Beauvoir confronts the fact of her own whiteness, and in so doing undergoes the movement of race as an abstract theoretical category to one of lived embodiment.
Are Millennials leaving town? Reconciling peak Millennials and youthification hypotheses

Are Millennials leaving town? Yes, they are. Are young adults leaving town? No, they are not. The seemingly contradicting answers are due to the fact that age and birth cohort are distinct concepts...
Rheological characterization, compression, and injection molding of hydroxyapatite-silk fibroin composites.

Abstract Traditional bone fixation devices made from inert metal alloys provide structural strength for bone repair but are limited in their ability to actively promote bone healing. Although several naturally derived bioactive materials have been developed to promote ossification in bone defects, it is difficult to translate small-scale benchtop fabrication of these materials to high-output manufacturing. Standard industrial molding processes, such as injection and compression molding, have typically been limited to use with synthetic polymers since most biopolymers cannot withstand the harsh processing conditions involved in these techniques. Here we demonstrate injection and compression molding of a bioceramic composite comprised of hydroxyapatite (HA) and silk fibroin (SF) from Bombyx mori silkworm cocoons. Both the molding behavior of the HA-SF slurry and final scaffold mechanics can be controlled by modulating SF protein molecular weight, SF content, and powder-to-liquid ratio. HA-SF composites with up to 20 weight percent SF were successfully molded into stable three-dimensional structures using high pressure molding techniques. The unique durability of silk fibroin enables application of common molding techniques to fabricate composite silk-ceramic scaffolds. This work demonstrates the potential to move bone tissue engineering one step closer to large-scale manufacturing of natural protein-based resorbable bone grafts and fixation devices.
Paradox Peers: A Relational Approach to Navigating a Business-Society Paradox

Despite advancements in our understanding of organizational paradox, we know little about how individuals navigate paradox when tensions are core to one’s occupational role, but not a dominant conc...
Feature extraction and evaluation for BioMedical Question Answering.

In this paper, we present our work on the BioASQ pipeline. The goal is to answer four types of questions: summary, yes/no, factoids, and list. Our goal is to empirically evaluate different modules involved: the feature extractor and the sentence selection block. We used our pipeline to test the effectiveness of each module for all kinds of question types and perform error analysis. We defined metrics that are useful for future research related to the BioASQ pipeline critical to improve the performance of the training pipeline.
Superior Capsular Reconstruction of the Shoulder.

For irreparable rotator cuff tears, superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) has become an option for restoring glenohumeral joint stability and reversing proximal humeral migration. Signs of irreparable rotator cuff tears include pain from subacromial impingement, muscle weakness, and pseudoparalysis. In biomechanical studies, Mihata et al. showed SCR with fascia lata graft and side-to-side suturing to remaining infraspinatus tendon restored superior stability of the shoulder joint. Adding acromioplasty decreased the subacromial contact area without altering the humeral head position, superior translation, or subacromial peak contact pressure. The same research group showed that using an 8-mm thick fascia lata graft attached at 15° to 45° of shoulder abduction optimized superior stability of the shoulder joint. Adams et al. performed SCR using a dermal allograft and found that greater glenohumeral abduction angle (60°) decreased applied deltoid force. SCR can be performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus or beach chair position. Arthroscopic exploration, debridement, and infraspinatus and supraspinatus repair attempt is completed before proceeding with SCR. To restore the superior capsule of the shoulder, the graft (fascia lata autograft, dermal allograft) can be attached to the superior glenoid medially and the rotator cuff footprint on the greater tuberosity of the humerus laterally, after debriding bone to enhance healing. SCR with side-to-side suturing to the remnant rotator cuff yields promising clinical results. Using a fascia lata autograft, Mihata et al. showed a reversal of pseudoparalysis in 93% to 96% of patients and mean active elevation, external rotation, and acromiohumeral distance on radiography all improved. Using a dermal allograft and a unique graft delivery technique, Burkhart et al. reversed pseudoparalysis in 9 of 10 patients and 70% of patients had completely intact grafts. Recommendations for rehabilitation and return to activity vary, but adequate time for graft healing is recommended.
Avoiding genetic genocide: understanding good intentions and eugenics in the complex dialogue between the medical and disability communities.

The relationship between the medical and disability communities is complex and is influenced by historical, social, and cultural factors. Although clinicians, health-care researchers, and people with disabilities all work from the standpoint of the best interest of disabled individuals, the notion of what actually is “best” is often understood quite differently among these constituencies. Eugenics campaigns, legal restrictions on reproductive and other freedoms, and prenatal testing recommendations predicated on the lesser worth of persons with disabilities have all contributed toward the historic trauma experienced by the disability community, particularly with respect to medical genetics. One premise of personalized medicine is that different individuals require different solutions. Disabled persons’ experiences are a reminder that these solutions can be best realized by maintaining awareness and sensitivity in a complex ethical and moral terrain. Geneticists should recognize that their research may have implications for those with disabilities; they should recognize the impact of the historical trauma of the eugenics movement, and seek to involve people with disabilities in discussions about policies that affect them. Dialogue can be messy and uncomfortable, but it is the only way to avoid the mistakes of the past and to ensure a more equitable, and healthful, future.
Western Stemmed Tradition Settlement–Subsistence and Lithic Technological Organization in the Catnip Creek Delta, Guano Valley, Oregon, USA

Cave and rockshelter sites have long been the cornerstone of Western Stemmed Tradition (WST) research in the northwestern Great Basin; however, these sites likely offer a narrow view of Terminal Pl...
Open-top selective plane illumination microscope for conventionally mounted specimens

We have developed a new open-top selective plane illumination microscope (SPIM) compatible with microfluidic devices, multi-well plates, and other sample formats used in conventional inverted microscopy. Its key element is a water prism that compensates for the aberrations introduced when imaging at 45 degrees through a coverglass. We have demonstrated its unique high-content imaging capability by recording Drosophila embryo development in environmentally-controlled microfluidic channels and imaging zebrafish embryos in 96-well plates. We have also shown the imaging of C. elegans and moving Drosophila larvae on coverslips.
Fundamentals of Picture Segmentation

Picture segmentation is a term which has been used with various meanings by different people. In this treatise it will refer to the operation of looking at a scene and picking up objects from the background. In such an effort we divide the picture into different parts which have some meaning for the viewer. Thus in Fig.4.1 we lump all black parts together and thus produce a segmentation of the picture into 6 regions. A similar operation can be done on Fig.4.2, although the distinction there is not as clear. Nevertheless, we group together all points which are darker than some average value. Segmentation by brightness level is not the only way to analyze a picture. Figs.4.3 and 4.4 show examples of segmentation by texture or context. An automatic picture processor which is going to simulate human response must be able to perform these operations. This can be a formidable task if we want our system to handle cases like that of Fig.4.4. It can be very easy if we limit our attention to simple examples like that of Fig.4.1, where a simple thresholding operation suffices: Points are assigned to one of two regions depending on whether or not their brightness exceeds a threshold value. Our goal in this chapter and the next two chapters is to describe segmentation techniques which are applicable to a variety of pictures. The present state of the art is such that we cannot hope to handle examples as difficult as that of Fig.4.4. On the other hand, there exist methods for handling cases more difficult than those shown in Figs. 4.1-3.
Making the University of California

The Gold and the Blue A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967. Volume 1, Academic Triumphs. Clark Kerr. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001. 574 pp. $35, £24.95. ISBN 0-520-22367-5. Kerr offers his perspective on academic and administrative affairs during the explosive growth of the University of California system under his leadership.
Peroxidase activity in glands and stroma of human endometrium.

Abstract Peroxidase activity was measured in specimens of human endometrium taken at different days of the menstrual cycle. High specific activities were more frequently found in secretory endometrium than in proliferative tissue, but the variance at each phase of the cycle was large and differences were statistically not significant. The results obtained do not support the hypothesis that peroxidase activity is determined by the levels of circulating estrogens, as is apparently true in rats. Extremely high levels of peroxidase activity were noticed in some, but not all, specimens of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Endometrial glands were separated from the stroma after collagenase digestion of normal and abnormal endometrium, and peroxidase activity was measured in each fraction. The enzyme was found to be preferentially localized in the stroma, in contrast to the reported findings of predominantly epithelial localization in the rat.
An Evaluation of 99mTc-Labeled Red Blood Cell Scintigraphy for the Detection and Localization of Gastrointestinal Bleeding Sites

99mTechnetium-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy was performed upon 39 patients with clinical evidence for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding from an unknown source. Seventeen of 39 patients (44%) had a scan that indicated active gastrointestinal bleeding. Scans became positive 6 or more h after injection, consistent with intermittent bleeding, in 8 of 17 patients (47%). In the 11 patients in whom the bleeding site was definitely identified by arteriography, surgery, or colonoscopy, scintigraphy correctly localized the bleeding site in 10 of 11 patients (91%). Four of 11 patients (36%) had an active bleeding site identified by arteriography. Ten of 17 patients (58%) with a positive scan required either gel foam embolization (4 patients) or surgery (6 patients) to control the bleeding, whereas only 1 of 22 patients (5%) required surgery when the scan was negative. Six deaths occurred in the scan-positive patients compared with no deaths in the scan-negative patients. None of the 8 patients who had arteriography and no active bleeding site by scintigraphy had arteriographically demonstrable active bleeding. Scintigraphy provides a reliable noninvasive test to screen patients in whom arteriography is being considered to localize active bleeding sites. If the arteriogram is negative, the scintigraphic findings alone may guide the surgical or arteriographic intervention. In addition, scintigraphy identifies two patient populations which have considerably different morbidity and mortality.
Viability of Spermatozoa in the Human Ejaculate After Vasectomy

Ejaculates produced by 82 men between 6 and 19 days after removal of approximately 5 cm of vas deferens were assessed specifically for motility of residual spermatozoa. Several of 23 ejaculates produced 6 to 8 days after vasectomy still contained spermatozoa of the quality and number likely to produce pregnancy. By 13 to 15 days, however, all or the great majority of residual spermatozoa were dead, and in only 1 of 50 men were there numbers of motile spermatozoa possibly compatible with fertility. The results seem to justify more extensive surveys to confirm the absolute or biologic limits of the viability of spermatozoa in the terminal portion of the human male reproductive tract, anticipated here to be 16 to 18 days, as a suggested basis for a standard postvasectomy protocol. Second, these data support the choice of the 3rd postoperative week as the earliest rational moment to confirm the absence of motile spermatozoa, or in their presence to suspect an incomplete block.