cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary patterns are associated with plasma F2-isoprostanes in an observational cohort study of adults

Associations between individual foods or nutrients and oxidative markers have been reported. Comprehensive measures of food intake may be uniquely informative, given the complexity of oxidative systems and the possibility of antioxidant synergies. We quantified associations over a 20-year history between three food-based dietary patterns (summary measures of whole diet) and a plasma biomarker of lipid peroxidation, F2-isoprostanes, in a cohort of Americans ages 18-30 at year 0 (1985-1986). We assessed diet at years 0, 7, and 20 through a detailed history of past-month food consumption and supplement use and measured plasma F2-isoprostanes at years 15 and 20. We created three dietary patterns: (1) a priori ("a priori diet quality score") based on hypothesized healthfulness of foods, (2) an empirical pattern reflecting high fruit and vegetable intake ("fruit-veg"), and (3) an empirical pattern reflecting high meat intake ("meat"). We used linear regression to estimate associations between each dietary pattern and plasma F2-isoprostanes cross-sectionally (at year 20, n=2736) and prospectively (year 0/7 average diet and year 15/20 average F2-isoprostanes, n=2718), adjusting for age, sex, race, total energy intake, education, smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, physical activity, and supplement use. In multivariable-adjusted cross-sectional analysis, the a priori diet quality score and the fruit-veg diet pattern were negatively, and the meat pattern was positively, associated with F2-isoprostanes (all p values <0.001). These associations remained statistically significant in prospective analysis. Our findings suggest that long-term adherence to a diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in red meat may decrease lipid peroxidation.
Estimation of transonic aircraft aerodynamics to high angles of attack

A recently developed method for estimating transonic aircraft aerodynamics to high angles of attack which is especially suited to computerized aircraft design and optimization studies is described. Following theoretical and empirical guidelines, explicit nonlinear equations are formulated for subsonic, transonic, and supersonic speeds; new algorithms are used for assessing compressibility effects and for analyzing transonic, shock-dominated flows which adhere to Laitone's limit Mach-number criterion. Viscous dominated flows are not analyzed. The transonic influence of viscosity is indirectly accommodated by assigning designated inputs rather than extracted solutions for the chordwise locations of shock and separation. The method is extended to complete aircraft configurations by including accounts for nose lift, the wing downwash field, and tail lift. Several comparisons of experiment and estimate are included.
VA QUERI informatics paper: information technology for clinical guideline implementation: perceptions of multidisciplinary stakeholders.

Objective: This multisite study compared the perceptions of three stakeholder groups regarding information technologies as barriers to and facilitators of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Design: The study settings were 18 U.S. Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. A purposive sample of 322 individuals participated in 50 focus groups segmented by profession and included administrators, physicians, and nurses. Focus group participants were selected based on their knowledge of practice guidelines and involvement in facility-wide guideline implementation. Measurements: Descriptive content analysis of 1,500 pages of focus group transcripts. Results: Eighteen themes clustered into four domains. Stakeholders were similar in discussing themes in the computer function domain most frequently but divergent in other domains, with workplace factors more often discussed by administrators, system design issues discussed most by nurses, and personal concerns discussed by physicians and nurses. Physicians and nurses most often discussed barriers, whereas administrators focused most often on facilitation. Facilitators included guideline maintenance and charting formats. Barriers included resources, attitudes, time and workload, computer glitches, computer complaints, data retrieval, and order entry. Themes with dual designations included documentation, patient records, decision support, performance evaluation, CPG implementation, computer literacy, essential data, and computer accessibility. Conclusion: Stakeholders share many concerns regarding the relationships between information technologies and clinical guideline use. However, administrators, physicians, and nurses hold different opinions about specific facilitators and barriers. Health professionals' disparate perceptions could undermine guideline initiatives. Implementation plans should specifically incorporate actions to address these barriers and enhance the facilitative aspects of information technologies in clinical practice guideline use.
Physical Properties and Pharmacological Activity: Antihistaminics

Abstract The ionization constants, solubilities, and relative surface activities of sixteen com-mercially available antihistaminics are reported. The antihistaminic effect is reviewed and discussed in the light of these properties. The usefulness of solubility as an indicator of toxicity, duration of effect, and local anesthetic potency is emphasized.
Origin and Evolution of the AmpC β-Lactamases of Citrobacter freundii

To determine whether the widespread clinical use of β-lactams has been selective for Citrobacter freundii-derived alleles of plasmid ampC genes, we generated a Bayesian consensus phylogeny of the published ampC sequences and compared the MICs of 16 β-lactam antibiotics for Escherichia coli strains containing cloned copies of the C. freundii ampC alleles. We found that for the majority of compounds investigated, there has been essentially no increase in β-lactam resistance conferred by those alleles. We also found that ampC alleles from the chromosomes of two β-lactam-sensitive C. freundii strains isolated in the 1920s, before the clinical use of antibiotics, were as effective at providing β-lactam resistance in E. coli as were the plasmid-borne alleles from β-lactam-resistant clinical isolates. These results suggest that selection for increased resistance to β-lactam antibiotics has not been a significant force directing the evolution of the C. freundii ampC alleles found in β-lactam-resistant clinical isolates.
Monoclonal antibody against the lupus antigen Sm cross-reacts with RNA polymerase I.

Monoclonal anti-Sm antibody, a specificity directed against a constituent of nuclear ribonucleoprotein and considered to be a marker for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), was tested for its ability to react with four other rheumatic disease antigens of known enzymatic activity. No binding of the antibody was observed in radioimmunoassays with immobilized protein kinase Nil, po!y(A) polymerase, or topoiso-merase I. In contrast, anti-Sm antibody did react with RNA polymerase I. Under conditions of antibody excess, anti-Sm was determined to bind RNA polymerase I on an equimolar basis, indicating that the polymerase posesses a single epitope recognized by the anti-Sm antibody. Addition of the anti-Sm antibody to in vitro transcription reactions resulted in inhibition of RNA polymerase I activity but had no effect on the reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerase II. When the subunits of RNA polymerase I were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions and incorporated individually ...
Generalized Ohm's law in a 3-D reconnection experiment

[1] We report the measurement of non-ideal terms of the generalized Ohm's law at a reconnection site of a weakly collisional laboratory magnetohydrodynamic plasma. Results show that the Hall term dominates the measured terms; resistive and electron inertia terms are small. We suggest that electron pressure (not measured) supports the observed quasistatic reconnection rate, and that anomalous resistivity, while not ruled out, is not required to account for the results.
A framework for learning and inference in network management

A network management framework which builds the management information infrastructure and equips the management applications with learning and reasoning abilities for automatic and adaptive management tasks is presented. Views consist of global virtual management information constructed by logical rules from the distributed physical management information. Through these views, management applications can access physical network entities. Management applications learn network patterns and reason on the discovered patterns and prespecified domain knowledge to predict network behavior, diagnose problems, and trigger control actions. The abstract view definitions, domain knowledge, and network patterns are a set of logical rules stored in the application-dependent MKB (management knowledge base), while the physical management information is stored in the standard MIB (management information base) at each node. >
Heat-shock proteins, molecular chaperones, and the stress response: evolutionary and ecological physiology

Molecular chaperones, including the heat-shock proteins (Hsps), are a ubiquitous feature of cells in which these proteins cope with stress-induced denaturation of other proteins. Hsps have received the most attention in model organisms undergoing experimental stress in the laboratory, and the function of Hsps at the molecular and cellular level is becoming well understood in this context. A complementary focus is now emerging on the Hsps of both model and nonmodel organisms undergoing stress in nature, on the roles of Hsps in the stress physiology of whole multicellular eukaryotes and the tissues and organs they comprise, and on the ecological and evolutionary correlates of variation in Hsps and the genes that encode them. This focus discloses that (a) expression of Hsps can occur in nature, (b) all species have hsp genes but they vary in the patterns of their expression, (c) Hsp expression can be correlated with resistance to stress, and (d) species' thresholds for Hsp expression are correlated with levels of stress that they naturally undergo. These conclusions are now well established and may require little additional confirmation; many significant questions remain unanswered concerning both the mechanisms of Hsp-mediated stress tolerance at the organismal level and the evolutionary mechanisms that have diversified the hsp genes.
Specific Labeling of Zinc Finger Proteins using Noncanonical Amino Acids and Copper-Free Click Chemistry

Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) play a key role in transcriptional regulation and serve as invaluable tools for gene modification and genetic engineering. Development of efficient strategies for labeling metalloproteins such as ZFPs is essential for understanding and controlling biological processes. In this work, we engineered ZFPs containing cysteine-histidine (Cys2-His2) motifs by metabolic incorporation of the unnatural amino acid azidohomoalanine (AHA), followed by specific protein labeling via click chemistry. We show that cyclooctyne promoted [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition with azides, known as copper-free click chemistry, provides rapid and specific labeling of ZFPs at high yields as determined by mass spectrometry analysis. We observe that the DNA-binding activity of ZFPs labeled by conventional copper-mediated click chemistry was completely abolished, whereas ZFPs labeled by copper-free click chemistry retain their sequence-specific DNA-binding activity under native conditions, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, protein microarrays, and kinetic binding assays based on Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Our work provides a general framework to label metalloproteins such as ZFPs by metabolic incorporation of unnatural amino acids followed by copper-free click chemistry.
Morphological decomposition in native and non-native French speakers*

This study investigates whether late second/foreign language (L2) learners can rely on mechanisms similar to those of native speakers for processing morphologically complex words. Specifically, it examines whether native English speakers who have begun learning French around the onset of puberty can decompose -er (Class I) French verbs. Mid-to-high-proficiency L2 learners and native French speakers completed a masked-priming word-naming task. Latencies for morphologically related, orthographically related, and semantically related prime–target combinations were compared to latencies for identical and unrelated prime–target combinations. The results reveal the following effects: full morphological priming for both native and non-native speakers, with this effect increasing with French proficiency for L2 learners; partial orthographic priming for both groups; greater priming in the morphological condition than in the orthographic condition for both groups; and no semantic priming for either group. We conclude that L2 learners have access to similar mechanisms to those of native speakers for processing morphologically complex words.
The Turnover Trap: New Leaders, Reputation, and International Conflict

A formal model of crisis bargaining in the shadow of leadership turnover is analyzed where (1) successive leaders of the same state may differ in their resolve, (2) their resolve is private information, and (3) the probability of leadership turnover depends on bargaining behavior and conflict outcomes. The model provides novel answers to a number of questions about the relationship between an incumbent's time in office, the prospects of losing office, the anticipated behavior of future leaders, and the current probability of conflict. Taken together, these results add further weight to recent claims that leaders, not states, should be considered the fundamental units of analysis in international relations.
Histology and ultrastructure of the caudal courtship glands of the red‐backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Caudal courtship glands (CCGs) are sexually dimorphic glands described in the skin of the dorsal tail base of some male salamanders in the genera Desmognathus, Eurycea, and Plethodon in the family Plethodontidae. These glands are believed to deliver pheromones to females during courtship, when the female rests her chin on the dorsal tail base during the stereotypic tail straddling walk unique to plethodontids. Although CCGs have been studied histologically, no investigations of their ultrastructure have been made. This article presents the first study on the fine structure and seasonal variation of CCGs, using the plethodontid Plethodon cinereus. The CCGs vary seasonally in height and secretory activity. The mature secretory granules observed in males collected in October and April consist of oval, biphasic granules that are eosinophilic and give positive reactions to periodic acid-Schiff for neutral carbohydrates but do not stain for acidic mucosusbtances or proteins with alcian blue and bromphenol blue, respectively. Granular glands, some of which contain mucous demilunes, are twice as large as CCGs, are syncytial (unlike CCGs), and stain for proteins. Mucous glands are similar in size to CCGs, but are basophilic, show no seasonal variation in secretory activity, and stain positive for acidic mucosubstances. CCGs do not resemble cytologically the sexually dimorphic mental glands of some plethodontids, which contain round or oval granules filled with an electron-dense amorphous substance. The CCGs are similar histologically to sexually dimorphic skin glands described in some anurans, but more comparative work is needed.
Some remarks on embedding inflation in the AdS/CFT correspondence

The anti-de Sitter space/conformal field theory correspondence (AdS/CFT) can potentially provide a complete formulation of string theory on a landscape of stable and metastable vacua that naturally give rise to eternal inflation. As a model for this process, we consider bubble solutions with de Sitter interiors, obtained by patching together dS and Schwarzschild\char21{}AdS solutions along a bubble wall. For an interesting subclass of these solutions the bubble wall reaches spacelike infinity in the black hole interior. Including the effects of perturbations leads to a null singularity emanating from this point. Such solutions are interpreted as states in a single CFT, and are shown to be compatible with holographic entropy bounds. The construction suggests de Sitter entropy be interpreted as the total number of degrees of freedom in effective field theory, with a novel adaptive stepsize cutoff.
HIV and Periodontal Health

In 230 military personnel who were seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus, the prevalence of viral and fungal infections in the mouth was clearly related to the degree of immune dysfunction as measured by T4-lymphocyte counts. The relation between periodontal health and T4 counts was less clear. Tobacco use was related to the increased occurrence of both mucosal lesions and periodontal diseases.
Attentional Mechanisms Linking Rejection to Hostile Reactivity: The Role of “Hot” Versus “Cool” Focus

Drawing on the hot-cool systems analysis of self-regulation, we examined whether attentionalfocus mediates the negativity of cognitive-affective reactions to interpersonal rejection. The hypothesis was that whereas a hot, arousing focus to representing rejection experiences should increase anger-hostility, accessing the cool system through distraction and distancing should attenuate such responses. Participants imagined an autobiographical rejection experience, focusing either on their physiological and emotional reactions (hot focus) or on the physical setting of the experience (cool focus). Participants in a third condition received no specific attentional instructions. Both implicit and explicit measures showed that hostile thoughts and feelings were attenuated in the cool-focus compared with the hot-focus condition. The findings support the adaptive value of activating a cooling strategy under hot, arousing conditions that otherwise elicit automatic, hot-system responses.
Planar GaAs-AlGaAs MQW transverse junction ridge waveguide lasers using shallow zinc diffusion

A new transverse-junction ridge waveguide AlGaAs-GaAs multiple-quantum-well laser is demonstrated. The combination of the ridge structure and transverse junction yields advantages of stable index guiding, and a greatly simplified fabrication process with a rapid thermal diffusion time as short as three minutes. >
Lawrence Lessig's Dystopian Vision

In Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity, Lawrence Lessig warns that the health of the "environment of creativity" has been endangered by the combination of changes in intellectual property law, increased concentration of media ownership and transformations in technology. Lessig maintains that what we face is akin to an environmental crisis, with the crucial difference being that cultural rather than physical resources are under siege. Curiously, though, the world depicted in Free Culture is at odds with Lessig's dystopian vision, for it is a vibrant place where technological innovation, creative endeavors, and public discussion of political issues flourish. To be sure, real problems exist, and addressing them will require a number of difficult determinations, including whether the hazards posed by new technologies outweigh their benefits and how best to ensure that property rights evolve to promote the public interest. Regrettably, however, Free Culture promises to be of little help in crafting useful solutions to these problems. In writing Free Culture, Lessig has set himself a high hurdle, namely to convince his readership that the saga of intellectual property in recent decades represents nothing less than a modern-day Miltonian epic: Paradise was lost when a property rights Eden was infested by the serpent of venal corporate interests, but might be regained through adherence to the reform program outlined in Free Culture. Lessig fails to clear this hurdle for the simple reason that, taken together, the stories he offers in support of his thesis tell a richer, more complicated, and ultimately more interesting tale than the one he has in mind.
How Do They Do It: Working Women Meeting Physical Activity Recommendations

Objective To identify factors that facilitate adherence to physical activity among employed women.
Research on UAV Autonomous Landing Integrated Navigation Based on Computer Vision/INS

A new extraction method of vision-based/INS integrated navigation for UAV autonomous landing is proposed.It can calculate directly the position vector only by extracting two feature points on the runway and combining with the attitude information of INS.Due to lines are obviously visual,it can extracts the two edge lines and the threshold line on the runway if the feature points extracts difficultly,then put the nodal of the threshold line with the edge of the runway as feature points.Algorithm is given based on imaging geometry.It shows that the extraction and conversion are visible through the experience.
A Trend Analysis of Surveillance Data and Influencing Factors of Condom Use among MSM

Objective To analyze the trend of the awareness rate of AIDS,behavior change,intervening services among Men who have sex with men( MSM) and influencing factors on condom use,to evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention preliminarily.Methods Trend analysis and multivariate Logistic analysis were used to analyze the influencing factors of the HIV infection with monitoring data of MSM in Hangzhou from 2010 to 2012. Results HIV infection rate was stable from 2010 to 2012,being 8. 45%,8. 17% and8. 07%,respectively; the peer education and consultation received was on decline,but there was no significant change on services of testing and intervention,as well as awareness rate and dangerous behavior,including condom use and drug use. Those who from bar( OR = 1. 745,95% CI: 1. 099 ~ 2. 771),being single( OR = 1. 514,95% CI: 1. 113 ~ 2. 059) and testing of HIV antibody in the past year( OR = 1. 553,95% CI: 1. 205 ~ 2. 000) had higher proportion to use condoms. Conclusion The HIV infection rate was stable in the past three years.Comprehensive intervention,especially peer education must be intensified. HIV testing can promote condom use and help find out the new infected people.
Some Remarks on Exchange Inhomogeneity Corrections in Many-Electron Systems

In the preceding paper Sham pointed out that a number of people have by now calculated the first principles value of the second order exchange inhomogeneity parameter β. Ma and Ortenburger1 find a value of 0.0011 (in the units of HVDO), Liberman2 finds 0.0016, while the nomencal work of Gel dart and Taylor3 would seem to support the smaller value. In any case the theoretical value for β is considerably smaller than the values obtained empirically by Herman, Van Dyke, and Ortenburger4,5 from self-consistent calculations for a number of representative atomic systems. In the work of HVDO the optimum value of β is found to be about 0.005; the inclusion of exchange inhomogeneity corrections with this coefficient leads to a considerable improvement in the total energy: this is lowered about half of the distance between the best energy obtained ignoring these corrections. and the exact Hartree-Fock total energy.
Effect of medium variations (zinc supplementation during oocyte maturation, perifertilization pH, and embryo culture protein source) on equine embryo development after intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Abstract Prospective studies were conducted to help define procedural factors affecting in vitro embryo production via intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) of equine oocytes. In experiment 1, use of 10% fetal bovine serum as a protein source in embryo culture medium resulted in a higher blastocyst rate than did use of a combination of 3% fetal bovine serum, 3% equine preovulatory follicular fluid, and 4% human serum substitute (37% vs. 15%, respectively, P in vitro production of equine embryos.
Tracing the Development of Wittgenstein’s Writing on Private Language

The discussion of private language in the Philosophical Investigations is one of the last pieces of Part I of that book to have been drafted. Most of it was written between 1937 and 1945, after the first 190 remarks of Part I of the book had almost reached their final state. The post-1936 writing on private language that leads up to the final version of section 243 ff. represents a fresh start, both in wording and in conception, on the pre-1936 drafts. Almost none of the post-1936 writing is a direct reworking of the previous material, and while it discusses many of the same topics, it approaches them differently.
Abstract LB-298: Gut microbiota changes in response to treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid

Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA Compelling evidence suggests that the gut flora influences colorectal cancer risk through direct effects on colonic bile acid composition. Bile acids are widely implicated in the etiology of colorectal cancer and the strongest evidence is for the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid. In a study of patients with prior colorectal adenomas who were randomized to ursodeoxycholic acid (n = 188 males, 64 females), a bile acid based intervention aimed at modulating bile acid composition, or placebo (n = 162 males, 89 females), we determined effects of the intervention on the gut microbiome through 16S rRNA sequencing and bile acid composition using mass spectrometry. We observe a consistent shift in microbial community phylogenetic composition for males (t = 5.83, p = 3.6e-8) and females (t = 3.14, p = 0.003) treated with UDCA. No effect was observed in the placebo group for either males (t = -0.08, p = 0.93) or females (t = -0.09, p = 0.92). This suggests that UDCA treatment, but not placebo treatment, is having an effect on the gut microbial communities of study participants. Interestingly, the microbiomes of the UDCA group do not change more than those of the placebo group: rather the magnitude of change is similar in the two groups, but UDCA treatment seems to drive specific microbiome changes. We also observe significant correlations between the gut microbiome composition and bile acid composition (r = 0.31, p<0.001). Specifically we find that (prior to treatment) bile acids including CA, CDCA, and UDCA are negatively correlated with diversity (richness) and to a lesser extent the abundance of Bacteroidetes (phylum) in the gut. These results are consistent with our previously reported observation that UDCA appears to have a greater effect in men for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps, with risk-increasing effects for women. To our knowledge, this is the first study to correlate fecal bile acid levels with fecal microbial composition in humans or to assess the effect of the therapeutic bile acid UDCA on gut microbial composition. This study supports our observation that the efficacy of UDCA for the prevention of colorectal adenoma may be sex-dependent and suggests that the sex-specific effect may reflect differential effects of UDCA on the gut microbial community and the relationship between sex, the gut microbiome, and risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Citation Format: J Gregory Caporaso, Talima Pearson, Monia Yellowhair, Jessica Martinez, Peter Lance. Gut microbiota changes in response to treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-298.
Justice between Communitarianism and Cosmopolitanism

If we accept the proposition of the preceding chapters that constitutive justice is not only a coherent and distinctive category but also one much needed in contemporary ethical discourse, then it will be useful to indicate what shape plausible accounts of it might take. In this respect, it is instructive to reconsider Michael Walzer’s attempt, in his landmark book Spheres of Justice, to integrate the problem of membership into his theory of justice — an effort that, as I noted in the introduction, served more than any other work to place the ethics of boundaries and inclusion on the agenda of political theory and ethics.
Risk Factors and Independent Predictors of 30-Day Readmission for Altered Mental Status After Elective Spine Surgery for Spine Deformity: A Single-Institutional Study of 1090 Patients.

Background Altered mental status (AMS) has been associated with inferior surgical outcomes. The factors leading to AMS after spine surgery are unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors and independent predictors of 30-day readmission for AMS in patients with spine deformity after undergoing elective spine surgery. Methods The medical records of 1090 adult (≥18 years old) patients with spine deformity undergoing elective spine surgery at a major academic institution from 2005 to 2015 were reviewed. We identified 18 patients (1.65%) who had AMS as the primary driver for 30-day readmission after surgery. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and intraoperative and postoperative complication rates were collected for each patient. The primary outcome investigated in this study was risk factors associated with 30-day readmission for AMS. Results Patient demographics and comorbidities were similar between both groups, with the AMS cohort being significantly older than the no-AMS cohort (70.11 vs. 61.93; P = 0.003). There were no significant differences in intraoperative variables and complication rates within the cohorts. The AMS cohort had a significantly higher proportion of patients transferred to the intensive care unit (AMS, 61.11% vs. no-AMS, 19.76%; P = 0.0002) and rate of pulmonary embolism (AMS, 11.11 vs. no-AMS, 0.93; P = 0.02) after surgery. Other postoperative complication rates were similar between the cohorts. In a multivariate stepwise regression analysis, age (P = 0.013) and ICU transfer (P = 0.0002) were independent predictors of 30-day readmission for AMS. Conclusions Our study suggests that increasing age and intensice care unit transfer are independent predictors of 30-day readmission for AMS after spine surgery in patients with spine deformity.
Unknown poisoning in children

Clinical symptoms and signs and diagnostic steps of unknown poisoning in children were discussed in this article. Present history and past history ,physical examination and laboratory evaluation were the three most important steps in establishing diagnosis. The treatment principles of unknown poisoning in children were also discussed. Key words: Poisoning; Diagnosis; Children
Characterization of POLE-mutated (POLE+) urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and urinary tract (UC).

387Background: The POLE gene encodes for the catalytic and proofreading unit of DNA polymerase epsilon. Mutations in POLE gene, recently observed in endometrial and colorectal cancers, are associated with unique clinical features and an ultramutated phenotype. We sought to quantify and characterize POLE+ in UC. Methods: POLE+ cases were identified from a database of 532 UC tumors sequenced with the MSK-IMPACT assay (Cheng et al J Mol Diagn 2015). Tumors were classified based on total mutation: hypermutated (20 - 149 mutations) and ultramutated ( ≥ 150 mutations) as previously described in colon cancer (Stadler et al J Clin Oncol 2016). An institutional cohort of patients with metastatic UC was used as historical POLE- control (n = 94). Results: Thirty two POLE+ patients (6%) and 42 mutations were identified. Median age of diagnosis was 65 years (range: 31 - 94) and 81% were male. Seven patients were found to have Lynch’s syndrome, 8 with ERCC2 mutations which were hotspots or within the helicase domains a...
Proportionality and Stare Decisis: Proposal for a New Structure

This paper argues that a change in the formal structure of proportionality analysis can increase the chance of proportionality’s successful transplant into American constitutional law. The change takes the form of an additional and new last step to the existing multi-prong inquiry, which would require judges to assess the outcome of the legal analysis at the previous stages against the disruption that outcome would cause to settled constitutional doctrine. The greater the departure from constitutional precedent, the stronger must be the reasons that justify it. By analogy to Robert Alexy’s “weight” analysis at the balancing stage, I label this new step the “disruption” analysis. Disruption analysis formalizes the requirement that “special justification” – over and above the belief that ‘the precedent was wrongly decided’ be given whenever courts contemplate overruling precedent as a result of applying proportionality analysis. Incorporating disruption analysis into the structure of proportionality has a number of advantages, other than enhancing proportionality’s transplantability appeal into American constitutional law. First, it shows that the structure of the proportionality test is not cast in stone; experimentation with the proportionality test are possible. Second, disruption analysis brings structure to the largely haphazard protection of constitutional precedent through the stare decisis doctrine. Third, as one step of proportionality’s multi-prong inquiry, disruption analysis is integral, rather than exogenous, to constitutional method and as such can mitigate the tension between “correctness” and “stability” that underpins the jurisprudential foundations of stare decisis. I illustrate my proposal with examples from the First Amendment.
Comparison of Impact of Procedural Justice and Outcome on Victim Satisfaction: Evidence From Victims’ Experience With Registration of Property Crimes in India

ABSTRACTCrime victim–police interface and registration of crime are the early and fundamental interactions in the criminal justice system. The process of lodging a complaint is marked by the pain of victimization, sharing of information, and expectation of quick remedial action from the police. The nature and quality of experience of the victim and outcomes impact the level of satisfaction with services of police. Through a survey of victims of property crimes, in different areas of a state in India, the author examines the impact of procedural justice and outcomes on victim satisfaction. The study illuminates the outcome oriented expectations of the victim, and the unique dynamics of victim–police interaction, which strains the legal ethical framework of the criminal justice system.
Outcomes of Colorado children with acute flaccid myelitis at 1 year

Objective: We describe long-term functional, neurodiagnostic, and psychosocial outcomes of a cohort of 12 children from Colorado diagnosed with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in 2014. Methods: Children were assessed every 3 months for 1 year or until clinical resolution. Assessments included neurologic examination, MRI, EMG/nerve conduction studies (NCS), functional measures (Assisting Hand Assessment, Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System questionnaires. Results: Eight of 12 children completed the study. Six of 8 had persistent motor deficits at 1 year; 2 demonstrated full recovery. Four were not enrolled, 2 of whom reported full recovery. The 6 affected were weakest in proximal muscles, showing minimal to no improvement and significant atrophy at 1 year. All patients improved in distal muscle groups. Cranial nerve dysfunction resolved in 2 of 5 and improved in all. Four of 5 showed progressive functional improvement at 6 and 12 months. Two of 8 reported pain at 1 year. Three of 8 reported depressive symptoms. Repeat MRI was performed in 7 of 8 children a median of 7 months after onset and showed significant improvement or normalization in all but one child. Repeat EMG/NCS was performed on 4 children a median of 8 months after onset and showed ongoing denervation and chronic reinnervation in 3 children with persistent deficits. Conclusions: At 1 year, children with AFM demonstrated functional gains but weakness persisted. EMG changes correlated with persistent deficits better than imaging. Despite improvements, AFM had substantial long-term functional effects on affected children.
Enhanced coupling of light into a turbid medium through microscopic interface engineering

Abstract There are many optical detection and sensing methods used today that provide powerful ways to diagnose, characterize, and study materials. For example, the measurement of spontaneous Raman scattering allows for remote detection and identification of chemicals. Many other optical techniques provide unique solutions to learn about biological, chemical, and even structural systems. However, when these systems exist in a highly scattering or turbid medium, the optical scattering effects reduce the effectiveness of these methods. In this article, we demonstrate a method to engineer the geometry of the optical interface of a turbid medium, thereby drastically enhancing the coupling efficiency of light into the material. This enhanced optical coupling means that light incident on the material will penetrate deeper into (and through) the medium. It also means that light thus injected into the material will have an enhanced interaction time with particles contained within the material. These results show that, by using the multiple scattering of light in a turbid medium, enhanced light–matter interaction can be achieved; this has a direct impact on spectroscopic methods such as Raman scattering and fluorescence detection in highly scattering regimes. Furthermore, the enhanced penetration depth achieved by this method will directly impact optical techniques that have previously been limited by the inability to deposit sufficient amounts of optical energy below or through highly scattering layers.
Actuated polymer based dielectric mirror for visual spectral range applications

Miniature dielectric mirrors are useful components for lasers, thin film beam splitters and high quality mirrors in optics. These mirrors usually made from rigid inorganic materials can achieve a reflectance of almost one hundred percent. Being structural components, as soon as fabricated their reflectance and/or bandwidth remains constant. Here it is presented a novel fabrication process of a dielectric mirror based on free standing polymer layers. By applying an electrostatic force between the top and the bottom layers the reflectance can be changed. The large difference between the polymers refractive index and the air allows to achieve a reflectance of more than 85% using only six pairs of nanolayers. Preliminary simulations indicate an actuation speed of less than 1ms. Experimental optical characterization of fabricated structures agrees well with simulation results. Furthermore, structures can be designed to reflect a particular set of colors and/or isolated by using color filters, so a color pixel is fabricated, where the reflectance for each isolated color can be voltage controlled. Potential applications include an active component in a reflective screen display.
Effect of filler wire composition on performance of Al/Galvanized steel joints by twin spot laser welding-brazing method

Abstract A twin-spot laser welding-brazing (LWB) process to join aluminum alloy 6022 and hot-dip galvanized steel in coach peel configuration was reported. A maximum surface roughness and sufficient mechanical strength are the important criteria which are affected by the process parameters during welding to judge the weld quality for some applications, such as the automotive industry. Thus, the influences of the main laser welding-brazing process parameters (laser power, wire feed rate, and scanning speed) on the mechanical strength and surface roughness of welds were studied and analytical models relating the output properties of interest to process parameters were also developed. The response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability function were utilized for optimizing the multi-response LWB process. Finally, validation experiments were conducted on an optimized process condition which exhibited good agreement between the predicted and experimental results. Four different filler wire materials were employed (AlSi12, AlSi5, AlSi3Mn1, and ZnAl15). The effects of the wire alloying elements on the microstructure of the weld, weld surface quality, and mechanical resistance were investigated. The measured intermetallic compound, IMC, layer at the Fe/Al interface of joints revealed that AlSi12 filler wire resulted in the thinnest IMC layer at less than 2 μm; in contrast, this value increased to 7 μm for joints with ZnAl15 wire. In terms of surface roughness, the lowest (Ra = 0.917 μm) and highest (Ra = 2.83 μm) values were achieved by using AlSi3Mn1 and ZnAl15 wires, respectively. Although the Zn-based filler wire offered the maximum tensile resistance around 180N/mm, joints with AlSi12 wire had mechanical resistance of 120 N/mm and lower values of IMC layer thickness and surface roughness. Therefore, AlSi12 filler material is recommended as the laser brazing filler material for joining dissimilar aluminum-galvanized steel coach peel panels in automotive body-in-white (BIW) fabrication applications.
The Cultural Turn in Disaster Research: Understanding Resilience and Vulnerability Through the Lens of Culture

This chapter explores the cultural dimensions of disasters. By tracing the intellectual origins of disaster research, the chapter describes how the field has shifted from being primarily concerned with questions about social structure to a more balanced approach that seeks to better understand the complex relationship between culture and disasters. In particular, the chapter describes how culture can be both a source of resilience in terms of preventing and coping with disasters and a source of vulnerability in terms of promoting risk and perpetuating fatalistic beliefs. Consistent with ongoing international efforts to reduce disaster risks globally, the chapter concludes that understanding the importance of culture is key to achieving societal resilience in the future.
Beware of Undertow: Opioid Drugs Generate Additional Waves of Intracellular Signaling.

In this issue of Neuron, Stoeber et al. (2018) report a biosensor resolving the spatiotemporal organization of opioid receptor activation in living neurons. They delineate novel signaling mechanisms in endosomes and Golgi differentially engaged by opioid peptides and drugs.
Appendix 2: Supplement for Chapters 3 and 4

This Appendix extends, in the sense of providing details and technical information, Chapters 3 and 4.
Distributing genomic data for cancer discovery.

e12544 Background: Many innovations in medicine were discovered by astute clinicians recognizing previously unknown patterns in their practice. As the future of cancer treatment increasingly utiliz...
Assessing market power in the U.S. pulp and paper industry

Abstract This paper assesses the market power of pulpwood mills in different regions of the U.S. We estimated the conjectural elasticity, elasticities of substitution and price elasticities for the delivered price at the mill in Southeast and North U.S. and the stumpage in the Southeast. We assembled data composed of price and quantity of Labor, Energy, Chemical Products and Wood at firms' level from Q4/2016 to Q4/2017, and applied a variety of econometric models that measure the influence of firms and resource characteristics on market competition. The results indicate moderate levels of oligopsony power in all markets, with the highest effect at the mill in the North, and lowest in the stumpage market in the South. Market power in the pulpwood market is strongly driven by industry concentration and local company size, and decreases as the estimated wood procurement radius from a mill increases in size.
Exogenous Gangliosides Enhance Recovery from CNS Injury

Since gangliosides are found in high concentration in the CNS1,2 and are topographically localized to the outer surface of neuronal membranes3,4, they have been implicated as receptor molecules. Some hypotheses suggest that gangliosides participate in the regulation of neurogenesis,5synaptogenesis,6 regeneration7 as well as cell-cell interaction.8 Reports that antibody to ganglioside can inhibit neurite outgrowth in vitro9,10 and can interfere with synaptogenesis and neurogenesis in vivo indirectly support these hypotheses.
Attorney-Client Privilege and Work-Product Protection in Insurance Bad Faith Litigation

This article explores two issues that often arise in litigation over insurance claim practices, commonly referred to as bad faith litigation. In first-party bad faith litigation, the policyholder is entitled to receive in discovery a copy of the insurer’s “claim file” — the record of the insurer’s investigation and evaluation of the claim that underlies the dispute. Insurers often seek to protect elements of the claim file from disclosure under one or both of two theories: attorney-client privilege or work-product doctrine. Litigation collateral to the main issues in the case inevitably ensues about whether the protection claimed is applicable. The doctrines that control these disputes are not uniform among the jurisdictions, but the structure of the doctrinal analysis is widely accepted. For attorney-client privilege, two questions direct the inquiry. First, was the insurer a client seeking and did the lawyer provide legal assistance, which would be within the scope of the privilege, or was the attorney engaged in the ordinary investigation and evaluation of a claim, in which case the privilege does not attach? Second, even if that element of the standard is met, is there some exception to the privilege such that it does not apply? For work-product protection, the key issue is whether the documents at issue were prepared in the ordinary course of the insurer’s business in processing the claim or in anticipation of litigation. Under both of these doctrines, there is not a consensus on results but there is an accepted way of framing disputes. In any endeavor, where one starts has much to do with where one ends up. This article starts from an understanding of the practices an insurer uses in processing a claim and its obligations to a policyholder in doing so, rather than starting from a formulation of the two doctrines. Starting there leads to different conclusions and supports a principle common to both doctrines: Neither attorney-client privilege nor work-product protection attaches to any communication made before the insurer has made a final determination on the claim and communicated that determination to the insured.
Ground motion models for Arias intensity, cumulative absolute velocity, peak incremental ground velocity, and significant duration in New Zealand

This study proposes empirical ground motion models for a variety of non-spectral intensity measures and significant durations in New Zealand. Equations are presented for the prediction of the median and maximum rotated components of Arias intensity, cumulative absolute velocity, cumulative absolute velocity above a 5 cm/s2 acceleration threshold, peak incremental ground velocity, and the 5% to 75% and 5% to 95% significant durations. Recent research has highlighted the usefulness of these parameters in both structural and geotechnical engineering. The New Zealand Strong Motion Database provides the database for regression and includes many earthquakes from all regions of New Zealand with the exceptions of Auckland and Northland, Otago and Southland, and Taranaki. The functional forms for the proposed models are selected using cross validation. The possible influence of effects not typically included in ground motion models for these intensity measures is considered, such as hanging wall effects and basin depth effects, as well as altered attenuation in the Taupo Volcanic Zone. The selected functional forms include magnitude and rupture depth scaling, attenuation with distance, and shallow site effects. Finally, the spatial autocorrelation of the models’ within-event residuals is considered and recommendations are made for developing correlated maps of intensity predictions stochastically.