cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distinctive morphological and gene/protein expression signatures during myogenesis in novel cell lines from extraocular and hindlimb muscle

Skeletal muscles are not created equal. The underutilized concept of muscle allotypes defines distinct muscle groups that differ in their intrinsic capacity to express novel traits when exposed to a facilitating extrinsic environment. Allotype-specific traits may have significance as determinants of the preferential involvement or sparing of muscle groups that is observed in a variety of neuromuscular diseases. Little is known, however, of the developmental mechanisms underlying the distinctive skeletal muscle allotypes. The lack of appropriate in vitro models, to dissociate the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms behind allotype diversity, has been a barrier to such studies. Here, we derived novel cell lines from the extraocular and hindlimb muscle allotypes and assessed their similarities and differences during early myogenesis using morphological and gene/protein expression profiling tools. Our data establish that there are fundamental differences in the transcriptional and cellular signaling pathways used by the two myoblast lineages. Taken together, these data show that myoblast lineage plays a significant role in the divergence of the distinctive muscle groups or allotypes.
Effect of Metabolic Inhibitors and Temperature on Uptake and Translocation of 45Ca and 42K by Intact Bean Plants

The dependence of Ca uptake and translocation by intact roots of Phaseolus vulgaris on concurrent root metabolism was investigated using (45)Ca-labeled Hoagland solutions at one-half and one-twentieth strength (2.5 and 0.25 mM Ca(2+)). Adsorbed and absorbed (45)Ca fractions in the roots were distinguished on the basis of the time course of exchange with the outer solution. Uptake of (42)K, of which the characteristics are better known, was measured for comparison. The absorbed (45)Ca fraction showed a markedly nonlinear increase with time in contrast to the near linear increase in (42)K. Exposure of roots to cyanide, arsenate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, or low temperatures caused only slight reductions in (45)Ca absorption by roots, but significant reductions of (42)K. In all treatments involving inhibitors and low temperatures, the translocation to shoots of both (45)Ca and (42)K was strongly inhibited. The conclusion that much of the absorbed (45)Ca fraction in the root tissue is taken up by processes which are not rate-limited by metabolism is discussed.
On the product XY for some elliptically symmetric distributions

Abstract The distributions of the product XY are derived when ( X , Y ) has the elliptically symmetric Pearson type II distribution, elliptically symmetric Pearson type VII distribution, and the elliptically symmetric Kotz type distribution.
A study of chemical reactions of silver and indium at 180 °C

The silver-indium system has become important in electronic packaging applications. The In-3.5 % Ag eutectic alloy has been used for laser diode attachment since 1980. The Ag-rich alloys were less studied but have received significant attention recently for producing high temperature joints at low bonding temperature. In multilayer Ag-rich bonding structure design, typical bonding temperature is 180 °C and the process can be made entirely fluxless. The melting temperature of joints fabricated is higher than 695 °C. Despite success in several bonding processes, the chemical reactions of Ag and In at 180 °C were little known. In this study, we performed systematic experiments to investigate these reactions. In experimental design, copper (Cu) substrates were electroplated with 40 μm Ag layer, followed by indium layers of 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 μm, respectively. Thick Ag layer was chosen to prevent In from reacting with the Cu substrate. The samples were annealed at 180 °C in 0.1 torr vacuum for 5 min to emulate the bonding conditions. The microstructure and composition on the surface of the samples were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) as well as X-ray diffraction. They were then cut in cross section, polished, and examined by SEM/EDX. The results show that, for samples with 1 μm thick In, the In layer converts to Ag2In entirely after annealing. For samples with In thickness of 3 and 5 μm, AgIn2, Ag2In, and solid solution (Ag) all form after annealing. No indium was identified. For samples having 10 and 15 μm thick In, In covers almost over the entire sample surface after annealing. The effect of annealing Ag layer was investigated. After Ag plating, samples were annealed at 450 °C for 3 h to grow Ag grains. This was followed by plating 10 μm In and annealing at 180 °C. The result shows that, by annealing Ag before plating In, more In is kept in the structure during annealing at 180 °C. In theory, this effect is caused by larger Ag grains and thus fewer grain boundaries resulting from annealing the Ag layer. Other than scientific values, the results of this investigation are useful in designing better bonding structures.
HOMFLY POLYNOMIALS OF ITERATIVE FAMILIES OF LINKS

We show that if a family of oriented links obey an iterative pattern, their HOMFLY polynomials satisfy a homogeneous linear recurrence relation. The construction embodied in the proof is applied to derive explicit formulas for the HOMFLY polynomials of some iterative families, including the torus links {Tn,3}n≥0.
Evaluating Performance Impacts of Delayed Failure Repairing on Large-Scale Systems

With the fast improvement in technology, we are now moving toward exascale computing. Many experts predict that exascale computers will have millions of nodes, billions of threads of execution, hundreds of petabytes of inner memory and exabytes of persistent storage. For systems of such a scale, frequent failures are becoming a serious concern. One of the most important reasons is that in a large-scale system it is hard to detect failures. As a result, failure repair may take substantial time. In this paper, we investigate the effect of delayed repairing on two popular types of high-performance computing systems: IBM Blue Gene/P and general cluster. We analyze how delayed failure repairing will affect the performance of jobs when some computing units are at fault but not fixed in time. Our study is based on real workload traces and RAS logs collected from production supercomputing systems. Our Trace-based simulations indicate that fast failure detection and recovery is essential for moving towards petascale and beyond computing.
An all-digital low-power IF GPS synchronizer

An all-digital intermediate frequency (IF) Global Positioning System (GPS) synchronizer for employment in portable electronic applications is presented. The chip performs code and carrier synchronization, decodes received data, and provides pseudorange estimates. To reduce the average power dissipation, the whole receiver is powered down and reactivated only when it needs to update its position estimate. With a lower duty cycle, the receiver spends more time in the power-down mode and the power consumption of the whole receiver is proportionately reduced. The synchronizer is therefore designed to minimize re-acquisition time between position readings. When powered up, the synchronizer searches in parallel over a window of timing uncertainty, then employs near-optimal tracking with a variable loop gain filter. With SNR=-20 dB, phase shift rate of 1 chip/s, and user velocity of 30 m/s, the synchronizer chip dissipates under 4 mW for pseudorange estimate rms error of under 7 m.
Theory of the chemical bond. V. Bond polarities of post‐transition hydrides

A classical derivation of a dipole moment model derived earlier by a quantum mechanical implicit perturbation technique is given. This model is used to determine the bond polarities of the post transition (Groups IIIA–VIIA) hydrides. The polarity measures the extent of charge transfer in a bond. Polarities of alkali halides and posttransition hydrides are used to illustrate the gradual change in bond polarities with nuclear charge across the periodic table.
Monomer reactivity ratios of N‐octadecylacrylamide and N‐allylstearamide

The monomer reactivity ratios and the corresponding copolymerization parameters for the copolymerization of N-octadecylacrylamide (M1) and several monomers in tert-butyl alcohol at 60 ± 0.1°C. were determined and were: with acrylonitrile, r1 = 1.44 ± 0.019, r2 = 1.10 ± 0.035; Q1 = 0.60, e1 = 1.20; with vinylidene chloride, r1 = 1.37 ± 0.008, r2 = 0.438 ± 0.008; Q1 = 0.65, e1 = 1.08; with vinyl acetate, r1 = 6.11 ± 0.045, r2 = 0.027 ± 0.009; Q1 = 0.72, e1 = 1.12. The mean copolymerization parameters, therefore, were Q1 = 0.66, e1 = 1.13. The reactivity ratios and the corresponding copolymerization parameters for the copolymerization of N-ally lstearamide (M1) and several monomers, polymerized in tert-butyl alcohol at 80 ± 0.1°C. (except for vinyl acetate, polymerized in bulk at 70 ± 0.1°C.) were determined and were: with acrylonitrile, r1 = 0.118 ± 0.084, r2 = 3.61 ± 0.087; Q1 = 0.058; e1 = 0.21; with vinylidene chloride, r1 = 0 ± 0.136, r2 = 5.23 ± 0.067; Q1 = 0.028, e1 = −0.80; with vinyl acetate, r1 = 0.0532 ± 0.012, r2 = 0.740 ± 0.087; Q1 = 0.043, e1 = −1.18. The mean copolymerization parameters for N-allylstearamide were, therefore, Q1 = 0.043, e1 = −0.59.
A Short Synopsis of the Current Status of Porous SiC and GaN

A brief historical development of porous SiC and GaN is given. SEM images of nine porous morphologies in 4H, 6H and 3C SiC are shown along with anodization details. Similarly, two porous GaN morphologies are presented. Applications and future prospects are discussed.
A Bent for Magic

A semi-magic square of order nisannxn matrix with constant sum along each of its n rows and n columns. When the two main diagonals also share that same sum with the rows and columns, the square is called fully magic, A Franklin magic square, on the other hand, is a semi-magic square whose four main "bent rows" share the same sum as the rows and columns, as in the figure below. Each of these three concepts (semi-, fully, and Franklin) has been abbreviated as magic square at various times by different authors, but the meaning is usually clear from context. Finally, a single row, column, diagonal or bent row of a square matrix is called magic if its sum is equal to S = ne, where c is the average of all entries in the matrix and n is the number of rows.
Highly energetic nitrogen species: reliable energetics via the correlation consistent Composite Approach (ccCA).

Abstract Gas-phase enthalpies of formation (Δ H f(g) °) have been determined for 40 nitrogen-containing compounds at 298 K. Three ab initio composite methods have been compared in their abilities to quantitatively determine Δ H f(g) °; the G3, G3(MP2), and correlation consistent Composite Approach (ccCA) methodologies. The ccCA method resulted in a mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 1.1 kcal mol −1 when compared to available experimental values. The comparable G3(MP2) method resulted in a MAD of 1.8 kcal mol −1 , while the G3 method resulted in a MAD of 1.2 kcal mol −1 . As a result of their comparable accuracies, the ccCA and G3 methods have been utilized to predict the Δ H f(g) ° of five energetic but highly endothermic tetrazine-containing compounds with potential applications as insensitive high explosives.
Frozen-state storage stability of a monoclonal antibody: Aggregation is impacted by freezing rate and solute distribution

Freezing of protein solutions perturbs protein conformation, potentially leading to aggregate formation during long-term storage in the frozen state. Macroscopic protein concentration profiles in small cylindrical vessels were determined for a monoclonal antibody frozen in a trehalose-based formulation for various freezing protocols. Slow cooling rates led to concentration differences between outer edges of the tank and the center, up to twice the initial concentration. Fast cooling rates resulted in much smaller differences in protein distribution, likely due to the formation of dendritic ice, which traps solutes in micropockets, limiting their transport by convection and diffusion. Analysis of protein stability after more than 6 months storage at either -10°C or -20°C [above glass transition temperature (T'g )] or -80°C (below T'g ) revealed that aggregation correlated with the cooling rate. Slow-cooled vessels stored above T'g exhibited increased aggregation with time. In contrast, fast-cooled vessels and those stored below T'g showed small to no increase in aggregation at any position. Rapid entrapment of protein in a solute matrix by fast freezing results in improved stability even when stored above T'g . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 102:1194-1208, 2013.
Scene description: an iterative approach

Analyzing sensor data to describe the shape of unknown three-dimensional objects randomly jumbled together is an area of great research interest. It is encountered in a large variety of industrial tasks of the bin-picking type. Classical approaches to bin-picking use strong object models. However a priori models are not available in many unstructured material handling applications such as mailpiece singulation random or mixed part feeding scavenging and other similar tasks. In such applications the key vision problem is determining how the partially visible objects relate to each other and to other invisible objects that may be underneath. The shapes of the partially visible objects are constrained by the invisible contacts between the objects the forces such as friction and gravity acting at these contacts and the assumed solidity (impenetrability) of the objects. This paper shows how heuristics such as object symmetry and assumptions such as general viewpoint can be used to generate initial hypotheses about the shapes of partially visible objects. These hypotheses are then iteratively expanded to determine the possible extents ofthe objects using criteria such as coplanarity ofdisconnected surfaces and intersection of swept volumes. A detailed example that illustrates the methods is described. 1. 0© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Comparative genomic sequence analysis of strawberry and other rosids reveals significant microsynteny

Fragaria belongs to the Rosaceae, an economically important family that includes a number of important fruit producing genera such as Malus and Prunus. Using genomic sequences from 50 Fragaria fosmids, we have examined the microsynteny between Fragaria and other plant models. In more than half of the strawberry fosmids, we found syntenic regions that are conserved in Populus, Vitis, Medicago and/or Arabidopsis with Populus containing the greatest number of syntenic regions with Fragaria. The longest syntenic region was between LG VIII of the poplar genome and the strawberry fosmid 72E18, where seven out of twelve predicted genes were collinear. We also observed an unexpectedly high level of conserved synteny between Fragaria (rosid I) and Vitis (basal rosid). One of the strawberry fosmids, 34E24, contained a cluster of R gene analogs (RGAs) with NBS and LRR domains. We detected clusters of RGAs with high sequence similarity to those in 34E24 in all the genomes compared. In the phylogenetic tree we have generated, all the NBS-LRR genes grouped together with Arabidopsis CNL-A type NBS-LRR genes. The Fragaria RGA grouped together with those of Vitis and Populus in the phylogenetic tree. Our analysis shows considerable microsynteny between Fragaria and other plant genomes such as Populus, Medicago, Vitis, and Arabidopsis to a lesser degree. We also detected a cluster of NBS-LRR type genes that are conserved in all the genomes compared.
Surfactant effects on the mechanism of particle capture in high-gradient magnetic filtration

Abstract This study investigates the effect of surfactants and key design parameters on the removal efficiency (RE) of paramagnetic colloidal particles by high-gradient magnetic filtration, and attempts to predict the effect of these parameters by a trajectory model. Magnetic filtration offers an advantage over conventional filtration in that it can achieve a reversible and selective separation. An aqueous suspension of paramagnetic colloidal ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) particles was treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and delivered through a column containing a stainless steel wool filter matrix, which was mounted between the poles of an electromagnet. The RE of the surfactant-treated particles was measured by analyzing effluent samples for Fe 2 O 3 concentration. The effect of the applied magnetic induction, fluid velocity, and radius of the stainless steel wires on the RE was tested and compared for both surfactant-treated and untreated particles. These three factors had a marked effect on the RE of surfactant-treated particles. An increase in applied magnetic induction from 0.2 to 0.5 T increased the RE from 79.9 to 93.4%, a decrease in wire radius from 49 to 15 μm increased the RE from 60.2 to 93.4%, and a decrease in fluid velocity from 0.5 to 0.1 cm/s increased the RE from 69.5 to 95.3%. In the absence of a magnetic field (0 T), the RE was 10.8%. The predictions of the trajectory model agreed closely with these results. The same factors had a negligible effect on the RE of untreated particles. Over the range of all three parameters, the RE varied from 90 to 99%, but these variations were not statistically significant. In the absence of applied magnetic induction, the RE was 90.1%. These results differed markedly from the trajectory model predictions and demonstrated that nonmagnetic filtration mechanisms are primarily responsible for the capture of particles without SDS. Regeneration experiments indicated that the particles were captured in the primary minimum of the potential energy. On the other hand, these results showed that the magnetic filtration mechanism is primarily responsible for the removal of particles treated with SDS and that these particles are captured in the secondary minimum of the potential energy. Therefore, surfactant adsorption onto colloidal particles can potentially preserve and enhance the advantages of magnetic filtration (e.g., reversibility and selectivity).
Rate of patch test reactions to a Dermatophagoides mix currently on the market: a mite too sensitive?

Background: There long has been debate over the role of the dust mite antigen Dermatophagoides in provoking or perpetuating atopic and other forms of dermatitis, particularly airborne contact dermatitis. Reactivity to Dermatophagoides has been measured by specific IgE and by immediate-type responses to prick test challenge. More recently, patch testing has been advocated as a means of determining reactivity to Dermatophagoides.Objective: To determine patch test reactivity to a Dermatophagoides mix in a population receiving patch testing. Methods: A commercially available mix of 2 species of Dermatophagoides, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, recently became available. The authors chose the lower available concentration of this mix (20%) and added it to their standard patch testing tray between December 1999 and January 2001. Results were interpreted in the standard manner. Results: A total of 662 patients received patch testing to Dermatophagoides (men 32%, women, 68%). Mean age was 53.4 years (range, 37 to 94). The Dermatophagoides mix was the most common allergen in the standard tray to evoke a reaction. At 96 hours, positive reactions were noted in 55% of patients. The reactions were interpreted as irritant in 16.2%, relevant in 6.7%, of questionable relevancy in 30.5%, and of no relevancy in 32.6%. The majority of reactions were of the [ldquo ]crescendo[rdquo ] pattern. Conclusion: The currently available formulation of Dermatophagoides mix, even at its lower concentration, led to a high rate of reactivity with a low rate of relevance.
Ept7 influences estrogen action in the pituitary gland and body weight of rats

Estrogens control many aspects of pituitary gland biology, including regulation of lactotroph homeostasis and synthesis and secretion of prolactin. In rat models, these actions are strain specific and heritable, and multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been mapped that impact the responsiveness of the lactotroph to estrogens. One such QTL, Ept7, was mapped to RNO7 in female progeny generated in an intercross between BN rats, in which the lactotroph population is insensitive to estrogens, and ACI rats, which develop lactotroph hyperplasia/adenoma and associated hyperprolactinemia in response to estrogen treatment. The primary objective of this study was to confirm the existence of Ept7 and to quantify the impact of this QTL on responsiveness of the pituitary gland of female and male rats to 17β-estradiol (E2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES), respectively. Secondary objectives were to determine if Ept7 influences the responsiveness of the male reproductive tract to DES and to identify other discernible phenotypes influenced by Ept7. To achieve these objectives, a congenic rat strain that harbors BN alleles across the Ept7 interval on the genetic background of the ACI strain was generated and characterized to define the effect of administered estrogens on the anterior pituitary gland and male reproductive tissues. Data presented herein indicate Ept7 exerts a marked effect on development of lactotroph hyperplasia in response to estrogen treatment, but does not affect atrophy of the male reproductive tissues in response to hormone treatment. Ept7 was also observed to exert gender specific effects on body weight in young adult rats.
Hf2se3, a new structure in the binary Hf-Se system

Abstract Hf 2 Se 3 was synthesized and its structure determined using the Rietveld method with X-ray powder diffraction data (Ti 5 S 8 type, space group: P 6 3 mc , α = 3.7165(1) A, χ = 12.4304(2) A, Z = 2 for Hf 1.35 Se 2 , Rp = 0.0600, wRp = 0.0811). The Se atoms form a closed packed array of the h.c. type, the Hf atoms occupy octahedral interstices in alternating fully and 35% occupied layers.
A HUMAN MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX CLASS I GENE THAT ENCODES A PROTEIN WITH A SHORTENED CYTOPLASMIC SEGMENT

Abstract We have cloned genomic DNA encoding a non-HLA-A, -B, -C class I gene located within a HindIII-generated restriction fragment of 6.0 kilobase pairs. This gene, designated HLA-6.0, is as homologous to HLA-A and HLA-B as they are to each other. The HLA class I protein encoded by HLA-6.0 is similar in organization to the HLA-A-, -B-, and -C-encoded proteins except that an in-frame termination codon prevents translation of a majority of the cytoplasmic region of the HLA-6.0 polypeptide. Moreover, the promoter region of HLA-6.0 resembles the promoter region of a Qa region gene. These structural features of HLA-6.0 suggest that this non-HLA-A, -B, -C gene is a structural homolog of a murine Qa region class I gene.
Molecular and cellular biology of adrenergic receptors

Adrenergic receptors form the interface between the sympathetic nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Genomic or cDNA clones for 8 types of mammalian adrenergic receptors have been obtained. Much has been learned about the structure and functional properties of the β(2)-adrenergic receptor. Less is known about the functional properties and the physiologic role of the other adrenergic receptors. Further progress in this field may lead to the development of more selective drugs to modify the physiologic processes controlled by these receptors.
Alternative splicing of the guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein Goα generates four distinct mRNAs

Go alpha a guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein abundant in brain and other neural tissues, has been implicated in ion channel regulation. Concerted efforts in several laboratories have revealed multiple Go alpha mRNAs and protein isoforms in different contexts. Go alpha is a single copy gene in mammalian species, although the structure, number and tissue localization of Go alpha mRNAs reported by investigators are inconsistent. To define the cell-specific expression of alternatively spliced variants of Go alpha mRNA, we employed several strategies, including Northern hybridizations with sequences-specific oligonucleotides, selective digestions of Go alpha mRNA using RNase H, and adaptations of the polymerase chain reaction. Four distinct alternatively spliced variants were identified, a 5.7-kb Go alpha 2 mRNA and three Go alpha 1 mRNAs with different 3' UTRs. The UTRs of the three Go alpha 1s are composed of different combinations of what have been referred to as UTR-A and UTR-B. The sequences of the spliced segments are well conserved among mammalian species, suggesting a functional role for these alternatively spliced 3' UTRs in post-transcriptional and/or tissue-specific regulation of Go alpha expression. The position of the intron-exon splice boundary at nucleotide 31 following T of the TGA stop codon is conserved in the Gi alpha 2 and Gi alpha 3 genes, consistent with the notion that similar alternative splicing of 3' UTRs occurs in products of these related genes.
Mechanism of dislocation channel-induced irradiation assisted stress corrosion crack initiation in austenitic stainless steel

Abstract The mechanism by which dislocation channeling induces irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking was determined using Fe–13Cr15Ni austenitic stainless steel irradiated with protons to a dose of 5 dpa and strained at high temperature in both argon and simulated boiling water reactor normal water chemistry environments. Straining induced dislocation channels that were characterized by digital image correlation and confocal microscopy. Dislocation channels were found to be either continuous across the boundary, discontinuous, or discontinuous with slip in the boundary. Discontinuous channels were found to contain the least amount of strain but have the highest propensity for initiating cracks. Discontinuous dislocation channel–grain boundary intersections were shown to have the highest local stress. TEM in-situ straining of irradiated steels and atomistic simulation of dislocation–grain boundary interaction provided supporting evidence that channels that were unable to transfer strain underwent cracking. The inability of channels to relieve stress, by either slip in the adjacent grain or in the grain boundary, resulted in high local stresses and increased susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking initiation.
The Trellis Thrombectomy System in the treatment of acute limb ischemia.

Purpose:To report the use of a new percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy device in the treatment of acute limb-threatening ischemia.Technique:The Trellis Thrombectomy System is a 7-F drug dispersion catheter that features a treatment segment isolated by proximal and distal occlusion balloons, which help prevent distal embolization and systemic release of the infused thrombolytic agent. After inflating the distal balloon, the thrombolytic agent is infused and held at the target site by inflation of the proximal balloon. An oscillating dispersion wire optimizes dispersal of the thrombolytic agent as the thrombus is mechanically fragmented. The liquefied thrombus is then aspirated. Four consecutive patients with acute lower extremity ischemia secondary to bypass graft thrombosis were treated with the Trellis thrombectomy catheter. Overall, 95% of thrombus was successfully removed from the treatment zone, with no device-related complications. Only one patient required adjunctive thrombolytic therapy after thro...
An illustration of dialectical behavior therapy

This article describes a form of behavior therapy called Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), developed by Linehan for treatment of the seriously and chronically suicidal patient. The author describes the following characteristics of DBT: 1 theoretical perspective (dialectics, biosocial/behavior), 2 treatment stages and targets, and 3 treatment strategies, including dialectical strategies, core strategies (validation and problem-solving), change procedures (use of operant learning principles, skills training, and exposure/response prevention techniques from behavior therapy and cognitive modification techniques taken primarily from rational-emotive therapy), communication strategies (irreverent and reciprocal communication), and case-management strategies (consultation to the patient, environmental intervention, supervision/consultation with therapists). Some aspects of DBT are represented in a case presentation together with transcripts of several sessions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IBM z10: The Next-Generation Mainframe Microprocessor

The IBM system z10 includes four microprocessor cores - each with a private 3-Mbyte cache - and integrated accelerators for decimal floating-point computation, cryptography, and data compression. A separate SMP hub chip provides a shared third-level cache and interconnect fabric for multiprocessor scaling. This article focuses on the high-frequency design techniques used to achieve a 4.4-GHz system, and on the pipeline design that optimizes z10's CPU performance.
Qualitative and quantitative studies of succinic dehydrogenase in the retina of chick embryos treated with iodoacetate

Par l'injection d'iodoacetate dans l'œuf de poule, on peut, par l'analyse histochimique et l'usage du microscope electronique, demontrer la presence d'une augmentation de l'activite du succinodehydrogenase pendant la periode embryonnaire.
TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF NUCLEUS-MICROBODY ASSOCIATIONS, SEGREGATED NUCLEOLI AND OTHER NUCLEAR FEATURES IN SIPHONOUS GREEN ALGAE1

On the basis of fine-structural features of nuclei the “true” siphonous green algae (Eusiphoniidae) are divided into three groups. In the Codium group nuclei are generally similar to those in most other algae. The Penicillus group is characterized by the association of microbodies with nuclei. In the Avrainvillea group nucleoli are segregated into a granular and a fibrillar component. This condition, known as macrosegregation, persists throughout the vegetative phase of the life history and may indicate a peculiar ribosomal RNA cycle. The Penicillus group corresponds to the order Caulerpales Feldmann. Avrainvillea and Cladocephalus probably constitute a new order. Blastophysa, although having a type of segregated nucleoli, is probably more closely related to Siphonocladales than to any order in Eusiphoniidae.
Problems Associated with All Corn Silage Feeding

The subject of corn silage in the ration of dairy cattle is again receiving the attention of research efforts after a period of time in which grass legume silage received the predominant emphasis among research workers. Cattle feeders, however, have become increasingly aware of the excellent forage characteristics of corn silage and its value in the rmninant ration. From 1947 to 1967, the corn acreage in the United States utilized for the production of silage nearly doubled; the tons of corn silage produced nearly tripled. 5[any features of corn silage are attractive to dairymen. In those areas where corn is well adapted, its use as whole plant silage results in an energy yield unsurpassed by any other crop. Perennial forages commonly harvested as hay or hay crop silage, decline in digestibility with advancing maturi ty and cows voluntarily consume less dry matter from them (60). Conversely, the corn plant harvested for silage over a broad range in matlLrity exhibits little change in dry matter digestibility (36); moreover, an increase in dry matter intake occurs through the range of 25 to 35% dry matter (30). The corn plant requires less water than several other commonly grown forages. The amount of water t ranspired per kilogram of above-ground dry matter produced has been reported (51) as 858 kg for alfalfa, 635 kg for oats, 372 kg for corn, and 271 kg for sorghum. With increasing herd size, limited land resources, and greater emphasis on mechanization, the trend to increased reliance on corn silage forage is expected to continue. ~ar ions aspects of corn silage nutrition recently have been discussed (12, 31, 49).
Policy and the Re-Formation of Hospice: Lessons from the Past for the Future of Palliative Care

During the twentieth-century, dramatic changes in the manner and location of care for the dying resulted in the conception and birth of the modern American hospice movement. Idealistic nurses, clergy, and others concerned about the plight of terminally ill cancer patients launched hospice as a necessary health care reform. As new hospice programs opened across the country, the idealism of the early leaders gave way to more pragmatic issues such as program viability. As hospice was studied and integrated into the health care system, it came to be redefined by the politics of health policy and the health care industry. As a result, there is a disarticulation between the needs of seriously ill persons and their families and the health care that is available to them. Important lessons can be learned from the history of the Medicare hospice benefit to help guide current palliative care policy initiatives. While formalized reimbursement for hospice enhanced organizational sustainability, many critical issues remain.
SU-E-T-409: A Probability Density Function Based Dose Calculation for Gated Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy in Lung Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of probability density function based dose calculation for phase gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy, and to quantify the dose uncertainty induced by tumor motion. Methods: During VMAT gating delivery the tumor position, gantry, MLC leaves and dose rate change independently and continuously. To compute the accumulated dose, we convert the target motion into MLC motion for each control point by convolution of MLC leaf positions with target motion probability density function. The new VMAT plan file was imported back to treatment planning system (Eclipse) to reconstruct the dose distribution. The planar dose distribution was compared to a mobile phantom (QUASAR) measurement with the gating technique with an amplitude gating window of 5 mm. This method mentioned above was used to compute the gated VMAT dose distribution and evaluate the motion effect to the PTV and GTV coverage and normal tissues. Results: The probability density function based VMAT gated dose calculation can greatly simplify the dose calculation procedure since only the reference/planning image is used for the accumulated dose calculation. Our results show good agreement between the modified plan and measured dose distribution. Calculated results show that motion can greatly reduce the PTV coverage but its effect on GTV coverage is insignificant for the gated VMAT for the treatment of lung cancer. The gated dose distribution is comparable to the static plan for spinal cord and lung dose. Conclusion: The dose distribution comparison shows good agreement between the modified plan and the measured dose distribution. The VMAT gated dose distribution can be calculated using the probability density function so that the accumulated dose calculation procedure can be greatly simplified.
Unraveling Victim-Offender Overlap: Exploring Profiles and Constellations of Risk

Abstract Victim-offenders are generally considered a distinct group with one or more shared characteristics; however, some have suggested possible victim-offender subgroups with varied victimization-offending patterns. The potential for victim-offender subgroups was assessed within a nationally representative sample of 1,000 youth using latent class analysis. Regression of relevant covariates on analytically derived subgroups allowed for further identification of the nature of these groups. Three victim-offender types emerged: the general victim-offender class linked extensive victimization and offending by acutely angry and anxious youth from extremely strained families; the bullied-combative class linked being bullied with peer assault by younger, emotionally vulnerable youth; and the abused-substance use class linked child maltreatment and sexual violence with substantial substance use by poorly supervised, angry, and anxious youth.
Shortest string containing all permutations

In this paper, we consider the problem of constructing a shortest string of {1,2,...,n} containing all permutations on n elements as subsequences. For example, the string 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 contains the 6 (=3!) permutations of {1,2,3} and no string with less than 7 digits contains all the six permutations. Note that a given permutation, such as 1 2 3, does not have to be consecutive but must be from left to right in the string. We shall first give a rule for constructing a string of {1,2,...,n} of infinite length and the show that the leftmost n^2-2n+4 digits of the string contain all the n! permutations (for n>=3). We conjecture that the number of digits f(n) = n^2-2n+4 (for n>=3) is the minimum. Then we study a new function F(n,k) which is the minimum number of digits required for a string of n digits to contain all permutations of i digits, i@?k. We conjecture that F(n,k) = k(n-1) for 4@?k @?n-1.
Reexamining the cluster hypothesis: scatter/gather on retrieval results

We present Scatter/Gather, a cluster-based document browsing method, as an alternative to ranked titles for the organization and viewing of retrieval results. We systematically evaluate Scatter/Gather in this context and find significant improvements over similarity search ranking alone. This result provides evidence validating the cluster hypothesis which states that relevant documents tend to be more similar to each other than to non-relevant documents. We describe a system employing Scatter/Gather and demonstrate that users are able to use this system close to its full potential.
Spontaneous Coronary Vasospasm in KATP Mutant Mice Arises From a Smooth Muscle–Extrinsic Process

In the vasculature, ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) channels regulate vascular tone. Mice with targeted gene disruptions of KATP subunits expressed in vascular smooth muscle develop spontaneous coronary vascular spasm and sudden death. From these models, it was hypothesized that the loss of KATP channel activity in arterial vascular smooth muscle was responsible for coronary artery spasm. We now tested this hypothesis using a transgenic strategy where the full-length sulfonylurea receptor containing exon 40 was expressed under the control of a smooth muscle-specific SM22alpha promoter. Two transgenic founder lines were generated and independently bred to sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) null mice to generate mice that restored expression of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle. Transgenic expression of the sulfonylurea receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells was confirmed by detecting mRNA and protein from the transgene. Functional restoration was determined by recording pinacidil-based KATP current by whole cell voltage clamping of isolated aortic vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from the transgenic restored mice. Despite successful restoration of KATP channels in vascular smooth muscle, transgene-restored SUR2 null mice continued to display frequent episodes of spontaneous ST segment elevation, identical to the phenotype seen in SUR2 null mice. As in SUR2 null mice, ST segment elevation was frequently followed by atrioventricular heart block. ST segment elevation and coronary perfusion pressure in the restored mice did not differ significantly between transgene-negative and transgene-positive SUR2 null mice. We conclude that spontaneous coronary vasospasm and sudden death in SUR2 null mice arises from a coronary artery vascular smooth muscle-extrinsic process.
Adult Male Rats Exposed to an Alcohol Diet Exhibit a Blunted Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Response to Immune or Physical Stress: Possible Role of Nitric Oxide

Intact adult male rats fed an alcohol [ethanol (EtOH)] diet for 10 days show blunted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in response to immune signals such as the cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], as well as to physical stress (mild electroshocks). The mechanisms responsible for this effect remain poorly understood, but we have recently reported that decreased pituitary responsiveness to vasopressin (VP) might play a role. In naive rats, nitric oxide (NO) exerts a restraining influence on the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis to cytokines and VP. The ability of long-term EtOH treatment to increase glutamate receptors, and thus NO formation, prompted us to test the hypothesis that abnormally high NO concentrations might modulate the influence of the drug. Blockade of the activity of NO synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO formation, with the arginine derivative L-N omega nitro-L-arginine-methylester (L-NAME), augmented the ACTH response to IL-1 beta or LPS in both control (C) and EtOH-fed (E) rats. Indeed, after L-NAME treatment, ACTH concentrations were statistically comparable in C and E animals injected with endotoxin or a large dose of IL-1 beta. VP-induced ACTH secretion also became comparable in both experimental groups after blockade of NOS activity. In contrast, the decreased response of the H-P axis of E animals to shocks was only slightly ameliorated, compared with that of C rats. It is therefore possible that changes in the NOergic tone induced by alcohol play a role in the decreased response of the H-P axis to cytokines, possibly in part by altering the stimulatory action of VP on the corticotrophs. On the other hand, in E rats NO seems to exert only a minimal influence on the central nervous system circuits activated by shocks.
Effect of cadmium on bone calcium and 45Ca in mouse dams on a calcium-deficient diet: evidence of Itai-Itai-like syndrome.

Abstract To test whether Cd exposure would increase Ca release from bone during pregnancy and lactation in relation to the etiological mechanism of Itai-Itai disease, virgin female mice with 45Ca prelabeled skeletons (15 μCi/mouse) were subjected to one round of pregnancy/lactation and were exposed to a Ca-deficient diet containing 0, 5, or 25 ppm Cd or 25 ppm Pb for 32 days, from conception until Lactation Day 14. A striking loss of 45Ca was found in the dam′s total skeleton (−40%), right femur (−47%), and lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) (−75%) due only to pregnancy/lactation in conjunction with Ca deficiency. At both 5 and 25 ppm, Cd administered through food induced an additional significant 45Ca loss from the total skeleton (−25% at 5 ppm Cd, −30% at 25 ppm Cd) and right femur (−39% at 5 ppm Cd, −32% at 25 ppm Cd) compared to 0 ppm animals. Almost all of the 45Ca lost from the dam′s skeleton appeared in the pups, with 80% transferred via the dam′s milk during lactation and only 20% transferred during gestation; a very small fraction of the dam′s skeletal 45Ca was excreted. Considering stable Ca values, Cd exposure nearly doubled the loss of Ca from the dam′s skeleton (−78 mg Ca/mouse at 0 ppm; −146 mg Ca/mouse at 5 and 25 ppm Cd). Paralleling 45Ca losses, a Ca-deficient diet in combination with pregnancy/lactation alone caused significant decreases in weight and mineral content of the right femur and lumbar vertebrae (dry weight, ash weight, ash/dry, Ca content, Ca/dry, and Ca/ash) (−8 to −52%). Cd at both 5 and 25 ppm showed additional decreases (−15 to −32%, Cd groups compared to 0 ppm animals). Responses were specific to Cd in that no significant effect occurred due to 32 days ofPb exposure (25 ppm). This experiment supports the view that Cd exposure in conjunction with Ca deficiency and pregnancy/lactation are key etiological factors of Itai-Itai disease and that Cd at both 5 and 25 ppm in conjunction with one round of gestation/lactation and Ca deficiency can induce an extreme demineralization characteristic of Itai-Itai-like syndrome.
Swedish physicians' perspectives on the introduction of the Stockholm model.

Reports findings on the perspectives of Swedish physicians since the introduction of the Stockholm model. Subjects were asked to describe their work, how long they had been working and whether they were familiar with the Stockholm model. Questions also focused on professional autonomy, use of diagnostic‐related groups (DRGs), quality of care and competition among health‐care providers. Most of the physicians interviewed reported that the Stockholm model had the advantage of increasing efficiency and productivity, that economic incentives influenced their medical decisions, and medical treatment appears more patient‐focused than before. Finally, primary care physicians report an enhanced status within the medical profession.
Burrowing preferences of Atlantic ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata, in relation to sand compaction in Padre Island National Seashore, Texas

It is well understood that human activities can have a negative effect on the flora and fauna of sensitive coastal environments. Small invertebrates, in particular, are susceptible to damage from anthropogenic causes. This paper examines the burrowing preferences of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata, a small, semi-terrestrial crustacean commonly found in sandy beach/tidal zone environments along the United States’ Atlantic and Gulf coasts. In particular, the effects of beach sand compaction caused by both pedestrian trampling and vehicular traffic at Padre Island National Seashore in Texas (USA) is examined with respect to ghost crab burrowing locations. A mixed method analysis of field-collected data explored the effects of sand compaction on ghost crab burrows located in both high and low traffic beach zones. Both size and number of burrows were larger at those study sites where human disturbance has been greatest. The findings suggest that, though human action does have a measurable effect on both the nu...
Predictors of survival after curative resection of carcinoma of the colon and rectum

Of 668 Rochester, Minnesota residents with colon or rectal cancer diagnosed from 1940 through 1979, 400 (60%) were operated on for cure and had a known disease stage. The influence of patient sex, age, and decade of diagnosis, disease stage, grade, site, and size, and the presence of obstruction or perforation were examined as prognostic factors for death, death from colorectal cancer, and cancer recurrence. In this population-based inception cohort, overall survival was independently associated with male sex (P = 0.0002), older age (P less than 0.001), and more advanced disease stage (P less than 0.001). Death due to colon cancer, on the other hand, was associated with disease stage (P less than 0.0001), more advanced grade (P = 0.016), and the presence of obstruction (P = 0.003). One hundred seven (27%) patients had a recurrence of their colon cancer. Seventy-one percent of recurrences were evident within the first 2 years and 91% by 5 years. Recurrence was associated with disease stage (P less than 0.0001), grade (P = 0.006), and the presence of perforation (P = 0.012).
An improved solution for integrated array optics in quasi-optical mm and submm receivers: the hybrid antenna

A dielectric lens antenna that is a special case of an extended hemispherical dielectric lens and is operated in the diffraction-limited regime is considered. The dielectric lens antenna is fed by a planar antenna that is mounted on the flat side of the dielectric lens antenna, using it as a substrate, and the combination is termed a hybrid antenna. Beam pattern and aperture efficiency measurements were made at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths as a function of the extension of the hemispherical lens and of lens size. An optimum extension distance for which excellent beam patterns and simultaneously high aperture efficiencies can be achieved is found experimentally and numerically. At 115 GHz the aperture efficiency was measured to be (76+or-6)% for a diffraction-limited beam with sidelobes below -17 dB. Results for a single hybrid antenna with an integrated superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) detector and a broadband matching structure at submillimeter wavelengths are presented. The hybrid antenna is space efficient in an array due to its high aperture efficiency, and is easily mass produced, thus being well suited for focal plane heterodyne receiver arrays. >