cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparability of Force Measurements Obtained with Different Strain Gauge Hand-Held Dynamometers

With multiple hand-held devices now available for measuring muscle strength, clinicians need to know if the measurements obtained with the different devices are comparable. This study was performed to determine the comparability of force measurements obtained with two different strain gauge hand-held dynamometers. Specifically examined to establish comparability were differences, reliabilities, and correlations between measurements obtained with the different devices. Thirty-one healthy volunteers were tested with each device during a single session. The muscle groups tested isometrically were the elbow flexors, shoulder external rotators, and hip flexors. Although the magnitude of forces measured with the two dynamometers differed significantly, they demonstrated good to high reliabilities and correlations. Thus, the dynamometers should not be used interchangeably on the same patient. Either of the dynamometers, however, can be used (alone) to document muscle force production.
65 nm node photomask etching with zero CD process bias

A robust photomask etching process was studied and developed for 65 nm node photomask production with zero CD process bias. The fabrication process, including pattern generation and transfer do not use data sizing, saving photomask delivery time, improving yield, and reducing fabrication costs. The photomask patterns, without using data sizing cover chrome loads from about 1 percent to 80 percent. For 65 nm critical layer EAPSM, the CD bias of Cr and MoSi etching together is equal to or less than about 20 nm for high and low load photomasks. The etch process and dose adjustment on the 50 keV e-beam writer allow for zero CD process bias, i.e. the data sizing becomes unnecessary in the 65 nm node photomask fabrication. The SMIF pot utilization in both pattern generation and transfer processes significantly improved the defectivity control. Cr and MoSi etch endpoints of 1% load photomasks were clearly detected. Point-to-point CD etch contributions for dark and clear features are 5 nm (3 sigma) or less and final CD value ranges are 8 nm or less. CD etch linearity and other etch properties on SRAF and serif are also discussed. An equation was proposed for calculating phase angle non-uniformity distribution, and phase angle range can be controlled in the range of 1.4±0.3 degree. "Self-mask", i.e. using AR sub-layer as hard mask for beneath chromium sub-layer etch was also discussed.
FeIIaq–FeIIIoxide electron transfer and Fe exchange: effect of organic carbon

Environmental context Concerns about carbon-driven climate change make it critical to better understand how carbon interacts with soils. We examined whether carbon compounds commonly found in soils affect the behaviour of soil iron minerals, and found that iron minerals remain dynamic and mix with the surrounding water, despite the presence of carbon in the water. Our findings suggest that both carbon and trace elements in the minerals may be more mobile and less stable than we previously thought. Abstract The close association of organic carbon and Fe oxides has been recognised for decades and recently interest in the role of Fe oxides in organic C sequestration has increased. Here we explore the effect of natural organic C on electron transfer and exchange of aqueous FeII and Fe in the bulk structure of goethite and magnetite. Using 57Fe isotope experiments coupled with 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy it is found that electron transfer occurs between aqueous FeII and structural FeIII in both goethite and magnetite in the presence of most organic C compounds, including natural organic matter (NOM), extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and cell materials. Only a long-chain (39-C) phospholipid containing organic C significantly inhibited electron transfer. Despite evidence for FeII–FeIIIoxide electron transfer in the presence of NOM, exchange of Fe between the aqueous phase and bulk Fe was less than observed in the absence of NOM. Our findings suggest that electron transfer between aqueous FeII and bulk structural Fe in goethite and magnetite is a robust process likely to occur in a variety of organic-rich biogeochemical environments but that Fe exchange may be inhibited by the presence of some C compounds.
Targeted cleavage of mRNA in vitro by RNase P from Escherichia coli.

Abstract External guide sequences (EGSs) complementary to mRNAs that encode beta-galactosidase from Escherichia coli and nuclease A from Staphylococcus aureus can target these RNAs for cleavage in vitro by RNase P from E. coli. Specific cleavage occurs at locations predicted by the nucleotide sequences of the EGSs. EGSs with regions complementary to the mRNAs that are as short as 13 nucleotides function efficiently and turn over slowly during incubation with the target substrate and the enzyme. EGSs composed of deoxyribonucleotides as well as those composed of ribonucleotides are effective, but cleavage of the targeted substrate with DNA as an EGS is about 10-fold less efficient than that with RNA as an EGS. An RNA EGS inhibited the formation of beta-galactosidase activity in a crude extract (S30) of E. coli that was capable of catalyzing coupled transcription-translation reactions.
Tumor Volume Predicts Outcome for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer Treated With Targeted Chemoradiotherapy

Objectives/Hypothesis: Just as tumor volume is a prognostic indicator for local disease control among patients with head and neck cancer of intermediate size treated with radiation therapy, we hypothesized a similar association for patients with advanced disease treated with chemoradiation therapy. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of primary and nodal tumor volume was correlated with prospectively collected treatment outcome measures. Methods: Sixty-four patients with stage III-IV disease who were treated with targeted intra-arterial chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RADPLAT) were studied. Tumor volume was correlated with local disease control and survival. Results: Primary tumor volume correlated with local disease control and survival. The greatest risk for local failure was found among patients with primary tumor volume greater than 19.6 cc (93.8% vs. 57% [P = .001]). A nominal logistic regression analysis demonstrated primary tumor volume as being the only significant parameter related to local failure. Survival was only 14.1% among patients with primary tumor volume greater than 19.6 cc compared with 41.5% for patients with volumes less than 19.6 cc (P = .0018). A proportional hazard model indicated that the most significant and independent parameters associated with survival were primary tumor volume (P = .0007) and the site of the tumor (P = .05). Conclusion: Tumor volume is the most important factor predictive of treatment outcome among patients with advanced head and neck cancer and should be used to stratify favorable versus unfavorable patient subsets.
The CLEO III upgrade

Abstract The electron storage ring CESR at Cornell University is presently undergoing a major upgrade together with its B-physics detector CLEO. Improved focusing and superconducting cavities will increase the luminosity of the collider to more than 2×10 33 cm 2 s −1 . To accommodate the necessary accelerator elements the tracking region of CLEO has to be rebuilt. The new tracking system consists of a four-layer silicon vertex detector and a large volume drift chamber, which also provides d E /d x particle identification information. The CLEO III upgrade also includes a new particle identification system which allows full exploitation of the possibilities provided by the upgraded accelerator. This PID system is a proximity focusing RICH with lithium fluoride radiators and multi-wire chambers filled with a methane/triethylamine mixture to detect UV Cherenkov photons. Installation of the new detector elements in the CLEO detector is taking place during summer 1999.
New interpretation of surface states in W and Mo

Abstract The linear combination of muffin tin orbirtals (LCMTO) technique has been used to calculate surface states in the s, dz2 band gap of W and Mo. These states are found to be very sensitive to surface reconstruction effects in that they become more localized and their energies shift by ∼ 0.08 Ry. Furthermore, reconstruction reduces the dangling bond charge density in the vacuum region.
Characterization of the system functions of ultrasonic linear phased array inspection systems

This work characterizes the electrical and electromechanical aspects of an ultrasonic linear phased array inspection system, using a matrix of system functions that are obtained from the measured response of individual array elements in a simple reference experiment. It is shown that for the arrays tested all these system functions are essentially identical, allowing one to use a single system function to characterize the entire array, as done for an ordinary single element transducer. The variation of this single system function with the number of elements firing in the array or with changes of the delay law used is examined. It is also demonstrated that once such a single system function is obtained for an array, it can be used in a complete ultrasonic measurement model to accurately predict the array response measured from a reference reflector in an immersion setup.
Geometric realization of discrete series for semisimple symmetric spaces.

Let G be a connected semisimple Lie group, a an involution of G and H the connected component of the fixed point set of a containing the identity. Then G/H is a semisimple symmetric space. We assume G is a real form of a complex Lie group and rank(G/H)= rank(K/K c~ H) where K is a a-stable maximal compact subgroup of G. Flensted-Jensen, using his duality principle and Poisson transform, constructed countably many discrete series in U(G/H) [F-J i]. Then using deep results of hyperfunction theory and microlocal analysis, Oshima and Matsuki gave a detailed characterization of these discrete series, including a proof of Flensted-Jensen's conjecture "c = 0" [OM]. Based on these results we give the discrete series a geometric interpretation in locally symmetric spaces F\c~ where ~=G/K and F cG is a cocompact discrete group such that F c~ H c H is cocompact. Our geometric interpretation is the following: first of all to a Flensted-Jensen function ~ . which is the generating function of a discrete series ~V] we associate a harmonic form cb z on G with values in a finite dimensional G module V. Right G translates of (coefficients of) (5z realizes the contragredient ,:t~* of r and tba is left invariant under H, and under right K action it transforms according to the minimal K type with highest weight /~ of ~/~*. (3~ is the pull back of a V valued from coz on ~ , and V determines a locally constant bundle E on F \ @ so that if convergence holds
Knowledge-based parameter estimation for identification and equalization of storage channels

The emerging sampling detectors in digital magnetic recording require precise filtering of the readback signal. In this paper, we propose a technique for fast estimation of the channel response from which the filter coefficients are calculated. Utilizing the a priori knowledge about the general shape of the transition response in magnetic recording, the channel identification problem is reduced to estimation of one or more parameters. Specifically, the pulse width at half of the transition response peak magnitude is first estimated. The algorithm is then extended to include more practical cases. It is shown that this simplified approach has much faster convergence rate than the direct least-mean-square channel identification method. Once the algorithm converges, the estimates can be used to select or compute an appropriate set of equalizer coefficients or to modify the decoder parameters. We will describe methods for recursive filter design based on the estimated channel for partial response as well as decision feedback systems.
Effects of tasks on BOLD signal responses to sentence contrasts: Review and commentary

Functional neuroimaging studies of syntactic processing have been interpreted as identifying the neural locations of parsing and interpretive operations. However, current behavioral studies of sentence processing indicate that many operations occur simultaneously with parsing and interpretation. In this review, we point to issues that arise in discriminating the effects of these concurrent processes from those of the parser/interpreter in neural measures and to approaches that may help resolve them.
Uniqueness of the Geometric Representation in Large Rotation Finite Element Formulations

Several finite element formulations used in the analysis of large rotation and large deformation problems employ independent interpolations for the displacement and rotation fields. As explained in this paper, three rotations defined as field variables can be sufficient to define a space curve that represents the element centerline. The frame defined by the rotations can differ from the Frenet frame of the space curve defined by the same rotation field and, therefore, such a rotation-based representation can provide measure of twist shear deformations and captures the rotation of the beam about its axis. However, the space curve defined using the rotation interpolation has a geometry that can significantly differ from the geometry defined by an independent displacement interpolation. Furthermore, the two different space curves defined by the two different interpolations can differ by a rigid body motion. Therefore, in these formulations, the uniqueness of the kinematic representation is an issue unless nonlinear algebraic constraint equations are used to establish relationships between the two independent displacement and rotation interpolations. Nonetheless, significant geometric and kinematic differences between two independent space curves cannot always be reduced by using restoring elastic forces. Because of the nonuniqueness of such a finite element representation, imposing continuity on higher derivatives such as the curvature vector is not straight forward as in the case of the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) that defines unique displacement and rotation fields. ANCF finite elements allow for imposing curvature continuity without increasing the order of the interpolation or the number of nodal coordinates, as demonstrated in this paper. Furthermore, the relationship between ANCF finite elements and the B-spline representation used in computational geometry can be established, allowing for a straight forward integration of computer aided design and analysis.
The effects of a 45 000 molecular weight protein from unfertilized sea urchin eggs and its 1:1 actin complex on actin filaments

A 45 kDa actin-binding protein (SU45) has been isolated previously from egg extracts of the Hawaiian sea urchinTripneustes gratilla by DEAE Sephacel, Sephadex G-75 and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Using pyrene-labelled rabbit skeletal muscle actin, we have found that when SU45 is added to actin in the presence of calcium and the salt concentration is increased, the initial rate of actin assembly is accelerated. Moreover, the final polymer concentration is reduced indicating that SU45 caps the preferred end of actin filaments shifting the critical concentration (Cc) to that of the nonpreferred end. Determination of the Cc as a function of the concentration of SU45 gave an apparent KD of 1nm. Dilution of F-actin to below its Cc, into buffers containing SU45 and Ca2+ resulted in a sharp increase in the rate of depolymerization; reducing the Ca2+ concentration attenuated this effect. Incubation of SU45 with rabbit skeletal muscle G-actin yielded a 1:1 complex which held45Ca2+ tightly with a dissociation half-time of 10.8 days. By kinetic analyses of assembly in the presence of the SU45-actin complex and dilution-induced disassembly of filaments precapped with complex, we have estimated both the association rate constant (4.0×104 m−1 s−1) and the dissociation rate constant (0.05 s−1) for the nonpreferred ends of actin filaments. Finally, dilution of F-actin to below its Cc, into complex in either Ca2+ or EGTA resulted in a much slower depolymerization consistent with a rapid capping of the preferred end by the SU45-actin complex.
A Web 2.0 Catalog and Document Delivery: Hold this for me at Western Michigan University

This article details the implementation of an electronic request service that allows users to register item requests directly from the OPAC without re-typing the bibliographic information and at no cost. This project supports the overall efforts of the university by furthering the Western Michigan University strategic plan to implement a user-friendly document delivery service. This article describes this innovative and easy way to access a reservation list to retrieve library items by implementing customized web-based management using MySQL and Voyager Oracle™ backend. The advantage of a web-based management system is its ease of use and highly customizable features. Some statistics on the number of requests from 2008–2011 are also included.
Electrical loss mechanisms in travelling wave LiNbO/sub 3/ optical modulators

Anomalous electrical losses in travelling wave LiNbO3 optical modulators are attributes of phase matched mode coupling between the coplanar waveguide mode and off-axis substrate modes. Experimental results support the model.
An elasto-plastic self-consistent model with hardening based on dislocation density, twinning and de-twinning: Application to strain path changes in HCP metals

Abstract In this work, we develop a polycrystal mean-field constitutive model based on an elastic–plastic self-consistent (EPSC) framework. In this model, we incorporate recently developed subgrain models for dislocation density evolution with thermally activated slip, twin activation via statistical stress fluctuations, reoriented twin domains within the grain and associated stress relaxation, twin boundary hardening, and de-twinning. The model is applied to a systematic set of strain path change tests on pure beryllium (Be). Under the applied deformation conditions, Be deforms by multiple slip modes and deformation twinning and thereby provides a challenging test for model validation. With a single set of material parameters, determined using the flow-stress vs. strain responses during monotonic testing, the model predicts well the evolution of texture, lattice strains, and twinning. With further analysis, we demonstrate the significant influence of internal residual stresses on (1) the flow stress drop when reloading from one path to another, (2) deformation twin activation, (3) de-twinning during a reversal strain path change, and (4) the formation of additional twin variants during a cross-loading sequence. The model presented here can, in principle, be applied to other metals, deforming by multiple slip and twinning modes under a wide range of temperature, strain rate, and strain path conditions.
The relative effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate on the oxygen affinity of fetal and adult hemoglobin in whole blood

Experimenti condotti sul sangue intero di individui neonati e adulti hanno dimostrato che l'affinita del sangue per l'ossigeno (P 50) dipende dalla concentrazione intraeritrocitaria di 2,3-difosfoglicerato (DPG) e dalle proporzioni relative di emoglobina adulta (HbA) e fetale (HbF). I risultati ottenuti indicano che nel sangue in toto l'effetto del DPG sulla P50 della HbF e circa il 40% di quello sulla P50 della HbA.
Neurogenic muscle atrophy and osteomalacia in adult fanconi syndrome

A 41-year-old mechanic in whom severe proximal muscle weakness and atrophy, hyperactive tendon reflexes, and marked bone pain developed was found to have hypophosphatemic osteomalacia from idiopathic adult-onset Fanconi syndrome. Concentrations of calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in venous blood were normal. A muscle biopsy specimen studied histochemically showed evidence of neurogenic atrophy without myopathic changes. Specifically, there were small groups of small angular type I and type II fibers that appeared excessively dark with oxidative enzyme stains. Administration of neutral phosphate by mouth restored muscle strength nearly to normal within four months.
Comparisons of Instantaneous TRMM Ground Validation and Satellite Rain-Rate Estimates at Different Spatial Scales

This study provides a comprehensive inter-comparison of instantaneous rain rates observed by the two rain sensors aboard the TRMM satellite with ground data from two regional sites established for long-term ground validation: Kwajalein Atoll and Melbourne, Florida. The satellite rain algorithms utilize remote observations of precipitation collected by the TRMM microwave imager (TMI) and the Precipitation Radar (PR) aboard the TRMM satellite. Three standard Level I1 rain products are generated from operational applications of the TMI, PR and Combined (COM) rain algorithms using rain information collected from the TMI and the PR along the orbital track of the TRMM satellite. In the first part of the study, 0.25 x 0.25 instantaneous rain rates obtained from the TRMM 3668 product were analyzed and compared to instantaneous GV rain rates gridded at a scale of 0.5deg x 0.5. In the second part of the study, TMI, PR, COM and GV rain rates were spatio-temporally matched and averaged at the scale of TMI footprint (- 150 sq km). This study covered a six-year period 1999-2004 and consisted of over 50,000 footprints for each GV site. In the first analysis our results showed that all of the respective rain rate estimates agree well, with some exceptions. The more salient differences were associated with heavy rain events in which one or more of the algorithms failed to properly retrieve these extreme events. Also, it appears that there is a preferred mode of precipitation for TMI rain rates at or near 2 mm/hr over the ocean. This mode was noted over ocean areas of Kwajalein and Melbourne and has been observed in TRMM tropical-global ocean areas as well.
Neurological disease in lambs associated with exposure to high environmental temperature and humidity.

Background We detected a pattern of lambs presenting with hyperthermia and neurological signs during the summer. Objectives The main objectives of this study were to compare clinical findings and results of diagnostic testing and to identify a potential etiology. Animals Fifteen clinical cases of lambs less than 12 months of age presenting with neurological signs, tachypnea, and hyperthermia over 4 summers. Methods Retrospective case series. Medical records were searched for lambs less than 12 months of age that presented with neurological signs including the following: kyphosis, pelvic limb hyperextension, treading of feet, muscle tremors and recumbency, and hyperthermia of greater than 104°F. A grading system was established to describe severity of presenting neurological signs. Weather data were collected from weather stations near the farm of origin for 3 days prior to presentation. Results The lambs were from 7 flocks in central Texas. All cases occurred between July and September, with a median heat index of 90.5 for the 3 days before presentation. Complete blood count, serum chemistry, necropsy examination, rumen content, virology, brain MRI, liver copper, selenium, and vitamin E failed to identify a consistent etiology for the signs presented. The only common factor was high heat and humidity. Histopathological examination identified axonal degeneration and skeletal muscle necrosis in some lambs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance These clinical cases appeared similar to the Australian disease humpyback and indicate that lambs exposed to high environmental temperatures and humidity might be at risk of developing the described clinical presentation.
Initiation of lightning in thunderclouds

The maximum electric fields typically measured in thunderclouds are reviewed with a view toward lightning initiation mechanism. Initial breakdown processes in both cloud-to-ground and cloud discharges are considered, and characteristics of associated electric and magnetic field pulses are given. Narrow bipolar pulses attributed to the so-called compact intracloud discharges are characterized. Proposed mechanisms of lightning initiation in thunderclouds are presented and discussed.
Iron –sulfur cluster biogenesis in mammalian cells: New insights into the molecular mechanisms of cluster delivery ☆

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are ancient, ubiquitous cofactors composed of iron and inorganic sulfur. The combination of the chemical reactivity of iron and sulfur, together with many variations of cluster composition, oxidation states and protein environments, enables Fe-S clusters to participate in numerous biological processes. Fe-S clusters are essential to redox catalysis in nitrogen fixation, mitochondrial respiration and photosynthesis, to regulatory sensing in key metabolic pathways (i.e. cellular iron homeostasis and oxidative stress response), and to the replication and maintenance of the nuclear genome. Fe-S cluster biogenesis is a multistep process that involves a complex sequence of catalyzed protein-protein interactions and coupled conformational changes between the components of several dedicated multimeric complexes. Intensive studies of the assembly process have clarified key points in the biogenesis of Fe-S proteins. However several critical questions still remain, such as: what is the role of frataxin? Why do some defects of Fe-S cluster biogenesis cause mitochondrial iron overload? How are specific Fe-S recipient proteins recognized in the process of Fe-S transfer? This review focuses on the basic steps of Fe-S cluster biogenesis, drawing attention to recent advances achieved on the identification of molecular features that guide selection of specific subsets of nascent Fe-S recipients by the cochaperone HSC20. Additionally, it outlines the distinctive phenotypes of human diseases due to mutations in the components of the basic pathway. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Fe/S proteins: Analysis, structure, function, biogenesis and diseases.
Foreign films on Soviet screens, 1922‐1931

(1979). Foreign films on Soviet screens, 1922‐1931. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 429-442.
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer

Despite radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, approximately 50% of patients with this disease will develop metastatic progression. Neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy can be administered to decrease the risk of recurrence. Multiple randomized trials have addressed the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. A recently published meta-analysis demonstrated a survival benefit with cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Sensitivity of a Model Shelfbreak Front to the Parameterization of Vertical Mixing

Recent observations have suggested that the trapped-front model of Chapman and Lentz is consistent with some aspects of the shelfbreak front in the Middle Atlantic Bight. The sensitivity of the model to the parameterization of vertical mixing is examined to determine which model features are robust and potentially observable and which are variable and less reliable. The basic frontal trapping mechanism, frontal location, surface intensified frontal jet with weak flow at the bottom, and detachment of the bottom boundary layer at the shoreward edge of the foot of the front are all insensitive to the parameterization of vertical mixing. On the other hand, the frontal shape and width and the cross-frontal circulation and momentum balances within the front change dramatically with the parameterization of vertical mixing. Constant mixing coefficients produce strong vertical mixing within the front, which results in steady shoreward flow in the bottom boundary layer there. Mixing coefficients that depend on the local stratification and shear produce weak vertical mixing within the front, which allows oscillating currents that may be frontal-trapped waves.
EXPRESSION OF A MHC NON‐CLASSICAL CLASS I GENE, 04, IS SIMILAR TO A CLASSICAL CLASS I GENE, Dp

SUMMARY We have investigated the effects of the cell cycle on expression of Q4 mRNA. Q4, the gene encoding the Qb-1 antigen, is transcribed in a wide variety of tissues, unlike many other non-classical class I genes. We have compared the pattern of Q4 transcription in the cell cycle to classical class I, β-2-microglobulin and actin. We found that the pattern of Q4 RNA levels resembles that of the classical class I genes, consistent with the similarity of the 5′sequences of Q4 and K/D. Thus, Q4 mRNA accumulates during the cell cycle along with the total RNA, but does not show specific transcriptional enhancement. This is consistent with a function for Q4 similar to the classical K/D gene products.
Measures used in assessing outcomes of school‐wide positive behaviour support

School-Wide Positive Behaviour Support (SWPBS) is increasingly becoming a popular approach to managing challenging behaviour in schools. However, several issues still have to be addressed facilitate successful implementation of this approach in schools. One of these issues pertains to the appropriateness of the different measures used to determine the efficacy of the approach. Because many schools are using indirect measures to assess the effects of SWPBS implementation, determining which measures more accurately reflect the effectiveness of the SWPBS components may increase the effectiveness of school measurement systems. The purpose of this study was to examine the measures used in evaluating the efficacy of positive behaviour support. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of outcome measures regarding problem behaviour, prosocial behaviour, and implementation fidelity.
Issues surrounding surfactant effects upon radar imagery of convergent ocean surface flows with application to the Hi-Res I rip feature

X-band radar signatures of a current rip convergence, resulting from denser Gulf Stream fluid interacting with fresh coastal shelf water near Cape Hatteras, were observed during the First High Resolution (Hi-Res I) experiment. These signatures, which appeared as intense (/spl sim/10 dB) enhancements in radar cross section (RCS) in the form of meandering linear segments, were accompanied by secondary parallel meandering segments of reduced (/spl sim/5-10 dB) RCS on the shelf water side. The effects of wave-current interaction scale with the surface velocity (u) while the effects of surfactants scale as the ratio of surface current to phase velocity (u/c). Unlike internal waves which 'graze' upon the ambient surface film material, current rips 'herd' the ambient surface film material to a convergence point where u/c=1. The latter features can induce singular behaviour for a monomolecular surface film. A number of fundamental issues need to be resolved including: continuity of the surface film in regions of wave breaking; buckling of the monomolecular film; and subduction of the surfactant at the frontal boundary. These issues are highlighted through application to the Hi-Res I rip feature using a simplified one-dimensional model of the feature as well as the surface manifestation of currents derived from the associated depth-dependent structure.
IDENTIFICATION OF RNA HELICASE A AS A NEW HOST FACTOR IN THE REPLICATION CYCLE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), as with other RNA viruses, recruits various host cell factors to assist in the translation and replication of the virus genome. In this study, we investigated the role of RNA helicase A (RHA) in the life cycle of FMDV. Immunofluorescent microscopy (IFM) showed a change in the subcellular distribution of RHA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in FMDV-infected cells as infection progressed. Unlike nuclear RHA, the RHA detected in the cytoplasm reacted with an antibody that recognizes only the nonmethylated form of RHA. In contrast to alterations in the subcellular distribution of nuclear factors observed during infection with the related cardioviruses, cytoplasmic accumulation of RHA did not require the activity of the FMDV leader protein. Using IFM, we have found cytoplasmic RHA in proximity to the viral 2C and 3A proteins, which promotes the assembly of the replication complexes, as well as cellular poly(A) binding protein (PABP). Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed that these proteins are complexed with RHA. We have also identified a novel interaction between RHA and the S fragment in the FMDV 5′ nontranslated region. Moreover, a reduction in the expression of RHA, using RHA-specific small interfering RNA constructs, inhibited FMDV replication. These results indicate that RHA plays an essential role in the replication of FMDV and potentially other picornaviruses through ribonucleoprotein complex formation at the 5′ end of the genome and by interactions with 2C, 3A, and PABP.
A rock glacier/debris‐covered glacier system at Galena Creek, Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming

At Galena Creek, the ice/debris system has alternated between rock glacier and debris‐covered glacier modes due to changes in the size of the accumulation area. In the rock glacier mode, coarse deb...
The Uses of Humour in Case Management with High-Risk Children and their Families

While humour is prevalent in social services, discussions of humour are rare in social work journals. The present article discusses the uses of humour among a team of service providers in a child and family service agency where the families are among the most high-risk in the county that the agency serves. We viewed humour as the amusement at incongruity, which appears to be its essential feature, and recognised that humour can foster effectiveness but also can be cruel (Morreall, 2010). The present research provides case examples of situations a team of service providers found amusing. We found that case managers use humour to regulate negative emotions, to express frustration that led to tension relief and then to creative problem solving, to diffuse anxiety and to express liking and admiration for service users. This article contributes to practice and policy by highlighting the potential advantages of humour in highstress service situations and by recommending that the use of humour be evaluated in terms of the ethical imperative of doing no harm.
Glucagon-like peptide 1: evolution of an incretin into a treatment for diabetes

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a product of proglucagon that is secreted by specialized intestinal endocrine cells after meals. GLP-1 is insulinotropic and plays a role in the incretin effect, ...
Access to Oral Health Care: Professional and Societal Considerations

Access to health care is a complex subject with vast personal, economic, political, and societal ramifications. Issues concerning the rights and responsibilities of health care professionals-collectively and as individual members of a profession-comprise an important topic within ongoing debates concerning access to care, and constituted the overarching focus of the deliberations that form the basis of this publication. This article provides definitions of key terms; data concerning demography, oral health status, and use of dental services for children and seniors; and a contextual framework for examining broad underlying professional and societal considerations. It concludes with reflections on joint responsibilities and guiding principles that apply to dental professionals and government agencies charged with administering public benefits programs and the consequences likely to ensue if these vital stakeholders fail to respect fundamental principles of professionalism and economics.
LKB-Based Evaporation Duct Model Comparison with Buoy Data

Abstract A wave-riding catamaran with a mast-traveling sensor package (profiling buoy) was developed to make fine-scale atmospheric measurements within the first meter above the ocean surface. These measurements are used to generate time-averaged modified refractivity (M) profiles that are then compared with those determined from four evaporation duct models based on the surface layer theory of Liu, Katsaros, and Businger (LKB). Model inputs are derived from measurements from masts on the R/V Chessie and from a tethered sea surface temperature buoy. Because electromagnetic propagation is critically dependent on the M-profile slopes, different analytical techniques are employed to compare the curvature of the model profiles with that of the profiles measured by the profiling buoy. One comparison criterion was to use the rms M slope difference between the model and a curve fit to the buoy profile data. Another analytical technique was to use the rms M difference after mean M removal between the model and th...
Bone Histomorphometric Changes After Liver Transplantation for Chronic Cholestatic Liver Disease

Thirty-three patients with cholestatic liver disease underwent histomorphometric assessment of paired bone biopsy specimens at time of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and 4 months thereafter. At 4 months after OLT, bone metabolism improved, with bone formation increasing to normal and no change in bone resorption. Early post-transplant bone loss may be attributed to an additional insult to bone formation early after transplantation. Introduction: Patients with advanced liver disease, especially chronic cholestasis, often have osteopenia, which worsens early after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) before starting to recover. The changes in bone metabolism leading to this rapid loss of bone after OLT, and to its recovery, are poorly defined. Materials and Methods: In thirty-three patients with advanced chronic cholestatic liver disease, tetracycline-labeled bone biopsy specimens were analyzed prospectively at time of OLT and at 4 months after OLT, as part of a randomized trial to study the efficacy of calcitonin on post-transplant bone loss. Hierarchical cluster analysis of histomorphometric parameters was performed in an attempt to establish the functional grouping of individual histomorphometric parameters before and after OLT. Results and Conclusions: Results showed that from the time of OLT to 4 months after OLT, bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and histomorphometric parameters of bone volume decreased, consistent with early post-transplant bone loss. Histomorphometric resorption parameters were increased before OLT, with no change after OLT. Histomorphometric formation parameters increased from low values before OLT to normal values at 4 months after OLT, with the exception of mean wall thickness values, which further decreased after OLT, suggesting an additional insult to bone formation during the study period. Histomorphometric changes after OLT were similar in female and male patients, pre- and postmenopausal women, and in patients treated and not treated with calcitonin. Hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that before OLT, bone resorption was functioning independently of bone formation, but that by 4 months after OLT, their coupled relationship had improved. Therefore, despite post-transplant bone loss, by 4 months after OLT, bone metabolism had improved, with increased bone formation and more coupled bone balance, as suggested by hierarchical cluster analysis.
Cardiac ejection fraction: phantom study comparing cine MR imaging, radionuclide blood pool imaging, and ventriculography.

The accuracy and reproducibility of cardiac ejection fraction (EF) measurements based on cine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, radionuclide multigated acquisition (MUGA) blood pool imaging, and angiographic ventriculography were evaluated by comparing them with a volumetrically determined standard. A biventricular, compliant, fluid-filled heart phantom was developed to mimic normal cardiac anatomy and physiology. Ventricular EFs were measured with cine MR imaging by summation of nine contiguous 10-mm-thick sections in short and long axis, with single-plane ventriculography, and with MUGA. Three measurements were performed with each modality for each of three EFs. Ventriculography was least accurate, with average relative errors ranging from 7.9% for the largest EF to 60.1% for the smallest. Cine MR was most accurate, with average relative errors ranging from 4.4% to 8.5%. MUGA EF measurements showed good correlation, with average relative errors ranging from 7.1% to 22.4%. Comparison of the error variances for the three modalities with the F test revealed that MR and MUGA EF measurements were significantly more accurate than those based on ventriculography (P less than .01). No significant difference was demonstrated between the accuracy of short- and long-axis cine MR acquisitions.
Emotional Coregulation in Close Relationships

Coregulation refers to the process by which relationship partners form a dyadic emotional system involving an oscillating pattern of affective arousal and dampening that dynamically maintains an optimal emotional state. Coregulation may represent an important form of interpersonal emotion regulation, but confusion exists in the literature due to a lack of precision in the usage of the term. We propose an operational definition for coregulation as a bidirectional linkage of oscillating emotional channels between partners, which contributes to emotional stability for both partners. We propose several distinctions and raise unanswered questions that will need to be addressed in order to understand the relevance of coregulation for well-being in adulthood.
Seaglider observations of blooms and subsurface chlorophyll maxima off the Washington coast

From September 2003 to December 2007, autonomous, underwater Seaglider continuously ran a V-shaped transect off Washington State from about 200-m water depth (i.e., at the break between the shelf and slope) to offshore waters with depths >2700 m. Seaglider visited the offshore vertex at 47°N, 128°W, where our observations concentrated, approximately monthly. Seaglider measured temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen to 1000 m and also recorded chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence and particulate optical backscatter to 150 m. Distinct interannual variation was documented in timing and depths of winter mixing, transition to a shallow summer pycnocline, and onset of mixed-layer erosion in autumn. Chl a concentrations estimated from fluorescence were directly comparable among the seven laboratory-calibrated sensors used, but their estimates exceeded concurrent, satellite-derived concentrations by a factor of three. Seaglider optical profiles enabled interpretation of satellite imagery by revealing that the apparent autumn bloom after destratification was instead a vertical redistribution of phytoplankton from the subsurface maximum to a depth where they could be observed by satellites. Results of 4 yr of sampling within 25 km of the vertex demonstrate the value of gliders in ocean observing and their capability to carry out multiyear, fully autonomous operations under any sea state. The true power of glider programs will be realized in combination with other measurement platforms, including larger spatial coverage by satellites and more comprehensive biogeochemical measurements from moorings and occasional ship-based sampling.
Molecular machinery involved in the insulin-regulated fusion of GLUT4-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. (Review)

The GLUT4 facilitative glucose transporter protein is primarily expressed in muscle and adipose tissue and accounts for the majority of post-prandial glucose uptake. In the basal or non-stimulated state, GLUT4 is localized to intracellular membrane compartments sequestered away from circulating glucose. However, in response to agonist stimulation, there is a marked redistribution of the GLUT4 protein to the cell surface membrane providing a transport route for the uptake of glucose. This GLUT4 translocation can be divided into four general steps: (i) GLUT4 vesicle trafficking out of the storage pool, (ii) docking just below the cell surface, (iii) priming via the interactions of the SNARE proteins present on the vesicular and plasma membranes, and (iv) fusion of the GLUT4 vesicle with the plasma membrane. This review focuses on recent advances made in identification and characterization of the molecular events and protein interactions involved in these steps of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation.
Cloning and Characterization of a Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein that is Expressed by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The Wnt/frizzled cell signaling pathway has been implicated in the determination of polarity in a number of systems, including the Drosophila retina. The vertebrate retina develops from an undifferentiated neuroepithelium into an organized and laminated structure that demonstrates a high degree of polarity at both the tissue and cellular levels. In the process of searching for molecules that are preferentially expressed by the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), we identified secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), a member of the SFRP family that appears to act by modulating Wnt signal transduction. SFRP5 is highly expressed by RPE cells, and is also expressed in the pancreas. Within the retina, the related molecule SFRP2 is expressed specifically by cells of the inner nuclear layer. Thus, photoreceptors are likely to be bathed by two opposing gradients of SFRP molecules. Consistent with SFRP5 's postulated role in modulating Wnt signaling in the retina, it inhibits the ability of Xwnt-8 mRNA to induce axis duplication in Xenopus embryos. The human SFRP5 gene consists of three coding exons and it maps to chromosome 10q24.1; human SFRP2 maps to 4q31.3. Based on the biology and complementary expression patterns of SFRP2 and SFRP5, we suggest that they may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor, and perhaps other, cells in the retina.
Diagnostic accuracy of body mass index to identify obesity in older adults: NHANES 1999–2004

Diagnostic accuracy of body mass index to identify obesity in older adults: NHANES 1999–2004
Threat, Competition, and Mobilizing Structures: Motivational and Organizational Contingencies of the Civil Rights-Era Ku Klux Klan

While previous studies of ethnic contention and conflict identify important structural and meso-level indicators of threat and competition, analysis of variation in the mechanisms linking these sources of potential grievance formation with mobilization remains unclear. To address this issue, this study explores the social organization of Ku Klux Klan mobilization in 1960s North Carolina. While regarded as a progressive state in the civil rights era, North Carolina exhibited a greater level of Klan mobilization than the rest of the South combined. We build on models of “mediated competition,” where ethnic competition and group threat are held as necessary, and propinquity, authority work, and legacies of previous racial violence link threat and competition with mobilization. Extending prior formulations centered on the discrete impact of individual components of competition, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to precisely specify the conjunctural conditions governing two modes of Klan mobilization: public rally events and the establishment of local organizational units. Our findings indicate that the mobilizing effects of threat and competition varied between rural and urban areas, and that threat/competition and organization/leadership play a dual role in translating collective grievances into mobilization.