cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Background Notions in Lattice Theory and Generalized Quantifiers

Many papers in this volume build on certain elementary notions of lattice theory and generalized quantifier theory; often, their empirical predictions derive directly from them. The goal of this chapter is to enable readers who have some background in formal semantics, but not in these particular areas, to appreciate the pertinent papers. But readers who are familiar with lattices and GQs may also find the discussion useful because, elementary as it is, it highlights certain aspects that other literature may not. On the other hand, precisely because this chapter is geared towards particular applications, it does not attempt to cover issues that a standard introduction would, when they do not seem directly relevant here.
Early behavioral and metabolomic change after mild to moderate traumatic brain injury in the developing brain.

Abstract Pathophysiology of developmental traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unique due to intrinsic differences in the developing brain. Energy metabolic studies of the brain during early development (P13 to P30) have indicated acute oxidative energy metabolic decreases below 24 h after TBI, which generally recovered by 48 h. However, marked neurodegeneration and altered neural functional connectivity have been observed at later stages into adolescence. As secondary neurodegeneration is most prominent during the first week after TBI in the rat model, we hypothesized that the subacute TBI-metabolome may contain predictive markers of neurodegeneration. Sham and TBI metabolomes were examined at 72 h after a mild to moderate intensity TBI in male Sprague-Dawley rats aged P31. Sensorimotor behavior was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h after injury, followed by 72-hour postmortem brain removal for metabolomics using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) measurement. Broad TBI-induced metabolomic shifts occurred with relatively higher intensity in the injury-lateralized (ipsilateral) hemisphere. Intensity of metabolomic perturbation correlated with the extent of sensorimotor behavioral deficit. N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) levels at 72 h after TBI, predicted the extent of neurodegeneration assessed histochemically 7-days post TBI. Results from the multivariate untargeted approach clearly distinguished metabolomic shifts induced by TBI. Several pathways including amino acid, fatty acid and energy metabolism continued to be affected at 72 h after TBI, whose collective effects may determine the overall pathological response after TBI in early development including neurodegeneration.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy following ultrasound-guided renal cyst aspiration.

Interventional radiology plays a critical role in offering minimally invasive procedures, resulting in increased patient comfort. However, of the millions of patients undergoing interventional proc...
Knowledge Base Commons (KBCommons) v1.0: A multi OMICS' web-based data integration framework for biological discoveries

Knowledge Base Commons (KBCommons) v1.0 provides a comprehensive web resource for storing, sharing, analyzing, exploring, and visualizing multi-organism genomics and multi-omics data. KBCommons is designed for integrating diverse multi-level omics data and facilitating biological discoveries. It provides a one-stop shop framework for creating a new organism-specific or disease-specific knowledge base (KB), adding more omics data and genome versions to existing KBs and exploring genomic data within current KBs. It has a secure data privilege management system to enable users to make their data publicly available or to share with certain groups and members. It also provides a suite of interactive web-based tools for bioinformatics analysis and data visualization. KBCommons has a user-friendly web interface, which allows users to retrieve entire genomic data, as well as any experiment data or analysis results easily. KBCommons can be publicly accessed at http://kbcommons.org/.
Regulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by NADPH Oxidases in Pulmonary Hypertension

Hyperproliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is a key component of vascular remodeling in the setting of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Numerous studies have explored factors governing the changes in smooth muscle cell phenotype that lead to the increased wall thickness, and have identified various potential candidates. A role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been well documented in PH. ROS can be generated from a variety of sources, including mitochondria, uncoupled nitric oxide synthase, xanthine oxidase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In this article, we will review recent data supporting a role for ROS generated from NADPH oxidases in promoting pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation during PH.
Does Indication for LVAD at Time of Implant Matter in Younger Patients

Purpose Young patients (age Methods We used linked data from UNOS and INTERMACS for years 2010-2015 to evaluate survival in DT and BTT LVAD patients up to and after transplant. These BTT LVAD (n=891) and DT LVAD patients (n=891) (age Results An increase in mortality over a 5-year period was observed among DT LVAD patients compared to BTT LVAD patients after controlling for non-matched factors including race and blood type, as well as un-matched BMI and time-dependent transplant status (RR=1.54; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.92; Figure). INTERMACS profiles were similar in BTT and DT LVAD patients. Conclusion Younger patients with DT LVAD have worse 1 and 5-year survival compared to those with BTT LVAD despite matching for age, BMI, renal function and albumin. This finding underscores the need to better understand determinants of outcomes for young patients with advanced HF.
Bullying or a Means to an End

There may sometimes be a thin line of distinction among bullying, paternalism, parenting and teaching, with intent being a key factor. Is the action taken for the good of the recipient or simply be...
A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Literature Assessing Health Outcomes in Populations Living Near Oil and Natural Gas Operations: Study Quality and Future Recommendations

A systematic method was used to review the existing epidemiologic literature and determine the state of the scientific evidence for potential adverse health outcomes in populations living near oil and natural gas (ONG) operations in the United States. The review utilized adapted systematic review frameworks from the medical and environmental health fields, such as Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE), the Navigation Guide, and guidance from the National Toxicology Program’s Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT). The review included 20 epidemiologic studies, with 32 different health outcomes. Studies of populations living near ONG operations provide limited evidence (modest scientific findings that support the outcome, but with significant limitations) of harmful health effects including asthma exacerbations and various self-reported symptoms. Study quality has improved over time and the highest rated studies within this assessment have primarily focused on birth outcomes. Additional high-quality studies are needed to confirm or dispute these correlations.
Resilience management practices for electric utilities and extreme weather

Abstract This paper describes management practices of a model resilient electric utility that can serve as a framework for advancing planning and preparation for extreme weather and climate hazards. The framework focuses on practices grouped into eight domains progressing through five levels of maturity. For each domain, a discussion of resilience management practices is provided along with examples. By assessing its maturity level and taking steps to increase it, a utility can realize increased resilience benefits.
Implementation of hyperlinks to medication management policies and guidelines in the electronic health record.

Purpose The implementation and maintenance of a process for adding and removing hyperlinks to medication management policies and guidelines approved by a pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee into the electronic health record (EHR) are described. Summary Medication management policies and guidelines approved by the P&T committee are published on the University of Utah Health intranet, making it possible to add hyperlinks to this information within the EHR. Adding these hyperlinks allows policy and guideline information to be available to clinicians on the medication ordering, verification, and administration screens without requiring a separate search of the intranet. In a quality-improvement project, all medication management policies and guidelines posted on the intranet were reviewed for relevance to the medication ordering, verification, and administration processes. Hyperlinks to relevant policies and guidelines were implemented into the EHR for specific medications. At the beginning of the review, 100 unique drugs associated with 1 or more hyperlinks were identified. The hyperlinks referenced a total of 33 Web documents: 8 policies and 25 guidelines. There are 74 medication management policies and 78 medication management guidelines approved by the P&T committee at University of Utah Health. After investigator review, 12 of 74 policies (16%) and 41 of 78 guidelines (53%) were deemed relevant during the medication ordering, verification, and administration processes. The review and hyperlink implementation process took a total of 101 hours. A continual review process was developed to enable addition and removal of hyperlinks as appropriate. Conclusion Providing direct access to relevant medication management policies and guidelines approved by the P&T committee during the medication ordering, verification, and administration processes via hyperlinks in the EHR makes formulary information readily accessible by appropriate staff. These hyperlinks may also improve adherence to formulary information, reduce medication expenditure, and improve safety and therapeutic outcomes of medication therapy.
When to stop anticoagulation, anti-platelet aggregates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) prior to spine surgery.

Background Based upon a select review of the literature, in my opinion, spine surgeons, not just our medical/cardiological colleagues, need to know when to stop anticoagulant, anti-platelet aggregates, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) medications prior to spine surgery to avoid perioperative bleeding complications. Methods Typically, medical/cardiological consultants, who "clear our patients" are not as aware as we are of the increased risks of perioperative bleeding if anticoagulant, anti-platelet, and NSAIDs are not stopped in a timely fashion prior to spine surgery (e.g. excessive intraoperative hemorrhage, and postoperative seromas, hematomas, and wound dehiscence). Results Different medications need to be discontinued at varying intervals prior to spinal operations. The anticoagulants include; Warfarin (stop at least 5 preoperative days), and Xa inhibitors (Eliquis (Apixaban: stop for 2 days) and Xarelto (Rivaroxaban: stop for 3 days)); note presently data vary. The anti-platelet aggregates include: Aspirin/Clopidogrel (stop >7-10 days preoperatively). The multiple NSAIDs should be stopped for varying intervals ranging from 1-10 days prior to spine surgery, and increase bleeding risks when combined with any of the anticoagulants or anti-platelet aggregates. NSAIDs (generic name/commercial names should be stopped preoperatively for at least; 1 day- Diclofenac (Voltaran), Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), Ketorolac (Toradol); 2 days- Etodolac (Lodine), Indomethacin (Indocin); 4-days-Meloxicam (Mobic) and Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn, Anaprox); 4 days- Nabumetone (Relafen); 6 days - Oxaprozin (Daypro); and 10 days- Piroxicam (Feldene). Conclusions Spine surgeons need to know when anti-platelet, anticoagulant, and NSAIDs therapies should be stopped prior to spine surgery to avoid perioperative bleeding complications.
124 I Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Versus Conventional Radioiodine Imaging in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Review.

Background: Studies report a wide spectrum of 124I positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) sensitivity and specificity in the detection of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) le...
Total Coliform Bacteria

Although the total coliform bacterial count has its shortcomings, it is our best indicator of the health hazards associated with drinking water that we have today. Some of these defects can be corrected by additional bacterial tests to determine interference or identify noncoliform lactose fermenting organisms. Occasionally drinking water samples containing viruses have given negative tests for coliform bacteria when tested by the standard methods. Concentration methods used to recover viruses in water samples have shown that the coliform organisms were present but in an insufficient number to be indicated by the routine standard methods. Suggestions are given for the search for a better method to detect bacterial pollution in drinking water.
Agreement and Reliability of Lateral Patellar Tilt and Displacement following Total Knee Arthroplasty with Patellar Resurfacing.

Patellar position and alignment may be measured on routine axial radiographs by various techniques; however, the agreement and reliability of such measurements with a resurfaced patella remain unknown. This study evaluated the range and reliability of lateral patellar tilt and lateral patellar displacement following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with a resurfaced patella among three observers on 45° Merchant view in 139 TKAs. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICCs) were used to evaluate intraobserver agreement (IOA) and inter-rater reliability (IRR). IRR was high between each of the observers for lateral patellar tilt (ICC = 0.8) and lateral patellar displacement (ICC = 0.87). IOA was also high upon repeat measurement for the same observer for lateral patellar tilt (ICC ≥ 0.90) and lateral patellar displacement (ICC ≥ 0.86). Therefore, lateral patellar tilt and lateral patellar displacement are reproducible measurements of patellar position on a Merchant axial radiograph following a well-functioning TKA with a resurfaced patella.
Reducing uncertainty in conceptual prior models of complex geologic systems via integration of flow response data

A major source of uncertainty in subsurface flow modeling is related to the conceptual model of geologic continuity that is adopted by geologists and hydrogeologists. Traditional model calibration methods usually rely on a given model of geologic continuity that is used to constrain the spatial distribution of aquifer properties. Flow response data, however, may also be used as additional source of information to constrain and revise conceptual geologic models or parameters that control them. The problem is more complicated when models that exhibit complex non-Gaussian spatial connectivity patterns are considered. We formulate the problem of flow data integration to select conceptual geologic scenarios with complex lithofacies as a regularized least-squares problem. The solution approach combines learning with model selection regularization techniques, where the former imposes geological feasibility while the latter eliminates scenarios that do not contribute to reproducing the flow response data. Geologic feasibility constraint to preserve complex connectivity patterns is enforced through supervised machine learning while geologic scenario selection is implemented via a mixed l1/l2-norm regularization term. The least-squares minimization is performed using an alternating directions algorithm that involves a sequence of model selection steps followed by geologic feasibility mapping, the latter implemented by combining k nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm with a pattern-learning method. Several examples with complex fluvial channel models are used to illustrate the performance of this approach.
Ultra-Wideband Transmission and High-Symbol Rate Signal Handling Technologies

This tutorial reviews the recent progress on ultra-wideband transmission techniques beyond the C and L bands and 100-200 GBaud-class high-symbol rate signal handling technologies with bandwidth multiplexers and ultra-broadband optical frontends.
New Strategies to Improve Polypectomy During Colonoscopy

In the United States, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The most effective strategy for prevention of CRC is to screen for and remove precancerous polyps. There are various ways to screen for CRC. In the United States, the most common method is colonoscopy. Polyps are classified primarily through pathology. Size is the primary risk factor for malignancy. In general, the bigger the polyp, the greater the risk for malignancy. There are 3 basic options for removal: standard polypectomy; advanced resection techniques, known as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD); and surgical removal. In the past 10 years, the use of surgical removal has significantly decreased. Noninvasive, nonmalignant polyps can be removed endoscopically. EMR and ESD are very effective and achieve similar clinical outcomes. Both procedures begin with a submucosal injection. The submucosal lift is one of the most significant advances that have been made in polypectomy. Traditionally, the approach to achieving a submucosal lift has relied on the use of a saline solution. Saline is inexpensive and widely available, but it dissipates quickly. Various viscous agents have been added to saline to maintain mucosal lifting throughout the procedure. Although most are effective, they are used off-label. The only solution approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the submucosal lift procedure is Eleview. In a clinical trial, Eleview decreased the mean total injected volume and the mean total injected volume per lesion as compared with saline. Other advances in polypectomy techniques include the use of cold snare polypectomy and high-definition colonoscopes. The quality of the colonoscopy can also be improved if a physician knows and monitors his or her adenoma detection rate.
Using redox potential as a feasible marker for banked blood quality and the state of oxidative stress in stored red blood cells.

BACKGROUND Stored red blood cells (RBCs) may undergo oxidative stress over time, with functional changes affecting oxygen delivery. Central to these changes are oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and redox potential (RP) that must be maintained for cell function. RP imbalance can lead to oxidative stress that may contribute to storage lesions. This study's purpose was to identify changes in RP over time in banked RBCs, and among RBCs of similar age. METHODS Multiple random RBC segments from RBC units were tested (n = 32), ranging in age from 5 to 40 days, at 5-day intervals. RP was recorded by measuring open circuit potential of RBCs using nanoporous gold electrodes with Ag/AgCl reference. RP measures were also performed on peripheral venous blood from 10 healthy volunteers. RP measures were compared between RBC groups, and with volunteer blood. RESULTS Stored RBCs show time-dependent RP increases. There were significant differences in Day 5 RP compared to all other groups (p ≤ 0.005), Day 10-15 vs. ages ≥ Day 20 (p ≤ 0.025), Day 20-25 vs. Day 40 (p = 0.039), and all groups compared to healthy volunteers. RP became more positive over time suggesting ongoing oxidation as RBCs age; however, storage time alone was not predictive of RP measured in a particular unit/segment. CONCLUSIONS There are significant differences in RP between freshly stored RBCs and all others, with RP becoming more positive over time. However, storage time alone does not predict RP, indicating RP screening may be an important measure of RBC oxidative stress and serve as an RBC quality marker.
Multi-Operator Cell Tower Locations Prediction from Crowdsourced Data

Cell tower locations are not publicly available due to business interests of wireless providers. Very often wireless providers provide exaggerated coverage maps that may mislead the public. In addition to providing a neutral check on the coverage maps, prediction of cell tower locations hosting multiple operators’ access nodes could also be helpful in disaster communications and public safety in general. The localization of the disaster-affected towers can be very conducive to respond and reach to the victims. Further, victims’ devices could utilize this knowledge to initiate device-to-device (D2D) or unmanned aerial vehicular (UAV) communications as alternatives to the damaged cellular infrastructure. Publicly available crowdsourced cell (base station) locations and FCC’s sites can be used to predict the cell tower/site locations in the United States. In this work, we utilized a weighted k-means algorithm to predict cell tower locations from OpenCellid crowdsourced dataset and implemented a mapping algorithm to locate nearest physical towers. We map the predicted towers to two different sources of physical towers. Our comparison shows a significant accuracy in predicting tower locations regardless of sources of physical towers. The technique can be used to predict the tower locations in other countries as well.
Evaluation of solution-cathode glow discharge atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of nanoparticle containing solutions

Abstract The Solution Cathode Glow Discharge (SCGD) is a novel atmospheric-pressure glow discharge plasma sustained in the ambient atmosphere that is an appealing alternative to the inductively-coupled plasma as a source for atomic emission spectrometry. Simple, low power, and inexpensive, the SCGD is an attractive source for continuous environmental monitoring applications such as the quantitation of metallic nanoparticle solutions by atomic emission spectrometry. Metallic nanoparticles (NP) with diameters from 5 nm-150 nm were directly analyzed by SCGD-AES and found to exhibit lower, and size-dependent, elemental sensitivity when compared to dissolved free-ion standard solutions. Acid digestion with matrix-matching was shown to be an effective approach to achieve accurate quantitation. The origin of these morphological matrix effects was studied by investigating experimental parameters such as discharge power, solution flow rate, and influence of added surfactants. Examination of the spatial distribution of atomic emission between cathode and anode showed a shift in peak atomic emission towards the anode of the SCGD for some NPs as compared to free-ion solutions. A novel nested capillary design was used to introduce NP into the SCGD without dissolution within the acidic solvent and showed difference in sensitivity from free-ion solutions to be a NP morphological effect. Correlation of NP boiling point with difference in sensitivity between free-ion and NP solutions supports the conclusion that delayed vaporization of nanoparticles is the source of the morphological matrix effect, due primarily to lower rate of vaporization within the SCGD by lower gas temperatures and short residence time. Analysis of NP of different chemical form, and alloyed nanoparticles composed of more than one element, showed correlation with boiling point. Implications of these results on the possible mechanisms by which material is transferred from the liquid cathode into the plasma are considered.
Characterizing Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome: A Mixed Methods Study of Patients at a Lyme Disease Clinic in Rhode Island.

BACKGROUND Mixed quantitative and qualitative research methods may be useful for characterizing the experiences of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. METHODS 15 participants completed demographic and screening questions, surveys assessing quality of life, fatigue, pain, cognitive functioning, and other patient- reported outcomes, a semi-structured in-depth interview, and consented to a Lyme-related medical chart review. RESULTS Participants reported mild to moderate symptoms and functional impairments on patient-reported outcome surveys and in-depth interviews. Participants reported on a number of management strategies that they found more or less effective in managing their symptoms. Participants endorsed the need for better clinical assessment of symptom patterns over time, greater Lyme-related education for providers, more holistic approaches to diagnosis and care, and the desire to participate in Lyme-focused support groups. CONCLUSIONS Overall, participants desired a more holistic approach to diagnosis, symptom assessment, and symptom management. Recommendations for future research and clinical considerations are discussed.
Narrative and Truth in Judicial Opinions: Corporate Charitable Giving Cases

Judicial opinions map events into narrative. Errors in mapping are inevitable but are exacerbated when the adversary system breaks down. This paper explores these problems of narrative distortion through an analysis of corporate charitable giving cases: Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., A.P. Smith Co. v. Barlow, and Shlensky v. Wrigley. Each of these cases contains evidence of significant distortion in the mapping process. In Dodge, the distortion was due to the fact that neither party wanted to acknowledge what was really going on. In A.P. Smith, the evidence suggests that the litigation was collusive and that all parties, including the judge, were in on the scam. In Wrigley, the opinion may have had more to do with Chicago politics than with the accurate presentation of the facts. I conclude with tentative thoughts about the implications of narrative distortion in American law.
Marital status and head and neck cancer outcomes

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine the effects of marital status on stage at presentation, receipt of treatment, and survival in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to analyze 51,272 patients who were diagnosed with HNC from 2007 to 2010. The impact of marital status on cancer stage at presentation, receipt of definitive treatment, and HNC-specific mortality (HNCSM) was determined using multivariable logistic and Fine and Gray competing-risks regression models, as appropriate. RESULTS Marriage had a protective effect against metastatic presentation of oral and laryngeal cancers (oral cancer: adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.87; P < .001; laryngeal cancer: AOR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.42-0.67; P < .001) but not against oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, or nasopharyngeal cancers. Among patients with nonmetastatic disease, married patients were more likely to receive definitive treatment (overall AOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.60-1.95; P < .001) and had a lower risk of HNCSM (overall adjusted hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.68-0.77; P < .001); these associations remained significant across all HNC sites. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with oral and laryngeal cancers, those who are married are less likely to present with metastatic disease. In addition, married patients are more likely to receive definitive treatment and less likely to die from HNC across all HNC sites. This suggests that spousal support may have a role in the surveillance of visual and symptomatic HNC types and leads to higher rates of treatment and better survival across all HNC sites. Cancer 2015;121:1273–1278. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
PPP1R42, a PP1 binding protein, regulates centrosome dynamics in ARPE-19 cells.

Background The centrosome is the primary site for microtubule nucleation in cells and orchestrates reorganization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during the cell cycle. The activities of the centrosome must be closely aligned with progression of the cell cycle; misregulation of centrosome separation and duplication is a hallmark of cancer. In a subset of cells, including the developing spermatid, the centrosome becomes specialized to form the basal body thereby supporting growth of the axoneme in morphogenesis of cilia and flagella, structures critical for signaling and motility. Mammalian spermatogenesis is an excellent model system to investigate the transformations in cellular architecture that accompany these changes including formation of the flagellum. We have previously identified a leucine rich repeat protein (PPP1R42) that contains a protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) binding site and translocates from the apical nucleus to the centrosome at the base of the flagellum during spermiogenesis. In this manuscript we examine localization and function of PPP1R42 in a ciliated epithelial cell model as a first step in understanding the role of this protein in centrosome function and flagellar formation.
Evidence of myocyte hyperplasia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and other disorders with myocardial hypertrophy

A review is presented of the mechanisms that mediate the increase in cardiac mass that occurs in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This increase in mass is mediated by an increase in the total mass of the myocytes and the total mass of interstitial fibrous connective tissue. The increase in myocyte mass is the most important of these two components. However, it is not clear at the present time whether this increase is mediated not only by an increase in the size of the cells (hypertrophy), but also by an increase in the numbers of myocytes (hyperplasia) or by a combination of these two factors. Hyperplasia normally occurs during the prenatal phase of cardiac development and stops soon after birth, at which time hypertrophy becomes the main mechanism by which cardiac mass increases. Under certain circumstances, the ability of cardiac myocytes to synthesize DNA and undergo mitotic division can be restored; however, it is uncertain to what extent this results in complete cell division or only in either polyploidy or bi- or multinucleation. It is proposed that in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, increased hyperplasia of cardiac myocytes occurs early in life and leads to permanently disturbed patterns of cardiac gross anatomy; it is then followed by a phase of progressive hypertrophy after the switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth. It is possible that hyperplasia continues to occur after the usual time of this switch. It is also proposed that the increased number of layers of myocytes in the ventricular septum of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a consequence of exaggerated hyperplasia during development.
Coulomb Excitation of Nuclei by Li 6 and Li 7 Projectiles

In order to examine the characteristics of lithium-ion-induced Coulomb excitation, and to extend the cross-section ratio technique for the determination of the multipolarity of transitions, a study has been made of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays emitted following electric excitation of several different target nuclei by ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ ions in the energy range 1.1 to 2.2 Mev. Measurements have been made of thick-target yields of the 110-kev ($E1$) and 198-kev ($E2$) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$, the 128-kev ($E2$) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray from ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{55}$, and the 160-kev ($E2$) $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ray from ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{47}$ and compared with yields calculated from the theoretical cross sections. The yields of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays studied were observed to increase with beam energy in the manner predicted by theory for electric dipole or electric quadrupole excitation. The ratios of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$ and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ induced yields at corresponding (equal $\ensuremath{\xi}$) energies for $E1$ and $E2$ transitions after correction for range effects were found to agree, within the estimated errors, with the theoretical predictions for cross-section ratios.
Protein metabolism in cystic fibrosis: responses to malnutrition and taurine supplementation

Increased protein breakdown has been cited as an important cause of nutrient loss in cystic fibrosis (CF). Taurine deficiency, which is common in CF, may contribute to the increased breakdown. The occurrence of and the benefit of taurine supplementation to abnormal protein metabolism in apparently optimally treated CF were assessed using a 12-mo double-blind crossover technique in 14 well-nourished and seven mildly-moderately malnourished infection-free preadolescent CF children. Muscle protein breakdown (urinary 3-methylhistidine technique) was significantly decreased in well-nourished (1.35% degraded/24 h +/- 0.15, p less than 0.05) and malnourished (1.24 +/- 0.11, p less than 0.001) CF children compared with controls (1.50 +/- 0.17, n = 13). Whole-body protein flux, synthesis, and catabolism ([15N]-glycine technique) were similar in all groups. Net protein gain was greater in CF children, particularly those who were well-nourished (0.55 g/(kg X 10 h) +/- 0.35, p less than 0.01) compared with controls (0.16 +/- 0.26). Taurine supplementation did not significantly affect any of the indices. In the absence of infection, protein metabolism in CF children responds appropriately to malnutrition.
A discrete spring model for generating fair curves and surfaces

The ability to generate fair curves and surfaces is important in computer graphics (CG), computer-aided design (CAD), and other geometric modeling applications. In this paper, we present an iteration-based algorithm for generating fair polygonal curves and surfaces that is based on a new discrete spring model. In the spring model, a linear spring, whose length approximately represents a curvature radius, is attached along the normal line of each polygon node. Energy is assigned to the difference of the lengths, that is, the difference in curvature radius, of neighboring springs. Our algorithm then minimizes the total energy by an iterative approach. It accepts as inputs (1) an initial polygonal curve (surface), which consists of a set of polygonal segments (faces) and a set of nodes as polygon-vertices, and (2) constraints for controlling the shape. The outputs are polygonal curves (surfaces) with smooth shapes. We also describe a method for improving the performance of our iterative process to obtain a linear execution time. Our algorithm provides a tool for the fair curve and surface design in an interactive environment.
Correlation of deformation mechanisms with the tensile and compressive behavior of NiAl and NiAl(Zr) intermetallic alloys

To identify the mechanisms controlling strength and ductility in powder-extruded NiAl and NiAl + 0.05 at. pct Zr, tensile and compressive testing was performed from 300 to 1300 K for several grain sizes. Grain size refinement significantly increased yield stress in both alloys and, in some cases, slightly lowered the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), although no room-temperature tensile ductility was observed even in the finest grain size specimens. The small Zr addition increased the DBTT and changed the low-temperature fracture mode from intergranular in NiAl to a combination of intergranular and transgranular in the Zr-doped alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of compression specimens deformed at room temperature revealed the presence of grain-boundary cracks in both alloys. These cracks were due to the incompatibility of strain in the poly crystalline material, owing to the lack of five independent slip systems. The tendency to form grain-boundary cracks, in addition to the low fracture stress of these alloys, contributed to the lack of tensile ductility at low temperatures. The operative slip system, both below and above the DBTT, was {110} 〈001〉 for both alloys. The change from brittle to ductile behavior with increasing temperatures was associated with the onset of diffusional processes.
Health Services Utilization Among Older Adults: Conceptual, Measurement, and Modeling Issues in Secondary Analysis

Much is written about the use of health services by older adults. Many such studies involve secondary analyses of existing data sources and rely on the behavioral model of health services utilization as the conceptual framework. This essay suggests that for both independent and dependent variables, severe shortcomings in the breadth and depth of the available data, and the numbers of intervals at which data have been recorded, continue to limit our understanding of the use of health services by older adults.
A ΔE-E telescope with very large solid angle

Abstract We have developed a charged particle telescope primarily for heavy ions with several new features. A very compact gas ionization chamber with axial charge collection and without a Frisch grid is used as a ΔE coungter. The E counter consists of a 50 mm × 16 mm multi-detector array fabricated on a single silicon wafer. The entire device is operated at −30°C to reduce the leakage current in the solid state detector and to eliminate the need for a gas flow system. At a distance of 50 mm from the target this detector subtends a solid angle of 300 msr and an angular range of 53°.
Democracy and E-Rulemaking: Web-Based Technologies, Participation, and the Potential for Deliberation

Abstract Deliberative democratic theorists and public participation scholars have become increasingly interested in institutionalized forms of citizen discourse with the state, including those facilitated by information technology. However, there have been very few empirical studies of the claims that the Internet will make public participation more inclusive and deliberative. We report the results of an exploratory survey of 1,556 citizen participants in regulatory public comment processes in the United States. Our analysis focuses on the differences in deliberative indicators between those who submitted their comments using newly available electronic tools and those who postal mailed or faxed letters on paper. We also examine differences between those who submitted an original letter and those who submitted a version of a mass-mailed form letter. Overall, the data found modest evidence of the presence of deliberative democratic practices. More interesting are the apparently fundamental differences betwe...
The Radcliffe Central Bankers

This article analyses documents before the Radcliffe Committee on the Working of the Monetary System. The proceedings of the Radcliffe Committee are recognised as providing a watershed in the history of monetary thought, particularly as pertains to the propositions of post‐Keynesian monetary economics. These propositions, recently detailed in two books (Rousseas, 1968; Moore, 1987), can be summarised as follows:
Conflicting images ? Being black and a model high school student

School participants in two desegregated urban high schools, Lincoln and Norwood East, shared virtually the same image of the good or "model" student. But student peer cultures differed significantly between the sites with regards to the acceptability of this and other images for African Americans. Within these contrasting school contexts, six high-achieving black juniors formed and then performed identities as model students, as black persons, and as other selves. They responded in unique ways to what they perceived to be conflicting images of who they ought to be. African American high school students have been portrayed by researchers as experiencing a nearly irreconcilable conflict between being black and being a model student. Believing they can be one or the other but not both, black adolescents are often described as resolving the conflict by choosing to identify with African Americans, to express distinctively African American cultural traits, and to reject dominant "white" schooling as inappropriate or unrealistic for them. Ogbu was among the first to note African American youths' tendency to be "excessively tardy, lackadaisical towards schoolwork, and otherwise prone to behave in ways that will not necessarily lead to school success" (Ogbu 1988:170). He contends that these youths and members of other involuntary minority groups living in the United States internalize "folk theories" of success which downplay school achievement and divert their interests into nonacademic pursuits. The folk theories were constructed in response to perceived job ceilings and other forms of racial discrimination that for generations have limited involuntary minority groups' chances of prospering in the United States (Ogbu 1987, 1978). Fordham (Fordham and Ogbu 1986) also observed African American adolescents purposely failing or falling behind in high school. Students within the context of all-black Capital High viewed studying, getting good grades, speaking standard English, attending operas and ballets, and expressing other mainstream cultural traits as "acting white" and therefore as inappropriate for them. They formed oppositional identities
Multilingual Resources for Entity Extraction

Progress in human language technology requires increasing amounts of data and annotation in a growing variety of languages. Research in Named Entity extraction is no exception. Linguistic Data Consortium is creating annotated corpora to support information extraction in English, Chinese, Arabic, and other languages for a variety of US Government-sponsored programs. This paper covers the scope of annotation and research tasks within these programs, describes some of the challenges of multilingual corpus development for entity extraction, and concludes with a description of the corpora developed to support this research.
A role for epigenetics in the formation of chromosome translocations in acute leukemia

In general, the field of cancer genetics seems to have shifted its focus from cancer-associated genes to cancer-associated epigenetic activity. An abundance of evidence suggests that epigenetic malfunction, such as aberrant histone modification, and altered DNA methylation, is at the root of much, if not most aberrant gene expression associated with cancer. However, a role for epigenetics in physical DNA changes, such as chromosome rearrangements, is less obvious, and certainly less well understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetics may play a role in many of the steps of aberrant chromosome recombination, especially chromosome translocations, associated with cancers such as acute leukemias.
A Next Generation Cordierite Diesel Particle Filter with Significantly Reduced Pressure Drop

Diesel particle filters (DPF) have become a standard after treatment component for all current and future on-road diesel engines used in the US. In Europe the introduction of EUVI is expected to also result in the broad implementation of DPF’s. The anticipated general trend in engine technology towards higher engine out NOx/PM ratios results in a somewhat changing set of boundary conditions for the DPF predominantly enabling passive regeneration of the DPF. This enables the design of a novel filter concept optimized for low pressure drop, low thermal mass for optimized regeneration and fast heat-up of a downstream SCR system, therefore reducing CO 2 implications for the DPF operation. In this paper we will discuss results from a next generation cordierite DPF designed to address these future needs. The new materials are based on a thinwall design with optimized material and microstructure, resulting in an almost linear pressure drop response with soot loading in the bare and catalyzed state. A significant reduction in soot loaded pressure drop for uncoated and coated filters is demonstrated of the new filter design vs. current EPA 2010 filter technologies. The optimized microstructure also enables high filtration efficiency for mass and number. Results from a wide range of regeneration experiments will be used to discuss the thermal operating window of the new material and the thermal response during normal operation and active regeneration. A uniform temperature distribution and the fast thermal response of the low mass filter minimize implications on fuel consumption.
SCHUTZ'S BERGSONIAN ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Alfred Schutz returned to Vienna in 1918 to study law and economics, and thus prepare himself for the banking career in which he was to make his livelihood during most of his life. At the same time, however (as he noted years later): I was under the spell of Max Weber's work, especially his meth odological writings. I recognized, however, very soon that Max Weber had forged the tools he needed for his concrete research but that his main problem, understanding the subjective meaning a social act has for the actor, needed further philosophical founda tion (Schutz, 1977:41-42). The intellectual task that was to continue throughout his philosophical career was thus developing along with his professional studies. First in the neoKantians, then briefly in Husserl and Bergson, and then at length in Husserl, Schutz sought a philosophical grounding for his ideal-typical analysis of consciousness as meaning-bestowing in human action. In his later reflections upon this period, he says this in regard to his attempt to use Bergson's work in developing that philosophical basis: I was conviced that his analysis of the structure of consciousness and especially of inner time could be used as a starting point for an interpretation of the unclarified basic notions of the social sciences, such as meaning, action, expectation, and first of all intersubjectivity (Schutz, 1977:41-42). From 1924-1928, Schutz studied Bergson intensively, in hopes of building a bridge from "duration" - the basic structure of conscious ness, in Bergson's analysis - to intersubjectivity; and thus, providing the basis for the understanding of social action from the actor's point
Spectral mirror imaging in ultrafast optical parametric processes

We experimentally demonstrate and theoretically explore a spectral imaging system where two spectral sidebands produced through an optical parametric process always have reversed spectral profiles with respect to the center frequency of the pump.
Taste–Odor Integration in Espresso Coffee

Espresso coffee samples were freshly prepared with 10% sucrose, 0.0143% sucralose (equivalent in sweetness to 10% sucrose), or unsweetened, each with and without nondairy creamer. A sensory panel rated the intensities of “malty,” “caramel,” “roasty,” and “coffee-like.” The concentrations of flavor chemicals associated with the latter three sensations (Furaneol, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl [EDM] pyrazine, and 2-furfuryl thiol, respectively) were determined by gas chromatography, using solid-phase microextraction sampling of coffee headspace. Furaneol and furfuryl thiol were essentially unaffected by creamer addition, but the more nonpolar EDM pyrazine was greatly reduced. The malty, caramel, roasty, and coffee-like flavor intensities were not significantly affected by creamer addition. This appears to be a case of disconnect between the absence of an odorant and perception. Furaneol, furfuryl thiol, and EDM pyrazine concentrations were unaffected by adding either sweetener. The malty sensation was the same with and without added sweetener. The roasty and coffee-like ratings both decreased to similar extents in the samples with the two added sweeteners. The ratings for caramel were considerably increased, again to a similar extent, by both sweeteners. Since the added sweeteners were both nonvolatile, this is clearly a case where taste affected odor perception.