cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic Development of Fresh E-Commerce With Respect to New Retail

Fresh e-commerce is a form of recently developed e-commerce that is coveted by many businesses. With the help of new retailing, fresh e-commerce has opened a new chapter in online marketing of online to offline models all around the world. However, with complications of competitors, business restructuring, drawbacks in technologies, and shortage of expertise, fresh ecommerce businesses are now in a period of critical innovation. Their own broadening advantages that are influencing the market are considered for ecommerce businesses. Due to this some of the biggest e-commerce giants in the world are competing to revolutionize the way people receive everyday items, specifically grocery products. This paper uses Amazon Fresh and Fresh Hema in the United States and China as two cases to explore the differences between countries, and to analyze the bottleneck of development in fresh e-commerce. Then, certain operation improvement to fresh ecommerce businesses have been suggested to improve the efficiency overall of the fresh e-commerce operation.
Best approximation of conjugate of a function in generalized Zygmund

In this paper, we, for the very first time, study the error estimates of conjugate of a function ~g of g(2-periodic) in generalized Zygmund class Y wz (z 1); by Matix-Euler (TEq) product operatorof conjugate Fourier series. In fact, we establish two theorems on degree of approximation of afunction ~g of g (2-periodic) in generalized Zygmund class Y wz (z 1); by Matix-Euler (TEq)product means of its conjugate Fourier series. Our main theorem generalizes three previouslyknown results. Thus the results of [7], [8] and [26] become the particular cases of our Theorem2.1. Some corollaries are also deduced from our main theorem.
Ready-to-Assemble Furniture

This chapter examines several attempts by the Progressive Era designer and social activist Louise Brigham to commercialize her box furniture system. Around 1915 she founded the Home Art Masters company to manufacture and sell her I-Ma-Da line of ready-to-assemble (RTA) flat-pack furniture kits, an effort that was several decades ahead of the first really successful ventures into RTA furniture. In addition, toward the end of World War I she opened a school to train young women in carpentry, with an associated store where their products (especially toys) could be sold.
The role of the pediatric surgeon: differences in expectations between surgeons and parents

Purpose Following the recent publication of an article in The Boston Globe “exposing” the common practice of scheduling and performing concurrent surgeries, there has been much discussion amongst both the lay press and hospital administrators seeking to ensure the safety of patients by investigating and regulating this cost-effective strategy. However, there is little information about the practice of performing concurrent surgeries in pediatric patients; even less is known about parents’ expectations regarding the role of the surgeon on the day of surgery and how these expectations align with those of pediatric surgeons and …
Democracy and Population Health

This Element explores the association between political democracy and population health. It reviews the rise of scholarly interest in the association, evaluates alternative indicators of democracy and population health, assesses how particular dimensions of democracy have affected population health, and explores how population health has affected democracy. It finds that democracy - optimally defined as free, fair, inclusive, and decisive elections plus basic rights - is usually, but not invariably, beneficial for population health, even after good governance is taken into account. It argues that research on democracy and population health should take measurement challenges seriously; recognize that many aspects of democracy, not just competitive elections, can affect population health; acknowledge that democracy's impact on population health will be large or small, and beneficial or harmful, depending on circumstances; and identify the relevant circumstances by combining the quantitative analysis of many cases with the qualitative study of a few cases.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Uptake in Suicide Attempt Among Young People of Minority Population: A Case Series

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in Wuhan China on December 31, 2019. COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. To reduce the spread of this virus, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommended self and mandatory quarantine of exposed individuals and self-isolation. However, the psychological impact of this pandemic includes new onset or worsening of existing mental illnesses which include but are not limited to anxiety, depression from social isolation, eating disorders, and uptake in suicidality either in isolation or part of mental illness symptomatology. In the USA, suicide is the second leading cause of death among people aged 10 - 34 years while globally, it is the second cause of death among people aged 15 - 29 years. The authors present a case of two young women of minority population with no prior psychiatric illnesses who presented to the psychiatry emergency room with suicidal attempts due to COVID-19 pandemic-related psychosocial stressors.
Cost-effectiveness of Sexually Transmitted Infection Screening for Adolescents and Young Adults in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

Importance Adolescents and young adults compose almost 50% of all diagnosed sexually transmitted infection (STI) cases annually in the US. Given that these individuals frequently access health care through the emergency department (ED), the ED could be a strategic venue for examining the identification and treatment of STIs. Objective To examine the cost-effectiveness of screening strategies for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (chlamydia and gonorrhea) in adolescents and young adults who seek acute care at pediatric EDs. Design, setting, and participants This economic evaluation is a component of an ongoing, larger multicenter clinical trial at the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network. A decision analytic model, created using literature-based estimates for the key parameters, was developed to simulate the events and outcomes associated with 3 strategies for screening and testing chlamydial and gonococcal infections in individuals aged 15 to 21 years who sought acute care at pediatric EDs. Data sources included published (from January 1, 1997, to December 31, 2019) English-language articles indexed in MEDLINE, bibliographies in relevant articles, insurance claims data in the MarketScan database, and reimbursement payments from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Because the events and outcomes were simulated, a hypothetical population of 10 000 ED visits by adolescents and young adults was used. Interventions The 3 screening strategies were (1) no screening, (2) targeted screening, and (3) universally offered screening. Targeted screening involved the completion of a sexual health survey, which yielded an estimated STI risk (at risk, high risk, or low risk). Main outcomes and measures Outcome metrics included cost (measured in 2019 US dollars) and the detection and successful treatment of STIs. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of each strategy was calculated in a base case analysis. The ICER reflects the cost per case detected and successfully treated. Results A 3.6% prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea was applied to a hypothetical population of 10 000 ED visits by adolescents and young adults. Targeted screening resulted in the detection and successful treatment of 95 of 360 STI cases (26.4%) at a cost of $313 063, and universally offered screening identified and treated 112 of 360 STI cases (31.1%) at a cost of $515 503. The ICER for targeted screening vs no screening was $6444, and the ICER for universally offered screening vs targeted screening was $12 139. Conclusions and relevance This economic evaluation found that targeted screening and universally offered screening compared with no screening appeared to be cost-effective strategies for identifying and treating chlamydial and gonococcal infections in adolescents and young adults who used the ED for acute care. Universally offered screening was associated with detecting and successfully treating a higher proportion of STIs in this population.
Risks, Benefits, and Treatment Modalities of Menopausal Hormone Therapy: Current Concepts

Menopausal hormone therapy (HT) prescribing practices have evolved over the last few decades guided by the changing understanding of the treatment’s risks and benefits. Since the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) trial results in 2002, including post-intervention analysis and cumulative 18-year follow up, it has become clear that the risks of HT are low for healthy women less than age 60 or within ten years from menopause. For those who are experiencing bothersome vasomotor symptoms, the benefits are likely to outweigh the risks in view of HT’s efficacy for symptom management. HT also has a role in preventing osteoporosis in appropriate candidates for treatment. A comprehensive overview of the types, routes, and formulations of currently available HT, as well as HT’s benefits and risks by outcomes of interest are provided to facilitate clinical decision making.
83 Acceptability of red clover hay and associated eating behaviors of horses when compared to timothy hay

Forage preference and eating behaviors are influenced by prior exposure to a forage species and forage maturity. Therefore, introducing new forages to horses can be challenging. This study aimed to compare horse behavior and acceptance of hay, when given a choice between timothy hay (TH) and red clover hay (RCH); a subobjective of a study also evaluating in vitro fermentation. Twelve Thoroughbred horses were blocked by weight and sex and randomly assigned to TH (n = 8) or TH+20% RCH (n = 4) diet, the unbalanced design due to a dietary treatment not reported here. The study included 2 periods of 4 weeks (n = 6/period) to accommodate the 12 horses. Horses were housed and fed in partially covered individual runs (3 × 12m) and turned out daily in paddocks with muzzles (9:00–15:00) that allowed water consumption. Horses participated in 3 preference tests (PF): one in wk 2 and 2 in wk 4. Horses were on pasture before the study, and transitioned to hay only diets during wk 1. Each successive PF served to test acceptability with continued exposure. On PF days horses were brought inside from turnout, but instead of receiving a full allotment of hay, were provided with a pre-weighed amount of hay in bins and observed for 1 h. Orts was weighed back. Horses (n = 8) allocated to TH diet received TH in both bins, serving as controls. Horses (n = 4) allocated to TH+RCH treatment received TH in one bin, and RCH in the other. Each PF occurred over 2 consecutive days, where hays were switched between bins and results averaged between days. Behavior assessment included the first bin approached, sniffed and consumed from, drinking water, switching bins, or no eating. Data were analyzed as repeated measures ANOVA (SAS 9.4). Bin placement had no effect (P > 0.05). The PF total hay intake did not differ between TRT or time (P > 0.05). Consumption of RCH decreased from PF 1 to 2 (P 1 min) on average 3 times. Behavior observations indicated a willingness to eat both hays, but TH was preferred over the long-term, whether due to differences in maturity or other sensory factors. Average voluntary RCH intake was 30.7%. In practice RCH will likely be fed at 15–20% of total intake. Thus, willingness to consume RCH at these reported levels is a valuable outcome for practical application.
A Cross Section of Teacher Visioning

Research on teacher visioning has focused mainly on teacher candidates or on graduates from teacher-preparation programs. To explore a broader scope, this qualitative study investigated a cross-sec...
Dopamine transporter imaging in essential tremor with and without parkinsonian features

Mild parkinsonian features can be observed in patients with essential tremor (ET). Although dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging is usually normal in ET, some studies found mild dopaminergic deficit in ET patients compared to healthy controls (HC). We analyzed clinical and DAT imaging data in ET patients with and without parkinsonian features. Thirty-nine ET patients with and without parkinsonian features and 13 HC underwent detailed examination by a movement disorders neurologist and 123-I ioflupane SPECT. Two independent radiologists “blinded” to the clinical diagnosis analyzed images visually and by semi-quantitative calculation of striatal binding ratios in different volumes of interests. ET patients were divided into pure ET group (no parkinsonian features, n = 22), ET-P [one parkinsonian feature not sufficient for the clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease (PD), n = 9], and ET + PD (two or more parkinsonian features meeting diagnostic criteria for PD, n = 8). As expected, ET + PD patients had the lowest striatal binding ratios. We also found a trend toward slightly lower striatal binding ratios in ET patients ET compared to HC, especially in caudate nucleus. There was no significant correlation between striatal binding ratios, ET severity or duration. Patients with ET and parkinsonian features represent a heterogeneous group that includes ET + PD and ET-P. The latter group shares some clinical features with PD but has no dopaminergic deficit on DAT imaging as determined by visual image interpretation. On the other hand, minimal dopaminergic deficit (as compared to controls) is detected in some ET patients with semi-quantitative image analysis, although the pattern may be different from that of PD.
Multiplier DEA Model

The dual linear programming problems to the envelopment models are called multiplier models as shown in Table 3.1 .
The Question of Cell Cycle Reentry by Mature Neurons in Response to Amyloid-β and Tau Pathology

The underlying connections between cell cycle and apoptosis were first revealed in proliferating cells. For example, experimental evidence obtained in the earlier 1990s revealed that oncoprotein c-Myc could induce both cell cycle progression and apoptosis in nontransformed rodent fibroblasts [1,2]. It soon became evident from various earlier studies that dysregulation of cell cycle progress can either enhance the sensitivity of cells to apoptosis stimuli or trigger apoptosis directly. The intimate relationship between apoptosis and cell cycle events noted in proliferating fibroblasts naturally interested neurobiologists in examining whether this very link exists in neurons, which are permanently postmitotic but still retain some elements of the cell cycle machinery. One of the very first experiments to address this question in neurons was attempted by Feddersen and colleagues [3]. These authors genetically engineered the expression of SV40 T antigen in cerebellar Purkinje cells with a cell type specific promoter, pcp2. The authors noted that T antigen-expressing Purkinje cells swelled in size. In addition, these cells exhibited an increase in cell cycle markers and could be labeled with bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU). But rather than dividing, these BrdU positive Purkinje neurons underwent a death process. Due to the specific degeneration of
Hooks and Shifts: A Dialectical Study of Mediated Discovery

Radical constructivists advocate discovery-based pedagogical regimes that enable students to incrementally and continuously adapt their cognitive structures to the instrumented cultural environment. Some sociocultural theorists, however, maintain that learning implies discontinuity in conceptual development, because novices must appropriate expert analyses that are schematically incommensurate with their naive views. Adopting a conciliatory, dialectical perspective, we concur that naive and analytic schemes are operationally distinct and that cultural–historical artifacts are instrumental in schematic reconfiguration yet argue that students can be steered to bootstrap this reconfiguration in situ; moreover, students can do so without any direct modeling from persons fluent in the situated use of the artifacts. To support the plausibility of this mediated-discovery hypothesis, we present and analyze vignettes selected from empirical data gathered in a conjecture-driven design-based research study investigating the microgenesis of proportional reasoning through guided engagement in technology-based embodied interaction. 22 Grade 4–6 students participated in individual or paired semi-structured tutorial clinical interviews, in which they were tasked to remote-control the location of virtual objects on a computer display monitor so as to elicit a target feedback of making the screen green. The screen would be green only when the objects were manipulated on the screen in accord with a “mystery” rule. Once the participants had developed and articulated a successful manipulation strategy, we interpolated various symbolic artifacts onto the problem space, such as a Cartesian grid. Participants appropriated the artifacts as strategic or discursive means of accomplishing their goals. Yet, so doing, they found themselves attending to and engaging certain other embedded affordances in these artifacts that they had not initially noticed yet were supporting performance subgoals. Consequently, their operation schemas were surreptitiously modulated or reconfigured—they saw the situation anew and, moreover, acknowledged their emergent strategies as enabling advantageous interaction. We propose to characterize this two-step guided re-invention process as: (a) hooking—engaging an artifact as an enabling, enactive, enhancing, evaluative, or explanatory means of effecting and elaborating a current strategy; and (b) shifting—tacitly reconfiguring current strategy in response to the hooked artifact’s emergent affordances that are disclosed only through actively engaging the artifact. Looking closely at two cases and surveying others, we delineate mediated interaction factors enabling or impeding hook-and-shift learning. The apparent cognitive–pedagogical utility of these behaviors suggests that this ontological innovation could inform the development of a heuristic design principle for deliberately fostering similar learning experiences.
PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITY AND INEQUALITY IN HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE: AN EXAMINATION OF AMERICAN STATE HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS

This article examines the effect of the three publicness dimensions on inequality in health insurance coverage across 50 American state-level health care systems. The analysis validates a Gini-coefficient measure of Americans' unequal distribution of health insurance coverage across nine income groups and compares public ownership, financing, and control of health care systems across all 50 states from 2002 to 2010. There is a significant and negative relationship between public ownership and inequality in health insurance coverage, although the substantive impact of ownership is relatively small. Both public financing and control substantially reduce inequality in health insurance coverage across income groups. However, both of these must be present in order to be effective at reducing inequality. This article expands our understanding of the link between different institutional arrangements and inequality in health insurance coverage in hybrid health care systems.
Local structure in the stripe phase of La 1.6 − x Sr x Nd 0.4 CuO 4

We describe the local structure of crystalline ${\mathrm{La}}_{1.6\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.4}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ $(x=0.12,$ $0.16)$ in the temperature range 10--300 K as determined from orientation-dependent La K-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. Such XAFS measurements of c-axis-aligned powders permit distinguishing like atoms at similar bonding distances because the measurement determines the angle of the bonds relative to the c axis. The local structure of $x=0.12$ about La atoms up to their fourth nearest neighbors, the distance which can reliably be probed by XAFS, does not correspond to any of the average periodic structures determined for this material by diffraction. The $\mathrm{Cu}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ octahedra for $x=0.12$ are found to tilt $4.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ from the c axis along an axis in the $a\ensuremath{-}b$ plane $20.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ from the a axis. This suggests the $\mathrm{Pccn}$ (LTO2) structure, though the octahedra become somewhat distorted and the more distant atoms do not fit the LTO2 structure. In contrast, the local structure of $x=0.16$ does fit the LTO2 structure and has corresponding tilt values of $3.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ and $19.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.$ The local structures for both concentrations are found to be independent of temperature, indicating that the various crystal phase transitions found in diffraction are due to long-range averaging of local structure regions with orientational disorder. The local structure correlation length appears to be longer than the high-${T}_{c}$ coherence length, indicating that the local structure is the relevant one when considering the pairing mechanism.
The superiority of maximum entropy power spectrum techniques applied to geomagnetic micropulsations

Abstract Several methods of spectrum analysis have been applied to a micropulsation event associated with a magnetospheric substorm. The micropulsations were detected and recorded at Sudbury, Massachusetts, U.S.A. (53.9°N, 357.1°E, geomagnetic coordinates). The data sample is for the period 0630–0900 UT on September 1, 1970 which includes most of an isolated substorm which was preceded by low levels of magnetic activity ( K p = 1°, 0300–0600 UT). Spectra were obtained using 15-min segments of low pass filtered and digitized data for the two horizontal magnetic field components. A dynamic spectrum was obtained by moving the data window by increments of 1 min through the data set. The results show that methods based on the maximum-entropy principle yield higher resolution than the traditional techniques, such as Blackman-Tukey or the discrete Fourier transform using the fast Fourier transform algorithm. Multiplet structure, predicted by recent micropulsation theories, is sharply resolved by maximum-entropy techniques.
Internal state language in the storybook narratives of children with and without autism spectrum disorder: Investigating relations to theory of mind abilities

The current study examines narratives elicited using a wordless picture book, focusing on language used to describe the characters' thoughts and emotions (i.e., internal state language, ISL). The sample includes 21 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 24 typically developing controls, matched on children's gender, IQ, as well as receptive and expressive vocabulary. This research had three major findings. First, despite equivalent performance on standardized language assessments, the volume of children's narratives (i.e., the number of utterances and words, the range of unique verbs and adjectives) was lower in children with ASD than in typically developing controls. Second, after controlling for narrative volume, the narratives of children with ASD were less likely to reference the characters' emotions than was the case for typically developing controls. Finally, our results revealed a specific association between children's use of emotion terms and their performance on a battery of experimental tasks evaluating children's Theory of Mind abilities. Implications for our understanding of narrative deficits in ASD as well as interventions that use narrative as a context for improving social comprehension are discussed.
EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY AND THYROID FEEDING IN GEESE ON THE BASAL METABOLISM AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Thyroidectomy, in whatever animal species it has been performed, has invariably resulted in a profound lowering of the basal level of the heat production. The metabolic reactions of thyroidectomized animals to changes in environmental temperature have not been adequately investigated, however, although there are many indications that the thyroid is an important part of the body's internal mechanisms for the regulation of its temperature under widely varying environmental conditions (1–8). The bird, as well as the mammal, has successfully met the problem of the maintenance of constant body temperature under environmental temperatures which may vary seasonally as much as 35°C. or more. The thyroid glands are possibly involved in this control, in birds as well as in mammals. Avian thyroidectomy has been practically unattacked due, probably, to the difficulty of the removal of the glands from their location within the chest. Riddle (9, and personal communication) has been able to remove the glands in pigeons ...
Environmental physical cues determine the lineage specification of mesenchymal stem cells.

Background Physical cues of cellular environment affect cell fate and differentiation. For example, an environment with high stiffness drives mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to undergo osteogenic differentiation, while low stiffness leads to lipogenic differentiation. Such effects could be independent of chemical/biochemical inducers.
The Effects of Spirituality and Religion on Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a chronic progressive disease with marked morbidity and mortality. Patients enduring this condition suffer from fluctuations in symptom burden such as fatigue, shortness of breath, chest pain, sexual dysfunction, dramatic changes in body image and depression. As physicians, we often ask patients to trust in our ability to ameliorate their symptoms, but oftentimes we do not hold all of the answers, and our best efforts are only modestly effective. The suffering endured by these individuals and their families may even call into question one's faith in a higher power and portends to significant spiritual struggle. In the face of incurable and chronic physical conditions, it seems logical that patients would seek alternative or ancillary methods, notably spiritual ones, to improve their ability to deal with their condition. Although difficult to study, spirituality has been evaluated and deemed to have a beneficial effect on multiple measures including global quality of life, depression and medical compliance in the treatment of patients with HF. The model of HF treatment incorporates a multidisciplinary approach. This should involve coordination between primary care, cardiology, palliative care, nursing, patients and, importantly, individuals providing psychosocial as well as spiritual support. This review intends to outline the current understanding and necessity of spirituality's influence on those suffering from HF.
CNPase activity in the vertebrate retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, and choroid.

The activity of the enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNPase, E.C.3.1.4.37) has been studied in the retina of three vertebrate species. Activity was highest in the goldfish, followed by Xenopus laevis and Rana pipiens. Also, high activity levels were found in goldfish retinal pigment epithelium and choroid, but not in the other two species. When added to in vitro culture systems, 2',3'-cyclic nucleotides were found to have no effect on goldfish cone retinomotor movement, but caused a marked inhibition of Rana pipiens rod outer segment disc membrane shedding. It is suggested that CNPase may play a role in cellular processes requiring membrane structural reorganization.
Long-term outcomes for treating early inflantile Krabbe disease with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation within six weeks after birth

latter, not. MPS IH patients unexpectedly showed a similar developmental trajectory as the MPS IA group suggesting that the treatment may have lessened the severe impact of the disease Their significantly more decline in Communication with age may have been due to the MPS IH group's overall lower cognitive function. Future studies should track the relationship of the adaptive function variability with the number and severity of medical challenges that these patients face.
The role of peer performance in managerial compensation surrounding the 1996 Telecommunications Act

Abstract In this study, we use the introduction of the US 1996 Telecommunications Act as our empirical setting to examine the dynamics of the role of peer performance in managerial compensation. We adopt a difference-in-differences design using size- and performance-matched manufacturing firms as the benchmarks. The results indicate that, relative to the benchmark firms, telecommunications firms strengthened the (negative) tie between managerial compensation and peer performance after the Act. The effect is significant for peer stock returns, and in the same direction, though not significant, for peer accounting return on equity. The results suggest that relative performance evaluation became more valuable for telecommunication firms after the Act.
Morphological anomalies as indicators of chytrid infection in Bufo marinus from Trinidad, West Indies

Abstract. Many amphibian species worldwide have exhibited significant population declines due to exposure to the emerging infectious disease (EID), Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Previous PCR analyses revealed the presence of this fungus in species of Mannophyrne trinitatis sampled in Trinidad and Tobago in 2007. Tadpoles of Bufo marinus collected in Trinidad in 2003 were examined for the presence of chytrid infection. In all, we examined 645 tadpoles of 13Gosner developmental stages (29-42) for morphological anomalies commonly associated with chytrid infection. Oral deformities were common in this sample. The number of deformities ranged from 0 (in Gosner 29, 30 and 42) up to 83 percent (in Gosner 37), with most stages showing greater than 50% with abnormalities. Patterns exhibited show that the number of deformities increased as the development proceeded (from Gosner 29 - 41). These data also show that the posterior mouthparts of infected tissues are more likely to be deformed than non-infected. Compar...
Examining influences on women’s decision to try labour after previous caesarean section

Objective: We examined variables that may influence women’s decision to try for a Vaginal Birth After Caesarean (VBAC) or an Elective Repeat Caesarean Delivery (ERCD). Background: After a primary caesarean delivery, many women must choose between a VBAC or an ERCD. Both options involve risk to the mother and neonate, and the decision is a complex one. Methods: Data were collected from 166 pregnant women and 117 intending-to-become pregnant women with one previous caesarean section. Through an online survey, women reported their birth plans (current, past and future), risk perception, influences on their decision, and their locus of control for labour and delivery. Results: Women planning to have a VBAC perceive a caesarean as the riskier option, while women choosing an ERCD perceive a VBAC as the riskier option. Women who plan to have a VBAC are less satisfied overall with their first birth. Women who are planning a VBAC have a higher internal locus of control for labour and delivery and a lower ‘powerful...
Mechanisms of ischemia in coronary artery disease: spontaneous decrease in coronary blood supply.

Abstract Myocardial ischemia has traditionally been related to increased demand, but recent data suggest that intermittent episodes of decreased supply are also important. This article discusses the phenomena underlying the factors that produce spontaneous (non-effort-related) ischemia. These include local arterial phenomena, arterial plaques, endothelial phenomena, neural phenomena, and circadian patterns. The clinical spectrum of myocardial ischemia can be viewed as an interplay among supply, demand, local arterial reactivity, and acute plaque disruption. In addition, neural phenomena and circadian patterns of multiple cardiovascular phenomena combine to make the coronary circulation susceptible to an increased concentration of events in the moring hours, around the time of awakening. With this extension of our understanding of myocardial ischemia, we have reasonable assurance that methods of treatment will advance significantly in the near future.
EROTETIC LOGIC AND SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

.It is a near truism that science is a form of inquiry that has produced, and is likely to continue to produce, the most credible beliefs and belief systems purporting to realize certain fundamental epistemic and pragmatic aims of contemporary culture. However, with a few exceptions among the historically oriented philosophers, most epistemology of science has been concerned with the analysis of extant scientific concepts and static relations of evidence, and not with systematic procedures for the production of concepts or evidence. As is well known, the 'context of discovery' is sometimes thought to be beyond the reach of logic and epistemology. The subject of discovery is then left to historians, psychologists and social scientists. However, the epistemological problem of systematic inquiry has been of interest to a number of important philosophers in the western tradition and again is receiving the attention of philosophers of science. In the Meno, Plato, in the person of Socrates, formulates the problem as a dilemma which may be paraphrased as follows: if we possess complete and adequate knowledge, then inquiry is unnecessary, for whatever aims activities of inquiry might have have been achieved. If we are ignorant, then inquiry is impossible, for then we cannot choose how to conduct it nor can we tell when it is successful. We either possess complete and adequate knowledge or we are ignorant, therefore inquiry is either unnecessary or impossible. An immediately plausible strategy against .this dilemma is to offer a third possibility between its horns, that is, to claim the possibility of partial knowledge sufficient to specify unfulfilled epistemic goals. In this way their fulfillment, viz., scientific discoveries, can be recognized when it occurs, and inquiry may be directed by means of some foreknowledge of this fulfillment. Also both horns may be seized, for the human condition is normally not one in which total ignorance prevails. Nor can knowledge realistically be said to be complete at any stage of scientific inquiry, for the job of confirming or seeking falsification can continue indefinitely, and what would have appeared
ASSESSMENT OF SUICIDE POTENTIAL BY NONPSYCHIATRISTS USING THE SAD PERSONS SCORE

We were unable to validate the predictive ability of a previously described mneumonic (SAD PERSONS score, SPS) for determining the need for hospitalization of patients who have expressed suicidal ideation or behavior. After reviewing published studies on the subject, we arrived at a modification of this scale (MSPS). The MSPS obtained by nonpsychiatric and psychiatric house staff was compared and correlated with patient disposition for 100 consecutive adult patients presenting to the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center emergency department for the assessment of suicidal behavior. We were unable to correlate the MSPS with patient disposition. However, four criteria were found to correlate with the need for hospitalization (P less than .001). After weighting the MSPS, giving two points for each of these four criteria, and one point for each of the other six, we found that a score of greater than or equal to 6 had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 71% in identifying need for hospitalization. A score of less than or equal to 5 had a negative predictive value for hospitalization of 95%. When two nonsuicidal patients, admitted for situational reasons only, were eliminated, a score of greater than or equal to 6 had a 100% sensitivity and a score of less than or equal to 5 had a 100% negative predictive value in identifying patients requiring hospitalization. Subsequent use of the weighted MSPS for an additional 82 patients confirmed these results. Follow-up of 97.5% (116/119) of all patients discharged from the emergency department at 6 to 12 months found no mortalities. Using a weighted MSPS, nonpsychiatrists can quickly and easily obtain the objective information necessary to make an initial assessment of suicidality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Politics of Diaspora and the Morality of Secularism: Muslim Identities and Islamic Authority in Mauritius

Previous work on inter-ethnic coexistence in Mauritius has portrayed secularism as the only possible site of the national, which is at the same time described as clearly separated from religious traditions. In contrast, focusing on understandings of secularism among Mauritian Muslims in the context of a politics of diasporic ‘ancestral cultures’, this article analyses secularism as a field of morality which is inseparable from questions of religious reform and authenticity. The discussion of ethnographic material from Mauritius suggests that the opposition between secularity and religiosity should be treated as a productive tension rather than a liberal antinomy.
The Tenuous Link Between Formal Strategic Planning and Financial Performance

Although the effect of formal strategic planning on organization effectiveness remains an unresolved issue, a systematic critical review of 18 relevant empirical studies allows valuable insights into the planning-performance controversy The analysis discloses controllable methodological inconsistencies and contingency variable interactions, an awareness of which can improve research designs.
Optimum stator tooth shapes for torque ripple reduction in switched reluctance motors

This paper presents a novel method to obtain optimum stator tooth shapes of switched reluctance motors (SRMs) considering tradeoffs between average torque and torque ripple. Typically, torque ripple in SRMs is mitigated by current waveform shaping for a given machine design. Here, the issue is addressed using an inverse approach: the best geometry is found for a given current waveform. A hybrid finite element/airgap macro-element method with steepest descent optimization is used.
The value allocation of an economy with differential information

We analyze the Shapley value allocation of an economy with differential information. Since the intent of the Shapley value is to measure the sum of the expected marginal contributions made by an agent to any coalition that he/she belongs to, the value allocation of an economy with differential information provides an interesting way to measure the information advantage of an agent. This feature of the Shapley value allocation is not necessarily shared by the rational expectation equilibrium. Thus, we analyze the informational structure of an economy with differential information from a different and new viewpoint.
Influence of tree species and wood deterioration on downdraft gasifier performance

Abstract A preliminary systematic investigation of the influence of tree species and wood deterioration on the performance of a downdraft gasifier has been conducted. Four hardwood species (cottonwood, silver maple, black locust, and oak) were gasified in a commercial gasifier under similar operating conditions. Silver maple was used as a source of both ‘normal’ and deteriorated wood. The results indicate that tree species does not influence the dry feed rate or the dry gas heating value. However, differences in the dry gas and char yields were observed; these were attributed to variations between species in the volumetric percentage of vessels (macropores) in the wood structure. Deterioration resulted in a reduced gasifier throughout as compared to ‘normal’ wood; which is attributed to the chip bulk voidage reduction as a consequence of decay.
Capital controls, market segmentation and stock prices: Evidence from the Chinese stock market

Abstract This paper provides an asset pricing theory of the segmented Chinese stock markets. In Chinese stock markets, a local firm issues two classes of shares: A shares are available only to Chinese citizens, and B shares are available only to foreign citizens. In a setting where domestic investors can invest only in A shares and foreign investors can invest in both B shares and other foreign shares, the price differences between B shares and B shares depend on investors' attitudes toward risk, the correlations between B shares and foreign shares and investors' expectations about future returns. The empirical implications of this theory are supported by evidence in China's stock market. Cross-sectional differences between prices of A shares and B shares are correlated with investors' attitudes toward risk and correlations between B shares and foreign shares. Time series variability in the discounts of B shares is highly positively correlated. However, the discounts are not correlated with real interest rates. Regulatory changes may explain part of the variability of B shares' discounts over time.
Compound model-morphed potentials contrasting OC–79Br35Cl with the halogen bonded OC–35Cl2 and hydrogen-bonded OC–HX (X = 19F, 35Cl, 79Br)

Abstract A five-dimensional compound-model morphed (CMM) potential has been generated for the halogen bonded intermolecular interaction 16 O 12 C– 79 Br 35 Cl based on a fit to the currently generated infrared and previously available microwave spectroscopic data. The experimentally determined blue frequency shift of the 16 O 12 C stretching frequency on complexation with 79 Br 35 Cl is found to be Δ ν = 12.89643(28) cm −1 indicating a more strongly bound complex than in OC– 35 Cl 2 . R e center-of-mass to center-of-mass distance of 4.270(7) A and dissociation energies D e = 778(70) cm −1 and D 0 = 605(70) cm −1 are predicted from the CMM potential and also compared with the corresponding values of R e = 4.742(3) A and D e = 544(5) cm −1 and D 0 = 397(5) cm −1 for 16 O 12 C– 35 Cl 2 . The molecular dynamics, binding energy and other molecular parameters of OC–BrCl are also compared with the hydrogen bonded dimers OC–HX (X = F, Cl, Br) giving further insight into the characteristics of the complex.
Polymerization kinetics in photopolymer films

Photopolymers are widely used in the electronic and printing industries. These materials usually consist of a plastisized polymer matrix, photoinitiator, monomer and a variety of chain transfer agents. Polymerization in photopolymer films is an interesting process but difficult to monitor. To facilitate the development of the new photopolymers and optimization of an imaging regime a method for the real-time nondestructive monitoring of reaction kinetics and molecular transport in photopolymers during photopolymerization was developed and applied. A change in the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by photopolymer films containing the fluorescent monomer, N-vinylcarbazole, is used to monitor the photopolymerization process. The mechanism of inhomogeneous polymerization in photopolymers is discussed.
Electromigration modeling and full-chip reliability analysis for BEOL interconnect in TSV-based 3D ICs

Electromigration (EM) is a critical problem for interconnect reliability of modern integrated circuits (ICs), especially as the feature size becomes smaller. In three-dimensional (3D) IC technology, the EM problem becomes more severe due to drastic dimension mismatches between metal wires, through silicon vias (TSVs), and landing pads. Meanwhile, the thermo-mechanical stress due to the TSV can also cause reduction in the failure time of wires. However, there is very little study on EM issues that consider TSVs in 3D ICs. In this paper, we show the impact of TSV stress on EM failure time of metal wires in 3D ICs. We model the impact of TSV on stress variation in wires. We then perform detailed modeling of the impact of stress on EM failure time of metal wires. Based on our analysis, we build a detailed library to predict the failure time of a given wire based on current density, temperature and stress. We then propose a method to perform fast full-chip simulation, to determine the various EM related hot-spots in the design. We also propose a simple routing-blockage scheme to reduce the EM related failures near the TSVs, and see its impact on various metrics.
Erosion Caused By Gastroesophageal Reflux: Diagnostic Considerations

Dental erosion occurs with a high prevalence in the general population, but its impact on prosthodontic care is often unrecognized. The etiology of dental erosion is difficult to establish because it may result from a variety of causes and may have different presentations. Our purpose was to review the literature relevant to dental erosion and to report a patient presentation in which an unusual pattern of severe erosion was the dental manifestation of asymptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Effect of environment on fatigue crack growth in ultrafine grain Al–Mg

Abstract The fatigue crack growth rates, obtained in high vacuum and in ambient air, of ultrafine grain (UFG) Al–7.5Mg (grain size ∼ 250 nm) at various load ratios were compared to those of powder-metallurgy (P/M) Al–7Mg (grain size ∼ 2 μm) and ingot-metallurgy (I/M) Al–7Mg (grain size ∼ 100 μm). In both vacuum and ambient air, fatigue crack growth rates at all stress ratios decrease with increasing grain size. The fatigue crack growth threshold (ΔKth) follows the reverse order, increasing with increasing grain size. These trends are interpreted in terms of fracture surface roughness effects that are correlated with grain size. In vacuum, the thresholds of all three materials exhibit no load ratio dependency at load ratios from 0.1 to 0.5. In air, the threshold of UFG Al–7.5Mg exhibits weak load ratio dependency, while P/M and I/M Al–7Mg exhibit modest load ratio dependency. The environmental effect on the fatigue crack growth rates is assessed by determining the difference in crack growth driving force (ΔK) between air and vacuum. It was found that the environmental contribution to the driving force of all three materials is similar, nearly independent of grain size.
Pricing and peak aware scheduling algorithm for cloud computing

The proposed cloud computing scheduling algorithms demonstrated feasibility of interactions between distributors and one of their heavy use customers in a smart grid environment. Specifically, the proposed algorithms take cues from the dynamic pricing and schedule the jobs/tasks in ways that the energy usage is what distributors are hinted. In addition, a peak threshold can be dynamically assigned such that the energy usage at any given time will not exceed the threshold. The proposed scheduling algorithm proved the feasibility of managing the energy usage of cloud computers in collaboration with the energy distributor.
Complete topoi representing models of set theory

Abstract By a model of set theory we mean a Boolean-valued model of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory allowing atoms (ZFA), which contains a copy of the ordinary universe of (two-valued,pure) sets as a transitive subclass; examples include Scott-Solovay Boolean-valued models and their symmetric submodels, as well as Fraenkel-Mostowski permutation models. Any such model M can be regarded as a topos. A logical subtopos E of M is said to represent M if it is complete and its cumulative hierarchy, as defined by Fourman and Hayashi, coincides with the usual cumulative hierarchy of M. We show that, although M need not be a complete topos, it has a smallest complete representing subtopos, and we describe this subtopos in terms of definability in M. We characterize, again in terms of definability, those models M whose smallest representing topos is a Grothendieck topos. Finally, we discuss the extent to which a model can be reconstructed when its smallest representing topos is given.