cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crisis in Legal Education or the Other Things LawStudents Should be Learning and Doing

For the last few years we have been bombarded with news articles, lawsuits, conferences, and scholarly treatments of the “crisis in legal education.” The conventional treatment of the crisis is that there are fewer jobs, at greater expense of legal education for students, so that attending law school is, instead of a great opportunity, now a terrible risk of both economic loss and personal and professional disappointment. There are claims that the structure of the profession has so radically changed, both with the recent economic downturn and technological replacement that we will never recover. There are arguments, policy suggestions, and now lawsuits telling us to change our representations, recruitment materials, and promises to the next generation of law students. The legal profession is downsizing big time and we in legal education should begin to adapt, shrinking our classes and changing our curricula to reflect more up-to-date and more “vocational” material, making our students more “practice-ready.” In this Article, I will challenge these claims as being narrowly focused on the decrease of a certain kind of “law job” (big law firm jobs) for certain kinds of
Improving Patient Flow by Decreasing Time to Discharge

Introduction: Like many large hospitals, our institution struggles with poor patient flow and emergency room holds during times of high volume. Our general pediatrics teams care for the largest group of admitted patients on the medicine floors, and internal data analysis noted delayed writing of discharge orders and significant holding times once discharge orders were written for this patient population. Aims: This Quality Improvement project aimed to improve the percent of discharge orders …
Event detection models using 2d-BN and CRFs

In this paper, we propose two novel semantic event detection models, i.e., Two-dependence Bayesian Network (2d-BN) and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). 2d-BN is a simplified Bayesian Network classifier which can characterize the feature relationships well and be trained more efficiently than traditional complex Bayesian Networks. CRFs are undirected probabilistic graphical models which offer several particular advantages including the abilities to relax strong independence assumptions in the state transition and avoid a fundamental limitation of directed probability graphical models. Based on multi-modality fusion and mid-level keywords representation, we use a three-level framework to detect semantic events. The first level extracts audiovisual features, the mid-level detects semantic keywords, and the high-level infers events using 2d-BN and CRFs models. Compared with state of the art, extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two models.
The aftermath of health sector reform in the Republic of Georgia: effects on people's health.

After the collapse of the Former Soviet Union a health reform process was undertaken in Georgia beginning in 1994. This process was intended to encompass all aspects of the health-care sector and to transform the Soviet-style health system into one that was directed towards quality of care, improved access, efficiency, and a strengthened focus on Primary Health Care (PHC). Health sector reform fundamentally changed the ways health care is financed in Georgia. There has been a transition to program-based financing, and payroll-tax-based social insurance schemes have been introduced. Despite these measures, the performance of the health system is still disappointing. All health programs are severely under-funded, and when the majority of the population is unemployed or self-employed, collection of taxes seems impossible. Overall, Georgian consumers are uninformed about the basic principles of health reforms and their entitlements and therefore do not support them. The analysis introduced in this paper of the current situation in Georgia establishes that the rush to insurance-based medicine was more a rush from the previous system than a well-thought-out policy direction. After 70 years of a Soviet rule, the country had no institutional capacity to provide insurance-based health care. To achieve universal coverage, or at least ensure that the majority of the population has access to basic health services, government intervention is essential. In addition, educating the public on reforms would allow the reform initiators to fundamentally change the nature of the reform process from a “top-down” centralized process to one that is demand-driven and collaborative.
DNA replication in SV40-infected cells: VIII. The distribution of replicating molecules at different stages of replication in SV40-infected cells

Abstract When 3 H-thymidine is added to SV40 infected African green monkey kidney cells little or no mature viral DNA (21 S) is labeled during the first 5–7 min of isotope incorporation. The 3 H-thymidine is incorporated instead into replicating viral DNA (25 S DNA). The rate of incorporation of isotope into 25 S plus 21 S DNA is linear with respect to time throughout the entire labeling period. Replicating molecules of SV40 DNA at different stages of replication can be fractionated by ethidium-bromide cesium chloride equilibrium centrifugation. Molecules that had completed 80% of their replication were about 6 times more frequent than molecules having completed 18% replication, 3 times more abundant than molecules that were 32% replicated and 2 times more prevalent than molecules 58% replicated. This unusual distribution of the replicating DNA molecules in the replicative pool may explain the delay in the appearance of mature viral DNA after addition of isotope to infected cells. The sedimentation rate of replicating SV40 DNA can be altered in neutral sucrose gradients by the addition of ethidium-bromide or changes in the ionic strength of the sucrose gradient. The experimental evidence demonstrates that the sense of the superhelix found in replicating and mature SV40 DNA is identical. The implications of these observations are discussed in the context of the available known experimental facts about SV40 DNA replication.
Local Rings, Semilocal Rings, and Idempotents

In the first two sections of this chapter, we focus our attention on two special classes of rings, namely, local rings and semilocal rings. By definition, a ring R is local if R/rad R is a division ring, and R is semilocal if R/rad R is a semisimple ring. Thus, local rings include all division rings, and semilocal rings include all left or right artinian rings. The basic properties of local and semilocal rings are developed, respectively, in §19 and §20. We shall see, for instance, that local rings are connected with the problem of the uniqueness of Krull-Schmidt decompositions, and that semilocal rings are connected with the problem of “cancellation” of modules.
Adolescent responses to depressive parental behaviors in problem-solving interactions: Implications for depressive symptoms.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between child responses to interparental depressive behavior and subsequent child depressive symptomatology. Data were collected on 156 two-parent families. Families completed questionnaire data and participated in problem-solving interactions, which were coded using a microsocial observational system. Three potential child responses to interparental depressive behavior were examined: facilitative, aggressive, and depressive. Results indicated that for female adolescents the displays of facilitative and depressive behavior as well as the suppression of aggressive behavior in response to interparental depressive behavior were related to increases in depressive symptomatology. For males, on the other hand, the display of aggressive and depressive behavior in response to interparental depressive behavior was related to increases in depression. Results provide preliminary support both for the examination of child responses to conflictual marital behavior and for expanding the conceptualization of conflictual marital behaviors to include depressive as well as the more traditionally examined aggressive behaviors, in order to better understand the link between conflictual marital behavior and child depressive symptomatology.
Γ-convergence approximation to piecewise smooth medical image segmentation

Despite many research efforts, accurate extraction of structures of interest still remains a difficult issue in many medical imaging applications. This is particularly the case for magnetic resonance (MR) images where image quality depends highly on the acquisition protocol. In this paper, we propose a variational region based algorithm that is able to deal with spatial perturbations of the image intensity directly. Image segmentation is obtained by using a Γ-Convergence approximation for a multi-scale piecewise smooth model. This model overcomes the limitations of global region models while avoiding the high sensitivity of local approaches. The proposed model is implemented efficiently using recursive Gaussian convolutions. Numerical experiments on 2-dimensional human liver MR images show that our model compares favorably to existing methods.
Age-related analysis of functional outcome and quality of life after restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis.

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a younger age at the time of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) on functional outcome and quality of life in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Method: A total of 105 patients with FAP who had undergone IPAA were retrieved from a dedicated Institutional Review Board (IRB)-approved IPAA database. Fifty-three patients who had complete follow-up data at 1, 3 and 5 years were included in the study. Patients were categorized into three groups according to their ages at the time of surgery. Group 1, patients ≤20 years of age (n = 9); group 2, patients >20 and ≤40 years of age (n = 23); and group 3, patients >40 years of age (n = 21). Perioperative characteristics, postoperative complications, quality of life scores and functional outcome at 1, 3 and 5 years of postoperative follow-up were assessed. Results: At any time point, there were no significant differences among the groups in terms of perioperative characteristics, quality of life scores or level of satisfaction with the procedure. However, younger patients had significantly lower nocturnal bowel movements at the first and third years of follow-up and tended to have less bowel movements per day at all stages of follow-up. Conclusion: These findings indicate that younger patients with FAP are inclined to have better functional outcome after IPAA in the early postoperative period. This finding may be encouraging for colorectal surgeons who will operate on young patients with FAP.
Forearc basin development along western Luzon, Philippines

Abstract Sediment distribution within the Manila Trench exerts a strong influence on the tectonic evolution of the accretionary prism and the forearc basins of this convergent plate margin. Multichannel seismic data show up to 2600 m of turbidite-style sediments overlying a thin pelagic/ hemipelagic sediment layer and oceanic basement in the northern part of the Manila Trench. Manila Trench sedimentation is dominated by turbidite sources at the ends of the trench coupled with transport along the trench axis. In contrast, the forearc basin system of the Manila Trench receives sediment through submarine canyons incised into the West Luzon continental slope. The rate of sediment supply to the forearc basin system is not directly related to the rate of sediment supply to the trench. The size of the accretionary prism varies significantly along strike of the trench and is strongly correlated with the local thickness of turbidite sediments within the trench. More than 200 m of trench turbidites are probably needed to create net uplift of the trench-slope break through accretion. This general relationship may apply to other convergent plate margins. The uplift rate at the trench slope break varies along the trench and is largely independent of variations in the local sediment accumulation rates in the forearc basins. Several different types of forearc morphology are formed along the Manila Trench. The overall seismic stratigraphy of the West Luzon Trough forearc basin is remarkably uniform, with continuous seismic sequences for up to 110 km along strike. The unconformities that bound these seismic sequences result from a complex interplay of relatively long-term (~ 10 + m.y.) uplift of the accretionary prism and relatively short-term (~ 1−5 m.y.) variations in sediment supply to the forearc basin. The latter may be controlled by eustatic sea level changes.
Contraception for women over 40.

ABSTRACT: Nurse practitioners can help women 40 and older make contraceptive choices that are effective safe and appropriate. The noncontraceptive benefits of some methods may be particularly relevant to women in this age group. Providing women with information about continuing fertility as they approach menopause and when it is safe to discontinue contraception may help to reduce unplanned pregnancies.
Post-dryout heat transfer in a multi-dimensional porous bed

Abstract Post-dryout behavior of a particulate debris bed was investigated numerically. A separate flow model using the concepts of relative permeabilities and the Leverett function was used to describe two-phase flow and heat transfer in the bed. The saturation distribution, liquid and vapor pressures and flows were calculated when heat generation rate (decay rate) was less than a critical value called the 'dryout heat flux'. When the heat generation rate was greater than the dryout heat flux, a dry zone was defined by extrapolating two-phase flow calculations. This is accomplished by solving the nonlinear partial differential equations governing pressures and temperature using an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method with an upwind scheme. Conduction, convection and radiation are taken into account in the dry zone. The maximum temperature in the bed, the melting heat fluxes, and the fractional contribution to heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation for various bed configurations were investigated.
Assuring adequate health insurance: results of the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs.

Objective. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of the 2001 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs regarding the extent to which children with special health care needs (CSHCN) have access to public or private health insurance that meets their needs. Methodology. As part of its effort to develop systems of care for CSHCN, the US Maternal and Child Health Bureau established a health insurance core outcome. Successful attainment was measured on the basis of whether the child met 3 distinct components at the time of the interview: presence of public or private coverage; continuity of coverage over the previous 12 months; and adequacy of coverage. Adequacy of coverage was measured from the family9s perspective of whether their insurance covered needed services, covered a reasonable share of costs, and allowed families to see the providers they felt were best for their child. Bivariate and multivariate statistical methods were used to assess independent predictors of respondents meeting the health insurance core outcome. Results. Results of the survey indicated that 59.6% of CSHCN nationally met the health insurance core outcome using the 3 components of presence of insurance coverage, continuity of coverage, and adequacy of coverage. Poverty status, race/ethnicity, and functional ability were significant factors in whether a child met the health insurance core outcome as well as each of the 3 components. Of Hispanic and non-Hispanic black CSHCN, 45.2% and 57.6%, respectively, met the health insurance core outcome, compared with 62.5% of their white counterparts. Children with the most limited functional ability were 50% less likely to meet the health insurance core outcome than CSHCN without limitations. More than 10% of Hispanic CSHCN were uninsured at the time of the interview, and 20% of Hispanic CSHCN experienced gaps in coverage. Although insurance met the needs of most families, more than one fourth of families reported that uncovered costs were not reasonable. Children who did not meet the health insurance core outcome were also more likely to have unmet needs. Conclusions. Results of the survey demonstrated that although the majority of CSHCN have adequate health insurance, additional work is needed to improve the adequacy of insurance, particularly for children below the poverty line, Hispanic children, and children with the most limited functional ability. The survey results also demonstrated the importance of continuous and adequate health insurance, because children who met the health insurance core outcome had fewer unmet needs.
Some Nuts Are Tougher to Crack than Others

In this issue of Immunity, Oestreich et al. (2006) show that, during V(D)J recombination, RSSs may have distinct accessibility requirements. Some rely on an enhancer-intrinsic, general chromatin opening function, whereas others require enhancer-promoter interactions that direct local chromatin remodeling.
Medicine, Public Health, and the Ethics of Rationing

Physicians, like all citizens, have communal and private identities, each attending various associated roles and fulfilling diverse obligations. In light of these dual personae, we seek a moral philosophy which encompasses the responsibility for providing care to the patient and at the same time acknowledges the physician's role of arbiter of distributed care. In the traditional doctor/patient relationship, rationing, the admission that health resources are limited and must be distributed equitably by universally accepted criteria, is essentially ignored. When the physician assumes a population-based system of ethics to optimize care for all patients within a group, rationing is embraced as the realistic admission that any social action resides within boundaries--in this case health care resources--and that such restraints have economic consequences that present ethical choices. A common ground to accommodate these dual allegiances is offered by communitarian philosophy, whose outline and applicability is presented here as an alternative to the apparent moral opposition of optimized individual care and the requirement of community-wide distribution of limited health resources.
Wrist and hand injuries

Wrist and hand injuries are common occurrences. These are often caused by a fall on the outstretched hand, but other mechanisms, from sports-related injuries to high-speed motor vehicle collisions, can lead to injuries that may be subtle on initial imaging or may produce characteristic radiographic findings. In all cases, careful attention to certain anatomic details along with a sound understanding of different injury patterns should allow an accurate diagnosis to be made. The following this article illustrates these concepts, emphasizing features that should be familiar to both radiologists and orthopedic surgeons.
Towards Designing Greener Secured Hash Functions

In this work we study the energy consumption by MD2, a classical hash function from the algorithmic perspective. Our work is motivated by the frequent use of hashes in various computer security protocols, firewalls, and intrusion detection tools. To motivate our work, we measure power consumption by a common anti-virus software to perform various functions. We use a generic energy complexity model designed by Roy et. Al. To analyze the energy consumed by MD2. We then show how to reduce the energy consumption in MD2 by performing the block processing operations of MD2 in parallel.
A functionally orthogonal ligand-receptor pair created by targeting the allosteric mechanism of the thyroid hormone receptor.

Nuclear receptors are ligand-dependent transcription factors that are of interest as potential tools to artificially regulate gene expression. Ligand binding induces a conformational change involvi...
The continuous performance test, identical pairs version (CPT-IP): III. Brain functioning during performance of numbers and shapes subtasks.

Abstract The numbers and shapes subtasks of the CPT-1P are difficulty-matched measures of independent aspects of attentional skill that have been used to differentiate the impairments of schizophrenics and major depressives. Previous studies suggest that they tap into lateralized aspects of attentional performance. To investigate this hypothesis, seven subjects free of psychiatric illness were presented with these CPT-IP subtasks during a SPECT procedure. Subtasks — 4-digit number strings and nonsense shapes — were administered on successive weeks, in counterbalanced order, simultaneous with administration of 10 mCi 99m Tc HMPAO. Scanning took place after 10 min of test performance. Quantitative data were extracted from each scan via a semi-automated region of interest (ROI) analysis which defined eight cortical and four subcortical ROI on each of five transverse slices. Data for each ROI were normalized and compared between task conditions. Results indicate that the two tasks produce different patterns of functioning within two general areas of the brain. First, during Numbers task performance, left-sided activity was increased on multiple transverse slices in an anterior subcortical region that incorporated the anterior cingulate, frontal white matter, and much of the basal ganglia. Left-sided activity was also increased in a posterior subcortical region including the left side of the thalamus. Lateralization of function, defined as relative activity on the left and right sides, changed within these regions across tasks, but primarily as a result of the contribution of increased or decreased activity on the left side alone. Second, relative perfusion to occipital regions, bilaterally, was more extensive during the Shapes task. These results suggest that subtle alterations in stimulus parameters can affect activation patterns in regions that are critically associated with task performance. They also suggest that the Numbers task may provide more robust activation of anterior attention systems, that may better discriminate the functioning of these systems in normal and psychopathological groups.
Factors affecting the efficiency of pooled sample digestion for the recovery of Trichinella spiralis from muscle tissue

Inspection for Trichinella spiralis in pork, horse and game meats is an important part of veterinary public health programmes in many countries. Variations of the pooled sample digestion test are the most widely used methods of inspection for this parasite. In this study, several aspects of the test, including sample preparation, reagent concentration and sample processing were examined for effect on test efficiency. Current methods using sample blending were equivalent or superior to sample grinding. Increasing the concentration of pepsin improved overall digestion slightly. The most critical factor affecting parasite recovery was sieve size. Currently used methods that employ a #80 (180 μm mesh) sieve limit the recovery of motile or dead parasites and therefore might decrease test sensitivity. It is recommended that a #45 (355 μm mesh) sieve be used to ensure optimal recovery of larvae.
Inflammatory proteinase slips into tumor cells.

Inflammatory cells can promote tumor cell proliferation, but the range of mechanisms has not been fully explored. A proteinase produced by neutrophils is now shown to enter tumor cells and promote their proliferation (pages 219–223).
A three-tier technology training strategy in a dynamic business environment

As end-user training becomes increasingly important in today's technology-intensive business environment, progressive companies remain alert to find ways to provide their end users with timely training and resources. This paper describes an innovative training strategy adopted by one midsize organization to provide its end users with adequate, flexible, and responsive training. The paper then compares the three-tier strategy with other models described in technology training literature. Managers who supervise technology end users in organizations comparable to the one in the study may find the three-tier strategy workable and may want to use it in their own training programs to facilitate training and improve end-user skills. Researchers and scholars may find that the idea of three-tier training generates new opportunities for research.
Synchronous Text-Based Computer-Mediated Communication Tasks and the Development of L2 Academic Literacy

Studies on the use of synchronous text-based computer-mediated communication (SCMC) tasks have mostly focused on how they could be used to facilitate the learning of different aspects of a second language. Recent research from a functional perspective has suggested the need to examine the impact of SCMC tasks on the development of L2 academic literacy (Mohan & Luo, 2005). With the increase use of SCMC tasks in ESL writing and other content-based courses, it is necessary to examine the potential of SCMC tasks in facilitating the development of L2 academic literacy. Drawing on the approaches and findings from research on dialogic argumentation (e.g., Seibold & Meyers, 2007), the study examines the development in using argumentative moves in SCMC discourse for a group of three ESL students, and explores the differences between the group and one focal student from the group. The findings suggest that although both the group and the focal student have demonstrated a growing tendency of understanding and responding to othersâ€™ views, differences existed between the group and the focal student, indicating that SCMC tasks may help facilitate the development of L2 academic literacy. The differences between individual students may be an important factor and could be better understood by examining studentsâ€™ learning experiences together with their perceptions of the tasks.
Genetic algorithm: a new approach to the prediction of the structure of molecular clusters

Abstract A new approach using genetic algorithm is applied to predict structures of benzene, naphthalene and anthracene molecular clusters. The computer program GAME (genetic algorithm of minimization of energy) has been developed to obtain the global energy minimum of clusters of dimer, trimer, and tetramer molecules.
Modelling of an automated guided vehicle system (AG VS) in a just-in-time (JIT) environment

Like other production systems, just-in-time (JIT) systems need to address the issue of material transport between workstations such as those served by automated guided vehicles (AGVs). Unlike other production systems, however, the JIT philosophy imposes strict requirements on inventory levels and supply-demand protocols which render conventional AGV delivery strategies ineffective and counter-productive. This paper describes the modelling of an AGV system (AGVS) in a JIT environment in a way that is consistent with JIT principles. The influence of a ‘JIT perspective’ is emphasized throughout the model by introducing threshold values for both input and output queues, performance measures that emphasize lower inventories in addition to transport efficiency, and a new dispatching rule that implements better inventory and transport control. The dispatching rule is shown to perform better in a JIT environment than previously developed AGV dispatching rules in both transport and logistic criteria.
A Case of Multiple Myeloma Coexisting with Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Review of the Literature

Hypercalcemia is a common medical problem with an estimated prevalence of 15% among hospitalized patients. Multiple myeloma (MM) and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are among the most common causes of hypercalcemia but coexistence of both pathologic processes in a patient is an extremely rare phenomenon. In this paper we have discussed a patient presenting with this rare phenomenon. We have also provided a comprehensive review of the scientific literature published on codiagnosis of MM and PHPT.
Access Services Education in Library and Information Science Programs

This article defines the elements of Access Services, explains the importance of those aspects in the library, and proposes a course centered on Access Services for library schools. The areas of circulation, interlibrary loan, course reserves, collection maintenance, and public relations are core components of Access Services. Each of those segments is a key aspect of a library's effectiveness and has a direct effect on a patron's perception of the library. Based on analysis of ALA-accredited Library and Information Science programs and their course catalogs, Access Services has not received the same attention as other areas of librarianship such as reference, cataloging, or archives. A course centered on Access Services would focus on each aspect of an Access Services librarian's job, using real-life experiences, scholarly publications, and new technologies to prepare students for success in the workplace.
Downregulation of TGF-β1 mRNA and Protein in the Muscles of Patients with Inflammatory Myopathies after Treatment with High-Dose Intravenous Immunoglobulin

Abstract We used reversetranscription–polymerase chain reaction to study the level of TGF-β1 mRNA expression and immunocytochemistry to examine the immunoreactive TGF-β1 in muscle biopsy specimens from five patients with dermatomyositis (DM) and five patients with inclusion body myositis (IBM) obtained before and after 3 months treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). At baseline, the mRNA expression of TGF-β1 was increased up to fivefold in the muscles of DM patients compared to that of IBM patients. After IVIg, TGF-β1 was downregulated and the TGF-β1 mRNA decreased twofold in the muscles of patients with DM who had successfully responded to therapy, but remained unchanged in the muscles of patients with IBM who did not respond. The downregulation of TGF-β1 in DM was associated with improvement of the muscle cytoarchitecture and reduction of the endomysial inflammation and connective tissue, suggesting that in DM the excess of TGF-β1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins.
Micromolar substance P reduces spinal receptor binding for thyrotropin-releasing hormone--possible relevance to neuropeptide coexistence?

Abstract Receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on membranes of rat spinal cord (SC) were labeled with [ 3 H](3-Me-His 2 )TRH ([ 3 H]MeTRH) (dissociation constant = 3.6 ± 0.8 (6) nM). Substance P (SP) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of TRH receptor binding in the micromolar range (43 ± 4 (6)% at 50 μ M). Scatchard analyses of competition data revealed that 50 μM SP reduced TRH receptor number (40–66%, P 3 H]MeTRH binding to ventral cord membranes than those of dorsal or whole SC. A number of SP analogs also reduced TRH receptor binding in a dose-related manner but with different potencies. In contrast, various amino acids and serotonin (250 μM) produced little or no inhibition of [ 3 H]MeTRH binding, and cholecystokinin, Leu- and Met-enkephalins, angiotensin II, LH-RH, bombesin and somatostatin were also markedly less potent than SP. Although it is unclear whether spinal TRH receptors are ever exposed to micromolar concentrations of SP in vivo, the reported colocalization of these neuropeptides in raphe efferents to the SC suggests that our findings may be of physiological relevance.
Luminance summation-contrast reduction as a basis for certain forward and backward masking effects

The forced-choice recognition of forms presented at brief durations in a tachistoscope was impaired when a second field luminance occurred concurrently with the form presentation or at brief intervals before or after. The results support the temporal luminance summation hypothesis and its bi-directionality in time.
TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES FOR REDUCTION OF CIGARETTE SMOKING IN A PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENT CLINIC

Summary.-A token-economy procedure was effective in significantly reducing the number of cigarettes smoked by a group of 30 psychiatric outpatients attending a day-treatment center at a state hospital. Treatment gains of the group obtained after a 4-wk. intervention were maintained during a 1-yr. follow-up period. There is considerable evidence that cigarette smoking is linked to a variety of major health hazards for smokers (Surgeon General's Advisory Committee, 1964) and for non-smokers exposed to passive smoking (Aronow, 1978). Recent literature reviews on approaches to reduction of smoking indicate that, although many techniques produce initial success, long-term follow-up is not encouraging (Bernstein, 1969). Despite the plethora of these reports not much has been done to reduce the smoking of psychiatric patients in a state hospital setting. In fact, cigarettes are frequently used as reinforcers for patients in such a setting (Ayllon & Azrin, 1965). This procedure is not only detrimental to the hea!th of the patients but can also lead to serious behavioral management problems such as ingestion, stealing, and hoarding of cigarettes (Barmann, 1979). The present study used an ABAB reversal design to assess the efficacy of a tokeneconomy procedure for reducing cigarette smoking by psychiatric outpatients in a daytreatment center at a state hospital. The sample of 30 outpatients were 19 males and 11 females of whom 98% were smokers at the time of this study. Although a total of 30 outpatients attended the center, this figure varied from day to day as a function of absenteeism. The median length of hospitalization for these subjects. before becoming outpatients was 7.5 yr. Ages ranged from 29 to 63 yr.; mean age was 45 yr. The dependent variable was the number of cigarette butts found following the departure of subjects from the center each day, evaluated in terms of both total number of butts and mean number per outpatient attending the cencer that day. Three factors were operating during this study which allowed for an accurate and consistent dependent measure: (1) the subjects were required to remain inside the center until the usual specified time of departure each day; (2) ward attendants were non-smokers; and (3) persons visiting the center were required to extinguish their cigarettes before entering the center. Cigarette butts were counted by two independent observers who were naive concerning the nature and design of the study. Reliabiliry was assessed five times per condition; results ranged from 96 to loo%, with a mean inter-observer agreement of
Justice for Unicorns

Many philosophers have suggested that metaethical scepticism is an inherently unstable position. Recently, Dworkin has offered an argument to this effect, claiming that (a) metaethical scepticism entails a set of first-order moral claims, and (b) this set of claims is internally inconsistent. The present essay shows why this argument fails. Along the way, it situates a plausible anti-realist semantics within the range of options for dealing with uncontroversially non-referring terms, like ‘unicorns’.
Relating knowledge and application in China. 1

Abstract Educational psychologists in the People's Republic of China function as the leading psychologists in their nation. Carrying out Mao's belief that knowledge is meaningless without application, Chinese psychologists attempt to work closely with practical educational problems. Information is also given on recent developments in promoting Sino‐American exchange.
Housing Quality and the Structure Tax: Evidence from Microdata

In a previous study [13] I showed theoretically that housing quality will rise when the structure tax rate falls if capital is a noninferior input. This result was supported empirically with aggregate SMSA-level data. The present study reports empirical confirmation with microdata more appropriate for the theoretical hypothesis.
One university's use of volunteer mental health professionals.

Abstract The Homewood campus of The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore has been served by volunteer mental health professionals—psychiatric residents, psychologists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, and counselors—over a 17-year period. The nonsalaried associates have donated an estimated $3 million in professional services (based on prevailing rates for therapy) and served a yearly caseload varying from 293 in 1973 to more than 500 in the years since 1978. The author offers suggestions for others who would like to beat the financial crunch by using trained volunteers.
Coding of acoustic information in cockroach giant fibers

Abstract Interneurons in the ventral nerve cord of Periplaneta americana are excited by sound stimuli to the cerci. The responsiveness of giant fibers in the nerve cord generally declines with increasing sound frequency but the frequency-response curve is complex with small sensitivity peaks along its course. The frequency-response curve for smaller interneurons differs from that of the largest giant fibers in having a pronounced sensitivity peak near 300 Hz. At sound frequencies below about 200 Hz, giant fiber spikes occur at the same frequency as impinging sound waves. Thus information about the frequency of sound stimuli is present in the nerve cord in the temporal pattern of activity in giant fibers at low sound frequencies, and in the spatial pattern of activity between large and small units of the nerve cord at higher sound frequencies.
An approach to identifying specialized batteries of bioassays for specific classes of chemicals: Class analysis using mutagenicity and carcinogenicity relationships and phylogenetic concordance and discordance patterns 1. composition and analysis of the overall data base a report of phase II of the U.S. environmental protection agency gene-tox program (MTR 07213)

This report of the Gene-Tox Assessment Panel is a compilation of data that documents the chemical testing efforts in genetic toxicology through mid-1979. It thus provides an historical perspective of the major efforts in this field and the utility of test models. The total number of chemicals tested in assays reflects chemical availability, commercial interest in specific structural types, the ease or difficulty in assay performance, as well as methodological development resulting from testing experience. Other factors that have been important in assay selection and utility are the perceptions of relevance to hazard evaluation of chemicals and the role that genetic factors may have in other disease states as well as in heritable defects. The phylogenetic diversity of test systems attests to the tremendous effort that has been applied to the testing and evaluation of the effect chemicals can have on genetic structure. The data also illustrate the fact that certain chemicals have an intrinsic capability to alter the genetic structure of cells of diverse biological origin in an heritable manner, whereas others do not. Any attempt to summarize and analyze a data base of this magnitude is a formidable task that would be almost impossible without a computer capability. A computerized system of analysis has been developed at the Environmental Mutagen Information Center (EMIC) that makes it possible to examine the performance of any particular assay in any of 30 chemical classes and to make comparisons with all the other assays individually or in designated groupings. Components of this system include: A distribution of the 2622 chemicals into 30 chemical classes with results of testing in each class. A tabulation of assay results showing the total numbers of chemicals tested, with their definitive and nondefinitive results. A subdivision of assays and results of testing into four major groups: gene mutation, chromosomal aberrations, other genotoxic effects, and in vitro cell transformation assays. These major groups are further subdivided into phylogenetic categories and type of assay. A system of analysis of results utilizing mutagenicity and carcinogenicity comparisons and phylogenetic concordance and discordance. The major utility and/or benefit of this compilation will be derived from a chemical class by chemical class comparative analysis of individual assay performance. Obviously, the data base will serve as a resource for safety evaluation of chemicals through structural correlations and biological end point analyses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Supersymmetry and non-perturbative beta functions

Abstract We discuss N =2 supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions. Several non-renormalization theorems are derived. In particular, we give a simple proof that the perturbative beta function is given by the one-loop result and we clarify the use of the “multiplet of anomalies” in this theor. This non-renormalization theorem is violated by non-perturbative effects - instantons contribute to the beta function for the gauge coupling, g , and to the beta function for the vacuum angle, Θ . We also derive a non-renormalization theorem to all perturbative orders around the instanton. N =4 supersymmetric gauge theories are shown to be exactly finite.
SPac: a distributed, peer-to-peer, secure and privacy-aware social space

To support privacy-aware management of data in social spaces, the user personal data needs to be stored at each user device, and shared only with a trusted subset of other users. To date, social spaces only have fairly limited access control capabilities, that do not protect the possibly sensitive data of the users. In this demonstration, we showcase our SPAC system, a distributed, peer-to-peer, secure and privacy-aware social space system. SPAC is equipped with: (i) an SQL-based declarative distributed query language to specify which data to share and whom to share with. Such a language guarantees the fine-grained access to the data, (ii) a fully-decentralized authorization that relies on classic cryptographic protocols to provide robust and resilient key-based encryption for access control enforcement, and (iii) an update-friendly access control mechanism, that also addresses the updates on both the network and the access control policies.
CYANOS: A Data Management System for Natural Product Drug Discovery Efforts Using Cultured Microorganisms

A software package, termed “CYANOS”, has been developed to facilitate the data management and mining for natural product drug discovery efforts. This system allows for the management of data associated with field collections, culture conditions, harvests, extractions, chemical separations, and biological evaluation. This software utilizes a MySQL database for data storage, which allows for reporting and data mining via third party tools. In addition, a Web-based interface was constructed to allow for multiuser access from a variety of desktop platforms. The code for this system is freely available and has been released under the Illinois Open Source license.
Economics for the Rest of Us: Debunking the Science that Makes Life Dismal

Economics for the Rest of Us: Debunking the Science that Makes Life Dismal Moshe Adler New York, The New Press, 2010, 198 pp., $24.95 hardcover ISBN 978-1-59558-101-3 This book is a devastating cri...
Near-Room-Temperature Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(chloro-p-xylylene)/SiO2 Nanocomposites

A great necessity exists to reduce power consumption, cross-talk, and RC delay in ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) devices to further improve their performance by replacing SiO2 with a low diel...
State Geological Survey Libraries: A Disparity in Resources, Services, Access, and Professionalism

This study is a census of the libraries of the fifty state geological surveys and their unique collections of geological survey reports and bulletins, field trip guidebooks, topographic maps, field notebooks, and theses and dissertations. Respondents were queried about their locations, administrative bodies, funding sources, collections, users, services, and staff. Libraries can be divided into two groups: those administered by an individual state geological survey and those administered by a university library. While a handful of the survey-administered libraries have sizeable collections and offer a wide range of services, most lack resources for collection development, services, and staff. University-administered libraries benefit from being a part of a larger university library system with a variety of services.
Effects of process parameter variations on the removal rate in chemical mechanical polishing of 4H-SiC

The effects of temperature, slurry pH, applied pressure, and polishing rotation rate on the material removal rate during chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of 4H-silicon carbide wafers using colloidal silica slurry and polyurethane/polyester fiber polishing pads have been studied. Measured removal rates varied from around 100 A/hr to nearly 2500 A/hr depending on the values of the various parameters. The amount of material removed was determined by measuring the wafer mass before and after polishing. Variations in temperature and slurry pH did not produce significant changes in the measured removal rates. Higher polishing pressures resulted in increased material removal rates from 200 to 500 A/hr but also produced excessive polishing pad damage. Variations in pad rotational speeds produced the largest changes in material removal rates, from around 200 to around 2000 A/hr for rotational speeds between 60 and 180 rpm, but the variations were non-linear and somewhat inconsistent. This CMP formula is shown to consistently produce damage free surfaces but the optimum removal rate is slow.
THE ET INTERVIEW: TAKESHI AMEMIYA: Interviewed by James L. Powell

Much of the credit for the outpouring of research on nonlinear models in the 1970s—particularly limited dependent variable models—should go to Takeshi Amemiya. His classic 1973 Econometrica article on estimation of the parameters of the Tobit model [11] set a new standard for mathematical rigor in theoretical econometrics. During his career, which spans nearly four decades, Takeshi's research contributions to econometrics have touched on most of the central models for empirical economics, including linear and nonlinear simultaneous equations models, distributed lag models, heteroskedastic and random coefficient models, qualitative response models, censored and truncated regression and selection models, transformed regression models, choice-based sampling models, and duration models. His 1985 text, Advanced Econometrics [44], became the standard reference for second-year graduate microeconometrics courses at the leading graduate programs in economics.Takeshi's research accomplishments have been accompanied by numerous professional honors. He is a Fellow of the Econometric Society, the American Statistical Association, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was awarded Guggenheim and Humboldt Fellowships. Takeshi also has a distinguished record of professional service; he served briefly as a co-editor of Econometrica and has been a co-editor of the Journal of Econometrics since 1982.This interview was conducted in Takeshi Amemiya's office at Stanford University in March 2004. In recent years his interests have turned to comparative study of Greek and Japanese culture and mythology—his scholarship includes a Japanese translation of an English research monograph on Aristotle's Ethics [58]—and the discussion starts with this topic before turning to his unusual education, career as an econometric theorist, and variety of outside interests. His remarks reveal both his careful attention to detail and the dry humor that his colleagues and former students (like me) savor.