cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pertinent factors influencing comparative skin tests on the arm

Abstract 1. 1. The technic which has been found most useful for comparing, by direct skin tests, two solutions differing but slightly in specific activity is described. 2. 2. A dilution of pollen extract which is 25 per cent stronger than another dilution of the same extract can be identified in 66 per cent of the comparative tests performed with the two solutions when the tests are placed vertically on the arm approximately 4 inches apart and when the relative positions of the tests with the two solutions are alternately reversed in one-half of the cases tested. 3. 3. When these same extracts are compared by placing the tests performed with them vertically on the arm only 2 inches apart, the stronger solution elicits the larger reaction in only 47.9 per cent of the cases tested. The two solutions, therefore, cannot be differentiated from each other by this technic. 4. 4. A dilution of pollen extract differing in specific activity by 20 per cent from another dilution of the same extract can be identified in 76.3 per cent of the cases tested when the tests with the two solutions are placed horizontally on the arm approximately 1.5 inches apart and when the relative positions of the tests are alternately reversed in one-half of the cases in the series. 5. 5. The upper position on the arm shows advantage in whealing response to tests with pollen extracts over the lower position and the medial over the lateral, but to a lesser degree in the latter instance than in the former. 6. 6. In these same atopic subjects, the lower position on the arm shows advantage in whealing response to tests with histamine over the upper position. 7. 7. Tests inserted in rows vertically on the arm influence each other more than those inserted in horizontal rows. This point should be taken into consideration in routine cutaneous testing for hypersensitivity.
Erosion and Sedimentation from the 17 July, 1998 Papua New Guinea Tsunami

— This paper describes erosion and sedimentation associated with the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami. Observed within two months of the tsunami, distinct deposits of a layer averaging 8-cm thick of gray sand rested on a brown muddy soil. In most cases the sand is normally graded, with more coarse sand near the base and fine sand at the top. In some cases the deposit contains rip-up clasts of muddy soil and in some locations it has a mud cap. Detailed measurements of coastal topography, tsunami flow height and direction indicators, and deposit thickness were made in the field, and samples of the deposit were collected for grain-size analysis in the laboratory. Four shore-normal transects were examined in detail to assess the shore-normal and along shore distribution of the tsunami deposit. Near the shoreline, the tsunami eroded approximately 10–25 cm of sand from the beach and berm. The sandy layer deposited by the tsunami began 50–150 m inland from the shoreline and extended across the coastal plain to within about 40 m of the limit of inundation; a total distance of up to 750 m from the beach. As much as 2/3 of the sand in the deposit originated from offshore. Across most of the coastal plain the deposit thickness and mean grain size varied little. In the along-shore direction the deposit thickness varied with the tsunami wave height; both largest near the entrance to Sissano Lagoon.
Topologically transitive semigroup actions of real linear fractional transformations

Abstract Let F I = { f : I → I | f ( x ) = ( A x + B ) / ( C x + D ) ; A D − B C ≠ 0 } , where I is a proper closed subinterval of R . Our main goal in this paper is to describe all f , g ∈ F I such that the action of the semigroup generated by f and g is topologically transitive on I. We also prove that this action is never weakly topologically mixing. Finally, we describe all pairs of affine functions on R whose generated semigroup action is weakly topologically mixing.
Endovascular management of iatrogenic native renal arterial pseudoaneurysms.

Our purpose was to evaluate iatrogenic renal pseudoaneurysms, endovascular treatment, and outcomes. This retrospective study (2003–2011) reported the technical and clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy for renal pseudoaneurysms in eight patients (mean age, 46 (range 24–68) years). Renal parenchymal loss evaluation was based on digital subtraction angiography and computed tomography. We identified eight iatrogenic renal pseudoaneurysm patients with symptoms of hematuria, pain, and hematoma after renal biopsy (n = 3), surgery (n = 3), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (n = 1), and endoscopic shock-wave lithotripsy (n = 1). In six patients, the pseudoaneurysms were small-sized (<20 mm) and peripherally located and were treated solely with coil embolization (n = 5). In one patient, coil embolization was preceded by embolization with 500–700 micron embospheres to control active bleeding. The remaining two patients had large-sized (≥50 mm), centrally located renal pseudoaneurysms treated with thrombin ± coils. Technical success with immediate bleeding cessation was achieved in all patients. There were no procedure-related deaths or complications (mean follow-up, 23.5 (range, 1–67) months). Treatment of renal pseudoaneurysms using endovascular approach is a relatively safe and viable option regardless of location (central or peripheral) and size of the lesions with minimal renal parenchymal sacrifice.
Medial temporal N-acetyl aspartate in pediatric major depression

The medial temporal cortex (MTC) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pediatric major depressive disorder (MDD). Eleven MDD case-control pairs underwent proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. N-acetyl-aspartate was lower in the left MTC (27%) in MDD patients versus controls. Lower N-acetyl-aspartate concentrations in MDD patients may reflect reduced neuronal viability.
Sperm defects in mice lacking a functional Niemann–Pick C1 protein

The Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) gene encodes for a multiple membrane spanning protein, which regulates the trafficking of low-density lipoprotein-mediated endocytosed cholesterol. Mutation of the human NPC1 gene causes Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease. The Npc1(NIH) mice, a model of human NPC disease, bear a spontaneous mutation of the Npc1 gene, and are infertile. In this study, we have performed sperm analysis to search for the cause of male infertility in the Npc1(NIH) mouse. The number of cauda sperms in Npc1(-/-) mice was decreased roughly three-and-half-fold of that in wild-type mice. The decreased sperm number in Npc1(-/-) mice is due, at least in part, to partial arrest of spermatogenesis in the testes, as revealed by histological analysis. Compared to wild-type sperm, Npc1(-/-) sperm displayed a high frequency of morphological abnormalities, including tailless heads and aberrant heads. In the in vitro fertilization (IVF) assay using cumulus-intact eggs, Npc1(-/-) sperm failed to produce two-cell embryos. In the IVF assay where zona-free eggs were used, Npc1(-/-) sperm bound normally but could not fuse with the egg. Further analysis indicated that Npc1(-/-) sperms are drastically impaired in the binding to the egg zona pellucida, only 14% of the level of wild-type sperm. Moreover, on Npc1(-/-) cauda sperm, one-third of the total cyritestin protein was not proteolytically processed, while fertilin beta was processed normally. Taken together, these results demonstrate that there are multiple defects in sperms from mice lacking a functional NPC1 protein, and these observed sperm defects may result in sterility.
Taking It to the Street: The Demographics and Pedagogy of APSA's “Star” Teachers

Each year since 1993, the American Political Science Association has recognized its campuswide teaching award winners in the December issue of PS . From 1993 to 1999, more than 400 faculty were recognized for their achievements in the classroom. Though we know who receives teaching awards, we know little about these exceptional teachers. What are the demographic backgrounds, behaviors, and attitudes of “star” teachers? Do they value teaching in qualitatively different ways than other university faculty? Do they use similar particular teaching strategies? Do different institutional settings value different styles of teaching? Are there meaningful variations in the approaches and activities of star teachers with different demographic backgrounds?
Affinity and structure of complexes of tropomyosin and caldesmon domains

The interaction of caldesmon domains with tropomyosin has been studied using x-ray crystallography and an optical biosensor. Only whole caldesmon and the carboxyl-terminal domain of caldesmon (CaD-4, chicken gizzard residues 597–756) bound to tropomyosin with greater than millimolar affinity at 100 and 150 microM salt. Under these conditions the affinities of whole caldesmon and CaD-4 were both in the micromolar range. Data from the x-ray studies showed that whole caldesmon bound to tropomyosin in several places, with the region of tightest interaction being at tropomyosin residues 70–100 and/or 230–260. Studies with CaD-4 revealed that this region corresponded to the strong binding site seen with whole caldesmon. Weaker association of other regions of caldesmon to tropomyosin residues 180–210 and 5–50 was also observed. The results suggest that the carboxyl-terminus of caldesmon binds tightly to tropomyosin and that other regions of caldesmon may interact with tropomyosin tightly only when they are held close to tropomyosin by the carboxyl-terminal domain. Four models are presented to show the possible interactions of caldesmon with tropomyosin.
In vivo formation of pyridoxal phosphate schiff's base—an inherent defect in the tryptophan load test

Abstract The excretion of xanthurenic acid by four adults following oral administration of up to 7 g (100 mg/kg) tryptophan, increases markedly with the size of the dose. The excretion of xanthurenic acid by adults is much larger than by children given a comparable dose on the basis of body weight. Administration of pyridoxine during the test reduced the excretion by an adult to the level seen in children. A possible interpretation of this is discussed. The results indicate the limits within which the tryptophan load test can be reproduced.
A phase I trial of recombinant alpha-2a interferon (Roferon-A) with weekly cisplatinum.

Eighteen patients with advanced solid tumors were treated in a phase I study of cisplatinum in combination with recombinant alpha-2a Interferon (Roferon-A, Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc, Nutley, NJ). Roferon-A was administered at a dose of 5 MU/m2 S.C. three times a week and the dose levels of cisplatinum were 15, 20, 25, 33, and 42 mg/m2/week given intravenously. All patients experienced grade I/II fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Grade III toxicity occurred in 4/6 patients at dose level 4. The dose limiting toxicities were myelosuppression [leukopenia (two patients), neutropenia (one patient), thrombocytopenia (one patient)], vomiting (one patient) and severe fatigue leading to a decrease in performance status (one patient). One patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma had a mixed response and another a minor response. The recommended dose level of this combination for phase II studies is cisplatinum 25 mg/m2/week and Roferon-A 5 MU/m2 three times a week.
Jordan fields and improper integrals

Abstract An integral is defined for not necessarily bounded functions, with respect to a finitely additive, possibly infinite measure. In particular this strictly includes the familiar case of absolutely convergent improper Riemann integration in Euclidean space. However, the measure need not have a countably additive extension, and no topology is assumed on the underlying space. The “Jordan field,” of sets with integrable characteristic functions, is used to characterize the integrable functions as those that are “nearly” Jordan measurable, and their integrals are shown to equal the (Lebesgue) integrals of the measures of the appropriate Jordan sets.
Improving Precision Using Mixed-level Fault Diagnosis

For nanometer manufacturing fabrication process, it is critical to narrow down the defect location for successful physical failure analysis. In this paper, we present a mixed-level diagnosis technique, which first performs diagnosis at logic level, and then performs switch-level analysis to locate a defect at transistor level. An efficient single pass mixed-mode diagnosis flow proposed to isolate defects within a cell. Experimental results showed significant improvement in precision over traditional logic diagnosis with only a fractional increase in run-time. The proposed mixed-level diagnosis technique was applied to successfully isolate silicon defects.
IT Outsourcing Impacts on Enterprise Architecture

Enterprises outsource IT for many reasons, such as reducing costs, shedding of overhead functions that divert management attention away from the core business, and obtaining services from industry leaders specializing in the associated competencies. IT sourcing profoundly impacts the client organization's enterprise architecture. In an outstanding scenario, IT services come from an external services provider. Moreover, the client and vendor interact through an interorganizational interface containing operational, technical, and business components. This interface involves two major modes of interaction: delivery of the IT services and the service-management framework. The interface describes all of the processes, procedures, and protocols that the client and provider use to interact. Because enterprise architectures are unique to organizations, designing this interface might involve customization. For a large, complex client enterprise, bringing the business, operational, and technical components of the interface into alignment is often a nontrivial challenge
Monitoring of periorbital blood flow rate through thermal image analysis and its application to polygraph testing

In the present paper we describe a novel method for scoring polygraph tests using thermal image analysis. Our method features three stages: image acquisition, physiological correlation, and pattern classification. First, we acquire facial thermal imagery using an accurate mid-infrared camera. Then, we transform the raw thermal data to blood flow rate data through thermodynamic modeling. Finally, we classify the subject as deceptive or non-deceptive based on the nearest-neighbor classification method. We perform our analysis on the periorbital area of the subjects' faces. Our previous research has indicated that the periorbital area is the facial area affected the most from blood flow redistribution during anxious states. We present promising experimental results from 18 subjects. We henceforth anticipate that thermal image analysis will play an increasingly important role in polygraph testing. as an additional scoring channel. Our ultimate objective is to increase the accuracy and reliability of polygraph testing through the fusion of traditional invasive 1D physiological measurements with novel non-invasive 2D physiological measurements.
Reorganization of ErbB Family and Cell Survival Signaling after Knock-down of ErbB2 in Colon Cancer Cells

The role of the ErbB family in supporting the malignant phenotype was characterized by stable transfection of a single chain antibody (ScFv5R) against ErbB2 containing a KDEL endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence into GEO human colon carcinoma cells. The antibody traps ErbB2 in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby down-regulating cell surface ErbB2. The transfected cells showed inactivation of ErbB2 tyrosine phosphorylation and reduced heterodimerization of ErbB2 and ErbB3. This resulted in greater sensitivity to apoptosis induced by growth deprivation and delayed tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, decreased heterodimerization of ErbB2 and ErbB3 led to a reorganization in ErbB function in transfected cells as heterodimerization between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB3 increased, whereas ErbB3 activation remained almost the same. Importantly, elimination of ErbB2 signaling resulted in an increase in EGFR expression and activation in transfected cells. Increased EGFR activation contributed to the sustained cell survival in transfected cells.
DDT EFFECT ON 32P INCORPORATION FROM γ-LABELLED ATP INTO PROTEINS FROM LOBSTER NERVE

The insecticide DDT (1,1,1 trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane) was found to affect the amount of 32P from [γ-32P] ATP incorporated into proteins derived from lobster peripheral nerves in a variety of ways depending upon the relative concentrations of ATP, Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. When a high concentration of ATP (2.5 ± 10−5m) was used DDT (10−5m) inhibited the incorporation and reversed the increased incorporation caused by ouabain. At low concentration of ATP (8.6 ± 10 −8m), DDT inhibited the incorporation when the buffer contained Mg2+ and Na+ or K+ alone, but when the buffer contained Mg2+ and both Na+ and K+ together, DDT consistently caused an increased amount of 32P to be incorporated. The ability of DDT to cause increases in incorporation of 32P into the lobster nerve proteins was found to parallel many of the properties that this compound shows when allowed to poison crustacean nerves. For example: the effect was negatively temperature dependent, Ca2+ lowered the incorporation in the presence of DDT, and DDT consistently caused greater amounts of 32P to be incorporated than its less potent analog DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene). The proteins that were affected by DDT were microsomal in nature and could be centrifuged from supernatant by recentrifuging at 149,000 g. The possibility that this system may be the actual target through which DDT causes its characteristic interferences of the ionic conductance changes associated with the action potential are discussed.
Knowledge transfer among face-to-face information systems development team members: examining the role of knowledge, source, and relational context

Knowledge transfer has been proclaimed as one of the most critical knowledge management activities in the current information age where organizations have to continually learn and continually innovate to remain competitive. Research in the area of knowledge transfer has been conducted in many settings and for various objectives. However, limited attention has been directed towards examining the role of knowledge transfer in information systems development projects (ISD). In this study we empirically examine the impact of source context, knowledge context, and relation context on the process of knowledge transfer among ISD face to face team members. Specifically, we test the impact of ISD team member's capability, credibility, and extent of communication on the process of knowledge transfer. Our findings suggest that in face to face ISD teams, an individual is perceived to transfer a significant amount of knowledge to his/her team members if an individual extensively interacts with other team members and is perceived as reasonably credible. Interestingly, an individual's task related capability did not affect knowledge transfer.
Aid for Trade is reaching its limits, so what's next?

The Aid for Trade Initiative has reached its limits and is in a need to be revamped. This article describes the political economy that led to the launch of the Initiative and explains why it focused on the mobilization of financial resources. The mobilization of resources has been impressive but, in the midst of a fiscal crisis and against the background of growing suspicion by developing countries, the Initiative is asked to show results. This proved difficult. As a result, in order to preserve resource mobilization and preserve donors’ interest, the WTO is expanding the scope of the Initiative to new areas only remotely related to the trade and growth nexus. This article argues that this is unlikely to address the main challenge that the initiative faces: building confidence. As confidence is crucial for the future of the Initiative and for the negotiation of a Doha Round agreement, the WTO should rather follow the suggestion of some donors to narrow the scope of the Initiative in order to make it more focus, monitorable, and efficient. The Aid for Trade Initiative was launched in 2005 because the WTO and donors had converging interests. The WTO needed to mobilize resources to address developing countries’ concern about the possible impact of the Doha Round. Donors, needed to scale up aid to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) while improving aid effectiveness. The objective of the Initiative is to use trade as an engine for development. However, in part because the task of operationalizing the Initiative was given to the WTO, Aid for Trade focused on the mobilization of financial resources. The issue of how best harness trade for development purposes was largely overlooked. The mobilization of financial resources was impressive and became the metrics of the success of the Initiative. However, after six years and in the midst of a fiscal crisis that puts development budgets under pressure, the focus is changing. Aid for Trade is asked to show results. This proved difficult to do convincingly. This article argues that unable to show meaningful results, with bleak prospects of mobilizing more financial resources, and with a monitoring and evaluation framework which, despite
Response of the Frog Skin to Steady-State Voltage Clamping : I. The shunt pathway

Properties of the shunt pathway (a pathway in parallel to the Na transport system) in frog skin have been examined. The permeability of this shunt to urea increases markedly when the skin is depolarized to -100 mv (inside negative) but hyperpolarization to +100 mv produces no change in urea permeability compared to short-circuit conditions. The permeability increase at depolarizing potentials is dependent on the external solute concentration and is considerably reduced by the presence of external Ca. Neither urea permeability nor its response to changes in potential difference are affected by complete inhibition of Na transport by ouabain. In ouabain-poisoned skins, movements of Na, K, Cl, and mannitol through the shunt change in parallel with urea movements. Ion fluxes under these conditions and their response to potential can be described by the constant field equation. The selectivity of the shunt is in the order Cl > urea > K > Na > mannitol and this order does not appear to be affected by the absolute magnitude of the shunt permeability. Arguments are presented suggesting that the pathway is mainly between cells and that its permeability may be affected by cell swelling.
The diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation along the Sierra Madre Occidental observed during NAME-2004: Implications for warm season precipitation estimation in complex terrain

This study examines the spatial and temporal variability in the diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation tied to topography within the North American Monsoon Experiment (NAME) tier-I domain during the 2004 NAME enhanced observing period (EOP, July–August), with a focus on the implications for highresolution precipitation estimation within the core of the monsoon. Ground-based precipitation retrievals from the NAME Event Rain Gauge Network (NERN) and Colorado State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (CSU–NCAR) version 2 radar composites over the southern NAME tier-I domain are compared with satellite rainfall estimates from the NOAA Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) operational and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 research satellite estimates along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). The rainfall estimates are examined alongside hourly images of high-resolution Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 11-m brightness temperatures. An abrupt shallow to deep convective transition is found over the SMO, with the development of shallow convective systems just before noon on average over the SMO high peaks, with deep convection not developing until after 1500 local time on the SMO western slopes. This transition is shown to be contemporaneous with a relative underestimation (overestimation) of precipitation during the period of shallow (deep) convection from both IR and microwave precipitation algorithms due to changes in the depth and vigor of shallow clouds and mixed-phase cloud depths. This characteristic life cycle in cloud structure and microphysics has important implications for ice-scattering microwave and infrared precipitation estimates, and thus hydrological applications using high-resolution precipitation data, as well as the study of the dynamics of convective systems in complex terrain.
MODULAR RECOGNITION OF RNA BY A HUMAN PUMILIO-HOMOLOGY DOMAIN

Abstract Puf proteins are developmental regulators that control mRNA stability and translation by binding sequences in the 3′ untranslated regions of their target mRNAs. We have determined the structure of the RNA binding domain of the human Puf protein, Pumilio1, bound to a high-affinity RNA ligand. The RNA binds the concave surface of the molecule, where each of the protein's eight repeats makes contacts with a different RNA base via three amino acid side chains at conserved positions. We have mutated these three side chains in one repeat, thereby altering the sequence specificity of Pumilio1. Thus, the high affinity and specificity of the PUM-HD for RNA is achieved using multiple copies of a simple repeated motif.
Planar biaxial characterization of diseased human coronary and carotid arteries for computational modeling

Computational models have the potential to provide precise estimates of stresses and strains associated with sites of coronary plaque rupture. However, lack of adequate mathematical description of diseased human vessel wall mechanical properties is hindering computational accuracy. The goal of this study is to characterize the behavior of diseased human coronary and carotid arteries using planar biaxial testing. Diseased coronary specimens exhibit relatively high stiffness (50-210 kPa) and low extensibility (1-10%) at maximum equibiaxial stress (250 kPa) compared to human carotid specimens and values commonly reported for porcine coronary arteries. A thick neointimal layer observed histologically appears to be associated with heightened stiffness and the direction of anisotropy of the specimens. Fung, Choi-Vito and modified Mooney-Rivlin constitutive equations fit the multiaxial data from multiple stress protocols well, and parameters from representative coronary specimens were utilized in a finite element model with fluid-solid interactions. Computed locations of maximal stress and strain are substantially altered, and magnitudes of maximum principal stress (48-65 kPa) and strain (6.5-8%) in the vessel wall are lower than previously predicted using parameters from uniaxial tests. Taken together, the results demonstrate the importance of utilizing disease-matched multiaxial constitutive relationships within patient-specific computational models to accurately predict stress and strain within diseased coronary arteries.
Augmented Reality in Education and Training

There are many different ways for people to be educated and trained with regard to specific information and skills they need. These methods include classroom lectures with textbooks, computers, handheld devices, and other electronic appliances. The choice of learning innovation is dependent on an individual’s access to various technologies and the infrastructure environment of a person’s surrounding. In a rapidly changing society where there is a great deal of available information and knowledge, adopting and applying information at the right time and right place is needed to main efficiency in both school and business settings. Augmented Reality (AR) is one technology that dramatically shifts the location and timing of education and training. This literature review research describes Augmented Reality (AR), how it applies to education and training, and the potential impact on the future of education.
Archipelago: trading address space for reliability and security

Memory errors are a notorious source of security vulnerabilities that can lead to service interruptions, information leakage and unauthorized access. Because such errors are also difficult to debug, the absence of timely patches can leave users vulnerable to attack for long periods of time. A variety of approaches have been introduced to combat these errors, but these often incur large runtime overheads and generally abort on errors, threatening availability.This paper presents Archipelago, a runtime system that takes advantage of available address space to substantially reduce the likelihood that a memory error will affect program execution. Archipelago randomly allocates heap objects far apart in virtual address space, effectively isolating each object from buffer overflows. Archipelago also protects against dangling pointer errors by preserving the contents of freed objects after they are freed. Archipelago thus trades virtual address space---a plentiful resource on 64-bit systems---for significantly improved program reliability and security, while limiting physical memory consumption by tracking the working set of an application and compacting cold objects. We show that Archipelago allows applications to continue to run correctly in the face of thousands of memory errors. Across a suite of server applications, Archipelago's performance overhead is 6% on average (between -7% and 22%), making it especially suitable to protect servers that have known security vulnerabilities due to heap memory errors.
Manipulation of the stiff elbow with patient under anesthesia

Eleven patients had elbow manipulation under general anesthesia to improve a dysfunctional range of motion. Six (55%) patients improved their motion, three (27%) patients had no significant change, and two (18%) patients lost motion. Type of injury, extremity dominance, previous surgical procedures, delay to manipulation, or use of postoperative steroid injections and continuous passive motion did not correlate with successful results. Two transient sensory ulnar neuropathies were the only complications and no heterotopic bone formation or exacerbation was observed. Manipulation under anesthesia should be considered in patients with a dysfunctional elbow range of motion after failure of well-supervised rehabilitation.
Structure of the Red Fluorescence Band in Chloroplasts

Using Weber's method of "matrix analysis" for the estimation of the number of fluorescent species contributing to the emission of a sample, it is shown that the fluorescence1 band in spinach chloroplast fragments at room temperature originates in two species of chlorophyll a. Emission spectra obtained upon excitation with different wavelengths of light (preferentially absorbed in chlorophyll a or b) are presented. Upon cooling to - 196°C, the fluorescence efficiency increases about twentyfold. Two additional bands, that now appear at 696 and 735 mµ, suggest the participation of four molecular species. Emission spectra observed at different concentrations of chloroplast fragments with excitation in chlorophyll a and b and excitation spectra for different concentrations of chloroplast fragments and measurements at 685 and 760 mµ are presented. Two of the four emission bands may belong to pigment system I and two to system II. The 685, 696, and 738 mµ bands respond differently to temperature changes. In the -196°C to -150°C range, the intensity of the 685 mµ band remains constant, and that of the 696 mµ band decreases twice as fast as that of the 738 mµ band.
Crystal structures of the apo and ATP bound Mycobacterium tuberculosis nitrogen regulatory PII protein

PII constitutes a family of signal transduction proteins that act as nitrogen sensors in microorganisms and plants. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has a single homologue of PII whose precise role has as yet not been explored. We have solved the crystal structures of the Mtb PII protein in its apo and ATP bound forms to 1.4 and 2.4 A resolutions, respectively. The protein forms a trimeric assembly in the crystal lattice and folds similarly to the other PII family proteins. The Mtb PII:ATP binary complex structure reveals three ATP molecules per trimer, each bound between the base of the T-loop of one subunit and the C-loop of the neighboring subunit. In contrast to the apo structure, at least one subunit of the binary complex structure contains a completely ordered T-loop indicating that ATP binding plays a role in orienting this loop region towards target proteins like the ammonium transporter, AmtB. Arg38 of the T-loop makes direct contact with the γ-phosphate of the ATP molecule replacing the Mg2+ position seen in the Methanococcus jannaschii GlnK1 structure. The C-loop of a neighboring subunit encloses the other side of the ATP molecule, placing the GlnK specific C-terminal 310 helix in the vicinity. Homology modeling studies with the E. coli GlnK:AmtB complex reveal that Mtb PII could form a complex similar to the complex in E. coli. The structural conservation and operon organization suggests that the Mtb PII gene encodes for a GlnK protein and might play a key role in the nitrogen regulatory pathway.
Digital Design: Principles and Practices

From the Publisher: This popular volume provides a solid foundation in the elements of basic digital electronics and switching theory that are used in most practical digital design today -- and builds on that theory with discussions of real-world digital components, design methodologies, and tools. Covers a full range of topics -- number systems and codes, digital circuits, combinational logic design principles and practices, combinational logic design with PLDs, sequential logic design principles and practices, sequential logic design with PLDs, memory, and additional real-world topics (e.g., computer-aided engineering tools, design for testability, estimating digital system reliability, and transmission lines, reflections, and termination). This edition introduces PLDs as soon as possible, emphasizes CMOS logic families and introduces digital circuits in a strongly technology-independent fashion, covers the latest Generic Array Logic (GAL) devices, offers expanded coverage of ROM and RAM system-level design, and provides additional design examples. For those needing a solid introduction or review of the principles and practices of modern digital design. Previously announced in Oct. 1992 PTR Catalogue.
The FIBRO System: A Rapid Strategy for Assessment and Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex disorder of widespread pain and tenderness associated with numerous other symptoms including fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, nonrestorative sleep, depression, anxiety, and stiffness. While new diagnostic criteria and previous management guidelines require quantitation of the severity of associated FMS symptoms experienced by individual patients, no system for rapid patient assessment has been made available to provide a basis for diagnosis, treatment selection and follow-up for clinicians in busy practices who have limited time. This review presents the FIBRO System, an easily remembered system for FMS symptom quantitation using the FIBRO mnemonic along with verbal questions on simple 0–10 scales to assess symptom severity (the FIBRO Problem Scale) and response to treatment (the FIBRO Change Scale) along with recommendations for pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies to address individual FIBRO symptoms. This symptom-based approach can improve the care of FMS patients by providing a comprehensive, focused assessment in limited time.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Background: Risks and benefits of postmenopausal hormone therapy remain highly controversial. After publication of the Women's Health Initiative hormone trials and several other major trials, the American Heart Association designated postmenopausal hormone therapy as ‘Class III’, if initiated for the purpose of cardiovascular disease prevention. Subsequent post hoc analyses of the Women's Health Initiative data have renewed enthusiasm for hormone therapy among younger postmenopausal women. Objective: To review data from randomized clinical trials that have assessed cardiovascular outcomes of hormone therapy including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, and venous thromboembolism. Methods: The review focuses on cardiovascular effects of hormone therapy only and does not attempt to integrate potential risks and benefits related to symptoms, cancer, osteoporosis or other noncardiovascular effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy. The literature search included original trial publica...
Determining geodesics of a discrete surface

Geodesics are surface curves that possess special properties. In many cases a geodesic on a surface can be considered as the shortest path between its endpoints. A geodesic depends only on the intrinsic properties of a surface. The above properties prompted many uses of geodesics in many different fields. Until now almost all of the methods to calculate geodesics on a surface relied on the fact that somehow an analytical representation of the surface exists. Due to the increase in the use of digital computers and range finding systems, more and more objects are being described as a set of digitized points. In this paper we describe methods that would produce approximations to the geodesics of a surface based solely on the digitized points. >
Art, Music, and Movement Connections for Elementary Education Teacher Candidates.

Visual arts, movement, and music are all connected by common structural elements. The lesson described in this article was prepared so that teacher candidates in elementary education may make conne...
LOCALIZATION OF RECEPTORS INHIBITING GASTRIC EMPTYING IN THE GUT

Five dogs were prepared, each with three fistulas; one fistula was placed in the stomach, the other in the first part of the duodenum, 5 cm from the pylorus, and the third at the junction of the duodenum and the jejunum. By combinations of test meals and perfusions, either a part of or the whole duodenum or jejunum was tested with 550 to 850-milliosmolar solutions (glucose, glycine, mannitol, or sodium chloride), 100 mm HCl, 10 or 20 mm sodium oleate and 40 mm tryptophan for their effect on gastric emptying. Phenol red was used as a nonabsorbable marker. Gastric emptying was not slowed by perfusion of the whole duodenum with the hypertonic solutions of glucose, glycine, mannitol and sodium chloride, or with 10 or 20 mm sodium oleate. In contrast, significant slowing of gastric emptying occurred with jejunal perfusion of the hypertonic solutions and sodium oleate. Jejunal perfusion of 100 mm HCl slowed gastric emptying, but perfusion of the second to fourth parts of the duodenum did not. Tryptophan slowed gastric emptying when allowed to perfuse the first 5 cm of the duodenum, the second to fourth parts of the duodenum, and also the jejunum. The findings from this study indicate that the jejunum has receptors for inhibition of gastric emptying responsive to tryptophan, acid, fat, and hypertonic solutions. In contrast, the duodenum has receptors responsive to tryptophan.
Proxy measures of vitamin D status - season and latitude - correlate with adverse outcomes after bariatric surgery in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2001-2010: a retrospective cohort study.

SummaryObjective To investigate the association between adverse surgical outcomes following bariatric surgery and proxy measures of vitamin D (VitD) status (season and latitude) in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Background Obesity is an independent risk factor for VitD deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng ml−1). VitD deficiency compounds the chronic inflammation of obesity, increasing the risk of adverse outcomes following bariatric surgery. Epidemiology has long used season and latitude as proxies for group VitD, as VitD status is largely determined by sun exposure, which is greatest during summer and at the Equator. Methods We assessed proxy measures of group VitD status. We compared surgeries in VitD Summer (July to September), Winter (January to March), and Fall/Spring (October to December and April to June) and in the North (≥37°N) vs. the South (<37°N). Results We identified 932,091 bariatric surgeries; 81.2% were women and 74.4% were white. Sex was unequally distributed by season (p = 0.005). Median age was 43.0 years (all groups). Most surgeries occurred in the North (64.8%). Adverse outcome rates ranged from 0.01% (wound infections) to 39.4% [prolonged length of stay {LOS}]. Season was inversely associated with wound infection (p = 0.018) and dehiscence (p = 0.001). Extended LOS was inversely correlated with season (p < 0.001). These relationships held after adjustment. Prolonged LOS (p < 0.001) and any complication (p = 0.108) were more common in the North. Conclusions We have demonstrated a graded relationship between seasonality and adverse outcomes following bariatric surgery. The association was strongest for dehiscence and prolonged LOS. These relationships held when using latitude. A prospective study measuring pre-operative 25(OH)D concentration would strengthen the case for causality in adverse surgical outcomes.
Domestic Mobility and Elite Rent-Seeking: The Right to Migrate Among Provinces and Vietnam's Economic Success Story

Vietnam represents an interesting case study for debates about international trade opening and economic federalism. Critics of globalization have long argued that competition for investment capital will lead to a race to the bottom, where in order to obtain foreign investment, a state has to reduce its tax rate, its business regulations and social welfare provision to an absolute minimum. In the process, it is forced to reduce the welfare of its population, especially the most vulnerable groups. Vietnam's economic structure reflects this globalised world domestically: with 64 provinces competing for investment vigorously and under conditions of factor mobility, the assumptions of globalization should hold in Vietnam if they are correct in the interstate system (where particularly labor flows much less freely). This research finds that the most globalized provinces (those with the highest level of foreign investment, international trade and industrialisation) are far from the bottom in terms of social welfare provision. Instead, they attract hundreds of thousands of migrant workers who brave significant obstacles to join the workforce of – preferably foreign – factories. It is here hypothesized that this competition among economic subunits under conditions of free movement of all factors of production changes incentive structures for the elites, reducing their interest in maximizing rent seeking while giving them incentives to grow the pie overall instead. With reduced rent seeking, business climate and economic performance improve. Contrary to the assumptions of globalization critics, social welfare does not decline, as evidenced by continued mass migration to the small number of highly industrialized, trading and foreign invested provinces from virtually all other parts of the country. Implications for globalization theory are discussed in the conclusion.
Unroofing and Resection for Benign Nonparasitic Liver Cysts

Hepatic cysts are classified according to the presence or absence of a parasitic etiology. They seldom lead to hepatic dysfunction and are mostly asymptomatic. The treatment is always individualized according to the origin and presence of symptoms. The choice between unroofing versus resection is dictated by site, number of cysts, malignant potential (cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma), and parasitic infection (see next chapter). Malignant potential is rare and is not a primary concern.
Constitutional System of Money and Finance

This paper shows that the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Security and Exchange Commission have embraced an unconstitutional system of money and finance. This system is designed to deprive the principals (citizens) of their hard earned wealth. It is prone to cause continual decimation of general welfare and domestic tranquility. The monetary system currently transfers a staggering $150 billion per year from principals to the banks whose shenanigans have wiped out trillions of dollars from principals’ hard earned capital. This paper proposes a constitutional system of money and finance with (a) direct lending of savings from principals to their government by eliminating a riskless transfer of the interest spread to middlemen banks, (b) removal of the speculative short selling practice and (c) the independence of market making and clearing from traders. The proposed system is urgently necessary to any country that seeks to promote general welfare, domestic tranquility and citizenship rights like those mandated by the U.S. constitution.
Frontline Account: Resident-led Implementation of the National Diabetes Prevention Program within Primary Care Clinics of a Large, Academic Medical Center.

Mr. P is one of an approximate 86 million U.S. adults with prediabetes, an asymptomatic condition that portends an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Despite the high prevalence of prediabetes, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that 90 % of prediabetic individuals are not aware that they have the condition. This is an undeniable public health threat, as 5–10 % of these individuals, if untreated, will progress annually to diabetes. Fortunately, it is possible to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes by identifying at-risk individuals and engaging them in evidence-based interventions. The landmark Diabetes Prevention Program Trial showed a reduction in the 3-year incidence of diabetes with either modest behavior change or metformin compared to placebo. Specifically, 7 % body weight loss and increased physical activity led to a 58 % reduction in diabetes while treatment with metformin resulted in a 31 % decrease in disease incidence. These results have generated nationwide efforts to translate dietary and physical activity interventions into clinical practice. The CDC designed the National Diabetes Prevention Program (NDPP), a 22-week, groupbased adaptation of the trial’s lifestyle interventions. Trained coaches deliver education on diet and exercise and record participant weights and physical activity minutes. While the program has been successfully administered in a variety of clinical and community settings, the YMCA, in partnership with UnitedHealth Group, has led one of the most extensive implementation initiatives. During a 2-year period, more than 1700 individuals completed the YMCA’s program and achieved an average weight loss of 5 %, showing that program can be both effective and scalable in a real-world setting.
Results of Pure Tone Audiometry of Workers with Noise Exposure in A Steel Plant of Wuxi City

[Objective]To understand the status of hearing loss among noise-exposed workers in steel plant of Wuxi City[Methods]According GBZ 188-2007 and GB/T 16403,pure tone audiometry was performed on 283 noise-exposed workers.[Results]The difference between gender and hearing loss was not directly related(χ2=0.24,P0.05);the differences between the 4 age groups were significant(χ2=10.67,P0.05);Hearing loss in 2010 was significantly higher than the rate of 2009(χ2=4.05,P0.05).[Conclusion]The noise hazard of this steel plant is much serious,which should attract great attention for early detection and early intervention.