cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic macromolecular inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. 2. Effect of loading of a peptidyl carbamate inhibitor and molecular size of polymer backbone on its inhibitory capacity.

AbstractSeveral macromolecular inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase (HLE) were prepared by covalently bonding a low molecular weight HLE inhibitor peptidyl carbamate, p-nitrophenyl-N-[succinyl-L-alanyl-L-ananyl-L-prolylmethyl]-N-isopropyl carbamate 1, with the neutral hydrophilic polymer, poly-α,β-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-D, L-aspartamide], PHEA 2. These novel polymeric compounds differed in the molecular size of their PHEA polymer backbone and the extent of loading of the peptidyl carbamate, (PC). They were shown to efficiently inhibit HLE (Ki = 97 to 12.8 nM) as intact macromolecular entities and were found to be more stable to hydrolysis than the non-polymer bound low molecular weight inhibitor 1.The inhibition of HLE by the novel macromolecular inhibitors was found to be noncompetitive and reversible, proceeding via slow formation of inhibitor-enzyme complex. The effect of loading of 1 and molecular size of the PHEA 2 polymer on enzymatic parameters Ki, kon and koff is discussed and a possible mechanism ...
Religious fundamentalism and perceived threat: a report from an experimental study

This study investigated the experimental effect of threat on religious fundamentalism (RF) and the tendency towards reprisal. We presented 102 Christians with one of three scenarios, involving the hire of a Christian biologist, evolution biologist, or a (neutral) communications expert as professor at their university, and also the subsequent sanctioning of his speeding violation. Moderated multiple regression analyses of Christian/evolutionist data found that low RF endorsed the evolutionist and high RF endorsed the Christian; further, participants levied a higher court fine on the speeding evolutionist, regardless of RF. Analyses of Christian/neutral data found that low RF discriminated in favour of the neutral candidate, whereas high RF did not discriminate between candidates; also, low RF sanctioned the neutral candidate with a speeding ticket, while high RF sanctioned the Christian. Overall findings indicated that fundamentalists were not necessarily aggressive or punitive and that they reacted no dif...
Tracheostomy in children: The use of plastic tubes

Abstract Experience with plastic tracheostomy tubes suggests specific advantages in managing the problems associated with tracheostomy in infants and children. A technic of tracheostomy adapted to the infant is described, and the use of tracheal stay sutures for controlled tube insertion is emphasized. Experience with 62 cases is the background for this report.
Recovery of auditory structure and function in neonatal chicks exposed to intense sound for 8 days

This paper describes hearing loss and recovery as well as cochlear damage in chicks, after a 200-h exposure to an intense pure tone, and compares the results to similar data following a 48-h exposure to the same sound. The results revealed that the magnitude of initial hearing loss and the rate of recovery were nearly the same for both exposures. The initial cochlear damage produced by the 200-h exposure, however, was less severe than that seen after the 48-h exposure. In addition, new hair cells were observed in the lesion area immediately after the 200-h exposure. However, after the 48-h exposure, they were first identified after several days of recovery. These observations were consistent with the conclusion that cochlear repair began during the longer exposure itself. The fact that hearing loss and recovery was the same for the two exposure conditions, while the level of cochlear damage differed, suggests that functional recovery depended on processes other than the regeneration or repair of hair cells and supporting cells. These other processes are considered.
Shall we mix synthetic speech and human speech?: impact on users' performance, perception, and attitude

Because it is impractical to record human voice for ever-changing dynamic content such as email messages and news, many commercial speech applications use human speech for fixed prompts and synthetic speech (TTS) for the dynamic content. However, this mixing approach may not be optimal from a consistency perspective. A 2-condition between-group experiment (N = 24) was conducted to compare two versions of a virtual-assistant interface (mixing human voice and TTS vs. TTS-only). Users interacted with the virtual assistant to manage some email and calendar tasks. Their task performance, self-perception of task performance, and attitudinal responses were measured. Users interacting with the TTS-only interface performed the task significantly better, while users interacting with the mixed-voices interface thought they did better and had more positive attitudinal responses. Explanations and design implications are suggested.
Increased survival of NZB-W mice given multiple syngeneic young thymus grafts.

Abstract This study presents results of treatment of the autoimmune disease of female NZB W mice with multiple thymic grafts from syngeneic 2-week-old mice in an attempt to restore thymic suppressor function. Treatment was given for 8 months starting at 1 month of life. A small but significant increase in survival was observed. Survival was significantly decreased if the thymic grafts were from mice pretreated with corticosteroids. The studies suggest that the multiple thymic grafts were having both desirable and detrimental effects.
L24: Parallelism, performance, energy efficiency, and cost trade-offs in future sensor platforms

Networks of sensors must process large amounts of intermittently-available data in situ. This motivates the investigation of means for achieving high performance when required, but ultra-low-power dissipation when idle. One approach to this challenge is the use of embedded multiprocessor systems, leading to trade-offs between parallelism, performance, energy efficiency, and cost. To evaluate these trade-offs and to gain insight for future system designs, this article presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a miniature, energy-scalable, 24-processor module, L24, for use in embedded sensor systems.Analytic results and empirical evidence motivating such embedded multiprocessors is provided, and a parallel fixed-point fast Fourier transform implementation is presented. This application is used as a challenging but realistic evaluator of the presented hardware platform. Through a combination of hardware measurements, instruction-level microarchitectural simulation, and analytic modeling, it is demonstrated that the platform provides idle power dissipation over an order of magnitude lower than systems employing a monolithic processor of equivalent performance, while dynamic power dissipation remains competitive.Taking into account both application computation and interprocessor communication demands, it is shown that there may exist an optimum operating voltage that minimizes either time-to-solution, energy usage, or the energy-delay product. This optimum operating point is formulated analytically, calibrated with system measurements, and evaluated for the hardware platform and application presented.
Consensus and Confrontation

On January 9, 1984, 28 experts on the Law of the Sea met at the East-West Center at the University of Hawaii for a week of intense discussions of the consequences of the refusal of the United States to sign the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention. The participants were from 12 Asian, Pacific, and North American countries. Proponents of the convention were led by Ambassador Tommy Koh of Singapore (last president of the Law of the Sea Conference), Ambassador Hasjim Djalal of Indonesia, and Satya Nandan, former Ambassador of Fiji and now the special representative of the United Nations Secretary General for the Law of the Sea. Proponents of the U.S. position were Brian Hoyle, director of the Office of Ocean Law of the Department of State and David Colson of the Office of Legal Advisor of the Department of State. Many of the other participants presented papers, and all participated in the discussions, which are fully recorded in these proceedings of the workshop.
Structural-functionalism and the network idea: towards an integrated methodology

Abstract In this paper it is argued that, for the sake of analytical precision, we ought to understand structural-functionalism to be a social network theory, as opposed to the common practice of dissociating the two. The rise of ‘network theory’ against the background of traditional structural-functionalism is reviewed, and the appreciation by some anthropologists that social structure is itself in fact an abstraction from social networks is noted. In a more original vein, it is shown that some network theories have themselves possessed a functional form.
Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma is most often associated with tumour hypoxia or a systemic inflammatory response

Background Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well documented, although the aetiology of this phenomenon remains unknown.
Gouge initiation in high-velocity rocket sled testing

Abstract A model is presented which describes the formation of surface damage “gouging” on the rails that guide rocket sleds. An unbalanced sled can randomly cause a very shallow-angle, oblique impact between the sled shoe and the rail. This damage phenomenon has also been observed in high-velocity guns where the projectile is analogous to the moving sled shoe and the gun barrel is analogous to the stationary rail. At sufficiently high velocity, the oblique impact will produce a thin hot layer of soft material on the contact surfaces. Under the action of a normal moving load, the soft layer lends itself to an anti-symmetric deformation and the formation of a “hump” in front of the moving load. A gouge is formed when this hump is overrun by the sled shoe. The phenomenon is simulated numerically using the CTH strong shock physics code, and the results are in good agreement with experimental observation.
Regioisomers in Vorbrüggen's guanine nucleoside synthesis; N9 selectivity with a glucosamine derivative and 2-N-acetyl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoylguanine

Abstract Vorbruggen coupling of trimethylsilylated 2- N -acetylguanine with pentofuranose derivatives gives N7/N9 glycosyl mixtures. The N9 isomers can be obtained selectively with 2- N -acetyl-6- O -diphenylcarbamoylguanine, and even with a less reactive glucosamine derivative.
Random arrays for source parameter estimation

Phase measurements at the elements of a highly thinned, large-aperture random array can be used to efficiently estimate the parameters of a distant source. The theory for this is developed, and an illustrative computer stimulation example is given.
Consistency in the Midst of Change: Class and Value Stability in Poland, 1988‐2003

Poland has undergone radical social change since 1989. Prior research shows that despite this change, the relationship between class and values in Poland remained stable through the early 1990s, and a similar pattern held in Ukraine as well. More recent work in Ukraine in the early 2000s suggests continuing stability in the class-values relationship, but we lack a similar update for Poland. This study examines Polish data 1988‐2003 and yields significant findings: There is considerable consistency in class and values in Poland into the early 2000s, both with regards to over-time stability in each as well as the relationship between the two. These findings add to mounting evidence concerning the strong, enduring impact of social structure on personality.
Changing ideas about family care for the elderly in Japan

As rapid social changes occur around the world, accompanied by increasingly larger numbers of elderly in need of care, it is crucial to gain new knowledge of the relationship between changing social institutions and the impact of such changes on the context in which care is given to the elderly. In Japan, the family has tradiditnally been the context in which caregiving occurs. Although family care still remains central, 22 focus groups conducted in Tokyo in 1982 and 1990 with three different age groups (N=175) reflect the significant changes which are occurring in the traditional Japanese family system-despite important continuities-and the manner in which these changes are influencing the Japanese approach to care for the elderly. In this article, we focus on material, instrumental, and emotional reciprocity among adult generations within the Japanese family. Our data suggest that families mix traditional options with newer ones in providing care to their elders.
The effects of instructors' autonomy support and students' autonomous motivation on learning organic chemistry: A self-determination theory perspective

This prospective study applied self-determination theory to investigate the effects of students' course-specific self-regulation and their perceptions of their instructors' autonomy support on adjustment and academic performance in a college-level organic chemistry course. The study revealed that: (1) students' reports of entering the course for relatively autonomous (vs. controlled) reasons predicted higher perceived competence and interest/enjoyment and lower anxiety and grade-focused performance goals during the course, and were related to whether or not the students dropped the course; and (2) students' perceptions of their instructors' autonomy support predicted increases in autonomous self-regulation, perceived competence, and interest/enjoyment, and decreases in anxiety over the semester. The change in autonomous self-regulation in turn predicted students' performance in the course. Further, instructor autonomy support also predicted course performance directly, although differences in the initial level of students' autonomous self-regulation moderated that effect, with autonomy support relating strongly to academic performance for students initially low in autonomous self-regulation but not for students initially high in autonomous self-regulation. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed84:740–756, 2000.
Economic feasibility analysis for an automated on-line poultry inspection technology

On-line carcass inspection of chickens in the United States is currently done using visual (organoleptic) methods. Inspectors from the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) inspect the viscera and carcass and, for older birds, the heads using a sequence of observations and palpations at a postmortem inspection station. The streamlined inspection system (SIS) and the new line speed inspection system (NELS) are the most prevalent visual inspection methods. The former has a line speed of 70 birds/min with two inspectors per line, and the latter has a line speed of 91 birds/min requiring three inspectors per line. Both inspection methods are labor intensive and prone to human error. In addition, the speed of the slaughter line is dictated by the number of birds per minute that can be inspected by FSIS inspectors. Ninety-one birds/min is currently the maximum visual inspection line speed allowed under current Federal regulations. This study evaluates the economic benefits of using automated inspection in place of visual inspection from the perspective of both the slaughter plant and FSIS. The results indicate that FSIS and slaughter plants would gain economic benefits by using automated inspection in place of visual inspection. The economic benefits to FSIS would accrue from labor savings, whereas the economic benefits to slaughter plants would accrue primarily from increased throughput from faster inspection line speeds.
A note on two fixed point problems

We extend the applicability of the Exterior Ellipsoid Algorithm for approximating n-dimensional fixed points of directionally nonexpanding functions. Such functions model many practical problems that cannot be formulated in the smaller class of globally nonexpanding functions. The upper bound 2n^2ln(2/@?) on the number of function evaluations for finding @?-residual approximations to the fixed points remains the same for the larger class. We also present a modified version of a hybrid bisection-secant method for efficient approximation of univariate fixed point problems in combustion chemistry.
Worldwide feedback [Ask the Experts]

In this issue of IEEE Control Systems Magazine, we invite Kris Hollot of the University of Massachusetts to respond to a query on the use of feedback control to keep the Internet running smoothly.
Adhesion of viridans group streptococci to sialic acid-, galactose- and N-acetylgalactosamine-containing receptors.

The binding of 10 viridans group streptococci to sialic acid-, galactose (Gal)- and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-containing receptors was defined by analysis of the interactions between these bacteria and structurally defined glycoconjugates, host cells and other streptococci. All interactions with sialic acid-containing receptors were Ca 2+ -independent as they were not affected by ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA), whereas all interactions with Gal- and GalNAc-containing receptors were Ca 2+ -dependent. Recognition of sialic acid-, Gal- and GalNAc-containing receptors varied widely among the strains examined, in a manner consistent with the association of each of the three lectin-like activities with a different bacterial cell surface component.
Inhalation of Burkholderia thailandensis results in lethal necrotizing pneumonia in mice: a surrogate model for pneumonic melioidosis.

Summary Burkholderia thailandensis is closely related to B. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, a lethal tropical disease. Burkholderia thailandensis is largely avirulent in humans and, unlike B. pseudomallei, does not require strict biocontainment conditions for study. Because it may be a useful research surrogate for B. pseudomallei, we developed a murine model of airborne B. thailandensis infection. In both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, deposition of 103 colony-forming units (CFU)/lung or less of B. thailandensis was non-lethal and infection was readily controlled. Compared with C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice exhibited modest resistance to infection after deposition of 104 CFU/lung. Deposition of 105 CFU/lung resulted in disseminated infection and was universally fatal by 3d. This dose induced robust pulmonary neutrophilia, production of inflammatory cytokines, and elevated serum markers of distant organ injury. Histology demonstrated multiple small foci of necrotizing pneumonia but lung architecture was otherwise preserved, suggesting that respiratory failure is not the cause of death. These findings demonstrate that airborne B. thailandensis infection in mice provides an accessible surrogate model of melioidosis.
Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction by M(bpy-R)(CO)4 (M = Mo, W; R = H, tBu) complexes. Electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational studies and comparison with group 7 catalysts

The tetracarbonyl molybdenum and tungsten complexes of 2,2′-bipyridine and 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine (M(bpy-R)(CO)4; R = H, M = Mo (1), W (2); R = tBu, M = Mo (3), W (4)) are found to be active electrocatalysts for the reduction of CO2. The crystal structures of M(bpy-tBu)(CO)4 (M = Mo (3), W (4)), the singly reduced complex [W(bpy)(CO)4][K(18-crown-6] (5) and the doubly reduced complex [W(bpy-tBu)(CO)3][K(18-crown-6)]2 (6) are reported. DFT calculations have been used to characterize the reduced species from the reduction of W(bpy-tBu)(CO)4 (4). These compounds represent rare examples of group 6 electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, and comparisons are made with the related group 7 complexes that have been studied extensively for CO2 reduction.
Effective Costs and Chemical Use in United States Agricultural Production: Using the Environment as a “Free” Input

A cost-function-based production model is used to represent patterns of input use and output production in U.S. agriculture, and the implied costs of induced reductions in risk from agricultural chemicals (“bad outputs”). We estimate and evaluate shadow values for these harmful outputs, and the implied input- and output-specific substitution patterns, with a focus on the impacts on pesticide demand and its quality and quantity components. Using state-level data we find these measures to be statistically significant, vary substantively by region, and imply increased demand for effective pesticides associated with improvements in quality from embodied technology. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Erratum: (Modified) Fredholm Determinants for Operators with Matrix-Valued Semi-Separable Integral Kernels Revisited

We revisit the computation of (2-modified) Fredholm determinants for operators with matrix-valued semi-separable integral kernels. The latter occur, for instance, in the form of Green’s functions associated with closed ordinary differential operators on arbitrary intervals on the real line. Our approach determines the (2-modified) Fredholm determinants in terms of solutions of closely associated Volterra integral equations, and as a result offers a natural way to compute such determinants.
The Efficacy of Using Diagrams When Solving Probability Word Problems in College

Previous experiments have shown a deleterious effect of visual representations on college students’ ability to solve total- and joint-probability word problems. The present experiments used conditional-probability problems, known to be more difficult than total- and joint-probability problems. The diagram group was instructed in how to use tree diagrams to solve conditional probability problems; the equation-only group was instructed only in the formulation of equations. Results indicated that the diagram group outperformed the equation-only group on a posttest of 10 near- and far-transfer problems given immediately and as long as 1 week later (Experiment 2). In addition, when rating their experience with the training phase the equation-only group reported significantly higher levels of frustration and lower levels of perceived success than the diagram group.
The safety valve and climate policy

Abstract The “safety valve” is a possible addition to a cap-and-trade system of emissions regulation whereby the authority offers to sell permits in unlimited amount at a pre-set price. In this way the cost of meeting the cap can be limited. It was proposed in the US as a way to control perceived high costs of the Kyoto Protocol, and possibly as a way to shift the focus of policy from the quantity targets of the Protocol to emissions price. In international discussions, the idea emerged as a proposal for a compliance penalty. The usefulness of the safety valve depends on the conditions under which it might be introduced. For a time it might tame an overly stringent emissions target. It also can help control the price volatility during the introduction of gradually tightening one, although permit banking can ultimately serve the same function. It is unlikely to serve as a long-term feature of a cap-and-trade system, however, because of the complexity of coordinating price and quantity instruments and because it will interfere with the development of systems of international emissions trade.
The external organizational environment and its impact on management information systems

Abstract It is argued in this paper that organizations are “living purposeful” or “adaptively rational” systems whose survival depends on their ability to interact successfully, on a continual basis, with the surrounding environment. Three states of the external organizational environment — controllable, partially controllable and uncontrollable — are identified, and the information characteristics of each state are discussed. The approaches that organizations can adopt to collect information on the environment are also discussed; these approaches use externally-based data sources and modeling and/or analytic techniques. On these bases, we consider effective strategies and methodologies which organizations can adopt for processing, evaluating and communicating information about the external environment to satisfy decision-making requirements.
The Effect of Constant Delivery of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone on Fertility of Cattle

AbstractFour hundred and three (403) postpartum beef cows, synchronized with the norgestomet and estradiol valerate bovine estrus synchronization procedure, were included in three experiments. In the first experiment, 78 of the 178 cows were administered biodegradable microcapsules containing 180 μg GnRH manufactured to biodegrade (and release GnRH relatively constantly) in approximately three days. In the second experiment, 38 of the 90 cows were implanted with osmotic pumps designed to deliver 2.5 μg of GnRH per hour for six days. The third experiment consisted of two trials. In the first trial, 21 of the 41 cows were implanted with biodegradable implants manufactured to delivery 250 μg of GnRH (relatively constantly) over a four day period. In the second trial, 46 of the 94 cows were implanted with same implant as in trial 1 except the implants were coated so that there was a slight delay in initiating delivery after implantation. The constant delivery of GnRH during the proestrus period reduced pregna...
Do Criminal Due Process Principles Make a Difference? A Review of McBarnet's Conviction: Law, the State, and the Construction of Justice

In Conviction: Law, the State, and the Construction of Justice,' Scottish sociologist Doreen McBarnet addresses a critical paradox of British criminal justice policy. Recent debates on criminal justice in Scotland and England have centered on whether due process rights of criminal defendants excessively limit the powers of police and prosecutors. Yet, more than 90 percent of all criminal prosecutions in Britain result in convictions.2 How can there be such a high conviction rate if due process principles severely restrict police and prosecutors? And given that there is such a high conviction rate, why do public debates turn on whether due proc-
Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling levels of radiation-induced thymocyte apoptosis in mice.

Thymocyte apoptosis levels are higher in C57BL/6J mice than in C3Hf/Kam mice. Low-dose irradiation increases the numbers of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis, but the strain difference persists. We mapped three loci controlling radiation-induced thymocyte apoptosis levels in F2 intercross progeny of these strains. The strongest association of a genomic region with an apoptosis level occurred in a region of chromosome 11 known to harbor a locus (or loci) important in the pathogenesis of several rodent models of autoimmune disease. Additional loci influencing radiation-induced thymocyte apoptosis were identified on chromosomes 9 and 16. The genetic polymorphisms underlying these loci may have an evolutionary role in fine-tuning the apoptotic response in T cells and may be important in the etiology of lymphoproliferative disorders and autoimmunity.
Seasonal Movements of Brown Trout in Northeast Wisconsin

Abstract –Seasonal movements and winter habitat use are not well described for large stream-dwelling brown trout Salmo trutta. Movements and stream reach use by adult brown trout were documented in the Beaver Creek system from April 1988 through March 1990. Radio transmitters were implanted in 22 brown trout (total lengths, 13.9–22.7 in) that were tracked up to 165 d (mean, 90 d). Long-range (4.5–12.5-mi) movements occurred in spring and fall. Brown trout were relatively sedentary at other times, spending the summer in Beaver Creek's lower North Branch, a second-order stream, and the winter in the Peshtigo River, a fourth-order warmwater stream to which Beaver Creek drains. Portions of a system that do not hold brown trout in the summer may be important winter areas. The results verify the importance of barrier-free streams and suggest the importance of a drainage system approach to brown trout management.
A Novel Locus For Dilated Cardiomyopathy Maps to Canine Chromosome 8

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), the most common form of cardiomyopathy, often leads to heart failure and sudden death. While a substantial proportion of DCMs are inherited, mutations responsible for the majority of DCMs remain unidentified. A genome-wide linkage study was performed to identify the locus responsible for an autosomal recessive inherited form of juvenile DCM (JDCM) in Portuguese water dogs using 16 families segregating the disease. Results link the JDCM locus to canine chromosome 8 with two-point and multipoint lod scores of 10.8 and 14, respectively. The locus maps to a 3.9-Mb region, with complete syntenic homology to human chromosome 14, that contains no genes or loci known to be involved in the development of any type of cardiomyopathy. This discovery of a DCM locus with a previously unknown etiology will provide a new gene to examine in human DCM patients and a model for testing therapeutic approaches for heart failure.
AMPA RECEPTOR SUBUNIT GluR1 DOWNSTREAM OF D-1 DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATION IN NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS SHELL MEDIATES INCREASED DRUG REWARD MAGNITUDE IN FOOD-RESTRICTED RATS

Previous findings suggest that neuroadaptations downstream of D-1 dopamine (DA) receptor stimulation in nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in the enhancement of drug reward by chronic food restriction (FR). Given the high co-expression of D-1 and GluR1 AMPA receptors in NAc, and the regulation of GluR1 channel conductance and trafficking by D-1-linked intracellular signaling cascades, the present study examined effects of the D-1 agonist, SKF-82958, on NAc GluR1 phosphorylation, intracranial electrical self-stimulation reward (ICSS), and reversibility of reward effects by a polyamine GluR1 antagonist, 1-NA-spermine, in ad libitum fed (AL) and FR rats. Systemically administered SKF-82958, or brief ingestion of a 10% sucrose solution, increased NAc GluR1 phosphorylation on Ser845, but not Ser831, with a greater effect in FR than AL rats. Microinjection of SKF-82958 in NAc shell produced a reward-potentiating effect that was greater in FR than AL rats, and was reversed by co-injection of 1-NA-spermine. GluR1 abundance in whole cell and synaptosomal fractions of NAc did not differ between feeding groups, and microinjection of AMPA, while affecting ICSS, did not exert greater effects in FR than AL rats. These results suggest a role of NAc GluR1 in the reward-potentiating effect of D-1 DA receptor stimulation and its enhancement by FR. Moreover, GluR1 involvement appears to occur downstream of D-1 DA receptor stimulation rather than reflecting a basal increase in GluR1 expression or function. Based on evidence that phosphorylation of GluR1 on Ser845 primes synaptic strengthening, the present results may reflect a mechanism via which FR normally facilitates reward-related learning to re-align instrumental behavior with environmental contingencies under the pressure of negative energy balance.
An explanation for the minimal effect of body curvature on hypervelocity penetration hole formation

Though not discussed extensively in the literature, it is known among workers in impact and penetration dynamics, e.g. the CTH analysis and development team at Sandia National Laboratories, that curvature of thin plates has a minimal effect on the penetration hole diameter due to a hypervelocity impact. To understand why curvature introduces a minimal effect on penetration hole size we extend a flat plate penetration hole diameter relationship (De Chant (2004a) Unpublished manuscript; De Chant (2004b) Mechanics of Materials, in press) to include the effect of body curvature. The effect of the body curvature on the hole diameter is shown to scale according to the dimensionless plate thickness to radius of curvature of the body i.e. h/R, which is typically small. Indeed for most problems where a single layer shell (plate) can be meaningfully defined, the effect of curvature upon hole diameter is on the order of other uncertainties in the problem, e.g. doubts concerning the appropriate equation of state and strength model, and is often, therefore, negligible.
Differential sensitivity of [3H]7-OH-DPAT-labeled binding sites in rat brain to inactivation by N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline

Abstract The effects of alkylating agent N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) on the binding of [3H]7-OH-DPAT, a ligand for the D3 dopamine receptor, were assessed in ventral striatal (n. accumbens and olf. tubercle) membranes of adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. [3H]Spiperone binding to D2-like receptors in striatal membranes was also assayed as a positive control. In vitro, EEDQ was equipotent in inactivating [3H]7-OH-DPAT- and [3H]spiperone-labeled binding sites. In vivo, [3H]spiperone binding was rapidly eliminated in a dose-dependent manner following EEDQ administration. In contrast, [3H]7-OH-DPAT binding was not significantly altered by any dose of the alkylating agent at any time point examined. Depletion of endogenous catecholamines with α-methyltyrosine and reserpine revealed a second, higher affinity binding site for [3H]7-OH-DPAT. Administration of EEDQ in catecholamine-depleted animals reduced [3H]7-OH-DPAT binding by one-third relative to controls and resulted in the detection of a single population of sites. These findings suggest that [3H]7-OH-DPAT labels two distinct populations of binding sites in rat brain membranes, only one of which is susceptible to inactivation by EEDQ. These sites may represent high and low affinity states of the D3 receptor. In addition, this discovery may provide a useful method for examining the function of some D3 receptors in brain independent of other monoaminergic systems.
Graph-theoretical properties of Elithorn's maze

Abstract The Perceptual Maze Test, originally devised by Elithorn and later further developed in collaboration with the author, is currently being used to study human perceptual problem-solving skills. It has been found that test performance is relatively independent of previously acquired skills; that it is impaired by certain forms of organic brain damage; and that it is related to certain mathematical properties of the test item structure. Hypotheses as to the nature of the solving processes employed by subjects led to the graph-theoretical matrix analysis of the item structure presented in this paper.
Four subtypes of adenomyosis assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and their specification

Objective The aim of the present study was to differentiate and specify the subtypes of adenomyosis. Study Design Surgically treated adenomyosis (n = 152) was subcategorized retrospectively into 4 subtypes on the basis of magnetic resonance imaging geography. Subtype I (n = 59) consisted of adenomyosis that occurs in the uterine inner layer without affecting the outer structures. Subtype II (n = 51) consisted of adenomyosis that occurs in the uterine outer layer without affecting the inner structures. Subtype III (n = 22) consisted of adenomyosis that occurs solitarily without relationship to structural components. Adenomyosis that did not satisfy these criteria composed subtype IV (n = 20). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used for specification of the subtypes. Results Subtypes I-III were suggested as a product of direct endometrial invasion, endometriotic invasion from the outside, and de novo metaplasia, respectively. Subtype IV was a heterogeneous mixture of far advanced disease. Conclusion Adenomyosis appears to consist of 3 distinct subtypes of different causes and an additional subtype of indeterminate cause.
Kinetics of substrate removal in a completely mixed anaerobic filter

A completely mixed anaerobic filter, in which the influent organic matter concentration is diluted with recirculated effluent, was found to effectively remove organic matter concentrations in high strength acidic wastewater, at a range of organic loadings and shock loads. Increases in organic loading had a substantial effect on the relative organic matter composition of the effluent and the magnitude of the fatty acid fraction showed a pattern inverse to that of the nitrogenous organics. A fixed film model was formulated which indicated that at high substrate concentrations the substrate removal rate is proportional to the square root of the substrate concentration and the specific area of the filter medium. A comparison of the biofilm model and the measured effluent concentrations tended to indicate that the substrate removal rate is primarily affected by substrate concentration, specific surface area, flow rate, and temperature of the unit.
Existence, uniqueness and asymptotic stability of periodic solutions of periodic functional-differential systems

We consider here a general Lotka-Volterra type ^-dimensional periodic functional differential system. Sufficient conditions for the existence, uniqueness and global asymptotic stability of periodic solutions are established by combining the theory of monotone flow generated by FDEs, Horn's asymptotic fixed point theorem and linearized stability analysis. These conditions improve and generalize the recent ones obtained by Freedman and Wu (1992) for scalar equations. We also present a nontrivial application of our results to a delayed nonautonomous predator-prey system.
A simple music system in APL

This paper describes a low-cost musical instruction system written entirely in APL. This system has facilities to enter, store, edit, and perform simple music compositions. The only special device required to implement the system is an inexpensive "music box" to provide musical (sound) output. Typical instructional uses of the system are shown.
A Survey of FLES Teacher Certification Requirements

WHEN talking to school administrators about the possibility of implementing elementary foreign language programs in their districts, the discussion ultimately revolves around questions regarding the availability of qualified and certified teaching personnel. Correspondence has been encouraged from all State Supervisors of Foreign Languages concerning FLES teacher certification requirements in an attempt to establish a course of study which would be acceptable on a nationwide basis. The following letter was sent to all State Supervisors of Foreign Languages by the author of this survey: Most students specializing in Foreign Languages in the Elementary School (FLES) fit into one of three categories: undergraduate elementary education majors, secondary education foreign language majors (French, German, and/or Spanish), and graduate majors in foreign language education.
A 14C-2-Deoxyglucose analysis of the neural pathways of the limbic forebrain in the rat: II. The hypothalamus

An attempt was made to characterize the nature of the functional organization of the hypothalamus by observing the patterns of uptake of 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2DG) following electrical stimulation of different regions within the preoptico-hypothalamus in the rat. The experimental paradigm consisted of electrical brain stimulation delivered continuously for periods of 30 sec on and 30 sec off for 45 minutes following injection of 2DG. Brains were removed and processed for autoradiography. Activation of the medial forebrain bundle was noted following stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and lateral preoptico-hypothalamus. Activated fibers could be followed only in a caudal direction through the medial forebrain bundle and into the ventral tegmental area as a result of nucleus accumbens stimulation. Stimulation of the lateral preoptic region or of the anterior half of lateral hypothalamus produced activation of the lateral septal nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, perifornical region, midline thalamus and ventral tegmental area. Since stimulation of the perifornical hypothalamus significantly activated the rostro-caudal extent of the midbrain cental gray, it is suggested that impulses from the lateral hypothalamus reach the lower brainstem via its connections with the perifornical hypothalamus. Ventromedial hypothalamic stimulation activated only the lateral septal nucleus, cortico-medial amygdala and medial preoptico-hypothalamus, while medial preoptico-hypothalamic stimulation resulted in increased 2DG uptake in the midbrain central gray, thus suggesting that medial hypothalamic impulses reach the brainstem by first ascending to the level of the preoptico-hypothalamus. Mammillary body stimulation orthodromically activated fibers in the mammillothalamic and mammillotegmental tracts and antidromically fibers in the fornix for a short distance.
A walk on the WILD side How wireless handhelds may change computer-supported collaborative learning

Designs for CSCL (Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning) applications usually presume a desktop or laptop computer. Yet future classrooms are likely to be organized around Wireless Internet Learning Devices (WILD) that resemble graphing calculators, Palm, or Pocket-PC handhelds, connected by short-range wireless networking. WILD learning will have physical affordances that are different from today’s computer lab, and different from classrooms with 5 students per computer. These differing affordances may lead to learning activities that deviate significantly from today’s images of K-12 CSCL activities. Drawing upon research across a range of recent handheld projects, we suggest application-level affordances around which WILD-based CSCL has begun to organize: (a) augmenting physical space, (b) leveraging topological space, (c) aggregating coherently across all students, (d) conducting the class, and (e) act becomes artifact. We speculate on how CSCL research may consequently evolve towards a focus on kinds of systemic coupling in an augmented activity space.
Financial Risk Evaluation in Stochastic PBUC

This letter is an extension of our previous price-based unit commitment (PBUC) work. This letter identifies a frontier relationship between payoff and risk. This letter also discusses the calculation of target value and risk using payoff-risk frontiers. Test results show a trade-off between risk minimization and payoff maximization for power generation utilities.
Using PAC nested deletions to order contigs and microsatellite markers at the high repetitive sequence containing Npr3 gene locus

Abstract Highly polymorphic di- and tetranucleotide repeats in and around Npr3, a potential candidate gene for hypertension, have been identified using a novel approach. Because this chromosomal site is rich in repetitive DNA and difficult to sequence, P1 artificial chromosomes were retrofitted with a loxP transposon to map the gene sequence within a clone using a series of nested deletions. Sequences from ends of deletions 1–3 kb apart identified a (CA)20 and a (TA)18-(CA)8 repeat 8 kb upstream and within an intron of Npr3, respectively. DNA from 17 individuals was analyzed for length polymorphisms in these and eight additional repeats identified in 200 kb of working draft sequence from this region in GenBank. The sequence contigs and microsatellite repeats from GenBank were ordered using the P1-derived artificial chromosome deletion series. Several of these repeats were found to vary considerably in length in the set of genomic DNA tested. Since this site in chromosome 5p has recently been implicated in disease in studies with genetically hypertensive rats, the microsatellite markers reported here will be useful for genetic analysis and may even be implicated in the disease process in humans. We discuss how these types of data are useful for interpreting draft DNA sequence coming out of the genome projects, and the utility of deletion clones as a resource for ordering contigs and gap filling.
Promoter sequences for the establishment of mec-3 expression in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Abstract In certain stereotyped lineages of Caenorhabditis elegans , the mec-3 gene is transcribed in neurons that are anterior daughters of cells containing the UNC-86 protein. UNC-86 binds to the mec-3 promoter and is necessary for transcription activation, but this protein is present in many cells that do not transcribe mec-3 , including the posterior sister and parent cells of the mec-3 -expressing neurons. To understand how the mec-3 promoter directs transcription in only a subset of cells that contain UNC-86, we have compared sequences within the promoter that are bound by UNC-86 in vitro with sequences that are necessary for early transcription of mec-3 in vivo. We find that upstream of the mec-3 start codon are two blocks of sequence that are each sufficient to generate the cellular pattern of mec-3 transcription. The proximal sequence includes three previously identified short regions that have been conserved in nematode evolution and each contains one high-affinity UNC-86 binding site. The recognition consensus sequence for UNC-86 is CATnnn T/A AAT, which is identical to the recognition sequence for the UNC-86-related mammalian transcription factor Brn-3. Adjacent to the UNC-86 recognition site is an additional sequence that is important for establishment of mec-3 expression and is presumably recognized by an unidentified transcription factor.
The effect of the double-layer structure on the electrode kinetics of the vanadium perchlorate system☆

Abstract The electrode parameters of the V3+/V2+ couple in perchlorate media have been examined by the Faradaic impedance technique. The double-layer structure has been varied by changes in electrolyte concentration and by the adsorption of organic additives both ionic and neutral. Using existing models of the double layer, attempts have been made to correlate changes in the parameters with changes in the reaction plane potential. The results suggest that the reaction plane is somewhat further from the electrode surface than the probable solvated radius of the reacting ions would indicate.
Characterizing the GENI Networks

After several spirals of development, GENI has evolved into a rich-featured environment with comprehensive support. Researchers have started to use it as a testing environment for their research projects, as evidenced by new GENI projects on shakedown experiments. However, it is not clear what we can expect from the GENI testbeds from a performance perspective. Some fundamental questions we can ask are: What are the bandwidth and latency of a link that connects two VMs from two different GENI aggregates? Do they change a lot over time? What kind of distribution do they follow? Are they aggregate dependent? The goal of this study is to characterize the links of the GENI networks and provide guidance to GENI experimenters. The information collected can be helpful for designing GENI experiments in selecting where resources should be reserved.
Hermann Cohen and the Renewal of Kantian philosophy2

The three works dedicated to securing the foundation of Kantian doctrine are linked inextricably to Hermann Cohen's philosophical life's work.3 For as much as Cohen distanced himself from Kant's co...
An analysis of aircraft lateral-directional handling qualities using pilot models.

An analytical study of the combined pilot-aircraft system to develop a procedure for computing pilot ratings for the lateral-directional response. In the analytical procedure the pilot is represented by a linear, second-order pilot model, and the aircraft by linear equations of motion. Two levels of pilot response were described by the pilot model. The first level contains a static gain and a second-order lag function with a time constant of 0.2 second. The second level added a 1-sec lead time constant. The second level is assumed to represent a greater effort on the part of the pilot. If the system response characteristics can be achieved with the first-level pilot model, it is concluded that the aircraft will be given a pilot rating of satisfactory. If the aircraft characteristics are such that the second-level pilot model is required to achieve the prescribed system response, it is concluded that the aircraft will be rated tolerable.