cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the accuracy of probability judgments for multiple events: An extension of the covariance decomposition

Abstract The probability score (PS) can be used to measure the overall accuracy of probability judgments for a single event, e.g., “Rain falls,” or “This patient has cancer.” It has been shown previously how a “covariance decomposition” of the mean of PS over many occasions indexes several distinct aspects of judgment performance (J. F. Yates, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 132–156 (1982)). There are many situations in which probability judgments are reported for sample space partitions containing more than one event and its complement, e.g., medical situations in which a patient might suffer from Disease X, Disease Y, or Disease Z, or testing situations in which the correct answer to an item might be any one of alternatives (a) through (e). The probability score for multiple events (PSM) serves as a measure of the overall accuracy of probability judgments for the events in partitions of any size. The present article describes and interprets an extension of the covariance decomposition to the mean of PSM. The decomposition is illustrated with data from two contexts, medicine and education.
Reduction of ion-exchange equilibria data using an error in variables approach

An error in variables method (EVM) was used to reduce binary ion-exchange equilibria data. Ion-exchange equilibria data were collected via batch equilibrium experiments. Three binary ion-exchange systems were studied: the Na+1-Cd+2, Na+1-Cu+2, and Cu+2-Cd+2 systems with a strong acid synthetic ion-exchange resin. The Wilson model and a three-suffix, two-parameter Margules equation were used to model the dependency of the resin phase activity coefficients with resin-phase composition. The EVM was used to determine the best-fit estimates of the Wilson and Margules equation binary resin-phase activity coefficient parameters. Statistical analysis of the data fits indicates that although both equations were able to adequately model the resin phase nonidealities, the Wilson model provided the superior data fits based on the minimized objective functions.
Characterisation of a virus (HL23V) isolated from cultured acute myelogenous leukaemic cells.

THE isolation of a type C RNA tumour virus (HL23V) from cultured human acute myelogenous leukaemia peripheral blood leukocytes has recently been reported1,2. The reverse transcriptase of this putative human oncornavirus was found1 to be immunologically related to the reverse transcriptase of the simian sarcoma virus, type 1 (SSV-1), the gibbon ape lymphoma virus (GALV), and to a small extent in secondary culture, RD114 (ref. 2). The spontaneously released virus was shown to be infectious for several cell cultures, including a human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, A204 (ref. 2). This culture produced virus in sufficient quantities to permit biochemical studies. Here we describe the characterisation of the virus(es) grown in this culture. We find that the particles produced by the A204 culture infected with HL23V are a mixture of two viruses that are indistinguishable immunologically and in nucleotide sequence from two known non-human primate viruses, the baboon endogenous virus (BV-M7)3,4 and the woolly monkey virus (SSV-1)5.
Laser-pulse photolysis studies of chemical reactions in the brain

Membrane-bound receptor proteins regulate the transmission of signals at the junctions between cells of the mammalian nervous system. Upon binding a specific neurotransmitter these receptor proteins form transient channels through which inorganic ions flow, leading to a change in the transmembrane voltage of a cell. A newly developed laser- pulse photolysis technique, with a microsecond(s) time resolution, allows one to determine the rate constants for both the formation and closing of the transmembrane channel, the dissociation constant for the ligand-binding site that controls channel opening, and the concentration of the receptor in the cell membrane, and gives information about the rate of transient inactivation of the receptor. The technique allows one to determine the binding constants of inhibitors to the closed- and open-channel forms independently. THe use of the chemical kinetic method is illustrated.
Measuring Resilience Potential: An Adaptive Strategy for Organizational Crisis Planning

There are questions as to whether a causal relationship exists between crisis planning and effective adaptive behaviors in crisis. Traditional planning has viewed the crisis plan as an outcome of a process to be utilized in a step-by-step fashion during a crisis. This article challenges this orthodox view and suggests a new paradigm, one that focuses on creating organizational structures and processes that build organizational resilience potential. The objective is to develop a scale to measure latent resilience in organizations. This exploratory research begins to build a critical foundation of knowledge with which to consider whether a move towards a new paradigm in disaster planning – one based on building organizational resilience potential – should be the focus of future research.
Vertical distribution of oxides of nitrogen in the semi-urban planetary boundary layer: mixing ratios, sources and transport

Importance of this paper: Increasing nitric oxide (NO) emissions, in the presence of hydrocarbons and sunlight, are thought to be the cause of increased regional levels of tropospheric ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Knowledge of the vertical distribution of ozone and NO in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is essential to develop eAective ozone control strategies. To date, there is still disagreement in the scientific community as to whether NOX is mixed upward or downward through boundary layer processes. This paper considers one semi urban/rural location and examines which process (upward or downward) dominates. Abstract Measurements of the mixing ratios of tropospheric NO and NOY (defined as nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO2) + peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) + nitric acid (HNO3) + particulate nitrate (NO ˇ )+ ) were made over a semi- urban area of central North Carolina at the surface (10 m) and on a tower at heights of 250 m (820 ft) and 433 m (1420 ft) above ground level (AGL) from December 1994 to February 1995. These measurements were compared with synoptic weather data and regional and local upper air soundings in an eAort to characterize NO and NOY in the planetary boundary layer in terms of their vertical distributions, diurnal profile, and related transport mechanisms. A pronounced decreasing vertical gradient in both NO and NOY mixing ratios was observed, with a distinct diurnal cycle and nocturnal minimum. Furthermore, the results suggest that NO and NOY were mixed upward from the surface during passage of synoptic meteorological features (and their associated vertical motions). Most importantly, the data reveals that mixing ratios of NO and NOY at the elevated heights did not exist in suAcient concentrations above the inversion layer in the nocturnal boundary layer to be mixed downward upon breakup of the nocturnal inversion and aAect surface measurements. Instead, concentrations of NO and NOY were apparently mixed upward during the morning and midday hours by vertical boundary layer processes. Thus, the association of observed increases in surface NO and NOY mixing ratios based solely on downward mixing processes is not justified in all cases, and other sources and processes for these increases must be considered, particularly over rural areas. " 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effects of metabolic inhibitors on the autohaemolysis test and its relevance to the mechanism of the red cell lysis.

Summary. The effect of various inhibitors on autohaemolysis was investigated. Inhibitors of the sodium pump, pentose phosphate pathway, anaerobic glycolysis, or ATP synthesis and loose haemoglobin ligands had little effect. Azide was a powerful haemolytic agent, completely counteracted by glucose. Heinz bodies were seen in the cell after azide haemolysis. Fluoride had a special effect causing greater haemolysis when it was measured after 24 hr than when the cells were left undisturbed for 48 hr. From these data a working hypothesis was deduced that haemolysis seen with the autohaemolysis test requires participation of altered haemoglobin. Cells from patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency have a haemolysis pattern that fits that hypothesis making the older theories of ATP depletion as the mechanism of cell instability less tenable.
Jewish Adult Learning and the Workplace

The problem and the solution. Employers can find in Judaism a tradition, philosophy, and methods of learning that can lead to invaluable contributions in the workplace, whether it is in the corpora...
In vitro methods for evaluating therapeutic ultrasound exposures: present-day models and future innovations

Although preclinical experiments are ultimately required to evaluate new therapeutic ultrasound exposures and devices prior to clinical trials, in vitro experiments can play an important role in the developmental process. A variety of in vitro methods have been developed, where each of these has demonstrated their utility for various test purposes. These include inert tissue-mimicking phantoms, which can incorporate thermocouples or cells and ex vivo tissue. Cell-based methods have also been used, both in monolayer and suspension. More biologically relevant platforms have also shown utility, such as blood clots and collagen gels. Each of these methods possesses characteristics that are well suited for various well-defined investigative goals. None, however, incorporate all the properties of real tissues, which include a 3D environment and live cells that may be maintained long-term post-treatment. This review is intended to provide an overview of the existing application-specific in vitro methods available to therapeutic ultrasound investigators, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additional reporting is presented on the exciting and emerging field of 3D biological scaffolds, employing methods and materials adapted from tissue engineering. This type of platform holds much promise for achieving more representative conditions of those found in vivo, especially important for the newest sphere of therapeutic applications, based on molecular changes that may be generated in response to non-destructive exposures.
Applications and requirements for nonmechanical beam steering in active electro-optic sensors

Active electro-optic sensors, that is, sensors that transmit as well as receive (typically laser) light are of increasing importance to the military but also can have application in areas such as industrial inspection and machine vision. These systems frequently require some form of agile pointing ability. We describe how potential active electro-optic sensors may be implemented using nonmechanical devices to steer and shape the transmitted and return light. Functions of the nonmechanical devices may include large angle pointing, beam stabilization, and adaptive beam shaping. The requirements on the nonmechanical devices that will allow them to perform these functions are presented.
Ultrafast Resonant Dynamics of Surface Plasmons in Gold Nanorods

Electron dynamics in Au nanorods are studied with femtosecond nonlinear spectroscopic techniques, by directly exciting and probing the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance. The dispersive and absorptive parts of the third-order signal are measured using optical heterodyne detected four-wave-mixing spectroscopy. These signals are used to describe dynamics in Au nanorods in terms of frequency shift and broadening of the plasmon resonance. Pump−probe experiments are performed with a series of pump intensities. The results are treated in two ways: (1) by calculating the temperature changes of electrons and phonons in the nanorods and the effects of these temperatures on the dielectric constant of Au; and (2) by a nonlinear least-squares fitting using a phenomenological response function. The first model agrees with the pump−probe experimental results for pump energies up to 2.0 nJ (2.5 GW/cm2) and for delays in the range of 150 fs to 150 ps, but does not reproduce three additional features present in the d...
Quantifying Field-Test Behavior for Rating Steel Girder Bridges

Field testing is valuable for evaluating existing bridges. It allows the owner to reduce the conservatism of analytical rating methods and safely rate the bridge for higher loads. Many factors not considered in design contribute to the response of a tested bridge. Several of these, like actual load distribution and additional stiffness from curbs and railings, are welcome benefits that can be used to increase load ratings. However, there are also contributions from bearing restraint forces and unintended composite action that may not be reliable during the bridge's service life. These factors tending to increase the load capacity need to be separated and quantified so that the bridge owner can: (1) confirm the origin of the useable benefit; and (2) remove the unwanted contributions. Presented are procedures for load rating steel girder bridges through field testing. A systematic approach is presented to separate and quantify the contributions from various effects. Therefore, the responsible engineer can remove the unwanted contributions and justify an experimental load rating. The procedures are demonstrated for a three-span steel girder bridge.
Decisions Nonindustrial Forest Landowners Make: An Empirical Examination

Abstract Our purpose is to estimate a model of non-industrial forest landowner behavior that considers certain types of behavior that have escaped discussion and rigorous investigation in the literature, yet which are critical to future policy making. Our focus on the many different but related decisions landowners make broadens the typical understanding of landowner behavior to show how bequest motives, debt and participation in non-timber activities, and harvesting decisions are interrelated and dependent on landowner preferences, market, and land characteristics.
Uniqueness of positive solutions for semilinear elliptic systems

Abstract We prove uniqueness of positive solutions for the system Δ u = − λ f ( v ) , Δ v = − μ g ( u ) in Ω , u = v = 0 on ∂ Ω , where Ω is a bounded domain in R N , f , g : R + → R + and f ( x ) ∼ x p , g ( x ) ∼ x q at ∞ for some positive numbers p, q with p q 1 .
Human Capitalism: The Japanese Enterprise System as World Model

In contrast to the myth of Japanese uniqueness, Ozaki delineates the universal principles of the Japanese economic system, whose cornerstone is capitalism with a human face. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Group psychotherapy with spinal cord injured substance abusers.

Some studies have suggested that nondisabled people follow the dictates of a 'kindness norm' when reacting to those who are disabled. Spinal cord injured substance abusers have sometimes used the kindness of others to help maintain their addictive behavior. A special unit for such substance abusers in a Veterans Affairs hospital has used group psychotherapy as one of the principal methods for moving beyond the kindness norm and challenging its patients to struggle with their substance abuse. Therapists in this group have had to become aware of the special content of denial in this population, of the role of physical problems specific to spinal cord injury, and of the need to set aside clinical issues at times in order to make on the spot responses to practical problems associated with the injury. Language: en
Intra-population variability in energy parameters of the salamander Plethodon Cinereus.

Mean values of energetic parameters are used in ecosystem studies because only crude estimates are possible when dealing with a large scope. However, when the focus is at the population level, finer resolution is possible and thus potential ontogenetic differences should be examined. Analysis of energetic parameters of a population of terrestrial salamander, Plethodon cinereus, was undertaken in order to determine ontogenetic differences.Digestive efficiency does not differ significantly between age classes, nor is it correlated with energy intake. Adult males and non-gravid females have virtually identical mean efficiencies. Thus it is probably meaningful to calculate energy flow through the population using a mean digestive efficiency value. Percent water content decreases significantly with increasing age whereas percent ash content increases significantly. Thus when estimating energy tied up in standing crop, correction must be applied for ontogenetic differences in water and ash content. Once these corrections have been made, the AFDW-specific energy content is not significantly different between age groups (with the exception of gravid females which is higher). Salamanders accumulate energy in their tissues with increasing age, although immatures are not significantly different from non-gravid adults. Since gravid females have significantly more joules/mg wet weight than other groups, separate energy density values must be calculated for these individuals if a meaningful standing crop energy estimate is to be obtained from wet weight biomass.
Research on avian coccidia: An update

Despite the availability of many anticoccidial drugs, infections caused by species of Eimeria continue to be a source of significant economic loss to the poultry industry. After two decades in which the use world wide of ionophorous antibiotics gave unparalleled control of coccidiosis, drug resistance is once again tipping the balance in favour of the parasites. The realization that even the most spectacularly successful drugs might, after all, have a finite life if not used conservatively, has focused attention on ways in which the life span of drugs can be prolonged. Many drugs with different (if unknown) modes of action are available, and a variety of shuttle and rotation programmes can be considered. In view of the limitations of chemotherapy, particularly for the rearing of replacement flocks, there is considerable interest in the development of vaccines. Prospects for the introduction of live vaccines based on attenuated parasites are now very good, but the availability in the future of genetically engineered vaccines is more uncertain as little is known about the parasite molecules that stimulate protective immunity and, even if isolated, how they can be administered to the host so that it responds in the immunologically correct manner. Current research on Eimeria spp. in the chicken is broadly representative of that being done on other coccidia. Many lines of investigation are not connected with the development of new drugs or vaccination per se (and therefore have no obvious practical applications), but they are providing new insights into the biological complexity of the organisms and the ways in which they interact with their hosts. It remains possible, however, that a more detailed understanding and analysis of the molecules that are essential in the maintenance of the parasitic life style can be exploited in the future to provide alternative targets for chemical or immunological attack. The research topics considered in this review are arbitrarily grouped as studies on: (1) the basic biology of parasites, including aspects of the life cycle, and structure and function of the apical organelles; (2) the molecular biology of the parasites, including analyses of the number and structure of chromosomes, characterization of DNA sequences, and an account of the viral RNA that has been found in some species of Eimeria; and (3) control of coccidiosis, encompassing first immunity and the development of vaccines, and secondly, chemotherapy.
31 PREPARING MOTHERS AND THEIR YOUNG CHILDREN FOR HEART CATHETERIZATION

The purpose of the study was to determine if mothers can learn to reduce their anxiety and function as therapeutic allies in the hospital to reduce the stress experienced by their preschool children undergoing cardiac catheterization. It was designed to compare, singly and in combination, three models of patient preparation: 1) directed attention and information about hospitalization and catheterization, 2) supportive counseling, and 3) stress management training. Fifty mothers and their children were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 experimental groups. Group E served as the control group and received the current routine preparation for catheterization. Group D received the information model only. Group C received both the information and counseling models. Group B received both the information and stress management models. Group A received all three models. Assessment of treatment effects for both mothers and children included self-report measures completed by the mothers, behavioral observations recorded at key stress points by blind raters and physiologic responses recorded by a computerized biofeedback system. Results indicated significant treatment effects for all intervention models. The stress management model had the greatest effect as measured by positive changes in the mothers' self-reported anxiety scores, electromyographic readings and electrodermal responses. Both children and their mothers who received the stress management model demonstrated more adaptive behavior in the hospital and after discharge than those who did not. The study would suggest that although information and counseling reduce stress and anxiety related to hospitalization, stress management training can provide additional benefits.
Electrostatic Potentials for Semi-Infinite and Lamellar Cubic Lattices Containing Several Different Kinds of Ions Per Unit Cell

The electrostatic potential for a square planar lattice of positive, unit, point charges neutralized by a uniform-negative-background charge is developed and numerically tabulated. By stacking up such planes, potentials are constructed for infinite, semi-infinite, and lamellar-neutralized, simple-cubic lattices of positive point charges; numerical results are presented. The relation between potentials obtained by smearing out the neutralizing charge over all space and by confining the neutralizing charge to lattice planes is explicitly exhibited. Using SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, a perovskite, as a specific example, it is shown how the tabulated potentials given here may be used to obtain the electrostatic potential on the surface of and within a complex cubic crystal containing several kinds of ions per unit cell. The methods for obtaining the potentials above the crystal surface or in the presence of vacancies and impurities are briefly indicated.
Temperature dependence of the brittleness of cellulose fibers and of chemically modified cellulose fibers

The temperature dependence of the brittleness of cellulose fibers was studied by the breaking twist angle method. The selected fibers were purified ramie cells, the same cells after fibrous acetylation to form the triacetate, annealed acetylated ramie cells, and mercerized ramie cells. Water acts as a plasticizer to reduce the brittleness of ramie and of mercerized ramie cells but does not appear to affect the brittleness of ramie cells after acetylation. The brittleness of ramie cells is reduced by similar amounts by fibrous acetylation and by mercerization. The brittleness of acetylated ramie cells is increased by annealing, which induces additional crystallization in the cells. The brittleness of ramie and acetylated ramie before and after annealing varied as the test temperature was progressively increased in the range 100–200°C. The effect of temperature on the brittleness of the fibers is interpreted in terms of the relaxation transitions previously determined on the same types of fibers, and in terms of the supramolecular structure of the fibers.
Adapting a hall probe controller for current control of an air-core magnet

Air-core magnets are preferable to iron-core magnets for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) magnetic fields less than ∼150 G (15 mT). The preferred way to control the field of an air-core magnet is by direct control of the current. For imaging applications, magnetic fields produced by the gradient coils interfere with the use of the Hall sensor. Direct current control of the field avoids this problem. However, most suppliers of commercial EPR spectrometer systems provide only Hall effect control of the magnetic field. To provide direct current control of an air-coil magnet interfaced to a commercial console, an adapter was constructed that effectively converts the Hall effect probe into a current sensor by measuring the field produced in coils carrying the same current as the main magnet coils, but positioned away from and shielded from the main magnet. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance (Magn Reson Engineering) 15: 47–50, 2002.
991-69 Out-of-Hospital versus In-Hospital Death in the ESVEM Trial

Perfect antiarrhythmic therapy may not impact on total arrhythmic death (AD) (defined as death associated with ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or asystole) or all cause mortality if AD is not preventable. Death associated with an arrhythmia may occur in-hospital (IH) as an inevitable consequence of the disease process, be considered AD and not be preventable. Out-of-hospital AD, however, may be preventable by perfect antiarrhythmic therapy. We evaluated IH-AD, OH-AD, non-arrhythmic cardiac death (CAR), non-cardiac death (NCD) and total deaths in the ESVEM trial in all 486 patients randomized. Deaths were OH-AD if arrhythmic death occurred OH or if out of hospital arrhythmias preceded admission and directly caused death. OH AD accounted for 41% of all deaths. Baseline characteristics were comparable for OH-AD and IH-AD groups (e.g., ejection fraction, disease etiology, sex, age, beta blocker use, prior antiarrhythmic drug failure). Eighty-six percent of OH deaths were AD while 22% of IH deaths were AD (P l 0.001). Twenty of 87 arrhythmic deaths occurred in the hospital. # Deaths (% deaths) AD (% Tolal AD) CAR (% Total CAR) NCD (% Total NCD) IH-Death 20 (23%) 41 (98%) 26 (72%) OH-Death 67 (77%) 1 (2%) 10 (28%) Ideal antiarrhythmic therapy may not impact on AD and total death as suspected; in the ESVEM trial, the 1 and 4 year actuarial mortality from OH AD was 8% and 18%. These values may indicate more precisely those patients who benefit from prefect antiarrhythmic therapy. With 8% 1 year OH-AD, 92% could be treated unnecessarily.
Remote points in products under CH

Abstract Assume CH. Let I be any index set, and let X i , for i ∈ I , be a completely regular ccc topological space of weight ω 2 . If X = ∏ i ∈ I X i is ccc and non-pseudocompact, then X has remote points.
Cognitive Complexity, Social Perspective-Taking, and Functional Persuasive Skills in Second- to Ninth-Grade Children

The assumption underlying this research is that effectiveness in communication involves social perception processes. Specifically, it was predicted that effectiveness in adapting persuasive messages to recipients would be related to the complexity of the interpersonal construct system (cognitive complexity) and to the ability to represent the perspectives of others (social perspective-taking). Fifty-eight children ranging from second through ninth grade engaged in tasks yielding scores on the three variables under consideration. Both predictions were confirmed: effectiveness in adapting persuasive communications correlated .53 with cognitive complexity and .64 with social perspective-taking.
Scaling laws, phase diagram, localized magnetic moments and Kondo effect in two‐dimensional metals

Metallic properties in two-dimensional electron systems appear in different trends to asymptotes of non-zero conductivity σ at zero temperature T. The spin interaction plays a crucial role in the metallic behavior, and interactions with localized moments lead to a Kondo effect, but they do not destroy the metal. Different scaling forms with one or two parameters are used to describe the dependence of σ in different ranges of T and carrier concentration ns. The two-parameter scaling form describes both the “Kondo metal” and the more conventional metal at all temperatures.
The GE Work-Out

The article presents a review of the book “The GE Work-Out,” by Dave Ulrich, Steve Kerr, and Ron Ashkenas.
Spectroscopic and computational studies of Co1+cobalamin: spectral and electronic properties of the "superreduced" B12 cofactor.

The 4-coordinate, low-spin cob(I)alamin (Co1+Cbl) species, which can be obtained by heterolytic cleavage of the Co−C bond in methylcobalamin or the two-electron reduction of vitamin B12, is one of the most powerful nucleophiles known to date. The supernucleophilicity of Co1+Cbl has been harnessed by a number of cobalamin-dependent enzymes, such as the B12-dependent methionine synthase, and by enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of B12, including the human adenosyltransferase. The nontoxic nature of the Co1+Cbl supernucleophile also makes it an attractive target for the in situ bioremediation of halogenated waste. To gain insight into the geometric, electronic, and vibrational properties of this highly reactive species, electronic absorption, circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD, and resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopies have been employed in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT, and combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics computations. Collectively, our results indica...
One-dimensional models for neutral particle transport in ducts

The problem of monoenergetic neutral particle transport in an evacuated duct of arbitrary cross-sectional geometry with partial isotropic reflection at the duct walls is considered. This five-variable (three in space, two in angle) transport problem is approximated by a coupled set of N two-variable (one in space, one in angle) problems via a simple Galerkin (or variational) procedure. Numerical comparisons with exact results indicate that the N=2 approximation is remarkably accurate for predicting the wall absorption and particle fluxes at the duct ends.
Cognitive Multi-UAV Formation Flight: Principle, Low-Cost UAV Testbed, Controller Tuning and Experiments

Cooperative UAV systems can have great advantages over isolated UAV systems, regarding application, safety, efficiency and many other perspectives. Motivated by challenges from practical multiple UAV formation flight, this paper presents our approaches towards cognitive formation flight. It introduces the principle ofmulti-UAV cognitive formation flight and the control structure utilized in our development, describes a low-cost UAV testbed developed by ourselves, and details the tuning procedures of the implemented multi-agent flight controller for stable and consistent formation flights. Different formation flight scenarios are also discussed and the experimental setup is presented including real-time issues and the formation flight test protocol. Routinized comprehensive flight test results are also shown at the end.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
What sort of innate structure is needed to "bootstrap" into syntax?

Braine, M.D.S., 1992. What sort of innate structure is needed to “bootstrap” into syntax? Cognition, 45: 77-100 The paper starts from Pinker’s theory of the acquisition of phrase structure; it shows that it is possible to drop all the assumptions about innate syntactic structure from this theory. These assumptions can be replaced by assumptions about the basic structure of semantic representation available at the outset of language acquisition, without penalizing the acquisition of basic phrase structure rules. Essentially, the role played by X-bar theory in Pinker’s model would be played by the (presumably innate) structure of the language of thought in the revised parallel model. Bootstrapping and semantic assimilation theories are shown to be formally very similar,. though making different primitive assumptions. In their primitives, semantic assimilation theories have the advantage that they can offer an account of the origin of syntactic categories instead of postulating them as primitive. Ways of improving on the semantic assimilation version of Pinker’s theory are considered, including a way of deriving the NP-VP constituent division that appears to have a better fit than Pinker’s to evidence on language variation.
Secure Group communication in Body Area Networks

Body area network (BAN) is an emerging technology which receives significant interest recent years. Typical BAN applications include healthcare, military, sports and first-responder. There is a great need to make BAN data transmission secure, accurate and protected. This paper presents a two-tier secure group communication framework (SG-BAN) for BAN data exchange, file sharing and remote display. Secure communication within a BAN (intraBAN) and between BANs (interBAN) are supported. At the interBAN level, group keys are issued/revoked when members join/leave the group to ensure the security policy. At the intraBAN level, device keys and media access control (MAC) addresses are combined to secure communication within a BAN. The performance of the prototype is also presented.
Analyses of large quasistatic deformations of inelastic bodies by a new hybrid-stress finite element algorithm

A new hybrid-stress finite element algorithm, suitable for analyses of large, quasistatic, inelastic deformations, is presented. The algorithm is base upon a generalization of de Veubeke's complementary energy principle. The principal variables in the formulation are the nominal stress rate and spin, and thg resulting finite element equations are discrete versions of the equations of compatibility and angular momentum balance. The algorithm produces true rates, time derivatives, as opposed to 'increments'. There results a complete separation of the boundary value problem (for stress rate and velocity) and the initial value problem (for total stress and deformation); hence, their numerical treatments are essentially independent. After a fairly comprehensive discussion of the numerical treatment of the boundary value problem, we launch into a detailed examination of the numerical treatment of the initial value problem, covering the topics of efficiency, stability and objectivity. The paper is closed with a set of examples, finite homogeneous deformation problems, which serve to bring out important aspects of the algorithm.
Evaluation of the nutritional equivalency of soybean meal with the genetically modified trait DP-3Ø5423-1 when fed to laying hens.

An experiment using 336 Hy-Line W-36 Single Comb White Leghorn hens was conducted to evaluate transgenic soybeans containing the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and the gm-hra gene. Transcription of the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment results in an increased level of oleic acid (18:1) in the seed, and expression of the soybean acetolactate synthase protein (GM-HRA) encoded by the modified gm-hra gene, is used as a selectable marker during transformation. Pullets (20 wk of age) were placed in cage lots (7 hens/cage, 2 cages/lot) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal dietary treatments (6 lots/treatment) formulated with the following soybean meals: nontransgenic near-isoline control (control), nontransgenic commercial reference soybean meal A (92M72), nontransgenic commercial reference soybean meal B (93B15), or transgenic soybean meal produced from soybeans containing event DP-3O5423-1 (305423). Weeks 20 to 24 were a preconditioning period, and the 4 experimental diets were then fed from 25 to 36 wk of age. Differences between the 305423 and control group means were evaluated, with statistical significance at P < 0.05. Body weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, feed consumption, and feed efficiency for hens fed the 305423 soybean meal were not significantly different from the respective values for hens fed diets formulated with the near-isoline soybean meal. Likewise, egg component weights, Haugh unit measures, and egg weights were similar regardless of the soybean meal source. This research indicates that performance of hens fed diets containing 305423 soybean meal, as measured by egg production and egg quality, was similar to that of hens fed diets formulated with the near-isoline control and commercial soybean meals.
A Theory of Organizational Response to Regulation: The Case of Hospitals.

This paper presents a general theory of organizational response to regulation, a theory that integrates adaptation and mutual selection perspectives. Two major forms of regulation in the hospital industry, certificate of need and rate review, are examined. Hypotheses are derived concerning the nature and timing of the various adjustments hospitals make both in internal organizational arrangements and in patterns of interorganizational activity in the face of regulatory constraints. Suggestions and data sources for testing the theory are presented.
Learning prototypical shapes for object categories

We describe a method to compute the prototypical shapes for object categories using the shock graph representation. Given a set of category exemplars, we determine a prototypical shape for this category by estimating the Karcher mean of the shock graphs of the exemplar shapes. The method is described in three steps. First, we derive an iterative method to average N points in an abstract continuous metric space with well-defined geodesics and well-defined mid-point of geodesics. Second, we show how two shapes can be averaged by finding the mid-point of the geodesic induced by the edit-distance shock graph matching. Third, the above two steps are combined with a gradient descent step to compute the average of a set of N exemplar shapes. We evaluate each of the three steps with experiments using standard shape datasets.
Vascular injuries after minor blunt upper extremity trauma: pitfalls in the recognition and diagnosis of potential "near miss" injuries

Low energy trauma to the upper extremity is rarely associated with a significant vascular injury. Due to the low incidence, a high level of suspicion combined with appropriate diagnostic algorithms are mandatory for early recognition and timely management of these potentially detrimental injuries. Review of the pertinent literature, supported by the presentation of two representative "near miss" case examples. A major diagnostic pitfall is represented by the insidious presentation of significant upper extremity arterial injuries with intact pulses and normal capillary refill distal to the injury site, due to collateral perfusion. Thus, severe vascular injuries may easily be missed or neglected at the upper extremity, leading to a long-term adverse outcome with the potential need for a surgical amputation. The present review article provides an outline of the diagnostic challenges related to these rare vascular injuries and emphasizes the necessity for a high level of suspicion, even in the absence of a significant penetrating or high-velocity trauma mechanism.
Rapid language identification

A critical challenge to automatic language identification (LID) is achieving accurate performance with the shortest possible speech segment in a rapid fashion. The accuracy to correctly identify the spoken language is highly sensitive to the duration of speech and is bounded by the amount of information available. The proposed approach for rapid language identification transforms the utterances to a low dimensional i-vector representation upon which language classification methods are applied. In order to meet the challenges involved in rapidly making reliable decisions about the spoken language, a highly accurate and computationally efficient framework of i-vector extraction is proposed. The LID framework integrates the approach of universal background model (UBM) fused total variability modeling. UBM-fused modeling yields the estimation of a more discriminant, single i-vector space. This way, it is also a computationally more efficient alternative than system level fusion. A further reduction in equal error rate is achieved by training the i-vector model on long duration speech utterances and by the deployment of a robust feature extraction scheme that aims to capture the relevant language cues under various acoustic conditions. Evaluation results on the DARPA RATS data corpus suggest the potential of performing successful automated language identification at the level of one second of speech or even shorter duration.
Nonlinear modeling and control of automotive vibration isolation systems

The vertical response of light-duty vehicles depends on the suspension system design parameters. Although the packaging may differ, suspension systems contain springs and shock absorbers to isolate the occupant from road surface irregularities to provide a satisfactory ride. This approach has provided acceptable results for paved road, but does not offer an ideal solution for off-road applications where the driver may be subjected to prolonged vibrations at higher levels. Therefore, the design of semi-active and active suspension systems have been pursued to attenuate the vibrations between the vehicle's sprung and unsprung masses. However, this approach tends to be expensive (e.g., actuators, sensors, and computational burden) and power intensive (e.g., hydraulic or pneumatic sources). An attractive alternative is the placement of the isolation system in the passenger compartment between the vehicle floor and driver's seating system to minimize the vibrations transmitted to the occupant's lower and upper torso. In the paper, two vibration isolation systems have been proposed which use hydraulic and electromechanical components to provide semi-active and active operation. Dynamic models with attached controllers are presented for each actuator to provide vibration attenuation for vehicles subjected to road disturbances. Representative results are discussed and metrics introduced to quantify the performance gains available through each actuator's design and control strategy.
Relative Contributions of Dectin-1 and Complement to Immune Responses to Particulate β-Glucans

Glucan particles (GPs) are Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls chemically extracted so they are composed primarily of particulate β-1,3-d-glucans. GPs are recognized by Dectin-1 and are potent complement activators. Mice immunized with Ag-loaded GPs develop robust Ab and CD4+ T cell responses. In this study, we examined the relative contributions of Dectin-1 and complement to GP phagocytosis and Ag-specific responses to immunization with OVA encapsulated in GPs. The in vitro phagocytosis of GPs by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was facilitated by heat-labile serum component(s) independently of Dectin-1. This enhanced uptake was not seen with serum from complement component 3 knockout (C3−/−) mice and was also inhibited by blocking Abs directed against complement receptor 3. After i.p. injection, percent phagocytosis of GPs by peritoneal macrophages was comparable in wild-type and Dectin-1−/− mice and was not inhibited by the soluble β-glucan antagonist laminarin. In contrast, a much lower percentage of peritoneal macrophages from C3−/− mice phagocytosed GPs, and this percentage was further reduced in the presence of laminarin. Subcutaneous immunization of wild-type, Dectin-1−/−, and C3−/− mice with GP-OVA resulted in similar Ag-specific IgG1 and IgG2c type Ab and CD4+ T cell lymphoproliferative responses. Moreover, while CD4+ Th1 and Th2 responses measured by ELISPOT assay were similar in the three mouse strains, Th17 responses were reduced in C3−/− mice. Thus, although Dectin-1 is necessary for optimal phagocytosis of GPs in the absence of complement, complement dominates when both an intact complement system and Dectin-1 are present. In addition, Th-skewing after GP-based immunization was altered in C3−/− mice.
Presidential Address INTERACTIONISM AND THE STUDY OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

This article presents a set of six analytic categories—collective activity, network, conventions-practices, resources, processuality-temporality, and grounding—collectively as a paradigm for studyi...
Age-Dependent Resistance to Transmissible Gastroenteritis of Swine III. Effects of Epithelial Cell Kinetics on Coronavirus Production and on Atrophy of Intestinal Villi

Coronavirus titers in small intestine, degree of villous atrophy and apparent rates of regeneration of intestinal villi were compared in newborn, 3-week-old and adult pigs for 1 week after they were exposed to the transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine. The response within the newborn group was homogeneous, resulting in high virus titers, maximal villous atrophy and comparatively slow regeneration. In general, virus titers were lower, villous atrophy was less severe and regeneration more rapid in both older groups than in the newborn pigs. However, the response varied greatly in the older groups. The 3-week-old group was divided into two populations. The major population had low virus titers and developed partial villous atrophy, whereas the minor population had marked villous atrophy and virus titers comparable to those of the newborn pigs. These observa- tions support the hypothesis that the accelerated replacement of villous epithelium in the small intestine of pigs during the first 3 weeks contributes to the innate age-dependent resistance to transmissible gastroenteritis. The accelerated replacement of villous epithelial cells in older pigs contributes to resistance in two ways. The increased proliferative capac- ity of crypt epithelium results in a more rapid regeneration of atrophic villi; and the com- paratively young villous absorptive cells resulting from accelerated replacement produce less virus per cell than the older ones of the newborn pig. Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine is an acute diarrheal disease caused by destruction of absorptive epithelial cells of the intestinal villi by a specific coronavirus. The resultant lesion is called villous atrophy. Crypt epithelium is not affected directly by the virus, and intestinal villi rapidly regenerate in pigs that survive the acute diarrheal phase of the disease (16). Acute viral diseases of the small intestine in several species follow a similar sequence of selective cell destruction, leading to variable degrees of villous atrophy and diarrhea, followed by rapid regeneration of villi and the return of normal function. Epizootic diarrhea of infant mice ( 11, lethal intestinal virus infec-
Early failure of hylamer acetabular inserts due to eccentric wear

Abstract The authors performed a retrospective review of the survivorship of Hylamer (DePuy Dupont Orthopaedics, Warsaw, IN) acetabular liners following primary arthroplasty of the acetabulum. Between 1990 and 1992, 193 total hip arthroplasties were performed in which Hylamer acetabular liners were implanted. One hundred forty-three of these hips (74%) were available for clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluation after a minimum of 2 years. The mean follow-up period was 2.5 years. Five Hylamer liners have been revised for eccentric wear at a mean of 37 months postimplantation and one additional liner is scheduled to be revised at the 34-month follow-up evaluation (total, 4.2% failure rate due to wear). Survivorship of the Hylamer liner, with failure defined as revision due to eccentric wear, was calculated to be 86% (SE, 5.5%) at 4 years. The authors have discontinued the use of Hylamer acetabular liners because of this high early failure rate.
Principles of Opioid Use in Cancer Pain

The management of pain is an essential aspect of comprehensive cancer care. Positive outcomes can be achieved in most patients with widely available therapies. There is a broad consensus that opioid-based pharmacotherapy is the first-line strategy for the treatment of moderate or severe chronic pain in populations with active disease, and treatment guidelines have been developed from the known pharmacology of these drugs, extant data, and extensive clinical experience. This article describes the major opioid analgesics available for the treatment of cancer-related pain and reviews the key elements for safe and effective prescribing, including selection of the best drug and route, approaches to titration and long-term administration of baseline and supplemental doses, rotation from one drug to another in poorly responsive patients, and management of opioid risks.