cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tantalus on the Road to Asymptopia

My first reaction to "The Credibility Revolution in Empirical Economics," authored by Joshua D. Angrist and Jorn-Steffen Pischke, was: Wow! This paper makes a stunningly good case for relying on purposefully randomized or accidentally randomized experiments to relieve the doubts that afflict inferences from nonexperimental data. On further reflection, I realized that I may have been overcome with irrational exuberance. Moreover, with this great honor bestowed on my "con" article, I couldn't easily throw this child of mine overboard. As Angrist and Pischke persuasively argue, either purposefully randomized experiments or accidentally randomized "natural" experiments can be extremely helpful, but Angrist and Pischke seem to me to overstate the potential benefits of the approach. I begin with some thoughts about the inevitable limits of randomization, and the need for sensitivity analysis in this area, as in all areas of applied empirical work. I argue that the recent financial catastrophe is a powerful illustration of the fact that extrapolating from natural experiments will inevitably be hazardous. I discuss how the difficulties of applied econometric work cannot be evaded with econometric innovations, offering as examples some under-recognized difficulties with instrumental variables and robust standard errors. I conclude with comments about the shortcomings of an experimentalist paradigm as applied to macroeconomics, and some warnings about the willingness of applied economists to apply push-button methodologies without sufficient hard thought regarding their applicability and shortcomings.
The response of Moina brachiata (Jurine) 1820 to biological oxygen demand, oxygen, and light

A steady-state gradient apparatus was used to study population dynamics and to investigate chemical, physical, and behavioral characteristics influencing populations. Preferential localization of the cladoceranMoina brachiata (Jurine) was observed within the experimental gradient. Laboratory and field studies suggest thatM. brachiata responds to light as a discriminated stimulus when light is paired with a reinforcer, food. The cladocerans preferred as a medium water having a five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD) of approximately 14–16 ppm. Preference for BOD levels appears to be more restrictive than preference for levels of dissolved oxygen. The relationship of space and time with respect to ponds and gradient is discussed.
Prediction of Nonlinear Rolling and Magnus Coefficients of Cruciform Finned Missiles

†A new method combining strip and slender body theories has been developed to predict the aerodynamic roll and wing-induced Magnus coefficients of cruciform tailed missiles at high angles of attack. The method, based on the wing alone lifting capability, is applicable over the Mach number range and for large angles of attack at arbitrary bank angles, providing analytical expressions of the nonlinear rolling moments: roll damping, roll driving, induced roll moments and additional coupling terms. The analytical expressions fit the form of the Maple-Synge expansion and the degree of nonlinearity shown by experimental results.
Simultaneous mapping of temporally-resolved blood flow velocity and oxygenation in femoral artery and vein during reactive hyperemia.

Background Post-occlusive hyperemia is often used as a paradigm to evaluate vascular reactivity, for example by measuring post-ischemic flow-mediated dilation, arterial blood flow or temporally resolved venous blood oxygenation (HbO2). Here we demonstrate the feasibility of a simultaneous measurement of blood flow and HbO2 in the femoral circulation as part of a single procedure.
Parsing TEX into mathematics

Communication, storage, transmission, and searching of complex material has become increasingly important. Mathematical computing in a distributed environment is also becoming more plausible as libraries and computing facilities are connected with each other and with user facilities. TEX is a wellknown mathematical typesetting language, and from the display perspective it might seem that it could be used for communication between computer systems as well as an intermediate form for the results of OCR (optical character recognition) of mathematical expressions. There are flaws in this reasoning, since exchanging mathematical information requires a system to parse and semantically “understand” the TEX, even if it is “ambiguous” notationally. A program we developed can handle 43% of 10,740 TEX formulas in a well-known table of integrals. We expect that a higher success rate can be achieved easily.
Effects of testosterone on neuronal nitric oxide synthase and tyrosine hydroxylase.

Male rat copulatory ability decreases dramatically following castration. This may be due in part to the impairment of medial preoptic area (MPOA) dopamine (DA) release. Previous studies showed that extracellular DA levels in the MPOA of castrates were lower than in intact males, both during basal conditions and in the presence of a receptive female. However, tissue levels of DA in the MPOA were higher in castrates than in intact males, suggesting that DA synthesis may be normal or increased in castrates, but that release may be compromised. The current study found that neither long term (2 months) nor short term (2 weeks) castration had any effect on the number of neurons in the DA A(14) area that were immunoreactive (ir) for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate limiting enzyme for DA synthesis. Therefore, castration may not affect DA synthesis in the MPOA. Tissue levels of neurotransmitter reflect release, as well as synthesis. We previously reported that nitric oxide (NO) may increase DA release in the MPOA. The present study tested whether castration affected the number of NO producing cells in the MPOA. Long term, but not short term, castration significantly decreased the number of NADPH-d (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase) positive neurons and brain nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive (bNOS-ir) neurons in the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN). This suggests that in gonadally intact animals testosterone may activate NOS, which increases the production of NO. Long or short term castration had no effect on the numbers of bNOS-ir neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) or medial amygdala. However, short term castration decreased bNOS-ir neurons in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). Thus, one means by which testosterone promotes male sexual behavior may be by increasing production of NO in the MPOA, which increases local DA release.
Comparing the Effects of Different Weight Distributions on Finding Sparse Representations

Given a redundant dictionary of basis vectors (or atoms), our goal is to find maximally sparse representations of signals. Previously, we have argued that a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) framework is particularly well-suited for this task, showing that it has far fewer local minima than other Bayesian-inspired strategies. In this paper, we provide further evidence for this claim by proving a restricted equivalence condition, based on the distribution of the nonzero generating model weights, whereby the SBL solution will equal the maximally sparse representation. We also prove that if these nonzero weights are drawn from an approximate Jeffreys prior, then with probability approaching one, our equivalence condition is satisfied. Finally, we motivate the worst-case scenario for SBL and demonstrate that it is still better than the most widely used sparse representation algorithms. These include Basis Pursuit (BP), which is based on a convex relaxation of the l0 (quasi)-norm, and Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), a simple greedy strategy that iteratively selects basis vectors most aligned with the current residual.
The tomato mutant spr1 is defective in systemin perception and the production of a systemic wound signal for defense gene expression.

�Summary Wound-induced systemic expression of defensive proteinase inhibitor (PI) genes in tomato plants requires the action of systemin and its precursor protein prosystemin. Although it is well established that systemin induces PI expression through the octadecanoid pathway for jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, relatively little is known about how systemin and JA interact to promote long-distance signaling between damaged and undamaged leaves. Here, this question was addressed by characterizing a systemin-insensitive mutant (spr1) that was previously identified as a suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses. In contrast to JA biosynthetic or JA signaling mutants that lack both local and systemic PI expression in response to wounding, spr1 plants were deficient mainly in the systemic response. Consistent with this phenotype, spr1 plants exhibited normal PI induction in response to oligosaccharide signals that are thought to play a role in the local wound response. Moreover, spr1 abolished JA accumulation in response to exogenous systemin, and reduced JA accumulation in wounded leaves to approximately 57% of wild-type (WT) levels. Analysis of reciprocal grafts between spr1 and WT plants showed that spr1 impedes systemic PI expression by blocking the production of the long-distance wound signal in damaged leaves, rather than inhibiting the recognition of that signal in systemic undamaged leaves. These experiments suggest that Spr1 is involved in a signaling step that couples systemin perception to activation of the octadecanoid pathway, and that systemin acts at or near the site of wounding (i.e. in rootstock tissues) to increase JA synthesis to a level that is required for the systemic response. It was also demonstrated that spr1 plants are not affected in the local or systemic expression of a subset of rapidly induced wound-response genes, indicating the existence of a systeminindependent pathway for wound signaling.
Salmonella expressing detoxified lipopolysaccharide is immunogenic and protective both as an attenuated vaccine and for delivery of foreign antigens

Evaluation of: Kong Q, Six DA, Roland KL et al.Salmonella synthesizing 1-monophosphorylated lipopolysaccharide exhibits low endotoxic activity while retaining its immunogenicity. J. Immunol. 187(1), 412–423 (2011).The construction of safe and protective vaccines, derived from human pathogens that have been genetically modified to remove pathogenicity, is often easier to accomplish on paper than it is in the laboratory. Kong and colleagues have pursued a clever strategy to reduce the reactogenicity of attenuated Salmonella oral vaccines by genetically modifying the surface lipopolysaccharide to lower endotoxic activity. The resulting candidate vaccine strains were highly reduced in virulence yet were able to confer protection in a mouse model against challenge with virulent Salmonella. Remarkably, these strains could also be further modified to present foreign antigens from unrelated human pathogens and again confer protection against heterologous challenge. This work brings important new tools to bear on ...
Adenoviral - P53 Gene Transfer to Orthotopic and Peritoneal Murine Bladder Cancer

AbstractPurpose: This study was designed to examine the potential for adenoviral-mediated gene therapy in primary and metastatic bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Orthotopic and intraperitoneal bladder tumors were established after delivery of 1 × 106 MBT-2 cells into syngeneic mice. Gene transfer was accomplished via intravesical or intraperitoneal instillation by using an E-1 deleted adenovirus encoding LacZ or human p53. Successful tumor transduction was confirmed in tumor DNA and mRNA by polymerase chain reaction. Detection of recombinant gene product was detected by histochemical staining (X-gal) and Western blot.Results: Palpable tumors developed 18 days following implantation. LacZ and p53 mRNA were present in tumor and adjacent normal tissue after bladder and intraperitoneal vector administration. Recombinant gene products were identified by histochemistry and Western blot.Conclusion: Bladder tumor-directed gene transfer using adenoviral vectors is an efficient and powerful tool for evaluating...
In-situ measurement of electromagnetic properties of material using multi-conductor TEM transmission line

A novel in-situ probe for measuring both e*and μ* over a broad frequency band has been developed. The probe design is based on two sections of multi-conductor TEM transmission line. The paper also presented a unique post processing algorithm to extract accurate constitutive parameters (e*,μ*) from the scattering parameters (S 11 , S 21 ) of the MCTL probe. The proposed in-situ measurement technique and post processing algorithm were verified by the numerical simulations using HFSS and through laboratory measurements of the permeable properties of the volcanic soil in Hawaii. The measurement results showed good agreement with those of the laboratory method using a broadband slotted TEM line measurement.
Formulation of Constitutive Laws for Deformation During Irradiation

Constitutive laws for radiation-induced deformation are derived based on a phenomenological approach which involves only simple principles of continuum mechanics and avoids detailed mechanistic assumptions. This approach is applied to materials which are initially in an isotropic condition that serves as a reference state. As specific examples of this approach, we consider in detail three forms of constitutive laws. In the first case it is assumed that the deformation rate depends on the current stress as the only tensor variable. For the second case we postulate a dependence on the current stress tensor and the strain tensor as produced during the previous radiation-induced deformation. Finally, the third case deals with a dependence on stress and strain as accumulated during cold-working. In both the latter cases, the material is rendered anisotropic with respect to the reference state. It is shown for the last two cases that the phenomenological approach provides a proper formulation and a clear distinction of such phenomena as stress-affected swelling, irradiation creep, radiation-induced anisotropic growth, and creep-swelling interaction. It also supplies the superposition rules for these phenomena when the material is subject to triaxial stresses which change and redistribute with time. The constitutive laws as obtained from the continuum approach are not completely suitable for modeling structural materials. Since they are polycrystalline in nature, the constitutive properties may vary from grain to grain, and it becomes necessary to derive a macroscopic constitutive law for the aggregate. This is accomplished by considering an aggregate of many viscoelastic elements linked in parallel. The resulting constitutive law for the aggregate depends on the strain history. Upon sudden load changes, the aggregate exhibits anelastic transient creep. It is shown that the magnitude of the anelastic strain is related to the range of variability for the constitutive properties of the grains.
Engineering globalization: Implications for engineering education

There is strong evidence, based on news reports and supported by experts, that engineering work and tasks are being restructured and reallocated across different countries. Yet this significant transformation of the engineering enterprise hasn't been explored systematically. This paper will summarize current trends in the size, scope, and trajectory of engineering globalization. The implications of engineering globalization for engineering education will be explored based on these findings.
Isolation, Identification, and Quantification of Potential Defensive Compounds in the Viceroy Butterfly and its Larval Host-Plant, Carolina Willow

The viceroy–monarch and viceroy–queen butterfly associations are classic examples of mimicry. These relationships were originally classified as Batesian, or parasitic, but were later reclassified as Mullerian, or mutalistic, based on predator bioassays. The Mullerian reclassification implies that viceroy is unpalatable because it too is chemically defended like the queen and the monarch. However, unlike the queen and the monarch, the viceroy defensive chemistry has remained uncharacterized. We demonstrate that the viceroy butterfly (Limenitis archippus, Nymphalidae) not only sequesters nonvolatile defensive compounds from its larval host–plant, the Carolina willow (Salix caroliniana, Salicaceae), but also secretes volatile defensive compounds when disturbed. We developed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry–mass spectrometry methods to identify a set of phenolic glycosides shared between the adult viceroy butterfly and the Carolina willow, and solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry methods to identify volatile phenolic compounds released from stressed viceroy butterflies. In both approaches, all structures were characterized based on their mass spectral fragmentation patterns and confirmed with authentic standards. The phenolics we found are known to deter predator attack in other prey systems, including other willow-feeding insect species. Because these compounds have a generalized defensive function at the concentrations we described, our results are consistent with the Mullerian reclassification put forth by other researchers based on bioassay results. It seems that the viceroy butterfly possesses chemical defenses different from its monarch and queen butterfly counterparts (phenolic glycosides vs. cardiac glycosides, respectively), an unusual phenomenon in mimicry warranting future study.
Protozoan and Helminth Parasites — A Review of Current Treatment

Recorded history informs us that the earliest specific remedies to be used in the practice of medicine were those effective against parasite infections. Extract of male fern (Aspidium felix-mas), still prescribed today for tapeworms, was used by Theophrastus of Eresus in the 3rd Century B.C. [1]. Santonin, an extract of wormwood (Artemesia maritima), widely used for treatment of Ascaris as late as 1937 [2], was recommended for treatment of worms by Dioscurides in A.D. 60 [1]. A British dispensatory of 1789 [3] states that it is ‘celebrated for its anthelminthic virtues’.
Spatiotemporal maps of past-tense verb inflection.

Abstract Does the brain inflect verbs by applying rules, by associative retrieval of the inflected form, or both? We used whole-head magnetoencephalography to spatiotemporally map the brain response underlying verb past-tense inflection. Placing either regular or irregular verbs into the past tense sequentially modulates the bilateral visual, left inferotemporal, posterior superior temporal (Wernicke’s area), left inferior prefrontal (Broca’s area), and right prefrontal cortices. Although irregular and regular verb inflection evokes similar cortical response patterns, differences in specific frontotemporal regions are observed. At ∼340 ms, irregular verbs evoke greater response modulation in left occipitotemporal cortex. This modulation occurs when widespread areas are simultaneously active, suggesting that it reflects associative activation necessary for generation of past-tense forms. Subsequently, regular verbs show increased response at ∼470 ms within left inferior prefrontal regions associated with rule-based inflection. Increased right dorsolateral prefrontal response at ∼570 ms may represent directed/effortful retrieval of irregular past-tense forms. Thus, the brain inflects verbs by dynamically modulating different functional divisions of an integrated language system.
Identity of a New World Psychoactive Toad

Anthropologists have long speculated that ancient peoples of Mesoamerica used a toad, Bufo marinus, as a ritual intoxicant. This hypothesis rests on many iconographic and mythological representations of toads and on a number of speculative ethnographic reports. We reject B. marinus as a candidate for such use because of the toxicity of its venom. A more likely candidate is the Sonoran desert toad, Bufo alvarius, which secretes large amounts of the potent, known hallucinogen, 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). We demonstrate that the venom of B. alvarius, though known to be toxic when consumed orally, may be safely smoked and is powerfully psychoactive by that route of administration. These experiments are the first documentation of a hallucinogenic agent from the animal kingdom, and they provide clear evidence of a psychoactive toad that could have been employed by Precolumbiae peoples of the New World.
From rags to riches: insights from the first genomic sequence of a plant pathogenic bacterium

The recently published genomic sequence of Xylella fastidiosa is the first for a free-living plant pathogen and provides clues to mechanisms of pathogenesis and survival in insect vectors. The sequence data should lead to improved control of this pathogen.
Folate stimulation of wound DNA synthesis.

Background Whereas nutrition supply is known to be beneficial to wound healing, the role of folate in wound healing is not clear. Materials and methods The experiment consisted of a surgery on day 0 and a tracer infusion on day 5 after surgery. During the surgery a donor wound was created on the back and indwelling catheters were inserted in the carotid artery and jugular vein in rabbits under general anesthesia. A pharyngostomy feeding tube was also inserted in a group receiving enteral feeding after injury (TEN group, n = 6), but not in other two groups receiving rabbit chow after injury and intravenous amino acids with or without folate during tracer infusion (IVAA and IVAA-folate groups, n = 6 each). On day 5 stable isotope tracers were infused in conscious rabbits to determine the fractional synthetic rate (FSR) of wound DNA, and FSR and fractional breakdown rate (FBR) of wound protein. In the IVAA-folate group 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (the active form of folate) was infused at 0.1 mg/h during the tracer infusion. Results Serum folate concentration in the IVAA-folate group (380 ± 78 ng/mL) was greater (P Conclusions Folate supplementation has a stimulatory effect on wound DNA synthesis, which would be expected to accelerate wound healing. Nutrition intake is essential for tissue repair by a mechanism that increases net protein deposition in the wound.
Viable paleosol microorganisms, paleoclimatic reconstruction, and relative dating in archaeology: a test case from Hell Gap, Wyoming, USA

Living soil microorganisms are ubiquitous and could provide unrealized contributions to paleoenvironmental, dating, and other archaeological research. We evaluated the effectiveness of a previously proposed microbiological technique for paleoclimatic reconstruction (which has been applied but not adequately verified), and also introduced and tested a preliminary method of using soil microbe density for relative dating. Soils from a sample column representing a complete chronosequence at Hell Gap, Locality I, Wyoming, were cultured on three different solid media. To test the paleoclimatic reconstruction method, trophic group data were tested for serial correlation and compared to soil and phytolith analyses formerly completed at the site. Microbial trophic group composition significantly correlated to soil pH, but not to prior precipitation reconstructions. Further refinement is required before the paleoclimatic reconstruction method can be implemented with confidence. Additionally, microbial density decreased with age, suggesting a temporal signature within the sample column and that density could potentially be used as a relative dating technique.
Estimation of a nonlinear panel data model with semiparametric individual effects

Abstract This paper investigates identification and estimation of a class of nonlinear panel data, single-index models. The model allows for unknown time-specific link functions, and semiparametric specification of the individual-specific effects. We develop an estimator for the parameters of interest, and propose a powerful new kernel-based modified backfitting algorithm to compute the estimator. We derive uniform rates of convergence results for the estimators of the link functions, and show the estimators of the finite-dimensional parameters are root- N consistent with a Gaussian limiting distribution. We study the small sample properties of the estimator via Monte Carlo techniques.
Extending lower-cost packaging technology into next generation signaling: Techniques and considerations

Current industry trends, combined with present cost pressures shall force signal integrity engineers to revisit traditional “rules of thumb” such that additional bandwidth can be obtained from conventional (standard) packaging materials and methodologies. In this paper, the authors assert that some current design practices prematurely cap the useful bandwidth of current technology, and unnecessarily lead designers to ask material scientists to solve our bandwidth concerns. Every facet of the electronics industry is subject to cost pressures. Opposite these financial constraints is the continuing drive to improve performance. Every new product must evaluate the business case for the use or inclusion of a new technology, more expensive component, or increase in power. The larger design community tends to move together into and out of technology “nodes” as they become more feasible and cost effective. Whether or not a particular technology is effective at meeting the design and business goals is a function of what other technologies and consequences are traded off in order to use it. This paper examines the conventional wisdom of some common practices, in light of an attempt to forego the use of advanced packaging technologies while extending the practical life of lower-cost techniques to signaling interfaces with higher frequency content.
Selling items from museum collections

(1985). Selling items from museum collections. International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 289-294.
“We Are Not Surviving, We Are Managing”: the constitution of a Nigerian diaspora along the contours of the global economy

This ethnographic piece outlines how the geography of globalization and its socieconomic vicissitudes condition unique life experiences for Nigerian Igbo immigrants in the U.S. The elite class of Igbo people from Nigeria continue to immigrate to the U.S. in large numbers. As professionals, ethnic group members tend to settle in mainstream American neighborhoods, experiencing a high degree of structural integration into global professional workplaces and occupations. Ironically, the same physical and occupational mobility that disperses Igbo elites across the globe and across the U.S. also provides the enhanced means by which Igbo-speaking people sustain their ethnic organizations and diasporic communities. Professional work, normally in places which are assimilated to the American mainstream despite being extra–Igbo contexts, actually encourage habits of interactive communication that are brought into the service of Igbo community cohesion. In that sense, a geographical distribution that is primarily socio-economic is also parlayed into a means by which people come together through travel, through literacy, and through synchronous communication technologies.
Does Operative Treatment of First-Time Patellar Dislocations Lead to Increased Patellofemoral Stability? A Systematic Review of Overlapping Meta-analyses.

Purpose: To conduct a systematic review of meta-analyses comparing nonoperative and operative treatment of patellar dislocations to elucidate the cause of the variation and to determine which meta-analysis provides the current best available evidence. Methods: A systematic review of the literature to identify meta-analyses was performed. Data were extracted for patient outcomes and recurrent dislocations. Meta-analysis quality was assessed using the Oxman-Guyatt and Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses systems. The Jadad algorithm was then applied to determine which metaanalysis provided the highest level of evidence. Results: Four meta-analyses met the eligibility criteria: 1 Level I evidence, 2 Level II evidence, and 1 Level III evidence. A total of 1,984 patients were included (997 underwent surgery whereas 987 underwent conservative treatment). Three meta-analyses found a lower subsequent patellar dislocation rate in patients managed operatively compared with nonoperatively, whereas one did not find a difference in recurrent dislocation rates between the operative and nonoperative groups. When the results of all the studies were combined, the overall redislocation rate was 29.4% and the rate of recurrent instability episodes was 32.8%. Patients treated operatively had a 24.0% rate of repeat patellar dislocation and a 32.7% rate of recurrent patellar instability, whereas patients treated nonoperatively had a 34.6% rate of repeat patellar dislocation and a 33.0% rate of recurrent instability. In addition, 1 meta-analysis found a significantly higher rate of patellofemoral osteoarthritis in the operative group. No differences in functional outcomes scores were seen between treatments. Two meta-analyses had low Oxman-Guyatt scores (<4), indicative of major flaws. Conclusions: According to the best available evidence, operative treatment of acute patellar dislocations may result in a lower rate of recurrent dislocations than nonoperative treatment but does not improve functional outcome scores. Level of Evidence: Level III, systematic review of Level I, II, and II studies.
Propaganda, collective participation and the ‘war of position’ in the Brazilian Landless Workers' Movement

AbstractThe Landless Workers' Movement (MST) is recognized as Brazil's most successful social movement. Although its goal is agrarian reform, the MST has been the subject of significant educational scholarship due to the emphasis it places on education reform, and formal and informal education. The MST's pedagogy has been extensively analysed. However, what remains remarkable about the MST is the on-going participation of its members after they achieve their immediate goal of land allocation. This article presents findings from a content analysis of 25 years of the movement's journal—the Jornal Sem Terra (JST). Although the usage of media within movements has received considerable attention, the majority of this scholarship focuses on external media. This article explores implicit pedagogical usage of the JST. Specifically, grounded theory is used to analyse how the MST pedagogically advocates on-going participation in collective relations through its usage of the Portuguese term formacao, whose meaning i...
Fiber Optic Damage Assessment System

Researchers are investigating a ship-wide fiber optic sensor network based on fiber Bragg gratings to detect and control damage. Hundreds of sensors will be interrogated simultaneously to detect fire, flooding, and door/hatch closure on ships.
Review of 'THE LIMITS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW' by Jack Goldsmith and Eric Posner

In this book review of Jack Goldsmith and Eric Posner's The Limits of International Law, it is argued that the book is a blue print for US hegemony in world politics, and in some respects, quite imperialistic in its design. The review also suggests that the book is flawed in several respects, including its selective historical analysis, its outdated statist focus, and its shallow rational choice approach.
Commentary on: Total Composite Flap Facelift and the Deep-Plane Transition Zone: A Critical Consideration in SMAS-Release Midface Lifting.

I must say I was pleased when asked by the editor of this journal to write a commentary when I received the title,1 since I developed (and named) the composite facelift. Every surgeon who publishes original work wants to see his contribution accepted by his peers. However, I was baffled when reading this article. The technique the author describes is not a composite facelift, as he has entitled his publication. Perhaps the history of the development of the composite facelift2 will clarify and justify my criticism of this article. I was fortunate to start with the Skoog rhytidectomy in 1973,3 and together with Dr. Mark Lemmon we published the only extensive series on Skoog rhytidectomy4 since Prof. Skoog died in 1974. In 1985, after performing the tri-plane rhytidectomy, which I had published in 1983,5 I continued to be unhappy with the results. This was essentially an extension of the Skoog rhytidectomy, but with a subcutaneous elevation of cervical skin, since we concluded that the subplatysma cervical Skoog rhytidectomy could not create optimal neck contouring. While the jawline was satisfactory, I felt that the nasolabial fold could be better, and then began working on the technique that I wanted to give an original designation. I called it the deep plane rhytidectomy6 since it was an extension of the tri-plane rhytidectomy. The concept was relatively simple, as the cheek fat that was between the zygomaticus major and minor was lifted with the skin and kept in continuity with the platysma of the lower face (SMAS). Thus the skin was the vehicle for moving the cheek fat and the SMAS in the traditional lateral direction toward the ear. This original dissection was published, and met with enthusiasm among aesthetic surgeons everywhere. The result of the deep plane …
Seismic attributes and the road ahead

Seismic attributes were introduced to seismic interpretation four decades ago and now form a part of almost every seismic interpretation workflow. I predict of future of increasing interactive computer-interpreter linkage into areas that we now consider to be seismic processing. I also predict an increase in the use of cluster analysis and statistical correlation to completion processes and production data in resource plays.
Improved Coefficients for Elastic Lateral-Torsional Buckling

of moment gradient due to dierent transverse loading and boundary conditions (Cb), and point of load application (Ca). These coecients are available in tabular form for a small set of common cases. Approximate models for the moment gradient coecient have been proposed but may have limitations. A simple but general method is presented for the evaluation of the denite integrals involved in computing the coecients for both moment gradient and point of load application. This allows less conservative design of exural members and eliminates possible unconservative design, particularly when considering members with a transverse load applied at a considerable vertical eccentricity with respect to the shear center. The equations for these coecients are derived from the general theoretical solution and approximate expressions are given for each. A rigorous error analysis is used to motivate the approximations.
Thermal stability and transition studies with a hybrid warming device for neonates.

OBJECTIVE: The use of both warmer beds and incubators is common in neonatal intensive care units (NICU), and transferring between these two warming devices is a routine and necessary event. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of a new hybrid-warming device, the Versalet™, in transitioning a preterm animal from a warmer bed to an incubator mode and back. STUDY DESIGN: Nine premature lambs were randomized, following delivery, to receive thermal support from a conventional warming bed and an incubator (control group), or from the Versalet™ (study group) in the warmer bed and incubator modes. Core and various surface temperatures, as well as physiological parameters were measured first during warming in the radiant warmer bed mode, Versalet™ or Resuscitaire™ and then during transition to the incubator mode, Versalet™ or Isolette™, and then back to the warmer bed mode. RESULTS: The animals remained stable during all the transitions. Despite careful planning, adverse events occurred in the control group during transfers. There were no significant differences in the temperature or physiologic profiles during any of the transitions in either group. CONCLUSION: Compared with the standard warming technique used in NICUs (separate warmer bed and incubator), the Versalet provides similar thermal and cardiovascular stability without adverse events during transition to different modes of warming. The degree to which this device would contribute to ease of management and improved outcomes in humans needs to be evaluated in a clinical trial.
Accelerated Transformation by Polyoma Virus in Rat Embryo Cells Infected with Rauscher Leukemia Virus

SummaryTransformation of the established cell lines of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV)-infected and uninfected rat embryo cells by polyoma virus is reported. Transformation was evidenced by morphological changes and presence of polyoma “T” antigens by means of complement-fixation test and fluorescent antibody staining technique. Increased transformation efficiency of polyoma virus was observed in rat embryo cells infected with RLV.
Bringing Marijuana (Law) into the Legal Writing Classroom

Marijuana law is rapidly evolving. In recent years, almost half of the states have legalized marijuana for medicinal and/or recreational use, and the legalization movement continues to gain momentum. The topic, moreover, is of significant interest to many law students. We accordingly propose that marijuana law makes an ideal subject for the legal writing classroom. In this article, we discuss ways in which legal writing instructors can create cutting-edge marijuana law problems for their courses.
Hepatitis B Prevention Strategies: A Benefit-Cost Analysis of Immune Serum Globulin, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin, and Hepatitis B Vaccine in the Military

The new hepatitis B vaccine is an effective method of preventing hepatitis B infection. However, its expense could contribute greatly to health care costs, with little marginal benefit if it is used indiscriminately. This study analyzes the relative risk of hepatitis among various health care workers to determine the relative merits of a vaccine strategy. It was found that the average cost of a hepatitis B vaccine in health care facilities is greatly reduced the closer the worker is to a dialysis unit. This might justify not using the vaccine at all in health care workers at facilities without dialysis. Analyzing the marginal cost of immune serum globulin (ISG) versus hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine in a needle-stick protocol, it was determined that the increased protection provided by HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine comes at a cost that would be considered prohibitive by many prudent decision-makers. A separate analysis of the use of hepatitis B vaccine versus ISG in troops assigned to Korea found that most decision-makers might think the cost of hepatitis B vaccine prohibitive, with the benefits mostly speculative and unproved. Data are not available that would allow a benefit-cost analysis of hepatitis B vaccine in most dental personnel. Well-meaning, conscientious physicians will continue to have honest disagreements over which military personnel should be offered hepatitis B vaccine. By structuring known epidemiological data, this analysis will help focus such disagreements on the imponderables that only good intuitive clinical instinct can assess. In this way, benefitcost analysis can be an aid to the decision-maker.
Orthodontics: Art, Science, or Trans-science?

Abstract No Abstract Available. Delivered at the Conference-Workshop for Orthodontic Teachers of Postgraduate and Graduate Programs, University of Chicago, June, 1973. Professor of Orthodontics, Chairman of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia.
The Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex and Mechanisms of Release of Vasopressin from the Neurohypophysis

The homeostatic control of body water content depends upon the regulated release of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) from the neurohypophysis under ‘osmometric’ and ‘volumetric’ control and in coordination with behavior. While studies on the deafferented hypothalamus, the so-called hypothalamic island, indicate that the supraoptic nuclei and a small bit of surrounding hypothalamus connected to the neurohypophysis are the minimum amount of neural tissue necessary for ‘osmometric’ control of vasopressin release and water balance (Bard and Macht, 1958; Woods and Bard, 1960; Woods, Bard and Bleier, 1966; Sundsten and Sawyer, 1961), the integration of supraoptic neuronal activity with other bodily functions, such as drinking, requires intact ascending and descending pathways.
Enteric Viral Metagenomics

The human virome is defined as the collection of bacterial and eukaryotic viruses found in the human body. Until recently, viruses were studied as single entities and mostly regarded as pathogens. The advent of next-generation sequencing has expanded the investigation of the gut virome as a community resulting in a paradigm shift from considering it as a collection of pathogens to regarding it as intrinsic components of the healthy human gut microbiome. In vivo and multiomic studies continue to reveal the ever-evolving and complex interactions between viruses, bacteria, and the host organism, shedding light on the mechanisms behind interkingdom interactions. Sophisticated studies have shown contrasting interactions between enteric viruses and gut microbiota either resulting in enhancement or blockage of infection. Human studies and clinical trials are evaluating the composition and function the gut virome in health and disease, resulting in a better understanding for future vaccine development strategies, therapeutics, and other clinical applications.
Trust and the regulation of corporate self-dealing

Abstract The economic impact of corporate self-dealing and the regulation against such activity both vary across countries. In this work, we examine the influence of trust on shareholder protection. We hypothesize that anonymous trust can affect self-dealing through two channels. First, trust may complement existing formal regulation. Alternatively, trust and formal regulation can act as substitutes. To test these hypotheses, we examine the association between a country's anti-self-dealing index and anonymous trust. We find that anonymous trust inversely relates to formal self-dealing regulation. We further find that anonymous trust positively relates to financial market development. Collectively, this evidence suggests that trust substitutes for formal self-dealing regulation, providing an alternative mechanism for shareholder protection.
Toward an Integrated Strategic Management

Based on research of 168 US companies, this paper integrates most of existing strategic management thinking. It reviews a wide spectrum of literature in areas such as Industrial Organization, Resou...
What mechanisms are associated with tibial component failure after kinematically-aligned total knee arthroplasty?

Eight patients treated with kinematically-aligned (KA) total knee arthroplasty (TKA) presented with tibial component failure. We determined whether radiographic measurements and clinical characteristics are different between patients with and without tibial component failure to identify mechanisms of failure and strategies to reduce the risk. Out of 3,212 primary TKAs (2,725 TKAs with a two-year minimum follow up), of which all were performed with KA, eight patients presented with tibial component failure. Radiographic measurements, clinical characteristics (e.g. age, gender, BMI, etc.), revision surgical records, and Oxford knee scores were compared to control cohort patients matched 1:3. Tibial component failure presented at an average of 28 ± 15 months after primary TKA. Patients with tibial component failure had a 6 kg/m2 greater body mass index (p = 0.034) and 5° greater posterior slope of the tibia component (p = 0.002) than controls. Final follow-up averaged 56 ± 19 months after the primary TKA and 28 ± 24 months after the revision TKA. The final Oxford knee score was 39 ± 4.6 for patients with tibial component failure and 44 ± 6.5 for the controls (p = 0.005). The incidence of tibial component failure after KA TKA was 0.3% and was caused by posterior subsidence or posterior edge wear and not varus subsidence. The strategy for lowering the risk of tibial component failure when performing KA is to set the tibial component parallel to the flexion-extension plane (slope) and varus-valgus plane of the native joint line.
Robust Wireless Power Transmission to mm-Sized Free-Floating Distributed Implants

This paper presents an inductive link for wireless power transmission (WPT) to mm-sized free-floating implants (FFIs) distributed in a large three-dimensional space in the neural tissue that is insensitive to the exact location of the receiver (Rx). The proposed structure utilizes a high-Q resonator on the target wirelessly powered plane that encompasses randomly positioned multiple FFIs, all powered by a large external transmitter (Tx). Based on resonant WPT fundamentals, we have devised a detailed method for optimization of the FFIs and explored design strategies and safety concerns, such as coil segmentation and specific absorption rate limits using realistic finite element simulation models in HFSS including head tissue layers, respectively. We have built several FFI prototypes to conduct accurate measurements and to characterize the performance of the proposed WPT method. Measurement results on 1-mm receivers operating at 60 MHz show power transfer efficiency and power delivered to the load at 2.4% and 1.3 mW, respectively, within 14–18 mm of Tx–Rx separation and 7 cm2 of brain surface.
Testosterone Therapy on Active Surveillance and Following Definitive Treatment for Prostate Cancer

Previously considered an absolute contraindication, the use of testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer has undergone an important paradigm shift. Recent data has changed the way we approach the treatment of testosterone deficiency in men with prostate cancer. In the current review, we summarize and analyze the literature surrounding effects of testosterone therapy on patients being treated in an active surveillance protocol as well as following definitive treatment for prostate cancer. The conventional notion that defined the relationship between increasing testosterone and prostate cancer growth was based on limited studies and anecdotal case reports. Contemporary evidence suggests testosterone therapy in men with testosterone deficiency does not increase prostate cancer risk or the chances of more aggressive disease at prostate cancer diagnosis. Although the studies are limited, men who received testosterone therapy for localized disease did not have higher rates of recurrences or worse clinical outcomes. Current review of the literature has not identified adverse progression events for patients receiving testosterone therapy while on active surveillance/watchful waiting or definitive therapies. The importance of negative effects of testosterone deficiency on health and health-related quality of life measures has pushed urologists to re-evaluate the role testosterone plays in prostate cancer. This led to a paradigm shift that testosterone therapy might in fact be a viable option for a select group of men with testosterone deficiency and a concurrent diagnosis of prostate cancer.
Abstract 161: Lean Process Improvements Reduce Door to CT and Door to Needle Times for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: In late 2015, we assembled a multi-disciplinary team to analyze current emergency department (ED) processes and identify improvement opportunities in the current “brain attack” (BA) pro...