cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brugia malayi: effects of radiation and culture on gene expression in infective larvae.

Third-stage infective larvae (L3i) of Brugia malayi are developmentally arrested in mosquitoes but must quickly adapt to a new environment when they enter mammalian hosts to initiate infections. These changes can be studied by in vitro culture of L3 (L3c) under conditions that permit molting of L3–L4. Irradiated L3 (L3ir) have stunted growth and limited lifespan in mammalian hosts, and they induce high levels of immunity to challenge infections in animal models. This study explored differences in gene expression in L3i, L3c and L3ir by expressed sequence tag EST generation and qRT-PCR. 2506 ESTs generated from cDNA libraries constructed from L3i, L3c and L3ir were grouped into 1309 gene clusters. Despite extensive prior sampling from B. malayi (>22,000 ESTs in dbEST), 73% of the L3 clusters described here are novel. Sixty-three percentage of the clusters have homology to proteins from other species including 187 specific to nematodes and 141 that have to date only been described in non-nematode species. The transcript levels of 62 candidates for up- or down-regulation in L3i, L3c and L3ir based on EST frequencies were evaluated by qRT-PCR. Twenty-eight were confirmed to have ≥3-fold differences in expression. Genes coding for proteins believed to be involved in establishment of infection, host adaptation and targets of protective immunity were confirmed to have higher expression in L3i than in L3c. Some of the genes that were down-regulated in L3c were highly expressed in L3ir. This study provides an improved description of the adaptations that accompany the transition from L3i to L3c and the special ability of L3ir to induce protective immunity.
An introduction to field experiments in economics

This special issue highlights an empirical approach that has increasingly grown in prominence in the last decade--field experiments. While field experiments can be used quite generally in economics to test theories' predictions, to measure key parameters, and to provide insights into the generalizability of empirical results, this special issue focuses on using field experiments to explore questions within the economics of charity. The issue contains six distinct field experimental studies that investigate various aspects associated with the economics of charitable giving. The issue also includes a fitting tribute to one of the earliest experimenters to depart from traditional lab methods, Peter Bohm, who curiously has not received deep credit or broad acclaim. Hopefully this issue will begin to rectify this oversight.
The coordination chemistry of formaldehyde

Abstract Reaction of several trimethylphosphine iridium(I) complexes with paraformaldehyde results in the formation of stable hydrido formyl complexes. The cationic compound [IrH(CHO)(PMe 3 ) 4 ][PF 6 ] (1) can be reduced to stable hydrido methyl and hydrido hydroxymethyl complexes using borohydride reagents. The stepwise reduction of CO to iridium-bound formyl, hydroxymethyl, and methyl groups has been demonstrated. The iridium hydroxymethyl compounds, and more conveniently synthesized methoxymethyl compounds, can be viewed as protonated or methylated formaldehyde complexes. These compounds undergo a number of reactions, including release of formaldehyde and facile C-O bond cleavage. Highly reactive methylene complexes are involved. For example, the complex IrBr(CH 3 )(CH 2 OCH 3 )(PMe 3 ) 3 reacts with [H-pyridine][PF 6 ] to form [IrBr(CH 3 )(CH 2 -pyridine)(PMe 3 ) 3 ][PF 6 ], which undergoes intramolecular C-C bond formation to yield ethyl complexes or ethylene.
Modulation-doped HgCdTe quantum well structures and superlattices grown by photoassisted molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract We report the results of the first systematic study of modulation doping in HgCdTe. The doped multilayers were grown by means of photoassisted molecular beam epitaxy, in which the substrate is illuminated during the film growth process to enhance dopant activation. Indium was used as the n-type dopant and arsenic was used as the p-type dopant. More than forty modulation-doped samples were prepared and studied.
Ancient Dorsa-Related Stresses of the Tharsis Region on Mars

Topographic information, surface structures and construction of the Martian Tharsis bulge are used to estimate the previous stresses across the low-lying peripheral margins of the crustal blocks in terms of simple compensation models. Hot mantle activity, crustal roots, isostasy, and late-stage extensive lithosphere thickening together with volcanic building have been in combined response to the high-elevated Tharsis bulge. The initial phases of the Tharsis building have been dominated by the mantle plume doming, followed by extrusional dome raising. The volcanism has been most important bulge building factor only after thickening of the crust. During the initial mantle-generated doming and igneous activity the thin-lithosphere block tectonics has been very important. There has been a compressional peripheral zone around the bulge giving rise to dorsa formation while the high bulge crests have been in tensional state. The situation may be favorable for comparative studies with other planets. We may have something to learn from this block tectonics on the one-plate planet Mars even in respect to the Earth's plate tectonic paradigm.
Effects of processing parameters on microstructures of TiO2 coatings formed on titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Titanium oxide (TiO2) coatings were formed on titanium substrates in a sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) aqueous solution, using plasma electrolytic oxidation method. The effects of duty ratio, frequency, and positive/negative pulse proportion on the microstructure and phase compositions of the coatings were investigated. The coatings were mainly composed of anatase TiO2 plus a little amount of rutile TiO2. The coatings obtained at the frequency range 900–2700 Hz, under a duty ratio of 20%, and a positive/negative pulse proportion of 3, showed the best quality in terms of density and adhesion. The effect of positive/negative pulse proportion was relatively small. However, continuous coating could not be obtained using the positive/negative pulse proportion of 1. Compared with that of bare titanium, the property of resistance to corrosion was obviously improved for the titanium with TiO2 coating. The corrosion potential rose about 0.13 V and the corrosion current density decreased about one order of magnitude.
Tailoring cancer education and support programs for low-income, primarily African American cancer survivors.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES to identify the information and stress-management topics of most interest to low-income, predominantly African American cancer survivors. RESEARCH APPROACH descriptive, cross sectional. SETTING outpatient oncology clinic in a public hospital in Birmingham, Alabama. PARTICIPANTS 25 patients with cancer; 12 were men, 22 were African Americans, and 16 had a 12th-grade education or less. METHODOLOGIC APPROACH patients ranked potential topics to be included in an educational curriculum. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES quantitative rankings of information and stress-management priorities. FINDINGS learning about cancer, understanding cancer treatments, relieving cancer pain, and keeping well in mind and body were the most highly ranked topics among those offered within the American Cancer Society's I Can Cope curriculum, which also included supportive topics such as mobilizing social support. The preferred stress-management topics were humor therapy, music therapy, meditation, and relaxation; lower-ranked topics included pet therapy and art as therapy. CONCLUSIONS cancer survivors appear most interested in topics specific to their illness and treatment versus supportive topics. Stress management also received high rankings. INTERPRETATION nurses have a key role in providing patient education and support. Tailoring education programs may better target specific needs and improve the quality of cancer care of underserved patients.
Uterine DCs are essential for pregnancy

Successful embryo implantation requires complex interactions between the uterus and embryo, including the establishment of maternal immunologic tolerance of fetal material. The maternal-fetal interface is dynamically populated by a wide variety of innate immune cells; however, the relevance of uterine DCs (uDCs) within the decidua to the success of implantation has remained unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Plaks et al. show, in a transgenic mouse model, that uDCs are essential for pregnancy, as their ablation results in a failure of decidualization, impaired implantation, and embryonic resorption (see the related article beginning on page 3954). Depletion of uDCs altered decidual angiogenesis, suggesting that uDCs contribute to successful implantation via their effects on decidual tissue remodeling, including angiogenesis, and independent of their anticipated role in the establishment of maternal-fetal tolerance.
Quaternary Vegetation, Climate, and Glaciation of the Hoh River Valley, Washington

The Hoh River valley, on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, is about 90 km long and is one of the major valleys originating in the interior Olympic Mountains. It was glaciated to its present-day mouth during what is believed to have been the Stuck Glaciation, radiocarbon dated at more than 47,000 yr ago, and later by less extensive ice tongues of Salmon Springs, Evans Creek, and younger ages. Alpine glaciers of Neoglacial age are active today on the slopes of Mount Olympus (2,428 m). Modern vegetation in the valley is predominantly of the rain forest type, divisible into Pacific coastal and subalpine communities. Coastal forest is established at elevations below 500 to 600 m, subalpine forest continues to the tree limit near 1,700 m, and alpine tundra occurs only on the heights in the interior. A winter-wet, cool, temperate climate prevails in the rain forest. Annual precipitation is greater than 3,000 mm, and the average July temperature lies between 12° and 15°C. In the alpine zone, temperatures are a few degrees lower, and precipitation reaches an estimated 5,000 mm or more. Unglaciated ground along the coast adjacent to the Hoh valley was a refugium for Quaternary plant communities of tundra and park tundra during times of glaciation. Vegetation during the Puyallup Interglaciation resembled modern coastal forest and was presumably extensive; later, during Salmon Springs and Fraser Glaciations, tundra spread over the lowland, except during the nonglacial interval between the early and late Salmon Springs Glaciations. At this time and during the Olympia Interglaciation, subalpine forest was in evidence. The pollen stratigraphy and radiocarbon chronology of three bog sections from the lower Hoh valley show tundra at low elevations from 18,800 ± 800 yr B.P. until about 10,000 yr B.P. Holocene vegetation is portrayed by three pollen assemblages: Pinus-Alnus-Picea-Pseudotsuga-Pteridium (10,000 to 8,000 yr B.P.), Picea-Tsuga-Alnus-Pseudotsuga-Pteridium (8,000 to 3,000 yr B.P.), and Tsuga-Thuja-Abies (3,000 to 0 yr B.P.). The sequence implies a climatic trend from a cool and relatively humid climate in the beginning, to increasing warmth, then maximum warmth and lower humidity, and finally to a cooler and quite humid climate at the close. The sequence also reflects the gradual replacement of open, successional forest communities by a late Holocene-age closed rain forest. Pollen influx is low, generally less than 1,500 grains cm −2 yr −1 , except around 8,000 yr. B.P., when values exceeded 5,000 cm −2 yr −1 . Traces of tephra from the eruption of Mount Mazama, found in one bog section, mark an extreme Pacific continental limit for this ejectamenta. Refugia on the Olympic Peninsula contained the stock from which major migrations of plants northwestward along the north Pacific coast took place toward the close of Fraser Glaciation and during Holocene time.
Patient newsletter: A teaching tool

Abstract A study was conducted at the Veterans Administration Medical Center, Buffalo, New York, to evaluate the impact of a behaviorally oriented nursing intervention upon well-being and health care utilization of VA patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Incorporated into the intervention was the production and distribution of a patient newsletter which addressed topics related to PVD risk factor reduction. Experiences developing the newsletter for use with PVD patients are described. In addition to the anticipated benefit for the patients, nurses developing them have also derived secondary gains. Guidelines for preparation, topics addressed and patients' reactions are discussed. A formal patient evaluation of the newsletters indicated that 65 % of the respondents reported the information contained in the newsletter stimulated a positive change in behavior. This experience has relevance for patient education coordinators and others involved in developing patient education materials.
Optimization of Pedicle Screw Depth in the Lumbar Spine

Optimization of pedicle screw insertion depth for ideal fixation and fusion remains a clinical challenge. Improved screw purchase may improve fixation strength1, which is especially critical in an osteoporotic patient population. Extended screw insertion depths, up to and through the anterior cortex, have yet to be compared to more commonly used shorter pedicle screws in a laboratory controlled series of experiments. The purpose of this study is to evaluate screw purchase in the osteoporotic lumbar spine as a function of insertion depth, which may be used to optimize pedicle screw-rod constructs.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Cancellation of the divergence of the wave function at the origin in leptonic decay rates

The wave function at the origin is an important factor in the leptonic decay rate of (QQ-bar) states, since the rate is proportional to the square of its value. However, relativistic wave functions for the color-Coulomb potential diverge at the origin. In this paper, we consider the QED version of this problem: the O(..cap alpha..) corrections to the decay (..mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/)/sub n ..e/sup +/e/sup -/. After renormalization, the divergence of the wave function at the origin is shown to cancel via the one-photon annihilation graph. With all two-loop diagrams included, the decay rate of the nS state is 1/n/sup 3/ that of the 1S state. This simple result is modified at the three-loop level by electron vacuum-polarization (VP) effects, which are numerically large. With these VP effects included, the decay rate of the 1 /sup 3/S/sub 1/ state is predicted to be 5.571 x 10/sup 11/ sec/sup -1/.
Phenology, early growth and yield of planted and ratoon grain sorghum.

Abstract Knowledge is limited on growth and development of ratoon grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in the field. In efforts to build simulation models of ratoon grain sorghum, modellers have assumed that the planted and ratoon crops grow similarily. This study was undertaken to document the growth of ratoon grain sorghum and test the hypothesis that growth and development of the ratoon crop is similar to the planted crop. Experiments were conducted from 1985 through 1987 under irrigated field conditions using nine hybrids of medium/medium-late maturity on a Houston Black clay: fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellustert. In two of the three years, grain-yield of the planted crop exceeded the ratoon while grain-yield was equal in the other year studied. Rapid development of tillers produced much higher leaf-area indexes ( L ) and vegetative biomass early in the plant's ontogeny for the ratoon compared to the planted crop. Depending on hybrid and year, each primary shoot (PS) of the planted crop produced from 4 to 7 tillers within 20 days of harvest of the planted crop. At harvest, however, only 2–3 tillers/PS remained and only 1.7 tillers/PS (on average) produced grain. The planted crop allocated a higher proportion of its total above-ground biomass to grain than did the ratoon crop. Differences in the degree of tillering and partitioning of biomass to grain were found among hybrids. Yet, a significant hybrid×year interaction suggests that partitioning was dependent on the environment. Phenology of planted and ratoon crops were similar. Grain-forming tillers produced the same number of leaves as the primary shoot of the planted crop, and differences in time to anthesis between the planted and ratoon crops averaged approximately 100 of the 1000 heat units (7°C base temperature). Based on our observations, the assumption that growth of planted and ratoon grain sorghum are similar appears to be in error. However, the phenology of grain-forming ratoon tillers appeared to mimic the phenology of the planted crop's primary shoot.
Sphalerons, knots, and dynamical compactification in Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons theories

Euclidean $d=3$ $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons (YMCS) theory may have solitons in the presence of appropriate mass terms, including Georgi-Glashow (GGCS) theory. For integral CS level k and for solitons carrying integral CS number ${N}_{\mathrm{CS}},$ YMCS theory is gauge invariant and consistent, and the CS integral describes the compact Hopf map ${S}^{3}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{S}^{2}.$ However, typical solitons include sphalerons and linked center vortices ${(N}_{\mathrm{CS}}=1/2)$ as well as writhing center vortices with arbitrary real ${N}_{\mathrm{CS}},$ and compactness may be lost. We study various forms of the non-compact theory in the dilute-gas approximation, including k as an odd integer or non-integral, treating the parameters of non-compact large gauge transformations as collective coordinates. Among our conclusions are the following. (1) YMCS theory dynamically compactifies; a putative non-compact YMCS theory has infinitely higher vacuum energy $\ensuremath{\int}{d}^{3}x{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{vac}}$ than compact YMCS theory. (2) For sphalerons with ${N}_{\mathrm{CS}}=1/2$ compactification arises through a domain-wall sphaleron, a pure-gauge configuration lying on a closed surface carrying the right amount of ${N}_{\mathrm{CS}}$ to compactify. (3) We can interpret the domain-wall sphaleron in terms of fictitious closed Abelian field lines, associated with an Abelian potential and magnetic field derived from the non-Abelian CS term. In this language, sphalerons are under- and over-crossings of knots in the field lines; a domain-wall sphaleron acts as a superconducting surface which confines these knots to a compact domain. (4) Analogous results hold for the linking and writhing of center vortices and nexuses. (5) If we induce a CS term with an odd number of fermion doublets, domain-wall sphalerons are related to non-normalizable fermion zero modes of solitons. (6) The GGCS theory with monopoles is explicitly compactified with center-vortex-like strings.
Randomised controlled trial of paediatric magnetic positioning device assisted colonoscopy: a pilot and feasibility study.

Abstract Background and aims Complete colonoscopy is critical for the evaluation of many paediatric gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of magnetic positioning device for paediatric colonoscopy and to compare completion rate and procedure time with and without the device. Methods Prospective randomised controlled trial of standard colonoscopy compared to magnetic positioning device assisted colonoscopy in children and adolescents ages 7–20 years was performed. Results Analysis showed that the proportion of successfully completed colonoscopies were 19/20 (95%) in the MP arm versus 17/18 (94.4%) in the SC arm, p = NS. The median time to complete colonoscopy to the cecum was 16.5 min (range 6–52 min) in the MP arm and 12 min (range 6–33 min) in the SC arm, p = NS. Conclusions Our preliminary data suggest that the use of magnetic positioning device for colonoscopy is feasible in paediatric patients. These data suggest that the use of magnetic positioning device may not be of benefit for experienced endoscopists who achieved very high colonoscopy completion rates without the MP device. Further studies are needed to determine its role in paediatric colonoscopy since this device may be of more benefit for physicians in training.
Temporal and interactional effects in short-term storage

The operation of temporal and interactional processes in short-term storage was studied under conditions which require that information about all items presented be stored and the relative retention of all be evaluated concurrently, but preclude further interference after presentation by testing or retrieval effects. Random sequences of twelve two digit numbers from a known set of thirteen were presented visually at 1, 2, or 4 per sec. for full interval and .25 sec. presentation durations to 15 Ss who reported the missing number that was not presented from the set. For 1/sec. full duration presentations the missing scan serial position error distribution shows a linear decrease in errors from first through last presented items. As rate of presentation increases there is a linear increase in total errors, a linearly increasing primacy effect, and an increase of errors over at least the last half of the sequence such that the error distribution remains linear with the same slope. These findings are compatible with the operation of time dependent interactional and perceptual processes in short-term storage but not with autonomous decay.
Laser-induced chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon: Photovoltaic devices and material properties

Abstract We report the growth by laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LICVD) of hydrogenated amorphous silicon p-i-n and n-i-p photovoltaic devices. Properties of the LICVD material and devices were studied by examining the light and dark current density vs. voltage curves and the spectral quantum efficiencies with and without applied reverse bias. We also report steady state photoconductivity measurements of the product of the majority carrier mobility and lifetime in undoped films grown at various substrate temperatures. Although they have less hydrogen and higher neutral dangling bond densities than films grown at lower temperatures, LICVD films grown at a substrate temperature of 400 °C have better photovoltaic and photoconductive properties. Device characterizations show that, in the present geometry, film homogeneity is good along the laser beam axis and extends laterally across a strip 7 mm wide.
Multi-biomarker characterization of sedimentary organic carbon in small rivers draining the Northwestern United States

Abstract The sources of sedimentary organic carbon in various river systems draining the Pacific Northwest (USA) were assessed using a biomarker approach. Sediment samples were collected in creeks and small rivers from Oregon and Washington states (Cascades and Coastal Range ecoregions) and analyzed as total and silylated total extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In general, the individual organic compounds were similar in the river samples from both the Cascades and the Coast Range, with apparent higher averaged abundances (normalized to organic carbon content) observed for the Cascades sediments. Major contributions in the river samples were from sterols and triterpenoids derived mainly from the vegetation bordering the rivers, followed by n -alkanols and n -alkanes from epicuticular plant wax. Fatty acids (16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2), cholesterol, monoacylglycerols (e.g., 1- O -hexadecanoyl glycerol) and glucose were important organic tracers detected especially in higher altitude systems, presumably due to autochthonous production, namely from algal blooms during late spring. Resin acids (e.g., dehydroabietic acid, a biomarker for conifers) were expected to be the major tracer input to these sediments. However, diterpenoids were detected in significant amounts only at sites directly bordering conifer forests, suggesting that those compounds are not transported downstream during normal river flow.
Mutational Analysis of the Arabidopsis Nucleotide Binding Site–Leucine-Rich Repeat Resistance Gene RPS2

Disease resistance proteins containing a nucleotide binding site (NBS) and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region compose the largest class of disease resistance proteins. These so-called NBS-LRR proteins confer resistance against a wide variety of phytopathogens. To help elucidate the mechanism by which NBS-LRR proteins recognize and transmit pathogen-derived signals, we analyzed mutant versions of the Arabidopsis NBS-LRR protein RPS2. The RPS2 gene confers resistance against Pseudomonas syringae strains carrying the avirulence gene avrRpt2. The activity of RPS2 derivatives in response to AvrRpt2 was measured by using a functional transient expression assay or by expressing the mutant proteins in transgenic plants. Directed mutagenesis revealed that the NBS and an N-terminal leucine zipper (LZ) motif were critical for RPS2 function. Mutations near the N terminus, including an LZ mutation, resulted in proteins that exhibited a dominant negative effect on wild-type RPS2. Scanning the RPS2 molecule with a small in-frame internal deletion demonstrated that RPS2 does not have a large dispensable region. Overexpression of RPS2 in the transient assay in the absence of avrRpt2 also led to an apparent resistant response, presumably a consequence of a low basal activity of RPS2. The NBS and LZ were essential for this overdose effect, whereas the entire LRR was dispensable. RPS2 interaction with a 75-kD protein (p75) required an N-terminal portion of RPS2 that is smaller than the region required for the overdose effect. These findings illuminate the pathogen recognition mechanisms common among NBS-LRR proteins.
Effect of all-trans Retinol and Retinoic Acid Nutriture on the Immune System of Chicks

The effects of all-trans retinol and retinoic acid (RA) on the humoral and cell-mediated immune response and on lymphoid organ weights of broiler chicks were examined. Chicks were fed diets supplemented with retinol or RA at 0, 0.2 and 2.0 ng/g diet. The diets were fed continuously from day of hatch or after depletion of hepatic vitamin A reserves. Rapid vitamin A deficiency was induced in chicks by initially feeding the diet containing 2.0 ng RA/g diet and subsequently feeding diets containing 0 or 0.2 ng RA/g diet. Serum antibody hemagglutination titers, in response to intravenous injection of human serum albumin (HSA), were not affected by level or chemical form of vitamin A supplemented in diets. In vitamin A-deficient chicks, there was an inverse relationship observed between the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained per milliliter of blood and their ability to proliferate in response to mitogenic stimulation. Growth of the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus was im paired in chicks fed a vitamin A-free diet. A partial deficiency of vitamin A adversely affected relative bursa weight but not that of thymus. In general, RA was inferior to retinol in maintenance of lymphoid tissue. J. Nutr. 113: 1914-1919, 1983.
Information Age organizations, dynamics and performance

Abstract We consider the characteristics of `Information Age' organizations – organizations that are structured to operate effectively in dynamic, information-rich environments. Using survey data collected from a large-scale world-wide sample of business units in the computer and electronics industry, we quantify these characteristics and relate them to market success. We also show that the relationship between `Information Age' organizational characteristics and business performance is stronger in industry segments that are more dynamic.
Surgical Method for Exteriorizing the Orifice of Stensen's Duct for Long-Term Collection of Parotid Saliva:

A surgical method is described for exteriorizing the orifice of Stensen's duct in non-human primates. This operation is useful in experiments entailing the collection of parotid saliva on a continuous long-term basis. Histological evidence demonstrates a complete competent union between mucosa and skin at the site of surgery.
Role of LRF/Pokemon in lineage fate decisions

In the human genome, 43 different genes are found that encode proteins belonging to the family of the POK (poxvirus and zinc finger and Kruppel)/ZBTB (zinc finger and broad complex, tramtrack, and bric a brac) factors. Generally considered transcriptional repressors, several of these genes play fundamental roles in cell lineage fate decision in various tissues, programming specific tasks throughout the life of the organism. Here, we focus on functions of leukemia/lymphoma-related factor/POK erythroid myeloid ontogenic factor, which is probably one of the most exciting and yet enigmatic members of the POK/ZBTB family.
Intergenerational Community Action and Youth Empowerment

Abstract Empowerment theory can provide a useful framework for the design and evaluation of intergenerational community-building programs. Using an intervention research approach that draws heavily on empowerment theory, the author designed, facilitated, and evaluated an innovative model for intergenerational community engagement involving undergraduate students and older adult residents of an assisted living facility. This “Intergenerational Community Action Group” met at the assisted living facility throughout a school year to engage in group-building activities, to discuss and choose an issue of concern to them in the community, and to plan and implement an action project to address the issue. This article discusses the use of empowerment theory in intergenerational community action and similar programs, and reviews the empowerment outcomes for youth participants in the Intergenerational Community Action Group.
Sleep Timing Moderates the Concurrent Sleep Duration–Body Mass Index Association in Low-Income Preschool-Age Children

Abstract Objective To test the independent main and moderating effects of sleep timing on body mass index (BMI) in low-income preschool-age children (M = 4.11 years, SD = 0.54). Methods Parents reported demographics and children's sleep concurrently, and a subset of children was followed longitudinally. Child height and weight were measured and BMI z score (BMIz) calculated. Regression analysis evaluated main effects of sleep timing (bedtime, weekday-to-weekend schedule shifting, napping) on concurrent BMIz and future rate of change, and their moderating effects on the sleep duration–BMIz association. Results Of 366 children (longitudinal subsample = 273), 50% were boys, 57% white, and 37% overweight or obese. Nocturnal sleep duration predicted concurrent BMIz, but not rate of change in BMIz over time. Bedtime was a moderator; the sleep duration–BMIz association was present only among children with bedtimes after 9 pm (β = −0.44; 95% confidence interval −0.69, −0.18). Schedule shifting was a moderator; the association between greater nocturnal sleep duration and lesser rate of future BMIz increase was present only among children with the most consistent sleep schedules ( Conclusions Among low-income preschoolers, sleep timing moderated the nocturnal sleep duration–BMIz association. Understanding how sleep timing and sleep duration relate to childhood obesity is important for prevention efforts.
1‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl‐2,3‐dihydropyrrole

[73286-71-2] C9H15NO2 (MW 169.22.34) InChI = 1/C9H15NO2/c1-9(2,3)12-8(11)10-6-4-5-7-10/h4,6H,5,7H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = DCVICHWBECIALB-UHFFFAOYAH
QIP, a Protein That Converts Duplex siRNA Into Single Strands, is Required for Meiotic Silencing by Unpaired DNA

RNA interference (RNAi) depends on the production of small RNA to regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Two RNAi systems exist to control repetitive selfish elements in Neurospora crassa. Quelling targets transgenes during vegetative growth, whereas meiotic silencing by unpaired DNA (MSUD) silences unpaired genes during meiosis. The two mechanisms require common RNAi proteins, such as RNA-directed RNA polymerases, Dicers, and Argonaute slicers. We have previously demonstrated that, while Quelling depends on the redundant dicer activity of DCL-1 and DCL-2, only DCL-1 is required for MSUD. Here, we show that QDE-2-interacting protein (QIP), an exonuclease that is important for the production of single-stranded siRNA during Quelling, is also required for MSUD. QIP is crucial for sexual development and is shown to colocalize with other MSUD proteins in the perinuclear region.
Dynamics and Regrasping for Multiple Cooperating Robot Manipulators

This paper presents new results in the cooperative manipulation of objects by two or more manipulators. The case of contact due to additional manipulators grasping, or regrasping, a common object held by one or more manipulators is discussed. A model of instantaneous contact is derived, and the impulse force generated by contact found, based on the dynamic models of the manipulators and object. Applications to planning and control of interactive manipulation of common objects by multiple arms are discussed.
Training Adults with an Autism Spectrum Disorder to Conduct Discrete-Trial Training for Young Children with Autism: A Pilot Study.

We evaluated a behavioral skills training program for adults with autism spectrum disorder and mild or no intellectual disabilities who were interested in learning the skills used by behavior therapists to work with young children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Four adults, aged 21 to 30 years, participated. We trained each individually using verbal and written instructions, modeling, and role play with feedback to teach 2 basic skills to an adult who played the role of a young child with autism. We evaluated generalization of the discrete-trial training skills by having the participant (a) teach the adult confederate 2 additional targets that we had not included in training and (b) teach a new skill to a young child with autism. Results indicated that 3 of the 4 participants rapidly acquired discrete-trial training skills and that these skills generalized to new targets with the confederate adults and to teaching an actual child with autism.
Evoked potential decrements in auditory cortex. II. Critical test for habituation.

Abstract The goal of the present experiment was to rule out the hypothesis that evoked potential (EP) decrements during repetitive stimulation are due to a change in the subject's state; i.e., that the decrements are part of a general, non-selective, non-specific decrement in all EPs as a result of a change in state during the course of the experiment. To this end, we obtained average evoked potentials (AEPs) to tone pips of two different frequencies; pips of one frequency were the repetitive stimuli, and pips of the other frequency served as “test” stimuli. Before and again after a 15 min series of repetitive pips, AEPs to the repetitive stimuli and to the test stimuli were obtained. We found that from the beginning to the end of the 15 min repetitive-pip series, certain components of the AEPs to the repetitive stimuli decreased significantly in amplitude. However, comparable components in the AEPs to the test stimuli did not demonstrate significant decrements. These results suggested that the decrements were not part of a non-selective, non-specific, state-related decrement in all AEPs. However, the selective decrements could have been attributable to either of two aspects of the repetitive tone pips; their repetitive aspect, or their frequency. Because there were two independent variables, a counterbalanced design was required. We found that regardless of which frequency was repetitive , there were significant decrements in the AEPs to the repetitive stimuli and smaller decrements (if any) in the AEPs to the test stimuli. This ruled out the frequencies of the tone pips as critical factors in the decrements; by the process of elimination the repetitive aspect of the stimuli remained as the critical variable. Only decrements that were specific to the repetitive stimulus were considered to be habituatory. All of the habituatory decrements were in components subsequent to the initial AEP components and had latencies in the range of 17–105 msec. In several cases, when subjects participated in a supplemental experiment, the same AEP components demonstrated habituatory decrements in both experiments.
Amyris centinelensis and Zanthoxylum bonifaziae: Two New Species of Rutaceae from Western Ecuador

Abstract. Two new species of treelets/shrubs of the family Rutaceae, known only from the remnant wet forests of Province Los Rios in western Ecuador, are described and illustrated. Amyris centinelensis is characterized by the unifoliolate large leaves, long petioles, and large fruits, the largest among the South American unifoliolate species. Zanthoxylum bonifaziae is distinguished by the large paripinnate leaves, absence of spines, and mainly by the distinctive short, cauline inflorescences. Their relationships with closely related species are discussed.
Introduction to special section on North Pacific Carbon Cycle Variability and Climate Change

[1] This article compares the major findings of eight synthesis papers resulting from a workshop to examine carbon cycle variability and climate change in the tropical and extratropical North Pacific Ocean. The workshop's intent was to encourage scientific exchange, synthesis activities, and the development of new ideas among scientists from different countries and backgrounds who do not regularly collaborate, but share a common interest in the Pacific. Six of the papers focus on air-sea CO2 flux variability on timescales from years to decades. While the average North Pacific surface waters show increases in CO2 that are comparable to the increase in atmospheric CO2 over time, considerable temporal and spatial variations are observed. A recurring theme of these studies is that throughout most of the Pacific, interannual to decadal variations in CO2 fluxes are primarily controlled by variations in physical forcing with changes in the biological cycle being of secondary importance. The dominant mode of variability is confirmed to be associated with the El Nino–Southern Oscillation phenomenon, particularly in the tropical Pacific. Extratropical air-sea CO2 flux variability is substantially smaller, primarily because dissolved inorganic carbon and temperature driven variations in the seawater pCO2 tend to compensate each other. Temporal variations in the wind fields are also important for assessing the variability in air-sea CO2 fluxes. The two papers addressing carbon and oxygen cycle changes within the water column also found that variability in physical forcing can explain the magnitude and patterns of observed variability in apparent oxygen utilization and other tracers.
Binary Stars in Open Clusters: Connecting Observations and Simulations

Open clusters are laboratories for testing theories of binary evolution and dynamics against detailed observations. As part of the WIYN Open Cluster Study (WOCS), we are currently observing several open clusters spanning a wide range in age and metallicity, with primary goals of determining the binary frequencies and distributions of binary orbital parameters for their solar-type stars. Currently, the three WOCS clusters with the most complete data sets are M35 (0.15 Gyr), M67 (4 Gyr) and NGC 188 (7 Gyr). Despite the large differences in age, we find that all three of these rich clusters have remarkably similar solar-type binaries that are also consistent with comparable binaries in the Galactic field. These data have been critical for guiding our sophisticated open cluster N -body simulations, which enable us to investigate the dynamical evolution of rich binary populations and the production of exotic stars, like blue stragglers, within open clusters.
Consciousness and the Computational Mind

In Consciousness and the Computational Mind, Ray Jackendoff probes one of the fundamental issues in cognitive psychology: How does our conscious experience come to be the way it is? In so doing, he develops an overview of the mental representations invoked by the language, visual, and musical faculties, and describes how they are used in perception, production, imagery, and thought. He then explores how these representations determine the character of conscious awareness, arriving at the "Intermediate Level Theory" of consciousness, an account strikingly different from and more empirically adequate than the many previous theories examined in the book.
Orientalism today: Revisions and remakings

This paper examines the transformative role of Orientalism – a form of visual, literary, and ideological hybrid making that has impacted East/West perceptions and relations from the nineteenth century to the present day—in historical and contemporary terms. It focuses on post-colonial revisions of Orientalism and its varied meanings, as evidenced by 1) the recently expanded body of scholarship on this topic; 2) the acquisition of important Orientalist works by museums and collectors in North Africa and the Gulf region, and 3) the appropriation and re-making of Orientalist imagery by contemporary Arab artists such as Lalla Essaydi. While interrogating Orientalism's colonialist and hegemonic affiliations, this paper also underscores the richness and complexity of the East/West cultural dialogue it has engendered. This paper was presented as part of the Tasmeem Exploration Platform on March 17, 2013.
Reliability of self-reported alcohol consumption before and after December.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the reliability of a self-reported 12 month alcohol measure obtained 1 month before and after December. As part of a larger study involving multiple telephone contacts, this sample consisted of 112 volunteers who drank alcohol at least monthly. During telephone interviews, respondents were asked about their drinking in the last 12 months in November, 1989, and again in January, 1990. The results indicate that the sample reported significantly lower alcohol use during the past year after December. These lower estimates occurred in both the frequency and the average quantity per occasion measures. There were significant reductions in reports of alcohol consumption in the last 12 months after December for the group which was contacted more often (⩾ 7 times during December). The group contacted fewer times (⩽ 2 times during December) also reported lower, but not significant, amounts of alcohol consumed after December. These findings indicate that the prevailing idea that reports of last year's typical drinking obtained in January will be overstated because of the holiday season may be unfounded.
HOLE STATES IN $sup 19$Ne.

Levels of $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ below an excitation energy of 7 MeV have been investigated using the $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}(^{3}\mathrm{He},\ensuremath{\alpha})^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ reaction at a bombarding energy of 15 MeV. Previously unreported states of $^{19}\mathrm{Ne}$ were observed at excitation energies of 4.200, 4.625, 4.783, 5.351, 5.426, 5.463, 5.545, 5.831, 6.012, 6.089, 6.149, 6.290, 6.433, 6.744, 6.866, and 7.064 MeV. Angular distributions of strongly excited states are compared with distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations. The ground state and a state at 5.351 MeV have angular distributions characteristic of $l=0$ neutron pickup whereas states at 0.273, 1.615, 4.551, 6.012, and 6.744 MeV correspond to $l=1$ neutron pickup, and states at 0.238, 1.54, and 4.036 MeV correspond to $l=2$ neutron pickup. The following new spin and parity assignments are made: 1.51, (${\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$); 1.54, ${(\frac{3}{2})}^{+}$; 1.615, ${(\frac{3}{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 4.036, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{+}$, (${\frac{5}{2}}^{+}$); 4.551, ${\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 5.351, ${\frac{1}{2}}^{+}$; 6.012, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, (${\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$); 6.744, ${\frac{3}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, (${\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$); energies in MeV. Relative spectroscopic factors are extracted and are compared with predicted configurations of negative-parity states in mass-19 nuclei and with the predicted ground-state neutron configuration of $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$. Analog states in the mirror nucleus, $^{19}\mathrm{F}$, are discussed.
Ship Air Wake CFD Comparisons to Wind Tunnel and YP Ship Results (Invited)

As part of a project to determine ship air wake impact on naval rotary wing vehicles, this paper compares wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with in situ data that has been collected on an instrumented United States Naval Academy (USNA) YP (Patrol Craft, Training). The in situ data has been collected underway on a vessel which is 108 ft long and has a 24 ft above water line height. The wind tunnel data is from a 4% scale model tested in the USNA 42 × 60 × 120 inch wind tunnel. CFD simulations were performed on a 15.5 million tetrahedral unstructured grid. Data from the three sources is compared over 11 vertical and horizontal planes above the flight deck on the stern section of the YP. Data is compared for a head wind condition and for relative wind 15° off the starboard bow. Good comparison in velocity direction, typically less than 10-15°, is observed in the vertical and horizontal planes. Normalized velocity magnitudes do not compare as well, likely arising from the lack of an atmospheric boundary layer modeled in CFD simulations and wind tunnel testing.
Aggregate Uncertainty in Run-Off Elections

I develop a model of strategic entry by candidates for oce in runo↵ elections under aggregate uncertainty. I introduce aggregate uncertainty by making candidates unsure of the distribution of voter preferences in the electorate. The set of three candidate equilibria expands and equilibrium platforms become more diverse. These results provide a theoretical basis for Duverger’s Hypothesis, the claim that runo↵s encourage entry by more than two candidates. Three candidate equilibria also feature three common empirical phenomena that existing literature fails to generate. First, some candidates choose to enter despite losing with certainty in equilibrium. Second, in some equilibria, a Condorcet winning candidate fails to win the election, and a Condorcet losing candidate wins with positive probability. Finally, some candidates who reach the second round may receive fewer votes than they receive in the first round.
Bronchial Diverticula in Blarina brevicuada

A cursory examination of the thoracic viscera of the short-tailed shrew, Blarina brevicauda (Say), revealed a pair of extrapulmonary bronchial diverticula emerging from the dorsal caudal margin of the right posterior lobe of the lung. These received only passive interest as anomalous developments peculiar to the individual, until their presence in subsequently dissected specimens suggested that they might be a variation characteristic of the species. Though distal extrapulmonary extensions of the bronchi occur in birds and certain reptiles, where they function as vital or ancillary components of the respiratory system, no homologous structures have been described as a constant anatomical entity in mammalian lungs. By virtue of size and location, the bronchial diverticula in the shrew were non-functional in any respiratory capacity, and the existence of a more subtle selective factor was suspected to be responsible for their perpetuation in the heredity of the species. Therefore, in addition to a description of the diverticula, this study included an attempt to derive a functional apology for their occurrence from the histological and morphological picture presented by the lung of Blarina with regard to comparative evidence. The diverticula were found in all of ninety-four short-tailed shrews taken in Tolland Co., Connecticut. However, to ascertain if they were a universal possession of the species, a series geographically indicative of the population was necessary. The range of Blarina brevicauda , inclusive of several subspecies, covers all of eastern United States, extending from southeastern Canada to Florida, and west of the Mississippi as far as Nebraska. Through the courtesy of Dr. W. H. Burt, formalin-preserved specimens representing the following subspecies and locations were obtained from the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: one B. brevicauda brevicauda , Ontario, Wellington Co.; one B. brevicauda brevicauda , Maine, Franklin Co.; five B. brevicauda brevicauda , New Hampshire; …