cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of molecular-mimicry-based ligands for cholera diagnostics using magnetic relaxation.

When covalently bound to an appropriate ligand, iron oxide nanoparticles can bind to a specific target of interest. This interaction can be detected through changes in the solution’s spin-spin relaxation times (T2) via magnetic relaxation measurements. In this report, a strategy of molecular mimicry was used in order to identify targeting ligands that bind to the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). The cellular CTB-receptor, ganglioside GM1, contains a pentasaccharide moiety consisting in part of galactose and glucose units. We therefore predicted that CTB would recognize carbohydrate-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles as GM1 mimics, thus producing a detectable change in the T2 relaxation times. Magnetic relaxation experiments demonstrated that CTB interacted with the galactose-conjugated nanoparticles. This interaction was confirmed via surface plasmon resonance studies using either the free or nanoparticle-conjugated galactose molecule. The galactose conjugated nanoparticles were then used as CTB sensors achieving a detection limit of 40 pM. Via magnetic relaxation studies, we found that CTB also interacted with dextran-coated nanoparticles and surface plasmon resonance studies also confirmed this interaction. Additional experiments demonstrated that the dextran-coated nanoparticle can also be used as CTB sensors and that dextran can prevent the internalization of CTB into GM1-expressing cells. Our work indicates that magnetic nanoparticle conjugates and magnetic relaxation detection can be used as a simple and fast method to identify targeting ligands via molecular mimicry. Furthermore, our results show that the dextran-coated nanoparticles represent a low-cost approach for CTB detection.
Introduction: Remembering the Kahlschlag

Independence marked Peter Suhrkamp's (1891–1959) intellectual biography—also during the years of Nazi terror. Against the explicit orders of Goebbel's Ministry of Propaganda in 1943, Suhrkamp conti...
New Capabilities and Discovered Interconnectivities for a Curriculum-Integrated Multicourse Model Rocketry Project

To provide students a more coherent and cohesive view of the mechanical engineering curriculum, we created and are delivering a multicourse curriculum-integrated engineering project that permeates and unifies five required classes within our undergraduate curriculum: 1) Freshman Design, 2) Dynamics, 3) Numerical Analysis, 4) Fluid Mechanics, and 5) Thermodynamics. Students enrolled in these Rocket Project (RP) classes design, build, flight test, and analyze model rockets through hands-on exercises. These activities challenge students to work on different aspects of the same rocket project across all four years of their degree program. Critical to the seamless collection and presentation of data and experimental/numerical techniques across five courses was the development of new laboratory, field, and simulation capabilities driven by our goal: to measure all unknown variables needed for rocket performance analysis and modeling in-house without reliance on external data. These needed capabilities included: 1) collecting acceleration and barometric altitude data from a model rocket flight, 2) simulating via computer rocket trajectories for comparison to actual measured altitudes, 3) evaluating rocket performance by numerical methods to validate modeling assumptions, 4) determining rocket drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for velocities relevant to a launch, and 5) measuring rocket motor thrust as a function of time as well as the energy density of the fuel used. As these capabilities were developed, additional course interconnectivities and opportunities for data sharing were discovered and exploited to further enrich the course experience for students.
Restraint stress and repeated corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor activation in the amygdala both increase amyloid-β precursor protein and amyloid-β peptide but have divergent effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor and pre-synaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex of rats

Both environmental stress and anxiety may represent important risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Previous studies demonstrate that restraint stress is associated with increased amyloid beta (Aβ) and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in the brain. Aβ deposition, synaptic loss, and neurodegeneration define major hallmarks of AD, and BDNF is responsible for the maintenance of neurons. In contrast to restraint stress, repeated injections of sub-anxiogenic doses of the corticotrophin releasing factor receptor agonist urocortin1 (Ucn1) administered in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of rats elicits persistent anxiety-like responses. We hypothesized that both restraint stress and Ucn1-induced anxiety would contribute to a neurobiological abnormality that would change the levels of Aβ precursor protein (APP) and Aβ as well as BDNF and pre-synaptic markers. In the first experiment, adult male Wister rats (n=5) were subjected to 3-h restraint, as compared to unstressed controls. In the second experiment, adult male Wistar rats (n=6) were subjected to sub-anxiogenic doses of Ucn1 (6 fmol/100 nl) administered in the BLA for 5 consecutive days, as compared to controls. Following each respective treatment, the social interaction (SI) test was performed to measure anxiety-like behavior. Protein studies were then conducted to quantify levels of APP, Aβ, BDNF and presynaptic proteins in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In both experiments, we detected differences in either corticosterone levels or the SI test associated with a stress response. Furthermore, our findings indicate that both restraint stress and Ucn1 administration in the BLA lead to increased APP and Aβ deposition. However, restraint-induced stress leads to reductions in the levels of BDNF and presynaptic markers, while Ucn1-induced anxiety is associated with increases in the levels of each respective protein. This demonstrates a convergent role for stress response and Ucn1-induced anxiety in the regulation of APP and Aβ, but opposing roles for each respective treatment in the regulation of BDNF and presynaptic markers.
Prefacing the second decade

After a decade of exemplary leadership, and after declining my efforts to retain him for another term, Benoit Cushman-Roisin has stepped aside from his role as the founding Editor-in-Chief to become an associate editor of the journal. His original vision of the need for a journal at the interface between fluid mechanics and environmental science and engineering has materialized, and the Journal of Environmental Fluid Mechanics (EFM) is the result. Today, EFM attracts a healthy inpouring of papers covering a myriad of topics in environmental flows—atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, subsurface and surface flows. It enjoys a wide reputation for excellence, a respectable impact factor, great readership and worldwide circulation, thanks to the efforts of Benoit, the associate editors, the editorial board and the publisher. On behalf of the EFM community, it is opportune to take our hats off to Benoit for his initiative and dedication. In passing the baton to me, Benoit sets a daunting challenge—Onward and Upward [2]. To this end, the journal counts on the continued support of the EFM community: their submittal of trail-blazing papers of environmental relevance rich in elegant fluid mechanics. Papers that cut across disciplinary boundaries and are useful to practitioners are actively sought. The coverage of traditional topics such as waves, turbulence, stratified and rotating flows, instabilities and multi-phase flows continues to be a major pillar of the journal. Informative and comprehensive reviews of current importance that appeal to broad audiences are welcome. Rapid Communications that carry papers of immediate utility are being contemplated as a new feature. The need for a journal of the ilk of EFMwas articulated by Benoit in his original editorial [1], pointing out how the same basic fluid dynamics principles are used by different disciplines to achieve specific objectives. The new journal EFMwas taskedwith the understanding and analysis of natural flows, focusing on the well-being of ecosystems and on human quality of life, in particular. At that time, environmental flows were considered as something difficult to ‘design’ but in need of being observed and predicted. A decade later, however,
Ototoxicity in children treated for osteosarcoma

Background Cisplatin is an effective agent against osteosarcoma. Ototoxicity from osteosarcoma treatment protocols has not been well defined. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for hearing loss in children treated for osteosarcoma. Procedure Eligible patients had osteosarcoma diagnosed and treated at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Children's Hospital Boston from January 1, 1995 to December 12, 2004, were 3–18 years of age at diagnosis, and had a normal audiogram prior to the start of chemotherapy. Patients received cisplatin according to the standard practice or current open protocol. Patients who developed hearing loss during treatment had cisplatin held on an individualized basis. Hearing function was evaluated prior to the start of therapy, before each cycle, and off-therapy. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression models were used to identify univariate and independent predictors of hearing loss, respectively. Results Seven out of nine patients (78%) who received cisplatin 120 mg/m2/day on 1 day developed hearing loss compared to 8/27 (30%) who received 60 mg/m2/day for 2 days (P = 0.019). Logistic regression showed that age, cumulative cisplatin dose, and administration of cisplatin 120 mg/m2/day were independent predictors of hearing loss. Cisplatin administered as 60 mg/m2/day for 2 days resulted in a low incidence (30%) of any hearing loss and a very low incidence (4%) of educationally significant hearing loss. Conclusions Cisplatin administered as 60 mg/m2/day for 2 days resulted in a low incidence of significant hearing loss. These results suggest that cisplatin as 120 mg/m2/day be avoided due to an unacceptable incidence of hearing loss. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:387–391. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An orthopedic ethnography in rural Nepal.

(1984). An orthopedic ethnography in Rural Nepal. Medical Anthropology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 46-59.
Melanoma, Growth Factors, and Cutaneous Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Paraneoplastic syndromes are systemic reactions in patients with cancers that are unrelated to tumor size or location. Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes include proliferative, metabolic, and inflammatory skin disorders. Both systemic and cutaneous paraneoplastic reactions may occur in patients with malignant melanoma. Cancers, including melanoma, may produce growth factors, which may be responsible for proliferative cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes. A patient with malignant melanoma we previously reported, who had the sudden onset of acanthosis nigricans, skin tags (acrochordons), and seborrheic keratoses provides a model for proliferative cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes. High levels of α-TGF were found in the patient's urine prior to melanoma removal. The increased level of α-TGF declined after the melanoma was removed, and a corresponding clinical improvement in his acanthosis nigricans, skin tags, and seborrheic keratoses occurred. In the skin lesions, EGF receptors were abnormally present throughout all epidermal layers prior to melanoma removal, and returned to their normal distribution in the basal layers after surgery. Ectopic growth factor production by malignant melanomas and other epithelial neoplasms may cause rare, but distinctive cutaneous paraneoplastic lesions. The model of melanoma, cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes, and growth factors may provide understanding of both cutaneous lesions associated with neoplasia, and benign cutaneous lesions.
A stream's role in watershed nutrient export.

The small watershed concept developed by Bormann and Likens (1) is a powerful means to understand how watershed ecosystems function (2-4). The approach requires estimating both element inputs to a watershed (e.g., atmospheric deposition, weathering) and outputs, usually via the stream that drains the watershed. Outputs are calculated as the product of stream water element concentration and stream discharge at a gauging weir at the base of the watershed. Differences between inputs and outputs are caused by physical, chemical, or biological processes within the watershed. By experimentally manipulating a watershed, e.g., harvesting the trees, it is possible to estimate the biotic contribution to net element retention (5). One of the central findings from this type of research is that element export can dramatically increase after forest removal; e.g., nitrate-nitrogen concentrations can increase dramatically. If the small watershed approach is used to interpret only terrestrial processes, then a central assumption is that the stream is solely a transport mechanism out of the watershed, and any modifications to element export by the stream itself are minimal relative to changes caused by the terrestrial component of the ecosystem. As originally conceived, the small watershed approach included the stream as part of an integrated watershed ecosystem (1), but elevated element export after experimental forest removal showed that the terrestrial component of the ecosystem exerted much, if not most, of the control over element export and retention. Thus, ecologists applied this approach broadly to address terrestrial ecosystem function, for example, hypotheses of forest ecosystem nutrient retention during succession (2, 4), the role of riparian zones on controlling nutrient export from agricultural watersheds (3), and potential impacts from atmospheric deposition …
Ontogenesis of morphine-induced behavior in the rat

Ten, seventeen and twenty-four day old rats were observed using a behavioral-time sampling procedure following injection of saline, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg/5cc morphine sulphate. At Day 10, the predominant response to morphine was a depression of locomotor activity. At the 5 mg/kg dose, catalepsy was also seen. In animals of this age, 0.1 mg/kg morphine, which was not sufficient to depress activity, also had no effect on stereotyped gnawing/mouthing behavior, nor did it produce any increase in locomotor activity. A morphine-induced increase in locomotion was first seen on Day 17 (after 0.5 mg/kg morphine). As with Day 10 animals, Day 17 animals given 5 mg/kg morphine showed a depression of locomotion and catalepsy. Stereotypic gnawing/mouthing behavior was first seen in Day 24 animals (after 5 mg/kg morphine), although no dose of morphine produced significant differences in activity at this age. Possible mechanisms resulting in these marked alterations in behavioral response patterns to morphine during this two week period of ontogeny are discussed.
Renal tubular function in children with tyrosinaemia type I treated with nitisinone

Background: Tyrosinaemia type I (TTI) is an inherited deficiency in the enzyme fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase and is frequently complicated by renal tubular dysfunction which may persist in some patients after hepatic transplantation. Nitisinone has revolutionized the management of TTI but its effect on renal tubular dysfunction has not been described in a large cohort of patients.
KINETIC ENERGY AND QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION

The modulation of the vertical flux of kinetic energy to the stratosphere by the pressure-work effect at 100 mb is compared with variations in the hemispheric kinetic energy, the horizontal momentum and heat transports at 'low' latitudes, and the tropical zonal wind and temperature for the lower stratosphere. It is deduced that the variation of the vertical flux of geopotential is in phase with the kinetic energy in the lower stratosphere and is statistically related to the time rate of change of the horizontal transports of heat and momentum at 30 N. The association of these results to the general circulation of the lower stratosphere is considered.
Truth, belief, and vagueness

When Jones believes that Horatio planted petunias in the garden yesterday, and Smith shares this belief, then there is something which both Smith and Jones believe. The most convenient name I can think of for the thing which both believe is 'proposition'. And since I think all of us have many beliefs, I also think there are many propositions, at least some of which are believed by at least one of us. Of course, it is nothing philosophically new to cast propositions in the role of objects of belief, disbelief, and various other socalled 'propositional attitudes'. Moreover, if Jones, or anyone else for that matter, believes that Horatio planted petunias in the garden yesterday, it would be unreasonable for Jones to deny that Horatio planted petunias. It would be unreasonable because obviously Jones' belief logically implies that Horatio planted petunias, even though logicians may dispute about the formalities of this implication. This illustrates the point that the propositions which can serve as the objects of belief (or of propositional attitudes in general) have logical implications, and also are implied by propositions which in turn can be the objects of propositional attitudes. Thus, the very same propositions which serve as the objects for propositional attitudes also serve as subject matter for logic, although the preceding considerations leave open the possibility that the class of propositions dealt with in logic is wider than the class of possible objects for propositional attitudes of people. (Some propositions included in the subject matter of logic, for example, may be too complex to be believed by any person.) Logic, then, has at least the task of providing an account of the implications of and the various other logical relations between our beliefs, our disbeliefs, and the objects of our other propositional attitudes. (In addition, if there are propositions not subject to being objects of such attitudes, logic will also deal with them.) Because the set of propositions which logic must handle includes those propositions which real people actually believe in their day-to-day lives, logic must be prepared to deal with vague propositions, for people often have vague beliefs. This is not to say that in order to fulfill its mission to handle vague propositions logic itself must become vague. (The
Somatic Homologue Association

THERE have been several reports of somatic association of homologous chromosomes1–4. The significance of the phenomenon, for meiosis and evolution has been a matter of speculation4,5. In a study of Tasmanian rat kangaroo (Pt-Kl line) chromosomes labelled with tritium, we have observed chromosome configurations demonstrating homologue association at metaphase.
Tidal flexure zones at ice-sheet margins: comparison of InSAR with an elastic plate model

We compare interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations of tidal flexure on Antarctic and Greenland glaciers with a finite-element model simulation of tidal flexure on an elastic plate of ice. The results show that the elastic-plate model is able to reproduce with good fidelity the pattern of tidal flexure observed with InSAR. In the case of David Glacier, Antarctica, the model provides independent confirmation of its grounding-line position and unusual pattern of tidal flexure. A detailed analysis of temporal changes in tidal flexing on Petermann Gletscher, Greenland, and Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, however, reveals that Young’s elastic modulus of ice, E, employed in the simulations to match observations, needs to vary between 0.8 and 3.5 GPa. This time dependence of E is attributed to visco-plastic effects, not to a migration of the grounding line with tide, or measurement errors.
Phencyclidine in combination with pentobarbital: supra-additive effects on complex operant behavior in pigeons.

In one component of a multiple schedule, patas monkeys acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms (learning). In the other component, the four-response chain was the same each session (performance). The response chain in each component was maintained by food presentation under a fixed-ratio schedule. Errors produced a brief timeout but did not reset the chain. When administered alone, phencyclidine and pentobarbital, at the higher doses, generally decreased the overall response rate and increased the percent errors in both components. The performance component tended to be less sensitive than the learning component to the drug effects. When phencyclidine was administered in combination with pentobarbital, the phencyclidine dose-effect curves for both rate and accuracy generally shifted progressively to the left as the dose of pentobarbital was increased. In two of three monkeys, combinations of phencyclidine with a high dose of pentobarbital consistently produced greater rate-decreasing and error-increasing effects than expected from simple addition of the effects of each drug given alone. In other words, the phencyclidine-pentobarbital combinations produced supra-additive effects on responding under the multiple schedule.
Effect of the Circulation Number on the Stratification Coefficient for Solar Heating Systems

The effect of the circulation number (the number of times the entire storage mass is circulated through the system each day) on the stratification coefficient is investigated. An earlier model ignored the effect of the circulation number, assuming that a large value (a value > 2) did not have any effect. In this paper, an analytical model is developed to consider the effect of low circulation number. This model is combined with the previous model and a general expression for the stratification coefficient is developed that is valid for the entire range of circulation number. The extended analytical model is verified through numerical simulations. The results are valid for liquid-based as well as air heating systems. Clarifications are made regarding the definition of the stratification coefficient by introducing a concept of an instantaneous stratification coefficient.
Tuning biodegradable hydrogel properties via synthesis procedure

Abstract Biodegradable hydrogels have become a rapidly expanding area of research for biomedical applications. Poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) biodegradable hydrogels, in particular, have been studied extensively because of the ease of synthesis and range of properties exhibited. In this work, PBAE macromers were created with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA), and isobutylamine. Many methods have been presented that allow control over the resulting hydrogel behavior. Here, properties were varied by combining multiple diacrylate components in the macromer synthesis step (single macromer (SM)) or through the combination of multiple macromers prior to polymerization (double macromer (DM)). The exhibited properties are a result of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic contributions of the different diacrylate molecules to the macromer. The SM systems exhibited linear degradation profiles, the rate of degradation increased as the PEGDA concentration increased. DM systems exhibited a multiphase degradation profile as a result of the combination of macromers with different hydrophilic properties.
Depression, HIV dementia, delirium, posttraumatic stress disorder (or all of the above)

Abstract A 29-year-old single Puerto Rican woman with AIDS was admitted to the Medical Service for pneumonia, seen by the Psychiatric Consultation Service, and eventually transferred to the Inpatient Psychiatric Unit with several possible psychiatric diagnoses including major depression, HIV dementia, delirium, and posttraumatic stress disorder. These possibly coexisting and interacting syndromes are discussed by three psychiatrists, one of whom is also a board-certified neurologist. This case illustrates the combined contribution of organic and psychological factors to complex behavioral disorders, which are increasingly common in HIV infection.
MECHANISM OF CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER (CCB)-MEDIATED NATRIURESIS. † 2126

We have reported that the natriuresis induced by CCBs is mediated by their interaction with renal D1-like dopamine receptors (Am J Physiol 267:F965, 1994). Renal D1-like receptors produce a natriuresis by inhibition of both luminal sodium/hydrogen exchange (NHE) and basolateral Na+/K+ATPase activities. Whether CCBs produce a natriuresis by similar mechanisms is not known. We, therefore, measured NHE activity in renal brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) by the 3″ N-methyl-N-isobutyl amiloride (100 μM) sensitive uptake of 22Na; the ouabain (2 mM)-sensitive dephosphorylation of (Tris)-p-nitrophenylphosphate by K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase was used as the index of Na+/K+ATPase activity. The CCB, diltiazem (10 μg/kg/min) was infused into the right renal artery of anesthetized rats. After 80 min (time needed for maximal diuresis), the infused right and non-infused left (control) kidneys were analyzed. D1 receptor-mediated inhibition of renal proximal tubular NHE and outer medullary Na+/K+ATPase activity is via protein kinase A (PKA) activation. However, diltiazem did not affect NHE activity in BBMV (control = 1.29 ± 0.44, n = 3, diltiazem = 1.24± 0.39 nmol/mg protein/min) or PKA activity in renal cortical tubules(n = 4). Diltiazem also did not affect Na+/K+ATPase activity of tubular suspensions from the inner stripe of the outer medulla (n = 8). However, the diltiazem-induced natriuresis (up to-fold, without hemodynamic changes) was significantly correlated with the inhibition (34 ± 7%) of renal cortical tubular Na+/K+ATPase activity (r = 0.87, p<0.01, n = 8). Thus, diltiazem appears to induce a natriuresis by inhibition of Na+/K+ATPase activity in renal cortex. Since the dopamine-mediated inhibition of renal cortical tubular Na+/K+ATPase activity is due to PKC, it is possible that CCB/D1 receptor interaction occurs at this level.
Vesicoureteral reflux simulating renal mass lesions

Abstract Two cases of renal pseudotumor formation resulting from vesicoureteral reflux are presented. In one instance the mass effect resulted from focal parenchymal changes, and in the other it was secondary to incomplete filling of a dilated renal pelvis.
Large inverted repeats in the vicinity of a single double-strand break strongly affect repair in yeast diploids lacking Rad51

Abstract DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are critical lesions that can lead to cell death or chromosomal rearrangements. Rad51 is necessary for most mitotic and meiotic DSB repair events, although a number of RAD51-independent pathways exist. Previously, we described DSB repair in rad51Δ yeast diploids that was stimulated by a DNA region termed “facilitator of break-induced replication” (FBI) located approximately 30 kb from the site of an HO-induced DSB. Here, we demonstrate that FBI is a large inverted DNA repeat that channels the repair of DSBs into the single-strand annealing-gross chromosomal rearrangements (SSA-GCR) pathway. Further, analysis of DSB repair in rad54Δ cells allowed us to propose that the SSA-GCR repair pathway is suppressed in the presence of Rad51p. Therefore, an additional role of Rad51 might be to protect eukaryotic genomes from instabilities by preventing chromosomal rearrangements.
Nonlinear dynamic response of window glass plates subjected to fluctuating wind pressures

Abstract It is common practice to analyze and design window glass units using an equivalent static wind pressure. Little is known with regard to the dynamic behavior of window glass units subjected to a fluctuating wind pressure. Here, a mathematical model is developed to determine this dynamic behavior. A random fluctuating wind pressure is simulated using the well known Davenport spectrum for wind velocity and Vaicaitis expression for generating discrete wind velocity-time data. For the analysis of the plate, the dynamic nonlinear von Karman plate equations are used. The dynamic finite difference model developed by Vallabhan and Selvam is modified to consider the response due to sample fluctuating wind pressures. Time dependent displacement and maximum tensile principal stress in two vibrating glass plates are the outcome of this analysis.
Response-Reinforcer Relations and Resistance to Change

Behavioral momentum theory suggests that the relation between a response and a reinforcer (i.e., response-reinforcer relation) governs response rates and the relation between a stimulus and a reinforcer (i.e., stimulus-reinforcer relation) governs resistance to change. The present experiments compared the effects degrading response-reinforcer relations with response-independent or delayed reinforcers on resistance to change in conditions with equal stimulus-reinforcer relations. In Experiment 1, pigeons responded on equal variable-interval schedules of immediate reinforcement in three components of a multiple schedule. Additional response-independent reinforcers were available in one component and additional delayed reinforcers were available in another component. The results showed that resistance to disruption was greater in the components with added reinforcers than without them (i.e., better stimulus-reinforcer relations), but did not differ for the components with added response-independent and delayed reinforcement. In Experiment 2, a component presenting immediate reinforcement alternated with either a component that arranged equal rates of reinforcement with a proportion of those reinforcers being response independent or a component with a proportion of the reinforcers being delayed. Results showed that resistance to disruption tended to be either similar across components or slightly lower when response-reinforcer relations were degraded with either response-independent or delayed reinforcers. These findings suggest that degrading response-reinforcer relations can impact resistance to change, but that impact does not depend on the specific method and is small relative to the effects of the stimulus-reinforcer relation.
Note: A note on maximal progression-free sets

Erdos et al [Greedy algorithm, arithmetic progressions, subset sums and divisibility, Discrete Math. 200 (1999) 119-135.] asked whether there exists a maximal set of positive integers containing no three-term arithmetic progression and such that the difference of its adjacent elements approaches infinity. This note answers the question affirmatively by presenting such a set in which the difference of adjacent elements is strictly increasing. The construction generalizes to arithmetic progressions of any finite length.
An optimal multivariate spline method of recovery of twice differentiable functions

A continuous quadratic polynomial spline of several variables is constructed. It solves the optimal recovery problem studied by V.F. Babenko, S.V. Borodachov, and D.S. Skorokhodov for the class of functions defined on a convex polytope in Rd, whose second derivatives in any direction are uniformly bounded, and for a periodic analogue of this class. The information consists of the values and gradients of the function at some finite set of nodes in Rd.
Time-periodic solutions of wave equations on ℝ1 and ℝ3

The classical Paiey-Wiener theorem and Hilbert space methods are used to show the existence of time-periodic solutions of the wave equation wtt−wrr+λw=h, 0 < r < + ∞, which are radially symmetric and have exponential decay as r + ∞. This problem is obtained when considering a one-dimensional or three-dimensional problem, and should be thought of as a linearization of a semilinear problem in which the associated linear operator has point spectrum (− ∞, λ). When λ ⩽ 0 there is uniqueness, otherwise there is a non-trivial finite-dimensional null space. Estimates on w, wt, wr are obtained, which show that in either case there is a continuous correspondence h w, where w is a uniquely characterized solution.
Carnitine acetyltransferase: A review of its biology, enzymology, and bioorganic chemistry

Abstract The review begins with brief introductory remarks about the significance of carnitine. This is followed by a historical section on its discovery and function, ending with a listing of carnitine-dependent enzymes. Carnitine acetyltransferase then becomes the entire focus of the review. The ubiquity of the protein in tissues and organelles is emphasized in an initial section. A discussion of its enzymology follows, beginning with physical properties and kinetics and ending with substrate and inhibitor specificities. The review concludes with a discussion of proposed molecular mechanisms.
Velocity changing collisions in the laser saturation spectra of 87Rb D2 F″ = 2

Abstract The saturation absorption technique is applied to the 87 Rb 2 S 1/2 F″ = 2 → 2 P 3/2 F′ = 1, 2 and 3 transitions to study the effect of velocity changing collisions (VCC). The VCC caused Doppler pedestal increases with argon pressure from 0 to 110 mTorr and decreases with modulation frequencies of 700–3200 Hz. The resonances of the velocity selective, saturated optical pumping are washed out for pressure of 110 mTorr. The magnitude of the Doppler pedestal relative to the homogeneous features, yields a rate for velocity changing collisions of 6.5 ± 0.2 × 10 −10 cm 3 s −1 .
A mechanism-based framework for the numerical analysis of creep in zircaloy-4

Abstract A deformation-mechanism map has been developed for unirradiated zircaloy-4 based on the creep data available from the literature of the last 35 years. These data have been analyzed to identify different creep mechanisms, based on the forms of the relationships between stress, temperature and strain rate. This identification allowed the activation energies and other associated creep parameters to be derived for each mechanism. The creep parameters were used to construct a deformation-mechanism map for zircaloy-4 that shows the conditions under which different mechanisms are dominant. This information provides an important tool for assessing the effects of stress and temperature in design, especially when extrapolating to different regimes. As an example of how this information might be used in a numerical analysis for design purposes, a novel mechanism-based creep framework was implemented within a finite-element code. Although the framework was developed specifically for zircaloy-4, it provides a general example of how mechanism-based creep laws can be implemented into finite-element analyses. This approach allows the creep of complex geometries to be analyzed rigorously, with the dominant deformation mechanisms being identified and evolving automatically in response to the local temperatures and stresses.
Scheduling unrelated parallel machines with sequence-dependent setups

A methodology for minimizing the weighted tardiness of jobs in unrelated parallel machining scheduling with sequence-dependent setups is presented in this paper. To comply with industrial situations, the dynamic release of jobs and dynamic availability of machines are assumed. Recognizing the inherent difficulty in solving industrial-size problems efficiently, six different search algorithms based on tabu search are developed to identify the best schedule that gives the minimum weighted tardiness. To enhance both the efficiency and efficacy of the search algorithms, four different initial solution finding mechanisms, based on dispatching rules, are developed. While there is no evidence of identifying solutions of better quality by employing a specific initial solution finding mechanism, the use of a specific search algorithm led to identifying solutions of better quality or that required lower computation time, but not both. Based on the extensive statistical analysis performed, the search algorithm with short-term memory and fixed tabu list size is recommended for solving small size problems, while that with long-term memory and minimum frequency for solving medium and large size problems, combined with fixed tabu list size for the former and variable tabu list size for the latter.
Alteration in liver pyruvate kinase protein and catalytic activity upon starvation and refeeding

Abstract Liver pyruvate kinase (L-type isozyme) was purified from the livers of rats fed a high carbohydrate, low protein diet for 4 days. The protein was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with and without added sodium dodecyl sulfate and as judged by high speed sedimentation and low speed equilibrium centrifugation. The specific activity of the purified protein was 190–220 international units (IU)/mg. A precipitating antiserum directed specifically against liver pyruvate kinase was obtained from rabbits and was used to determine the amount of liver pyruvate kinase protein present in the 80,000g supernatant fraction of rat liver homogenates in response to the dietary status of the animal. Rats maintained on a high carbohydrate, low protein diet for 4 days prior to sacrifice have at least 20 mg of precipitable liver pyruvate kinase protein per liver. Starvation of the animal results in a marked reduction in liver pyruvate kinase so that by 3 days of starvation less than 7 mg of liver pyruvate kinase protein per liver remains. Refeeding the animal a high carbohydrate, low protein diet results in a return of the liver pyruvate kinase protein to the prestarvation level of 20 mg per liver. The liver pyruvate kinase activity per liver varies in the same direction as does the liver pyruvate kinase protein but does not parallel the change in protein. Animals fed a high carbohydrate, low protein diet for 4 days have 60–70 IU/mg of liver pyruvate kinase protein whereas animals starved for periods exceeding 30 h have greater than 100 IU/mg of liver pyruvate kinase protein. Refeeding starved animals with a high carbohydrate, low protein diet initially causes a large increase in activity per milligram of liver pyruvate kinase protein followed by a return of this value to the prestarvation level. The observed rise in the ratio of activity per milligram of liver pyruvate kinase protein during starvation suggests a modification in the enzyme protein resulting either in an increase in the specific activity of the enzyme or in a decrease in the affinity of the enzyme for the antibody.
MO-A-224C-01: Daily Localization I: KV/CBCT

Daily target localization is a critical step to secure accurate delivery for 3‐D conformal radiation therapy and intensity‐modulated radiation therapy. One emerging technology using in‐room kilovoltage (kV) imaging has shown to be very promising for targeting treatment volumes. The major advantages of using kV imaging are 1) its comparable contrast between soft tissue and bone structure to that in simulation images, 2) real‐time high resolution fluoroscopic imaging, 3) lower radiationdose to patient compared to conventional MV imaging, and 4) availability of reconstructing tomographic images (for example, cone‐beam CT) using 2‐ D kV projection images. At present, different types of in‐room kV imagingsystems are being developed for different applications such as in‐room CT on rail, ceiling‐mounted dual‐source/detector configuration, and gantrymounted single source/detector system. In terms of clinical applications, some generate 2‐D radiographic images for target verification based on bony marks or implanted surrogator while others generate 3‐D tomographic images for target verification based on both soft tissues and bony structures. Some could be used for viewing organ motion to verify applied margin while others could be used for monitoring target motion to verify dynamic delivering or gated treatment. Issues related to the risk and benefit between imaging information and radiationdose using 2‐D or 3‐D imaging, the geometric accuracy of imagingsystems, trade‐off between treatment accuracy vs. time required to carry on imaging and manipulation process, early image‐guided protocols for basic clinical applications, etc. will be discussed. Some new developments related to effective and efficient use of in‐room kV and MV imaging, tomographic image reconstruction using limited number and angle projections have shown very promising for future clinical applications. This lecture will describe the commercially avaialbe kV imagingsystems, as we as their applicable clinical protocols, acceptance testing and commissioning processes, basic QA requirements, system limitations, and potential future developments. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the latest commercial available technologies for in‐room kV and CBCTsystems. 2. Understand the basic functionalities of in‐room kV imagingsystem. 3. Understand the basic imaging applications. 4. Understand the basic system limitations and QA.
Performance studies as women's work: Historical sights/sites/citations from the margin

Constructing a consciousness of the presence and absence of sexual difference in performance studies mandates a new story of performance as women's work. This construction moves women from the periphery of performance history to the center, problematizes the presence and performances of women in the past, and interrogates the politics of oral interpretation textbooks' gender neutrality. The sight of the first actress/readers on the American platform, the site of speech education in private academies in turn‐of‐the‐century America, and oral interpretation's citations, metaphorical attempts at “writing the body,” are cultural, historical, and linguistic textual spaces of representation and identity. These neutered, condemned, and policed spaces of display for women are routes to the margin of the communication discipline.
Synthetic event-related potentials: A computational bridge between neurolinguistic models and experiments

Our previous work developed Synthetic Brain Imaging to link neural and schema network models of cognition and behavior to PET and fMRI studies of brain function. We here extend this approach to Synthetic Event-Related Potentials (Synthetic ERP). Although the method is of general applicability, we focus on ERP correlates of language processing in the human brain. The method has two components: Phase 1: To generate cortical electro-magnetic source activity from neural or schema network models; and Phase 2: To generate known neurolinguistic ERP data (ERP scalp voltage topographies and waveforms) from putative cortical source distributions and activities within a realistic anatomical model of the human brain and head. To illustrate the challenges of Phase 2 of the methodology, spatiotemporal information from Friederici's 2002 model of auditory language comprehension was used to define cortical regions and time courses of activation for implementation within a forward model of ERP data. The cortical regions from the 2002 model were modeled using atlas-based masks overlaid on the MNI high definition single subject cortical mesh. The electromagnetic contribution of each region was modeled using current dipoles whose position and orientation were constrained by the cortical geometry. In linking neural network computation via EEG forward modeling to empirical results in neurolinguistics, we emphasize the need for neural network models to link their architecture to geometrically sound models of the cortical surface, and the need for conceptual models to refine and adopt brain-atlas based approaches to allow precise brain anchoring of their modules. The detailed analysis of Phase 2 sets the stage for a brief introduction to Phase 1 of the program, including the case for a schema-theoretic approach to language production and perception presented in detail elsewhere. Unlike Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) and Bojak's mean field model, Synthetic ERP builds on models of networks that mediate the relation between the brain's inputs, outputs, and internal states in executing a specific task. The neural networks used for Synthetic ERP must include neuroanatomically realistic placement and orientation of the cortical pyramidal neurons. These constraints pose exciting challenges for future work in neural network modeling that is applicable to systems and cognitive neuroscience.
The correction factor for fast neutron reactions on sulfur and oxygen in the manganous-sulfate-bath calibration of neutron sources

Abstract A Monte Carlo calculation has been made of the correction for neutrons lost to (n,α) and (n,p) reactions with sulfur and oxygen in the manganous sulfate bath calibration of neutron sources. The correction factor is given as a function of initial neutron energy for monoenergetic neutrons in an infinite bath and as a function of manganous sulfate concentration. The correction factors for various published source spectra are also given. The uncertainty in the correction for a given source spectrum due to uncertainties in the source spectrum is much larger than those due to the Monte Carlo calculation or the cross sections.
Optical-phonon transport and localization in periodic and Fibonacci polar-semiconductor superlattices

Abstract A transfer-matrix formalism is employed to study optical-phonon transport in a macroscopic continuum model for both periodic and Fibonacci polar-semiconductor superlattices. A phonon bandgap with subband structures is obtained for the periodic superlattices. However, in the Fibonacci superlattices, there is a spectrum trifurcation and self-similarity. The LO phonon localization length is calculated from which we confirm the existence of complete exponential localization of LO phonons.
TU‐D‐ValA‐07: Prioritized Prescription‐Goal Treatment Planning for IMRT: The Effect of Constraint Moderation

Purpose: Determining the ‘best’ optimization parameters in IMRT planning is typically a time‐consuming trial‐and‐error process with no unambiguous termination point. Recently we and others proposed using a goal‐programming approach which better captures the prioritization of clinical goals without introducing ambiguous user‐input parameters. We consider here the effect of adding ‘slip’ to this method, which allows for slight degradations in metric performance compared to maximum achievable. Method and Materials: In the first phase of the optimization process, only the highest‐order goals are considered (target coverage and dose‐limiting normal structures). In subsequent phases (levels), the achievements of the previous step are turned into hard constraints and lower‐order goals are optimized subject to these constraints. Slip factors were introduced to allow for slight violations of the constraints. Linear as well as quadratic goal terms were evaluated for performance as well as dosimetric ‘steerability.’ The resulting constraints can also be expressed as linear or quadratic equations.Results: Focusing on head and neck cases, we present several examples of treatment plans using prioritized optimization. These are compared to conventional IMRT plans in terms of dosimetric properties and optimization speed. The main advantages of the new optimization method are (1) its ability to generate plans that meet the clinical goals/prescriptions without tuning any weighting factors or dose‐volume constraints, and (2) the ability to conveniently include more terms which represent elements such as beam weight smoothness. Lower level goals can be optimized to the achievable limit without compromising higher order goals. Modest slip factors improved overall performance. Conclusion: The prioritized prescription‐goal planning method including slip factors allows for a more intuitive and human‐time‐efficient way of dealing with conflicting goals compared to the conventional trial‐and‐error method of varying weighting factors. This research was supported by a NIH grant R01 CA90445 and a grant from TomoTherapy, Inc.