cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Pressure Broadened Spectral Line Shapes Including Collisional Transfer of Intensity

Spectral line shapes, including widths and shifts of isolated lines and collisional transfer of intensity among overlapping lines, can be described within the impact approximation by generalized (kinetic theory) collision cross sections. Theoretical determination of line shapes thus requires accurate molecular scattering calculations to obtain collisional S-matrices and this, in turn, requires detailed knowledge of the intermolecular forces. Advances in computational abilities now permit rather accurate calculations, at least for some simple systems. This is illustrated by a review of recent studies of broadening and shifting of isolated lines of CO and D2 in He and of HCl in Ar. Line-coupling cross sections, which describe collisional transfer of intensity, have received much less attention although they are quite important for several practical applications and are no more difficult to compute. Recent work for CO in He demonstrates the ability to obtain an accurate theoretical description for both “micro-windows” in the infrared fundamental band and for the Raman Q-branch.
Physician workforce: addressing shortages in Hawai'i.

In the February 2010 Medical School Hotline, we reviewed initial findings of a JABSOM study commissioned by the Hawai‘i State Legislature to assess trends in physician workforce in Hawai‘i. The results demonstrated that the population adjusted physician workforce of actively practicing physicians in Hawai‘i is lower than national norms and that this deficit will grow rapidly over the next 20 years.1 In March, the performance of the State was assessed against seven recommendations made by the Physician Workforce Task Force of the American Association of Medical Colleges published in June of 2006. Initial steps have been taken with several of the recommendations such as increasing the size of the medical school class and the availability of graduate medical education programs which remain important but incomplete in addressing the developing physician shortages.2 While it makes sense to start with general assessments of overall numbers of physicians and training positions in the state, the reality is that solving workforce shortages will require attention to additional factors. In this article key factors are considered in addressing the training and distribution of the physician workforce in an Island state. Lessons from Civil Defense On February 27th, 2010, an earthquake measuring 8.8 on the Richter scale hit Chile creating a tidal wave in the Pacific. Tsunami watchers sounded the alarm that set off a series of well orchestrated efforts to preserve life and property. While several elements of the plan were centralized and/or standardized (e.g. tracking the wave or sounding sirens) key elements of the assessment of risk, emergency services, and evacuation plans were distinctly local. Rural communities are often isolated in a disaster but none so much as an island community. Planning must take into consideration local challenges and include Island specific solutions. Using this same State/local self-sufficiency approach will be important when planning health service delivery, as resources, including physicians, become scarcer. JABSOM can provide a statewide workforce assessment with trained medical students and post-graduate trainees (Residents and Fellows). The Department of Health can contribute specific plans for the integration of disease/injury focused or population focused health services. Recruitment, retention, and distribution of physicians to best serve the population will require collaboration by hospital systems. The needs of each Island individually and the State collectively will need to be considered. Leaders across the state are examining creative ways to address these issues. Recent promising activities to improve the situation of physician shortages that should be encouraged and expanded are:
Reduction mod p and Torsion Points

Reduction modulo p defined Z → Z/p Z = F p is a fundamental construction for studying equations in arithmetic. Another basic advantage of projective space over affine space is that the entire rational projective space can be reduced modulo p, P h (Q) → P n (F p ), in such a way that rational curves (curves defined over Q) and their intersection points also reduce modulo p. The first task is to study when the reduced curve is again smooth and when intersection multiplicities are preserved. This is an extension of the ideas in Chapter 2 to arithmetic.
Measurement of adipose-tissue metabolites in vivo.

1. The concentrations of glucose, pyruvate, lactate, citrate, glutamate, malate and aspartate were measured in epididymal adipose tissue from starved, fed and starved–re-fed rats. 2. To measure these intermediates it was necessary to correct for their concentration in the extracellular tissue space, which was considered to be most satisfactorily equated with the glucose space. This space in vivo was 7·42, 4·90 and 7·54ml./100g. wet wt. of tissue in adipose tissue taken from starved, fed and starved–re-fed rats respectively. After correction for the glucose space, the concentrations of metabolites (nmoles/g. of cells) in epididymal adipose tissue of fed rats were: pyruvate, 8·5; lactate, 50·3; citrate, 18·5; glutamate, 100·0; malate, 6·4; aspartate, 34·2. 3. Starvation for 72hr. resulted in a fall in pyruvate and aspartate concentrations to 3·57 and 25·1nmoles/g.; starvation for 72hr. followed by re-feeding for 72hr. caused an increase in glutamate and aspartate concentrations to 140 and 67·6nmoles/g. 4. These changes are interpreted with regard to the simultaneous alteration in lipogenesis that occurs during the starvation–re-feeding cycle.
Cervical Lymph Node Fine-Needle Aspiration and Needle-Wash Thyroglobulin Reflex Test for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology coupled with needle-wash thyroglobulin (FNA-Tg) testing is recommended for cervical lymph node (LN) biopsies in patients with a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). However, the procedure has not been standardized with the assay for FNA-Tg testing. A standard operating procedure (SOP) has been generated at our facility for cervical LN FNAs with Tg reflex testing on patients with a history of PTC. The procedure requires FNA cytology to be reviewed first, and all cases not positive for PTC are reflexed for FNA-Tg testing with the Beckman Access thyroglobulin assay. The thyroglobulin cutoff value is ≤ 1.0 ng/mL. From 2016 to 2017, 117 patients, including 71 women and 46 men, were identified as having a history of PTC. Patients’ clinical characteristics were collected from medical records. A total of 143 LN biopsies were investigated for these patients. The results show that four out of 11 (36.4%) non-diagnostic LNs and five out of five (100%) atypical/suspicious LNs tested positive for FNA-Tg. Among these nine patients with positive thyroglobulin testing, LN metastases were proven histologically for all nine patients, and two patients were treated with LN ablation. Out of 68 LNs positive for PTC, three had FNA-Tg results. FNA-Tg testing was ordered for unknown reasons on two positive LNs (> 5000 ng/mL thyroglobulin) from one patient. The third LN was tested due to non-classic morphology, and the result was less than the cutoff value. Three patients with negative LN biopsies were tested to have elevated (> 1.0 ng/mL) thyroglobulin levels. One patient (FNA-Tg ng/mL) was proven to have multiple metastatic LNs through follow-up surgery. However, no positive LN was identified for the other two patients who had FNA-Tg level of 4.1 ng/mL and 37 ng/mL respectively. This is likely due to contamination, as these two patients had intact thyroids. In our practice, the FNA-Tg test is a very useful adjunct test to LN FNA specimens with a non-positive diagnosis in patients with a history of PTC. Furthermore, FNA-Tg testing increases diagnostic sensitivity among non-diagnostic and atypical/suspicious LNs. However, FNA-Tg testing should not substitute conventional cytology due to the following reasons: (1) false-negative thyroglobulin lab results; (2) PTC with loss of thyroglobulin expression; (3) LN metastasis from other origins; and (4) false-positive thyroglobulin testing due to blood contamination in patients who are not completely athyrotic.
Ultraviolet Light-Assisted Photocatalytic Disinfection of Escherichia coli and Its Effects on the Quality Attributes of White Grape Juice

Ultraviolet (UV) light-assisted titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis is an emerging technology in food safety that utilizes TiO2 photocatalysts to accelerate the generation of reactive oxygen species during UV illumination. In this work, we studied the use of immobilized TiO2-SiO2 photocatalysts illuminated with UVA radiation (350 nm; 14.8 mW/cm2) for the inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 in white grape juice, and compared the effectiveness of the photocatalytic disinfection with respect to the quality attributes of white grape juice against those of thermal and UVC (254 nm; 19.7 mW/cm2) treated samples. To obtain a 5-log reduction of the target microorganism, treatment durations of UVA in the absence and presence of the photocatalyst were 60 and 40 min, respectively. A 5-log reduction with UVC radiation led to the loss of health-related compounds such as vitamin C, total phenolic content, and total antioxidant capacity at 92.0 ± 1.1%, 19.4 ± 5.6%, and 54.3 ± 10.0%, respectively. However, the same level of reduction with UVA led to a loss of 74.2 ± 2.3%, 7.1 ± 3.6%, and 39.7 ± 2.5%, and with UVA-assisted photocatalytic method resulted in a loss of 75.8 ± 6.1%, 13.6 ± 5.8%, and 45.6 ± 4.4% of vitamin C, total phenolic content, and total anti-oxidant capacity, respectively. Given its efficacy in deactivating E. coli while retaining a relatively higher level of health-related constituents in the fruit juice compared to other common pasteurization techniques, the photocatalyst developed in this study provides a promising technology for food disinfection.
Connecting New Freshmen With the Library: People, Places, and Problem Solving

Abstract This case study describes the process of using gamification strategies to design and develop a library orientation for incoming freshmen at a large urban public university. Description of the process includes brainstorming ideas with library staff, the iterative design process, and how methods of formative and summative assessment were integrated to evaluate learning and impact. More than a traditional scavenger hunt or library orientation, this adventure game titled “A Day in the Life” ultimately guides small groups of students through a narrative of an average day of an undergraduate student—requiring them to problem-solving at each stop along the way, where learning is assessed and reinforced through their participation in a variety of games. This fun, engaging, and successful activity is a low-cost, high-impact method of engaging a large number of students in understanding the extent and value of the library and other academic support services, as they begin their freshman year, and can be easily replicated for an academic library of any size.
Single Center Percutaneous Right Ventricular Assist Device Experience - 100% In-Hospital Survival Post-Left Ventricular Assist Device

Purpose Right ventricular (RV) failure is a frequent complication of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation in patients with end-stage heart failure, impacting 20% of patients. Percutaneous support can be used in this scenario, however prior data supporting this approach showed survival at 30 days or hospital discharge was only 60%. Methods Retrospective review was conducted of all patients who developed severe RV failure requiring percutaneous right ventricular assist device (RVAD) following durable LVAD implant between 01/01/2017 and 07/31/2018. Patient demographics were reviewed in addition to key hemodynamic and laboratory values were collected pre-RVAD implantation and at the time of explant (post-RVAD). Pre-RVAD and post-RVAD data was compared using paired T tests. Survival at 30 days or at date of hospital discharge (whichever was longer) was considered as the primary outcome. Patient hemodynamic measures were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Results Of 41 patients who received LVAD, 10 (24%) developed severe RV failure postoperatively. Baseline characteristics include age 51±14.5 years, with 30% females. Incidence of ischemic cardiomyopathy was 20%. Most patients received LVAD as destination therapy (80%). RVAD support via percutaneous cannulation was maintained for a median duration of 15.5 days (Range - 7 to 23 days). Survival at 30 days or to hospital discharge was 100%. We observed a reduction in central venous pressure from 17.2±4.5 mm(Hg) to 11±3.1 mm(Hg), p=0.004 and an increase in LVAD flow from 4.5±0.8 l/min to 5.1±0.4 l/min, p=0.018. There was a trend towards increase in mixed venous oxygen saturation from 61.5±11.1% to 67.0±7.0%, p=0.224. Conclusion Percutaneous RVAD cannulation for treatment of RV failure after LVAD implantation provides superior early postoperative survival than traditional management techniques. These findings support broader implementation of this technique to further characterize its benefit.
A Fast Scheme for the Uniform Sampling of Binary Matrices with Fixed Margins

Uniform sampling of binary matrix with fixed margins is an important and difficult problem in statistics, computer science, ecology and so on. The well-known swap algorithm would be inefficient when the size of the matrix becomes large or when the matrix is too sparse/dense. Here we propose the Rectangle Loop algorithm, a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to sample binary matrices with fixed margins uniformly. Theoretically the Rectangle Loop algorithm is better than the swap algorithm in Peskun's order. Empirically studies also demonstrates the Rectangle Loop algorithm is remarkablely more efficient than the swap algorithm.
“Plasma Concentration-Time Profile” as an Indefinite Claim Term: A Lesson from Forest Labs., Inc. v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc.

Abstract Forest Labs., Inc. v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc., 716 F. App'x 987 (Fed. Cir. 2017), teaches that when “human pharmacokinetic study” is read into a claim, the specification should identify the ...
A Reduced-order Model for Analyzing Heat Transfer in a Thermal Energy Storage Module

Thermal energy storage (TES) modules are specifically designed to respond to transient thermal loading. Their dynamic response depends on the overall structure of the module, including module geometry and dimensions, the internal spatial distribution of phase change material (PCM) and conductive heat-spreading elements, and the thermophysical properties of the different materials composing the module. However, due to the complexity of analyzing a system’s dynamic thermal response to transient input signals, optimal design of a TES module for a particular application is challenging. Conventional design approaches are limited by (1) the computational cost associated with high fidelity simulation of heat transfer in nonlinear systems undergoing a phase transition and (2) the lack of model integration with robust optimization tools. To overcome these challenges, we derive and validate a reduced-order dynamic model of a metal-PCM composite TES module. Through simulation and validation of both turbulent and laminar flow cases, we demonstrate the accuracy of the reduced-order model in predicting, both spatially and temporally, the evolution of the dynamic model states and other system variables of interest, such as PCM melt fraction. The validated model is then used to conduct an initial design optimization of the TES module.
Containment Strategies for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) represent one of the most critical emerging antimicrobial-resistance threats globally. Data from low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) are increasingly reported as a part of global efforts to improve surveillance, and they demonstrate a high and increasing burden of CRE. However, containment of CRE using all recommended infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies requires substantial resources, which may be limited in LMICs. We conducted a review of the literature to better understand how approaches to CRE containment in LMICs have varied. Methods: We conducted a literature search using electronic databases (Medline, Embace, Cochrane Library, and Global Health) with no limit to study design or publication year. Search terms consisted of 3 categories: CRE, IPC, and LMIC. Additional publications were also identified from the references of identified articles. Publications were screened for eligibility; non-English articles and studies on other gram-negative organisms were excluded from the analysis. Control measures in included studies were categorized as active surveillance, hand hygiene, contact precautions, isolation, education, environmental control, monitoring and feedback, and other. Results: In total, 2,667 publications were identified using the databases and an additional 24 were manually identified. After deduplicating and screening for eligibility, 27 publications were included in the analysis. Overall, 21 publications (78%) were outbreak reports and 3 (11%) were quasi-experimental studies in settings of high rates of CRE. Also, 23 (85%) described a successful reduction in CRE. Among those 23 publications, 22 publications described adequate descriptions of IPC measures implemented, and the median number of IPC measures was 4.5 (range, 1–8). Environmental control was the most commonly utilized intervention (n = 19, 86%), followed by hand hygiene (n = 14, 64%) and contact precautions (n = 14, 64%). Three publications did not show a reduction in CRE despite the combination of IPC measures (median, 4.5). Overall, 13 publications utilized some method of active surveillance, but complete details on methodology were often lacking. In addition, 4 studies (15%) used only horizontal measures (defined as hand hygiene, environmental control, and/or education) and successfully controlled the CRE outbreaks. Conclusions: Among published reports, successful approaches to CRE control have been reported from LMICs. Use of only horizontal approaches, which are often lower cost and simpler to implement than some vertical strategies, have demonstrated some success; however, additional experience with identifying and implementing cost-effective strategies is needed. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Facilities to service based competition, not service to facilities based, for broadband penetration: A comparative study between the United States and South Korea

As a fundamental infrastructure in the Era of Information, a broadband network has a significant impact on democracy, economy, and society, indicating the importance of policy to increase broadband penetration. Considering the characteristics of broadband as a network, many governments introduced service-based competition, which is assumed to lower entry barriers by allowing entrants to lease incumbents' facilities, as a stepping stone to facilities-based competition. Questioning this unidirectional approach, the present study examines how the direction of policy implementation, that is service- to facilities-based versus facilities- to service-based, affects broadband diffusion. Through the case study of the U.S. and South Korea which experienced both modes of competition in opposing temporal sequences, this research concludes that facilities- to service-based competition might contribute to higher and faster broadband diffusion than service- to facilities-based competition. Rather than impose unbundling obligations against incumbents, facilities-based competition with financial support of the government to entrants seems to induce an earlier peak in broadband penetration. Additionally, consistent commitment of the government enforcement appears to be critical in implementing service-based competition. Though limited to the cases of the U.S. and Korea, this study suggests that service-based competition may be neither a necessity to facilitate broadband diffusion nor a precondition to introduce facilities-based competition. Moreover, service-based competition policy can function to deter overbuild of facilities and lessen the financial burden of broadband service providers if adopted after an initial period of facilities-based competition policy, which includes government investment in broadband facilities, that seems to help promote competition and give incentives to construct networks. Contrary to the literature, the present study raises a new perspective of the role of service-based competition as an enhancer for service quality and that of facilities-based competition with government investment as a booster of early and rapid broadband diffusion.
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography with Novel Imaging Technique of Higher Frame Rate

Background: The accuracy of speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) depends on temporal resolution. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of relatively high frame rate (rHi-FR) (~200 fps) for STE. Methods: In this prospective study, echocardiographic images were acquired using clinical scanners on patients with normal left ventricular systolic function using rHi-FR and conventional frame rate (Reg-FR) (~50 FPS). GLS values were evaluated on apical 4-, 2- and 3-chamber images acquired in both rHi-FR and Reg-FR. Inter-observer and intra-observer variabilities were assessed in rHi-FR and Reg-FR. Results: There were 143 echocardiograms evaluated in this study. The frame rate of rHi-FR was 190 ± 25 and Reg-FR was 50 ± 3, and the heart rate was 71 ± 13. Absolute strain values measured in rHi-FR were significantly higher than those measured in Reg-FR (all p < 0.001). Inter-observer and intra-observer correlations were strong in both rHi-FR and Reg-FR. Conclusions: We demonstrated that absolute strain values were significantly higher using rHi-FR when compared with Reg-FR. It is plausible that higher temporal resolution enabled the measurement of myocardial strain at desired time point. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the value of rHi-FR to assess myocardial strain in the setting of tachycardia.
A Role for Affective Neuroscience in Understanding Stress: The Case of Separation Distress Circuitry

In psychological terms, the concept of ‘stress’ is difficult to define in scientifically useful ways. At a neurobiological level, however, the concept is coming to have a deceptively simple underlying reality. Every environmental event or personal experience which would normally be deemed emotionally ‘harsh’ or ‘overwhelming’ by humans (and the imposition of comparable events on animals) activates the pituitary-adrenal axis and often the sympathoadrenal one as well. Thus, one could posit the existence of a unitary brain ‘stress system’ which is intimately linked to corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) circuits and sympathetic (e.g., norepinephrine (NE)) circuits within the brain. Since the discovery of brain CRF and NE systems and the demonstration of their influence on many stress-related behaviors (Swanson et al., 1986), such ideas have become common currency in the field. Indeed, blockade of NE activity is a common way to alleviate the autonomic impact of stressors (see Kelly, 1980). Likewise, it is widely believed that development of a pharmacological antagonist to brain CRF and glucocorticoid receptors, which could gain entry into the brain following peripheral administration, could be of considerable benefit in the treatment of stress disorders.
"Cemented with Diseased Qualities": Sympathy and Comparison in Hume's Moral Psychology

The key to unlocking the mystery of human passions, according to Hume, lay in the interaction between two fundamental psychological mechanisms or principles: sympathy and comparison. Both our sociality and our asociality find their psychic origins in the complex interaction of these principles. Due to the operation of these principles, justice is necessary for social life. It channels and controls the passions in contexts of social interaction; they in turn generate resources from which the structures of justice and the foundations of political society can be built by intelligent and sympathetic human beings. This essay explores Hume's account of sympathy and comparison and some of the passions they generate, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of his unsentimental and unblinkered view of our social asociality.
The araBAD operon of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. I. Nucleotide sequence of araB and primary structure of its product, ribulokinase.

Abstract Hybrid plasmids containing the araBAD operon of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 were characterized by Southern blot and genetic analyses. The nucleotide sequence of araB was determined. The araB gene product, ribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.16), was purified and the results of amino acid composition analysis and partial amino acid sequence are in agreement with predictions from the DNA sequence. Ribulokinase is 569 amino acid residues long and has a calculated M r of 61793. Ribulokinase shares significant homology with xylulose kinase from Escherichia coli . Codon usage in the araB gene does not favor those codons which have intermediate codon-anticodon binding energy.
Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping, and sequence analysis of copper resistance genes from Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis: homology with small blue copper proteins and multicopper oxidase.

Abstract Copper-resistant strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis occur in walnut orchards throughout northern California. The copper resistance genes from a copper-resistant strain C5 of X. campestris pv. juglandis were cloned and located on a 4.9-kb ClaI fragment, which hybridized only to DNA of copper-resistant strains of X. campestris pv. juglandis, and was part of an approximately 20-kb region which was conserved among such strains of X. campestris pv. juglandis. Hybridization analysis indicated that the copper resistance genes were located on the chromosome. Plasmids conferring copper resistance were not detected in copper-resistant strains, nor did mating with copper-sensitive strains result in copper-resistant transconjugants. Copper resistance genes from X. campestris pv. juglandis shared nucleotide sequence similarity with copper resistance genes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, P. syringae, and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. DNA sequence analysis of the 4.9-kb fragment from strain C5 revealed that the sequence had an overall G+C content of 58.7%, and four open reading frames (ORF1 to ORF4), oriented in the same direction. All four ORFs were required for full expression of copper resistance, on the basis of Tn3-spice insertional inactivation and deletion analysis. The predicted amino acid sequences of ORF1 to ORF4 showed 65, 45, 47, and 40% identity with CopA, CopB, CopC, and CopD, respectively, from P. syringae pv. tomato. The most conserved regions are ORF1 and CopA and the C-terminal region (166 amino acids from the C terminus) of ORF2 and CopB. The hydrophobicity profiles of each pair of predicted polypeptides are similar except for the N terminus of ORF2 and CopB. Four histidine-rich polypeptide regions in ORF1 and CopA strongly resembled the copper-binding motifs of small blue copper proteins and multicopper oxidases, such as fungal laccases, plant ascorbate oxidase, and human ceruloplasmin. Putative copper ligands of the ORF1 polypeptide product are proposed, indicating that the polypeptide of ORF1 might bind four copper ions: one type 1, one type 2, and two type 3.
Solar Radiation: Practical Modeling for Renewable Energy Applications

Fundamentals of Solar Radiation The Sun as a Star The Earth and the Sun Solar Time and Solar Position Solar Components Clearness Index Introduction to Solar Radiation Measurements Overview of Detector Technology Calorimetry Pyrheliometers: Measuring Direct Normal Irradiance Pyranometers: Measuring Hemispherical Radiation Spectral Distributions Uncertainty Measurement Networks Modeling Clear Sky Solar Radiation The Atmospheric Filter Physics-Based Models Empirical Models Parameterization Models Modeling Global Irradiance under All Sky Conditions Simple Correlation Models Clouds Empirical All Sky Radiation Models All Sky Solar Radiation from Weather Satellites The Future: Forecasting Solar Radiation Modeling Missing Components Introduction Estimating Diffuse from Global Horizontal Irradiance Estimating Direct from Global Normal Irradiance Applications: Modeling Solar Radiation Available to Collectors Solar Collector Geometries Isotropic Models Anisotropic Models The Perez Anisotropic Tilt Conversion Model Introduction to Modeling Spectral Distributions The Spectral Atmospheric Filter Renewable Energy Applications for Spectral Data and Models Complex Spectral Models Standard Spectral Distributions CIE Spectral Model-Illuminant D65 and Daylight Bird Clear Sky Spectral Model SPCTRL2 Gueymard Clear Sky Spectral Model SMARTS SPCTRL2 and SMARTS for ASTM Standard Reference Conditions Spectral Distributions under All Sky Conditions Introduction to Modeling Daylight Introduction Illuminance versus Irradiance Applications of Daylight Data and Models The Perez Anisotropic Illuminance Model International Commission on Illumination Models Sky Luminance Model Accuracy Other Sky Luminance Distribution Models Other Reading Summary and Future Prospects Overview of the Modeling Chapters Current Issues and Future Prospects Appendix A: Bird Clear Sky Model in Excel Appendix B: Excel Structure for DISC Model of Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) from Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) Appendix C: Tables for CIE D65 Reference Spectrum and Spectral Daylight Temperature Model Appendix D: SPCTRL2 FORTRAN Source Code Appendix E: Photopic Response Function V(lambda) Curve Appendix F: Perez Anisotropic Model Coefficients for Luminous Efficacy and Zenith Luminance Model A Summary and References appear at the end of each chapter.
The Effect of Nutrition Education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior Relating to Trans Fatty Acids in Foods

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of nutrition education on consumers’ knowledge, attitude, and behavior toward trans fatty acids in foods. The research was conducted utilizing a Solomon four-group design with 47 participants. Two measures were developed to evaluate the impact of the nutrition education session: (i) a questionnaire adapted from International Food Information Council materials and (ii) review of grocery store receipts for trans fat-containing products. A comparison of pretest and posttest results for participants in the experimental group showed significant improvement on these items: an increase in “always” looking at the ingredient list when purchasing packaged food, considering trans fat when purchasing foods, selecting the healthier choice based on the ingredient list, and feeling more knowledgeable and more confident. Also, examination of grocery receipts after 2 weeks showed that participants purchased a lower proportion of foods containing trans fatty acids. These results suggest that nutrition education sessions can promote an improvement in consumer understanding and food purchasing patterns.
Designers and Builders

Architect and Engineer . A Study in Sibling Rivalry. By Andrew Saint . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2008. 552 pp. $65. ISBN 9780300124439. Rather than a continuous narrative or theoretical analysis, this profusely illustrated exploration of the relations between architects and engineers offers six extended essays on topics ranging from the impact of military construction and organization to training in the two professions.
Optimum population size and mutation rate for a simple real genetic algorithm that optimizes array factors

There has been an explosion of papers describing applications of a genetic algorithm (GA) to electromagnetics problems. Most of the work has followed traditional GA philosophy when choosing the population size and mutation rate of the genetic algorithm. This paper reports the results of experiments to determine the optimum population size and mutation rate for a simple real genetic algorithm. The choice of population size and mutation rate can cause the run time of the GA to vary by several orders of magnitude. The results of this investigation show that a small population size and relatively large mutation rate is far superior to the large population sizes and low mutation rates that is used by most of the papers presented in the electromagnetics community and by the GA community at large. The results of the numerical experiments presented in this paper suggest that the best mutation rate for GAs lies between 5 and 20% while the population size should be less than 16.
Engaging and Empowering Preservice Teachers through Ignatian and Critical Pedagogy: Examples from the Classroom

Our nation continues to have a diverse population as reflected by our K-12 student population in America’s schools. However, approximately 83.5% of our nation’s teachers are white and mirror the demographics found in most teacher preparation programs. Because most teachers will come into contact with children who are culturally and racially different from them, preservice teachers will need to learn new ways of thinking about cultural differences and will need to be trained to work with students from various racial and cultural backgrounds. Ignatian Pedagogy and Critical Pedagogy are effective strategies to challenge students’ preconceived notions about people who are culturally, linguistically, and socioeconomically different from them by forcing students to rethink their long-held conceptions of the world. The goal of a Jesuit education is not only to liberate students but also to educate students of conscience, competence, and compassion. These goals are the aligned with some characteristics that define Critical Pedagogy. Critical Pedagogy is utilized to raise students’ critical consciousness regarding oppressive social structures and conditions. It is the hope of an Ignatian and “Critical Pedagogist” that courses utilizing these practices can be vehicles for change in the world by helping students not only understand justice, but that they live justly as agents of change.
Hardware and algorithms for the functional evaluation of cellular neural networks and analog arrays

Analog arrays are a generalization of cellular neural networks (CNN) which consist of a regular array of nonlinear analog processors at each node and nearest neighbor interactions. Analog arrays can incorporate nonlinearities in both the input and output functions and, contrasted with CNN arrays, have continuous-valued outputs in the equilibrium state. The general analog array, though more powerful than the CNN, presents a functional test nightmare. Since the output is continuous-valued (even at equilibrium) and the dynamics can be complicated, evaluating whether a fabricated VLSI array complies with the intended processing function for a wide range of inputs can be very difficult and time consuming. The number of analog inputs and outputs also strains most modern analog VLSI automatic test equipment (ATE). The authors present both a new hardware design for massive analog circuit testing and algorithms for functional test of analog arrays. >
M2 Internal Tides and Their Observed Wavenumber Spectra from Satellite Altimetry

AbstractA near-global chart of surface elevations associated with the stationary M2 internal tide is empirically constructed from multimission satellite altimeter data. An advantage of a strictly empirical mapping approach is that results are independent of assumptions about ocean wave dynamics and, in fact, can be used to test such assumptions. A disadvantage is that present-day altimeter coverage is only marginally adequate to support mapping such short-wavelength features. Moreover, predominantly north–south ground-track orientations and contamination from nontidal oceanographic variability can lead to deficiencies in mapped tides. Independent data from Cryosphere Satellite-2 (CryoSat-2) and other altimeters are used to test the solutions and show positive reduction in variance except in regions of large mesoscale variability. The tidal fields are subjected to two-dimensional wavenumber spectral analysis, which allows for the construction of an empirical map of modal wavelengths. Mode-1 wavelengths sho...
Somatostatin-like immunoreactive material in associational ganglion cells of human retina.

Abstract The retinal ganglion cell is classically viewed as the output cell of the retina, sending a single axon via the optic nerve to synapse in visual relay nuclei of the brain. However, some ganglion cells, termed associational ganglion cells, have axons which do not leave the retina and presumably serve intraretinal communication. Using high-affinity and specific monoclonal antibodies to somatostatin-14 and the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical procedure, somatostatin-immunoreactive associational ganglion cells are specifically stained in human retinas obtained at necropsy. These cells are more numerous in the inferior than the superior retina; they have dendrites which ramify in the inner plexiform layer; and they have sparsely branching axons, many of which can be traced over 1 cm. These axons do not enter the optic nerve. They follow remarkably straight courses at the border of the inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell layer and thereby form a gridwork of fibers covering the entire retinal area. These observations verify the existence of associational ganglion cells in the human and establish somatostatin as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator candidate for these neurons. The morphology of these cells suggests that they are involved in long-distance interactions within the retina.
Familial Hodgkin's disease. A clinical and laboratory investigation.

A three to sevenfold increased risk of Hodgkin's disease has been noted in families of patients. We report the first family in which all four of a four member sibship had Hodgkin's disease. In these four sibling cases, we were able to explore markers of infectious etiologic factors by measuring antibodies to Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and possible genetic risk factors by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing and chromosome analysis. All three men were diagnosed within six months of their 30th birthday. HLA typing revealed that all four siblings share the DR5 antigen, and two siblings share HLA-B27. Chromosome analysis on peripheral lymphocytes revealed no abnormalities. A detailed, structured interview failed to elicit evidence of unusual exposures. The EBV antibody titers are probably within the normal range and none of the family had antibodies to HTLV-III. Observations on this family suggest that genetic factors play a greater role than environmental factors in the etiology of familial Hodgkin's disease.
Biotransformation of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene(DMBA): On the genesis of DMBA-trans-dihydrodiols and DMBA- 7- and 12-methyl hydroxylated metabolites

Abstract Biotransformation of DMBA in various induced and uninduced S-10 fractions in the presence and absence of hepatic mixed function oxidase inhibitors (α-naphthoflavone, metyrapone, SKF-525A and CS2) is described. Particular attention is paid to the production of dihydrodiols (DHD) and DMBA-7-and 12-methyl hydroxylated metabolites. It is suggested that DMBA-3, 4-DHD, 8,9-DHD and 5, 6-DHD formation and DMBA-7-and 12-methyl hydroxylations proceed predominantly via different enzyme systems.
Self-Perceived Knowledge of the O.J. Simpson Trial: Third-Person Perception and Perceptions of Guilt:

This study tested the “third-person effect” during the O.J. Simpson double-murder trial. The perceptual component of the third-person effect predicts that people judge themselves to be less susceptible to media influence than other people. Findings from a nationwide telephone survey indicated that respondents' self-perceived knowledge about the legal issues involved in the Simpson trial was correlated with third-person perception of a perceived “neutral” media message. Self-perceived knowledge was not correlated with third-person perceptual bias of a perceived “biased” message. It was suggested that the biased message primed respondents' perceptions of Simpson's guilt or innocence. The relative contributions of various predictors of third-person perception were assessed using regression analysis.
Albumin Replacement by Fatty Acids in Clonal Growth of Mammalian Cells

Clonal growth of Chinese hamster strain CHD-3 cells in a synthetic nutrient mixture supplemented with 10 micrograms of purified fetuin per milliliter exhibits an apparent requirement for serum albumin. The albumin can be replaced by linoleic acid, which occurs as a tightly bound component of most albumin preparations. Linolenic acid and corn oil can also replace albumin, while oleic acid and esters of linoleic and linolenic acids cannot.
Doing Democracy, Engaging the Material Employee Participation and Labor Activity in an Age of Market Globalization

This colloquy results froma series of discussions between the authors concerning issues of (a) the status of labor activity in organizational communication study, (b) the dimensions of and prospect...
Remobilization partially restored the bone mass in a non-growing cancellous bone site following long term immobilization

There is no report in the rat of the effects of remobilization (RM) in an adult bone site. The aim of this study was to determine whether complete recovery from IM-induced bone loss will occur in a non-growing bone site, the distal tibia. Seventy-five 6-month-old virgin Sprague-Dawley female rats were used in this study. Their hindlimbs were immobilized against the abdomen with bandages for 18 weeks, then remobilized for 2, 10 or 20 weeks. Distal tibial sections were analyzed in the former epiphysis, 0.3 mm proximal from the calcified cartilage, and in trabecular bone of the former metaphysis between 0.3 mm and 1.92 mm proximal to the former epiphysis. A significant bone loss occurred in both former epiphyseal and metaphyseal trabeculae at 18 weeks after IM. The lost bone was partially recovered at 10 weeks of RM, but the bone mass was still lower than in aging controls by the end of the study. The partial recovery was characterized by decreasing former epiphyseal bone porosity and thickening of former metaphyseal trabeculae with no effect on trabecular number. We concluded that both distal tibia regions only partially recovered, during 20 weeks of RM from the long time IM.
Increased salivary gland density on contrast-enhanced CT after head and neck radiation

In an attempt to determine whether radiation therapy leads to an increased density of salivary glands on subsequent contrast-enhanced CT, 109 CT scans from 78 patients with head and neck tumors were reviewed. The density of parotid and submandibular glands was subjectively evaluated (compared with adjacent muscle) and correlated with treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Density of the parotid and/or submandibular glands was found to be significantly associated with previous irradiation on contrast-enhanced scans (p less than .05). One or both glands were denser than normal in seven (44%) of 16 patients who received only radiation therapy and in eight (38%) of 21 who received chemotherapy and radiation therapy, compared with only two (10%) of 20 patients who received chemotherapy alone and two (4%) of 52 patients who received neither. The type or amount of irradiation, type of chemotherapy, or timing of the CT scan after the initiation of treatment was not found to be significant. We conclude that the density of the parotid and/or submandibular glands on contrast-enhanced CT is frequently increased after radiation therapy for tumors of the head and neck.
EXONS LOST AND FOUND : UNUSUAL EVOLUTION OF A SEMINAL VESICLE TRANSGLUTAMINASE SUBSTRATE

The GP1G gene codes for three of the four abundant androgen-regulated secretory proteins produced by the guinea pig seminal vesicle. Sequencing of the entire 6.3-kilobase gene and comparison with other mammalian seminal vesicle secretory protein genes reveals a common three-exon, two-intron organization. However, significant sequence similarity between this group of genes is largely limited to their 5′-flanking regions and first exons, which code almost exclusively for signal peptides in each case. The first intron of GP1G does contain a region with high similarity to the coding exon of a human seminal vesicle secretory protein gene, semenogelin II. The 3′ half of the GP1G gene appears to share a common ancestry with the human SKALP/elafin gene. Sequences related to the elafin promoter, coding, untranslated regions, and introns are clearly identifiable within the GP1G sequence. The elafin gene codes for a serine protease inhibitor and is expressed in a variety of different human tissues. To determine if the GP1G gene was also active outside of the seminal vesicle, RNA from a variety of guinea pig tissues was hybridized to a GP1G cDNA probe. At least three novel RNA bands hybridizing to the GP1G probe were detected in testis RNA samples, and GP1G-related mRNAs were also found in other tissues. These data suggest that these seminal vesicle secretory proteins may have functional roles outside the reproductive system.
New analogs of luliberin which inhibit ovulation in the rat

Fifteen analogs of luliberin (<Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2, LRH) were synthesized by the solid phase method and examined for their ability to block ovulation in the rat. Two analogs, [Ac-DAla1,DPhe2,DTrp3,6]-LRH and [Ac-DPhe1,DPhe2,DTrp3,6]-LRH, each blocked ovulation at a single injection dose of 250 μg administered at noon on the day of proestrus; three peptides, [Ac-DPro1,DPhe2,DTrp3,6]-LRH, [Ac-DThi1,DPhe2,DTrp3,6]-LRH and [Ac-DTrp1,DPhe2,DTrp3,6]-LRH, were effective at doses of 500 μg each; and four others, [Ac-DTrp1,DPhe2,DTrp3,DTrp(Nps)6]-LRH, [Chlorambucil-DPhe1, DPhe2, DTrp3,6]-LRH, [<DGlu1,DThi2,DTrp3,6]-LRH and [(<DGlu-DThi-DTrp-Ser-Tyr)2-DLys6]-LRH, gave partial inhibition at doses tested.
Unexpected recoil systematics of intermediate energy spallation products

Integral recoil properties of 25 nuclides produced in the interaction of 800 MeV p${+}^{89}$Y were determined using activation techniques. The forward-to-backward recoil ratios are a factor of 3 larger for n-deficient products compared to near-stable and n-excess products of similar mass, a behavior not discovered in previous studies. The results are interpreted as an indication that the near-stable and n-excess products, previously assumed to be the result of conventional N-N intranuclear cascades, actually reflect a significant contribution from ``target fragmentation'' channels.
THE SOCIAL BENEFITS OF URBAN CULTURAL AMENITIES

. This paper uses a two-stage hedonic wage approach to derive the benefits from improvement of five cultural amenities. It is argued that the hedonic approach permits valuation of both private and local public aspects of cultural goods since access to the amenity is an essential input in the production of the final service flow. Empirical estimates of willingness to pay suggest price and income elasticities are approximately unity. Lower-bound estimates of marginal benefits for a representative city range from $0.85 million for an additional theater to $57.9 million for an additional zoo facility.
Tensor analysis of hadronic jets in quantum chromodynamics

We define tensors in momentum space for the events produced in ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ annihilation. They are calculable in quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) perturbation theory and therefore can be used as a test of QCD. We have studied their distributions and average values which give characteristics of the global structure of hadronic jets in QCD.