cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of WeChat video visitation model in children patients without accompanying in NICU

Objective To explore the application of WeChat video visitation model in children patients without accompanying in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and seek methods to reduce the anxiety of parentsthat whose children have nocompany. Methods Totally 100 parents of children that admitted in the NICU of our hospital from April 2016 to December 2015 were selected and divided into the experimental group (WeChat video group) and the control group (limited access group) with 50 cases in each group according to the random number table method. The control group adopted limited visitation, and the experimental group adopted WeChat video visitation model based on the limited visitation. Self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self satisfaction questionnaire were used to collect data before the hospitalization and after discharge for statistical analysis. Parents′ anxiety status and satisfaction with nursing work in two groups were compared. Results There was no significant difference between two groups when children were admitted to hospital (t=1.72, P>0.05); the anxiety scores of parents in the experimental group at first visit and after discharge were obviously reduced, in the experimental group, and they were (51.35±7.38) and (23.55±3.43); while in the control group, they were (59.68±842), (26.36±3.97)(t=-2.86, 2.22; P<0.05); in the experimental group, parents′ satisfaction rate was 100%, and was higher than that in the control group (88%) (t=6.383, P<0.05). Conclusions WeChat video visitation can effectively relieve the anxiety of parents that whose children have no company, so it is conducive to the rehabilitation of children. It can resolve many of the potential conflicts and disputes and improve parents′s atisfaction. Parents′ passive visitation change to the initiative model and the visiting management cost is reduced, and it provides a new and effective method for the management of children without company. Key words: Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU); Children patient; Parents; WeChat video visitation; No accompanying
Elevate, don't assimilate, to revolutionize the experience of scientists who are Black, Indigenous and people of colour.

As early-career Black women, we argue that encouraging assimilation is not enough to address systemic racism and outline suggestions for how minoritized individuals can not only survive, but thrive, in ecology and evolutionary biology.
Outcomes and Complications of In-Office Laser Demarcation of Peripheral Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachments.

Background and objective To evaluate the outcomes of in-office laser demarcation (LD) for peripheral rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). Patients and methods This was a retrospective analysis of peripheral RRDs treated with LD. Patient demographics, visual acuity (VA), and RRD characteristics were recorded. Complications requiring additional procedures were recorded. Multiple logistic regression was used to characterize the association of RRD anatomy to treatment complications. Results A total of 112 eyes of 107 patients were analyzed with mean follow-up of 20 ± 12 months. VA at baseline and last follow-up was equivalent (0.16 logMAR, Snellen equivalent 20/29). Ninety-five (84.8%) eyes were successfully treated without an additional procedure. In multivariate analysis, the presence of VH (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-17; P = .04) and RRDs in the inferior 6 clock hours (OR = 6.2; 95% CI, 1.5-29; P = .01) were associated with complications. Conclusions LD is successful in treating peripheral RRDs. RRD characteristics less conducive to laser include presence of VH and inferior RRD. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2020;51:428-434.].
Developing a Strong Home–School Connection to Better Identify and Serve Culturally, Linguistically, and Economically Diverse Gifted and Talented Students:

Scholars and practitioners of gifted education have made strides in recognizing the need for equitable identification practices, as well as acknowledging the importance of culturally relevant teach...
Knowledge of and familiarity with epilepsy in U.S. adults: Results from the 2017 ConsumerStyles Online Panel Survey

Abstract Examining and improving knowledge and attitudes about epilepsy has been a public health priority because of stigma around the disorder. This study had three goals: (1) to update estimates describing U.S. adults’ perceived knowledge about epilepsy, seizure first aid, and confidence in providing seizure first aid; (2) to examine U.S. adults’ recognition of common signs and symptoms of generalized and focal seizures to inform public awareness efforts; and (3) to provide baseline estimates of exposure to an Epilepsy Foundation public awareness campaign, #ShareMySeizure, launched in November, 2016. Four sets of epilepsy questions were included on the 2017 Porter Novelli ConsumerStyles survey, an online panel survey of the U.S. adult population. We examined differences in study outcomes by sociodemographic factors and familiarity with someone with epilepsy. Small percentages of U.S. adults felt knowledgeable about epilepsy (16%), knew seizure first aid (25%), or reported having confidence in being able to help someone having a seizure with appropriate seizure first aid (20%). Fewer adults were familiar with signs of focal seizures compared to generalized seizures. About 1% of U.S. adults had heard of the #ShareMySeizure campaign. Television and family and friends emerged as the most common sources of information for those who reported hearing something about epilepsy. About 33% of U.S. adults wanted to learn more about epilepsy. Knowledge about epilepsy among the U.S. public is suboptimal, though generally on par with that of more common conditions such as heart disease, eye conditions, and ovarian cancer. U.S. adults need and want more information about epilepsy, appropriate seizure first aid training, and recognition of seizure symptoms.
Epigenome-wide association scan identifies methylation sites associated with HIV infection

Aim: To investigate the role of epigenetics in HIV pathophysiology. Materials & methods: We conducted an epigenome-wide association scan on HIV infection status among people who inject drugs in the AIDS Linked to the IntraVenous Experience study with primary (n = 397) and validation samples (n = 390). DNA methylation from blood was measured by the Illumina EPIC BeadChip. We controlled for cell type heterogeneity by HIV status. Results: HIV infection status was associated (p < 10-8) with DNA methylation at 49 CpG sites. Sites were enriched in response to virus, interferon signaling pathway, etc. Among these sites, discovery and validation t-statistics were highly correlated (r = 0.96). Conclusion: In a cohort of people who inject drugs, HIV status was associated with differential DNA methylation at biologically meaningful sites.
Carbon footprint of milk from Holstein and Jersey cows fed low or high forage diet with alfalfa silage or corn silage as the main forage source

Abstract Our objective was to determine the cradle-to-farmgate carbon footprint of fat-and-protein corrected milk (FPCM) for four diets fed to two breeds using measured enteric methane and greenhouse gas emissions during manure storage and after field application. The diets were formulated as 2 × 2 factorial with forage neutral detergent fiber at two levels (19 and 24% of diet dry matter referred to as low forage and high forage diets, respectively) from two sources (70:30 or 30:70 ratio of alfalfa silage and corn silage). Measured emissions were incorporated in a modeled Wisconsin dairy farm with a herd consisting of 118 lactating cows (primiparous), 22 dry cows, and 119 heifers. Emissions were allocated between milk and meat using biophysical allocation, and a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the impact of alternative allocation methods. Overall, carbon footprint was 1.43 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM for biophysical allocation, and 1.50 and 1.60 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM for economic and no allocation (100% allocated to milk), respectively. Forage source did not influence results. However, low forage-fed cows had 10% greater carbon footprint than high forage-fed cows (1.49 vs. 1.35 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM). Assuming similar herd structure, milk carbon footprint for Holsteins was 4.4% greater than for Jerseys (1.47 vs. 1.41 kg CO2-e/kg FPCM). Accounting for differences in fertility and replacement rate increased the difference in milk carbon footprint between breeds to 10%. Under our study conditions, differences in milk carbon footprint due to enteric fermentation were minimal but the differences became substantial when combining the effects of cow (enteric CH4) and manure (CH4 and N2O) emissions. These differences were exacerbated even further when accounted for the emissions associated with on-farm feed production and purchased feed (CO2 and N2O). This study highlights the need for an integrated approach to assess the effects of dietary manipulations on milk carbon footprint.
Evolving Activism in an Anti-Immigrant Administration: Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander Nonprofit Experiences after the 2016 Elections

Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI)-serving nonprofits were at the forefront of pro-immigrant advocacy during the Trump Administration in the midst of sudden changes in p...
Comparing travel time performance-based measures to assess the effect of a freeway road construction project on freeway and connecting arterial street links

A road construction project has a significant effect on traffic congestion and operational performance of the project corridor and connecting street links. However, not many researchers focused on ...
Modeling as an Environment Nurturing Knowledge Transfer

Promoting mathematical reasoning in physics requires designing and creating learning environments that will enable the students to construct integrated knowledge. While the students’ difficulties with activating structural math knowledge are well documented, and attempts by physics research communities to strengthen the math physics interplay are made, research illustrated that room for improvement still exists. Understanding physics depends on understanding various mathematical representations: graphs, verbal descriptions, formulas, pictures, diagrams, analogies, and metaphors applied during modeling processes. Understanding how to interpret and extract scientific knowledge from these mathematical embodiments deems to have the right to be more fully discussed. While this chapter discusses current modeling schemes developed in physics education, the next proposes an alternative scheme that reflects on the book’s objective. Producing experts and problem-solvers in physics requires students to find a scientific sense of these representations and the ability to transfer between these layers of knowledge.
Patients with varying courses of single coronary artery: case series

Background Single coronary artery (SCA) is a rare congenital anomaly where blood to the heart is supplied through a common trunk. Identifying these abnormalities is important because some variants can compromise myocardial blood flow and increase risk of sudden cardiac death. Case summary We present five patients with varying Lipton Group I and Group II SCA subtypes, corroborated on multi-imaging modalities and evaluated with comprehensive non-invasive as well as invasive testing. Their clinical presentations also vary from a spectrum of asymptomatic finding to angina equivalent. The decision for definitive surgical intervention involving unroofing of the involved vessel depends largely on symptoms and evidence of myocardial ischaemia. Discussion While SCA findings are often incidental and benign, understanding the origin, branching pattern, and course of the anomalous artery has implications in prognosis and treatment. This usually involves a combination of anatomic assessment with imaging such as coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA), Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA), and/or coronary angiography as well as functional assessment with invasive testing using tools like instantaneous wave-free ratio and intravascular ultrasound both at rest and with stress. Individualized treatment plans can then be made through a multidisciplinary approach involving adult congenital heart disease specialists and congenital cardiothoracic surgeons.
Reacting Systems—Kinetics and Batch Reactors

This chapter covers a wide spectrum of chemical kinetics from the simplest rate laws with relatively straightforward forms and interpretations to those involving catalysts and enzymes, which are more complex and necessarily more abstruse. As complex as the kinetics may have been, it assumes the most simplistic of chemical reactors—that of the batch reactor. Ironically, although it speaks of the batch reactor as being simple, in fact its description can be not at all simple due to the fully transient nature of the processes occurring within it. Interestingly, if one introduces flows of reactant and product to and from the control volume, one will find that the system will have a condition that one refers to as the steady-state condition that is totally independent of time. At steady state, the flow reactor is simple to describe even though the reactor seems to be more complex. Before analyzing such systems, one must cover the semi- or fed-batch reactor, which involves flow of reactant into the system continuously or intermittently. This type of reactor may attain a steady state, in which case its mathematics is “simple,” but it may also operate transiently making the mathematics complex due to its time dependency. Whatever type of reactor one examines, in every case, there will be some form of chemical reaction to consider and the rate of that reaction may be described using the rate laws and methods, which are developed in the chapter.
Basal ganglia-diencephalon synaptic relations in the cat. I. An intracellular study of dorsal thalamic neurons during capsular and basal ganglia stimulation.

Summary Intracellular recordings were obtained from ventrolateral, ventro-anterior and medial thalamic neurons in ‘encephale isole’ cats during electrical stimulation of head of the caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, entopeduncular nucleus and internal capsule. Major differences were demonstrable with respect to temporal features, build-up and distribution of evoked synaptic events elicited by capsular and by basal ganglia stimulation. The data indicate that a synaptic pathway which arises in the head of the caudate nucleus and terminates in the dorsal thalamus generates both the excitation and the inhibition in dorsal thalamic neural elements during caudate stimulation. The data also indicate that this caudate-thalamic synaptic pathway is distinct from those axonal systems of internal capsule which originate in various areas of the neocortex and impinge on the same neurons in these dorsal thalamic areas. Capsular-peduncular evoked synaptic events in dorsal thalamic neurons also differ from those elicited by ansa lenticularis and substantia nigra stimulation. Demonstration of the broad dorsal thalamic distribution of orthodromic responses elicited by capsular stimulation is indicative of the abundance of corticothalamic projections funneling through internal capsule.
Restating Restitution: A Case of Contemporary Common Law Conceptualism

The American Law Institute's Restatement (Third) of Restitution provides one of the most interesting expressions of contemporary legal conceptualism. This paper explores the theory and practice of post-realist conceptualism through a review and critique of the Restatement. At the theoretical level, the paper develops a typology of different forms of conceptualism and shows that the Restatement has more in common with the high formalism of the nineteenth century than with contemporary modes of private law discourse. At the level of substantive doctrine, the paper explains why labels, in fact, make a difference and assesses which recoveries are more (and less) likely under the Restatement's scheme. The final section returns to consider why the Restatement reprises the jurisprudence of classical formalism. I suggest that the mythos of legal conceptualism is necessary for introducing a new field that claims to reflect foundational principles of the common law's system of private ordering. Further this mode of discourse helps overcome the dissonance of creating a new field of law in a work that purports to restate existing doctrine.
Teacher preparation in health education.

(1971). Teacher Preparation in Health Education. School Health Review: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 8-10.
Bandwidth granularity adaptation for multipath provisioning in elastic optical OFDM-based networks

In this paper, we consider the impact of spectrum fragmentation along the optical single-/multi-path routing transmission on the efficiency of the elastic optical networks. Using O-OFDM multicarrier transmission as a promising technique makes it possible to choose just an adequate portion of available spectrum to satisfy the requested capacity. This involves focusing on the work to reduce the fragmentation effects by dynamically updating and controlling the minimum bandwidth allocation granularity. We investigate the concept of “minimum bandwidth allocation granularity adaptation” to replace using one fixed minimum bandwidth granularity allocation to serve the light path requests over multipath networks. We adopt a dynamic adaptation mechanism that is proportional to the optical link/path bandwidth fragmentation status. Simulation results show that the minimum bandwidth granularity dynamic adaptation based on the optical path fragmentation status offers improved performance over fixed minimum bandwidth allocation granularity with respect to the bandwidth blocking probability, the number of path splitting, and the throughput.
Effects of Electroejaculation and Ketamine‐HCl on Serum Cortisol, Progesterone, and Testosterone in the Male Cat

The influence of manual restraint, ketamine-hydrochloride anesthesia and electroejaculation under anesthesia on circulating levels of cortisol, progesterone and testosterone was examined in male domestic cats. In the first experiment, cats were anesthetized with ketamine-HCl (17.5 mg/kg of body weight) and serially bled (controls) or serially bled and electroejaculated. These animals showed signs of recovering from anesthesia within 45 to 60 minutes of ketamine-HCl injection. Average serum cortisol concentrations increased (P < 0.01) over the 84-minute sampling interval in both the electroejaculated and control groups. Cortisol levels reached their maximum concentration in the electrically stimulated males immediately postelectroejaculation (95.1 ng/ml) and were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than in the controls (36.1 ng/ml) at a comparable time. Maximal mean cortisol concentrations in the control group (62.8 ng/ml) occurred 54 minutes after the first blood sample and occurred together with the onset of anesthesia recovery. Mean testosterone levels did not differ between electroejaculated and control cats, but did decrease (P < 0.05) between the first and last blood sampling in both groups. In the second experiment, cats were bled on the same time schedule as in Experiment 1, but were bled while awake and manually restrained, or else during a deeper plane of anesthesia induced and maintained with higher doses of ketamine-HCl (initial dose, 23 mg/kg). Mean serum cortisol levels were greater (P < 0.05) during manual restraint (range, 36.3–41.1 ng/ml) compared to deep anesthesia (range, 16.7–25.8 ng/ml), but did not change over the 84 minute sampling interval in either group. Although the decline in mean concentrations was not significant, testosterone decreased by 31–94% in four of six individual males during both manual restraint and deep anesthesia. Serum progesterone levels in both Experiments 1 and 2 averaged less than 0.5 ng/ml. Although progesterone increased (P < 0.05) between the first and last blood samples in Experiment 1, the absolute quantities detected were indistinguishable from possible progesterone antibody cross-reactivity with the hormone cortisol. The results of this research indicate that electroejaculation of the anesthetized cat produces acute stress as demonstrated by elevated serum cortisol levels measured immediately after electroejaculation. However, significant increases in cortisol also are detected in non-electroejaculated cats recovering from ketamine-HCl anesthesia. Such a rise is abolished if males are maintained under a more prolonged and deeper plane of anesthesia during blood sampling, or if no ketamine-HCl is given. Because serum testosterone declines markedly in most cats independent of a detectable rise in cortisol there is no clear, physiological coupling of these two hormones in this species.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—AORTIC ANEURYSM AND URETERAL OBSTRUCTION SECONDARY TO UMBILICAL ARTERY ABSCESSATION IN A 5-WEEK-OLD FOAL

A 5-week-old foal was evaluated for fever and hematuria of 3 days duration. Cystoscopy localized the blood to be originating from the left ureter. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed left hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and omphaloarteritis of the left umbilical artery with abscess formation that communicated with an arterial structure. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a large aortic aneurysm within the center of the abscess. An exploratory celiotomy was performed and the infection was nonresectable. The prognosis for life was grave; therefore the colt was euthanized. Necropsy findings confirmed the antemortem diagnosis. Ultrasound and CT imaging in this case provided an accurate antemortem diagnosis.
Determining Where the Wild Things will be: Using Psychological Theory to Find Tolerance for Large Carnivores

We review recent empirical efforts to understand human tolerance for large, terrestrial carnivores, and highlight how psychological theory on hazard acceptance can help conservation scientists explain, and ultimately increase, human tolerance for these species. For hazards in general, and for carnivores in particular, the majority of variation in acceptability judgments can be explained by the perceptions of risks and benefits associated with the hazard. Factors such as affective (emotional) reaction to a species, personal control over the risks, and trust in managing agencies are important, but secondary factors. Experimental research highlights the importance of communicating the benefits of a species to increase tolerance. In combination, these findings point to a need to rethink communications about carnivores that focus solely on lowering perceived risk by increasing individual control over the hazard. Such efforts may inadvertently decrease tolerance by overlooking the distinct and important role that the positive outcomes (i.e., benefits) associated with carnivores can play when evaluating the acceptability of a particular population or management action.
The Role of relA and spoT in Yersinia pestis KIM5+ Pathogenicity

The ppGpp molecule is part of a highly conserved regulatory system for mediating the growth response to various environmental conditions. This mechanism may represent a common strategy whereby pathogens such as Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, regulate the virulence gene programs required for invasion, survival and persistence within host cells to match the capacity for growth. The products of the relA and spoT genes carry out ppGpp synthesis. To investigate the role of ppGpp on growth, protein synthesis, gene expression and virulence, we constructed a ΔrelA ΔspoT Y. pestis mutant. The mutant was no longer able to synthesize ppGpp in response to amino acid or carbon starvation, as expected. We also found that it exhibited several novel phenotypes, including a reduced growth rate and autoaggregation at 26°C. In addition, there was a reduction in the level of secretion of key virulence proteins and the mutant was>1,000-fold less virulent than its wild-type parent strain. Mice vaccinated subcutaneously (s.c.) with 2.5×104 CFU of the ΔrelA ΔspoT mutant developed high anti-Y. pestis serum IgG titers, were completely protected against s.c. challenge with 1.5×105 CFU of virulent Y. pestis and partially protected (60% survival) against pulmonary challenge with 2.0×104 CFU of virulent Y. pestis. Our results indicate that ppGpp represents an important virulence determinant in Y. pestis and the ΔrelA ΔspoT mutant strain is a promising vaccine candidate to provide protection against plague.
Reliability- and process-variation aware design of integrated circuits.

We review the literature for reliability- and process-variation aware VLSI design to find that an exciting area of research/application is rapidly emerging as a core topic of IC design. Design of reliable circuits with unreliable components is a significant challenge that is likely to remain relevant for all circuit designs from now on, therefore any contribution in this field is likely to have lasting effect on the design philosophy of integrated circuits.
Myths for the masses : an essay on mass communication

Preface.1. Mass Communication and the Promise of Democracy.2. Mass Communication and the Meaning of Self in Society.Bibliography.Subject Index.
Universals as Sense‐data*

This paper concerns the structure of appearances. I argue that to be appeared to in a certain way is to be aware of one or more universals. Universals therefore function like the sense-data, once highly favoured but now out of fashion. For instance, to be appeared to treely, in a visual way, is to be aware of the complex relation, being tree-shaped and tree-coloured and being in front of, a relation of a kind which could be instantiated by a material object and a perceiver, which is thus instantiated in the veridical case but not in the non-veridical.
Perception, insight, and creativity in paradigm, a game of pattern exploration

We discuss Paradigm, a game of intuition and pattern exploration. We make a case for the game's relevance as a microdomain for studying creativity and related phenomena such as analogy-making, high-level perception, and aesthetic sensibility. Rather than focusing on creativity in the sense of "generating output" (e.g., writing stories or making up jokes), we emphasize its more exploratory and evaluative aspects, which we believe to be prerequisites for genuine "output creativity."
Predicting Non-Adherence with Outpatient Colonoscopy Using a Novel Electronic Tool that Measures Prior Non-Adherence.

BACKGROUND Accurately predicting the risk of no-show for a scheduled colonoscopy can help target interventions to improve compliance with colonoscopy, and thereby reduce the disease burden of colorectal cancer and enhance the utilization of resources within endoscopy units.
The Role of Aerosol Particles in the Formation of Raindrops and Hailstones in Severe Thunderstorms

Abstract Variable concentrations of different sized water-insoluble particles were found in bulk rainwater and single raindrops (liquid phase) and in hailstones (solid phase) collected from severe thunderstorms in the Colorado-Nebraska region. It was possible to draw the following conclusions from studies of aerosol particles transferred into the liquid phase of the storm: 1) aerosol particles constitute an intrinsic part of a convective cloud in a severe thunderstorm; 2) the size distribution of cloud droplets is extended to larger sizes by thepresence of giant aerosol particles (> 75 n diameter); 3) giant aerosol particles begin to accrete cloud droplets as soon as they enter the cloud; and 4) the size distribution of raindrops falling at the leading edge of a severe storm depends on the concentration of giant aerosol particles ingested by the storm. The presence of different sized particles in the solid phase led to the following conclusions: 1) transparenthailstones are formed from the frozen Equid ph...
Ecological importance of Neotyphodium spp. grass endophytes in agroecosystems

Neotyphodium spp. fungal endophytes form symbiotic associations with agronomic grasses with expression ranging from mutualistic to parasitic. In general, endophyte infection frequencies seem more variable in natural compared to pastoral situations, suggesting that expression and benefits attributable to endophyte infection depend on the resource environment in which the host‐endophyte complex was formed and the conditions under which it is being grown. Emerging evidence suggests that expression is not always mutualistic or beneficial to the host in terms of productivity and persistence in resource-limited environments. Expression of host‐ endophyte associations will vary depending on resource availability and environmental conditions that influence host physiology and growth, and herbivore behavior. New research suggest alkaloids and secondary metabolites produced by host‐ endophyte associations can have physiological functions in addition to acting as herbivore deterrents. Novel host‐endophyte associations are being created that maintain insect and disease resistance, while having minimal detrimental impact on mammalian herbivores. The influence of host‐endophyte associations on sward composition and soil food webs is only now coming to light. While novel endophyte associations and their attendant mechanisms can be considered beneficial in some respect, the associations may not be as adaptable to stressful or marginal resource environments and could have long-term ecological impacts measured in terms of persistence and total productivity of the sward. We review the extensive published work on host‐endophyte interactions and illustrate the complexity of host‐ endophyte associations and their interactions with environment, and the range of responses that occur.
Influence of changing deep ocean circulation on the Phanerozoic oxygen isotopic record

Isotopic segregation in seawater caused by changing ocean circulation may in part explain the enigmatic oxygen isotopic record of Phanerozoic marine carbonates. Paleoceanographic evidence suggests that circulation of warm saline deep waters has occurred during at least two periods of warm global climate; those saline deep waters should have preferentially stored 18O in the deep oceans. Corresponding depletion of 18O in surface waters would have resulted in lower δ18O of marine carbonates deposited on continental shelves. Modeling of paleoceanographic isotopic data suggests that this “storage” effect is similar in magnitude (but opposite in sign) to that of modern enrichment of 18O in the oceans by glacial storage. Modeling of carbonate compositions through time that takes into account such storage effects (as predicted by changing global climate) suggests that large changes in the mean oceanic isotopic composition, but neither extreme temperatures nor sudden changes in mean ocean compositions, are needed to explain the isotopic record.
Oligophrenia with the Hallermann-Streiff syndrome

A case of oculomandibular dyscephaly (Hallermann-Streiff syndrome) associated with severe oligophrenia and consequent behavioral disorders is reported. The not infrequent association of oculomandibular dyscephaly and oligophrenia suggests that the same unknown embryopathy could damage the structures derived from the first branchial arch and the CNS.
Grafted cellulose strands on the surface of silica: effect of environment on reactivity

The design, synthesis and characterization of materials consisting of grafted poly(1 → 4-β-glucan) strands on silica is reported. The silanol-rich environment provided in these materials activates the glycosidic bond for hydrolysis under mild conditions.
Power engineering careers, sourcing and continuing education

This is a summary of the presentation on the panel titled "Issues and Challenges in Power Engineering Careers" at the 2005 IEEE/PES GM in San Francisco, CA.
A hypercapnia-based normalization method for improved spatial localization of human brain activation with fMRI

An issue in blood oxygenation level dependent contrast-based functional MRI is the accurate interpretation of the activation-induced signal changes. Hemodynamic factors other than activation-induced changes in blood oxygenation are known to contribute to the signal change magnitudes and dynamics, and therefore need to be accounted for or removed. In this paper, a general method for removal of effects other than activation-induced blood oxygenation changes from fMRI brain activation maps by the use of hypercapnic stress normalization is introduced. First, the effects of resting blood volume distribution across voxels on activation-induced BOLD-based fMRI signal changes are shown to be significant. Second, the effects of hypercapnia and hypoxia on resting and activation-induced signal changes are demonstrated. These results suggest that global hemodynamic stresses may be useful for non-invasive mapping of blood volume. Third, the normalization technique is demonstrated.
Discovery of similarity computations of search engines

Two typical situations in whic hit is of practical interest to determine the similarities of text documents to a query due to a search engine are: (1) a global search engine, constructed on top of a group of local search engines, wishes to retrieve the set of local documents globally most similar to a given query; and (2) an organization wan ts to compare the retrieval performance of search engines. The dot-product function is a widely used similarity function. For a searc h engine using such a function, we can determine its similarity computations if how the search engine sets the weights of terms is known, which is usually not the case. In this paper, techniques are presented to disco vercertain mathematical expressions of these formulas and the values of embedded constan ts when the dot-product similarit y function is used. Preliminary results from experiments on the WebCrawler search engine are given to illustrate our techniques.
Suppression of Dynamic Stall by Steady and Pulsed Upper-Surface Blowing

The Boeing-Vertol VR-7 airfoil was experimentally studied with steady and pulsed upper-surface blowing for sinusoidal pitching oscillations described by alpha = alpha(sub m) + 10 deg sin(omega t). The tests were conducted in the U.S. Army Aeroflightdynamics Directorate's Water Tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. The experiment was performed at a Reynolds number of 100,000. Pitch oscillations with alpha(sub m) = 10 deg and 15 deg and with reduced frequencies ranging from k = 0.005 to 0.15 were examined. Blowing conditions ranged from C(sub mu) = 0.03 to 0.66 and F(+) = 0 to 3. Unsteady lift, drag, and pitching-moment loads were measured, and fluorescent-dye flow visualizations were obtained. Steady, upper-surface blowing was found to be capable of trapping a separation bubble near the leading edge during a portion of the airfoil's upward rotation. When this occurred, the lift was increased significantly and stall was averted. In all cases, steady blowing reduced the hysteresis amplitudes present in the loads and produced a large thrust force. The benefits of steady blowing diminished as the reduced frequency and mean angle of oscillation increased. Pulsed blowing showed only marginal benefits for the conditions tested. The greatest gains from pulsed blowing were achieved at F(+) = 0.9.
mitoNEET as a novel drug target for mitochondrial dysfunction

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important part in the pathology of several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Targeting mitochondrial proteins shows promise in treating and attenuating the neurodegeneration seen in these diseases, especially considering their complex and pleiotropic origins. Recently, the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET [also referred to as CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 (CISD1)] has emerged as the mitochondrial target of thiazolidinedione drugs such as the antidiabetic pioglitazone. In this review, we evaluate the current understanding regarding how mitoNEET regulates cellular bioenergetics as well as the structural requirements for drug compound association with mitoNEET. With a clear understanding of mitoNEET function, it might be possible to develop therapeutic agents useful in several different diseases including neurodegeneration, breast cancer, diabetes and inflammation.
Kinetic analysis of species difference in acetylcholinesterase sensitivity to organophosphate insecticides

Abstract Previous in vitro studies have elucidated species differences in the concentration of organophosphates required for 50% inhibition (IC 50 ) of brain acetylchoinesterase (AChE). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the differences in IC 50 s between species might be due to variability in the kinetic parameters of AChE from different species; i.e., different affinities ( K a ) to the binding of organophosphate inhibitors and/or different rates of phosphorylation of the enzyme. Brain AChEs from four classes of animals were used: mammalian (monkey, rat, and guinea pig), avian (chicken), piscine (catfish), and amphibian (frog). The kinetic parameters of inhibition of five organophosphates were determined. The observed differences in IC 50 values can be satisfactorily explained on the basis of different affinities and/or different rates of phosphorylation of AChEs from various sources. For example, in the IC 50 study, chicken brain AChE was 103-fold more sensitive to inhibition by methyl paraoxon than frog brain AChE. This difference could be explained on the basis that chicken brain AChE had a 7.1-fold higher affinity and a 15.5-fold faster rate of phosphorylation. The correlation of observed p I 50 (−log[IC 50 ]) with p I 50 calculated from kinetic data was almost ideal. The data from studies on homologs of paraoxon and Gutoxon indicated that increasing the alkyl chain from methyl to ethyl results in a 2.4-fold increase in the apparent affinity, while the rate of phosphorylation was not significantly changed. These kinetic studies suggest that both affinity and rate of phosphorylation are important in determining the sensitivity of AChEs from different species.
Homogeneous Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene Initiated by Peroxides

The homogeneous reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene was initiated by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) in the presence of CuBr or CuBr2 complexed by 4,4‘-di(5-nonyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine (dNbpy). In contrast to the successful reverse ATRP initiated by azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) and CuBr2/2dNbpy, no control of polymerization was observed for the BPO/CuBr2/2dNbpy system. However, controlled/“living” polymerization was observed when BPO was used together with CuBr/2dNbpy. The differences between the BPO and AIBN systems are ascribed to the electron transfer and the formation of copper benzoate species.
Passive Antibody-Mediated Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Malignant Gliomas

Despite advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of brain cancer, the outcome of patients with malignant gliomas treated according to the current standard of care remains poor. Novel therapies are needed, and immunotherapy has emerged with great promise. The diffuse infiltration of malignant gliomas is a major challenge to effective treatment; immunotherapy has the advantage of accessing the entire brain with specificity for tumor cells. Therapeutic immune approaches include cytokine therapy, passive immunotherapy, and active immunotherapy. Cytokine therapy involves the administration of immunomodulatory cytokines to activate the immune system. Active immunotherapy is the generation or augmentation of an immune response, typically by vaccination against tumor antigens. Passive immunotherapy connotes either adoptive therapy, in which tumor-specific immune cells are expanded ex vivo and reintroduced into the patient, or passive antibody-mediated therapy. In this article, the authors discuss the preclinical and clinical studies that have used passive antibody-mediated immunotherapy, otherwise known as serotherapy, for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
Energy requirements and payload masses for near-Earth objects hazard mitigation

Abstract The effectiveness of various high energy density sources and their coupling coefficients are evaluated in terms of the required payload mass necessary to change the orbit of a Earth-threatening near-Earth object (NEO) by 6 m/s. Included in the analysis are high explosive, high speed projectiles, nuclear explosives and their radiations, high intensity lasers and concentrated solar energy. It is shown that a given velocity change will be equal to the product of the payload energy and the coupling coefficient divided by the mass of the NEO which superficially portrays a linear relationship. Factors upon which the coupling coefficient depends are discussed. An overall review of the sequential process to mitigate a potentially hazardous NEO is presented.
Age-related and distributional changes in the trypsin inhibitor activity of bovine lens.

Abstract Age-related changes in the bovine lens trypsin inhibitor activity were measured by assaying water soluble extracts of 10 concentric slices from the periphery to the center of the lens. Inhibitor assays were carried out at pH 7·0 and 7·9 using prenatal, calf and mature lenses. The inhibitor at pH 7·0 remained constant throughout the lens but the pH 7·9 activity decreased sharply in the lens nucleus. This was particularly true for the prenatal and calf lenses. Agarose A-15 m gel filtration of the water soluble inhibitor activity showed a decrease in inhibitor in the α-crystallin region and a corresponding increase in inhibitor activity in the HMW protein peak. Inhibitor assays were carried out on the water insoluble fractions following solubilization in 6·0 m -urea. Little or no inhibitor activity was seen in the outer cortical fractions but the inner cortex and nucleus contained high levels of inhibitor activity in the water insoluble fraction with specific activities 7- to 10-fold higher than the comparable crude lens extracts. These data suggest that the lens inhibitor activity at pH 7·0 and 7·9 aggregate into a HMW complex and with time preferentially enter the water insoluble fraction. The distribution of a purified 5·5 K inhibitor protein between the water soluble and the water insoluble fraction was measured. In the periphery all of this inhibitor was in the water soluble fraction, but toward the center of the lens this inhibitor began shifting to the water insoluble fraction. Slices taken from the lens nuclear region showed that all the inhibitor was in the water insoluble fraction as detected by both activity measurements and SDS-PAGE.
The relative effects of rootstocks and calcium sprays on the appearance of internal breakdown and superficial scald of ‘Red Delicious’ apples during storage

Abstract The 2-year investigation involved storing fruit samples from each tree in a trial of 8 rootstocks with the locally selected ‘Lalla Red Delicious’ to see how the storage characteristics were modified by rootstock and/or calcium sprays. The 6 spray applications of calcium made a significant reduction in the incidence of internal breakdown in both years, although the magnitude of the response varied from rootstock to rootstock in 1976. There were no significant rootstock effects in 1975, and in 1976 they were eliminated where calcium sprays were used. In the absence of calcium sprays in 1976, apples from ‘M. 16’ produced significantly more internal breakdown than those from any of the other stocks, with ‘MM. 107’ producing the second highest level. At the other end of the scale, apples from ‘MM. 110’ had the lowest incidence, closely followed by ‘M. 1.’ The remaining 4 stocks (‘11 immune’, ‘M.13’, ‘M.25’ and ‘Seedling’) gave intermediate readings and were not significantly different from each other. The calcium spray treatments also significantly reduced the incidence of superficial scald with all rootstocks. The main rootstock effect observed was that apples from ‘MM. 110’ and ‘M. 1’ had significantly less scald than from 5 of the other 6 rootstocks.
Ammonothermal crystal growth of sulfide materials

Single crystals of binary alkaline earth sulfides CaS and SrS and the new ternary copper sulfides NH4Cu4S3 and CaCu2S2 were grown in supercritical anhydrous ammonia at temperatures between 335 and 500 °C. The structure of CaCu2S2 is shown.
Conjugated polymers based on C, Si and N-bridged dithiophene and thienopyrroledione units: synthesis, field-effect transistors and bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells

A series of low band-gap conjugated polymers (PDTC, PDTSi and PDTP) containing electron-rich C-, Si-, and N-bridged bithiophene and electron-deficient thienopyrroledione units were synthesized viaStille coupling polymerization. All these polymers possess a low-lying energy level for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (as low as −5.44 eV). As a result, photovoltaic devices derived from these polymers show high open circuit voltage (Voc as high as 0.91 V). These rigid polymers also possess respectable hole mobilities of 1.50 × 10−3, 6.0 × 10−4, and 3.9 × 10−4 cm2 V−1s−1 for PDTC, PDTSi, and PDTP, respectively. The combined high Voc and good hole mobility enable bulk hetero-junction photovoltaic cells to be fabricated with relatively high power conversion efficiency (PCE as high as 3.74% for the PDTC-based device).
Some Neural Descriptive Terms

IN a recent circular asking the opinion of experts as to the prevailing and preferred usage of anatomic and neurologic terms, on behalf of the projected Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology, Dr. C. L. Herrick mentions certain terms and principles which have been either proposed or adopted by me.
Introducing practical experience into curriculum 68 through integration of courses

A course which will give students some practical experience with large programming problems is described, The course combines the material from five separate courses from Curriculum 68. The material is presented in conjunction with a major programming project which is the unifying ingredient of the course. The project provides the student with immediate and realistic applications of the ideas and topics presented in the course.
Rapid genetic characterization of HIV type 1 strains from four World Health Organization-sponsored vaccine evaluation sites using a heteroduplex mobility assay

To assist in the preparation for the testing of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) we, as part of the World Health Organization Network for HIV Isolation and Characterization (WHO-NHIC), evaluated the genotypic variation of HIV-1 in cohorts from Brazil, Rwanda, Thailand, and Uganda. Here we report the results from a pilot study of 65 HIV-1-infected individuals. In all cases in which viral envelope gene fragments could be amplified by polymerase chain reaction, subtypes could be assigned using a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA)1 by comparison with HIV-1 strains representing six HIV-1 envelope subtypes. All subtype classifications matched those found by envelope gene sequencing. Phylogenetic relationships were further clarified by heteroduplex formation between samples within each subtype. A relatively homogeneous subtype E virus population predominated over subtype B viruses in the sample set from Thailand. Viruses from the other countries were also limited to one or two subtypes but were more divergent within each subtype. All samples from Rwanda (13/13) and some from Uganda (3/16) were of subtype A; all Brazilian samples were of subtype B, except for one belonging to subtype C; most samples from Uganda (13/16) clustered with the subtype D. Analysis by HMA is therefore applicable for screening of HIV-1 genotypes in countries under consideration for large-scale vaccine trials. It should be generally useful when samples containing at least one variable genetic locus need to be rapidly classified by genotype and/or analyzed for epidemiological clustering.