cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibody Combining Sites: How Much of the Antibody Repertoire are we Seeing? How does it Influence Our Understanding of the Structural and Genetic Basis of Antibody Complimentarity?

Knowledge of monoclonal antibody combining sites and of their specificities and three dimensional structures has been obtained using a variety of materials and sources: These include (1) collections of monoclonal immunoglobulins of various classes from patients with multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (Eisen et al., 1967; Seligmann and Brouet, 1973; Yoo and Franklin, 1971; Harboe et al., 1975; Freedman et al., 1976; Emmrich et al., 1985; Fink and Galanos, 1985), and cold idiopathic hemagglutinin disease (Williams, 1971; Feizi and Kabat, 1972; Roeleke, 1974), and from BALB/c (Potter, 1971, 1977; Cohn, 1967)or NZB mice (Warner, 1975) injected with paraffin oil; (2) from infrequent mono- or pauciclonal antipolysaccharide responses in rabbits, most frequently to immunization with bacterial vaccines(Osterland et al., 1966; Krause, 1970; Braun et al., 1969; Haber et al., 1975); (3) in humans immunized with various polysaccharides, notably dextrans and levans(Yount et al., 1968); and most recently (4) to almost any antigen in mice by the hybridoma technique(Kohler and Milstein, 1975). The first of these sources provides no intrinsic information as to the specificity of the monoclonal immunoglobulin produced and only in a small proportion of the human and a somewhat larger proportion of the mouse myeloma proteins and macroglobulins have antibody activities been identified.
The Practice of Theory: Rhetoric, Knowledge, and Pedagogy in the Academy

1. Gorgias, Phaedrus, and the rhetorical formulation of the extra-discursive 2. Aristotle on rhetoric, phronesis, and practical knowledge 3. A rhetorical reading of the human sciences: towards antifoundationalism 4. Rorty and the mirror of nature: hermeneutics and the possibility of social change 5. Louise Phelps and theory: towards a human science disciplined by practical wisdom 6. Liberatory pedagogy, conceptual knowledge: towards a practical wisdom disciplined by scientific observation 7. Toward a materialistic rhetoric: writing the conditions of the incommensurable.
Crack Tip Stress and Deformation Field Measurement

The chapter discusses various methods that have been used for the evaluation of the crack tip stress and strain or displacement fields. These include optical methods such as photoelasticity, moire interferometry, the method of caustics and coherent gradient sensing developed specially for applications in fracture mechanics and strain gage methods. Propagation of a polarized light beam through optical components that exhibit refractive index changes can be analyzed with great ease through the matrix approach introduced by Jones (1941). “Jones calculus” is summarized in the chapter to facilitate discussions of photoelasticity and lateral shearing interferometry. The strain gage-based methods are just as powerful as full-field optical techniques for crack tip field characterization while at the same time requiring only minimal investment in measuring equipment. This is particularly useful in the development of standard methods of measuring the initiation, propagation, and arrest toughness.
An intense broadband terahertz source based on a novel four wave rectification process

The fundamental and second harmonie pulses from an ultrafast laser are mixed in a gaseous medium to generate an intense, (~ 1 kV cm-1) broadband (蠅 4 THz) pulse through a proeess which resembles third order optical reetification.
Application of lubrication theory to ovum through the human fallopian tube

Lubrication theory was used to describe fluid flow, and ovum transport, through a fallopian tube. The preliminary model predicts ovum location versus time in a fallopian tube with uniform cilia density, lobe distribution, and variable radius. The model shows that ovum transport is controlled by the cilia and local pressure gradients. The model predicts pro-ovarian fluid flow in the initial segments of the fallopian tube. This means that the ovum cannot be traveling along the central axis of the tube; to prove this, a three dimensional model needs to be developed to predict ovum transport through the fallopian tube.
Early knee changes in dancers identified by ultra‐high‐field 7 T MRI

We aimed to determine whether a unique, ultra-high-field 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner could detect occult cartilage and meniscal injuries in asymptomatic female dancers. This study had Institutional Review Board approval. We recruited eight pre-professional female dancers and nine non-athletic, female controls. We scanned the dominant knee on a 7 T MRI scanner using a three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequence and a proton density, fast spin-echo sequence to evaluate cartilage and menisci, respectively. Two radiologists scored cartilage (International Cartilage Repair Society classification) and meniscal (Stoller classification) lesions. We applied two-tailed z- and t-tests to determine statistical significance. There were no cartilage lesions in dancers or controls. For the medial meniscus, the dancers demonstrated higher mean MRI score (2.38 ± 0.61 vs 1.0 ± 0.97, P < 0.0001) and higher frequency of mean grade 2 lesions (88% vs 11%, P < 0.01) compared with the controls. For the lateral meniscus, there was no difference in score (0.5 ± 0.81 vs 0.5 ± 0.78, P = 0.78) in dancers compared with the control groups. Asymptomatic dancers demonstrate occult medial meniscal lesions. Because this has been described in early osteoarthritis, close surveillance of dancers' knee symptoms and function with appropriate activity modification may help maintain their long-term knee health.
Syntax: Its Evolution and Its Representation in the Brain

Poeppel (2008) observes that there is no clear correspondence between units of analysis in linguistics (especially the abstract and arbitrary-looking principles of syntax) and biological units of neuroscience, concluding that current neurolinguistic research presents a case of cross-sterilization, rather than cross-fertilization. Here the proposal is developed that decomposing syntax into intermediate evolutionary layers, into its evolutionary primitives, not only makes syntax compatible with gradualist accounts, but it also renders it more tangible and less abstract. In this approach, at least some complexities (and oddities) of syntax, such as Subjacency effects and the small clause core, can be seen as side-effects/by-products of evolutionary tinkering. It is conceivable that such evolutionary considerations are a necessary missing ingredient in any attempt to establish links between the postulates of syntax and the units of neuroscience. This article considers concrete linguistic data and suggestions as to where and how to look for neurobiological correlates of syntax.
The Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: Contemporary Ratification Issues

This report examines the legislative history of the various proposals that ultimately emerged as the proposed Equal Rights Amendment and both identifies and provides an analysis of contemporary factors that may bear on its present and future viability.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Sensitize a MAPK-linked Toxicity Pathway on Prolonged Exposure to β-Amyloid

Among putative downstream synaptic targets of β-amyloid (Aβ) are signaling molecules involved in synaptic function, memory formation and cognition, such as the MAP kinases, MKPs, CaMKII, CREB, Fyn, and Tau. Here, we assessed the activation and interaction of signaling pathways upon prolonged exposure to Aβ in model nerve cells expressing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Our goal was to characterize the steps underlying sensitization of the nerve cells to neurotoxicity when Aβ-target receptors are present. Of particular focus was the connection of the activated signaling molecules to oxidative stress. Differentiated neuroblastoma cells expressing mouse α4β2-nAChRs were exposed to Aβ1–42 for intervals from 30 min to 3 days. The cells and cell-derived protein extracts were then probed for activation of signaling pathway molecules (ERK, JNK, CaMKII, CREB, MARCKS, Fyn, tau). Our results show substantial, progressive activation of ERK in response to nanomolar Aβ exposure, starting at the earliest time point. Increased ERK activation was followed by JNK activation as well as an increased expression of PHF-tau, paralleled by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The impact of prolonged Aβ on the levels of pERK, pJNK, and ROS was attenuated by MEK-selective and JNK-selective inhibitors. In addition, the MEK inhibitor as well as a JNK inhibitor attenuated Aβ-induced nuclear fragmentation, which followed the changes in ROS levels. These results demonstrate that the presence of nAChRs sensitizes neurons to the neurotoxic action of Aβ through the timed activation of discrete intracellular signaling molecules, suggesting pathways involved in the early stages of Alzheimer disease.
Evidence Evaluation and Evidence Integration in Legal Decision‐Making: Order of Evidence Presentation as a Moderator of Context Effects

Summary Legal decision-making studies often demonstrate context effects: People's initial beliefs about a suspect's guilt influence their evaluation of subsequent evidence. We examine three potential moderators of these context effects: Order of evidence presentation, ability to ruminate, and valence of the initial belief (innocence or guilt). College students (n = 382) were presented with DNA evidence (incriminating or exonerating) and an ambiguous alibi in one of two orders (or just the alibi), and then evaluated how strongly the alibi incriminated the suspect and the suspect's likelihood of guilt. Results indicated that alibi evaluation exhibited context effects when (i) initial beliefs were of guilt (but not of innocence) and when (ii) evaluating subsequent evidence (but not when retroactively evaluating prior evidence). Rumination failed to moderate any effects. The integration of evidence exhibited recency effects: DNA had a greater impact on participants' beliefs in the suspect's guilt when presented last rather than first. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionized Calcium During Plateletpheresis

The concentration of ionized calcium (Ca++) during platelepheresis was monitored when donors received 461 ± 95 (mean ± S.D.) ml of anticoagulant acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), N.I.H. formula A. Most donors experienced mild subjective symptoms (perioral tingling) during reinfusion of autologous blood. The concentration of serum Ca++ before the procedure was 4.19 ± 0.203 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl and it decreased to 3.27 ± 0.391 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl after the procedure. Two of the 79 donors experienced more severe symptoms (nausea, lightheadedness) while ionized calcium was lower than 3 mg/dl. Mild hypocalcemic effects could be demonstrated by electrocardiography in most donors. When donors received 414 ± 28 (mean ± S.D.) ml of ACD, N.I.H. formula B, only some of them experienced perioral tingling during reinfusion of the autologous blood. The concentration of Ca++ before the procedure was 4.18 ± 0.14 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl and it decreased to 3.66 ± 0.14 (mean ± S.D.) mg/dl after the procedure. These data indicated that ACD N.I.H. formula B promotes greater donor comfort and safety than does ACD, formula A. The data showed that hemodilution occurred immediately following the withdrawal of one unit of blood, prior to infusion of any intravenous fluids. The analysis of the data revealed also that both magnesium and calcium entered the intravascular compartment during plateletpheresis. Although the origin of the calcium ion entering the plasma could not be established, it appeared that at least part was derived from calcium-citrate complexes.
Sediment trace metal chemistry of Second Marsh, Oshawa, Ontario

A study was made on the sediment distribution of the trace metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Second Marsh located on the northern shoreline of Lake Ontario near Oshawa, Ontario. Forty surficial samples and four cores were collected from the marsh. Comparing results with other Lake Ontario marshes, Ni and Zn were higher, while Cu and Pb were comparable, and Cd somewhat lower in concentration. Metals in cores exhibited a complex distribution with depth due to past disposals of dredged materials into the marsh. Major sources of such contaminants include a sewage treatment plant, automobile-related industries, a tannery, and land disposal of sludge.
Determination of size distribution of Rayleigh—Gans scatterers by forward scattering lobe method

Abstract The value of light-scattering measurements in the forward lobe for determining the size of monodisperse scatterers has been previously documented. The applicability of the method for determining the size distribution of Rayleigh—Gans scatterers was studied because it was uncertain which average size is actually determined for polydisperse scatterers. To generate the theoretical curves for polydisperse scatterers, the Rayleigh—Gans and the Mie scattering equations were used with the zero-order-log-normal and the Gaussian distribution functions. These curves were plotted using a modified Sloan plot (log I sin2 θ/2 vs log sin θ/2). The ratio of the fifth to the fourth moments (z + 2 average radius) of the distribution can be calculated from the maximum in the plot. The breadth parameter of the distribution (σ0) can also be determined by using a master plot of a family of curves generated for different values of σ0 and any fixed value of the modal radius.
Verapamil decreases cyclic load-induced calcium incorporation in ROS 17/2.8 osteosarcoma cell cultures.

Abstract Bone is a tissue that responds to mechanical load by changing its internal architecture. However, the mode of transmission of mechanical stimuli into biological signals and the effect of load at the cellular level are still not clear. An in vitro system, a Flexercell® Strain Unit, was used to apply cyclic load to osteoblast-like cells in culture. In the first series of experiments, ROS 17/2.8 rat osteosarcoma cells, cultured on Flex I®, flexible bottomed culture plates, were subjected to a 0.05 Hz, 0.24 STRAIN cyclic load regime for 3 and 7 days, in vitro . One group subjected to load received verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, throughout the experimental period. A second group was exposed to load but received no verapamil. A third group had no drug or load and a fourth group had no load but received verapamil. Cultures were incubated for 24 hours prior to collection with 10 μCi of 45 CaCl in the medium, then well bottoms were divided to yield outer (maximum) and inner (minimum) load zones for assay of radioactivity. The effect of verapamil during a 7-day loading period was studied by adding the drug to individual cultures at daily intervals. Results indicated that mechanical loading stimulates calcium incorporation in ROS 17/2.8 cell cultures by day 7 but not by day 3. Only early verapamil addition decreased load-induced calcium incorporation when drug was added prior to day 4. If verapamil was added after 4 days, the channel blocker did not diminish load-induced calcium incorporation.
Review of dense gas dispersion field experiments

This paper considers field scale experimental programmes performed during the last decade to study the atmospheric dispersion of dense gases. The objectives are to summarily review the programmes, consider what has been learned and identify questions that remain to be answered. Considering the test experience, recommendations are made for a course of action to further increase our understanding.
Decades of atmospheric deposition have not resulted in widespread phosphorus limitation or saturation of tree demand for nitrogen in southern New England

It is commonly assumed that nitrogen (N) is the primary mineral resource limiting the productivity of temperate forests. Sustained inputs of N via atmospheric deposition are altering the N status of temperate forests raising the possibility that nutrients such as phosphorus (P) are increasingly limiting productivity. The objective of this study was to determine whether P availability limits tree growth alone or in combination with N. This study was conducted in two forest types common throughout the New England landscape of the northeastern United States; in sugar maple and white ash dominated stands growing on base rich parent material characterized by rapid rates of N cycling and high N availability, and in red oak–beech–hemlock dominated stands growing on base-poor parent material characterized by slow rates of N cycling and low N availability. Starting in 2004, N and P were added to replicate plots in each forest type in factorial combination at a rate of 150 and 50 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. Diameter growth rates of all trees >10 cm DBH were measured in 2005 and 2006 using dendrometer bands and converted into units of basal area increment (BAI) and wood production. Following 2 years of fertilization, basal area increment in the sugar maple–white ash forests remained strongly N limited. Fertilization with P did not significantly increase BAI alone, although both N and P fertilization tended (P < 0.10) to increase diameter growth in white ash. Wood production in the N-fertilized plots increased by 100 g C m−2 year−1, roughly doubling production in the non-fertilized plots. In the red oak–beech–hemlock stands, there was no overall effect of N or P fertilization on BAI or wood production because BAI in some species was stimulated by fertilization with N alone (e.g., black cherry, red oak), while in other species BAI was unaffected (e.g., red maple, beech) or negatively affected by fertilization with N or P (e.g., eastern hemlock). Given that BAI in several tree species responded to fertilization with N alone and that only one species responded to P fertilization once N was added, this study suggests that decades of atmospheric N deposition have not (yet) resulted in widespread P limitation or saturation of tree demand for N.
New morphometric measurements of craters and basins on Mercury and the Moon from MESSENGER and LRO altimetry and image data: An observational framework for evaluating models of peak-ring basin formation

Abstract Peak-ring basins are important in understanding the formation of large impact basins on planetary bodies; however, debate still exists as to how peak rings form. Using altimetry and image data from the MESSENGER and LRO spacecraft in orbit around Mercury and the Moon, respectively, we measured the morphometric properties of impact structures in the transition from complex craters with central peaks to peak-ring basins. This work provides a comprehensive morphometric framework for craters and basins in this morphological transition that may be used to further develop and refine various models for peak-ring formation. First, we updated catalogs of craters and basins ≥50 km in diameter possessing interior peaks on Mercury and the Moon. Crater degradation states were assessed and morphometric measurements were made on the freshest examples, including depths to the crater floor, areas contained within the outlines of the rim crest and floor, crater volumes, and rim-crest and floor circularity. There is an abrupt decrease in crater depth in the crater to basin transition on both Mercury and the Moon. Peak-ring basins have larger floor area/interior area ratios than complex craters; this ratio is larger in craters on Mercury than on the Moon. The dimensions of central peaks (heights, areas, and volumes exposed above the surface) increase continuously up to the transition to basins. Compared with central peaks, peak rings have reduced heights; however, all interior peaks are typically >1 km below the rim-crest elevations. Topographic profiles of peak-ring basins on Mercury and the Moon are distinct from complex craters and exhibit interior cavities or depressions that are bounded by the peak ring with outer annuli that are at higher elevations. We interpret the trends in floor and interior area to be largely due to differences in impact melt production and retention, although variations in types and thicknesses of impactites, including proximal ejecta, could also contribute to the observed trends. Our trends illustrate that the transition from craters to basins is characterized by an abrupt change in morphology, implying a change in process for the formation of peak rings. Refinement of models for peak-ring formation through improved quantitative predictions of crater morphometry and cross-validation with our morphometric framework are needed to better constrain the processes that form peak rings on the terrestrial planets.
TEMPORAL VARIATIONS IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHITE RATS TO PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM AND TREMORINE.

Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats averaging 360 g and between 6 and 10 months old were housed under standardized conditions. Groups of ten to fifteen rats were injected intraperitoneally with potentially lethal doses of pentobarbital sodium at different times during four 24 hr experimental periods, and the resulting deaths were recorded. Two reactions to Tremorine (1,3-pyrrolidino-2-butyne) were investigated: (1) the percentage mortality of the group following intraperitoneal administration of graded, potentially lethal doses, and (2) the time required for the onset of constant tremors in all members of an experimental group after subcutaneous injection of non-lethal doses. Under the standardized conditions, there exists in the rat a difference in susceptibility to pentobarbital sodium and Tremorine over a 24-hr period. Peak “response” as measured by number of deaths is between 2200 and 0400. Minimum mortality occurred during the middle of the afternoon. Following subcutaneous injection of non-lethal doses of Tremorine, the time interval was longer for the onset of constant tremors during the daylight hours than at night.
Axial Configuration of Optically Active Colchicinoids and Allocolchicinoids: A Correction

Correction of the axial configuration of (−)-rotating colchicinoids and allocolchicinoids from (aS) to (aR) is reported.
Variants in ACAD10 are associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and lipid oxidation in Pima Indians.

Aims/hypothesis A prior genome-wide association study in Pima Indians identified a variant within the ACAD10 gene that is associated with early-onset type 2 diabetes. Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase 10 (ACAD10) catalyses mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, which plays a pivotal role in developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, ACAD10 was analysed as a positional and biological candidate for type 2 diabetes.
Spatial Metaphors of Web Use

Abstract:When the web became popular, people had to develop ways to talk and think about it. In the mid-1990s, we analyzed spatial language in “web talk.” We found that people described pages as places, and search as motion, both passive and active motion. Here we investigate web talk nearly two decades later. Our analysis reveals that some spatial language has stayed the same, and some has changed. Of special interest is how far fewer motion verbs are used nowadays. We argue that people naturally produce spatial metaphors when talking about new technological domains, and that over time, the most useful elements persist.
Fatigue crack growth characteristics in cast Al–Si–Mg alloys: Part I. Effect of processing conditions and microstructure

Abstract Fatigue strength and crack propagation behavior are critical attributes when designing structural components for high-integrity applications. Significant efforts have been directed in the past decade towards determining the effects of casting defects on fatigue response and many causal relationships are available in the literature. What has been missing, however, is a fundamental knowledge of the contribution of various constituent phases and features, specific to the alloy being considered, in governing fatigue crack initiation and propagation. In this work, model systems of Al-based cast alloys were investigated for fatigue crack growth under constant stress ratios using compact tension specimens. Grain size, secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS), modification, amount of Al–Si eutectic phase, α-Al phase, and other phases were controlled (kept constant/varied as needed to decouple effects) to determine their impact on fatigue crack growth. In addition, heat treatment effects and the influence of quenching residual stresses (macro-stresses) on fatigue crack growth have also been studied. The effects of critical casting parameters on the fatigue properties of cast Al components used for low-cycle fatigue as well as high-cycle fatigue applications will be critically reviewed and discussed.
Kinetic Analysis of the Chronology of Patulin- and Gossypol-Induced Cytotoxicity in Vitro

Kinetic analyses of the mechanisms of patulin- and gossypol-induced cellular toxicity in an immortalized rat hepatocyte cell line were examined using a battery of vital fluorescence bioassays. Intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) were monitored simultaneously using fluorescent probes requiring uv excitation (351–363 nm); reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial and plasma membrane potential, and intracellular pH were monitored simultaneously with visible wavelength probes (488 nm). Changes in gap junction-mediated intercellular communication (GJIC) were monitored using the gap FRAP technique. Cells were exposed to different concentrations of patulin (0, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1000 μM) or gossypol (0, 1.0, 3.0, and 10 μM). All parameters were monitored directly after addition of toxin for 20 min. The analyses provided the following chronology of cellular injury caused by patulin: simultaneous suppression of GJIC and GSH depletion → ROS generation → mitochondrial membrane depolarization → simultaneous increase in [Ca2+]iand cytoplasmic acidification → depolarization of plasma membrane. A distinct chronology of gossypol-induced cellular injury was also identified: simultaneous suppression of GJIC and generation of ROS → cytoplasmic acidification → simultaneous elevation of [Ca2+]iand partial depletion of GSH → mitochondrial membrane depolarization → depolarization of plasma membrane. This report indicates the utility of these vital assays as improved mechanistically based methods for toxicity testingin vitro.
Cosmic-ray-produced36Cl and53Mn in Allan Hills-77 meteorites

Abstract Cosmic-ray-produced53Mn (t1/2 = 3.7 × 106years) has been determined by neutron activation in nine Allan Hills-77 meteorites. Additionally,36Cl (1/2 = 3.0 × 105years) has been measured in seven of these objects using tandem accelerator mass spectrometry. These results, along with14C (t1/2 = 5740years) and26Al (7.2 × 105 years) concentrations determined elsewhere, yield terrestrial ages ranging from 0.1 × 105 to 7 × 105 years. Weathering was not found to result in53Mn loss.
Duration of Antibody Response to Soluble Antigen

ANTIBODY production after immunization with particulate antigens is known to persist over long periods of time. By contrast, immunization with soluble antigens in the absence of adjuvants is generally thought to give responses of relatively brief duration. Recently, it has been reported that antibody production continued for several hundred days in rabbits given one or several intravenous injections of a number of soluble antigens1. Antibody produced late in the course of the response gave negative ring tests, failed to sensitize the guinea pig intestine, and could be detected only by a passive haemagglutination technique. This communication is concerned with similar observations on the response of chickens to intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA). One major finding of this study is the persistence of precipitating antibody up to 313 days after injection.
How much camera separation should be used for the capture and presentation of 3D stereoscopic imagery on binocular HMDs

Designers, researchers, and users of binocular stereoscopic head- or helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) face the tricky issue of what imagery to present in their particular displays, and how to do so effectively. Stereoscopic imagery must often be created in-house with a 3D graphics program or from within a 3D virtual environment, or stereoscopic photos/videos must be carefully captured, perhaps for relaying to an operator in a teleoperative system. In such situations, the question arises as to what camera separation (real or virtual) is appropriate or desirable for end-users and operators. We review some of the relevant literature regarding the question of stereo pair camera separation using deskmounted or larger scale stereoscopic displays, and employ our findings to potential HMD applications, including command & control, teleoperation, information and scientific visualization, and entertainment.
O3 and NO2 fluxes over snow measured by eddy correlation

The fluxes of nitrogen dioxide and ozone, as well as supporting meteorological data, have been measured at a snow covered grassland field site in northern Colorado by eddy correlation. The fluxes of both species are small. The median surface resistance to ozone deposition is greatest during the morning and least during the afternoon. The nitrogen dioxide flux is generally downward overnight and during the morning and upward during the afternoon. Surface NO emissions are thought to strongly influence the observed NO2 flux. The median surface resistance to oxidant (Ox = O3 + NO2) deposition shows no pronounced diurnal variation, but is greater for aged snow (22.8 ± 8.95 cm−1) than for fresh snow (8.1 ± 4.9 s cm−1). Quoted error limits are one standard error of the estimate.
Source coding for a simple multi-hop network

We derive the rate-distortion region for source coding on a simple multi-hop network with side information. The result represents the first complete solution to a multi-hop source coding problem. The proof technique combines ideas from Wyner-Ziv coding and coding with unreliable side information
A nonlinear thermoviscoelastic stress and fracture analysis of an adhesive bond

The evolution of residual stresses resulting from cooling an adhesive bond configuration on its lateral surfaces at a constant rate through the glass transition of the polymer are considered. A nonlinear, viscoelastic (free-volume) model serves for the thermoviscoelastic characterization of the polymer. The simultaneous solution to the heat diffusion and the transient thermoviscoelatic problems are addressed. Both an infinite (one-dimensional) and a finite (two-dimensional) domain are studied. A "critical" cooling time exists, in the present case on the order of a few seconds, which separates the control of the solidification process according to whether the relaxation or thermal diffusion time scale governs. The short time "quenching process," i.e., when the time scale is governed by thermal diffusion, leads to essentially constant residual stresses. Slower cooling increasingly invokes the time and rate sensitive properties of the polymer and leads to monotically decreasing residual stresses with longer cooling times. To reduce residual stresses by a factor of two from their maximal values requires cooling times on the order of one or two days. These results are not drastically altered by changes in the thicknesses of the bond components. Apart from singular behavior of the stress components in the two-dimensionally finite domain "quenching" has the effect of producing significantly different stress distributions (including stress "spikes") than slow or thermoelastic analyses would suggest. This observation is attributed to the interaction of the bending response of the metal components early in the cooling history under the high thermal gradients, which deformations are then partially frozen in during the subsequent cooling of the polymer. Implications of these results for systems possessing geometric and material differences subjected to various thermal cooling ranges are also discussed. The results demonstrate the importance of knowing the bulk relaxation or creep spectrum for the polymer. In the second part of the thesis the effect of the residual stresses on fracture behavior of an adhesive bond are addressed within the context of linear fracture mechanics for dissimilar materials. The crack faces are found to be in contact at the fractured end during the (residually stress) unloading process. A significantly error results if this contact zone is not taken into account. The combined effect of the mechanical loads and the residual stresses on the energy release rate is also studied. The total energy release rate from the combined effect is not necessarily higher or equal to the sum of the individual contribution from external loads and from residual stresses separately.
The tetramerisation of ldh subunits in human serum

Abstract The distribution of the 5 LDH iso-enzymes in human serum has been found to depend only on the relative proportions of the 2 subunit types, and closely approximates the distribution predicted on the basis of a random subunit tetramerisation.
Effect of operating parameters and anode diffusion layer on the direct ethanol fuel cell performance

Abstract A parametric study was conducted on the performance of direct ethanol fuel cells. The membrane electrode assemblies employed were composed of a Nafion ® 117 membrane, a Pt/C cathode and a PtRu/C anode. The effect of cathode backpressure, cell temperature, ethanol solution flow rate, ethanol concentration, and oxygen flow rate were evaluated by measuring the cell voltage as a function of current density for each set of conditions. The effect of the anode diffusion media was also studied. It was found that the cell performance was enhanced by increasing the cell temperature and the cathode backpressure. On the contrary, the cell performance was virtually independent of oxygen and fuel solution flow rates. Performance variations were encountered only at very low flow rates. The effect of the ethanol concentration on the performance was as expected, mass transport loses observed at low concentrations and kinetic loses at high ethanol concentration due to fuel crossover. The open circuit voltage appeared to be independent of most operating parameters and was only significantly affected by the ethanol concentration. It was also established that the anode diffusion media had an important effect on the cell performance.
9.4: The effect of ballast resistor and field screening on electron emission of nano-diamond emitters fabricated on micropatterned silicon pillar arrays

This paper describes the influence of ballast resistor and field screening on the electron field emission behavior of nano-diamond emitter arrays fabricated on micropatterned silicon pillars. Arrays of 50×50 silicon pillars with different ballast resistances, pillar separations, capped with nano-diamond, have been fabricated on different silicon substrates as cathode for field emission testing. The goal of this study is to evaluate the fabrication method and electron emission characteristics in this configuration for field emission applications. The electron field emission results have been compared to observe the effect of the ballast resistive behavior and array spacing of micropatterned silicon pillars on the nano-diamond field emission behaviors.
Commercial Speech: Assessing the Function and Durability of the Central Hudson Test

(1996). Commercial Speech: Assessing the Function and Durability of the Central Hudson Test. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 112-130.
The Structure of 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA Thioesterase from Arthrobacter sp. strain SU

Abstract The 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenation pathway in certain Arthrobacter and Pseudomonas bacterial species contains three enzymes: a ligase, a dehalogenase, and a thioesterase. Here we describe the high resolution x-ray crystallographic structure of the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase from Arthrobacter sp. strain SU. The tetrameric enzyme is a dimer of dimers with each subunit adopting the so-called “hot dog fold” composed of six strands of anti-parallel β-sheet flanked on one side by a rather long α-helix. The dimers come together to form the tetramer with their α-helices facing outwards. This quaternary structure is in sharp contrast to that previously observed for the 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase from Pseudomonas species strain CBS-3, whereby the dimers forming the tetramer pack with their α-helices projecting toward the interfacial region. In the Arthrobacter thioesterase, each of the four active sites is formed by three of the subunits of the tetramer. On the basis of both structural and kinetic data, it appears that Glu73 is the active site base in the Arthrobacter thioesterase. Remarkably, this residue is located on the opposite side of the substrate-binding pocket compared with that observed for the Pseudomonas enzyme. Although these two bacterial thioesterases demonstrate equivalent catalytic efficiencies, substrate specificities, and metabolic functions, their quaternary structures, CoA-binding sites, and catalytic platforms are decidedly different.
Organization of a system for managing the text and images that describe an art collection

D. McFallIBM Canada Laboratory, 1 150 Eglington Avenue E.North York, Ontario M3C 1V7, CanadaABSTRACTFor more than a year, we have been involved in building a workstation-based system to manage the informationthat describes a collection of art. This information, for each work of art,' includes text that describes that work ofart and color images of it. An important requirement of this system is that it be able to display images of the artwith "faithful color." In this paper, we will describe the requirements of this system, especially those that relate toimages, and how they affect the system design. Other aspects of the system that will be described in the paper includethe system organization, the image storage hierarchy, the color calibration approach, the image architecture, and theorganization of the color calibration information.
Determinants of genetic susceptibility in HLA-associated autoimmune disease.

Abstract The predominant genetic elements contributing to HLA-associated disease susceptibility have been localized within the HLA-D, or class II, region of the major histocompatibility complex for a large number of autoimmune diseases. Two likely candidate susceptibility genes in this region have been identified: the DQβ3.2 gene is the single allele most highly associated with type I diabetes (IDDM) and accounts for the HLA-DR4 association with that disease. DNA sequence analysis and mutagenesis studies implicate a small set of key residues within the DQ3.2 molecule as critical polymorphic residues likely contributing to disease-associated immune mechanisms. Different class II genes, Dw4 and Dw14, specific alleles at the DRβ locus, account for the HLA-DR4 association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A single cluster of polymorphic residues within the DRβ molecule may be sufficient to account for nearly all of the structural and genetic contributions of the HLA complex to the pathogenesis of RA.
Comparative effectiveness of sleep and metrazol-activated electroencephalography.

Abstract In 210 patients with various manifestations of epilepsy, 37 per cent whowed seizure discharges in the electroencephalograms recorded while awake. The use of sleep EEG increased the incidence of such discharges to 47 per cent. In the group of 102 patients who had normal or borderline electroencephalograms while awake, 15 (14.7 per cent) demonstrated seizure discharges during sleep. Sleep recording contributed most information in the group with psychomotor seizures, and was especially valuable in demonstrating anterior temporal spike foci in these patients. In 138 of the patients, the results of sleep and Metrazol-activated EEG were compared. There was a 33 per cent incidence of seizure discharges while awake. With sleep recording, the incidence was increased to 40 per cent and with Metrazol to 62 per cent. In almost all cases, seizure discharges recorded during sleep were also observed during Metrazol activation. Metrazol induced seizure discharges in the electroencephalograms of 35 (45 per cent) of the 77 patients with normal or borderline records while awake. Sleep was successful in only 10 patients (13 per cent) of this group. Metrazol was more effective than sleep in all clinical groups except for the group with psychomotor epilepsy. The focal character of the seizure discharges in the patients with psychomotor epilepsy was best demonstrated during the sleeping state.
Reversible Deficiency of Serum High Density Lipoproteins in Hodgkin's Disease

AbstractAn elderly woman with Hodgkin 's disease and hepatic involvement but without cholestasis presented with markedly depressed levels of serum esterified cholesterol and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Within five days of her first cycle of chemotherapy her serum HDL-cholesterol rose from 8–10 mg/dl to 88 mg/dl, and levels of the major HDL-apoprotein, apoA-I, rose from 60 to 138 mg/dl. The proportion of unesterified serum cholesterol fell from 60–80% to 27–30%. These observations suggest a relatively specific effect of the hepatic lymphoma on synthesis or release of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase.
Leading Surface Optimization Criteria for Orbital Lifting Re-Entry Craft

Nose and leading-edge surfaces for orbital lifting re-entry craft are examined in hypersonic flow. General selection criteria are established for optimizing the surface for two design situations: 1) minimizing heating rate for fixed drag, and 2) minimizing drag for a given heating rate. A parametric study of elliptical leading surfaces (twoand three-dimensional) shows that an ellipticity of about 0.45 produces the desired optima. Reductions in drag up to 65% are found at the appropriate minima for the optimum ellipticity. The influence of angle-of-attack modulation is also considered for leading edges.
The effects of dialectical inquiry, devil's advocacy, and consensus inquiry methods in a GSS environment

Abstract Much research has been done in the past few years on Group Support Systems (GSS). Laboratory versions have been created and studies have reported improved group outcomes, when compared with similar manual sessions. More recently, commercial systems have been introduced. Most of these have been created around a common approach to group work, which can be characterized as consensus. However, research in the manual group literature suggests that a consensus approach does not always produce the best outcomes. Structured conflict may provide superior performance when the issues under consideration contain multiple or unclear underlying assumptions. This paper describes a preliminary experiment to compare a consensus based approach (C) to two different conflict based approaches, devil's advocacy (DA) and dialectical inquiry (DI). The study was intended to help determine whether or not consensus based approaches are always the best choice. Results found no differences among the three inquiry methods in terms of process or outcome. Possible reasons are discussed.
What Is the Value of the 21 Gene Recurrence Score in HER2-Negative Patients?

TO THE EDITOR: We read with interest the article by Dowsett et al validating the Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS) in a subpopulation of the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) study. The authors evaluated patients in this study who had hormone receptor–positive disease, who received single-agent therapy, and whose tissue blocks were available for RNA extraction. Using these data, they constructed Kaplan-Meier curves and performed Cox proportional hazards regression models demonstrating significance of the RS in predicting distant recurrence in the patient group. The authors conclude that RS adds information to “that provided by standard measures such as nodal status, patient age, tumor size, and tumor grade.” It is concerning that the authors did not address the impact of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status in their analysis because the choice of treatment options is most difficult for patients with HER2-negative disease. To be truly useful to the clinician, the analysis should demonstrate that the RS adds information once patients with HER2-positive disease are removed from the analysis. A previous study by Dowsett et al on a superset of the same group of patients showed that 10.5% had HER2-positive disease and had a much worse recurrence rate (both those with node-positive and nodenegative disease). In fact, the recurrence rate for patients with HER2positive disease compared with those in the HER2-negative group is more than twice as high at the 5-year end point, a shorter time frame than that of the current analysis. Because the data on patients with HER2-positive disease are readily available to the authors, it would have significantly strengthened their conclusion that the RS is prognostic in the HER2-negative subgroup of patients. Data for the earlier analysis indicated 44 recurrences in the HER2-positive group, which may extrapolate to as many as 30 recurrences in the current study. Because this would be a sizable percentage of the total of 146 distant recurrences recorded (Fig 1 in Dowsett et al), it is very possible that RS adds little new information in patients with HER2negative pathology. Most oncologists currently consider patients with HER2-positive disease as having a poor prognosis if left untreated and therefore will not order Oncotype DX nor use Adjuvant! Online (version 8) for these patients. The patients that remain most challenging are those who have node-negative, hormone receptor–positive, and HER2-negative disease. It is in this group of patients that a test such as the Oncotype DX may be of greatest value. Therefore, the test should be validated in this subgroup to establish its clinical utility. The authors have these data available to them, and we look forward to their conclusions from Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier curves once the patients with HER2-positive disease are removed.
Differential cytokine mRNA expression in Dermatophagoides farinae allergen-sensitized and respiratory syncytial virus-infected mice.

Abstract The interaction between mite allergen sensitization and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection at the level of cytokine mRNA expression was examined in a murine model in the present study. Primary RSV infection enhances expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IFN-γ, and eotaxin in the lung and upregulates the expression of Th2-like cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 in the spleen in BALB/c mice. Mite antigen-sensitized and RSV-infected (ASRSV) mice show enhanced (P