cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence for simply inherited dominant resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in carrot

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are serious pests of carrot (Daucus carota L.) worldwide. While soil treatment with nematicides is the primary means for managing nematodes in carrot, there is a need to identify and introduce host plant resistance for crop improvement. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to root-galling and reproduction by M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood in a selection (BR-1252) of carrot variety Brasilia. F2, F3, F4, and BC1 progenies from the cross BR-1252×B6274 (a susceptible inbred line) were screened in pot tests for reaction to M. javanica. The observed reactions based on galling and egg production on fibrous roots gave segregation patterns in all tests that were consistent with relatively simply inherited dominant resistance. Field testing in progress indicates that this resistance is very effective against both M. javanica and M. incognita. A single gene model fits the observed data acceptably well in F3 generations. However, the range of 3% to 51% susceptible plants in segregating F3 families and 1% to 47% in segregating F4 families is much wider than the 25% expected with a single-gene model, and linked duplicate factors in the coupling phase could also explain the observed segregation patterns. The variation in percentage susceptibility among these families did not clearly cluster into three expected categories (25% S, 20.25% S, and 0.25% S for a 10-cM linkage distance, or 25% S, 16% S and 1% S for 20 cM), but it did tend to occur over the same range. Thus a 10-cM to 20-cM-linked duplicate factor model cannot be dismissed at this time. Egg production data in the F2, F3, and F4 families provided evidence for slightly lower resistance expression in the heterozygous condition. Thus, while overall expressed in a dominant fashion, the resistance does exhibit some allelic dosage response.
Impact of a state performance assessment program in reading and writing

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of the Maryland School Performance Assessment Program (MSPAP) and the Maryland Learning Outcomes (MLOs) in a number of areas including teacher, principal, and student beliefs, classroom practices, and student learning in reading and writing. A statewide sample of 90 elementary and middle schools in Maryland participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered to principals, teachers, and students. Additionally, classroom instruction and assessment materials were collected from teachers, and student performance on MSPAP over 5 years was obtained. Results indicated that principals and teachers tended to be supportive of MSPAP, reading and writing classroom practices were somewhat aligned with the goals of MSPAP, and greater performance gains in reading and writing tended to occur in schools that reported increased use of reform-oriented instruction. The methodology and interpretive outcomes in the study contribute to the growing literature base o...
The production of NO from the reaction of Fe(III) Schiff base complexes and nitrite ions in acetonitrile

Abstract The Fe(III) Schiff base complexes: FesalenNO2, FesalenCl, [Fesalen]2O+BF4 − and FeacacenCl have been treated with the nitrite reagents: PPNNO2, AgNO2 and NaNO2 in acetonitrile. Only FesalenNO3 and FesalenCl produced NO with all of the reagents according to the equation: 2Fesalen++3NO2 −=2NO+(Fesalen)2O+NO3 −. No evidence of Fe(III) nitrite complex formation was found. FeacacenCl did not react under these conditions and the Fe(III,IV) compound, [Fesalen]2O+BF4, produced NO2(g).
Angiographic evaluation of the rat carotid balloon injury model.

Abstract Rationale The rat carotid balloon-injury (BI) model is a widely used model of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and vascular remodeling. A variable degree of IH after BI has been previously reported, and we have encountered technical challenges and suboptimal results with the original method. Objective To evaluate the original rat carotid artery BI method with the use of micro-angiography. We tested the hypothesis that in order to obtain an optimal arterial response, BI should be limited to the common carotid artery with preservation of blood flow. Methods and results The left common carotid artery (CCA) was injured by one of three different methods. Carotid angiograms and pathology were examined 14 days after BI. A 2 F Fogarty balloon catheter inflated to 2 atm inside the aortic arch would not slide back into the common carotid artery until deflation to 0.5 to 0.7 atm. Four out of five (80%) vessels injured with this method developed excessive inflammation without discernible IH. Six out of nine (66%) arteries that underwent BI limited to the CCA at 2 atm developed the largest angiographic stenosis (p = 0.003) and IH (0.20 ± 0.03 mm2, p = 0.028). Ten out of eleven (91%) arteries injured with a variable pressure of 1.5 to 2.2 atm, based on the operator's feedback, developed considerable IH (0.12 ± 0.02 mm2). All injured carotid arteries with preserved blood flow on angiography developed IH with intact histological boundaries. Conclusions Optimal IH with preservation of histological boundaries is achieved by graded BI limited to the CCA that preserves carotid blood flow.
Biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane: effects of enzyme inducers and trichloroethylene

1,4-Dioxane is a groundwater contaminant and probable human carcinogen. In this study, two well-studied degradative bacteria Mycobacterium vaccae JOB5 and Rhodococcus jostii RHA1 were examined for their 1,4-dioxane degradation ability in the presence and absence of its co-contaminant, trichloroethylene (TCE), under different oxygenase-expression conditions. These two strains were precultured with R2A broth (complex nutrient medium) before supplementation with propane or 1-butanol to induce the expression of different oxygenases. Both propane- and 1-butanol-induced JOB5 and RHA1 were able to degrade 1,4-dioxane, TCE, and mixtures of 1,4-dioxane/TCE. Complete degradation of 1,4-dioxane/TCE mixture was observed only in propane-induced strain JOB5. Inhibition was observed between 1,4-dioxane and TCE for all cells. Furthermore, product toxicity caused incomplete degradation of 1,4-dioxane by 1-butanol-induced JOB5. In general, the more TCE degraded, the greater extent of product toxicity cells experienced; however, susceptibility to product toxicity was found to be both strain- and inducer-dependent. The findings of this study provide fundamental basis for developing an effective in-situ remediation method for 1,4-dioxane-contaminated ground water and the first known study of 1,4-dioxane degradation by wild-type strain RHA1.
A prototype analysis of psychological situations

Abstract Categorical beliefs about everyday situations were submitted to a prototype analysis. The aim was to clarify how the naive perceiver construes, categorizes, and gives meaning to classes of social situations (e.g., parties, work, therapy sessions). Free description, imagery-reaction time, and structured rating paradigms served to analyze structural, processing, and content properties of a sample of situation categories. The results indicated that people shared relatively orderly and easily retrievable prototypes for the 36 situation categories studied here. These situations were often characterized by the typical person-action combinations expected in them. Naive perceivers agree about person-situation matches, sharing knowledge of the most prototypic behaviors and personality types associated with different types of situations. The findings suggested that such knowledge about social situations might prove useful for the perceiver as actor to plan and regulate behavior.
Locating the Dialogical Self in the Age of Transnational Migrations, Border Crossings and Diasporas

We begin by outlining that the dialogical self may be conceived from the point of view of the self- fuland the self- lessperspectives. Both these perspectives of self-work involve different assumptions about what should be the starting point of the I-position of the dialogical self. These assumptions need to be made explicit because they provide the key to explaining how Ipositions get transformed in the process of entering into a dialogical relationship with the other. Furthermore, we argue that in order to explain how dialogue occurs, and how the I-positions are organized and reorganized by the individual, a developmental framework may be necessary. We believe that the dialogical model is extremely relevant in the age of transnational migration and diasporic cultures. However, the challenge, for the theory of a dialogical self, is to explain how individuals living with hybridized and hyphenated identities in borderland cultures and diasporic communities coordinate their incompatible and often conflictin...
A numerical method for solving two‐point boundary value problems for nonlinear ordinary differential equations

A numerical method for solving two-point boundary value problems associated with systems of first-order nonlinear ordinary differential equations is described. It needs four function evaluations at each point and is of order h6, where h is the space chop. Results of computational experiments, which include perturbation of the initial conditions, comparing this method with other known methods are given.
Levels of cyclic AMP in sparse and dense cultures of growing and quiescent 3T3 cells.

3′ 5′-CYCLIC adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been reported to be involved in the regulation of cellular growth1–5. cAMP levels are low in growing 3T3 cells whereas they are increased in resting cells in confluent cultures5. SV40 or polyoma virus transformed 3T3 cells as well as 3T6 and BHK cells, which reach high cell densities and do not become quiescent, are characterized by a low serum requirement and low levels of cAMP6 (W. Seifert, unpublished results). Therefore, it has been suggested that the growth pattern of normal cells (for example, density dependent cessation of growth) is controlled by intracellular cAMP levels2,5,6: high cellular levels of cAMP are considered to be growth inhibitory while depressed cellular cAMP levels may lead to a continuation of growth1,2,5. It has been suggested1,8 that the levels of cAMP in resting cells are increased as a consequence of contact between cells which may lead to a stimulation of the membrane bound adenyl cyclase. A negative signal which would lead to the inhibition of DNA synthesis as a consequence of cell-cell contact has been suggested7. Evidence from studies on inhibition of cell growth by (But)2cAMP and/or theophylline points to cAMP as a possible mediator1,2,8. Serum, however, antagonizes the growth inhibiting effect of (But)2cAMP9,10.
Nitric oxide synthesis in the kidney: isoforms, biosynthesis, and functions in health

Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that serves cell signaling, cellular energetics, host defense, and inflammatory functions in virtually all cells. In the kidney and vasculature, NO plays fundamental roles in the control of systemic and intrarenal hemodynamics, the tubuloglomerular feedback response, pressure natriuresis, release of sympathetic neurotransmitters and renin, and tubular solute and water transport. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthases (NOS). Because of its high chemical reactivity and high diffusibility, NO production by each of the 3 major NOS isoforms is regulated tightly at multiple levels from gene transcription to spatial proximity near intended targets to covalent modification and allosteric regulation of the enzyme itself. Many of these regulatory mechanisms have yet to be tested in renal cells. The NOS isoforms are distributed differentially and regulated in the kidney, and there remains some controversy over the specific expression of functional protein for the NOS isoforms in specific renal cell populations. Mice with targeted deletion of each of the NOS isoforms have been generated, and these each have unique phenotypes. Studies of the renal and vascular phenotypes of these mice have yielded important insights into certain vascular diseases, ischemic acute renal failure, the tubuloglomerular feedback response, and some mechanisms of tubular fluid and electrolyte transport, but thus far have been underexploited. This review explores the collective knowledge regarding the structure, regulation, and function of the NOS isoforms gleaned from various tissues, and highlights the progress and gaps in understanding in applying this information to renal and vascular physiology.
A SEQUENTIAL PROCEDURE WITH ELIMINATION FOR PARTITIONING A SET OF NORMAL POPULATIONS HAVING A COMMON UNKNOWN VARIANCE

We consider the problem of partitioning a set of normal populations, with respect to a control population, into two subsets according to their unknown means, under the indifference zone formulation. For this problem Tong (1969) constructed a two-stage and purely sequential procedures and recently Datta and Mukhopadhyay (1998) have considered various multistage methodologies emphasizing the second-order asymptotics. However, all these methodologies adopt a vector-at-a-time sampling approach and lack the desirable feature of eliminating treatments from further sampling at an earlier stage. We propose an elimination type sequential procedure using the Paulson's (1964) elimination idea and design a sampling methodology which eliminates “superior” and “inferior” treatments during the sampling, thereby reducing the average sample size considerably. Theoretical results are obtained to show that the proposed elimination-type procedure maintains the probability of correct partition above a pre specified level. The...
Expression and regulation of glutathione S-transferase P1-1 in cultured human epidermal cells.

Abstract Six families of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which play an important role in cellular detoxification, are identified in human cells. We report that human keratinocytes and melanocytes express significant levels of GST activity, for which GSTP1-1 is mainly responsible. But, in contrast to previous reports that GSTP1-1 level increases in skin tumor tissues, GSTP1-1 expression does not increase in transformed keratinocytes and melanocytes in culture. Although the human GSTP1 gene carries in its 5′-flanking region multiple copies of the antioxidant response element (ARE), no increase in GSTP1-1 expression was observed after treatment of human keratinocytes (HaCaT) with ARE-mediated inducers. ARE is a cis-acting DNA element and stimulates the transcription of many genes. While studies suggest that an NF-κB binding site in the promoter region might suppress the ARE function, such a mechanism does not appear to exist in HaCaT cells. Moreover, although ras has been shown to stimulate the expression of human GSTP1-1, the effect of c-Ha- ras on GSTP1-1 expression in HaCaT cells appears limited.
Role of the microenvironment in mantle cell lymphoma: IL-6 is an important survival factor for the tumor cells

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma frequently involved in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract. We examined the role of IL-6 in MCL. Human MCL cells expressed the membrane gp130 and soluble gp80, and some of them also secreted IL-6. Neutralizing autocrine IL-6 and/or blocking IL-6 receptors in IL-6+/gp80+ MCL cells inhibited cell growth, enhanced the rate of spontaneous apoptosis, and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs. For IL-6− or gp80low MCL cells, paracrine or exogenous IL-6 or gp80 protected the cells from stress-induced death. Knockdown of gp80 in gp80high MCL cells rendered the cells more sensitive to chemotherapy drugs, even in the presence of exogenous IL-6. In contrast, overexpression of gp80 in gp80low/IL-6+ MCL cells protected the cells from chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis in vitro and compromised the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy in vivo. IL-6 activated the Jak2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways in MCL, and the inhibition of these pathways completely or partially abrogated IL-6–mediated protection of MCL cells. Hence, our study identifies IL-6 as a key cytokine for MCL growth and survival and suggests that targeting the IL-6 pathway may be a novel way to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in MCL patients.
Basis for signaling specificity difference between Sos and Ras-GRF guanine nucleotide exchange factors.

Sos and Ras-GRF are two families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors that activate Ras proteins in cells. Sos proteins are ubiquitously expressed and are activated in response to cell-surface tyrosine kinase stimulation. In contrast, Ras-GRF proteins are expressed primarily in central nervous system neurons and are activated by calcium/calmodulin binding and by phosphorylation. Although both Sos1 and Ras-GRF1 activate the Ras proteins Ha-Ras, N-Ras, and Ki-Ras, only Ras-GRF1 also activates the functionally distinct R-Ras GTPase. In this study, we determined which amino acid sequences in these exchange factors and their target GTPases are responsible for this signaling specificity difference. Analysis of chimeras and individual amino acid exchanges between Sos1 and Ras-GRF1 revealed that the critical amino acids reside within an 11-amino acid segment of their catalytic domains between the second and third structurally conserved regions (amino acids (aa) 828–838 in Sos1 and 1057–1067 in Ras-GRF1) of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors. In Sos1, this segment is in helix B, which is known to interact with the switch 2 region of Ha-Ras. Interestingly, a similar analysis of Ha-Ras and R-Ras chimeras did not identify the switch 2 region of Ha-Ras as encoding specificity. Instead, we found a more distal protein segment, helix 3 (aa 91–103 in Ha-Ras and 117–129 in R-Ras), which interacts instead primarily with helix K (aa 1002–1016) of Sos1. These findings suggest that specificity derives from the fact that R-Ras-specific amino acids in the region analogous to Ha-Ras helix 3 prevent a functional interaction with Sos1 indirectly, possibly by preventing an appropriate association of its switch 2 region with helix B of Sos1. Although previous studies have shown that helix B of Sos1 and helix 3 of Ha-Ras are involved in promoting nucleotide exchange on Ras proteins, this study highlights the importance of these regions in establishing signaling specificity.
Dual RAAS blockade is desirable in kidney disease: Con

Dual renin–angiotensin aldosterone (RAAS) blockade is associated with higher risk of hyperkalemia and has not been shown, in any outcome trial of validated renal end points, that is, doubling of creatinine, time to dialysis, or death, to be superior over other approaches. It shows promise in advanced proteinuric nephropathy for additional proteinuria reduction. Whether this additional proteinuria reduction translates into meaningful outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unknown, as proteinuria change is not a validated surrogate end point. Until we know the answer to this question, only those with very high levels of proteinuria should receive combination RAAS blocking therapy, and they need to be carefully monitored. Such individuals should be evaluated for risk of hyperkalemia and should consider use of a non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonist added to the single RAAS agent as an alternative for proteinuria reduction. This provides a safe and effective option for those patients with advanced nephropathic disease who need additional proteinuria reduction. In all cases other than advanced proteinuric nephropathy, there is no evidence of any positive CKD outcome with dual RAAS blockade. Thus, dual RAAS blockade cannot be recommended for all CKD patients.
Interactions of cyanide with a water soluble ruthenium porphyrin

Abstract The reactions of cyanide with the mono-carbonyl complex of ruthenium(II)-uroporphyrin-I (CO Ru(II)P) were studied in aqueous solution at 25 °C, ionic strength 0.1 (NaCl). The equilibrium constant for mono-cyano (CO,CN)Ru(II)P formation was 1.1 ± 0.1 x 10 4 M −1 , which was independent of pH between 6 and 12. The kinetics of the incorporation of the first cyanide were first order in porphyrin and cyanide concentration, with a specific rate constant of 2.3 ± 0.2 M −1 s −1 at pH 11. Under an inert atmosphere, the di-cyano (NC) 2 Ru(II)P forms from the (CO,CN) adduct, with a rate law first order in porphyrin and independent of cyanide concentration. This is ascribed to a rate limiting dissociation of CO, with a specific rate constant of 4.6 ± 0.3 X 10 −5 s −1 . Upon adding di-oxygen in the presence of excess cyanide at pH 11, both the (CO, CN) and di-cyano-Ru(II) complexes were oxidized to the di-cyano-Ru(III) porphyrin, which could be reduced with dithionite into the di-cyano-Ru(II) adduct. In acid solution, both cyanides were lost from the di-cyano-Ru(II) porphyrin, and addition of carbon monoxide at this stage reformed the starting material, CORu(II)P. The applications of ruthenium porphyrins as in vivo cyanide scavenging drugs is discussed.
Impulsive signals in the night ionosphere of Venus: Comparison of results obtained below the local electron gyro frequency with those above

Impulsive VLF signals at low altitudes in the night ionosphere of Venus occur both above and below the electron gyro frequency. The strength of the magnetic field has a very strong influence on the occurrence rates of these impulsive emissions at all frequencies. Above about one-quarter of the local electron gyro frequency the waves occur most frequently for strong magnetic fields and much less frequently for weak fields. However, below about one-quarter of the electron gyro frequency, the occurrence rate is much less sensitive to field strength. At all frequencies the occurrence rate depends little on the direction of the magnetic field. The occurrence rate is strongly dependent on local time especially above the electron gyro frequency. Here, the occurrence rate peaks sharply at 2100 LT. Below the local electron gyro frequency the occurrence rate also shows a maximum near 2100 LT but decreases much more slowly with increasing local time. The rate of occurrence of low frequency signals varies little with altitude but the occurrence of the higher frequency signals decreases rapidly. These properties are consistent with a broadband source of VLF waves in the Venus atmosphere such as would be provided by intracloud lightning.
Interleukin-1 regulates keratinocyte expression of T cell targeting chemokines through interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-1 (IRAK1) dependent and independent pathways

IL-1 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that activates intracellular signaling cascades some of which may involve IL-1 receptor associated kinase-1 (IRAK1). Psoriasis is a T cell dependent chronic inflammatory condition of the skin of unknown cause. IL-1 has been implicated in psoriasis pathology, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. Interestingly, expression of IRAK1 is elevated in psoriatic skin. To identify a potential link between IL-1, keratinocytes and T cells in skin inflammation we employed pathway-focused microarrays to evaluate IL-1 dependent gene expression in keratinocytes. Several candidate mRNAs encoding known T cell chemoattractants were identified in primary keratinocytes and the stable keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. CCL5 and CCL20 mRNA and protein levels were confirmed up-regulated by IL-1 in concentration and time-dependent manners. Furthermore IL-1 synergized with IFN-γ and TNF-α. Expression of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 mRNAs was also increased in response to IL-1, but protein could only be detected in medium from cells treated with IFN-γ alone or in combination with IL-1. Over-expression of IRAK1 led to increased constitutive and cytokine induced production of CCL5 and CCL20. Inhibition of IRAK1 activity through RNAi or expression of a dominant negative mutant blocked production of CCL5 and CCL20 but had no effect upon the IL-1 enhancement of IFN-γ induced CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 production. In conclusion IL-1 regulates T cell targeting chemokine production in keratinocytes through IRAK1 dependent and independent pathways. These pathways may contribute to acute and chronic skin inflammation.
A MEMS Photoacoustic Detector of Terahertz Radiation for Chemical Sensing

Abstract A piezoelectric Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) cantilever pressure sensor was designed, modeled, fabricated, and tested for sensing the photoacoustic response of gases to terahertz (THz) radiation. The sensing layers were comprised of three thin films; a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric layer sandwiched between two metal contact layers. The sensor materials were deposited on the silicon device layer of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, which formed the physical structure of the cantilever. To release the cantilever, a hole was etched through the backside of the wafer and the buried oxide was removed with hydrofluoric acid. Devices were then tested in a custom made THz vacuum test chamber. Cantilever deflection was observed with a laser interferometer in the test chamber and preliminary data indicates the signals were caused by the photoacoustic effect. Future device data will also include the piezoelectric voltage signal analysis.
(e, e′K+) reaction on nuclei

Abstract We discuss the importance of the A(e, e′K + ) Λ A ∗ reactin in nuclear physics. Cross section are given for exclusive and inclusive processes. The elementary p(e, e′K + )Λ, which is not well-known, is also discussed.
Demographic factors reshaping ties to family and place.

This article explores the broad topic of how the selective character of human migration and changing family circumstances may shape the intensity of local need among the future elderly. At origin, it is the healthier, better educated, and more affluent elderly who venture to migrate; and although people migrate from a broad spectrum of origins, they flow selectively to a narrow spectrum of destinations. At the same time, contemporary changes in family makeup and internal division of labor alter their capacity to care for elderly members. These demographic realities define a policy issue ripe for study. 1990 census data can reveal how the pressures of population aging will diffuse spatially, in terms of timing and intensity, and, given the complex interaction of migration selectivity and family transformation, who will be distanced from whom, and with what consequences. Scattered evidence from earlier years casts light on certain facets of this issue: (a) the ties between elderly and their children, (b) th...
APS Workers Job Requirements Associated with Elder Abuse Rates

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship of required educational background of APS workers to the 1999 rates of domestic elder abuse. Data were obtained from APS related statutes and regulations and questions to the National Center for Elder Abuse list serve. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-tests were used for analyses. Those states whose legislations required a social work degree for APS caseworkers did have higher elder abuse investigation rates. A lower substantiation ratio was found for those states requiring a social work degree or license. These findings suggest that social work education may lead to an emphasis on investigation and interventions and de-emphasis on the criminal aspects of elder abuse evaluation substantiations.
Aggregate consumption with heterogeneous agents and a changing income distribution

A simple Monte-Carlo model is used to demonstrate that the statistical problems typical for aggregate consumption, such as autocorrelation and noncointegration, can be generated through a change in income distribution if individual consumers are sufficiently heterogeneous in their marginal propensity to consume. The results are obtained for individual consumers who are assumed to be completely myopic. The dynamics at the aggregate level can, therefore, be attributed only to the aggregation process, not to dynamic optimization of individual consumers or to adjustment costs and lags on the part of a representative agent.
Materials Organization, Planning, and Homework Completion in Middle School Students with ADHD: Impact on Academic Performance

This study evaluated the homework functioning of middle-school students with ADHD to determine what aspects are most predictive of school grades and the best source (e.g., parents or teachers) for obtaining this information. Students with ADHD in grades 5–8 (N = 57) and their parents and teachers completed the Children’s Organization Skills Scales (COSS) to measure materials organization, planning, and time management, and parents completed the Homework Problems Checklist (HPC) to examine homework completion and homework materials management behaviors. Regression analyses revealed that parent-rated homework materials management and teacher-rated memory and materials management were the best predictors of school grades. These findings suggest that organization of materials is a critical component of the homework completion process for students with ADHD and an important target for intervention. Teachers were the best source of information regarding materials organization and planning, whereas parents were a valuable source of information for specific homework materials management problems.
Effect of concanavalin A on interferon induction by poly IC

Abstract Concanavalin A, a plant lectin having specific membrane properties, has an inhibitory effect on interferon induction by poly IC, both in human fibroblast and mouse 3T3 cells. In the studied systems, the inhibition is independent of an effect on polynucleotide binding.
Mass transfer in a sparged contactor: Part I. Physical mechanisms and controlling parameters

Studies of the air oxidation of aquoeus sodium sulfite solutions were made in simple bubble contacting columns of 3-, 4-, and 6-in. diameter. Superficial gas rates up to 300 lb./hr.-sq.ft. were used. Contacting action is described in detail, and comparisons with air-water data show the marked influence of small, ionic bubbles. Mass transfer and dynamic gas holdup data are presented, and the former are compared with mass transfer data for bubble-cap trays.
Fabrication and Testing of Electron Beam Welded Alloy AA2219 Aluminum Pressure Vessels for High-Pressure Hydrogen Service

Aluminum alloys offer significant advantages for hydrogen service such as low weight, improved uniformity of properties relative to forged austenitic stainless steels, and immunity to embrittlement in the presence of dry hydrogen. For these reasons aluminum alloys are now being considered for high-pressure hydrogen isotope pressure vessel applications where forged stainless steels have been the standard materials of construction for decades. In particular, alloy AA2219 is being evaluated due to its excellent weldability, microstructural stability, and good mechanical and fracture toughness properties. Prototype AA2219 pressure vessels have been fabricated and tested, including electron beam weld development, weld hardness and tensile testing prior to and after post-weld heat treatment, and burst testing. The design, manufacture, and testing of AA2219 pressure vessels will be discussed, including an ongoing long-term shelf storage program where pressure vessels are loaded with gaseous hydrogen at pressure of 103 MPa (85% of the burst pressure for these vessels).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Distributed algorithms for small vehicle detection, classification, and velocity estimation using unattended ground sensors

This study developed a distributed vehicle target detection and estimation capability using two algorithmic approaches designed to take advantage of the capabilities of networked sensor systems. The primary interest was on small, quiet vehicles, such as personally owned SUVs and light trucks. The first algorithm approach utilized arrayed sensor beamforming techniques. In addition, it demonstrated a capability to find locations of unknown roads by extending code developed by the Army Acoustic Center for Excellence at Picatinny Arsenal. The second approach utilized single (non-array) sensors and employed generalized correlation techniques. Modifications to both techniques were suggested that, if implemented, could yield robust methods for target classification and tracking using two different types of networked sensor systems.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A hierarchy of filters on regular uncountable cardinals

On introduit une relation d'ordre < bien fondee entre les filtres sur l'espace des suites descendantes d'ordinaux. On determine, pour chaque cardinal non denombrable regulier, la longueur de la relation
Relativistic Rankine-Hugoniot Equations

In Part I of this paper the stress energy tensor and the mean velocity vector of a simple gas are expressed in terms of the Maxwell-Boltzman distribution function. The rest density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$, pressure, $p$, and internal energy per unit rest mass $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ are defined in terms of invariants formed from these tensor quantities. It is shown that $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ cannot be an arbitrary function of $p$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$ but must satisfy a certain inequality. Thus $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=\frac{(\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}1})p}{{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}}$ for $\ensuremath{\gamma}g\frac{5}{3}$ is impossible. It is known that if $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is given by this relation and $\ensuremath{\gamma}g2$, then sound velocity in the medium may be greater than that of light in vacuum. This difficulty is now removed by the inequality mentioned above. In Part II of this paper the relativistic form of the Rankine-Hugoniot equations are derived and it is shown that as a consequence of the inequality mentioned earlier that the shock wave velocity is always less than that of light in vacuum for sufficiently strong shocks.
A multi-scale approach to the propagation of non-adiabatic premixed flames

Flame propagation involves physico-chemical processes that occur over a range of temporal and spatial scales. By use of a multi-scale analysis it is shown that diffusion processes occurring on relatively small scales can be resolved analytically when the overall activation energy of the chemical reactions is large, thus providing, by asymptotic matching, explicit conditions for the state of the gas and for the flow field across the flame zone. The mathematical formulation on the larger hydrodynamic scale reduces to a free-boundary problem, with the free surface being the flame front. The front propagates into the fresh unburned gas at a rate that depends on both the local strain that it experiences and the local curvature, with coefficients that depend on the diffusion rates of heat and mass, the equivalence ratio of the mixture and the chemical kinetic parameters. The simplified model, properly termed a hydrodynamic model, involves the solution of the Navier Stokes equations with different densities and viscosities for the burned and unburned gas. The present work extends earlier studies by including volumetric heat loss, such as radiative loss, which affects the dynamics and may lead to flame extinction.
Median statistics in polling

In 2004, we used a very simple, but surprisingly effective, method to successfully predict the outcome of the U.S. Presidential election. Using the median poll in the last month for each state, we correctly predicted the results in all states but one (Hawaii). Just as we had originally hoped, the method made it possible to predict successfully the results in the large close states (Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Florida) where there were a great many polls taken. States with only a few polls were generally not close, and so the median poll also predicted these states successfully. The method appears particularly well adapted to U.S. Presidential elections where the candidates are chosen well in advance, and where outcomes in individual states determine the winner.
Doublet and Triplet Separations in Optical Spectra as Evidence whether Orbits penetrate into the Core

Lande has indicated a connection between the “relativity” doublets of X-ray spectra, and the doublets and triplets of optical spectra, and so has obtained a formula for the separation of optical doublets and triplets. This formula can only be expected to hold if the orbit of the series electron penetrates into the core, so it may be possible to obtain evidence on the question whether an orbit penetrates from the doublet or triplet separation of the corresponding term. From this evidence it is concluded that, except for lithium-like atoms, p terms of all known spectra correspond to penetrating orbits; this disagrees with Bohr's assignment of quantum numbers for those terms of the spectra of neutral atoms of the Cu and Zn sub-groups. For d terms the evidence is not so definite, but it seems possible that for Cs I and Tl I the d terms correspond to penetrating orbits, in disagreement with Bohr's assignment. It is shown that the Lande formula seems to hold approximately for separations in multiplet spectra when the terms belong to a sequence of the Rydberg type. Ideas suggested by Heisenberg in a recent paper would involve some modifications of the interpretation of the magnitudes of doublet separations, but at least the conclusions as to the p orbits penetrating still stand.
Effects of Comic Strips on L2 Learners' Reading Comprehension

This article reports the results of an experiment investigating the role of comic strips on ESL learners' reading comprehension. The students' proficiency levels were estimated, and students were organized into a low intermediate-level proficiency group (low-level students) and a high intermediate-level proficiency group (high-level students). Students in each group were presented with either a high-level text or a low-level text, and the text was presented with or without a comic strip. Two-way and three-way ANOVAs run on data from 107 immediate recall protocols reveal that the low-level students receiving the high-level text with the comic strip scored significantly higher than their counterparts receiving the high-level text only. They also show that providing a comic strip with the high-level text did not enhance the high-level students' recall. In addition to offering pedagogical suggestions, I discuss results in light of the dual coding theory and refer to other cognitive theories such as mental model, noticing, and the repetition hypothesis.
Facilitating Learning in a Human Anatomy and Physiology Course through Microtheme Writing Assignments

The process of “writing to learn” has been documented in many disciplines. In this study, a specific type of writing, microthemes, was implemented in a human anatomy and physiology course in order to determine whether this type of writing assignment enhances student exam performance. Student performance on exam questions dealing with topics covered in microtheme assignments was compared to performance on exam questions with no such related assignment. Statistically significant improvements were recorded on two of the four exams.
Simulation of reactive transport of uranium(VI) in groundwater with variable chemical conditions

[1] The reactive transport of U(VI) in a shallow alluvial aquifer beneath a former U(VI) mill located near Naturita, CO, was simulated using a surface complexation model (SCM) to describe U(VI) adsorption. The groundwater had variable U(VI) concentrations (0.01-20 μM), variable alkalinity (2.5-18 meq/L), and a nearly constant pH equal to 7.1. U(VI) K D values decreased with increasing U(VI) and alkalinity, and these parameters were more important than sediment variability in controlling K D values. Reactive transport simulations were fit to the observed U(VI) and alkalinity by varying the concentration of U(VI) and alkalinity in recharge at the source area. Simulated K D values varied temporally and spatially because of the differential transport of U(VI) and alkalinity and the nonlinearity of U(VI) adsorption. The model also simulated the observed U(VI) tailing, which would not be expected from a constant K D model. The simulated U(VI) concentrations were sensitive to the recharge flux because of the increased flux of U(VI) to the aquifer. The geochemical behavior of U(VI) was most sensitive to the alkalinity and was relatively insensitive to pH.
The relationship between disorder, perceived risk, and collective efficacy: a look into the indirect pathways of the broken windows thesis

The broken windows thesis suggests that disorder is a key part of a cycle of community decline that leaves neighborhoods vulnerable to crime. Some recent research has challenged this thesis by finding limited support for a direct relationship between disorder and crime. However, others argued that such studies ignore the indirect pathways posited in the thesis. The current study sheds light on this debate by examining the relationships between disorder, fear of crime, and collective efficacy and finds support for the relationships suggested by the broken windows model. However, the findings also suggest that the model is overly simplistic and needs to consider other mediating factors in addition to fear. Additionally, the findings show that perceptions of disorder may have different impacts for residents of an area vs. people who work at a business in the area. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
The Lure of Bambuk Gold

Bambuhu (called Bambouk by the French) was a principal source of the gold that made West Africa famous in the Muslim world north of the Sahara from the tenth century onward—and later among the Europeans. Much of the European activity on the Senegambian coast between the end of the fifteenth and the end of the nineteenth century was attracted by the promise of wealth from the ‘gold mines’ of Bambuhu. (Actually the gold came from alluvial ores near the surface rather than deep, hard-rock mines.) Yet today the Republic of Mali, which includes Bambuhu, neither mines nor exports significant quantities of gold. The gold deposits still exist; but the gold content of the ore is not uniform, and the quantity of ore at one place is not great enough to justify a large investment in extraction plants. The evidence available suggests that gold could formerly be mined by hand only because the opportunity cost of labour was formerly very low in the second half of the dry season. With the increased labour mobility of recent decades, the opportunity cost of mine labour in Bambuhu has risen to the point of making gold mining unprofitable.
An empirical model for average F‐layer scintillation at VHF/UHF

An empirical approach to modeling the electron-density irregularities in the F layer that are primarily responsible for amplitude scintillation of VHF/UHF signals has been devised and tested. An irregularity model was postulated as a function of geomagnetic latitude, local time of day, season, and sunspot number. The primary parameters of the irregularities that were postulated were their strength and transverse scale-size. The irregularities were assumed to be aligned along the geomagnetic field, and their axial ratio was taken as constant, as were the height and thickness of the irregular layer. The model is offered as a tool for VHF/UHF communication-systems planning, to the extent that the average value of scintillation in a specified circumstance is of engineering value.
High-temperature turn-off performance of IGBTs in resonant converters

This paper reports on the experimental and theoretical performances of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) turn-off characteristics when used in resonant converters operated at higher ambient temperatures. Temperature- and dv/dt-dependent elevated tail current bump was measured that is caused by the minority carrier storage and recombination in the drift region of the device. The measured data is shown to be in excellent agreement with the simulated results over the entire range of temperature. The simulations were performed using an advanced mixed device and circuit simulator in which device carrier dynamics was studied under boundary conditions imposed by circuit operation. >
Three measures of mutagen sensitivity in a cancer-free population.

Abstract Different individuals appear to respond differently to the same carcinogen, and different mutagens act differently on cells. We conducted mutagen sensitivity assays by using three mutagens (bleomycin, a radiomimetic agent; 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide [4-NQO], an ultraviolet light mimetic agent; and benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide [BPDE], a tobacco mutagen) in parallel in healthy human subjects to determine the relationships among these assays. Our results showed that the mean breaks per cell values (b / c) ( ± SD) for bleomycin, 4-NQO, and BPDE sensitivity were 0.49 ( ± 0.26), 0.53 ( ± 0.30), and 0.66 ( ± 0.41), respectively. Age, sex, smoking status, and family history of cancer were not correlated with any of these mutagen sensitivities. Also, there was no correlation between bleomycin and 4-NQO or 4-NQO and BPDE sensitivity, but a weak correlation between bleomycin and BPDE was observed (correlation coefficient = 0.289; P = 0.001). When the 75th percentile of b / c was used as a cutoff point in each assay, only one individual (1.8%) was sensitive to all three mutagens. Ten individuals (17.9%) were sensitive to two mutagens, 20 (35.7%) to one mutagen, and 25 (44.6%) to none of three mutagens. Our study suggests that these three mutagens may involve different DNA damage and repair pathways. The lack of correlation between the assay results may indicate the necessity of using a battery of mutagen sensitivity tests to refine our ability to identify a subpopulation at high cancer risk.
Using variable length coefficients to design low-space FIR filters for FPGAs

We propose a method for designing a filter to meet a set of specifications that is area-efficient. Our approach reduces the complexity of the realized digital FIR filter to give a good design with low round-off noise, low coefficient sensitivity and small order. Unlike conventional approaches, the design is based on a variable precision method that reduces the word-length of the coefficients to reduce the complexity required to implement the FIR filter. In addition, we apply a low sensitivity structure with only a small number of taps so that the specification is satisfied while simultaneously reducing the resulting hardware area required by the implementation. Some examples are given to show the effectiveness of our design.
Timelines of Oral Care and Early-Onset Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Prevention

Hospital-acquired infections, including ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and associated with increased costs and length of stay (Chastre & Fagon, 2002; NNIS, 2004). Ventilator associated pneumonia is believed to primarily result from aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions around the endotracheal tube cuff into the lungs (Grap, Munro, Unoki, Hamilton, & Ward, 2012). A randomized control trial tested early application of oral chlorhexidine (CHG) on oral microbial flora and VAP in trauma patients and suggested that early (within 12 hours of intubation) application may reduce VAP rates in trauma patients (Grap, Munro, Hamilton, Elswick, Sessler & Ward, 2011). The VAP rate in a local Level 1 trauma center, 11-bed trauma intensive care unit (TICU) was 8.7 per 1000 device days, above the national average (NHSN, 2011). The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between the time of insertion of an endotracheal tube and first CHG application and early onset (within 72 hours of intubation) VAP. A retrospective chart review of the records of randomly selected adult intubated trauma patients hospitalized on the TICU was conducted. Collected data included: time of intubation; timing of CHG application; VAP occurrences; and length of intubation. Less than half (45.8%) of patients received early CHG application, and most (79.2%) were intubated in the emergency department (ED), suggesting that VAP prevention measures begin in the ED. Of the patients reviewed, five developed VAP; three occurred in patients who had received oral CHG within 12 hours of intubation. A CNS-driven collaboration with other