cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reexamination of the Wealth Effect and Uncertainty Effect

In an influential article, [Romer, C. “The Great Crash and the Onset of the Great Depression,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105, 1990, pp. 597–624.] estimates the magnitudes of the uncertainty and wealth effects. She reports that before and after the Great Depression, the uncertainty effect has a large and statistically significant influence on durable good production, while the wealth effect is negative but negligible. When the authors of this paper change the specification of the model with respect to the amount of time necessary for stock returns to translate into changes in consumption, they reach the exact opposite conclusions that Romer does. Specifically, when the authors allow consumers 12 or more months to alter consumption behavior, rather than Romer's three, stock price uncertainty did not significantly affect the durable goods production before, during, or after the Great Depression. The authors also find that stock market returns from the previous year have a positive and statistically significant impact on the durable goods production, indicating the importance of the wealth effect.
AN EVALUATION OF ATROPINE AS AN ANTISIALOGOGUE IN DENTISTRY.

Abstract Atropine is an effective salivary-secretion suppressant and, therefore, useful in dentistry. Its value depends upon a careful selection of proper dosage in order to achieve maximum antisialogogic effects with a minimum of side actions. This dose would range between 0.4 mg. and 0.8 mg. of atropine sulfate (total dose) for an average adult. A proportional reduction should be made on the basis of body weight for children. It should probably not be used at all for dental procedures on children under 6 years of age. A liquid form of the drug is preferable, since with it the dose can be roughly proportioned to the body weight of the patient.
The distribution of the eigenvalues of the discrete Laplacian

We estimate the distribution of the eigenvalues of the discrete Laplacian on a bounded set inRn. The proof is based on a variational technique similar to that used by Weyl for the Laplacian. As an application of our estimates we prove stability in the maximum norm for the Crank-Nicolson method for the heat equation on a bounded set.
Androgen stimulated cellular proliferation in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP is associated with reduced retinoblastoma protein expression

To elucidate the mechanism of androgen-dependent cellular proliferation in prostate cancer, androgen-dependent alterations of individual cell cycle regulatory proteins in the androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cell line LNCaP were evaluated. LNCaP cells were deprived of androgens by culture in steroid-depleted media for 5 days, which resulted in the maximal accumulation of cells in G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. The mitogenic concentration of the synthetic androgen R1881 was established as 0.1 nM using cell proliferation assay. Protein and mRNA levels of particular cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (Ckis), and the retinoblastoma proteins (Rb) were assessed. Androgen stimulation resulted in a post-transcriptional reduction in Rb protein levels, an increase in Rb phosphorylation at serine 780 and an accumulation of high molecular weight Rb protein species. Androgen stimulation also induced the expression of the Cdk2 and Cdk1 as well as their regulatory partners, cyclin A and cyclin B, resulting in a corresponding increase in cyclin A/Cdk2 activity in vitro. Pulse-chase showed decreased Rb protein stability in androgen-treated LNCaP cells. Collectively, our findings suggest a novel mechanism of androgen-dependent prostate cancer growth in which androgen stimulation results in decreased Rb protein expression in LNCaP cells. The observation of decreased Rb protein stability in the setting of increased phosphorylation supports the concept of phosphorylation mediated protein degradation. We propose that the observed reduction in Rb protein level occurs through Rb degradation via the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway, and is preceded by selective Rb phosphorylation by cyclin A/Cdk2 and cyclin B/Cdk1.
THE IMPACT OF SAMPLING APPROACH ON POPULATION INVARIANCE IN AUTOMATED SCORING OF ESSAYS

Many testing programs use automated scoring to grade essays. One issue in automated essay scoring that has not been examined adequately is population invariance and its causes. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of sampling in model calibration on population invariance of automated scores. This study analyzed scores produced by the e-rater® scoring engine using a GRE® assessment data set. Results suggested that equal allocation stratification by language sampling approach performed optimally in maximizing population invariance using either human/e-rater agreement or their correlation pattern differences with external variables as evaluation criteria. Guidelines were given to assist practitioners in choosing a sampling design for model calibration. Potential causes for lack of population invariance, study limitations, and future research are discussed.
Four factor prothrombin complex concentrate (human): review of the pharmacology and clinical application for vitamin K antagonist reversal

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been used for decades for the treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic events. Due to their wide range of therapeutic indications, they are the most prescribed oral anticoagulant worldwide. However, they are associated with bleeding complications due to their narrow therapeutic range, variability in individual dose responses and laboratory monitoring, and overdoses. Despite off-label use of 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrates and recombinant activated factor VII, until recently, vitamin K and plasma were the only recommended therapeutic options for reversing VKAs in the USA. In 2013, a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) was approved in the USA for VKA reversal in patients with bleeding or requiring emergency surgery and invasive procedure. Recent randomized controlled clinical trials have shown that 4F-PCC (Kcentra™) is non-inferior for hemostatic efficacy and superior for international normalized ratio correction as compared to plasma and has a similar safety profile.
Simulating Soybean Water Stress Effects with RZWQM and CROPGRO Models

The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and CROPGRO-Soybean simulate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth, development, and yield. The models require calibration for soybean grown in the specific environmental conditions of the central Great Plains before any long-term assessments can be made of dryland soybean yield potential under the highly variable precipitation patterns of this area. The objective of this study was to calibrate and test RZWQM and CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean growth, yield, and water use under a range of water stress conditions normally encountered by dryland production systems in the central Great Plains. Data from five experiments, each with four levels of water availability (20 data sets), were used to evaluate leaf area, plant height, aboveground biomass, evapotranspiration (ET), soil water extraction, and yield of soybean. Data from one water level of one experiment was used to calibrate the models, and the other 19 data sets were used as evaluation data sets. Both models correctly predicted the time course of volumetric water content, leaf area development, and plant and height biomass increase although RZWQM more accurately simulated water extraction in the lower soil profile. The decline in ET that is a result of decreased water availability was generally predicted well by both models. The models generally estimated the yield to within 10 to 15% of measured values. The models should be useful tools in evaluating the potential for soybean as an alternative crop in dryland rotations in the central Great Plains.
Ganglion cell death during normal retinal development in the chick: Comparisons with cell death induced by early target field destruction

Abstract Ganglion cell death during normal retinal development in the chick was observed in retinal whole mounts and in specimens sectioned for light and electron microscopy. Pyknotic cells were observed between the 12th and 16th days of incubation. These accounted for the loss of at least 20% of the cells from the ganglion cell layer. Early destruction of the primordial optic tectum produced an increased degeneration of ganglion cells (72%) during this same critical period when they evidently became dependent on central associations. Death of ganglion cells at this time in normal development suggests that significant numbers may ordinarily be unable to form sustaining connections. Normal and experimentally induced cell death immediately preceded a phase of cytological maturation which was generally evident in the ganglion cell layer by the 15th day of incubation. Developments with respect to the target field may not only maintain the cell but actually influence its late maturation. Counts from selected regions of retinal whole mounts revealed an overall temporal to nasal progression of cell death. This pattern was also seen in retinae when the tectum had been destroyed early in development. The pattern, therefore, was not regulated by interactions with target field, suggesting that ganglion cells in early phases of development proceed according to an intrinsic retinal program. The temporal to nasal retinal sequence, although independent of the tectum, appears to correspond to the progress of maturation in retinotopically related regions of the tectum. Coincident developments in the two fields could contribute to the retinotopic organization of the visual projection on region to region basis.
Focality and Mobility of Some Peridomestic Cockroaches in Florida (Dictyoptera: Blattaria)

The microhabitat distribution and activities of peridomestic cockroaches were examined (August to October 1985) at three sites in northcentral Florida to assess concentration, immobility, and accessibility of populations. Smokybrown cockroaches, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville), and Eurycotis floridana (Walker) accounted for at least 67% of cumulative recaptures at each site. Populations were strongly concentrated in palms, trees with treeholes, woodpiles, and (to a lesser extent) various mulches; salient differences were observed for each species, indicating a partitioning of resources. Recapture rates were high, averaging >62% over all three sites for females of both species; rates were significantly lower for males ( P 40%. Mean distances traveled were generally less than 2 m. However, frequency distributions of distances moved per successive recapture were strongly right-skewed, invalidating the mean as an estimate of typical mobility; more than 72% of 690 recaptures of all stages of both species involved net movement of less than 1 m (median = 0). Daily activity was strongly correlated negatively with change in precipitation and positively with maximal temperatures, but it was best predicted by low temperatures during periods of hot weather. Minimal temperature threshold of activity was about 10°C. The data indicate that distributions and activity patterns are predictable and suggest that a suppression strategy based on intercepting populations with baited traps or toxic baits would affect control.
Cyclic AMP in the rat jugular vein: Relationship to vascular relaxation

Abstract Most blood vessels contract to norepinephrine whereas the rat jugular vein relaxes. In the present study, we sought to determine if differences in the adenylate cyclase system accounted for the differing beta adrenergic responses of blood vessels. Cyclic AMP levels in the rat jugular vein incubated in vitro were lower than levels in the femoral vein or mesenteric artery. In the jugular vein, papaverine, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, produced a small, but not significant increase in cyclic AMP levels although in the femoral vein and mesenteric artery, cyclic AMP levels were doubled and tripled, respectively. Norepinephrine increased cyclic AMP only in jugular veins contracted with serotonin or in the presence of papaverine, whereas a marked increase in cyclic AMP occurred in the other vessels in the absence of serotonin or papaverine. In the presence of papaverine, the increase in cyclic AMP by norepinephrine in the jugular vein was less than in the other tissues. Neither the β 1 -receptor antagonist, practolol, nor the β 2 -receptor antagonist, N-isopropylmethoxamine, blocked the increase in jugular vein cyclic AMP produced by norepinephrine in the presence of papaverine. However, practolol and N-isopropylmethoxamine added together, significantly attenuated the norepinephrine-induced increase in cyclic AMP. These data indicate that relaxation of the rat jugular vein to norepinephrine is not associated with higher resting cyclic AMP levels, or a more responsive β-adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase system.
Computational Model of Microbubble Flows During the Reopening of Airways

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating lung disease in which bacterial infections cause disruption of the blood-gas barrier, flooding and occlusion of pulmonary airways. Patients with ARDS must be placed on a mechanical ventilator to survive. Unfortunately, these ventilators also exacerbate the existing lung injury and as a result the mortality for ARDS is high (∼30–40%). Experimental studies [1,2,3] indicate that the hydrodynamic forces generated during microbubble flows can cause cell death, further barrier disruption and the up-regulation of inflammatory cascades.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Accelerated Alpha Radiation Damage in a Ceramic Waste Form, Interim Results

Interim results are presented on the alpha-decay damage study of a {sup 238}Pu-loaded ceramic waste form (CWF). The waste form was developed to immobilize fission products and transuranic species accumulated from the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. To evaluate the effects of {alpha}-decay damage on the waste form the {sup 238}Pu-loaded material was analyzed by (1) x-ray diffraction (XRD), (2) microstructure characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with energy and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (EDS/WDS) and electron diffraction, (3) bulk density measurements and (4) waste form durability, performed by the product consistency test (PCT). While the predominate phase of plutonium in the CWF, PuO{sub 2}, shows the expected unit cell expansion due to {alpha}-decay damage, currently no significant change has occurred to the macro- or microstructure of the material. The major phase of the waste form is sodalite and contains very little Pu, although the exact amount is unknown. Interestingly, measurement of the sodalite phase unit cell is also showing very slight expansion; again, presumably from {alpha}-decay damage.
Efficiency of electrostatic air moving devices

An ion-driven gas flow is characterized by the breakdown of a gas into ions in the presence of a high electric potential. Ions flow due to the potential gradient. Mass transfer motivates bulk airflow. In the current study, an ionic air moving device was constructed using needles as ion sources, and a ring as collector. Airflow and efficiency were evaluated at various ring widths and with various numbers of ionization sites. Efficiency was seen to increase with ring width if airflow and distance was held constant and also increased with the number of ionization sites when airflow was held constant.
Electrocortical reactivity to social feedback in youth: a pilot study of the Island Getaway task.

Peer relationships become a major concern in adolescence, yet event-related potential (ERP) measures of reactivity to social feedback in adolescence are limited. In this pilot study, we tested a novel task to elicit reactivity to social feedback in youth. Participants (10–15 years old; 57.9% male; N = 19) played a game that involved exchanging personal information with peers, voting to remove players from the game, and receiving rejection and acceptance feedback from peers. Results indicated that participants modified their voting behavior in response to peer feedback, and rejection feedback was associated with a negativity in the ERP wave compared to acceptance (i.e., the feedback negativity, FN). The FN predicted behavioral patterns, such that participants who showed greater neural reactivity to social feedback were less likely to reject co-players. Preliminary analyses suggest that the task may be a useful measure of individual differences: adolescents higher in social anxiety symptoms were less likely to reject peers and showed an enhanced FN to rejection vs. acceptance feedback, and higher depressive symptoms predicted an increased FN to rejection specifically. Results suggest that the FN elicited by social feedback may be a useful, economical neural measure of social processing across development and in clinical research.
The Study of Small Groups and Microevolution: A Project for Physical Anthropology.

The author describes a hands-on project where students play the role of professional physical anthropologists in collecting and analyzing data on a small group of contemporary humans. Use of simulated data to represent ancestral populations results in an analysis of microevolution.
Characterizing the impact of conductor surface roughness on CB-CPW behavior via reduced computational complexity

This paper presents a way to include the effects of conductor surface roughness in three-dimensional full wave simulation tools. A comparison of the computational load and attenuation coefficient as a function of the number and area of different surfaces roughened is given.
Beyond the learning curve: Transapical versus transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the treatment of severe aortic valve stenosis

Background Most studies comparing transapical and transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement include the center's early operative experience, which may negatively impact the outcomes. This study reports our experience beyond the learning curve with transapical and transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Methods A total of 303 patients underwent transcatheter aortic valve replacement from November 2008 through August 2013. There were 153 patients (50.5%) who received transfemoral valve replacement, 130 (42.9%) received transapical valve replacement, and 20 (6.6%) received transaortic valve replacement. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of the most recent 100 consecutive patients each from the transfemoral and transapical valve replacement groups. Results The median age was 82 years (range, 54 to 95) and 110 patients (55%) were male; STS predicted risk of mortality was 8.1% (0.7 to 27.8) and was similar between groups (p = 0.256). Operative complications occurred in 49 patients (49%) in the transapical replacement group and in 43 (43%) in the transfemoral group (p = 0.478). Vascular complications occurred only in the transfemoral group and included nine patients (9%; p = 0.003). Paravalvular regurgitation at discharge of grade mild–moderate occurred in 23 patients (24.2%) in the transapical group in comparison to 40 (43.5%) in the transfemoral group (p = 0.006). Operative mortality occurred in two patients (2%) in the transapical group and in five (5%) in the transfemoral group (p = 0.445). Conclusions Transapical transcatheter aortic valve replacement is associated with less prevalence of vascular complications and mild–moderate paravalvular regurgitation in comparison to the transfemoral approach. Further study is necessary to determine if the transapical technique is the preferred option. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12323 (J Card Surg 2014;29:303–307)
Habitat-associated and temporal patterns of bat activity in a diverse forest landscape of southern New England, USA

The development and use of acoustic recording technology, surveys have revealed the composition, relative levels of activity, and preliminary habitat use of bat communities of various forest locations. However, detailed examinations of acoustic surveys results to investigate temporal patterns of bat activity are rare. Initial active acoustic surveys of bat activity on the Quabbin Reservoir watershed in central Massachusetts recorded high numbers of call sequences by five bat species. The results showed the importance of aquatic and open habitats for bats in this diverse forest landscape. Because the preliminary surveys were restricted in extent (habitats), number (replicates), and duration (active surveys only, limited number of repeated surveys), the authors strongly recommended more comprehensive and extensive surveys of bat activity on the area. This paper reports the results of active (manual) and passive (automated) acoustic bat activity surveys in three replicates of ten habitats, conducted three to four times per year over the course of the study between 2004 and 2006. Over the full study, 2,800 actively-recorded 37,632 passively-recorded call sequences were examined and identified to species when possible. General patterns in activity did not differ by habitat between the two survey methods. Call sequences were recorded more often in open, especially aquatic habitats than in cluttered habitats. The use of passive surveys allowed for the assessment of temporal patterns of activity and an analysis of the relationship between ambient temperature and activity.
ISP Tool Update: Scalable MPI Verification

We provide a status update of ISP, our dynamic formal verifier for MPI programs. ISP determines and explores all relevant schedules of an MPI program. The highlights of this paper are (i) a recap of ISP’s features, and (ii) an overview of work in progress, including a graphical explorer for message passing (GEM) and a distributed MPI analyzer (DMA), an adaptation of ISP for the distributed setting.
Socio-economic status, delay of gratification, and impulse buying

Abstract Contemporary high levels of consumer debt and bankruptcy suggest reconsideration of hypothesized middle-class delay of gratification. Theories of self-identity in post-industrial society propose that norms supporting impulse control and delay of gratification have weakened in favor of present-oriented expression of impulse. Previous research on socio-economic status, delay of gratification, unplanned and “impulse” buying is reviewed, and a conceptual model differentiating akratic impulse buying from compulsive impulse buying is proposed. Survey data from a US national sample of adults with a self-reported measure of impulse buying are analyzed and a logit model fit to the data. The results do not fit the middle-class delay of gratification model: Higher levels of impulse buying were found to be associated with “some” college (or other post high school) educational experience, controlling for age and gender; family income was not found to be related to impulse buying. PsycINFO classification: 2910
Characterization and optimization of slanted well designs for microfluidic mixing under electroosmotic flow.

Recently, a series of slanted wells on the floor of a microfluidic channel were experimentally shown to successfully induce off-axis transport and mixing of two confluent streams when operating under electroosmotic (EO) flow. This paper will further explore, through numerical simulations, the parameters that affect off-axis transport under EO flow with an emphasis on optimizing the mixing rate of (a) two confluent streams in steady-state or (b) the transient scenario of two confluent plugs of material, which simulates mixing after an injection. For the steady-state scenario, the degree of mixing was determined to increase by changing any of the following parameters: (1) increasing the well depth, (2) decreasing the well angle relative to the axis of the channel, and (3) increasing the EO mobility of the well walls relative to the mobility of the main channel. Also, it will be shown that folding of the fluid can occur when the well angle is sufficiently reduced and/or when the EO mobility of the wells is increased relative to the channel. The optimum configuration for the transient problem of mixing two confluent plugs includes shallow wells to minimize the well residence time, and an increased EO mobility of the well walls relative to the main channel as well as small well angles to maximize off-axis transport. The final design reported here for the transient study reduces the standard deviation of the concentration across the channel by 72% while only increasing the axial dispersion of the injected plug by 8.6 % when compared to a plug injected into a channel with no wells present. These results indicate that a series of slanted wells on the wall of a microchannel provides a means for controlling and achieving a high degree of off-axis transport and mixing in a passive manner for micro total analysis system (μTAS) devices that are driven by electroosmosis.
Two-dimensional stimulated resonance Raman spectroscopy study of the Trp-cage peptide folding

We report a combined molecular dynamics (MD) and ab initio simulation study of the ultrafast broadband ultraviolet (UV) stimulated resonance Raman (SRR) spectra of the Trp-cage mini protein. Characteristic two dimensional (2D) SRR features of various folding states are identified. Structural fluctuations erode the cross peaks and the correlation between diagonal peaks is a good indicator of the α-helix formation.
The relative risk of neurosensory deficit following removal of mandibular third molar teeth: the influence of radiography and surgical technique

Objective The aim of this study was to identify the relative risk of damage to the inferior dental (ID) and lingual nerves in patients undergoing lower third molar removal. Study Design A single surgeon reviewed 1,000 patients. Results Temporary ID neurosensory deficit was highest (11%) when root apices were intimate to the ID nerve and lowest (0.9%) when close or distant from the nerve. Permanent ID neurosensory deficit was 0.4% per tooth but only when intimate to the canal. Bone removal, tooth division, and lingual split technique increase the risk of excessive hemorrhage which appears to be linked to the highest risk of temporary ID neurosensory deficit (20%). Permanent lingual nerve injury was rare (0.06%) and not related to lingual retraction. Conclusions Preoperative warning for lower third molar removal can be individually tailored depending on the intimacy of the ID canal to the root apices and the anticipated surgical technique.
PC DAQ, a Windows based DAQ system

Summary form only given. PC DAQ is a Windows NT based general DAQ/Analysis/Monte Carlo shell developed as part of the Proton Radiography project at LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory). It has been adopted by experiments outside of the Proton Radiography project at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and at LANL. The program provides DAQ, Monte Carlo, and replay (disk file input) modes. Data can be read from hardware (CAMAC) or other programs (ActiveX servers) and from multiple workstations. User supplied data analysis routines can be written in Fortran, C++, or Visual Basic. Histogramming, testing, and plotting packages are provided. Histogram data can be exported to spreadsheets or analyzed in user supplied programs. Plots can be copied and pasted as bitmap objects into other Windows programs or printed. A text database keyed by the run number is provided. Extensive software control flags are provided so that the user can control the flow of data through the program. Control flags can be set either in script command files or interactively. The program can be remotely controlled and data accessed over the Internet through its ActiveX DCOM interface.
A Low-Power ECoG/EEG Processing IC With Integrated Multiband Energy Extractor

Electrocorticography (ECoG) implants have recently demonstrated promising results towards potential use in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Spectral changes in ECoG signals can provide insight on functional mapping of sensorimotor cortex. We present a 6.4 μ W electrocorticography (ECoG)/electroencephalography (EEG) processing integrated circuit (EPIC) with 0.46 μVrms noise floor intended for emerging brain-computer interface (BCI) applications. This chip conditions the signal and simultaneously extracts energy in four fully programmable frequency bands. Functionality is demonstrated by tuning the four bands to important frequency bands used by ECoG/EEG applications: α (8-12 Hz), β (18-26 Hz), low-γ (30-50 Hz), and γ (70-100 Hz). Measured results from in vivo ECoG recording from the primary motor cortex of an awake monkey are presented.
Consumer Response to Commodity-Specific and Broad-Based Promotion Programs for Fruits and Vegetables

Generic promotion activities have traditionally been used for individual agricultural commodities, yet there is renewed interest in implementing a mandatory "broad-based" promotion program for all fruits and vegetables. Here we use data from an experiment that introduce subjects to various promotional efforts for fruits and vegetables to estimate the shift and rotational effects of advertising. Econometric results indicate that commodity-specific promotional efforts may not be effective at increasing demand for fruits and vegetables. After controlling for various demographic differences among treatments, our results show that consumers' valuation of fruits and vegetables was highest among subjects exposed to broad-based advertisements. Copyright 2011, Oxford University Press.
Theoretical and observational analysis of spacecraft fields

In order to investigate the nondipolar contributions of spacecraft magnetic fields a simple magnetic field model is proposed. This model consists of randomly oriented dipoles in a given volume. Two sets of formulas are presented which give the rms-multipole field components, for isotropic orientations of the dipoles at given positions and for isotropic orientations of the dipoles distributed uniformly throughout a cube or sphere. The statistical results for an 8 cu m cube together with individual examples computed numerically show the following features: Beyond about 2 to 3 m distance from the center of the cube, the field is dominated by an equivalent dipole. The magnitude of the magnetic moment of the dipolar part is approximated by an expression for equal magnetic moments or generally by the Pythagorean sum of the dipole moments. The radial component is generally greater than either of the transverse components for the dipole portion as well as for the nondipolar field contributions.
An apparatus for recording the strength of wireless signals from a Morse sender

In many radio investigations of the ionosphere it is desirable to use senders working on different wave-lengths and situated in different positions with respect to the receiver. For this purpose it is very convenient to make use of commercial senders which work more or less continuously at high power. It so happens, however, that these senders usually emit Morse signals consisting of dots and dashes of variable lengths and with variable intervals between them, so that an instrument which records the mean signal will give an indication which depends on the speed of sending and on the spacing and length of the signs. In order to obtain a reading which depends only on the signal amplitude, it is possible to employ a quick moving recorder such as a string galvanometer or a cathode ray oscillograph, which will follow the individual Morse signs. With both these types of recorder the record must be made photographically so that changes in the signal strength are not noticed until the record is developed. This is a serious disadvantage in investigations of short-lived disturbances of the “catastrophic” type.
Permeation of hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone 21-alkyl esters through silicone rubber membranes — relationship to regular solution solubility behavior

Rates of permeation of 75 pm thick silicone rubber membranes by hydrocortisone and six homologous hydrocortisone 21-alkyl esters, all applied to the membranes in aqueous media, were assessed in small glass diffusion cells. Solubilities of these agents in water and hexane were also determined. The permeability coefficient of hydrocortisone was 7.4~ 10e5 cm/hr. Permeability coefficients for the esters ranged from 2.3 x low3 cm/hr (acetate) to 6.4 X 10-l cm/hr (heptanoate) . A direct correlation was found between permeability coefficients and lipophilicity but it appears that the heptanoate ester’s mass transfer coefficient is substantially boundary layer controlled. Assessment of fluxes of the steroid solutes from their respective saturated aqueous solutions was made. The flux for hydrocortisone through silicone rubber wae greater than the flux for the acetate ester. Thereafter, fluxes of the esters from saturated solutions systematically increased to the point where fluxes for the 21-hexanoate and 21-heptanoate esters were 20 times greater than found for hydrocortisone. This suggests that far more steroidcan be delivered through a lipid membrane when the steroid is appropriately derivatized. The overall permeability pattern fits behavior expected of a barrier having a lipid membrane bounded by hydrodynamic layers. The pattern of permeability from saturated solutions was predictable using regular solution theory.
Repeatedly Pairing Vagus Nerve Stimulation with a Movement Reorganizes Primary Motor Cortex

Although sensory and motor systems support different functions, both systems exhibit experience-dependent cortical plasticity under similar conditions. If mechanisms regulating cortical plasticity are common to sensory and motor cortices, then methods generating plasticity in sensory cortex should be effective in motor cortex. Repeatedly pairing a tone with a brief period of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) increases the proportion of primary auditory cortex responding to the paired tone (Engineer ND, Riley JR, Seale JD, Vrana WA, Shetake J, Sudanagunta SP, Borland MS, Kilgard MP. 2011. Reversing pathological neural activity using targeted plasticity. Nature. 470:101-104). In this study, we predicted that repeatedly pairing VNS with a specific movement would result in an increased representation of that movement in primary motor cortex. To test this hypothesis, we paired VNS with movements of the distal or proximal forelimb in 2 groups of rats. After 5 days of VNS movement pairing, intracranial microstimulation was used to quantify the organization of primary motor cortex. Larger cortical areas were associated with movements paired with VNS. Rats receiving identical motor training without VNS pairing did not exhibit motor cortex map plasticity. These results suggest that pairing VNS with specific events may act as a general method for increasing cortical representations of those events. VNS movement pairing could provide a new approach for treating disorders associated with abnormal movement representations.
Exploring Stratification and Entrepreneurship: African American Women Entrepreneurs Redefine Success in Growth Ventures:

The relationship between social stratification and entrepreneurship is one that is underexplored in the literature of management and organizations. In the authors' view, social stratification (social structure, institutions, and culture) influences the context, process, experience, and outcomes of entrepreneurship. In this article, the authors discuss these relationships in the context of African American women engaged in high-growth entrepreneurship. The authors support their premise by presenting the limitations of prevailing approaches that exist within the current minority and women entrepreneurship literatures. Using the concept of entrepreneurial success as an example, the authors demonstrate how a social stratification and entrepreneurship framework may be useful for scholars who seek to understand the process of entrepreneurship.
Improving Patient Care by Incorporation of Multidisciplinary Breast Radiology-Pathology Correlation Conference

Abstract Purpose It is well known that radiologic-pathologic correlation is critical in managing patients with breast disease. Although regular multidisciplinary conferences addressing radiologic-pathologic correlation are common at most major academic institutions, this approach is not universal in community-based settings or even some of the smaller academic practices. This study was performed to assess the impact of a weekly multidisciplinary conference on patient care to determine whether all breast practices should adopt this approach as a means to streamline and improve the quality of patient care. Methods We reviewed cases of percutaneous breast core biopsies presented at our weekly breast radiology-pathology correlation conference from July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2012. Each reviewed case was assigned to 1 of 4 categories (concordant → concordant, concordant → discordant, discordant → discordant, and discordant → concordant) based on the "initial" and "final" impressions of concordance between radiology and pathology. Changes in concordance, histopathological diagnosis, or management that occurred during the conference were recorded prospectively and analysed. Changes in management that were considered significant included changes in recommendations for surgery, repeat core biopsy, or follow-up imaging. Results Of 1387 presented at the conference, 1313 (94.7%) had no change during the meeting, confirming 1279 (92.2%) concordant and 34 (2.4%) discordant cases. A total of 74 (5.3%) cases had a change during the conference: 22 of 74 (29.7%) were changed from discordant to concordant, avoiding surgical excision in 15 and short interval imaging in 7; 23 of 74 (31.1%) were changed from concordant to discordant; on excision 3 were cancer, 3 atypia, 10 benign, 2 stable on follow-up imaging, and 5 lost to follow-up; the remaining 29 of 74 (39.2%) stayed concordant after review, but had a change in management, avoiding surgery in 14 and short interval imaging in 15. Overall, as a result of this conference, repeat biopsy or excision was recommended in 23, surgery was avoided in 29, short interval imaging avoided in 22, and cancer detected in 3 cases. Conclusions Our weekly breast radiology-pathology correlation conference impacted patient management in up to 5.3% of cases. These results support the need to incorporate a weekly multidisciplinary case review of breast core biopsies into all breast care practices. Such a conference maximizes cancer detection, identifies discordant cases in a timely manner, decreases follow-up imaging, and avoids unnecessary surgical intervention.
In Second Year Of Marketplaces, New Entrants, ACA ‘Co-Ops,’ And Medicaid Plans Restrain Average Premium Growth Rates

Premiums for health insurance plans offered through the federally facilitated and state-based Marketplaces remained steady or increased only modestly from 2014 to 2015. We used data from the Market...
Inspiring Students to Make a Difference

Reviews the book, Half the sky: Turning oppression into opportunity for women worldwide by Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn (2009). In this book, the authors expertly blend inspiring case studies with jarring and well researched statistics to examine the global issues of sex trafficking and forced prostitution, gender-based violence against girls and women, and maternal health. The book provides eye opening accounts of the suffering women endure each and every day. These gripping stories, combined with unflinching reminders of their commonness, could easily leave a reader mired in sadness and lethargy. In sum, this is a book purposively designed to make the invisible visible and to move readers to action, an agenda I find especially feminist and warming to an educator's soul. The extensive online presence of this book, and the promise of media presentations of some women's stories may make this book seem less scholarly than many academics may like. However, it is exactly these accoutrements that make this book all the more effective with many students. Keywords: Human trafficking Language: en
White Coat: A Friend or a Foe

Copyright: © 2012 Dalal BD. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Long time debate is going on for a topic of dress code for doctors in hospital. White coats are symbol of medical profession for ages. In last several years, positive and negative aspects of white coat came to light. On a one side patients and doctors prefer white coat as representation of the profession while problem of transmitting pathogen and increasing nosocomial infections (NI) have created evidence against it. NI accounted for 1.7 million infections in 2002, which resulted in 99,000 deaths in the United States, and it is estimated to cost $6.7 billion per year [1]. With such a significant impact of NIs, it is understandable that preventing them is a desirable outcome; house delegates of AMA discussed this issue in 2009 and recommended to have more research. In contrast, healthcare personnel in the United Kingdom abide by a “bare below the elbows” policy (that is, short sleeves, no wrist watch, no jewelry and avoidance of neckties) when in patient care areas, in hopes that this will decrease the incidence of NI. Although the United Kingdom has implemented these changes, no studies have looked at the effect of physician’s white coats or the bare below the elbows policy on NI rates.
Erratum: Noise-Parameter Uncertainties: A Monte Carlo Simulation.

[J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Volume 107, Number 5, September-October 2002, p. 433]
Genetics and Physiology Link Leptin to the Reproductive System

Studies linking leptin to the reproductive system have drastically expanded since the initial study that reported the rescuing effects of leptin on the reproductive system of ob/ob mice (Chehab et al., 1996). A search of the current literature revealed that this topic has evolved in various directions; however, the broader issue remains that of nutrition and reproduction. This subject continues to draw upon the seminal observations of Kennedy and Mitra (1969) in rodents and of Frisch and McArthur in humans (1974) whose experiments laid the foundations for this field of investigation. Thus, it is without surprise that this area has witnessed multiple interesting studies over the years with undeniably the major breakthrough being the discovery of the hormone leptin (Zhang et al., 1994). This chapter will review in the pre-leptin era, the most pertinent reports that have paved the way for understanding the relevance and importance of studies carried out in the post-leptin era. Together, the integration of these investigations will offer the reader a broad insight into this subject.
Microarray analysis of gene expression in murine cardiac graft infiltrating cells

Microarray technology can rapidly generate large databases of gene expression profiles. Our laboratory has applied these techniques to analyze differential gene expression in cardiac tissue and cells based on mouse heart transplantation. We have analyzed the different gene expression profiles such as stress or injury including ischemia following transplantation. We also have investigated the role of infiltrating inflammatory cells during graft rejection by purifying subsets of infiltrating cells using GFP transgenic mice and detailed all technical experiences and issues. The purpose of this study is to assist researchers to simplify the process of analyzing large database using microarray technology.
SCALING TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER WITH SUCTION OR BLOWING

The problem of transpired turbulent boundary layers subject to external pressure gradients has been analyzed using the similarity analysis of the equations of motion. Two main results were found. Firstly, the mean deficit profiles in zero pressure gradient (ZPG) or adverse pressure gradient (APG) boundary layer collapse with the free stream velocity, but to different curves depending on the blowing parameter and external pressure gradient. Secondly, the dependence on the blowing parameter and pressure gradient is completely removed from the outer flow when the mean deficit profiles are normalized by the Zagarola and Smits scaling.
The Law Faculty's Ethical Failure Regarding Student-Edited Law Reviews

While a number of scholars - including Judge Richard Posner - have been critical of student-edited law reviews over the last twenty years, this paper posits that the discussion to date has missed the central reason that no other discipline in the United States has chosen to put its scholarly journals under the control of apprentices. Namely, that it is unethical for a peer-review profession to put apprentices in charge of important professional decision-making without reasonable proactive supervision by members of the profession who are fully credentialed.
The European Court of Human Rights, Amicus Curiae, and Violence against Women

Are international courts and advocacy group legal mobilization shaping human rights politics? This question poses a theoretical and empirical challenge to state dominated understandings of international litigation. This article theorizes the interaction between advocacy groups and the European Court of Human Rights and the role this participation plays in the enforcement and development of human rights. The analyses examine institutional factors shaping broad trends in mobilization complemented by two in depth studies examining a single mode of participation, amicus curiae and a single area of law, violence against women. The data identify the critical role standing rules, court review powers and group expertise play in transnational rights mobilization and development. The findings bring into question dominant understandings of international law and contribute to a more complex understanding of law in a global age where international courts and societal actors are shaping the direction of rights protection.
Herbert’s Herbivore: One-Dimensional Society and the Possibility of Radical Vegetarianism

AbstractCareful reading of Herbert Marcuse’s texts, including Counterrevolution and Revolt, One-Dimensional Man, An Essay on Liberation, and Eros and Civilization, reveals his subtle attention to the human–animal dialectic and its role in human liberation. More specifically, animals mark the irrationality of advanced industrialized society for Marcuse, and his subtle but keen treatment of the animal question in politics provides an opening to radically rethink politics for animals and humans. Working from Marcuse’s critical theory, I explore the contemporary one-dimensional animal, which I argue imbricates both animals and humans in the violence and destruction that characterizes advanced industrial society. Using Marcuse’s concept of one-dimensional society and his discussion of animals as my theoretical framework, I specifically consider vegetarianism in its capacity to militate against the contemporary political economy of meat. I conclude that Marcuse’s insights point to a radical vegetarianism aligne...
Cost of New Technologies in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Systematic Review of Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Robotic-assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy, Intensity-modulated Radiotherapy, and Proton Beam Therapy.

Context Some of the high costs of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and proton beam therapy may be offset by better outcomes or less resource use during the treatment episode.