cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antennal sensilla of the clover head weevil Hypera Meles (F.) (coleoptera: curculionidae)

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy of the antennal clubs of the clover head weevil, Hypera meles (F.), revealed a dense receptor field composed of sensilla trichodea (Types I and II), sensilla basiconica (Types I, II, and III), and sensilla styloconica. Club circumference is divided equally by 6 trichodea Type I, arranged radially around the perimeter of each segment. Trichodea Type II and basiconica Type I occur on the entire receptor field of each club segment, while basiconica Type II and styloconica occur in bands along the distal edges of the dorsal surface of segments II and III, respectively. Basiconica Type III were found only at the extreme distal tip of the antennal club on segment IV. Significantly greater ( p = 0.05) numbers of sensilla trichodea Type II and basiconica Type II, found on the ventral surfaces of male and female antennal clubs, suggest that these sensilla are utilized in host reception during weevil antennal tapping.
The multichromatic numbers of some Kneser graphs

Abstract The Kneser graph K(m,n) has the n -subsets of {1,2,…,m} as its vertices, two such vertices being adjacent whenever they are disjoint. The k th multichromatic number of the graph G is the least integer t such that the vertices of G can be assigned k -subsets of {1,2, …, t}, so that adjacent vertices of G receive disjoint sets. The values of X k ( K ( m , n )) are computed for n = 2, 3 and bounded for n ⩾ 4.
Transforming the critique of Big Pharma

Intersecting fields of scholarship have accounted for pharmaceutical companies’ extraordinary success in promoting and profiting from their wares. This article instead tracks resistances and failures in the terrain of Big Pharma amid economic, epistemological and political challenges to their business models. Pfizer has been a key player in the rise of Big Pharma, and its fortunes since 2006 provide windows into the industry's stagnation – the failure of Pfizer's would-be blockbuster torcetrapib, the closing of its heart disease research unit, its free drug program for newly unemployed Americans. These illustrate transformations in ‘least neglected diseases’ and in pricing structures, and can be understood in the contexts of both biotech and Global South critique. Biotech companies have remained profitable by creating biologics for niche subsets of rich populations with a high willingness to pay (including lucrative treatments I call ‘drugs for short lives’). At the same time, dominant global capitalists/philanthropists have brought unprecedented funding to making treatment for AIDS and TB available to the poor and tackling long-neglected diseases like malaria. Now that pharmaceutical profits and markets seem less than infinite in their expansion and philanthropy has been pharmaceuticalized, the stakes of demands like ‘medicine for people not for profit’ are changing. STS critique of pharmaceuticals should take these transformations into account as it deepens its systemic critique of global inequality.
Harmonic models of shape transformation in digital images and patterns

Abstract A new harmonic model for shape transformations is presented. In this model, the harmonic functions are governed by the Laplace equation. This model can convert an image or a pattern to another with an arbitrary shape. Also the transformation process is harmonic, without abruptness and discontinuity. Such properties make the model very useful in computer vision, image processing, and pattern recognition. For instance, this model can be used to generate and recognize handwritten Roman letters, Chinese characters, fingerprints, and other types of digitized images and patterns. Examples of such applications are illustrated in this paper. The techniques proposed can be readily applied to other transformations developed from the solutions of boundary value problems of partial differential equations.
Policy directions for agricultural industrial products in the United States

Abstract Policy for research, development and commercialization of agricultural industrial products in the U.S. is subject to many forces. In the mid-1990s, important new information is available or forthcoming for policy makers to use in preparing our Nation's agenda for agricultural industrial products in the 21st century. Among those, new information sources are the US Department of Agriculture's budget and strategic plans, work by the President's Council on Sustainable Development, the 1996 Farm Bill passed by the U.S. Congress, and a biobased industrial products study by the National Academy of Sciences. It is concluded that the overall policy climate is very positive and, given broad collaboration from all sectors, opportunity is evident for the United States to transition to a more renewable resource-based economy.
The use of para-aortic radiation therapy based on lymphangiogram interpretation in uterine cervical carcinoma

Abstract From January, 1965, to June, 1979, 79 nonrandomized patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix had a bipedal lymphangiogram (LAG) prior to radiotherapy at the Stanford University Medical Center. In 32 patients the LAGs were interpreted as normal. Of the remaining 47 patients, 28 had LAGs interpreted as positive for metastatic involvement of pelvic nodes alone, 11 as positive for pelvic and para-aortic (PA) metastasis, and 8 as positive in PA nodes alone. Five-year survival and freedom from relapse (FFR) were found to be similar for patients with LAGs interpreted as normal or positive in pelvic nodes only (all stages combined). The addition of elective PA irradiation in those patients with positive pelvic nodes alone (median 5000 rad/5 weeks) did not enhance either survival or FFR in this group. The 19 patients with positive PA nodes had significantly worse survival and FFR when compared with the other groups. Survival was not enhanced by the addition of therapeutic PA irradiation (median 5000 rad/5 weeks) and the 7 patients in this group so treated appeared to have a reduced FFR when compared to the 12 untreated patients. Irrespective of the location of nodal abnormality on LAG and regardless of stage, the majority of relapses (1623) occurred either centrally or at the pelvic sidewalls. It is concluded that the LAG is a good predictor of subsequent relapse and survival, but that the addition of either elective or therapeutic PA radiotherapy based on LAG interpretation does not affect survival of FFR and should, therefore, be considered for investigational or palliative use only.
Linear Frequency Modulation Derived Polyphase Pulse Compression Codes

Two new polyphase pulse compression codes and efficient digital implementation techniques are presented that are very Doppler tolerant and that can provide large pulse compression ratios. One of these codes is tolerant of precompression bandwidth limitations.
Treatment of human acute graft-versus-host disease with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine with or without methylprednisolone

Forty-eight patients with hematologic malignancies treated by allogeneic marrow transplantation developed acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), grades II-IV, despite prophylaxis with methotrexate. They were treated with a combination of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and cyclosporine (CsA), with or without the addition of methylprednisolone (MP). Thirty patients had received HLA-identical and 18 HLA-nonidentical transplants. Median onset of GVHD was day 13 (range 8-60) for patients with HLA-nonidentical grafts and day 18 (range 7-48) for patients given HLA-identical grafts (P = 0.01). Forty-five patients could be evaluated for response on day 7 of therapy. Among these, 13 of 27 given ATG/CSP and 6 of 18 given ATG/CSP/MP improved. Among 33 patients evaluable on day 14 of therapy 13 of 19 given ATG/CSP and 5 of 14 given ATG/CSP/MP showed improvement of GVHD. Patients given HLA-nonidentical grafts responded somewhat (although not significantly) less frequently than patients given HLA-identical grafts. Chronic GVHD developed in 16 of 18 evaluable patients given ATG/CSP and in 5 of 6 given ATG/CSP/MP. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections were the major cause of death in both groups. Interstitial pneumonitis was more frequent among patients given ATG/CSP/MP. Survival beyond 6 months was 67% among patients treated with ATG/CSP and 25% with ATG/CSP/MP. These data indicate that a regimen of ATG/CSP is of value in the treatment of acute GVHD. The addition of MP was not beneficial and resulted in decreased survival--presumably because of excessive immunosuppression and associated complications.
Stability of periodic solutions for a model of genetic repression with delays

A technique is discussed for locating the Hopf bifurcation of an n-dimensional system of delay differential equations which arises from a model for control of protein biosynthesis. Certain parameter values are shown to allow a Hopf bifurcation to periodic orbits. At the Hopf bifurcation the periodic orbits are shown to be stable either analytically or numerically depending on the parameter values.
Polystyrenes with macro-intercalated organoclay. Part I: Compounding and Characterization

Abstract Nanocomposites of polystyrene (PS) were prepared using a melt compounding or co-solvent method. Two commercial PS were used, and two organoclays—one prepared in this laboratory (COPS), and the other commercial Cloisite® 10A (C10A). The COPS is a product of clay intercalation with a copolymer of styrene and vinyl benzyl tri-methyl ammonium chloride. According to the XRD diffraction data, the clay platelets in COPS and its PNC with PS were relatively well dispersed, i.e. with the interlayer spacings of d001=7–8 nm. By contrast, d001 in PNC prepared with C10A was only 4 nm. However, the number of clay platelets per stack in PS/COPS was found to be significantly larger than that in PS/C10A, viz. m=3–12, compared to m=2–6. The scanning and transmission electron microscopy indicated that in the PS matrix COPS existed in form of large, immiscible domains.
Volcano-tectonic implications of 3-D velocity structures derived from joint active and passive source tomography of the island of Hawaii

[1] We present a velocity model of the onshore and offshore regions around the southern part of the island of Hawaii, including southern Mauna Kea, southeastern Hualalai, and the active volcanoes of Mauna Loa, and Kilauea, and Loihi seamount. The velocity model was inverted from about 200,000 first-arrival traveltime picks of earthquakes and air gun shots recorded at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). Reconstructed volcanic structures of the island provide us with an improved understanding of the volcano-tectonic evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes and their interactions. The summits and upper rift zones of the active volcanoes are characterized by high-velocity materials, correlated with intrusive magma cumulates. These high-velocity materials often do not extend the full lengths of the rift zones, suggesting that rift zone intrusions may be spatially limited. Seismicity tends to be localized seaward of the most active intrusive bodies. Low-velocity materials beneath parts of the active rift zones of Kilauea and Mauna Loa suggest discontinuous rift zone intrusives, possibly due to the presence of a preexisting volcanic edifice, e.g., along Mauna Loa beneath Kilauea's southwest rift zone, or alternatively, removal of high-velocity materials by large-scale landsliding, e.g., along Mauna Loa's western flank. Both locations also show increased seismicity that may result from edifice interactions or reactivation of buried faults. New high-velocity regions are recognized and suggest the presence of buried, and in some cases, previously unknown rift zones, within the northwest flank of Mauna Loa, and the south flanks of Mauna Loa, Hualalai, and Mauna Kea.
An instance of bacterial inhibition in oceanic surface water

Water from the 150 μ surface film 50 miles north of Puerto Rico at 19°30′ N, 66°30′W supported only a negligible microflora compared to that of adjacent stations. Bacteriostasis was indicated when a ten-fold dilution of the sample resulted in a ninety-fold increase in cultivable microorganisms. The surviving organisms, atypical pseudomonads, were biochemically inactive in comparison to isolates from the other stations. Net phytoplankters at this station were similar in relative composition and abundance to those at the adjacent station.
Bradykinin Selectively Opens Blood-Tumor Barrier in Experimental Brain Tumors

Bradykinin, infused in low doses (10 μg/kg/min) through the carotid artery ipsilateral to RG2 glioma in rats, significantly increased the permeability in tumor capillaries to six different tracers of varying molecular weights compared with intracarotid infusion of saline alone. Permeability in normal brain capillaries was not significantly increased by intracarotid bradykinin infusion. Tracers used to examined permeability included radiolabeled α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB; MW 103), sucrose (MW 342.3), inulin (MW 5000), and dextran (MW 70,000), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Evans blue (EB). Permeability was expressed as the unidirectional transfer constant Ki (μl/g/min). The permeabilities (Ki) of tumors in the bradykinin group versus the control saline group for AIB, sucrose, inulin, and dextran were 25.91 ± 6.78 vs. 13.95 ± 4.29 (p < 0.01), 17.90 ± 2.65 vs. 10.75 ± 4.55 (p < 0.01), 23.92 ± 6.99 vs. 6.20 ± 4.37 (p < 0.01), and 17.84 ± 1.00 vs. 1.47 ± 1.24 (p < 0.001), respectively (mean ± SD). Permeabi...
Assaying the polyadenylation state of mRNAs.

The poly(A) tail present at the 3' end of most eukaryotic mRNAs can play a critical role in message translation and stability. Therefore, identifying alterations in poly(A) tail length can yield important insights into an mRNA's function and subsequent physiological impact. Here, we present three methods for assaying polyadenylation of a specific mRNA in the context of total cellular RNA. The first method described, oligo(dT)/RNase H-Northern analysis, is the classic labor-intensive assay for polyadenylation and is included for historical reference and as a potential experimental control for the poly(A) test (PAT) assays described subsequently. The PAT methods-rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PAT (RACE-PAT), and ligase-mediated PAT (LM-PAT)-are polymerase chain reaction-driven assays that allow speed, sensitivity, and length quantitation. The PAT assays can be conducted in a single day and can readily detect the poly(A) status of an mRNA present in subnanogram quantities of total cellular RNA.
The training needs and priorities of male and female surgeons and their trainees.

Background Over the past decade, interest in general surgery careers has declined and the number of female medical school graduates has increased. This study was performed to identify the needs of both male and female surgical trainees and to guide design of training programs because attracting medical students to, and maintaining residents in, general surgery training programs can be difficult without a clear understanding of the training needs and priorities of both men and women. We hypothesized that men and women would express similar training priorities, yet have subjectively different experiences. Study design Medical students, surgical residents, fellows, and fully trained surgeons affiliated with at least one of four major surgical societies were asked to complete a level-specific survey located on the American College of Surgeons Web site. Results There were 4,308 respondents (76% men). Men and women selected similar reasons for choosing a surgical career and residency program and criteria critical to a successful residency program, with women placing greater emphasis on clerkship experience and faculty diversity. There were no statistically significant differences between the men and women's perceptions of their own training. Although, when asked to evaluate whether certain aspects of training were comparable for male and female residents, women were statistically less likely to agree that their experiences were comparable with those of their male colleagues. Conclusions Male and female surgical residents, fellows, and trained surgeons identified almost identical training needs and priorities yet women perceived disparate treatment.
Sugarcane hybrids of biomass

Abstract Agricultural products have the potential for providing a renewable source of both energy and raw materials if they can be grown and harvested at high yield and processed efficiently. This paper presents the results of studies into the agricultural aspects of high yielding sugarcane hybrids. In 1975 several selections were made from among hybrid progenies of a cross between CP 52–68 a standard variety of sugarcane and Tianan 96 a wild clone of Saccharum spontaneum L., collected in Argentina. Yields of over 220 Mg ha −1 year −1 have been recorded for 8 years. One selection, L 79-1002, has been the most productive. These clones are high in fiber and low in juice content, and are not suited for conventional sugar production. No significant insect or disease problem has occurred. Yields of 240 Mg ha −1 have been recorded at St Gabriel, Louisiana (30·4° lat.) in conventional 180 cm rows and 265 Mg ha −1 at Shreveport, Louisiana (32·1° lat.) in 120 cm rows. In small-scale commercial production no difficilties have been encountered in harvesting or handling. Milling the excess fiber has resulted in the slowing down of the milling process by about one-third with double the excess bagasse.
Pertussis toxin stimulation of catecholamine release from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells: Mechanism may be by direct activation of L-type and G-type calcium channels

We have previously shown that pertussis toxin (PTX) stimulates delayed-onset, [Ca2−] a -dependent catecholamine (CA) release from bovine chromaffin cells. We now show that this effect of PTX is inhibited in part (50%) by dihydropyridine Ca2−-channel antagonists niludipine and nifedipine, and is potentiated by the dihydropyridine Ca2+-channel agonist Bay K-8644. We and others have shown that pretreatment of chromaffin cells with PTX results in enhanced catecholamine secretion in response to high [K−] a , nicotine and muscarine, and here we extend these observations by showing that toxin pretreatment also enhances the secretory response to [Ba2+] a . All these data are consistent with the concept that PTX may act on Ca2− channels. To examine the possibility of a direct action of the toxin on the voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel known to be present in these cells, we studied the effects of the toxin on whole cell Ca2+ currents. We found and report here that spontaneous electrical activity was considerably increased in PTX-treated cells. Our measurements of whole cell inward Ca2+ currents indicate that the underlying mechanism is a marked shift of the activation curve of the L-type Ca2+ current along the voltage axis towards more negative potentials. While treatment of the cells with PTX had no effect on L-type Ca2+-channel conductance (6 nS/cell at 2.6mm [Ca2+] a ). PTX evoked the activation of a new class of Ca2+-selective channels (5 pS in 25mm [Ca2+]pipet), which are rather insensitive to membrane potential. We have termed theseG-type calcium channels. These data suggest that treatment with PTX not only increases the probability of L-type Ca2+-channel activation at more negative potentials, but also increases the probability of opening of an entirely new, voltage-independent, Ca2+ channel. These actions of PTX should promote Ca2+ entry and might explain the stimulation by the toxin of CA secretion from medullary chromaffin cells in culture.
Domination and independence subdivision numbers of graphs

The domination subdivision number sd∞(G) of a graph is the minimum number of edges that must be subdivided (where an edge can be subdivided at most once) in order to increase the domination number. Arumugam showed that this number is at most three for any tree, and conjectured that the upper bound of three holds for any graph. Although we do not prove this interesting conjecture, we give an upper bound for the domination subdivision number for any graph G in terms of the minimum degrees of adjacent vertices in G. We then define the independence subdivision number sdfl(G) to equal the minimum number of edges that must be subdivided (where an edge can be subdivided at most once) in order to increase the independence number. We show that for any graph G of order n ‚ 2, either G = K1;m and sdfl(G) = m, or 1 • sdfl(G) • 2. We also characterize the graphs G for which sdfl(G) = 2.
An Unusual Neutrophil Cycle in Down's Syndrome and Acute Leukemia

A short-term cyclic fluctuation (14 to 24 days) of the neutrophil count in normal adults was shown by MORLEY [Lancet ii: 1220, 1966]. In contrast, a longer duration cyclic fluctuation (30 to 120 days) was seen by MORLEY, BAIKEIE and GALTON in 4 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia [Lancet ii: 1320, 1967]. We have observed similar long-term cycles in 8 children during remission of acute leukemia (myeloblastic or monomyelogenous) in the absence of infections or changes of any chemotherapeutic agents. Likewise, a child with trisomic Down's syndrome and an unusual aplastic anemia showed long-term cycles for 18 months prior to his demisc. A prospective study of neutrophil cycles in 6 prepuberal males was undertaken under controlled conditions for 3 ½ months. Results of this study are as follows: Graphic display of neutrophil counts done twice weekly in 3 nonmongoloid controls shows only short-term cycles. However, the 3 patients with trisomy 21 reveal long-term cycles as well, upon which the short-term cycles are superimposed. The short-term cycle appears to be an oscillatory feature of normal granulopoiesis, whereas the long-term cycle may denote abnormality of granulopoiesis.
Mutasynthesis of Enterocin and Wailupemycin Analogues

Inactivation of the novel phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene encP, whose product is a key component in the biosynthetic pathway to benzoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) in the bacterium Streptomyces maritimus, resulted in the loss of production of the benzoate-primed polyketides enterocin and wailupemycin G. A series of cinnamate and benzoate derivatives were administered to the DeltaencP mutant, resulting in the formation of novel analogues bearing p-fluorobenzoate, 2- and 3-thiophenecarboxylate, and cyclohex-1-enecarboxylate residues. Given that the benzoate:CoA ligase EncN was evaluated to have broad in vitro substrate specificity towards aryl acids, the strict starter unit specificity observed in vivo indicates that the enterocin type II polyketide synthase (PKS) exerts selective control over the choice of starter units. This study represents the first mutasynthesis experiments with iterative type II PKSs.
Children and democracy: theory and policy:

This article identifies four approaches to arguing for democracy, showing that none has an adequate way of supporting both full adult inclusion and the exclusion of children. I focus in Section 2 o...
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE REPLICATION CYCLE OF THE LYMANTRIA DISPAR NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS

The life cycle of the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) was characterized through analysis of budded virus (BV) release, the temporal formation of polyhedra, the temporal transcription pattern of representative early, late, and hyper-expressed late genes, and the onset of DNA replication in the Ld652Y cell line. Transcripts from the LdMNPV immediate early gene G22 were detected 4 h post infection (h p.i.). The late and hyper-expressed late p39 capsid and polyhedrin genes were initially transcribed at approximately 20 and 24 h p.i., respectively. Viral DNA replication initiated at approximately 18-20 h p.i. Budded virus was released from infected cells between 24 and 36 h p.i., and polyhedra were first detected at approximately 48 h p.i.
Penetration of VX into nerve cells, and effects on electrical function.

The discovery of an enzyme in cephalopod nerve and hepatopancreas capable of hydrolyzing several of these compounds (HOSKIN et al. 1966, GAY and HOSKIN 1979) has implications favorable to their disposal in the ocean. On the other hand there is reason to think that VX might not be so readily detoxified (HOSKIN and ROSENBERG 1967, HOSKIN et al. 1969, DETTBARN and ~OSKIN 1975). It seemed possible that VX might nevertheless occupy the active site of (and thus inhibit) squid type DFPase, as we term the detoxifying enzyme (GARDEN et al. 1975). This would permit the use of VX to explore the physiological role of DFPase in the squid giant axon where the enzyme is found in remarkably high concentration.
Growth factor activation in myocardial vascularization: Therapeutic implications

A rapid growth of the coronary vasculature occurs during prenatal and early postnatal periods as precursor cells from the epi- and sub-epicardium differentiate, migrate and form vascular structures (vasculogenesis) which then fuse, branch and in some cases recruit cells to form three tunics (angiogenesis). These processes are tightly controlled by temporally and spatially expressed growth factors which are stimulated by metabolic and mechanical factors. The process of angiogenesis in the myocardium is not limited to developmental periods of life, but may occur when the heart is challenged by enhanced loading conditions or during hypoxia or ischemia. This review focuses on the activation of growth factors by metabolic and mechanical stimuli in the developing heart and in the adult heart undergoing adaptive responses. Experimental studies support the hypotheses that both metabolic (hypoxia) and mechanical (stretch) factors serve as powerful stimuli for the up-regulation of growth factors which facilitate angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Both hypoxia and stretch are powerful inducers of VEGF and its receptors, and provide for paracrine and autocrine signaling. In addition to the VEGF family, bFGF and angiopoietins play major roles in myocardial vascularization. Sufficient evidence supports the hypothesis that mechanical (e.g., bradycardia) and metabolic (e.g., thyroxine analogs) may provide effective non-invasive angiogenic therapies for the ischemic and post-infarcted heart.
Chromosome 22q dosage in composite extrarenal rhabdoid tumors: clonal evolution or a phenotypic mimic?

Composite extrarenal rhabdoid tumors (CERTs) represent a diverse group of neoplasms with rhabdoid shape in combination with one of several distinctive tumor types. Like the classic renal and extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT), as well as the atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) of the central nervous system, CERTs typically show aggressive clinical behavior. Deletions and mutations of the INII gene on 22q11.2 have been identified in most classic MRTs and AT/RTs; however, it is not known whether the rhabdoid components in CERTs have similar genetic abnormalities. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on archival, paraffin-embedded tissue with a commercially available probe in close proximity to the INII locus (bcr), as well as other chromosome 22 probes, we studied 4 cases of MRT, 13 of AT/RT, and 16 of CERT (3 melanoma, 4 meningioma, 7 carcinoma, 1 rhabdomyosarcoma, and 1 neuroblastoma). Deletion of the 22q11.2 locus was demonstrated in 10 (77%) of 13 AT/RTs and 3 (75%) of 4 MRT, including 1 congenital MRT. Of the 16 CERTs, only 2 (a rhabdoid meningioma and a carcinoma with rhabdoid features; 13%) harbored a deletion at this locus. This difference was statistically significant (P <.001). We conclude that deletion of 22q11.2, typical of most classic MRTs and AT/RTs, is infrequently seen in CERTs. This suggests that the rhabdoid component of CERTs does not evolve by way of the genetic alteration characteristic of MRTs or AT/RTs, but represents instead a distinct phenotype shared by a number of tumors as they undergo anaplastic progression.
Determination of componentwise chromatographic elution regions using singular value evolving profiles

Abstract A method to determine chromatographic elution regions for all components present in a sample using spectrochromatographic data is proposed. The method is essentially based on evolving spectral angles, i.e., angles between a base spectrum and spectra as they evolve over chromatograms. Because the angle is equivalent to the smallest singular value, corresponding singular value evolving profiles (SVEPs) can be used as well. The SVEPs were used in this study because SVEPs were found to more readily distinguish elution regions. All spectra from the spectrochromatogram act as a pseudoreference (base) spectrum and an SVEP is produced for each pseudo-reference spectrum. Examining SVEPs as they evolve over time allows componentwise elution regions to be determined. The method identifies elution regions without making any assumptions about the spectrochromatogram being analyzed.
Metric matrix embedding in protein structure calculations, NMR spectra analysis, and relaxation theory

This paper outlines the various applications of metric matrix embedding that I have made in the course of my career to date. This ongoing saga starts with my PhD work on protein folding by distance geometry, highlights the structure calculations done during postdoctoral work with Kurt Wuthrich (1982–84), and then goes on to protein homology modeling, the computer-aided analysis of NMR spectra, and NMR relaxation theory using the Lindblad formalism. It closes with a brief discussion of NMR-based quantum computing and how it is changing the face of NMR spectroscopy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of manganese (Mn) transport in rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cells, an in vitro model of the blood–brain barrier

Manganese (Mn), an essential elemental nutrient, is known to be neurotoxic at high occupational levels. We examined the transport of Mn across a monolayer of rat brain endothelial cell (RBE4) to evaluate whether an electromotive permeability mechanism is responsible for Mn transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The 54 Mn 2+ apparent permeability and flux showed significant temperature-, energy- and pHdependence, as well as partial sodium-dependence. Additionally, iron (Fe)-rich and Fe-deficient media significantly increased the apparent permeability of 54 Mn 2+ . Finally, Mn flux and permeability decreased when RBE4 cells were grown in astrocyte-conditioned media (ACM), compared to standard alpha-media. These data reinforce observations that transport of Mn across the BBB occurs in part through active transport process.
Bilateral germ-cell tumors of testes.

Abstract Bilateral malignant germ-cell tumors of the testes are extremely rare. The literature is reviewed and a case of bilateral simultaneous embryonal carcinoma of the testes is reported.
The oblique muscle organizer in Hirudo medicinalis, an identified embryonic cell projecting multiple parallel growth cones in an orderly array☆

Abstract The oblique muscle layer in the leech body wall is built upon the processes of a unique identified embryonic cell, the Comb- or C-cell. Each C-cell is composed of a spindle-shaped soma that projects approximately 70 parallel processes through the developing body wall at an angle oblique to the long axis. The morphogenesis of this cell and the navigation of its growth cones were examined by intracellular dye filling and antibody staining. At the earliest stages described each C-cell had about six processes, with those near the center of the cell oriented obliquely. As processes were added at the axial ends of the soma they often projected along previously developed longitudinal or circular muscle founder cells and then secondarily aligned themselves parallel to the older processes from the same C-cell. All growth cones initially extended to a particular location in the body wall, where they ceased growing until all 70 processes had been added (over the course of about 5 days). As adjacent segmental homologs met, their growth cones intermingled, eventually sorting out to align parallel. When one of these cells was ablated early—but not later—in development, the remaining adjacent segmental homologs expanded into the vacant territory, consistent with a hypothesis of mutual avoidance between segmental homologs. Most processes that expanded into the experimentally induced vacancy remained correctly oriented and parallel; the few exceptions projected instead along the mirror-image trajectory. Thus, expression of specific avoidance between adjacent C-cell processes is developmentally regulated and functions as a guidance mechanism in vivo, in that it serves to restrict possible trajectories. After aligning its growth cones, each cell stopped adding processes and the processes rapidly extended in concert along relatively precise trajectories. Processes of contralateral homologs cross to form the orthogonal grid used as a scaffold by myocytes to form the oblique muscles. The advancing fronts of growth cones reached the dorsal midline at about the same time as body closure occurs (at about Embryonic Day 20) at which time the C-cells became granular, lost processes, and presumably died. This sequence of developmental events is consistent with temporal and spatial regulation of different morphogenetic strategies, including—but not limited to—specific avoidance, and further suggests testable hypotheses of mechanisms of growth cone navigation in the intact embryo.
Intersection preserving finite embedding theorems for partial quasigroups

is called a Golay complementary sequence of length k. For such a sequence to exist, k must be even and the sum of two squares. It is known no such sequences exist when k=18. Let k = 2 n . A necessary condition for a~, a 2 . . . . . a, to form the beginning of a complementary sequence is that there exist a partition of the set {1, 2 . . . . . n} into four sets Sa, $2, Dx and D2 such that for any 2n-th root of unity q:
Tropical East African climate change and its relation to global climate: A record from Lake Tanganyika, Tropical East Africa, over the past 90+kyr

Abstract Forcing mechanisms of tropical climate in continental areas remain poorly understood, due in large part to a lack of continuous, long-term, high-fidelity records. Sediment core T97-52V from Lake Tanganyika provides new insight into the timing and mechanisms behind East African climate change over the past 90+ kyr. This record is particularly important, because, other than a recently recovered scientific drill core from Lake Malawi, there are no other continuous, well-dated records from East Africa prior to 60 ka. The high resolution age model presented here provides a large degree of age certainty for the past 45+ kyr, and our suite of proxies allows a thorough examination of Lake Tanganyika's dynamics. From core stratigraphy and chemical analyses, we present evidence of a lake level drop greater than 400 m sometime prior to ∼ 90 ka, much greater than that inferred for the LGM, suggesting a period of intense aridity sometime around 100 ka. Additionally, core T97-52 V preserves evidence of worm burrows detected by X-radiographic imagery as indicated by burrow-shaped deposits of iron oxide, indicating a shallow lake at the time of deposition of that material. Intermittently high lake levels between ∼ 78 ka and ∼ 72 ka developed at the same time as a weakened Asian monsoon and a pluvial phase in Northeast Brazil, suggesting a global reorganization of climate, possibly forced by a reduction in orbital eccentricity. Over the past 60 ka this core preserves the same events recorded in a core collected ∼ 100 km away in the southern basin of Lake Tanganyika, including an unexplained increase in biogenic silica at ∼ 37 ka, suggesting that this vast lake is responding coherently across both major bathymetric basins to regional and global climate forcing.
Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid associated with bullous pemphigoid

Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid is a chronic recurrent vesiculobullous eruption that occurs predominantly on the head and neck. Because of the clinical, histologic, and immunologic similarity to cicatricial pemphigoid, it has been suggested that Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid represents the cutaneous counterpart of cicatricial pemphigoid and should be included as a member of the pemphigoid spectrum of diseases. The concurrence of Brunsting-Perry cicatricial pemphigoid and bullous pemphigoid, as seen in the patient in this report, supports this viewpoint.
Cardiac retransplantation: A viable option?

To evaluate cardiac retransplantation as an appropriate utilization of scarce donor organs we analyzed data from the registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) (n = 449) and the Utah Cardiac Transplant Program (n = 20). Actuarial survival among retransplants was lower than in patients who received only one transplant in both the ISHLT registry patients (1 year survival, 48% versus 78%; p = 0.001) and the Utah series (1 year survival, 74% versus 88%; p = 0.06). Uncontrolled rejection, short interval (< 6 months) between transplantations, and the need for mechanical circulatory support were identified as risk factors for retransplantation. The incidence of rejection and infection was similar in first and second transplant recipients. Second transplant recipients had a higher level of sensitization, a greater incidence of donor-specific positive crossmatches, and an increased early mortality. Repetition in the second donor of mismatched HLA antigens present in the first donor did not adversely affect survival. If patients who underwent retransplantation within 6 months of their initial transplantation, those receiving transplants for uncontrolled rejection, and those requiring mechanical assistance were eliminated from the study, the short-term and long-term survival after cardiac retransplantation does not differ from that in patients having a single transplant.
Reflections on My Journey in Biomedical Research: The Art, Science, and Politics of Advocacy

Scientific Discovery often reflects the art, science, and advocacy for biomedical research. Here the author reflects on selected highlights of discovery that contributed to several aspects of our understanding of craniofacial biology and craniofacial diseases and disorders.
Real-time visual tracking using correlation techniques

A real-time correspondence based tracking algorithm is detailed. The system uses a pipeline processor, a general purpose processor, a camera and a display. The Minimum Noise and Correlation Energy (MINACE) filter is used in the tracking algorithm as it provides a good combination of speed, accuracy and flexibility for the targeted hardware system. The system designed is fast and tracking is accomplished at a rate of 15 hz. The system is adaptive and does not rely on a previous model of the object; the training image for filter synthesis is acquired from previous image frames and the filter is synthesized online to accommodate 3-D variations of the target being tracked. The system tracks an object consistently as is demonstrated by the low deviation of the results in the evaluation. The correlation filter-based tracking algorithm has proved to be useful in our research in cooperative mobile robots. A visual servoing system has been implemented using this tracking algorithm for convoying of multiple mobile robots. >
Subsidization Policies in Egypt: Neither Economic Growth nor Distribution

Subsidies are a widespread economic practice in most developing countries and in centrally planned economies such as those of Eastern Europe. In the United States and Western Europe, they are generally associated with price support for producers, especially in agriculture. In the less-developed countries (LDCs), subsidies usually support consumers. When extended to producers, the benefit is passed on to consumers through official price controls. The question is whether such price support is the best means available to meet the basic needs strategy of development. Subsidies in LDCs often begin as measures to help the poor, but they usually expand beyond the target population and constitute by and large a wage supplement for almost all salaried workers.
Protein tyrosine kinase 6 protects cells from anoikis by directly phosphorylating focal adhesion kinase and activating AKT

Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in epithelial cancers. Disruption of Ptk6 decreases AOM-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice by preventing STAT3 activation. Relocalization of PTK6 in prostate cancers contributes to increased growth. Although not expressed in normal breast or ovary, PTK6 promotes anchorage-independent survival of breast and ovarian tumor cells. We identified several potential PTK6 substrates in the human SW620 colon cancer cell line using mass spectrometry, including FAK (focal adhesion kinase). We show that FAK is a direct substrate of PTK6 in vitro and in vivo. Expression of membrane targeted active PTK6 (Palm-PTK6-YF) induces constitutive activation of FAK and cell morphology changes, which are independent of SRC family kinases in Src−/−, Yes−/−, Fyn−/− (SYF) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Palm-PTK6-YF expressing SYF cells are transformed and overcome contact inhibition, form colonies in transformation assays, proliferate in suspension, and form tumors in a xenograft model. Expression of FAK and Palm-PTK6-YF in Fak−/− MEFs synergistically activates AKT and protects cells against anoikis. However, expression of PalmPTK6-YF in Akt1/2−/− MEFs fails to protect cells from anoikis, indicating AKT is critical in PTK6 and FAK mediated survival signaling. In a conditional Pten knockout murine prostate cancer model, we identify prostate epithelial cells with enhanced activation of endogenous PTK6 and FAK at the plasma membrane. Knockdown of PTK6 in the PC3 human prostate cancer cell line disrupts FAK and AKT activation and promotes anoikis, which can be rescued by exogenous expression of FAK. Our data reveal important roles for a PTK6-FAK-AKT signaling axis in promoting anchorage-independent cell survival.
Where's the Justice? Affirmative Action's Severed Civil Rights Roots in the Age of Diversity

The institutionalization of race-conscious inclusion policies in employment, education, and contracting has largely endured in post-civil rights America despite predictions of their demise. However, scholarship has continued to mislabel many of the specific policies in these organizations and governments as “affirmative action” policies, even though many such policies lack the civil rights roots necessary to warrant this label. In this article, I explain how many organizations have recast, supplemented, or replaced their rights-based affirmative action policies with utilitarian diversity policies. While the conventional, civil rights framework for analyzing affirmative action obscures the rise of such organizational diversity policies, an alternative body of scholarship that employs a diversity framework has shed light on the causes, content, and consequences of this policy and political realignment. The Supreme Court's 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger decision and the political activism surrounding Michigan's Proposal 2 in 2006 both exemplify the trademark signs of this shift from rights-based affirmative action to organizational diversity policies. The article concludes by assessing the promise and dangers of this trend of rooting racial inclusion policies in a utilitarian diversity logic rather than a civil rights logic.
A meta-analytic examination of client-therapist perspectives of the working alliance.

Abstract Using 53 studies, comprising 52 separate data sets, published in refereed journals from 1985 through 2006, the authors conducted meta-analyses of the correlation and mean difference between client–therapist alliance ratings. Client and therapist alliance ratings were moderately correlated ( =.36, SD=.00); clients’ ratings were higher than ratings by their therapists ( =.63, SD=.42). Client disturbance was a significant moderator of client–therapist alliance rating discrepancies; clients with milder disturbances or with substance abuse problems tended to have larger rating discrepancies with their therapists than clients with more severe disturbances or moderate disturbance without substance abuse.
Structure and function of gustatory neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract. III. Classification of terminals using cluster analysis.

In sensory systems, insight into synaptic arrangements on cells of known physiological response properties has helped our understanding of the structural basis for these properties. To carry out these types of studies, however, synaptic types in the region of interest must be defined. Unfortunately, defining synaptic types in the brainstem has proved to be a challenging enterprise. Our study was done to classify synapses in the gustatory part of the nucleus solitarius using objective quantitative criteria and a cluster analysis procedure. Cluster analysis allows classification of a population of objects, such as synaptic terminals, into groups that exhibit similar characteristics. Six terminal types were identified using cluster analysis and subsequent analyses of variance and post hoc tests. Unlike classification schemes used for the cerebral cortex, where synaptic apposition density thickness and shape of vesicles is useful (Gray's Type I and II synapses), the concentration of vesicles in a terminal was...
How to orient employees into new positions successfully

Considers how employees were traditionally introduced into the workplace, outlining the opposing methods of little introduction at all and the lengthy training room inductions by some large corporations. Outlines a cost effective middle option seeing each new individual as a valuable new asset. Suggests a checklist for all parties to ensure all information is covered which includes the relevant personal information, introduction to supervisor and allocating a sponsor help them through out the initial stages. Highlights the importance of follow ups, respect for the individual and support from senior management.
Emotion Regulation Training and Scene Understanding are Related to Eye Movements during a Computer Based Interactive Simulation

Forty-two undergraduates completed a computer based interactive training simulation that required them to understand a potential hostage situation that arises during a customer service position in an Emergency Room. Each participant was given either deep or surface emotion regulation training prior to participation. Eye movements during the simulation were examined as a function of training type and understanding of the scenes in the simulation. Those given deep training had more fixations, whereas those with greater scene knowledge had longer fixations. Eye movements are predictive of understanding training during a simulation, and could be used as a trigger for adaptive training systems.
The effects of inhomogeneous broadening on intersubband difference frequency generation

Summary form only given. Intersubband systems exhibit nonlinearities that can be hundreds of times larger than that of conventional materials. This has made them attractive candidates for nonlinear frequency conversion and other applications. Early work on intersubband nonlinearities focused on GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. Because of the small conduction band offset of this material system, it is only suitable to resonantly enhance nonlinear interactions of 5 /spl mu/m wavelength or longer. Thus most studies of the nonlinear optical properties of intersubband transitions (ISBT) have used CO/sub 2/ lasers.