cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the interplanetary magnetic field Y component on the high-latitude nightside convection

Sondrestrom radar observations reveal that the dawn-dusk (By) component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strongly influences the nightside polar convection. This effect is quite complex. The convection for one orientation of By is not the mirror image of the other orientation. A positive By (i.e., pointing toward dusk) seems to organize the velocities such that, at all local times, they are predominantly westward within the radar field-of-view (approximately 68 deg-to-82 deg invariant latitude). Between dusk and midnight, on one such occasion, sunward flow is observed within the polar cap. In the midnight and dawn sectors, when By is negative, the plasma velocities often appear shifted toward early hours such that large southward velocities are observed about 3 hours before midnight. These are the only times when the predominant velocity component is southward.
Quality Factor in Polycrystalline Diamond Micromechanical Flexural Resonators

This paper reports an investigation into the various dissipation mechanisms that can affect polycrystalline diamond micromechanical resonators. Double-ended tuning fork and cantilever resonators were fabricated from 1–5- $\mu \text{m}$ thick microcrystalline diamond films. It is shown that the quality factor of the low frequency ( N 2 for various times up to 660 min is used to modify the resonator surface and is shown to result in a threefold increase in quality factor up to 365 000 at 26.6 kHz. [2015-0094]
Foreclosures: A Non-Traditional Approach

Foreclosures are at a record high, causing families to be displaced, blighted neighborhoods and the reduction of home values. This paper examines a few unusual cases recently determined, whereby the Court exercises its equity powers to find a just result.
Analysis of Whiskey by Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry: An Upper Division Analytical Chemistry Experiment Guided by Green Chemistry

Analysis of whiskey samples prepared by a green microextraction technique, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), before analysis by a qualitative gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, is described as a laboratory experiment for an upper division instrumental methods of analysis laboratory course. Here, aroma compounds in whiskey samples (n = 11) were extracted using ultrasound-assisted DLLME with chloroform (as extraction solvent). The chloroform extract was analyzed by GC/MS with data manipulation by AMDIS (automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system) to allow for comparisons between whiskey samples. Aroma compounds commonly reported in the literature (furfural, isoamyl acetate, 5-methyl furfural, ethyl esters, phenylethyl alcohol, whiskeylactone, and vanillin) were tentatively identified based upon the match to the MS library. This unique laboratory allows students to engage in a real-world analysis of a high-value product and to explore the use of AMDIS to...
VIDEO MARKETPLACE REGULATION A Primer on the History of Television Regulation and Current Legislative Proposals

The television distribution marketplace has been substantially regulated since the advent of broadcast television in the 1940s and 1950s. The Federal Communications Commission and Congress have relied on several justifications for the regulatory protection of the system of local broadcasters envisioned post-World War II, namely, (1) universal service; (2) localism; (3) free television; and (4) competition. These policy goals are at odds with one another and can only be supported simultaneously through far-reaching regulations like compulsory copyright licenses, network nonduplication rules, retransmission consent regulations, and industry concentration prohibitions. We describe the history of these and other regulations. We argue that regulatory repeal would improve distorted television markets and improve consumer welfare. Finally, we describe pending video legislation and explain how various pending bills would affect the current regulatory system.
The Competitive Outlook for Cotton

FUTURE market outlets for American Fcotton will depend upon a number of conditions, including the demand for textiles in domestic and foreign markets, the competition from foreign growths of cotton, and competition from synthetic fibers and other raw materials. Markets for this commodity will also be affected very materially by technological and other developments in the processing and marketing of textiles and other products that have occurred as a result of, or that have been accelerated by, the war. The partial or complete displacement of natural fibers by synthetic fibers for certain uses may result from the unprecedented impetus that was given during the war to the expansion of production facilities for the synthetic fibers for war uses. On the other hand, new or expanded markets for the natural fibers may be provided in connection with new products and processes that are now in process of development. The main reliance for meeting the United States' need for textile fibers is now, and for many years has been, on one fiber-cotton. During the prewar period I935-39, cotton consumption averaged 3,409 million pounds. This represented about 72 per cent of all fiber used in this country during that period. With the coming of the war, consumption increased to record levels. The peak was reached in I94I at 5,470 million pounds
Prevalence and course of Thrombocytopenia in culture positive and culture negative Neonatal Sepsis

Introduction: Neonatal Sepsis is commonly associated with thrombocytopenia. Objective: To assess the prevalence and course of thrombocytopenia in culture positive and culture negative neonatal sepsis in comparison to normal newborns. Methods: This is a retrospective case analysis of 533 neonates between January-2012 to December-2014. The parameters examined were Baseline Platelet Count, Change In Platelet Count, (Baseline Platelet Count- Change In Platelet Count)/ Baseline Platelet Count, Platelet Nadir, Incidence, Duration & Severity of Thrombocytopenia. Statistical Analysis: All data were collected in validated preformatted proforma sheet & analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: Among 533 neonates, 21.2% had Culture negative sepsis, 9.75% had culture positive sepsis & 69.04% had no sepsis. The prevalence of early onset sepsis was 17.44% & late onset sepsis was 13.50%. About 24.76% babies had thrombocytopenia; 9.56% had mild thrombocytopenia, 10.13% had moderate & 5.06% had severe thrombocytopenia. Late onset sepsis was associated with significant thrombocytopenia. Culture positive sepsis had significant drop in platelets with lower platelet nadir, higher incidence, more severe & prolonged thrombocytopenia compared to culture negative sepsis & normal neonates. Conclusion: There are quantitative differences in the platelet response to neonatal sepsis, particularly to culture positive sepsis. Hematological changes in platelet count induced by culture proven and culture negative neonatal sepsis can be used to make an early diagnosis and prompt management of neonatal sepsis.
Distance Education: The Experiences of Students and Instructors in Delivering a Social Work Practice Course via Interactive TV

Social work educators are increasingly using advanced information technologies in their distance education programs. Despite the widespread use of distance learning in social work education, there is limited information available regarding the effectiveness of courses, particularly practice courses, that use these technologies or the experiences of the students and instructors who are helping to pioneer these technological initiatives. This article presents reflections from students from two MSW practice classes linked together through interactive TV, also known as compressed video. The authors, who were course instructors using this technology, present their reflections on the process and make recommendations for future distance learning courses.
A Necessary Normative Context of Positive Economics

Richard McKenzie has informed me that his article was ‘originally stimulated’ by my article on economics as a science and its relation to policy.’ There I suggested that great diversity seems to exist regarding the meaning of economics as a science, the proper social role of economists, the authoritativeness and confidence with which an economist can speak to policy issues (such as free trade), and both the respective meanings of and relationships between positive and normative economics. Using the concepts of Pareto optimality and maximization of the value of output, I attempted to indicate the various senses in which widely found lines of policyrelated reasoning were positive and/or normative. Whatever one thinks of the line(s) of filiation between McKenzie’s and my articles, the issues are, of course, longstanding.
Conclusion: An Ontological Approach to Theories

The major objective of this text has been to formulate, develop and defend a theory about the nature of scientific theories. Part of what such a characterisation is meant to do is account for the variety of ways a scientific theory functions. Like nature, theories are many-faceted: they are responsible for a scientist’s ability to explain and predict; they support the truth of certain counterfactual conditionals but rule out others; they are able to reduce or incorporate other theories, bringing about a greater unification within our conceptual scheme; and, finally, they confer meaning upon ‘raw’ data by providing us with a means of identifying and differentiating phenomena. The central thesis coming out of these chapters is that an account of the above aspects of theory can, for the most part, be traced to a theory’s ontological commitments its ‘ontological zoo’.
Report of a case of immunosuppression with prednisone in an 8-year-old boy with an acute onset of hypocretin-deficiency narcolepsy.

Objective: To explore whether acute destruction of hypocretin cells in a patient with narcolepsy could be detected and if the course of the disease could be reversed or altered by the use of prednisone for immunosuppression. Design: Case report. Setting: A sleep-clinic population in a tertiary-care hospital Patient: An 8-year-old boy with a very acute recent (< 2 month) onset of sleepiness. Methods: Sleep studies; fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging studies with a focus on the hypothalamus; examinations of cerebrospinal fluid for cytology, protein, and hypocretin-1 levels; and HLA typing were performed. Intervention: A 3-week regimen of 1 mg kg-1 day-1 of prednisone was administered in an attempt to modify the course of the disease. Results and Conclusion: Sleep evaluations were consistent with a diagnosis of narcolepsy. Hypocretin-1 was absent in the cerebrospinal fluid, and HLA-DQB1*0602 was present. All other results were within normal limits, and prednisone did not have any noticeable effects. Clinical manifestation of narcolepsy might occur when the hypocretin cell damage is too advanced to be reversible. Citation: Hecht M; Lin L; Kushida CA et al. Report of a case of Immunosuppression with Prednisone in an 8-year-old boy with an acute onset of hypocretin-deficiency narcolepsy.
Using Aptamer-Based Technology to Probe the Plasma Proteome for Cardiovascular Disease Prediction

Circulating biomarkers play a major role in risk stratification of patients with cardiovascular disease. The 3 most widely used cardiovascular biomarkers—troponin, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide—have each been shown to predict risk of major adverse cardiovascular outcomes beyond traditional clinical factors, and for that reason, use of these biomarkers is recommended in various practice guidelines. How then should additional biomarkers be added to the clinical armamentarium? The traditional approach has been for candidate biomarkers to emerge from preclinical or pilot clinical data and then be tested individually in progressively larger cohorts that typically involve thousands of patients. This serial approach is slow and requires the development of dedicated assays, typically immunoassays, to detect each biomarker of interest. Multiplexed immunoassays have been developed but typically are constrained by interference between antibodies, proteins, and assay diluents, leading to degradations in accuracy that limit the number of simultaneous assays
X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Patient Antibody Response to a Synthetic Peptide of Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen

X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) syndrome is an inherited immune deficiency syndrome with exquisite vulnerability to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Serological analysis of patients with XLP demonstrate antibodies to EB viral capsid antigen (VCA) but low or no antibody to the EB nuclear antigen (EBNA) as measured by anti-complernent immunofluorescence (ACI) which detects complement fixing antibodies only. Hence, antibodies that do not fix complement would be missed by this assay. In order to better assess the anti-EBNA response in patients with XLP, an ELISA for anti-EBNA antibodies was developed utilizing a peptide (P62) containing part of the repeating sequence of glycine and alanine of EBNA-1 that has been synthesized by Gary Rhodes et al. (1). Recent studies have suggested that the major antibody response to EBNA-1 is directed to this site(s) that is suggested to be the major epitope of EBNA-1. The assay provides two distinct advantages over the ACIF test: 1) Only antibodies to EBNA-1 are detected in this assay; and, 2) The specific antibody isotype response to EBNA-1 may be assessed.
Measurement of the Coupling Strength of Higgs to Vector Bosons in H → WW → ℓνℓν final state with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

We present the measurement of the coupling strength of the Higgs boson to the two vector bosons in the H→WW→lνlν channel. Results using the 25 fb-1 of data collected in 7 and 8 TeV center of mass energy by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC are presented [ATLAS Collaboration,The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, 2008 JINST 3 S08003]. In particular, the extractions of the signal yields from the combination of two major production modes - the gluon-gluon fusion (ggF) and the vector boson fusion (VBF) - and their signal strength correlations are presented. The interpretation of these results with respect to the Standard Model (SM) predictions is also presented.
SOCRAT Platform Design: A Web Architecture for Interactive Visual Analytics Applications

The modern web is a successful platform for large scale interactive web applications, including visualizations. However, there are no established design principles for building complex visual analytics (VA) web applications that could efficiently integrate visualizations with data management, computational transformation, hypothesis testing, and knowledge discovery. This imposes a time-consuming design and development process on many researchers and developers. To address these challenges, we consider the design requirements for the development of a module-based VA system architecture, adopting existing practices of large scale web application development. We present the preliminary design and implementation of an open-source platform for Statistics Online Computational Resource Analytical Toolbox (SOCRAT). This platform defines: (1) a specification for an architecture for building VA applications with multi-level modularity, and (2) methods for optimizing module interaction, re-usage, and extension. To demonstrate how this platform can be used to integrate a number of data management, interactive visualization, and analysis tools, we implement an example application for simple VA tasks including raw data input and representation, interactive visualization and analysis.
Hereditary aspects of copd

COPD, as it presents clinically, is the end result of pathogenetic factors that are in part exogenous but can also be in part genetic. This article examines the data now available on recognized predisposing genetic factors, with special reference to alpha) antitrypsin deficiency, mucoviscidosis, and so-called familial emphysema.
Parenting after stroke: a systematic review

Background Stroke is a leading cause of disability in the United States, resulting in physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments. One in ten strokes occur in adults younger than 50 years of age...
A New Uneasy Case for Copyright

Justice Stephen Breyer’s The Uneasy Case for Copyright is known for calling the attention of policymakers and scholars to the incentives-access paradigm of copyright law. Less-discussed, however, is its suggestion that copyright protection might inefficiently draw resources into the creation of copyrightable works given the potential spillover benefits of alternative uses to which creators might otherwise put their time. Although a full study of alternative career paths would be empirically challenging, one can simplify by asking what benefit society obtains from marginal copyrightable works – those that might not be created if copyright incentives were less robust – and whether there might be overentry into a market for copyrighted works due to decreasing marginal returns. This Article produces a new uneasy case for copyright doctrine, helping to show why many doctrines that seem suspect under an incentives-access paradigm of copyright law become more defensible once rent dissipation concerns are considered. As a tribute to Justice Breyer’s The Uneasy Case for Copyright, this Article seeks to assess a wide range of copyright doctrines to determine how well they accord with new insights learned from the economic literature on product differentiation. The analysis proceeds from the assumption that copyright law should seek to minimize the most egregious instances of crowding of copyright space – those in which effort and resources are expended to produce copyrighted works that are very close to other works in the product space. Part I canvasses a comprehensive range of copyright doctrines and argues that in many cases copyright law already seems to reflect rent dissipation concerns. Part II assesses copyright law as a whole, and, noting that while there are some media for which some form of incentive is needed to create works of sufficient quality, asks whether rewards systems could be designed that provide a superior alternative form of incentive for copyright.
Investigation of a Common Clinical Approach to Poor Growth in Preterm Infants.

Objective This study aimed to determine the effect of elevated energy intake with medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil or formula powder on growth velocity and weight z-score in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk and human milk fortifier. Study Design This was a cohort study of infants exposed to MCT oil or formula powder for at least 7 days. Mean 7-day change in growth velocity and weight z-scores were compared pre- and postintervention. Results Forty-three infants received increased energy with either MCT oil or formula powder. Infants receiving MCT oil were more preterm and had a lower birth weight. When evaluating 7-day changes pre- and postintervention, growth velocity increased from 10.0 g/kg/day to 19.8 g/kg/day, and change in weight Z-score increased from –0.24 to 0.05. Conclusion This clinical approach using MCT oil or formula powder for additional energy was associated with improved, at least short-term, growth velocity and weight z-score trajectory.
Group Learning for High-Dimensional Sparse Data

We describe new methodology for supervised learning with sparse data, i.e., when the number of input features is (much) larger than the number of training samples (n). Under the proposed approach, all available (d) input features are split into several (t) subsets, effectively resulting in a larger number (t*n) of labeled training samples in lower-dimensional input space (of dimensionality d/t). This (modified) training data is then used to estimate a classifier for making predictions in lower-dimensional space. In this paper, standard SVM is used for training a classifier. During testing (prediction), a group of t predictions made by SVM classifier needs to be combined via intelligent post-processing rules, in order to make a prediction for a test input (in the original d-dimensional space). The novelty of our approach is in the design and empirical validation of these post-processing rules under Group Learning setting. We demonstrate that such post-processing rules effectively reflect general (common-sense) a priori knowledge (about application data). Specifically, we propose two different post-processing schemes and demonstrate their effectiveness for two real-life application domains, i.e., handwritten digit recognition and seizure prediction from iEEG signal. These empirical results show superior performance of the Group Learning approach for sparse data, under both balanced and unbalanced classification settings
PLASMA PROCESSING FOR ADVANCED THIN FILM TECHNOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Plasma, a collection of charged species (electrons and ions) is often referred to as the fourth state of matter. Gaseous discharges used in the processing of thin films contain less than a fractional percentage of charged species. The role of charged species is to promote chemical activities in the gas media. Over the past three decades, we have seen the rapid development of plasma processing in advanced thin film technology both for electronic device and protective coating applications. Advantages derived from using plasma processing include: higher quality films, lower processing temperatures, improved adhesion and interfacial properties, superior process and quality control, large area coating, etc.
Natural Omens in Byzantine Literature: An Unpublished Translator’s Preface to a Brontologion ( Petrop.Bibl.Publ. 575)

The Apocalypse of Daniel was twice translated from an Arabic version back into Greek by Palaiologan scholars; the second translator in his preface, published here, claimed to do so more accurately than his predecessor.
Discovery versus precision in nuclear physics: A tale of three scales

At least three length scales are important in gaining a complete understanding of the physics of nuclei. These are the radius of the nucleus, the average inter-nucleon separation distance, and the size of the nucleon. The connections between the different scales are examined by using examples that demonstrate the direct connection between short-distance and high-momentum transfer physics and also that significant high-momentum content of wave functions is inevitable. The nuclear size is connected via the independent-pair approximation to the nucleon-nucleon separation distance, and this distance is connected via the concept of virtuality to the EMC effect. An explanation of the latter is presented in terms of light-front holographic wave functions of QCD. The net result is that the three scales are closely related, so that a narrow focus on any given specific range of scales may prevent an understanding of the fundamental origins of nuclear properties. It is also determined that, under certain suitable conditions, experiments are able to measure the momentum dependence of wave functions.
Mentorship as a teaching strategy.

Mentors, and the magic of mentoring relationships, is espoused in professional literature of academia, business, and nursing. The traditionally intense, lengthy, one-on-one mentoring relationship between a powerful mentor and a less powerful prot訩 has given way to new models that recognize a more feminine focus on a network of relationships. Peer mentors, group mentors, and mentoring circles all recognize the difference in gender needs for learning support. As nursing enters a new era of healthcare, with the challenges of a dry recruiting market and the organizational emphasis on productivity, nurses must continue to learn and develop. Those who have received the magic of a mentoring relationship have an obligation to return this magic to others through mentoring.
Eutrophication effects differ among functional groups in vernal pool invertebrate communities

Environmental productivity and biodiversity are two intricately linked ecological concepts. One commonly observed pattern is a unimodal curve with biodiversity peaking at intermediate levels of productivity. While unimodal relationships are by no means universal, biodiversity declines at high productivity levels (eutrophication) raise serious concerns given anthropogenic nutrient inputs into waterbodies. One habitat that may be particularly vulnerable to eutrophication are California vernal pools. These ephemeral wetlands provide habitat to numerous threatened or endangered invertebrate taxa. To investigate the impact of eutrophication on invertebrates, experimental mesocosms were setup in the California State University, Sacramento Arboretum. Thirty mesocosms were inoculated with vernal pool soil and divided into five nutrient treatments in each of six blocks. Data was collected over a 21-week hydroperiod to quantify changes over a vernal pool hydroperiod. Nutrient addition increased mesocosm turbidity, chlorophyll-a, and phosphorus levels, in addition to causing larger shifts in dissolved oxygen and pH. While nutrient enrichment increased abundances of small crustaceans, there were no effects on taxa richness, or abundances of large branchiopods or insects. While these findings improve our understanding of bottom-up effects in vernal pools, questions remain over long-term nutrient inputs and interactions with other human activities.
Cultivating Public Service Competencies in Student Employees: A Case Study

Author(s): Harrington, Sarah Rose; Lewis, Nancy O; Brown, Nicole E | Abstract: How can we best train student employees for public service roles? At UC Berkeley, as in many academic libraries, a student employee is the first person that a user will see when entering the library; they are the “face of the library.” A positive interaction will set a positive tone for the user’s library experience, while a negative interaction may discourage the user from ever visiting the library again. As such, it is critical to prepare student staff with the competencies to engage positively with library users and feel confident in their roles. This paper shares a case study of a public services training piloted for Access Services student employees at UC Berkeley.
The Neutral Level of NGDP and the NGDP Gap: Q3 2020

This policy brief reports on the NGDP gap, a measure of unexpected changes in the dollar size of the US economy, is the percent difference between the actual and the neutral level of NGDP. The neutral level of NGDP, in turn, is a sum of all dollar incomes expected by households and businesses coming into a specific time period. In the third quarter of 2020, the NGDP gap was −4.77 percent, a significant narrowing from the −11.62 percent NGDP gap experienced in the second quarter of 2020. Despite this progress, an NGDP gap of −4.77 percent indicates that the dollar size of the economy is still significantly smaller than pre-pandemic expectations. In other words, the NGDP Gap has shrunk and is at its pre-pandemic levels. The economy has made a lot of progress toward recovery, but the total dollar size of the economy is still significantly smaller than pre-pandemic expectations.
Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in Mediating the Effects of Coffee in the Colon.

Scope This study investigates the mechanism of action and functional effects of coffee extracts in colonic cells, on intestinal stem cell growth, and inhibition of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal barrier damage in mice. Methods and results Aqueous coffee extracts induced Ah receptor (AhR) -responsive CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and UGT1A1 gene expression in colon-derived Caco2 and YAMC cells. Tissue-specific AhR knockout (AhRf/f x Lgr5-GFP-CreERT2 x Villin-Cre), wild-type (Lgr5-CreERT2 x Villin-Cre) mice are sources of stem cell enriched organoids and both coffee extracts and norharman, an AhR-active component of these extracts inhibited stem cell growth. Coffee extracts also inhibit DSS-induced damage to intestinal barrier function and DSS-induced mucosal inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and TGF-β1 in wild-type (AhR+/+ ) but not AhR-/- mice. In contrast, coffee does not exhibit protective effects in intestinal-specific AhR knockout mice. Coffee extracts also enhanced overall formation of AhR-active microbial metabolites. Conclusions In colon-derived cells and in the mouse intestine, coffee induced several AhR-dependent responses including gene expression, inhibition of intestinal stem cell-enriched organoid growth, and inhibition of DSS-induced intestinal barrier damage. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory effects of coffee in the intestine are due, in part, to activation of AhR signaling.
Review of the toxicity of hexachlorophene.

Hexachlorophene has been used extensively as an antibacterial agent for the past 20 years. A review of the literature revealed several cases of human poisoning. A single dose of 250 mg/kg of hexachlorophene administered orally seems to be fatal in children, and daily doses of 20 mg/kg taken for three days cause toxic symptoms. Hexachlorophene is also absorbed by the intact and denuded skin. Central nervous system symptoms developed in a normal infant who was treated with a 3% hexachlorophene solution as a lotion after bath for four days. Work in our laboratory and reports in the literature indicate that rats and pigs develop paralysis when they are exposed to high doses, but the effect on the central nervous system is reversible when exposure to hexachlorophene is discontinued.
Oxidation of 21-Dehydrocorticosteroids to Steroidal 20-Oxo-21-oic Acids by an Aldehyde Dehydrogenase of Sheep Adrenal

Sheep adrenal cortex contains an enzyme which catalyzes the oxidation of steroidal 20-oxo-21-al derivatives to 20-oxo-21-oic acids. The enzyme was purified 60- to 70-fold and retained broad specificity for a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. The aldehyde dehydrogenase was localized in the cytosol. It was protected from inactivation by NAD+, which it uses as specific coenzyme, but was otherwise unstable. Reagents that react with —SH groups inactivated the enzyme. Molecular weight was estimated as 164,000. The product of 21-dehydrocorticosterone oxidation was 11β-hydroxy-3,20-diketo-4-pregnen-21-oic acid. For each mole of product made or substrate used, 1 mole of NAD+ was reduced.
Justice for All: American Muslims, Sharia Law, and Maintaining Comity within American Jurisprudence

The U.S. Muslim population, although currently only comprising one percent of all Americans, is on the rise. Muslim Americans are largely assimilated, happy with their lives, moderate with respect to divisive issues, and opposed to violence. Nonetheless, in recent years, a growing misunderstanding and fear of Muslims has led some activists to seek to ban the application of Islamic law, or Sharia, in American courts, despite the lack of evidence of an increase in the use of Sharia in U.S. courts. These attempted bans have seen varying degrees of success. This Note argues that these bans violate the voluntary, but longstanding, principle of comity and are unnecessary. When properly applied, comity prevents Sharia from pre-empting the Constitution while encouraging mutual acceptance and understanding between Muslim and non-Muslim Americans.
A hydrographic transient above the Salty Dawg hydrothermal field, Endeavour segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge

During systematic repeat hydrography cruises to the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the summers of 2004, 2005, and 2006, we encountered a transient increase in the water column heat content above the Salty Dawg hydrothermal field. First observed in July 2005 and mapped in greater detail in August 2005, this feature was not a typical event or megaplume since potential temperature anomalies were continuously elevated from the plume top to the seafloor. During the summer of 2005, the heat content in the waters above Salty Dawg was elevated ∼30 TJ, and the plume top was over 150 m higher in the water column than the other years measured. Based on scaling analyses, an order of magnitude increase in the volume flux from Salty Dawg would be required to generate a neutrally buoyant plume of this size. This observation was unexpected because no substantial earthquakes were detected in the time frame of this increased heat flux. The duration of the transient suggests possible forcing mechanisms: advancement of a cracking front, a small-scale dike intrusion, aseismic crustal movement, fracture of a flow constriction to a previously unaccessible reservoir, an increase of heat in an underlying magma chamber, or movement of melt within the axial magma chamber. The transient disappeared before returning in August 2006, likely due to thermal expansion of shallow host rock, decreasing the permeability. Should such increases in seafloor heat flux prove to be common, the rate of hydrothermal cooling could be faster than previously thought.
Adolescent interpersonal violence: implications for health care professionals.

Violence involvement is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among adolescents. This review provides a summary of the burden of adolescent violence and violence-related behavior, risk, and protective factors for violence outcomes. The importance of screening for violence involvement in the primary care setting and examples of online resources to support providers in advocating, assessing, and intervening on behalf of youth are also reviewed. The article draws attention to bullying and dating/relationship violence, not as new forms of violence-related behavior, but as behaviors with health outcomes that have recently received increased attention. Language: en
Genetics of Canine Primary Glaucomas

Primary glaucomas are a leading cause of incurable vision loss in dogs. Based on their specific breed predilection, a genetic cause is suspected to be responsible, and affected dogs should be excluded from breeding. Despite the high prevalence of primary glaucomas in dogs, their genetics have been studied in only a small number of breeds. The identification of canine glaucoma disease genes, and the development of genetic tests, will help to avoid the breeding of affected dogs in the future and will allow for earlier diagnosis and potentially more effective therapy.
Clinical effectiveness of anti-IgE therapy in severe asthma with fungus sensitization

Background: Patients with severe asthma with fungus sensitization (SAFS) are immunologically sensitive to fungi. It is not known whether SAFS is responsive to anti-IgE treatment. Methods: A prospective open label study was conducted on 99 patients with allergic severe asthma. Omalizumab was administered to all the asthmatics with serum IgE >70 IU/ml. Clinical effectiveness of omalizumab was assessed every 3 months. For patients with partial control of asthma, therapeutic trials of anti-fungal therapy were added to omalizumab. For patients with complicated rhinosinusitis, surgical intervention was applied. Results: 39.4% (39/99) of our allergic severe asthmatics are fungus sensitization. Among them, 33 SAFS patients (84.6%) responded to omalizumab alone in terms of improvement of asthma control, reduction of ER visit, hospitalization, dosage of steroids. The responsive rate was similar in non-SAFS asthmatics (86.7%, n=60, P>0.1). 61.5% (n=24) and 23.1% (n=9) of SAFS patients achieved well control and partial control of asthma, respectively after 3 months of treatment. Similarly, 64.3% (n=38) and 23.3% (n=14) of non-SAFS patients achieved well control and partial control of asthma, respectively. 66.7% (10/15) of not well-controlled SAFS patients attained well control after 3 months of additional itraconazole, compared to only 9.1% (2/22, P In conclusion, omalizumab is effective in treatment of SAFS. Additional anti-fungal therapy or rhinosinus surgery is required for patients who are not well controlled with omalizumab.
Predicted radiation dose and risk associated with pediatric diagnostic x-ray procedures

Risks from exposure to radiation are assessed by calculating individual tissue absorbed doses and subsequently determining the effective dose. The absorbed dose to specific tissues has traditionally been difficult and time consuming to measure. This research describes a new methodology that permits rapid measurement of the effective dose and associated risks to pediatric patients for a variety of plain film diagnostic examinations. The methodology utilizes an anthropomorphic phantom of a one-year-old, incorporating direct reading MOSFETdosimetry that allows the rapid determination of absorbed dose to individual organs. The research integrated clinical examinations, dosimetrymeasurements, and BEIR V risk assessments for pediatric patients undergoing clinical radiology exams. Site surveys were performed at ten facilities using standardized exams to characterize variations in effective dose related to clinical practice and detailed quantitative studies for a variety of examinations were performed at Shands at UF. The effective dose for these procedures ranged from 0.1 mrem for an AP skull exam that utilized thyroid shielding, to 9.2 mrem for an AP upright abdomen exam. The relative leukemia carcinogenic risk ranged from 1.000 041 for the skull exam, to 1.002 732 for the abdomen exam, with corresponding excess risks from 10 6 exams of 0.005 and 0.3 leukemias per year, respectively. These individual examinations provided a significant benefit to the patient with minimal risk. This dissertation provided the basis for continuing research to quantify long-term risks, as well as providing a clinical tool to evaluate the effective dosedelivered to pediatric patients from current and emerging radiology imaging modalities.
‘Peasants from the plow’ to ‘professors from the plow’: The culture of the Soviet people's commissariat of agriculture, 1921–29

This article focuses on a critical element of early Bolshevik political discourse: the promotion of ‘common people’ – peasants and workers ‐ into prominent positions in the state and economic apparatuses during the first dozen years of Soviet power. Programmes to bring in industrial workers to leading positions in the Central government in the Soviet Union have been thoroughly investigated by historians. Those to promote peasants have not. By 1929 the highly publicised programmes to promote peasants into leadership positions, which had been pursued for nearly a decade, had been deemed a failure. In this article, for the first time, peasant promotion is considered. Based on research done in newly opened Soviet party and state archives, it details for the first time the peculiar nature of programmes to promote peasants into the central offices of the largest Soviet ministry, the People's Commissariat of Agriculture. Examination of the planning and execution of, and reaction to, these programmes between the ...
Aqueous Solutions of Europium(III) Dipicolinate Complexes: Estimates of Water Coordination Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Excited State Decay Rate Constants

The rate constants for decay of the Eu3+(5D0) excited state are reported for aqueous Eu(dipicolinate)n3-2n complexes with n = 0−3 in H2O and D2O at 295 K. These rate constants are used to estimate ...
Disjunction between policy research and practice: Social benefit-cost analysis and investment policy at the World Bank

One often comes upon cases where, even allowing for long lags, policy-makers do not utilize readily available policy research. The gap between policy research and practice has important consequences, both for researchers and for practitioners. In an effort to clarify the causes of the phenomenon, this paper discusses a specific experience: social benefit-cost analysis for investment choice in the World Bank. The analysis may be useful both to the social scientists who do policy research and to the practitioners who might make more use of it.
A hybrid fringe analysis technique for the elimination of random noise in interferometric wrapped phase maps

Abstract A fringe analysis technique, which makes use of the spatial filtering property of the Fourier transform method, for the elimination of random impulsive noise in the wrapped phase maps obtained using the phase stepping technique, is presented. Phase noise is converted into intensity noise by transforming the wrapped phase map into a continuous fringe pattern inside the digital image processor. Fourier transform method is employed to filter out the intensity noise and recover the clean wrapped phase map. Computer generated carrier fringes are used to preserve the sign information. This technique makes the two dimensional phase unwrapping process less involved, because it eliminates the local phase fluctuations, which act as pseudo 2π discontinuities. The technique is applied for the elimination of noise in a phase map obtained using electro-optic holography.
Opportunities and obstacles: Inpatient vaccination programs a successful strategy working with hospital based clinicians and pharmacy

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pneumonia and influenza (flu) together are the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and represent more than 20,000 deaths per year. The national cost of hospitalization with or without mortality is probably in the billions, even in the absence of an epidemic. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and local health departments have investigated clusters of pneumonia-related deaths at chronic care facilities and found that two-thirds of residents are not immunized for S. pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia with sepsis. During the 1998-1999 winter season (October–January), a 90-bed facility admitted 950 patients aged 65 or older, yet administered only 30 inpatient flu vaccinations. METHODS: The project involved a new record check, cue to clinicians, and promotion of an inpatient vaccination program, which involves: 1) checking several times per week in our database for vaccine status of admissions over 65 years of age, 2) a pre-printed adult immunization order sheets, stamped and placed prominently in the chart, 3) orders by hospital-based service (HBS), as well as many of the specialty groups, for vaccination, with a copy being retained in pharmacy, and 4) infection control (IC) staff making frequent pickups to ensure prompt data entry. In addition, the facility has had a community-acquired pneumonia pathway with a preprinted order set in place since 2000. This order set also cues the clinician to check if patient needs pneumovax or flu vaccine, thereby supporting the inpatient vaccine program by raising the topic immediately upon patient admission. RESULTS: During this season, as of January 20, 2005, admissions were >1400, and a total of 230 killed flu vaccine and 70 pneumovax were given to inpatients, a 700% improvement. The actual savings of our vaccinations this season is difficult to assess but may be more than $1.5 million in prevented disease. CONCLUSIONS: Obstacles still remain: audits of patient charts show that not all immunization orders result in receipt of vaccine. In a few cases, patients with record of up-to-date vaccination received an extra dose. Generally, however, progress has been made. Finally, coordination of this program requires a designated point person. Very few IC professionals have adequate resources to monitor this additional task in this very active infection control era. However, at our facility, this collaboration with clinicians, pharmacy, and patients has been a plus for our IC program.
Sessile macrophages forming clear endotheliumlike membrane on the inside of successful keratoprosthesis.

Clinical observation and cytological study of a successful “through and through” type of Cordona keratoprosthesis, which was removed along with a corneal button about 20 years after its implantation in an aphakic eye, revealed an acellular epitheliumlike film on its outer surface, firm anchoring of its supporting skirt by stable fibrous connections to the stroma, and a continuous separating membrane composed of a homogeneous proteinaceous film with fibroblastlike cells of macrophage origin on its inner surface. The significance of the successful adaptation of the plastic materials of the prosthesis to the tissues of the cornea and the fluid of the inner eye for the future of tissue engineering is discussed.
An Experimental and Computational Study of the Effect of ActA Polarity on the Speed of Listeria monocytogenes Actin-based Motility

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that moves within infected cells and spreads directly between cells by harnessing the cell's dendritic actin machinery. This motility is dependent on expression of a single bacterial surface protein, ActA, a constitutively active Arp2,3 activator, and has been widely studied as a biochemical and biophysical model system for actin-based motility. Dendritic actin network dynamics are important for cell processes including eukaryotic cell motility, cytokinesis, and endocytosis. Here we experimentally altered the degree of ActA polarity on a population of bacteria and made use of an ActA-RFP fusion to determine the relationship between ActA distribution and speed of bacterial motion. We found a positive linear relationship for both ActA intensity and polarity with speed. We explored the underlying mechanisms of this dependence with two distinctly different quantitative models: a detailed agent-based model in which each actin filament and branched network is explicitly simulated, and a three-state continuum model that describes a simplified relationship between bacterial speed and barbed-end actin populations. In silico bacterial motility required a cooperative restraining mechanism to reconstitute our observed speed-polarity relationship, suggesting that kinetic friction between actin filaments and the bacterial surface, a restraining force previously neglected in motility models, is important in determining the effect of ActA polarity on bacterial motility. The continuum model was less restrictive, requiring only a filament number-dependent restraining mechanism to reproduce our experimental observations. However, seemingly rational assumptions in the continuum model, e.g. an average propulsive force per filament, were invalidated by further analysis with the agent-based model. We found that the average contribution to motility from side-interacting filaments was actually a function of the ActA distribution. This ActA-dependence would be difficult to intuit but emerges naturally from the nanoscale interactions in the agent-based representation.
A 33mW 100Gbps CMOS silicon photonic WDM transmitter using off-chip laser sources

We report an ultra-low power 100Gbps silicon photonic WDM transmitter tunable with off-chip laser sources. The hybrid CMOS transmitter consists of eight 12.6Gbps WDM channels and consumes a total on-chip power of 33mW.
Erythrocyte micronuclei in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus): results of field surveys during 1980-1988 from Virginia to Nova Scotia and in Long Island Sound.

Erythrocyte micronuclei (MN) frequencies of 280 winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from Chesapeake Bay to the southern Scotian Shelf including Long Island Sound were measured. The MN data were combined with data previously reported for 224 flounder and the combined data sets were analyzed. Incidences of MN were elevated sixfold in flounder from the New York Bight Apex as compared to frequencies for fish from the inshore Gulf of Maine and Block Island Sound, and twice those found in Georges Bank and Long Island Sound flounder. Inshore New Jersey fish had higher MN frequencies than those from inshore Gulf of Maine and Block Island Sound. The occurrence of MN in flounder from inshore Virginia was higher than in flounder from inshore Gulf of Maine and Block Island Sound. The large subset of stations from Long Island Sound indicated higher frequencies of MN in flounder from Hempstead and Shoreham as compared to most other sites in the Sound.