cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AdaGNN: Graph Neural Networks with Adaptive Frequency Response Filter

Graph Neural Networks have recently become a prevailing paradigm for various high-impact graph analytical problems. Existing efforts can be mainly categorized as spectral-based and spatial-based methods. The major challenge for the former is to find an appropriate graph filter to distill discriminative information from input signals for learning. Recently, myriads of explorations are made to achieve better graph filters, e.g., Graph Convolutional Network (GCN), which leverages Chebyshev polynomial truncation to seek an approximation of graph filters and bridge these two families of methods. Nevertheless, it has been shown in recent studies that GCN and its variants are essentially employing fixed low-pass filters to perform information denoising. Thus their learning capability is rather limited and may over-smooth node representations at deeper layers. To tackle these problems, we develop a novel graph neural network framework AdaGNN with a well-designed adaptive frequency response filter. At its core, AdaGNN leverages a simple but elegant trainable filter that spans across multiple layers to capture the varying importance of different frequency components for node representation learning. The inherent differences among different feature channels are also well captured by the filter. As such, it empowers AdaGNN with stronger expressiveness and naturally alleviates the over-smoothing problem. We empirically validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework on various benchmark datasets. Theoretical analysis is also provided to show the superiority of the proposed AdaGNN. The open-source implementation of AdaGNN can be found here: https://github.com/yushundong/AdaGNN.
The Feed-In Tariff as a Pricing Mechanism for Residential Solar Panel Installations: Germany vs. The USA

Foreign oil dependence and emissions of air pollutants could be decrease in oil-importing nations with increased sales and installations of residential solar panels. Solar energy can be captured in almost any climate, is not exhaustible and is relatively predictable (Johnson 2009). Germany has been using solar power for decades in spite of the relative lack of direct sunlight in Germany in contrast to parts of the United States (Johnson 2009). Countries that lead in adopting alternative energy sources, such as Germany, economically compensate homeowners for producing energy beyond what is required for consumption in their homes, providing between a $0.3194 and $0.4301feed-in tariff. Feed-in tariffs provide an incentive based on the amount of solar energy produced and are given per kWh. This investment in each homeowner by the government enables an investment that turns profitable as the above-market rates of energy are paid to the homeowners. Governmental assistance allows this industry to flourish in Germany; some of the same programs are being test piloted in the United States. Photovoltaic cells now have a life cycle of about 30 years, far above previous generations that allows wider distribution and application to consumers (Perpinan et al. 2009).
An Activated Intermediate Analogue THE USE OF PHOSPHOGLYCOLOHYDROXAMATE AS A STABLE ANALOGUE OF A TRANSIENTLY OCCURRING DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE-DERIVED ENOLATE IN ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS

Abstract At pH 7.5 and 25°, P-glycolohydroxamic acid is an effective inhibitor, competitive with dihydroxyacetone-P, of rabbit muscle triose-P isomerase (Ki = 4 µm) and yeast aldolase (Ki = 0.01 µm), enzymes which transiently form an enolate from dihydroxyacetone-P as part of their catalytic action. P-glycolohydroxamic acid is a poor inhibitor, again competitive with dihydroxyacetone-P, of rabbit muscle aldolase (Ki = 1,000 µm), which transiently forms a covalently bound enamine derivative of dihydroxyacetone-P as part of its catalytic action. It is argued that the first two enzymes are effectively inhibited by P-glycolohydroxamic acid because it can act as a stable analogue of the transiently occurring enolate derived from dihydroxyacetone-P.
Accelerated Courses as a Learning Format for Adults

Many adults are turning to accelerated or intensive course formats to meet their educational needs. Conventional wisdom and scholarly critique suggest that material normally taught in a 16 week course cannot reasonably be presented and learned in a shorter 5 or 8 week term. This study investigates adult students' learning and attitudes in six accelerated courses at three private colleges. Several data sets are examined. First, 188 adult students responded to an end-of-course survey and indicated high levels of satisfaction with both the content and conduct of their accelerated courses. Second, a random sample of alumni from accelerated programs responded to the same survey and reported general satisfaction 1 to 2 years after completing their degrees. Third, current adult students completed content mastery and performance-based assessments. These measures indicate that 80% of these students demonstrated learning rated as satisfactory or above by faculty experts. Finally, researchers compared the learning and attitudes of younger (traditional) students enrolled in 16-week courses with the learning and attitudes of adult students enrolled in 5-week versions of the same courses. These results suggest that accelerated courses satisfy adult students' needs and provide levels of learning indistinguishable from those demonstrated by the younger students in traditional courses. Implications and further research needs are discussed. Resume De nombreux adultes se prevalent de programmes intensifs ou acceleres pour leur besoins educatifs. Or, le stereotype et l'orthodoxie academique veulent que les contenus normalement presentes en quelque 16 semaines ne sauraient etre adequatement couverts dans une session reduite a 5 ou 8 semaines. La presente etude se penche sur les attitudes et les apprentissages d'adultes inscrits a six programmes intensifs dispenses dans trots colleges prives. Plusieurs ensembles de donnees furent analyses. D'abord, un sondage aupres de 188 finissants montre un taux de satisfaction eleve tant pour le contenu que pour la forme des cours intensifs. De plus, deux ans apres la fin de leur programme accelere, un echantillon aleatoire de diplomes affiche un taux de satisfaction comparable a celle des finissants. Par ailleurs, un groupe de participants s'est prete a une evaluation de la maitrise et du rendement, effectuee par un groupe d'enseignants experts de contenu. Ces derniers ont juge que 80% des etudiants avaient realise des apprentissages satisfaisants ou superieurs a la moyenne. Enfin, nous avons compare les attitudes et les apprentissages d'etudiants plus jeunes (dits traditionnels) inscrits a une session de 16 semaines, a ceux d'adultes participant a une version acceleree des meme cours (5 semaines). Le bilan suggere que les cours acceleres satisfont aux besoins des apprenants adultes et leur permettent des apprentissages dont la qualite ne se distingue pas des resultats obtenus par les jeunes dans les cours traditionnels. L'article s'acheve par une reflexion sur la portee de ces resultats pour la recherche future.
Imaging technology and practice assessments: what next?

A recent study conducted by our research group revealed that there may be a significant “laboratory effect” in retrospective observer performance studies that may in turn limit the relevance of inferences generated as a result of these studies to the clinical environment (1). Even though we found a considerable consistency among the performance levels of the readers regardless of the specific method or rating scale used (i.e., binary, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) or free-response ROC (FROC)) (2,3), our study showed that radiologists may perform significantly different in the clinic than in the laboratory when reading the very same cases. The differences were reflected in terms of both their overall performance levels (e.g. sensitivity and specificity) and, perhaps more important, in terms of variability, or “spread”, among the observers’ performance levels (1). Although the results of our study should definitely be validated experimentally in other studies before general acceptance, there is a reasonably solid rationale for the observed outcome of our own study (1). Indeed radiologists may perform differently in the laboratory in ways that are not a-priori predictable; therefore, differences in their behavior can not always be completely accounted for during retrospective studies. Even attempting to duplicate seemingly simple conditions such as practice guidelines (e.g. aim for 10% recall rate) during the experiment ultimately may not reflect actual behavior in the clinic. Clinical decisions that affect patient management can not be duplicated in laboratory studies. Because differences in behavior are difficult to account for in retrospective observer performance studies we, the investigators, have to ask ourselves what next? How do we proceed with appropriate evaluations of new technologies and practices in a manner that is both practical and, at the same time, clinically relevant?
A Bouquet for a Broken Heart Can Flowers Repair a Damaged Heart

Ischemic heart disease is the major underlying cause of myocardial infarction (MI), scarring, and hypertrophy that can progress to heart failure. Each year, ≈300 000 individuals have recurring MIs, which is projected to ≈40% of the US population in the next 15 years. More recently, angiogenic therapy for myocardial ischemia has received significant attention. These therapeutic angiogenic strategies include gene therapy, delivery of growth factor proteins, and stem cell implantation.1–6 Although these approaches are attractive, there are limitations and concerns, including delivery modalities, uncontrolled angiogenesis, limited half-life of growth factors, and off-target effects on other organs.7–9 Moreover, limited success of therapeutic angiogenesis in myocardial revascularization left us with more questions than answers.9,10 Is the damaged heart capable of inducing new vessel growth? If so, what is the source of coronary vessel growth? What are the molecular mechanisms involved? Fortunately, recent studies on coronary vascular development have begun to answer these questions. Article, see p 1765 Emerging evidence on the generation of coronary vasculature during development identified more than one source for the origin of coronary vascular endothelial cells that include epicardium, sinus venosus, and endocardium.11 Using conditional inducible Apln-Cre-ERT2-knockin mice, Tian et al12 showed that subepicardial endothelial cells are the major source of intramyocardial coronary arteries. Furthermore, using single cell labeling and clonal analysis, Red-Horse et al13 demonstrated that coronary vessels developed from sinus venosus endothelial cells via sprouting angiogenesis and dedifferentiation. In contrast, Wu et al14 found that endocardial endothelial cells significantly contribute to intramyocardial vascular endothelial cells using a Cre knockin mouse strain, Nfatc1-Cre, which showed specific expression of Nfatc1 in the endocardium but not in the endothelial cells in the myocardium. Perhaps most studies on the source of coronary vessels have focused on developmental stages. …
Review article: the evidence base for interventions used to maintain remission in Crohn's disease.

Summary Background Crohn’s disease is characterised by recurrent flare-ups alternating with periods of remission. A number of interventions are currently used in clinical practice to try and maintain remission in Crohn’s disease but the evidence base for some of them may be questionable. Aim To review the available evidence on interventions, which are currently used to maintain remission in Crohn’s disease. Methods The Cochrane Library and Medline (Pubmed) were searched for level 1 evidence on specific interventions. Search terms included ‘Crohn’s disease or synonyms’, ‘remission or synonyms’ and the names of specific interventions. Results Azathioprine, infliximab and adalimumab are effective at maintaining remission in Crohn’s disease. Natalizumab is also effective, but there are concerns about its potential association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Long-term enteral nutritional supplementation, enteric-coated omega-3 fatty acids and intramuscular methotrexate may also be effective but the evidence for these is based on relatively small studies. The available evidence does not support the use of oral 5-aminosalicylates agents, corticosteroids, anti-mycobacterial agents, probiotics or ciclosporin as maintenance therapy in Crohn’s disease. Conclusion A better understanding of the evidence base of existing interventions could result in the use of treatments, which are more likely to lead to improved patient outcomes.
The moral authority of transnational corporate codes

Ethical guidelines for multinational corporations are included in several international accords adopted during the past four decades. These guidelines attempt to influence the practices of multinational enterprises in such areas as employment relations, consumer protection, environmental pollution, political participation, and basic human rights. Their moral authority rests upon the competing principles of national sovereignty, social equity, market integrity, and human rights. Both deontological principles and experience-based value systems undergird and justify the primacy of human rights as the fundamental moral authority of these transnational and transcultural compacts. Although difficulties and obstacles abound in gaining operational acceptance of such codes of conduct, it is possible to argue that their guidelines betoken the emergence of a transcultural corporate ethic.
Airway management in patients with unstable cervical spine fractures

We conducted a retrospective study of traumatic, unstable cervical spine fractures requiring operative repair to determine the airway management technique and whether any neurologic complication resulted from the intubation. One hundred thirty-three patients with 140 fractures were reviewed relative to fracture site, oral versus nasal route of intubation, and location of intubation (surgery versus emergency department or field). Fracture site incidence was determined as follows: C-1, ten (7.1%); odontoid/C-2, 17 (12.1%); C-3, eight (5.7%); C-4, 21 (15.0%); C-5, 41 (29.2%); C-6, 38 (27.1%); and C-7, five (3.5%). Ten of the injuries resulted from blows to the neck or head, 25 from falls, seven from diving, and six from sports-related injuries. The remaining eighty-five patients were in motor vehicle accidents. Nine patients were nasally intubated in the ED, and one patient was orally intubated in the field. Ninety-four of the patients intubated in surgery were intubated nasally; 29 were intubated orally while in-line stabilization was maintained. No neurologic complications occurred in any patient. These data suggest that, under controlled circumstances, patients with unstable cervical spine fractures can be safely intubated with standard, nonsurgical approaches.
Zur Dismutierung von C1-Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffen an Metalloxid- und Halogenidoberflächen

Die Dismutierung von C1-Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffen wurde an Aluminium- und Chromchloriden bzw. -Fluoriden untersucht. Dismutierungsreaktionen werden erst nach Halogenaustausch an solchen Festkorperoberflachen beobachtet, die sowohl Chlorid wie auch Fluorid enthalten. Es wird ein Mechanismus der Dismutierung vorgeschlagen, der einen konzertierten Chlor/Fluor- und Fluor/Chlor-Austausch zwischen Festkorper und Gasphase zugrunde legt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden in Verbindung mit thermodynamischen Betrachtungen diskutiert. Dismutation of C1 – Fluorine Chlorine Hydro Carbons at Surfaces of Metal Oxides and halides Dismutation of C1-fluorine chlorine hydro carbons has been investigated at surfaces of aluminium and chromium chlorides respectively fluorides. Dismutation reactions have been observed only after halogen exchange at such surfaces of solids which contain both, chloride and fluoride. A mechanism of dismutation is suggested which underlies a concerted chlorine/fluorine and fluorine/chlorine exchange between the solid and the gas phase. The results are discussed in connection with thermodynamically considerations.
Abstract 3936: The role of megakaryocytes in breast cancer metastasis to bone.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Breast cancer cells frequently metastasize to bone. Despite the clinical ramifications, very little is understood about the fundamental mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon. While analyzing femur sections from mice that had been inoculated in the left ventricle of the heart with human metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, we saw a several fold increase in the number of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow. We hypothesized that either MKs aid in the growth of cancer cells in the bone by preparing a niche for the metastases or that the increase resulted from the altered microenvironment of the marrow due to the presence of the cancer. MKs are the pre-cursors to platelets and normally represent a small portion of all bone marrow cells. However, they can increase exponentially under stressful conditions such as primary thrombocythemia and in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Platelets are known to interact with tumor cells to contribute to hematogenous metastasis and angiogenesis. Thrombocytosis, high platelet count, is a poor prognostic factor for breast cancer metastasis; and moreover, many cancer patients die from thromboembolisms. MKs also play a crucial role in bone metabolism and skeletal homeostasis. Objectives: to determine (1) if the increase in MKs precedes the growth of cancer cells in the bone; (2) the role that cancer cell-osteoblast/stromal interactions play in the increase in megakaryopoiesis. For aim 1, MK numbers in the femurs of athymic mice inoculated with MDA-MB-231-luc intracardially (metastasis) were compared with those inoculated in the mammary gland (no metastasis). Serum was assayed for key MK maturation factors thrombopoietin (TPO) and stromal-derived factor-1(SDF-1). There was on average a two-fold increase in MK numbers in the femurs of mice with metastasic disease. However, this increase was not found in mice with localized growth but no metastasis. The increase correlated with the increase in metastatic tumor burden. There was no increase in platelet count, SDF-1, or TPO even when MK numbers were high. We concluded that the cancer cells preceded the increase of MKs in the bone marrow in a xenograft model. A syngeneic model of Balb/c mice with 4T1.2 cancer cells that metastasize from the mammary gland and 67NR cells that do not are also being compared. Thus far we have found that femurs of mice carrying 4t1.2 cells for 30 days also showed an increase in the numbers of MKs. Finally, Balb/c mice lacking TPO and thus having low MKs will be tested for metastasis. This work was supported by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under W81XWH-10-1-0253. Citation Format: Walter Jackson, Andrea M. Mastro. The role of megakaryocytes in breast cancer metastasis to bone. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3936. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3936
Positive Impurity Ions in He II

We have developed a technique for introducing a variety of impurity atomic ions into liquid helium and measuring their mobility. We find that, in contrast with predictions of the "snowball" model of Atkins, the ion mobility depends on the atomic number of the core ion in a way that cannot be explained simply in terms of the mass of the ion. The relative mobility of $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ and $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$ ions has been measured and is consistent with existing theories.
3-Phase AC-DC converter topologies with higher frequency transformer isolation for utility grid interface

Two AC-DC converter topologies for 3-phase utility grid interface using high frequency (HF) or medium frequency (MF) transformers have been proposed in this paper. The transformer primary side converter structure is similar in both the topologies (say T-I and T-II), but the secondary side converter structures as well as the modulation schemes are different. The line-frequency AC voltage from the utility is first converted to HF or MF AC using three 1-phase AC-AC converters. The AC-AC converters can be unidirectional if power flow is desired in only one direction. The transformer core can be of silicon steel, amorphous or nano-crystalline material. The secondary side of topology T-I consists of a 3-phase PWM rectifier, while topology T-II consists of three 1-phase boost power factor correction (PFC) stages with a common output DC-bus. Both topologies avoid DC-link capacitors on the primary side and allow for high density power conversion. Potential applications include electric vehicle battery charging, telecom power supply, adjustable speed drives, server power supplies, etc. Simulation results and experimental waveforms from laboratory prototype evince the operation of the topologies.
Recruitment, retention, and mentoring faculty of color: The chronicle continues

Faculty of color continue to face challenges with recruitment, retention, and mentoring in academe.
Diffusivity and Isotope-Effect Measurements in Equiatomic Fe-Co

Several radioactive isotopes of Fe and Co were simultaneously diffused into an equiatomic FeCo alloy which exhibits fcc, bcc, and CsCl-type ordered phases with decreasing temperature. Penetration profiles were obtained by standard lathe sectioning and a grinding-sectioning technique described in this paper. From In D-versus-$\frac{1}{T}$ plots, activation energies of 68.5 and 55 kcal and frequency factors of 1.26 and 0.25 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec were obtained for diffusion of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{59}$ in the fcc and bcc phases, respectively. From similar plots, activation energies of 69.4 and 60.0 kcal and frequency factors of 1.33 and 2.00 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec were obtained for diffusion of ${\mathrm{Co}}^{57}$ in the fcc and bcc phases of the FeCo alloy. The average isotope-effect parameters were 0.66 in the fcc phase and 0.52 in the bcc phase. Manning's theory for concentrated alloys was used to calculate correlation factors for the FeCo alloy. From these calculated values and experimentally measured isotope-effect parameters, $\ensuremath{\Delta}K$ was determined to be slightly larger in the fcc and bcc phases of the FeCo alloy than has been reported in pure Fe. The observed decrease in the isotope-effect parameter with increasing degree of order during the bcc-to-CsCl-type ordering transformation is explained in terms of an increase in atom-jump correlation with the onset of long-range order.
Time-lapse gravity: A numerical demonstration using robust inversion and joint interpretation of 4D surface and borehole data

There are a number of ongoing developments in the 4D gravity method for time-lapse production and sequestration problems. Complex model construction is an essential component for meaningful feasibility studies and data interpretation in 4D. In the case of oil reservoirs, for example, the 4D gravity method must deal with very small density contrasts at depth, and overly simplistic model representations of a field site may not properly guide monitoring efforts for effective reservoir management decisions. The tracking of injected fluid through inversion can be significantly improved with the joint interpretation of surface and borehole gravity data. This is particularly relevant for time-lapse gravity problems where subtle changes in density contrast at depth may not produce surface data that alone contain the necessary information to recover the boundaries of fluid movement. Complex model construction and robust inversion show that time-lapse gravity surveys may contribute to improved production efficiency...
Intranuclear holes (cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions) in parathyroid neoplasms, or "holes happen".

BACKGROUND A parathyroid adenoma demonstrating intranuclear holes on aspiration cytology prompted a review of parathyroid neoplasms to determine the frequency of this phenomenon. METHODS Aspiration cytology slides from 30 parathyroid adenomas and 1 parathyroid carcinoma were reviewed. In addition, histologic slides from 136 parathyroid adenomas and 7 parathyroid carcinomas were reviewed. Twenty-two cases had both cytologic and histologic slides available for review. The presence and approximate frequency of intranuclear holes were recorded. RESULTS On cytologic smears, intranuclear holes were found in 3 of the 31 cases reviewed (2 adenomas and 1 carcinoma). The holes were frequent in only one adenoma (the index case) and moderate–rare in the other two cases. Review of tissue slides showed holes in 9 of 136 adenomas and 3 of 7 carcinomas; 2 adenomas and 2 carcinomas had frequent holes, whereas the remainder had holes infrequently. CONCLUSIONS Intranuclear holes do occur in parathyroid neoplasia, in rare cases with considerable frequency. When intranuclear holes are observed in aspiration cytology specimens from the thyroid region, various thyroid and parathyroid conditions must be considered. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:41–6. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with level II thrombus through a transabdominal approach

Abstract Purpose. Surgery is still the mainstay of treatment for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with extension into the inferior vena cava (IVC). However controversy still exists over the correct surgical management of tumors which extend into the retrohepatic IVC (level II). Herein, we report our experience of RCC with level II thrombus extension and discuss the application of a transabdominal approach without use of cardiopulmonary bypass or intraoperative anticoagulation. Method. Between 1999 and 2003, there were seven patients who presented with RCC and level II thrombus extension. All charts were retrospectively reviewed. All level II tumors were resected via a transabdominal approach. The liver was completely freed from its ligamentous attachments and mobilized off of the IVC, leaving the hepatic veins as the only attachments between the liver and IVC. Tumor thrombus was resected en bloc with the involved renal vein via an anterior cavotomy. The cavotomy was then closed primarily with a running monofilament suture. There was no use of any intraoperative anticoagulation or cardiopulmonary bypass. Results. In this study, there were six males and one female with a median age of 71 years (59–76). All tumors were located retrohepatic and classified as level II tumors. Six of seven tumors were right sided. The median estimated blood loss was 3300 ml (2000–14,000), and the median number of PRBC units transfused in the operating room was 7 (4–28). There were no intraoperative deaths and one postoperative death from myocardial infarction. Of seven patients, four had complications: two myocardial infarctions, one pneumonia, and one cerebral vascular accident. The median ICU stay was 3 days (2–6) and median time for ventilatory support was 2 days (1–3). Total median hospital stay was 11 days (5–21). Discussion. We conclude that the transabdominal approach is an acceptable operation for RCC with level II thrombus extension and that the thoracic cavity does not need to be entered for this operation. Furthermore, we believe that intraoperative anticoagulation or cardiopulmonary bypass is not necessary for this type of procedure.
A new technique for determining the capacitive coupling coefficients in flash EPROMs

A method for determining the capacitive coupling coefficients of flash erasable programmable read only memories (EPROMs) is introduced. This technique relies on the Fowler-Nordheim erase measurements and source/drain junction leakage characteristics of the device to extract the control gate, source, and drain coupling coefficients. An advantage offered by this method is its use of an actual flash EPROM cell without requiring additional test structures. >
Plasticity of catecholaminergic neurons in aged rat brain: reinnervation and functional recovery after axotomy.

Abstract Regenerative growth at the lesion site, reinnervation of a target nucleus and functional manifestations of recovery were studied in aged (20 and 30 months old) rats subjected to long-term transection of catecholaminergic (CA) fibers which contact and influence neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON). Small bilateral knife cuts were placed stereotaxically just caudal and medial to the SON. CA histofluorescence, induced by formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde (FAGLU) or aluminum-formaldehyde (ALFA) methods, was examined in hypothalamus at 2, 14, 21 and 60 days postsurgically. Water consumption, and urine volume and osmolality, were monitored presurgically, and through survival times. Subtotal CA denervation in the SON, and typical axonal transmitter “pile-up” at the lesion site, were evident two days after surgery. Among these degenerative profiles, which persisted for up to three weeks, fine-sized new fibers were apparent at the lesion, beginning between 2 and 14 days, and persisting throughout the period studied. At 21 days, and progressively thereafter, SON neurons were rimmed with fluorescent varicosites. Water consumption initially was depressed, but returned to presurgical mean levels by nine days. Urine volume returned to normal by 32 days. Urine osmolality showed a recovery by approximately three weeks. These functional parameters rebounded to levels higher than presurgical means among 20 month old, but not 30 month old, rats beyond 6 weeks survival, concurrent with a morphological hyperinnervation. The results reaffirm morphological regeneration, and support reinnervation and functional recovery, which extend considerably into the aging process.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RESONANCES IN A SLAB LATTICE.

Abstract In calculating resonance absorption for one resonance, the effect of neighbouring resonances is usually neglected. It is, therefore, customary to assume that the slowing-down flux takes its asymptotic value above the resonant energy and becomes independent of both lethargy and space. However, when the resonances are not widely separated, a resonance may lie in the region of energy oscillation due to other high-energy resonances. In this region the flux may depend on both lethargy and space. In the present paper a method has been developed for estimating this error. In this calculation the higher energy resonance has been replaced by a delta function sink, and the age-diffusion equation with modified source term has been solved to obtain the lethargy and space-dependent flux. The resonance integrals have then been calculated in the presence and in the absence of the higher energy resonance in an effort to estimate the importance of this effect. Various calculations of the effect of resonance interference have ignored spatial effects, but these may be important, particularly for tightly packed lattices.
Frequency and significance of isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis from cerebrospinal fluid and tracheal aspirate specimens from low birth weight infants

To investigate the pathogenicity of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in preterm infants, we conducted a study to determine (1) frequency of isolation from cerebrospinal fluid and tracheal aspirate specimens and (2) clinical outcomes and effect of erythromycin treatment in ureaplasma-colonized infants. From the cerebrospinal fluid of 920 infants, U. urealyticum was isolated from 2 (0.2%) and M. hominis from none. From tracheal aspirale specimens from 224 infants, U. urealyticum was recovered from 37 (17%) and M. hominis from 4 (2%). Demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared in very low birth weight infants ( U. urealyticum . Although infants with positive results were less mature than their cohorts with negative results, there were no substantive differences in clinical outcomes between the two groups. Initiation of erythromycin treatment of infants with positive ureaplasma culture results at a mean age of 16.4 days did not appear to alter the clinical outcome. We conclude that in preterm infants (1) infection of the cerebrospinal fluid by U. urealyticum is infrequent, (2) ureaplasma organisms are frequently present in tracheal aspirate specimens but do not appear to be related to the presence or the subsequent development of respiratory disease, and (3) initiation of erythromycin treatment at 1 to 3 weeks of age does not alter the clinical course.
Approximate controllability for semi-linear retarded stochastic systems with Lévy noise

In this paper, the results of the paper[1] are generalized. We investigate the approximate controllability for semi-linear retarded stochastic systems with Hilbert space valued Levy noise. We apply the result that the Levy noise in Hilbert space be present as the sum of the series to investigate the approximate controllability for retarded stochastic systems. Using the semi-group approach, Sufficient conditions for approximate controllability results are established for this stochastic systems.
Parallel implementation of interpolants for Runge-Kutta pairs

Abstract Interpolation for explicit Runge-Kutta pairs seems to be more suited to exploiting parallelism than is implementation of the pairs themselves. Recently a sequential pair BS(4,5) was derived that appears to be more effective than the pairs found in popular sequential codes. A fifth-order interpolant is developed for the BS(4,5) pair that can be constructed on one processor at the same time that another processor is advancing the integration.
Selecting an Appropriate Metamodel: The Case for NURBs Metamodels

Metamodels are becoming increasingly popular for representing unknown black box functions. Several metamodel classes exist, including response surfaces and spline-based models, kriging and radial basis function models, and neural networks. For an inexperienced user, selecting an appropriate metamodel is difficult due to a limited understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each metamodel type. This paper reviews several major metamodeling techniques with respect to their advantages and disadvantages and compares several significant metamodel types for use as a black box metamodeling tool. The results make a strong case for using Non-Uniform Rational B-spline (NURBs) HyPerModels as a generic metamodeling tool.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
What We Deserve, and how We Reciprocate

Samuel Scheffler says, “none of the most prominent contemporary versions of philosophical liberalism assigns a significant role to desert at the level of fundamental principle.” To the extent that this is true, the most prominent contemporary versions of philosophical liberalism are mistaken. In particular, there is an aspect of what we do to make ourselves deserving that, although it has not been discussed in the literature, plays a central role in everyday moral life, and for good reason. As with desert, reciprocity inspires skepticism. What Allen Buchanan calls justice as reciprocity implies that duties of justice obtain only among those who can do each other favors. So characterized, justice as reciprocity is at best only a part of justice – a part that is silent on duties between people who have no favors to offer each other. Still, the more modest root idea of reciprocity – the idea that returning favors is at very least a good thing – remains compelling. What can we say on behalf of this root idea? This article is part of a larger work on the elements of justice. Both parts of it begin with and build on James Rachels’ seminal paper “What People Deserve.”
Oxidative stability of an extended shelf-life dairy-based beverage system designed to contribute to heart health

Skim milk, butter-derived aqueous phase, butter oil, and fish oil (3 levels) were used to produce UHT pasteurized n-3 fatty acid-fortified beverages (3.1% fat, 3.9% protein, and 11.5% total solids) with targeted deliveries of 200, 500, and 800 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (combined total) per 250 mL (8 fl oz) serving. Microbial quality, emulsion stability, and oxidation of lipids over 35 d of storage at 4 °C were evaluated. Conjugated diene hydroperoxides were below 1% throughout storage and were found at highest concentrations around d 21 of storage for all formulations. Volatile analysis indicated an increase in 1-penten-3-ol in the n-3 fortified dairy-based beverage systems during storage. Triangle tests were conducted to determine if consumers could detect a difference in aroma, compared with commercially processed aseptically packaged milk. The beverage system with targeted delivery of 500 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid per 250-mL serving was not different in aroma compared with commercially available UHT processed milk. This formulation delivered 432 mg of heart-healthy n-3 fatty acids per 250-mL serving on d 35 and was microbiologically and physically stable throughout the 35-d refrigerated storage period.
Assessment of the dynamics of vocal fold contact from the electroglottogram: data from normal male subjects.

Electroglottographic (EGG) and acoustic records from 10 normal men prolonging the vowel /a/ at 60–68 dB, 70–78 dB, and 80–88 dB SPL were obtained. “Contact quotient” (EGG duty cycle) was shown to v...
Secondary organic aerosol formation by glyoxal hydration and oligomer formation : Humidity effects and equilibrium shifts during analysis

Glyoxal is a significant atmospheric aldehyde formed from both anthropogenic aromatic compounds and biogenic isoprene emissions. The chemical behavior of glyoxal relevant to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and analysis is examined in GC−MS, electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, and particle chamber experiments. Glyoxal oligomers are shown to rapidly decompose to glyoxal in GC injection ports at temperatures ≥120 °C. Glyoxal dihydrate monomer is dehydrated at temperatures ≥140 °C during GC analysis but shows only oligomers (n ≤ 7) upon ESI-MS analysis. Thus both of these analytical techniques will cause artifacts in speciation of glyoxal in SOA. In particle chamber experiments, glyoxal (at ∼0.1 Torr) condensed via particle-phase reactions when relative humidity levels exceeded a threshold of ∼26%. Both the threshold humidity and particle growth rates (∼0.1 nm/min) are consistent with a recent study performed at glyoxal concentrations 4 orders of magnitude below those used here. This consistency sugge...
Characterization of the Enzymatic Activity of the Actin Cross-Linking Domain from the Vibrio cholerae MARTXVc Toxin

Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that exports enterotoxins, which alter host cells through a number of mechanisms resulting in diarrheal disease. Among the secreted toxins is the multifunctional, autoprocessing RTX toxin (MARTXVc), which disrupts actin cytoskeleton by covalently cross-linking actin monomers into oligomers. The region of the toxin responsible for cross-linking activity is the actin cross-linking domain (ACD). In this study, we demonstrate unambiguously that ACD utilizes G- and not F-actin as a substrate for the cross-linking reaction and hydrolyzes one molecule of ATP per cross-linking event. Furthermore, major actin-binding proteins that regulate actin cytoskeleton in vivo do not block the cross-linking reaction in vitro. Cofilin inhibits the cross-linking of G- and F-actin, at a high mole ratio to actin but accelerates F-actin cross-linking at low mole ratios. DNase I completely blocks the cross-linking of actin, likely due to steric hindrance with one of the cross-linking sites on actin. In the context of the holotoxin, the inhibition of Rho by the Rho-inactivating domain of MARTXVc (Sheahan, K. L., and Satchell, K. J. F. (2007) Cell. Microbiol. 9, 1324–1335) would accelerate F-actin depolymerization and provide G-actin, alone or in complex with actin-binding proteins, for cross-linking by ACD, ultimately leading to the observed rapid cell rounding.
Effects of salt restriction on renal growth and glomerular injury in rats with remnant kidneys

Effects of salt restriction on renal growth and glomerular injury in rats with remnant kidneys. Male Munich-Wistar rats underwent right nephrectomy and infarction of two thirds of the left kidney. Rats were randomly assigned to ingest standard chow (REM) or a moderately salt restricted chow (LS). A third group of rats were fed the low salt diet and were injected with an androgen (LSA). Eight weeks after ablation, glomerular volume and glomerular capillary radius were markedly increased in REM. This increase was prevented by the low salt diet, however, the antihypertrophic effect of the diet was overcome by androgen. Values for glomerular volume and capillary radius were similar in LSA and REM. Morphologic studies revealed that approximately 25% of glomeruli were abnormal in REM. Much less injury was observed in salt restricted rats, however, the protective effect of the low salt diet was significantly abrogated when renal growth was stimulated in salt restricted rats by androgen. Micropuncture studies revealed that glomerular pressure was elevated in all three groups and not affected by diet or androgen. Serum cholesterol was also similar in the three groups. These findings indicate that renal and glomerular hypertrophy are correlated with the development of glomerular injury after reduction in renal mass and suggest that dietary salt restriction lessens renal damage, at least in part, by inhibiting compensatory renal growth.
‘Domestic Bank-Centered’ Financial Liberalization: Origin, Crisis, and Response

Existing explanations of international financial liberalization tend to understate the economic and political importance of related policies governing domestic financial markets. Further, these approaches often fail to specify fully the links between the international economy and domestic politics. Initial financial liberalization is often ‘domestic bank-centered’, i.e. it preserves a privileged position for weakly regulated domestic banks as the capital account is opened. On the other hand, there is much greater variation in later-stage financial policy developments, particularly following banking or currency crises. Adequate explanations should be able to explain, not just the initial pattern of financial liberalization, but also subsequent policy developments. This paper's main refinement is to explore the nature and implications of ‘dispersed’ interest group preferences. Initially more passive, poorly organized dispersed groups are viewed as the key link between the economic effects of crisis and variation in crisis-response policies. The explanatory value-added is explored through case studies of financial sector policy change in South Korea, Mexico, and Hungary.
An Analysis and Improvement of the Predictive Control Integrating Component

This paper presents a basic review and explanation of the predictive control, discusses the inherent problems with the integrating component of the predictive control, and recommends some initial modifications to greatly improve its performance. Some examples are presented at the end of the paper to verify that the modifications to the integrating component do, indeed, enhance the predictive controller's performance
Do experiences of racial discrimination predict cardiovascular disease among African American Men? The moderating role of internalized negative racial group attitudes

Studies examining associations between racial discrimination and cardiovascular health outcomes have been inconsistent, with some studies finding the highest risk of hypertension among African Americans who report no discrimination. A potential explanation of the latter is that hypertension and other cardiovascular problems are fostered by internalization and denial of racial discrimination. To explore this hypothesis, the current study examines the role of internalized negative racial group attitudes in linking experiences of racial discrimination and history of cardiovascular disease among African American men. We predicted a significant interaction between reported discrimination and internalized negative racial group attitudes in predicting cardiovascular disease. Weighted logistic regression analyses were conducted among 1216 African American men from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; 2001-2003). We found no main effect of racial discrimination in predicting history of cardiovascular disease. However, agreeing with negative beliefs about Blacks was positively associated with cardiovascular disease history, and also moderated the effect of racial discrimination. Reporting racial discrimination was associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease among African American men who disagreed with negative beliefs about Blacks. However, among African American men who endorsed negative beliefs about Blacks, the risk of cardiovascular disease was greatest among those reporting no discrimination. Findings suggest that racial discrimination and the internalization of negative racial group attitudes are both risk factors for cardiovascular disease among African American men. Furthermore, the combination of internalizing negative beliefs about Blacks and the absence of reported racial discrimination appear to be associated with particularly poor cardiovascular health. Steps to address racial discrimination as well as programs aimed at developing a positive racial group identity may help to improve cardiovascular health among African American men.
Explosions in the interstellar medium

Abstract Energy injection by supernovae is one of the primary determinants of the physical state of the interstellar medium and it is therefore essential to understand the impact of a supernova explosion upon the interstellar medium. Prior to the onset of radiative losses, the expansion of a supernova remnant (SNR) follows a universal solution: by proper scaling of the length and time scales, all nonradiative SNRs with a given form for the density distribution in the supernova ejecta and for the density distribution in the ambient medium can be described by the same numerical solution. Analytic approximations are given for the trajectories of the blastwave shock in the ambient medium and for the reverse shock propagating back into the supernova ejecta for the case in which both the ambient medium and the ejecta have uniform density. These solutions should be valuable in describing historical remnants such as SN 1006, Tycho, Kepler, and Cas A, all of which are intermediate between the ejecta-dominated stage and the Sedov-Taylor stage of SNR evolution.
Electromagnetic ferrofluid-based energy harvester

Abstract This Letter investigates the use of ferrofluids for vibratory energy harvesting. In particular, an electromagnetic micro-power generator which utilizes the sloshing of a ferrofluid column in a seismically-excited tank is proposed to transform mechanical motions directly into electricity. Unlike traditional electromagnetic generators that implement a solid magnet, ferrofluids can easily conform to different shapes and respond to very small acceleration levels offering an untapped opportunity to design scalable energy harvesters. The feasibility of the proposed concept is demonstrated and its efficacy is discussed through several experimental studies.