cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of surface treatment in the field effect anomaly of n-type InSb at high magnetic fields

Abstract By applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the surface of n-type InSb during a classical field effect experiment, a decrease in surface conductance was observed as contrasted to the expected field effect increase in conductance. This anomaly in the field effect was found in the case of cleaved {110} as well as etched {111} surfaces at 77 °K both in vacuum or immersed in liquid nitrogen. In the case of the {110} surfaces the anomaly was also observed at 4.2 °K in vacuum but not when they were immersed in liquid helium. The anomaly was not present at 4.2 °K in the case of {111} surfaces either in vacuum or when they were immersed in liquid helium. The results are explained on the basis of cross quantization of the kinetic energy of the electrons by the narrow surface space charge potential barrier normal to the surface and the magnetic orbital quantization on a plane parallel to the surface.
Multi-Gb/s optical interconnect

The National Science Foundation has granted funding to the Centerfor Optoelectronic Computing Systems located in Boulder, Colorado. A new initiative has been undertaken there in collaboration with the Center for Telecommunications Research at Columbia University. This project is to design and build a multi-GHz optoelectronic data transport network using self-routing packets in a multi-hop network. The single electronic word packet payloads are highly compressed using optical techniques, and remain optical from source to target while traversing the switching nodes. Optical packet switching is performed with custom LiNbO3 directional coupler switches. The routing is done with a lean, self-routing hot potato protocol in order to avoid the need for data storage at the switching nodes and to provide a fixed node latency equivalent to a few meters of fiber. Sustainable throughput both in to and out of Ihe electronic host at each node should exceed 1 Gb/s, with bursts close to the 10-100 Gb/s peak link bandwidth. Some technical details of the optical compression and decompression schemes, the hot potato switching protocol, and the wrap-around shuffleexchange interconnection network will be given. The project timetable anticipates a lower speed, proof-of-principle four node network in three years, and a higher speed, larger, engineering demonstration in five years. The project received NSF funding in September 1989.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The “Full Müntz Theorem” inL p[0, 1] for 0<p<∞

Denote by span {f 1,f 2, …} the collection of all finite linear combinations of the functionsf 1,f 2, … over ℝ. The principal result of the paper is the following. Theorem (Full Muntz Theorem in Lp(A) for p ∈ (0, ∞) and for compact sets A ⊂ [0, 1] with positive lower density at 0). Let A ⊂ [0, 1] be a compact set with positive lower density at 0. Let p ∈ (0, ∞). Suppose (λ j ) ∞ is a sequence of distinct real numbers greater than −(1/p). Then span {x λ1,x λ2,…} is dense in Lp(A) if and only if $$\sum\limits_{j = 1}^\infty {\frac{{\lambda _j + \left( {1/p} \right)}}{{\left( {\lambda _j + \left( {1/p} \right)} \right)^2 + 1}} = \infty } $$ . Moreover, if $$\sum\limits_{j = 1}^\infty {\frac{{\lambda _j + \left( {1/p} \right)}}{{\left( {\lambda _j + \left( {1/p} \right)} \right)^2 + 1}} = \infty } $$ , then every function from the Lp(A) closure of {x λ1,x λ2,…} can be represented as an analytic function on {z ∈ ℂ \ (−∞,0] : |z| < rA} restricted to A ∩ (0, rA) where $$r_A : = \sup \left\{ {y \in \mathbb{R}:\backslash ( - \infty ,0]:\left| z \right|< r_A } \right\}$$ (m(·) denotes the one-dimensional Lebesgue measure). This improves and extends earlier results of Muntz, Szasz, Clarkson, Erdos, P. Borwein, Erdelyi, and Operstein. Related issues about the denseness of {x λ1,x λ2,…} are also considered.
Influence of hormones and HIV infection on viral transport

Background Inhibiting transport of virions within the female reproductive tract is an attractive mechanism for transmission prevention. The mucosal environment varies with menstrual cycle and concurrent bacterial vaginosis (BV). Previous studies of transport within mucosal samples have focused on cervico-vaginal samples in exclusion. Severe BV corresponds to increased incidence of female-to-male HIV-1 transmission although the mechanism remains unclear.
Lessons from Studying Insect Symbioses

As in mammals, insect health is strongly influenced by the composition and activities of resident microorganisms. However, the microbiota of insects is generally less diverse than that of mammals, allowing microbial function in insects to be coupled to individual, identified microbial species. This trait of insect symbioses facilitates our understanding of the mechanisms that promote insect-microbial coexistence and the processes by which the microbiota affect insect well-being. As a result, insects are potentially ideal models to study various aspects of interactions between the host and its resident microorganisms that would be impractical or unfeasible in mammals and to generate hypotheses for subsequent testing in mammalian models.
Bioluminescence in firefly larvae: A test of the aposematic display hypothesis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)

We investigated the hypothesis that bioluminescence in firefly larvae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) functions as an aposematic display. In two experiments, we confirmed the distastefulness of firefly larvae, and tested the hypothesis that a naive, nocturnal predator can learn to use light signals as aposematic cues for avoiding distasteful prey. Larvae were rejected as acceptable prey by 100% of the house mice (Mus musculus) tested. Mice learned to avoid bitter food associated with light cues significantly faster (P=0.003) than mice presented with food lacking light cues. We conclude that luminescent glowing in firefly larvae meets the requirements of an aposematic signal.
Entity categorization over large document collections

Extracting entities (such as people, movies) from documents and identifying the categories (such as painter, writer) they belong to enable structured querying and data analysis over unstructured document collections. In this paper, we focus on the problem of categorizing extracted entities. Most prior approaches developed for this task only analyzed the local document context within which entities occur. In this paper, we significantly improve the accuracy of entity categorization by (i) considering an entity's context across multiple documents containing it, and (ii) exploiting existing large lists of related entities (e.g., lists of actors, directors, books). These approaches introduce computational challenges because (a) the context of entities has to be aggregated across several documents and (b) the lists of related entities may be very large. We develop techniques to address these challenges. We present a thorough experimental study on real data sets that demonstrates the increase in accuracy and the scalability of our approaches.
Site‐Selective Atrial Septal Puncture

Site-Selective Atrial Septal Puncture. Atrial transseptal puncture is a technique that provides pervenous access to the left heart. The aim of this technique is to provide catheter access to the left atrium and ventricle for mapping, as well as stable electrode-endocardial contact for ablation energy application. In the present report, “site-selective” atrial septal puncture is described and illustrated using case reports. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 196-199, February 2003)
Behavioral Research and Intergroup Communication

(1960). Behavioral Research and Intergroup Communication. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 339-348.
Poised RNA Polymerase II Changes over Developmental Time and Prepares Genes for Future Expression

Poised RNA polymerase II (Pol II) is predominantly found at developmental control genes and is thought to allow their rapid and synchronous induction in response to extracellular signals. How the recruitment of poised RNA Pol II is regulated during development is not known. By isolating muscle tissue from Drosophila embryos at five stages of differentiation, we show that the recruitment of poised Pol II occurs at many genes de novo and this makes them permissive for future gene expression. A comparison with other tissues shows that these changes are stage specific and not tissue specific. In contrast, Polycomb group repression is tissue specific, and in combination with Pol II (the balanced state) marks genes with highly dynamic expression. This suggests that poised Pol II is temporally regulated and is held in check in a tissue-specific fashion. We compare our data with findings in mammalian embryonic stem cells and discuss a framework for predicting developmental programs on the basis of the chromatin state.
Is the storm time response of the inner magnetospheric hot ions universally similar or driver dependent

[1] The Hot Electron and Ion Drift Integrator (HEIDI) model was used to simulate all of the intense storms (Dstmin < −100 nT) from solar cycle 23 (1996–2005). These storms were classified according to their heliospheric driving structure, namely, either an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) or a corotating interaction region and its trailing high-speed stream (CIR/HSS). Five different HEIDI input combinations were used to create a large collection of numerical results, varying the plasma outer boundary condition and electric field description in the model. Statistical data-model analyses were conducted on the total energy content, yielding error estimates on the correlation coefficients and root-mean-square error values for each run set. The accuracy of each run set depends on the method of comparison and classification of the driver. For the correlation coefficients, the simulations using a local-time-dependent outer boundary condition were consistently better than those using a local-time-averaged (but high-time-resolution) nightside boundary condition, with the simplistic electric field being better than the self-consistent field description. For the root-mean-square error, the results are less conclusive. For the CIR/HSS-driven storms, those with the high-time-resolution boundary condition were systematically better than those with the local-time-dependent (but lower-time-resolution) boundary condition. For the ICME-driven storms, those run sets employing the self-consistent electric field calculation were systematically better than those using the simplistic electric field. The implication, therefore, is that the inner magnetospheric physical response to strong driving is, at least to some degree, fundamentally different depending on the heliospheric structure impacting geospace. Specifically, for an accurate SYMH* comparison, it is found that CIR/HSS events respond strongly to transient spikes in the plasma outer boundary condition, while ICME passages exhibit a more highly structured electric field.
Technical Note: Linking climate change and downed woody debris decomposition across forests of the eastern United States

Forest ecosystems play a critical role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Forest carbon (C) is stored through photosynthesis and released via decomposition and combustion. Relative to C fixation in biomass, much less is known about C depletion through decomposition of woody debris, particularly under a changing climate. It is assumed that the increased temperatures and longer growing seasons associated with projected climate change will increase the decomposition rates (i.e., more rapid C cycling) of downed woody debris (DWD); however, the magnitude of this increase has not been previously addressed. Using DWD measurements collected from a national forest inventory of the eastern United States, we show that the residence time of DWD may decrease (i.e., more rapid decomposition) by as much as 13% over the next 200 years, depending on various future climate change scenarios and forest types. Although existing dynamic global vegetation models account for the decomposition process, they typically do not include the effect of a changing climate on DWD decomposition rates. We expect that an increased understanding of decomposition rates, as presented in this current work, will be needed to adequately quantify the fate of woody detritus in future forests. Furthermore, we hope these results will lead to improved models that incorporate climate change scenarios for depicting future dead wood dynamics in addition to a traditional emphasis on live-tree demographics.
Criteria for Happiness in Nicomachean Ethics I 7 and X 6–8

In I 7 Aristotle lays down criteria for what is to count as human happiness. Happiness for man is self-sufficient ( autarkes ), complete without qualification ( teleion haplos ), peculiar to humans ( idion ), excellent ( kat' aretēn ), and best and most complete ( aristēn kai teleiotatēn ). Many interpreters agree that in X 6–8 Aristotle uses these along with other criteria to disqualify the life of amusement and rank one happy life above another.
Statistically Downscaled Climate Change Projections for the Animas River Basin, Colorado, USA

Abstract Mountain river basins provide the majority of western North America with snowmelt runoff water resources throughout the late spring–early summer snowmelt season. However, this snowmelt water resource is extremely vulnerable to any changes in air temperature and precipitation. Studies of larger mountain river basins have projected potentially warmer and drier climates in the future, but the resolution of these studies is often incompatible with smaller basins and subsequent water resources planning. The purpose of this study was to test the potential of increasing the resolution of future climate projections by combining a series of surface and upper-level atmospheric datasets using a statistical downscaling technique and to then project how the future climate could change for a typical small snowmelt fed mountain basin in western North America, the Animas River Basin, Colorado, over the course of the 21st century. Results indicated that, in general, a warmer and drier climate may occur, with this...
Rural Industrial Growth in the 1960's

This article relies on unpublished data from ongoing research and various special industry and small-area studies to assay dimensions and explore impacts on rural America of greatly accelerated industrial decentralization in the 1960's. Similar sources identify better highways and local services and facilities, and changing markets, products, and technologies as motivating forces. Brief attention is given to implications for population change, family and community well-being, and assimilation of poorly educated and unskilled rural people into today's economic mainstream.
X-cell — intelligent cell control using object-oriented programming (Part I)

Abstract The control of batch manufacturing systems is complex, and one viable solution is to break control into a series of levels within an overall hierarchy of control. Cell control forms a major element of such a hierarchy in that cell controllers manage and co-ordinate the manufacturing equipment within each cell. This equipment includes robots, machine tools and material handling systems. This paper reviews object oriented programming, and describes its use in a cell control system termed X-cell. Object-oriented programming has advantages in terms of a modular programming style, an increased flexibility and easier maintainability. An overview of X-Cell is given. Three main modules are used: the scheduler, the operation dispatcher, and the monitor. Each uses a number of objects. The use of object-oriented programming results in flexibility in handling a wide range of factors.
Nitride LEDs based on flat and wrinkled quantum wells

In this paper we propose a new type of nitride LED structure based on “wrinkled” rather than flat Multiple Quantum Wells (MQWs) grown along the polar [0001] direction. We show that this novel approach of employing “wrinkled” MQWs leads to the improvement of both the internal quantum efficiency as well the extraction efficiency. Identical GaN/AlGaN MQWs with well and barrier widths of 7 nm, were grown on both the textured and the smooth GaN templates by plasma-assisted MBE and their optical properties were evaluated by photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements. The PL spectra of the smooth and “wrinkled” MQWs have significant differences. The PL from the smooth quantum wells has a single peak at 396 nm, consistent with the expected red-shift from the PL spectra of the bulk GaN films due to the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE). The PL peak from the wrinkled QWs occurs at 358 nm, which is blue-shifted with respect to the PL spectra of the bulk GaN films, a result consistent with QWs having a square configuration. Furthermore, we found that the integrated photoluminescence intensity from the “wrinkled” multiple quantum wells (WMQWs) was about 700 times higher than that of the smooth MQWs. We attribute this significant enhancement of the photoluminescence from the WMQWs partly to enhancement in light extraction through the textured surface and partly to enhanced spontaneous emission rate. We believe that the increase in the internal quantum efficiency is due to the reduction of the QCSE, since the quantum wells are not perpendicular to polar [0001] direction. Further enhancement in internal quantum efficiency is expected due to quantum carrier confinement from "wedge" electronic eigen-modes. The latter has its origin to the transition in the carrier behavior from 2D to 1D due to the V-shaped intersecting planes of the quantum wells, and thus the "wedges" behave as quantum wires, which cause localization and trapping of excitons.
Assessing health status quality of life in ALS: Comparison of the SIP/ALS-19 with the ALS Functional Rating Scale and the Short Form-12 Health Survey

BACKGROUND: The progressive loss of function affects the quality of life of the ALS patient. Quality of life depends on a spectrum of factors. Available instruments for assessment include questionnaires developed for generic illness-related disabilities and ALS-specific questionnaires that focus on function. METHODS: Comparisons between two ALS-specific questionnaires (ALS Functional Rating Scale and SIP/ALS19) and a generic instrument (Short Form12) given to 1513 patients from the were made (North American) ALS Patient Care Database. RESULTS: The SIP/ALS-19 correlates well with the ALS Functional Rating Scale and less well with the Short Form-12. CONCLUSIONS: The SIP/ALS-19 can be used as an effective surrogate for the ALS Functional Rating Scale, with the advantage that the SIP/ALS-19 also includes questions that encompass the psychological and social domains of quality of life. (ALS 2001; 2: 31A37)
Submicrometer defect detection in periodic structures by photorefractive holography: system design and performance

We have built an adaptive system capable of detecting submicrometer defects in periodic structures by using real-time holography in photorefractive crystals. We summarize the design and optimization of the defect-enhancement system. We present representative results of 0.2- to 0.5-μm diameter defect detection on two different periodic substrates: chrome-on-glass masks and patterned silicon wafers. On patterned silicon we detect 94% of the 0.5-μm diameter defects with three false positives, while inspecting an area greater than 1 mm2 in 20 s or less. The throughput on the glass masks is somewhat less. To the best of our knowledge, these defects have an area 100 times smaller than those previously detected with any real-time holographic technique.
Endotension in an experimental aneurysm model

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to design an experimental model of endotension and to investigate whether attachment site failure without endoleak results in higher aneurysm sac pressure (ASP). Methods: Infrarenal aortic aneurysms were created in canines with an elliptical knitted polyester patch. Pressure transducers were inserted into the aneurysm. Group I (n = 4) underwent endovascular stent graft exclusion of the aneurysm. An attachment site failure was formed in group II (n = 5) before aneurysm exclusion. ASP measurements were obtained for 3 weeks, and the ratio of mean ASP to mean systemic blood pressure (ASP/BP) was calculated. Before explant, norepinephrine was administered and ASPs were recorded at varying systemic pressures. Stent graft cuff exclusion of the attachment site failure was performed in group II. Results: Intraoperative arteriography and duplex ultrasonagraphy did not reveal an endoleak in either group. ASP/BP in group I was 0.39 ± 0.02 compared with 1.01 ± 0.02 in group II ( P P P Conclusion: Systemic pressure is transmitted to the aneurysm sac through an attachment site failure, despite no endoleak, resulting in endotension. Cuff exclusion of the attachment site failure decreases ASP. ASP may help determine the need for future intervention after endovascular aneurysm repair. (J Vasc Surg 2002;36:814-7.)
Psychiatric Context of Acute/Early HIV Infection. The NIMH Multisite Acute HIV Infection Study: IV

Acute/early HIV infection is a period of high risk for HIV transmission. Better understanding of behavioral aspects during this period could improve interventions to limit further transmission. Thirty-four participants with acute/early HIV infection from six US cities were assessed with the Mini International Diagnostic Interview, Beck Depression Inventory II, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Brief COPE, and an in-depth interview. Most had a pre-HIV history of alcohol or substance use disorder (85%); a majority (53%) had a history of major depressive or bipolar disorder. However, post-diagnosis coping was predominantly adaptive, with only mild to moderate elevations of anxious or depressive mood. Respondents described challenges managing HIV in tandem with pre-existing substance abuse problems, depression, and anxiety. Integration into medical and community services was associated with adaptive coping. The psychiatric context of acute/early HIV infection may be a precursor to infection, but not necessarily a barrier to intervention to reduce forward transmission of HIV among persons newly infected.
Increasing use of less-invasive hemodynamic monitoring in 3 specialty surgical intensive care units: a 5-year experience at a tertiary medical center.

Introduction: Less-invasive hemodynamic monitoring (eg, esophageal doppler monitoring [EDM] and arterial pressure contour analysis, FloTrac) is increasingly used as an alternative to pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) in critically ill intensive care unit (ICU).Hypothesis: The decrease in use of PACs is not associated with increased mortality.Methods: Five-year retrospective review of 1894 hemodynamically monitored patients admitted to 3 surgical ICUs in a university-affiliate, tertiary care urban hospital. Data included the number of admissions, diagnosis-related group discharge case mix, length of stay, insertion of monitoring devices (PAC, EDM, and FloTrac probes), administered intravenous vasoactive agents (β-predominant agonists—dobutamine, epinephrine, and dopamine; vasopressors—norepinephrine and phenylephrine), and mortality. Data from hospital administrative databases were compiled to create patient characteristic and monitoring variables across a 5-year time period, 2005 to 2009 inclusive. Chi-sq...
Measuring Forest Floor, Mineral Soil, and Root Carbon Stocks

In forest and wildland ecosystems, forest floor and soil carbon (C) comprise a large C pool that is often of similar magnitude to or greater than aboveground C storage. These C pools often change slowly over time, but they are susceptible to rapid release to the atmosphere following natural or human-caused disturbances. Accurate estimates of these pools are needed both to quantify current ecosystem C storage and to understand the potential for future soil C sequestration or release due to disturbance, reforestation, or global change factors. This chapter describes a field sampling approach for quantifying C stocks in forest floor and mineral soil horizons and in live and dead coarse root biomass. The volumetric pit method described for soil horizons is time consuming and labor intensive, but is known to produce the least bias, especially for soils with high stone and rock content. The method described is designed for upland soils, but alternatives that can be used in wetland soils are listed. Key considerations for any sampling of soil C stocks are obtaining accurate volumes and densities for soil materials sampled and sampling to sufficient depth to obtain the vast majority of organic soil C. Careful sampling of soil C stocks at periodic intervals will provide information that helps us model changes in soil C due to management, disturbance and global change and helps validate rates of net ecosystem C exchange measured by flux towers and other techniques.
Same Wavelength Packet Switching in Optical Label Switched Networks

The authors propose a novel optical-label-swapping scheme for the same wavelength packet switching using optical carrier suppression and separation technique and without requiring any conventional wavelength converter in a scalable optical-label-switched network that carries a differential phase-shift keying modulated payload and an on-off keying modulated label. The performance of the proposed scheme is investigated using both experimental demonstration and numerical simulation. These experimental and simulation results show that the proposed optical-label-swapping scheme is suitable for the same wavelength packet switching in future scalable metro and core optical transport networks
Exploring the transition from wall slip to bulk shearing banding in well-entangled DNA solutions

In this study we have carried out a combination of rheometric and particle-tracking velocimetric (PTV) measurements to investigate nonlinear rheological behavior of three entangled DNA solutions (with ca. 150 entanglements per chain) and, in particular, to explore a transformation from slip-dominated steady-state flow to bulk shear inhomogeneity. In the stress plateau regime, an elastic recoil-like response occurs transiently at either interfaces or sample interior after stress overshoot during a startup shear. In both startup shear and creep mode, wall slip, bulk shear banding or a combination of both have been observed in both transient and steady states. The water-based solution shows massive wall slip allowing the bulk to remain in the Newtonian flow regime. Use of glycerol as a solvent can effectively reduce interfacial slip, permitting bulk shear banding to develop in both controlled-rate and controlled-stress modes. For the glycerol based solution, a sufficiently high Weissenberg number can attain in the rheometer where PTV observations reveal homogenous shear in steady state.
Second Harmonic and Sum Frequency Generation Imaging of Fibrous Astroglial Filaments in Ex Vivo Spinal Tissues

Sum frequency generation (SFG) and second harmonic generation (SHG) were observed from helical fibrils in spinal cord white matter isolated from guinea pigs. By combining SFG with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy, which allows visualization of myelinated axons, these fibers were found to be distributed near the surface of the spinal cord, between adjacent axons, and along the blood vessels. Using 20-mm-thick tissue slices, the ratio of forward to backward SHG signal from large bundles was found to be much larger than that from small single fibrils, indicating a phase-matching effect in coherent microscopy. Based on the intensity profiles across fibrils and the size dependence of forward and backward signal from the same fibril, we concluded that the main SHG signal directly originates from the fibrils, but not from surface SHG effects. Further polarization analysis of the SHG signal showed that the symmetry property of the fibril could be well described with a cylindrical model. Colocalization of the SHG signal with two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) from the immunostaining of glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated that SHG arises from astroglial filaments. This assignment was further supported by colocalization of the SHG contrast with TPEF signals from astrocyte processes labeled by a Ca 21 indicator and sulforhodamine 101. This work shows that a combination of three nonlinear optical imaging techniques—coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering, TPEF, and SHG (SFG) microscopy—allows simultaneous visualization of different structures in a complex biological system.
Early cognitive and language skills are linked to resting frontal gamma power across the first 3 years

High-frequency cortical activity in humans and animals has been linked to a wide variety of higher cognitive processes. This research suggests that specific changes in neuronal synchrony occur during cognitive processing, distinguished by emergence of fast oscillations in the gamma frequency range. To determine whether the development of high-frequency brain oscillations can be related to the development of cognitive abilities, we studied the power spectra of resting EEG in children 16, 24 and 36 months of age. Individual differences in the distribution of frontal gamma power during rest were highly correlated with concurrent language and cognitive skills at all ages. Gamma power was also associated with attention measures; children who were observed as having better inhibitory control and more mature attention shifting abilities had higher gamma power density functions. We included a group of children with a family history of language impairment (FH+) and thus at higher risk for language disorders. FH+ children, as a group, showed consistently lower gamma over frontal regions than the well-matched FH- controls with no such family history (FH-). We suggest that the emergence of high-frequency neural synchrony may be critical for cognitive and linguistic development, and that children at risk for language impairments may lag in this process.
Oxygen conformance of cellular respiration in hepatocytes

Cellular respiratory rates are normally determined by metabolic activity, but become rate limited by O2 availability if the cell O2 tension (PO2) falls below a critical value (typically 1–10 Torr)....
DESIGN FOR MANUFACTURE AND ASSEMBLY (DFMA): CONCEPTS, BENEFITS AND APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT Design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) is the practice of designing products with manufacturing in mind so they can be designed in the least time with the least development cost; make the quickest and smoothest transition into production; be assembled and tested with the minimum cost in the minimum amount of time; have the desired level of quality and reliability; and satisfy customers needs and compete well in the marketplace. DFMA considers manufacturing issues early to shorten product development time and ensure smooth transitions to manufacturing, thus, accelerating time-to-market. DFMA reduces costs since products can be quickly assembled from fewer standard parts. Parts are designed for ease of fabrication and commonality with other designs. This, in turn, means a broader product line can be created by assembling common “building blocks” modules into new products.
Prevention of Myocardial Stunning During Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: Novel Insights From Pre-Treatment With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

Patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are at increased hazard of persistent hypotension and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction as a result of myocardial stunning. With the development of stunning, support devices and inotropes are frequently called upon to support
Abstract T P163: Influenza-Like Illness is Associated With Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Crossover Analysis

Background: Acute triggers of ischemic stroke (IS) remain poorly characterized. Emerging evidence suggests infections may promote short-term pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant states that precipitate stroke. Objective: We hypothesized that exposure to influenza-like illness (ILI) is associated with increased risk of IS, as time intervals between events decrease. Methods: HCUP/AHRQ administrative claims from all nonfederal hospitals in California (2009) were queried for IS, using a published ICD-9-CM surveillance algorithm, identifying 41,148 unique individuals. A patient identifier was used to link IS patients across hospitalizations with a validated algorithm for ILI using inpatient and emergency department records. For each IS case, ILI events within 15, 30, and 90-day risk periods preceding IS in 2009, were compared to the same time periods one and two calendar years prior (i.e., 2007 and 2008). A 4-day buffer period was used to ensure ILI preceded IS. Conditional logistic regression models, matched on individuals, were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (OR, 95%CI) for given risk period, after adjusting for monthly prevalence and mean age of ILI hospitalizations. Effects stratified by age are also explored. Results: Median (IQR) age of cases was 74 (62-83) years; 52.4% were female. There were more ILI during the 90-days preceding strokes in 2009 (n=439) than in the same stroke-free calendar period one year prior (n=303) and two years prior (n=81). ILI was associated with IS with decreasing magnitude of effect using windows of 15-days (adjusted OR 6.5, 95%CI, 2.2-19.7), 30-days (adjusted OR=3.7, 95%CI 1.7-8.3), and 90-days (adjusted OR=3.3, 95%CI, 1.9-5.8). The risk associated with ILI was higher among younger patients. Using the 30-day window, the association between ILI and IS was strongest among those 45-to-65-years (n=27,545, adjusted OR=2.53, 95%CI, 0.95-6.8). Conclusion: Influenza-like illness may contribute to a heightened risk of ischemic stroke during short term periods post-infection, especially among younger patients. Presentation with influenza represents an opportunity for targeted prevention of stroke.
Zadoff on Kwall: A Historians Critique

The relationship between law and culture is a complex, dynamic, variegated, and multifaceted accord, an entanglement that belies the traditional dynamic of categorical distinction that, many posit, lies at the center of the two amorphous terms. Increasingly over the last decade and a half, scholars, particularly legal scholars, have started to reconsider the complexities of the legal in social and cultural environs, partially as a result of interdisciplinary methods of cultural theory, which have permeated the guarded borders of legal studies. Roberta Kwall’s article titled "The Cultural Analysis Paradigm: Women and Synagogue Ritual as a Case Study" in the December 2012 issue of the Cardozo Law Review follows in this general trend and offers a perspective and road map for identifying the relationship between Jewish law and culture — while weaving through elements of legal theory. Over the coming pages, I seek to offer a number of thoughts concerning Kwall’s methodologies, theoretical constructs, fact structures, and perspectives concerning the utility of a law and culture approach. Ultimately, I propose ways to better refine the methodologies for transformative utility for use in particular historical circumstances.
Neutral Parametric Canonical Form for 2D and 3D Wireframe CAD Geometry

Transferring CAD data between heterogeneous CAD systems is a challenge because of differences in feature representation. A study by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) performed in 1999 made a conservative estimate that inadequate interoperability in the automotive industry costs them $1 billion per year. One critical part of eliminating the high costs due to poor interoperability is a neutral format between heterogeneous CAD systems. An effective neutral CAD format should include a current-state data store, be associative, include the union of CAD features across an arbitrary number of CAD systems, maintain design history, maintain referential integrity, and support synchronous collaboration. This research has focused on extending an existing synchronous collaborative CAD software tool to allow for a neutral, current-state data store. This has been accomplished by creating a Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF) which defines the neutral data structure for many basic CAD features to enable translation between heterogeneous CAD systems. The NPCF’s for a few key features have been implemented in a synchronous collaborative program and work between the NX and CATIA CAD systems. The 3D point, 2D point, 2D line, and 2D spline NPCF’s will be specifically presented. Complex models have successfully been modeled and exchanged in real time and have validated the NPCF approach. Multiple users can be in the same part at the same time in different CAD systems and create and update models in real time.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Applying learning theories and instructional design models for effective instruction

Faculty members in higher education are involved in many instructional design activities without formal training in learning theories and the science of instruction. Learning theories provide the foundation for the selection of instructional strategies and allow for reliable prediction of their effectiveness. To achieve effective learning outcomes, the science of instruction and instructional design models are used to guide the development of instructional design strategies that elicit appropriate cognitive processes. Here, the major learning theories are discussed and selected examples of instructional design models are explained. The main objective of this article is to present the science of learning and instruction as theoretical evidence for the design and delivery of instructional materials. In addition, this article provides a practical framework for implementing those theories in the classroom and laboratory.
The State and Perspective of Air Protection Strategies in High—tech Society

This paper introduces briefly new environmental problems that have appeared with the development of sophisticated technology of electronics, bio—engineering, new materials, ect. It also discusses the hazardous effect caused by asbestos and freon on the environment and control methods.
Characterization and Genetic Studies on Dwarf Rice Mutant Xiaoxiang'ai with Small Grains

Xiaoxiang'ai is a newly discovered dwarf rice mutant from the segregating population of the cross of 93d72///Xiangwanxian 1∥Guizhao 2/Jian 7-4.It is about 55 cm high and its average 1 000-grain weight is only about 11 g.It is normal in seed setting rate with an average number of spikelets per panicle at 198.And it is sensitive to GA3 in seedling stage but not sensitive in heading stage.The genetic studies showed that the dwarfness of Xiaoxiang'ai was controlled by two pairs of independent recessive semi-dwarf genes,including one semi-dwarf gene known as sd-1 and the other new semi-dwarf gene designated as sd-t4.When there existed sd-t4 alone in plants,they were semi-dwarf with small grains,but when there existed both sd-1 and sd-t4, the plants were dwarf with small grains.
Cognitive impairments following traumatic brain injury. Etiologies and interventions.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been identified as a major health problem in the United States with an estimated 1.5 to 2 million injuries occurring each year. Survival for those with severe TBI can be attributed to advances in emergency services and the early and focused management of primary and secondary injuries. Survivors of TBI experience long-term functional impairments including physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional changes. This article addresses substantive knowledge related to cognitive impairments, including changes in awareness, attention, memory, learning, and executive function. Anatomic structures and physiologic mechanisms responsible for information processing and cognition are presented. Evidence-based interventions aimed at preventing further cognitive damage and enhancing brain recovery are discussed.
New Concepts in Carbohydrate Nutrition for High-Producing Cows1

Abstract Structural carbohydrates: acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) are utilized in dairy ration formulations as negative indicators of energy density. NDF has been identified as a predictor of dry matter intake, and ADF related more to digestibility. However, predictability of intake and digestibility from chemical parameters varies widely with forage type. Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) are a major energy source in high- producing-cow diets. Starch comprises the major portion of the total ration NSC fraction. Processing can influence rumen degradability of starch. Enzymatic methods and difference equations have been developed to quantitate NSC. Production studies have shown an optimal level of NSC to maximize milk yield. Rumen degradable carbohydrate/starch are emerging as qualitative measures in formulating dairy rations. Their usefulness in fine-tuning nutrient availability to the dairy cow for production purposes will be enhanced as larger data bases are developed and more production studies are conducted. The synergism between protein and carbohydrate use at the ruminai, pos- truminal, and mammary gland level will ultimately be key in maximizing efficiency of milk yield in dairy cattle.
Liquid chromatographic determination of naringin and neohesperidin as a detector of grapefruit juice in orange juice

Naringin/neohesperidin ratios can be used to differentiate orange juice which may contain added grapefruit juice from orange juice which may include juices from other naringin-containing cultivars. The naringin/neohesperidin ratios in juice vary from 14 to 83 in grapefruit (C. grandis) and from 1.3 to 2.5 in sour orange (C. aurantium) cultivars; the ratio is always less than 1 for the K-Early tangelo. Concentrations of both naringin and neohesperidin can be determined in orange juice by using a single liquid chromatographic isocratic reverse-phase system with a C-18 column. The detection limit for both compounds is 1 ppm with a linear working range to 500 ppm. Concentration relative standard deviations range from 0.47 to 1.06% for naringin and from 0.4 to 1.27% for neohesperidin. Naringin and neohesperidin recoveries ranged from 93 to 102% at concentrations of 5 and 50 ppm. Naringin values from blind duplicate samples of orange/grapefruit juice blends could be duplicated to +/- 3%.
AGGRESSIVE THERAPY DOES NOT SUBSTANTIALLY ALTER THE LONG-TERM COURSE OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: So What Else Is New?

A consensus has evolved that there is little evidence supporting the view that the second line agents significantly alter long-term outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Consequently, changes in approaches to treatment currently being employed include earlier use of existing second line agents, their use in combinations, and greater use of corticosteroids. Our awareness that our current drugs, at best, fall considerably short of attaining the therapeutic results we would like to achieve causes us to look forward to the development of rationally derived biologic agents with considerable anticipation.
SPACE GROUP REPRESENTATIONS AND ENERGY BANDS

The theory of little groups has been applied to the determination of the bounded, irreducible, finite-dimensional representations of crystallographic space groups. This chapter discusses the relations between the irreducible representation and the electronic energy bands. The little group theory can be restated in the language of space groups. A simple method for determining the reality class to which an irreducible representation of a symmorphic space group, that is, semidirect product belongs has been developed.
Sickness, Aging and Death

The uniform nature of the age-dependent deteriorations that occur in human beings dictates that any significant prolongation of life-span ... will require a uniform prolongation of general health maintenance.l
Conceptual framework for a multi-building peak load management system

A building energy management (BEM) system serves as the key element of a smart building. It facilitates grid interaction and participation of a building in a demand response (DR) program. Typically, a BEM has been designed to manage loads in a single building. However, in reality, a number of adjacently located buildings can be owned by a single entity, like a campus. In this case, during DR events, instead of optimized control of loads in a single building, the coordinated control of loads in multiple buildings should be conducted to ensure the best operation condition for the entire facility. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to coordinate the operation of loads in multiple buildings, thereby reducing the peak demand of the entire facility during a DR event while minimizing occupant discomfort. Simulation results indicate that the proposed framework for coordinated control of multiple buildings results in less occupant discomfort than controlling loads in each building individually.
Pensando sobre tradição, religião e política no Egito contemporâneo

In this essay, Talal Asad reflects on politics in contemporary Egypt and its relationship with Islamic tradition. Against the background of the Egyptian revolution of January 2011 and its following events, including hostility towards the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters, Asad not only looks at the links between the modern secular worldview and Islam but fundamentally for the aspects of this tradition that, according to secularists, are incompatible with the modern sovereign state. Assuming a critical stance on modern practice and discourse – aimed at undermining Islamic tradition – the author explores the possibilities of reintegrating this tradition into the post-2011 Egyptian democratic path but using it only as a model for how liberal states can benefit from a kind of embodiment of customs and ethical principles offered by tradition.
Active spectrum sensing with sequential sub-Nyquist sampling

In this paper we propose a new receiver architecture for optimum active sequential sensing via sub-Nyquist sampling. The sensing strategy we propose is formulated as a sequential utility optimization problem, where the chosen utility functions strikes the desired balance between exploration and exploitation, typical in most spectrum sensing problem. To introduce the optimization variables, we first introduce the analog front-end architecture envisioned. Second, we characterize the optimal policy (under constraints on the sensing matrix) and derive the approximation factor for the greedy approach. Numerical simulations showcase the benefits of the proposed adaptive design.
Imaging of the autonomic nervous system: Focus on cardiac sympathetic innervation

Symptoms or signs of abnormal autonomic nervous system function occur commonly in several neurological disorders. Clinical evaluations have depended on physiological, pharmacological, and neurochemical approaches. Recently, imaging of sympathetic noradrenergic innervation has been introduced and applied especially in the heart. Most studies have used the radiolabeled sympathomimetic amine, (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine. Decreased uptake or increased "washout" of (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine-derived radioactivity is associated with worse prognosis or more severe disease in hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and diabetes mellitus. This pattern may reflect a high rate of postganglionic sympathetic nerve traffic to the heart. Many recent studies have agreed on the remarkable finding that all patients with Parkinson's disease and orthostatic hypotension have a loss of cardiac sympathetic innervation, whereas all patients with multiple system atrophy, often difficult to distinguish clinically from Parkinson's disease, have intact cardiac sympathetic innervation. Because Parkinson's disease entails a postganglionic sympathetic noradrenergic lesion, the disease appears to be not only a movement disorder, with dopamine loss in the nigrostriatal system of the brain, but also a dysautonomia, with noradrenaline loss in the sympathetic nervous system of the heart. As new ligands are developed, one may predict further discoveries of involvement of components of the autonomic nervous system in neurological diseases.