cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Review Nano and macro-structured component fabrication by electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the versatility of electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) technology in engineering new materials with controlled microstructure and microchemistry in the form of coatings. EB-PVD technology is being explored in forming net-shaped components for many applications including space, turbine, optical, biomedical and auto industry. Coatings are often applied on components to extend their performance and life under severe environmental conditions including thermal, corrosion, wear, and oxidation. In addition, coatings have been used in designing and developing sensors. Performance and properties of the coatings depend upon its composition, microstructure and deposition condition. This paper presents recent results of various materials including ceramic, metallic, and functionally graded coatings produced by EB-PVD. Simultaneous co-evaporation of multiple ingots of different compositions in the high energy EB-PVD chamber has brought considerable interest in the architecture of functional graded coatings, nano-laminated coatings and designing of new structural materials that could not be produced economically by conventional methods. In addition, high evaporation and condensate rate allowed fabricating precision net-shaped components with nanograined microstructure for various applications. This paper will also present the results of various metallic and ceramic coatings including chromium, titanium carbide (TiC), hafnium carbide (HfC), tantalum carbide (TaC), hafnium nitride (HfN), titanium-boron-carbonitride (TiBCN), and partially yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), and HfO2-based TBC coatings deposited by EB-PVD for various applications.
Laparoscopic re-operation for failed Heller myotomy

SUMMARY. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy for achalasia has a 10–20% failure rate and may require re-operation to control persistent or recurrent symptoms. We report follow-up of 15 patients who underwent laparoscopic re-operation for failed Heller myotomy. Between 1993 and 2004, 15 patients underwent laparoscopic re-operation for failed Heller myotomy at our center. The mean duration between procedures was 23 months. Follow-up was completed at a mean duration of 30 months in 14 patients (93%) via a telephone questionnaire. Our overall failure rate for primary surgery (n = 106) was 5.6%. The mechanisms of failure were incomplete myotomy (33%), myotomy fibrosis (27%), fundoplication disruption (13%), too tight fundoplication (7%) and a combination of myotomy fibrosis and incomplete myotomy (20%). Significant symptom improvement was observed with postoperative symptom resolution seen in 71% of patients with dysphagia, 89% for regurgitation, 58% for heartburn and 40% for chest pain. Fifty percent reported excellent results and 79% would recommend the procedure to a friend. Subsequent dilations were performed in four patients (29%). Two patients required conversion to open surgery (13%). Three patients (20%) failed the re-operation and required further revisional surgery. Complications included intraoperative perforation in three (none of which resulted in postoperative morbidity) and a pneumothorax in one patient. Prior endoscopic therapies (pneumatic dilation or Botulinum toxin) were not associated with poor results. Laparoscopic re-operation for failed Heller myotomy is feasible and results are encouraging.
Organizational Commitment: Analysis of Antecedents

A model of the antecedents (personal-demographic, organizational relationship, and person-organization fit) of organizational commitment was empirically analyzed. The study used a sample of employees (N = 406) from a wide variety of organizations to test the hypotheses. The results of the multiple regression analysis supported the hypothesized relationships and the proposed model on the antecedents to organizational commitment. In particular, this study uncovered heretofore unknown implications that attributional processes such as locus of control have on organizational commitment as well as supporting previous research on the impact of demographics and leader behavior. Overall, the antecedent model, tested empirically, has important practical implications for predicting employees' organizational commitment.
Three-dimensional x-ray metrology for block copolymer lithography line-space patterns

We report on the development of a new measurement method, resonant critical-dimension small-angle x-ray scattering (res-CDSAXS), for the characterization of the buried structure of block copolymers (BCP) used in directed self assembly (DSA). We use resonant scattering at the carbon edge to enhance the contrast between the two polymer blocks and allow the determination of the three-dimensional shape of the native lamella in a line-space pattern by CDSAXS. We demonstrate the method by comparing the results from conventional CDSAXS to res- CDSAXS on a 1:1 DSA BCP sample with a nominal 50-nm pitch. The res- CDSAXS method provides substantially improved uncertainty in the fit of the line shape and allows the determination of the buried structure. © 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.JMM.12.3.031103)
Polar granules of Drosophila. IV. Cytochemical studies showing loss of RNA from polar granules during early stages of embryogenesis

Polar granules stain with basic dyes at pH 4.0 in 1 μ plastic sections of mature eggs and of embryos immediately after fertilization. This staining property is removed with hot trichloacetic acid hydrolysis. After the formation of pole cells, polar granules no longer stain at pH 4.0. With the indium trichloride procedure of Watson and Aldridge, polar granules of the mature egg stain with moderate density, and their stainability is removed by cold perchloric acid extraction. Following fertilization, the RNA content of the polar granule rapidly decreases, until, at the blastoderm stage, polar granules do not have more electron density than mitochondria. Both their staining properties and their extractibility with acid indicate that polar granules contain RNA which disappears by the blastoderm stage.
CORTICAL NEURAL PROSTHETICS

Control of prostheses using cortical signals is based on three elements: chronic microelectrode arrays, extraction algorithms, and prosthetic effectors. Arrays of microelectrodes are permanently implanted in cerebral cortex. These arrays must record populations of single- and multiunit activity indefinitely. Information containing position and velocity correlates of animate movement needs to be extracted continuously in real time from the recorded activity. Prosthetic arms, the current effectors used in this work, need to have the agility and configuration of natural arms. Demonstrations using closed-loop control show that subjects change their neural activity to improve performance with these devices. Adaptive-learning algorithms that capitalize on these improvements show that this technology has the capability of restoring much of the arm movement lost with immobilizing deficits.
A general circulation model simulation of El Nino effects in the extratropical northern hemisphere stratosphere

This paper examines the effects of imposed tropical Pacific sea surface temperature perturbations on the December-February mean circulation in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere as simulated by the GFDL “SKYHI” troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere GCM. The results are in impressive agreement with observational studies that have shown that, on average, ENSO events are associated with a mixed zonal wave 1 and 2 perturbation to the stratospheric stationary wave field (phased so that the Aleutian High at midstratospheric levels is intensified). This is a useful test of the sensitivity of the model stratospheric climate to changes in tropospheric forcing. These results for the effects of the Pacific SST anomalies are used in a very rough estimate of the impact of year-to-year changes in SST on the interannual variability of the extratropical stratospheric circulation. The results of this calculation suggest that interannual SST variation accounts for only a small fraction of stratospheric variability at high latitudes.
Pulmonary vascular pressure response as a function of blood flow.

This study evaluates the response of pulmonary artery pressure at varying levels of pulmonary blood flow after serotonin injection. Twenty-five experiments were performed in anaesthetized dogs with separate systemic and pulmonary perfusion. Pulmonary artery pressure was measured during control periods and pressure change after serotonin injection was recorded. Pulmonary blood flow was adjusted to varying levels while blood gases, left atrial pressure, and other vascular and respiratory pressures were maintained constant. Serotonin injection into the pulmonary artery (40 mcg/per kg) was performed at varying levels of pulmonary blood flow. A greater pulmonary vascular pressure response, greater change in pulmonary vascular resistance, and greater change in calculated radius and vascular smooth muscle wall tension were consistently generated with progressive increase in pulmonary blood flow. The greater vascular pressure response at higher levels of flow may be an important factor in the more rapid progression of pulmonary vascular disease in conditions with increased pulmonary blood flow.
Cyber-Physical Medical and Medication Systems

Medical and medication devices are real-time systems with safety and timing requirements. They range from hard-real-time, embedded, and reactive systems such as pacemakers to soft-real-time, stand-alone medication dispensers. Many of these devices are already connected to computer networks, especially in hospital intensive-care units, so that patients' conditions detected by sensors can be monitored in real-time at remote computer stations nearby or at other sites. However, remote adjustment of medical devices' output and actuation is typically not allowed due to safety concerns. This article discusses a number of issues such as verification that must be resolved in order to allow cyber-physical operation of medical devices. In particular, we propose using formal methods, self-stabilization, and (m,k)-firm scheduling to allow the safe cyber-physical operation of a medical ventilator, a life-critical reactive device to move breathable air into and out of the lungs of a patient with respiratory difficulties, with the ultimate goal of speeding-up the recovery of the patient.
A comparative assessment and analysis of 20 representative sequence alignment methods for protein structure prediction

Protein sequence alignment is essential for template-based protein structure prediction and function annotation. We collect 20 sequence alignment algorithms, 10 published and 10 newly developed, which cover all representative sequence- and profile-based alignment approaches. These algorithms are benchmarked on 538 non-redundant proteins for protein fold-recognition on a uniform template library. Results demonstrate dominant advantage of profile-profile based methods, which generate models with average TM-score 26.5% higher than sequence-profile methods and 49.8% higher than sequence-sequence alignment methods. There is no obvious difference in results between methods with profiles generated from PSI-BLAST PSSM matrix and hidden Markov models. Accuracy of profile-profile alignments can be further improved by 9.6% or 21.4% when predicted or native structure features are incorporated. Nevertheless, TM-scores from profile-profile methods including experimental structural features are still 37.1% lower than that from TM-align, demonstrating that the fold-recognition problem cannot be solved solely by improving accuracy of structure feature predictions.
Computational identification of novel chitinase-like proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster genome

Motivation: Multiple chitinases as well as lectins closely related to them have been characterized previously from many insect species and the corresponding genes/cDNAs have been cloned. However, the identification of the entire assortment of genes for chitinase family proteins and their differences in biochemical properties have not been carried out in any individual insect species. The completion of the entire DNA sequence of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) genome and identification of open reading frames presents an opportunity to study the structures and functions of chitinase-like proteins, and also to identify new members of this family in Drosophila. We are, therefore, interested in studying the functional genomics of chitinase-like gene families in insects. Methods: We searched the Drosophila protein sequences database using fully characterized insect chitinase sequences and BLASTP software, identified all the putative chitinase-like proteins encoded in Drosophila genome, and predicted their structures using domain analysis tools. A phylogenetic analysis of the chitinase-like proteins from Drosophila and several other insect species was carried out. The structures of these chitinases were modeled using homology modeling software. Results: Our analysis revealed the presence of 18 chitinase-like proteins in the Drosophila protein database. Among these are seven novel chitinase-like proteins that contain four signature amino acid sequences of chitinases belonging to family 18 glycosylhydrolases, including both acidic and hydrophobic amino acid residues critical for enzyme activity. All the proteins contain at least one catalytic domain with one having four catalytic domains. Phylogenetic analysis of chitinase-like proteins from Drosophila and other insects revealed an evolutionary relationship among all these proteins, which indicated gene duplication and domain shuffling to generate the observed diversity in the encoded proteins. Homology modeling showed that all the Drosophila chitinase-like proteins contain one or more catalytic domains with a (α/β)8 barrel-like structure. Our results suggest that insects utilize multiple family 18 chitinolytic enzymes and also non-enzymatic chitinase-like proteins for degrading/remodeling/binding to chitin in different insect anatomical extracellular structures, such as the cuticle, peritrophic membrane, trachea and mouth parts during insect development, and possibly for other roles including chitin synthesis. Availability: Perl program and supplementary material are available at http://www.ksu.edu/bioinformatics/supplementary.htm
The Movement toward Subspecialty Status for Geriatric Psychiatry in the United States

In the United States, a process is underway that is likely to result in the establishment of subspecialty status for geriatric psychiatry by 1991. To understand this development it is important to examine it in terms of critical and catalyzing influences. It is also important to understand what the thrust of subspecialty status for geriatric psychiatry is and what it is not in the United States. Moreover, the context that has set the stage for this movement in the United States is very different from that of many other nations around the world.
Virtual Health Management

By 2030, 49% of the US population are projected to have a chronic condition, accounting for 78% of total healthcare costs. Despite significant investments in healthcare and information technology, healthcare costs continue to rise and errors still persist. A smarter health and wellness focus is required to allow proactive and preventative care through virtual health management conducted by patients and their care team, in a patient-centric and patient empowered information environment, resulting in a proactive and preventative care. There are many new healthcare management opportunities and technical challenges as a result of Big Data and outcomes can be further improved when combined with self-management. A virtual health management solution with the components of Big Data sharing, decision support, virtual management, and care team monitoring is critical to improving quality and reduction of costs.
Integrated multisensor chip

A multipurpose integrated-sensor chip has been fabricated for the simultaneous measurement of physical and chemical variables. The multipurpose chip which measures 8 × 9 mm2contains conventional MOS devices for signal conditioning, array accessing, and output buffering along with the following on-chip sensors: a gas-flow sensor, an infrared-sensing array, a chemical-reaction sensor, cantilever-beam accelerometers, surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) vapor sensors, a tactile sensor array, and an infrared charge-coupled device imager. The multisensing functions of this chip utilize both the pyroelectdc and piezoelectric effects in ZnO thin films. Fabrication of the chip is carried out using a conventional 3-µm Si NMOS process combined with Si micromachining techniques. Compatible fabrication technology and sensor properties are described.
Image Analysis In Electron Microscopy

SUMMARY The review covers methods for electron-image analysis, with an emphasis on averaging techniques designed to minimize the electron dose. The problem of resolution assessment of single particle averages is discussed as a special topic.
CT-bus: a heterogeneous CDMA/TDMA bus for future SOC

CDMA interconnect is a new interconnect mechanism for future SoC. Compared to a conventional TDMA-based bus, a CDMA-based bus has better channel isolation and channel continuity. We introduce a new bus architecture called CT-bus, which mixes and takes strengths of both CDMA-based and TDMA-based interconnect schemes. A CT-bus gives designers the ability to cope with widely varying communication requirements. We propose a method and a tool to explore the mapping of heterogeneous traffic flows onto the CT-bus. Simulation results on a multimedia mobile phone system show that traffic flows mapped onto a CT-bus meet the latency requirements while the same traffic flows mapped onto a conventional TDMA-only bus violate these requirements.
Are Simulated Megadroughts in the North American Southwest Forced

Multidecadal drought periods in the North American Southwest (258‐42.58N, 1258‐1058W), so-called megadroughts, are a prominentfeature of the paleoclimaterecord over thelast millennium (LM). Six forced transient simulationsoftheLMalongwith correspondinghistorical(1850‐2005)and500-yrpreindustrialcontrolrunsfrom phase5oftheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProject(CMIP5)areanalyzedtodetermineifatmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are able to simulate droughts that are similar in persistence and severity to the megadroughts in the proxy-derived North American Drought Atlas. Megadroughts are found in each of the AOGCM simulations of the LM, although there are intermodel differences in the number, persistence, and severity of these features. Despite these differences, a common feature of the simulated megadroughts is that they are not forced by changes in the exogenous forcing conditions. Furthermore, only the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), version 4, simulation contains megadroughts that are consistently forced by cooler conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean. These La Nina‐like mean states are not accompanied by changes to the interannual variability of the El Nino‐Southern Oscillation system and result from internal multidecadal variability of the tropical Pacific mean state, of which the CCSM has the largest magnitude of the analyzed simulations. Critically, the CCSM is also found to have a realistic teleconnection between the tropical Pacific and North America that is stationary on multidecadal time scales. Generally, models with some combination of a realistic and stationary teleconnection and large multidecadal variability in the tropical Pacific are found to have the highest incidence of megadroughts driven by the tropical Pacific boundary conditions.
Model-Based Aligner Combination Using Dual Decomposition

Unsupervised word alignment is most often modeled as a Markov process that generates a sentence f conditioned on its translation e. A similar model generating e from f will make different alignment predictions. Statistical machine translation systems combine the predictions of two directional models, typically using heuristic combination procedures like grow-diag-final. This paper presents a graphical model that embeds two directional aligners into a single model. Inference can be performed via dual decomposition, which reuses the efficient inference algorithms of the directional models. Our bidirectional model enforces a one-to-one phrase constraint while accounting for the uncertainty in the underlying directional models. The resulting alignments improve upon baseline combination heuristics in word-level and phrase-level evaluations.
Biomechanical evaluation of arthroscopic rotator cuff stitches.

Background: The suture configurations in arthroscopic rotator cuff repairs have been limited to simple and horizontal stitches. Recent objective evaluations have demonstrated high failure rates of arthroscopic repairs of rotator cuff tears. A novel stitch for arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff, the massive cuff stitch, was developed to increase the strength of the suture-tendon interface. The goal of this study was to determine the biomechanical properties of the massive cuff stitch and to compare it with other stitches commonly used for rotator cuff repair. Methods: Eight pairs of sheep infraspinatus tendons were harvested and split in half to yield a set of four tendon specimens from each animal. Four stitch configurations (simple, horizontal, massive cuff, and modified Mason-Allen) were randomized and biomechanically tested in each set of tendon specimens. Each specimen was first cyclically loaded on an MTS uniaxial load frame under force control from 5 to 30 N at 0.25 Hz for twenty cycles. Each specimen was then loaded to failure under displacement control at a rate of 1 mm/sec. Cyclic elongation, peak-to-peak displacement, ultimate tensile load, and stiffness were measured with use of an optical motion analysis system and load-cell output. The type of failure (suture breakage or pull-out) was also recorded. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was performed on the results, with the alpha level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: There was no difference in cyclic elongation or peak-to-peak displacement among the four stitches. Ultimate tensile load was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the massive cuff stitch (233 ± 40 N) and the modified Mason-Allen stitch (246 ± 40 N) than it was for either the simple stitch (72 ± 18 N) or the horizontal stitch (77 ± 15 N). There was no significant difference in the ultimate load between the massive cuff and modified Mason-Allen stitches. There was also no difference in stiffness among the four stitches. The simple and horizontal stitches failed by tissue pull-out, whereas the massive cuff and Mason-Allen stitches failed by a mixture of suture breakage and pull-out. Conclusions: The massive cuff stitch provides strength comparable with that of the modified Mason-Allen stitch commonly used in open rotator cuff repair. The ultimate tensile load before failure of the massive cuff stitch was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the simple and horizontal stitches. Clinical Relevance: The massive cuff stitch may be a promising alternative for arthroscopic repairs of rotator cuff tendons.
The Referential Structure of the Affective Lexicon

A set of approximately 500 words taken from the literature on emotion was examined. The overall goal was to develop a comprehensive taxonomy of the affective lexicon, with special attention being devoted to the isolation of terms that refer to emotions. Within the taxonomy we propose, the best examples of emotion terms appear to be those that (a) refer to internal, mental conditions as opposed to physical or external ones, (b) are clear cases of stares, and (c) have affect as opposed to behavior or cognition as a predominant (rather than incidental) referential focus. Relaxing one or another of these constraints yields poorer examples or nonexamples of emotions; however, this gradedness is not taken as evidence that emotions necessarily defy classical definition.
A popular DVD collection in an academic library

Purpose – This paper was written to aid academic libraries that may be considering adding collections of popular culture items to their collections. The Multimedia Center at the University of Rochester's River Campus Libraries partnered with students to establish a popular DVD collection in 2001. Changes in acquisitions, cataloging, processing, shelving, and access were required. A review of the current literature helps make a compelling story for why these items add value to the libraries' collections and how they contribute to the educational mission of the university.Design/methodology/approach – Changes that were made to provide improved access to a high circulation collection are discussed. Current literature on popular culture collections in academic libraries, media literacy, and the unique creation of knowledge by the current generation of college students is used to provide a basis for supporting these incongruous collections.Findings – The generation of students who have grown up with the intern...
A Survey of Ion Acoustic Decay Instabilities in Laser Produced Plasma

The ion acoustic decay instability (IADI) is a fundamentally important subject in plasma physics. The IADI is one of the concerns in laser fusion studies because of the production of hot electrons. Laser fusion requires a large scale plasma. We have for many years studied the IADI in microwave simulation experiments of laser-plasma interactions, and in laser produced plasma. The feature and the significance of the IADI in a large scale plasma are quite different from small scale plasma. The threshold is low, and the relatively weak intensity laser can heat significant hot electrons in a large scale plasma.
Regulation of prostaglandin EP1 and EP4 receptor signaling by carrier-mediated ligand reuptake

After synthesis and release from cells, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) undergoes reuptake by the prostaglandin transporter (PGT), followed by cytoplasmic oxidation. Although genetic inactivation of PGT in mice and humans results in distinctive phenotypes, and although experiments in localized environments show that manipulating PGT alters downstream cellular events, a direct mechanistic link between PGT activity and PGE2 (EP) receptor activation has not been made. Toward this end, we created two reconstituted systems to examine the effect of PGT expression on PGE2 signaling via two of its receptors (EP1 and EP4). In human embryonic kidney cells engineered to express the EP1 receptor, exogenous PGE2 induced a dose-dependent increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+. When PGT was expressed at the plasma membrane, the PGE2 dose–response curve was right-shifted, consistent with reduction in cell surface PGE2 availability; a potent PGT inhibitor acutely reversed this shift. When bradykinin was used to induce endogenous PGE2 release, PGT expression similarly induced a reduction in Ca2+ responses. In separate experiments using Madin–Darby Canine Kidney cells engineered to express the PGE2 receptor EP4, bradykinin again induced autocrine PGE2 signaling, as judged by an abrupt increase in intracellular cAMP. As in the EP1 experiments, expression of PGT at the plasma membrane caused a reduction in bradykinin-induced cAMP accumulation. Pharmacological concentrations of exogenous PGE2 induced EP4 receptor desensitization, an effect that was mitigated by PGT. Thus, at an autocrine/paracrine level, plasma membrane PGT regulates PGE2 signaling by decreasing ligand availability at cell surface receptors.
Prediction of Ischemic Events by Anatomic M-mode Strain Rate Stress Echocardiography

Objective We assessed the prognostic value of anatomic M-mode strain rate stress echocardiography (SRSE) in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Previous studies showing that M-mode SRSE may be an accurate method for detection of coronary artery disease suggest that this technique may be useful for risk stratification. Methods M-mode SRSE, using a color-coded display of strain rate (SR), was performed in 358 patients (48, dobutamine; 68, bicycle; 242, treadmill). SR was graded by visual assessment of the color-coded display in 12 apical segments. Abnormal rest SR was defined as SR more positive than −1/s (green-yellow). Ischemia was defined by the development of post-systolic shortening or lack of improvement of SR to more negative than −2/s (brown hue) with stress. Patients were followed for cardiac events. Results Twelve patients with early intervention for an abnormal two-dimensional stress echocardiogram or stress electrocardiogram were excluded. Follow-up (mean 10.7 months) was completed in 98% (338/346) of the remaining patients. Events occurred in 1.7% (4/230) of patients with normal SRSE compared with 10% (11/108) with abnormal SRSE ( P = .002). The annualized hard event (infarction, death) rate in those with normal SRSE was 0.5% versus 7.2% in those with abnormal SRSE ( P = .001). Smoking ( P = .048, relative risk 2.91), nitrate use ( P = .001, relative risk 7.81), and the severity of the abnormality on SRSE ( P = .009, relative risk 1.75) independently predicted events. Wall motion assessment was not predictive. Patients with normal SRSE had better event-free survival compared with those with abnormal SRSE ( P Conclusion SRSE is an independent predictor of outcome. A normal SRSE predicts a low risk of infarction or death in short-term follow-up.
Environmental Influences upon Firm Entry into New Sub-Markets: Evidence from the Worldwide Hard Disk Drive Industry

Firms need to access skills, capital, and customers to enter into an industry initially, and the choices they make to access these resources are likely to exert path dependent influences over subsequent entry behavior into new submarkets. This paper explores how firms configure themselves to access skills, capital and customers, and reports data on their association with whether and when firms enter new sub-markets in the worldwide hard disk drive industry. While, as with other studies, there appear to be geographic differences between US and Japanese firms in sub-market entry behavior, these are shown not to simply reflect differences in region: US startup firms with former IBM personnel, and Japanese incumbent firms with keiretsu linkages to their customers, exhibit different entry behavior than other firms in the same region. The analysis suggests that entry decisions are influenced by firms' configuration choices to access needed resources, and that the menu of configuration options available to firm managers varies across different institutional settings.
A Cost Model Comparing the Economics of Reticle Requalification Methods in Advanced Wafer fabs

Progressive mask defect (such as crystal growth, haze etc.) continues to threaten the industry (especially at 193 nm lithography) [1]. This drives the need for wafer fab mask inspection [2] which can be achieved via two methods. The first method is indirect, commonly known as image qualification[4], where a mask is being exposed followed by the inspection of the printed wafer to detect if there is any repeater on the wafer or not. The other method of mask inspection is direct mask inspection (such as STARlighttrade). Understanding the economics involved in wafer fab mask inspection is important as litho- cluster cycle time will drive the economics for fabs even harder at nodes 65 nm and below and any methods or techniques that can reduce this litho- cluster cycle time need to be looked at seriously. It was one of the goals for this technical report to evaluate the impact (if any) of these wafer fab mask inspection methods on litho-cluster cycle time.
Time-Varying Risk Factors and Sexual Aggression Perpetration Among Male College Students

Abstract Purpose Preventing sexual aggression (SA) can be informed by determining if time-varying risk factors differentiate men who follow different sexual aggression risk trajectories. Methods Data are from a longitudinal study with 795 college males surveyed at the end of each of their 4 years of college in 2008–2011. Repeated measures general linear models tested if changes in risk factors corresponded with sexual aggression trajectory membership. Results Changes in the risk factors corresponded with SA trajectories. Men who came to college with a history of SA but decreased their perpetration likelihood during college showed concurrent decreases in sexual compulsivity, impulsivity, hostile attitudes toward women, rape supportive beliefs, perceptions of peer approval of forced sex, and perceptions of peer pressure to have sex with many different women, and smaller increases in pornography use over their college years. Conversely, men who increased levels of SA over time demonstrated larger increases in risk factors in comparison to other trajectory groups. Conclusions The odds that males engaged in sexual aggression corresponded with changes in key risk factors. Risk factors were not static and interventions designed to alter them may lead to changes in sexual aggression risk.
Homogeneous Binary Nucleation Theory and the Structure of Binary Nanodroplets

The structure of a critical nucleus or a larger post-critical droplet refers to the spatial distributions of the different chemical species within the droplet. Structure directly affects the free energy of formation of droplets. This has a strong effect on the nucleation rate as well as on the rates of droplet growth and evapora- tion. Structure also affects how aerosol droplets interact with their environment, influencing phenomena such as heterogeneous chemistry, trace gas adsorbtion and uptake, and the radiative properties of larger droplets. This paper briefly reviews recent advances in understanding the structure of critical nuclei in highly nonideal binary systems. It then focuses on recent theoretical work to predict the structure of larger binary nanodroplets using density functional theory (DFT) and lattice Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of model aqueous-organic mixtures.
Caring for the Lived Experience: An Exercise in Teaching Whole Person Care

Common medical professions’ education for whole person care of seriously ill people and their family is often lacking. The balance of educational attention to the biology of disease often far outweighs similar attention to the lived experience of the illness and personal caring. In an attempt to test and teach the lived experience a written essay survey instrument has been created and administered to new palliative care staff and family medicine residents.A summary of the participant’s responses to questions concerning ethical principles, dignity, health care desires, compassion, existential suffering, hope, grief, mindfulness, attunement, and end of life care will be shared in narrative fashion accompanied with teaching points used with participants. Third year family medicine residents’ reflections will be shared to reflect the impact of the teaching of whole person care.
Making the Most of Articles in Popular Magazines

(1977). Making the Most of Articles in Popular Magazines. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 18-18.
Plasma cadmium and zinc in human hypertension.

Summary 1. Plasma cadmium and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in inferior venal caval or peripheral venous blood in thirty hypertensive patients and fifteen normal subjects. 2. The mean plasma cadmium in hypertensive patients was significantly higher than in normal control subjects. 3. The plasma cadmiumlzinc ratio was significantly greater in hypertensive patients. 4. There was a significant positive correlation between the plasma cadmiumlzinc ratio and the mean arterial blood pressure.
The Accession and Dismissal of an Upstart Handmaid

From early in the Christian era?certainly from the time of Clement of Alexandria?and for centuries thereafter, Western philosophy was con sidered the "handmaid of theology." Its job was to be of whatever assistance possible to "faith seeking understanding." In the modern period, with the gradual waxing of a liberated science and waning of ecclesiastical dominance over every facet of intellectual life, the functions of the maid became recognized as of comparable value and validity with those of the mistress. (It is arguable that Hume was the first to produce a full-fledged philosophy of religion, no longer subordinate to the strictures of theological doctrine.) While ostensibly finding it necessary to "deny knowledge, in order to make room for faith," Kant sought to establish faith philosophically as rational, his theology emerging from a more fundamental moral philosophy. In this dialectical competition, philosophy and theology were usually recognized as distinct and respectable intellectual processes, the issue between them being one of relative status. But in the first half of the 19th cen tury, Hegel and Kierkegaard developed two radical views regarding the relationship of philosophy and theology; and it is with these extreme positions that this paper will attempt to deal. If I may press the metaphor a bit further, with Hegel the maid not only dominates the mistress, but the two are virtual ly identified (as if two personae of the same psyche); while with Kierkegaard, the two are so alienated as to make impossible any relation between them. Thus it is as if the once humble maid tried to assume the role of her mistress, and the mistress, having sacked the upstart, set about convincing herself that she could do without her services.
Progressive Midlatitude Afforestation: Impacts on Clouds, Global Energy Transport, and Precipitation

AbstractVegetation influences the atmosphere in complex and nonlinear ways, such that large-scale changes in vegetation cover can drive changes in climate on both local and global scales. Large-scale land surface changes have been shown to introduce excess energy to one hemisphere, causing a shift in atmospheric circulation on a global scale. However, past work has not quantified how the climate response scales with the area of vegetation. Here, the response of climate to linearly increasing the area of forest cover in the northern midlatitudes is systematically evaluated. This study shows that the magnitude of afforestation of the northern midlatitudes determines the local climate response in a nonlinear fashion, and the authors identify a threshold in vegetation-induced cloud feedbacks—a concept not previously addressed by large-scale vegetation manipulation experiments. Small increases in tree cover drive compensating cloud feedbacks, while latent heat fluxes reach a threshold after sufficiently large ...
HPLC CHARACTERISTIC OF PHENOL CONTENTS EXTRACTED FROM DIFFERENT MATERIAL OF TISSUE CULTURE AND ITS RELATIVITY WITH BROWNING

The regulation of phenol contents and its HPLC characteristic of Zizyphus jujuba Mill,Vitis vinifera L.and Pistacia vera L.were studied.The results showed that: phenol contents have interrelation with browning.The phenol content in callus is higher than that of their shoot and this is the reason why callus is easy browing.Catechol is one of the substrate of plant material browning.
Dynamic optimization of transmission tower based on H_∞ norm

The current structural optimization method of the transmission tower is based on static loads and quasi-static loads.The optimization objective is chosen as steel consumption(i.e.the total mass).Frequency characteristics of the dynamic load are neglected.In order to solve the dynamic optimization problem of a transmission tower,a method based on H∞norm is proposed in this paper.The H∞norm is selected as the optimization objective.Genetic algorithm(GA)is used to find the optimal solution.The multi-degree-freedom model is adapted to simplify the tower when calculating its H∞norm.In order that the optimized structure satisfied the static loads and that the total mass is not increased,the penalty function is also introduced to adjust the GA fitness.According to the case study,the proposed method effectively reduced the seismic response of a practical tower,with the static load case satisfied and total mass remains the same.This method avoids calculating the response in the time domain,and thus has high computation efficiency.
Transfusion-transmitted parasites.

1. Linda A Smith, PhD CLS (NCA)[⇑][1] 1. is Professor and Graduate Program Director, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 2. Michelle S Wright-Kanuth, PhD CLS(NCA) 1. is Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX 1. Address for correspondence: Linda A Smith PhD CLS (NCA), Professor and Graduate Program Director, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio TX 78229-3900. (210) 567-8869, (210) 567-8875 (fax). smithla{at}uthscsa.edu The incidence of transfusion-transmitted parasitic infections is even lower when compared to that of bacterial and viral contamination; but nonetheless, these organisms may pose a significant risk of illness, especially in immunocompromised recipients. Unlike bacterial contamination, which can occur at multiple points during the collection and transfusion process, transfusion-transmitted parasitic diseases originate from the donor. The most common parasitic organisms implicated in transfusion-transmitted infections are: Plasmodium sp., the causative agent of malaria; Trypanosoma cruzi , the agent responsible for Chagas' disease; and Babesia microti , the etiologic agent of babesiosis. These organisms are gaining prominence due to global travel and increased exposure to habitats where insect vectors reside. Population migration from endemic countries to the U.S. also contributes to the recent increases in parasite transmission.1 In this article we will discuss the organisms and their prevalence as well as detection methods as they relate to transfusion transmission. Despite the fact that organisms such as Ehrlichia are bacteria, they will be discussed in this section because they are obligate intracellular organisms that can be transmitted via cells present in a transfusion. They are not normal flora or environmental contaminants – they are primarily insect-transmitted, as are the parasites discussed. These organisms, which have the potential to be transfusion-transmitted, but have limited evidence documenting transmission via blood components, merit discussion. MALARIA Transmission of malaria via blood transfusion is relatively uncommon in the U.S. Over the past 30 years the incidence has decreased and is now estimated at less than one case/million units.2,3 In most… ABBREVIATIONS: CDC = Centers for Disease Control; ELISA = enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; HGE = human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; HME = human monocytic ehrlichiosis; HRP-2 = histidine-rich protein 2; IFA = indirect fluorescent antibody; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; pLDH = lactate dehydrogenase; RBC = red blood cells. [1]: #corresp-1
The Next Fifty Years for Marketing in Latin America: Prospects, Developments, and Predictions

The purpose of this study is to forecast the likely future development of the marketing environment and marketing institutions of Latin America. The specific research objectives are to: (1) Identify the key factors or characteristics contributing to the development of the marketing environment in Latin America; (2) Establish the most probable time period in which these characteristics will be operative; and (3) Identify the major obstacles inhibiting the realization of these characteristics.
Practice Makes Perfect: Correlations Between Prior Experience in High-level Athletics and Robotic Surgical Performance Do Not Persist After Task Repetition

Objective Robotic surgical skill development is central to training in urology as well as in other surgical disciplines. Here, we describe a pilot study assessing the relationships between robotic surgery simulator performance and 3 categories of activities, namely, videogames, musical instruments, and athletics. Design A questionnaire was administered to preclinical medical students for general demographic information and prior experiences in surgery, videogames, musical instruments, and athletics. For follow-up performance studies, we used the Matchboard Level 1 and 2 modules on the da Vinci Skills Simulator, and recorded overall score, time to complete, economy of motion, workspace range, instrument collisions, instruments out of view, and drops. Task 1 was run once, whereas task 2 was run 3 times. Setting All performance studies on the da Vinci Surgical Skills Simulator took place in the Simulation Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center. Participants All participants were medical students at the Geisel School of Medicine. After excluding students with prior hands-on experience in surgery, a total of 30 students completed the study. Results We found a significant correlation between athletic skill level and performance for both task 1 (p = 0.0002) and task 2 (p = 0.0009). No significant correlations were found for videogame or musical instrument skill level. Students with experience in certain athletics (e.g., volleyball, tennis, and baseball) tended to perform better than students with experience in other athletics (e.g., track and field). For task 2, which was run 3 times, this association did not persist after the third repetition due to significant improvements in students with low-level athletic skill (levels 0-2). Conclusions Our study suggests that prior experience in high-level athletics, but not videogames or musical instruments, significantly influences surgical proficiency in robot-naive students. Furthermore, our study suggests that practice through task repetition can overcome initial differences that may be related to a background in athletics. These novel relationships may have broader implications for the future recruitment and training of robotic surgeons and may warrant further investigation.
The Black Female Professoriate at Howard University: 1926–1977

This chapter discusses the early Black women faculty at Howard University in Washington, D.C. over a fifty-year period, when Mordecai W. Johnson became the first Black president in 1926, until the late 1970s when the early Black female faculty began to retire. This study highlights the profound difference in hiring practices of the historically Black colleges compared with traditional white colleges, and sheds light on the experiences of Black women faculty at one of the most prestigious and elite Black institutions of higher education in the nation. It also illuminates the collective action of tenured senior Black women faculty who advocated for gender equity and provides insight into how women faculty navigated their years working with President Johnson. This chapter also discusses how critical Howard was as the hub for activism on behalf of Black women in higher education. In addition to the actions of these women faculty, this chapter discusses the efforts of Lucy Diggs Slowe, the first Woman Dean at Howard on behalf of Black women students at Howard and nationally. Slowe’s appointment preceded but overlapped with President Mordecai Johnson.
Defining, Assessing, and Rethinking Quality Cataloging

ABSTRACTDefinitions of “quality cataloging” may differ from cataloger to cataloger and from institution to institution. If an objective definition of quality is elusive, how can an institution assess the quality of cataloging work? This article discusses definitions of quality cataloging in the literature and different ways it has been evaluated and measured. Academic library catalogers' perceptions of quality cataloging will also be explored, as well as how these perceptions are formed. The article concludes by suggesting ways cataloging departments can approach the creation and evaluation of quality cataloging in an ethical manner.