cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autologous transfusion and other approaches to reduce allogeneic blood exposure.

Abstract When used as the sole source of transfused blood, the principal advantage of autologous blood transfusion is the avoidance of transmission of infectious agents and the avoidance of the purported adverse immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic transfusion. In the 1990s, however, the risks of transfusion-transmitted diseases have been greatly reduced, and estimates of the cost-effectiveness of pre-operative autologous blood donations now vary between $2470 and $3,400,000 per quality-adjusted year of life saved, depending on assumptions about the existence and magnitude of any adverse immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic transfusion. There is a paucity of randomized controlled trials evaluating the clinical outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of autologous transfusion procedures, and this situation is unlikely to change in the near future because of the difficulties in conducting such trials. This chapter reviews the available evidence on the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of the three common autologous transfusion procedures, that is, pre-operative autologous blood donation, acute normovolaemic haemodilution, and intra-operative and post-operative blood recovery.
High-resolution models of motion of macromolecules in cell membranes

The path of a macromolecule on a cell membrane is modeled by a sum of independent identically distributed random variables. Random variables with simple discrete distribution functions capture some important aspects of the jump or hop diffusion reported from single particle tracking experiments that measure the motion of single molecules on a cell membrane. The detail provided by the distribution function for the random variables is critical for accurate simulations of the motion and interactions of macromolecules on the cell membrane. Additionally, the probability distribution for the random variables is easily estimated from single-particle tracking data. The diffusion constant is given by the second moment of the probability distribution, which agrees with the diffusion constant estimated from the mean-square displacement, and thus represents far less information than the distribution function.
The effect of a zinc-deficient diet and the inflammatory response on rat liver mitochondrial protein synthesis.

Abstract It was found that animals on a zinc-deficient diet, stimulated with casein, displayed a greater than twofold increase in the rate of liver mitochondrial protein synthesis compared to pair-fed or ad lib controls. Nonstimulated animals on a zinc-deficient diet had a slight decrease (16%) in the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis. This twofold increase in the rate of protein synthesis in stimulated animals in vitro was also observed in vitro . SDS-gel electrophoresis of fractionated mitochondria from all three groups revealed a stimulation of mitochondrially synthesized proteins in the molecular weight range of 40,000–27,000 daltons in animals on a zinc-deficient diet stimulated with casein. Also, an increase in the levels of cytochromes a+a 3 was observed.
Relationship between Resilient Modulus and Unconfined Compressive Strength for Lime-Stabilized Soils

AbstractThis technical note assesses the widely accepted Thompson’s equation used to approximate design resilient modulus (Mr) for lime-stabilized soils from the results of unconfined compressive strength (qu) testing. There is limited evidence in the literature to support Thompson’s equation relating qu and Mr for lime-stabilized soils, and other studies have suggested that the relationship provides an excessively conservative approximation for design Mr, specifically above qu=1,000 kPa. Laboratory Mr and qu testing was performed on multiple specimens of three lime-stabilized soils. These data reveal that Thompson’s equation provides a lower-bound estimate of Mr from qu and that Little’s recommended relationship provides a more reasonable match to the data. This study also illustrated a lack of a clear correlation between Mr and qu.
Relating hippocampus to relational memory processing across domains and delays

The hippocampus has been implicated in a diverse set of cognitive domains and paradigms, including cognitive mapping, long-term memory, and relational memory, at long or short study-test intervals. Despite the diversity of these areas, their association with the hippocampus may rely on an underlying commonality of relational memory processing shared among them. Most studies assess hippocampal memory within just one of these domains, making it difficult to know whether these paradigms all assess a similar underlying cognitive construct tied to the hippocampus. Here we directly tested the commonality among disparate tasks linked to the hippocampus by using PCA on performance from a battery of 12 cognitive tasks that included two traditional, long-delay neuropsychological tests of memory and two laboratory tests of relational memory one of spatial and one of visual object associations that imposed only short delays between study and test. Also included were different tests of memory, executive function, and processing speed. Structural MRI scans from a subset of participants were used to quantify the volume of the hippocampus and other subcortical regions. Results revealed that the 12 tasks clustered into four components; critically, the two neuropsychological tasks of long-term verbal memory and the two laboratory tests of relational memory loaded onto one component. Moreover, bilateral hippocampal volume was strongly tied to performance on this component. Taken together, these data emphasize the important contribution the hippocampus makes to relational memory processing across a broad range of tasks that span multiple domains.
Bereaved Parents' Perceptions About When Their Child's Cancer-Related Death Would Occur

Abstract Parents of terminally ill children with cancer frequently ask clinicians when their child will die. Such information helps parents prepare for the child's death. To identify how parents perceived when their child's cancer-related death would occur, we conducted a secondary analysis of telephone interviews with 49 bereaved parents 6–10 months after their child's death to extract their descriptions of this occurrence. The parents knew in advance that their child was going to die, but they described when their child's death would occur in three different ways: anticipated (parents observed changes that alerted them that death was imminent; n = 22, 52.4%), surprising (parents were surprised that their child died on that particular day; n = 13, 31.0%), and overdue (parents had been waiting for the end of their child's apparent suffering; n = 7, 16.7%). These categories did not differ by patients' diagnosis, sex, or location of death but differed slightly by symptom patterns. Parents who reported the occurrence of their child's death as surprising reported fewer symptom changes on the last day of their child's life, compared with the last week of life, than did the parents in the other two categories. These findings indicate that parents of children with terminal cancer can perceive when their child's death would occur very differently: Some are surprised, whereas others feel they have waited too long for their child's release from suffering. Clinicians can use these descriptions and the associated symptom patterns to help families prepare for their child's last week and last day.
Radioiodine in the study and treatment of thyroid disease; a review.

DURING the past decade many important advances have been made in our knowledge of thyroid physiology and disease. Radioiodine has been one of the important agents used in bringing about these achievements. Although only a few institutions, all of them in America, have used radioiodine extensively, a large literature has accumulated on the subject. In 1938, within four years after the preparation of the first artificial radioactive isotopes by Joliot and Curie (1) and the preparation of radioiodine by Fermi (2), Hertz, Roberts and Evans (3) in Boston and Hamilton (4) in California had made reports on the use of radioiodine in the study of human physiology. In this review we hope to bring together most of the important work which has been done in this field. Attention is called to the valuable review already published by Rawson and McArthur (5), which covers much of the application of radioiodine to thyroid physiology prior to 1947.
Differential irritant skin responses to tandem application of topical retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate: II. Effect of time between first and second exposure

In clinical practice, the cutaneous exposure to chemical irritants such as surfactants and topical drugs is frequent. Topical all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is often associated with irritation and induces epidermal changes similar to those produced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Using bioengineering techniques, e.g. assessing transepidermal water loss (TEWL), capacitance and chromametry, we investigated the variations of the skin response to SLS and RA and to both chemicals applied sequentially, allowing different time periods (from 1 h to 2 weeks) between applications of SLS and RA. Both chemicals caused irritation as assessed by visual scoring, but the values from the objective variables differed at different time periods. TEWL increased dramatically shortly after applying SLS but the increase was delayed after RA. After applying SLS, the capacitance generally decreased then returned to basal values; treatment with RA produced an overall increase. Only the results from chromametry were similar. After tandem application, the drugs were synergistic for all variables except capacitance, showing an antagonistic interaction for skin hydration. These results suggest that non-specific skin irritation profoundly reflects different mechanisms of action at tissue level. With sequential application, SLS injury modified the response to RA for at least 1 week after applying SLS. These late effects of detergents should be considered when studying irritant chemical interactions and in developing strategies for the management of occupational and other irritant dermatitis.
Effects of light and dark on photoreceptors in the polychaete annelid Nereis limnicola.

The effects of light and dark on photoreceptors of the brackish-water polychaete annelid Nereis Hmnicola were studied by electron microscopy. Animals dark-adapted for one or two days exhibited well-formed straight microvilli (rhabdomeres) on the sensory cell processes. Continuous illumination of worms for one or two days caused extensive breakdown of the microvilli into vesicles and debris. Thirty minutes to three h of exposure of dark-adapted animals to light produced increasing severity of degradation of photoreceptoral microvilli. Light-adapted worms placed in darkness for one-half to three h showed progressive restoration of the microvilli to the dark-adapted condition. The products of degradation were internalized by both sensory and pigmented supportive cells by phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
Congenital fusion of the thalami (atresia of the third ventricle) and associated anomalies in a 6-months-old infant.

The case is reported of a 6 months old infant boy who had gradually increasing hydrocephalus since birth. Ventriculograms showed greatly dilated lateral ventricles and an apparent mass in the area of the third ventricle which failed to fill. Necropsy showed congenital atresia of the upper portion of the fourth ventricle, the entire aqueduct and the third ventricle. The two thalami were fused in the midline. No gliosis was present in the areas of ventricular and aqueductal occlusion. Microscopic clusters of ependymal cells, separated from each other by normal nervous tissue, indicated the region of obliterated ventricles and aqueduct. As further expressions of a tendency of nervous tissue fusion in the midline, the colliculi of the quadrigeminal plate were fused into one dorsal protuberance and the incisures separating the cerebellar hemispheres were absent. The dentate nuclei were also fused in the midline. An additional major anomaly was agenesis of the right lung. The etiology of these malformations is unknown at present, but the changes in the brain, brain stem and cerebellum appear to be an exaggeration of the normal “closing in” of midline structures, such as the physiological narrowing of the large fetal aqueduct and the normal unification of the two lateral cerebellar primordia. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of congenital atresia of the third ventricle and fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nuclei. The fused thalami created the rontgenological impression of a neoplasm of the third ventricle.
Symbolic givens reduction and row-ordering in large sparse least squares problems

In the solution of large sparse least squares problems by Givens factorization, a preliminary symbolic step that determines a good processing order and a data structure for the matrix factor is used. In this paper, it is shown that a processing order equivalent to sequential processing by rows can be as good as any processing order using a single pivot row in each column. A notion of local acceptability in row-ordering is introduced and shown to reduce fill globally. Row-orderings satisfying this notion are essentially equivalent to sequential processing by rows and the nature of intermediate fill produced makes implicit representation of fill possible. This forms the basis for a symbolic Givens reduction algorithm that operates in a fixed data structure.
Impact of the soviet grain embargo; a comparison of methods

Abstract The 1980 U.S. grains embargo of the Soviet Union was a disruption of the world's largest single bilateral grain flow. We analyze the embargo effects using three methodologies and compare the results. Descriptive statistics tell what actually happened. Time series methods show what prices and trade flows would have been if preembargo trends had persisted. A quarterly Armington model simulates embargo effects holding other structural changes constant. All three approaches confirm that the embargo had little effect on global trade or prices. The comparison of methodologies shows that the three approaches are more complementary than competitive.
Ultrasonic monitoring of a pipe under operating conditions

The paper presents experimental results of applying an ultrasonic monitoring system to a real-world operating hot-water supply system. The purpose of these experiments is to investigate the feasibility of continuous ultrasonic damage detection on pipes with permanently mounted piezoelectric transducers under environmental and operational variations. Ultrasonic guided wave is shown to be an efficient damage detector in laboratory experiments. However, environmental and operational variations produce dramatic changes in those signals, and therefore a useful signal processing approach must distinguish change caused by a scatterer from change caused by ongoing variations. We study pressurized pipe segments (10-in diameter) in a working hot-water supply system that experiences ongoing variations in pressure, temperature, and flow rate; the system is located in an environment that is mechanically and electrically noisy. We conduct pitch-catch tests, with a duration of 10 ms, between transducers located roughly 12 diameters apart. We applied different signal processing techniques to the collected data in order to investigate the ongoing environmental and operational variations and the stationarity of the signal. We present our analysis of these signals and preliminary detection results.
Catalytic Mechanism and Function of Invariant Glutamic Acid 173 from the Histone Acetyltransferase GCN5 Transcriptional Coactivator

Within chromatin, reversible acetylation of core histones is critical for transcriptional activation of eukaryotic target genes. The recent identification of intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) catalytic activity from a number of transcriptional co-activators (including yeast GCN5, p300/CBP, P/CAF, and TAFII250), has underscored the importance of protein acetylation in transcriptional control. The GCN5 family is the prototype for a diverse group of at least four distinct human HATs families. Although there is now a clear link between in vivo HAT catalytic activity and gene activation, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of histone acetylation. Herein, we report the first detailed biochemical study that probes the catalytic mechanism and the function of invariant glutamic acid 173 within the GCN5 family of HATs. Our results suggest that the HAT reaction involves the formation of a ternary complex (histones, acetyl-CoA, and enzyme) where the e-amino group of histone lysine residues directly attacks the bound acetyl-CoA. The acetylation reaction requires deprotonation of the e-amino group prior to nucleophilic attack. Employing site-directed mutagenesis, chemical modification, steady-state, and pH-dependent rate analysis, it is demonstrated that glutamic acid 173 is an essential catalytic residue, acting as a general base catalyst by deprotonating the histone substrate.
Wurzburg lag screw plate versus four-hole miniplate for the treatment of condylar process fractures.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical stability of rigidly fixed condylar neck fractures using either a conventional four-hole miniplate system or the Wurzburg lag screw plate system. Materials and Methods: Ten identical synthetic mandibles were used for this study. Simulated bilateral condylar neck fractures were fixed with the lag screw plate system on one side and the miniplate system on the other. The mandibles were loaded with an MTS servohydraulic testing machine at a rate of 1 cm/min until failure was reached. Data for resistance to motion and ultimate strength for each fixation device were compared by paired Student t-tests. Results: The mean resistance to motion for the four-hole miniplate was 64.0 kg/mm (SD = 10.1; range = 52–94) and for the lag screw system was 80.2 kg/mm (SD = 24.0; range = 55 to 126). The mean failure strength was 4.0 kg (SD = 0.9) (range = 2.6 to 5.5) for the miniplate system and 5.0 kg (SD = 2.5; range = 3.4 to 7.2) for the lag screw system. The lag screw system was significantly (P < .05) better than the miniplate for both parameters measured. Conclusion: In laboratory testing using synthetic mandibles, the Wurzburg lag screw-plate fixation system proved superior to a four-hole miniplate system in regard to resistance to motion and failure strength. Clinical trials are necessary to substantiate these laboratory data and determine whether the system can be effectively applied by the surgeon.
Children's Perception, Production, and Description of Musical Expression

I investigated whether children can demonstrate awareness of musical expression by discriminating between expressive and mechanical music fragments, performing familiar songs, and describing the fragments and songs. I further examined global or age-specific tendencies in scores and possible relationships among behaviors. Children (N = 60) from kindergarten, Grade 2, and Grade 4 completed three tasks in which they heard, played, and discussed expressive music. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients were calculated to address the research questions. Results indicated task improvement with age, significant differences between kindergarten and fourth-grade scores in perception and description, and a significant relationship between perception and description, both overall and in kindergarten.
The Clarity and Confusion Offered by Historical Personal Identity Studies

This literature review and analysis focuses on the historical reference group orientation and personal identity study material done on Blacks in the United States. It argues that these studies were critically flawed in the sense that they made inappropriate assumptions about the link between the two kinds of measures that are the respectivefoci of their inquiry (i.e., personal identity and group self-esteem). As a result, their conclusions and implications, in terms of the development of psychological and sociological theories based upon their findings, constitute a major obstacle to the ultimate and accurate understanding of the processes of development of Black self-esteem and collective spirit.
Stationary world lines and the vacuum excitation of noninertial detectors

The stationary world lines, on which quantized field detectors in a vacuum have time-independent excitation spectra, are discussed. They are characterized by the requirement that the geodetic interval between two points depends only on the proper time interval. To construct these world lines a generalization of the Frenet equations to Minkowski space is developed. The curvature invariants are found to be the proper acceleration and angular velocity of the world line. The equations are solved for constant invariants and the solutions are shown to be the stationary world lines. A classification into six types is made. The equivalence of the timelike Killing vector field orbits and the stationary world lines is demonstrated. The classification scheme therefore extends to Killing orbits and stationary coordinate systems in flat spacetime. Finally, the vacuum excitation spectra of detectors on a representative sample of the stationary world lines are calculated.
Dopamine, Behavioral Economics, and Effort

Abstract. There are numerous problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus accumbens, directly mediate the rewarding or primary motivational characteristics of natural stimuli such as food. Research and theory related to the functions of mesolimbic DA are undergoing a substantial conceptual restructuring, with the traditional emphasis on hedonia and primary reward yielding to other concepts and lines of inquiry. The present review is focused upon the involvement of nucleus accumbens DA in behavioral activation and effort-related processes. Viewed from the framework of behavioral economics, the effects of accumbens DA depletions and antagonism on food-reinforced behavior are highly dependent upon the work requirements of the instrumental task, and DA depleted rats are more sensitive to increases in response costs (i.e., ratio requirements). Moreover, interference with accumbens DA transmission exerts a powerful influence over effort-related choice behavior. Rats with accumbens DA depletions or antagonism reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks that have high response requirements, and instead these rats select a less-effortful type of food-seeking behavior. Nucleus accumbens DA and adenosine interact in the regulation of effort-related functions, and other brain structures (anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, ventral pallidum) also are involved. Studies of the brain systems regulating effort-based processes may have implications for understanding drug abuse, as well as energy-related disorders such as psychomotor slowing, fatigue or anergia in depression and other neurological disorders.
The Effect of Ring Strain on Ortho-Annelated Aromatic Molecules

This paper examines the effect of fusing a small carbocyclic ring onto the ortho positions of an aromatic nucleus. Benzene derivatives are considered to which have been fused one, two or three small rings. The effect of varying the size and orientation of the rings is discussed with respect to changes in the σ- and π-bonding networks, the geometry of these molecules and their chemical reactivity. Other aromatic nuclei, such as pyridine, thiophene, naphthalene and the tropylium ion, are also described. Variations in physical properties appear to be best explained by a rehybridization theory which functions in the plane of the system. Perturbations of the π-bonding framework are better manifested by changes in chemical reactivity.
Application of neural networks to the dynamic spatial distribution of nodes within an urban wireless network

The optimal location of wireless transceivers or communicating sensor devices in an urban area and within large human-made structures is considered. The purpose of the positioning of the devices is formation of a distributed network, either in a mesh or hub-spoke topology, that achieves robust connectivity of the nodes. Real-world examples include wireless local area networks (LANs) within buildings and radio beacons in an outdoor mobile radio environment. Operating environments contain both fixed and moving interferers that correspond to both stationary and time-varying spatial distributions of path distortion of stationary and transient fading and multipath delays that impede connectivity. The positioning of the autonomous wireless devices in an area with an unknown spatial pattern of interferers would normally be a slow incremental process. The proposed objective is determination of the spatial distribution of the devices to achieve the maximum radio connectivity in a minimal number of iterative steps. Impeding the optimal distribution of wireless nodes is the corresponding distribution of environmental interferers in the area or volume of network operation. The problem of network formation is posed as an adaptive learning problem, in particular, a self-organizing map of locally competitive wireless units that recursively update their positions and individual operating configurations at each iterative step of the neural algorithm. The scheme allows the wireless units to adaptively learn the pattern distribution of interferers in their operating environment based on the level of radio interference measured at each node by an equivalent received signal strength from wireless units within the node's hearing distance. Two cases are considered. The first is an indoor human-made environment where the interference pattern is largely deterministic and stationary and the units are positioned to form a wireless LAN. The second situation applies to an outdoor urban environment, where a fixed number of units on mobile platforms operating in a random spatial distribution of interferers.
Chest wall constriction after too extensive and too early operations for pectus excavatum

Background and Methods Since 1990 we have evaluated 12 children and teenagers in whom severe cardiorespiratory symptoms have developed due to failure of chest wall growth after very extensive pectus excavatum operations (removal of five or more ribs) at very early ages ( Results Apparently these extensive procedures have removed or prevented growth center activity, which resulted in restriction of chest wall growth with marked limitation of ventilatory function. The forced vital capacity ranged from 30% to 50% of predicted and the forced expiratory volume in 1 second from 30% to 60%. All patients are symptomatic with mild exercise and cannot compete in running games. Our protocol for critical evaluation includes exercise pulmonary function studies and axial computed tomographic reconstruction. Conclusions This report is an alert to recognize such patients and also to recommend delay in operative repair in small children until at least 6 to 8 years of age. The younger the patient the more limited the chest wall resection for pectus excavatum should be. Five of these patients have had a chest cavity expansion operation with encouraging early results.
Brief impressions of the 1982 ASAA conference

(1982). Brief impressions of the 1982 ASAA conference. Asian Studies Association of Australia. Review: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 14-15.
The United States Leather Company and its Reorganization

Economic disadvantages of combination in the sole leather industry, 69. — Promotion of the United States Leather Co., 70. — Early and continued failure of the company, 72. — Speculative character of its stocks, 73. — Underlying causes of its failure, 75. — First plan of financial readjustment, 77. — Second plan and the reasons for its lapse, 78. — Revaluation of the assets of the company, and third plan, 82. — Motive back of this third plan, 83. — Fourth and final plan of reorganization, 85. — Justice of this plan, 92. — Subsequent litigation and the settlement, 100.
Guidelines for Contributors to the Journal

A. Original research and review papers in science will be considered for publication in J-KAS. Announcements, news, and, notes will be included as received. B. Authors do not have to be members of the Academy. C. Acceptance of papers for publication in JKAS depends on merit as evaluated by each of two or more reviewers. D. Manuscripts (MS Word format) may be submitted via E-mail at any time to the editor. E. List in the cover letter your telephone and FAX numbers, your E-mail address, and the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and E-mail addresses of three people who are potential reviewers. F. Format/style of papers must conform to these guidelines and also to practices in recent issues of J-KAS, which are, in effect, a style manual. G. Papers should be submitted in hard copy. Do not staple pages together.
Copy or Discard execution model for speculative parallelization on multicores

The advent of multicores presents a promising opportunity for speeding up sequential programs via profile-based speculative parallelization of these programs. In this paper we present a novel solution for efficiently supporting software speculation on multicore processors. We propose the Copy or Discard (CorD) execution model in which the state of speculative parallel threads is maintained separately from the nonspeculative computation state. If speculation is successful, the results of the speculative computation are committed by copying them into the non-speculative state. If misspeculation is detected, no costly state recovery mechanisms are needed as the speculative state can be simply discarded. Optimizations are proposed to reduce the cost of data copying between nonspeculative and speculative state. A lightweight mechanism that maintains version numbers for non-speculative data values enables misspeculation detection. We also present an algorithm for profile-based speculative parallelization that is effective in extracting parallelism from sequential programs. Our experiments show that the combination of CorD and our speculative parallelization algorithm achieves speedups ranging from 3.7 to 7.8 on a Dell PowerEdge 1900 server with two Intel Xeon quad-core processors.
Changes in the quality of coal combustion by-products produced by Kentucky power plants, 1978 to 1997: consequences of Clean Air Act directives

The original US Clean Air Act (CAA), implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1971, and the amendments to the act in 1977 and 1990 have required a considerable evolution of the quality of coal burned by utilities and in the type pollution control equipment needed to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions. Any change in coal quality or emission’s control implies a change in the amount, type, and quality of coal combustion by-products (CCB). CCB is a collective term for fly ash, bottom ash and boiler slag, and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) or fluidized-bed combustion produced in coal burning. Studies by the University of Kentucky in 1978, 1992, and 1997, the latter two conducted by the Center for Applied Energy Research, have focussed on the amount, quality, and end use of CCBs from Kentucky power plants, with particular emphasis on fly ash. The evolution of clean air standards has impacted the quality and volume of CCBs in a variety of ways: (1) switching from high sulfur to lower sulfur coal generates lower quantities of spinel phases and greater amounts of alumino-silicate glasses; (2) switching to Powder River Basin subbituminous coals produces Class C fly ash, compared to Class F fly ash from the combustion of the typical eastern bituminous coals; (3) the wider use of beneficiated coals reduces the amount of fly ash and bottom ash produced; (4) use of a wider rank range into the coal blend increases the potential of unburned carbon caused by inefficient combustion of non-design coals; (5) the inclusion of non-coal fuels, such as petroleum coke and with tire-derived fuel, in the coal blend; (6) reduction of NOx emissions has generally meant an initial increase in the amount of carbon in the fly ash; (7) addition of FGD means an added CCB stream, either a calcium sulfite which in generally mixed with fly ash and landfilled, or a calcium sulfate, which is sold for wallboard manufacture. The modification of the petrology and chemistry of the fly ash impacts the potential for utilization.
Tribute to Tinbergen: Putting Niko Tinbergen's ‘Four Questions’ in Historical Context

Niko Tinbergen's (Zeit. Tier. 20, 1963, 410) paper ‘On aims and methods of ethology’ is appropriately remembered as the paper in which Tinbergen characterized ethology as ‘the biological study of behavior’ and went on to explain that to study behavior biologically is to ask four distinct questions about it: (1) How is it caused physiologically? (2) What is its survival value? (3) How has it evolved? and (4) How does it develop in the individual? Here, we consider Tinbergen's paper in its historical context by looking at it from three different perspectives: (1) a comparison of Tinbergen's formulation of ‘ethology's four questions’ with similar, but different formulations of biology's basic problems offered by Julian Huxley, Konrad Lorenz, and Ernst Mayr; (2) a survey of the roles that the four questions played in Tinbergen's own work over the course of his career; and (3) a consideration of the two explicit goals of Tinbergen's (Zeit. Tier., 20, 1963, 410) paper, namely (a.) to honor Tinbergen's friend and colleague Konrad Lorenz (as part of a Festschrift for Lorenz on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday) and (b.) to provide a sketch of ethology's scope and an evaluation of the ways the field needed to develop in the future. We suggest that just as the work of Tinbergen's Oxford research team revealed how the behavior of gulls reflected compromises worked out in the face of the diverse selective pressures of particular environments, we can identify certain conflicts that arose for Tinbergen in trying to write something that his friend Lorenz would like while also assessing ethology's current state and future prospects. That said, however, Tinbergen's enduring concern was to do all he could to ensure that ethology thrive as a field and develop a scientific understanding of animal (and human) behavior. For this to happen, he insisted, the four questions of ethology needed to be pursued in a balanced, comprehensive, and integrated fashion.
Solid-State, Pulsed-Wave, Mid-Infrared Coronary Laser Angioplasty in de Novo versus Restenosis Lesions: Observations from a Multicenter Study

ABSTRACT The following is a study of the response of de novo versus restenosis coronary lesions to pulsed-wave, mid-infrared (holmium:YAG) laser assisted angioplasty. De novo lesions contain thromb...
Bioinspirations: Cell-Inspired Small-Scale Systems for Enabling Studies in Experimental Biomechanics

Biomechanical forces govern the behaviors of organisms and their environment and examining these behaviors to understand the underlying phenomena is an important challenge. One experimental approach for probing these interactions between organisms and their biomechanical environment uses biologically-inspired, artificial surrogates that reproduce organic mechanical systems. For the case of complex, multicellular organisms, robot surrogates have been particularly effective, such as in the analysis of the fins of fish and insects' wings. This biologically-inspired approach is also exciting when examining cell-scale responses as multicellular organisms' behavior is directly influenced by the integrated interactions of smaller-scale components (i.e., cells). In this review, we introduce the burgeoning field of engineering of artificial cells, which focuses on developing cell-scale entities replicating cellular behaviors. We describe both a bottom-up approach to constructing artificial cells, using molecular components to directly assemble artificial cells, as well as a top-down approach, in which living cells are encapsulated in a single entity whose behavior is determined by its constituent members. In particular, we discuss the potential role of these artificial cells as implantable controllers, designed to alter the mechanical behavior of a host organism. Eventually, artificial cells designed to function as small-scale controllers may help alter organisms' phenotypes.
Regional Left Ventricular Myocardial Contractility and Stress in a Finite Element Model of Posterobasal Myocardial Infarction

Recently, a noninvasive method for determining regional myocardial contractility, using an animal-specific finite element (FE) model-based optimization, was developed to study a sheep with anteroapical infarction (Sun et al., 2009, "A Computationally Efficient Formal Optimization of Regional Myocardial Contractility in a Sheep With Left Ventricular Aneurysm," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 131(11), p. 111001). Using the methodology developed in the previous study (Sun et al., 2009, "A Computationally Efficient Formal Optimization of Regional Myocardial Contractility in a Sheep With Left Ventricular Aneurysm," ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 131(11), p. 111001), which incorporates tagged magnetic resonance images, three-dimensional myocardial strains, left ventricular (LV) volumes, and LV cardiac catheterization pressures, the regional myocardial contractility and stress distribution of a sheep with posterobasal infarction were investigated. Active material parameters in the noninfarcted border zone (BZ) myocardium adjacent to the infarct (T(max_B)), in the myocardium remote from the infarct (T(max_R)), and in the infarct (T(max_I)) were estimated by minimizing the errors between FE model-predicted and experimentally measured systolic strains and LV volumes using the previously developed optimization scheme. The optimized T(max_B) was found to be significantly depressed relative to T(max_R), while T(max_I) was found to be zero. The myofiber stress in the BZ was found to be elevated, relative to the remote region. This could cause further damage to the contracting myocytes, leading to heart failure.
The cell-surface proteome of cultured adipose stromal cells.

In this technical note we describe a method to evaluate the cell surface proteome of human primary cell cultures and cell lines. The method utilizes the BD Biosciences lyoplate, a system covering 242 surface proteins, glycoproteins, and glycosphingolipids plus relevant isotype controls, automated plate-based flow cytometry, conventional file-level analysis and unsupervised K-means clustering of markers on the basis of percent of positive events and mean fluorescence intensity of positive and total clean events. As an example, we determined the cell surface proteome of cultured adipose stromal cells (ASC) derived from 5 independent clinical isolates. Between-sample agreement of very strongly expressed (n = 32) and strongly expressed (n =16) markers was excellent, constituting a reliable profile for ASC identification and determination of functional properties. Known mesenchymal markers (CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105) were among the identified strongly expressed determinants. Among other strongly expressed markers are several that are potentially immunomodulatory including three proteins that protect from complement mediated effects (CD46, CD55, and CD59), two that regulate apoptosis (CD77 and CD95) and several with ectoenzymatic (CD10, CD26, CD13, CD73, and CD143) or receptor tyrosine kinase (CD140b (PDGFR), CD340 (Her-2), EGFR) activity, suggesting mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and tissue remodeling properties of ASC. Because variables are standardized for K-means clustering, results generated using this methodology should be comparable between instrumentation platforms. It is widely generalizable to human primary explant cultures and cells lines and will prove useful to determine how cell passage, culture interventions, and gene expression and silencing affect the cell-surface proteome. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
PEER RELATIONS IN HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN

SUMMARY This paper examined studies which bear on the peer relations of hyperactive children. Studies were reviewed and some new data reported under five headings: adult reports, self reports, and peer reports of problems with social interaction, direct observational studies, and studies of social cognition. Few studies actually address issues of peer relations in hyperactive children, although available evidence suggests that this is an area of deficit which should be considered more carefully from both a research and a treatment perspective.
Calculating Dispersion Derivatives in Fiber-Optic Design

Maxwell's equation for modeling the guided waves in a circularly symmetric fiber leads to a family of partial differential-equation-eigenvalue systems. In fiber design, one would like to determine the index profile, which is involved in Maxwell's equation so that certain optical properties, which sometimes involve derivatives of the eigenvalues, are satisfied. In this paper, we will discuss how to determine derivatives of the eigenvalue problem and the gradients of the dispersion with respect to design parameters in the model
Rebound of liquid drops from a solid surface.

Abstract This report describes the mechanics of rebound of drops, determined by means of a new method of high-speed photography. A list of the factors influencing the rebound of these drops and a qualitative explanation of the phenomenon and the energy relations involved in the rebound are given. It is concluded that: (1.) aerosol drops, impacting on a solid surface, rebound from that surface under certain conditions; (2.) the probability of rebound is higher for smaller drops than for larger ones; (3.) in the usual well-known calculation of impaction efficiency, all particles that impact on a surface are assumed to adhere to it. This assumption can give erroneous results under the conditions causing rebound. Under such conditions, the results of these calculations may be corrected by factors which should be obtained experimentally.
Sex-Role Orientation and Smoking

Smoking behavior and sex-role orientation were investigated in two groups of women (Ns, 487 and 376) and two of men (Ns, 234 and 150). The hypotheses that persons with an androgynous orientation (high on both masculinity and femininity) would be less likely to smoke and better able to stop smoking were not confirmed. In the older female sample (median age 34 yr.), masculine orientation was associated with high rates of smoking and cessation, and feminine orientation with a low smoking rate. The data were discussed relative to women's smoking and difficulties in cessation, sex-role socialization and conflict, and the measurement of sex-role orientation.
Quantitative Trait Locus and Haplotype Analyses of Wild and Crop-Mimic Traits in U.S. Weedy Rice

Conspecific weeds retained characteristics from wild ancestors and also developed crop mimicries for adaptation and competitiveness. This research was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the wild and crop-mimic traits and to determine haplotype variants for QTL-rich regions in U.S. weedy rice. An F2 population from the cross between a cultivated (EM93-1) and a U.S. weedy (US1) rice line was evaluated for six wild and eight crop-mimic traits in a greenhouse to identify the QTL. A core collection of 27 U.S. weedy red rice lines and 14 AA-genome wild rice lines were determined for the haplotype variants. A total of 49 QTL were identified, with 45 collocated as clusters on 14 genomic segments. The number of haplotypes across the 14 segments was lower in the weedy (6.1 ± 2.4) than in the wild (7.5 ± 1.8) rice sample. Both samples shared ~50% haplotypes (wild-like). The EM93-1−like haplotypes accounted for a greater proportion (30 ± 26%) of the haplotypes in the weedy than in the wild (7 ± 10%) rice. Based on haplotype patterns for the 14 QTL cluster regions, 26 of the 28 red rice lines were clustered into two groups corresponding to the black-hull awned and straw-hull awnless morphological types, respectively. The QTL analysis demonstrated that conspecific weed-crop differentiation involved many genomic segments with multiple loci regulating natural variation for adaptation and competitiveness. The haplotype analysis revealed that U.S. weedy rice retained large blocks of linkage disequilibrium for the multiple loci from the wild relatives and also incorporated haplotypes from cultivars.
The Insulin-Pancreatic Acinar Axis

Recent studies indicate that insulin directly regulates the acinar pancreas. Morphologic and hemodynamic studies indicate the presence of a portal system that conveys islet blood to acinar cells. Studies both in humans with diabetes mellitus and in animals given beta cell toxins indicate that insulin is necessary for normal acinar cell function. Studies in the perfused rat pancreas indicate that endogenous insulin potentiates zymogen release. Isolated rat and mouse acini have insulin receptors, and in these cells, after binding to its receptors, insulin regulates a number of functions including: sugar transport, protein synthesis, and the number of cholecystokinin receptors. These in vivo and in vitro studies suggest, therefore, that there is an insulin-pancreatic acinar axis that plays a major role in pancreatic function.
Religious Identity and Political Participation in the Mennonite Church USA

This article examines religious identity and its effect on political participation in the context of the Mennonite Church USA. Traditionally, Mennonite doctrine discouraged political activity because of its “worldly” nature. But it is uncertain if traditional doctrine influences the political behavior of contemporary church members. This article seeks to determine (1) to what extent there is a religious identity among contemporary Mennonites, (2) does this identity discourage support for political participation, and (3) if Mennonite identity discourages political participation, what is the substantive difference in support for political participation between low and high identity Mennonites? The analysis reveals that Mennonite religious identity is widespread in the Mennonite Church USA and high levels of identity decreases support for political activity. Despite this, Mennonites as a whole are fairly supportive of political participation, regardless of their level of identity.
Control of systems in Lure form over erasure channels

Summary In this paper, we study the problem of control of discrete time nonlinear systems in Lure form over erasure channels at the input and output. The input and output channel uncertainties are modeled as Bernoulli random variables. The main results of this paper provide sufficient condition for the mean square exponential stability of the closed loop system expressed in terms of statistics of channel uncertainty and plant characteristics. We also provide synthesis method for the design of observer-based controller that is robust to channel uncertainty. To prove the main results of this paper, we discover a stochastic variant of the well-known positive real lemma and the principle of separation for stochastic nonlinear system. Application of the results for the stabilization of system in Lure form over packet-drop network is discussed. Finally, a result for state feedback control of a Lure system with a general multiplicative uncertainty at actuation is discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.