cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REVIEW ESSAY: FICTION AS POLITICAL THOUGHT

THE LITERATURE of a society tells us much about its culture, soeial structure and even politics. Indeed, the fietion of a certain eountry, eulture or period may reveal more of its values, customs, confliets, stresses, changes and transformations than does all the formal scholarship of historians and social scientists. In particular, fiction may give us special insights into how culture and history intersect with and reshape, or are reshaped by, the lives of people, ordinary and extraordinary. For these reasons, literature may provide a precious and indispensable window into a society, a people and an era. But fiction is more than a passive reflection of society and history. It is also an active influence, reinforeing or refashioning values, beliefs, ideas, perceptions and aspirations. The teller of a story can beeome a powerful force in shaping the way a people think about their social and political order, and the nature, desirability and direction of change. Among other things, literature may affeet the way people think about politics, the way they perceive their political system, and the approach they embrace to the challenge of political change. The novel, then, may be an agent of political culture, and the novelist a political philosopher and teacher. It is my premise here that Chinua Achebe has assumed this role quite selfconsciously in his biting and brilliant new novel, Anthills of the Savannah. For Anthills is more than a portrait of the pervasive corruption of power and responsibility in Nigeria and throughout Black Africa. It is more than a merciless depiction of the vanity, immorality and destructiveness of dictatorship; more than a punishing satire on the bankrupt syeophancy of those elites (not least the intellectuals) who serve the dictator; more than another classic story of power gone mad and terribly wrong. It is all of these, to be sure. And these reflections of Africa's sad plight themselves carry a powerful political message. But there is also here a chilling measure of anticipation and forewarning of the dangers of unaecountable and repressive power. There is a blunt and stunning denunciation of the false promise of revolution, and a sobering and deflating exposure of the naivete in the image of the 'the people' as some great pure conscious mass who have been
Memory-Centric Reconfigurable Accelerator for Classification and Machine Learning Applications

Big Data refers to the growing challenge of turning massive, often unstructured datasets into meaningful, organized, and actionable data. As datasets grow from petabytes to exabytes and beyond, it becomes increasingly difficult to run advanced analytics, especially Machine Learning (ML) applications, in a reasonable time and on a practical power budget using traditional architectures. Previous work has focused on accelerating analytics readily implemented as SQL queries on data-parallel platforms, generally using off-the-shelf CPUs and General Purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) for computation or acceleration. However, these systems are general-purpose and still require a vast amount of data transfer between the storage devices and computing elements, thus limiting the system efficiency. As an alternative, this article presents a reconfigurable memory-centric advanced analytics accelerator that operates at the last level of memory and dramatically reduces energy required for data transfer. We functionally validate the framework using an FPGA-based hardware emulation platform and three representative applications: Naive Bayesian Classification, Convolutional Neural Networks, and k-Means Clustering. Results are compared with implementations on a modern CPU and workstation GPGPU. Finally, the use of in-memory dataset decompression to further reduce data transfer volume is investigated. With these techniques, the system achieves an average energy efficiency improvement of 74× and 212× over GPU and single-threaded CPU, respectively, while dataset compression is shown to improve overall efficiency by an additional 1.8× on average.
Parental perspectives of screening for adverse childhood experiences in pediatric primary care.

INTRODUCTION Pediatricians recognize a need to mitigate the negative impact that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can have on health and development. However, ACEs screening and interventions in primary care pediatrics may be inhibited by concerns about parental perceptions. We assessed parent perspectives of screening for ACEs in the pediatric primary care setting, to understand their views on the potential impact of their ACEs on their parenting and to identify opportunities for pediatric anticipatory guidance. METHOD We used purposive sampling to recruit parents of children <6 years receiving care at an urban, pediatric clinic. Semistructured questions guided 1:1 interviews that were later coded by multiple researchers to verify reliability. A thematic framework approach guided analysis and identified main themes and subthemes. RESULTS We reached thematic saturation after 15 parent interviews, which consistently revealed 3 interrelated themes. First, parents strongly supported ACEs screening as a bridge to needed services, and they recommended using a trauma-sensitive, person-centered approach in pediatric practices. Second, parents understood the intergenerational impact of ACEs and expressed a desire to break the cycle of adversity. Finally, parents saw their child's pediatrician as a potential change-agent who could provide support to meet their parenting goals. DISCUSSION Parents want to discuss their ACEs and receive help and guidance from pediatricians. Furthermore, they perceive their child's pediatrician as having an important role to play in meeting their parenting goals. It is important to ensure that pediatricians have the training, skills and familiarity with available resources to meet parental expectations. (PsycINFO Database Record
The Role of Media in Non-Directed (Altruistic) Living Kidney Donation

This study seeks to characterize how non-directed living kidney donors use media and informational resources over the course of their kidney donation journey. We conducted semi-structured interviews with non-directed donors (NDDs) who initiated kidney transplant chains. Interview transcripts were reviewed and references to media or informational resources were classified by type and pattern of use. More than half (57%) of NDDs reported that an identifiable media or informational resource resulted in their initial interest in donation. Two-thirds (67%) of NDDs cited the influence of stories and personal narratives on their decision to donate. After transplant, media and informational resources were used to promote organ donation, connect with other donors or recipients, and reflect on donation. From the study's findings, we conclude that media and informational resources play an important role in the process of donation for NDDs, including inspiring interest in donation through personal narratives. Media sources provide emotionally and intellectually compelling discussions that motivate potential donors. The results of this study may facilitate the development of more targeted outreach to potential donors through use of personal narratives in articles and television programming about donation.
Peanut Allergy: An Epidemiologic Analysis of a Large Database.

Objective To confirm new observations on peanut allergy and answer current concerns that families and healthcare providers have about peanut allergy. Study design Children who presented with a story of peanut allergy or peanut sensitization were asked to participate in a registry, which allowed an analysis focused on questions that a food allergy support group had about children with peanut allergy or sensitization. Results A total of 1070 children were entered into the registry over 5 years. Two-thirds had a reaction to peanut. Children with peanut allergy were predominantly male (63%), white (78%), and with private health insurance (80%). Most reactions involved the skin (55%) and anaphylaxis occurred in 35%. The median age of a reaction was 1 year old. Atopic dermatitis was noted in 60% and asthma in 41%. Additional food allergy was noted in 58%. When second exposures occurred 28% had a more severe reaction. Skin test size did not differentiate the type of a reaction and children with anaphylaxis had slightly higher specific IgE levels. Severe reactions with inadvertent exposure in children who were peanut sensitized was rare ( Conclusions The strategies for peanut allergy prevention and treatment have evolved. The data obtained in this large registry can answer many questions that families and healthcare providers have during this transition.
A Tejana testimonio: Language experiences and the impact for teaching and learning

This paper explores my experiences as a Latina/Chicana educator from the borderlands of South Texas and acknowledges my innermost battle with identity through my own testimonio. The purpose is to r...
The Geometry of the Master Plan of Roman Florence and Its Surroundings

Like many cities founded by the Romans, Florence, the Roman Florentia, was oriented to the cardinal points. The major streets, a north-south cardo and east-west decumanus, met in the center of the rectangular walled town. A gate was located at each of the four intersections of major street and city wall. A grid of secondary streets divided the city into blocks. The steps traced in this paper indicate a logical way in which the colony of Florence could have been laid out, consistent with what is known of Roman practices and with the observable traces of the Roman settlement. Relatively simple geometrical operations integrate the city with its landscape, which is linked with the cosmos through the path of the sun, providing the initial positioning of the city. What at first glance may seem to be a pragmatic adaptation to the site conditions is shown to be a rigorous geometric relationship, predicated on using a meaningful set of whole numbers, in an affirmation of the genius loci of Florentia.
Environmental Effects on Whisker Growth

Since Sn oxidizes readily once deposited, oxygen exposure and the subsequent Sn oxides formed play a significant role in whisker growth. Many studies have demonstrated that Sn whisker growth is enhanced by exposure to oxygen and high relative humidity conditions [1, 2], especially near regions of surface corrosion.
“FU”: One Response to the Liminal State Immigrant Youth Must Navigate

Undocumented youth experience partial integration in some institutional spaces but remain barred from others. Although they are permitted to attend and graduate from K–12 public schools, the geographic unevenness of immigration policy leads to inequitable access to higher education for undocumented youth. In this article, we examine undocumented higher education access and how an underground freedom school is providing an alternative. We apply the theoretical lens of spaces of care within the framework of geographies of care to understand the uneven legal geographies that exist and the structures that emerge to equip and empower youth to leverage their experiences with illegality.
Monogenic Autoinflammatory Diseases Associated with Immunodeficiency

Despite the presence of accentuated inflammation, a subset of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders is also associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Mutations in PLCG2 cause autoinflammation in the context of immune dysregulation with antibody deficiency. Deficiency of components of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) leads to severe autoinflammation with immunodeficiency in association with polyglucosan myopathy. Mutations in TRNT1 produce a syndrome of siderblastic anemia with B cell immunodeficiency, periodic fevers and developmental delay. Finally, patients with deficiency in WDR1 manifest autoinflammatory periodic fever, immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia.
Learning from videos with deep convolutional LSTM networks

This paper explores the use of convolution LSTMs to simultaneously learn spatial- and temporal-information in videos. A deep network of convolutional LSTMs allows the model to access the entire range of temporal information at all spatial scales of the data. We describe our experiments involving convolution LSTMs for lipreading that demonstrate the model is capable of selectively choosing which spatiotemporal scales are most relevant for a particular dataset. The proposed deep architecture also holds promise in other applications where spatiotemporal features play a vital role without having to specifically cater the design of the network for the particular spatiotemporal features existent within the problem. For the Lip Reading in the Wild (LRW) dataset, our model slightly outperforms the previous state of the art (83.4% vs. 83.0%) and sets the new state of the art at 85.2% when the model is pretrained on the Lip Reading Sentences (LRS2) dataset.
Can Mobile Gaming Psychology Be Used to Improve Time Management on Programming Assignments

Students often procrastinate on assignments, sometimes to the extent that it negatively affects their work. Although many solutions have been researched, instructors continue searching for effective techniques that are easy to employ and require little faculty overhead. This paper describes experiences adapting techniques inspired by commercially successful mobile games. These games use structural features that limit the player's play time, and use reward systems to encourage students to cultivate game-based resources (like energy, gold, credits, etc.). This combination of limits plus incentives shapes the way players manage their play time: it deters "binge" play sessions and strongly promotes the use of a much larger number of play sessions spread over a longer period of time. By adapting this to the assignment self-checking and turn-in process, we hope to exert a similar effect on how students manage their time in completing assignments. The goal is to shift students to start earlier and spread their work time out over a longer period, engaging with the assignment more frequently. In addition to combating procrastination, this also offers a longer time frame to seek help from course staff when problems arise. We report on experiences using this strategy over a year and a half in CS 1, discuss the impact on student submission patterns, when students begin their work, how they spread their work out over time, and student perceptions of the technique.
The Rensselaer Mandarin Project — A Cognitive and Immersive Language Learning Environment

The Rensselaer Mandarin Project enables a group of foreign language students to improve functional understanding, pronunciation and vocabulary in Mandarin Chinese through authentic speaking situations in a virtual visit to China. Students use speech, gestures, and combinations thereof to navigate an immersive, mixed reality, stylized realism game experience through interaction with AI agents, immersive technologies, and game mechanics. The environment was developed in a black box theater equipped with a human-scale 360◦ panoramic screen (140h, 200r), arrays of markerless motion tracking sensors, and speakers for spatial audio.
Experimental Behavior of Pretensioned Bent Caps with Internal Voids for Weight Reduction

AbstractPrecast bent caps offer the opportunity to reduce onsite labor and materials and to accelerate the speed of construction. For many bridges, the weight is manageable for shipping and placeme...
Liver Fibrosis and Perihematomal Edema Growth in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Liver disease is associated with altered serum osmolality, increased thrombin generation, and systemic inflammation, all of which may contribute to perihematomal edema (PHE) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We evaluated the association between a validated liver fibrosis index and PHE growth in a cohort of patients with primary ICH. We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive-ICH. We included adult patients with primary ICH presenting within 6 h of symptom onset. The exposure of interest was the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, a validated liver fibrosis index; this was modeled as a continuous variable. The primary outcome was absolute PHE growth over 96 h. Secondary outcomes were absolute admission and 96-h PHE volumes. We used multiple linear regression models adjusted for established determinants of PHE. In a secondary analysis, the FIB-4 score was modeled as a categorical variable to compare patients with versus without liver fibrosis. Among 354 patients with ICH, 8% had evidence of liver fibrosis based on a validated cutoff. The FIB-4 score was not associated with PHE growth in unadjusted (β, 0.03; 95% CI, − 0.01 to 0.12) or adjusted models (β, 0.04; 95% CI, − 0.03 to 0.13). In a secondary analysis treating FIB-4 as a categorical variable, patients with liver fibrosis did not have greater PHE growth than those without liver fibrosis. FIB-4 score was also not associated with absolute admission or 96-h PHE volumes. In a multicenter cohort of patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage, a liver fibrosis score was not associated with PHE volume or growth.
Revitalizing the Patient-Surgeon Relationship: Surgical Curriculum Including the Patient Perspective

OBJECTIVE General Surgery residents have increasing obligations that limit time with patients. This affects the patient-physician relationship, decreases meaning in work and increases burnout. Patient-Centric Resident Conferences (PCRC) 1 incorporate patients in resident didactics to promote meaning in work and improve resident confidence in counseling and consenting patients for surgery. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of General Surgery residents who participated in standard didactic conferences (control) and modified conferences (PCRC) between 2017 and 2019. Control conferences covered a relevant surgical topic. PCRC had shortened didactics and discussions with patients who had undergone the relevant index operation. Pre- and postconference surveys measured teaching effectiveness, confidence in counseling and consenting, and resident perception of how well the conference supported their decision to pursue surgery. Survey data was compared using chi-squared tests. Qualitative data analysis used ground theory methodology. SETTING This study was performed by the Department of Surgery at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, Oregon. PARTICIPANTS All active General Surgery residents were asked to participate in conferences. RESULTS Eighty-one residents completed 136 surveys over 5 control conferences and 207 surveys over 7 PCRC. Residents reported increased confidence in counseling and consenting for surgery following control conferences (p CONCLUSIONS PCRC were associated with stronger motivations for a surgical career and included patient-centered themes, which can enhance meaning in work. These conferences complement but do not replace standard didactics.
Higher Inpatient Morbidity and Mortality in Biliary Pancreatitis Compared to Hypertriglyceridemia-Induced Pancreatitis: A Nationwide Retrospective Study.

Introduction Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG)-induced pancreatitis is the third most common cause of acute pancreatitis after gallstone disease and alcohol. We analyzed data from the National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) with the aim of evaluating the outcomes of patients with HTG-induced pancreatitis when compared to those with biliary-induced pancreatitis. Methods The NIS database was sourced for data involving adult hospitalizations for HTG-induced pancreatitis in the United States between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2017. The main outcome was mortality in patients with biliary pancreatitis vs HTG pancreatitis. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of sepsis, septic shock, non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), blood transfusion requirements, acute kidney failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and length of hospital stay. Results A total of 575,230 patients were admitted with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, 18.2% of which were classified as having HTG pancreatitis. The in-hospital mortality for pancreatitis was 0.59%. Patients with HTG pancreatitis had lower odds of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.74, 95% CI 0.582-0.934, p=0.012) compared to those with biliary pancreatitis. Patients with HTG pancreatitis had less odds of developing comorbid sepsis (aOR: 0.52, 95% CI 0.441-0.612, p<0.001), septic shock (aOR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.482-0.851, p<0.001), and NSTEMI (aOR: 0.70, 95% CI 0.535-0.926, p<0.001) and had less odds of requiring transfusion of blood products (aOR: 0.57, 95% CI 0.478-0.678, p<0.001) when compared to those with biliary pancreatitis. Patients with HTG pancreatitis also had a lower average length of hospital stay and lower total hospital charges compared to those with biliary pancreatitis. There was no statistical difference, however, in acute kidney failure and ARDS between the two groups. Conclusion Patients with HTG-induced pancreatitis possibly have better inpatient outcomes including mortality when compared to those with biliary-induced pancreatitis.
Strategies for Pore Engineering in Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks

Summary Pore engineering is the design and synthesis of porous structures with desired pore environments and properties. It includes, but is not limited to, pore construction, functionalization, combination, and partitioning. This review explores current strategies utilized to engineer pores in zirconium metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs). Zr-MOFs are viewed as one of the most promising MOF materials for practical applications because of their diverse topologies, excellent stability, unique properties, and versatile functions. The structural modification of the intrinsic cavities within Zr-MOFs results in alteration of functionality, such as selective recognition and cooperative behavior. This structure-property relationship highlights the importance of constructing pore spaces with precisely controlled sizes and functionalities for various chemical processes. Altogether, we aim to offer fresh insights into the design of porous materials with enhanced structural complexity and functionality, which will expand the synthetic toolkit for the future development of increasingly complex functional MOFs with tailored pore environments.
Campus Classification, Identity, and Change: The Elective Carnegie Classification for Community Engagement

In 2020, 359 campuses, representing a wide range of institutional diversity in American higher education, have achieved the elective community engagement classification from the Carnegie Foundation. To receive the classification, campuses must provide extensive documentation (through an application) indicating a commitment to institutionalizing community engagement. When they do so, the Carnegie Foundation recognizes community engagement as part of the institutional identity of the campus. Unlike the basic Carnegie classification, which all campuses receive, the community engagement classification was designed to augment the basic classification in a way that encouraged campus innovation and change. What the authors offer, based on the experience of reviewing hundreds of applications for the classification, is that the Carnegie Foundation was not only encouraging campus change, but that the design of the classification suggests a theory of how institutionalization of community engagement happens. The authors have found that when working with campuses that are preparing applications, understanding the theory of change implied by the classification has been helpful in focusing attention on the importance of community engagement being located in the core academic cultures, policies, structures and practices of the campus.
Adhesion directed capillary origami.

Capillary origami takes advantage of the surface forces of a liquid drop to assemble thin film structures. After a structure is assembled, the drop then evaporates away. The transient nature of the liquid drop means that the creation of dry and stable structures is impossible. Work presented in this paper shows that adhesion is, in fact, a key tool that enables the creation of stable, complex, capillary assembled origami structures, rather than a problem to be avoided. Here, polydimethylsiloxane thin films were used in several simple experiments designed to identify the balance between substrate–film adhesion and film–film adhesion in the context of capillary assembly. We then demonstrate how directional adhesion can be used to direct film peeling in order to create non-trivial patterned folds after a fluid drop is deposited. A minimal complex structure, a “double-fold” was created to demonstrate how adhesion uniquely facilitates multiple-step capillary assembly. Finally, a familiar “origami airplane” was created with these methods, demonstrating that adhesion aided capillary origami can be used to assemble complex, functional structures.
Exchange Rate Policy and Heterogeneity in Small Open Economies

I study the role of exchange rate regimes in shaping the distributional effects of external monetary shocks in a small open economy with two types of heterogeneity: in wealth and exposure to international trade. Under capital mobility, foreign tightening induces a combination of domestic tightening and currency depreciation, affecting consumption through the interest rate and income channels. Exchange rate policy determines their relative strength. Raising the interest rate under peg causes a recession and exacerbates inequality because the collapse in wages disproportionately affects the poor. The non-tradable sector is hit harder, being more sensitive to domestic demand. The consumption gap between tradable and non-tradable sectors opens wider in the left tail since it is driven by the divergence in wages. Letting the currency float boosts incomes through expenditure switching, while better interest rate insulation protects domestic demand, so the impact is more even across sectors and inequality decreases.
Providing explicit congestion control and multi-homing support for content-centric networking transport

Content-centric networking (CCN) adopts a receiver-driven, hop-by-hop transport approach that facilitates in-network caching, which in turn leads to multiple sources and multiple paths for transferring content. In such a case, keeping a single round trip time (RTT) estimator for a multi-path flow is insufficient as each path may experience different round trip times. To solve this problem, it has been proposed to use multiple RTT estimators to predict network condition. In this paper, we examine an alternative approach to this problem, CHoPCoP, which utilizes explicit congestion control to cope with the multiple-source, multiple-path situation. In addition, a parallelized version of CHoPCoP, pCHoPCoP, is designed to support bandwidth aggregation on multi-homed hosts. We have implemented CHoPCoP/pCHoPCoP on the ORBIT testbed and conducted experiments under various network and traffic settings. The evaluation shows that CHoPCoP can effectively deal with congestion in the multipath environment, and pCHoPCoP can maximize the network utilization for a multi-homed host.
Overcoming parallelism: Naturalizing phenomenology with goldstein and Merleau-Ponty.

Abstract This paper examines two related problems that stand in the way of the development of an interdisciplinary project that spans biology and phenomenology. To be sure, each of these disciplines is interested in the body, but there are two ways through which the body may be understood. Biology examines the corporeal or living body (Kӧrper); phenomenology examines the body of lived experience (Leib). Both problems discussed in this paper stem from this two-fold nature of the body. The first concerns the anti-naturalist position taken by Husserl – a position that emphasizes the lived body and rejects any consideration of the corporeal body. Following Roy et al. (1999), I maintain that Husserl's anti-naturalism is no longer necessary. Kurt Goldstein (1934/1995) is used as an example that demonstrates a biological investigation of the corporeal body that is consonant with a phenomenological perspective, a quality which may also be seen in the many references it receives from Merleau-Ponty (1942/1963, 1945/1962). The second problem is that of parallelism – also called the body–body problem (Thompson, 2004). A parallelist collaboration between biology and phenomenology maintains the assumption that there are two bodies that must receive special attention. The problem of parallelism is viewed within the research program of neurophenomenology (Varela, 1996). It is argued that this problem dissolves when it is recognized that there are not two bodies – Kӧrper and Leib – but that these are two ways of recognizing one and the same body. Once again, Goldstein and Merleau-Ponty are used to help describe a two-fold investigation of the body that avoids parallelism and promotes the collaboration which this Special Issue seeks.
Chapter 29 Chromatin Fractionation by Chromatography on ECTHAM—Cellulose

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods for chromatin fractionation using chromatography on ECTHAM–cellulose. This technique reduces the physicochemical heterogeneity of chromatin and isolates and characterizes the composition and structure of chromatin fractions that differ in functional properties from the bulk of the material. While the elution of large polyanionic molecules from ion-exchange adsorbents is a function of their size, for the chromatin fractionation on ECTHAM–cellulose, the separation is not based on size but rather on the histone content of the various nucleoprotein species. The adsorbent utilized—that is, ECTHAM–cellulose, has tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane as an ionizing group, coupled to cellulose with epichlorhydrin. The method of ion-exchange chromatography on ECTHAM–cellulose resolves a series of components that are present in sheared chromatin. The commonly employed shearing methods induce random chain breakage and create a population of chromatin fragments that contains varying proportions of the different types of nucleoprotein segments. For this type of population, a fractionation method that displays this spectrum of species in a population of sheared chromatin, such as the chromatographic method or sucrose gradient sedimentation, is mandatory.
The Composite Index of Leading Economic Indicators: How to Make it More Timely

A major shortcoming of the U.S. leading index is that it does not use the most recent information for stock prices and yield spreads. The index methodology ignores these data in favor of a time-consistent set of components (i.e., all of the components must refer to the previous month). An alternative is to bring the series with publication lags up-to-date with forecasts and create an index with a complete set of most recent components. This study uses tests of ex-ante predictive ability of the U.S. leading index to evaluate the gains to this new 'hot box' procedure of statistical imputation. We find that, across a variety of simple forecasting models, the new approach offers substantial improvements.
19th‐century Travel and the 21st‐century Scholar

This article examines the emergent use of tourism theory in 19th-century literary studies in books published since the start of the 21st century. Areas in which such interdisciplinary methods have been particularly fruitful include studies of place-oriented individual writers like John Ruskin and Sir Walter Scott as well as in narrowly focused studies of literary tourism. The article argues that tourism theory, as conceived by sociologist Dean MacCannell and later brought to the attention of literary scholars by Jonathan Culler, has been adequately integrated into literary studies about travel and tourism and thus its scholars need no longer apologize for interdisciplinarity nor for discarding the observance of strict boundaries between literary and non-literary genres. Twenty-first-century studies on the ways in which Romantic and Victorian literature helped encourage, validate, and reflect upon travel have now made it impossible to study 19th-century tourism without studying its literature.
Aeroassisted Flight Experiment aerodynamic characteristics at flight conditions

The success of NASA's Aeroassisted Flight Experiment project depends on the suitable placement of instrumentation on the vehicle surface and the ability of the vehicle to fly the maximum science payload. The initial aerodynamic data base was established using wind tunnel data and CFD analyses, where the influence of real-gas effects precluded the use of ground-facility data. More recently, a viscous thermochemical nonequilibrium flow analysis about the complete vehicle, including the wake, has updated the vehicle aerodynamic data base.
Macrosegregation Characteristics of Commercial Size Aluminum Alloy Ingot Cast by the Direct Chill Method

A metallurgical investigation of the macrosegregation occurring in commercial size direct chill cast Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy ingot is described. The extent of the chemical homogeneity from the surface to the center of the rectangular ingot produced by the bi-level transfer method is compared to ingot produced by the level pour method. The relative severity of macrosegregation for each major alloying element is discussed. Existing metallurgical theories of macrosegregation including interdendritic liquid flow and convection in the liquid pool are used to explain the observed variation in chemical composition. An analysis is carried out to qualitatively illustrate the importance of the volume fraction of the detached dendrites and the partition coefficient of each major alloying element contributing to the level of negative macrosegregation at the centerline of the ingot.
“Mitigating Instigation”: Cultural Phenomenological Influences of Anger and Fighting Among “Big-Boned” and “Baby-Faced” African American Youth

While the violent behavior of youth continues to strike fear in the hearts of American citizens, researchers still are unable to make sense of interpersonal and ecological cultural factors that mitigate anger acted out toward others and turned inward. A cultural phenomenological perspective was applied to investigate if self- and other-perceived physical maturity and racial socialization experiences were influential in the expressions of anger and aggression among African American youth. Cross-validation of self-reports of fighting variables was found. Results indicate that the initiation and frequency of fighting behavior is higher for boys, youth who look physically mature, who report lower levels of calamity fear, lower levels of racial socialization, higher levels of anger acting out, and lower levels of anger control. Racial socialization is proposed as 1 way to manage cultural ecological demands that may lead to the use of aggression. Implications for community psychological intervention of violence are proposed.
Continuing the Debate About Presidential Debates

Professor Charles Collier has proposed altering presidential debates, using legal trials as the model for a new format. While I sympathize with Collier‘s effort to increase the value of presidential debates, his proposal suffers from three deficiencies. First, Collier romanticizes and mischaracterizes trials. Second, he does not acknowledge the constraints on the time and attention span of the debates’ audience. Finally, he fails to recognize the virtues of the current format of the debates. Still, he correctly identifies some serious flaws in the current format, and I attempt to capture the value of those insights in a timely counterproposal that reserves an active role for the moderator and suggests rethinking the criteria used to select the moderator.
Accessing social entrepreneurship: Perspectives of people with disabilities and key stakeholders

Social entrepreneurship has been gaining increasing attention as a possible employment strategy for people with dis- abilities. However, little is known about the experiences of social entrepreneurs with disabilities in relation to their resources needs, opportunities for participation, and barriers they encounter. Further, little is understood about how social entrepreneurship differs from self-employment or forms of commercial entrepreneurship. The findings included herein are representative of the first empirical research integrating the fields of disability studies and entrepreneurship studies to explore social entrepreneurship among people with disabilities through interviews with key stakeholders working in the field (n = 19) and focus groups with social entrepreneurs with disabilities themselves (n = 27). Three themes emerged from this qualitative research that hold particular impor- tance to policymakers and professionals working in the field of vocational rehabilitation: 1) education, training and information; 2) finance, funding and asset development; 3) networking and supports. The findings demonstrate that social entrepreneurship can be an effective model of employment but is currently underutilized. With additional investment, it can offer a meaningful way for people with disabilities to participate in the labor market and complement existing strategies in competitive and customized employment to promote choice and self-determination.
RF Magnetic Field Mapping

Radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field mapping is the imaging of oscillating magnetic fields in space. The title of this article implies RF mapping, however, the technique is applicable to both higher frequency microwaves and lower audio frequency electromagnetic waves. Five mapping techniques are presented in this article. They were developed for mapping the oscillating magnetic fields (standing waves) associated with inductive–capacitive–resistive (LCR) circuits, such as cavity resonators and resonant coils used in magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. LCR circuits store energy alternately in the capacitive element as electrical fields and in the inductive element as magnetic fields. The oscillating magnetic fields form a standing wave within the volume of the inductor. The electrical fields are either zero or separated in space from the magnetic fields, and hence generally are not detected in these circuits. This point is worth noting because some of the techniques presented in this article cannot distinguish oscillating magnetic and electrical fields. Because of the magnetic resonance application of these techniques, much of the magnetic resonance symbolism has been adopted, and some basic magnetic resonance theory will be presented. The mapping techniques are divided into two general categories: probe and imaging techniques. Probe techniques produce field values at discrete points in space that can be used to generate a B1 map. Imaging techniques produce an image directly. The method depends on the proportionality of the intensity of a pixel in this image to the magnetic field at the corresponding point in space. Keywords: radio frequency (RF); probe techniques; imaging techniques; NMR; rotational mapping; direct mapping
Mandelbrot Set + Symmetry Groups ź Higher Dimensions = ?

We construct the MaźźalaBeth (higher dimensional analogs of the Mandelbrot set) with various symmetry groups. The generating function of the MaźźalaBeth is the sum (over the symmetry group) of conjugates (by isometries) of 2D projections (generating functions of the Mandelbrot set).
T-cell costimulatory pathways in allograft rejection and tolerance.

The destiny of activated T cells is critical to the ultimate fate of immune response. After encountering antigen, naive T cells receive signal 1 through the T-cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus antigenic peptide complex and signal 2 through "positive" costimulatory molecules leading to full activation. "Negative" T-cell costimulatory pathways, on the other hand, function to downregulate immune responses. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the functions of the positive and negative T-cell costimulatory pathways in alloimmune responses. Specifically, we discuss the functions of the CD28:B7 and the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR):tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of molecules in allograft rejection and tolerance. We address the following important questions: are T-cell costimulatory pathways merely redundant or do they provide distinct and unique functions? What are the important and unique interactions between the various pathways? And, what are the effects and mechanisms of targeting of these pathways in different types and patterns of allograft rejection and tolerance models?
A New Publisher, a New Archive, and an Old Mystery

In late 2007, Taylor & Francis, a large and distinguished publisher of academic and professional journals and books, purchased our prior publisher, Haworth Press. Taylor & Francis took over publica...
A convenient and sensitive fluorescence assay for phospholipid vesicles using diphenylhexatriene.

Abstract When phospholipid vesicles are added to an aqueous solution of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) a fluorescence enhancement of up to several hundredfold is observed which can be used for a determination of phospholipid concentration. Fluorescence enhancement of 2 μ m DPH is proportional to the phospholipid concentration over a wide range. As little as 0.7 nmol (∼0.5 μg of phospholipid) can be determined to within ±10%. The fluorescence is a function of the type of phospholipid used, salt concentration, and time of incubation. Protein and detergents also enhance DPH fluorescence but to a much smaller extent. Optimal conditions for the assay are presented. Use of this assay to detect phospholipid vesicles fractionated by size on a Sepharose 4B column is illustrated. In this case the method compares favorably to more classical methods of analysis in terms of sensitivity, accuracy, and time involved.
Seasonal Variations in Condensed Tannin Concentration of Three Lotus Species

Condensed tannins (CTs) are commonly found in herbage of Lotus spp. and can have beneficial or detrimental effects on feed value and animal performance. Our objectives were to (i) determine the level of CT concentration and its seasonal-variations in three widely grown Lotus spp.; (ii) assess the distribution of CT in leaves, stems, and flowers; and (iii) determine if herbage of greenhouse-grown Lotus spp. contains CT concentrations with equivalent rank to field-grown plants. Field herbage samples were take. in spring, summer, and fall and analyzed for CTs by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Herbage of big trefoil (L. uliginosus Schkur.) germplasm ARS-1221 and narrowleaf trefoil (L. glaber Mill.) germplasm ARS-1207 had. the greatest and lowest CT concentrations averaging 154 and 8 g catechin equivalent (CE) kg -1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The birdsfoot trefoil (L. corniculatus L.) caltivar ARS-2620 had a greater CT concentration than 'Norcen', but both had moderate CT levels averaging 39 and 23 g CE kg -1 DM, respectively. Herbage CT concentration of Norcen, ARS-2620, and ARS-1221 was higher in spring and summer compared with fall while that of ARS-1207 was low in spring, summer, and fall. Generally, stems had less CT than leaves and flowers, but there was no detectable CTs in stems of ARS-1207. The rankings of the four entries for herbage CT concentration in the greenhouse and field were the same. This is the first report of CT concentrations for the germplasms ARS-1221 and ARS-1207, which are suitable candidates for genetic improvement to develop cultivars with desirable CT levels.
Value of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram as a predictor of the results of programmed stimulation in nonsustained ventricular tachycardia

A prospective assessment of several clinical variables, left ventricular function indexes, Holter recording characteristics and signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG) for their value in predicting the inducibility of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias was carried out in a consecutive series of 105 patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the results of programmed electrical stimulation: group 1, 22 patients with induced sustained monomorphic VT; group 2, 14 patients with induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) and group 3, 69 patients with no induced sustained VT/VF. Left ventricular ejection fraction less than 0.40, history of syncope/presyncope and abnormal signal-averaged ECG were significantly more common in group 1 than in group 3. No significant difference was found between groups 2 and 3. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracy of the signal-averaged ECG for the induction of sustained monomorphic VT were 64, 89 and 84%, respectively. Using stepwise discriminant function analysis, the signal-averaged ECG was found to be the single most accurate screening test to predict the inducibility of sustained VT in patients with nonsustained VT and its value was independent of the etiology of heart disease and the length of spontaneous runs. Because of the very high specificity and negative predictive accuracy, patients with normal signal-averaged ECGs may not require invasive evaluation.
Nursing Homes as Primary Care Sites for Psychological Practice

Speer and Schneider (2003; this issue) reviewed the literature on the mental health needs of older adults in primary care sites. Their conclusions are especially salient for the nontraditional nursing home primary care setting. Health care providers in nursing homes must routinely address multiple psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Most nursing home medical directors have limited training in psychological issues resulting in few mental health referrals. Psychologists have sparse research findings to guide their practice due to lack of inclusion of nursing home residents in research studies. The need to implement a multidisciplinary approach is essential in nursing home primary care settings.
Staging the emperor's new clothes: dress codes and nation‐building under Reza Shah

(1993). Staging the emperor's new clothes: dress codes and nation‐building under Reza Shah. Iranian Studies: Vol. 26, No. 3-4, pp. 209-233.
E‐learning agents

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of using intelligent agents to facilitate the location and customization of appropriate e‐learning resources and to foster collaboration in e‐learning environments.Design/methodology/approach – This paper proposes an e‐learning environment that can be used to provide customized learning. It utilizes a set of interacting agents that can personalize instruction based on an individual's prior knowledge as well as their cognitive and learning needs. The e‐learning agents monitor the e‐learning environment and improve learning and collaboration based on learners' prior knowledge, social characteristics and learning style.Findings – E‐learning agents should allow the discovery of new learning objects more easily, allow learners to customize materials presented to improve learning outcomes, and improve collaboration in the e‐learning environment.Originality/value – Little prior research has been done on the use of agents in e‐learning environmen...
Charge-transfer character of glucose dehydrogenase inhibition by substituted pyridines.

Abstract The inhibitory effects of several substituted pyridines on the glucose dehydrogenase system have been determined by absorbance and fluorescence techniques, and a relationship between their inhibition and their ability to act as charge-transfer donors was demonstrated. The changes in fluorescence polarization of glucose dehydrogenase complexes with NAD, NADH, and the inhibitors have shown that the inhibitors compete with the coenzyme for the enzyme site. The charge-transfer character of NAD-apoenzyme binding is discussed.