cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recombination of Methyl Radicals. 1. New Data between 1175 and 1750 K in the Falloff Region

The rate coefficient for the recombination of methyl radicals, CH3 + CH3 → C2H6, was measured in incident shock-wave experiments on azomethane (0.12−1.3%) in argon. Methyl radicals were detected at 46 294 cm-1 (215.94 nm in air) by the tunable-laser flash-absorption technique. Postshock pressures between 114 and 230 kPa (1.13−2.27 atm) produced buffer gas concentrations between 5.4 × 1018 and 1.1 × 1019 cm-3. The cross section for optical absorption, the rate of dissociation of azomethane, and the rate coefficient of the recombinational reaction were determined simultaneously by least-squares analysis of methyl absorption profiles. The rate coefficient for the dissociation of azomethane from 850 to 1430 K is kdis(T) = 2.22 × 1039T-7.99 exp{−25920/T(K)} s-1. The temperature-dependent rate of recombination at 1.2 atm compares favorably with previous measurements. In terms of the phenomenological three-parameter equation of Kooji and the asymmetric Lorentzian broadening function of Gilbert et al., the recomb...
Diagnostic criteria for limbal stem cell deficiency before surgical intervention-A systematic literature review and analysis.

Abstract An accurate diagnosis of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is the premise of an appropriate treatment; however, there is no consensus about the diagnostic criteria for LSCD. We performed a systematic literature search of the peer-reviewed articles on PubMed, Medline, and Ovid to investigate how LSCD was diagnosed before surgical intervention. The methods used to diagnose LSCD included clinical presentation, impression cytology, and in vivo confocal microscopy. Among 131 eligible studies (4054 eyes), 26 studies (459 eyes, 11.3%) did not mention the diagnostic criteria. In the remaining 105 studies, the diagnosis of LSCD was made on the basis of clinical examination alone in 2398 eyes (62.9%), and additional diagnostic tests were used in 1047 (25.8%) eyes. Impression cytology was used in 981 eyes (24.2%), in vivo confocal microscopy was used in 29 eyes (0.7%), and both impression cytology and in vivo confocal microscopy were used in 37 eyes (0.9%). Our findings suggest that only a small portion of patients underwent a diagnostic test to confirm the diagnosis of LSCD. Treating physicians should be aware of the limitations of clinical examination in diagnosing LSCD and perform a diagnostic test whenever possible before surgical intervention.
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Baffle Inclination Angle on Nanofluid Natural Convection Heat Transfer in A Square Enclosure

The characteristics of the conjugate natural convection of (Al2O3-water) nanofluid inside differentially heated enclosure is numerically analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics (5.3a). The enclosure consists of two vertical walls, the left wall has a thickness and maintain at a uniform hot temperature, while the opposite wall at cold temperature and the horizontal walls are isolated. A high thermal conductivity thin baffle has been added on the insulated bottom wall at a different inclination angles. The effect of the volume fractions of nanoparticles (f), Rayleigh number (Ra), solid wall thermal conductivity ratio (Kr), baffle incline angles (O) and the thickness of solid wall (D) on the isothermal lines, fluid flow patterns and the average Nusselt number (Nu) has been investigated. At low Rayleigh number (Ra=103 to 104) the Isothermal lines are parallel with the vertical wall which is characteristic of conduction heat transfer. on the other hand, when Rayleigh number increase to (Ra=106), the isotherms lines distribution in the inner fluid become parallel curves with the adiabatic horizontal walls of the enclosure and smooth in this case convection heat transfer becomes dominant. As the Rayleigh number further increases, the average Nusselt number enhance because of buoyancy force become stronger. In addition, the fluid flow within the space is affected by the presence of a fin attached to the lower wall that causes blockage and obstruction of flow near the hot wall, hence the recirculation cores become weak and effect on the buoyant force. The maximum value of the stream function can be noticed in case of nanofluid at (O=60), whereas they decrease when (O > 60), where the baffle obstruction causing decreases in flow movement. So that the left region temperature increases which cause reduction of the convective heat transfer by the inner fluid temperatures. This is an indication of enhancing of insulation. When the inclination angle increases (O >90), the baffle obstruction on flow and fluid resistance becomes smaller and the buoyancy strength increase, as a result, the heat transfer is increasing in this case. As a result of increasing the thermal conductivity from 1 to 10, an increase in the amount of heat transferred through the solid wall to the internal fluid have been noticed. This change can be seen in the isothermal lines, also, there was growth and an increase in the temperature gradient. The increasing of wall thickness from (D=0.1 to 0.4) leads to reduce the intensive heating through the solid wall as well as small heat transferred to the inner fluid. Therefore, it can be noticed that when the wall thickness increases the stream function decrease.
When Do Growth Mindset Interventions Work

Can teaching students about brain plasticity improve their grades? A recent large, national experiment (Yeager et al.) found that a brief growth mindset intervention improved lower-achieving adolescents' grades by 0.10 points. Debate about interpreting the study's findings illustrates the need to consider effect heterogeneity and contextual factors when evaluating effect sizes.
Etiology of Lumbosacral Radiculoplexopathy: Sacral Insufficiency Fracture on Magnetic Resonance Imaging:

BackgroundSacral insufficiency fracture (SIF) can cause lumbosacral radiculoplexopathy (LSRP) and is probably under-recognized. Symptoms may include nonspecific lumbar spine or buttock pain that is...
[CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYMPTOMS DURING FOOD AND EXERCISE PROVOCATION TESTS IN PATIENTS AFTER ORAL IMMUNOTHERAPY: COMPARISON WITH FOOD-DEPENDENT EXERCISE-INDUCED ANAPHYLAXIS].

OBJECTIVE We aim to examine the characteristics of the symptoms induced by exercise provocation tests following allergen consumption in patients who have undergone oral immunotherapy (OIT). METHOD Patients who were positive for exercise provocation tests in Miyagi Children's Hospital from April 2012 to January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into food-dependent exerciseinduced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) group and post-OIT-FDEIA group. RESULT Six patients in the FDEIA group and 19 patients in the post-OIT-FDEIA group were analyzed. There were no significant differences in age, sex, and number of complications between the FDEIA and post-OIT-FDEIA groups, except for level of total serum immunoglobulin E. The median time from the start of exercise to onset of symptoms was 20 min in the FDEIA group and 25 min in the post-OIT-FDEIA group. The rate of adrenaline administration in post-OIT-FDEIA group was significantly lower. The median time from exercise to onset of severe symptoms requiring adrenaline was 32.5 min in the FDEIA group and 25 min in the post-OIT-FDEIA group. CONCLUSION These data suggest that FDEIA and post-OIT-FDEIA patients can exhibit similar clinical symptoms, and all symptoms occurred in 60 minutes after exercise.
Plane-Wave Ultrasound Doppler of the Eye in Preeclampsia.

Purpose Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a serious complication of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria, compromised fetal blood supply, and potential organ damage. The superficial location of the eye makes it an ideal target for characterization hemodynamics. Our aim was to discern the impact of PE on ocular blood flow. Methods 18 MHz plane-wave ophthalmic ultrasound scanning was performed on subjects with PE (n = 26), chronic or gestational hypertension (n = 8), and normal controls (n = 19) within 72 hours of delivery. Duplicate three-second long scans of the posterior pole including the optic nerve were acquired at 6000 images/sec for evaluation of the central retinal artery and vein and the short posterior ciliary arteries. The choroid was scanned at 1000 images/sec. Doppler analysis provided values of pulsatile flow velocity and resistance indexes. Results End diastolic velocity was higher, and pulsatility and resistive indexes were significantly lower in the choroid, central retinal artery and short posterior ciliary arteries in PE than in controls. Blood pressure was elevated in PE with respect to controls and was negatively correlated with resistance. Conclusions Although vasoconstriction is considered characteristic of PE, we found reduced resistance in the orbital vessels and choroidal arterioles, implying vasodilation at this level. Future studies incorporating optical coherence tomography angiography for characterization of the retina and choriocapillaris in conjunction with plane-wave ultrasound scanning, particularly in late pregnancy, might address this conundrum. Translational Relevance Use of plane-wave ultrasound scanning for evaluation ocular blood flow in women at risk for PE may offer an avenue towards early detection and clinical intervention.
Theorem of Image Trajectories in the Earth-Moon Space

The motion of a small vehicle in the Earth-Moon space is considered using the mathematical model of the restricted three-body problem. Two theorems associated with this motion are established: the Irreversibility Theorem and the Theorem of Image Trajectories. The Irreversibility Theorem states that, if a trajectory is physically possible in the Earth-Moon space, the reverse trajectory is not physically possible. The Theorem of Image Trajectories states that, if a trajectory is physically possible in the Earth-Moon space, three image trajectories are also physically possible: (a)the image with respect to the plane which contains the Earth-Moon axis and is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the Earth-Moon system; (b) the image with respect to the plane which contains the Earth-Moon axis and the axis of rotation of the Earth-Moon system; and (c) the image with respect to the Earth-Moon axis. The first of these image trajectories must be flown in the same sense as that of the basic trajectory, while the other two must be flown in the opposite sense. As a conclusion, the time required for the parametric study of lunar trajectories is reduced considerably, since, once a basic set of trajectories is calculated, three additional sets can be obtained by simple transformations of coordinates.
The Role of Preschool Peers in Children's Language Development

Almost 5 million children attend preschool in the United States each year. Recent attention has been paid to the ways in which preschool classrooms shape children's early language development. In this article, we discuss the importance of peers and classroom composition through the lens of age and socioeconomic status and the implications for children's early learning and development. We also discuss the direct and indirect mechanisms through which classroom peers may shape each other's language development. As part of this discussion, we focus on exposure to peer language and engagement with peers, along with teachers' classroom practices. We conclude by discussing the ways in which teachers can ensure that children in classrooms of different compositions reap the maximum benefit, along with implications for research, policy, and practice.
Lipid Nanoparticles-From Liposomes to mRNA Vaccine Delivery, a Landscape of Research Diversity and Advancement.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged across the pharmaceutical industry as promising vehicles to deliver a variety of therapeutics. Currently in the spotlight as vital components of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, LNPs play a key role in effectively protecting and transporting mRNA to cells. Liposomes, an early version of LNPs, are a versatile nanomedicine delivery platform. A number of liposomal drugs have been approved and applied to medical practice. Subsequent generations of lipid nanocarriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and cationic lipid-nucleic acid complexes, exhibit more complex architectures and enhanced physical stabilities. With their ability to encapsulate and deliver therapeutics to specific locations within the body and to release their contents at a desired time, LNPs provide a valuable platform for treatment of a variety of diseases. Here, we present a landscape of LNP-related scientific publications, including patents and journal articles, based on analysis of the CAS Content Collection, the largest human-curated collection of published scientific knowledge. Rising trends are identified, such as nanostructured lipid carriers and solid lipid nanoparticles becoming the preferred platforms for numerous formulations. Recent advancements in LNP formulations as drug delivery platforms, such as antitumor and nucleic acid therapeutics and vaccine delivery systems, are discussed. Challenges and growth opportunities are also evaluated in other areas, such as medical imaging, cosmetics, nutrition, and agrochemicals. This report is intended to serve as a useful resource for those interested in LNP nanotechnologies, their applications, and the global research effort for their development.
Formative Year Financial Crises and Future Prosocial Attitudes: Evidence from the European Social Survey

There is an extensive social science literature that examines the impact of formative experiences on individuals’ preferences. In particular, the impact of financial crises on prosocial behavior has receive a good deal of attention. Almost all such analyses focus on the effect of a crisis on prosocial behavior while the crisis is on-going. Using the European Social Survey, I analyze the effect of financial crises during an individual’s formative years, 18 to 25, on the probability they exhibit prosocial attitudes as adults. I find that experiencing a financial crisis during formative years increases one’s probability of being prosocial by 1.5 percentage points and that effect is statistically significant. This effect persists throughout life and does not decrease with age. The effect, however, does differ by education and income. It is more pronounced for individuals who achieve higher levels of education and who are higher earners later in life.
Improved SNV Discovery in Barcode-Stratified scRNA-seq Alignments

Currently, the detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) from 10 x Genomics single-cell RNA sequencing data (scRNA-seq) is typically performed on the pooled sequencing reads across all cells in a sample. Here, we assess the gaining of information regarding SNV assessments from individual cell scRNA-seq data, wherein the alignments are split by cellular barcode prior to the variant call. We also reanalyze publicly available data on the MCF7 cell line during anticancer treatment. We assessed SNV calls by three variant callers—GATK, Strelka2, and Mutect2, in combination with a method for the cell-level tabulation of the sequencing read counts bearing variant alleles–SCReadCounts (single-cell read counts). Our analysis shows that variant calls on individual cell alignments identify at least a two-fold higher number of SNVs as compared to the pooled scRNA-seq; these SNVs are enriched in novel variants and in stop-codon and missense substitutions. Our study indicates an immense potential of SNV calls from individual cell scRNA-seq data and emphasizes the need for cell-level variant detection approaches and tools, which can contribute to the understanding of the cellular heterogeneity and the relationships to phenotypes, and help elucidate somatic mutation evolution and functionality.
Stand der Technik und Forschung

Im folgenden Abschnitt wird der aktuelle Stand der Technik und Forschung zum Thema der Fahrzeugeigenverschmutzung dargestellt. In diesem Zuge werden vergangene, relevante Arbeiten zu dieser Thematik aufgefuhrt. Grundsatzlich ist hierbei zwischen den eigentlichen Verschmutzungsvorgangen als Folge und dem Tropfenaufwirbelprozess als Ursache des gesamten Prozesses zu unterscheiden.
Tracking the risk of a deployed model and detecting harmful distribution shifts.

When deployed in the real world, machine learning models inevitably encounter changes in the data distribution, and certain -- but not all -- distribution shifts could result in significant performance degradation. In practice, it may make sense to ignore benign shifts, under which the performance of a deployed model does not degrade substantially, making interventions by a human expert (or model retraining) unnecessary. While several works have developed tests for distribution shifts, these typically either use non-sequential methods, or detect arbitrary shifts (benign or harmful), or both. We argue that a sensible method for firing off a warning has to both (a) detect harmful shifts while ignoring benign ones, and (b) allow continuous monitoring of model performance without increasing the false alarm rate. In this work, we design simple sequential tools for testing if the difference between source (training) and target (test) distributions leads to a significant drop in a risk function of interest, like accuracy or calibration. Recent advances in constructing time-uniform confidence sequences allow efficient aggregation of statistical evidence accumulated during the tracking process. The designed framework is applicable in settings where (some) true labels are revealed after the prediction is performed, or when batches of labels become available in a delayed fashion. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework through an extensive empirical study on a collection of simulated and real datasets.
Deep learning-based artificial intelligence model for identifying swallow types in esophageal high-resolution manometry.

Background This study aimed to build and evaluate a deep learning, artificial intelligence (AI) model to automatically classify swallow types based on raw data from esophageal high-resolution manometry (HRM). Methods HRM studies on patients with no history of esophageal surgery were collected including 1,741 studies with 26,115 swallows labeled by swallow type (normal, hypercontractile, weak-fragmented, failed, and premature) by an expert interpreter per the Chicago Classification. The dataset was stratified and split into train/validation/test datasets for model development. Long short-term memory (LSTM), a type of deep-learning AI model, was trained and evaluated. The overall performance and detailed per-swallow type performance were analyzed. The interpretations of the supine swallows in a single study were further used to generate an overall classification of peristalsis. Key results The LSTM model for swallow type yielded accuracies from the train/validation/test datasets of 0.86/0.81/0.83. The model's interpretation for study-level classification of peristalsis yielded accuracy of 0.88 in the test dataset. Among model misclassification, 535/698 (77%) swallows and 25/35 (71%) studies were to adjacent categories, for example, normal to weak or normal to ineffective, respectively. Conclusions and inferences A deep-learning AI model can automatically and accurately identify the Chicago Classification swallow types and peristalsis classification from raw HRM data. While future work to refine this model and incorporate overall manometric diagnoses are needed, this study demonstrates the role that AI will serve in the interpretation and classification of esophageal HRM studies.
The Ca2+-induced membrane transition in mitochondria. III. Transitional Ca2+ release.

The efflux of Ca2+ from mitochondria respiring at steady state, and much of uncoupler-induced Ca2+ efflux, is shown to be a consequence of the Ca2+-induced membrane transition (the Ca2+-induced transition is the Ca2+-dependent sudden increase in the nonspecific permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane which occurs spontaneously when mitochondria are incubated under a variety of conditions (D. R. Hunter, R. A. Haworth, and J. H. Southard, 1976, J. Biol. Chem.251, 5069–5077)). Ca2+ release from mitochondria respiring at steady state is shown to be transitional by four criteria: (1) Ca2+ release is inhibited by Mg2+, ADP, and bovine serum albumin (BSA), all inhibitors of the transition; (2) release is selective for Ca2+ over Sr2+, a selectivity also found for the transition; (3) the time course of Ca2+ release is identical to the time course of the change in the mitochondrial population from the aggregated to the orthodox configuration; and (4) from kinetics, Ca2+ release from individual mitochondria is shown to occur suddenly, following a lag period during which no release occurs. Ca2+ release induced by uncoupler is shown to be mostly by a transitional mechanism, as judged by four criteria: (1) release of Ca2+ is ruthenium red-insensitive and is an order of magnitude faster than Sr2+ release which is ruthenium red-sensitive; (2) release of Ca2+ is strongly inhibited by keeping the mitochondrial NAD+ reduced; (3) the kinetics of Ca2+ release indicates a transitional release mechanism; and (4) uncoupler addition triggers the aggregated to orthodox configurational transition which, at higher levels of Ca2+ uptake, occurs in the whole mitochondrial population at a rate equal to the rate of Ca2+ release. Na2+-induced Ca2+ release was not accompanied by a configurational change; we therefore conclude that it is not mediated by the Ca2+-induced transition.
MODERN TRANSPONDER TECHNOLOGY FOR BASELINE DESIGNS OF DATA PROCESSING AND SWITCHING COMMUNICATION SATELLITES

Abstract Heavy route communication satellites for the 1980's will employ spot-beam down-links to key communication switching centers and will process and route information transmitted up-link on-board the satellite to the antennas for transmission to various destinations. Such a satellite will function as a “switch board in the sky” and will primarily use time-multiplexed signal techniques such as TDMA in combination with switched transponders or switched beams to perform the routing functions. Many concepts have been developed during the last decade for ways that a SS-TDMA satellite can be switched, including on-board translation, on-board regeneration and store and forward modes of operation. This paper will review the types of SS-TDMA switching satellite systems proposed and the new component technologies which can now make these satellites technologically possible.
GLIA: listening and talking to the synapse.

Glial cells are emerging from the background to become more prominent in our thinking about integration in the nervous system. Given that glial cells associated with synapses integrate neuronal inputs and can release transmitters that modulate synaptic activity, it is time to rethink our understanding of the wiring diagram of the nervous system. It is no longer appropriate to consider solely neuron–neuron connections; we also need to develop a view of the intricate web of active connections among glial cells, and between glia and neurons. Without such a view, it might be impossible to decode the language of the brain.
RHESSI Observation of Atmospheric Gamma Rays from Impact of Solar Energetic Particles on 21 April 2002

The RHESSI high-resolution spectrometer detected γ-ray lines and continuum emitted by the Earth’s atmosphere during impact of solar energetic particles in the south polar region from 16:00–17:00 UT on 21 April 2002. The particle intensity at the time of the observation was a factor of 10–100 weaker than previous events when gamma-rays were detected by other instruments. This is the first high-resolution observation of atmospheric gamma-ray lines produced by solar energetic particles. De-excitation lines were resolved that, in part, come from 14N at 728, 1635, 2313, 3890, and 5106 keV, and the 12C spallation product at ~ 4439 keV. Other unresolved lines were also detected. We provide best-fit line energies and widths and compare these with moderate resolution measurements by SMM of lines from an SEP event and with high-resolution measurements made by HEAO 3 of lines excited by cosmic rays. We use line ratios to estimate the spectrum of solar energetic particles that impacted the atmosphere. The 21 April spectrum was significantly harder than that measured by SMM during the 20 October 1989 shock event; it is comparable to that measured by Yohkoh on 15 July 2000. This is consistent with measurements of 10–50 MeV protons made in space at the time of the γ-ray observations.
Bilirubin toxicity: the problem was solved a generation ago.

The article by Newman and Maisels1 in the current issue of Pediatrics is the latest in their crusade to prove that the prevailing management of neonatal jaundice is of unproven efficacy, probably risky, definitely wasteful of resources, and, therefore, should be changed.2-6 There is no doubt that the status of neonatal jaundice has been reduced to that of an "expensive nuisance." It is very common, but, in the great majority of the cases, it is not accompanied by any other clinical or laboratory abnormality, has no diagnostic value, and disappears in a few days without sequelae. The current status of neonatal jaundice contrasts with the respect and fear it generated in the past.
Near-field terahertz imaging with a dynamic aperture

By introduction of an optical gating beam on a semiconductor wafer, near-field terahertz (THz) imaging with a dynamic aperture has been realized. The spatial resolution is determined by the focus size of the optical gating bean and the near-field diffraction effect. THz imaging with subwavelength spatial resolution (better than 50 µm) is demonstrated.
Posttransplantation Normoglycemic Diabetic Nephropathy: The Role of the Allograft Insulin Resistance–A Case Report

Abstract Background The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy is incompletely understood. Although the role of hyperglycemia is well-established, the participation of insulin resistance is increasingly appreciated. Podocytes are insulin responsive cells and require normal insulin signaling for sustained viability. Case Report We have presented a renal transplant recipient with lupus nephritis who received a deceased donor kidney from a patient with diabetes mellitus (DM). The kidney functioned well initially. Within 2 years, however, nephrotic range proteinuria developed, and a biopsy revealed diabetic nephropathy that had clearly evolved in comparison with the implantation biopsy. The recipient was repeatedly normoglycemic with normal glycated hemoglobin and glucose tolerance, and she was found to be quite insulin sensitive on the basis of a low homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Conclusions We argue that the nephropathy developed in the allograft owing to impaired insulin signaling from intrinsic donor-derived insulin resistance that was exacerbated by low insulin levels in the insulin-sensitive recipient. This case has implications for the most appropriate utilization of kidneys from donors with DM.
Postmortem diffusion of autoradiographic blood flow tracers

Abstract The heterogeneity of blood flow in the brain under normo- and pathophysiological conditions, as well as during functional activation, has stimulated an interest in the use of autoradiography as a technique for the measurement of local cerebral blood flow. [ 14 C ]iodoantipyrine is the most prevalent tracer for the autoradiographic measurement of local cerebral blood flow since it is inert, nonvolatile, and is readily diffusible through the blood–brain barrier. The ability to diffuse freely in cerebral tissue, however, can lead to significant errors if the time duration between when the animal is sacrificed and when the tissue is frozen becomes appreciable, leading to significant postmortem diffusion of the tracer. Using an in vitro technique, the bulk diffusion coefficient for [ 14 C ]iodoantipyrine was measured in brain tissue (2.1×10−6 cm2/s). Cerebral blood flow was measured with [ 14 C ]iodoantipyrine in anesthetized rats. At the end of the radiotracer infusion, the brain was freeze-captured using a device consisting of two rapidly spinning stainless steel blades that were pneumatically driven through the head, freezing the tissue several hundred milliseconds following sacrifice. Autoradiograms from these brains exhibit considerable heterogeneity in blood flow. Computer simulations of the effect of tracer diffusion on these autoradiograms show significant degradation of the images highlighting the importance of very rapid postmortem freezing.
Quantitative Determination of Abrupt Changes in Dynamical Systems: Illustration Via Identification of Seizure Termination in Generalized Tonic–Clonic Seizure EEG Data

We discuss key theoretical and practical issues related to the identification of transitions in dynamical systems in real-time. We focus on the choice of candidate measures and optimization of decision thresholds for candidate measures. To illustrate these issues we develop and test a procedure for identifying one particular transition, the end-point of seizures in two-channel electro-encephalographic data recorded during generalized tonic–clonic seizures. Data from twenty-eight seizures were available and used to develop and test the procedure in terms of the agreement between the computationally identified seizure end-point compared against the ratings of an expert clinical electroencephalographer. Generalizations to multivariate seizure onset detection and to seizure prediction are described.
Automatic generation of teaching files during routine clinical dictation.

It is possible to implement a system that facilitates the automatic generation of teaching files through routine clinical dictation. While some training is required, user -specific options make the transition to this system relatively easy. Once the training and system is in place, control of the images and display of the images are done through the same dictation mechanism. Additionally, patient demographic data can be safely removed from the study information. Since the studies are readily available on the web immediately after the dictated report for the study is transcribed there is no additional time required for the radiologist to manage teaching file creation.
Interaction of the Cas6 Riboendonuclease with CRISPR RNAs: Recognition and Cleavage

Summary The CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) found in prokaryotic genomes confer small RNA-mediated protection against viruses and other invaders. CRISPR loci contain iterations of a short repeat sequence alternating with small segments of varying invader-derived sequences. Distinct families of CRISPR-associated Cas proteins function to cleave within the repeat sequence of CRISPR transcripts and produce the individual invader-targeting crRNAs. Here, we report the crystal structure of Pyrococcus furiosus Cas6 bound with a repeat RNA at 3.2 A resolution. In contrast to other Cas families of endonucleases, Cas6 clasps nucleotides 2–9 of the repeat RNA using its two ferredoxin-like domains, and the enzyme-anchored 5′ end tethers the distal cleavage site of the RNA between nucleotides 22 and 23 to the predicted enzyme active site on the opposite side of the ferrodoxin-like domains. Our findings suggest a wrap-around mechanism for CRISPR RNA recognition and cleavage by Cas6 and related processing endonucleases.
An alternative model to boundary layers correctors in transport theory and radiative transfer

Abstract In this paper we propose and study alternative models to the boundary layers correctors in transport theory and radiative transfer. These new models consist of coupling the transport equations with their diffusion approximations.
Effect of composite fabrication on the strength of single crystal Al2O3 fibers in two Fe-base alloy composites

Continuous single-crystal Al2O3 fibers have been incorporated into a variety of metal and intermetallic matrices and the results have consistently indicated that the fiber strength had been reduced by 32 to 50% during processing. Two iron-based alloys, FeNiCoCrAl and FeAlVCMn, were chosen as matrices for Al2O3 fiber reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC) with the goal of maintaining Al2O3 fiber strength after composite processing. The feasibility of Al2O3/FeNiCoCrAl and Al2O3/FeAlVCMn composite systems for high temperature applications were assessed in terms of fiber-matrix chemical compatibility, interfacial bond strength, and composite tensile properties. The strength of etched-out fibers was significantly improved by choosing matrices containing less reactive elements. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) values of the composites could generally be predicted with existing models using the strength of etched-out fibers. However, the UTS of the composites were less than desired due to a low fiber Weibull modulus. Acoustic emission analysis during tensile testing was a useful tool for determining the efficiency of the fibers in the composite and for determining the failure mechanism of the composites.
A Comparative Study of Data-Intensive Demand Modeling Techniques in Relation to Product Design and Development

This paper presents a comparative study of choice modeling and classification techniques that are currently being employed in the engineering design community to understand customer purchasing behavior. An in-depth comparison of two similar but distinctive techniques — the Discrete Choice Analysis (DCA) model and the C4.5 Decision Tree (DT) classification model — is performed, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each approach in relation to customer choice preferences modeling. A vehicle data set from a well established data repository is used to evaluate each model based on certain performance metrics; how the models differ in making predictions/classifications, computational complexity (challenges of model generation), ease of model interpretation and robustness of the model in regards to sensitivity analysis, and scale/size of data. The results reveal that both the Discrete Choice Analysis model and the C4.5 Decision Tree classification model can be used at different stages of product design and development to understand and model customer interests and choice behavior. We however believe that the C4.5 Decision Tree may be better suited in predicting attribute relevance in relation to classifying choice patterns while the Discrete Choice Analysis model is better suited to quantify the choice share of each customer choice alternative.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Postatrophic hyperplasia of the prostate: A histologic mimic of prostatic adenocarcinoma

Clusters of atrophic prostatic acini that display proliferative epithelial changes are referred to as postatrophic hyperplasia (PAH). PAH is histologically similar to adenocarcinoma and may cause diagnostic confusion. Despite the importance of distinguishing PAH from carcinoma, the last systematic study of this lesion was reported > 40 years ago, and many contemporary pathologists are unfamiliar with this lesion. We reviewed 100 consecutive whole-mount radical prostatectomy specimens removed for carcinoma to determine the incidence of PAH. In addition, 11 prostatic needle biopsy specimens with PAH were evaluated to further characterize the lesion in limited specimens. PAH was identified in 18 radical prostatectomies (18%), including 10 unicentric and eight multicentric cases. It was found exclusively in the peripheral zone in all but two cases, which had additional involvement of the transition zone. PAH consisted of a microscopic lobular cluster of small acini with irregular atrophic-appearing contours lined by cuboidal cells with mild nucleomegaly and micronucleoli; mildly enlarged nucleoli were focally present in 39% of cases. Within the small acinar cluster, a larger dilated acinus was usually present centrally, which was lined by flattened to cuboidal epithelial cells. The basal cell layer at the periphery of each acinus was invariably present but often inconspicuous. Immunohistochemical staining for high-molecular-weight keratin (antibody 34 beta E12) showed the presence of an intact basal cell layer in seven of 10 cases and a focally fragmented basal cell layer in three other cases. PAH was associated with patchy chronic inflammation in 16 of 18 prostatectomy cases; stromal changes were present in all cases, ranging from smooth atrophy to dense sclerosis with compression of acini. No intraluminal basophilic mucin was identified, but two needle biopsies showed PAH with focal mucinous metaplasia. Crystalloids were not seen in any case. Focal partial acinar involvement by high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia was present in adjacent acini in two cases. Adjacent acini also invariably showed typical changes of atrophy. In the needle biopsy specimens, PAH showed the same features as those in prostatectomies, but often only a portion of the lesion was sampled. PAH is distinguished from carcinoma by its characteristic architecture, intact or fragmented basal cell layer, inconspicuous or mildly enlarged nucleoli, and adjacent acinar atrophy with stromal fibrosis or smooth muscle atrophy. Distinguishing PAH from carcinoma is most difficult in needle biopsy specimens in which only a portion of the lesion is sampled, and awareness of this entity assists in this distinction.
The mechanism of clearing in metalized film capacitors

Self clearing in metallized film capacitors results in gradual failure from capacitance loss rather than sudden failure after the first breakdown. During clearing, the arc normally extinguishes with little change in the potential across the capacitor, i.e., the source potential (and impedance) for the clearing discharge is approximately constant. Usually an arc driven by constant source potential and impedance does not extinguish, and the reasons that this is not the case in self-clearing remain obscure. Applied voltage, interfacial pressure, and metallization resistance are generally considered the most important factors which influence the clearing process. We analyze the clearing process in the context of energy loss from the arc and physical processes related to gaseous products created by the arc. Increase of arc resistance and cooling of the arc as it lengthens contribute to clearing.
Stepping over and ducking under: the influence of an avatar on locomotion in an HMD-based immersive virtual environment

The purpose of this study was to learn if self-avatars influence people's perception and action in virtual environments. People viewed two situations in a virtual environment through a head-mounted display and were asked to decide how they would act. In one situation their task was to imagine walking across a room which was divided by a horizontal bar. The bar's height was varied and the task was for people to say whether they would need to step over the bar or duck under it. In the other situation the task was to imagine walking through a doorway. The doorway's height was varied and the task was for people to say whether they could walk straight through the doorway or would need to duck to pass through. One-half the participants viewed the situations with a self-avatar and the others viewed it without an avatar. The height of the avatar was varied, so that it either equaled the participant's height or it was 15% taller. The results showed statistically significant effects of the avatar in the horizontal bar situation: their step-over or duck-under decision points were about 12% higher when the self-avatar was rendered taller. In the doorway situation the effect of the avatar was statistically non-significant. The step-over step-under task is a promising method to study perception and action in virtual environments.
In vivo “culture” of a transporting renal epithelial monolayer

Attempts to establish a primary cell culture from a well-defined segment of the mammalian nephron have been fraught with difficulties, and at present no such cell line exists [1]. Handler et al have recently established and maintained a line of toad bladder epithelial cells in culture and have shown that these cells form a transporting epithelial monolayer that is responsive to specific hormonal stimulation [2]. Our initial efforts to achieve the same objective with mammalian tubular epithelial cells have not met with the same success, presumably due to inadequacies in the composition of the culture media used.
Gender equity in two‐year college athletic departments: Part II

This chapter examines the current state of gender equity in athletic programs offered at two-year institutions.
Response duration differentiation during fixed ratio responding

Eight albino rats were trained to pull a plunger for water reinforcements that were delivered on several fixed ratios from FR-4 to FR-32. The mean durations of the nonreinforced responses in the FR chain were significantly longer than mean reinforced durations. This differentiation also proved to be labile to exteroceptive stimulus cues.
Lanthanide gallate perovskite-type substrates for expitaxial, high- T c superconducting Ba 2 YCu 3 d 7–0 films

This paper reports on the use of lanthanide gallate perovskite-type substrates for the deposition of epitaxial, high-{ital T{sub c}} superconducting Ba{sub 2}YCu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}{delta}} (BYCO) films. They were also found to have moderate dielectric constants ({approximately}25 compared to {approximately} 277 for SrTiO{sub 3}). This study was undertaken to further explore the use of LaGaO{sub 3}, NdGaO{sub 3}, SrTiO{sub 3}, MgO, and Y-stabilized ZrO{sub 2} substrates, prepared from single-crystal joules grown by several suppliers using the Czochralski method. Films were prepared by cylindrical magnetron sputtering and laser ablation. Substrate evaluations included measurement of dielectric constant and loss, thermal expansion, and mechanical hardness and toughness. In addition to their moderate dielectric constants, they were found to have satisfactory mechanical properties, except for the twinning tendency of LaGaO{sub 3}. Lattice mismatch strains were calculated for orthorhombic BYCO films on a number of substrates. NdGaO{sub 3} was found to have the best lattice match with BYCO, and is now available twin-free.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Aging Behavior in M250 Grade Maraging Steel

The increase in sound velocities during the aging of M250 maraging steel reported by Rajkumar et al. was analyzed. The present article provides a new perspective on why and to what extent the sound velocities change during aging. The main parameter that affects the elastic moduli and the sound velocities in the early and intermediate stages of aging in maraging steel is the depletion of Ni from the martensitic matrix due to Ni3Ti and Ni3Mo formation. The issue of sound velocity increase with aging time was addressed here in a few different ways to support the validity of Ni depletion.
The Ventriloscope: 'am I hearing things?'.

Background: Knowledge of the benefits of incorporating medical simulation into healthcare curricula is rapidly increasing. Though impeded by the high cost of complicated technology, medical simulation devices offer the ability to provide safe and controlled training environments, exposure to rare clinical scenarios, as well as unlimited training opportunities.Methods: This report describes a novel, inexpensive method of broadcasting normal and abnormal auscultatory findings to a relatively normal appearing stethoscope for use in training of healthcare professionals.Results: Using wireless transmitter broadcasting to a stethoscope fitted with a receiver apparatus, the student is able to perform a typical medical exam with auscultation of an unlimited variety of clinical sounds from anatomically appropriate sources while being observed from another room.Conclusions: Implications of this low-cost device include limitless training possibilities worldwide and across disciplines. The simplicity and portability ...
Influence of supporting ligand microenvironment on the aqueous stability and visible light-induced CO-release reactivity of zinc flavonolato species

The visible light-induced CO-release reactivity of the zinc flavonolato complex [(6-Ph2TPA)Zn(3-Hfl)]ClO4 (1) has been investigated in 1 : 1 H2O : DMSO. Additionally, the effect of ligand secondary microenvironment on the aqueous stability and visible light-induced CO-release reactivity of zinc flavonolato species has been evaluated through the preparation, characterization, and examination of the photochemistry of compounds supported by chelate ligands with differing secondary appendages, [(TPA)Zn(3-Hfl)]ClO4 (3; TPA = tris-2-(pyridylmethyl)amine) and [(bnpapa)Zn(3-Hfl)]ClO4 (4; bnpapa = N,N-bis((6-neopentylamino-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine)). Compound 3 undergoes reaction in 1 : 1 H2O : DMSO resulting in the release of the free neutral flavonol. Irradiation of acetonitrile solutions of 3 and 4 at 419 nm under aerobic conditions results in quantitative, photoinduced CO-release. However, the reaction quantum yields under these conditions are lower than that exhibited by 1, with 4 exhibiti...
The assessment of variables related to the parenting behavior of mothers with young children

Abstract The purpose of this study was to test a theoretical model that examined the interrelationships among parenting stress, social support, parental symptomatology, and parenting behavior. A non-random sampling strategy was used, and 85 mothers of young children consented to participate in this study. Results indicated that: (1) parenting stress both directly and indirectly affected parenting behavior; (2) parenting stress directly affected parental symptomatology; (3) parental symptomatology directly affected parenting behavior; and (4) social support buffered the relationship between parenting stress and parenting behavior, and between parental symptomatology and parenting behavior. Implications of these findings for professionals working with mothers of young children are discussed.
Information-theoretic estimates of communication and processing in nanoscale and quantum optoelectronic systems

This paper applies information theory to examine communication and processing in nanoscale and quantum optoelectronic systems. Classical, semiclassical and quantum information-theoretic analyses and measures are proposed and examined. The reported results and new findings enable practical technological solutions supported by nanoscaled microelectronics and optoelectronics. Our results may advance communication and processing schemes. We contribute to areas of a critical importance and significance, such as communication, data processing, biotechnology, neurophotonics, photonics, etc.
Pulse shaping for background free broadband CARS

We demonstrate that pulse shaping of a narrowband pulse can suppress the nonresonant background (NRB) contribution and retrieve resonant Raman signals efficiently in a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectrum. A pulse shaper prepares a probe pulse with two spectral components of differing phase. When the CARS fields generated by these two out-of-phase components are optically mixed, the NRB signal is greatly reduced while a resonant CARS signal survives with minimal attenuation. We discuss three model schemes for the interfering pulse components: (1) two pulses with different bandwidths and the same center frequency ( ps-fs scheme); (2) two pulses with the same bandwidth and shifted center frequencies ( ps-ps scheme); and (3) a pulse with different phases across the center frequency ( fs (+/-) scheme). In all schemes, only the resonant signal from the "3-color" CARS mechanism survives. The resonant signal from "2-color" CARS mechanism vanishes along with the NRB. We discuss optimization conditions for signal intensity and shape of resonant CARS peaks.