cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the microporosity formation in an Al–4.1% Cu alloy casting in microgravity and in standard gravity

The microporosity formation in a vertical unidirectionally solidifying Al–4.1%Cu alloy casting is modeled in both microgravity and standard gravity as well as in the conditions of decreased (Moon, Mars) and increased (Jupiter) gravity. Due to the unique opportunities offered by a low-gravity environment (absence of metallostatic pressure and of natural convection in the solidifying alloy) future microgravity experiments will significantly contribute to attaining a better physical understanding of the mechanisms of microporosity formation. One of the aims of the present theoretical investigation is to predict what microporosity patterns will look like in microgravity in order to help plan a future microgravity experiment. To perform these simulations, the authors suggest a novel three-phase model of solidification that accounts for the solid, liquid, and gas phases in the mushy zone. This model accounts for heat transfer, fluid flow, macrosegregation, and microporosity formation in the solidifying alloy. Special attention is given to the investigation of the influence of microporosity formation on the inverse segregation. Parametric analyses for different initial hydrogen concentrations and different gravity conditions are carried out.
Initial Performance of the PIGMI Prototype

The PIGMI (Pion Generator for Medical Irradiations) program at LASL is an accelerator development program aimed at completing the design of an accelerator suitable for use as a pion generator in a hospital-based radiotherapy program. The major thrust of the program has been the design of a 7 MeV prototype accelerator which emphasizes compactness, economy of construction and operation, and reliability. To achieve these goals the design of the prototype has exploited a number of innovations in proton linac technology. An overview of the program discussing the major innovative features of the prototype is presented. The initial operating experience is discussed and initial performance measurements are presented.
A mathematical hard disk timing model for full system simulation

This paper introduces and validates a mathematical hard disk timing model designed for use in an execution-driven full-system simulator. While very accurate disk simulators and emulators exist, their complexity is often not warranted when disk operations are not the sole focus of an experiment. This model depends far less on the details of the disk structure or the physical layout of the disk, making it less complex and easier to configure. By combining traditional hard disk modeling methods with novel ways of mathematically and probabilistically modeling the platter layout and reorder queues, the need for a physical model of the disk platter is eliminated. Current full-system simulators do not include a realistic disk timing model, giving them large and variable errors when modeling disk intensive workloads. With this model, we show that disk intensive full-system simulation can be accurate, with benchmarks averaging 12% error for individual disks and 18% error for disk arrays. This model will benefit full-system performance simulations by bridging the gap between complex and highly specific disk simulators and the actual performance modeling requirements needed for effective use of full-system simulators.
Analysis of tetra-through octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins by gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The structures of individual polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin isomers in each synthetic isomer pair were assigned by qualitative valence-bond evaluations and empirically derived quantitative estimations of ether linkage asymmetric stretching frequencies.
F‐to‐HF reactions. IX. Nonthermal complications for the CH4/C3F6/C2F6 moderated nuclear recoil system

Results are reported from moderated nuclear recoil 18F experiments with the CH4/C3F6/C2F6 mixture system. At a 99.5% confidence level measurement precision of ±3.4%, non-thermal F-to-HF reactions are phenomenologically suppressed at C2F6 moderator concentrations in the range of 95.0–99.95 mol-%. Effectively equilibrium reaction conditions can be established in well-designed experiments of this type.
Mental health in Dutch children: II. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder and relationship between measures.

This study concerns the second, more clinically oriented, part of our epidemiological project. The prevalence of child psychiatric disorders in random samples of 8- and 11-year-old children is assessed by using standardized parent- and child-interviews. The relationships between different measures of child psychopathology are determined. Furthermore, additional validity measures of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) developed by Achenbach, are provided. Of the 153 8- and 11-year-old children selected through a two-stage sampling procedure, 116 (76%) children and their parents were intensively clinically assessed. The correlation between CBCL and direct child assessment is .42, whereas the correlation between the TRF and direct child assessment is .28. The correlation between TRF and CBCL is .26. The implications of the low correlation between raters who saw children is different situations are emphasized. The weight given to reports from different sources varies with the kind of problem the child exhibits. It is concluded that more research is needed to investigate the relative value of different types of data for different conditions. Seven percent of the 8- and 11-year-olds were judged severely disordered, whereas for 26% the clinicians judged the child to be moderately or severely disordered. The high prevalence rates found in our study compared with others is partly attributed to the arbitrary nature of clinical judgement. ANOVAs and discriminant function analysis were performed to obtain those CBCL items that showed the best discrimination between children who were clinically judged disordered and children from the normative comparison group. Many items found to be good discriminators of clinical status in this study were among the best discriminators of referral status in the earlier reported part of the study. A number of family and social factors were found to be associated with psychiatric disorder. These findings support those in other studies.
Acid redux: revisiting LSD use in therapy

Recently the use of hallucinogens in therapy has resurfaced in clinical research. Decades after dismissing Timothy Leary for his experiments, Harvard approved clinical trials using psilocybin (mushrooms) in therapy with terminally ill patients. This article re‐evaluates the research on LSD as a therapeutic element. A re‐assessment of the earlier legal research on hallucinogenic therapy reveals both limitations to and the possible utility of these therapies. In this article I focus primarily on three cases: Stanislav Grof’s work with LSD psychotherapy in a Freudian framework; research at the Mendota Mental Health Center on psychedelic therapy for alcoholics; and Harriet Whitehead’s discussion of Scientology auditing and Piagetian schemata. This article is divided into three sections: a review of sociological and pharmacological perspectives on psychedelic drugs; a discussion of therapies using LSD during the 1960s and 1970s; and an evaluation of this research in light of intellectual developments in the un...
Research to Practice: Applications of Focus Group Research in Program Evaluation and Marketing

(2005). Research to Practice: Applications of Focus Group Research in Program Evaluation and Marketing. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 43-46.
The effectiveness of a brief intervention for emotion-focused nurse–parent communication

Abstract Objective A child's hospitalization is stressful for both the children and their parents. Nurse–parent communication during stressful hospitalizations requires skilled nurse communicators. Brief methods of training emotion-focused communication for newly licensed nurses are needed, but as yet are rare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a validated brief communication training (Four Habits Model) session using simulation for newly licensed pediatric nurses. Methods Quantitative and qualitative methods provided data for this experimental study, using a group-by-trials repeated measures ANOVA design. The intervention group participated in a 1-h three-part education simulation session and the control group observed a 1-h video. Results Compared with the controls, the intervention group improved significantly in four of five areas: preparation, communication skills, relationships, and confidence. Experience level had minimal effect. Over half of the nurses in the intervention group reported using one or more of the Four Habits in clinical practice. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that a 1-h Four Habits communication-training program improves newly licensed nurses’ self-perception of their preparation for emotion-focused conversations with parents. Practice implications The findings of this study suggest that the Four Habits Model can be useful in communication training with nurses.
Sociocultural and health correlates related to colorectal cancer screening adherence among urban African Americans.

Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality are highest among African Americans. African Americans lag behind whites in CRC screening rates. Research has examined the role of CRC screening knowledge and beliefs and their relationship to CRC screening adherence. However, studies have not examined the effect cultural identity, social support, CRC beliefs, an informed decision, and having a chronic disease has on CRC screening among African Americans. Objectives This study examined CRC screening adherence among African Americans within the context of sociocultural variables, an informed decision, and health factors. Methods A secondary data analysis was performed on survey data collected from 129 African American men and women. Results Social support and family influence were related to having a colonoscopy. Having diabetes was negatively related to having a colonoscopy. There was no relationship between having a primary care provider and making an informed decision about CRC screening. Religiosity and having a primary care provider predicted colonoscopy. Conclusions The results indicate that certain sociocultural variables are related to colonoscopy. However, those same variables may not be related to or predictive of fecal occult blood test adherence. The diagnosis of diabetes may present a challenge to CRC screening adherence. Implications for practice The results of the study suggest that social support and family influence concerning CRC screening be assessed to provide additional support to colonoscopy adherence. The results also suggest that diabetic patients may require additional intervention to increase colonoscopy adherence rates.
Morphology Transition in Lipid Vesicles: Interaction of In-Plane Order and Topological Defects

The biological membrane can exhibit complex morphologies driven by compositional heterogeneity, however membrane curvature can also be induced by a defect-driven mechanism. We have found that in the tilted gel phase, complex shapes can form spontaneously even in a membrane containing only a single lipid component as a result of membrane defect formation. To explore this phenomenon we have carried out both experimental observations and coarse-grained computer simulations.In our study, fluorescence microscopy on giant uni-lamellar vesicles (GUVs) of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) reveals that vesicles can crumple dramatically when cooled from the untilted Lα liquid-crystalline phase into the Lβ' tilted gel phase. Similar behavior is observed in simulation studies of the system.To explain the phenomenon, we propose that the observed shape evolution is driven by the nucleation of a complex membrane micro-structure that includes topological defects in the tilt orientation. These defects induce non-uniform membrane curvature resulting in a crumpled morphology. Furthermore, we show that competition between curvature change and defect motion can trap vesicles in deeply metastable, defect-rich structures.
Inhibition of insulin binding by concanavalin-A

Abstract Prolonged incubation of IM-9 lymphoblastoid cells with concanavalin-A (Con-A) reduces insulin binding at concentrations of the lectin that neither agglutinate cells nor acutely inhibit insulin binding. Scatchard plot analysis suggested that Con-A treatment reduces insuoin receptor number. Con-A-induced reduction in insulin binding resembles insulin “down regulation” in the time required for appearance and reversal of the binding alteration. The effect of Con-A on insulin binding was inhibited when the sugar α-methyl mannoside was incorporated into the incubation medium at the same time as Con-A. Even when the sugar was added after hours of Con-A exposure, the depressed insulin binding was reversed proportional to the reduction of Con-A binding to the cells by the sugar. This latter observation suggests steric hindrance as the mechanism for Con-A-induced reduction in insulin binding. The slow association rate of Con-A to the cells under the conditions of the experiments probably explains the prolonged exposure time to Con-A required for inhibition of insulin binding. Additional support for steric hindrance was observed in experiments in which insulin was “trapped” on cells after exposure to Con-A. Bivalent succinyl Con-A was only 10% as effective as the natural tetravalent lectin in reducing insulin binding. Cytoskeleton and protein synthesis inhibitors failed to alter the Con-A-induced reduction in insulin binding.
Carbon Fiber Shear Retrofit of Forty-Two-Year-Old AASHTO I-Shaped Girders

Sixteen shear capacity tests were performed on eight decommissioned AASHTO prestressed concrete girders that had been in service for over 42 years. These bridge members presented a unique opportunity to investigate carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) retrofit schemes to enhance the shear capacity of underreinforced girders that were nonrectangular. Four destructive tests were performed to quantify the in-service strength of the girders and the remaining 12 tests were performed on CFRP retrofitted girders. In all, five configurations of the CFRP reinforcement were evaluated. Two anchoring techniques were investigated that either involved epoxying a horizontal CFRP strip over the vertical strips or a new methodology of epoxying a CFRP laminate into a groove over the vertical strips that was cut at the web-to-flange interface. Two methodologies that predicted the shear contribution of the carbon fiber reinforcement were compared with the test results. A carbon fiber-reinforcing scheme of vertical strips a...
Distinction between cholecystokinin-like and gastrin-like biological activities extracted from gastrointestinal tissues of some lower vertebrates

Abstract A technique which allows differentiation between cholecystokinin-like (CCK-like) and gastrin-like biological activity is described. Contractions of two strips of digestive smooth muscle with differing CCK/gastrin specificities, mounted in parallel and superfused in the tissue-oil interface in an oil bath, are measured. Such laminar flow superfusion in oil is demonstrated to be a more sensitive technique for detecting CCK and gastrin than the simple muscle bath preparation in which the muscle strip is bathed in physiological salt solution. In such a parallel laminar flow superfusion, gallbladder muscle from the guinea pig is more sensitive to porcine CCK than is guinea pig antral muscle, and the opposite potency order of gallbladder and antrum is seen for porcine gastrin. This differential order of threshold potencies of gallbladder and antral muscle is exploited to distinguish CCK-like and gastrin-like factors in crude extracts of gastrointestinal tissues from several vertebrate species. Crude stomach extracts prepared from rat, frog ( Rana berlandieri ), and coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) exhibited a gastrin-like pattern of biological activity. However, a crude extract prepared from dogfish ( Squalus acanthias ) stomachs exhibited a CCK-like pattern of biological activity. Crude intestinal extracts prepared from rat, frog, coho salmon, dogfish, and hagfish ( Eptatretus stouti ) were CCK-like in their pattern of biological activity. It is suggested that a CCK-like factor or factors preceded gastrin-like factors in vertebrate evolution and that the gastrins may have evolved from a CCK-like factor at the level of the divergence of chondrichthyeans and osteichthyeans.
Cognitive cost as dynamic allocation of energetic resources.

While it is widely recognized that thinking is somehow costly, involving cognitive effort and producing mental fatigue, these costs have alternatively been assumed to exist, treated as the brain's assessment of lost opportunities, or suggested to be metabolic but with implausible biological bases. We present a model of cognitive cost based on the novel idea that the brain senses and plans for longer-term allocation of metabolic resources by purposively conserving brain activity. We identify several distinct ways the brain might control its metabolic output, and show how a control-theoretic model that models decision-making with an energy budget can explain cognitive effort avoidance in terms of an optimal allocation of limited energetic resources. The model accounts for both for subject responsiveness to reward and the detrimental effects of hypoglycemia on cognitive function. A critical component of the model is using astrocytic glycogen as a plausible basis for limited energetic reserves. Glycogen acts as an energy buffer that can temporarily support high neural activity beyond the rate supported by blood glucose supply. The published dynamics of glycogen depletion and repletion are consonant with a broad array of phenomena associated with cognitive cost. Our model thus subsumes both the "cost/benefit" and "limited resource" models of cognitive cost while retaining valuable contributions of each. We discuss how the rational control of metabolic resources could underpin the control of attention, working memory, cognitive lookahead, model-free vs. model-based policy learning as well as the pattern of generalization of cognitive improvements due to video-game training experiments.
Critical notice: the analysis of higher nervous activity in man.

Higher Cortical Functions in Man. By A. R. Luria Human Brain and Psychological Processes. By A. R. Luria
Prospects for LED lighting

More than one-fifth of US electricity is used to power artificial lighting. Light-emitting diodes based on group III/nitride semiconductors are bringing about a revolution in energy-efficient lighting.
Both helix topology and counterion distribution contribute to the more effective charge screening in dsRNA compared with dsDNA

The recent discovery of the RNA interference mechanism emphasizes the biological importance of short, isolated, double-stranded (ds) RNA helices and calls for a complete understanding of the biophysical properties of dsRNA. However, most previous studies of the electrostatics of nucleic acid duplexes have focused on DNA. Here, we present a comparative investigation of electrostatic effects in RNA and DNA. Using resonant (anomalous) and non-resonant small-angle X-ray scattering, we characterized the charge screening efficiency and counterion distribution around short (25 bp) dsDNA and RNA molecules of comparable sequence. Consistent with theoretical predictions, we find counterion mediated screening to be more efficient for dsRNA than dsDNA. Furthermore, the topology of the RNA A-form helix alters the spatial distribution of counterions relative to B-form DNA. The experimental results reported here agree well with ion-size-corrected non-linear Poisson-Boltzmann calculations. We propose that differences in electrostatic properties aid in selective recognition of different types of short nucleic acid helices by target binding partners.
An evaluation of the FDA draft guidance for estimating the maximum recommended starting dose (MRSD) for first-in-human (FIH) studies

An algorithm for estimating the MRSD for FIH clinical trials was recently proposed by the FDA. To examine the relationship between the MRSDs and clinical findings in FIH studies, we reviewed the data of 35 non-cytotoxic compounds that underwent FIH studies in 1996–2002. The MRSD was calculated for each compound. For each FIH study, we determined the lowest dose associated with clinically significant AEs that were considered probably drug-related (D1), and the lowest dose associated with minor AEs that had a possible/unknown relationship with the study drug (D2). In all cases, the actual starting dose was below the MRSD. We identified D1 in 15 studies and D2 in 20 studies. Most AEs that defined D1 and D2 involved the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, or nervous systems. The ratios of D1 and D2 to MRSD are: (see Table) The calculated MRSD was below the lowest dose associated with clinically significant AEs (D1) in 80% of cases, and below the dose when minor AEs were first observed (D2) in 52% of cases. The calculated MRSD is appropriate as the highest allowable starting dose for 50–80% of the compounds reviewed. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P8–P8; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.029 Table 1. D1/MRSD D2/MRSD Median ratio 6.6 1.1 Range 0.18–73.8 0.05–73.8 No. of studies with ratio <1 3/15 (20%) 10/21 (48%)
A Note on Die Swell

In the extrusion of molten plastics through dies, it is a common observation that the diameter of a fibre or the thickness of a sheet is larger than that of the die. The phenomenon is called die swell.
Sequential regeneration of charmonia in heavy-ion collisions

Abstract We investigate the production of ψ ( 2 S ) in nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. We first address charmonium production in 200 GeV d–Au collisions at RHIC; the strong suppression of ψ ′ mesons observed in these reactions indicates mechanisms beyond initial cold nuclear matter effects. We find that a more complete treatment of hadronic dissociation reactions leads to appreciable ψ ′ suppression in the thermal medium of an expanding fireball background for d–Au collisions. When implementing updated hadronic reaction rates into a fireball for 2.76 TeV Pb–Pb collisions at LHC, the regeneration of ψ ′ mesons occurs significantly later than for J / ψ 's. Despite a smaller total number of regenerated ψ ′ , the stronger radial flow at their time of production induces a marked enhancement of their R AA relative to J / ψ 's in a transverse-momentum range of p t ≃ 3 – 6 GeV . We explore the consequences and uncertainties of this “sequential regeneration” mechanism on the R AA double ratio and find that it can reproduce the trends observed in recent CMS data.
ARITHMETIC DRILLS AND REVIEW ON A COMPUTER-BASED TELETYPE.

'JTiven a computer-based instructional program and a school in which to work, it is possible to supplement or enrich the teacher's instruction by taking over the more routine daily tasks, presenting special materials, or giving the daily lesson itself. The task of the present project was to prepare a program in arithmetic to review and teach the basic number facts as a supplement to the teacher's daily instruction at the fourth-grade level. In addition, the project was concerned with gaining a clearer picture of the optimum teacher-machine interaction pattern that would take full advantage of both.
Exertional dyspnea in heart failure: A symptom unrelated to pulmonary function at rest or during exercise☆☆☆★★★

Abstract Background Exertional dyspnea is a common symptom in patients with heart failure, and the mechanisms responsible for the symptom are unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify factors responsible for the symptom of exertional dyspnea in patients with heart failure. Methods Resting pulmonary-function tests and maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests were performed in 71 patients with New York Heart Association functional class II-IV symptoms (mean ejection fraction 30.6%; mean age, 68 years). Results The severity of dyspnea at peak exercise, which patients rated as 3 to 10 on a 1 to 10 severity scale, did not correlate with rest or exercise hemodynamic, spirometric, or metabolic variables, including peak oxygen uptake (VO 2 ), minute ventilation (Ve), and respiratory rate, or with derived variables including Ve/VO 2 , Ve/VCO 2 , and the dyspnea index (Ve/maximum voluntary ventilation). Additionally, these variables did not differ between patients who reported limitation of exercise by dyspnea and those who were limited by fatigue. Conclusions The symptom of exertional dyspnea in patients with heart failure is not determined by abnormalities in ventilatory function or demand. (Am Heart J 1998;135:398-405.)
Understanding the Challenges of Science Education in the 21st Century : New Opportunities for Scientific Literacy

This essay examines the challenges of science education in the 21 st century with regard to social, cultural, economic, political and pedagogical issues impacting and influencing instructional methodology and understanding of the role of science education as it affects individual, social organizational and societal progress and functions. Drawing upon some strong practical, philosophical, and pedagogical-methodological and theoretical ideas and propositions from Hodson, as espoused in his book Looking to the Future: Building a Curriculum for Social Activism, the author essentially responds to this extremely rich scholarly volume in scientific literacy, philosophy, and history by supporting Hodson’s advocacy of an action-oriented and issues-based curriculum as the key to renewing and activating scientific literacy to increase students’ performance and national competitiveness in the global economy. The author extricates from literature, not only strong rationale for the renewal and transformational of science education in terms of perspective and approach, but also takes a critical approach in examining some of Hodson’s contentions regarding strategies in confronting socioscientifc issues as major pathways to the teaching and learning of science. The author examines problems, challenges, and the new opportunities that have emerged and are emerging in contemporary environmental, social, cultural and political contexts for science education to experience transformation in several ways: as a field of study, as an applied body of knowledge, as a way of living and as a competitive tool and strategy important to national goals and posterity.
Coevolution between native and invasive plant competitors: implications for invasive species management

Invasive species may establish in communities because they are better competitors than natives, but in order to remain community dominants, the competitive advantage of invasive species must be persistent. Native species that are not extirpated when highly invasive species are introduced are likely to compete with invaders. When population sizes and genetic diversity of native species are large enough, natives may be able to evolve traits that allow them to co-occur with invasive species. Native species may also evolve to become significant competitors with invasive species, and thus affect the fitness of invaders. Invasive species may respond in turn, creating either transient or continuing coevolution between competing species. In addition to demographic factors such as population size and growth rates, a number of factors including gene flow, genetic drift, the number of selection agents, encounter rates, and genetic diversity may affect the ability of native and invasive species to evolve competitive ability against one another. We discuss how these factors may differ between populations of native and invasive plants, and how this might affect their ability to respond to selection. Management actions that maintain genetic diversity in native species while reducing population sizes and genetic diversity in invasive species could promote the ability of natives to evolve improved competitive ability.
A family of design patterns for flexibly configuring network services in distributed systems

This paper describes a family of design patterns that enhance the flexibility and extensibility of communication software by permitting network services to evolve independently of the strategies used to passively initialize the services. The paper makes three contributions to the study and development of configurable distributed systems. First, it identifies five orthogonal dimensions of passive service initialization: service advertisement, endpoint listening, service handler creation, passive connection establishment, and service handler activation. Second the paper illustrates how a family of design patterns have been used to build a communication software framework that supports flexible configuration of different strategies for each of these five dimensions. Third, the paper demonstrates how design patterns and frameworks are being used successfully to develop configurable large-scale production distributed systems.
The Effects of Cure Temperature and Time on the Stress-Whitening Behavior of Structural Adhesives. Part I. Analysis of Bulk Tensile Data

Abstract The phenomenon of stress whitening in rubber-modified thermosetting polymers has been observed and reported by several researchers. It is necessary to define and characterize the stress-whitening stress [sgrave]* and strain e* values for modified structural adhesives since they define localized material failure more accurately (in comparison with the tensile strength) from a fracture point of view. Such characterization should include variation with respect to cure parameters since they are known to affect bulk tensile properties. For this purpose, an analytical method of defining and calculating the [sgrave]* and e* values is reviewed. The analytical method consists of a modified bilinear form of the Ramberg–Osgood equation which is used in conjunction with bulk tensile data. As a novel approach, the inverses of the Ramberg–Osgood exponents n 1 and n 2 are related to material strength and failure behaviors as a function of cure temperature. The stress-whitening stress levels are also related to ...
Readiness, Trust, and Adherence: A Clinical Perspective

Objective:This paper examines the scientific bases for the recommendations on readiness, trust, and adherence that were contained in 5 HIV treatment guidelines.Methods:The authors reviewed the trea...
CTH13-3: Symmetric Rate Capacity of Cellular Systems with Cooperative Base Stations

Cooperation among base stations has demonstrated substantial capacity gain in cellular systems. The optimal transmission scheme under full base station cooperation requires all users to transmit simultaneously and a central joint receiver for multi-user detection. We consider some sub-optimal but more practical schemes of orthogonal channel access either within a cell (intra-cell TDMA) or among cells (inter-cell time sharing), which correspond to a partitioning of overall channel resources. The effects of various schemes on the uplink capacity of a cellular system are then compared for a modified Wyner model.
On the role of hardware reset in synchronous sequential circuit test generation

The existence of hardware reset facilitates the test generation process for synchronous sequential circuits, as compared to test generation that starts from an unspecified initial state. Conventionally, therefore, when hardware reset is available, it is used to reset all state variables to predetermined values, conventionally 0, before a test sequence is applied. In this paper, we show that full hardware reset (i.e., reset that sets all state variables to 0) may sometimes result in test lengths and numbers of undetectable faults which are higher than the corresponding results when partial reset is used, i.e., when only a subset of the state variables are resettable, while the others retain their previous values (unspecified when the circuit is first operated) when reset is applied. The main advantage of partial reset over full reset is that while full reset is only useful once, at the beginning of a test sequence, partial reset can be used while the test sequence is being applied, to transfer the machine from one state to another. Experimental results are provided to support the use of partial reset, a procedure for selecting the state variables for partial reset is developed, and a test generation procedure valid under partial reset is presented. >
Color in historical ceramic typologies: A test case in statistical analysis of replicable measurements

Abstract Three types of white-bodied, non-vitreous earthenwares distinguished primarily (though not exclusively) by color and commonly known as creamware, pearlware, and whiteware are some of the most frequently encountered artifacts on eighteenth and nineteenth century archeological sites. However, problems exist both in the definition of these types and the interpretation of their meanings. This project has applied reflectance spectrophotometry to collect replicable, highly-precise color data on a large sample of this material in order to address the nature of the color differentiation and the reality of the types themselves. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was used to assess the degree to which the visual intuitions of the archeologists making ware identifications could be predicted by the repeatable spectrophotometer values. We do not suggest a method of proving identifications “correct” or “incorrect” but analyze the nature of this attribute of the typology itself. This analysis quantifies the level of uncertainty inherent in the types as they are currently used, addresses a longstanding question about illumination during identification, and discusses one possible concrete implication of these results. This article also discusses color measurement in general, its use in archeology, and evaluations of the Munsell system.
Discovering Open Access Articles: Maximum Access, Maximum Visibility! A Report of the ALCTS Continuing Resources Section Program. American Library Association Annual Conference, Las Vegas, June 2014

The growing open access movement raises many questions for libraries and researchers. A program, presented by the Education, Research, and Publications Coordinating Committee of the ALCTS Continuin...
Concurrent treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence: predictors and moderators of outcome

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined predictors and moderators of treatment response among 165 adults meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition criteria for comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol dependence (AD), who were randomized to 24 weeks of Naltrexone (NAL), NAL and prolonged exposure (PE), pill placebo, or pill placebo and PE. All participants received supportive counseling for alcohol use. METHOD: Six domains of predictors or moderators (23 variables) were evaluated using measures of PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Scale Interview) and AD (days drinking from the timeline follow-back interview) collected every 4 weeks throughout treatment. Multilevel modeling with the Fournier approach was used to evaluate predictors and moderators of rates of symptom improvement and posttreatment outcomes. RESULTS: Combat trauma, sexual assault trauma, and higher baseline anxiety sensitivity predicted slower improvement and poorer PTSD outcome. Combat trauma, White race, and higher baseline drinking severity predicted poorer drinking outcome. PTSD severity moderated the efficacy of PE on PTSD outcomes, such that the benefit of PE over no-PE was greater for participants with higher baseline PTSD severity. Baseline depressive severity moderated the efficacy of PE on drinking outcomes, whereby the benefit of PE over no-PE was greater for participants with higher depressive symptoms. NAL effects were most beneficial for those with the longest duration of AD. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that concurrent, trauma-focused treatment should be recommended for PTSD-AD patients who present with moderate or severe baseline PTSD and depressive symptoms. Future research should examine the mechanisms underlying poorer outcome among identified subgroups of PTSD-AD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Feasibility of using mountain pine beetle-attacked wood to produce wood-plastic composites: preliminary work.

Life-cycle inventory (LCI) data are needed to scientifically document the environmental performance of materials for applications as governed by the many new green building standards, purchasing guidelines, and energy and climate change policy issues. This study develops the LCI data for medium-density fiberboard (MDF), a composite wood panel product comprised of wood fibers, urea- formaldehyde resin, wax, and other additives. Data are given for both on-site (MDF manufacture) and cradle-to-product gate (from the MDF upstream to in-ground resources) that includes those environmen- tal impacts to produce and deliver input fuels, electricity, water, wood residue, resin, wax, and scavenger. LCI output data are given for raw materials use and emissions to air, water, and land. Data are also presented on embodied energy, carbon flux, store, and footprint. MDF has favorable characteristics in terms of energy use and carbon store. Of significance is the large component of embodied energy from wood fuel use, a renewable resource, and its small carbon footprint that lessens its impact on climate change.
Colorimetric Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Polymers for the Detection of Nerve Agent Surrogates

The threat of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) necessitates the development of functional materials that not only quickly detect the presence of CWAs but also actively protect against their toxicity. We have synthesized responsive units that exhibit colorimetric responses upon exposure to CWAs and incorporated them into a versatile detection platform based on copolymers prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The theoretical detection limits for CWA simulants in solution for these polymers are as low as 1 ppm. By incorporating hydrogel-promoting units as pendant chains, we are able to obtain polymers that instantly respond to CWA vapors and are easy to regenerate to the deactivated state by simple treatment with ammonium hydroxide vapor. We further demonstrate a collapse of the polymer gels in response to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), a strong acid that produces a more fully ionized state as a result of its more caustic nature.
The Histochemistry of Esterases in Eggs of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi

The esterases that hydrolyse naphthol esters were located histochemically in eggs and newly hatched larvae of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Extra-embryonic structures that bore detectable esterase levels were the proteinaceous yolk globules, periplasm, cleavage nuclei, fat droplets, and scrosa. Embryonic tissues were generally devoid of esterase activity until that time when structures differentiated which have postembryonic functional roles; then cholinesterase was present in the neuropile and esterases of unspecified function were present in the midgut, body hairs, malpighian tubules, and epidermal cells. Paraoxon inhibited the esterases of the neuropile, some regions of the midgut epithelium, malpighian tubules, serosa, periplasm, cleavage nuclei, and body hairs. Eserine inhibited enzyme activity in the neuropile. A lipase known to be present in these eggs, and which can hydrolyse naphthol esters, could not be definitively located; some evidence related to the possible location of this enzyme was obtained.
An Evaluation of the Usefulness of Prosodic and Lexical Cues for Understanding Synthesized Speech of Mathematics

The work described in this report is the second phase of a project to provide easy-to-use tools for authoring and rendering secondary-school algebra-level math expressions in synthesized speech that is useful for students with blindness or low vision. This report describes the development and results of the second feedback study performed for our project, Expanding Audio Access to Mathematics Expressions by Students With Visual Impairments via MathML. That study focused on the use of certain prosodic and lexical elements in the ClearSpeak speech style and served as a basis for further refinements in that style's definition and implementation in the MathPlayer software. The primary parameters evaluated are students' success in drawing conclusions about the content and structure of certain math expressions and their perceptions regarding the helpfulness of the pace and wording of different text-to-speech renditions of the same or similar mathematical expressions. Please see Appendix A for information on obtaining a version of this report that is fully accessible using the tools described.
Ultra General Fractional Self Adjoint Operator Representation Formulae and Operator Poincaré and Sobolev and Other Basic Inequalities

We give here many very general fractional self adjoint operator Poincare and Sobolev type and other basic inner product inequalities to various directions.
Participant roles, frames, and speech acts

Dans son article intitule Speech acts and Goffman's participant roles, publie en 1985, l'A. a repris quelques unes des definitions et des regles dans lesquelles les linguistes utilisent allegrement les termes de locuteur et/ou d'auditeur (definitions des categories de personnes et des appellatifs), et les a reexaminees a la lumiere des differents roles qu'E. Goffman a regroupes sous les termes de locuteur et d'auditeur. Dans le present article, il tente de corriger deux serieuses erreurs qu'il a commises dans l'article de 1985 : notamment, son utilisation des termes de Goffman auteur, animateur et principal comme absolus et non comme dependants de cadres, et sa mauvaise distinction des differentes manieres dont les roles peuvent etre divises entre differentes personnes. Il attire egalement l'attention sur la maniere dont la distinction entre stade et individuel est reliee a l'application des categories du locuteur et de l'auditeur et sur la relation entre les roles de Goffman et les niveaux d'actes de parole distingues par Austin
Caught in the Middle: On Chairing a Department

Those who become chairs of academic departments for the first time seldom are well prepared for the ethical challenges they will face. Their background is in a specific academic field (e.g., chemistry, philosophy), not administration. Furthermore, it is unlikely that they will have discussed the kinds ethical issues administrators must deal with. Often they are “caught in the middle” between the expectations of their faculty and those of their deans and other administrators. Finally, they face the challenge of helping their faculty understand that some departmental problems are “ours,” not just “mine” or “yours.”
The Best Single Measurement for Assessing Splenomegaly in Patients with Cirrhotic Liver Morphology

Rationale and Objectives There is little agreement within the radiology literature as to the best single measurement for assessing splenomegaly. In this study, we evaluate the correlation of multiple unidirectional measurements of the spleen with splenic volume in patients with cirrhotic liver morphology on computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods Splenic volume was retrospectively calculated from CT examinations of 179 adult patients, 47 of whom were approved as renal donors, and 132 of whom were referred for various other indications, and were found to have cirrhotic liver morphology on CT. Seven unidimensional measurements (long-axis, cranial-caudal, width, and four measures of thickness) of each spleen were evaluated to identify which most closely correlated with the calculated volume. Results The splenic width had the best correlation with splenic volume for mild-to-moderate splenomegaly, and the splenic cranial-caudal measurement had the best correlation with splenic volume for massive splenomegaly. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrates that a splenic width measurement of approximately 10.5 cm has a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 78% for mild-to-moderate splenomegaly, and a cranial-caudal measurement of 14.6 cm has a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 91% for massive splenomegaly. Conclusions A splenic width threshold of 10.5 cm is the most sensitive (89%) and specific (78%) single measurement for mild-to-moderate splenomegaly in patients with cirrhotic liver morphology, whereas a cranial-caudal height threshold of 14.6 cm is the most sensitive (92%) and specific (91%) single measurement for massive splenomegaly.
Culture of Engagement: Preparing Civic-Minded Public Service Professionals of the Future

The emerging arena of community-based research (CBR) and service-learning incorporates a collaborative approach of civic engagement for students to analyze and develop solutions to complex problems and bring about social change and strengthen communities. Focusing specifically on the student population, a culture of engagement supports moral, cognitive, and interpersonal development. This orientation of engaged research and service-learning is critical to developing a student’s civic engagement through its provision of prime opportunities to enhance skills and abilities related to diverse partnerships and increase their knowledge of the community context in which they will practice. In this chapter, the authors discuss community-based research, service-learning, and engagement along with competency development and the role of the university. In addition, the authors review a professional school in a metropolitan research university that bridges the gap utilizing an experiential learning program.
Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation Alters Leukocyte Infiltration in the Lung After Acute Brain Death.

Background Brain death is associated with significant lung injury and inflammation. This has been associated with worse long-term outcomes for transplanted lungs. Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) reduces systemic inflammation in brain death and improves lung procurement rate. The effect of DPR on macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in the lungs is not known. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats had a 4F Fogarty catheter inserted into the skull and the balloon inflated until brain death was achieved. Rats were resuscitated with normal saline to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 80 mmHg (targeted intravenous fluid, TIVF) and DPR animals received an intraperitoneal injection of commercial peritoneal dialysis solution. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after brain death. Protein levels were assessed using quantitative ELISA. Leukocytes were quantified using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Results At all time points, DPR downregulated multiple inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6. Adhesion molecules ICAM, E-selectin, and P-selectin were increased above sham at 4 and 6 h after brain death and reduced with DPR, whereas VCAM was reduced at 2 and 6 h. Infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils were trended downward at 6 h with DPR, though this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Animals that received TIVF alone had significant increases in inflammatory cytokines within the lung tissue, leading to adhesion molecule expression and ultimately leukocyte infiltration. Each stage of inflammation was affected by DPR. Using DPR in brain dead organ donors shows promise as a way to reduce lung injury and inflammation.