cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing skeletal architecture in mice: emergence of Cdh11 as a primary candidate gene regulating femoral morphology.

Bone strength is influenced by many properties intrinsic to bone, including its mass, geometry, and mineralization. To further advance our understanding of the genetic basis of bone-strength-related traits, we used a large (n ¼ 815), moderately (G4) advanced intercross line (AIL) of mice derived from a high-runner selection line (HR) and the C57BL/6J inbred strain. In total, 16 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified that affected areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and femoral length and width. Four significant (p < .05) and one suggestive (p < .10) QTLs were identified for three aBMD measurements: total body, vertebral, and femoral. A QTL on chromosome (Chr.) 3 influenced all three aBMD measures, whereas the other four QTLs were unique to a single measure. A total of 10 significant and one suggestive QTLs were identified for femoral length (FL) and two measures of femoral width, anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML). FL QTLs were distinct from loci affecting AP and ML width, and of the 7 AP QTLs, only three affected ML. A QTL on Chr. 8 that explained 7.1% and 4.0% of the variance in AP and ML, respectively, was mapped to a 6-Mb region harboring 12 protein-coding genes. The pattern of haplotype diversity across the QTL region and expression profiles of QTL genes suggested that of the 12, cadherin 11 (Cdh11) was most likely the causal gene. These findings, when combined with existing data from gene knockouts, identify Cdh11 as a strong candidate gene within which genetic variation may affect bone morphology. 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A principled approach to nondeferred reference-counting garbage collection

Nondeferred reference-counting (RC) garbage collection is among the oldest memory-management methods. Despite offering unique advantages, little attention has been paid on how to correctly implement it for modern programming languages. This paper revisits this collection method and describes how to implement it for a modern object-oriented language in an optimizing compiler.The main contribution is a general algorithm that realizes one form of nondeferred RC collection for an object-oriented language having features such as exceptions, interior pointers, and object pinning. The algorithm abstracts the pertinent characteristics of instructions using concepts from data-flow analysis, such as def/use information, so that instructions are handled in a uniform manner, instead of in an ad hoc or special-case way. The abstracted information is used to systematically compute what increments and decrements to do, even in the presence of subtle conditions such as exceptional control flow. These techniques enabled us to compile a large suite of programs to use nondeferred RC collection. The paper also discusses the modifications that were necessary in the compiler for supporting the inserted RC operations, and reports measurements from a reference implementation.
Graphical user languages for querying information: where to look for criteria?

The different parameters of a graphical user language, concerning kinds of representation and kinds of operations on these representations, are outlined. These parameters are related to the characteristics of tasks that they more or less support. Special aspects of a graphical query language have been derived from the psychological findings. The conceptual framework of R. Jackendoff (1983) is used to model user concepts in graphical query languages and to translate these concepts to relational database semantics. >
Novel Urinary Protein Biomarkers Predicting the Development of Microalbuminuria and Renal Function Decline in Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE To define a panel of novel protein biomarkers of renal disease. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adults with type 1 diabetes in the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study who were initially free of renal complications ( n = 465) were followed for development of micro- or macroalbuminuria (MA) and early renal function decline (ERFD, annual decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≥3.3%). The label-free proteomic discovery phase was conducted in 13 patients who progressed to MA by the 6-year visit and 11 control subjects, and four proteins (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, α-1 acid glycoprotein, clusterin, and progranulin) identified in the discovery phase were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 74 subjects: group A, normal renal function ( n = 35); group B, ERFD without MA ( n = 15); group C, MA without ERFD ( n = 16); and group D, both ERFD and MA ( n = 8). RESULTS In the label-free analysis, a model of progression to MA was built using 252 peptides, yielding an area under the curve (AUC) of 84.7 ± 5.3%. In the validation study, ordinal logistic regression was used to predict development of ERFD, MA, or both. A panel including Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.2, P = 0.008), progranulin (1.9, 0.8–4.5, P = 0.16), clusterin (0.6, 0.3–1.1, P = 0.09), and α-1 acid glycoprotein (1.6, 0.7–3.7, P = 0.27) improved the AUC from 0.841 to 0.889. CONCLUSIONS A panel of four novel protein biomarkers predicted early renal damage in type 1 diabetes. These findings require further validation in other populations for prediction of renal complications and treatment monitoring.
STRUCTURAL IDENTIFICATION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN FROM EARTHQUAKE RECORDS

A method has been developed to identify the parameters of the lower modes of a linear, time-invariant model of a structure from its recorded earthquake response. The identification is performed by selecting the parameters to obtain a least squares fit over a specified frequency band between the unsmoothed, complex-valued finite Fourier transform of the recorded acceleration response and the corresponding transform calculated from the response of the model. By including the effects of the initial and final conditions in the analysis, only a portion of the recorded excitation and response acceleration histories need be considered. The method is demonstrated first by an application to generated test data, and then to measured earthquake response.
LSD Reactions: A Family-Research Approach

Abstract. This pilot study evaluated data accumulated in the medical charts of patients at the NPI-UCLA who had been hospitalized because of psychiatric disorders connected with LSD use, between March 1965 and March 1967. We explored the characteristics of the patients and families by reviewing (1) demographic data, (2) patient drug history, (3) information about family interaction, and (4) the variables of childhood development. We developed a schedule based upon a dynamic interaction model of families. We found that this group tends to come from a family of strife, faulty communication, and frequent exploitive child-rearing practices, factors which are not remarkable or unique for this age group. Based on our study we concluded that it would not be fruitful to look further for a family constellation that, in effect, breeds LSD and/or drug users. From a data point of view, such predictions are unreliable.
Learning basic patterns from repetitive texture surfaces under non-rigid deformations

In this paper, we approach the problem of determining the basic components from repetitive textured surfaces undergoing free-form deformations. Traditional methods for texture modeling are usually based on measurements performed on fronto-parallel planar surfaces. Recently, affine invariant descriptors have been proposed as an effective way to extract local information from non-planar texture surfaces. However, affine transformations are unable to model local image distortions caused by changes in surface curvature. Here, we propose a method for selecting the most representative candidates for the basic texture elements of a texture field while preserving the descriptors' affine invariance requirement. Our contribution in this paper is twofold. First, we investigate the distribution of extracted affine invariant descriptors on a nonlinear manifold embedding. Secondly, we describe a learning procedure that allows us to group repetitive texture elements while removing candidates presenting high levels of curvature-induced distortion. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a set of images obtained from man-made texture surfaces undergoing a range of non-rigid deformations.
Ocular Findings in Treacher Collins Syndrome

We examined 14 patients from nine families referred with the diagnosis of Treacher Collins syndrome. We noted seven significant ocular findings including the following: a subnormal horizontal palpebral fissure length and inferomedial displacement of the lateral canthus in primary gaze; further medial displacement (4.0 mm or more) of the lateral canthus with resultant shortening of the horizontal fissure length on forced eyelid closure (fissure narrowing sign); partial-thickness eyelid colobomata localized to the nasal one half to two thirds of the lower eyelids; bilateral absence of the inferior lacrimal puncta; bilateral blepharoptosis; inferior displacement of the palpebral fissures; and regular astigmatism without any consistent orientation of the axis of astigmatism relative to the lower eyelid defects, blepharoptosis, or lateral canthus. The fissure narrowing sign correlates with known anatomic deficiencies in the Treacher Collins syndrome and may prove valuable in confirming the diagnosis in patients who lack certain typical features.
A VCF Loss-Control Tuning Loop for $Q$ -Enhanced LC Filters

A loss-control tuning loop for Q-enhanced LC filters based on a voltage-controlled filter (VCF) is presented. The main factors affecting the tuning accuracy in this tuning scheme, including mismatches and frequency tuning errors, are discussed. The tuning scheme was implemented for a 1.5-V, 6-GHz Q-enhanced LC filter on a UMC 0.18-mum standard CMOS process. The design and measurement results are given. Effective loss control of the filter over process tolerances is demonstrated
Order, Family, and Community in Buenos Aires, 1810-1860

1. Home, neighborhood, power 2. Disorder and social control 3. Growing up in the city 4. Youth and the challenges to the moral order 5. Children, politics, and education 6. The political dimensions of household changes 7. Conclusions: masses and political obligation Methodological appendix Notes Bibliography Index.
CONSISTENCY OF PLUG-IN ESTIMATORS OF UPPER CONTOUR AND LEVEL SETS

This paper studies the problem of estimating the set of finite-dimensional parameter values defined by a finite number of moment inequality or equality conditions and gives conditions under which the estimator defined by the set of parameter values that satisfy the estimated versions of these conditions is consistent in Hausdorff metric. This paper also suggests extremum estimators that with probability approaching 1 agree with the set consisting of parameter values that satisfy the sample versions of the moment conditions. In particular, it is shown that the set of minimizers of the sample generalized method of moments (GMM) objective function is consistent for the set of minimizers of the population GMM objective function in Hausdorff metric.
An Aplysia cell adhesion molecule associated with site-directed actin filament assembly in neuronal growth cones

During neuronal growth cone-target interactions, a programmed sequence of cytoskeletal remodeling has been described, involving increased actin assembly at the target site and directed microtubule extension into it. The cell adhesion protein apCAM rapidly accumulates at such interaction sites, suggesting a possible role in regulating cytoskeletal remodeling. To test this hypothesis we crosslinked apCAM to varying degrees with antibodies. Secondary immunocomplexes exhibited a classical patching and capping response; in contrast, high density crosslinking of apCAM by antibody coated beads triggered localized actin assembly accompanied by formation of tail-like actin structures referred to as inductopodia. When beads were derivatized with increasing amounts of anti-apCAM they displayed three sequential dose-dependent kinetic states after binding: (1) lateral diffusion in the plane of the membrane; (2) restricted diffusion due to coupling with underlying F-actin; and (3) translocation in the plane of the membrane driven by de novo actin filament assembly local to bead binding sites, i.e. inductopodia formation. In contrast, lectin coated beads were far less efficient in triggering inductopodia formation despite demonstrated membrane protein binding. This work provides evidence that crosslinking of a diffusable membrane protein, apCAM, to threshold levels, can trigger highly localized actin filament assembly and rapid remodeling of neuronal cytoarchitecture.
Do written action plans improve patient outcomes in asthma? An evidence-based analysis.

Objective Current guidelines recommend use of written action plans and peak flow monitoring as key components of asthma care. Our study assesses whether written action plans, with or without peak flow monitoring, have an independent effect on outcomes when used as a component of asthma self-management. Study design This was a systematic review of published studies. Two independent reviewers followed a prospective protocol for study selection and data abstraction. Outcome data were synthesized qualitatively; they were not appropriate for quantitative meta-analysis. Our comprehensive literature search used MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and a hand search of recent bibliographies. The search was limited to full-length, peer-reviewed articles with abstracts in English. The studies were randomized controlled trials that compared the outcomes of an asthma self-management intervention with and without the use a written action plan. The primary outcomes of interest are utilization measures, such as hospitalizations and ER visits. Other outcomes of interest include measures of symptom control and lung function. Population There were 1501 evaluable patients with asthma; 1410 adults and 91 children. Outcomes measured We measured the frequency of waiting and examination room companions, the reasons for accompaniment, the influence on the encounter, and the overall helpfulness of the companion as assessed by patients and companions. We also determined the physicianamprsquos assessment of the companionamprsquos influence, helpfulness, and behavior during the encounter. Results Nine randomized controlled trials enrolling a total of 1501 patients met selection criteria. The majority of comparisons in these studies do not demonstrate improved outcomes associated with a written action plan. There are notable methodologic limitations: studies reporting negative findings lack sufficient power, and studies reporting positive findings demonstrate systematic bias. Conclusions Although written action plans are widely used, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether their use, with or without peak flow monitoring, improves outcomes.
Law's Guilt about Literature

This essay addresses the theme of guilt in law and literature from the law side. It argues that the legal academy's flirtation with literature reflects two forms of guilty uneasiness. The first relates to the question whether lawyers should be reading literature at all. This is a methodological anxiety. It presumes a distinctly legal method of analyzing legal issues, in which literature does not have a truly legitimate role. The second anxiety is substantive. It presumes that law has an identifiable content, one that excludes much that appears in literature. Both presumptions are, I argue, questionable and make sense only if law is viewed as primarily doctrinal. Fundamentally, these varieties of uneasiness have their roots in the still unresolved conceptual challenge of figuring precisely what is “interdisciplinary” about the law and literature enterprise. Developing an honest form of “interdisciplinarity” will be difficult if not impossible because it requires an examination of usually unstated assumptions about the uniqueness of law.
Cardiovascular risk reduction among African Americans: a call to action.

African Americans are at greater risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than European Americans or Asians. They also bear a disproportionately greater burden from type-2 diabetes mellitus. Not as much access to healthcare and less intensive use of available therapies may explain some of these disparities. However, the high prevalence of potentially modifiable risk factors, particularly hypertension and dys- lipidemia, in African Americans also provides great opportunity for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease in this population. In addition to lifestyle approaches, achieving aggressive goals for blood pressure (
Finishing the Texas Advance Directives Law

The Texas Advance Directives Act (TADA) of 1999 (amended in 2003) codified a procedure that had been developed by Houston, TX, area hospitals to deal with demands for medically inappropriate care. ...
Abiotic Controls of Trophic Cascades in a Simple Grassland Food Chain

I experimentally examined the relative importance of a top predator in a three trophic level food chain in which the abiotic conditions were varied. Food chains consisting of plants, grasshoppers and wolf spiders were established in field cages placed over natural prairie. Grasshopper resource intake was manipulated by altering the abiotic environment (i.e., shading during peak grasshopper feeding times to reduce temperature and radiation), and thus the time they had available for feeding. Grasshoppers in control (unshaded) food chains compensated for spider predation by increased per capita survival and food consumption by those remaining. In this scenario, plant biomass was unaffected by the presence of spiders (i.e., no trophic cascade). However, when the grasshoppers were shaded for the morning hours, reducing their time available for feeding, spiders reduced grasshopper density, and the abundance of plants increased relative to when spiders were absent (i.e., a trophic cascade). This experiment showed that by simply altering the abiotic environment such that grasshopper foraging ability changed, profound differences in the impacts of top predators resulted.
Bringing the ‘Community’ Back: Integration, Conflict, and Cooperation

Though a great deal of scholarship has been devoted to the relationship between economic interdependence and conflict — the ‘liberal peace’ — the conceptual and analytic focus of this body of literature remains quite narrow. Seeking to improve upon extant literature, I incorporate Deutsch's concept of the ‘security community’ to provide a broader theoretical foundation for the impact of economic interdependence upon interstate relations. Next, I empirically explore where trade, the key independent variable in this body of literature, fits within the broader web of interactions and transactions that contribute towards the integrative process. I then employ events data to assess the impact of integration upon four different measures of interstate interactions — two types of interactions (conflict and cooperation) across two issue areas (economic and military).
An empirical/theoretical model with dimensionless numbers to predict the performance of electrodialysis systems on the basis of operating conditions

Among the different technologies developed for desalination, the electrodialysis/electrodialysis reversal (ED/EDR) process is one of the most promising for treating brackish water with low salinity when there is high risk of scaling. Multiple researchers have investigated ED/EDR to optimize the process, determine the effects of operating parameters, and develop theoretical/empirical models. Previously published empirical/theoretical models have evaluated the effect of the hydraulic conditions of the ED/EDR on the limiting current density using dimensionless numbers. The reason for previous studies' emphasis on limiting current density is twofold: 1) to maximize ion removal, most ED/EDR systems are operated close to limiting current conditions if there is not a scaling potential in the concentrate chamber due to a high concentration of less-soluble salts; and 2) for modeling the ED/EDR system with dimensionless numbers, it is more accurate and convenient to use limiting current density, where the boundary layer's characteristics are known at constant electrical conditions. To improve knowledge of ED/EDR systems, ED/EDR models should be also developed for the Ohmic region, where operation reduces energy consumption, facilitates targeted ion removal, and prolongs membrane life compared to limiting current conditions. In this paper, theoretical/empirical models were developed for ED/EDR performance in a wide range of operating conditions. The presented ion removal and selectivity models were developed for the removal of monovalent ions and divalent ions utilizing the dominant dimensionless numbers obtained from laboratory scale electrodialysis experiments. At any system scale, these models can predict ED/EDR performance in terms of monovalent and divalent ion removal.
Kim on multiple realizability and causal types

[7] L. Nathan Oaklander, Temporal Relations and Temporal Becoming: A Defense of a Russellian Theory of Time (Lanham, Md.: Univ. Press of America, 1984). [8] L. Nathan Oaklander, 'McTaggart's Paradox and the Infinite Regress of Temporal Attributions: A Reply to Smith', Southern Journal of Philosophy 25 (1987) 425-31. [9] L. Nathan Oaklander and Quentin Smith eds., The New Theory of Time (London: Yale University Press, 1994). [10] George Schlesinger, 'The Stream of Time', in his Timely Topics, (Basingstoke: MacMillan, forthcoming) and reprinted in [9]. [11] Quentin Smith, Language and Time (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). RON MCCLAMROCK
Inorganic materials biotechnology: a new industrial measurement challenge

Biotechnological processing of inorganic, heavy elements has only begun to emerge as we start to understand microbial strategies and mechanisms of heavy element transformations. Chemical speciation of key, diagnostic intermediates and products of bioprocessing in gas, liquid, and cellular phases, and on surfaces, is required to understand and optimize important reactions. Recent discoveries of microorganisms in metal-enriched thermal environments, and further investigations into production of exocellular metal transforming metabolites, offer exciting prospects for development of new technologies for strategic and precious materials recovery and processing.
Food habits of Pacific cod and walleye pollock in the northern Gulf of Alaska

Seasonal variations in the diets of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus and walleye pol- lock Theragra chalcogramma were examined from fish collected during 5 sampling periods from August 1998 to June 1999 in the Kodiak Island area in the Gulf of Alaska. Both species were shown to be generalist predators, eating a wide variety of fish and invertebrates. Pollock, which are limited to pelagic prey, can be considered more specialized than cod. Cod consumed 78 prey items, and pollock consumed 45 prey items, with 28 items shared by both species. Individual pol- lock, however, typically concentrated on a single prey item, while individual cod stomachs con- tained a wider variety of prey. The principal prey of Pacific cod was Tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi, comprising >28% of the cod diet by weight. The most common prey item for walleye pol- lock was the euphausiid Thysanoessa. Over the 5 sampling periods, the prey evenness and niche width occupied by the 2 species were similar, but seasonal differences were evident.
The evolutionary history of childbirth

Consideration of the evolutionary and cross-cultural history of childbirth reveals many differences between the ways in which most human females have experienced childbirth and the ways in which most women in contemporary industrialized obstetric settings experience the event. In this paper I review two of these differences: the pain and anxiety of labor and delivery and the discontinuity of care provided for the mother and infant. I argue that much of the dissatisfaction with birth practices in the United States results from the failure of modern obstetric practice to meet the evolved needs of mothers and infants.
Exafs Studies of Ion Implanted Bismuth

Magnetorefiection and preliminary Rutherford Backscattering channeling experiments indicate that point defects induced in the bismuth lattice by ion implantation are largely annealed out during the implantation process due to its low melting temperature of 271.3°C. These experiments also show that the implanted ions cause long range strains in the crystal. Single crystal bismuth samples have been implanted at low temperatures (from 273°K down to 77°K) with 75As to a total fluence of 5 × 1016/cm2 at energies ranging from 50 keV to 200 keV to yield an approximately constant arsenic profile from the sample surface to a depth of 625 A. To study the local environment of the implanted As ions, EXAFS measurements have been made at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). From these data, we obtain a comparison of the As nearest neighbor distances in samples implanted at different temperatures. We discuss the effect of sample temperature during implantation on these properties. This work represents the first use of EXAFS to characterize annealing of implantation-induced lattice defects during the process of ion implantation.
Gaining insight: Re-thinking at the edge

Abstract Pierre Wack, one of the founders of scenario planning, pioneered a new way of thinking — the “gentle art of re-perceiving.” While scholars and practitioners have explored the process of scenario planning at great length, little attention has yet been paid to the meta-process of re-thinking. Referencing Wack's work at Shell, interviews with his former colleagues and family members, and information about his life and research available in both published and unpublished sources, this article provides a framework for this meta-process. By re-thinking to re-perceive the world differently, this paper explains how the “inner space” of the mind gains foresight. The research findings indicate that an individual must go through five stages – clutching old realities, reasoning and emotion, reflection and inspiration, seeing and awakening, and knowing and molding – to gain insight and see the future.
A Look at How We Got Here: RDA Implementation at Central Connecticut State University

The purpose of this study is to review the preparation for and implementation of Resource Description and Access (RDA) at the Elihu Burritt Library at Central Connecticut State University. The Elihu Burritt Library is the only library supporting the scholarly community of Central Connecticut State University, a medium-sized 4-year public institution. With the publication of the RDA Toolkit in June 2010, Cataloging & Metadata Services (CMS) began in earnest to prepare its department, catalog, library, and consortium for the transition to the new cataloging standard. The year 2010 also marked a significant decrease in staff for CMS due to retirements and budget concerns. Despite the lost positions and increased workload, CMS was determined to move forward with preparations for RDA.
The imprisoned society: Time turns a classic on its head

In spite of extraordinary changes in the American experience with imprisonment, more than a third of a century after its publication, Gresham Sykes' (1958) The Society of Captives remains a landmark study of prisons. When this book was written in the 1950s, its author could not have imagined that the per capita use of imprisonment in the United States would more than triple by the turn of the century. This book, which for decades so dominated the sociological understanding of prisons, deserves reconsideration in the vastly changed 1990s. Nils Christie (1993) recent volume on Crime Control as Industry vividly documents the changed context in which Sykes study should be reread. Sykes' analysis is built around the dysfunctional elements that make maximum security prisons unstable institutional settings. Sykes reasons that these prisons are unstable in part because they have so few rewards to offer their inmates. In place of rewards, guards and prison administrators must reach implicit compromises that involve ignoring illicit inmate activities. The result is a relaxation of rules and an opening of institutional opportunities to distribute and consume contraband and other illicit pleasures of prison life. In exchange, involved inmates help to establish an interim order in day-to-day institutional affairs. In the popular axiom, the inmates come to run the asylum. However, Sykes points out that many of the inmates who help maintain the inner order of the prison are actually among the more stable role models in the institution. This is why guards and administrators seek their assistance. They are the best of a bad lot. The costs of the above compromises come when citizens outside prison learn of the arrangements within and demand a restoration of rules. An effect of restoring the rules is to remove relatively more stable inmate
Multi-slice spiral CT measurements of Chinese pediatric renal artery

Objective To obtain the range of the normal renal artery using spiral CT in different age children.Methods A total of 284 children without kidney disease and related disease were examined with enhanced CT,and were divided into 5 groups according to age.The branch number and origin of renal arteries and accessory renal arteries,the original situation of renal arteries,renal artery trunk angles with abdominal aorta,renal artery trunk inner diameters,the place where the accessory renal arteries come into the kidney were observed and measured on CT images,and then analyzed statistically.Results The most common type in renal arteries was single renal artery.The right renal artery above the left was the most common.The distance between renal artery trunk and abdominal aorta increased with age(P0.05).There was no significant difference among the groups in the renal artery trunk angles with abdominal aorta(P0.05).The renal artery trunk inner diameter increased with age(P0.001),but no significant difference was found between the genders and the two sides(P0.05).The incidence of accessory renal artery was 35.21%(100/284).Accessory renal arteries mainly originated from renal artery(66/134,49.25%) and abdominal aorta(62/134,46.27%),and mainly passed into the upper polar(98/134,73.13%) and the lower polar(28/134,20.90%) of the kidney.Conclusion The data of this study based on image anatomy with regard to the pediatric renal artery are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of renal artery disease in children.
Main Differences between Bash and Tcsh by Examples

Bash and tcsh are two kinds of popular shell in the present Unix/Linux operating system.Through some examples, this paper has carried on the contrast to more commonly used functions and the characteristics of the two kinds of shell, the content including variable assignment, array, environment setting, command parameters, numerical calculus, condition flow control, looping construct, signal-catching and so on.The contrast is a very good summary that distinguish the two, which can provides convenience and help for the bash and tcsh learners and users.
A Demonstration of Bow Articulation Recognition with Wekinator and K-Bow.

Using the Wekinator software tool for real-time, interactive machine learning [3] and the K-Bow commercial sensor bow [5], we have constructed a realtime cello bow articulation classification system. This system is capable of outputting articulation labels (e.g., “legato,” “marcato,” “spiccato”) in real-time as a cellist performs. These labels, which are output via Open Sound Control [9], may be used in conjunction with visualization or music tools in composition and live performance. Our work is distinguished from prior work in bow gesture recognition in that the Wekinator allows a musician user to rapidly build customized bow gesture models from scratch by demonstrating bowing gestures to form a training set; the user can also interactively refine these models through iterative changes to both the learning algorithms and dataset. In this paper, we briefly describe our work creating articulation models for our own use. In particular, we show that the Wekinator and K-Bow together allowed for the fast creation of accurate models. We then propose a hands-on demonstration of this work in which ICMC attendees can use the K-Bow to interactively build their own gesture classifiers.
Neonatal applications of neuroendoscopy

Neuroendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique that has revolutionized the management of multiple intracranial conditions. Neuroendoscopic techniques can be safely applied to the newborn in selected circumstances, but the indications, surgical technique, and the potential pitfalls and complications must be completely understood to ensure a successful outcome in these fragile patients.
Inhibition of pseudohyphal growth as a neutrophil-mediated host defense mechanism against experimental deep Candida albicans infections in mice

Neutrophils have recently been found to have microbistatic activity in addition to their well-described microbicidal mechanisms; therefore, a murine model of deep candidiasis was used to evaluate the possibility that both antimicrobial activities might participate in the host defense against this type of infection. In nonleukopenic animals, subcutaneous injection of Candida albicans yeast cells produced local abscesses and early metastatic spread of the infection to the kidneys. Although completely isolated within a dense neutrophilic infiltrate, a significant proportion of the fungal cells in the subcutaneous abscesses of these animals remained viable for at least 6 to 10 days after inoculation; the infections at this site were observed to resolve after spontaneous rupture of the abscesses. Growth of the organisms appeared to be suppressed at later time points in these animals, as evidenced by the markedly reduced proportions of multicelled pseudohyphae (representing organisms that had undergone cell division) observed in their abscess exudates as compared with those in samples from leukopenic animals. In addition, at 10 days after inoculation, very few multicelled pseudohyphae were observed histologically in the subcutaneous infections of nonleukopenic animals, whereas masses of these forms were found in leukopenic ones. Fluids from the abscesses of the nonleukopenic animals appeared to contain growth-inhibiting activity for C. albicans, in that the organisms could not grow in them unless additional zinc were to be added to the medium. This type of zinc-reversibility is a characteristic of neutrophil microbistatic activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An economic analysis of heart-lung transplantation : costs, insurance coverage, and reimbursement

Rarely has the cost of heart-lung transplantation received attention. Although the procedure is still largely regarded as experimental, this does not diminish the significance of costs. The National Cooperative Transplantation Study was undertaken to better understand the costs of all transplants, including heart-lung transplantation. Data on transplantation charges from date of procedure to discharge were obtained from more than 65 % of all heart-lung transplantation programs active in 1988. These programs accounted for 61 % of all transplantations performed in 1988. Valid sample survey data (no more than 25 procedures per center) were obtained for 42 patients, or approximately 58% of all procedures done in the United States. Detailed data were also collected on sources of payment and amount reimbursed. Because of outlier data, we report statistical medians, rather than means, as our measure of central tendency. The median charge for heart-lung transplantation was $134,881, with an average hospital stay of 31 days. Total charges fell between $99,535 and $216,639 for 50% of the cases studied. Half of the patients spent between 23 and 49 days in the hospital. Because of the small number of cases available for analysis, it was not meaningful to cross-classify the data according to various prognostic variables. More than 78% of the procedures studied were paid for by private insurers. Reimbursement exceeded 90% of billed charges for 84.6% of the cases analyzed. Despite the experimental status of heart-lung transplantation, insurance reimbursement has been favorable for those heart-lung transplantations that insurers have covered. Nevertheless, the future of heart-lung transplantation is unclear. The availability of donors remains a serious constraint, as is seen in the decrease of procedures performed annually. In fact, lung transplantation now appears to be the preferred approach to the treatment of pulmonary disease. (J T horac C ardiovasc S urg 1993;105:972-8)
Message-Based Choreography for Computer Animation

This paper describes three message-based approaches to choreography in computer animation. These approaches may be placed in the following categories, scripted choreography, choreography driven by cost functions, and choreography produced by interactions of autonomous entities. The main concept that all of these forms of choreography share is that they all rely upon the message passing facilities of an object-oriented computer animation system, The Clockworks. There are numerous benefits derived from the message-based approach to computer animation choreography. These include modularity, unrestricted modification of parameters, interactive alteration of messages, access to modeling and graphics tools, and a versatile interpretive language.
The Volume of the Spleen and Its Correlates after Acute Stroke

Background Animal studies describe changes in the spleen following a stroke, with an immediate reduction in volume associated with changes in the counts of specific blood white blood cell (WBCs). This brain–spleen cell cycling after stroke affects systemic inflammation and the brain inflammatory milieu and may be a target for emerging therapeutic studies. This study aimed to evaluate features of this brain–spleen model in human patients admitted for acute stroke. Methods Medical and imaging records were retrospectively reviewed for 82 consecutive patients admitted for acute stroke in whom an abdominal computed tomography scan was performed. Results Mean ± SD splenic volume was 224.5 ± 135.5 cc. Splenic volume varied according to gender ( P = .014) but not stroke subtype (ischemic versus hemorrhagic, P = .76). The change in splenic volume over time was biphasic ( P = .04), with splenic volumes initially decreasing over time, reaching a nadir 48 hours after stroke onset, then increasing thereafter. Splenic volume was related inversely to percent blood lymphocytes (r = −.36, P = .001) and positively to percent blood neutrophils (r = .30, P = .006). Conclusions Current results support that several features of brain–spleen cell cycling after stroke described in preclinical studies extend to human subjects, including the immediate contraction of splenic volume associated with proportionate changes in blood WBC counts. Splenic volume may be useful as a biomarker of systemic inflammatory events in clinical trials of interventions targeting the immune system after stroke.
Hypoxia induces phenotypic plasticity in melanoma via the novel tyrosine kinase receptors ROR1 and ROR2

P plasticity in melanoma is marked by an increase in Wnt5A signaling. We have defined the role of the Wnt5A coreceptors ROR1 and ROR2, not previously associated with melanoma, and interrogated their roles in phenotype switching. We have demonstrated that ROR1 is associated with a more proliferative, non-metastatic, melanocytic phenotype, whereas ROR2 is associated with a less proliferative, invasive, mesenchymal phenotype. Expression of these receptors appears to be almost mutually exclusive, as the expression of ROR2 can downregulate that of ROR1. The change from a melanocytic, ROR1 high phenotype to a mesenchymal, ROR2 high one can be induced by a hypoxic microenvironment. Importantly, we show that the Wnt5A/ROR2 signaling pathway is critical for the stabilization of Hif1a via SIAH2. In BRAF mutant cells, this phenotypic switch to a non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway predicts an increased resistance to BRAF inhibitors. We demonstrate that Wnt5A and ROR2 expression is increased in BRAFV600E Vemurafenib (PLX 4032) resistant cell lines, and that ROR2 siRNA increases the sensitivity of these cell lines to therapy. Our data indicate that the changes induced by the microenvironment can give rise to a subpopulation of highly invasive, therapy resistant cells. These data show that a single signaling pathway can effectively guide the phenotypic plasticity of a tumor cell, and is primed to do so by a changing microenvironment. This study demonstrates that the Wnt5A pathway is a prognostic marker for therapy response, necessary for the emergence of resistance, and may present a viable target for BRAF inhibitor adjuvant therapy. Michael O'Connell, J Cancer Sci Ther 2013, 5:10 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/1948-5956.S1.028
Dermatologist-like feature extraction from skin lesion for improved asymmetry classification in PH 2 database

Asymmetry is one of key characteristics for early diagnosis of melanoma according to medical algorithms such as (ABCD, CASH etc.). Besides shape information, cues such as irregular distribution of colors and structures within the lesion area are assessed by dermatologists to determine lesion asymmetry. Motivated by the clinical practices, we have used Kullback-Leibler divergence of color histogram and Structural Similarity metric as a measures of these irregularities. We have presented performance of several classifiers using these features on publicly available PH2 dataset. The obtained result shows better asymmetry classification than available literature. Besides being a new benchmark, the proposed technique can be used for early diagnosis of melanoma by both clinical experts and other automated diagnosis systems.
Young Investigator Challenge: A novel, simple method for cell block preparation, implementation, and use over 2 years.

BACKGROUND The cell block is an essential adjunct to conventional cytopreparatory techniques. The need for molecular analysis and immunostains will increase the need for successful cell block preparation. Even with this need, to the authors' knowledge very little has changed regarding the way in which cell blocks are produced. METHODS The authors developed A Formalin-Fixed, paraffin Embedded Cytology cell block Technique (AFFECT) that uses a cytospin centrifuge and funnel to deposit a cell pellet into a well on a piece of open-cell, absorbent foam. The foam and the pellet are then sent through normal processing. Herein, the authors present the implementation of this method and some of their experience with its performance over the course of 2 years. RESULTS Although a comparison of the methods indicated good correlation for the production of a cell block between AFFECT and the agarose method, the AFFECT blocks demonstrated markedly improved cellular morphology. Over the first 6 months of use, AFFECT produced a successful cell block in 74% of cases overall, and in 65% of cases with a cell pellet measuring ≤0.1 mL. The year preceding the implementation of AFFECT and its first year of use were compared for endoscopic and bronchoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration specimens, and demonstrated an improved success rate. CONCLUSIONS The authors developed a novel method of cell block preparation that demonstrates improved histology and has increased the success rate of cell block production compared with the agarose method. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:885–892. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Association Between In-Hospital Pacifier Use and Breastfeeding Continuation and Exclusivity: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Admission as a Possible Effect Modifier.

Abstract Background: Breastfeeding dyads frequently use pacifiers during the birth hospitalization, but the relationships between this exposure and breastfeeding continuation and exclusivity remain unclear. Materials and Methods: In this secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data from the CDC Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 10 U.S. states (AK, AR, CO, ME, MN, NJ, NY, OR, TX, and VT) from 2009 to 2011, we assessed to what extent pacifier use during the birth hospitalization is independently associated with any and exclusive breastfeeding ≥10 weeks. Results: A total of 37,628 mothers who were chosen by random birth certificate sampling completed surveys at ∼4 months postpartum. Adjusting for multiple pro-breastfeeding hospital practices and maternal and infant demographic characteristics, pacifier exposure during the birth hospitalization was independently associated with decreased odds of breastfeeding ≥10 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]) 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] ...
Models for nearly every occasion: Part II - Two box models

ABSTRACTThe “well-mixed room” two box models are often used to predict near and far field concentrations for a specific task, but are limited to scenarios where local exhaust controls are not used. In Part II of this series, new two box models are presented that permit local controls that either exhaust to the outside or return filtered air to the workspace. Additional models are presented that also allow for the recirculation of a filtered portion of the general ventilation flowrate. During the concentration increase phase the emission rate is assumed to be relatively constant. Both steady state and transient equations were developed for each scenario.An additional factor, representing the fraction of time that the substance is being emitted during a task or set of tasks, was added to the standard and new steady state models. This simple modification permits the easy calculation of the average near and far field concentrations for cyclic and irregular emission patterns, provided the starting and ending c...
Determining the Enzymatic Activity of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in Brain Tissue and Cerebrospinal Fluid Using a Quenched Fluorescent Substrate

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) which plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and volume homeostasis. Accumulating evidence shows alterations in ACE2 expression and activity in several hypertensive animal models, as well as in patients with hypertension. In order to assess the role of brain ACE2 in hypertension, a specific ACE2 assay is required. Based on a quenched fluorescent substrate, we describe an easy-to-use method for determining ACE2 activity in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. The method can further be adapted for other tissues, plasma, cell extracts, and cell culture supernatants.
Longitudinal changes in physical activity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.

9607 Background: Head and neck cancer (HNCa) treatment results in unfavorable changes in physical function, body composition and quality of life. The ability of these patients to perform physical a...
Single Sport Specialization in Youth Sports: A Survey of 3,090 High School, Collegiate, and Professional Athletes:

Objectives:Youth participation in organized sports in the United States is rising, with many athletes focusing on a single sport at an increasingly younger age. There is considerable debate regardi...