cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanomechanical Characterization of Various Materials within PBGA Packages Subjected to Thermal Cycling Loading

Electronic packages are frequently exposed to thermal cycling environments in real life applications. Particularly, the plastic ball grid array (PBGA) is one of the most widely used electronic packages, and consists of various component materials, e.g. solder joint, silicon die, die attachment adhesive, mold compound, solder mask, etc. All of these materials play a significant role on the reliability of the overall PBGA assembly. Hence, it is important to study their mechanical property evolution under the thermal cycling environment. Our prior work has shown that cyclic temperature variations cause the solder joints to change their mechanical behavior. However, the other component materials can also change their mechanical properties during cycling. These changes must be evaluated in order to understand and predict their failure behavior in operation.In our previous study, evolution of mechanical properties of SAC305 solder joints in a PBGA package up to 250 thermal cycles was evaluated using the nanoindentation technique. In this work, the nanoindentation technique was utilized to understand the evolution of mechanical properties (modulus, hardness, and creep behavior) of the die attachment adhesive, silicon die, and solder mask material for various durations of thermal cycling. Test specimens were first prepared by cross sectioning a PBGA package to reveal the different materials, followed by surface polishing to facilitate SEM imaging and nanoindentation testing. After preparation, the package samples were thermally cycled from T = -40 to 125 oC in an environmental chamber. At various points in the cycling (e.g. after 0, 50, 100, and 250 cycles), the package was taken out from the chamber, and nanoindentation was performed on above mentioned materials to obtain modulus, hardness, and creep behavior at room temperature (T = 25 oC). From the nanoindentation test data, it was found that die attachment and solder mask materials showed increases in modulus and hardness up to 250 cycles. As expected, the silicon die material does not show any significant change in mechanical behavior during same duration of thermal cycling.
Toward Decolonizing the Black and White A’nger cloth: Culture, Praxis and Hyphenated Spaces

This paper uses the a’nger cloth, a traditional cloth belonging to the Tiv tribe of Benue, Nigeria as a metaphor for framing autoethnographical narratives and undertakings. Through storying and poetizing about lived experiences, culture, migration tales, identity, gender, marginalization, race and silence, stories emerge as praxis for decolonizing the curriculum. As a non-Western feminist, diasporic academic living in Ottawa, Canada, on unceded Algonquin territory, how might I navigate the changing and uncertain spaces of belonging? Through the a'nger cloth, I find ways of sharing generational family stories through poetry. These stories invite alternative and inclusive spaces into the classroom that welcome “other” ways of being and knowing. Key-words: decolonising the curriculum; narratives; spaces.
Primary disease sites and patterns of spread in cases of neurolymphomatosis in the orbit associated with lymphoma.

Neurolymphomatosis involving the cranial nerves (CNs) is rare. We sought a better understanding of the primary disease sites and patterns of spread in neurolymphomatosis of the orbit and retro-orbital cranial nerves. Patients with lymphoma and MRI evidence of neurolymphomatosis of CN II, III, IV, V1, or V2 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics and primary disease site and sites of neurolymphomatosis on MRI were recorded. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare number of sites of neurolymphomatosis with lymphoma type and survival. The study included 18 patients. The most frequent types of lymphoma were diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL) (n = 9) and marginal zone (n = 3). In 9 patients, lymphoma presented as a mass (n = 7) or infiltrative disease (n = 2) directly involving the orbit; in 6, a maxillofacial mass spread directly to CNs; and in 3, lymphoma at remote sites spread to orbital CNs. Overall, 81 sites of neurolymphomatosis were noted. The most common sites were the maxillary nerve (V2) including at the infraorbital fissure or foramen rotundum (17 patients; 19 nerves), pterygopalatine fossa (16 patients; 19 nerves), and cavernous sinus (9 patients; 12 nerves). Number of sites of neurolymphomatosis was significantly lower for DLBCL than for other lymphoma types (p = 0.007). Number of sites of neurolymphomatosis did not affect survival (p = 0.26). The mean interval between the pathologic diagnosis and MRI documentation of the full extent of neurolymphomatosis was 39 days after pathologic diagnosis. Based on our study results, neurolymphomatosis in the orbit appears to be frequently associated with an orbital and/or maxillofacial mass and commonly involves CN V2, the pterygopalatine fossa, and the cavernous sinus. DLBCL may be associated with fewer sites of neurolymphomatosis than other lymphomas. In patients with lymphoma, a systematic search for neurolymphomatosis is imperative for early detection.
Firm size and technical efficiency: Applications of production frontiers to Indian survey data☆

Abstract This paper is an empirical investigation of the relationship between relative technical efficiency and firm size in four Indian manufacturing industries. A frontier translog production function is used to derive measures of technical inefficiency at the enterprise level. Given the properties of the estimated production frontier these indices of technical efficiency are also indices of total factor productivity (TFP) which is the single most widely accepted measure of productive efficiency. Variations in technical efficiency are correlated with several explanatory variables, including size of firm. Firm size is found to be positively associated with relative productive efficiency in only one of the four industries.
Performance Evaluation of Door & Seat Side-Impact Airbags for Passenger Van and Sport-Utility Vehicles

In this study, a MADYMO three-dimensional (3D) model of a generic passenger van/sport-utility type vehicle is created and correlated to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 214 side impact crash test. This model is used to evaluate both door and seat mounted side airbag designs in different orientations at standard test impact condition and at a higher speed. The results are presented and the significance of side airbag design for occupant protection is discussed. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 492347.
Relationships Between Graph Grammars and the Design and Analysis of Concurrent Software

Formal models of parallel computation provide a basis for several techniques employed in the design and analysis of concurrent software systems. We consider the relationships between these models and graph grammars, with particular emphasis upon the Dynamic Process Modelling Scheme (DPMS). This scheme, developed to study concurrent software systems in which both processes and interprocess communication channels may be created or destroyed during system operation, is shown to have an especially strong connection to graph grammars.
Uridine-cytidine kinase. Kinetic studies and reaction mechanism.

Abstract The initial velocity pattern has been determined for uridine-cytidine kinase purified from the murine mast cell neoplasm P815. With either uridine or cytidine as phosphate acceptor, and ATP as phosphate donor, the pattern observed was one of intersecting lines, ruling out a ping-pong reaction mechanism, and suggesting that the reaction probably proceeds by the sequential addition of both substrates to the enzyme to form a ternary complex, followed by the sequential release of the two products. This pattern was obtained whether the reaction was run in 0.01 m potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, or in 0.1 m Tris-HCl, pH 7.2. When analyzed by the Sequen computer program, the data indicated an apparent K m of the enzyme for uridine of 1.5 × 10 −4 m , an apparent K m for cytidine of 4.5 × 10 −5 m , and a K m for ATP, with uridine or cytidine as phosphate acceptor, of 3.6 × 10 −3 m or 2.1 × 10 −3 m , respectively. The V was 1.83 μmol phosphorylated/min/mg enzyme protein for the uridine kinase reaction and 0.91 μmol for the cytidine kinase reaction.
AN EXTENSION OF THE FOATA MAP TO STANDARD YOUNG TABLEAUX

We define an inversion statistic on standard Young tableaux. We prove that this statistic has the same distribution over SY T( ) as the major index statistic by exhibiting a bijection on SY T( ) in the spirit of the Foata map on permutations.
ON THE INTERNAL REALIZATION OF NONLINEAR BEHAVIORS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the internal realization of nonlinear behaviors. The algebraic realization theory of linear input/output (i/o) maps is well developed and understood. Linear methods are still useful when treating certain special types of i/o-maps, namely, bilinear i/o-maps and internally-bilinear i/o-maps. This chapter presents an approach designed to deal with a new class of nonlinear (shift-invariant, causal) discrete-time i/o-maps, polynomial maps. This class is large enough to include a wide range of practical examples while at the same time restricted enough to permit the application of useful algebraic tools. An i/o map operates on sequences of input values to produce corresponding sequences of output values. The output values calculated by a polynomial i/o-map f are the sums of products of previous input values. A polynomial i/o-map f is specified through a formal power series called the (discrete) Volterra series of f.
Adult Synovial Sarcoma of the head and neck: An institutional study and literature review

BACKGROUND: Synovial Sarcoma of the head and neck is a rare, aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. This study reports the clinical course and management of 5 patients presenting with synovial sarcoma of the head and neck at our institution to evaluate the outcomes, patterns of failure, and current treatments. METHODS: We identified 5 patients presenting with synovial sarcoma of the head and neck and treated at the University of North Carolina between 1996 and 2013. We compared our results to the literature from 1986 to 2014. RESULTS: The study included 5 patients ranging in age from 17 to 46 (average age of 33 years). Tumor locations included the oropharynx (2 patients), and rarely reported sites of the submandibular gland, medial canthus, and mandible. Mean follow-up was 62.6 months. The recurrence rate was 40% with 2-year and 5-year disease-free survival rates of 100% and 33.3%, respectively. Prognostic factors included large tumor size (greater than 5cm), grade, surgical margin status, and the addition of radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our series confirms the aggressive nature and poor prognosis associated with synovial sarcoma of the head and neck. A combined-modality approach with long-term follow-up is a necessity. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(4):e68, 2015
The relationship of task and ego orientation to sportsmanship attitudes and the perceived legitimacy of injurious acts

Abstract Nicholls's theory of achievement motivation (1989) assumes one's goal orientation in an achievement activity is consistent with one's views concerning what is acceptable behavior in that setting. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of a task and ego goal orientation (i.e., the tendency to focus on personal mastery or beating others, respectively) to sportsmanship attitudes and perceptions of the legitimacy of aggressive acts by testing this assumption in the context of interscholastic sport. Fifty-six male and 67 female high school basketball players completed a three-part questionnaire assessing (a) individual differences in goal orientation, (b) approval of “unsportsmanlike play/cheating,” “strategic play,” and “sportsmanship behaviors,” and (c) subjective ratings of the legitimacy of intentionally injurious behaviors. All measures were basketball-specific. Results indicated a low task orientation and high ego orientation corresponded to an endorsement of unsportsmanlike...
Aladdin: a semi-autonomous door opening system for EOD-class robots

This paper describes our results to date on the Aladdin project, an ongoing effort to enable small UGVs to open doors semi-autonomously. Our system consists of a modular general-purpose gripper and software that provides semiautonomous capabilities. The gripper features compliant elements which simplify operations such as turning a doorknob and opening a door; this gripper can be retrofitted onto existing general-purpose robotic manipulators without extensive hardware modifications. The software provides semi-autonomous door opening capability through an OCU; these capabilities are focused on targeting and reaching for a doorknob, a subtask that our initial testing showed would provide the greatest improvement in door opening operations. This paper describes our system and the results of our evaluations on the door opening task. We continue to develop both the hardware and software with the ultimate goal of fully autonomous door-opening.
Brane baldness versus superselection sectors

The search for intersecting brane solutions in supergravity is a large and profitable industry. Recently, attention has focused on finding localized forms of known ``delocalized'' solutions. However, in some cases, a localized version of the delocalized solution simply does not exist. Instead, localized separated branes necessarily delocalize as the separation is removed. This phenomenon is related to black hole no-hair theorems, i.e., ``baldness.'' We continue the discussion of this effect and describe how it can be understood, in the case of Dirichlet branes, in terms of the corresponding intersection field theory. When it occurs, it is associated with the quantum mixing of phases and lack of superselection sectors in low dimensional field theories. We find surprisingly wide agreement between the field theory and supergravity both with respect to which examples delocalize and with respect to the rate at which this occurs.
Narrative accounts from the citizens, victims, and offenders restoring justice program

This paper describes the Citizens, Victims, and Offenders Restoring Justice (CVORJ) program, a prison-based program conducted as a pilot study at the Washington State Reformatory. The program brings together offenders and victims - though not involved in the same crime - in the company of interested community members to discuss restorative justice principles. The program focuses on the sharing of personal narratives of crime to explore how the harms resulting from crime can best be addressed and justice achieved. Of interest was how a restorative justice model that highlighted community participation could be incorporated into a correctional setting and whether healing could result from the use of surrogate offenders, victims, and community members. The restorative nature of the program, its method of operation, results from the qualitative evaluation, and key implementation challenges are presented.
RNA molecules that specifically and stoichiometrically bind aminoglycoside antibiotics with high affinities.

RNA aptamers had previously been selected which were able to bind to the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin with high affinity (Wang & Rando, 1995). Consensus sequences are found in a variety of constructs, and these sequences were mapped to stem-loop regions by Mfold secondary structure prediction. A tobramycin-based affinity cleavage reagent specifically cleaves the aptamers in their consensus regions. A fluorescence depolarization method is developed to accurately measure the affinity and stoichiometry of aminoglycoside binding to RNA constructs. An RNA aptamer (J6RNA) selected to bind to the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin is shown to do so with an affinity of 0.77 nM and a stoichiometry of 1:1. (Fluorescently labeled) 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine tobramycin (CRT) is used as a ligand in the fluorescence depolarization studies. J6RNA binding is quite specific for tobramycin, and weakly binds structurally related aminoglycosides with affinities 103−104-fold lower than that for tobramycin. Specif...
Magnesium scales from seawater distillation

Abstract Seawater evaporation tests were run in the presence of typical distillation plant corrosion products, such as Fe, Ca and Ni. It was assumed that scales formed in this environment are more typical of the “real world” than scales formed under conditions with little or no corrosion taking place. Two types of tests were run, beaker tests using seawater and metal coupons, and flow tests using seawater and Cu-Ni tubing. By reducing the total alkalinity to less than 80 ppm, we were able to eliminate the formation of aragonite, and concentrate on the identification of the lesser known magnesium scales. Using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, two different magnesium scales were identified. One, as expected, was brucite [Mg(OH)2], which was obtained under conditions of high temperature (110–120°C) and little or no residual CO2 in the brine. The other scale identified was iowaite [4Mg(OH)2·FeOCl·H2O], which was obtained at lower temperatures (100–110°C) and at higher residual CO2 in the brine. No evidence was found for the formation of hydromagnesite [3Mg(OH)2·MgCO3·3H2o], a scale previously proposed by other investigators. Tests with commercially available, threshold agent, Darex 41, tend to confirm the existence of two distinct Mg scales, since no threshold effect was observed for Mg(OH)2 formation, but a threshold effect was observed for the Mg scale formed at lower temperatures, i.e., iowaite.
Students Who Strip: The Benefits of Alternate Identities for Managing Stigma

We apply interactionist theories that highlight the contextual nature of stigma and the relational quality of stigmatization to the case of college students who work as topless dancers. We explore how the “toll of stripping” might be mediated by having an alternate, positive identity like “student.” Our analysis demonstrates that students who strip are distinctive from other strippers in important ways that stem from their salient, positive identity as students. Although they often feel as if they live a “double life” because they hide their occupation from family and friends, they benefit from sharing their student goals and ambitions with club customers. “Student” is a socially acceptable identity to share in routine social interactions and helps student strippers frame dancing as a transient occupation, offering them an opportunity to maintain a positive sense of self while buffering them from some of the negative effects of stripping.
RGS7 complex formation and colocalization with the Gbeta5 subunit in the adult rat brain and influence on Gbeta5gamma2-mediated PLCbeta signaling.

This study describes the colocalized distribution and dimeric complex formation between RGS7, a GTPase-activating protein for several heterotrimeric Galpha protein families, and the Gbeta5 subunit in the adult rat brain. Confocal dual immunofluorescence labeling studies indicated a broad regional specificity in the cellular coexpression between RGS7 and Gbeta5 within the cerebral cortical layers I and V-VI, hippocampal formation, caudate-putamen, medial habenula, most thalamic nuclei, and cerebellar molecular and granular layers. In all instances, Gbeta1-beta4 immunoreactivities exhibited no observable colocalization with RGS7, despite their widespread codistribution throughout similar neuronal networks. Coimmunoprecipitation studies confirmed the selective protein-protein interaction between RGS7 and Gbeta5 within brain regions that displayed immunohistochemical colocalization. The influence of RGS7 to modulate Gbeta5gamma2-mediated phosphatidyl inositol (PI) production was examined in COS-7-cotransfected cells. In the presence of Gbeta5gamma2 only, intracellular PI accumulation was increased by 25% above basal levels; addition of RGS7 produced no significant alteration in Gbeta5gamma2-mediated PI accumulation. A similar trend was exhibited when full-length RGS7 was substituted with an RGS7 construct lacking the Gbeta5-interacting region (G protein gamma-like domain; GGL domain) or with RGS4. In conclusion, RGS7/Gbeta5 dimers occurred within most brain regions in which both proteins were cellularly coexpressed. However, an influence of RGS7 on Gbeta5gamma2-mediated PLCbeta signaling activity was not apparent, athough this was in COS-7 cell transfection studies.
Self-assembly of block copolymers

Recent advances in the application of self-consistent field theory permit the calculation of the free energy of ordered phases with any symmetry. Hence it is now possible to study, within this theory, the complex phases of self-assembling polymer systems starting from standard model polymer Hamiltonians.
In Situ Measurements of Bridged Crack Interfaces in the Scanning Electron Microscope

A device for in situ SEM examination of crack propagation during loading of compact tension specimens is described, with a specific demonstration on an alumina ceramic. The device facilitates direct qualitative observations of the inception and subsequent frictional pullout of grain-localized bridges at the crack interface. Quantitative data on the bridging mechanism are obtained from measurements of the crack-opening displacements behind the crack tip. The crack profile is found to be closer to linear than parabolic at the bridged interface. Deconvolution of these crack-opening data allow for an evaluation of the closure tractions operative at the crack walls within the bridging zone, and thence the R-curve.
Medical application of vest pocket computers

This special editorial review in theJournal of Medical Systems is dedicated to the use and application of vest pocket computers (VPCs). We will not be discussing PCs, mainframes, lap tops, or notebook-size processors. Our focus is on a light-weight, small, compact device that will comfortably fit in the vest pocket or purse of a health care worker. This new device, the VPC, is just now coming into the market with major manufacturer support. This issue will review the current specifications for such equipment and also available application software that can be purchased. The topics discussed in this review will follow a logical sequence of presentation. First, will be a justification of the VPC in light of the needs of the user community. The second section will discuss the available hardware on the market and present a direct comparison of prices and specifications. Our final overview will offer a projection for the future and a discussion of where this technology might lead in the coming months. Today, we are at the threshold of a major innovation in the practice of medicine. The VPC will be a serious step forward in the delivery of knowledge to a wide variety of users who are limited in their current application of computer technology. I hope that this introductory series will be the stimulus for a user group to develop and initiate a flood of activity that will generate great interest in this new technology.
Boron fullerenes: From B 80 to hole doped boron sheets

We demonstrate the existence of a family of stable boron fullerenes containing $80{n}^{2}$ atoms that is related to the family of $60{n}^{2}$ carbon icosahedral fullerene series and is compatible with the recently proposed stable boron sheets composed of triangular and hexagonal motifs. All electron density-functional calculations on the ${\text{B}}_{320}$, ${\text{B}}_{720}$, ${\text{B}}_{1280}$, and ${\text{B}}_{2000}$ confirm their stability and show that the quantum size effects open up electronic band gaps in the boron fullerenes at ${\text{B}}_{1280}$. Boron fullerenes below ${\text{B}}_{2000}$ have valence electronic structure identical to their corresponding carbon cousins from $60{n}^{2}$ family.
Microarray analysis of gene/transcript expression in Angelman syndrome: deletion versus UPD.

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder due to a functional deficit, usually a deletion, of the UBE3A gene located in the 15q11–q13 chromosome region. We report the first microarray analysis of gene expression in AS using a custom cDNA microarray to compare expression patterns from lymphoblastoid cell lines from control males and AS subjects with a 15q deletion or uniparental paternal disomy 15. Expression patterns of genes known to be biallelically expressed or paternally or maternally expressed were consistent with expectations. We detected paternal or maternal allelic bias in the expression of several genes and transcripts (e.g., GABRA5, GABRB3, WI14946). Additionally, mechanisms controlling paternal allele expression appear to be faithfully replicated in each paternal chromosome in individuals with paternal disomy. Our results indicate that interconnected mechanisms can produce subtle and unexpected changes in gene expression that may help explain the phenotypic differences observed among the genetic subtypes of AS. D 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Genetic and cognitive windows into circuit mechanisms of psychiatric disease

Accumulating evidence indicates substantial etiological and pathophysiological heterogeneity as well as overlap within and across psychiatric disorders. Moreover, it is uncertain at what level, besides gross behavior, mental illnesses can be differentiated. To advance our understanding of psychiatric disease, we advocate a more systematic approach in characterizing a small number of animal models by utilizing unequivocal rare disease mutations and targeted cognitive assessment to identify convergent disease circuits and mechanisms. Based on available data, we discuss the possibility that the temporal dynamics of synaptic plasticity play a central role in disease pathophysiology and that the extent and manner in which they are altered in specific neural circuits determine the exact clinical phenotype of diverse disorders.
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology

Limnology, the integrative science of inland aquatic ecosystems, is making fundamental scientific advances and playing a critical role in management of inland water while suffering from fragmentation and lack of identity at North American universities. Educational programs at undergraduate and graduate levels require substantial improvement. In light of such concerns, the U.S. National Research Council commissioned a study on the nature and future of the academic teaching of limnology in North America. As is expected from such endeavors, the committee's report, published to high professional standards, combines scholarly background on the development of limnology with recommendations for actions. University professors and graduate students teaching limnology and related fields, as well as managers of water resources, will find the committee's report valuable.
Searching for the Majority: Algorithms of Voluntary Control

Voluntary control of information processing is crucial to allocate resources and prioritize the processes that are most important under a given situation; the algorithms underlying such control, however, are often not clear. We investigated possible algorithms of control for the performance of the majority function, in which participants searched for and identified one of two alternative categories (left or right pointing arrows) as composing the majority in each stimulus set. We manipulated the amount (set size of 1, 3, and 5) and content (ratio of left and right pointing arrows within a set) of the inputs to test competing hypotheses regarding mental operations for information processing. Using a novel measure based on computational load, we found that reaction time was best predicted by a grouping search algorithm as compared to alternative algorithms (i.e., exhaustive or self-terminating search). The grouping search algorithm involves sampling and resampling of the inputs before a decision is reached. These findings highlight the importance of investigating the implications of voluntary control via algorithms of mental operations.
The location of organic guests within X-type faujasite zeolites via external heavy-atom induced phosphorescence

Abstract Heavy-atom induced phosphorescence of naphthalene and related aromatic guest molecules included in X-type faujasite zeolites (M + X − , M + = Li, + Na, + K + , Rb + , Cs + , Tl + )_has been studied and evidence has been obtained for direct interactions between the heavy-atom cations present within the zeolite supercage and the included organic guest. As expected for an external heavy-atom perturbed excited state, both singlet and triplet excited state lifetimes and emission efficiencies depend upon the identity and accessibility of the cation. The use of photophysical probes to monitor the guest's local environment and approaches to monitoring guest diffusion processes within zeolites via. phosphorescence are discussed.
The quality of life for black Americans twenty years after the civil rights revolution.

To understand the extent of racial change in the US it is necessary to analyze the aims accomplishments and failures of the civil rights movement. Its aims include equity in health care housing educational opportunities employment and citizenship rights. Civil rights legislation has effectively removed racial barriers in 2 important areas: voting rights and equal access to public accommodations. The blatantly discriminatory policies of the Jim Crow era have ended. By the late 1960s blacks in all regions could use the same public accommodations as whites. In large metropolitan areas blacks are still as residentially segregated from whites as they were 4 decades ago. However racial differences in housing quality have been greatly reduced. In terms of measurable aspects of school facilities such as building age presence of libraries or laboratories extracurricular activities degrees of teachers and their salaries black students approached parity with whites in the 1960s. Soon the years of schooling completed by blacks and whites will be the same. Racial differences in scores of tests of intellectual skills and learning however have been large. Unless policies that separate city and suburban students into different school districts are altered the persistence of residential segregation will combine with demographic trends to produce public schools that are almost as segregate as those before 1954. Racial differences in unemployment rates have not diminished. Among black men there has been a persistent rise in nonparticipation since 1960. The occupational distribution of employed blacks has been upgraded and is gradually becoming similar to that of whites. Racial differences in workers earnings have declined among men and almost disappeared among women. By 1980 black men earned about 85% as much as white men; black and white women were equal. Poverty rates have been high and income levels low in families headed by women. There has been a sharp increase in the proportion of blacks living in female-maintained families which have high poverty rates. White Americans have made fundamental changes in social institutions that extend the practices and principles of democracy to blacks but neither the melting pot nor the polarization model adequately describe the racial situation. Quite likely racial differences will persist and some such as those describing family income and poverty will grow larger.
Maxwell's equations, linear gravity, and twistors

A detailed outline is presented of several convergent points of view connecting the self-dual and anti-self-dual fields with their free data. This is done for the Maxwell and for linearized gravity as exemplifying the approaches. The Sparling equation provides one tool of great power and characterizes one approach. The twistor theory of Penrose yields another equally powerful point of view. The links between these two basic approaches given in this paper provide a unification that allows workers and others with interest in this area to proceed more readily toward the goal of understanding the full nonlinear Einstein equations.
Design of a high energy, high duty cycle, racetrack microtron

Abstract The design of a split-magnet racetrack microtron with a maximum final energy between 400 and 600 MeV is considered. Detailed calculations of the beam optics are presented. It is shown that adequate focusing can be provided by quadrupoles placed on the individual orbits. The phase stability of the device is investigated. The phase stable region is sufficiently large so that the tolerances on the homogeneity of the magnetic field and stability of the accelerating voltage are reasonable. As the result of phase focusing, the energy resolution of the microtron is on the order of 10−3. Design parameters for a conventional (non-superconducting) rf system are given. Depending on the choice of an rf power source, the proposed microtron can provide an average current at maximum energy of 50 to 100 μmA at a duty cycle of 3 to 6%. At 200 MeV the average current is 75 to 200 μmA and the duty cycle is 10 to 30%. In comparison with an electron linac using a comparable amount of average rf power, the energy homogeneity and duty cycle of the microtron are superior by an order of magnitude. In addition the microtron is considerably more compact and is less expensive to build.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adult Sexual Identity Formation: Intersection of Gender, Race, and Sexual Orientation

There is a significantly higher rate of childhood sexual abuse among individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer. We describe how being a survivor of childhood sexual abuse can later affect adult sexual identity formation by examining it through the intersection of gender, race, and sexual orientation. Adult lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer abuse survivors may experience unique clinical challenges while healing from this type of traumatic experience and developing a healthy lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer identity. We recommend a multicultural clinical approach for family therapists in order to best treat this vulnerable population.
Eyewitness testimony: The influence of the wording of a question

Two experiments are reported in which subjects viewed a film of an automobile accident and then answered questions about events occurring in the film. Relative to questions containing an indefinite article (e.g., Did you see a broken headlight?), questions which contained a definite article (e.g., Did you see the broken headlight?) produced (1) fewer uncertain or “I don’t know” responses, and (2) more “recognition” of events that never, in fact, occurred. The results, which are consistent with the view that questions asked subsequent to an event can cause a reconstruction in one’s memory of that event, have important implications for courtroom practices and eyewitness investigations.
Life History and Demography of Cephaloleia fenestrata (Hispinae: Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera)

ABSTRACT The Neotropical beetle Cephaloleia fenestrata is a specialist herbivore on Pleiostachya pruinosa (Marantaceae) in upland and flood zone habitat of lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Cephaloleia fenestrata spends its entire life cycle on P. pruinosa, feeding primarily in rolled young leaves as adults, feeding in the concavity of leaf petioles as larvae, and laying eggs and pupating on the leaf petioles. Egg development time is about average for Chrysomelidae, approximately ten days. Cephaloleia fenestrata larvae, like other rolled leaf hispines, have an extremely long development period (94 d) consisting of only two instars (compared to a range of three to six in other Chrysomelidae). The 30-day pupal stage is also long, but within the range of that observed in other Chrysomelidae. Adults live an average of six weeks. The generation time for C. fenestrata is thus approximately six months. Male C. fenestrata lived longer and had a higher capture probability than females. There was no differ...
Electroosmosis-based nanopipettor.

Decreasing the volume of reagent solutions consumed in each assay is an effective means to reduce the overall cost in high-throughput analysis laboratories. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to investigate the behavior of individual cells. If one wishes to transfer solution to or from a single cell, a picoliter pipettor is needed since the entire cell volume is commonly less than 1 nL. While pressure ejection and iontophoresis have been used to deliver picoliter volumes of solutions, these techniques cannot yield routine pipettors which perform both solution “picking up” and “dispensing” functions. The state-of-the-art pipettors can handle liquids down to ∼100 nL, although the pipetting accuracy and precision deteriorate considerably from microliters to nanoliters. If one wishes to pipet reagents of less than 100 nL, new pipettors need to be developed. Electroosmosis has been utilized to pump solutions at flow rates of nanoliters to approximately picoliters per second, which is ideal for nanopi...
Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in boys, 8 to 12 years of age.

Ninety-five boys, 8 to 12 years of age, were subjected to a comprehensive medical and physiologic evaluation in an effort to identify the extent to which coronary heart disease risk factors derived from an adult population are manifest in a population of young boys. Each subject was examined by a pediatrician, had a resting electrocardiogram and blood pressure determination, a densitometric determination of body composition, an evaluation of pulmonary function, a blood lipid analysis, and finally, a maximal work capacity test to determine the normality of the exercise electrocardiogram and to assess maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 max ⁡ ) . The mean values for this study fell within the normal range of mean values from previous studies, although V ˙ O 2 max was particularly high in this population. The prevalence of hypertension was extremely low. However, 13 per cent of the population were considered obese, 20 and 8 per cent, respectively, demonstrated elevated serum cholesterol (> 200 mg.per 100 ml.) and triglyceride (> 100 mg.per 100 ml.) values, and 34 per cent identified at least one blood relative with a myocardial infarction at or before the age of 60 years. Of the total group, 36 per cent exhibited no risk factors, 46 per cent had one, and 14 per cent had two or more.
Does combined antioxidant vitamin supplementation blunt repeated bout effect

We investigated the effect of antioxidant supplementation on markers of muscle damage, antioxidant status, and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) after repeated downhill runs . Moderately-trained males (n=22) were randomly assigned to a supplement (S) or placebo (P) group. Capsules (vitamin C:1 000 mg/d; vitamin E: 400 IU/d) were ingested daily for 2 weeks. before the first (1D) and second (2D) downhill runs, and for 2 additional days following each run. Creatine kinase (CK) activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) were measured pre-exercise and at 0 (immediately), 6, 24 and 48 h post-exercise (POST). DOMS was rated for quadriceps, hamstring, gluteus, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h POST. CK at 48 h following 1D remained elevated above pre-exercise only in P ( P P P P
Taxonomic and phylogenetic significance of seed coat microsculpturing in Mentzelia (Loasaceae) in Wyoming and adjacent western states

Six hundred seeds belonging to the genusMentzelia (Loasaceae) were examined using the Scanning Electron Microscope. The seeds represented all six sections of the genus and approximately 76% of the total number of species from northern Mexico and western United States. Emphasis was placed on seed material from Wyoming and adjoining states. Ovule serial sectioning was done to determine testa ontogeny. In all cases seed surface structures could be related to excrescences developing from the integument cells. Six basic seed coat relief features could be distinguished, corresponding to the six sections in the genus. Minor variations in the basic types are constant and characteristic for species or, in very few instances, for species groups. A dendrogram was constructed from the seed testa data which supports the phylogeny established from chromosomal and morphological data. Practical application of seed coat microcharacter specificity to identification ofMentzelia seeds from prehistoric sites is suggested.
Synthesis, Processing And Characterization Of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide

Abstract Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder was synthesized by using a simple sol–gel technique, which can be easily controlled and reproduced. By hydrolyzing titanium tetraisopropoxide in a mixture of isopropanol and deionized water, TiO2 nanopowder was obtained after calcination at 400 °C. The powder was analyzed for its phases using X-ray diffraction technique and found to be pure anatase. Crystallite size, powder morphology and lattice fringes were determined using high-resolution TEM. DSC and TGA were used to study the thermal properties. As-synthesized powder was uniaxially compacted and sintered at 1300–1600 °C to investigate densification behavior and mechanical properties. Maximum hardness (472 ± 30 HV) and the best sintered density (3.75 g/cm3) were attained in structures sintered at 1600 °C, whereas, the highest compressive strength (364 ± 11 MPa) was achieved in structures sintered at 1500 °C.
Abstract 1460: Quantification of circulating tumor cells using multiplexed Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles.

Background: Detection, quantification, and molecular characterization of CTCs may aid physicians in treatment decision making and optimizing. However, the major challenge in the detection and characterization of CTCs is the lack of a highly specific and sensitive assay to isolate and identify the rare population of CTCs in complex blood samples. Moreover, current approaches for CTC detection including CellSearch (FDA approved CTC detection method) which primarily relays on single biomarker are suboptimal because of tumor heterogeneity. Here we develop a multiplexed single-tube assay for directly detection of CTCs in blood sample using two targeted Surface-Enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles. Methods: SERS nanoparticles (60 nm) were prepared by spectral encoding with a Raman reporter molecule (QSY or BHQ) and then stabilized and protected by low molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs). A targeting ligand, epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide or epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody, was covalently conjugated to PEG layer of SERS nanoparticle. The functionalized EGF- or EpCAM- SERS nanoparticle was able to identify CTCs in the peripheral blood with high specificity and affinity. Results: We collected and examined fresh blood samples from 20 SCCHN patients with various histologies and successfully detected positive SERS signals that were greater than background in 9 of 12 (75%) of patients. This technique was demonstrated to be capable of identifying rare CTCs by two biomarkers simultaneously, with a range of 5-720 cells per ml of whole blood. Blood samples from 3 normal controls did not show any CTCs. In one patient who had 0 count of CTC detected by EGFR-targeting SERS tag showed 170 CTCs/ml of blood detected by EpCAM-targeting SERS tags. Conclusion: Special design of the two SERS nanoparticles, distinguished with unique spectral signatures and bio-conjugation of EGF or EpCAM antibody as targeting molecule, allowed simultaneous detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or EpCAM on CTCs in one blood sample. Our technique based on two biomarkers rather than those relayed on single biomarker may improve CTC assessment in clinical settings. (This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute award 5 P50 CA128613 and U54CA119338-04). Citation Format: Xu Wang, Ximei Qian, Jonathan J. Beitler, Zhuo (Georgia) Chen, Fadlo R. Khuri, Melinda M. Lewis, Hyung J. Shin, Shuming Nie, Dong M. Shin. Quantification of circulating tumor cells using multiplexed Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Nanoparticles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1460. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1460
Substitution-inert metal complex mobile phases in nonsuppressed anion chromatography

Abstract Substitution-inert metal complexes, sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetatocobaltate(III), Na[Co(edta)], and tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) iodide, [(Co(en) 3 ]I 3 , is found to be an effective eluent species in the separation of singly charged anions whereas [Co(en) 3 ]I 3 is found to be a poor eluent species. Na[Co(edta)] at a concentration of 2.00 · 10 −3 M is able to completely separate nitrite, bromide, and nitrate ions in approximately 21 min on a Vydac 302IC4.6 anion-exchange column. Fluoride and chloride ions co-elute. Bicarbonate, dihydrogen phosphate, perchlorate, iodide, and sulfate ions are not detected by this system. The non-optimized detection limits for the detectable anions range from 5–25 ppm for an injection of 20 μl sample. Using the same column, [Co(en) 3 ]I 3 at a concentration of 5.53 · 10 −5 M is able to separate chloride, nitrite, and bromide ions in approximately 80 min. Nitrate and sulfate ions are not detected. Other ions were not tested. Under conditions of these experiments, Vydac 302IC4.6 anion-exchange columns have a limited lifetime of less than ten weeks. Columns from the same batch are shown to produce different results.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE SYNAPSE ON THE MYELINATED CELL BODIES OF THE CHICKEN CILIARY GANGLION

Electron micrographs, stained Epon-embedded sections, and silver stains of the ciliary ganglion of chickens 19 days prehatched, 4 days, 5 weeks, 6 months, and 1 to 2 years of age were studied. The majority of ganglion cells are large neurons; smaller cells are restricted to a dorsal, distal part of the ganglion. The following description applies to the large neurons. Three to twenty lamellae of loose, semicompact, and compact myelin ensheathe virtually every neuron. All these types of myelin form the sheath of a single neuron. The lamellae greatly increase in number and in compactness during the period between the 19-day embryo and the 4-day-old chick. During the period between the 4-day chick and the adult chicken, the myelin becomes only slightly thicker and denser. The calyx is a large synaptic terminal encircling virtually every neuron in the ganglion up to 5 weeks of age. At 6 months of age, the calyx appears to break up; only about half the number of neurons in the ganglion have this large terminal, while the remaining neurons have numerous relatively small, boutonlike synapses. This rather remarkable transformation in the structure of the calyx is virtually complete in the 1- to 2-year-old chickens. In these older chickens all the cells have boutons, and calyces are no longer present. The entering preterminal fiber, the calyx, the neuron, and the axon hillock can all have myelin lamellae on them. It is possible that this entire complex is effectively insulated by the myelin sheath. No synaptic discs or fusion of the membranes of the preterminal fiber and the postganglionic neuron are seen. The chick ciliary ganglion cells are the only myelinated neurons so far described which receive synapses. The neurons in the small-cell part of the ganglion do not have calyces and are not ensheathed by myelin lamellae at any age.
Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor production by tumor-associated mononuclear leukocytes and peripheral mononuclear leukocytes in cancer patients

The production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by tumor-associated mononuclear leukocytes (TAML) and peripheral mononuclear leukocytes (PMBL) from 9 otherwise untreated patients with a variety of malignancies (lung, sarcoma, stomach, renal) was assessed. Cells were cultured for 24 hr in vitro in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and IL-1 and TNF levels were measured in culture supernatants. TNF production was comparable between TAMLs and PBMLs. However, a striking defect in IL-1 production by TAMLs was noted. There was no basal production of IL-1 and LPS-stimulated TAMLs produced only 1% the amount of IL-1 produced by LPS-stimulated PBMLs.