cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Destination Tag Controlled Fault-Tolerant Networks

A systematic approach is proposed to construct networks that can be controlled by destination tags. The networks can be designed so that they have a unique path between any of its inputs and any of its outputs and can also be designed so that multiple paths are provided. When multiple paths exist, the network is fault-tolerant in the sense that a fault in the path does not prevent communication through a redundant path. This approach is based on the fact that, for a unique-path network of size N with logN stages and 2x2 switches, a binary tree structure can be associated with each input switch. The tree is such that the root, nodes, edges and levels of the tree correspond to the input switch, switches connected to the input switch, links between these switches and stages of the network, respectively. Sets of tree structures can be devised and used as the underlying "skeletons" of fault-tolerant networks that are controllable by destination tags. There are several ways to organize binary trees and map them into networks in order to implement destination tag routing. This paper concentrates on a special case of the approach and experiments are conducted on constructing networks whose switches are 2x2, 3x3 or 4x4 switches (although nonuniform switches of various sizes are also possible.) Merits and advantages of these designs are discussed with respect to routing and rerouting schemes and fault tolerance. Several existing seemingly varied and independent designs of unique-path and fault-tolerant networks are found to be governed by this approach. In particular, Augmented Data Manipulator (ADM) networks and related designs are investigated and improved with respect to fault-tolerance and routing and rerouting schemes, and new designs with better fault-tolerance capabilities are suggested.
Perioperative tumor localization for laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Background: Because of the inability to palpate colonic tumors during laparoscopy, their location must be precisely identified before resection is undertaken.
CPDNA INHERITANCE IN INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES AND EVOLUTIONARY INFERENCE IN LOUISIANA IRISES

Inheritance of chloroplast DNA haplotypes was determined for progeny from interspecific crosses involving Iris fulva and Iris hexagona. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of chloroplast DNA followed by restriction fragment length analysis of the amplification products was used to identify the haplotypes of 213 experimental hybrids. This analysis allowed a test for maternal, paternal, and biparental inheritance in the hybrid offspring. Two of the hybrid progeny possessed haplotypes that were combinations of those present in the pollen and seed parents. One of the offspring possessed only the paternal haplotype. The remaining 210 plants had the haplotypes characteristic of the maternal plant. Chloroplast DNA variation in iris populations has previously been used to infer not only introgressive hybridization between I. fulva and I. hexagona, but also the greater role of direct pollen transfer relative to seed dispersal as the avenue for interspecific gene flow. We reexamined the previous conclusions concerning the mode of introgressive hybridization between L fulva and I. hexagona in light of the results from the chloroplast DNA inheritance analysis. The low level of paternal and biparental inheritance detected in this analysis suggests that previous analyses using the chloroplast DNA as a seed-specific marker were robust. Furthermore, data concerning barriers to hybridization between I. fulva and I. hexagona suggest that the probability of
Almost every unit matrix is a ULU

Abstract We call an n × n matrix a shear if it is triangular with all l's on the diagonal, and a unit matrix if it has unit determinant. Earlier we had shown that, for n = 3, every orthogonal matrix (except for degenerate cases when one of the Euler angles equals π) can be written in the form U 0 LU 1 , where the U are upper shears and L is a lower shear. Then Strang showed that, for any n , every unit matrix can be written as L 0 U 0 L 1 U 1 . Here, we show that every unit matrix (except for a subset of measure zero) can be decomposed into the product of just three shears, U 0 LU 1 , and we present a canonical form for this decomposition. On the residual subset, such a decomposition is still possible (up to a sign) if one is allowed to suitably prepermute the rows of the matrix.
Quantitative Charge Imaging of Silicon Nanocrystals by Atomic Force Microscopy

Quantitative understanding of charging and discharging of Si nanocrystals in SiO2 films on Si substrate is essential to their application in floating gate nonvolatile memory devices. Charge imaging by atomic force microscopy (AFM) or electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) can provide qualitative information on such system, while a further step is needed. We have developed a generalized method of images, which can solve Poisson equation for multiple dielectric layers, to simulate the charge imaging of Si nanocrystals by non-contact mode AFM under different sample geometries. Simulated images can be compared with experimental images thoroughly to estimate the total amount and distributions of trapped charges, which is also useful in the study of time evolution of charges or dissipation problems.
A stereotaxic atlas of the brainstem for Macaca mulatta in the sitting position

Attempts to use existing stereotaxic atlases of the lower brainstem of monkeys for the placement of microelectrodes in the cranial nerve nuclei of awake animals have met with little success. The relationship of these nuclei to the bony structures used for orienting the head are probably altered when the position of the body is radically changed from the horizontal to the vertical (sitting) position. The atlas presented is based upon Macaca mulatta monkeys sitting in position in a primate restraint chair. This standard orientation provides a necessary frame of reference for accurate localization of lower brainstem structures.
Oval Lipid Corneal Opacities in Beagles: V. Ultrastructure

Naturally occurring, oval opacities at the junction of the middle and inferior thirds of the cornea were found in an experimental beagle dog colony and were examined by light and electron microscopy. Abnormalities were limited to the anterior stroma and consisted of extracellular rhomboid crystalline spaces. Spherical or elliptical vacuolar spaces, sometimes containing electron-dense amorphous debris, distorted stromal lamellae. Stromal keratocytes in affected areas revealed a range of changes from hyperplasia of organelles to degeneration and necrosis.
The gem-Dialkyl Effect as a Test for Preliminary Diphosphine Chelate Opening in a Reductive Elimination Reaction†

A significant kinetic effect of the placement of gem-dialkyl substituents in the carbon backbone of a bidentate phosphine ligand on a reductive elimination reaction involving chelate opening as a preliminary step has been documented. This observation confirms the viability of the gem-dialkyl effect as a mechanistic probe for preliminary phosphine dissociation in reactions of complexes containing chelating diphosphine ligands.
γδ T Cells from Influenza-Infected Mice Develop a Natural Killer Cell Phenotype Following Culture

Abstract Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) populations recovered from mice with secondary influenza pneumonia contain γδ T cell receptor (TCR) + NK1.1 - lymphocytes and γδTCR - NK1.1 + natural killer (NK) cell populations. Stimulating the CD4 - 8 - component of the BAL with a monoclonal antibody to CD3ϵ and rIL-2 leads to the emergence of substantial numbers of CD4 - 8 - γδTCR + NK1.1 + and CD4 - 8 - αβTCR + NK1.1 + lymphocytes. The NK1.1 + γδ T cells are potent cytotoxic effectors, causing much higher lysis of YAC-1 target cells than the γδTCR + NK1.1 - lymphocytes that are present concurrently, CD4 + and CD8 + αβ T cells cultured in the same way express little (if any) NK1.1. The possible functional role of NK1.1 + γδ T cells is discussed.
An individualized impression tray utilizing the patient's existing denture

Abstract This technique utilizes patients' existing dentures to construct individualized impression trays. Some of the advantages are: (1) the trays are made within 30 minutes; (2) final impressions may be made at the first appointment; (3) it is an inexpensive and uncomplicated laboratory procedure readily taught to dental auxiliaries. (4) chair time is better utilized by both the dentist and patient.
Durable engraftment of major histocompatibility complex–incompatible cells after nonmyeloablative conditioning with fludarabine, low-dose total body irradiation, and posttransplantation cyclophosphamide

Treatment of leukemia by myeloablative conditioning and transplantation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched stem cells is generally avoided because of the high risk of graft rejection or lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This study shows that MHC-incompatible cells can engraft stably after nonmyeloablative conditioning with immunosuppressive chemotherapy and low-dose total body irradiation (TBI). Long-term mixed hematopoietic chimerism, clonal deletion of donor-reactive T cells, and bidirectional cytotoxic T-cell tolerance were achieved by transplanting MHC-mismatched marrow cells into recipients conditioned with pretransplantation fludarabine or cyclophosphamide (Cy), 50 to 200 cGy TBI on day -1, and Cy 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally on day 3. In this model, long-term donor chimerism was proportional to the dose of TBI or donor marrow cells. Pretransplantation fludarabine and posttransplantation Cy were both required for alloengraftment, but the drugs had additional effects. For example, fludarabine sensitized host stem cells to the toxicity of TBI, because animals conditioned with both agents had higher chimerism than animals conditioned with TBI alone (P <.05). Also, posttransplantation Cy attenuated lethal and nonlethal GVH reactions, because F(1) recipients of host-reactive, parental spleen cells survived longer (P <.05) and had lower donor cell chimerism (P <.01) if they received posttransplantation Cy than if they did not. Finally, delayed infusions of donor lymphocytes into mixed chimeras prolonged survival after leukemia challenge (P <.0001) without causing lethal GVHD. These results indicate that stable engraftment of MHC-incompatible cells can be induced after fludarabine-based, nonmyeloablative conditioning and that it serves as a platform for adoptive immunotherapy with donor lymphocyte infusions.
Developmentally coordinated en masse excision of a highly repetitive element in E. crassus

Abstract The E. crassus Tec1 element is present in >10 4 copies in the micronuclear genome but is absent from the macronuclear genome. During formation of a macronucleus from a micronucleus, a majority of the Tec1 elements appear as extrachromosomal circles. The circular and integrated forms of Tec1 have been characterized by restriction mapping to produce consensus maps and by sequence analysis of the element's termini. The circular forms are resistant to BAL 31 and have the restriction map expected if the element excises at the end of its inverted repeats. DNA sequence analysis of a circular form confirms that the inverted repeats are in a head-to-head configuration. Excision of Tec1 occurs very early during macronuclear development as the DNA begins to replicate to form polytene chromosomes.
The market value of U.S. government debt; Monthly, 1942–1980

Abstract The market value of outstanding United States Treasury debt is calculated on a monthly basis using price and par value data from the Treasury Bulletin . Separate series for Treasury Bills. Bonds, Certificates of Indebtedness, Notes and total Treasury debt are presented along with estimates of privately held Treasury debt and gross federal debt. The calculated market value series is compared to par value and an existing annual market value series.
Falsely Negative F-18 FDG PET of Osteosarcoma Arising In Paget Disease.

We present the case of a large, painful pelvic bone tumor in a 53-year-old woman with severe Paget disease. Her presentation was complicated with bilateral total hip arthroplasty, history of spinal stenosis, and multiple lucent lesions in the spine and pelvis in severely affected pagetoid bone. This case features the rare but dreaded complication of osteosarcomatous transformation in Paget disease. A variety of imaging modalities including PET/CT were utilized in the evaluation of these lesions. The PET/CT findings were counter-intuitive with regard to the intense uptake of the underlying chronic disease process and the near-absence of uptake in the tumors. The histology of the pelvic mass is also intriguing, as it demonstrated a sarcoma with giant cell features. Conservative, non-operative management was chosen, due to the patient’s poor medical condition, so we may never know the nature of the spinal lesion in this case, but will discuss the differential diagnosis for a lytic spinal lesion in a patient with severe Paget disease complicated by osteosarcoma with giant cell features.
Polygrapher's dilemma or psychologist's chimaera: a reply to Furedy's logico-ethical considerations for psychophysiological practitioners and researchers.

Abstract We respond to Furedy's article in this journal where he raised an issue he referred to as the “Polygrapher's dilemma” (Furedy J.J. (1993) Int. J. Psychophysiol., 15: 263–267). Furedy claimed that the control question test, the most commonly applied psychophysiological detection of deception test, is inherently subjective and harmful to subjects in both the field and the laboratory. Fortunately, Furedy's arguments were based on inaccurate representations of the control question test and on flawed logic. To correct Furedy's misrepresentations, we present an accurate description of how the control question test is used and evaluated. We then examine the results of empirical research that address Furedy's concerns. Furedy's concerns are found to be lacking on almost all counts. Finally, we discuss the findings from several studies that Furedy failed to mention but are directly relevant to the issues he raised.
Partial trisomy 19p: case report and natural history

Partial trisomy 19p was noted in an infant delivered at 39 weeks gestation with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), bilateral club feet, renal abnormalities, hearing deficit, and multiple dysmorphic features. Chromosomes obtained following amniocentesis at 32 weeks gestation revealed that the fetus was partially trisomic for 19p and partially monosomic for a portion of the terminal band of 3q, having inherited a derivative chromosome 3 from her father [46,XX,-3,+der(3)t(3;19)(q29;p13.2)pat]. The father was found to be the carrier of a balanced translocation between chromosomes 3 and 19 [46,XY,t(3;19)(q29;p13.2)]. The only other case of partial trisomy 19p previously reported was an infant with partial trisomy 19p and partial monosomy 13q who died at 59 days of age. This report by Byrne et al. [(Am J Hum Genet 1980: 32:64A] is similar to our case with respect to IUGR, small palpebral fissures, and ear anomalies.
Asymptotic and Numerical Analyses of Ignition of a Fuel Jet in a Supersonic Airstream

ABSTRACT Ignition of a cold fuel injection into a supersonic hot airstream is analyzed both asymptotically and numerically. The present study extends the Linan and Crespo's analysis of ignition in a mixing layer of parallel streams to the analysis of ignition in a jet flow. The ignition distance is related explicitly to the thermodynamic parameters and the width of jet The asymptotic analysis not only correlates the ignition distance in a fuel jet with that in a mixing layer of parallel streams, but also reveals the difference between them. It is shown that ignition mechanism of a fuel jet in an infinite air stream can be divided into three regimes, ignition regime in a mixing layer of parallel streams, ignition regime determined by jet scale and chemical scale, and ignition regime controlled by chemical scale only, according to the width of jet The present analysis theoretically exhibits the linear dependence of ignition distance on the logarithmic function of jet width. A good agreement is established b...
Immediate early gene activity in song control nuclei and brain areas regulating motivation relates positively to singing behavior during, but not outside of, a breeding context

In some species, such as songbirds, much is known about how the brain regulates vocal learning, production, and perception. What remains a mystery is what regulates the motivation to communicate. European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) sing throughout most of the year, but the social and environmental factors that motivate singing behavior differ seasonally. Male song is highly sexually motivated during, but not outside of, the breeding season. Brain areas outside the song control system, such as the medial preoptic nucleus (POM) and ventral tegmental area (VTA), have been implicated in regulating sexually motivated behaviors in birds, including song. The present study was designed to explore whether these regions, as well as three song control nuclei [area X, the high vocal center (HVC), and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA)], might be involved differentially in song produced within compared to outside of a breeding context. We recorded the behavioral responses of breeding and nonbreeding condition male starlings to the introduction of a female conspecific. Males did not show context-dependent differences in the overall amount of song sung. However, immunocytochemistry for the protein product of the immediate early gene cFOS revealed a positive linear relationship between the total amount of songs sung and number of cFOS-labeled cells in POM, VTA, HVC, and RA for birds singing during, but not outside of, a breeding context. These results suggest that these regions differentially regulate male song production depending on reproductive context. Overall the data support the hypothesis that the POM and VTA interact with the song control system, specifically HVC and RA, to regulate sexually motivated vocal communication in songbirds.
59 Prevention of Hyperbilirubinemia of Prematurity by Phototherapy

The ideal treatment for hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity would be a safe and simple method for preventing its occurrence. CREMER et al. (1958) first demonstrated that serum bilirubin concentrations of newborn infants can be reduced by exposure to light. This treatment has not been widely used because of doubts as to its effectiveness and concern for the possible toxicity of the photochemical decomposition products of bilirubin. Recent experimental evidence indicated that these products are non-toxic. A controlled clinical trial has been carried out among 59 premature infants to test the effectiveness of artificial blue light in preventing hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity. Treated infants were placed in light from 12 to 144 hours of age and serial bilirubin determinations were carried out. The control and treated groups were comparable with respect to birth weight, gestational age, fluid intake and weight loss. The results are summarized below and indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups. Additional observations on the effect of phototherapy on serum albumin. H.A.B.A. dye binding capacity, free fatty acids and uric acid will be presented. (APS)
Heat Activation of TRPV Channels

Activation of TRPV1-4 channels is exquisitely heat-sensitive due to large and balanced changes in entropy and enthalpy. Identification of channel structures that underlie these changes is thus the prerequisite for understanding the molecular mechanism of heat activation. We approach this goal through a combination of methods. We use improved heating methods to accurately control temperature-dependent activation of wildtype channel and mutants which exhibit altered gating behavior, use structural analysis to guide our search for critical domains, and use site-directed fluorescence recordings to monitor conformational changes. For capsaicin receptor TRPV1, heat activation appears to be carried out by the central pore domain, while capsaicin is known to activate the channel by binding to the peripheral S2-S4 region. Structurally and mechanistically separated heat and agonist activation pathways suggest the possibility to selectively manipulate each process in this pain sensor for pharmaceutical purposes. The heat activation process appears to be preserved among TRPV1-3 channels.
PREDICTING OPERATING SPEEDS ON LOW-SPEED URBAN STREETS: REGRESSION AND PANEL ANALYSIS APPROACHES

This study compares different statistical approaches to modeling the geometric and driver effects on operating speeds along low-speed urban streets. Linear regression on speed data obtained through data aggregation, linear regression on individual speed data, and panel analysis are discussed. Data collected from ongoing research examining operating speed on low-speed urban streets were modeled by the three techniques. The findings of the modeling techniques are compared and their influence on predicting probable operating speeds of a facility are presented. Traditionally, empirical analysis of operating speed has relied on regression models, using descriptive statistics such as 85th-percentile speed or mean speed to describe the data. This study demonstrates how the use of descriptive statistics obtained through data aggregation misleadingly reduces the total variability and nature of the variability associated with the statistical relationship. The fit of the regression function may appear to be increased, but the influence of the geometric elements may be overstated or understated. Data aggregation also affects inferential and prediction measures. Predictions from models based on aggregate data may appear to be more precise, but this does not imply that they are more reliable. Regression models of speed choice at a specific location within the roadway alignment may explain the effect of geometry but may not capture the effect of individual driver speed choice. As demonstrated in this study, the individual driver effect and geometric variable effect are important. The preliminary conclusion is that the driver's speed choice is highly dependent on roadway geometry and individual driver behavior.
Computer analysis and manipulation of DNA sequences

Abstract Programs are described for the efficient analysis of large numbers of DNA sequences for the recurrence of particular short segments. These programs include routines for the determination of oligonucletide frequencies, and for the analysis for perfect and imperfect palindromic sequences with either mirror or two-fold symmetry, as well as for inverted repeat sequences at remote loci. Other routines are included for locating perfect or imperfect matching sequences of any length and of either specified or unspecified sequences in the same or in different molecules. The latter routines are especially useful for locating repeated sequences obscured by random divergence. A number of additional programs are provided for more basic analysis or for cosmetic management of sequences. A routine is included for generating a numbered listing of primary and complementary strands, in selectable order, from an unformatted database. Another routine plots with sequence length the variation in percent G-C or the variation of a particular nearest neighbor or collection of nearest neighbors. Still other routines allow for the determination of translation reading frames and restriction maps.
The location, sequence, transcription, and regulation of a baculovirus DNA polymerase gene.

Abstract TheAutographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) DNA polymerase gene was identified with the aid of an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to an amino acid sequence conserved among viral DNA polymerases of other virus families. A 3.6-kb pair region of the AcMNPV DNA, from 39.5 to 42.5 map units (m.u.), was sequenced and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2994 by was observed. From the first ATG of this ORF, a translation product of 984 amino acids (Mr 114,310) was predicted. Amino acid sequence similarities to other viral DNA polymerases were found. Transcription was analyzed by Northern RNA blot analysis and nuclease protection studies of RNA:DNA hybrids. The ORF is transcribed in the counterclockwise direction as a 3-kb RNA. Transcripts appear to initiate at two differently regulated sites (ca. −120 and −212 bp) upstream of the initiating ATG (+1,+2,+3) and to be polyadenylated at a single site near a signal (A2UA3) which overlaps the translational termination signal (UAA) at +2952. Transcripts were observed only during a narrow window between 2 to 8 hr postinfection (p.i.) with maximum expression between 4 and 6 hr p.i. Polymerase gene transcripts were observed in the presence of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide which also blocked the shut-off of these early transcripts. Aphidicolin, an inhibitor of both viral and host DNA polymerases, inhibited polymerase gene transcription suggesting a unique regulation involving DNA replication.
Using Correlation-Based Feature Selection for a Diverse Collection of Bioinformatics Datasets

The large number of genes found in most gene micro array datasets demands the use of feature selection techniques to alleviate this problem of high-dimensionality. However, the computational cost of filter-based subset evaluation techniques such as Correlation-Based Feature Selection (CFS) has generally limited the use of these techniques to smaller datasets, or at least smaller collections of gene micro array datasets. No previous work has applied CFS to a large and diverse range of bioinformatics datasets. To address this deficit, we employ nine different micro array datasets exhibiting a wide range of characteristics in terms of dataset balance (fraction of instances found in the minority class) and dataset difficulty of learning (overall difficulty of building effective classification models on raw, pre-feature-selection datasets). We also use five classification learners to discover how these perform in conjunction with CFS, along with five performance metrics to give a broad perspective on our results. The results find that CFS can be used to help build effective models, in particular when used with the 5-Nearest Neighbors learner on data that is Easy or Moderate (in terms of difficulty-of-learning) or Balanced (in terms of class distribution). For other types of data, the optimal learner varies, although in most cases the Logistic Regression learner works worst in conjunction with CFS.
Regional hypomyelination and dysplasia in transgenic mice with astrocyte-directed expression of interferon-γ

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), traditionally associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes of the immune system, manifests an array of biological effects on cells of the nervous system. Clinical and in vitro studies support a key role for IFN-γ in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate the role of this cytokine within the central nervous system (CNS), transgenic mice were derived in which IFN-γ transgene expression was selectively targeted to astrocytes, a potentially important cellular source of this cytokine. Here we report that astrocyte-directed expression of IFN-γ results in regional hypomyelination and selective disruption of brain histogenesis, which included severe cerebellar and hippocampal dysplasia. Transgenic mice were markedly ataxic and the majority died prior to reaching sexual maturity. This study demonstrates that astrocyte-directed expression of IFN-γ profoundly affects the differentiation and morphogenesis of the brain and provides additional evidence that this cytokine has deleterious consequences on myelin-producing cells, independent of the cellular source.
Quantification of Mold in Hay by near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was used to quantify mold by spectrally predicting chitin, a fungal cell wall polymer of glucosamine. Chitin data and near infrared reflectance spectra were collected from moldy alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) hay samples. Chitin concentrations ranged from 75 to 710μg/g DM and were similar to concentrations in other contaminated products. Second derivative math transformations were made on the spectra, and a calibration equation was developed by regressing transformed spectra against chemical data. The coefficients of determination for calibration and validation were .90 and .82, respectively. Standard errors of calibration and validation were 44 and 65μg/g DM, respectively. The calibration equation utilized four terms, represented at wavelengths 1630, 2114, 2246,and 2356nm. The spectra of commercial glucosamine were plotted, and reflectance peaks occurred at 2114 and 2356nm. The validated equation was used to predict mold (chitin) in bales that had been visually estimated for mold with a relative mold index. Relative mold index was regressed against chitin and was correlated to chitin (R=.86); residual error was small when samples were extremely moldy or clean. We concluded that near infrared reflectance spectroscopy can accurately quantify mold in alfalfa hay.
Electrocardiographic poor R-wave progression: analysis of multiple criteria reveals little usefulness.

Abstract Background Poor or reverse R-wave progression (PRWP) is a common statement on electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretations, but its value in diagnosing anterior myocardial infarction (MI) is disputed. We assessed the accuracy of PRWP criteria in diagnosing anterior MI. Methods We searched MEDLINE (1960–1998) and found 3 criteria for PRWP. We included a modified version of the Marquette Muse system's criteria and multiple novel criteria. We interpreted resting ECGs of consecutive patients undergoing pharmacologic stress tests with dual isotope gated single photon emission computed tomography. Subjects with Q-wave anterior MI, bundle branch block, or Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome were excluded. We established whether patients met the PRWP criteria. A nuclear cardiologist blinded to PRWP classifications reviewed the scintigrams. χ 2 Methods were used for statistical analysis. Results Inclusion criteria were met by 122 subjects. The standard PRWP criteria were met in 15% to 42% of ECGs. Of subjects meeting PRWP criteria, 2% to 9% had anterior MI and 27% to 33% had anterior MI or ischemia. These proportions were similar to those expected by chance. The performance of PRWP criteria did not improve when subjects with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy were excluded or when more stringent criteria for right precordial R-wave amplitude were tested. Conclusions In our study of patients undergoing cardiac stress tests, only a small percentage of patients who met various criteria for PRWP (a proportion no different than would be expected by chance) had anterior MI. Conclusions about the presence of anterior MI solely on the basis of PRWP have little usefulness.
Textbook errors in binary searching

This paper discusses the specification and implementation of binary searching. It begins by presenting a “standard” set of declarations, a specification, and a binary searching procedure written in Pascal. This procedure does not meet the specification: it contains five errors that also occur in many CS-1 and CS-2 textbooks. We will locate and study these errors, and show alternative procedures that correct them in a simple and understandable way.
A simplified approach to the repair of pediatric pectus deformities

Abstract For the past 14 years, a simplified operation utilizing a metal strut for internal fixation has been used to repair pectus anomalies in 123 children. Subperichondrial cartilage resection is performed through small incisions in the pectoral muscles. No sternal osteotomy required. A malleable strut is passed transsternally and removed in four to six months, frequently under local anesthesia. All children who underwent this procedure were discharged within five to six days, and no transfusions were necessary. The use of the technique has shortened operative time and decreased the necessity for extensive postoperative pulmonary physiotherapy. In 75 children followed for over 5 years, cosmetic results have been excellent, and self-image has improved substantially. In only 1 child was there a recurrence impressive enough to warrant reoperation.
The pathogenesis and immunology of bluetongue virus infection of ruminants

Bluetongue (BLU) virus is transmitted from infected to susceptible ruminants by hematophagous vector midges (Culicoides species). Cattle are important reservoir hosts of the virus because infection typically is asymptomatic and characterized by prolonged cell associated viremia, and because at least some species of insect vector preferentially feed on cattle. Interaction of BLU virus with the cell membrane of erythrocytes in infected cattle likely facilitates both prolonged viremia as well as infection of the insect vector. BLU disease is most common in sheep and some wildlife species. A variety of host, agent and environmental factors clearly can influence expression of disease in these species. The pathogenesis of BLU virus infection of cattle and sheep is remarkably similar, thus the basis for expression of disease in sheep but not cattle remains to be firmly established. Some difference in susceptibility of endothelial cells to infection in the two species is one potential explanation. Ruminants develop a variety of antiviral responses after BLU virus infection. Antibodies to outer capsid protein VP2 are responsible for virus neutralization, and confer resistance to reinfection with the homologous serotype of BLU virus. Antibodies to epitopes on proteins which are common to all viruses of the BLU serogroup form the basis of current diagnostic serologic tests. Cell mediated responses have been incompletely characterized, in part because BLU virus replicates within dividing lymphocytes and virus-mediated cytolysis inhibits in vitro blastogenesis. Immunological competence of ruminants to BLU virus arises prior to midgestation, and suggestions that persistent immune tolerant BLU virus infection occurs after in utero exposure of cattle have not been substantiated and are not consistent with recent findings.
Dynamic 13C NMR: A study of aryl-substituted 1-phenyl-3,3-tetramethylenetriazenes

The temperature-dependent 13C NMR spectra of a series of para-substituted 1-phenyl-3,3-tetramethylenetriazenes have been analyzed by the band width method. Electron-donating substituents clearly accelerate the rate of rotation about the N-2N-3 bond in the triazenes; electron withdrawers retard that motion. The exchange averaging process observed in the carbon spectra obeys a linear free energy relationship when Hammett σ* parameters are used in the correlation. These results corroborate those already obtained by analysis of 1H NMR spectra of similar triazenes, regarding the likely contribution of a 1,3-dipolar resonance form to the ground state of the molecule.
Identification of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase as a chemoresistant pathway in MCF-7 cells by using gene expression microarray

Background. Components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade have been implicated in apoptotic regulation. This study used gene expression profiling analysis to identify and implicate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK5)-BMK1 (big mitogen-activated kinase-1)/extracellular signal related protein kinase (ERK5) pathway as a novel target involved in chemoresistance. Methods. Differential gene expression between apoptotically sensitive (APO+) and apoptotically resistant (APO−) MCF-7 cell variants was determined by using microarray and confirmed by reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An apoptotic/viability reporter gene assay was used to deter-mine the effects of the transfection of a dominant-negative mutant of BMK1 (BMK1/DN) in conjunction with apoptotic-inducing agents (etoposide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF], or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [TRAIL]), with or without phorbol ester (PMA). Results. Of the 1186 genes detected through microarray analysis, MEK5 was increased 22-fold in APO− cells. Overexpression of MEK5 was confirmed by using RT-PCR analysis. Expression of BMK1/DN alone resulted in a dose-dependent increase in cell death versus control (P <.05). In addition, BMK1/DN enhanced the sensitivity of MCF-7 cells to treatment-induced cell death (P <.05). The ability of PMA to partially suppress TRAIL- and TNF-induced cell death was inhibited by BMK1/DN. However, only TRAIL-induced activity suppression reached statistical significance (P <.05). Conclusions. The overexpression of MEK5 in APO− MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells shows that this MAPK signaling protein represents a potent survival molecule. Molecular inhibition of MEK5 signaling may represent a mechanism for sensitizing cancer cells to chemotherapeutic regimens. (Surgery 2002;132:293-301.)
Detecting Treatment Effects with Small Samples: The Power of Some Tests Under the Randomization Model

Randomization tests are often recommended when parametric assumptions may be violated because they require no distributional or random sampling assumptions in order to be valid. In addition to being exact, a randomization test may also be more powerful than its parametric counterpart. This was demonstrated in a simulation study which examined the conditional power of three nondirectional tests: the randomization t test, the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (WMW) test, and the parametric t test. When the treatment effect was skewed, with degree of skewness correlated with the size of the effect, the randomization t test was systematically more powerful than the parametric t test. The relative power of the WMW test under the skewed treatment effect condition depended on the sample size ratio.
Outcomes of simultaneous liver and kidney transplantation in relation to a high level of preformed donor-specific antibodies.

BACKGROUND The protective effect of the liver allograft when simultaneously transplanted with a kidney in the setting of allosensitization is unclear. METHODS We analyzed the significance of sensitization, defined based on positive cytotoxicity crossmatches, positive flow cytometry crossmatches, and/or the presence of high levels of donor-specific antibodies, on the outcomes of simultaneous liver and kidney (SLK) transplantation. We reviewed 56 SLK performed at our center through December 31, 2011 and identified 13 patients who met high sensitization criteria. RESULTS Median patient survival was not significantly different: 86 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 47-135) for nonsensitized patients versus 151 months (95% CI, 4 to ∞) for sensitized patients (P=0.5). The 5-year survival was 67% (95% CI, 0.5-0.8) in the nonsensitized group and 64% (95% CI, 0.3-0.9) in the sensitized group. There were six renal allograft failures in the nonsensitized group but none in the sensitized group. The adjusted hazard ratios associated with the risk of death or the combined risk of death or renal allograft failure were 0.7 (95% CI, 0.1-3.8) and 0.4 (95% CI, 0.1-2.2) for sensitized versus nonsensitized patients. There were significantly more renal allograft rejections in the sensitized group (5 vs. 1; P=0.002) in the first year after transplantation, only one showing C4d positivity. Creatinine levels at 1 year after transplantation were similar: 1.5 mg/dL in the nonsensitized group versus 1.36 mg/dL in the sensitized group (P=0.6). CONCLUSION Sensitization does not appear to have a significant negative impact on the survival of SLK patients.
Simple steps for increasing activity and losing weight.

(1999). Simple Steps for Increasing Activity and Losing Weight. The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 51-52.
Social stress attenuates motivation for food reward.

Social stress is an environmental factor affecting mood and motivation in humans and animals. The visual burrow system (VBS) is behavioral method for monitoring stress associated with social stratification in rodents. The current study tested the hypothesis that animals rendered subordinate after VBS exposure would display decreased motivation for food reward. In particular, we predicted that subordinate animals would exhibit attenuated operant responding for mixed nutrient reinforcers relative to dominate animals. Thirty-two male Long-Evans rats and 16 female rats divided into eight separate groups (n=4 males and n=2 females/group) were exposed to the VBS for seven consecutive days to allow the formation of a dominance hierarchy. At the conclusion of burrow exposure each animals bodyweight, and plasma corticosterone were measured. Consistent with previous data, subordinate animals lost a significant amount of body weight and displayed elevated basal corticosterone relative to dominant and control animals confirming previous studies. Subordinate and dominate animals consumed equal amounts of Boost in the homecage. However, when required to bar press for the Boost, subordinate animals displayed decreased responding relative to dominant animals. This effect was observed across a range of reinforcement schedules and persisted up to 2 months following VBS exposure. These data confirm previous findings and are consistent with the hypothesis that social stress affects food motivation for mixed nutrient reinforcers. They also suggest that social stress may regulate different aspects of ingestive behavior, and that the affects of VBS exposure on food motivation could be permanent. Support DK4806110, DK6659603, and NIH1001690.
Core–shell composite of SiCN and multiwalled carbon nanotubes from toluene dispersion

Carbon nanotubes are known to have high thermal conductivity, and in bulk form, a topology that could constitute the matrix of an inhomogeneous solid [1]. Among the promised applications of carbon nanotubes is a composite material that is practical for thermal management and suitable for commercial products that behave as thermal emitters, absorbers, and interfaces. However, carbon nanotubes are known to oxidize in the temperature range of 400 to 600 C, which limits the options for forming the composite and the applicability for high-temperature environments where such a composite is needed. A variety of polymer, metal, and ceramic composites bearing carbon nanotubes have been reviewed [2, 3]. More recently, Francis and Riedel [4] reported the use of polyureasilazane as a route to form a shell–core composite containing nanotubes. In their work, the SiCN shell is derived from polyureasilazane. However, the polyureasilazane is a viscous liquid in which nanotubes do not readily disperse. Francis and Riedel were able to report a multiple-step process that includes cross-linking (at 280 C), pressing, mixing, ball milling, and baking again at higher temperature. We have found an alternate route of forming a similar composite that is facilitated by dispersing the nanotubes in toluene and then mixing with polyureasilazane. A single episode of baking forms a core–shell structure of amorphous SiCN surrounding MWCNTs (abbreviated hereafter as SiCN/MWCNT). Our primary application is that of coating thermal detectors and other surfaces intended to absorb and thermalize laser radiation. The challenge is shared by other applications that demand heat dissipation without oxidation and melting. Before now, we have pursued nanotubes (single-walled and multi-walled) applied from a volatile suspension, grown vertically aligned, and bound in potassium silicate [5–7]. Here we report on the method of preparation and some aspects of surface chemistry that distinguish the shell–core composite from its constituents.
Relationships between Channel Characteristics, Woody Debris, and Fish Habitat in Northwestern Washington Streams

Abstract Relationships between large woody debris (LWD) and pool area or pool spacing varied with channel slope and channel width for streams in second-growth forests in northwest Washington. Pool spacing (expressed as the number of channel widths between pools) decreased as number of woody debris increased in both moderate-slope (0.02 < slope < 0.05) and low-slope (0.001 < slope ≤ 0.02) channels, but the relationship was stronger in moderate-slope channels. Percent pool was also more strongly correlated with woody debris volume in moderate-slope channels than in low-slope channels. Multiple-regression analyses showed that pool spacing and percent pool were correlated with an interaction term between LWD abundance and channel slope, suggesting that the influence of LWD on pool formation changes with channel slope. Analysis of pool-forming mechanisms indicated that low-slope channels are less sensitive to LWD abundance because pools are formed by mechanisms other than LWD when LWD abundance is low. Size of...
Teachers’ ratings of the academic performance of children with epilepsy

The present study examined how knowledge of a child's seizure condition is related to teachers' assessment of the child's academic ability. Children with epilepsy were divided into two groups based on teachers' awareness of the children's seizure condition (Label). The children's achievement was assessed using the Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement-Revised (WJ-R), and the teacher's ratings were obtained from the Child Behavior Checklist Teacher Report Form (TRF) (Source). A 2 (Source) x 2 (Label) mixed-design analysis of covariance (controlling for IQ and how well the teacher knew the child) revealed a significant interaction, F(1,121)=4.22, P=0.04. For the WJ-R there was no effect of Label on Achievement, but on the TRF lower scores were observed for children who were labeled. These results support the hypothesis that some teachers might underestimate the academic abilities of children with epilepsy.
First-principles-based thermodynamic description of solid copper using the tight-binding approach

A tight-binding model is fit to first-principles calculations for copper that include structures distorted according to elastic constants and high-symmetry phonon modes. With the resulting model the first-principles-based phonon dispersion and the free energy are calculated in the quasi-harmonic approximation. The resulting thermal expansion, the temperature and volume dependence of the elastic constants, the Debye temperature, and the Gr\"uneisen parameter are compared with available experimental data.
Structural design under bounded uncertainty-optimization with anti-optimization

Abstract In many cases precise probabilistic data are not available on uncertainty in loads, but the magnitude of the uncertainty can be bound. This paper proposes a design approach for structural optimization with uncertain but bounded loads. The problem of identifying critical loads is formulated mathematically as an optimization problem in itself (called anti-optimization), so that the design problem is formulated as a two-level optimization. For linear structural analysis it is shown that the antioptimization part is limited to consideration of the vertices of the load-uncertainty domain. An example of a ten-bar truss is used to demonstrate that we cannot replace the anti-optimization process by considering the largest possible loads.
Optical Characterization of Iv-VI Mid-Infrared Vcsel

Abstract : PbSe/PbSrSe multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures and PbSrSe thin films were grown on BaF2 (111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and characterized by Fourier transform inflated (FTIR) spectrometer. Strong photoluminescence without Fabry-Perot interference fringes was observed even at room temperature from the MQW structures. The peak energies for the MQW structures with different well widths shifted to high energy with increasing temperature. The absorption edge of PbSrSe layer was determined by transmission spectra. Meanwhile, we designed and fabricated lambda-4.1 micrometers MQW vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). A power output of 40 mW was obtained at room temperature. The room temperature threshold pump density is 200 kW/sq cm.