cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The RITE of Passage: Learning Styles and Residency In-Service Training Examination (RITE) Scores.

Introduction The objective of the pilot study was to determine the association between learning preferences and improvement in the American Academy of Neurology Residency In-Service Training Examination (RITE) scores from postgraduate year 2 (PGY-2) to postgraduate year 3 (PGY-3) in neurology residents. Methods Neurology residents at the University of Florida were approached to participate, and their consent was obtained. VARK inventory, representing four modalities (visual, aural, read/write, kinesthetic) of learning preferences, was completed by participants. Participants could pick more than one modality. The number of responses in each sensory domain was recorded, with higher numbers indicating stronger preference. Residents' performance on the RITE was recorded for PGY-2 and PGY-3. Results Seventeen residents completed the VARK inventory and 16 had data for RITE. Residents demonstrated overall positive change in RITE from PGY-2 to PGY-3 (mean change = 6%; 95%CI: 4%, 9%). The median number of responses was highest for the kinesthetic domain (median = 7, range = 1-12), followed by visual (median = 6, range = 2-12), aural (median = 4, range = 1-10), and read/write (median = 4, range = 1-10). Among VARK domains, the number of responses in read/write had the strongest correlation with mean change in RITE performance from PGY-2 to PGY-3 (r = 0.45; 95%CI: -0.08, 0.78); residents in the high read/write group (number of response above median) had greater mean change in RITE performance (9%; 95%CI: 6%, 12%) while those in the low read/write group showed little to no increase in RITE from PGY-2 to PGY-3 (2%; 95%CI: -1%, 6%). Conclusions Higher VARK survey responses in the read/write domain were related to greater change in RITE scores from PGY-2 to PGY-3. These findings seem intuitively obvious considering the format of the RITE. These pilot data permit further investigation of individual resident learning preference and how it relates to test performance. By understanding a resident's learning style, both educators and the resident will have an awareness of areas that need to be improved to be successful, which may be via remedial curricula and self-study activities.
The Relationship Between the Magnitude of Growth Opportunities and the Duration of Equity

Conventional wisdom holds that since cash flows from growth opportunities occur later in time relative to cash flows from existing projects, firms that can be characterized as growth firms, have a higher duration. In this paper, we adopt the real options approach to the valuation of growth opportunities and show that under certain circumstances, the opposite can be true; equity duration can be lower for growth firms. Further, we show that the relation between equity duration and the magnitude of growth opportunities depends on (i) the magnitude of the duration of assets in place, (ii) the market share of the firm in its industry, (iii) the magnitude of R&D expenditures, and (iv) the volatility of future cash flows generated by the investment project underlying the growth opportunity. We find empirical support for our predictions for firms in the utility and banking industries.
Decoupled electrochemical water-splitting systems: a review and perspective

Electrochemical water splitting is a promising technology to renewably generate hydrogen fuel from water. One particular drawback of conventional water splitting is that the hydrogen-forming reduction reaction is tightly coupled, both spatially and temporally, to the oxygen-forming oxidation reaction. This coupling poses challenges in both conventional and direct-solar-powered electrolysis systems, including gas crossover and separator degradation, sometimes necessitating the use of precious metal catalysts. In decoupled water splitting, the conventional electrolysis reactions are separated spatially, temporally, or both, via coupling to an intermediate redox mediator. Decoupled water-splitting systems are flexible and modular by nature, with other proposed benefits including facile coupling to renewable power sources, utilization of earth-abundant catalysts, and intrinsically safe operation. Here we review recent advances in decoupled water splitting and related fields, mainly categorizing decoupled systems by mediator phase and standard potential. We offer insight to how decoupling may be advantageous, and which tradeoffs need to be considered for practical implementation. We conclude our review with discussion of known technological hurdles and note opportunities for future discovery.
Deriving Ratios in Aviation Safety Analysis when Data Unavailability Precludes Probability Normalization

A runway incursion operational error data is used to illustrate the problem of stating rates and probabilities using inappropriate denominators. The author suggests meaningful probability ratios can be derived by using a simple contingent probability manipulation known as Bayes’ rule. The author argues that due to the way data are recorded and published, data required for proper normalization may not be available. Yet in the absence of such normalizing data, he shows that it is possible to determine certain desired features of the data, such as ratios of types of violations, given joint frequency of salient factors.
Ethanol Perturbs Glycosylation and Inhibits Hypersecretion in Trichoderma reesei

The effects of ethanol and phenylethanol on the growth of and glycoprotein secretion by Trichoderma reesei were studied. Low levels (1.5%, vol/vol) of ethanol perturbed the glycosylation process, as shown by alterations in the isoelectric profile of the secreted proteins and a reduction in the rate of incorporation of mannose into oligosaccharides. In addition to these effects on posttranslational modification, ethanol drastically lowered the protein secretion level of a hypersecretory strain.
FPGA-based denoising and beat detection of the ECG signal

In this work, an efficient digital system is designed using hardware to filter the Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal and to detect the QRS complex (beats). The system implementation has been done by using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). In the first phase of the hardware system implementation, Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters are designed for preprocessing and denoising the ECG signal. The filtered signal is then used as the input of the second phase of the hardware implementation to detect and classify the ECG beats. The entire system has been implemented on ALTERA DE II FPGA by designing synthesizable finite state machines. Quartus II tool has been used to simulate and test the system. The designed system has been tested on ECG waves from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database by windowing the signal and applying adaptive signal and noise thresholds in each window of processing. The hardware system has achieved an overall accuracy of 98% in the beat detection phase, while providing the detected beats and the classification of irregular heart beat rates in real time.
Are the Risk Averse Investors Rational? A Puzzle in the Mean-Varaince Model

The mean-variance model has dominated modern finance for a half century, and is the foundation of many modern financial theories, such as the CAPM model. However, by examining the fundamental assumptions in the mean-variance model, this paper finds that there exists an internal inconsistency in the model. It shows that in the framework of the mean-variance model, a risk-averse investor may prefer to pay a higher price for a certain asset. That is, there is a conflict between the non-satiation assumption and the risk-aversion assumption. The paper further indicates the circumstances under which the inconsistency will occur.
Dynamic Data-Driven Systems Approach for Simulation Based Optimizations

This paper reviews recent developments in our project that are focused on dynamic data-driven methods for efficient and reliable simulation based optimization, which may be suitable for a wide range of different application problems. The emphasis in this paper is on the coupling of parallel multiblock predictive models with optimization, the development of autonomic execution engines for distributing the associated computations, and deployment of systems capable of handling large datasets. The integration of these components results in a powerful framework for developing large-scale and complex decision-making systems for dynamic data-driven applications.
Shakespeare and Renaissance Ethics

The editors have organized the twelve essays of this volume into three parts: Shakespeare and Classical Ethics, Shakespeare and Christian Ethics, and Shakespeare and the Ethical Thinking of Montaig...
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release from the amygdala and involves a nitric oxide-mediated signaling; comparison with the hypothalamic response

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-like immunoreactivity and IL-2 receptor immunoreactivity have been reported in different brain regions, under normal and pathophysiological conditions. IL-2 stimulates hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release and that of pituitary adrenocorticotropin. The amygdala, known to contain high levels of CRF, is involved in stress-related reactions, including regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. IL-2 will release AVP from both the hypothalamus and the amygdala, which further supports a role for cytokine effects in the amygdala in neuroimmune interactions. In the present study, we compared the effects of IL-2, acetylcholine and norepinephrine on the in vitro release of CRF from the amygdala or hypothalamus. In addition, we used these release systems to evaluate the possible involvement of nitric oxide (NO)-mediated signaling in CRF release. IL-2 stimulates CRF release in both regions, in a calcium- and dose-dependent manner. Nitroprusside, an NO generator, also induces CRF release. This IL-2-induced CRF release is antagonized by Ng-methyl-L-arginine and hemoglobin, known NO antagonists. Finally, norepinephrine and acetylcholine induce CRF release. The norepinephrine-induced CRF release is antagonized by phentolamine and propanolol and the acetylcholine-induced release by atropine and mecamylamine, which suggests the involvement of both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors and both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. The acetylcholine-induced CRF release is antagonized by Ng-methyl-L-arginine, but the norepinephrine-induced response is not. These data support the suggestion that the amygdala may participate in communications between the neuroendocrine and immune systems.
The parry problem

Injuries classified as parry fractures, normally the result of a direct blow when the forearm is raised to shield the face, are significant in bioarcheological interpretations because the parry fracture is perceived as an indicator of interpersonal (or extramural) violence. It is therefore necessary that these injuries be correctly identified in order to properly interpret the trauma pattern and its social implications for abuse, gender and power relations among ancient people. Common acute forearm fractures are reviewed here and quantitative guidelines that define the parry fracture configuration are presented. The parry criteria include: (1) an absence of radial involvement, (2) a transverse fracture line, (3) a location below the midshaft (<0.5 adjusted distance to the lesion's center), and (4) either minor unalignment (<10°) in any plane or horizontal apposition from the diaphysis (<50%). A sample of 278 adults from northern Sudan dated to the Nubian Bronze Age (ca. 2500-1500 BC) contained 38 individuals with forearm fractures. Of these fractures, 21 out of the 28 ulna injuries were identified as parry fractures using the parry criteria. Fewer females suffered from parry fractures than when ulna injuries were identified by location on the ulna alone. The use of the parry criteria may not always affect the results significantly, but here interpersonal violence directed against women and amongst ancient Nubians was found to be less prevalent than implied in earlier studies. The absence of perimortem parry fractures suggests that the Kermans interred within mass burials were not physically forced to their graves. Chronic ulna stress fractures associated with sports and habitual activities must also be considered as a differential diagnosis of this injury.
Developmental exposure to pesticides zineb and/or endosulfan renders the nigrostriatal dopamine system more susceptible to these environmental chemicals later in life

Several epidemiological studies have suggested a role for environmental pesticide exposures in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that exposure to pesticides such as endosulfan and/or zineb during critical periods of postnatal development could result in neuronal dysfunction and enhance the impact of these pesticides during exposure as adults. C57BL/6 mice, exposed daily to each of the pesticides or their mixtures from postnatal days 5 to 19, exhibited insignificant changes in striatal dopamine, acetylcholinesterase and alpha-synuclein levels. However, mice exposed to these pesticides as juveniles and re-exposed at 8 months of age had significantly altered striatum and brain cortex neurotransmitter levels. Thus, mice re-exposed during adulthood to zineb, endosulfan and their mixtures showed a significantly depleted striatal dopamine levels, to 22, 16 and 35% of control, respectively. Acetylcholinesterase activity in the cerebral cortex was significantly increased in all pesticide treated groups (rho< or =0.05) upon repeated exposure, and pesticide mixture treatment also significantly increased levels of normal and aggregated alpha-synuclein. Collectively, these findings support our hypothesis that exposure to pesticides such as endosulfan and zineb during critical periods of postnatal development contributes to neurotransmitter changes upon re-challenge in adulthood.
Preventing and arresting coronary atherosclerosis.

Abstract The good news about coronary atherosclerosis is that it takes an awful lot of plaque before symptoms of myocardial ischemia occur. The bad news is that despite the need for large quantities of plaque for symptoms to occur, nevertheless nearly half of us in the United States eventually have the necessary quantity. Atherosclerosis is infrequently hereditary in origin. Most of us get atherosclerosis because we consume too much fat, cholesterol, and calories. The consequence is an elevated (>150 mg/dl) serum total cholesterol level, and the higher the number is above 150, the greater is the quantity of plaque deposited in our arteries. If the serum total cholesterol level can be prevented from rising to more than 150 mg/dl, plaques are not laid down; if elevated levels are lowered to 150 mg/dl, further plaque does not form, and parts of those present may vanish. A fruit-vegetarian-starch diet is necessary as a rule to achieve the 150 mg/dl level in most adults. Lipid-lowering drugs are required in the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and in most patients with atherosclerotic events. The best news about atherosclerosis is that it can be prevented in those without the hereditary form, and it can be arrested by lowering elevated serum total (and LDL) cholesterol to the 150 mg/dl level.
A Transient Model for the Ablation and Decomposition of Concrete

A transient concrete ablation/decomposition model was derived based on an integral analysis technique for conduction into and decomposition and ablation of the concrete. The resultant model predictions were then compared to concrete erosion data from well-defined ''separate effect'' tests and found to be in good agreement, when the assumed polynomial temperature profile was assumed to be quadratic. The model does not properly account for the details of the in-depth evaporable water saturation zone, since it only models the phenomena in an integral sense. This model is simple enough so that it can be incorporated into the larger molten-core/concrete interaction codes to predict concrete erosion rates.
The Vibration of Electric Contacts

IN evaluating an electric switching device, its following characteristics must be considered: 1. Ability to close the circuit without undue deterioration of contacting points. 2. Ability to carry the current without injurious temperature rise. 3. Ability to interrupt the circuit with the least destruction of contacting members.
Integration of observer equations used in AC motor drives by zero and First Order Hold discretization

The paper discusses the problem of integrating the equations of state observers associated with direct field orientation (DFO) of AC motor drives and shows the results when the quasi-low pass filters used for integration are discretized based on the Zero Order Hold method (ZOH) and the First Order Hold method (FOH). In a typical observer implementation, the equations are discretized using the Euler method - this is a simple, straightforward approach. Integration is accurate only if the sampling time is small. However, in certain cases, it may not be possible to use a small sampling time. At higher sampling time and under special conditions (if the signals to be integrated are of high frequency), the integration process becomes more inaccurate because the Euler approximation starts losing significant area from under the curve. For a given sampling time, the integral output could be improved by using a more accurate integration method, for example, trapezoidal integration - this solution was already studied. The paper presents the results obtained when the observer equations are integrated with filters that are discretized using the ZOH and the FOH methods. The resulting integral outputs are compared with the ones of the Euler and trapezoidal methods. For illustration, a state observer for the permanent magnet synchronous motor is studied. The theoretical developments are supported with simulation results.
High-pressure rheology and viscoelastic scaling predictions of polymer melts containing liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide

High-pressure rheological behavior of polymer melts containing dissolved carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at concentrations up to 6 wt % were investigated using a high-pressure extrusion slit die rheometer. In particular, the steady shear viscosity of poly(methyl methacrylate), polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, and poly(vinylidene fluoride) with dissolved CO 2 were measured for shear rates ranging from 1 to 500 s -1 and under pressure conditions up to 30 MPa. The viscosity of all samples revealed a reduction in the presence of CO 2 with its extent dependent on CO 2 concentration, pressure, and the polymer used. Two types of viscoelastic scaling models were developed to predict the effects of both CO 2 concentration and pressure on the viscosity of the polymer melts. The first approach utilized a set of equations analogous to the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation for melts between the glass-transition temperature (T g ) and T g + 100 °C, whereas the second approach used equations of the Arrhenius form for melts more than 100 °C above T g . The combination of these traditional viscoelastic scaling models with predictions for T g depression by a diluent (Chow model) were used to estimate the observed effects of dissolved CO 2 on polymer melt rheology. In this approach, the only parameters involved are physical properties of the pure polymer melt that are either available in the existing literature or can be measured under atmospheric conditions in the absence of CO 2 . The ability of the proposed scaling models to accurately predict the viscosity of polymer melts with dissolved high-pressure CO 2 were examined for each of the polymer systems.
Effect of L-cystine and sulfated polysaccharides on replication of echovirus type 32 in monkey kidney cells.

SummaryIn order to form visible plaques on PRMK cells echovirus type 32 requires(l) the incorporation of DEAE-dextran into the agar overlay to counteract the inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharide occurring in agar and (2) the presence of L-cystine in the maintenance medium. A method employing a combination of these two compounds as described affords efficient plaque assay in PRMK cells.
Romanian college students' reactions to sexist humor: description and predictors

Sexist humor is pervasive in Romanian culture, as it is in many others. Adopting a social constructionist perspective, we examined the reactions of Romanian college students to three sexist jokes, as well as predictors of those reactions. Women, respondents with a feminist identity and those who identified with the targets of the jokes were least likely to react favorably to the jokes. A considerable proportion of the participants believed that sexist jokes carry misogynist messages and negatively influence women's social status. We conclude that even among this population of students who have not been significantly exposed to feminist discourse, sexist humor is sometimes resisted, rather than being viewed as harmless and inconsequential.
Prediction of leakage power under process uncertainties

In this article, we present a method to analyze the total leakage current of a circuit under process variations, considering interdie and intradie variations as well as the effect of the spatial correlations of intradie variations. The approach considers both the subthreshold and gate tunneling leakage power, as well as their interactions. With process variations, each leakage component is approximated by a lognormal distribution, and the total chip leakage is computed as a sum of the correlated lognormals. Since the lognormals to be summed are large in number and have complicated correlation structures due to both spatial correlations and the correlation among different leakage mechanisms, we propose an efficient method to reduce the number of correlated lognormals for summation to a manageable quantity. We do so by identifying dominant states of leakage currents and taking advantage of the spatial correlation model and input states at the gates. An improved approach utilizing the principal components computed from spatially correlated process parameters is also proposed to further improve runtime efficiency. We show that the proposed methods are effective in predicting the probability distribution of total chip leakage, and that ignoring spatial correlations can underestimate the standard deviation of full-chip leakage power.
Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients

Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) with tight glycemic control may reduce mortality and morbidity in critically ill patients and has been widely adopted in practice throughout the world. However, there is only one randomized controlled trial showing unequivocal benefit to this approach and that study population was dominated by post-cardiac surgery patients. We aimed to determine the association between IIT and mortality in a mixed population of critically ill patients. We conducted a cohort study comparing three consecutive time periods before and after IIT protocol implementation in a Level 1 trauma center: period I (no protocol); period II, target glucose 80 to 130 mg/dL; and period III, target glucose 80 to 110 mg/dL. Subjects were 10,456 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) between 1 March 2001 and 28 February 2005. The main study endpoints were ICU and hospital mortality, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, and occurrence of hypoglycemia. Multivariable regression analysis was used to evaluate mortality and organ dysfunction during periods II and III relative to period I. Insulin administration increased over time (9% period I, 25% period II, and 42% period III). Nonetheless, patients in period III had a tendency toward higher adjusted hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98, 1.35) than patients in period I. Excess hospital mortality in period III was present primarily in patients with an ICU length of stay of 3 days or less (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.11, 1.93 There was an approximately fourfold increase in the incidence of hypoglycemia from periods I to III. A policy of IIT in a group of ICUs from a single institution was not associated with a decrease in hospital mortality. These results, combined with the findings from several recent randomized trials, suggest that further study is needed prior to widespread implementation of IIT in critically ill patients.
GROWTH RESPONSES OF TROPICAL SHRUBS TO TREEFALL GAP ENVIRONMENTS

To investigate the effects of differences in light and nutrient availability on growth, we planted seven species of shrubs in two genera, Miconia (Melastomataceae) and Piper (Piperaceae), into the centers, edges, and adjacent forest understory of four natural treefall gaps (275-335 M2) in the tropical, premontane rain forest of Costa Rica. We used rooted cuttings of species typical of forest understory environments on the one hand and large clearings or disturbed areas on the other. We also compared growth rates of three Miconia species grown in shade houses under 2, 20, and 40% full sunlight. Both light and nutrient availability in newly formed gaps of these sizes were strongly buffered by the canopy and root systems of the surrounding forest. Total incident radiation was higher in gap centers (9-23% full sunlight) than in gap-forest edges (3-11%) or under intact forest canopy (0.4-2%), but varied among similar microhabitats from different sites. Relative stem growth rates (RGRS) of all field-grown plants were significantly greater in gap centers than at edges or beneath forest understories. Fertilization did not significantly affect growth rate in any light environment. Light appears to be the most critical resource limiting growth at these gap sizes. In general, shade-tolerant species were less plastic than light-demanding species, but at these gap sizes grew as fast or faster in the gap centers. In shade-houses, the shade-tolerant species grew fastest at 20% full sunlight and light-demanding species grew fastest at 40% full sunlight. We found no evidence of a trade-off between growth and foliar phenolic concentration in these species.
Data glove integration with 3D virtual environments

The human hand is considered one of the most natural tools in human-computer interaction (HCI). In virtual environments, virtual hand interactions play a key role in interactivity and realism [1]. This paper explores the use of hand gestures as a means of human-computer interactions for virtual reality applications. A lifelike hand model is constructed and some of the human hand constraints are applied to it. Most of the existing approaches use vision-based hand tracking systems, which are rather costly and very sensitive to environmental changes, as well as require many images of a normal hand taken from different viewing directions under fixed environmental conditions [2, 3, 4]. Acting as a masterpiece of mechanical complexity, the human hand is able to perform fine motor manipulations and powerful work alike. This paper demonstrates the creation of a sophisticated Virtual Hand (VHand) model by simulating a human hand's natural anatomy in its appearance and motion using reasonably priced and highly wearable device (DG5-VHand 2.0 Data Glove), in addition to developing some hand gestures and allowing the VHand to interact with objects in a virtual environment.
The long and winding road home: How junctin and triadin find their way to the junctional SR

The function of cardiac myocytes is to contract. To sustain the structures and domains involved in the activation of contraction, cardiac myocytes, like all other cells in the body, must perform basic cellular functions such as protein synthesis and post-translational modification, phospholipid, and steroid synthesis, and protein trafficking. In non-muscle cells, these vital functions are performed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Cardiac myocytes have a specialized form of the ER called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The SR performs specialized roles in Ca2+ signaling, with the junctional SR (jSR) being important in Ca2+ release and the longitudinal SR in Ca2+ reuptake.
Behavior of tar sand bitumen with paraffinic solvents and its application to separations for athabasca tar sands

A study was made of the dissolution of tar sand bitumen using low-molecular-weight paraffinic solvents at essentially ambient temperatures. The experimental data were obtained using the spinning disc technique, liquid-fluidized beds, and direct particle-size analysis of the insolubles. The results are consistent with a mechanism where the paraffins leach the soluble oil from the bitumen and leave behind a porous network of insoluble asphaltenes. This phenomenon of oil diffusing through an asphaltene layer was modeled using Fick's law for unsteady-state diffusion. An understanding of the mechanism of bitumen extraction with paraffins and also the effect of fluid mechanics in the tar sand system have been applied to obtain a novel separation of deasphalted oil and asphaltenes from Athabasca tar sands. This new separation technique has the potential of simplifying downstream processing for the bitumen and also of avoiding environmental problems associated with the present tar sand extraction technology. On a etudie la dissolution du bitume des sables bitumineux, en employant des solvants paraffiniques de faibles poids moleculaires a des temperatures voisines de la temperature ambiante. On a obtenu les resultats experimentaux en utilisant la methode du disque tournant, des lits fluidises par des liquides et une analyse granulometrique directe des matieres insolubles. Les resultats obtenus concordent avec un mecanisme dans lequel les solvants paraffiniques extraient l'huile soluble du bitume en laissant derriere eux un reseau poreux d'asphaltenes insolubles; on a represente par un modele ce phenomene de difffusion d'huile a travers une couche d'asphaltenes, en employant la loi de Fick pour diffusion en regime transitoire. On a fait l'application du mecanisme de l'extraction du bitume par des solvants paraffiniques, ainsi que de l'effet de la mecanique des fluides dans le systeme des sables bitumineux, pour effectuer une nouvelle separation de l'huile (debarrassee d'asphalte) et des asphaltenes provenant des sables bitumineux de l'Athabasca. La nouvelle methode offre l'avantage potentiel de simplifier les traitements ulterieurs du bitume et aussi d'eviter les problemes d'environnement, auxquels on doit faire face dans la technologie actuelle d'extraction des sables bitumineux.
Applications of Filtered Bremsstrahlung Spectra in Radiographic Studies Part II: Measurements of Iodine in Tissue and Separation of Bone and Water

Filtered Bremsstrahlung spectra with energies just above and below the iodine K-edge were used to measure iodine as a contrast agent in radiologic studies. The properties of the spectra were first analyzed using a Ge(Li) detector. Based on this data, a technique for measuring iodine in the presence of both bone and water by only two measurements was studied. The results were confirmed in experiments using radiographic film as the detector. In addition, using suitable filters, separation of bone and water was achieved with film as the recorder. Noise and future applications of the film-screen system are considered.
Role of PKC in the late phase of microvascular protection induced by preconditioning.

Introduction. We hypothesized that the late phase of microvascular protection induced by ischemic preconditioning or by adenosine is protein kinase C (PKC) dependent. Materials and methods. The cremaster muscle of male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent 45 min of ischemic preconditioning and, 24 h later, 4 h of warm ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. To mimic the effects of IPC, adenosine (ADO; an adenosine receptor agonist) or 4-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; a PKC activator) was delivered to the vascular network of the cremaster 24 h before the prolonged ischemia via local intra-arterial infusion. To block the microvascular protection induced by ADO or IPC, chelerythrine (CHE; a PKC blocker) was given by local intra-arterial infusion prior to the administration of ADO or the initiation of IPC. Microvascular responses in the cremaster muscle to ischemic preconditioning or pharmacological preconditioning were determined by measuring terminal arteriole diameter and capillary perfusion using intravital microscopy and by the evaluation of the endothelium-dependent nitric oxide system in terminal arterioles. Results. Blockade of PKC using CHE on day 1 eliminated both ADO- and IPC-induced microvascular protections seen on day 2. However, the microvascular protection induced by the administration of PMA (without IPC) that was given 24 h before the 4 h of warm ischemia/reperfusion was significantly better than the control group response (sham IPC), but was not as good as the protection induced by IPC or ADO alone. Conclusion. The overall results from these studies suggest that ischemic or ADO preconditioning induces late-phase microvascular protection in skeletal muscle by a PKC-dependent mechanism.
The discovery of 1982 DB, the most accessible asteroid known

A small Apollo object was found while photographing the split comet DuToit 2-Hartley on February 27/28, 1982. Designated 1982 DB, this earth-crossing asteroid passed the earth at a distance of 4.08 million km about 1 month prior to its discovery. Asteroid 1982 DB has been determined to be the most accessible near-earth minor planet known. It provides many excellent opportunities for rendezvous and sample return missions, and a rare dual rendezvous mission with 1980 AA as the second target. For a mission to be realized, opportunities to observe 1982 DB during future apparitions must be taken.
A MEMBRANE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF TOTAL PROTEIN IN DILUTE ALGAL SUSPENSIONS.

Abstract We have adapted the Lowry method to the determination of algal proteins collected on membrane filters. When cells of Euglena gracilis were analyzed the yield of protein was linear with cell amounts to 400 μg. The error of repeatability was 3 μg, and the recovery > 98%.
The Social Effects of Punishment in Organizations: A Justice Perspective

Research on organizational punishment has focused on the effects of punishment on the disciplined subordinate. This article invokes a justice perspective to develop a framework for studying the effects of punishment on observers—other organizational members who take an interest in a particular punishment event. Research propositions are offered as a guide to future investigations, and implications for management are discussed.
Inorganic ion composition of haemolymph of the cecropia silkmoth: Changes with diet and ontogeny

The levels' of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, trehalose, and osmotic pressure in haemolymph were studied during ontogeny in the silkmoth Hyalophora cecropia, reared on either foliage or an artificial diet. Potassium and calcium in haemolymph changed little with ontogeny or diet, and averaged 35 and 10 m-equiv/l., respectively. The haemolymph levels of sodium and chloride were greater in larvae fed on artificial diet than in those on foliage, reflecting the levels in the respective diets; after cessation of feeding, the levels in haemolymph of the two groups approached common values (sodium 1–2 m-equiv/l.; chloride 20 m-equiv/l.). Magnesium was higher in haemolymph of foliage-fed larvae (100 m-equiv/l.) than in diet-fed larvae (65 m-equiv/l.), and in both groups declined after spinning to an average level of 40 m-equiv/l. Haemolymph from fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae reared on an artificial diet had ion levels very close to those in Cecropia similarly reared. Haemolymph of Danaus plexippus at three stages of development was also similar, but showed some quantitative differences from the other species.
The language of emotions: An ontogenetic perspective

Abstract Although emotions are pervasive phenomena in human experience, their study in the linguistic and social sciences has been relatively neglected until recently. They have been difficult to define and measure. In experimental contexts, their free expression is limited, and in naturalistic studies, their often fleeting and subtle expression has been difficult to capture and record for subsequent analysis. Some recent progress, however, has been made. A summarizing definition of emotions is presented and prototypical emotions are identified, building on the differential emotions theory of Izard and the psychoevolutionary theory of emotions by Plutchik. Emotions serve internal regulatory functions for individuals, and their expression, reflective of internal state, are adaptive within a social framework through their communicative value for members. The ontogeny of the emotions as expressed facially and vocally is summarized in terms of major findings to date, and a model for research on ontogenetic development is proposed. The model relies on Sroufe's concept of tension — environmentally related cumulative arousal in an infant — and emphasizes the role of caretaker behavior in the modulation of tension. Engagement of an infant in social interaction assists in tension regulation and the development of positive and negative affect associated with the regulation. In the interactional contexts, caretakers express emotions facially and vocally, which serves a dual purpose of attracting an infant's attention such that interaction can proceed and of providing a model for infant association of expression and emotion.
Effects of interleukin-1β on secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) by cultured rat anterior pituitary cells

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) at doses of 0.15 and 1.5 nM significantly inhibited FSH secretion and stimulated LH secretion by cultured rat pituitary cells after 24-72 hr incubation whereas 15 pM of IL-1 beta was not effective. Treatment with IL-1 beta for 12-48 hr did not affect intracellular content of FSH. However, treatment with 0.15 and 1.5 nM of IL-1 beta for 72 hr significantly suppressed intracellular content of FSH whereas various doses of IL-1 beta incubated with the cells for 12-72 hr showed no effect on the intracellular content of LH. Pretreatment with IL-1 beta for 48 hr inhibited both GnRH-mediated LH and FSH secretions by the pituitary. The secretion of FSH and LH mediated by an activator of protein kinase C, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, was also significantly suppressed by pretreatment with IL-1 beta for 48 hr. These results suggest that (a) IL-1 beta has opposite effects on the secretion of LH and FSH and (b) pretreatment with IL-1 beta suppresses GnRH-mediated stimulation of LH and FSH by the pituitary and this suppressive effect of IL-1 beta may involve the suppression of a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism.
Biological Evaluation of Protein in Steamed and Baked Breads and in Bread Ingredients

SUMMARY The protein quality of baked whole-wheat bread and of the unbaked ingredients was estimated from: 1) change in body weight of rats; 2) protein efficiency ratio; 3) biological value (nitrogen-balance method); and 4) net protein utilization (change in carcass nitrogen). Steamed bread was evaluated by methods 1, 2, and 4. By all methods, the protein quality of baked bread was significantly less than that of the unbaked ingredients. Differences ranged from 9 to 53%, depending on the method of testing. The protein quality of steamed bread was the same as, or slightly less (0 to 9%) than, that of the unbaked ingredients.
Flexible Packaging Of Foods

The rationale for packaging foods in flexible materials is reviewed from product and marketing viewpoints. For each category of food, published and other information on markets, packaging requirements, packaging and equipment are discussed. Food products packaging in flexible materials which are reviewed fall into the categories: bakery; biscuit and cracker; canned foods; cereals; coffee; confectionery; convenience foods; dairy; dehydrated; desserts: frozen; meat; poultry and eggs; produce; snacks.
Adding communication to the signalling property of the CS in classical conditioning.

(1968). Adding Communication to the Signalling Property of the CS in Classical Conditioning. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 147-175.
Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis strains by combination of high hydrostatic pressure and nisin.

Abstract The effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and nisin treatment alone and in combination on cellular components and viability of two Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) strains were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and plate counting in order to evaluate the relative resistance and optimize the treatment conditions. S. Enteritidis FDA and OSU 799 strains were subjected to HHP (0.1–550 MPa for 10 min at 25 °C) alone and in combination with nisin (200 IU/ml nisin) in culture broth. HHP (up to 200 MPa) or the nisin alone did not affect the viability and cellular components of either strain. An 8-log cfu/ml reduction was observed after a pressure treatment at 500 MPa for the FDA strain and 450 MPa for the OSU 799 strain. When nisin was added, a similar reduction was obtained at 400 MPa for FDA strain and 350 MPa for the OSU 799 strain. The decrease in apparent enthalpy appeared to be mainly due to reduction in the ribosome denaturation peak for both the pressure alone and the pressure–nisin combination treatments. HHP facilitated penetration of nisin into the cell above 100 MPa pressure. Monitoring through DNA-binding probes the effect of pressure and nisin treatments on DNA in vivo showed that nisin did not affect DNA at 200 IU/ml. The apparent enthalpy data obtained from DSC can be used for optimization of pressure levels to reduce a microbial population in the presence of nisin.
Powder XRD analysis and catalysis characterization of ultra-small gold nanoparticles deposited on titania-modified SBA-15

Abstract Ultra-small gold nanoparticles (0.8–1 nm) are successfully deposited on titania-modified SBA-15 via a deposition–precipitation method. A comparison of experimental X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns with theoretical ones shows that gold exists as Au 3+ and Au 0 in the as-synthesized and reduced catalyst, respectively. The XRD analyses also suggest that Au nanoparticles are more developed along the 〈1 1 1〉 direction forming a raft-type structure. Z-contrast transmission electron microscopy analyses indicate that the ultra-small gold nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the substrate. The material is found to possess high catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation.
The Aggregate Demand Curve: A Reply

In an article in this journal (fall 1985), Hansen, McCormick, and Rives argued that the derivation of the aggregate demand curve rested on a flimsey foundation. Barron and Lynch defend the commonly used analysis, and Hansen et al. offer a rebuttal.
Astrophysics: Early black holes uncovered.

Collective X-ray emission from distant galaxies reveals a hidden population of supermassive black holes. This finding suggests that galaxies and their central black holes have been coevolving since early cosmic times. See Letter p.356 A study of archival X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray observatory provides a measure of black hole growth at the earliest epochs at which observations are possible, around 600 million years after the Big Bang, at a redshift of z = 6–8. The results imply that black holes grow in tandem with their host galaxies, starting from the earliest times. The most copiously accreting black holes are buried in significant amounts of gas and dust that absorb most radiation except for the highest energy X-rays, and do not contribute to the re-ionization of the Universe.
Sensitivity to interstimulus interval due to calcium interactions in the Purkinje cell spines

Pairing specific LTD (PSD) is produced by paired parallel fiber (PF) and climbing fiber (CF) stimulation and requires Ca2+ elevation. CF or PF activation cause Ca2+ increase through voltage depende ...
Clinitest Burns of the Esophagus

Five children developed esophageal stricture from the ingestion of a Clinitest tablet. The sodium hydroxide contained in these tablets induced a short, dense stricture that was resistant to dilation and necessitated resection. In all patients primary esophageal resection with end-to-end anastomosis was technically possible. Four of the patients needed two or more dilations postoperatively and 1 still requires dilation. Prevention of accidental ingestion by use of a childproof container and parental education about the caustic nature of Clinitest are both essential to eliminate this child health hazard.
Preparation of thick stress-free molybdenum films for a resistively heated ion source

Abstract In order to deposit thick, adherent and crack-free thick films of high modulus materials it is necessary for the deposited material to be stress free. In this paper we describe the use of a pressure cycling technique in a post cathode magnetron sputtering system for depositing thick (5 μm) stress-free films of molybdenum. The pressure cycling technique utilizes the fact that sputter-deposited materials typically have high tensile stresses when deposited at high sputtering gas pressures and high compressive stresses when deposited at low gas pressures. By cycling the pressure from the high pressure regime to the low pressure regime during deposition nearly stress-free films can be deposited. The film thickness distribution in the post cathode magnetron sputtering configuration can be changed by varying the magnetic field conditions. The electrical resistivity and thermal coefficient of resistivity of the deposited films are functions of the substrate surface condition and the magnetic field conditions during sputter deposition.
A graph approach to cube identification

The primary goal of the study reported in this paper is to concisely describe the essential graph-theoretic characteristics of a particular class of enhanced hypercube, [N, K] cubes, toward the further goal of using these characteristics to establish isomorphism between an unlabeled graph, such as task graph description of an algorithm, and the underlying topology of the multiprocessor computing system. A new interconnection topology, [N, K] cube, is introduced and its topological properties, from a graph theoretical viewpoint, are studied. The [N, K] cube achieves a substantial reduction in diameter and a significant improvement in mean internode distance.
ON THE FORMATION OF OZONE IN SOLAR SYSTEM OXYGEN ICES EXPOSED TO HEAVY IONS

Mimicking the bombardment of icy surfaces with heavy ions from solar system radiation fields, solid-phase molecular oxygen (32O2) and its isotope labeled analogue (36O2) were irradiated with monoenergetic carbon (C+), nitrogen (N+), and oxygen (O+) ions in laboratory experiments simulating the interaction of ions from the solar wind and those abundant in planetary magnetospheres. Online Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of the irradiated oxygen ices (12?K) showed that the yields of molecular ozone monomer (O3 ~ 2 ? 10?3 molecules eV?1 in 32O2) were independent of the mass of the implanted C+, N+, and O+ ions (?max?= 4.0?? 1014 ions cm?2). The production of oxygen atoms in the solid was observed in the mid-IR stabilized via the [O3...O] van der Waals complex. We expand on this inference by comparing the ozone yields induced by light particles (e ?, H+, and He+) to the heavy ions (C+, N+, and O+) to provide compelling evidence that the abundance of radiolytic products in an oxygen-bearing solid is primarily dependent on electronic stopping regimes, which supersedes the contribution of nuclear stopping processes irrespective of the mass of the particle irradiation in the kinetic energy regime of solar wind and magnetospheric particles.