cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Doubling the Stakes: The Promise of Halide Double Perovskites

When the stakes are doubled in a wager, a player must correctly place two consecutive bets to win, but the payout is larger. Similarly, two B sites in combination dictate the properties of A2 BB'X6 (A=monocation, X=halide) double perovskites. Correctly picking two B sites is more challenging than picking just one, as in the AI BII X3 single perovskites, but the options are greater and, we believe, the rewards are higher when the stakes are doubled. In this Minireview, we emphasize fundamental aspects of halide double perovskites to provide a foundation for interested readers to explore this extraordinary class of materials. In particular, we highlight the differences and similarities between double and single perovskites and describe how the double perovskite structure potentially offers greater control over photophysical properties.
The Value of Traded Target Information in Security Games

Ample evidence has confirmed the importance of information in security. While much research on security game has assumed the attackers’ limited capabilities to obtain target information, few studies consider the possibility that the information can be acquired from a data broker, not to mention exploring the attackers’ profit-seeking behaviors in the shrouded underground society. This paper studies the role of information in the security problem when the target information is sold by a data broker to multiple attackers. We formulate a novel multi-stage game model to characterize both the cooperative and competitive interactions of the data broker and attackers. The attackers’ competition with correlated purchasing and attacking decisions is modeled as a two-stage stochastic model, and the bargaining process between the data broker and the attackers is analyzed in a Stackelberg game. The study contributes to the literature by exploring the behaviors of the attackers with labor specialization, and providing quantitative measures of information value from an economic perspective. The proposed frameworks characterize both the attackers’ competitive equilibrium solutions and the data broker’s pricing strategies under different market parameters. We also show how factors such as the quality of information, the heterogeneity in attackers’ utilities, and their cooperative purchasing strategy would have an impact on the results.
Passively Sensing SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Public Transit Buses

Abstract Affordably tracking the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases in urban transport infrastructures can inform individuals about potential exposure to diseases and guide public policymakers to prepare timely responses based on geographical transmission in different areas in the city. Towards that end, we designed and tested a method to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the air filters of public buses, revealing that air filters could be used as passive fabric sensors for the detection of viral presence. We placed and retrieved filters in the existing HVAC systems of public buses to test for the presence of trapped SARS-CoV-2 RNA using phenol-chloroform extraction and RT-qPCR. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 14% (5/37) of public bus filters tested in Seattle, Washington, from August 2020 to March 2021. These results indicate that this sensing system is feasible and that, if scaled, this method could provide a unique lens into the geographically relevant transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through public transit rider vectors, pooling samples of riders over time in a passive manner without installing any additional systems on transit vehicles. Synopsis Passive sensing of viral presence on urban transit infrastructure is proven, with forward-looking benefits for tracking pandemic spread.
A roadmap for rRNA folding and assembly during transcription

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assembly typically begins during transcription when folding of the newly synthesized RNA is coupled with the recruitment of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Upon binding, the proteins induce structural rearrangements in the RNA that are crucial for the next steps of assembly. Focusing primarily on bacterial ribosome assembly, we discuss recent work showing that early RNA–protein interactions are more dynamic than previously supposed, and remain so, until sufficient proteins are recruited to each transcript to consolidate an entire domain of the RNP. We also review studies showing that stable assembly of an RNP competes against modification and processing of the RNA. Finally, we discuss how transcription sets the timeline for competing and cooperative RNA-RBP interactions that determine the fate of the nascent RNA. How this dance is coordinated is the focus of this review.
Exploring ‘reverse-tracing’ Questions as a Means of Assessing the Tracing Skill on Computer-based CS 1 Exams

In this paper, we perform a comparative analysis using a within-subjects ‘think-aloud’ protocol of introductory programming students solving tracing problems in both paper-based and computer-based formats. We demonstrate that, on computer-based exams with compiler/interpreter access, students can achieve significantly higher scores on tracing problems than they do on similar paper-based questions, through brute-force execution of the provided code. Furthermore, we characterize the students’ usage of machine execution as they solve computer-based tracing problems. We, then, suggest “reverse-tracing” questions, where a block of code is provided and students must identify an input that will produce a specified output, as a potential alternative means of assessing the same skill as tracing questions on such computer-based exams. Our initial investigation suggests correctly-designed reverse-tracing problems on computer-based exams more closely track a student’s performance on similar questions in a paper-based format. In addition, we find that the thought process while solving tracing and reverse-tracing problems is similar, but not identical.
Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Versus Other Neurological Conditions.

BACKGROUND The mechanism of increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the risk of VTE in hospitalizations due to AIS as compared to those due to non-vascular neurological conditions. We also aimed to assess any potential association between VTE risk and the use of intravenous thrombolysis (rtPA) among hospitalizations with AIS. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, data were obtained from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2016-2018. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for the baseline differences between the groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the risk of VTE. RESULTS We identified 1,541,685 hospitalizations due to AIS and 1,453,520 hospitalizations due to non-vascular neurological diagnoses that served as controls. After propensity score matching, 640,560 cases with AIS and corresponding well-matched controls were obtained. Hospitalizations due to AIS had higher odds of VTE as compared to the controls [odds ratio (OR) 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40-1.60, P<0.001]. Among hospitalizations with AIS, 184,065 (11.9%) got rtPA. The odds of VTE were lower among the AIS hospitalizations that received rtPA as compared to those that did not (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-0.99, P0.035). CONCLUSION Hospitalizations due to AIS have a higher risk of VTE as compared to the non-vascular neurological controls. Among AIS cases, the risk of VTE is lower among patients treated with rtPA. These epidemiological findings support the hypothesis that the risk of VTE after AIS might be partly mediated by an intrinsic pro-coagulant state.
The Effect of Pediatric Cancer on Identity in Young Adult Survivors: Results from Project REACH.

Purpose: Living through cancer can have a profound effect on identity. Among those treated for adult-onset cancer, identifying as a cancer survivor is common and has been linked to positive mental ...
Emerging programs for autism spectrum disorder: Improving, communication, behavior, and family dynamics: edited by Neophytos L. Papaneophytou and Undurti N. Das. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press (Elsevier), 2021

Papaneophyton and Das do a tremendous job describing, with a high level of detail, a new and emerging treatment of autism using the “medical home model.” They begin with the biophysiological basis ...
SU-E-J-49: Design and Fabrication of Custom 3D Printed Phantoms for Radiation Therapy Research and Quality Assurance

Purpose The rapid proliferation of affordable 3D printing techniques has enabled the custom fabrication of items ranging from paper weights to medical implants. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing the technology for developing novel phantoms for use in radiation therapy quality assurance (QA) procedures. Methods A phantom for measuring the geometric parameters of linear accelerator (LINAC) on-board imaging (OBI) systems was designed using SolidWorks. The design was transferred to a 3D printer and fabricated using a fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Fiducials were embedded in the phantom by placing 1.6 mm diameter steel balls in predefined holes and securing them with silicone. Several MV and kV images of the phantom were collected and the visibility and geometric accuracy were evaluated. A second phantom, for use in the experimental evaluation of a high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy dosimeter, was designed to secure several applicator needles in water. The applicator was fabricated in the same 3D printer and used for experiments. Results The general accuracy of printed parts was determined to be 0.1 mm. The cost of materials for the imaging and QA phantoms were $22 and $5 respectively. Both the plastic structure and fiducial markers of the imaging phantom weremore » visible in MV and kV images. Fiducial marker locations were determined to be within 1mm of desired locations, with the discrepancy being attributed to the fiducial attachment process. The HDR phantom secured the applicators within 0.5 mm of the desired locations. Conclusion 3D printing offers an inexpensive method for fabricating custom phantoms for use in radiation therapy quality assurance. While the geometric accuracy of such parts is limited compared to more expensive methods, the phantoms are still highly functional and provide a unique opportunity for rapid fabrication of custom phantoms for use in radiation therapy QA and research.« less
A Robust Support Vector Regression Based on Fuzzy Clustering

Support Vector Regression (SVR) has been very successful in pattern recognition, text categorization and function approximation. In real application systems, data domain often suffers from noise and outliers. When there is noise and/or outliers existing in sampling data, the SVR may try to fit those improper data and obtained systems may have the phenomenon of overfitting. In addition, the memory space for storing the kernel matrix of SVR will be increment with O (N2), where N is the number of training data. In this paper, a robust support vector regression is proposed for nonlinear function approximation problems with noise and outliers.
Life and Death in the Mud: A Study of Beckett's Comment C'est

The final phrases of Comment C'est' negate the novel's elaborate structure and affirm only the narrator and his most intimate environment. The narrator rejects one by one the hypotheses of existence to which he has previously devoted his energy and resourcefulness (pp. 173-177) and reduces his universe to five irrefutable constants: himself, his voice, the panting, the mud, and the darkness. The ultimate negation absorbs even the novel's tripartite construction: the notions before Pirn, with Pirn, and after Pirn, lose all significance following the assertion of the final sequence, "jamais eu de Pim" (p. 175). Pirn, like the sack, the scenes of life above, the scribes, the voice "quaqua" and the notions of order and justice, is a fictional existence which the narrative entertains and eventually dismisses.
The Shoulders of Giants

Dara Horn is an undergraduate at Harvard University studying comparative literature. She is currently working with astronomer Margaret J. Geller on a documentary about Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. ![Figure][1] I have always been fascinated by scientists, because they appear to be the only
A Review of “The Credible Company: Communicating With Today’s Skeptical Workforce”

In The Credible Company, author Roger D’Aprix, a recognized leader in the business communication community, argues that the relationship between employees and employers has shifted in this era of “...
The Vibrational Spectra of Brushite, CaHPO4·2H2O

Abstract Brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O) has been extensively studied using X-ray1),2),3),4) and infrared techniques5),6),7),8). However, no Raman data have been reported in the literature for this phase. In this paper, we will present the nonpolarized and
Mycobacterial Infections After Kidney Transplant

We looked at mycobacterial infections occurring after a kidney transplant to determine incidence, risk factors, and outcomes. Of 3921 kidney transplants performed between 1984 and 2002, 18 (0.45%) (10 men, eight women; 11 cadaveric donor, seven living donor graft) were identified as having mycobacterial infection at some time posttransplant. Mean age at transplant was 38.3 years. Racial background was: Caucasian (n = 12), African-American (n = 2), Native Indian (n = 2), Hispanic (n = 1), and Middle Eastern (n = 1). The majority had a kidney alone (n = 14). Four recipients had simultaneous transplant of a second organ: pancreas (n = 2), islets (n = 1), and liver (n = 1). None of the 18 recipients had documented mycobacterial infection pretransplant. One recipient had a positive Mantoux test at the time of transplant and then developed pulmonary tuberculosis 4 months posttransplant; the remaining 17 patients had either negative (n = 10) or unavailable (n = 7) pretransplant Mantoux results. Mean time to infection was 3.2 years (range 1 week to 12 years). The most common site of infection was respiratory (n = 8). Other sites included musculoskeletal (n = 4), skin (n = 3), gyn (n = 1), and other (n = 2). Only three of the infections were with mycobacterial tuberculi; the others were with avium (n = 5), chelonae (n = 2), or other nontuberculous mycobacteria. Risk factors included previous TB exposure, occupational exposure, or accidental soft tissue injury. Soft tissue infections often presented as chronic unhealed wounds and required extensive surgical debridements. With mean follow-up of 12.5 years since transplant and 9.2 years since infection, 13 of the recipients are alive and well; causes of death included cardiovascular (n = 3) and sepsis (n = 2).
Effects of initial ammonium ion concentration on pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans and its modeling

Pullulan fermentations by Aureobasidium pullulans with various initial ammonium ion concentrations were evaluated in a 2-L bioreactor. The results demonstrated that A. pullulans produced highest pullulan (23.1 g/L) when the initial ammonium sulfate was 7 at 5 g/L. The purity of produced pullulan was 94.6%. Seven gram per liter of ammonium sulfate produced more biomass due to the higher level of nitrogen source, but the pullulan-degrading enzyme activity was detected after the depletion of sucrose, which reduced pullulan concentration. From the results of fed-batch fermentation, addition of 10 g/L of sucrose suppressed A. pullulans from producing pullulan-degrading enzyme. Additionally, the modified-Gompertz equation demonstrated its generality to fit all pullulan production, biomass production, and sucrose consumption curves at three ammonium sulfate levels. After incorporating the degrading factor, a re-modified-Gompertz equation was obtained that can adequately describe the decrease of pullulan at the late fermentation stage.
Lactone synthesis via dyotropic rearrangement. Stereospecific construction of fused butyrolactones with three contiguous asymmetric centers

Abstract Substituted trans-fused cyclohexano butyrolactones are accessible via dyotropic rearrangement of β-lactones, wherein all three adjacent chiral centers are simultaneously fixed.
Organelle Specific Associations of HIV-1 Nef with HLA-I A2 and CD4 using Fluorescence Cross Correlation Spectroscopy

Among HIV encoded proteins, Nef is critically required for virus replication and AIDS pathogenesis and is a major effector of immune-evasion mechanisms, in part by modulating cell surface expression of CD4 and HLA-I receptors. Genetic and biochemical studies have suggested two different mechanisms for Nef induced downregulation of CD4 and HLA-I. This might reflect distinct and differential interactions between Nef and the receptors in the various subcellular organelles. To evaluate this possibility, we measured the interactions of Nef -cerulean with HLA-I A2-eYFP protein in the TGN, ER and plasma membrane in transiently transfected HeLa cells using single point Fluorescence Cross Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS). We found that between 27 to 37% of the total concentration of Nef was found to be associated with HLA-I A2 in these organelles.We also studied the interactions of a CD4-eYFP on the plasma membrane with Nef-cerulean. We found that most of the Nef present in the plasma membrane binds CD4. Two diffusion components for CD4 were observed, with most of the binding between CD4 and Nef occurring in the more mobile fraction. Most of the Nef at the plasma membrane was also found to bind CD4 LL/AA mutant, which is not downregulated by Nef efficiently and thus was thought to bind Nef less avidly. We also demonstrate that removal of cholesterol by β-methyl cyclodextrin abolished the larger complexes.
Effect of Composition of Substrate-Modifying Random Copolymers on the Orientation of Symmetric and Asymmetric Diblock Copolymer Domains

The ability of random copolymer brushes and cross-linked mats to induce the vertical orientation of domains in overlying films of lamellae- and cylinder-forming block copolymers was investigated as a function of the composition. The substrate-modifying layers consisted of styrene and methyl methacrylate random copolymers and contained either a terminal hydroxyl group or a third polar comonomer of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) for grafting brushes to silicon oxide surfaces or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) for cross-linking the random copolymer into a mat. Polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) lamellae- and cylinder-forming block copolymers (both PS and PMMA minority block copolymers) were deposited and annealed on the modified surfaces. In all cases the vertical orientation of domains was observed for a range of random copolymer composition, but the ranges of composition were different for each combination of surface layer and block copolymer. The cylindrical domains of PS exhibited ve...
Theoretical fcc-->bcc Transition under [100] Tensile Loading

It is shown by theoretical arguments and lattice-model computations that when an fcc crystal is loaded uniaxially in tension along a [100] direction, a path of minimum energy (under strict [100] uniaxial load) takes the crystal into unstressed bcc.
The effect of a buffer compound on the temperature of the anode spot in a d.c. arc

Abstract The investigation reported in this paper shows that the temperature of the anode spot of a d.c. arc is, under given conditions, determined largely by two factors: the temperature at which the metal of the buffer compound volatilises and enters the arc plasma and the energy required to effect this volatilisation i.e. the latent heat of volatilisation.
Anxiety and avoidance in infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Evidence for differing symptom severity and presentation

Abstract Little is known about the symptoms of anxiety in very young children with autism spectrum disorders, particularly comparisons between Autistic Disorder (AD) and Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). In the current study, toddlers (i.e., 17–37 months of age) with diagnoses of either AD ( N = 159) or PDD-NOS ( N = 154) were compared to atypically developing toddlers who did not meet criteria for an autism spectrum disorder ( N = 200). Results indicated an overall pattern whereby toddlers with AD had more severe anxious and avoidant symptoms than either toddlers with PDD-NOS or controls. Further, toddlers with PDD-NOS were significantly more severe than controls. Additional analyses examining specific differences between the groups on anxious and avoidant items were conducted as well. Overall, toddlers with AD appear to have more severe anxiety than either those with PDD-NOS or controls, who did not differ on many items.
Functional Dissection of the DNA Interface of the Nucleotidyltransferase Domain of Chlorella Virus DNA Ligase

Chlorella virus DNA ligase (ChVLig) has pluripotent biological activity and an intrinsic nick-sensing function. ChVLig consists of three structural modules that envelop nicked DNA as a C-shaped protein clamp: a nucleotidyltransferase (NTase) domain and an OB domain (these two are common to all DNA ligases) as well as a distinctive β-hairpin latch module. The NTase domain, which performs the chemical steps of ligation, binds the major groove flanking the nick and the minor groove on the 3′-OH side of the nick. Here we performed a structure-guided mutational analysis of the NTase domain, surveying the effects of 35 mutations in 19 residues on ChVLig activity in vivo and in vitro, including biochemical tests of the composite nick sealing reaction and of the three component steps of the ligation pathway (ligase adenylylation, DNA adenylylation, and phosphodiester synthesis). The results highlight (i) key contacts by Thr-84 and Lys-173 to the template DNA strand phosphates at the outer margins of the DNA ligase footprint; (ii) essential contacts of Ser-41, Arg-42, Met-83, and Phe-75 with the 3′-OH strand at the nick; (iii) Arg-176 phosphate contacts at the nick and with ATP during ligase adenylylation; (iv) the role of Phe-44 in forming the protein clamp around the nicked DNA substrate; and (v) the importance of adenine-binding residue Phe-98 in all three steps of ligation. Kinetic analysis of single-turnover nick sealing by ChVLig-AMP underscored the importance of Phe-75-mediated distortion of the nick 3′-OH nucleoside in the catalysis of DNA 5′-adenylylation (step 2) and phosphodiester synthesis (step 3). Induced fit of the nicked DNA into a distorted conformation when bound within the ligase clamp may account for the nick-sensing capacity of ChVLig.
The Role of Omission Neglect in Response to Non-Gains and Non-Losses in Gasoline Price Fluctuations

Research on omission neglect has shown that people are insensitive to many different types of missing, unmentioned, or unknown information. However, prior research has not examined the role of omission neglect in non-gain and non-loss framing. The present research shows that gain/loss framing effects are greater than non-gain/non-loss framing effects on judgments of the ease with which various scenarios can be imagined, judgments of believability, attributions to price gouging, and attributions to inflation. The results also show that negative outcomes are more influential than are positive outcomes in judgments of imaginability, believability, and fairness, and in attribution judgments. Considered together, the results suggest that omission neglect plays an important role in insensitivity to non-gains and non-losses.
Hydrogen in amorphous silicon: local bonding and vibrational properties

This paper discusses the bonding of hydrogen to silicon, alloy and dopant atoms in amorphous silicon based alloys including a-Si:H, a-Si,C:H, a-Si,Ge:H, a-Si,O:H and a-Si,N:H, and in phosphorus and boron doped a-Si:H. Two aspects of hydrogen incorporation are emphasized: (i) local bonding arrangements of hydrogen atoms which also include alloy or dopant atoms as near-neighbors; and (ii) chemical-bonding induced shifts in Si-H bond-stretching frequencies that derive from a combination of the local bonding arrangements of the alloy atoms, and the average chemical composition of the alloy. For the undoped a-Si:H alloys, both monohydride and polyhydride configurations are discussed, whereas for the alloys, and doped a-Si:H, the discussion is restricted to the monohydride arrangements that dominate in the so-called device-grade materials.
Pressure effect on heterogeneous trifluoromethylation of fullerenes and its application

Abstract The first systematic study of heterogeneous fullerene trifluoromethylation using an innovative gradient-temperature gas–solid reactor revealed a significant effect of CF 3 I pressure on the conversion of C 60 and C 70 into trifluoromethylated products and on the range of fullerene(CF 3 ) n compositions that were obtained. The design of the reactor allowed us to lower the residence times of fullerene(CF 3 ) n species in the hot zone which resulted in the significant differences in relative isomeric distributions as compared to the earlier methods. For the first time, gram quantities of trifluoromethylated fullerenes were prepared using the new reactor, and the selective synthesis of a single-isomer C 60 (CF 3 ) 2 was developed. The relative reactivity of C 70 as a CF 3 radical scavenger was found to be much lower than that of C 60 , especially at an early radical addition stage, which led to the cost-efficient synthesis of C 60 (CF 3 ) 2 from a fullerene extract.
Identification of Dominant Negative Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Mutants That Interfere with the Functional Inactivation of APOBEC3G by Virus-Encoded Vif

APOBEC3G (A3G) is a host cytidine deaminase that serves as a potent intrinsic inhibitor of retroviral replication. A3G is packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions and deaminates deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine on nascent minus-strand retroviral cDNA, leading to hyper-deoxyguanine-to-deoxyadenine mutations on positive-strand cDNA and inhibition of viral replication. The antiviral activity of A3G is suppressed by Vif, a lentiviral accessory protein that prevents encapsidation of A3G. In this study, we identified dominant negative mutants of Vif that interfered with the ability of wild-type Vif to inhibit the encapsidation and antiviral activity of A3G. These mutants were nonfunctional due to mutations in the highly conserved HCCH and/or SOCS box motifs, which are required for assembly of a functional Cul5-E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Similarly, mutation or deletion of a PPLP motif, which was previously reported to be important for Vif dimerization, induced a dominant negative phenotype. Expression of dominant negative Vif counteracted the Vif-induced reduction of intracellular A3G levels, presumably by preventing Vif-induced A3G degradation. Consequently, dominant negative Vif interfered with wild-type Vif's ability to exclude A3G from viral particles and reduced viral infectivity despite the presence of wild-type Vif. The identification of dominant negative mutants of Vif presents exciting possibilities for the design of novel antiviral strategies.
Porencephaly with microgyria: a pathologic study.

1. Two cases are described in which there are bilateral defects of the full thickness of the cerebral wall (porencephaly) surrounded by microgyria. 2. Morphologic evidence is presented that the defects and the microgyria are not only manifestations of the same pathogenetic event, but that microgyria represents a mild degree of the abnormality that produces porencephaly in its more severe form. 3. Cytoarchitectural features of the microgyria require that the pathogenetic event producing it and the accompanying porencephaly, occurred not earlier than the fifth, and probably not later than the seventh, fetal month. 4. Morphologic features allegedly favoring an earlier (first trimester) origin of these lesions are discussed. In all cases these features are more easily explained in terms of the later dates proposed above. 5. The topography of the lesions in both cases suggestin utero perfusion failure, not vasoocclusive in nature, with consequent infarction as a plausible pathogenesis. Other etiologic possibilities are discussed.
Acetate Production in the Rumen of Cows Fed Either Control or Low-Fiber, High-Grain Diets

Abstract Measurements were made on acetate production in the rumens of cows fed a diet supporting a normal fat content of the milk and in the rumens of cows fed a milk-fat depressing diet (low-fiber, high-grain). An isotope dilution technique, using acetate-1- 14 C, coupled with the use of polyethylene glycol (M.W. 4000) as a rumen volume marker was employed. Mean acetate production values of 29.3 and 28.1 moles per 24 hr were obtained for the control and high-grain diets, respectively. It was concluded that an absolute shortage of acetate, because of reduction in amount of acetate produced in the rumen, is not responsible for the depression in the fat content of the milk when a low-fiber, high-grain diet is fed.
Astrocytic neurotransmitter receptors in situ and in vivo.

In the brain, astrocytes are associated intimately with neurons and surround synapses. Due to their close proximity to synaptic clefts, astrocytes are in a prime location for receiving synaptic information from released neurotransmitters. Cultured astrocytes express a wide range of neurotransmitter receptors, but do astrocytes in vivo also express neurotransmitter receptors and, if so, are the receptors activated by synaptically released neurotransmitters? In recent years, considerable effort has gone into addressing these issues. The experimental results of this effort have been compiled and are presented in this review. Although there are many different receptors which have not been identified on astrocytes in situ, it is clear that astrocytes in situ express a number of different receptors. There is evidence of glutamatergic, GABAergic, adrenergic, purinergic, serotonergic, muscarinic, and peptidergic receptors on protoplasmic, fibrous, or specialized (Bergmann glia, pituicytes, Muller glia) astrocytes in situ and in vivo. These receptors are functionally coupled to changes in membrane potential or to intracellular signaling pathways such as activation of phospholipase C or adenylate cyclase. The expression of neurotransmitter receptors by astrocytes in situ exhibits regional and intraregional heterogeneity and changes during development and in response to injury. There is also evidence that receptors on astrocytes in situ can be activated by neurotransmitter(s) released from synaptic terminals. Given the evidence of extra-synaptic signaling and the expression of neurotransmitter receptors by astrocytes in situ, direct communication between neurons and astrocytes via neurotransmitters could be a widespread form of communication in the brain which may affect many different aspects of brain function, such as glutamate uptake and the modulation of extracellular space. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Anti-platelet action of intravenous infusion of prostacyclin in man

Abstract Sodium salt of prostacyclin in 0.1 M Tris buffer pH 9.0 was infused intravenously at doses of 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ng/kg/min into six healthy men, aged 26–46 years. Begining with a dose of 5 ng/kg/min prostacyclin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation in plasma and dissipation of circulating platelet aggregates in blood. At a dose of 20 ng/kg/min template bleeding time and concomitant blood loss were doubled. Prostacyclin did not influence partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and euglobulin lysis time. The anti-platelet action of prostacyclin was accompanied by a moderate fall in diastolic blood pressure, increase in heart rate, vasodilation in the regions of face, neck and palms, as well as by arterialization of venous blood. All of the pharmacological effects of prostacyclin disappeared briefly after termination of the infusion. This is the first report on antiplatelet action of prostacyclin in man and it is concluded that prostacyclin may be a valuble drug in the treatment of thromboembolic diseases.
An Expanding World of Small RNAs

In ciliated protozoans, small RNAs (sRNAs) are integral to guiding large-scale genomic rearrangements after mating. Sandoval et al. (2014) report in this issue of Developmental Cell the discovery of a class of Paramecium sRNAs, produced by a unique Dicer-like enzyme, that likely provides late stage quality control in this process.
Energy efficiency opportunities in the residential sector and their feasibility

Abstract The objective of this paper is to address the question of what would be the real impact of energy efficiency improvements on the reduction of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions through the deployment of energy-efficient technologies. We study the cost effectiveness of replacing current appliances with more efficient models, taking into consideration the implicit discount rate observed in people’s purchasing behavior. This is followed by a discussion of why the efficiency gap exists and how large it is. If the world were to successfully implement every negative- or zero-cost measure, the CO 2 abatement potential in the global residential and commercial sector in 2020, on a conservative estimate, would be 1.4 Gt of CO 2 , roughly equivalent to the current CO 2 emissions of India as the world fourth largest emitter. If a longer payback period is allowed, a further 1.2 Gt of opportunities, which almost amount to the current CO 2 emissions of Japan as the world’s fifth largest emitter of CO 2 , could be gained globally at below zero-cost in 2020.
Oikonomia in the age of empires

The article reviews the uses of the term ‘oikonomia’ in Greek-speaking antiquity and illustrates how the term was used in all spheres of human existence and in various arts and sciences, usually denoting the prudent dispensation of the field resources. In this era the arts and sciences also received their own economies, and the term oikonomia, designating in most cases the prudent management of resources, appears in political theory, military strategy, law, finance, medicine, literary criticism, architecture, music, history and rhetoric. Among all the spheres, arts and sciences that were economized, the story of oikonomia in the field of rhetoric is at the center of this article’s attention. As shown, the concept of oikonomia took an intermediate form between the realm of thought – that is, the domain of philosophy – and the realm of public speech – the domain of politics.
Increasing the efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation of organic films on aqueous solutions by reactively coating the TiO2 photocatalyst with a chlorinated silicone

In order to reduce the fraction of water and salt accessible surface OH sites on TiO2, the photocatalytic crystallites were reacted, in an HCl-releasing reaction, with a chlorine-terminated chlorinated poly(dimethylsiloxane) telomer, Glassclad 6C. When the overcoated photocatalyst was applied in the oxidation of organic films on aqueous 0.5 M NaCl, the number of O2 molecules consumed per photon drastically increased. In the oxidation of n-octanal films, 1.25 molecules of O2 were consumed (five electrons were transferred to oxygen), and in the oxidation of n-octanoic acid, 0.15 molecules of O2 were consumed (0.6 electrons was transferred) per photon. The overcoating reduced the O2-consumed/CO2-produced ratio in the initial reaction period when most of the reactant was intact. The enhancement of O2 uptake per photon and the production of oxidized organic compounds, instead of CO2, are attributed to chloride ion exclusion from the reaction zone and to fast hole oxidation, producing a radical, followed by pro...
Liquid chromatographic systems for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and nitrogen heterocycle compounds present in coal liquids

Abstract Normal-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were compared for the separation of compounds known to be present in solvent refined coal liquids. Several commercially available stationary phases were investigated with standards and compared for their ability to separate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from nitrogen heterocycle compounds. The normal-phase columns investigated were μPorasil, Nucleosil NO 2 , basic alumina, μBondapak NH 2 , and μBondapak CN. μBondapak C 18 and μBondapak CN packings were investigated under reversed-phase conditions. Utilizing normal-phase chromatography only the μPorasil system was able to resolve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the nitrogen heterocycles investigated. Both reversed-phase systems studied were able to resolve these functional classes, but the solubility of solvent refined coal liquids in aqueous systems limits the usefulness of this approach.
Dynamic modeling of an autonomous underwater vehicle

The EcoMapper is an autonomous underwater vehicle that has broad applications, such as water quality monitoring and bathymetric survey. To simulate its dynamics and to precisely control it, a dynamic model is needed. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of the EcoMapper based on computational-fluid-dynamics calculations, strip theory, and open-water tests. We validate the proposed model with the results of the field experiments carried out in the west pond in the Georgia Tech Savannah Campus.
Laryngeal markedness and aspiration

We argue that the common phonological assumptions that (i) plain voiceless consonants are less marked than voiceless aspirates and (ii) the unmarked two-way stop system opposes unaspirated voiced and voiceless members are incorrect. A wide range of phonetic and internal and external phonological evidence suggests instead that (i) the maximally unmarked single-series stop is unspecified for laryngeal features and (ii) the unmarked two-way stop system opposes aspirated and unaspirated stops, and the aspirated series may be the unmarked member of this set.
Anorexia and sexual maturity in female white rock chickens. I. Increasing the feed intake.

Long-term selection for low juvenile body weight has resulted in a line of chickens where sexual maturity is retarded or prevented because of anorexia.Ad libitum-fed pullets which had not commenced egg production by 240 days of age were randomly assigned to be force-fed or fedad libitum. Increasing food intake via force-feeding caused a significantly greater proportion of females to commence egg production than was noted forad libitum-fed controls. Moreover, of those pullets that commenced lay, age at onset was significantly earlier in those force-fed than in those fedad libitum.
The bureaucratic response to economic fluctuation: An econometric investigation of Hungarian investment policies

Abstract This paper develops bureaucratic response functions within a “deviation from trend” econometric model to determine those factors that were related to fluctuations in aggregate investment finding and in the sectoral distribution of that aggretate during 1960–1975. Investment in buildings and investment in machinery are analyzed separately. On the national level, investment funding is found to respond to indicators of well-being, plan targets, bottlenecks, and foreign trade variables. Sectoral investment funding is based mainly on priority considerations.
EVIDENCE FOR REPAIR OF ULTRA-VIOLET DAMAGED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID IN CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS.

Evidence for Repair of Ultra-Violet Damaged Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Cultured Mammalian Cells
Doping and charge-carrier density effects in the cuprate superconductors

ABSTRACT The undoped phases of the copper-oxide materials are antiferromagnetic insulators, with a gap of 1.5—2 eV. Infrared spectroscopy of these compounds reveals weak absorption, possibly of magnetic origin, in this gap. When the materials are doped, oscillator strength is removed from the charge transfer band.This oscillator strength moves to low frequency, to become midinfrared and free carrier absorption. Asystematic study of the electron-doped Nd2CeCuO4 system reveals that the growth of low-frequencyoscillator strength with doping concentration x is twice as rapid as in the case of hole-doped materials,such as La2_SrCuO4. This behavior is in accord with electronic structure models based on the 3-bandHubbard model and inconsistent with one-band behavior. However, an anomaly occurs for samples which are doped to the critical concentration for superconductivity; these have a greater than expected free-carrier concentration and weaker charge-transfer bands. 1. INTRODUCTION The properties of the cuprates vary systematically as the mobile charge density is changed. In theinsulating state, these are antiferromagnetic insulators, with a charge-transfer gap of 1.5—2 eV (12 000—
The citation of wood specimens and herbarium vouchers in anatomical research.

Therefore, in theory before any name can be entered into the Index it must be typified. Granted that in actual practice, and especially in recent literature, most names can be assigned to major groups of algae without having to typify them, the number of names, especially in old literature, whose application to one or another algal group can be ascertained only by typification is still large enough to constitute a major obstacle to completion of the Index. Similar considerations apply to preparation of the Index Nominum Genericorum.
Latest Pleistocene and Holocene palaeoenvironment of Japan and its marginal sea

Abstract Analyses of pollen and radiolarian abundance variations in a deep-sea core from the Sea of Japan indicate that major vegetational changes on mainland Japan during the last 80,000 years coincided with events of similar magnitude offshore in the marginal sea. On land, dry cold temperate conditions alternate with wet cold temperate periods throughout most of the last glacial period (80,000–10,000 yr B.P.). Offshore, during glacial times of low winter precipitation, the radiolarian fauna was dominated by assemblage similar to those present today along the Subarctic Front and throughout much of the Subpolar Gyre associated with cold winter and summer sea-surface temperatures. During most of the high-precipitation stadials, the dominant radiolarian assemblage was comparable with that existing in today's Sea of Okhotsk, associated with cold winter and cool summer sea-surface temperatures. On the western coast of Honshu warmer temperate conditions throughout the Holocene were associated with a marine faunal assemblage similar to that living in waters overlying the core site today. Radiolarian abundance levels (productivity) were lower during most of the last glacial period compared to Holocene values. The presence of radiolaria throughout all but a portion of the early stage of the last glacial interval indicates that, although restricted, some degree of exchange between the southern Sea of Japan and North Pacific waters took place throughout most of the last glacial period. These data place major constraints on local reconstructions of sea level and of climate on the adjacent coast of Honshu during this time.
Evaluation of potato late blight management utilizing host plant resistance and reduced rates and frequencies of fungicide applications

Abstract Field experiments were carried out (2001–2003) to evaluate the efficacy of combining host resistance with reduced rates and frequencies of the residual contact fungicide fluazinam to control foliar potato late blight ( Phytophthora infestans ). Potato cultivars (cvs.) and advanced breeding lines (ABL) developed in four states were used in combination with fluazinam applications at 0, 33%, 50%, 66% and 100% of the manufacturer recommended application rate (MRAR) applied at 5, 7, 10 or 14 day application intervals. Values of relative area under disease progress curve (RAUDPC) in the untreated plots demonstrated that cvs. and ABL were significantly different in susceptibility to late blight. The cv. Jacqueline Lee was used as a resistant reference and the cvs. Snowden and FL1879 as susceptible. Accordingly, the ABL MSJ317-1 and MSJ461-1 were classified as resistant and the ABL W1386, W1201, MN19515, MN15620, MN19157, MN98650-8, ND2470-27, ND5822C-7 as susceptible. The cvs./ABL Dakota Pearl, Dakota Rose, MN19350 and W1355-1 were classified as susceptible in 2001 and as moderately susceptible in 2002. Application of the full rate of fluazinam at 5 or 7 day intervals resulted in effective control in all cvs./ABL except the cv. Dakota Pearl at 7 day application interval in 2001; at 10 or 14 day intervals it provided effective control in some cv./ABL and either partial or ineffective control in others. The 50% or 66% MRAR of fluazinam applied at 5 or 7 days provided effective blight control in resistant and moderately susceptible cvs./ABL and partial control in susceptible cvs./ABL. Fluazinam applied at 33% MRAR (in 2001 trials), at any application interval, provided effective blight control in the resistant cvs. and was either partially effective or ineffective in the susceptible cvs.. The study demonstrates that potato cvs./ABL with reduced susceptibility to late blight can be managed with reduced fungicide rates and longer application intervals, thus offering a less expensive option for potato late blight control.
Clinical course and response to treatment of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia presenting with a high leukocyte count

The natural history and response to treatment of 46 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and a pretreatment leukocyte count of 100,000/microliters or higher were reviewed to identify the clinical features and response characteristics to the treatment of this group of patients. While the response rate of 52% was similar to that of patients with lower leukocyte counts, remission durations were shorter and related inversely to the height of the initial leukocyte count and to the number of treatment courses necessary to achieve a complete remission. A high incidence of hemorrhagic deaths was observed during the first 8 days of treatment. These hemorrhages occurred at a time when the leukocyte count was falling secondary to chemotherapy and the platelet count was still greater than 15,000/microliters. Pretreatment coagulation disorders and poor performance status were factors associated with this fatal complication. Antimetabolites to rapidly arrest leukemic cell proliferation and leukapheresis to avoid further leukostatic plug formation may be useful immediate measures to reduce the incidence of these fatal hemorrhages until the underlying pathogenic mechanisms have been elucidated.
Bounds on the capacity region of a class of Gaussian broadcast interference channels

In this paper, a class of Gaussian broadcast interference channels is investigated, where one of the two broadcast users is subject to the interference coming from a point-to-point transmission. Channel parameters are categorized into three regimes. For the first two, where an ordering of the decodability of the broadcast users exists, inner bounds based on superposition and rate splitting are obtained. Entropy-power-inequality-based outer bounds are derived by combining bounding techniques for Gaussian broadcast and interference channels. These inner and outer bounds lead to either exact or approximate characterizations of the capacity region and sum capacity under various conditions. For the remaining complementing regime, inner and outer bounds are also provided.
The vulnerable body image of females with feelings of depression

Abstract One hundred and twenty-one female students participated in a two-part experiment that was designed to investigate the impact of external, weight-related feedback on the body image of females with different levels of depressive feelings. As predicted, female participants with greater feelings of depression who were given weight feedback that was too high produced body image estimates that were proportionally larger and significantly different from their depressed counterparts who were given weight feedback that was too low. In contrast, the body size estimations of the participants with low feelings of depression were not affected by the weight-related feedback. These findings indicate that females with feelings of depression may have a body image that is vulnerable to external feedback (e.g., societal messages), which may have implications about the treatment and prevention of body image disturbances.