cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NASA supports climate research

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is soliciting research proposals for interdisciplinary studies in three areas of climate research: the role of the hydrologic cycle in atmosphere-surface interactions, trace gas fluxes from ecosystems and their fate in the troposphere, and detection of changes and identification of forcings due to the greenhouse effect in the climate system. Educational, industrial, and nonprofit organizations, and NASA centers and other governmental agencies may participate. The proposal deadline is December 16. Proposals will be evaluated by peer and technical reviews in January and February 1989.
Small-group searches for mathematical proofs and individual reconstructions of mathematical concepts

Abstract This is a study of mathematics students working in small groups. Our research methodology allows us to examine how individual ideas develop in a social context. The research perspective used in this study is based on a co-constructive view of learning. Groups of three or four undergraduate mathematics majors, with prior experience writing mathematical proofs together, were asked to prove three statements. Computer software, such as Geometers Sketchpad , was available. Group work sessions were videotaped. Later, individuals viewed segments of the group video and were asked to reflect on group activities. Students in some groups did not share a common conception of proof, which seemed to hamper their collaboration. We observed interactions that fit with the co-constructive theory, with bidirectional interactions that shaped both group and individual conceptions of the tasks. These changes in understanding may result from parallel and successive internalization and externalization of ideas by individuals in a social context.
Ramsey Theory: Learning about the Needle in the Haystack

Results from number theory show us that even in seemingly random sets, we can find order; total disorder is impossible. Ramsey's theorem can help broaden our perspective in cybersecurity by showing us how to use the emergent order to find patterns and to design systems to avoid certain patterns.
Phasic modulation of short latency cutaneous excitation in flexor digitorum longus motoneurons during fictive locomotion

We examined modulation of transmission of short-latency excitation produced by distal hindlimb cutaneous input, as well as fluctuations in motoneuron membrane potential and input resistance, in flexor digitorum longus (FDL) motoneurons during fictive locomotion. Fictive stepping was induced in unaesthetized, decerebrate cats either by repetitive stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) or by administration of Nialamide and 1 DOPA after low spinal section. In the MLR preparations, brief depolarizing waves occurred in FDL cells during the early flexion phase of fictive stepping, immediately after cessation of activity in extensor muscles. In some FDL cells, plateau-like depolarizations also occurred during the extensor phase. Fictive stepping induced in acutely spinalized cats by administration of l-DOPA was slower and more variable; peak polarization in FDL motoneurons always occurred during the early flexion phase but there was usually no distinct depolarization during extension. In both types of preparation, the initial EPSP components in synaptic potentials (SP-EPSPs) produced by electrical stimulation of the cutaneous division of the superficial peroneal nerve (SP) were maximally facilitated during early flexion, coincident with the peak of background depolarization. This enhancement was manifested by an increase in the amplitude of initial SP-EPSP components or by decreased central latency of the initial EPSP components, or both. In most FDL motoneurons, input resistance decreased systematically during late flexion, coincident with relative membrane hyperpolarization. Correction of SP-EPSP amplitudes for changes in input resistance suggested that SP-EPSP facilitation persisted throughout the flexion phase These findings are discussed with reference to modulation of cutaneous reflexes during locomotion and the possibility that excitatory last-order interneurons in particular cutaneous reflex pathways may distribute excitatory drive from the central pattern generator for locomotion to FDL α-motoneurons
EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHYROIDISM IN THE MONKEY1

THE EFFECTS of thyroid removal in animals are well known, and n i general agree with the clinical state of hypothyroidism. It has been established that hypercholesterolemia accompanies hypothyroidism n i man, and the measurement of the cholesterol concentration of the serum is used routinely as an aid in the diagnosis of this disease. Complete thyroidectomy, done for relief of intractable anginal pain and congestive heart failure (Gilligan, et al., 1934; and Schnitker, et al., 1936) causes a rise in serum cholesterol. Nothing is known concerning the mechanism of this process. In adult animals, the relationship between hypothyroidism and serum cholesterol is not as close as it is in the clinical condition. In the dog, a definite rise follows thyroidectomy (Thompson and Long, 1941; Chaikoff, et al, 1941; and Parhon and DereVici, 1926). Fleisch-mann, Shumacker and Wilkins, 1940, and Esmond, et al., 1924, found an increase in the rabbit.
Abstract 3445: Targeting Thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) to block breast cancer metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL The thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor, TP, is a G-protein coupled receptor. Previous studies in our lab have shown that the TP pathway regulates tumor cell cytoskeleton and TP activation induces rapid tumor cell contractions through small GTPase RhoA activation. Conversely, TP depletion reduces the metastatic dissemination of breast cancer cells in vivo by blocking the extravasation of tumor cells. Humans express two TP isoforms, TPγ and TPα. We report here that elevated TPγ expression is associated with metastasis in patients with breast cancer. While TPγ is expressed in all breast cancer cell lines that we examined, TPγ is only expressed in malignant cell lines, indicates that TPγ plays a role in breast cancer progression. Treatment with a selective TPγ inhibitor ([CAY10535][1]) blocks TP agonist (U46619) induced cell body contraction and RhoA activation. Additionally, TPγ inhibitor reduces migratory capacity and invasiveness in human breast cancer cell lines. Our previous work has shown that active TP is required for efficient extravasation of tumor cells in vivo; in this study, we further demonstrate that mice treated with SQ29548 (a high affinity TP antagonist) prior to tumor cell injection developed fewer metastatic lesions than the mice treated with SQ29548 after tumor cell injection. In all, our study indicated that TPγ can be targeted to reduce the risk of breast cancer metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3445. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3445 [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=GENPEPT&access_num=CAY10535&atom=%2Fcanres%2F72%2F8_Supplement%2F3445.atom
Monitoring Mn in whole blood and urine: a comparison between electrothermal atomic absorption and inorganic mass spectrometry

Measurements of Mn in blood and urine are used in biomonitoring studies as biomarkers of exposure. We compared methods for determining Mn, including graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), quadrupole-based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS) (standard and dynamic reaction cell (DRC) mode), and sector field (SF-) ICP-MS. We investigated polyatomic interferences in ICP-MS that can affect Mn measurements in blood and urine matrices, especially at concentrations associated with biomonitoring studies. Method detection limits (3SD) for blood (and urine) Mn were 1.5 (2.1) µg L−1 for GFAAS, 0.6 (0.5) µg L−1 for SF-ICP-MS, 1.0 (0.5) µg L−1 for DRC-ICP-MS and 6.4 (0.6) µg L−1 for Q-ICP-MS operated in standard mode. Method reproducibility for blood (22 µg L−1Mn) and urine matrices (9 µg L−1Mn) was found to be between 3 and 4% RSD for all methods, except for blood Mn by Q-ICP-MS (11% RSD) and urine Mn by GFAAS (7% RSD). Accuracy was assessed using various reference materials. Careful optimization of the DRC mode is required with blood because, in addition to polyatomic interferences, a large amount of Fe causes spectral overlap on Mn. GFAAS, DRC-ICP-MS and SF-ICP-MS methods show good agreement for Mn in urine and blood across the clinical range studied and, when properly optimized, are suitable for monitoring Mn in blood and urine. In contrast, Q-ICP-MS in standard mode exhibits a positive bias of ∼1 µg L−1 in urine and ∼4 µg L−1 in blood with respect to the other three methods investigated. The implications of this work are important when biomonitoring studies are compared and reference ranges are established.
Adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: Examining the role of child abuse, comorbidity, and disinhibition

The purpose of the study is to examine how several well-known correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) might work together to contribute to the occurrence of this behavior. Specifically, we examined models including child abuse, psychiatric comorbidity, and disinhibition, testing how these factors may work together to lead to NSSI in the past month. Participants (n=194; 144 female; age 13-18 years) were recruited from a short-term, acute adolescent residential unit. Within 48 hours of admission to the hospital participants completed structured clinical interviews assessing mental disorders and patterns of NSSI. Following the interviews, participants completed a self-report questionnaire assessing childhood abuse and a computerized continuous performance task. Consistent with study hypotheses, results revealed that the association between child abuse and NSSI is partially mediated by comorbidity. Although disinhibition is associated with comorbidity, contrary to our hypothesis, disinhibition does not mediate the relation between child abuse and NSSI. Collectively, these findings provide new information about how comorbidity may increase risk for NSSI, and critically, discuss the potential importance of creating targeted programs to reduce the prevalence of child abuse.
A smart sensor-based hierarchical control system for an extraterrestrial oxygen production plant

An autonomous control program for the space materials processing plant being developed at the NASA Space Engineering Research Center of the University of Arizona is described, with special emphasis on the lowest hardware layer. This layer features dynamically reprogrammable, truly "smart", sensors with peripheral control capabilities, managed by a novel additional control layer near the top of the hierarchy. Steady-state operational data containing an interesting anomaly, from which the system recovered without operator assistance, is also presented.
Structural change and the bid-ask spread: evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)

Abstract This article quantifies the size of the implicit bid-ask spread and examines the impact of three structural changes on the relationship between the bid-ask spread and its determinants on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). A sample of 135 firms was analyzed using a time series over the period from January 1991 to February 1996. It was found that the size of the spread is substantially larger on the JSE and that the independent variables (price, volatility and trading volume) explain a smaller proportion of variation in the spread than on developed exchanges. The evidence shows that the spread decreased after tax structural change, but increased after both political and economic structural changes. The size of the spread decreased on average from 1.71% to 1.24% following tax structural change and increased from 1.67% to 1.83% and from 1.10% to 1.24% following political and economic structural changes, respectively. The evidence also shows that the impact of tax, political and economic structural changes on the relationship between the spread and its determinants is not statistically significant. The results show that while the independent variables explain from 23.45 to 48.2% of the variation in the spread, there is no statistically significant change in the coefficients of the independent variables between before and after structural change regressions.
The Continuum of Primary Carbonatitic-Kimberlitic Melt Compositions in Equilibrium with Lherzolite: Data from the System CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2 at 6 GPa

-free CMAS solidus. The aimof this study was to trace the compositional path of thisline and determine the compositions of coexisting phases.The advantage of this approach is that bulk compositionscan be constructed that maximize the amount of liquidto facilitate analysis. As long as all ﬁve phases are present,the system remains invariant at constant temperatureand pressure; and adjustments of the starting composition
Overview of “bridging the gap between developmental, neuropsychological, and cognitive approaches to reading”

Abstract A symposium with the above title was sponsored by the Psychophysiology and Education Special Interest Group at the 1990 meeting of the American Educational Research Association in Boston. All participants, who have incorporated to varying degrees both neuropsychological (biological) and cognitive approaches in their research, have contributed to this special issue. In addition, two developmental psychologists (Barron and Wise) who were unable to participate in that symposium have contributed to this issue. As organizer of that symposium, and guest editor of this issue, I will comment on the purpose of that symposium and this invited issue and the organization and significance of the articles in this issue. I will also offer suggestions for bridging the gap between the developmental, neuropsychological, and cognitive research traditions in future research on reading.
Job-seeking behaviour and job outcomes among Lebanese university graduates in private and public universities

This study, based on a questionnaire administered to graduates of private and public universities in Lebanon (N = 652), links job procurement to job satisfaction and occupational attainment. Significant differences in job procurement methods are found between male and female graduates and between graduates from private versus public universities. Job satisfaction is only affected by the job procurement method. The level of occupational attainment is affected by gender and job procurement method.
Orbital invasion despite topical anti-metabolite therapy for conjunctival carcinoma

Two cases of conjunctival carcinoma developed orbital invasion during treatment with topical medication. This was a retrospective study from a tertiary ophthalmic oncology unit, performed after informed consent was obtained. The main outcome measurement was orbital invasion. Two patients treated with topical agents developed orbital invasion. While topical agents are important in treatment of conjunctival neoplasia, recurrence or deep invasion require careful monitoring.
Street Traffic, Social Integration, and Fear of Crime*

Drawing on the work of Jacobs, Newman, and Gardiner, among others, this paper investigates fear of crime by urban residents as a consequence of two interrelated characteristics of neighborhoods: 1) the perceived volume of street usage and 2) the degree of residents' social integration into the neighborhood. Secondary analysis of a 1975 survey shows that, counter to previous hypotheses, perception of increased street traffic leads to greater fear. However, when controlling for social integration, we find that for those who are socially integrated perceived volume of street traffic has no relationship to fear, while for those not socially integrated the greater the perceived street usage the greater the fear. Three mechanisms by which social integration may reduce fear of people on the streets are considered: 1) reducing the proportion of strangers versus acquaintances on the street; 2) providing networks of potential assistance; and 3) reducing the strangeness of the streets' daily rhythms and routines. We conclude that both physical design and social factors must be interrelated in attempts to understand fear of crime and in designing ameliorative programs.
Gas-Grain Processes in the Envelopes of Late-Type Stars

Some results from studies of the gas-grain chemistry in oxygen-rich circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) are presented.
Electrostatic Aspects of Physical Adsorption: Implications for Molecular Sieves and Gaseous Anesthesia

The equations of electrostatics are applied to the adsorption of gases on molecular sieves; separations on sieves are caused not by the size of molecules but by electrostatic forces between the gases and the strong electric fields of the sieves. Electrostatic interactions can also explain the phenomenon of general anesthesia.
Matched Pair Analysis of Shock Wave Lithotripsy Effectiveness for Comparison of Lithotriptors

ABSTRACTPurpose: In an effort to streamline a comparison of the effectiveness of a new lithotriptor with the standard HM3 lithotriptor (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) we used a matched pair analysis design. A matched design often provides more efficient estimates (smaller variances) than an unmatched design given the same sample size.Materials and Methods: Patients with solitary renal or ureteral calculi treated on a LithoTron shock wave lithotriptor (HealthTronics, Marietta, Georgia) between October 1999 and February 2000 with a minimum followup of 3 months were identified. Evaluable patients treated with the LithoTron were matched using 5 parameters to a data base of patients treated with an unmodified HM3 shock wave lithotriptor between October 1997 and February 2000. Matching criteria consisted of calculus side, calculus location (1 of 7 categories), maximum stone diameter (±2 mm.), minimum stone diameter (±2 mm.) and patient body mass index (BMI ±6). When more than 1 match was suit...
Reviving Social Rights in Latin America: The Potential Role of International Human Rights Documents

Social rights are essential to our ability to fully participate in society. In Latin America, these rights are increasingly marginalized as neoliberal policies take hold. At the same time, the related concepts of civil society and social capital are often incorporated into strategies aimed at alleviating the problems of the Latin American poor. It is expected that by strengthening people's civic capacity, their sense of mutual responsibility and ability to self-provide certain services will be enhanced. In the context of the current policy environment, however, such strategies are unlikely to be entirely successful. Lack of economic resources may preclude the Latin American poor from effective civic participation. More importantly, the promotion of civil society and social capital on the part of aid agencies and governments may represent an implicit threat to social rights, in as much as the organizations advocated are not likely to actively struggle for expansion of rights. Nevertheless, human rights doc...
Amphibian egg jelly coat and fertilization envelope: involvement in sodium-dependent amino acid transport

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid transport by Xenopus laevis stage 23, 24 embryos requires the jelly coat and fertilization envelope (JCFE) for mostly Na+-dependent amino acid transport but not for mostly Na+-independent amino acid transport. 2. 2. The direct involvement of JCFE in Na+-dependent transport was shown by reconstituting dejellied (i.e. JCFE removal) embryos with the removed JCFE to restore Na+-dependent transport. This restoration of activity also occurred when the JCFE were homogenized, showing that components of the JCFE were actively participating in the transport process. Dialysis of the JCFE showed the active components were neither soluble nor dialyzable since full activity was retained by the dialyzed JCFE but not in the dialyzate supernatant or dialysis medium. 3. 3. The enhancement of activity could be restored partly with increased levels of Na+, suggesting the JCFE components may be involved in the Na+ effect itself. 4. 4. JCFE which were frozen-thawed, heated to 55°C for 10 min, or sonicated for 1–3 min were unable to restore the amino acid transport levels to those seen in controls, as were JCFE solubilized with dithiothreitol or guanidinium hydrochloride. 5. 5. No ATPase activity nor specific alanine- or Na+ -binding was detected in intact JCFE. 6. 6. A definite relationship between presence of JCFE and glycine transport was evident in stoichiometric studies.
Accomplishments of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and the need for higher spatial resolution in the future

The wide range of products available from AIRS have made it invaluable as a tool for operational weather forecasting and climate modeling. AIRS has improved the 5 day forecast by 6 hours in the NCEP operational system and researchers have identified further improvement potential by assimilation of more channels and footprints. AIRS data have been used to validate the distribution and transport of water vapor and greenhouse gases in climate models, resulting in the identification of significant errors in the handling of these quantities. We present the AIRS Version 5 products and their accuracies and reference key papers involving their use. We also touch briefly on the limitations of AIRS due to its coarse spatial resolution, particularly in achieving boundary layer sensitivity.
Getting the Facts Straight: New Views of Mexico and Its Peoples in Recently Adopted U.S. History Textbooks in Texas

EVERY SIX YEARS, the Texas State Board of Education holds public hearings as part of the complex process of "adopting" or approving primary and secondary school textbooks for free distribution to over 1,100 public school districts. Publishers vie to capture a share of this extremely large and lucrative market by placing their products in one of usually five approved slots in each subject category. The significance of the textbook approval process extends far beyond the borders of the Lone Star State, since sales of titles successful in Texas often soar nationwide as well. In an interesting coincidence, the commemoration of 1492 has overlapped with the Texas adoptions cycle for eighthand ninth-grade U.S. history textbooks. Those who follow these proceedings naturally expected the big story to be the extent to which the new U.S. history
3D simulations of multi-segment thrust fault rupture

Thrust faults, such as those that underlie the Los Angeles basin, are typically segmented by tear faults that offset the thrust fault segments. We perform 3D finite difference simulations of earthquake rupture to evaluate the effectiveness of these offsets in retarding rupture. The simulations include orthogonal, intersecting faults to model the interaction of the thrust fault segments with the tear fault. For reasonable assumptions for fault segment length, strength, and stress drop, rupture can jump offsets of up to 2 km if a tear fault is present, consistent with observations of well studied thrust earthquakes. Absent a tear fault, the maximum offset that can be breached is an order of magnitude smaller.
Assessment of cytotoxicity using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing: concentration and time response function approach.

This paper describes a simple and convenient method to measure the concentration and time response function f (C,t) of cells exposed to a toxicant by electric cell−substrate impedance sensing. Attachment and spreading of fibroblastic V79 cells cultured on small gold electrodes precoated with fibronectin were detected as electrical resistance changes. With this method, chemical cytotoxicity was easily screened by observing the response function of attached cells in the presence of inhibitor. The cytotoxicities of three test models, cadmium chloride, sodium arsenate, and benzalkonium chloride, were quantified by measuring the percentage inhibition as a function of the inhibitor concentration. The half-inhibition concentration, the required concentration to achieve 50% inhibition, derived from the response function agreed well with the results obtained using the standard neutral red assay.
Grounding semantic categories in behavioral interactions: Experiments with 100 objects

Abstract From an early stage in their development, human infants show a profound drive to explore the objects around them. Research in psychology has shown that this exploration is fundamental for learning the names of objects and object categories. To address this problem in robotics, this paper presents a behavior-grounded approach that enables a robot to recognize the semantic labels of objects using its own behavioral interaction with them. To test this method, our robot interacted with 100 different objects grouped according to 20 different object categories. The robot performed 10 different behaviors on them, while using three sensory modalities (vision, proprioception and audio) to detect any perceptual changes. The results show that the robot was able to use multiple sensorimotor contexts in order to recognize a large number of object categories. Furthermore, the category recognition model presented in this paper was able to identify sensorimotor contexts that can be used to detect specific categories. Most importantly, the robot’s model was able to reduce exploration time by half by dynamically selecting which exploratory behavior should be applied next when classifying a novel object.
Intratympanic gentamicin for the treatment of Ménière's disease and other forms of peripheral vertigo

Titration therapy with intratympanic gentamicin offers class A or B control of vertigo in 87% (range, 75%-100%) of patients with unilateral Meniere's disease. The risk of additional hearing loss is about 21% (range,0-37%). Vertigo may recur, however, in nearly one third of patients over time. These recurrences can also be treated by intratympanic gentamicin with a similar risk of hearing loss. The salient effect of intratympanic gentamicin is probably the reduction of vestibular function through damage to hair cells, but a complete ablation of function does not seem to be necessary for vertigo control.
Binding at an NFI Site Is Modulated by Cyclic AMP–Dependent Activation of Myelin Basic Protein Gene Expression

Using stable cell lines containing a series of deletions of the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter directing the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in a peripheral neurinoma cell line, we have studied the sequences in the MBP promoter needed for induction by cyclic AMP. Stimulation of expression from the MBP promoter by cyclic AMP is not a rapid response. Expression begins after 24 h and reaches a maximum at approximately 72 h. The results from the stable transformants indicate at least one region that appears to be essential to the induction of transcription directed by the MBP promoter. The region that is necessary for induction does not contain a consensus cyclic AMP response element. A specific binding site involved in the induction by cyclic AMP was localized to an NFI binding site.
Molecular tribometry of ultrathin liquid films.

We study the resistance to sliding of liquid films 1-6 molecules thick. The apparent dynamic viscosity at 1 Hz of nonpolar liquids confined between parallel plates of atomically smooth mica is considerably enhanced over that of the isotropic fluids and shows extreme dependence on pressure. Rapid, reversible switching between liquidlike and noncompliant responses as a function of small changes in normal pressure is also found, suggesting a phase transition to a solidlike structure.
Clients' perceptions of pivotal moments in couples therapy: a qualitative study of change in therapy.

Few qualitative research studies have been conducted on change processes in couples therapy, and even fewer have focused on the clients' perceptions of change processes. In this grounded theory qualitative study on marital therapy, clients' perceptions and experiences of pivotal moments are identified. Analysis of transcripts of therapy sessions, postsession questionnaires, and two posttherapy interviews with each couple revealed that clients did identify specific therapy events or discourses as pivotal. Reports of pivotal moments tended to be highly individualized accounts, with little overlap between spouses and little overlap between therapist and client identification of pivotal moments. Pivotal moments tended to occur during discussions of topics that were presenting problems for the couple but, typically, after repeated discussions of the same topic. Other findings and implications are discussed.
Neurotoxic effects of secalonic acid D in mice during subchronic postnatal exposure.

To establish a dose-response of neurotoxic effects to daily oral doses of the mycotoxin secalonic acid D (SAD), as well as to correlate the neonatal behavioral responses to smaller doses of SAD with the attendant neurochemical effects in mice, 5 neonates of each sex were placed with each mother and 4 litters were treated orally with 0 to 5 mg/kg of SAD daily from postnatal day (PND) 3 through 35. Body weights, toxic signs, and mortality were used to arrive at a no observable effect level (NOEL). Performance in several behavioral tests and changes in regional norepinephrine and dopamine levels in the brains of neonates treated with SAD at NOEL (1.25 mg/kg/day) or below were evaluated at selected times during SAD exposure. Doses as low as 1.25 mg/kg/day reversibly reduced body weights in both sexes on PND 12 and 13 compared to controls, whereas doses of 2.5 mg/kg/day or greater were lethal (LD50 of 2.5 mg/kg/day). Toxic signs observable in neonates receiving 2.5 mg/kg/day or more of SAD included fine body tremors, uncoordinated movements, hindlimb weakness, circling, loss of righting reflex, paddling, and terminal coma. Ontogeny of cliff avoidance (PND 5, 7, and 9), hindlimb grip response (PND 14, 17, and 20), olfactory discrimination (PND 8 through 11) and swimming (PND 13 through 21) were significantly delayed by SAD exposure: some even at 0.625 mg/kg/day. Dopamine levels significantly increased on PND 13 and decreased on PND 20 only in the olfactory lobe of SAD-exposed neonates. Norepinephrine levels were unchanged in all the brain regions examined. These results suggest a NOEL of <0.625 mg/kg/day for SAD in mouse neonates and a role for regional alterations in dopamine levels in SAD-induced behavioral deficits.
Assessment of Cognitive Function While on Low-Dose Propranolol: Implications for Usage by Survivors in a Disabled Submarine

ABSTRACTWhile awaiting rescue from a disabled submarine (DISSUB), survivors will likely endure an atmosphere of rising CO2 which will eventually be lethal. Previously, it was determined that low-dose propranolol reduces resting metabolic carbon dioxide production and therefore may increase survival time in this scenario. The actions and decisions survivors would carry out in a DISSUB situation would require an unaltered cognition state. Therefore, we wanted to determine if low-dose propranolol impairs cognitive function. Eight healthy males completed a counterbalanced, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover study in which each subject received propranolol (40 mg twice daily) or placebo (lactose pill twice daily) over a 72-hour period. The alternate condition was separated by a minimum 96-hour washout period. Subjects performed a series of 6 tasks from the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) battery and answered a self-report sleepiness scale each morning and afternoon....
Physical therapy as an adjunct to temporomandibular joint therapy.

Abstract Physical therapy should be used to enhance and expedite the recovery of TMJ patients. When coordinated with dental corrective procedures, a more profound and corrective result ensues. It is important to remember that the detection of improper cervical traction by the dentist can prevent exacerbation of the TMJ syndrome.
Rotational isomerism in fluorinated compounds: 1,3-Difluoro-2-chloropropane

Abstract Infrared spectra were obtained for 1,3-difluoro-2- chloropropane in the solid, liquid and vapor states and in solutions with nonpolar solvents. Comparisons of the spectra show the probable presence of three conformations in the liquid, two in the solid, and only one in the vapor. Changes in relative intensities of several bands in non-polar solvents show the less polar conformation to be the one present in the vapor state.
The Role of Microglia in Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Amyloid-Beta from the Brain

Immunotherapy has emerged as a leading new approach to the reduction of amyloid deposits in the brains of Alzheimer patients. At least 4 distinct actions of anti-Abeta antibodies have been proposed as contributing to the inhibition of amyloid deposition and its clearance. Critically, each of these proposed mechanisms may be acting simultaneously, and it is feasible that different antibodies may utilize each mechanism to a different extent. One of these proposed mechanisms involves the activation of microglia and the phagocytosis of Abeta peptide. In general this is assumed to proceed through the Fcgamma-receptor binding by antibody opsonized Abeta aggregates, however modifying the microglial phenotype into one with a greater propensity for phagocytosing Abeta is also feasible, as microglia avidly phagocytose Abeta in vitro without antibody present. Evidence is presented supporting arguments that microglial activation does play a role in amyloid removal, particularly compacted amyloid deposits, under certain conditions. In addition to the specific antibody used, other considerations in comparing different reports of antibody action in APP mice include the age of the mice, the extent of pre-existing amyloid when therapy is initiated, the time point when the effects of the therapy are examined and the route of antibody administration. Future questions will consider the source of the activated microglia near the plaques after antibody administration (resident or peripheral) and the extent to which shifts in the microglial phenotype mediate some of the amyloid lowering actions of immunotherapy.
Green Light Induces Shade Avoidance Symptoms

Light quality and quantity affect plant adaptation to changing light conditions. Certain wavelengths in the visible and near-visible spectrum are known to have discrete effects on plant growth and development, and the effects of red, far-red, blue, and ultraviolet light have been well described. In this report, an effect of green light on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) rosette architecture is demonstrated using a narrow-bandwidth light-emitting diode-based lighting system. When green light was added to a background of constant red and blue light, plants exhibited elongation of petioles and upward leaf reorientation, symptoms consistent with those observed in a shaded light environment. The same green light-induced phenotypes were also observed in phytochrome (phy) and cryptochrome (cry) mutant backgrounds. To explore the molecular mechanism underlying the green light-induced response, the accumulation of shade-induced transcripts was measured in response to enriched green light environments. Transcripts that have been demonstrated to increase in abundance under far-red-induced shade avoidance conditions either decrease or exhibit no change when green light is added. However, normal far-red light-associated transcript accumulation patterns are observed in cryptochrome mutants grown with supplemental green light, indicating that the green-absorbing form of cryptochrome is the photoreceptor active in limiting the green light induction of shade-associated transcripts. These results indicate that shade symptoms can be induced by the addition of green light and that cryptochrome receptors and an unknown light sensor participate in acclimation to the enriched green environment.
Separation of Selected Bile Acids by TLC. I

Abstract Seven of the selected bile acids were investigated: cholic acid (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), deoxycholic acid (DC), lithocholic acid (LC), glycocholic acid (GC), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDC), and glycolithocholic acid (GLC). The retardation factor (R F ), ΔR F values, the separation factors (α), resolution factors (R S ), as well as the constants of the pair separation (R F α), indicate that the mobile phase n‐heptane–ethyl acetate–acetic acid about volume composition 25:20:8, is the best for separations of investigated bile acids on aluminum plates precoated silica gel 60 F254.
Dynamic modeling of brushless DC motor-power conditioner unit for electromechanical actuator application

A comprehensive digital model for the analysis of the dynamic-instantaneous performance of a power conditioner fed samarium-cobalt permanent magnet brushless DC motor is presented. The particular power conditioner-machine system at hand, for which this model was developed, is a component of an actual prototype electromechanical actuator built for NASAJSC as a possible alternative to hydraulic actuators as part of feasibility studies for the shuttle orbiter applications. Excellent correlation between digital simulated and experimentally obtained performance data was achieved for this specific prototype. This is reported on in this paper. Details of one component of the model, its applications and the corresponding results are given in this paper.
On the attitude motion of an orbiting rigid body under the influence of gravity gradient torque

An investigation is made of the rotational motion of a rigid body orbiting the earth, under the influence of the geogravity-gradient torque. The attitude dynamics are formulated as perturbations from a nominal case. The perturbed equations are solved asymptotically, by the multiple scales technique. The independent variable, time, is extended into a space of higher dimension by means of new scales, fast, slow, etc. Integration of the equations is carried out separately in the new variables. The rapid and slow aspects of the attitude dynamics are systematically separated, resulting in a more efficient computer implementation and enhanced physical insight. The theory is applied to predict the attitude dynamics of an asymmetric rigid body satellite. A comparison is made of the maximum errors as the step size increases as predicted by the multiple scales solution and direct numerical integration. An improvement in computational speed of an order of magnitude is demonstrated.
A method for the determination of HCl in ambient air at the PPBV level

Abstract Gaseous HCl can be collected using a polystyrene filter to remove particulates followed by a KOH/triethanolamine treated filter. Flow rates of about 1 m 3 min −1 are used. The collected chloride is determined using constant current coulometry, which can detect Cl − equivalent to about 400 μg HCl. The collection of HCl is not appreciably affected by the presence of large deposits of NaCl on the polystyrene filter.
Scan it and they will come... But will they cite it

SUMMARY As the number of retrospective digitization projects of journal content increases, there is a need to assess the impact of these projects on the productivity of researchers. Librarians making collection development decisions about acquiring these back files need to know how useful they are to researchers. This study provides data on usage of a range of years of the Physical Review, and citation information from Physical Review Letters to other Physical Review articles. The usage of the online archive of Physical Review articles indicates that articles are accessed all the way back to the first issue, with an average number of downloads on the order of ten per article per year. Both usage and citation rates show exponential decay rates, however, with different intrinsic time scales. The citation half-life is consistent with previous studies of the physics literature, while the usage half-life computed here is in conflict with older analyses of print usage of the physics literature, although in line...
Effectiveness of an Electrical Barrier and Lake Drawdown for Reducing Common Carp and Bigmouth Buffalo Abundances

Abstract An overabundance of common carp Cvprinus carpio and bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus in North and South Heron lakes, Minnesota, has hindered production of food plants for waterfowl. These shallow (maximum depth, 1.5 m), turbid lakes are partially drawn down each winter. Common carp were radio-tracked in both lakes during the winters of' 1991 and 1992 to monitor their movements and survival. Four of six radio-tagged fish died during the first winter because of low water, but all of an additional 12 radio-tagged common carp survived the second winter. The fish overwintered in water 28–50 cm deep under about 40 cm of ice cover. To assess the ability of an electrical barrier across the outlet stream to prevent migration into the Heron lakes basin, 1,600 common carp and bigmouth buffalo were marked with dart tags and released downstream from the barrier. No tagged fish were among the 3,376 fish caught upstream from the barrier. Catches of the two species per unit gillnetting effort in South Heron...
Vouchers and Students with Disabilities: A Multidimensional Analysis

School choice initiatives such as open enrollment, magnet schools, charter schools, and voucher plans have been offered as methods of school reform. A publicly funded voucher plan in Florida targeting students with disabilities was considered as a possible model for the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Although the model was not adopted in the reauthorized law, the potential impact of such voucher plans must be examined.. The empirical evidence regarding the impact of vouchers on parent choice, student achievement, and fiscal school management is inconclusive and incomplete. Further, the impact of voucher plans on educational programs for students with disabilities has not been thoroughly studied. Such an examination requires a multiparadigmatic analysis of legal, economic, academic, sociological, and political dimensions.
Stakeholder Duties: On the Moral Responsibility of Corporate Investors

Stakeholder theory usually focuses on the moral responsibility of corporations towards their stakeholders. This article takes the reverse perspective to shed light on the moral responsibility of stakeholders—specifically, investors or ‘financiers’. It explicates a distinction between two types of financiers, creditors and shareholders. Many intuitively judge that shareholders have greater or more extensive moral responsibility for the actions of the corporations they invest in than do bondholders and other creditors. Examining the merits of possible arguments for or against treating owners and creditors differently elucidates which arguments can support the moral duties of investors generally, and different duties for different groups of investors specifically. The paper considers three possible lines of arguments, rooting investors’ responsibility, respectively, in how they enable corporate conduct, how they benefit from it, and to what extent they are complicit in it. The paper argues that a notion of complicity is the only tenable ground for holding investors liable; sketches an account of complicity based on the recent philosophical literature on collective intention and collective action; and concludes that shareholders but not creditors can generally be seen as complicit on this account.
Combat-related lumbopelvic dissociation treated with L4 to ilium posterior fusion.

1529-9430/$ see front matter Published by Elsevier Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2011.05.017 amputations, left acetabular fracture, liver laceration, multiple rib fractures, and left pneumothorax. On presentation, the patient had normal rectal tone and sensation, with sensation intact to light touch throughout both residual lower extremities. The patient required multiple procedures for his associated injuries, was stable for prone positioning at 4weeks after injury, and subsequently underwent L4 to ilium posterior fusion (Fig. 2). At 2-year follow-up, a computed tomography scan demonstrated fracture consolidation without evidence of loosening or failure of implants (Fig. 3). However, he complained of skin irritation associated with a prominent left ilium screw,whichwas removedwithout significant sequelae
Solving the etiology of dental caries

For decades, the sugar-fermenting, acidogenic species Streptococcus mutans has been considered the main causative agent of dental caries and most diagnostic and therapeutic strategies have been targeted toward this microorganism. However, recent DNA- and RNA-based studies from carious lesions have uncovered an extraordinarily diverse ecosystem where S. mutans accounts only a tiny fraction of the bacterial community. This supports the concept that consortia formed by multiple microorganisms act collectively, probably synergistically, to initiate and expand the cavity. Thus, antimicrobial therapies are not expected to be effective in the treatment of caries and other polymicrobial diseases that do not follow classical Koch's postulates.
3D-Shape analysis of the HIV-1 protease ligand binding site

Using a shape analysis technique, a dataset of 83 (20 wild-type and 63 mutated) HIV-1 protease crystal structures is analyzed for the shape changes in their binding pockets. The structures were reported with different bound inhibitors (ligands) and consist of a variety of mutations. Several geometrical and topological attributes based on the volumetric shape function and few other additional properties like electrostatic potential function were calculated. A cluster analysis was performed using these calculated attributes to investigate the effect of mutations or ligand on the shape change of the binding pocket of HIV protease.
An 8×3.2Gb/s Parallel Receiver with Collaborative Timing Recovery

This paper explores the architecture and design of an 8x3.2 Gb/s parallel receiver that relies on collaborative timing recovery. Given synchrony between parallel data channels, per-channel clock recovery can be replaced by a single global timing-recovery (TR) block to save power. Moreover, collecting timing-error information across all of the data channels greatly enhances effective edge transition density, which decreases dithering jitter on the recovered clock.
COMPETITION FOR RED BLOOD CELLS CAN ENHANCE PLASMODIUM VIVAX PARASITEMIA IN MIXED-SPECIES MALARIA INFECTIONS

We assess the consequences of competition for red blood cells (RBCs) in co-infections with the two major agents of human malaria, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, using differential equations to model the population dynamics of RBCs and parasites. P. vivax parasitizes only the youngest RBCs, but this can reduce the broader RBC population susceptible to P. falciparum. We found that competition for RBCs typically causes one species to suppress the other, depending on their relative reproduction rates and timing of inoculation. However, if the species' reproduction rates are nearly equal, transient increases in RBC production stimulated by the presence of P. falciparum may boost P. vivax parasitemia above its single-species infection level. Conversely, P. falciparum parasitemia is rarely enhanced above its single-species level. Furthermore, transients in RBC production can induce coupled oscillations in the parasitemia of both species. These results are remarkably robust to changes in model parameters.
Efficient Steady-State Analysis Based on Matrix-Free Krylov-Subspace Methods

Gaussian-elimination based shooting-Newton methods, a commonly used approach for computing steady-state solutions, grow in computational complexity like N/sup 3/, where N is the number of circuit equations. Just using iterative methods to solve the shooting-Newton equations results in an algorithm which is still order N/sup 2/ because of the cost of calculating the dense sensitivity matrix. Below, a matrix-free Krylov-subspace approach is presented, and the method is shown to reduce shooting-Newton computational complexity to that of ordinary transient analysis. Results from several examples are given to demonstrate that the matrix-free approach is more than ten times faster than using iterative methods alone for circuits with as few as 400 equations.