cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verb bias and verb-specific competition effects on sentence production.

How do speakers choose between structural options for expressing a given meaning? Overall preference for some structures over others as well as prior statistical association between specific verbs and sentence structures ("verb bias") are known to broadly influence language use. However, the effects of prior statistical experience on the planning and execution of utterances and the mechanisms that facilitate structural choice for verbs with different biases have not been fully explored. In this study, we manipulated verb bias for English double-object (DO) and prepositional-object (PO) dative structures: some verbs appeared solely in the DO structure (DO-only), others solely in PO (PO-only) and yet others equally in both (Equi). Structural choices during subsequent free-choice sentence production revealed the expected dispreference for DO overall but critically also a reliable linear trend in DO production that was consistent with verb bias (DO-only > Equi > PO-only). Going beyond the general verb bias effect, three results suggested that Equi verbs, which were associated equally with the two structures, engendered verb-specific competition and required additional resources for choosing the dispreferred DO structure. First, DO production with Equi verbs but not the other verbs correlated with participants' inhibition ability. Second, utterance duration prior to the choice of a DO structure showed a quadratic trend (DO-only PO-only) with the longest durations for Equi verbs. Third, eye movements consistent with reimagining the event also showed a quadratic trend (DO-only PO-only) prior to choosing DO, suggesting that participants used such recall particularly for Equi verbs. Together, these analyses of structural choices, utterance durations, eye movements and individual differences in executive functions shed light on the effects of verb bias and verb-specific competition on sentence production and the role of different executive functions in choosing between sentence structures.
Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy: When a Drug Works, it Works. When it Doesn't, it Doesn't

Calcium channel blocker (CCB) therapy continues to be an element of modern pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment guidelines. However, the true number of patients that can be effectively treated with CCBs is very small. It is important to remember that those who truly retain a long-term benefit are those that tend to have a dramatic initial response to vasodilators and will attain normal or near normal hemodynamics and functional class after starting CCBs. Should a patient do so, they may well enjoy dramatic long-term survival on this regimen. In this article we discuss details and experience with calcium channel antagonists.
Patterns of goal attainment among young mothers in a home visiting program

This paper examined heterogeneity in parents’ patterns of goal attainment following home visiting. Young mothers (n = 696) participating in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluation of a state...
An End-To-End Machine Learning Pipeline That Ensures Fairness Policies.

In consequential real-world applications, machine learning (ML) based systems are expected to provide fair and non-discriminatory decisions on candidates from groups defined by protected attributes such as gender and race. These expectations are set via policies or regulations governing data usage and decision criteria (sometimes explicitly calling out decisions by automated systems). Often, the data creator, the feature engineer, the author of the algorithm and the user of the results are different entities, making the task of ensuring fairness in an end-to-end ML pipeline challenging. Manually understanding the policies and ensuring fairness in opaque ML systems is time-consuming and error-prone, thus necessitating an end-to-end system that can: 1) understand policies written in natural language, 2) alert users to policy violations during data usage, and 3) log each activity performed using the data in an immutable storage so that policy compliance or violation can be proven later. We propose such a system to ensure that data owners and users are always in compliance with fairness policies.
A Pilot Study of Relationships between Pitch Register and Dynamic Level and Vibrato Rate and Width in Professional Violinists

The purpose of this research was to investigate whether dynamic level and pitch register influence vibrato width and rate of four professional violin soloists. Data were obtained from recordings of Bell, Midori, Mutter, and Perlman. Analysis of data indicated that both dynamic level and pitch register influenced the vibrato width of the performers, whereas vibrato rate was influenced by dynamic level but not pitch register. Artists’ vibrato was wider in the upper register than in the lower register. Mean width of the soloists’ vibrato was 63 cents (slightly more than one-quarter tone) and mean vibrato rate was 6.63 Hz. Discussion includes implications for string pedagogy and suggestions for additional research.
Ambient Vibration Survey of Offshore Platform

Natural frequencies from 0.65 Hz to 4.5 Hz and associated mode shape parameters for vibration modes of a 390-ft (119-m) tall steel platform were determined from measured ambient accelerations. The most accurate modes identified were the fundamental laterals and torsion, the second torsion, the third end-on, and a higher complex mode involving considerable vertical motion. Five other modes were identified by frequency and qualitatively by shape; 13 other modes, by frequency only. The measurements were made in lateral, vertical, and angular directions 20 ft (6 m) above sea level and between decks. Data acquired in both calm and rough seas were found to be equally useful. The sub mg random accelerations were analyzed by standard spectral techniques. This is the first phase of a pilot study for the USGS on the feasibility of ambient vibration monitoring as an inspection technique for underwater failure. Changes in vibration modes are the basis for the assessment. If successful, reliance on costly and hazardous underwater inspections can be lessened.
Text, image, and translations: The marriage of philology and botticelli?

To summarize. Moretti’s introduction is valuable. Examples help, and this reviewer would have welcomed a detailed comparison of Buonaccioli’s and Pona’s translations, mistakes and triumphs, strengths and weaknesses, in one or more telling or fine passages. One might have suggestedDe Nuptiis 1.9–10, thedefectus oraculorum.
Autocrine stimulation of mas oncogene leads to altered

Mas oncogene has been shown to have focus-inducing ability in NIH 3T3 cells which are tumorigenic in vivo in nude mice. Its stable expression in a variety of cell lines conferred some angiotensin responsiveness. To understand why mas-transfected cells exhibit a transformed phenotype and if angiotensin responsiveness plays any role in this process, we studied the growth characteristics of mas-transfected 3T3 cells and demonstrated that they lose contact inhibition, exhibit foci formation, and increased DNA synthesis even in absence of serum. Our results suggest that the transformed phenotype is due to the production of a mas receptor ligand distinct from angiotensin.
STEMI care in LMIC: obstacles and opportunities.

• India faces an epidemic of cardiovascular disease and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and is in need of urgent solutions.
Soybean Yield Response to Soybean Aphid Control

Introduction The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines) is a new pest to soybeans in Iowa and the United States. First observed in Wisconsin in the fall of 2000, the soybean aphid has spread to most northcentral U.S. soybean fields over the last three years. The soybean aphid is unique in that it is the only aphid that reproduces on soybeans. The soybean aphid caused economic losses to soybeans in northeast Iowa in 2001 and caused only isolated problems in 2002. But in August of 2003, the aphid spread rapidly and colonized soybean fields in the upper one-half of Iowa counties, causing widespread yield and economic losses.
Co-dependency between a specialist Andrena bee and its death camas host, Toxicoscordion paniculatum

Among associations of plants and their pollinating bees, mutually specialized pairings are rare. Typically, either pollen specialist (oligolectic) bees are joined by polylectic bees in a flowering species’ pollinator guild, or specialized flowers are pollinated by one or more polylectic bees. The bee Andrena astragali is a narrow oligolege, collecting pollen solely from two nearly identical species of death camas (Toxicoscordion, formerly Zigadenus). Neurotoxic alkaloids of these plants are implicated in sheep and honey bee poisoning. In this study, T. paniculatum, T. venenosum and co-flowering forbs were sampled for bees at 15 sites along a 900-km-long east–west transect across the northern Great Basin plus an altitudinal gradient in northern Utah’s Bear River Range. Only A. astragali bees were regularly seen visiting flowering panicles of these Toxicoscordion. In turn, this bee was never among the 170 bee species caught at 17 species of other prevalent co-occurring wildflowers in the same five state region (38,000 plants surveyed). Our field pollination experiments show that T. paniculatum is primarily an outcrosser dependent on pollinator visitation for most capsule and seed set. Thus, both A. astragali and two sister species of Toxicoscordion are narrowly specialized and co-dependent on each other for reproduction, illustrating a rare case of obligate mutual specialization in bee–plant interactions.
Clinical and Nonclinical Adoptive Families of Special-Needs Children:

The author applies a resource and stressor family system model developed from crisis theory to adoptive families. Matched samples of clinical and nonclinical families were used to examine resources...
Impact of Psychosocial Characteristics on Survival in Patients Undergoing Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Implantation

Purpose of Study The evaluation of patients for LVAD candidacy routinely includes an assessment of patient characteristics referred to as “psychosocial” variables. While psychosocial risk may impact long term survival in heart transplantation, its impact on LVAD outcomes is less clear. We thus sought to determine whether psychosocial characteristics are predictive of worse survival following LVAD implantation. Methods We included all patients implanted with an LVAD at our institution from 2008-2018, each of whom underwent a highly detailed psychosocial assessment by our clinical psychology team as part of each patient's comprehensive pre-implant evaluation. Survival analyses were performed using the Fine-Gray model for competing-risks to determine cumulative incidence functions. For statistically significant variables, cause-specific subdistribution hazard ratio estimates were obtained. Results A total of 365 patients received an LVAD, 207 as bridge to transplant (BTT) and 158 as destination therapy (DT). The psychosocial characteristics of the entire LVAD cohort, including stratification by LVAD indication of BTT or DT, are shown in the table. Many patients receiving LVADs had features often perceived to be of higher psychosocial risk including absence of a reliable caregiver (26%), gaps in health literacy (30%), and poor medication (18%), diet (37%), and appointment (17%) adherence, respectively. Yet, none of these variables or others were associated with worse survival (Table). The only variable found to be associated with worse survival was living alone (HR 1.76, p=0.02) but this was no longer significant when adjusted for gender and age (p=0.39). Interestingly, a conclusion of “significant or serious” overall psychosocial concerns by a clinical psychologist was also not shown to be associated with worse survival (p=0.47). Conclusions In this study, psychosocial variables were not predictive of worse survival in patients undergoing LVAD implantation. However, whether psychosocial risk is associated with an increase in adverse events and/or hospital readmissions in LVAD patients warrants further exploration.
Childhood obesity and academic performance among elementary public school children

Background: In addition to health problems or increasing the significant risk of health problems, obesity is also negatively associated with several socioeconomic outcomes. Obesity could negatively...
Reliability Studies of Nb/AlO x /Al/Nb Josephson Junctions Through Accelerated-Life Electrical Stress Testing

Reliability studies have been performed on Nb/AlOx/Al/Nb trilayer Josephson junctions with a critical current density of 100 μA/μm 2 with emphasis on reliability of the thin AlOx dielectric tunnel barrier. High current stress tests at 4.2 K involving ramp-to-failure and time-dependent stress profiles have been used to accelerate the barrier degradation process while monitoring changes through dc characterization of the tunnel junctions. Tunneling characteristics of the junctions have been found to deteriorate with increasing stress magnitudes, suggesting breakdown mechanisms depending on the magnitude and polarity of the applied stress or the time-duration of applied stress. The typically observed stress effects can be ascribed to a reduction in the effective barrier thickness or increase in barrier transparency, and corresponding to the formation of conduction channels through the barrier above a threshold stress current. Significant stress current polarity dependence has been observed and described.
Everyday Ethics of Medical Practices

This chapter focuses on ethics in the patient-provider interactions, specifically outlining “virtue ethics”—the display of personal virtuous behavior—in those interactions. Such virtues are “everyday” ethics, different from normative ethics as it is applied in medical institutions and utilitarian ethics as it is applied in epidemiology. The vignette describes a resident interacting with a “difficult” patient, while the literary text, Dr. Anton Chekhov’s “Enemies,” narrates a physician’s dilemma of treating a patient soon after his son died of diphtheria. The chapter also presents William Blake’s poem “A Poison Tree.” All the texts focus on “everyday” ethics, which distinguishes itself from cost-benefit utilitarian ethics and principle-based “normative” ethics. Such everyday ethics is closely associated with narrative.
Reformulated Red Mud: a Robust Catalyst for In Situ Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass

Biomass feedstocks contain inorganic compounds generally classified as ash. The ash consists of compounds of potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, phosphorus. and other elements. These elements h...
Integrating dissipative particle dynamics with energy conservation

To suppress secular energy drift in dissipative particle dynamics simulations with energy conservation, we introduce an additional pairwise particle dynamics that allows for a microscopic energy fluctuation while conserving the total linear momentum of the system exactly. The pairwise dynamics may be regarded as an adaptation of the thermostat in isothermal dissipative particle dynamics, but leads to microcanonical instead of canonical ensemble at equilibrium and allows for a nonuniform temperature field at a steady state. The method is also effective in suppressing secular energy drift when used in combination with reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics moves. All of the equilibrium and transport properties we computed were unaffected by this additional pairwise dynamics.
RGB based EEG Controlled Virtual Keyboard for Physically Challenged People

An increased ratio is found in several diseases as the world’s population is increasing. Paralysis is one of them which is caused by the neuromuscular disorder of human body such as cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury or stroke etc. Brian Computer Interface (BCI) is a computer-based system which acquires bioelectrical signals of brain, analyzes and translates them into commands that accomplish the user’s intention. In this research, a BCI base virtual keyboard is developed according to "QWERTY" standards which has 36 keys in total (26 English alphabets A-Z, 7 special characters and 3 action keys), it can be controlled using bioelectrical waves of human brain. The research is divided into two modules (1) Software module and (2) Hardware module. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are analyzed for red, green and blue (RGB) colors based on asynchronous mechanism. The results are concluded after an experiment performed in two sessions on same subjects (University Students). Experiment results shows 89.7% average accuracy, 6.4 characters per minute (CPM) with 2.3 minutes average spelling completion time.
PHAGE-2 Study: Supplemental Bacteriophages Extend Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BL04 Benefits on Gut Health and Microbiota in Healthy Adults

Probiotics are increasingly used by consumers and practitioners to reduce gastrointestinal (GI) distress and improve gut function. Here, we sought to determine whether the addition of supplemental bacteriophages (PreforPro) could enhance the effects of a common probiotic, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) on GI health. A total of 68 participants were enrolled in a 4-week, randomized, parallel-arm, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial where primary outcomes included self-assessments of GI health, a daily stool log, and 16s rRNA analysis of gut microbial populations. We observed within-group improvements in GI inflammation (p = 0.01) and a trending improvement in colon pain (p = 0.08) in individuals consuming B. lactis with PreforPro, but not in the group consuming only the probiotic. There was also a larger increase in Lactobacillus and short-chain fatty acid-producing microbial taxa detected in the stool of participants taking PreforPro with B. lactis compared to the probiotic alone. Overall, these results suggest the addition of PreforPro as a combination therapy may alter gut ecology to extend the GI benefits of consuming B. lactis or other probiotics.
Lessons from planned resettlement and new town experiences for avoiding climate sprawl

Abstract Climate change will cause substantial numbers of people to relocate, whether in a planned or more ad hoc manner. In receiving communities this could lead to substantial problems supplying physical infrastructure, preserving affordability, conserving wild and productive lands, maintaining social connections, and providing community services in new areas. Moving to comprehensively planned new settlements could be a solution to climate sprawl (fragmented and dispersed development) and climate gentrification (increased demand in existing areas). This may involve moving an entire settlement as a whole to a comprehensively planned neighborhood or town. We call this “whole community” retreat as it keeps social ties intact. An alternative involves creating a comprehensively planned new town or new neighborhood for people from a variety of locations. We refer to this as “new community” retreat as it provides a new environment, but social ties need to be developed. The paper examines lessons from two sets of experiences with large scale resettlement or community-building. One group of examples involves whole community resettlements after disasters or related to economic development and a second set of precedents come from the broader history of new towns. Challenges from both resettlement experience and new town history include land and infrastructure availability and cost, planning and development coordination, financing, and attracting a large enough proportion of people to keep social ties intact. A more comprehensive approach has benefits, but is easier to pull off at a neighborhood rather than a larger scale and for shorter rather than longer moves.
Using microwave-accelerated digestion instead of dry ashing during sodium analysis of low-moisture, part-skim mozzarella

Abstract Mineral analysis of cheese products is a labor- and time-intensive process. Pretreatment using dry or atmospheric wet ashing to decompose organic matter before measurement on a spectrometer can take more than 24 h to complete. Samples of low-moisture, part-skim mozzarella (LMPS) cheese were digested using microwave-accelerated digestion (MAD) and conventional dry ashing. A comparison of 23 samples, in duplicate, was performed to determine equivalency. A two one-sided test (TOST) analysis showed that the confidence intervals were within acceptable differences for standard method variation (less than 70 mg/100 g per International Dairy Federation method 119:2007). Bias was observed for the quantification of sodium in microwave-digested samples, averaging 14 mg/100 g higher. Based on the TOST criteria, we concluded that the methods are equivalent.
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of Microelectronic Materials

Atomic layer control of microelectronic processing is required as critical dimensions are reduced below the 10 nm scale. Thermal atomic layer etching (ALE) has developed over the last 5 years to meet etching challenges. This paper will define thermal ALE in terms of sequential, self-limiting surface reactions. Thermal ALE can be viewed as the reverse of atomic layer deposition (ALD). Various microelectronic materials will be used to demonstrate thermal ALE including Ga 2 O 3 , Si, and Si 3 N 4 .
"Like Peanut Butter and Jelly": A Qualitative Study of Chiropractic Care and Home Exercise Among Older Adults with Spinal Disability.

Objective A mixed methods, randomized controlled trial comparing short- and long-term chiropractic care and exercise therapy for spinal disability in older adults found no between-group differences in the primary outcome. However, those who received long-term management reported greater improvement in neck pain, self-efficacy, function, and balance. This nested qualitative study explored participants' perceptions of the benefits and drawbacks of chiropractic and exercise for spine-related outcomes, with an emphasis on understanding what makes treatment for spine-related problems worthwhile. Methods Of 171 individual interviews conducted after completing study treatment, 50 participants (25 per treatment group) were randomly selected for this analysis. Qualitative descriptive analysis included dual coding of verbatim transcripts by two investigators, further distilled into a consensus-derived codebook of themes and organized using NVIVO software. Results Participants described trial interventions as complimentary to one another for spine-related disability. Chiropractic care was viewed as improving spinal pain and controlling symptoms, while exercise therapy was noted for its long-term impact on self-efficacy and self-management. These older adults considered changes in pain, a global sense of improvement, and improved biomechanical function as making treatment worthwhile. Conclusion Older adults valued non-pharmacological treatment options that aided them in controlling spine-related symptoms, while empowering them to maintain clinical benefit gained after a course of chiropractic spinal manipulation and exercise. The complimentary nature of provider-delivered and active care modalities may be an important consideration when developing care plans. This study underscores the importance of understanding participants' values and experiences when interpreting study results and applying them to practice.
Abnormal Pap Follow-Up among Criminal-Legal Involved Women in Three U.S. Cities.

Criminal-legal involved women experience significant barriers to preventive cervical care, and consequently there is a higher incidence of cervical cancer in this population. The purpose of this study is to identify variables that may facilitate abnormal Pap follow-up among criminal-legal involved women living in community settings. The study included n = 510 women with criminal-legal histories, from three U.S. cities—Birmingham, AL; Kansas City, KS/MO; Oakland, CA. Participants completed a 288-item survey, with questions related to demographics, social advantages, provider communication, and reasons for missing follow-up care. There were n = 58 women who reported abnormal Pap testing, and n = 40 (69%) received follow-up care. Most women received either repeat Pap/HPV testing (n = 15, 38%), or colposcopy and/or biopsy (n = 14, 35%). Women who did not follow-up (n = 15, 26%) cited that they forgot (n = 8, 53%), were uninsured (n = 3, 20%), or were reincarcerated (n = 3, 20%). In a multivariate analysis, both having a primary care provider (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.3–16.0) and receiving specific provider communication about follow-up (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1–13.2) were independent predictors for abnormal Pap follow-up. Interventions that offer linkages to providers in the community or ensure abnormal Pap care plans are communicated effectively may mitigate the disparate incidence of cervical cancer among criminal-legal involved women.
Is ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of axillary lymph nodes a viable alternative to sentinel lymph node biopsy?

Background Axillary lymph node (ALN) ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB), a minimally invasive procedure, may be used for the preoperative evaluation of ALN status of breast cancer patients. Despite the relative ease of use and low cost, paucity of comparative studies and variation in the reported sensitivity of FNAB preclude its clinical utility in evaluation of ALNs. This study aims to determine the accuracy of US-FNAB in detecting metastasis in ALN pre-operatively and to assess US-FNAB as a viable alternative to sentinel lymph node (SLN) excision. Methods The 228 consecutive ALN US-FNABs with subsequent histologic follow up performed from 2005 to 2020 in patients with breast carcinoma were retrospectively evaluated. FNAB results were correlated with histologic diagnosis. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and risk of malignancy of FNAB were calculated. Results 157/228 (69%) FNABs were concordant with histology, 37/228 (16%) discordant. Positive FNAB findings correlated with primary tumor size, grade, number of metastatic lymph nodes and size of metastases. FNAB with negative diagnosis carried a 22% risk of malignancy, atypical 43%, suspicious 80%, and positive a 100% risk of malignancy (100% positive predictive value [PPV]). The sensitivity and specificity were 78% and 95% respectively; accuracy was 77%. SLN biopsy was avoided in all 82 (36%) cases with positive FNAB results. Conclusion Negative FNAB result does not exclude metastatic carcinoma. With 100% PPV, full ALN dissection and/or neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be safely planned after a positive FNAB result, avoiding SLN biopsy, reducing management costs and shortening time interval to definitive therapy.
Primary cilia drive postnatal tidemark patterning in articular cartilage by coordinating responses to Indian Hedgehog and mechanical load

Articular cartilage (AC) is essential for body movement, but is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases and has poor self-repair capacity. To improve current subpar regenerative treatment, developmental mechanisms of AC should be clarified and, specifically, how postnatal multi-zone organization is acquired. Primary cilia are cell surface organelles crucial for mammalian tissue morphogenesis and while the importance of chondrocyte primary cilia is well appreciated their specific roles in postnatal AC morphogenesis remain unclear. To explore these mechanisms, we used a murine conditional loss-of-function approach (Ift88-flox) targeting joint-lineage progenitors (Gdf5Cre) and monitored postnatal knee AC development. Joint formation and growth up to juvenile stages were largely unaffected, however mature AC (aged 2 months) exhibited disorganized extracellular matrix, decreased aggrecan and collagen II due to reduced gene expression (not increased catabolism), and marked reduction of AC modulus by 30-50%. In addition, we discovered the surprising findings that tidemark patterning was severely disrupted and accompanied alterations in hedgehog signaling that were also dependent on regional load-bearing functions of AC. Interestingly, Prg4 expression was also increased in those loaded sites. Together, our data provide evidence that primary cilia orchestrate postnatal AC morphogenesis, dictating tidemark topography, zonal matrix composition and mechanical load responses.
Integrating Cantonese Nursery Rhymes Into Early Childhood Music Classrooms: A Lesson for Learning Music, Language, and Culture:

As cultural diversity is increasingly celebrated in classrooms, multicultural learning in music education has become more essential and meaningful. Therefore, this article emphasizes the integratio...
A Label-Aware BERT Attention Network for Zero-Shot Multi-Intent Detection in Spoken Language Understanding

With the early success of query-answer assistants such as Alexa and Siri, research attempts to expand system capabilities of handling service automation are now abundant. However, preliminary systems have quickly found the inadequacy in relying on simple classification techniques to effectively accomplish the automation task. The main challenge is that the dialogue often involves complexity in user’s intents (or purposes) which are multiproned, subject to spontaneous change, and difficult to track. Furthermore, public datasets have not considered these complications and the general semantic annotations are lacking which may result in zero-shot problem. Motivated by the above, we propose a Label-Aware BERT Attention Network (LABAN) for zero-shot multi-intent detection. We first encode input utterances with BERT and construct a label embedded space by considering embedded semantics in intent labels. An input utterance is then classified based on its projection weights on each intent embedding in this embedded space. We show that it successfully extends to few/zero-shot setting where part of intent labels are unseen in training data, by also taking account of semantics in these unseen intent labels. Experimental results show that our approach is capable of detecting many unseen intent labels correctly. It also achieves the state-of-the-art performance on five multi-intent datasets in normal cases.
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: case report and brief review of the literature.

Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHDS) is a rare autosomal-dominant multiorgan systemic disorder manifesting as cutaneous fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts with or without spontaneous pneumothorax, and renal tumors. It results from mutation of the gene located on the short arm of chromosome 17 (17p11.2). The gene codes for the protein folliculin, which is believed to be an oncogene suppressor protein. This syndrome is often underdiagnosed. Presence of lung cysts on chest CT should prompt inclusion of BHDS in the differential diagnosis, since these findings may develop earlier than other manifestations. There are key imaging characteristics of pulmonary cysts on CT of the chest which can suggest the diagnosis of BHDS and help in early detection and prompt screening for renal tumors. The main concern with BHDS is the increased risk of renal carcinoma. Here, we report a case of a 59-year-old male who was suspected to have the diagnosis of BHDS based on characteristic features of lung cysts on the Chest CT, subsequently confirmed by genetic testing.
Negotiated Rulemaking and Administrative Law

There is a new type of administrative rulemaking procedure called negotiated rulemaking. In 1982, the Administrative Conference of the United States (ACUS) recommended that agencies consider the use of negotiations to produce rules that satisfy the interests of the affected parties.2 Since the 1982 recommendation was issued, four agencies have utilized the negotiation process in an effort to develop rules without resorting to the increasingly adversarial litigation that has accompanied informal rulemaking in recent years. Three of the four efforts were successful in producing agreement on the basic outlines of a proposed rule. Two of the rules have been promulgated in final form, and neither has been challenged yet. Other agencies have shown an interest in the process, and two other major negotiated rulemaking efforts are under way. In order to provide guidance for use of the new process, the Administrative Conference published an additional set of recommendations in December 1985,3 proposed by the author of this article. The concept of negotiated rulemaking arose from dissatisfaction with notice-and-comment and hybrid rulemaking under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA),4 which had become increasingly adjudicatory and adversarial in character since the 1960s. Negotiated rulemaking is a realistic alternative to adversarial administrative procedures. The technique permits affected interests to retain greater control over the content of agency rules, while ensuring fairness and balance. It also permits agencies to obtain a more accurate
Continuous chromatography apparatus. I. Construction.

Abstract A description is given of the details of construction of an apparatus for continuous liquid—solid phase chromatography.
Prospects for Russia's Oil Industry

Russia has the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second largest coal reserves and the eighth largest oil reserves. Several factors are coming together to make it appear that Russia's energy industry has bright prospects for the foreseeable future. China's rapid rate of economic growth has greatly increased its energy needs, and therefore the demand for energy. This increase in demand has put upward pressure on worldwide oil prices. The same could be said for India, the world's second largest country in terms of population, which has also experienced rapid economic growth in recent years. Turmoil in the Middle East, which increases uncertainty in international energy markets, has also helped caused oil prices to reach record levels. Both of these factors - rapid economic growth by the world's two most populous countries and turmoil in the Middle East - appear to be long-term. This paper discusses the prospects for Russia's oil industry.
Augmented Sliding Mode Control for Flexible Link Manipulators

A method of sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed for the control of flexible, nonlinear, and structural systems. The method departs from standard sliding mode control by dispensing with generalized accelerations during the control law design. Global, asymptotic stability of rigid body motion is maintained if knowledge on the bounds of the neglected terms exists. Furthermore, this method provides damping for the measured flexible body modes. This paper investigates an augmented SMC technique for slewing flexible manipulators. A conventional sliding surface uses a first order system including a combination of error and error rate terms. The augmented sliding surface includes an enhanced term that helps to reject flexible degrees-of-freedom. The algorithms are theoretically developed and experimentally tested on a slewing single flexible link robot. The test apparatus is instrumented with a strain gauge at the root and an accelerometer attached at the tip. A DC motor and encoder are used to servo the link from an initial position to a final position. A standard cubic polynomial is employed to generate the reference trajectories. The augmented SMC algorithm showed improved performance by reducing the flexible link tip oscillations.
On the Waterfront at the Pier's Edge: The Longshoremen's and Harbor Worker's Compensation Act

This Article studies both inconsistent and indecisive judicial interpretations of The Longshoremen and Harbor Worker's Compensation Act and calls for congressional action to end the stark disparities in coverage between landward work conduct for maritime workers when boing between ship and shore. Subsequent to this Article, Public Law 92-576, enacted in 1972, addressed a number of the concerns raised here and Public Law 98-426, passed in l984, sought further to clarify the status and situation of longshoremen and harbor workers and their maritime claims for compensation for injuries sustained in the course of employment.
Legal Orientalism: China, the United States, and Modern Law

Since the Cold War ended, China has become a global symbol of disregard for human rights, while the United States has positioned itself as the world's chief exporter of the rule of law. How did lawlessness become an axiom about Chineseness rather than a fact needing to be verified empirically, and how did the United States assume the mantle of law's universal appeal? In a series of wide-ranging inquiries, Teemu Ruskola investigates the history of "legal Orientalism": a set of globally circulating narratives about what law is and who has it. For example, why is China said not to have a history of corporate law, as a way of explaining its "failure" to develop capitalism on its own? Ruskola shows how a European tradition of philosophical prejudices about Chinese law developed into a distinctively American ideology of empire, influential to this day. The first Sino-U.S. treaty in 1844 authorized the extraterritorial application of American law in a putatively lawless China. A kind of legal imperialism, this practice long predated U.S. territorial colonialism after the Spanish-American War in 1898, and found its fullest expression in an American district court's jurisdiction over the "District of China. " With urgent contemporary implications, legal Orientalism lives on in the enduring damage wrought on the U.S. Constitution by late nineteenth-century anti-Chinese immigration laws, and in the self-Orientalizing reforms of Chinese law today. In the global politics of trade and human rights, legal Orientalism continues to shape modern subjectivities, institutions, and geopolitics in powerful and unacknowledged ways.
Animated simulation of light transport in tissues

Time-resolved light transport in composite tissues is simulated using the Monte Carlo technique. Snapshots of spatial distributions of physical quantities, including light absorption rate, light fluence rate, and diffuse reflectance rate, are presented. Such multiple snapshots with a given time interval can be shown sequentially to achieve an animation effect. This animated simulation is a tool that aids in the general understanding of light transport in tissues. For example, the simulation of time-resolved spatial distribution of light fluence rate inside a tissue illustrates how fast light is dispersed inside tissues. The simulation of diffuse reflectance rate as a function of time of a short-pulsed laser incident upon a piece of tissue containing a buried object shows that early reflected light does not carry imaging information of the object. The imaging quality of the object can thus be improved by rejecting the early-arriving reflected light.
Community Action Projects: Applying Biotechnology in the Real World

Abstract Project-based learning and action research are powerful pedagogies in improving science education. We implemented a semester-long course using project-based action research to help students apply biotechnology knowledge learned in the classroom to the real world. Students had several choices to make in the project: working individually or as a team, selecting a topic of interest, and targeting a local community group. To enhance teachers' abilities to lead students through action projects, we describe the framework, provide class data, and discuss benefits and challenges encountered. This course could serve as a model of how project-based action research can benefit student learning in biotechnology.
Hypercyclicity and supercyclicity for invertible bilateral weighted shifts

We give a characterization of the invertible bilateral weighted shifts that are hypercyclic or supercyclic. Although there is a general characterization due to H. Salas, in the invertible case the conditions simplify greatly.
Comment on "Gas-Liquid Transition in a Two-Dimensional System of Millimeter-Sized Like-Charged Metal Balls"

A Comment on the Letter by B. V. R. Tata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3626 (2000). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Unisys: description of the Unisys system used for MUC-3

This paper describes the Unisys MUC-3 text understanding system, a system based upon a three-tiered approach to text processing in which a powerful knowledge-based form of information retrieval plays a central role. This knowledge-based form of information retrieval makes it possible to define an effective level of text analysis that falls somewhere between what is possible with standard keyword-based information retrieval techniques and deep linguistic analysis.
Second Messengers at the Leading Edge: Calcium Joins PIP3 as an Essential Signal

The leading edge of a chemotaxing cell is the engine that drives the cell up an attractant gradient. In one of the most dramatic spatial redistributions in cell biology, local second messenger signals recruit dozens of regulatory proteins from cytoplasm to the leading edge membrane. In turn these proteins control the actin polymerization and membrane remodeling processes propelling migration. It has long been known that the signaling lipid PIP3 is a crucial second messenger at the leading edge where it recruits PH domain proteins. Recent evidence has revealed that calcium is also an essential second messenger at the leading edge, where the local calcium signal recruits protein kinase C and other C2 domain proteins. The leading edge PIP3, calcium, and PKC are all required components of the positive feedback loop that maintains leading edge structure and activity. This positive feedback may well play a central role in the compass that guides cell migration.
Acoustic harmonic generation due to thermal embrittlement of inconel 718

This paper describes an attempt to characterize the deterioration of a structural material's mechanical properties by nonlinear acoustics. In this particular case, the damage was caused by “thermal embrittlement” during which the material, here the nickel-based alloy Inconel 718, loses a significant fraction of its fracture toughness. Harmonic generation was the experimental method used to characterize the microstructural changes in the material as a function of exposure time at elevated temperatures. Tests were performed on two heats of Inconel 718 with slightly different chemistries, with one heat showing particular sensitivity of the fracture toughness to the elevated temperature exposure with corresponding higher changes in the nonlinearity parameter. As a mechanical measure of the fracture toughness deterioration, a small specimen punch test was used in which the ductility of a thin slice of material is determined. A clear difference between the two heats was noted in the metallographic examination, which is reflected in the harmonic generation as well as the punch test data. An explanation for the changes of the harmonic generation during the embrittlement process is speculative at the present time.
Pre-frontal control of closed-loop limbic neurostimulation by rodents using a brain-computer interface

Objective. There is great interest in closed-loop neurostimulators that sense and respond to a patient's brain state. Such systems may have value for neurological and psychiatric illnesses where symptoms have high intraday variability. Animal models of closed-loop stimulators would aid preclinical testing. We therefore sought to demonstrate that rodents can directly control a closed-loop limbic neurostimulator via a brain–computer interface (BCI). Approach. We trained rats to use an auditory BCI controlled by single units in prefrontal cortex (PFC). The BCI controlled electrical stimulation in the medial forebrain bundle, a limbic structure involved in reward-seeking. Rigorous offline analyses were performed to confirm volitional control of the neurostimulator. Main results. All animals successfully learned to use the BCI and neurostimulator, with closed-loop control of this challenging task demonstrated at 80% of PFC recording locations. Analysis across sessions and animals confirmed statistically robust BCI control and specific, rapid modulation of PFC activity. Significance. Our results provide a preliminary demonstration of a method for emotion-regulating closed-loop neurostimulation. They further suggest that activity in PFC can be used to control a BCI without pre-training on a predicate task. This offers the potential for BCI-based treatments in refractory neurological and mental illness.
Transient InSb spin-flip laser - a measurement of T1

Abstract A double pulse spin-flip laser technique has been used to evaluate the InSb conduction electron spin-relaxation time T 1 ; a value of 60 ± 20 nsec ( n = 1.2 × 10 16 cm −3 , H = 60 kG , T = 20 K )is obtained. The effects of electron heating by free carrier absorption are measured and an energy relaxation time of 20–40 nsec is obtained. A calculation of T 1 based on ionized impurity scattering in the quantum limit regime is in order of magnitude agreement with the experiment.
History of cluster headache

Possibly because of the manifestation of severe debilitating pain, cluster headache has been identified in early publications, described in exquisite detail by authors dating as far back as 1641. These early descriptions focused on the symptoms of the episodes rather than the periodicity of their occurrence. Similar to most medical conditions described without anatomic or clearly defined pathophysiologic basis, cluster headache often was named for its clinical manifestations, or less helpfully, by the names of the authors of its descriptive publications. It was only in 1952 that the condition was named for its peculiar tendency to occur in clusters over a period of weeks rather than being a chronic, recurrent, episodic condition similar to migraine. Despite having such an interesting mix of autonomic and physical features, this observation seems to be most instrumental in divulging the true pathogenesis of this disease and correctly localizing its origin anatomically in the hypothalamus.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Stimulates Androgen Pathway through GSK3β Inhibition and Nuclear β-Catenin Accumulation

PI3K/Akt plays a critical role in prostate cancer cell growth and survival. Recent studies have shown that the effect of PI3K/Akt in prostate cells is mediated through androgen signaling. The PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, and a tumor suppressor, PTEN, negatively regulate the PI3K/Akt pathway and repress AR activity. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby PI3K/Akt and PTEN regulate the androgen pathway are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that blocking the PI3K/Akt pathway reduces the expression of an endogenous AR target gene. Moreover, we show that the repression of AR activity by LY294002 is mediated through phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3beta, a downstream substrate of PI3K/Akt, which results in the nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin. Given the recent evidence that beta-catenin acts as a coactivator of AR, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which PI3K/Akt modulates androgen signaling. In a PTEN-null prostate cancer cell line, we show that PTEN expression reduces beta-catenin-mediated augmentation of AR transactivation. Using the mutants of beta-catenin, we further demonstrate that the repressive effect of PTEN is mediated by a GSK3beta-regulated degradation of beta-catenin. Our results delineate a novel link among the PI3K, wnt, and androgen pathways and provide fresh insights into the mechanisms of prostate tumor development and progression.