cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of diazepam and phenobarbital on self-stimulation in posterior hypothalamic and preoptic regions and on the thermoregulatory responses to rewarding brain stimulation.

Abstract The effects of diazepam and phenobarbital on body temperature changes induced by self-stimulation behaviour were investigated to determine the relationship between the actions of the drugs on behaviour and on thermoregulation. The drugs were tested at two doses, each representative of doses causing one of two effects; a low dose causing a stimulant effect and a high dose producing sedation. Diazepam was tested at 1·25 and 35 mg/kg intraperitoneally and phenobarbital at 12·5 and 70 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Self-stimulation was produced with stimulation of the posterior lateral hypothalamic region in one group of rats and of the preoptic region in another group of rats. After 10 and 15 min of self-stimulation, the body temperature of the subjects responding for posterior lateral hypothalamic and for preoptic stimulation rose. The increase was of the same magnitude in both groups. The rate of responding and the amount of total brain stimulation taken during this period was higher for the group rewarded with hypothalamic stimulation than for the preoptic group, but the duration of the stimulus-trains was greater for the preoptic group than for the hypothalamic. In control subjects, diazepam and phenobarbital at the low dose increased the body temperature and at the high dose decreased it. In both groups of self-stimulators, the drugs at the low dose failed to potentiate the increases in body temperature induced by self-stimulation behaviour itself, although the drugs increased the rate of self-stimulation or the total time with brain stimulation or the mean duration of the stimulus-trains. At the high dose, both drugs caused the increases in body temperature induced by hypothalamic self-stimulation behaviour to be smaller, but only slightly so. On the other hand, at the high dose, diazepam blocked the increase in body temperature by preoptic self-stimulation behaviour. Phenobarbital was not similarly effective during preoptic self-stimulation. At the time of these effects on body temperature the total amount of brain stimulation received during the sessions and the duration of the stimulus-trains increased. The findings indicate a dissociation between the effects of diazepam on body temperature and on self-stimulation behaviour when reward was in the preoptic region, but not when reward was in the posterior lateral hypothalamic region.
High level expression and purification of HhaI methyltransferase

Abstract A cloning system for the DNA-(cytosine-5)-methyltransferase MHhaI and high level expression of the enzyme are described. A parent plasmid was constructed from fragments of the MHhaI gene and synthetic oligonucleotides. The construct permits introduction of various restriction sites for cloning at precise positions near the initiation codon, and beyond the termination codon. The entire MHhaI coding sequence was introduced as a 1042 b.p. NdeI-XbaI fragment into the vector pAR3040 which contains the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The resultant plasmid pTNX3 (MHhaI-pAR3040) was introduced into McrB- E. coli strains HB101 and GM2929, and expression of MHhaI was induced by infection with the lambda phage CE6 carrying the T7 RNA polymerase gene. In induced cells, catalytically active MHhaI was produced at a level that corresponds to about 8% of the total soluble protein; an insoluble form of the protein was also formed, but could be readily removed. The expressed soluble enzyme from HB101/pTNX3 was purified to apparent homogeneity in about 50% yield by a two-step chromatographic procedure involving DEAE-cellulose and Heparin-Sepharose; a one liter culture gave about 2.5 mg of pure enzyme. The molecular weight and kinetic properties of the expressed protein are identical to those reported for the authentic MHhaI, and its amino terminal sequence agrees with that predicted from the DNA sequence.
A comparison of phosphated and sulfated beta-cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for capillary electrophoresis.

The enantioseparation capabilities of three different functionalized β-cyclodextrins, two sulfated β-cyclodextrins with 4 and 15 nominal degrees of substitution and a phosphated β-cyclodextrin with 8 degrees of substitution, were compared. While anodic detection was used with both sulfated cyclodextrins, the phosphated cyclodextrin required cathodic detection suggesting either lower ionization of the phosphated cyclodextrin or generally lower affinity of the analytes for the phosphated cyclodextrin. The effects of several experimental parameters were evaluated with respect to enantioseparation. The degrees of substitution of the cyclodextrin, pH of the background electrolyte as well as the concentration of the functionalized β-cyclodextrin, each had a significant influence on the successful enantiomeric separation of the chiral drugs investigated.
Generalizing Zeckendorf's Theorem to f-decompositions

Abstract Text A beautiful theorem of Zeckendorf states that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed as a sum of non-consecutive Fibonacci numbers { F n } , where F 1 = 1 , F 2 = 2 and F n + 1 = F n + F n − 1 . For general recurrences { G n } with nonnegative coefficients, there is a notion of a legal decomposition which again leads to a unique representation. We consider the converse question: given a notion of legal decomposition, construct a sequence { a n } such that every positive integer can be uniquely decomposed as a sum of a n 's. We prove this is possible for a notion of legal decomposition called f-decompositions. This notion generalizes existing notions such as base-b representations, Zeckendorf decompositions, and the factorial number system. Using this new perspective, we expand the range of Zeckendorf-type results, generalizing the scope of previous research. Finally, for specific classes of notions of decomposition we prove a Gaussianity result concerning the distribution of the number of summands in the decomposition of a randomly chosen integer. Video For a video summary of this paper, please click here or visit http://youtu.be/hnYJwvOfzLo .
Weak shock reflection

An asymptotic analysis of the regular and Mach reflection of weak shocks leads to shock reflection problems for the unsteady transonic small disturbance equation. Numerical solutions of this equation resolve the von Neumann triple point paradox for weak shock Mach reflection. Related equations describe steady transonic shock reflections, weak shock focusing, and nonlinear hyperbolic waves at caustics.
Structures, forms, and stuff: the materiality and medium of interaction

Though information is popularly, and often academically, understood to be immaterial, nonetheless, we only encounter it in material forms, in books, on laptops, in our brains, in spoken language, and so forth. In the past decade, HCI has increasingly focused on the material dimensions of interacting with computational devices and information. This paper explores three major strands of this research--tangible user interfaces, theories of computational materiality, and craft-oriented approaches to HCI. We argue that each of these offers a formulation of the materiality of interaction: as physical, as metaphysical, or as tradition communicating. We situate these three formulations in relation to debates on the nature of media, from philosophical aesthetics (the ontology of art, in particular), media studies, and visual cultural studies. We argue that the formulations of materiality, information, and meaning from HCI and those from the humanities have deeper underlying similarities than may be expected and that exploring these similarities have two significant benefits. Such an analysis can benefit these differing threads in different ways, taking their current theories and adding to them. It also serves as a basis to import philosophical art concepts in a robust way into HCI, that is, not simply as prepackaged ideas to be applied to HCI, but rather as ideas always already enmeshed in productive and living debates that HCI is now poised to enter--to the benefit of both HCI and the humanities.
On the utility of security fences along international borders

States confronting cross-border intrusions of terrorism, illegal immigration, and/or drug trafficking weigh the costs of such intrusions against the costs of imposing barriers to prevent or curb the intrusions. In such situations, the degree of national security afforded a state depends, in large measure, upon the degree of border openness the state chooses. Depending upon the intensity and frequency of the intrusions – expressed in terms of opportunity-cost functions – a state might have little choice but to pursue a border policy of zero openness. It is this relationship of border openness to national security that explains why many states choose to construct security fences. In the 49 cases of security fences examined, many – among them Israel vis-a-vis the West Bank, India vis-a-vis Pakistan, Turkey vis-a-vis Greece in Cyprus – the construction of security fences becomes more complicated by their placement on lands whose sovereignties are disputed.
Pilot symbol driven monitoring of electrical degradation in RF transmitter systems using model anomaly diagnosis

Modern RF circuits suffer from increased electrical degradation induced by electrical stress and thermal effects due to the high speeds of operation and the effects of technology scaling. Detection of such degradation is important, particularly in wireless basestations which must operate round-the-clock with high dependability. In this paper, a new approach for detecting degradation in RF transmitter systems using pilot symbols is proposed and is superior to prior algorithms because degradation can be monitored on a frame-to-frame basis independent of the data being transmitted. The response of the RF transmitter to known pilot symbols is captured at the output of the RF power amplifier using an envelope detector and is fitted to a third order transmitter model using a model-parameter solving algorithm. It is shown that the computed model parameters deviate away from their nominal values, exhibiting model anomalies once nonidealities due to electrical degradation start affecting transmitter behavior. The amount of the degradation is proportional to the magnitude of this deviation as measured by a distance metric and is easily computed using simple algorithms running on the baseband processor. Preliminary results indicate the feasibility and low cost of the proposed approach.
Alterations in hexose monophosphate shunt during lymphoblastic transformation

Abstract This study characterized the alteration in hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity occurring during lymphoblastic transformation to nonspecific mitogens. Average HMPS activity was threefold higher in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures incubated for 68 hr when compared to unstimulated cultures. Serial measurement of HMPS activity indicated that this increased activity was delayed for several hours after the addition of the mitogen and reached a peak of fivefold higher activity during the second day of culture. Glycolysis increased before HMPS activity and was increased during the entire culture period although it was also maximal during the second day of culture. Pokeweed mitogen also resulted in increased glucose metabolism. The increase was of lesser magnitude than PHA and probably reflected the lower degree of lymphoblastic transformation of pokeweed cultures. These studies demonstrate that lymphocytes undergoing blastic transformation have increased HMPS activity which follows a predictable temporal pattern as does glucose consumption. Also, this study demonstrates that the ionization chamber electrometer technique for the direct measurement of 14 CO 2 can be applied to the study of long-term tissue cultures.
Factory simulation with animation: the no programming approach

SIMFACTORY with animation is a PC-based simulation tool. It simplifies factory planning for industrial and manufacturing engineers by eliminating the costs and delays of computer programming.When making decisions, engineers often wish they could somehow view the results of their decisions before they make them, thereby avoiding costly mistakes. SIMFACTORY provides the user with this capability by allowing convenient “what if” analysis of scenarios in advance of committing funds.
Theory of time-dependent intense-field collisional resonance fluorescence

The time-dependent theory of Courtens and Szoke (1977) is generalized using the approach of Burnett et al. (1982) to derive time-dependent spectral intensities of resonance fluorescence from atoms driven by a pulsed laser in the presence of collisions. These results are valid both for laser detunings inside and outside the usual impact region of the spectrum, including Zeeman degeneracy effects. This theory is applied to a simple but important example (J = 0 to J = 1) to obtain quantitative predictions for the observable scattered-light spectrum which can be directly compared with recent experiments.
Flow of gases through porous solids under the influence of temperature gradients

The isothermal and isobaric flow of pure gases and vapors through microporous Vycor glass was investigated under such conditions that the gas-phase flow occurred by Knudsen diffusion. The isothermal flows and the isobaric flow of nonadsorbed gases are correlated by existing relationships. On the assumption that surface flow is a diffusive process and that equilibrium exists between the vapor and solid throughout the porous media, a correlation for the nonisothermal surface flow is developed. The factors determining the rate of surface flow are the physical properties of the solid, the temperature level and gradient, the enthalpy of adsorption, the surface concentration and spreading pressure of the adsorbed phase, and the activation energy and coefficient of resistance for surface diffusion. The latter two factors can be evaluated from isothermal surface flow measurements; hence no new arbitrary constants are required in the correlation. Agreement between predicted and measured surface flows is good for ethylene and propylene at a mean temperature of 25°C. Both the gas-phase and surface flows are from the cold to hot end of the porous solid. It is suggested that the use of temperature gradients in porous solids and plastic films for separating mixtures of vapors be investigated.
Growth response and acquired resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) that survived Streptococcus iniae infection

This study determined the growth performance and acquired resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) that survived Streptococcus iniae infection. Tilapia were challenged with three doses of S. iniae (8.8 � 10 3 ,8 .8� 10 4 and 8.8 � 10 5 CFU ¢sh � 1 for low, medium and high challenges respectively). Groups of non-injected and tryptic soy broth-injected ¢sh were maintained as controls. Signi¢cantly (Po0.05) higher mortality (45.0%) occurred in the high challenge treatment than in the low challenge treatment group (29.6%). The medium challenge group had mortality (36.3%) that did not diier significantly from the high or low treatment. Few ¢sh died in the non-injected and broth-injected treatments (3.4% and 0.8% respectively). The tilapia that survived S. iniae infection used to assess growth performance were selected from survivors without gross clinical signs of disease. These ¢sh were randomly stocked at a rate of 30 ¢sh into each 57 L aquarium in triplicate and fed to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. No signi¢cant diierences were detected in weight gain, feed intake, feed e⁄ciency ratio or survival between S. iniae-survived tilapia and the control treatments following the 8-week growth performance trial. Following the 8-week feeding study, tilapia were challenged with 1 � 10 6 CFU ¢sh � 1 of S. iniae to assess acquired immunity. Mean cumulative mortality was signi¢cantly higher (Po0.05) in the control treatments (41.7% for the non-injected and 43.3% for the broth-injected ¢sh) than in the low, medium and high challenge treatments (7.4%, 3.3% and 8.3% respectively). Serum protein was signi¢cantly (Po0.05) elevated in the S. iniae-survived tilapia that were subsequently challenged when compared with controls challenged for the ¢rst time. Agglutinating antibody titre was signi¢cantly higher in the ¢sh in the medium and high challenge treatments, compared with the control ¢sh challenged for the ¢rst time. The results suggest tilapia that survive S. iniae challenge without showing overt disease signs performed as well as non-infected tilapia. Further, the S. iniae-survived tilapia challenged following the 8-week growth performance trial gained acquired resistance to homologous S. iniae challenge.
Subordination and Violence against State Control Agents: Testing Political Explanations for Lethal Assaults against the Police

This study examines the relationships between economic and political subordination and the use of lethalforce against state officials charged with controlling the underclass. More specifically, it uses count estimators to assess thefactors that lead to felonious killings ofpolice officers in the largest U.S. cities. Economic and racial inequality and the presence of a black mayor are used to assess economic and political subordination. Threat effects are measured by the percentage of blacks and by growth in this percentage. With violent crime and social disorganization indicators held constant, the results show that police killings are most likely in cities with the largest differences in black-white resources, but the presence of a black mayor reduces these killings. In a supplemental analysis, the samefactors explain the more common injurious assaults against officers. The findings suggest thatforms ofpolitical subordination increase the probability of violence directed against the street-level state-control agents.
Modulation of renal Na-Pi cotransport by hormones acting via genomic mechanism and by metabolic factors

Modulation of renal Na-Pi cotransport by hormones acting via genomic mechanism and by metabolic factors . The renal Na-Pi cotransport is subject to multiple regulatory inputs, such as endocrine, paracrine and intracrine. Among lipophilic, long-acting hormones that act via genomic mechanism, thyroid hormones, calcitriol, all- trans -retinoic acid stimulate, whereas glucocorticoids and estradiol inhibit the rate of Na-Pi cotransport across the brush border membrane of proximal tubules in vivo and/or across apical membrane of renal epithelial cells in vitro . Some findings suggest that these hormones may also influence Na-Pi cotransporter by modification of membrane microenvironment. It should be considered that Na-Pi cotransport can be modulated by lipophilic hormones by non-genomic signaling mechanisms such as sphingomyelin-ceramide pathway, NAD-cyclic ADP-ribose- Ca 2 + i pathway or by Ca 2+ influx. Recent studies outline a basis for the putative intracrine signaling mechanisms that utilize Ca 2+ -releasing nucleotides, cyclic ADP-ribose, and nicotinic acid adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), as novel second messengers for regulation of Na-Pi cotransport in response to changes of intermediary metabolic processes: gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, polyamines and metabolism of fatty acids.
Neural networks for signal processing

This collection of essays explores neural networks applications in signal and image processing, function and estimation, robotics and control, associative memories, and electrical and optical networks. Intended as a companion to "Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems", this reference is designed to be of use to scientists, engineers and other working in the neural network field.
Three-level models for hierarchical coordination

Abstract Some properties of hierarchical organizations, such as the types of information that may be effectively used for coordination purposes, may be studied by interpretation of mathematical programming decomposition models. Two new models are developed to represent a three-level organization. The models have been implemented on a CDC 6500 computer, and a description is given of their application to a complex transshipment problem. The results of this effort indicate that information regarding ‘deviation from goals’ is of significant value for coordination of the solution procedure for this type of problem.
Multimedia kiosks in retailing

Reviews the very wide potential for the application of multimedia kiosks. It is important that all retailing organizations understand the scope of these applications since kiosks have the potential for eroding the traditional boundaries between retailing, banking, education and training and the provision of information and advice, both to the general public, and also within organizations to employees. Potentially, applications in many of these previously distinct areas could be interlinked. Currently, multimedia kiosks are being tested in a number of different applications. Kiosks can be viewed as a medium through which it is possible to inform, educate, train, persuade or perform information‐based transactions. Their potential attraction in all of these roles consists of their relative novelty and the range of different media that can be used to reinforce the message. The future for multimedia kiosks remains unclear. The present tests in a wide range of different application areas should permit the ident...
Type I HARQ performance modeling and evaluation of mobile WiMAX for network simulators

While the development of Mobile WiMAX devices is still an ongoing process, complete and accurate simulations become more important in order to study the performance of Mobile WiMAX based broadband wireless access networks. To further improve network simulation models for Mobile WiMAX, we have theoretically modeled the Hybrid Automatic Retransmission reQuest (HARQ) mechanism and evaluated its performance and accuracy. In this paper, we present the design and implementation methodology of the Mobile WiMAX HARQ simulation model in system-level network simulators in order to gain the benefit of link quality improved by enabling HARQ. Our results show that HARQ achieves higher throughput even at low signal strength which can be considered as non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. We believe the implementation of HARQ in the network simulation model and its evaluation studies will provide profound understanding to Mobile WiMAX field test studies.
Cascaded model adaptation for dialog act segmentation and tagging

There are many speech and language processing problems which require cascaded classification tasks. While model adaptation has been shown to be useful in isolated speech and language processing tasks, it is not clear what constitutes system adaptation for such complex systems. This paper studies the following questions: In cases where a sequence of classification tasks is employed, how important is to adapt the earlier or latter systems? Is the performance improvement obtained in the earlier stages via adaptation carried on to later stages in cases where the later stages perform adaptation using similar data and/or methods? In this study, as part of a larger scale multiparty meeting understanding system, we analyze various methods for adapting dialog act segmentation and tagging models trained on conversational telephone speech (CTS) to meeting style conversations. We investigate the effect of using adapted and unadapted models for dialog act segmentation with those of tagging, showing the effect of model adaptation for cascaded classification tasks. Our results indicate that we can achieve significantly better dialog act segmentation and tagging by adapting the out-of-domain models, especially when the amount of in-domain data is limited. Experimental results show that it is more effective to adapt the models in the latter classification tasks, in our case dialog act tagging, when dealing with a sequence of cascaded classification tasks.
On Multidimensional Packet Routing for Meshes with Buses

Routing problems on the r-dimensional n × n × · · · × n mesh architecture, enhanced with independent buses along each dimension, are investigated. We analyze several different kinds of routing problems, among them off-line routing, and provide routing algorithms for the one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and r-dimensional meshes. Asymptotically, we show that, queuesize being equal, the bus-equipped mesh architecture outperforms the classical mesh by speeding up the routing time by a factor of 127.
A fundamental limit to the polarized current density produced by the lamb-shift polarized ion source

Abstract The Lamb-shift polarized ion source has been shown to be able to produce only 2–3 μA of polarized beam current. The mechanism that is responsible for this limitation has proved elusive over the years. In this paper, we present an explanation for this limitation. We have conducted a proof-of-principle-type of experiment that verifies our hypothesis. The results from the experiment are then used along with well-known properties of the source to predict the limiting current within a factor of two of the observed value.
Angle-resolved scattering measurements of polished surfaces and optical coatings at 157 nm

An angle-resolved scattering detection system has been designed and implemented for use at 157 nm. This tool will enable the optimization of polishing and thin-film deposition, whith an eye towards minimizing small-angle scatter in projection lithography tools. In this test-bed, scattered rays can be collected to 4° from the directional ray of the specularly transmitted beam (corresponding to spatial wavelengths of surface roughness below 2 μm) over a dynamic range of 7 orders of magnitude, and to 0.5° with a dynamic range of 5 orders of magnitude. The angular scattering distributions in CaF 2 samples and antireflective coatings are compared. From these results, the impact of scattering on image performance in exposure tools at 157 nm is estimated.
The Impact of Minimum-Wage Increases: Evidence from Fast-food Establishments in Illinois and Indiana

Fast-food establishments in Illinois and Indiana were surveyed during a period of state-mandated minimum-wage increases in Illinois. While entry-level wages of Illinois establishments rose substantially in response to the mandated increases, there is little evidence that Illinois establishments ameliorated wage increases by delaying scheduled raises or reducing fringe benefit offerings. There is little evidence of ‘labor-labor’ substitution in favor of women, better educated, or teenaged workers, or increased worker tenure at the new wage, but weak evidence of increased food prices. In contrast, there are large declines in part-time positions and workers’ hours in Illinois relative to Indiana. Aggregate figures from the Bureau of Labor Statistics support relative declines in total fast-food employment in ‘downstate’ Illinois counties, as hypothesized. However, establishments’ responses do not appear proportionate to the strength of the minimum wage change.
New views on synapse-glia interactions.

Abstract Although glial cells ensheath synapses throughout the nervous system, the functional consequences of this relationship are uncertain. Recent studies suggest that glial cells may promote the formation of synapses and help to maintain their function by providing nerve terminals with energy substrates and glutamate precusors.
Assessing the Duration of First-Aid Treatments by Elementary-Aged Students with Disabilities

Nine elementary-aged students with intellectual, learning or behavioral disabilities received first-aid training in the treatment of three types of injures. Students listened to a task-analyzed story read by the teacher then practiced taking care of the “injured” puppets who were characters in the story. Following training, posttest generalization probe assessments were conducted to measure the extent to which these students could treat self-injuries and those of another person. Duration timings across injuries were obtained during training and the generalization probe assessments. Results indicate that the majority of these non students could treat puppet “injuries” within the ranges established by students without disabilities in a previous investigation. Additionally, most students could treat novel injuries on themselves and another person within the established duration ranges during the generalization probe assessments. Implications of these results are discussed and future research issues noted.
Hydrology of channelized and natural headwater streams

Abstract Understanding hydrology of channelized and natural headwater streams is paramount for maintaining ecosystem function and natural flow regimes. Two channelized and two natural headwater streams located in Upper Big Walnut Creek (UBWC) watershed in Ohio, USA, were instrumented to facilitate measurement, characterization and comparison of hydrology to the accepted paradigm for headwater hydrology. Data were collected at 10-min intervals from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2006. Differences in flow magnitudes (average, low and high) were generally greater (P < 0.05) in the channelized streams. Frequency of zero discharge and out-of-bank discharge was significantly greater in the natural streams. Zero discharge occurred in summer and out-of-bank flows occurred in winter. Rate of change variables indicated that channelized streams respond more quickly to rainfall, have significantly greater peak flows, and have slower recession times. In contrast, natural streams tend to be more “flashy”. The findings w...
Edge detection with a recurrent neural network

Edge detection can be treated as a problem in optimization--a problem that can be solved with a Hopfield neural network. This paper describes a neural-network based model capable of producing high-quality edge imagery.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Power linear Keller maps of dimension four

Abstract In this paper it is proved that a power linear Keller map of dimension four over a field of characteristic zero is linearly triangularizable.
PONV/PDNV: implementing the ASPAN Clinical Guideline.

C p e ASPAN’S Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline for the Prevention and/or Management of PONV/PDNV is published and ready for implementation. In March 2006, a multidisciplinary group with representation from the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), ASPAN, and pharmacists convened to critique and rate the current evidence, develop recommendations for practice, and improve outcomes for patients related to the management of PONV/PDNV.
A Nationwide Survey of State-Mandated Evaluation Practices for Domestic Violence Agencies

Many agencies serving survivors of domestic violence are required to evaluate their services. Three possible evaluation strategies include: a) process measurement, which typically involves a frequency count of agency activities, such as the number of counseling hours given; b) outcome evaluation, which measures the impact of agency activities on clients, such as increased understanding of the dynamics of abuse; or c) performance measurement, which assesses the extent to which agencies achieve their stated goals. Findings of a telephone survey of state funders of domestic violence agencies in the United States revealed that most states (67%) require only process measurement, while fewer than 10% require performance measurement. Most (69%) funders reported satisfaction with their evaluation strategy and emphasized the need for involvement of all stakeholders, especially grantees, in developing an evaluation.
Separating the wheat from the chaff: patterns of genetic differentiation in high gene flow species

In many marine species, high levels of gene flow ensure that the genetic signal from population differentiation is weak. As a consequence, various errors associated with estimating population genetic parameters that might normally be safely Ignored assume a relatively greater importance. This fact has important implications for the use of genetic data to address two common questions in fishery conservation and management: (1) How many stocks of a given species are there? and (2) How much gene flow occurs among stocks? This article discusses strategies to maximize the signal:nolse ratio in genetic studies of marine species and suggests a quantitative method to correct for bias due to a common sampling problem. For many marine species, however, genetic methods alone cannot fully resolve these key management questions because the amount of migration necessary to eliminate most genetic evidence of stock structure (only a handful of Individuals per generation) will generally be Inconsequential as a force for rebuilding depleted populations on a time scale of interest to humans. These limitations emphasize the importance of understanding the biology and life history of the target speciesfirst, to guide design of the sampling program, and second, so that additional information can be used to supplement Indirect estimates of migration rates based on genetic data.
On improving the performance of IEEE 802.11 with multihop concepts

It is well known that IEEE 802.11 provides a physical layer multirate capability. In this paper, we propose a novel MAC layer relay-enabled point coordination function (PCF) protocol, called rPCF, to exploit this capability. With multiple data rates in response to different channel conditions, if the direct link has low data rate, data packets may be delivered faster through a relay node. To enable MAC layer relay, the access point needs to collect information about the channel conditions, and notify mobile nodes which data rate to use and whether to use a relay node. We design protocols to achieve this goal and refine these protocols to minimize the control overhead. Simulation results show that rPCF can significantly improve the system performance in terms of system throughput and transmission delay with a very small control overhead.
Utilization of antibiotics: Analysis of appropriateness of use

An antibiotic utilization review was performed for the purpose of determining the frequency and types of infectious diseases presenting to a large, teaching hospital emergency department, and the appropriateness of the use of antibiotics in this setting. In 27% of the visits a diagnosis of an infectious disease was made or an antibiotic was prescribed. The most common presenting diagnoses (comprising more than 75% of cases) were infections of the respiratory tract, skin, urogenital system, and gastrointestinal tract. Penicillins and sulfonamides were frequently prescribed in nearly two-thirds of cases. Antibiotic prescribing was determined to be appropriate in 78% of cases. Inappropriate use most often involved the use of prophylactic antibiotics in clean lacerations and the use of prophylactic antibiotic combination products following trauma to the eye.
Shape Control of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals

Colloidal metal nanoparticles are emerging as key materials for catalysis, plasmonics, sensing, and spectroscopy. Within these applications, control of nanoparticle shape lends increasing functionality and selectivity. Shape-controlled nanocrystals possess well-defined surfaces and morphologies because their nucleation and growth are controlled at the atomic level. An overall picture of shaped metal particles is presented, with a particular focus on solution-based syntheses for the noble metals. General strategies for synthetic control are discussed, emphasizing key factors that result in anisotropic, nonspherical growth such as crystallographically selective adsorbates and seeding processes.
Personality, psychiatric disorders, and smoking in middle-aged adults

INTRODUCTION A number of personality traits have been associated with cigarette smoking. Current smokers generally show higher levels of negative emotionality and lower levels of behavioral constraint than former smokers and those who never smoked. However, prior investigations have not examined thoroughly whether these smoking-personality associations are unique to smoking status or simply reflect the fact that these personality traits tend to be elevated across numerous forms of psychopathology. Likewise, prior studies have not addressed whether personality shows differential associations with smoking based on the presence or absence of lifetime psychiatric disorders. METHODS The present study examined these questions using data from 472 current, 311 former, and 324 never-smokers aged 34-44 years. RESULTS Current smokers reported being more reactive to stress, more aggressive, more alienated, and less harm avoidant than both former smokers and never-smokers, whereas former smokers and never-smokers showed similar personality profiles overall. Psychiatric disorder history did not interact with smoking status in predicting personality. Controlling for differences in four major lifetime psychiatric disorders (major depression, alcohol dependence, drug dependence, and conduct disorder) reduced the differences in personality traits associated with smoking status. However, smoking status continued to relate uniquely and significantly to higher levels of negative emotionality and behavioral under control with the most robust effect observed for trait alienation. DISCUSSION These results provide the most comprehensive depiction to date of interrelations among personality, psychopathology, and smoking and suggest an important role of personality in smoking that is not redundant with or conditional upon lifetime psychopathology.
Distal Biceps Tendon Injuries: Diagnosis and Management

Rupture of the distal biceps tendon occurs most commonly in the dominant extremity of men between 40 and 60 years of age when an unexpected extension force is applied to the flexed arm. Although previously thought to be an uncommon injury, distal biceps tendon ruptures are being reported with increasing frequency. The rupture typically occurs at the tendon insertion into the radial tuberosity in an area of preexisting tendon degeneration. The diagnosis is made on the basis of a history of a painful, tearing sensation in the antecubital region. Physical examination demonstrates a palpable and visible deformity of the distal biceps muscle belly with weakness in flexion and supination. The ability to palpate the tendon in the antecubital fossa may indicate partial tearing of the biceps tendon. Plain radiographs may show hypertrophic bone formation at the radial tuberosity. Magnetic resonance imaging is generally not required to diagnose a complete rupture but may be useful in the case of a partial rupture. Early surgical reattachment to the radial tuberosity is recommended for optimal results. A modified two-incision technique is the most widely used method of repair, but anterior single-incision techniques may be equally effective provided the radial nerve is protected. The patient with a chronic rupture may benefit from surgical reattachment, but proximal retraction and scarring of the muscle belly can make tendon mobilization difficult, and inadequate length of the distal biceps tendon may necessitate tendon augmentation. Postoperative rehabilitation must emphasize protected return of motion for the first 8 weeks after repair. Formal strengthening may begin as early as 8 weeks, with a return to unrestricted activities, including lifting, by 5 months.
Morphine and dynorphin(1-13) microinjected into the medial preoptic area and nucleus accumbens: effects on sexual behavior in male rats.

Abstract The effects on sexual behavior of opiate receptor stimulation within A10 and A14 terminal areas were examined in the following experiments. Morphine (0.01–6 nmol) and dynorphin(1–13) (0.01–3 pmol) were microinjected into the medial preoptic area (MPOA). Morphine (10–100 pmol) and dynorphin (10–100 fmol) injected into the MPOA reduced both the latency to ejaculate and the number of intromissions triggering ejaculation. Morphine (6 nmol) produced a failure to resume copulating following the second ejaculation. Morphine (1–10 nmol) injected into the nucleus accumbens (ACC) shortened the latency to the first intromission and lengthened the second postejaculatory interval. Naloxone (3 mg/kg i.p.) reversed the effects of morphine on intromission latency and attenuated the lowering of ejaculatory threshold.
Tracking juniper berry content in oils and distillates by spectral deconvolution of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry data

The complex nature of botanicals and essential oils makes it difficult to identify all of the constituents by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) alone. In this paper, automated sequential, multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–GC/MS) was used to obtain a matrix-specific, retention time/mass spectrometry library of 190 juniper berry oil compounds. GC/MS analysis on stationary phases with different polarities confirmed the identities of each compound when spectral deconvolution software was used to analyze the oil. Also analyzed were distillates of juniper berry and its oil as well as gin from four different manufacturers. Findings showed the chemical content of juniper berry can be traced from starting material to final product and can be used to authenticate and differentiate brands.
Reducing design complexity of the load/store queue

With faster CPU clocks and wider pipelines, all relevant microarchitecture components should scale accordingly. There have been many proposals for scaling the issue queue, register file, and cache hierarchy. However, nothing has been done for scaling the load/store queue, despite the increasing pressure on the load/store queue in terms of capacity and search bandwidth. The load/store queue is a CAM structure which holds in-flight memory instructions and supports simultaneous searches to honor memory dependencies and memory consistency models. Therefore, it is difficult to scale the load/store queue. In this study, we introduce novel techniques to scale the load/store queue. We propose two techniques, store-load pair predictor and load buffer, to reduce the search bandwidth requirement; and one technique, segmentation, to scale the size. We show that a load/store queue using our predictor and load buffer needs only one port to outperform a conventional two-ported load/store queue. Compared to the same base case, segmentation alone achieves speedups of 5% for integer benchmarks and 19% for floating point benchmarks. A one-ported load/store queue using all of our techniques improves performance on average by 6% and 23%, and up to 15% and 59%, for integer and floating-point benchmarks, respectively, over a two-ported conventional load/store queue.
Metadata Topic Harmonization and Semantic Search for Linked‐Data‐Driven Geoportals: A Case Study Using ArcGIS Online

Geoportals provide integrated access to geospatial resources, and enable both authorities and the general public to contribute and share data and services. An essential goal of geoportals is to facilitate the discovery of the available resources. Such process heavily relies on the quality of metadata. While multiple metadata standards have been established, data contributers may adopt different standards when sharing their data via the same geoportal. This is especially the case for user-generated content where various terms and topics can be introduced to describe similar datasets. While this heterogeneity provides a wealth of perspectives, it also complicates resource discovery. With the fast development of the Semantic Web technologies, there is a rise of Linked-Data-driven portals. Although these novel portals open up new ways to organizing metadata and retrieving resources, they lack effective semantic search methods. This paper addresses the two challenges discussed above, namely the topic heterogeneity brought by multiple metadata standards as well as the lack of established semantic search in Linked-Data-driven geoportals. To harmonize the metadata topics, we employ a natural language processing method, namely Labeled Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LLDA), and train it using standardized metadata from Data.gov. With respect to semantic search, we construct thematic and geographic matching features from the textual metadata descriptions, and train a regression model via a human participants experiment. We evaluate our methods by examining their performances in addressing the two issues. Finally, we implement a semantics-enabled and Linked-Data-driven prototypical geoportal using a sample dataset from Esri’s ArcGIS Online.
Chaperone Hsp31 contributes to acid resistance in stationary-phase Escherichia coli.

Hsp31, the product of the σS- and σD-dependent hchA gene, is a heat-inducible chaperone implicated in the management of protein misfolding at high temperatures. We show here that Hsp31 plays an important role in the acid resistance of starved Escherichia coli but that it has little influence on oxidative-stress survival.
Navigating Uncharted Waters: Newcomer Socialization Through the Lens of Stress Theory

Although the stress and socialization literatures have flourished over the past several decades, they have done so largely independently, and our understanding of the cost of stress to organizations in the form of newcomer turnover, lowered adjustment, and the health and well-being of newcomers is largely unknown. This review takes an explicitly newcomer-centric perspective toward the socialization process by examining newcomer experiences through the lens of popular models of work stress, including the job demands-resources model, the transactional theory of stress, and the challenge-hindrance stressor framework. In doing so, we identify individual and work-related factors that contribute to the experience of stress for newcomers and point to ways in which organizational and employee-driven inputs can assist in building and acquiring important resources needed to cope with the demands faced in a new work role. In addition, we offer a framework that incorporates individual experiences and behaviors as the...
RING SIZE EFFECT IN THE PKC INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF PERHYDROAZEPINE ANALOGS OF BALANOL

Abstract Analogs 3–5 of balanol (−)- 1 , a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, were synthesized with the perhydroazepine moiety replaced by a smaller ring. Their in vitro inhibitory activities against PKC revealed a significant relationship between ring size and potency.
The Lymphotoxin-β Receptor Induces Different Patterns of Gene Expression via Two NF-κB Pathways

The lymphotoxin-beta receptor (LTbetaR) plays critical roles in inflammation and lymphoid organogenesis through activation of NF-kappaB. In addition to activation of the classical NF-kappaB, ligation of this receptor induces the processing of the cytosolic NF-kappaB2/p100 precursor to yield the mature p52 subunit, followed by translocation of p52 to the nucleus. This activation of NF-kappaB2 requires NIK and IKKalpha, while NEMO/IKKgamma is dispensable for p100 processing. IKKbeta-dependent activation of canonical NF-kappaB is required for the expression but not processing of p100 and for the expression of proinflammatory molecules including VCAM-1, MIP-1beta, and MIP-2 in response to LTbetaR ligation. In contrast, IKKalpha controls the induction by LTbetaR ligation of chemokines and cytokines involved in lymphoid organogenesis, including SLC, BLC, ELC, SDF1, and BAFF.