cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subchondral Bone Failure in an Equine Model of Overload Arthrosis

Gross examination of metacarpo-/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joints from racehorses revealed defects on the condylar surface that ranged from cartilage fibrillation and erosion to focal cartilage indentations and cavitation in subchondral bone characteristic of traumatic osteochondrosis. Because these lesions represented a spectrum of mechanically induced arthrosis in which microdamage is thought to play a role, a histologic study of sagittal sections was made to study the morphogenesis. Subchondral bone failure developed beneath a flattened section of the condyle where the margin of the sesamoid bone produces compression as well as shear on impact of the foot with the ground. Milder lesions had thickening of subchondral bone and underlying trabeculae. With advancing sclerosis an increased amount of osteocyte necrosis was present. Occasional vascular channels with plugs of matrix debris and cells were present just beneath the cartilage. There was increased prominence of subchondral vessels, and osteoclastic remodeling was seen in and around the sclerotic zone. Apparent fragmentation lines in the subchondral bone suggested increased matrix fragility. Irregular trabecular microfractures developed at a depth of a few millimeters. Increased vascularity with hemorrhage, fibrin, and fibroplasia could be seen in enlarged marrow spaces at this more advanced stage. The overlying articular cartilage was variably indented but remained largely viable with degeneration and erosion limited to the superficial layers. Focally, breaks in the calcified layer appeared to lead to collapse and cartilage infolding. In metacarpal condyles from experimental horses run on a treadmill, there were milder changes at the site. The subchondral bone was increased in volume and there was increased diffuse staining with basic fuchsin, but no increase in the number of microcracks was seen. The findings in the racehorses indicate that the equine fetlock condyle is a consistent site of overload arthrosis in which microfracture and failure in subchondral bone may occur. Controlled exercise in treadmill horses may provide a model in which to study the pathogenesis.
Prostaglandin A2 and Δ12‐prostaglandin J2 induce apoptosis in L1210 cells

Treatment of L1210 cells with prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) or 9-deoxy-Δ9,12-13,14-dihydro PGD2 (Δ12-PGJ2) resulted in significant G2/M arrest and subsequent DNA fragmentation at concentrations that are cytotoxic to the cells. On agarose gel electrophoresis, DNA ladder formation was evident 24 h after the addition of Δ12-PGJ2 and remained apparent through 72 h, whereas G2/M accumulation was observed 6 h after the treatment. When the morphology of cells was examined by electron microscopy, L1210 cells incubated with a cytotoxic dose of PGA2 or Δ12-PGJ2 for 24 h showed the characteristic morphological features of apoptosis such as chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic body. Cycloheximide blocked the DNA fragmentation and morphological changes induced by Δ12-PGJ2. Our results suggest that these cyclopentenone PGs caused apoptotic cell death of L1210 cells which is preceded by G2/M accumulation and requires de novo protein synthesis.
Current Status and New Developments in Spectroscopy-Based Bio-Sensor Technology for Security Applications

This presentation overviews bio-detection research and development based on optical measurement techniques. Application concepts-of-operation, connection between measurement specificity and sensor performance, potential relevant optical phenomenologies and a summary of active research programs will be discussed.
Dirac Particle in a Magnetic Field: Symmetries and their Breaking by Monopole Singularities

Some rules governing motion of a charged particle obeying the Dirac equation are assembled, including exact helicity conservation for scattering on an arbitrary finite magnetic field configuration. The singularity at the location of a magnetic monopole invalidates the derivation of the rules mentioned, leaving the Dirac Hamiltonian H undefined for the lowest angular momentum state of the electron in the field of the pole. Specifying the behavior of H under the discrete P, T, and C symmetries determines it almost uniquely. One result is that H may possess a bound state of zero energy, contrary to assertions in early papers on the subject. Zero-energy bound states which violate the superselection rule for electric charge are also studied, including one which is the point limit of a solution for a fermion multiplet interacting with a finite-energy soliton monopole. Implications of such a bound state for second quantization have been considered previously by others and are further analyzed here. The suggestion that monopoles may possess half-integral fermion number is shown to be unwarranted by present evidence.
Control, Persuasion, and Educational Accountability: Implementing the No Child Left Behind Act

This article examines early implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act's (NCLB) accountability provisions. Theoretically, the author explains how executing education policy in the United States requires federal officials to employ tactics designed to assert control over state implementers while persuading them to adopt federal priorities as their own. Empirically, the main objective is to reveal how control and persuasion have been integral to early federal efforts to keep NCLB on track. The data come from several sources describing state implementation of NCLB and federal efforts to influence state actions during 2002 to 2004. Overall, the author argues that understanding NCLB implementation as a series of control and persuasion challenges confronting federal officials will enable observers to better assess the law's performance.
Formation of Allantoin and Allantoic Acid from Adenine in Leaves of Acer saccharinum L.

ALLANTOIN and allantoic acid have been shown to be major constituents of the xylem sap of many species of trees1, and have been proposed as important trans-locatory forms of nitrogen1,2. Most workers in ureide metabolism in plants are of the opinion that allantoin and allantoic acid are not formed primarily by purine catabolism, as in the case in animals, but are synthesized from simpler molecules such as urea, glycine, or glyoxylate2–4. This communication presents evidence that allantoin and allantoic acid are readily formed from adenine in leaves of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.).
Visible frequency magnetic activity in silver nanocluster metamaterial

We experimentally observe magnetic resonance in the visible frequency region from self-assembled silver nanocluster metamaterials. Extensive numerical modeling studies were conducted to find the optimal nanocluster dimensions. Self-assembly of silver nanoparticles coated with nanoscale silica coating was then performed on polymer templates fabricated by laser interference lithography. The nanoclusters supported magnetic resonance in the visible region, and the extracted effective permeability exhibited Lorentz-like resonance. The experimentally observed lowest value for the real part of permeability was 0.06. The nanocluster metamaterial represents a practical metamaterial architecture that is compatible with the scalable bottom-up manufacturing process.
Treatment of allergic reactions and quality of life among caregivers of food-allergic children

Abstract Background Caregivers of food-allergic individuals (FAIs) have decreased quality of life (QoL). The effects of epinephrine administration on QoL are poorly understood. Objective To investigate the relation between QoL and epinephrine use. Methods A de-identified 50-question online survey was administered to caregivers of FAIs across the United States through Web site, email, and social media networks of 2 national food allergy advocacy groups. QoL was assessed using the Food Allergy Quality of Life–Parental Burden questionnaire. The effect of prior epinephrine administration on QoL was analyzed using linear regression. Results Of 3,541 respondents, 35.6% reported their FAIs received epinephrine. Mean Food Allergy Quality of Life–Parental Burden scores were higher (worse QoL) in those reporting FAIs receiving epinephrine (3.07 vs 2.84, P P P P Conclusion The effect of epinephrine use on caregiver QoL is conditional and depends on reaction severity. Having multiple FAIs and FAIs with multiple food allergies was associated with worsening QoL. Further studies are needed to better understand the effects of treating an allergic reaction on caregiver QoL.
GC content around splice sites affects splicing through pre-mRNA secondary structures

Alternative splicing increases protein diversity by generating multiple transcript isoforms from a single gene through different combinations of exons or through different selections of splice sites. It has been reported that RNA secondary structures are involved in alternative splicing. Here we perform a genomic study of RNA secondary structures around splice sites in humans (Homo sapiens), mice (Mus musculus), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) to further investigate this phenomenon. We observe that GC content around splice sites is closely associated with the splice site usage in multiple species. RNA secondary structure is the possible explanation, because the structural stability difference among alternative splice sites, constitutive splice sites, and skipped splice sites can be explained by the GC content difference. Alternative splice sites tend to be GC-enriched and exhibit more stable RNA secondary structures in all of the considered species. In humans and mice, splice sites of first exons and long exons tend to be GC-enriched and hence form more stable structures, indicating the special role of RNA secondary structures in promoter proximal splicing events and the splicing of long exons. In addition, GC-enriched exon-intron junctions tend to be overrepresented in tissue-specific alternative splice sites, indicating the functional consequence of the GC effect. Compared with regions far from splice sites and decoy splice sites, real splice sites are GC-enriched. We also found that the GC-content effect is much stronger than the nucleotide-order effect to form stable secondary structures. All of these results indicate that GC content is related to splice site usage and it may mediate the splicing process through RNA secondary structures.
Episodic mantle differentiation: Nd and Sr isotopic evidence

A study of Nd and Sr isotopic composition of clinopyroxenes separated from two hydrous and four anhydrous ultramafic nodules is presented. Correlation of Nd-143/Nd-144 with Sm/Nd suggests that a second partial melting occurred about 560 m.y. ago resulting in LREE enrichment of a part of the anhydrous mantle. The isotopic data for anhydrous nodules show that oceanic type mantle underlies at some continental areas. It is concluded that the separation of subcontinental mantle regions from an initially chondritic reservoir may occur in discrete episodes, and that different histories of depletion and/or enrichment will produce isotopically distinct mantle reservoirs.
Allergic contact dermatitis to mango flesh

A 22-year-old white female student presented to the Emergency Department with a 2-day history of patchy pruritic erythema of the face, neck, and arms with periorbital edema. The eruption began as an isolated patch of nasal erythema, with subsequent extension to involve the entire face. Within 2 days, fine pinpoint papules were noted on the face, anterior chest, neck, and upper extremities. Periorbital edema was present without intraoral abnormalities or laryngeal changes. An erythematous, mildly lichenified plaque was noted on the ventral left wrist. The past medical history was significant for two similar, milder episodes of allergic reactions of uncertain etiology occurring within the previous 2 months. The previous eruptions resolved after treatment with oral loratodine and topical fluocinonide cream 0.05%. The patient denied any history of contact urticaria or new household or personal hygiene contactants, although she did report frequent ingestion of peeled mangoes. Her brother had a history of eczematous dermatitis. In the Emergency Department, the patient was administered intravenous diphenhydramine and a single 50 mg dose of oral prednisone. She continued treatment with a 5-day course of prednisone, 50 mg daily, with loratodine, 20 mg daily, and diphenhydramine as needed; however, no symptomatic improvement was seen over 4 days. She was then advised to restart fluocinonide cream twice daily. Patch testing was performed to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Standard Series utilizing methods of the International Contact Dermatitis research group with Finn chambers. Mango skin and mango flesh harvested 5 mm below the skin surface were also placed in duplicate and tested under Finn chambers. Positive (1+) reactions were noted to nickel and p-tertbutylphenol formaldehyde resin, and bullous reactions were found to mango skin and surface flesh in duplicate (Fig. 1). Complete avoidance of mango led to resolution of the initial eruption. The clinical relevance of nickel and p-tertbutylphenol formaldehyde resin was thought to be associated with the wrist lesion immediately below a glued portion of a wristwatch strap and metal clasp. Figure 1. Positive patch test reactions, in duplicate, to mango skin (left column) and mango flesh 5 mm below the skin (right column)
Deflections in magnet fringe fields.

A transverse multipole expansion is derived, including the longitudinal components necessarily present in regions of varying magnetic field profile. It can be used for exact numerical orbit following through the fringe field regions of magnets whose end designs introduce no extraneous components, {\it i.e.} fields not required to be present by Maxwell's equations. Analytic evaluations of the deflections are obtained in various approximations. Mainly emphasized is a ``straight-line approximation'', in which particle orbits are treated as straight lines through the fringe field regions. This approximation leads to a readily-evaluated figure of merit, the ratio of r.m.s. end deflection to nominal body deflection, that can be used to determine whether or not a fringe field can be neglected. Deflections in ``critical'' cases (e.g. near intersection regions) are analysed in the same approximation.
Sialic acid activating enzyme in ocular tissue.

The distribution of cytidine-5′-monophosphosialic acid synthetase, the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of “active” sialic acid, was investigated in several tissues of the adult hog eye. Of the ocular tissues examined (retina, choroid, iris, ciliary body, lens and cornea) highest enzymatic activity was observed in extracts from the retina. Similar activities were observed in tissue from the fetal hog eye. Cytidine-5′-monophosphosialic acid prepared enzymatically by extracts from the retina was isolated and identified. In the lens, most of the enzymatic activity was located in the capsule-epithelial region. No activity was detected in extracts prepared from human cataractous lenses. Dialysis studies indicated that all of the sialic acid in cataractous lenses is non-dialyzable, i.e. it exists in bound form. Studies on the subcellular distribution of enzymatic activity in the retina showed that the “nuclear fraction” prepared from 0·25 m sucrose homogenates of the tissue contained most of the activity. High activity was also observed in more purified nuclei prepared by sucrose-CaCl 2 procedures. Some implications of the nuclear location of sialic acid activation are discussed.
Individual and joint actions of selenate and methylmercury on the development and survival of insect detritivore Megaselia scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae).

Despite the important roles played by insects in most ecosystems, surprisingly little is known about how anthropogenic pollutants or their mixtures interact to affect insect populations. The independent and joint actions of selenate and methylmercury on a ubiquitous insect detritivore, Megaselia scalaris (Loew), were determined in this study. Ovipositing females did not distinguish between untreated food sources and those contaminated with toxic concentrations of selenate, methylmercury, or both chemicals in combination. Even at the highest concentrations of pollutants, no negative effects were observed for the egg stage. However, larval survival was significantly decreased and development significantly prolonged by selenate and methylmercury individually at low or intermediate ecologically relevant treatment levels. Potentiation was strongly evident because mixtures containing concentrations as little as only 1% of the respective individual median lethal tolerances (LC50s) caused significantly more mortality and delayed larval development than would be expected from the responses selenate and methylmercury elicit individually. However, survival and pupal development was not affected at any rate tested. Female fecundity was significantly decreased by methylmercury but not by selenate or mixture treatments. The relative toxicity to M. scalaris of each of the individual and joint treatments was selenate (LC50 = 260 μg/g) < methylmercury (LC50 = 22 μg/g) < the mixture at approximately 5% of the LC50 concentration of each of the components (12 μg/g selenate plus 1.0 μg/g methylmercury). The increased mortality and delayed larval development within sites contaminated by selenate, methylmercury, or combination of the two have substantial implications for the ecology, population dynamics, and sustainability of M. scalaris populations. If these results can be extrapolated to other arthropod detritivores, ecosystem food-web function may be substantially affected.
Modes of Engagement for Urban Research: Enacting a Politics of Possibility:

Cities are increasingly cast as being shaped by globalization and related neoliberal policies. While these diverse literatures have provided needed theoretical advancement to rethink the city in relation to political–economic change, they also run the risk of conceptualizing, studying, and representing cities without sufficient attention to the spatial copresence of multiple actors. The result is that some treatments of the city reproduce a unified story line that conceals human agency, reads as if there is only one trajectory on which all cities are moving, and does not engage in imagining alternative urban futures. In this paper we suggest that there is a continued need to critically examine the spatial narratives mobilized both by researchers as well as by the other actors they encounter. Drawing on the widespread idea that the stories which researchers tell are intimately linked with the conduct of research itself, we advocate a researcher mode of engagement that permits collaborative critique of proj...
Robust M Estimation in the Two-Sample Problem

Abstract Let X 11, …, X 1n1 and X 21, …, X 2n 2 be two independent samples from a location-scale family, and suppose that the interest lies in robust M estimation of the location difference θ2 − θ1. It will be assumed that the two scale parameters are equal but unknown. The usual robust M estimator for the location shift is the difference of the robust M estimators for the two location parameters. In this article we propose an alternative method that uses a single estimating equation to generate the robust estimator of the location shift. This estimating equation is derived from a reparametrization of the two-sample problem introduced by Neyman and Scott. When the same Ψ function is used, the new and the usual M estimators of the location shift have the same influence functions and asymptotic variance, and hence the two types of M estimators share the same class of optimal Ψ functions. However, all members of the new class of optimal robust M estimators for the location shift have sample-wise breakdown po...
Globalization: Country and company interests in conflict

Globalization has brought about fundamental change. But, the same theory that shows that free trade is beneficial also shows that globalization can be harmful to at least one of the trading countries. Moreover, with globalization, the interests of a country and its companies may diverge. In this paper, we examine free trade in a globalizing world and identify the key policy issues that economists and industrial leaders, alike, must address in today’s interdependent world. © 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Society for Policy Modeling.
Evidence of fibrinogen as a target of citrullination in IgM rheumatoid factor-positive polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Several studies have noted the significance of measuring anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) as an important indicator for destructive disease, as is the case in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While the role of anti-CCP antibodies in RA and JIA has become better understood, the identity of the target proteins of this modification has remained elusive. In this study, we evaluated serum from patients with various subtypes of JIA to investigate the presence of anti-deiminated (citrullinated) fibrinogen and anti-citrullinated α-enolase antibodies, and their association with RF and anti-CCP antibody isotypes. Sera were obtained from 96 JIA patients, 19 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and 10 healthy children. All sera were measured for antibodies against citrullinated and native fibrinogen and α-enolase by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, all sera were assayed for anti-CCP antibody isotypes and rheumatoid factor (RF) isotypes by ELISA. The relationship between anti-citrullinated fibrinogen and anti-α-enolase antibodies and disease activity and joint damage were also investigated. All results were correlated with clinical and laboratory parameters using Spearman's rho correlation coefficient. Multiple logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify which variables were associated with joint erosions and diagnosis of JIA. Thirty-one JIA patients (32%) demonstrated reactivity to citrullinated fibrinogen and 9 (9%) to citrullinated α-enolase. Reactivity to citrullinated fibrinogen and α-enolase was predominantly found in IgM RF-positive polyarthritis patients. Fourteen JIA patients reacted with native α-enolase and a higher percentage of SLE patients reacted with citrullinated α-enolase when compared to JIA patients. Anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibodies correlated with the presence of IgG anti-CCP antibodies and IgA and IgM RF. The presence of anti-citrullinated α-enolase antibodies correlated with IgA anti-CCP antibodies. IgG anti-CCP antibodies were significantly associated with joint damage and anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibodies were strongly associated with JIA when compared to control groups. Anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibodies demonstrated high sensitivity (81%) for IgM RF-positive polyarticular JIA. IgG anti-CCP antibodies had the highest specificity (95%) for JIA, with anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibodies, IgA anti-CCP antibodies and IgA RF all following at 84%. JIA patient sera exhibited strong reactivity to anti-citrullinated fibrinogen antibodies and demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for JIA, primarily in IgM RF-positive polyarthritis patients. Fibrinogen is one of several protein targets for citrullination in JIA.
Identification of CKAP4/p63 as a Major Substrate of the Palmitoyl Acyltransferase DHHC2, a Putative Tumor Suppressor, Using a Novel Proteomics Method

Protein palmitoylation is the post-translational addition of the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitate to specific cysteine residues by a labile thioester linkage. Palmitoylation is mediated by a family of at least 23 palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs) characterized by an Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) motif. Many palmitoylated proteins have been identified, but PAT-substrate relationships are mostly unknown. Here we present a method called palmitoyl-cysteine isolation capture and analysis (or PICA) to identify PAT-substrate relationships in a living vertebrate system and demonstrate its effectiveness by identifying CKAP4/p63 as a substrate of DHHC2, a putative tumor suppressor.
Multiresolution adaptive and progressive gradient-based color-image segmentation

We propose a novel unsupervised multiresolution adaptive and progressive gradient-based color-image segmentation algorithm (MAPGSEG) that takes advantage of gradient information in an adaptive and progressive framework. The proposed methodology is initiated with a dyadic wavelet decomposition scheme of an arbitrary input image accompanied by a vector gradient calculation of its color-converted counterpart in the 1976 Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* color space. The resultant gradient map is used to automatically and adaptively generate thresholds to segregate regions of varying gradient densities at different resolution levels of the input image pyramid. At each level, the classification obtained by a progressively thresholded growth procedure is integrated with an entropy-based texture model by using a unique region-merging procedure to obtain an interim segmentation. A confidence map and nonlinear spatial filtering techniques are combined, and regions of high confidence are passed from one resolution level to another until the final segmentation at the highest (original) resolution is achieved. A performance evaluation of our results on several hundred images with a recently proposed metric called the normalized probabilistic Rand index demonstrates that the proposed work computationally outperforms published segmentation techniques with superior quality.
Using Cinema and Literature to Explore Existentialism

This article describes how the book When Nietzsche Wept: A Novel of Obsession and the movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind can be used to help counseling graduate students understand existential theory and its application to clients. Yalom's Four Givens of Existence, which consists of freedom and responsibility, meaninglessness, existential isolation, and death, are discussed in relationship to characters in the novel and film. An outline for recreating the assignment is included.
Polarization rotation by helix metamaterial

This paper investigates the polarization rotation effect of metamaterial with a lattice of flattened spiral segments. This multilayered structure can be fabricated easily, and the simulation result shows that it can rotate the polarization effectively.
Design and simulation of microptical devices (spot displacement devices) for free-space all-optical OXC systems

We introduce two new designs for a spot displacement device (SDD) to be used in a White cell-based binary optical cross-connect system (OXC). We described in detail the implementation of an SDD based on a lens train configuration and a roof prism SDD. We discuss the aberrations associated with each design. We also show simulations for an eight-output OXC binary system using one of these designs
A simple model for thermal instability in the asthenosphere

Summary. Motion of the lithosphere over a low viscosity asthenosphere concentrates shear and thus energy dissipation in the asthenosphere. This heat source warms the asthenosphere and, in extreme circumstances, may lead to thermal instabilities. The conditions for thermal stability have been investigated by Melosh who supposed that constant stress acted on the plate, and by Yuen & Schubert who assumed constant velocity boundary conditions. In this paper we investigate a simple analytical model which behaves qualitatively like the more complex systems. This model reproduces the results of Melosh for constant stress and of Yuen & Schubert for constant velocity. The velocity-shear stress characteristic curve for this model shows three branches. The stability of solutions on each branch is a function of the boundary conditions, whether constant stress or constant velocity. The simplicity of the model allows us to investigate stability when neither constant stress nor constant velocity apply and to study the structure of the solutions as these limits are approached. A relation between the velocity of a plate and the driving force is constructed. A loading-line analysis specifies the actual stress and velocity of the plate. Although the solutions are unique for many combinations of the loading-line parameters, there is a region of multiple solutions. These solutions exhibit the characteristics of a ‘cusp catastrophe’; both a low velocity and a high velocity state are stable, while an intermediate state is unstable. Continental lithosphere may lie in this region, leading to epirogenic movements when the plate changes its velocity with respect to the mantle. Oceanic lithosphere almost certainly moves in the low velocity state.
Isolation of Various Genotypes of Clostridium difficile from Patients and the Environment in an Oncology Ward

The epidemiology of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) is not well defined in nonepidemic situations because precise biotyping techniques have only recently become available. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was used to determine strain identity of C. difficile isolates recovered on our oncology ward, at an incidence rate of 0.84%. Twenty-one strains of C. difficile, which were grouped into 18 different AP-PCR types, were isolated from patients' specimens. Forty-two C. difficile isolates recovered from the environment (33 toxigenic and 9 nontoxigenic) represented 9 different AP-PCR types. The most commonly found type, a toxigenic strain accounting for 29% of the environmental isolates, was widespread throughout the ward. None of the environmental types were found among the isolates from patients. Three patients' isolates were of the same AP-PCR type, and two of these patients had occupied neighboring rooms at the same time. The diversity of C. difficile isotypes suggests that endemic nosocomial CDAD is not necessarily clonally spread.
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND VIOLENCE: THE PERSPECTIVE OF WOMEN

Violence against women is a major public health problem. Women with a diagnosis of schizophrenia suffer higher rates of violence compared with women without mental illnesses. Little research has focused on what it means for women to live with schizophrenia and a history of violence. This interpretive phenomenological study identified three themes of schizophrenia and violence: Being Stigmatized, Foreclosing a Future of Possibilities, and Finding Meaning in Symptoms. The results suggest mental health professionals should assess women with diagnoses of schizophrenia for violence and provide opportunities for trauma stories to be heard. These listening types of patient-centered interventions may promote recovery.
An enzymatically-sensitized sequential and concentric energy transfer relay self-assembled around semiconductor quantum dots

The ability to control light energy within de novo nanoscale structures and devices will greatly benefit their continuing development and ultimate application. Ideally, this control should extend from generating the light itself to its spatial propagation within the device along with providing defined emission wavelength(s), all in a stand-alone modality. Here we design and characterize macromolecular nanoassemblies consisting of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), several differentially dye-labeled peptides and the enzyme luciferase which cumulatively demonstrate many of these capabilities by engaging in multiple-sequential energy transfer steps. To create these structures, recombinantly-expressed luciferase and the dye-labeled peptides were appended with a terminal polyhistidine sequence allowing for controlled ratiometric self-assembly around the QDs via metal-affinity coordination. The QDs serve to provide multiple roles in these structures including as central assembly platforms or nanoscaffolds along with acting as a potent energy harvesting and transfer relay. The devices are activated by addition of coelenterazine H substrate which is oxidized by luciferase producing light energy which sensitizes the central 625 nm emitting QD acceptor by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). The sensitized QD, in turn, acts as a relay and transfers the energy to a first peptide-labeled Alexa Fluor 647 acceptor dye displayed on its surface. This dye then transfers energy to a second red-shifted peptide-labeled dye acceptor on the QD surface through a second concentric Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) process. Alexa Fluor 700 and Cy5.5 are both tested in the role of this terminal FRET acceptor. Photophysical analysis of spectral profiles from the resulting sequential BRET–FRET–FRET processes allow us to estimate the efficiency of each of the transfer steps. Importantly, the efficiency of each step within this energy transfer cascade can be controlled to some extent by the number of enzymes/peptides displayed on the QD. Further optimization of the energy transfer process(es) along with potential applications of such devices are finally discussed.
Advanced Single-Wafer Sequential Multiprocessing Techniques for Semiconductor Device Fabrication

Single-Wafer Integrated in-situ Multiprocessing (SWIM) is recognized as the future trend for advanced microelectronics production in flexible fast turn-around computer-integrated semiconductor manufacturing environments. The SWIM equipment technology and processing methodology offer enhanced equipment utilization, improved process reproducibility and yield, and reduced chip manufacturing cost. They also provide significant capabilities for fabrication of new and improved device structures. This paper describes the SWIM techniques and presents a novel single-wafer advanced vacuum multiprocessing technology developed based on the use of multiple process energy/activation sources (lamp heating and remote microwave plasma) for multilayer epitaxial and polycrystalline semiconductor as well as dielectric film processing. Based on this technology, multilayer in-situ-doped homoepitaxial silicon and heteroepitaxial strained layer Si/GexSi1−x/Si structures have been grown and characterized. The process control and the ultimate interfacial abruptness of the layer-to-layer transition widths in the device structures prepared by this technology will challenge the MBE techniques in multilayer epitaxial growth applications.
Incidence of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in the United States, 2006

OBJECTIVES: Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) infections, although relatively rare, cause significant morbidity and mortality. Estimates of nHSV incidence across the United States vary widely and have been derived by using a variety of methods. We estimated the incidence of nHSV infections for the United States during 2006, as well as demographic-specific rates, by using nationally and regionally weighted estimates from a population-based sample of inpatient data. METHODS: We examined inpatient records of infants aged 60 days or younger at admission using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids9 Inpatient Database. Patients with a length of stay that exceeded 7 days (or deceased during hospitalization) were identified at discharge from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes for herpes simplex (054.0–054.9). Cases for which patients had been transferred from another hospital or readmitted were excluded from case counts. RESULTS: We found an overall US incidence of 9.6 per 100 000 births in 2006. Rates per 100 000 births among US regions were 8.2 in the Northeast, 12.9 in the Midwest, 8.9 in the South, and 8.8 in the West. Rates of 13.8, 9.9, and 7.5 were observed for black, white, and Hispanic newborns, respectively; these differences were not statistically significant. Rates were significantly higher among cases for which the expected primary payer was Medicaid (15.1) compared with private insurance or managed health care (5.4). Median age at admission was 10 days; 25% of admissions were on the day of birth. CONCLUSIONS: This description of regional and demographic-specific nHSV incidence rates for the United States provides important new information on the extent of this potentially devastating disease.
Effects of Growth Hormone on the Lipolytic Response of Adipose Tissue to Theophylline1

Adipose tissue from hypophysectomized rats has a reduced capacity to carry on lipolysis in response to theophylline and other lipolytic agents. Three hr after a single injection of growth hormone (100 μg), FFA and glycerol production in response to theophylline are increased, but basal lipolysis is unchanged. Preincubation of adipose tissue for 3 hr in the presence of 0.01–1.0 μg/ml of growth hormone significantly increased the lipolytic response to theophylline, again without affecting the basal rate of lipolysis. This action of growth hormone has a lag period of more than 1 hr, is blocked by insulin and augmented by dexamethasone, which has a similar, but less consistent effect. Actinomycin failed to block this response to growth hormone and cycloheximide significantly enhanced it. These data are thought to illustrate an effect of growth hormone on the level of 3′,5′-cyclic AMP in adipose tissue, and suggest a biochemical explanation for the “permissive” effect of growth hormone on lipolysis. (Endocrino...
Aromatic polyamides. V. Substituent effect on thermal properties

Some wholly aromatic polyamides derived from unsubstituted and chloro- and nitro-substituted diamines have been studied from the viewpoint of their thermal stability, thermo-oxidative stability, and thermal transitions. General relationships between thermal stability of a polymer and its chemical structure are described. Decrease in thermal stability of poly(1,3-phenyleneisophthalamide) and poly(1,4-phenyleneterephthalamide) due to substituents has been explained and supported in part by infrared spectral data. The effect of electron-withdrawing substituents such as chloro and nitro in increasing the thermo-oxidative resistance of the polyamides is pointed out. The thermal transitions (Tg and Tm) of these polymers are also reported. All the polyamides exhibit a broad exothermic peak in the 630–700°C temperature range, which probably corresponds to reactions (crosslinking and cyclization) responsible for the high char yield of these systems.
Chromatin Architecture and Transcription Factor Binding Regulate Expression of Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Genes

Erythrocyte membrane protein genes serve as excellent models of complex gene locus structure and function, but their study has been complicated by both their large size and their complexity. To begin to understand the intricate interplay of transcription, dynamic chromatin architecture, transcription factor binding, and genomic organization in regulation of erythrocyte membrane protein genes, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with microarray analysis and ChIP coupled with massively parallel DNA sequencing in both erythroid and nonerythroid cells. Unexpectedly, most regions of GATA-1 and NF-E2 binding were remote from gene promoters and transcriptional start sites, located primarily in introns. Cooccupancy with FOG-1, SCL, and MTA-2 was found at all regions of GATA-1 binding, with cooccupancy of SCL and MTA-2 also found at regions of NF-E2 binding. Cooccupancy of GATA-1 and NF-E2 was found frequently. A common signature of histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 4, GATA-1, NF-E2, FOG-1, SCL, and MTA-2 binding and consensus GATA-1-E-box binding motifs located 34 to 90 bp away from NF-E2 binding motifs was found frequently in erythroid cell-expressed genes. These results provide insights into our understanding of membrane protein gene regulation in erythropoiesis and the regulation of complex genetic loci in erythroid and nonerythroid cells and identify numerous candidate regions for mutations associated with membrane-linked hemolytic anemia.
Ocular Tracking and the Behavioral Effects of Negative Externalities on Perceived Property Values

This study proposes an alternative valuation technique to the standard hedonic model. Specifically, in the context of an experimental design, we use ocular tracking technology (dwell time, fixation duration, and saccade amplitude) to follow the eye movements of perspective homebuyers and a sample of student participants while searching for homes on the Internet. We superimpose ominous power lines in matched samples to just one home of the 10 homes that participants toured. Walls of another home within the tour package are artificially painted pink. Again using matched samples to compare results, we find that people rationally differentiate between negative externalities that can easily be changed (pink walls) versus those that cannot (power lines).
Susans Career Dilemma At MGR, LLC

Professionals starting their first job after graduate school want to launch a successful career. Unfortunately, some of them soon find out that performing at a high level does not always guarantee rapid promotion or success in their organization. This is a story about Susan, a highly recruited attorney, who joined an established law firm in Washington, DC, and was slow to realize that managing her boss is a critical skill needed for her survival and prosperity. Carlos, her direct supervisor and advocate of a tough love approach to management, views the effective nurturance and mentoring of new employees as his means of entr into the ranks of senior partner. Carlos and Susan are on a collision course with a potential impact on both of their careers. Susan needed to decide at the end of the case what to do to strategically manage her career.
Fast Flexible Transistors with a Nanotrench Structure

The simplification of fabrication processes that can define very fine patterns for large-area flexible radio-frequency (RF) applications is very desirable because it is generally very challenging to realize submicron scale patterns on flexible substrates. Conventional nanoscale patterning methods, such as e-beam lithography, cannot be easily applied to such applications. On the other hand, recent advances in nanoimprinting lithography (NIL) may enable the fabrication of large-area nanoelectronics, especially flexible RF electronics with finely defined patterns, thereby significantly broadening RF applications. Here we report a generic strategy for fabricating high-performance flexible Si nanomembrane (NM)-based RF thin-film transistors (TFTs), capable of over 100 GHz operation in theory, with NIL patterned deep-submicron-scale channel lengths. A unique 3-dimensional etched-trench-channel configuration was used to allow for TFT fabrication compatible with flexible substrates. Optimal device parameters were obtained through device simulation to understand the underlying device physics and to enhance device controllability. Experimentally, a record-breaking 38 GHz maximum oscillation frequency fmax value has been successfully demonstrated from TFTs with a 2 μm gate length built with flexible Si NM on plastic substrates.
Dynamics of supercooled water in nanotubes: Cage correlation function and diffusion coefficient

Dynamics of low-temperature water in nanostructured materials is important to a variety of phenomena, ranging from transport in cement and asphaltene, to conformational dynamics of proteins in "crowded" cellular environments, survival of microorganisms at very low temperatures, and diffusion in nanogeoscience. Using silicon-carbide nanotubes as a prototype of nanostructured materials, extensive molecular dynamics simulations were carried out to study the cage correlation function C(t) and self-diffusivity D of supercooled water in the nanotubes. C(t), which measures changes in the atomic surroundings inside the nanotube, follows the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts law, C(t)∼exp[-(t/τ)^{β}], where τ is a relaxation time and β is a topological exponent. For the temperature range 220K<T≤273 K, we find β≃0.438, in excellent agreement with and confirming the prediction by Phillips [Rep. Prog. Phys. 59, 1133 (1996)]RPPHAG0034-488510.1088/0034-4885/59/9/003, β=3/7. The self-diffusivity manifests a transition around 230 K, very close to 228 K, the temperature at which a fragile-to-strong dynamic crossover is supposed to happen. Thus the results indicate that water does not freeze in the nanotube over the studied temperature range, and that the Stokes-Einstein relation breaks down.
Influence of stocking rate and steroidal implants on growth rate of steers grazing toxic tall fescue and subsequent physiological responses

An 84-d grazing experiment was conducted in 2 growing seasons to evaluate interactions of stocking rate and steroidal implants with BW gain and symptoms of toxicosis in yearling steers grazing endemic endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). A 4 x 2 factoral design was used to evaluate 4 stocking rates (3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 steers/ ha) with or without steroidal implants (200 mg of progesterone + 20 mg of estradiol benzoate). Treatment combinations were randomly assigned to eight 1-ha pastures of E+ Kentucky-31 tall fescue (i.e., treatments were not replicated). Treatment effects were analyzed for ADG, total BW gain per hectare, forage availability, and hair coat ratings. At the conclusion of grazing in the second year (22 June), steers were placed on a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pasture, and rectal temperatures and serum prolactin concentrations were monitored for 10 d to assess carryover effects of stocking rate and steroidal implants on recovery from toxicosis-related heat stress. Forage availability differed (P 0.10). There was an implant x stocking rate interaction (P < 0.05) on ADG. Differences between the slopes in the regression equations indicated that ADG responded to implantation when stocking rates were low, but the response diminished as stocking rate increased. Stocking rate did not influence (P = 0.89) postgraze rectal temperature, but the regression intercept for implanted steers was 0.4 degrees C greater (P < 0.05) than for nonimplanted steers, and the difference was consistent across the entire 10-d fescue-free grazing period. Concentrations of prolactin increased during the 10-d fescue-free grazing period, but trends differed due to an implantation x stocking rate interaction (P < 0.05). Results indicate that implantation with progesterone + estradiol benzoate increases ADG with lower stocking rates, but the effect diminishes with increased grazing intensity. Implantation with steroid hormones increased rectal temperatures, but during a fescue-free grazing period rectal temperatures and serum prolactins for implanted and nonimplanted steers returned to values indicative of a stable and healthy status in a 192- to 240-h (i.e., an 8- to 10-d) period. However, because the treatments used in this study were not replicated, these observations need to be confirmed with replicated studies.