cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MIKROPLIS: a hypertext system for design

Abstract MIKROPLIS is hypertext software for handling textual information representing designers' reasoning. It is based on PHI (procedurally hierarchy of issues), a refinement of the IBIS (issue-based information system) design method. This article explains the history of hypertext, the PHI variant of IBIS and the MIKROPLIS system itself.
A study of ultrathin frozen sections of granular cells in newborn rat epidermis.

The ultrastructure of granular cells of newborn rat epidermis was investigated in sections prepared by cryomicrotomy and stained negatively with phosphotungstic acid. Tonofilaments, keratohyalin granules, mitochondria, membrane coating granules, and membranes of cells and nuclei were seen in negative contrast. Filaments in keratohyalin granules were randomly oriented and formed a meshwork, while tonofilaments appeared in a group with a parallel arrangement. Their diameter was significantly smaller than filaments seen in cornified cells. Two distinct layers were demonstrable in membranes of nuclei and mitochondria, but not in the plasma membrane or membrane coating granules. These results indicate that use of cryomicrotomy offers advantages for the elucidation of the ultrastructure appearance of epidermis which are not obtainable by conventional techniques.
β-Endorphin processing and cellular origins in rat spinal cord

Summary While enkephalin and dynorphin peptides have been well characterized in the spinal cord, the cellular localization of P-endorphin (PE) and the processing of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) to j3E and other non-opioid peptides in the cord have not been extensively investigated. Other investigators have characterized the various PE forms present in rat spinal cord regions. Previous studies have also suggested that spinal POMC content is entirely derived from supraspinal sources. However, high proportions of /3E precursors present in spinal cord sieving profiles led us to suspect the presence of POMC cell bodies intrinsic to the cord. In this study, we performed thoracic spinal cord lesions on a group of animals and demonstrated the persistence of about one-third of control levels of /3E immunoreactivity (PE-IR) below the level of the lesions. We also characterized POMC processing in various regions of the spinal cord both before and after lesioning. These data suggested that there may be intrinsic POMC/endorphinergic neuronal systems in the spinal cord.
Maternal depression and expressive communication in one-year-old infants

To separate effects of maternal depression on infant cognitive versus language development, 1-year-olds were assessed using the revised Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III). Percentile scores on the Bayley Expressive Communication (EC) subscale were significantly negatively correlated with maternal self-report scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). However, mothers’ BDI-II scores did not correlate with infant percentile scores on the general cognitive (COG) or receptive communication (RC) subscales. Boys had significantly lower percentile scores than girls on the RC and EC scales, but did not differ on the Cog scale. Gender and maternal depression did not significantly interact on any of the scales. These findings suggest problems with expressive communication precede, and may at least partially account for, apparent deficits in general cognitive development.
The lattice of Knaster continua

Abstract It is shown that the set of Knaster continua possesses a natural lattice ordering. A description of this lattice is developed, and a series of questions is posed.
Conceptualizing and quantifying factors influencing growth and development of rural economies

A paradigm of relationships influencing the growth and development of rural economies is developed. Causal relationships depicted in the paradigm are used as the basis for the delineation of a mathematical model. The mathematical model forms the foundation of an empirical analysis of forces influencing the growth and development of rural communities in Indiana. Parameters of the model are estimated via OLS regression. Alternative model estimation techniques are discussed. Empirical findings provide quantitative estimates of relative weights on forces influencing growth and development. Implications of the analysis for community decision makers are outlined.
Software model of an alternator under sudden short circuit

Today, sophisticated programs exist to model electromagnetic devices using finite elements under static conditions. In recent times, these models have been extended to the dynamic regime. In this paper, a software model of an alternator is constructed using finite elements and the model is used, for the first time, to simulate an alternator under dynamic sudden short‐circuit conditions The pitfalls in constructing such models are also discussed.
Choosing an appropriate bioseparation technique

A variety of techniques have been developed for the separation and recovery of food ingredients. Some, like crystallization or precipitation, are fairly well established, although they are constantly being improved. Others, like liquid-liquid extraction, chromatography and electrophoresis, are under commercialization. Some new variations, such as membrane-based separation, foam-based separation and supercritical fluid extraction, are being developed with a view to being scaled up in the near future. This article focuses on various bioseparation techniques with reference to their suitability, advantages and disadvantages, and their possible impact on food processing industries in the future.
Post natal oestrogen administration stimulates precocious endometrial gland development in the horse.

Summary Reasons for performing study: Fillies completely devoid of endometrial glands (uterine gland knockout; UGKO) would make ideal experimental models in which to study the role of endometrial histotroph in embryogenesis and early fetal development in the mare. Hypothesis: Administration of a synthetic progestagen plus oestrogen to newborn filly foals and, thereafter, at regular intervals to age 6 months, would permanently suppress endometrial gland development. Methods: Nine half-sister Thoroughbred filly foals were treated, in 3 groups, with: A) the weakly active progestagen, norgestomet, administered from birth to age 6 months, in subcutaneous implant form plus oestradiol valerate and norgestomet i.m. at fortnightly intervals; B) the strongly active oral progestagen, altrenogest, administered daily from birth to age 6 months plus fortnightly injections of oestradiol valerate and norgestomet; C) nothing (untreated controls). Endometrial biopsies were recovered from all fillies at ages 6 months and 2 years to assess the degree of endometrial gland morphogenesis and to determine immunohistochemically the presence or absence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrial tissues. Results: Groups B and C showed no endometrial gland development, whereas Group A fillies showed a high degree of endometrial gland development, plus strong staining for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors at age 6 months. All 9 fillies showed full normal endometrial gland morphogenesis, development and function at age 2 years. Conclusions and relevance: While the administration of a strongly active progestagen over-rode the actions of the concomitantly administered oestrogen and suppressed endometrial gland development during the period of administration, treatment with oestradiol valerate together with a weakly active progestagen, stimulated precocious endometrial gland development. Neither steroid was able to create the desired UGKO experimental model and all fillies showed normal endometrial gland development and fertility after puberty. Hence, ovarian oestrogen, not progesterone, appears to be the basic stimulus for endometrial gland morphogenesis in the horse.
Sums of valences in bigraphs

Abstract Let S be a set of 2 n points in general position in the plane; then any line lying on two of these points and having n − 1 of the points of S on each side of it is called a bisector of S . We show that if p and q are distinct points of S having v p and v q bisectors on them, respectively, then v p + v q ⩽ 2 n . The development leading to this result is based upon a fundamental property concerning the relative positions of the bisectors on a point. The sum v p + v q + v τ is also discussed.
Epidermal pyridoxal 5'-phosphate depletion, inhibition of DNA synthesis, and inhibition of the expression of ornithine decarboxylase activity by the vitamin B-6 antagonist 4'-deoxypyridoxine

The induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity may be an essential component of skin tumor promotion. ODC requires pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) as a cofactor. We have measured the epidermal PLP concentration and investigated its relationship to DNA synthesis and ODC activity in the hairless mouse. The epidermal PLP concentration was approximately 1.0 μg/g. When tape-stripping was used to induce ODC activity in the epidermis the concentration of PLP was significantly elevated 4.5 h later at the time of peak ODC activity and when DNA synthesis was reduced. Systemic treatment with the vitamin B-6 antagonist 4′-deoxypyridoxine (4-DOP) significantly reduced the epidermal PLP concentration and DNA synthesis. The ODC activity induced in the epidermis 4.5 h after tape-strip- ping in 4-DOP-treated mice was only 17% of that induced in untreated tape-stripped controls. In in vitro experiments it was shown that while 4-DOP does not inhibit ODC activity, a major metabolite of 4-DOP, 4-DOP-phosphate ( K i .06 mM), does. In mixing experiments it was shown that the epidermal extracts from 4-DOP-treated mice did not contain significant amounts of ODC inhibitors. 4-DOP may inhibit ODC induction in the epidermis by depleting the PIP content.
Durability evaluation of moderate temperature cured E-glass/vinylester systems

Abstract FRP composites using vinylester resins are increasingly being fabricated for use in civil and marine structures using processes that incorporate ambient and moderate temperature cure regimes. This often results in the final use of the material when cure progression has not reached one hundred percent. This paper presents results of an investigation into deterioration in pultruded E-glass/vinylester composites due to immersion in deionized water and alkaline solution. Degradation is accelerated through the use of elevated temperatures and results are characterized through moisture uptake measurements, mechanical tests (tension and short-beam-shear), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and microscopy. It is shown that degradation due to alkali exposure is more severe than due to the deionized water. Data from accelerated tests is used to provide long-term predictions, which are shown to correlate well with experiments in the short-term. The use of DMTA characteristics as a basis for the development of an understanding of degradation phenomena and for further modeling is shown to be a promising avenue for further research.
Catalysis of Phosphoryl Transfer from ATP by Amine Nucleophiles

Phosphoryl transfer from the high-energy phosphate donor ATP is ubiquitous in biological chemistry, and nitrogen nucleophiles, especially histidine, often serve as in vivo acceptors of the γ-phosphate of ATP. Nevertheless, nonenzymatic reactions of ATP with amines have not previously been characterized. We have therefore examined phosphoryl transfer from ATP to amines to provide a basis for understanding the analogous enzymatic reactions, and we have compared the rates of these reactions to the rates with oxygen nucleophiles in order to assess whether intrinsically higher reactivities of nitrogen nucleophiles could cause them to be favored over oxygen nucleophiles in covalent catalysis of phosphoryl transfer by enzymes. Reactions of amine nucleophiles are 30−100-fold faster than reactions of oxygen nucleophiles at physiological temperatures. Thus, the reactivity of amines, in addition to thermodynamic and evolutionary factors, may have played a role in the selection of nitrogen nucleophiles for use in bio...
Bio-functionalized quantum dots: tinkering with cell machinery.

Quantum dots have emerged as powerful materials to image processes and structures in biological systems. They have now been shown to produce photoinduced charge separation within cells which may become a tool for probing the redox state of cells.
Presynaptic dopamine D4 receptor localization in the rat nucleus accumbens shell

Dopamine D4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell (AcbSh) are thought to play a key role in mediating the locomotor and sensitizing affects of psychostimulants, as well as the therapeutic efficacy of atypical antipsychotic drugs. We used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to determine the functional sites for endogenous and exogenous D4 receptor activation in this region. Of 1,090 D4 receptor-labeled profiles observed in the AcbSh of rat brain, 65% were axons and axon terminals, while 22% were dendrites and dendritic spines. Within axons and terminals, D4 receptor immunoreactivity was localized to segments of the plasma membrane and membranes of nearby vesicles. The axon terminals were morphologically heterogenous, varying in size and content of either all small synaptic vesicles (ssv), or ssv and large dense-core vesicles. The labeled terminals occasionally formed asymmetric excitatory-type axospinous synapses, but the majority were without recognizable synaptic specializations. In a separate series of tissue sections that were processed for dual-labeling of the D4 receptor and the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), 56% of all observed associations were appositions between differentially labeled axonal profiles, and 17% were terminals that contained immunoreactivity for both antigens. Dendritic spines containing D4 receptor-labeling also received convergent input from TH-immunoreactive terminals and unlabeled terminals forming asymmetric synapses. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence for a major presynaptic, and a more minor postsynaptic, involvement of D4 receptors in dopaminergic modulation of excitatory transmission in the AcbSh. Synapse 36:222–232, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Grand unification scale effects in supersymmetric unification.

We write a Monte Carlo program allowing arbitrary splitting among GUT scale particles consistent with experimental constraints for both the minimal supersymmetric model and the missing doublet model. The resulting correlations among the low energy parameters are discussed and several advantages of the missing doublet model are pointed out.
An AT Mutational Bias in the Tiny GC-Rich Endosymbiont Genome of Hodgkinia

The fractional guanine + cytosine (GC) contents of sequenced bacterial genomes range from 13% to 75%. Despite several decades of research aimed at understanding this wide variation, the forces controlling GC content are not well understood. Recent work has suggested that a universal adenine + thymine (AT) mutational bias exists in all bacteria and that the elevated GC contents found in some bacterial genomes is due to genome-wide selection for increased GC content. These results are generally consistent with the low GC contents observed in most strict endosymbiotic bacterial genomes, where the loss of DNA repair mechanisms combined with the population genetic effects of small effective population sizes and decreased recombination should lower the efficacy of selection and shift the equilibrium GC content in the mutationally favored AT direction. Surprisingly, the two smallest bacterial genomes, Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola (144 kb) and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps (139 kb), have the unusual combination of highly reduced genomes and elevated GC contents, raising the possibility that these bacteria may be exceptions to the otherwise apparent universal bacterial AT mutational bias. Here, using population genomic data generated from the Hodgkinia genome project, we show that Hodgkinia has a clear AT mutational bias. These results provide further evidence that an AT mutational bias is universal in bacteria, even in strict endosymbionts with elevated genomic GC contents.
Knowledge Organization for Exploration

To support applications, such as efficient browsing in large knowledge bases and cooperative knowledge discovery in large databases, the concept of rule similarity is essential. In this paper we define such a measure, called distance, and then put in the service of various knowledge exploration processes. Rule distances allow us to place all the available knowledge on a “map”, in which proximity reflects similarity. Users can then browse in the knowledge, by iteratively visiting rules and examining their neighborhoods. In our cooperative knowledge discovery process, users suggest a hypothetical rule that has been observed. If the hypothesis is verified, the system may suggest other, even better, rules that hold; if refuted, the system attempts to focus the hypothesis until it holds; in either case, the system may offer other rules that hold and are close to the hypothesis. Our work is within the formal framework of logic databases, and we report on an experimental system that implements our approach.
Synchronizing salient-pole motors

By means of the integraph the differential equation of motion for a synchronous motor during pulling-into-step transients is readily solved. An expression thus can be set up to predetermine the limiting conditions under which such a motor will synchronize.
A Dose-Response Analysis of Methoxychlor-Induced Alterations of Reproductive Development and Function in the Rat

In the present study rats were dosed from weaning, through puberty and gestation, to Day 15 of lactation with methoxychlor at 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg/day. Morphological landmarks of puberty were measured, including the ages at vaginal opening, first estrus, and first estrous cycle in females and at preputial separation in males. In the female, estrous cyclicity, fertility, litter size, number of implantation sites, organ weights, and ovarian and uterine histology were also measured. The viability of the offspring (F1) and their fertility were evaluated using a continuous breeding protocol. Males were necropsied after breeding, the reproductive organs were weighed, and the cauda epididymal sperm counts were determined. One testis was used for histopathology, while the other was used to quantify interstitial fluid (IF) content, IF testosterone concentration, and testicular sperm production. Testosterone and androgen-binding protein were measured in the caput epididymis, and sperm motility and morphology were evaluated from a caudal sample. The serum and pituitary were saved for hormonal determinations. Methoxychlor accelerated the age at vaginal opening and first estrus, and the vaginal smears were cornified. Growth was retarded at 100 and 200 mg/kg/day and fertility was reduced when the females were bred with untreated or similarly treated males. In the highest-dose group, the mated females went from constant estrus into pseudopregnancy following mating, but they had no implants. In males, methoxychlor treatment markedly reduced growth, seminal vesicle weight, cauda epididymal weight, caudal sperm content, and pituitary weight. Puberty was delayed in the two highest-dosage groups. Testicular sperm measures were much less affected than caudal measures. Testis weight and histology were slightly affected, and testicular sperm production, sperm morphology, and motility were unaffected. Endocrine function of the testes and pituitary was altered by methoxychlor administration. Leydig cell testosterone production, in response to human chorionic gonadotropin challenge, was reduced and pituitary levels of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were altered. In contrast, serum levels of prolactin, FSH, and luteinizing hormone were unaffected. Serum TSH was reduced by 50% of control at 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, while pituitary levels were increased. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone concentration in the mediobasal hypothalamus was also elevated. In spite of the many reproductive alterations, the fertility of treated males was not reduced when they were mated with untreated females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Fine structure of the urinary bladder of the bullfrog. (Rana catesbiana).

The urinary bladder of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Three epithelial cell types were found: (1) granular cells, (2) mitochondria-rich cells, and (3) basal cells. The structure of the Rana catesbiana bladder differs from that of the toad Bufo marinus, in several respects: it lacks a mucous (goblet) cell type, its granular cells do not contact the underlying basement membrane, it has specialized, smooth-muscle cell-basal epithelial cell contacts, not previously described in amphibian bladders, and its mucosa is richly innervated. Mitochondria-rich cells within the bullfrog bladder epithelium were occasionally observed touching the basement membrane. The specialized smooth muscle-basal cell contacts provide anatomical evidence for how regulatory vasoactive substances such as neurohypophyseal peptides might alter epithelial geometry. Many nerve endings invest the mucosa just beneath the epithelial basement membrane in proximity to mitochondriarich cells and basal cells. The possible role of neural regulation in epithelial transport was discussed.
Motion analysis and telerehabilitation: healthcare delivery standards and strategies for the new millennium

As the delivery of healthcare services within society changes, new challenges and opportunities emerge. It is suggested that an opportunity is unfolding that could move motion analysis approaches into a new clinical practice paradigm. This involves taking advantage of emerging advances in information technologies and communications standards, and of upcoming societal investment in wireless and intelligent systems technologies. To effectively design systems that address clinical needs, certain barriers need to be overcome; strategies are suggested.
Alloplastic Total Joint Replacement: A Management Option in Temporomandibular Joint Condylar Resorption

A variety of options have been proposed for the surgical management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) idiopathic/progressive condylar resorption (ICR/PCR) cases in the past. Various developments in understanding the molecular biology of the TMJ and the postulated role of estrogen in bone biology have led to a proposed pathophysiology model for ICR/PCR of the TMJ, which is also based on the established orthopedic bone biology remodeling/resorption paradigm. Therefore, a critical review of the ICR/PCR and TMJ total alloplastic joint replacement surgery literature, as well as the author's experience, suggests that TMJ total alloplastic joint replacement can provide enhanced long-term surgical outcomes in the management of end-stage ICR/PCR pathology.
Harnessing the power of emerging petascale platforms

As part of the US Department of Energy's Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC-2) program, science teams are tackling problems that require computational simulation and modeling at the petascale. A grand challenge for computer science is to develop software technology that makes it easier to harness the power of these systems to aid scientific discovery. As part of its activities, the SciDAC-2 Center for Scalable Application Development Software (CScADS) is building open source software tools to support efficient scientific computing on the emerging leadership-class platforms. In this paper, we describe two tools for performance analysis and tuning that are being developed as part of CScADS: a tool for analyzing scalability and performance, and a tool for optimizing loop nests for better node performance. We motivate these tools by showing how they apply to S3D, a turbulent combustion code under development at Sandia National Laboratory. For S3D, our node performance analysis tool helped uncover several performance bottlenecks. Using our loop nest optimization tool, we transformed S3D's most costly loop nest to reduce execution time by a factor of 2.94 for a processor working on a 50 3 domain.
Perturbation theory calculations of intermolecular interaction energies

Intermolecular interactions play an essential role in determining the structure and conformation of biomolecules, in particular, in aqueous solutions. With the recent development of computer capabilities, it is now possible to calculate the interactions of biologically relevant molecules using the standard self-consistent field approximation. For most systems, this approximation is not sufficient and the correlation component of the interaction energy must be included. Unfortunately, the supermolecular method, which is mostly used to calculate the intermolecular interactions at the correlated level, is plagued by the basis-set superposition error and does not provide any physical interpretation of the interaction energy. An alterative approach is to use the symmetry-adapted (exchange) perturbation theory developed by us. This theory is free from the basis-set superposition error, provides a clear physical picture of the interaction energy, and involves less computational effort than does a standard many-body perturbation theory calculation of equivalent order. We have developed a system of ab initio computer codes performing calculations for arbitrary molecules. For small systems—where the accuracy could be tested—our results are in excellent agreement with experiment. Large-scale calculations performed for systems such as (H2O)2, (HF)2, and uracil…water demonstrate the high efficiency and accuracy of our method.
The CD28-B7 costimulatory pathway and its role in autoimmune disease

The activation of naive CD4+ T cells requires two discrete signals: a signal delivered by the T cell receptor following recognition of antigen and an accessory signal transduced when costimulatory receptors interact with their ligands. Particularly important in the development of an immune response to foreign antigens is the T cell molecule CD28, which delivers a potent costimulus when engaged by ligands, B7-1 and B7-2, on antigen-presenting cells. It is interesting that blockade of B7 molecules, which disrupts interactions with CD28 and prevents delivery of the CD28 costimulus, also alters the immune responses to self antigens and prevents the development of clinical disease in murine models of systemic and organ-specific autoimmunity. Herein we review the roles of CD28 and its B7 ligands in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, discuss efforts to treat animal models of autoimmunity by modifying the CD28 signal, and consider the mechanisms by which manipulation of the CD28 signal alters the course of experimental autoimmune disease.
Racial-Ethnic Variation in Park Use and Physical Activity in the City of Los Angeles

Racial-ethnic disparities in physical activity present important challenges to population health. Public parks provide access to free or low-cost physical activity opportunities, but it is unclear to what extent parks are utilized by various race-ethnic groups in diverse urban settings. Here, we examine racial ethnic differences in park use and physical activity among adult residents (n = 7506) living within 1 mi of 50 parks in the city of Los Angeles. In multivariate analyses, we find few differences among race-ethnic groups in terms of their frequency of having visited the park in the past 7 days; however, we find numerous differences in how the groups used the park and in their levels of physical activity: Blacks and English-speaking Latinos were less likely than whites to report being physically active, exercising in the park, and exercising outside the park; Spanish-speaking Latinos were equally likely as whites to report exercising in park but less likely to report exercising outside the park and more likely to report using the parks for social interactions; Asians/Pacific Islanders (PI)/others were more likely than whites to report visiting the park in the past 7 days and using the parks for social interactions. Urban parks appear to be an important resource for physical activity and socialization, in particular among Spanish-speaking Latino and Asians/PI groups. Additional efforts may be needed for other racial-ethnic minorities to experience the same benefits.
Sand deposition in shoreline eddies along five Wild and Scenic Rivers, Idaho

Sand bars deposited along the lateral margin of a river channel are frequently a focus of recreational activities. Sand bars are appealing sites on which to camp, picnic, fish and relax because they are relatively flat, soft, non-cohesive sand, free of vegetation and near the water's edge. The lack of vegetation and cohesion make sand bars easily erodible. Without appreciable deposition of new material, number and size of bars through a given reach of river will decline substantially over a period of years. We studied 63 beaches and their associated eddies located throughout 10 selected reaches within the designated Wild and Scenic River sections of the Lochsa, Selway, Middle Fork Clearwater, Middle Fork Salmon and Salmon Rivers in Idaho to determine the relation of beaches to the frequency and magnitude of streamflows that deposit appreciable quantities of sand. At present, these rivers have been altered little, if at all, by flow regulation, and only the Salmon River has substantial diversion upstream of a study reach. The river reaches studied have an abundance of sand bar beaches of appreciable size, in spite of suspended sand concentrations that rarely exceeded a few hundred milligrams per litre even during the largest floods. Calculated mean annual rates of deposition in an eddy vary from 5.8 to more than 100 cm depending primarily on: (1) the duration of streamflows that inundate the eddy sand bar depositions; (2) the rate of the flow exchange between the channel and an eddy and (3) the concentrations of suspended sand in the primary channel. The annual thickness of sand deposition in an eddy varies greatly from year to year depending on the duration of relatively large streamflows. Maximum annual sand depositions in an eddy are three to nine times the estimated long-term mean values. Relatively large, sustained floods deposit an appreciable portion of total deposition over a period of years. For the period of record, 1930–2002, the seven largest annual depositions, which represent more than 40% of all material deposited over the Lochsa River 21.9 km eddy, occurred in the years with the seven largest instantaneous annual peak floods. Beach area and volume for most beaches, however, are less variable year-to-year than the variation in annual deposition would indicate. Accumulative 10-year weighed deposition rate was computed to estimate the effective variability of beach deposition. Although less variable than the annual deposition, the cumulative 10-year deposition calculated for the longest hydrologic records, 71 years, existing on the Idaho Wild and Scenic Rivers varied by more than an order of magnitude from less than 20 cm to more than 220 cm. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intracellular Free Iron and Its Potential Role in Ultrahigh-Pressure-Induced Inactivation of Escherichia coli

Intracellular free iron of Escherichia coli was determined by whole-cell electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometry. Ultrahigh pressure (UHP) increased both intracellular free iron and cell lethality in a pressure-dose-dependent manner. The iron chelator 2,2′-dipyridyl protected cells against UHP treatments. A mutation that produced iron overload conditions sensitized E. coli to UHP treatment.
REEXAMINING BARRIERS TO WOMEN'S CAREER DEVELOPMENT

This paper reviews recent literature concerned with beliefs and values relevant to women's careers. Changes in sex-role stereotyping, potential problems relating to affirmative action programs, and the conflict between "counter-culture" values and values of the women's liberation movement are discussed.
Early identification and diagnosis in autism spectrum disorders in young children and infants: How early is too early?

Abstract An area of research with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which has received a considerable amount of attention recently is early diagnosis. This phenomenon is due largely to encouraging results from intensive intervention programs for children at very young ages. While five types of ASD exist, efforts in this area have focused almost exclusively on autism. To date, the primary methods of identification have been evidence-based assessment scales using established criteria for differential diagnosis and cognitive/developmental descriptive studies, which attempt to tease out behavior patterns of infants who later evince ASD from their normally developing counterparts. A third focus, which is in early development, involves genetic studies aimed at establishing biological links. However, at present such procedures are not viable for diagnosis. Opinions are rendered on the earliest age at which children can be reliably diagnosed at present, and a review of practical considerations is provided. Future challenges and directions in ASD identification and diagnosis are discussed.
The Value of Air Quality Forecasting in the Mid-Atlantic Region

AbstractAir quality forecasts produced by the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), human air quality forecasters, and persistence are evaluated for predictive skill and economic value when used to inform decisions regarding pollutant emission and exposure. Surface ozone forecasts and observations were collected from 40 monitors representing eight forecast regions throughout Washington, D.C.; Virginia; and Maryland over the 2005–09 ozone seasons (April–October). The skill of the forecasts are quantified using discrete statistics, such as correlation, mean bias, and root-mean-square error, and categorical statistics, such as exceedance hit rate, false alarm rate, and critical success index. The value of the forecasts are quantified using a decision model based on costs to protect the public against a poor air quality event and the losses incurred if no protective measures are taken. The results indicate that the most skillful forecast method is not necessarily the most valuable forecast method....
Successful treatment of far-advanced progressive systemic sclerosis by D-penicillamine.

A 52-yr-old man had chronic recurrent pseudo-obstruction of the colon, along with multisystemdisease secondary to progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). d-Penicillamine treatment reversed the PSS, which involved the duodenum, small and large intestines, lungs, myocardium, and proximal and peripheral skin. The improvement was documented by electrocardiogram, pulmonary function studies, roentgenography of gastrointestinal tract, and by repeated skin biopsies. Hand blood-volume studies using 99m Tc also revealed improvement of PSS in both hands. A variable degree of improvement was documented in seven additional patients with PSS. Follow-up periods were 18 mo to 4 yr. The most common side effect of the drug was transient hypogeusia, and no patient showed a serious side effect. This article includes a review of the literature on penicillamine therapy for PSS.
Consensus based formation control strategies for multi-vehicle systems

In this paper we first introduce a fundamental consensus algorithm for systems modeled by second-order dynamics. We then apply variants of the consensus algorithm to tackle formation control problems by appropriately choosing information states on which consensus is reached. Even in the absence of centralized leadership, the consensus based formation control strategies can guarantee accurate formation maintenance in the general case that information flow is unidirectional. We also show that existing leader-follower, behavioral, and virtual structure/virtual leader formation control approaches can be unified in the general framework of consensus building. A multi-vehicle formation control example is shown in simulation to illustrate our strategies.
AXIOMATIZATION OF THE INFINITE-VALUED PREDICATE CALCULUS'

The infinite-valued statement calculus to which this paper refers is that of Łukasiewicz [10], whose axiomatization was proved complete in [5]. In [9], Rutledge extended this system to include predicates and quantifiers 2 and presented a deductively complete set of axioms for the monadic predicate calculus. This paper represents an attempt to axiomatize the full predicate calculus; for the proposed axiomatization, a property akin to but weaker than completeness is proved. An attempt to prove full completeness along similar lines failed; it has since been shown [11] that the set of valid formulas of the infinite-valued predicate calculus is not recursively enumerable. The method of this paper was suggested by Professor J. Barkley Rosser.
Reintroduction of Lower Keys Marsh Rabbits

The endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit (LKMR; Sylvilagus palustris hefneri) exists as a metapopulation in patches of wetland habitat in the Lower Florida Keys, USA. The recovery plan for the LKMR recommends reintroducing rabbits to unoccupied but potentially suitable patches. The effectiveness of such reintroductions has not been evaluated. We translocated 12 and 7 rabbits fitted with radiotransmitters to patches of apparently suitable vegetation on Little Pine and Water Key during 2002 and 2004, respectively. Our radiotelemetry-based study monitored survival, site fidelity, and reproduction. We observed high survival (81% of known-fate rabbits on Little Pine and 100% on Water Key), fidelity to release sites (mean distance from release sites <120 m for 12 of 15 rabbits monitored), and evidence of reproduction during the first 6 months postrelease. Our results suggest reintroductions could be an effective conservation tool for LKMRs. If reintroductions are to have broader application, however, we recommend managers combine habitat management and land acquisition to bolster source populations and create additional release sites.
Capsulorhexis tearing pattern during phacoemulsification in anterior lenticonus due to Alport syndrome.

PurposeTo describe the tearing pattern during continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis in a patient with anterior lenticonus due to Alport syndrome.MethodsA patient with bilateral anterior lenticonus u...
Cues for auditory stream segregation of birdsong in budgerigars and zebra finches: Effects of location, timing, amplitude, and frequency

Deciphering the auditory scene is a problem faced by many organisms. However, when faced with numerous overlapping sounds from multiple locations, listeners are still able to attribute the individual sound objects to their individual sound-producing sources. Here, the characteristics of sounds important for integrating versus segregating in birds were determined. Budgerigars and zebra finches were trained using operant conditioning procedures on an identification task to peck one key when they heard a whole zebra finch song and to peck another when they heard a zebra finch song missing a middle syllable. Once the birds were trained to a criterion performance level on those stimuli, probe trials were introduced on a small proportion of trials. The probe songs contained modifications of the incomplete training song's missing syllable. When the bird responded as if the probe was a whole song, it suggests they streamed together the altered syllable and the rest of the song. When the bird responded as if the probe was a non-whole song, it suggests they segregated the altered probe from the rest of the song. Results show that some features, such as location and intensity, are more important for segregating than other features, such as timing and frequency.
Social Complexity as a Driver of Communication and Cognition

Cognition and communication both can be essential for effectively navigating the social environment and thus, social dynamics could select for enhanced abilities for communication and superior cognition. Additionally, social experience can influence both the ability to communicate effectively and performance in cognitive tasks within an individual's lifetime, consistent with phenotypic plasticity in these traits. Historically, research in animal cognition and animal communication has often addressed these traits independently, despite potential commonalities in social function and underlying mechanisms of the brain. Integrating research on animal communication and cognition will provide a more comprehensive understanding of how the social environment may shape behavior and specializations of the brain for sociality through both evolutionary and developmental processes. This selective review of research on the impacts of social dynamics on cognition and communication in animals aims to highlight areas for future research at both the ultimate and proximate levels. In particular, additional work on the effects of the social environment on cognitive performance over an individual's lifetime, and comparative studies of specialized abilities for communication, should be pursued.
A Discovery System for Finding High-Value Homes

Buying a house is not only an emotional desire, but also a popular investment option. However, housing markets lack of tools and relevant systems of complete evaluation for house values. To this end, in this paper, we provide a discovery system for finding high-value homes. Unlike traditional housing price models, the proposed discovery system has taken both urban geography information and human mobility information into consideration. In this system, a suite of data mining functions have been developed to identify human mobility patterns by exploring human location traces as well as the interactions between human and Point of Interests (POIs). Given a set of candidate houses, the system can produce a ranked list of top-k high-value houses. Specifically, this demo system provides various application functions. First, it can support decision making of home buyers. Second, it can help home sellers to optimize their pricing strategies. Finally, it can help real estate developers for site selection, and thus help urban planning as well.
Association of liver tumors with oral contraceptives.

Common to the 67 cases of liver tumors reviewed has been the use of oral contraceptives for periods varying from 6 months to 10 years. 60% had been using oral contraceptives for over 5 years. Hepatitis and known hepatoxins have been excluded as etiologic factors in all cases. A majority of patients were between 26 and 35 years of age. More than 1 product had been used by many of these patients. Over 50% had noted acute or chronic upper abdominal pain. A few had nausea and vomiting. An upper abdominal mass was detected in 40%. In 10% of cases there were no symptoms. In them the liver tumors were found coincidentally with other disorders. Hemoperitoneum with hypotension anemia and syncope occurred in 30%. These had liver rupture requiring extensive and hazardous surgical measures. There were 5 deaths among 18 operated on. Selective angiography had been done in only 25% of cases and radionucleide liver scan in a third. Sonography was positive in 2 of 3 cases. Standard liver function tests and enzyme values were not helpful. 67% of patients had resection of the tumor for diagnosis. Partial hepatectomy was done in 72% of cases. Blood loss and subsequent bile peritonitis impeded recovery after this operation. Histologic classification of tissues removed was focal nodular hyperplasia hepatic adenoma and hamartoma. Prolonged use of oral contraceptives appears to be the etiologic factor in what were formerly rare primary liver tumors in young women. Clinical surveillance must be the primary means of identification among oral contraceptive users.
Mapping the Vibronic Structure of a Molecule by Few-Cycle Continuum Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy in a Single Pulse

Accurate mapping of the electronic and vibrational structure of a molecular system is a basic goal of chemistry as it underpins reactivity and function. Experimentally, the challenge is to uncover the intramolecular interactions and ensuing dynamics that define this structure. Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy can map such interactions analogous to the way in which nuclear magnetic resonance provides access to the nuclear spin structure. Here we present two-dimensional coherent spectra measured using few-cycle continuum light. Critically, our approach instantaneously maps the energy landscape of a complex molecular system in a single laser pulse across 350 nm of bandwidth, thereby making it suitable for rapid molecular fingerprinting. We envision few-cycle supercontinuum spectroscopy based on the nonlinear optical response as a powerful tool to examine molecules in the condensed phase at the extremes of time, space, and energy.
Selective Growth, Diffusion Layers and the Schottky Barrier Height in Nickel Silicide-Silicon Interfaces

Selected interface phenomena associated with metal semiconductor contacts are discussed in relation to recent experimental and theoretical work on the electronic properties, interface formation and structure, and device characteristics of nickel-silicon interfaces. Evidence is presented which suggests that a well-defined interfacial phase is present at all nickel silicide-silicon boundaries formed by deposition of nickel atoms onto silicon surfaces. The existence of this phase is shown to account for several important interface properties of the nickel silicide system including selective growth, the rotational twin structure of epitaxial films and the observed invariance of the nickel silicide-silicon Schottky barrier height as the silicide contact stoichiometry is varied.
A deep semantic mobile application for thyroid cytopathology

Cytopathology is the study of disease at the cellular level and often used as a screening tool for cancer. Thyroid cytopathology is a branch of pathology that studies the diagnosis of thyroid lesions and diseases. A pathologist views cell images that may have high visual variance due to different anatomical structures and pathological characteristics. To assist the physician with identifying and searching through images, we propose a deep semantic mobile application. Our work augments recent advances in the digitization of pathology and machine learning techniques, where there are transformative opportunities for computers to assist pathologists. Our system uses a custom thyroid ontology that can be augmented with multimedia metadata extracted from images using deep machine learning techniques. We describe the utilization of a particular methodology, deep convolutional neural networks, to the application of cytopathology classification. Our method is able to leverage networks that have been trained on millions of generic images, to medical scenarios where only hundreds or thousands of images exist. We demonstrate the benefits of our framework through both quantitative and qualitative results.
Vacancy Injection Enhanced Al-Ga Inter-diffusion in Si FIB Implanted Superlattice

The Al-Ga inter-diffusion induced by Si FIB implantation and subsequent RTA were investigated in an Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs superlattice with equal 3.5 nm barrier and well widths. Si++ was accelerated to 50 kV as well as 100kV and implanted parallel to sample normal at doses ranging from 1013 to 1015/cm2. The effect of rapid thermal anneal of 10s at 950°C was characterized by SIMS technique. In the implanted region, the inter-diffusion as well as compositional mixing were significantly enhanced. An ion dose as low as 1×1014/cm2 results in a two-order of magnitude increase in the inter-diffusion coefficient, to a value of 4.5×10−14 cm2/sec, in contrast to 1.3×10−16 cm2/sec from RTA-only. This produces a mixing parameter of ~90%. A strong depth dependence of the mixing process was observed at implantation energy of 100keV with a pinch-off region being formed at certain depth. It is noticed that the depth where this enhancement occurred is not associated with either the maximum concentration of Si ions or of vacancies. Instead, it represents the positive maximum of the second derivative of the vacancy profile, which in turn represents the vacancy injection generated by presence of a transient vacancy concentration gradient. Based on this, a theoretical model was developed using vacancy injection as responsible for mixing.