cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Contact Probes for On-Wafer Characterization of Sub-Millimeter-Wave Devices and Integrated Circuits

We present a novel non-contact metrology approach for on-wafer characterization of sub-millimeter-wave devices, components, and integrated circuits. Unlike existing contact probes that rely on small metallic tips that make physical contact with the device on the chip, the new non-contact probes are based on electromagnetic coupling of vector network analyzer (VNA) test ports into the coplanar waveguide environment of integrated devices and circuits. Efficient signal coupling is achieved via a quasi-optical link between the VNA ports and planar antennas that are monolithically integrated with the test device. Experimental validation of the non-contact device metrology system is presented for the first time to demonstrate the accuracy and repeatability of proposed approach for the 325-500-GHz (WR2.2) and 500-750-GHz (WR1.5) bands.
Activity of the Alfalfa Weevil and its Parasites in North Georgia

Adult alfalfa weevils, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), were collected with phototaxis traps from February 2 to ApriL 26, 1971, in Clarke and Fulton Counties, Georgia. Of 193 female weevils collected, 183 contained developed ovaries. Dissection revealed parasitism by Hyalomyodes triangulifer (Loew) (Tachinidae). Bathyplectes curculionis (Thomson) (Ichneumonidae) was reared from larvae consistently. LarvaL parasitism reached high levels in late May in the 2 regularly surveyed fields. One periodically sampled field had 97.5% parasitism in early May. After April 15, 90% or more of the B. curculionis entered diapause. The value of continuing investigations of parasitism of the alfalfa weevil and colonization of additional parasitoid species is stressed.
Transient forcing of a free shear layer: Experiments

*† ‡ This paper presents an experimental study of a two-dimensional shear layer to investigate the optical aberrations caused by large and small scale structures in the flow field. The experimental setup is a backward facing step with feedback actuation capabilities installed in USAFA’s subsonic wind tunnel. Time resolved hot film measurements as well as integral optical data from a Malley probe are used to correlate the flow structures identified using their velocity signature and their impact on optical distortions. Forcing was applied at the edge of the step using a range of frequencies and forcing amplitudes. We present lock-in results and demonstrate the ability of the Malley probe to detect the large coherent structures in the shear layer.
Time’s arrow in the trees of life and minerals

Charles Darwin analogized the diversification of species to a Tree of Life. This metaphor aligns precisely with the taxonomic system that Linnaeus developed a century earlier to classify living species, because an underlying mechanism—natural selection—has driven the evolution of new organisms over vast timescales. On the other hand, the efforts of Linnaeus to extend his “universal” organizing system to minerals has been regarded as an epistemological misfire that was properly abandoned by the late nineteenth century. The mineral taxonomies proposed in the wake of Linnaeus can be distinguished by their focus on external character (Werner), crystallography (Hauy), or chemistry (Berzelius). This article appraises the competition among these systems and posits that the chemistry-based Berzelian taxonomy, as embedded within the widely adopted system of James Dwight Dana, ultimately triumphed because it reflects Earth’s episodic but persistent progression with respect to chemical differentiation. In this context, the pioneering work of Hazen et al. (2008) in mineral evolution reveals that even the temporal character of the phylogenetic Tree of Life is rooted within a Danan framework for ordering minerals.
GC-detection of six species of antiseptics and pyrethin pesticides in honeysuckle

Objective:To establish a method for detection of chlorothalonil,triadimefon and pyrethin pesticides in honeysuckle by GC.Methods:After honeysuckle smashing and homogenization,antiseptics and pyrethin pesticides were extracted by acetonitrile,salted out and blown by nitrogen in 60℃,using normal hexane to solute,crossing flory silicon pillar,the filtrate blown nearly todry by nitrogen in 60℃,using normal hexane to make up to volume,sepatated by DB-17 capillary column,detected by ECD detector.Results:The recovery range was 87.2%～108.5% with relative standard deviation was 2%～8.9%.The detection limit was 0.0022%～0.045%.Conclusion:The method is simple,rapid,sensitive and accurate.The technical specifications are suitable for the detection of antiseptics and pyrethin pesticides in honeysuckle.
Trends of neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight and extremely birth weight infants

Objective To investigate changes of neurodevelopmental outcomes of very low birth weight infant(VLBWI)and extremely birth weight infant(ELBWI)occurred over the recent years. Methods The population included 143 VLBWI and ELBWI admitted from October 1st 2005to December 31st 2010who had finished the infant development test of BSID-Ⅱat corrected gestational aged 18~42months.The neurodevelopmental outcomes between two periods[2005-2008(period 1);2009-2010(period 2)]were compared. Results The subjects in two-period study were similar in gender,gestational age,and birth weight.The neurodevelopmental outcomes in period 2improved:the MDI score was increased(97.0± 14.6)versus(88.6±19.2)(P=0.004),and the rate of MDI70was decreased(3.4% versus 14.8%,P=0.014).In the period 1,the incidence of neurodevelopmental impairment and cerebral palsy were higher than the period 2(22.2% versus 13.5%,9.3% versus 2.3%),and the PDI score was lower[(83.6±16.1)versus(85.0±13.6)]and the rate of PDI70 was higher(16.7% versus 12.4%).But these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions Recent years,the neurodevelopmental outcomes of VLBWI and ELBWI seem to improve.Both doctors and parents should pay attention to the followup and early intervention of VLBWI and ELBWI after discharge,by which to improve their neurodevelopmental outcomes.
An outgassing measuring system used at low temperature

Various methods to measure outgassing rate were summarized including the pressure rising rate collecting,weighing and gas flowrate.Based on the gas flowrate method,a new one was developed to measure outgassing rate,which can be used not only at room/high temperature but also at low temperature even down to about 100K.The measuring system is easy to operate and has a high precision.
Status, power, and intergroup relations: the personal is the societal

Hierarchies in the correlated forms of power (resources) and status (prestige) are constants that organize human societies. This article reviews relevant social psychological literature and identifies several converging results concerning power and status. Whether rank is chronically possessed or temporarily embodied, higher ranks create psychological distance from others, allow agency by the higher ranked, and exact deference from the lower ranked. Beliefs that status entails competence are essentially universal. Interpersonal interactions create warmth-competence compensatory tradeoffs. Along with societal structures (enduring inequality), these tradeoffs reinforce status-competence beliefs. Race, class, and gender further illustrate these dynamics. Although status systems are resilient, they can shift, and understanding those change processes is an important direction for future research, as global demographic changes disrupt existing hierarchies.
Citation and distortion: Pierre Pomme, Voltaire and the crafting of a medical reputation.

In his Questions sur l'Encyclopedie Voltaire casts Doctor Pierre Pomme as an exorcist for modern times. For the philosopher, Pomme's treatment of hysteric and hypochondriac affections exemplifies the struggle against fanaticism and ignorance. In subsequent private correspondence Pomme and Voltaire exchange letters built around Christian metaphors. The term "exorcist" evokes a series of images putting into play the status of Pomme and the discipline of medicine as a whole. This article analyses the figurative schemes developed by Pomme and Voltaire, and how the use of metaphors generates a myth of therapy. It examines how Pomme seizes upon the rhetoric employed to create an image of his role as a doctor while also pursuing strategic aims particular to his work.
Why come back home? Investigating the proximate factors that influence natal philopatry in migratory passerines

Knowledge of which cues attract birds back to natal areas is important for conservation because the cues could be manipulated to attract breeders to source habitat or discourage breeders from settling in sink habitat. We examined the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic variables on natal philopatry using two metrics, short-distance natal dispersal and the probability of philopatry to the natal field, in two obligate-grassland bird species breeding in an agricultural landscape: the bobolink, Dolichonyx oryzivorus, and the Savannah sparrow, Passerculus sandwichensis. During 2002–2014, we detected 90 locally hatched Savannah sparrows and 129 locally hatched bobolinks breeding as adults near their places of origin (mean ± SD dispersal distances: Savannah sparrows: 917 ± 851 m; bobolinks: 1251 ± 839 m). For both species, the location of the field on which they bred relative to fields where annual productivity was greater than replacement best explained variation in natal dispersal distance. The probability a Savannah sparrow was philopatric to its natal field increased if it fledged later in the season, while this probability decreased if there was an opposite-sex parent or sibling present on the natal field, or the field was under a late-hay management scheme. None of the variables considered explained variation in bobolink natal philopatry. Natal philopatry and short-distance natal dispersal in these species appear to be influenced by factors that are difficult to manage; however, land managers should attempt to keep management consistent across time to reduce misinformation in dispersal cues.
Future trends in silicon technologies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the advancements in silicon semiconductor technology that has primarily been driven by Moore's Law. This was enabled by lithographic device shrinks and the introduction of new materials for each new generation of devices. In addition, scaling of the planar complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor structure has allowed improvement in performance for the last 20 years. However, conventional planar CMOS device structure is fast approaching its scaling limits. New materials as well as new device structures are needed to alleviate the scaling issues. Two of the most important new materials being introduced are high and low dielectrics. Some of the new devices under investigation include silicon on insulator (SOI), strained Si, vertical CMOS transistors with double gate, and 3D integrated circuits (ICs). This chapter also examines the future trends in CMOS device technology, and the extension of CMOS scaling, for both high-performance logic and memory devices. Finally, it examines the implications of these new device structures on future processes and material requirements, with emphasis on dielectrics materials.
Magnetically controlled growing rods for scoliosis surgery.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Early onset scoliosis can be both a disfiguring as well as a life threatening condition. When more conservative treatments fail, pediatric spinal surgeons are forced to consider operative interventions. Traditionally, these interventions have involved the insertion of a variety of implants into the patient with a limited number of anchor points controlling the spine. In the past, these pediatric patients have had multiple surgeries for elective lengthening of these devices to facilitate their growth while attempting to control the scoliosis. These patients often experience a physical and emotional toll from their multiple repeated surgeries. Growing spine techniques have also had a noted high complication rate due to implant dislodgement and infections. Recently, the development of non-invasively, self-lengthening growing rods has occurred. These devices have the potential to allow for the devices to be lengthened magnetically in a conscious patient in the surgeon’s office.Areas cove...
Oral sensory dysfunction following radiotherapy.

Objectives/Hypothesis To assess differences in oral tactile sensation between subjects who have undergone radiation therapy (XRT) compared to healthy controls. Study Design Cross-sectional cohort comparison. Methods Thirty-four subjects with a history of XRT were compared with 23 healthy controls. There was no difference in age (P = .23), but there were slightly more males in the XRT cohort (P = .03). The mean (standard deviation) time after XRT completion was 3.84 (4.84) years. Fifty-six percent of the XRT cohort received chemotherapy. Using our previously validated methodology to measure oral tactile sensory threshold quantitatively with Cheung-Bearelly monofilaments, sensory thresholds of four subsites (anterior tongue, buccal mucosa, posterior tongue, soft palate) were compared for the two cohorts. Results Site-by-site comparisons showed higher forces were required for stimulus detection at all four subsites among subjects in the XRT cohort compared to healthy controls. Mean force in grams for XRT versus control cohorts were: anterior tongue, 0.39 (1.0) versus 0.02 (0.01); buccal mucosa, 0.42 (0.95) versus 0.06 (0.05); posterior tongue, 0.76 (1.46) versus 0.10 (0.07); and soft palate, 0.86 (1.47) versus 0.08 (0.05) (P < .001 for all comparisons). Combining all four subsites into a single metric to assess an overall level of oral tactile dysfunction, the XRT cohort had reduced sensation by 18.7 dB (P < .001). Conclusions After radiation therapy, the oral cavity and oropharynx exhibit global tactile sensory dysfunction, manifested by increased tactile forces required for stimulus detection. The magnitude of sensory impairment is 18.7 dB. Level of Evidence 3b. Laryngoscope, 127:2282–2286, 2017
Esophageal Chest Pain

Non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP) consists of recurrent angina-type pain unrelated to ischemic heart disease or other cardiac source after a reasonable workup. The most common esophageal cause of NCCP is gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), followed by esophageal motor disorders and esophageal visceral hypersensitivity. Noxious triggers for NCCP include acidic and non-acidic reflux events, mechanical distension and muscle spasm, particularly longitudinal smooth muscle contraction. Functional chest pain of esopha­geal origin is diagnosed when endoscopy and esophageal physiologic studies (manometry, ambulatory pH/pH-impedance monitoring) do not reveal a source for NCCP. Once a cardiac etiology has been reliably excluded, an empiric proton pump inhibitor (PPI) trial provides a clinically useful and cost effective mechanism for diagnosis of GERD related NCCP. While endoscopy has a limited diagnostic yield because of the high prevalence of nonerosive disease, histopathology may help evaluate for microscopic evidence of reflux and eosinophilic esophagitis. Ambulatory pH or pH/impedance monitoring off PPI therapy assesses for abnormal esophageal acid exposure and reflux association with NCCP events using simple and statistical symptom association probability tests. Esophageal manometry is typically performed concurrent with ambulatory pH monitoring and can identify esophageal dysmotility, some patterns of which may be associated with esophageal hypersensitivity. Acid suppression with a PPI is the first therapeutic measure initiated even prior to investigation in NCCP. Pain modulators (e.g. low dose tricyclic antidepressants) are often the mainstay of therapy in refractory situations. Smooth muscle relaxants (sublingual nitroglycerine, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers) can be used in hypermotility states, although their efficacy has not been conclusively demonstrated in controlled trials. Hypnotherapy, biofeedback, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, and cognitive and behavioral therapy complement pharmacologic therapy, although additional ­studies are needed; acupuncture may also be of benefit.
Designing, Implementing and Testing a Mobile Application to Assist with Pediatric-to-Adult Health Care Transition

As development of mobile applications continues to expand, accessibility and utility for users who are differently-abled will become essential. One aspect that impacts a large portion of the differently-abled population is the process of medical transition. Medical transition for patients with chronic diseases from pediatric-based care to adult-based care is one that has been studied, developed and implemented for a number of years; recently, it has become a top priority in healthcare. Due to the complexities of the transition process, a well-designed, intuitive mobile application may improve the standardization and ease of care for these patients. This paper proposes and analyzes the design for a mobile transition navigator application (MTNA) while taking into account some of the most common considerations when working with differently-abled users. Specifically, three aspects of mobile application design are examined: (1) mobile user interfaces are different than traditional interfaces; 2. a variety of mobile platforms exist; and, 3. mobile platforms generate benefits and concerns such as the wide variety of screen sizes and resolutions.
Identifying the Needs of the Group

He was a first grader, home schooled and not accustomed to working with other students in a group setting. He was very eager to learn and always cooperative. His primary problem was insecurity. He kept wanting to leave and be with his mother or older sister. When he wasn’t feeling scared, his eagerness to work was very helpful because he attended a program in which most students displayed poor motivation and poor study skills. He was always eager to go to the next learning center and other students began to follow his example. The problem was to keep him busy so that he would not think about going home. With Camp Sharigan, he was fine because the pace was very fast, but he was also enrolled in the year-long Reading Orienteering Club program, which focuses more on remedial skills and uses a slower pace. This gave him more opportunities to think of mom. As the year progressed, he became more confident working in the group and did not always need reassurance that mom would return. While any group experience might have helped the little first grader learn to be more confident in a group setting, he showed others in the reading program not to give up so easily when challenged with a difficult task. He was an excellent role model. Some group members may give as much to the group as they receive.
Representations based on neuronal interactions in motor cortex.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that large groups of cortical neurons are simultaneously active when a stimulus is perceived or a motor act is planned and executed. All units that are recorded, using a immovable, chronically implanted array in motor cortex, modulated their activity during execution of a simple reaching movement attests to the idea that a very large number of neurons participate in the simplest of behaviors. Population decoding strategies, such as the population vector algorithm assume that neurons are noisy but independent encoders. These types of decoding algorithms demonstrates that pooling the noisy signals from many neurons can reduce the detrimental effects of noise and can predict the direction of movement quite reliably. By recording from multiple neurons simultaneously, neurons are not independent encoders of movement direction. They exhibit statistical dependencies on both time scale. By incorporating these correlations into statistical coding and decoding schemes, it shows that they are not necessarily detrimental to decoding movement direction but can improve predictive power.
A well-posed boundary value problem for supercritical flow of viscoelastic fluids of Maxwell type

For a class of viscoelastic fluids with differential constitutive laws of Maxwell type, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of steady flows. We consider small perturbations of uniform flow transverse to a strip. A well-posed boundary value problem is formulated for the case when the velocity of the fluid exceeds the speed of propagation of shear waves.
Using Oncology Nursing Society Cancer Chemotherapy Guidelines as a basis for continuing education in rural hospitals.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To describe a workshop developed to teach nurses caring for patients with cancer in a southern, rural area how to administer chemotherapy in an inpatient or homecare setting. DATA SOURCES The Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Cancer Chemotherapy Guidelines and published articles and books. DATA SYNTHESIS An oncology clinical nurse specialist teaching at a local university developed and presented 10 hours of didactic content and a 6-hour clinical practicum. The workshop was conducted in association with a community hospital, which offered oncology care to patients with cancer in the community. CONCLUSIONS All nurses who successfully completed the workshop demonstrated improved ability in caring for patients with cancer and in administering chemotherapy. The ONS Cancer Chemotherapy Guidelines provided an excellent outline for the development of an initial course on the science of chemotherapy and management of related symptoms. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Many nurses work in rural areas where they are expected to provide competent nursing care to a variety of specialized patient populations, yet they have limited access to educational opportunities. A workshop format is feasible and can provide the education necessary for nurses who care for patients with cancer.
N domain of the Lon AAA+ protease controls assembly and substrate choice

The protein quality control network (pQC) plays critical roles in maintaining protein and cellular homeostasis, especially during stress. Lon is a major pQC AAA+ protease, conserved from bacteria to human mitochondria. It is the principal enzyme that degrades most unfolded or damaged proteins. Degradation by Lon also controls cellular levels of several key regulatory proteins. Recently, our group determined that Escherichia coli Lon, previously thought to be an obligate homo-hexamer, also forms a dodecamer. This larger assembly has decreased ATPase activity and displays substrate-specific alterations in degradation compared with the hexamer. Here we experimentally probe the physical hexamer-hexamer interactions and the biological roles of the Lon dodecamer. Using structure prediction methods coupled with mutagenesis, we identified a key interface and specific residues within the Lon N domain that participates in an intermolecular coiled coil unique to the dodecamer. With this knowledge, we made a Lon variant (LonVQ ) that forms a dodecamer with increased stability, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy. Using this altered Lon, we characterize the Lon dodecamer's activities using a panel of substrates. Lon dodecamers are clearly functional, and complement critical lon- phenotypes but also exhibit altered substrate specificity. For example, the small heat shock proteins IbpA and IbpB are only efficiently degraded well by the hexamer. Thus, by elucidating the intermolecular contacts connecting the hexamers, we are starting to illuminate how dodecamer formation versus disassembly can alter Lon function under conditions where controlling specific activities and substrate preferences of this key protease may be advantageous.
Abstract TP46: Evaluation of Aspiration Thrombectomy versus Anticoagulation in a Large Cohort of Patients With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Introduction: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is an uncommon cause of stroke. Studies have assessed the efficacy of aspiration thrombectomy (AT), but have been limited to smaller population...
Morphology of the Posterior Malleolar Fracture Associated With a Spiral Distal Tibia Fracture.

Objective To define the pathoanatomy of the posterior malleolus fracture associated with a spiral distal tibia fracture to guide clamp and implant placement when treating these common injuries. Design Retrospective cohort. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients/participants One hundred twenty-two spiral infraisthmal tibia fractures identified from a cohort of 922 tibia fractures undergoing intramedullary nailing over a 7-year period. Main outcome measurements We collected instances of intra-articular extension seen on preoperative, intraoperative, or postoperative imaging. For patients with a posterior malleolus fracture and computed tomography imaging, we used an axial image 2-3 mm above the articular surface to create a fracture map. Results Intra-articular extension was present in 84 patients (68.9%), with posterior malleolus fractures occurring most commonly (n = 59, 48.4%). Other fractures included plafond fractures (n = 8), medial malleolus fractures (n = 7), anterior-inferior tibiofibular ligament avulsions (n = 5), and other anterior fractures (n = 5). Forty-one of 44 (93%) posterior malleolus fractures with cross-sectional imaging were Haraguchi type I (posterolateral-oblique type) with an average angle of 24 degrees off the bimalleolar axis. The remaining 3 were type II (transverse-medial extension type) fractures. Posterior malleolus fractures were visible 61% of the time on preoperative radiographs. Discussion Posterior malleolus fractures occur in approximately half of spiral distal tibia fractures and are consistently posterolateral in their morphology. This study can be used to enhance evaluation of the posterior malleolus intraoperatively (eg, ∼25 degrees external rotation view), and if the typical variant of posterior malleolus is identified, clamps and lag screws might be applied accordingly.
Impacts of the Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) program on the economy of California

Abstract The Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) Program is an innovative financing approach to meeting environmental goals. PACE financing is structured as an assessment to the property and paid along with the property tax bill. In addition to the direct environmental benefits, it also yields co-benefits of enhanced economic output and employment. This paper estimates the economic impacts of PACE in California by one of its major financing companies. These impacts include direct spending on structural improvements, reduction in spending on centralized power and water services, reallocation of spending from energy and water bills savings, and solar investment tax credits, among others. It also includes general equilibrium effects of these various factors. Our results indicate PACE financing yields sizable economic benefits. At the same time, the increased economic activity results in increased energy and water use that partially offsets some of the direct environmental gains. Furthermore, PACE has been subject to criticism because it gives financing companies the first lien on mortgages and because of anecdotal examples of some customers being lured by unscrupulous contractors. The direct environmental benefits and economic co-benefits of PACE should be factored into the policy debate over whether the Program should be further expanded or regulated.
Quantum probabilistic logic programming

We describe a quantum mechanics based logic programming language that supports Horn clauses, random variables, and covariance matrices to express and solve problems in probabilistic logic. The Horn clauses of the language wrap random variables, including infinite valued, to express probability distributions and statistical correlations, a powerful feature to capture relationship between distributions that are not independent. The expressive power of the language is based on a mechanism to implement statistical ensembles and to solve the underlying SAT instances using quantum mechanical machinery. We exploit the fact that classical random variables have quantum decompositions to build the Horn clauses. We establish the semantics of the language in a rigorous fashion by considering an existing probabilistic logic language called PRISM with classical probability measures defined on the Herbrand base and extending it to the quantum context. In the classical case H-interpretations form the sample space and probability measures defined on them lead to consistent definition of probabilities for well formed formulae. In the quantum counterpart, we define probability amplitudes on Hinterpretations facilitating the model generations and verifications via quantum mechanical superpositions and entanglements. We cast the well formed formulae of the language as quantum mechanical observables thus providing an elegant interpretation for their probabilities. We discuss several examples to combine statistical ensembles and predicates of first order logic to reason with situations involving uncertainty.
Photodegradation of Secondary Organic Aerosols by Long-Term Exposure to Solar Actinic Radiation

Sunlight-driven chemical transformations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are important for understanding the climate- and health-relevant properties of atmospheric particulate matter, but these ...
Red-Emitting Carbon Dots for MicroLED Application

We report 635 nm red-emitting carbon dots with a 230 nm Stokes shift, quantum yield more than 30%, and a wide UV-blue range excitation. We demonstrate the UV-curable carbon dot-embedded polymer for microLED application.
Global citizen deliberation: Case of world-wide views on climate and energy

Abstract As the global environmental issues are increasingly coordinated through international negotiations, new methods are needed to engage citizens worldwide in the policy-making processes. In this paper, through quantitative analysis of the data from World Wide Views, we draw insight about the citizens' views on issues of climate and energy. We employed bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis to identify significance associated with public views on climate and energy. In bivariate analysis, we used non-parametric statistical tests. Logistic regression was also employed to identify association with specific variables. The results from nonparametric tests by country and country groups show statistically significant associations with citizen's views on curbing GHG emissions through renewable energy, carbon pricing, and devising policies to address climate change. The national contexts also contributed to directing citizens' views with respect to their attitudes and proposed action on climate and energy. More than any other variables, country and country group showed significant relation with public views, highlighting the complexity of global deliberative forums in issues related that transcend international boundaries. Despite common agreement toward a globally binding goal of zero emissions in the Paris agreement, we also found variation at the country level.
Am I Ready to Be an Independent Neuroradiologist? Objective Trends in Neuroradiology Fellows' Performance during the Fellowship Year.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Aside from basic Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education guidelines, few metrics are in place to monitor fellows’ progress. The purpose of this study was to determine objective trends in neuroradiology fellowship training on-call performance during an academic year. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the number of cross-sectional neuroimaging studies dictated with complete reports by neuroradiology fellows during independent call. Monthly trends in total call cases, report turnaround times, relationships between volume and report turnaround times, and words addended to preliminary reports by attending neuroradiologists were evaluated with regression models. Monthly variation in frequencies of call-discrepancy macros were assessed via χ2 tests. Changes in frequencies of specific macro use between fellowship semesters were assessed via serial 2-sample tests of proportions. RESULTS: From 2012 to 2017, for 29 fellows, monthly median report turnaround times significantly decreased during the academic year: July (first month) = 79 minutes (95% CI, 71–86 minutes) and June (12th month) = 55 minutes (95% CI , 52–60 minutes; P value = .023). Monthly report turnaround times were inversely correlated with total volumes for CT (r = –0.70, F = 9.639, P value = .011) but not MR imaging. Words addended to preliminary reports, a surrogate measurement of report clarity, slightly improved and discrepancy rates decreased during the last 6 months of fellowship. A nadir for report turnaround times, discrepancy errors, and words addended to reports was seen in December and January. CONCLUSIONS: Progress through fellowship correlates with a decline in report turnaround times and discrepancy rates for cross-sectional neuroimaging call studies and slight improvement in indirect quantitative measurement of report clarity. These metrics can be tracked throughout the academic year, and the midyear would be a logical time point for programs to assess objective progress of fellows and address any deficiencies.
Teprotumumab: interpreting the clinical trials in the context of thyroid eye disease pathogenesis and current therapies

Teprotumumab, a monoclonal antibody targeted against the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (TED). Phase 1 studies of teprotumumab for the treatment of malignancies demonstrated an acceptable safety profile but limited effectiveness. Basic research implicating the IGF-1 receptor on the CD-34+ orbital fibrocyte in the pathogenesis of TED renewed interest in the drug. Two multicenter, randomized, double-masked, clinical trials (phase 2 and 3) evaluated the efficacy of 8 infusions of teprotumumab every 3 weeks versus placebo in 170 patients with recent-onset active TED, as defined by a clinical activity score (CAS) of at least 4. Teprotumumab was superior to placebo for the primary efficacy end points in both studies: overall responder rate as defined by a reduction of 2 or more CAS points and a reduction of 2 mm or more in proptosis (69% vs. 20%; P < 0.001; phase 2 study) and proptosis responder rate as defined by a reduction of 2 mm or more in proptosis (83% vs. 10%; P < 0.001; phase 3 study). In both studies, treatment with teprotumumab compared with placebo achieved a significant mean reduction of proptosis (-3.0 mm vs. -0.3 mm, phase 2 study; -3.32 mm vs. -0.53 mm, phase 3 study) and CAS (-4.0 vs. -2.5, phase 2 study; -3.7 vs. -2.0, phase 3 study). Teprotumumab also resulted in a greater proportion of patients with a final CAS of 0 or 1, higher diplopia responder rate, and a larger improvement in the Graves' Ophthalmopathy Quality of Life overall score. More than half of patients (62%, phase 2 trial; 56%, phase 3 trial) who were primary end point responders maintained this response at 51 weeks after the last dose of therapy. The most common adverse events reported with teprotumumab included muscle spasms (25%), nausea (17%), alopecia (13%), diarrhea (13%), fatigue (10%), hearing impairment (10%), and hyperglycemia (8%). Teprotumumab is contraindicated for those with inflammatory bowel disease and who are pregnant. Although the current dosing regimen has proven effective for TED, dose-ranging studies including variable concentrations, infusion frequencies, and durations of teprotumumab therapy in the setting of TED have not been performed.
At Your Own Risk: A Model of Delegation with Ambiguous Guidelines

Counter-intuitive to the lessons of principal-agent models, Chinese leaders have often provided local officials with ambiguous policy guidelines that do not clarify the boundaries of discretion. While ambiguity can give local officials flexibility in policy implementation, it can also instill fear of punishment among possible transgressors and encourage preemptive self-censoring. Incorporating both perspectives, I develop a formal model that analyzes a situation in which ambiguity allows flexibility for certain types of local officials while intimidating others. I argue that central leaders use ambiguity as a screening tool to encourage only the competent type of local officials—or those who have policy expertise for producing good outcomes—to choose a gray-area policy at their own risk, while deterring the incompetent type from doing so. I illustrate the model with the case of state-owned enterprise restructuring in China. The argument is broadly applicable to interactions between any upper- and lower-level actors in bureaucratic hierarchy.
Variation in Management of Extremity Soft-Tissue Sarcoma in Younger vs Older Adults.

Importance A large proportion of extremity soft-tissue sarcomas (ESS) occur among young adults, yet this group is underrepresented in clinical trials, resulting in limited data on this population. Younger patients present many complex challenges that affect clinical management. Objective To investigate variations in treatment management in young adults vs older adults with ESS. Design, Setting, and Participants This multicenter retrospective cohort study used the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to identify patients 18 years and older with ESS who received definitive treatment (ie, limb-sparing surgery [LSS] or amputation) between 2004 and 2014. Data analysis was conducted in November 2019. Exposures Treatment regimen received among young adults (aged 18-39 years) and older adults (≥40 years) after diagnosis with ESS. Main Outcomes and Measures To detect unique factors associated with treatment decisions in young adults with ESS, multivariable analyses used logistic regressions for patterns of treatment and their association with demographic factors and tumor characteristics. Results Overall, 8953 patients were identified, and among these, 1280 (14.3%) were young adults. From the full cohort, 4796 patients (53.6%) identified as male and 6615 (73.9%) identified as non-Hispanic White. More young adults than older adults underwent amputation (age 18-39 years, 104 of 1280 [8.1%]; age 40-64 years, 217 of 3937 [5.5%]; aged ≥65 years, 199 of 3736 [5.3%]), but the association was not statistically significant (age ≥65 years, odds ratio [OR], 1.49; 95% CI, 1.00-2.23;P = .05). Young adults were more likely to receive chemotherapy than older patients (age 40-65 years, OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.45-0.60;P = .001; ≥65 years, OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.12-0.20;P = .001). Conversely, young adults were less likely to receive radiation therapy compared with older patients (age 40-65 years, OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.22-1.61;P = .001; ≥65 years, OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.10-1.61;P = .003). Unique to younger adults, clinical stage II disease vs stage I and positive surgical margins were not associated with use of radiation therapy (stage II disease: OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.81-1.91;P = .31; positive surgical margins: OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.93-2.22;P = .11). White Hispanic young adults were less likely than non-Hispanic White young adults to receive radiation therapy (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36-0.78;P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance In this study, young adults with ESS were more likely to receive chemotherapy and less likely to receive radiation therapy than older adults. Further study is warranted to identify the clinical outcomes of these practice disparities.
Rates of cognitive dysfunction, psychiatric distress and functional decline following COVID-19

Introduction There is a limited understanding of the cognitive and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 during the post-acute phase, particularly among racially and ethnically diverse patients. Methods Approximately four months after COVID-19 diagnosis, patients in the Johns Hopkins Post-Acute COVID-19 Team (JH PACT) Pulmonary Clinic underwent a clinical telephone-based assessment of cognition, depression, anxiety, trauma, and function. Results The majority of JH PACT patients assessed were women (59%) and members of racial/ethnic minority groups (65%). Of 82 patients, 67% demonstrated ≥1 abnormally low cognitive score. Patients requiring ICU stays displayed greater breadth and severity of impairment than those requiring less intensive treatment. Processing speed (35%), verbal fluency (26-32%), learning (27%), and memory (27%) were most commonly impaired. Among all patients, 35% had moderate symptoms of depression (23%), anxiety (15%), or functional decline (15%); and 25% of ICU patients reported trauma-related distress. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional decline did not differ by post-ICU versus non-ICU status and were unrelated to global cognitive composite scores. Discussion At approximately 4 months after acute illness, cognitive dysfunction, emotional distress, and functional decline were common among a diverse clinical sample of COVID-19 survivors varying in acute illness severity. Patients requiring ICU stays demonstrated greater breadth and severity of cognitive impairment than those requiring less intensive treatment. Findings help extend our understanding of the nature, severity, and potential duration of neuropsychiatric morbidity following COVID-19 and point to the need for longitudinal assessment of cognitive and mental health outcomes among COVID-19 survivors of different demographic backgrounds and illness characteristics.
The Monterey Bay broadband ocean bottom seismic observatory

We report on the installation of a long-term buried ocean-floor broadband seismic station (MOBB) in Monterey Bay, California (U.S.A.), 40 km off-shore, at a water depth of 1000 m. The station was installed in April 2002 using a ship and ROV, in a collaborative effort between the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) and the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL). The station is located on the western side of the San Gregorio Fault, a major fault in the San Andreas plate boundary fault system. In addition to a 3-component CMG-1T seismometer package, the station comprises a current meter and Differential Pressure Gauge, both sampled at high-enough frequency (1 Hz) to allow the study of relations between background noise on the seis- mometers and ocean waves and currents. The proximity of several land-based broadband seismic stations of the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network allows insightful comparisons of land/ocean background seismic noise at pe- riods relevant to regional and teleseismic studies. The station is currently autonomous. Recording and battery packages are exchanged every 3 months during scheduled one day dives. Ultimately, this station will be linked to shore using continuous telemetry (cable and/or buoy) and will contribute to the earthquake notification sys- tem in Northern California. We present examples of earthquake and noise data recorded during the first 6 months of operation of MOBB. Lessons learned from these and continued recordings will help understand the nature and character of background noise in regional off-shore environments and provide a reference for the installa- tion of future off-shore temporary and permanent broadband seismic stations.
Classical Monetary Theory

There was no doctrinal dichotomy in classical literature.1 Monetary theory was an integral part of classical value theory. The values of money and commodities were similarly explained for the simple reason that, in classical analysis, money was a commodity, namely, specie, i.e., a particular fabrication of precious metal (Mason 1963, pp. 42–43, 55–56).2 “The introduction of money,” observed John Stuart Mill (1871, p. 619 [italics mine]), “is a mere addition of one more commodity, of which the value is regulated by the same laws as that of all other commodities”3 Francis A. Walker (1877, p. 275, n. 2) later explained: “It has been rather the fashion with political economists to refuse the name Money to any medium of exchange which is not ‘a material recompense or equivalent’…; Whether we should speak of anything which is not a material recompense or equivalent, as Money, without the qualifying word, paper, is a question which we can best discuss when we come to speak of convertible paper money, i.e., bank-notes.” There had been no question about this in the classics. Classical writers invariably attached the qualifying word, “paper,” to media of exchange that did not qualify as a “material recompense or equivalent.” While classical money was a commodity, it was distinguished from all other commodities by peculiarities of both the demand and supply functions for money which were implicit in classical theory. Nevertheless, no separate analysis was necessary to explain the value of money. Classical economic theory was an organic unity. Although no classical economist ever attempted to formulate a general equilibrium model, either including or excluding money, nothing in classical thought or analysis precluded such formal integration of monetary and value theory (assuming its attainability).
Topological cacti: Visualizing contour-based statistics

Contours, the connected components of level sets, play an important role in understanding the global structure of a scalar field. In particular their nesting behavior and topology – often represented in form of a contour tree – have been used extensively for visualization and analysis. However, traditional contour trees only encode structural properties like number of contours or the nesting of contours, but little quantitative information such as volume or other statistics. Here we use the segmentation implied by a contour tree to compute a large number of per-contour (interval) based statistics of both the function defining the contour tree as well as other co-located functions. We introduce a new visual metaphor for contour trees, called topological cacti, that extends the traditional toporrery display of a contour tree to display additional quantitative information as width of the cactus trunk and length of its spikes. We apply the new technique to scalar fields of varying dimension and different measures to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Role of Commensal Bacteria in Development of Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissues and Preimmune Antibody Repertoire

Intestinal bacteria are required for development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), which mediate a variety of host immune functions, such as mucosal immunity and oral tolerance. In rabbits, the intestinal microflora are also required for developing the preimmune Ab repertoire by promoting somatic diversification of Ig genes in B cells that have migrated to GALT. We studied the mechanism of bacteria-induced GALT development. Bacteria were introduced into rabbits in which the appendix had been rendered germfree by microsurgery (we refer to these rabbits as germfree-appendix rabbits). We then identified specific members of the intestinal flora that promote GALT development. The combination of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacillus subtilis consistently promoted GALT development and led to development of the preimmune Ab repertoire, as shown by an increase in somatic diversification of VDJ-Cμ genes in appendix B cells. Neither species alone consistently induced GALT development, nor did Clostridium subterminale, Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus epidermidis. B. fragilis, which by itself is immunogenic, did not promote GALT development; hence, GALT development in rabbits does not appear to be the result of an Ag-specific immune response. To identify bacterial pathways required for GALT development, we introduced B. fragilis along with stress-response mutants of B. subtilis into germfree-appendix rabbits. We identified two Spo0A-controlled stress responses, sporulation and secretion of the protein YqxM, which are required for GALT development. We conclude that specific members of the commensal, intestinal flora drive GALT development through a specific subset of stress responses.
A view of transfer and interference in contrastive analysis

Abstract Contrastive Analysis bases language-learning on transfer and interference. Historical Linguistics demonstrates that certain families of languages derive from the same original ancestors. Can those languages be considered easier to learn by speakers of another member of the same family? Or can they, sometimes, be considered too close to be learned easily?