cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Placement and Performance Analysis of Virtual Multicast Networks in Fat-Tree Data Center Networks

Virtualization of servers and networks is a key technique to resolve the conflict between the increasing demands on computing power and the high cost of hardware in data centers. In order to map virtual networks to physical infrastructure efficiently, designers have to make careful decisions on the allocation of limited resources, which makes placement of virtual networks in data centers a critical issue. In this paper, we study the placement of virtual networks in fat-tree data center networks. In order to meet the requirements of instant parallel data transfer between multiple computing units, we propose a model of multicast-capable virtual networks (MVNs). We then design four virtual machine (VM) placement schemes to embed MVNs into fat-tree data center networks, named Most-Vacant-Fit (MVF), Most-Compact-First (MCF), Mixed-Bidirectional-Fill (MBF), and Malleable-Shallow-Fill (MSF). All these VM placement schemes guarantee the nonblocking multicast capability of each MVN while simultaneously achieving significant saving in the cost of network hardware. In addition, each VM placement scheme has its unique features. The MVF scheme has zero interference to existing computing tasks in data centers; the MCF scheme leads to the greatest cost saving; the MBF scheme simultaneously possesses the merits of MVF and MCF, and it provides an adjustable parameter allowing cloud providers to achieve preferred balance between the cost and the overhead; the MSF scheme performs at least as well as MBF, and possesses some additional predictable features. Finally, we compare the performance and overhead of these VM placement schemes, and present simulation results to validate the theoretical results.
3hJ(15N−31P) Spin−Spin Coupling Constants across N−H···O−P Hydrogen Bonds

Equation-of-motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculations have been performed to evaluate three-bond (15)N-(31)P coupling constants ((3h)J(N[bond]P)) across N[bond]H....O[bond]P hydrogen bonds in model cationic and anionic complexes including NH(4)(+):OPH, NH(4)(+):OPH(3), NH(3):(-)O(2)PH(2), NFH(2):(-)O(2)PH(2), and NF(2)H:(-)O(2)PH(2). Three-bond coupling constants can be appreciable when the phosphorus is P(V), but are negligible with P(III). (3h)J(N[bond]P) values in complexes with cyclic or open structures are less than 1 Hz, a consequence of the nonlinear arrangement of N, H, O, and P atoms. For complexes with these structures, (3h)J(N[bond]P) may not be experimentally measurable. In contrast, complexes in which the N, H, O, and P atoms are collinear or nearly collinear have larger values of (3h)J(N[bond]P), even though the N[bond]P distances are longer than N[bond]P distances in cyclic and open structures. In linear complexes, (3h)J(N[bond]P) is dominated by the Fermi-contact term, which is distance dependent. Therefore, N[bond]P (and hydrogen-bonding N[bond]O) distances in these complexes can be determined from experimentally measured (15)N-(31)P coupling constants.
Assessing and Refining Myocardial Infarction Risk Estimation Among Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems.

Importance Persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that is treated with antiretroviral therapy have improved longevity but face an elevated risk of myocardial infarction (MI) due to common MI risk factors and HIV-specific factors. Despite these elevated MI rates, optimal methods to predict MI risks for HIV-infected persons remain unclear. Objective To determine the extent to which existing and de novo estimation tools predict MI in a multicenter HIV cohort with rigorous MI adjudication. Design, Setting, and Participants We evaluated the performance of standard of care and 2 new data-derived MI risk estimation models in 5 Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems sites across the United States where a multicenter clinical prospective cohort of 19 829 HIV-infected adults received care in inpatient and outpatient settings since 1995. The new risk estimation models were validated in a separate cohort from the derivation cohort. Exposures Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, HIV viral load, CD4 lymphocyte count, statin use, antihypertensive use, and antiretroviral medication use were used to calculate predicted event rates. Main Outcomes and Measures We observed MI rates over the course of follow-up that were scaled to 10 years using the Greenwood-Nam-D’Agostino Kaplan-Meier approach to account for dropout and loss to follow-up before 10 years. Results Of the 11 288 patients with complete baseline data, 6904 were white and 9250 were men. Myocardial infarction rates were higher among black men (6.9 per 1000 person-years) and black women (7.2 per 1000 person-years) than white men (4.4 per 1000 person-years) and white women (3.3 per 1000 person-years), older participants (7.5 vs 2.2 MI per 1000 person-years for adults 40 years and older vs Conclusions and Relevance The Pooled Cohort Equations discriminated MI risk and were moderately calibrated in this multicenter HIV cohort. Adding HIV-specific factors did not improve model performance. As HIV-infected cohorts capture and assess MI and stroke outcomes, researchers should revisit the performance of risk estimation tools.
Rapid Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Femoral Neck Stress Fractures in a U.S. Active Duty Military Population.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Timely diagnosis of femoral neck stress fractures is important to prevent fracture completion and displacement. We hypothesize that an abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) hip examination can diagnose femoral neck stress fractures and that femoral neck stress fractures are common in U.S. military recruits. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed abbreviated hip MRI examinations performed on active duty patients from November 1, 2013, to August 5, 2014. Patients were referred by primary care providers on the basis of high clinical suspicion. Study variables included presence and grade of femoral neck stress fractures. Results: 229 patients were evaluated with an abbreviated hip MRI. 43 patients (18.8%) were diagnosed with femoral neck stress fractures and 12 patients (5.2%) had bilateral femoral neck stress fractures. All femoral neck stress fractures were on the compressive side. Grading of stress fractures was as follows: 0 Grade I (0%), 8 Grade II (14.5%), 32 Grade III (58.2%),...
The Application of International Law in State Courts: The Case of Florida

Despite the United States Supreme Court’s pronouncement on the role of international law in U.S. courts over a century ago in the case of The Paquette Habana, courts and judges throughout the United States have largely been reticent to apply international law equally alongside domestic law to decide cases and controversies. Even with this reticence, cases involving interpretation and application of international law continue to be heard in courtrooms throughout the country. This Article intends to contribute to the vast international law literature by discussing the cases involving international law which have appeared in Florida courtrooms. With its international prominence, Florida provides a great case study on the issues which a state domestic court may face involving international law. Florida’s example includes issues as varied as foreign sovereign immunity, the act of state doctrine, the principle of comity, the Warsaw Convention and Montreal Convention, the Geneva Convention on the High Seas, the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the Hague Service Convention, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. With today’s global, interconnected world, with international commerce becoming commonplace, cases involving interpretation and application of international law will continue to be heard in Florida and other states in the future.
In re Akhbar Beirut & Al Amin

On August 29, 2016, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (Tribunal) sentenced a corporate media enterprise and one of its employees for contemptuously interfering with the Tribunal's proceedings in Ayyash, a prosecution concerning the February 2005 terrorist attack that killed former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri. The contempt decision is significant for two reasons: (1) it adopts an expansive definition of the crime of contempt to restrict a journalist's freedom of expression; and (2) it is the first international judicial decision to hold a corporate entity criminally responsible.
Impacts of interactive dust and its direct radiative forcing on interannual variations of temperature and precipitation in winter over East Asia

We used two 150-year pre-industrial simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), one with interactive dust and the other with prescribed dust, to quantify the impacts of changes in wind during East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) season on dust emissions, and the resulting consequences for interannual variations of temperature and precipitation over East Asia. The simulated December-January-February dust column burden and dust optical depth are lower over northern China in the strongest EAWM years than those of the weakest years by 38.3% and 37.2%, respectively. The decrease in dust over the dust source regions and the downwind region leads to an increase in direct radiative forcing (RF) at the surface by up to 1.5 Wm-2. The effects of EAWM-related variations in surface winds, precipitation and their effects on dust emissions and wet removal contribute 67% to the total dust-induced variations of direct RF at the surface and partly offset the cooling that occurs with the EAWM strengthening by heating the surface. The variations of surface air temperature induced by the changes in wind and dust emissions between the strongest and weakest EAWM years (strongest minus weakest) decrease by 0.4-0.6 K from eastern coastal China to Japan, which weakens the impact of EAWM on surface air temperature by 3–18% in these regions. The warming results from the combined effects of changes in direct RF, turbulent heat flux at the surface, and northwesterly wind anomalies that bring cold and dry air from Siberia to these regions. Over eastern coastal China, the variations of large-scale precipitation induced by the feedback of EAWM-related changes in wind on dust emissions decrease by 10-30% in winter because of the reducing changes in surface air temperature and the anomalous circulation.
Improved Health: A Bipartisan Opportunity to Expand the Scope of Health Reform.

The article discusses what the authors refer to as a bipartisanship opportunity to expand the scope of health care reform in America as of 2017, and it mentions the U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the political views of Democrats and Republicans in America. Population health in the U.S. is addressed, along with health insurance in the country, opioid drug overdoses, and an opioid abuse epidemic in places such as New Hampshire, West Virginia, and Ohio.
School Lunch Matters: Encountering the New Jim Crow and the Anthropocene

This presidential lecture to the American Educational Studies Association argues that school lunch matters as education, not merely as management, especially within the ethically challenging contexts of the New Jim Crow (with its school-to-prison pipeline) and the Anthropocene—both wicked problems. The educational significance of children's foodways, school food, and school lunch has deep roots in early modern, as well as high modern thought, and within the past decade a new educational studies scholarship on school lunch has emerged concurrently with Michelle Obama's leadership for National School Lunch Program reforms. This study invites a wide range of educational studies scholarship by mapping school lunch matters that might frame new curriculum theorizing with the purpose of developing leaders' ethical responses to both the school-to-prison pipeline and the environmental crisis. This conceptual frame focuses a prospectus for educational creativity on school lunch's health matters, choice matters, tab...
Bioengineering human vascular networks: trends and directions in endothelial and perivascular cell sources

Tissue engineering holds great promise in regenerative medicine. However, the field of tissue engineering faces a myriad of difficulties. A major challenge is the necessity to integrate vascular networks into bioengineered constructs to enable physiological functions including adequate oxygenation, nutrient delivery, and removal of waste products. The last two decades have seen remarkable progress in our collective effort to bioengineer human-specific vascular networks. Studies have included both in vitro and in vivo investigations, and multiple methodologies have found varying degrees of success. What most approaches to bioengineer human vascular networks have in common, however, is the synergistic use of both (1) endothelial cells (ECs)—the cells used to line the lumen of the vascular structures and (2) perivascular cells—usually used to support EC function and provide perivascular stability to the networks. Here, we have highlighted trends in the use of various cellular sources over the last two decades of vascular network bioengineering research. To this end, we comprehensively reviewed all life science and biomedical publications available at the MEDLINE database up to 2018. Emphasis was put on selective studies that definitively used human ECs and were specifically related to bioengineering vascular networks. To facilitate this analysis, all papers were stratified by publication year and then analyzed according to their use of EC and perivascular cell types. This study provides an illustrating discussion on how each alternative source of cells has come to be used in the field. Our intention was to reveal trends and to provide new insights into the trajectory of vascular network bioengineering with regard to cellular sources.
Diagnosis and treatment of migraine in the patient with depression

ABSTRACTBackground and purpose:Migraine headache is an enormous health care burden resulting in billions of dollars in workforce revenue lost and millions of lost workdays per year. Migraine headaches and depression are common comorbidities and require expertise in treatment and prevention.Methods:T
Overweight and Obesity Among School Bus Drivers in Rural Arkansas

INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major public health concern. Compared with other occupational groups, transportation workers, such as school bus drivers, have higher rates of obesity. However, little is known about the body weight and related health behaviors of these drivers, and opportunities for intervention are undetermined. METHODS We collected multilevel data from school bus drivers working from 4 school bus garages in Little Rock, Arkansas, and their work environment from January through July of 2017. Data on weight, height, sociodemographic characteristics, work factors, weight-related behaviors, and psychosocial variables were collected from 45 drivers. Analyses explored associations between body mass index (BMI; weight in kg/ height in m2) and sociodemographic characteristics, work factors, weight-related behaviors, and psychosocial variables. Two focus groups with a total of 20 drivers explored drivers' perspectives about healthy weight. Observational data at the bus and garage levels were collected through 2 "ride-alongs" and an environmental scan. RESULTS Drivers in our sample were predominately overweight or obese (91.1%), and most did not meet dietary or physical activity guidelines. Drivers who were currently dieting had higher BMIs (36.4; standard deviation [SD], 8.2) than drivers who were not dieting (28.5; SD, 7.7); drivers who reported eating less to lose weight had higher BMIs (38.1; SD, 8.5) than those who did not report eating less (29.5; SD, 6.0). Drivers who did not meet physical activity recommendations had higher BMIs (36.5; SD, 9.8) than those who met recommendations (30.9; SD, 4.8). Structural barriers and work stress were significant barriers to achieving a healthy weight. Resources for healthful eating and physical activity were limited in the garage. CONCLUSION Our study provides preliminary data on the prevalence, risk factors, and perceptions of overweight and obesity among school bus drivers. Study data on drivers' body weight, health-related behaviors, and psychosocial characteristics could serve as a basis for worksite interventions to improve drivers' health.
Original investigations into the effects of testicular biopsy

Testicular biopsy appears to enhance sexual function and to influence hormonal output. Stimulation of sexual function seems to be the earliest and most characteristic response to the operation and is probably attributable mainly to nervous stimulation. —Georgescu et al. 1969
Institutional Specificity and the Limited Policy Relevance of Modern Money Theory

MMTers claim that their perspective applies to all countries that do not borrow extensively in foreign currencies and that have adopted flexible exchange rates. This chapter presents evidence that developing countries borrowing in their own currencies and adopting flexible exchange rates still have significant problems conducting full employment macroeconomic policy. Only those countries that issue major international currencies, particularly the US, has the possible potential to conduct MMT policy. To enhance the ability of developing countries to pursue full employment macro policies, additional tools such as capital controls are likely to be necessary. While some MMT theorists have written about capital controls, their work is not sufficiently detailed and institutionally specific to assess the viability and effectiveness of such policies in practice.
Recursive Dynamic Compressive Sensing in Smart Distribution Systems

With a transition to a smarter grid, we are witnessing a significant growth in smart metering infrastructure and sensor deployment in the distribution system. The underlying communication infrastructure is stressed due to the large volume of data that is generated by the smart meters/sensors. Furthermore, real time operations such as state estimation and control are impaired due to the lack of reliable aggregation of the data. In this paper, we exploit the underlying sparsity in grid data to implement two recursive dynamic compressive sensing (CS) approaches-streaming modified weighted-l 1 CS and Kalman filtered CS. These approaches aim to reconstruct the sparse signal using the current underdetermined measurements and the prior information about the sparse signal and its support set. Slow signal and support change is in distribution grid data is validated using Pecan Street data. Both the IEEE 34 node test feeder system and PecanStreet data are considered as two examples to validate the superior performance of the two recursive CS techniques relative to classic CS.
Objectives and significance of stipulation for"regulation on national management of HIV laboratory testing"

Laboratory testing for HIV infection is the most basic diagnosis evidence for HIV infection and case with AIDS.However,HIV testing is not only professional issue but also quite psychologically different from other tests for infectious diseases.It requires that the HIV test need reach up nearly both 100% of the sensitivity and specificity.If false positivity occurs,it may cause personal,familial and social problems,even result in extremist behavior such as action of suicide.If false negativity occur,it may lead not to receive medical intervention prompdy and to increase infection for society due to blood and sexual transmission modes.As of December 2007,there were 6 918 HIV screening labs and 202 HIV confirmatory labs,which has been approved in China.Therefore,the purpose of"the regulation on national management of HIV laboratory testing"(Management)is to require the management of HIV laboratory testing work legally and to ensure the testing as a technical protection measure for priority prevention and control of AIDS in the country.This paper presents the development and formulation of the Management,and also describes people's concern and understand some key points to carry out the Management in hospital laboratory departments currently. Key words: HIV; Acquired immunodefieiency syndrome
T-TER: Defeating A2 Trojans with Targeted Tamper-Evident Routing

Since the inception of the Integrated Circuit (IC), the size of the transistors used to construct them has continually shrunk. While this advancement significantly improves computing capability, fabrication costs have skyrocketed. As a result, most IC designers must now outsource fabrication. Outsourcing, however, presents a security threat: comprehensive post-fabrication inspection is infeasible given the size of modern ICs, so it is nearly impossible to know if the foundry has altered the original design during fabrication (i.e., inserted a hardware Trojan). Defending against a foundry-side adversary is challenging because---even with as few as two gates---hardware Trojans can completely undermine software security. Researchers have attempted to both detect and prevent foundry-side attacks, but all existing defenses are ineffective against Trojans with footprints of a few gates or less. We present Targeted Tamper-Evident Routing (T-TER), a preventive layout-level defense against untrusted foundries, capable of thwarting the insertion of even the stealthiest hardware Trojans. T-TER is directed and routing-centric: it prevents foundry-side attackers from routing Trojan wires to, or directly adjacent to, security-critical wires by shielding them with guard wires. Unlike shield wires commonly deployed for cross-talk reduction, T-TER guard wires pose an additional technical challenge: they must be tamper-evident in both the digital (deletion attacks) and analog (move and jog attacks) domains. We address this challenge by developing a class of designed-in guard wires, that are added to the design specifically to protect security-critical wires. T-TER's guard wires incur minimal overhead, scale with design complexity, and provide tamper-evidence against attacks.
New Treatment Strategies for the Inflammatory Breast Cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) remains the most aggressive type of breast cancer. During the past decade, enormous progress has been made to refine diagnostic criteria and establish multimodality treatment strategies as keys for the improvement of survival outcomes. Multiple genomic studies enabled a better understanding of underlying tumor biology, which is responsible for the complex and aggressive nature of IBC. Despite these important achievements, outcomes for this subgroup of patients remain unsatisfactory compared to locally advanced non-IBC counterparts. Global efforts are now focused on identifying novel strategies that will improve treatment response, prolong survival for metastatic patients, achieve superior local control, and possibly increase the cure rate for locally advanced disease. Genomic technologies constitute the most important tool that will support future clinical progress. Gene-expressing profiling of the tumor tissue and liquid biopsy are important parts of the everyday clinical practice aiming to guide treatment decisions by providing information on tumor molecular drivers or primary and acquired resistance to treatment. The International IBC expert panel and IBC International Consortium made a tremendous effort to define IBC as a distinct entity of BC, and they will continue to lead and support the research for this rare and very aggressive disease. Finally, a uniform platform is now required to develop and lead large, multi-arm, proof-of-concept clinical trials that perform rapid, focused, and cost-effective evaluations of potential novel therapeutics in IBC.
Biometrics Increasingly Play Bigger Role in Pro, College Sports

With only a handful of states passing legislation regulating biometric data collection, pro and college sports leagues need to fill the gaps.
Comparison of two home pregnancy tests for self-confirmation of medication abortion status: A randomized trial.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate individuals' ability to perform and comprehend low-sensitivity and multilevel urine pregnancy tests during medication abortion follow-up. Study design We conducted a pilot study of individuals using mifepristone and misoprostol for medication abortion through 63-days gestation. We randomly assigned participants to use a 1000 mIU/mL low-sensitivity pregnancy test or a five-level multilevel pregnancy test. Seven days after mifepristone, participants performed their test and completed a questionnaire. One week later, participants performed another test if day 7 low-sensitivity test had been positive or day 7 multilevel test had not shown a one-level drop. We assessed comprehension of abortion status based on participants’ final test interpretation, and defined correct comprehension when patient report of pregnancy status was consistent with pregnancy test result. We also assessed usability with a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (0 ‘very easy’; 100 ‘very difficult’) and satisfaction. Results We enrolled and randomized 88 participants to low-sensitivity (n = 43) and multilevel (n = 45) test groups. Comprehension was correct in 38/39 (97%) and 41/45 (91%) of low-sensitivity and multilevel test users, respectively (p = 0.37). When the test indicated a possible ongoing pregnancy, all three low-sensitivity test users and two of three multilevel test users accurately comprehended their results. Participants rated ease of use as 7.5 (range 0−68) for low-sensitivity and 9.0 (range 0−52) for multilevel (p = 0.24) tests. Most participants were likely or very likely to recommend use of their test (32/36 [89%] low-sensitivity and 42/44 [95%] multilevel test users, p = 0.66). Conclusions Patients could comprehend and use low-sensitivity and multilevel tests during medication abortion follow-up with similar satisfaction. Implications Individuals are able to independently use both the low-sensitivity and multilevel tests for medication abortion follow-up. Both are acceptable for medication abortion follow-up without in-person contact, but future, larger studies to compare comprehension of both tests may be necessary.
At the Cusp - Reimagining Infective Endocarditis Care amid the Opioid Epidemic.

At the Cusp The opioid epidemic has transformed the epidemiology of infective endocarditis. Treatment models focused on managing acute complications could be expanded to encompass substance use dis...
Feeding the Dry Cow

The practice of dividing the cow's year into periods depending upon the stage of the gestation-lactation cycle should now be discarded. Feeding the dry cow is as much a factor during the first stages of lactation as the last stage of lactation is a factor during the dry period. For this reason, we cannot isolate one period and call it the dry period from a purely nutritional point of view. In terms of nutrition for the high producing dairy cow, modern feeding programs should feed the cow on a total year basis. The concept of "gestation-lactation" feeding is illustrated in Figure 1. Traditional dairy feeding programs involve a table of nutrient requirements and tables of feed composition. The two parts must be in the same unit of measurement and their usefullness is dependent upon the precision of both. The practice of stating energy values in different ways (starch equivalent, oat unit, barley unit, net energy, total digestible nutrients, etc.) has necessitated the development of many standards and tables of feed composition. Despite many attempts to develop values for equating measures of energy and recommendations for the use of a single standard, arguments for and against standards remain. In addition to the problems of expressions of energy, conventional systems fail to consider other important points such as feed intake and the end-products of rumen fermentation. Armstrong (1) pointed out the necessity for considering these end-products of digestion, and Kleiber (5) maintained that studies of milk formation are more of a chemical problem than a problem of energestics. Despite the known short-comings of conventional systems for feeding dairy cows, they served the dariy industry well for so long as feeding was done by experienced dairymen willing to provide considerable attention to individual cows within herds. In recent years, several changes in dairying have taken place which created the need for a new philosophy in feeding dairy cows. Among these changes were the following: 1) The use of large herds where individual feeding cannot be properly practiced. 2) The breeding of cows for levels of production high enough to create constant problems with borderline nutrient deficiencies. 3. Feeding program which create stress conditions and result in rumen health problems. This paper will review the theory and practice of a system for feeding dairy cows which was designed to overcome many of the problems encountered in traditional programs. The reader who is interested in a detailed listing of literature citations and a point-by-point consideration of the factors used in the program is referred to the book "Optimum Feeding of Dairy Animals" (7). In this review, general principles will be outlined instead of a detailed literature review.
SDTA: An Algebra for Statistical Data Transformation

Statistical data manipulation is a crucial component of many data science analytic pipelines, particularly as part of data ingestion. This task is generally accomplished by writing transformation scripts in languages such as SPSS, Stata, SAS, R, Python (Pandas) and etc. The disparate data models, language representations and transformation operations supported by these tools make it hard for end users to understand and document the transformations performed, and for developers to port transformation code across languages. Tackling these challenges, we present a formal paradigm for statistical data transformation. It consists of a data model, called Structured Data Transformation Data Model (SDTDM), inspired by the data models of multiple statistical transformations frameworks; an algebra, Structural Data Transformation Algebra (SDTA), with the ability to transform not only data within SDTDM but also metadata at multiple structural levels; and an equivalent descriptive counterpart, called Structured Data Transformation Language (SDTL), recently adopted by the DDI Alliance that maintains international standards for metadata as part of its suite of products. Experiments with real statistical transformations on socio-economic data show that SDTL can successfully represent 86.1% and 91.6% respectively of 4,185 commands in SAS and 9,087 commands in SPSS obtained from a repository. We illustrate with examples how SDTA/SDTL could assist with the documentation of statistical data transformation, an important aspect often neglected in metadata of datasets. We propose a system called C2Metadata that automatically captures the transformation and provenance information in SDTL as a part of the metadata. Moreover, given the conversion mechanism from a source statistical language to SDTA/SDTL, we show how functional-equivalent transformation programs could be converted to other functionally equivalent programs, in the same or different language, permitting code reuse and result reproducibility, We also illustrate the possibility of using of SDTA to optimize SDTL transformations using rule-based rewrites similar to SQL optimizations.
Characteristics of Sludge Drying

The dewatering characteristics of sludge is a seldom studied problem of waste treatment plant design. This investigation lists some of the parameters involved in the drying process and provides information for their evaluation. The importance of sand drains in drying sludge is shown. The addition of polymers to the digested sludge is clearly demonstrated to improve the drainage characteristics of the sludge.
Cholesterol Heterogeneity in Bovine Rod Outer Segment Disk Membranes

Abstract Rod outer segment disk membranes have been used to study visual transduction events. Numerous studies have also focused on protein-lipid interactions in these membranes. The possible heterogeneity of the disk membrane composition has not been addressed in such studies. Freeze fracture studies (Andrews, L. D., and Cohn, A. I. (1979) J. Cell Biol. 81, 215-220; Caldwell, R., and McLaughlin, B. (1985) J. Comp. Neurol. 236, 523-537) suggest a difference in cholesterol content between newly formed and old disks. This potential heterogeneity in disk membrane composition was investigated using digitonin. Osmotically intact bovine rod outer segment disk membranes prepared by Ficoll flotation were separated based on the cholesterol content of the disks. The addition of digitonin to disk membrane suspensions in a one-to-one molar ratio with respect to cholesterol produced an increase in the density of the membranes in proportion to the amount of cholesterol present. The digitonin-treated disks were separated into subpopulations using a sucrose density gradient. Disks were shown to vary in cholesterol to phospholipid ratio from 0.30 to 0.05. The ratio of phospholipid to protein remained constant in all disk subpopulations at approximately 65 phospholipids per protein. No significant change in the fatty acid composition of the disks was observed as a function of change in cholesterol content. This work demonstrates compositional heterogeneity in disk membranes which may ultimately affect function.
Electrochemically Nanostructured Polyvinylferrocene/Polypyrrole Hybrids with Synergy for Energy Storage

Unconjugated redox polymers, such as polyvinylferrocene (PVF), have rarely been used for energy storage due to their low intrinsic conductivity. Conducting polymers with conjugated backbones, though conductive, may suffer from insufficient exposure to the electrolyte due to the often formed nonporous structures. The present work overcomes this limitation via simultaneous electropolymerization of pyrrole and electroprecipitation of PVF on electrode surfaces. This synthesis method relies on the π–π stacking interactions between the aromatic pyrrole monomers and the metallocene moieties of PVF. This fabrication process results in a highly porous polymer film, which enhances the ion accessibility to polypyrrole (PPy). PPy serves as a “molecular wire,” improving the electronic conductivity of the hybrid and the utilization efficiency of ferrocene. The PVF/PPy hybrid exhibited a specific capacitance of 514.1 F g−1 , which significantly exceeds those of PPy (27.3 F g−1) and PVF (79.0 F g−1), respectively. This approach offers an alternative to nanocarbon materials for improving the electronic conductivity of polymer hybrids, and suggests a new strategy for fabricating nanostructured polymer hybrids. This strategy can potentially be applied to various polymers with π-conjugated backbones and redox polymers with metallocene moieties for applications such as energy storage, sensing, and catalysis.
Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Whole Organ Engineering

End-stage organ failure is a devastating problem with limited therapeutic options. The definitive treatment is orthotropic transplantation, however, there exists a severe shortage of viable donor organs, and this shortage is worsening with an aging demographic and as the number of new cases of organ failure increases. Patients fortunate enough to receive a transplant are required to receive immunosuppressive therapies and can face transplant rejection. The emerging concept of organ engineering may offer a new hope for these patients. Researchers in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are using three-dimensional whole organ scaffolds composed of allogeneic or xenogeneic extracellular matrix (ECM) for engineering functional tissue suitable for transplantation. Perfusion decellularization is an approach that generates native ECM scaffolds with intact 3D anatomical architecture and vasculature. Decellularized organs provide the ideal transplantable scaffold with all the necessary microstructure and extracellular cues for cell attachment, differentiation, vascularization, and function. The present manuscript will review the role of the ECM in normal development, the concept of ECM tissue specificity, and the effect of processing methods on eventual clinical outcomes. An overview of existing challenges and future directions will also be discussed. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 984–989, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract #LB-143: Epothilone B induces class I Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and HLA-A2 expression in ovarian cancer cells.

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 18-22, 2009; Denver, CO Background : Ovarian cancer is the leading causeof death from gynecologic cancers in the United States. Standardfirst line chemotherapy treatment for ovarian cancer includes paclitaxel and platinum based agents. Epothilone B (EpoB), like Paclitaxel, belongs to a family of anti-neoplastic agents that specifically stabilizes microtubules and arrests cells in the G2/M phase ofthe cell cycle. Little is known about the effect of EpoB on the immune response to tumors. There is compelling evidence that cancer cells use multiple strategies to evade immune recognition. One of these mechanisms is the down-regulation of HLA Class I molecule expression on the tumor cell surface, allowing the cancer cell to escape immune recognition and destruction. Objective : Our data illustrate the effect of EpoB on HLA class I expression in ovarian cancer cells. The effect on the expression of HLA-A2, the most common class I allele in the Caucasian population, has been evaluated as well. We also evaluated the relationship between EpoB-mediated surface HLA expression and transcriptional modification of HLA induced by EpoB. Methods : IC50 was determined for EpoB based on a 72 h cytotoxicity assay, using the Hey ovarian cancer cell line. Cells were treated with different concentrations of EpoB, ranging from 1-fold IC50 to 50-fold IC50, and incubated at 37°C for 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Cell surface expression of HLA class I molecules and HLA-A2 was examined by flow cytometry, using anti-HLA-A,B,C antibody (G46-2.6 clone) and HLA-A2 (BB7.2 clone). RT-PCR and real time quantitative PCR were used to amplify HLA genes, using Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase and Power SYBR Green master mix respectively. Results: Low dose EpoB (50 nM) increased cell surface expression of HLA Class I up to four-fold in Hey ovarian cancer cells. HLA-A2 expression increased up to two-fold. The highest HLA Class I and HLA-A2 expression increase was achieved after 72 hr treatment of 50 nM EpoB. EpoB transcriptionally activated HLA class I mRNA in Hey cells after 48 hr treatment with 20 and 50 nM EpoB. In the HLAlow ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3, surface HLA-A2 expression increased up to 3-fold. Conclusions: Low nanomolar concentrations of EpoB enhances surface expression of HLA Class I and HLA-A2 molecules in the Hey ovarian cancer cell line. HLA expression is dose- and time-dependent. EpoB transcriptionally activates HLA Class I mRNA synthesis in Hey cells. EpoB induces HLA-A2 surface overexpression in the HLAlow ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR3. HLA low cancer cell lines may be more sensitive to EpoB-induced HLA-A2 modulation. Our data suggest that low doses of EpoB can mediate the modulation of cell surface HLA and HLA-A2 expression on ovarian cancer cells and consequently enhance the immune recognition of tumor cells. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr LB-143.
Fine-scale population genetic structure of a wildlife disease vector: the southern house mosquito on the island of Hawaii.

The southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus , is a widespread tropical and subtropical disease vector. In the Hawaiian Islands, where it was introduced accidentally almost two centuries ago, it is considered the primary vector of avian malaria and pox. Avian malaria in particular has contributed to the extinction and endangerment of Hawaii’s native avifauna, and has altered the altitudinal distribution of native bird populations. We examined the population genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii at a smaller spatial scale than has previously been attempted, with particular emphasis on the effects of elevation on population genetic structure. We found significant genetic differentiation among populations and patterns of isolation by distance within the island. Elevation per se did not have a limiting effect on gene flow; however, there was significantly lower genetic diversity among populations at mid elevations compared to those at low elevations. A recent sample taken from just above the predicted upper altitudinal distribution of Cx. quinquefasciatus on the island of Hawaii was confirmed as being a temporary summer population and appeared to consist of individuals from more than one source population. Our results indicate effects of elevation gradients on genetic structure that are consistent with known effects of elevation on population dynamics of this disease vector.
Anomalous T3 inverse Hall mobilities observed in Sr1-xCuO2 and Sr0.9Nd0.1CuO2 infinite-layer thin films.

The infinite-layer Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ structure of the ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{y}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ systems are predicted to result in a simple 2D Fermi surface and a single hybridized $\mathrm{Cu} d\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O} p$ band. Unlike more complex high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors, the Hall mobilities in these systems should be unaffected by multiband scattering, allowing a more direct interpretation of the data. Here, we report the absence of the ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mobility commonly observed in other cuprates, suggesting that the ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ dependence may originate from interband ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ scattering. Finally, an anomalous ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ mobility presents new challenges to our understanding.
Social Networks That Promote Well-Being Among Latino Migrant Day Laborers

Latino migrant day laborers are a transnational population that often travels back and forth between borders in search of economic opportunities. These Latino day laborers (LDLs) are often at risk for exploitation and worker's rights abuses. Despite LDLs' heightened social vulnerability and risks, this population often does not access formal social or public health services due to their undocumented legal status, lack of health insurance and distrust of governmental social services. In light of LDLs' lack of access to formal services, social networks may enhance and protect their well-being and health through the exchange of emotional and social support, as well as the provision of concrete and practical services. Utilizing Berkman, Glass, Brissette, and Seeman's (2000) conceptual framework on social networks and health, this ethnographic study investigates the role of social networks in facilitating the well-being of LDLs (N=150). Implications for social services for this transnational population are also discussed.
Cerebrovascular Complications of Cardiac Surgery

This chapter provides an overview of the cerebrovascular complications that may arise in patients after cardiac surgery. Neurologic complications include encephalopathy, cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, and frank strokes. The brain abnormalities are predominantly caused by embolization of small and larger particles during surgery. Decreased brain perfusion may also play a role in some patients. Decreased perfusion, especially in the presence of diseased small and large brain arteries, can directly cause brain infarction and may also contribute to a failure to clear microemboli from the brain circulation. Decreased levels of alertness, decreased activity or restless agitation with delirium, confusion, and disorientation are common and are usually referred to as encephalopathy. Examination of these patients often reveals asymmetric reflexes, extensor plantar reflexes, frontal release signs, and abnormalities of cognitive function and visual perception. Occasionally, patients who have had heart surgery develop intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage after surgery. Most often these hemorrhages are noted in children who have had repair of congenital cardiac lesions and cardiac transplantations.
Exploring Spatiotemporal and Social Network Factors in Community Response to a Major Flood Disaster

In this study the characteristics of volunteering and community response to major natural disasters are examined. We investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of volunteering and the extent to which such community response can be understood in terms of social networks. Understanding the linkages among volunteering, social networks, and disasters offers opportunities for improving the planned response when disasters strike, including how volunteering might be increased by tapping into social networks, how far volunteers might be willing to travel, and the degree to which volunteers help out over the course of the hazard. This research focuses on the severe flooding that affected Fargo, North Dakota, in spring 2009. We examine how the structure of social networks is related to different types of volunteering behavior, including the intensity of volunteering and spatiotemporal aspects of volunteering. The investigations revealed that volunteers were willing to travel at least five miles and, in some cases, up ...
Trajectory and entrainment of a round jet in crossflow

This paper examines the trajectory and entrainment characteristics of a round jet in crossflow. A series of large eddy simulations was performed at Reynolds numbers of 1050 and 2100 and at jet to crossflow velocity ratios of 2.0 and 3.3. Trajectories, which are defined based on the mean streamlines on the centerplane, all collapse to a single curve far from the jet exit, and this curve can be represented with a power law fit. Within this power law region, entrainment of crossflow fluid is shown to be the primary mechanism by which the jet trajectory is determined. Upstream of the power law region, near the jet exit, jet trajectory varies from changes in pressure drag and from differences in the turbulence intensities in the incoming pipe flow.
B-free numbers in short arithmetic progressions

Abstract Given a sequence B of relatively prime positive integers with the sum of inverses finite, we investigate the problem of finding B-free numbers in short arithmetic progressions.
Spectrophotometric and calorimetric studies of Np(V) complexation with sulfate at 10–70°c

Sulfate, one of the inorganic constituents in the groundwater of nuclear waste repository, could affect the migration of radioactive materials by forming complexes. Spectrophotometric and microcalorimetric titrations were performed to identify the Np(V)/sulfate complex and determine the equilibrium constants and enthalpy of complexation at 10-70 C. Results show that the complexation of Np(V) with sulfate is weak but slightly enhanced by the increase in temperature. The complexation is endothermic and becomes more endothermic with the increase in temperature. The enhanced complexation at elevated temperatures is due to the increasingly larger entropy of complexation that exceeds the increase in enthalpy, suggesting that the complexation of Np(V) with sulfate is entropy-driven.