cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Institutions, Rulemaking, and the Politics of Judicial Retrenchment

This article examines the efforts of political and legal actors to scale back access to the courts and judicial authority in the decades since the rights revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. Despite the importance and consequences that such efforts have had for the judicial system and rights protections in the United States, public law and American Political Development (APD) scholars have only begun to study this phenomenon within existing theories of institutional change. Through an examination of efforts to reform procedural rules that govern courtroom access, adjudication, and potential remedies, this article presents evidence that both builds on and pushes this scholarship in new directions. In contrast to law and APD scholars who have promoted a ‘regime politics’ model of judicial authority that focuses on the interests of national elected officials and Supreme Court majorities, this article finds that actors pursuing retrenchment come from both within and outside the judiciary, evidencing a robust set of individuals and interests (far beyond judges and politicians) who might be considered “judicial” actors. Building on and complicating current understandings of the politics of retrenchment, moreover, I find that the groups involved in judicial retrenchment change significantly over time, are motivated by more than partisan backlash, and that the availability of malleable institutional “rules” enhances the likelihood of their success. Finally, I find that the processes of judicial retrenchment are distinctive but not static, unfolding in a series of methods for attempted change that are not only path dependent, but also path breaking.
On the organization of the retino-tecto-thalamo-telencephalic pathways in a Chilean rodent; theOctodon degus

Abstract After performing eye enucleations or restricted lesions in the superior colliculus or the pulvinar nucleus, the degeneration patterns provoked by these procedures were analyzed by means of the Nissl and the Fink-Heimer methods in 30 specimens of Octodon degus . The pulvinar or lateroposterior nucleus can be subdivided into 3 regions (rostrolateral, rostromedial and caudal), on the basis of cytoarchitecture, tectofugal afferent and efferent connections to the cerebral cortex. In addition, this nucleus projects to the ipsilateral tail of the caudate nucleus and to the nucleus lateralis dorsalis of the thalamus, which has been shown to project over the cingulate cortex in this animal. These findings support the possibility that the pulvinar may have an important role in visuo-limbic interactions, by way of its connections with the nucleus lateralis dorsalis. Another highly interesting finding from the phylogenetic point of view is that the organization of the pulvinar in the Octodon degus is remarkably similar to that organization of the retino-tecto-thalamo-cortical pathways described in the grey squirrel and in the tree shrew is strikingly similar to those found in the Octodon degus , a semi-fossorial South American rodent that has evolved in isolation from the two former species for about 40 million years, makes it impossible to explain the organization of this pathway by advocating convergent evolution, due to environmental pressures determined by arboreal life, as postulated by Kaas et al. 39 .
A comparison of two methods for estimating optimal weights in regression analysis

Two methods for estimating the variance function Var{Y\X = X) in weighted regression analysis are studied via simulation.The first method assumes that Var(Y|X= x) is a known power of the regression function E(Y|X= x), and estimates the coefficient vector susing iteratively reweighted least squares. In the second method, Var(Y|X= x) is estimated directly using a nonparametric regression technique.The results show that the first method can perform very poorly in the presence of strong heteroscedasticity, and that the second method may provide an effective alternative in such cases.
Acoustic Radiation from Axisymmetric Ducts: A Comparison of Theory and Experiment

A special cylindrical!} symmetric integral representation of the exterior solutions of the Helmholtz equation is used to calculate the free-field acoustic radiation patterns around two finite axisymmetric bodies, a straight pipe and a jet engine inlet. The radiation patterns around these bodies are then measured experimentally, with the free field being approximated through the use of an anechoic chamber. The inlet tested has a hard wall while the straight pipe is tested with both a hard and a lined wall. The computed theoretical and the measured experimental acoustic radiation patterns are found to be in good agreement. A discussion of possible sources of error, both theoretical and experimental, is included.
TESTING AND FORMAL VERIFICATION OF SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITECTURES

We examine two open engineering problems in the area of testing and formal verification of internet-enabled service oriented architectures (SOA). The first involves deciding when to formally and exhaustively verify versus when to informally and non-exhaustively test. The second concerns scalability limitations associated with formal verification, to which we propose a semi-formal technique that uses software agents. Finally, we assess how these findings can improve current software quality assurance practices. Addressing the first problem, we present and explain two classes of tradeoffs. External tradeoffs between assurance, performance, and flexibility are determined by the business needs of each application, whether it be in engineering, commerce, or entertainment. Internal tradeoffs between assurance, scale, and level of detail involve the technical challenges of feasibly verifying or testing an SOA. To help decide whether to exhaustively verify or non-exhaustively test, we present and explain these two classes of tradeoffs. Identifying a middle ground between testing and verification, we propose using software agents to simulate services in a composition. Technologically, this approach has the advantage of assuring the quality of compositions that are too large to exhaustively verify. Operationally, it supports testing these compositions in the laboratory without access to source code or use of network resources of third-party services. We identify and exploit the structural similarities between agents and services, examining how doing so can assure the quality of service compositions.
CD8+ T cells in Trypanosoma cruzi infection.

CD8+ T cells have emerged as crucial players in the control of a number of protozoan pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of human Chagas disease. The recent identification of the dominant targets of T. cruzi-specific T cells has allowed investigators to follow the generation of and document the functionality of T cell responses in both mice and humans. Although slow to develop in the early stages of the infection, T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cells reach prodigious levels and remain highly functional throughout chronic infections in mice. Following drug-induced cure during either the acute or chronic stage, these immunodominant T cells persist as stable, antigen-independent memory populations. T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cells in humans are less-well-studied but appear to lose functionality and decline in numbers in these decades-long infections. Changes in the frequency of parasite-specific T cell upon therapeutic treatment in humans may provide a new metric for determining treatment efficacy.
Awareness and uptake of direct-to-consumer genetic testing among cancer cases, their relatives, and controls: the Northwest Cancer Genetics Network.

Aims: To determine if awareness of, interest in, and use of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing is greater in a sample of high-risk individuals (cancer cases and their relatives), compared to controls. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Northwest Cancer Genetics Network. A follow-up survey was mailed to participants to assess DTC genetic testing awareness, interest, and use. Results: One thousand two hundred sixty-seven participants responded to the survey. Forty-nine percent of respondents were aware of DTC genetic testing. Of those aware, 19% indicated interest in obtaining and <1% reported having used DTC genetic testing. Additional information supplied by respondents who reported use of DTC genetic tests indicated that 55% of these respondents likely engaged in clinical genetic testing, rather than DTC genetic testing. Conclusion: Awareness of DTC genetic testing was greater in our sample of high-risk individuals than in controls and population-based studies. Although interest in and use of these tests among cases in our sample were equivalent to other population-based studies, interest in testing was higher among relatives and people who self-referred for a registry focused on cancer than among cases and controls. Additionally, our results suggest that there may be some confusion about what constitutes DTC genetic testing.
New examples of fractional dimensional semifield planes

Abstract This is a short round up of the fractional dimension of finite semifields and finite semifield planes. We show that the classical Knuth binary semifields can never be fractional dimensional and a special class of the generalized Knuth binary semifields is fractional dimensional, even though these two classes of semifields are isotopic. Finally we show that the Albert semifield A n ( S ) , where n is any odd integer, does not contain G F ( 2 3 ) when ( n , 3 ) = 1 .
SECONDARY ACCIDENT RATES ON LOS ANGELES FREEWAYS

There is a prevailing assumption that Freeway Service Patrol (FSP) programs improve safety for unassisted motorists by reducing the likelihood of secondary accidents. This research identifies 84,684 accident records from the California Highway Patrol’s First Incident Response Services Tracking system, and subjects these data records to a sequence of filters that check for incrementally more stringent conditions consistent with secondary accidents. This paper shows that secondary accidents on Los Angeles freeways are much less frequent than suggested in the transportation engineering literature. Avoiding secondary accidents provides only a small incentive to deploy FSPs, but the expected benefits associated with reducing already low secondary accident rates may still be sufficient to justify accounting for these costs.
An evolutionary approach to the job-shop scheduling problem

This paper focuses on the heuristic hybridization and the genetic search as a methodology to develop a computationally efficient heuristic for the job-shop scheduling problem (JSP). In order to adapt the JSP to a genetic algorithm (GA), the ASGPL (Active-Schedule Generation with a Priority-List) algorithm with a hopping scheme was proposed, and using a GA, an iterative schedule improvement procedure called EVIS (Evolutionary Intracell Scheduler) was designed. The genetic search in EVIS was parallelized with a model of subpopulations and migration. Without implementing any problem-tailored heuristic for the job-shop scheduling problem, EVIS was able to find optimal solutions to a number of different problem instances in reasonable computation time. >
Bitrate allocation for multiple video streams at competitive equilibria

Current methods for multiplexing video streams often rely on identifying the relative complexity of the video streams to improve the combined overall quality. In such methods, not all the videos benefit from the multiplexing process. Typically, the quality of high motion videos is improved at the expense of reduction in the quality of low motion videos. In our approach, we use a competitive equilibrium allocation of bitrate to simultaneously improve the quality of all the video streams by finding trades between videos across time. The proposed method not only uses information about the differing complexity of the video streams at every moment but also the differing complexity of each stream over time.
Commentary on PND at 25

The author provides commentary on the scientific enterprise of single-case meta-analysis, including experiences with and use of the percentage of nonoverlapping data statistic. The author provides a brief review and commentary on the benefits and liabilities of the PND statistic as well as other effect size metrics. The article includes general commentary about the perception and position of single-subject meta-analysis and its use to inform health insurance decision making in the field of autism. The commentary ends with predictions and recommendations for single-case meta-analysis in the next 25 years.
The Maize Regulatory Gene B-Peru Contains a DNA Rearrangement That Specifies Tissue-Specific Expression Through Both Positive and Negative Promoter Elements

The B-Peru allele of the maize b regulatory gene is unusual relative to most b alleles in that it is expressed in the aleurone layer of the seed. It is also expressed in a subset of plant vegetative tissues. Transgenic maize plants containing the B-Peru gene with the first 710 bases of upstream sequence conferred the same levels of aleurone expression as nontransgenic B-Peru plants, but no pigment was made in vegetative tissues. Transient transformation assays in aleurone tissue localized the aleurone-specific promoter to the first 176 bases of the B-Peru upstream region and identified two critically important regions within this fragment. Mutation of either region alone reduced expression greater than fivefold. Surprisingly, the double mutation actually increased expression to twice the native promoter level. Our results suggest that these two critical sequences, which lie close together in the promoter, may form a negative regulatory element. Several lines of evidence suggest that the B-Peru promoter arose through the translocation of an existing aleurone-specific promoter to the b locus. Immediately upstream of the aleurone-specific promoter elements and in the opposite orientation to the b coding sequence is a pseudogene sequence with strong similarity to a known class of proteins. Our findings that novel aleurone-specific promoter sequences of the B-Peru transcription factor are found adjacent to part of another gene in a small insertion are quite unexpected and have interesting evolutionary implications.
Active and Sedentary Video Game Time

This study used survey methodology to measure opinions of 13- to 15-year-olds (N = 176) about sedentary and active video games and the relative amount of time spent with those games, and evaluated correlations between time spent with those two types of games and the body mass index (BMI) of the respondent. Results showed no evidence of any correlation between BMI and relative time devoted to video game usage by type of game (active versus sedentary), nor any support for a correspondence between overall levels of time spent with video games and BMI. Yet, the data did point to a nonlinear association in which those who devoted more than 50% of the total time they spend with video games on sedentary games had a higher BMI than those who spent less than 50% of their video gaming time with sedentary games. Important gender differences also emerged in the adolescents’ opinions of active versus sedentary games.
Suppression of Expression Between Adjacent Genes Within Heterologous Modules in Yeast

Recent studies have shown that proximal arrangement of multiple genes can have complex effects on gene expression. For example, in the case of heterologous gene expression modules, certain arrangements of the selection marker and the gene expression cassette may have unintended consequences that limit the predictability and interpretability of module behaviors. The relationship between arrangement and expression has not been systematically characterized within heterologous modules to date. In this study, we quantitatively measured gene expression patterns of the selection marker (KlURA3 driven by the promoter, pKlURA) and the gene expression cassette (GFP driven by the galactose-inducible GAL1 promoter, pGAL1) in all their possible relative arrangements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, we observed that pKlURA activity depends strongly on the relative arrangement and the activity of pGAL1. Most notably, we observed transcriptional suppression in the case of divergent arrangements: pKlURA activity was reduced when pGAL1 was inactive. Based on our nucleosome occupancy data, we attribute the observed transcriptional reduction to nucleosome repositioning. Second, we observed that pGAL1 activity also depends on the relative arrangement of pKlURA. In particular, strains with divergent promoters showed significantly different pGAL1 activation patterns from other strains, but only when their growth was compromised by lack of uracil. We reasoned that this difference in pGAL1 activation patterns arises from arrangement-dependent pKlURA activity that can affect the overall cell physiology (i.e., cell growth and survival in the uracil-depleted condition). Our results underscore the necessity to consider ramifications of promoter arrangement when using synthetic gene expression modules.
Injury as metaphor: Towards an integration of perspectives

Despite some notable successes, the prevailing injury rates connected with transportation, recreation and the workplace suggest that most of the findings from injury research have yet to be taken seriously by the American public or their political representatives. While a number of explanations might be offered for this situation, this paper carefully examines one which ties the social neglect of research knowledge to the diversity of premises and perspectives on injury. The lack of public action to prevent injury in many areas stems not so much from ignorance as from disagreement, and consequently, confusion over the nature of the injury problem and what should be done about it. Most of these disagreements can be traced to the contending perspectives on injury found in research. This paper examines three perspectives, those of economics, law and public health, and analyzes the metaphor each uses to characterize injury for clues about the sources of disagreement among them. Attention then turns to the rationale for integrating these perspective in ways that might accommodate the disagreements and serve as a basis for building a social consensus for public action.
Nonuniform linear arrays: Graph-theoretic approach to minimum redundancy

A closed-form equation is given for minimum redundancy linear arrays (MRLAs) based on a graph-theoretic approach. The results obtained include an expression for incremental change and a log-log plot for a large range of values as well as a plot of redundancy with limiting value of 4/3.
Identification of comS, a gene of the srfA operon that regulates the establishment of genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis

Abstract Genetic competence (the ability to internalize exogenous DNA) in Bacillus subtilis is dependent on a regulatory pathway that activates the expression of a battery of competence-specific genes. The srfA operon, encoding the subunits of surfactin synthetase, which catalyzes the nonribosomal synthesis of the peptide antibiotic surfactin, also functions in the competence regulatory pathway. The DNA encoding only one of the seven amino acid-activating domains of surfactin synthetase, the valine-activating domain (srfAB1), is necessary for competence. Deletion analysis revealed that a 569-bp fragment of srfAB1, fused to the srfA promoter, complements a srfA deletion mutation (delta srfA) with respect to competence. This fragment contains an open reading frame consisting of 46 amino acids (orf46), which is out of frame with srfAB1. A frameshift mutation in srfAB upstream of orf46 has no effect on competence but a frameshift and nonsense mutation in orf46 resulted in failure to complement the delt srfA mutation. These results indicate that orf46 encodes the srfA-associated competence regulatory factor. Computer-aided analysis of the putative orf46 product (ComS) shows similarity to the homeodomain of the POU domain class of eukaryotic transcriptional regulators.
Selective path profiling

Recording dynamic information for only a subset of program entities can reduce monitoring overhead and can facilitate efficient monitoring of deployed software. Program entities, such as statements, can be monitored using probes that track the execution of those entities. Monitoring more complicated entities, such as paths or definition-use associations, requires more sophisticated techniques that track not only the execution of the desired entities but also the execution of other entities with which they interact. This paper presents an approach for monitoring subsets of one such program entity---acyclic paths in procedures. Our selective path profiling algorithm computes values for probes that guarantee that the sum of the assigned value along each acyclic path (path sum) in the subset is unique; acyclic paths not in the subset may or may not have unique path sums. The paper also presents the results of studies that compare the number of probes required for subsets of various sizes with the number of probes required for profiling all paths, computed using Ball and Larus' path profiling algorithm. Our results indicate that the algorithm performs well on many procedures by requiring only a small percentage of probes for monitoring the subset.
A rapid method for identifying plasmids in cyanobacteria

A simple and rapid method is described to determine the plasmid content of cyanobacteria. This procedure is a modification of the Eckhardt in-well lysis and agarose gel electrophoresis technique and can be used for both unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria.
PISCES-MC: a multiwindow, multimethod 2-D device simulator

A multiwindow, multimethod device analysis algorithm that combines the advantages of efficient drift-diffusion simulators and accurate physical models using Monte Carlo methods is described. The PISCES 2-D device analysis program is used whenever the drift-diffusion model is valid. In situations where the drift-diffusion model breaks down, a window is opened in the part of the device where the hot-carrier effects are important. The Monte Carlo method in the McPOP program is then applied in the window. The simulation results obtained match well with the measured data and the full Monte Carlo results. The CPU time required has been reduced by a factor of 3 to 10 compared with the full Monte Carlo simulation. A parallel Monte Carlo algorithm has been used in the McPOP program. A 20-processor system speeds up the program by a factor of 18.5. >
Disability Transitions for Older Persons with Arthritis

This article reports changes over 2 years in physical, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) disabilities for older U.S. adults with arthritis, compared to those without arthritis. The data source is the 1986 Longitudinal Study on Aging, a follow-up survey of community-dwelling persons ages 70 and over when first interviewed in 1984 (N = 4,717). Disability is defined as difficulty doing an activity on one's own and without special equipment. Transitions from tO status (1984: No Difficulty, Yes Difficulty) to ti status (1986: No Difficulty-Community Dwelling, Yes Difficulty-Community Dwelling, Institutional Residence, Dead) are studied. (a) Among nondisabled persons at to, people with arthritis are more likely to incur all types of disability over a 2-year period. (b) Among disabled persons at tO, those with arthritis regain ADL, IADL, and walking abilities more readily than do their nonarthritis peers, but they are less likely to regain physical functions req...
Initial diagnostic management of pediatric bone tumors.

Background Osteosarcoma (OS) and the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) are the most common primary pediatric bone malignancies. We sought to assess the diagnostic accuracy of initial tumor biopsies in patients with OS or ESFT at a pediatric cancer center.
Mechanism of the swift increase in alcohol metabolism ("SIAM") in the rat

Gastric intubation of female Sprague-Dawley rats (80–150 g) with one large dose (5 g/kg) of ethanol nearly doubled oxygen uptake of the isolated, perfused rat liver in only 2.5 hours. This increased hepatic respiration can account for the Swift Increase in Alcohol Metabolism (SIAM). Inhibition of enhanced oxygen and ethanol uptake by KCN (2 mM) and 4-methylpyrazole (0.8 mM) indicated the involvement of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and alcohol dehydrogenase in this phenomenon, respectively.
A Proposed Method for Spatial Data Disaggregation and Interpolation

The Model for External Reliance of Localities in (MERLIN) Coastal Management Zones is a proposed solution to allow scaling of variables to smaller, nested geographies. Using a principal components analysis and data normalization techniques, smaller scale data relationships are linked to data relationships within larger geographies and scaling factors are developed for each. In using these relationships, MERLIN will derive a set of variables scaled to a desired geography representing the attributes of the population present. The concept driving MERLIN's development is that correlations between variables at a specific location and level of geography can be tested and applied to other scales for interpolations. This flexibility and relative simplicity of calculation make MERLIN a valuable tool in many types of social research and for data interpolation. In a pilot study, the MERLIN model is applied to counties along the Gulf Coast of Florida to create a well-being index at the census tract level. Results rev...
[Breaking "bad news" in oncology].

Auteur(s) :, Bernard Hœrni Institut Bergonie, 229, cours de l’Argonne, 33076 Bordeaux cedex Article recu le 8 Juin 2004, accepte le 23 Aout 2004 « Parle, instruis-nous, les malades aiment savoir exactement ce qui reste a souffrir »Eschyle Depuis une vingtaine d’annees, le « mensonge medical » n’est plus defendable. Les malades doivent etre informes comme ils le souhaitent et, en tout cas, de facon authentique, « loyale, claire et appropriee » [...]
A Machine Learning Approach to Identify Prostate Cancer Areas in Complex Histological Images

Separating benign glands, and cancer areas from stroma is one of the vital steps towards automated grading of prostate cancer in digital images of H&E preparations. In this work we present a novel tool that utilizes a supervised classification of histograms of staining components in hematoxylin and eosin images to delineate areas of benign and cancer glands. Using high resolution images of whole slide prostatectomies we compared several image classification schemes which included intensity histograms, histograms of oriented gradients, and their concatenations to the manual annotations of tissues by a pathologist, and showed that joint intensity histograms of hematoxylin and eosin components performed with the highest accuracy.
Interaction of Clusters with Substrates

The equilibrium geometry, binding energy, and electronic structure of a triatomic lithium cluster interacting with the (001) surface of lithium metal has been studied using unrestricted Hartree-Fock theory. The surface was modeled by clusters of 5 and 13 atoms of lithium whose positions were held fixed at their normal crystallographic positions. Optimizing the geometry of the trimer while it interacted with the surface showed that the trimer disintegrated and became a part of the modeled bulk.
Effect of adrenergic reactive drugs on Tetrahymena pyriformis in a chemically defined medium.

Abstract Glucose, reserpine, dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) or propranolol affected glycogen synthesis of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W with only slight effects on growth in a defined medium. The presence of glucose increased glycogen synthesis during stationary phase while reserpine, DCI or propranolol in defined medium with or without glucose reduced glycogen synthesis. Incorporation studies with [14C] tyrosine and [14C] dihydroxyphenyl-alanine did not substantiate the presence of a functional catecholamine system in our strain of Tetrahymena pyriformis .
Enhancing speech envelope by integrating hair-cell adaptation into cochlear implant processing

Cochlear implants (CIs) bypass some of the mechanisms that underlie normal neural behavior as occurs in acoustic hearing. One such neural mechanism is short-term adaptation, which has been proposed to have a significant role in speech perception. Acoustically-evoked neural adaptation has been mainly attributed to the depletion of neurotransmitter in the hair-cell to auditory-nerve synapse and is therefore not fully present in CI stimulation. This study evaluated a signal processing method that integrated a physiological model of hair-cell adaptation into CI speech processing. The linear high-pass adaptation process expanded the range of rapid variations of the electrical signal generated by the clinical processing strategy. Speech perception performance with the adaptation-based processing was compared to that of the clinical strategy in seven CI users. While there was large variability across subjects, the new processing improved sentence recognition and consonant identification scores in quiet in all the tested subjects with an average improvement of 8% and 6% respectively. Consonant recognition scores in babble noise were improved at the higher signal-to-noise ratios tested (10 and 6 dB) only. Information transfer analysis of consonant features showed significant improvements for manner and place of articulation features, but not for voicing. Enhancement of within-channel envelope cues was confirmed by consonant recognition results obtained with single-channel strategies that presented the overall amplitude envelope of the signal on a single active electrode. Adaptation-inspired envelope enhancement techniques can potentially improve perception of important speech features by CI users.
GERMINATION OF SPORES OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS

Germination of spores of Clostridium perfringens S-45 was optimal at pH 6.0 at a temperature of 30 C in a medium freed of dissolved oxygen. Heat activation was necessary, and maximal germination occurred when spores were heated for 20 min at 75 C. Of the various materials examined, a combination of cystine and sodium chloride was most effective for inducing rapid and complete germination.
Trabecular resorption patterns of cement-bone interlock regions in total knee replacements.

With in vivo service, there is loss of mechanical interlock between trabeculae and PMMA cement in total knee replacements. The mechanisms responsible for the loss of interlock are not known, but loss of interlock results in weaker cement-bone interfaces. The goal of this study was to determine the pattern of resorption of interdigitated bone using a series of 20 postmortem retrieved knee replacements with a wide range of time in service (3-22 years). MicroCT scans were obtained of a segment of the cement-bone interface below the tibial tray for each implant. Image processing methods were used to determine interface morphology and to identify supporting, interdigitated, resorbed, and isolated bone as a function of axial position. Overall, the amount of remaining interdigitated bone decreased with time in service (p = 0.0114). The distance from the cement border (at the extent of cement penetration into the bone bed) to 50% of the interdigitated volume decreased with time in service (p = 0.039). Isolated bone, when present, was located deep in the cement layer. Overall, resorption appears to start at the cement border and progresses into the cement layer. Initiation of trabecular resorption near the cement border may be a consequence of proximity to osteoclastic cells in the adjacent marrow space. Clinical significance Aseptic loosening of joint replacements remains an important clinical problem. This work explores the process and pattern of trabecular bone resorption responsible for loss of interface fixation. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2773-2780, 2017.
Potassium tune-out-wavelength measurement using atom interferometry and a multipass optical cavity

The longest tune-out wavelength for potassium atoms, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zero}}=768.9701(4)$ nm, was measured using an atom interferometer with a large irradiance gradient supported in a multipass optical cavity. Systematic errors in ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zero}}$ measurements that arise from laser light, Doppler shifts, and the Earth's rotation are described. The ratio of oscillator strengths for the potassium $D2$ and $D1$ lines inferred from this ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{zero}}$ measurement is $\ensuremath{\rho}={f}_{D2}/{f}_{D1}=2.0066(11)$, and the ratio of line strengths is $R={S}_{D2}/{S}_{D1}=1.9977(11)$.
Impact of Admission Blood Pressure on Outcome in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage (P02.039)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between admission blood pressure with complications and outcome in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). BACKGROUND: Although blood pressure control is important in the management of spontaneous ICH, there is conflicting evidence about the role of elevated admission blood pressure on outcome in those patients. DESIGN/METHODS: We reviewed our prospective database of spontaneous ICH patients between January 2009 and June 2012. Admission systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were divided into two groups: ( RESULTS: 198 patients with spontaneous ICH were identified. Patients with SBP ≥ 180 mm Hg were likely to be younger (61 ± 15 vs. 65 ± 16, p=0.05), African American (52% vs. 32%, p=0.004), have hypertension (87% vs. 66%, p=0.001) and admission GCS CONCLUSIONS: ICH patients with elevated admission blood pressure are more likely to have IVH and hydrocephalus with no increase in mortality, expansion risk, and length of ICU stay. Thus aggressive blood pressure control may not be the only measure to reduce mortality and morbidity in these patients. Disclosure: Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hinduja has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dibu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Achi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Samant has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yaghi has nothing to disclose.
Studying Islam and Homosexuality

The topics of ‘Islam’ and ‘homosexuality’ have become increasingly interrelated objects of study in academia. In this chapter, Shah evaluates some core contributions in this area, starting with the work of the openly gay American convert Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, a scholar of South Asian and Islamic Studies at Emory University. Shah then outlines other pertinent studies of sexuality—specifically homosexuality—among Muslim societies in Western and non-Western settings. He connects this broad survey with other much-needed analytical insights, concentrating on sociological perspectives on ‘deviance’, ethnicity, nationalism and globalisation. The chapter ends with a brief examination of religion, nationalism and homosexuality in relevant non-Muslim contexts.
Feature-Based Signal Selection for Post-Silicon Debug Using Machine Learning

A key challenge of post-silicon validation methodology is to select a limited number of trace signals that are effective during post-silicon debug. Structural analysis used by traditional signal selection techniques are fast but lead to poor restoration quality. In contrast, simulation-based selection techniques provide superior restorability but incur significant computation overhead. While early work on machine learning based signal selection is promising [1] , it is still not applicable on large industrial designs since it needs thousands of simulations of large and complex designs. In this paper, we propose a signal selection technique that addresses the scalability issue of simulation-based techniques while maintaining a high restoration performance. The basic idea is to train a machine learning framework using a small set of circuits, and apply the trained model to the bigger circuit under test, without any need for simulating the large industry-scale designs. This paper makes two fundamental contributions: i) this is the first attempt to show that learning from small related circuits can be useful for signal selection, and ii) this is the first automated signal selection approach that is applicable on industrial designs without sacrificing restoration quality. Experimental results indicate that our approach can improve restorability by up to 135.4 percent (8.8 percent on average) while significantly reduce (up to 37X, 16.6X on average) the runtime compared to existing signal selection approaches.
Primate Hierarchies and Personality

An extensive literature has identified some of the key psychological modifiers of the stress response, including the extent to which an organism has a sense of control and predictability, outlets for frustration, and social support. A body of work has explored how these variables explain individual differences in stress-related physiology and pathophysiology in non-human primates. A great deal of work has focused on the question of how the rank of a primate in its group's dominance hierarchy influences that animal's vulnerability to stress-related disease. Initially, there appears to be no logical relationship between rank and stress-related physiology. However, the relationship is quite logical when considered in light of a number of factors. Thus, the rank–health relationship can be shaped by (1) the meaning of rank in a particular species and how unequally resources are divided; (2) the means by which high rank is maintained; (3) the stability of dominance hierarchies; (4) the social milieu of a particular primate population; (5) the intensity with which an individual animal experiences these features of social status; and (6) the personality of a particular primate. These factors are reviewed, as well as their relevance to humans (in particular, the health gradient associated with socioeconomic status).
The Passions Observed: The Visionary Poetics of Ezra Pound

“Intense emotion causes pattern to arise in the mind — if the mind is strong enough”.1 This remark, which appeared in 1915, expresses an important aspect of Ezra Pound’s campaign to revolutionize English poetry in the early years of this century. Unfortunately, it is one of many remarks that are often cited but rarely given the kind of attention they deserve. Such statements reveal that Pound was a visionary poet who believed that elemental passions are lodged in imaginary objects which are directly observable. He claimed that these imaginary objects could be apprehended as clearly as any object available to the senses, and he attempted to render them as precisely as possible in his verse. This emphasis on the passions has been obscured by the traditional view of Modernism as a reaction against the emotional excesses of Romanticism and a reassertion of the Classical virtues of impersonality, objectivity, and detachment. But in Pound’s case as well as Eliot’s, impersonality and objectivity were designed not so much to suppress the emotions as to alter the way in which they are poetically expressed. For these seminal poets of the Modernist movement, our passions are originally revealed in the very things we see, and it is the task of art to present immediate experience in a way that awakens us to new or forgotten types of emotion.
Voice, creativity, and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis

ABSTRACTDue to the benefits of voice and creativity on organizations’ effectiveness, scholars have tried to understand the reasons why employees engage in voice and creativity and determine the ant...
Moral intensity, ethical decision making, and whistleblowing intention

Abstract Given the importance of organizational whistleblowing, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships among individuals' perceptions of moral intensity, ethical decision making, and whistleblowing intentions. Using information collected from employees' working for varied firms, the analysis indicates that several dimensions of moral intensity, predominantly seriousness of consequences and social consensus, are positively related to components of ethical decision making, namely the recognition and perceived importance of an ethical issue, ethical judgment, and ethical intention. The results also show that the recognition and perceived importance of an ethical issue and ethical judgment are positively related to whistleblowing intention. Finally, seriousness of consequences is positively related to whistleblowing intention. The managerial implications of these findings are discussed, including the development of an ethical work context and programs that enhance ethical sensitivity. The research limitations and suggestions for future research are also highlighted.
A Recipient Risk Prediction Tool for Short-term Mortality After Pediatric Heart Transplantation.

BACKGROUND The first year after heart transplantation (HT) has the highest risk of mortality. We aim to derive and validate a recipient risk prediction tool for early mortality after pediatric HT. METHODS The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) registry was used to identify patients (≤18 y) who underwent primary HT during January 2000-December 2014. Independent predictors of 1-year mortality were identified based on recipient characteristics at HT. Risk scores were assigned based on the magnitude of relative odds of 1-year mortality. The predictive capability of the ISHLT registry derived recipient risk score was externally validated using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients registry data from 2015 to 2017 to ensure a cohort of patients completely exclusive from the derivation cohort. RESULTS A total of 5045 eligible patients were included in the analysis. The 20-point risk scoring system incorporated 8 recipient variables, including age at HT, diagnosis, pre-HT ventilator use, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, inhaled nitric oxide use, infection, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and serum bilirubin. Compared with low-risk score group, high-risk group had 7-fold increased risk of 1-year mortality (hazard ratio 7.4; 95% CI [5.2-9.1]; P < 0.001). The C-statistics (0.77) and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit (0.9) for recipient risk score using derivation cohort from ISHLT registry performed well and was similar to the internal and external validation cohort (C-statistics 0.75, 0.78 and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit P = 0.4, 0.3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study derived and externally validated a simple risk predictive model based on recipient characteristics at HT that has good prediction characteristics for 1-year post-HT mortality. This model may help clinicians identify candidates who are at a higher risk for post-HT mortality and may optimize organ sharing.
Organization of Files

This chapter focuses on organization of files. A file is a collection of data, each datum consisting of three elements: (1) unit, (2) property, and (3) measure. The set of data in a file associated with the one unit is a unit record or simply a record. A file may be designed so that every record in the file occupies the same amount of storage space or the size of individual records may be permitted to vary. A file must give reasonably fast access to a specified item of information contained in it. This calls for organization. An indexed document file is set up by storing the bibliographic information in order of document numbers and by creating a sorted list of index terms in which each term is followed by identifying numbers of all documents with which it is associated. The properties of the medium on which a file is stored affect the organization of the file and the procedures used in its processing. If a sequential file is stored in core memory, then logarithmic search is the proper procedure for gaining access to a record.
Evolving IQOS packaging designs change perceptions of product appeal, uniqueness, quality and safety: a randomised experiment, 2018, USA.

Background Globally, the tobacco industry is promoting heated tobacco products. These products may represent a strategy to promote dual use of tobacco products. One product, IQOS from Philip Morris International, is being proposed in the USA for marketing as a less harmful product. The visual design of tobacco products can influence consumers by implying product characteristics. Thus, we sought to test the impact of IQOS packaging designs on cognitive, affective and behavioural intention responses. Methods From existing IQOS packages used globally, we developed three IQOS packages that decreasingly linked the product to the Marlboro brand. In September to October 2018, we assigned participants randomly to one package in an online experiment. All participants (n=954) were US adults reporting current smoking and no colour blindness. The experiment used quota sampling to ensure diversity by gender, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity and education. Measures were informed by the Context of Consumption Framework. To assess differences in ratings, we conducted non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests with post hoc comparisons using Dunn’s test. Results We found significant differences in cognitive indicators including appeal (H=6.87, p=0.03), uniqueness (H=15.68, p Conclusion Linking or separating IQOS products with a well-established cigarette brand changes how adult smokers respond to the product. Regulators should consider the visual design of packaging.
ViP: Video Platform for PyTorch.

This work presents the Video Platform for PyTorch (ViP), a deep learning-based framework designed to handle and extend to any problem domain based on videos. ViP supports (1) a single unified interface applicable to all video problem domains, (2) quick prototyping of video models, (3) executing large-batch operations with reduced memory consumption, and (4) easy and reproducible experimental setups. ViP's core functionality is built with flexibility and modularity in mind to allow for smooth data flow between different parts of the platform and benchmarking against existing methods. In providing a software platform that supports multiple video-based problem domains, we allow for more cross-pollination of models, ideas and stronger generalization in the video understanding research community.
Suppression of aspirin-mediated eosinophil activation by prostaglandin E2: Relevance to aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity

Abstract Background Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by severe, sometimes life-threatening reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Mechanisms driving the disease include overproduction of leukotrienes and loss of anti-inflammatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Many cell types contribute to the disease; however, eosinophils are markedly elevated and are important drivers of pathologic findings. Objective To investigate the capacity of aspirin and NSAIDs to drive eosinophil activation and the ability of PGE2 to inhibit this activation. Methods Eosinophils were purified from blood of healthy individuals without AERD and stimulated with lysine aspirin, ketorolac, or sodium salicylate. The role of PGE2 in altering activation was determined by incubating eosinophils with increasing doses of PGE2 before lysine aspirin stimulation. Specific PGE2 receptor use was determined by incubating eosinophils with receptor agonists and antagonists before aspirin stimulation. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Stimulation of eosinophils with lysine aspirin, ketorolac, or sodium salicylate resulted in secretion of CysLTs and LTB4 in the absence of EDN release. Low doses of PGE2 inhibited LTB4 and CysLT release, an effect lost at higher PGE2 concentrations. Use of butaprost, an EP2 receptor agonist, suppressed lysine aspirin stimulation. This mechanism was supported by blocking activity of the EP1 and EP3 receptors. Conclusion Eosinophils can be directly activated by NSAIDs via cyclooxygenase-independent pathways to produce CysLTs and LTB4. This effect can be inhibited by PGE2 acting through the EP2 receptor. The recognized loss of EP2 receptor expression combined with low PGE2 levels explains in part the sensitivity to NSAIDs.