cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of dissolution methods for Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd isotope studies in zircon- and garnet-bearing whole-rock samples

[1] The distinct chemical behavior of Lu and Hf can limit complete sample dissolution and spike-sample equilibration. Here we investigate the effects that four dissolution methods (hotplate, low-temperature microwave, high-temperature microwave, and steel-jacketed Parr bomb) have on the Sm-Nd and Lu-Hf isotope compositions of rocks. Any of the dissolution methods produce high-quality Sm-Nd isotope data, and hotplate dissolution of young, volcanic rocks produces adequate Lu-Hf data. However, low-temperature microwave and hotplate dissolution methods produce significantly different Lu/Hf and 176Hf/177Hf ratios as compared to Parr-bomb dissolution data for old samples or those that contain garnet, rutile, or zircon. A characteristic feature of incomplete spike-sample equilibration and sample dissolution for garnet-bearing samples is anomalously high 176Lu/177Hf ratios relative to 176Hf/177Hf ratios. Our results show that for Lu-Hf isotope studies of rocks of any significant age, the errors in calculated initial ɛHf values may exceed 10 ɛHf units if complete dissolution and spike-sample equilibration are not attained for garnet- or zircon-bearing rocks. High-temperature and pressure dissolution such as that which can be achieved through Parr-bomb dissolution is critical to ensure complete dissolution of refractory phases such as garnet or zircon.
The quest for the perfect server for network computing applications

This talk begins with an examination of server-side architecture and workload trends. Severe performance and availability gaps in server architecture, compounded by the growing cost and complexity of development and deployment, are shown hampering the successful adoption of Web services. Two architectural remedies are proposed: (I) unification of I/O and memory; and (II) whole system programming. The proposed Apsara architecture for servers combines these new techniques with the best of existing server architecture concepts. The talk concludes with identification of key technical challenges and opportunities, and insights from early experiences in implementing Apsara.
Mannose-binding lectin deficiency associated with neutrophil chemotactic unresponsiveness to C5a

Abstract Background: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in host defense by activating the complement cascade. Objective: Three children with a history of recurrent infections since infancy were found to have MBL deficiency associated with a neutrophil chemotactic unresponsiveness specific to C5a. We have studied the genomic sequence of the C5a receptor (C5aR) in 2 of the subjects to determine whether this unresponsiveness was due to a genetic mutation or to aberrant complement activation associated with the MBL deficiency. Methods: MBL genotype analysis was performed by PCR-based methods with use of specific primers and restriction enzymes to detect the 3 previously reported mutations. Expression of C5aR was analyzed by flow cytometry. The C5aR gene was amplified from the patient's genomic DNA by PCR and sequenced by standard procedures. Results: C5aR was found to be expressed normally on the neutrophils of one of the subjects. Sequence analysis of the C5aR gene revealed a point mutation that substituted threonine at position 261 for alanine in one patient but no abnormality in the other, suggesting gene polymorphism. Treatment of 2 patients with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor corrected the neutrophil chemotactic abnormality in vitro and induced a significant clinical improvement. Conclusion: MBL deficiency can be associated with neutrophil chemotactic unresponsiveness to C5a and it is clinically manifested by recurrent and chronic infections. Treatment of these patients with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor results in normalization of neutrophil chemotaxis against C5a and significant clearing of infections. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:419-24.)
Selective Type IV Collagen Defects in the Urothelial Basement Membrane in Interstitial Cystitis

AbstractPurpose: The study sought to identify changes in the urothelial basement membrane (UBM) associated with interstitial cystitis (IC).Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical assessment of bladder biopsies from IC patients and controls was compared with clinical and histologic findings.Results: Selective decreases or loss of type IV collagen staining, but not laminin, were found in the UBM of 5 of 11 IC patients with no change in type IV collagen staining of other bladder wall sites.Conclusion: The loss of type IV collagen may represent a primary or secondary event and could alter the UBM's role in permeability, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of IC in the subset of IC patients exhibiting this change.
Improved Molecular Weight-Based Processing of Intact Proteins for Interrogation by Quadrupole-Enhanced FT MS/MS

Complete coverage of protein primary structure is demonstrated for 37 yeast protein forms between 6 and 30 kDa in an improved platform for Top Down mass spectrometry (MS). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for protein identification with 100% sequence coverage is achieved in a highly automated fashion with 15-300-fold less sample amounts than an initial report of a proteome fractionation approach employing preparative gel electrophoresis with an acid-labile surfactant to facilitate reversed phase separation in a second dimension. Using a quadrupole-enhanced Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FTICRMS) improves the dynamic range for protein detection by approximately 50-fold and MS/MS by approximately 30-fold. The technology development illustrated here typifies an accelerating effort to detect whole proteins in a more general and higher throughput fashion for improved biomarker identification and detection of diverse post-translational modifications. Capillary RPLC is used in both off-line and on-line modes, with one on-line LC/FTMS sample providing 25 observed protein forms from 11 to 22 kDa.
Intestinal Transit and Skeletal Retention of Radioactive Strontium90-Yttrium90 in the Chick,

Abstract THE transit rate of feedstuffs through the intestinal tract of the fowl has been studied at periodic intervals during the past 50 years. These studies usually reported the time required for feed to pass from the crop to the vent or for a given amount of feed to leave the crop. Brown (1904) measured the time required for crop emptying when different amounts of whole corn and oats were fed. He found that increasing the crop load with either grain resulted in a prolonged emptying time. Card et al. (1926), using mature hens starved for 24 hours, observed that more time was required for crop emptying when ground corn or tankage was fed than whole corn. Kaupp and Ivey (1923), using lampblack, measured the transit time of this dye through the alimentary tract of the fowl and found that growing birds and laying hens had a much faster transit time …
Laparoscopic uterosacral ligament uterine suspension compared with vaginal hysterectomy with vaginal vault suspension for uterovaginal prolapse.

This study compares the outcomes of laparoscopic uterosacral ligament uterine suspension (LUSUS) to those of vaginal vault suspension with total vaginal hysterectomy (TVH) for the treatment of symptomatic uterovaginal prolapse. We compared the outcomes of 25 LUSUS to those of 25 TVH with vaginal vault suspension among age-matched controls. No significant complications occurred in either group. EBL and hospitalization duration were significantly less in LUSUS patients (72 cc vs. 227 cc, P < .0001 and 1.05 vs. 1.65 days, P = .002). Vault support, as measured by postoperative pelvic organ prolapse quantitation system point D in the LUSUS group and point C in the TVH group, was better for the LUSUS group (D = −9 vs. C = −7.6, P = .002). No LUSUS group patient underwent reoperation for recurrent apical prolapse as compared to three TVH patients. LUSUS is an effective treatment for appropriately selected women with uterovaginal prolapse who desire uterine preservation
Gender differences in response to homelessness services

Abstract This study examines the importance of considering gender in evaluating the effectiveness of homelessness service interventions among solitary adults with severe mental illnesses. The participants received services in one of two types of evidenced-based homelessness intervention programs: a comprehensive housing program or a specialized case management program. Using a quasi-experimental research design with non-random assignment to conditions, we examined changes in housing status, mental health, substance use, quality of life, and physical health from baseline to 6 and 12 months afterward. One hundred and fifty-two participants completed the baseline interview and 108 were available for at least one of the follow-up interviews. The results indicated that males had significantly greater reductions in homelessness in the comprehensive housing program than in the specialized case management program, whereas females showed a more complex pattern. Women in both programs showed significant reductions in homelessness, but females in the specialized case management program achieved greater stable housing time because women in the comprehensive housing program were more likely to have their time in stable housing reduced by stays in psychiatric hospitals. We conclude that variables such as gender that have been shown to influence the etiology, nature, and course of homelessness should also be considered in evaluating the effectiveness of homeless services interventions.
Effect of image magnification on target acquisition performance

The current US Army target acquisition models have a dependence on magnification. This is due in part to the structure of the observer Contrast Threshold Function (CTF) used in the model. Given the shape of the CTF, both over-magnification and under-magnification can dramatically impact modeled performance. This paper presents the results from two different perception studies, one using degraded imagery and the other using field imagery. The results presented demonstrate the correlation between observer performance and model prediction and provide guidance accurately representing system performance in under and over-magnified cases.
A spectrophotometric assay for diethylstilbestrol and related estrogens.

Abstract A colorimetric method involving coupling with diazotized m ‐nitroaniline has been presented whereby it is possible to assay certain pharmaceutical products containing diethylstilbestrol or related synthetic estrogens by comparison with suitable reference standards.
Drug metabolism in rat colon: resolution of enzymatic constituents and characterization of activity.

A direct demonstration of the basis of mixed function oxidase activity in rat colonic mucosa was achieved by resolution of microsomes into two components, cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase, which on recombination with phosphatidylcholine catalyzed hydroxylation of benzo[α]pyrene and benzphetamine. Reconstitution of hydroxylation activity requires both the cytochrome P-450 component and the cytochrome P-450 reductase component in addition to phospholipid. Omission of either of the protein components or the phospholipid component reduces the activity almost to background levels. The kinetic parameters (Km values) for the reconstituted system suggest that the colonic mucosal system is quite similar to the liver microsomal system in its catalytic capacity as well as in its enzymic composition. The purified colon components substitute for their liver counterparts reasonably well, again consistent with the argument that the colon mucosal mixed function oxidase system is analogous to the liver system.
The transformation of trade: the sources and effects of regime change

Regimes can be analyzed both as ‘outcomes to be explained’ and as mediating social institutions that affect international transactions. In the case of postwar trade, the changing outcomes can be predicted simply and with rough accuracy by a hegemonic model. Yet that model cannot explain the continuing reduction of tariffs, the development of new nontariff codes, and the persistence of crucial norms, rules, and institutions. These durable features of modern trade suggest that the logic of regime maintenance is distinct from that of regime initiation. Nor can the hegemonic model account for the regime's highly uneven weakening. The most prominent trade barriers are in mature, basic industries; the least prominent are in industries with differentiated products and extensive research and development expenditures. One explanation (which usefully complements a hegemonic model) is that sectors differ systematically in their capacity to adapt competitively to imports, and hence in their need to preserve their position by trade barriers. Despite the regime's uneven weakening, trade volumes have continued their secular growth. In sectors where the regime remains strong, it has stimulated two-way trade in similar products (intraindustry trade). Where the regime is weaker, new nontariff barriers diminish hypothetical trade growth but rarely aim at a permanent rollback in market shares or trade volume.
Evaluation of Trigger Functions for Convective Parameterization Schemes Using Observations

AbstractRealistic simulation of different modes of atmospheric variability ranging from diurnal cycle to interannual variation in global climate models (GCMs) depends crucially on the convection trigger criteria. In this study, using the data from constrained variational analysis by the Atmospheric System Research program for single-column models (SCM), the performance of the commonly used convective trigger functions in GCMs is evaluated based on the equitable threat score (ETS) value, a widely used forecast verification metric. From the ETS score, three consistently better-performing trigger functions were identified. They are based on the dilute and undilute convective available potential energy (CAPE) generation rate from large-scale forcing in the free troposphere (hereafter dCAPE) and parcel buoyancy at the lifting condensation level (Bechtold scheme). The key variables used to define these trigger functions are examined in detail. It is found that the dilute dCAPE trigger function performs the best...
Trail Making Test: norms for college males and relationship to scholastic aptitude.

The Trail Making Test was administered to 201 male, college undergraduates who were waiting to be seen in an out-patient clinic. Correlations between the various Trail Making Test scores and the CE...
Behavioral studies of stimulus deprivation amblyopia in monkeys.

Abstract Contrast sensitivity and increment-threshold functions were studied for three rhesus monkeys with stimulus deprivation amblyopia. The monkeys' right eyelids were sutured closed before the age of 1 month for periods of two weeks, 19 months and 23 months. Contrast sensitivity measurements for all three monkeys showed greatly reduced visual function in the deprived eye with a high spatial frequency cut-off 6 octaves lower in the deprived than the nondeprived eyes. The increment-threshold data collected for the two long-term lid-sutured monkeys showed both photopic and scotopic abnormalities in the deprived eyes. For example, with complete dark adaptation although the spectral sensitivity data for both the deprived and nondeprived eyes were well fit by the scotopic luminosity function, the sensitivity for the deprived eye was approximately 4 log units lower than the nondeprived eye. In addition, the spectral sensitivity data for the deprived eyes showed scotopic luminosity functions for achromatic adapting field luminances of 188, 750 and 3000 td whereas the nondeprived eye showed normal photopic function for all light adapted conditions. Even when the spectral sensitivity measurements were made in the presence of intense blue backgrounds, the data obtained for the deprived eyes were best described as showing scotopic function over the short wavelengths and photopic function only at the longer wavelengths. The increment-threshold functions for achromatic stimuli showed normal rod-cone interactions in the nondeprived eyes, but the functions were monotonic for the deprived eyes over a 9 log unit range of background luminances. Therefore, the results of these experiments show that stimulus deprivation causes profound defects for visual resolution, rod saturation and the rate of change of sensitivity with light adaptation.
Three-dimensional structure determination of semi-transparent objects from holographic data

Abstract A solution is presented to an inverse scattering problem that arises in the application of holography to the determination of the three-dimensional structure of weakly scattering semi-transparent objects. This solution, together with a result obtained in another recent publication, relating to the determination of the complex amplitude distribution of scattered fields from measurements of the intensity transmission functions of holograms, makes it possible to calculate the distribution of the (generally complex) refractive index throughout the object. In general many holograms are needed. corresponding to different directions of illumination of the object.
Two methods for the rapid purification of the retinal pigment epithelium: Adsorption and filtration

Abstract Three methods of purifying the retinal pigment epithelial cells from bovine eyes were compared. These three cell preparation procedures were washing by differential centrifugation, nucleopore membrane filtration, and glass bead column adsorption. The average yield of cells was determined for each method. One method, glass bead absorption, was examined further and detailed recovery studies indicated that 8·6 mg of cells/eye can be isolated from bovine eyes. In addition, the method was shown to be applicable to the eyes of other species, including the dog, the cat and the rat. Morphologic evidence was presented to show that cells purified on glass bead columns were free of contaminants, such as red blood cells, rod outer segments, etc. The ultrastructural morphology of isolated cells was shown to be relatively free of damage attributable to the method of preparation.
Intentions of burial: mourning, politics, and memorials following the massacre at Srebrenica.

In the aftermath of tragedy, memorials and gravesites are frequently constructed. Research needs to pay attention to the goals of mourners for such places. The 1995 massacre at Srebrenica in Bosnia-Herzegovina left over 7,000 Muslim men missing and presumed dead. Five years later, families fought to bury the remains that had been collected. Qualitative interviews with 67 people, including survivors and key informants were completed over thesummer of 2000. This article examines the intentions of the burial from the perspective of two groups of family members who lost loved ones: survivors who remain politically isolated and those involved in advocacy or political organizations. For the politically isolated, burial was important in reshaping individual mourning after mass death and in the face of unidentified remains. For those involved in advocacy groups, burial was a means of recognizing the past massacre, understanding the massacre's impact on current political divisions, and shaping future directions. B...
Synthesis of a water-soluble diblock copolymer of polysulfonic diphenyl aniline and poly(ethylene oxide)

We report the synthesis of a water-soluble diblock copolymer composed of polysulfonic diphenyl aniline (PSDA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), which was prepared by reacting an amine-terminated PSDA and tosylate PEO (PEO-Tos). First, a HCl-mediated polymerization of sulfonic diphenyl aniline monomer with the formation of HCl-doped PSDA was carried out. After its neutralization and reduction, a secondary amine-functionalized PSDA was obtained. Second, PEO-Tos was synthesized via the tosylation of the monohydroxyl PEO methyl ether with tosylol chloride. Diblock copolymers with various PEO segment lengths (PSDA-b-PEO-350 and PSDA-b-PEO-2000) were obtained with PEO-350 [number-average molecular weight (Mn) = 350] and PEO-2000 (Mn = 2000). The prepolymers and diblock copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, mass spectrometry, and ultraviolet–visible light. They had relatively low conductivities, ranging from 10−6 to 10−3 S/cm, because of the withdrawing effect of the sulfonic group as well as the steric effects of the bulky aromatic substitutuents at the N sites of the polyaniline backbone and of the PEO block. These polymers were self-doped, and an intermolecular self-doping was suggested. The external doping was, however, more effective. The self-doping induced aggregation in water among the PSDA backbones, which was also stimulated by the presence of hydrophilic PEO blocks. Furthermore, the electrical conductivities of the diblock copolymers were strongly temperature-dependent. PSDA-b-PEO-2000 exhibited about one order of magnitude increase in conductivity upon heating from 32 to 57 °C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2179–2191, 2004
Experimental determination of the ground-state inversion splitting in H3O+

The ground-state inversion splitting of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ molecular ion has been determined to be 55.3462\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0055 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from the high-resolution laser infrared spectroscopy of the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ band. This has enabled us to predict accurately the ground-state inversion spectrum in the far-infrared region and the inversion-rotation spectrum in the millimeter-wave region which may be used to detect this fundamental molecular ion in interstellar space.
Separation of Selected Bile Acids by TLC. II. One‐Dimensional and Two‐Dimensional TLC

Abstract The objective of this study was to describe a simple and efficient method to separate unconjugated bile acids and their glycine conjugates. The method described herein involves the use of a two‐dimensional thin layer chromatographic (2D TLC) technique. Seven bile acids: chenodeoxycholic (CDC), deoxycholic (DC), cholic (C), glycocholic (GC), lithocholic (LC), glycodeoxycholic (GDC), and glycolithocholic (GLC) were chromatographed on glass plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 and on aluminum plates precoated with silica gel 60, by developing them with: n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–acetic acid (25:20:5, v/v/v) in the first dimension and chloroform–n‐butanol–acetic acid–water (2:32:2:2, v/v/v/v) in the second dimension. These chromatographic conditions, using the 2D technique for bile acids separation, allowed for the complete separation of all the bile acids studied.
Estimation of Nonlinear Energy Transfer Spectra by the Cross-Spectral Method

Abstract Spectral formulas are derived to compute nonlinear energy transfer spectra by use of the cross-spectral technique. Nonlinear product terms are calculated directly from dependent variables without using the conventional interaction Fourier coefficients. The proposed method of computation is simpler than the conventional method and is applicable not only to wavenumber spectra but also to frequency or wavenumber-frequency spectra. Nonlinear aliasing errors associated with this approach can be either neglected or completely eliminated by Fourier interpolation. An example of the application of this method to atmospheric waves is given.
On finite memory observability of a class of systems over finite alphabets with linear dynamics

In this paper, we consider systems over finite alphabets with linear internal dynamics and quantized output. We motivate the need for a new notion of observability for this class of systems, and we propose a new definition of finite memory observability. The observers are drawn from the class of deterministic finite state machines, with the objective of estimating the system state for the purpose of output prediction. We derive both necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to be finite memory observable, and we illustrate with examples.
Using energetic budgets to assess the effects of environmental stress on corals: are we measuring the right things?

Historically, the response of marine invertebrates to their environment, and environmentally induced stress, has included some measurement of their physiology or metabolism. Eventually, this approach developed into comparative energetics and the construction of energetic budgets. More recently, coral reefs, and scleractinian corals in particular, have suffered significant declines due to climate change-related environmental stress. In addition to a number of physiological, biophysical and molecular measurements to assess “coral health,” there has been increased use of energetic approaches that have included the measurement of specific biochemical constituents (i.e., lipid concentrations) as a proxy for energy available to assess the potential outcomes of environmental stress on corals. In reading these studies, there appears to be some confusion between energy budgets and carbon budgets. Additionally, many assumptions regarding proximate biochemical composition, metabolic fuel preferences and metabolic quotients have been made, all of which are essential to construct accurate energy budgets and to convert elemental composition (i.e., carbon) to energy equivalents. Additionally, models of energetics such as the metabolic theory of ecology or dynamic energy budgets are being applied to coral physiology and include several assumptions that are not appropriate for scleractinian corals. As we assess the independent and interactive effects of multiple stressors on corals, efforts to construct quantitative energetic budgets should be a priority component of realistic multifactor experiments that would then improve the use of models as predictors of outcomes related to the effects of environmental change on corals.
MAGNETISM OF RARE-EARTH-TRANSITION-METAL NANOSCALE MULTILAYERS. II, THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF MAGNETIZATION AND PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY

Systematic studies of rare-earth--transition-metal amorphous compositionally modulated films (CMF) permit the development of a detailed model for understanding the magnetization and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and their distributions along the film normal. It is shown that the single-ion anisotropy of rare-earth ions with orbital angular momentum is the major contributor to the perpendicular anisotropy for this class of CMF. The calculated results agree well with the experimental data for Dy/Co and Tb/Fe CMF when the individual layer thicknesses are small enough (10 \AA{}); these films have structures which can be characterized as compositionally modulated amorphous alloys.
THE BACTERIAL GROWTH INHIBITOR (LACTENIN) OF MILK : I. THE PREPARATION IN CONCENTRATED FORM.

The bacterial growth inhibitory substance found in milk is called lactenin in this paper. It is stable for 1½ hours at pH 4 and at pH 10 and for longer periods in neutral solution. It is not associated with salts and carbohydrates and may be separated from them by dialysis. Lactenin is removed by agents which precipitate the proteins of whey. Part of these proteins may be hydrolyzed by tryptic digestion and the resulting split products, together with the salts and sugar, may then be removed by dialysis without appreciable loss of lactenic activity. This dialysis may be performed in a concentrating dialyzer, under sterile conditions and at low temperature, thus reducing the solution to small volume. The material may then be completely desiccated and kept 3 months with practically no loss of activity. The residue, on treating this dried material with salt solution, is 200 times as active as the original milk, on a dry weight basis. The size of hemolytic zones of the scarlet fever streptococcus grown on a medium containing lactenin is found to furnish a simple and reliable measure of lactenic activity.
Formation of FeAl2O3 interfaces by hot pressing

Bonds of substantial strength may be formed between sapphire (α-Al2O3) and high purity iron. Samples were fabricated under reducing conditions using hot pressing, at a pressure of 10 MPa and temperatures of 850–1450°C in a vacuum of 3 × 10−6 Torr or better. The interface microstructure was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electroc microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The strongest bonds were observed to be accompanied by the development of a thin layer of oxide (75–450 A thick) at the interface which was determined by electron diffraction studies to be FeO.
Children's Use of Frequency Information for Trait Categorization and Behavioral Prediction.

Two experiments examined young children’s use of behavioral frequency information to make behavioral predictions and global personality attributions. In Experiment 1, participants heard about an actor who behaved positively or negatively toward 1 or several recipients. Generally, children did not differentiate their judgments of the actor on the basis of the amount of information provided. In Experiment 2, the actor behaved positively or negatively toward a single recipient once or repeatedly. Participants were more likely to make appropriate predictions and attributions after exposure to multiple target behaviors and with increasing age. Overall, children’s performance was influenced by age-related positivity and negativity biases. These findings indicate that frequency information is important for personality judgments but that its use is affected by contextual complexity and information-processing biases.
End-of-life care: improving quality of life at the end of life.

Purpose/objectives The purpose of this article is to identify barriers and interventions that influence quality of life at the end of life. PRIMARY PRACTICE SETTINGS(S): Primary care, acute inpatient care, case management, and end-of-life care settings. Findings/conclusion Death and dying affects the whole family, not just the individual who is dying. Early identification and recognition of end-of-life care choices heavily influence the quality of life an individual experiences during the dying process. Unfortunately, delaying end-of-life care plans is common. Over the years, the social structure and family structure have changed leaving many patients and families searching for viable end-of-life care options. Advancements in technology have affected the way medical professionals approach the end of life making a difficult decision for patients and families even more difficult by offering medical interventions that may not be necessary. To steer end-of-life care toward evidence-based practice standards, there needs to be additional research on the effectiveness of the various types of care available. Because case managers are often on the front lines of communicating and arranging end-of-life care, case managers need a clearer understanding of end-of-life care choices and how to communicate these choices to patients and families. The hospice and palliative care movements have been instrumental in increasing the understanding of end-of-life care and in providing patients alternatives to dying in the hospital. Implications for case management practice * Only 25% of patients eligible for hospice actually enter hospice programs.* The average time spent in hospice is 3 weeks.* The most significant barrier in coordinating and providing end-of-life care is inadequate communication.* Early discussion of prognosis and end-of-life care options helps facilitate earlier entry into hospice and palliative care programs.* The nursing profession needs additional research to determine the effectiveness of the various types of end-of-life care available and steer end-of-life care toward evidence-based practice standards.
An American view of the ICD-10 personality disorders.

The 1986 version of the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for the personality disorders was analyzed. In one part of the study, clinicians in the United States were asked to assign the ICD-10 criteria to the ICD-10 categories. In a second part, the ICD-10 criteria were assigned to DSM-III-R categories. In the first part, the face validities of the ICD-10 criteria were highly variable. Thirty percent of the criteria were assigned to the correct parent category by over 80% of the clinicians. In contrast, 34% of the criteria failed to be correctly assigned by at least half of the clinicians. Concerning the correspondence between ICD-10 and DSM-III-R categories, only anankastic (ICD) and obsessive-compulsive (DSM) showed a high level of correspondence. The correspondences of anxious (ICD) with avoidant (DSM), impulsive (ICD) with borderline (DSM), and histrionic (ICD) with histrionic (DSM) were poor.
Using Electronic Mail to Manage the Implementation of Educational Innovations

Abstract In this paper, I wish to argue that the use of electronic mail is not limited to setting up opportunities for ESL students to find pen-pals to practise their English, etc: it represents an important new resource for managing the implementation of educational innovations. I will therefore report on how, in my capacity as director of the ESL courses at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), I have used electronic mail to promote communication about curricular developments in these courses by setting up an electronic list, to which all ESL TAs and supervisors subscribe. More specifically, e-mail is not only an innovation in its own right, it is a potentially very important management tool for promoting educational change.
The Democratic Peace is What States Make of It: A Constructivist Analysis of the US-Indian ‘Near-Miss’ in the 1971 South Asian Crisis

In 1971, the United States and India — the world’s two largest democracies — almost went to war in a ‘near-miss’ at odds with the hypothesis that democracies do not fight one another. In this artic...
Evidence for Pressure-driven Flows and Turbulent Dissipation in the Serpens NW Cluster

We have mapped the dense gas distribution and dynamics in the northwest region of the Serpens molecular cloud in the CS (2-1) and N2H+ (1-0) lines and 3 mm continuum using the FCRAO telescope and the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) interferometer. Seven continuum sources are found. The N2H+ spectra are optically thin, and fits to the seven hyperfine components are used to determine the distribution of velocity dispersion. Eight cores, two with continuum sources, six without, lie at a local line width minimum and optical depth maximum. The CS spectra are optically thick and generally self-absorbed over the full 0.2 pc extent of the map. We use the line wings to trace outflows around at least three, and possibly four, of the continuum sources and the asymmetry in the self-absorption as a diagnostic of relative motions between core centers and envelopes. The quiescent regions with low N2H+ line width tend to have more asymmetric CS spectra than the spectra around the continuum sources, indicating higher infall speeds. These regions have typical sizes ~5000 AU, line widths ~0.5 km s-1, and infall speeds ~0.05 km s-1. The correlation of CS asymmetry with N2H+ velocity dispersion suggests that the inward flows of material that build up pre-protostellar cores are driven at least partly by a pressure gradient rather than by gravity alone. We discuss a scenario for core formation and eventual star-forming collapse through the dissipation of turbulence.
Schizophrenia epigenesis: past, present, and future.

Sociopolitical and ideological attacks on the various genetically oriented programs of research into the causes of schizophrenia, even when well-motivated to prevent genetic discrimination in all its forms, endangers the enterprise. Although there have been no replicated successes in finding genes linked or associated to markers for schizophrenia yet, the solid foundation for the fact that genetic factors are importantly involved in the etiology of schizophrenia derives from replicated studies using the strategies of genetic epidemiology - families, twins, adoptees. The models to emulate in schizophrenia research should follow the paths of researchers on coronary artery disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. All are complex diseases with multifactorial and multigenic components. Even when the necessary genotype is present, it may not be expressed as clinical disease at the phenotypic level.
Meridional thermal field of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system: a conceptual model

This paper constitutes the author’s continuing effort in the construction of a minimal theory of the earth’s climate. In an earlier paper published in the Journal of Climate in 2001, this author has derived the global-mean fields of an aquatic planet forced by the solar insolation, which provide the necessary constraints for the present derivation of the meridional thermal field. The model closure invokes maximized entropy production (MEP), a thermodynamic principle widely used in turbulence and climate studies. Based on differing convective regimes of the ocean and atmosphere, both fluids are first reduced two thermal masses with aligned fronts, consistent with a minimal description of the observed field. Subjected to natural bounds, a robust solution is then found, characterized by an ice-free ocean, near-freezing cold fluid masses, mid-latitude fronts, and comparable ocean and atmosphere heat transports. The presence of polar continents, however, sharply reduces the ocean heat transport outside the tropics, but leaves the thermal field largely unchanged. Given the limitation of an extremely crude model, the deduced thermal field nonetheless seems sensible, suggesting that the model has captured the physics for a minimal account of the observed field. Together with the above-mentioned paper, the model reinforces the pre-eminent role of the triple point of water in stabilizing the surface temperature – against changing external condition. Such internal control is made possible by the turbulent nature of the climate fluids, which necessitates a selection rule based on extremization.
Effects of fluoxetine and desipramine on palatability-induced ethanol consumption in the alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) line of rats.

Abstract Three groups of NP rats (n = 5/group) received food, water and one of 3 Polycose solutions ad lib. One group received a solution containing 3% (w/v) Polycose, 0.125% (w/v) saccharin, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl (3% POL solution) to which ethanol was gradually added over three weeks until the concentration of 10% (v/v) ethanol (E) was reached (3% POL + E group). Alcohol ingestion by the 3% POL + E group reached an average of 9 g of ethanol/kg b.wt./day; the rats attained average blood alcohol concentrations of 61 ± 8 mg%. One control group (3% POL) was given the same solution as above but without ethanol. The second control group (17% POL) had access to a 17.6% Polycose solution supplemented with 0.125% saccharin and 0.5% NaCl and was isocaloric to the 3% POL + E solution. Although the three groups differed significantly in the amounts of food and Polycose solutions consumed, their total caloric intakes were equivalent. The IP administration of the serotonin (5-HT) uptake inhibitor fluoxetine (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced drinking of the group receiving the 3% POL + E solution by 23% and 67%, respectively, but did not alter intakes of the Polycose solutions by the 3% or 17% POL control groups. The IP administration of the norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitor desipramine (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced intake of the Polycose solution by the 17% POL group by 52 and 83%, respectively, but only the 10 mg/kg dose attenuated drinking of the solutions by the 3% POL and 3% POL + E groups. Both fluoxetine and desipramine decreased food intake of the 3% POL and 3% POL + E groups, while only desipramine suppressed food intake of the 17% POL rats. The data show that (a) NP rats can be induced to drink pharmacologically relevant amounts of ethanol when offered in a palatable solution, (b) fluoxetine preferentially reduces ethanol intake by NP rats through its actions on 5-HT systems that presumably mediate the aversive properties of ethanol, and (c) a carbohydrate-rich diet appears to alter the anorectic actions of NE and 5-HT uptake inhibitors in the NP rat.
Studies associated with the development of a modified university of Aarhus negative ion source

Abstract A high intensity negative ion source, based in principle on a source developed at the University of Aarhus, has been designed and constructed. This source demonstrates a high degree of reliability, operational stability and long lifetime. The plasma generation mechanism produces a uniform plasma density and thus uniform sputter probe wear. The results of studies associated with the source development are given which establish relationships between negative ion yield and certain operation parameters - principally oven temperature and sputter probe voltage. The parameters for maximizing yields from a number of elemental materials were observed to occur at oven temperatures of ∼ 200°C and sputter probe voltages between −900 and −1200 V depending upon the cathode material. Negative ion yields are observed to increase with sputter probe voltage according to a theoretically predictable V 5 2 law. The important design aspects of the source and negative ion yields observed to-date are given. Application of the Langmuir-Saha theory is made to the yield data and changes in work function necessary to produce observed negative ion yields are computed. The measured changes in work function agree in several instances with the theoretical formulation of Broeder et al.22).
Atmospheric propagation modeling indicates homing pigeons use loft-specific infrasonic 'map' cues.

SUMMARY Results from an acoustic ray-tracing program using daily meteorological profiles are presented to explain ‘release-site biases’ for homing pigeons at three experimental sites in upstate New York where W. T. Keeton and his co-workers at Cornell University conducted extensive releases between 1968 and 1987 in their investigations of the avian navigational ‘map’. The sites are the Jersey Hill and Castor Hill fire towers, and another near Weedsport, where control pigeons from the Cornell loft vanished in random directions, in directions consistently >50 deg clockwise and in directions ∼15 deg clockwise from the homeward bearing, respectively. Because Cornell pigeons were disoriented at Jersey Hill whereas birds from other lofts were not, it is inferred that Jersey Hill lies within an acoustic ‘shadow’ zone relative to infrasonic signals originating from the Cornell loft’s vicinity. Such signals could arise from ground-to-air coupling of near-continuous microseisms, or from scattering of direct microbaroms off terrain features, both of which are initially generated by wave–wave interactions in the deep ocean. HARPA runs show that little or no infrasound from the loft area arrived at Jersey Hill on days when Cornell pigeons were disoriented there, and that homeward infrasonic signals could have arrived at all three sites from directions consistent with pigeon departure bearings, especially on days when these bearings were unusual. The general stability of release-site biases might be due to influences of terrain on transmission of the homeward signals under prevailing weather patterns, whereas short-term changes in biases might be caused by rapid shifts in atmospheric conditions.
Reduced complexity crosscorrelation interference mitigation in GPS-enabled collaborative ad-hoc wireless networks - Theory

Localization based services rely on Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers embedded in the network nodes, but the satellite signal availability is often limited in indoors environment. Collaborative network-assisted GPS algorithms addressed this issue by communicating various assistance data between the nodes or transforming open-sky nodes into virtual GPS satellite transmitters (pseudolites). Even though such approach improves the coverage, the crosscorrelation problem surfaces due to masking of relatively weak available satellite signals by stronger pseudolites. This paper proposes reduced complexity algorithms to mitigate such a self-jamming (near/far) effect in ad hoc networks. The idea is based on adaptive modifications of dispreading GPS codes in receiver nodes to minimize interference caused by strong pseudolite signals. An optimization problem is formulated for the minimization of interference using mean squared error (MSE) as a cost function. Then computational optimization is achieved through adaptive implementation and parameterized dimension reduction of the optimization problem.
cAMP-stimulated Cl- secretion is increased by glucocorticoids and inhibited by bumetanide in semicircular canal duct epithelium.

The vestibular system controls the ion composition of its luminal fluid through several epithelial cell transport mechanisms under hormonal regulation. The semicircular canal duct (SCCD) epithelium has been shown to secrete Cl- under β2-adrenergic stimulation. In the current study, we sought to determine the ion transporters involved in Cl- secretion and whether secretion is regulated by PKA and glucocorticoids. Short circuit current (I sc ) from rat SCCD epithelia demonstrated stimulation by forskolin (EC50: 0.8 μM), 8-Br-cAMP (EC50: 180 μM), 8-pCPT-cAMP (100 μM), IBMX (250 μM), and RO-20-1724 (100 μM). The PKA activator N6-BNZ-cAMP (0.1, 0.3 & 1 mM) also stimulated I sc . Partial inhibition of stimulated I sc individually by bumetanide (10 & 50 μM), and [(dihydroindenyl)oxy]alkanoic acid (DIOA, 100 μM) were additive and complete. Stimulated I sc was also partially inhibited by CFTRinh-172 (5 & 30 μM), flufenamic acid (5 μM) and diphenylamine-2,2′-dicarboxylic acid (DPC; 1 mM). Native canals of CFTR+/− mice showed a stimulation of Isc from isoproterenol and forskolin+IBMX but not in the presence of both bumetanide and DIOA, while canals from CFTR−/− mice had no responses. Nonetheless, CFTR−/− mice showed no difference from CFTR+/− mice in their ability to balance (rota-rod). Stimulated I sc was greater after chronic incubation (24 hr) with the glucocorticoids dexamethasone (0.1 & 0.3 μM), prednisolone (0.3, 1 & 3 μM), hydrocortisone (0.01, 0.1 & 1 μM), and corticosterone (0.1 & 1 μM) and mineralocorticoid aldosterone (1 μM). Steroid action was blocked by mifepristone but not by spironolactone, indicating all the steroids activated the glucocorticoid, but not mineralocorticoid, receptor. Expression of transcripts for CFTR; for KCC1, KCC3a, KCC3b and KCC4, but not KCC2; for NKCC1 but not NKCC2 and for WNK1 but only very low WNK4 was determined. These results are consistent with a model of Cl- secretion whereby Cl- is taken up across the basolateral membrane by a Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC) and potentially another transporter, is secreted across the apical membrane via a Cl- channel, likely CFTR, and demonstrate the regulation of Cl- secretion by protein kinase A and glucocorticoids.
Dynamic and quasi-static compressive response of porcine muscle

Research and application activities in impact biomechanics require dynamic response of biological tissues under high-rate loading. However, experimental difficulties have limited the characterization of soft tissues under such loading conditions. In this paper, we identify these technical challenges in dynamic compression experiments using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) and present the remedies to overcome them. In order to subject the specimens to valid dynamic testing conditions, in addition to developing new pulse-shaping techniques and incorporating highly sensitive load-measuring transducers, annular thin-disc specimens radically different from regular solid specimens were used to minimize radial inertia effects that may overshadow the intrinsic material properties. By using this modified SHPB, the compressive stress-strain behavior of soft porcine muscle tissue was obtained along and perpendicular to the muscle fiber direction from quasi-static to dynamic strain rates. The results show that the non-linear compressive stress-strain responses in both directions are strongly strain-rate sensitive.