cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reading Development in Typically Developing Children and Children With Prenatal or Perinatal Brain Lesions: Differential School Year and Summer Growth

Summer slide, uneven growth of academic skills during the calendar year, captures the fact that the learning gains children make during the school year do not continue at the same pace over the summer, when children are typically not in school. We compared growth of reading skills during the school year and during the summer months in children with prenatal or perinatal brain lesions (PL) and typically developing (TD) children from varying socioeconomic-status (SES) backgrounds as a new way to probe the role of structured environmental support in functional plasticity for reading skills in children with PL. Results showed that children with PL performed worse than TD children on both reading decoding and reading comprehension. Group differences were primarily driven by children with larger lesions and children with right-hemisphere lesions (RH). For reading comprehension, children with RH showed greater growth during the school year but more slide during the summer months than both TD children and childre...
Intelligence in Humans

Abstract This article reviews what is known about human intelligence. It starts with folk conceptions (implicit theories) of intelligence and then proceeds to formal (explicit) theories. It then discusses development of intelligence, then measurement of IQ, and then heritability and modifiability.
Development of the Mark IV Antireflux Procedure

The project was initiated in 1945. The approach was influenced by the Hunterian principles of surgical development: Observe, record, deduce, put to the test.
Vanishing point detection with convolutional neural networks

Inspired by the finding that vanishing point (road tangent) guides driver's gaze, in our previous work we showed that vanishing point attracts gaze during free viewing of natural scenes as well as in visual search (Borji et al., Journal of Vision 2016). We have also introduced improved saliency models using vanishing point detectors (Feng et al., WACV 2016). Here, we aim to predict vanishing points in naturalistic environments by training convolutional neural networks in an end-to-end manner over a large set of road images downloaded from Youtube with vanishing points annotated. Results demonstrate effectiveness of our approach compared to classic approaches of vanishing point detection in the literature.
The Effects of Experimental Conditions on the Refractive Index and Density of Low-Temperature Ices: Solid Carbon Dioxide

We present the first study on the effects of the deposition technique on the measurements of the visible refractive index and the density of a low-temperature ice using solid carbon dioxide (CO2) at 14-70 K as an example. While our measurements generally agree with previous studies that show a dependence of index and density on temperature below 50 K, we also find that the measured values depend on the method used to create each sample. Below 50 K, we find that the refractive index varied by as much as 4% and the density by as much as 16% at a single temperature depending on the deposition method. We also show that the Lorentz-Lorenz approximation is valid for solid CO2 across the full 14-70 K temperature range, regardless of the deposition method used. Since the refractive index and density are important in calculations of optical constants and infrared (IR) band strengths of materials, our results suggest that the deposition method must be considered in cases where nvis and ρ are not measured in the same experimental setup where the IR spectral measurements are made.
Cloning the sigma2 receptor: Wandering 40 years to find an identity.

Scientists have endeavored to understand sigma receptors for over 40 y. Although most agree that they are important, there is little agreement on anything else. In their behavioral classification of opioid receptors in 1976, Martin et al. (1) proposed three groups of compounds illustrating three distinct opioid receptor classes (mu, kappa, and sigma) based upon morphine, ketocyclazocine, and SKF10,047, respectively, and noted that the opioid antagonist naltrexone antagonized them all. Since then, the sigma receptor story has undergone many twists and turns. Although the SKF10,047 stereoisomer used in the initial description is not stated, subsequent investigators used (+)SKF10,047 to define sigma receptors, identifying sites that clearly were not opioid. Extensive binding studies associated (+)SKF10,047 with many putative receptors, including phencyclidine (2), but these ligands proved quite promiscuous, labeling a multitude of sites. As more ligands became available, sigma receptors were dissociated into two categories: sigma1 and sigma2 (3). Functional studies strongly suggested that both classes were important. Our understanding of sigma1 receptors took a major leap forward with the cloning of the protein in 1996 (4) and its subsequent crystallization in 2016 (5). However, these structural insights have not answered many fundamental questions regarding how these proteins work. In PNAS, Alon et al. (6) present compelling information for the cloning of the sigma2 receptor, completing the molecular characterization of this class of receptor and …
Role of Expertise, Consensus, and Informational Valence in Children's Performance Judgments

Two experiments examined the role of expertise, consensus, and informational valence on children's acceptance of informant testimony about the quality of work produced by a target child. In Experiment 1, 96 4- to 5.9-year-olds and 6- to 8-year-olds were told about an expert who gave a positive or negative assessment of art or music that was contradicted by one layperson or a consensus of three laypersons. Generally, participants endorsed positive assessments as correct irrespective of expertise and consensus, but older children were more likely than younger children to want to learn from the expert in the future. To examine whether reluctance to accept expertise was due to the negative quality of the information, the expert in Experiment 2 simply stated that additional work was needed. Both age groups selected the expert as correct and reported wanting to learn from the expert in the future. Contributions to social learning models are discussed.
Arenaviral nucleoproteins suppress PACT-induced augmentation of RIG-I function to inhibit type I interferon production

RIG-I is a major cytoplasmic sensor of viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) RNA and induces type I interferon (IFN) production upon viral infection. A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein, PACT, plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function. We have shown previously that arenaviral nucleoproteins (NPs) suppress type I IFN production via their RNase activity to degrade PAMP RNA. We report here that NPs of arenaviruses block the PACT-induced enhancement of RIG-I function to mediate type I IFN production and that this inhibition is dependent on the RNase function of NPs, which is different from that of a known mechanism of other viral proteins to abolish the interaction between PACT and RIG-I. To understand the biological roles of PACT and RIG-I in authentic arenavirus infection, we analyze growth kinetics of recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV), a prototypical arenavirus, in RIG-I knockout (KO) and PACT KO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Wild-type (WT) PICV grew at higher titers in both KO MEF lines than in normal MEFs, suggesting the important roles of these cellular proteins in restricting virus replication. PICV carrying the NP RNase catalytically inactive mutation could not grow in normal MEFs but could replicate to some extent in both KO MEF lines. The level of virus growth was inversely correlated with the amount of type I IFNs produced. These results suggest that PACT plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function to produce type I IFNs in order to restrict arenavirus replication and that viral NP RNase activity is essential for optimal viral replication by suppressing PACT-induced RIG-I activation.IMPORTANCE We report here a new role of the nucleoproteins of arenaviruses that can block type I IFN production via their specific inhibition of the cellular protein sensors of virus infection (RIG-I and PACT). Our results suggest that PACT plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function to produce type I IFNs in order to restrict arenavirus replication. This new knowledge can be exploited for the development of novel antiviral treatments and/or vaccines against some arenaviruses that can cause severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever diseases in humans.
Online visualization of geospatial stream data using the worldwide telescope

This demo presents the ongoing effort to meld the stream query processing capabilities of Microsoft StreamInsight with the visualization capabilities of the WorldWide Telescope. This effort provides visualization opportunities to manage, analyze, and process real-time information that is of spatio-temporal nature. The demo scenario is based on detecting, tracking and predicting interesting patterns over historical logs and real-time feeds of earthquake data.
Evaluation of Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer Using High Spectral and Spatial Resolution Imaging: A Pilot Study.

Background Focal laser ablation (FLA) is a minimally invasive thermal ablation, guided by MRI through an optical fiber, to induce coagulative necrosis in cancer. Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of high spectral and spatial resolution imaging using multiecho gradient echo (MEGE) MRI for identification of ablation zones, after FLA of prostate cancers. Study type Prospective. Population Fourteen patients with biopsy-confirmed localized prostate cancers. Field strength/sequence FLA was performed under monitored conscious sedation with a 1.5T MRI scanner. Axial MEGE images were acquired before and after the last FLA. Pre- and postcontrast enhanced T1 -weighted (pT1 W) images were acquired to assess the FLA zone as a reference standard. Assessment The T 2 * maps and water resonance peak height (WPH) images were calculated from the MEGE data. Ablation area was outlined using an active contour method. The maximum ablation area and total ablation volume were calculated from T 2 * and WPH images, and compared with the sizes measured from pT1 W images. Statistical tests Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed to determine whether there was significant difference in calculated ablation areas and volumes between T 2 * , WPH, and pT1 W images. Results Average T 2 * (38.9 ± 14.1 msec) in the ablation area was significantly shorter (P = 0.03) than the preablation area T 2 * (57.8 ± 25.3 msec). The normalized WPH value over the ablation area (1.3 ± 0.6) was significantly decreased (P = 0.02) more than the preablation area (2.0 ± 0.9). The maximum ablation areas measured by T 2 * (295.7 ± 96.4 mm2 ), WPH (312.2 ± 63.0 mm2 ), and pT1 W (320.3 ± 82.9 mm2 ) images were all similar. Furthermore, there was no significant difference (P = 0.31) for measured ablation volumes 3310.5 ± 649.5, 3406.4 ± 684.9, and 3672.5 ± 832.4 mm3 between T 2 * , WPH, and pT1 W images, respectively. DATA CONCLUSION: T 2 * and WPH images provide acceptable measurements of ablation zones during FLA treatment of prostate cancers without the need for contrast agent injection. This might allow repeated assessment following each heating period so that subsequent ablations can be optimized. Level of evidence 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1374-1380.
Projective Quadrics, Poles, Polars, and Legendre Transformations

In a study of the solution of certain differential equations, Legendre discovered a transformation with remarkable properties, which has since been found to have applications in analysis, mechanics, and thermodynamics. (See Courant & Hilbert (1962).) In classical mechanics, for example, the Legendre transformation (LT) is used to make the transition from the Lagrangian to the Hamiltonian formalism. In modern texts, this transition is usually given a differential geometric interpretation: Lagrangian mechanics takes place on the tangent bundle TM of the configuration space manifold M, Hamiltonian mechanics on the cotangent bundle T* M. However, there is another geometric context in which the LT may be viewed (regardless of the branch of physics in which it is applied): the LT is in fact a particular case of a construction in projective geometry. The symmetry, or “duality”, between the new and old variables in the transformation (reflected in the duality of TM and T* M in the differential geometric formalism) may be expressed as the projective duality between so-called “poles” and “polars” in the theory of projective quadrics.
Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) of complete remission without or with incomplete hematologic recovery (CR/CRi) to CPX-351, FLAG, and standard 7+3 (7+3) chemotherapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML).

e18514Background: Patients (pts) sAML have poor outcomes (CR/CRi= 25-35%) with standard 7+3 induction chemotherapy (7+3). CPX-351 (liposomal encapsulated daunorubicin + cytarabine at a synergistic ...
An investigation into the link between consumer's product involvement and store loyalty: The roles of shopping value goals and information search as the mediating factors

Abstract This research proposes a theoretical model explaining the roles of multiple mediating factors – product quality, service quality, and information search –in the association between product involvement and store loyalty. The extant literature has examined different determinants of store loyalty but paid less attention to understand the link between product involvement and store loyalty and the underlying mechanisms. This study contributes to the literature by a) providing a comprehensive framework of involvement – loyalty link and b) investigating complex mediation effects. In this study, survey data were subjected to regression analysis to test parallel mediation and serial mediation effects of product quality, service quality, and information search in the link between consumer's product involvement and store loyalty. The results indicate that both product quality and information search mediate the association between product involvement and store loyalty. In addition, both product quality and service quality mediate the association between product involvement and information search. Results also indicate that product quality and information search work as serial mediators in the association between product involvement and store loyalty. For additional level of analyses, data were also subjected to Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA). Theoretical and managerial implications are also provided.
Trigger agents and post-trigger testing

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), or both in the form of dual trigger can be used to induce final oocyte maturation. We assessed if dual trigger with GnRHa (leuprolide acetate), plus urinary hCG, improves outcomes in minimal stimulation in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles for patients with expected poor ovarian response (POR). With a first cycle analysis, we observed that dual trigger did not increase oocyte and mature oocyte yield in expected POR patients undergoing minimal stimulation IVF cycles. Therefore, single full-dose urinary hCG trigger may still be preferred for minimal stimulation IVF cycles in expected POR patients. Appropriate laboratory testing before and after trigger may be beneficial for prediction of stimulation outcomes. Pre-trigger estradiol (E2) can predict the oocyte yield in women undergoing minimal and/or mild stimulation IVF, whereas post-trigger follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels have a negative correlation with oocyte yield. Post-trigger E2, progesterone, and hCG levels may only be useful to assure patient compliance and the drug potency after hCG trigger, but they do not predict minimal/mild stimulation IVF outcomes.
Who ‘framed’ Ramchandra Siras? Journalistic discourses of sexual citizenship in India:

In 2010, a professor in India was forcibly outed as gay and catapulted into a nationwide debate about LGBTQ rights in India. A textual analysis of prominent Indian English-language newspapers revea...
Time horizons and corporate governance

This paper examines the impact of operational time-horizons on corporate governance. Managerial 'short-termism' is problematic in industries where long product development and life cycles require managerial decisions that are similarly far-sighted in scope. By protecting managers from the pressures that induce short-termism I show how corporate governance and anti-takeover provisions can mitigate short-termism for firms with long operational time-horizons. I predict that firms operating in long time-horizon industries will employ more anti-takeover provisions than firms in short time-horizon industries. I examine this empirically and find support for this prediction.
Influenza Vaccination and Healthcare Personnel Compliance

We reviewed the benefit of influenza vaccination in healthcare personnel (HCP), rates of vaccine coverage, and practices used to try to boost vaccine coverage among HCP. Influenza vaccination in HCP provides benefits to both HCP and patients, including reductions in patient morbidity and mortality and decreases in HCP absenteeism. Despite these benefits, influenza vaccine coverage among HCP still falls short of the Healthy People 2020 goal of 90%. As a result, healthcare institutions have used various practices to boost vaccination, including mandatory vaccine policies and requiring non-immunized HCP to wear masks during the influenza season. All of these efforts have been successful at increasing vaccination rates, and employer vaccination requirements have led to rates that meet the Healthy People 2020 goal. Rates of mandatory vaccine policies have increased over time, and several states now have influenza vaccine requirements. However, additional study into how these policies improve patient outcomes is needed. Continued effort is needed to boost influenza vaccination rates among HCP, and mandatory vaccine policies may be used if other methods have not been effective in adequately raising vaccination rates. Future research should focus on how mandatory vaccine policies can improve patient outcomes.
Evaluation of Risk Factors for Postoperative Urinary Retention in Elective Thoracolumbar Spinal Fusion Patients.

Study Design:Retrospective case series.Objectives:Postoperative urinary retention (POUR) represents a common postoperative complication of all elective surgeries. The aim of this study was to ident...
Real-time Microgrid Test Bed for Protection and Resiliency Studies

Momentum towards realization of smart grid will continue to result in high penetration of renewable fed Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in the Electric Power System (EPS). The drive towards resiliency will enable a modular topology where several microgrids are tied to-gather, operating synchronously to form the future EPS. These microgrids may very well evolve to be fed by 100% Inverter Based Resources (IBRs), and required to operate reliably in both grid-connected and islanded modes. Since microgrids will evolve from existing distribution feeders, they will be unbalanced in terms of load, phases, and feeder-impedances. Protection and control of such microgrids, spanning over grid-connected mode, islanded mode, and transition mode need urgent attention. This paper focuses on the control aspect to facilitate stable operation and power sharing under these modes. A detailed EMTP model of a testbed using the IEEE 13-bus system is created in PSCAD, involving multiple inverters. Control strategy, modes, and implementation of inverter controls are described, and results showing stable operation and power sharing in all modes are presented.
Combination Immunotherapy With LIGHT and Interleukin-2 Increases CD8 Central Memory T-Cells In Vivo

Abstract Background The generation of long-term durable tumor immunity and prolonged disease-free survival depends on the ability to generate and support CD8+ central memory T-cells. Microsatellite-stable colon cancer is resistant to currently available immunotherapies; thus, development of novel mechanisms to increase both lymphocyte infiltration and central memory formation are needed to improve outcomes in these patients. We have previously demonstrated that both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and LIGHT (TNFSF14) independently enhance antitumor immune responses and hypothesize that combination immunotherapy may increase the CD8+ central memory T-cell response. Methods Murine colorectal cancer tumors were established in syngeneic mice. Tumors were treated with control, soluble, or liposomal IL-2 at established intervals. A subset of animal tumors overexpressed tumor necrosis superfamily factor LIGHT (TNFSF14). Peripheral blood, splenic, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated for phenotypic studies and flow cytometry. Results Tumors exposed to a combination of LIGHT and IL-2 experienced a decrease in tumor size compared with IL-2 alone that was not demonstrated in wild-type tumors or between other treatment groups. Combination exposure also increased splenic central memory CD8+ cells compared with IL-2 administration alone, while not increasing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In the periphery, the combination enhanced levels of circulating CD8 T-cells and central memory T-cells, while also increasing circulating T-regulatory cells. Conclusions Combination of IL-2, whether soluble or liposomal, with exposure to LIGHT results in increased CD8+ central memory cells in the spleen and periphery. New combination immunotherapy strategies that support both effector and memory T-cell functions are critical to enhancing durable antitumor responses and warrant further investigation.
Sensitivity and variability of soil health indicators in a California cropping system

Author(s): Lazicki, P; Mazza Rodrigues, JL; Geisseler, D | Abstract: An indicator that is used to monitor whether a management practice is improving soil health must be sensitive to management changes. However, it should not be overly influenced by variations in sampling time or location, previous crop, or annual differences in weather or operations timing. In this study, we assessed the sensitivity and variability of several soil health indicators in long-term plots under typical farming practices in a Mediterranean climate. These plots have been conventionally or organically farmed in a corn (Zea mays L.)–processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) rotation for 25 yr. We sampled in both crop phases prior to planting and midseason for two consecutive years, analyzing subsamples taken from three adjacent locations per plot. Management was the most significant factor differentiating most indicators, particularly indicators of biological processes and C accumulation. Whereas management differences were consistent across sampling times, average indicator values for a management system often varied significantly between dates and years. Crop phases, conversely, were usually similar. Accounting for soil texture increased management sensitivity for aggregate stability and most C accumulation indicators. Sensitive indicators such as mineral N, particulate organic matter C, and mineralizable C had greater subsample variability than indicators measuring large, stable pools, such as total C. Our results show that indicators relating to organic C and biological processes most strongly differentiated the two systems, and underline the importance of using consistent sampling dates. They also suggest that an indicator dataset including both stable and sensitive indicators may be the most reliable to interpret.
"The Health System Just Wasn't Built for Us": Queer Cisgender Women and Gender Expansive Individuals' Strategies for Navigating Reproductive Health Care.

Abstract Background The LGBTQ health disparities literature documents barriers to comprehensive and queer-inclusive care. Queer cisgender women and gender expansive individuals assigned female at birth experience myriad health disparities related to reproductive health, in part owing to the health care system. However, few studies have examined how queer individuals cope with and overcome barriers to queer-competent reproductive health care. This study aims to understand the strategies queer cisgender women and gender expansive individuals use to meet their reproductive health needs. Methods Investigators conducted interviews with 22 queer cisgender women and gender expansive individuals assigned female at birth about their experiences seeking reproductive health care services. We used inductive coding and thematic analysis to identify themes related to meeting reproductive health and health care needs. Results Findings highlight the prevalence of negative and harmful experiences while seeking reproductive health care. In response to these negative experiences, individuals developed active strategies to meet their health needs, including seeking information and community, seeking alternative models of care, and managing identity disclosure. Importantly, these strategies varied in effectiveness, depending on participants' social and economic advantage. Conclusions Queer individuals face numerous barriers to queer-competent reproductive health care when seeking reproductive health services. While queer patients are often resilient and creative, developing strategies to get their needs met, the presence of such strategies highlights the need for structural changes in the health system to better serve queer patients.
Systematic and nonsystematic search strategies

Abstract In this paper we compare the relative costs of a systematic problem-solving method – depth-first search – and a nonsystematic method – iterative sampling. An average-case analysis reveals that, for a well-specified class of domains, depth-first search always requires less effort when there exists a single solution, and is generally superior on tasks with shallow solution paths and few solutions. In contrast, iterative sampling is superior on tasks with deep solution paths and many solutions. Depth-first search scales better to cases with high branching factors if the number of solutions remains the same, but random search scales better when the density of solutions remains constant. The search costs predicted by the analysis closely fit the costs observed in experiments with artificial search tasks. We also relate iterative sampling to other methods, including iterative broadening, which is based on similar intuitions.
Central serotonergic S2 binding in Papio anubis measured in vivo with N-omega-[18F]fluoroethylketanserin and PET.

N-omega-[18F]fluoroethylketanserin ([18F]FEK), an 18F-labeled analogue of the serotonin S2 antagonist ketanserin, was evaluated for use with positron emission tomography (PET). PET imaging of a baboon brain following injection of [18F]FEK indicated that the fluorinated ligand rapidly localized in vivo within S2 receptor-rich tissues (frontal cortex/cerebellum radioactivity ratio = 2.5 after 15 min), and selective localization was retained for as long as 3 h post injection. Pretreatment with unlabeled ketanserin (15 mg/kg, i.v.) 1 h prior to [18F]FEK completely abolished selective localization of the radiotracer, whereas regional cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and the free fraction of [18F]FEK in arterial blood were unaltered. [18F]FEK has several advantages compared to previously used PET radiopharmaceuticals, and may be an excellent radioligand for non-invasive evaluation of S2 binding in vivo.
Virtual Acoustics, Aeronautics, and Communications

An optimal approach to auditory display design for commercial aircraft would utilize both spatialized (3-D) audio techniques and active noise cancellation for safer operations. Results from several aircraft simulator studies conducted at NASA Ames Research Center are reviewed, including Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) warnings, spoken orientation "beacons" for gate identification and collision avoidance on the ground, and hardware for improved speech intelligibility. The implications of hearing loss among pilots is also considered.
Probability and Computing: Randomized Algorithms and Probabilistic Analysis

Preface 1. Events and probability 2. Discrete random variables and expectation 3. Moments and deviations 4. Chernoff bounds 5. Balls, bins and random graphs 6. The probabilistic method 7. Markov chains and random walks 8. Continuous distributions and the Poisson process 9. Entropy, randomness and information 10. The Monte Carlo method 11. Coupling of Markov chains 12. Martingales 13. Pairwise independence and universal hash functions 14. Balanced allocations References.
Optical Absorption Studies of Surface Plasmons and Surface Phonons in Small Particles

Starting from the Mie equations one can derive many resonant conditions for a sphere, including surface mode resonances. Surface phonon and surface plasmon modes are derived using Lorentz and Drude models of the dielectric function in the small particle theories. Infrared absorption studies of small particles dispersed in KBr matrices show, the expected sphere mode for amorphous SiO2 particles, but measurements on irregular shapes must be modeled with a distribution of shapes such as ellipsoids. Cubic MgO particles finally show the calculated surface phonons for cubes if enough effort is put into disrupting the particle aggregation. Surface plasmon absorption in Mg smoke particles shows a rare blue color. Because no sphere calculations produce this effect it is probably due to the nonspherical shape, perhaps with clustering. Size and shape distributions and clustering make it very difficult to observe quantum size effects in abosrption by ensembles of particles. Observations of apparently well isolated particles in interstellar space are interpreted as infrared emission from surface phonon modes in SiC showing shape effects, and ultraviolet extinction interpreted as surface plasmons in graphite. The origin of many narrow interstellar absorption bands in the visible is still a mystery more than 60 years after the first discovery.
Effects of Acute and Chronic Hyperglycemia on Lung Capillary Permeability

Hyperglycemia is correlated with increased vascular oxidative stress and increased vascular permeability. The role of acute and chronic hyperglycemia in affecting lung endothelial permeability is u...
Factors Affecting B-Complex Vitamin Content of Cottage Cheese,

Abstract Cottage cheese contained on the average 257 μ g niacin, 24 μ g vitamin B 6 , 2.1 μ g vitamin B 12 , and 40.6 μ g folic acid per 100g. In general, the higher the vitamin content of the skim milk, the higher the vitamin content of the resultant cheese curd. The cheese culture synthesized vitamins during the curd setting period. Considerable quantities of vitamins were lost in the whey during the manufacturing process, but 16.0 to 63.7% of niacin, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 was retained in the cheese. Cottage cheese starter culture synthesized vitamin B 12 and folic acid actively during the setting period, which resulted in higher concentrations of these vitamins in the cheese curd. The addition of calcium chloride to the skim milk caused an increase in calcium content and a concomitant increase in folic acid content in the cheese. Likewise, the use of rennet in the process of manufacturing cottage cheese increased its calcium and concomitantly its folic acid content. Such a relationship between calcium and niacin was not observed. A manufacturing process capable of increasing the calcium content of cottage cheese also may increase its folic acid content.
Using Baseball Data as a Gentle Introduction to Teaching Linear Regression

This effort describes a successful classroom exercise to introduce simple and multiple linear regression to working professional MBA students. The exercise starts by exploring the relationship between a baseball team’s payroll with its winning percentage. The exercise then continues with the introduction of additional predictor variables so that the students are able to build a strong predictive model for winning percentage. Student feedback consistently praises the exercise as an effective way to learn about linear regression.
Deletion of homologs of the SREBP pathway results in hyper-production of cellulases in Neurospora crassa and Trichoderma reesei.

Background The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa efficiently utilizes plant biomass and is a model organism for genetic, molecular and cellular biology studies. Here, a set of 567 single-gene deletion strains was assessed for cellulolytic activity as compared to the wild-type parental strain. Mutant strains included were those carrying a deletion in: (1) genes encoding proteins homologous to those implicated in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion apparatus; (2) genes that are homologous to those known to differ between the Trichoderma reesei hyper-secreting strain RUT-C30 and its ancestral wild-type strain; (3) genes encoding proteins identified in the secretome of N. crassa when cultured on plant biomass and (4) genes encoding proteins predicted to traverse the secretory pathway.
Internal decompression for multiple levels of lumbar spinal stenosis: a technical note

In cases of lumbar spinal stenosis, use of the wide decompressive procedure for neural compression without regard for the integrity of facets tends to lead to instability and the chronic pain syndrome. Experience with the posterior lumbar interbody fusion technique indicates that, in cases of multiple levels of spinal canal stenosis, the decompression can be made adequately by inferior and superior marginal laminotomy, mesial facetectomy with an osteotome, and foraminotomy with an angle bone punch and a supersonic curette. Internal thinning of the thickened lamina can be achieved by the shaving action of the supersonic curette done from within the spinal canal. This technique achieves the necessary internal decompression of the multiple levels of spinal stenosis without interruption of the integrity of the motion segment. The spinous processes and the supraspinous ligaments and the lateral half of the facet, with its firm fibrous capsules, are scrupulously preserved. The disc is not removed unless it is overtly extruded.
Ghost in the machine

Purpose – This column aims to explore the important issue of developing native skills in the library profession in order to develop and maintain library applications.Design/methodology/approach – Discusses the issue of developing native skills in the library profession in order to develop and maintain library applications.Findings – This column is simply exploratory, and examines issues surrounding the utility and cost effectiveness of library developed software and the issue of related professional skills.Practical implications – In order to prepare for the future and take the tools necessary to perform library work in the twenty‐first century, professional librarians and library staff members need to seriously evaluate their skill sets.Originality/value – This column provides points of discussion for professional librarians and library staff concerning the issue of the skill sets required to develop and maintain library related software in order to meet the increasing demands of our patrons.
Road safe seniors: Screening for age-related driving disorders in inpatient and outpatient settings.

Abstract Introduction Older drivers are increasing in number and they often have health conditions that place them at high risk for motor-vehicle crashes (MVC). Screening is underutilized, and is rarely done in hospital settings. Methods A convenience sample of 755 older adults completed age related driving disorders screening at University of California, San Diego inpatient and outpatient health centers. Screening included three strength/frailty tests, two vision tests (acuity and fields), and two cognitive tests, based on AMA recommendations. The average age of participants was 72.5; 55.5% were male and 94% English-speaking; 17.8% of older adults failed at least one aspect of screening. Results In multivariate analysis, significant associations of failed status were age, male sex, selfrestrictions of driving, and inpatient screening locations. The screening identified one in six adults to be 'high-risk' for age related driving disorders. Screening was effective and feasible in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Impact on industry As the driving population ages, industry, government and health car providers need to plan for the management of driving impairments in older adults.
Single-mode fiber diameter measurements using Lloyd's mirror.

An interferometric method for measurement of the fiber outside diameter with an uncertainty of <1 μm is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The fringe pattern produced by placing the fiber in contact with a reflecting surface is utilized.
Evidence for large-scale structures in granular superconductors.

We have made measurements of the temperature and angular dependence of the critical field for superconductivity in thin-film specimens of Al:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ composites. The measurements lead us to infer that these specimens are composed of one or more layers with thicknesses between the grain size and the overall film thickness. This inference is corroborated by measurements of the fluctuation conductivity. Preliminary data on Al:Te composite films suggest that nonrandom structures of similar scale are also present in this material.
Convection along the Coast of Northern Peru during 1983: Spatial and Temporal Variation of Clouds and Rainfall

Abstract Streamflow and historical records indicate that flooding in northern Peru was more severe during 1983 than during any year since 1891. A case study of the meteorological conditions along the northwest coast of South America from 10°S to 10°N during 1982–83 is presented. Station rainfall and satellite-derived outgoing infrared observations are used to deduce the structure and time evolution of convection in this region. Substantial rainfall amounts were first observed along the western slopes of the Andes Mountains and coastal plain of southern Ecuador during November and December 1982, and it continued to rain in this region through June 1983. In northern Peru, the onset of the rains along the coastal plain was delayed until January 1983 and ended abruptly during mid-June 1983. Convective activity was much greater along the coastal strip than over the eastern equatorial Pacific to the cast of 100°W until May-June 1983. In addition, cloudiness was strongly modulated on the diurnal time scale, with...
Record Charging Events from Applied Technology Satellite 6

Applied Technology Satellite 6 regularly charged to large negative potentials in sunlight and eclipse in the earth's midnight to dawn region. This geosynchronous satellite normally reached potentials of -100 to -1000 V in sunlight, and potentials of -100 to -10,000 V in eclipse. The largest potential recorded in eclipse for this satellite was -19 kV, in an environment characterized by an electron temperature of 18 keV. The most negative potential recorded in sunlight was -2 kV, at local dawn, while immersed in an 11-keV electron population. These are the most negative potentials reported from the geosynchronous orbit to date for eclipse and sunlight, respectively. The magnitudes of these potentials indicate the need for methods of potential control on satellites at these altitudes, particularly those with shadowed insulating surfaces.
Pyridine nucleotides and H2 as electron donors to the respiratory and photosynthetic electron-transfer chains and to nitrogenase in Anabaena heterocysts

The pathways through which NADPH, NADH and H2 provide electrons to nitrogenase were examined in anaerobically isolated heterocysts. Electron donation in freeze-thawed heterocysts and in heterocyst fractions was studied by measuring O2 uptake, acetylene reduction and reduction of horse heart cytochrome c. In freeze-thawed heterocysts and membrane fractions, NADH and H2 supported cyanide-sensitive, respiratory O2 uptake and light-enhanced, cyanide-insensitive uptake of O2 resulting from electron donation to O2 at the reducing side of Photosystem I. Membrane fractions also catalyzed NADH-dependent reduction of cytochrome c. In freeze-thawed heterocysts and soluble fractions from heterocysts, NADPH donated electrons in dark reactions to O2 or cytochrome c through a pathway involving ferredoxin:NADP reductase; these reactions were only slightly influenced by cyanide or illumination. In freeze-thawed heterocysts provided with an ATP-generating system, NADH or H2 supported slow acetylene reduction in the dark through uncoupler-sensitive reverse electron flow. Upon illumination, enhanced rates of acetylene reduction requiring the participation of Photosystem I were observed with NADH and H2 as electron donors. Rapid NADPH-dependent acetylene reduction occurred in the dark and this activity was not influenced by illumination or uncoupler. A scheme summarizing electron-transfer pathways between soluble and membrane components is presented.
An improved radioimmunoassay for human ovarian tumor antigen NB/70K

An improved assay for the measurement of human ovarian tumor antigen NB/70K (triton NB/70K assay) has been developed. This assay makes the accurate and reproducible estimation of serum NB/70K possible. Freezing and thawing of serum up to three times or refrigeration of diluted serum up to 7 days does not significantly alter the NB/70K levels detected by the triton NB/70K assay. NB/70K levels in different volumes of the same sample showed a linear relationship to volume, with a correlation coefficient usually above 0.98.
Intimacy without immolation: Fire in Jane Eyre

In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte portrays a fully realized heroine who challenges society's and fiction's conventional roles for women. In order to broaden her heroine's role, Bronte had to go beyond the genres open to her — the novel of manners, the Gothic, and the governess novel — to establish a new genre: the feminist fairytale. In establishing this genre, Bronte pinpoints Jane's specifically female dilemma: how to achieve intimacy and still maintain independence. At once beautiful and terrible, sustaining and destructive, fire is the perfect element to convey a sense of Jane's often conflicting desires. Bronte carefully establishes hearth fires as an index to how included and “at home” Jane feels. Similarly, Bronte uses metaphors of self‐sacrifice and immolation to indicate times when Jane feels her independence is being threatened. The hearth fires and the metaphorical fires are overshadowed by the “big” fires in the novel, but their consistent, unobtrusive use allows Bronte to reinforce her theme in ...
CLSM bridge abutments – Finite element modeling and parametric study

Abstract Controlled low strength materials (CLSMs) are increasingly gaining importance in the construction industry. Among many applications, CLSMs can be used for rapid and sustainable construction of bridge abutments. This paper describes the finite element analysis of a full-scale loading test of a bridge abutment backfilled with the CLSM referred to as “CLSM bridge abutment”. The finite element analysis will help with the understanding of the behavior of CLSM bridge abutments, in terms of bearing capacity, displacements and the developed axial force in anchors. The accuracy of the finite element results for the response and failure behavior of a CLSM mass was evaluated by a comparison with the experimental results. The experimental program included both standard compressive strength testing on CLSM cylinders and a laboratory full-scale testing on a CLSM bridge abutment. The analysis shows that the performance of a CLSM abutment while subject to a service load or a limiting failure load from a bridge superstructure can be simulated in a reasonably accurate manner. In addition, a parametric study was conducted to better understand the performance of the CLSM bridge abutments in terms of bearing capacity and overall behavior. This study investigated the performance of the CLSM bridge abutments as they are affected by material curing age, environment temperature and construction details. The results indicated that the CLSM bridge abutment is capable of carrying typical bridge loads with relatively after only one day from the placement. It was observed that the bearing capacity increased with further curing of the CLSM material.
Metabolic stone composition in Egyptian children.

Abstract Objective The composition of urinary stones in children depends on socioeconomic conditions, geography and dietary habits. Pediatric urolithiasis remains endemic in developing countries. The aim of this study was to analyze stone composition in an Egyptian patient population. Patients and methods We analyzed prospectively urinary stones from 100 consecutive children (73 males, 27 females), aged 14 months to 12 years. The stones were located in the upper urinary tract in 78%, lower urinary tract in 19% and both in 3%. Male patients had more lower urinary tract stones. On presentation 67% had flank pain and 37% had hematuria. Stones were treated by open surgery in 69% of patients, shockwave lithotripsy in 20% and endoscopic extraction in 13%. Results The components of the upper urinary tract calculi were calcium oxalate (47%), ammonium acid urate (26%) and calcium carbonate (21%), whereas the main components of the lower urinary tract calculi were ammonium acid urate (27.2%), struvite (27.2%) and calcium carbonate (22.7%). Urinary tract infection was involved in the development of one third of the stones. Endemic stones were present in 17% of patients, and stones of metabolic origin in 15%. The etiology of stone formation remained unknown in one third of patients. Conclusion The epidemiological profile of urinary stones in Egyptian children can now be considered intermediate between developing countries where dietary deficiencies are the main causes and developed countries where infectious and metabolic calculi are observed.
Another note on cliques and independent sets

Entringer, Goddard, and Henning studied graphs in which every vertex belongs to both an (m + 1)-clique and an independent (n + 1)-set; they proved that there is such a graph of order p if and only if $p\geq m+n+\sqrt{4mn}$. We give an alternative and slightly easier proof of this fact, relating it to combinatorial matrix theory. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 35: 173–175, 2000
Early mammary gland responses to hormones.

Abstract Morphogenesis and biochemical differentiation of the female breast in vivo is regulated by a complex of hormones required at different stages of development. This is emphasized by the alveolar epithelial component during lactation, which represents a highly organized group of cells specifically differentiated under the influence of a number of hormones produced by the ovary, pituitary, and pancreas. The ovarian hormones include estrogen and progesterone; the pituitary provides prolactin and/or somatotropin; and the presumed requirement of insulin is provided by the pancreas. Depending on the stage of duct and alveolar development, it is possible to identify some of the phases of hormone induction as: (1) an inactive resting phase, (2) a proliferative phase as pregnancy proceeds, (3) an active lactation phase immediately following pregnancy, (4) a postnatal regressive change with minor alterations evident during menses, and finally (5) a menopausal atrophy of the glandular tissue. Experimental studies of mammogenesis in the mouse suggest that stages up to the 7th day of fetal life are independent of specific hormones required for development.