cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing knowledge and technology to foster innovation at the Ohio State University Medical Center.

Biomedical knowledge is expanding at an unprecedented rate—one that is unlikely to slow anytime in the future. While the volume and scope of this new knowledge poses significant organizational challenges, it creates tremendous opportunities to release and direct its power to the service of significant goals. The authors explain how the Center for Knowledge Management at The Ohio State University Medical Center, created during the academic year 2003–04, is doing just that by integrating numerous resource-intensive, technology-based initiatives— including personnel, services and infrastructure, digital repositories, data sets, mobile computing devices, high-tech patient simulators, computerized testing, and interactive multimedia—in a way that enables the center to provide information tailored to the needs of students, faculty and staff on the medical center campus and its surrounding health sciences colleges. The authors discuss how discovering, applying, and sharing new knowledge, information assets, and technologies in this way is a collaborative process. This process creates open-ended opportunities for innovation and a roadmap for working toward seamless integration, synergy, and substantial enhancement of the academic medical center’s research, educational, and clinical mission areas.
Still Supermadres? Gender and the Policy Priorities of Latin American Legislators

This article examines the effect of gender on legislators’ attitudes and bill initiation behavior in three Latin American countries—Argentina, Colombia, and Costa Rica. I argue that sex role changes in Latin America over the past 35 years have led to changes in how female legislators perceive their political roles, and consequently, changes in their attitudes and behavior. Specifically, female legislators will place higher priority than male legislators on women’s issues and children/family concerns, but their attitudes in other areas, such as education, health, the economy, agriculture, and employment, will be similar. However, I expect that gender dynamics in the legislative arena lead to marginalization of women such that gender differences will emerge for bill initiation behavior where they did not appear for attitudes. I test this using a survey of legislators’ issue preferences and archival data on the bills that legislators sponsor and find statistical support for the hypotheses. n her seminal book on women in Latin American politics, Elsa Chaney (1979) described female politicians as “supermadres”—“tending to the needs of her big family in the larger casa of the municipality or even the nation” (21). Based on interviews with female candidates and officeholders in Chile and Peru, she found that women viewed political office as an extension of their roles as mothers and wives and felt a responsibility to focus on issues derived from those roles—protecting children and the family, education, and healthcare, for example. In the 25 years since Chaney’s writing, women’s status has changed significantly in Latin America (Craske 1999). Women have increased their presence in the public sphere, the paid labor force, and universities, among many other changes. As of yet, however, little empirical research exists on the attitudes and behavior of female politicians today, how they differ from male politicians, and how they have changed since Chaney’s characterization, if at all. Are female legislators still “supermadres,” focusing primarily on “nurturant and affectational tasks” related to their traditional roles (Chaney 1979, 20)? Or, have the social, economic, and political transformations
ONTOGENY OF THE FOOD-GATHERING SYSTEM IN ORDOVICIAN CRINOIDS

The growth of the food-gathering systems of Ordovician crinoids illustrates the solutions evolved to avoid or minimize problems of suspension feeding and maintenance. The column has low metabolic requirements and may even be self-sufficient; little or no food need be diverted from the crown to the column. The tissue that the food-gathering system supplies with food is all or mostly in the crown. The volume of tissue in the crown is isometric with its volume. Distal arm branches, ramules, or pinnules form throughout growth of most taxa. The number of arm branches is constant in hybocrinids and porocrinids. The length and number of plates in the food-gathering system show marked positive allometry relative to crown volume. Food grooves become wider in larger crinoids but growth rates vary greatly. Branch density declines in all species studied. The tubefoot spacing can be constant, increase, or decrease in larger crinoids. Food-gathering capacity is the number of food-catching tubefeet multiplied by the average food-groove width, and it is positively allometric in terms of crown volume. The food-gathering ratio (food-gathering capacity: crown volume) declines somewhat, remains the same, or increases slightly during growth. The food-gathering parameters are correlated with arm structure. Crinoids with pinnulate arms exhibit the highest food-gathering ratios, high values of tubefoot spacing and branch density, and narrow food grooves, and they catch small food particles with small and closely spaced tubefeet. The lowest food-gathering ratios are seen in crinoids with unbranched and nonpinnulate arms which possess low tubefoot spacings and branch densities and wide food grooves. On average these organisms ate larger food items collected by larger and more widely spaced tubefeet. Larger food-gathering ratios are associated with greater resistance to fluid flow through the arms and tubefeet. The allometry of the food-gathering systems of Ordovician crinoids suggests that their metabolic rates could be proportional to body mass0.75 as in many living animals and plants.
Learning Deep Energy Models

Deep generative models with multiple hidden layers have been shown to be able to learn meaningful and compact representations of data. In this work we propose deep energy models, which use deep feedforward neural networks to model the energy landscapes that define probabilistic models. We are able to efficiently train all layers of our model simultaneously, allowing the lower layers of the model to adapt to the training of the higher layers, and thereby producing better generative models. We evaluate the generative performance of our models on natural images and demonstrate that this joint training of multiple layers yields qualitative and quantitative improvements over greedy layerwise training. We further generalize our models beyond the commonly used sigmoidal neural networks and show how a deep extension of the product of Student-t distributions model achieves good generative performance. Finally, we introduce a discriminative extension of our model and demonstrate that it outperforms other fully-connected models on object recognition on the NORB dataset.
Laser desorption sample transfer for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Ambient mass spectrometry can detect small molecules directly, but complex mixtures can be a challenge. We have developed a method that incorporates small molecule separation based on laser desorption with capture on a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fiber for injection into a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system.Samples on a metal target were desorbed by a 3 µm mid-infrared laser focused to a 250 µm spot and 1.2 mJ pulse energy. The desorbed material was aspirated into a metal tube suspended 1 mm above the laser spot and captured on a SPME fiber. The collected material was injected into a GC/MS instrument for analysis.We have developed a versatile approach for ambient laser desorption sampling onto SPME for GC/MS analysis. The performance of the laser desorption SPME capture GC/MS system was demonstrated for small molecule standards, a mixture of nitroaromatic explosives, and collected cigarette smoke.The utility of ambient laser desorption sampling onto SPME for GC/MS was demonstrated. The performance of the method was evaluated by preparing calibration standards of caffeine over a range from 200 to 1000 ng. Laser desorption ambient sampling of complex mixtures was accomplished using SPME GC/MS.
How Chemistry, Nanoscale Roughness, and the Direction of Heat Flow Affect Thermal Conductance of Solid–Water Interfaces

We quantify the Kapitza thermal conductance of solid–liquid interfaces between self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and liquid water using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We focus on und...
NEW SPECIES OF PHYLLOPORUS AND TRICHOLOMOPSIS FROM COLOMBIA, WITH NOTES ON PHYLLOPORUS BOLETINOIDES

Phylloporusfibulatus and Tricholomopsis humboldtii from Colombian oak forests are newly described, and a new section of Phylloporus, sect. Fibulati, is proposed. Phylloporus boletinoides is redescribed from recently collected material and placed in sect. Manausensis. A comparison of characters distinguishing Paxillus and Phylloporus is given.
Jehovah’s Witnesses as Patients

Jehovah’s Witnesses are a religious group that accepts the divinity of Christ but differs from mainstream Christianity on some doctrines.1 The importance of Jehovah’s Witnesses to the health care profession is that Jehovah’s Witnesses believe that blood transfusions are prohibited. A proper understanding of this belief is necessary for health care providers to appropriately care for Jehovah’s Witnesses as patients. The following discussion assumes that the patient is a competent adult. Issues of children, incapacitated patients, or incompetent patients and their guardians are beyond the scope of this discussion.
Matlab Original Procedure for Animal Population Spatial Distribution Analysis

Animal population spatial distribution maybe classified as the uniform distribution,the random distribution,the aggregated distribution(negative binomial distribution, Neyman distribution, Poisson-binomial distribution) for the different features of animal species,population,habitat and so on. For simplifying the calculation,we respectively programed the computer procedures to calculate the theoretical value on the basis of the corresponding function of spatial distribution type by the Matlab language.
Results of hygienic inspection of 263 samples of drinking water in Cenxi City in 2010

Objective To understand the drinking water condition in Cenxi City in 2010 and provided scientific basis for policy formulation.Methods 29 items of 263 samples of drinking water in Cenxi City were analyzed.Results The total qualified rate of 263 samples was 73.4%.The qualified rate of total bacterial count,total coliform count,heat –resistant coli form and E.coli were 63.5%,67.7%,74.9%and 80.2%,respectively.The sensory index,chemical index and toxicology index has higher qualified rate.Conclusion The qualified of drinking water in the rural area was relatively heavily polluted,moni toring be strengthened to improve the sanitary condition of drinking water in this city.Meanwhile,collective supply water be im plemented in order to improve the drinking water safety.
Dissociation of stress and food-deprivation effects on spatial performance

Food deprivation and exposure to a Stressor both influence spatial performance. These effects may not be independent, because stress changes eating and body weight. The present study dissociated stress from eating and body weight to determine whether stress alters spatial performance indirectly via ingestive processes. Some rats experienced inescapable tailshock accompanied by reduced eating and body weight (stress+dep), while others experienced only stress (stress) or only reduced eating and body weight (dep). Eight-arm radial maze exploration was assessed in all groups. Exploration quality was similar across groups, and amount of exploration differed most between the groups that differed least with respect to deprivation: dep rats explored more than did stress+dep rats. Thus, stress apparently does not alter exploration by virtue of a change in ingestion. However, stressed rats that were spared reduced caloric intake and body weight (stress) explored more than did stress+dep rats, suggesting that food can attenuate stress-induced reductions in exploration.
Approaches to Achieving Sub-cellular Targeting of Bioactives Using Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers

It is well accepted that the ability of a biologically molecule to selectively find its target influences its potential as a successful therapeutic drug. For many molecules the molecular target is located inside sub-cellular structures. Molecules with such sub cellular targets and the inability to specifically accumulate at the location of the target can potentially be made more active by targeting strategies that improve their accumulation at the target. Pharmaceutical nanocarriers form the basis of several such targeting strategies. This chapter deals with the rational approach underlying the current uses of nanocarriers to deliver bioactive molecules to sub cellular compartments.
Vaccination to Prevent Cancer

Vaccines stimulate the immune system, mimicking infectious attacks and thereby promoting the development of protective antibodies and/or cellular immunity so that the body is immune to infection when live native infections attack. Some of these infections are associated with cancer-causing changes in the body; thus some vaccines may help prevent cancer.
Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of the Bithionol - cisplatin combination in a panel of human ovarian cancer cell lines

Combination drug therapy appears a promising approach to overcome drug resistance and reduce drug-related toxicities in ovarian cancer treatments. In this in vitro study, we evaluated the antitumor efficacy of cisplatin in combination with Bithionol (BT) against a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines with special focus on cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant cell lines. The primary objectives of this study are to determine the nature of the interactions between BT and cisplatin and to understand the mechanism(s) of action of BT-cisplatin combination. The cytotoxic effects of drugs either alone or in combination were evaluated using presto-blue assay. Cellular reactive oxygen species were measured by flow cytometry. Immunoblot analysis was carried out to investigate changes in levels of cleaved PARP, XIAP, bcl-2, bcl-xL, p21 and p27. Luminescent and colorimetric assays were used to test caspases 3/7 and ATX activity. The efficacy of the BT-cisplatin combination depends upon the cell type and concentrations of cisplatin and BT. In cisplatin-sensitive cell lines, BT and cisplatin were mostly antagonistic except when used at low concentrations, where synergy was observed. In contrast, in cisplatin-resistant cells, BT-cisplatin combination treatment displayed synergistic effects at most of the drug ratios/concentrations. Our results further revealed that the synergistic interaction was linked to increased reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. Enhanced apoptosis was correlated with loss of pro-survival factors (XIAP, bcl-2, bcl-xL), expression of pro-apoptotic markers (caspases 3/7, PARP cleavage) and enhanced cell cycle regulators p21 and p27. In cisplatin-resistant cell lines, BT potentiated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity at most drug ratios via enhanced ROS generation and modulation of key regulators of apoptosis. Low doses of BT and cisplatin enhanced efficiency of cisplatin treatment in all the ovarian cancer cell lines tested. Our results suggest that novel combinations such as BT and cisplatin might be an attractive therapeutic approach to enhance ovarian cancer chemosensitivity. Combining low doses of cisplatin with subtherapeutic doses of BT can ultimately lead to the development of an innovative combination therapy to reduce/prevent the side effects normally occurring when high doses of cisplatin are administered.
The economic geography of race in the New World: Brazil, 1500–2000†

Race is a fundamental aspect of historical inequality and institutions, yet it is at times overlooked within the literature on comparative development in the Americas. This article investigates the nature of staple production in Brazil and attendant changes in the racial composition of 20 modern states from its discovery by the Portuguese to the present. The Indigenous population was surpassed by that of African descent in the north-east, south-east, and north, respectively, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; not until decades after the abolition of slavery did people of European heritage come to constitute a majority. These transitions were guided by the relative productivity, natural increase, and price of Native and African slaves, contingent on the extent of natural resource wealth (mineral deposits or land suitable for growing cash crops) and supply of free labour. In those areas where slavery was most profitable, a 1 per cent increase in the relative cost of Native labour raised the proportion of people of African ancestry by up to 2 per cent, depending on the measures of slave prices and racial classifications considered. This relationship is robust to changes in output prices or the populace of European descent, and alternative scenarios of aboriginal population decline.
Direct and indirect effects of predatory young‐of‐year fishes in a dryland river food web

Summary Young-of-year (YOY) fishes are sometimes numerically dominant vertebrate consumers in many large river systems, but their effects as predators are not as well understood as those of adult fishes. We predicted that YOY fishes influence community composition and abundance of invertebrate prey. Predation effects could be especially important in recruitment-driven dryland river systems, where YOY fishes seasonally comprise a large portion of overall fish biomass. We conducted a mesocosm experiment to quantify effects of YOY fishes on trophic dynamics and interactions with environmental factors in a dryland river food web. We manipulated presence of YOY fishes (an assemblage of cypriniform species) and supplemental allochthonous carbon (LEAF treatments) in 24 mesocosms, and measured invertebrate abundance and diversity over 6 weeks. Experimental conditions mimicked a seasonal river drying regime that occurs during YOY fish growth. Seasonal drying in the Rio Grande frequently results in isolated pools with altered habitat complexity and riparian connectivity. Fishes exerted direct top-down control of invertebrate assemblage composition through differential prey selection, and indirect control mediated by non-lethal responses of invertebrates to predatory fishes. We observed enhanced water clarity in LEAF treatments associated with greater prey selectivity in fishes, presumably through enhanced visual feeding. Stable isotope analysis (C and N) was used to measure indirect impacts of YOY fishes on invertebrate prey items. YOY fishes caused a significant decrease in “isotopic niche breadth” among invertebrate taxa, suggesting that fish predators limit foraging opportunities for these consumers. However, allochthonous carbon sources were predominant in invertebrate diets in all LEAF treatments, suggesting consumer access to more biologically available autochthonous production is limited by factors other than fish predation. Although the roles of abiotic drivers and adult fishes in determining food web structure have received more attention, our results indicate that YOY fishes exert biologically relevant top-down control of invertebrate assemblage composition and trophic complexity in dryland river ecosystems against a backdrop of substantial changes in carbon availability and abiotic conditions (e.g. water quality and habitat volume) over the growing season.
College Women’s Experiences of Male Partner Contraceptive Interference: Associations With Intimate Partner Violence and Contraceptive Outcomes:

Many young adult women experience interpersonal barriers to protecting their sexual health. The focus of the current study was on contraceptive interference (CI), defined as partner behaviors that prevent effective contraception use before or during sex. We investigated whether CI tends to co-occur with intimate partner violence (IPV) and whether past CI is negatively associated with women’s contraceptive outcomes. We also investigated perceived reasons for partner CI. Data were collected from sexually active female undergraduates (N = 146) who had ended a (hetero)sexual relationship lasting at least 1 month. Participants provided self-report data on past relationships with male “target” partners who either did or did not enact CI, IPV within the same relationship, contraceptive use at last sex (with most recent partner), and condom negotiation efficacy (on day of study). About 25% of the sample reported past CI. Results revealed positive associations between target partner CI and psychological abuse, sev...
A Peptide-Fc Opsonin with Pan-Amyloid Reactivity.

There is a continuing need for therapeutic interventions for patients with the protein misfolding disorders that result in systemic amyloidosis. Recently, specific antibodies have been employed to treat AL amyloidosis by opsonizing tissue amyloid deposits thereby inducing cell-mediated dissolution and organ improvement. To develop a pan-amyloid therapeutic agent, we have produced an Fc fusion product incorporating a peptide, p5, which binds many if not all forms of amyloid. This protein, designated Fcp5, expressed in mammalian cells, forms the desired bivalent dimer structure and retains pan-amyloid reactivity similar to the p5 peptide as measured by immunosorbent assays, immunohistochemistry, surface plasmon resonance and pulldown assays using radioiodinated Fcp5. Additionally, Fcp5 was capable of opsonizing amyloid fibrils in vitro using a pH sensitive fluorescence assay of phagocytosis. In mice, 125I-labeled Fcp5 exhibited an extended serum circulation time, relative to the p5 peptide. It specifically bound AA amyloid deposits in diseased mice, as evidenced by biodistribution and micro-autoradiographic methods, which coincided with an increase in active, Iba-1 positive macrophages in the liver at 48 h post injection of Fcp5. In healthy mice, no specific tissue accumulation was observed. The data indicate that polybasic, pan-amyloid targeting peptides, in the context of an Fc fusion, can yield amyloid reactive, opsonizing reagents that may serve as next-generation immunotherapeutics.
Wide-scale integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the National Airspace System through a fault tree analysis approach

The introduction of Title 14 of the code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) Part 107 by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has begun widespread integration of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace System (NAS). Manned and unmanned aircraft will be occupying the same volumes of airspace for which the safety levels must be upheld. In order to preserve these levels of safety, a thorough scientific and systematic integration approach must be implemented. Until this point, aircraft certifications for operation in the NAS have been based upon the assumption that a pilot flies the aircraft from an in-fuselage cockpit. To maintain equivalency for unmanned aircraft operations, these implicit assumptions must be identified and translated to an unmanned aircraft context. A formal system safety assessment approach was initiated with a fault tree analysis to identify assumptions contingent on the pilot's presence inside the aircraft and areas of weakness in operational equivalency. A UAS fault tree framework is proposed as a translation from the accepted manned aircraft fault tree model. This framework is applicable to UAS of different classes, sizes, and operational modes. A database of international UAS accidents and incidents occurring 2001–2016 was used to categorize reported failure events and develop trend data identifying areas of concern for integration. This database was categorized by the UAS Fault Tree Framework Level 1 Subsystems and ICAO/CAST Aviation Occurrences. The most commonly occurring Aviation Occurrence was System/Component Failure (Non-Power plant). Trend data indicates areas of integration and reliability concern including the Aircraft/System and Flight Crew/Human Factors Level 1 Subsystem categories. The common ICAO/CAST Aviation Occurrences identified were different than those for fatal accidents in manned commercial aviation operations. High system reliability and formal aircraft system certification are needed to achieve equivalent levels of safety between manned and unmanned operations in the NAS. Additionally, pilot/crew training requirements for unmanned operations must be developed independently of existing manned aircraft training standards and must be evaluated to ensure effective systematic risk mitigation to the appropriate levels of safety.
A CRISPR Way to Restore Hearing

Preserving Beethoven’s Hearing Researchers have employed a precise means of genetic editing, called CRISPR-Cas9, to “erase” a pathogenic variant that causes hearing loss in a mouse model termed “Beethoven.”
Self-Awareness for Heterogeneous MPSoCs: A Case Study using Adaptive, Reflective Middleware

Self-awareness has a long history in biology, psychology, medicine, engineering and (more recently) computing. In the past decade this has inspired new self-aware strategies for emerging computing substrates (e.g., complex heterogeneous MPSoCs) that must cope with the (often conflicting) challenges of resiliency, energy, heat, cost, performance, security, etc. in the face of highly dynamic operational behaviors and environmental conditions. Earlier we had championed the concept of CyberPhysical-Systems-on-Chip (CPSoC), a new class of sensor-actuator rich many-core computing platforms that intrinsically couples on-chip and cross-layer sensing and actuation to enable self-awareness. Unlike traditional MPSoCs, CPSoC is distinguished by an intelligent co-design of the control, communication, and computing (C3) system that interacts with the physical environment in real-time in order to modify the system's behavior so as to adaptively achieve desired objectives and Quality-of-Service (QoS). The CPSoC design paradigm enables self-awareness (i.e., the ability of the system to observe its own internal and external behaviors such that it is capable of making judicious decision) and (opportunistic) adaptation using the concept of cross-layer physical and virtual sensing and actuations applied across different layers of the hardware/software system stack. The closed loop control used for adaptation to dynamic variation -- commonly known as the observe-decide-act (ODA) loop -- is implemented using an adaptive, reflective middleware layer. In this talk I will present a case study of this adaptive, reflective middleware layer using a holistic approach for performing resource allocation decisions and power management by leveraging concepts from reflective software. Reflection enables dynamic adaptation based on both external feedback and introspection (i.e., self-assessment). In our context, this translates into performing resource management actuation considering both sensing information (e.g., readings from performance counters, power sensors, etc.) to assess the current system state, as well as models to predict the behavior of other system components before performing an action. I will summarize results leveraging our adaptive-reflective middleware toolchain to i) perform energy-efficient task mapping on heterogeneous architectures, ii) explore the design space of novel HMP architectures, and iii) extend the lifetime of mobile devices.
Impact of demographic and medical factors on satisfaction with life after spinal cord injury: a normative study.

Objective: The aim of this study was (1) to examine demographic and medical predictors of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and (2) to provide ...
The Group Aspect of Youth Crime and Youth Gangs in Brussels: What we do Know and Especially What we Don’t Know

The objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview of the gang situation in Brussels. This task is not easy because knowledge on this subject is very limited and we have more questions than answers. For this reason we will put the subject of gangs in a larger context. First, we will situate Brussels in the Belgium context. Second, we will give general information on youth crime in Brussels. Third, we will focus on the group aspect of youth crime, and finally we will discuss the topic of gangs. Gangs are treated here as one particular form of youth group.
Bayesian factor analysis and performance measurement of the Linux forwarding architecture

Linux software routers have many configuration options, most of which have received little attention from researchers. Over time, multiqueue NICs, NUMA architectures, and many changes to the kernel have altered the forwarding landscape. Here we investigate (i) allocation of NIC queues to processing cores, (ii) batch sizes at various layers, (iii) receive and transmit packet steering, and (iv) how FIB performance scales. Our experiments focus on forwarding minimum size packets, which maximize the packet processing stress for the kernel, at 10 Gbps. Our investigation uses Bayesian factor analysis, experimental design techniques, and kernel density estimation to robustly measure each factor's effect on the mean packet forwarding rate and mean RTT. This study does not seek bleeding edge performance. Rather, we elucidate key decisions for packet forwarding performance on a widely used platform. Our results show irqbalance is quite volatile, hyperthreading can provide over a 1 MPPS boost in forwarding performance, larger queue sizes do not improve forwarding but can add non-trivial latency (up to 30 ms), and both receive packet steering and low values of rx-usecs can induce receive livelock.
Questionnaire on Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Symptom Management Among Endurance Athletes Is Valid and Reliable.

Gastrointestinal symptoms are reported in a large proportion of endurance athletes, with similarities in symptom type and distribution to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The objective of this study was to develop and validate a questionnaire to assess IBS diagnoses or fit to IBS diagnostic criteria in this population along with nutritional habits, gastrointestinal symptoms, and symptom management strategies. A 93-item Endurance Athlete Questionnaire was developed to address the objective, targeted at American endurance athletes completing a marathon, ultra-marathon, half-distance triathlon, and/or full-distance triathlon that year. Content validity was established by expert reviewers (n = 6), and face validity was evaluated by endurance athletes (n = 9). Test–retest reliability was assessed by target athletes (n = 51). Participants completed two rounds of the questionnaire, separated by 1–2 weeks. Results were analyzed using Pearson and Spearman correlations and paired comparisons. Slight modifications in wording and three demographic questions were added based on the input of expert and athlete reviews. Pearson correlation coefficient of test–retest total questionnaire scores was significant at 0.839 (P < 0.001). Paired comparison of individual questions found significant differences in 10 of 236 analyzed responses; however, these did not affect fit to IBS diagnostic criteria for those without other GI diseases/disorders. The Endurance Athlete Questionnaire proved to be a valid and reliable measure of IBS diagnostic criteria, gastrointestinal symptoms, nutritional habits, and symptom management strategies among endurance athletes. Future implementation will help inform gastroenterologists with endurance athlete patients and can elucidate whether certain behaviors could be contributing to athlete gastrointestinal symptoms.
Revisiting the early days of oocyte and embryo donation: relevance to contemporary clinical practice

Oocyte and embryo donation have evolved significantly since they were first introduced to treat human infertility nearly four decades ago. Social, ethical, and regulatory challenges to oocyte and embryo donation have generated controversy and invited public scrutiny. However, oocyte and embryo donation continued to provide physicians the opportunity to treat the "untreatable." Undoubtedly, clinical practices related to oocyte and embryo donation have greatly changed over the years. Yet, they have endured as viable choices of treatment for many patients and their physicians, remained popular owing to their versatility, and, perhaps most importantly, provided consistently high pregnancy success rates.
A Novel Patient-Reported Outcome-Based Evaluation (PROBE) of Quality of Life in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

OBJECTIVES:There is increased interest in measuring patient-reported outcomes (PROs) such as quality of life (QoL) among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to create and validate a new measure of QoL to assess the psychosocial burden of IBD using publicly available assessment t
Comparison of Transmission of Anaplasma marginale Infection using Needle-free and Standard Needle Injection

Iatrogenic transmission of Anaplasma marginale, associated with livestock management procedures, is a concern for veterinarians and producers worldwide. The purpose of this study was to compare transmission of A. marginale infection from an infected steer to uninfected steers following needle-free versus conventional needle injection.
Prevention of postsurgical lymphedema via immediate delivery of sustained‐release 9‐cis retinoic acid to the lymphedenectomy site

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previously, we have shown that 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA) stimulates lymphangiogenesis and limits postsurgical lymphedema in animal models when administered via daily intraperitoneal injections. In this study, we investigate whether a single-use depot 9-cis RA drug delivery system (DDS) implanted at the site of lymphatic injury can mitigate the development of lymphedema in a clinically relevant mouse limb model. METHODS Hind limb lymphedema was induced via surgical lymphadenectomy and irradiation. Animals were divided into two treatment groups: (1) 9-cis RA DDS, (2) placebo DDS. Outcomes measured included paw thickness, lymphatic clearance and density, epidermal thickness, and collagen deposition. RESULTS Compared with control animals, 9-cis RA-treated animals had significantly less paw swelling from postoperative week 3 (P = .04) until the final timepoint at week 6 (P = .0007). Moreover, 9-cis RA-treated animals had significantly faster lymphatic clearance (P < .05), increased lymphatic density (P = .04), reduced lymphatic vessel size (P = .02), reduced epidermal hyperplasia (P = .04), and reduced collagen staining (P = .10). CONCLUSIONS Animals receiving 9-cis RA sustained-release implants at the time of surgery had improved lymphatic function and structure, indicating reduced lymphedema progression. Thus, we demonstrate that 9-cis RA contained within a single-use depot DDS has favorable properties in limiting pathologic responses to lymphatic injury and may be an effective strategy against secondary lymphedema.
XLII. On the principle of huygens

(1925). XLII. On the principle of huygens. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 49, No. 290, pp. 422-426.
Cataract produced by tyrosinase and tyrosine systems in rabbitens in vitro.

1. Cataracts were developed by incubating rabbit lenses for 22hr. at 37° in a culture medium containing tyrosine and tyrosinase (EC 1.10.3.1). 2. A 45% diminution in the content of GSH and significant inhibition of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) activity were observed in the cataractous lenses compared with controls. 3. GSSG accumulated in both cataractous and control lenses. Significant amounts of GSSG were transported outward from the cataractous lenses and small amounts from control lenses. 4. Transport of GSSG from rabbit lens incubated in a diffusate of plasma from a naphthalene-fed rabbit was also observed. 5. GSSG was found in the aqueous humour obtained between 2 and 24hr. after feeding of naphthalene to rabbits; subsequently the GSSG in the aqueous humour decreased to almost undetectable amounts in 48hr.; in controls, GSSG was not detectable. 6. A possible mechanism of formation of experimental and senile cataract is briefly discussed.
CHAPTER 14 – Protein Requirements

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses protein requirements. A low plane of nutrition is advantageous during the growth period for animals to be kept to adult stages for breeding or productive purposes. The most basic premise in the calculation of the minimal protein requirements is that the minimal urinary nitrogen excretion be proportional to the basal metabolic rate. Minimal protein requirements are increased during pregnancy and lactation. A newborn infant weighing 3.5 kg and containing approximately 2% nitrogen in the body represents approximately 450 gm of protein that must be synthesized principally during the last trimester of pregnancy. If the response to dietary protein is proportional to the logarithm of the intake, there can be a continuing fall in the efficiency of utilization as higher levels are fed and maximal rates of growth are approached. The efficiency of utilization is calculated from the average size of the animals and from the gain in total body protein. For the animals fed egg protein, essentially all of the protein absorbed can be accounted for by these two requirements.
A string landscape guide to soft SUSY breaking terms

We examine several issues pertaining to statistical predictivity of the string theory landscape for weak scale supersymmetry (SUSY). We work within a predictive landscape wherein superrenormalizable terms scan while renormalizable terms do not. We require stringy naturalness wherein the likelihood of values for observables is proportional to their frequency within a fertile patch of landscape including the minimal supersymmetric standard model as low energy effective theory with a pocket-universe value for the weak scale nearby to its measured value in our universe. In the string theory landscape, it is reasonable that the soft terms enjoy a statistical power-law draw to large values, subject to the existence of atoms as we know them (atomic principle). We argue that gaugino masses, scalar masses, and trilinear soft terms should each scan independently. In addition, the various scalars should scan independently of each other unless protected by some symmetry. The expected nonuniversality of scalar masses---once regarded as an undesirable feature---emerges as an asset within the context of the string landscape picture. In models such as heterotic compactifications on Calabi-Yau manifolds, where the tree-level gauge kinetic function depends only on the dilaton, gaugino masses may scale mildly, while scalar masses and A terms, which depend on all the moduli, may scale much more strongly leading to a landscape solution to the SUSY flavor and $CP$ problems in spite of nondiagonal K\"ahler metrics. We present numerical results for Higgs and sparticle mass predictions from the landscape within the generalized mirage mediation SUSY model and discuss resulting consequences for LHC SUSY and weakly interacting massive particles dark matter searches.
Workplace Bullying in a Private Corporation

This chapter examines workplace bullying at a privately owned motel under the labor process theory lens to provide understandings on how bullying can be depersonalized, with control processes embedded within the technological, structural, cultural, and communication modalities used by the management. The empirical data reveals that employees were subjected to continuous monitoring via cameras, their work was checked on a one-to-one basis, managerial expectations were communicated at daily meetings, and employee cooperation was sought through social events and celebrations of festivals and personal events at the work site. The management referred to their employees as unskilled, easily replaceable, lacking in education, with low class mentality. The employees were aware of the control being exercised, hurt by the behavior of the management, but reconciled and docile because it could either result in being written up, job loss and termination. The bullying at the motel, was depersonalized, oppressive but not totalitarian in nature.
A Fixed Cohort Field Study of Gene Expression in Circulating Leukocytes From Dairy Cows With and Without Mastitis

Specifically designed gene expression studies can be used to prioritize candidate genes and identify novel biomarkers affecting resilience against mastitis and other diseases in dairy cattle. The primary goal of this study was to assess whether specific peripheral leukocyte genes expressed differentially in a previous study of dairy cattle with postpartum disease, also would be expressed differentially in peripheral leukocytes from a diverse set of different dairy cattle with moderate to severe clinical mastitis. Four genes were selected for this study due to their differential expression in a previous transcriptomic analysis of circulating leukocytes from dairy cows with and without evidence of early postpartum disease. An additional 15 genes were included based on their cellular, immunologic, and inflammatory functions associated with resistance and tolerance to mastitis. This fixed cohort study was conducted on a conventional dairy in Washington state. Cows >50 days in milk (DIM) with mastitis (n = 12) were enrolled along with healthy cows (n = 8) selected to match the DIM and lactation numbers of mastitic cows. Blood was collected for a complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry, leukocyte isolation, and RNA extraction on the day of enrollment and twice more at 6 to 8-days intervals. Latent class analysis was performed to discriminate healthy vs. mastitic cows and to describe disease resolution. RNA samples were processed by the Primate Diagnostic Services Laboratory (University of Washington, Seattle, WA). Gene expression analysis was performed using the Nanostring System (Nanostring Technologies, Seattle, Washington, USA). Of the four genes (C5AR1, CATHL6, LCN2, and PGLYRP1) with evidence of upregulation in cows with mastitis, three of those genes (CATHL6, LCN2, and PGLYRP1) were investigated due to their previously identified association with postpartum disease. These genes are responsible for immunomodulatory molecules that selectively enhance or alter host innate immune defense mechanisms and modulate pathogen-induced inflammatory responses. Although further research is warranted to explain their functional mechanisms and bioactivity in cattle, our findings suggest that these conserved elements of innate immunity have the potential to bridge disease states and target tissues in diverse dairy populations.
Ecological Writing Processes to Promote Environmental and Social Consciousnesses

This chapter discusses ways a writing classroom can establish an ecological composition (ecocomposition) curriculum by offering ecological teaching strategies during the reading, invention, drafting, revision, and editing phases of the writing process. Ecological composition should utilize feminist, Indigenous, and local readings; include kinesthetic movement and outdoor environment when discussing invention with students; consider instructors as travel guides to help students navigate drafting and revision within academic discourse; and understand why editing instruction should not be taught as objective knowledge but as the subjective privileging of particular ways of speaking and writing that are connected to class, gender, race, and geography. Though ecocomposition writing processes are ultimately recursive, discussing particular points during the process helps instructors to strategize ways to guide students toward ecological writing. By implementing an ecocomposition curriculum, students develop an environmental and social consciousness in relation to the places they inhabit.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect pollinator communities in sagebrush steppe associated with weather and vegetation

Abstract The conservation of native insect pollinators is hampered by a lack of information about environmental factors influencing pollinator communities. We investigated how insect pollinator communities, composed of bees (Hymenoptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), and flies (Diptera), are influenced by spatial and temporal aspects of the environment in sagebrush steppe shrublands. We assessed hypotheses regarding spatial autocorrelation of communities, inter-annual variability in communities, influence of elevation on timing of emergence, and influence of weather on seasonal changes in relative abundance of different pollinator taxa. We captured 27,310 insects from 6 bee families, 27 butterfly and moth families, and 3 fly families. The occurrence of insect pollinators among sampling plots was not spatially autocorrelated, indicating that insect communities may be structured by habitat variation and microclimates over relatively fine spatial scales. Pollinator familial richness, diversity, abundance, and timing of emergence were most strongly positively associated with spatiotemporal variation in minimum daily temperatures at the ground surface during the active season. Emergence timing was positively correlated with growing degree days and percent humidity, regardless of elevation. All pollinator groups varied in abundance throughout their active season, peaking in early July (bees), late July (flies), or early August (butterflies and moths). Our findings suggest that changes in nighttime temperatures, which have been steadily increasing over the last several decades as a result of climate change, may have strong effects on sagebrush steppe pollinator communities. Also, non-bee pollinators may provide particularly important pollination in this vast ecosystem during the warmest time of the year.
Current Approaches for Cultivating the Entrepreneurial Mindset

Universities have a responsibility to educate and prepare students to be productive and responsible global citizens. This means preparing them for the workforce, to contribute to the grand challenges of our time, and to thrive in their personal lives. Cultivating their entrepreneurial mindsets is a key component for doing so. This chapter acknowledges and explains the efforts already offered within the university setting, as a means to instill the entrepreneurial mindset into students from across campus. The chapter starts by describing the role of universities in preparing graduates to enter the workforce by identifying curricular, cocurricular, and non-curricular approaches for integrating entrepreneurial education into the university setting. The chapter concludes by explaining challenges that remain with current entrepreneurial initiatives, in particular, whether or not we are doing enough to reach enough students and the right students in an attempt to prepare students to be productive and responsible global citizens.