cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptations to environmental extremes by multicellular organisms

Microbes, particularly Archaea, are well-known for their superb adaptation to extreme environments. However, amazing adaptations to extreme stresses do not only occur in microbes, but also in many multicellular organisms. Examples include tardigrades and their capability to survive freezing to near absolute zero, the Pompeii worm withstanding temperatures of up to 105°C, the Crucian carp remaining active in anoxic conditions for several months, and resurrection plants, which can survive near-complete desiccation. Here, we review some of the cryptobiotic strategies and adaptations exhibited in multicellular organisms, and point out their relevance to astrobiology.
Demonstration of a 0.5-m ultralightweight mirror for use at geosynchronous orbit

Future space telescopes will require apertures that are larger than the current state of the art, yet fit within the exiting launch restrictions on size and mass. The mass can be reduced by using a thin flexible substrate for the optical surface and a rigid, lightweight frame with actuators for support. The accuracy of the optical surface is actively maintained by adjusting the actuators using feedbackfrom wavefront measurements. We have designed, built and tested a 0.5-m demonstration mirror for use in geosynchronous Earth-imaging systems. The mirror has an areal density of 5 kg m2 and is the lightest mirror we have made using the thin substrate design. This paper discusses the design, fabrication and performance of the 0.5-m mirror.
A decision-support framework for component reuse and maintenance in software project management

In software engineering, a piece of software is assembled from components or modules and these components in turn can be recursively made up from smaller subcomponents. The management of a software project involves tracking the development and maintenance of the individual components. Though tools exist to track component dependencies and historical changes, the key software management hurdle is the manual evaluation of the trade-offs. With the growing trend in software engineering to build and distribute software as well-defined components like Web services or EJBs, there is a real need of automated solutions to guide the developer in building and maintaining complex applications. We introduce an automated decision-support framework for software development and maintenance called PlanSP that can analyze different component assembly choices and assist the user in making cost-effective decisions. Our approach is to build a formal model of the software and use automated planning/reasoning techniques to produce alternative choices ("plans") to develop or maintain the software under consideration while respecting the user's effort and performance objectives. We have built a proof-of-concept prototype to demonstrate that the PlanSP framework is both useful and practical for project management of component-based software.
Novel carbamoyl phosphonate monomers and polymers from unsaturated isocyanates

Carbamoyl phosphonate derivatives of methacrylic acid and α-methyl styrene were synthesized in good yield by reacting dimethyl and diethylphosphite with isocyanato ethylmethacrylate (IEM) or with meta-isopropenyl-α,α-dimethylbenzylisocyanate (m-TMI). The IEM derivatives yield soluble homopolymers with common radical initiators. The m-TMI carbamoyl phosphonates were copolymerized with styrene and with acrylates yielding soluble materials with better than 50 mol % incorporation of the phosphonate monomer. The side chain carbamoyl phosphonate group drastically lowers the T g relative to those of the parent polymers. The NHC(O)-P(O)(OR) 2 bond was suggested to be stable to about 225°C
Regional alveolar partial pressure of oxygen measurement with parallel accelerated hyperpolarized gas MRI.

Rationale and Objectives Alveolar oxygen tension (P ao 2) is sensitive to the interplay between local ventilation, perfusion, and alveolar-capillary membrane permeability, and thus reflects physiologic heterogeneity of healthy and diseased lung function. Several hyperpolarized helium (3He) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based P ao 2 mapping techniques have been reported, and considerable effort has gone toward reducing P ao 2 measurement error. We present a new P ao 2 imaging scheme, using parallel accelerated MRI, which significantly reduces measurement error. Materials and Methods The proposed P ao 2 mapping scheme was computer-simulated and was tested on both phantoms and five human subjects. Where possible, correspondence between actual local oxygen concentration and derived values was assessed for both bias (deviation from the true mean) and imaging artifact (deviation from the true spatial distribution). Results Phantom experiments demonstrated a significantly reduced coefficient of variation using the accelerated scheme. Simulation results support this observation and predict that correspondence between the true spatial distribution and the derived map is always superior using the accelerated scheme, although the improvement becomes less significant as the signal-to-noise ratio increases. Paired measurements in the human subjects, comparing accelerated and fully sampled schemes, show a reduced P ao 2 distribution width for 41 of 46 slices. Conclusion In contrast to proton MRI, acceleration of hyperpolarized imaging has no signal-to-noise penalty; its use in P ao 2 measurement is therefore always beneficial. Comparison of multiple schemes shows that the benefit arises from a longer time-base during which oxygen-induced depolarization modifies the signal strength. Demonstration of the accelerated technique in human studies shows the feasibility of the method and suggests that measurement error is reduced here as well, particularly at low signal-to-noise levels.
THE RENEWAL AREAS OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT EPITHELIUM IN THE RAT.

The common bile duct epithelium has been studied in common bile duct-ligated and sham-operated rats treated with colchicine, and numerous colchicinemitoses have been observed largely localized in the biliary or tubular “glands.” This finding suggests that the “glands” serve as the centers of cell division, i.e., the “renewal areas,” within the duct epithelium. Evidence has also been found that the duct epithelial cells are shed from the surface (luminal) epithelium into the lumen. In these cytological features, the common bile duct epithelium resembles the small intestinal epithelium, and this suggests the possibility that the pattern of cell renewal and replacement in the common bile duct epithelium is similar to that in the small intestinal epithelium, i.e., the “gland” cells constantly divide and replace the cells which are lost from the surface epithelium.
Including Persons With HIV Infection in Cancer Clinical Trials

Clinical research endeavors to advance medical therapy. Application of research findings may not be valid for populations whose demographics diverge substantially from that of the research sample. Comparability of the study population and the general population of interest depends on adequate sampling. Restricted research access may vitiate valid inferences for those not represented. If the ensuing medical research data are valid for some, but not others, then questions of fairness and justice are raised. These considerations led the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration to require historically excluded so-called vulnerable study participants (such as women, children, and minorities) to be included in clinical research unless there are compelling scientific and ethical grounds for exclusion. Persons have also been excluded from research on the basis of specific physiologic conditions, such as HIV infection, for multiple reasons, including vulnerability. However, the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) advises researchers that “Individuals known to be HIV-positive should not be arbitrarily excluded from participation in clinical cancer treatment trials,” and requires scientific justification for exclusion. Improvements in HIV medicine have led to a need for further consideration of this issue. Since the 1996 introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), deaths caused by HIV and AIDS have decreased substantially; a recent Danish study found a nearly five-fold decrease in HIV-associated mortality between 1996 and 2005. HIV treatment goals are now chronic management and health preservation. Opportunistic infections that typified the pre-HAART era are now rare. However, a higher incidence of certain non–AIDS-defining cancers (NADC) has recently been noted. For example, lung cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma occur substantially more frequently in persons with HIV infection than in the background population. In light of these trends, we argue that persons with HIV infection should be appropriately evaluated for inclusion in cancer clinical trials.
Massive Event Data Analysis and Processing Service Development Environment Using DFD

In these days, there are a lot of massive event data appeared every day because networked devices such as smartphones and kind of sensors become very common. Every service provider intends to analyze the event data and discovers a new business rule for real time event processing service. We proposed a methodology which integrates such kind of data analysis and service development using DFD (Data Flow Diagram) which is independent from implementations, and we developed its prototype for evaluations. The methodology and the tool separate the concern of a developer and an analyst, moreover, we succeeded to confirm that the prototype tool reduced actual analysis and service development costs dramatically.
The diffusion of educational technology in Indonesia: a multi‐faceted approach

Indonesia, like many developing countries, has problems of increasing numbers of students, shortage of qualified teachers, limited resources and strong support for traditional schooling. Educational technology has been introduced to help alleviate some of the problems and has been relatively successful over the past 15 years. A planned effort to use educational technology in appropriate ways began in the mid-1970s and is still growing. Such success does not come easily. The lessons learned from this effort are explicitly stated in four categories: (1) cultural affairs (2) personnel and training (3) organisation and management and (4) leadership. Each ‘lesson’ is stated as a principle or guideline. Conclusions emphasise the importance of leadership, commitment, local control, long-range planning and the presence of a communications satellite.
Characterization of elevated i-PGE2 in human female urine

Abstract In routine measurements urinary immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (i-PGE2), it was noted that some female urines contained greater quantities of i-PGE2 (1.6–18 μg/24 hr) than the normal female ( 166 ± 17 ng /24 hr , n = 38 . Elevated and variable urinary i-PGE2 values frequently encountered in male urines are probably due to seminal contamination. This could account for elevated i-PGE2 levels in some female urines. Lipid extracts of the urines with elevated i-PGE2 were fractionated by HPLC and the i-PGE2 elution profiles were determined with a PGE2 radioimmunoassay (RIA). Two semen-free control urines exhibited only one i-PGE2 peak that coeluted with [3H]PGE2. The female urines with elevated i-PGE2 values of 4 and 18 μg/24hr had elution profiles with increased i-PGE2 in 4 regions. The elution profile for control urine with 100 μl of human semen/50 ml of urine contained increases in i-PGE2 activity in the same regions as the female urines with 4 and 18 μg/24 hr of i-PGE2. A urine from a female on furosemide treatment with a high i-PGE2 of 1.6 μg/24 hr had an elution pattern with an i-PGE2 peak only where [3H]PGE2 eluted. These results suggest that some but not all elevated female urinary i-PGE2 values may occur as a result of seminal contamination.
Nonaqueous Titration of Antibiotic Substances

Antibiotic substances, whether present as the base or as the hydrochloride salt, as well as their dosage forms, may be assayed in a medium containing glacial acetic acid by titration with a volumetric solution of perchloric acid in dioxane.
The Philosopher’s Pupil, Iris Murdoch’s Post-Modern Allegory of the Creative Process

In Iris Murdoch’s novel The Philosopher’s Pupil, the author writes a postmodern allegory of the creative process. In this work, Iris Murdoch teaches her reader how to read allegorically in an age dominated by realism. She teases us—as critic Robert Scholes wrote of an earlier Murdoch novel—into re-learning a “lost way of reading by almost imperceptibly moving from conventional mysteries of motivation and responsibility to the ideational mysteries of philosophy” (Scholes, p. 60). Murdoch carries out the allegory by way of “The Institute,” a hot-spring spa in the town. The behind-the-scenes “machinery” of The Institute relates allegorically to the operation of the publishing apparatus controlling narrative for the public as the product of innate creativity surges through it. The allegory is clearly tied to a view of sexuality as a powerful natural force which some feel must be suppressed or at least channelled. The allegory is carried out as follows: A philosopher attempts to arrange the marriage of his granddaughter to a young writer who descends into the works of The Institute and then realizes he should marry the granddaughter. This allegorically represents the merger of narrative art and philosophy.
SocialSync: Sub-Frame Synchronization in a Smartphone Camera Network

SocialSync is a sub-frame synchronization protocol for capturing images simultaneously using a smartphone camera network. By synchronizing image captures to within a frame period, multiple smartphone cameras, which are often in use in social settings, can be used for a variety of applications including light field capture, depth estimation, and free viewpoint television. Currently, smartphone camera networks are limited to capturing static scenes due to motion artifacts caused by frame misalignment. Because frame misalignment in smartphones camera networks is caused by variability in the camera system, we characterize frame capture on mobile devices by analyzing the statistics of camera setup latency and frame delivery within an Android app. Next, we develop the SocialSync protocol to achieve sub-frame synchronization between devices by estimating frame capture timestamps to within millisecond accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of SocialSync on mobile devices by reducing motion-induced artifacts when recovering the light field.
Comparative Effects of Neutrons and X-rays on Three Tumors Irradiated in vitro.∗

Summary and Conclusions1. The comparative effect of X-rays and neutrons on the survival of 3 mouse tumors was studied. 2. Both X-ray and neutron irradiation in vitro resulted in delaying the appearance of the tumors—mammary carcinoma being the most affected. 3. Some cases of regressions in the growth of lymphoma were noted after neutron and X-ray irradiation. 4. When the doses at the 50% survival point were compared, the X-ray/neutron ratios of the 3 tumors, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, and lymphosarcoma, were found to be 5.8, 6.1, and 7.5 respectively. These ratios do not seem to indicate a significant difference in the sensitivity of the tumors to the radiations, but do show that per unit of ionization neutrons are more biologically destructive than X-rays.
The velocity of venous blood to the right heart in man.

Our previous studies have shown the feasibility of measuring the velocity of blood flow in health and disease by injecting the active deposit of radium into one of the antecubital veins, and determining the time of arrival of the active deposit in the arterial vessels about the elbow of the other arm.The path of the active deposit coursing through the body necessarily included the veins of the arm, the pulmonary circulation, and the artery of the other arm. The velocity measured was a somewhat complex expression, therefore, of the peripheral as well as of the central blood flow.This report deals with an attempt to determine the separate velocities along these paths.A detecting device was placed in a lead block. This block had a hole 5 cm. in diameter bored through its center. The radiations of radium C as it was injected into the veins and as it flowed towards the right heart could not penetrate the lead block and could therefore set up no disturbance in the detecting device. The hole of the lead block wi...
GDNF/Ret signaling and renal branching morphogenesis: From mesenchymal signals to epithelial cell behaviors.

Signaling by GDNF through the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase is required for the normal growth and morphogenesis of the ureteric bud (UB) during kidney development. Recent studies have sought to understand the precise role of Ret signaling in this process, and the specific responses of UB cells to GDNF. Surprisingly, the requirement for Gdnf and Ret was largely relieved by removing the negative regulator Spry1, revealing unexpected functional overlap between GDNF and FGF10. However, the kidneys that developed without Gdnf/Ret and Spry1 displayed significant branching abnormalities, suggesting a unique role for GDNF in fine-tuning UB branching. GDNF/Ret signaling alters patterns of gene expression in UB tip cells, and one critical event is upregulation of the ETS transcription factors Etv4 and Etv5. Mice lacking Etv4 and Etv5 fail to develop kidneys. Thus, these genes represent key components of a regulatory network downstream of Ret. Studies of chimeric embryos in which a subset of cells lack either R...
Anti-Black state violence, classroom edition: The spirit murdering of Black children

In October of 2015, a Black girl at Spring Valley High School in Columbia, South Carolina was thrown out of her desk and across the floor by the school's resource officer, Ben Fields, for refusing ...
Antibiotic-resistant pneumonia in a hemophiliac with AIDS.

(1990). Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumonia In a Hemophiliac with AIDS. Hospital Practice: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 81-82.
Consecutive cancellations in Tor modules over local rings

Let M, N be finite modules over a Noetherian local ring R. We show that the bigraded Hilbert series of gr(TorR(M,N)) is obtained from that of Torgr(R)(gr(M),gr(N)) by negative consecutive cancellations, thus extending a theorem of Rossi and Sharifan.
A Stochastic Model of Grass Growth Under Grazing

I present a mathematical model of the dynamics of grass leaf length in a grass sward which is grazed according to a stochastic process. The model is phenomenological, rather than mechanistic, taking into account the logical consequences of the observations which have been made on grazed swards. It is assumed that the number of times a given leaf is grazed through its lifespan follows a renewal process in which the distribution of interarrival times is a function of the density of grazers, and this also affects the amount of leaf material removed in each grazing event. The model assumes that a leaf will regrow following a grazing event, if the leaf is in the growth phase which occurs during the early part of leaf lifespan. I calculate the distribution of leaf length through time in a uniform initial sward, give an explicit formula for the mean in a simplified case, discuss some extensions of the basic model, and examine some implications regarding the effects of herbivory.
The Impact of Perceived Stress and Psychosocial Factors on Missed Class and Work in College Students

An understanding of how missed class and work are influenced by psychosocial factors is important. The authors collected data from 303 college students through self-report questionnaires. Moderation analysis indicated that with higher perceived stress, students were more likely to miss class if they were less satisfied with social support and less likely to miss work if they engaged in avoidant coping strategies. College counselors can provide students with skills to enhance academic performance and engagement in academic life.
Shallow water entry: modeling and experiments

As marine vessels expand their range of operations and their planing speeds increase, understanding the physics of shallow water entry becomes of paramount importance. High-speed impact on the surface is responsible for impulsive hydrodynamic loading, spatiotemporal evolution of which is controlled by the entry speed and the vessel geometry. For shallow water impact, the presence of the ground may further influence the hydrodynamic loading, by constraining the water motion beneath the impacting hull. Here, we present a theoretical and experimental framework to investigate shallow water entry, in the context of the two-dimensional water impact of a wedge. Wagner theory is extended to describe the finiteness of the water column, and the resulting mixed boundary value problem is analytically solved to determine the velocity potential, free surface elevation, and pressure field. To complement and validate the semi-analytical scheme, experiments are performed using particle image velocimetry, by systematically varying the height of the water column. The velocity data are then utilized to reconstruct the pressure field in the fluid and infer the hydrodynamic loading on the wedge. Experimental observations confirm the accuracy of the proposed modeling framework, which is successful in anticipating the role of the bottom wall on the physics of the impact. Our results indicate that the pressure distribution is controlled by the water height, whereby we observe an increase in the pressure at the keel, accompanied by a decrease in the pile-up, as the water column becomes thinner. The results of this study are expected to offer insight into the design of marine vessels and constitute a solid basis for understanding the role of fluid confinement in shallow water entry.
Matched Cohort Analysis of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) with Total Marrow Irradiation/Fludarabine/Melphalan (TFM) Versus Fludarabine/Melphalan (FM) Conditioning for Acute Leukemia

Abstract 222 We have previously reported the feasibility and safety of augmenting the reduced-intensity regimen (RIC) of FM by addition of total marrow irradiation, a targeted form of TBI, using a helical tomotherapy (HT) device (Rosenthal, Blood . 2011;117(1):309–315). In this study we compared outcomes in patients with acute leukemia undergoing HCT receiving either TFM or FM. Patients and Methods: We analyzed 72 patients with acute leukemia or MDS who received either FM (N=36) or TFM (N=36) HCT. Eligibility criteria for TFM were age > 50 years of age or compromised organ function (COF); high-risk remission or marrow blasts ≤10%. TFM patients were matched to a set of FM patients based on age, gender, diagnosis and disease risk (low, intermediate, high). All patients received FM with fludarabine 25 mg/m 2 /d × 5 days and melphalan140 mg/m 2 /d × 1 day, and TMI was delivered at 150cGy/fraction in 8 fractions over 4 days in the TFM group. Supportive care and treatment for prevention of GVHD were given according to our institution standard guidelines for both groups. Results: Demographic characteristics were similar, including gender (20 females, 55.6%) and age (median 58 years, range: 22–68 in TFM and 20–68 in FM). The proportions of patients by diagnoses were similar: AML (n=27), ALL (n=7), MDS (n=2). Disease risk assignments in both groups were: Low risk (n=15), intermediate (n=6), high (n=15). There were 15 and 13 pts with active disease in FM and TFM, respectively. HLA-identical siblings (n=16, 44.4%) or matched unrelated donor (n=20, 55.6%) were used in each group. Outcomes are reported for the TFM and FM recipients, respectively as follows: myeloid recovery was documented on day 13.5 (9–24) and 15 (8–20). Transplant-related toxicities were limited to grade 3 or less in both groups. The most common grade 3 toxicities were: mucositis, n=9 and n=7 and bacterial infection, n=10 and n=11, respectively. Acute GvHD grade II-IV occurred in 20 pts (55%) and 19 (53%). Extensive chronic GVHD was documented in 24 (67%) and 20 (56%) pts. Twenty-one and 18 patients are alive at a median of 30.2 months and 35.3 months in the TFM and FM, respectively. The relapse cumulative incidence at 2 years post HCT was 11.1% (TFM) compared to 30.6% (FM) (p=0.06) (insert ). With a median follow-up of 31.7 months (4.1 – 62.5) for alive patients, the 2-year overall and progression-free survival estimates are 57.2 % (95% CI, 46.6–66.4) -TFM, and 62.8% (95% CI, 51.8–72.0) -FM, and 57.7% (95% CI, 47.2–67.0) -TFM, and 48.5% (95% CI, 40.2–56.3) -FM, respectively. Conclusion: The addition of TMI at a dose of 1200 cGy to FM is safe and tolerable and may decrease the risk of relapse related mortality. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Prequel to the Cornell Computer Science Department

Rod Downey has a long career of important discoveries in the recently developed subjects of computability and computer science. These remarks were delivered by invitation at the 50th anniversary celebration of the founding of the Computer Science Department at Cornell. This was a time of transition from computers and computer programming to computer science.
Bearing fault diagnosis of direct-drive wind turbines using multiscale filtering spectrum

Bearing fault diagnosis of direct-drive (i.e., no gearbox) wind turbines is a challenging issue due to the varying shaft rotating frequency (SRF) caused by the erratic wind environment. To solve the spectrum smearing problem of the SRF-related components and remove the disturbances of the SRF-unrelated components in a measured signal, this paper proposes a novel method, called multiscale filtering spectrum (MFS), to obtain the weighted energy distribution of the mono-component signals within a local order range based on the Vold-Kalman filter (VKF). First, the instantaneous SRF of the wind turbine is estimated from a generator current signal. Then, a VKF-based multiscale filter bank is designed according to the center frequencies corresponding to the SRF at different scales. The mono-component signals whose frequencies are continuous multipliers of the SRF are subsequently extracted from the envelope of the measured current or vibration signal. Finally, a weighted energy spectrum is constructed within the selected order range, from which possible bearing fault characteristic orders can be identified. Simulation and experiment results show that the proposed new MFS method can enhance the characteristic orders and suppress the noise and, therefore, has better performance than the traditional angular resampling method for bearing fault diagnosis of direct-drive wind turbines under varying speed conditions.
Analysis of 121 Allograft Recipients for the Treatment of Lymphoma: Progressive Disease by Functional and/or CT Imaging Is a Critical Determinant of Survival.

Chemosensitive disease is a requirement for successful autologous hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplant in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). However, whether chemosensitivity is required for successful allograft is not well established. Therefore, we analyzed the survival of allograft recipients transplanted at MSKCC between 1995–2007 for the treatment of relapsed or refractory NHL and HL. Our hypothesis was that chemosensitive disease to pre-transplant salvage chemotherapy, as measured by functional and/or CT imaging, would be associated with improved survival post-allograft. One-hundred and twenty-one patients had pre-transplant imaging; 39 with aggressive NHL, 51 with indolent NHL, and 31 with HL by WHO classification. Following salvage chemotherapy, pre-allotransplant imaging revealed: 1) complete resolution of FDG/gallium-avid disease and/or decrease in lymphadenopathy to In summary, determination of disease response by pre-transplant functional and/or CT imaging is a critical determinant of post allograft survival. Patients with CR/CRu or PR/stable disease fare equally well post-allograft. However, those with aggressive NHL or HL that is progressive pre-transplant do not benefit from allograft primarily due to death from post-transplant relapse/disease progression, and new strategies will be required to improve outcome in these patients. In contrast, patients with progressive indolent NHL may still benefit from allogeneic transplantation likely due to a more robust graft-versus-malignancy effect in this population.
Biosynthetic Controls in Hormonal Systems with Special Reference to Steroid Hormones

Abstract The hypothalamic-anterior pituitary regulatory system and its importance in controlling the secretion of hormones from peripheral glands such as the thyroid, ovaries, testes and the adrenal cortex is well established. Within the peripheral gland itself, elaboration of hormone(s) is dependent on the raultienzyme system(s) which are subject to regulation as a consequence of their sequential organization and of feedback and other controls. The inter-glandular and intra-glandular modulation of hormone biosynthesis and secretion with special reference to steroid hormones and certain clinical disorders have been described.
Association of White Matter With Core Cognitive Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia

Importance Efforts to remediate the multiple cognitive function impairments in schizophrenia should consider white matter as one of the underlying neural mechanisms. Objective To determine whether altered structural brain connectivity is responsible for 2 of the core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia— reduced information processing speed and impaired working memory. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study design took place in outpatient clinics from August 1, 2004, to August 31, 2015. Participants included 166 patients with schizophrenia and 213 healthy control individuals. These participants were from 3 independent cohorts, each of which had its own healthy control group. No participant had current or past neurological conditions or major medical conditions. Patients were diagnosed with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder as defined by the DSM-IV . Controls had no Axis I psychiatric disorder. Main Outcomes and Measures Mediation analyses and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the associations among processing speed, working memory, and white matter microstructures. Whole-brain and regional diffusion tensor imaging fractional anisotropy were used to measure white matter microstructures. Results Of the study participants, the 166 patients with schizophrenia had a mean (SD) age of 38.2 (13.3) years and the 213 healthy controls had a mean (SD) age of 39.2 (14.0) years. There were significantly more male patients than controls in each of the 3 cohorts (117 [70%] vs 91 [43%]), but there were no significant differences in sex composition among the 3 cohorts. Patients had significantly reduced processing speed (Cohen d = 1.24; P = 6.91 × 10 −30 ) and working memory deficits (Cohen d = 0.83; P = 1.10 × 10 −14 ) as well as a significant whole-brain fractional anisotropy deficit (Cohen d = 0.63; P = 2.20 × 10 −9 ). In schizophrenia, working memory deficit was mostly accounted for by processing speed deficit, but this deficit remained when accounting for working memory (Cohen d = 0.89; P = 2.21 × 10 −17 ). Mediation analyses showed a significant association pathway from fractional anisotropy to processing speed to working memory ( P = 5.01 × 10 −7 ). The strength of this brain-to-cognition pathway in different white matter tracts was strongly associated with the severity of schizophrenia-associated fractional anisotropy deficits in the corresponding white matter tracts as determined by a meta-analysis ( r = 0.85-0.94; all P Conclusions and Relevance Study findings suggest that (1) processing speed contributes to the association between white matter microstructure and working memory in schizophrenia and (2) white matter impairment in schizophrenia is regional tract–specific, particularly in tracts normally supporting processing speed performance.
Stability of the mandible after advancement and use of dental plus skeletal maxillomandibular fixation: An experimental investigation in Macaca mulatta

This study examined short-term stability of the mandible following advancement surgery and the use of skeletal suspension wires plus dental maxillomandibular fixation. Twenty-four adult female Macaca mulatta underwent bilateral sagittal ramus osteotomy and advancement of approximately 6 mm. All animals had dental maxillomandibular fixation secured by bonding the upper and lower teeth together with an orthodontic composite resin. In half of the animals, the use of circummandibular wires connected to pyriform aperture wires were additionally applied. Tantalum bone markers were placed and cephalograms analyzed during the first six postoperative weeks to evaluate skeletal stability. A statistically significant mean horizontal relapse at the mandibular symphysis occurred in the group without the skeletal wires, whereas no relapse occurred in the group with the skeletal wires. A significant difference in the vertical displacement of the anterior mandible occurred, with an inferior movement of the symphysis in the group without skeletal wires, and a superior movement of the symphysis in the group with skeletal wires. The results of this study indicate that the use of skeletal suspension wires is advantageous in the prevention of horizontal and vertical skeletal relapse.
The Application of Omics Data to the Development of AOPs

Omics approaches offer potential for use in chemical hazard and risk assessments when applied as part of a systems toxicology or integrative approach, and when considered in the context of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. Omics data provide individual snapshots of gene expression, protein expression and metabolite activity. When integrated, these individual snapshots yield deep biological insights. Omics can provide mechanistic information about the effects of chemicals and can help decipher toxicity mechanisms and modes of action. Omics data have the potential to increase confidence in species extrapolation, and can be used to identify biomarkers of exposure and toxicity. Although omics have been used for more than a decade, acceptance of omics data in regulated applications has been slow. The toxicology community is grappling with how to make use of omics data in a regulatory framework, and how to use AOPs to drive regulatory decision-making processes. In this chapter, an overview of major omics is provided that includes recent advances and describes the potential application of omics data to the development of AOPS while defining some of the challenges associated with the broader acceptance of omics within a regulatory toxicology framework.
Local Delivery Is Critical for Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Mediated Site-Specific Murine Aneurysm Healing

Background Local delivery of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) via our drug-eluting coil has been shown to promote intrasaccular aneurysm healing via an inflammatory pathway. Objective In this study, we validate the importance of local MCP-1 in murine aneurysm healing. Whether systemic, rather than local, delivery of MCP-1 can direct site-specific aneurysm healing has significant translational implications. If systemic MCP-1 is effective, then MCP-1 could be administered as a pill rather than by endovascular procedure. Furthermore, we confirm that MCP-1 is the primary effector in our MCP-1 eluting coil-mediated murine aneurysm healing model. Methods We compare aneurysm healing with repeated intraperitoneal MCP-1 versus vehicle injection, in animals with control poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-coated coils. We demonstrate elimination of the MCP-1-associated tissue-healing response by knockout of MCP-1 or CCR2 (MCP-1 receptor) and by selectively inhibiting MCP-1 or CCR2. Using immunofluorescent probing, we explore the cell populations found in healed aneurysm tissue following each intervention. Results Systemically administered MCP-1 with PLGA coil control does not produce comparable aneurysm healing, as seen with MCP-1 eluting coils. MCP-1-directed aneurysm healing is eliminated by selective inhibition of MCP-1 or CCR2 and in MCP-1-deficient or CCR2-deficient mice. No difference was detected in M2 macrophage and myofibroblast/smooth muscle cell staining with systemic MCP-1 versus vehicle in aneurysm wall, but a significant increase in these cell types was observed with MCP-1 eluting coil implant and attenuated by MCP-1/CCR2 blockade or deficiency. Conclusion We show that systemic MCP-1 concurrent with PLGA-coated platinum coil implant is not sufficient to produce site-specific aneurysm healing. MCP-1 is a critical, not merely complementary, actor in the aneurysm healing pathway.
Former Residents’ Views of Training Deficiencies

Two groups of former residents of the State University of New York—Downstate Medical Center psychiatric training program were surveyed by questionnaire. Though these former residents rated the program well, in light of their current professional activities they felt that it was more deficient in clinical than in nonclinical areas, and especially in the area of family therapy. Interestingly, the second group surveyed had had training in this area readily available to them. These findings are discussed. Input from practitioners in the field is noted as important in residency program planning and evaluation.
High pressure high temperature devitrification of Fe78B13Si9 metallic glass with simultaneous x-ray structural characterization

Changes in bulk crystallization behavior following devitrification at high pressure are investigated for a Fe78B13Si9 composition metallic glass using in-situ energy dispersive x-ray powder diffraction. Crystallization with time was evaluated for a series of measurements to a maximum pressure of 5.63 ± 0.15 GPa for the Fe78B13Si9 glass. Pressure was found to strongly affect onset bulk crystallization temperature Tx. Crystallization at each pressure was found to progress in two stages. In the first stage, α-Fe precipitates and in the second Fe2B forms while α-Fe continues to crystallize. Complementary high pressure room temperature studies were conducted.Changes in bulk crystallization behavior following devitrification at high pressure are investigated for a Fe78B13Si9 composition metallic glass using in-situ energy dispersive x-ray powder diffraction. Crystallization with time was evaluated for a series of measurements to a maximum pressure of 5.63 ± 0.15 GPa for the Fe78B13Si9 glass. Pressure was found to strongly affect onset bulk crystallization temperature Tx. Crystallization at each pressure was found to progress in two stages. In the first stage, α-Fe precipitates and in the second Fe2B forms while α-Fe continues to crystallize. Complementary high pressure room temperature studies were conducted.
Advanced Methods for Steady Problems—Direct Elliptic Solvers

The iterative methods for elliptic equations described in the preceding section have many attractive qualities. They require a minimal amount of computer storage, they almost always converge to the true solution to the partial differential equation and they are simple to implement in most situations. They have the disadvantage, however, that they can be very expensive, since they usually require a large number of iterations. There is another class of solvers, the direct methods, that treat the finite difference equations as a large linear system and employ some tools from linear algebra to operate on the matrix of the finite difference coefficients. These methods take advantage of the sparseness and regular structure of the coefficient matrices to minimize storage requirements and operation counts. Although they usually require more storage than the iterative methods, they require fewer operations. We describe four direct methods that can be generally divided into two categories. The first three methods seek to reduce the order of the system of equations by appropriate transformations, while the fourth method performs a lower-upper decomposition on the entire system of equations.
Basophilic leukocytes in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in experimental animals and man.

Many forms of delayed-onset, lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in animals and man are characterized by an extensive infiltration of basophilic leukocytes [1–6]. We have designated such reactions by the descriptive term “cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity” (CBH) to distinguish them from classic delayed hypersensitivity (DH). The finding of basophils in these reactions was not anticipated since cellular immunity has generally been regarded as a homogeneous group of reactions involving mononuclear cells only. Basophils were not seen earlier because they are not recognized by ordinary histologic methods, and our demonstration of basophils in light microscopic sections required the application of modified electron microscopic procedures of fixation and tissue processing.
Analysis of Outliers Effects in Voxel-Based Morphometry by means of Virtual Phantoms

Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) is a technique for analyzing inter-group neuroanatomic differences, frequently used to study a number of neurologic diseases. An important limit to the diffusion of VBM is related to the length of the recruiting process, due to the need of homogeneous and statistically significant samples. Therefore, quite often the need to search for statistically significant differences between small samples arises. The opportunity of analyzing small samples with VBM should be carefully considered. In each sample there could be one or more subjects with atypical local anatomic characteristics (outliers) that are not identifiable a priori, thus leading to erroneous inferences about the specific structural features correlated to the studied pathology. It follows the need to evaluate the limits within which including a certain number of outliers can be accepted when relying on small samples. The robustness of VBM performed within SPM2 with respect to the inclusion of outliers was studied by implementing in MatLab sets of virtual phantoms with predetermined characteristics. A matrix of voxels cubes was superimposed on the preprocessed gray matter image of each scanned subject. Each cube has a uniform gray level, while its intensity distribution within each group is Gaussian with controlled group mean and variance. Variance and mean difference were chosen according to data from two ongoing clinical studies. The model implemented shows that applying VBM to small samples could lead to erroneous inferences. The minimum number of subjects should be evaluated according to specific variance and group mean difference values of the experimental samples. The implementation of virtual phantoms enabled the quantitative evaluation of outliers effects when performing VBM on small samples. This approach provides the clinicians with a support tool for evaluating the reliability of the results yielded by VBM analyses and for planning the recruiting process.
Psychological Response to Breast Reconstruction: Expectations for and Impact on Postmastectomy Functioning

Breast reconstruction is being considered by increasing numbers of breast cancer patients. Recent controversy over the relative risk to benefit of breast implants suggests a need for more information about who seeks reconstruction, why, and its impact on postmastectomy functioning. Eighty-three women undergoing reconstructive surgery were assessed with respect to surgical and psychological status. Evaluations were made at the time of consultation for breast reconstruction and repeated 2 months or more postsurgery. Findings highlight the overwhelmingly positive effects of postmastectomy breast reconstruction and provide information useful to those counseling or following breast cancer patients who pursue this option.
Metalloid Resistance Mechanisms

Transport systems are intimately involved in both drug action and resistance. The targets of most drugs are intracellular, requiring the existence of drug uptake systems. The most common mechanism of resistance to drugs and antibiotics is through the expression of genes for extrusion systems that reduce the intracellular concentration to subtoxic levels1. The treatment of clinical drug and antibiotic resistance requires knowledge of the routes of entry and exit of the drugs and of the molecular mechanisms by which transport occur. In addition, the systems for resistances are often regulated at several levels, including transcriptionally and allosterically2.
Adversity and resilience: 10 lessons I have learnt from working with children in humanitarian emergencies

> The war acquires comparatively little significance for children so long as it only threatens their lives, disturbs their material comfort, or cuts their food rations. It becomes enormously significant the moment it breaks up family life and uproots the first emotional attachments of the child within the family group. > > Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham, 19431 Being shelled is not the most upsetting thing that can happen to a child. Living in safety but being separated from your parents can be equally or more upsetting and have enduring effects on your mental well-being. I relearnt Freud and Burlingham’s1 important lesson when researching the psychological effects of the Bosnian War (1992–1995) on children. Fikreta explained how: > …We stayed at our grandparents’ house for four years. …I cried often because there was a lot of shooting there (Gorazde), so I was afraid something could happen to my parents. …when I spoke with them I started to cry as soon as I heard their voices. Days passed, I was sad and nothing could make me happy.2 She continued to feel unwell after the war, as did other children evacuated away from their parents. When I followed up 14 of those children 20 years later, including some who had suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 1998, the only one whose mental health was still problematic was a Serbian girl who had spent the war separated from her parents in Belgrade. She felt nervous, insecure and unhappy, and saw this as partly related to being forced to live away from her parents. Thus, she had given up a university course and returned to her home town to live with her family: I am filling in holes. I am trying to make up what I missed .2 Children are better off with those they love is the first of 10 …
PTSD From a Suicide Attempt: Phenomenological and Diagnostic Considerations.

Objective: A suicide attempt is at least somewhat life-threatening by definition and is, for some, traumatic. Thus, it is possible that some individuals may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (P...
Well-Being Champion Impact on Employee Engagement, Staff Satisfaction, and Employee Well-Being

Abstract Objective To evaluate the potential impact of a workplace well-being champion on employee and organizational measures of well-being. Patients and Methods Baseline well-being measures were collected in October 2-20, 2017 and analyzed from January 1, 2018 through June 30, 2018 by incorporating a focused question set (addressing meaning in work, work-life integration, and physical, social, financial, emotional, and general well-being) into the biennial Mayo Clinic All-Staff Survey. Results The survey was distributed to 64,059 employees, with a response rate of 73%. Employees with a work unit well-being champion had more favorable responses overall than did employees reporting no well-being champion. The percentage responding “favorably” to each well-being measure differed from 2 to 12 percentage points and were all highly statistically significant (P Conclusion Having a work unit well-being champion, coupled with an organizational commitment to employee well-being, is associated with better employee engagement, satisfaction, and perception of personal well-being, as well as a more favorable perception of the organization, strongly supporting the multilevel benefits of a robust well-being champion program.