cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mappings and metaphors in auditory displays: An experimental assessment

Auditory displays are becoming more and more common, but there are still no general guidelines for mapping data dimensions (e.g., temperature) onto display dimensions (e.g., pitch). This paper presents experimental research on different mappings and metaphors, in a generic process-control task environment, with reaction time and accuracy as dependent measures. It is hoped that this area of investigation will lead to the development of mapping guidelines applicable to auditory displays in a wide range of task domains.
Ab-Initio SCF-LCAO Hartree-Fock Calculations and the Determination of Correlation Corrections in Three-Dimensional Crystals

A formalism for calculating a Hartree-Fock crystal is given in detail. This includes a description of the basis set used and integral approximations needed in the calculation. The results of the calculation of the ground and excited states are discussed. For the ground state the first order density matrix is compared with experiment by investigating the x-ray structure factors and the Compton profiles. The cohesive energy, lattice constant, and bulk modulus of the Hartree-Fock results are also compared with experiment to judge the correctness of this model. The Hartree-Fock excited stated plus correlation corrections are included. The corrections include relaxation of the electron and hole states by using two models. One is the screened exchange plus coulomb hole approximation where several approximations for the dielectric function are studied. The second model is the electronic polaron model where both the relaxation effects and a new scattering state are discussed. The correction to the electronic excited (or vitual) states so that they see the correct potential (namely a VN−1) is given in detail.
Methodology in the assessment of complex performance: discussion and conclusions.

This paper summarizes the discussion elicited by the preceding papers. Subsequent to the conference, the tape recordings of the discussion were perused and a series of statements were identified as representing possible points of agreement on the issues considered. These statements were evaluated by 15 people who participated in the conference on a semantic differential scale (agree vs. disagree). The most important conclusions relate to the criterion problem, task taxonomies, the reliability of measures, and the role of face validity in the design of research apparatus.
Productivity responses of Acer rubrum and Taxodium distichum seedlings to elevated CO2 and flooding

Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 are expected to increase photosynthetic rates of C3 tree species, but it is uncertain whether this will result in an increase in wetland seedling productivity. Separate short-term experiments (12 and 17 weeks) were performed on two wetland tree species, Taxodium distichum and Acer rubrum, to determine if elevated CO2 would influence the biomass responses of seedlings to flooding. T. distichum were grown in replicate glasshouses (n = 2) at CO2 concentrations of 350 or 700 ppm. and A. rubrum were grown in growth chambers at CO2 concentrations of 422 or 722 ppm. Both species were grown from seed. The elevated CO2 treatment was crossed with two water table treatments, flooded and non-flooded. Elevated CO2 increased leaf-level photosynthesis, whole-plant photosynthesis, and trunk diameter of T. distichum in both flooding treatments, but did not increase biomass of T. distichum or A. rubrum. Flooding severely reduced biomass, height, and leaf area of both T. distichum and A. rubrum. Our results suggest that the absence of a CO2-induced increase in growth may have been due to an O2 limitation on root production even though there was a relatively deep (approximately 10 cm) aerobic soil surface in the non-flooded treatment.
The insistence of vision: Why do people look at a salient stimulus when it signals target absence?

Researchers and practitioners across many fields would benefit from the ability to predict human search time in complex visual displays. However, a missing element in our ability to predict search time is our ability to quantify the exogenous attraction of visual objects in terms of their impact on search time. The current work represents an initial step in this direction. We present two experiments using a quadrant search task to investigate how exogenous and endogenous factors influence human visual search. In Experiment 1, we measure the oculomotor capture*or the tendency of a stimulus to elicit a saccade*of a salient quadrant under conditions in which the salient quadrant does not predict target location. Despite the irrelevance of quadrant salience, we find that subjects persist in making saccades towards the salient quadrant at above-chance levels. We then present a Bayesian-based ideal performer model that predicts search time and oculomotor capture when the salient quadrant never contains the search target. Experiment 2 tested the predictions of the ideal performer model and revealed human performance to be in close correspondence with the model. We conclude that, in our speeded search task, the influence of an exogenous attractor on saccades can be quantified in terms of search time costs and, when these costs are considered, both search time and search behaviour reflect a boundedly optimal adaptation to the cost structure of the environment. Please address all correspondence to Christopher W. Myers, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2558 Fifth Street Bldg. 852, Wright-Patterson, OH 45433, USA. E-mail: christopher.myers2@ wpafb.af.mil
Simulation for computer science majors: a preliminary report

With the support of the NSF Grant listed below, the author is revising and restructuring an existing simulation course designed primarily for senior computer science majors by: 1) developing an integrated set of laboratory exercises based on computer science topics using commercially available software (GPSS/H); 2)incorporating these materials into a formal laboratory manual along with related computer science reference materials and instructions in the use of the software; 3) implementing a pilot course using this manual together with a single text in the theory of simulation; 4) preparing a syllabus and a detailed an notated course outline for the instructor, keyed to the manual and the text. The materials developed will be flexible and highly modular allowing their adoption or adaptation at other institutions.
A Framework to Understand Effect of Building Systems Deterioration on Life Cycle Energy

Abstract The building sector accounts for nearly 41% of U.S. primary energy use. Various tools have been developed for estimating the embodied energy during the design and construction phase of a building. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive mechanism which can measure and control the energy flow occurring during the operation phase of a building. Loss of efficiency of building systems and deterioration of various building components can collectively reduce the performance of a building, which eventually results in more energy flow into a building in the form of more maintenance and replacement requirements, as well as, increased operational energy demand. This research analyses a building's deterioration mechanism and presents a system dynamics simulation based “Life Cycle Energy Framework” that couples material performance and energy simulation to arrive at an optimal maintenance and replacement cycle for major materials over the entire operation period of a building. The case study results indicate that the proposed framework can help various building stakeholders in understanding and limiting the energy usage of the building from the design phase until the end of life phase.
Heart Failure Among Older Adults in Skilled Nursing Facilities: More of a Dilemma Than Many Now Realize

Post-acute care, encompassing long-term care hospitals, home health, inpatient rehabilitation, and skilled nursing facilities, is increasingly employed as an integral part of management for more complicated patients, particularly as hospitals seek to maintain costs and decrease length of stay. Skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) in particular are progressively utilized for patients with complex medical processes, including today's growing population of older hospitalized heart failure (HF) patients who pose a prominent challenge due to their high risks of mortality, 30-day readmissions, and substantial aggregate cost burden to the healthcare system. Publications to date have largely grouped post-hospitalized HF patients together when reporting demographic or outcome data, without differentiating those at SNFs from those at traditional nursing homes or other post-acute care settings. SNF patients suffer distinctive vulnerabilities and needs, and understanding these distinctions has implications for determining goals of care. In this review we evaluate HF patients referred to SNFs, and discuss the characteristics, outcomes, and management challenges associated with this particular population.
Orientalist Variations on the Theme "Balkans": Symbolic Geography in Recent Yugoslav Cultural Politics

At first we were confused. The East thought that we were West, while the West considered us to be East. Some of us misunderstood our place in this clash of currents, so they cried that we belong to neither side, and others that we belong exclusively to one side or the other. But I tell you, Irinej, we are doomed by fate to be the East on the West, and the West on the East, to acknowledge only heavenly Jerusalem beyond us, and here on earth-no one. –St. Sava to Irinej, 13th century Since the early 1980s, the crisis of Yugoslav society has been brought to public awareness through discussions in the mass media, both within Yugoslavia and outside of the country. While the causes of the crisis were initially analyzed within the framework of the ideology of Yugoslav self-management socialism, the past several years have seen increasing use by politicians and writers from the northwestern parts of the country of an orientalist rhetoric that relies for its force on an ontological and epistemological distinction between (north)west and (south)east
ALD Enabled Nickel MEMS Switches for Digital Logic

CMOS transistor based digital logic technology has delivered spectacular levels of device integration and processing capability since its advent. However, traditional CMOS device performance remains limited in harsh environments, such as high temperature or irradiated environments. Electrostatically actuated MEMS/NEMS switches offer improved performance in these environments. In this work, out-of-plane three terminal microswitches suitable for digital logic are presented. Each switch consists of a suspended fixed-fixed bowtie shaped electroplated nickel beam (300μm × 250μm × ∼2μm) buckled out-of-plane over a 10μm wide gold electrode on a LPCVD nitride coated low resistance Si substrate, which acts as a common gate electrode. Atomic layer deposited (ALD) alumina (100nm thick) is incorporated as a sacrificial layer to keep the fabrication processing low temperature and provide precise gap uniformity across chip. Steady-state I-V performance results are presented showing contact voltages between 17–36V. Mechanical modeling of the beam deformation is performed using commercial FEA software and compared to the actual measured beam response. These devices offer a valid approach for simple MEMS based logic circuitry with proper film stress management and geometry scaling.© 2011 ASME
Pathways of CH3Hg and Hg Ingestion in Benthic Organisms: An Enriched Isotope Approach

Mercury is a widespread contaminant in marine food webs, and identifying uptake pathways of mercury species, CH3Hg+ and Hg2+, into low trophic level organisms is important to understanding its entry into marine food webs. Enriched stable isotope tracers were used to study benthic vs. pelagic pathways of CH3Hg+ and Hg2+ uptake via food to the infaunal estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. Algal cells differentially labeled with isotopically enriched CH3Hg+ or Hg2+ were added simultaneously to the sediment and water column of microcosms, and Hg species were monitored in amphipods and in sediment and water compartments. Methylation of Hg2+ occurred during the course of the experiment, enhancing the uptake of Hg2+ spikes. Trophic transfer of Hg from algae added to the water column was determined to be the major uptake route for amphipods, suggesting inputs of contaminated organic matter from the pelagic zone are important to mercury bioaccumulation even in organisms living in sediments.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Aspects of Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) Catalyzed by Copper Complexes with Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine

Kinetic and mechanistic studies of atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) catalyzed by copper complexes with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) ligand were reported. In solution, the halide anions were found to strongly coordinate to [CuI(TPMA)]+ cations, as confirmed by kinetic, cyclic voltammetry, and conductivity measurements. The equilibrium constant for atom transfer (KATRA = ka/kd) utilizing benzyl thiocyanate was determined to be approximately 6 times larger for CuI(TPMA)BPh4 ((1.6 ± 0.2) × 10–7) than CuI(TPMA)Cl ((2.8 ± 0.2) × 10–8) complex. This difference in reactivity between CuI(TPMA)Cl and CuI(TPMA)BPh4 was reflected in the activation rate constants ((3.4 ± 0.4) × 10–4 M–1 s–1 and (2.2 ± 0.2) × 10–3 M–1 s–1, respectively). The fluxionality of CuI(TPMA)X (X = Cl or Br) in solution was mainly the result of TPMA ligand exchange, which for the bromide complex was found to be very fast at ambient temperature (ΔH⧧ = 29.7 kJ mol–1, ΔS‡ = −60.0 J K–1 mol–1, ΔG⧧298 = 47.6 kJ mol–1, and kobs,298 = 2.9 × ...
Effect of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae) Feeding on Translocation and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans

Greenhouse investigations were conducted to study the effect of girdling by the threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), on translocation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Radiotracer studies with 14C glucose demonstrated that girdling of petioles effectively blocked the movement of assimilates in the phloem. Nodule number, nodule dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, and nitrogen fixation activity were all significantly reduced by S. festinus feeding injury.
Proximal Hamstring Pathology and Endoscopic Management

Proximal hamstring injuries can be a debilitating injury in active individuals. In some patients, nonoperative treatment can result in poor functional outcomes and inability to return to pre-injury levels of activity. Recent studies suggest that surgical repair of proximal hamstring injuries can improve functional outcomes and increase the chances of successful return to sporting activities. Prompt recognition and sound surgical technique are critical in achieving optimal outcomes. This chapter reviews the treatment algorithm for patients with proximal hamstring injuries and includes a focus on the surgical anatomy of the proximal hamstring, ischial tuberosity, and sciatic nerve. While the mainstay of treatment remains open surgical technique, a brief review of the endoscopic technique is included as well.
Impotence Associated with Pudendal Arteriovenous Malformation

Three young men with impotence due to a pudendal arteriovenous malformation had a common selective pudendal arteriographic finding of early passage of contrast medium from the bulbar artery region into the venous drainage of the pelvis. Perineal exploration revealed the malformation and correction resulted in significant restoration of erectile capacity. This entity may be a frequent occurrence in young men that may become apparent only when trauma or disease affects the contralateral pudendal artery or its branches.
Building Blocks for Engineering the Small Intestine

Bowel transplantation represents the current standard of care for patients suffering from severe intestinal disorders such as short bowel syndrome. Despite improvements in surgical procedures, there remains an approximate 50% 5-year survival rate for intestinal transplant patients [55]. Currently, the primary barriers to successful organ transplantation are the lack of transplantable tissue, the potential for transplant rejection, and the requirement of lifelong immunosuppression [35]. These challenges highlight the need to fully explore the developing field of intestinal epithelial stem cell biology and their ability for ex vivo expansion of tissue in order to reach the ultimate goal of engineering personalized transplantable intestine from patient-derived cells.
Upstaging the Fall: The Spectacle of Romantic Apostasy

Attending not to the character of Coriolanus but to ‘certain sentences,’ Inchbald immediately locates there a ‘tendency’ which endangers the legitimate taste and political equilibrium of the state: ‘certain sentences in this play are therefore of a dangerous tendency at certain times & .’ But what exactly does Inchbald mean here by ‘sentences?’1 On the one hand, there is the play’s judgement: as Hazlitt formulates it in an 1816 review of a later Kemble production, ‘the whole dramatic moral of Coriolanus is, that those who have little shall have less, and those that have much shall take all that others have left’ (WH 5.349).2 Beyond such a comprehensive pronouncement, however, there are also Coriolanus’ sentences, both those published against him by the tribunes (his banishment), and those which he authors himself at the expense of the Roman multitude and the Volscian military (the choleric taunts that prove his undoing).
The Laws of Probability and Their Application to Prokaryote Cultures

The preceding chapter included discussions of some of the problems associated with the analysis of prokaryotic genetic systems. An additional theoretical problem which must be considered is that of sampling. As noted earlier, it is not generally possible to recover all of the progeny from a cross, due to the necessity of using some sort of selective technique to find a few recombinant individuals among many parental types. Therefore, in designing prokaryotic genetic experiments, it is essential to be certain both that the sample is representative of the entire population of organisms and that the sample is of a suitable size to compensate for the random variation which is observed in any physical procedure. The former concern can be alleviated by good culture agitation techniques which provide a homogeneous population from which to sample. The latter concern is the subject of this chapter.
To Develop Critical Thinking Skills and Allow Students to Be Practice Ready, We Must Move Well Beyond the Lecture Format

Casebooks are constructed around the case method of teaching - reading appellate opinions to understand the law. However, when the case method approach is compared to what an attorney is expected to do in practice, there is a definite gap. If students are to emerge from law school with practice ready skills, they must be given the opportunity to learn and practice a variety of skills and develop the necessary qualities that will allow them to effectively and efficiently enter the practice of law. Examples are given for how to incorporate skills into the learning environment.
New Treatment for Phenylketonuria

Sixteen adolescents and young adults with phenylketonuria were treated with a mixture of valine, isoleucine, and leucine for four 3-month periods, and biochemical and neuropsychological tests were carried out before and after treatment at the Metabolic Disease Center, Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine.
Detection and Estimation of Extremely Small Fault Signature by Utilizing Multiple Current Sensor Signals in Electric Machines

This paper presents a novel motor current signature analysis algorithm for accurate detection and precise estimation of extremely small fault signature by utilizing multiple–phase-current signals in an electric machine. The two most critical challenges in developing a reliable diagnosis method are the detection of extreme small signals under extremely harsh environment, and the formulation of adaptive threshold under dynamic operation and noise variation of a motor. These challenges are addressed in this paper by logically and statistically utilizing multiple existing current sensors and current signals to make an accurate detection, and statistical/adaptive threshold for precise detection and decision making. The performance of the proposed algorithm has been mathematically and theoretically proved under modeled Gaussian noise conditions. Proposed theory is also experimentally verified on a 3-kW five-phase permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor.
An Exact Model of Daptomycin Binding to Lipid Bilayers

Daptomycin is a cyclic lipopeptide of clinical importance in the treatment of multi-drug resistant infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Similar to other antimicrobial peptides, daptomycin binds with preference to the anionic cytoplasmic membranes typically found in prokaryotes. However, in contrast to most linear, alpha-helical peptides, daptomycin binds to lipid bilayers only in the presence of calcium ions and its activity is absolutely calcium-dependent. We measured the interaction of daptomycin with anionic lipid membranes using kinetic binding experiments and equilibrium titrations. The data were analyzed using an exact model describing the interactions of daptomycin with the lipid bilayer that includes solution and membrane-bound states, and the influence of calcium ions on daptomycin-lipid interactions.
Specimen mapping in head and neck cancer using fluorescence imaging.

Overview Although the agreed-upon standard is circumferential pathology analysis of the interface between the resected specimen and the patient, there is currently no consensus on the optimal methodology to achieve this in head and neck cancer specimens. This is most commonly conducted by either sampling the wound bed after resection or obtaining samples from the specimen. Regardless of the technique, only a fraction of the area of interest can be sampled due to the labor-intensive nature of frozen sections. Objective This review will cover and define the possible role for optical mapping of the surgical specimen using fluorescence imaging in head and neck cancer. Level of Evidence NA
Equal eigenvalues in multicomponent diffusion: the extraction of diffusion coefficients from experimental data in ternary systems*

ABSTRACT There has been considerable theoretical and experimental work on ternary systems whose diffusion coefficient matrix has two distinct eigenvalues. This is the most common case. However, with the increasing number of ternary diffusion measurements in liquids, cases have arisen where the eigenvalues may be equal and where the usual equations do not apply. Little work has been done on the solution of the equal eigenvalues case, and none has been done on the connection of this solution to experimental data. This paper will present new explicit expressions connecting ternary diffusion coefficients to experimental data for the precise Gouy and Rayleigh optical methods. Some new results for the two 4-component cases will also be presented.
Development of a next generation tomosynthesis system

A next generation tomosynthesis (NGT) system has been proposed to obtain higher spatial resolution than traditional digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) by achieving consistent sub-pixel resolution. Resolution and linear acquisition artifacts can be further improved by creating multi-axis, x-ray tube acquisition paths. This requires synchronization of the x-ray generator, x-ray detector, and motion controller for an x-ray tube motion path composed of arbitrarily spaced x-ray projection points. We have implemented a state machine run on an Arduino microcontroller that synchronizes the system processes through hardware interrupts. The desired x-ray projection points are converted into two-dimensional motion segments that are compiled to the motion controller’s memory. The state machine then signals the x-ray tube to move from one acquisition point to another, exposing x-rays at each point, until every acquisition is made. The effectiveness of this design was tested based on speed of procedure and image quality metrics. The results show that the average procedure time, over 15 test runs for three different paths, took under 20 seconds, which is far superior to previous acquisition methods on the NGT system. In conclusion, this study shows that a state machine implementation is viable for fast and accurate acquisitioning in NGT systems.
The NASA Task Load Index as a measure of overall workload among neonatal, paediatric and adult intensive care nurses.

Abstract Introduction The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is a subjective workload assessment scale developed for use in aviation and increasingly applied to healthcare. The scale purports to measure overall workload as a single variable calculated by summing responses to six items. Since no data address the validity of this scoring approach in health care, we evaluated the single factor structure of the NASA-TLX as a measure of overall workload among intenisive care nurses. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis of data from two studies of nurse workload in neonatal, paediatric, and adult intensive care units. Study 1 data were obtained from 136 nurses in one neonatal intensive care unit. Study 2 data were collected from 300 nurses in 17 adult, paediatric and neonatal units. Nurses rated their workload using the NASA-TLX's paper version. Results A single factor model testing whether all six items measured a single overall workload variable fit least well (RMSEA = 0.14; CFI = 0.91; TLI = 0.85). A second model that specified two items as outcomes of overall workload had acceptable fit (RMSEA = 0.08; CFI = 0.97; TLI = 0.95) while a third model of four items fit best (RMSEA = 0.06; CFI > 0.99; TLI = 0.99). Conclusion A summed score from four of six NASA-TLX items appears to most reliably measure a single overall workload variable among intensive care nurses.
Mapping the Influence of Food Waste in Food Packaging Environmental Performance Assessments

Scrutiny of food packaging environmental impacts has led to a variety of sustainability directives, but has largely focused on the direct impacts of materials. A growing awareness of the impacts of food waste warrants a recalibration of packaging environmental assessment to include the indirect effects due to influences on food waste. In this study, we model 13 food products and their typical packaging formats through a consistent life cycle assessment framework in order to demonstrate the effect of food waste on overall system greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cumulative energy demand (CED). Starting with food waste rate estimates from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, we calculate the effect on GHG emissions and CED of a hypothetical 10% decrease in food waste rate. This defines a limit for increases in packaging impacts from innovative packaging solutions that will still lead to net system environmental benefits. The ratio of food production to packaging production environmental impact provides a guide to predicting food waste effects on system performance. Based on a survey of the food LCA literature, this ratio for GHG emissions ranges from 0.06 (wine example) to 780 (beef example). High ratios with foods such as cereals, dairy, seafood, and meats suggest greater opportunity for net impact reductions through packaging‐based food waste reduction innovations. While this study is not intended to provide definitive LCAs for the product/package systems modeled, it does illustrate both the importance of considering food waste when comparing packaging alternatives, and the potential for using packaging to reduce overall system impacts by reducing food waste.
The stability of delamination growth in compressively loaded composite plates

The stability of growth of internal delaminations in composite plates subjected to compressive loading is investigated. Due to the compressive loading, these structures can undergo buckling of the delaminated layer and subsequently growth of the delamination. The study does not impose any restrictive assumptions regarding the delamination thickness and plate length (as opposed to the usual thin film assumptions). The growth characteristics of the delamination under monotonic compressive loading are obtained on the basis of a combined delamination buckling/postbuckling and fracture mechanics model. The postbuckling solution is derived through a perturbation procedure, which is based on an asymptotic expansion of the load and deformation quantities in terms of the distortion parameter of the delaminated layer, the latter being considered a compressive elastica. The closed form solutions for the energy release rate at the delamination tip versus applied compressive strain during the initial postbuckling phase are used to define the combinations of delamination length and applied strain that lead to unstable growth. This would practically cause either contained “jump” growth or complete (catastrophic) growth of the delamination. Estimates for the lower and upper bounds of the jump distance (unstable growth) are provided. Moreover, a study of the influence of the mode dependence of interface toughness on the conditions of initiation and extent of delamination growth is performed.
Required software proficiency in general education and business courses

Approximately 1,100 students in a general education computer course at a Midwestern state university with a technology focus were required to demonstrate competency in Microsoft Word®, Excel®, and PowerPoint® during the Fall 2001 and Spring 2002 semesters. The entrance requirement at the university requires a minimum of an ACT score of 20 or in the upper two-thirds of their high school graduating class. Many students are in the 20 to 23 range of ACT scores. A large portion of the students lack high school experience in independent study and individual responsibility. Results of the project indicate that students with little experience in self-responsibility can achieve at the university level when required.
Fractionation of Subcellular Membrane Vesicles of Epithelial and Non-epithelial Cells by OptiPrep™ Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation

Density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) is widely used for physical isolation (enrichment rather than purification) of subcellular membrane vesicles. It has been a valuable tool to study specific subcellular localization and dynamic trafficking of proteins. While sucrose has been the main component of density gradients, a few years ago synthetic OptiPrep (iodixanol) began being used for separation of organelles because of its iso-osmotic property. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for density gradient fractionation of various mammalian subcellular vesicles, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lipid rafts, as well as apical and basolateral membranes of polarized epithelial cells.
Multiple mechanisms for deep learning: overcoming diminishing returns in instructional systems

The design of instructional materials in general and intelligent tutoring systems in particular should be guided by what is known about learning. The purpose of an instructional system is, after all, to supply the cognitive mechanisms in the learner's mind with the information they need to create new knowledge. It is therefore imperative that the design of instruction is based on explicit models of those mechanisms. From this point of view, research has to date been characterized by two conceptual limitations. The first limitation is that systems are designed to teach to a narrow set of learning mechanisms, sometimes even a single one. There are signs that attempts to build intelligent tutoring systems that address a single mode of learning encounter diminishing returns, in terms of student improvement, with respect to implementation effort. The reason is that people learn in multiple ways. In this talk, I argue that there are approximately nine distinct modes of learning cognitive skills. To be maximally effective, instruction should support all nine modes of learning. This is the way to overcome the diminishing returns of tutoring systems with a narrow bandwidth. The second limitation is the traditional focus in both the science of learning and the practice of instruction on additive or monotonic learning: That is, learning in which the student extends his/her knowledge base without reformulating the knowledge he/she possessed at the outset. Additive extensions of a person's knowledge are certainly real and important, but they do not exhaust the types of learning of which human beings are capable. In many learning scenarios, the learner must overcome or override the implications of prior knowledge in order to learn successfully. This requires cognitive mechanisms that transform or reject the prior knowledge, in addition to building new knowledge. In this talk, I provide an outline of the essential characteristics of such non-monotonic learning processes. I end the talk by spelling out some implications of the multiple-mechanisms and non-monotonicity principles for the future development of instructional systems.
Biofluorescent worlds: global biological fluorescence as a biosignature

In this paper, we analyze a new possible biological surface feature for habitable worlds orbiting other stars: biofluorescence. High ultraviolet (UV) and blue radiation fluxes drive the strongest biofluorescence in terrestrial fluorescent pigments and proteins. F stars emit more blue and UV radiation than the Sun, while planets and exomoons orbiting such stars remain in the habitable zone for 2-4 Gyr; a timespan that could allow a complex biosphere to develop. Therefore we propose biofluorescence as a new surface biosignature for F star planets. We investigate how the extra emission from surface fluorescence could cause observable signals at specific wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Using the absorption and emission characteristics of common coral fluorescent pigments and proteins, we simulate the increased emission at specific visible wavelengths caused by strong fluorescence, accounting for the effects of different (non-fluorescent) surface features, atmospheric absorption and cloud-cover. Our model shows that exoplanets with a fluorescent biosphere could have characteristic surface colours that allow the presence of surface life to be inferred from observations with upcoming telescopes.
Correction to: Simulation of the Precipitation Kinetics of Maraging Stainless Steels 17-4 and 13-8+Mo During Multi-pass Welding

In the original article there are errors in Eqs. [6] and [7]. Following are the corrected Eqs.
Poaching, Social Conflict, and the Public Trust: Some Critical Observations on Wildlife Crime

The illegal killing of wild animals is recognized as a significant social problem in modern society, yet when compared to many other types of unlawful behaviors, the study of wildlife crime has rec...
Clinical Benefit of Gastric Staple Line Reinforcement (SLR) in Gastrointestinal Surgery: a Meta-analysis.

Background The objective of this study was to assess whether the use of staple line reinforcement (SLR) reduces staple line complications (SLC). Mechanical staple lines are essential for gastrointestinal surgery such as bariatric surgery. However, SLC, such as bleeding and leakage, still occur. The purposes of this study were to provide quantitative evidence on the relative efficacy of gastric SLR and to compare the rates of effectiveness of three commonly used methods.
Temporal Brittleness Analysis of Task Networks for Planetary Rovers

We propose a new method to analyze the temporal brittleness of task networks, which allows the detection and enumeration of activities that, with modest task execution duration variation make the execution of the task network dynamically uncontrollable. In this method, we introduce a metric for measuring an activity brittleness – defined as the degree of acceptable deviation of its nominal duration – and describe how that measurement is mapped to task network structure. Complementary to existing work on plan robustness analysis which informs how likely a task network is to succeed or not, the proposed analysis and metric go deeper to pinpoint the sources of potential brittleness due to temporal constraints and to focus either human designers and/or automated task network generators (e.g. scheduler/planners) to address sources of undesirable brittleness. We apply the approach to a set of task networks (called sol types) in development for NASA’s next planetary rover and present common patterns that are sources of brittleness. These techniques are currently under evaluation for potential use supporting operations of the Mars 2020 rover.
Making the “American Acropolis”: On Verticality, Social Hierarchy, and the Obduracy of Manhattan Schist

This article examines the development of the American Acropolis, a constellation of religious, cultural, and educational institutions in Morningside Heights, New York City. I argue that, beginning ...
Revised estimates of paleoclimate sensitivity over the past 800,000 years

This study evaluates paleoclimate sensitivity over the past 800,000 years from proxy-based reconstructions of changes in global temperature, ice sheets and sea level, vegetation, dust, and greenhouse gases. This analysis uses statistical methods that are not biased by the variable (heteroscedastic) uncertainty in the reconstructions, and applies a Monte Carlo-style probabilistic framework to quantify several sources of measurement and structural uncertainty. Not addressing the heteroscedastic uncertainty would result in regression results that underestimate paleoclimate sensitivity by over 30%, and not using a probabilistic framework could underestimate the credible interval by fivefold. A comparison of changes in global temperature (ΔT) and changes in radiative forcing from greenhouse gases, ice sheets, dust, and vegetation (ΔR[GHG,LI,AE,VG]) over the past 800 kyr finds that the two are closely coupled across glacial cycles with a correlation of 0.81 (0.6 to 0.9, 95% credible interval). The variation of ΔT with ΔR over the past 800 kyr is non-linear, with lower correlation and lower responsiveness at colder temperatures. The paleoclimate sensitivity parameter estimates (S[GHG,LI,AE,VG]) are 0.84 °C/W/m2 (0.20 to 1.9 °C/W/m2, 95% interval) for interglacial periods and intermediate glacial climates and 0.53 °C/W/m2 (0.08 to 1.5 °C/W/m2, 95% interval) for full glacial climates, 37% lower at the median. The estimates of S[GHG,LI,AE,VG] and the pattern of state dependence are similar across glacial cycles over the past 800 kyr. This analysis explicitly includes several sources of uncertainty and is still able to provide a strong upper bound for the paleoclimate sensitivity parameter for interglacial periods and intermediate glacial climates: over 1.5 °C/W/m2 is < 10% probability, 1.7 °C/W/m2 is < 5% probability, and over 1.9 °C/W/m2 is < 2.5% probability.
Response to: Response to: Persistent influence of a narrative educational program on physician attitudes regarding patient care.

Dear EditorI read with great interest Rayner and Hawley’s (2020) response to Stojan et al.’s study (2019) investigating the influence of a narrative educational program during medical school on phy...
Lactate and hypotension as predictors of mortality after in-hospital cardiac arrest

Abstract Aim Guidance on post-cardiac arrest prognostication is largely based on data from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), despite clear differences between the OHCA and in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) populations. Early prediction of mortality after IHCA would be useful to help make decisions about post-arrest care. We evaluated the ability of lactate and need for vasopressors after IHCA to predict hospital mortality. Methods Single center retrospective observational study of adult IHCA patients who achieved sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), required mechanical ventilation peri-arrest and had a lactate checked within 2 h after ROSC. We evaluated the association of post-ROSC lactate and need for vasopressors with mortality using multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 364 patients were included. Patients who received vasopressors within 3 h after ROSC had significantly higher mortality compared to patients who did not receive vasopressors (58% vs. 43%, p = 0.03). Elevated lactate level was associated with mortality (44% if lactate 10 mmol/L, p Conclusion Post-ROSC lactate and need for vasopressors may be helpful in stratifying mortality risk in patients requiring mechanical ventilation after IHCA.
Introduction to Brain and Medical Images

This article is based on the first chapter of book Chung (2013), where brain and medical images are introduced. The most widely used brain imaging modalities are magnetic resonance images (MRI), functional-MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor images (DTI). A brief introduction to each imaging modality is explained. Further, we explain what kind of curve, volume and surface data that can be extracted from each modality.
Modal extraction of spatiotemporal atomization data using a deep convolutional Koopman network

Recent deep learning extensions in Koopman theory have enabled compact, interpretable representations of nonlinear dynamical systems that are amenable to linear analysis. Deep Koopman networks attempt to learn the Koopman eigenfunctions that capture the coordinate transformation to globally linearize system dynamics. These eigenfunctions can be linked to underlying system modes that govern the dynamical behavior of the system. While many related techniques have demonstrated their efficacy on low-dimensional systems and their associated state variables, in this work the system dynamics are observed optically (i.e., spatiotemporal data from video or simulation). We demonstrate the ability of a deep convolutional Koopman network (CKN) in automatically identifying independent modes of simple simulated and atomization systems. Practically, the CKN allows for flexibility in system data collection as the data can be easily obtainable observable variables. The learned models are able to successfully and robustly identify the underlying modes governing the system, even with a redundantly large embedding space. Modal disaggregation is encouraged using a simple masking procedure. All of the systems analyzed in this work use an identical network architecture and results are more compact and interpretable compared to dynamic mode decomposition.
The New Rawlsian Theory of Bankruptcy Ethics

Bankruptcy law was once considered a rather insular subspecialty of commercial and debtor-creditor law. Bankruptcy scholars of an earlier time devoted their main energies to drafting bankruptcy legislation for Congress, mastering the particulars of that legislation, and systematizing the case law. When these scholars attempted to local larger themes in bankruptcy, they labored with great deference to positive expressions of bankruptcy’s purpose. Bankruptcy law’s relative insularity began to fade with the innovative work of Professor Thomas Jackson, who developed what he argued was a comprehensive theoretical explanation for bankruptcy’s existence. His explanation was based on a contractual paradigm called “the creditor’s bargain.” Several bankruptcy scholars, most prominently Elizabeth Warren and David Gray Carlson, have challenged the creditor’s bargain model on several fronts, but a direct theoretical assault was slow to emerge until Professor Donald Korobkin presented a nascent theory based upon what he called a “values-based account” of bankruptcy. Professor Korobkin then buttressed the values-based account with a contractarian model of his own called “the bankruptcy choice model.” In this Article, Professor Newborn explores Professor Korobkin’s theoretical model, distinguishes his model from the creditor’s bargain model, and identifies the significant descriptive and analytical insights Professor Korobkin’s bankruptcy choice model generates. At the same time, Professor Newborn identifies several controversial assumptions that seriously undermine the theory’s explanatory and normative force. Professor Newborn concludes with thoughts on her Article’s implications for the role of highly theoretical claims in bankruptcy scholarship.
In-Hospital Mortality Following Open and Closed Long Bone Fracture: A Comparative Study.

BACKGROUND Open fracture is a serious orthopaedic injury that can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality. There is limited data on the mortality risk for open compared to closed long bone fracture. METHODS The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify all patients who were admitted with a long bone fracture in the United States between 1998 and 2010. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of mortality. RESULTS After adjusting for age, gender, race, insurance, and comorbidities, the HR of mortality was 2.89 (95% CI, 2.56-3.28; p<0.001) for open compared to closed fracture. Stratified by anatomical site, the HR of mortality for open compared to fracture was 3.43 for femur (95% CI, 2.78-4.23; p<0.001), 2.81 for tibia or fibula (95% CI, 2.17-3.64; p<0.001), 2.54 for humerus (95% CI, 1.81-3.56; p<0.001), and 1.56 for radius or ulna (95% CI, 1.10-2.23; p=0.014). CONCLUSIONS This data suggests that open fracture carries a worse prognosis compared to closed fracture at the same anatomical site.
Social network and census tract-level influences on substance use among emerging adult males: An activity spaces approach

Social network and area level characteristics have been linked to substance use. We used snowball sampling to recruit 90 predominantly African American emerging adult men who provided typical locations visited (n=510). We used generalized estimating equations to examine social network and area level predictors of substance use. Lower social network quality was associated with days of marijuana use (B=−0.0037, p<0.0001) and problem alcohol use (B=−0.0050, p=0.0181). The influence of area characteristics on substance use differed between risky and non-risky spaces. Peer and area influences are important for substance use among men, and may differ for high and low risk places.
Numerical modeling study of organic pentacene-based MOSFETs

The operation and performance of the organic, pentacene-based MOSFETs has been studied using a two dimensional, drift-diffusion approach utilizing a commercial numerical device simulator. Organic semiconductors have been proposed as a replacement for amorphous or polycrystalline-based silicon devices for low cost applications such as RF tags and display drivers. While extensive experimental development of these devices has proceeded, their study using device modeling has received comparatively little attention. In this work, the results of device modeling using a commercial simulator will be compared with the experimental reports for pentacene-based, p-channel MOSFETs for both bottom and top contact geometries. The results demonstrate that commercial simulators can be used to model these devices in spite of the nontraditional nature of the hole transport in organic semiconductors.
Relative entropy in quantum information theory

We review the properties of the quantum relative entropy function and discuss its application to problems of classical and quantum information transfer and to quantum data compression. We then outline further uses of relative entropy to quantify quantum entanglement and analyze its manipulation.