cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Children: A Review of Interventions Utilizing the Social Cognitive Theory

Objectives of this review are to identify effective factors of interventions using the Social Cognitive Theory to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) intake among children and to develop strategies for program development based on the interventions reviewed. Articles were obtained from multiple databases; study inclusion criteria were publication in years 1998-2008 and utilization of Social Cognitive Theory to increase FV intake among children primarily 6-11 years old. Creative informational components delivered in non-traditional fashions, inclusion of role-models, and promotion of activities for bolstering self-management skills and self-efficacy were often incorporated in interventions. FV intake programs were child-focused, multi-component interventions utilizing SCT; such interventions have been modestly successful in increasing FV intake among children.
Erratum to: Toward numerical simulations of fluid–structure interactions for investigation of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a medical condition characterized by repetitive partial or complete occlusion of the airway during sleep. The soft tissues in the airway of OSA patients are prone to collapse under the low-pressure loads incurred during breathing. This paper describes efforts toward the development of a numerical tool for simulation of air–tissue interactions in the upper airway of patients with sleep apnea. A procedure by which patient-specific airway geometries are segmented and processed from dental cone-beam CT scans into signed distance fields is presented. A sharp-interface embedded boundary method based on the signed distance field is used on Cartesian grids for resolving the airflow in the airway geometries. For simulation of structure mechanics with large expected displacements, a cut-cell finite element method with nonlinear Green strains is used. The fluid and structure solvers are strongly coupled with a partitioned iterative algorithm. Preliminary results are shown for flow simulation inside the three-dimensional rigid upper airway of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Two validation cases for the fluid–structure coupling problem are also presented.
Mechanisms of CFTR regulation by syntaxin 1A and PKA

Activation of the chloride selective anion channel CFTR is stimulated by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation and is regulated by the target membrane t-SNARE syntaxin 1A. The mechanism by which SNARE proteins modulate CFTR in secretory epithelia is controversial. In addition, controversy exists as to whether PKA activates CFTR-mediated Cl(-) currents (I(CFTR)) by increasing the number of channels in the plasma membrane and/or by stimulating membrane-resident channels. SNARE proteins play a well known role in exocytosis and have recently been implicated in the regulation of ion channels; therefore this investigation sought to resolve two related issues: (a) is PKA activation or SNARE protein modulation of CFTR linked to changes in membrane turnover and (b) does syntaxin 1A modulate CFTR via direct effects on the gating of channels residing in the plasma membrane versus alterations in membrane traffic. Our data demonstrate that syntaxin 1A inhibits CFTR as a result of direct protein-protein interactions that decrease channel open probability (P(o)) and serves as a model for other SNARE protein-ion channel interactions. We also show that PKA activation can enhance membrane trafficking in some epithelial cell types, and this is independent from CFTR activation or syntaxin 1A association.
Impedance control and internal model formation when reaching in a randomly varying dynamical environment.

We investigated the effects of trial-to-trial, random variation in environmental forces on the motor adaptation of human subjects during reaching. Novel sequences of dynamic environments were appli...
Novel technique for multiresolution color image segmentation

We describe a novel technique for color image segmentation. This technique includes three components: a color space transformation, Markov random field expectation-maximization (MRF-EM) segmentation, and a multiresolution implementation termed ‘‘narrow band.’’ The color space transformation, from RGB to LUV, contributes to a perceptually reasonable segmentation result. The MRF-EM algorithm enables unsupervised segmentation and enforces a region smoothness constraint. The narrow-band, multiresolution implementation confines fine resolution processing to a small fraction of the image, thereby achieving acceleration over traditional multiresolution schemes. Experimental results with medical and TV images demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed technique.
Current developments in food additive toxicology in the USA

A recently published proposal (Fed. Reg. 66 (2001) 4706) for mandatory submission of information on all plant-derived bioengineered foods fed to humans or animals will be reviewed. Under this proposal, information such as data on identity, level and function of the introduced substance(s); an estimate of dietary exposure; allergenic potential of the protein; data relevant to other safety issues that may be associated with the substance; selection of a comparable food; historic uses of comparable food; composition and characteristics of bioengineered food versus those of the comparable food should be provided. In addition, characterization of the parent plant; construction of the transformation vector and introduced genetic material along with number of insertion sites and genes; data on the genetic material and any newly inserted genes for antibiotic resistance should be submitted with the notification. The Interagency Coordinating Committee for Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) was identified by the U.S. Congress as the organization to review and validate new alternative toxicological test methods for 14 U.S. government agencies. Validated and accepted alternative toxicity tests will be incorporated into toxicity testing recommendations for regulatory agencies.
Abstract 2809: BMS-777607, a small molecule RON/MET kinase inhibitor induces polyploidy in breast cancer cells: molecular mechanism and therapeutic implication

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Aberrant RON expression contributes significantly to breast cancer tumorigenic progression. This observation has provided the basis for targeting RON in potential breast cancer treatment. In the study of breast cancer tumorigenesis, we discovered that inhibition of RON by small molecule inhibitor BMS-777607 causes polyploidy followed by apoptosis in various breast cancer cells including T-47D and ZR-75-1. BMS-777607 is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor specific to RON and MET receptor tyrosine kinases and blocks cancer cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in xenograft model in vivo. Using breast cancer cells as the model, we observed that BMS-777607 at experimental doses induces extensive polyploidy and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. The effect of BMS-777607 has the following features. First, BMS-777607 treatment dramatically altered cell morphology, increased cell size, and created multinucleate structures. Chromosome spreading at metaphase and flow cytometric analysis confirmed polyploid cells with 6N to 16N chromosome content, indicating that abortive mitosis and endoreduplication are responsible for the observed polyploidy. Second, the effect of BMS-777607 was highly specific and dependent on RON or MET expression. MCF-7 cells that do not express RON/MET showed only low levels of polyploidy, suggesting that RON and MET expression are required for the observed polyploid activity. Third, the effect of BMS-777607 is time and dose-dependent. A substantial polyploid population of cells accumulated within 24 h of drug treatment. Continuous cycle of abortive mitosis further increased cell ploidy with increased 16N cell fractions. Moreover, an experimental dose of 500 nM is sufficient to induce polyploidy. The maximal effect occurred when BMS-777607 was used at 5.0 μM for 72 h. Fourth, polyploidy induction promoted apoptosis and senescence of breast cancer cells, which led to significant changes in cellular sensitivity towards cytotoxic activity of chemoagents. Finally, we demonstrated that Aurora B kinase is the major signaling molecule responsible for BMS-777607-induced cancer cell polyploidy. BMS-777607 inhibited Aurora B kinase activity, which affected mitosis leading to polyploidy. In summary, BMS-777607 is a potent inducer of polyploidy in breast cancer cells. By blocking RON/MET-mediated signaling events, BMS-777607 impaired Aurora B kinase activity leading to polyploidy and apoptosis. Such observations provide mechanistic and therapeutic insight in BMS-777607 targeted cancer therapy (*supported in part by NIH grant R01 CA91980 and funds from Amarillo Area Foundation). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2809. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2809
Verilog-A compact model for oxide-based resistive random access memory (RRAM)

We demonstrate a dynamic Verilog-A RRAM compact model capable of simulating real-time DC cycling and pulsed operation device behavior, including random variability that is inherent to RRAM. This paper illustrates the physics and capabilities of the model. The model is verified using different sets of experimental data. The DC/Pulse parameter fitting methodology are illustrated.
The Moribund Curriculum Field: Its Wake and Our Work

(1976). The Moribund Curriculum Field: Its Wake and Our Work. Curriculum Inquiry: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 153-167.
Characterization of mRNA endonucleases.

Abstract Endonucleases are key effectors of mRNA degradation, particularly for mRNAs whose turnover rates are regulated by extracellular stimuli. The rapid clearance of mRNA degradation products in vivo and the need to selectively identify mRNA endonucleases in the presence of many other cellular ribonucleases make the study of these enzymes particularly challenging. We have successfully purified and cloned one such enzyme, termed polysomal RNase 1, or PMR-1. Presented here are protocols either developed in our laboratory or adapted from the work of others that we have used successfully in characterizing PMR-1. We first describe methods to determine whether a particular mRNA is degraded in vivo through an endonuclease-initiated mechanism, and then present approaches for developing an in vitro mRNA degradation system. Next we describe experiments one should perform to optimize reaction conditions, determine cofactor requirements for an endonuclease, map in vitro cleavage sites, and characterize endonucleolytic cleavage products. Finally we describe kinetic parameters one should evaluate in characterizing the enzymology of mRNA endonucleases, with particular concern focused on the relative selectivity of these enzymes for cleavage at preferred sites within target mRNAs.
Measurement Precision in the Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy

Background—Cardiac resynchronization therapy improves morbidity and mortality in appropriately selected patients. Whether atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) pacing interval optimization confers further clinical improvement remains unclear. A variety of techniques are used to estimate optimum AV/VV intervals; however, the precision of their estimates and the ramifications of an imprecise estimate have not been characterized previously. Methods and Results—An objective methodology for quantifying the precision of estimated optimum AV/VV intervals was developed, allowing physiologic effects to be distinguished from measurement variability. Optimization using multiple conventional techniques was conducted in individual sessions with 20 patients. Measures of stroke volume and dyssynchrony were obtained using impedance cardiography and echocardiographic methods, specifically, aortic velocity-time integral, mitral velocity-time integral, A-wave truncation, and septal-posterior wall motion delay. Ech...
Measurement of the flux-flow velocity in superconducting films by a time of flight method

Flux has been pulsed in on the left side of a superconducting film with a transport current present. The current moves the flux tubes to the right, where their arrival is sensed with a movable pickup coil. The velocity has been defined by the slope of a plot of distance vs. arrival time. Velocities of 1–3 × 105 cm/sec for the first onset and of 0.5–2.7 × 105 cm/sec for the maximum of the flux field have been measured. The total amount of flux decreased approximately linearly with distance traveled.
Lyme Arthritis in Children: Clinical Epidemiology and Long-term Outcomes

Objective. Although Lyme disease has become a relatively common cause of arthritis among children in areas of the country in which the disease is endemic, little information is available about the clinical epidemiology and long-term outcomes of children with Lyme arthritis. We conducted a long-term follow-up study to determine the clinical epidemiology of Lyme arthritis in children as well as their long-term outcomes. Patients and Methods. All children seen between 1982 and 1991 at the Pediatric Rheumatology Clinic at Newington Children9s Hospital (Newington, CT) with an initial diagnosis of Lyme disease were identified. Medical records were reviewed and structured telephone interviews were conducted to obtain demographic, clinical, and follow-up data. Results. A total of 90 children (63% boys) with a mean age of 8.3 years (range, 1.8–16 years) at the time of diagnosis of Lyme arthritis were evaluated. Lyme arthritis was preceded by early Lyme disease in 23 (26%) of the children; however, only 8 (35%) of these children had been treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy at that early stage. Ninety percent of the children had arthritis of at least one knee, while small joints were rarely involved. For the 31 children who underwent arthrocentesis, the mean white blood cell count in the synovial fluid was 38 000 cells/mm3 (range, 7000–99 000 cells/mm3) with predominantly neutrophils. For the 79 children for whom an erythrocyte sedimentation rate was determined, the highest level for 61 (77%) was >20 mm/h and for 36 (46%) was >50 mm/h. Antimicrobial therapy was initiated 2 days to 5.5 years (median, 2 months) after the onset of symptoms. However, 5 of the children were never treated with antimicrobials. Fifty-one percent of the patients had a single episode of arthritis, while 49% reported recurrent episodes of arthritis over a period of 1 week to 8 years (median, 6 months). Two children (2%) developed chronic arthritis and underwent arthroscopic synovectomy. At the time of the telephone follow-up evaluation, performed 2 to 12 years (median, 7 years) after the onset of the Lyme arthritis, 4 children had ongoing musculoskeletal complaints that resulted in mild to moderate impairment of school or sports activities, but none of the children had evidence of active arthritis. Conclusion. The results of this investigation suggest that the prognosis for children with Lyme arthritis who are treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy is excellent.
Phonon Band Structure and Thermal Transport Correlation in a Two-Atom Unit Cell

The phononic band structure and thermal conductivity of a family of a two-atom unit cell Lennard-Jones crystals are predicted using molecular dynamics simulations. The structure consists of alternating layers of atoms with different masses, leading to anisotropic thermal properties. An increase in the mass ratio results in an increase in the width of the band gap and a decrease in the value of its central frequency. The thermal conductivity decreases with an increase in the mass ratio, and in all cases is lower than that for a monatomic unit cell. The thermal conductivity increases with an increase in the ratio of the central gap frequency to its width. The rate of this increase decreases and becomes less temperature-dependent at lower mass ratios. The results could be utilized towards the development of guidelines for the design of materials with extreme thermal transport properties.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Characterization of pulsed laser-deposited LiMn2O4 thin films for rechargeable lithium batteries

The structure and characteristics of thin films of LixMn2O4 spinel prepared by pulsed laser deposition are reported. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) and Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA) show that the lithium content of the film is very sensitive to the conditions of deposition. A large target–substrate distance (9 cm) and a stoichiometric LiMn2O4 target lead to lithium deficient films, whereas lithium excess films are obtained for a shorter target–substrate distance (5 cm) and a target prepared with excess lithium (10% excess). SEM and AFM measurements show that the films are dense and quite rough. The local structure of the films was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy spectrum of LiMn2O4 consists of 2 major bands, the positions of which depend on the thickness of the film. The evolution of the FT-IR spectrum of LixMn2O4 over the temperature range −150°C to 250°C clearly shows the previously reported temperature-induced Jahn–Teller distortion between O and 10°C.
A Phase Modulated Collective Ion Accelerator

The possibility of constructing compact, highcurrent traveling wave ion accelerators through employment of relativistic electron beam collective modes has been suggested often in recent years. A new mechanism based upon temporal modulation of the beam kinetic energy has been studied by us, using both analytic and numerical tools. Preliminary linear studies for the slow cyclotron beam mode indicate that such a mechanism can yield efficient acceleration to ion velocities of roughly 0.5 c in a simple, straight-walled waveguide. Numerical simulations have been performed to verify the theory and investigate nonlinear wave/particle interactions.
Ritmo idioventricular acelerado relacionado con una fuga anastomótica esofágica

Departamento de Medicina, Division de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota, EE. UU. Varon de 70 anos, que fue readmitido con dolor abdominal una semana despues de habersele realizado una esofagectomia tipo McKeown por carcinoma escamoso del esofago. El paciente presentaba paroxismos de ritmo idioventricular acelerado como se muestra en el electrocardiograma (fig. 1); electrolitos, troponinas cardiacas y niveles de digoxina se hallaron dentro de los limites normales. La tomografia axial computarizada mostro la presencia de una fuga anastomotica (fig. 2, flecha),
Aspidogaster conchicola (Trematoda: Aspidobothrea): histochemical localization of acid and alkaline phosphatases.

Abstract Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) in Aspidogaster conchicola has been found by light microscopy in cells of the haptor, intestine, testis, and cirrus; and alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) in the haptor, body tegument, and tunica surrounding the testis.
Pyrolysis of polycyclic perhydroarenes. 1. 9-n-Dodecylperhydroanthracene

9-n-Dodecylperhydroanthracene (DDPA), a prototypical long-chain, n-alkylnaphthene, was pyrolyzed neat and in benzene at temperatures between 400 and 450 C. The global reaction order for the disappearance kinetics was 1.05 {+-} 0.23, which was taken to be first order in subsequent analyses. The first-order Arrhenius parameters were [log{sub 10} A (s{sup {minus}1}), E (kcal/mol)] = [10.5 {+-} 1.9, 44.7 {+-} 6.1]. All of the reported uncertainties are 95% confidence intervals. The major primary reaction products were dodecahydroanthracene plus n-dodecane, perhydroanthracene plus 1-dodecene, and methyleneperhydroanthracene plus n-undecane. These six products accounted for about 35% of the reacted DDPA at moderately low conversions. The balance of the DDPA formed numerous primary products such as alkanes, alkenes, and substituted perhydroanthracenes, the individual yields of which were very low. Secondary reactions included ring opening, which led to the formation of substituted tetralins and naphthalenes, and dehydrogenation, which led to octahydroanthracene, tetrahydroanthracene, and anthracene. The primary product spectrum can be accounted for by viewing DDPA pyrolysis as proceeding through four parallel free-radical chain reactions. Three of these parallel chains lead to the three sets of major primary products, and the fourth chain leads to the minor products.
Irreversible magnetization in nickel nanoparticles

Abstract We report magnetic studies on nickel nanoparticle films of average particle size of 10 nm. Magnetization as a function of field and temperature show that the system behaves like a random magnet with a strongly field-dependent irreversible temperature, below which the magnetization relax logarithmically with time. The effective barrier extrapolated increases strongly with temperature for a given field. The time dependence suggests the dominant dipole–dipole interaction in this magnetic nanoparticle system.
Kinetic parameters of immobilized urease

Abstract Jackbean urease was immobilized on two clay minerals (kaolinite and montmorillonite) and the mineral constituents of two Iowa surface soils after silanization of the support surfaces by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and derivitation with glutaraldehyde. Results showed that the amounts of urease immobilized decreased in the order: montmorillonite > kaolinite > Tama soil > Lester soil. The amounts of urease required for maximum immobilization were 70, 90, 30 and 70 mg g−1 of kaolinite, montmorillonite, Tama soil and Lester soil, respectively. The optimal pH value of immobilized urease, except that on montmorillonite (8.5), was similar to that of free urease (7.0) and it was lower than those of native soil urease. The Km values of immobilized urease (25.1–60.8 mM) were in the same order of magnitude as that of free urease (29.4 mM) but one order of magnitude higher than those of soil urease (1.77–2.90 mM). Optimal temperature of immobilized urease (60°C) was the same as that for free urease but was lower than those of soil urease (70°C). Ea and ΔHa values of urease immobilized on kaolinite and on soil mineral constituents were similar to those of the free enzyme but were lower than those of native soil urease. Immobilization of urease on clay surfaces lead to increases in the kinetic constants.
Effect of Microstructural Parameters on the Relative Densities of Metal Foams

A detailed quantitative microstructural analyses of primarily open cell FeCrAlY and 314 stainless steel metal foams with different relative densities and pores per inch (p.p.i.) were undertaken in the present investigation to determine the effect of microstructural parameters on the relative densities of metal foams. Several elements of the microstructure, such as major and minor cell sizes, cell areas and perimeters, ligament dimensions, cell shapes, and area fractions of closed and open cells, were measured. The cross-sections of the foam ligaments showed numerous pores, and their circularity factors and average sizes were determined. The area fractions of the open cells and ligaments decreased, whereas that of the closed cells increased linearly with increasing relative density. The relative densities and p.p.i. were not significantly dependent on cell size, cell perimeter, and ligament dimensions within the limits of experimental scatter. A phenomenological model is proposed to rationalize the present microstructural observations.
Morphology study on ternary blend polymer solar cell to achieve improved device performance

Ternary blend solar cells are considered presents one route to construct the devices with a broad absorption of the solar spectrum. However, the morphological studies on such mixtures have been limited. Here, the morphology of P3HT/PCPDTBT/PC 61 BM ternary blend thin films were studied. By adjusting the blending ratio of two polymers, P3HT molecular weight, thermal annealing time and spin-coating solvents, the crystallinity of both polymers and phase separation among each component were controlled. It was found that a high crystallinity of the polymers is important for good device performance. Due to the crystallization of the polymers and the immiscibility between P3HT and PCPDTBT, a hierarchical morphology was generated that mimicked a tandem cell connected in parallel and extended the absorption. In addition, the amorphous PCPDTBT was found to guide the orientation of P3HT nanocrystals before they merged into fibrils, and it also served as a photosensitizer to form a cascade energy level alignment. Therefore, the two polymers worked synergistically to achieve the improved device performance relative to the binary reference.
Linear pixel shuffling for image processing: an introduction

We investigate a method of ordering pixels (the elements of a rectangular matrix) based on an arithmetic progression with wrap-around (modular arithmetic). For appropriate choices of the progression's parameters, based on a generalization of Fibonacci numbers and the golden mean, we find equidistributed collections ofpixels formed by subintervals of the pixelprogression or "shuffle." We illustrate this equidistributivity with a novel approach to progressive rendering of a synthetic image, and we suggest several opportunities for its application to other areas of image processing.
Composition and Nutritional Characteristics of Fungi Consumed by Callimico goeldii in Pando, Bolivia

Though ≥22 species of Primates consume fungi, most do so at low rates, comprising <5% of their feeding time. Goeldi's monkeys (Callimico goeldii), spend up to 29% of their feeding time year-round consuming fungal sporocarps, the fruiting bodies of fungi. We provide comprehensive data on the nutritional characteristics of 4 species of fungi consumed by Callimico goeldii (Ascopolyporus polyporoides, Ascopolyporus polychrous, Auricularia auricula, and Auricularia delicata). The composition of the fungi is similar to that of other fungi: predominantly fiber (66.2–83.0% dry matter) with small amounts of sugar (2.0–5.6% dry matter) and crude fat (0.9–1.6% dry matter). Though the crude protein content is substantial (5.5–13.4% dry matter), much of the nitrogen in the fungi is not likely to be available to Callimico goeldii because it is associated with indigestible food components or is in nonprotein form. The mineral content of the fungi are within the normal range for fungi generally and the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is low (0.07–0.25). Fungi appear to be a low-quality food resource for Callimico goeldii and may contribute to their relatively large home ranges and low population density compared to other Callitrichinae. Research on the ability of Callimico goeldii to digest fungi is needed to understand fully the nutritional value of fungi to them. We discuss adaptations Callimico goeldii may have for improving their ability to obtain nutrients from fungi and potential ecological correlates of mycophagy.
Release Behavior of High Molecular Weight Solutes from Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Degradable Networks

Water-soluble PEG-based macromers containing oligomeric blocks of a hydrolyzable α-hydroxy acid were synthesized and photopolymerized to form degradable hydrogels to control the release of high molecular weight, hydrophilic solutes. First, network mesh size and volume swelling ratio during the degradation process were characterized to understand fundamentally the effect of hydrogel degradation kinetics and subsequent changes in network structure on solute release. Second, the release behavior was examined and related to the swelling and structural properties of the hydrogels; experimental results show that solute transport can be diffusion controlled or degradation controlled depending on the relative size of the hydrogel mesh size to the solute. Finally, the ability to tailor the release from multilaminated biodegradable hydrogels to obtain an approximate zero-order release profile was studied theoretically.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-phase associations in Washington coastal sediment

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic (PAH) and aliphatic hydrocarbon compositions, organic carbon, nitrogen and lignin contents were determined in whole, unfractionated sediment from the Washington continental shelf and in discrete sediment fractions separated by particle size and density. At least 20 to 25% of perylene and PAH derived from pyrolytic processes and 50% of the retene measured in whole sediment are contained within organic C- and lignin-rich panicles of density ≤ 1.9 g/cc. These particles, which include primarily vascular plant remains and bits of charcoal, comprise less than 1% of the total sediment weight. In contrast, a series of methylated phenanthrene homologs, possibly of fossil origin, are concentrated in some component of the more dense, lithic matrix of the sediment. Equilibrium models of PAH sorption/desorption from aqueous phase onto small particles of high surface area do not appear applicable to the behavior of the major PAH types identified in this aquatic environment.
Autoradiographic studies of cell dynamics in immunogenic granulomas transplanted into the skin of athymic nude mice.

Schistosome egg granulomas in the livers of thymus-intact (nu/+) mice are large and contain eosinophils and mast cells, while those in nude athymic (nu/nu) mice are small and devoid of eosinophils or mast cells. To investigate the cell sources and cell kinetics of hepatic granulomas of nu/+ mice isolated and grafted into the skin of nu/nu mice, biopsies taken after grafting were examined by light and electron microscopy and autoradiography after 3H-thymidine (TdR) injection of either the donor or recipient mice. At 1 week, the grafted granulomas appeared to be amorphous and were surrounded by leukocytes, and the 3H-TdR-labeled donor cells had disappeared. After 2 weeks, repopulation with macrophages began and by 3–5 weeks, the granulomas morphologically resembled hepatic lesions of nu/+ mice. Injection of recipients with 3H-TdR before grafting, showed that labeled macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells repopulated in granulomas. No granulomas were seen when nu/nu mice were grafted with schistosome eggs alone, and organ culture of nu/+ granulomas before grafting reduced the number of repopulated granulomas. These findings indicate that nu/+cells in grafted granulomas are replaced by nu/nu cells. Granulomatous reaction of the grafted sites in nu/ nu mice is influenced by a substance in nu/+ granulomas, and cells of nunu mice locally acquire a nu/+ type response.
Unsteady radial flow of gas in the vadose zone

Abstract An exact, quasi-analytic solution for unsteady radial gas flow to injection or withdrawal wells is developed. Nonlinearities stemming from pressure-dependent density, viscosity, and gas permeability are accounted for in the general development. A new pseudo-pressure is defined and shown to be linearly related to ln(r2 t−1) for all t. Under the conditions of modest mass discharge and small pressure gradients expected to prevail in most hydrologic applications, the rigorous pseudo-pressure is closely approximated by a simple expression that is easily evaluated in terms of the actual gas pressure. The nonlinearity arising from the Klinkenberg effect is shown to be important only for circumstances that result in large pressure gradients such as will occur for large injection or withdrawal rates in media with low permeability. A procedure for determining the apparent gas permeability from test data is demonstrated using a set of simulated data generated from the quasi-analytic solution.
Oxidation of arenes by molten gallium(III) chloride

Abstract Molten, anhydrous Ga 2 Cl 6 at 100–130°C readily oxidizes pyrene, anthracene and naphtracene with the concomitant reduction of Ga(III) to Ga(I). Dilute solutions of these arenes (ArH) are oxidized to their radical cations (ArH +· ), which decay very slowly in Ga 2 Cl 6 , while more concentrated solutions are oxidized to stable arenium ions (ArH 2 + ) with hydrogen derived from aryl-ary] coupling reactions.
Contact resistance behavior of the Pd 2 Si-AlCuSi system

Aluminum to silicon contact resistance, Rc , is influenced by the choice of intermediate contact and interconnection metallurgies, as well as anneal cycles associated with metallization and post-metallization passivation processes in single and multi-level metal VLSI technologies. This is particularly evident for the metallurgical system comprised of palladium silicide, Pd2 Si, and AlCuSi. This system has been investigated to ascertain the relationships between R , anneal time, and anneal temperature for various Pd Si thicknesses of AlCuSi contacts to N+ single-crystal silicon and polysilicon. The evaluations revealed that Rc and Rc distribution are inversely proportional to Pd2 Si thickness, and increase with anneal time and temperature. The results are compared to the known physical chemical interactions of Pd Si and Al. The studies demonstrate that by proper selection of process parameters and contact structure design, stable Al-Si contact resistance can be achieved for semiconductor device applications when Pd is used as an intermediate contact metallurgy.
Dynamic optical properties of collagen-based tissue during ArF excimer laser ablation

Various attenuation mechanisms affecting the absorption of ArF excimer laser light in collagenous tissues have been studied. Temporal distortion of the laser pulse reflected from the cornea has been observed over a range of incident pulse fluences including the ablation threshold. Reflected pulse shortening begins near the ablation threshold and advances with increasing fluence. The measurement of laser light scattered 30° off specular axis from collagen gel targets indicates that the reflected-pulse distortion is partially a result of scattering. Collagen film transmission studies show an increase in 193-nm light transmission in ablation conditions. These nonlinear attenuation mechanisms may impact significantly on the photoablation process.
The effect of subband quantization in the 2-D electron gas on thermionic current and heterojunction capacitance in an n-AlxGa1−xAs/n-GaAs heterojunction

Abstract The partition of the applied voltage between both sides of an n -AlGaAs/ n -GaAs heterojunction is calculated, considering energy subband quantization in the very narrow triangular-like well in the GaAs and is used to calculate the thermionic current and the heterojunction capacitance as functions of the applied voltage. Comparison with classical calculations shows a difference of a few orders of magnitude in the current, especially in reverse bias, and a small difference in capacitance. By applying the model to self capacitance measured on heterojunction devices bounded with ohmic contacts on both sides, it is also shown how to obtain such parameters as conduction band discontinuity, doping in the AlGaAs, average distance of 2-D electron gas from the heterojunction, and sheet concentration. Experimental results using this method are within 10% of other recent determination of ΔE c .
Short-range part of the nuclear force

A simple form of the quark theory accounts for the strong short-range repulsion between nucleons and makes it possible to estimate the magnitude of this part of the nuclear force.
A novel histological lesion in glucocorticoid-responsive chronic hepatitis

In patients with chronic hepatitis, the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis is made on the basis of increased gamma-globulin levels and the presence of circulating autoantibodies. Because these test results are not abnormal universally in patients with autoimmune hepatitis, liver biopsy remains an important part of the evaluation. The classical histological finding in autoimmune hepatitis is lymphocytic infiltration of the portal triads and periportal zone (zone 1) with periportal hepatocyte necrosis. This case report describes 4 patients with glucocorticoid-responsive hepatitis, presumably autoimmune in nature, who had pericentral necrosis (zone 3) with relative sparing of the portal areas in their liver biopsy specimens, a previously undescribed histological finding in autoimmune hepatitis.
Extended Siegert theorem

The extension of Siegert's theorem for the retarded electric multipole field is constructed. Analogously, a form of the electric current is developed which is manifestly conserved. Isolation of those components of the Fourier transform of the current which are constrained by current conservation is shown to be unique. In the new form of the electric multipole fields, the current enters only in the combination $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})=\frac{1}{2}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{J}}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{x}})$.
Action of warfarin injected into rats on protein synthesis in vitro by liver microsomes as related to its anticoagulating action.

Abstract Warfarin injected into rats inhibits protein synthesis in vitro by liver microsomes. The synthesis of all liver proteins, not only the prothrombin complex, is inhibited. This inhibition was found in 10 of 13 groups of animals and was not influenced by the origin of the cell sap, nor was it correlated with the degree of depression of prothrombin levels found in the plasma and in the microsomes. Vitamin K injected into rats after warfarin almost completely restored the level of the prothrombin complex in plasma and in microsomes; however, the inhibition of protein synthesis by liver microsomes was relieved only to a slight degree. The mechanism of the inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro in liver microsomes by warfarin injected into rats and the effect of vitamin K are discussed.
Moving From Separate, to Equal, to Equitable Schooling: Revisiting School Desegregation Policies

For over a century after the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, researchers have been grappling with how to effectively implement educational reform policies to provide students with an equal education in American schools. This literature review examines previous school desegregation cases and school desegregation plans to investigate how schools have been unsuccessful in fully implementing desegregation plans. The paper discusses the role that social and political factors played in prohibiting schools from fully desegregating in the South. It ends with some suggestions on moving from equal to equitable schooling inside and outside of the Southern region of the United States.
Optical backscattering from near-spherical water, ice, and mixed phase drops.

An experimental assessment of the scattering behavior of freely falling artificial raindrops and mechanically suspended drops in the ice and mixed phase has been undertaken with a device which simultaneously measures the parallel and cross polarized components of backscattered linearly polarized laser light (6328 A). Among the findings are that linear depolarization ratios (δ) are generally 1.0) and in the relatively great amounts of parallel polarized energy returned from raindrops >~4 mm. Backscattered signal variations produced during drop melting reveal that δ values tend to remain near the initial ice value until most of the ice has changed phase. The details of the variations aid in the determination of the dominant scattering mechanisms responsible for the backscatter from large, near-spherical particles. The results are shown to have some bearing on measurements of atmospheric hydrometeors obtained by lidar.
Solving quadratically constrained quadratic programs on acyclic graphs with application to optimal power flow

This paper presents a class of non-convex quadratically constrained quadratic programs that can be solved in polynomial time when their underlying graph is acyclic, provided the constraints satisfy a technical condition. We demonstrate its use on optimal power flow problems over radial networks.
Counseling: Implementing our knowledge in a hurried and complex world

Reports in this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine address clinic-based counseling interventions directed toward encouraging more healthy behaviors. This is important information because both morbidity and mortality rates could decline markedly if Americans could be persuaded to adopt just three specific behaviors—good nutrition habits, abstinence from tobacco use, and adequate physical activity.1 Even though physicians acknowledge this fact, incorporating counseling into medical practice remains a challenge. Involved in health care both as clinicians and as the developers of health promotion programs, we, the authors, would like to draw attention to six factors that we believe will have a critical impact on our collective ability to implement counseling interventions in a hurried and complex world. Based on selected examples pertaining to these factors, we urge investigators who are planning new interventions and new trials to think team, think multichannel, think multisetting, think new technology, and make use of managed care organizational structures to implement counseling technologies. Finally, and perhaps most critically, we urge them to continue the efforts that are necessary to place and keep disease prevention and health promotion on the health care agenda.
High yield purification of active transcription factor IIIA expressed in E.coli

Transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA), a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein from Xenopus laevis, is a zinc finger protein required for transcription of 5S rRNA genes by RNA polymerase III. We describe the purification and characterization of recombinant TFIIIA (recTFIIIA) expressed in E. coli. RecTFIIIA was purified to greater than 95% homogeneity at a yield of 2-3 milligrams per liter of bacterial culture. This purified protein protects the internal control region of a 5S rRNA gene from DNase I digestion, yielding footprints on both strands identical to those produced by the ovarian protein (ovaTFIIIA). Quantitative analysis of binding data from gel retardation assays yielded a KD of about 0.4 nM for TFIIIA from either source. Using a quantitative TFIIIA-dependent in vitro transcription assay, we found that recTFIIIA is equivalent to ovaTFIIIA in supporting transcription of 5S rRNA genes. We conclude that recTFIIIA is functionally indistinguishable from the protein purified from Xenopus ovaries, and can be readily obtained in pure form and large quantity.
Prospective study of the incidence and predictors of thrombus in children undergoing palliative surgery for single ventricle physiology.

Purpose To determine the incidence and clinical and biomarker predictors of perioperative thrombosis in children with single ventricle physiology undergoing staged palliation.
Durational variability of schwa in early and late Spanish-English bilinguals

Aims:The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether bilinguals categorically displayed shorter or longer schwa durations between fixed word pairs where one word contains a deletable syllable and...
Action levels in medical treatment of radiation and radioactivity exposure.

Abstract Medical treatment of the worker accidentally overexposed to radiation is not an appropriate area for action levels. Special medical problems for which action levels might be considered include the handling of the pregnant employee who works in a radiation area, the handling of cases of skin and wound contamination, work restrictions on individuals with internal contamination, and the need for a slit lamp biomicroscopy to detect lens opacities. The medical justifications for action levels are briefly reviewed, and the general practices of medical departments in 17 AEC contractor installations are reported. In general, AEC contractor physicians resisted the idea of using a prescribed exposure level to determine a medical decision. The one area where an action level could be tied to a specific exposure level was the application of restrictions for individuals receiving internal contamination. However, this difficult problem was being handled in many different ways in the installations surveyed.
Generalized Wolter type I design for the solar x-ray imager (SXI)

The off-axis aberrations of the classical Wolter Type 1 X- ray telescope consisting of a confocal paraboloid and hyperboloid severely limit the useful angular field that can be imaged onto a flat detector. A family of alternative designs based on two hyperboloids has been developed that improves the wide-field imaging performance by aberration balancing. A particular member of this family, designated as H-T number 17, has been selected for use in the SXI instrument. The development of the SXI optical prescription and its defining parameters are first presented, then detailed otpical performance predictions are compared to those of the SXI baseline design.
Characterization of the Redox Transition of the XRCC1 N-terminal Domain

Summary XRCC1, a scaffold protein involved in DNA repair, contains an N-terminal domain (X1NTD) that interacts specifically with DNA polymerase β. It was recently discovered that X1NTD contains a disulfide switch that allows it to adopt either of two metamorphic structures. In the present study, we demonstrate that formation of an N-terminal proline carbimate adduct resulting from the nonenzymatic reaction of Pro2 with CO 2 is essential for stabilizing the oxidized structure, X1NTDox. The kinetic response of X1NTDred to H 2 O 2 , monitored by NMR, was determined to be very slow, consistent with involvement of the buried, kinetically trapped Cys12 residue, but was significantly accelerated by addition of protein disulfide isomerase or by Cu 2+ . NMR analysis of a sample containing the pol β polymerase domain, and both the reduced and oxidized forms of X1NTD, indicates that the oxidized form binds to the enzyme 25-fold more tightly than the reduced form.
A Security Framework for the Agent-Based Environment for Linking Simulations (ABELS)

The Agent-Based Environment for Linking Simulations (ABELS) framework is designed to allow independent and physically distributed simulations and other data resources to form a “data cloud” for the exchange of information. In particular, it uses a distributed brokering system to facilitate dynamic linkings between independently designed, autonomous participants, without requiring the use of stringent standards to which participants must conform. This article discusses the various security threats that can arise in the ABELS architecture and presents the current design and implementation of a security framework for the system.
Kinetic mechanism and divalent metal activation of human erythrocyte pyridoxal phosphatase

Human erythrocyte pyridoxal phosphatase has an essential requirement for divalent cations. Its activation by Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+, or Mn2+ followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Other divalent cations inhibited the enzyme. The kinetic properties of the enzyme were investigated with pyridoxal phosphate and Mg2+ alone and in the presence of the product, Pi, or dead-end inhibitors at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. The enzyme bound both the substrate and Mg2+ before products were released. Pi gave competitive inhibition vs substrate and noncompetitive inhibition vs Mg2+. Molybdate also was a competitive inhibitor vs substrate and noncompetitive inhibitor vs Mg2+. Ca2+ gave competitive inhibition vs Mg2+ and noncompetitive inhibition vs substrate. The effects of Mg2+ and substrate on the inactivation of pyridoxal phosphatase by a variety of group-specific reagents were studied. The inactivation of the enzyme by iodoacetate was potentiated by MgCl2. The Kd of the enzyme-Mg complex determined in the inactivation analysis was similar to the Km of the free enzyme for Mg2+, indicating that Mg2+ binds to the free enzyme. Low concentrations of a substrate, pyridoxine phosphate, or Pi protected pyridoxal phosphatase from inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide in the absence or presence of Mg2+. Thus, the substrate binds to the free enzyme and the enzyme-Mg complex. The steady-state kinetics and the kinetics of inactivation are consistent with random binding of pyridoxal phosphate and Mg2+ and with the formation of a dead-end complex of Pi with the enzyme-Mg complex.