cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative Scrub Nurse Handoffs Are Associated With Increased Operative Times for Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients.

Background Surgeons typically remain scrubbed in for the duration of a surgical case, while scrub nurses are shift-workers who handoff mid-operation. These handoffs can intuitively create inefficiencies, but currently, no orthopedic research has studied the impact of these handoffs. This study analyzed the effect of intraoperative scrub nurse handoffs on operative times for total joint arthroplasties (TJAs). Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for primary total hip (THA) and total knee arthroplasties (TKA) performed between May 2014 and May 2018. Operative times, number of scrub nurse handoffs, surgeon, and patient information were collected. A multivariable linear regression was performed to assess the association between patient and surgeon characteristics, intraoperative handoffs, and operative times. Results A total of 1109 TKA and 1032 THA patients were identified. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated that for TKAs, 1 handoff was associated with a 3.89-minute longer operative time (P value = .02), and 2+ handoffs were associated with a 15.99-minute longer case (P value < .001). For THA patients, 1 handoff was associated with a 6.20-minute longer operative time (P value < .001), and 2+ handoffs were associated with an 18.52-minute longer case (P value < .001). Conclusions Although causation cannot be established, when controlling for multiple confounders, intraoperative scrub nurse handoffs were associated with statistically significant increases in operative times for TJAs. Optimizing scrub nurse staffing models to decrease intraoperative handoffs could thus have practical ramifications on TJA patients.
Different Types of Mapping Sentences

There are two main types of mapping sentences used in research, traditional and declarative. In this chapter, we will define each of these instruments and distinguish between the two types. The traditional mapping sentence was the first tool employed in facet theory. It is used within quantitative research, involving numerical responses from research participants; whereas the declarative mapping sentence is used in qualitative studies (Hackett, 2018). We will describe when to use each specific type of mapping sentence, and why it is important to use the appropriate approach, as a qualitative study requires a completely different research design and process than a quantitative study.
Concomitant evaluation of PMA+ionomycin-induced kinase phosphorylation and cytokine production in T cell subsets by flow cytometry

Methods to detect intracellular kinase signaling intermediates by flow cytometry have been recently developed. Termed “phospho-flow,” these methods employ fluorescence-conjugated monoclonal antibodies that recognize phosphorylated epitopes of intracellular kinases, and may be combined with surface phenotypic markers to observe changes in kinase pathways by cellular subset. Effector functions, like cytokine production, are processes intrinsically linked to intracellular signaling and kinase activity within each cell. Methodologies that would simultaneously detect changes to signaling pathways as well as effector responses at the single-cell level would allow for mapping of the functional consequences induced by signaling pathway modifications. However, there are challenges to developing such a combined protocol, relating to the different kinetics of rapid signaling events and the more prolonged time required to induce and observe cytokine responses. In this report, we describe the development of an assay that accommodates differences in protocol conditions and response kinetics, merging phospho-flow cytometry, and intracellular cytokine staining methods into a single experimental protocol. We examined intracellular ERK1/2 phosphorylation and IFN-γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon polyclonal stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, while monitoring expression of the cytolytic molecule perforin and the T cell activation marker CD38. We present a method that allows observation of kinase phosphorylation and cytokine production within the same cell after stimuli, while maintaining a stable cellular phenotype. Monitoring of signaling and effector functions in distinct immune subsets provides a platform to investigate and relate intracellular kinase signaling activity to immune cell effector function and phenotype in disease states. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Investigative Tools: Theory, Modeling, and Simulation

A critical issue for nanotechnology is that the components, structures, and systems are in a size regime about whose fundamental behavior we have little understanding. The particles are too small for direct measurements, too large to be described by current rigorous first principle theoretical and computational methods, exhibit too many fluctuations to be treated monolithically in time and space, and are too few to be described by a statistical ensemble. Fundamental understanding and highly accurate predictive methods are critical to successful manufacturing of nanostructured materials, devices, and systems.
Improved non-local electron thermal transport model for two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations

An implicit, non-local thermal conduction algorithm based on the algorithm developed by Schurtz, Nicolai, and Busquet (SNB) [Schurtz et al., Phys. Plasmas 7, 4238 (2000)] for non-local electron transport is presented and has been implemented in the radiation-hydrodynamics code DRACO. To study the model's effect on DRACO's predictive capability, simulations of shot 60 303 from OMEGA are completed using the iSNB model, and the computed shock speed vs. time is compared to experiment. Temperature outputs from the iSNB model are compared with the non-local transport model of Goncharov et al. [Phys. Plasmas 13, 012702 (2006)]. Effects on adiabat are also examined in a polar drive surrogate simulation. Results show that the iSNB model is not only capable of flux-limitation but also preheat prediction while remaining numerically robust and sacrificing little computational speed. Additionally, the results provide strong incentive to further modify key parameters within the SNB theory, namely, the newly introduced non-local mean free path. This research was supported by the Laboratory for Laser Energetics of the University of Rochester.
On Not Revising The ALA Code of Ethics: an Alternate Proposal

The American Library Association (ALA) is undertaking a revision of its code of ethics. The author propo ses and discusses three reasons not to revise the code. The reasons are that there is already a set of interlocking policies on ethics and related issues; that ALA leadership has taken the most conservative possible approach to ethics policy - and especially the connection between librarians' professional responsibilities and rights; and that when policies are amended, they are not always improved, and those on the books are often ignored. The author considers and discusses likely objections to his proposal
Emergence of Modularity in Biology

I will discuss the emergence of modularity in examples from the natural world. Dynamical systems typically evolve in a changing environment, and I will show that the level of modularity correlates with the rapidity and severity of environmental change. Emergence of modularity is driven by noise in the environment and is facilitated by horizontal gene transfer. This mechanism is evident in a number of systems, from viruses and bacteria to development and physiology. Bacterial metabolic networks show increasing modularity as the physical environment or horizontal gene transfer rate increases, and experimental protein interaction data shows that protein networks have become increasingly modular over the last four billion years. More recently, modularity provides early warnings in the evolution of influenza flu strains and in heart rate anomalies in physiology. I will describe a principle of least action that governs the emergence of modularity in certain limits. 1) Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 228107 2) Phys. Rev. E 79 (2009) 031907 3) Physics of Life Reviews, invited review, 8 (2011) 129-160 4) Annual Reviews of Condensed Matter Physics 4 (2013) 287-311
Research Spotlight: Flood fatalities in Africa linked to settlement patterns

[1] Flood-related fatalities in Africa have increased greatly over the past several decades. Has the intensity of flooding increased, perhaps owing to global climate changes? Or have human activity, population growth, and development patterns led to increased human vulnerability? To find out, Di Baldassarre et al. analyzed large data sets of floods in Africa. They considered trends in flooding as well as population dynamics and land use changes. (Geophysical Research Letters, doi:10.1029/2010GL045467, 2010)
Total Expected Discounted Reward MDPs: Value Iteration Algorithm

In this article, we discuss the total expected discounted reward Markov decision problem and its popular algorithmic solution, the value iteration algorithm. We formally state the problem, characterize the optimal policy, and describe the algorithm in its simplest form. We conclude with a discussion on the problem assumptions, the more advanced versions of the algorithm, and highlight the relevant literature. Keywords: markov decision processes; total expected discounted reward; value iteration algorithm
Reachability Analysis for Stochastic Hybrid Systems Using Multilevel Splitting

Biomedical research is increasingly using formal modeling and analysis methods to improve the understanding of complex systems. Verification methods for Stochastic Hybrid Systems (SHSs) are burdened with the curse of dimensionality; however, probabilistic analysis methods such as Monte Carlo (MC) methods can be used to analyze larger systems. MC methods are useful for estimating probabilities of event occurrences in SHS, but large and complex systems may require prohibitively large computation time to generate sufficient accuracy. In this work we present the multilevel splitting (MLS) variance reduction technique that has the potential to reduce the variance of MC methods by an order of magnitude significantly improving both their efficiency and accuracy [1].
High-dielectric-tunability of ferroelectric (Pb,Sr)TiO3 thin films on (001) LaAlO3

Ferroelectric (Pb,Sr)TiO3 (PSTO) thin films were epitaxially grown on (001) LaAlO3 (LAO) by using pulsed laser deposition. Microstructural characterizations with x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy indicate that the as-grown films have excellent single crystalline quality and a (001)PSTO∕∕(001)LAO and [100] PSTO∕∕ [100] LAO interface relationship. Dielectric property measurements reveal that the as-grow films have a very high dielectric constant value of 3100 and very large dielectric tunability of 48% at 40V∕cm at room temperature. These excellent results suggest that the highly epitaxial ferroelectric (Pb,Sr)TiO3 thin films can be developed for room-temperature tunable microwave elements in wireless communication applications.
Direct tests of micro channel plates as the active element of a new shower maximum detector

We continue the study of micro channel plates (MCP) as the active element of a shower maximum (SM) detector. We present below test beam results obtained with MCPs detecting directly secondary particles of an electromagnetic shower. The MCP efficiency to shower particles is close to 100%. The time resolution obtained for this new type of the SM detector is at the level of 40 ps.
Fecal DNA testing for colorectal cancer screening: Molecular targets and perspectives

The early detection of colorectal cancer with effective screening is essential for reduction of cancer-specific mortality. The addition of fecal DNA testing in the armamentarium of screening methods already in clinical use launches a new era in the noninvasive part of colorectal cancer screening and emanates from a large number of previous and ongoing clinical investigations and technological advancements. In this review, we discuss the molecular rational and most important genetic alterations hallmarking the early colorectal carcinogenesis process. Also, representative DNA targets-markers and key aspects of their testing at the clinical level in comparison or/and association with other screening methods are described. Finally, a critical view of the strengths and limitations of fecal DNA tests is provided, along with anticipated barriers and suggestions for further exploitation of their use.
Nanoparticle-Induced Superior Hot Tearing Resistance of A206 Alloy

Al-Cu alloys (such as A206) offer high strength and high fracture toughness at both room and elevated temperatures. However, their widespread applications are limited because of their high susceptibility to hot tearing. This article presents a nanotechnology approach to enhance hot-tearing resistance for A206. Specifically, γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles were used, and their effects on the hot-tearing resistance of the as-cast Al-4.5Cu alloy (A206) were investigated. While it is well known that grain refinement can improve the hot-tearing resistance of cast Al alloys, the current study demonstrated that nanoparticles can be much more effective in the case of A206. The hot-tearing susceptibilities (HTSs) of A206 alloy and its Al2O3 nanocomposite were evaluated by constrained rod casting (CRC) with a steel mold. Monolithic A206 and M206 (the Ti-free version of A206) alloys with the B contents of 20, 40, and 300 ppm from an Al-5Ti-1B master alloy addition were also cast under the same conditions for comparison. The results showed that with an addition of 1 wt pct γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles, the extent of hot tearing in A206 alloys was markedly reduced to nearly that of A356, an Al-Si alloy highly resistant to hot tearing. As compared with grain-refined A206 or M206, the hot-tearing resistance of the nanocomposites was significantly better, even though the grain size was not reduced as much. Microstructural analysis suggested that γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles modified the solidification microstructure of the eutectic of θ-Al2Cu and α-Al, as well as refined primary grains, resulting in the enhancement of the hot-tearing resistance of A206 to a level similar to that of A356 alloy.
Subcutaneous Emphysema, Pneumomediastinum, and Pulmonary Emphysema in a Young Schipperke

A 4-month-old, intact female schipperke was presented for evaluation and treatment of subcutaneous (SC) emphysema. Radiographs revealed pneumomediastinum and SC emphysema. Sequential radiographs confirmed a worsening of the SC emphysema. Extensive, nonsurgical evaluation failed to reveal the source of the air within the mediastinum. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed an emphysematous right middle lung lobe. Lobectomy of the right middle lung lobe resolved both the pneumomediastinum and SC emphysema. Histopathological evaluation confirmed pulmonary emphysema. A variation of congenital pulmonary emphysema was considered in this case.
Dot gain compensation in the blue noise mask

Frequency modulated (FM) halftoning or 'stochastic screening,' has attracted a great deal of attention in the printing industry in recent years. It has several advantages over conventional halftoning. But one serious problem that arises in FM halftoning is dot gain. One approach to stochastic screening uses a specially constructed halftone screen, the blue noise mask (BNM), to produce an unstructured and visually appealing pattern of halftone dots at any gray level. In this paper, we will present methods to correct dot gain with the BNM. Dot gain is related to the area-to-perimeter ration of printed spots. We can exploit this feature in different ways. At a medium level, a B>NM pattern will have 'connected' as well as 'isolated' dots. Normally, as we build down BNM patterns to lower levels, a specific number of white dots will be replace by black dots. Since connected white dots are more likely to be picked than isolated white dots, this will results in substantial dot gain because of the increasing number of isolated white dots. We show that it is possible to constrain the process of constructing a BNM such that isolated dots are preferentially removes, thus significantly reducing dot gain in a BNM.
Model of the electron spin in stochastic physics

The electron is conceived here as a complex structure composed of a subparticle that is bound to a nearly circular motion. Although in quantum mechanics the spin is not representable, in classical stochastic physics this corresponds to the angular momentum of the subparticle. In fact, assuming Schrodinger-type hydrodynamic equations of motion for the subparticle, the spin-1/2 representation in configuration space and the corresponding Pauli matrices for the electron are obtained. The Hamiltonian of Pauli's theory as the nonrelativistic limit of Dirac's equation is also derived.
Three-in-one parenteral nutrition: a safe and economical method of nutritional support for infants.

The medical records of 20 infants under 1 year of age who received parenteral nutrition (PN) for a minimum of 1 week were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups based on the method of PN administration. One group received PN by the traditional two-plus-one method where lipid emulsion is given separately from the dextrose-amino acid mixture. The second group received PN by the three-in-one method where lipid emulsion is admixed with the dextrose and amino acids. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the amount of calories, lipid, dextrose, protein, calcium, and phosphorus received per kg of body weight. Average daily weight gain was not statistically different, and no obvious trends were noted in serum biochemical parameters between the two groups. Average total PN days for the groups (13 ± 7 days for the two-plus-one group vs 39 ± 35 days for the three-in-one group) were significantly different (p < 0.05). A cost comparison of the two methods of PN administ...
Streptomycin-resistant mutant production in a continuous-flow UV mutation device.

A continuous-flow UV-induced mutation device which incorporates starting strain cultivation, UV irradiation and mutant reproduction was conceptualized and tested in this study using streptomycin resistance as an indicator of mutant production. For the experimental conditions employed and populations used, the mutation frequency for streptomycin resistance ranged from 10−4 to 10−5 cfu/ml. These mutation frequencies are comparable with conventional batch UV mutation methods and represent a gain of 3 orders of magnitude over the spontaneous mutation frequency.
Experimental efficiency of programmed mutagenesis

Mismatched DNA annealing followed by strand replication can cause the programmed evolution of DNA sequences. We have reported that this process is theoretically equivalent in computational power to a desktop computer by demonstrating a constructive way to encode arbitrary computations as DNA molecules within the framework of programmed mutagenesis, a system that consists solely of cycles of DNA annealing, polymerization, and ligation.) Thus, programmed mutagenesis is theoretically universal and we report here the experimental efficiency of its primitive operations. The measured efficiency of an in vitro programmed mutagenesis system suggests that segregating the products of DNA replication into separate compartments would be an efficient way to implement molecular computation. For computer science, using single DNA molecules to represent the state of a computation holds the promise of a new paradigm of composable molecular computing. For biology, the demonstration that DNA sequences could guide their own evolution under computational rules may have implications as we begin to unravel the mysteries of genome encoding and natural evolution.
Numerical analysis of heterostructure semiconductor devices

A numerical method for analyzing heterostructure semiconductor devices is described. The macroscopic semiconductor equations for materials with position-dependent dielectric constant, bandgap, and densities-of-states are first cast into a form identical to that commonly used to model heavily doped semiconductors. Fermi-Dirac statistics are also included within this simple, Boltzmann-like formulation. Because of the similarity in formulation to that employed for heavily doped semiconductors, well-developed numerical techniques can be directly applied to heterostructure simulation. A simple one-dimensional, finite difference solution is presented. The accuracy of the numerical method is assessed by comparing numerical results with special-case, analytical solutions. Finally, we apply numerical simulation to two heterostructure devices: the heterostructure bipolar transistor (HBT) and the modulation doped field-effect transistor. The influence of a conduction band spike on the current-voltage characteristics of the HBT emitter-base junction is studied, and the variation with gate bias of the two-dimensional electron gas in a field-effect device is also investigated.
Density‐dependent growth and sexual maturity of silver hake in the north‐west Atlantic

Stock abundance was the most important predictor of sexual maturation of age 2 and 3 silver hake in the north-west Atlantic between 1973–1990. Growth at ages 1 and 2 in the southern stock was significantly and negatively correlated with stock abundance (r2>0.56, P 0.05). Here, increased sexual maturity at ages 2 and 3 during 1973–1990 may have occurred without increased somatic growth, already near its maximum, due to the relatively cooler water temperatures of the Gulf of Maine. Logistic regression models indicated that maturation is dependent on age, stock density and an age-density interaction.
Microscopic method of measuring increases in cortical bone volume and mass

A new method is presented by which an increase in cortical bone mass over time can be determined from morphometric analysis of sections of undemineralized bone under the optical microscope. The method depends on the long-duration, continuous labeling of new bone by tetracycline during the experimental period. In addition, a comparison of the rates of new bone formation in the control and experimental periods can be made by administering a different fluorescent molecule during the control period. All bone deposited during the control period is thus labeled with a different color. By knowing the differences in rates of formation between control and experimental periods, additional insight is gained into the mechanism by which the increase in bone mass is produced.
S-100 protein synthesis in cultured glioma cell is G1-phase of cell cycle dependent

The kinetics of S-100 protein synthesis was studied in synchronized cultured glioma (C6) cells. The peak of the synthesis was detected at G1-phase of the cell cycle and apparently was not population density-dependent, since sparsely cultured G1-phase cells synthesized the same proportion of the protein per cell as that of confluent cultures, whereas the total cellular protein synthesis was found steadily increasing throughout the intermitotic phases.
Assumptions of Value-Added Models for Estimating School Effects

Abstract The ability of school (or teacher) value-added models to provide unbiased estimates of school (or teacher) effects rests on a set of assumptions. In this article, we identify six assumptions that are required so that the estimands of such models are well defined and the models are able to recover the desired parameters from observable data. These assumptions are (1) manipulability, (2) no interference between units, (3) interval scale metric, (4) homogeneity of effects, (5) strongly ignorable assignment, and (6) functional form. We discuss the plausibility of these assumptions and the consequences of their violation. In particular, because the consequences of violations of the last three assumptions have not been assessed in prior literature, we conduct a set of simulation analyses to investigate the extent to which plausible violations of them alter inferences from value-added models. We find that modest violations of these assumptions degrade the quality of value-added estimates but that models...
The Augustine magmatic system as revealed by seismic tomography and relocated earthquake hypocenters from 1994 through 2009

[1] We incorporate 14 years of earthquake data from the Alaska Volcano Observatory with data from a 1975 controlled-source seismic experiment to obtain the three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure and the first high-precision earthquake locations at Augustine Volcano to be calculated in a fully three-dimensional velocity model. Velocity tomography shows two main features beneath Augustine: a narrow, high-velocity column beneath the summit, extending from ∼2 km depth to the surface, and elevated velocities on the south flank. Our relocation results allow a thorough analysis of the spatio-temoral patterns of seismicity and the relationship to the magmatic and eruptive activity. Background seismicity is centered beneath the summit at an average depth of 0.6 km above sea level. In the weeks leading to the January 2006 eruption of Augustine, seismicity focused on a NW-SE line along the trend of an inflating dike. A series of drumbeat earthquakes occurred in the early weeks of the eruption, indicating further magma transport through the same dike system. During the six months following the onset of the eruption, the otherwise quiescent region 1 to 5 km below sea level centered beneath the summit became seismically active with two groups of earthquakes, differentiated by frequency content. The deep longer-period earthquakes occurred during the eruption and are interpreted as resulting from the movement of magma toward the summit, and the post-eruptive shorter-period earthquakes may be due to the relaxation of an emptied magma tube. The seismicity subsequently returned to its normal background rates and patterns.
Controlling reverse-flow reactors via multiscale transient thermal dispersion

Abstract Since the chemical reactor is the heart of any chemical processing plant, there exist significant opportunities to increase industrial profits and minimize ecological impacts. One such opportunity is improving thermal stability in packed bed reverse-flow reactors. A fundamental study of the effect of multiscale, transient, thermal dispersion within packed bed reactors is undertaken here to evaluate its utility to improve thermal stability and satisfy economic and environmental goals. A new reactor configuration is investigated, where a regular pattern of cylindrical rods is inserted into the packed bed using a multiscale approach. These rods can increase the effective thermal dispersivity in the bed over thermal conduction by up to 2-orders of magnitude. It is found that the magnitude of the dispersion can be tuned by adjusting the key operating parameter, the reversal time, such that the reactor can stay ignited without the need for external fuel supply during extended lean conditions while remaining thermally stable during extended rich conditions. The ensuing multiscale thermal dispersion, in concert with a simple control strategy, allows for indefinite reactor operation without runaway or extinction, as predicted by simple, generalized analytical models for any chemical reaction and illustrated with numerical simulations. Some added benefits of this study are that the tight controllability of these reactors may allow for increased reaction selectivity, energy efficiency, and reduced pollution levels.
Dynamic Isotope Surface Power Systems

The Dynamic Isotope Power Systems (DIPS) demonstration program, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) with support funding from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), is currently focused on the development of a standardized 2.5 kWe portable generator for multiple applications on the lunar or Martian surface. A variety of potential remote and mobile applications has been identified by NASA including surface rovers for both short and extended duration missions, remote power to science packages, and backup to central base power. Recent work focused on refining the 2.5 kWe design including assessing compatibility with the Martian environment to assure the design is suitable while imposing only a minor mass penalty on lunar operations. Additional work included a study performed to compare the DIPS with regenerative fuel cell systems for lunar mobile and remote power systems. Power requirements were reviewed and a modular system chosen for the comparison. Finally, a plan and cycle schematic were generated for an early demonstration of a prototypic isotope power Brayton system using the Antarctic as the test bed.
Reduction of selenocystine by cysteine or glutathione.

Abstract Cysteine and glutathione reduce selenocystine to selenocysteine, with reaction equilibriums attained rapidly. The extent of reduction is reported as a function of the concentrations of the sulfhydryl compounds, and equilibrium constants are given. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of their possible significance to the function of selenium in biological systems.
Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Disk

Low back pain is common, but a herniated intervertebral disk is the cause in only a small percentage of cases. Most symptomatic disk herniations result in clinical manifestations (pain, reflex loss, muscle weakness) that resolve with conservative therapy, and only 5% to 10% of patients require surgery. Sciatica is usually the first clue to disk herniation, but sciatica may be mimicked by other disorders that cause radiating pain. Because more than 95% of lumbar disk herniations occur at the L4-5 or L5-S1 levels, the physical examination should focus on abnormalities of the L5 and S1 nerve roots. Plain radiography is not useful in diagnosing disk herniation, but more sophisticated imaging (myelography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging) should generally be delayed until a patient is clearly a surgical candidate. Conservative therapy includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, brief bed rest (often for less than 1 week), early progressive ambulation, and reassurance about a favorable prognosis. Muscle relaxants and narcotic analgesics have a limited role, and their use should be strictly time-limited. Conventional traction and corsets are probably ineffective. Except for patients with the cauda equina syndrome, surgery is generally appropriate only when there is a combination of definite disk herniation shown by imaging, a corresponding syndrome of sciatic pain, a corresponding neurologic deficit, and a failure to respond to 6 weeks of conservative therapy.
Singlet pairs, covalent bonds, superexchange, and superconductivity

Abstract The possibility of superconductivity arising from interactions involving nearest neighbor singlet pairs is discussed. It is shown that the strong coupling effective Hamiltonian for the Hubbard model only admits extended s-wave solutions, and it is argued that those are suppressed by the Hubbard U. Neglecting hopping terms in the effective Hamiltonian involving three sites while keeping nearest neighbor superexchange and/or density interactions introduces spurious d- and p-wave solutions. A related but more fundamental interaction describing covalent bonds between polarizable ions can give rise to extended s-wave superconductivity, and the relationship with the resonating valence bond picture is discussed.
Ionic-type reactivity of 1,3-dibora-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutane-1,3-diyls: regio- and stereoselective addition of hydracids.

Hydrogen chloride and trifluoromethane sulfonic acid readily add to the symmetrically substituted 1,3-dibora-2,4-diphosphoniocyclobutane-1,3-diyl (1) and unsymmetrically substituted 1,3-dibora-2,4-...
Identification of spectroscopic patterns of CH...O H-bonds in proteins.

Ab initio calculations are used to identify characteristics of vibrational and NMR spectra that signal the involvement of a protein backbone in a CH···O H-bond and that distinguish this sort of int...
Product market competition and the cost of bank loans: Evidence from state antitakeover laws

Abstract The extant literature documents a positive relationship between a firm’s takeover vulnerability and its agency cost of debt. Using state antitakeover laws as an exogenous measure of variation in takeover vulnerability, I investigate whether product market competition has a disciplinary effect that can lower a firm’s cost of bank loans. After taking into account the industry composition of borrowers, I find that banks charge higher spreads to borrowers that are vulnerable to takeovers, but only in concentrated industries. In the absence of disciplinary competitive pressure, the effect of takeover vulnerability on the cost of bank loans is mitigated for larger firms, firms followed by analysts, firms with existing credit ratings, non-family firms, and for borrowers with shorter maturity loans or loans with covenants and collateral in place. Taken together, the results suggest that the effect of governance on the cost of financing is not homogenous across all industries, and that concentrated industry firms may need to use supplementary governance mechanisms to mitigate debt holder agency problems.
Local state space construction for compositional verification of concurrent systems

Local state space construction is crucial for efficient compositional verification of local and global properties of concurrent systems. This paper presents such an approach where local state transition models are built by iteratively searching the joint state space of communicating processes. The resulting local models contain less unreachable states, which would reduce false counter-examples for verifying local safety properties. Alternatively, more precise transition dependence relations can be extracted from these local models for more effective partial order reduction when the global state space is searched. The prototype of this approach has been implemented in an explicit model checker, and experimented on several concurrent examples. The initial results are encouraging.
Renewing Participatory Management: An Action- Research Program for Secondary Schools

School management, a behavior system that involves everyone, needs periodic renewal. The project described here shows how this was done with highly positive results in one school system of more than 40 schools. The authors offer reprints of the forms used in the project to interested readers.
Analysis of torsional spectra of molecules with two internal C3v rotors. II - Far infrared and low frequency Raman spectra of dimethylether isotopes

The torsional far infrared and Raman spectra of gaseous CH3OCH3, CD3OCH3, and CD3OCD3 are presented. They are analyzed using a computer program which is based on the results of an extensive investigation of the isometric groups and of the symmetry groups of the rotation–internal rotation Hamiltonians of a series of semirigid two‐top models. Four or more Fourier coefficients of the potential functions in two variables could be determined for each isotope. Strong evidence was found for Fermi‐resonance‐type interactions with the COC bending mode.
Adaptive leadership theory: Leading and following as a complex adaptive process

Abstract In this article, I develop a theory explaining how recurring patterns of leading–following interactions produce emergent leader–follower identities, relationships and social structures that enable groups to develop and adapt in dynamic contexts. In describing this emergent leading–following process, I attempt to shift the theoretical focus away from people as leaders or followers, and instead foreground the evolutionary value of a dynamic and fluid leading–following process. By emphasizing an interactive and contextually embedded process of leading and following in groups, this theory provides a theoretical basis for challenging the individualistic, hierarchical, one-directional and de-contextualized notions of leadership that permeate the existing literature.
Isotopic spin selection rules IX: The 9.58 MeV state of 16O

Abstract The reaction 12C(α, γ)16O through the 1–state of 16O at 9.58 MeV is detected and the radiative width measured as 6 MeV. This corresponds to ∥M∥2 = 1 × 10×5 in Weisskopf units or to a contamination of the predominantly T = 0 state with T = 1 or the ground state with T = 1 of α0 2(1)×3∼10×4. Alternatively if the transition is ascribed to a mixing-in by the Coulomb perturbation of the T = 1 state at 13.09 MeV we find HC∼0.035 MeV.
Aspects of modem radar, edited by Eli Brookner

This book is a collection of nine chapters, written by different experts, describing many interesting topics of modern radar. When I was asked to review the book, I accepted the task with pleasure Having ersonally known the authors of the first two chapters for many years, and being aware of their strong and fruitful activity in the radar field, I expected to read a very good piece of work. Now that I have completed reading the whole book, I am even more convinced that a very ood service has been done for the radar community. A e Authors of the other seven chapters, and the readers of this review, will excuse me if I show some partiality: I cannot hide my friendship with Bob Hill and Eli Brookner. Nevertheless, I promise to tell the whole story of this outstanding book.
Targeting of transmembrane and GPI-anchored forms of N-CAM to opposite domains of a polarized epithelial cell.

THE calcium-independent neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM is expressed transiently during development in many tissues, including epithelia1. The three naturally occurring principal isoforms2,3 of N-CAM differ in the way in which they associate with the membrane and in their cytoplasmic domains4. These isoforms are generated by developmentally regulated alternative splicing of a single gene4–6: the large cytoplasmic domain (Id) form (relative molecular mass 180,000 (Mr 180K)) is specific for post-mitotic neurons; the 120K small cytoplasmic domain (ssd) and 140K small surface domain (sd) forms also occur on other cell types7. One function of the different isoforms could be to specify cellular localization; for example, glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-membrane anchoring acts as a targeting signal for expression on the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells8,9. Neurons and epithelial cells may use similar mechanisms for polarizing their plasma membrane proteins10,11. We have therefore investigated the targeting of GPI-anchored (ssd N-CAM, 120K) and transmembrane forms of N-CAM (sd N-CAM, 140K; Id N-CAM, 180K) by comparing the expression of each after transfection of the appropriate complementary DNAs into polarized epithelial cells. We find that isoforms with alternative modes of membrane association are targeted to different surfaces of polarized epithelial cells: ssd N-CAM is expressed on the apical surface, whereas sd and Id N-CAM are expressed on the basolateral surface. These results suggest that the different isoforms of N-CAM determine their own diverse cellular destinations. They also support the hypothesis that the GPI anchor acts as an apical targeting signal in epithelia.
The state, potential distribution, and biological implications of methane in the Martian crust

The search for life on Mars has recently focused on its potential survival in deep (>2 km) subpermafrost aquifers where anaerobic bacteria, similar to those found in deep subsurface ecosystems on Earth, may have survived in an environment that has remained stable for billions of years. An anticipated by-product of this biological activity is methane. The detection of large deposits of methane gas and hydrate in the Martian cryosphere, or as emissions from deep fracture zones, would provide persuasive evidence of indigenous life and confirm the presence of a valuable in situ resource for use by future human explorers.
Effects of corticosterone treatment on male aggressive behavior in a lizard (Anolis sagrei)

Social dominance in several species of lizards appears related to adrenal gland activity. The purpose of this study was to test whether the adrenal hormone corticosterone (CS) would inhibit the aggressive behavior of males of the lizard Anolis sagrei. Reproductively active males were randomly assigned to either CS or placebo (P) treatment groups or to an untreated stimulus male group. Both CS and P were administered in pellet form. Corticosterone pellets were designed to release approximately 4.8 micrograms of CS/day. Initially (Day 1), treatment males were implanted subcutaneously with a single pellet of either CS or P. After 1 week (Day 8), behavior tests were staged between treatment males and untreated stimulus males. The behavior of treatment males in response to stimulus males was videotaped. Significantly fewer CS-treated males than P-treated males approached the stimulus males, erected a crest, or showed biting behavior. Corticosterone-treated males also displayed significantly less frequently than did P-treated males and gave fewer displays of a type associated with dominance. Mean combined testis weight at the end of the experiment was significantly less in CS-treated males than in P-treated males and spermatogenic activity in CS-treated males was reduced. Plasma testosterone in CS-treated males was nondetectable, whereas P-treated males had normal levels of this steroid. These results indicate that CS can inhibit male aggressive behavior and testicular function in a lizard and support the hypothesis that the behavior changes observed in subordinate animals following defeat in agonistic encounters may in part be due to increased plasma CS levels.
Preparation of fluorine-18 gas from an 11 MeV cyclotron: a target system for the CTI RDS 111 cyclotron

Abstract A fully operational 18 F -fluorine gas production system for the CTI model RDS 111 cyclotron turret target system is presented. The system design and merger with the existing CTI model RDS 112-style fluorine system and experiments toward the optimization of production parameters will be included.
Macroeconomic Management in Asian‐Pacific Developing Countries

This article surveys the literature on macro-economic policy in East Asian and Pacific developing countries. Both internal and external aspects of macroeconomic policy are covered, but greater emphasis is placed on the former. After reviewing regional work on macroeconomic policy objectives and on the conflicts, constraints and trade-offs faced by policy makers, an examination is made of research into target/instrument frameworks for the analsyis and design of policy. Then follow sections dealing with the specific instruments of monetary and fiscal policy. Finally, attention is drawn briefly to topics found in the literature but bypassed in this survey, and to gaps in the regional literature itself.
Public managers’ acquisition of scientific and technical information

A number of information channels are available to public managers, but there is considerable variance with regard to the flow of scientific and technical information along the various channels. The objective of this study, based on data derived from a questionnaire mailed to program managers at the Canadian Environmental Protection Service, is to examine aspects of information acquisition with a focus on scientific and technical information. More specifically, the study attempts to determine (1) the relationship of information channel preference to scientific and technical information acquisitiveness and (2) the relation of ‘externalist/internalist’ orientations to STI acquisitiveness. Analysis of correlations indicated that the proposition relating STI acquisitiveness to disposition for formal channels is supported. The results for ‘externalist/internalist’ indicate that those more closely tied to the scientific and technical communities’ activities and norms (i.e. those who attend scientific meetings, publish, have Ph.D.s in the sciences or engineering), are more active in acquiring STI, but it does not follow that the internalists (at least as measured by identification with the organization rather than the profession) are less active in acquiring STI.
Continuation of acoustic near-fields

This paper deals with the analytic continuation of a coherent pressure field specified on a finite sheet located close to and conformal to the surface of a vibrator. This analytic continuation is an extension or extrapolation of the given (measured) field into a region outside and tangential to the original finite sheet, and is based on the Green's function (the transfer function) relating acoustic quantities on the two conformal surfaces. The continuation of the measured pressure field is an inverse problem that requires the use or regularization theory, especially when noise is present in the data. An iteration algorithm is presented that is successful in continuing the pressure field into the tangential sheet. The results are accurate close to the original boundary and taper (decay) toward zero with distance away from it. The algorithm is tested on numerical and experimental data from a point-driven rectangular plate. Results show the successful extrapolation (continuation) of this data into an area nearly double that of the original pressure field. This algorithm is not limited to planar surfaces and can be applied to arbitrarily shaped surfaces.
TRANSVENOUS “SNARE ASSISTED” COIL OCCLUSION OF THE PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS: A NEW METHOD WITH INCREASED EFFICACY AND REDUCED MORBIDITY. 224

TRANSVENOUS “SNARE ASSISTED” COIL OCCLUSION OF THE PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS: A NEW METHOD WITH INCREASED EFFICACY AND REDUCED MORBIDITY. 224
High-Q rf passives on organic substrates using a low-cost low-temperature laminate process

This paper reports on a low-cost low-temperature (<EQ150 degree(s)C) laminate batch fabrication process for implementation of high-Q RF passive components (inductors and capacitors) in system-on-package (SOP) applications. Using this process, various designs of integrated inductors with Q-factors in the range of 50-180 for Bluetooth/IEEE 802.11b (2.4GHz0, GSM1800 (1.8GHz) and GSM900 (900MHz) communication standards have been implemented on an organic package substrate. For the first time, a maximum Q of 180 was measured for a 4.8nH inductor at 2.0 GHz on an organic substrate with a self-resonance frequency (SRF) of 5.5 GHz within an area of 9mm2. High-Q inductors and capacitors integrated on low-loss organic package substrates can find numerous RF and microwave SOP applications (such as VCO, IF/RF bandpass filters, LNA, etc., in which IC chips are flip-chip mounted on the package substrate. Integration of passives in organic substrates eliminates the excess cost of assembly, enables miniaturization by allowing for added functionality at the board level, and provides an attractive alternative to higher temperature processes such as ceramic and deposition technologies for high-Q passive implementation.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Metropolitan Hierarchy and Income Distribution A Comparison of Explanations

The objective of this article is to test what are in many ways complementary approaches to the problem of income inequality in the metropolitan hierarchy. The traditional urban economic approach sees a direct link between the distinctive industrial structure of an apex metropolis and increased levels of income inequality. The neo-Marxist perspective does not deny this link, but argues that class structure has a strong mediating influence on the distribution of income. The latter argument is supported by the fact that 66% of the total effect of hierarchical position on income inequality is mediated by the size of the underclass. Other interesting findings include the fact that while unionization directly suppresses income differentials, unionization also raises inequality by enlarging the size of the underclass. In addition, the location of an SMSA in the South does not directly raise inequality, but the massive size of the South's underclass ensures higher levels of income inequality. The policy implicati...