cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unified Approach to Matter Coupling in Weyl and Einstein Supergravity

We present a new unified method of coupling matter to both Poincar\'e and conformal supergravity. As an example we construct the coupled Maxwell-Weyl and the coupled Maxwell-Einstein supergravity theories. We also discuss the close connection with a recent auxiliary-field formulation of supergravity.
Alkaline degradation of tetraazahomoadamantane derivatives

Alkaline degradation of 1,3-6,8-tetraazatricyclo [4,4,1,13,8)dodecane (V) and 11-Thia-1,3,5,7-tetraazatricyclo[3,3,1,13,7 ]undecane-11,11-dioxide (VIII) are shown to generate readily formaldehyde and the respective amines, followed by resynthesis of imidazolidines in the presence of acylating or sulfonylating agents.
Predicting Web Users' Next Access Based on Log Data

This article considers models that describe how people browse the Web. We restrict our attention to navigation patterns within a single site, and base our study on standard Web server access logs. Given a visitor's previous activities on the site, we propose models that predict their next page request. If the prediction is reasonably accurate, we might consider “prefetching” the page before the visitor requests it. A more conservative use for such predictions would be to simply update the freshness records in a proxy or network cache, eliminating unnecessary If-Modified-Since requests. Using data from the Web site for the Computing and Mathematical Sciences Research Division of Lucent Technologies (cm.bell-labs.com) we first evaluate the predictive performance of low-order Markov models. We next consider mixtures of first-order Markov models, achieving a kind of clustering of Web pages in the site. This approach is shown to perform well, while significantly reducing the space required to store the model. ...
Sex pheromone perception: electroantennogram responses of the red-banded leaf roller moth.

Abstract Electroantennograms (EAG) were recorded for various compounds which can modify the attractancy of the red-banded leaf roller moth sex pheromone. Inhibitors and synergists elicit definite antennal responses in accordance with a proposed protein receptor model for pheromone perception. The sex pheromone produced the highest amplitude EAG responses of all monounsaturated positional isomers, but no correlation could be made between EAG shape and behavioural activity.
Diffusion Experiments with a Global Discontinuous Galerkin Shallow-Water Model

A second-order diffusion scheme is developed for the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) global shallow-water model. The shallow-water equations are discretized on the cubed sphere tiled with quadrilateral elements relying on a nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. In the viscous shallow-water model the diffusion terms (viscous fluxes) are approximated with two different approaches: 1) the element-wise localized discretization without considering the interelement contributions and 2) the discretization based on the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method. In the LDG formulation the advection‐diffusion equation is solved as a first-order system. All of the curvature terms resulting from the cubed-sphere geometry are incorporated into the first-order system. The effectiveness of each diffusion scheme is studied using the standard shallowwater test cases. The approach of element-wise localized discretization of the diffusion term is easy to implement but found to be less effective, and with relatively high diffusion coefficients, it can adversely affect the solution. The shallow-water tests show that the LDG scheme converges monotonically and that the rate of convergence is dependent on the coefficient of diffusion. Also the LDG scheme successfully eliminates smallscale noise, and the simulated results are smooth and comparable to the reference solution.
Fasting Activation of AgRP Neurons Requires NMDA Receptors and Involves Spinogenesis and Increased Excitatory Tone

AgRP neuron activity drives feeding and weight gain whereas that of nearby POMC neurons does the opposite. However, the role of excitatory glutamatergic input in controlling these neurons is unknown. To address this question, we generated mice lacking NMDA receptors (NMDARs) on either AgRP or POMC neurons. Deletion of NMDARs from AgRP neurons markedly reduced weight, body fat and food intake whereas deletion from POMC neurons had no effect. Activation of AgRP neurons by fasting, as assessed by c-Fos, Agrp and Npy mRNA expression, AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs, depolarization and firing rates, required NMDARs. Furthermore, AgRP but not POMC neurons have dendritic spines and increased glutamatergic input onto AgRP neurons caused by fasting was paralleled by an increase in spines, suggesting fasting induced synaptogenesis and spinogenesis. Thus glutamatergic synaptic transmission and its modulation by NMDARs play key roles in controlling AgRP neurons and determining the cellular and behavioral response to fasting.
VERY HEAVY NUCLEI IN THE PRIMARY COSMIC RADIATION. I. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENERGY SPECTRUM.

The intensities and energy spectrum of the medium- and very heavy, $\mathrm{MH}$ and $\mathrm{VH}$, nuclei, $16\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}30$, present in the primary cosmic radiation have been studied using three stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed on high-altitude balloons flown over Fort Churchill (Canada), Texas, and India. Integral intensities of $Z\ensuremath{\ge}20$ nuclei above energies of 0.225, 1.58, and 7.1 BeV per nucleon were, respectively, 1.50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06, 0.403\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023, and 0.090\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.006 ($\mathrm{VH}$ nuclei)/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$sr sec. The energy spectrum of these nuclei was measured in detail between 225 MeV per nucleon and 1 BeV per nucleon, and was found to exhibit a maximum in the 300- to 400-MeV per nucleon range, where the differential intensity was of the order of 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ nuclei/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sr sec (MeV per nucleon). Integral intensities of $16\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}19$ nuclei above energies of 1.58 and 7.1 BeV per nucleon were, respectively, 0.086\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.010 and 0.020\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 nuclei/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sr sec; differential intensities were also measured at lower energies.
Ethanol-induced impairments in spatial working memory are not due to deficits in learning.

Background: Acute ethanol administration impairs spatial reference memory and spatial working memory. However, the experimental designs previously used to test spatial working memory fail to make a distinction between the acquisition, or learning, of spatial information and the retention of this information. This study demonstrates that acute ethanol administration impairs spatial working memory, by using a novel experimental design that eliminates the confound between the learning of new spatial information and the testing of this information. Methods: Long-Evans male rats received three forced trials to the same place for food reward on an elevated radial arm maze. Subjects were then given six free-choice trials in the first acquisition session, followed by a 30-min consolidation period before an additional six free-choice trials were administered—the retention session. Animals were trained to a criterion of five of six correct in both the acquisition and retention over 2 consecutive days. Once criteria were obtained, subjects received either saline or one of three ethanol doses immediately after the acquisition session to investigate whether ethanol alters retention of the learned spatial information. Results: Acute ethanol administration impaired spatial working memory. Rats tested under saline and low-dose ethanol (1.0 g/kg) made significantly more place choices than rats tested under moderate- or high-dose ethanol (1.5 and 2.0 g/kg, respectively). Ethanol produced a temporary impairment in that no significant differences were found when subjects were retrained and retested 24 hr after initial testing. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that acute ethanol administration impairs spatial working memory and that such a deficit is not contingent on a learning impairment. These results support earlier findings that acute ethanol administration impairs spatial working memory but provide a significant advance by validating a novel training procedure that allows for direct investigation of working memory. Ethanol's impairment of both spatial working memory and spatial reference memory strengthens the similarities between memory impairments due to ethanol administration and memory impairments due to hippocampal lesions.
Mars relay coordination lessons learned

The Mission Management Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory was tasked with coordinating the relay of data between multiple spacecraft at Mars in support of the Mars exploration rover missions in early 2004. The confluence of three orbiters (Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Odyssey, and Mars Express), two rovers (Spirit and Opportunity), and one lander (Beagle 2) has provided a challenging operational scenario that required careful coordination between missions to provide the necessary support and to avoid potential interference during simultaneous relay sessions. As these coordination efforts progressed, several important lessons were learned that should be applied to future Mars relay activities.
Spartina axil zones: preferred settlement sites of barnacles

Abstract Recruitment of the barnacle Chthamalus fragilis Darwin onto cordgrass Spartina alterniflora Loisel. was found to be nonrandom among plant parts. Greater numbers of barnacles per cm 2 were observed in the axils (the crevices formed by the leaf meeting the stem) than on leaves or open stem. Daily settlement and survival were monitored to determine whether differential settlement and/or mortality was responsible for this pattern. On an arcal basis, settlement was 12 times higher into the axils. Mortality was not lower in the axils. Settlement differences appear to be responsible for the greater recruitment in these regions. Removal of newly settled individuals reduced subsequent settlement suggesting that there is a gregarious component to settlement behavior on Spartina .
DEFECTION FROM A TREATMENT WAITING LIST IN A CHILD PSYCHIATRIC CLINIC

Levitt, in a series of papers (1~)57a, 1~)57b, 1958a, 1963) argued that "defectors"! from a treatment waiting list in a child psychiatric clinic do not differ significantly from those who accept treatment and that they thus offer a valid index of spontaneous remission in childhood emotional disturbance against which the effects of various psychiatric treatments can be assessed. Using this type of child as an untreated control group, Levitt concluded from reviews of the literature (1957a, 19(3) and one of his own studies (Levitt et al., 195~) that there was as yet no evidence that children receiving psychotherapy exhibit a remission rate superior to those who do not receive any treatment, 72.5 per cent of the latter appearing to he greatly improved or cured after some years. Levitt's conclusion has been criticized by Eisenberg and Gruenberg (1961), Heinicke and Goldman (1960), and Hood-Williams (1960),
Stress Orientations Obtained from Earthquake Focal Mechanisms: What Are Appropriate Uncertainty Estimates?

Crustal stress orientations provide important information about the mechanics of regional deformation. Numerous methods exist for inverting earthquake focal mechanisms for stress orientation, and the more widely used methods usually obtain similar results for similar data sets. However, error estimates are highly variable, complicating the interpretation of results. The southern California stress field, for example, contains much statistically significant spatial and temporal variability according to the error estimates of one method (Michael, 1984, 1987b), but very little according to those of another (Gephart and Forsyth, 1984). To resolve whether the southern California stress field is generally homogeneous or heterogeneous, we must determine which of the error estimates best reflects the true inversion uncertainty. To do this, we tested both methods on a suite of synthetic focal mechanism data sets containing random errors. The method of Gephart and Forsyth (1984) usually provides more accurate estimates of stress orientation, especially for high-quality data sets, but its confidence regions are in most cases too large. The method of Michael (1984, 1987b) is more accurate for very noisy data sets and provides a more appropriate estimate of uncertainty, implying that the stress field in southern California is probably heterogeneous.
Appearance of glycolate and related products of photosynthesis outside of chloroplasts

Abstract Whole spinach chloroplast fixed C 14 O 2 for 1–10 min. in the light into products of the photosynthetic carbon cycle and into small amounts of glycolate-C 14 . During a subsequent 30 sec. period of filtration on a celite pad with saline solution, about 50% of the fixed C 14 was converted to phosphoglycolate and glycolate and a small amount of glycine, all of which appeared in the supernatant fluid. No other C 14 -labeled product of photosynthesis was excreted by the chloroplasts. Added glycolate-C 14 would not reenter the chloroplasts, but glyoxylate-C 14 readily moved into the plastids where it was reduced to glycolate in the light. The results suggest that phosphoglycolate is actively excreted and then hydrolyzed to glycolate by a specific phosphoglycolic acid phosphatase. After oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate by cytoplasmic glycolic acid oxidase, the two carbon moiety as glyoxylate may reenter the plastids and be reduced to glycolate by glyoxylic acid reductase with photosynthetic assimilatory power. These data suggest the possibility of a cyclic process for transport of carbon products and assimilatory power of photosynthesis between the plastids and the cytoplasm.
Cell Contact–dependent Activation of α3β1 Integrin Modulates Endothelial Cell Responses to Thrombospondin-1

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) can inhibit angiogenesis by interacting with endothelial cell CD36 or proteoglycan receptors. We have now identified α3β1 integrin as an additional receptor for TSP1 that mo...
Comorbidity of Dependent Personality Disorders and Anxiety Disorders: Conceptual and Methodological Issues

Ng and Bornstein (this issue) examined the comorbidity between dependent personality disorder (DPD) and anxiety disorders (ADs) via meta-analytic techniques. Although meta-analysis can be useful in quantifying such comorbid relationships, several conceptual and methodological concerns may undermine one's confidence in Ng and Bornstein's conclusions. Specifically, the bulk of the papers reviewed by Ng and Bornstein examined to what extent DPDs occurred in individuals with ADs, even though the authors' primary research question was the extent to which individuals with a diagnosis of DPD also have a diagnosis of AD. We argue that the inclusionary criteria used in their review may have underestimated the rate of comorbidity between DPDs and ADs. Future analyses may be improved by being theory-driven and by differentiating between clinical diagnoses versus sub-clinical symptomatology.
Multinational corporations, nation-states and ocean resource management: The impact of a 200-mile economic zone

The extension of coastal state jurisdiction to 200-nautical miles would lead to a unique situation in the ownership of ocean resources, viz. 15 coastal states would receive among them approximately 42 percent of the world's 200-mile economic zone area. At least 8 of these countries are less-developed coastal states (LDCS) which lack the key factors, capital, technology and managerial skill, necessary to tap these resources. As a result, the reliance of the LDCS on marine multinational corporations will markedly increase since a significant part of marine technology exists in the private sector. Concurrently, a dramatic rise in the control of coastal states over MNCs engaged in ocean resource development will occur. Thus, under the new regime of ocean resource management, the relationship between MNCs and nation-states is likely to be one of constructive partnership in development, rather than one of conflict and discord.
Group A Streptococci Among School-Aged Children: Clinical Characteristics and the Carrier State

Objective. A 4-year longitudinal study of school-aged children was conducted to describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiologic features of infections with group A streptococci (GAS). Methods. Between 1998 and 2002, surveillance throat cultures were performed twice per month (October to May) for a cohort of elementary school children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In addition, throat cultures were obtained during any respiratory illness. Erythromycin and clindamycin susceptibility testing was performed for all isolates. Molecular typing was performed with field-inversion gel electrophoresis. Representative isolates from each field-inversion gel electrophoresis group were emm typed. Strict definitions were used to characterize each GAS infection. Children were classified into 4 categories each year, ie, single episode, recurrent episodes, carriers of GAS, and no infections. Results. A total of 48 to 100 children per year were studied for 4 years; 61 (49%) were male. The mean age was 9.6 years (range: 5–15 years). A total of 5658 throat cultures were performed; 878 (15.5%) were positive for GAS. Antimicrobial agents were used to treat 209 episodes of infection. Thirteen emm types were observed during the 4-year period. GAS were isolated most often from children who were carriers; isolates from single episodes were next most common. Children carried a single emm type for a mean of 10.8 weeks (range: 3–34 weeks). Carriers were likely to be classified again as carriers in subsequent years and frequently switched emm types. Sixty-two percent of the children had ≥1 year with no infections. Conclusions. GAS infections are common among school-aged children. The majority of positive throat cultures observed in this longitudinal study were obtained from children who were carriers of GAS. Carriers switched emm types but tended to become carriers repeatedly during the study. Practitioners should consider treating children known to be GAS carriers when they develop a new illness that is consistent with streptococcal pharyngitis, because they may acquire new emm types and be at risk for rheumatic heart disease.
Bursts as a unit of neural information: selective communication via resonance

What is the functional significance of generating a burst of spikes, as opposed to a single spike? A dominant point of view is that bursts are needed to increase the reliability of communication between neurons. Here, we discuss the alternative, but complementary, hypothesis: bursts with specific resonant interspike frequencies are more likely to cause a postsynaptic cell to fire than are bursts with higher or lower frequencies. Such a frequency preference might occur at the level of individual synapses because of the interplay between short-term synaptic depression and facilitation, or at the postsynaptic cell level because of subthreshold membrane potential oscillations and resonance. As a result, the same burst could resonate for some synapses or cells and not resonate for others, depending on their natural resonance frequencies. This observation suggests that, in addition to increasing reliability of synaptic transmission, bursts of action potentials might provide effective mechanisms for selective communication between neurons.
Service Learning in Undergraduate Audiology Education

Purpose The purpose of this study was to incorporate a service learning project in an undergraduate audiology course and evaluate how it affected student learning in the class. Method The study inv...
Layout effects in fine grain 3D integrated regular microprocessor blocks

Fine grain 3D integration of commonly used components appears to be an attractive architectural solution. But finely partitioned, highly regular blocks face unique layout level challenges due to uneven scaling of Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) and circuit elements. We show that for high yielding TSVs and decreasing transistor sizes, the mismatch between the TSV dimension and the feature size affects the outcome of 3D design space exploration, especially for fine grain partitioned, highly regular microprocessor blocks such as SRAM registers and caches. For a 4-layer implementation of an SRAM register in 45nm technology, we show that improving the TSV yield from 20% to 90% requires layout modifications that worsen register's performance up to four times. Moreover, the same 4-layer register that performs three times as fast as its single layer equivalent at 20% yield becomes twice slower at 70% yield when layout effects are considered. We also explore some non-conventional physical design schemes for 3D architectural blocks in which performance deterioration is much slower even for very high TSV yields.
The γδ resolvase induces an unusual DNA structure at the recombinational crossover point

gamma delta resolvase, a transposon-encoded protein active in site-specific recombination, induces a structural change in the DNA at the recombinational crossover point that results in enhanced intercalation of the foot-printing reagent MPE X Fe(II). The structural change correlates with the formation of a bend in the DNA: a mutant resolvase that binds to the crossover site but induces little or no bend does not promote intercalation. The properties of the mutant protein suggest that the induced structural change, which we propose is a localized kink, is required for recombination.
Determinants of protein function revealed by combinatorial entropy optimization

We use a new algorithm (combinatorial entropy optimization [CEO]) to identify specificity residues and functional subfamilies in sets of proteins related by evolution. Specificity residues are conserved within a subfamily but differ between subfamilies, and they typically encode functional diversity. We obtain good agreement between predicted specificity residues and experimentally known functional residues in protein interfaces. Such predicted functional determinants are useful for interpreting the functional consequences of mutations in natural evolution and disease.
Physical and analytical properties of a stabilized electric field integral equation

The physical and analytical properties of a stabilized form of the electric field integral equation are discussed for closed and open perfectly conducting geometries. It is demonstrated that the modified equation provides a well-conditioned formulation for smooth geometries in both the high- and low-frequency limits; an instability remains near the edges of open geometries, requiring future consideration. The surface Helmholtz decomposition is used to illustrate the mechanism of the stabilization procedure, and the relevance of this mechanism to the numerical discretization of the equation is outlined.
Pharmacy Prescription Dispensing Errors Reported to a Regional Poison Control Center

Objectives: To identify the incidence, types, associations, and outcomes of pharmacy prescription dispensing errors reported to a regional poison control center. Methods: Retrospective chart review over a 35-month period. Results: Of 77,992 drug exposures reported, there were 6450 unintentional therapeutic exposures. Forty were the result of pharmacy prescription dispensing errors. Of these, 20 (50%) were medication substitution errors (wrong drug), 17 (42.5%) were labeling errors (correct drug, wrong formulation or instructions), and 3 (7.5%) were compounding errors (incorrect liquid dilution or capsule preparation). Both compounding and labeling errors were significantly more likely than substitution errors to be order-of-magnitude amounts. Compounding errors were also significantly more likely than labeling errors to be order-of-magnitude amounts. Labeling errors were significantly more likely to be liquids prescribed to children than substitution errors. Compounding errors had significantly more serio...
KINEMATICS AND RATE CONTROL OF THE RANCHO ARM

The relative position equations for the Rancho arm are developed using the Denavit-Hartenberg representation. Equations for coordinated rate control of the wrist are derived and problems introduced by the mechanical structure of the arm and adoption of rate control are described. These problems include: 1. Nonuniqueness of the rate control equations caused by an extra degree-of-freedom in the mechanical structure. 2. Transformation singularities caused by arm position. 3. Loss of coordinated motion when arm joints reach a mechanical limit. 4. Loss of coordinated motion due to velocity saturation of one or more joints.
Bacterial GCN5-Related N-Acetyltransferases: From Resistance to Regulation

The GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases family (GNAT) is an important family of proteins that includes more than 100000 members among eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Acetylation appears as a major regulatory post-translational modification and is as widespread as phosphorylation. N-Acetyltransferases transfer an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to a large array of substrates, from small molecules such as aminoglycoside antibiotics to macromolecules. Acetylation of proteins can occur at two different positions, either at the amino-terminal end (αN-acetylation) or at the e-amino group (eN-acetylation) of an internal lysine residue. GNAT members have been classified into different groups on the basis of their substrate specificity, and in spite of a very low primary sequence identity, GNAT proteins display a common and conserved fold. This Current Topic reviews the different classes of bacterial GNAT proteins, their functions, their structural characteristics, and their mechanism of action.
Performance Measurement: The New Accountability

Over the years, "accountability" in the human services has focused upon issues such as the legal framework, organizational management, financial responsibility, political concerns, and client inputs and expectations. Within the past decade, the meaning of "accountability" has been extended to the more dynamic organizational functions of "efficiency" and " effectiveness." Efficiency and effectiveness increasingly must be put to the tests of performance measurement and outcome evaluation. Forces outside the social work profession, including, among others, federal expectations and initiatives and the increased implementation of the concept of managed care, will ensure that efficiency and effectiveness will be central and highlighted concerns far into the future. This "new accountability" is demanded by the stakeholders in the nonprofit sector and by federal requirements built into the planning, funding, and implementation processes for nonprofits and for-profits alike.
Intrinsic Fast Oxygen Ionic Conductivity in the Gd2(ZrxTil−.)2O7, and Y2 (ZrxTil−x,)2O7, Pyrochlore Systems

The pyrochlore solid solution Gd 2 (Zr x Ti l−x ) 2 O 7 , was found to be an attractive system for investigating the relationship between composition, structural disorder and ionic conductivity. Both cation and anion order parameters were found to decrease systematically with increasing substitution of Zr for Ti leading ultimately to intrinsic fast oxygen ion conductivity in the solid solution. The degree of intrinsic disorder was determined quantitatively from doping experiments and was found to be equal to l.0×lO 39 exp(-O.24±0.03eV/kT)cm −6 sfor x = 0.3 and substantially larger for higher values of x. Oxygen vacancy mobilities, on the other hand, were found to be relatively independent of x with values of μ v , = 0.15exp(-0.78 ± 0.02 eV/kT)cm 2 V −1 s −1 . These, and more recent results, on Y 2 (Zr x Ti l−x ) 2 O 7 , are discussed in the context of the similarities between the pyrochlore and fluorite phases.
Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with HPV and P16 testing.

Objective:The objective was to report our experience with advanced stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated sequentially with induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy.Methods:Retrospective chart review identified 49 eligible patients with advanced stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. HPV and p16INK4A testing was performed on pathology specimens. Follow-up of over 11 months was required unless a death or treatment failure occurred before that time.Results:Treatment with induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy resulted in 44/48 (90%) complete durable response. One death occurred from pulmonary embolism. Toxicity profiles were comparable to other published data. Average follow-up was 3.9 years. Oncologic failure rates among subgroups showed 5.7% failure for HPV+/p16+ cancer, 9.1% failure for HPV-/p16+ cancer, 100% failure for HPV-/p16- cancer, 0% failure for nonsmoker...
The t(9;14)(p13;q32) chromosomal translocation associated with lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma involves the PAX-5 gene.

The t(9;14)(p13;q32) translocation is associated with approximately 50% of lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma (LPL), a subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). We cloned the chromosomal breakpoint of der (14) from an LPL case (1052) and showed that it involved a junction between 9p13 and the switch micro region of the Ig heavy chain locus (IgH) on 14q32. Using a YAC contig spanning 1.5 megabase (Mb), we determined that the 9p13 breakpoint in one case (1052) mapped within a 270-kb restriction fragment containing two previously reported 9p breakpoints associated with a alpha-heavy chain disease case (MAL) and KI-1 positive diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) cell line (KIS-1). The same fragment also contained the PAX-5 gene which encodes a B-cell specific transcription factor involved in the control of B-cell proliferation and differentiation. The breakpoints of KIS-1 and 1052 were mapped within the 5′ noncoding region of PAX-5, while the 9p13 breakpoint of MAL mapped 230 to 270 kb upstream to PAX-5. In all three cases, the translocation caused the juxtaposition of the PAX-5 gene to the IgH locus in the opposite direction of transcription. When compared with six other DLCL cell lines lacking t(9;14)(p13;q32), the KIS-1 cell line showed an 11-fold overexpression of PAX-5 mRNA and a significantly reduced expression of the p53 gene, which is normally regulated by PAX-5. Moreover, metaphase and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using a YAC clone spanning 1 Mb including the PAX-5 as a probe identified chromosomal translocations in 5 of 7 cases carrying 9p13 translocations. These findings suggest that the PAX- 5 gene is the target of the t(9;14) in LPL whereby its expression may be deregulated by juxtaposition to IgH regulatory elements, thus contributing to lymphomagenesis.
The Cognitive Construction of Gender Stereotypes: Evidence for the Dual Pathways Model of Gender Differentiation

The dual pathways model of gender differentiation suggests two possible pathways that examine the relationships between gender-typed interests and gender stereotypes: (a) an attitudinal pathway model, which suggests that stereotypes may shape interests for gender-schematic children, and (b) a personal pathway model, which suggests that personal interests may lead to the construction of stereotypes that are in line with one’s interests (Liben and Bigler 2002). In Study 1, the personal pathway model was tested by presenting children in the United States (N = 51, M age = 3.99 years-old) with novel toys and assessing the congruence between interests and stereotypes. Results indicated a significant relationship between personal interests and stereotypes such that higher levels of personal interest in toys were associated with more congruent gender stereotypes—stereotypes in which the children endorsed the belief that the toy was only for same-gender children or for both genders. In Study 2, the attitudinal pathway was tested by presenting children in the United States (N = 57, M age = 4.03 years-old) with novel toys that were labeled as “for boys” or “for girls.” Results indicated that gender-schematic children (those who endorsed higher levels of cultural gender stereotypes), but not gender-aschematic children (those who endorsed lower levels of cultural gender stereotypes) were more interested in toys labeled as for their gender than toys labeled as for the other gender. Thus, the results demonstrate that the pathways between these two constructs may be dependent on environmental information, individual differences in personal interest, and gender schematicity as predicted by the dual pathways model.
Discussion of Automobile Noise Source and the Methods of Reducing Noise with Example

With the requirements of auto energy environment enhancing and the comfort demands for customers, the auto manufacturers pay more attention to the auto noise. Through the analysis of a sample auto noise origin and the noise control method, it proposes some methods that can reduce the automobile noise.
The short- and long-run implications of restaurant advertising

ABSTRACTEach year, restaurants spend billions of dollars on advertising and employ millions of people in an effort to capture a portion of the large sums of money consumers spend on food away from home. While the food-away-from-home market is substantial, it is not clear if advertising provides an effective tool for attracting diners. The purpose of this study is to examine the short- and long-term effects of advertising on restaurant sales through the use of more recently adopted econometric techniques.
Inflammatory Biomarkers and Cognitive Decline: The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study

Objectives To examine the association between inflammatory biomarkers and global cognitive function. Design Case-cohort. Setting Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study. Participants Individuals aged 75 and older free of neurological or neurodegenerative conditions recruited from 2000 to 2002 (N = 1,315). Measurements Outcome was cognitive function assessed using the modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) every 6 months for up to 7 years. Exposures were 10 biomarkers measured at baseline: interleukin-2, -6, and -10 (general systemic inflammation); pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and serum amyloid P (SAP) (vascular inflammation); plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, adiponectin, and resistin (metabolic function); receptor for advanced glycation endproduct (oxidative stress); and endothelin-1 (endothelial function). Associations between biomarkers and 3MSE scores (stratified according to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline) were analyzed using Cox regression (outcome: 3MSE decline of ≥5 points) and mixed-model regression. Bonferroni correction was used to determine significance threshold (P < .0025). Results In individuals with baseline MCI, PTX3 was associated with a 20% greater hazard of cognitive decline (95% confidence interval = 1.07–1.35), although this association was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for apolipoprotein (APO)E e4 allele. Adiponectin was associated with faster rate of 3MSE decline in individuals without baseline MCI in mixed-model regression, but the association was similarly attenuated after adjustment for APOE-e4. Conclusion This study did not find strong evidence of the utility of the biomarkers evaluated for identifying individuals at risk of cognitive decline. Future studies investigating the association between PTX3, SAP, and adiponectin and 3MSE scores may be useful.
Utilization of Axillary Surgery for Patients With Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Report From the National Cancer Data Base.

This study evaluated the use of axillary surgery (AS), including sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and the factors associated with its use. To determine whether utilization of SLNB is appropriate, predictors of SLNB performance were compared with factors predictive of tumor upstaging. The National Cancer Data Base was utilized to identify patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) clinical stage 0 breast cancer treated from 2004 to 2013. DCIS with microinvasion was excluded. Chi square tests and logistic regression were used to examine patient, tumor, and facility features associated with SLNB and tumor upstaging. Of the 218,945 total patients, 155,093 (70.8 %) underwent lumpectomy, and 63,852 (29.2 %) underwent mastectomy. SLNB was performed for 19.0 % of lumpectomy patients and 63.5 % of mastectomy patients. Multivariate analysis for 2012–2013 demonstrated that estrogen receptor (ER)-negative and grade 3 tumors were more likely to be treated with SLNB in both groups. Tumor size was significant only for the lumpectomy patients who underwent one operation. Further, 22.8 % of lumpectomy patients and 18.7 % of mastectomy patients who underwent AS were upstaged compared with 1.8 % of lumpectomy and 3.6 % of mastectomy patients who did not undergo AS. Tumor upstaging was predicted by ER-negative status (odds ratio [OR] 2.99; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 2.76–3.24) but not by higher grade or larger tumor size. Use of SLNB for DCIS is high with mastectomy, and nearly one fifth of the lumpectomy patients underwent SLNB. However, the performance of AS was strongly associated with the likelihood of upstaging in both groups, suggesting that surgical judgment plays an important role in this decision.
An analysis of reading rates in college students

Abstract Despite prior research which suggests an upper limit on reading rates of 300–400 wpm, the literature on college reading continues to suggest attainment of patently unrealistic reading speeds, for example, well in excess of 1,000 wpm. More recent experimental data reviewed here show how the components of human information processing limit reading rates. The causal factors are not found in limitations of the visual system but in speed and efficiency of processes involved in word recognition, the size of working memory, and comprehension processes. Implications of this research suggest new and more effective ways of measuring and training these processes to facilitate efficient reading performance in mature readers.
Orexin: a Missing Link Between Sleep Disorders and Heart Failure?

Sleep disorders represent a significant comorbidity in the heart failure population, and there is mounting evidence that treatment of sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea can significantly improve cardiac function. However, the link between these two disorders is still not entirely clear. Recently, a novel neurohormonal pathway has been elucidated involving signaling molecules now collectively known as the orexins, which have been implicated in regulating autonomic function during sleep/wake cycles. Further evidence has mounted that orexin signaling is deeply perturbed in the setting of sleep disorders, and furthermore that abnormal orexin signaling may be implicated in the pathology of heart failure. The orexin signaling pathway represents an enticing novel target for both the treatment of sleep disorders as well as heart failure, and may represent one facet of the “missing link” between these two prevalent and often comorbid diseases.
ACA Exchange Competitiveness in North Carolina

North Carolina is a populous state (10 million) with lower‐than‐average income (42nd nationally) and a historically high uninsurance rate (6th nationally). Thus, the state had a large number of potential new applicants eligible for subsidized coverage, and in fact has achieved the fourth highest exchange enrollment in the country (approximately 600,000). North Carolina is also notable for being the second largest state to have only one carrier statewide—Blue Cross and Blue Shield of North Carolina.
The Development of Strategies and Tactics Toward the Pseudopterosin Natural Products: Ileabethoxazole As a Platform for Target-Inspired Discovery

Abstract The target-inspired presentation describes the evolution of important strategies and tactics for the enantiocontrolled synthesis of pseudopterosin aglycones. A detailed discussion of the development of the first synthesis of ileabethoxazole is featured. The synthesis strategy contributes to significant discoveries of new reactivity and reactions. A preparation of 1,1-disubstituted allenes is illustrated using propargylic stannanes in modified Stille cross-coupling reactions. Site-selective palladium insertions facilitate a general pathway for regiocontrolled preparations of disubstituted and trisubstituted 1,3-oxazoles. The first report of the halogen dance reaction in 1,3-oxazoles is described. A novel iron-mediated [2+2+1] carbocyclization yields substituted cyclopentenones under mild conditions. These reactions proceed via the reactivity of a previously unknown, three-membered iron metallacycle. This reaction profile has been examined through mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations. A chiral H 8 -BINAP ligand is employed in the preparation of hydridocopper reagent for 1,4-conjugate additions with improved stereoselectivity in asymmetric reductions of indenones.
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma: An analysis of a rare cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database

OBJECTIVES Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare malignant neoplasm that accounts for a small percentage of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). At least 10% of PSCs has a spindle and/or giant cell component, which is often associated with a poor prognosis. We reviewed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for the clinicopathological characteristics and surgical outcomes of PSCs. METHODS The SEER database (1973-2013) was queried for PSC. A comparison between PSC and other NSCLC patients was performed. Cox regression for overall survival (OS) and logistic regression for node-positive predictors were performed. A propensity-matched (1:2) analysis (including age, gender, grade and stage) among surgically treated cases was done to compare OS in PSC versus other NSCLCs. RESULTS A total of 955 899 NSCLC patients were identified; of these, 4987 patients had been diagnosed with PSC (0.52%). Men represented 60.9% of cases, with a median age of 68 years. The median size of the tumour was 5 cm and 3.5 cm in PSCs and NSCLCs, respectively (P < 0.001). PSC patients had significantly less Stage I, more high-grade tumours, advanced T stage, N+ disease and M1 disease (P < 0.001). In the PSC cohort, the most significant predictor of N+ disease on multivariate analysis was advanced T stage (P < 0.001). Predictors of OS in Stages I/II PSC on multivariate analysis were advanced age [P < 0.001, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.03], male gender (P = 0.024, HR = 1.25), carcinosarcoma (P = 0.002, HR = 1.76), grade (P = 0.033, HR = 1.81), T stage (P = 0.003, HR = 1.75), N status (P = 0.001, HR = 1.90) and surgical resection (P < 0.001, HR = 0.58). Among matched surgically resected cohorts, a poorer prognosis for OS was evident in PSCs in early stages (I/II) than in other NSCLCs (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS PSC patients present with more advanced stage and with worse survival outcomes than other NSCLC patients. While surgical resection conveys a survival advantage in PSC, this group represents a population at a high risk for relapse and should be evaluated for novel adjuvant therapies.
Mesoscale and submesoscale mechanisms behind asymmetric cooling and phytoplankton blooms induced by hurricanes: a comparison between an open ocean case and a continental shelf sea case

Right-side bias in both sea surface cooling and phytoplankton blooms is often observed in the wake of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere. This idealized hurricane modeling study uses a coupled biological-physical model to understand the underlying mechanisms behind hurricane-induced cooling and phytoplankton bloom asymmetry. Both a deep ocean case and a continental shelf sea case are considered and contrasted. Model analyses show that while right-side asymmetric mixing due to inertial oscillations and restratification from strong right-side recirculation cells contributes to bloom asymmetry in the open ocean, the well-mixed condition in the continental shelf sea inhibits formation of recirculation cells, and the convergence of water onto the shelf is a more important process for bloom asymmetry.
Different Olfactory Percepts Evoked by Orthonasal and Retronasal Odorant Delivery

The Duality of Smell hypothesis suggests odorants delivered orthonasally elicit different sensations compared with those delivered retronasally despite activating the same receptors in the olfactory epithelium. Presently, we investigated this further using a matching paradigm free from odorant or semantic memory bias. Subjects were asked to evaluate an aroma delivered in one condition (orthonasal or retronasal delivery) and match the same aroma from 4 unknowns evaluated in the same or different delivery conditions. Panelists matched flavors in 4 delivery conditions: orthonasal-orthonasal, retronasal-retronasal, retronasal-orthonasal, and orthonasal-retronasal. For orthonasal presentation, panelists smelled samples using their nostrils, and for retronasal presentation, panelists swallowed aqueous flavors. In Experiment 1, panelists were instructed to match familiar flavors (banana, grape, orange, raspberry). In Experiments 2 and 3, panelists used the same experimental design with either 4 unfamiliar flavors (kinnow, longan, pawpaw, prunus) or 4 distinct subtypes of a strawberry flavor (woody, green, ripe, candy). In Experiment 1, the number of correct matches in each condition did not significantly differ suggesting stability in the perceptual construct across delivery routes. However, in Experiments 2 and 3, significantly more samples were correctly matched in the orthonasal-orthonasal and retronasal-retronasal conditions compared with the retronasal-orthonasal or orthonasal-retronasal conditions suggesting aroma perception is dependent on delivery route. Additionally, across the 4 delivery methods, the ability to correctly match flavors decreased as flavor familiarity decreased or similarity increased and may reflect the different cognitive strategies employed by subjects when matching these stimuli. Our results suggest odorant percepts are route-dependent and consistent with the Duality of Smell phenomenon.
Defining the Radiological Blinded Read and Adjudication

The term blinded read or independent read is used in literature to define a process by which medical images are read by an independent radiologist or team of radiologists and or physicians. There are three major kinds of blinded read: eligibility, safety, and efficacy, of which each of these is managed in a different manner. This chapter presents the various methodologies that are employed in blinded reads across phases of trials and between different therapeutic areas.