cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 16420: Impact of Potent Oral P2Y12 Inhibiting Therapies on Multiple Platelet Signaling Pathways: Results of a Prospective Ex vivo Pharmacodynamic Investigation

Background: Although pharmacodynamic (PD) studies have compared the effects of the P2Y 12 receptor inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor on adenosine (ADP) mediated platelet aggregation showing enhanced effects compared with clopidogrel, to date there are no studies assessing how these agents affect other platelet signaling pathways. The aim of this study was to assess the PD effects on multiple platelet signaling pathways after switching clopidogrel treated patients to prasugrel or ticagrelor. Methods: In this prospective PD study, clopidogrel (75mg/qd) treated patients (n=110) with coronary artery disease (CAD) were randomized to switch to prasugrel (60mg loading dose/10mg maintenance dose qd) or ticagrelor (180mg loading dose /90mg maintenance dose bid) for 1 week. PD assessments were performed to evaluate the acute (baseline and 30 min, 2 hrs, 24 hrs after LD) and chronic (1 week) effects of therapy using Multiple Electrode Aggregometry following stimuli with multiple agonists: arachidonic acid (AA), ADP (with and without PGE 1 ), collagen and TRAP. Results: There were no differences in baseline (on-clopidogrel) platelet reactivity. Switching to prasugrel and ticagrelor led to a reduction in platelet reactivity stimulated by ADP (with and without PGE 1 ) as early as 30 min and sustained up to 1 week (p 12 inhibition. No PD differences were found between prasugrel and ticagrelor with all agonists. Conclusions: In CAD patients on maintenance clopidogrel therapy, in addition to exerting prompt and enhanced inhibition of ADP mediated platelet aggregation, switching to either prasugrel or ticagrelor is also associated with diminished thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. These ex vivo results support an interplay between the ADP P2Y 12 and the thrombin platelet signaling pathways previously reported in in vitro experimental models.
Electrical Demonstration of TSV Interconnects and Multilevel Metallization for 3D Si Interposer Applications

A TSV test vehicle lot and 3D interposer demonstration lot were successfully fabricated and tested. Fabrication of the TSV test vehicle was accomplished using three process (mask) levels – front-side metal, backside TSV, and backside metal. The TSVs were formed using a vias-last approach with a nominal TSV size of 100μm, and an aspect ratio of 6:1. DRIE bottom clear process conditions were tested which produced 100 % yield on TSV contact chains with up to 540 vias. In addition, optimum process conditions resulted in a TSV resistance of 29 mΩ, and sufficient TSV isolation resistance (> 1MΩ) for the target application. The interposer demonstration lot incorporated five front-side metal levels, one TSV level, and two backside metal levels. The first four metal layers (M1-M4), utilized 2μm Cu and 2μm oxide layers. Metal layers M2-M4 were fabricated using a self-aligned dual damascene process. Each wafer in the demonstration lot had 4 MLM contact chain test structures, with 26400 vias per structure. On two waf...
Determinants of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Infants and Toddlers.

Background: Resurgence of rickets and recognition of excessive prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among all age groups in the western hemisphere have refocused attention on vitamin D nutrition. Objective: To examine the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D [25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] < 30ng/mL] and characterize the determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations in 8- to 24-month-old healthy infants and toddlers living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Methods: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured and dietary intake of vitamin D, mode of feeding, summertime sun exposure characteristics, and skin color (sun-reactive skin type and melanin index) were assessed. Results: A total of 111 healthy 8 to 24-month-old children (mean age [±SD] 14.4 [±3.5] months; male, 51%; black, 67%) were studied. Serum 25(OH)D concentration was <30 ng/mL in 16% (n=18) of the children. Median (interquartile) 25(OH)D concentration was lower in children who were ≥13 months vs. <13 months of age [35 (31, 40.5) vs. 40 (35.8, 44.3) ng/mL, p=0.013]; with sun-reactive skin type IV and V vs. I, II, and III [36 (31, 41) vs. 44 (36.5, 48.5) ng/mL, p=0.001]; and examined during fall/winter vs. spring/summer [35.5 (32.5, 38.5) vs. 39 (32.5, 44) ng/mL, p=0.05]. Age and skin type were significant independent predictors of 25(OH)D. Conclusions: Concentrations of 25(OH)D tend to be lower in infants and toddlers during fall/winter, and in children who are older (≥13 months vs. <13 months of age) and have darker skin tone. Benefits of enhancement of 25(OH)D concentrations during fall/winter and in children with higher sun-reactive skin type need further exploration.
Dry reciprocating sliding wear behavior and mechanisms of bulk metallic glass composites

Abstract The dry sliding wear behavior and mechanisms in a bulk metallic glass composite, Ti 48 Zr 20 V 12 Cu 5 Be 15 , composed of in situ crystalline dendrites in an amorphous matrix, was studied in reciprocating mode against a WC counterface loaded at 5 N and 10 N. The composite showed higher wear rates but lower coefficient of friction compared to a monolithic fully amorphous glass. Nanomechanical characterization was done to map the hardness and modulus of the crystalline and amorphous constituents of the composite. Nano-scratch test was done on each phase to evaluate the coefficient of friction. The observed hardness values scale according to Archard’s relationship for sliding wear behavior. No tribolayer formation was seen for the composite in sharp contrast to that of the monolithic metallic glass.
Automated Part Tracking on the Construction Job Site

Efforts are underway at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a webbased system for rapid tracking, identifying, and locating manufactured components on the construction jobsite. The approach involves the use of RFID and barcode identification systems, 3D long range coordinate measurement technologies, portable/wearable computers, wireless communications, high speed networking, temporal project databases, web-based data analysis, and 3D user interfaces to provide as-is and as-built component data at the actual construction site. These same techniques may prove useful for planning and execution of construction operations on other planets. Present research is focused on developing compact, rugged, wireless part status managers, interoperability protocols for data transmission, and 3D site visualizers which reflect the current state of tracked components on the construction site. Ultimately, these field measurements will be used to generate automated material acceptance and payment transactions, damaged component rejection notices, and production rate change requests to fabricators. This paper discusses the methods employed to achieve this capability in a prototype system.
Surveying Agrifood Stakeholders To Identify Priorities as Part of a Virginia Food System Assessment

Throughout Virginia there are a multitude of social, environmental, and economic challenges facing farmers and communities. In 2010 and 2011, an interdisciplinary team of faculty, practitioners, and graduate students collaborated to address these challenges through the creation of the Virginia Farm to Table Plan. As part of the plan, the team completed a comprehensive food system assessment. Comprehensive food system assessments use qualitative and quantitative methodologies to analyze the systematic nature of a local, state, or regional food system to address the interactions of food with social, environmental, and economic concerns. The overall purpose of this article is to present the results of an online survey of Virginia agrifood system stakeholders that investigated their priorities for strengthening Virginia's local and regional food systems. A total of 1,134 Virginia respondents completed the online survey. Respondents were asked to rank 34 items in four major categories in terms of their level of importance for strengthening Virginia's food systems. Respondents rated increasing the "understanding by government officials of the economic, environmental, and social issues surrounding local food systems" as the most important priority among all of the items listed. The category with the most highly rated items was "food system planning, management, and policy." This survey provided key information for developing the Virginia Farm to Table Plan.
Rutgers University Subcontract B611610 Final Report

Given an incomplete (i.e., partially-observed) network, which nodes should we actively probe in order to achieve the highest accuracy for a given network feature? For example, consider a cyber-network administrator who observes only a portion of the network at time t and wants to accurately identify the most important (e.g., highest PageRank) nodes in the complete network. She has a limited budget for probing the network. Of all the nodes she has observed, which should she probe in order to most accurately identify the important nodes? We propose a novel and scalable algorithm, MaxOutProbe, and evaluate it w.r.t. four network features (largest connected component, PageRank, core-periphery, and community detection), five network sampling strategies, and seven network datasets from different domains. Across a range of conditions, MaxOutProbe demonstrates consistently high performance relative to several baseline strategies
Hemodynamics and renal function following experimental suprarenal vena caval occlusion

In this study, the cardiovascular and renal effects of acute suprarenal caval occlusion were investigated in dogs. Marked hemodynamic effects were noted, with an immediate 60 per cent reduction in cardiac output and a 26 per cent drop in mean systemic arterial pressure. In spite of these, there was only a transient disturbance of renal function which had resolved both biochemically and structurally by the end of two weeks. The relevance of these findings to acute occlusion above the renal veins in humans has been reviewed, and we conclude that the Greenfield filter may be inserted in the suprarenal vena cava when indicated with little likelihood of an increase in mortality from recurrent embolism.
Hydraulische Spaltenbildung zur Erhöhung der Flüssigkeitsströmung

Hydraulische Spaltenbildung ist eine Methode zur Erzeugung von durchlassigen Schichten, um die Flussigkeitsstromung in Formationen mit geringer Durchlassigkeit zu erhohen; sie sollte auch die Leistung einiger in situ ausgefuhrter Sanierungsmethoden verbessern. Wir konnten zeigen, das hydraulische Spalten in einigen Meter Tiefe in ubermasig verdichteten schluffig-tonigen Grundmoranen erzeugt und mit grobem Sand gefullt werden konnen. Einfache Gerate, die zum Einspritzen von Mortel entwickelt worden waren, wurden benutzt, um flachliegende Spalten von maximal 5–8 m Lange und bis zu 20 mm Weite zu erzeugen. Bis zu vier von einer Bohrung ausgehende Spalten in 15 bis 30 cm Abstand voneinander wurden erzeugt. Die Spalten erhohten die Einstromungsrate in das ungesattigte Moranenmaterial um Faktoren zwischen 3,2 und 9,1.
Modulation response of double tunneling-injection quantum dot lasers

The upper limit for the modulation bandwidth in a double tunneling-injection (DTI) quantum dot (QD) laser is discussed. While the maximum bandwidth is the same in DTI and conventional QD lasers, the optimum dc current, at which it is obtained, is lower in a DTI laser. Different factors limiting the modulation bandwidth in a DTI QD laser are also discussed.
Has the symptom severity inclusion requirement narrowed the definition of major depressive disorder in antidepressant efficacy trials

Abstract Background The inclusion criteria of all placebo-controlled studies of antidepressants have required a minimum level of severity on standardized measures of symptoms of depression. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project we examined the association between scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and the number of criteria met for MDD, as well as the impact of different HAMD cutoff scores on the distribution of the number of DSM-IV criteria met. We speculated that the use of a minimum symptom severity score (MSSS) for inclusion in an antidepressant efficacy trial (AETs) disproportionately excludes patients who are at or just above the diagnostic threshold for MDD, whereas patients who are well above the diagnostic threshold are not excluded. Methods Seven hundred forty outpatients with current MDD were evaluated with a semi-structured diagnostic interview. We compared the distribution of DSM-IV MDD criteria scores in patients who scored at or above or below the 3 cutoff scores on the HAMD most commonly used for inclusion in an AET. Results The distribution of the number of DSM-IV MDD symptom criteria met was significantly associated with HAMD scores. Compared to patients scoring below 18 on the HAMD the patients scoring 18 and above were less likely to report 5 MDD criteria (13.9% vs. 43.7%, χ 2 =82.2, p 2 =27.6, p Limitations The present study was conducted in a single outpatient practice in which the majority of patients were white, female, and had health insurance. Although the study was limited to a single site, a strength of the recruitment procedure was that the sample was not selected for participation in a treatment study, and exclusion and inclusion criteria did not reduce the representativeness of the patient groups. Conclusions While there is not a perfect relationship between the HAMD score and the number of DSM MDD criteria present, the results of the current study suggest that HAMD scores can be thought of as a proxy for the number of DSM diagnostic criteria. Thus, the recruitment strategy for AETs has increasingly redefined the MDD diagnostic category by requiring a greater number of criteria than that required in the DSM.
Seamless Multiscale Modeling of Coagulation Using Dissipative Particle Dynamics

We propose a new multiscale framework that seamlessly integrates four key components of blood clotting namely, blood rheology, cell mechanics, coagulation kinetics, and platelet adhesive dynamics. We use transport dissipative particle dynamics (tDPD), which is the extended form of original DPD, as the base solver, while a coarse-grained representation of blood cell's membrane accounts for its mechanics. Our results show the dominant effect of blood flow and high Peclet numbers on the reactive transport of the chemical species signifying the importance of membrane bound reactions on the surface of adhered platelets. This new multiscale particle-based methodology helps us probe synergistic mechanisms of thrombus formation, and can open new directions in addressing other biological processes from sub-cellular to macroscopic scales.
Dissociative Drug Dependence

Dissociative drugs cause a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory. They distort the user’s perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment from the environment and one’s self. The major dissociative drugs are phencyclidine, ketamine, and the over-the-counter compound dextromethorphan.
Return to Sports After Shoulder Stabilization Surgery for Anterior Shoulder Instability

Young athletes continue to experience traumatic shoulder instability and are often plagued by recurrent instability, limiting their return to sport. The purpose of this paper was to review return to sport in athletes after shoulder stabilization surgery for anterior shoulder instability. Athletes managed nonoperatively demonstrate unacceptably high rates of recurrent instability and are less likely to successfully return to sport. Operative management includes capsuloligamentous repair (arthroscopic versus open) and bone augmentation techniques. While modern arthroscopic techniques have provided favorable outcomes, open techniques have demonstrated lower recurrence rates among young collision athletes. A subset of athletes continue to experience recurrent instability, leading to further investigation of concomitant pathologies, which may put patients at risk of failure following Bankart repair. Bony augmentation procedures remain favorable for patients with glenoid bone loss; however, what constitutes critical bone loss in the decision between anterior labral repair versus bone augmentation has recently been questioned. Operative management of anterior shoulder instability provides superior results, including lower recurrent instability and return to sport. Future research on patient-specific risk factors may aid surgical decision-making and optimization of outcomes.
Snake Tongue Flicking Behavior: Clues to Vomeronasal System Functions

For the past ten years we have been studying the function of the garter snake vomeronasal system. The snake vomeronasal organ is remarkably large and contains more sensory neurons than the snake’s main olfactory apparatus. It appears to detect sexual scents, conspecific scents, and prey odors. These odors are critically important in mating, aggregation,prey trailing, prey attack and prey ingestion (Burghardt & Pruitt, 1975; Halpern & Frumin, 1979; Heller & Halpern, 1983; Kubie & Halpern, 1979; Kubie, Vagvolgyi & Halpern, 1978; Wilde, 1938). The snake vomeronasal organ is situated in a rather odd position for an external chemoreceptor: the walnut-shaped organs sit paramidline above the roof of the mouth and the tiny openings are not directed towards the outside world (or the nasal cavity, as in many vertebrates) but downward towards the roof of the mouth.
Monitoring the Quality of Microarray Experiments

A microarray experiment is a complex, multistep process involving biology, chemistry, physics, and bioinformatics. Something can go wrong at every step in the process. In order to obtain good results, one needs a thorough, redundant system to monitor the quality of microarray experiments. In this article, we provide an overview of quality control measures that can be applied at different points during the process of conducting and analyzing microarray experiments.
The yeast high mobility group protein, HMO1, facilitates DNA end-joining

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae high mobility group (HMGB) protein, HMO1, is a chromatin-associated protein that binds DNA without preference for a particular DNA sequence. It consists of two DNA bind...
An Exploration of Leisure in the Lives of Dual Career Women.

This paper reports on a preliminary investigation of the consequences of limited discretionary time and the meaning of leisure in the lives of dual career women. This multiple case study involved i...
Connecting With Others: Counselor Educator Identity Development in Hybrid Doctoral Programs

ABSTRACTCounselor professional identity development (PID) is an often discussed topic, but limited attention has been given to the PID of doctoral students transitioning to counselor educators. Thr...
Child abuse and the experience of violence in college dating relationships: examining the moderating effect of gender and race

Prior research suggests that being abused during childhood significantly increases one’s risk for the involvement in violent intimate relationships across the life course. The current study contributes to the literature by using a large sample of college students to explore the moderating effects of race and gender on the relationship between child abuse and later experiences of intimate partner violence. Results indicate that for both men and women, child abuse increases the risk for dating violence. Findings also suggest that specific race and gender combinations moderate the relationship between child abuse and later experiences of IPV, specifically regarding the risk for mutual or bidirectional violence. Implications for prevention and intervention and directions for future research are discussed.
An in-medium heavy-quark potential from the QQ¯ free energy

Abstract We investigate the problem of extracting a static potential between a quark and its antiquark in a quark–gluon plasma (QGP) from lattice-QCD computations of the singlet free energy, F Q Q ¯ ( r ) . We utilize the thermodynamic T-matrix formalism to calculate the free energy from an underlying potential ansatz resummed in ladder approximation. Imaginary parts of both Q Q ¯ potential-type and single-quark self-energies are included as estimated from earlier results of the T-matrix approach. We find that the imaginary parts, and in particular their (low-)energy dependence, induce marked deviations of the (real part of the) potential from the calculated free energy. When fitting lattice results of the latter, the extracted potential is characterized by significant long-range contributions from remnants of the confining force. We briefly discuss consequences of this feature for the heavy-quark transport coefficient in the QGP.
A global perspective on newborn congenital hypothyroidism screening

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a thyroid hormone deficiency syndrome in newborns resulting from incomplete thyroid development and decreased thyroid hormone biosynthesis or thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion. Without early treatment, newborns with CH have irreversible neurological deficits and long-term metabolic complications. Therefore, several countries have implemented widespread newborn screening to identify and treat CH in newborns. Although newborn screening has improved diagnosis and treatment outcomes for CH, several questions remain concerning the etiology and increased incidence of CH in different populations. Moreover, the increase in the number of preterm, low-birth-weight newborns and of newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit presenting with CH requires additional research to detect and treat all forms of CH.
The Impact of Medical Marijuana Laws and Dispensaries on Self-Reported Health

Growing evidence suggests that medical marijuana laws have harm reduction effects across a variety of outcomes related to risky health behaviors. This study investigates the impact of medical marijuana laws on self-reported health using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from 1993 to 2013. In our analyses we separately identify the effect of a medical marijuana law and the impact of subsequent active and legally protected dispensaries. Our main results show surprisingly limited improvements in self-reported health after the legalization of medical marijuana and legally protected dispensaries. Subsample analyses reveal strong improvements in health among non-white individuals, those reporting chronic pain, and those with a high school degree, driven predominately by whether or not the state had active and legally protected dispensaries. We also complement the analysis by evaluating the impact on risky health behaviors and find that the aforementioned demographic groups experience large reductions in alcohol consumption after the implementation of a medical marijuana law.
Finding Their SPARCK: College and Career Readiness Groups for African American Females

Though often ignored or stereotyped in school settings, African American females have the strengths and resiliency needed to explore postsecondary options. Yet, current college and career readiness interventions does not meet the unique needs of this population. This article will integrate two models that may be effective in facilitating college and career exploration with African American females: the ASCA Mind-Sets and Behaviors for Student Success and SPARCK, the Life Design coaching intervention. Theoretical foundations of the models, as well best practices and implications for practice and research will be presented.
Sexual Behavior is Enhanced by Regular, Repeated Mating from Young Adulthood to Middle Age in Female Long-Evans Rats.

BACKGROUND Aging is associated neuroendocrine changes in women. Animals can be used to model these changes, as well as changes in reproductive behavior. OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to characterize mating behavior across age and assess the effects of age and sexual history on mating behavior. METHODS Sexual motivation was assessed using the partner-preference test, in which a female rat is given the choice to interact with a same-sex conspecific or a sexually-vigorous male rat, with which she can mate. RESULTS Across repeated mating tests (2-12 months of age), female rats spent more time with the male, displayed more solicitation behaviors, were less likely to leave the male after mounts, but visited both stimulus animals less frequently. Comparing a separate group of age-matched, hormoneyoked female rats mated for the first time at 12 months of age to female rats mated for the first time at 2 months of age showed that the 12 month rats visited both stimulus animals less, were less likely to leave the male after mounts, took longer to return to the male after mounts, and displayed fewer solicitation behaviors than their younger counterparts. Relative to middle-aged female rats once they were sexually experienced, 12 month naive rats spent less time with the male, were more likely to leave the male after mounts, and displayed fewer solicitation behaviors. Furthermore, 12 month naive rats failed to discriminate between the stimulus animals, visiting both stimulus animals at the same rate unlike 2 month naive or 12 month experienced rats. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that aging affects some measures of sexual behavior, but most effects of age can be mitigated by regular, repeated mating.
Genetic counselor implicit bias and its effects on cognitive and affective exchanges in racially discordant simulations

Previous studies have linked clinicians' implicit racial bias with less patient-centered communication between healthcare providers and patients in a variety of healthcare contexts. The current study extends this research by exploring the influence of implicit racial bias in genetic counselors' (GCs') facilitation of simulated clients' cognitive and emotional processing during genetic counseling sessions. We conducted a secondary analysis of a nationally representative sample of genetic counseling sessions of White and ethnic and/or racial minority (Black and Latinx) simulated clients with a subset of 60 GCs who had completed a Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC) was applied to session transcripts to identify word use by the simulated client consistent with emotional and cognitive processing. The Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) was used to link GC statements consistent with facilitation of emotional and cognitive processing, as used in previous studies. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to relate LIWC and RIAS variables to GC IAT scores, client race/ethnicity, and statistical interaction between GC IAT scores and client race/ethnicity. GCs used more cognitive facilitation strategies with ethnic and/or racial minority than with White clients (p = .04). There were no statistically significant associations between GCs' pro-White implicit bias and GCs' facilitation of cognitive and emotional processing or clients' use of positive, negative, or cognitive process words. While implicit bias may affect some communication processes, our analysis did not show a relationship between GC IAT score and how GCs help clients process emotional or cognitive information conveyed during a session. It is also possible that the LIWC measure of cognitive and emotional processing is not a sensitive enough measure to capture an implicit bias effect if indeed one is present.
#Outage: Detecting Power and Communication Outages from Social Networks

Natural disasters are increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. To aid relief operations during and post disaster, humanitarian organizations rely on various types of situational information such as missing, trapped or injured people and damaged infrastructure in an area. Crucial and timely identification of infrastructure and utility damage is critical to properly plan and execute search and rescue operations. However, in the wake of natural disasters, real-time identification of this information becomes challenging. In this research, we investigate the use of tweets posted on the Twitter social media platform to detect power and communication outages during natural disasters. We first curate a data set of 18,097 tweets based on domain-specific keywords obtained using Latent Dirichlet Allocation. We annotate the gathered data set to separate the tweets into different types of outage-related events: power outage, communication outage and both power-communication outage. We analyze the tweets to identify information such as popular words, length of words and hashtags as well as sentiments that are associated with tweets in these outage-related categories. Furthermore, we apply machine learning algorithms to classify these tweets into their respective categories. Our results show that simple classifiers such as the boosting algorithm are able to classify outage related tweets from unrelated tweets with close to 100% f1-score. Additionally, we observe that the transfer learning model, BERT, is able to classify different categories of outage-related tweets with close to 90% accuracy in less than 90 seconds of training and testing time, demonstrating that tweets can be mined in real-time to assist first responders during natural disasters.
Oppression, Storytelling, and Resistance in Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale

Using the scholarship of James Berger, David Hogsettte, and other academics, this paper explores various contemporary issues seen throughout Bruce Miller’s TV adaptation of Margaret Atwood’s 1985 novel, The Handmaid’s Tale. Investigating the Hulu series through the lens of post- apocalyptic and feminist theory, this paper examines the way that the series portrays female oppression, focuses on the power of storytelling in resistance struggles, and acts as a call for action to modern society to end the oppression of women. Examining the relevance of The Handmaid’s Tale in the time of the #TimesUP and #MeToo Movements, the essay provides a new context in which to view women’s oppression in modern society.
On Variable-Structure Stochastic Automata

A stochastic automaton with a variable structure (SAVS) may be described by the sextuple {X, Φ, α, p, U, G} where X={x0, x1,⋯,xk} is the input set, Φ = {Φ1, Φ2,⋯,Φs} is the internal state set, α = {α1, α1,⋯,αr} with r ≤ s is the output or action set, p is the state probability vector (i.e., at stage or time instant n, p(n) = (p1(n), p2(n),⋯,ps(n)) governing the choice of the state, U is an updating scheme which generates p(n + 1) from p(n) and G:Φ → α is the output function. In general, G may be a stochastic function. In this paper it is assumed that G is deterministic and one-to-one (i.e., r = s), k = 1 and s < ∞.
Benefits of In-Space Manufacturing Technology Development for Human Spaceflight

Future human deep space exploration will be faced with the challenges of long mission endurance, as well as demand for robust surface infrastructure, increased solar power generation, and reliable high data rate communications, just to name a few. In-space manufacturing (ISM) can potentially address these challenges, and thus revolutionize human spaceflight, by opening up design freedom previously limited by launch vehicle constraints. For example, ISM can drastically reduce spares logistics mass with on-demand manufactured spare parts, utilize in-situ resources for surface infrastructure, and manufacture high-gain antenna reflectors and solar array structures that are larger than existing deployables. This paper aims to understand how ongoing ISM technology development efforts can benefit human spaceflight by assessing the utility of different technology development paths. This analysis involves identifying the needs of a mission scenario, limitations on allowable manufacturing processes, the theoretical benefit from ISM for that case (including minimum capability thresholds and points of diminishing return), and the tracing of achieved benefit back to technology development parameters. For the case of on-demand spares, benefit is measured in terms of the spares logistics mass savings relative to the conventional carry-along strategy for a desired probability of sufficient spares over the mission duration. Increasing benefit is gained as more spares become manufacturable by ISM using manufacturing processes with increasing capability, such as larger build volumes, wider range of materials, and improved resolution. This same process is applicable for the other case studies of surface infrastructure and large external structures. This work can thus inform the way in which ISM technologies are pursued with the specific purpose of yielding the maximum benefit for future human space exploration.
Distal radial artery (snuffbox) access for carotid artery stenting – Technical pearls and procedural set-up:

PurposeTo report use of distal radial artery (dRA) access for carotid artery stenting (CAS) and to discuss procedural setup and technical considerations for a successful intervention.MethodsA retro...
The role of advective transport mechanism in continental-scale transport of fungal plant epidemics

In examining the continental-scale plant pathogen spread, we focus on the competition between the short-range stochastic hopping within the atmospheric boundary layer, and the laminar advection by the currents in the free troposphere. The latter is typically ignored, since it is assumed that the population of spores which have reached the troposphere is small, and the fraction of the remaining spores that survived the subsequent journey is negligible due to ultraviolet light and frigid temperatures. However, we claim that it is in fact a crucial mechanism for continental-scale spread. We argue that free tropospheric currents can not be ignored, even as the probability for spores to reach them and to survive within them approaches zero. In other words, models that neglect tropospheric advection are fragile - their predictions change qualitatively if this alternative transport channel becomes accessible - even when the rate at which spores actually make use of this transport channel approaches zero.
Addressing Mistrust About COVID-19 Vaccines Among Patients of Color.

This commentary suggests specific strategies and language that clinicians can use to address mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines among racial and ethnic minorities.
A simple picture of mantle wedge flow patterns and temperature variation

Abstract The solid-state mantle flow is an important factor that controls the mass and heat transfer in the solid Earth. This study aims to provide a simple picture of three-dimensional (3-D) mantle flow patterns in the sub-arc region of subduction zones based on the results of 3-D steady-state numerical models with varying subduction parameters. Here, the mantle wedge flow pattern is evaluated based on the azimuthal directions of the mantle inflow from the back-arc and the down-dip outflow. The outflow direction generally parallels the subduction direction, but the inflow direction relative to the outflow direction depends on the local subduction obliquity – the angle between the subduction direction and the strike-normal axis of the subducting slab. A change in the strike of the slab leads to a change in the obliquity and thus the inflow direction. Such change is common along curved margins as the strike of the slab tends to follow that of the margin, or vice versa. Along convex-arc-ward margins, the mantle inflow is deflected towards the region of lowest obliquity but with reduced vigor due to lower dynamic pressure gradients that partly drive the flow, resulting in a cooler mantle wedge. Along concave-arc-ward margins, the mantle inflow is deflected away from the region of lowest obliquity but with increased vigor, resulting in a hotter mantle wedge. These effects increase with decreasing radius of curvature. Along-margin change in the dip of the subducting slab also affects the inflow direction through its impact on the strike of the slab, but its effect is relatively small. We express the azimuthal inner angle between the inflow and outflow directions as a function of obliquity and apply the function to predict sub-arc mantle inflow directions in the circum-Pacific and neighboring regions. Within and among these margins, the inner angle varies over its full range of 0–180°. Most of the margins that are 1000s of kilometers in length are either straight or curved concave-arc-ward with large radii of curvature, for which small or gradual along-margin changes in the mantle inflow direction and the mantle wedge temperature are predicted. A large drop in the mantle wedge temperature by up to a couple of hundred degrees is predicted at short convex-arc-ward segments, such as at the Kuril-Japan and Bonin-Mariana junctions. The fringes of flat slab segments are curved with small radii of curvature, likely resulting in sharp lateral changes in the inflow direction and the mantle wedge temperature.
In patients with AMI and anemia, a restrictive vs. liberal blood transfusion strategy was noninferior for 30-d MACE.

SOURCE CITATION Ducrocq G, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Puymirat E, et al. Effect of a restrictive vs liberal blood transfusion strategy on major cardiovascular events among patients with acute myocardial infarction and anemia: the REALITY randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325:552-60. 33560322.
The Political Geography of Civic Engagement in Ukraine

Two U.S. geographers discuss the extent to which widespread dissatisfaction in Ukraine with economic and political transition in the 1990s is reflected in the level of non-governmental, mass-based political activity. A major focus is placed on detecting whether a correlation exists at the oblast level between the level of civic engagement (non-governmental organizational activity) and socioeconomic conditions and/or cultural-historical factors. The results of the analysis provide a basis for assessing the likelihood of future territorially based ethnic or nationalist unrest. The analysis is based on information from national public opinion surveys, official statistics, and other sources. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H11, I31, O18. 3 figures, 2 tables, 113 references.
Opening Possibilities for Responsiveness and Connection

Each academic discipline recognizes and reinforces its own particular writing conventions; students who are “good writers” are identified – recognized—by their facility with these forms. But learning to write in an “academic” style can be a challenge for some outsider proteges, and mentors must respond with care when offering correction and guidance, lest they appear as mere representatives of the disciplinary status quo whose goal is to reproduce the rational community.
Mitogen‐activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs): ERKs, JNKs, and p38s

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are significant mediators in signal transduction pathways from the membrane to intracellular compartments including the nucleus. They regulate the functions of many gene products and therefore affect cell growth, differentiation, and death. Three main MAPK subfamilies have been identified and are studied widely. All function in cascades that include at least three tiers of protein kinases. Selective kinase inhibitors have been developed; they are powerful tools to study the physiologic functions of MAPKs and, in some cases, are promising and effective drugs. In this article, the regulation of the three main MAPK pathways is sketched, and the status of MAPK inhibitors and their inhibiting mechanisms are highlighted.
La niña de tus ojos (1998) a la luz de Carmen la de Triana (1938): parodia y subversión de la identidad española

AbstractLa identidad espanola es uno de los temas principales que articula la pelicula dirigida por Fernando Trueba, La nina de tus ojos (1998). Esta se retrata con una intencion parodica mediante escenas que, a su vez, recrean el rodaje de una espanolada, genero cinematografico con un exagerado ‘gusto’ espanol surgido a principios de los anos treinta del siglo pasado. Mediante este mecanismo meta-cinematografico, se acentua la artificialidad y la re-construccion del estereotipo nacional.El presente articulo analiza como el funcionamiento de la subversion y parodia afectan al tema de la identidad espanola en La nina de tus ojos. Para ello, en primer lugar, se tendra en cuenta la categoria cinematografica ‘espanolada’ como modelo que Trueba adopta para parodiarlo a traves de escenas meta-cinematograficas que enfatizan su artificialidad. La comparacion con la pelicula Carmen la de Triana (1938) de Florian Rey, evocada en La nina de tus ojos, sera fundamental para ilustrar ejemplos concretos de parodia. En s...
Academics Meets Action: Community Engagement Motivations, Benefits and Constraints

In recent years, there has been an increase in civic engagement for college students, recognized by the Carnegie Institute, and the focus of this article. One example is the growth in community service and service learning programs. This study builds on the work of Clary et al (1996 and 1998) that examined student motivations for participating in community service projects. The purpose of this paper is to determine who participates in a college community service event, what motivates them to participate, what are the constraints and what are the benefits of participating. Furthermore, this study adds to the literature and utilizes a well-tested instrument (Voluntary Function Inventory) to examine student motivation and constraints related to community engagement. Based on the responses of 378 individuals who participated in a community service day at a major university in the Midwest United States, we found that the majority of participants were already involved in community service of some kind and planned to increase their involvement. Consistent with other students, women and individuals who were employed were more likely to participate in these community engagement projects. This paper concludes with a discussion of practical and research implications of student engagement initiatives.
Globally asymptotic adaptive controller/observer for tracking in robots without velocity measurement

In this work, we present an adaptive observer/controller for a multiple degree of freedom robotic plant without velocity measurement and without knowledge of plant parameter values. For this considered plant, we propose and present an adaptive observer/controller that estimates or observes the velocity and drives the position tracking error to zero. We prove that the combined tracking error and observer error converges to zero globally asymptotically and that all closed-loop signals remain bounded. A contribution of the present paper, as compared with previous work for this same plant, can be deemed to be the fact that, to the best of our knowledge, the present paper is the first proven globally asymptotic result for this plant for which the size of the control torque does not increase exponentially with respect to the size of the tracking error. The control torque is discontinuous, however, only at isolated time instants. No sliding modes are used. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of collinear Be + FH/nu1/ yields BeF/nu2/ + H

The potential energy surface for collinear Be + FH yields BeF + H was studied at various levels of ab initio approximation. A final surface was obtained from a first order configuration interaction wave function, using the iterative orbital method and a medium-sized basis of Slater atomic functions. The exothermicity is computed to be 6 kcal/mole; the barrier height is predicted to be about 28 kcal/mole at a geometry where both internuclear separations are extended by about 0.4 bohr from their asymptotic equilibrium values. This surface differs qualitatively from simple LEPS models.
Two- and three-dimensional nonlocal density functional theory for inhomogeneous fluids: I. Algorithms and parallelization

Abstract Fluids adsorbed near surfaces, near macromolecules, and in porous materials are inhomogeneous, exhibiting spatially varying density distributions. This inhomogeneity in the fluid plays an important role in controlling a wide variety of complex physical phenomena including wetting, self-assembly, corrosion, and molecular recognition. One of the key methods for studying the properties of inhomogeneous fluids in simple geometries has been density functional theory (DFT). However, there has been a conspicuous lack of calculations in complex two- and three-dimensional geometries. The computational difficulty arises from the need to perform nested integrals that are due to nonlocal terms in the free energy functional. These integral equations are expensive both in evaluation time and in memory requirements; however, the expense can be mitigated by intelligent algorithms and the use of parallel computers. This paper details our efforts to develop efficient numerical algorithms so that nolocal DFT calculations in complex geometries that require two or three dimensions can be performed. The success of this implementation will enable the study of solvation effects at heterogeneous surfaces, in zeolites, in solvated (bio)polymers, and in colloidal suspensions.
Molecular pathogenesis of achromatopsia associated with mutations in the cone cyclic nucleotide-gated channel CNGA3 subunit.

Cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel is essential for central and color vision and visual acuity. Mutations in the cone channel subunits CNGA3 and CNGB3 are linked to achromatopsia and progressive cone dystrophy in humans. Over 50 mutations have been identified in the CNGA3 subunit. The R277C and R283W substitutions are among the most frequently occurring mutations. This study investigated the defects of these two mutations using a heterologous expression system. The wild type and mutant CNGA3 were expressed in HEK293 cells, the channel’s expression and cellular localization were examined by immunoblotting and immunofluorecences labeling, and activity of the channel was evaluated by ratiometric [Ca2+]i measurements and by electrophysiological recordings. By using this model system we observed dysfunction of the mutant channels. Co-expression of the mutant channel with the wild type subunit did not affect the wild type channel’s activity. Immunoflurescence labeling showed apparent cytosol aggregation of the immunoreactivity in cells expressing the mutants. Thus these disease-causing mutations appear to induce loss of function by impairing the channel cellular trafficking and plasma membrane targeting. Therapeutic supplementation of the wild type transgene may help correct the visual disorders caused by these two mutations.
Genetics of Bacterial Sporulation

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the genetic studies that have been undertaken and only lightly touched on the volume of literature dealing with the biochemistry of the developing spore. One of the more primitive forms of differentiation is presented by the formation of spores in certain bacteria. The formation of a spore follows a temporal sequence of morphological and biochemical events, and is quite similar to the ordered sequences that characterizes development in higher organisms. Sporulation commences with the end of exponential growth of a culture. The chapter discusses the morphological sequence of spore formation, the biochemistry of sporulation, the correlation of the biochemical events with the morphological stage, genetic studies, modification of ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase, RNA polymerase mutants, and the controlling of the temporal order of gene expression. The model system of differentiation provided by bacterial sporulation provides the opportunity to test theories of gene activation and expression with the powerful ability to manipulate the process by genetics. A concerted biochemical and genetic attack on the problem should uncover new mechanisms with relevance to more developed forms of life.