cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Affective State and the Rhythmicity of Activity in Bipolar Disorder

Rhythm disruption is a hallmark of bipolar disorder.1 Multiple models have been proposed to explain the disruptions in rhythms associated with bipolar disorder.2-15 While no consensus has been reached on the direction of these disturbances, an integrating concept is that, rather than there being a stable change In the absolute timing of the circadian clock, there is am inherent instability in the circadian timing system and therefore an increased sensitivity toward temporal disorganization of physiologic rhythms In patients with affective dlsorders.16 In support of this concept are several studies that report a wide variability In the phases of circadian rhythms In patients suffering from bipolar disorder.12-15 Actigraphy has previously been used to assess sleep, activity, and circadian variables in bipolar disorder.5,17,18 Findings from these studies support the concept that there is a loss of rhythmicity in those suffering from the Ulness. Disturbances in the levels of locomotor activity are common in both manic and depressive phases of bipolar dlsorder.17 Bipolar subjects show less locomotor activity when depressed and greater locomotor activity when manlc.5,17 Bipolar subjects have also demonstrated less stable circadian activity patterns, a greater fragmentation of activity, and a greater variabiUty In 24-hour rhythm when compared to controls.18 Previous studies were designed to compare the differences in activity patterns and rhythms between bipolar patients and healthy controls or assessed activity levels in specific mood states. The aim of this study was to test the relationships between mood state and rhythm disturbances as measured via actigraphy in bipolar disorder by assessing the correlations between manic and depressive symptoms as measured via Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, Clinician-Rated scale (IDS-C-30) scores and the actigraphlc measurements of rhythm the 24-hour autocorrelation coefficient and circadian quotient. We hypothesized an association between greater severity of affective symptoms and a decrease in the circadian rhythmicity of activity. We also hypothesized that mania would have a greater Impact on rhythm disturbances than would depression.
Housing Characteristics of Older Asian Americans

This study described the housing tenure and residential density of elders from the six largest Asian American ethnic groups in the US: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Asian Indian, and Vietnamese. These groups were compared to non-Hispanic White elders. Based on data from the 2000 US Census of Population, multilevel regression analyses showed that Japanese elders were most like the non-Hispanic White comparison group across the two housing dimensions. Older Vietnamese persons were least likely to own their homes compared to the other Asian American groups, and with the exception of the Japanese elders, all Asian groups were more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to live in crowded residences. In general, considerable heterogeneity in housing characteristics was observed across the six older Asian American ethnic groups, even after controlling for assimilation and housing discrimination indicators.
Redox processes at surfaces of manganese oxide and their effects on aqueous metal ions

Abstract Mn oxides precipitated from aerated solutions of Mn 2+ by raising the pH are reported in various publications to have the approximate composition Mn 3 O 4 or MnOOH. These oxyhydroxides in turn can disproportionate to Mn 2+ and MnO 2 resulting in a substantial decrease in equilibrium Mn solubility. The disproportionation can catalyze the oxidation of Mn 2+ and other metals by facilitating electron-transfer processes. Diversion of some electron transfers from Mn species to other metal ions can greatly decrease the equilibrium solubility of Co, Pb, Ni and some other elements in the presence of mixed-valence Mn oxides. Some scavenging and coprecipitation effects involving Mn oxides may be attributable to redox processes. Equilibrium solubilities for Mn, Co and Pb are summarized in four graphs.
Identification of novel resident pulmonary stem cells: form and function of the lung side population.

Resident lung stem cells function to replace all lineages of pulmonary tissue, including mesenchyme, epithelium, and vasculature. The phenotype of the lung side population (SP) cells is currently under investigation; their function is currently unknown. Recent data suggest lung SP cells are an enriched tissue-specific source of organ-specific pulmonary precursors and, therefore, a source of adult stem cells. The adult lung SP cell population has been isolated and characterized for expression of markers indicative of stem cell, epithelial, and mesenchymal lineages. These studies determined that the adult mouse lung SP has epithelial and mesenchymal potential that resides within a CD45− mesenchymal subpopulation, as well as limited hematopoietic ability, which resides in the bone marrow–derived CD45+ subpopulation. The ability to identify these adult lung precursor cells allows us to further study the potential of these cells and their role in the regulation of tissue homeostasis and response to injury. The identification of this target population will potentially allow earlier treatment and, long term, a functional restoration of injured pulmonary tissue and lung health.
Inhaled nitric oxide and methemoglobin in full-term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), a potent pulmonary vasodilator, has become a mainstay therapy for neonates with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). However, it also oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin (metHgb), thereby reducing the delivery of oxygen to tissues. Studies have suggested that elevated levels of metHgb may be avoided by limiting iNO concentration to less than 40 parts per million (ppm). However, the relationship between iNO exposure and elevated levels of metHgb (greater than 4%) has not been examined. Therefore, we studied this relationship in full term newborns with PPHN. We reviewed the charts of twenty-eight neonates with a diagnosis of PPHN admitted to our Intensive Care Nursery between 1/92 and 10/97. Our retrospective analysis demonstrated that: (1) high metHgb levels can occur with exposure to low iNO concentration (three of eight newborns with maximum metHgb levels >4% had been exposed to no more than 40 ppm of iNO concentration); and (2) cumulative iNO ( summation operatoriNO) exposure was the best predictor of elevated metHgb levels (seven of nine newborns receiving summation operatoriNO>2000 ppm x hour had maximum metHgb levels >4%).
Metal-metal bonding in reduced scandium halides. Synthesis and crystal structure of scandium monochloride

Durch mehrwochiges Erhitzen von ScCl3 mit uberschussigem metallischem Sc in einem geschlossenen Ta-Rohr auf ca. 900°C wurde ScCl dargestellt.
Substitutes for fluid milk in feeding dairy calves.

Summary Studies involving 185 Holstein calves were carried out to formulate substitute mixtures which would satisfactorily replace fluid whole milk in the ration of dairy calves after 10 to 14 days of age. Approximately normal rates of growth were obtained with mixtures containing large amounts of dried milk solids. In general, however, calves raised on the substitutes were rather rougher in appearance from the third to the seventh week of age than calves fed whole milk. As an average, the rates of growth were somewhat slower on the substitutes during the first month than on milk, but the differences largely were overcome by the time the calves were 4 to 6 mo. of age. Mixtures containing 20 per cent of high-fat soya flour, or dried beet pulp, or as much as 60 per cent of dried whey resulted in slower growth rates and more digestive disturbances than the other mixtures studied. Banana meal and apple pomace appeared to reduce the incidence of scours; however, all of the mixtures studied caused more diarrhea than fluid whole milk. In limited digestion studies, dried whey, glucose and sucrose appeared to be highly digestible for the young calf, whereas corn starch and banana meal were less available.
Modern molar behaviorism and theoretical behaviorism: Religion and science

Baum and Staddon disagree on the status of internal states in behavior analysis. Baum advocates molar behaviorism, treating behavior in temporally extended segments and so avoiding the need for internal states. Staddon argues that internal states merely represent the effects of different histories and that their use brings behavior analysis in line with the established sciences. The dispute is one form of the age-old molar‐molecular controversy that characterized Aristotle’s disagreement with Plato. Both molar and molecular analyses have their place, but molar behaviorism may apply more naturally to a variety of phenomena, ranging from the matching law and avoidance learning to socalled ‘‘higher mental processes.’’ When molecular analysis involves internal states, as in Staddon’s Theoretical Behaviorism (or New Behaviorism), misunderstanding will be inevitable and behaviorism will be seen as one more instance of the mediational theories in which psychology has long been mired. Such theories have long dominated the physical sciences, where their usefulness is indisputable, but psychology is far behind the physical sciences and nonmediational molar behaviorism better suits a discipline that lacks the methods and the data of the established sciences.
An Effective, Economic, Aspirated Radiation Shield for Air Temperature Observations and Its Spatial Gradients

AbstractThis paper presents the design and evaluates the performance of a double-walled electrically aspirated radiation shield for thermometers measuring air temperature and its gradients in the atmospheric surface layer. Tests were performed to quantify its solar radiation error and wake production, and to characterize the observer effect of the forced aspiration on vertical temperature gradients in the calm and stable boundary layer. Construction requirements were to design a unit that uses inexpensive off-the-shelf components, to assemble easily, to facilitate reconfiguration to accommodate various sensors, and to reduce power consumption with the goal of reducing costs and enabling use in sensor networks in remote locations. The custom-aspirated shield was evaluated in reference to a triple-walled commercially available model and subjected to rigorous testing in a wind tunnel and field experiments.The relative radiation error of air temperature measurements in the custom-aspirated shield was equal to...
The selective removal of oxygen from rare earth and thorium metals through oxyhalide formation

Abstract The reactions of yttrium, lanthanum, neodymium and gadolinium metals containing 1–5 at.% dissolved oxygen with the respective trichlorides RC13 to produce ROC1 as well as the reverse reactions of ROCl with pure lanthanum and gadolinium in the presence of RCl3 have been studied in sealed niobium or tantalum containers. Such reactions at 730–850 °C for 1–2 weeks duration yield metal containing 0.1–0.2 at.% oxygen, consistent with thermodynamic estimates for the reaction limits. Precipitation of LaOCl within the low-melting lanthanum metal limits the removal of 2–5 at.% oxygen at 850 °C to about 0.5 at.% but this limit can be decreased to about 0.27% by longer reactions at 760–775 °C. These types of reactions appear general for the selective removal of oxygen from nearly all the rare earth metals. Similar reactions reduced the level of precipitated oxygen in thorium from 1.1 to 0.1 at.% although a much lower value is predicted from thermodynamic data. Enthalpy changes and very low theoretical limits that are equally, or more favorable, are also found for the comparable removal of oxygen from uranium, plutonium, americium and curium (A) via the formation of AOC1 or AOBr.
OB Associations, Supernova-generated Superbubbles, and the Source of Cosmic Rays

We have considered the effects of both the spatial and temporal clustering of OB stars and their subsequent core-collapse supernovae on their generation of superbubbles and their resultant role as the primary source of cosmic rays. Employing a wide range of astronomical and astrophysical observations, we determine quantitatively the fraction of Galactic core-collapse supernovae that occur in superbubbles. We show that the fraction of core-collapse supernovae occurring in superbubbles is high, ranging from ~80% (solely temporal correlations) to ~90% (only spatial correlations). In addition, we find that the singleton end of our stellar cluster distribution is sufficient to reproduce the observed relative number of OB field stars. Core-collapse supernovae (Types II and Ib/c) constitute 85% of Galactic supernovae; only a small fraction of the remaining class of supernovae, Type Ia, occur in superbubbles. Thus, ~75% of all Galactic supernovae are expected to occur within superbubbles. The occurrence of the great majority of Galactic supernovae in superbubbles has major implications for cosmic-ray acceleration. Acceleration of cosmic-ray nuclei heavier than He in enriched (ZSB ? 3 Z?) superbubble interiors can consistently explain the anomalous cosmic-ray 22Ne/20Ne ratio, the cosmic-ray actinde/Pt group and UPuCm/Th ratios, and the constant LiBeB/(C+O) ratio observed in very old, metal-poor stars. Finally, although only ~75% of supernovae occur in superbubbles, ~88% of the cosmic-ray heavy particles are accelerated there because of the factor of ~3 enhanced superbubble core metallicity.
Chromaffin Reacting Cells in Human Digital Skin

These studies demonstrated the existence of chromaffin-reacting granules in the human skin. The chromaffin reaction was provided by bichromate fixation. Subsequent special staining by the modified Sevki procedure revealed these granules to be localized usually to characteristic long, eel-like cells with distinctive tinctorial features. Although the true significance of these cells is not certain, they are believed to represent the local source of a vasopressor material for the peripheral tissues. Much indirect physiologic evidence supports this belief.
Anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: associations with social function, positive and negative symptoms, hope and trauma history.

OBJECTIVE: Anxiety is commonly observed in schizophrenia, but its relationship with other features of illness is unclear. METHOD: We examined correlations between measures of anxiety, positive and negative symptoms, hope, psychosocial function and trauma history among 128 participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Cluster analyses were conducted to determine whether we could detect a subgroup with severe anxiety. RESULTS: Higher levels of anxiety were associated with greater hallucinations, withdrawal, depression, hopelessness, better insight and poorer function. Cluster analyses produced three groups according to anxiety level: subclinical anxiety (n = 37), moderate anxiety (n = 55) and severe anxiety (n = 36). anova revealed that the severe anxiety group had more severe hallucinations, poorer psychosocial function and less hope than either of the other two groups. Self-report of sexual trauma predicted higher levels of anxiety overall. CONCLUSION: A subgroup of persons with severe anxiety may be identifiable in schizophrenia with a unique clinical profile. Language: en
Retinoic acid regulates C/EBP homologous protein expression (CHOP), which negatively regulates myeloid target genes

Retinoic acid (RA) promotes granulocytic differentiation of normal hematopoietic cells and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) blasts by transcriptional modulation of myeloid regulatory genes. In this study, we have identified the C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) as a novel retinoid-responsive gene using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based cDNA subtraction method.All-transretinoic acid (ATRA) induced a biphasic expression of CHOP mRNA in the NB4 and HL60 AML cell lines. Levels of CHOP expression increased within 1 hour of exposure to ATRA. ATRA expression became nearly absent between 6 and 24 hours, and a second phase of induction occurred after 48 hours. Retinoid-dependent regulation of CHOP expression was also observed in normal human neutrophils but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, retinoid-dependent regulation of CHOP expression was not observed in retinoid-nonresponsive cell lines HL60R and NB4-R2. CHOP expression was regulated at the transcriptional level and was independent of new protein synthesis. CHOP heterodimerized with C/EBP and negatively regulated the myeloid-specific gene lactoferrin. Furthermore, CHOPtranscriptionally inhibited C/EBP- and C/EBPdependent induction of secondary granule gene expression. RA signaling in granulocytic differentiation involves regulated expression of CHOP and C/EBP in a coordinated fashion. (Blood. 2004;104:3911-3917)
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels Based on the Genetically Engineered Proteins: Actuation, Drug Delivery and Mechanical Characterization

Herein, we describe a biomimetic approach aimed at the development of synthetic biohybrid materials inspired by nature's sensing and actuating mechanism of action. The biomaterials are based on the incorporation of the hinge-motion binding protein calmodulin (CaM) and its low affinity ligand phenothiazine (TAPP) within the bulk of an acrylamide hydrogel network, which is accomplished through covalent binding. At the initial state and in the presence of Ca 2+ ions, CaM interacts with TAPP creating chemical (non-covalent) cross-links within the bulk of the hydrogel, forcing the material to assume a constrictive configuration. Upon the removal of Ca 2+ , CaM releases TAPP, breaking the non-covalent cross-links within the bulk of the hydrogel and letting the material relax into a swollen state. The same type of effect is observed when a higher affinity ligand for CaM, like chlorpromazine (CPZ), is employed. In the presence of CPZ, the protein releases TAPP and binds CPZ, allowing the biomaterial to swell into a relaxed state. This swelling response of the biomaterial is reversible, and is directly related to the levels of CPZ used. The sensing and subsequent actuating mechanism of the CaM-based stimuli-sensitive hydrogels makes them suitable for a variety of applications, including sensing, mechanical actuation, high-throughput screening, and drug delivery. Additionally, it is shown that the CaM-based stimuli-sensitive hydrogels developed present unique mechanical properties, suitable for integration within microfluidics and MEMS structures. It is envisioned that these biomaterials will find a number of applications in a variety of fields, including drug delivery.
The impact of elevated CO2, increased nitrogen availability and biodiversity on plant tissue quality and decomposition

Elevated CO2, increased nitrogen (N) deposition and increasing species richness can increase net primary productivity (NPP). However, unless there are comparable changes in decomposition, increases in productivity will most likely be unsustainable. Without comparable increases in decomposition nutrients would accumulate in dead organic matter leading to nutrient limitations that could eventually prohibit additional increases in productivity. To address this issue, we measured aboveground plant and litter quality and belowground root quality, as well as decomposition of aboveground litter for one and 2-year periods using in situ litterbags in response to a three-way factorial manipulation of CO2 (ambient vs. 560ppm), N deposition (ambient vs. the addition of 4gNm � 2 yr � 1 ) and plant species richness (one, four, nine and 16 species) in experimental grassland plots. Litter chemistry responded to the CO2, N and plant diversity treatments, but decomposition was much less responsive. Elevated CO2 induced decreases in % N and % lignin in plant tissues. N addition led to increases in % N and decreases in % lignin. Increasing plant diversity led to decreases in % N and % lignin and an increase in % cellulose. In contrast to the litter chemistry changes, elevated CO2 had a much lower impact on decomposition and resulted in only a 2.5% decrease in carbon (C) loss. Detectable responses were not observed either to N addition or to species richness. These results suggest that global change factors such as biodiversity loss, elevated CO2 and N deposition lead to significant changes in tissue quality; however, the response of decomposition is modest. Thus, the observed increases in productivity at higher diversity levels and with elevated CO2 and N fertilization are not matched by an increase in decomposition rates. This lack of coupled responses between production and decomposition is likely to result in an accumulation of nutrients in the litter pool which will dampen the response of NPP to these factors over time.
Structural entropy and metamorphic malware

Metamorphic malware is capable of changing its internal structure without altering its functionality. A common signature is nonexistent in highly metamorphic malware and, consequently, such malware can remain undetected under standard signature scanning. In this paper, we apply previous work on structural entropy to the metamorphic detection problem. This technique relies on an analysis of variations in the complexity of data within a file. The process consists of two stages, namely, file segmentation and sequence comparison. In the segmentation stage, we use entropy measurements and wavelet analysis to segment files. The second stage measures the similarity of file pairs by computing an edit distance between the sequences of segments obtained in the first stage. We apply this similarity measure to the metamorphic detection problem and show that we obtain strong results in certain challenging cases.
Meeting Disparities Where they Reside: The Geography of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in Cardiovascular Health

Despite the Institute of Medicine report on racial and ethnic disparities in health care outcomes that was published more than 10 years ago, disparities in health outcomes including cardiovascular disease outcomes persist. The recent literature on racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease outcomes incorporates geospatial-mapping analyses in order to shed light on the ways in which disparities vary by location, highlighting variability in access to health care. In addition the problem of access to health care, the quality of the health care that is available to minority communities has also been scrutinized, underscoring the potential of quality improvement interventions to reduce existing disparities in cardiovascular outcomes. Targeted interventions to expand health education, expand access to primary and tertiary care and improve the quality of the health care received by racial and ethnic minorities could reduce disparities in cardiovascular outcomes.
The in situ quantum efficiency of natural phytoplankton populations

The quantum efficiency of in situ photosynthesis for natural phytoplankton populations has been determined at various localities and depths in the ocean. Quantum efficiencies increased linearly with the logarithm of decreasing incident quanta at a rate varying with location. During the SCOR Discoverer Expedition of May 1970, data were collected with the objective of computing the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis by in situ natural phytoplankton populations. Photosynthesis was dctermincd by the method of in situ lzLC fixation, and optical measurements were made to document the total quantum irradiance transmission of the ocean water for daylight as a function of depth (for the spectral range from 350-700 nm). In addition to this, a recording of incident quanta as a function of time was obtained for the full incubation period, which lasted from local apparent noon to sunset (very nearly 6 h), at the site of one of the incubation samples immersed in the ocean. Concentrations of chlorophyll a and pheopigmcnts were also measured. The quantum cfficiencics have been calculated from the ratio of 14C fixed per half day divided by the total quanta absorbed by the viable phytoplankton pigments per half day. Graphical an d mathematical formulations of Beer’s law have been used to calculate the total quanta absorbed by the viable plant pigments. The method also permits calculation of irradiance attenuation cocfficicnts for the four specified absorbing constituents enumerated for ocean water. The Discoverer Expedition was planned and carried out by SCOR Working Group
The preliminary study of effects of tolfenamic Acid on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and intracellular collagen deposition in keloid fibroblasts in vitro.

Keloid scarring is a fibroproliferative disorder due to the accumulation of collagen type I. Tolfenamic acid (TA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been found to potentially affect the synthesis of collagen in rats. In this preliminary study, we aimed to test the effects of TA on cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and the deposition of intracellular collagen in keloid fibroblasts. Normal fibroblasts (NFs) and keloid fibroblasts (KFs) were obtained from human dermis tissue. Within the dose range 10−3–10−6 M and exposure times 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, we found that 0.55 × 10−3 M TA at 48 h exposure exhibited significantly decreased cell proliferation in both NFs and KFs. Under these experimental conditions, we demonstrated that (1) TA treatment induced a remarkable apoptotic rate in KFs compared to NFs; (2) TA treatment reduced collagen production in KFs versus NFs; (3) TA treatment decreased collagen type I expression in KFs comparing to that of NFs. In summary, our data suggest that TA decreases cell proliferation, induces cell apoptosis, and inhibits collagen accumulation in KFs.
Behavioral response of native Atlantic territorial three spot damselfish (Stegastes planifrons) toward invasive Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans)

The Pacific red lionfish (Pterois volitans) has been recognized as a top conservation issue in the world due to its ability as an invasive predator to greatly reduce recruitment of native reef fishes, and with potential long-term ecosystem-level effects. This study tested for territorial aggression of native three spot damselfish (Stegastes planifrons) toward invasive lionfish as a possible source of biotic resistance that may provide prey refugia for coral-reef fish recruits. Throughout July and August 2011, I conducted a field experiment in the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands using a model-bottle design specifically developed for examining three spot damselfish behavior. I compared the behavioral response of 40 damselfish to the presence of invasive lionfish and three native fishes presented individually in clear bottles, as well as to an empty bottle control. Despite lionfish having invaded these islands in different years, damselfish response did not differ between the Bahamas and the Cayman Islands. Overall, damselfish response toward invasive lionfish was not significantly different from the minimal response toward the empty bottle control. In contrast, damselfish actively responded to all native fishes, with species-specific behaviors and levels of aggression that depended on the ecological relationships between damselfish and intruding fishes. Differences in the seafloor rugosity of damselfish territories among study sites also appeared to influence damselfish response. The lack of damselfish response towards lionfish demonstrates that territories are unlikely to serve as native prey refugia, and may indicate lack of recognition of this invasive predator compared to native predators.
A 21st century view of evolution: genome system architecture, repetitive DNA, and natural genetic engineering

The last 50 years of molecular genetics have produced an abundance of new discoveries and data that make it useful to revisit some basic concepts and assumptions in our thinking about genomes and evolution. Chief among these observations are the complex modularity of genome organization, the biological ubiquity of mobile and repetitive DNA sequences, and the fundamental importance of DNA rearrangements in the evolution of sequenced genomes. This review will take a broad overview of these developments and suggest some new ways of thinking about genomes as sophisticated informatic storage systems and about evolution as a systems engineering process.
Genetic interaction between Bardet-Biedl syndrome genes and implications for limb patterning

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a pleiotropic, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by obesity, retinopathy, polydactyly, cognitive impairment, renal and cardiac anomalies, as well as hypertension and diabetes. Multiple genes are known to independently cause BBS. These genes do not appear to code for the same functional category of proteins; yet, mutation of each results in a similar phenotype. Gene knockdown of different BBS genes in zebrafish shows strikingly overlapping phenotypes including defective melanosome transport and disruption of the ciliated Kupffer's vesicle. Here, we demonstrate that individual knockdown of bbs1 and bbs3 results in the same prototypical phenotypes as reported previously for other BBS genes. We utilize the zebrafish system to comprehensively determine whether simultaneous pair-wise knockdown of BBS genes reveals genetic interactions between BBS genes. Using this approach, we demonstrate eight genetic interactions between a subset of BBS genes. The synergistic relationships between distinct combinations are not due to functional redundancy but indicate specific interactions within a multi-subunit BBS complex. In addition, we utilize the zebrafish model system to investigate limb development. Human polydactyly is a cardinal feature of BBS not reproduced in BBS-mouse models. We evaluated zebrafish fin bud patterning and observed altered Sonic hedgehog (shh) expression and subsequent changes to fin skeletal elements. The SHH fin bud phenotype was also used to confirm specific genetic interactions between BBS genes. This study reveals an in vivo requirement for BBS function in limb bud patterning. Our results provide important new insights into the mechanism and biological significance of BBS.
The Four "R"s of Openness and ALMS Analysis: Frameworks for Open Educational Resources

A significant movement in education concerns the use of open educational resources. By ‘open’ it is generally meant that the resource is available at no cost to others for adaptation and reuse in different contexts. However, ‘open’ is not a simple dichotomy; rather, there is a continuum of openness. We discuss four separate aspects of reuse and demonstrate how these describe different levels of openness. We discuss how the licensing and technical aspects of open educational resources affect the relative openness of an open educational resource. Implications for those creating open educational resources are discussed.
Quetiapine for the treatment of acute bipolar mania, mixed episodes and maintenance therapy

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood instability, which can be challenging to manage. First-line pharmacological approaches usually involve lithium, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Over the past fifteen years, several second-generation antipsychotics have demonstrated benefits for various phases of this disorder. Areas covered: This article examines the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of quetiapine; its evidence base as an acute and maintenance monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for bipolar manic or mixed episodes is also discussed, along with the related issues of its safety and tolerability. Expert opinion: In the context of bipolar disorder, quetiapine is the only agent approved as a monotherapy or adjunct therapy for acute manic/mixed episodes in adults and adolescents; as a monotherapy for acute depressive episodes in adults; and as an adjunctive maintenance therapy for bipolar I and II disorder in adults. In addition to its antipsychotic properties, this broad mood-stabil...
Nucleation and growth theory of cavity evolution under conditions of cascade damage and high helium generation

Abstract The evolution of helium-filled cavities during neutron irradiation is analyzed in terms of the stochastic theory of atomic clustering. The conventional separation of nucleation and growth is replaced by a self-consistent evolution model. Starting from kinetic rate (master) equations for the clustering of helium and vacancies, helium mobility, helium-vacancy cluster stability, and cavity nucleation and growth are all included in the model. Under typical fusion irradiation conditions (cascade damage and high helium-to-dpa ratios), the following is suggested: (1) Helium mobility decreases with the evolution of the microstructure. At quasi-steady state, it is mainly controlled by interstitial replacement or thermal desorption. (2) Gas re-solution from cavities by cascades increases nucleation at high fluences. (3) The cavity size distribution is broadened because of cascade-induced fluctuations. (4) The majority of helium-filled cavities are in a nonequilibrium thermodynamic state.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Belinostat Represses Survivin Expression through Reactivation of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) Receptor II Leading to Cancer Cell Death

Survivin is a cancer-associated gene that functions to promote cell survival, cell division, and angiogenesis and is a marker of poor prognosis. Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce apoptosis and re-expression of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells. In association with increased expression of the tumor suppressor gene transforming growth factor β receptor II (TGFβRII) induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor belinostat, we observed repressed survivin expression. We investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in survivin down-regulation by belinostat downstream of reactivation of TGFβ signaling. We identified two mechanisms. At early time points, survivin protein half-life was decreased with its proteasomal degradation. We observed that belinostat activated protein kinase A at early time points in a TGFβ signaling-dependent mechanism. After longer times (48 h), survivin mRNA was also decreased by belinostat. We made the novel observation that belinostat mediated cell death through the TGFβ/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Induction of TGFβRII with concomitant survivin repression may represent a significant mechanism in the anticancer effects of this drug. Therefore, patient populations exhibiting high survivin expression with epigenetically silenced TGFβRII might potentially benefit from the use of this histone deacetylase inhibitor.
A Self-Reconfigurable Sensor Network Management System for Internet of Things Paradigm

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the paradigm of inter connecting heterogeneous devices which are distributed globally and will be a part of the future Internet. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are one of the integral classes of networks in the IoT. One of the major challenges to achieve IoT is to integrate and manage large heterogeneous networks. Autonomic network management system is the need of the hour to prop up successful implementation of IoT and it should be in sync with the existing Internet architecture and protocols for smooth and wider applications in IoT. Here we reviewed and proposed a novel heterogeneous and self optimizing sensor network management system which envisages energy saver, life time enhancer and flexible auto configuration of WSNs
Optimal table-lookup schemes for binary-to-residue and residue-to-binary conversions

Alternate table-lookup schemes for conversion of binary to residue numbers, and vice versa, are presented. They are based on high-radix methods to minimize table size and to speed up the conversion process. Improved variants of VLSI-based pipelined binary-to-residue converters are derived along with balanced, highly regular, pipelined architectures for residue-to-binary conversion in VLSI. >
Outcomes of an abdominal aortic aneurysm screening program

Objective In 2007, Medicare guidelines were established to identify persons at risk for the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the 5-year outcomes of an AAA screening program in a regional Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. Methods Data were extracted from a regional VA health care network identifying all veteran males 65 to 75 years of age who smoked at least 100 cigarettes during their lifetime. In 2007, an AAA screening mandate was implemented allowing patients meeting screening criteria to be evaluated for AAA as part of the patient's health maintenance. AAA is identified as an aortic diameter size of 3.0 cm or greater. Clinician adherence to screening protocols and referral to a vascular surgeon for aneurysms >5.5 cm were also evaluated. Results A total of 9751 patients (71.5 ± 5.6 standard deviation years of age) were screened for an AAA over a 5-year period from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2011. A total of 698 aneurysms (7.1%) were found. Referrals to a vascular surgeon were made on 45 patients with aneurysms >5.5 cm. Over a 5-year period, a total of 2754 patients (28.2%) were inappropriately screened: 416 patients were under 65 years old, 2243 patients were over 75 years old, 36 patients were women, and 123 patients without aneurysms had multiple screenings. In 2007, during the first year of implementation, 39.2% of patients were inappropriately screened. Over the next 4 years, inappropriate screenings decreased with 33.7% in 2008, 28.6% in 2009, 17.7% in 2010, and 14.3% in 2011. Conclusions A large AAA screening program at the VA detects more aneurysms, but at smaller diameters than that published in clinical trials. Over time, the number of inappropriate AAA screenings has continued to decrease, demonstrating greater awareness and application of the AAA screening guidelines by primary care providers. Developing surveillance guidelines for small and medium aneurysms is a potential area for future research.
Who Needs The Teacher

The purpose of the present paper is to establish, define, and develop a high-level architecture for Systems of Learning from the viewpoint of interdependencies between the processes of self-organization and collective intelligence. The role of the Teacher/Manager therefore changes to the collective learning and intelligence taking the central stage. The paper also develops and justifies several views within the stated viewpoint serving better understanding of the relationship between these processes and offering a common ground for the discussion and development of various implementation scenarios.
Modified corncrib (inverted T) procedure with Quickert suture for repair of involutional entropion

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine long-term results of involutional entropion repair by a modified corncrib (inverted T) procedure with a Quickert suture. Methods: A retrospective review of consecutive patients with involutional entropion who underwent repair by a modified corncrib procedure from January 1986 to July 1994 was performed. A full-thickness basedown triangle (corncrib) excised at the lateral limbus corrects horizontal laxity and everts the eyelid margin. The stem of the T is represented by the vertical closure of the eyelid margin and the tarsus. The top of the T is represented by the horizontal wound at the lower tarsal border after excision of an ellipse of skin and preseptal orbicularis muscle medial and lateral. The resultant horizontal scar prevents overriding of preseptal over pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle. A translid double-armed Quickert suture preplaced 2 to 3 mm lateral to the punctum plicates the dehisced lower eyelid retractors and also prevents overriding of preseptal over the pretarsal orbicularis muscle. This suture pierces the conjunctival cul-de-sac and exits the skin just anterior to the lashes. Results: In 63 eyelids of 59 patients (4 bilateral cases), there were no failures with a median follow-up of 49.3 months. Complications were minimal. Conclusions: The modified corncrib (inverted T) procedure is performed through a single surgical wound, requires minimal surgical dissection, and provides excellent long-term results.
Age and Environment of Allochthonous Peat Clasts from the Bogachiel River Valley, Washington

Peat clasts that are 18,800 ± 400 radiocarbon yrs old, redeposited in alluvial sediments of the lower Bogachiel River, date from the Evans Creek Stade of Fraser Glaciation. Pollen analyses of eight samples of the clasts show grass and sedge in amounts between 77 and 86 percent of the pollen sums and indicate treeless or near-treeless vegetation and environment. These analyses agree with analyses of sediments of a comparable age from a sea-cliff section near Kalaloch, about 28 km south of the Bogachiel site. At this locality, grass and sedge reach 81 percent of the pollen sum and portray a tundra across this portion of the western Olympic Peninsula. Farther south at Point Grenville, where lodgepole pine–dominated forest is evident, environmental conditions were less severe. The tree line, therefore, was located somewhere between Kalaloch and Point Grenville at that time. The Bogachiel clasts were redeposited during the early part of the Holocene, about 9,500 yrs ago. Pollen analyses from a measured section exposing the clasts disclose striking values for Sitka alder, amounting to as much as 65 percent of the pollen sum at the time of redeposition. These amounts of alder are representative of the regional, early Holocene pollen sequence reconstructed from bog and lake stratigraphy. A cool but ameliorating climate was manifest when the clasts were emplaced. The glacier that flowed farthest down the Bogachiel River valley, tentatively dated as early Salmon Springs, advanced to a position some 6 km beyond the clast site. Ice of late Salmon Springs age reached only to the Hoh-Bogachiel drainage divide, 6.5 km southeast of the site. It is not known how far the Vashon glacier extended down the Bogachiel during Fraser Glaciation, but available evidence indicates that the glacier terminated in the upper part of the valley. In the Hoh drainage to the south, the Vashon ice front stood about 6 km from the Hoh-Bogachiel divide, and recession began some time prior to 15,600 radiocarbon yrs ago. It is suggested that glacier ice in the Bogachiel valley melted away by 6,500 B.P.
Growing solver-aided languages with rosette

SAT and SMT solvers have automated a spectrum of programming tasks, including program synthesis, code checking, bug localization, program repair, and programming with oracles. In principle, we obtain all these benefits by translating the program (once) to a constraint system understood by the solver. In practice, however, compiling a language to logical formulas is a tricky process, complicated by having to map the solution back to the program level and extend the language with new solver-aided constructs, such as symbolic holes used in synthesis.This paper introduces ROSETTE, a framework for designing solver-aided languages. ROSETTE is realized as a solver-aided language embedded in Racket, from which it inherits extensive support for meta-programming. Our framework frees designers from having to compile their languages to constraints: new languages, and their solver-aided constructs, are defined by shallow (library-based) or deep (interpreter-based) embedding in ROSETTE itself.We describe three case studies, by ourselves and others, of using ROSETTE to implement languages and synthesizers for web scraping, spatial programming, and superoptimization of bitvector programs.
Research on Leadership Selection and Training: One View of the Future

I wish to express my particular thanks for their helpful, critical comments to Lee R. Beach, Judith Fiedler, Susan Infield, and Chad Lewis. Their suggestions contributed materially to the final version of this paper. Address correspondence to the author at 1250 N.W. 126th Street, Seattle, WA 98177-4343 (e-mail: (fiedler@uu.washington.edu)). The past 40 years have seen considerable strides in our understanding of leadership, which until recently focused on inherited traits and abilities. Although we now see leadership as a complex interaction between the leader and the social and organizational environment, this lesson is frequently ignored in personnel selection and leadership training. At this time, most leader selection and leadership training approaches have not been adequately validated. Further progress in these areas requires that we focus research on methods that integrate situational components into personnel selection and leadership training.'
Development of a membrane-less dynamic field gradient focusing device for the separation of low-molecular-weight molecules

Dynamic field gradient focusing uses an electric field gradient generated by controlling the voltage profile of an electrode array to separate and concentrate charged analytes according to their individual electrophoretic mobilities. This study describes a new instrument in which the electrodes have been placed within the separation channel. The major challenge faced with this device is that when applied voltages to the electrodes are larger than the redox potential of water, electrolysis will occur, producing hydrogen ions (H+) plus oxygen gas on the anodes and hydroxide (OH(-)) plus hydrogen gas on the cathodes. The resulting gas bubbles and pH excursions can cause problems with system performance and reproducibility. An on-column, degassing system that can remove gas bubbles "on-the-fly" is described. In addition, the use of a high capacity, low-conductivity buffer to address the problem of the pH shift that occurs due to the production of H+ on the anodes is illustrated. Finally, the successful separation of three, low-molecular-weight dyes (amaranth, bromophenol blue and methyl red) is described.
Microscopic containers for sample archiving in environmental and biomedical sensors

This report describes our work on microfabricated containers that store small amounts of environmental samples for analysis. The containers are based on “strain architecture,” a fabrication technique which causes planar microstructures to fold out of plane from the substrate. These structures remain connected to electrodes for thermal actuation, electrochemical sample collection, and gas generation through electrolysis. Results are shown for collection of dissolved metals by electroplating using small voltages and currents that are compatible with the power resources of wireless sensor networks. Such containers will be useful for rapid in-situ analysis of concentrated samples, for maintaining a sample archive that can corroborate the results of an in-situ biochemical sensor, or for time-stamped collection of samples for offsite analysis using equipment that is unavailable in the field such as mass spectrometry or electron-beam based analysis methods.
Tales of A Korean Shaman

Laurel Kendall. The Life and Hard Times of. Korean Shaman: Of Tales and the Telling of Tales. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1988. 157 pages. $9.95 (paper); $23.00 (cloth).
Developing Crisis Management Skills Through A Realistic Case Scenario

Increasingly, managers and public relations officials seem to be at the forefront of newscasts as a variety of organizational crises develop. Business educators attempting to teach appropriate crises management knowledge and develop skills needed to address such a crises should incorporate realistic case scenarios to challenge students. Such realistic cases should appropriately address communication and management needs related to crises that may develop. This paper presents a realistic case that has been used to instill crisis management skills in a business public relations class.