cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of schema congruity on consumer response to celebrity advertising.

The trend of celebrity-branded products is on the rise, creating a new domain in which to explore the match-up hypothesis. Moving beyond the celebrity as an endorser, but rather, a brand promoting a brand extension, this article examines how perceived congruence between a celebrity's image and the brand image of products they have developed is related to attitudinal and behavioral measures of advertising effectiveness. Employing a 2 × 3 full factorial design, congruence between the celebrity's image and the brand's image was varied (less vs. more congruent), along with the use of the celebrity's image (present, absent, non-celebrity models) to determine how schema congruity influences consumer's response to celebrity advertising. The results of a multivariate analysis of covariance analysis indicating lower levels of congruence between the celebrity's image and the brand's image led to greater advertising effectiveness compared to higher levels of congruence. Specifically, the means of the attitudinal dep...
A simple ultramicro method for determination of pyridine nucleotides in tissues

Several methods are available at present for the quantitative estimation of tissue pyridine nucleotide levels. Those that are dependent on the measurement of the absorption of the reduced coenzyme at 340 mμ (1) or on the conversion of the oxidized nucleotide to a fluorescent derivative (2) are capable of detecting reliably concentrations of not less than 5 × 10−6M or 1 × 10−8M, respectively. Methods which utilize enzyme cycling (3, 4) can detect concentrations as low as 1 × 10−9M. In general, however, these latter methods utilize expensive photofluorometric equipment or require several enzymes as reagents which are not usually available commercially in the purity necessary for the determination. A colorimetric method for the determination of the nucleotide coenzymes has been described by Villee (5) and by Slater and Sawyer (6). This method utilizes enzyme cycling with dichlorophenolindophenol as the terminal electron acceptor, requires titration of the sample with dichlorophenolindophenol reagent before analysis in order to correct for some unknown substance (s) that reacts with this dye, and can detect amounts of coenzyme down to 0.5 × 10−9 mole per cuvet. The present paper submits a method which is relatively simple to perform, yet is precise and sensitive, and is capable for determining reduced or oxidized NAD+ or NADP+ in amounts as low as 1 × 10−12 mole per cuvet.
Demonstration of a Two Species Noble Gas Maser.

We have demonstrated the first two species maser. Ensembles of ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ gas, co-located in a double-chamber glass cell, performed simultaneous maser oscillations on their nuclear spin- $\frac{1}{2}$ Zeeman transitions. This new device may be used for experiments requiring precision magnetometry combined with frequency measurement of a second free-running species operating in the same volume. For example, the ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ maser may serve as a magnetometer, while the ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ maser may be used to search for a permanent electric dipole moment of the ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ atom as a test of time reversal symmetry.
Antituberculosis activity of certain antifungal and antihelmintic drugs.

A panel of antifungal and antihelmintic drugs was tested for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro. Antifungal drugs, miconazole, 2-nitroimidazole, clotrimazole, and the antihelmintic drug niclosamide were found to have significant antituberculosis activity, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 1 and 10μg/ml. Niclosamide and 2-nitroimidazole also had activity against stationary phase tubercle bacilli. Further testing of these drugs and their derivatives in vitro and in vivo appears to be warranted.
Sulfonated Polyamide Based IPMCs

In this study, we introduce a newly developed Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite (IPMC) family that is manufactured using a novel ionic exchange membrane-a randomly sulfonated fluoropoly(ether amide) (TFIPA-90)-as the base material. The thermal behavior and mechanical properties of the ionic polymer were probed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Electrochemical properties and the actuation performance of the TFIPA-90 based IPMCs were also investigated in this study. The stiffness of the TFIPA polymer was significantly higher than that of Nafion® and much noted at high temperatures (>100 oC). The thermal behavior of the TFIPA polymer also showed better stability than Nafion (R) at high temperatures due to the more rigid chemical structure of the ionomer. As an actuator, a new IPMC prepared from TFIPA-90 showed improved performance with rapid response time to the electric field and a large bending displacement. The TFIPA-based IPMC may be useful for microwave-driven robotic applications.
Failure of limb segments in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (crustacea: Malacostraca)

Abstract 1. 1. Critical forces, stresses and failure mode were determined for merus and dactylus segments of blue crab walking legs loaded in bending, the first such measurements for an animal with an exoskeleton. 2. 2. 90% of the segments failed by local buckling. 3. 3. Mean force at failure for the merus was 60% higher than that for the dactylus, but calculated peak stresses were only one sixth as large. 4. 4. Blue crabs are unlikely to ever load their limbs sufficiently during normal activities as to risk failure of undamaged limb segments.
The Beauty Match-Up Hypothesis: Congruence between Types of Beauty and Product Images in Advertising

Abstract This paper proposes the Beauty Match-Up Hypothesis, which has two main components: 1) That perceivers distinguish multiple types of physical attractiveness; and 2) That these specific types are seen as more or less suitable (i.e., better match-ups) for certain products when paired in advertising. A set of editors at major women's magazines sorted photos of professional fashion models. A multidimensional scaling analysis of these choices revealed six distinct types of good looks, and also identified prototypical fashion models who embodied these types. The beauty types were differentially associated with a set of perfumes and women's magazines representing diverse images. Implications of beauty types for product imagery in advertising are discussed.
Polygalacturonase is a virulence factor in Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar 3.

Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar 3 causes both crown gall and root decay of grapes. All biovar 3 strains, regardless of their tumorigenicity, produce in culture a single polygalacturonase with a pI around 4.5. A. tumefaciens biovar 3 strain CG49 was mutagenized with Tn5 by using pSUP2021 as a suicide vector. A mutant strain, CG50, lacking polygalacturonase activity was isolated. The mutation was due to a single Tn5 insertion in an 8.5-kb EcoRI fragment that also contained the polygalacturonase structural gene. The polygalacturonase-encoding pehA gene was cloned in Escherichia coli by using the plasmid pBluescript as a vector. Activity-stained isoelectric focusing gel analysis demonstrated that E. coli cells harboring the pehA+ recombinant plasmid pCPP2067 produced a polygalacturonase in culture with the same pI as the enzyme produced by CG49. The pehA gene was localized within a 2.5-kb HindIII-SalI fragment. This fragment was used as a probe in Southern hybridization analysis and showed that no closely related genes are present in A. tumefaciens biovars 1 or 2, Rhizobium leguminosarum, or Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The polygalacturonase mutant was unable to induce root decay in grapes (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay) and was substantially less tumorigenic than the wild type in grape stems when low levels of inoculum were used, although both strains were equally tumorigenic in potato disc assays. The results indicate that polygalacturonase is a virulence factor in both the root decay and crown gall incited in grapes by A. tumefaciens biovar 3.
Development of pedotransfer functions for a profile cone penetrometer

In this study, we illustrate how profile cone penetrometers PCP , can be used to measure . penetration resistance rapidly to define zones similar in cone index CI , which can be related to u , and ii to evaluate the sensitivity of parameters used in these functions. The data set represented soils formed in reworked silty loess overlying glacial till and ror lacustrine sediments. The global data set were grouped into subsets in terms of similar CIs. A horizontal hierarchical cluster analysis and a vertical point inflection method were used to derive cone index layer . profiles CILP1 to CILP5 . Variability of CI within CILPs was small and variability of CI among CILPs was large. Within each group, CI was regressed with soil physical properties to develop 2. pedopedotransfer functions. These were evaluated using the coefficient of determination R.A sensitivity analysis was executed to evaluate the relative importance of different parameters in the regression models. For the total data set, R 2 ranged from 0.35 to 0.48. Pedotransfer functions for the CILPs showed largest R 2 with 0.62 for CILP1, 0.76 for CILP2, 0.70 for CILP3, 0.63 for CILP4 and 0.98 for CILP5. Depth, r , clay content and u were variables with large predictive b power. Textural variables had strong predictive power in the top layers, CILP1 and CILP2. In CILP4, clay contents along with r and u were variables with large predictive power. In contrast, b the predictive power of r and u was strong in layers CILP3 and CILP5, whereas soil textural b
Minimax design of CMAC encoded neural network controllers using evolutionary programming

The authors describe the use of evolutionary programming for computer-aided design and testing of cerebellar model arithmetic computer (CMAC) encoded neural network regulators. The design and testing problem is viewed as a game in that the controller parameters are to be chosen with a minimax criterion, i.e. to minimize the loss associated with their use on the worst possible plant parameters. The technique permits analysis of neural strategies against a set of plants. This gives both the best choice of control parameters and identification of the plant configuration which is most difficult for the best controller to handle. >
Refinement but Not Maintenance of Visual Receptive Fields Is Independent of Visual Experience

Visual deprivation is reported to prevent or delay the development of mature receptive field (RF) properties in primary visual cortex (V1) in several species. In contrast, visual deprivation neither prevents nor delays refinement of RF size in the superior colliculus (SC) of Syrian hamsters, although vision is required for RF maintenance in the SC. Here, we report that, contrary to expectation, visual cortical RF refinement occurs normally in dark-reared animals. As in the SC, a brief period of visual experience is required to maintain V1 RF refinement in adulthood. Whereas in the SC, 3 days of visual experience within a sensitive period (P37–40) was sufficient to protect RFs from deprivation-induced enlargement in adulthood, 7 days (P33–40) were required for RF size maintenance in V1. Thus, spontaneous activity is sufficient for RF refinement at these 2 levels of the visual pathway, and visual input is necessary only to prevent deprivation-induced RF enlargement in adulthood. These studies show that sensory experience during a late juvenile sensitive period protects the visual pathway against sensory deprivation in adulthood, and suggest that more importance may have been placed on the role of early visual experience in visual RF development than is warranted.
Caesar at the Rubicon

The first few chapters of Caesar's Bellum Civile are notoriously untrustworthy. Much has been done by Nissen, Schmidt and others towards re-telling the story more truthfully, but our accounts are not yet fully satisfactory. Caesar's statement that he met the tribunes only after crossing the Rubicon is at first sight startling and does not accord with the story as told by Plutarch and Appian; for both of these historians make much of the fact that Caesar exhibited the tribunes upon their arrival to his army, thus stirring the soldiers to action. Plutarch and Appian are evidently following Pollio, who was with Caesar on the day of crossing: they ought therefore to furnish testimony of some weight. Suetonius makes no direct statement about the matter, but the order of events as given by him seems to place him in agreement with the statement of the Bellum Civile. We have therefore Pollio, Plutarch (twice), and Appian against the words of the Bellum Civile and Suetonius; or, more simply, Pollio against Caesar, both of whom were eye-witnesses of what occurred that day. Pollio, moreover, is the critic who questions the veracity of these very commentaries. Our acceptance of one side or the other can, therefore, hardly depend upon preponderance of authority. It will be a question of probability and probability I think we shall find resting with Plutarch and Appian. The only objection against adopting this conclusion at once, is that it seems to assume that Caesar has falsified to his own disadvantage.
Internal Control over Financial Reporting and the Safeguarding of Corporate Resources: Evidence from the Value of Cash Holdings

We test whether internal control weaknesses (ICWs) endanger cash resources that manifests in a lower value of cash. Our results indicate that investors value liquid assets in ICW firms substantially less than they do in non-ICW firms. The negative valuation effect of weak internal control mainly concentrates on ICWs related to the control environment or overall financial reporting process. While firms remediating ICWs reverse the value loss from holding cash, firms whose internal control deteriorates or remains ineffective exhibit a lower value of cash. The marginal effect of ICWs on the value of cash remains significant after controlling for existing governance mechanisms and accounting conservatism, highlighting a unique governance role of internal control in mitigating unresolved agency problems and safeguarding corporate resources.
The impact of inventory and flow planning parameters on supply chain performance: An exploratory study

Abstract The primary objective of this paper is to study the impact of selected inventory parameters and management techniques on the performance of an expanded and comprehensive retail supply chain. Specifically, we study the sensitivity of supply chain performance to three inventory planning parameters: (i) the forecast error, (ii) the mode of communication between echelons, and (iii) the planning frequency. We achieve this by constructing a detailed simulation model and with data adapted from a case study which we were involved with. The studies conclude that all the three parameters have a significant effect on performance. Increasing forecasting errors and the re-planning frequency decreases service, return on investment, and increases cycle time. Using a mode of communication that facilitates exchange of information between echelons in the supply chain yields a higher level of service when compared to the scenario where the entities in different echelons plan material flows independently.
Tailored randomized block MCMC methods with application to DSGE models

In this paper we develop new Markov chain Monte Carlo schemes for the estimation of Bayesian models. One key feature of our method, which we call the tailored randomized block Metropolis-Hastings (TaRB-MH) method, is the random clustering of the parameters at every iteration into an arbitrary number of blocks. Then each block is sequentially updated through an M-H step. Another feature is that the proposal density for each block is tailored to the location and curvature of the target density based on the output of simulated annealing, following Chib and Greenberg (1994, 1995) and Chib and Ergashev (2008). We also provide an extended version of our method for sampling multi-modal distributions in which at a pre-specied mode jumping iteration, a single-block proposal is generated from one of the modal regions using a mixture proposal density, and this proposal is then accepted according to an M-H probability of move. At the non-mode jumping iterations, the draws are obtained by applying the TaRB-MH algorithm. We also discuss how the approaches of Chib (1995) and Chib and Jeliazkov (2001) can be adapted to these sampling schemes for estimating the model marginal likelihood. The methods are illustrated in several problems. In the DSGE model of Smets and Wouters (2007), for example, which involves a 36-dimensional posterior distribution, we show that the autocorrelations of the sampled draws from the TaRB-MH algorithm decay to zero within 30-40 lags for most parameters. In contrast, the sampled draws from the random-walk M-H method, the algorithm that has been used to date in the context of DSGE models, exhibit signicant autocorrelations even at lags 2500 and beyond. Additionally, the RW-MH does not explore the same high density regions of the posterior distribution as the TaRB-MH algorithm. Another example concerns the model of An and Schorfheide (2007) where the posterior distribution is multi-modal. While the RW-MH algorithm is unable to jump from the low modal region to the high modal region, and vice-versa, we show that the extended TaRB-MH method explores the posterior distribution globally in an ecient manner.
3-D elastic prestack, reverse-time depth migration

By combining and extending previous algorithms for 2-D prestack elastic migration and 3-D prestack acoustic migration, a full 3-D elastic prestack depth migration algorithm is developed. Reverse-time extrapolation of the recorded data is by 3-D elastic finite differences; computation of the image time for each point in the 3-D volume is by 3-D acoustic finite differences. The algorithm operates on three-component, vector-wavefield common-source data and produces three-component vector reflectivity distributions. Converted P-to-S reflections are automatically imaged with the primary P-wave reflections. There are no dip restrictions as the full wave equation is used. The algorithm is illustrated by application to synthetic data from three models; a flat reflector, a dipping truncated wedge overlying a flat reflector, and the classical French double dome and fault model.
Rating Migration of Corporate Bonds: Comparative Results and Investor/Lender Implication

Bond ratings are usually first assigned by rating agencies to public debt at the time of issuance and are periodically reviewed by the rating companies. If deemed warranted, changes in ratings are assigned after the review. A change in a rating reflects the agencyâ¬"s assessment that the companyâ¬"s credit quality has improved (upgrade) or deteriorated (downgrade). A coincident effect, in some proximity to the date of the rating change, is a change in the price of the issue. This article reports on an in-depth investigation of ratings changes (drift) over the time as well as the implied impact on the price of the bond and on investment strategies. Our analysis compares rating changes from the two major agencies, Moodyâ¬"s and S&P, over the period 1970-1995, as well as yield and duration results by rating class from 1985-1996. For the first time, results from several studies which have documented and analyzed these data patterns are contrasted. Depending upon which study one uses, the results and implications can be very different. We expect that the findings will have implications for such diverse users as bond investors who concentrate on any or all segments of the corporate bond market, eg., high yield bond and â¬Scrossoverâ¬? investors (those who typically invest in investment grade bonds but who can invest in split-rated issues or the highest grade of non-investment grade bonds), mark-to-market analysts and traders in the new and growing market for credit-spread-derivatives. The latter market enables banks and other institutions to trade and hedge small shifts in a borrowerâ¬"s credit risk as well as the extreme negative migration to default.
Human action recognition with extremities as semantic posture representation

In this paper, we present an approach for human action recognition with extremities as a compact semantic posture representation. First, we develop a variable star skeleton representation (VSS) in order to accurately find human extremities from contours. Earlier, Fujiyoshi and Lipton proposed an image skeletonization technique with the center of mass as a single star for rapid motion analysis. Yu and Aggarwal used the highest contour point as the second star in their application for fence climbing detection. We implement VSS and earlier algorithms and compare their performance over a set of 1000 frames from 50 sequences of persons climbing fences to analyze the characteristic of each representation. Our results show that VSS performs the best. Second, we build feature vectors out of detected extremities for hidden Markov model (HMM) based human action recognition. On the data set of human climbing fences, we achieved excellent classification accuracy. On the publicly available Blank et al. data set, our approach showed that using only extremities is sufficient to obtain comparable classification accuracy against other state-of-the-art performance. The advantage of our approach lies in the less time complexity with comparable classification accuracy.
Does Renin‐Angiotensin‐Aldosterone System Inhibition Impact Obesity as a Co–Risk Factor?

Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). When combined with smoking, diabetes, and hypertension (HTN), obesity has a synergistic effect to increase CVD risk 21-fold. Obesity damages multiple target organs, which are targets of “angry fat”, to increase risk of diabetes and fatty liver. Many of these effects are due to ectopic fat deposition, increased oxidative stress, and inflammation. Importantly, the adipocyte is a source of angiotensinogen, potentially leading to renin-angiotensinogen-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and HTN, which is 3-fold more prevalent in obese compared with nonobese populations. Emerging evidence suggests that the RAAS may also play a role in metabolism and the complications of obesity. Further research is needed to determine whether RAAS modulation with angiotensin receptor blockers will be useful not only for treating obesity-associated HTN, but also for the metabolic and other complications of obesity, particularly by reducing damage from oxidative stress.
Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness

By allowing voters to choose among candidates with com- peting policy orientations and by providing incentives for incumbents to shape policy in the direction the public desires, elections are thought to provide the foundation that links government policy to the preferences of the governed. In this article I examine the extent to which the preference/ policy link is biased toward the preferences of high-income Americans. Using an original data set of almost two thousand survey questions on proposed policy changes between 1981 and 2002, I find a moderately strong relationship between what the public wants and what the govern- ment does, albeit with a strong bias toward the status quo. But I also find that when Americans with different income levels differ in their policy preferences, actual policy outcomes strongly reflect the preferences of the most affluent but bear virtually no relationship to the preferences of poor or middle-income Americans. The vast discrepancy I find in government responsiveness to citizens with different incomes stands in stark contrast to the ideal of political equality that Americans hold dear. Although per- fect political equality is an unrealistic goal, representational biases of this magnitude call into question the very democratic character of our society. A key characteristic of democracy is the continuing responsiveness of the gov- ernment to the preferences of its citizens, considered as political equals.
Growing point-to-set length scale correlates with growing relaxation times in model supercooled liquids.

It has been demonstrated recently that supercooled liquids sharing simple structural features (e.g. pair distribution functions) may exhibit strikingly distinct dynamical behavior. Here we show that a more subtle structural feature correlates with relaxation times in three simulated systems that have nearly identical radial distribution functions but starkly different dynamical behavior. In particular, for the first time we determine the thermodynamic ``point-to-set'' length scale in several canonical model systems and demonstrate the quantitative connection between this length scale and the growth of relaxation times. Our results provide clues necessary for distinguishing competing theories of the glass transition.
Collaborative operating system and compiler power management for real-time applications

Managing energy consumption has become vitally important to battery operated portable and embedded systems. A dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique reduces the processor's dynamic power consumption quadratically at the expense of linearly decreasing the performance. Reducing energy using DVS in the context of real-time systems should consider this tradeoff. In this paper we introduce a novel collaborative approach between the compiler and the operating system (OS) that uses fine-grained information about the execution times of a real-time application to reduce energy consumption. We use the compiler to annotate an application's source code with path-dependent information called power management hints (PMHs). This information captures the temporal behavior of the application, which varies by executing different paths. During program execution, the OS periodically changes the processor's frequency and voltage based on the temporal information provided by the PMHs. These speed adaptation points are called power management points (PMPs). We evaluate our scheme using two embedded applications: a video decoder and an automatic target recognition application. Our scheme shows an energy reduction of up to 79% over no power management and up to 50% over a static power management scheme.
The structure of adenylosuccinate lyase, an enzyme with dual activity in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway

Abstract Background: Adenylosuccinate lyase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in both cellular replication and metabolism via its action in the de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. Adenylosuccinate lyase is the only enzyme in this pathway to catalyze two separate reactions, enabling it to participate in the addition of a nitrogen at two different positions in adenosine monophosphate. Both reactions catalyzed by adenylosuccinate lyase involve the β-elimination of fumarate. Enzymes that catalyze this type of reaction belong to a superfamily, the members of which are homotetramers. Because adenylosuccinate lyase plays an integral part in maintaining proper cellular metabolism, mutations in the human enzyme can have severe clinical consequences, including mental retardation with autistic features. Results: The 1.8 A crystal structure of adenylosuccinate lyase from Thermotoga maritima has been determined by multiwavelength anomalous dispersion using the selenomethionine-substituted enzyme. The fold of the monomer is reminiscent of other members of the β-elimination superfamily. However, its active tetrameric form exhibits striking differences in active-site architecture and cleft size. Conclusions: This first structure of an adenylosuccinate lyase reveals that, along with the catalytic base (His141) and the catalytic acid (His68), Gln212 and Asn270 might play a vital role in catalysis by properly orienting the succinyl moiety of the substrates. We propose a model for the dual activity of adenylosuccinate lyase: a single 180° bond rotation must occur in the substrate between the first and second enzymatic reactions. Modeling of the pathogenic human S413P mutation indicates that the mutation destabilizes the enzyme by disrupting the C-terminal extension.
Use of Uncertainty Analysis to Quantify the Impact of Measurement Error on an Estimate of Effect for Occupational Exposure to Tcdd-Contaminated Chemicals and Ischemic Heart Disease

Introduction Over the last few years novel advances in epidemiologic methods have refocused attention on causal relationships between exposure and disease, renouncing simple associations that often lack quantitative adjustment for study imperfections. Probabilistic uncertainty analysis is a mathematical technique for assessing how systematic error may affect study results. 1-7 Commonly employed in the fields of engineering and policy and risk analysis, 8-9 this method has not yet become established in epidemiology and has never been applied to dioxin research. Here, the impact of exposure and disease misclassification on the odds ratio (OR) for ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in a cohort of trichlorophenol (TCP) workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is quantified using probabilistic uncertainty analysis to illustrate how this innovative method can be utilized in epidemiological dioxin studies.
Lesion quantification in dual-modality mammography using expectation maximization with attenuation correction

Conventional X-ray/scintillation mammography does not provide the depth information necessary to quantify the location and concentration of lesion activities in breast tissue. Our group is developing a novel tomographic dual modality system that will provide 3D structural and functional information of the breast. Because of constraints on the gantry geometry and acquisition time, only a limited number of views on one side of the breast can be acquired. In addition, the scatter and attenuation of gamma rays by breast tissue is a major problem for the reconstruction. We present an expectation-maximization (EM) method which naturally takes into account all the factors of noise, limited views, scatter, and attenuation. In a preliminary phantom study our quantification technique obtained results agreeing well with the ground truth.
SEVERE CARDIOMYOPATHY SECONDARY TO ANTI-TNF THERAPY FOR CROHN’S DISEASE

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors are a popular and effective therapy for inflammatory bowel disease and other inflammatory conditions. Despite a substantial amount of evidence, cardiomyopathy is a widely unrecognized adverse effect of these medications. A 57-year-old male presented with a two
Nitrogen and Carbon Solute Redistribution During High Fluence Nitrogen Implantation into Iron

Model solute distribution studies have been performed in N-implanted Fe. Concentration-verses-depth profiles have been determined by secondary ion mass spectroscopy for Fe implanted to low fluences with isotopes 13C at 190keV and 15N at 180keV followed by 14N to high fluences. At N fluences greater than 2.5 × 1017 /cm2 dramatic changes in the 13C and 15N profiles are observed. It is proposed that these changes are caused by the lattice dilation due to precipitation of iron nitrides.
Physical Conditions Important to the Reproducibility of Electroantennograms

Electroantennograms (EAGs) represent mainly a sum phenomenon of the receptor potentials of excited sense cells (StUrckow 1965) and are used by entomologists to assay for the reception of odors by insects. Thus, Schneider (1957) reported that the form of insect EAGs depends on the odor components of the air current and the amplitude on the odor concentration or, if the concentration is constant, on the rate of air movement. He also demonstrated (1962) a difference in response in EAGs when the stimulus was placed on the side of or in the direct path of an airstream and stated that the shape of the EAG could be based on 1 or several of the means given. Thus, attempting to reproduce an EAG, one must know exactly how the 1st one was obtained because so many variables and unknowns are involved.
Dynamic Hard Shoulder Running for Traffic Incident Management

Hard shoulder running (HSR), used in many large cities for reducing peak hour recurring congestion, has been proved effective. This paper looks at another perspective of using hard shoulders and proposes dynamic hard shoulder running (D-HSR) for traffic incident management. The purpose of this paper is to show the benefits and make recommendations to state departments of transportation and local agencies on how to use hard shoulders dynamically to reduce the effects of nonrecurring traffic incidents. An approach based on microscopic simulation with factorial experimental design is adopted in this study, and interesting results are obtained from the discussion and statistical analyses of simulation results: (a) D-HSR strategies are more suitable for property damage only incidents in which traffic operations centers have more flexibility in managing traffic; (b) only the part of the shoulder that is 0.5 mi upstream and downstream of the incident location needs to be opened to achieve maximum benefits for re...
Electronics, freshly squeezed

The dream of seamless integration between artificial electronics and human organs has inspired countless science fiction audiences. However, these bioelectronic interfaces have been challenging to implement and maintain in the real world. Conventional electrodes are relatively large compared with cells and must be implanted invasively. Also, the mismatch in mechanical properties between rigid materials and soft biological tissues can result in poor device performance over time. Liu et al. developed a flexible mesh of electronic nanosensors that could be syringe-injected into tissues. Their design consisted of an array of protruding metal nanowire electrodes connected by plastic ribbons. A crucial design feature was to angle the plastic ribbons to bend easily when passing through the syringe opening, similar to the hinged masts used to insert model ships into a bottle. In this fashion, a 1.5-cm-wide mesh could be injected intact through a syringe with a 33-fold narrower orifice. After injection, the mesh unfolded, conformed to the tissue cavity, and was infiltrated by healthy neurons. Sixteen independent channels were used to read out electrical activity at various locations, corresponding to reasonable action potentials. Last, minimal chronic tissue response was observed after 5 weeks, likely due to the low stiffness and subcellular size of the electrodes. An important next step will be to incorporate wireless functionality to avoid wired connections for power, data acquisition, and storage. Moreover, given the uncontrolled placement of the mesh, careful characterization will be needed to understand how these electrode arrays sample the complex neuronal connectivity within the brain. This approach could enable multiplexed electrical measurement and stimulation for mapping brain activity, cardiac electrophysiology, or neuroprostheses for the spinal cord. Flexible mesh electronics injected for patient monitoring and treatment could well be the shape of things to come. J. Liu et al ., Syringe-injectable electronics. Nat. Nanotech. 10 629–636 (2015) [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v10/n7/full/nnano.2015.115.html
The Technical Communicator as Advocate Integrating a Social Justice Approach in Technical Communication

This article argues for the need for a social justice approach to technical communication research and pedagogy. Given previous calls by scholars in technical and professional communication (TPC) f...
Examining Hypotheses for Spatial Patterning

Archaeological analysis has permitted to recognize an English colonial presence in late 17th- and 18th-century South Carolina. To investigate this region further, it is necessary to define it as a spatial entity possessing a pattern of settlement reflecting the organization of an insular frontier economy. Two main elements of spatial patterning should be recognizable here. The first is the presence of a centrally placed entrepot with direct access to the metropolitan area. As the social, political, and economic focus of the area of colonization, the entrepot should lie at the hub of a dendritic network of trade and communications that affects the distribution of pioneer settlement. The establishment of a dendritic settlement system is the second element of spatial patterning crucial to the recognition of an insular frontier region. This chapter explains both of these elements through an analysis of archaeological evidence from South Carolina.
An integral representation of functions in gas-kinetic models

Motivated by the theory of kinetic models in gas dynamics, we obtain an integral representation of lower semicontinuous functions on \({{\mathbb{R}}^d,}\)\({d\geq1}\). We use the representation to study the problem of compactness of a family of the solutions of the discrete time BGK model for the compressible Euler equations. We determine sufficient conditions for strong compactness of moments of kinetic densities, in terms of the measures from their integral representations.
Thermal Gasification of Biomass – A Primer

Conversion of carbon-rich biomass to useful combustible gas mixtures such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane by thermal gasification processes is a proved technology for energy production. In the gasification processes discussed in this chapter, conversion is achieved by reacting biomass with air (oxygen), steam, and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures (>600 °C). To show how various gas mixtures can be produced and how heat is internally generated and managed, the chapter provides an introduction to the fundamental chemical and physical bases for gasification. It describes the ranges of heat contents of gas mixtures that are produced in different gasification schemes. The importance of understanding the role of pyrolysis is also discussed. Several generic types of industrial gasifiers are described along with the applicability and limitations of each. The chapter concludes with a description of the needs for gaseous product stream purification prior to end use.
Microtubule-organizing centers: from the centrosome to non-centrosomal sites

The process of cellular differentiation requires the distinct spatial organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton, the arrangement of which is specific to cell type. Microtubule patterning does not occur randomly, but is imparted by distinct subcellular sites called microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs). Since the discovery of MTOCs fifty years ago, their study has largely focused on the centrosome. All animal cells use centrosomes as MTOCs during mitosis. However in many differentiated cells, MTOC function is reassigned to non-centrosomal sites to generate non-radial microtubule organization better suited for new cell functions, such as mechanical support or intracellular transport. Here, we review the current understanding of non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs) and the mechanisms by which they form in differentiating animal cells.
Factors Associated with Persistently Positive Margin Status after Breast-Conserving Surgery in Women with Breast Cancer: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Margin status after definitive breast-conserving surgery (BCS) is a key predictor of local tumor recurrence. This study utilized the National Cancer Database, which captures 70 per cent of all canc...
Swiss Cheese and Related Products

Swiss cheese and related cheese types with eyes include those manufactured in Switzerland (Emmentaler or Swiss), the Netherlands (Gouda and Edam), Italy (Fontina, Provolone and Asiago), Norway (Jarlsberg), Denmark (Havarti) and the United States (Brick, Swiss block and Baby Swiss) (Steffen et al., 1993). Swiss-type cheeses trace their origins to the Emmen valley in Switzerland. Emmentaler, the most popular Swiss cheese, is a large, round wheel, usually weighing about 100 kg (220 lb). Each wheel is about 112 cm (44 in.) in diameter and 15–23 cm (6–9 in.) thick, with a smooth, beige to yellowish rind. Emmentaler is simply called ‘‘Swiss cheese’’ in the United States and is a rindless block (Jenkins, 1996). The main characteristics of Swiss cheese are:
HbA1c and the Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adults

OBJECTIVE Long-term data validating glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in assessing the risk of type 2 diabetes in children are limited. HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and 2-h postload plasma glucose (2hPG) concentrations were measured in a longitudinal study of American Indians to determine their utility in predicting incident diabetes, all of which is thought to be type 2 in this population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Incident diabetes (FPG ≥126 mg/dL [7.0 mmol/L], 2hPG ≥200 mg/dL [11.1 mmol/L], HbA1c ≥6.5% [8 mmol/mol], or clinical diagnosis) was determined in 2,095 children without diabetes ages 10–19 years monitored through age 39, and in 2,005 adults ages 20–39 monitored through age 59. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for HbA1c, FPG, and 2hPG in predicting diabetes within 10 years were compared. RESULTS During long-term follow-up of children and adolescents who did not initially have diabetes, the incidence rate of subsequent diabetes was fourfold (in boys) as high and more than sevenfold (in girls) as high in those with HbA1c ≥5.7% as in those with HbA1c ≤5.3%—greater rate ratios than experienced by adults in the same HbA1c categories. Analyses of ROCs revealed no significant differences between HbA1c, FPG, and 2hPG in sensitivity and specificity for identifying children and adolescents who later developed diabetes. CONCLUSIONS HbA1c is a useful predictor of diabetes risk in children and can be used to identify prediabetes in children with other type 2 diabetes risk factors with the same predictive value as FPG and 2hPG.
Stimulated Raman scattering flow cytometry for label-free single-particle analysis

Flow cytometry is one of the most important technologies for high-throughput single-cell analysis. Fluorescent labeling acts as the primary approach for cellular analysis in flow cytometry. Nevertheless, the fluorescent tags are not applicable to all cases, especially to small molecules, for which labeling may significantly perturb the biological functionality. Spontaneous Raman scattering flow cytometry offers the capability to non-invasively detect chemical contents of cells but suffers from slow data acquisition. In order to achieve label-free high-throughput single-particle analysis using Raman scattering, we developed a 32-channel multiplex stimulated Raman scattering flow cytometry (SRS-FC) technique that can measure chemical contents of single particles at a speed of 5 μs per Raman spectrum. Using mixed polymer beads, we demonstrate the discrimination of different particles at a throughput of up to 11,000 particles per second. This is a four orders of magnitude improvement in throughput compared to conventional spontaneous Raman flow cytometry. As a proof of concept, we show the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells at different states by SRS-FC according to the difference in cellular chemical content. The SRS-FC technique opens new opportunities for high-throughput and high-content chemical analysis of live cells in a label-free manner.
Volumetric optical coherence microscopy enabled by aberrated optics (Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) is an interferometric imaging technique that enables high resolution, non-invasive imaging of 3D cell cultures and biological tissues. Volumetric imaging with OCM suffers a trade-off between high transverse resolution and poor depth-of-field resulting from defocus, optical aberrations, and reduced signal collection away from the focal plane. While defocus and aberrations can be compensated with computational methods such as interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy (ISAM) or computational adaptive optics (CAO), reduced signal collection must be physically addressed through optical hardware. Axial scanning of the focus is one approach, but comes at the cost of longer acquisition times, larger datasets, and greater image reconstruction times. Given the capabilities of CAO to compensate for general phase aberrations, we present an alternative method to address the signal collection problem without axial scanning by using intentionally aberrated optical hardware. We demonstrate the use of an astigmatic spectral domain (SD-)OCM imaging system to enable single-acquisition volumetric OCM in 3D cell culture over an extended depth range, compared to a non-aberrated SD-OCM system. The transverse resolution of the non-aberrated and astigmatic imaging systems after application of CAO were 2 um and 2.2 um, respectively. The depth-range of effective signal collection about the nominal focal plane was increased from 100 um in the non-aberrated system to over 300 um in the astigmatic system, extending the range over which useful data may be acquired in a single OCM dataset. We anticipate that this method will enable high-throughput cellular-resolution imaging of dynamic biological systems over extended volumes.
Internally and externally headed relative clauses in Tagalog

Head nominals in Tagalog relative clauses can surface in three distinct positions: preceding the clause, immediately following the embedded verb, and in argument position within the clause. This paper accounts for these possibilities by positing that the head nominal is base generated within the clause as a property-denoting NP rather than a full DP and identifying the gap position by means of complex predicate formation between this NP and the rest of the clause. If the head NP raises to [Spec, CP], it forms a complex predicate with the embedded TP in that position and is spelled out preceding the clause. If the head NP does not raise to [Spec, CP], it either remains in its base position in the embedded clause and undergoes complex predicate formation with the embedded verb in situ, or it undergoes head movement and forms a complex predicate with the embedded verb via incorporation. I also account for the distribution of linkers in Tagalog relative clauses by proposing that all unsaturated categories within a Tagalog DP are headed by linkers. Consequently, both the relative clause and the head nominal are preceded by a linker, accounting for the fact that a linker always appears between the clause and head NP, regardless of their relative order. Finally, analyzing the head nominal as an NP rather than a DP also accounts for the locality restriction in Tagalog relativization such that genitive DPs are ineligible for movement. This is prevented on my analysis by ensuring that the head NP is not merged in a position which would be assigned inherent case. This article is part of the special collection: Internally-Headed Relative Clauses
DESI Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI)

Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry is a technique that allows chemical information to be obtained directly from a wide range of surfaces. Using a 2D stage, DESI can be implemented in an imaging mode whereby MS spectra are collected by rastering the spray across the whole surface. Here, we describe the implementation and optimization of DESI imaging for metabolites and lipids from tissue sections using oa-TOF mass spectrometers.
De Quervain’s Syndrome

The extensor tendons of the wrist are divided into six compartments based on synovial sheaths that extend from the overlying extensor retinaculum. De Quervain’s syndrome is a frequent cause of radial-sided wrist pain that emanates from a narrowing of the first dorsal compartment due to synovial inflammation. The syndrome is common in middle-age women and overuse injuries. Patients complain of wrist pain that worsens with grasping or twisting motions. On physical examination, patients have tenderness to palpation over the APL and EPB tendons at the radial styloid. Furthermore, provocative tests reproduce the patient’s symptoms. Radiographs can help eliminate other causes of radial-sided wrist pain; however, the diagnosis of De Quervain’s syndrome is clinical. First-line treatment is nonoperative management with rest, thumb spica splinting, NSAIDs, and corticosteroid injections. Nonoperative treatment is successful in up to 80% of patients. If conservative measures fail to relieve the symptoms, then operative management can be pursued. The operation involves releasing the extensor retinaculum that forms the roof of the first dorsal compartment and any surrounding septa.