cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant Nutrient Phytoremediation Using Duckweed

Over the last 40 years a great deal of research has been published on the use of duckweed to treat wastewater both from point sources (feedlots, food processing plants) and from non-point sources. These plants can recover nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from contaminated waters in those agricultural practices. They can also remove or accumulate metals, radionuclides, and other pollutants in their tissues. In addition, the duckweed can be used as a feed source for livestock and poultry as well as an energy source for biofuel production. A summary of some of the published work done using duckweed species to phytoremediate natural, domestic, industrial, and agricultural wastewaters is presented.
The Emergence of Elementary Citizenship Education: Insights from Iowa's Rural Schools, 1910-1935.

This study examined how U.S. entry into World War I and related pedagogical reforms of the early twentieth century impacted elementary social education at a local level. Analysis of state curriculum guides, records from the collection of a rural school educator, report cards, and daily attendance registers for four counties indicated that elementary citizenship education emerged as a stand-alone subject area in Iowa’s rural schools following World War I. While the “Civics of Iowa” was taught as part of the history curriculum prior to World War I, after the war civics became part of a larger framework for citizenship education. However, at a time of increasing nationalism, Iowa’s rural schools taught citizenship in a way that privileged a local, relational approach centered on the home, school, and community. Findings from the study illustrate how rural schools kept pace with national trends in social education despite not yet embracing the integrated field of “social studies.”
Exploration of the Solid- and Solution-State Structures and Electrochemical Properties of CeIV(atrane) Complexes.

Chemical oxidation of cerium complexes can be unpredictable because of labile metal–ligand bonds leading to ligand redistribution. The use of tripodal frameworks such as silyl-substituted tren ligands (NN′3 = [N(CH2CH2N(SiMe2tBu))3]3–) and a tris(hydroxylaminato) ligand, [((2-tBuNO)C6H4CH2)3N]3– (TriNOx3–), has been shown to mitigate ligand redistribution effects to allow access to tetravalent cerium complexes with different apical ligands. In the current work, the coordination chemistry of CeIV with the related tripodal atrane3– (H3atrane = [N(CH2C(CH3)2OH)3]) ligand framework was examined. A series of CeIV(atrane) complexes with supporting chloride, silylamide, and aryloxide ligands were synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The solution-state behaviors of these complexes were studied using 1H and diffusion-ordered (DOSY) NMR spectroscopies. The electrochemical stabilization of the CeIV cation within the atrane3– framework was examined. Our results showed that a combination of suitable...
Floppy Pouch Complex

Abstract Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the gold standard surgical procedure for familial adenomatous polyposis, refractory ulcerative colitis or colitis-associated dysplasia. Several pouch disorders and complications are associated with this procedure. Floppy pouch complex (FPC) consists of pouch prolapse, afferent limb syndrome, enterocele, redundant loop, and folding pouch on pouchoscopy or contrasted pouchogram. Common clinical manifestations include nausea, bloating, dyschezia, abdominal pain, excessive straining, or the feeling of incomplete evacuation. Each disorder of the complex may have characteristic endoscopic and radiographic findings. Medical and surgical management of FPC has been challenging On the other hand, several therapeutic options are available. Attempts have been made to identify the risk factors associated with FPC for their prevention and diagnosis.
Cortical Impaction in Posterior Wall Acetabular Fractures.

Objectives To report the incidence of patients with extra-articular posterosuperior acetabular cortical impaction associated with a posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocation. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Regional Level 1 trauma center. Patients/participants Ninety-seven patients who sustained an isolated posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocation from July 2007 until July 2017. Intervention The medical record and the computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis were reviewed including axial, coronal, and sagittal reconstruction images and 3D surface renderings. Main outcome measurements Each pelvic CT scan was evaluated for impaction of the extra-articular posterosuperior acetabular cortical surface associated with posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocations. The reduction accuracy was assessed for each patient with cortical impaction using postoperative CT scans. The final attending radiology report was reviewed to see whether the cortical impaction was noted. Results Four of the 99 patients (4.12%) had identifiable areas of cortical impaction on preoperative CT imaging. Reduction accuracy demonstrated 1 anatomical reduction, 2 imperfect reductions, and 1 poor reduction. The final attending radiologist report did not comment on any patient with cortical impaction. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that a small number of patients sustain cortical impaction of the posterosuperior acetabular cortical surface along with their posterior wall acetabular fracture-dislocation. Although uncommon, preoperative imaging should be scrutinized to identify this clinical entity. As part of the preoperative plan, the surgeon can anticipate the cortex available for reduction verification and whether any additional steps or altered surgical approaches are needed to achieve an anatomical reduction. Level of evidence Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Incorporation of Square-Planar Metal Binding Sites into Protein Polymeric Structures

The ability to specifically incorporate artificial transition metal binding sites into proteins has led to the development of novel biomolecules with unique chemical and physical properties.1 Recent experiments demonstrate that such “engineered” sites of metal ion binding can, for example, assist in the conformational stabilization and assembly of polypeptides2 or serve to regulate enzymatic activity.3 In addition, the specific incorporation of redox-active metal ions, capable of generating oxidizing equivalents competent to cleave the polymeric backbone of proteins or nucleic acids, has facilitated investigations of protein three-dimensional structure,4 folding,5 and involvement in macromolecular binding interactions through affinity cleavage experiments (e.g., with nucleic acids).6 A growing appreciation of the utility of artificial metal binding domains has therefore accelerated the development of new methodologies which permit their efficient and specific installation within the tertiary structures of proteins.
Use of a question prompt list (QPL) to facilitate communication between patients with metastatic cancer and their oncologists.

187Background: Difficult conversations require an immense amount of patience. Yet on average doctors allow patients 11 seconds to speak before interrupting, which makes determining the patient’s ag...
Fun and games and ecosystems

In Playing Nature, media scholar and game designer Alenda Chang argues that video games can teach players the gist of key ecological concepts like scale, entropy, and collapse. Games, she writes, are "evocative spaces" that can stimulate emotional intelligence and respectful curiosity about the world.
HOW AN IMAGE CAN SOLVE THE CASE: RARE SOURCE OF INTRACARDIAC EMBOLI

Strokes are very common, and a common source of stroke is embolism from an intracardiac thrombus. Sometimes the source of embolism is not a cardiac thrombus. A 47-year-old female with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil with metastasis to the left upper lung with an associated
A Community-Engaged Approach to Creating a Mobile HIV Prevention App for Black Women: Focus Group Study to Determine Preferences via Prototype Demos.

Background: Black women are an important but relatively overlooked at-risk group in HIV prevention efforts. Although there is an aggregate decline of HIV diagnoses among women in the United States, there are persistent disparate rates of new HIV infections among Black women compared to any other cisgender female subgroup. Strategies to end the HIV epidemic—as outlined in the Ending the HIV Epidemic initiative—for all communities must consider HIV prevention messaging and message delivery mediums that are created with community input. Although mobile health (mHealth) is a popular platform for delivering HIV interventions, there are currently no mobile apps that consider cisgender Black women with the goal of promoting a comprehensive women’s reproductive health and HIV prevention lifestyle. Previous research recommends inclusion of the target population from project inception and iteratively throughout development, to promote use of the intervention. Objective: The purpose of this study is to understand cisgender Black women’s preferences for functionality, format, and design of a mobile HIV prevention app and to examine their willingness to use an app for HIV prevention. Methods: We conducted a series of four focus groups with 23 Black cisgender women. Focus groups included discussion and demonstration elements to address cisgender women’s general preference for apps, HIV prevention content that would be useful in an app, and preferred app features that would promote use of an HIV-centric app. During focus group discussions, participants were shown narrated, custom wireframes of HIV prevention app prototypes to demonstrate potential app function. Results: Findings indicated the presence of eight subthemes within the coding structure of three overall themes: (1) health content within the mobile app, (2) mobile app functionality, format, and design, and (3) other suggested features. Specifically, participants detailed preferred educational content, content distribution, app aesthetics, privacy considerations, and marketing of the app. Conclusions: Findings suggest that Black cisgender women preferred an app that integrated HIV prevention and optimal sexual health promotion. Participants provided a range of preferences for content integration and facilitators of app engagement with an HIV prevention app. Preferences centered on gender and cultural congruency of information and content, evidenced by visuals, language, and resources. Black cisgender women are viable consumers for a mobile app–based HIV prevention intervention.
Urine Microscopy – Urine Made Crystal Clear

This chapter describes the diagnostic value of crystalluria on urinalysis/urine microscopy as well as subsequent measures for management of urinary lithiasis. We also discuss reasons for consultation to nephrology or urology, initial diagnostic workup, and basic tenets of treatment including medical and surgical management. Finally, the important considerations for management of inpatients or those who are critically ill with an acute and/or infectious stone episode are described.
Surgical Trapping of a Large Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm With Double-Barrel Bypass: 3-Dimensional Operative Video

Large middle cerebral artery (MCA) bifurcation aneurysms are known vascular lesions that are usually symptomatic but often difficult to treat (whether with open or endovascular techniques), especially when the M2 branches originate from the aneurysm dome.1-7 The challenge lies in securing the aneurysm while fully maintaining the flow in the vessels arising from the dome. Standard microsurgical clipping or endovascular techniques are not feasible in perfectly treating these aneurysms. Revascularization of the MCA branches with bypass and trapping of the aneurysm is often necessary. Here, we present a case of a large complex partially thrombosed right MCA bifurcation aneurysm with both the superior and the inferior divisions arising from the dome. The patient initially presented with a right MCA stroke and left hemiparesis. Using radial artery as an interposition graft, 2 bypasses-internal maxillary artery to the inferior division and superficial temporal artery to the superior division-were performed. The aneurysm was trapped and decompressed by placing clips at the M1 terminus and the M2 origins. Intraoperative angiography and postoperative NOVA (VasSol Inc.) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) confirmed patency and excellent flow in the bypass grafts. The patient's postoperative course was uncomplicated, and at 2-mo follow-up, had significant improvement of her hemiparesis. The patient provided informed consent for the procedure.
American Diabetes Association Framework for Glycemic Control in Older Adults: Implications for Risk of Hospitalization and Mortality.

OBJECTIVE The 2021 American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines recommend different A1C targets in older adults that are based on comorbid health status. We assessed risk of mortality and hospitalizations in older adults with diabetes across glycemic control (A1C <7%, 7 to <8%, ≥8%) and ADA-defined health status (healthy, complex/intermediate, very complex/poor) categories. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prospective cohort analysis of older adults aged 66-90 years with diagnosed diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. RESULTS Of the 1,841 participants (56% women, 29% Black), 32% were classified as healthy, 42% as complex/intermediate, and 27% as very complex/poor health. Over a median 6-year follow-up, there were 409 (22%) deaths and 4,130 hospitalizations (median [25th-75th percentile] 1 per person [0-3]). In the very complex/poor category, individuals with A1C ≥8% (vs. <7%) had higher mortality risk (hazard ratio 1.76 [95% CI 1.15-2.71]), even after adjustment for glucose-lowering medication use. Within the very complex/poor health category, individuals with A1C ≥8% (vs. <7%) had more hospitalizations (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.41 [95% CI 1.03-1.94]). In the complex/intermediate group, individuals with A1C ≥8% (vs. <7%) had more hospitalizations, even with adjustment for glucose-lowering medication use (IRR 1.64 [1.21-2.24]). Results were similar, but imprecise, when the analysis was restricted to insulin or sulfonylurea users (n = 663). CONCLUSIONS There were substantial differences in mortality and hospitalizations across ADA health status categories, but older adults with A1C <7% were not at elevated risk, regardless of health status. Our results support the 2021 ADA guidelines and indicate that <7% is a reasonable treatment goal in some older adults with diabetes.
Transgenic overexpression of P450 genes confers deltamethrin resistance in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a polyphagous insect pest feeding on many host plants, including some major crops such as corn and rice. This pest has also developed resistance to many insecticides. Recent genome and transcriptome sequencing efforts identified 117–425 P450 genes in the FAW, but their function in detoxifying plant toxins and insecticides is largely unknown. This study found that a P450 gene, SfCYP321A8, is upregulated in the first instar FAW larvae fed on deltamethrin. A transgenic FAW overexpressing SfCYP321A8 was produced to investigate its function in deltamethrin resistance. Transgenic FAW expressing the gene coding for a P450 known to metabolize deltamethrin in Tribolium castaneum, TcCYP6BQ9, was also produced. P450 genes are highly expressed in different tissues of transgenic larvae. The P450 activity in the midgut and fat body of both transgenic FAW lines is significantly higher than in wild-type larvae. Deltamethrin bioassays showed that the transgenic larvae expressing SfCYP321A8 or TcCYP6BQ9 are 10.3- or 15.3-fold more tolerant, respectively, than the wild-type larvae. These studies report on the production of FAW transgenic lines expressing P450 genes and show that SfCYP321A8 contributes to deltamethrin resistance in FAW. The transformation methods developed could be used in functional genomics studies in FAW and other lepidopteran pests.
A Duality Theory with Zero Duality Gap for Nonlinear Programming

Duality is an important notion for constrained optimization which provides a theoretical foundation for a number of constraint decomposition schemes such as separable programming and for deriving lower bounds in space decomposition algorithms such as branch and bound. However, the conventional duality theory has the fundamental limit that it leads to duality gaps for nonconvex optimization problems, especially discrete and mixed-integer problems where the feasible sets are nonconvex. In this paper, we propose a novel extended duality theory for nonlinear optimization that overcomes some limitations of previous dual methods. Based on a new dual function, the extended duality theory leads to zero duality gap for general nonconvex problems defined in discrete, continuous, and mixed-integer spaces under mild conditions.
Cherry Juice Targets Antioxidant Potential and Pain Relief

Strenuous physical activity increases the risk of musculoskeletal injury and can induce muscle damage resulting in acute inflammation and decreased performance. The human body's natural response to injury results in inflammation-induced pain, swelling, and erythema. Among sports medicine physicians and athletic trainers, the mainstays of urgent treatment of soft tissue injury are rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE). In order to reduce pain and inflammation, anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act on the multiple inflammatory pathways, which, although often very effective, can have undesirable side effects such as gastric ulceration and, infrequently, myocardial infarction and stroke. For centuries, natural anti-inflammatory compounds have been used to mediate the inflammatory process and often with fewer side effects. Tart cherries appear to possess similar effectiveness in treating the inflammatory reaction seen in both acute and chronic pain syndromes encountered among athletes and non-athletes with chronic inflammatory disease. This article reviews the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of tart cherries on prevention, treatment, and recovery of soft tissue injury and pain.
Thinking and Computing: Computers as Special Kinds of Signs

Cognitive science has been dominated by the computational conception that cognition is computation across representations. To the extent to which cognition as computation across representations is supposed to be a purposive, meaningful, algorithmic, problem-solving activity, however, computers appear to be incapable of cognition. They are devices that can facilitate computations on the basis of semantic grounding relations as special kinds of signs. Even their algorithmic, problem-solving character arises from their interpretation by human users. Strictly speaking, computers as such – apart from human users – are not only incapable of cognition, but even incapable of computation, properly construed. If we want to understand the nature of thought, then we have to study thinking, not computing, because they are not the same thing.
Migration of neuroblasts along preexisting axonal tracts during prenatal cerebellar development

During prenatal development of the cerebellum in rats, a secondary stem cell layer, the external granular, or germinal, layer (EGL) develops at the pial surface of the cerebellar anlage. The EGL cells arise in a region at the caudolateral margin of the fourth ventricle, and the cells migrate over the surface of the developing cerebellum. A key question is how this migration is guided. We have investigated the possible role of the extracellular matrix protein, fibronectin, and find none present in the EGL during the migration. Instead, we find that the EGL neuroblasts migrate in close contact with axons that are present prior to the onset of migration. It appears that these axons serve as the substrate for EGL neuroblast migration and that axonal guidance of cell migration may be a third general mechanism to be added to the previously studied guidance by glial processes and extracellular matrix.
Friends or Foes? Major Trading Partners and the Success of Economic Sanctions

What is the relationship between international cooperation and the success of economic sanctions? Although it is commonly assumed that international cooperation is an important condition for the effectiveness of sanctions, empirical results have been mixed. We focus on the role of the sanctioned country’s major trading partners and develop a theoretical model that shows how their actions can affect the probability of sanctions success by raising or decreasing resistance costs to the sanctioned country. We then derive hypotheses from the theoretical model and test them using fully structural estimation. The empirical results lend support to the theoretical expectation that the sanctioner is more likely to succeed if it has the support of the sanctioned country’s major trading partners. We also find that international cooperation may be less crucial if sanctions are imposed by the sanctioned country’s main trading partner because such sanctions have a higher probability of success.
Governmentality of Youth: Managing Risky Subjects.

This article poses the question: How do understandings of governmentality play out in discourses of youth? In the twenty-first-century neoliberal contexts of consumer capitalist societies, discourses of youth need now to move beyond the valuable earlier understandings based on psychological and cultural/subcultural studies to harness Foucault's notion of governmentality. In terms of governmentality, if youth cannot or will not control their conduct, they cease to be ‘docile bodies' and ‘useful’ to the state. If their behavior becomes unacceptable and criminal, the state will intervene, administering its biopower in the form of the youth justice system – governmentality in action, which is probably the biggest risk of all for youth, especially in the disciplinary, punitive way it is formulated in much of the USA, where it totally ignores the theoretical findings of youth development that have been established in psychological discourses. The first section of the article briefly discusses the emergence of F...
Chicken developmental antigens: analysis of erythroid populations with monoclonal antibodies

Fusions were performed between the mouse PAI myeloma cell line and spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized with intact erythrocytes from 1-day Cornell K-strain White Leghorn chickens. Following single cell cloning, four hybridoma clones were found to secrete erythroid specific monoclonal antibodies. Based on its pattern of reactivity, the antibody (IgG2a, kappa) secreted by clone 10C6 detects a specific avian oncodevelopmental antigen associated with the hematopoietic system: chicken fetal antigen (CFA). Two other clones, designated as 3F12 and 4C2, produced antibodies (IgM, kappa) that recognize another avian developmental antigen: chicken adult antigen (CAA). A fourth clone, 9F9, produced an antibody (IgM, kappa) that reacts with all peripheral erythrocytes from both Japanese quail and chicken regardless of age. Clone 10C6 antibody apparently detects an erythrocyte specific (ES) determinant of CFA associated with determinant #8 while antibodies of clones 3F12 and 4C2 recognize a chicken specific determinant of CAA. Analysis by complement mediated microcytotoxicity indicated that the epitopes detected by 10C6 vs 3F12 and 4C2 antibodies were expressed on erythrocytes in a reciprocal fashion during development. Furthermore, strain variations in the incidence of erythrocytes carrying these epitopes were observed. The usefulness of these monoclonal antibodies for the study of erythroid populations is discussed.
Effects of pelleting conditioner retention time on nursery pig growth performance

A total of 180 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050; initially 12.6 kg) were used in an 18-d study to determine the effects of pellet mill conditioning parameters and feed form on pig performance. All diets were similar, and different feed processing parameters were used to create experimental treatments. Factors considered were conditioning time (15, 30, or 60 s) and feed form (mash or pelleted). To remove the confounding factor of feed form, pelleted samples were reground to a similar particle size as the mash diet. Treatments included: 1) mash diet without thermal processing (negative control), 2) pelleted diet conditioned for 30 s (positive control), 3) pelleted diet conditioned for 15 s and reground, 4) pelleted diet conditioned for 30 s and reground, and 5) pelleted diet conditioned for 60 s and reground. Pigs were weaned and fed a common acclimation diet for 21 d before the start of the experiment. Growth and feed disappearance were then measured for 18 d. All diets had similar levels of percentage total starch, but thermally processed diets had a 1.67 to 1.87-fold increase in percentage gelatinized starch compared to the mash diet. Average daily gain and G:F did not differ between treatments overall, but pigs fed the positive control pelleted diet had decreased ADFI ( < 0.05) compared to pigs fed all other diets. Preplanned contrasts revealed that pigs fed mash diets tended to have greater ADG ( < 0.10) compared to those fed pelleted and reground diets. This suggests that processing may have had a negative influence on feed utilization, which is further supported by the finding that pigs fed mash diets tended to have greater ADG ( < 0.10) compared to those fed diets that were thermally processed, regardless of regrinding. Considering these results, it was not surprising that pigs fed mash diets had greater ADG and ADFI ( < 0.05) than those fed pelleted diets. When directly comparing diets conditioned at 60 rpm, fed either as whole pellets or reground to mash consistency, pigs fed pelleted diets had improved G:F ( < 0.05) due to lower ADFI ( < 0.05) but similar ADG. The expected improvement in G:F from pelleting (6.8%) was observed but lost when diets were reground to near original mash particle size. This may indicate that diet form from the actual pelleting process impacts G:F more than conditioner retention time.
Effectiveness of psychological interventions for child maltreatment: a meta-analysis

A meta-analysis tested the effectiveness of psychological treatments for child maltreatment (CM) using weighted least squares methods (e.g., L. V. Hedges & I. Olkin, 1985). A mean effect size of d 0.54 (SE .03, 95% CI .39– .69) was observed, indicating that on average, treated participants were better off than 71% of those in control groups. Partitioning by type and target of outcome assessment yielded homogeneous effects within each of 5 different outcomes. Treatment effects were weakest when linked to objective behavioral observations of the family (d .21) and strongest when associated with parent self-reported parenting attitudes and behaviors (d .53). Results of other moderator analyses are presented, along with limitations of current CM treatment research; implications for future research, practice, and social policy are discussed.
The vapor pressure of hexamethylbenzene the standard entropy of hexamethylbenzene vapor and the barrier to internal rotation

Abstract The vapor pressure of solid hexamethylbenzene has been measured from 314 to 363 K using the transpiration method. The results are combined with heat capacity measurements to yield revised values of the standard entropies of this substance. A comparison of the experimental entropies with statistical calculations yields revised values of the barrier to internal rotation amounting to 2402 cal mol−1 if one assumes D6h symmetry for the ring carbons, and 3473 cal mol−1 if one assumes S6. It is concluded that the hexamethylbenzene molecule is probably non-planar with S6 ring symmetry.
Conformational analysis of jet-cooled tryptophan analogs by rotational coherence spectroscopy

Abstract Excited state rotational constants obtained by rotational coherence spectroscopy are reported for different conformers of jet-cooled tryptamine, 3-indole acetic acid, and 3-indole propionic acid. From the measured constants and information from other sources, conclusions about the structures of the conformers are made.
Source flow chemical laser cavity performance.

The flow field in chemical laser optical cavities with source flow injectors is investigated. The 2-D coupled gasdynamics, chemical–vibrational–rotational kinetics, and multiline laser radiation equations are solved by using a stable implicit numerical method. The flow field–resonator interaction through the gain-intensity relations is calculated by linearization of the kinetics equations and application of an iterative procedure. Calculated small signal gain distributions, closed cavity power variation with mode width, and intracavity spectral content are shown to be in close agreement with experimental measurements. A parametric study has also been conducted, and the potential improvements in performance are illustrated. The results indicate a strong dependency of optical power potential on fluid mechanical interactions with the injector cavity hardware.
SPIN AND GRAVITATION

Abstract The presence of a gravitational or electromagnetic field can be regarded as altering the symmetries of flat space-time in such a way that the group of translations for states with charge and spin is no longer Abelian, the displacement operator obeying i[D α , D β ] = eF αβ − 1 4 σ λϵ R λϵ αβ . Furthermore, just as invariance under gauge transformations implies current conservation, invariance under general coordinate and general similarity transformations imply that the stress-energy tensor must satisfy Tαβ|β = 0 and (T αγ δ − T αδ γ ) |α = 0 , ten conditions which lead to the Einstein equations. It is also possible to construct the gravitational analogue of the electromagnetic current, J α = ( κ 2 )σ λδ T α λ δ , which depends on the way in which the distribution of matter changes, and is divergence-free because of the Einstein equations. In this way we emphasize the dynamical content of symmetry principles, and show that Einstein's equations essentially follow from covariance alone.
The effect of transcranial application of electric currents on free fatty acid and blood glucose levels.

L'application de courants vibres sinusoidaux au travers du crâne chez le chien fit varier la quantite des acides gras du plasma, de la glucose du sang et la pression arterielle. L'application d'un courant de 30 mA provoque une faible augmentation des acides gras du plasma, sans augmentation de la pression arterielle.
A minimum gaussian lobe representation of 3d orbitals

Abstract A three speherical gaussian mimic for 3d orbitals has been fitted to yield an energy of -0.055 555 256 56 and r 2 > = 124.007 734 79. Although there is contamination by other gerade orbitals, the computational economy outweights a pure l = 2 description, especially for second-row atoms in molecular SCF calculations.
Energy loss in fast-particle surface scattering at grazing incidence.

The surface scattering of kilovolt-energy ions and atoms at glancing-incidence angles has contributed substantially to knowledge of elementary electronic excitations in the interface region. We consider the influence of inelastic exchange of mechanical energy, due to recoil of the target atoms, on the distribution of scattered projectile atoms. Although with a glancing-incident-angle geometry the relative energy loss by this mechanism is small, it can have a substantial effect on the angular distribution of the scattered particles. These conclusions are supported by numerical calculations of energy losses and scattered particle distributions.
New bomb, no mission

The cold war may be over, but the nuclear arms race has not quite ended. The United States is fielding a new nuclear weapon-a bomb that was used to threaten Libya, a non-nuclear nation, even before it was deployed. The B61 {open_quotes}mod-11{close_quotes} gravity bomb is the first nuclear capability added to the US arsenal since 1989. It was developed and deployed secretly, without public or congressional debate, and in apparent contradiction to official domestic and international assurances that no new nuclear weapons were being developed in the United States. The B61-11`s unique earth-penetrating characteristic and wide range of yields allow it to threaten otherwide indestructible targets from the air-or, in Pentagonese, to hold such targets {open_quotes}at risk.{close_quotes} That makes the B61-11 a uniquely useful warfighting tool. The 1,200-pound B61-11 replaces the B53, a 8,900-pound, nine-megaton bomb that was developed as a {open_quotes}city buster{close_quotes} and was later designated as a substitute for an earth-penetrating weapon. The B53 was deliverable only by vulnerable B-52s; in contrast, the smaller and lighter B61-11 can be delivered the the stealthier B-2A bomber, or even by F16 fighters.
The generation of aerosols by binary homogeneous nucleation

The rates of nucleation of liquid aerosols from the gaseous mixtures H2SO4 + H2O and HNO3 + H2O at 25°C for various relative humidities (10 to 100%) and various activities of acid vapor are calculated using the Flood-Neumann-Doring-Reiss-Doyle theory of binary homogeneous nucleation. The activities of acid vapor needed for nucleation are 25 to 300 times smaller for H2SO4 + H2O than for HNO3 + H2O. This is due to the much larger free energy of mixing in the liquid phase for H2SO4 + H2O. Conversion from activities to actual pressures leads to concentrations of HNO3 which are much too high to be found under normal atmospheric conditions. On the other hand, the concentrations of H2SO4 vapor needed to nucleate droplets in the H2SO4 + H2O system are in the range 4(10−5) to 1.3 (10−2) ppm, a concentration which can result from photo-oxidation of SO2 in the atmosphere. Calculations are made of the growth curves for H2SO4 + H2O droplets (radius vs composition) at various relative humidities from the critical size radius up to a 1000 A radius, corresponding to nuclei large enough to serve as condensation centers for heterogeneous nucleation. The limitations of binary homogeneous nucleation theory at extremely low concentrations of one of the components are discussed and it is shown that this theory becomes inapplicable if the actual vapor pressure of one component is below 10−6 torr.
Steady Shear and Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Melt Mixed and Injection Molded Samples of Polypropylene, Polystyrene, and Polyethylene Nanocomposites With Carbon Black, Vapor Grown Carbon Fibers, and Carbon Nanotubes

Tailoring the rheological properties of polymers is important for practical applications such as the stabilization of polymer emulsions, blends, and foams. Nanomaterial (i.e. Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, Dendrimers, and Carbon Black) are an excellent way to modify the mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties of materials. This paper presents steady shear and linear viscoelastic oscillation testing of three polymers: Polyethylene (PE); Polypropylene (PP); and Polystyrene (PS). These polymers were studied in bulk form and as composites containing designated volume fractions of nanomaterials over a range of processing temperatures and conditions. The nanomaterials investigated in this study include Carbon Black, Vapor Grown Carbon Nanofibers, Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes, Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, and COOH functionalized Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes. The nanocomposite samples used for rheological experimentation were manufactured by melt mixing and injection molding. We will address whether the melt rheological measurements can unequivocally detect the co-continuous composition range in such systems. We will also investigate the melt flow rate through nanomaterial concentration variations, as well as discuss the storage modulus (G'), viscous modulus (G"), and complex viscosity of homogeneous polymer materials versus carbon nanocomposite material at various frequencies.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Temperature dependent modulation of lobster neuromuscular properties by serotonin.

SUMMARY In cold-blooded species the efficacy of neuromuscular function depends both on the thermal environmental of the animal9s habitat and on the concentrations of modulatory hormones circulating within the animal9s body. The goal of this study is to examine how temperature variation within an ecologically relevant range affects neuromuscular function and its modulation by the neurohormone serotonin (5-HT) in Homarus americanus, a lobster species that inhabits a broad thermal range in the wild. The synaptic strength of the excitatory and inhibitory motoneurons innervating the lobster dactyl opener muscle depends on temperature, with the strongest neurally evoked muscle movements being elicited at cold (<5°C) temperatures. However, whereas neurally evoked contractions can be elicited over the entire temperature range from 2 to >20°C, neurally evoked relaxations of resting muscle tension are effective only at colder temperatures at which the inhibitory junction potentials are hyperpolarizing in polarity. 5-HT has two effects on inhibitory synaptic signals: it potentiates their amplitude and also shifts the temperature at which they reverse polarity by approximately +7°C. Thus 5-HT both potentiates neurally evoked relaxations of the muscle and increases the temperature range over which neurally evoked muscle relaxations can be elicited. Neurally evoked contractions are maximally potentiated by 5-HT at warm (18°C) temperatures; however, 5-HT enhances excitatory junction potentials in a temperature-independent manner. Finally, 5-HT strongly increases resting muscle tension at the coldest extent of the temperature range tested (2°C) but is ineffective at 22°C. These data demonstrate that 5-HT elicits several temperature-dependent physiological changes in the passive and active responses of muscle to neural input. The overall effect of 5-HT is to increase the temperature range over which neurally evoked motor movements can be elicited in this neuromuscular system.)
USEFULNESS OF SITUATION-SPECIFIC TRAIT AND STATE MEASURES OF ANXIETY

25 high- and 25 low-anxiety prone Ss were exposed to a stress situation involving public speaking. General and situation-specific measures of trait and state anxiety were obtained. Results indicated high correlations between trait and state measures when these measures were related to the specific stress of speaking.
Characterization of uncertainties in the operation and economics of the proposed seawater desalination plant in the Gaza Strip

In the Gaza Strip, the available freshwater sources are severely polluted and overused. Desalination of seawater through reverse osmosis (RO) has become the most realistic option to meet a rapidly growing water demand. It is estimated that the Gaza Strip will need to develop a seawater desalination capacity of about 120,000 m3/d by the year 2008, and an additional 30,000 m3/d by the year 2016 in order to maintain a fresh water balance in the coastal aquifer and to fulfill the water demand for different uses in a sustainable manner. Cost and reliability of a large RO facility are still subject to much uncertainty. The cost of seawater desalination by RO systems varies with facility size and lifetime, financing conditions, intake type and pre-treatment requirements, power requirements, recovery rate, chemicals cost, spare parts cost, and membrane replacement cost. The permeate salinity is a function of feed water temperature, recovery rate, and permeate flux. The quantity of water produced depends mainly on plant size, recovery rate, and operating load factor. Many of these parameters are subject to a great deal of uncertainty. The objective of this work is to develop a probabilistic model for the simulation of seawater reverse osmosis processes using a Bayesian belief network (BBN) approach. This model represents a new application of probabilistic modeling tools to a large-scale complex system. The model is used to: (1) characterize the different uncertainties involved in the RO process; (2) optimize the RO process reliability and cost; and (3) study how uncertainty in unit capital cost, unit operation and maintenance (O&M) cost, and permeate quality is related to different input variables. The model utilizes information from journal articles, books, expert opinions, and technical reports related to the study area, and can be used to support operators and decision makers in the design of RO systems and formulation of operational policies. The structure of the model is not specific to the Gaza Strip and can be easily populated with data from any large-scale RO plant in any part of the world.
Single-Layer White Polymer Phosphorescent Light-Emitting Diodes Employing Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Dimethyl Ether Blended in the Emissive Layer as Functional Interlayer

White polymer phosphorescent light-emitting diodes (WPLEDs) have been fabricated employing poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether blended in the single active layer to enhance the emission efficiency. The devices have a simple sandwich architecture of ITO/poly((3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate)/emissive layer/CsF/Al. The emissive layer uses a blend of poly(9-vinylcarbazole), 1,3-bis[(4-tert- butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxidiazolyl]phenylene, two or three phosphorescent dopants with complementary colors. The addition of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether enhances electron injection, transport, and the balance of densities of electrons and holes. The measured current efficiency in the front viewing direction is 17.5 cd/A at 1800 ${\hbox{cd}}/{\hbox{cm}}^{2}$ for the two complementary WPLEDs, and 35.7 cd/A at 3000 ${\hbox{cd}}/{\hbox{m}} ^{2}$ for the three complementary color WPLEDs. The current efficiencies remain high even at brightness levels up to 30,000 ${\hbox{cd}}/{\hbox{m}} ^{2}$ . The high current efficiency is ascribed to the improved electron injection ability from the metal cathode, the enhanced charge carrier transport ability and the enhanced red emitting intensity by blending with PEG-DME. Also the low roll-off of the current efficiency was due to the lower triplet-polaron annihilation and the electric field-induced triplet exciton quenching by increased charge carrier transport in unipolar device and broadened recombination zone. The improved charge carrier injection at the interface and the enhanced charge carrier transport were resulted from specific interfacial interactions between PEG-DME and aluminum and higher electric field by blending with PEG-DME.
Redox-dependent CO2 reduction activity of CO dehydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) from Rhodospirillum rubrum catalyzes both the oxidation of CO and the reduction of CO(2). Studies of the redox dependence of CO(2) reduction by R. rubrum CODH show that (1) CODH is unable to catalyze CO(2) reduction at potentials greater than -300 mV; (2) the maximum activity is observed at potentials less than -480 mV; and (3) the midpoint potential (E(m)) of the transition from minimum to maximum CO(2) reduction activity occurs at approximately -339 mV. These results indicate that the C(red1) state of R. rubrum CODH (E(m) = -110 mV; g(zyx)() = 2.03, 1.88, 1.71) is not competent to reduce CO(2). Nernst analyses suggest that the reduction of CODH from the C(red1) state to the CO(2)-reducing form (C(unc), g(zyx)() = 2.04, 1.93, 1.89; E < approximately -300 mV) of the enzyme is a one-electron process. For the entire redox range, viologens stimulate CO(2) reduction by CODH more than 50-fold, and it is proposed that viologens accelerate the redox equilibration of redox buffers and [Fe(4)S(4)](B) during catalysis.
Fluorescence of native single-Trp mutants in the lactose permease from Escherichia coli: structural properties and evidence for a substrate-induced conformational change

Six single-Trp mutants were engineered by individually reintroducing each of the native Trp residues into a functional lactose permease mutant devoid of Trp (Trp-less permease; Menezes ME, Roepe PD, Kaback HR, 1990, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:1638-1642), and fluorescent properties were studied with respect to solvent accessibility, as well as alterations produced by ligand binding. The emission of Trp 33, Trp 78, Trp 171, and Trp 233 is strongly quenched by both acrylamide and iodide, whereas Trp 151 and Trp 10 display a decrease in fluorescence in the presence of acrylamide only and no quenching by iodide. Of the six single-Trp mutants, only Trp 33 exhibits a significant change in fluorescence (ca. 30% enhancement) in the presence of the substrate analog beta,D-galactopyranosyl 1-thio-beta,D-galactopyranoside (TDG). This effect was further characterized by site-directed fluorescent studies with purified single-Cys W33-->C permease labeled with 2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS). Titration of the change in the fluorescence spectrum reveals a 30% enhancement accompanied with a 5-nm blue shift in the emission maximum, and single exponential behavior with an apparent KD of 71 microM. The effect of substrate binding on the rate of MIANS labeling of single-Cys 33 permease was measured in addition to iodide and acrylamide quenching of the MIANS-labeled protein. Complete blockade of labeling is observed in the presence of TDG, as well as a 30% decrease in accessibility to iodide with no change in acrylamide quenching. Overall, the findings are consistent with the proposal (Wu J, Frillingos S, Kaback HR, 1995a, Biochemistry 34:8257-8263) that ligand binding induces a conformational change at the C-terminus of helix I such that Pro 28 and Pro 31, which are on one face, become more accessible to solvent, whereas Trp 33, which is on the opposite face, becomes less accessible to the aqueous phase. The findings regarding accessibility to collisional quenchers are also consistent with the predicted topology of the six native Trp residues in the permease.
Suppression of Allelic Recombination and Aneuploidy by Cohesin Is Independent of Chk1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sister chromatid cohesion (SCC), which is established during DNA replication, ensures genome stability. Establishment of SCC is inhibited in G2. However, this inhibition is relived and SCC is established as a response to DNA damage, a process known as Damage Induced Cohesion (DIC). In yeast, Chk1, which is a kinase that functions in DNA damage signal transduction, is considered an activator of SCC through DIC. Nonetheless, here we show that, unlike SCC mutations, loss of CHK1 did not increase spontaneous or damage-induced allelic recombination or aneuploidy. We suggest that Chk1 has a redundant role in the control of DIC or that DIC is redundant for maintaining genome stability.