cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soviet military doctrine as strategic deception: An offensive military strategy for defense of the socialist fatherland

Soviet military doctrine from 1962 to 1987/88 was a deliberate strategic deception of both adversaries and allies. Soviet doctrine used the risk of nuclear and conventional war with NATO as a camouflage to threaten armed actions in both Germanys in support of the East German Communist Party. Soviet doctrine also threatened military intervention against political opponents of the other communist regimes of Eastern Europe. The strategy also sought to pre‐empt further defections from the Warsaw Pact, such as those of Albania and Romania. Until 1987–88, Soviet doctrine required victory on NATO territory as the only option compatible with the maskirovka (strategic deception) necessary for offensive action within the Soviet alliance system.
Q-switched distributed-Bragg-reflector Ytterbium laser

A passively Q-switched distributed-Bragg-reflector laser made in glass integrated optics technology, and operating around 1030 nm, is designed, realized and investigated. The laser is formed by an ion-exchanged single mode waveguide realized in an Ytterbium doped phosphate glass. The Q-switching behavior is obtained by hybridizing a saturable absorber film on the waveguides. This allows the realization of a short and simple laser cavity having both pulsed and a narrow linewidth emission. Its experimental characterization leads to the observation of a stable repetition rate of 12.5 kHz and a stable pulse duration of 9.2 ns FWHM.
On the potential of forward osmosis to energetically outperform reverse osmosis desalination

Abstract We provide a comparison of the theoretical and actual energy requirements of forward osmosis and reverse osmosis seawater desalination. We argue that reverse osmosis is significantly more energy efficient and that forward osmosis research efforts would best be fully oriented towards alternate applications. The underlying reason for the inefficiency of forward osmosis is the draw-dilution step, which increases the theoretical and actual energy requirements for draw regeneration. As a consequence, for a forward osmosis technology to compete with reverse osmosis, the regeneration process must be significantly more efficient than reverse osmosis. However, even considering the optimisation of the draw solution and the benefits of reduced fouling during regeneration, the efficiency of an optimal draw regeneration process and of reverse osmosis are unlikely to differ significantly, meaning the energy efficiency of direct desalination with reverse osmosis is likely to be superior.
Cardiac arrhythmias observed during maximal treadmill exercise testing in clinically normal men.

Abstract The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias observed during maximal treadmill exercise testing was studied in 650 men aged 25 to 54 years. In 561 there was no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease; 89 were classified as having definite or suspected cardiovascular disease. The patients were divided into 3 age groups—25 to 34, 35 to 44 and 45 to 54 years—to define any age-related differences in the incidence of arrhythmias during exercise. Single or consecutive ventricular premature complexes were observed in 31 percent of the 25 to 34 year olds, 38 percent of the 35 to 44 year olds and 49 percent of the 45 to 54 year olds; the incidence of supraventricular premature complexes was 7, 10 and 14 percent, respectively. The incidence of both ventricular and supraventricular complexes increased with age. For any given age group the incidence of ventricular premature complexes was greater in patients with definite or suspected cardiovascular disease. These patients were more prone to demonstrate frequent ventricular premature complexes and had a higher incidence of multifocal ventricular premature beats and ventricular tachycardia. The ventricular premature complexes were also more likely to appear at lower heart rates during exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, the appearance of unifocal ventricular premature complexes during maximal or near maximal exercise testing should not be equated with the presence of clinically significant cardiac disease.
165. Identification of Physical and Mental Health Conditions Along With Barriers to Accessing Primary Care Providers Among Youth Detained at a County Juvenile Detention Center

provide culturally and linguistically appropriate care to adolescents, and conducting sexual health assessments at every visit. Results: The Collaborative Learning Model resonates with adolescent reproductive healthcare providers, who are committed to implementing changes and using evidence-based strategies. The Collaborative model is a crucial element of a community-wide initiative serving a diverse community and seeking to reduce teen pregnancy disparities. Conclusions: In 2013 the Alliance will replicate the Collaborative with a new cohort of clinics serving high-priority adolescents. Evaluation data will be analyzed from the first cohort to inform replication and support sustainability at current Collaborative clinics. Sources of Support: Cooperative AgreementNumber 5U58DP002927 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through a partnershipwith the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ (HHS) Office of Adolescent Health.
Elevation-Dependent Multiscale Analysis of a Complex Intertidal Zone

ABSTRACT Horne, P.; Suteanu, C.; van Proosdij, D., and Baker, G., 2013. Elevation-dependent multiscale analysis of a complex intertidal zone. Coastal geomorphology is the result of many complex interacting processes operating over a range of scales in space, and multiscale analysis on relevant scale intervals can help link form with process. Numerous studies focus on lines resulting from the intersection of a plane at a certain elevation with the three-dimensional landscape. However, in most cases, the reason for the choice of the actual elevation is not mentioned, nor at times is the value of the selected elevation even specified. Such an approach relies on the assumption that one studies an isotropic, self-affine pattern for which the irregularity is independent from elevation. The present study questions this assumption by applying fractal analysis not to one, but rather to a series of different elevations relating to tidal stages. The research takes place in a macrotidal estuary, in the Upper Bay of F...
Understanding Consumer Recycling Behavior: Combining the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Norm Activation Model

This study proposed and tested a comprehensive model of the intention to recycle in which the norm activation model and the theory of planned behavior were combined. Data on consumer intention to recycle were collected from a panel of U.S. consumers. The final sample consisted of 421 participants. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the proposed model. The results support the hypotheses in that personal norms (from the norm activation model) together with attitude and perceived behavioral control (from the theory of planned behavior) influence the intention to recycle. In addition, subjective norms (from the theory of planned behavior) influenced the intention to recycle indirectly through attitude, personal norms, and perceived behavioral control. Also, awareness of consequences (from the norm activation model) influenced intention to recycle indirectly through attitude, subjective norms, and personal norms.
Carbon Clusters Containing Two Metal Atoms: Structures, Growth Mechanism, and Fullerene Formation

Gas phase ion mobility measurements have been used to probe the structures and interconversion of La2Cn+ (n = 1−100) isomers. The smallest La2Cn+ clusters (n ≤ 10) appear to be planar rings. However, planar mono- and bicyclic rings (the dominant isomers for Cn+ and LaCn+, n ≤ 30, clusters) are not observed for the larger La2Cn+ species. Instead, isomers which appear to be three-dimensional ring complexes dominate for unannealed La2Cn+ (n ≥ 17) clusters. The formation of these complexes is probably driven by electrostatic forces. For n ≥ 30 the three-dimensional ring complexes isomerize into metallofullerenes (and metal-containing graphite sheets for n = 30−37). The estimated activation energies for these isomerization processes are about 1 eV lower than those estimated for similar processes for planar Cn+ and LaCn+ rings. Metallofullerenes with two non-endohedral metal atoms (for n = 28−29), one endohedral metal atom (for n = 31−100), and two endohedral metal atoms (for n ≥ 64, only even n), are identifie...
Thrombolytic therapy for massive pulmonary embolism in a patient with a known intracranial tumor.

The objective was to describe and review the use of thrombolytic therapy in a patient with an intracranial tumor and massive pulmonary embolism. This is the first reported case of a patient with a known glioblastoma multiforme and massive pulmonary embolism who was successfully treated with alteplase. Pulmonary embolism was demonstrated by a ventilation-perfusion scan and transthoracic echocardiogram with repeat studies demonstrating resolution of the thromboembolism and reperfusion of pulmonary vasculature. A review of the literature revealed that the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage with thrombolysis is /=50% in patients with hemodynamically unstable pulmonary emboli. The benefit of thrombolysis may outweigh the risks of intracranial hemorrhage in these patients, and careful consideration for its use in these patients is warranted.
Activity of phospholipase C in ovine luteal tissue in response to PGF2α and PGE2 and luteinizing hormone

Four ewes were utilized to determine the effects of prostaglandin (PG) F2α, PGE2 and luteinizing hormone (LH) on activity of phospholipase C (PLC) in ovine luteal tissue. Corpora lutea were collected on d 10 post-estrus and six slices from one corpus luteum from each ewe were pre-incubated with [3H]-inositol prior to incubation with one of 6 treatments. Treatments were 1) control, 2) PGF2α (100 ng/ml), 3) PGE2 (10 ng/ml), 4) LH (10 ng/ml), 5) PGR2α + PGE2 and 6) PGF2α + LH. Phospholipase C was determined indirectly by measuring the accumulation of [3H]-inositol mono-, bis- and tris-phosphates (IP, IP2, IP3). Effects of PGF2α (0 vs. PGF2α and luteotropic treatment (0 vs. PGE2 vs. LH) and their interactions were determined by analysis of variance. There was a significant main effect of PGF2α (P<.001) as concentrations of IP, IP2, IP3 and total [3H]-inositol phosphates were greater in tissue slices treated with PGF2α, regardless of luteotropic treatment. Within groups receiving no PGF2α (1,3,4), no effect of luteotropic treatment was observed. Within groups receiving PGf2α (2,5,6), LH caused a significant (P<.05) increase in the accumulation of total [3H]-inositol phosphates. Thus, PGF2α can stimulated the activity of PLC in ovine luteal tissue and LH can potentiate this effect.
Distortion of superfluid 3 He-B energy gap as a function of magnetic field

Ultrasound measurements of the pair-breaking edge of superfluid3He-B have provided a quantitative knowledge of the energy gap distortion in a magnetic field. The gap distortions obtained at very low temperatures for the three sound frequencies 168.3, 137.6 and 107 MHz are plotted against magnetic field. Results are consistent with theoretical estimates.
Effects of Test Anxiety and Evaluative Threat on Students' Achievement and Motivation

Identification of factors that influence post-secondary student achievement and motivation in the classroom continues to be an important educational objective. The author investigated the interactive effects of learner characteristic, test anxiety, and the classroom variable, threat of evaluation, on the achievement and motivation of 61 postsecondary students assigned randomly to high- or low-evaluative threat conditions. Statistically significant interactions revealed that all the students, particularly the test-anxious students, performed poorly and were less motivated when exposed to highly evaluative classrooms. The findings expand previous research and should be considered by professors when they design and implement higher education courses.
The independent roles of mechanical, structural and adhesion characteristics of 3D hydrogels on the regulation of cancer invasion and dissemination

Metastasis begins with the escape, or dissemination, of cancer cells from the primary tumor. We recently demonstrated that tumors preferentially disseminate into collagen I and not into basement membrane protein gels (Matrigel). In this study, we used synthetic polymer systems to define material properties that could induce dissemination into Matrigel. We first specifically varied rigidity by varying the crosslinking density of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) networks within Matrigel scaffolds. Increased microenvironmental rigidity limited epithelial growth but did not promote dissemination. We next incorporated adhesive signals into the PEG network using peptide-conjugated cyclodextrin (α-CDYRGDS) rings. The α-CDYRGDS rings threaded along the PEG polymers, enabling independent control of matrix mechanics, adhesive peptide composition, and adhesive density. Adhesive PEG networks induced dissemination of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells at intermediate values of adhesion and rigidity. Our data reveal that microenvironmental signals can induce dissemination of normal and malignant epithelial cells without requiring the fibrillar structure of collagen I or containing collagen I-specific adhesion sequences. Finally, the nanobiomaterials and assays developed in this study are generally useful both in 3D culture of primary mammalian tissues and in the systematic evaluation of the specific role of mechanical and adhesive inputs on 3D tumor growth, invasion, and dissemination.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tracking of Graft Survival in the Infarcted Heart: Iron Oxide Particles Versus Ferritin Overexpression Approach.

The main objective of cell therapy is the regeneration of damaged tissues. To distinguish graft from host tissue by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a paramagnetic label must be introduced to cells prior to transplantation. The paramagnetic label can be either exogenous iron oxide nanoparticles or a genetic overexpression of ferritin, an endogenous iron storage protein. The purpose of this work was to compare the efficacy of these 2 methods for MRI evaluation of engrafted cell survival in the infarcted mouse heart. Mouse skeletal myoblasts were labeled either by cocultivation with iron oxide particles or by engineering them to overexpress ferritin. Along with live cell transplantation, 2 other groups of mice were injected with dead-labeled cells. Both particle-labeled and ferritin-tagged grafts were detected as areas of MRI signal hypointensity in the left ventricle of the mouse heart using T2*-weighted sequences, although the signal attenuation decreased with ferritin tagging. Importantly, live cells co...
Prediction of double crosses from single crosses

A unified theory, which takes into account both the genetic and experimental conditions, for predicting double cross hybrids from single cross hybrids is developed. The method is analogous to that for selection indices. Relationship of the prediction model to the genetic model is explored. Jenkins' (1934) three single cross predictors, a best single cross predictor, and selection on the basis of double cross estimates are compared empirically for an additive and dominance genetic model with varying proportions of experimental error variance and different numbers of hybrids. The differences between fixed and random genetic sample approaches to prediction are discussed.
The Utility of an Internal Benchmarking Strategy in Racial Profiling Surveillance

Estimating the racial and ethnic proportions within the driving population at risk of being stopped by the police is the most serious methodological threat to the viability of racial profiling research. Most strategies are externally based on the residential population, field observations of drivers, and, more recently, accident records. Using data collected in 2001 by the Wichita (Kansas) Police Department, the authors construct an internal benchmark and are able to identify the officers (at the individual level) that are actually stopping substantially higher proportions of racial minorities when compared to their similarly situated peers. Recommendations for developing an internal benchmarking strategy are included.
Cross-layer optimization for wireless multihop networks with pairwise intersession network coding

For wireless multi-hop networks with unicast sessions, most coding opportunities involve only two or three sessions as coding across many sessions requires greater transmission power to broadcast the coded symbol to many receivers, which enhances interference. This work shows that with a new flow-based characterization of pairwise intersession network coding (coding across two unicast sessions), an optimal joint coding, scheduling, and rate-control scheme can be devised and implemented using only the binary XOR operation. The new scheduling/rate-control scheme demonstrates provably graceful throughput degradation with imperfect scheduling, which facilitates the design tradeoff between the throughput optimality and computational complexity of different scheduling schemes. Our results show that pairwise intersession network coding improves the throughput of non-coding solutions regardless of whether perfect/imperfect scheduling is used. Both the deterministic and stochastic packet arrivals and departures are considered. This work shows a striking resemblance between pairwise intersession network coding and non-coded solutions, and thus advocates extensions of non-coding wisdoms to their network coding counterpart.
An update on the arsenal for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter infections: polymyxin antibiotics.

Summary Objective To review recent clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data to optimize dosing regimens for polymyxin B and colistin for treatment of infections due to A. baumannii . Methods A literature search was performed using the search terms Acinetobacter, polymyxin, colistin, polymyxin B on MEDLINE. Additional references were identified from the resulting citations. Results Increasing the dose of polymyxin B or colistin and using either in combination with other antibiotic agents demonstrates improved antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter spp. Polymyxin B, unlike colistin, is available as an active drug and appears to be relatively unaffected by renal function. This is advantageous both for patients with renal impairment and for those with intact renal function. Achieving therapeutic serum concentrations of colistin may be difficult for those with intact renal function due to rapid clearance of the prodrug, colistimethate sodium (CMS). Clinical data are still lacking for polymyxin B, and it remains to be seen whether advantages demonstrated in PK/PD analyses will persist in the larger scale of patient care and safety. Conclusions The use of higher doses of either colistin or polymyxin B, as well as combination with other antibiotics, may prevent emerging resistance and preserve the activity of polymyxins against A. baumannii .
Social Composition: Musical Data Systems for Expressive Mobile Music

This article explores the role of symbolic score data in the authors' mobile music-making applications, as well as the social sharing and community-based content creation workflows currently in use on their on-line musical network. Web-based notation systems are discussed alongside in-app visual scoring methodologies for the display of pitch, timing and duration data for instrumental and vocal performance. User-generated content and community-driven ecosystems are considered alongside the role of cloud-based services for audio rendering and streaming of performance data.
Transit Peptide Cleavage Sites of Integral Thylakoid Membrane Proteins

A set of 58 nuclearly encoded thylakoid-integral membrane proteins from four plant species was identified, and their amino termini were assigned unequivocally based upon mass spectrometry of intact proteins and peptide fragments. The dataset was used to challenge the Web tools ChloroP, TargetP, SignalP, PSORT, Predotar, and MitoProt II for predicting organelle targeting and transit peptide proteolysis sites. ChloroP and TargetP reliably predicted chloroplast targeting but only reliably predicted transit peptide cleavage sites for soluble proteins targeted to the stroma. SignalP (eukaryote settings) accurately predicted the transit peptide cleavage site for soluble proteins targeted to the lumen. SignalP (Gram-negative bacteria settings) reliably predicted peptide cleavage of integral thylakoid proteins inserted into the membrane via the "spontaneous" pathway. The processing sites of more common thylakoid-integral proteins inserted by the signal recognition peptide-dependent pathway were not well predicted by any of the programs. The results suggest the presence of a second thylakoid processing protease that recognizes the transit peptide of integral proteins inserted via the spontaneous mechanism and that this mechanism may be related to the secretory mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria.
Assessing Scientist and Practitioner Orientations in Industrial/Organizational Psychology

This research develops and provides initial evidence of internal validity for a measure of scientist and practitioner orientations in industrial/organizational psychology (the SPI-IO). The applicat...
Fatal aspirations in infancy during gastrointestinal series

Three infants with fatal aspirations during gastroesophageal studies are reported because of the rarity of this catastrophe in the literature. Recommendations for avoiding this complication are suggested.
Ganglioside‐Modulated Proteolysis by Ca2+‐Activated Neutral Proteinase (CANP): A Role of Glycoconjugates in CANP Regulation

: We examined ganglioside modulation of the activity of the millimolar Ca2+-sensitive form (mCANP) of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP), which is enriched in myelin, from brain. GM1, GD1a, GT1a, GM2, and GM4 produced a concentration-dependent increase of mCANP activity. GD1a stimulated the greatest increase of enzyme activity (107%), followed by GT1a, whereas GD1b was inhibitory (56%). GM1, GM2, and GM4 stimulated but less so than GD1a and GT1a. Free N-acetylneuraminic acid, asialo-GM1, GM3, and a ganglioside mixture containing GM1, GD3, GD1a, and GD1b had no effect. The ganglioside-mediated modulation was not affected by trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine (phospholipid-binding antagonists). The mCANP Ca2+ requirement was significantly reduced in the presence of stimulatory gangliosides, and this increased sensitivity varied (10–50-fold) with ganglioside structure. Gangliosides may interact with membrane mCANP and modulate its proteolytic action.
THE ROLE OF PARTISANSHIP IN THE REFORM OF THE OKLAHOMA JUDICIARY

Oklahoma judicial refom1 in the 1960s represented a clash between populist values of partisan democracy, reformist non-partisan ballots, and the Missouri plan of the legal reformers centering on commission selected judges. Reform became inevitable when the Supreme Court bribery scandals hit. The race between the legislature's 'mixed' reform package and the more radical Missouri plan reform advocated by sponsors of an initiative referendum was won by the legislature.
Field test of a distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system for long perimeters

Field tests in desert terrain of a distributed sensor system for detecting and locating intruders based on the phase-sensitive optical-time-domain reflectometer (phi-OTDR) are described. The sensing element is a single-mode telecommunications fiber in a 4.5 mm diameter cable buried in a trench filled with loose sand. Light pulses from a continuous-wave Er:fiber Fabry-Perot laser with a narrow (<3 kHz) instantaneous linewidth and low (few kilohertz per second) frequency drift are injected into one end of the fiber, and the orthogonal polarizations of the backscattered light are monitored with separate receivers. Localized phase changes in the optical carrier are sensed by subtracting a phi-OTDR trace from an earlier stored trace. High sensitivity and consistent detection of intruders on foot and of vehicles traveling down a road near the cable line was realized over a cable length of 8.5 km and a total fiber path of 19 km in real time.
Image Processing and Classification Procedures for Analysis of Sub-decimeter Imagery Acquired with an Unmanned Aircraft over Arid Rangelands

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have great potential as a platform for acquiring very high resolution aerial imagery for vegetation mapping. However, image processing and classification techniques require adaptation to images obtained with low-cost digital cameras. We developed and evaluated an image processing work- flow that included the integration of resolution-appropriate field sampling, feature selection, and object-based image analysis for the purpose of classifying rangeland vegetation from a five-centimeter-resolution UAS image mosaic. Classification tree analysis was used to determine the optimal spectral, spatial, and contextual features. Segmentation and classification rule sets were developed on a test plot and were applied to the remaining study area, resulting in an overall classification accuracy of 78% at the species level and 81% at the structure-group level. The image processing approach provides a roadmap for deriving quality vegetation classification products from UAS imagery with very high spatial, but low spectral resolution.
Nutritive value and aerobic stability of whole crop maize silage harvested at four stages of maturity.

Abstract The effect of stage of maturity on the ensiling properties of whole crop maize was studied under laboratory conditions. Maize (Zea mays L.) was harvested at four maturity stages being, early dent (ED), one-third milkline (ML), two-thirds ML and blackline (BL). The chopped forages were ensiled in 1.5-l anaerobic jars. Three jars per treatment were sampled on days 2, 4, 8, 15, and 90. After 90 days of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 days, in which CO2 production was measured, as well as chemical and microbiological parameters. In addition, fibre content and in situ rumen degradability were analysed at the four stages of maturity. Water-soluble carbohydrates decreased in the silages with maturity. The silages from the ED stage had more lactic acid, ethanol, weight loss, yeast, and moulds than at one-third ML, two-thirds ML and BL stages. The silages from the ED stage produced more CO2 than the one-third ML, two-thirds ML and BL stages (P
BULLFROG TADPOLE (RANA CATESBEIANA) AND RED SWAMP CRAYFISH (PROCAMBARUS CLARKII) PREDATION ON EARLY LIFE STAGES OF ENDANGERED RAZORBACK SUCKER (XYRAUCHEN TEXANUS)

Abstract Bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana) and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) are widespread introduced taxa that are problematic throughout the western United States. Their impact on native amphibians and crustaceans is well documented, but less is known regarding their influence on native fishes. Predator-prey tank tests showed both species consumed eggs and larvae of the endangered razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus) in a laboratory setting. Tadpoles consumed 2.2 razorback sucker eggs/d and 1.4 razorback sucker larvae/d, while crayfish ate 6.0 eggs/d and 3.5 larvae/d. Relatively high densities of bullfrog tadpoles and crayfish in razorback sucker spawning areas suggest that these nonnative taxa might pose a threat to the recruitment success of this and other imperiled native fish.
Anchoring Relationships at Work: High-Quality Mentors and Other Supportive Work Relationships as Buffers to Ambient Racial Discrimination

Applying a unifying theoretical framework of high-quality work relationships, we conducted a set of 3 complementary studies that examined whether high-quality mentoring relationships can buffer employees from the negative effects of ambient discrimination at work. Integrating relational mentoring with relational systems theory, we first examined whether the presence of a high-quality mentoring relationship buffers employees in a sample of 3,813 workers. In support of the “mentors-as-buffers” hypothesis, we found that employees who witnessed or were aware of racial discrimination at work had lower organizational commitment than those not exposed, but employees with high-quality mentoring relationships experienced less loss of commitment than those lacking mentors. We then examined the specific buffering behaviors used by mentors in high-quality relationships and whether these behaviors were effective for other work relationships and outcomes. Applying Kahn's typology, we developed and validated a measure of high-quality relational holding behaviors in a sample of 262 workers. Using this measure in a third sample of 557 workers, we found that mentors buffer by providing holding behaviors, but we did not find this buffering effect when supervisors or coworkers provided holding behaviors. This potent mentor buffering effect held across a range of outcomes, including organizational commitment, physical symptoms of stress, insomnia, and stress-related absenteeism. These studies suggest that mentoring may be a singularly effective relationship that offers a safe harbor for employees faced with ambient discrimination at work.
317/319 phytoremediation site monitoring report - 2005 growing season.

In 1999, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) designed and installed a series of engineered plantings consisting of a vegetative cover system and approximately 800 hybrid poplars and willows rooting at various predetermined depths. The plants were installed using various methods including Applied Natural Science's TreeWell{reg_sign} system. The goal of the installation was to protect downgradient surface and groundwater by hydraulic control of the contaminated plume by intercepting the contaminated groundwater with the tree roots, removing moisture from the upgradient soil area, reducing water infiltration, preventing soil erosion, degrading and/or transpiring the residual volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and removing tritium from the subsoil and groundwater. This report presents the results of the monitoring activities conducted by Argonne's Energy Systems Division (ES) in the growing season of 2005. Monitoring of the planted trees began soon after the trees were installed in 1999 and has been conducted every summer since then. As the trees grew and consolidated their growth into the contaminated soil and groundwater, their exposure to the contaminants was progressively shown through tissue sampling. However, as trees grow larger, some of the findings obtained in the early years when trees were much smaller may not hold true now and need to bemore » verified again. During the 2005 sampling campaign, data from the French Drain area confirmed the results obtained in 2004 and earlier, and the previously found correlation between soil and branch concentrations. During the 2005 summer, studies under controlled conditions (cartridges) have shown a generally linear dose response of PCE uptake, and have also shown that tree concentrations of PCE decrease after flushing with clean water in short times when trees are exposed to low levels of the contaminant. This data proves that tree concentrations are transient, and that with proper time levels can return close to background levels when exposure is removed. Further study of the results and additional future experiments under constant supply will also allow us to confirm that the oscillations found in the tree branches are indeed derived to changing supply of the contaminant in the soil solution or gases. They will also allow us to optimally estimate the amounts of chemicals that are removed from the system by plant uptake.« less
Assessment and Treatment of Problem Behavior Associated with Transitions

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders or other developmental disabilities are often reported to have difficulties with transitions. In this chapter, we review the applied literature on the assessment and treatment of problem behavior associated with transitions as well as provide suggestions for practitioners and researchers based on our critical analysis of the extant literature. The chapter is divided into two main sections. In the first section, we review the types of test and control procedures used during the assessment process, which included manipulation of environmental variables similar to a standard functional analysis as well as potentially idiosyncratic variables such as assessing the effects of physical movement, rich-to-lean transitions, and predictability. From our critical analysis, we recommend a set of questions to gather information that would help narrow the range of variables to assess and guide the functional analysis process. In the second section, we review treatments that have been, and could be, applied to address problem behavior associated with difficulties with transitions, which included a discussion of the conditions under which various treatments should be implemented. Suggestions for practice and future research are embedded throughout.
Incorporating a Genetic Risk Score Into Coronary Heart Disease Risk Estimates Effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels (the MI-GENES Clinical Trial)

Background— Whether knowledge of genetic risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) affects health-related outcomes is unknown. We investigated whether incorporating a genetic risk score (GRS) in CHD risk estimates lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Methods and Results— Participants (n=203, 45–65 years of age, at intermediate risk for CHD, and not on statins) were randomly assigned to receive their 10-year probability of CHD based either on a conventional risk score (CRS) or CRS + GRS ( + GRS). Participants in the + GRS group were stratified as having high or average/low GRS. Risk was disclosed by a genetic counselor followed by shared decision making regarding statin therapy with a physician. We compared the primary end point of LDL-C levels at 6 months and assessed whether any differences were attributable to changes in dietary fat intake, physical activity levels, or statin use. Participants (mean age, 59.4±5 years; 48% men; mean 10-year CHD risk, 8.5±4.1%) were allocated to receive either CRS (n=100) or + GRS (n=103). At the end of the study period, the + GRS group had a lower LDL-C than the CRS group (96.5±32.7 versus 105.9±33.3 mg/dL; P =0.04). Participants with high GRS had lower LDL-C levels (92.3±32.9 mg/dL) than CRS participants ( P =0.02) but not participants with low GRS (100.9±32.2 mg/dL; P =0.18). Statins were initiated more often in the + GRS group than in the CRS group (39% versus 22%, P Conclusions— Disclosure of CHD risk estimates that incorporated genetic risk information led to lower LDL-C levels than disclosure of CHD risk based on conventional risk factors alone. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01936675.
Discriminatory power of common genetic variants in personalized breast cancer diagnosis.

Technology advances in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has engendered optimism that we have entered a new age of precision medicine, in which the risk of breast cancer can be predicted on the basis of a person’s genetic variants. The goal of this study is to evaluate the discriminatory power of common genetic variants in breast cancer risk estimation. We conducted a retrospective case-control study drawing from an existing personalized medicine data repository. We collected variables that predict breast cancer risk: 153 high-frequency/low-penetrance genetic variants, reflecting the state-of-the-art GWAS on breast cancer, mammography descriptors and BI-RADS assessment categories in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon. We trained and tested naive Bayes models by using these predictive variables. We generated ROC curves and used the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to quantify predictive performance. We found that genetic variants achieved comparable predictive performance to BI-RADS assessment categories in terms of AUC (0.650 vs. 0.659, p-value = 0.742), but significantly lower predictive performance than the combination of BI-RADS assessment categories and mammography descriptors (0.650 vs. 0.751, p-value < 0.001). A better understanding of relative predictive capability of genetic variants and mammography data may benefit clinicians and patients to make appropriate decisions about breast cancer screening, prevention, and treatment in the era of precision medicine.
Effect of surfactants, gastric emptying, and dosage form on supersaturation of dipyridamole in an in vitro model simulating the stomach and duodenum.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of gastric emptying patterns, surfactants, and dosage form on the supersaturation of a poorly soluble weakly basic drug, dipyridamole, using an in vitro model mimicking the dynamic environment of the upper gastrointestinal tract, and, furthermore, to evaluate the usefulness of this model in establishing correlations to in vivo bioavailability for drugs with solubility/dissolution limited absorption. A simulated stomach duodenum model comprising four compartments was used to assess supersaturation and precipitation kinetics as a function of time. It integrates physiologically relevant fluid volumes, fluid transfer rates, and pH changes of the upper GI tract. Monoexponential gastric emptying patterns simulating the fasted state were compared to linear gastric emptying patterns simulating the fed state. The effect of different surfactants commonly used in oral preparations, specifically, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), poloxamer-188, and polysorbate-80,...
The snRNP E protein multigene family contains five pseudogenes with common mutations

Sequence data from three previously-uncharacterized members of the snRNP E protein multigene family suggest that each is a non-transcribed processed pseudogene, even though one clone has the potential to code for a full-length protein with greater than 90% similarity to previously-characterized E protein cDNAs. Each of the newly-analyzed family members is without introns, contains a tract of polyadenylic acid residues, and is flanked by short direct repeats. In addition, the three sequences all contain point mutations that distinguish them from the E protein coding sequence. Seven point mutations are common to the three sequences described here and to two previously-described E protein pseudogenes. Although all of these mutations are tran sitions, only 5 of 7 could have been generated by deamination of methylated cytosines in inactive genes. Thus, the common muta tions in the pseudogenes suggest an origin other than the expressed gene that we have described. Allelic variants for two of the pseudogenes wer...
Relational Uncertainty and Communication in On-Again/Off-Again Romantic Relationships: Assessing Changes and Patterns Across Recalled Turning Points

The current investigation explored the association between relational uncertainty and communication quality in on-again/off-again (on-off) relationships using partners’ recalled turning points. We assessed how changes between, and patterns across, turning points were associated with communication quality. On-off partners reported on up to 10 turning points in their relationship. Changes in uncertainty between turning points were negatively associated with changes in communication. Regarding patterns, fluctuation in uncertainty across the turning points was associated with more current openness. In addition, the association between uncertainty fluctuation and current intimacy depended on the proportion of turning points that were breakups.
Pathway decision-making strategies for generating pancreatic β-cells: Systems biology or hit and miss?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Method selection strategies to achieve beta-cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Expectations are high for an embryonic stem cell derived cellular replacement method to cure diabetes, and recent observations indicate that mature beta-cells can be derived from human embryonic stem cells. In terms of the translational setting, however, we are not there yet; conversion of embryonic stem cells to fully mature beta-cells is not effective and does not provide an exclusive beta-cell population as the end-product. SUMMARY Studies emphasize that expecting development of a 'magic media bullet' that promotes endocrine fate is rather optimistic; consecutive administration of signaling inducers, carefully provided to mimic normal development, is more likely to succeed. To accomplish this task we need better understanding of the extracellular signaling pathways that drive progressive endodermal fate choices throughout development. Knowledge of cell-intrinsic control of fate assignments in pancreas is growing rapidly. Nevertheless, insufficient information regarding morphogen codes that operate in endoderm and pancreas is hindering development of better, directed differentiation schema of uncommitted embryonic stem cells toward endodermal, pancreatic, and subsequent endocrine specific fates. A systematic approach to defining morphogen codes in developing endoderm and pancreas appears timely and justified.
An ancient yet flexible cis-regulatory architecture allows localized Hedgehog tuning by patched/Ptch1

The Hedgehog signaling pathway is part of the ancient developmental-evolutionary animal toolkit. Frequently co-opted to pattern new structures, the pathway is conserved among eumetazoans yet flexible and pleiotropic in its effects. The Hedgehog receptor, Patched, is transcriptionally activated by Hedgehog, providing essential negative feedback in all tissues. Our locus-wide dissections of the cis-regulatory landscapes of fly patched and mouse Ptch1 reveal abundant, diverse enhancers with stage- and tissue-specific expression patterns. The seemingly simple, constitutive Hedgehog response of patched/Ptch1 is driven by a complex regulatory architecture, with batteries of context-specific enhancers engaged in promoter-specific interactions to tune signaling individually in each tissue, without disturbing patterning elsewhere. This structure-one of the oldest cis-regulatory features discovered in animal genomes-explains how patched/Ptch1 can drive dramatic adaptations in animal morphology while maintaining its essential core function. It may also suggest a general model for the evolutionary flexibility of conserved regulators and pathways.
Surface Disturbance in Continuous Casting Mold

A hydrodynamic model is built to study the behaviors of slag-metal interface based on the similarity theory,then Fourier transformation method and spectrum analysis method are introduced to study the effect of interfacial fluctuation rules to slag entrapment,then estimate the range specifically.
Teaching an old antibody new tricks

Despite years of clinical use, the precise mechanisms of action of some of our most commonly used therapies remain obscure. Anticancer monoclonal antibodies, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–specific antibody cetuximab, are thought to work predominantly by depleting target-
Discovery of a Highly Selective Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3 Inhibitor (PF‐04802367) That Modulates Tau Phosphorylation in the Brain: Translation for PET Neuroimaging

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) regulates multiple cellular processes in diabetes, oncology, and neurology. N-(3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)propyl)-5-(3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)oxazole-4-carboxamide (PF-04802367 or PF-367) has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor, which is among the most selective antagonists of GSK-3 to date. Its efficacy was demonstrated in modulation of tau phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Whereas the kinetics of PF-367 binding in brain tissues are too fast for an effective therapeutic agent, the pharmacokinetic profile of PF-367 is ideal for discovery of radiopharmaceuticals for GSK-3 in the central nervous system. A (11) C-isotopologue of PF-367 was synthesized and preliminary PET imaging studies in non-human primates confirmed that we have overcome the two major obstacles for imaging GSK-3, namely, reasonable brain permeability and displaceable binding.
Ultrasound Visualization of Intracranial Hemorrhage

One dimensional (A-mode) ultrasound echoencephalography has been a useful adjunct to the management of intracranial disorders. A number of investigators have attempted to increase the diagnostic information available by using two dimensional (B-mode) ultrasound visualization of the brain.(1–20) The skull has provided such a severe barrier to the passage of ultrasound produced by the instrumentation available that this method has not been widely used. It has been the expectation of investigators at Fortune-Fry Research Laboratories (4, 9, 12, 13) and elsewhere (5, 6, 16–20) that advances in instrumentation can overcome the skull barrier, at least partially, to provide two dimensional ultrasound brain scans which provide diagnostically significant and reliable information. Visualization of intracranial hemorrhage through the intact skull has been possible and reliable.(6) The information available provides valuable diagnostic information for the management of head injuries. Additional clinical experience is needed to explore the full impact of the method.
Carmen 65 and the Arrangement of Catullus' Poetry

While the metrical arrangement of the Catullan corpus has seemed to many scholars too artificial and inartistic to have been the poet's own choice, this opinion is now being challenged, in part because recent studies have shown that the collections could have been included in one roll, or Liber, and thus may be read as a single structure. Critics increasingly have sought the principles of organization in thematic correspondences or in the formation of ‘cycles’ within the three metrical groupings. Current studies have focused on the resonances in and among the groups, and on the function (and identification) of the first and last poems of each section and of the corpus as a whole.Several scholars have suggested (although without unanimity in specifics, and for different reasons) that the three sections consist of poems 1-51, 61-64, and 65-116. Others (see Most, n. 3 below) argue that the long poems are arranged as a group, so that the corpus consists of the polymetrics, the long poems (61-68), and the short elegiacs (69-116). Any attempt to explain the arrangement of Catullus' poetry must address this controversy. One way to approach the problem is to examine c. 65, the first poem in elegiac meter. While some studies note that c. 65 hints at a ‘new poetic consciousness in Catullus’ this richly textured piece is still dismissed as ‘merely a covering letter.’ The following discussion seeks to discover whether c. 65 does simply accompany c. 66, or whether, reflecting the themes and motifs of the preceding poetry, it implies an alteration in the poet's sensibility.