cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formal Compiler Implementation in a Logical Framework

The task of designing and implementing a compiler can be a dicult and error-prone process. In this paper, we present a new approach based on the use of higher-order abstract syntax and term rewriting in a logical framework. All program transformations, from parsing to code generation, are cleanly isolated and specified as term rewrites. This has several advantages. The correctness of the compiler depends solely on a small set of rewrite rules that are written in the language of formal mathematics. In addition, the logical framework guarantees the preservation of scoping, and it automates many frequently-occurring tasks including substitution and rewriting strategies. As we show, compiler development in a logical framework can be easier than in a general-purpose language like ML, in part because of automation, and also because the framework provides extensive support for examination, validation, and debugging of the compiler transformations. The paper is organized around a case study, using the MetaPRL logical framework to compile an ML-like language to Intel x86 assembly. We also present a scoped formalization of x86 assembly in which all registers are immutable.
Optimizing NANOS OpenMP for the IBM Cyclops multithreaded architecture

In this paper, we present two approaches to improve the execution of OpenMP applications on the IBM Cyclops multithreaded architecture. Both solutions are independent and they are focused to obtain better performance through a better management of the cache locality. The first solution is based on software modifications to the OpenMP runtime library to balance stack accesses across all data caches. The second solution is a small hardware modification to change the data cache mapping behavior, with the same goal. Both solutions help parallel applications to improve scalability and obtain better performance in this kind of architectures. In fact, they could also be applied to future multi-core processors. We have executed (using simulation) some of the NAS benchmarks to prove these proposals. They show how, with small changes in both the software and the hardware, we achieve very good scalability in parallel applications. Our results also show that standard execution environments oriented to multiprocessor architectures can be easily adapted to exploit multithreaded processors.
Isotopic indicators of deformation in the Red Sea

Palaeostress analysis of spreading oceanic ridges requires data on extension over time and at different locations along strike so that mechanical models can be formulated and tested. The seafloor palaeomagnetic record provides average spreading rates but as the last (normal) chron measures 790,000 years an alternative method is required for identifying episodes of spreading at time scales of 8.3 in the RedSea-Dead Sea rift system Other isotopes may prove to be more sensitive and therefore responsive to smaller deformation.
“Soll ein Weib wohl Bücher schreiben; Oder soll sie’s lassen bleiben?”: The Immediate Reception of Rahel Levin Varnhagen as a Public Figure

This article, based primarily on materials from the Varnhagen Archive at the Jageiellonian Library in Krakow, Poland, examines the immediate reception of Rahel Levin Varnhagen’s work and persona—weighing both contemporaneous and subsequent claims concerning her public image. In discussing Varnhagen as a public figure, scholarship has emphasized that she did not publish under her own name, but rather anonymously or under a pseudonym. This article claims that not only her persona, but also her writings were very much known and discussed. This is essentially the reason why the first publication of her letters gained immediate popularity. Levin Varnhagen’s engagement in social life—be it her salon, the literary scene including her literary criticism, or politics—and her ideas influenced not only those in direct contact with her but had a profound bearing on the general public opinion in Prussia, other German states, and abroad. In particular, Levin Varnhagen’s foreign reception is well-documented in the Varnhagen archives. Rahel Levin Varnhagen’s public influence as a cult figure was widely known even before her death. She enjoyed a status similar to that of a contemporary superstar or celebrity. The timeless unfading relevance of her free thinking approach renders her to be also an active model for emancipated women as well as independent and assimilated Jewish women—a status which caused endless polemical exchange, and thus extended the ongoing discussion about her private or public role in the society.
Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Associated Outcomes in the Clinical Setting

Sarcopenia refers to age-associated decrease in muscle mass and function. The condition was originally described in the elderly, but emerging evidence suggests that it is also a concern among the chronically ill nonelderly. Currently there are a number of definitions for diagnosing sarcopenia; however, in the clinical setting, abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans completed for diagnostic purposes can be utilized to identify CT-defined sarcopenia. Recent studies suggest that prevalence of CT-defined sarcopenia is high among chronically ill patients, ranging from 15%-50% in patients with cancer, 30%-45% with liver failure, and 60%-70% for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. Depleted muscle mass is associated with infectious complications, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, longer hospitalization, greater need for rehabilitation care after hospital discharge, and higher mortality. In consideration of the growing population of older adults with multiple comorbidities, more research is needed to identify sarcopenia and develop interventions that are directed at attenuating or reversal muscle loss.
Global Reduction in HIV-related Maternal Mortality: ART as a Key Strategy.

Dr. Holtz and colleagues present a synthesis of evidence from published studies over the previous decade on the collective impact of HIV-targeted interventions on maternal mortality. Amongst an assortment of interventions [that include antiretroviral therapy (ART), micronutrients (multivitamins, vitamin A and selenium), and antibiotics], only ART reduced maternal mortality among HIV-infected pregnant and post-partum mothers. These ﬁ ndings have fundamental and global strategic implications. They are also timely since they provide the evidence that ART reduces HIV-related maternal mortality, and by further enhancing access to ART in HIV-challenged and poor regions of the world, signiﬁ cant improvement in maternal morbidity and mortality indices could be attained. The paper bears good tidings and sound scientiﬁ c proof that the ﬁ nancial investment made globally by government and non-governmental organizations and agencies to reduce the global burden of HIV/AIDS primarily by making ART more accessible to regions of the world most affected by the epidemic is beginning to show beneﬁ cial effects not only in terms of numerical reductions in the rates of new cases of HIV/AIDS among women, but also in maternal mortality levels. Key words: Maternal mortality • HIV-related maternal mortality • Pregnant mothers • Post-partum mothers • HIV-targeted interventions • Anti-retroviral therapy • Systematic review Copyright © 2015 Salihu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Volunteer Labor Sorting Across Industries

Volunteer labor is generally analyzed as a homogeneous activity, implying that the marginal effects of tax changes and demographic shifts are equal across industries and forms of volunteering. Here the homogeneity assumption is tested by estimating and comparing volunteer labor supply functions in three sectors that rely on volunteer labor-health, education, and religious organizations.Differences in the marginal volunteer labor supply effects are associated with personal demographics, household composition, and tax status. These differences are significant statistically as well as for their policy implications. The effects on volunteering to each sector are predicted for changes in the age, education, and marital status distributions of the population, as well as for changes in income tax rates, itemization status, and income. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Distinctive receptive field and physiological properties of a wide-field amacrine cell in the macaque monkey retina.

At early stages of visual processing, receptive fields are typically described as subtending local regions of space and thus performing computations on a narrow spatial scale. Nevertheless, stimulation well outside of the classical receptive field can exert clear and significant effects on visual processing. Given the distances over which they occur, the retinal mechanisms responsible for these long-range effects would certainly require signal propagation via active membrane properties. Here the physiology of a wide-field amacrine cell—the wiry cell—in macaque monkey retina is explored, revealing receptive fields that represent a striking departure from the classic structure. A single wiry cell integrates signals over wide regions of retina, 5–10 times larger than the classic receptive fields of most retinal ganglion cells. Wiry cells integrate signals over space much more effectively than predicted from passive signal propagation, and spatial integration is strongly attenuated during blockade of NMDA spikes but integration is insensitive to blockade of NaV channels with TTX. Thus these cells appear well suited for contributing to the long-range interactions of visual signals that characterize many aspects of visual perception.
Atopia Awaits! A Critical Sociological Analysis of Marx’s Political Imaginary

Marx’s (1844) estranged labor manuscript maps processes that stultify spontaneous human relations under the division of labor in the regime of capital accumulation. For Marx, negating absolutes wou...
COMPARATIVE GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN MENIDIA.

Increasing evidence indicates an important influence of the physical environment on allozyme variation (Johnson et al., 1969; Koehn, 1969; Johnson, 1971; Koehn and Mitton, 1972; Kojima et al., 1972; Merritt, 1972; Koehn et al., 1973). One possible test of the importance of the external environment is a comparison of patterns of geographic variation in ecologically similar and closely related sympatric species. If two species show parallel responses to the same environmental gradient, the reasonable interpretation is that the responses are adaptive (Koehn and Mitton, 1972). Fishes of the genus Menidia (Teleostei, Atherinidae) offer opportunities for comparing responses of sympatric species to gradients in two of the most fundamental features of the physical environment of fishes: temperature and salinity. Much of the morphological variation within and between species of Menidia can be explained in terms of salinity and latitudinal gradients (Gosline, 1948). For a number of characters, there is gradation from the marine (M. menidia and M. peninsulae) through the euryhaline (M. beryllina) to the freshwater (M. audens and M. extensa) species. To a lesser extent, the same correlations with salinity can be seen within the euryhaline M. beryllina. Similarly, comparisons of M. menidia (northern) with M. beryllina and M. peninsulae (southern) show differences that are paralleled by north-south clinal variation within M. menidia. The present study was initiated to examine allozyme variation in Menidia against gradients of salinity and latitude.
Persistent expression of HNF6 in islet endocrine cells causes disrupted islet architecture and loss of beta cell function.

We used transgenesis to explore the requirement for downregulation of hepatocyte nuclear factor 6 (HNF6) expression in the assembly, differentiation, and function of pancreatic islets. In vivo, HNF6 expression becomes downregulated in pancreatic endocrine cells at 18. 5 days post coitum (d.p.c.), when definitive islets first begin to organize. We used an islet-specific regulatory element (pdx1(PB)) from pancreatic/duodenal homeobox (pdx1) gene to maintain HNF6 expression in endocrine cells beyond 18.5 d.p.c. Transgenic animals were diabetic. HNF6-overexpressing islets were hyperplastic and remained very close to the pancreatic ducts. Strikingly, alpha, delta, and PP cells were increased in number and abnormally intermingled with islet beta cells. Although several mature beta cell markers were expressed in beta cells of transgenic islets, the glucose transporter GLUT2 was absent or severely reduced. As glucose uptake/metabolism is essential for insulin secretion, decreased GLUT2 may contribute to the etiology of diabetes in pdx1(PB)-HNF6 transgenics. Concordantly, blood insulin was not raised by glucose challenge, suggesting profound beta cell dysfunction. Thus, we have shown that HNF6 downregulation during islet ontogeny is critical to normal pancreas formation and function: continued expression impairs the clustering of endocrine cells and their separation from the ductal epithelium, disrupts the spatial organization of endocrine cell types within the islet, and severely compromises beta cell physiology, leading to overt diabetes.
On the convergence of upper bound techniques for the average length of longest common subsequences

It has long been known [2] that the average length of the longest common subsequence of two random strings of length n over an alphabet of size k is asymptotic to γkn for some constant γk depending on k. The value of these constants remains unknown, and a number of papers have proved upper and lower bounds on them. In particular, in [6] we used a modification of methods of [3, 4] for determining lower and upper bounds on γk, combined with large computer computations, to obtain improved bounds on γ2. The method of [6] involved a parameter h; empirically, increasing h increased the computation time but gave better upper bounds. Here we show, for arbitrary k, a sufficient condition for a parameterized method to produce a sequence of upper bounds approaching the true value of γk, and show that a generalization of the method of [6] meets this condition for all k ≥ 2. While [3, 4] do not explicitly discuss how to parameterize their method, which is based on a concept they call domination, to trade off the tightness of the bound vs. the amount of computation, we discuss a very natural parameterization of their method; for the case of alphabet size k = 2 we conjecture but do not prove that it also meets the sufficient condition and hence also yields a sequence of bounds that converges to the correct value of γ2. For k > 2, it does not meet our sufficient condition. Thus we leave open the question of whether some method based on the undominated collations of [3, 4] gives bounds converging to the correct value for any k ≥ 2.
The phoenix rises from eros, not ashes : creative collaboration in the lives of five impressionist and postimpressionist women artists

Women yearn to express themselves through their affiliative bonds and professional goals. Historically, it has been difficult for women to find and maintain close affirmative ties with men while they also strived to advance their careers. The lives of five impressionist and postimpressionist women artists in fin-de-siecle Europe permit a glimpse into the possibilities and pitfalls of relationships in career development. When mentors or supportive partners are available to women, their creative productivity flourishes. In contrast, when the male partner seeks greedily to control or enviously to attack the woman's aspirations, her creativity wanes, and her life may be ravaged. Yet the keystone of any creative partnership is the ability to reckon with the potential sources of destructiveness within one's self that may lead to disparagement of the other. The lives of men and women may be enhanced when neither partner disavows or seeks to denigrate the talents of the other. Creative partnerships that support the emotional and productive intensity of both members of the dyad can lead to great personal expansion and enrichment for the culture at large.
Understanding the Challenges of Converter Networks and Systems: Better opportunities in the future

The note taker for the FEPPCON 2015 Converter Networks/Systems Session was Robert Balog, and three papers were presented
Implications of advanced warning messages on eliminating sun glare disturbances at signalized intersections

Abstract Due to sun glare disturbances, drivers encounter fatal threats on roadways, particularly at signalized intersections. Many studies have attempted to develop applicable solutions, such as avoiding sun positions, applying road geometric re-directions, and wearing anti-glare glasses. None of these strategies have fully solved the problem. As one of the “Connected Vehicle” practices proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation, advanced warning messages (AWMs) are capable of providing wireless information about traffic controls. AWM acts as a supplement to conventional signs and signals, which can be blocked by obstacles or natural disturbances, such as sun glare. The drivers' smart advisory system (DSAS) can provide drivers with AWM. Using a driving simulator this research explores the effects of DSAS messages on driving behaviors under sun glare disturbance. Statistical analyses were applied to assess (1) the negative impacts of sun glare, (2) the compensation of the DSAS AWM to sun glare effects, and (3) the improvement in driving performance due to DSAS AWM. Four performance indexes were measured, including (1) half kinetic energy speed, (2) mean approach speed, (3) brake response time, and (4) braking distance. The effects of the socio-demographic factors, such as gender, age, educational background, and driving experience were also studied. The analytical results illustrate that the DSAS can compensate for reduced visibility due to sun glare and improve driving performance to a normal visual situation, particularly for left turn and through movement.
Exome and Genome Sequencing and Parallels in Radiology: Searching for Patient-Centered Management of Incidental and Secondary Findings

Incidental and secondary findings have become an important by-product of diagnostic testing, and their ramifications affect clinical care, research, and policy. Given parallels in the reporting and management of such findings on diagnostic imaging, radiologists may draw from ongoing discussions in medical genetics to rethink more patient-centered approaches to analogous clinical, ethical, and medicolegal dilemmas. Low-risk incidental findings in particular may be drivers of unnecessary testing, invasive procedures, and overtreatment, with associated financial, psychological, and clinical consequences. As radiologists act in patients’ best interests by strengthening standardized guidelines on how each finding merits further diagnostic testing or treatment, perhaps the greatest challenge for producing such guidelines is for low-risk incidental findings, for which adverse consequences are unlikely but associated with substantial uncertainty because of the lack of strong evidence on which to base the recommendations. More uniform recommendations for managing low-risk radiologic incidental findings should therefore aim to provide reasonable options that apply across a spectrum of patient preferences. These will require evaluation through research and will ultimately influence the quality of care. Specific areas for exploration may include (1) better gauging of patient attitudes and preferences regarding low-risk incidental findings, (2) using patient preferences to inform more uniform recommendations for low-risk findings that apply across a spectrum of preferences and help guide shared decision making, and (3) when patients endorse a strong preference not to discover low-risk incidental findings, how it might be possible for professional standards to curtail their generation in specific circumstances.
The EU and the Eurozone

The past years have been dominated by a fundamentally sterile debate about the public sector (and fiscal rules) propagated from a northern perspective and the idea that any sort of fiscally or monetarily induced growth allows Europe to escape from a debt trap (from the southern perspective). Neither of these approaches is well suited to capturing a need for economic and social transformation that will produce entrepreneurship, growth, and dynamism. This chapter suggests a number of ways of introducing a new flexibility, including a mechanism for allowing parallel currencies (for instance of non-Eurozone members to circulate in addition to the Euro), completion of the banking union, greater fiscalization of the EU, a European social insurance, an energy union, a people union (to deal with refugee issues), a military union, more opportunities for the training and mobility of the young, and greater policy coordination on a global level.
Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) astrocytoma: a review.

Introduction The purpose of this review is to document the various types of astrocytoma that occur in the fetus and neonate, their locations, initial findings, pathology, and outcome. Data are presented that show which patients are likely to survive or benefit from treatment compared with those who are unlikely to respond.
Tissue localization, shedding, virus carriage, antibody response, and aerosol transmission of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following inoculation of 4-week-old feeder pigs

We determined tissue localization, shedding patterns, virus carriage, antibody response, and aerosol transmission of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) following inoculation of 4-week-old feeder pigs. Thirty-three pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups for the 42-day study: inoculated (group A; n = 23), contact transmission (group B; n = 5), and aerosol transmission (group C; n = 5). Contact transmission occurred rapidly to group B pigs whereas productive aerosol transmission failed to occur to group C pigs. Emesis was the first clinical sign noted at 3 days postinoculation (dpi) followed by mild to moderate diarrhea lasting 5 more days. Real-time PCR detected PEDV in fecal and nasal swabs, oral fluids, serum, and gastrointestinal and lymphoid tissues. Shedding occurred primarily during the first 2 weeks postinoculation, peaking at 5-6 dpi; however, some pigs had PEDV nucleic acid detected in swabs collected at 21 and 28 dpi. Antibody titers were measurable between 14 and 42 dpi. Although feces and intestines collected at 42 dpi were PEDV negative by PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, small intestines from 70% of group A pigs were PCR positive. Although disease was relatively mild and transient in this age group, the results demonstrate that 4-week-old pigs are productively infected and can sustain virus replication for several weeks. Long-term shedding of PEDV in subclinically affected pigs should be considered an important source for PEDV transmission.
Clinical Fellowship for an Innovative, Integrated BSN-PhD Program: An Academic and Practice Partnership

Opportunities for research-focused doctoral education must be available to nurses early in their careers in order to ensure the further development of nursing science. Early entry into the research doctorate through an integrated BSN-PhD program is one innovative approach. This approach highlights the value of integrating post-licensure clinical training into the doctoral curriculum. To better prepare innovative nurse scientists early in their careers we developed a clinical nurse fellowship within an integrated BSN-PhD program in partnership with an affiliated health system. The aims of this clinical fellowship are to integrate post-licensure clinical experience with academic preparation, cultivate scholarly reflection on the connections between research and practice, educate nurse researchers to work effectively in interdisciplinary teams, and develop nurses' contributions to health care innovation. Major considerations for the development of similar clinical training opportunities include clarifying and articulating the major aims of the fellowship, enlisting the support of executive clinical leadership, and placing fellows on nursing units with experienced and advanced nursing teams and management that supports the fellowship's aims. We emphasize the fully integrated and collaborative activities, decision-making, and commitment required of both academic and health system partners to successfully implement similar clinical training opportunities.
A Fast On-Line Diagnostic Method for Open-Circuit Switch Faults in SiC-MOSFET-Based T-Type Multilevel Inverters

On-line condition monitoring is of paramount importance for multilevel power converters used in safety-critical applications. A novel on-line nonintrusive diagnostic method for detecting open-circuit switch faults in silicon carbide (SiC) metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs)-based T-type multilevel converters is introduced in this paper. The principle of this method is based on monitoring the abnormal variations of the dc-bus neutral-point current in combination with the existing information on instantaneous switching states and phase currents. Advantages of this method include faster detection speed and simpler implementation compared to other existing diagnostic methods in the literature. Moreover, this diagnostic method is immune to the disturbances of inverter's dc-bus voltage unbalance and load unbalance. In this method, only one additional current sensor is required for measuring the dc-bus neutral-point current; therefore, the implementation cost is low. Simulation and experimental results based on a lab-scale 20 kVA adjustable speed drive with a three-level SiC T-type inverter validate the effectiveness and robustness of this novel diagnostic method.
Grand Challenges in Metal Life Cycles

Metal life cycles define and quantify the rates of supply and demand for metals currently used in modern society. Each metal life cycle stage is potentially influenced by material transformation losses, import/export flows, and stockpiling. Flows and stocks in metal life cycles, the rates of by-product extraction, determinations of metal stocks in use, and scrap generation rates remain difficult to quantify, rendering it difficult to make reasonable estimates of the future supply of secondary metals and, therefore, of the future demands for primary metals. This paper presents four grand challenges to geologists, materials scientists, product designers, and industrial ecologists. Addressing these challenges is a prerequisite to achieving better resource efficiencies, as well as to addressing our moral obligation to enable a resource-sufficient life for future generations.
Conditioning of Distorted Nonlinear Sensor Measurements in Non-Stationary Noisy Environments

Abstract In this paper, an effective signal reconstruction method is proposed for signals that are distorted by sensor nonlinearity under non-stationary noisy environments. When a bandlimited signal is measured through a nonlinear sensor, the high amplitude part of a signal will be distorted by sensor nonlinearity and the low amplitude part of the signal may be indistinguishable from sensor noise. A distortion compensation technique that includes efficient noise removal procedures is necessary in order to reconstruct the true sensor input from the distorted and possibly corrupted sensor output. It is shown that the effects of sensor nonlinearity may be effectively compensated by a few step recursive signal recovery scheme and the denoising performance of this signal recovery method can be increased by incorporating a wavelet based denoising procedure. In order to treat sensor measurement problems that involves non-stationary noise, the traditional techniques such as low pass filtering may not be efficient. It is shown that wavelet filter bank algorithms can be utilized to achieve a better noise performance and a more accurate signal reconstruction. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed recovery and denoising schemes.
A statistically robust methodology for optimized sample size determination for FPGA post-silicon validation

Due to sheer design complexity, it is nearly impossible today to detect and fix all bugs before manufacture. Post-silicon validation is becoming extremely important [1]. Since Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) use a novel structure to implement programmability, FPGA silicon validation can be very time consuming. It is not unusual to see some measurements take several hours for each unit. It is hard to meet tight time-to-market requirements for a new product release if a redundant sample size is selected. However, an inadequate sample size may give misleading results which can cause serious quality risk. So determining the optimal sample size for FPGA silicon validation has now become a very critical process. This paper introduces a statistical method to determine the best sample size in FPGA post-silicon validation to achieve an optimum balance between the contradicting requirements for product time-to-market and quality coverage.
Normal images of the product and countably paracompact condensation

Abstract In 1997 Buzyakova [1] proved that for a Tychonoff, pseudocompact space X, X × ( | β X | + + 1 ) can be condensed onto a normal space if and only if X can be condensed onto a compact, Hausdorff space. This elegant result shows the equivalence between condensation to a compact space and condensation of the product of a space with a compact space to a normal space. We prove the following result: If X is Tychonoff and X × ( κ + 1 ) can be condensed onto a normal space, then X can be condensed onto a normal, countably paracompact space, where κ = ( 2 2 | X | ) + .
The cultural context of care in international communication design: a heuristic for addressing usability in international health and medical communication

The concept of usability is often connected to the setting - or context - in which individuals perform an activity. International settings complicate such relationships by introducing new variables that affect usability in different locations. In international health and medical communication, this situation can create problems that affect the health and wellness of patients in other nations and cultures. International patient experience design (I-PXD) presents a heuristic for addressing this situation. I-PXD helps individuals identify variables affecting usability in different international contexts. Persons working in health and medical communication can use this I-PXD heuristic to address usability expectations in various international contexts.
Oxytocin Receptors in the Uterus

Oxytocin is a nonapeptide that is synthesized by magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus and, as shown within the past 10 years, by ovarian luteal cells of certain species.1–3 The peptide is similar in structure to arginine vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (Fig. 1), accounting for each having overlapping activities on the other’s target cells. Thus, vasopressin will cause uterine contractions in experimental animals, but considerably higher doses are required to obtain the same response as with oxytocin. Labor at term can be induced either by giving exogenous oxytocin or by stimulating endogenous oxytocin release.4 Despite these findings, many investigators have felt that oxytocin is not a physiological initiator of labor because fluctuations in its concentration in the blood immediately before labor do not correspond to changes in uterine activity. It now seems clear, from data collected in several species, that oxytocin’s activity during pregnancy and labor depends more on the sensitivity of myometrial cells than on the concentration of the hormone in the circulation.
Introducing a Multi-Asset Stock Market to Test the Power of Investor Networks

The behavior of financial markets has frustrated, and continues to frustrate, investors and academics. By utilizing a complex systems framework, researchers have discovered new fields of investigations that have provided meaningful insight into the behavior of financial markets. The use of agent-based models (ABMs) and the inclusion of network science have played an important role in increasing the relevance of the complex systems to financial markets. The challenge of how best to combine these new techniques to produce meaningful results that can be accepted by the broader community remains an issue. By implementing an artificial stock market that utilizes an Ising model based agent-based model (ABM), this paper provides insights into the mechanisms that drive the returns in financial markets, including periods of elevated prices and excess volatility. A key finding is that the network topology investors form significantly affects the behavior of the market, with the exception being if investors have a bias to following their neighbors, at which point the topology becomes redundant. The model also investigates the impact of introducing multiple risky assets, something that has been absent in previous attempts. By successfully addressing these issues this paper helps to refine and shape a variety of further research tasks for the use of ABMs in uncovering the dynamics of financial markets.
Principles of Pharmaceutical Therapy for Vasospasm Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

An ideal drug therapy for delayed cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage requires a detailed understanding of the fundamental biochemistry and pathophysiology of this disorder. Unfortunately, key elements of the vasospasm enigma, such as the identity of the primary spasmogen, remain unknown. Nevertheless, advances in the treatment of vasospasm have occurred using several basic strategies. These include removal or dissolution of the subarachnoid clot, pharmacological prevention of the arterial narrowing, dilation of the narrowed arteries (mechanically or chemically), augmentation of collateral flow, and pharmacological protection of cellular homeostasis in the ischemic environment. Several recently developed treatments also take advantage of the differential characteristics of the cerebral vis-a-vis the systemic vascular beds. Development of an effective therapeutic agent must take into consideration the time course of the arterial narrowing, the method of drug delivery, its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, interactions with other therapies, and the risk/benefit ratio.
Transfer of adaptation reveals shared mechanism in grasping and manual estimation

An influential idea in cognitive neuroscience is that perception and action are highly separable brain functions, implemented in distinct neural systems. In particular, this theory predicts that the functional distinction between grasping, a skilled action, and manual estimation, a type of perceptual report, should be mirrored by a split between their respective control systems. This idea has received support from a variety of dissociations, yet many of these findings have been criticized for failing to pinpoint the source of the dissociation. In this study, we devised a novel approach to this question, first targeting specific grasp control mechanisms through visuomotor adaptation, then testing whether adapted mechanisms were also involved in manual estimation - a response widely characterized as perceptual in function. Participants grasped objects in virtual reality that could appear larger or smaller than the actual physical sizes felt at the end of each grasp. After brief exposure to a size perturbation, manual estimates were biased in the same direction as the maximum grip apertures of grasping movements, indicating that the adapted mechanism is active in both tasks, regardless of the perception-action distinction. Additional experiments showed that the transfer effect generalizes broadly over space (Exp. 1B) and does not appear to arise from a change in visual perception (Exp. 2). We discuss two adaptable mechanisms that could have mediated the observed effect: (a) an afferent proprioceptive mechanism for sensing grip shape; and (b) an efferent visuomotor transformation of size information into a grip-shaping motor command.
Cell, gene and vaccine based strategies in kidney cancer

T lymphocytes are the effector cells of the cellular immune system and recognize antigen via the T cell receptor (TCR), CD3 complex. There are 2 major T cell subsets based upon TCR-restricted recognition of major histocompatability complex (MHC) associated antigens. Antigen presenting cells (APC) such as dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, and tumor cells, continuously process and present both foreign and self antigens in association with MHC molecules. The TCR binds to the antigenic peptide sequence located in a grove formed by the MHC molecule.’ In general, CD8+ T-cells recognize antigen in association with class I MHC molecules and CD4+ T cells recognize antigen in association with class II MHC molecules. The binding of the TCR/CD3 complex to the MHC-antigen complex is crucial to the generation of effector cell function, including target cell lysis, T-cell clonal expansion, and secretion of cytokines.
FISH MEAL AS A PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT IN FINISHING LAMB DIETS

An in situ protein degradation trial and two growth trials were conducted to evaluate the use of fish meal (FM) as a protein supplement in feeder lamb diets. Finn cross and Hampshire lambs were given ad libitum access to corn diets, minerals, and water. In Growth Trial 1, four isonitrogenous (12.6% CP on a DM basis) and isocaloric (77% TDN) diets were supplemented with the following: a) 100% soybean meal (SBM); b) 70% SBM + 30% FM; c) 40% SBM + 60% FM; and d) 100% FM on a DM basis. Diets were fed to 144 lambs for 56 d in a randomized complete block (initial BW) design. In Growth Trial 2, four diets were fed to 80 lambs for 42 d in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial. Main effects in Growth Trial 2 were dietary CP level (13.3 or 14.9%) and source (SBM or SBM + FM). Alfalfa hay was used as the roughage part of each diet. In situ CP degradation (determined in cattle) of SBM, FM, and corn fed in both growth trials were 77.8, 52.3, and 56.8%, respectively. In neither growth trial was ADG affected (P greater than .05) by dietary CP source. Lambs gained faster (P less than .05) when the CP level was increased from 13.3 to 14.9% in Growth Trial 2. In both trials, protein efficiency ratio (grams of gain/grams of protein intake) and energy efficiency ratio (grams of gain/kilograms of TDN intake) were not different (P greater than .05) among diets. Because of the low ruminal degradation of corn protein, the relative value of SBM and FM in full-fed, high-corn diets was comparable.
A Note on Cryptanalysis of the Preliminary Version of the NTRU Signature Scheme.

In this paper a preliminary version of the NTRU signature scheme is cryptanalyzed. The attack exploits a correlation between some bits of a signature and coefficients of a secret random polynomial. The attack does not apply to the next version of the signature scheme.
The excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in mental patients.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effect of reserpine on the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA) in mental patients. The patients used in this study were carefully selected for long-term studies on aging and mental disease and were available for short-term experiments. Such an arrangement made possible the collection of 24 hours urine specimens and the quantitative study of the effect of reserpine upon the urinary excretion of 5-HIAA in these patients. Reserpine, 2 mg twice daily, was administered to 11 schizophrenic patients and to 6 high-grade mentally defective patients. The excretion of 5-HIAA was increased on the first day of medication in both the groups of patients. The excretion of the serotonin metabolite after the first day of medication and after its cessation was reduced to premedication levels or less. When these patients were given another course of reserpine at a later date, the excretory pattern of 5-HIAA was essentially the same as during the first course. The most consistent feature of the experiments was the marked rise in the excretion of the serotonin metabolite on the first day of reserpine medication.
Gamification of Immersive Meditation Practice in Virtual Reality

Benefits arising from meditation practice gamification are not overtly obvious. Desires to achieve and progress to higher levels, which are common to gaming, seem diametrically opposed to the ethos underlying traditional meditation practice. We propose, however, that a motivation to gain greater wellbeing and enlightenment via mindfulness meditation practice shares more with the motivation to progress through a game than is initially apparent. We begin by explaining how gamification techniques may be employed in meditation practice with a focus on mitigating the five hindrances to successful practice as described in the Theravada tradition. We then highlight the utility of employing virtual reality as a medium for such simulations. We discuss the potential for beneficial therapeutic applications in patients with mental health disorders and prison populations. We conclude by summarising our position and urging increased attention in this increasingly relevant area of research.
Self-Control and Academic Achievement.

Self-control refers to the alignment of thoughts, feelings, and actions with enduringly valued goals in the face of momentarily more alluring alternatives. In this review, we examine the role of se...
What We Learned from Reconstructing the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Virus: Comparing pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses at the molecular level yields key insights about pathogenesis

The 1918 H1N1 pandemic led to as many as 50 million deaths worldwide, making it the deadliest human influenza virus in recorded history. Poor control measures and the erroneous belief that the culprit was a bacterium called Pfeiffer's bacillus, a gram-negative bacterium now recognized as Haemophilus influenzae, contributed to that dreadful outcome. Subsequent influenza pandemics in 1957 with an H2N2 strain and in 1968 with an H3N2 strain were less severe, offering little to explain the extraordinary virulence of the 1918 strain. As the influenza virus was not isolated in a laboratory until 1930, experts long thought that the 1918 pandemic virus was lost to history.
Classification Consistency and Accuracy for Mixed-Format Tests

This study explores classification consistency and accuracy for mixed-format tests using real and simulated data. In particular, the current study compares six methods of estimating classification ...
Evaluation of Learning Curve and Peripheral Awareness Using a Novel Multiresolution Foveated Laparoscope

Laparoscopic surgery relies on effective visualization of areas of interest and surrounding tissue. The limited field of view of traditional laparoscopes increases the risk of peripheral tissue injury. To address this limitation, a multiresolution foveated laparoscope (MRFL) was designed to enhance peripheral awareness while maintaining focus on the area of interest. Peripheral awareness and learner effect were evaluated with novices (n=13) and experts (n=8). These subjects completed a modified Fundamentals of Laparoscopy Surgery task using a traditional laparoscope, MRFL with autotracking (AT), and MRFL without autotracking (NoAT). Subjects using the traditional laparoscope performed better than MRFL AT and MRFL NoAT in task completion time and collision number. The learner effect was steeper with use of MRFL. In multiple tested parameters, MRFL NoAT performed as well as the traditional laparoscope while providing the added benefits of enhanced field of view and multiple viewing perspectives. These findings warrant further development of MRFL.
Command or Obey? Homologous Neurons Differ in Hierarchical Position for the Generation of Homologous Behaviors

In motor systems, higher-order neurons provide commands to lower-level central pattern generators (CPGs) that autonomously produce rhythmic motor patterns. Such hierarchical organization is often thought to be inherent in the anatomical position of the neurons. Here, however, we report that a neuron that is member of a CPG in one species acts as a higher-order neuron in another species. In the nudibranch mollusc, Melibe leonina, swim interneuron 1 (Si1) is in the CPG underlying swimming, firing rhythmic bursts of action potentials as part of the swim motor pattern. We found that its homolog in another nudibranch, Dendronotus iris, serves as a neuromodulatory command neuron for the CPG of a homologous swimming behavior. In Dendronotus, Si1 fired irregularly throughout the swim motor pattern. The burst and spike frequencies of Dendronotus swim CPG neurons correlated with Si1 firing frequency. Si1 activity was both necessary and sufficient for the initiation and maintenance of the swim motor pattern. Each Si1 was electrically coupled to all of the CPG neurons and made monosynaptic excitatory synapses with both Si3s. Si1 also bilaterally potentiated the excitatory synapse from Si3 to Si2. "Virtual neuromodulation" of both Si3-to-Si2 synapses using dynamic clamp combined with depolarization of both Si3s mimicked the effects of Si1 stimulation on the swim motor pattern. Thus, in Dendronotus, Si1 is a command neuron that turns on, maintains, and accelerates the motor pattern through synaptic and neuromodulatory actions, thereby differing from its homolog in Melibe in its functional position in the motor hierarchy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cross-species comparisons of motor system organization can provide fundamental insights into their function and origin. Central pattern generators (CPGs) are lower in the functional hierarchy than the neurons that initiate and modulate their activity. This functional hierarchy is often reflected in neuroanatomical organization. This paper definitively shows that an identified cerebral ganglion neuron that is a member of a CPG underlying swimming in one nudibranch species serves as a command neuron for the same behavior in another species. We describe and test the synaptic and neuromodulatory mechanisms by which the command neuron initiates and accelerates rhythmic motor patterns. Thus, the functional position of neurons in a motor hierarchy can shift from one level to another over evolutionary time.
Completeness of Written Discharge Guidance for English- and Spanish-Speaking Patient Families

OBJECTIVES: Written discharge guidance for hospitalized pediatric patients should include language-appropriate key elements to ensure positive discharge outcomes. Our objective in this study was to determine the completeness of written pediatric discharge guidance and to test the hypothesis that Spanish-speaking families with limited English proficiency (LEP) receive less complete written discharge guidance than English-speaking families. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of written discharge guidance provided to 100 English- and 100 Spanish-speaking families at an urban nonfreestanding children’s hospital to assess the inclusion of key elements: follow-up plan, contingency plan, telephone contact, discharge medications, discharge diagnosis, and hospital course. We compared the completeness of discharge guidance (number of elements provided among number of applicable elements) between English- versus Spanish-speaking families. RESULTS: When evaluating discharge guidance for the presence of key elements in any language, there was no significant difference between English- and Spanish-speaking families. However, the mean completeness of language-appropriate discharge guidance for English- and Spanish-speaking families was 87.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 84.4%–91.1%) and 16.0% (95% CI 11.5%–20.4%), respectively. The ordinal logistic regression examining the association between the number of key element deficits and English- (reference group) versus Spanish-speaking families demonstrated an adjusted odds ratio of 339.8 (95% CI 112.4–1027.5). CONCLUSIONS: Few Spanish-speaking families with LEP receive written discharge guidance in their preferred language. Complete, language-appropriate discharge guidance was identified as an area for improvement efforts to work toward improving care provided to families with LEP.