cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bond strength of the porcelain repair system to all-ceramic copings and porcelain.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of the porcelain repair system on alumina and zirconia core ceramics, comparing this strength with that of veneering porcelain. Materials and Methods Veneering ceramic (n = 12), alumina core (n = 24), and zirconia core (n = 24) blocks measuring 10 × 5 × 5 mm3 were fabricated. Veneering ceramic blocks were used as the control. Alumina and zirconia core blocks were divided into 2 groups (n = 12 each), and a slot (2 × 2 × 4 mm3) filled with veneering ceramics was prepared into one of the alumina and zirconia core groups (n = 12). Followed by surface treatments of micro-abrasion with 30 μm alumina particles, etching with 35% phosphoric acid and silane primer and bond, composite resin blocks (2 × 2 × 2 mm3) were built up and light polymerized onto the treated surfaces by 3 configurations: (a) composite blocks bonded onto veneering ceramic surface alone, (b) composite blocks bonded onto alumina core or zirconia core surfaces, (c) a 50% surface area of the composite blocks bonded to veneering ceramics and the other 50% surface area of the composite blocks to alumina core or zirconia core surfaces. The shear bond strength of the composite to each specimen was tested by a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed. The shear bond strength was analyzed by unpaired t-tests for within the configuration groups and ANOVA for among the different configuration groups. Results When the mean shear bond strength was compared within groups of the same configuration, there were no statistically significant differences. Comparison of the shear bond strength among groups of different configurations revealed statistically significant differences. The mean shear bond strength of composite onto 100% veneering ceramic surface and composite onto 50% veneering 50% all-ceramic cores was statistically higher than that of composite onto 100% all-ceramic cores; however, the differences of the shear bond strength of composite bonded only onto the veneering ceramic surface were not statistically significant from those of 50% surface area of composite bonded onto all-ceramic cores. Conclusion No statistically significant differences in the bond strength of a porcelain repair system to alumina and zirconia copings were observed. Increasing the surface of veneering ceramics to a porcelain repair system improved the repair material's bond strength.
Modularity of the slit protein: Characterization of a conserved carboxy-terminal sequence in secreted proteins and a motif implicated in extracellular protein interactions

Since our characterization of the slit cDNA sequence, encoding a protein secreted by glial cells and involved in the formation of axonal pathways in Drosophila, we have discovered that the protein contains two additional sequence motifs that are highly conserved in a variety of proteins. A search of the GenPept database with the 73 amino acids at the carboxy terminus of slit revealed that this region contains significant similarity to a carboxy-terminal domain found in six other exported proteins. This observation has allowed us to define a new carboxy-terminal protein motif. In addition, comparisons with a 202 amino acid domain residing between epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats in slit shows this region to be conserved in laminin, agrin and perlecan and, strikingly, also to lie between EGF repeats in both agrin and perlecan. Our analysis suggests this motif is involved in mediating interactions among extracellular proteins. Consistent with our previous characterization of the slit protein, both new motifs are found only in extracellular proteins. The identification of these two conserved motifs in slit reveals that the entire 1469 amino acids of the protein are made up of modular regions similar to those conserved in other extracellular proteins.
Human Physiological Signal Based Building Environmental Controls for Visual Comfort

People spend more than 90% of their time in buildings in the U.S. (“US Environmental Protection Agency | Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality” 1989). This significant time length in a daily life naturally strengthens the importance of indoor environmental quality (IEQ), especially in an office environment, where the occupant’s work productivity and health are highlighted. Among the IEQ components (thermal, air, lighting, acoustic, and spatial quality), the lighting environmental condition has the most significant effect on an occupant’s visual comfort and sensations due to its instantaneous involvement into his/her environmental perceptions. However, depending on an individual’s physiological characteristics, the preferred lighting conditions may vary and a single lighting setting will not be acceptable in all the cases due to various personal preferences. Therefore, this study is intended to identify a novel diagnostic method for developing a visual sensation model as a function of human physiological signals to provide an accurate estimation of individual visual perceptions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the potential use of human pupil sizes and their fluctuations to estimate a human subject’s visual sensation for a diagnostic model to evaluate ambient lighting conditions that could detect any stressful condition, such as glare or high luminance, in an office workplace environment. This research included extensive human subject experiments, conducted in an environmental chamber, that collected human physiological signals (i.e, pupil sizes), while the ambient lighting conditions were being changed to coincide with a range of typical office building lighting conditions. For the experiments, a pupilometer was used and a visual comfort and sensation survey method was adopted, with 15 university students participating as the experimental human subjects. The research outcome showed the potential for using pupil sizes and their change rates as quantifiable input variables for diagnosing an individual’s visual sensations.
Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens

Prologue: four stories Part I. Introduction: 1. The legacy of free speech 2. Democratic amnesia Part II. Aidos: 3. The tale of two gyges: shame, community, and the public/private self Part III. Parrhesia: The Practice of Free Speech in Ancient Athens: 4. The practice of free speech 5. The trial of Socrates Part IV. The Limits of Free Speech: 6. Truth and tragedy 7. Thucydides's Assemblies 8. Protagoras's shame and Socrates's speech Conclusion: four paradoxes.
Cooperative learning in 21st century

The 21st century brings four important challenges in which co- operation plays a central role: (1) a rapidly increasing global interdepend- ence that will result in increasing local diversity as well as more frequent and intense conflicts, (2) the increasing number of democracies throughout the world, (3) the need for creative entrepreneurs, and (4) the growing im- portance of interpersonal relationships that affect the development of per- sonal identity. The tools for meeting these challenges include cooperative learning. In this article the nature of cooperative learning will be reviewed, the underlying theory of social interdependence will be discussed, and the results of the research on cooperative learning will be briefly reviewed. The way in which cooperative learning contributes to meeting the four challenges will then be discussed.
Phase transition in the 2D XY model.

We present detailed results for the susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$, correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}$, and specific heat ${c}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ for the $\mathrm{XY}$ model. The best fit to $\ensuremath{\chi}$ and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ data is obtained by use of the Kosterlitz-Thouless scaling form with $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.500(1)$, but $\ensuremath{\eta}$ shows considerable deviation from \textonequarter{} down to $T=1.03$. The critical temperature is estimated to be ${T}_{c}=0.898(2)$. The simulations are done on ${64}^{2}$, ${128}^{2}$, ${256}^{2}$, and ${512}^{2}$ lattices with use of an overrelaxed algorithm which decorrelates as $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\approx}0.15{\ensuremath{\xi}}^{1.2}$. Similar reduction in critical slowing down is anticipated for all continuous-spin models.
Mental health training experiences among Haitian healthcare workers post-earthquake 2010

Background After the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the large number of persons with major limb damage, amputations, shock, trauma, anxiety and depression placed a severe strain on mental health (MH) services. Purpose This qualitative study describes the impact and acceptability of a Mental Health Training Program (MHTP) implemented in the north of Haiti after the earthquake. Methods A total of 113 healthcare workers (HCWs) participated in a training program designed to build local MH care capacity. The training curriculum draws on literature related to MH and the impact of the Haiti earthquake. Two focus groups were conducted with 16 HCWs; discussions centred on the personal and professional impact and acceptability of the training program. Discussion Results demonstrated that the MHTP changed the HCWs' perceptions about MH issues and provided them with the knowledge and skills to respond to growing community MH needs. Acceptability of the MHTP was related to the content covered, to the delivery mode of the content and to the cultural appropriateness of the program. Conclusions Disasters of different types will continue to occur and to impact MH in communities around the world. MH training will allow nurses to quickly and effectively respond to disasters. A coordinated emergency plan that is subject to frequent review, rehearsal and evaluation is also essential.
Gas Turbine Research in the AGTSR Program

The South Carolina Institute for Energy Studies (SCIES), administratively housed at Clemson University, has participated in the advancement of combustion turbine technology for nearly a decade. The Advanced Gas Turbine Systems Research (AGTSR) program has been administered by SCIES for the U. S. DOE. Under the supervision of the DOE National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), the AGTSR has brought together the engineering departments at the leading U.S. universities and U.S. combustion turbine developers to assist in providing a solid base of knowledge for the future generations of gas turbines. In the AGTSR program, an Industrial Review Board (IRB) of gas turbine companies and related organizations defines needed gas turbine research. SCIES prepares yearly requests for university proposals that address the research needs identified by the IRB organizations. IRB technical representatives evaluate the university proposals and review progress reports from the awarded university projects. Seventy-five (75) AGTSR university projects have been awarded in the areas of gas turbine combustion, aerodynamics/heat transfer, and materials. An overview of recent AGTSR university projects is given in this paper and research results from several of the projects are described in greater detail.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Robert Fortune, Camellia sinensis, and the Nineteenth-Century Global Imagination

In July 1843, less than a year after the Treaty of Nanking had ended the First Opium War, the British horticulturalist Robert Fortune arrived in China and began to travel north, along China's east ...
The ammonia content of blood and plasma.

Abstract 1. 1. Conway's own suggestion was followed in adapting his method to permit direct titration of small amounts of diffused ammonia. 2. 2. After correction for nonspecific ammonia formation from plasma proteins, the free ammonium-ion concentration of fresh normal resting human plasma lies below 20 μg NH 3 N 100 ml . This figure represents an upper limit of the true concentration. Much of the conflicting literature regarding this value has been resolved. 3. 3. The corresponding value for whole blood lies below 10 μg NH 3 N 100 ml as determined by Conway's procedure. However, severe clumping queries the completeness of ammonia recovery from red cells. Neverthelless, coincidence of ammonia values, whether determined on whole blood or on plasma, make Conway's method a convenient tool. 4. 4. In human patients with liver disease and in dogs with Eck fistulae, elevated blood ammonia levels are due to a real increase in alkali-labile ammonia.
A Comparison of Brined and Unbrined Paired Broiler Carcass-Halves for Tenderness

Abstract In each of two trials, cooked light and dark meat from bilaterally split, paired carcass-halves were compared for tenderness by shear force analysis after one of the halves had been brined in a 5% (w/w) sodium chloride solution for 16 hr prior to cooking. The data indicated that the brining procedure tenderized the meat from the carcass. This procedure had a greater tenderizing effect (on a percentage basis) on tough muscle than on more tender muscle.
Preparation and Structure of Fe‐Doped EuO Films

A large increase in ferromagnetic Curie temperature from 69.5°K to ∼190°K has been observed in EuO films doped with Fe. These films retain most of the large magneto‐optic rotation of EuO (at 4.2°K) desired for beam addressable memories. However, the increase in Tc permits the operation of these devices at the more convenient liquid‐nitrogen temperature. Films were prepared by simultaneous evaporation of Eu, Eu2O3, and Fe at pressure of 2×10−5 Torr. The amount of Tc increase is strongly dependent upon composition. For example, films with the highest Tc require Fe/Fe+Eu∼0.07 and excess Eu with a typical weight ratio of Eu/Eu2O3∼1.3 as compared to ∼0.9 for pure EuO. The analysis by Seeman‐Bohlin x‐ray diffractometer shows the same NaCl structure as that of pure EuO with a slightly larger lattice parameter (5.1564 A). The doping also causes a reduction of grain size (from 200 to 120 A) and a tendency toward preferred orientation. Results of electron microprobe spectroscopy and Mossbauer measurements show that...
Energy balance in the electrolysis of water with a palladium cathode

In this report, we consider several possible energy-releasing processes of the Pd(s)|LiOD(D 2 O) cathode during electrolysis in cells of Pd(s)|LiOD(0.1 M D 2 O)|Pt(s)
Discussion on “Optimal Sequential Surveillance for Finance, Public Health, and Other Areas” by Marianne Frisén

Abstract Professor Frisen discusses a number of important issues concerning surveillance procedures that are used in a variety of settings. Some comments are given here on the issues of optimal surveillance procedures in complex situations, the effect of the sampling scheme on the performance of surveillance procedures, the robustness of surveillance procedures, and diagnostic procedures that can be used after a process change is detected.
Electronically tunable N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: 1,3-diaryl vs. 4,5-diaryl substitution

The catalytic activity of iridium-mediated transfer hydrogenation is readily tuned by electronic variation of the ligated tetraaryl-N-heterocyclic carbene and the installation of electron donating groups on the N-aryl substituents is more important than on the C-aryl substituents for effecting catalytic enhancement.
Greenhouse gas emission reduction options for cities: Finding the “Coincidence of Agendas” between local priorities and climate change mitigation objectives

Abstract Cities are the major contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. They account for about 75% of global energy consumption and up to 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions. With the ongoing rapid increase in urban population, expansion of middle class in urban centers in developing countries, and availability of cheaper vehicles such as Tata Nano and Bajaj RE60 in India, the demand for energy and associated emissions from cities are expected to grow rapidly. Though cities are in a better position to mitigate climate change, it does not necessary mean that there is a willingness on their part to capitalize on these mitigation opportunities. Climate change mitigation is not the priority for them because they face a number of competing priorities including local economic growth and development and service delivery. This paper suggests a range of policy tools that can help cities achieve both local priorities as well as reduce emissions, including GHGs. The suggested policies will be effective when used synergistically.
The nature of unemployment in segmented labor markets

Abstract In a segmented labor market, if the total supply of labor is variable, some of the resulting equilibrium unemployment is involuntary, in the sense that it consists of workers with reservation wages below the lowest offered wage.
Changes in fetal heart tracing characteristics after magnesium exposure.

Objective The aim of this study is to describe the changes in term fetal heart tracings after magnesium exposure. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive women delivering at a gestational age of ≥ 37 weeks with severe preeclampsia, receiving magnesium for seizure prophylaxis. Overall 90 minutes of electronic fetal monitoring (30 before magnesium, 30 during magnesium bolus, and 30 during steady state infusion) was prospectively interpreted by formally trained and blinded research nurses using American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists guidelines. Multivariable analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations, comparing preexposure patterns to bolus, and steady state. Results Out of the 238 women evaluated, an average decrease of 2.4 beats per minute (p = 0.02) was found after magnesium bolus. This persisted into the steady state (p Conclusion Exposure to magnesium is associated with a transient decrease in variability and a clinically insignificant decrease in FHR baseline without an increased incidence in bradycardia or category change.
Effect of coal type on entrained gasification

The effect of coal type for four coals of varying rank was studied in an entrained flow gasifier at atmospheric pressure. The reactor was modified to increase residence time and gas temperature and to provide for direct measurement of the exit gas flow rate. Space-resolved samples were collected from within the gasifier with a water-quenched probe. Correlation of results shows that the most important factors on carbon conversion are O2coal ratio, coal particle size, coal heating value, mixing of reactant feedstreams, and coal char reactivity. Premixing of steam with coal and oxygen produced higher levels of hydrogen, but a lower COCO2 ratio. Elimination of steam increased the reaction temperature and raised the carbon conversion.
The prediction of two-phase mixture level and hydrodynamically-controlled dryout under low flow conditions

Abstract A theory is given for the thermal-hydraulic phenomena during uncovery of a flow channel. This is relevant to a reactor core under typical small break or operational transient conditions. A distinct equivalent collapsed liquid level and a two-phase-mixture level are defined in the model. The former represents the liquid inventory in the channel, while the latter characterizes the heat transfer regimes. The definition of these levels are coupled through the mass and energy conservation equations, and the constitutive relations for void fraction and net vapor generation location. Analytical solutions are obtained for the transient variation of both the collapsed liquid and the two-phase mixture levels. The analyses have been compared with existing single-tube data with uniform heat flux, and rod bundle experiments with an axial power profile and inlet feedwater flow. The results demonstrate the potential of the present model for application to reactor conditions.
MOCVD of YSZ coatings using β-diketonate precursors

Metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) was investigated as a more efficient means to fabricate yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) for thermal barrier coating. The MOCVD precursors were Y(tmhd)3 and Zr(tmhd)4 (tmhd, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedianato) and delivered via aerosol-assisted liquid delivery (AALD). The maximum YSZ coating rate was 14.2 ± 1.3 mh −1 at 827 ◦C yielding a layered coating microstructure. The growth was first-order with temperature below 827 ◦ C with an apparent activation energy of 50.9 ± 4.3 kJ mol −1 . Coating efficiency was a maximum of approximately 10% at the highest growth rate. While homogeneous nucleation remained a problem, the deposition of YSZ with only minor carbon content was achieved. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Optical AI Approach For Object Recognition Using Dempster-Shafer Theory Of Evidence

The problem of object recognition in simple and complex images, where the information about the scene may be incomplete, uncertain, or imprecise, is addressed. The general outline of the proposed approach consists of four stages: (a) Preprocessing, to convert raw data into more usable intrinsic forms. (b) Segmentation, to find visually meaningful image objects perhaps corresponding to world objects or their parts. This processing is used to define a region in the image models by a set of attributes. The set of attributes represents the ordered set of vertices of the polygonal approximation of the region. Each vertex is defined by its internal angle and the lengths of segments around it. (c) Optical mapping, to find the appropriate representation of the image optically. (d) Optical understanding, to relate optically the image objects to the domain from which the image arose. As a step of this process the evidences related to each object with corresponding models are evaluated based on Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence. The approach could be implemented on optoelectronic processing unit using the fan-in and fan-out capabilities of fiber-optics system. Illustrative examples are provided where the approach yields excellent results in noisy images and images with overlapping objects.
The Effects of Cloud Detrainment on the Diagnosed Properties of Cumulus Populations

Abstract Lateral detrainment from cumulus updrafts and its effect on the properties of cumulus cloud populations (as determined from large-scale observations) are examined. This detrainment, which can be related to the cumulus life cycle, has been specified for a spectrum of cloud sizes by considering initially the character of detrainment for the two extremes of convection: deep cumulonimbi and shallow cumuli. The main purpose is to determine for some reasonable assumption of individual cloud detrainment to what extent diagnosed cloud ensemble properties differ from those given by applying a steady-state plume model for convective updrafts and downdrafts. Application of the model to tropical western Pacific data indicates, as earlier studies have shown, that in convectively disturbed situations a bimodal cloud population exists of predominantly deep and shallow cumuli. However, the contribution to the total cloud-base mass flux from deep cumuli is increased and from shallow cumuli decreased somewhat when...
NextGen operations in a simulated New York area airspace

• Enhancements to TAPSS tools (slot markers and timelines) can facilitate the use of RNAV OPDs without sacrificing throughput in a challenging airspace • Enhancements to TMA regarding schedule coordination to converging runways can significantly increase throughput • Next steps: - Identifying necessary parameters for automating coordinated schedules to converging runways. - Evaluating the tools in less ideal environments -e.g., convective weather, one runway operations, etc.
Brown adipose tissue biology and therapeutic potential.

BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) (Figure 1) has been recognized as a key thermogenic tissue in rodents for several decades. However, in the last few years, there has been a resurgent interest in the biology and therapeutic potential of BAT. This has been largely driven by a new understanding that most, if not all, healthy adult humans have significant deposits of BAT which can be activated by cold. Moreover, recent insights into the developmental origins of brown adipose cells and the identification of molecules that regulate brown adipocyte activity have provided a conceptual framework for the design of brown fat-based therapies. Brown fat cells, when activated, are able to take up and oxidize large amounts of fat and carbohydrate for the purpose of producing heat—a process called adaptive thermogenesis. This transformation of chemical energy into heat at the expense of ATP production is mediated by the presence of Uncoupling Protein1 (Ucp1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Ucp1 catalyzes the leak of protons from the intermembrane space back into the matrix, thus reducing the gradient (and its potential energy) used for ATP production. BAT presumably evolved to protect animals against hypothermia in response to cold exposure. However, BAT is also known to powerfully counteract obesity and metabolic disease, at least in rodents. Numerous studies over recent years revealed that mice with increased amounts of active brown fat are lean, healthy, and able to resist the harmful metabolic effects of high fat diets. Intriguingly, imaging studies in humans show that brown fat activity is reduced in obesity and aging. The field must now address whether the variation in brown fat activity is a cause or consequence of weight gain. Brown fat cells are localized in discrete depots of BAT and are also found clustered amongst white fat cells in white depots. The prevalence and function of these so-called “beige” or “brite” (brown-in-white) cells in humans remains unknown. There is a growing consensus in the field that brown fattargeted therapies hold tremendous promise for the treatment of obesity and associated health consequences. It is also increasingly clear that brown fat can function as an effective sink for disposing of excess glucose and fatty acids. This suggests that brown fat-based therapies could be very effective for treating insulin FIGURE 1 | Brown adipose tissue. Immunohistochemical staining of Ucp1 expression in brown adipose tissue showing a mixture of large and small adipocytes.
Microwave assisted digestion of atmospheric aerosol samples followed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry determination of trace elements

A microwave digestion method in a closed vessel was developed for the determination of trace metals in atmospheric aerosols using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A recovery study for the elements V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, and Pb was conducted using multi-elemental standard solutions, NIST 1633b Trace Elements in Coal Fly Ash, and NIST 1648 Urban Particulate Matter. A simple digestion method using only HNO3/H2O2 gave good recoveries (90%–108%) for all elements except Cr in SRM 1648, but yielded low recoveries for SRM 1633b. A more robust method using HNO3/H2O2/HF/H3BO3 yielded higher recoveries (82%–¶103%) for the lighter elements (V – Zn) in SRM 1633b, and improved the Cr recovery in SRM 1648, but decreased the Se recovery in both SRMs. A comparative analysis of aerosol samples obtained at a remote mountain location Nathiagali, Pakistan (2.5 km above mean sea level), and Mayville, New York, downwind from the highly industrialized Midwestern United States, was carried out using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) for the elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Se, and Sb. The simple digestion method yielded excellent agreement for Cr, Fe, Zn, As, Se, and Sb, with slopes of the ICP-MS vs. INAA regressions of 0.90–1.00 and R2 values of 0.96–1.00. The regressions for Mn and Co had slopes of 0.82 and 0.84 with R2 values of 0.83 and 0.82, respectively. Addition of HF/H3BO3 did not improve the correlation for any of the elements and degraded the precision somewhat. The technique provides sensitivity and accuracy for trace elements in relatively small aerosol samples used in atmospheric chemistry studies related to SO2 oxidation in cloud droplets. The ability to determine concentrations of a very large number of elements from a single analysis will permit source apportionment of various trace pollutants and hence strategies to control the sources of air pollution. This is particularly important as the health effects of particulate matter are increasingly recognized.
Early Photography's Late Romanticism

Appearing between Mary Shelley's edition of Percy Shelley's Poetical Works (1839) and the posthumous publication of Wordsworth's The Prelude (1850), William Henry Fox Talbot's The Pencil of Nature (1844–46) exemplifies a late Romantic aesthetic characterized in this essay in terms of a retrospective avant garde. The first commercially produced book illustrated with photographs, Talbot's mixed media project folds into its claims for and predictions about the future of art in the age of its technological reproducibility an attention to that which remains obscure or invisible, such as the past or the condition of temporality, or what Walter Benjamin in his “Little History of Photography” will famously call the “optical unconscious.” In its simultaneously retrospective and projective gestures, The Pencil of Nature marks not only a significant turning point in the history of a new medium, but it also more broadly signals the turn into modernity, which is a return, this essay wants to suggest, to a Romanticism ...
An investigation of the use of active infrared thermography to detect localized surface anomalies in lumber.

Efforts are being pursued to improve and automate processes for grading, trimming, and cutting up softwood and hardwood lumber by automated, non-contact, non-labor-intensive methods. Existing technology for detecting defects in lumber has focused heavily on the use of charged coupled device scanners or cameras, but these devices are limited by inherent color differences of the material. Thermography has been proven to detect knots in lumber, but the use of active thermography has not been investigated in terms of detecting dents, holes, and gouges. This research focused on four heating techniques, i.e. defect side heating, back side heating, forced air heating, and pulsed thermography, to detect dents, holes, gouges, and knots. All four heating methods proved successful for at least two defect types. Implementation of these techniques in an industrial setting will depend on the requirements of the manufacturer and the physical limitations of the industrial line. SCANNING 32: 219–223, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dislocation dynamics simulations of the interaction between a short rigid fiber and a glide circular dislocation pile-up

Abstract This paper presents dislocation dynamics simulations of the interaction of a circular dislocation pileup with a short rigid fiber as occurs, for example, in metal–matrix composites. The pile-up is composed of glide dislocation loops surrounding the fiber. Here, this problem is treated as a boundary value problem within the context of dislocation dynamics. The proper boundary condition to be enforced is that of zero displacements at the fiber–matrix interface. Such a condition is satisfied by a distribution of image rectangular dislocation loops meshing the fiber's surface. This treatment is similar to crack modeling using distributed dislocations and falls under the category of “generalized image stress analysis”. The unknown in this problem is the Burgers vectors of the surface loops. Once those are found, the Peach–Koehler (PK) force acting on the circular dislocation loops, and emulating the fiber–dislocation interaction, can be determined and the dynamical arrangement of the circular pile-up evolves naturally from conventional dislocation dynamics analysis.
Influence of Adjuvants on Weed Control from Tribenuron

Tribenuron is a slow acting sulfonylurea herbicide that becomes more soluble as spray solution pH increases. Data from field research show differences in adjuvant enhancement of tribenuron. The most effective adjuvants with tribenuron were methylated seed oil and basic pH blend adjuvants, but the greatest activity occurred when applied together. The order of tribenuron enhancement from adjuvants was: methylated seed oil & basic pH blend>methylated seed oil=basic pH blend>crop oil concentrate=nonionic surfactant & organosilicone>nonionic surfactant=nonionic surfactant&water conditioner>nonionic surfactant&organosilicone. Methylated seed oil & basic pH blend adjuvant did not entirely overcome tribenuron antagonism of quizalofop. Tribenuron, applied as a soluble granule (SG) formulation and having properties to increase spray solution pH, provided similar weed control at a reduced rate as compared to the commercial extruded paste (XP) formulation of tribenuron. Limited research suggests that applying adjuvants on an area basis provides greater adjuvant enhancement than if applied on a percent volume basis. This would be especially important as spray volume decreases. These results generally support the concept that herbicide solubilization and absorption are necessary to maximize foliar activity.
A Pituitary Growth-Promoting Factor for Articular Chondrocytes in Monolayer Culture

A heat-labile anterior pituitary factor exerts a strong mitogenic action on articular chondrocytes in secondary monolayer culture. At the same time secretion of macromolecular radiosulfate into the medium by the stimulated cells is markedly reduced. This factor was found in NIH bovine and ovine TSH as well as LH but not in more purified (Condliffe-Bates, Pierce) preparations of TSH. The response, measured by the DNA content of the cell pellet, was dose-dependent; the lowest effective concentration was 1 μg NIH TSH/ml culture medium. The effect was fairly selective for chondrocytes, rabbit and human, and was displayed to much lesser degree by skin fibroblasts and 4 other cell types studied. FSH had a smaller effect while GH, prolactin, ACTH and a preparation having high EPS activity were relatively ineffective. Of 19 other hormone preparations examined, only crude HCG gave a comparable mitogenic response. Insulin, 0.1 U/ml, had a consistent but small effect. Estradiol-17β and diethylstilbesterol (10 μg/ml)...
Toward real-time simulation of cardiac dynamics

We show that through careful and model-specific optimizations of their GPU implementations, simulations of realistic, detailed cardiac-cell models now can be performed in 2D and 3D in times that are close to real time using a desktop computer. Previously, large-scale simulations of detailed mathematical models of cardiac cells were possible only using supercomputers. In our study, we consider five different models of cardiac electrophysiology that span a broad range of computational complexity: the two-variable Karma model, the four-variable Bueno-Orovio-Cherry-Fenton model, the eight-variable Beeler-Reuter model, the 19-variable Ten Tusscher-Panfilov model, and the 67-variable Iyer-Mazhari-Winslow model. For each of these models, we treat both their single- and double-precision versions and demonstrate linear or even sub-linear growth in simulation times with an increase in the size of the grid used to model cardiac tissue. We also show that our GPU implementations of these models can increase simulation speeds to near real-time for simulations of complex spatial patterns indicative of cardiac arrhythmic disorders, including spiral waves and spiral wave breakup. The achievement of real-time applications without the need for supercomputers may, in the near term, facilitate the adoption of modeling-based clinical diagnostics and treatment planning, including patient-specific electrophysiological studies.
Patients Who Schedule Meetings with a State Hospital Review Board

61 psychiatric and 18 alcoholic patients who sought redress from a state hospital review board over a 6-yr. period were compared with normative data for new admissions to their treatment areas on the basis of selected demographic and MMPI personality characteristics. The typical visitor emerged as significantly younger than his treatment counterpart who did not go to the board. He was significantly more likely to be a committed patient and had a treatment history which dated back almost 10 yr. Personality differences suggested that these visitors from the psychiatric unit of the hospital were significantly more sociopathic, manipulative, and impatient than the average psychiatric new admission and that alcoholics who went to the review board were significantly more defensive and denying than the typical alcoholic.
Training Physicians in the Digital Age: Use of Digital Media Among Medical Trainees and Views on Professional Responsibility and Regulation

Little guidance exists for medical educators on preventing misuse of digital media (social networking, blogs and media share sites) and ensuring standards for professional conduct. This study aims to assess digital media use frequency, perceptions regarding misuse, and professional standards among trainees. A 17-item anonymous survey was developed and distributed to medical students, residents, and fellows at a single institution to assess familiarity, use, and perceptions of digital media policy. Trainees agreed that physicians are obligated to represent themselves professionally in publicly viewed forums (greater 60% among all trainees). Frequent users perceived regulation of personal use as a privacy infringement (super-user 74% vs. non-super-user 49%; p < .001) but were more likely to state that physicians are obligated to represent themselves professionally (super-user 66% vs. non-super-user 44%; p < .003). Thus, it was found that frequency of use is associated with increased likelihood of opposition...
Crystal Structure of LAAO from Calloselasma rhodostoma with an L-Phenylalanine Substrate: Insights into Structure and Mechanism

L-Amino acid oxidase is a dimeric glycosylated flavoenzyme, a major constituent of the venom-from the snake Calloselasma rhodostoma. The enzyme exhibits apoptosis inducing effects as well as antibacterial and anti-HIV activities. The structure of l-amino acid oxidase with its substrate (L-phenylalanine) has been refined to a resolution of 1.8 A. The complex structure reveals the substrate bound to the reduced flavin (FADred). Alternative conformations for the key residues His223 and Arg322 are evident, suggesting a dynamic active site. Furthermore, conformational changes are apparent for the isoalloxazine ring; the three-ring system exhibits more bending around the N5-N10 axis compared to the oxidized flavin. The implications of the observed dynamics on the mechanism of catalysis are discussed. Inspection of buried surfaces in the enzyme reveals a Y-shaped channel system extending from the external surface of the protein to the active site. One portion of this channel may serve as the entry path for O2 during the oxidative half-reaction. The second region, separated from the proposed O2 channel by the N terminus (residues 8-16) of the protein, may play a role in H2O2 release. Interestingly, the latter portion of the channel would direct the H2O2 product to the exterior surface of the protein, near the glycan moiety, thought to anchor the enzyme to the host cell. This channel location may explain the ability of the enzyme to localize H2O2 to the targeted cell and thus induce the apoptotic effect.
Characterization of Fe2(SeO3)3·6H2O, a new synthetic ferric selenite

Abstract A new crystalline ferric selenite compound was synthesized from reacting 0.3 M solution of sodium selenite with 0.2 M solution of ferric chloride at 90°C for 40 days. The infrared spectrum showed that this compound contained SeO 2− 3 units and coordinated water. Based on this information and chemical analysis, the formula for this compound was calculated to be Fe 2 (SeO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O. The unit-cell parameters of the resulting pale green, equant, monoclinic crystals were identified as a = 10.914 A , b = 9.352 A , c = 8.646 A , β = 96.52°, V = 876.769 A 3 . Thermal gravimetric analysis of the compound indicated that three distinct weight-loss events occurred between 310 and 350°, between 350 and 465°, and between 465 and 600°C and these were found to be related to the loss of coordinated water and selenium. This is one of a series of the known hydrated ferric selenite compounds that are likely to be of geologic importance.
Low-complexity error selective Viterbi decoder

The authors present a low-complexity convolutional decoding scheme the error selective Viterbi decoder (ESVD) which improves the trellis code search of a conventional Viterbi decoder (VD). Use of the ESVD leads to a significant computational savings under typical channel conditions owing to the isolation of erroneous data stretches and the decoding (only) of the error sequence through a simplified VD search. The effectiveness of multi-bit ESVD schemes is verified for different encoders and data quantisations using Monte Carlo simulations.
Effect of Adding Cholesterol to Bull Sperm Membranes on Sperm Capacitation, the Acrosome Reaction, and Fertility

When cholesterol is added to sperm membranes before cryopreservation, higher percentages of motile and viable cells are recovered after thawing. However, because one of the first steps in sperm capacitation is cholesterol efflux from the sperm plasma membrane, adding cholesterol to enhance cryosurvival may retard sperm capacitation. These studies evaluated the ability of sperm treated with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrins (CLC) to capacitate, acrosome react, and fertilize oocytes. Control (non-CLC-treated) and CLC-treated sperm were treated with heparin, dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (PC12), or calcium ionophore A23187 (A23187) to capacitate and induce the acrosome reaction. Sperm capacitation, assessed by an increase in intracellular calcium level, and acrosome-reacted sperm were measured using flow cytometry. Fresh CLC-treated sperm cells underwent capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction at rates different from control samples, and the differences detected were dependent on the method used to induce sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. After cryopreservation, however, CLC-treated and control sperm underwent capacitation and the acrosome reaction at similar rates regardless of the method used to induce capacitation and the acrosome reaction. The primary concern for CLC-treated sperm, however, is whether this treatment would affect in vitro or in vivo fertility. Adding either control or CLC-treated cryopreserved sperm to bovine oocytes in vitro resulted in similar oocyte cleavage rates and blastocyst formation rates. In addition, when inseminated into heifers, pregnancy rates for control and CLC-treated sperm were also similar. Therefore, treating bull sperm with CLC permits greater numbers of sperm to survive cryopreservation while preserving the fertilizing potential of each individual sperm.
Electron-Induced Showers in Copper

An experimental determination has been made of the radial and longitudinal distribution of energy produced in showers initiated by electrons of 118 Mev and 157 Mev in copper. A small crystal CsBr(Tl) coupled to a thin light pipe and photomultiplier was used as a probe. Graphs of the radial distributions are given from which, by numerical integration, transition curves are determined. Calculations are made for an approximately optimum design of scintillation crystal [e.g., NaI(Tl)] to capture a large fraction of the energy within a shower.
CONJUGATED MACROCYCLES RELATED TO THE PORPHYRINS. PART 16.1 SYNTHESIS OF HEXA- AND HEPTAALKYL-SUBSTITUTED INVERTED OR N-CONFUSED PORPHYRINS BY THE 3 + 1 METHODOLOGY

Pyrrole-2,4-dicarboxaldehydes 13a−c were condensed with a tripyrrane dicarboxylic acid 12 in 1% TFA−CH2Cl2 to give, following oxidation with 0.1% FeCl3, a series of “etio-type” N-confused porphyrins 14a−c. Excellent yields were obtained when the diformylpyrrole possessed a 5-alkyl substituent, although the products were most easily isolated in the form of their hydrochloride salts. Addition of TFA to the free base inverted porphyrins led to initial protonation onto the external nitrogen atom to produce monocations 19 and further acidification afforded a dications 21. UV−vis spectroscopy showed strong Soret bands for 14, 19, and 21, features that are associated with fully aromatic porphyrinoid systems, and proton NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of powerful diamagnetic ring current where the meso-protons resonated near 10 ppm while the interior CH was strongly shielded to −6 ppm for the free base structures and −4 ppm for the dications 21. Taking into account the effect of the introduction of deloca...
Extracts of plasma and serum toxic for mammalian cells cultured in vitro.

1. 1. The participation of two components in the cytotoxic activity of extracts of certain preparations of bovine plasma alpha-globulins (Cohn Fraction IV-1) is described. One is a heat-labile, non-dialyzable material assumed to be a protein. The other, lipid in nature, can be extracted from whole and lyophilized calf serum as well as from bovine alpha-globulins. 2. 2. The role of the protein has not been established; it apparently binds the lipid. When it is present, it must be in the native state for the expression of the cytotoxic property. 3. 3. Lipid extracts are clearly toxic per se. Even after denaturation of the protein and apparent loss of cytotoxic activity, active lipids can be released with organic solvents. They have been separated and identified by column and thin layer chromatography. Active compounds taken from thin layer chromatograms appear to be fatty acids.
Vocabularies Clashing: "The Fragmented Generation" Describes Itself

After reading Scott Seider and Howard Gardner’s essay “The Fragmented Generation” (2009) in a college freshman writing class, students responded by providing their own labels for their generation. This article includes excerpts from their essays. Following these excerpts is the instructor’s theoretical justification for this kind of classroom work. Drawing from Richard Rorty, the author argues the need for students to consider the vocabularies that students use to describe the world around them. By analyzing their vocabularies alongside other vocabularies that coexist and compete with their own, students engage the rhetorical landscape that surrounds and defines them.
Application Design for Wireless Computing

As mobile computing becomes more prevalent, systems and applications must deal with a growing disparity in resource types and availability at the user interface device. Network characteristics, display size, method of input, local storage and computing are some of the more obviously affected components. Although the challenges of effectively managing these resources are partially addressed by existing systems, their solutions are hindered by the system's lack of knowledge about the application's behavior. This, combined with the narrower domain of applications commonly used during mobile computing, suggests the need to address these concerns from the application level. This paper presents strategies for designing applications for a wireless environment, by reducing the demands placed on the wireless network. A World Wide Web client browser is used to illustrate this design.
Different Approaches to Advertising Media Selection

Research groups on both sides of the Atlantic are attempting to use the power of mathematics to aid the decision-maker in dealing with the complex media scheduling problem. This paper reviews, compares and critiques several possible approaches. The approaches reviewed are: linear programming, dynamic programming, marginal analysis, heuristic programming and simulation. At least one particular model of each approach is discussed in detail.