cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of size and location of ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Objective To review our experience and examine the size at which aneurysms ruptured in our patient population. Methods Patient charts and angiograms for all patients admitted with a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage to the Thomas Jefferson/Wills Eye Hospital between April 1996 and March 2000 were reviewed. Results Of the 362 cases reviewed, definite measurements of the ruptured aneurysm were obtained in 245. The data clearly showed that most ruptured aneurysms presenting to our institution were less than 10 mm in diameter. We found that, regardless of location on the circle of Willis, 85.6% of all aneurysms presenting with rupture were less than 10 mm. Review by location shows that aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery most often presented with rupture at sizes less than 10 mm (94.4%). A large number of ruptured posterior communicating artery aneurysms also presented at sizes less than 10 mm (87.5%). This trend continued for all aneurysm sites in our review. The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in Western countries is estimated at 10 per 100,000 people per year. Recent reports have indicated that aneurysms less than 10 mm in size are unlikely to rupture. Conclusion We argue that the risk of small aneurysms rupturing is not insignificant, especially those of the anterior communicating artery. Our findings indicate that surgery on unruptured aneurysms should not be predicated on aneurysm size alone.
Devitrification of High‐SiO2 Glasses of the System Al2O3‐SiO2

Pertinent works of previous investigators are reviewed briefly. A superior technique for the preparation of experimental glasses of high purity and chemical homogeneity is presented. Devitrification growth-rate data and traction-viscosity data are reported for high-silica glasses of the system Al2O3-SiO2. Glasses with added Al2O3 were found to devitrify to cristobalite more rapidly than ultrapure silica glasses at a given temperature, and yet their fluidities (i.e., reciprocal viscosities) were found to be less. The devitrification growth rate, g, was found to be of zero order and to follow the temperature dependence In(g/T) =-(B/T)+ In A over the temperature range 1561°K. T 1730°K.
Key Communication Success Factors (KCSFS): A Case Study of Information System Department in Saudi Telecom

Abstract According to the 'best practice' principles such as PMBOK and Prince 2 and large numbers of related research institutions such as Gartner, Communication is an important factor for the success of any project or activity within the information systems departments The research statements have identified the key success factors in a typical work environment, without mentioning the influence of external factors, which may be variable from one place to another that leads to instability in the organization thus ending up with no final list of success factors, so the factors that have been mentioned and explained were applicable to be followed within the normal or semi- normal structured organization. According to scope of SWISS 2013 to adequate between social and technical, this research will be more useful to explain the main key communication factors to have more attractive environment in IT.
Socially Anxious Children: An Observational Study of Parent-Child Interaction

Differences in the rate and quality of parent-child communication in parents of socially anxious and normal children 9–12-years- old were examined. Socially anxious and control children were videot...
Human toxicology of Mercury

This article describes the health effects of the two principal forms of mercury to which humans are exposed, namely mercury vapor and methylmercury compounds. Mercury vapor is the monatomic gas that vaporizes from liquid metallic mercury. It has a long history of human exposure dating back to ancient times. The earliest life forms on this planet may have received substantial exposure and developed defense mechanisms that we inherit to this day. Severe forms of poisoning from inhalation of mercury vapor are now rare. More commonly observed in occupational exposures are subtle neurobehavioral effects and preclinical changes in biochemical markers of kidney function. Methylmercury compounds may also date back to Archean times. The methylation of inorganic mercury by methanogenic bacteria is believed to be a protective mechanism for these cells that appeared early in evolution. Unfortunately, for life forms dependent on a central nervous system, what is protective for simple cells becomes a threat to the more complex life forms. Today, the main source of human exposure is from methylation of inorganic mercury in bodies of fresh and ocean water, the ensuing bioaccumulation in the aquatic food chain, and the consumption of fish or sea mammals by humans. Methylmercury selectively damages the brain. In adult humans, damage is focal, affecting specific cell types in certain anatomical areas such as the visual cortex and the cerebellum. Prenatal exposure disrupts the normal developmental processes of the fetal brain. Indeed, the prenatal period is widely believed to be the most susceptible stage of the life cycle. At present, two large epidemiological studies are underway to determine human health risks from methylmercury in fish. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 11:303–317, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic and synaptic properties of neurons in the vocal-control nucleus IMAN from in vitro slice preparations of juvenile and adult zebra finches

A common theme of diverse neural systems is that circuits that are important for initial acquisition of learning do not necessarily serve as a substrate for the long-term storage of that memory. The neural basis of vocal learning in songbirds provides an example of this phenomenon, since a circuit that is necessary for vocal production during initial stages of vocal development apparently plays no subsequent role in controlling learned vocalizations. This striking functional change suggests the possibility of marked physiological changes in synaptic transmission within this circuit. We therefore examined intrinsic and synaptic properties of neurons in the cortical nucleus IMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior neostriatum), which forms part of this developmentally regulated circuit, in an in vitro preparation of the zebra finch forebrain. Although both functional and morphological characteristics of these neurons change substantially during vocal development, we did not observe widespread, substantive changes in the electrophysiological characteristics of juvenile versus adult IMAN neurons examined in vitro. Overall, both the intrinsic properties and synaptic responses of IMAN neurons were similar in slices from juvenile birds (at ages when lesions of IMAN disrupt vocal production) and in slices from adult birds (when IMAN lesions have no effect on song production). However, one intrinsic property that did vary between juvenile and adult cells was spike duration, which was longer in juvenile cells, suggesting the potential for activation of second-messenger cascades and/or enhanced synaptic transmission onto target cells of IMAN neurons. The pattern of synaptic response observed in both juvenile and adult cells suggests that IMAN projection neurons receive direct excitatory afferent inputs, as well as disynaptic inhibitory inputs from interneurons within IMAN. Activation of inhibitory interneurons rapidly curtails the excitatory response seen in projection neurons. This inhibition was abolished by bicuculline, indicating that the inhibitory interneurons normally exert their postsynaptic response via GABA(A) receptors on projection neurons. The inhibitory response could also be blocked by CNQX (6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione), suggesting that the activation of inhibitory interneurons within IMAN may be governed primarily by AMPA receptors.
Functional links between Pt single crystal morphology and nanoparticles with different size and shape: the oxygen reduction reaction case

Design of active and stable Pt-based nanoscale electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) will be the key to improving the efficiency of fuel cells that are needed to deliver reliable, affordable and environmentally friendly energy. Here, by exploring the ORR on Pt single crystals, cubo-octahedral (polyhedral) Pt NPs with different sizes (ranging from 2 to 7 nm), and 7–8 nm Pt NPs with different shapes (cubo-octahedral vs. cube vs. octahedral), we presented a surface science approach capable of rationalizing, and ultimately understanding, fundamental relationships between stability of Pt NPs and activity of the ORR in acidic media. By exploring the potential induced dissolution/re-deposition of Pt between 0.05 and 1.3 V, we found that concomitant variations in morphology of Pt(111) and Pt(100) lead to narrowing differences in activity between Pt single crystal surfaces. We also found that regardless of an initial size or shape, NPs are metastable and easily evolve to thermodynamically equilibrated shape and size with very similar activity for the ORR. We concluded that while initially clearly observed, the particle size and shape effects diminish as the particles age to the point that it may appear that the ORR depends neither on the particle size nor particle shape.
The NF-κB/IκB signaling system: A molecular target in breast cancer therapy

The nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) superfamily of eukaryotic transcription factors plays an important role in carcinogenesis. NF-kappaB and its regulators are linked to various signal transduction pathways as well as transcriptional activation events that mediate critical stages of cell proliferation. These intracellular signaling processes are thought to regulate chromatin structure to accommodate transcription, apoptosis, cell-cycle control, and cell transformation. In this capacity, uncontrolled or aberrant NF-kappaB activity may, in part, be responsible for breast cancer progression. Constitutive NF-kappaB expression may predict the metastatic potential of breast tumors, indicating early use of adjuvant therapy and suggesting NF-kappaB inhibition as a novel treatment. In this review, we discuss the regulatory mechanisms and physiological significance of NF-kappaB activation, and highlight recent advances in the development of NF-kappaB as an integral mediator of mammary carcinogenesis.
Polycrystalline silicon carbide as a substrate material for reducing adhesion in MEMS

The in-use adhesion characteristics of polycrystalline cubic silicon carbide (poly-SiC) films when used as a substrate material in MEMS applications are investigated using micromachined polycrystalline Si (poly-Si) cantilever beam arrays. The detachment lengths greater than 1500 μm are obtained, corresponding to an apparent work of adhesion of less than 0.006 mJ/m2. This is to be compared to the detachment lengths of less than 200 μm when poly-Si substrate is used, corresponding to the apparent work of adhesion of greater than 20 mJ/m2. To help understand the mechanism leading to the significant reduction in in-use adhesion, the poly-SiC surfaces are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle measurement. Based on the data, it is suggested that the topography as well as the slower oxidation rate of poly-SiC films may be responsible for the observed adhesion reduction.
User acceptance of computer applications with speech, handwriting and keyboard input devices

There is a growing movement toward designing more natural user interfaces that take advantage of an individual's experiential knowledge of speech and handwriting interaction. One disadvantage of these natural interfaces is that the system may not always interpret the user input accurately. No study has attempted to determine what impact these accuracy rates have on the user's acceptance or preference of a particular application. Given that handwriting and speech have a lower input accuracy rate than keyboard input, are there certain applications that individuals would prefer not to use with either a speech or handwriting input device?
Thermal Conductivity in Sodium Chloride Crystals Containing Silver Colloids

Measurements are presented of the low-temperature thermal conductivity of crystals of sodium chloride containing colloidal particles of silver. It is found that parts per million of colloidal material can substantially reduce thermal conductivity in the temperature range below the peak conductivity. Comparison is made with crystals containing the same concentrations of unprecipitated silver chloride, and with pure crystals. In addition, the scattering of phonons at external crystal surfaces is discussed.
Amnioexchange for the treatment of gastroschisis--an in vitro study to determine the volume and number of exchanges needed.

Objective: Intestinal damage of neonates with gastroschisis is thought to be attributed to prolonged exposure to the toxic environment of the amniotic fluid. Amnioexchange/infusion
Computations of Fields and Forces in a Two-Sided Linear Induction Motor

A double-sided short-stator linear induction motor excited by a sinusoidally-distributed current sheet is analyzed. The motor characteristics are computed by expressing the magnetic vector potential in terms of difference equations, digitally solving these equations for the vector potential. The performance such as forces, losses, Poynting vectors, and efficience are obtained from the vector potential. Entry, and exit, edge-effects are taken into account by formulating the appropriate boundary conditions. The results are compared with those obtained from an idealized motor excited by a sinusoidally distributed current sheet of the same magnitude.
X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Sum Rule Analysis of the Blue Copper Site in Plastocyanin. A Probe of Orbital and Spin Angular Momentum

Cu L edge X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy has been used to study the electronic structure of the blue copper site in plastocyanin. Application of the orbital angular momentum sum rule leads to an experimental (Cu 3d specific) orbital moment 〈Lz〉 of 0.07 ± 0.02 ℏ/Cu atom. This compares to 0.054 ℏ derived from the EPR measurements and 0.059 ℏ/Cu atom from a SCF-Xα-SW calculation. Application of the spin angular momentum sum rule leads to an experimental spin moment 〈Sz〉 of 0.18 ± 0.02 ℏ/Cu atom, compared to 0.21 ℏ/Cu atom by SCF-Xα-SW. XMCD sum rule analysis should be a useful probe of electronic structure for many other problems in inorganic and bioinorganic chemistry.
The Fisher-Yates Exact Test and Unequal Sample Sizes.

A computational short cut suggested by Feldman and Klinger for the one-sided Fisher-Yates exact test is clarified and is extended to the calculation of probability values for certain two-sided tests when sample sizes are unequal.
Time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of the signal-averaged ECG in patients with ventricular tachycardia and ischemic versus nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.

The value of time-domain and frequency-domain (spectral turbulence) analyses of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram was investigated to predict induced sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). Two groups of patients with spontaneous nonsustained VT and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% were enrolled: 70 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (group 1) and 70 patients with ischemic heart disease (group 2). Sustained VT was induced in 9 cases (13%) in group 1 and 16 (23%) in group 2. The prevalence of abnormal time-domain and spectral turbulence analysis was 16 and 37%, respectively, in group 1 and 27 and 51%, respectively, in group 2 (NS). In group 1, the predictive accuracy of time-domain and spectral turbulence analysis for induced VT was 86 and 67%, respectively (P < .01). In group 2, the predictive accuracy of the two techniques for induced VT was, respectively, 79 and 66% (NS). In both groups, the predictive accuracy of time-domain analysis was higher than that of spectral turbulence analysis in patients with intraventricular conduction defect (IVCD): 65 versus 25%, respectively, in group 1 (P < .01), and 81 versus 44%, respectively, in group 2 (P < .05). However, the predictive accuracy of time-domain and spectral analyses was similar in patients without IVCD: 94 versus 84%, respectively, in group 1, and 77 versus 74%, respectively, in group 2. Thus, in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, (1) the etiology does not affect the predictive accuracy of time and frequency domain and frequency-domain analyses have high predictive accuracy in patients without IVCD; and (3) spectral turbulence analysis does not improve VT prediction in patients with IVCD.
Ambulatory blood pressure in healthy normotensive males

Abstract Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure examinations were obtained during 24 hours in 72 healthy normotensive males. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements were analyzed for the mean 24-hour work, home, and sleep periods, for the percent of elevated blood pressure readings, and for the hourly maximum and minimum blood pressure by age per decade. Mean 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure showed no significant differences ( p > 0.05) for systolic blood pressures among the age groups, but lower diastolic blood pressures were found in males younger than age 40 ( p p
Convexity conditions for strain-dependent energy functions for membranes

The forms that the convexity, polyconvexity, and rank-one convexity inequalities take when the strain energy is required to be a function of the strain G are studied. It is shown in particular that W(G) must be an increasing function of G, in the sense that W(G′)≧W(G) if G′ − G is non-negative definite. Relatively simple sufficient conditions in terms of G alone are given. Necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of G alone are found to be rather complex.
Chemical Differences in Soil Organic Matter Fractions Determined by Diffuse-Reflectance Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy

We performed mid-infrared (MidIR) spectral interpretation of fractionated fresh and incubated soils to determine changes in soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry during incubation. Soils from four sites and three depths were processed to obtain the light fraction (LF), particulate organic matter (POM), silt-sized (silt), and clay-sized (clay) fractions. Our results show that the LF and clay fractions have distinct spectral features regardless of site. The LF is characterized by absorbance at 3400 cm ―1 , as well as between 1750 and 1350 cm ―1 . The clay fraction is distinguished by absorption near 1230 cm ―1 , and absorption at 780 to 620 cm ―1 . The POM, like the LF, absorbs at the broad peak at 1360 cm ―1 . High SOM soils are characterized by absorbance at 1230 cm ―1 , a band for aromatics, possibly associated with resistant C. Soils from different sampling depths have specific spectral properties. A band at 1330 cm ―1 is characteristic of shallow depths. Because of their low organic matter (OM) content, the deeper samples are characterized by mineral bands such as quartz, clays, and carbonate. Spectroscopic data indicates that the clay fraction and the LF suffered measurable chemical transformations during the 800-d incubation, but the POM and silt fraction did not. As the LF decomposes, it loses absorbance at 3400, 1223, and 2920 to 2860 cm ―1 . The band at 1630 cm ―1 increased during incubation, suggesting a resistant form of organic C. The clay fraction suffered changes that were opposite to those of the LF, indicating that LF decomposition and clay decomposition follow different chemistries.
INCONSISTENCY IN ATTITUDE OF HIGH STATUS PERSONS AND LOSS OF INFLUENCE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

Summary.-Compliance in opinions was recorded for 96 students who were individually exposed to rn influence procedure enacted by a partner of either superior or subordinate status. During three influence trials, the partner expressed consistently either conventional or unconventional opinions to some students. For orhers, he shifted in extreme viewpoint, thus contradicting himself from trial to trial. The status identity of the influencing partner and the consistency-inconsistency in expression of attitude were defined as independent dimensions of source trustworthiness. As such, the identity variable was more effective in shaping Ss' opinions than was the sequential content variable. Loss of influence due specifically to the inconsistency factor occurred initially with high status and later with low starus partners. Influence agents with high status are generally more successful than those wich low starus in shaping the opinions of others. This fact has been well established (e.g., Sherif, 1936; Asch, 1948; Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953). According to Hovland and Weiss ( 1951-1952), the difference in influence is due to the fact that high starus persons are perceived as sources wich high credibility in persuasive communication. Low status persons in the same role of informant are identified, however, as being less trusrworthy. In other words, the identity of the speaker in persuasive cornn~~~nication counts as much as or more than informational content itself. Presumably, if trustworthiness of the communication were manipulated along some dimension inde2endent of the reputed status of the influence agent, then the relationship berween starus level and influence could be altered. The influence effect of high stams persons could be diminished, and at the same time, conditions would enable low scams persons to become relatively more influential. The present investigation was an attempt to explore such a possibility. In order for a communication to be judged as trustworthy, a common sense requirement is that messages be perceived as logically consistent in evaluative content, especially when embedded in a series of persuasive communications from the same source. Presumably, a communicator who expresses the same point-ofview in a series of messages is viewed as a more reliable or crustworthy source than one who declares diametrically opposed points of view from trial to trial in 'A portion of the data conraincd in this report was included in an unpublished doctoral dissertation at Adelphi Universiry by rhe first author. The Appendix of the dissertation contains a copy of the questionnaire, transcripts of tapes, and the occupational rankings mentioned in this report. Wow in private practice in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Just not himself these days: an invitation to submit papers on the topic of inflammation and immunity in organ systems physiology and pathophysiology

when someone is acting oddly, it is often said that she or he is “not herself” or “not himself.” This generally refers to a change is personality, either due to distraction, stress, or some other emotional alteration. During the past decade, a new interpretation of this phrase has arisen.
‘Like a foreigner in my own homeland’: writing the dilemmas of return in the Vietnamese American diaspora

In what ways can refugees be both cosmopolitan and diasporic? This article juxtaposes published memoirs with material from ethnographic research in order to analyse the discursive frameworks through which Vietnamese Americans of the 1.5 generation negotiate both diasporic imaginaries and cosmopolitan aspirations. The collective memories of the Vietnam War that circulate in the Vietnamese American diaspora place obstacles in the path of a younger generation who aspire to be cosmopolitans, but are entangled in memories of the trauma and dislocation of the war and must also respond to a pervasive ideology of anti-communism, which is a form of anti-cosmopolitanism, among the first generation. This case study points to the ways in which our current scholarly efforts to expand ideas of both diaspora and cosmopolitanism to include a variety of positions and aspirations can benefit from more attention to the modes of cultural expression produced by the populations we study.
Methods for Minimizing the Confounding Effects of Word Length in the Analysis of Phonotactic Probability and Neighborhood Density.

Recent research suggests that phonotactic probability (the likelihood of occurrence of a sound sequence) and neighborhood density (the number of words phonologically similar to a given word) influe...
Graph homomorphisms into the five-cycle

Abstract We consider those edge-minimal graphs having no homomorphism into the five-cycle. We characterize constructively such graphs having the additional property that they contain no topological K 4 as a subgraph.
32×32 Optical phased array with ultra-lightweight high-contrast-grating mirrors

Optical phased arrays (OPA) with fast response time are of great interest for various applications such as displays, free space optical communications, and laser radar. In this paper, we report on a novel 32×32 OPA with fast response time (<;4 microseconds), large field of view (±2°), and narrow beam divergence (0.1°). This is made possible by integrating ultra-lightweight high-contrast-grating (HCG) mirrors with high-speed electrostatic actuators in a dense two-dimensional array with high fill-factor. Consisting of a thin layer (400nm) of sub-wavelength polysilicon gratings, the HCG mirror has a high reflectivity (99.9%), a broad reflection bandwidth, and weighs only 140pg.
Perceptually based tone mapping of high dynamic range image streams

This paper presents a new perceptually based tone mapping operator that represents scene visibility under timevarying, high dynamic range conditions. The operator is based on a new generalized threshold model that extends the conventional threshold-versus-intensity (TVI) function to account for the viewer's adaptation state, and a new temporal adaptation model that includes fast and slow neural mechanisms as well as photopigment bleaching. These new visual models allow the operator to produce tone-mapped image streams that represent the loss of visibility experienced under changing illumination conditions and in high dynamic range scenes. By varying the psychophysical data that the models use, we simulate the differences in scene visibility experienced by normal and visually impaired observers.
Relations between phosphorus in drip irrigation water and selenium uptake by wild mustard

Abstract A field study determined that phosphorus concentrations influence the accumulation of selenium in the plant tissue of wild brown mustard (Brassica juncea czem L.). The main treatment was a one‐way H3PO4 application at five different concentrations (less than 1, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg P/L). A constant concentration of 5 mg Se/L was added as Na2SeO4 with each application. The H3PO4 and Se additions were injected daily by a surface drip irrigation system. Plant dry weight yields did not vary significantly from one phosphorus treatment level to another, but plant tissue concentrations of Se and P increased, soil Se decreased, and soil P increased as H3PO4 application concentrations increased. Thus, adding phosphate to the soil in irrigation water contributed to Se‐accumulation in mustard and led to lower levels in the soil.
The looming of spiders: The fearful perceptual distortion of movement and menace

The current study examined the relation between the perception that fear-stimuli are looming and fearful cognitive distortions. As hypothesized, high-fear-of-spider Ss were significantly more likely than low-fear Ss to imagine that a spider in a room would move rapidly and selectively to them in proximity, rather than towards three other individuals in the same physical space. This finding was observed with a measure of perceptual-cognitive distortion as well as with self-reports. High-fear Ss were also more likely to perceive spiders as angry and belligerent, as intending to move towards them, and as singling them out from other people. These results suggest that perceptions of looming danger and fearful cognitive distortions are closely linked phenomena. Finally, the perception that spiders are looming and the other cognitive variables could be used to successfully classify the fear-group memberships of the Ss in 98% of the cases. Perceptions that spiders are looming made the single largest unique contribution to the discriminant classification function.
Naturally Occurring Eccentric Cleavage Products of Provitamin A β-Carotene Function as Antagonists of Retinoic Acid Receptors

β-Carotene is the major dietary source of provitamin A. Central cleavage of β-carotene catalyzed by β-carotene oxygenase 1 yields two molecules of retinaldehyde. Subsequent oxidation produces all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), which functions as a ligand for a family of nuclear transcription factors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs). Eccentric cleavage of β-carotene at non-central double bonds is catalyzed by other enzymes and can also occur non-enzymatically. The products of these reactions are β-apocarotenals and β-apocarotenones, whose biological functions in mammals are unknown. We used reporter gene assays to show that none of the β-apocarotenoids significantly activated RARs. Importantly, however, β-apo-14′-carotenal, β-apo-14′-carotenoic acid, and β-apo-13-carotenone antagonized ATRA-induced transactivation of RARs. Competitive radioligand binding assays demonstrated that these putative RAR antagonists compete directly with retinoic acid for high affinity binding to purified receptors. Molecular modeling studies confirmed that β-apo-13-carotenone can interact directly with the ligand binding site of the retinoid receptors. β-Apo-13-carotenone and the β-apo-14′-carotenoids inhibited ATRA-induced expression of retinoid responsive genes in Hep G2 cells. Finally, we developed an LC/MS method and found 3–5 nm β-apo-13-carotenone was present in human plasma. These findings suggest that β-apocarotenoids function as naturally occurring retinoid antagonists. The antagonism of retinoid signaling by these metabolites may have implications for the activities of dietary β-carotene as a provitamin A and as a modulator of risk for cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Three-Dimensional Distribution of Limonin, Limonoate A-Ring Monolactone, and Naringin in the Fruit Tissues of Three Varieties of Citrus paradisi

Limonin and naringin are the two major bitter compounds in Citrus paradisi (grapefruit), and tissue-specific patterns of their distribution are well-established. This study was undertaken to determine the distribution of these compounds within Duncan, Marsh, and Thompson Pink tissues using three-dimensional fruit dissection (600-900 samples per fruit) and highly specific radioimmunoassays for limonin and naringin quantification. Results from a GLM ANOVA showed that there was no radial distribution pattern of limonin or naringin accumulation in these fruit. There were statistically significant differences in the axial distribution of these compounds within the fruit tissues. The limonin concentration in flavedo, albedo, outer segment membrane, and juice vesicles increased toward the distal end of the fruit. Naringin concentrations in flavedo, albedo, and outer segment membranes tended to be higher in the center portion of the fruit. Limonoate A-ring monolactone levels are also reported.
The probabilistic traveling salesman problem with time windows

With time-definite services occupying a large part of the delivery business, the explicit consideration of time windows into a route design has the potential to reduce transportation costs and the penalty costs associated with late deliveries. In this paper, we incorporate time windows into a priori routes by introducing the probabilistic traveling salesman problem with time windows (PTSPTW). The PTSPTW is an extension of the well-known probabilistic traveling salesman problem, where in addition to stochastic customer presence, each customer has an associated time window during which deliveries must be made. We present a recourse model and a variable neighborhood search with variable neighborhood descent algorithm to solve problem instances. We also present computational experiments that demonstrate the value of incorporating stochasticity into the problem.
Velocity averaging in estuaries characterized by a large tidal range to depth ratio

Abstract A general procedure to compute net velocity profiles is proposed for estuaries with a large ratio, e, of tidal range to mean water depth. Such a technique is desirable in view of the continued interest and numerous and varied research efforts in shallow estuarine waters where flow information is essential. Because e exceeds 0·3 in many coastal plain and bar-built estuaries, problems arise in the computation of time-averaged velocity profiles. However, by non-dimensionalization of the depth before time-averaging, these problems are avoided. Rational procedures for the calculation of flow discharge and flux of dissolved and suspended constituents are also proposed for estuaries with a large e-ratio. The averaging procedures are illustrated by computations on 561 velocity profiles measured in the Duplin River, a Georgia (U.S.A.) coastal plain estuary with e = 0·5.
Effect of altered Arctic sea ice and Greenland ice sheet cover on the climate of the GENESIS general circulation model

Abstract Previous studies have examined the effect of reduced Arctic sea ice cover on the circulation of climate models. Generally, the response is restricted to high northern latitudes. Here we examine a variant on those simulations, specifying both reduced Arctic sea ice cover and no Greenland ice sheet. The GENESIS general circulation model is used in these experiments. As in earlier studies, we find the effect limited primarily to the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, being greater in winter than in summer. New results reported herein involve: (1) in winter reduced Arctic ice cover has a significantly greater effect than reduced Greenland ice cover; (2) reduced ice cover had little effect on location of the winter freezing line over North America and Eurasia; (3) removal of ice caused a 30–50% increase in precipitation in high northern latitudes; however there were no significant effects elsewhere. This result does not support the hypothesis that past changes in Arctic ice cover were responsible for significant changes in area of tropical rainforests; (4) there is a peculiar surface pressure anomaly that extends into the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere. This anomaly may be a spurious artifact of the effect of the removed Greenland ice sheet on the spherical harmonic expansion terms in the model. These sensitivity experiments should serve as a useful frame of reference for future Pliocene simulations with a more complete set of altered boundary conditions.
Shock loading of 3D woven composites: A validated finite element investigation

Abstract In a companion paper in this issue (Pankow et al., 2010 [1] ), experimental results for the deformation response of 3D glass fiber textile composites subjected to shock wave pulse pressure loading were presented. In this paper, finite element models are developed to simulate the deformation response and damage development observed in the experiments. Two levels of models are presented, with the first focused on a layered, homogenous orthotropic model that examined the bulk macroscopic deformation response. In the second model, each layer is represented to capture the interactions between fiber tows and matrix, taking into account the discrete non-homogeneous material distribution in each layer. Both models incorporated a user defined subroutine within the commercial software ABAQUS to capture matrix micro-cracking, which is responsible for damage development and growth. Results from the computational models correlated well with experimental results and observed locations of matrix micro-cracking.
Is corpus luteum regression an immune-mediated event? Localization of immune system components and luteinizing hormone receptor in human corpora lutea.

Factors determining the life span of the human corpus luteum (CL) are not known. In addition to being determined by hormonal factors, such as hCG, the life of luteal cells may be determined by the preservation of luteal vascularization. Furthermore, the CL represents an immunologically unique tissue, as it is formed after menarche, long after adaptation of the immune system toward self. Thus, CL regression may be immunologically mediated. To determine what role the vasculature and immune system play in human CL development and regression, we examined immunohistochemically 1) the expression of Thy-1 differentiation protein by vascular pericytes, 2) the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules in granulosa lutein cells (GLC), and 3) infiltration of the CL by macrophages and T lymphocytes. LH receptor (LHR) and cytokeratin 18 expression were also studied. In developing CL, the pericytes of luteal microvasculature released Thy-1 differentiation protein among the endothelial cells of proliferating vessels. In mature CL, Thy-1 released from vascular pericytes accumulated on the surface of GLC, and these cells exhibited LHR immunoreactivity (LHRI). Overall LHRI increased during the luteal phase and was strongest at the beginning of the late luteal phase. Although vascular pericytes showed strong LHRI, no staining of endothelium was detected during the luteal phase. GLC exhibited strong cytokeratin staining and moderate staining for MHC class I and MHC class II antigens; numerous macrophages were detected in luteal tissue. During pregnancy, the staining pattern was similar to that seen in the mature CL at the end of the midluteal phase. During the late luteal phase, surface expression of MHC class I and MHC class II antigens by GLC was substantially enhanced, and some T cells invaded among luteal cells. By the end of the cycle, an acute regression of vasculature and luteal tissue was observed along the fibrous septa. The remaining GLC showed only surface and no cytoplasmic LHRI. During the subsequent cycle, in the presence of numerous T cells, regressing GLC exhibited strong surface expression of various macrophage markers, such as CD4, CD14, CD68, and leukocyte common antigen, a feature not detected in the CL during the luteal phase nor described in other tissues. A complete loss of cytokeratin staining in GLC was observed. In regressing CL, strong LHRI was present in the endothelium of small and large luteal vessels. In conclusion, vascular pericytes and macrophages may stimulate the development and senescence of luteal tissue. The senescence of GLC may be inconsistent with preservation of luteal vasculature, and T lymphocytes appear to participate in terminal regression of the CL. Regression of luteal tissue therefore resembles immunologic rejection of a transplant. During pregnancy, the aging process of GLC appears to be interrupted, possibly due to the temporary acceptance of the CL "graft."
A Social Learning Analysis of Couples during the Second Postnatal Month.

Abstract This study examined the marital satisfaction and behaviors of 32 couples at one and two months following the births of their first children. Self-report measures of daily satisfaction and daily spouse-observed behaviors were analyzed for patterns approximating those associated with distressed marital interaction identified through earlier social learning studies. Over the time period from 30 to 60 days postnatally, increases were found in spouses' tendency to reciprocate one another's behavior. Except for helpful behaviors involved with care of the infant, spouses at two months postnatally were more likely to reciprocate both irritating and rewarding behaviors than at one month. Nonsignificant decreases in marital satisfaction were accompanied by a mixed pattern of change for spouse-observed behaviors. Predicted changes over time in the proportions of pleasing and displeasing behaviors were evident in only half the comparisons. Increases over time were found for the predictability from spouse-rep...
SURVEY FOR COCCIDIA AND HAEMOSPORIDIA IN THE LESSER PRAIRIE-CHICKEN (TYMPANUCHUS PALLIDICINCTUS) FROM NEW MEXICO WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW EIMERIA SPECIES

Blood films and fecal samples of the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) were examined for parasites when we surveyed specimens captured during a radio-tracking study conducted in Chaves County, New Mexico (USA). All birds were captured on the Caprock Wildlife Habitat Management Area, administered by the Bureau of Land Management. Samples were collected in late March, April, and early May 1998–2000. Oocysts were detected in five of 64 (8%) birds sampled and, upon sporulation, were determined to be an Eimeria species. This is the first eimerian reported from the lesser prairie-chicken and is described here as a new species. Sporulated oocysts are ellipsoidal, 27.1×22.7 (22–32×18–26) μm, with micropyle absent, but oocyst residuum and polar granule present. Sporocysts are ovoidal, 11.9×7.8 (10–14×6–10); a Stieda body, and sporocyst residuum are present, as is a small, indistinct substieda body. Inspection of blood smears revealed four cases of Plasmodium infection of 32 (13%) individuals samp...
Individualized model predicts brain current flow during transcranial direct-current stimulation treatment in responsive stroke patient

Although numerous published reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on task performance, fundamental questions remain regarding the optimal electrode configuration on the scalp. Moreover, it is expected that lesioned brain tissue will influence current flow and should therefore be considered (and perhaps leveraged) in the design of individualized tDCS therapies for stroke. The current report demonstrates how different electrode configurations influence the flow of electrical current through brain tissue in a patient who responded positively to a tDCS treatment targeting aphasia. The patient, a 60-year-old man, sustained a left hemisphere ischemic stroke (lesion size = 87.42 mL) 64 months before his participation. In this study, we present results from the first high-resolution (1 mm(3)) model of tDCS in a brain with considerable stroke-related damage; the model was individualized for the patient who received anodal tDCS to his left frontal cortex with the reference cathode electrode placed on his right shoulder. We modeled the resulting brain current flow and also considered three additional reference electrode positions: right mastoid, right orbitofrontal cortex, and a "mirror" configuration with the anode over the undamaged right cortex. Our results demonstrate the profound effect of lesioned tissue on resulting current flow and the ability to modulate current pattern through the brain, including perilesional regions, through electrode montage design. The complexity of brain current flow modulation by detailed normal and pathologic anatomy suggest: (1) That computational models are critical for the rational interpretation and design of individualized tDCS stroke-therapy; and (2) These models must accurately reproduce head anatomy as shown here.
Attentive tracking disrupts feature binding in visual working memory

One of the most influential theories in visual cognition proposes that attention is necessary to bind different visual features into coherent object percepts (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). While considerable evidence supports a role for attention in perceptual feature binding, whether attention plays a similar function in visual working memory (VWM) remains controversial. To test the attentional requirements of VWM feature binding, here we gave participants an attention-demanding multiple object tracking task during the retention interval of a VWM task. Results show that the tracking task disrupted memory for color-shape conjunctions above and beyond any impairment to working memory for object features, and that this impairment was larger when the VWM stimuli were presented at different spatial locations. These results demonstrate that the role of visuospatial attention in feature binding is not unique to perception, but extends to the working memory of these perceptual representations as well.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Middle Ear Fluid of Children

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and colonization in children have increased in recent years. Objective: This study examined the possible effect of this increase on MRSA isolation from middle ear fluid (MEF) of children. Method: A retrospective descriptive study was performed using the electronic medical records of children cared for at the Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children from 2003 to 2007. All MEF isolates obtained at tympanostomy tube placement for recurrent or chronic otitis media or from spontaneous drainage were tabulated and analyzed. Records of children who’s MEF grew S aureus comprised our database. Results: A total of 920 MEF isolates were reviewed, of which 121 patients with S aureus in the MEF were identified. Twenty were excluded per protocol. In the cohort of 101 patients, 76 had methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA; 75.3%) and 25 had MRSA (24.7%). Conclusion: In this retrospective study, the authors demonstrated that among children...
What’s the use? The value of e‐resource usage statistics

E‐resource usage statistics contain a wealth of information, but mining that information from the massive amounts of data can be time consuming, expensive, and dangerous. Focuses on the practical aspects of getting some use out of usage statistics. Recent national studies in the USA and efforts to standardize the gathering and interpretation of e‐resource usage statistics show promise for accelerating the adoption and diffusion of reliable, meaningful usage information. The article concludes with some speculation about the overall value and long‐term potential for e‐resource usage statistics.
Pornography: Institutionalizing woman-hating and eroticizing dominance and submission for fun and profit

(1985). Pornography: Institutionalizing woman-hating and eroticizing dominance and submission for fun and profit. Justice Quarterly: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 283-292.
Type I Interferon Sensitizes Lymphocytes to Apoptosis and Reduces Resistance to Listeria Infection

Infection with Listeria monocytogenes causes lymphocyte apoptosis that is mediated by the actions of the pore-forming virulence factor listeriolysin O (LLO). Previous work showed that activated lymphocytes were highly sensitive to LLO-induced apoptosis, whereas resting lymphocytes were less susceptible. We now show that mice deficient in the type I interferon (IFN) receptor were more resistant to Listeria infection and had less apoptotic lesions than wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, treatment of resting splenic lymphocytes with recombinant IFN-αA enhanced their susceptibility to LLO-induced apoptosis. Together, these data suggest that type I IFN signaling is detrimental to handling of a bacterial pathogen and may enhance the susceptibility of lymphocytes undergoing apoptosis in response to bacterial pore-forming toxins.
A 2.4GHz non-contact biosensor system for continuous vital-signs monitoring on a single PCB

The design and implementation of a noncontact miniaturized biosensor system that can monitor respiration and heart rates in real-time has been discussed. The system has been realized using a custom designed 4 layered PCB with the RF system on top layer and the analog system on the bottom layer. The data obtained using this miniaturized system was processed and logged in real-time using a LabVIEW© Graphic User Interface (GUI). A comparison of performance shows the current miniaturized system performs as well as our previously published discrete system. Good data accuracy has been observed with mean errors in detection of respiration of about 0.5 beat/min and heart rate of about 1 beat/min