cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulsatile vortex generators for low-speed maneuvering of small underwater vehicles

Abstract Compact zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators are proposed for low-speed maneuvering and station keeping of small underwater vehicles. 1 The flow field of such jets are initially dominated by vortex ring formation. Pinched-off vortices characterize the extremum impulse accumulated by the leading vortex ring in a vortex ring formation process. Relevant parameters in this process are identified in order to design simple and low cost zero-mass pulsatile jet actuators. Thrust optimization of synthetic jets for maximal thrust generation is achieved by enforcing the jet formation number to be around 4. Prototypes of such actuators are built and tested for underwater maneuvering and propulsion. The actuators could be used in two ways: (i) to improve the low-speed maneuvering and station keeping capabilities of traditional propeller driven underwater vehicles, and (ii) as a synthetic jet for flow control and drag reduction at higher cruising speeds. A model for calculating the rotation rate of the underwater vehicle is also proposed and verified.
Offline commissioning of a PLC-based control system using ARENA

In this paper, we address a generalized method of mapping a control system simulation model to the PLC emulator being tested using model variables and PLC tags under the offline commissioning environment. For this research we created an example system similar to a high speed packaging system described in a previous WSC paper. Implementation experience using Rockwell Software applications is provided.
What is the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in plant-to-ecosystem responses to Elevated atmospheric CO2?

We advocate the concept of an arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) as a temporally and spatially com- plex symbiosis representing a suite of hosts and fungi, as against the more traditional "dual organism" view. We use the hierarchical framework presented in Fig. 1 as a basis for organizing many unanswered questions, and several questions that have not been asked, con- cerning the role of AM in responses to elevated atmos- pheric CO2. We include the following levels: plant host, plant population, plant community, functional group and ecosystem. Measurements of the contributions of AM fungi at the various levels require the use of differ- ent response variables. For example, hyphal nutrient translocation rates or percent AM root infection may be important measures at the individual plant level, but hyphal biomass or glomalin production and turnover are more relevant at the ecosystem level. There is a dis- crepancy between our knowledge of the multifaceted role of AM fungi in plant and ecosystem ecology and most of the current research aimed at elucidating the importance of this symbiosis in global-change scenar- ios. Our framework for more integrated and multifacto- rial research on mycorrhizal involvement in regulating CO2 responses may also serve to enhance communica- tion between researchers working at different scales on large global-change ecosystem projects.
Perceived impact of cancer treatment on diabetes self-management.

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify the impact that cancer and its treatment had on diabetes self-management and to identify common issues that individuals with diabetes encounter while undergoing chemotherapy.MethodsThis exploratory study utilized a baseline self-administered written survey and an 8-week telephone follow-up survey that included 2 open-ended questions. Forty-three adults aged 50 or older with diabetes and a solid tumor cancer receiving chemotherapy were recruited from 8 community outpatient cancer centers in Michigan and Ohio. Descriptives, t tests, and correlations were utilized to analyze the data. Content analysis was used to analyze the data from the open-ended questions.ResultsAfter a minimum of 8 weeks of chemotherapy, patients performed significantly fewer diabetes self-management behaviors. The majority of individuals experienced a moderate to high impact on their ability to perform diabetes self-management activities while receiving chemotherapy. Exercise, ability to...
Epidemiological Survey of Head and Neck Injuries and Trauma in the United States

OBJECTIVE: Head and neck trauma results in a range of injuries, spanning minor lacerations to life-threatening airway compromise. Few studies provide in-depth analysis of injuries to the head and neck (HN). We aim to (1) describe HN injury prevalence in the US and (2) investigate patient disposition and the outcome of mortality. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: Nationwide emergency department (ED) sample. METHODS: The 2011 database was queried for encounters with a primary diagnosis of HN injury, as categorized by the Barell Injury Matrix. Weighted estimates for demographics, injury category, and mechanism were extracted. Predictors of mortality and admission were determined by multivariable regression. RESULTS: We identified 131 million ED encounters. A weighted total of 5,418,539 visits were related to primary HN injuries. Average age was 30 (SE = 0.4), and 56.8% were male. Sixty-four percent of injuries were attributed to fall or blunt trauma. Open wounds comprised 41.8% of injuries. The most common procedure was laceration repair (70%). The majority of patients (97%) were discharged home. Mortality rate was less than 1%. Predictors of admission and mortality (P CONCLUSIONS: Primary HN injuries commonly present to emergency rooms in the US. The majority of HN injuries are non-life threatening and do not require admission to the hospital or result in death. These data have implications for HN injury surveillance and may be used to risk-stratify patients who present with injuries in the acute care setting. Language: en
Deconstructing Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone variability: Influence of the local cross-equatorial sea surface temperature gradient and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific

(1) We investigate causes of interannual variability in Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) convection using a monthly mean global precipitation data set spanning 1979-1999. Starting from the hypothesis of two dominant influences on the ITCZ, namely, the cross-equatorial gradient in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and the anomalous Walker circulation due to the rearrangement of tropical Pacific convection associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, we analyze anomaly composites over the 1979-1999 period that best isolate the effects of each mechanism. Our results suggest that to first order, a strong anomalous Walker circulation suppresses precipitation over the tropical Atlantic, whereas an anomalous warm north/cool south SST gradient shifts the meridional location of maximum ITCZ convection anomalously north. We examined the processes underlying each of the two mechanisms. For the anomalous Walker circulation we find consistency with the idea of suppression of convection through warming of the tropical troposphere brought about by anomalous convective heating in the eastern equatorial Pacific. For the SST gradient mechanism our results confirm previous studies that link convection to cross-equatorial winds forced by meridional SST gradients. We find that positive surface flux feedback brought about through the cross-equatorial winds is weak and confined to the deep tropics. On the basis of the results of this and other studies we propose an expanded physical picture that explains key features of Atlantic ITCZ variability, including its seasonal preference, its sensitivity to small anomalous SST gradients, and its role in the context of tropical Atlantic SST gradient variability. INDEX TERMS: 4215 Oceanography: General: Climate and interannual variability (3309), 3339 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Ocean/atmosphere interactions (0312, 4504), 3354 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Precipitation (1854), 3374 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Tropical meteorology, 4522 Oceanography: Physical: Ocean Optics; KEYWORDS: Tropical Atlantic, precipitation, climate variability, El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Ocean-atmosphere interaction
Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of a Non-Natural Nucleotide That Inhibits Human Ribonucleotide Reductase

Human ribonucleotide reductase (hRR) is the key enzyme involved in de novo dNTP synthesis and thus represents an important therapeutic target against hyperproliferative diseases, most notably cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of non-natural indolyl-2′-deoxynucleoside triphosphates to inhibit the activity of hRR. The structural similarities of these analogues with dATP predicted that they would inhibit hRR activity by binding to its allosteric sites. In silico analysis and in vitro characterization identified one particular analogue designated as 5-nitro-indolyl-2′-deoxyribose triphosphate (5-NITP) that inhibits hRR. 5-NITP binding to hRR was determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. X-ray crystal structure of 5-NITP bound to RR1 was determined. Cell-based studies showed the anti-cancer effects of the corresponding non-natural nucleoside against leukemia cells. 5-NITP binds to hRR with micromolar affinity. Binding does not induce hexamerization of hRR1 like dATP, the native allosteric inhibitor of hRR that binds with high affinity to the A-site. The X-ray crystal structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RR1-5-NITP (ScRR1-5-NITP) complex determined to 2.3 A resolution shows that 5-NITP does not bind to the A-site but rather at the S-site. Regardless, 5-nitro-indolyl-2′-deoxynucleoside (5-NIdR) produces cytostatic and cytotoxic effects against human leukemia cells by altering cell-cycle progression. Our studies provide useful insights toward developing new inhibitors with improved potency and efficacy against hRR. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(10); 2077–86. ©2012 AACR .
Pericentrin in cellular function and disease

Pericentrin is an integral component of the centrosome that serves as a multifunctional scaffold for anchoring numerous proteins and protein complexes. Through these interactions, pericentrin contributes to a diversity of fundamental cellular processes. Recent studies link pericentrin to a growing list of human disorders. Studies on pericentrin at the cellular, molecular, and, more recently, organismal level, provide a platform for generating models to elucidate the etiology of these disorders. Although the complexity of phenotypes associated with pericentrin-mediated disorders is somewhat daunting, insights into the cellular basis of disease are beginning to come into focus. In this review, we focus on human conditions associated with loss or elevation of pericentrin and propose cellular and molecular models that might explain them.
Calibration of a Sunlight Simulator for Determining Solar Stability of Bacillus thuringiensis and Anagrapha falcifera Nuclear Polyhedrovirus

The effect of light on survival of entomopathogens is well described and efforts are underway to develop formulations that may protect an entomopathogen from damage by sunlight. The availability of solar simulators allows for year-round testing of solar protectants. A commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and an unformulated baculovirus isolated from Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) were exposed to various amounts of light from a solar simulator or the sun to determine the relative effect of each source on loss of insecticidal activity. Rate of pathogen degradation was essentially the same for both light sources when original activity remaining was regressed against total energy (as measured by joules/m2). The amount of time required to reduce activity was different, however, because of a difference in total energies produced by the solar simulator and natural sunlight. Virus was approximately two times more sensitive to light than bacteria. To obtain 50% reduction of virus activity, exposure to 1.8 × 107 joules was required, whereas 3.2 × 107 joules was necessary to achieve a similar loss of activity for B. thuringiensis. The importance of reporting energy levels from various solar simulators is discussed.
More Pax, Less Americana in Asia

Northeast Asia presents a major theoretical puzzle: the region is rife with security challenges and seems continually poised for horrific military conflicts. Yet, despite many structural tensions, the region has been devoid of significant shooting wars since the signing of the Korean armistice in 1953. This essay examines two major contributions to that pacific condition: first, the pervasive focus on economic development and the growing economic links across the region; and second, the growing number of multilateral institutions within the Asia-Pacific. It concludes that while a ‘Pax Americana’ was important to peace in the past, the long-term prospects are for the continued absence of overt conflict but in ways that will reflect an overall decline in America’s capacity to shape regional developments.
AFM/EC Nano Probing of Single Cells and Organelles

We have developed a single cell/organelle platform to provide experimental access and control over the electrochemical reactions involved in metabolic pathways of biological microorganisms. As sensing elements we have been using unique needle shaped Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) probes with integrated single or dual electrochemical (EC) nano electrodes. The probe system is designed for local probing of the cytosolic cell environment and cell organelles using amperometric, potentiometric and impedance spectroscopic methods. The sharpness of the probe tip is less than 30nm and allows for a reliable penetration of cell membranes. Reliable immobilization of living single cells and full control of the chemical micro environment close to the single cell has been achieved by introducing a open micro channel systems. Furthermore, this probing set up significantly reduces parasitic electrical capacitances and allows for current detection in sub pico-ampere regime at high signal band widths. Fabrication strategies of the AFM/EC nano probe system as well as open channel micro fluidic systems for single cell/organelle probing will be introduced. Further, the results of using this platform to explore in situ energy conversion reactions in single algae cells and chloroplast and their potential for bio energy sources will be presented and discussed.
Mixing points on a circle

We determine, up to a log factor, the mixing time of a Markov chain whose state space consists of the successive distances between n labeled “dots” on a circle, in which one dot is selected uniformly at random and moved to a uniformly random point between its two neighbors. The method involves novel use of auxiliary discrete Markov chains to keep track of a vector of quadratic parameters.
Microstructural order in the developing cotton fiber based on availabilities of hydroxyl groups

The relative availabilities of accessible O(2)H, O(3)H, and O(6)H in the cellulose of developing cotton fibers were measured by conducting a reaction to a low degree of substitution under mild conditions in an aqueous medium. Raw cotton fibers from unopened bolls and from mature, opened bolls were studied. Correction was made for the presence of a β-1,3-glucan that was detected by substitution at the abundant O(4)H of this polysaccharide. The order of decreasing availability of hydroxyl groups of cellulose was O(2)H > O(6)H > > O(3)H. Results indicate that cellulose in the secondary wall of the cotton fiber is laid down with a high degree of order and that this order decreases with opening of the boll.
Amphetamine acts within the lateral hypothalamic area to elicit affectively neutral arousal and reinstate drug-seeking

Psychostimulants, including amphetamine (AMPH), exert robust arousal-enhancing, reinforcing and locomotor-activating effects. These behavioural actions involve drug-induced elevations in extracellular norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) within a variety of cortical and subcortical regions. The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), including the lateral hypothalamus proper, perifornical area and adjacent dorsomedial hypothalamus, is implicated in appetitive- and arousal-related processes. The LHA is innervated by both NE and DA projections and systemically administered AMPH has been demonstrated to activate LHA neurons. Combined, these and other observations suggest the LHA may be a site of action in the behavioural effects of psychostimulants. To test this hypothesis, we examined the degree to which AMPH (10 nmol, 25 nmol) acts within the LHA to exert arousing, locomotor-activating and reinforcing actions in quietly resting/sleeping rats. Although intra-LHA AMPH robustly increased time spent awake, this occurred in the absence of pronounced locomotor activation or reinforcing actions, as measured in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Arousing and stressful conditions or drug re-exposure can elicit relapse in humans and reinstate drug-seeking in animals. Given the LHA is also implicated in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviour, additional studies examined whether AMPH acts within the LHA to reinstate an extinguished CPP produced with systemic AMPH administration. Our results demonstrate that AMPH action within the LHA is sufficient to reinstate drug-seeking behaviour, as measured in this paradigm. Collectively, these observations demonstrate that psychostimulants act within the LHA to elicit affectively neutral arousal and reinstate drug-seeking behaviour.
The complete genome sequence of Vibrio cholerae: a tale of two chromosomes and of two lifestyles

Vibrio cholerae O1 has figured prominently in the history of infectious diseases as a cause of periodic global epidemics, an affliction of refugees in areas of social strife and as the disease first subjected to modern epidemiological analysis during the classic investigations of John Snow in mid-19th century London [1]. Thus, publication of the entire genome sequence of V. cholerae O1 (biotype El Tor) in Nature [2] by a consortium of investigators from The Institute for Genomic Research, the University of Maryland and Harvard Medical School is properly regarded as an historic event that will trigger a paradigm shift in the study of this organism.
Modeling in situ phytoplankton absorption from total absorption spectra in productive inland marine waters

Dissolved and suspended materials in the ocean modify the in-water light field by absorbing and scattering photons. Direct measurement of inherent optical properties of individual optical constituents is difficult since the constituents themselves cannot all be separated. A model was developed to resolve in situ phytoplankton absorption from a measured in situ total absorption spectrum which includes water, dissolved organics, particulate detritus, and phytoplankton. The model was tested on a set of absorption spectra obtained from the productive waters around the San Juan Islands, Washington. Results indicate that the model can predict the spectral shape of phytoplankton absorption (rz > 0.9) and total photon absorption by phytoplankton with ~27% error. Total photon absorption can be used to estimate phytoplankton absorption of light energy for improved primary production predictions, given submarine light field measurements or model calculations. Although developed for high chlorophyll waters, the model parameters are easily modified for vario&Casc 1 optical domains.
Competitive Advantages of Formality in the Informal Economy

In developed economies like the United States, formal firms arguably have the choice as to whether or not to compete against informal firms. In emerging economies like Africa, however, formal firms are often times pushed into competition with informal firms for market share. Informality can be a difficult context for formal firms to navigate. Prior research has emphasized the role of embedded social networks and cultural customs of doing favors as some of the disadvantages of the formal mode of doing business in developing and emerging economies. To compensate, some formal firms imitate the resource orchestration of informal firms. Informality, however, also has disadvantages. Building upon resource based theory, we hypothesize that informal firms pose less of a competitive threat to the formal firms that deploy formal information resources such as websites and national quality certifications. In other words, rather than imitating the informality that is prevalent in emerging economies, formal firms can substitute informal modes of doing business with strategic assets that informal firms are constrained from orchestrating. We empirically test and found support for our hypotheses using a large sample of 7,576 formal firms doing business in 18 Sub-Saharan African countries.
Nearly circular, oval and irregular holes in Cretaceous ammonoids from Nigeria

Nearly circular-, oval- and irregular-shaped holes are present in a collection of Late Cretaceous ammonoid cephalopods from southern Nigeria. Two competing hypotheses have been advanced to explain these holes: one is they were produced by diagenetic crushing of limpet home scars and the other is that they are predator's teeth marks. The latter explanation appears to be the best explanation for some of the damage seen in the Nigerian specimens. The suspected predator for some of the specimens was probably an unidentified reptile based on the diameters of the holes. Insofar as we are aware, this is the first recorded predatory damage reported on Cretaceous ammonoids from West-Central Africa.
Resource-aware real-time CORBA in multi-server distributed environment

The emerging distributed applications require end-to-end support for various quality-of-service (QoS) aspects, including bandwidth, latency, jitter, and dependability. The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is an open distributed object computing infrastructure, standardized by the Object Management Group (OMG). Its goal is to minimize the effort required to develop high-quality systems by composing applications using reusable software components. However, CORBA is not sufficient to provide QoS guarantees in a distributed environment as it lacks capabilities to specify and enforce QoS constraints. For enforcing these constraints, OMG came up with Real-Time CORBA (RTCORBA) specification that can guarantee end-to-end predictability in a complex real-time system. Currently, RTCORBA specification addresses the location transparency, but does not address the resource monitoring and management issues critical for meeting the QoS constraints in a multiserver distributed processing environment. In this paper, we identify the functionalities that are required to ensure predictability in such an environment and propose a resource management framework for RTCORBA. We present its design, a prototype implementation using ORBit ORB, and an example to illustrate its use.
The Market Photo Workshop and South African Photography after Apartheid

Founded in 1989 by David Goldblatt and committed to disseminating photographic literacy to underserved communities, the Market Photo Workshop has played a critical role in perpetuating the ideals of the socially-committed photography of the apartheid-era in post-apartheid South Africa, helping to enshrine an older generation’s values as guiding principles in contemporary practice. From its beginnings as a small, informally-organized school, the Workshop has grown in scale to become a certificate-granting institution with an attached (and influential) gallery space. Today, the school brings together experienced mentors like Goldblatt with younger practitioners (including such notable alumni as Zanele Muholi, Jodi Bieber and Nontsikelelo ‘Lolo’ Veleko) in a self-conscious effort to ensure that South African photography remains in some sense a common cultural endeavor geared around social justice and democratic transformation. / / This paper argues that the Workshop has helped preserve a sense of community among South Africa’s politically-oriented photographers, one defined by values which are at the heart of the school’s own mission and pedagogy. Through a discussion grounded in specific images produced by the Workshop’s teachers and students, the paper will consider the school as a force in post-apartheid photography which focuses the efforts of those endeavoring to reorient the medium to changed political circumstances while continuing to probe for ways to picture discrimination, injustice and repression.
Convergence of Four-Point Implicit Water Wave Models

A comprehensive theoretical treatment of the convergence of the four-point implicit numerical model of shallow water waves is presented. The propagation celerity and attenuation factor of the numerical analog are derived, and convergence is tested by establishing the ratios of attenuation and translation given by the numerical and analytical solutions. Convergence is shown to be a function of the Froude number, the dimensionless wave number, the Courant number, the spatial resolution and the weighting factor of the scheme.
Activation of cholinergic mechanisms in the medulla oblongata reverse intravenous opioid-induced respiratory depression.

The role of cholinergic mechanisms in opioid-induced respiratory depression was investigated in isoflurane-anesthetized rats. In these animals, the i.v. administration of fentanyl, a clinically useful potent opioid analgesic/anesthetic, induced a prolonged period of apnea and subsequent rise in the end-tidal CO2, hypotension and bradycardia. The centrally acting anticholinesterase, physostigmine, significantly decreased fentanyl-induced respiratory and circulatory depression. The beneficial respiratory and circulatory effects of physostigmine could be abolished by the administration of muscarinic antagonists, e.g., scopolamine hydrobromide or atropine sulfate. Inhibition of inspiratory phrenic nerve activity by fentanyl and restoration of this activity by the subsequent i.v. administration of physostigmine indicates that the origin of this opioid-cholinergic interaction is the central nervous system. Similar effects on phrenic nerve discharge were observed when the systemic administration of fentanyl was followed by microinjection of physostigmine or carbachol in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. In conclusion, opioid-induced respiratory depression after systemic administration is obtunded greatly by facilitation of muscarinic mechanisms in the ventrolateral medulla. Inhibition of a cholinergic link in the central chemosensor may underlie opioid-induced respiratory depression. Manipulation of this cholinergic link could lead to the use and development of analgesics devoid of respiratory depression.
Local anesthetic sensitivity: Report of a case

Abstract A patient with a history of sensitivity to local anesthetic agents may also be sensitive to the preservative commonly used in these solutions. The distinction between the two must be kept in mind if patients are to be treated rationally.
Measurement of Second Hyperpolarizability and Nuclear Rotational Response of Gas-phase Carbon Disulfide

We use nonlinear beam deflection to separate the bound-electronic and nuclear-rotational responses in gas-phase CS2. This allows a direct comparison of the second hyperpolarizability to our liquid CS2 measurements considering local-field effects.
Art and Mathematics: A Brief Guide to Source Materials

(1951). Art and Mathematics: A Brief Guide to Source Materials. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 167-177.
Liver metastases of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors: Ki-67 heterogeneity and World Health Organization grade discordance with primary tumors.

Objectives: We examined Ki-67 heterogeneity within single and between synchronous liver metastases of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors. Methods: There were 27 patients (10 men and 17 women) with two or more liver metastases. The Ki-67 index was used to classify the tumors into World Health Organization grade 1, 2, or 3. The association between Ki-67 heterogeneity and tumor size of liver metastases was analyzed. Correlation of tumor grade with patient survival was also evaluated. Results: Primary tumors from 20 patients were graded, including 17 grade 1 and three grade 2. A total of 188 liver metastases were resected, including 122 (65%) grade 1, 47 (25%) grade 2, and 19 (10%) grade 3. The highest tumor grade was grade 1 in 10 (37%), grade 2 in nine (33%), and grade 3 in eight (30%) patients. Patients with one or more grade 3 liver lesions had a shorter progression-free survival compared with those with grade 1/2 tumors ( P < .001). A positive association was found between tumor size and Ki-67 index ( P = .04), as well as between tumor size and intratumoral Ki-67 heterogeneity ( P < .001). Conclusions: Intratumoral and intertumoral Ki-67 heterogeneity is common and positively correlated with tumor size. The presence of one or more grade 3 liver lesions predicts a worse prognosis.
Advances and Prospects of Digital Metrology

AbstractIn this paper, the authors first summarize recent advances in digital metrology at the Virtual Engineering Laboratory, the University of Michigan - Dearborn. Different algorithms of surface denoising of laser scanning and computed tomography are then briefly discussed. Last, some challenges of digital metrology are provided for supporting high-precision digital manufacturing and industrial inspection.
One-dimensional uranyl-2,2'-bipyridine coordination polymer with cation-cation interactions: (UO2)2(2,2'-bpy)(CH3CO2)(O)(OH).

A uranyl-2,2′-bipyridine coordination polymer, (UO2)2(2,2′-bpy)(CH3CO2)(O)(OH) (1; 2,2′-bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) has been synthesized hydrothermally at 165 °C and characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and UV–vis–near-IR, fluorescence, and IR spectroscopies. The structure consists of two uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that are linked through cation–cation interactions (CCIs) to form chains that are truncated in the second and third dimensions by 2,2′-bpy. These chains of uranyl polyhedra consist of a rare case of CCIs through the edge-sharing polyhedral connection mode instead of the more common corner-sharing connection mode. 1 is the first uranium(VI) compound reported that contains CCIs in which the structural unit is one-dimensional, although lower-dimensional structural units with CCIs are known for pentavalent actinides.
LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF A TETHER SLING FOR SPACE TRANSPORTATION

A tether sling holds tremendous promise as an energy storage device, permitting space transportation systems capable of injecting a large number of payloads with low incremental costs. The Space Grant student organization at the University of Colorado is developing a scaled-down laboratory model of the tether sling to demonstrate the feasibility of the basic concept and study the engineering challenges of the system. Like the actual system, the laboratory demonstrator consists of an electric motor, a tether with the payload attached to the end of the tether and a platform that transfers the energy from the motor into the spinning tether. This paper describes the design of the bearing assembly, motor and drive train, deployment mechanism, tether angle sensor, and the digital control and data acquisition system. Data from the laboratory demonstrator is used to validate the dynamic modeling and control law development.
A Geometric Method of Phase Plane Analysis

(1980). A Geometric Method of Phase Plane Analysis. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 102-112.
Heterobeltiosis of Heterozygous Genes

Genetic variation and differentiation result in the disparity in structure and function between allelic genes.The effect of a heterozygote can be thought as the mean value of its alleles.In the chain of biochemical reactions of a trait,various gene products are needed to act jointly in different steps.Closely related to the respective effects of these genes,the performance of the trait is determined by the product of the effects of all genes in the steps.The mathematical model x/x′+x′/x2(x≠x′,x0 and x′0) may translate the motive force of heterosis.Assuming that two parents have equal performance in a given trait which is expressed in two steps with each controlled by one gene whose alleles perform differently in function,their F1 hybrid will be superior to them in the trait according to the mathematical model mentioned above,if no other factors are included.In like manner,if a trait is expressed in n steps and controlled by n genes,it will have the same performance.When two parents show a different performance in a trait,their F1 hybrid may have a positive or negative heterobeltiosis in the trait.When both parents perform well,their F1 hybrid will have a higher probability to be superior to their parents.In biochemical reaction chain of a trait,if there are two or more genes with heterobeltiosis,the hybrid will perform better than its parents do in the trait though all other related genes are the same.
Augmenting the effector phase of adoptive T cell immunotherapy of cancer

Recent results demonstrated that adoptive T cell immunotherapy of cancer is a potent treatment for patients with advanced melanoma. 52 percent of patients who failed standard treatments achieved objective clinical responses after receipt of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells. The marked improvement compared to previous adoptive transfer trials was due to nonmyeloablative lymphopenic conditioning prior to the adoptive transfer. Further studies are necessary to understand the nature of T cell populations which mediate the most effective anti-tumor response in a lymphopenic host. Moreover, novel strategies which enhance the anti-tumor function of the adoptively transferred T cells are also needed. This body of work presents data which address ways to enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells. We found that the most potent long-term anti-tumor response exerted specifically by the adoptively transferred T cells in a lymphopenic conditioned host required both tumor-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. To elucidate strategies which enhance the T cell’s anti-tumor function, we next determined whether a molecular mechanism of enhanced anti-viral potential could in-turn enhance T cell-mediated anti-tumor response. Based on enhanced anti-viral potential previously observed in mice deficient in ubiquitin-specific protease 43 (Ubp43), we found that adoptively transferred tumor-specific Ubp43 T cells are significantly more therapeutic then wild type T cells. Taken together these data inform future adoptive T cell transfer clinical trials the necessity of ensuring that tumor-specific CD4 T cells are contained within the population of transferred tumor-specific CD8 cells. Further, these data elucidate a strategy to enhance their anti-tumor effect based on the elimination of Ubp43 expression.
Professor Kaposi's original concepts of Kaposi's sarcoma.

Abstract Kaposi's sarcoma has been identified since 1981 as one of the original disorders that defined AIDS and the AIDS epidemic. The authors provide biographical information about Kaposi, followed by a new English translation of a description by Kaposi in German of the sarcoma that bears his name.
Malignant hemangioendothelioma of the cervical spine. A case report.

Malignant hemangioendotheioma is a rare, malignant neoplasm of the endothelial lining of blood vessels. Diagnosis is contingent on demonstration of the characteristic histological picture—production of typical malignant endotheial cells forming anastomosing vascular clefts. The purpose of this paper has been to report one new case and to review another recently reported, both of which were primary in the cervical spine.
Concluding Remarks: The Crisis in Economics

The 2008 crisis was not only a crisis in the economy, but was also a crisis for economics — or at least that should have been the case. As we have noted, the standard models did not do very well. The criticism is not just that the models did not anticipate or predict the crisis (even shortly before it occurred); they did not contemplate the possibility of a crisis, or at least a crisis of this sort. Because markets were supposed to be efficient, there were not supposed to be bubbles. The shocks to the economy were supposed to be exogenous: this one was created by the market itself. Thus, the standard model said the crisis could not or would not happen; and the standard model had no insights into what generated it.
The Professional Adjunct: An Emerging Trend in Online Instruction

Expanding enrollment in online programs has concurrently created a demand for qualified faculty to assume the increasing workload. As full-time faculty have been unable to fill the gap due to workload or resistance, organizations are more frequently turning to adjuncts to meet the needs of their online learners. As a result, there has been increasing dialogue regarding the nature of the adjunct-university relationship as well as the quality, rigor, and consistency of courses being facilitated by part-time faculty. Complicating this dialogue are a small but growing number of individuals who do not hold full-time jobs but rely on multiple adjunct positions to fulfill their professional needs. This qualitative study investigates the motivations and demographics of this emerging phenomenon.
Families and medication use and adherence among Latinos with schizophrenia

AbstractBackground: Medication nonadherence among Latinos with schizophrenia represents a significant treatment obstacle. Although some studies have examined patient and family perceptions of adherence, few have examined these perceptions together. However, such knowledge can provide a deeper understanding of how family processes may contribute to or impede adherence among underserved groups such as Latinos.Aims: This study explored perceptions of medication and adherence among Latinos with schizophrenia and key family members.Method: Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 34 participants: 14 patients with schizophrenia receiving community-based mental health services in an urban public setting and 20 key family members. Informed by grounded theory, semistructured interviews were analyzed by bilingual–bicultural team members.Results: Salient themes emerged indicating facilitators of and obstacles to medication use. Specifically, challenges centered on medication side effects, autonomy and choice...
Enterococcus faecalis: E. coli's Siderophore-Inducing Sidekick.

Many infectious diseases involve polymicrobial infections, which are characterized by synergistic interactions between different microorganisms colonizing a host. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Keogh et al. (2016) show that Enterococcus faecalis promotes Escherichia coli biofilm formation in low-iron conditions, thus facilitating polymicrobial growth.
A prospective study of reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to ovarian cancer risk among Black women

Extensive data in White women have linked oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and parity to reduced risk of ovarian cancer; results on postmenopausal female hormone use are mixed. Few studies, all of which are case–control studies, have been undertaken among Black women. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess associations of reproductive factors and exogenous hormones with ovarian cancer among Black women. During follow-up from 1995 to 2013 in the Black Women’s Health Study, a prospective cohort study, 115 incident cases of ovarian cancer were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relation of the factors of interest to risk of ovarian cancer, with control for covariates. Oral contraceptive use was inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk: The HR for ≥10 years of use relative to <1 year was 0.50 (95% CI 0.30–0.98). For postmenopausal female hormone use, the HRs for ever use of estrogen with progestin and of estrogen alone were 1.37 (0.73–2.55) and 1.66 (0.90–3.07), respectively. The HRs for parity and tubal ligation were below 1.0, but were not statistically significant. Overall, the findings indicate that the relation of reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use to risk of ovarian cancer is similar among Black and White women. The results on estrogen-only supplements and estrogen with progestin supplements add to evidence from Whites, indicating that use of hormone supplements may be associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer.
E-cigarette specialty retailers: Data to assess the association between retail environment and student e-cigarette use

The retail environment is a major social determinant of health, yet little is known about the e-cigarette specialty retailer environment. The e-cigarette specialty retail environment may be associated with e-cigarette use by middle and high school students, an issue that was addressed in a recent article entitled, “E-cigarette use among students and e-cigarette specialty retailer presence near schools,” by Bostean and colleagues (G. Bostean, C.M. Crespi, P. Vorapharuek, W.J. McCarthy, 2016 [1]). We present data relating to e-cigarette specialty retailers in Orange County, California. We describe the data collection method (including the search methodology to identify e-cigarette specialty retailers), present descriptive retailer data including school proximity, and provide data from multi-level regressions predicting individual-level student use of e-cigarettes based on presence of an e-cigarette specialty retailer in proximity to schools.
Diagnostic challenges in primary brain stem glioblastoma multiform; a case report

• This case report highlights the importance of diagnostic challenges in brainstem glioma in a patient.
Tortuous Microvessels Contribute to Wound Healing via Sprouting Angiogenesis.

Objective—Wound healing is accompanied by neoangiogenesis, and new vessels are thought to originate primarily from the microcirculation; however, how these vessels form and resolve during wound hea...
Experimental Investigation for Enhancing the Output Power of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

This paper investigates an experimental approach for enhancing the output power of a piezoelectric energy harvester. The proposed method adopts inductance to reduce the effect of the piezoelectric harvester’s impedance, and boost the output power. Four electrical circuits for a piezoelectric beam harvester are investigated experimentally; Simple Resistive Load (SRL), Inductive Load (IL), Standard AC-DC, and Inductive AC-DC circuits. The results show that the adaptation of inductor in the IL and Inductive AC-DC improves the output power compared to the SRL and Standard AC-DC respectively. The Inductive AC-DC circuit is shown to increase the output power by 6.7% in comparison to the existing standard AC-DC circuits.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Review of Black Faculty in the Academy: Narratives for Negotiating Identity and Achieving Career Success

There is a long-standing suspicion, increasingly informed by empirical data, that minority and women faculty are judged more harshly than their white male peers on many dimensions throughout the ca...
Urinary urge seizure semiology localization by intracranial monitoring.

Seizures may present with many different symptom complexes. Seizure semiologies have localization value when contemplating surgical therapies. Epilepsy presenting as a desire to micturate is exceed...
Understanding Sustainable Communities

Sustainability means, quite literally, the ability to keep going for a long time. The Japanese word for sustainability is Ji kyu ryoku. These characters each mean possess, long, and power; or, “Possess power for a long time.” As many definitions do, this one leads to more questions about what sustainability really means. What kind of “power?” How do you “possess” it? How long is “long?” And since this definition implies action over time, what is it you are trying to sustain? Sustainability is just as difficult to define as healthy.
BIFUNCTIONAL CHELATING AGENTS: LINKING RADIOMETALS TO BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

Bifunctional chelating agents are molecules which can both bind metal ions and be attached to other molecules. They permit the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals by last-minute addition of radioactive metal ions to chelate-tagged molecules such as proteins or polypeptides. The antitumor drug bleomycin, tagged with an EDTA group to form “BLEDTA,” is an example of a cancer-localizing radiopharmaceutical, Many basic principles and experimental procedures involving bifunctional chelating agents have been elucidated. These include the synthesis of the desired chelate structure and reactive sidechain, the development of a strategy for labeling a particular target, and the consideration of metal-ion rates.
Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Childhood and Adulthood in Relation to Adult Mortality Among Never Smokers.

Introduction Secondhand smoke is known to have adverse effects on the lung and vascular systems in both children and adults. It is unknown if childhood exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with adult mortality. Methods The authors examined associations of childhood and adult secondhand smoke exposure with death from all causes, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among 70,900 never smoking men and women, predominantly aged ≥50 years, from the Cancer Prevention Study–II Nutrition Cohort in 1992–1993. There were 25,899 participant deaths during follow-up through 2014. During 2016–2017, Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs. Results Childhood secondhand smoke exposure was not associated with all-cause mortality. However, childhood secondhand smoke (living with a smoker for 16–18 years during childhood) was associated with higher mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazard ratio=1.31, 95% CI=1.05, 1.65). Adult secondhand smoke exposure of ≥10 hours/week at enrollment was associated with a higher risk of all-cause (hazard ratio=1.09, 95% CI=1.04, 1.14); ischemic heart disease (hazard ratio=1.27, 95% CI=1.14, 1.42); stroke (hazard ratio=1.23, 95% CI=1.04, 1.45); and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazard ratio=1.42, 95% CI=0.97, 2.09) mortality. Conclusions These results suggest that childhood secondhand smoke exposure, as well as adult secondhand smoke exposure, increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease death in adulthood. Consistent with previous studies, the results also show that adult secondhand smoke is meaningfully associated with higher mortality from vascular disease and all causes. Overall, these findings provide further evidence for reducing secondhand smoke exposure throughout life.
Acknowledging Ability and Agency in Book Discussion Communities: Adolescent Boys Experiencing Psychosocial Distress Examine Suicide in Young Adult Novels

A reading community of adolescent boys who evidenced psychosocial disabilities identified two books as influential in contemplating the issue of teen suicide. Through the lens of Disability Studies...
Adding to Our View of Early Childhood Multicultural Education

Sometimes, innovation means recognizing and acknowledging when an approach needs to be refined and expanded in order to reflect new understandings about ourselves and society.
Distributivity in Formal Semantics

Distributivity in natural language occurs in sentences such as John and Mary (each) took a deep breath, when a predicate that is combined with a plurality-denoting expression is understood as holdi...