cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Liar: An Essay on Truth and Circularity

INTRODUCTION: The Liar Sentences, statements, and Propositions The universe of hypersets RUSSELLIAN PROPOSITIONS AND THE LIAR: Modeling Russellian propositions Truth of Russellian propositions Consequences of the Russellian account Sentences and Russellian propositions AUSTINIAN PROPOSITIONS AND THE LIAR: Modeling Austinian propositions Austinian propositions and the world An Austinian semantics Relating the Russellian and Austinian accounts Negation and denial Conclusions Bibliography Index.
MAXIMIZING THE BENEFITS OF TASK CONFLICT: THE ROLE OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT

Intragroup conflict research has shown that task conflict can improve group outcomes, but it has not addressed how groups ensure that the positive aspects of task conflict are realized. This study examines the influence of group conflict management on group effectiveness, as well as the moderating role of group conflict management on task conflict—group outcome relationships. Results of a field survey of 96 business school project groups indicated that the use of agreeable conflict management in response to task conflict was associated with greater group satisfaction. Results examining group conflict management as a moderator showed that the relationship between task conflict and group performance was positive when conflict was actively managed and negative when it was passively managed. Similarly, task conflict improved group satisfaction when managed with agreeable behavior, and harmed satisfaction when neutral or disagreeable behaviors were used. Results from this work provide an important first look at how group conflict management behaviors directly impact group outcomes and affect task conflict—group outcome relationships.
Ethical responsibilities: the smart card engineer

Albert Einstein in one of his philosophical notes stated: "I do not believe in immortality of the individual, and I consider ethics to be an exclusively human concern with no superhuman authority behind it". Arguably, ethics does not necessarily mean law abiding, but rather knowing the difference between what you have the right to do and what is right to do. Authorities can unquestionably propose rules; however, true morals should not be made subjective to superhuman powers. Ethical values are priceless, precious and can never be biased to legislations. Ethics helps to ensure accurate conduct and competence in every profession; engineering is no different, it has responsibilities and it is guided by ethical principles. Today, ethical issues are becoming popular with smart cards and thus raise concerns that need to be addressed. Ignoring ethical challenges particularly in terms of potential disasters may cause serious harm or injury. Given that most engineering undertakings are guided by laws, the crux of the matter is to determine whether the addition of ethical principles into smart card engineering can play vital role in influencing the actions of smart card engineers at the heart of every invention thereof. Notably, a quintet of ethical responsibilities is presented.
Imager that combines near-infrared diffusive light and ultrasound.

We introduce an imaging technique that combines complementary features of ultrasound and near-infrared diffusive light imaging. We achieve the combined technology experimentally by mounting an ultrasound array together with multiple laser source and optical detector fibers upon a hand-held probe. The technique is demonstrated with tissue phantoms wherein both acoustic and optical sensors image the volume underneath the probe. Coregistration of acoustic and optical images is achieved with an accuracy of 0.27±0.20 cm, approximately half of the image pixel size of our prototype. Accurate determination of target optical absorption is also achieved by use of image segmentation on the ultrasound reconstruction. The combined technique may provide improved breast-cancer detection sensitivity and specificity.
Nutritional and Medical Assessment and Management of Eating Disorders

Patients with eating disorders have abnormal eating patterns and altered nutritional status, in addition to dysfunctional attitudes and perceptions regarding food and body weight. The prevalence of clinical eating disorders in the general population is estimated to be 0.5–1% for anorexia nervosa, 2% for bulimia nervosa, and 2% for binge eating disorder. Both genetic and environmental factors appear to contribute to the risk of developing an eating disorder, which is often perpetuated by poor nutritional status and chaotic eating patterns. Metabolic, nutritional, and clinical abnormalities in both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa occur as a result of starvation and purging behaviors. The primary goal of nutrition intervention in anorexia nervosa is weight restoration, which is also a crucial factor in the prevention of irreversibly compromised bone density. The primary goal of nutritional management of bulimia nervosa is to normalize the patient's eating pattern, which is typically chaotic and characterized by an overall pattern of food rules, restrictions, or dieting, regularly interspersed with episodes of binge eating and purging. Patients with an eating disorder not otherwise specified can have serious eating problems that can adversely affect health status, and the management issues in these patients are similar to those in the patient with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Results from long-term outcome studies suggest that the majority of patients with eating disorders make a full recovery, despite the severity of the disturbances in eating patterns and nutritional status present at diagnosis.
Sediment distribution patterns and related depositional environments in the Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana

Abstract Three sets of bottom sediment samples, totalling 563, were collected in the Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana. Cluster analysis was applied to each set of data based on grain‐size distribution. Comparison between resulting clusters and depositional environments indicates that the results of cluster analysis are sedimentologically meaningful and environmentally significant. A follow‐up discriminant analysis shows the stability of the classification system. The system then, in turn, can be used to classify sediments from unknown sources in the study area.
The Nature of Elder Impairment and its Impact on Family Caregivers' Health and Psychosocial Functioning

This study assessed the nature of elder impairment and its impact on the health and psychosocial functioning of family caregivers. All caregivers were daughters or daughters-in-law living with an elderly parent. Contrary to expectations and previous research, no differences were revealed among caregivers of cognitively impaired, functionally impaired, and nonimpaired elderly relatives in terms of self-reported health or psychosocial functioning. Thus, other aspects of the caregiving context, such as familial generation, gender, and living arrangement, may affect caregiver health and psychosocial functioning more than the nature of the elder's impairment.
Panel 1: Framing issues in rural women's health issues--speaker 1.

Their problems are egregious. A young Hispanic woman whom I saw had advanced cervical cancer and refused treatment because her husband would reject her if she weren’t able to have children. A 70-year-old woman in Pennsylvania came in with bleeding every month because she didn’t know that periods could not resume after menopause. The poverty in the place where I grew up, a rural area, is unchanged. The plight of rural women is significant and now is the time for all of us to change that. The assumptions I’d like us to begin with are these: First, that every woman wants access to quality health care and the best care possible. Second, that all women are going to filter health care information through cultural and emotional sieves. I also want to give you a picture of women in rural America. I want to talk first about the young. In rural America, we have disproportionate numbers of people who fall into the under-18 and aged categories. We are losing over time that middle-aged group that used to provide a better safety net for rural elderly women. Those under 18 in our rural communities don’t fit a lot of the stereotypes that legislators have about them. They are becoming pregnant—our legislators often think that they’re immune from that risk in rural areas. There’s more drug use in rural youth. Our legislators are surprised to find that’s the case. In general, they still have late or limited prenatal care, particularly rural African American, Latino migrant workers, and Native Americans. They have more out-of-hospital deliveries and consequently more long-term pelvic floor anatomic problems. I remember working with an Amish community in Iowa as a young medical student and seeing untreated birth injuries that I’d never seen in this country, and that were accepted as the norm. Young rural women have a higher fetal death rate, although that has improved. Obstetric issues will be discussed in more detail later in this conference, but I’d like to mention one issue now. Say you’re a lone practitioner in a hospital and the anesthesiologist has to be called in. Insurers, governmental, and nongovernmental agencies state that our national standard is to have a © 2001 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1049-3867/01/$20.00 PII S1049-3867(00)00079-7
A simple test for selecting the thioamide schedule in thyrotoxicosis.

ABSTRACT Many thyrotoxic patients can be controlled with a single daily dose (SDD) of a thioamide. Until now, prediction of the effectiveness of a SDD has been impossible, and an empirical trial has been necessary. We have utilized a perchlorate discharge test to predict in advance the individual dose schedule required to control thyrotoxicosis. In 62 hyperthyroid patients studies with a perchlorate discharge test at 12 and 20 hr after a thioamide dose, we have been able to delineate 3 dose schedule groups. When tested at 12 hr, patients with discharges of less than 18% require a dose every 8 hr. Those with discharges from 18–51% can be controlled on a dose every 12 hr. Patients with discharges more than 69% require only a SDD. Patients with intermediate discharges of 51–69% were re-tested at 20 hr. Control can be achieved on a SDD if the discharge at 20 hr is greater than 25%. In our study, 68% of the patiients were controlled on a SDD, 22% on an every 12-hr dose, and 10% on an every 8-hr dose. In additi...
The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek

Why do females prefer elaborate male mating displays in species where they receive little more from males than their sperm? Here we review three hypotheses for the evolution of mating preferences: direct selection, the runaway process and the parasite mechanism. There is growing support for direct selection, in which preferences evolve because of their direct effects on female fitness rather than the genetic effects on offspring resulting from mate choice.
Accessibility of the distal heme face, rather than Fe-His bond strength, determines the heme-nitrosyl coordination number of cytochromes c': evidence from spectroscopic studies.

The heme coordination chemistry and spectroscopic properties of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome c‘ (RCCP) have been compared to data from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (AXCP), with the aim of understa...
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

This paper traces the development of our present concept of the structural organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in striated muscle and reviews the physiologic evidence for its participation in intracellular impulse conduction. Comparative observations are presented showing that this system of membrane-limited tubules is particularly well developed in exceptionally fast-acting skeletal muscles. These findings are interpreted as evidence supporting the hypothesis that the reticulum is involved in the coupling of excitation to contraction, but it is considered likely that it also has other important functions in muscle metabolism. The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle is found to be much less extensive and less precisely arranged in relation to the cross-banded pattern of the myofibrils, than it is in skeletal muscle. It is believed, nevertheless, that it may prove to have a significant role in the physiology of the myocardium.
Association of unmet needs for support services with medication use and adherence among HIV-infected individuals in the southeastern United States

Abstract Unmet needs for services, such as housing and psychiatric treatment, are relatively common among HIV-infected individuals; however, the effects of different types of unmet needs on health-care outcomes are not well understood. This study describes unmet psychosocial needs and their relationship with health-care outcomes among individuals receiving HIV care in the southeastern US (n=526). We used multivariate logistic regression to examine the association of seven categories of unmet needs with HIV medication use and adherence. Most participants (84.5%) reported at least one service need in the past year. Nearly half (47%) of participants with service needs reported that at least one need was not met. Participants with one or more unmet needs were less likely to be taking any HIV medications (p = 0.007) and reported poorer medication adherence (p=0.013). The specific unmet needs for benefits (including Social Security, health insurance and prescription coverage) (p = 0.006) and a support group (p=...
DNA alkylation properties of yatakemycin.

Yatakemycin represents the newest and now most potent member of a class of naturally occurring antitumor compounds that includes CC-1065 and the duocarmycins, which derive their biological properties from a characteristic DNA alkylation reaction. Herein, the first description of the yatakemycin DNA alkylation properties is detailed, constituting the first such study of a naturally occurring “sandwiched” member of this class. Thus, the event, sequence selectivity, relative rate and efficiency, and reversibility of the DNA alkylation reaction of yatakemycin are described.
Production of distributed phase plates using an energetic ion process

Laser-driven implosion experiments require optical phase conversion to create a uniformly irradiated target. Distributed phase plates provide a quasi-random phase front that aids in beam smoothing on the target; however, the DPP must survive the high fluences of the tripled OMEGA beam at 351 nm. The continuous DPP produces higher efficiency and less risk of damage to opposing optics than the previous binary design. DPPs are created by exposing a gray scale pattern in photoresist and then etching the pattern in to silica. Several problems were solved during the development stage of ion etching DPPs. The etch uniformity was limited to less than 6 percent across a 28-cm clear aperture by modeling the 16-cm ion source and erosion characteristics of the photoresist and silica. Surface texturing was linked to overheating of the photoresist by the ion source and was solved by radiant cooling. Near-field defects capable of focusing damage in levels of fluence on downstream optics were created in the photoresist exposure process and were removed after etching. The damage thresholds of the silica surface generally increase after etching is fare is taken to avoid re-sputtering of tooling onto the optics surface. Sixty ion-etched DPPs were installed in December 1997 and, currently, damage has not been observed on the optics.
TV reinvented: designing pleasurable interfaces for the living room

This paper illustrates a user centered process used to lead the TV industry toward new ways of looking at content consumption, navigation and sharing. The paper adopts a chronographic approach, to describe key milestones (from ethnographic research to design and customer impact) through a specific case study. The case study is grounded in the context of a large silicon manufacturer, where notions of change-through-design, innovation and customer impact have distinct connotations and set boundaries, especially when compared with medium sized firms, original equipment manufacturers or academic contexts.
Determination of Noncovalent Docking by Infrared Spectroscopy of Cold Gas-Phase Complexes

Multidentate, noncovalent interactions between small molecules and biopolymer fragments are central to processes ranging from drug action to selective catalysis. We present a versatile and sensitive spectroscopic probe of functional groups engaged in hydrogen bonding in such contexts. This involves measurement of the frequency changes in specific covalent bonds upon complex formation, information drawn from otherwise transient complexes that have been extracted from solution and conformationally frozen near 10 kelvin in gas-phase clusters. Resonances closely associated with individual oscillators are easily identified through site-specific isotopic labeling, as demonstrated by application of the method to an archetypal system involving a synthetic tripeptide known to bind biaryl substrates through tailored hydrogen bonding to catalyze their asymmetric bromination. With such data, calculations readily converge on the plausible operative structures in otherwise computationally prohibitive, high-dimensionality landscapes.
Pregnant women and listeriosis: preferred educational messages and delivery mechanisms.

Abstract Objective To characterize pregnant women's food safety practices, to evaluate the impact of existing educational messages on the risks and prevention of listeriosis, and to identify preferred delivery methods for educational initiatives. Design Eight focus group discussions conducted with pregnant women in 4 locations. Setting Focus group discussions led by moderators using a prepared moderator guide. Participants Purposeful sampling was used to select the 63 pregnant women who participated in this study. The focus groups were segmented by location and education level. Phenomenon of Interest Food safety knowledge and food-handling practices, food safety practices during pregnancy, attitudes toward listeriosis brochure, and preferred delivery methods. Analysis Focus group discussions were videotaped and audiorecorded. Detailed summaries of each discussion were prepared and systematically analyzed to identify common themes within and across groups. Results Participants were not aware of the risks of listeriosis and recommended practices for listeriosis prevention; thus, they were not taking precautions during their pregnancy to prevent listeriosis. Conclusions and Implications The study identified the need to develop educational materials on listeriosis targeted specifically to pregnant women and to partner with obstetricians and other health care providers to deliver these materials to pregnant women.
Terephthalamide Derivatives as Mimetics of Helical Peptides: Disruption of the Bcl-xL/Bak Interaction

A series of Bcl-xL/Bak antagonists, based on a terephthalamide scaffold, was designed to mimic the α-helical region of the Bak peptide. These molecules showed favorable in vitro activities in disrupting the Bcl-xL/Bak BH3 domain complex (terephthalamides 9 and 26, Ki = 0.78 ± 0.07 and 1.85 ± 0.32 μM, respectively). Extensive structure−affinity studies demonstrated a correlation between the ability of terephthalamide derivatives to disrupt Bcl-xL/Bak complex formation and the size of variable side chains on these molecules. Treatment of human HEK293 cells with the terephthalamide derivative 26 resulted in disruption of the Bcl-xL/Bax interaction in whole cells with an IC50 of 35.0 μM. Computational docking simulations and NMR experiments suggested that the binding cleft for the BH3 domain of the Bak peptide on the surface of Bcl-xL is the target area for these synthetic inhibitors.
Eliminating sub-synchronous oscillations with an induction machine damping unit (IMDU)

The IEEE First and Second Benchmark models for Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR) are used to analyze the damping properties of an induction machine damping unit (IMDU) coupled to the shaft of a turbo-generator set. This paper investigates the rating and location of the induction machine that, without the aid of any controllers, effectively damps subsynchronous resonance for all line series compensation levels. Eigenvalue analyses are performed on linearized models of the shaft system including the induction machine to find the optimum location. The best location of the IMDU, providing maximum damping, is next to the HP turbine at the end of the shaft. Time domain simulations are conducted to find the adequate rating of the induction machine. It is observed that a small size, high power (about 10% of the generator rating), low energy machine effectively damps SSR. The IMDU reduces peak torques in shaft sections during transients. In the paper, it is demonstrated that the addition of an IMDU at the end of the shaft would have prevented the SSR events of the Mohave Desert shafts.
Stretch Scheme, a Shell-Model Description of Deformed Nuclei

A good angular-momentum wave function containing the maximum possible intrinsic angular momenta leads to a microscopic description of the nuclear rotational spectra in terms of spherical shell-model states. The rotational excitation energies arise from the residual two-body force. In the actual model calculations, the only approximation was a partial violation of the exclusion principle. The computed departures from the $I(I+1)$ law are consistent with experiment. Reasons are given for the preference of positive over negative intrinsic deformations.
Performance Evaluations of Correlations of Digital Images Using Different Separability Measures

A comparison of four separability measures which are useful in the registration of two-dimensional images is presented. Bayes probability of error, Chernoff bound, Bhattacharyya bound, and Fisher's criteria are used in the selection of the appropriate reference images from a set of aerial pictures, each exhibiting a different view of a scene, i.e., down-looking and target-looking. The experiment is repeated for corresponding synthetic images of this scene. Both area and edge correlations are used. A comparison of the measures and the resulting probabilities of error is made. The results show that for real images the target-looking view performs better than the down-looking view for both area and edge correlations. For synthetic images, the down-looking view performs better than the target-looking view for both area and edge correlations. The variation in synthetic images between the target-looking and the down-looking views is larger than in the real images for both area and edge correlations.
Taxonomy of IP traffic matrices

A traffic matrix (TM)is a succinct representations of traffic exchanges between nodes in a communication network. Such a representation is of major interest to ISPs since it is needed to design the network topology, perform capacity planning, configure network routing policies, and assist in traffic engineering. Research on TMs has taken off only recently and significant efforts are underway to reach solutions that enable network operators to obtain TMs systematically, either by measurement or inference approaches. In this paper we take a step toward defining a common framework for describing TMs. We introduce a two-level taxonomy of TMs based on the spatial representation of network traffic used and the aggregation level for the sources and destinations engaging in traffic exchanges. We show that conversion between traffic matrix types depends on the level of aggregation. Using the defined taxonomy, we show the relationship between traffic matrix types and their size complexity, that is, the number of elements in them. We enumerate important network engineering and management applications and use the taxonomy to clearly specify which type of traffic matrix is needed for each application. We briefly discuss scalability issues related to the methods for obtaining traffic matrices in the context of the defined taxonomy.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of the Colonoscope Training Model with the Colonoscope 3D Imaging Probe Improved Trainee Colonoscopy Performance: A Pilot Study

Colonoscopy insertion is difficult to teach due to the inability of current training models to provide realistic tactile sensation with simultaneous three-dimensional (3D) colonoscope display. To assess the influence of a simulator consisting of a colon model coupled with 3D instrument visualization on trainee colonoscopy performance. Pilot study using the simulator model with three trainees who were not proficient in colonoscopy. At random times over a 6-week period, trainees participated in an individualized half-day session using the Colonoscope Training Model and a colonoscope equipped with a 3D magnetic probe imaging system (ScopeGuide) in six standardized cases. A blinded supervising instructor graded patient-based colonoscopy performance over the 6-week period, and we independently analyzed the 2-week period before and after the intervention. We also measured cecal intubation and withdrawal times and medication requirements. Trainees performed 86 patient-based colonoscopies. Following the intervention, the colonoscopy performance score improved from 4.4 ± 2.3 to 5.9 ± 2.4 (p = 0.005). Trainees had a 76% cecal intubation rate following the session as compared to 43% before training (p = 0.004), while utilizing less time, 14 ± 7 versus 18 ± 11 min (p = 0.056) and less medication (p > 0.05). Colonoscopy simulation using the Colonoscope Training Model and the ScopeGuide produced an immediate and large effect on trainee colonoscopy performance.
Mr. Wallace and his Reviewer

IN NATURE, vol. xiv. pp. 188, 189, in a review of Mr. Wallace's recent work on “The Geographical Distribution of Animals,” occurs the following paragraph: “Mr. Wallace admits the validity of Elasmognathus of Gill as a genus of Tapirs, and adopts Dr. Gray's multitudinous division of the well-defined and eminently natural group of the Eared Seals (Otaria). Many naturalists would hesitate before following Mr. Gill or Dr. Gray as authorities on these (or perhaps we may add many other) subjects.”
Formalin-inactivated bovine RSV vaccine enhances a Th2 mediated immune response in infected cattle.

Abstract Safe RSV vaccine development has challenged the medical community since a formalin-killed RSV vaccine caused disease exacerbation in the 1960s. Disease was replicated using the bovine RSV system in one of two studies. The studies differed in viral protein dose and length of time between vaccination and infection. Disease exacerbation occurred in study 2 (previously reported). We hypothesized that low protein concentration in study 2’s vaccine stimulated a TH2/IgE response that enhanced disease. BRSV-specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgE were measured by ELISA/Western blot from vaccinated/infected, vaccinated/mock infected, mock vaccinated/infected calves in both studies. Results revealed that study 2 calves produced more IgE, particularly to the nucleoprotein (N); IgE among study 2 calves correlated with high clinical scores. In contrast, study 1 calves showed stronger IgG responses to viral proteins.
ISCAS/80 — An epilogue

ISCAS/80 was held in Houston, Texas on April 28–30, 1980; and over the months that have since gone by, it has been deeply gratifying to those of us involved in the organization of the meeting to receive from participants so many expressions of goodwill and appreciation.
Measuring Structural Similarity in Music

This paper presents a novel method for measuring the structural similarity between music recordings. It uses recurrence plot analysis to characterize patterns of repetition in the feature sequence, and the normalized compression distance, a practical approximation of the joint Kolmogorov complexity, to measure the pairwise similarity between the plots. By measuring the distance between intermediate representations of signal structure, the proposed method departs from common approaches to music structure analysis which assume a block-based model of music, and thus concentrate on segmenting and clustering sections. The approach ensures that global structure is consistently and robustly characterized in the presence of tempo, instrumentation, and key changes, while the used metric provides a simple to compute, versatile and robust alternative to common approaches in music similarity research. Finally, experimental results demonstrate success at characterizing similarity, while contributing an optimal parameterization of the proposed approach.
Using Multivariate Densities to Assign Lattice Probabilities When There Are Jumps

The lattice approximation to a continuous time process is an especially useful way to value American and real options. We choose lattice probabilities by extending density matching for diffusions to density matching for jump diffusions. Technically, this requires that diffusion and jump components be cast as independent state variables. In this setup, the diffusion probabilities are locally normal and the jump probabilities are locally a mixture of distributions. The lattice is structurally uniform and density matching ensures that all probabilities are legitimate without requiring jumps to non-adjacent nodes. The approach generalizes easily to several state variables, does not require node adjustments, and does not appear to be dominated by more specialized numerical algorithms. We demonstrate the model for scenarios where the option may depend on a jump diffusion with possible stochastic interest rates and convenience yields. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:385–398, 2015
Transcriptional enhancer within the human placental lactogen and growth hormone multigene cluster

Human placental lactogen (hPL) and human growth hormone (hGH) are members of a multigene family that share amino acid sequence homology and similarity in gene structure and nucleotide sequence, but differ in both function and expression. To determine the sequence requirements for tissue specific expression recombinant plasmids containing the members of the hPL-hGH multigene family and flanking regions were analyzed by both transient and stable transfection assays. We have identified a transcriptional enhancer in a 1.0 kb region located 2.0 kb downstream of the hPL3 structural gene. This enhancer sequence is not strictly cell-type specific since it functions in cell lines of both placental (JEG-3) and pituitary (18-54,SF) origin. However, its efficiency is several fold higher in placental cells than in pituitary cells.
Pilot Study of Human Recombinant Hyaluronidase–Enhanced Subcutaneous Hydration and Opioid Administration for Sickle Cell Disease Acute Pain Episodes

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of protocol-driven human recombinant hyaluronidase (rHuPH20)-enhanced subcutaneous (SC) hydration and opioid administration in adults presenting to the emergency department (ED) with sickle cell disease acute pain episodes (SCDAPE). Adults with SCDAPE were given 150 U of rHuPH20 and normal saline subcutaneously. Opioids were administered SC every 15 minutes for 4 hours until numerical rating scale (NRS) pain intensity scores fell to 4. Pain intensity and pain relief were recorded hourly. Total morphine equivalents and fluid volume, total pain relief (TOTPAR), patient- and physician-perceived global efficacy, patient-perceived global SC needle discomfort, physician-rated ease of needle placement, and adverse effects were noted. Ten patients (6 males, 4 females), mean age 32.9 years (23-56 years) completed the trial. Mean pain intensity scores fell 25% (from 9.2 to 6.9) from baseline and mean 4-hour TOTPAR score was 4 (maximum: 16). A mean total of 119 mg (70-170 mg) morphine equivalents and 846 mL (200-1650 mL) normal saline were administered. Mean patient and physician global perceived efficacy ratings were 3.4 and 4.2 (of 5). Patient global discomfort of SC needle presence was 2.7 (of 10), and ease of needle placement was physician rated at 4 (of 4; easiest). Patients experienced mild swelling and stinging at the SC site, and no infusion required discontinuation. The authors conclude that rHuPH20-enhanced subcutaneous hydration and opioid administration appear feasible from this pilot study. These results need confirmation in a controlled clinical trial.
The sexual lives of residents and fellows in graduate medical education programs: a single institution survey.

ABSTRACT Introduction The prevalence of sexual problems among resident physicians has not been investigated. Aim To explore the sexual behavior of residents and fellows in training and to determine the incidence of sexual dysfunction in this population. Methods Residents and fellows at our institution were invited to complete a demographic questionnaire, as well as two to three gender‐specific validated instruments for the assessment of human sexuality. Main Outcome Measures The validated survey instruments selected were the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the Index of Premature Ejaculation (IPE), and the Self‐Esteem and Relationship Quality (SEAR) survey for male residents, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Index of Sex Life (ISL) for female residents. Results were compared with established normative data and validated cut‐off scores that were available. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess for relationships between variables. Results There were 180 responses (83 female, 97 male, mean age 29 years), for a response rate of 20%. Among men, 90%, 67%, and 98% were in a relationship, married, and heterosexual, respectively. Among women, the same numbers were 80%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. Based on validated cut‐off scores for the IIEF and FSFI, 13% of men reported ED (3% reported mild ED, 4% reported moderate ED, and 6% reported severe ED) and 60% of women were classified as "at high risk" for sexual problems, with desire disorders the most prevalent and orgasmic disorders the second most prevalent. There were significant gender differences with respect to the associations between sexual and relationship problems. Conclusion Sexual problems may be prevalent among residents in training, particularly female residents. Additional, larger studies that assess other quality of life measures and query sexual partners of residents are needed. Ferguson GG, Nelson CJ, Brandes SB, and Shindel AW. The sexual lives of residents and fellows in graduate medical education programs: A single institution survey. J Sex Med **;**:**–**.
Computations of the Mueller matrix elements for scattering from layered structures with rough surfaces, with applications to optical detection

A full-wave method is used to evaluate the Mueller matrix elements for scattering from layered structures with random rough surfaces. These provide a database for applications in optical detection over a broad range of rough surface statistical parameters. They can be used to determine the optimal frequencies and incident angles that provide most reliable measurements for optical detection. The elements of the Mueller matrix that are most sensitive to medium parameters of the layered structures can also be identified. Contributions from individual terms of the full-wave solutions are shown to have distinct physical interpretations.
Self-organization of spatiotemporal receptive fields and laterally connected direction and orientation maps

Studies of orientation maps in primary visual cortex (V1) suggest that lateral connections mediate competition and cooperation between orientation-selective units, but their role in motion perception has not been established. Using a self-organizing model of V1 with moving oriented patterns, we show that (1) a/erent weights of each neuron organize into Gabor-like spatiotemporal receptive elds with ON and OFF lobes, (2) these receptive elds form realistic joint direction and orientation maps, and (3) lateral connections develop between patches with similar orientation and direction preferences. These results suggest that a single self-organizing system may underlie the development of orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and lateral connectivity. c 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
A linear time algorithm for wire sizing with simultaneous optimization of interconnect delay and crosstalk noise

In this paper, we propose a new methodology for wire sizing with simultaneous optimization of interconnect delay and crosstalk noise in deep submicron VLSI circuits. The wire sizing problem is modeled as an optimization problem formulated as a normal form game and solved using the Nash equilibrium. Game theory allows the optimization of multiple metrics with conflicting objectives. This property is exploited in modeling the wire sizing problem while simultaneously optimizing interconnect delay and crosstalk noise, which are conflicting in nature. The nets connecting the driving cell and the driven cell are divided into net segments. The net segments within a channel are modeled as players, the range of possible wire sizes forms the set of strategies and the payoff function is derived as the geometric mean of interconnect delay and crosstalk noise. The net segments are optimized from the ones closest to the driven cell towards the ones at the driving cell. The complete information about the coupling effects among the nets is extracted after the detailed routing phase. The resulting algorithm for wire sizing is linear in terms of the number of wire segments in the given circuit. Experimental results on several medium and large open core designs indicate that the proposed algorithm yields an average reduction of 21.48% in interconnect delay and 26.25% in crosstalk noise over and above the optimization from the Cadence place and route tools without any area overhead. The algorithm performs significantly better than simulated annealing and genetic search as established through experimental results. A mathematical proof of existence for Nash equilibrium solution for the proposed wire sizing formulation is provided.
The Claremont GDSS support environment

The Claremont GDSS support environment (CGS environment), described, extends the capabilities of teams using existing GDSS packages by providing a meta-environment that allows users to move seamlessly from activity to activity, using the best available software for each activity. The CGS environment is based on running existing applications in an architecture that relies on the Windows interface. The architecture assumes that most meetings are planned in advance which allows time to create a customized environment for the meeting. By introducing the concept of an 'information package', it is possible for the user to have available the specific data and tools associated with each topic being covered in a meeting. The CGS environment allows users to do private work as well as participate in meeting activities. Capabilities include working with several applications simultaneously, accessing their own applications and data files during the meeting, communicating with other participants through E-mail, and obtaining information specific to the current meeting. >
A Typology of Youth Participation and Empowerment for Child and Adolescent Health Promotion

Research suggests that increasing egalitarian relations between young people and adults is optimal for healthy development; however, the empirical assessment of shared control in youth–adult partnerships is emerging, and the field still requires careful observation, identification, categorization and labeling. Thus, our objective is to offer a conceptual typology that identifies degrees of youth–adult participation while considering the development potential within each type. We use an empowerment framework, rooted in evidence-based findings, to identify five types of youth participation: (1) Vessel, (2) Symbolic, (3) Pluralistic, (4) Independent and (5) Autonomous. The typology is constructed as a heuristic device to provide researchers, practitioners and policy-makers with a common language for articulating degrees of youth participation for optimal child and adolescent health promotion.
Gastrointestinal functioning during sleep: a new horizon in sleep medicine ☆

A body of clinical and research literature is accumulating suggesting that there are significant alterations in gastrointestinal functioning during sleep, as well as sleep complaints and disorders in patients suffering from gastrointestinal disease. This review addresses the clinical applications of some basic alterations in gastrointestinal functioning during sleep, with a particular focus on gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional bowel disorders. Recent studies have shown that gastroesophageal reflux during sleep results in a marked prolongation of esophageal acid clearance time, and consequent mucosal damage. Data are reviewed which suggest that the more serious complications of gastroesophageal reflux, e.g. esophagitis and the extra-esophageal complications of reflux such as the exacerbation of bronchial asthma, laryngopharyngitis, and pulmonary aspiration are the result of sleep-related gastroesophageal reflux. Recent studies have also shown that patients with functional bowel disorder (e.g. irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia) have a high incidence of sleep complaints as well as abnormalities of autonomic functioning. Recent studies have shown that the measurement of autonomic functioning during sleep can differentiate the patients with functional bowel disorders from normal controls. The continued study of gastrointestinal functioning during sleep clearly establishes a new horizon of investigation in both sleep medicine and gastroenterology. 2001 Harcourt Publishers Ltd
Notable Aspects of Glycan-Protein Interactions

This mini review highlights several interesting aspects of glycan-mediated interactions that are common between cells, bacteria, and viruses. Glycans are ubiquitously found on all living cells, and in the extracellular milieu of multicellular organisms. They are known to mediate initial binding and recognition events of both immune cells and pathogens with their target cells or tissues. The host target tissues are hidden under a layer of secreted glycosylated decoy targets. In addition, pathogens can utilize and display host glycans to prevent identification as foreign by the host's immune system (molecular mimicry). Both the host and pathogens continually evolve. The host evolves to prevent infection and the pathogens evolve to evade host defenses. Many pathogens express both glycan-binding proteins and glycosidases. Interestingly, these proteins are often located at the tip of elongated protrusions in bacteria, or in the leading edge of the cell. Glycan-protein interactions have low affinity and, as a result, multivalent interactions are often required to achieve biologically relevant binding. These enable dynamic forms of adhesion mechanisms, reviewed here, and include rolling (cells), stick and roll (bacteria) or surfacing (viruses).
A randomized, prospective trial of adjuvant chemotherapy in adults with soft tissue sarcomas of the head and neck, breast, and trunk

Since 1977, 31 patients were entered in a randomized, prospective study testing the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy after aggressive local treatment of high-grade sarcomas of the head, neck, breast, and trunk (excluding retroperitoneal sarcomas). All patients had complete resection of gross tumor and underwent postoperative radiotherapy (6000-6300 rads over 7-8 weeks). Seventeen patients received adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin (less than or equal to 550 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (less than or equal to 5500 mg/m2), and methotrexate (less than or equal to 1000 mg/kg). Three-year actuarial disease-free survival in the chemotherapy arm was 77%, compared to 49% in the no-chemotherapy arm (P = 0.075). Three-year overall actuarial survivals in the two treatment arms, however, were 68% and 58%, respectively (P = 0.38). Considering only patients with tumors of the trunk (22 patients), 3-year actuarial disease-free survival in the chemotherapy arm was 92%, compared to 47% in the no-chemotherapy arm (P = 0.006). Actuarial 3-year overall survival in the chemotherapy arm was 82%, compared to 61% in the no-chemotherapy arm (P = 0.18). An additional 26 patients were treated in an identical fashion, but were not part of the randomized trial because of contraindications to chemotherapy, refusal to enter the randomized trial, or because they were treated before 1977 in a trial in which all patients received chemotherapy. Considering the entire group of 57 patients, follow-up ranged from 10 to 86 months (median, 35 months). Local control was achieved in 46 patients (81%); 3-year actuarial disease-free and overall survivals were 67% and 77%, respectively. A tendency toward improved disease-free survival was apparent among patients treated with chemotherapy (P = 0.018), but there was no statistically significant improvement in overall actuarial survival (P = 0.46). The subgroup of patients with sarcomas of the trunk (39 patients) demonstrated the greatest benefit from chemotherapy, with regard to disease-free survival (P less than or equal to 0.001). The most significant toxicity associated with chemotherapy was doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy, which resulted in clinically apparent congestive heart failure in five patients. Thus, the use of chemotherapy when combined with aggressive local measures appears to improve disease-free survival, but additional patients and longer follow-up are necessary to determine if improved overall survival will result.
Early Childhood Maltreatment and Pubertal Development: Replication in a Population-Based Sample

Early experiences are critically important for female reproductive development. Although a number of early childhood hardships predict earlier physical development in girls, research on specific populations suggests a distinct effect of childhood sexual abuse compared to other adversities. This study leverages the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 6,273 girls) to test the generalizability of these findings, examining associations of early physical abuse, sexual abuse, and physical neglect with pubertal timing. Child sexual abuse predicted earlier menarche and development of secondary sexual characteristics, whereas other types of maltreatment did not. In addition to replicating results from smaller, more specialized samples, these findings reinforce the value of considering puberty within a broader "life span" continuum of birth to adolescence.
Segment-Specific Association Between Plasma Homocysteine Level and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in the Framingham Offspring Study

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) level is an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The relationship between tHcy and carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) at the internal carotid artery (ICA)/bulb-IMT and common carotid artery (CCA)-IMT had not been systematically studied, however. Because the ICA/bulb segment is more prone to plaque formation than the CCA segment, differential associations with tHcy at these sites might suggest mechanisms of tHcy action. We examined the cross-sectional segment-specific relationships of tHcy to ICA/bulb-IMT and CCA-IMT in 2499 participants from the Framingham Offspring Study who were free of cardiovascular disease. In multivariate linear regression analysis, ICA/bulb-IMT was significantly higher in the fourth tHcy quartile category compared with the other quartile categories, in both the age- and sex-adjusted and the multivariate-adjusted models ( P for trend P =.03) and thus stratified the analyses by median age (58 years). A significant positive trend between tHcy and ICA/bulb-IMT was seen in individuals age ≥58 years ( P for trend P for trend=.24) in multivariate-adjusted models. For CCA-IMT, no significant trends were observed in any of the analyses. The segment-specific association between elevated tHcy level and ICA/bulb-IMT suggests an association between tHcy and plaque formation.