cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception, Evidence, Truth, and Seeing

In 1978 Henri Cartier-Bresson reminded us that Photography has not changed since its origin except in its technical aspects, which for me are not a major concern. (Zakia, 2000, p. xv) This statement, by one of the great artists in photography, is worth pondering particularly with the increasingly sophisticated imaging technology now available. Regardless of the medium used, how high tech it might be, and with what speed images can be captured, manipulated, and transported, it is the human factor that is most important. Pictures, regardless of how they are created and re-created, are intended to be looked at. This brings to the forefront not the technology of imaging, which of course is important, but rather what we might call the “eyenology” (knowledge of the visual process-seeing). What is known about vision and the visual process is overwhelming; what is directly applicable to pictures is not, and this is some of what will be covered in this section.
Distributed Java Architecture for Telematics Services

In this paper, the authors present a Java-based telematics platform that can be used for the deployment of infotainment and safety-related services in automobiles.
The solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system - An overview

The upper atmosphere at high geomagnetic latitudes is an active component of the solar-terrestrial system. This system, comprising a chain of several distinct plasma regions, features two important characteristics: (1) As one proceeds from the main particle, energy and momentum source on the sun through the solar wind, the magnetosheath, magnetosphere and ionosphere to the sinks in the neutral atmosphere, one observes an increasingly important feedback coupling between adjacent regions; (2) The time scales of response to perturbations originating on the sun are increasingly determined by the properties of the local medium in each region. Being the last link in the solar-terrestrial chain, the upper atmosphere exerts an important feedback effect on the preceding region, the magnetosphere; this in turn influences the form and rate of solar energy delivery to the upper atmosphere. The magnetosphere thus plays an important role as a non-linear transducer of solar energy. For a general review of the solar-terrestrial system see Parker et al. (1979).
Temporal Discounting of Future Rewards in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) (P3.225)

OBJECTIVE: Explore temporal discounting of future rewards in patients with early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). BACKGROUND: Although bvFTD patients are known to make impulsive social and financial choices, few systematic studies have measured impulsivity in bvFTD using objective patient-based tasks. We administered the Delay Discounting Task (DDT) to evaluate temporal discounting of future rewards in mild bvFTD and patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD. DESIGN/METHODS: The DDT was administered to patients with mild bvFTD (n=17, MMSE=24), AD/MCI (n=18, MMSE=24) and 20 elderly controls. Participants were asked to make 51 hypothetical choices between small immediate and larger delayed monetary rewards (e.g., “would you prefer $18 today or $30 in 67 days?”). Discount rates were estimated by fitting a logistic regression that assumes a person’s decisions are a stochastic function of the difference in subjective value between the two options. We assumed that subjective value (SV) is a hyperbolic function of the reward amount (A) and delay (D): SV = A/(1+kD), where k is the participant’s discount rate (larger k values indicate greater discounting of future rewards). Discount rates were related to volumetric MRI measures of grey matter (GM) density. RESULTS: Mann-Whitney tests revealed that bvFTD patients had higher discount rates (k mean=0.149) compared to elderly controls (k mean=0.022, p<.05) and AD/MCI patients (k mean=0.032, p<.05). A non-parametric permutation analysis (RANDOMISE) constrained to regions of reduced GM in bvFTD related high discount rates to bilateral atrophy in orbitofrontal cortex, right insula, anterior cingulate and lateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS: bvFTD patients showed greater discounting of future rewards compared to elderly controls and AD/MCI patients. These findings are consistent with the functional neuroimaging literature relating temporal discounting to a fronto-limbic network associated with value-based decision-making. Study Supported by: NIH grants AG17586, AG15116, AG32953, NS44266, NS53488, AG043503, and the Wyncote Foundation. Disclosure: Dr. Kable has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kazinka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Olm has nothing to disclose. Dr. Glasenberg has nothing to disclose. Dr. Boller has nothing to disclose. Dr. McGuire has nothing to disclose. Dr. McMillan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Clark has nothing to disclose. Dr. Grossman has received personal compensation for activities with Allon Therapeutics.
Shifting Roles, Shifting Contexts, Maintaining Identity.

This self-study describes the ways in which a move to a different state, university, and academic role has shaped my sense of self as a scholar, teacher educator, and college administrator. I draw from role theory and from conceptions of habitus and field to provide a conceptual lens for interpreting the data and my experiences. I then address two related issues that affect my identity on a daily basis: the ways in which my prior practice is influencing my current practice and the professional costs and benefits of moving to a new state and a new institution late in one's career.
Oil and Water? The Philosophical Commitments of International Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution

While there have been important studies that have mapped the fields of peace studies (PS) and conflict resolution (CR), the focus usually has been on tracing their historical evolution and typical areas of application. In contrast, this article aims to examine PS and CR's philosophical assumptions and commitments, topics more rarely investigated. Rather than assuming that CR and PS are analyzing, diagnosing, and addressing conflict in the same way, this study will trace their respective philosophical genealogies (including, where possible, variations within each) and the concrete implications of these stances in terms of intellectual wagers about power, truth, structure, and conflict. These findings will tell us more about what is happening in these two fields and guide future study.
Spatial heterogeneity of benthos associated with biogenic structures on the North Carolina continental slope

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if biogenic features such as mounds, pits and tubes produce small-scale (0.1–100 m) spatial heterogeneity in macrofaunal community structure on the continental slope off North Carolina at 850 m. Macrofaunal and microbial communities associated with sediment mounds, pits and level areas were compared off Cape Lookout, North Carolina. No significant differences were found in sediment microbial counts or total macrofaunal distributions. One paraonid polychaete (Levensenia gracilis) was more abundant in pits than in the other samples, and infaunal anemones exhibited depressed densities in sediment mounds. At a second site, off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, infaunal heterogeneity associated with the tube-building foraminiferanBathysiphon filiformis was examined by comparing an area with high tube densities (93.8 m−2) with an area 100 m away without tubes. No significant differences were found in the distribution and abundances of bacteria between the two areas. The only significant difference found in infaunal densities was the presence of high numbers of reproductive oligochaetes in the 5–10 cm fraction beneath tube beds. Oneterebellid polychaete species (Nicolea sp.), which lives exclusively onB. filiformis tubes, was absent in the non-tube area. With a few exceptions, the biogenic structures examined at these two sites appeared to exert only minor influence on macrofaunal or microbial community structure. Within each site, slope assemblages examined in this study appeared to be homogeneous on the small scales examined.
Aggression as a function of audience presence and prior anger arousal

Abstract Sixty male undergraduates participated in an experiment designed to investigate the effects of presence of an audience and level of prior anger arousal on adult aggressive behavior. Subjects were first angered or not angered by a confederate of the experimenter, and then presented with an opportunity to aggress against this individual under one of three conditions: alone in the experimental room (No Audience), in the presence of an audience which witnessed their treatment at the hands of the confederate (Early Audience), or in the presence of an audience which failed to witness these events (Late Audience). Results indicated that the level of aggression shown by subjects was significantly reduced by the presence of the Early Audience, but was not affected to any appreciable degree by the presence of the Late Audience.
Adsorption, Assembly, and Dynamics of Dibutyl Sulfide on Au{111}

Alkanethiol (RSH) monolayers are by far the most extensively studied surface self-assembly systems due to their robustness and the opportunity to control their assembly in the dimension perpendicular to the surface. Thioethers (RSR′), a similar class of molecule, remain largely unstudied to date but may offer a similar level of assembly control parallel to the surface. Here we report the self-assembly of dibutyl sulfide, a symmetric thioether species, on a Au{111} surface using scanning tunneling microscopy. As with thiols, dibutyl sulfide forms well-ordered monolayers, but due to the slightly weaker molecule−metal bond, the coverage and temperature-dependent behavior is very different than that of alkanethiols. Adsorption is sensitive to the different regions of the Au{111} herringbone reconstruction. Dibutyl sulfide lies parallel to the surface and forms well-ordered chains in domains that preferentially bind first in fcc regions, then hcp, and finally on soliton walls. The sulfide−Au interaction is str...
Spatial Thinking and Technologies in the Undergraduate Social Science Classroom

Spatial thinking and analysis have greatly enhanced social science research throughout the past century, but explicit practice of spatial thinking in undergraduate social science courses is still quite rare. New computer technology to handle spatial information offers exciting opportunities that have been discussed at recent NSF-sponsored SPACE workshops on spatial thinking in undergraduate education. The authors discuss insights and strategies that emerged from these workshops in the context of the literature on spatial thinking in education and contemporary cognitive and learning theories. Practical suggestions regarding specific pedagogic approaches and assessment strategies that are proving successful in enhancing social science education are reviewed.
Decoupled coarse-to-fine matching and nonlinear regularization for efficient motion estimation

A simple motion estimation algorithm, light-weighted both in memory and in time, is presented in this paper. This simplicity is achieved by decoupling the matching and the regularization stages in the estimation process. Experiments show that the obtained results are comparable with state-of-the-art algorithms that are much more computationally demanding.
An investigation of variably induced white noise upon moments of stuttering

Abstract Thirty stutterers, aged 14 to 59, took part in an experiment in which various modes of white noise were presented through earphones to mask out self-hearing of speech during four out of five situations involving oral reading of 300-word passages. The speech and masking noise were simultaneously recorded on tape and later were analyzed. It was found that masking noise caused a reduction in stuttering, constant noise being the most effective in this regard. Randomly presented one-second bursts of noise ranked next in efficacy of reduction while identical bursts of noise, induced at the commencement of a stuttering moment, were the least effective in diminishing stuttering.
NEW HOST RECORD AND NOTES ON MALLOPHAGA FROM THE WHITE-NECKED RAVEN (Corvus cryptoleucus COUCH)

Fifty-eight white-necked ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus) were examined for ectoparasites. Brueelia afzali and Philopterus ocellatus osborni were the most abundant mallophagans while Colpocephalum fregili and Myrsidea interruptus were the least common. The white-necked raven is listed as a new host for P. ocellatus osborni. Host sexual selection is indicated by statistical treatment of data obtained from ecologically distinct host populations.
Analysis of the 2ν3 band of 12CD3F at 5.06 μm recorded under high resolution

Abstract The 2 ν 3 ( A 1 ) band of 12 CD 3 F near 5.06 μm has been recorded with a resolution of 20–24 × 10 −3 cm −1 . The value of the parameter ( α B − α A ) for this band was found to be very small and, therefore, the K structure of the R ( J ) and P ( J ) manifolds was unresolved for J J values. The band was analyzed using standard techniques and values for the following constants determined: ν 0 = 1977.178(3) cm −1 , B ″ = 0.68216(9) cm −1 , D ″ J = 1.10(30) × 10 −6 cm −1 , α B = ( B ″ − B ′) = 3.086(7) × 10 −3 cm −1 , and β J = ( D ″ J − D ′ J ) = −3.24(11) × 10 −7 cm −1 . A value of α A = ( A ″ − A ′) = 2.90(5) × 10 −3 cm −1 has been obtained through band contour simulations of the R ( J ) and P ( J ) multiplets.
Laser induced annealing dynamics of photo-electron spectra from silicon field emitter arrays

A marked increase in electron yield, an overall spectral red shift, and the formation of a higher energy peak from Si field emitter arrays (FEAs) are observed in photo-electron spectra throughout a laser annealing process.
Secrets of a superbug.

Two studies examine why community-acquired strains of Staphylococcus aureus are so good at burrowing into flesh and wreaking havoc on the body (pages 1405–1406 and 1510–1514).
Identification and analysis of Dictyostelium actin genes, a family of moderately repeated genes.

Abstract Plasmid M6 has been shown to contain sequences complementary to two related abundant mRNA species which differ in length by 100 nucleotides and code for Dictyostellum actin. M6 complementary RNA was isolated by hybridization to immobilized M6 DNA and translated in vitro. The product is identical to major forms of in vivo labeled actin in both mobility on two-dimensional gels and two-dimensional fingerprints of tryptic peptides. Both plasmid M6 and a second plasmid complementary to the actin mRNA complementary region in M6, pDd actin 2 (McKeown et al., 1978), direct the synthesis in minicells of a number of similar polypeptides that are not seen in minicells containing other recombinant plasmids. Three of these polypeptides are similar in two-dimensional gel mobility to Dictyostelium actin and bind to DNAase I agarose. The repetition frequency of isolated restriction fragments from actin mRNA complementary plasmid M6 has been examined. The data from two different experimental approaches (DNA excess hybridizations using plasmid DNA as probe, and hybridization of plasmid probe to DNA blot filters of restriction enzyme-digested Dictyostelium DNA) indicate that the mRNA complementary region is reiterated 15–20 times. When an actin cDNA probe is used in the same experiments, the results suggest that the entire coding region is reiterated. When the two major actin mRNA species are separated and independently translated, each appears to code for one of the two major actin species. The results suggest that there are at least two different functional genes, and possibly more, for Dictyostelium actin.
Combinatorial synthesis and characterization of a ternary epitaxial film of Co and Mn doped Ge (0 0 1)

We report combinatorial molecular beam epitaxy synthesis and properties of a ternary epitaxial film of Co and Mn co-doped Ge grown on Ge (0 0 1) substrate. Structural effects were examined in situ by reflection high-energy electron diffraction and ex situ by microbeam X-ray diffraction techniques, and magnetic properties were probed by using magnetooptic Kerr effect. Ternary epitaxial phase diagrams have been studied for total doping concentrations up to 30 at.%, where regions of coherent epitaxy and rough disordered growth and those of near room temperature ferromagnetic ordering have been identified.
Combined keratectomy, strontium-90 irradiation and permanent bulbar conjunctival grafts for corneolimbal squamous cell carcinomas in horses (1990-2002): 38 horses

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative beta-irradiation with strontium-90 as an adjunctive treatment to superficial keratectomy and permanent bulbar conjunctival graft for removal of equine corneolimbal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), in decreasing recurrence rate. Study The retrospective case study included 38 horses diagnosed and treated for SCC of the eye that involved the limbus and/or cornea. The patients were treated between 1990 and 2002, with strontium-90 irradiation immediately after corneal and conjunctival graft surgery. Recurrence was defined as the postoperative and postirradiation regrowth of SCC in the same site and globe that was previously treated. Results The Appaloosa was the most commonly represented breed and horses that had more than one base coat color represented the majority of the cases (53%). The coat colors of white, chestnut/sorrel and gray were the most commonly represented colors of the horses treated. Eight horses (21%) could not be assessed for tumor recurrence due to lack of two or more post-treatment examinations, and another horse was enucleated 6 days postoperatively due to progressive corneal ulceration. Twenty-four horses (63% of the entire study population; 83% of the followed cases) had a mean ± SD of 1754 ± 1319 days without tumor recurrence, ranging from 14 days to 5110 days. Five horses (13% of the entire study population; 17% of the assessed horses) had tumor recurrence at a mean ± SD of 449 ± 339 days with a range of 29 days to 900 days. For the five recurrences, treatment included local excision (n = 1), enucleation (n = 2), and additional strontium-90 therapy (n = 3). Conclusions The combination of superficial keratectomy, β-irradiation and permanent bulbar conjunctival grafts for limbal, corneal or corneolimbal SCC in horses is effective in at least 83% of the horses. Recurrence occurred in about 17% of the horses. Multiple biannual re-examinations are recommended to observe for tumor recurrence.
Tumor lipids: Comparison of glyceryl ethers of mouse and insect tumors

Examination of the lipids of two tumor-bearing mutant strains of fruit fly reveal that they do not have the elevated content of glyceryl ethers typical of many neoplasms of higher animals. Glyceryl ether diesters were absent, and the amounts of alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ethers of tumorous and normal tissues were similar.
The role of repetitive thought in determining posttraumatic growth and distress following interpersonal trauma

Background and Objectives: Repetitive thought (RT) strategies have been linked to a range of negative outcomes following traumatic interpersonal events but are proposed to serve an adaptive function under particular circumstances. This study examined outcomes following RT within a transdiagnostic framework, and explored the potentially adaptive nature of trait-like and event-related RT. Design: The centrality of a traumatic event to one's identity was explored as a context under which the adaptive nature of RT might change. Young adults with interpersonal violence experiences (N = 163) reported use of trait-like and event-related RT, centrality of the event, depressive, anxious, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), posttraumatic depreciation and posttraumatic growth. Methods: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine main and moderating effects of four types of RT and event centrality on outcome variables. Results: Centrality positively predicted depressive symptoms and PTSS, dep...
Motherhood as Punishment: The Case of Parenting in Prison

AbstractWhat does caretaking look like when it occurs in prison? Drawing on ethnographic research conducted in a mother/child prison in California, this article explores the practices and uses of motherhood in a prison designed for female offenders and their children. Burdened by soaring criminal justice expenditures at a time of budget crisis, many US states have begun to look to “alternative” forms of incarceration. Heralded for their cost-cutting promises and ostensibly progressive approach to the needs of children with incarcerated parents, mother/child penal facilities have become increasingly popular. Yet instead of offering an alternative to the punitive practices of the criminal justice system, I argue, such facilities can become symptomatic of them—and thus mirror dominant ideas about gender, race, and class. In this penal setting, the logic of punishment collided with and ultimately subsumed the logic of caretaking—as motherhood was undermined, subsumed, and punished by the prison staff. With th...
Impact of pretransplant renal function on survival after liver transplantation.

To determine the effect of pretransplant liver function on survival following orthotopic liver transplantation and to quantify the effects of cyclosporine administration on long-term renal function in patients undergoing liver transplant, we performed an analysis of a prospectively maintained database. Data from 569 consecutive patients undergoing liver transplantation alone who were treated with CsA for immunosuppression were used for this study. Actuarial graft and patient survival rates were calculated using Kaplan-Meier statistics. Glomerular filtration rates, serum creatinine, and the use of various immunosuppressives were analyzed for this study. The initial analysis demonstrated that patients presenting for liver transplant with hepatorenal syndrome have a significantly decreased actuarial patient survival after liver transplant at 5 years compared with patients without hepatorenal syndrome (60% vs. 68%, P<0.03). Patients with hepatorenal syndrome recovered their renal function after liver transplant. Patients who had hepatorenal syndrome were sicker and required longer stays in the intensive care unit, longer hospitalizations, and more dialysis treatments after transplantation compared with patients who did not have hepatorenal syndrome. The incidence of end-stage renal disease after liver transplantation in patients who had hepatorenal syndrome was 7%, compared with 2% in patients who did not have hepatorenal syndrome. To more fully examine the effect of pretransplant renal function on post-transplant survival, the non-hepatorenal syndrome patients were divided into quartiles depending upon their pretransplant renal function. The patients with the lowest pretransplant renal function had the same survival as the patients with the highest pretransplant renal function. In addition, there was no increased incidence of acute or chronic rejection in any of the groups. The patients with the lower pretransplant renal function were treated with more azathioprine to maintain renal function and had a negligible decrease in glomerular filtration rate following transplant. Conversely, patients with the highest level of renal function pretransplant had a 40% decline in renal function in the first year, but maintained stable renal function up to 4 years after transplant. We conclude that pretransplant renal Unction other than hepatorenal syndrome has no effect on patient survival after orthotopic liver transplant. Renal function after liver transplant is stable after an initial decline, despite continued administration of CsA. Use of a CsA-sparing protocol utilizing high doses of azathioprine and lower doses of CsA can maintain renal function in those patients who present with poor renal function before transplantation
Relationship between trapped holes, positive ions, and interface states in irradiated Si‐SiO2 structures

We show that trapped holes at the Si‐SiO2 interface account for all of the interface states generated by gate‐positive irradiation of metal‐oxide‐silicon structures. The field‐induced conversion of trapped holes to interface states is found to be the rate‐limiting step in interface state buildup. Interface‐state generation by hole trapping at the Si‐SiO2 interface also plays a role for gate‐negative irradiation. However, our experiments demonstrate an additional avenue for interface‐state formation under these conditions. Holes created in the SiO2 layer are swept to the Al‐SiO2 interface where they release positive ions. The transport of these ions to the Si‐SiO2 interface under gate‐positive field results in new interface states. Our data do not support models involving liberation of protons in the bulk of the SiO2 layer by hole transport through the oxide.
Shoemaker's arguments against Locke

In his book, Self-Knowledge and Self-Identity (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963), Sydney Shoemaker offers three arguments against Locke's notion that it is possible for x and y to be the same person at different times even though x and y are not the same substance. Here is the first :1 If persons are thinking things, and thinking things are substances, then persons are substances. And if it follows from the definition of " person " that a person is a substance, it is surely self-contradictory to say that the identity of a person does not involve the identity of a substance. The argument might be spelled out like this: (1) If an A is by definition a B, then if x and y are the same A, they must be the same B.
FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT OF THE CAUDAL MUSCLES IN THE SHORTFIN PILOT WHALE

Controversy has existed about the power stroke of cetacean locomotion. We therefore measured cross-sectional areas of the appropriate muscles of the tail and computed possible forces and bending moments. The muscle areas are approximately equal in size and a similar relationship holds for the caudal tendons. It appears that the hypoaxial and epiaxial muscles are capable of generating forces that are approximately equal. Thrust delivered in the upstroke and downstroke may therefore be equal.
Nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of C-ABL tyrosine kinase

The ubiquitously expressed nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl contains three nuclear localization signals, however, it is found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of proliferating fibroblasts. A rapid and transient loss of c-Abl from the nucleus is observed upon the initial adhesion of fibroblasts onto a fibronectin matrix, suggesting the possibility of nuclear export [Lewis, J., Baskaran, R., Taagepera, S., Schwartz, M. & Wang, J. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 15174–15179]. Here we show that the C terminus of c-Abl does indeed contain a functional nuclear export signal (NES) with the characteristic leucine-rich motif. The c-Abl NES can functionally complement an NES-defective HIV Rev protein (RevΔ3NI) and can mediate the nuclear export of glutathione-S-transferase. The c-Abl NES function is sensitive to the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B. Mutation of a single leucine (L1064A) in the c-Abl NES abrogates export function. The NES-mutated c-Abl, termed c-Abl NES(−), is localized exclusively to the nucleus. Treatment of cells with leptomycin B also leads to the nuclear accumulation of wild-type c-Abl protein. The c-Abl NES(−) is not lost from the nucleus when detached fibroblasts are replated onto fibronectin matrix. Taken together, these results demonstrate that c-Abl shuttles continuously between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and that the rate of nuclear import and export can be modulated by the adherence status of fibroblastic cells.
Scribbles from the den: essays on politics and collective memory in Cameroon

Scribbles from the den: essays on politics and collective memory in Cameroon, by Dibussi Tande, Bamenda, Cameroon, Langaa Publishers, 2009, 212 pp., £19.95, ISBN 978-9956558919 Dibussi Tande's Scri...
An Acidic Motif Retains Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 on Large Dense Core Vesicles

The release of biogenic amines from large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) depends on localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter VMAT2 to LDCVs. We now find that a cluster of acidic residues including two serines phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 is required for the localization of VMAT2 to LDCVs. Deletion of the acidic cluster promotes the removal of VMAT2 from LDCVs during their maturation. The motif thus acts as a signal for retention on LDCVs. In addition, replacement of the serines by glutamate to mimic phosphorylation promotes the removal of VMAT2 from LDCVs, whereas replacement by alanine to prevent phosphorylation decreases removal. Phosphorylation of the acidic cluster thus appears to reduce the localization of VMAT2 to LDCVs by inactivating a retention mechanism.
Corrosion Inhibition of Zinc by Benzotriazole with an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance

The inhibiting effect of benzotriazole (BTA) on the corrosion of electroplated zinc coatings in acidic sodium sulfate solutions was studied by use of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. Experiments showed that BTA is mainly inhibiting the anodic reaction of the zinc dissolution reaction. In quiescent solution, the rate-determining step of the corrosion process is mass transport of dissolved oxygen to the electrode surface so that BTA does not significantly decrease the corrosion rate. When the solution is deaerated by nitrogen bubbling, the corrosion rate is controlled by the charge-transfer process and the corrosion rate of zinc is greatly reduced by BTA. When the solution is bubbled with air, the corrosion rate increases significantly. The rate of the hydrogen evolution reaction is charge-transfer controlled and the oxygen reduction is controlled by mass transport.
Photofragment spectroscopy of ICN at 266.0 nm and 299.4 nm: Vibrational and rotational distributions of CN(X 2Σ+)

Abstract ICN has been photolyzed at 266.0 nm and 299.4. The collision free rotational distribution of CN(X 2 Σ + ,υ″ = 0) after photolysis at 266.0 nm consists of three components with “temperatures” of 37,489 and 6134 K. For 299.4 nm photolysis the CN(X 2 Σ + ) is formed with 91% in υ″ = 0, 6% in υ″ = 1, 3% in υ″ = 2 with apparently Boltzmann rotational distributions characterized by temperatures of 1673, 1971 and 1865 K respectively. Comparisons are made between these and previous results and are shown to be qualitative agreement. We have determined nascent rotational energy distributions for the dissociation of ICN at 266.0 nm and 299.4 nm. The data at 266.0 nm indicate three components in the distribution. Comparisons between these results and earlier work exhibit qualitative agreement. Further theoretical studies of this photodissociation are indicated to untangle some of the discrepancies. In contrast, the photodissociation at 299.4 nm results in clean single Boltzmann rotational temperatures with somewhat higher vibrational energy than observed at 266.0 nm.
Norms for the Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory—Modified Form

Norms based on responses of 145 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade rural midwestern children were prepared. Several demographic variables affected children's responses. Girls reported less firm control and more acceptance from their mothers than did boys. Older children reported less acceptance from and less use of psychological control by their fathers than did younger children. Finally, across grades, children tended to report less acceptance from their parents and less use of psychological control by their fathers.
On the characterization of vegetation transmissivity using LAI for application in passive microwave remote sensing of snowpack

Abstract Vegetation has long been an obstacle in efforts to derive snow depth and mass estimates from passive microwave (PM) measurements of brightness temperature ( T b ). Though certain metrics have been derived in an effort to characterize the effects of vegetation, some are restricted to certain vegetation types, while others are difficult to measure over the large scales at which spaceborne PM measurements are made. In this study, we examine PM measurements made at multiple observation scales in Colorado and Wyoming, and found that spatial variations of airborne T b data and temporal variation of spaceborne T b data are both highly correlated with a globally available remotely-sensed vegetation dataset, specifically the Leaf Area Index (LAI) derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. The effective vegetation transmissivity, a physical variable used in existing simple radiative transfer models, is derived from a conservative assumption based on the variability in the measured T b . We validate our transmissivity estimates over multiple snow seasons and geographic domains. Lastly, based on the variability in the measured T b with respect to LAI, we define microwave-retrievable areas for PM-based retrieval methods of snow water equivalent (SWE). Over the spatial domain used in this study, over 96% of the area is microwave retrievable at airborne microwave resolutions, which corresponds to 86.5% of the total SWE. Alternatively at spaceborne PM resolution, 52.8% of the land area and 35.5% of the SWE are microwave retrievable.
Keratinocyte muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: Immunolocalization and partial characterization

We have reported previously that human keratinocytes synthesize and secrete acetylcholine and that muscarinic cholinergic drugs have effects on keratinocyte proliferation, adhesion, and migration. This study defines the location of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in human epidermis and describes some pharmacologic and molecular properties of these receptors. Confocal microscopy employing the anti-muscarinic receptor monoclonal antibody M35 visualized the receptors in the intercellular areas of normal human epidermis. Using immunoelectron microscopy, the receptors appeared to be attached to the keratinocyte plasma membranes. Functional, high-density ( Bmax = 8.3 nmol/2 × 10 6 cells) and high-affinity ( Kd = 21.5 nM) muscarinic receptors were demonstrated by saturable binding of the reversible radioligand [ 3 H]quinuclidinyl benzilate to the surfaces of freshly isolated epidermal cells at 0°C. Receptor proteins were separated by gel electrophoresis. An apparent isoelectric point of pH 4.3 was determined in immunoblots of sodium-cholate-solubilized receptors separated on isoelectric-focusing gels. Three protein bands, two at approximately 60 kDa and one at 95 kDa, were visualized in immunoblots of membrane-bound or solubilized receptors separated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The covalent, irreversible ligand [ 3 3H]propylbenzilylcholine mustard confirmed these results. Thus, human keratinocytes express a heterogeneous population of muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Because human keratinocytes also express nicotinic cholinergic receptors, endogenously secreted acetylcholine may control different biologic processes in these cells by activating different types of their cholinergic receptors.
Air ingress benchmarking with computational fluid dynamics analysis

The air ingress accident is a complicated accident scenario that may limit the deployment of high-temperature gas reactors. The complexity of this accident scenario is compounded by multiple physical phenomena that are involved in the air ingress event. These include diffusion, natural circulation, and complex chemical reactions with graphite and oxygen. In an attempt to better understand the phenomenon, the FLUENT-6 computational fluid dynamics code was used to assess two air ingress experiments. The first was the Japanese series of tests performed in the early 1990s by Takeda and Hishida. These separate effects tests were conducted to understand and model a multi-component experiment in which all three processes were included with the introduction of air in a heated graphite column. MIT used the FLUENT code to benchmark these series of tests with quite good results. These tests are generically applicable to prismatic reactors and the lower reflector regions of pebble-bed reactors. The second series of tests were performed at the NACOK facility for pebble bed reactors as reported by Kuhlmann [Kuhlmann, M.B., 1999. Experiments to investigate flow transfer and graphite corrosion in case of air ingress accidents in a high-temperature reactor]. These tests were aimed at understanding natural circulation of pebble bed reactors by simulating hot and cold legs of these reactors. The FLUENT code was also successfully used to simulate these tests. The results of these benchmarks and the findings will be presented.
The interaction of cells persistently infected with canine distemper virus with antiviral antibody and complement

Cells persistently infected with canine distemper virus can be lysed by antibody and complement. This reaction is dependent upon the alternative complement pathway. In the absence of antiviral antibody, the virus-infected cells will activate the alternative complement pathway, although this will not produce cell lysis.
Toward a new methodological paradigm for testing theories of health behavior and health behavior change

Abstract Objective Traditional theory testing commonly applies cross-sectional (and occasionally longitudinal) survey research to test health behavior theory. Since such correlational research cannot demonstrate causality, a number of researchers have called for the increased use of experimental methods for theory testing. Methods We introduce the multi-methodological theory-testing (MMTT) framework for testing health behavior theory. Results The MMTT framework introduces a set of principles that broaden the perspective of how we view evidence for health behavior theory. It suggests that while correlational survey research designs represent one method of testing theory, the weaknesses of this approach demand that complementary approaches be applied. Such approaches include randomized lab and field experiments, mediation analysis of theory-based interventions, and meta-analysis. Conclusion These alternative approaches to theory testing can demonstrate causality in a much more robust way than is possible with correlational survey research methods. Such approaches should thus be increasingly applied in order to more completely and rigorously test health behavior theory. Practice implications Greater application of research derived from the MMTT may lead researchers to refine and modify theory and ultimately make theory more valuable to practitioners.
Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, Volume 2: The Coming of the Civil War, 1850–1861

Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, Volume 2: The Coming of the Civil War, 1850–1861 JOHN ASHWORTH Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007 Pp. 683, $131.99 (hbk), $34....
The Sociocultural Context of African American and White American Women's Rape

This paper examines historical factors related to African American women's rape and their disclosure patterns. It compares similarities and differences in incidents of attempted or completed rape in a community sample of 55 African American and White women. The possibility that African American women may not perceive themselves as rape victims or their experiences as meeting the criteria of “real rape” has implications for the disclosure of incidents, as well as the initial and lasting effects of sexual victimization. Researchers are urged to include ethnicity as a factor contributing to women's self-perceptions as rape survivors.
Comparison of the disposition and in vitro metabolism of 4-vinylcyclohexene in the female mouse and rat.

4-Vinylcyclohexene (VCH) is a chemical to which humans are exposed in the rubber industry. A chronic carcinogenicity bioassay conducted by the National Toxicology Program showed that oral administration of VCH induced tumors in the ovaries of mice but not in those of rats. The hypothesis tested was that the species and organ specificity of VCH toxicity was due to differences in the disposition of VCH between the female rat and mouse. Therefore, the disposition of a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg (14C)VCH was studied in female B6C3F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Mice eliminated greater than 95% of the dose in 24 hr, whereas rats required 48 hr to eliminate greater than 95% of the dose. The major routes of excretion of (14C)VCH-derived radioactivity were in the urine (50-60%) and expired air (30-40%). No evidence was obtained to indicate that the ovaries of either species retained VCH as a parent compound or as radioactive equivalents. A dramatic difference was observed between the rat and mouse in the appearance of a monoepoxide of VCH in blood from 0.5 to 6 hr after VCH administration (800 mg/kg, ip). VCH-1,2-epoxide was present in the blood of mice with the highest concentration atmore » 2 hr (41 nmol/ml). The blood concentration of VCH-1,2-epoxide in rats was less than 2.5 nmol/ml at all times examined. VCH-7,8-epoxide was not present in the blood of either species at the level of detection. These findings were supported by in vitro studies of VCH epoxidation by liver microsomes. The rate of epoxidation of VCH (1 mM) to VCH-1,2-epoxide was 6.5-fold greater in mouse liver microsomes than that in rat liver microsomes. The species difference in the rate of epoxide formation by the liver may be an important factor in the species difference in susceptibility to VCH-induced ovarian tumors.« less
Regulation of self-tolerance by Qa-1-restricted CD8(+) regulatory T cells.

Mounting an efficient immune response to pathogens while avoiding damage to host tissues is the central task of the immune system. Emerging evidence has highlighted the contribution of the CD8+ lineage of regulatory T cells to the maintenance of self-tolerance. Specific recognition of the MHC class Ib molecule Qa-1 complexed to peptides expressed by activated CD4+ T cells by regulatory CD8+ T cells triggers an inhibitory interaction that prevents autoimmune responses. Conversely, defective Qa-1-restricted CD8+ regulatory activity can result in development of systemic autoimmune disease. Here, we review recent research into the cellular and molecular basis of these regulatory T cells, their mechanism of suppressive activity and the potential application of these insights into new treatments for autoimmune disease and cancer.
Consumer-level factors moderating the success of private label brands

Abstract We examine how different determinants of perceived risk help explain variations in purchasing preferences for national brands versus private label (store) brands (PLBs), across twelve different product categories. Such intercategory differences are the most important source of variation in PLB share across markets, retailers and categories (Dhar and Hoch, 1997) , but little prior consumer-level research has thus far tried to explain these crucial variations. Supporting theory-based expectations, we find that PLB purchases in a category increase when consumers perceive reduced consequences of making a mistake in brand choice in that category, and when that category has more “search” than “experience” characteristics. Theoretical and managerial implications of these results are discussed, especially the important role played by “experience” attributes in leading consumers to favor national brands over PLBs.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte collagenase: localization in granules subjected to zonal centrifugation.

. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were obtained from rabbit peritoneal exudates. Granule preparations from these cells were subjected to zonal fractionation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Azurophilic and specific granules were enzymatically characterized by peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. Collagenase was consistently associated with the alkaline phosphatase-containing specific granules.
Psychosomatic nasal disorder

Present day allergy therapy can provide substantial symptomatic relief to patients with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis. Available measures are so effective that treatment failures with our most potent medications should raise the question of the presence of genuine pathology. Psychosomatic symptoms often involve nasal function. We present three such cases in which failure to relieve symptoms suggested a neurotic fixation on the condition of the nose and no demonstrable nasal pathology.
FOURIER-LAPLACE ANALYSIS OF MULTIGRID WAVEFORM RELAXATION METHOD FOR HYPERBOLIC EQUATIONS

The multigrid waveform relaxation (WR) algorithm has been fairly studied and implemented for parabolic equations. It has been found that the performance of the multigrid WR method for a parabolic equation is practically the same as that of multigrid iteration for the associated steady state elliptic equation. However, the properties of the multigrid WR method for hyperbolic problems are relatively unknown. This paper studies the multigrid acceleration to the WR iteration for hyperbolic problems, with a focus on the convergence comparison between the multigrid WR iteration and the multigrid iteration for the corresponding steady state equations. Using a Fourier-Laplace analysis in two case studies, it is found that the multigrid performance on hyperbolic problems no longer shares the close resemblance in convergence factors between the WR iteration for parabolic equations and the iteration for the associated steady state equations.
Sequencing to minimize the maximum renewal cumulative cost

This paper considers the problem of sequencing n independent tasks, each of which is associated with a cost. The objective is to minimize the maximum cumulative cost incurred during the execution of the set of tasks. After a task has been executed, the cumulative cost is equal to the larger of zero and the previously cumulated cost plus the cost of the task. This problem is strongly NP-hard. An algorithm is developed that solves this problem in O(log n) time when two types of tasks are involved.
A miscibility survey of bisphenol A carbonate cyclic oligomers with a spectrum of glassy polymers

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) carbonate cyclic oligomers have been found to be miscible with a wide spectrum of glassy polymers from polystyrene to aromatic polysulfones. The surprising breadth of the cohesive energy density (CED) range corresponding to this spectrum is roughly comparable to the breadth of the CED range of small molecule solvents that swell a given glassy polymer heavily, and much smaller than the breadth of the CED range of miscibility seen in a polymer/polymer blend series. Possible sources of this behaviour are indicated.
Gamma-ray burst reprocessing

A review of three theoretical models for the generation of transient optical emission thought to accompany the gamma-ray bursts is presented. The physics of reprocessing by Compton-heated electrons in the magnetosphere of a highly magnetized neutron star, the surface layers of a companion star, and an accretion disk are discussed. The spectral shapes, time scales, and arrival time delays between low and high energy photons predicted by the models are compared. These predictions are so different that broad band monitoring could be used to indicate which of the three scenarios (if any) is correct.
Electrostrictive and Thermal Stimulated Rayleigh Spectroscopy in Liquids

We have observed the spectrum of electrostrictive stimulated Rayleigh scattering in a liquid and created a transition to stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering with the addition of an absorbing liquid. With the proper amount of absorption, the electrostrictive and thermal contributions to the scattering exactly cancel, resulting in no stimulated Rayleigh scattering. An absorption coefficient of $0.00012{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is sufficient to cancel the electrostrictive Rayleigh scattering in Freon 113.