cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protesting the Paradigm: A Comparative Study of News Coverage of Protests in Brazil, China, and India

This study assesses the scope and applicability of the “protest paradigm” in non-Western contexts by examining the news coverage of Brazilian, Chinese, and Indian protests in their domestic media. ...
The Coupling Model: A Fundamental Mechanism Governing Time Dependent Properties of Relaxations, Structural Recovery and Nonlinear Viscoelasticity

The recent renewal of interest in the time dependent response of complex material systems stems both from their increasing importance and from recent advances in theoretical tools and concepts. This paper describes one of these advances, the coupling model of relaxation. The coupling model proposes a view of how relaxation proceeds in time in which a primitive relaxation mode is coupled to its complex surroundings. Examples of the coupling model predictions for terminal relaxations, primary-segmental relaxations including physical aging, and secondary relaxations in polymers are described. It is able to confront and quantitatively explain several long-standing problems and anomalies for which traditional approaches, in their present form, such as distributions of relaxation times, free volume, configuration entropy and reptation are not successful. The coupling model response function is also appropriate for structural nonequilibrium and its predictions for volume recovery are described. The same coupling model response function is used as a timedependent kernal in a constitutive equation to discuss nonlinear viscoelasticity. The model incorporates the strain history dependence and allows for the evolution of material structure. Using information from strain-tickle experiments on polycarbonate and polyetherimide, we show that the coupling model reproduces the essential features observed experimentally for a variety of strain histories.
Development of Protractors for Calculating the Effects of Daylight from Clear Skies

A procedure is described for calculating Interior daylight illumination from clear skies using a protractor approach. The proposed procedure closely parallels the one used by the British Building Research Station in preparing daylight protractors for calculating daylight from overcast skies. Building on this work, a computer program was developed which used the CIE clear sky function to execute the numerous calculations needed to construct the clear sky protractors. The proposed procedure was validated against the Quicklite I daylighting program, the results of which suggest a close correlation between the Protractor procedure and Quicklite I. Thus, an accurate, simple and relatively fast procedure for calculating daylight has been presented which enables measurements to be made directly from architectural drawings.
The Role of Differing Host Styles in Fox News’ Prime Time Coverage of Health Care Reform in August 2009

Much research has looked at individual Fox News programs as a means to ascertain how the network operates in a variety of contexts, but nearly no attention has been paid to the role of individual program hosts. The host plays an important role in branding news programs and thus directly affects a network’s self-presentation and credibility. This host-based, meso-level study examines how the three Fox News prime time hosts employed differing approaches toward furthering the network’s themes opposing health care reform in August 2009.
Effect of 2,3-butanedione monoxime on myocyte resting force during prolonged metabolic inhibition

The chemical phosphatase 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) has been reported to inhibit both Ca(2+)-induced myofilament force development and rigor due to ATP depletion. However, during prolonged hypoxia in cultured ventricular myocytes BDM delays but does not prevent a marked increase in resting force. To investigate the mechanisms involved we measured the effects of BDM on intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i; indo 1), force development (video motion detector), and ATP contents (luciferase assay) in cultured embryonic chick ventricular myocytes and adult rabbit ventricular myocytes subjected to prolonged metabolic inhibition with 1 mM NaCN and 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose. In the absence of metabolic inhibition, 20 mM BDM depressed force development even when [Ca2+]i was markedly elevated by exposure to zero-Na solution or 10 mM caffeine in chick cells, and 30 mM BDM completely inhibited Ca(2+)-induced force development in rabbit myocytes. During metabolic inhibition, 20 mM BDM delayed the onset of an increase in resting force (from 5.44 +/- 0.87 to 13.67 +/- 1.34 min in chick myocytes; from 19.13 +/- 2.23 to 32.43 +/- 3.30 min in rabbit myocytes, means +/- SE, n = 8-9). However, the rates of ATP depletion and rise in [Ca2+]i after metabolic inhibition were not altered by BDM. In the presence of BDM, during prolonged metabolic inhibition in both chick and rabbit myocytes, abrupt spontaneous or evoked alterations in [Ca2+]i were associated with corresponding changes in force. During the initial increase in resting force induced by metabolic inhibition, exposure to BDM caused a partial transient relaxation. We conclude that the delayed increase in resting force during metabolic inhibition in the presence of BDM is due to redevelopment of Ca2+ sensitivity of the myofilaments in the presence of an increased [Ca2+]i as a consequence of severe ATP depletion, whereas in the absence of BDM the more rapidly developing increase in resting force during metabolic inhibition is initially due to a rise in [Ca2+]i followed by development of rigor.
One of Us: Groups and Communities

Those who do not remember the past are condemned to repeat it. – George Santayana When jbum, the creator of Palace, asked me whether I wanted to be a wizard, I was delighted. I remember my heart beating faster and feeling flushed. Of course, I said yes. Even though happy simply being a member of Palace as well as a researcher studying the community, I secretly hoped I might join the wizard ranks. He told me that I would be initiated and when. I was quite excited that day as I waited for the appointed hour to meet jbum at the Main Mansion. I went to the cafe as instructed, but was totally confused to find it empty. Where was everyone? Then Spingo came in and told me to utter an incantation that magically transported me to a room I didn't know existed. It was a hidden room, Murmoorerer, a copy of the moor. All of the other wizards were there. My whole family crowded around the computer to watch. I was so nervous that I could barely type. Because of the top-secret nature of the wizard induction ceremony, I cannot divulge what occurred. Needless to say it was thrilling and hysterically funny. Big groups, little groups, family groups, workgroups, peer groups, hobbyist groups, political groups, sex groups, and all varieties of special interest groups – cyberspace is chock full of them. In fact, the potential for creating online groups is orders of magnitude beyond anything we have ever seen in the physical world. It is an important feature of how cyberspace accelerates social phenomena. This fact captures our attention and concern because groups are powerful forces. Beginning with such books as Rheingold's The Virtual Community (1993), researchers have described how gatherings of people in cyberspace take on the look and feel of groups in the real world. Being more skeptical, as suggested by the title of Weinberger's Small Pieces Loosely Joined (2008), we might wonder whether a truly cohesive, purposeful “community” in cyberspace is more of an illusion than a reality. In this chapter, I address that question by taking you on a journey through the online groups my students and I have studied during two decades of participant-observation field research, pointing out the lessons we learned along the way.
Bacteria: Clostridium perfringens

The type A strains producing Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) are the second most common bacterial cause of foodborne disease in several countries. Compared to other C. perfringens strains, the vegetative cells and spores of C. perfringens food poisoning strains are often exceptionally resistant to food environment stresses. CPE, which causes the diarrheic and cramping symptoms of C. perfringens type A food poisoning, is a unique pore-forming toxin that interacts with claudin receptors. Clostridium perfringens type A food poisoning is best detected by demonstrating the presence of (1) large numbers of cpe -positive cells or spores in food vehicles or feces of ill people or (2) CPE in food poisoning victim's feces. Control is by rigid adherence to proper cooking, holding, and storage conditions for foods.
Diet as a Trigger or Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

The most common question asked by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is, "Doctor, what should I eat?" Findings from epidemiology studies have indicated that diets high in animal fat and low in fruits and vegetables are the most common pattern associated with an increased risk of IBD. Low levels of vitamin D also appear to be a risk factor for IBD. In murine models, diets high in fat, especially saturated animal fats, also increase inflammation, whereas supplementation with omega 3 long-chain fatty acids protect against intestinal inflammation. Unfortunately, omega 3 supplements have not been shown to decrease the risk of relapse in patients with Crohn's disease. Dietary intervention studies have shown that enteral therapy, with defined formula diets, helps children with Crohn's disease and reduces inflammation and dysbiosis. Although fiber supplements have not been shown definitively to benefit patients with IBD, soluble fiber is the best way to generate short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Addition of vitamin D and curcumin has been shown to increase the efficacy of IBD therapy. There is compelling evidence from animal models that emulsifiers in processed foods increase risk for IBD. We discuss current knowledge about popular diets, including the specific carbohydrate diet and diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols. We present findings from clinical and basic science studies to help gastroenterologists navigate diet as it relates to the management of IBD.
On-axis acoustic radiation force-based stiffness estimation in phantoms

This research quantitatively estimates stiffness by measuring the time-to-peak displacement directly along the acoustic radiation force (ARF) axis in contrast to shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) that measures shear wave velocity at lateral locations. We have shown previously in simulation results that an advanced displacement estimator reduces variability in the final stiffness estimate. Here, we tested the on-axis approach in 10 simulations and 5 phantoms. We created a stiffness lookup table of the time-to-peak displacement as a function of depth. We generated the look-up table using a 3D FEM model coupled to Field II simulations. We evaluated both normalized cross-correlation (NCC) and the Bayesian displacement estimator. To evaluate the error of the on-axis method as compared to traditional shear wave methods, we computed a robust lateral time-of-flight-based shear wave speed and converted to a shear modulus for each phantom. The 5 phantoms had a mean shear modulus of 1.90 kPa and standard deviation of 0.18 kPa. The root mean square error between the lateral method and the on-axis method was 0.98 kPa for the Bayesian displacement estimator and 1.14 kPa for NCC on average in the depth of field. These phantom results show that on-axis methods coupled with a Bayesian displacement estimator produce stiffness estimates comparable to laterally offset shear wave methods.
Coping with gravity: the foliar water relations of giant sequoia.

In tall trees, the mechanisms by which foliage maintains sufficient turgor pressure and water content against height-related constraints remain poorly understood. Pressure–volume curves generated from leafy shoots collected crown-wide from 12 large Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindley) J. Buchholz (giant sequoia) trees provided mechanistic insights into how the components of water potential vary with height in tree and over time. The turgor loss point (TLP) decreased with height at a rate indistinguishable from the gravitational potential gradient and was controlled by changes in tissue osmotica. For all measured shoots, total relative water content at the TLP remained above 75%. This high value has been suggested to help leaves avoid precipitous declines in leaf-level physiological function, and in giant sequoia was controlled by both tissue elasticity and the balance of water between apoplasm and symplasm. Hydraulic capacitance decreased only slightly with height, but importantly this parameter was nearly double in value to that reported for other tree species. Total water storage capacity also decreased with height, but this trend essentially disappeared when considering only water available within the typical range of water potentials experienced by giant sequoia. From summer to fall measurement periods we did not observe osmotic adjustment that would depress the TLP. Instead we observed a proportional shift of water into less mobile apoplastic compartments leading to a reduction in hydraulic capacitance. This collection of foliar traits allows giant sequoia to routinely, but safely, operate close to its TLP, and suggests that gravity plays a major role in the water relations of Earth’s largest tree species.
Clinicians should assess the benefits and risks of using bezlotoxumab for reducing the risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.

Commentry on: Wilcox MH, Gerding DN, Poxton IR, et al . Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection. N Engl J Med 2017;376:305–317. Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming bacillus that plays a major role in healthcare antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. A continued rise in antibiotic use, specifically, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, has been linked to the development of more resistant strains of this toxin-forming pathogen, triggering more recurrences and severe manifestations of the disease across USA and Europe.1 The high burden of recurrence and increased healthcare costs associated with C. difficile infection (CDI) have encouraged the development of new treatments to prevent recurrence including the use of pulsed/tapered oral vancomycin, fidaxomicin and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).2 Monoclonal antibodies for C. difficile therapy (MODIFY) trials I and II are two global phase 3 trials aimed at examining the efficacy and safety of a single dose (10 mg/kg) of human monoclonal antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab against C. …
Improving Version-Aware Word Documents

Coakley et al. described how they developed Version Aware Word Documents, which is an enhanced document representation that includes a detailed version history that is self-contained and portable. However, they were not able to adopt the unique-ID-based techniques that have been shown to support efficient merging and differencing algorithms. This application note describes how it is possible to adapt existing features of MS Word's OOXML representation to provide a system of unique element IDs suitable for those algorithms. This requires taking over Word's Revision Save ID (RSID) system and also defining procedures for specifying ID values for elements that do not support the RSID mechanism. Important limitations remain but appear surmountable.
Frequency of Somatic TP53 Mutations in Combination with Known Pathogenic Mutations in Colon Adenocarcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma, and Gliomas as Identified by Next-Generation Sequencing.

Abstract The tumor suppressor gene TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancer. It encodes p53, a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates multiple genes involved in DNA repair, metabolism, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and senescence. TP53 is associated with human cancer by mutations that lead to a loss of wild-type p53 function as well as mutations that confer alternate oncogenic functions that enable them to promote invasion, metastasis, proliferation, and cell survival. Identifying the discrete TP53 mutations in tumor cells may help direct therapies that are more effective. In this study, we identified the frequency of individual TP53 mutations in patients with colon adenocarcinoma (48%), non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) (36%), and glioma/glioblastoma (28%) at our institution using next-generation sequencing. We also identified the occurrence of somatic mutations in numerous actionable genes including BRAF, EGFR, KRAS, IDH1, and PIK3CA that occurred concurrently with these TP53 mutations. Of the 480 tumors examined that contained one or more mutations in the TP53 gene, 219 were colon adenocarcinomas, 215 were NSCLCs, and 46 were gliomas/glioblastomas. Among the patients positive for TP53 mutations diagnosed with colon adenocarcinoma, 50% also showed at least one mutation in pathogenic genes of which 14% were BRAF, 33% were KRAS, and 3% were NRAS. Forty-seven percent of NSCLC patients harboring TP53 mutations also had a mutation in at least one actionable pathogenic variant with the following frequencies: BRAF: 4%, EGFR: 10%, KRAS: 28%, and PIK3CA: 4%. Fifty-two percent of patients diagnosed with glioma/glioblastoma with a positive TP53 mutation had at least one concurrent mutation in a known pathogenic gene of which 9% were CDKN2A, 41% were IDH1, and 11% were PIK3CA.
Fundamental Theorem of Morphology

The Process Grammar is based on a theorem I proved in the 1980s called the Symmetry- Curvature Duality Theorem (Leyton, [16]). This theorem states that, to every curvature extremum, there is a symmetry axis leading to, and terminating at, the extremum. My theorem has been applied by scientists in over 40 disciplines.
LEARNING SENTIMENT COMPOSITION FROM SENTIMENT LEXICONS

Sentiment composition is a fundamental sentiment analysis problem. Previous work relied on manual rules and manually-created lexical resources such as negator lists, or learned a composition function from sentiment-annotated phrases or sentences. We propose a new approach for learning sentiment composition from a large, unlabeled corpus, which only requires a word-level sentiment lexicon for supervision. We automatically generate large sentiment lexicons of bigrams and unigrams, from which we induce a set of lexicons for a variety of sentiment composition processes. The effectiveness of our approach is confirmed through manual annotation, as well as sentiment classification experiments with both phrase-level and sentence-level benchmarks.
The homomorphism theorem

An ideal is maximal if it is a proper ideal that is not properly included in any other proper ideal. Equivalently, to say that M is a maximal ideal in B means that M ≠ B,and, moreover, if N is an ideal such that M ⊂ N,then either N = M or N = B. Examples: the trivial ideal is maximal in 2; the ideals, in fields of sets, defined by the exclusion of one point are maximal.
Microsatellite Repeats: Canaries in the Coalmine

Our genomes are much more dynamic than we ever imagined, creating variation that is good for evolution, but often bad for the individual. Microsatellite repeats constitute especially plastic genomic elements that can operate as rheostats to fine-tune gene function. Microsatellite repeats mutate at high frequency in predictable ways, and the mutations can confer incremental changes on the activities of gene regulatory elements and encoded proteins. The downside of microsatellite instability is highlighted by a collection of human diseases that are caused by expansion of microsatellite repeats. Studies with disease-associated trinucleotide repeats (TNRs) reveal that changes in DNA methylation, transcription, and the Hsp90 chaperone increase the mutation rates of TNRs. The observation that environmental stress can alter epigenetic marks, transcription rates, and Hsp90 activity raises the possibility that stress modifies the mutation rates of microsatellite repeats. Thus, microsatellite repeats may behave as genomic detectors of environmental stress.
Transfer Learning From Convolutional Neural Networks for Computer-Aided Diagnosis: A Comparison of Digital Breast Tomosynthesis and Full-Field Digital Mammography.

Rationale and Objectives With the growing adoption of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) in breast cancer screening, we compare the performance of deep learning computer-aided diagnosis on DBT images to that of conventional full-field digital mammography (FFDM). Materials and Methods In this study, we retrospectively collected FFDM and DBT images of 78 biopsy-proven lesions from 76 patients. A region of interest was selected for each lesion on FFDM, synthesized 2D, and DBT key slice images. Features were extracted from each lesion using a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) and served as input to a support vector machine classifier trained in the task of predicting likelihood of malignancy. Results From receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of all 78 lesions, the synthesized 2D image performed best in both the cradiocaudal view (area under the ROC curve [AUC] = 0.81, SE = 0.05) and mediolateral oblique view (AUC = 0.88, SE = 0.04) in the task of lesion characterization. When cradiocaudal and mediolateral oblique data of each lesion were merged through soft voting, DBT key slice image performed best (AUC = 0.89, SE = 0.04). When only masses and architectural distortions (ARDs) were considered, DBT performed significantly better than FFDM (p = 0.024). Conclusion DBT performed significantly better than FFDM in the merged view classification of mass and ARD lesions. The increased performance suggests that the information extracted by the CNN from DBT images may be more relevant to lesion malignancy status than the information extracted from FFDM images. Therefore, this study provides supporting evidence for the efficacy of computer-aided diagnosis on DBT in the evaluation of mass and ARD lesions.
Mothers Do Not Make Good Workers: The Role of Work/Life Balance Policies in Reinforcing Gendered Stereotypes

‘Family friendly’ policies such as maternity leave allow millions of women in the United States to take some time off when they give birth or adopt a child in order to spend time physically recuper...
Does Palliative Care Utilization Facilitate Conversion to Hospice Care? A Qualitative Study of the “Soft No”:

Background:Facilitating patient conversion to hospice at end of life is a prominent clinical concern. Enrollment in outpatient palliative care services is often assumed to encourage seamless transi...
Propofol Infusion Is a Feasible Bridge to Extubation in General Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Objective: The current literature on propofol infusion as a bridge to extubation in critically ill children is limited to children with burns and congenital cardiac disease. We hypothesize that propofol infusion is a feasible bridge to extubation in mechanically ventilated, critically ill children. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients: Children 10% from baseline, but none had lactic acidosis or required an inotrope or fluid bolus. Conclusions: In critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients, propofol infusion used over a short duration (<12 h) was found to be a feasible bridge to extubation. No patient had significant hypotension or lactic acidosis during the infusion.
The characteristic momentum of radiatively cooling energy-driven galactic winds

Energy injection by supernovae may drive hot supersonic galactic winds in rapidly star-forming galaxies, driving metal-enriched gas into the circumgalactic medium and potentially accelerating cool gas. If sufficiently mass-loaded, such flows become radiative within the wind-driving region, reducing the overall mass outflow rate from the host galaxy. We show that this sets a maximum on the total outflow momentum for hot energy-driven winds. For a spherical wind of Solar metallicity driven by continuous star formation, $\dot p_\rm{max} \simeq 1.9\times10^4\ M_\odot/\rm{yr\ km/s}\ (\alpha/0.9)^{0.86}(R_\star/300\ \rm{pc})^{0.14}(\dot M_\star/20\ M_\odot/\rm{yr})^{0.86}$, where $\alpha$ is the fraction of supernova energy that thermalizes the wind, and $\dot M_\star$ and $R_\star$ are the star formation rate and radius of the wind-driving region. This maximum momentum for hot winds can also apply to cool, ionized outflows that are typically observed in starburst galaxies, if the hot wind undergoes bulk radiative cooling or if the hot wind transfers mass and momentum to cool clouds within the flow. We show that requiring the hot wind to undergo single-phase cooling on large scales sets a minimum on the total outflow momentum rate. These maximum and minimum outflow momenta have similar values, setting a characteristic momentum rate of hot galactic winds that can become radiative on large scales. We find that most observations of photoionized outflow wind momentum fall below the theoretical maximum and thus may be signatures of cooling hot flows. On the other hand, many systems fall below the minimum momentum required for bulk cooling, indicating that perhaps the cool material observed has instead been entrained in or mixed with the hot flow.
Predicting Adverse Outcomes in Monochorionic-Diamniotic Twins: The Role of Intertwin Discrepancy in Middle Cerebral Artery Doppler Measurements and the Cerebroplacental Ratio

Objective This study was aimed to evaluate the role of intertwin discrepancy in middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA-PSV) and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) for the prediction of adverse outcomes in monochorionic-diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of MCDA pregnancies that underwent ultrasound surveillance at a perinatal referral center from 2007 to 2017. Intertwin MCA-PSV discrepancy (MCA-ΔPSV-MoM) was defined as the absolute difference of MCA-PSV multiple of the median (MoM) for gestational age between twins. Intertwin CPR discrepancy (CPR-Δ) was defined as the absolute difference of CPR between twins. The maximum MCA-ΔPSV-MoM and CPR-Δ before and after 26 weeks of gestation were assessed as predictors of pregnancy and neonatal outcomes through simple logistic regression models and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine the predictive value of maximum MCA-ΔPSV-MoM and CPR-Δ. Results A total of 143 MCDA pregnancies met inclusion criteria. There was a significant association between MCA-ΔPSV-MoM at Conclusion In MCDA pregnancies, intertwin MCA and CPR discrepancies are associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, including TAPS, TTTS, IUFD, and NICU admission. Evaluation of intertwin MCA and CPR differences demonstrated the potential for clinical predictive utility in the surveillance of MCDA twin pregnancies. Key Points
Understanding cellular ad hoc networks: how much an accurate physical layer model matters

Incorporating relays is a first step in the evolution of wide area wireless information networks R. Wang, et. al., (2002) from the extreme of the cellular paradigm to the opposite extreme of ad hoc. An accurate model of the physical layer in ad hoc networking research, something frequently taken for granted, is shown to have a significant impact on network performance (i.e. delay and number of hops, assuming throughput fixed). We see through our cross-layer simulation platform that noticeable changes in performance accompany subtle differences in physical layer assumptions, such as those relating to fading and interference.
An LMI optimization approach for structured linear controllers

This paper presents a new algorithm for the design of linear controllers with special structural constraints imposed on the control gain matrix. This so called SLC (structured linear control) problem can be formulated with linear matrix inequalities (LMI's) with a nonconvex equality constraint. This class of problems includes fixed order output feedback control, multi-objective controller design, decentralized controller design, joint plant and controller design, and other interesting control problems. Our approach includes two main contributions. The first is that many design specifications are described by a similar matrix inequality. A new matrix variable is introduced to give more freedom to design the controller. Indeed this new variable helps to find the optimal fixed-order output feedback controller. The second contribution is to propose a linearization algorithm to search for a solution to the nonconvex SLC problems. This has the effect of adding a certain potential function to the nonconvex constraints to make them convex. The convexified matrix inequalities will not bring significant conservatism because they will ultimately go to zero, guaranteeing the feasibility of the original nonconvex problem. Numerical examples demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms and provide a comparison with some of the existing methods.
Szasz, Thomas S. (1920–2012)

Thomas S. Szasz (1920–2012) influenced psychiatry and other mental health professions by arguing that “mental illness” was an inaccurate and improper scientific and medical term to apply to the description and explanation of behaviors. Asserting that diseases refer only to cellular and histological abnormalities, not behaviors, Szasz influenced the way psychiatrists and laypeople think about the medicalization of socially deviant behavior. His primary values comprised promoting individual autonomy and interpreting behavior as motivated by conscious choices and therefore are the responsibility of the agent. Consistent with these values, Szasz fervently defended the Constitutional rights of people involuntarily committed to mental institutions; he also argued against attempts to absolve individuals of criminal responsibility through variations on the insanity defense. Keywords: persuasion and social influence; Thomas S. Szasz; psychiatry; psychoanalysis
Abstract P4-14-01: Whole exome sequencing reveals greater intratumor genetic heterogeneity in primary breast cancer arising in African American compared to Caucasian women

Introduction: Multiple studies have reported that African American women have higher mortality from breast cancer than Caucasian women. While the higher mortality could be due to several factors including access to care, relatively little is known about tumor genetic differences that may contribute to this disparity. A particularly uncharted area of investigation is intratumor genetic heterogeneity arising from various subclones within a tumor. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the differences in mutation patterns and evaluate intratumor heterogeneity in primary breast cancer between African American and Caucasian women. Methods: Somatic mutations based on whole exome sequencing of primary breast cancers were analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Individuals with races that were Native American, Asian, or not reported were omitted. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of non-silent gene mutations by race. Total non-silent gene mutations and genetic heterogeneity, measured by the mutant-allele tumor heterogeneity (MATH) algorithm (Mroz et al. Cancer 2013), were compared by race with Mann-Whitney two-sample tests and linear regression analyses, respectively. All regression analyses were adjusted for age and stage. A p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The analytical dataset comprised non-silent somatic mutations in unique genes of primary breast cancers from 799 women (689 Caucasian; 110 African American). TP53 mutations were significantly more prevalent in African Americans than Caucasians (OR 1.7; CI 1.1-2.7, p = 0.01). However, there was no difference in TP53 mutation prevalence after further adjustment for triple negative status (OR 1.2; CI 0.7-2.0, p = 0.53). Total non-silent gene mutations per patient were significantly greater in African Americans compared to Caucasians (Table, p = 0.01). Similarly, MATH was significantly greater in African Americans than Caucasians (Table), specifically 5.3 units (CI 2.6-7.9, p Conclusions: Primary breast cancers in African Americans exhibit significantly greater total non-silent somatic mutations and intratumor genetic heterogeneity but not higher frequency of TP53 mutations, suggesting African Americans have genetically more complex tumors as compared to Caucasian women. Additional research is needed to determine if the observed tumor genetic differences could contribute to the known racial disparity in breast cancer mortality. Citation Format: Tanya E Keenan, Edmund A Mroz, James W Rocco, Leif W Ellisen, Beverly Moy, Aditya Bardia. Whole exome sequencing reveals greater intratumor genetic heterogeneity in primary breast cancer arising in African American compared to Caucasian women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-14-01.
1,6‐Dioxo‐8a‐Methyl‐1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a‐Octahydronaphthalene

1,6-Dioxo-8a-methyl-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene product: 1,6-dioxo-8a-methyl-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene intermediate: 2-methyl-2-(3′-oxobutyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione solvent: hexane Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; annulation, carbocyclic-[6]; cyclization, condensation
Combined vitamin B6‐magnesium treatment in autism spectrum disorder

Background The use of mega-vitamin intervention began in the 1950s with the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Pyroxidine (vitamin B6) was first used with children diagnosed with "autism syndrome" when speech and language improvement was observed in some children as a result of large doses of B6. A number of studies attempted to assess the effects of vitamin B6-Magnesium (Mg) was found to reduce undesirable side effects from B6) on characteristics such as verbal communication, non-verbal communication, interpersonal skills, and physiological function, in individuals with autism. Objectives To determine the efficacy of vitamin B6 and magnesium (B6-Mg) for treating social, communication, and behavioural responses of children and adults with autism. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 to April 2005), EMBASE (1980 to April 2005), PsycINFO (1887 to April 2005), Dissertation Abstracts International (1861 to April 2005). The search engine FirstSearch was also used (April 2005). Reference lists for all the obtained studies and other review articles were examined for additional studies. Selection criteria All studies in which the participants had been diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder were randomly allocated prior to intervention and in which outcomes were compared to either a placebo or non-treated group were included. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers independently evaluated and extracted data from all potential studies identified for inclusion. Main results The 2005 update includes a new trial (Kuriyama 2002) to bring the total of included studies to three (total n=33). One study, which used a cross-over design (Tolbert 1993) provided insufficient data to conduct an analysis. Another crossover study (Findling 1997) yielded no significant differences between treatment and placebo group performances following the B6 intervention on measures of social interaction, communication, compulsivity, impulsivity, or hyperactivity. The latest study (Kuriyama 2002) was motivated by evidence from epilepsy research and was focussed on a subgroup of children with pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) who exhibited clinical features similar to those with pyroxidine-dependent epilepsy. This small study (n=8) only measured IQ and 'Social Quotient' and found a statistically significant benefit for IQ (5.2, 95% CI = [0.2 to 10.3]) when in the treated group, by using change scores. Authors' conclusions Due to the small number of studies, the methodological quality of studies, and small sample sizes, no recommendation can be advanced regarding the use of B6-Mg as a treatment for autism.
Two Generalized Constructions of Relative Difference Sets

We give two generalizations of some known constructions of relative difference sets. The first one is a generalization of a construction of RDS by Chen, Ray-Chaudhuri and Xiang using the Galois ring i>GR(4, i>m). The second one generalizes a construction of RDS by Ma and Schmidt from the setting of chain rings to a setting of more general rings.
The human skeletons of herculaneum

Skeletons of 139 Herculaneans trapped by the vulcanic eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79 were studied by observation, measurement and chemical analysis. A cross section of the population suggests that reproduction may not have been sufficient to maintain population numbers, a hypothesis corroborated by parity statistics as well as contemporaty literature. In general, this population had excellent teeth with few lesions and edge-bite occlusion. Twenty-seven percent had some degree of hypoplastic lines in the dental enamel, suggesting that childhood illnesses were common. The ancient population was taller than modern Neopolitans, but shorter than modern Americans. Also, their children grew at a slower rate than Americans of the same ages. Biochemical analysis suggests that their diet was more dependent on sea fish than on red meat. Lead analysis shows slightly higher values for the adult male population than for the females. Some degree of arthritis was apparent in 42% of the population. Traumata occurred to 22.7% of these people. Signs of healed anemia in any degree are present in 34.1%; etiology could have been nutritional deficiency or heterozygotic thalassemia. Two individuals and their pathologies are presented: one case of congenital bilateral hip dysplasia and the other of healed rickets.
Activity-dependent induction of facilitation, depression, and post-tetanic potentiation at an insect central synapse.

In Manduca sexta larvae, sensory neurons innervating planta hairs on the tips of the prolegs make monosynaptic excitatory connections with motoneurons innervating proleg retractor muscles. Tactile stimulation of the hairs evokes reflex retraction of the proleg. In this study we examined activity-dependent changes in the amplitude of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked in a proleg motoneuron by stimulation of individual planta hair sensory neurons. Deflection of a planta hair caused a phasic-tonic response in the sensory neuron, with a mean peak instantaneous firing frequency of >300 Hz, and a tonic firing rate of 10–20 Hz. Direct electrical stimulation was used to activate individual sensory neurons to fire at a range of frequencies including those observed during natural stimulation of the hair. At relatively low firing rates (e.g., 1 Hz), EPSP amplitude was stable indefinitely. At higher instantaneous firing frequencies (>10 Hz), EPSPs were initially facilitated, but continuous stimulation led rapidly to synaptic depression. High-frequency activation of a sensory neuron could also produce post-tetanic potentiation, in which EPSP amplitude remained elevated for several min following a stimulus train. Facilitation, depression, and post-tetanic potentiation all appeared to be presynaptic phenomena. These activity-dependent changes in sensory transmission may contribute to the behavioral plasticity of the proleg withdrawal reflex observed in intact insects.
Human parvovirus B19

The two articles on human parvovirus B19 infection in this issue of the Journal 1 , 2 make important contributions to our understanding of the epidemiology and treatment of the disease. Since its d...
Designing the ideal habitat for entomopathogen use in nursery production

CONCLUSION: This study is the first to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate soilless media and pathogen species combinations to increase efficacy of biological control. H. bacteriophora was able to find hosts in a wider diversity of medium components than S. riobrave, although both nematode species performed well in peat moss and recycled plant material. These results suggest that peat moss, recycled plant material and hardwood bark are components amenable to EPN biological control programs. c � 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of feedback control system by phase-angle loci

THE synthesis of a feedback control system by means of phase-angle loci originates from Evan's root-locus method1 which enables one to find all possible roots of the characteristic equation of a feedback control system. Once the roots are chosen, the transient response then may be worked out. Thus, it allows the synthesis of feedback control system in time domain. However, the plotting of the root locus requires some sort of guesswork. This is not surprising because the analytical difficulty in extracting the roots of the characteristic equation is imposed on the graphical work, yet help in the effort to solve the problem can be given.
Generation and Subsequent Cycloaddition Chemistry of α-Amino Isobenzofurans Formed by Cationic Cyclization

The α-thiocarbocation generated from the Pummerer reaction of an o-amido substituted sulfoxide is intercepted by the adjacent carbonyl group to produce an α-amino isobenzofuran as a transient intermediate which undergoes a subsequent Diels-Alder cycloaddition with added dienophiles.
Effectiveness of interventions in reducing pesticide overexposure and poisonings

Abstract Objective: The objective of this paper was to review the effectiveness of interventions to reduce pesticide overexposure and poisonings in worker populations. Methods: We used the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy to search the following databases for articles that tested the effectiveness of interventions in reducing human pesticide exposure or poisonings: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSHTC). Interventions considered included comparisons of pesticide application methods, pesticide mixing methods, worker education, biological monitoring programs, personal protective equipment (PPE) use, pesticide substitutions, and legislation. The outcomes of interest included biological monitoring measures or personal exposure monitoring indicating a reduction of pesticide exposure, observed increased use of PPE, reduction in lost workdays, and where possible, evidence of changes in pesticide poisoning rates as identified by registries and population surveys. Studies were reviewed in depth with special attention to size and study design. Results: Most studies evaluated exposure during differing configurations of PPE or during different mixing or handling methods. Most studies were small field tests of protective equipment involving less than 20 workers. Some studies examined biological indices of exposure such as cholinesterase or urinary metabolites. Studies showed that PPE was effective in reducing exposure. No controlled studies were found that addressed reducing pesticide poisonings. Conclusions: Changes in application procedures, packaging, mixing, use of personal protective equipment, and biological monitoring reduced pesticide exposure under controlled conditions. Cholinesterase monitoring can identify workers with a higher risk of overexposure. Most techniques were not tested in actual worksite programs. Interventions should be examined for their ability to reduce pesticide overexposure in actual working populations. No controlled evaluations of large legislative initiatives were found.
The action of bulbocapnine in depression of the monosynaptic reflex

Abstract Bulbocapnine was shown to produce a decrease in the amplitude of monosynaptic reflexes in the lumbosacral region of spinal cats. The same effect was noted whether the reflexes were evoked by stimulation of dorsal roots, or extensor or flexor muscle nerves. The reflex depression was not correlated with blood pressure changes, and it lasted for a period comparable to the duration of the behavioral changes seen in intact, awake animals. Although the depression could be partially or completely reversed by deafferentation, it could be concluded that the action of the drug was central. This conclusion was based on the findings that prior section of dorsal roots did not prevent the reflex depression and that cross-perfusion experiments ruled out an action directly upon receptor organs of the hind limb. The reflex depression was also observed in a cat with an intact spinal cord.
A Note from the General Editor About This Special Issue

The enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act (ICA) in 1887 was a landmark in the annals of the American system of the regulation of business. It was one of the first major pieces of legislation that regulated industry in the US;1 and the ICA’s creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) provided the template for subsequent economic regulatory efforts (e.g., vis-a-vis other surface transportation, the airlines, and over-the-air broadcasting) and regulatory organizational structures [e.g., the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)] for many decades. Even though the economic deregulation efforts of the 1970s and 1980s (and the continuing efforts in subsequent decades) have undone many of the specific efforts and effects of the ICC, the spirit and philosophy that underlay the ICA and the ICC have continued to wax and wane—and then wax and wane again—over the decades in the US policy arena. The year 2012 marked the 125th anniversary of the ICA and the ICC. This seemed to be a fitting time to have a special issue of the Review of Industrial Organization (RIO) that would take a retrospective look at the ICA and the ICC and the long shadow that they subsequently cast on railroads and surface transportation more generally. Fortunately, Wesley W. Wilson agreed to “shepherd” this special issue; and the results are to be found in the subsequent articles in this issue of the RIO. I am fully confident that the readers of the RIO will find the reading of these articles to be well worth the effort.
Projections from the rostral mesencephalic reticular formation to the spinal cord. An HRP and autoradiographical tracing study in the cat.

Horseradish peroxidase was injected, or implanted unilaterally, into various levels of the spinal cord of anesthetized cats, to trace the distribution of projections to the spinal cord, of neurons in Field H of Forel, including the rostral interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF), and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal with adjacent reticular formation (INC-RF). Results indicate that, unlike the neurons projecting to the extraocular muscle motoneurons, the major portion of the spinally projecting neurons are not located in the riMLF or INC proper, but in adjacent areas, i.e., the ventral and lateral parts of the caudal third of the Field H of Forel and in the INC-RF. Neurons in caudal Field H of Forel, project, via the ventral part of the ventral funicululs, to the lateral part of the upper cervical ventral horn.
Simultaneous minimization of mean and variation flow time and waiting in single machine systems

In this paper, we consider bicriterion scheduling problems involving job completion times and job waiting times in a nonpreemptive single machine environment. As an example, we seek to determine a schedule that yields both a low mean and a low variation of completion time. Such a schedule is attractive when the system has the dual objectives of minimizing in-process inventory and providing different jobs the same quality of service. Similarly, we seek a schedule that performs well on both the mean and variation of waiting time. As the measure of variation, we use the sum of absolute pairwise differences. We present an efficient algorithm for minimizing the variation of waiting time. Next, we assume that the total scheduling cost is a function of the mean and variation of completion time alone, and is linear. We give an efficient algorithm for minimizing this total cost. Finally, we consider parametric analysis of this cost function and present simple procedures for generating all or some of the optimal sc...