cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Forward and Spot Prices in Organized Wholesale Electricity Markets

In modern organized wholesale electricity markets, power is sold competitively in a two-settlement auction comprised of a short-term forward (or "day-ahead") market with elastic demand, and a spot (or "real-time") imbalance market characterized by an inelastic residual demand curve - a construct that the literature on the subject tends to ignore. To understand the strategic behavior of firms looking maximize joint pro fits over both markets, I construct a two-settlement model of electricity prices in which firms compete to meet demand from consumers, first in quantities, then in prices. I show that the ensuing forward premium depends on the costliness of spot commitment relative to firms' ability to exercise market power by setting quantities in the forward market. Using hourly data from the California Independent System Operator, I find that the model helps explain price formation in the California market, and that the forward market solutions are close to the Cournot outcome due to the relative insensitivity of the spot equilibrium price to individual firm's forward commitment decisions.
Dibasic Ammonium Phosphate Application Enhances Aromatic Compound Concentration in Bog Bilberry Syrup Wine

A nitrogen deficiency always causes bog bilberry syrup wine to have a poor sensory feature. This study investigated the effect of nitrogen source addition on volatile compounds during bog bilberry syrup wine fermentation. The syrup was supplemented with 60, 90, 120 or 150 mg/L dibasic ammonium phosphate (DAP) before fermentation. Results showed that an increase of DAP amounts accelerated fermentation rate, increased alcohol content, and decreased sugar level. Total phenol and total flavonoid content were also enhanced with the increase of DAP amounts. A total of 91 volatile compounds were detected in the wine and their concentrations were significantly enhanced with the increase of DAP. Ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, phenethyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, levo-2,3-butanediol, 2-phenylethanol, meso-2,3-butanediol, isobutyric acid, hexanoic acid, and octanoic acid exhibited a significant increase of their odor activity value (OAV) with the increase of DAP amounts. Bog bilberry syrup wine possessed fruity, fatty, and caramel flavors as its major aroma, whereas a balsamic note was the least present. The increase of DAP amounts significantly improved the global aroma attributes, thereby indicating that DAP supplementation could promote wine fermentation performance and enhance the sensory quality of bog bilberry syrup wine.
Simultaneous Silencing of Two Independent Signaling Pathways Essential for Angiogenesis Using Bispecific, Tetravalent Intra-Diabodies.

Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors (VEGF-R) have been implicated in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. Emerging evidence suggest that angiogenesis also play an important role in the growth of leukemias and lymphomas. Antiangiogenic therapies that interfere with the VEGF/VEGF-R pathways represent novel approaches to effective treatment for certain leukemia, such as myeloid leukemias. But not all types of tumors respond to interruption of the VEGF/VEGF-R pathway. This suggest that alternative pathways for vascular growth exist and can drive tumor angiogenesis. Intrabodies have been used to specifically target intracellular proteins and manipulate biological processes,as well as for the generation of phenotypic knockouts in vivo by surface depletion of extracellular or transmembrane proteins. In order to generate a precise tool for the simultaneous silencing ot two independent signaling pathways essential for angiogenesis, we developed an endoplasmatic-reticulum (ER) targeted bispecific, tetravalent intrabody format, targeting VEGF-R2 and Tie-2. Comparison of the ER-targeted intradiabody with the corresponding conventional ER-targeted single-chain antibody fragment (scFv) intrabodies showed that the intradiabody is significantly more efficient with respect to efficiency and duration of surface depletion of VEGF-R2 and Tie-2. In vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the development of a very effective antiangiogenic intrabody format for the simultaneous functional knockout of two cell surface receptors using an adenovirus-mediated gene delivery system. Our findings suggest that simultaneous interference with the VEGF and the Tie-2 receptor pathway results in at least additive antiangiogenic effects. Our study provides a novel antiangiogenic therapeutic tool for the silencing of two independent signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis.
C 12 ( x , x n ) C 11 and Al 27 ( x , x 2 p n ) Na 24 Cross Sections at High Energies

The ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(x, xn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}(x, x2pn){\mathrm{Na}}^{24}$ cross sections were measured for protons (105 to 350 Mev), deuterons (85 to 190 Mev), and alpha particles (380 Mev) by using a $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ counter to determine the absolute disintegration rate and measuring the incident flux with a Faraday cup. The absolute value of the ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p, pn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ excitation function was found to be 13% lower than the value previously published for these energies, and was found to be constant between 200 and 350 Mev. The new value of this reaction cross section removes some of the discrepancies between $p\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering cross sections measured elsewhere and those measured at Berkeley, and affects other experiments that use the reaction as a proton flux monitor. The other cross sections are in reasonable agreement with values determined by comparable methods.The relative excitation functions for ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(d, dn){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}({\mathrm{He}}^{3}, {\mathrm{He}}^{3}n){\mathrm{C}}^{11}$ reactions were also measured by a stacked-foil technique using end-window counters. These were normalized to absolute values from the $4\ensuremath{\pi}$ counter data for deuterons.
Liberty and the Politics of Balance: The Undue Burden Test after Casey/Hellerstedt

The Supreme Court’s recent decision in Whole Women’s Health v. Hellerstedt represents the Supreme Court’s most important intervention in the constitutional politics of abortion. However, as this Article shows, Hellerstedt does not represent the clean break some commentators identify. Instead, the decision comes at the end of a decades-long movement-countermovement conflict about the meaning of an unconstitutional undue burden on a woman’s right to choose abortion. Positioning Hellerstedt in historical context matters because doing so underscores the Court’s ongoing responsiveness to popular views of what the Constitution says about abortion. The history studied in the Article also reveals what should happen in the next front of the abortion wars, when the Court considers fetal-protective, rather than woman-protective, antiabortion laws. To maintain the delicate balance created by Casey, the Court should require evidence that both fetal-protective and woman-protective abortion regulations are substantially related to their stated goal.
Abstract WP309: Detection of Depressive Symptoms Among Ischemic Stroke Patients not Screened in the Acute Setting

Introduction: Depression screening may not be feasible for all stroke patients during their hospitalization, and depression may be missed if screening is not performed in the outpatient setting. Hy...
Kites and Monsters: Continuity in Cultural Practices

The ethnographic film Kites and Monsters follows Wayan Yoga, a Balinese boy diagnosed with Tourette Syndrome, discovering the protective aspects of culture that may interact with developmental neuropsychiatric processes. At six years old, Wayan Yoga is energetic, loves to fly kites, and is obsessed with the monsters of Balinese mythology. His various movements cause his parents to seek diagnosis and treatment, but a stable cultural context that provides opportunities for normalization helps successfully guide Wayan into a well-adjusted and productive Balinese adulthood. Discussion addresses the special circumstances and opportunities that arise in longitudinal filming with a child maturing into adulthood. In closing, this chapter re-visits the “outcome paradox” in the cross-cultural study of mental illness and neuropsychiatric disorder.
Management of obesity in the elderly: special considerations.

Over the last few decades, there has been an unprecedented increase in the prevalence of obesity, especially in economically developed countries. Furthermore, it is becoming an increasingly recognized health problem in the elderly. The precise mechanisms underlying increased adiposity in the elderly are not known. Aging is associated with a host of biologic changes that limit the ability of the individual to regulate energy homeostasis. Thus, it is likely that older individuals may be more likely to develop the two extremes of the spectrum of nutritional abnormalities, namely malnutrition and increased adiposity. These nutritional abnormalities are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current guidelines define overweight as a body mass index (BMI) of 25-29.9 kg/m2 and obesity as a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or more. However, the optimal BMI may be different in older individuals. Management strategies should attempt to optimize the nutritional status of older individuals. Age per se cannot be used as a justification for denying medical management of obesity to elderly individuals. Individualized programs with the goal of achieving modest weight reduction in obese patients are likely to result in immediate (e.g. alleviation of arthritic pains and reduction of glucose intolerance) and possibly long-term (e.g. reduction in cardiovascular risk) healthcare benefits. Management should emphasize lifestyle modifications, while the use of pharmacologic agents such as sibutramine and orlistat should be reserved for select groups of patients who do not respond to lifestyle modification.
Thoracoscopic Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia After Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Feasibility and Outcomes.

Abstract Introduction: Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) has been associated with faster recovery, earlier extubation, and decreased morbidity. Nevertheless, thoracoscop...
An Integrated Multilevel Converter With Sigma–Delta Control for LED Lighting

LEDs have finally emerged as the dominant lighting technology. As such, the lighting industry values power converters that have high efficiency, unity power factor, minimal flicker, dimming, low cost, and a small form factor. This paper presents an integrated circuit (IC) LED driver that is designed to achieve these goals. It introduces multilevel converters with sigma–delta modulation to the power IC space. The driver features a pair of sigma–delta-controlled multilevel converters. The first is a multilevel rectifier responsible for power factor correction and dimming. The second is a bidirectional multilevel inverter used to cancel ac power ripple from the dc bus. The system also contains an output stage that powers the LEDs with dc and provides for galvanic isolation. The IC LED driver has been simulated and prototyped on a silicon fabrication process. Its functional performance indicates that integrated multilevel converters are a viable topology for lighting or other similar applications.
Fabrication Techniques Used for Structures with Superhydrophobicity, Self-Cleaning, Low Adhesion/Low Drag with Antifouling Properties

Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces has been an area of active research since the mid-1990s. In general, the same techniques that are used for micro- and nanostructure fabrication, such as lithography, etching, deposition, and self-assembly, have been utilized for producing superhydrophobic surfaces (Fig. 5.1; Table 5.1). The pros and cons of these techniques are summarized in Table 5.2. Among especially interesting developments is the creation of switchable surfaces that can be turned from hydrophobic to hydrophilic by surface energy modification through electrowetting, light and X-ray irradiation, dynamic effects, optical effects (e.g., the transparence, reflectivity or non-reflectivity) combined with the Lotus effect, hydrophobic interactions, and so on (Feng et al., 2004; Xu et al., 2005; Shirtcliffe et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2007; Krupenkin et al., 2007). An important requirement for potential applications for optics and self-cleaning glasses is the creation of transparent superhydrophobic surfaces.
Community coalition readiness for implementing something new: Using a Delphi methodology

Organizational readiness for an innovation (a program, policy, or practice new to a setting) is important for successful implementation. The R = MC2 heuristic focuses on capacity and motivation as a framework for readiness; it comprises 3 components and 18 subcomponents. A Delphi study with community coalition leaders was undertaken to assess when each subcomponent is most significant in the life cycle of implementing an innovation in a coalition. Results include that motivation is viewed as most important in the early stages of implementation and leadership, climate, program champions, and interorganizational relationships are relevant throughout the lifespan of implementation. Results have implications for the future of assessing and building coalition readiness.
Modern developments in wind engineering: part 2

Abstract This is the second in a series of review papers devoted to the state-of-the-art in wind engineering. The first paper, consisting of an introduction to the series and a discussion of engineering aspects of the wind environment, is published in this issue of Engineering Structures, pp233–241.
My Name Is My Password: Understanding Children's Authentication Practices

Children continue to use technology at an increasing rate, more and more of which require authentication via usernames and passwords. We seek to understand how children ages 5-11 years old create and use their credentials. We investigate children's username and password understanding and practices from the perspective of both children and adults within the context of three security categories: credential composition (e.g. length of password), performance (e.g. time to enter), and credential mechanisms (e.g; a pattern or characters). We conducted a semi-structured interview with 22 children and an online survey with 33 adult participants (parents and teachers) to determine their practices and involvement in facilitating authentication for their children. Our study illustrates how children have a limited understanding of authentication, and that there are differences between children's and adult's understanding of good authentication and security practices, and what they actually do.
Labeling compliance and species authentication of fish fillets sold at grocery stores in Southern California

Abstract Seafood mislabeling has numerous consequences, including economic deception and food safety risks. The focus of this study was to investigate fish species labeling, use of acceptable market names, and Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) compliance for fresh fish fillets sold at grocery store seafood counters in Southern California. A total of 120 fillets representing 16 different categories of fish were collected from 30 Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA)-listed grocery stores. Each sample underwent DNA barcoding to identify the species. Acceptable market names were confirmed using the FDA Seafood List. Samples were determined to be compliant with COOL if both the country of origin and the production method were declared in accordance with regulatory requirements. Species substitution was detected in 16 of the 120 samples (13.3%) and unacceptable market names were observed for an additional 11 samples (9.2%). The highest rates of species substitution were recorded for snapper (3/3), yellowtail (2/4), halibut (4/10), cod (3/10), and bass (2/7). COOL noncompliance was observed for 28 samples (23.3%): the country of origin was missing for 15 samples, production method was missing for 9 samples, and 4 samples were missing both. When all forms of mislabeling were considered, 47 of the 120 samples (39.2%) had at least one labeling error. The majority of grocery stores (25/30) had one or more samples with a mislabeling error. This study revealed species mislabeling as a continuous concern in the seafood industry, especially with higher-valued species. Furthermore, the lack of COOL compliance among retailers is concerning and suggests a need for increased focus on these regulations.
Predictive-state decoders: Encoding the future into recurrent networks

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a vital modeling technique that rely on internal states learned indirectly by optimization of a supervised, unsupervised, or reinforcement training loss. RNNs are used to model dynamic processes that are characterized by underlying latent states whose form is often unknown, precluding its analytic representation inside an RNN. In the Predictive-State Representation (PSR) literature, latent state processes are modeled by an internal state representation that directly models the distribution of future observations, and most recent work in this area has relied on explicitly representing and targeting sufficient statistics of this probability distribution. We seek to combine the advantages of RNNs and PSRs by augmenting existing state-of-the-art recurrent neural networks with Predictive-State Decoders (PSDs), which add supervision to the network's internal state representation to target predicting future observations. PSDs are simple to implement and easily incorporated into existing training pipelines via additional loss regularization. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PSDs with experimental results in three different domains: probabilistic filtering, Imitation Learning, and Reinforcement Learning. In each, our method improves statistical performance of state-of-the-art recurrent baselines and does so with fewer iterations and less data.
Terrorism and Counterintelligence: How Terrorist Groups Elude Detection

Blake W. Mobley examines the role counterintelligence plays in terrorist groups’ successes and failures. This study provides a comparative approach by exploring a variety of ideologically diverse t...
Associations Between Alcohol Policies and Adolescent Alcohol Use: A Pooled Analysis of GSHS and ESPAD Data.

Aims Alcohol-attributable harm remains high worldwide, and alcohol use among adolescents is particularly concerning. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of national alcohol control policies on adolescent alcohol use in low-, middle- and high-income countries and improve on previous cross-national attempts to estimate the impact of alcohol policy on this population. Methods Data on adolescent (n = 277,110) alcohol consumption from 84 countries were pooled from the Global School-based Health Survey and the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Alcohol use measures included lifetime alcohol use, current (past 30 days) alcohol use and current (past 30 days) binge drinking. Information on national alcohol control policies was obtained from the World Health Organization's Global Information System on Alcohol and Health and scored for effectiveness. Main effects were estimated using two-level, random intercept hierarchical linear models, and the models were adjusted for sex and age of the participants, and pattern of drinking score, gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity and study at the country level. Results Availability (OR [95% CI] = 0.991 [0.983, 0.999]), marketing (OR [95% CI] = 0.994 [0.988, 1.000]) and pricing (OR [95% CI] = 0.955 [0.918, 0.993]) policies were inversely associated with lifetime drinking status. Pricing policies were also inversely associated with current binge drinking status among current drinkers (OR [95% CI] = 0.939 [0.894, 0.986]). There were no associations between the included alcohol policies and current drinking status. Conclusions Strong availability, marketing and pricing policies can significantly and practically impact adolescent alcohol consumption.
Multipoint High-Frequency Sampling System to Gain Deeper Insights on the Fate of Nitrate in Artificially Drained Fields

AbstractThe application of high-frequency measurements could potentially enhance current understanding of the hydrology and biogeochemistry of artificially drained agricultural lands. In addition t...
Approaching EdD Program Redesign as a Problem of Practice

As members of the Carnegie Project on the Education Doctorate (CPED), universities across the United States are restructuring EdD programs to better prepare professional practitioners with the practical skills and theoretical knowledge needed to improve the educational environments that they serve. The hallmark of these programs is often the dissertation in practice, a scholarly investigation within which students define a problem of practice and then systematically test solutions to that problem. In this study, we investigate the experiences of university faculty participating in the redesign of an Educational Leadership EdD program who approach the redesign as a problem of practice. Root causes of identified program issues are presented in addition to the changes implemented in the redesigned program to improve upon the problem of practice.
Two-Stroke Ship Low-Speed Crosshead Engines

Since its introduction in 1897, diesel engines have been operating in a four-stroke cycle. At the same time, at the time of the invention of his engine by Rudolf Diesel, two-stroke engines have already received some distribution for small-sized power plants.
Seed size and capitulum position drive germination and dormancy responses to projected warming for the threatened dune endemic Cirsium pitcheri (Asteraceae).

Among coastal plant species at risk from rapid environmental changes is the North American Great Lakes dune endemic Cirsium pitcheri. Despite being listed as federally threatened, little is known about how C. pitcheri seed attributes influence germination and dormancy-break patterns in the context of climate change. Following a previous work where we found differences in the number and weight of C. pitcheri seeds among capitulum positions and study sites, here we examine the effects of seed attributes (capitulum position, seed weight, and site of origin) on the proportion and timing of C. pitcheri seed germination under temperature treatments that simulate projected warming in the Great Lakes (20/10, 25/10, and 30/10°C day/night). Our results demonstrate that C. pitcheri produces diverse cohorts of seeds with seed attributes that significantly influence the timing and probability of germination over a 3-year soil seed bank. Cirsium pitcheri seed germination proportions were highest at 20°C and decreased successively at 25 and 30°C. Seeds from terminal capitula also had higher germination proportions and took longer to germinate than those from secondary capitula. Lastly, the effect of seed weight on germination probability depended on site of origin and capitulum position, with all effects varying in size and significance over time. Ultimately, our results highlight the considerable differences in germination patterns exhibited by seeds from different capitulum positions and sites of origin and provide insight into the dormancy-break patterns that C. pitcheri might experience under predicted temperature rise in the Great Lakes region of North America.
Comparative influence of cribriform growth and percent Gleason 4 in prostatic biopsies with Gleason 3+4 cancer.

Abstract The International Society of Urological Pathology endorses specifying presence of cribriform architecture in Gleason (G)4 prostate cancer because of cribriform's aggressiveness. The relative effect of cribriform presence versus percentage G4 within grade group (GG)2 or 3 was uncertain. 194 men's biopsies with GG2 with or without cribriform (excluding glomeruloid from cribriform) and GG3 without cribriform (controls) from 4 years were reviewed. 173 cases had follow-up including 147 GG2 (15/147 or 10% had cribriform) and 26 GG3. Effects of total tumor specimen involvement, %Gleason 4, and cribriform were stratified into prostatectomy (n = 90), radiotherapy (n = 61), and watching waiting (n = 22) groups. Median follow-up duration was 3.32 years (range 1.90–6.18). Biochemical failures in the above 3 cohorts numbered 9 (9/90; 10%), 5 (5/61; 8%), and 13 (13/22; 59%) respectively. In all groups, (GG2+ GG3, n = 173), the HR for C pattern was 1.64. In GG2, cribriform presence (considering glomeruloid as non-cribriform) conferred a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.51 (p = 0.48). It was 1.38, excluding glomeruloid. In watchful waiting cohort only, presence of C conferred a HR of 2.62 (p = 0.086). All remaining comparisons including percent G4, remained not significant. Thus, only in WW group did cribriform pattern presence approach significance. Detection of differences otherwise was not feasible, probably because: 1) biochemical failure is too rare in GG2 cancer; 2) cribriform frequency was only 10% in GG2 (in current study), less than in higher-grade cancer. 3) Use of biopsy tissue is subject to sampling variation which may undersample cribriform pattern, though biopsy forms the basis of treatment decisions.
Michelle Granshaw, Irish on the Move: Performing Mobility in American Variety Theatre

Irish on the Move examines how nineteenth-century attitudes about the mobility of migrant bodies were manifested in Irish characterizations in variety theatre. A careful historiographical approach ...
Feeling Needed and Useful during the Transition to Young Adulthood.

A more complete understanding of the role of social relationships during the transition to young adulthood should include the extent to which adolescents believe that others see them as needed and useful. Two samples of late adolescents (Ns = 237, 298) aged 18 to 25 years completed measures of feeling needed and useful by family and friends. Feeling needed and useful by family and friends did not differ across demographic groups, was associated with greater received support, and predicted psychological well-being above-and-beyond received support. Future research should examine how social relationships provide late adolescents with the opportunity to be needed and useful at a time of life when they are seeking to establish their place in the social world.
Toward a Non-Delegation Doctrine That (Even) Progressives Could Like

The Supreme Court’s decision last year in Gundy v. United States has further invigorated the debate about the non-delegation doctrine — a debate that was already percolating as part of the broader recent reexamination of the administrative state. That debate needs to include a progressive vision of a strengthened non-delegation principle. The hard fact is that five justices have now signaled at least their willingness to reconsider the traditionally deferential variant of that doctrine, with three of those justices on record as favoring a significant tightening up. Whatever progressives may think about the merits of that traditional variant and its accommodation of the administrative state, a fundamental reconsideration of the non-delegation principle is afoot. Progressives must offer their own vision of what such a reconsideration might look like. This article suggests tentative directions for that vision. Relying on fragments of doctrine from prior non-delegation opinions, it suggests that progressives should consider proposing that non-delegation challenges focus on both the personal liberty implications of a given delegation and on the extent to which the delegation in question involves a grant of power that the executive already shares to some degree. A reformulated doctrine resting on these principles contains several advantages. First, it finds support in the caselaw — some of it authored by progressive justices otherwise committed to a vigorous administrative state. Second, it may attract the support of a majority coalition comprised of progressives, conservatives (most notably Justice Gorsuch) who are committed to a robust understanding of personal liberty, and, for institutional reasons, Chief Justice Roberts. A consensus position resting on these principles might well satisfy the current push for a strengthened doctrine. Finally, and perhaps most fundamentally, this vision respects progressive commitments to individual liberty while according maximum latitude to the regulatory state progressives also seek to defend. But regardless of the acceptability of this tentative proposal, progressives must join issue on the possible contours of a reformulated non-delegation doctrine. They no longer have the luxury of simply defending the status quo and hoping for the best.
Российская промышленность в январе 2021 г.: восстановление прогнозов спроса (Russian Industry in January 2021: Recovery of Demand Forecasts)

Russian Abstract: Умеренно негативная по сравнению с пессимистичными прогнозами динамика спроса позволила промышленности избежать в январе 2021 г. сокращения выпуска, пересмотреть в лучшую сторону планы выпуска и продаж. Однако, как показывают регулярные опросы Института экономической политики им. Е.Т. Гайдара, эти факторы привели и к интенсивному росту цен на продукцию предприятий по сравнению с уровнем предыдущего месяца и вопреки прогнозам. В декабре 2020 г. промышленность, ожидавшая ухудшения эпидемиологической ситуации и падения спроса, была готова поступиться ростом цен для поддержания продаж. Но в январе этого не потребовалось – предприятия получили возможность поднять свои цены и пересмотреть прогнозы их изменения. Кадровая политика промышленных предприятий демонстрирует большую устойчивость к влиянию фактической и ожидаемой эпидемиологической ситуации. English Abstract: The dynamics of demand, moderately negative in comparison with the pessimistic forecasts, allowed the industry to avoid a reduction in output in January, to revise the production and sales plans for the better. However, according to regular polls by the Gaidar Institute, these factors also resulted in the intensive increase in prices for the enterprises products compared to the previous month and contrary to forecasts. In December, the industry expecting a deteriorating epidemiological situation and a drop in demand, was prepared to sacrifice growth of prices to maintain sales. However, this was not required in January, enterprises were able to raise their prices and revise the forecasts for their changes. The personnel policy of industrial enterprises demonstrates great resistance to the impacts of the actual and expected epidemiological situation.
Targeted therapies: Expanding the role of FGFR3 inhibition in urothelial carcinoma

The management of urothelial carcinoma (UC) has rapidly advanced in recent years with new approvals for immune checkpoint inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates. However, while many UC tumors contain potentially actionable mutations, the role for targeted small molecule inhibitors has been limited. One such target is the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family of proteins. Activating mutations and amplifications of FGFR3 are common in UC with higher incidences seen in upper tract as compared to lower tract disease. Consequently, multiple FGFR-directed targeted therapies have been developed and trialed in both UC and other solid tumors harboring FGFR mutations. At current, erdafitinib, an inhibitor of FGFR1-4, is the only approved targeted therapy in metastatic UC following the BLC2001 study, which demonstrated a 49% overall response rate in patients with UC harboring an FGFR3 mutation. Additional FGFR-directed agents also continue to be investigated across multiple disease stages in FGFR-mutated UC including infigratinib, rogaratinib, and AZD4547, among others. Ongoing trials are combining these agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy regimens. The precision medicine revolution has begun in UC, and FGFR3 inhibitors are leading the charge toward a more personalized, biomarker-driven treatment paradigm.
Miniature, minimally invasive, tunable endoscope for investigation of the middle ear

We demonstrate a miniature, tunable, minimally invasive endoscope for diagnosis of the auditory system. The probe is designed to sharply image anatomical details of the middle ear without the need for physically adjusting the position of the distal end of the endoscope. This is achieved through the addition of an electrowetted, tunable, electronically-controlled lens to the optical train. Morphological imaging is enabled by scanning light emanating from an optical coherence tomography system. System performance was demonstrated by imaging part of the ossicular chain and wall of the middle ear cavity of a normal mouse. During the experiment, we electronically moved the plane of best focus from the incudo-stapedial joint to the stapedial artery. Repositioning the object plane allowed us to image anatomical details of the middle ear beyond the depth of field of a static optical system. We also demonstrated for the first time to our best knowledge, that an optical system with an electrowetted, tunable lens may be successfully employed to measure sound-induced vibrations within the auditory system by measuring the vibratory amplitude of the tympanic membrane in a normal mouse in response to pure tone stimuli.
Oncology bioanalysis: from biomarkers to drug discovery.

Despite impressive gains in the successful treatment of many cancers, mortality from cancer remains the second most common cause of death in the USA [1]. Globally, population demographics and shifting patterns of disease are predicted to result in an even greater increase in cancer incidence. It has been estimated that annual cancer cases will rise from 14 million in 2012 to 22 million within the next two decades [2]. Although there is a compelling need to introduce new therapies to address this problem, barriers to the development of novel oncology drugs remain daunting. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease, and cancer patients are a heterogeneous population with interindividual differences in the genetic basis of their cancers. Therefore, apart from a few marked successes with targeted therapies, the impact of personal medicine in cancer therapy has yet to be fully realized. The importance of wellvalidated and useful cancer biomarkers is especially acute in the setting of drug development. The availability of such biomarkers should lead to significant improvements in moving new therapeutics from bench to bedside by allowing researchers and clinicians to distinguish which patients will benefit from a specific therapy. Impressive scientific and technological progress suggests that biomarkers could play an increasing role in improving oncology drug discovery. Specifically, robust analytical methods including mass spectrometry and various forms of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy now provide detailed quantitative information on patients’ responses to therapy. Important contributions have been made to diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers which are a prerequisite for identifying patients who will benefit from therapy. The fundamental understanding of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in oncology are constantly improving. In the areas of imaging analysis, drug localization and cancer metabolism, ongoing studies have revealed new approaches [3], improved targeted therapies [4] and revealed new metabolic pathways [5]. The articles in this themed issue review recent advances in critical areas of oncology bioanalysis. Biomarker discovery, validation, translation and clinical applications are highlighted. The cutting-edge tools and studies used to make these advances are also discussed together with the applicability of biomarkers in different stages of cancer from cancer risk assessment to evaluating recurrence. It is clear that considerable challenges remain for bioanalytical scientists including improving existing biomarkers, adapting biomarkers to new biologic therapeutics, validating biomarkers and translating the validated biomarkers to oncology drug development and the clinic.
Replicon fusions promoted by the inverted repeats of Tn5. The right repeat is an insertion sequence.

Abstract Several transposable elements are able to promote replicon fusions in Escherichia coli . We show here that the transposon, Tn5, also has this property. Tn5 is able to promote fusions between the plasmid pBR322 (on which it resides) and bacteriophage λ at 2% of the frequency of Tn5 transposition onto λ. Plasmid/phage replicon fusions formed in strains that are totally deficient in homologous and integrative recombination always consist of direct duplications of the insertion element at the junctions between λ and pBR322. In order to define those regions within the Tn5 necessary for causing replicon fusions, a series of deletions of Tn5 generated in vitro and in vivo were constructed. Deletion derivatives that remove all but the 1500-base-pair right inverted repetition (stem) are competent to promote fusions. The left inverted repetition is unable to supply this activity, but can be complemented in trans to form replicon fusions. We conclude that both repeats have the sites necessary for replicon fusions, but only the right stem has the required protein(s). This establishes that the right repeat is an insertion sequence.
The Dynamics of Theories

In this final chapter, I shall attempt to bring together and elaborate upon several points that have been “mentioned in passing” in the previous discussion. Most of these points have to do with what I have called ‘the dynamic aspect of physics theorizing’ — that is, with the way theories of mathematical physics grow and develop in time. Some of these questions were discussed near the end of Chapter IV and were mentioned again in discussing the identity conditions for theories of mathematical physics in the preceding chapter. We shall begin the discussion by attempting to say more about the nature of the characteristic range of intended applications in a theory of mathematical physics. This will provide something closer to necessary and sufficient conditions for being a theory of mathematical physics than was provided in the previous chapter. Then we shall consider in some detail the question of what it is for a person to have a theory of mathematical physics. This will provide an account of the characteristic ways that a person’s beliefs may change while he still has the same theory. In doing this we will examine some objections to our account of the identity criteria for theories of mathematical physics. In particular, we shall examine a certain view about the genesis of such theories which suggests that this view requires modification. Finally, we shall have something to say about how people come to have theories of mathematical physics, how they cease to have them, and how the conceptual apparatus in theories once held is related to the conceptual apparatus in theories held subsequent to them.
Do immigrants enhance international trade in services? The case of US tourism services exports.

That immigrants affect trade in goods between their home and host countries is well established in the literature. Little evidence exists, however, as to whether immigrants also affect trade in services. Using data on international tourist arrivals from 86 countries to the United States during the years 1995–2004, we provide the first empirical evidence on the effect of immigrants on exports of tourism services. Our results suggest that immigrants significantly enhance exports of tourism services (as measured by the number of tourist arrivals in the US from different home countries). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical irreversibility of ion transfers at liquid/liquid interfaces: Part II. Quasi-thermodynamic analysis and time dependences for single ion transfers

Abstract Structure of the double layer at immiscible liquid electrolyte interfaces is a controversial topic. and is essential to correct interpretation of ion-crossing kinetics. For single partitioned salt systems, (NR 4 + X − at H 2 O/PhNO 2 interfaces for example. single ion free energies in each phase determine equilibrium charge and control pds in part. For non-equilibrium applied pds and currents. the overpotential may be entirely accounted for in space-charge perturbations, or as pds in compact layers in each phase, or as combinations of both. Experimental results for irreversible and quasi-reversible ion transfers, at constant current, suggest a pd across a compact layer. New results in the absence of supporting electrolyte are crucial to the argument. Log analytical plots are now available for pd dependences on time for various cases, including a compact layer whose order and capacitance depends upon charge. These plots are described and used in the analysis of experimental data.
Clinical Predictors of Major Infections After Cardiac Surgery

Background— Major infections are infrequent but important complications of cardiac surgery. Predicting their occurrence is essential for future prevention. The objective of the current investigatio...
Reusable acoustic tweezers for disposable devices

We demonstrate acoustic tweezers used for disposable devices. Rather than forming an acoustic resonance, we locally transmitted standing surface acoustic waves into a removable, independent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-glass hybridized microfluidic superstrate device for micromanipulation. By configuring and regulating the displacement nodes on a piezoelectric substrate, cells and particles were effectively patterned and transported into said superstrate, accordingly. With the label-free and contactless nature of acoustic waves, the presented technology could offer a simple, accurate, low-cost, biocompatible, and disposable method for applications in the fields of point-of-care diagnostics and fundamental biomedical studies.
High-speed running performance is largely unaffected by hypoxic reductions in aerobic power.

We tested the importance of aerobic metabolism to human running speed directly by altering inspired oxygen concentrations and comparing the maximal speeds attained at different rates of oxygen upta...
Sidewalk following using color histograms

In this paper, we present the development of an algorithm for sidewalk following for a mobile robot. The algorithm classifies pixels of a video frame as either sidewalk or background. The classification of pixels is performed using color histograms of the hue and saturation of various areas of an image taken by an on-board camera. This color histogram approach allows the algorithm to detect and follow concrete paved areas of arbitrary shape and color. The development of the algorithm is performed using a robotics research platform developed by undergraduate students at Cal Poly State University, San Luis Obispo.
Modeling head related transfer functions

Head related transfer functions (HRTFs) characterize the transformation of a sound source to the sounds reaching the eardrums, and are central to binaural hearing. Because they are the result of wave propagation and diffraction, they can only be approximated by finitely parameterized filters. The functional dependence of the HRTF on azimuth and elevation is described, the requirements for a model are discussed, and existing models are reviewed. >
The Cooled Germanium Bolometer as a Far Infrared Detector

A direct comparison of the signal/noise ratios between a Golay detector and a cooled germanium bolometer is described. The Perkin-Elmer 301 far infrared spectrophotometer was used in the comparison. The spectral range 90 μ to 250 μ was covered.
Decoding of framewise compressed-sensed video via interframe total variation minimization

Compressed sensing is the theory and practice of sub-Nyquist sampling of sparse signals of interest. Perfect reconstruction may then be possible with significantly fewer than the Nyquist required number of data. In this work, we consider a video system where acquisition is performed via framewise pure compressed sensing. The burden of quality video sequence reconstruction falls, then, solely on the decoder side. We show that effective decoding can be carried out at the receiver/decoder side in the form of interframe total variation minimization. Experimental results demonstrate these developments.
The Vibrational Spectra of Cyanoacetic Acid and Sodium Cyanoacetate

The complete vibrational spectra of cyanoacetic acid and sodium cyanoacetate have been recorded. A tentative vibrational assignment for both molecules is proposed. The results appear to be most consistent with a hydrogen-bonded polymer structure of cyanoacetic acid. The marked effect of temperature on the infrared spectrum of the acid has been explained in terms of an order-disorder transition involving the position of the hydrogen atoms forming the hydrogen bonds in the crystal.
Reversal of the cellular phenotype in the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a childhood premature aging disease caused by a spontaneous point mutation in lamin A (encoded by LMNA), one of the major architectural elements of the mammalian cell nucleus1,2,3,4. The HGPS mutation activates an aberrant cryptic splice site in LMNA pre-mRNA, leading to synthesis of a truncated lamin A protein and concomitant reduction in wild-type lamin A3,4. Fibroblasts from individuals with HGPS have severe morphological abnormalities in nuclear envelope structure. Here we show that the cellular disease phenotype is reversible in cells from individuals with HGPS. Introduction of wild-type lamin A protein does not rescue the cellular disease symptoms. The mutant LMNA mRNA and lamin A protein can be efficiently eliminated by correction of the aberrant splicing event using a modified oligonucleotide targeted to the activated cryptic splice site. Upon splicing correction, HGPS fibroblasts assume normal nuclear morphology, the aberrant nuclear distribution and cellular levels of lamina-associated proteins are rescued, defects in heterochromatin-specific histone modifications are corrected and proper expression of several misregulated genes is reestablished. Our results establish proof of principle for the correction of the premature aging phenotype in individuals with HGPS.
Arginase depletes plasma l-arginine and decreases pulmonary vascular reserve during experimental pulmonary embolism.

Abstract The experiments test if experimental PE causes red blood cell hemolysis, arginase release and depletion of l -arginine and determine if arginase inhibition preserves l -arginine and improves pulmonary hemodynamics during PE. Experimental PE was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats by infusing 25 μm microspheres (1.8 million/100 g body wt) in the jugular vein, producing moderate pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary vascular resistance was estimated from the quotient of the right ventricular peak systolic pressure/cardiac output. Arterial plasma hemoglobin (ELISA), arginase activity (colorimetric assay) and l -arginine (high performance liquid chromatography) were determined. Arginase activity was inhibited by infusion of N-omega-hydroxy-nor- l -arginine (nor-NOHA, 400 mg/kg body wt, i.v.). Values are means ± s.e. Five hours of PE caused red blood cell hemolysis (15-fold increase in plasma hemoglobin) and release of arginase activity (2.7-fold increase). Plasma l -arginine concentration decreased significantly from 250 ± 20.6 to 118 ± 6.0 μmol/L (Control vs. PE) and estimated pulmonary vascular resistance increased 3-fold. Treatment with nor-NOHA prevented the depletion of plasma l -arginine (229 ± 15 μmol/L) and reduced the rise in pulmonary vascular resistance by 40%. In conclusion, experimental PE causes hemolysis, release of arginase activity, depletion of plasma l -arginine and increased estimated pulmonary vascular resistance. Inhibition of arginase activity preserves plasma l -arginine levels and improves estimated resistance, suggesting that the release of arginase during hemolysis contributes to the rise in estimated pulmonary resistance during experimental PE.