cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surrogate taxa and fossils as reliable proxies of spatial biodiversity patterns in marine benthic communities

Rigorous documentation of spatial heterogeneity (β-diversity) in present-day and preindustrial ecosystems is required to assess how marine communities respond to environmental and anthropogenic drivers. However, the overwhelming majority of contemporary and palaeontological assessments have centred on single higher taxa. To evaluate the validity of single taxa as community surrogates and palaeontological proxies, we compared macrobenthic communities and sympatric death assemblages at 52 localities in Onslow Bay (NC, USA). Compositional heterogeneity did not differ significantly across datasets based on live molluscs, live non-molluscs, and all live organisms. Death assemblages were less heterogeneous spatially, likely reflecting homogenization by time-averaging. Nevertheless, live and dead datasets were greater than 80% congruent in pairwise comparisons to the literature estimates of β-diversity in other marine ecosystems, yielded concordant bathymetric gradients, and produced nearly identical ordinations consistently delineating habitats. Congruent estimates from molluscs and non-molluscs suggest that single groups can serve as reliable community proxies. High spatial fidelity of death assemblages supports the emerging paradigm of Conservation Palaeobiology. Integrated analyses of ecological and palaeontological data based on surrogate taxa can quantify anthropogenic changes in marine ecosystems and advance our understanding of spatial and temporal aspects of biodiversity.
HISTORY OF LIFO

The history of LIFO illustrates the interplay of taxes and the general acceptance of accounting principles. In this paper, the gradual acceptance of LIFO in the United States is traced. The study focuses on both the theoretical evolution of LIFO and its acceptance by taxing authorities and accountants.
Neoadjuvant Radiation Therapy in Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: a Cohort Analysis

A paucity of data exists in the use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (NRT) for T4, non-metastatic colon cancer. This study was conducted to determine the effect of NRT on outcomes after resection for T4 colon cancer. All patients with non-metastatic resected clinical T4 colon cancer from 2000 to 2012 at a tertiary care center were included. The cohort was divided into two groups—those that received NRT and those that did not (non-NRT). The primary outcomes were margin-negative resection and overall survival (OS). One hundred and thirty-one consecutive patients with non-metastatic clinical T4 colon cancer with a mean age of 65 years were included. NRT was used in 23 patients (17.4%). NRT group was noted to have non-statistically significant improvement in R0 resection rate (NRT 95.7% vs non-NRT 88.0%; p = 0.27) and local recurrence (NRT 4.3% vs non-NRT 15.7%; p = 0.15). There was a significant difference in T-stage downstaging between the two groups (NRT 30.4% vs non-NRT 6.5%; p = 0.007). In a bivariate analysis, NRT was associated with improved 5-year OS (NRT 76.4% vs non-NRT 51.5%; p = 0.03). This relationship did not persist in a Cox proportional hazard analysis that included age and comorbidity (HR 2.19; 95% CI 0.87–5.52; p = 0.09). The use of NRT in locally advanced T4 colon cancer is safe and associated with increased downstaging. While there was a trend toward improvement in local recurrence and the ability to obtain margin-negative resections in the NRT group, this was not significant. Significantly improved overall survival was not observed in a multivariable analysis.
Attentional bias for threat: Crisis or opportunity?

Abstract Beginning in the 1980s, experimental psychopathologists increasingly adapted the concepts and paradigms of cognitive science to elucidate information-processing abnormalities that may figure in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Assessment and modification of attentional biases for threat has been a major theme in this research program. The field has witnessed the development of progressively more sophisticated approaches for isolating attentional processes from other cognitive processes in the service of accurate assessment and treatment. Yet the field is now in crisis as foundational concerns about the reliability of basic measures of attentional bias for threat (ABT) have emerged. Moreover, recent research points to theoretical revisions deemphasizing ABT as a stable, near-universal feature of anxiety disorders, and stressing deficits in executive control as the primary attentional problem linked to anxiety.
Godel's incompleteness theorems and artificial life

In this paper I discuss whether Godel's incompleteness theorems have any implications for studies in Artificial Life (AL). Since Godel's incompleteness theorems have been used to argue against certain mechanistic theories of the mind, it seems natural to attempt to apply the theorems to certain strong mechanistic arguments postulated by some AL theorists. We find that an argument using the incompleteness theorems can not be constructed that will block the hard AL claim, specifically in the field of robotics. However, we will see that the beginnings of an argument casting doubt on our ability to create living systems entirely resident in a computer environment might be suggested by looking at the incompleteness theorems from the point of view of Godel's belief in mathematical realism.
Transmitter Adaptation in Cognitive Radio Systems and Applications to Cognitive Radar

The paper presents transmitter adaptation through interference avoidance (IA) for enabling more efficient use of the frequency spectrum in emerging cognitive radio (CR) systems. IA is introduced in a general signal space framework as a procedure that mitigates interference and improves the signal-to-interference+noise ratio (SINR) at the intended receiver by distributing the transmitted signal energy over signal dimensions with minimum interference. Application of IA for transmitter adaptation is illustrated in the context of spectral shaping for OFDM-based CR systems as well as SINR-based waveform design for cognitive radar for estimating the characteristics of multiple mutually interfering targets.
Thin-Film Heterojunction FETs on Poly-Si Substrates for High-Stability Driving and Low-Power Amplification

Thin-film heterojunction field-effect transistor (HJFET) devices with hydrogenated amorphous Si gate and hydrogenated poly-Si source and drain regions are demonstrated on small-grain poly-Si substrates. The transistor fabrication process (excluding poly-Si preparation) temperature is below ~200 °C. The HJFET devices enable lower operation voltages, steeper subthreshold characteristics, lower flicker noise, and higher stability than conventional poly-Si devices. A low-power HJFET amplifier suitable for capacitive reading of biological signals is also demonstrated.
Relationships among interventions and health literacy outcomes for sub-populations: A data-driven approach

Abstract Objectives The goals of this study were to examine relationships among health literacy and outcomes for sub-populations identified within a large, multi-dimensional Omaha System dataset. Specific aims were to extract sub-populations from the data using Latent Class Analysis (LCA); and quantify the change in knowledge score from pre- to post-intervention for common sub-populations. Design Data-driven retrospective study using statistical modeling methods. Sample A set of admission and discharge cases, captured in the Omaha System, representing 65,468 cases from various health care providers. Measures Demographic information and the Omaha System terms including problems, signs/symptoms, and interventions were used as the features describing cases used for this study. Development of a mapping of demographics across health care systems enabled the integration of data from these different systems. Results Knowledge scores increased for all five sub-populations identified by latent class analysis. Effect sizes of interventions related to health literacy outcomes varied from low to high, with the greatest effect size in populations of young at-risk adults. The most significant knowledge gains were seen for problems including Pregnancy, Postpartum, Family planning, Mental health, and Substance use. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate positive relationships between interventions and health literacy outcomes for a very large sample. A deeper analysis of the results, focusing on specific problems and relevant interventions and their impact on health literacy is required to guide resource allocation in community-based care. As such, future work will focus on determining correlations between interventions for specific problems and knowledge change post-intervention.
When Suicide Happens in the Medical Community

When suicide happens close to doctors, students, and faculty, to our families, friends, colleagues, students, residents, fellows and patients, it challenges us as individuals and as members of institutions that seek to provide safety and support. The US suicide rate has increased and suicide remains difficult to predict or to prevent despite its association with depression and addiction. It is less common in medical students and residents than in the general, age-matched population but generates troubling, complex aftershocks for us. Individuals react according to their history and style, through stages, psychological defenses, and difficult affects. Grief, shock, anger, denial, and guilt are prevalent. People responding to a close suicide seek information, asking "why", "what if" and "if only", despite the speculative nature of attempting to understand what happened and why. Nearby suicide may be more challenging for us in the medical profession because the helplessness it evokes undermines our sense of omniscience and omnipotence. Thus, we engage in retrospection and a search for preventive interventions that may or may not be evidence based, salutary, or healing.
Together in Orbit: Round One

Inviting other countries to participate in the space station was only one of the steps toward enhanced international cooperation pursued by the Reagan administration in the 1983–1985 period. Invitations were extended by the White House to a number of countries to fly one of their citizens aboard the shuttle. Perhaps most intriguingly, there were preliminary discussions with the People’s Republic of China about flying a Chinese-developed experiment, accompanied by a Chinese payload specialist, on the vehicle. Although the White House in 1982 had decided to let lapse the U.S.-U.S.S.R. space cooperation agreement first signed in 1972 and renewed in 1977, and in the final stages of the space station decision process had rejected the possibility of inviting the Soviet Union to participate along with U.S. “friends and allies” in the space station, it did in January 1984 and subsequently float the idea of a joint U.S.-Soviet space rescue demonstration. Between January and June 1984, international participation in the U.S. space station became a significant U.S. foreign policy initiative to be discussed among Reagan and the leaders of the other six members of the Group of Seven—the leading economies of the world—as they met in London for their annual economic summit. It was the U.S. hope to get at the early June summit top-level political agreement, at least in principle, to participate in the U.S. space station. That agreement proved impossible to achieve by the time of the summit meeting, but the foundation was laid for discussions regarding participation over the next few years by Europe, Japan, and Canada.
N-degron and C-degron pathways of protein degradation

This perspective is partly review and partly proposal. N-degrons and C-degrons are degradation signals whose main determinants are, respectively, the N-terminal and C-terminal residues of cellular proteins. N-degrons and C-degrons include, to varying extents, adjoining sequence motifs, and also internal lysine residues that function as polyubiquitylation sites. Discovered in 1986, N-degrons were the first degradation signals in short-lived proteins. A particularly large set of C-degrons was discovered in 2018. We describe multifunctional proteolytic systems that target N-degrons and C-degrons. We also propose to denote these systems as “N-degron pathways” and “C-degron pathways.” The former notation replaces the earlier name “N-end rule pathways.” The term “N-end rule” was introduced 33 years ago, when only some N-terminal residues were thought to be destabilizing. However, studies over the last three decades have shown that all 20 amino acids of the genetic code can act, in cognate sequence contexts, as destabilizing N-terminal residues. Advantages of the proposed terms include their brevity and semantic uniformity for N-degrons and C-degrons. In addition to being topologically analogous, N-degrons and C-degrons are related functionally. A proteolytic cleavage of a subunit in a multisubunit complex can create, at the same time, an N-degron (in a C-terminal fragment) and a spatially adjacent C-degron (in an N-terminal fragment). Consequently, both fragments of a subunit can be selectively destroyed through attacks by the N-degron and C-degron pathways.
M13 phage display to identify a permeating peptide against hyperconcentrated mucin

ABSTRACT Mucus is an impregnable barrier for drug delivery across the epithelia for treatment of mucosal-associated diseases. While current carriers are promising for mucus penetration, their surface chemistries do not possess chemical complexity to probe and identify optimal physicochemical properties desired for mucus penetration. As initial study, we use M13 phage display presenting random peptides to select peptides that can facilitate permeation through hyperconcentrated mucin. Here, a net-neutral charge, hydrophilic peptide was identified to facilitate transport of phage and fluorophore conjugates through mucin barrier compared to controls. This initial finding warrants further study to understand how composition and spatial distribution of physicochemical properties of peptides can be optimized to improve transport across the mucus barrier.
Object Recognition and Pose Estimation using Laser scans For Advanced Underwater Manipulation

3D object recognition is an active research area in computer vision and robotics. The integration of spatial information with semantic knowledge has become an important task for robots in order to successfully perform autonomous intervention missions. This paper presents an approach for the recognition and pose estimation of underwater objects, with the goal of enabling autonomous underwater intervention in man-made structures. The methods are developed to be used with raw data consisting of 3D colorless point clouds collected by a fast laser scanner. The proposed approach contains two main phases: Object recognition from range data, and feature-based semantic SLAM. The first goal consists of recognizing different objects present in the scene. For this purpose, a recognition and pose estimation pipeline was developed enclosing different steps such as segmentation, identification, and estimation of the position and orientation for each targeted object. The second goal aims at improving the AUV navigation in an underwater environment by using the result of the recognition and pose estimation pipeline to feed a feature based SLAM algorithm. As the AUV moves along the trajectory, the SLAM algorithm builds a map, recognizes targeted objects and integrates them into this map, and localizes its position with respect to it. Compared to previous experimental results performed in a water tank, this paper emphasizes the importance of estimating the pose of the objects (namely the orientation), as a way of promoting the accuracy of the robot localization.
The Contact Process

The contact process is the spin system in which S = Z d and $$ c(x,\eta ) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {\lambda \sum\limits_{|y - x| = 1} {\eta (y)} } & {if{\text{ }}\eta (x) = 0,} \\ 1 & {f{\text{ }}\eta (x) = 1,} \\ \end{array} } \right. $$ (0.1) where λ is a nonnegative parameter. One interpretation of this process is as a model for the spread of an infection. An individual at x ∈ S is infected if η(x) = 1 and healthy if η (x) = 0. Healthy individuals become infected at a rate which is proportional to the number of infected neighbors. Infected individuals recover at a constant rate, which is normalized to be 1.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Perspective Aware Planning with Panoramas

In this work, we present an information based exploration strategy tailored for the generation of high resolution 3D maps. We employ RGBD panoramas because they have been shown to provide memory efficient high quality representations of space. Robots explore the environment by selecting locations with maximal Cauchy-Schwarz Quadratic Mutual Information (CSQMI) computed on an angle enhanced occupancy grid to collect these RGBD panoramas. By employing the angle enhanced occupancy grid, the resulting exploration strategy emphasizes perspective in addition to binary coverage. Furthermore, the goal selection strategy is improved by using image morphology to reduce the search space over which CSQMI is computed. We present experimental results demonstrating the improved performance in perception related tasks by capturing panoramas using this approach, near frontier exploration, and a control of logging images at regular intervals while teleoperating the robot through the workspace. Collect imagery was passed through an object detection library with our perspective aware approach yielding a greater number of successful detections compared to near frontier exploration.
Consistent Recovery of Communities from Sparse Multi-relational Networks: A Scalable Algorithm with Optimal Recovery Conditions

Multi-layer and multiplex networks show up frequently in many recent network datasets. We consider the problem of identifying the common community membership structure of a finite sequence of networks, called multi-relational networks, which can be considered a particular case of multiplex and multi-layer networks. We propose two scalable spectral methods for identifying communities within a finite sequence of networks. We provide theoretical results to quantify the performance of the proposed methods when individual networks are generated from either the stochastic block model or the degree-corrected block model. The methods are guaranteed to recover communities consistently when either the number of networks goes to infinity arbitrarily slowly, or the expected degree of a typical node goes to infinity arbitrarily slowly, even if all the individual networks have fixed size and are sparse. This condition on the parameters of the network models mentioned above is both sufficient for consistent community recovery using our methods and also necessary to have any consistent community detection procedure. We also give some simulation results to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Strategies to maximize clinical efficiency while maintaining patient safety during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interview-based study from private practice dermatologists.

Many dermatologists have experienced significant changes to their practices due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is vital to recognize how the pandemic has affected dermatology practices and identify m...
Cell types and neuronal circuitry underlying female aggression in Drosophila

Aggressive social interactions are used to compete for limited resources and are regulated by complex sensory cues and the organism's internal state. While both sexes exhibit aggression, its neuronal underpinnings are understudied in females. Here, we identify a population of sexually dimorphic aIPg neurons in the adult Drosophila melanogaster central brain whose optogenetic activation increased, and genetic inactivation reduced, female aggression. Analysis of GAL4 lines identified in an unbiased screen for increased female chasing behavior revealed the involvement of another sexually dimorphic neuron, pC1d, and implicated aIPg and pC1d neurons as core nodes regulating female aggression. Connectomic analysis demonstrated that aIPg neurons and pC1d are interconnected and suggest that aIPg neurons may exert part of their effect by gating the flow of visual information to descending neurons. Our work reveals important regulatory components of the neuronal circuitry that underlies female aggressive social interactions and provides tools for their manipulation.
Tailored minimally invasive tubular laminectomies for the urgent treatment of rare holocord spinal epidural abscess: case report and review of technique

Spinal abscesses that involve the full length of the spine, from the cervical to the sacral regions, are rare and account for approximately 1% of spinal epidural infections. Urgent surgical decompression combined with antibiotics treatment is usually recommended in these patients and selection of the most suitable surgical approach is tailored on the extent and location of the fluid collection. We present a rare case of holocord spinal epidural abscess treated with cervico-thoracic-lumbar tandem tubular decompressive laminectomies with alternating incisions, which were tailored on the preoperative sagittal and axial extension of the abscess. This minimally invasive procedure allowed for the successful drainage and decompression of the epidural space in an adult patient presenting with acute worsening tetraparesis. After the surgery the patient's neurological examination improved and follow up radiological studies confirmed the successful decompression of the epidural space. Tailoring not only the level but also the laterality of the tandem tubular approach, may be beneficial in minimizing soft tissues trauma, blood loss, operative time and need for more extensive surgical exposure, while successfully treating rare holospinal epidural infections. Minimally invasive tailored decompression of holocord spinal epidural abscesses should be considered as a surgical option in selected patients presenting with acute neurological symptoms.
Embryo biopsy and maternal and neonatal outcomes following cryopreserved-thawed single embryo transfer.

Background Contemporary embryo biopsy in the United States involves the removal of several cells from a blastocyst that would become the placenta for preimplantation genetic testing. Embryos are then cryopreserved while patients await biopsy results, with transfers occurring in a subsequent cycle as a single frozen-thawed embryo transfer, if euploid. Objective We sought to determine if removal of these cells for preimplantation genetic testing was associated with adverse obstetrical or neonatal outcomes after frozen-thawed single embryo transfer. Study Design We linked assisted reproductive technology surveillance data from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System to birth certificates and maternal and neonatal hospitalization discharge diagnoses in Massachusetts from 2014 to 2017, considering only singleton births after frozen-thawed single embryo transfers. We compared outcomes of cycles having embryo biopsy (n=585) to those having no biopsy (n=2191) using chi-square for categorical and binary variables and logistic regression for adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for mother’s age, race, education, parity, body mass index, birth year, insurance, and all infertility diagnoses. Results Considering no biopsy as the reference, there was no difference between groups with respect to preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.42–1.61; P=.5685); pregnancy-induced hypertension (adjusted odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.46–1.59; P=.6146); placental disorders, including placental abruption, placenta previa, placenta accreta, placenta increta, and placenta percreta (adjusted odds ratio, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.60–2.24; P=.6675); preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio, 1.22; 95% confidence interval 0.73–2.03; P=.4418); low birthweight (adjusted odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–2.15; P=.7355); cesarean delivery (adjusted odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.79–1.38; P=.7762); or gestational diabetes mellitus (adjusted odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.50–1.38; P=.4734). In addition, there was no difference between the groups for prolonged hospital stay for mothers (adjusted odds ratio, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.80; P=.3014) or for infants (95% confidence interval, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–2.29; P=.3923). Conclusion Embryo biopsy for preimplantation genetic testing does not increase the odds for diagnoses related to placentation (preeclampsia, pregnancy-related hypertension, placental disorders, preterm delivery, or low birthweight), maternal conditions (gestational diabetes mellitus), or maternal or infant length of stay after delivery.
The role of nanomaterials and antibiotics in microbial resistance and environmental impact: an overview

Increasing interest in the combinatory effects of nanoparticles (NPs) and antibiotics to diminish antibiotic resistance emergence, while maintaining antimicrobial properties, have grown over the years. Furthermore, diverse compounds used to synthesize nanoparticles have enhanced drug delivery, stability, efficiency, and reactivity. Nevertheless, nanotechnology, in the medical and veterinary fields, is minimally introduced despite preventing antibiotic resistance and its microbicidal activity. This cautious clinical introduction of antibiotic-nanoparticles for drug delivery is appropriate because the long-term human, animal, and environmental effects of nanomaterials remain unknown. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding about the effects of biological processes from antibiotic-nanoparticle combinatorial treatments. Hence, to avoid another antibiotic resistance crisis, further investigation and clinical introduction caution is needed to determine the effects of synthesis and applications on combinatory treatments.
Amino acid hydrogen oxalate quasiracemates – hydrocarbon side chains

Amino acid quasiracemates – generated from the assembly of pairs of chemically distinct amino acids of opposite handedness – continue to provide important opportunities to understand how self-assembly can be promoted despite using components with drastically different sizes and molecular shapes. Previous studies by Gorbitz et al. and others cataloged 32 crystal structures of amino acid quasiracemates, with each showing the building blocks aligned with near inversion symmetry similar to their racemic counterparts. This investigation examined the impact of using a secondary coformer molecule, hydrogen oxalate, on the cocrystalline landscape of amino acid quasiracemates with hydrocarbon side chains. Eight racemic (4) and quasiracemic (4) hydrogen oxalate structures were generated. Crystal structures of these systems show the hydrogen oxalate moieties assembled into C(5) molecular columns by the construction of robust O–H⋯O− hydrogen bonds with the amino acid enantiomers and quasienantiomers linked to these column motifs using a complex blend of N+–H⋯O−, O–H⋯O−, and N+–H⋯OC contacts. The racemates and quasiracemates form similar packing motifs; however, due to the chemically non-identical nature of the quasiracemic components, the outcome is that the amino acids organize with near inversion symmetry. Both the conformational similarity (χRMS) and degree of inversion symmetry (Ci) of related pairs of quasienantiomeric components have been systematically assessed using readily available structural tools. This study shows how coformer molecules such as hydrogen oxalate can provide new and critical insight into the molecular recognition process of quasiracemic materials.
A Pestilence of Virgins

"What do you know from cold?" "It was forty below in Korea!" "In 1933 the streets were ice and the pawn shops were closed." "Please don't fight. Eat." Mother lays the plates out on the table. Father chews, his senses slip down deep and blind into his guts. "Tender?" he asks through the meat ravished in his mouth. "Good," I answer. "Good?" he says dreamily, "Good? It's delicious!" The food is in my mouth, no? He's telling me the taste in my mouth! "Stalin was a murderer," I remind him. "I'm a very emotional person," he reminds me. "Please don't make me ex cited. I don't like to get physical." But he stands, legs wide apart, the table above his head. The feast is about to come down around my ears. "Abe .. ." mother says softly, "Abe .. ." And the table is lowered to the floor, not even the wine spills, but he is shivering. Pity the centaur, pity Abe, a pestilence of virgins sepulchered both their days. My mother, like Minerva, who was wombed in the head of Zeus (a virginal goddess of reason), lifts the centaur's head by his live recalcitrant hair, up, up, beyond his bestial lower parts, confounding his blood by the broader scope of his sight. Father's furtive eyes avoid looking at her. "Mishugge, nut.. ." "Esther ..." he says plaintively. "You can't talk like a human being?" I leave and he whines after me, "Six million of us they killed, and you're going to marry one of them." "She's not the gestapo. She's Puerto Rican," I answer, as my feet carry me down to the street.
Repeating History: Teacher Licensure Testing in Massachusetts.

This paper reviews the history of initial teacher licensure testing in the United States from the 1980s and summarizes the issues and problems that have ensued. The author shows how Massachusetts, a state that has only fairly recently started this testing, is experiencing many of the same difficulties. Included are extensive tables, based on the author's research, providing information concerning the specific tests that were used in the past and an update showing what most states participating in this testing are currently using for their teacher licensure purposes.
Effects of permeability on CO2 trapping mechanisms and buoyancy‐driven CO2 migration in saline formations

[1] We present the results from a series of numerical simulations to explore systematic k heterogeneity effects on both CO2 trapping mechanisms and buoyancy-driven CO2 migration. For this purpose, we generated various permutations of two-dimensional numerical models of subsurface porous media: homogeneous, random, homogenous with a low-permeability (k) lens, and isotropically/anisotropically correlated k fields. For heterogeneous cases, we used a sequential Gaussian simulation technique to generate ten realizations in each model permutation. In each simulation, the amounts of mobile, residually, and aqueously trapped CO2 were calculated, and the spatial distributions of the CO2 plumes were quantified using first and second spatial moments. Simulation results from both homogeneous and random k fields suggest that the amount of residually trapped CO2 increases as the mean effective k increases. These results imply that the overall velocity distribution, which governs the sweeping area of the supercritical-phase CO2 plume, is a critical factor for controlling residual CO2 trapping. However, as overall velocity (or effective k field) increases, we predict that the CO2 plume potentially reaches the caprock more quickly. In addition, results also show that the decrease of variance in ln k increases the amount of residually trapped CO2. In simulations of anisotropically correlated k fields, the vertical CO2 migration distance due to buoyancy shortens as the horizontal correlation length becomes greater. In addition, as the horizontal correlation length becomes greater, residual CO2 trapping increases and mobile CO2 decreases because the CO2 plume spreads farther laterally (i.e., it sweeps a larger area). In summary, results of these analyses suggest that heterogeneous k fields with greater anisotropic correlation ratios potentially maximize residual CO2 trapping and minimize buoyancy-driven CO2 migration. Our findings also suggest that when heterogeneous k fields have a certain structure such as a low-k lens or other hydraulic barriers (e.g., faults), the amount of residually trapped CO2 may increase and depend more on the geometry of geological structures than the magnitude of effective k.
The diatek arkive organizer patient information management system : Experience at a University Hospital

Objective. To install and successfully use early commercial automatic anesthesia recordkeepers, the Diatek Arkive “Organizer” units, in the operating rooms at a major university medical center. Methods. Because of the history of previous academic attempts at automatic anesthesia recordkeeping, the units were installed on a “surprise” basis, with hardly any discussion of the devices beforehand. Results. The devices themselves had a number of minor difficulties at the start, most of which were promptly corrected. Eventually the units were in use in all non-cardiac general operating rooms. At one point, usage reached over 90% of possible cases. Continued opposition to the device on the part of certain individuals, coupled with the obsolescence of the present devices in light of new technology, led to the eventual abandonment of the system and removal of the devices from service. Discussion. Total resistance to the new devices on the part of a few vocal faculty members was a major factor in the ultimate downfall of the system. The method of introduction, and especially the lack of involvement of faculty, residents, surgeons, operating room personnel, hospital computer personnel, and the hospital administration in the installation also played a role in the failure of the system. Lack of a workable training mechanism for new residents prevented that user group from rapidly gaining comfort with the systems.
The Binding of Hemoglobin to Haptoglobin and Its Relation to Subunit Dissociation of Hemoglobin

Abstract The binding of liganded hemoglobin to haptoglobin, a plasma α2-glycoprotein, is an irreversible and stoichiometric reaction that occurs physiologically at the micromolar concentration level. The study of the reaction between deoxyhemoglobin which does not bind haptoglobin and a haptoglobin solution saturated with carbon monoxide indicates that hemoglobin tetramer is incapable of binding haptoglobin and its dissociation to dimers is a prerequisite for the reaction. The reaction between haptoglobin and the liganded dimers proceeds with a rate constant of about 5.5 x 105 m-1 sec-1 and the results can be fitted with a dissociation constant of 1.5 x 10-6 m for the hemoglobin tetramer. The study of the reaction of isolated α- and β-hemoglobin chains towards haptoglobin half-saturated by α chains or Hb A, has permitted a detailed analysis of this reaction. The haptoglobin, on the basis of the data presented here, probably contains four binding sites, two for each hemoglobin dimer (αβ). These two pair of sites are independent and noninteracting but within each pair a strong interaction is observed between the α-specific site and the allosterically induced β site. A detailed model of the reaction under physiological conditions is proposed on the basis of these results.
7 Structure and Expression of Insulinlike Growth Factor Genes in Fish

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the structure and expression of insulin-like growth factor genes in fish. The insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and -11, together with insulin are three members of the insulin superfamily that share close similarities in primary structure and biological activity. Insulin is a well-characterized pancreatic peptide hormone that plays an important role in regulating metabolism, particularly in carbohydrate utilization, and is found in all vertebrates. The salmonid preproIGF-I sequences are all very similar to each other, although multiple E peptides are generated through alternative RNA splicing. Amino acid sequence comparisons indicate that preproIGF-I have been highly conserved between teleosts and mammals. The sequence similarities observed between mammalian and salmonid IGF-I cDNAs strongly suggested that teleosts might also contain a homologue to IGF-11. In coho salmon, IGF-I mRNA has been detected by the real time-polymerase chain reaction technique in embryos and in multiple tissues from juvenile and adult fish, including the adipose tissue, brain, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, ovaries, testes, and spleen.
A Review of “Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier and Happier”

Edward Glaeser explains in Triumph of the City why cities are the most productive settlements everywhere in the world. Glaeser, a Harvard economics professor well known for his cogent writings on u...
Reverberation Modeling of the Broad Emission Line Region in NGC 5548

Long-term observations of broad-line region (BLR) in the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 are analyzed and compared with the predictions of the hydromagnetically driven outflow model of Emmering, Blandford and Shlosman Here we use the model to compute the delay between the C IV line and the continuum. We show, by use of the two-dimensional transfer function (2DTF), that the model predicts a red-side-first-response for the emission line.
Physics and Detectors at the LHC and the SLHC

The capabilities of the ATLAS and CMS detectors being prepared for the LHC are reviewed. Examples of physics signals accessible during early running and during mature high luminosity LHC operation are examined. The planning and options for the LHC and these detectors to increase the luminosity to 10^{35}cm^{-2}s^{-1} is presented. This upgrade, entitled the Super LHC (SLHC), would occur in the next decade. The resulting physics scope is discussed.
Discovery of a z = 6.1 Radio-Loud Quasar in the NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey

From examination of only 4 deg{sup 2} of sky in the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey (NDWFS) region, we have identified the first radio-loud quasar at a redshift z > 6. The object, FIRST J1427385+331241, was discovered by matching the FLAMEX IR survey to FIRST survey radio sources with NDWFS counterparts. One candidate z > 6 quasar was found, and spectroscopy with the Keck II telescope confirmed its identification, yielding a redshift z = 6.12. The object is a Broad Absorption Line (BAL) quasar with an optical luminosity of M{sub B} {approx} -26.9 and a radio-to-optical flux ratio {approx} 60. Two Mg II absorptions systems are present at redshifts of z = 2.18 and z = 2.20. We briefly discuss the implications of this discovery for the high-redshift quasar population.
A Framework for Delivering Targeted Occupancy Interventions to Reduce Energy Usage in Buildings

Abstract Policies aimed at reducing building energy use have often resulted in inefficiencies due to their higher costs, requirements to comply with regulations, incentives, and/or sanctions; and neglecting the impact of occupants on building energy use. To overcome these challenges, energy policy measures can be designed and implemented by identifying occupants’ behavior that significantly impact building energy use and relevant factors that may lead to sustainable behavior pattern. Therefore, this study presents a conceptual framework that proposes a multi-level intervention strategy that is tailored to varying occupants’ characteristics to produce and maintain energy use reduction in buildings over time. The framework is designed in two main steps: (1) identifying the occupants’ energy use and behavioral characteristics before and after the exposure of any energy efficiency intervention (e.g., education, persuasion); and (2) delivering targeted occupancy interventions based on occupants’ energy use and behavioral characteristics. This framework will assist decision-makers in formulating and designing effective energy policy tools at lower costs to deliver occupancy-focused interventions for reducing building energy use.
Growth and Decline of Retardate Intelligence1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the growth and decline of retardate intelligence and a study analyzing semi-longitudinally the growth and decline of Binet mental ages of a large institutionalized population of retardates. Traditional intelligence quotient (IQ) theory says that retardate intelligence grows just like normal intelligence, in that mental age grows linearly up to about 16 years of chronological age (CA) and then stops, the only difference being the rate at which it grows. The rate is, of course, the IQ. Higher grade retardates presumably have higher rates of MA growth and lower grades have lower rates. Semi-longitudinal methods have been used to study the growth and decline of retardate intelligence. The basic data were provided by institutional records of Binet mental ages for a population of 1159 resident retardates, varying widely in age and intelligence, each of whom has been tested at least twice over a period of years. The results obtained suggest that the growth of MA of retardates is roughly linear between 5 and 16 years, regardless of the level. Growth rate is directly related to level. Higher level retardates continue to grow in MA for longer periods of their life (at least until the late 1930s). The MA growth functions for lower level subjects flatten off earlier.
Integrating customer perception into process capability measures

Process capability indices provide a measure of the output of an in-control process that conforms to a set of specification limits. These measures, which assume that process output is approximately normally distributed, are intended for measuring process capability for manufacturing systems. When the performance of a system results in a product that fails to fall within a given specification range, however, the product is typically scrapped or reworked, and the actual distribution that the customer perceives after inspection is truncated. In this paper, the concept of a truncated measure for three types of quality characteristics is introduced as the key to linking customer perception to process capability. Subsequently, a set of customer-perceived process capability indices is presented as an extension of traditional manufacturer-based counterparts. Finally, data transformation-based process capability indices are also discussed. A comparative study and numerical example reveal considerable differences among the traditional and proposed process capability indices. It is believed that the proposed process capability index for various quality characteristics may more aptly lead to process improvement by facilitating a better understanding of the integrated effects found in engineering design problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementarity between messenger RNA and nuclear RNA from HeLa cells.

Abstract Hybridization of labeled HeLa cell messenger RNA to HeLa cell nuclear RNA occurs as determined by ribonuclease resistance of annealed mixtures of the two RNA's. Hybrids were characterized by melting temperature and by centrifugation to equilibrium in Cs 2 SO 4 gradients. No annealing to nucleolar RNA, f2 phage RNA or homopolymers, was detected. The apparent complementarity of nuclear RNA and messenger RNA probably reflects an aspect of messenger RNA synthesis.
Recovery of Content and Temporal Order Memory for Performed Activities following Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Few studies have investigated the complex nature of everyday activity memory following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examined recovery of content and temporal order memory for performed activities during the first year in individuals who suffered moderate to severe TBI. TBI and control participants completed eight different cognitive activities at baseline (i.e., acutely following injury for TBI) and then again approximately one year later (follow-up). Participants' free recall of the activities provided a measure of content memory. Temporal order memory was assessed with a reconstruction task. Self-report and informant report of everyday memory problems at follow-up were used to examine the relationship between activity memory performances and everyday memory. TBI participants showed significant recovery in both content and temporal order memory for activities during the first year. Despite showing significant recovery, the TBI group's activity memory performances remained poorer than that of controls at follow-up. Greater self- and informant report of everyday memory difficulties was associated with poorer temporal order memory but not content memory for activities. These findings demonstrate recovery in multiple memory processes that support activity memory following moderate to severe TBI. The findings also suggest a stronger link between everyday memory abilities and temporal order memory for activities than activity memory content in a TBI population.
Creating metasummaries of qualitative findings.

? Background: The translation and grounded theory techniques typically cited as the method for producing qualitative metasyntheses do not lend themselves well to qualitative survey findings as they do not contain the integrating concepts o controlling metaphors upon which these techniques depend ? Objectives: The purpose of this article is to describe a process for creating metasummaries of qualitative survey findings. ? Methods: This article is based on completed work in an ongoing methodological study aimed at developing a usable and transparent protocol for combining the findings in reports of health-related qualitative studies. The sample for this work included 45 published and unpublished reports of qualitative studies of HIV-positive women with findings on motherhood, 39 of which contained findings in the form of surveys of cata. Almost 800 findings were extracted. These extracted findings were reduced to 93 abstracted findings, and manifest frequency and intensity effect sizes were calculated ? Results: Five findings had effect sizes ranging from 25-60% with both published and unpublished reports contributing about equally to the strength of these findings. Seventy-three findings had effect sizes of <9%, 47 of them with effect sizes of only 2%, in most of these cases, only one work contained the finding and these works had generally fewer space restrictions. Four reports with few space restrictions contained 63% of the findings across all 45 reports. ? Conclusions: Qualitative metasummaries are useful end products of research integration studies involving reports of "indings in the form of qualitative surveys, and may serve as a foundation for qualitative metasyntheses.
Effect of Mg addition on superconducting properties of BiSrCaCuO compounds

Abstract The samples with norminal composition Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3−x Mg x O y (0≤ x ≤0.7) were prepared at 850≈910°C. These samples show similar X-ray diffraction patterns and their phases are composed of Bi 2 Sr 2 Ca 1 Cu 2 O y and impurity phases. There are little effect of Mg addition on the temperature of onset transition and zero resistance. The Tc(onset) and Tc(zero) strongly relate to the sintering method.
Leukocyte adherence inhibition by soluble tumor antigens in breast cancer patients

The authors modified and refined the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Assay (LAI) first described by Halliday, et al. in 1972 by standardizing the protein concentration of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) and by utilizing paired normal tissue extracts as controls to eliminate interference of HL-A histocompatibility antigens and organ-associated antigens. When dose response studies were performed, a progressively larger percentage of patients reacted to the LAI test with increasing concentration of tumor extracts, but the optimal concentration was found to be 200 mug/ml, where 42 out of 66 (63%) leukocytes from 54 breast cancer patients reacted to the breast cancer extracts. At this dose range, only three out of 39 (7%) normal donors and four out of 30 (13%) patients with other types of cancer were positive. When breast cancer patients were tested against TAA of colon cancer and malignant melanoma, one of 24 (4%) and two of 24 (8%), respectively, were positive. Although a higher response rate (72%) was noted in Stage II disease, this was not statistically different from Stage I and Stage III disease. Likewise, no difference was noted in LAI at varying phases following the mastectomy.