cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variations in the Understanding of Interpersonal Behavior: Adherence to the Interpersonal Circle as a Moderator of the Rigidity–Psychological Well‐Being Relation

The idiothetic structure of interpersonal trait perceptions was examined as it moderated the interpersonal rigidity–psychological well-being relation. The focus was on the extent to which individuals' perceptions of the similarity of interpersonal behavior fits (i.e., adhered to) the normative interpersonal circle. In two samples of college students, individual differences in adherence to the interpersonal circle moderated the relation of interpersonal rigidity with various indices of psychological well-being. We found that those individuals whose perceptions of interpersonal traits were better represented by the interpersonal circle had negative relations between interpersonal rigidity and satisfaction with life, self-confidence, self-liking, and complementarity and positive relations with interpersonal problems. The results suggest that adherence to the interpersonal circle may be a new means of viewing traitedness and that cognitive interpretation of traits may have an important moderating function.
Blood-brain barrier transport of basic amino acids is selectively inhibited at low pH.

The transport of amino acids across the blood-brain barrier was measured with the single-pass carotid injection method. The pH of the injected bolus varied between 4.5 and 8.5. Arginine and lysine uptakes were inhibited 24% at pH 5.5 and 59% at pH 4.5. The uptakes of 2-aminobicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2-carboxylic acid and phenylalanine were unaffected at this pH. There were also no changes observed in choline, glucose, or butanol transport. The Ki of arginine transport inhibition by H+ was 2.4 +/- 0.5 microM; i.e., pH 5.6 +/- 0.1. No change with pH occurred in the Km of arginine transport, while a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) was observed in the Vmax (10.2 +/- 2.3 nmol min-1 g-1 and 5.6 +/- 2.3 nmol min-1 g-1 at pH 7.5 and pH 5.5, respectively). This noncompetitive inhibition was found to be transient as arginine uptake at pH 7.5; it was measured by carotid injection 30 sec following a previous bolus which was buffered to pH 4.5, and was not significantly different from the control. This selective inhibition of the blood-brain barrier basic amino acid carrier demonstrates the advantage of the carotid injection approach in exposing the capillary exchange site to extreme alterations in chemical composition which could not be tolerated systemically.
The enthalpy of formation of lithium oxide (Li2O)

Abstract The enthalpy of reaction with water of a carefully characterized specimen of lithium oxide, Li 2 O, was found to be −(31.488 ± 0.025) kcal th mol −1 . Combination of the measured result with auxiliary thermochemical data from the literature yielded a value of −(142.902 ± 0.066) kcal th mol −1 for the standard enthalpy of formation of lithium oxide, ΔH f o (Li 2 O, c, 298.15 K).
Estimation of the disulfide content of trypsin inhibitors as S-β-(2-pyridylethyl)-l-cysteine

Abstract Disulfide bonds in soybean trypsin inhibitor were reduced with tri- n -butylphosphine in 50% ethanol at pH 7.6. The generated SH groups were simultaneously alkylated with 2-vinylpyridine. Cystine residues were thus transformed to residues of S -β-(2-pyridylethyl)- l -cysteine. The extent of reductive alkylation was determined by both amino acid analysis and ultraviolet spectroscopy. The modified inhibitor was inactive against trypsin. It also lost resistance to proteolysis. Analogous results were obtained with partially reduced alkylated lima bean and ovomucoid trypsin inhibitors. These results show that S -2-pyridylethylation is a convenient method for measuring the half-cystine content of a protein.
Gold in seawater: a conservative view

Abstract Gold concentrations in filtered and unfiltered open ocean Pacific waters give an average of 29 ± 9 pg/l by an atomic absorption/graphite furnace technique preceded by an anion exchange preconcentration step. Similar values (average 37 ± 8 pg/l) were found in nearshore unfiltered waters. These values are geochemically in line with those of gold's periodic table neighbors, Pt, Pd and Ag, which also form strong chloro-complexes. On the basis of its more uniform values with depth in seawaters, Au is less reactive in the ocean system than these other metals.
The False Islamization of Female Suicide Bombers

This study examines the radicalization of Islamic thought from Ibn Taymiyyah in the thirteenth century, to the emergence of Wahhabism in the eighteenth century, followed by twentieth century radical ideologues such as Mawdudi, Qutb, and Azzam, to explain how terrorist organizations like Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad have rejected mainstream Islamic jurisprudence and crafted a complete reinterpretation of religious doctrine in an attempt to legitimate female suicide bombings. This examination of women suicide bombers provides a clear example of how what is often called Islamic radicalism or political Islam has far less connection with religion than it does with utilitarian and pragmatic concerns such as strategic and military tactics.
Back to the future, community psychology: unfolding a theory of social intervention.

Join me in my flux capacitor; it makes time travel possible. Let’s go back just over two decades. Date: May 4-8,1965; Place: Swampscott, Massachusetts; Event: the Conference on Education of Psychologists for Community Mental Health.
The penetration of cladocerans into saline waters

Cladocerans are essentially freshwater organisms, many of which have been able to penetrate slightly saline waters (up to 5% salinity), both thalassic and athalassic, some of which occur at higher salinities, and a few of which, mostly non-chydorids, penetrate still higher salinities (15—30% and even higher) and may be confined to these salinities. Three previous studies from Saskatchewan, Iran, and Germany (the latter including thalassic waters) have been analyzed, and records for the athalassic saline waters of the World have been summarized; all results show a decline, at some point, in species number against increasing concentration of salinity.
An analysis of the nature and effects of test anxiety: Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components

This study investigated the nature and effects of test anxiety in terms of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological responses in an academic testing situation. Three high test-anxious and three low test-anxious female subjects were selected from a sample of 239 undergraduates on the basis of extreme scores on the Test Anxiety Scale and average scores on the General Anxiety Scale. Physiological, self-report, and cognitive-behavioral measures were obtained. Results indicated that the so-called low-anxious subjects were aroused during testing and appeared to view their arousal as facilitative. High-anxious subjects, on the other hand, labeled their arousal as debilitative. Analysis of the self-statement data revealed that all three low-anxious subjects reported approximately two task-facilitating statements for each task-debilitating response, while for the high-anxious subjects the ratio was one to one. These findings would suggest that it may be more productive to train high test-anxious students to relabel arousal as facilitative and use it to increase and maintain on-task responses rather than attempt to reduce arousal via relaxation techniques.
Opinion Writing in the Federal District Courts

American trial court judges’ roles and behavior vary greatly from their appellate court brethren. One such area of difference has to do with opinion writing behavior, an area where trial judges hold a great deal of discretion in determining whether to write an opinion and, if they do, how long the opinion should be. To examine what factors determine opinion writing behavior among district court judges, this study relies on analyses of an original dataset of civil cases that terminated in eighteen federal district courts from 2000 to 2006. The results indicate that legal, hierarchical, and institutional features are critical in motivating opinion writing and opinion length and that personal factors have very limited effects. The fruits of this exercise have important implications for how we view and model the behavior of trial court judges in the future.
Effects of mannitol and nicotinic acid on renal papillary blood flow in burned hamsters

Abstract Blood flow in the renal papilla of the immature golden hamster was observed and photographed prior to burning, after burning 40 per cent of the body surface (third-degree), after burning and treatment with mannitol, after burning and treatment with nicotinic acid and after burning and simultaneous treatment with mannitol and nicotinic acid. Burn trauma caused a reduction in blood flow to the renal papilla which was in part reversed by the intravenous administration of mannitol. Nicotinic acid by vein after burning did not cause additional reduction in papillary blood flow. Mannitol was effective in restoring renal papillary blood flow of burned and untreated and burned, nicotinic acid treated animals.
Diterpene resin acids from the needle oleoresin of pinus strobus

Abstract The resin acid components of P. strobus needles were isolated, and the major constituents identified as labdenoic diterpenes. In addition to anticopalic and strobic acids previously reported in the needles, 3-oxoanticopalic, 3β-acetoxyanticopalic, 3β-hydroxyanticopalic acids and the 8α-hydroxy derivative of anticopalic acid were found along with two new compounds. The structures of the two new compounds, a cycloanticopalic acid and an abcoanticopalic acid, were determined by NMR. The composition of the diterpene resin acids was obtained for several samples of P. strobus needles from provenance tests.
CATEGORIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN FACE IMAGES BY NEURAL NETWORKS: A REVIEW OF THE LINEAR AUTOASSOCIATIVE AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT APPROACHES

Recent statistical/neural network models of face processing suggest that faces can be efficiently represented in terms of the eigendecomposition of a matrix storing pixel-based descriptions of a set of face images. The studies presented here support the idea that the information useful for solving seemingly complex tasks such as face categorization or identification can be described using simple linear models (linear autoassociator or principal component analysis) in conjunction with a pixel-based coding of the faces.
Workstation technology: New directions for the teaching of writing

THE RECENT SHIFT IN COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY—the move from personal computers with limited capabilities to powerful, communications-rich workstations—has significant implications for writing instruction. Workstations provide an environment that positions students and faculty members as nodes on a network of vast size, enables the performance of many tasks at once, and offers an array of development tools that allow professors to design customized lessons and applications for individual use. At Allegheny College, a first-year writing course is supported entirely by a campus-wide network of NeXT workstations. This support enables the accomplishment of a series of general goals that include giving students the ability to find and access sources of information, teaching students to manipulate and control that information, increasing communication among faculty members and students, enabling students to maintain a portfolio of college work, and helping students use and help create tools for assistance in the composing and revising of writing in all courses. This exploratory essay suggests that using workstation technology in support of a comprehensive writing program provides new directions for the teaching of writing.
West as myth

The West has been a metaphor for American nationalism, and in its folklore Americans have come to see themselves in a light that is as appealing today as it was during the frontier stage of American development. Frederick Jackson Turner's famous frontier.thesis is reinterpreted, suggesting that Turner became the country's most famous historian because of his emphasis on affirming American nationalism and not because of his accuracy in recording the frontier process.
Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Neonatal Mice: Lysostaphin Versus Vancomycin

S. aureus is a significant cause of late-onset sepsis in neonates. Increasing antibiotic resistance, however, requires additional treatment options. Lysostaphin, an endopeptidase, has that potential. The objective of this study is to compare lysostaphin versus vancomycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a neonatal mouse model. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against MRSA strain USA300 were determined using standard methods. To determine pharmacokinetics, neonatal pups received either vancomycin or lysostaphin intraperitoneal and serum samples were obtained. To evaluate efficacy, pups were infected s.c. and littermates randomized to receive either saline, vancomycin, or lysostaphin intraperitoneal. Pups were observed for survival and growth. Quantitative blood cultures were obtained 24 h after infection. The MIC/MBC for vancomycin and lysostaphin were 0.71/1.19 microg/mL and <0.008/0.015 microg/mL, respectively. Mean lysostaphin concentrations ranged from 2.34 to 8.92 microg/mL. Mean vancomycin concentrations ranged from 1.72 to 11.2 microg/mL. Lysostaphin improved survival compared with placebo (p < 0.00001) and vancomycin (p < 0.03). There was no significant difference in growth among the groups. All treatment regimens resulted in less bacteremia compared with placebo (p < 0.0001). Lysostaphin appears to be more effective than vancomycin in treating MRSA in a neonatal model.
PAET, an entry probe experiment in the earth's atmosphere.

Description of the instrumentation of a probe designed for atmospheric studies on other planets and designated PAET. The probe was launched on June 20, 1971, near Bermuda in a trial experiment for measurements of the structure and composition of the terrestrial atmosphere. The instrumentation included accelerometers, pressure and temperature sensors, a mass spectrometer, and a radiometer. The measurements, carried out during the descent of the probe from an altitude of 90 km into the sea, were a success.
Multi-model representation of the North Atlantic Oscillation in the 20th and 21st centuries

[1] Ten coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (CGCM) are used to reproduce NAO mean sea level pressure and 2 meter air temperature fields highly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI), during a control period from 1961–1990. Three enhanced CO2 perturbation scenarios are compared to the control for 2070–2099, using pattern correlations and normalized root mean square errors between perturbation and control periods. It is found that models can successfully reproduce observed NAO sea level pressure and temperature anomaly fields. Model control SLP anomaly fields, however, more closely resemble the Arctic Oscillation than the expected NAO SLP distribution due to an expansion of the North Atlantic low pressure area. Analysis for the period 2070–2099 under the 3 enhanced CO2 scenarios shows intensification of the NAOI due to CO2 forcing, but with a weaker temporal trend relative to the control period.
Renal ENaC subunit, Na–K–2Cl and Na–Cl cotransporter abundances in aged, water-restricted F344 × Brown Norway rats

Renal sodium reabsorption is a key determinant of final urine concentration. Our aim was to determine whether differences existed between aged and young rats in their response to water restriction with regard to the regulation of abundance of any of the major distal renal sodium transporter proteins. Male Fisher 344 × Brown Norway (F344 × BN) rats of 3-, 10-, 24-, or 31 months of age (3M, 10M, 24M, or 31M) were either water restricted (WR) for 5 days or control ( ad libitum water). Major renal sodium transporters and channel subunits were evaluated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Age did not significantly affect plasma arginine vasopressin or aldosterone levels, but renin activity was only 8% in 31M-WR rats relative to 3M-WR ( P β - and γ -subunits (70-kDa band) of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) ( P P
Moderate‐Intensity Aerobic Training Improves Glucose Tolerance in Aging Independent of Abdominal Adiposity

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that training-related improvements in glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are independent of changes in abdominal adiposity. DESIGN: Adiposity and responses to an OGTT were measured before and after a 4-month randomized, controlled aerobic training program. SETTING: An academic medical institution. PARTICIPANTS: Sixteen healthy older (73 ± 1 year) men and women. INTERVENTION: Both the training (T) (n = 9) and control (C) (n = 7) groups exercised 4 times a week for 60-minute sessions. T exercised on mini-trampolines at 55 to 65% of HRmax (determined from a graded treadmill test) for 1 month and then at 75% for 3 months; C engaged in supervised stretching and yoga. MEASUREMENTS: At baseline and follow-up, we estimated abdominal fat (from computed tomography and anthropometry), plasma glucose, and serum insulin responses to the OGTT and fasting concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA). RESULTS: Aerobic training resulted in a 16% increase in V2 peak and a 24% decrease in FFA in the T group (P <.05), but training had no effect on abdominal fat. In the T group, the glucose response curve shifted to the left, and the incremental area under the glucose curve decreased by 25% (P <.05). This improvement in glucose response occurred, however, only in those with impaired glucose tolerance at baseline and without any observed change in insulin response. No change in any variables occurred in the C group. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that moderate-intensity aerobic training has a favorable effect on glucose tolerance in older people, independent of changes in abdominal adiposity.
Supervised atenolol therapy in the management of hemodialysis hypertension

Supervised atenolol therapy in the management of hemodialysis hypertension. Background Uncontrolled hypertension continues to be a common problem, particularly in noncompliant hemodialysis patients. Atenolol, a water soluble β-blocker has a prolonged half-life in renal failure and may serve as a useful antihypertensive agent in these patients. Methods Hypertension was diagnosed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring for 44hours during an interdialytic interval in eight chronic hemodialysis patients receiving no antihypertensive therapy. An average daytime blood pressure greater than 140/90mm Hg or an average nighttime blood pressure greater than 120/80mm Hg was used to define uncontrolled hypertension. Patients were then administered atenolol (25mg) following hemodialysis three times a week. The efficacy of therapy was judged by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring three weeks after instituting atenolol therapy. Blood pressure loads above the threshold blood pressures during the day or night were also calculated and compared before and after three weeks of atenolol therapy. Results The mean 44-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) fell from 144 ± 14/80 ± 7mm Hg to 127 ± 13/69 ± 10mm Hg ( P P Conclusions A supervised administration of atenolol following hemodialysis effectively and safely controls hypertension in chronic hemodialysis patients. This therapy can be particularly valuable for noncompliant hemodialysis patients.
Percutaneous penetration modifiers and formulation effects

The enhancement/retardation of percutaneous permeation of diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in the presence of five percutaneous penetration modifiers (laurocapram, 3-dodecanoyloxazolidin-2-one (N-0915), S,S-dimethyl-N-(4-bromobenzoyl) iminosulfurane (DMBIS), S,S-dimethyl-N-(2-methoxycarbonylbenzenesulfonyl) iminosulfurane (DMMCBI) and tert-butyl 1-dodecyl-2-oxoazepan-3-yl-carbamate (TBDOC)) was investigated. These permeation modifiers were formulated in either water, propylene glycol (PG), ethanol or polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). The permeation studies indicated that laurocapram enhanced DEET permeation in PG, but retarded in PEG 400. Likewise, N-0915 acted as a retardant with ethanol and PEG 400, but not with water. DMBIS decreased the permeation with ethanol as compared to permeation with water, PEG 400 or PG. Similarly, DMMCB acted as a retardant with ethanol and PEG 400, but not with water or PG. TBDOC formulations revealed its activity as a retardant with ethanol, but behaved as enhancer with water, PG and PEG 400. In addition, penetration modifier interactions with stratum corneum ceramide were investigated using chemical modeling. This investigation is significant since it confirms the role of pharmaceutical formulations and shows for the first time that an enhancer can become a retardant or vice versa depending upon the vehicle in which it is applied to the skin. Hence, we should be using the term "penetration modifiers" for all such compounds.
Ultrafast multiphoton microscopy with high-order spectral phase distortion compensation

High-order dispersion of ultrashort laser pulses (with ~100 nm bandwidth) is shown to account for significant reduction of two-photon excitation fluorescence and second harmonic generation signal produced at the focal plane of a laser-scanning two-photon microscope. The second- and third-order corrections recover 20-40% of the signal intensity expected for a transform-limited laser pulse, while the rest depends on the proper compensation of higher-order terms. It can be accomplished through the use of a pulse shaper by measuring and correcting all nonlinear spectral phase distortions.
Tunable Far-Infrared Lasers

Using two isotopic species, 12CH3F and 13CH3F in a Raman FIR laser kilowatt level pulses have been generated which can be tuned continuously over more than half of the range from 145 to 610 µm. Laser emission spectra and tuning curves are presented, and several molecular processes are described which produce distinctive features in the observed data.
Perceptions of Peer to Peer HIV/AIDS Education: A Social Work Perspective.

Although advances in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention have led to improvements in health and well-being, HIV/AIDS continues to be a global health concern, especially for adolescents and young adults. The school system, with its access to vast numbers of youth, has and continues to be the most pivotal player in prevention. This article reports on an empirical study of school social workers which examined their views about the current state of HIV/AIDS education. A specific focus is placed on the use of peer education, under the guidance of school social workers, as a new strategy for increasing the potential of preventive education effectiveness.
Likelihood-based confidence intervals for the risk difference of two-sample binary data with a fallible classifier and a gold standard

Abstract We develop likelihood-based confidence intervals for risk difference in two-sample misclassified binary data. Such data consist of two studies. The first study is the main study where individuals are classified by an inexpensive fallible classifier which may misclassify. The second study is a validation substudy where individuals are classified by using both the fallible classifier and an expensive gold standard which classifies perfectly. We propose and examine three likelihood-based confidence interval methods and conclude that the modified Wald method applied to small-number adjusted new data performs well and has nominal coverage probabilities.
XPS analysis of nanostructured materials and biological surfaces

Abstract This paper examines the types of information that XPS can provide about a variety of nanostructured materials. Although it is sometimes not considered a “nanoscale analysis method,” XPS can provide a great deal of information about elemental distributions, layer or coating structure and thicknesses, surface functionality, and even particles sizes on the 1–20 nm scale for sample types that may not be readily analyzed by other methods. This information is important for both synthetic nanostructured or nanosized materials and a variety of natural materials with nanostructure. Although the links between nanostructure materials and biological systems may not at first be obvious, many biological molecules and some organisms are the sizes of nanoparticles. The nanostructure of cells and microbes plays a significant role in how they interact with their environment. The interaction of biomolecules with nanoparticles is important for medical and toxicity studies. The interaction of biomolecules is important for sensor function and many nanomaterials are now the active elements in sensors. This paper first discusses how nanostructures influences XPS data as a part of understanding how simple models of sample structure and data analysis can be used to extract information about the physical and chemical structures of the materials being analyzed. Equally important, aspects of sample and analysis limitations and challenges associated with understanding nanostructured materials are indicated. Examples of the application of XPS to nanostructured and biological systems and materials are provided.
On multidimensional generalized homogeneous random fields inR n

In this paper we shall give the spectral representation for the elements belonging to the space of values of a multidimensional generalized homogeneous random field in R". Let R" denote the n-dimensional Euclidean space with elements x, y , . . . , and with the scalar product (x, y) and Ixl '~ = (x , x ) defined as usual. For every h ~ R", Zh will denote the shift transformation rhX = x +h, x e R". Let D denote the space of all infinitely differentiable complex-valued functions defined on R" whose supports are compact. Let r¢o(x) = 9 (x+y ) , 9 ~ D. We shall consider D as a topological space with the topology introduced by L. Schwartz (e.g. [1]). Let us consider the set of all complex-valued random variables with zero mean and finite variances, which constitute a Hilbert space H with the inner product (X, Y) = E ( X Y), where E Z denotes the expectation of a random variable Z. According to Ito (e.g. [2]), an H-valued continuous linear functional ~: defined on D is called a generalized random field. A generalized random field ~(9), ~ D, is said to be homogeneous if for every h ~ R ~ one has
Mathematics entrance examinations in Chinese institutions of higher education

For thousands of years examinations have set the standards for education in China. While in traditional China, examinations were humanistic in their outlook and mediated against scientific studies, in the Peoples Republic of China, the opposite situation exists. The examination system, as now carried out in the PRC, stresses the sciences, particularly mathematics. This paper examines the format and contents of recent mathematics papers set for the Chinese University Entrance Examinations and raises some issues concerning the efficacy of the examination process itself, and the mathematics it advocates, in meeting the developmental needs of the Chinese state.
Using connoisseurs to predict mass tastes

This study provides evidence that the evaluations of expert connoisseurs can validly predict how the esthetic judgments of untrained novices will change over the course of repeated exposures. These results suggest that such expert opinion should be considered in strategic planning for new products whose success depends on their long-run esthetic appeal.
Uterine Epithelial Cells Specifically Induce Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Response to Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Independently of Estradiol

Interferon β (IFNβ) is an antiviral cytokine secreted in response to pathogenic exposure that creates a restrictive intracellular environment through the action of downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISG). The objective of this study was to examine the expression of IFNβ and ISG in both human uterine epithelial cells (UEC) and the ECC-1 uterine epithelial cell line and determine if expression changes with TLR stimulation and hormone exposure. Stimulation of primary uterine epithelial cells and ECC-1 cells with the TLR3 agonist poly (I:C) induced the mRNA expression of IFNβ, MxA, OAS2 and PKR. Other TLR agonists including imiquimod and CpG had no effect on either IFNβ or ISG expression. In contrast to ECC-1 cell responses which were slower, maximal IFNβ upregulation in UEC occurred 3 hours post-stimulation and preceded the ISG response which peaked approximately 12 hours after poly (I:C) exposure. Unexpectedly, estradiol, either alone or prior to treatment with poly (I:C), had no effect on IFNβ or ISG expression. Blockade of the IFN receptor abrogated the upregulation of MxA, OAS2 and PKR. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against IFNβ partially inhibited the upregulation of all three ISG. Estradiol, directly and in the presence of poly (I:C) had no effect on IFNβ and ISG expression. These results indicate that uterine epithelial cells are important sentinels of the innate immune system and demonstrate that uterine epithelial cells are capable of mounting a rapid IFN-mediated antiviral response that is independent of estradiol and is therefore potentially sustained throughout the menstrual cycle to aid in the defense of the uterus against potential pathogens.
Laser-assisted machining of Inconel 718 with an economic analysis

Abstract Superalloys have high strengths at elevated temperatures, which make them attractive toward various applications and also make these materials difficult to machine at room temperature due to excessive tool wear and poor surface finish. Laser-assisted machining (LAM) offers the ability to machine superalloys more efficiently and economically by providing the local heating of the workpiece prior to material removal by a single point cutting tool. An existing transient, three-dimensional heat transfer model is modified for modeling LAM of Inconel 718. Suitable coating conditions are determined for increasing the laser absorptivity in metals and an approximate absorptivity value is determined. The thermal model is validated in axial and circumferential directions by temperature measurement using an infrared camera. The machinability of Inconel 718 under varying conditions is evaluated by examining tool wear, forces, surface roughness, and specific cutting energy. With increasing material removal temperature from room temperature to 620 °C, the benefit of LAM is demonstrated by a 25% decrease in specific cutting energy, a 2–3-fold improvement in surface roughness and a 200–300% increase in ceramic tool life over conventional machining. Moreover, an economic analysis shows significant benefits of LAM of Inconel 718 over conventional machining with carbide and ceramic inserts.
Effects of negatively charged aerosol on blood and cerebrospinal fluid parameters in rats

Adult male rats were exposed for 90 to 140 minutes to negatively charged tapwater aerosol. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected to determine effects of the exposure on selected hematologic and serum chemistry parameters, and ionized calcium and pH in cerebrospinal fluid. Of the 27 variables assayed, 24 yielded sufficient data for statistical analysis. Two parameters, serum alkaline phosphatase and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, were significantly different (p<0.05) from control values, probably representing chance occurrences. It appears that whatever biological effects may be exerted by electro-aerosols, they are not mediated by the parameters investigated in this study.
A survey of narrowband IEMI global threats

Intentional EMI (IEMI) or high power microwave (HPM) sources have been studied for over 40 years. Originally researchers in the United States and the former Soviet Union dominated the field. Today dozens of countries are actively pursuing programs in developing such sources. Early developments in the field were motivated by researchers pursuing sources with ever-greater output power levels and longer pulse durations (greater energy). The phenomenon of pulse shortening was recognized in the mid 1990's as a fundamental barrier to this power derby and researchers regrouped to pursue other advances. Virtual prototyping using sophisticated particle-in-cell (PIC) codes was recognized as a critical tool at this time as well for source researchers. Novel advances are now routinely motivated by virtual prototyping. The global field in HPM source research in the last couple of years has been dominated by multispectral sources and phase coherent sources. This presentation will survey recent global advances in narrowband HPM source research.
Evidence for a calcium activated protease specific for lens intermediate filaments

The calcium mediated loss of intermediate filament protein from lens cytoskeletal preparations was examined by soft laser scanning densitometry of polyacrylamide gels. The time course of proteolysis by the lens Ca++ activated proteinase and inhibition by EGTA or PMSF and leupeptin were also determined. Proteolytic breakdown products were identified on eleotroblots with specific antiserum to vimentin.
Contained hostility in rheumatoid arthritis

Containment or suppression of hostile impulses emerges as a sensible synthesis of the known psychosocial factors in rheumatoid arthritis. An unusual case provides an opportunity to present a review of the literature. This is an important area for further research. Le continimento o suppression de impulsos de hostilitate se revela como un synthese plausibile del cognoscite factores psycho-social in arthritis rheumatoide. Un caso inusual provide le opportunitate de presentar un revista del litteratura. Isto es un importante area pro recercas additional.
Drug-eluting stents are associated with similar cardiovascular outcomes when compared to bare metal stents in the setting of acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Background Recent randomized trials have demonstrated conflicting results regarding the use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) as compared to bare metal stents (BMSs) in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We compared outcomes among patients presenting with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who received DES with those who received BMS. Methods In-hospital, 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year outcomes of a cohort of 122 patients who underwent primary or facilitated PCI and received a BMS were compared to 122 propensity-matched patients who received a DES. Seventy-two patients received sirolimus-eluting stents, and 50 received paclitaxel-eluting stents. Results Baseline demographics were similar among groups. One-, 6-, and 12-month outcomes, including reinfarction, death, stent thrombosis, and target vessel revascularization (TVR), were similar among groups. At 1 year, all-cause mortality was 13.3% in the BMS group and 9.2% in the DES group [ P =not significant (ns)], recurrent MI was 5.3% in the BMS group vs. 4.4% in the DES group ( P =ns), and TVR was 7% in the BMS group vs. 8.7% in the DES group ( P =ns). Conclusions Our data do not support the general use of DES in the setting of STEMI given similar cardiovascular outcomes among patients receiving BMS or DES, the need for long-term dual antiplatelet therapy with DES, and the possible repercussions of very late stent thrombosis.
The rotating shadowband spectroradiometer (RSS) at SGP

The RSS provides continuous spectral measurements of total-horizontal, diffuse-horizontal, and direct-normal irradiance from 360 to 1100 nm using the automated shadowband technique. We show instrument performance, calibration method and accuracies, case data from the first-generation instrument operated at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, and comparisons with the improved design now starting operation.
Ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis.

Purpose of review The potential for litigation has resulted in increased interest in ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis. This article summarizes papers written during this past year on this subject. Recent findings A panel of refractive surgery experts have summarized the current state of knowledge on this subject and provided guidelines to minimize risk. Because ectasia may occur in the absence of risk factors, there may be corneas with biomechanical factors not detectable with present technology which are at risk. Several articles point out the limitations of the Orbscan (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, New York, USA), in particular its accuracy and reproducibility with regard to data generated from the posterior surface of the cornea. A biomechanical model of the cornea is proposed which suggests that each cornea's response to laser in situ keratomileusis is unique. Several case reports are also reviewed which provide insight into pathogenesis and potential new treatment options; these include reports on histopathology, topographic pseudokeratectasia, ectasia from transient raised intraocular pressure, poor response to laser in situ keratomileusis after incisional surgery, intracorneal rings, collagen cross-linking and conductive keratoplasty to stabilize and sphericize the cornea with ectasia. Summary Our knowledge about ectasia is still in evolution. Insights into the biomechanics and genetics of the cornea may allow us to further reduce its occurrence.
The electron trapping behavior of silicon dioxide with ion implanted aluminum

The electron trapping behavior of SiO2 films implanted with Al has been studied by Johnson, Johnson, and Lampert1 and they conclude that the trapping is occuring in damage sites resulting from the implantation. They used annealing temperatures up to 600C. We find that the trapping is reduced further as we increase the annealing temperature up to 1050C. We have characterized the traps and find that the predominate traps have cross sections of 1.26 × 10−16 and 1.4 × 10−17cm2. The trapping is proportional to the fluence and is not a strong function of the measuring temperature. The centroid of the trapped charge is close to the centroid of the implanted Al as predicted by the LSS theory6.
An MCMC algorithm for base calling in sequencing-by-synthesis

Sequencing-by-synthesis is a novel technology which enables fast and affordable DNA sequencing. However, its accuracy is insufficient for most medical applications. The performance of sequencing-by-synthesis is fundamentally limited by imperfections in the underlying enzymatic process. We derive a mathematical model of sequencing-by-synthesis and develop a novel base calling method that relies on Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art base-calling techniques.
X-ray Diffraction: New High-Speed Technique Based on X-ray Spectrography

A method has been developed for obtaining lattice spacings of powder samples by x-ray diffraction in times potentially as short as 1 second. The sample is irradiated with polychromatic radiation from an x-ray tube, and the energy spectrum of x-rays scattered at a given angle is observed with a semiconductor radiation detector, coupled with a pulse-height analyzer.
Modeling heavy precipitation in complex terrain

A numerical prediction model is described which uses the full set of prognostic equations on a domain roughly the size of the United States with a 96 km horizontal grid resolution and six sigma-coordinate levels. Within this grid resides a nested domain of approximately 1000×1000 km with 24 km horizontal resolution. In this nested grid only modifications to the wind field by the better resolved terrain are considered on the lowest two sigma levels. The terrain effects necessitate adjustments in the location of these two sigma levels. Adjusted wind fields cause modifications in the mass and moisture divergence fields, hence in precipitation. These modifications are averaged into the appropriate meteorological fields on the larger grid.
Conjugate small country production equilibrium concepts

Abstract Conjugacy theory is utilized and developed to develop an interpretation of the production equilibrium in general equilibrium in terms of the properties of sectoral value added functions and in terms of the relative influence of each sector on all other sectors in a small country's economy. The exact relationship between the comparative static system thus analyzed and the one traditionally built on equilibrium in terms of the vector of factor prices and gross output levels is delineated. The major contributions to the theory of effective protection are also illuminated.
Climatic Controls on the Snowmelt Hydrology of the Northern Rocky Mountains

Abstract The northern Rocky Mountains (NRMs) are a critical headwaters region with the majority of water resources originating from mountain snowpack. Observations showing declines in western U.S. snowpack have implications for water resources and biophysical processes in high-mountain environments. This study investigates oceanic and atmospheric controls underlying changes in timing, variability, and trends documented across the entire hydroclimatic-monitoring system within critical NRM watersheds. Analyses were conducted using records from 25 snow telemetry (SNOTEL) stations, 148 1 April snow course records, stream gauge records from 14 relatively unimpaired rivers, and 37 valley meteorological stations. Over the past four decades, midelevation SNOTEL records show a tendency toward decreased snowpack with peak snow water equivalent (SWE) arriving and melting out earlier. Temperature records show significant seasonal and annual decreases in the number of frost days (days ≤0°C) and changes in spring minim...
Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors: overview

This paper reviews recent developments of ultrasonic motors using piezoelectric resonant vibrations. Following the historical background, ultrasonic motors using standing and traveling waves are introduced. Driving principles and motor characteristics are explained in comparison with conventional electromagnetic motors. After a brief discussion on speed and thrust calculation, finally, reliability issues of ultrasonic motors are described.
Routing permutations on a graph

We study off-line routing of permutations π in arbitrary connected graphs. By insisting that routings be congestion-free, we can rephrase the problem as one of factoring π into a minimal length product of permutations that move messages a distance of at most one, or alternatively, as the problem of finding a shortest path from the identity permutation to π in a certain Cayley graph of the symmetric group on the nodes. For the complete k-partite graph Kn,n,….,n, every π can be routed in two steps. We investigate a method for finding minimal factorizations. It involves finding perfect matchings in certain bipartite graphs associated with π. For the n-dimensional hypercube Qn, the well-known upper bound of 2n − 1 for the number of steps in which all π′s can be routed (obtained via the Benes network) is reduced to 2n − 2. We prove some results about permutations of Qn that are close to the antipodal map. A number of examples on Q3 and Q4 illustrate our method and compare it with those used by others. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cytomegalovirus resistance to ganciclovir and clinical outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate whether cytomegalovirus resistant to ganciclovir, detected in either the blood or urine, correlates with adverse ocular outcomes. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Patients with cytomegalovirus and AIDS were enrolled in a study of the occurrence and clinical correlates of resistant cytomegalovirus. Blood and urine cultures for cytomegalovirus were performed at the time of diagnosis of retinitis, 1 and 3 months after the initiation of therapy, and every 3 months thereafter. Patients were seen monthly, at which time fundus photographs were obtained and forwarded to the Fundus Photograph Reading Center for evaluation of retinitis progression (movement of a border of a cytomegalovirus lesion ≥750 μm, or the occurrence of a new lesion ≥ 0.25 disk area in size) and the amount of retinal area affected by cytomegalovirus retinitis. Visual acuity was measured using logarithmic visual acuity charts. Phenotypic resistance to ganciclovir was defined as an IC50 >6.0 μmol/l, and genotypic resistance to ganciclovir was defined as the occurrence of a cytomegalovirus UL97 gene mutation known to confer ganciclovir resistance. Time-dependent analyses were performed and included viral resistance, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and treatment variables as predictors of clinical outcomes. Results One hundred ninety-seven patients received ganciclovir therapy. Nineteen patients developed phenotypic resistance to ganciclovir, and 18 developed genotypic resistance. The detection of cytomegalovirus resistant to ganciclovir was associated with a 4.17- to 5.61-fold increase in the odds of retinitis progression (P values all ≤ .0002), depending upon the definition of resistance and the culture sources analyzed. Resistance was associated with a greater increase in retinal area involved by cytomegalovirus by 3-month interval (1.10% vs 0.05% to 0.10%), which was significant for phenotypic resistance and for genotypic resistance in the blood or urine (P = .012 to .021). There was a suggestion that resistance was associated with a greater loss of visual acuity (P = .009 to .096). Highly active antiretroviral therapy was associated with an approximate 50% reduction in the odds of retinitis progression, and the ganciclovir implant was associated with an approximate 60% reduction. Conclusions The detection of cytomegalovirus resistant to ganciclovir in either the blood or urine of a patient with cytomegalovirus retinitis is associated with an increased risk of adverse ocular outcomes.
The association of waist/hip ratio with diabetes complications in an adult IDDM population

Cross-sectional data from the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study were used to examine the relationships between waist to hip circumference ratio (WHR) and the presence of diabetes complications in IDDM adults ages 18-45 years (N = 586). Significantly higher WHRs were observed among both genders with proliferative retinopathy or peripheral vascular disease and only among males with either neuropathy or nephropathy compared to those free of these complications. Logistic regression to determine the strength of association between WHR and each complication demonstrated that although WHR was significantly related to each complication (except nephropathy among females), WHR was only independently related to neuropathy in males and PVD in females in the final model when hypertension, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and fibrinogen were included. These findings suggest that WHR acts as a marker of risk for diabetes complications mainly through an influence on other complication risk factors.
Light emission from hot carriers in Si MOSFETS

Visible light emission from short-channel silicon MOSFETS biased deep into saturation is studied. A group of peaks is observed in the range of 1.3 to 2.3 eV. Devices from different manufacturers are all found to have similar luminescence features. Neither of the current models for light emission from MOSFETs, electron-hole pair recombination and bremsstrahlung emission, appears to be able to explain the observed spectra. The authors suggest that the luminescence arises from radiative transitions between conduction bands in the silicon.