cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐A‐224‐03: Atlas Based Auto‐Segmentation Based on Deformable Image Registration

Inverse planning based on intensity‐modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) requires the delineation of target volumes and normal critical organs.Anatomy segmentation becomes an important step in modern radiation therapy. Unfortunately, anatomy segmentation is traditionally done by a manual contouring process, which can be labor‐intensive and subject to inter‐observer variations. When many anatomical structures are to be contoured in 3D or 4D CT datasets, the manual contouring process can be a bottleneck for IMRT planning, especially in adaptive radiotherapy which involves multiple, sequential re‐planning. Recently, deformable image registration demonstrates its advantage for auto‐segmentation. The basic assumption is that patient's anatomy can be deformably mapped from a previously defined anatomy configuration — the atlas. This reference anatomy can be the same patient (in adaptive radiotherapy) or a different patient within the same class (or a patient with the same type of cancer). Deformable image registration provided a voxel‐by‐voxel transformation field, which can be used to map contours (or the labeled volumes) from the reference patient to the new image. Atlas‐based auto‐segmentation has a special advantage in image‐guided adaptive radiotherapy, because the original atlas contains both target volume and normal structures, and is already defined in the original treatment plan, making treatment adaptation a much simple process. In this presentation, we will discuss our clinical experience for using atlas‐based segmentation for intra‐object (the same patient) contour propagation and inter‐object (a different patient) auto‐ segmentation. Validation of auto‐segmentation is also an important step to be discussed. Educational Objectives: 1. Describe deformable image registration for auto‐segmentation 2. Understand the achievable accuracy and validation methods for anatomy‐segmentation. 3. Illustrate applications of atlas‐based auto‐segmentation in radiation therapy
Techniques and tactics used in determining the structure of the trimeric ebolavirus glycoprotein

The trimeric membrane-anchored ebolavirus envelope glycoprotein (GP) is responsible for viral attachment, fusion and entry. Knowledge of its structure is important both for understanding ebolavirus entry and for the development of medical interventions. Crystal structures of viral glycoproteins, especially those in their metastable prefusion oligomeric states, can be difficult to achieve given the challenges in production, purification, crystallization and diffraction that are inherent in the heavily glycosylated flexible nature of these types of proteins. The crystal structure of ebolavirus GP in its trimeric prefusion conformation in complex with a human antibody derived from a survivor of the 1995 Kikwit outbreak has now been determined [Lee et al. (2008), Nature (London), 454, 177-182]. Here, the techniques, tactics and strategies used to overcome a series of technical roadblocks in crystallization and phasing are described. Glycoproteins were produced in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, which allowed rapid screening of constructs and expression of protein in milligram quantities. Complexes of GP with an antibody fragment (Fab) promoted crystallization and a series of deglycosylation strategies, including sugar mutants, enzymatic deglycosylation, insect-cell expression and glycan anabolic pathway inhibitors, were attempted to improve the weakly diffracting glycoprotein crystals. The signal-to-noise ratio of the search model for molecular replacement was improved by determining the structure of the uncomplexed Fab. Phase combination with Fab model phases and a selenium anomalous signal, followed by NCS-averaged density modification, resulted in a clear interpretable electron-density map. Model building was assisted by the use of B-value-sharpened electron-density maps and the proper sequence register was confirmed by building alternate sequences using N-linked glycan sites as anchors and secondary-structural predictions.
Overview of biological terrorism: Potential agents and preparedness

Abstract Infectious agents have been and will, in the foreseeable future, remain potential tools of mass casualties. Historically, out-breaks of infectious diseases caused by microbial species have killed far more people than wars themselves. Biological agents have been used in warfare since ancient times. Their use to terrorize civilians by individuals, groups, and states is more recent and a consequence of the ease in cultivating microorganisms. Depending on their ease of transmission, their severity of morbidity and mortality, and their ability to be mass produced, the biological agents have been classified into three categories (A, B, and C) by the CDC. In addition, a number of other biological agents and toxins have potential use as biological weapons. Attacks with biological agents are likely to be covert, and the first responders will be health care providers. To be aware of the clinical picture, diagnosis, and management of illnesses caused by these agents, health care providers, including diagnostic microbiology laboratories, will need to learn public health aspects and infection control procedures associated with the natural or intentional spread of bioterrorism agents.
86 HIGH FAT FORMULA (HFF) FOR INFANTS WITH BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA (BPD)

CO2 production (VCO2) and elimination by the lungs can be reduced by lowering the respiratory quotient (RQ) using high fat diets. We studied 6 premature infants (1.46-2.80 kg, 4-14 wks) with BPD fed HFF (67% fat, 22% carbohydrate, 11% protein), and Special Care with Polycose (SC + P) (37% fat, 52% carbohydrate, 11% protein) over alternate weeks at similar intakes (120-125 kcal/kg/day).
Deterministic phase retrieval: a Green’s function solution

Equations for the propagation of phase and irradiance are derived, and a Green’s function solution for the phase in terms of irradiance and perimeter phase values is given. A measurement scheme is discussed, and the results of a numerical simulation are given. Both circular and slit pupils are considered. An appendix discusses the local validity of the parabolic-wave equation based on the factorized Helmholtz equation approach to the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld and Fresnel diffraction theories. Expressions for the diffracted-wave field in the near-field region are given.
Expressions for the threshold current of multipass beam breakup in recirculating linacs from single cavity models

We investigate multipass beam breakup (BBU) in a recirculating linear accelerator in the framework of a single cavity model. We present expressions for the beam breakup threshold current for various situations derived from a perturbative solution of BBU equations. These formulae should serve as a guide to understand the BBU phenomenon for a particular system and also as a tool to estimate the BBU threshold current quickly. Many of the results presented are more general than previous considerations because they include the effects of coupling between the two transverse polarizations in each dipole higher order mode.
Temperature-dependence of water bridge formation in atomic force microscopy

When an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is operated in air, capillary condensation induces meniscus formation between the AFM tip and substrate. At present, no models account for the temperature-dependence of meniscus formation. This paper describes experiments measuring capillary forces between an AFM tip and mica at various temperatures and times. At low humidity, the capillary force decreases with increasing surface temperature in a manner unaccounted for by merely the dependence of water surface energy on temperature. We propose that this is due to water evaporation off the heated surface. The adhesion is also shown to decrease significantly with time until stabilizing after approximately an hour of experiments. Localized heating of the surface by the AFM laser is proposed as the cause of adhesion decrease. The decrease in force occurring at high surface temperatures implies a reduction in meniscus size that may potentially improve the resolution of AFM-based nanolithography techniques.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Patient experiences with communication about sex during and after treatment for cancer.

Objective We studied patients’ experiences with oncology providers regarding communication about sexual issues during and after treatment for cancer.
The GIS Weasel: An interface for the development of geographic information used in environmental simulation modeling

The GIS Weasel is a freely available, open-source software package built on top of ArcInfo Workstation^(R) [ESRI, Inc., 2001, ArcInfo Workstation (8.1 ed.), Redlands, CA] for creating maps and parameters of geographic features used in environmental simulation models. The software has been designed to minimize the need for GIS expertise and automate the preparation of the geographic information as much as possible. Although many kinds of data can be exploited with the GIS Weasel, the only information required is a raster dataset of elevation for the user's area of interest (AOI). The user-defined AOI serves as a starting point from which to create maps of many different types of geographic features, including sub-watersheds, streams, elevation bands, land cover patches, land parcels, or anything else that can be discerned from the available data. The GIS Weasel has a library of over 200 routines that can be applied to any raster map of geographic features to generate information about shape, area, or topological association with other features of the same or different maps. In addition, a wide variety of parameters can be derived using ancillary data layers such as soil and vegetation maps.
Compound Eyes in the Cephalocarid Crustacean Hutchinsoniella Macracantha

ABSTRACT Specimens of the cephalocarid Hutchinsoniella macracantha, which were resin-embedded and sectioned for light microscopy, revealed degenerated compound eyes anterior to the labrum. The presence of compound eyes in the cephalocarids adds support to the hypothesis that cephalocarids are an early derivative of an urcrustaceanlike organism that has changed little since Paleozoic times.
A conceptual framework for formulating a focused and cost-effective fire protection program based on analyses of risk and the dynamics of fire effects

This paper proposes a conceptual framework for developing a fire protection program at nuclear power plants based on probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) of fire hazards, and modeling the dynamics of fire effects. The process for categorizing nuclear power plant fire areas based on risk is described, followed by a discussion of fire safety design methods that can be used for different areas of the plant, depending on the degree of threat to plant safety from the fire hazard. This alternative framework has the potential to make programs more cost-effective, and comprehensive, since it will allow a more systematic and broader examination of fire risk, and provide a means to distinguish between high and low risk fire contributors.
A moving Type IV radio burst and its relation to the coronal magnetic field

A moving Type IV burst, observed with the Culgoora radioheliograph on 1970 April 29, moved out to about 3 R⊙ and attained high circular polarization before fading. The appearance of the moving Type IV source suggests an isolated, self-contained, synchrotron emitting plasmoid. Magnetic field maps of the corona derived from photospheric observations indicate that the plasmoid moved almost radially outward from the flare region along open field lines. To explain the observed source structure and high unipolar polarization, we suggest that a ring of electric current was ejected from the low corona and guided by coronal magnetic field lines; the radio emission was synchrotron radiation generated by mildly-relativistic electrons trapped in the poloidal magnetic field of the ring current.
Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses aromatase transcript levels and estradiol production in cultured rat granulosa cells

The female reproductive toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its active metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is attributed to suppression of ovarian granulosa cell estradiol production. In these studies, several structurally related phthalates (0-200 microM) and Wy-14,643 (0-100 microM) were compared to MEHP for their effects on granulosa cell estradiol production and transcript levels of cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP 19, also known as aromatase (P450arom), the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of androgens to estrogens. Granulosa cells were obtained from 28-day-old Fisher 344 rats and were cultured for 48 h. Test chemical or DMSO was added at the time of culture, along with testosterone as a substrate for aromatase. 17beta-Estradiol production was measured by standard radioimmunoassay, mRNA was measured by fluorescent RT-PCR, and protein was measured by Western blot analysis. MEHP was unique among the phthalates in its ability to decrease estradiol production, while Wy-14,643 had effects similar to MEHP at 100 microM. MEHP and Wy-14,643 also significantly decreased aromatase mRNA levels. The decrease in mRNA was concentration dependent and was paralleled by a decrease in aromatase protein. MEHP did not alter levels of CYP 11A1, the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc). Treatment with a cAMP analogue increased expression of P450scc in the presence of MEHP (100 to 200 microM) while the decrease in aromatase remained. Thus, these studies suggest that MEHP is distinct from several structurally related phthalates but similar to the peroxisome proliferator Wy-14,643 in its action on granulosa cell estradiol production. Moreover, the suppression of estradiol by MEHP is likely mediated through its action on aromatase transcript levels independent of cAMP-stimulated regulation.
A method of multifractal traffic generation with appropriate short‐term distribution using nonlinear filtering

This paper proposes a method of generating network traffic patterns needed in stress testing of Web sites. This method mainly consists of two stages: in the first stage, from a positive root signal, a signal pattern with multifractality and a long-tail distribution is synthesized using wavelets. In the second stage, the short-term distribution characteristics of the pattern generated at the first stage are adjusted by decomposition into low-frequency and high-frequency components by nonlinear filtering and changing the ratios of their two components in order to obtain the appropriate short-term distribution, so as to finally obtain network traffic that also has an appropriate long-range dependence. Simulation results are also presented for validation of this proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 89(2): 47–56, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20223
Effects of Water and Molecular Hydrogen on Heat Treatment of Turkish Low-Rank Coals†

Two low-rank Turkish coals, Tuncbilek (TB) subbituminous and Goynuk (GN) lignite, were subjected to low-severity heat treatment with or without added water, under N2 or H2 atmospheres at 285−330 °C, both as original coals and after demineralization with HCl(aq)/HF(aq) treatment. The samples processed in H2−H2O combination seemed to be more dissociated or decomposed than those processed in N2−H2O or under H2 without water. Gas analyses and spectroscopy of samples clearly indicated an effect of water in enhancing decarboxylation reactions and that oxygen rejection from the coals was mainly due to CO2 formation. Water also enhanced the cleavage of aryl−ether bonds. These cleavage reactions are more pronounced in GN coal than in TB coal, probably due to a higher concentration of activated ether structures in the former coal. The disruption of noncovalent interactions is considered mainly responsible for the extensive depolymerization of TB coal. The role of H2 in these heat treatment conditions is considered ...
Syntactic orphans and adoptees: unattached participles. II. Medical misconstructions

“Most of the occasions of disturbance in the world spring from grammar”, wrote Montaigne [ 11. Hyperbole perhaps, but insofar as grammatical infractions garble meaning or mar literary style, they can certainly create problems for the physicianauthor. One of these problems is the unattached participle, as exemplified in sentences cited here from published articles. As a verbal adjective, the participle is grammatically dependent on a noun in the main clause [2]. When the participle has no such grammatical relation, it violates a basic principle of English syntax and, in the process, often distorts the intended sense. Unattached, or dangling, participles mischievously intrude most often at the beginning of a sentence. In that position, they are expected to modify the subject of the principal clause, and when they do not, they are said to dangle. Danglers are caused by a lapse in concentration in the coherent pursuit of a thought from beginning to end of a sentence. The writer begins with one principal or agent in mind but, in midsentence, switches to another. The result is an extraneous grammatical unit:
Pain and depression in patients with cancer

Background. Although the existence of a relationship between depression and pain in patients with cancer has been known for many years, the influence of one upon the other is still poorly understood. It has been thought that depressed individuals complain of pain more because of their psychiatric illness. Evidence from two studies indicate that pain may induce clinical depression. Methods. In the first study, the authors examined both current and lifetime psychiatric diagnoses among patients with cancer who had high and low pain symptoms to examine the strength of the relationship between depression and cancer pain. The sample consisted of 72 women and 24 men, with 39 women and 9 men in the high pain group, and 33 women and 15 men in the low pain group. In the second study, 35 patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast were examined for pain intensity and frequency and mood disturbance. Results. The prevalence of depressive disorders of all types was found to be significantly higher in the high pain than in the low pain group across measures, 33 versus 13% (chi-square [degrees of freedom = 1] = 5.90, P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significantly higher history of major depression in the low pain group than in the high pain group (chi-square [degrees of freedom = 1] = 3.86, P < 0.05). Also, in comparison with patients in the low pain group, patients in the high pain group were significantly more anxious and emotionally distressed. In the second study, pain intensity correlated significantly with fatigue, vigor, and total mood disturbance, and pain frequency correlated significantly with fatigue, vigor, and depression. Conclusions. This study confirms the high concomitant occurrence of pain and psychiatric morbidity and suggests that pain may play a causal role in producing depression.
Praise and prevention

I argue that it is possible to prevent (and to be praiseworthy for preventing) an unwelcome outcome that had no chance of occurring. I motivate this position by constructing examples in which it makes sense to explain the non-occurrence of a certain outcome by referring to a particular agent's intentional and willing behavior, and yet the non-occurrence of the outcome in question was ensured by factors external to the agent. I conclude that even if the non-occurrence of an unwelcome outcome is ensured, the agent whose action explains this non-occurrence is praiseworthy for preventing the outcome. My examples are similar in important respects to Frankfurt-type cases. In the second half of the paper, I discuss the relationship between my examples and Frankfurt-type cases involving both actions and omissions. I conclude that while I may be responsible for the consequences of an action even if those consequences are unavoidable, this is not necessarily so for the consequences of omissions.
Correct Nature of High-Temperature Superconductivity

The correct nature of high-TC superconductivity is outlined: (i) the cuprates do not superconduct in their cuprate-planes, but in their BaO, SrO, or interstitial-oxygen regions; (ii) doped Ba2YRuO6 and Sr2YRuO6, ruthenates without cuprate-planes, superconduct in their BaO or SrO layers; (iii) the rutheno-cuprates GdSr2Cu2RuO8 and Gd2−zCezSr2Cu2RuO10 have cuprate-planes which do not superconduct, but superconduct in their SrO layers; (iv) LaFeAsO1−xFx superconducts via its oxygen ions, as do related compounds; and (v) the organic compound κ-[BEDT-TTF]2Cu[NCS]2 superconducts along the S chains of the molecule. In YBa2Cu3O7, the superconductivity is consistent with observations by positive muon spin rotation and with analyses indicating an absence of Cu d-band contribution to the superconductivity. Hence only, the BaO layer superconducts. The superconductivity is s-wave in character (not d-wave), once fluxon depinning has been properly accounted for. The superconducting BaO layers are p-type and adjacent to the n-type cuprate-planes. The hole-pairing is not phononic, but Coulombic. Many experiments can be explained by understanding the characteristics of the high-TC mechanism, which contradicts the theories with d-wave superconductivity in the cuprate-planes.
Metallographic preparation of beryllium by electrolytic lappinga

Abstract An electrolytic lapping technique has been developed for beryllium. Good metallographic polishes are obtained, and the high rates of material removal that are characteristic of this technique provide an efficient means of removing the worked layer that is formed during mechanical grinding and polishing. This technique gives good inclusion retention with only negligible pitting around the inclusions that are attacked by the electrolyte. Another advantage of this technique is that iron-containing precipitates are sharply delineated. Excellent preservation of edges of microcracks and voids are also obtained by the use of alternate mechanical polishing and electrolytic lapping. The technique can be used on either wrought or powder-pressed specimens.
Theoretical studies of the spin dynamics of quadrupolar nuclei at rotational resonance conditions

A theory of the spin dynamics of I=3/2 quadrupolar nuclei in the sudden-passage limit is discussed in relation to the recently observed rotational resonance (RR) effects on the excitation and conversion of triple-quantum coherence in the FASTER multiple-quantum magic-angle spinning (MQMAS) experiments [T. Vosegaard, P. Florian, D. Massiot, and P. J. Grandinetti, J. Chem. Phys. 114, 4618 (2001)]. A novel interaction frame, which combines the quadrupolar interaction with the central transition radio frequency irradiation, is shown to be useful in understanding the complex spin dynamics at and away from RR conditions. Analytical expressions for the Hamiltonian obtained from bimodal Floquet theory are included in order to provide insight into the spin dynamics observed in the FASTER MQMAS experiments. Numerical simulations have been performed and were found to support the theoretical formalism.
Instructional Systems Development in Third World Countries.

Robert M. Morgan is with the Learning Systems Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306. 0 One motive which seems to be common to all societies is the desire to provide more and better education for their children. In the years following World War II, there has been extraordinary expansion of educational opportunity in both industrialized and developing nations. In the industrialized states, this has resulted in near universal enrollment of
Burnout in the internist-intensivist

Objectives Caring for acutely ill patients imposes significant demands on physicians. The environment and stresses of the ICU may lead to the burnout syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of burnout among internal medicine intensivists and the contributing factors present in ICU practice.
External laryngeal nerve preservation

Abstract Identification and preservation of the external laryngeal nerve is not a routine practice in thyroid surgery. However, the potentially serious consequences of damage to the nerve can be avoided by using a technique that is not inordinately difficult and that does not increase operative time significantly. This technique, which uses stimulation to identify the nerve, should be used in all cases in which the anatomy of the region is normal and some part of the terminal portion of the nerve is visible. When the terminal portion of the nerve lies entirely within the inferior constrictor muscle (approximately 20% of all cases), identification requires dissection through the muscle and may incur excessive risk; we do not recommend preservation in these cases.
Clear cell hidradenoma of the breast.

Six cases of clear cell hidradenoma of the breast are reported. These are morphologically identical with their counterpart occurring in the skin. The clinical and pathologic features of the tumor are presented. The authors' reasons for believing this lesion to be a distinctive form of duct papillomatosis are presented. A brief review of the histogenesis of clear cell hidradenoma is presented and evidence is offered in support of the multipotential reserve cell theory.
Transformation of Resistance to 8-Azaguanine in Diplococcus pneumoniae

BECAUSE of the importance of purine analogues in the chemotherapy of human neoplastic disease1, several investigations have been made on their mode of action and the mechanism of resistance2 to them in bacterial and animal systems.
Spark-Gap Crowbar for High-Voltage Power Supply

A new crowbar circuit employing a pressurized spark gap has been designed to replace the existing ignitron crowbar that protects a 500-kW klystron tube when it arcs. The spark gap offers definite performance advantages when compared to the conventional ignitron circuits. The small overall size makes the spark gap more convenient and the very few components make it more reliable than the ignitron crowbar.
Mono and Bridged Azolium Picrates as Energetic Salts

The energetic mono and bridged imidazolium, triazolium and tetrazolium picrates 7–10, 14, and 16, the dipicrates 23, 25, and 26 and the dinitrates 24, and 27 were synthesized by the quaternization of azolium derivatives (1, 2, 13, 15, 19 and 20) with picric acid and nitric acid or by metathesis of the corresponding quaternary salts (3, 6, 21 and 22) with silver picrate or silver nitrate. The structures of 14 and 16 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirming quaterization on the triazolium and tetrazolium rings. Their physical and thermodynamic properties were determined. In some cases, the salts are thermally stable to ca. 300 °C and they exhibit densities averaging ca. 1.6 g/cm3. Nearly all have positive heats of formation with the highest calculated value, ΔfHom = 611.6 kJ/mol, found for 3-azido-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazolium picrate (10). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
If You're Happy and You Know It: How Do Mothers and Fathers in the US Really Feel about Caring for Their Children?

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the question posed by popular media: Do women like doing childcare more than men? Using contemporaneous subjective well-being data paired with 24-hour time diaries from the 2010 American Time Use Survey, the paper explores gender differences in how mothers and fathers feel when engaged in a set of common daily activities. We find that both mothers and fathers engaged in child caregiving enjoy their time spent in child caregiving; fathers as much, or even more so, than mothers as evidenced by their average values for happiness, meaningfulness, tiredness, and stress and an aggregated statistic, the unpleasantness index. Simulations provide evidence that the difference between mothers and fathers comes almost completely from differences in their subjective well-being rather than from differences in how they use their time.
The use of artificial dermis in the reconstruction of oncologic surgical defects.

Background:Integra dermal substitute has been used in burn reconstruction with great success. Its use in general reconstruction is currently being reported. The authors set out to evaluate the utility of Integra in the reconstruction and resurfacing of defects created by tumor excision.Methods:Since
Analysis of precoding-based intersession network coding and the corresponding 3-unicast interference alignment scheme

Recently, a new precoding-based intersession network coding (NC) scheme has been proposed, which applies the interference alignment technique, originally devised for wireless interference channels, to the 3-unicast problem of directed acyclic networks. Motivated by the graph-theoretic characterizations of classic linear NC results, this paper investigates several key relationships between the point-to-point network channel gains and the underlying graph structure. Such relationships are critical when characterizing graph-theoretically the feasibility of precoding-based solutions. One example of the applications of our results is to answer (at least partially) the conjectures of the 3-unicast interference alignment technique and the corresponding graph-theoretic characterization conditions.
The frequency of unrecognized type 2 herpes simplex virus infection among women: implications for the control of genital herpes.

To evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic versus asymptomatic or unrecognized type 2 herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) infection, the authors performed physical examination, viral cultures, and type-specific serologic assays in 776 randomly selected women attending an STD clinic and 636 female university students. Forty-six percent of women attending the STD clinic compared with 8.8% of the university students had serologic evidence of HSV-2 infection. Clinical or historical evidence of genital herpes was present in only 34% of the HSV-2 seropositive women attending the STD clinic and in 29% of the HSV-2 seropositive women attending the university clinic. Among women attending the STD clinic, the prevalence of recognized genital infection was more common among those with HSV-2 antibodies only versus those with HSV-1 and -2 antibodies (odds ratio = 2.39; 95% confidence interval = 1.30-4.37), suggesting that HSV-1 infection reduces the likelihood of recognizing HSV-2 infection. In view of the high proportion of seropositive individuals with unrecognized HSV-2 infection in both high and low prevalence HSV-2 seropositive populations, newly developed HSV type-specific serologic methods should be evaluated for detecting carriers of HSV-2 infection and counseling these individuals about strategies for avoiding sexual and perinatal transmission of HSV-2.
Magnetic Field Changes Associated with a Sub-Flare and Surge

A sub-flare and surge were observed on June 13, 1990, with the Marshall Space Flight Center vector magnetograph and coaligned Hα telescope. This activity occurred at the site of a parasitic polarity near a large, mature sunspot. Analysis of the vector magnetic field showed that while flux emergence and other field changes occurred sporadically throughout a period of 4 days, the sub-flare and surge only took place after an increase in magnetic shear in the field of the parasitic polarity. This event also provided an example of relaxation of magnetic shear following the flare and surging.
Time-aligned SVD analysis for speaker identification

This paper presents a time-aligned singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis for speaker identification. SVD analysis has been used for fast spectral matching based on a global representation of an entire utterance. We incorporate temporal normalization directly into the decomposition by using a dynamic time warping (DTW) path to time-align the rows of the feature matrix prior to SVD analysis. Speaker identification results using the TI-46 database indicates that the time-aligned SVD significantly improves accuracy for most threshold choices.
A New Methodology for the Synthesis of Enones

Abstract In connection with other work, we had a need to make large amounts of 4,4-diphenyl-3-buten-2-one (1). Many good and general methods exist1 for making enones; we wish to describe a new sequence of old reactions to make desired enones that doesn't appear in the recent compilations of synthetic methods.2 The method involves the Reformatsky condensation of propargyl bromide with a ketone or aldehyde, followed by an acid catalyzed rearrangement to the enone. The rearrangement is related to the well-known acid catalyzed Rupe rearrangement3 of alpha-hydroxyacethylenes to enones, which presumably proceeds via an intermediate vinyl-acetylene.4
Dynamics of spiral bubble plume motion in the entrance region of bubble columns and three-phase fluidized beds using 3D ECT

Abstract In this study, we have developed, for the first time in the field, a ‘dynamic’ three-dimensional image reconstruction technique for electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) imaging based on a neural-network multi-criterion optimization (NNMOIRT). This development enables a real time, 3D imaging of a moving object to be realized. The image reconstruction scheme of the 3D ECT is established by introducing a 3D sensitivity matrix into the NN-MOIRT algorithm, developed earlier by the authors. The sensitivity matrices employed are based on 6- and 12-electrode twin-plane cylindrical sensors. The NN-MOIRT algorithm reconstructs simultaneously the image voxels (volume pixels) on 20 × 20 × 20 resolutions from the capacitance data obtained using the twin-plane sensors which surrounds the 3D section of 8 cm in length in the cylindrical columns. The technique is successfully tested over a 3D simulated as well as actual experimental objects. The 3D ECT technique is used to investigate the transient phenomena in the entrance region of a 10 cm diameter column using a single nozzle gas distributor with paraffin liquid (Norpar), air, and 200 μ m glass-beads as flow media. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid flows, including 3D bubble plume spiral motion, 3D large scale liquid vortex dynamics and real time three-dimensional gas holdup distribution are studied.
A comparison of the distilling and dry ashing methods for the determination of blood iodine.

THE ADVENT of blood iodine determinations as an adjunct to the clinician’s and laboratory investigator’s armamentarium has brought up the neces’sity of obtaining accuracy together with greater simplification in the methods employed. Whereas the earlier values of I2 in blood were between 6 and 12 7 per 100 cc, with the refinement in methods and with an increased ability to secure practically iodine’free chemicals these values were gradually reduced so that roughly 2 to 4 7 is now being considered as the average normal amount of I2 per 100 cc. of blood (1, 2). If blood iodine determinations are to become a routine laboratory procedure, a simplified and inexpensive method must of necessity be the one adopted. In order to establish that no sacrifice was being made to accuracy for the sake of simplicity, preliminary determinations were made on various samples of blood; first by Strickler’s
Convergence (divergence) and the U.S. states

The purpose of this paper is to examine whether established trends in labor productivity convergence have continued among the contiguous states of the U.S. from 1969 to 1990. This paper brings new and additional state data to bear on the question of productivity convergence among the U.S. states. The findings indicate that when the state value-added is deflated by the state-specific price deflator, a dramatically different picture of productivity convergence emerges. The study also finds that there is less evidence of state productivity convergence once the peculiar behavior of mining or extraction industries is taken into account.
Visualizing parallel simulations that execute in network computing environments

Abstract Parallel discrete-event simulation systems (PDES) are used to simulate large-scale applications such as modeling telecommunication networks, transportation grids, and battlefield scenarios. While a large amount of PDES research has focused on employing multiprocessors and multicomputers, the use of networks of workstations interconnected through Ethernet or ATM has evolved into a popular effective platform for PDES. Nonetheless, the development of efficient PDES systems in network computing environments is not without obstacles that severely degrade simulator performance. To better understand how these factors degrade performance as well as develop new algorithms to mitigate them, we investigate the use of graphical visualization to provide insight into performance evaluation and simulator execution. We began with a general-purpose network computing visualization system, PVaniM, and used it to investigate the execution of an advanced version of Time Warp, called Georgia Tech Time Warp (GTW), which executes in network computing environments. Because PDES systems such as GTW are essentially middleware that support their own applications, we soon realized these systems require their own middleware-specific visualization support. To this end we have extended PVaniM into a new system, called PVaniM–GTW by adding middleware-specific views. Our experiences with PVaniM–GTW indicates that these enhancements enable one to better satisfy the needs of PDES middleware than general-purpose visualization systems while also not requiring the development of application-specific visualizations by the end-user.
Liquid-assisted Ventilation: Physiology and Clinical Application

Liquid-assisted ventilation, as an alternative ventilation strategy for respiratory distress, is progressing from theory and basic science research to clinical application. Biochemically inert perfluorochemical liquids have low surface tension and high solubility for respiratory gases. From early immersion experiments, two primary techniques for liquid-assisted ventilation have emerged: total liquid ventilation and partial liquid ventilation. While computer-controlled, time-cycled, pressure/volume-limited total liquid ventilators can take maximum advantage of these liquids by completely eliminating the gas phase in the distressed lung, partial liquid ventilation takes advantage of having these liquids in the lung while maintaining gas ventilation. The benefits of both partial and total techniques have been demonstrated in animal models of neonatal and adult respiratory distress syndrome, aspiration syndromes and congenital diaphragmatic hernia and also in combination with other therapeutic modalities including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, high-frequency ventilation and nitric oxide. Additionally, nonrespiratory applications have expanding potential including pulmonary drug delivery and radiographic imaging. Since its use in neonates in 1989, liquid-assisted ventilation in humans has progressed to a variety of clinical experiences with different aetiologies of respiratory distress. The future holds the opportunity to clarify and optimize the potential of multiple clinical applications for liquid-assisted ventilation.
Images of Madness: Feature Films in Teaching Psychology

An interdisciplinary course, Psychology and Film: Images of Madness, has been taught at Boston University since 1979 by two instructors: a psychologist and a film historian. This course may be pedagogically unique because of its use of feature films (90 to 110 min) as a major element of instruction. The films allow students to explore the interaction between art and psychology and make them cognizant of the cinema's ability to reflect and affect our perceptions of madness and treatment. A student survey and course evaluation substantiated the effectiveness of this instructional program.
Young Children Use Statistical Sampling to Infer the Preferences of Other People

Psychological scientists use statistical information to determine the workings of human behavior. We argue that young children do so as well. Over the course of a few years, children progress from viewing human actions as intentional and goal directed to reasoning about the psychological causes underlying such actions. Here, we show that preschoolers and 20-month-old infants can use statistical information—namely, a violation of random sampling—to infer that an agent is expressing a preference for one type of toy instead of another type of toy. Children saw a person remove five toys of one type from a container of toys. Preschoolers and infants inferred that the person had a preference for that type of toy when there was a mismatch between the sampled toys and the population of toys in the box. Mere outcome consistency, time spent with the toys, and positive attention toward the toys did not lead children to infer a preference. These findings provide an important demonstration of how statistical learning could underpin the rapid acquisition of early psychological knowledge.
Ontology-based representation of simulation models of physiology.

Dynamic simulation models of physiology are often represented as a set of mathematical equations. Such models are very useful for studying and understanding the dynamic behavior of physiological variables. However, the sheer number of equations and variables can make these models unwieldy, difficult to understand, and challenging to maintain. We describe a symbolic, ontologically-guided methodology for representing a physiological model of the circulation. We created an ontology describing the types of equations in the model as well as the anatomic components and how they are connected to form a circulatory loop. The ontology provided an explicit representation of the model, both its mathematical and anatomic content, abstracting and hiding much of the mathematical complexity. The ontology also provided a framework to construct a graphical representation of the model, providing a simpler visualization than the large set of mathematical equations. Our approach may help model builders to maintain, debug, and extend simulation models.
Sialochemistry in Diseases and Clinical Situations Affecting Salivary Glands

AbstractDuring the past few years an increasing number of investigators in a variety of disciplines have become interested in the potential of saliva as a diagnostic tool. The increase in interest reflects (in part at least) the marked proliferation in information on salivary physiology and salivary chemistry. Sialochemistry is being applied to (1) diseases of the salivary glands per se with no evidence of systemic involvement, (2) systemic diseases in which salivary glands are involved, and (3) clinical situations in which salivary flow rate and chemistry are helpful in diagnosis or monitoring patient progress (Tables 1 and 2).
Kawasaki Syndrome: Where Are the Answers?

Thirty-six years ago, Tomisaku Kawasaki penned the first description of a quixotic illness that he called mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome.1 Today this illness has been described in almost every country of the world. In studies from North America, Japan, and Western Europe, Kawasaki syndrome has replaced rheumatic fever as the most common cause of acquired heart disease.2 Despite the importance of Kawasaki syndrome as a cause of disease in children, a surprising number of aspects of this syndrome remain ill-defined. Because the etiology remains incompletely understood, the diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. Because the symptoms of Kawasaki syndrome are not unique and diagnosis can be difficult, it is likely that many cases of incomplete or atypical Kawasaki syndrome, as well as some presentations of classic Kawasaki syndrome, remain undiagnosed and untreated, and the child remains at risk of undetected coronary artery disease. Therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) and aspirin, while effective, is nonspecific and is associated with the problems of gamma globulin infusions. These problems include the need for intravenous cannulation, risk of adverse reactions, concern for possible adventitious agents, interference with the immune response to live vaccines, expense, shortages, and the fact that 2% to 4%% of treated children still develop coronary artery disease. Furthermore, the long-term cardiac outcome of children who experience Kawasaki syndrome both for those with and those without detectable coronary artery involvement is not clear. After >3 decades of study, what is known about Kawasaki syndrome and why are there still so many unanswered questions? The study by Holman et al3 in this issue of Pediatrics supports previous estimates regarding certain epidemiologic aspects of Kawasaki syndrome and offers important new detail into others. Using hospital discharge data from the Kids’ Inpatient Database (22 participating states), the authors address a … Address correspondence to H. Cody Meissner, MD, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Division, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: cmeissner{at}tufts-nemc.org
The paradox of atrial fibrillation in African Americans

The reported lower prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) despite the higher prevalence of AF risk factors in African Americans compared to Caucasian whites has been referred to as the paradox of AF in African Americans. In this report we highlight this paradox and address potential explanations using data from several US populations studies. These possible explanations include limited methodology to detect AF patterns that are harder to detect (e.g. paroxysmal/intermittent AF or atrial flutter) coupled with the possibility of African Americans having more of these patterns, differential access to health care with African Americans having less access and subsequently less detected AF, survival bias with Caucasian whites living longer and subsequently having more AF, and finally differential impact of AF risk factors with Caucasian whites being more affected or African Americans less affected by AF risk factors whether this is genetically determined or via other unknown predispositions.
Coupled Aerodynamic and Structural Sensitivity Analysis of a High-Speed Civil Transport

An objective of the High Performance Computing and Communication Program at the NASA Langley Research Center is to demonstrate multidisciplinary shape and sizing optimization of a complete aerospace vehicle configuration by using high-fidelity, finite-element structural analysis and computational fluid dynamics aerodynamic analysis. In a previous study, a multi-disciplinary analysis system for high-speed civil transport was formulated to integrate a set of existing discipline analysis codes, some of them computationally intensive. This paper is an extension of the previous study, in which the sensitivity analysis for the coupled aerodynamic and structural analysis problem is formulated and implemented. Uncoupled stress sensitivities computed with a constant load vector in a commercial finite element analysis code are compared to coupled aeroelastic sensitivities computed by finite differences. The computational expense of these sensitivity calculation methods is discussed.