cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DO GERMINATING WILLOW CUTTINGS FIX ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN

It is well known that certain microorganisms growing alone and certain symbiotic pairs, each composed of a higher plant and a suitable microorganism, are able to assimilate the free nitrogen of the air. All other plants are commonly supposed not to have this ability. Nevertheless occasional suggestions, and even positive statements, are to be found in the literature to the effect that some of the ordinary higher green plants can utilize free nitrogen in comparatively large amounts, even independently of microorganisms. Work previous to 924 has been reviewed by Lipman and Taylor (I924). Since then a number of additional suggestions of the same kind have been made, including one by Hicks (I928) that possibly germinating willow cuttings have this ability. It is a matter of some theoretical and practical interest to determine whether such fixation does actually take place. The writer has therefore taken advantage of the ease with which willow cuttings can be germinated to investigate the change in nitrogen content which takes place during this activity. Two experiments have been conducted. The first of these was carried out in I929. Thirty-two I2.5-cm. cuttings, four each from eight different dormant shoots of Sclix sp. collected near Arlington Farm, Virginia, were divided into four groups. Those of one group were dried at once for analysis, and those of each of the others were germinated, dried, and analyzed. All analyses were made simultaneously by the Kjeldahl method with CuSO4 as the catalyst. Each group contained a cutting from each shoot, and the groups had equal numbers of basal, terminal, and intermediate cuttings, the purpose being to minimize the effect of any inequalities in the distribution of nitrogen through the shoot. The cuttings which were germinated were stood in distilled water in small beakers. Group 2 was placed under a bell jar in the laboratory with a Ioo-watt gas-filled Mazda lamp inside the jar to furnish light. Cooling was accomplished by standing the jar over water, lining it with wet filter paper, and allowing a stream of tap water to flow over the outside. Group 3 was placed under a second bell jar in the laboratory near the first but without any light source inside. Both bell jars were open at the top and were raised to allow air to enter at the bottom. Group 4 was placed on a window sill out-of-doors where it received full sunlight a little more than half the day
Carcinocythemia (carcinoma cell leukemia). Report of two cases with english literature review

Cancer cells of nonhematologic origin are rarely seen on routinely prepared peripheral blood smears. This report describes two patients with disseminated carcinoma, in near terminal state, one with malignant melanoma and another with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureteropelvic junction who developed carcinocythemia (CCA). A review of the English literature revealed only eight other cases in which CCA was documented. Four patients had a small cell bronchogenic (“oat cell”) carcinoma, two had disseminated breast carcinoma and one each had advanced adenocarcinoma of ileum and abdominal rhabdomyosarcoma. The circulating malignant cells usually accounted for less than 10% of the nucleated blood cells, but in one patient comprised up to 80% of the leukocyte count. The mean time between detection of CCA and death was 5 weeks (median, 2 weeks) reflecting the fact that CCA is generally a terminal event. Cancer 53:1100-1102, 1984.
Stiffness Matrix Evaluation for a Dual-Reeved Tensile Truss

Researchers have evaluated the stiffness matrix for different robots and structures, including the Stewart platform style tensile truss. However, none of the configurations analyzed to date involve “dual-reeving,” a common industrial rigging technique whereby cables are spatial loops, vs. open-loop elements, such as those represented by simple line segments. The 4-node/4-loop kinematic configuration analyzed contains 4 symmetric nodes and loops and provides competition for a comparable-sized Stewart platform from the perspective of directional stiffness. Additionally, like the Stewart platform, only a modest amount of off-diagonal compliance matrix elements are present, which from a practical and intuitive point of view, can be advantageous. The methodology used and illustrated in detail is easily generalized to adapt to more involved configurations. Numerical results are obtained for a specific example and compared with those from a Stewart platform. Lastly, some experimental results compare favorably with those derived analytically and evaluated numerically.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Vertexing algorithms at hadron colliders

This paper examines the performance of vertex algorithms used for B-tagging in tt events at CDF during Run 1 at the Fermilab pp collider and discusses the main principles that led to the most dramatic improvements in performance. Some further implications for algorithm and detector design are also discussed.
Initial flow field over an impulsively started circular cylinder

The initial flow field of an incompressible, viscous fluid around a circular cylinder, set impulsively to move normal to its axis, is studied in detail. The nonlinear vorticity equation is solved by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Analytic solutions for the stream function in terms of exponential and error functions for the inner flow field, and of circular functions for the outer, are obtained to the third order, from which a uniformly valid composite solution is found. Also presented are the vorticity, pressure, separation point and drag. These quantities agree with the numerical computations of Collins & Dennis. Extended solutions developed by Pade approximants indicate that higher than third-order approximations will yield only minor improvements.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery, and adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma : A phase II study

A phase II trial, using neoadjuvant chemotherapy and intraperitoneal (IP) consolidation, was conducted in patients with locally advanced, potentially resectable gastric cancer or cancer of the gastroesophageal junction, both staged as T3N0, T4N0, or any TN1 or TN2 disease. Preoperative chemotherapy consisted of two cycles of irinotecan 75 mg/m2 with cisplatin 25 mg/m2/week for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week break. Unless disease progression was encountered, surgery was performed and followed by two courses of adjuvant therapy with IP floxuridine 3 g × 3 days plus IP cisplatin 60 mg/m2 on day 3. Of 32 evaluable patients, 29 (90.6%) underwent surgery, and 25 (86.2%) had R0 on resection. Evidence of primary-tumor downstaging was documented in at least one half of the patients. Toxicity of induction therapy was primarily grade 3/4 neutropenia (38.2%/8.8%), grade 3 diarrhea (20.6%), and grade 3 nausea/vomiting (14.7%). Except for three catheter complications, toxicities with IP therapy were infrequent. After a median follow-up of 28.0 months in 32 patients, 10 patients (31.3%) had no evidence of disease, 4 (12.5%) were alive with disease, 13 (40.6%) had died from disease, and 5 (15.6%) died from unrelated causes. Among 25 patients who underwent R0 resection, there were no local recurrences. Sites of first recurrences were outside the abdominal cavity in seven patients, in the liver in two, and in the abdominal cavity in four patients. Median overall survival for all 32 patients was 36.5 months from the start of treatment after median follow-up of 28 months, whereas median disease-specific survival had not been reached at the time of this analysis. For patients with R0 resection, median overall survival was 48 months after median follow-up of 35 months. The data suggest that an approach consisting of systemic induction therapy, curative surgery with high R0 resection rates, and IP adjuvant therapy has acceptable toxicity and encouraging survival outcomes.
Low energy cross section measurements in the FNAL Booster beamline: MiniBooNE and SciBooNE

Until recently, the state of low energy cross section measurements with neutrinos has been limited by low statistics and large flux uncertainties. With new and upcoming results from MiniBooNE and K2K, we already see substantial improvements in what we can measure. The proposed near term future experiment of placing the fine-grained K2K SciBar detector in the Fermilab Booster beamline (SciBooNE) will provide important cross section information for future oscillation experiments, such as T2K.
Transvenous, Transmediastinal, and Transthoracic Ventricular Pacing:: A Comparison after Complete Two-Year Follow-up

Two hundred and five patients who received a total of 247 electrode systems-129 transvenous, 68 transmediastinal and 50 transthoracic-are compared after complete uniform two-year follow-up. The transvenous patients had low hospital morbidity (19%) and short hospital stays (75% ≤ 8 days) but a high incidence of electrode failure by 24 months (38%). The transmediastinal and transthoracic patients had more hospital complications (35% and 34%) and longer periods of hospitalization (57% and 70% > 8 days) but fewer instances of failure by 24 months (16% and 11%). Most transvenous electrode failures were secondary to dislodgement. Transmediastinal right epicardial electrodes had the unique problem of threshold elevation and failure between six and 12 months after implantation as well as a high incidence of sudden death in this same period. Although the high incidence of endocardial electrode instability dictates the need for an alternative approach to permanent pacing, the failure of the transmediastinal approac...
Identification of carboxypeptidase N as an enzyme responsible for C-terminal cleavage of stromal cell-derived factor-1α in the circulation

The chemokine stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is an essential regulator of hematopoiesis, lymphocyte homing, pre-B-cell growth, and angiogenesis. As SDF-1α is constitutively expressed in many tissues, chemokine function is mostly regulated by proteolytic degradation. Human serum cleaves the 68-amino acid chemokine, SDF-1α, at both termini. The enzyme or enzymes responsible for the removal of the carboxy-terminal lysine from SDF-1α, leading to significant reduction in biologic activity, have not been identified. Using a new biochemical assay for measuring the carboxy-terminal cleavage activity, we purified from serum and plasma a peptidase that specifically removes the carboxy-terminal lysine from SDF-1α and identified it as carboxypeptidase N (CPN, also known as kininase I, arginine carboxypeptidase, and anaphylotoxin inactivator). We demonstrate that SDF-1α in serum and plasma lacks the carboxy terminal lysine, and depletion of CPN from serum and plasma significantly reduces the SDF-1α carboxypeptidase activity. Purified CPN effectively and specifically removes the carboxy-terminal lysine from SDF-1α and significantly reduces the chemokine's biologic activity as a pre-B-cell growth factor and chemoattractant. Thus, in addition to its role as a regulator of the biologic activity of kinins and anaphylatoxins, CPN is an important regulator of the biologic activity of SDF-1α by reducing the chemokine-specific activity. (Blood. 2005;105:4561-4568)
Toward a “Wider and Juster Initiative”: Recent Comparative Work in Buddhist Ethics

This essay considers some of the important trends in comparative approaches to Buddhist moral thinking, including early reflections on how and where to place Buddhist thought. It argues that some of the formative gestures shaping the field of Buddhist ethics sprang from contested efforts by historians of religion and philosophical formalists to chart a comparative methodology. The essay describes the methodological holism that characterizes important work in the field and argues against it, pointing instead to more diffuse lines of inquiry that do not efface Buddhism's historical diversity and the distinctiveness of its moral discourses. The essay begins to develop a different orientation in ethics that centers on the ethical study of human nature. To this end, it offers a small exercise in comparative moral psychology to explore the moral sentiment “sympathetic joy.”
The effect of various sunscreen agents on skin damage and the induction of tumor susceptibility in mice subjected to ultraviolet irradiation.

Sunscreen preparations containing various chemical UV absorbers, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 2 PABA derivatives, benzophenone or a combination of these were topically applied to the back of C3H/HeN mice prior to their being irradiated with ultraviolet light in the UVB range. In all cases this treatment was effective in preventing the pathological skin changes associated with UVB irradiation. Histological evaluation of skin biopsies from mice treated with the sunscreen preparations and UVB irradiation showed little or no difference from normals in amount of hyperplasia, melanization or parakeratosis present. These histologic changes were observed in animals receiving UVB irradiation in the absence of any sunscreen agent. Pretreatment with the various sunscreen agents did not, however, prevent the induction of tumor susceptibility as measured by the sustained growth of a UV-induced tumor which is immunologically rejected in normal syngeneic mice. These data show a clear distinction between the effects of UVB irradiation leading to histological changes in the epidermis and those leading to the state of tumor susceptibility in mice. The distinction was further corroborated by the finding that epidermal hyperplasia induced by repeated applications of croton oil had no significant enhancing or inducing effects on the induction of tumor susceptibility. In addition, the induction of tumor susceptibility is not due to wavelengths of light less than 320nm since this effect was abrogated when the UVB radiation was filtered through glass. Possible mechanistic differences between the tumor susceptibility generated in UVB and photoprotected UVB irradiated animals were observed, however, when we attempted to adoptively transfer the state of tumor susceptibility to normal animals. While it was readily transferable with splenic lymphoid cells from UVB irradiated animals, all attempts to transfer the tumor susceptibility from photoprotected animals have, to date, been unsuccessful.
Sampling streaming data with replacement

Simple random sampling is a widely accepted basis for estimation from a population. When data come as a stream, the total population size continuously grows and only one pass through the data is possible. Reservoir sampling is a method of maintaining a fixed size random sample from streaming data. Reservoir sampling without replacement has been extensively studied and several algorithms with sub-linear time complexity exist. Although reservoir sampling with replacement is previously mentioned by some authors, it has been studied very little and only linear algorithms exist. A with-replacement reservoir sampling algorithm of sub-linear time complexity is introduced. A thorough complexity analysis of several approaches to the with-replacement reservoir sampling problem is also provided.
The Nexus of Religion and Addiction Counseling: A Reflective Perspective

Religion can serve the purpose of providing comfort during times of physical and/or emotional stress and can fill a void in the life of an individual experiencing substance use disorders. Neuroscience sheds some light and raises questions as to how the inner workings of the brain can affect the level of one's spirituality and the likelihood to engage in substance abuse. This article provides insight into factors that influence religiosity and considers the role that religion plays in the substance abuse recovery process. A reflective synopsis of a 6-week religious abstinence experience is discussed, and initial steps to abstain from using alcohol and other drugs are explained demonstrating the interconnectedness of religion and drug abuse. Implications for practice are also delineated.
Controlled Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles Self-Assembled with PAMAM Dendrimers

Self-assembly of optically active gold nanoparticles with varying generations of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers provides aggregates with controlled interparticle spacing, as determined using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This structural control provides a method for systematically shifting the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the particles, based on the decrease in dipolar coupling with increased interparticle distance. Through choice of dendrimer generation, we were able to tune interparticle spacing over a 2.1 nm range, resulting in an 84 nm shift in the SPR. This modulation demonstrates the feasibility of using dendrimer assembly to tune the optical properties of materials.
Prospective Association Between Overvaluation of Weight and Binge Eating Among Overweight Adolescent Girls

Purpose We investigated whether overvaluation of weight, defined as having a high degree of concern with weight such that it unduly influences self-evaluation, was prospectively associated with binge eating onset among overweight adolescent girls and whether overvaluation of weight signaled greater impairment among those with weekly binge eating.
STAT3 activation in photoreceptors by leukemia inhibitory factor is associated with protection from light damage.

Members of the interleukin-6 cytokine family, including leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), signal through gp130. The neuroprotective role of gp130 activation has been widely demonstrated in both CNS and PNS, but the mechanism by which this is accomplished is not well established. We investigated temporal and cell-specific activation of signaling pathways induced by LIF in the mature mouse retina. Intravitreal injection of LIF preserved photoreceptor function and prevented photoreceptor cell death from light-induced oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner (2 days post-injection). A therapeutic dose of LIF induced rapid and sustained activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. Activated STAT3 was localized to all the retinal neurons and glial cells, including photoreceptors. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 was robust but transient in Muller glial cells, and undetectable at the time of light exposure. Akt was not activated by LIF. We also show that at the time of neuroprotection, STAT3 but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 or the Akt pathways was active in LIF-treated retinas, and activated STAT3 was clearly localized in transcriptionally active areas of photoreceptor nuclei. Our data suggest that photoreceptor protection in response to LIF can be directly mediated by activation of STAT3 in photoreceptors.
How and Y plant microtubules branch.

Plant cortical microtubule arrays influence plant morphogenesis, but the nature of microtubule genesis and self-organization has long puzzled cell biologists. In this issue, Murata and coworkers provide some answers by showing that γ-tubulin nucleates new microtubules along the lengths of existing microtubules, resulting in dispersed 'Y'-branched organizational centres.
Emergence of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

It began routinely enough. A patient with severe respiratory disease at the Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia was getting worse and no one knew why. A sample of sputum was sent to Dr. Ali Mohamed Zaki to identify the culprit, as he had identified these diseases many times before. However, this time would be different. The sample showed no positive hits on any of the virus assays he normally used. He contacted Dr. Ron Fouchier, at Erasmus Medical College in Rotterdam, Netherlands, to see if he could be of help. Dr. Zaki's initial idea was that the virus was a paramyxovirus, and Dr Fouchier had recently published a Pan-paramyxovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay [1]. In Dr. Fouchier's lab, the virus was identified as a novel coronavirus, one that had never been seen before. This novel coronavirus, now called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has been identified in several countries across the Middle East and Europe, with primary infections found in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, and The United Arab Emirates (UAE) (http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/en/). Infections in the United Kingdom, Tunisia, France, Italy, and Germany have been imported by travel from the Middle East. The Italian cluster is believed to be from a patient traveling to Jordan and back, and the French cluster originated from a patient traveling to the UAE. The largest cluster of cases, 23 in total, is in Saudi Arabia. As of July 25, 2013, there are 90 confirmed infections, of which 45 have resulted in death, resulting in a 50% case fatality rate. MERS-CoV has been sequenced from nine infected individuals, and its genome sequence places it in the same sub-family (Group 2) as SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV), but in a new lineage (called Group 2c) (sequences reported in [2]–[4] and at http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317138176202; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KC776174)(http://www.virology-bonn.de/index.php?id=46).
Cross sections for the 16O(γ, 2n), 19F(γ, 2pn), 27Al(γ, 2pn), 51V(γ, α) and 51V(γ, α3n) reactions to 300 MeV

Abstract Yield and cross section results have been obtained for some photonuclear reactions in 16 O, 19 F, 27 Al and 51 V targets by measuring the radioactivities of the product nuclei in samples that had been irradiated with bremsstrahlung in the 20–300 MeV energy range. The reactions studied were 16 O(γ, 2n), 19 F(γ, 2pn), 27 Al(γ, 2pn), 51 V(γ, α) and 51 V(γ, α3n). The cross sections at energies above 150 MeV have been interpreted in terms of the contributions from various reaction mechanisms. The reactions in O, F and Al generally have important contributions from both quasi-deuteron and pion emission processes. In the 51 V reactions, the additional pion reabsorption mechanism also makes important contributions. The reaction cross sections at energies below 150 MeV are used to determine the total cross sections for photon absorption at energies above the giant-resonance region and below 150 MeV. The resulting total cross sections are generally consistent with those determined from neutron-counting experiments.
Platinum and palladium addition to supported rhodium catalysts for automotive emission control

Abstract Simultaneous catalytic control of the three major pollutants in automobile exhaust requires both reduction of nitric oxide and oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. A supported rhodium catalyst with low loading (0.002 wt% Rh) was found to have good activity for converting nitric oxide to nitrogen in a laboratory feedstream, but its oxidation activity was inadequate. Addition of platinum or palladium improved the oxidation activity. However, it was found that, compared to rhodium alone, these two-metal combinations (Pt-Rh or PdRh) form more ammonia under reducing conditions and decrease nitric oxide conversion under oxidizing conditions. Both of these undesired effects were circumvented by depositing the added metals on separate support beads. The rhodium catalyst was located in the front of the catalyst bed and was followed by a second layer of pellets containing the platinum or palladium. Evaluations in engine exhaust remain to be done, since laboratory results are not conclusive indicators of actual emission-control performance.
Immunorecognition in the freshwater bivalve, Corbicula fluminea II. Isolation and characterization of a plasma opsonin with hemagglutinating activity

Opsonizing and agglutinating activities of plasma from the freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, were found to be inhibited by the sugars, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (deoxy-Glu) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). The plasma opsonin/agglutinin was subsequently isolated by a two-step separation procedure. Aldehyde-fixed rabbit erythrocytes (RRBC) were used as a solid-phase plasma opsonin affinity absorbant, and deoxyGlu and GalNAc were used in the eluting buffer to desorb several RRBC-binding plasma proteins. The second step involved the further separation of sugar-eluted proteins by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. A plasma protein with an apparent molecular weight of 40 kd on SDS-PAGE under nonreducing conditions was found to possess both agglutinating and opsonizing activities. It was further shown to be composed of two identical 20 kd subunits associated through disulfide linkage(s). Although this protein shares some structural similarity with other bivalve opsonins, differences in native molecular size or subunit structure, agglutinating properties and/or sugar binding specificity support the current hypothesis that naturally occurring plasma opsonins of molluscs represent a heterogeneous group of proteins unified primarily through their lectin-like characteristic of binding specific carbohydrate determinants.
Studies of Air-Borne Pollutant Levels

Abstract A three (3) month survey was conducted to investigate the concentration levels of several of the more persistent air pollutants, ie., hydrocarbons, photochemical oxidants, suspended particulate matter and lead. Samples were collected at various sites in a rural community (population 14, 800) in Eastern Pennsylvania. Results indicated that no pollution problem existed during the survey interval. Analytical data for above named pollutants are presented.
Influence of mechanical couplings on the buckling and postbuckling of anisotropic plates

An experimental and analytical investigation was conducted on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of generally anisotropic graphite/epoxy laminated plates. The elastic (mechanical) couplings inherent in unbalanced and unsymmetric laminates have been isolated, including bending-stretching, the stretching-shearing and bending-twisting combination, and stretching-twisting coupling. Laminates with a 254 mm square test section were manufactured from Hercules AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy and tested in uniaxial compression to failure with clamped and simply supported sides. Rayleigh-Ritz and finite-element linear analytical solutions were used to predict the buckling loads and mode shapes. The Rayleigh-Ritz analysis was extended to the nonlinear regime by introducing von Karman's large deflection strain-displacement relations to predict the compressive postbuckling (prefailure) behavior. The results show that the introduction of elastic couplings reduces the buckling loads, although the concept of bifurcation cannot be clearly applied to unsymmetric laminates.
Four-point probe measurement of non-uniformities in semiconductor sheet resistivity☆

Abstract Equations and graphs are presented to aid in the evaluation of resistivity non-uniformities when measured by use of the four-point probe. Both the in-line and square array four-point probes are considered. To enable a circular disc to be probed for non-uniformities, correction factors for a displaced probe are given for an in-line array displaced with points on a diameter, for an in-line array displaced with points perpendicular to a diameter, and for a displaced square array.
Managing severe sepsis: A national survey of current practices

Purpose. Current practices for managing severe sepsis in U.S. hospitals were studied. Methods. A questionnaire was distributed to nurse managers who were members of the Association of Critical Care Nurses to assess current practices associated with the management of severe sepsis, including assessment of sepsis management priority, patient identification and screening process for sepsis, current treatment practices, process measures and outcomes measurements, and hospital demographics. Differences among small (<200 beds), medium (200–399 beds), and large (≥400 beds) hospitals were identified using chi-square analysis and Student’s t test. Results. A total of 414 surveys were completed, received, and analyzed. As hospital bed size increased, so did the percentage of hospitals with an active severe sepsis program ( p = 0.002). Hospitals rated the effect of severe sepsis on mortality as the paramount issue influencing severe sepsis prioritization. Screening for severe sepsis most commonly occurred upon deterioration of laboratory test values, regardless of hospital size. Of 17 Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) treatment guidelines, hospitals most frequently reported adherence to ordering cultures within 6 hours of onset of acute organ dysfunction (71.3%). The least followed guideline was initiation of drotrecogin alfa (activated) within 24 hours of acute organ dysfunction (37.9%). Conclusion. A survey of critical care nurses revealed that of the 17 SSC treatment guidelines, hospitals most frequently reported adherence to those concerning prompt ordering of cultures, prompt administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and prompt initiation of deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Deterioration of laboratory test values was the most common identifier of severe sepsis, regardless of hospital size. Among all hospitals, the least followed guideline was prompt initiation of drotrecogin alfa (activated) therapy.
Electric-dipole moments of H2O-formamide and CH3OH-formamide

Abstract Electric-dipole moments have been determined for H 2 O-formamide and CH 3 OH-formamide by pulsed-nozzle Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. For H 2 O-formamide μ a =1.050(1) D and μ b =2.135(3) D while for CH 3 OH-formamide μ a =1.066(1) D and μ b =2.091(2) D. The corresponding complexation-induced moments are estimated as 0.55 D and 0.34 D for H 2 O-formamide and 0.58 D and 0.10 D for CH 3 OH-formamide. The results are compared with theoretical calculations.
THE ROLE OF SECONDARY PIT CONNECTIONS IN RED ALGAL PARASITISM1

Secondary pit connections are common between cells of hosts and parasites in the widespread phenomenon of red algal parasitism. The DNA-specific fluorochrome 4′,-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) reveals that in host-parasite secondary pit connection (SPC) formation between the parasitic red alga Choreocolax polysiphoniae and its host Polysiphonia confusa, a nucleus and other cytoplasmic components of the parasite are delivered into the cytoplasm of a host cell. Host cells receive large numbers of parasite nuclei and these, apparently arrested in G1, are maintained intact in host cells for periods of several weeks. Within these enlarged, differentiated cells, starch accumulates and cytoplasmic organelles proliferate as the central vacuole decreases in size. Host nuclear DNA synthesis is stimulated in the infected host cell, resulting in an increase in the number of host nuclei, or an increase in DNA in each of the existing host nuclei (i.e. somatic polyploidy). Occasionally, infected host cells will recommence division and engender a new host branch. Microspectrofluorometry of nuclear DNA quantitatively confirms not only the identity and transfer of parasite nuclei to host cells, but also the transfer of parasite nuclei to other parasite cells. Measurements also reveal that the single nucleus of Choreocolax becomes progressively more polyploid as cells become larger and more highly differentiated. Secondary pit connection formation between Choreocolax and Polysiphonia provides the mechanism for the transfer of parasite genetic information (via the parasite nucleus and cytoplasm) into the host. The parasite nuclei may thereby control and redirect the physiology of the host for the benefit of the parasite.
Visual Observations of a Tornadic Thunderstorm

(1974). Visual Observations of a Tornadic Thunderstorm. Weatherwise: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 256-258.
Failure of specific adoptive immunotherapy owing to survival and outgrowth of variant cells.

Adoptive immunotherapy, the transfer of spleen cells from immunized mice to mice with a small tumor, was usually curative for mice with the P815 mastocytoma provided that steps were taken to prevent the generation of tumor-induced suppressor cells in the recipient animal. However, failure of adoptive immunotherapy of the P815 tumor, resulting in regrowth of either the primary intradermal or a metastatic tumor, was observed in 10 out of 112 animals receiving graded doses of 7.5×107 to 3.0×108 immune spleen cells. Examination of the ten tumors in mice that failed to respond to therapy revealed that seven of them were significantly less susceptible than the original P815 tumor to rejection in vivo by transferred anti-P815-specific effector cells. In addition, nine of the ten therapy-failure tumors were also less susceptible than the original P815 tumor to lysis in vitro by P815-specific, but not DBA/2-specific, cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Sensitivity to lysis by tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells was not, however, strongly correlated with sensitivity to rejection in vivo by P815-specific effector spleen cells. Neither in vivo sensitivity to rejection, nor sensitivity to cytotoxic T cells, was correlated with alterations in class I major histocompatibility complex antigen expression. These results suggest that the survival and outgrowth of variant tumor cells was frequently the cause of failure of specific adoptive immunotherapy of the P815 tumor, and that selection for cells with a reduced sensitivity to killing by cytotoxic T cells was only one mechanism that might lead to an immunotherapeutic failure.
Tropical cyclone outer surface winds derived from satellite microwave sounder data

Upper tropospheric temperature anomalies are detected in brightness temperature data from the Nimbus 6 Scanning Microwave Spectrometer (SCAMS). Brightness temperature anomalies are related to surface pressure anomalies through the radiative transfer and hydrostatic equation. Surface wind speeds at outer radii are then estimated using the gradient wind equation and a shearing parameter. The method is first tested using simulated satellite data constructed from temperature, pressure and height data recorded by aircraft reconnaissance of four hurricanes. Wind speeds in the 80-95 kPa region are estimated with 2-3 m/sec accuracy. Next, 55.45 GHz SCAMS data over eight typhoons during 1975 are used to estimate the radii of 15.4 m/sec (30 kt) and 27.5 m/sec (50 kt) winds. Accuracies of about + or - 80 and + or - 70 km, respectively, are found. It is suggested that the technique be further tested using data from the Microwave Sounding Unit on board the TIROS-N and NOAA 6 satellites.
Entacapone, a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor for treating Parkinson's disease: review and current status.

Levodopa, a dopamine precursor administered with a decarboxylase inhibitor, is the principal therapy for treating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Unfortunately, after approximately 2 - 5 years, it frequently loses its beneficial effects as evidenced by motor fluctuations. Entacapone (Comtan®) is a selective, reversible catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor that dose-dependently increases the peripheral bioavailability of levodopa and prolongs its duration of action. Early studies confirmed that treatment with entacapone resulted in increased striatal uptake of levodopa after iv. administration of [18F] levodopa. Preclinical studies confirmed decreased formation of COMT-dependent metabolites, including 3-O methyldopa and homovanillic acid. Clinical studies performed in patients with motor fluctuations have shown that entacapone prolonged the duration of motor response by an average of 1 - 1.3 h. Parkinsonian patients receiving therapeutic doses of dopamine agonists and selegiline also experienced an ...
Properties of the Log-Barrier Function on Degenerate Nonlinear Programs

We examine the sequence of local minimizers of the log-barrier function for a nonlinear program near a solution at which second-order sufficient conditions and the Mangasarian-Fromovitz constraint qualification are satisfied, but the active constraint gradients are not necessarily linearly independent. When a strict complementarity condition is satisfied, we show uniqueness of the local minimizer of the barrier function in the vicinity of the nonlinear program solution, and we obtain a semiexplicit characterization of this point. When strict complementarity does not hold, we obtain several other interesting characterizations, in particular, an estimate of the distance between the minimizers of the barrier function and the nonlinear program in terms of the barrier parameter, and a result about the direction of approach of the sequence of minimizers of the barrier function to the nonlinear programming solution.
Corticotropin-releasing factor-containing axon terminals synapse onto catecholamine dendrites and may presynaptically modulate other afferents in the rostral pole of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the rat brain.

Physiological and immunohistochemical studies have suggested that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), the hypophysiotropic peptide that initiates endocrine responses to stress, may serve as a neurotransmitter to activate noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). We combined immunoperoxidase labeling for CRF and immunogold-silver localization of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in single sections through the rat LC to determine potential substrates for interactions between these two transmitters. Light microscopic analysis indicated that CRF processes are dense and highly varicose in the rostral LC region in the vicinity of noradrenergic dendrites. Electron microscopy of this rostral region revealed that immunoperoxidase labeling for CRF was mainly restricted to axons and axon terminals and was rarely seen in somata or dendrites. Axon terminals containing CRF immunoreactivity varied in size, content of synaptic vesicles, and formation of synaptic specializations. The postsynaptic targets of the CRF-labeled axon terminals consisted of both TH-labeled dendrites and dendrites lacking detectable TH-immunoreactivity. Of 113 CRF-immunoreactive axon terminals, approximately 70% were in direct contact with TH-labeled and unlabeled dendrites. Of the CRF-labeled axon terminals forming synapses with TH-labeled and unlabeled dendrites, they were either of the asymmetric (excitatory type; 19%) or symmetric (inhibitory type; 11%) variety or did not form identifiable contacts in the plane of section analyzed. Unlabeled axon terminals and glial processes were also commonly located adjacent to the plasma membranes of CRF-labeled axon terminals. These results provide the first direct ultrastructural evidence that axon terminals containing CRF-immunoreactivity 1) directly contact catecholamine-containing dendrites within the rostral pole of the LC, 2) may presynaptically modulate other afferents, and 3) are often enveloped by astrocytic processes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The mental‐hygiene approach in a beginning speech course

(1928). The mental‐hygiene approach in a beginning speech course. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 543-553.
Chromophore Reorientation Relative to the Membrane Plane Detected by Time-Resolved Linear Dichroism during the Bacteriorhodopsin Photocycle in Oriented Purple Membrane

Time-resolved linear dichroism measurements on samples of oriented purple membranes enable reorientations in the plane of the membrane to be distinguished from reorientations with respect to the membrane normal. Our measurements reveal reorientation of the transition dipole of the retinylidene chromophore toward the membrane normal by 14° in the M-state. A smaller reorientation (3°) in the same direction is observed in the L-state and possibly as early as the K-state. The purple membrane was oriented in an 11 T magnetic field and immobilized in a polyacrylamide gel. Time-resolved linear dichroism measurements on purple membrane oriented so that pump and probe beams propagate parallel to the membrane plane are highly sensitive to reorientation with respect to the membrane normal due to the initial orientation of the transition dipole at about 67° with respect to the membrane normal. Measurements where pump and probe beams propagate perpendicular to the membrane plane reveal no significant in-plane reorient...
Progress on new high power RF system for lansce DTL

A new 201.25 MHz RF system is being developed for the LANSCE proton drift tube linac (DTL). A planned upgrade will replace parts of the DTL RF system with new generation components. When installed for the LANSCE-R project, the new system will reduce the total number of electron power tubes from twenty-four to seven in the RF power plant. The 3.4 MW final power amplifier will use a Thales TH628 Diacrodereg. This state- of-the-art device eliminates the large anode modulator of the present triode system, and will be driven by a new tetrode intermediate power amplifier. In this mode of operation, this intermediate stage will provide 150 kW of peak power. The first DTL tank requires up to 400 kW of RF power, which will be provided by the same tetrode driver amplifier. A prototype system is being constructed to test components, using some of the infrastructure from previous RF projects. High voltage DC power became available through innovative re-engineering of an installed system. A summary of the design and construction of the intermediate power amplifier will be presented and test results will be summarized.
Analysis of gait event detection algorithms applied to movement data collected on a sloped treadmill

In gait analysis, it is important to report kinematics and kinetic results delimited by specific gait cycle events. In particular, foot-contact and foot-off events are used to define the phases of each stride, and to segment a stream of movement data into discrete, meaningful sections that can be analyzed and compared. In a laboratory environment where adequate force platforms are available, acquiring these events does not pose a problem. However, motion analysis data is also collected outside of this ideal environment and the same need for accurate identification of these events still applies. This paper analyzes several algorithms for identifying gait events from movement data and applies them to treadmill walking. Treadmills pose a challenge to identification algorithms due to the lack of force plate information and the constant motion of the walking surface. A multi-feature algorithm that successfully identifies gait events from treadmill data is developed and tested.
Analysis of 3D unidirectional magnetic photonic crystals

In this paper, the authors demonstrate that the unidirectional behavior of the MPC is also present for realistic 3D structures through the use of the FDTD method. In order to do realistic modeling, we needed to derive a new FDTD formulation for anisotropic lossy materials that can accurately model material discontinuities and maintain long-term stability since the standard FDTD equation for anisotropic media (Schneider, 1993) is invalid at material interfaces. We first present the new FDTD formulation followed by the modeling of the unidirectional MPC. Then the numerical results are discussed.
Comparative analysis of genetic modifiers in Drosophila points to common and distinct mechanisms of pathogenesis among polyglutamine diseases

Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 1 (SCA1) and Huntington's disease (HD) are two polyglutamine disorders caused by expansion of a CAG repeat within the coding regions of the Ataxin-1 and Huntingtin proteins, respectively. While protein folding and turnover have been implicated in polyglutamine disorders in general, many clinical and pathological differences suggest that there are also disease-specific mechanisms. Taking advantage of a collection of genetic modifiers of expanded Ataxin-1-induced neurotoxicity, we performed a comparative analysis in Drosophila models of the two diseases. We show that while some modifier genes function similarly in SCA1 and HD Drosophila models, others have model-specific effects. Surprisingly, certain modifier genes modify SCA1 and HD models in opposite directions, i.e. they behave as suppressors in one case and enhancers in the other. Furthermore, we find that modulation of toxicity does not correlate with alterations in the formation of neuronal intranuclear inclusions. Our results point to potential common therapeutic targets in novel pathways, and to genes and pathways responsible for differences between Ataxin-1 and Huntingtin-induced neurodegeneration.
Raman and Ftir Study of Neutron Irradiated CVD Diamond

Undoped and 10 B doped diamond films were neutron irradiated at a moderately high fluence level (thermal neutron fluence of 1.3 × 10 20 n/cm 2 and a fast neutron (E> 0.1 MeV) fluence of 1.6 × 10 20 n/cm 2 ). The unirradiated, irradiated, irradiated and annealed samples were studied using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. A dependence of radiation induced stress on the initial boron concentration was observed. The radiation induced stress was lower for the undoped samples. Correlations between FTIR and Raman data were found. The radiation damage was removed after annealing, as measured by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy.
Single-phase primary electron spin polarization transfer in spin-trapping reactions

Abstract Time-resolved (TR) ESR was employed to investigate the reaction of diphenylphosphinoyl reactive free radicals with N-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), which were produced by laser flash photolysis (YAG laser, 355 nm) of diphenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl phosphine oxide (DPO). The TR ESR and continuous wave (cw) ESR spectra of the nitroxide spin adduct of diphenylphosphinoyl radicals and PBN were investigated, and both spectra of the adduct show the same hyperfine-splitting and relative line intensities. The TR ESR spectra of the spin adduct as well as the initial diphenylphosphinoyl radicals are absorptively polarized, corresponding to a net electron spin polarization transfer. The requirements for spin polarization transfer in radical addition reactions and the TR and cw ESR spectrum of the spin adduct are discussed.
Time-Temperature-Age Viscoelastic Behavior of Commercial Polymer Blends and Felt Filled Polymers

ABSTRACT This work presents an experimental investigation of creep behavior of polymer blends and felt-filled plastics used to rehabilitate deteriorated sewer pipelines, with emphasis on characterizing the effects of physical aging and temperature. The procedure for finding the aging shift rate μ is based on Struik's protocol and includes a novel method for rotating the data in addition to shifting. The master curve, obtained by Time Temperature Superposition (TTSP), of short-term data is shifted to the desired test temperature and initial age. A novel method is proposed to incorporate data from several specimens into a single averaged master curve and shift factor plot. Long-term behavior of the samples is predicted using the master curve and Effective Time Theory (ETT). The predicted long-term creep behavior is found to be close to the experimentally measured long-term creep behavior.
Mechanisms of repair and remodeling following acute lung injury.

The clinical course of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is quite variable. One of the most fascinating aspects of this syndrome is that patients with severe lung dysfunction that persists for long periods of time can recover a considerable amount, if not all, of their pulmonary function over the ensuing year. 93a Some patients who have physiologic and radiographic lesions of equal initial severity recover extremely rapidly and are able to be extubated within just a few days. These observations raise many questions, including "How is recovery from such a severe injury possible?" "What accounts for the wide dispersion in rates of recovery?" This review considers many aspects of lung repair but, because this is a vast topic that incorporates much of contemporary lung cell biology, the major advances in basic understanding that may be applied to accelerating repair are highlighted. A number of reviews of this subject are available 20,21,58,94a,130a,131,198,210 and more detailed reviews will be cited for each topic, where available.
Neonate Movement Is Synchronized with Adult Speech: Interactional Participation and Language Acquisition

As early as the first day of life, the human neonate moves in precise and sustained segments of movement that are synchronous with the articulated structure of adult speech. These observations suggest a view of development of the infant as a participant at the outset in multiple forms of interactional organization, rather than as an isolate.