cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurohormonal Modulation of the Innate Immune System Is Proinflammatory in the Prehypertensive Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, a Genetic Model of Essential Hypertension

Rationale: Inflammation and autonomic dysfunction contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension. Cholinergic stimulation suppresses innate immune responses. Angiotensin II (Ang II) induces hypertension and is associated with proinflammatory immune responses. Objective: Our goal was to define the innate immune response in a model of genetic hypertension and the influences of cholinergic stimulation and Ang II. Methods and Results: Studies were conducted on 4- to 5-week-old prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and age-matched normotensive control, Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Isolated splenocytes were preexposed to nicotine or Ang II before Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Culture supernatants were tested for cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-10, and IL-6). TLR-mediated cytokine responses were most pronounced with TLR7/8 and TLR9 activation and similar between WKY rats and SHRs. Nicotine and Ang II enhanced this TLR-mediated IL-6 response in prehypertensive SHR splenocytes. In contrast, nicotine suppressed the TLR-mediated IL-6 response in WKY rats, whereas Ang II had no effect. In vivo, nicotine enhanced plasma levels of TLR7/8-mediated IL-6 and IL-1β responses in prehypertensive SHRs but suppressed these responses in WKY rats. Flow cytometry revealed an increase in a CD161+ innate immune cell population, which was enhanced by nicotine in the prehypertensive SHR spleen but not in WKY. Conclusions: There is a pronounced anti-inflammatory nicotinic/cholinergic modulation of the innate immune system in WKY rats, which is reversed in prehypertensive SHRs. The results support the novel concept that neurohormonal regulation of the innate immune system plays a role in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension and provide putative molecular targets for treatment of hypertension. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-47}
Strength and durability of VT1-0 and Fe–18Cr–14Ni powder alloys in high-temperature hydrogen

It is shown that the electric conductivity of VT1-0 and Fe–18Cr–14Ni powder alloys varies within the range 6.3–8.8∙105 S/m and is 3–5 times higher than the conductivity of extensively used YSZ–Ni anode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells. It is shown that the negative influence of high temperatures on the mechanical characteristics of the investigated materials is much stronger than the influence of hydrogen. It is demonstrated that the ultimate strength and fatigue limit of the Fe–18Cr–14Ni material in high-temperature hydrogen are higher than the same characteristics of VT1-0 alloy and close the critical admissible strength (100 MPa) for solid-oxide fuel cells with anode-substrate.
Impact of Climate Change on Estuarine Zooplankton: Surface Water Warming in Long Island Sound Is Associated with Changes in Copepod Size and Community Structure

In coastal ecosystems with decades of eutrophication and other anthropogenic stressors, the impact of climate change on planktonic communities can be difficult to detect. A time series of monthly water temperatures in the Central Basin of Long Island Sound (LIS) from the late 1940s until 2012 indicates a warming rate of 0.03 °C year−1. Relative to the early 1950s, there has been a concurrent decrease in the mean size of the dominant copepod species Acartia tonsa and Acartia hudsonica, an increase in the proportion of the small copepod Oithona sp., and the disappearance of the two largest-sized copepod genera from the 1950s. These changes are consistent with predictions of the impact of climate change on aquatic ectotherms. This suggests that even in eutrophic systems where food is not limiting, a continued increase in temperature could result in a smaller-sized copepod community. Since copepods dominate the zooplankton, which in turn link primary producers and upper trophic levels, a reduction in mean size could alter food web connectivity, decreasing the efficiency of trophic transfer between phytoplankton and endemic larval fish.
Online analysis of development.

The genomics revolution has altered the very nature of research in molecular biology, from how to find genes to how to find out what specific genes do. Given the availability of so many fully (or nearly) sequenced genomes, it is now relatively easy to track down dozens or even hundreds of genes relevant to a particular field of study. Unfortunately, up till now, the tools for determining what these genes actually do in embryos and cells have not kept pace, but the burgeoning field of bioinformatics should help correct this shortcoming and introduce the power of genomics to the study of developmental biology. In this review, some of the bioinformatics resources relevant to developmental biologists are described along with some simple approaches for applying these tools to analyzing early development.
Effect of Mycoplasma synoviae on Egg Quality and Egg Production of Broiler Breeders

Abstract An experiment was conducted to study the effect of Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms.) infection on egg shell strength, Haugh units, and egg production. Results indicate that Ms. infection had no effect on egg shell strength or Haugh units; however, a reduction in egg production of approximately 18% was noted 2 weeks after infection. Egg production for the Ms.-infected hens was significantly lower than that of the control by 1 week after infection and remained significantly lower until 4 weeks after infection.
Study on an Fe–TiC surface composite produced in situ

Abstract An Fe–TiC surface composite, with a thickness of 4.2 mm, consisting of self-lubricant graphites and chromium–carbides was produced in situ on a surface of cast steel by a liquid reaction casting technique. The structure and composition of the Fe–TiC surface composite were studied with the help of a SEM and an electron probe. From the outside in, the concentration of Ti, Cr, Si and Ni took on a gradient distribution and decreased gradually into that of a master-alloy, the morphology of chromium–carbides transformed from strip–chunky into chrysanthemum and make-and-break reticulation in turn. The particle size of TiC was in the range 1–3 μm, the volume fraction of TiC particles was up to 38% in the subsurface layer, and with the distance from the outside increasing, the volume fraction of TiC particles decreased gradually. Under the condition of dry slipping with a heavy load, the Fe–TiC surface composite offers virtually unique wear-resistance.
Bacterial pili: molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis

Gram-negative bacteria produce a diverse array of pili that mediate microbe-microbe and host-pathogen interactions important in the development of disease. The structural and functional characterization of these organelles, particularly their role in triggering signals in both the bacterium and the host upon attachment, has begun to reveal the molecular mechanisms of bacterial diseases.
KANT'S CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE, THE VALUE OF RESPECT, AND THE TREATMENT OF WOMEN

Abstract This paper explores the relevance of Kant's categorical imperative to military ethics and the solution it suggests for improving the treatment of women in the military. The second formulation of the categorical imperative makes universal respect for humanity a moral requirement by asserting that one must always treat other people as means in themselves and never as merely means to an end. This principle is a promising guide for military ethics and can be reconciled with the acts of violence required by war. This paper argues that it can also regulate soldiers’ relations to each other and that it may contribute to reorienting military culture in a way that overcomes the biases against female military personnel.
Population Size, Structural Differentiation, and Human Behavior.

This article reviews evidence which indicates that the sheer size of an urban center has important social and psychological consequences. The size of an urban milieu tends to be associated with the degree of social role differentiation present in the milieu, with larger cities manifesting more structural differentiation. Available literature suggests the size combined with structural differentiation is related to psychological and behavioral variables such as anonymity, deindividuation, deviance, personality development, and competitive-cooperative social interaction strategies.
Fourth International Conference on Ethical Issues in Biomedical Engineering.

The Third International Conference on Ethical Issues in Biomedical Engineering was held in Rochester, New York, June 4-6, 2005, at the Crowne Plaza hotel. Following a welcome by the conference chair, Dr. Subrata Saha, the participants were also formally welcomed by Dr. Alastair Cormack, dean of the School of Engineering, Alfred University, and by Dr. Charles Phelps, the provost of the University of Rochester (Figs. 1 and 2). Welcoming notes from Senator Charles Schumer of New York and Mr. John R. Ryan, acting chancellor of the State University of New York and Vice Admiral, USN (Ret.), were also distributed to the registrants; these are included in the appendix.
Fault Table Computation on GPUs

In this paper, we explore the implementation of fault table generation on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). A fault table is essential for fault diagnosis and fault detection in VLSI testing and debug. Generating a fault table requires extensive fault simulation, with no fault dropping, and is extremely expensive from a computational standpoint. Fault simulation is inherently parallelizable, and the large number of threads that a GPU can operate on in parallel can be employed to accelerate fault simulation, and thereby accelerate fault table generation. Our approach, called GFTABLE, employs a pattern parallel approach which utilizes both bit-parallelism and thread-level parallelism. Our implementation is a significantly modified version of FSIM, which is pattern parallel fault simulation approach for single core processors. Like FSIM, GFTABLE utilizes critical path tracing and the dominator concept to reduce runtime. Further modifications to FSIM allow us to maximally harness the GPU's huge memory bandwidth and high computational power. Our approach does not store the circuit (or any part of the circuit) on the GPU. Efficient parallel reduction operations are implemented in our implementation of GFTABLE. We compare our performance to FSIM*, which is FSIM modified to generate a fault table on a single core processor. Our experiments indicate that GFTABLE, implemented on a single NVIDIA Quadro FX 5800 GPU card, can generate a fault table for 0.5 million test patterns on average 15.68× faster when compared with FSIM*. With the NVIDIA Tesla server, our approach would be potentially 89.57× faster.
Colonial encounters: colonial bodies hygiene and abolitionist politics in eighteenth-century France.

This essay explores the reactions of the French physicians and social commentators in the 18th century to the health experiences of the European and African slave populations in the French West Indies. Specifically it seeks to delineate the extent to which physicians utilized categories of race and class and concepts of pollution and purity to explain the incidence of diseases among Europeans and Africans within the Caribbean tropics. It is noted that towards the close of the 18th century physicians and school commentators drew upon health and hygiene to reinforce specific social agendas in Europe. These two factors encouraged the active separation and segregation between social classes. In contrast such a discourse reflected both the powerful class and racial boundaries within the Antilles colonies. With regard to the Caribbean slave population physicians speculated that their predisposition towards the plethora of pathogenic entities indicated that either the African body was innately predisposed to sickness or that institutions and the tropical surroundings facilitated the occurrence of disease. However on the eve of the French Revolution abolitionist writers believed that the disciplinary functions of dietary and hygienic regimen remained the major tenets for assimilating the potentially liberated African slave.
Immigrants' Progress: Ethnic and Gender Differences among U.S. Immigrants in the 1980s

Using data from the June 1986 and June 1988 Current Population Surveys, we look at differences in occupational achievement, education, occupational prestige, and per capita income among a large number of first-generation immigrant groups. We seek to explore a central question in the debate about the economic prospects of immigrants: do groups convert education into occupational prestige in similar ways? To address this issue, we examine differences in estimated rates of returns to socioeconomic occupational scores for education among immigrant groups. Notwithstanding language difficulties and unfamiliarity with the labor market-characteristics that we could not measure with this dataset-the labor market experiences of higher- skilled immigrants appear not to differ appreciably from that of native whites of native parentage. By contrast, low-skilled immigrants are concentrated in low- level jobs where the structure of employment seems to limit the rewards to additional gains in skill. Assimilation is the grand theme of American immigration research. The classic sociological position, developed by the Chicago school, provided an optimistic counter to the dim assessments of the new immigrants prevalent at the early part of the century. Notwithstanding the marked differences that impressed contemporaries, Park, Burgess, Thomas, and others contended that the new immigrant groups would lose their cultural distinctiveness and move up the occupational hierarchy. Gordon's (1964) now-classic volume distilled the essence of the sociological view: immigrant/ethnic groups start at the bottom and gradually move up; their mobility takes place through individual advancement, not collective action. In the process of moving up, ethnic groups lose their distinctive social
Biomechanical analysis of finger flexor pulley reconstruction

Fifty cadaver digits were used to study the mechanical properties of five different methods of pulley reconstruction and the effectiveness of three different pulley reconstructive arrangements in restoring a normal relationship between tendon excursion and joint motion. All reconstructed pulleys showed less stiffness and more displacement before failure than normal intact pulleys. Although reconstruction using a length of another tendon woven through the remaining fibrous rim of the pulley and both double and triple tendon graft loops around bone absorbed more energy to failure than a normal pulley, only the triple loop around bone could withstand as much load before failure as a normal pulley. No reconstruction restored a normal tendon excursion/joint motion relationship, but reconstruction of the A2 and A4 pulleys restored a more normal relationship than either the “belt loop” reconstruction or a combination belt loop, A2 and A4 reconstruction.
Spontaneous radiative dissociation in molecular hydrogen

Abstract The spontaneous radiative dissociations of the discrete vibrational levels of the B 1 Σ + u electronic states of H 2 , HD and D 2 of the C 1 Π u electronic state of H 2 into the vibrational continuum of the ground X 1 Σ + g state are calculated as a function of the emission wavelength. The fluorescent spectra of HD in the Lyman system and of H 2 in the Werner system resulting from an excitation source uniform in wavelength are predicted. The vibrational radiative lifetimes are tabulated as are the fractions of radiative decays that lead to dissociation. The effects of centrifugal distortion are discussed briefly. An appendix describes a sum rule used to check the numerical accuracy of the calculations.
Uracil and the tautomer 4‐hydroxyuracil: An ab initio study with geometry optimization

Ab initioSTO-3G geometries and relative energies for uracil (U) and the tautomer 4-hydroxyuracil (U*) were obtained with the HONDO program utilizing the rapidly convergent method of Murtaugh and Sargent for geometry optimization. ΔE for U⇄U* is 6.61 kcal/mole. The reaction field continuum model for solvent effect indicates a preferential stabilization of U* by 1.0 kcal/mole. The calculated gas phase Kt and solution Kt for U⇄U* are 1.44×10−5 and 1.3×10−4, respectively.
Structure and Morphology of Helicene Fibers

Nonracemic helicene 1 when cooled from the melt organizes itself into macroscopic liquid crystalline fibers. Transmission electron microscopic analysis shows that the fibers are comprised of lamellae 50−200 nm wide, each only ca. 10 nm high. Analyses by X-ray and electron diffraction demonstrate that the molecules are organized in hexagonally packed columns. Polarized light microscopy reveals that the columns are stacked so that their long axes parallel the long axes of the fibers. In ultrathin films, the alkyl side chains organize themselves further as in crystalline alkanes.
Assessment of the contemporary management of germ cell malignancies of the ovary

Abstract Fortunately germ cell cancers of the ovary are infrequent. Modern therapy has changed an almost universally fatal disease to one that is highly curable. Consecutive surgical procedures and intensive short-term chemotherapy appears to be the treatment of choice. In this young population subsequent pregnancies are a reality. Contemporary management is discussed.
Novel method to characterize primary cultures of leiomyoma and myometrium with the use of confirmatory biomarker gene arrays.

Objective To develop a rapid biomarker method for confirming that leiomyoma and myometrium primary cultures maintain the molecular phenotype of the progenitor tissues. Design Confirmation of primary cultures from leiomyoma and myometrium tissues. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) Women undergoing hysterectomy for symptomatic leiomyomas. Intervention(s) Primary cell cultures, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), microarray, real time RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. Main Outcome Measure Relative messenger RNA and protein expression in leiomyoma and myometrial cell cultures. Result(s) We developed primary cell cultures from human leiomyoma and patient-matched myometrium obtained from hysterectomy specimens. In the primary cultures, we confirmed the presence of smooth muscle-specific α-actin as well as filamentous actin. Based on microarray analysis, we expected and confirmed, in the progenitor tissue and derived primary cultures, an overexpression of versican (8.31 fold ± 2.2 SEM and 4.3 fold ± 1.01 SEM, respectively), transforming growth factor beta-3 (5.66 fold ± 0.82 SEM and 4.92 fold ± 0.58 SEM, respectively), and cytochrome P450-26A1 (6.76 fold ± 0.80 SEM and 6.17 fold ± 2.02 SEM, respectively), and an underexpression of dermatopontin (−5.6 fold ± 1.82 SEM and −3.41 ± 1.20 SEM, respectively). Conclusion(s) Primary cell cultures offer a reliable in vitro model system for leiomyoma disease, if confirmed. Analysis of a gene array that distinguishes between myometrium and leiomyoma molecular phenotypes offers a rapid and reliable confirmation method, and provides confidence that in vitro findings resemble in vivo disease.
Income and Power Inequality as Determinants of Environmental and Health Outcomes: Some Findings*

Objective. The article corrects for two main shortcomings in conventional economic analyses of environmental change. First is the overemphasis placed on income growth, and general disregard for other socioeconomic factors. Second is economists' often oversimplified view of the environment, where distinctions between environmental necessities such as potable water and so-called environmental luxuries are ignored. I test for the effectiveness of power inequality in explaining access to sanitation and safe water as well as their health consequences. Methods. I develop a two-stage model seeking first to explain changes in the environmental variables and then population health. I employ ordinary least squares regressions on international cross-sectional data. Results. Some dimensions of power inequality outperform per-capita income as possible determinants of population health. Neither power inequality nor income is clearly superior at explaining environmental quality. Conclusion. The study casts further doubt on the importance of per-capita income in explaining environmental and health outcomes.
The occurrence of metastasis outside the abdomen and retroperitoneal space in invasive carcinoma of the cervix

Abstract In this study, 1142 cases of carcinoma of the cervix were reviewed for distant metastasis, especially to bone; 498 in situ lesions were not included. Of the 644 remaining cases of invasive carcinoma, there were 29 cases of remote metastases; 15 were to the lung, and 12 were to bone, an incidence of 1.8%. No bony metastasis was found at initial staging and diagnosis. The earliest discovery of bone metastasis was 8 months after diagnosis, with most occurring between 1 and 3 years. Routine bone survey is not recommended as part of staging examination. Recommendations are made to discover distant metastatic lesions in invasive cervical carcinoma.
Current Management of Transposition of the Great Arteries: Immediate Septostomy, Occasional Prostaglandin Infusion, and Early Senning Operations

Abstract Between January, 1979, and September, 1982, 30 infants with dextro(D)-transposition of the great arteries were managed with the Senning procedure for transposition of ventricular inflow. In 11 infants under 6 months of age, there were no associated cardiac malformations and no hospital deaths. Among 17 infants operated on between the ages of 6 and 12 months, 6 had associated cardiac malformations, and there were 2 hospital deaths. Two infants in the series were over 12 months of age; 1 had an associated malformation, and there were no hospital deaths. Analysis of cardiac rhythms in the postoperative period demonstrates that the first 2 patients operated on continue to have persistent junctional escape rhythm, while the remaining 26 survivors are in sinus rhythm. Twenty-four-hour Holter monitoring performed in 24 patients showed only 9 patients to be in sinus rhythm throughout the entire recording period. Seven patients had occasional atrial and ventricular premature contractions; the remainder had episodes of sinus arrest with junctional escape rhythm. Evidence of pulmonary caval or pulmonary venous obstruction has not appeared in any patient. Recently introduced technical modifications to the Mustard procedure have improved the results of that operation in regard to rhythm disturbances and baffle obstruction to venous return. This series, therefore, does not demonstrate superiority of the Senning procedure over the Mustard procedure. However, since results comparable to those of the Mustard procedure can be obtained in very young infants using the Senning operation along with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest, the Senning procedure is deemed preferable to the Mustard procedure for this age group because of the ease with which it can be performed and because the procedure eliminates surgical judgment, and thereby surgical error, in the location of suture lines.
Maturational Changes in Dermal Absorption of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in Fischer 344 Rats

Abstract An earlier study indicated that percutaneous absorption of a 40-nmol dose of TCDD decreased with aging in rats, suggesting that the potential for systemic exposure following dermal contact would be decreased in older age groups. In this study, maturational changes in potential for systemic exposure to TCDD following dermal application of a low dose (200 pmol) of this chemical were examined in male Fischer 344 rats. Absorption, tissue distribution, and elimination of TCDD, measured as TCDD-derived radioactivity, were examined 72 hr after dermal application of 200 pmol [3H]TCDD (111 pmol/cm2 applied over 1.8 cm2) to the interscapular region of 3-, 5-, 8-, 10-, and 36-week-old rats. The dose was applied in 60 μl acetone and the application site was covered with a perforated metal cap; animals were held in individual metabolism cages. Dermal absorption was greatest in 3-week-old rats (∼129 pmol; ∼64% of the administered dose), decreasing to approximately 80 pmol (∼40%) in 5-, 8-, and 10-week-old rats and to 45 pmol (∼22%) in 36-week-old rats. In each age group, 70 to 80% of the radioactivity remaining at the application site 72 hr after dosing could be removed with acetone swabs. Major tissue depots of radioactivity were liver and fat; skin and muscle were minor depots. Changes in distribution of absorbed TCDD-derived radioactivity reflected changes in body mass of these depots; however, tissue concentration also varied. Whole body dissection was performed on rats to determine body mass of tissue depots. Adipose tissue content (Y) increased linearly with body weight (X), Y = 0.03X + 2.1 (r2 0.95). Elimination of absorbed TCDD-derived radioactivity was incomplete in all age groups with larger residues being recovered in the carcass. Results indicate that TCDD is absorbed to a greater degree through skin of very young animals and that a significant decrease in potential for systemic exposure may occur during maturation and again during aging.
Applications of FASTBUS to Beam Diagnostics and Experiment Data Systems

A five-year effort by the North American NIM Committee, in collaboration with the ESONE Committee of European Laboratories, has resulted in a specification for the FASTBUS modular, high-speed data-acquisition system. The system is designed around an emitter-coupled logic (ECL) 32-bit data bus for asynchronous data transmission at 100 ns per transaction. Initial applications of FASTBUS will be in experiment data systems at accelerator facilities worldwide--beam diagnostic data systems on the accelerator side and particle-beam experiment data systems in the experimental area. As the specification (and the resulting hardware and software) matures, real-time machine-control applications will become possible. The FASTBUS specification has been proposed to the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) for standardization in the United States (IEEE-P960), and the specification will be submitted to the international standards bodies for standardization on a worldwide scale in the near future. The details of the new standard are discussed by Costrell and Dawson at this conference. This paper will discuss the near-term use of FASTBUS in accelerator beam-diagnostics instrumentation systems, where an extra increment in system throughput and front-end processing speed can produce a greater understanding of the physical phenomena under study. The arguments and conclusions may be equally well applied to other similar data-handling problems requiring high bandwidth in the data system.
Pulsed laser deposited Nb doped TiO2 as a transparent conducting oxide

Abstract Nb doped TiO 2 (Nb:TiO 2 ) is a promising indium-free transparent conducting oxide. We have examined the growth of Nb:TiO 2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on SrTiO 3 , LaAlO 3 , and fused silica. For oriented anatase Nb:TiO 2 films grown on SrTiO 3 by PLD at 550 °C, the conductivity can be as high as 2500 S/cm. A nearly thickness independent conductivity for Nb:TiO 2 demonstrates that the conductivity is a bulk property and not a substrate interface effect. In addition, Nb:TiO 2 films deposited at room temperature were annealed at temperatures up to 750 °C in either vacuum or 1.3 × 10 − 3 Pa O 2 . For these films, conductivities as high as 3300 S/cm on SrTiO 3 and 85 S/cm on LaAlO 3 substrates were obtained for the highest temperature vacuum anneals, albeit with some loss in transparency.
On the existence of a single temperature in continuum thermodynamics

A global hypothesis involving the heat flux and the entropy flux is shown to be equivalent to the existence of temperature.
Characterization of a novel cis-element that regulates Fas ligand expression in corneal endothelial cells.

Constitutively expressed Fas ligand in the cornea, Sertoli cell of the testes, Paneth cell of the intestines, and Clara cell of the airway protect surrounding parenchymal tissue by inducing apoptosis of Fas+ immune cells during inflammatory reactions. Indeed, the action of corneal Fas ligand has been suggested to facilitate successful allogeneic cornea transplantation. To study the transcriptional regulation of Fas ligand in the eye, we employed an immortalized mouse corneal endothelial cell line (C3H3) that constitutively expresses Fas ligand. By deletion analysis of the mouse Fas ligand promoter, gel mobility shift assays, and site-directed mutagenesis, we found that a TCCT motif located −299 base pairs upstream from the transcriptional start site served as a major positive regulatory cis-element in C3H3 cells. In contrast, this element was not required for Fas ligand transcriptional activity in Sertoli cells and airway epithelial cells. By UV cross-linking analysis, we found that an ∼30-kDa corneal nuclear protein binds to the Fas ligand promoter TCCT box and, thus, likely plays an important role in Fas ligand expression in corneal endothelial cells.
Ahemeral Light-Dark Cycles and Intermittent Photoperiod Effects on Laying Hens,

Abstract To compare the effects of using continuous (C) vs. intermittent (I) photoperiods with normal (24 hr) and a long but decreasing light-dark cycle (LDLDC) on production performance and egg quality, 240 White Leghorn hens of the University of Missouri-Columbia strain were individually caged in light-controlled rooms. Treatments applied at 21 weeks of age were 1) light-dark cycles (LDC) of 25 hr gradually reduced to 23.5 hr with C or I photoperiods, and 2) 24-hr LDC (controls); C or I photoperiods were gradually increased from 13.75 to 16 hr for the 25- to 23.5-hr LDC, and from 13.75 to 15 hr for the 24-hr LDC. Data were obtained on hen-day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, egg specific gravity, Haugh units, feed consumption, and feed efficiency. Hen-day egg production was significantly greater (P .05) by LDC or photoperiod treatments.
Within-team Patterns of Communication and Referral in Multimodal Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients by an Integrative Care Team

Background: Nonspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a highly prevalent and costly public health problem with few treatment options that provide consistent and greater than modest benefits. Treatment of CLBP is shifting from unimodal to multimodal and multidisciplinary approaches, including biopsychosocially-based complementary and integrative care. Multidisciplinary approaches require unique levels of communication and coordination amongst clinicians; however, to date few studies have evaluated patterns of communication and decision making amongst clinicians collaborating in the care of challenging patients with CLBP. Methods: As part of an observational study evaluating the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an integrative, team-based care model for the treatment of CLBP, we used multiple qualitative research methods to characterize within-team cross-referral and communication amongst jointly-trained practitioners representing diverse biomedical and complementary disciplines. Patterns of communi...
The effect of processing parameters on glass fiber birefringence development and relaxation

Abstract Birefringence of oxide glass fibers drawn from glass melts through an orifice has been detected previously [H. Stockhorst, R. Bruckner, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 49 (1982) 471; H. Stockhorst, R. Bruckner, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 86 (1985) 105.] This birefringence is a measure of anisotropy in glass structure that can influence fiber performance properties. Birefringence is produced during fiber drawing as the fiber is rapidly stretched in the viscoelastic glass transition range. The birefringence is `frozen' into the glass during rapid cooling. With a simple drawing apparatus using Borosilicate glass (Corning code 7740) preforms, we produce glass fibers for a range of process conditions and measure their as-drawn birefringence. The development of birefringence in glass fibers is found to depend on the amount of deformation, the deformation rate, and temperature. Results for various process parameters show that increasing draw ratio, increasing elongation rate, and decreasing draw temperature increase birefringence. Post-process annealing is used to examine the time and temperature dependent glass fiber birefringence relaxation. Birefringence is found to completely relax in the temperature range close to the glass transition range as expected, but it is also noted that birefringence shows substantial (although incomplete) relaxation in a temperature range well below the glass transition. This low temperature relaxation indicates that the relaxation process may be due to a distribution of relaxation times. A modified stretched exponential and a pair of Jeffrey elements in parallel are used to describe this distribution and capture birefringence relaxation in a wide range of temperatures below the glass transition range.
Learning in children and sleep disordered breathing: Findings of the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea (TuCASA) Prospective Cohort Study

We examined the relationship between nocturnal respiratory disturbance and learning and compared learning in children with and without nocturnal respiratory disturbance. Subjects were 149 participants in a prospective cohort study examining sleep in children ages 6-12: The Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA). Sleep was assessed via home polysomnography. Intelligence, learning and memory, and academic achievement were assessed. Parents rated attention. Group comparisons were used to test the hypothesis that the group with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 5 or more (n = 77) would have weaker performance than the group with AHI less than 5 (n = 72). The group with AHI of 5 or more had weaker learning and memory though differences between groups decreased when arousals were taken into account. There was a greater percentage of Stage 1 sleep in the AHI 5 or more group, and Stage 1 percentage was negatively related to learning and memory in the sample (n = 149). There were negative relationships between AHI and immediate recall, Full Scale IQ, Performance IQ, and math achievement. Hypoxemia was associated with lower Performance IQ. Thus, findings suggest that nocturnal respiratory disturbance is associated with decreased learning in otherwise healthy children, that sleep fragmentation adversely impacts learning and memory, and that hypoxemia adversely influences nonverbal skills.
Asymmetric current–voltage characteristics of molecular junctions containing bipolar molecules

Abstract The asymmetric current–voltage ( I–V ) curves are computed for a conjugated biphenyl–bipirimidine diblock oligomer with two thiol end groups sandwiched between Au(1 1 1) electrode surfaces. The method is based on density functional theory and self-consistently determines the electronic structure of the molecule coupled to the gold electrodes with varied electrochemical potentials. Spatial asymmetry in the molecule is found to be essential in generating the I–V asymmetry.
A Novel Approach to Reconnaissance using Cooperative Mobile Sensor Nodes

This paper proposes search algorithms utilizing multiple mobile sensor nodes (MSN). Our goal is to minimize the total search time in a given search area while enabling cooperation among the MSNs and tolerating possible failures of one or more MSNs. We first describe a Lane Based Search (LBS) strategy in which each mobile sensor node is in charge of a subarea called a lane. We then propose and analyze two distributed synchronization schemes, namely Alternating Column Synchronization (ACS) and Strict Line Synchronization (SLS), which are essential for co-operation and fault tolerance to MSN failures. Simulations were performed to evaluate their performances in terms of the total search time. We show through simulation results and numerical analysis that strict line synchronization with appropriate parameters outperforms alternating column synchronization.
Notes on the Length, the Structure and the Cardinality of a Chain

For a linearly ordered set (Z,≤) the length l(Z) of Z is the supremum of all cardinals that can be order-embedded or reverse order-embedded into Z. In this paper we give new proofs of two theorems relating the length and the cardinality of Z. The first one sets the following general inequality: |Z|≤2l(Z). The second one says that in the case that Z is a scattered chain (i.e. it does not contain rationals) we have |Z|=2l(Z).
Educational Goals and Reflective Thinking

(1984). Educational Goals and Reflective Thinking. The Educational Forum: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 74-95.
The Intraosseous Blood Supply of the Fifth Metatarsal: Implications for Proximal Fracture Healing

Fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal can be divided into two distinct groups based on anatomical location and clinical course. Fractures of the tuberosity often heal well with nonoperative treatment, whereas fractures occurring in the proximal diaphysis (up to 1.5 cm distal to the tuberosity) have significantly increased risk for delayed union or nonunion. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the intraosseous vascular anatomy of the fifth metatarsal, and the clinical implications for basilar fracture healing. Ten fresh-frozen amputation or cadaver specimens were studied following arterial injection with India ink or barium sulfate suspension. The intraosseous blood supply to the fifth metatarsal tuberosity arose from numerous metaphyseal vessels penetrating the nonarticular surfaces of the tuberosity in a random, radiate pattern. The blood supply to the proximal diaphysis was derived primarily from the nutrient artery, which gave rise to longitudinal intramedullary branches. The arterial supply to the tuberosity joined the supply of the proximal diaphysis in the area just distal to the tuberosity, corresponding to the region of poor prognosis for fracture healing. This suggests that a relative lack of blood supply following a proximal diaphyseal fracture may contribute to delayed union and nonunion.
Interpretation of Nd, Sr and Pb isotope data from Archean migmatites in Lofoten-Vesterålen, Norway

Sm-Nd data for the Archean granulite and amphibolite facies migmatites of Langoy and Hinnoy in Vesteralen are presented which indicate that their protoliths formed ∼2.6 AE ago. Rubidium and U loss during a granulite facies metamorphism at ∼1.8 AE caused serious disturbance of total-rock U-Pb and Rb-Sr systems. Therefore these systems do not provide any precise age information for the granulite facies migmatites. For the amphibolite facies migmatites of Vesteralen both Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and Pb-Pb total-rock systems give model ages of ∼2.6 AE. The results on both granulite and amphibolite facies rocks are thus in agreement. Previous interpretations based on Pb-Pb data, which indicated an age of 3.41 AE for the Archean terrane of Vesteralen, are not valid. One Sm-Nd model age from the granulite facies migmatites at Moskenesoy in Lofoten indicates that the protoliths of these migmatites formed ∼2.0 AE ago and are thus not related to the Vesteralen migmatites.
Extending the BT NAS parallel benchmark to exascale computing

The NAS Parallel Benchmarks (NPB) are a well-known suite of benchmarks that proxy scientific computing applications. They specify several problem sizes that represent how such applications may run on different sizes of HPC systems. However, even the largest problem (class F) is still far too small to exercise properly a petascale supercomputer. Our work shows how one may scale the Block Tridiagonal (BT) NPB from today's published size to petascale and exascale computing systems. In this paper we discuss the pros and cons of various ways of scaling. We discuss how scaling BT would impact computation, memory access, and communications, and highlight the expected bottleneck, which turns out to be not memory or communication bandwidth, but network latency. Two complementary ways are presented to overcome latency obstacles. We also describe a practical method to gather approximate performance data for BT at exascale on actual hardware, without requiring an exascale system.
Linear theory of the response of a two layer ocean to a moving hurricane

Abstract This paper describes the linear response of an inviscid two‐layer model of a deep ocean on an f‐plane to a hurricane translating across the surface at constant speed. The forcing is a localized, radially‐symmetric pattern of positive wind stress curl and negative pressure anomaly. Only the steady state response is considered. The principal result is the identification of an internal wake in the lee of the storm, present when the translation speed of the storm exceeds the baroclinic long wave speed. The amplitude of the wake depends on the length of time over which the stress is experienced at a given point. The angle of the wedge filled by the wake is small, an effect due to the fact that the scale of a hurricane is typically larger than the baroclinic radius of deformation. After the wake disperses, a geostrophically balanced baroclinic ridge remains along the storm track.
Life Stress and Major Depression

People have long believed that adversity and stress contribute to emotional problems in general and to depression in particular. A considerable body of research has supported this intuition, documenting a consistent association between major stressful life events and the onset of clinical depression. However, most individuals under stress do not become depressed, sometimes depression develops without prior stress, and distinguishing psychological distress from major depression can be diagnostically challenging. In varying forms and degrees, life stress may play multiple roles in relation to major depression. In this article, we outline the opportunities and obstacles associated with conceptualizing depression from a life-stress perspective and discuss the implications for future research.
Analytical modeling of localized surface plasmon resonance in heterostructure copper sulfide nanocrystals

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in semiconductor nanocrystals is a relatively new field of investigation that promises greater tunability of plasmonic properties compared to metal nanoparticles. A novel process by which the LSPR in semiconductor nanocrystals can be altered is through heterostructure formation arising from solution-based cation exchange. Herein, we describe the development of an analytical model of LSPR in heterostructure copper sulfide-zinc sulfide nanocrystals synthesized via a cation exchange reaction between copper sulfide (Cu1.81S) nanocrystals and Zn ions. The cation exchange reaction produces dual-interface, heterostructure nanocrystals in which the geometry of the copper sulfide phase can be tuned from a sphere to a thin disk separating symmetrically-grown sulfide (ZnS) grains. Drude model electronic conduction and Mie-Gans theory are applied to describe how the LSPR wavelength changes during cation exchange, taking into account the morphology evolution and changes to the local permittivity. The results of the modeling indicate that the presence of the ZnS grains has a significant effect on the out-of-plane LSPR mode. By comparing the results of the model to previous studies on solid-solid phase transformations of copper sulfide in these nanocrystals during cation exchange, we show that the carrier concentration is independent of the copper vacancy concentration dictated by its atomic phase. The evolution of the effective carrier concentration calculated from the model suggests that the out-of-plane resonance mode is dominant. The classical model was compared to a simplified quantum mechanical model which suggested that quantum mechanical effects become significant when the characteristic size is less than ∼8 nm. Overall, we find that the analytical models are not accurate for these heterostructured semiconductor nanocrystals, indicating the need for new model development for this emerging field.
Annual Review 2004

I want to express sincere thanks to a number of people who contribute to the success of the Journal. First of all, let me thank all members of ASCE for their continuing support. Membership in ASCE is a mark of support for excellence in hydraulic engineering. Most active hydraulic engineers are members of ASCE and we are proud of their endorsement. I would also like to take the opportunity to thank all volunteers of the ASCE organization. The activities of our volunteers through numerous task committees are effectively the brain and blood of our organization. I want to congratulate and welcome those who joined ASCE this year. We are seeking to extend the membership privileges to a larger number of professionals nationwide and abroad. A comprehensive list of JHE reviewers is presented at the end of this issue. The list includes all those who reviewed articles during a 12-month period starting July 2003, and we hope we did not forget anyone. After 3 years as Editor, I really appreciate the time commitment and effort made by the reviewers of the Journal. The reputation of the journal depends largely on the highquality reviews that we receive. The importance of the peerreview system and the role of external reviewers in improving the readability of all manuscripts cannot be overstated. This year, we want to specifically thank the following reviewers for their outstanding reviews: Jim L. Best, University of Leeds; George Christodoulou, National Technical University of Athens; Kenneth B. Edwards, LMNO Engineering, Research, and Software, Ltd.; Randall W. Gentry, University of Tennessee; Nickitas Georgas, HydroQual, Inc.; Christine Lauchlan, HR Wallingford Ltd; A. M. Wasantha Lal, South Florida Water Management District; Foo-Hoat Lim, Angkasa Consulting Services SDN BHD; Timothy B. Maddux, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Erik Mosselman, WL/Delft Hydraulics, and Ian Ruthven Wood, University of Canterbury. These individuals are recognized for providing particularly thorough and helpful reviews to the Editorial Board this year. The role of the Editorial Board in ensuring quality reviews for our articles is also important. I appreciate all the support and commitment of Associate Editors in handling timely reviews on a continuous basis. The significant amount of time they volunteer to seek the best possible articles for the Journal is paramount to our success. This year, the Editorial Board met the challenge of reviewing a large number of high-quality manuscripts. We are con-
Characterization of Partially Sulfonated Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene Thin Films for Spectroelectrochemical Sensing

The spectroelectrochemical sensor uses thin, solid polyelectrolyte films as an essential element in its operation. In this work we explored the potential of partially sulfonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SSEBS) thin polymer films for chemical sensing. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was used to measure optical and surface properties of the air-dried and hydrated material. SSEBS incorporates a relatively small amount of water (overall change of 25%) mainly determined by the complex dynamics of the film. The decrease in the refractive index after complete hydration of the film can be predicted based on the magnitude of swelling using effective medium approximation models. Adhesion of the material on various surfaces (glass, indium tin oxide, gold) was evaluated with the tape peel-off method. The ability of the SSEBS material to preconcentrate cations was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, absorbance, and luminescence measurements using model analytes (Ru(bpy)32+, phenosafrani...