cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron bubbles and Weyl fermions in chiral superfluid He 3 -A

Electrons embedded in liquid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ form mesoscopic bubbles with large radii compared to the interatomic distance between $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms, voids of ${N}_{\text{bubble}}\ensuremath{\approx}200$ $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ atoms, generating a negative ion with a large effective mass that scatters thermal excitations. Electron bubbles in chiral superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ also provide a local probe of the ground state. We develop a scattering theory of Bogoliubov quasiparticles by negative ions embedded in $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ that incorporates the broken symmetries of $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$, particularly broken symmetries under time reversal and mirror symmetry in a plane containing the chiral axis $\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\mathbf{l}}$. Multiple scattering by the ion potential, combined with branch conversion scattering by the chiral order parameter, leads to a spectrum of Weyl fermions bound to the ion that support a mass current circulating the electron bubble---a mesoscopic realization of chiral edge currents in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ films. A consequence is that electron bubbles embedded in $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$ acquire angular momentum, $\mathbf{L}\ensuremath{\approx}\ensuremath{-}({N}_{\text{bubble}}/2)\ensuremath{\hbar}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\mathbf{l}}$, inherited from the chiral ground state. We extend the scattering theory to calculate the forces on a moving electron bubble, both the Stokes drag and a transverse force, ${\mathbf{F}}_{\text{W}}=\frac{e}{c}\mathbf{v}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathbf{B}}_{\text{W}}$, defined by an effective magnetic field, ${\mathbf{B}}_{\text{W}}\ensuremath{\propto}\stackrel{\ifmmode \hat{}\else \^{}\fi{}}{\mathbf{l}}$, generated by the scattering of thermal quasiparticles off the spectrum of Weyl fermions bound to the moving ion. The transverse force is responsible for the anomalous Hall effect for electron bubbles driven by an electric field reported by the RIKEN group. Our results for the scattering cross section, drag, and transverse forces on moving ions are compared with experiments and shown to provide a quantitative understanding of the temperature dependence of the mobility and anomalous Hall angle for electron bubbles in normal and superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}\text{\ensuremath{-}}A$. We also discuss our results in relation to earlier work on the theory of negative ions in superfluid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.
Impositions and Fatuities by Classes and Colors

This chapter provides an outline of the historical evolvement of social class and racial stratifications in the Americas. The emergence of independent Black churches is approached through an understanding of race and class relations in America. Some background is given as to why color-conscious sentiments and interrelations in Savannah evolved somewhat differently than other cities in the South which contributed to the precocious development of Black churches and leadership in that city.
Midpregnancy Marriage and Divorce: Why the Death of Shotgun Marriage Has Been Greatly Exaggerated

Conventional wisdom holds that births following the colloquially termed “shotgun marriage”—that is, births to parents who married between conception and the birth—are nearing obsolescence. To investigate trends in shotgun marriage, we matched North Carolina administrative data on nearly 800,000 first births among white and black mothers to marriage and divorce records. We found that among married births, midpregnancy-married births (our preferred term for shotgun-married births) have been relatively stable at about 10 % over the past quarter-century while increasing substantially for vulnerable population subgroups. In 2012, among black and white less-educated and younger women, midpregnancy-married births accounted for approximately 20 % to 25 % of married first births. The increasing representation of midpregnancy-married births among married births raises concerns about well-being among at-risk families because midpregnancy marriages may be quite fragile. Our analysis revealed, however, that midpregnancy marriages were more likely to dissolve only among more advantaged groups. Of those groups considered to be most at risk of divorce—namely, black women with lower levels of education and who were younger—midpregnancy marriages had the same or lower likelihood of divorce as preconception marriages. Our results suggest an overlooked resiliency in a type of marriage that has only increased in salience.
Of 20,376 Lumbar Discectomies, 2.6% of Patients Readmitted Within 30 Days: Surgical Site Infection, Pain, and Thromboembolic Events Are the Most Common Reasons for Readmission.

STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of prospectively collected data. OBJECTIVE As an initial effort to address readmissions after lumbar discectomy, reasons for hospital readmission are identified and discussed. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Lumbar discectomy is a commonly performed procedure. The Affordable Care Act codifies penalties for hospital readmissions. New quality-based reimbursements tied to readmissions call for a better understanding of the causes of readmission after procedures such as lumbar discectomy. METHODS Lumbar discectomies performed in 2012 to 2014 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patient demographics, surgical variables, and reasons for readmissions within 30 days were recorded. Pearson chi square was used to compare rates of demographics and surgical variables between readmitted and nonreadmitted patients. Multivariate regression was used to identify risk factors for readmission. RESULTS Of 20,376 lumbar discectomies, 533 patients (2.62%) were readmitted within 30 days of surgery. The most common reasons for readmission were surgical site infections (n = 130, 0.64% of all discectomies, 24.4% of all readmissions), followed by pain issues (n = 89, 0.44%, 16.7%), and thromboembolic events (43, 0.21%, 8.1%). Overall time to readmission was 13.0 ± 8.0 days (mean ± standard deviation). Factors most associated with readmission after lumbar discectomy were higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class (relative risk = 1.49, P < 0.001) and prolonged operative time (relative risk = 1.41, P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Surgical site infection, postoperative pain, and thromboembolic events were the most common reasons for readmission after lumbar discectomy. These findings identify potential areas for quality improvement initiatives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
Pulmonary Innate Immune Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The advent of antiretroviral therapy has transformed infection by the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a rapidly fatal disease to a chronic illness with excellent long-term survival rates. Although HIV primarily targets the adaptive arm of host immunity, it simultaneously impacts the innate immune system, and has profound implications for lung health, even when viral suppression is achieved with antiretroviral therapy. The lung has evolved a unique array of innate immune defenses, and the pathophysiological interactions between HIV and the pulmonary innate immune system deserve particular attention. In this review, we discuss work that elucidates how the components of innate immunity both respond to and are perturbed by infection with HIV.
Introduction: Queering the Hermit

Queering Richard Rolle considers how Rolle navigates queer, eremitic conduct in order to create an identity always in process. I examine three aspects of Rolle’s thinking throughout this work: his ontology, phenomenology, and sound ecology. These three aspects of his oeuvre invoke both a way of understanding being in the world, an opening up of the body in queer ways to experience the divine, and a way to consider divine contemplation in terms of singing the body.
Investigation of plant water use in the Great Basin, NV

Investigation of Plant Water Use in the Great Basin, NV by Benjamin Conrad Dr. Dale Devitt, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Soil and Water Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas Global climate change in addition to a growing population can have a strong impact on our natural resources. In particular, cities in the semi-arid and arid southwestern US are currently faced with the challenge of providing sustainable fresh water to a growing population. In Las Vegas, dwindling water levels in Lake Mead have forced water managers to seek water resources from Spring Valley and Snake Valley, NV, which are located 402 km north of the city. The goals of this research were to investigate the water use of shrubs located in these valleys by using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) to scale up energy balance components (needed to close a water balance) from the canopy level and to determine the potential impacts of altering the water source available to these native vegetation communities. Due to proposed groundwater pumping to Las Vegas, we focused mainly on the facultative phreatophytic shrub Sarcobatus vermiculatus (greasewood). Phreatophytic shrubs have a large tap root that accesses ground water within a phreatophytic zone directly above the water table, and they are characterized by being either obligate (living almost entirely off of
Initial pulse of Siberian Traps sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction.

Mass extinction events are short-lived and characterized by catastrophic biosphere collapse and subsequent reorganization. Their abrupt nature necessitates a similarly short-lived trigger, and large igneous province magmatism is often implicated. However, large igneous provinces are long-lived compared to mass extinctions. Therefore, if large igneous provinces are an effective trigger, a subinterval of magmatism must be responsible for driving deleterious environmental effects. The onset of Earth’s most severe extinction, the end-Permian, coincided with an abrupt change in the emplacement style of the contemporaneous Siberian Traps large igneous province, from dominantly flood lavas to sill intrusions. Here we identify the initial emplacement pulse of laterally extensive sills as the critical deadly interval. Heat from these sills exposed untapped volatile-fertile sediments to contact metamorphism, likely liberating the massive greenhouse gas volumes needed to drive extinction. These observations suggest that large igneous provinces characterized by sill complexes are more likely to trigger catastrophic global environmental change than their flood basalt- and/or dike-dominated counterparts. Although the mass end-Permian extinction is linked to large igneous provinces, its trigger remains unclear. Here, the authors propose that the abrupt change from flood lavas to sills resulted in the heating of sediments and led to the release of large-scale greenhouse gases to drive the end-Permian extinction.
American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Position Paper on the Use of Telemedicine for Allergists

The integration of telecommunications and information systems in health care first began 4 decades ago with 500 patient consultations performed via interactive television. The use of telemedicine services and technology to deliver health care at a distance is increasing exponentially. Concomitant with this rapid expansion is the exciting ability to provide enhancements in quality and safety of care. Telemedicine enables increased access to care, improvement in health outcomes, reduction in medical costs, better resource use, expanded educational opportunities, and enhanced collaboration between patients and physicians. These potential benefits should be weighed against the risks and challenges of using telemedicine. The American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology advocates for incorporation of meaningful and sustained use of telemedicine in allergy and immunology practice. This article serves to offer policy and position statements of the use of telemedicine pertinent to the allergy and immunology subspecialty.
SDF-1α (Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α) Induces Cardiac Fibroblasts, Renal Microvascular Smooth Muscle Cells, and Glomerular Mesangial Cells to Proliferate, Cause Hypertrophy, and Produce Collagen.

BackgroundActivated cardiac fibroblasts (CFs), preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells (PGVSMCs), and glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) proliferate, cause hypertrophy, and produce collagen; in t...
Dopamine Release in Antidepressant-Naive Major Depressive Disorder: A Multimodal [11C]-(+)-PHNO Positron Emission Tomography and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

Abstract Background Mesolimbic dopamine system dysfunction is believed to contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD), but molecular neuroimaging of striatal dopamine neurotransmission has yielded mixed results, possibly owing to limited sensitivity of antagonist radioligands used with positron emission tomography to assess dopamine release capacity. This study used an agonist radioligand with agonist challenge to assess dopamine release capacity and D2/D3 receptor availability in MDD. Methods Twenty-six treatment-naive adults with MDD and 26 healthy comparison participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during a probabilistic reinforcement task, and positron emission tomography with the D3-preferring ligand [11C]-(+)-PHNO, before and after oral dextroamphetamine. MDD participants then received pramipexole treatment for 6 weeks. Results MDD participants had trend-level greater dopamine release capacity in the ventral striatum, as measured by percent change in baseline binding potential relative to nondisplaceable compartment (ΔBPND) (−34% vs. −30%; p = .072, d = 0.58) but no difference in D2/D3 receptor availability (BPND). Striatal and extrastriatal BPND and percent change in baseline BPND were not significantly associated with blood oxygen level–dependent response to reward prediction error in the ventral striatum, severity of depression and anhedonia, or antidepressant response to pramipexole (response rate = 72.7%). Conclusions [11C]-(+)-PHNO demonstrated high sensitivity to displacement by amphetamine-induced dopamine release, but dopamine release capacity and D2/D3 availability were not associated with ventral striatal activation to reward prediction error or clinical features, in this study powered to detect large effects. While a preponderance of indirect evidence implicates dopaminergic dysfunction in MDD, these findings suggest that presynaptic dopamine dysregulation may not be a feature of MDD or a prerequisite for treatment response to dopamine agonists.
Cliff Walls: An Analysis of Monolithic Commits Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Artifact-based research provides a mechanism whereby researchers may study the creation of software yet avoid many of the difficulties of direct observation and experimentation. However, there are still many challenges that can affect the quality of artifact-based studies, especially those studies examining software evolution. Large commits, which we refer to as “Cliff Walls,” are one significant threat to studies of software evolution because they do not appear to represent incremental development. We used Latent Dirichlet Allocation to extract topics from over 2 million commit log messages, taken from 10,000 SourceForge projects. The topics generated through this method were then analyzed to determine the causes of over 9,000 of the largest commits. We found that branch merges, code imports, and auto-generated documentation were significant causes of large commits. We also found that corrective maintenance tasks, such as bug fixes, did not play a significant role in the creation of large commits.
Estimate p , Binomial Population

We have an experiment in mind in which we are interested in only two possible outcomes labeled “success” and “failure”. Let p be the probability of a success so that q = 1−p will be the probability of a failure. We want to estimate the value of p. We therefore gather a random sample which here is running the experiment n independent times and counting the number of times we had a success. Let x be the number of times we observed a success in n independent repetitions of this experiment. Then our point estimate of \(\mathop p\limits^ \wedge = x/n\).
Systematic review of data analyses and reporting in group-based social skills intervention RCTs for youth with ASD

Abstract Background Group-based social skills interventions (GSSIs) are commonly used to address the social impairments of youth with ASD. However, the administration of treatments in group formats (i.e., clusters) poses several methodological challenges including accounting for cluster effects. The most recent and comprehensive meta-analysis of RCTs of GSSIs for youth with ASD yielded an overall medium effect (g = 0.51; Gates et al., 2017). This suggested a positive effect; however, little is known about the extent to which the studies adhered to standards for conducting and reporting RCTs including standards related to group-based interventions. Method The current review assessed the extent to which the study planning, data assessment, and data analytic procedures used in the RCTs (N =18) included in the meta-analysis adhered to established standards for RCTs. Results Results were consistent across the three areas assessed and suggested an overall adherence rate of 42% (range 41%–43%). Significant variability was found within each of the three areas and suggested that few facets of the standards were met by a majority of studies. The statistically-oriented aspects were most neglected. None of the studies accounted for the group-based (clustered) design and delivery of the intervention which can negatively impact power, effect size, and precision estimates and overestimate intervention effects. Year of article publication and journal impact factor were predominantly unrelated to adherence rates. Conclusions Increased familiarization with standards for RCTs appears necessary to improve the practices of researchers, along with increased requirements for adherence by journal editors and reviewers.
Gravitational dressing, soft charges, and perturbative gravitational splitting

In gauge theories and gravity, field variables are generally not gauge-invariant observables, but such observables may be constructed by “dressing” these or more general operators. Dressed operators create particles, together with their gauge or gravitational fields which typically extend to infinity. This raises an important question of how well quantum information can be localized; one version of this is the question of whether soft charges fully characterize a given localized charge or matter distribution. This paper finds expressions for the nontrivial soft charges of such dressed operators. However, a large amount of flexibility in the dressing indicates that the soft charges, and other asymptotic observables, are not inherently correlated with details of the charge or matter distribution. Instead, these asymptotic observables can be changed by adding a general radiative (source-free) field configuration to the original one. A dressing can be chosen, perturbatively, so that the asymptotic observables are independent of details of the distribution, besides its total electric or Poincare charges. This provides an approach to describing localization of information in gauge theories or gravity, and thus subsystems, that avoids problems associated with nonlocality of operator subalgebras. Specifically, this construction suggests the notions of electromagnetic or gravitational splittings, which involve networks of Hilbert space embeddings in which the charges play an important role.
Abstract 82: Transforming of human osteoblasts with the combination of hTERT (T), SV40Tag (S) and c-Myc: Changes in phenotype and tumorigenesis capability

The etiology of osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone cancer in pediatric patients, still remains unknown. It is not clear where tat which point he osteosarcoma is originated from the osteogenic lineagein the osteogenic osteosarcoma arises., some consider Potential candidates in the literature include the human mesenchymal cells (hMSC) as the cell of origin in OS, whereas others believe theand osteoblast (OB) to be the most likely cell of origin. To understand the origin and molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, we have transformed hMSCs and OBs differentiated from the same MSC with oncogenes hTERT (T), SV40Tag (S) and H-RAS (R) in series to check evaluate for spindle cell tumor formation in mice. Transformed MSC did not form osteoid, whereas OB-TSR tumor showed only scant production of osteoid, suggesting MSC may not be the origin of OS and the hTERT, SV40Tag and h-Ras may not be sufficient for osteoblast to form OS. C-Myc is one of the genes that play a major role in oncogenic transformation of normal cells. It has been shown that c-Myc is overexpressed in OS cells and more than 10% OS patients carry c-Myc amplification mutations. We further decide to look intoThis served as the basis to examine the role of c-Myc in OS formation in the background of cells transformed by hTERT and SV40. OB transformed with hTERT and SV40Tag cells were further transfected with a retrovirus containing human c-Myc to obtain stable cell lines. Quantitative PCR and western blots assays detected both gene and protein expression patterns of c-Myc, respectively, in the transformed cell lines. Transformed cell lines were analyzed for proliferation, invasion, migration, and spheroid formation to determine the tumorigenic capacity capability. TThe tumorigenesis capability is found to be correlated with the level of c-Myc expression level based onby RT-PCR data. Furthermore, we used RNA-seq to analyze gene expression profiles of the transformed cell lines, compared with those forin comparison to primary OS cell lines and patient derived xenografts (PDXs). In -vivo tumorigenic assays, histological examination for osteoid production and chromosome analysis are still under way. Our study using an osteosarcoma model with transformed human cells may provide new insights on the cell origin of OS. Citation Format: Zhongting Zhang, Yifei Wang, Wendong Zhang, Michael Roth, Jonathan Benjamin Gill, Zhaohui Xu, Xiangjun Tian, Jing Wang, Richard Gorlick. Transforming of human osteoblasts with the combination of hTERT (T), SV40Tag (S) and c-Myc: Changes in phenotype and tumorigenesis capability [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 82.
Measurement of Body-Centered Cubic Gold and Melting under Shock Compression.

We combined laser shock compression with in situ x-ray diffraction to probe the crystallographic state of gold (Au) on its principal shock Hugoniot. Au has long been recognized as an important calibration standard in diamond anvil cell experiments due to the stability of its face-centered cubic (fcc) structure to extremely high pressures ($P\text{ }g600\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$ at 300 K). This is in contrast to density functional theory and first principles calculations of the high-pressure phases of Au that predict a variety of fcc-like structures with different stacking arrangements at intermediate pressures. In this Letter, we probe high-pressure and high-temperature conditions on the shock Hugoniot and observe fcc Au at 169 GPa and the first evidence of body-centered cubic (bcc) Au at 223 GPa. Upon further compression, the bcc phase is observed in coexistence with liquid scattering as the Hugoniot crosses the Au melt curve before 322 GPa. The results suggest a triple point on the Au phase diagram that lies very close to the principal shock Hugoniot near $\ensuremath{\sim}220\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GPa}$.
Beta Thalassemia In Different Tribal Population In West Bengal, India

Abstract 5170 Background: The Thalassemias are a group of anemia that results from a genetic defect whch reduces the rate of synthesis of normal globin chains. Beta Thalassemia results in severe microcytic, hypochromic, haemolytic anaemia among affected patients. It has emerged as one of the most common health problems among the tribal populations in West Bengal. A project entitled, “Status of Prevalence and Awarness Among Thalassaemia Population: Special reference to various tribes belonging in different Districts of West Bengal” has been sanctioned by the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India(BT/PR10336/SPD/24/293/2007). This study is aimed to observe the spectrum of various beta mutations among the tribes. In the screening schedule thalassemia awarness programme was conducted in various rural areas of West Bengal. We mainly confronted with the Sardar tribes in extreme south of West Bengal. In North Bengal there were Toto, Rabha, Oraon, Munda, Toppo, Baraik, Nagbanshi, Khalko, Kheria, Kerketta and Soren. Method: In the year 2009–2010, 1289 tribes were screened. Mass awarness programme were followed by collection of peripheral blood samples in EDTA vials and transported to the laboratory in ice packs. NESTROFT was done on spot using 0.36% Saline Buffer solution (Sodium chloride, Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, Disodium hydrogen Phosphate). Complete Blood Count was performed within 24 hours of collection. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was done to identify the beta samples. DNA was extracted from the blood of beta carrier and beta major and subjected to ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation System) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) to detect the point mutations. Result: Conclusion: Molecular Characterization of Beta globin gene mutations among these tribes have confirmed the presence of the following mutations: IVS-1 nt5 (G>C), IVS-1 nt1(G>T), codon 15 (G>A), codon 26 (G>A), the mutation which leads to HbE, codon 19 (A>G), codon 17 (A>T), -28 (A>G). The most common mutation observed among Totos and Rabhas were codon 26 (G>A) of North Bengal. The prevalence of Beta carrier among them is negligible. The mutation IVS-1 nt5 (G>C) is prevalent among the Oraon, Nagbanshi and Sardar tribes of Bengal. The other mutations which are present among them are codon 15 (G>A) and codon 30 (G>C). There are two codon 17 (A>T) and one -28 (A>G) mutations which are present among Mundas. The rest of them are mutation IVS-1 nt5 (G>C). In few cases presence of sickle cell anemia was observed. Our results have added to the existing data on the common beta globin gene defects which are prevalent among the general population of West Bengal, India. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Severe obesity and the impact of medical weight loss on estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Objective To assess the impact of obesity, glucose tolerance, and weight loss on renal function, we measured serum creatinine and cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) indexed to 1.73m2 body surface area (BSA) and GFR indexed to actual BSA in subjects with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance before and up to 2 years after medical weight loss. Methods We studied 146 subjects at baseline and 3-to-6 months after 18% reduction in weight; 43 were also studied at 2-years. GFR was estimated using the MDRD, CKD-EPICr, CKD-EPICysCr, and the CKD-EPICys equations. Results eGFR was consistently lower when creatinine-based rather than cystatin C-based estimating equations were used. eGFR was lower when creatinine-based or cystatin C-based equations were indexed to 1.73m2 BSA than when they were indexed to actual BSA. eGFR indexed to actual BSA was more likely to demonstrate hyperfiltration (eGFR ≥135 ml/min) than eGFR indexed to 1.73m2 BSA and decreased into the normal range with weight loss. eGFR was highest in subjects with impaired fasting glucose but there was little difference in the patterns of change in eGFR across groups by glucose tolerance status. Conclusions With severe obesity, high fat-free mass and BSA result in low estimates of eGFR indexed to 1.73m2 BSA, especially when creatinine-based estimating equations are used. GFR indexed to actual BSA is approximately 50% higher. When eGFR is indexed to actual BSA, many subjects display evidence of renal hyperfiltration which improves with weight loss. In subjects with severe obesity undergoing medical weight loss, estimating equations that use cystatin C and are indexed to actual BSA may provide a more accurate assessment of renal function.
E-104 The use of mechanical thrombectomy in posterior circulation acute ischemic strokes

Objective 20% of all acute ischemic strokes (AIS) occur in the posterior circulation (PC), which carry a high mortality rate close to 95%. Early recanalization improves outcomes as shown by several reports. Often trials excluded patients with posterior circulation strokes. We sought to investigate the prevalence, safety, and the clinical outcomes of PC-MT at our institution. Methods A retrospective review of patients presenting with PC AIS who underwent mechanical thrombectomy at a tertiary referral center between 2010 and 2018. Results Out of 453 patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy for AIS, 45 patients had a PC stroke (av age 58 years, 56% male). The mean NIHSS upon admission was 17 (95%CI:14–20). The mean time from symptoms onset to groin puncture was 9 hours (95%CI:6–11), the mean procedure time was 53 minutes (95%CI:43–64) and mean time to revascularization, from symptoms onset was 866 minutes (95%CI:602–1129). Only 33% received tPA. Vessels involved included the basilar artery (87%, n=39), the posterior cerebral artery (4%, n=2), and the vertebral artery (9%, n=4). The procedures were divided into stentreiver alone (22%, n=10), aspiration alone (13%, n=6), and stentreiver with aspiration (51%, n=23), and failed procedure in 13% (n=6) of individuals. Most procedures required one pass to recanalize the vessel (44%, n=20). TICI > 2b was achieved in 69% of the subjects. Mean length of stay was 11 days (95%CI:8–14). Mortality rate was 38% and independent functional outcome of mRS 2b) was significantly lower in PC compared to AC (70% vs 90%,p Conclusions MT is a safe and efficacious first-line therapy for PC strokes. PC-MT provides a high rate of recanalization without procedural complications. Improvement in functional outcome remains low, and mortality remains high, but with a much better outcome than leaving the disease untreated. Disclosures A. Sweid: None. K. Hafazalla: None. S. Tjoumakaris: None. V. Xu: None. K. Shivashankar: None. T. Alexander: None. M. Gooch: None. N. Herial: None. N. Chalouhi: None. R. Rosenwasser: None. P. Jabbour: None.
Political and International Affairs Simulations and Civic Engagement on Campus

We use a pre/post survey comparison group design to assess the effectiveness of political simulations on student civic engagement. We find that participation in simulations is associated with an increase in both the number of activities in which students participate and the time they devote to these activities. This suggests an immediate and significant effect of classroom experiences on campus engagement.
Cardiovascular Health at the Intersection of Race and Gender: Identifying Life-Course Processes to Reduce Health Disparities.

Objectives Cardiovascular health (CVH) is associated with reductions in age-related disease and later-life mortality. Black adults, particularly Black women, are less likely to achieve ideal CVH. Guided by intersectionality and life-course approaches, we examine to what degree (a) disparities in CVH exist at the intersection of race and gender and (b) CVH disparities would be reduced if marginalized groups had the same levels of resources and adversities as privileged groups. Methods We used biomarker subsamples from the Midlife in the United States Core and Refresher studies (N = 1,948). Causal decomposition analysis was implemented to test hypothetical interventions to equalize the distribution of early-life adversities (ELAs), perceived discrimination, or midlife socioeconomic status (SES) between marginalized and privileged groups. We conducted sensitivity analyses to determine to what degree unmeasured confounders would invalidate our findings. Results White women have the highest CVH score, followed by White men, Black men, and Black women. Intervening on ELAs would reduce the disparities: White men versus Black women (30% reduction) and White women versus Black women (15%). Intervening on perceived discrimination would not substantially change initial disparities. Intervening on midlife SES would yield large disparity reductions: White men versus Black men (64%), White men versus Black women (60%), and White women versus Black women (27%). These reductions are robust to unmeasured confounders. Discussion Providing economic security in adulthood for Blacks may help reduce racial disparities in CVH. Preventing exposure to ELAs among Black women may reduce their vulnerability to cardiovascular disease, compared to White adults.
Skills-homework completion and phone coaching as predictors of therapeutic change and outcomes in completers of a DBT intensive outpatient programme

OBJECTIVES Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) emphasizes generalization of skills to the patient's real-world context as a primary mechanism of change in treatment. To promote generalization, DBT includes weekly skills-focused homework assignments and as-needed phone coaching. Despite this central function of generalization in DBT, research on these treatment components is limited. The current study addresses this research gap by assessing the association of homework and phone coaching to DBT treatment outcomes. DESIGN A longitudinal study design explored the extent to which (a) completion of skills homework and (b) frequency of phone coaching were associated with therapeutic changes and treatment outcomes in a DBT intensive outpatient programme (DBT-IOP). METHOD Medical records and diary cards of 56 patients who had completed a four-month treatment cycle of DBT-IOP were reviewed and coded for proportion of skills homework completed, frequency of phone coaching calls, and reported urges for and engagement in suicide, non-suicidal self-injury, illicit or non-prescribed substance use, and alcohol use behaviours. RESULTS Completion of skills homework and frequency of phone coaching were significantly associated with (a) reduced urges for suicide, non-suicidal self-injury, illicit or non-prescribed substance use, and alcohol use from the beginning to end of treatment and (b) a lower likelihood of engaging in any of these behaviours during the final month of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that within a DBT programme modified for an intensive outpatient setting, skills homework and phone coaching may enhance therapeutic change and outcomes in target behaviours. These generalization methods appear to be important ingredients of DBT effectiveness. PRACTITIONER POINTS In dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), therapeutic skills homework and phone coaching are specifically designed to promote generalization of skills from the therapeutic context to the patient's real-world contexts. In a DBT intensive outpatient programme, patient engagement with therapeutic homework and phone coaching were associated with favourable therapeutic change and outcomes in target urges and behaviours. Clinicians may consider a patient's lack of homework completion and/or phone coaching to be early warning signs of poor therapeutic progress within dialectical behaviour therapy.
Fast melt expulsion from crystal-rich mushes via induced anisotropic permeability

Abstract Catastrophic eruptions of rhyolitic super volcanoes require large volumes of silicic magma to be extracted from a crystal-rich mush at high rates. However, fast melt extraction is thought to be difficult because of the low permeability of mushes and the high viscosities of silicic melts. Here, we show that induced ephemeral high permeability pathways in the mush may be critical. During uniaxial compression of the mush, driven by the impingement of recharging magmas from below, melt within the mush can be redistributed preferentially into vertical melt pockets. This redistribution of melt can increase vertical permeability by a factor of 10-100 times, which leads to rapid expulsion of melt. As melt is expelled, the permeability rapidly declines. The end result is a fast, short-lived pulse of melt extraction that can grow a 1 km thick silicic magma reservoir in 10 kyr. Our analysis shows how the incursion of deep-seated magmas into the base of a crystal-rich mush in the crust can trigger the expulsion of silicic melts that may lead to an eruption.
Optical carbon analysis on Teflon filters from the FRM network in New York

Abstract Optical carbon analysis measurements were performed on Teflon filters from the Federal Reference Method (FRM) network in New York over the period 2015–2019. The optical measurements were performed using an inline Magee Scientific OT21 transmissometer coupled to the robotic weighing system (RWS) that measures PM2.5 mass gravimetrically. Light attenuation from the Teflon filters was compared to elemental carbon (EC) measured on quartz-fiber filters across 8 locations from the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN). The coefficients of determination (R2) were highest at urban locations (where EC concentrations were highest) and lowest at the remote rural sites. The regression slopes provided mass absorption cross-sections (MAC) from 9.12 to 11.0 m2/g at 880 nm which are in agreement with literature values. Transmissometer measurements of black carbon (BC) were also compared to Aethalometer® BC as well as EC from a semi-continuous Sunset Laboratory Inc. OCEC carbon analyzer at two locations. BC estimated from the optical measurements decreased by approximately 30 % over the 2015–2019 period consistent with the replacement of older heavy duty diesel (HDD) vehicles. BC was highest across urban locations and lowest in the rural sites. At the urban locations BC was generally highest in winter and summer, whereas at the rural sites BC was highest in summer. Both locations showed the lowest BC was in spring. Weekday vs weekend analysis revealed BC was on average lower at the weekend by approximately 20 % in NYC and 9–16 % in upstate locations.
Collaborative Distributed AC Optimal Power Flow: A Dual Decomposition Based Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel dual decomposition based algorithm that solves the AC optimal power flow (ACOPF) problem in the radial distribution systems and microgrids in acollaborative and distributed manner. The proposed algorithm adopts the second-order cone program relaxed branch flow ACOPF model. In the proposed algorithm, bus-level agents collaboratively solve the global ACOPF problem by iteratively sharing partial variables with its 1-hop neighbors as well as carrying out local scalar computations that are derived using augmented Lagrangian and primal-dual subgradient methods. In addition to the algorithm innovation, this paper proposes two distributed computing platforms, i.e. high performance computing based and hardware-in-the-loop platforms, to validate and evaluate the proposed distributed algorithm. The computationand communication performances of the proposed algorithm are quantified and analyzed over typical IEEE test distribution systems. Experimental results indicate that 1) the proposed collaborative distributed ACOPF solver can be executed on a fully distributed computing structure and yield accurate ACOPF solution; and 2) the proposed distributed algorithm has a low communication overhead.
Peer Support in Smart Learning and Education

Peer support is an important method to improve performance of the targeted population for several domains, such as education (both for classroom-based learning and informal online learning), healthcare (both for patients and caregivers), and professional development for employees in corporations. Such methods are often referred to as intervention. Peer support could take the form of one-on-one mentoring or mutual help. It could also take place in a group where peers collaborate with each other. In education, peer support has been shown to be an effective intervention in improving retention rate, particularly for women and minority students. The effectiveness of peer support heavily depends on how the peers are matched, either one-on-one matching or in terms of group formation. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on peer support applications and peer matching algorithms. Despite the importance of peer support, studies on peer support and particularly on peer matching algorithms are inadequate. The goals of this paper are twofold. First, we present a complete picture on peer support, from various applications of peer support, to theoretical foundations on peer support, to peer support mechanisms, and to the underlying peer matching and group formation algorithms. Second, we present a preliminary design and implementation of a peer support app, which could be used to facilitate smart learning in college and beyond.
Just Punishments: Research on Retributional Justice

Famously, Lerner postulated that people have a belief in a just world. One expression of this belief is “what people get is what they deserve in life.” I can still remember the excitement generated by his first set of experiments, which demonstrated that, if one saw a person getting a negative set of outcomes, one came to believe that there was something in the person's character or prior actions that in some sense caused the person to deserve those negative outcomes. To paraphrase, if bad things happened to a person, that person was somehow a bad person who deserved those outcomes. So the belief in a just world creates an inference warrant: if the world is such that people get what they deserve, then if they get a positive or a negative outcome, they must have deserved it. In calling attention to justice and just worlds, Lerner called social psychology's attention to a large array of issues that had not received much attention in the psychology of the day. Many of those issues Lerner addressed in his own sustained and systematic research program; he encouraged the consideration of other issues in the justice arena by his equally sustained and generous efforts to create resources and publication outlets that would allow others to create theory and do research in the field as well. Lerner's leadership role is one for which we all can be grateful.
A Proposed New Technique for Polarized Electron-Polarized Nucleon Scattering

It is proposed that polarized gas targets, which are already being developed for proton accelerators, could also be employed at electron storage rings such as PETRA and PEP. With the polarized electron beams expected in these machines, polarized electron-polarized proton (deuteron) scattering experiments could be performed which would have several advantages over the traditional techniques.
The Return of the Gift: European History of a Global Idea

Introduction 1. The crisis of the gift: Warren Hastings and his critics 2. Liberalism, self-interest, and the gift 3. The selfless 'savage': theories of primitive communism 4. Anthropologists and the power of the gift: Boas, Thurnwald, Malinowski 5. Marcel Mauss and the globalized gift Conclusion.
Lectures on the Mathematics of Finance

The model Part 1. Complete markets: Pricing Optimization Equilibrium Part 2. Incomplete markets: Hedging Optimization Pricing Transaction costs Appendix A. Historical Notes Bibliography.
Playing nature: a short history of our mediated relationship to nature

Several recent studies indicate a disconnect between the individual and the natural environment and show that instead more time is spent with interactive entertainment experiences. Another recent observation reveals an increase in more realistic simulations of nature as a core part of interactive entertainment titles. Interpreting this development as a need for nature experience, this paper traces a short historic overview of the development of technologically mediated experiences of nature and tries to locate reasons for the diagnosed disconnect. From this analysis several conclusions for possible developments in interactive entertainment are formulated.
Accuracy of early GFS and ECMWF Sandy (2012) track forecasts: Evidence for a dependence on cumulus parameterization

The extremely damaging Hurricane Sandy (2012) is noteworthy for the significant track bifurcation among several forecast models approximately 6–7 days before landfall. The operational versions of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) and Global Forecast System (GFS) models exemplify this difference over their runs early in Sandy's life cycle, as the former routinely forecast a storm which would make a U.S. landfall, while the latter routinely forecast a track toward the central North Atlantic. This was also generally true of their respective ensemble members. This paper demonstrates that these differences were caused not by resolution or initial condition differences but rather due almost exclusively to choice of cumulus parameterization. Simulations performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model using an ECMWF-like cumulus parameterization in conjunction with GFS initial conditions yield forecasts whose accuracy is similar to that of ECMWF forecasts at extended time ranges (up to 1 week before landfall).
A comparison of two positions for assessing shoulder rotator peak torque: the traditional frontal plane versus the plane of the scapula

The purpose of this study was to compare glenohumeral internal and external rotation concentric and eccentric peak torque values when assessed from both the frontal and scapular planes. Twenty-one men (mean age = 21.4 years, mean height = 180.47 cm, mean weight = 80.8 kg) had their nondominant shoulder isokinetically tested for shoulder concentric and eccentric internal and external rotator strength at 60 deg/sec. Subjects were tested in both the frontal and scapular planes in randomly assigned order during one test session. Eleven subjects returned 1 week later for an identical retest session to establish the reliability of the procedure (r = .76—.94). No differences were found in concentric and eccentric peak torque values between planes for either shoulder internal or external rotation (p > .05). Analysis of variance indicated that eccentric values were greater than concentric values and internal rotation values were greater than external rotation values in both planes. Because there may be some anatomical advantage to testing in the scapular plane, clinicians should consider placing patients in the scapular plane when testing shoulder rotator peak torque.
CONTRACTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIRD PERSONS IN CONNECTICUT

Can a person for whose benefit a contract is made, but who is not himself the promisee and who did not give any consideration, maintain any form of action against the promisor for breach of contract? Does society recognize that he has any "rights" and enforce them at his request? In a previous article,' these questions were unhesitatingly answered in the affirmative, recognizing, however, that there was a good deal of confusion in the law, and that in certain jurisdictions the third person's rights were not recognized in all cases. Among these jurisdictions were England, Massachusetts, Michigan, and Connecticut. In England, however, it was possible to cite six cases in which the third person had been held in equity to have enforceable rights. And in a recent case2 the House of Lords has sustained an ordinary law action, equivalent to the common-law action of assumpsit; but the