cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depressive symptoms and CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in relation to clinical symptom onset of mild cognitive impairment

Introduction We sought to examine whether depressive symptoms and level of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology are independently or interactively associated with the risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods The study included a total of 216 participants from the Biomarkers for Older Controls at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease study, a cohort of individuals who were cognitively normal at baseline (mean age = 57) and followed for more than 20 years (mean = 12.7 years), who had baseline Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) scores and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid beta (Aβ)1-42 , t-tau, and p-tau measures available. Results Cox regression demonstrated that baseline HAM-D and CSF AD biomarkers were both associated with time to onset of MCI. There was an interaction between HAM-D scores and markers of AD pathology, in which depression was associated with time of onset in participants with low levels of AD pathology (hazard ratio = 0.64; 95% confidence interval = 0.43-0.95; P= .026). Discussion The effect of depressive symptoms on progression to clinical symptoms of MCI may be most evident among individuals with low levels of AD pathology.
1,2-Addition and cycloaddition reactions of niobium bis(imido) and oxo imido complexes

The bis(imido) complexes (BDI)Nb(N t Bu)2 and (BDI)Nb(N t Bu)(NAr) (BDI = N,N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-β-diketiminate; Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) were shown to engage in 1,2-addition and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with a wide variety of substrates. Reaction of the bis(imido) complexes with dihydrogen, silanes, and boranes yielded hydrido-amido-imido complexes via 1,2-addition across Nb-imido π-bonds; some of these complexes were shown to further react via insertion of carbon dioxide to give formate-amido-imido products. Similarly, reaction of (BDI)Nb(N t Bu)2 with tert-butylacetylene yielded an acetylide-amido-imido complex. In contrast to these results, many related mono(imido) Nb BDI complexes do not exhibit 1,2-addition reactivity, suggesting that π-loading plays an important role in activating the Nb-N π-bonds toward addition. The same bis(imido) complexes were also shown to engage in [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with oxygen- and sulfur-containing heteroallenes to give carbamate- and thiocarbamate-imido complexes: some of these complexes readily dimerized to give bis-μ-sulfido, bis-μ-iminodicarboxylate, and bis-μ-carbonate complexes. The mononuclear carbamate imido complex (BDI)Nb(NAr)(N( t Bu)CO2) (12) could be induced to eject tert-butylisocyanate to generate a four-coordinate terminal oxo imido intermediate, which could be trapped as the five-coordinate pyridine or DMAP adduct. The DMAP adducted oxo imido complex (BDI)NbO(NAr)(DMAP) (16) was shown to engage in 1,2-addition of silanes across the Nb-oxo π-bond; this represents a new reaction pathway in group 5 chemistry.
Legal Status and Dignity of Persons Living with Dementia in Serbia

This chapter identifies, analyzes, and discusses the existing legal framework relevant to the lives of persons suffering from dementia in present-day Serbia, particularly the prospects and limitations of the applicability of human dignity in this context.
Association of significant financial burden with survival for head and neck cancer patients treated with radiation therapy.

Abstract Objective To assess the association between financial toxicity and survival in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials and methods Using a single-institution database, we retrospectively reviewed HNC patients treated at Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center treated with definitive or postoperative radiation therapy between 2013 and 2017. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests were used to analyze survival outcomes. Propensity score matching on all clinically relevant baseline characteristics was performed to address selection bias. All statistical tests were two-sided and those less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results Of a total of 284 HNC patients (age: median 61 years, IQR 55–67; 220 [77.5%] men), 204 patients (71.8%) received definitive radiation and 80 patients (28.2%) received adjuvant radiation. There were 41 patients (14.4%) who reported high baseline financial toxicity. Chemotherapy was used in 237 patients (83.5%). On multivariable analysis, those with high financial toxicity exhibited worse overall survival (hazards ratio [HR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–2.94, p = 0.03) and cancer specific survival (HR 2.28, 95% CI 1.31–3.96, p = 0.003). On matched pair analysis of 66 patients, high financial toxicity remained associated with worse OS (HR 2.72, 95% CI 1.04–7.09, p = 0.04) and CSS (HR 3.75, 95% CI 1.22–11.5, p = 0.02). Conclusion HNC patient reported baseline financial toxicity was significantly correlated with both decreased overall and cancer specific survival. These significant correlations held after match pairing. Further research is warranted to investigate the impact of financial toxicity in HNC and mitigate its risk.
Direct Injuries and Fatalities of Texas Tornado Outbreaks from 1973 to 2007

Since 1950, tornadoes have accounted for nearly one third of disaster-related fatalities in the United States, the third highest after floods and lightning. The largest share of fatalities occurred...
Of Ranchers and Researchers: Trespassing to Collect Data in Wyoming is a Crime

As early as 2006 employees of the environmental group Western Watersheds Project allegedly trespassed onto Wyoming ranches to gather water samples. They were looking for evidence of stream contamination from livestock, data which they intended to turn over to state and federal regulators. In response to the alleged trespass and out of concern that the existing Wyoming general criminal trespass statute was inadequate, the Wyoming Legislature enacted two new trespass statutes during the 2015 legislative session. The two statutes were virtually identical, except one made trespass a criminal act under which you could be jailed and fined, and the other made it a civil violation under which the landowner could sue for damages. This brief article discusses the background and implications of Wyoming's data trespass statutes.
Security and Privacy Challenges in 5G-enabled Technology

The next generation telecommunication network (5G) is currently hitting the market and increasing infrastructure vertically worldwide. Fifth-generation wireless technology is the most modern and latest cellular industrial science that expands the wireless network by connecting people, machines, objects, and IoT devices. 5G new radio network will provide the 20gbps theoretical speed it means that users get at least 100 Mbps speed for surfing. In this paper, we proposed network slicing based on the priority of services. We have demonstrated service migration from one tire of service to another to ensure higher availability of the application, device, and network information and physical resources.
Providing Seamless Mobility in Wireless Networks Using Autonomic Mechanisms

Existing wireless networks have little in common, as they are designed around vendor-specific devices that use specific radio access technologies to provide particular functionality. Next generation networks seek to integrate wide-area and local-area wireless systems in order to provide seamless services to the end user. This would provide freedom of movement between indoor/outdoor and metropolitan/enterprise coverage while maintaining continuity of applications experience. Seamless Mobility is an experiential architecture, predicated on providing mechanisms that enable a user to accomplish his or her tasks without regard to technology. This paper examines how autonomic mechanisms can satisfy some of the challenges in realizing seamless mobility solutions.
Inhibitor of DNA Binding and Differentiation (Id)

This article has no abstract. Keywords: inhibitor of DNA binding and differentiation (Id)
Evolving agents: communication and cognition

Computer programming of complex systems is a time consuming effort. Results are often brittle and inflexible. Evolving, self-learning flexible multi-agent systems remain a distant goal. This paper analyzes difficulties toward developing evolving systems and proposes new solutions. The new solutions are inspired by our knowledge of the human mind. The mind develops language and cognitive abilities jointly. Real-time sensor signals and language signals are integrated seamlessly, before signals are understood, at pre-conceptual level. Learning of conceptual contents of the surrounding world depends on language and vice versa. This ability for integrated communication and cognition is a foundation for evolving systems. The paper describes a mathematical technique for such integration: fuzzy dynamic logic and dual cognitive-language models. We briefly discuss relationships between the proposed mathematical technique, working of the mind, applications to understanding-based search engines and evolving multi-agent systems.
Exploring the design and use of forecasting groupware applications with an augmented shared calendar

Changes in work, along with improvements in techniques to statistically model uncertainty, have resulted in a class of groupware tools able to forecast the activities and/or attentional state of their users. This thesis represents an exploration into the design, development, and use of one such system. I describe the design and development of a groupware calendar system called Augur that is augmented with the ability to predict the attendance of its users. Using Bayesian networks, Augur models the uncertain problem of event attendance, drawing inferences based on the attributes of calendar events as well as a history of attendance provided by each user. This system was deployed to an academic workgroup and studied over the course of a semester. To more deeply explore the social implications of Augur and systems like it, I conducted a structured privacy analysis of Augur to examine the vulnerabilities inherent in this type of forecasting groupware system. I present an architecture, user interface, and probabilistic model for Augur. This work also addresses the feasibility of such a system and the challenges faced when deploying it to an academic workgroup. I also report on an exploration of the system's use by individuals, its effects on communication within working relationships, and its effectiveness with respect to the presence of domestic calendars. Finally, I present a set of implications for the workplace social environment with the introduction of Augur. Specifically, I show how the integrity of predictions generated by Augur can have consequences for the privacy of users and their representations through the shared calendar. Overall, this thesis is presented as an early exploration into the potential for a new class of forecasting groupware applications. It offers guidance and lessons learned for both designers and researchers seeking to work in this area. It also presents a complete calendar application as an example for building and studying such systems.
Understanding and validating database system administration

A large number of enterprises need their commodity database systems to remain available at all times. Although administrator mistakes are a significant source of unavailability and cost in these systems, no study to date has sought to quantify the frequency of mistakes in the field, understand the context in which they occur, or develop system support to deal with them explicitly. In this paper, we first characterize the typical administrator tasks, testing environments, and mistakes using results from an extensive survey we have conducted of 51 experienced administrators. Given the results of this survey, we next propose system support to validate administrator actions before they are made visible to users. Our prototype implementation creates a validation environment that is an extension of a replicated database system, where administrator actions can be validated using real workloads. The prototype implements three forms of validation, including a novel form in which the behavior of a database replica can be validated even without an example of correct behavior for comparison. Our results show that the prototype can detect the major classes of administrator mistakes.
Endogenous regulation of the acute inflammatory response.

The acute inflammatory response has been triggered in rat lungs by deposition of IgG immune complexes. The inflammatory reaction triggered is highly tissue damaging and requires activation of NF-кB with ensuing generation of chemokines and cytokines. Endogenous generation of IL-10 and IL-13 as well as secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), significantly regulates this inflammatory response. IL-10 and IL-13 attenuate NF-кB activation by interfering with breakdown of IKBa, while SLPI likewise suppresses NF-кB activation, but by interfering with breakdown of IKBs. Antibody induced blockade of IL-10, IL-13 or SLPI enhances NF-кB activation in lung and exacerbates the lung inflammatory response and injury. These data indicate that endogenous IL-10, IL-13 and SLPI are important regulators of the inflammatory response by reducing gene activation with resultant generation of peptide mediators/cytokines and chemokines. (Mol Cell Biochem 234/235: 225–228, 2002)
What do the Observations Tell us About the Excitation of Solar Oscillation Modes

Present theories suggest two different classes of excitation mechanisms which may be responsible for the observed amplitudes of solar p-mode oscillations—self-excitation of the modes (e.g. the κ mechanism), and stochastic excitation by turbulent convection. I discuss here the agreement and disagreement between the predictions of these two mechanisms and the observed mode amplitudes and linewidths.
Structures and Stability of Irn(CO)m

The low energy isomers of the Irn(CO)m complexes (n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6) were investigated using electronic structure methods at the density functional theory and coupled cluster (CCSD(T) theory levels. The local SVWN5 exchange-correlation functional yielded geometry parameters in good agreement with the available experiment for Irn(CO)m, with calculated bond lengths within 0.01 A. Ir4(CO)12 is predicted to be the most favored complex for reactions of Irn(CO)m with CO at low temperature, and Ir6(CO)16 is predicted to be formed above room temperature. Smaller Irn(CO)m clusters will nucleate to form Ir4(CO)12 spontaneously. Most of the DFT functionals, especially pure GGA functionals, could not predict consistent reaction energies as compared to CCSD(T). The MP2 and ωB97X-D reaction energies provide upper (more negative) and lower (less negative) estimates of the CCSD(T) values. The average value of the reaction energies at the MP2 and ωB97X-D levels qualitatively match the CCSD(T) energies and the average ...
Therapeutic Jurisprudence, Perspectives on Dealing with Victims of Crime

This foreword to a law review symposium on victim's rights describes the approach of therapeutic jurisprudence and suggests how its approach can be used to improve the plight of the victim in the criminal justice process.
Near-surface flow fields deduced using correlation tracking and time-distance analyses

Near-photospheric flow fields on the Sun are deduced using two independent methods applied to the same time series of velocity images observed by SOI-MDI on SOHO. Differences in travel times between f modes entering and leaving each pixel measured using time-distance helio-seismology are used to determine sites of supergranular outflows. Alternatively, correlation tracking analysis of mesogranular scales of motion applied to the same time series is used to deduce the near-surface flow field. These two approaches provide the means to assess the patterns and evolution of horizontal flows on supergranular scales even near disk center, which is not feasible with direct line-of-sight Doppler measurements. We find that the locations of the supergranular outflows seen in flow fields generated from correlation tracking coincide well with the locations of the outflows determined from the time-distance analysis, with a mean correlation coefficient after smoothing of r s = 0.890. Near-surface velocity field measurements can be used to study the evolution of the supergranular network, as merging and splitting events are observed to occur in these images. The data consist of one 2048-min time series of high-resolution (0.6″ pixels) line-of-sight velocity images taken by MDI on 1997 January 16-18 at a cadence of one minute.
Minicells of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract After nitrosoguanidine (N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) mutagenesis, two Bacillus subtilis mutants (div IV-A1 and div IV-B1) were isolated that are defective in the location of division site along cell length. Both mutations were transferred into strain CU403 by transformation, and their properties were studied in the CU403 genetic background. Location of divisions in close proximity to cell pole regions in both mutants results in minicell production. Purified minicells contain a ratio of ribonucleic acid to protein comparable to that found in the parent cells. Autoradiographs of 3H-thymine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), thymine-2-14C incorporation into DNA, electron micrographs, and chemical analyses for DNA all fail to demonstrate DNA in the minicells. Minicells produced by both mutants are highly motile, an indication of functional energy metabolism. Electron micrographs reveal that minicells are produced by a structurally normal division mechanism and that minicells contain a normal cell surface. The div IV-A1 mutation has been mapped by PBS1 transduction linked to ura. The div IV-B1 mutation is closely linked to pheA by both PBS1 transduction and by co-transformation.
Quality Training, Quality Board Examinations, Quality Nephrologists

Address correspondence to Jeffrey S. Berns, MD, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, 1 Founders Pavilion, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: bernsj@ uphs.upenn.edu 2015 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 0272-6386 http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.05.002 Recently, unhappiness has been expressed about certain elements of the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Concerns have also been raised about the decline in pass rates among first-time test takers for the ABIM Nephrology Certification Examination, from 86% to 87% in 2011-2013, to 80% in 2014. A commentary by Yuan and colleagues in this issue of AJKD downplays the roles of the ability of nephrology trainees to master the requisite content and the quality of training some fellows receive as important reasons for this decline in pass rates. Instead, they contend that initiatives of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), such as the Next Accreditation System and the Milestones project, or loss of validity and relevance of the ABIM certification exam in nephrology may be largely to blame. As Chairs of the ABIM Nephrology Specialty Board and Nephrology Board Exam Committee, respectively, we are responding to their comments about the ABIM Nephrology Certification Examination. It is important to respectfully address some erroneous or unsubstantiated comments made by Yuan and colleagues. We will specifically address their suggestions that the pass rate decline is due to a lack of external validity of the exams, flaws in exam development and implementation, deficiencies of the nephrology exam committee members, or the relevance of the exam to clinical practice. Our goal is to provide useful information that helps foster a healthy discussion that benefits the nephrology community at large. The recent decline in initial certification exam pass rate comes at a time when the nephrology community faces a myriad of problems and pressures, including an increase in the number of nephrology fellowship training programs and positions at the same time that the number of applicants for these positions has declined. We understand the frustration of nephrologists, including Dr Yuan and colleagues, and recognize that not passing the certifying exam has personal, professional, and financial consequences. We will not comment on the suggestion of links between ACGME activities and ABIM nephrology exam results other than to state that there are none that we are aware of that have been documented. The content and format of ABIM initial certification and MOC exams may be different in future years than they are today as changes in medicine, assessment, and technology evolve. However, they remain, even as currently constructed and administered, broadly
Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt

List of illustrations Acknowledgments List of abbreviations Note on transliteration and dates Introduction 1. Ploughs and shares: women, agricultural production, and property 2. Spindles and songs: women in urban occupations 3. Private and public life: women and the growth of the State 4. Women, resistance, and repression 5. The practice of slavery: women as property Conclusion Appendix Notes Glossary Bibliography Index.
Irreversible electroporation is a surgical ablation technique that enhances gene transfer

Background Reversible electroporation has long been used to transfer macromolecules into target cells in the laboratory by using an electric field to induce transient membrane permeability. Recently, the electric field has been modulated to produce permanent membrane permeability and cell death. This novel technique, irreversible electroporation (IRE), is being developed for nonthermal cancer ablation. We hypothesize that outside the central zone of IRE exists a peripheral zone of reversible electroporation where gene transfer may occur. Methods IRE of the liver was performed in a Yorkshire pig model with administration of a plasmid expressing the marker gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) by bolus or primed infusion through the hepatic artery or portal vein. After 6 hours, livers were harvested for fluorescent microscopy and histologic examination. Results Of 36 liver specimens treated with IRE and the GFP plasmid, 31 demonstrated strong green fluorescence. Liver ablation by IRE was demarcated clearly on histology. Conclusion IRE is a promising technique not only for operative tissue ablation but also for gene therapy. Because IRE ablation may leave behind intact tumor antigens, these findings encourage clinical studies of tumor ablation with delivery of immunostimulatory plasmids for combined local eradication and systemic immunotherapy.
V-scope: an opportunistic wardriving approach to augmenting TV whitespace databases

The recently released TV whitespaces offer a promising land for wireless communications. The secondary users of TV whitespaces today rely on spectrum occupancy databases to determine vacant TV channels for unlicensed communications. However, the accuracy of these databases (that depend solely on propagation models as per guidelines of the FCC) may be low. In this paper, we propose V-Scope - a vehicular sensing framework aimed to collect wide-area spectrum measurements for evaluating the accuracy of these databases. A key design feature of V-Scope is to leverage spectrum sensors mounted on public vehicles for collecting and reporting measurements from the road (opportunistic wardriving). We have currently deployed a version of our system on a single public transit bus traveling across a mid-sized city in the US. Based on measurements collected at over 1 million locations across a 100 square-km area, we find that databases tend to over-predict the coverage of certain TV broadcasts, unnecessarily blocking the usage of whitespace spectrum in a large area (up to 42% measured locations). We further propose ways of leveraging these measurements to enhance existing propagation models in databases.
On a theorem of Benson and Curtis

Iwahori conjectured [5] that the Hecke algebra (over Q) of a Chevalley group G over a finite field F, with respect to a Bore1 subgroup is isomorphic to the group algebra over Q of the Weyl group. The analogous statement with Q replaced by its algebraic closure was proved by Tits [3, Ex. 27, p. 561 using a deformation argument. In [ 11, Benson and Curtis proved, using a case-by-case analysis, that Iwahori’s conjecture is true over Q whenever G is simple of type ZE,, E,. With the help of Springer, they proved that when G is of type E, or E,, there exists irreducible representations of the Hecke algebra whose character involve 4”’ and hence Iwahori’s conjecture (over Q) is false, in general. The main result of this paper is an explicit construction of an isomorphism of the Hecke algebra over Q(q”‘) with the group algebra over Q(q”‘) of the Weyl group. The construction makes essential use of the polynomials P,,w of [8]. At some point in the proof, I have to appeal to the interpretation of P,,,(l) in terms of multiplicities in Verma modules [8, I.51 which has recently been established by Brylinski and Kashiwara [4] and, independently, by Belinson and Bernstein.
Changing trends in pediatric upper extremity electrical burns

Background Upper extremity electrical burns are a cause of major morbidity and disability in affected individuals. Anecdotally, we have noted changes in the presentation of cases to our institution. We sought to compare current data on upper extremity electrical burns in children with our previously published historical data.
Thermodynamic study of the co-crystallization of ammonium, sodium and potassium alums and chromium alums

Abstract The Pitzer binary and mixing ion-interaction parameters determined in previous studies of the author were used for determining the thermodynamic characteristics of the formation process of mixed crystals of the ammonium and potassium alums, ammonium and potassium chromium alums, and of the ammonium alum and ammonium chromium alum. The ternary K 2 SO 4 –Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –H 2 O system has been re-parameterized using a different experimental value of the pure water solubility of the potassium chromium alum. The component activities of the saturated ternary (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –K 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –H 2 O, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –K 2 SO 4 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –H 2 O solutions and in the mixed crystalline phase were determined and the change of the molar Gibbs energy of mixing Δ mix G m o ( s ) of crystals was determined as a function of the solid phase composition. It was established that at T =298.15 K, the mixed (K,NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·24H 2 O, (K,NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·24H 2 O, and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ·(Al,Cr) 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ·24H 2 O crystals show negative deviations from ideal mixed crystals. The basic Pitzer ion-interaction model was used for solubility calculations in ternary (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –Na 2 SO 4 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –H 2 O, and in quaternary (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 –Na 2 SO 4 –Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 –H 2 O systems, from which phases with constant stoichiometric composition (simple and double salts) crystallize. Good agreement between model calculations and experiment was found. The model predictions presented in this paper provide another step for the validation of the binary- and ternary-mixing solution parameters of our aluminum- and chromium-sulfate model.
Exercise, body mass index, caloric intake, and cardiovascular mortality.

Abstract Background The association of physical inactivity and elevated body mass index (BMI) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is well established. The relationship of dietary caloric intake and CVD risk is less certain. Methods The epidemiologic follow-up of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1971–1992) was examined to determine the relationship of caloric intake, BMI, and physical activity to CVD mortality. Of 14,407 participants, 9790 subjects aged 25 to 74 years met inclusion criteria. The CVD mortality rate was the outcome. Results During the 17 years of follow-up, there were 3183 deaths, 1531 of which were due to CVD (9.11/1000 person-years). People with relatively less physical activity, lower caloric intake, and who were overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) had a less favorable baseline CVD risk profile than did those who were more active and of normal weight and had greater caloric intake. Age- and race/ethnicity–adjusted CVD mortality rates were highest among those with the least physical activity and lowest caloric intake, and who were overweight or obese. Moreover, subjects of normal weight who exercised most were more likely to have high caloric intake and lower CVD mortality (5.9 vs 14.7 per 1000 person-years, p =0.01) than subjects who were obese and exercised least. In Cox regression analysis, controlling for relevant CVD risk factors, least physical activity was independently associated with increased CVD mortality (hazard ratio=1.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.13–1.53); and obesity was associated with increased CVD mortality (hazard ratio=1.24, 95% CI=1.06–1.44). Although highest dietary caloric intake was associated with reduced CVD mortality (hazard ratio=0.83, 95% CI=0.74–0.93), after adjusting for physical activity and BMI, there was no significant association of highest caloric intake with CVD mortality (hazard ratio=0.91, 95% CI=0.81–1.01). Conclusions In this large general population sample, lower levels of physical activity and obesity were independently associated with decreased CVD survival. Moreover, when BMI, physical activity, and other relevant characteristics were taken into account, caloric intake was not related to CVD mortality.
WIC AND SOMATIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRE SCHOOL CHILDREN: THE NATIONAL WIC EVALUATION

We related age of onset of benefits from the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) to height, weight, Quetelet's index (wt/length2), head circumference, mid-arm circumference and triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness among 2142 representative poor children under five from 59 areas nationwide and behavior and cognition among 486 four and five year olds. We used Schaeffer's Infant Behavior Inventory, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary test and the forward and backward digit memory tests from the McCarthy Scale of Infant Development. We controlled for age and sex, and then for a wide range of additional social, demographic and somatic covariates.
Electronic neural circuits with simulated annealing

Summary form only given, as follows. A promising approach to implementing electronic neural networks is to design and fabricate special-purpose VLSI chips, because the software execution of simulated annealing on conventional computers is very slow. A hardware realization of simulated annealing is described using the analog between the temperature in the Boltzmann machine and the amplifier gain in the electronic neural circuits. Detailed requirements for the annealing schedule are analyzed. Experimental results on the transfer characteristics of 4-bit Hopfield neural-based analog-to-digital converters with the simulated annealing technique are presented. >
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LOGISTICS, MARKETING, PRODUCTION, AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT

The renaming of the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) ushered in some interesting definitional dialogue and debate within the practitioner and academic communities. Inherent in emerging definitions is the notion that SCM encompasses activities traditionally considered aspects of production, logistics, marketing, and operations management. Defining SCM in such a broad scope (i.e., a “within” and “across” functions perspective), while considered by many scholars as the true representation of the essence of SCM, creates confusion regarding the appropriate organizational level within a business that is best suited for managerial decision making regarding the phenomenon. This paper contributes to the emerging SCM dialogue by highlighting the functional spaces (the “within” function perspective), relationships, and conceptual overlaps (the “across” functions perspective) between marketing, logistics, production, operations, and supply chain management. By comparing and contrasting the literature-based conceptual boundaries of each discipline, a framework is proposed that more clearly captures the essence of the SCM decision making sphere. Managerial insights and future research implications are presented.
Influence of an immobile or mobile saturation on non-Darcy compressible flow of real gases in propped fractures

The effects of immobile and mobile liquid saturations on the non-Darcy flow coefficient in propped fractures have been investigated. It was observed that an immobile liquid saturation of up to 20% PV can triple the non-Darcy flow coefficient and a small mobile liquid saturation will increase the non-Darcy flow coefficient by nearly an order of magnitude (over that of the dry case). The linear relationship between the logarithm of the non-Darcy flow coefficient and the logarithm of the proppant permeability for propped fractures, as proposed by Cooke, is shown to be invalid in the presence of an immobile or mobile liquid saturation. Constants are presented that can be used to obtain a more accurate approximation than has previously been available on the non-Darcy flow coefficient for single-phase flow in fractures propped with 10/20- and 20/40-mesh Ottawa sand. The experimental data obtained from this research was compared with those of others reported in the literature.
First complete genomic characterization of two tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates obtained from wild rodents in South Korea.

We determined for the first time the complete genome sequences of two Korean strains of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), designated KrM 93 and KrM 213, isolated from the lung tissues of wild rodents in 2006. The genomes are 11,097 nucleotides (nt) in length and consist of a 132 nt 5′-noncoding region (NCR), a 10,245 nt open reading frame (ORF) containing 10 viral protein-coding regions (3,415 amino acids), and a 720 nt 3′-NCR. Compared with the 31 fully sequenced TBEV strains currently available, KrM 93 and KrM 213 show genomic nucleotide (and deduced amino acid) sequence divergences ranging from 1.8 (0.7) to 19.2 (26.6)% and 1.9 (0.8) to 19.3 (26.7)%, respectively. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses based on the complete genome sequence were performed to identify genetic variations and relationships between the TBEV strains. These showed that the Korean TBEV strains clustered with the Western subtype rather than with Far-Eastern or Siberian subtypes, and phylogenetic trees derived from capsid (C), envelope (E), nonstructural (NS) 4B and NS5 regions represented the same branching pattern shown by the complete genome-based tree. Although no recombination events were identified in these two Korean strains, 11 putative recombination events were identified within the NS5 regions or in the 3′-NCRs of TBEV strains in general. The results provide insight into the genetics of TBEV strains to understand the molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and evolution of TBEV.
Anomalies of chromosome 1 as a possible prognostic index in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Abstract Complete remission rates, remission duration, and survival were established in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with chromosome #1 anomalies, and the results were compared with those in patients with normal karyotypes or other chromosomal changes. Even though the complete remission rate did not differ significantly among the three groups, remission duration and survival were significantly longer in children with ALL and chromosome #1 anomalies as compared with those in the other two groups.
Anatomical Location of Pathology Is Predictive of Prolonged Fluoroscopy Time During ERCP: A Multicenter American Study.

Different factors have been associated with prolonged fluoroscopy time (FT) during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We hypothesize that FT depends on both the anatomical location of the pathology managed during ERCP and the complexity of the ERCP. Three centers participated in a retrospective multi-center cohort study. Data on patient demographics, ERCP complexity, and the location of pathology were collected. The relationships between FT and the location of pathology, ERCP complexity, patient demographics, and ERCP maneuvers, respectively, were analyzed. Prolonged FT was defined as a FT > 10 min. A total of 442 cases underwent ERCP in three different centers (301 cases, 76 cases, and 65 cases in centers A, B, and C, respectively) by six endoscopists. The median FT for all cases was 282 (range 8–3,516) s. Mean FT increased progressively according to anatomical location in the order extrahepatic cases {n = 298; mean FT 292 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 263–322] s}, pancreatic cases [n = 27; mean FT 359 (95 % CI 200–517) s], and intrahepatic cases [n = 117; mean FT 736 s (95 % CI 635–836) s]. Mean FT increased progressively with the complexity scale, with mean FT for Grade I, 218 (95 % CI 138–299) s; Grade II, 295 (95 % 261–329) s; Grade III, 586 (95 % CI 508–663) s; Grade IV, 636 (95 % CI 437–834) s. Multivariable analysis confirmed that prolonged FT was independently associated with anatomical location of the targeted pathology during ERCP—but not with ERCP complexity and endoscopy center. Prolonged FT during ERCP is associated most strongly with intrahepatic cases. FT can be used most effectively as a quality measure if it is stratified according to presence or absence of intrahepatic cases.
Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) coexists with activated neurons by skeletal muscle contraction in the brainstem of cats

Contraction of skeletal muscle evokes increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Some regions of the brainstem have been implicated for expression of the cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction. Previous studies have reported that static muscle contraction induced c-Fos protein in the nucleus of tractus solitarii (NTS), lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), lateral tegmental field (FTL), subretrofacial nucleus (SRF), A1 region and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the brainstem. Furthermore, neuronal NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), which is considered as a marker of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), has been localized in those same regions. In this study, static muscle contraction was induced by electrical stimulation of the L7 and S1 ventral roots in anaesthetized cats. Distribution of c-Fos protein within neurons containing nNOS was evaluated by double labeling methods in order to determine if nNOS containing neurons in the brainstem were activated during muscle contraction. The results indicate that c-Fos protein colocalized with NADPH-d positive staining within the neurons of the SRF and PAG, but not within the NTS neurons. Distinct number of neurons with c-Fos protein was in close proximity to NADPH-d positive staining in the NTS, SRF, and PAG. Coexisting of c-Fos protein and NADPH-d positive staining was not observed in the LRN, FTL and A1 region. These findings demonstrate that nNOS containing neurons were activated by muscle contraction in the selective regions of the brainstem, and nNOS positive staining had close anatomic contacts with the neurons activated by contraction. This result provides neuroanatomic evidence suggesting that nitric oxide modulates the cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction within the NTS, SRF and PAG of the brainstem.
Cloning and characterization of the mouse PIG-A gene

Abstract Currently there is no experimental animal model for studying paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), an acquired hemolytic anemia linked to mutations of the PIG-A gene. In this study, we cloned and characterized the mouse PIG-A gene. Sequencing of mouse PIG-A cDNA showed that it encodes a 485 amino acid-long protein. Northern hybridizations identified a major mRNA transcript of 3.6 kb and PCR amplifications identified four smaller alternative splice products. Exon:intron junctional analyses of the mouse PIG-A genome showed 6 exons (1(≥ 60 bp), 2(780 bp), 3(133 bp) 4(133 bp), 5(207 bp), and 6(2276 bp)), the latter 5 of which encompass the coding region. Chromosomal mapping using C57BL/6J × M. Spretus backcross DNA localized the mouse PIG-A gene near the telomeric end of the mouse X chromosome. The isolation of the mouse PIG-A gene opens the possibility for the development of a mouse model of PNH.
Global lightning activity observed by TRMM and monsoon onset

Monsoons are generally considered to be developed by land-ocean differential heating. However, it is revealed from the one to two months time lag between the maximum lightning activity/surface temperature and the monsoon rain onset that the diabatic heating generated by deep cumulus convection is another driving mechanism for monsoon development. The TRMM LIS observations, rainfall measurements, and the ERA-40 reanalyses were analyzed to demonstrate this monsoon development.
Is it possible to detect dendrite currents using presently available magnetic resonance imaging techniques

The action currents of a dendrite, peripheral nerve or skeletal muscle create their own magnetic field. Many investigators have attempted to detect neural and dendritic currents directly using magnetic resonance imaging that can cause the phase of the spins to change. Our goal in this paper is to use the calculated magnetic field of a dendrite to estimate the resulting phase shift in the magnetic resonance signal. The field produced by a dense collection of simultaneously active dendrites may be just detectable under the most ideal circumstances, but in almost every realistic case the field cannot be detected using current MRI technology.
How to combine deterministic and probabilistic methods for assessing earthquake hazards

Abstract Deterministic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) and probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) are incompatible methods. DSHA is based on geology and is attuned to physical reality in nature; PSHA is based on earthquake statistics and theory-guided numerical calculations. PSHA is less reliable than DSHA because PSHA is full of grave uncertainties that are created by the method itself; DSHA is more reliable because it deals principally with observed geological facts and is logical and transparent. DSHA and PSHA can be combined to advantage if one accepts that they are not equally valid. To combine them, one must recognize the weaknesses in PSHA and not use PSHA for design of critical structures. Only DSHA is suitable for that purpose. However, PSHA can be used for (1) preliminary evaluations, (2) for an operating basis earthquake (OBE), (3) for risk analysis when unrelated to design decisions for a critical project, and (4) for design of non-critical construction. Probabilistic methods that should never be used are (1) multiple expert opinion, (2) logic trees, and (3) deaggregation. No unrepentant seismic probabilist will agree to this diminishment of PSHA. Consequently, DSHA and PSHA will remain irreconcilable. The solution is for policymakers in regulatory agencies and owners of major engineering projects to determine which of the methods to use or in what combination. They need to (1) engage open-minded advisors, (2) ask hard questions, and (3) choose wisely. Meanwhile, Krinitzsky [Eng. Geol. 65 (2002) 1] provides procedures to obtain earthquake ground motions for engineering design that combine DSHA and PSHA according to the above criteria.
Duodenocaval Fistula From Inferior Vena Cava Filter Penetration Masquerading as Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Asymptomatic penetration of the inferior vena cava (IVC) wall with retrievable filters is not uncommon. Occasionally, this can be a cause for morbidity, and rarely for mortality. We present a case of duodenocaval fistula, secondary to penetration from a strut of retrievable IVC filter that presented as lower gastrointestinal bleeding and discuss the subsequent management. Although newer generation retrievable filters provide a longer time for retrieval, they are associated with an increased incidence of IVC wall penetration, caudal migration, and occasionally symptomatic presentation, thereby necessitating surgical intervention. Close follow-up is warranted, and prompt retrieval of such devices should be done when their use is no longer indicated.
Note on aversion learning to the shape of food by monkeys

Vervet and grivet monkeys were repeatedly tested eating bar- and circle-shaped cookies. One subject was always injected with lithium immediately after eating cookies with the circle shape and learned to avoid the circular cookies while continuing to eat the bar-shaped cookies. Another subject received similar treatment except that lithium injections were always delayed 30 minutes after access to the circle-shaped cookies. She also acquired a discriminative aversion. Aversion learning was not observed with 60-minute delayed toxicosis or with lithium injections administered unpaired with access to the cookies. The two types of cookies differed only in shape, and conditioning and test sessions were conducted in total darkness to preclude the use of visual cues. Therefore, the avoidance observed in subjects conditioned with immediate and 30-minute delayed toxicosis represents a conditioned aversion to the shape of the cookies as revealed by tactile cues. These findings illustrate that monkeys can learn to select food on the basis of tactile stimuli when such stimuli are conditioned with delayed aversive stimulation.
Prevalence of early childhood caries among very young urban Boston children compared with US children.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to compare prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 1- to 3-year-old children seeing primary-care pediatricians at two urban medical centers in Boston to the prevalence of ECC in similarly aged US children surveyed as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and to assess risk factors for ECC among this cohort of children compared with risk factors among similarly aged US children. Methods: Characteristics of 787 1- to 3-year-old children from two urban Boston medical centers were compared with those of 3,644 similarly aged US children surveyed as part of NHANES III. Demographic and social characteristics and ECC prevalence by putative risk factors were compared. A multiple logistic regression model was fit to assess putative risk factors and difference between groups simultaneously. Results: Race, age, previous dental visit, parents' education, and household income were significantly associated with ECC prevalence. Parents' place of birth was a significant effect modifier with lower ECC among Boston children of immigrants than among US children of immigrants. Conclusions: Lower ECC prevalence among urban Boston children of immigrant parents compared with US children of immigrant parents may reflect changing immigrant composition in the United States since NHANES III or a different immigrant composition in the Boston area compared with the United States. This finding reinforces the need for further research of immigrants in order to understand cultural practices that may affect oral health. Finally, low ECC prevalence among very young children reinforces the importance of early intervention in reducing ECC.
Non-invasive characterization of mineralized silk films using light scattering

Light scattering spectroscopy is used as a non-invasive technique to characterize mineralization of silk films. Acquired scattering data is analyzed to provide information about the overall content as well as the organization of mineral deposits.