cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic solutions to the opening of the Gulf of Mexico

Two mechanistic models—which are unlike the traditional plate-tectonic landfill models used for most proposed Pangea reconstructions of the Yucatan block—relate the Mesozoic opening of the Gulf of Mexico directly to the movement of the North and South American plates: (1) a previous piggyback model in which Yucatan moves with South America out of the western gulf and (2) a new edge-driven model in which the motion of the Yucatan block is caused by forces applied to its margins by the movement of the North and South American plates. In the second model, Yucatan moves out of the northern Gulf of Mexico as a gear or roller bearing. On the basis of magnetic edge anomalies around the gulf, this edge-driven model predicts that from the Bathonian to Tithonian (∼170 to ∼150 Ma), Yucatan was rotated ∼60° counterclockwise as a rigid block between North and South America with rift propagation and extension occurring simultaneously in the Gulf of Mexico and Yucatan Basin.
Paraneoplastic diarrhea in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma

We present a case of newly diagnosed lung adenocarcinoma and a five-month history of diarrhea. The patient was found to have elevated chromogranin A serum levels and the tumor displayed histologic and immunohistochemical features of neuroendocrine differentiation. Upon lobectomy and tumor resection, the chromogranin A levels normalized and the diarrhea resolved completely. This is the first reported case of paraneoplastic diarrhea associated with lung adenocarcinoma.
Extreme Sensitivity of Enveloped Viruses, Including Herpes Simplex, to Long-Chain Unsaturated Monoglycerides and Alcohols

Unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols of chain lengths of 16 or 18 carbons were found to be extremely potent inactivators of two enveloped viruses, herpes simplex virus type 2 and bacteriophage φ6. The lipid-containing bacteriophage PM2 was also inactivated by some of these amphiphilic molecules. Treatment of herpes simplex virus type 2 with these compounds at concentrations as low as 0.2 μM reduced virus survival to 50% in 30 min, making these agents the most potent inactivators of herpes simplex viruses discovered that are not cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Detailed characterizations of the effects of unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols on bacteriophages φ6 and PM2 showed that the inactivated φ6 virion remained nearly intact but that PM2 was almost completely disrupted by the inactivating treatment. Some of the compounds inactivate the viruses even at low temperature (0°C). Excess amounts of diglycerides and phospholipids interfere with the inactivating abilities of some of the unsaturated monoglycerides and alcohols against φ6 and PM2. Our findings suggest that the unsaturated monoglycerides and some of the unsaturated alcohols should be further studied as potential antiviral agents, particularly for application to herpesvirus-infected areas of the skin and accessible epithelium.
The Ties That Bind: Creating Number Agreement in Speech

Abstract Coherence in language relies in part on basic devices like number agreement. To assess meaning-based (notional) versus form-based (morphological) control of number agreement, we examined how speakers created number agreement for collective nouns, which can carry conflicting notional and morphological number. The agreement targets were verbs and two types of pronouns, produced in the course of a sentence-completion task. Comparisons of the verbs and pronouns indicated that verbs tended to reflect the morphological number of the collective controller, whereas pronouns were more likely to reflect the notional number. This argues that the number features of pronouns may be retrieved under control from the speaker's meaning, while the number features of verbs are more likely to be retrieved under control from the utterance's form. The implication is that the retrieval of words during language production is influenced by two distinct types of information, consistent with an inflectional account of agreement.
Analysis of state exposure control to prevent cheating in online games

Cheating has become a serious threat to the online game industry. One common type of cheating is accessing game states that are not supposed to be exposed to the players. In this paper, we evaluate a few information dissemination strategies that limit the state exposure to the client, measuring the delay introduced to the players and the system resource requirements at the game server. Our measurement is based on OpenGladiator, a multi-user, real-time strategy game that is similar to Warcraft but in open-source. We found that by performing careful on-demand preloading, we can significantly reduce the unnecessary states exposed to a client without introducing any additional delay to the players. Our measurement results show that the on-demand strategy comes with a increment to the server's CPU load. However, it also significantly reduces the server's network bandwidth consumption, which is a major cost of running a game server in the current Internet.
Industry/university collaboration in software engineering education: refreshing and retuning our strategies

This panel session will explore strategies for industry/university collaboration in software engineering education. Specific discussion topics will include new strategies for successful industry/university collaboration, exploration of reasons why some of the old strategies no longer work, and regional/geographical differences noted by the international set of panelists. The panel hopes to identify new promising strategies for such collaborations. Specific industry representatives will be invited to attend and participate in the discussion.
Adaptive Photonic-Assisted M-ary ASK/M-QAM Millimeter-Wave Synthesis in Multi-Antenna Radio-over-Fiber System

We propose and experimentally verify novel photonic-assisted multi-antenna RoF system to achieve multiplexing gain by synthesizing two 1/0.5-Gb/s OOK/4-QAM mm-wave signals into a 2/1-Gb/s 4-ary ASK/16-QAM signal, or SNR gain by combining two identical channels.
Evaluation of Si:As and Si:Sb blocked-impurity-band detectors for SIRTF and WIRE

Cryogenic telescopes in space offer dramatic reduction in thermal IR background flux. Outstanding performance in the areas of detector dark current, read noise, and radiation hardness are required to take full advantage of the sensitivity improvements possible with such facilities, especially in very low flux (2 to 100 photons/pixel/sec) applications such as the Infrared Spectrograph on SIRTF. We present our testing methods and our results on Si:As and Si:Sb block impurity band (BIB) detectors produced by Rockwell International for our SIRTF and WIRE applications. Remarkable recent results are the reduction of the multiple-sampling read noise to 30 electrons, reduction of dark current to 10 e-/s for Si:As and 40 e-/s for Si:Sb, the use of an antireflective coating to improve the detective quantum efficiency for Si:As, extension of the useful wavelength range of Si:Sb to 40 microns, and confirmation that lab data on a 50 s time scale can be extrapolated to integration times at least 10 times longer.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Registration of ATx3363 and BTx3363 Black Sorghum Germplasms

The sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] germplasms ATx3363 (Reg. No. GP-731, PI 668028) and BTx3363 (Reg. No. GP-732, PI 668029) were developed and released by Texas AgriLife Research sorghum breeding program in 2012. Tx3363 is a grain sorghum seed parent designed to produce a very dark-colored (i.e., black) grain hybrid in combination with Tx3362. BTx3363 was developed with pedigree selection methods and the male sterile version (ATx3363) was developed via backcrossing using ATx623 as a source of A1 cytoplasm. Grain produced from the combination of Tx3363/Tx3362 has potential use and application as a natural colorant and source of antioxidants. The color is associated with high levels of 3-deoxyanthocyanins in the pericarp of the grain. Therefore, they have application as natural colorants in many processed food products. Because these compounds are present in the pericarp, they are easily concentrated by simply decorticating the grain and collecting the resulting bran. Tx3363 sorghum germplasm can be used as a seed parent to produce hybrids rich in 3-deoxyanthocyanins or as a breeding parent to produce additional lines with this unique characteristic.
Message from the outgoing Editor-in-Chief

The outgoing Editor-in-Cheif's (EiC's) three-year term serving the IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS has now come to a close. He states that it has been a pleasure to hold this post and certainly a very rewarding experience. While upholding our own finest standard demanded by the Solid-State Circuits community, our Journal continues to be the most downloaded journal in IEEE Xplore as well as being the most referred journal in US Patents. All this was made possible only because of the continued support of many individuals who make the Journal what it is.
Upstream regions of the c-jun promoter regulate phorbol ester-induced transcription in U937 leukemic cells

To understand the mechanism by which phorbol esters (PMA) stimulate c-jun transcription in human leukemic cell line U937, we have mutated specific enhancer sequences within the c-jun promoter. We find in the region of DNA from -132 to +170 containing Sp1, C-TF and AP-1 sequences that mutation of the AP-1 sequence alone is not sufficient to abrogate transcription, and mutation of the Sp1 sequence increases transcription 4-fold. Although mutation of the CTF site had no effect, CTF and AP-1 mutations together totally abrogate PMA-induced transcription. In comparison mutations of either of these sites alone or together in a construct containing -1639/+740 of the c-jun promoter had no effect on transcription. Because this data suggested the possibility of other upstream control regions, we sequenced the promoter from -142 to -1639. This sequence demonstrates a greater than 70% homology between human, and mouse c-jun promoters for the region from -142 to -441, and a second AP-1-like site in the -183 to -192 region. Mutation of this site did not influence transcription by PMA. By making constructs containing varying portions of the promoter, we have identified the region between -142 and -711 to be responsible for mediating PMA-induced c-jun transcription.
The Use of Technology Assessment by Hospitals, Health Maintenance Organizations, and Third-Party Payers in the United States

A case study design was used to determine the reliance on technology assessment of decisionmakers in hospitals, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and third-party payers. Thirty different organizations were contacted and semistructured interviews conducted. The study found that hospitals, HMOs, and insurers are conducting technology assessments, but the form and sophistication of these analyses range widely. Hospitals are particularly focused on traditional financial analyses ("prudent purchasing") with the exception of pharmacy committees, which generally conduct more sophisticated socio-economic analyses. HMOs and insurers conduct outcome assessments for coverage of expensive or controversial technologies but exclude economics. Technology assessment will become increasingly important in resource allocation decision making and it is in the interest of technology providers to foster better information, a more comprehensive assessment process, and a more efficient assessment system.
Dietary fiber and body weight.

Objective: This review provides an update of recent studies of dietary fiber and weight and includes a discussion of potential mechanisms of how dietary fiber can aid weight loss and weight mainte- nance. Methods: Human studies published on dietary fiber and body weight were reviewed and summa- rized. Dietary fiber content of popular low-carbohydrate diets were calculated and are presented. Results: Epidemiologic support that dietary fiber intake prevents obesity is strong. Fiber intake is inversely associated with body weight and body fat. In addition, fiber intake is inversely associated with body mass index at all levels of fat intake after adjusting for confounding factors. Results from intervention studies are more mixed, although the addition of dietary fiber generally decreases food intake and, hence, body weight. Many mechanisms have been suggested for how dietary fiber aids in weight management, including promoting satiation, decreasing absorption of macronutrients, and altering secretion of gut hormones. Conclusion: The average fiber intake of adults in the United States is less than half recommended levels and is lower still among those who follow currently popular low-carbohydrate diets, such as Atkins and South Beach. Increasing consumption of dietary fiber with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes across the life cycle is a critical step in stemming the epidemic of obesity found in developed countries. The addition of functional fiber to weight-loss diets should also be considered as a tool to improve success. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of Fermentation and Baking of Whole Wheat and Whole Rye Sourdough Breads on Cereal Alkylresorcinols

ABSTRACT Alkylresorcinol (AR) content was determined in multiple-stage whole wheat and whole rye flour sours, as well as in whole wheat and whole rye flour doughs and breads. AR content decreased considerably during fermentation and baking. AR content was reduced by 20 and 46%, respectively, at the end of sourdough starter fermentation of whole wheat and whole rye flour sours. AR content, which was 512 and 210 μg/g in whole rye and whole wheat flour doughs, respectively, was 30 and 0 μg/g, respectively, after baking of breads. Synthetic AR added at different levels to doughs was also greatly reduced during fermentation and baking.
Mid-Infrared as a New Tool for Detecting Adulteration in Fruit Products

This paper illustrates the use of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of fruit purees or jams, and diffuse reflectance (DRIFT) spectra of jams, to provide the chemical information necessary to check the composition and authenticity of these products. The fingerprint region contains information reflecting the carbohydrate, acid, and pectin content. Although differences between products from different fruit types, or between genuine and adulterated samples, can be seen in the spectra by eye, the samples cannot be identified unambiguously by visual inspection. Statistical methods can aid this identification, however. An example of the use of principal component analysis is presented, enabling genuine raspberry purees to be distinguished from raspberry purees doctored by the addition of sucrose solution to a level of about 6% sucrose.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia Cass. (Asteraceae: Mutisieae: Gerbera-complex), an Asian-North American disjunct genus

Leibnitzia comprises six species of perennial herbs that are adapted to high elevation conditions and is oneofonlytwoAsteraceaegeneraknowntohaveanexclusivelydisjunctdistributionspanningcentraltoeasternAsia and North America. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia and other Gerbera-complex members indicates that Leibnitzia is monophyletic, which is in contrast with our expectation that the American Leibnitzia species L. lyrata and L. occimadrensis would be more closely related to another American member of the Gerbera-complex, namely Chaptalia. Ancestral area reconstructions show that the historical biogeography of the Gerbera-complex mirrors that of the entire Asteraceae, with early diverging lineages located in South America that were followed by transfers to Africa and Eurasia and, most recently, to North America. Intercontinental transfer of Leibnitzia appears to have been directed from Asia to North America. Independent calibrations of nuclear (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region) and chloroplast (trnL-rpl32 intron) DNA sequence data using relaxed clock methods and either mean rate or fossil-based priors unanimously support Miocene and younger divergence times for Gerbera-complex taxa. The ages are not consistent with most Gondwanan vicariance episodes and, thus, the global distribution of Gerbera-complex members must be explained in large part by long-distance dispersal. American species of Leibnitzia are estimated to have diverged from their Asian ancestor during the Quaternary (ca. 2 mya) and either migrated overland to North America via Beringia and retreated southwards along high elevation corridors to their present location in southwestern North America or were dispersed long distance.
Effect of mesoscale eddies and streamers on sardine spawning habitat and recruitment success off Southern and central California

We quantified the effect of mesoscale eddies and streamers on the spatial distribution of Pacific sardine spawning habitat using a merged altimetry data set and a statistical spawning habitat model. The distribution of eggs could be predicted using sea-surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) similarly to previous studies. Eddies alone did not have a significant additional or emergent effect on the probability of capturing eggs beyond these predictors. Rather, mesoscale features (eddies and streamers) entrained water with the appropriate conditions in terms of temperature, chlorophyll, and EKE. These dynamic features moved appropriate spawning habitat for sardine offshore to areas where appropriate habitat otherwise would not exist. Using centroids of predicted sardine habitat, we showed that sardine recruitment success was inversely correlated with distance from shore of predicted sardine habitat centroids. This indicates that offshore transport has a negative effect on sardine recruitment, despite expanding favorable spawning habitat further offshore.
Use of expiratory CT images in the diagnosis and localisation of airway complications following lung transplantation.

A 78-year-old man presented with dyspnoea and subacute decline in lung function several years after undergoing a left lung transplant for pulmonary fibrosis. He had a history of left anastomotic stenosis that had been treated for some time with a stent. Initially unclear whether his decline was associated with a recurrent anastomotic issue or whether he had developed another problem, such as chronic rejection (bronchiolitis obliterans), a CT scan of the chest was performed and showed a clear left lung on inspiratory …
Treat registry results: correlations between physician assessments of disease severity and IBDQ in crohn's disease patients

Treat registry results: correlations between physician assessments of disease severity and IBDQ in crohn's disease patients
Developmental relationships in the acquisition of English syntax: writing vs. speech

Abstract The acquisition of English morpho-syntactic elements was studied in five adult L2 learners, all native speakers of Spanish, while they were enrolled in a pre-university intensive English program. Data were elicited through a variety of paired oral and written tasks over a three and a half month semester. Samples were analyzed to determine whether speech or writing served as the primary source of morpho-syntactic innovation. The five subjects demonstrated notable differences in their patterns of language development across both modalities. In general, however, writing appeared to be the preferred medium for the emergence of new morpho-syntactic forms and for the development of grammatical accuracy.
Classification Spectroscopy of M Dwarfs from 0.6 to 2.4 Microns

A powerful tool in the study of cool stars and brown dwarfs is broad wavelength spectroscopy. Recently, a spectral sequence was established between 6300 and 9000 A for dwarfs ranging in type from K5 to M9. With today’s technology, classification spectra can also be obtained with relative ease in the region near peak flux (0.9 – 2.4μm). A re-establishment of spectral types in the infrared will allow very red dwarfs to be classified using shorter integration times at smaller telescopes. In particular, the resulting 0.6 – 2.4 μm spectra will provide important physical information for the latest M dwarfs and for brown dwarf candidates.
Post-Yielding Stress-Strain Determination Using Spherical Indentation

In this research, finite element (FE) simulations were performed to verify Tabor's empirical relations that enable the use of the indentation test for determination of post-yielding uniaxial stress-strain curves of a variety of ductile metallic alloys. Both piling-up and sinking-in materials are included in this study. From the FE spherical indentation simulations, the indentation loads and projected contact radii are obtained for various elastic power-law plastic solids in both bulk and thin film substrate systems. It is found that for bulk materials, the indentation stresses and strains obtained from Tabor's empirical formula agreed well with the input uniaxial stress-strain data. This approach is then verified experimentally by spherical indentation tests on Inconel 783 alloy. In thin film substrate system, two cases, soft film on hard substrate and hard film on soft substrate were studied and the substrate effect on Tabor's relation was analyzed.
Visualizing Diversity and Depth over a Set of Objects

In many domains, the user is interested not only in including objects with particular desired values, but also in the distribution of values in the the set. Our approach for visualizing a set of objects uses glyphs overlaid on a composite representation of the entire set to convey objects' depth and the set's diversity. We test and apply this technique to three application domains: analyzing student applicant pools of a particular school or department, building an effective fantasy football team, and analyzing traffic activity on a network.
The Use of Carbamazepine for the Treatment of Paraphilias in a Brain Damaged Patient

The authors evaluated a thirty-four year-old man who had an organic personality disorder, partial complex seizure disorder, and several paraphilias. After unsuccessful treatment with dilantin and p...
Adaptive management of air traffic flow: a multiagent coordination approach

This paper summarizes recent advances in the application of multiagent coordination algorithms to air traffic flow management. Indeed, air traffic flow management is one of the fundamental challenges facing the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) today. This problem is particularly complex as it requires the integration and/or coordination of many factors including: new data (e.g., changing weather info), potentially conflicting priorities (e.g., different airlines), limited resources (e.g., air traffic controllers) and very heavy traffic volume (e.g., over 40,000 flights over the US airspace). The multiagent approach assigns an agent to a navigational fix (a specific location in 2D space) and uses three separate actions to control the airspace: setting the separation between airplanes, setting ground holds that delay aircraft departures and rerouting aircraft. Agents then use reinforcement learning to learn the best set of actions. Results based on FACET (a commercial simulator) show that agents receiving personalized rewards reduce congestion by up to 80% over agents receiving a global reward and by up to 85% over a current industry approach (Monte Carlo estimation). These results show that with proper selection of agents, their actions and their reward structures, multiagent coordination algorithms can be successfully applied to complex real world domains.
Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA receptor modulators in the treatment of neurological disease

Excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS depends heavily upon α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors. Derangements in AMPA receptor mediated synaptic transmission may be a contributing factor in neurological and neurodegenerative diseases and could be a target for therapeutic intervention. Recently, drugs that positively modulate AMPA receptors have been identified, having differential effects upon certain AMPA receptor subunits and different effects upon physiological properties of AMPA receptors. These drugs facilitate AMPA receptor mediated processes and may have beneficial therapeutic effects. For example, certain AMPA modulators facilitate long-term potentiation, which is considered a cellular mechanism that may be important for memory storage and they also facilitate memory encoding in behavioural experiments. Thus, AMPA modulators might ameliorate memory deficits that occur in dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, AMPA receptor mediated excito...
Cardiac mechanotransduction and implications for heart disease

Mechanotransduction, the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into a cellular response, plays a fundamental role in cell volume regulation, fertilization, gravitaxis, proprioception, and the senses of hearing, touch, and balance. Mechanotransduction also fills important functions in the myocardium, where each cycle of contraction and relaxation leads to dynamic deformations. Since the initial observation of stretch induced muscle growth, our understanding of this complex field has been steadily growing, but remains incomplete. For example, the mechanism by which myocytes sense mechanical forces is still unknown. It is also unknown which mechanism converts such a stimulus into an electrochemical signal, and how this information is transferred to the nucleus. Is there a subpopulation of mechanosensing myocytes or mechanosensing cells in the myocardium? The following article offers an overview of the fundamental processes of mechanical stretch sensing in myocytes and recent advances in our understanding of this increasingly important field. Special emphasis is placed on the unique cardiac cytoskeletal structure and related Z-disc proteins.
Before “The Missiles of October”: Did Kennedy Plan a Military Strike Against Cuba?

Was the Kennedy administration moving toward a military attack on Cuba in the fall of 1962, even before it discovered Soviet strategic missiles on the island? Recently declassified evidence and fresh controversy compel a new look at this infrequently examined question. While not offering a definitive answer, this chapter presents new information, interpretations and hypotheses regarding U.S. behavior in the period leading up to the Cuban missile crisis. It is now clear that throughout the first ten months of 1962, Operation Mongoose, the Kennedy administration’s secret program of covert operations against Cuba, was closely coordinated with enhanced Pentagon contingency planning for possible U.S. military intervention to bring about Castro’s downfall. During this period, U.S. officials actively considered the option of sparking an internal revolt in Cuba that would serve as a pretext for open, direct military action. Top officials in the U.S. government initially “shied away from” the idea of overt military involvement in Cuba prior to the missile crisis. But the Pentagon, acting at the direction of the president and the secretary of defense, dramatically accelerated contingency planning for military action against Cuba in late September and early October 1962, just as the president was ordering a sharp increase in anti-Castro covert operations. Although the ultimate purpose of these intensified military preparations remains unclear, the possibility that, under domestic political pressure and even before they learned in mid-October that Soviet nuclear-capable missiles were in Cuba, top U.S. policymakers seriously considered conventional military action—including, if necessary, a full-scale invasion—to overthrow the Castro regime, has to be considered.
Role of Ground Surface Deformation in Volcano Monitoring

What can be learned about the inner working of volcanoes by studying how they change shape or deform? What role does InSAR play in volcano deformation studies, and what other techniques are useful for studying deforming volcanoes? By what means and to what extent can volcanic eruptions and their impacts be forecast using deformation and other types of data? In this chapter we address these questions from the perspective of two volcano scientists with very different backgrounds and five decades of combined experience.
Strategic Corporate Market Signaling Behavior in Different Technological Innovation Phases

Technological innovations, e.g. new hardware or software products, evolve through lifecycles comprised of multiple phases. At each of these phases, different types of uncertainty exist that confound the decision making processes of potential technology adopters. In order to diffuse this uncertainty, technology-producing firms emit different types of market signals. This paper develops a model to explain firms’ signaling efforts as they correspond to the uncertainties experienced at the various phases of the innovation life cycle. The paper identifies three types of uncertainty associated with different phases of the innovation lifecycle: i) Technology uncertainty, ii) Marketplace uncertainty, and iii) Standards uncertainty. Different categories of corporate strategic market signals corresponding to these three types of uncertainty are identified. The relationship between the nature of the uncertainty experienced and firms’ signaling efforts is proposed to be moderated by whether the firm is a technology leader or not.
Efficient simulation-based discrete optimization

In many practical applications of simulation it is desirable to optimize the levels of integer or binary variables that are inputs for the simulation model. In these cases, the objective function must often be estimated through an expensive simulation process, and the optimization problem is NP-hard, leading to a computationally difficult problem. We investigate efficient solution methods for this problem, and we propose an approach that reduces the number of runs of the simulation by using ridge regression to approximate some of the simulation calls. This approach is shown to significantly decrease the computational cost but at a cost of slightly worse solution values.
Pharmacological Effects of JTT-551, a Novel Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor, in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of leptin signaling as well as insulin signaling. JTT-551 is a new PTP1B inhibitor, which is reported to improve glucose metabolism by enhancement of insulin signaling. We have evaluated an antiobesity effect of JTT-551 using diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. A single administration of JTT-551 was provided to DIO mice with or without leptin, and DIO mice were given food containing JTT-551 for six weeks. A single administration of JTT-551 with leptin treatment enhanced the food inhibition and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in hypothalamus. Moreover, chronic administration of JTT-551 showed an antiobesity effect and an improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in DIO mice. JTT-551 shows an antiobesity effect possibly by enhancement of leptin signaling and could be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Genuine Savings and the Voracity Effect

Many resource-rich countries have poor economic performance and suffer from negative genuine saving rates, especially if they have many rival factions and badly functioning legal systems. We attempt to shed light on these stylized facts by analyzing a power struggle about the control of natural resources where competing factions in society have a private stock of financial assets and a common stock of natural resources. We solve a dynamic common-pool problem and obtain political economy variants of the Hotelling rule for resource depletion and the Hartwick saving rule necessary to sustain constant consumption in an economy with exhaustible natural resources. The rate of increase in the price of natural resources and resource depletion are faster than demanded by the Hotelling rule. As a result, the country substitutes away from resources to capital so that it saves and invests more than a homogenous society. The power struggle boosts output. Nevertheless, fractionalization depresses aggregate consumption and social welfare and leads to negative genuine saving if properly corrected for common-pool externalities. Fractionalization induces, however, positive genuine saving as measured by the World Bank.
Steroid-regulated morphological plasticity in a set of identified peptidergic neurons in the moth Manduca sexta

The lateral neurosecretory cells (LNCs) in the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta undergo a switch in neurotransmitter phenotype during pupation. Concurrent with this change in function, the LNCs undergo a major morphological reorganization. This study characterizes the morphological change and its underlying cause. In the larva, the LNC has a very compact dendritic arborization in a small volume of neuropil ipsilateral to the cell soma. In the adult moth, the LNC arborization extends through a much larger volume of neuropil, including the contralateral side of the ganglion. Using both in vivo manipulations and a single-cell culture system, we show that this change in morphology is probably triggered by two pulses of the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE): a small commitment peak and a larger prepupal pulse. These are the same two pulses of 20-HE as those previously shown jointly to cause the change in transmitter phenotype. This work, in conjunction with a previous study on the transmitter switch, documents the orchestration of major morphological and biochemical changes in a set of identified neurons by a single hormone.
The Rheology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

n 1976, Kosnick and Hunt published an initial series of 7 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and symptomatic I ischemia treated with albumin, blood transfusion, and norepinephrine to increase systemic blood pressure. Six of 7 patients greatly improved, and so started the paradigm of hypertension, hypervolemia, and hemodilution (“triple-H therapy”) for the treatment of patients with symptomatic vasospasm. In the next 4 decades, there were significant improvements in the surgical and endovascular treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, development of neurocritical care, and greater understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral vasospasm and delayed ischemic deficit, all of which have improved outcomes. However, subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to have a 17% case fatality, and only 50% of patients have a good outcome as defined by modified Rankin Scale score 0e1.
p53 Activity Dominates That of p73 upon Mdm4 Loss in Development and Tumorigenesis

Mdm4 negatively regulates the p53 tumor suppressor. Mdm4 loss in mice leads to an embryonic lethal phenotype that is p53-dependent. Biochemical studies indicate that Mdm4 also binds p73, a member of the p53 family, with higher affinity than p53. In this study, the significance of the Mdm4 and p73 interaction in vivo during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis was examined. The data revealed that p73 loss did not rescue either the early Mdm4 -deficient embryonic lethality or the runted phenotype of Mdm4 Δ2/Δ2 p53 +/− embryos. Furthermore, studies in the developing central nervous system wherein both genes have prominent roles indicated that loss of p73 also did not rescue the Mdm4 -null brain phenotype as did p53 loss. This p53 dependency occurred despite evidence for p73-specific transcriptional activity. In tumor studies, the combination of Mdm4 overexpression and p73 loss did not alter survival of mice or the tumor spectrum as compared with Mdm4 overexpression alone. In summary, these data demonstrate that the Mdm4–p73 axis cannot override the dominant role of p53 in development and tumorigenesis. Implications: Genetic characterization of the Mdm4 and p73 interaction during development and tumorigenesis suggests new insight into the role of p53 family members, which may influence treatment options for patients. Mol Cancer Res; 14(1); 56–65. ©2015 AACR . This article is featured in Highlights of This Issue, [p. 1][1] [1]: /lookup/volpage/14/1?iss=1
Thermoelectric properties of Weyl and Dirac semimetals

We study the electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity and the thermopower of Weyl and Dirac semimetals using a semiclassical Boltzmann approach. We investigate the effect of various relaxation processes including disorder and interactions on the thermoelectric properties, and also consider doping away from the Weyl or Dirac point. We find that the thermal conductivity and thermopower have an interesting dependence on the chemical potential that is characteristic of the linear electronic dispersion, and that the electron-electron interactions modify the Lorenz number. For the interacting system, we also use the Kubo formalism to obtain the transport coefficients. We find exact agreement between the Kubo and Boltzmann approaches at high temperatures. We also consider the effect of electric and magnetic fields on the thermal conductivity in various orientations with respect to the temperature gradient. Notably, when the temperature gradient and magnetic field are parallel, we find a large contribution to the longitudinal thermal conductivity that is quadratic in the magnetic field strength, similar to the magnetic field dependence of the longitudinal electrical conductivity due to the presence of the chiral anomaly when no thermal gradient is present.
GOD'S USE OF THE IDEM PER IDEM TO TERMINATE DEBATE

Twice in the book of Exodus where tradition preserves the revelation of the divine name to Moses, God employs a peculiar idiom which S. R. Driver has called the idem per idem. In Exod 3:14 God says:I will be what I will beand again in 33:19 he tells his servant:But I will be gracious to whom I will be graciousand I will show mercy on whom I will show mercyThe idem per idem is a tautology of sorts which Driver says is employed “where the means or the desire to be more explicit does not exist.” Driver calls the idiom Semitic, and indeed it is, as one can see by perusing the many examples from Hebrew and Arabic cited earlier by Paul de Lagarde in his Psalterium Iuxta Hebraeos Hieronymi. But it is also found, as we shall see in a moment, in other languages both ancient and modern.
Sociological Perspectives on Sex Work and Human Trafficking

In the United States and beyond, there is often a wide disconnect between grounded empirical evidence about the sex industry and policies on sex work and human trafficking. In this introduction, we briefly review empirical and critical scholarly literature on sex work and human trafficking policy within the United States. We then introduce three sociological articles that provide compelling empirical research on individuals who work in the sex trade as well as those who organize on behalf of sex workers and trafficked individuals. We conclude by inviting more sociologists to narrow the gap between reliable empirical evidence and policies on sex work and human trafficking, and we urge activists and policy makers to listen.
Nd:YAG laser treatment of retained Descemet's membrane after penetrating keratoplasty

Retention of the host's Descemet's membrane is an unusual complication of penetrating keratoplasty. The membrane may opacify and even threaten the health of the transplant. Following creation of a central opening with the Nd:YAG laser in such a case, visual acuity improved from counts fingers at 5 ft to 20/100.
IGF-I gene transfer in thermally injured rats

Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is known to improve the pathophysiology of a thermal injury, however, deleterious side-effects have limited its utility. Cholesterol-containing cationic liposomes that encapsulate complementary DNA (cDNA) are nonviral carriers used for in vivo gene transfection. We propose that liposome IGF-I gene transfer will accelerate wound healing in burned rats and attenuate deleterious side-effects associated with high levels of IGF-I. To test this hypothesis IGF-I gene constructs, encapsulated in liposomes, were studied for their efficacy in modulating the thermal injury response. Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a 60% TBSA scald burn and randomly divided into three groups to receive weekly subcutaneous injections of liposomes plus the lacZ gene coding for beta-galactosidase, liposomes plus cDNA for IGF-I and beta-galactosidase or liposomes plus the rhIGF-I protein. Body weights and wound healing were measured. Muscle and liver dry/wet weights and IGF-I concentrations in serum, skin and liver were measured by radioimmunoassay. Transfection was confirmed by histochemical staining for beta-galactosidase. Rats receiving the IGF-I cDNA constructs exhibited the most rapid wound re-epithelialization and greatest increase in body weight and gastrocnemius muscle protein content (P < 0.05). Local IGF-I protein concentrations in the skin were higher when compared to liposomes containing only the lacZ gene (P < 0.05) Transfection was apparent in the cytoplasm of myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages of the granulation tissue. Liposomes containing the IGF-I gene constructs proved effective in preventing muscle protein wasting and preserving total body weight after a severe thermal injury.
Numerical Study of Laser-Spot Effects on Boundary-Layer Receptivity for Blunt Compression-Cones in Mach-6 Freestream

This paper presents the direct numerical simulation (DNS) study of the boundary layer receptivity for blunt compression cones in Mach-6 flow with freestream laser-spot (hotspot) perturbation. The flow conditions are the same as the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet tunnel (BAM6QT) in Purdue University. Compression-cone geometry is expected to cause laminar/turbulence transition in shorter stream-wise distance than straight-wedged cone geometry due to adverse pressure gradient occurs along the body. Therefore, using compression cones is advantageous to study the transition mechanisms. The DNS will be carried out in two parts: simulation of the steady flow behind the bow-shock, and simulation of the unsteady flow behind the bow-shock. The aim of the DNS is to generate the results that are agreeable with Purdue’s laser induced hotspot experiment for compression cones.
Plasma Leakage Through a Low- β Line Cusp

The half-width of the leakage aperture of plasma through a low-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ line cusp is found to be twice the hybrid gyroradius ${({r}_{e}{r}_{i})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ with ${r}_{e}$ and ${r}_{i}$ as the electron and ion gyroradii. This steady-state width is shown to develop in a time less than the ion gyroperiod.
Federal Revenue Legislation, 1943–1944

The Revenue Act of 1943 will be remembered not only as the first one in history to be vetoed by the President, but also as the cause of an outburst in Congress against the executive capable of affecting the fortunes of the Democratic party in the 1944 elections. The significance of this last act in the drama (to date) may be clarified if we review the fiscal situation of the United States at the time, the Administration's tax proposals, and the revenue legislation actually resulting.In January, 1943, the President's budget message estimated expenditures of $16 billion in new tax revenue, or savings, or both, (2) simplify the income tax, and (3) put taxes on a pay-as-you-go basis. In the summer and fall of 1943, Congress enacted legislation to carry out certain parts of the last two proposals. Public discussion had forced on it some consideration of collecting taxes currently.
A Liberal Trade Order? The Long-Run Pattern of Imports to the Advanced Capitalist States

It is often claimed that the post-World War II trading order has been relatively liberal, and much effort has been invested in explaining why it has not become more closed in the aftermath of Bretton Woods. Investigation of actual imports (as opposed to policy instruments designed to influence imports (reveals that the advanced capitalist states were no more open to imports or multilateral in their trading patterns in 1948–1972 than in 1921–1938 or 1881–1913. In the current (post-1972) era, openness in terms of trade volumes has increased substantially, but the increase in openness in terms of trade values has been more modest. Contrary to some recent theorizing, the degree of openness is generally unrelated to a number of plausible measures of “concentration” in the international system. It is, however, related in more recent eras to previously experienced rates of economic growth. Incomplete evidence for regionalization in trade flows shows little difference between 1948–1972 and the interwar period. Some measures of bilateral balancing in trade currently meet or exceed those experienced in the 1930s. Heterodox transactional forms—countertrade and intra-firm trade—have become a significant proportion of global trade. This development, rather than the achievement of a “liberal” order, seems to be the most noteworthy characteristic of the current era.
Formation of layered Fe(II)-hydroxides during Fe(II) sorption onto clay and metal-oxide substrates

Sorption of Fe(II) in anoxic aqueous suspensions of γ-Al2O3, smectitic clay and amorphous silica was studied as a function of pH (5.0-10.0) and reaction time (up to 110 days), using batch experiments complemented with synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses. Formation of secondary Fe(II) precipitates was observed at pH > 7 in all systems, with the rate of precipitation and the types of precipitates formed varying with pH and substrate type. Sorption of Fe(II) on γ-Al2O3 at pH ≥ 7.0 and onto clay at pH 7.0 and 7.5 led to formation of Fe(II)-Al(III) layered double hydroxides, whereas poorly crystalline trioctahedral Fe(II)-phyllosilicates formed in the amorphous SiO2 suspensions at pH > 7.5 and in the clay suspensions at pH 8.0. The rate and extent of Fe(II) sorption increased with pH, underscoring the importance of pH in regulating precipitate formation. Notably slower Fe(II) precipitation in the clay suspensions compared to γ-Al2O3 and SiO2 is attributed to relatively low availability of substrate-derived Al and Si. Our findings demonstrate that sorbent type, pH and reaction time are important factors affecting precipitation of secondary Fe(II) minerals in anoxic environments, and suggest substantial complexity in the type and reactivity of Fe(II) sorption products that may form.
Process Performance of Silicon Thin-Film Transfer Using Laser Micro-Transfer Printing

Micro-transfer printing is rapidly emerging as an effective pathway for heterogeneous materials integration. The process transfers pre-fabricated micro- and nano-scale structures, referred to as “ink,” from growth donor substrates to functional receiving substrates. As a non-contact pattern transfer method, Laser Micro-Transfer Printing (LMTP) has been introduced to enhance the capabilities of transfer printing technology to be independent of the receiving substrate material, geometry, and preparation. Using micro fabricated square silicon as inks and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the stamp material. The previous work on the LMTP process focused on experimentally characterizing and modeling the effects of transferred inks’ sizes and thicknesses, and laser beam powers on the laser-driven delamination process mechanism. In this paper, several studies are conducted to understand the effects of other process parameters such as stamp post dimensions (size and height), PDMS formulation for the stamp, ink-stamp alignment, and the shape of the transferred silicon inks on the LMTP performance and mechanism. The studies are supported by both experimental data for the laser pulse duration required to initiate the delamination, and thermo-mechanical FEA model predictions of the energy stored at the interface’s edges to release the ink (Energy Release Rate (ERR)), stress levels at the delamination crack tip (Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs)), and interfacial temperature. This study, along with previous studies, should help LMTP users to understand the effects of the process parameters on the process performance so as to select optimal operation conditions.© 2014 ASME