cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a measure of online deception and intimacy

Abstract We aimed to establish the personality and psychopathology correlates of (1) misrepresenting oneself or deceiving others online and (2) seeking meaningful companionship through online relationships. In Study 1 (N = 300; community sample), we sought to determine (1) if we could differentiate these two dimensions and (2) whether they showed distinct correlates. Study 2 served as an opportunity to refine our assessment of these dimensions and to explicate their correlates in another community sample (N = 294). In Study 2, we created two scales, one which we labeled Online Deception (e.g., self-misrepresentation to others online) and the other Online Intimacy (e.g., turning to the internet for meaningful social interaction); we collectively titled these scales the Measures of Online Deception and Intimacy (MODI). Although Online Intimacy related weakly to most personality and psychopathology measures, Online Deception showed notable negative associations with conscientiousness and agreeableness and positive associations with neuroticism. Furthermore, it associated positively with both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Our findings represent a first step toward understanding how individual differences in personality and psychopathology can be used to predict online deception and intimacy, and we hope that future research will explore the correlates of these dimensions further.
Electrodeposited Biaxially Textured Buffer Layer for YBa2Cu3O7 − δ (YBCO) Superconductor Oxide Films

Nonvacuum electrodeposition was used to prepare biaxially textured CeO 2 and Sm-doped CeO 2 coatings on Ni-W substrates. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (including θ/2θ, pole figures, Ω scans, and Φ scans), atomic force microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). Pole-figure scans show that electrodeposited CeO 2 and Sm-doped CeO 2 on textured Ni-W (3 atom %) is cube textured. Full width at half maximum values of the ω and Φ scans of the electrodeposited layers were better than those of the Ni-W base substrates, indicating improved biaxial texturing of the electrodeposited layers. AES analysis of the YBCO/CeO 2 /yttria-stabilized zirconia/electrodeposited CeO 2 /Ni-W revealed that Ni interdiffusion was completely stopped at the first electrodeposited CeO 2 laver.
Intra-operative hydroxyethyl starch is not associated with post-craniotomy hemorrhage

Background Intraoperative intravascular volume expansion with hydroxyethyl starch-based colloids is thought to be associated with an increased risk of post-craniotomy hemorrhage. Evidence for this association is limited. Associations between resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch and risk of repeat craniotomy for hematoma evacuation were examined.
Bacterioplankton and Organic Carbon Dynamics in the Lower Mesohaline Chesapeake Bay

The mesohaline portion of the Chesapeake Bay is subject to annual summertime hypoxia and anoxia in waters beneath the pycnocline. This dissolved oxygen deficit is directly related to salinity-based stratification of the water column in combination with high levels of autochthonously produced organic matter and a very high abundance of metabolically active bacteria. Throughout the water column in the lower, mesohaline part of the bay, between the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers, near the southern limit of the mainstem anoxia, bacterial abundance often exceeded 10 × 106 cells per ml and bacterial production exceeded 7 × 109 cells per liter per day during summer. Bacterial biomass averaged 34% (range, 16 to 126%) of the phytoplankton biomass in summer. These values are equal to or greater than those found farther north in the bay, where the oxygen deficit is more severe. Seasonal variations in bacterial abundance and production were correlated with phytoplankton biomass (lag time, 7 to 14 days), particulate organic carbon and nitrogen, and particulate biochemical oxygen demand in spring; but during summer, they were significantly correlated only with dissolved biochemical oxygen demand. During summer, dissolved biochemical oxygen demand can account for 50 to 60% of the total biochemical oxygen demand throughout the water column and 80% in the bottom waters. There is a clear spring-summer seasonal shift in the production of organic matter and in the coupling of bacteria and autochthonous organic matter. The measurement of dissolved, microbially labile organic matter concentrations is crucial in understanding the trophic dynamics of the lower mesohaline part of the bay. The absolute levels of organic matter in the water column and the bacterial-organic carbon relationships suggest that a lower bay source of organic matter fuels the upper mesohaline bay oxygen deficits.
Blood peptidome-degradome profile of breast cancer.

We report on the degradomic-peptidomic insights into blood plasma of early-stage breast cancer patients. The plasmin-α2-antiplasmin and thrombin-antithrombin systems are observed to be changed in early stage breast cancer through the selective degradation of their functional domains. The extracellular matrix (ECM) protection protein complexes are destroyed, but the ECM itself is not massively degraded. Key innate immune system components and cancer inhibitor and suppressor substrates are differentially degraded. The degradomic-peptidomic analysis provides information on the selectivity and extent of substrate and functional domain degradation and the specificity of substrate cleavages, potentially enabling discovery of diagnostic and therapeutic targets for early-stage breast cancer.
Crystal packing in vicinal diols CnHm(OH)2

The O—H⋯O bonds in vic-diols CnHm(OH)2 have been studied using data retrieved from the Cambridge Structural Database. About half of these diols form complete, or almost complete, sets of intermolecular O—H⋯O bonds (i.e. two satisfied donors per molecule). For this half of the structures the frequencies of high-symmetry space groups and of structures with Z′ > 1 (more than one molecule in the asymmetric unit) are substantially elevated. The most common motif among fully bonded structures is an R_{\rm{2}}^{\rm{2}} {\rm{(10)}} dimer, which can be linked in a variety of ways to form one-, two- or even three-dimensional patterns. Most of the other half of the vic-diols form simple O—H⋯O chains in which each OH group participates in only one intermolecular hydrogen bond. The space-group frequencies for this second group of structures are unexceptional. The most important factor determining the extent of O—H⋯O bond formation is the degree of substitution of the vic-diol. The spatial segregation of OH groups that is necessary for the formation of O—H⋯O bonds is found to make the dense filling of space more difficult because the intermolecular spacings that are appropriate for the O—H⋯O bonds may be inappropriate for the rest of the molecule.
Electromigration study of power-gated grids

We present a reliability study of power grids in power-gated chips. We investigate those conditions that cause electromigration (EM) problems on the top metal layers as well as in local power grid meshes. Also, we identify the potential EM constraint violating branches and vias by observing their current flow under various power gating conditions. Power supply noise, process and thermal variations are some of the factors that can also affect EM in power grid branches and vias. Our study shows that a power grid network optimized for all blocks working may experience EM problems when power gating is applied.
T2prep three‐dimensional spiral imaging with efficient whole brain coverage for myelin water quantification at 1.5 tesla

Quantitative assessment of myelination is important for characterizing tissue damage and evaluating response to therapy in white matter diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Conventional multicomponent T2 relaxometry based on the two-dimensional (2D) multiecho spin echo sequence is a promising method to measure myelin water fraction, but its clinical utility is impeded by the prohibitively long data acquisition and limited brain coverage. The objective of this study was to develop a signal-to-noise ratio efficient 3D T2prep spiral gradient echo (3D SPIRAL) sequence for full brain T2 relaxometry and to validate this sequence using 3D multiecho spin echo as reference standard in healthy brains at 1.5 T. 3D SPIRAL was found to provide similar myelin water fraction in six selected white and gray matter areas using region-of-interest signal averaging analysis (N = 7, P > 0.05). While 3D multiecho spin echo only provided partial brain coverage, 3D SPIRAL enabled whole brain coverage with a fivefold higher acquisition speed per imaging slice and similar signal-to-noise ratio efficiency. Both 3D sequences provided superior signal-to-noise ratio efficiency when compared to the conventional 2D multiecho spin echo approach. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The superperiod of the nonlinear weighted string (FPU) problem

Abstract This paper gives some history of the problem, and includes superperiod data for quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms, together with a computation for a prime number of particles in the string. Extension of the problem to a circular array is discussed, and there is a biliography.
Recreational Use of Surplus Hatchery Coho Salmon

Abstract Returning surplus adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), principally sexually precocious males (jacks), were confined in 1,500 ft of stream adjacent to the Washougal River salmon hatchery near Camas, Washington. To increase the benefits from hatchery production, the Washington Department of Fisheries then opened the area to free fishing. Regulations restricted fishing gear to rod, hook and line, and made retention of all salmon caught mandatory regardless of whether they were hooked inside the mouth or outside the mouth (snagged). Catch and fishing effort estimates were obtained from interviews, automobile counts and streambank sampling. Economic data and the opinions of fishermen and observers regarding the fishery were also obtained from interviews. During the 41-day season extending from September 21 through October 31, 1967, 14,689 fishermen trips resulted in a catch of 22,749 jacks and 9,552 3-year-old coho salmon weighing a total of 136,883 lb. Most of these fish were snagged. The net ec...
Born again accountants

Purpose – To call for more critical reflection in accounting to avoid business disasters and raise public confidence.Design/methodology/approach – Poetic exposition.Findings – Observes recent business disasters and identifies a lack of critical examination of current accounting directions as a significant contributor to these failings.Research limitations/implications – Points to issues requiring further critical study in the accounting field.Originality/value – Offers a unique interpretation of current business problems.
Looking while Listening and Speaking: Eye-to-Face Gaze in Adolescents with and without Traumatic Brain Injury.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to address the lack of quantitative data on eye-to-face gaze (also known as eye contact) in the literature on pragmatic communication. The study focused on ad...
Intuition versus Rational Thinking: Psychological Challenges in Radiology and a Potential Solution

Humans think overwhelmingly intuitively rather than rationally. We perceive what is apparent to us and attribute differences in perception to the fault of others. Many cognitive biases are unconscious, and we assume they affect others more than ourselves. Radiologists should understand these limitations and seek methods to address them. A potential method is the checklist, which has been used to improve consistency and quality both outside and within medicine. Structured reporting can serve as a checklist and, although promising, has yet to widely demonstrate benefits.
Neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely low birth weight infants with Candida infection.

Objective Candida remains an important cause of late-onset infection in preterm infants. Mortality and neurodevelopmental outcome of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants enrolled in the Candida study were evaluated based on infection status. Study design ELBW infants born at Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network (NRN) centers between March 2004 and July 2007 who were screened for suspected sepsis were eligible for inclusion in the Candida study. Primary outcome data for neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) or death were available for 1317 of the 1515 infants (87%) enrolled in the Candida study. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development -II or -III was administered at 18 months' adjusted age. A secondary comparison was performed with 864 infants enrolled in the NRN Generic Database during the same cohort who were never screened for sepsis and therefore not eligible for the Candida study. Results Among ELBW infants enrolled in the Candida study, 31% with Candida and 31% with late-onset non- Candida sepsis had NDI at 18 months. Infants with Candida sepsis and/or meningitis had an increased risk of death and were more likely to have the composite outcome of death and/or NDI compared with uninfected infants in adjusted analysis. Compared with infants in the NRN registry never screened for sepsis, overall risk for death were similar but those with Candida infection were more likely to have NDI (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.01-3.33, P = .047). Conclusions In this cohort of ELBW infants, those with infection and/or meningitis were at increased risk for death and/or NDI. This risk was highest among those with Candida sepsis and/or meningitis.
Surgical landmarks of the ureter in the cadaveric female pelvis.

Our purpose was to delineate the course of the ureter in the female pelvis in relationship to several important surgical landmarks. Ten female cadavers with undissected pelves were used. The ureter was identified at the pelvic brim and traced inferiorly to the bladder. Sets of measurements (±0.1 cm) that help define the location of the ureter were obtained at the three landmarks; the ischial spine, the obturator canal and the insertion of the arcus tendineus on the pubic bone. The mean distances from the ureter to the pelvic floor were ischial spine, 3.2 ± 0.1 cm; obturator canal, 3.2 ± 0.1 cm; and the insertion of the arcus tendineus on the pubic bone, 1.6 ± 0.1 cm. The mean distances from the arcus tendineus to the pelvic floor were ischial spine, 1.9 ± 0.1 cm; obturator canal, 2.8 ± 0.1 cm; and the insertion of the arcus tendineus on the pubic bone, 3.2 ± 0.1 cm. This study defines the relationship of the ureter to the pelvic floor through measurements taken at three landmarks. The data should be useful to pelvic surgeons and are important for the development of future surgical techniques. Clin. Anat. 10:324–327, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laminaria versus extra-amniotic saline solution infusion for cervical ripening in second-trimester labor inductions

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to determine which cervical ripening method, laminaria placement or extra-amniotic saline solution infusion, was associated with the shorter interval from induction to delivery in the second trimester. Study Design: Women admitted for indicated second-trimester labor induction with an unfavorable cervix were randomly assigned to receive either intracervical placement of laminaria (n = 25) or extra-amniotic saline solution infusion (n = 25) with concurrent concentrated oxytocin and vaginally administered prostaglandin E 2 (10 mg every 6 hours). Treatment success was defined as an interval from induction to delivery of ≤24 hours. Results: Maternal age, race, parity, gestational age, and initial cervical dilatation were similar between the groups. Indications for uterine evacuation were also similar and included fetal death (n = 7), aneuploidy (n = 20), fetal structural anomaly (n = 18), and maternal indications (n = 4). There was no difference in the mean intervals from induction to delivery (laminaria, 16 ± 8 hours, vs extra-amniotic saline solution infusion, 17 ± 10 hours) or the number of treatment successes (laminaria, n=23, vs extra-amniotic saline solution infusion, n=21). Retained placenta, live birth, and hemorrhage occurred with similar frequencies in the two groups. Conclusion: Relative to laminaria, extra-amniotic saline solution infusion did not shorten the induction-to-delivery interval in women undergoing indicated second-trimester labor induction with concentrated oxytocin and low-dose vaginally administered prostaglandin E 2 . (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1145-8.)
Selective lumping effects on depth-integrated finite element model of channel flow

Abstract In applying the depth-integrated finite element model to solve river and basin water flow problems, matrix lumping techniques are widely employed for the benefits of eliminating matrix inverse and economizing computing time. The possible effects introduced by lumping simplification cause concern in engineering applications. In this paper, through a numerical testing case of straight channel flow, a comparison of the lumped model with the unlumped model and the theoretic solution is made, and the effects introduced by the lumping scheme are investigated. These effects include the influence of the selective lumping parameter on stability, numerical damping, Chezy coefficient and eddy viscosity. It has been found that the lumping scheme not only simplifies solution procedure and saves computing time, but also improves stability. The numerical damping effect is negligible for a large range of choice of the selective lumping parameter and the simple lumping scheme even gives a better simulation of the theoretic solution than the unlumped model.
Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells.

Blends of conjugated polymers with fullerenes, polymers, or nanocrystals make promising materials for low-cost photovoltaic applications. Different processing conditions affect the efficiencies of these solar cells by creating a variety of nanostructured morphologies, however, the relationship between film structure and device efficiency is not fully understood. We introduce time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) as a means to measure photoexcited charge in polymer films with a resolution of 100 nm and 100 μs. These EFM measurements correlate well with the external quantum efficiencies measured for a series of polymer photodiodes, providing a direct link between local morphology, local optoelectronic properties and device performance. The data show that the domain centres account for the majority of the photoinduced charge collected in polyfluorene blend devices. These results underscore the importance of controlling not only the length scale of phase separation, but also the composition of the domains when optimizing nanostructured solar cells.
Potent Anticancer Effects of Bioactive Mushroom Extracts (Phellinus linteus) on a Variety of Human Cancer Cells

Background: Although several therapeutic options are currently available for patients with various cancers, the outcomes are often disappointing and a more effective modality needs to be promptly established. We have been exploring an alternative approach using natural agents and two bioactive mushroom extracts isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), namely PL-ES and PL-I-ES, were of our interest. As anticancer effects of similar extracts have been reported in several cancers, we investigated whether PL-ES and PL-I-ES might have such anticancer activities on a variety of human cancer cells in vitro . Methods: Ten different types of human cancer cell lines, including three metastatic prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast, stomach, liver, and brain cancer cells, were employed and tested with PL-ES or PL-I-ES. Cell growth/viability, exertion of oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis were assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, and specific enzymatic assay, respectively. Results: PL-ES (100 µg/mL) exhibited potent anticancer activity, resulting in a significant (40-80%) growth reduction in all 10 cancer cells at 72 hours. PL-I-ES (100 µg/mL) was effective on only four cancer cells but its higher concentration at 250 µg/mL led to a significant (25-90%) growth reduction in seven cancer cells. LPO assays indicated that such a significant growth reduction by PL-ES (100 µg/mL) or PL-I-ES (100 or 250 µg/mL) could result from cell death due to a cytotoxic effect of oxidative stress (through free radicals). Moreover, enzymatic assays for caspase-3 (Csp-3) and caspase-9 (Csp-9), the pro-apoptotic regulators, showed that both enzymes were significantly activated by PL-ES or PL-I-ES, indicating that cell death due to oxidative stress was more likely associated with apoptosis. Conclusions: The present study shows that both PL-ES and PL-I-ES indeed have anticancer effects on a variety of cancer cells, although PL-ES appears to be more potent than PL-I-ES. Such an anticancer effect is presumably attributed to oxidative stress, which will ultimately lead to apoptosis. Therefore, these two bioactive mushroom extracts may have clinical implications in a more effective therapeutic option for a variety of human malignancies. J Clin Med Res. 2015;7(2):76-82 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr1996w
Fatigue and alertness in the United States railroad industry part II: fatigue research in the Office of Research and Development at the Federal Railroad Administration

The Federal Hours of Service Act of 1907, which regulates the US railroad industry, imposes both maximum work hours and minimum rest periods. However, this act does not limit employees' weekly or monthly work hours, restrict the irregularity or unpredictability of on-call work schedules, or restrict mandatory commuting distances without compensatory time off. Extensive night work, irregular work schedules, extended work periods with few or no days off, and the policies, procedures, and agreements that encompass these work scheduling practices, all evolved within the limited provisions of this act. It is not clear, though, that broad changes in the hours of service laws are the answer to these problems. Consequently, the Office of Research and Development at the Federal Railroad Administration, with its Fatigue Research Program, has embarked upon a non-prescriptive approach to better manage fatigue in the railroad industry. This program includes the development and implementation of improved fatigue data collection methodologies, better measurement and evaluation tools, and more effective fatigue countermeasure strategies. The North American Rail Alertness Partnership (NARAP) has become an important means for understanding the fatigue-related problems in various operational settings, and for identifying specific programmatic areas that will better meet the needs of the industry. The program goals of improving the feasibility, utility and cost effectiveness of fatigue management are to be realized with the cooperative efforts of the government, unions, and the railroad industry, particularly though NARAP, and by broadly disseminating important technical findings through journal publications and conference proceedings.
Localization Problem in One Dimension: Mapping and Escape

A one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation in a discontinuous quasiperiodic potential is reduced to a recursion relation for transfer matrices and then to one for traces of these matrices. When the potential is periodic, the bandwidth goes to zero as an algebraic function of the period with a critical index which depends upon the potential strength. This critical index is also evaluated as the solution to an escape-rate problem for the recursion relations.
British expansion in South‐East Asia and the role of Robert Farquhar, lieutenant‐ governor of Penang, 1804–5

(1995). British expansion in South‐East Asia and the role of Robert Farquhar, lieutenant‐ governor of Penang, 1804–5. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 1-25.
Influence of the preoperative signal-averaged electrocardiogram on left ventricular function after coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction

Abstract Patients with ischemic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction often have an improved survival and life quality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), in part due to an improvement in LV function. A lack of LV ejection fraction (EF) improvement postoperatively portends a worse prognosis. Recently, an abnormal preoperative signal-averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) in patients with a severely depressed LV ejection fraction undergoing elective CABG was shown to be associated with a higher early and late postoperative mortality. The present study evaluated patients with severe LV dysfunction to identify any relation between an abnormal preoperative SAECG and postoperative changes in LV function after successful CABG. Forty-five patients with LV dysfunction (LVEF
Offshore Petroleum Discharge System (OPDS)

In response to the requirement to provide large quantities of petroleum products for forces ashore, from tankers offshore without port facilities, the Naval Sea Systems Command has developed and demonstrated the Offshore Petroleum Discharge System (OPDS). OPDS is capable of delivering 1.2 million gallons of product per day from a tanker moored four miles offshore. The system is largely off-the-shelf commercial technology carried on, and installed by, the tanker with some support from resources in the operating area. This paper reviews the system, its performance, and plans for production.
Trends and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Gestational Diabetes Among Pregnant Women in New York City, 1990–2001

We analyzed gestational diabetes mellitus trends in New York City between 1990 and 2001 by using information obtained from birth certificates. Gestational diabetes diagnoses among women who delivered babies increased 46%, from 2.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.5, 2.7) to 3.8% (95% CI=3.7, 3.9) of births. Prevalence was highest among South and Central Asian women (11%). Given risks for adverse fetal outcomes and maternal chronic diabetes, prompt screening is critical. Metabolic control should be maintained during pregnancy and assessed postpartum for women with gestational diabetes.
Sex role stress and job burnout among family practice physicians

Abstract Relationships among sex role stress, gender, and job burnout were explored for 67 family practice physicians in four residency programs. Sex role stress was inferred from physicians' self-descriptions, descriptions of their ideal physician, and discrepancies between real and ideal on the three dimensions of the Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Job burnout was assessed with the emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of accomplishment subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. No gender differences were found on the MBI. On the PAQ, the women viewed themselves as more expressive and sensitive to experiencing hurt feelings than did the men, who saw themselves as more instrumental than did the women. The sexes agreed in describing their ideal physician as more instrumental and expressive than they saw themselves to be. Men fell short of their ideal on expressiveness to a greater degree than did women, whereas women fell short of their ideal on instrumentality and sensitivity to hurt feelings to a greater degree than did men. For both sexes, sex role measures were most strongly related to the accomplishment subscales of MBI.
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome

Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) is the association of acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) with uveitis, although the two do not need to occur at the same time. There should be no other systemic inflammatory disease (either putative autoimmune or infectious processes) to explain the concurrence of uveitis and interstitial nephritis.
Preliminary studies of the enhanced electrochemiluminescence of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene in the presence of specific metal ions

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of 200 ppm 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (2,3-DAN) was studied alone and in conjunction with 100 ppm of 34 different metal and non-metal ions and revealed three relatively intense ECL responses from interactions of 2,3-DAN with Au+, Fe+3 and V+5. ECL responses from Cr+6 or Ru+3 with 2,3-DAN were less intense, but noteworthy, as was the coloured fluorescent product of the non-metal ion Se+4 interaction with 2,3-DAN. Several intense 2,3-DAN–metal ion ECL reactions were studied in greater detail and revealed various titration curves with ionic detection limits in the low ppm range, using a fixed level (200 ppm) of 2,3-DAN. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation of the D-galactose specific lectin from Erythrina indica by a triantennary complex type oligosaccharide.

Summary We have previously demonstrated that a high mannose type glycopeptide is bivalent for binding Concanavalin A (Con A) and can precipitate the lectin (Bhattacharyya L. and Brewer, C.F. (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 137, 670–674). The present results show that a triantennary complex type oligosaccharide containing nonreducing terminal galactose residues can precipitate the D -galactose/Nacetyl- D -galactosamine specific lectin from Erythrina indica (EIL). The interactions of the oligosaccharide with EIL was investigated by quantitatitve precipitin analysis. The equivalence point of the precipitin curve indicated that the glycopeptide is trivalent for EIL binding. These results indicate that each arm of the oligosaccharide can independently bind separate lectin molecules leading to precipitation of the complex. These findings are discussed in terms of the possible biological structure-function properties of complex type oligosaccharides.
Effects of gravidity on habitat use and antipredator behaviour in three‐spined sticklebacks

Habitat use was examined in six Alaskan populations of three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus. In three lakes with predatory fishes, gravid female sticklebacks remained closer to refuge than did non-gravid females, while those in lakes devoid of piscivores did not display this shift in behaviour. Gravid females in a lake with predatory rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss used diVerent evasive manoeuvres than did non-gravid females during in situ encounters with a model rainbow trout. Gravid females were more likely to incorporate a protean element in their flight movements than were non-gravid females. Overall, these data suggest that gravid female three-spined sticklebacks modify habitat use and escape behaviour to reduce vulnerability to predators. ? 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Disease prevention programs for racial and ethnic minorities.

Abstract Many studies show a dramatic relationship between socioeconomic status and disease incidence. Clear racial and ethnic disparities also exist in the occurrence of diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis, and syphilis. Consequently, to identify true risk factors for diseases when planning prevention programs, the effect of socioeconomic status must be differentiated from that of race or ethnicity. Further, different cultural heritages and social structures may affect how interventions are perceived or used and this must also be taken into account when planning programs. The Centers for Disease Control, through its National Center for Prevention Services, provides financial and technical assistance to state and local health departments to develop approaches that are culturally sensitive and linguistically appropriate to reach persons in racial and ethnic minority groups.
Sonoluminescence and the prospects for table-top micro-thermonuclear fusion

Abstract Hydrodynamic simulations of a collapsing bubble show that pure D2 cannot exhibit picosecond sonoluminescence, because of its large sound speed. The addition of D2O vapor lowers the sound speed and produces calculated results consistent with experiments. A pressure spike added to the periodic driving amplitude creates temperatures that may be sufficient to generate a very small number of thermonuclear D-D fusion reactions in the bubble.
Low-cost ultrapure (>99.9999%) solar-grade Si by electrorefining

The current SiHCl3-based processes to produce ultrapure Si are one of the major bottlenecks to lower-cost wafer-Si solar cells. Molten-salt electrorefining of Si is an alternative process to ultrapure Si, with a significantly lower energy input of ~15 kWh/kg. It is demonstrated that controlling the potential applied to the working electrode is critical in reducing impurity concentrations. A more positive potential on the working results in purer Si deposited on the counter electrode. With margin of error, the amount of Si deposited on the cathode is almost the same as the amount dissolved from the anode. A nonequilibrium factor which affects impurity concentrations is identified, i.e. contamination.
Optimization of a commercial liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry interface by statistical experimental design

The efficiency of delivering 4-methoxy phenyl acetic acid particle beam emerging from a commercial liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry interface into the ion source of the mass spectrometer was optimized using response surface modeling (RSM) of the statistical experimental design. It was found that the temperature and pressure of the nebulizer, and the temperature of the desolvation chamber are the major factors for the optimization.
Energy supply interruptions and national security.

Vulnerability to oil supply interruptions poses serious threats to the U.S. economy and the life-style of its citizens. The Iranian cutbacks in 1979 resulted in price increases of 120 percent in 1 year and gasoline lines across the country. Creation and use of ample public and private stocks could moderate price increases after another interruption and prevent disruption of supplies. Use of the marketplace to allocate shortages, coupled with rebates to cushion blows to the economy and hardship to individuals, would be eminently more efficient than government allocation programs. International cooperation, through coordination of stock buildup and withdrawal, could mitigate the damage from oil disruptions among all the Western nations.
Evaporation Residue, Fission Cross Sections, and Linear Momentum Transfer for 14N Induced Reactions from 35A to 155A MeV

Differential cross sections for evaporation residues and fission fragments for 35A, 100A, 130A and 155A MeV $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ on targets ranging from $^{154}\mathrm{Sm}$ to $^{197}\mathrm{Au}$ have been measured. The angle-integrated cross sections are larger than what might be expected. The fission fragment-fission fragment folding angle correlations for 35A, 100A MeV $^{14}\mathrm{N}$ and 25A MeV $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ on similar targets were also measured. The average linear momentum transfer has been deduced from both the fission angle correlation and from the fore-aft asymmetry of the fission angular distributions in the laboratory system. The data are all consistent with a picture where pre-equilibrium particle emission removes an increasing fraction of the orbital angular momentum as the bombarding energy increases. This allows a large range of partial waves to contribute to formation of a composite nucleus with a finite fission barrier. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Practical Part-of-Speech Tagger

We present an implementation of a part-of-speech tagger based on a hidden Markov model. The methodology enables robust and accurate tagging with few resource requirements. Only a lexicon and some unlabeled training text are required. Accuracy exceeds 96%. We describe implementation strategies and optimizations which result in high-speed operation. Three applications for tagging are described: phrase recognition; word sense disambiguation; and grammatical function assignment.
An ecological approach to language development: an alternative functionalism.

I argue for a new functionalist approach to language development, an ecological approach. A realist orientation is used that locates the causes of language development neither in the child nor in the language environment but in the functioning of perceptual systems that detect language-world relationship and use them to guide attention and action. The theory requires no concept of innateness, thus avoiding problems inherent in either the innate ideas or the genes-as-causal-programs explanations of the source of structure in language. An ecological explanation of language is discussed in relation to concepts and language, language as representation, problems in early word learning, metaphor, and syntactic development. Finally, problems incurred in using the idea of innateness are summarized: History prior to the chosen beginning point is ignored, data on organism-environment mutuality are not collected, and the explanation claims no effects of learning, which cannot be tested empirically.
Epidermal-dermal Interactions in Adult Skin

Epidermal-dermal interactions are important determinants of embryonic development in skin. This review examines the role of such epidermal-dermal interactions in the conservation of epithelial specificity in adult skin. The basic epidermal keratinization program as defined as a proliferative basal cell population, orderly stratified cytodifferentiation of the cells and production of stratum corneum can be expressed by adult epidermis without the continued presence of a specific dermis. This is evidenced by the ability of epidermis to differentiate fully in association with nondermal connective tissues. Several other epithelia including cornea and esophagus express their specific differentiative characteristics without the continued presence of specific connective tissue. On the other hand, certain regional epithelial specificities in adult skin may be determined by the dermis. These regional epidermal specificities involve alterations in epidermal thickness, size of epidermal compartments including the stratum corneum, and the folding pattern at the epidermal-dermal interface. Possible mechanisms by which dermis could control these regional characteristics are discussed. Epidermal-dermal recombination techniques have been used to define the site of gene action in a variety of inherited skin abnormalities in animals. Similar studies are reported utilizing adult human skin in long-term cultivation on nude athymic mice. The abnormal gene in lamellar ichthyosis exerts its effect directly on the epidermis. Generalized exfoliative psoriasis was also studied by recombination techniques. Both epidermis and dermis were required for the maintenance of psoriatic morphology, suggesting a complex polygenic mechanism or one involving both genetic and environmental factors.
Fostering effective team cooperation and communication: Developing community standards within interdisciplinary cognitive rehabilitation settings.

Cognitive rehabilitation is a promising and necessary component of interdisciplinary treatment for brain injured patients, but it remains an area that lacks universal definitions, empirically validated constructs, or standards of practice. This situation leads to difficulties for interdisciplinary teams in cognitive rehabilitation settings, since definitions, conceptions, and labels of cognitive constructs can differ across team members and disciplines. In order to implement effective cognitive rehabilitation in a given setting, it is necessary to establish a set of 'community standards' that will compensate for the lack of universal standards in the broader cognitive rehabilitation landscape. These community standards will improve team functioning by facilitating communication between disciplines and identifying the team's preferred treatment strategies. Such a project was undertaken by a task force at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Rusk Rehabilitation Center. The process of establishing such a task force and the need for establishing community standards are described and outlined. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.
Structural Behavior of Composites with Progressive Fracture

Structural characteristics such as natural frequencies and buckling loads with corresponding mode shapes were investigated during progressive fracture of multilayer, angle-plied polymer matrix composites. A computer program was used to generate the numerical results for overall mechanical response of damaged composites. Variations in structural characteristics as a function of the previously applied loading were studied. Results indicate that most of the overall structural properties were preserved throughout a significant proportion of the ultimate fracture load. For the cases studied, changes in structural behavior began to occur after 70 percent of the ultimate fracture load was applied. However, the individual nature of the structural change was rather varied depending on the laminate configuration, fiber orientation, and the boundary conditions.
Basal‐Cell Carcinomas on Covered or Unusual Sites of the Body

Basal-cell carcinomas on covered, anatomically shielded, or otherwise unusual sites of the body are rare compared to the number on constantly exposed parts of the body, but since basal-cell carcinomas are so common, instances of the former sort are not infrequently encountered. Five such cases are described and illustrated.
The molecular chaperone Hsc70 from a eurythermal marine goby exhibits temperature insensitivity during luciferase refolding assays.

Abstract The role and function of molecular chaperones has been widely studied in model systems (e.g. yeast, Escherichia coli and cultured mammalian cells), however, comparatively little is known about the function of molecular chaperones in eurythermal ectotherms. To investigate the thermal sensitivity of molecular chaperone function in non-model ectotherms, we examined the in vitro activity of Hsc70, a constitutively expressed member of the 70-kDa heat-shock protein gene family, purified from white muscle of the eurythermal marine goby Gillichthys mirabilis . The activity of G. mirabilis Hsc70 was assessed with an in vitro refolding assay where the percent refolding of thermally denatured luciferase was monitored using a luminometer. Assays were conducted from 10–40 °C, a range of temperatures that is ecologically relevant for this estuarine species. The results showed that isolated Hsc70 displayed chaperone characteristics in vitro, and was relatively thermally insensitive across the range of experimental temperatures. In addition, the thermal stability of the luciferase refolding capacity of Hsc70 was relatively stable, with refolding activity occurring as high as 50 °C. Overall, Hsc70 from G. mirabilis displayed thermal properties in vitro that suggest that the molecular chaperone is capable of binding and chaperoning proteins at temperatures that the goby encounters in nature.
Qualitative Effect of Zonular Tension on Freshly Extracted Intact Human Crystalline Lenses: Implications for the Mechanism of Accommodation

Purpose To determine the topographic effects of zonular tension on the anterior surface of the human crystalline lens. Methods Real-time topography of the anterior surface of seven fully relaxed, freshly extracted intact, clear, human crystalline lenses aged 3, 17, 45, 54, 54, 56, and 56 years was qualitatively obtained before, during, and after the application of zonular traction. Zonular traction was applied manually either by grasping a group of zonules 180 degrees apart with tying forceps (three lenses), or with micrometers by clamping four portions of the ciliary body that were 90 degrees apart (four lenses). Results Zonular tension began with the lenses in the fully relaxed, baseline state. As zonular tension was increased across one meridian of all seven lenses, the center of the anterior surface steepened while the periphery of the anterior surface flattened across that meridian of traction. When the tension was reduced across that meridian of traction, the center of the lens flattened while the periphery steepened in that meridian. Four-point zonular traction applied 90 degrees apart produced symmetrical central steepening (four lenses). Reduction of zonular tension across both orthogonal meridians caused symmetrical central flattening. Conclusions These observations reveal that when zonular tension is applied to the fully relaxed lens, the center steepens and its periphery flattens in the meridian (or meridians) in which zonular tension is applied. The reverse of this process demonstrates that as tension is reduced, the center of the lens flattens while the periphery steepens either in the meridian of relaxation or symmetrically when zonular tension is released from two orthogonal meridians. These results are opposite to what would have been predicted on the basis of Helmholtz's theory of accommodation.
Stage-specific expression of β-1, 3-glucanase in sea urchin embryos and hybrids

In some species of sea urchin, such as Lytechinus variegatus β-1, 3-glucanase activity is present at two distinct developmental stages (in the unfertilized egg and again following gastrulation). There is a different form of the enzyme β-1, 3-glucanase specific to each stage, and these forms can be distinguished immunologically and biochemically. The distinguishing characteristics of the egg and embryonic enzymes were used to analyze the forms of β-1, 3-glucanase present in other species that express activity at only one of the two stages. The enzyme present in Tripneustes esculentes, which has activity only early in development, is an 80,000 dalton enzyme antigenically similar to the egg enzyme in Lytechinus. The enzyme present following gastrulation in Echinometra lucunter, however, is distinct from the egg enzyme and is similar to the embryonic enzyme in Lytechinus, despite the absence of activity in the eggs of Echinometra. These results indicate the two forms of β-1, 3-glucanase (egg and embryonic) are expressed independently and in a stage-specific manner, suggesting they are not functionally equivalent. β-1, 3-glucanase ase activity was also analyzed in interspecific hybrids. Tripneustes esculentes (which normally lacks the embryonic form) suppressed the expression of the embryonic enzyme in crosses with Lytechinus variegatus (which normally does express it). This suppression occurred whether the Tripneustes genetic material was maternal or paternal in origin. However, the embryonic enzyme normally expressed by Echinometra was expressed in crosses of this species with Tripneustes, i.e, Tripneustes did not suppress enzyme expression in these hybrids. This differential effect on the expression of the embryonic stage enzyme in these hybrids suggests that the mechanisms leading to the expression of this enzyme differ in Lytechinus and Echinometra, despite the biochemical similarities of the enzyme.
Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase in cultured cells ofDaucus carota.

Acid phosphatase localization has been studied, using the lead salt method, in suspension-cultured cells of the wild carrot. Enzyme activity in most of the cells was restricted to the walls and vacuoles. However, in some senescent cells activity was also seen in the nucleus, at one face of the dictyosomes, and in nearby dictyosome-derived vesciles.