cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capsular hyaluronic acid of equine isolates of Streptococcus zooepidemicus is upregulated at temperatures below 35°C.

Summary Reasons for performing study Streptococcus zooepidemicus causes opportunist respiratory and other infections in the horse. Capsule expression is highly variable and known to affect resistance to phagocytosis. Most clinical isolates producing small, dry colonies at 37°C produce mucoid colonies at temperatures below 35°C. Objectives The aim was to understand the molecular basis of increased capsule expression by equine isolates of S. zooepidemicus at temperatures lower than 35°C. Study design Cross-sectional observational study. Methods Capsule production by groups of equine S. zooepidemicus strains was determined at 23, 30, 35 and 37°C. Hyaluronidase (HylC) at 23 and 37°C was measured by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expressions of hasA and hylC at 23 and 37°C were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. The covRS genes in representative S. zooepidemicus were sequenced and checked for mutations. Results Colonies of randomly selected S. zooepidemicus strains became mucoid or showed marked increase in colony mucoidy following the change in temperature to 23°C. Expression of hasA at 23°C was 45- to 700-fold greater than at 37°C. Transcription of hylC at 23°C was 2.5- to 200-fold greater than at 37°C, yet enzyme concentrations in cultures were significantly higher at 37°C (P<0.05), suggesting that production of HylC is regulated post transcriptionally. The covRS gene in S. zooepidemicus was not mutated as seen in isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes with increased capsule production at 25°C. Conclusions Sensitivity of capsule expression to temperature above 35°C but not HylC by the general population of equine S. zooepidemicus indicates that capsule is not required for extended colonisation nor for opportunist invasion. Instead, capsule production at lower than body temperature may reflect adaptation to life on skin and mucosal surfaces, where hyaluronic acid contributes to adhesion and resistance to desiccation. Pathogenicity of S. zooepidemicus following opportunist invasion is possibly dependent on factors other than capsule that may be co-regulated with HylC. The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Complex Systems and the Evolution of Life

How can one explain the emergence of order in the Darwinian evolution of life? In the history of philosophy and biology, life was explained teleologically by non-causal (“vital”) forces aiming at some goals in nature. In a famous quotation Kant said that the “Newton for explaining a blade of grass” could never be found (Sect. 3.1). Boltzmann could show that living organisms are open dissipative systems which do not violate the second law of thermodynamics: Maxwell’s demons are not necessary to explain the arising order of life in spite of the increasing entropy and disorder in closed systems according to the second law. Nevertheless, in the statistical interpretation from Boltzmann to Monod the emergence of life is only a contingent event, a local cosmic fluctuation at the boundary of the universe (Sect. 3.2). In the framework of complex systems the emergence of life is not contingent, but necessary and lawful in the sense of dissipative self-organization. The growth of organisms and species is modeled as the emergence of macroscopic patterns caused by nonlinear (microscopic) interactions of molecules, cells, etc., in phase transitions far from thermal equilibrium (Sect. 3.3). Even ecological populations are understood as complex dissipative systems of plants and animals with mutual nonlinear interactions and metabolism with their environment (Sect. 3.4). Spencer’s idea that life is determined by a structural evolution with increasing complexity seems to be mathematized by complex dynamical systems. Is the “Newton of life” found? The theory of complex dynamical systems does not explain what life is, but it can model how forms of life can arise under certain conditions. Thus, the existence of our life is still a wonder for us as well as for our ancestors, even if we shall eventually model the complex dynamics of life.
Oral fibromyxosarcoma of the maxilla

Abstract A case has been presented which illustrates the clinical findings and management of oral fibrosarcoma. It is pointed out that oral and rhinologic consultation is essential to establishment of an early diagnosis. Because of surface necrosis and secondary infection, repeat biopsics may be necessary to secure representative tissue.
Training new dental health providers in the United States.

Objectives: Introduction of dental therapists in the United States involves a wide range of issues including permissive governmental policymaking; determinations of their education, supervision, and deployment; their acceptance by dentists and the public; financing of their services; and, most fundamentally, their training. This contribution re-releases and updates the executive summary of an extensive report comparing therapists' training across five industrialized countries and comparing therapists' training to that of conventional U.S. dental providers. Methods: Literature reviews, web searches, key informant interviews, and program document reviews. Results: Internationally, three-year training programs that dually qualify trainees as hygienists and therapists dominate. There are marked differences between non-US and US-based therapist training programs and between US-based programs. Reported goals of establishing dental therapists include expanding the availability of basic dental services to underserved disadvantaged subpopulations; potentially reducing costs of basic care; and enhancing the roles of dentists in providing the most sophisticated care, serving the most complex patients, and managing an expanded dental team. Criteria for establishing training programs include program length, supervisory arrangements, recruitment and incentives, deployment, educational costs, curriculum, oversight, and accreditation. Conclusion: International experiences can well inform US policy on training of dental therapists.
THE RADIOLOGY OF LIGNAC‐FANCONI DISEASE

Summary The radiological findings in seven children with Lignac-Fanconi disease are described and compared with those in the literature. Bone changes may be absent. When present, they are those of simple rickets or, in the more chronic cases, of long-standing late rickets. The appearances are non-specific and not distinguishable from those of avitaminosis-D or from “resistant” rickets. These observations agree with theoretical conceptions because the bone changes, contrary to previous belief, probably originate in a failure of intestinal absorption of phosphorus and calcium. We wish to thank Prof. G. Fanconi and Dr. H. Boehncke for sending us prints from the radiographs of their patients, and Prof. A. V. Neale for permitting us to use the X-rays of Case 7.
Some aspects of chronic renal failure.

: The clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure are manifold and may masquerade as either “functional” or organic symptoms unrelated to the kidney. The main complications are metabolic, cardiovascular, gastroenterologic and neurologic. The etiology and pathogenesis of chronic renal insufficiency are surveyed and general outlines of treatment are discussed.
Infant Feeding Choice and the Adolescent Mother

A descriptive study of 25 pregnant adolescents was conducted to determine where information about feeding is obtained and when the information has the most impact. Family and social environment was a source of information for all of the subjects; the next most frequently cited source of information on infant feeding was magazines. Only two of the subjects identified clinical nurses as a source of infant feeding information. Data indicate that the majority of the subjects had made their feeding decisions in early pregnancy. Results of this study indicate that nurses need to improve their image as a source of information for the adolescent who is trying to make the important feeding decision.
The internal representation of a three-term series problem

Traditionally, researchers interested in examining the psychological processes involved in solving a three-term series problem have presented the two premises (e.g., Tom is worse than Dick, Dick is worse than Sam ) and the question (“Who is best? or “Who is worst?”) simultaneously. Overall solution time was measured. The present experiments were designed to obtain separate estimates of the time required to encode the premises and the time required to generate an answer from the resulting internal representation. Subjects were given the premises to study prior to being asked the question. Both premise study time and question reaction time were measured. Under these circumstances it appears that marked and unmarked adjectives are stored in the same form and that subjects integrate the two premises into a unified representation rather than simply storing the functional relations underlying each of the two premises.
Effect of common cryoprotectants on critical warming rates and ice formation in aqueous solutions

Ice formation on warming is of comparable or greater importance to ice formation on cooling in determining survival of cryopreserved samples. Critical warming rates required for ice-free warming of vitrified aqueous solutions of glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 200 and sucrose have been measured for warming rates of order 10-10⁴ K/s. Critical warming rates are typically one to three orders of magnitude larger than critical cooling rates. Warming rates vary strongly with cooling rates, perhaps due to the presence of small ice fractions in nominally vitrified samples. Critical warming and cooling rate data spanning orders of magnitude in rates provide rigorous tests of ice nucleation and growth models and their assumed input parameters. Current models with current best estimates for input parameters provide a reasonable account of critical warming rates for glycerol solutions at high concentrations/low rates, but overestimate both critical warming and cooling rates by orders of magnitude at lower concentrations and larger rates. In vitrification protocols, minimizing concentrations of potentially damaging cryoprotectants while minimizing ice formation will require ultrafast warming rates, as well as fast cooling rates to minimize the required warming rates.
Spin anisotropy of ferromagnetic films

We calculate the spin anisotropy of ferromagnetic monolayers of Fe, Ni, and V. We find that the easy direction of magnetization is perpendicular to the plane of the monolayer for Fe and V, but in the plane for Ni. The result for Fe explains why spin splitting but no spin polarization is observed in recent photoemission experiments on Fe overlayers.
Flame synthesis of tungsten oxide nanostructures on diverse substrates

Abstract One-dimensional (1D) tungsten oxide nanostructures show great potential for applications in the areas of batteries, photoelectrochemical water-splitting, electrochromic devices, catalysts and gas sensors. 1D tungsten oxide nanostructures are currently synthesized by physical or chemical vapor deposition, which are limited by low temperatures, the need for vacuum conditions, frequently expensive catalysts, and difficulty in scaling up for mass-production. These limitations, however, can be overcome by flame synthesis. Here, using a co-flow multi-element diffusion burner, we demonstrate the atmospheric, catalyst-free, rapid, mild and scalable flame synthesis of diverse, quasi-aligned, large density, and crystalline tungsten oxide nanostructures on a variety of substrates. Specifically, under fuel-rich conditions, monoclinic 1D W 18 O 49 nanowires and nanotubes were grown on tungsten, iron, steel and fluorinated tin oxide (FTO) substrates, with controlled diameters ranging from 10 to 400 nm and axial growth rates ranging from 2 to 60 μm/h. Monoclinic 1D WO 3 nanowires and nanotubes were grown, instead, on silicon and silicon dioxide substrates. Under fuel-lean conditions, diverse WO 3 nanostructures, including monoclinic 1D nanowires, cubic 2D nanobelts and monoclinic 3D nanocones were grown on tungsten and FTO substrates. The success of this versatile flame synthesis method is attributed to the large tunability of several synthesis parameters, including the flame stoichiometry, the tungsten source and growth substrate temperatures, the tungsten oxide vapor concentration, and the material of the growth substrate. This flame synthesis method can be extended to synthesize other 1D transition metal oxides as well, enabling many large-scale electronic and energy conversion applications.
Algorithms for parallel memory allocation

Dynamic storage allocation is a vital component of programming systems intended for multiprocessor architectures that support globally shared memory. Highly parallel algorithms for access to system data structures lie at the core of effective memory allocation strategies as well as solutions to other parallel systems problems. In this paper, we investigate four algorithms, all based on the first fit approach, that provide different granularities of parallel access to the allocator's data structures. These solutions employ a variety of design techniques including specialized locking protocols, the use of atomic fetch-and-Ф operations, and structural modifications. We describe experiments designed to compare the performance of these schemes. The results show that simple algorithms are appropriate when the expected number of concurrent requests per memory is low and the request pattern is not bursty. Algorithms that support finer granularity access while avoiding locking protocols are successful in a range of larger processor/memory ratios.
Polymeric silicon-containing resist materials

Silicon-containing bilayer and trilayer photoresist technology is reviewed. Multilayer resist processes of this type rely on pattern generation in a thin imaging layer followed by pattern transfer to the thick planarising underlayer by oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE). The review concentrates on materials in which the silicon is an integral part of the polymer and does not specifically address photoresists where silicon is incorporated in a post-imaging process step (Such as top-surface-imaging resists). The review is not exhaustive but emphasizes instead specific examples of representative resist chemistry.
Extrusion degradation of a high molecular weight polystyrene

Mechanochemical research has been extended to the study of the magnitude and mechanism for the capillary shear degradation of a narrow distribution and high molecular weight polystyrene (Mw 1,800,000). An Instron Capillary Rheometer was used to perform the experiments over the temperature ranges from 164° to 250°C. The change in molecular weight distribution was evaluated by calibrated gel permeation chromatography. The maximum shear stress employed was 8.8 × 106 dynes/cm2. It was confirmed-as previously found with a lower molecular weight polystyrene-that degradation could be induced at high stress at temperatures where it would not occur inclusively due to thermal forces. The activation energy of the shear degradation was +27 kcal/mole with a sign and magnitude consistent with degradation induced principally by thermal forces but distinctly augmented by mechanical energy. For the first time the effect on degradation of capillary entrance angle and reservoir conditions has been examined.
Bayesian design using adult data to augment pediatric trials.

Background It can be difficult to conduct pediatric clinical trials because there is often a low incidence of the disease in children, making accrual slow or infeasible. In addition, low mortality ...
TEMPERATURES OF THE VOLUME MINIMA AND STRATIFICATION REGIONS FOR $sup 3$He- $sup 4$He MIXTURES

Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of He/sup 3/ on lowering of the lambda point of He/sup 4/. Discrepancies in different methods are resolved. (R.E.U.)
BILATERAL SUPPLEMENTAL DECIDUOUS CANINES WITH AN ASSOCIATED UNILATERAL SUPERNUMERARY PERMANENT CANINE.

Abstract We have presented the case of an 8-year-old girl of Latin-American origin with bilateral supplemental deciduous canine teeth and also a unilateral supernumerary right permanent canine tooth. These extra teeth caused a rotation of the permanent left maxillary lateral incisor and prevented the eruption of the permanent right maxillary lateral incisor.
Recovery of function after brain damage: The motivational specificity of spared neural traces

Abstract The present research was concerned with how neural traces spared by a visual ablation may participate in or influence the recovery of visual behaviors. In particular, the question was asked whether these spared neural traces influence only the recovery of those behaviors with which they were specifically associated or whether they may influence the recovery of a range of different behaviors. The procedure which we used to address this problem involved distinguishing particular behaviors on the basis of the motivational state under which they were acquired. The results indicate that if the pre-operative and postoperative motivational states are the same, then the neural traces spared by a visual lesion can influence the postoperative recovery of a brightness discrimination. However, if the preoperative and postoperative motivational states are not the same, then the spared neural traces have very little influence on the postoperative recovery of a brightness discrimination.
Linearity characterization of NIST's infrared spectral regular transmittance and reflectance scales

In the past decade, scales for infrared spectral regular (specular) transmittance and reflectance have been established at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Recently, we have developed an error budget based on direct evaluation of the sources of error in the measurement process. These include the detection system non-linearity, spatial non-uniformity of the detector, misalignment of components, inter-reflection between components, asymmetry of sample and reference measurements, and source polarization effects. Here we describe the evaluation of the linearity of our measurement system that includes a Fourier transform spectrophotometer, integrating sphere and MCT detector. From the linearity results, relative responsivity curves are also established.
Use of the allograft aortic valved conduit.

Abstract Although the clinical use of the subcoronary free-sewn allograft aortic valve was first described by Ross and Barratt-Boyes independently in 1962, the use of an allograft valved conduit for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in congenital cardiac surgery was not considered until February 14, 1966. With the description of this successful application by Ross and Somerville, the corrections of many previously inoperable cardiac lesions soon followed.
Wireless sensors and energy efficiency at Alcoa

Inexpensive wireless sensors developed under a DOE Building Technology Program (BTP) project have proven to be robust enough for harsher environmental and RF interference-laden locations found in industrial settings. Coupling with Alcoa-ORNL activities pertaining to optimization of energy utilization at Alcoa facilities these sensors, and an associated ORNL-architected instrumentation network fabric, were selected for deployment at an Alcoa facility in Warrick Indiana - on the banks of the Ohio River. The Warrick facility was chosen as the demonstration site principally for the fact that a 750MW power plant, a rolling mill and a smelter system are all coresident at this location. This paper presents a description of that deployment at Alcoa's Warrick IN facility as well as Alcoa's vision for implementing inexpensive, standards-based wireless devices for reducing energy consumption.
Capture by object exemplars during category-based search of real-world scenes

Exemplars from cued category selectively interfered with category detection during visual search, independent of spatial location Automatic prioritization of cued over neutral and non-cued categories, suggesting enhancement of the current attentional set Each subject assigned 2 of 3 object categories (people, P; cars, C; trees, T) in counterbalanced manner, one of which was cued on every trial Phase I: initiate robust attentional sets for 2 task-relevant categories
The peripheral blood flow and rectal and skin temperatures in hypertension.

Abstract The peripheral blood flow and average skin and rectal temperatures have been measured under basal conditions in 56 patients suffering from arterial hypertension. A modification of the method of Hardy and Soderstrom was used. Observations were made at an environmental temperature of 27° C. and 50 per cent humidity. 1. 1. The average peripheral blood flow for the group is slightly decreased as compared with normal subjects, but the difference does not appear to be statistically significant; the range is essentially the same as in normal subjects. 2. 2. The rectal temperature is higher than in normal subjects, the temperature being over 37° C. in most hypertensive subjects and under 37° C. in the normal control group. 3. 3. The average weighted skin temperature is lower than that in normal subjects, but the difference is not significant statistically. 4. 4. In hypertensive patients the temperature is higher than normal in the upper part of the body, is near the normal level in the middle part of the body, and is cooler than normal in the lower part, especially in the feet. 5. 5. There were no significant differences between the peripheral blood flow or rectal or skin temperatures of the men and those of the women with hypertension. 6. 6. The level of the peripheral blood flow is unrelated to the level of the systolic or diastolic blood pressure in individual patients, and a linear correlation between peripheral blood flow and blood pressure level was not apparent. 7. 7. In these patients with hypertension there was a linear correlation between the level of peripheral blood flow and the average weighted skin temperature, in that the higher the skin temperature the higher the peripheral blood flow. 8. 8. The basal metabolic rate in hypertensive patients is within the normal range. 9. 9. The hypertension of patients observed in this study exhibits different characteristics from those prevailing in coarctation of the aorta and in pheochromocytoma, in which the local skin temperatures are, respectively, warmer and cooler than normal.
Telecommunications reforms: options, models, and global challenges

Telecommunications reforms are gaining momentum around the globe, spurred by technological change as well as a growing urgency to attract financial investment in a sector increasingly recognized as critical for economic growth. Particularly in developing countries, investment in the telecommunications infrastructure is considered a top priority to combat low telephone densities and poor service quality and to take advantage of modern technologies. In developed countries, pressures for reform continue to mount as a consequence of innovation and increased international trade in telecommunications services and equipment. Throughout the world, the continued internationalization of telecom providers and services will create new exigencies for all countries to make sometimes dramatic changes so as to position themselves to participate in a new global order. >
Quantitative Measurement of Nonisotopically Labeled Polymerase Chain Reaction Product

A novel approach for evaluation of polymerase chain reaction product was described. A biotin-labeled DNA (or RNA) probe is hybridized to the digoxigenin-labeled target PCR product. The hybrids are retained on an anti-biotin antibody-coated plate. An anti-digoxigenin Fab conjugated with alkaline phosphatase is used for generating either a fluorescence or a chromagenic substance. Both fluorogenic and chromagenic systems can be used for quantitative measurement of the PCR product/probe hybrids. The method is specific, fast, nonisotopic, sensitive, quantitative, and practical.
Supply management contribution to channel performance: a top management perspective

Purpose – This study serve aims to fill a gap in the supply management literature with respect to supply management contribution to channel members' performance and its antecedents: strategic supply management skills and supplier integration. The resource‐based theory of the firm is used to establish the tested theoretical framework.Design/methodology/approach – The sample used consists of 152 firms represented by highly ranked supply management professionals. The conceptual model and the hypothesized relationships are tested using structural equation modeling.Findings – Support was found for the causal relationships among: strategic supply management skills and supply management contribution to channel members' performance; supplier integration and supply management contribution to channel members' performance; and for supply management strategic skills and supplier integration. Additionally, strategic supply management skills were found to have a significant mediated effect on supply management channel ...
Metalloenzymer and model systems. Carbonic Anhydrase: Solvent and Buffer Participation, isotope effects and activation parameters

It is a general dilemma in biophysical chemistry that although small perturbations are theoretically most desirable, they tend to produce small effects which in turn are difficult to interpret, especially when systems are as large and complex as those encountered in the study of enzyme catalysis. In this regard the replacement of H2O is slowly becoming a powerful tool, especially in hydrationdehydration studies, because it gives measurable results from a modest perturbation of those molecular properties which are sensitive ot mass. The ubiquity of CO2 has prompted us to investigate one of life's most fundamental reactions, the reversible hydration of CO2. We find that many general bases, and especially meta ion-hydroxo complexes catalyze this reaction, but the most potent of these catalysts is the zinc metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (carbonate hydro-lyase EC 4.2.1.1) from red blood cells. The mammalian enzyme is especially versatile catalyzing not only the reversible hydration of CO2 but also that of aliphatic aldehydes, pyridine carboxaldehydes, pyruvic and alkyl pyruvate esters. The enzyme is also an efficient esterase, catalyzing the hydrolysis of certain carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphate and imidate esters. Substitution of zinc(II) by cobalt(II) gives an active enzyme which is being studied by observing its response to perturbations induced by substrates, buffer and inhibitors. We have recently studied the effects of pH, buffer concentration, steric hindrance, solvent composition (H2O vs. D2O) and inhibitor binding on CO2 hydration, HCO−3 dehydration and 18O exchange in the CO2HCO−3 system at four temperature ranging from 7° to 35 °C. Our findings allow us to eliminate a number of anomalous mechanisms pertaining to isotopic exchange and provide us with a suitable framework for transition state characterization. Furthermore, our work shows that the Haldane relation is obeyed at every pH(pd), buffer and inhibitor concentration studied. Compliance with this relation shows that the system meets all the criteria required for the attainment of a chemical equilibrium.
Stability of Entropy Solutions to the Cauchy Problem for a Class of Nonlinear Hyperbolic-Parabolic Equations

Consider the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear hyperbolic-parabolic equation: $$ u_t + \frac{1}{2}\,\bl{a}\cdot\nabla_x u^2=\Delta u_+ \qquad \text{ for } t>0, \leqno{(*)} $$ where a is a constant vector and u+ = max{u,0}. The equation is hyperbolic in the region [u 0]. It is shown that entropy solutions to (*) that grow at most linearly as $|x|\rightarrow\infty$ are stable in a weighted $L^1(\rn)$ space, which implies that the solutions are unique. The linear growth as $|x|\rightarrow\infty$ imposed on the solutions is shown to be optimal for uniqueness to hold. The same results hold if the Burgers nonlinearity $\frac{1}{2}\,\bl{a}u^2$ is replaced by a general flux function f(u), provided f'(u(x,t)) grows in x at most linearly as $|x|\rightarrow\infty$, and/or the degenerate term u+ is replaced by a nondecreasing, degenerate, Lipschitz continuous function $\beta(u)$ defined on $\rr$. For more general $\beta(\cdot)$, the results continue to hold for bounded solutions.
Basolateral Sorting Signals Regulating Tissue‐Specific Polarity of Heteromeric Monocarboxylate Transporters in Epithelia

Many solute transporters are heterodimers composed of non-glycosylated catalytic and glycosylated accessory subunits. These transporters are specifically polarized to the apical or basolateral membranes of epithelia, but this polarity may vary to fulfill tissue-specific functions. To date, the mechanisms regulating the tissue-specific polarity of heteromeric transporters remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the sorting signals that determine the polarity of three members of the proton-coupled monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family, MCT1, MCT3 and MCT4, and their accessory subunit CD147. We show that MCT3 and MCT4 harbor strong redundant basolateral sorting signals (BLSS) in their C-terminal cytoplasmic tails that can direct fusion proteins with the apical marker p75 to the basolateral membrane. In contrast, MCT1 lacks a BLSS and its polarity is dictated by CD147, which contains a weak BLSS that can direct Tac, but not p75 to the basolateral membrane. Knockdown experiments in MDCK cells indicated that basolateral sorting of MCTs was clathrin-dependent but clathrin adaptor AP1B-independent. Our results explain the consistently basolateral localization of MCT3 and MCT4 and the variable localization of MCT1 in different epithelia. They introduce a new paradigm for the sorting of heterodimeric transporters in which a hierarchy of apical and BLSS in the catalytic and/or accessory subunits regulates their tissue-specific polarity.
Coming Into the Light: Intimate Partner Violence and Its Effects at Work

Executive Overview Intimate partner violence (IPV) is not traditionally regarded as a workplace concern. Recent research, however, demonstrates that IPV has significant effects on both employees and on organization-related outcomes. In this paper, we discuss current knowledge regarding the ways that IPV is manifested in the workplace, its prevalence at work, and its costs. Then, using a case study format, we trace the development of an IPV program in one company, Liz Claiborne, Inc. Finally, we discuss best practices for managers interested in addressing the IPV-related issues that may affect their workplaces.
The Evaluation of Bacteriostatic Reagents and Methods of Application to Textile Fabrics

Several methods for assessing the extent of bacteriostasis possessed by a treated textile fabric are extant but none is highly objective. The method described in this paper is offered for its relatively high degree of precision and its similarity to the natural function which it is designed to evaluate. Details of the method, of reagent chemical types, and of the effects of concentration of reagent are presented. In addition, results of applica tion of reagents to fabrics in field trials in operating laundry plants is presented. It is demonstrated that this method permits sharp distinction in bacteriostatic efficiency be tween reagent chemical types, concentrations, and methods of application to textile fabrics.
Scattered light interference from a single metal nanoparticle and its mirror image

The spatial distribution of surface plasmon scattering from a single nanoparticle changes dramatically near a metal surface as a result of interference from the direct scattered light and indirect ...
On conditions of optimality for singular control problems

Satisfaction of the generalized Legendre-Clebsch condition is known to be a necessary condition of optimality in singular control problems. Recently, a new additional necessary condition of optimality was discovered. In this note, we demonstrate by means of an example that together these two necessary conditions are, in general, insufficient for optimality in singular control problems.
DOCUMENTS, ARCHIVES, AND PROOF AROUND 1700

Jean Mabillon's De re diplomatica, whose importance for diplomatics and the philosophy of history is well recognized, also contributed to the seventeenth-century European debate over the relationship among documents, archives, and historical or juridical proof. This article juxtaposes early works on diplomatics by Mabillon, Daniel Papebroche, and Barthelemy Germon against German ius archivi theorists including Rutger Ruland and Ahasver Fritsch to reveal two incommensurate approaches that emerged around 1700 for assessing the authority of written records. Diplomatics concentrated on comparing the material and textual features of individual documents to authentic specimens in order to separate the genuine from the spurious, whereas the ius archivi emphasized the publica fides (public faith) that documents derived from their placement in an authentic sovereign's archive. Diplomatics' emergence as a separate auxiliary science of history encouraged the erasure of archivality from the primary conditions of documentary assessment for historians, however, while the ius archivi's privileging of institutional over material criteria for authority foreshadowed European state practice and the evolution of archivistics into the twentieth century. This article investigates these competing discourses of evidence and their implications from the perspective of early modern archival practices.
A Comparison of Verdicts Obtained in Severed and Joined Criminal Trials1

An experiment was conducted to determine the possible prejudicial effect of joining two similar criminal offenses in one trial, as compared to severing those offenses into separate trials. Levels of evidence (clear case for the prosecution, or a close case), trial mode (severed, combined with a clear or a close case), and position of case presentation in the joined trial (first or second) were combined in two 2 × 3 × 2 designs. The results indicated that clear cases received more guilty verdicts than close cases; joined trials obtained more guilty verdicts than severed trials; and first cases in joined trials received higher guilt scores than their severed counterparts or their joined counterparts presented second. The position effect seemed particularly strong when a close case was presented first and combined with a clear case in a joined trial.
The effects of intraventricular injections of bombesin on temperature selection in the rat.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to elucidate further the possibility that intraventricular injections of bombesin (BBS) lower the set point around which an animal regulates its core body temperature. In an attempt to prevent a confounding of general activity and thermoregulatory behavior which occurred in earlier work, a horizontal temperature gradient was used. Intraventricular injections of bombesin resulted in the selection of temperatures that were approximately 9–13°C colder than those selected by animals following control injections. Additionally, the increase in core body temperature observed following control injections was reversed by the highest dose of bombesin. No significant alterations in general locomotor activity were observed. These findings suggest that bombesin may act centrally to reduce the set point around which behavioral responses are regulated.
Microphysical irreversibility and the time-reversal operation.

The division of a scattering experiment into the preparation of a state and the registration of an observable in this state defines an obvious but commonly ignored quantum-mechanical arrow of time. This leads to irreversibility on the microphysical level. The time evolution semigroup for exponentially decaying Gamow states is an example of this microphysical irreversibility. A time-reversal operator exists which is compatible with the quantum-mechanical arrow of time.
Spatial Organization of Transcription in E. coli Cells

RNA polymerase (RNAP) has been shown to exhibit clustered distribution in bacterial cells. These clusters were hypothesized to be active transcription factories in which concentrated RNAP molecules are engaged in ribosomal RNA synthesis. To examine this hypothesis, in this study we used photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) to map the spatial distribution of RNAP in correlation with active transcription in superresolution. We monitored the colocalization of RNAP with single mRNA or rRNA gene sites, with nascent transcripts, and with elongation factors NusA and NusB. We further examined the cellular positioning of rRNA and mRNA genes sharing similar regulatory controls under different transcription conditions. Our results provide evidence rigorously examining the transcription factory model.
Nuclear DNA endonuclease activities on partially apurinic/apyrimidinic DNA in normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum lymphoblastoid and mouse melanoma cells

DNA endonuclease activities from nuclear proteins of normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), complementation group A, lymphoblastoid and Cloudman mouse melanoma cells were examined against partially apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA. Non-histone chromatin-associated and nucleoplasmic proteins, obtained from isolated nuclei, were subfractionated by isoelectric focusing and assayed for DNA endonuclease activity against linear, calf thymus DNA. All of the nine chromatin-associated and three of the nucleoplasmic fractions, which lacked DNA exonuclease activity, were tested for DNA endonuclease activity against both native and partially AP, circular, duplex, supercoiled PM2 DNA. In all three cell lines, four chromatin-associated, but none of the nucleoplasmic fractions, showed increased activity against DNA rendered AP by either heat/acid treatment or by alkylation with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) followed by heat. One chromatin-associated activity, with pI 9.8, which was not active on native DNA, showed the greatest activity on AP DNA. AP activity was moderately decreased in XP cells and slightly decreased in mouse melanoma cells, as compared with normal cells, in the fraction at pI 9.8. Little or no increased activity was observed in any of the endonucleases from any of the cell lines on MMS alkylated DNA.
Normal regulation of Rbf1/E2f1 target genes in Drosophila type 1 protein phosphatase mutants.

G1 Cyclin/Cdk complexes phosphorylate and inactivate the pRb tumor suppressor by preventing its ability to bind and repress E2F transcription factors. Current molecular and biochemical evidence suggests that type 1 protein phosphatases (PP1) dephosphorylate and thereby activate pRb, but the functional significance of this has not been addressed in the context of animal development. Here, we use genetic analyses to determine the role of PP1 in the regulation of Rbf1 activity during Drosophila development. While Rbf1 is required for E2f1 inhibition and G1 arrest in the embryonic epidermis and for the periodic expression of E2f1 target genes during endocycle S phase in the embryonic midgut and larval salivary gland, PP1 is not. PP1 regulates periodic cyclin E protein accumulation in ovarian nurse cells independently of Rbf1, which is dispensable for endocycle regulation in this tissue. We conclude that PP1 is not a major regulator of the Rbf1/E2F1 pathway in Drosophila. Developmental Dynamics 236: 2567–2577, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Ultraviolet Photochemistry of Diacetylene with Styrene

The reaction of metastable diacetylene with styrene is explored using a molecular beam pump−probe time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. Diacetylene is laser-excited to the 210610 band of the 1Δu ← X1Σ+g transition, whereupon rapid intersystem crossing occurs to the lowest triplet states. The triplet state diacetylene then reacts with styrene as the gas mixture traverses a short reaction tube (∼20 μs). The reaction is quenched as the gas mixture expands into a vacuum where the primary photoproducts are probed using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization, resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI), and UV−UV holeburning. The major products from the reaction have molecular formulas C10H8, C12H8, and C12H9. Two different C10H8 products have been identified as 1-phenyl-1-buten-3-yne and m-ethynyl styrene using UV−UV holeburning and comparing with spectra of authentic samples. Mechanisms for the formation of the above products are proposed on the basis of deuterium substitution studies of the reaction. The poten...
The world, the elephant and the tortoise

L'A. denonce la mauvaise interpretation de l'argument du langage prive de Wittgenstein par J. F. Rosenberg, qui, pretendant eviter le scepticisme et le relativisme du prince Indien affirmant que le monde est soutenu par un elephant, a son tour porte par une tortue geante, et cette derniere par un je ne sais quoi, ne parvient pas a etablir le realisme sans recours au fondationnalisme, ni a etablir le monde par inference, a cause d'une mauvaise comprehension du role joue par le monde dans le langage et la pensee
Radio galaxies and local quasars

A RECENT discovery regarding Centaurus A (NGC5128)1 may have an important bearing on the very local quasar model (see for example, refs 2 to 5). These observers, using the new 4-m telescope at Cerro Tololo Observatory, have obtained remarkable photographs showing visible filaments extending away radially from the galactic centre and blue starlike images never before seen near the Galaxy. These starlike objects might have been called quasi-stellar had this term not taken on additional connotations since 1963, and this name may indeed be the proper one.
Heart Block after Repair of Ventricular Septal Defect in Children

From March 1955 to April 1959, 174 patients with ventricular septal defect and 124 patients with ventricular septal defect associated with pulmonic stenosis were referred from the Section of Pediatrics of the Mayo Clinic for open intracardiac repair. Forty-eight of these 298 patients had complete heart block at some time following operation. Eighteen of the patients with heart block died in the immediate postoperative period, 18 had reversion to normal sinus rhythm, and 12 were discharged from the hospital with complete heart block. Three of these 12 patients died subsequently. Two died presumably as a direct result of complete heart block and a third died following a second open cardiac operation. Of the 9 surviving patients, 3 have had serious bradycardia or periods of asystole and 6 have no symptoms from heart block. One of 3 surgical technics was employed for all the patients in this study with variation in incidence of block with the use of each technic. Other factors that might relate to the inciden...
Separation and Identification of Mutagenic Constituents of Petroleum Substitutes

Abstract A study combining chemical separations, mutagenicity testing, and spectroscopic identifications is underway to isolate and identify mutagens in coal-and shale-derived oils. Ether-aqueous partition combined with Sephadex LH-20 chromatography of the resulting neutral fraction is introduced as a preferred class fractionation procedure. The uniquely important role of polycyclic aromatic primary amines in the mutagenicity of petroleum substitutes is reviewed. Questions are raised concerning the role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mutagenicity of the neutral fraction of petroleum substitutes.
Pediatric multiple sclerosis

Pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) accounts for up to 5% of all MS cases. Work conducted over the past 5 years has provided new information about the treatment, pathogenesis, demographics, and natural history of this disorder. Genetic and environmental factors seem to exert critical influences on its development. Clinical, MRI and laboratory data from prepubertal and postpubertal children suggest differences between the immune response and/or CNS environment in younger compared with older children and adults with MS. Randomized, controlled treatment trials for pediatric MS have not yet been performed, but therapies used in adult MS have been evaluated in this population, and their use seems to be safe. This article provides a comprehensive review of current knowledge regarding pediatric MS, highlighting new advances in the field.
Pharmacoepidemiology of potential alcohol–prescription drug interactions among primary care patients with alcohol-use disorders

Abstract Objective To report on the proportion of individuals with alcohol-use disorders who take prescription medications that could interact with alcohol and on the proportion who recall advice to avoid alcohol with their medications. Design Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial of telephone counseling. Setting 18 primary care practices in southcentral and southeastern Wisconsin. Patients 897 adults with alcohol-use disorders as identified by systematic survey. Intervention Telephone and mail survey. Main outcome measures Patient-reported prescription medication use, potential for alcohol–drug interactions according to DrugDex, and patient-reported receipt of advice not to take alcohol with their medications. Results Of the 869 patients who provided usable information on prescription medication use, 348 (40.0%) were taking medications with alcohol interactions or proscriptions; the most frequently reported were bupropion, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and various acetaminophen-containing compounds. Slightly more than 20% of patients were taking medications with moderate to severe alcohol interactions; over one-third of these 184 patients did not recall advice to avoid alcohol. Conclusion Practitioners who prescribe or dispense medications may need to enhance their efforts to advise patients about alcohol–drug interactions. Prescribing and dispensing medications that interact with alcohol present opportunities to administer alcohol screens and interventions.
The variation of inguinal lymph node depth in adult women and its importance in planning elective irradiation for vulvar cancer

Background. The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) protocol #88 reported an 18.5% failure in inguinal lymph nodes of patients with vulvar cancer whose groins were treated with radiation alone. This high failure rate may be due to the study design. Methods. In this study, the depths of inguinal lymph nodes were evaluated with computed tomography (CT) scans in 100 adult women without inguinal adenopathy or prior inguinal surgery. The dose that would have been delivered to the inguinal lymph nodes of these patients was determined using isodose curves constructed according to the guidelines in GOG protocol #88. Results. Only 18% of women had all inguinal lymph nodes measured at a depth of 3 cm or less. Conclusions. More than one-half of all women in this study would have received less than 60% of the prescribed radiation dose because their inguinal lymph nodes were deeper than 5 cm, if the depth of their inguinal lymph nodes had not been measured before therapy.
The cosmic ray record in the San Juan Capistrano meteorite

Measurements of cosmic ray track densities, rare gas concentrations, and radioisotope activities on the same sample of the San Juan Capistrano (SJC) meteorite (March 15, 1973) were combined in order to obtain a consistent picture of the irradiation history of the meteorite. The latter was recovered in two fragments weighing 50.5 and 5.5 g, respectively, which were then sampled according to the objectives set forward. The preatmospheric size of SJC and the depth occupied by the sample in the preatmospheric body were determined within narrow limits. In addition, the study compared estimates of the cosmic ray exposure age as determined by various techniques and evaluated the amount of ablation undergone when SJC penetrated the earth's atmosphere.
Relations among earthquake source parameters derived from the debye solid-body model

Abstract On the basis of seismic data analysis and the Debye model of solid bodies it is proved for the first time that fundamental connections exist between the source volume, elastic waves distribution velocity, boundary vibrational frequency, seismic energy, magnitude and seismic moment. These connections allow the compilation of a system of self-coordinated quantitative ratios.