cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HW-NAS-Bench:Hardware-Aware Neural Architecture Search Benchmark.

HardWare-aware Neural Architecture Search (HW-NAS) has recently gained tremendous attention by automating the design of DNNs deployed in more resource-constrained daily life devices. Despite its promising performance, developing optimal HW-NAS solutions can be prohibitively challenging as it requires cross-disciplinary knowledge in the algorithm, micro-architecture, and device-specific compilation. First, to determine the hardware-cost to be incorporated into the NAS process, existing works mostly adopt either pre-collected hardware-cost look-up tables or device-specific hardware-cost models. Both of them limit the development of HW-NAS innovations and impose a barrier-to-entry to non-hardware experts. Second, similar to generic NAS, it can be notoriously difficult to benchmark HW-NAS algorithms due to their significant required computational resources and the differences in adopted search spaces, hyperparameters, and hardware devices. To this end, we develop HW-NAS-Bench, the first public dataset for HW-NAS research which aims to democratize HW-NAS research to non-hardware experts and make HW-NAS research more reproducible and accessible. To design HW-NAS-Bench, we carefully collected the measured/estimated hardware performance of all the networks in the search spaces of both NAS-Bench-201 and FBNet, on six hardware devices that fall into three categories (i.e., commercial edge devices, FPGA, and ASIC). Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the collected measurements in HW-NAS-Bench to provide insights for HW-NAS research. Finally, we demonstrate exemplary user cases to (1) show that HW-NAS-Bench allows non-hardware experts to perform HW-NAS by simply querying it and (2) verify that dedicated device-specific HW-NAS can indeed lead to optimal accuracy-cost trade-offs. The codes and all collected data are available at this https URL.
Biomechanical comparison of zoned-conformity glenoid versus standard glenoid in total shoulder arthroplasty: impact on rotator cuff strain and glenohumeral translation.

Background Current standard total shoulder arthroplasty glenoid implants allow for high levels of glenohumeral mismatch and associated high levels of humeral head translation to improve range of motion and reduce rim stresses on the glenoid. However, high levels of glenohumeral mismatch could also increase glenoid edge loading, eccentric wear, and rotator cuff strain. A zoned-conformity glenoid may be able to reduce the forces on the rotator cuff and glenoid. We compared rotator cuff strain and glenohumeral translation between a standard glenoid (SG) with moderate glenohumeral mismatch and a zoned-conformity glenoid (conforming glenoid [CG]) that limits mismatch. We hypothesized that the CG would have lower levels of strain on the rotator cuff and lower levels of humeral head translation compared with the SG. Methods Eight fresh frozen cadaveric shoulders, aged 72 years (range, 67-76 years), were used in this biomechanical study. The specimens were first tested in the intact state. We cycled them 3 times from 0° to 60° of abduction and measured the superiorly-inferiorly and anteriorly-posteriorly directed forces at the joint, compressive forces applied to the glenoid, and humeral head translation. The specimens were then implanted with a standard press-fit humeral component and a polyethylene glenoid with 3 peripherally cemented pegs and a central press-fit peg. Testing was repeated. Finally, the SG was removed, the CG was implanted, and each specimen was tested a third time. Results The average superiorly directed force at the glenohumeral joint was significantly lower in the intact and CG groups (18.1 ± 18.6 N and 19.8 ± 16.2 N, respectively) than in the SG group (29.3 ± 21.9 N, P = .024). The maximum force directed against the glenoid was also significantly lower in the CG group (87.6 ± 11.7 N) than in the SG (96.0 ± 7.3 N) and intact (98.9 ± 16.5 N) groups (P = .035). No difference was observed in humeral head translation in the anterior-posterior plane from 0° to 60° of abduction (P = .998) or in the superior-inferior plane (P = .999). Conclusion A zoned-conformity glenoid was associated with similar humeral head translation but significantly lower superior forces against the rotator cuff and a significantly lower maximum force against the glenoid compared with an SG implant. These biomechanical findings suggest that a zoned-conformity implant warrants further study in the effort to maintain humeral head translation while reducing rotator cuff and glenoid forces for successful outcomes of total shoulder arthroplasty.
Using Electrical Stimulation to Explore and Augment the Functions of Parietal-Frontal Cortical Networks in Primates

Brain functions can be directly augmented by electrically stimulating neurons to potentiate their actions, and by recording from cortical and subcortical neurons to read out intentions and decisions that can be mediated by robotic devices when injuries prevent motor responses. To a great extent, these approaches depend on our understanding of the functional organization of the brain, and where brain functions can be most effectively augmented. Electrical stimulation of the brain has long been used to explore and reveal brain functions, and electrical stimulation arguably provides the most direct information about how brain regions relate to motor movements. Motor areas of cortex have been traditionally studied with a brief series of electrical pulses delivered with electrodes, thereby producing roughly somatotopic maps of “first movements.” However, longer half-second trains of such pulses reveal more complex movements, such as reaching or grasping, that have functional significance. Our studies in nonhuman primates have used long trains of pulses to reveal a series of modules or domains in posterior parietal cortex that produce different, complex movements. The set of eight or more domains in posterior parietal cortex is repeated again in premotor cortex and in primary motor cortex, providing at least three cortical sets of domains for the selection of complex movements that interconnect to form eight or more parallel networks. These domains can be considered as possible targets for electrical stimulation to influence behavioral outcomes, or for recording the neuronal correlates of behavioral intentions that are most suitable for controlling robotic limbs.
Not by NPT alone: The future of the global nuclear order

The nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) constitutes just one component of broader arrangements that provide global nuclear governance. In recent decades, the other props in the global nuclear or...
Archaeology of the Pulaski Site

Evaluation of the hypotheses outlined in the introduction to this volume hinges upon the analysis of relevant archaeological data from shipwreck sites and from documentary sources. The analysis that follows is organized around information recovered from the Pulaski Site. Other sites studied in the analysis and relevant historical documentation are presented in subsequent chapters.
The Coding and Decoding of Steady State Visual Information by Patterned Pulse Trains in the Crayfish Visual System

A dominant thesis in sensory neurophysiology is that the “coding” of sensory information is primarily a function of the anatomical arrangements of the neurons in the sensory pathway. One implication of this concept is that sensory information is distributed on labeled lines. The information that is coded is determined by cellular connectivity. The information that is coded is determined by the receptive field and the trigger features of the cell. In recent years the thesis has been applied to visual systems with remarkable success. It has given rise to dimming units and movement detectors, color coded cells, X and Y cells and simple and complex cells to name only a few members of the growing lexicon of functional identifications.
Moduli Spaces of Abelian Surfaces

Let c \( \supset {C_F}\) be a fractional \( {C_F}\) -ideal. In this chapter we define c-polarized RM abelian surfaces and c-polarized CM abelian surfaces. The moduli space of all c-polarized RM abelian surfaces is a classical Hilbert modular surface, and the moduli space of all c-polarized CM abelian surfaces determines a codimension two cycle on the Hilbert modular surface. Useful references for Hilbert modular surfaces include [10], [14], [19], [46], [54], and [56].
Function of Epithelial Barriers

The epithelial layer functions as a barrier by lining the cavities and surfaces of our body. When this barrier breaks down during infectious and inflammatory disease, the consequence can be catastrophic. In this article, we will highlight general principles that govern the function of various epithelia to highlight the dynamic nature of this major type of animal tissue. We will discuss structural features of both individual epithelial cells as well as how they join to form a network. Finally, we will use specific examples to illustrate why understanding the epithelial barrier function is fundamental to improving human health and treating disease.
Incorporation of d-Alanine into the Membrane of Streptococcus pyogenes and Its Stabilized L-Form

A principal aim of this study was to explain our earlier finding of a lack of d-alanine in the glycerol teichoic acid from the membrane of a stabilized L-form of Streptococcus pyogenes (B. M. Slabyj and C. Panos, 1973. J. Bacteriol. 114:934-942). It was found that the incorporation of d-alanine into the membrane teichoic acid of S. pyogenes requires either supernatant fraction or two enzymes from supernatant fraction, stimulator (d-alanine activating enzyme) and d-alanine:membrane acceptor ligase, plus membrane fragments, ATP and Mg2+. A similar system from the L-form is inoperative. Also, no incorporation is observed with L-form or coccal supernatant fractions when L-form membranes are used. However, d-alanine incorporation is observed when L-form enzymes are used with membrane fragments from the parental streptococcus. Thus, the L-form possesses the required soluble components for d-alanine incorporation but the L-form membrane cannot function as acceptor even though it contains d-alanine-deficient membrane teichoic acid. These results suggest that a defect has occurred in the membrane of this stabilized L-form for d-alanine incorporation into membrane teichoic acid.
Ascender II, a Visual Framework for 3D Reconstruction

This paper presents interim results from an ongoing project on aerial image reconstruction. One important task in image interpretation is the process of understanding and identifying segments of an image. In this effort a knowledge based vision system is being presented, where the selection of IU algorithms and the fusion of information provided by them is combined in an efficient way. In our current work, the knowledge base and control mechanism (reasoning subsystem) are independent of the knowledge sources (visual subsystem). This gives the system the flexibility to add or change knowledge sources with only minor changes in the reasoning subsystem. The reasoning subsystem is implemented using a set of Bayesian networks forming a hierarchical structure which allows an incremental classification of a region given enough time. Experiments with an initial implementation of the system focusing primarily on building reconstruction on three different data sets are presented.
Engineering innovation into systems engineering practices

A significant body of research exists about instilling a culture of innovation, but less is written about how to introduce innovation into systems engineering practices. Further, can suppress innovation. Our increasing need to conceive and develop more transformative concepts motivated an initiative to infuse innovation into our systems engineering. In particular, we introduce innovation into concept formulation, mockups, and early prototyping (front-end innovation) as well as system design, integration, and test (back-end innovation). We began by identifying culture-changing principles from the research literature and formulated an innovation framework oriented toward systems engineering from which to monitor our progress. Approaches to popularize staff empowerment and networking were introduced first, including leveraging crowd-sourced idea generation and the design thinking and maker movements into our systems practices. We also began to place greater emphasis on access to global technologies to search for enabling technology opportunities and potential research collaborators to feed concept development. Additionally, we had the opportunity to explore a more innovative approach to “agile” engineering development for which we provide a case study. Lastly, we developed measures and indicators of innovation progress, a relatively unexplored area according to the literature. We will describe the literature results, our initiatives, the case study, and the innovation metrics results to date.
The HP-ST Toolset

The HP-ST toolset allows a specifier to construct a specification document which contains mixed text and HP-SL specifications. The toolset can be used in either batch mode, when it is invoked as a collection of Unix commands, or in interactive mode, when it is invoked via an editing interface such as that provided by Emacs. Documents are LATEX files with LATEX-like annotations to control preprocessing.
Chromaffin granule-cytoskeleton interaction. Stabilization by F-actin of ATPase in purified chromaffin granule membranes.

Abstract The influence of cytoskeletal elements on the chromaffm granule function was studied using a model system consisting of purified granule membranes and F-actin. The membrane ATPase was partially inactivated by incubation at 37 °C, and this inactivation was prevented by adding F-actin. The stabilizing action of F-actin on the ATPase was abolished by adding DNase I. Detergent-solubilized ATPase was more rapidly and profoundly inactivated, but was not stabilized by F-actin. The stabilization of ATPase by F-actin may be due to the cross-linking of granule membranes with F-actin and the native structure of the granule membrane may be required for preserving the stability of membrane ATPase. These findings thus suggest the possibility that the interaction of microfilaments with chromaffin granules may influence the function of chromaffin granules within the cell.
Appendix B: GUI Development

This appendix contains sections titled: Introduction GUI File Structure Passing System Control The UserData Object A Working GUI Demo Concluding Remarks ]]>
Overview of Receptor Interactions of Agonists and Antagonists

Historically, the earliest methods used to quantitatively measure the fundamental properties of drugs (namely affinity and efficacy) employed isolated tissues, and it is in this realm that the null methods used to define "receptor pharmacology" were described. This unit describes these methods and their use to specifically classify agonists (through potency ratios and determination of relative affinities and efficacies) and antagonists (through analysis of surmountable and insurmountable antagonism) to yield estimates of potency. Different drugs can yield different behaviors in various tissues, so this unit is centered on a flow diagram to indicate the type of analysis appropriate for the behavior observed. For example, some agonists may be full agonists in some tissues and partial agonists in others, while some antagonists may demonstrate surmountable simple competitive antagonism in some tissues and insurmountable non-competitive antagonism in others. Methods exist for determination of affinity and efficacy for all of these behaviors, and these are delineated in this unit.
How does magnification affect image quality and patient dose in digital subtraction angiography

Digital subtraction angiography images were obtained of a phantom containing 1 mm diameter vessels. The iodine concentrations ranged from 5 to 50 mg/cc, which permitted the detection threshold iodine concentration to be determined. The source to image receptor distance was 105 cm, and image magnification was varied between 1.15 and 2.0. One experiment was performed at an input exposure of 1 (mu) Gy per frame, and a second experiment was performed at 4 (mu) Gy per frame.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and scrapie prions

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, and Gerstmann-Straussler syndrome are transmissible degenerative diseases of the central nervous system caused by novel infectious pathogens designated prions. Scrapie is a neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats and is also caused by prions. Experimental scrapie has been extensively studied in hamsters and mice. The scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) is the only component of the infectious scrapie prion identified, to date. Scrapie infectivity and PrPSc copartition into membranes, rods, and liposomes raising the possibility that only PrPSc might be required for infection; however, a second component such as a small nucleic acid cannot be eliminated. PrPSc is encoded by a single copy cellular gene and not by a hypothetical nucleic acid within purified prion preparations. Normal, uninfected cells express the cellular prion protein (PrPc). Both PrPSc and PrPc appear to be translated from the same 2.1-kb mRNA. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of hamster PrPC and PrPSc are identical; both correspond to that predicted by the translated prion protein (PrP) gene sequence. While the chemical difference between PrPc and PrPSc remains unknown, the organization of the PrP gene argues that it results from a posttranslational event. Six posttranslational modifications of both PrP isoforms have been identified: (1) cleavage of an N-terminal signal peptide, (2) an intramolecular disulfide bond, (3) an N-linked oligosaccharide attached to Asn 181, (4) a second oligosaccharide attached to Asn 197, (5) cleavage of a C-terminal hydrophobic peptide, and (6) a phosphatidylinositol glycolipid attached to the C-terminus. The mouse PrP gene is on chromosome 2 and is linked to a gene controlling the scrapie incubation time (Prn-i). PrP genes from inbred mice with short and long incubation times differ by two amino acids, a finding consistent with but not proving that PrP modulates susceptibility to scrapie. PrPSc stimulation of a posttranslational process which converts PrPc or its precursor into PrPSc is one possible mechanism for prion replication. This is consistent with observations showing that human prion diseases are manifest as infectious, sporadic and genetic disorders.
PERSISTENT PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN CYANOTIC TERM NEONATES WITHOUT ANATOMIC HEART DISEASE

A group of 19 cyanotic term neonates, whose minimal evidence of pulmonary pathology led to an initial diagnosis of cyanotic congenital heart disease, was studied to delineate the nature of the right to left shunt. The mothers' pregnancies were complicated in 90%. Initial Apgar scores were often high (80%>7), Electrocardiograms were normal or showed right ventricular hypertrophy. Five infants (10-39 hours) had cardiac catheterization; none had anatomic heart disease. All had high pulmonary vascular resistance, equalling or exceeding systemic resistance. Pulmonary venous oxygen saturations ranged from 92-100%; simultaneous aortic saturations were 57-83%. Angiography showed massive right to left shunting at the ductus arterlosus In all cases. The mechanism of the postnatal persistence of fetal right to left flow through the ductus arteriosus is unclear. The associated maternal and placental problems may contribute to chronic fetal hypoxia. Goldberg (Pediat.48:528,1971) described an increase In the muscularity of the fetal pulmonary vascular bed after intrauterine hypoxia. This may contribute to these Infants' abnormal pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Forage Yields, Nutrient Uptake, Soil Chemical Changes, and Nitrogen Volatilization from Bermudagrass Treated with Dairy Manure

Application of manure on cropland in association with large confined animal feeding operations, such as large drylot dairies, has raised concern about nutrient contamination of surface and groundwaters. Our objective was to determine the yield and nutrient uptake of 'Coastal' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) and a bermudagrass sod interseeded with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum emend Thell cv. Wintex) treated with dairy waste, the fate of manure N and P in the soil, and nitrate N in soil solution. Four rates of dairy manure (target rates of 0, 100, 200, and 400 lb N/acre) were surface applied to each system from 1992 to 1995. We measured N and P harvested in forage, changes in extractable N and P concentrations in the soil, nitrate N levels in soil water, and N volatilization from surface-applied manure. Yield increased linearly with increasing manure rate each year. Only 25% of manure N and 20% or less of P were recovered in forage during the 4 yr. Analysis of soil water samples collected at 18 or 36 in. below the soil surface on 54 dates indicated < 3 ppm of nitrate N in plots treated with up to 60 tons/acre of solid dairy manure during 4 yr. The primary adverse effect of manure application to forage crops was a sixfold increase in extractable P in the surface 6 in. of soil at the highest manure rate. Nitrogen losses to the atmosphere from surface-applied dairy waste increased from 20 to a maximum of 35% as moisture content of the manure increased to 40%. Most of the N loss occurred within 6 h of waste application. These data indicate that solid dairy manure from confinement lots should be applied at rates less than 20 tons/acre per year to reduce risks of soil P buildup and nitrate N leaching.
Lowered Concentrations of Branched-Chain Amino Acids Result in Impaired Growth and Neurological Problems: Insights from a Branched-Chain α-Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Complex Kinase-Deficient Mouse Model

Excess circulating levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), as seen in maple syrup urine disease, result in severe neuropathology. A new mouse model, deficient in the kinase that controls BCAA catabolism, shows that very low circulating levels of BCAA are also associated with neuropathology, including the development of epileptic seizures. These mice clearly demonstrate the need to control essential amino acid levels within both upper and lower limits.
Structure-Function Relations in Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Reconstitution in Lipid Bilayers and Heterologous Expression in Xenopus Oocytes

Abstract Ligand-gated ion channels play a fundamental role in cell-to-cell communication. In response to a chemical stimulus, these membrane proteins undergo a conformational change from a closed nonconductive state to an open conductive state, allowing the selective flow of ions into and out of the cell. The molecular mechanisms that underlie such a precise task are not yet fully understood. Reconstitution of purified proteins in lipid bilayers and heterologous expression of cDNAs encoding neurotransmitter-activated ion channels in Xenopus oocytes are powerful and sensitive approaches to gaining fundamental information about structure-function relationships of this superfamily of membrane receptors.
Wireless sensor seismic response monitoring system implemented on top of NEESgrid

Emerging wireless sensor technology presents a tremendous opportunity for developing low-cost monitoring systems for civil infrastructure. A set of wireless MICA2 mote accelerometers were deployed on a reinforced concrete bridge column to collect data during a shaking table earthquake simulation test. The data from the test were ingested into a data and metadata system for testing the usability of the metadata description for data mining and visualization. The metadata system used the NEESgrid metadata services interface for backend storage. The results of the data acquisition and ingestion were used to determine the feasibility of using a comprehensive sensor, data storage, and data retrieval system for health monitoring.
Report recognizes importance of major ocean programs and promotes interdisciplinary research

A new report on global ocean science concludes that major ocean programs have had an important impact on ocean science. Furthermore saying that the large-scale global and integrative nature of some of the present scientific challenges will require them in the future, the report has recommended creation of a new interdisciplinary unit in the research section of the National Science Foundation's Ocean Sciences Division (NSF/OCE). The unit would encourage interdisciplinary research and manage a broad spectrum of projects. Whatever approach NSF/OCE follows, the report states that it is important to maintain the flexibility to consider a number of options regarding the design and execution of future programs based on the complexity and nature of the scientific challenges they address, and ensure that work conducted by individual investigators in the core disciplines remains healthy.
Conflict resolution education and antisocial behavior in U.S. schools: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis examines more than twenty-five years of evidence to determine whether participation in school-based conflict resolution education (CRE) contributes to reduced antisocial behaviors among youth in kindergarten through twelfth grade in U.S. schools. Evidence from thirty-six studies, representing 4,971 students, shows improvements in antisocial behaviors in CRE participants compared to control groups (Effect Size = .26), with larger effects observed during midadolescence ( ES = .53) and early adolescence ( ES = .22) compared to middle childhood ( ES = .06). Improvements in antisocial behavior outcomes attributable to CRE are significant in both practical and statistical terms and are similar for different CRE program approaches.
Fast acquisition of myocardial SPECT images with Tc-99m sestamibi for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Background Shortening the acquisition time for myocardial single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging increases patient comfort and laboratory throughput. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy for coronary artery disease detection of myocardial SPECT images acquired in 5 to 10 minutes versus 25 minutes using Tc-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (Tc-99m sestamibi) and a single-head gamma camera.
Current concepts in nutrition. Nutrition and bone disease.

THE most important nutrients affecting bone are vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus. Vitamin D Vitamin D is obtained either from the diet or from endogenous production in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet light. Wavelengths capable of photoactivation of precursors to vitamin D in the skin occur in northern parts of America from March through October. Dermal production of vitamin D after extensive ultraviolet radiation may be as much as 10,000 units per day. Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation at the 25-position in the liver and at the 1-position in the kidney to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, the physiologically important, active form . . .
Neutron Diffraction Observations on the Superconducting State

Neutron diffraction patterns for vanadium, lead, and niobium have been obtained above and below their superconducting transition temperatures. No diffraction effects either of coherent or incoherent nature were found to result from the development of superconductivity. Accurate intensity measurements of the nuclear scattering reflections indicate little or no change in the Debye characteristic temperature of the lattice upon passage through the superconducting transition.
Metal Failures: Mechanisms, Analysis, Prevention

Failure Analysis. Elements of Elastic and Plastic Deformation. Elements of Fracture Mechanics. Alloys and Coatings. Examination and Reporting Procedures. Brittle and Ductile Fractures. Thermal and Residual Stresses. Statistical Distributions. Creep Failure. Fatigue. Defects. Environmental Effects. Flaw Detection. Crane Hooks, Coil Springs, Roller Bearings, Bushings, and Gears. Concluding Remarks. Problems. Index.
Relaxations of factorable functions with convex-transformable intermediates

We propose to strengthen standard factorable relaxations of global optimization problems through the use of functional transformations of intermedi- ate expressions. In particular, we exploit convex transformability of the component functions of factorable programs as a tool in the generation of bounds. We define suit- able forms of transforming functions and assess, theoretically and computationally, the sharpness of the resulting relaxations in comparison to existing schemes.
Laser-induced fluorescence emission from HCO produced by 308 nm excimer laser photodissociation of acetaldehyde☆

Abstract The LIF emission spectrum of the HCO Ā 2A″-X 2A′ transition has been analyzed, and ν1″ = 2432 ± 20 cm−1 was determined. The HCO(X) radicals generated by a photolysis pulse from the 5 Torr CH3CHO sample disappear by second-order kinetics involving radical—radical reactions.
Ervin Laszlo's Akashic Field and The Dilemmas of Modern Consciousness Research

Ervin Laszlo's revolutionary concept of the Akashic Field and his connectivity hypothesis offer elegant solutions for the baffling paradoxes associated with “anomalous phenomena”—otherwise unexplainable observations which many scientific disciplines encountered in the course of the 20th century. This article explores the ground-breaking contributions that Laszlo's work has made to psychology by providing a plausible conceptual framework for a large number of observations and experiences amassed by modern consciousness research, which challenge the most fundamental assumptions of the traditional scientific worldview.
Correction: Wiedmann, M., et al. Exploration of the Role of the Non-Coding RNA SbrE in L. monocytogenes Stress Response. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 378-393.

The original version of the paper in Section 3.8 reports that “The peptide mass tolerance and fragment mass tolerance values were 10 ppm and 30 mDa, respectively” [1] (p. 387). To help others who may want to use the same methods in the future, the authors would like to correct the wording to: “The peptide mass tolerance and fragment mass tolerance values were 30 ppm and 0.15 Da, respectively. In order to decrease the probability of false peptide identification, only peptides with significance scores above the identity threshold (at the 95% confidence interval), defined by Mascot probability analysis (www.matrixscience.com/help/scoring_help.html#PBM), were considered to be confidently identified and used for protein identification. Furthermore, only proteins identified in all four iTRAQ samples through at least two peptides with a p-value of <0.05 (expectation value) were further analyzed”. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused to the readers of this journal. [...]
A preliminary design for digital forensics analysis of terabyte size data sets

Digital forensics is computationally intensive and current analysis systems do not handle the multiple terabyte size data sets that are now becoming a major issue for analysis. For these data sets, RAID file system analysis, parallel computing, collaboration, and visualization will be essential. Here we outline the preliminary design for a parallel digital forensics framework that is being developed to handle multiple terabyte size data set analysis.
Multiple Angiomyolipomata of the Liver: A Case Report

Angiomyolipoma (AML) is a rare benign tumor that occurs most commonly in the kidney. Occasionally it may be found in the liver. Lesions in the liver are usually solitary. Multiple AMLs are extremely rare and are typically seen in patients with tuberous sclerosis. We now report an unusual case of a 46-year-old woman with multiple hepatic AMLs. There were more than 15 lesions distributed predominantly in the right hepatic lobe. The tumors ranged from 0.2 to 6 cm in size and consisted of a variable admixture of proliferating blood vessels, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle. There was no clinical evidence of tuberous sclerosis in this patient. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of the highly polymorphic human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) was performed and the pattern of X chromosome inactivation was analyzed. Three of the five representative AML nodules showed a preferential loss of one of the two HUMARA alleles indicating a clonal proliferation with involvement of different alleles. Histologic examination of the corresponding lesions showed clonal lesions to be predominantly composed of epithelioid myoid cells while the polyclonal lesions were predominantly composed of adipose tissue. While the histologic diagnosis of AML in a surgical resection specimen is often straightforward, the radiographic, cytologic and intra-operative interpretation of a case with multiple lesions presents a considerable challenge.
Agonist-induced Ca2+ mobilization in the rat submandibular gland during aging and subsequent to chronic propranolol treatment.

Abstract The effects of age and chronic propranolol treatment on the agonist-induced rise in intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), an index for the coupling of receptor-second messenger generation, was studied using a dispersed rat submandibular gland preparation. Muscarinic stimulation (10 μm carbachol) caused a rapid ( T 1 2 s ) and dramatic (∼ 4.5-fold) rise in [Ca2+]i followed by a lower sustained increase (∼ 3-fold) in [Ca2+]i as measured directly with the Ca2+-sensitivie fluorescent probe, fura-2. The magnitude and the rate of increase of the initial rise in [Ca2+i and the level of the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i were not different between 2- and 21-month-old rats. Stimulation in a Ca2+-free medium reduced the initial agonist-induced increase in [Ca2+]i by ∼ 35–40%, while the sustained increase was abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+ from cells in both young and old rats. Chronic treatment for 30 days with 20 mg/kg propranolol, a β-adrenergic antagonist, did not significantly alter the ability of dispersed submandibular cells in old rats to mobilize Ca2+ during agonist stimulation or influence the in vivo stimulated gland output. These results suggest that the agonist-induced rise in [Ca2+]i is not altered by aging or by chronic treatment of aged rats with propranolol and, therefore, receptor-second messenger coupling remains intact.
Detection of spatial derivatives of images using spatiotemporal techniques

We describe an optical-scanning-based imaging system for directly acquiring various spatial derivatives of images, using spatiotemporal modulation techniques in conjunction with electronic heterodyne detection. The technique, which in principle may be adapted to a realtime parallel detection scheme, offers the ability to acquire a variety of first-order and higher-order spatial derivatives. In addition, spatial resolution may be dynamically controlled in a simple electronic fashion. We demonstrate detection of first-order (directional gradients) and second-order spatial derivatives. We also discuss an application that utilizes our gradient detection technique, in a closed feedback system, to achieve contouring and tracking of stationary and moving objects. Experimental results are presented.
A departmental experience in promoting oral and poster presentations.

Background: Residency programs must demonstrate resident and faculty involvement in scholarly activity. One acceptable method is delivering presentations at scientific meetings. Description: A prospective database and retrospective search of all prior presentations. Evaluation: Prior to 1997, residents made less than 5 presentations per year. After inception, they made an average of 35, increasing from 12 in 1998 to 80 in 2006; 180 submissions were presented 335 times (1.9 presentations per unique work). The majority were based on case reports, whereas 11% were research. In the last 2 years, 36% were accepted as oral presentations, the remaining as posters. Total program cost for 2006 was $39,184 ($490 per presentation). Conclusion: The program has succeeded in increasing scholarly activity for faculty and residents at an acceptable cost. Most secondary goals were also met, including increasing the number of departmental publications
Acknowledging and building on the work of others

Citing the work of others is part of the scholarly tradition and it is also an acknowledgment that what is known and claimed in an article is socially constituted. One might claim that an idea evolved while a person was alone, contemplating her work and its historical trajectories—eliminating all thoughts about others’ programs of work. However, how would she know the origin of her ideas? Undertaking a review of the scholarly works in relevant areas affords awareness of what is happening and connecting one’s work to the work of others in relevant fields. Doing this is helpful to authors of articles and also to readers who can then readily situate a publication into a context of other relevant work. I regard it as the authors’ responsibility to show an awareness of the field, identify key works, and to explain the connections of what is included in a given article and other identified works. In Cultural Studies of Science Education (CSSE) we do not encourage the common practice of including lists of citations in parentheses as markers of relevant work in a given area. Instead we ask authors to take the space to show how each cited work fits into the developing thesis of a paper. That is, explain how something specific from a cited source is relevant to the issues being discussed at the time. One test of whether or not a citation is substantive is the extent to which reasons for the citation are apparent to the reader. Of course, it might still be the case that the citation is inappropriate, however, by making the reasons visible, the reader has the chance to judge whether or not the arguments an author is making are warranted. An important set of connections that often need to be made explicit pertains to how this article connects to other publications from the authors of a paper and to publications of colleagues within the same research group. Self-citation should have a purpose that is clear to the reader. One important reason is to show connections to earlier work in a field and to contemporary work that is to be published elsewhere. In this way, authors can be explicit in showing how what is in a given paper is different than and builds on what has been written elsewhere. This seems highly prudent when a paper is one of many from a given database.
Small text, big effects: How a technical communicator used writing to influence design decisions in a software firm

This paper focuses on the work that technical communicators perform every day to help themselves and their work teams manage information. The paper conceptualizes this work as rhetorical memory work in order to emphasize its importance to processes of organizational invention and creativity. The paper reports data assembled from an observation session with a technical communicator as he composed software documentation and subsequently attended a team meeting, data excerpted from a six-month case study of a team of technical communicators. The analysis finds that the technical communicator performed important creative work for his organization through the medium of a simple reminder note, which he created to help himself remember talking points at a meeting.
Effect of the dietary brominated phenol, lanasol, on chemical biotransformation enzymes in the gumboot chiton Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorf, 1846)

The effects of diet and other non-anthropogenic stressors on biochemical defenses and their relationship to susceptibility have been largely ignored in wildlife populations. Lanosol is a compound found in relatively high amounts in various marine species of Rhodophyta, including Odonthalia dentata. While previous studies demonstrated that lanosol is a feeding deterrent to several marine herbivores, Cryptochiton stelleri readily feeds upon O. dentata. To examine the effects of lanosol on the profile of biochemical defenses in C. stelleri, chitons were gavaged daily with 0, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg of lanosol. After three days of exposure, digestive gland microsomes were probed for expression of homologous isoforms of cytochromes P450 (CYP1A, CYP3A, and CYP2) and phase II enzymatic activities. Expression of a 43 kDa CYP3A-like protein was increased by approximately 45%, over control following 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg treatments. Estradiol hydroxylase activity tended to increase with the dose of lanosol. UDP-glucuronosyl transferase activity was highly variable but appeared to increase at the two highest treatments, while sulfotranserase activity was significantly decreased at the three highest doses. Kinetic studies of GST activity showed lanosol is a non-competitive inhibitor of both CDNB and GSH in the GST-mediated conjugation reaction. These results show that dietary exposure to the brominated-phenol, lanosol, may alter expression and activity of some phase I and II biotransformation enzymes in chitons, potentially providing a dietary advantage for the species.
Lipids: 50th Anniversary Celebration and the Future

platform. Our close association with Springer Press has provided a broader access to libraries across the world and has provided a much greater visibility. This provides a platform that enables the seamless management of our submission process through the peer-review process, essentially streamlining the entire pre-publication management of all manuscripts. In 2013 we introduced the use of iThenticate to examine each and every manuscript for plagiarism. This, combined with our already effective scientific misconduct surveillance, has continued to provide a journal with high integrity and minimal issues that plague many other journals. So, what is planned? First and foremost, I have selected five papers published in Lipids over the years as our top-five papers. These five papers were selected from many excellent papers published in Lipids over the last 49 volumes. The selection criteria were based on the number of citations, representative of the broad areas of research published in Lipids, and reviews were excluded from selection. The top two papers with regards to citations are from George Rouser and colleagues, but only one made the fab-five list. The remaining papers were selected on the basis of the rather broad topics published in Lipids over the years. Needless to say, these are not the top-five papers with regards to citations, but are all in the top 25. I limited myself to selecting only five, a very tough task indeed. These papers are found below and ranked on the basis of the number of citations.
THE PREPARATION OF 5-CHLORO-2-INDOLINONE BY DIRECT CHLORINATION OF 2-INDOLINONE

(1990). THE PREPARATION OF 5-CHLORO-2-INDOLINONE BY DIRECT CHLORINATION OF 2-INDOLINONE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 104-105.
Optimal modal wave-front compensation for anisoplanatism in adaptive optics

We examine how modal aberration measurements degraded by turbulence-induced anisoplanatism may be used to optimally conjugate atmospheric phase aberrations. By examining the form of the aperture-averaged mean square residual phase error, we show that atmospheric compensation is suboptimal when the measured coefficients from off-axis or finite-altitude guide stars are applied directly. The optimal compensation is obtained only when conjugate phase coefficients are estimated, given the guide-star measurements and knowledge of the spatial correlation of the on-axis and measured phase coefficients, by use of a minimum-mean-square-error (MMSE) estimator. The form of this estimator is outlined, thus motivating the need to quantify the spatial cross correlation of the Zernike coefficients of the phase aberrations. With a knowledge of the modal cross correlation, we show that wave-front compensation performance can be enhanced by use of the MMSE estimator over use of the beacon measurements directly for all orders of correction. For high-order off-axis natural-guide-star correction, equivalent imaging performance is obtained at a beacon offset 10% larger than when beacon measurements are used directly. For high-order laser-guide-star correction, equivalent imaging performance is obtained at laser-guide-star altitudes 20% lower when the MMSE estimator is employed.
Potential of a Black Walnut ( Juglans nigra ) Extract Product (NatureCur) as a Pre- and Post-Emergence Bioherbicide

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is known to have allelopathic effects on other plants. If extracts from black walnut can be commercially formulated as a bioherbicide, they may become an important weed-management tool for organic farming systems or areas where synthetic herbicides are not allowed. The toxicity of several concentrations of a black walnut extract-based commercial product (NatureCur) was evaluated on seeds and seedlings of several weed species in the laboratory, greenhouse, and in an orchard. Petri dish experiments showed that the LD50 of NatureCur solution concentration for horseweed (Conyza canadensis) and hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) seeds was 14.3 and 12.5%, respectively. However, the LD50 of the extract for common purslane (Portulaca oleraceae) and tall annual morninglory (Ipomoea purpurea) seeds was 20.5% and 20.9%, respectively. Weed seedlings grown in pots in the greenhouse were inhibited when 15 ml of the solution with a concentration of 33.3% was applied as a soil-drench. Micro-plot experiments in the orchard showed that application of 1 L of the solution with a concentration of 42.9% killed all the natural population of horseweed seedlings when applied as a soil-drench. This formulation of black walnut extract has potential as a pre- and post-emergent herbicide. The product, however, has not yet been registered as a pesticide and efficient methods of applying the material in the field need to be developed for commercial acceptance of this product as an organic herbicide.
Role of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in the formation of the iron-sulfur chromophore of adrenal ferredoxin

Abstract 1. 1.|Enzymatic activities responsible for H 2 S production in various tissues were compared. The distribution of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2) correlated with the estimated labile sulfur contents in each tissue, however, that of thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.1) did not correlate at all, being extremely high in liver and kidney. Therefore, it is unlikely that thiosulfate sulfurtransferase is responsible for iron sulfur chromophore formation. 2. 2.|The subcellular distribution of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and transaminase activities shows that cysteine transamination occurs in cytosol and then 3-mercaptopyruvate so formed would be degraded to pyruvate and H 2 S by cytosol 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. However, the possibility that mitochondrial 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase is involved in the degradation of 3-meraptopyruvate within mitochondria cannot be excluded. 3. 3.|Upon incubation of the apoprotein with 3-mercaptopyruvate and purified 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase or cystein, α-ketoglutarate, transaminase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in the presence of iron and thiol- compounds, the reconstitution of iron-sulfur chromophore could be achieved. 4. 4.|From these results, it is concluded that 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase plays a role in iron-sulfur chromophore formation in adrenal cortex.