cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irregular Magnetic Fields in Interstellar Clouds and Variations in the Observed Circular Polarization of Spectral Lines

The strengths of magnetic fields in interstellar gas clouds are obtained through observations of the circular polarization of spectral line radiation. Irregularities in this magnetic field may be present because of turbulence, waves, or perhaps other causes, and may play an essential role in the structure and evolution of the gas clouds. To infer information about these irregularities from the observational data, we develop statistical relationships between the rms values of the irregular component of the magnetic field and spatial variations in the circular polarization of the spectral line radiation. The irregularities are characterized in analogy with descriptions of turbulence?by a sum of Fourier waves having a power spectrum with a slope similar to that of Kolmogorov turbulence. For comparison, we also perform computations in which turbulent magnetic and velocity fields from representative MHD simulations by others are utilized. Although the effects of the variations about the mean value of the magnetic field along the path of a ray tend to cancel, a significant residual effect in the polarization of the emergent radiation remains for typical values of the relevant parameters. A map of observed spectra of the 21 cm line toward Orion A is analyzed and the results are compared with our calculations in order to infer the strength of the irregular component of the magnetic field. The rms of the irregular component is found to be comparable in magnitude to the mean magnetic field within the cloud. Hence, the turbulent and Alfv?n velocities should also be comparable.
Identifying distantly related protein sequences.

Abstract New methods for identifying distantly related proteins can be used to confirm sequence homology when only weak sequence similarity remains. These methods improve the selectivity of sequence comparison either by calculating the statistical significance of the most similar region, or by using consensus patterns rather than simple pairwise similarity scores.
Finite-dimensional controllers for linear distributed parameter systems: Exponential stability using residual mode filters

Abstract Modal control has often been proposed as a way to design stabilizing low-order controllers for distributed parameter systems (DPS). However, it is well known that such controllers, designed from a reduced-order modal model, do not necessarily stabilize the actual DPS. In this paper, we prove that exponential closed-loop stability can always be achieved by the addition of a residual mode filter of sufficiently large dimension.
Directional discontinuities in the interplanetary magnetic field

It is shown that the interplanetary magnetic field has different characteristics on different scales, and it is noted that a given physical theory may not be applicable or relevant on all scales. Four scales are defined in terms of time intervals on which the data may be viewed. Many discontinuities in the magnetic-field direction are seen on the mesoscale (≈ 4 days, ≈ 1 AU). The characteristics of such directional discontinuities which were observed by Pioneer 6 during the period December 16, 1965-January 4, 1966 are presented, with special emphasis on their distribution in time. Previously, it was suggested that such discontinuities are simply boundaries of spaghetti-like filaments extending from the sun to the earth. Here it is shown that on the mesoscale unique filaments with sharp boundaries containing well-ordered magnetic fields are not always seen although discontinuities are always present at ≈ 1 AU. Thus, the interplanetary medium appears to be discontinuous rather than filamentary. The filamentary model implies that discontinuities originate at the sun and are convected with the solar wind. The discontinuous model allows the additional possibility that the discontinuities form in the interplanetary medium far from the sun.
P(RNCH2CH2)3N-catalyzed diastereoselective synthesis of oxazolines

Abstract We report herein that the strong nonionic bases P(RNCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N(R=Me, 1a ; i -Pr, 1b ) catalyze the diastereoselective synthesis of thirteen oxazolines in the presence of 5–30% of these catalysts. The formation of the oxazolines proceeds under very mild conditions in good to excellent yields with high diastereoselectivity (>95:5) for the trans isomer.
Secondary building units, nets and bonding in the chemistry of metal–organic frameworks

This critical review presents a comprehensive study of transition-metal carboxylate clusters which may serve as secondary building units (SBUs) towards construction and synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). We describe the geometries of 131 SBUs, their connectivity and composition. This contribution presents a comprehensive list of the wide variety of transition-metal carboxylate clusters which may serve as secondary building units (SBUs) in the construction and synthesis of metal–organic frameworks. The SBUs discussed here were obtained from a search of molecules and extended structures archived in the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD, version 5.28, January 2007) which included only crystals containing metal carboxylate linkages (241 references).
Diels-Alder routes to angularly halogenated cis-fused bicyclic ketones: Readily accessible cyclynone intermediates.

Abstract We have developed an efficient Lewis acid-catalyzed Diels–Alder route to a series of cis-fused bicyclic ketones bearing quaternary halogenation at the angular position. We have also developed a Diels–Alder-based one-flask method for the regioselective preparation of TBS-protected 6-hydroxy tetralone and 5-hydroxy indanone derivatives.
Optimal Dispatch of Photovoltaic Inverters in Residential Distribution Systems

Low-voltage distribution feeders were designed to sustain unidirectional power flows to residential neighborhoods. The increased penetration of roof-top photovoltaic (PV) systems has highlighted pressing needs to address power quality and reliability concerns, especially when PV generation exceeds the household demand. A systematic method for determining the active- and reactive-power set points for PV inverters in residential systems is proposed in this paper, with the objective of optimizing the operation of the distribution feeder and ensuring voltage regulation. Binary PV-inverter selection variables and nonlinear power-flow relations render the optimal inverter dispatch problem nonconvex and NP-hard. Nevertheless, sparsity-promoting regularization approaches and semidefinite relaxation techniques are leveraged to obtain a computationally feasible convex reformulation. The merits of the proposed approach are demonstrated using real-world PV-generation and load-profile data for an illustrative low-voltage residential distribution system.
Thermoviscoelastic analysis of delamination onset and free edge response in laminated composites

Time-dependent boundary-layer stress fields near free edges in laminates due to mechanical and hygroscopic loadings are analyzed using finite element methods. Numerical results for (45/-45) kevlar/epoxy laminates subjected to moisture absorption cycles or time varying uniaxial extensions are presented. The delamination initiations in (15/-15) T300/934 graphite/epoxy laminate are predicted as functions of time and loading history
Hall-Littlewood polynomials, alcove walks, and fillings of Young diagrams

A recent breakthrough in the theory of (type A ) Macdonald polynomials is due to Haglund, Haiman and Loehr, who exhibited a combinatorial formula for these polynomials in terms of a pair of statistics on fillings of Young diagrams. The inversion statistic, which is the more intricate one, suffices for specializing a closely related formula to one for the type A Hall-Littlewood Q -polynomials (spherical functions on p -adic groups). An apparently unrelated development, at the level of arbitrary finite root systems, led to Schwer's formula (rephrased and rederived by Ram) for the Hall-Littlewood P -polynomials of arbitrary type. The latter formula is in terms of so-called alcove walks, which originate in the work of Gaussent-Littelmann and of the author with Postnikov on discrete counterparts to the Littelmann path model. In this paper, we relate the above developments, by deriving a Haglund-Haiman-Loehr type formula for the Hall-Littlewood P -polynomials of type A from Ram's version of Schwer's formula via a "compression" procedure.
A Study of the Surface Deterioration due to Erosion

It is pointed out that materials exposed to particle impacts are eroded and subjected to deterioration of their surface quality. In the case of turbomachinery, this surface deterioration can lead to a significant decrease in engine performance. Tabakoff and Balan (1981) have conducted experiments on the erosion related performance changes in two-dimensional airfoil cascades. It was found that the increase in surface roughness associated with erosion is a major factor in the performance decrease of the cascades. Attention is given to experiments which were conducted on 6061 T6 flat plate aluminum specimens. A series of experiments were carried out in an erosion wind tunnel using a collimated beam of particles. In agreement with existing theories and experiments, erosion ripple generation was observed for the angles of attack up to 60 degrees.
Lower bounds on the size of sweeping automata

Abstract A sweeping automaton is a deterministic two-way finite automaton which only changes head direction at the ends of the input tape. It is shown that for every n , there is a language which is accepted by an n -state nondeterministic one-way finite automaton, yet which is not accepted by any sweeping automaton with fewer than 2 n states.
emiT: An apparatus to test time reversal invariance in polarized neutron decay

We describe an apparatus used to measure the triple-correlation term (Dσn⋅pe×pν) in the beta decay of polarized neutrons. The D coefficient is sensitive to possible violations of time reversal invariance. The detector has an octagonal symmetry that optimizes electron–proton coincidence rates and reduces systematic effects. A beam of longitudinally polarized cold neutrons passes through the detector chamber, where a small fraction undergo beta decay. The final-state protons are accelerated and focused onto arrays of cooled semiconductor diodes, while the coincident electrons are detected using panels of plastic scintillator. Details regarding the design and performance of the proton detectors, beta detectors, and the electronics used in the data collection system are presented. The neutron beam characteristics, the spin-transport magnetic fields, and polarization measurements are also described.
On the Nature of X-Ray Sources in Early-Type Galaxies

We show that the observed relationship between the fraction of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) found in globular clusters (GCs) and the GC-specific frequency for early-type galaxies is consistent with an LMXB formation model in which the field population of LMXBs is formed in situ via primordial binary formation. The suggestion that a significant fraction of the field LMXB population in early-type galaxies was formed in GCs is not required by the data. Finally, we discuss observational studies that will test this model more thoroughly.
Observations in Particle Physics From Two Neutrinos to the Standard Model

The lecture delivered on the presentation of the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics is reprinted. The author describes the development of the standard Model of elementary particles through a series of experiments studying leptons. (AIP)
Status of the US stellarator reactor study

Abstract Stellarators have significant operational advantages over tokamaks as ignited steady-state reactors. This scoping study, which uses an integrated cost-minimization code that incorporates costing and reactor component models self-consistently with a one-dimensional energy transport calculation, shows that a torsatron reactor could also be economically competitive with a tokamak reactor. The projected cost of electricity (COE) estimated using the Advanced Reactor Innovation and Evaluation Studies (ARIES) costing algorithms is 65.6 mill per kWe h in constant 1992 dollars for a reference 1 GWe compact torsatron reactor. The COE is relatively insensitive (less than 10% variation) over a wide range of assumptions, including variations in the maximum field allowed on the coils, the coil elongation, the shape of the density profile, the beta limit, the confinement multiplier, and the presence of a large loss region for alpha particles. The largest variations in the COE occur for variations in the electrical power output demanded and the plasma-coil separation ratio.
Compact X-ray sources in nearby galaxy nuclei

Abstract We have found compact, near-nuclear X-ray sources in 21 (54%) of a complete sample of 39 nearby face-on spiral and elliptical galaxies with available ROSAT HRI data. ROSAT X-ray luminosities (0.2 – 2.4 keV) of these compact X-ray sources are ∼1037 – 1040 erg s−1. The mean displacement between the location of the compact X-ray source and the optical photometric center of the galaxy is ∼390 pc. ASCA spectra of six of the 21 galaxies show the presence of a hard component with relatively steep (Γ ≈ 2.5) spectral slope. A multicolor disk blackbody plus power-law model fits the data from the spiral galaxies well, suggesting that the X-ray objects in these galaxies may be similar to a black hole candidate (BHC) in its soft (high) state. ASCA data from the elliptical galaxies indicate that hot (kT ≈ 0.7 keV) gas dominates the emission. The fact that the spectral slope of the spiral galaxy sources is steeper than in normal type 1 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and that relatively low absorbing columns (NH ≈ 1021 cm−2) were found to the power-law component indicates that these objects are somehow geometrically and/or physically different from AGNs in normal active galaxies. The X-ray sources in the spiral galaxies may be BHCs, low-luminosity AGNs, or possibly X-ray luminous supernovae. We estimate the black hole masses of the X-ray sources in the spiral galaxies (if they are BHCs or AGNs) to be ∼102–103 M⊙. The X-ray sources in the elliptical galaxies may be BHCs, AGNs or young X-ray supernova also.
Anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnetic semiconductors in the hopping transport regime.

We present a theory of the anomalous Hall effect in ferromagnetic $(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{a},\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n})\mathrm{A}\mathrm{s}$ in the regime when conduction is due to phonon-assisted hopping of holes between localized states in the impurity band. We show that the microscopic origin of the anomalous Hall conductivity in this system can be attributed to a phase that a hole gains when hopping around closed-loop paths in the presence of spin-orbit interactions and background magnetization of the localized Mn moments. Mapping the problem to a random resistor network, we derive an analytic expression for the macroscopic anomalous Hall conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}^{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}}$. We show that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}^{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}}$ is proportional to the first derivative of the density of states $\ensuremath{\varrho}(ϵ)$ and thus can be expected to change sign as a function of impurity band filling. We also show that ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xy}^{\mathrm{A}\mathrm{H}}$ depends on temperature as the longitudinal conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{xx}$ within logarithmic accuracy.
Joint-denoise-and-forward protocol for multi-way relay networks

This paper considers a multi-way relay network in which multiple users intend to achieve full information exchange with one another with the aid of a single relay. The denoise-and-forward (DNF) protocol with binary physical-layer network coding (PNC) is considered. A novel denoising scheme is proposed which does not require any modification on the communication mechanism of the original DNF protocol but only exploits the correlation among multiple received signals at the relay. The decision regions and denoise mapping for the proposed scheme and the original scheme are illustrated and compared for an exemplary three-way relay network. Simulation results verify the efficacy of the proposed scheme in achieving improved user decoding performance.
Technology Dominance in Complex Decision Making: The Case of Aided Credibility Assessment

Decision aids have long been an important source of help in making structured decisions. However, decision support for more complex problems has been much more difficult to create. Decision aids are now being developed for very complex problems, and their effects among low-and high-task-knowledge individuals are still being explored. One such task is credibility assessment, in which message recipients or observers must determine a message's veracity and trustworthiness. Credibility assessment is made difficult by lack of constraints, hidden or incomplete information, and mistaken beliefs of the assessor. The theory of technology dominance (TTD) proposes that technology is most effectively applied in intelligent decision aids when an experienced user is paired with a sophisticated decision aid. This work examines TT D in the complex task of credibility assessment. To assist in credibility assessment, we created a decision aid that augments the capabilities of the user-whether novice or professional. Using hypotheses based on TT D, we tested the decision aid using high-stakes deception in recorded interviews and involved both student (novice) and law enforcement (professional) users. Both professionals and novices improved their assessment accuracy by using the decision aid. Consistent with TTD, novices were more reliant on the decision aid than were professionals. However, contrary to TTD, there was no significant difference in the way novices and professionals interacted with the system, and the decision aid was not more beneficial to professionals. Novices and professionals frequently discounted the aid's recommendations, and in many cases professionals did not view explanations when the decision aid contradicted their assessments. Potential reasons for these findings, as well as limitations and future research opportunities, are discussed.
Representations of finite special linear groups in non-defining characteristic

We classify irreducible modules over the finite special linear group SLn(q) in the non-defining characteristic l, describe restrictions of irreducible modules from GLn(q) to SLn(q), classify complex irreducible characters of SLn(q) irreducible modulo l, and discuss unitriangularity of the l-decomposition matrix for SLn(q).
LOST IN TRANSMISSION? THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONETARY POLICY TRANSMISSION CHANNELS IN THE GCC COUNTRIES ¤

This paper empirically investigates the effectiveness of monetary policy transmission in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries using a structural vector autoregressive model. The originality and significance of the paper are in constructing and analyzing "synthetic" aggregate variables for the GCC as a whole. The results indicate that the interest rate and bank lending channels are relatively effective in influencing non-hydrocarbon output and consumer prices, while the exchange rate channel does not appear to play an important role as a monetary transmission mechanism because of the pegged exchange rate regimes. The empirical analysis suggests that policy measures and structural reforms — strengthening financial intermediation and facilitating the development of liquid domestic capital markets — would advance the effectiveness of monetary transmission mechanisms in the GCC countries.
The limits of diversification when losses may be large.

Abstract Recent results in value at risk analysis show that, for extremely heavy-tailed risks with unbounded distribution support, diversification may increase value at risk, and that generally it is difficult to construct an appropriate risk measure for such distributions. We further analyze the limitations of diversification for heavy-tailed risks. We provide additional insight in two ways. First, we show that similar non-diversification results are valid for a large class of risks with bounded support, as long as the risks are concentrated on a sufficiently large interval. The required length of the support depends on the number of risks available and on the degree of heavy-tailedness. Second, we relate the value at risk approach to more general risk frameworks. We argue that in markets for risky assets where the number of assets is limited compared with the (bounded) distribution support of the risks, unbounded heavy-tailed risks may provide a reasonable approximation. We suggest that this type of analysis may have a role in explaining various types of market failures in markets for assets with possibly large negative outcomes.
Slip velocity of large neutrally buoyant particles in turbulent flows

We discuss possible definitions for a stochastic slip velocity that describes the relative motion between large particles and a turbulent flow. This definition is necessary because the slip velocity used in the standard drag model fails when particle size falls within the inertial subrange of ambient turbulence. We propose two definitions, selected in part due to their simplicity: they do not require filtration of the fluid phase velocity field, nor do they require the construction of conditional averages on particle locations. A key benefit of this simplicity is that the stochastic slip velocity proposed here can be calculated equally well for laboratory, field and numerical experiments. The stochastic slip velocity allows the definition of a Reynolds number that should indicate whether large particles in turbulent flow behave (a) as passive tracers; (b) as a linear filter of the velocity field; or (c) as a nonlinear filter to the velocity field. We calculate the value of stochastic slip for ellipsoidal and spherical particles (the size of the Taylor microscale) measured in laboratory homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The resulting Reynolds number is significantly higher than 1 for both particle shapes, and velocity statistics show that particle motion is a complex nonlinear function of the fluid velocity. We further investigate the nonlinear relationship by comparing the probability distribution of fluctuating velocities for particle and fluid phases.
Bayesian Factorizations of Big Sparse Tensors

It has become routine to collect data that are structured as multiway arrays (tensors). There is an enormous literature on low rank and sparse matrix factorizations, but limited consideration of extensions to the tensor case in statistics. The most common low rank tensor factorization relies on parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), which expresses a rank k tensor as a sum of rank one tensors. In contingency table applications in which the sample size is massively less than the number of cells in the table, the low rank assumption is not sufficient and PARAFAC has poor performance. We induce an additional layer of dimension reduction by allowing the effective rank to vary across dimensions of the table. Taking a Bayesian approach, we place priors on terms in the factorization and develop an efficient Gibbs sampler for posterior computation. Theory is provided showing posterior concentration rates in high-dimensional settings, and the methods are shown to have excellent performance in simulations and several ...
The Kobayashi metric, extremal discs, and biholomorphic mappings

We study extremal discs for the Kobayashi metric. Inspired by work of Lempert on strongly convex domains, we present results on strongly pseudoconvex domains. We also consider a useful biholomorphic invariant, inspired by the Kobayashi (and Caratheodory) metric, and prove several new results about biholomorphic equivalence of domains. Some interesting results about automorphism groups of complex domains are also established.
Coalescence of drops near a hydrophilic boundary leads to long range directed motion

Abstract A new mechanism for the passive removal of drop on a horizontal surface is described that does not require pre-fabrication of a surface energy gradient. The method relies upon the preparation of alternate hydrophilic/hydrophobic stripes on a surface. When one side of this surface is exposed to steam, with its other surface convectively cooled with cold water, steam condenses as a continuous film on the hydrophilic stripes but as droplets on the hydrophobic stripes. Coalescence leads to a self-generated noise that in turn leads to a random motion of the center of mass of the fused drops on the surface, which are readily removed as they reach near the boundary of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic zones thus resulting in a net diffusive flux of the coalesced drops moving from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic stripes on the surface. This phenomenon is, indeed, similar to that of the random walk of particles with an absorbing wall. This method of creating directed motion of drops does not require a pre-existing wettability gradient and may have useful applications in thermal management devices.
Linkage Effects, Oligopolistic Competition, and Core-periphery

The impact of international trade is studied in a general equilibrium model in which firms engage in oligopolistic competition and linkage effects are present. Results are derived analytically. If countries have the same technologies and the same labor endowment, core-periphery pattern arises only if the transportation costs are sufficiently low. The impact of a change of the level of the transportation costs on the welfare of developed countries is sensitive to the level of linkage effects. When the level of linkage effects is sufficiently high, a decrease of the level of the transportation costs will never decrease the welfare of developed countries.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Optically Active Spiroketals by Ring-Expansion of Chromium Carbene Complex-Derived Cyclobutanones

Photolysis of cyclic chromium alkoxycarbene complexes with an optically active ene-carbamate gave spirofused, optically active cyclobutanones. Baeyer-Villiger ring expansion followed by further functionalization gave optically active spiroketals. Photochemical ring expansion of these spirofused cyclobutanones in the presence of acetic acid or thiophenol gave 2-acetoxy- or 2-(thiophenoxy)-4-spirofused tetrahydrofurans. Elimination of the thiophenoxy group gave a 3,4-dihydrofuran that underwent Heck arylation and photochemical cycloaddition with chromium carbene complexes to give cyclobutanones.
The quantum-classical metal

In a normal Fermi liquid, Landau9s theory precludes the loss of single-fermion quantum coherence in the low-energy, low-temperature limit. For highly anisotropic, strongly correlated metals, there is no proof that this remains the case, and quantum coherence for transport in some directions may be lost intrinsically. This loss of coherence should stabilize an unusual, qualitatively anisotropic non-Fermi liquid, separated by a zero-temperature quantum phase transition from the Fermi liquid state and categorized by the unobservability of certain interference effects. There is compelling experimental evidence for this transition as a function of magnetic field in the metallic phase of the organic conductor (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 (where TMTSF is tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene).
High-Resolution Thermal Inertia Mapping from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer

Abstract High-resolution thermal inertia mapping results are presented, derived from Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of the surface temperature of Mars obtained during the early portion of the MGS mapping mission. Thermal inertia is the key property controlling the diurnal surface temperature variations, and is dependent on the physical character of the top few centimeters of the surface. It represents a complex combination of particle size, rock abundance, exposures of bedrock, and degree of induration. In this work we describe the derivation of thermal inertia from TES data, present global scale analysis, and place these results into context with earlier work. A global map of nighttime thermal-bolometer-based thermal inertia is presented at 1 4 ° per pixel resolution, with approximately 63% coverage between 50°S and 70°N latitude. Global analysis shows a similar pattern of high and low thermal inertia as seen in previous Viking low-resolution mapping. Significantly more detail is present in the high-resolution TES thermal inertia. This detail represents horizontal small-scale variability in the nature of the surface. Correlation with albedo indicates the presence of a previously undiscovered surface unit of moderate-to-high thermal inertia and intermediate albedo. This new unit has a modal peak thermal inertia of 180–250 J m−2 K−1 s− 1 2 and a narrow range of albedo near 0.24. The unit, covering a significant fraction of the surface, typically surrounds the low thermal inertia regions and may comprise a deposit of indurated fine material. Local 3-km-resolution maps are also presented as examples of eolian, fluvial, and volcanic geology. Some impact crater rims and intracrater dunes show higher thermal inertias than the surrounding terrain; thermal inertia of aeolian deposits such as intracrater dunes may be related to average particle size. Outflow channels and valleys consistently show higher thermal inertias than the surrounding terrain. Generally, correlations between spatial variations in thermal inertia and geologic features suggest a relationship between the hundred-meter-scale morphology and the centimeter-scale surface layer.
Combined-modality treatment of inflammatory breast carcinoma: twenty years of experience at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center

Purpose: To review the 20 years of experience at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center with a combined-modality approach against inflammatory breast carcinoma. Patients and methods: A total of 178 patients with inflammatory breast carcinoma were treated in the past 20 years at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center by a combined-modality approach under four different protocols. Each protocol included induction chemotherapy, then local therapy (radiotherapy or mastectomy), then adjuvant chemotherapy, and, if mastectomy was performed, adjuvant radiotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) with or without vincristine and prednisone (VP). In protocol D, patients received an alternate adjuvant chemotherapy regimen, methotrexate and vinblastine (MV), if they did not have a complete response (CR) to induction chemotherapy. Results: The median follow-up of live patients in group A was 215 months, in group B 186 months, in group C 116 months, and in group D 45 months. An estimated 28% of patients were currently free of disease beyond 15 years. At the time of analysis, 50 patients were alive without any evidence of disease. A further 12 patients died of intercurrent illness, and 15 patients were followed beyond 10 years without recurrence of disease. Among initial recurrence, 20% of patients had local failure, 39% systemic failure, and 9% CNS recurrence. Initial response to induction chemotherapy was an important prognostic factor. Disease-free survival (DFS) at 15 years was 44% in patients who had a CR to induction chemotherapy, 31% in those who had a partial response (PR), and 7% in those who had less than a PR. There was no improvement in overall survival (OS) or DFS among patients who underwent alternate chemotherapy (MV) compared with those who did not. Using surgery and radiotherapy as opposed to radiotherapy alone as local therapy did not have an impact on the DFS or OS rate. Conclusion: These long-term follow-up data show that with a combined-modality approach a significant fraction of patients (28%) remained free of disease beyond 15 years. In contrast, single-modality treatments yielded a DFS of less than 5%. Thus, using combined-modality treatment (chemotherapy, then mastectomy, then chemotherapy and radiotherapy) is recommended as a standard of care for inflammatory breast carcinoma.
Robust controller design for simultaneous control of throttle pressure and megawatt output in a power plant unit

This paper presents an application of H/sub /spl infin// and /spl mu/-synthesis controller design methods to a coal-fired power generation unit and compares the closed loop performance and robustness of H/sub /spl infin// and /spl mu/-synthesis control laws with those of an H/sub 2/ control law. All three controller synthesis procedures are applied to a two-input two-output plant model which has time delay, differential part, colored noise output disturbance and sensor noise disturbance. Application of the procedures to the model shows that when the shape of the closed loop control signals of all three designs Is closely matched, in the low frequency range the /spl mu/-synthesis and H/sub /spl infin// control laws have robustness much better than that of H/sub 2/ control law, while providing adequate robustness in the high frequency range. H/sub /spl infin// control law gives the best performance, and H/sub 2/-the worst of the three designs, exhibiting the largest overshoot. The balancing procedure permits significant reduction of the order of the controllers without degradation in performance and robustness. The comparative evaluation of three designs shows that in power plant control problem H/sub /spl infin// and /spl mu/-synthesis designs provide much more consistent and convenient performance/robustness trade-off than H/sub 2/ design.
Private Recycling Values, Social Norms, and Legal Rules

Cet article analyse l’influence des normes sociales sur les comportements de recyclage des menages a partir d’une base de donnees americaine originale. Cette base de donnees unique fournit des informations sur les normes personnelles (ou privees) des menages, ainsi que sur les normes sociales descriptive d’une part et d’injonction d’autre part. Les normes sociales sont evaluees empiriquement a partir des quatre variables suivantes : les croyances que le recyclage est socialement desirable ; la perception subjective que le voisinage voit defavorablement un manquement au recyclage ; les formes standards de recyclage dans la communaute a laquelle le menage appartient ; et, l’impact des lois et de la reglementation en matiere de consigne. Nous montrons que l’environnement legal et reglementaire est fortement lie aux taux moyens de recyclage ainsi qu’aux perceptions privees des attitudes de son voisinage en matiere de recyclage. Ces regimes legaux, ces perceptions, ces taux sont correles avec de plus hauts taux de recyclage individuel montrant que les normes sociales descriptive et d’injonction sont d’influence. Les menages qui recyclent sont probablement ceux qui possedent des normes privees de recyclage. Les politiques incitatives financierement en matiere de consigne et celles qui rendent le recyclage plus facile d’acces sont associees avec des taux de recyclage plus eleves.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLACK HOLE GROWTH AND STAR FORMATION IN SEYFERT GALAXIES

We present estimates of black hole accretion rates (BHARs) and nuclear, extended, and total star formation rates for a complete sample of Seyfert galaxies. Using data from the Spitzer Space Telescope, we measure the active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity using the [O IV] ?25.89 ?m emission line and the star-forming luminosity using the 11.3 ?m aromatic feature and extended 24 ?m continuum emission. We find that black hole growth is strongly correlated with nuclear (r 1?kpc) star formation in the host galaxy. In particular, the nuclear star formation rate (SFR) traced by the 11.3 ?m aromatic feature follows a relationship with the BHAR of the form , with an observed scatter of 0.5 dex. This SFR-BHAR relationship persists when additional star formation in physically matched r = 1?kpc apertures is included, taking the form . However, the relationship becomes almost indiscernible when total SFRs are considered. This suggests a physical connection between the gas on sub-kiloparsec and sub-parsec scales in local Seyfert galaxies that is not related to external processes in the host galaxy. It also suggests that the observed scaling between star formation and black hole growth for samples of AGNs will depend on whether the star formation is dominated by a nuclear or an extended component. We estimate the integrated black hole and bulge growth that occurs in these galaxies and find that an AGN duty cycle of 5%-10% would maintain the ratio between black hole and bulge masses seen in the local universe.
Bayesian Data-Model Fit Assessment for Structural Equation Modeling

Bayesian approaches to modeling are receiving an increasing amount of attention in the areas of model construction and estimation in factor analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM), and related...
An unconventional Fermi liquid model for the optimally doped and overdoped cuprate superconductors

Abstract We present an unconventional Fermi liquid model for the optimally doped and overdoped cuprate superconductors. For the normal state, we provide an analytic demonstration, backed by self-consistent Baym–Kadanoff (BK) numerical calculations, of the linear in T resistivity and linear in 1/ ϵ optical conductivity, provided the interacting Fermi liquid has strong peaks in its density of states (van-Hove singularities (vHs) in two dimensions) near the chemical potential μ . The origin of this linearity is the linear in energy term of the imaginary part of the carrier susceptibility. The interactions tend to pin these strong density of states peaks close to μ . Moreover, we show that the energy dependence of the Millis–Monien–Pines susceptibility χ MMP can have a fermionic origin. We obtain particularly high transition temperatures T c from our BK–Eliashberg scheme by introducing an ansatz for the susceptibility of the carriers. We postulate that the latter is enhanced in an additive manner due to the weak antiferromagnetic (AF) order of the CuO 2 planes. We have obtained a d x 2 − y 2 gap with T c >120°K for n.n. hopping t =250 meV.
Synthesis of (+) and (−) Epibatidine

Abstract A practical synthesis of epibatidine (1) was developed. The key step involved selective reduction of the 5,6-double bond of 7-(tert-butyloxy-carbonyl)-2-(2-chloro-5-pyridyl)-3-(phenylsulfonyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane-2,5-diene (4) using nickel boride.
The Illusion of Limited War: Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg's Calculated Risk, July 1914

The responsibility for the outbreak of World War I weighed heavily upon Imperial Germany's fifth Chancellor, Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg. “This war torments me,” he confessed to the Liberal Conrad Haussmann during the struggle. “Again and again I ask if it could have been avoided and what I should have done differently.” This soul searching led Bethmann to believe that “all nations are guilty; Germany, too, bears a large part of the blame.” Arguing that “our fate is too colossal to have its origins in singular events,” the Chancellor stressed the larger causes of the conflict. Imperialist rivalry, the anti-German coalition, the growing isolation of Berlin, and Vienna's relative decline, “all that forced us to adopt a policy of utmost risk, a risk that increased with each repetition, in the Moroccan quarrel, in the Bosnian crisis, and then again in the Moroccan question.” But he also admitted candidly: “Lord yes, in a certain sense it was a preventive war,” motivated by “the constant threat of attack, the greater likelihood of its inevitability in the future, and by the military's claim: today war is still possible without defeat, but not in two years! Yes, the generals,” he repeated. “It could only have been avoided by a rapprochement with England, that is still my conviction. But after we had decided for a [common] policy with Austria, we could not desert her in such danger.”
Regioselective Synthesis of L-Idopyranuronic Acid Derivatives: Intermolecular Aglycon Transfer of Dithioacetal Under Standard Glycosylation Conditions

Abstract C-1-thioacetalization of L-idofuranurono-6,3-lactone followed by regioselective p-methoxybenzylidenation at C-2 and C-4 gave the hydroxylactones 4 and 19, which were protected at C-5 with TBDMS. Lactone ring opening with methylamine followed by regioselective reductive cleavage of the 1,3-dioxane furnished acceptors 9 and 24. Intermolecular ethyl and phenyl thio group transfers were observed during the attempted preparation of disaccharide 35 through coupling reactions of either 9 or 24 with trichloroacetimidate donor 33, leading to the formation of thioglycoside of donor 33 and the thioglycoside of acceptors 9 or 24 in the furanose form. This intermolecular aglycon transfer was investigated under various glycosylation conditions. Finally, the free 4-hydroxyl groups in acceptors 9 and 24 were acetylated. Desilylation at C-5 followed by ring closure with mercuric salts afforded, in both cases, the IdopA donor and/or acceptor precursor 16.
Determination of First and Second Order Instant Screw Parameters from Landmark Trajectories

Least squares methods were developed to determine instant screw axis (ISA) and angular acceleration axis (AAA) parameters in experimental and analytical studies. The algorithms provide linear relationships for rigid body velocity and acceleration descriptors based on position, velocity, and acceleration data for individual points on the body. Weighted least squares estimators are presented for statistical weighting on individual landmarks as well as for variance weighting to reduce systematic measurement effects. The methods include instantaneous second order screw motion which describes differential geometry of screw axodes. Two spatial mechanism examples provide recommendations for landmark count, distribution, and placement.
Modular Invariant Anomalous U(1) Breaking

Abstract We describe the effective supergravity theory present below the scale of spontaneous gauge symmetry breaking due to an anomalous U (1), obtained by integrating out tree-level interactions of massive modes. A simple case is examined in some detail. We find that the effective theory can be expressed in the linear multiplet formulation, with some interesting consequences. Among them, the modified linearity conditions lead to new interactions not present in the theory without an anomalous U (1). These additional interactions are compactly expressed through a superfield functional.
Spitzer Space Telescope Detection of the Young Supernova Remnant 1E 0102.2–7219

We present infrared observations of the young, oxygen-rich supernova remnant 1E 0102.2-7219 (E0102) in the Small Magellanic Cloud, obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The remnant is detected at 24 μm but not at 8 or 70 μm and has a filled morphology with two prominent filaments. We find evidence for the existence of up to 8 × 10-4 M☉ of hot dust (Td ~ 120 K) associated with the remnant. Most of the hot dust is located in the central region of E0102, which appears significantly enhanced in infrared and radio continuum emission relative to the X-ray emission. Even if all of the hot dust was formed in the explosion of E0102, the estimated mass of dust is at least 100 times lower than what is predicted by some recent theoretical models.
A Macroeconomic Model of Biodiversity Protection

Many biodiversity researchers have responded to the financial constraints faced by policy makers to develop models based upon the “Noah’s Ark” metaphor, implying that society can save only a limited amount of biodiversity. Unfortunately, as Herman Daly (Land Economics, 1991) pointed out, such microeconomic rules can allow an ark to sink albeit in some optimal fashion. So, I step back to look at the macroeconomic question, how big should the ark be? I start with Norgaard’s (Ecological Economics, 2010) framework, which is based upon the concept of a production possibility frontier combined with a sustainability criterion. I develop a model from that starting point by shifting to an isoquant framework while maintaining the strong sustainability criterion. I demonstrate how this model allows for identifying and addressing the key biodiversity protection policy criteria at the macroeconomic level. One key conclusion from this modeling is that Daly’s analysis remains remarkably prescient.
DOMAIN WALLS AND PHASE TRANSITIONS IN THE FRUSTRATED TWO-DIMENSIONAL XY MODEL

We compare the critical properties of the two-dimensional (2D) $\mathrm{XY}$ model in a transverse magnetic field with filling factors $f\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/3$ and $2/5$. To obtain a comparison with recent experiments, we investigate the effect of weak quenched bond disorder for $f\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2/5$. A finite-size scaling analysis of extensive Monte Carlo simulations strongly suggests that the critical exponents of the phase transition for $f\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1/3$, and for $f\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2/5$ with disorder, are those of the pure 2D Ising model. Studying the possible domain walls in the system provides some explanations for our results.
Noncommutative martingale deviation and Poincaré type inequalities with applications

We prove a deviation inequality for noncommutative martingales by extending Oliveira’s argument for random matrices. By integration we obtain a Burkholder type inequality with satisfactory constant. Using continuous time, we establish noncommutative Poincare type inequalities for “nice” semigroups with a positive curvature condition. These results allow us to prove a general deviation inequality and a noncommutative transportation inequality due to Bobkov and Gotze in the commutative case. To demonstrate our setting is general enough, we give various examples, including certain group von Neumann algebras, random matrices and classical diffusion processes, among others.
Lattice gas models for chemisorption on stepped surfaces

Abstract We consider the theory of chemisorption on stepped surfaces for systems for which a lattice gas in thermodynamic equilibrium is an appropriate model. Using statistical mechanics we demonstrate that by comparing LEED (Low Energy Electron Diffraction) results for overlayer features on flat and stepped substrates one can determine the change in adsorption energy at terrace edges. Thus one can answer the important question for whether adatoms bind more or less strongly at this kind of defect site. We also examine some new and interesting features of LEED spot shapes and integrated intensity behavior for adsorption on stepped substrates when the overlayer is partially disordered. In a companion paper, we consider O on a certain stepped W(110) surface. We demonstrate there, via Monte Carlo calculations, that the binding energy is less strong on either terrace edge for this particular adsorbate, surface and defect.
Transannular Orbital Interaction in Diketones Detected by C-13 NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract 13C-NMR spectra of a series of acyclic, monocyclic and polycyclic ketones and diketones serve as a basis for investigating transannular orbital interaction in diketones. The shielding of the 13CO resonance frequency of the diketone relative to the monoketone which can be observed in all cases, depends on factors such as the number of intervening σbonds, relative orientation of the carbonyl groups and intervening σbonds.
On the absence of homogeneous scalar unitary cellular automata

Abstract Failure to find homogeneous scalar unitary cellular automata (CA) in one dimension led to consideration of only “approximately unitary” CA - which motivated our recent proof of a No-go Lemma in one dimension. In this note we extend the one dimensional result to prove the absence of nontrivial homogeneous scalar unitary CA on Euclidean lattices in any dimension.
Collapsing sub-critical bubbles

Abstract In the standard scenario, the electroweak phase transition is a first order phase transition which completes by the nucleation of critical bubbles. Recently, there has been speculation that the standard picture of the electroweak phase transition is incorrect. Instead, it has been proposed that throughout the phase transition appreciable amounts of both broken and unbroken phases of SU (2) coexist in equilibrium. I argue that this cannot be the case. General principles insure that the universe will remain in a homogeneous state of unbroken SU (2) until the onset of critical bubble production.