cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of a plasmalemma ATPase of the maize scutellum

Abstract Properties of a plasmalemma phosphatase of the maize scutellum, tentatively identified as an ATPase in a previous paper, were investigated. Fresh and frozen-thawed scutellum slices, that had been treated with 10 mM HCl to destroy acid phosphatases, were used as a source of enzyme. With the exceptions of the Na + , K + and dinitrophenol experiments, the two kinds of slices gave similar results. ATP and CTP were the best substrates for the enzyme followed by TTP, UTP, CDP, ADP and GTP. UDP, nucleoside monophosphates, sugar phosphates, inorganic pyrophosphate and p -nitrophenyl phosphate were relatively ineffective as substrates. The K m 's for ATP and ADP were 0.65 and 5 mM, respectively, but the two substrates gave the same V max (49.8 μmol P i /hr/g slices). Previously, it was shown that the products of ATP hydrolysis are ADP, AMP and P i . Using these previous results and from the time courses of ATP disappearance from the bathing solution and the appearance of P i and ADP, it was concluded that ATP and ADP were hydrolysed by the same enzyme. The ATPase was not inhibited by oligomycin. N - N ′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) was a poor inhibitor, and a water soluble analog of DCCD, 1-ethyl-3 (3 dimethyl-aminopropyl)-carbodiimide, gave only 33% inhibition. The relative effectiveness of divalent cations for stimulating ATPase activity was Mn 2+ > Mg 2+ ⩾ Ca 2+ > Co 2+ · Na + and K + gave a small additional stimulation in the presence of Mg 2+ . However, Na + and K + gave a much greater stimulation when no divalent cation was added, and this occurred only when fresh slices were used. Dinitrophenol also increased ATPase activity only when fresh slices were used. Since it is likely that both the uptake of Na + and K + and the action of dinitrophenol would lower the electrochemical gradient of protons across the plasmalemma, the different results obtained with fresh slices indicate that the ATPase in these slices was under the constraint of a proton gradient.
“In Order to Aid in Diffusing Useful and Practical Information”: Agricultural Extension and Boundary Organizations

Agricultural decision making is characterized by two challenges common to multiple arenas: linking science to decision making and linking science and decision making across multiple levels. The U.S. agricultural research, education, and extension system was designed to address these challenges. By investigating this system, this study deepens the understanding of science and decision making, specifically exploring the notion of boundary organizations in two significant ways. First, it provides a preliminary test of the hypothesis that boundary organizations mediate between the shifting domains of science and policy, finding that they are instrumental in creating and maintaining an integrated system of assessment and decision making for addressing depletion of the High Plains Aquifer. Second, it extends the concept of boundary organization beyond the science-policy dimension to incorporate the dimension of levels of organization—not only bridging science and policy but linking science and policy across dif...
The versatile β-barrel membrane protein

Abstract The β-barrel membrane protein is found in the outer membranes of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Approximately 2–3% of the genes in Gram-negative bacterial genomes encode β-barrels. Whereas there are fewer than 20 known three-dimensional β-barrel structures, genomic databases currently contain thousands of β-barrels belonging to dozens of families. New research is revealing the variety of β-barrel structures and the variety of functions performed by these versatile proteins.
Radiation pressure measurements on micron-size individual dust grains

Measurements of electromagnetic radiation pressure have been made on individual silica (SiO2) particles levitated in an electrodynamic balance. These measurements were made by inserting single charged particles of known diameter in the 0.2 micron to 6.82 micron range and irradiating them from above with laser radiation focused to beam-widths of approx. 175-400 micron, at ambient pressures approx. 10(exp -3) to 10(exp -4) torr. The downward displacement of the particle due to the radiation force is balanced by the electrostatic force indicated by the compensating dc potential applied to the balance electrodes, providing a direct measure of the radiation force on the levitated particle. Theoretical calculations of the radiation pressure with a least-squares fit to the measured data yield the radiation pressure efficiencies of the particles, and comparisons with Mie scattering theory calculations provide the imaginary part of the refractive index of silica and the corresponding extinction and scattering efficiencies.
Female and Minority Judicial Nominees: President's Delight and Senators' Dismay?

Female and minority judicial nominations take longer and are less likely to be confirmed, yet presidents eagerly seek such nominations. I account for this puzzle by building a model in which senators face costs for opposing female and minority nominees. I predict that such nominations are more likely when the gridlock interval is large. Using appellate nominations from 1977 to 2004, I find that Republican presidents are more likely to pursue these nominations during periods of high gridlock. Furthermore, accounting for the gridlock interval erases the differences in confirmation duration and success between female/minority nominees and white male nominees.
Space-Station Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Orbital Replacement Unit Test

The International Space Station electrical power system utilizes nickel-hydrogen (Ni-H2) batteries as part of its power system to store electrical energy. The batteries are charged during insolation and discharged during eclipse. The batteries are designed to operate at a 35% depth of discharge maximum during normal operation. Thirty-eight individual pressure vessel Ni-H2 battery cells are series-connected and packaged in an orbit replacement unit (ORU). Two ORUs are series connected, a total of 76 cells, to form one battery. The International Space Station will be the first application for low Earth orbit cycling of this quantity of series connected cells. The Space Station Photovoltaic Electronics Team, consisting of NASA and Rocketdyne personnel, began a unique test program at the Power Systems Facility at the NASA Lewis Research Center. The test plan was created to evaluate near- and long-term performance as a battery as well as charge management characteristics. The testing would also validate the ORU configuration including the ORU box and thermal interface design. This article describes the test program and the results of the 3000 LEO cycles on a Space Station engineering model battery.
Internal mammary arteriography prior to coronary artery bypass surgery.

Before final decision is made to utilize an internal mammary artery (IMA) for coronary bypass, the status of the IMA should be ascertained by arteriography. Four examples are detailed that show severe occlusive, aneurysmal, or degenerative wall disease in or about the IMA. In the presence of such abnormalities, the IMA should not be used for coronary bypass.
Privacy and corrections: a social learning approach

The present study is an examination of the effects of various correctional environments on inmate perceptions of privacy. To investigate such effects, a social learning approach was proposed. Consistent with this approach, instruments were developed to assess inmate values of privacy and inmate expectancies for privacy. The instruments were in turn administered to samples of inmates from six correctional facilities representing a variety of institutional conditions. As indicated by the analyses comparing institutions, inmate expectancies for privacy varied across settings whereas inmate values did not. On the basis of these results, the utility of approaching privacy from a social learning perspective is suggested.
Increasing the potency of a cytotoxin with an arginine graft

Variants and homologs of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) can exhibit cytotoxic activity. This toxicity relies on cellular internalization of the enzyme. Residues Glu49 and Asp53 form an anionic patch on the surface of RNase A. We find that replacing these two residues with arginine does not affect catalytic activity or affinity for the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) protein. This 'arginine graft' does, however, increase toxicity towards human cancer cells. Appending a nonaarginine domain to this cationic variant results in an additional increase in cytotoxicity, providing one of the most cytotoxic known variants of RNase A. These findings correlate the potency of a ribonuclease with its deliverance of ribonucleolytic activity to the cytosol, and indicate a rational means to enhance the efficacy of ribonucleases and other cytotoxic proteins.
Large Eddy Simulation of Supercritical Combustion of Liquid Oxygen and Kerosene of a Bi-Swirl Coaxial Injector

Supercritical combustion of Liquid OXygen (LOX) and kerosene with a bi-swirl coaxial injector is studied using Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) associated with Flamelet model. The injector configuration is derived from main injectors of the RD-0110 engine. Swirling oxygen at 120 K and swirling kerosene at 300 K are introduced from the injector to the combustion chamber at compressed liquid states. The operating pressure is 10 MPa. A three-component surrogate consisting of n-decane/n-propylbenzene/n-propylcyclohexane (74%/15%/11% by mole) is used to represent kerosene. A detailed chemistry kinetics with 209 species and 1673 elemental reactions is employed to establish the flamelet library. The injector near-field flow and flame structures are examined and discussed in detail to enhance understanding of supercritical combustion of liquid oxygen and kerosene with a bi-swirl coaxial injector. Suggestions are also made for future studies of supercritical combustion of dual-liquid propellants associated with bi-swirl coaxial injectors.
Nonoxynol-9 Induces Apoptosis of Endometrial Explants by Both Caspase-Dependent and -Independent Apoptotic Pathways

Contraceptive microbicides formulated as vaginal gels offer the possibility of women-controlled contraception and prevention of HIV infection. The effects of these gels on the upper reproductive tract are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nonoxynol-9 (N-9) induces apoptosis in human endometrium using endometrial explant as a model. Apoptosis was determined by gel electrophoresis for the detection of DNA fragmentation and by immunohistochemistry using the M30 CytoDEATH and anti-cleaved caspase-3 (CASP3) antibodies for the detection of caspase activity. The ability of the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor and CASP3-specific inhibitor to prevent N-9-induced cell death was measured. Expression of apoptosis-related genes such as BCL2, BAX, Fas receptor (FAS), and Fas ligand (FASLG) was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. This study demonstrated that N-9 induced DNA fragmentation and caspase activity in endometrial explants in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Caspase inhibitors did not fully prevent the N-9-induced DNA fragmentation. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that FAS and FASLG were largely increased following N-9 treatment. Together, these results suggested that apoptosis triggered by N-9 in endometrial explants is mediated upstream via FAS and FASLG, followed by CASP3 activation leading to final cell death. It appears that other factors besides caspases are also involved in the N-9-induced apoptosis.
Anomalous fluorescent decay of LiF:UO(3) under high-intensity excitation.

Single crystal samples of LiF: UO3 were tested for laser action. While no unambiguous evidence for laser oscillations was observed, the material did show anomalous fluorescent decay under the high-intensity pumping in basically two respects: (1) a short-lived (20-μsec to 30-μsec) micro-spike was exhibited, followed by (2) a period of unusually slow decay. To explain the observations, a depopulation mechanism is proposed and discussed.
An expanded role for the TWN1 gene in embryogenesis: defects in cotyledon pattern and morphology in the twn1 mutant of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae).

The suspensor is a specialized basal structure that differentiates early in plant embryogenesis to support development of the embryo proper. Suspensor differentiation in Arabidopsis is maintained in part by the TWIN 1( TWN1) gene, which suppresses embryogenic development in suspensor cells: twn1 mutants produce supernumerary embryos via suspensor transformation. To better understand mechanisms of suspensor development and further investigate the function of TWN1, we have characterized late-embryo and postembryonic development in the twn1 mutant, using seedling culture, microscopy, and genetics. We report here that the twn1 mutation disrupts cotyledon number, arrangement, and morphology and occasionally causes partial conversion of cotyledons into leaves. These defects are not a consequence of suspensor transformation. Thus, in addition to its basal role in suspensor differentiation, TWN1 influences apical pattern and morphology in the embryo proper. To determine whether other genes can similarly affect both suspensor and cotyledon development, we looked for twinning in Arabidopsis mutants previously identified by their abnormal cotyledon phenotypes. One such mutant, amp1, produced a low frequency of twin embryos by suspensor transformation. Our results suggest that mechanisms that maintain suspensor identity also function later in development to influence organ formation at the embryonic shoot apex. We propose that TWN1 functions in cell communication pathways that convey local positional information in both the apical and basal regions of the Arabidopsis embryo.
A role for picomolar concentrations of pregnenolone sulfate in synaptic activity-dependent Ca2+ signaling and CREB activation.

Fast excitatory synaptic transmission that is contingent upon N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function contributes to core information flow in the central nervous system and to the plasticity of neural circuits that underlie cognition. Hypoactivity of excitatory NMDAR-mediated neurotransmission is hypothesized to underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, including the associated cognitive deficits. The neurosteroid pregnenolone (PREG) and its metabolites pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) and allopregnanolone in serum are inversely associated with cognitive improvements after oral PREG therapy, raising the possibility that brain neurosteroid levels may be modulated therapeutically. PregS is derived from PREG, the precursor of all neurosteroids, via a single sulfation step and is present at low nanomolar concentrations in the central nervous system. PregS, but not PREG, augments long-term potentiation and cognitive performance in animal models of learning and memory. In this report, we communicate the first observation that PregS, but not PREG, is a potent (EC50 ∼2 pM) enhancer of intracellular Ca2+ that is contingent upon neuronal activity, NMDAR-mediated synaptic activity, and L-type Ca2+ channel activity. Low picomolar PregS similarly activates cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation (within 10 minutes), an essential memory molecule, via an extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. Taken together, the results are consistent with a novel biologic role for the neurosteroid PregS that acts at picomolar concentrations to intensify the intracellular response to glutamatergic signaling at synaptic but not extrasynaptic, NMDARs by differentially augmenting CREB activation. This provides a genomic signal transduction mechanism by which PregS could participate in memory consolidation of relevance to cognitive function.
GRB 970228 and GRB 980329 and the nature of their host galaxies

We nd that the local galactic extinction to- wards the eld of gamma-ray burst GRB 970228 is AV = 1:09 +0:10 0:20 , which implies a substantial dimming and change in the spectral slope of the intrinsic GRB 970228 after- glow. We measure a color (V606 I814)ST = 0:18 +0:51 0:61 for the extended source coincident with the afterglow. Taking into account our measurement of the extinction toward this eld, this color implies that the extended source is most likely a galaxy undergoing star formation, in agreement with our earlier conclusion (Castander & Lamb 1998). In a separate analysis, we nd that the inferred in- trinsic spectrum of the GRB 980329 afterglow is consis- tent with the predictions of the simplest relativistic re- ball model. We also nd that the intrinsic spectrum of the afterglow is extincted both by dust (source frame AV > 1 mag), and that the shape of the extinction curve is typ- ical of young star-forming regions like the Orion Nebula but is not typical of older star-forming or starburst re- gions. The 2 mag drop between the R and the I bands can be explained by the far-ultraviolet non-linear compo- nent of the extinction curve if 3 < z < 4, and by the 2175 A bump if z 2; other redshifts are not consistent with the observational data, given our general model.
Theoretical Neuroanatomy: Relating Anatomical and Functional Connectivity in Graphs and Cortical Connection Matrices

Neuroanatomy places critical constraints on the functional connectivity of the cerebral cortex. To analyze these constraints we have examined the relationship between structural features of networks (expressed as graphs) and the patterns of functional connectivity to which they give rise when implemented as dynamical systems. We selected among structurally varying graphs using as selective criteria a number of global information-theoretical measures that characterize functional connectivity. We selected graphs separately for increases in measures of entropy (capturing statistical independence of graph elements), integration (capturing their statistical dependence) and complexity (capturing the interplay between their functional segregation and integration). We found that dynamics with high complexity were supported by graphs whose units were organized into densely linked groups that were sparsely and reciprocally interconnected. Connection matrices based on actual neuroanatomical data describing areas and pathways of the macaque visual cortex and the cat cortex showed structural characteristics that coincided best with those of such complex graphs, revealing the presence of distinct but interconnected anatomical groupings of areas. Moreover, when implemented as dynamical systems, these cortical connection matrices generated functional connectivity with high complexity, characterized by the presence of highly coherent functional clusters. We also found that selection of graphs as they responded to input or produced output led to increases in the complexity of their dynamics. We hypothesize that adaptation to rich sensory environments and motor demands requires complex dynamics and that these dynamics are supported by neuroanatomical motifs that are characteristic of the cerebral cortex.
Diagnostic Imaging in Child Abuse

Child abuse is an important cause of death and morbidity, especially in young children. Girls are abused slightly more often than boys. Clinical features include bruises; lacerations; scratches; burns or scalds; eye, head, and visceral injuries; boxer’s nose; poisoning; suffocation; fractures; and genital and anal injury. In 1946, Caffey described six infants with subdural hematomas and later metaphyseal fractures which are considered to date the most specific injury in child abuse. In 1962, Kempe et al. coined the term battered child syndrome; in 1971, Guthkelch named it “shaken baby syndrome”. Actually “non-accidental injury (NAI)” is mostly employed to define this condition. Imaging plays an important role in the detection and documentation of NAI, differentiating abuse from accidental trauma, normal variants, metabolic bone diseases, and skeletal dysplasias. Some patterns of lesions are highly suggestive of non-accidental trauma, and therefore, it is essential to recognize the typical radiological signs. Skeletal injuries are the most common injuries in NAI. Fractures are documented in near 50 % of physically abused children and, when present, generally suggest the correct diagnosis. Thoraco-abdominal visceral lesions from NAI are not common, representing 2–4 % of injuries, with a high mortality rate. Most injuries occur in the duodenum and in proximal jejunum. A non-accidental head injury occurs in about 12 % of abused children and in children under 2 years of age, representing 80 % of deaths from head trauma. The lesions are skull fractures, extra-axial hemorrhage, brain parenchymal lesions and cerebral edema.
Evolution of Plasmodesmata

In the past20 years, improved methods of preservation, microscopy, and data analysis have lead to increased understanding of the ultrastructure of the plasmodesmata of flowering plants. Features such as proteinaceous particles, spokes, and cell wall specializations have been described. In addition, we have begun to understand the molecular components of plasmodesmata. Dynamic activity of plasmodesmata is thought to be associated with the molecules myosin, actin, and possibly centrin. Because of these advances (reviewed elsewhere in this Volume), we can now more fully appreciate the complexity of higher plant intercellular connections. Moreover, this wealth of new information provides numerous characters that can potentially be used to trace the evolution of complex plasmodesmata. In this chapter, we will review briefly the types of intercellular connections found in diverse multicellular organisms, including the green algae most closely related to plants, and the seedless plants. We will then consider whether comparisons between the intercellular connections of these diverse taxa and those of higher plants may lead to an understanding of the evolution of complex plant plasmodesmata.
Electro-Optical Short-Range Surveying Instruments

A summary of EOSS instruments is given. Emphasized are the areas of applications where EOSS instruments have been used and can be used. Basic concepts and instrumentation theory have been omitted, as these can be found in instrument manuals and in published papers. Also presented are the instrumentation requirements for an average size modern engineering survey firm.
Siderophore Involvement in Plant Iron Nutrition

Iron is one of the most important and abundant, yet least available of all trace elements required by living organisms (Emery, 1982), a paradox partially explained by iron’s chemistry and availability during evolution of life (Neilands, 1982; Lewin, 1984). Although iron is abundant, comprising 4–5% of the average soil (Lindsay, 1979), iron deficiency of crop plants is common in calcareous soils, which represent over one-third of the world’s land surface area (Chen and Barak, 1982; Vose, 1982; Wallace and Lunt, 1960) and some 44 million acres of cropland in the United States (Clark, 1982).
The effect of cholesterol and triglycerides on the steady state shear rheology of blood

We examine here the effect of cholesterol and triglycerides on the steady state shear blood flow rheology. We use the recent viscosity data of both high and low cholesterol/triglyceride donors reported by Moreno et al. (Korea-Aust Rheol J 27(1):1–10, 2015). We show that while the Casson model describes well the blood rheology, its model parameters need to be significantly modified from their physiological value expressions developed by Apostolidis and Beris (J Rheol 58(3):607–633, 2014). The modifications are parametrized with indices that all ratios: total cholesterol (TC) to high density pipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to HDL, and total triglyceride to HDL. These ratios, while they arise here naturally in the fitting of the data, they have all been previously identified as important in medical evaluations to cardiovascular diseases such as atherogenesis and stroke. We thus provide additional evidence for plausible causal link between cholesterol/triglycerides and cardiovascular conditions through their impact on blood flow rheology.
Off-shell behavior of the pi - eta mixing amplitude

We extend a recent calculation of the momentum dependence of the [rho]-[omega] mixing amplitude to the pseudoscalar sector. The [pi]-[eta] mixing amplitude is calculated in a hadronic model where the mixing is driven by the neutron-proton mass difference. Closed-form analytic expressions are presented in terms of a few nucleon-meson parameters. The observed momentum dependence of the mixing amplitude is strong enough as to question earlier calculations of charge-symmetry-breaking observables based on the on-shell assumption. The momentum dependence of the [pi]-[eta] amplitude is, however, practically identical to the one recently predicted for [rho]-[omega] mixing. Hence, in this model, the ratio of pseudoscalar-to-vector mixing amplitudes is, to a good approximation, a constant solely determined from nucleon-meson coupling constants. Furthermore, by selecting these parameters in accordance with charge-symmetry-conserving (CSC) data and SU(3)-flavor symmetry, we reproduce the momentum dependence of the [pi]-[eta] mixing amplitude predicted from chiral perturbation theory. Alternatively, one can use chiral-perturbation-theory results to set stringent limits on the value of the [ital NN][eta] coupling constant.
Sourceless optical fiber high temperature sensor

A sourceless sapphire fiber extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer for ultrahigh temperature sensing is developed. A sapphire wafer is mounted on the tip of a sapphire fiber as the Fabry–Perot cavity. The interference signal is generated by the thermal radiation that transmits through the wafer and is guided to a spectrometer by a sapphire and then a silica fiber. The entire sensor system is compact and low cost. The sensor was experimentally tested up to 1593°C, and a resolution around 1°C was achieved.
Multiformat periodicals: a new challenge for the periodicals manager

There is evidence today of a trend among periodicals publishers to include non-print supplementary materials with some issues, usually to illustrate or complement a particular article. This article summarizes the results of a survey conducted among academic libraries to determine current management practices as applied to these multiformat periodicals, and makes some recommendations for providing adequate user access and improving bibliographic control
Development and application of a phosphoproteomic method using electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC), IMAC, and LC-MS/MS analysis to study Marek's Disease Virus infection.

Marek’s Disease (MD) is an avian neoplastic disease caused by Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV). The mechanism of virus transition between the lytic and latent cycle is still being investigated; however, post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, have been thought to play an important role. Previously, our group has used strong cation exchange chromatography in conjunction with reversed-phase liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to study the changes in global proteomic expression upon MDV infection (Ramaroson, M. F.; Ruby, J.; Goshe, M. B.; Liu, H.-C. S.J. Proteome Res.2008, 7, 4346−4358). Here, we extend our study by developing an effective separation and enrichment approach to investigate the changes occurring in the phosphoproteome using electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) to fractionate peptides from chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) digests and incorporating a subsequent IMAC enrichment step to selectively target phosphorylated peptid...
Experimental Study on the Effect of Spirulina Tablets in Enhancing Immune Function in Mice

Objective To study the effects of Spirulina tablets on immune function in mice. Methods In May 2013,the mice were fed with Spirulina with the doses of 0.5,1.0,and 3.0g/kg·bw once a day for 30 days.And immunological indexes were measured,which were thymus index,spleen index,ConA-induced spleen lymphocyte transformation test,the experiment of delayed type hypersensitivity,antibody forming cells,serum hemolysin in mice,carbon clearance measurement,the mouse peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis of chicken erythrocytes experiments and determination of NK cell activity. Results Compared with the results of control group,the quantity of antibody-producing cell and hemolysin levels in serum of mice of experimental group increased(P 0.01).The delayed allergy of experimental group was accelerated(P 0.01).And NK cell activity of experimental group also significantly increased(P 0.05). Conclusion Spirulina tablets are capable of enhancing the immune function.
Activity, diversity and function of arbuscular mycorrhizae vary with changes in agricultural management intensity

Many beneficial soil microbes are sensitive to chemical and mechanical disturbances associated with conventional row crop agriculture, including arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM fungi provide agricultural benefits through multiple mechanisms including increasing crop pathogen resistance, helping with crop nutrient acquisition, and increasing soil carbon storage. Conversion to less intensive row crop agricultural management systems such as biologically-based organic and no-till may reduce the negative effects of conventional management to AM fungi. In this study, AM fungus activity (via glomalin production), spore diversity, community structure, and community stability were surveyed over 20 years in no-till, biologically-based organic, and conventionally managed plots at the W.K. Kellogg Biological Station Long Term Ecological Research Site in Michigan, USA. A complementary greenhouse experiment tested for direct effects of AM fungal inocula from these different agricultural management treatments on growth of corn and wheat plants. Soil glomalin increased in no-till and organic management systems, most likely due to decreases in disturbance associated with tillage and chemical inputs. No-till management slightly increased AM fungus diversity and community stability. AM fungus community structure significantly differed between conventional and no-till treatments, with an indicator species analysis showing that Acaulospora spp. were characteristic of conventional management, while Glomus spp. and Gigaspora spp. were associated with no-till management. AM fungal inocula from organically-managed treatments increased wheat, but not corn, growth. Overall, conversion from long-term conventional row crop agricultural management to no-till or biologically-based organic systems increased soil glomalin, but did not uniformly improve AM fungus diversity or crop plant benefits. In the future, novel agricultural systems combining organic management with conservation tillage may further improve AM fungal benefits to soils and crops.
GuideScan software for improved single and paired CRISPR guide RNA design

A tool for genome-wide design of CRISPR guide RNAs reduces off-target effects and facilitates targeting of the non-coding genome. We present GuideScan software for the design of CRISPR guide RNA libraries that can be used to edit coding and noncoding genomic regions. GuideScan produces high-density sets of guide RNAs (gRNAs) for single- and paired-gRNA genome-wide screens. We also show that the trie data structure of GuideScan enables the design of gRNAs that are more specific than those designed by existing tools.
Electrolyte additive enabled fast charging and stable cycling lithium metal batteries

Batteries using lithium (Li) metal as anodes are considered promising energy storage systems because of their high energy densities. However, safety concerns associated with dendrite growth along with limited cycle life, especially at high charge current densities, hinder their practical uses. Here we report that an optimal amount (0.05 M) of LiPF6 as an additive in LiTFSI–LiBOB dual-salt/carbonate-solvent-based electrolytes significantly enhances the charging capability and cycling stability of Li metal batteries. In a Li metal battery using a 4-V Li-ion cathode at a moderately high loading of 1.75 mAh cm−2, a cyclability of 97.1% capacity retention after 500 cycles along with very limited increase in electrode overpotential is accomplished at a charge/discharge current density up to 1.75 mA cm−2. The fast charging and stable cycling performances are ascribed to the generation of a robust and conductive solid electrolyte interphase at the Li metal surface and stabilization of the Al cathode current collector. Deployment of rechargeable Li metal batteries requires fast charging capability and long-term cycling stability. Here the authors demonstrate the battery application potential of using a small amount of LiPF6 in a dual-salt electrolyte.
Addressing Methodologic Challenges and Minimizing Threats to Validity in Synthesizing Findings from Individual-Level Data Across Longitudinal Randomized Trials

Integrative Data Analysis (IDA) encompasses a collection of methods for data synthesis that pools participant-level data across multiple studies. Compared with single-study analyses, IDA provides larger sample sizes, better representation of participant characteristics, and often increased statistical power. Many of the methods currently available for IDA have focused on examining developmental changes using longitudinal observational studies employing different measures across time and study. However, IDA can also be useful in synthesizing across multiple randomized clinical trials to improve our understanding of the comprehensive effectiveness of interventions, as well as mediators and moderators of those effects. The pooling of data from randomized clinical trials presents a number of methodological challenges, and we discuss ways to examine potential threats to internal and external validity. Using as an illustration a synthesis of 19 randomized clinical trials on the prevention of adolescent depression, we articulate IDA methods that can be used to minimize threats to internal validity, including (1) heterogeneity in the outcome measures across trials, (2) heterogeneity in the follow-up assessments across trials, (3) heterogeneity in the sample characteristics across trials, (4) heterogeneity in the comparison conditions across trials, and (5) heterogeneity in the impact trajectories. We also demonstrate a technique for minimizing threats to external validity in synthesis analysis that may result from non-availability of some trial datasets. The proposed methods rely heavily on latent variable modeling extensions of the latent growth curve model, as well as missing data procedures. The goal is to provide strategies for researchers considering IDA.
An Eye For Detail: Techniques For Using Eye Tracker Data to Explore Learning in Computer-Mediated Environments.

This paper describes two methods for analyzing student gaze in computer-mediated learning applications. More specifically, we demonstrate how to use eye-tracking data from an agent based modeling study to identify meaningful patterns in student learning processes. We do this by using techniques from network analysis and natural language processing which allow us to identify statistically significant differences among our two conditions. Finally, we conclude by motivating a larger study that will further utilize these techniques.
Loss of ERα partially reverses the effects of maternal high-fat diet on energy homeostasis in female mice

Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) alters hypothalamic developmental programming and disrupts offspring energy homeostasis in rodents. 17β-estradiol (E2) also influences hypothalamic programming through estrogen receptor (ER) α. Therefore, we hypothesized that females lacking ERα would be more susceptible to maternal HFD. To address this question, heterozygous ERα knockout (WT/KO) dams were fed a control breeder chow diet (25% fat) or a semi-purified HFD (45% fat) 4 weeks prior to mating with WT/KO males or heterozygous males with an ERα DNA-binding domain mutation knocked in (WT/KI) to produce WT, ERα KO, or ERα KIKO females lacking ERE-dependent ERα signaling. Maternal HFD increased body weight in WT and KIKO, in part, due to increased adiposity and daytime carbohydrate utilization in WT and KIKO, while increasing nighttime fat utilization in KO. Maternal HFD also increased plasma leptin, IL-6, and MCP-1 in WT and increased arcuate expression of Kiss1 and Esr1 (ERα) and liver expression of G6pc and Pepck in WT and KIKO. Contrary to our hypothesis, these data suggest that loss of ERα signaling blocks the influence of maternal HFD on energy homeostasis, inflammation, and hypothalamic and liver gene expression and that restoration of ERE-independent ERα signaling partially reestablishes susceptibility to maternal HFD.
Release, Recycle, Rebuild: Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development

Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by transglycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precursors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evidence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the developmental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.
Investigating the Relationship between Lightning and Mesocyclonic Rotation in Supercell Thunderstorms

AbstractRelationships between lightning and lightning jumps and physical updraft properties are frequently observed and generally understood. However, a more intensive characterization of how lightning relates to traditional radar-based metrics of storm intensity may provide further operational utility. This study addresses the supercell storm mode because of the intrinsic relationship between a supercell’s characteristic rotating updraft–downdraft couplet, or mesocyclone, and its prolific ability to produce severe weather. Lightning and radar measurements of a diverse sample of 19 supercell thunderstorms were used to assess the conceptual model that lightning and the mesocyclone may be linked by the updraft’s role in the formation and enhancement of each. Analysis of early stages of supercell development showed that the initial lightning jump occurred prior to the time of mesocyclogenesis inferred from three methods by median values of 5–10 min. Comparison between lightning jumps and subsequent increases...
Delayed intracranial hemorrhage in the patient with blunt trauma on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: routine repeat head computed tomography is unnecessary

Objective: We postulate that in patients with blunt trauma on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents, incidence and complication rate of delayed intracranial hemorrhage (DICH) after an initially nega...
Refeeding Syndrome as an Unusual Cause of Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis

ABSTRACTRefeeding syndrome is characterized by hypophosphatemia in the setting of malnutrition. It is commonly seen in patients with anorexia, alcoholism, or malignancy, and it is often a missed diagnosis. Because of the potential morbidity associated with missing the diagnosis of refeeding syndrome, it is important to monitor for this disease in any malnourished patient. We present a case of a 49-year-old male with chronic alcohol abuse who presented for alcohol detoxification and was found to have low phosphate, potassium, and magnesium on presentation, in addition to an elevated anion gap of unclear etiology. After extensive workup to evaluate the cause of his elevated anion gap and worsening of his electrolyte abnormalities despite replenishment, it was felt his symptoms were a result of refeeding syndrome. After oral intake was held and aggressive electrolyte replenishment was performed for 24 hours, the patient's anion gap closed and his electrolyte levels stabilized. This case demonstrates a unique...
Classical NF-κB Metabolically Reprograms Sarcoma Cells Through Regulation of Hexokinase 2.

Background: Metabolic reprogramming has emerged as a cancer hallmark, and one of the well-known cancer-associated metabolic alterations is the increase in the rate of glycolysis. Recent reports have shown that both the classical and alternative signaling pathways of NF-κB play important roles in controlling the metabolic profiles of normal cells and cancer cells. However, how these signaling pathways affect the metabolism of sarcomas, specifically rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma, has not been characterized. Methods: Classical NF-κB activity was inhibited through overexpression of the IκBα super repressor of NF-κB in rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma cells. Global gene expression analysis was performed using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 and data were interpreted using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Seahorse Bioscience XFe24 was used to analyze oxygen consumption rate as a measure of aerobic respiration. Results: Inhibition of classical NF-κB activity in sarcoma cell lines restored alternative signaling as well as an increased oxidative respiratory metabolic phenotype in vitro. In addition, microarray analysis indicated that inhibition of NF-κB in sarcoma cells reduced glycolysis. We showed that a glycolytic gene, hexokinase 2, is a direct NF-κB transcriptional target. Knockdown of hexokinase 2 shifted the metabolic profile in sarcoma cells away from aerobic glycolysis, and re-expression of hexokinase 2 rescued the metabolic shift induced by inhibition of NF-κB activity in osteosarcoma cells. Conclusions: These findings suggest that classical signaling of NF-κB plays a crucial role in the metabolic profile of pediatric sarcomas potentially through the regulation of hexokinase 2.
New Applications of Nanoheterogeneous Systems

The exceptional properties of nanoheterogeneous materials result both from the nature of each component, the size scale, the degree of mixing between the two phases, and the surface area-to-volume ratio. Therefore, significant performances of the resulting materials can be reached by tailoring the interfaces. Due to their features, nanoheterogeneous materials have been involved in a plethora of niche markets linked, for instance, to new generations of smart textiles, photovoltaic and fuel cells, antennas and satellite communications, optoelectronics, new catalysts and coatings, smart therapeutic vectors with controlled drug delivery properties, new ultrasensitive sensors, cosmetics, smart papers, and so on. The chapter is an overview of the current state of knowledge in processing, manufacturing, characterization, and potential applications of the most common polymer nanocomposites, with a special attention to their utilizations in gas sensing.
What is Evidence Evidence of

On Friday, March 4, 1881, Inspector Tobias Gregson of Scotland Yard informed Mr. Sherlock Holmes of “A bad business at 3, Lauriston Gardens, off the Brixton Road.” There an American named Enoch J. Drebber had been murdered, and no clue -- or no clue apparent to Gregson and his colleague Le-strade -- was present, save the letters “R-A-C-H-E” scrawled in blood along the wall. To Gregson and Lestrade the letters are evidence of a crime of passion, for the victim was quite obviously trying to write the woman’s name, “Rachel,” in his own blood before expiring. To Holmes, who wraps up the entire affair over the weekend, the writing read Rache, the word for “revenge” in German. Watson was overwhelmed, but no more than were the readers of Beeton’s Christmas Annual in 1887.
Recent insights into the formation of RAG-induced chromosomal translocations.

Chromosomal translocations are found in many types of tumors, where they may be either a cause or a result of malignant transformation. In lymphoid neoplasms, however, it is clear that pathogenesis is initiated by any of a number of recurrent DNA rearrangements. These particular translocations typically place an oncogene under the regulatory control of an Ig or TCR gene promoter, dysregulating cell growth, differentiation, or apoptosis. Given that physiological DNA rearrangements (V(D)J and class switch recombination) are integral to lymphocyte development, it is critical to understand how genomic stability is maintained during these processes. Recent advances in our understanding of DNA damage signaling and repair have provided clues to the kinds of mechanisms that lead to V(D)J-mediated translocations. In turn, investigations into the regulation of V(D)J joining have illuminated a formerly obscure pathway of DNA repair known as alternative NHEJ, which is error-prone and frequently involved in translocations. In this chapter we consider recent advances in our understanding of the functions of the RAG proteins, RAG interactions with DNA repair pathways, damage signaling and chromosome biology, all of which shed light on how mistakes at different stages of V(D)J recombination might lead to leukemias and lymphomas.
Terminal and Enabling Objectives for Residency Training in Child Psychiatry

This chapter represents an experiment within the framework of developing educational objectives for subspecialty areas in psychiatric residency training. It was, however, requested later in the process of the development of this guide, and therefore could not go through the same series of reviews and discussions as the remainder of the material. The aim was to take an area of specialization in psychiatry and, by applying the same criteria of terminal and enabling objectives, see how this approach would fit with the field. As presented, it must be read in conjunction with the totality of the material in Chapter 1. Were it a free-standing section, it would present a more comprehensive picture than it does as an addendum to the overall material. Thus, to optimize one’s use of this material, one must realize that it constitutes additions to and slight revisions of the earlier material, and those earlier sections must be referred to when studying these child psychiatry objectives.
Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Actions on Hypothalamic Nerve Cells: Molecular and Biophysical Studies relevant for Hormone-dependent Behaviors

Genes turned on by hormones and genes whose products are essential for hormone-controlled behaviors have received intense study during the last 20 years. Now, we see that steroid hormones can also affect nerve cells by rapid membrane actions in addition to slower genomic actions. At the molecular level, in transient transfection studies of neuroblastoma cells using a 2-pulse protocol, we have shown that the rapid effects in the first pulse actually can potentiate the later genomic actions in the facilitation of transcription. Signal transduction from the first, membrane-limited pulse, of the 2-pulse protocol uses multiple signaling pathways. Now, with in vivo behavioral studies on female sex behavior, we have discovered that the logical relations between the two actions are different from the simpler transcription studies in a surprising manner: The rapid membrane action need not be the first hormonal pulse in the 2-pulse experimental protocol. For behavior, the membrane-limited action can be the second pulse. How do these effects on hypothalamic neurons come about? At the neuronal level, estradiol can potentiate the excitatory effects of neurotransmitters such as histamine or NMDA. Using patch clamp studies (now followed up with calcium imaging studies), we see that estradiol can excite electrical activity in two ways, by increasing an inward current and by decreasing an outward current. The inward-going current is a sodium current; the outward-going current is a potassium current.