cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Polanyian Critique of Technology: Attending From the Indwelling of Tools to the Course of Technological Civilization:

As a scientist, Michael Polanyi made significant advances in chemistry and economics. From that deep hands-on experience, he derived a powerful critique of prevailing ideas of knowledge and the proper role of science. He demonstrated that disregarding or eliminating the personal embodiment of knowing in the tacit dimension in pursuit of purely explicit and impersonal knowledge results in knowing that is misleadingly incomplete—“absurd.” If technology is the practical application of science, then it should be useful to extend his critique of science to technology. The pursuit of impersonal knowledge parallels the quest for efficiency through the standardizing and programming of technique while devaluing personal knowing in the form of embodied skills, institutional memory, and a “feel” for possibilities that leads to insightful breakthroughs. As technological development continues to accelerate and proliferate unsustainably, the idolizing of efficiency operates to subsume other values that would tend to co...
Social Context and the Experience of a Sample of U.S. Women Taking RU-486 (Mifepristone) for Early Abortion

Of 50 women seeking an abortion in Rochester, New York, between November 1999 and January 2001, 35 went on to complete an in-depth interview from 1 to 6 weeks after their followup clinical visit. Ahigher proportion of women who defined their pregnancy as a baby indicated emotional distress during their in-depth interview compared to those who saw their pregnancy as only having the potential to become a baby. The authors conclude that abortion might be made less difficult through public education about the different views of pregnancy and abortion throughout U.S. history. It might be important for abortion counselors to first ask a woman how she defines her pregnancy. A larger study is warranted.
Aryl‐2‐piperidylcarbinols: Potential cardiovascular agents

Abstract The syntheses of some substituted aryl-2-piperidylcarbinols are described. Weak α- and/or β-agonist and/or antagonist activity was observed in preliminary experimental studies in animals.
Ideology Versus Intellect: The Vietnamization of the University

We have heard from such disparate sources as the Ohio legislature and Weatherman that we might improve the quality of life in America by closing our universities. There is probably little danger of our adopting such a policy, but there may be a real danger of our closing off the opportunity for colleges and universities to do what they do best: to act as centers of open inquiry. We shall win very little if we manage to maintain institutions called universities, but fail to protect their ability to inquire. The most serious threat to the maintenance of university communities dedicated to open inquiry and to the free exchange of ideas probably stems from our apparent inability to govern ourselves as intellectual communities.
Risk factors for nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding and use of acid-suppressive medication in non-critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND It is unknown whether there exist certain subsets of patients outside of the intensive care unit in whom the risk of nosocomial gastrointestinal bleeding is high enough that prophylactic use of acid-suppressive medication may be warranted.
The synthesis of chiral α,β-unsaturated and aryl oxazolines from ketones and arols via their triflates and pd-catalyzed CO and amino alcohol coupling

Abstract An efficient route to the title compounds was achieved using the triflates of ketones and phenols followed by Pd-catalyzed CO insertion in the presence of chiral amino alcohols. Aryl, vinyl bromides and 2-pyridone also served as useful substrates.
Strategies for high‐throughput comparative modeling: Applications to leverage analysis in structural genomics and protein family organization

The technological breakthroughs in structural genomics were designed to facilitate the solution of a sufficient number of structures, so that as many protein sequences as possible can be structurally characterized with the aid of comparative modeling. The leverage of a solved structure is the number and quality of the models that can be produced using the structure as a template for modeling and may be viewed as the “currency” with which the success of a structural genomics endeavor can be measured. Moreover, the models obtained in this way should be valuable to all biologists. To this end, at the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium (NESG), a modular computational pipeline for automated high-throughput leverage analysis was devised and used to assess the leverage of the 186 unique NESG structures solved during the first phase of the Protein Structure Initiative (January 2000 to July 2005). Here, the results of this analysis are presented. The number of sequences in the nonredundant protein sequence database covered by quality models produced by the pipeline is ∼39,000, so that the average leverage is ∼210 models per structure. Interestingly, only 7900 of these models fulfill the stringent modeling criterion of being at least 30% sequence-identical to the corresponding NESG structures. This study shows how high-throughput modeling increases the efficiency of structure determination efforts by providing enhanced coverage of protein structure space. In addition, the approach is useful in refining the boundaries of structural domains within larger protein sequences, subclassifying sequence diverse protein families, and defining structure-based strategies specific to a particular family. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
First measurements of electron temperature in the D region with a symmetric double probe

Measurement of the altitude profile of electron temperature in the ionospheric D region with the aid of a symmetric double probe flown on a Nike-Cajun payload launched on Oct. 13, 1971. The procedure for determining the electron temperature from the parameters of the double probe's current-voltage characteristic under conditions of nonnegligible ion-atom collision frequencies is described. It is shown that in its first lower ionospheric application the technique of the symmetric double probe has yielded the lowest values of electron temperature yet measured and has provided the very first direct measurement of electron temperature in the D region.
Genotoxic damage in zebra fish (Danio rerio) by arsenic in waters from Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico.

The induction of micronuclei in gill cells of zebra fish (Danio rerio) maintained in calcium-magnesium bicarbonated waters from a reference well and 'Zimapan 5' well, the latter with an arsenic (As) content ranging from 0.395 to 0.630 p.p.m., was studied. The specimens were studied during 180 days in three separated lots: in reference well-water (negative control), in reference water to which was added 5 mg/l As(5+) (positive control); and in water from 'Zimapan 5' well, with 65 specimens/lot. In waters an As concentration diminution was observed with time, whereas in fish there was an increase. After 30 days there was an As diminution in water from positive control of 1092.65 p.p.b. (36.42 p.p.b./day), whereas in fish it had increased to 523.81 p.p.b. (17.46 p.p.b./day). For the water from 'Zimapan 5' well, there was a diminution of 211.40 p.p.b. (7.04 p.p.b./day), and in fish there was an increase of 74.73 p.p.b. (2.49 p.p.b./day). In relation to micronucleus frequency in gill cells, at the end of 180 days in the negative control there was a spontaneous generation of 0.8 micronuclei/1000 cells, in the positive control there was a micronucleus frequency 163.5 times greater than in the negative control, whereas for the fish exposed to 'Zimapan 5' well-water the micronucleus frequency was 56.25 times greater than in the negative control. Taken together these results demonstrate the genotoxicity to Danio rerio of As in the well water.
When do new biomarkers make economic sense

AbstractCost-effectiveness and cost-utility studies are commonly used to make payment decisions for new drugs and expensive interventions. Such studies are relatively rare for evaluating the cost-utility of clinical laboratory tests. As medical costs continue to increase in the setting of decreased resources it is likely that new biomarkers may increasingly be examined with respect to their economic benefits in addition to clinical utility. This will represent an additional hurdle for routine use of new biomarkers. Before reaching the final economic hurdle new biomarkers will still need to demonstrate clinical usefulness. Thus a new biomarker will never make economic sense if it is not clinically useful. Once diagnostic accuracy and potential clinical usefulness is established there are several types of economic studies that new biomarkers may undergo. The most common of these are cost-utility studies which estimate the ratio between the cost of an intervention or test and the benefit it produces in the n...
Distributed autonomous control of concurrent combat tasks

This article discusses the use of decentralized model predictive control to manage a set of related combat tasks (e.g., the destruction of anti-aerial defenses in a given geographical area by a wing of uninhabited air vehicles (UAV)). The controller is meant to operate autonomously as it attempts to manage conditions in which success in all its objectives cannot be guaranteed at every step. It is also meant to work in a distributed fashion. This implies that complete knowledge of the state of each task is not needed at the central level. The approach presented suggests a way of aggregating battle information to be used at the higher levels of command. The aggregation used is based on combat models and physical concepts and does not rely on arbitrary valuations of assets and targets.
Formal Modeling and Analysis for Interactive Hybrid Systems

An effective strategy for discovering certain kinds of automation surprise and other problems in interactive systems is to build models of the participating (automated and human) agents and then explore all reachable states of the composed system looking for divergences between mental states and those of the automation. Various kinds of model checking provide ways to automate this approach when the agents can be modeled as discrete automata. But when some of the agents are continuous dynamical systems (e.g., airplanes), the composed model is a hybrid (i.e., mixed continuous and discrete) system and these are notoriously hard to analyze. We describe an approach for very abstract modeling of hybrid systems using rela- tional approximations and their automated analysis using infinite bounded model checking supported by an SMT solver. When counterexamples are found, we de- scribe how additional constraints can be supplied to direct counterexamples toward plausible scenarios that can be confirmed in high-fidelity simulation. The approach is illustrated though application to a known (and now corrected) human-automation interaction problem in Airbus aircraft.
Cohort-Specific Measures of Lifetime Social Security Taxes and Benefits

This paper develops estimates of lifetime money's worth and redistributional outcomes under the Old Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI) program for all past, present, and future birth cohorts affected by the program through the cohort born in 2100. The estimates presented in this study incorporate a comprehensive accounting of all OASI taxes and benefits and blend historical administrative data with tax and benefit projections. Projected taxes and benefits are consistent with the detailed intermediate economic and demographic assumptions underlying the 2002 Trustees Report and extended beyond the Trustees Report projection period using an approach consistent with the Trustees Report assumptions. The qualitative conclusions reached in this analysis should be unaffected by the relatively minor changes in key economic and demographic assumptions that characterize subsequent Trustees Reports. Because the present OASI program is projected to be in long-run deficit, estimates are also developed in this paper under two stylized alternative policies that bring the program into long-run financial balance over the Trustees Report projection period and beyond. The first alternative policy achieves long-run financial balance through a series of proportional benefit award adjustments and the second alternative policy through a series of payroll tax rate adjustments. Lifetime outcomes for each birth cohort are examined both from the perspective of cohort members, indicating the extent to which each cohort has received or can expect to receive their money's worth from the program, and from the perspective of the program, indicating the extent of redistribution across the cohorts. These estimates update similar estimates presented in Leimer (1994) and, under certain assumptions, can be used to calculate the legacy debt associated with program transfers to early cohorts. This paper - describes the methods used in this analysis to develop program and cohort outcomes under the alternative policies, - describes and analyzes these program and cohort outcomes, - compares these outcomes with analogous outcomes in the most comparable previous analyses and identifies key differences in assumptions and approaches underlying the different outcomes, and - presents some concluding observations.
Impact of Gender on 30-Day Complications After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery.

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study of prospectively collected data. OBJECTIVE To determine if postoperative morbidity for patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery varies by sex. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Influence of sex has been investigated in other surgical procedures but has not yet been studied in adult spinal deformity surgery. METHODS The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program is a large multicenter clinical registry that prospectively collects preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, and 30-day postoperative morbidity and mortality outcomes from about 400 hospitals nationwide. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to query the database for adults who underwent fusion for spinal deformity. Patients were separated into groups of male and female sex. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the effect of sex on the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality. RESULTS Female sex was found to be a predictor of any complication[odds ratio (OR): 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-1.7, P 5 days (OR: 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5, P = 0.0015). Male sex was associated with higher rate of pulmonary (2.9% vs. 2.0%, P = 0.0344) and cardiac complications (0.9% vs. 0.5%, P = 0.0497). However, male sex as an independent risk factor for pulmonary (OR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-2.1, P = 0.0715) and cardiac complications (OR: 1.9, 95% CI 0.9-4.0, P = 0.1076) did not reach significance. CONCLUSION Female sex was found to increase overall morbidity, particularly for urinary tract infection, transfusion, and length of stay >5 days. Male sex was associated with greater incidence of pulmonary and cardiac complications. Thus, sex and other patient characteristics highlighted must be considered as part of surgical risk planning and patient counseling. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
POSTHARVEST CONDITIONING TEMPERATURES AND FRUIT MATURITY ON FLAVEDO SOLUBLE SUGARS OF COASTAL AND DESERT LEMONS

SummaryThe content and changes in flavedo soluble sugars of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. of different maturity derived from coastal and desert climatic regions to two postharvest conditioning temperatures of 158C and 108C were determined. Conditioning caused significant changes of flavedo soluble sugars in lemons of the two geographic areas. Raffinose level increased with duration of conditioning in both desert and coastal lemons and was slightly higher at 108C than at 158C conditioning. The flavedo sucrose content of green coastal lemons was greater than silver or yellow lemons and increased significantly in silver and yellow lemons after conditioning for 3 d at 158Cor108C, but declined significantly in all maturity classes to a low level with conditioning of more than 3 d. In contrast, the flavedo sucrose content of green and yellow desert lemons was 2.8–fold and 1.7–fold greater, respectively, than comparable coastal lemon flavedo, with the green lemon flavedo showing a significant gradual decrease with ...
Evaluation of Trichogramma nubilalis and Bacillus thuringiensis in Management of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Sweet Corn

A biological control program for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), using Trichogramma nubilalis Ertle & Davis and Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki was tested in plots of sweet corn 1990 and 1991. Trichogramma were released during the egg mass recruitment period of O. nubilalis to bracket the peak egg mass deposition period. One or two B. thuringiensis applications were targeted against host larvae that escaped T. nubilale parasitism in the egg stage. The European corn borer phenology model adequately predicted the timing and shape of the adult flight and egg recruitment periods in 1990 and 1991. The released Trichogramma parasitized 70 and 56% of the European corn borer eggs in 1990 and 1991, respectively. In both years, < 20% of the host eggs hatched in the Trichogramma release plots, compared with 38-56% in the control plots. Total mortality of European corn borer from egg deposition to sweet corn harvest was 94 and 92% in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The stage structure of the European corn borer population at sweet corn harvest in 1991 did not differ between the Trichogramma release and no release plots. The proportion of sweet corn ears free of European corn borer larvae varied with position of the plots relative to nearby sudangrass, and ranged between 0.7 and 0.9 in the release plots, compared with 0.6- 0,65 in control plots in 1990 and 1991, respectively
Bioremediation of water ecosystem.

Bioremediation is an effective method for biodegrading pollutions using microorganism systems. It has many advantages such as low cost, high efficiency and a long life cycle, etc. The advances of water bioremediation are stated, particular attention must be paid to the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, denitrification and the use of new reactors using microorganism enzymes.
Two distinct scene processing networks connecting vision and memory

A number of regions in the human brain are known to be involved in processing natural scenes, but the field has lacked a unifying framework for understanding how these different regions are organized and interact. We provide evidence from functional connectivity and meta-analyses for a new organizational principle, in which scene processing relies on two distinct networks that split the classically defined Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA). The first network consists of the Occipital Place Area (OPA/TOS) and posterior PPA, which contain retinotopic maps and are related primarily to visual features. The second network consists of the caudal Inferior Parietal Lobule (cIPL), Retrosplenial Cortex (RSC), and anterior PPA, which connect to the hippocampus and are involved in a much broader set of tasks involving episodic memory and navigation. This new framework for understanding the neural substrates of scene processing bridges results from many lines of research, and makes specific functional predictions.
Volume, specialty background, practice pattern, and outcomes in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: an analysis of the national inpatient sample

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a complex endoscopic procedure performed by both gastroenterologists and surgeons. There has been recent controversy regarding training paradigms for gastrointestinal endoscopy. No prior studies have evaluated comparative outcomes for ERCP in relation to specialty training background. This study utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to assess ERCP outcomes as a function of training background, practice pattern, and individual provider volume. NIS data was queried from 2007 to 2009. Gastroenterologists and surgeons were identified by procedural profiles and unique physician identifiers. Comorbidity was assessed via Charlson Score. Outcomes including cost, length of stay (LOS), and mortality were analyzed, with and without propensity score matching (PSM). Analysis of outcomes as a function of provider procedural volume was also performed. Comparison for statistical significance was accomplished via t test. A total of 110,811 ERCP’s were identified, of which 42,025 (37.9%) were performed by surgeons. Surgeons exhibited longer LOS (8.7 vs. 7.2 days), overall cost ($24,739 vs. $16,960), and mortality (3.9 vs. 1.2%, odds ratio 3.3), with p < 0.001 for all measures. 71.6% of surgical patients, versus 19.6% of gastroenterologic, underwent subsequent inpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy or laparotomy. Outcome differences persisted when PSM included performance of subsequent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Evaluation of minimum performance standards revealed up to a fivefold increased mortality for providers who performed less than 5 ERCP’s/year, irrespective of specialty background. Gastroenterologists demonstrate favorable gross outcomes compared to surgeons performing ERCP. Differences may correlate in part with more frequent subsequent surgical management of comorbid conditions by surgical providers. Lower volume providers achieve inferior outcomes regardless of specialty background. Analyses of this type may help inform discussions on optimal training and proficiency paradigms, including maintenance of proficiency, for therapeutic endoscopic procedures.
Does Environmental Experience Shape Spatial Cognition? Frames of Reference Among Ancash Quechua Speakers (Peru).

Previous studies have shown that language contributes to humans' ability to orient using landmarks and shapes their use of frames of reference (FoRs) for memory. However, the role of environmental experience in shaping spatial cognition has not been investigated. This study addresses such a possibility by examining the use of FoRs in a nonverbal spatial memory task among residents of an Andean community in Peru. Participants consisted of 97 individuals from Ancash Quechua-speaking households (8–77 years of age) who spoke Quechua and/or Spanish and varied considerably with respect to the extent of their experience in the surrounding landscape. The results demonstrated that environmental experience was the only factor significantly related to the preference for allocentric FoRs. The study thus shows that environmental experience can play a role alongside language in shaping habits of spatial representation, and it suggests a new direction of inquiry into the relationships among language, thought, and experience.
Critical path-driven property and performance transitions in heterogeneous microstructures

Structure–property relationships are usually discussed in the context of optimization of the equilibrium properties of heterogeneous materials. The logic and consequences of the effects of grain size and shape in metals and ceramics, porosity and particle size distributions in aggregates, and fiber/matrix arrangement details in fibrous composites are familiar examples. However, for generalized force-flux problems that may not be equilibrium systems, multiphysical property and performance transitions are sometimes observed as a function of microstructure variations, including transitions in electrochemical response (e.g., corrosion), electrical and dielectric response (e.g., conduction) and mechanical response (including brittle transitions and fracture initiation). The present paper constructs a “critical path” concept that generalizes the familiar concept of percolation to create a broad foundation for predicting transitions in physical properties and performance that often define design boundaries or performance transitions that signal the onset of unsteady behavior such as fracture or chemical breakdown. A broad range of applications to diverse technologies such as structural composites, ceramic membranes and heterogeneous containment materials are discussed, supported by a new foundation of conformal, multiphysics, multiscale modeling that unifies the philosophy of the subject.
Gene Therapy for Radiation-Induced Salivary Hypofunction

Often patients who have radiation-induced salivary hypofunction are told by their surgeons or oncologists that they should be happy “they are cured” and not complain about a “minor side effect,” i.e., a small problem such as having too little saliva due to their cancer treatment. Even patients for whom gene or pharmacological therapy are not options benefit greatly from a clinician’s attention and careful instructions on how to care for their oral health and how to chew and swallow deliberately. It must be recognized that gene therapy is still in its developmental stages. The vectors used now to transfer genes into salivary glands and other tissues doubtless will be viewed as primitive in one to two decades. Indeed, it may be feasible within a decade or so to prevent radiation damage to healthy salivary glands using gene transfer technology alone or in conjunction with improved advanced radiotherapy techniques and/or pharmacological agents.
Hippocampal contributions to memory for time: evidence from neuropsychological studies

Time and space are two critical elements of episodic memory that are supported by the hippocampus. Yet, until recently, there has been much greater focus on the involvement of this structure in spatial than in temporal features of memory. Here we highlight evidence from neuropsychological studies of patients with medial temporal lobe lesions, which have provided evidence that the hippocampus is critical for multiple facets of time, even in tasks that are not typically considered episodic. These studies show that the hippocampus supports memory for first, event duration, second, temporal order, and third, temporally discontiguous experiences. Overall, these findings align with theoretical models suggesting that the hippocampus codes for the temporal context of unfolding events.
Applications of Single-Cell Sequencing for Multiomics

Single-cell sequencing interrogates the sequence or chromatin information from individual cells with advanced next-generation sequencing technologies. It provides a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the underlying genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of an individual cell in the context of its survival and adaptation to microenvironment. However, it is more challenging to perform single-cell sequencing and downstream data analysis, owing to the minimal amount of starting materials, sample loss, and contamination. In addition, due to the picogram level of the amount of nucleic acids used, heavy amplification is often needed during sample preparation of single-cell sequencing, resulting in the uneven coverage, noise, and inaccurate quantification of sequencing data. All these unique properties raise challenges in and thus high demands for computational methods that specifically fit single-cell sequencing data. We here comprehensively survey the current strategies and challenges for multiple single-cell sequencing, including single-cell transcriptome, genome, and epigenome, beginning with a brief introduction to multiple sequencing techniques for single cells.
The microbiota accelerates skin graft rejection through enhanced T cell priming (TRAN1P.953)

The microbiota is known to influence local and systemic immune responses. To test whether the microbiota can modulate the strength of an alloresponse, we used a minor mismatched (H-Y) skin transplant mouse model in both germ-free (GF) and antibiotic-pre-treated (Abx) mice. Abx mice showed a marked reduction in bacterial diversity of their intestinal and skin flora. Skin allograft survival more than doubled in either GF or Abx mice compared to controls and colonization with a complex microbial community from conventional mice was sufficient to restore faster rejection kinetics in GF mice. Mechanistically, CFSE-labeled CD4 + anti-H-Y Marilyn T cells displayed a decrease in proliferation following in vivo adoptive transfer into Abx hosts as well as after in vitro culture with antigen presenting cells from Abx mice. Together, these data indicate decreased priming of allogeneic T cells when the diversity of resident bacterial communities is diminished. This effect is not due to a reduction in bacterial load but rather a loss of taxon-specific host-microbe interactions. This study illustrates the profound systemic effects of the microbial environment in transplant recipients and points to the microbiota as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing graft acceptance.
Basic Inequalities and Lebesgue Spaces

I have already introduced (cf. §§3.1.2 and 3.2.3) the vector space L1(μ;ℝ) with the norm1 ║ . ║L1(μ;ℝ) and shown it to be a Banach space: that is, a normed vector space that is complete with respect to the metric determined by its norm.
On the Construction of a Family of Automata That Are Generically Non-minimal

One way to generate an accessible deterministic finite automaton is to first generate a spanning tree and then complete it to an automaton. We introduce the ideas of a sequential automaton, that are automata with sequential trees as breadth-first spanning subtrees. We introduce the concept of elementary equivalent states and explore combinatorial properties of non-minimal sequential automata. We then show that minimality is negligible among sequential automata by calculating the probability that an automaton has two elementary equivalent states and showing that this probability approach 1 as the size of the automaton increases.
Pion Valence Quark Distribution from Matrix Element Calculated in Lattice QCD

We present the first exploratory lattice QCD calculation of the pion valence quark distribution extracted from spatially separated current-current correlations in coordinate space. We show that an antisymmetric combination of vector and axial-vector currents provides direct information on the pion valence quark distribution. Using the collinear factorization approach, we calculate the perturbative tree-level kernel for this current combination and extract the pion valence distribution. The main goal of this article is to demonstrate the efficacy of this general lattice QCD approach in the reliable extraction of parton distributions. With controllable power corrections and a good understanding of the lattice systematics, this method has the potential to serve as a complementary to the many efforts to extract parton distributions in global analyses from experimentally measured cross sections. We perform our calculation on an ensemble of $2+1$ flavor QCD using the isotropic-clover fermion action, with lattice dimensions $3{2}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}96$ at a lattice spacing $a=0.127\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ and the quark mass equivalent to a pion mass ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}416\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$.
Epigallocatechin Gallate-Gold Nanoparticles Exhibit Superior Antitumor Activity Compared to Conventional Gold Nanoparticles: Potential Synergistic Interactions

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) possesses significant antitumor activity and binds to laminin receptors, overexpressed on cancer cells, with high affinity. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) serve as excellent drug carriers and protect the conjugated drug from enzymatic metabolization. Citrate-gold nanoparticles (C-GNPs) and EGCG-gold nanoparticles (E-GNPs) were synthesized by reduction methods and characterized with UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cytotoxicity of citrate, EGCG, C-GNPs, and E-GNPs was evaluated by the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay. Nanoparticle cellular uptake studies were performed by TEM and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Dialysis method was employed to assess drug release. Cell viability studies showed greater growth inhibition by E-GNPs compared to EGCG or C-GNPs. Cellular uptake studies revealed that, unlike C-GNPs, E-GNPs were taken up more efficiently by cancerous cells than noncancerous cells. We found that E-GNP nanoformulation releases EGCG in a sustained fashion. Furthermore, data showed that E-GNPs induced more apoptosis in cancer cells compared to EGCG and C-GNPs. From the mechanistic standpoint, we observed that E-GNPs inhibited the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) with greater potency than EGCG, whereas C-GNPs were only minimally effective. Altogether, our data suggest that E-GNPs can serve as potent tumor-selective chemotoxic agents.
Sovereignty as a scalar process: Historic preservation and Indian gaming on tribal land in Wetumpka, Alabama

Abstract Sovereignty is not the sole province of the nation-state, or any other pre-existing scale. It is a concept that is struggled over amongst multiple entities, at multiple scales, each presenting itself as the one with the power above all others to control what happens in a given place. This paper focuses on assertions of sovereignty made in the course of what is now a thirty-year-old conflict over land-use at Hickory Ground, Alabama, a historic Creek Indian site once rescued for historic preservation but now the location of an Indian gaming facility. These assertions represent an ongoing jockeying for position that belies any type of rigid hierarchy of scale and instead reveals its continual construction.
Roll Dynamics and Rollover Prevention

Vehicle rollovers account for a significant fraction of highway traffic fatalities. While only 3% of vehicle accidents result in rollovers, 33% of all fatalities have vehicle rollover as a contributing factor (NHTSA, 2011). Hence there is significant research being conducted on development of rollover prevention technologies (Liu, et al., 1997, Odenthal, et al., 1999, Chen and Peng, 2001, Carlson and Gerdes, 2003, Liebemann, et al., 2004, Yoon, etal., 2007, Piyabongkarn, et al., 2010).
Structured priors for structure learning

Traditional approaches to Bayes net structure learning typically assume little regularity in graph structure other than sparseness. However, in many cases, we expect more systematicity: variables in real-world systems often group into classes that predict the kinds of probabilistic dependencies they participate in. Here we capture this form of prior knowledge in a hierarchical Bayesian framework, and exploit it to enable structure learning and type discovery from small datasets. Specifically, we present a nonparametric generative model for directed acyclic graphs as a prior for Bayes net structure learning. Our model assumes that variables come in one or more classes and that the prior probability of an edge existing between two variables is a function only of their classes. We derive an MCMC algorithm for simultaneous inference of the number of classes, the class assignments of variables, and the Bayes net structure over variables. For several realistic, sparse datasets, we show that the bias towards systematicity of connections provided by our model can yield more accurate learned networks than the traditional approach of using a uniform prior, and that the classes found by our model are appropriate.
Non-neoplastic Lymph Node and Spleen Lesions

Reversible enlargement of lymphoid tissue due to immune activation (infection, inflammation)
Sustainability Dimensions of a North American Lentil System in a Changing World

Food production and consumption are among the largest drivers of global change. The adoption of lentil in production systems and in plant-based diets is a food system solution that can support the environmental, socio-economic, and human health dimensions of sustainability. The purpose of this study is to evaluate producer and consumer perceptions of the sustainability profile of the lentil system in Montana (USA), and the surrounding region that includes Idaho (USA), North Dakota (USA), Washington (USA), and Canada, in the context of global change. Surveys were conducted with lentil producers (n=63; conventional n=42, organic n=15, and mixed management n=6) and consumers (n=138) in the rural state of Montana (USA). The most prevalent agronomic reason for including lentil in production systems reported by producers is to diversify crop rotation (92%). The most prevalent economic reasons for including lentil in rotation reported by producers is to capitalize on dryland production (95%) and to serve as a cash crop (87%). With respect to lentil consumption, the most prevalent health-related perceptions were that eating lentils helps to improve nutrition (88%), feel satiated or full (85%), and support a plant-based diet (81%). Consumers and non-consumers of lentils alike reported they would increase lentil consumption based on environmental (78%), economic (75%), and health and nutrition (72%) information contrasting lentils and animal-based protein sources. Overall, findings highlight how lentil supports multiple dimensions of sustainability from perceptions of producers and consumers in Montana (USA), Idaho (USA), North Dakota (USA), Washington (USA), and Canada, and recognizes barriers and opportunities for promoting lentil in agricultural systems and plant-based diets. Impacts of market, policy, and climate change on lentil production, and lack of consumer knowledge on benefits of lentils to help meet food security through a sustainable diet, challenge sustainability dimensions of lentil in the food system.
A novel classification of fatigue in multiple sclerosis based on longitudinal assessments.

Background:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of multiple sclerosis–related fatigue had limited reproducibility. Temporal fatigue fluctuations have not been considered.Objective:To investigat...
Solving the Problem of the Bending of a Plate with Fixed Edges by Reduction to an Infinite Systems of Equations

We consider the known problem of the bending of a plate with fixed edges and a homogeneously distributed load. The solution can be found by solving infinite systems of equations. Based on the construction of a solution of biharmonic equations with boundary conditions, it is proven that these infinite systems have a finite unique solution. We use the existence of a special particular (“strictly particular”) solution (SPS) of the systems to which the solution obtained by the simple reduction method converges. Such a solution always exists, if the general system is consistent and it has the following particular properties: 1) it is a unique particular solution, which is expressed by Cramer’s formula; 2) it does not contain the nontrivial solution of the corresponding homogeneous system as an additive term; 3) the well-known principal solution of the infinite system coincides with the SPS. The SPS allows calculating the values of the plate deflection, bending moments and pressures at its contour. It is shown that the construction of the SPS (in fact, the exact solution) of the obtained infinite system does not depend on its regularity or irregularity.
Leveraging Digital Data to Inform and Improve Quality Cancer Care.

Background: Efficient capture of routine clinical care and patient outcomes are needed at a population-level, as is evidence on important treatment-related side effects and their effect on well-being and clinical outcomes. The increasing availability of electronic health records (EHRs) offers new opportunities to generate population-level patient-centered evidence on oncological care that can better guide treatment decisions and patient-valued care. Methods: This study includes patients seeking care at an academic medical center, 2008-2018. Digital data sources are combined to address missingness, inaccuracy, and noise common to EHR data. Clinical concepts were identified and extracted from EHR unstructured data using natural language processing (NLP) and machine/deep learning techniques. All models are trained, tested, and validated on independent data samples using standard metrics. Results: We provide use cases for using EHR data to assess guideline adherence and quality measurements among cancer patients. Pretreatment assessment was evaluated by guideline adherence and quality metrics for cancer staging metrics. Patient outcomes included treatment-related side-effects and patient-reported outcomes. Conclusions: Advanced technologies applied to EHRs present opportunities to advance population-level quality assessment, to learn from routinely collected clinical data for personalized treatment, and to augment epidemiological and population health studies. The effective use of digital data can inform patient-valued care, quality initiatives and policy guidelines. Impact: A comprehensive set of health data analyzed with advanced technologies results in a unique resource that facilitates wide-ranging, innovative, and impactful research on prostate cancer. This work demonstrates novel use of EHRs and technology to advance epidemiological studies and benefit oncological care.
Command Pattern Design for Web Application

In recent times, Web application development has become essential for the IT industry. In the past, Web applications were used primarily to provide a graphical view of data stored in backend systems, and business logic execution or any form of data manipulation was programmed in the backend systems. Web applications were treated as dummy client interfaces because client machines were not proficient in performing complex computational operations or executing business operations such as data manipulation and analysis. Now, as client machines have become more advanced and capable of performing complicated business operations, application developers can make client interfaces more intelligent. Enabling client interfaces to handle such complex business processes is of great importance for some business scenarios, like in the case of collaborative user interface designing where data representation and data insertion are not the sole purpose of the Web applications. Adapting design patterns like “Command Pattern” (Long in IEEE, 2017 [1]; Betts et al. in Avail Maintainability Windows Azure, 2013 [2]) can make the Web client smarter and more efficient. This pattern reduces the burden on the backend systems when performing all kinds of business operations [3]. This design pattern provides flexibility to the developers for converting all user actions executed in the user interface (UI) into simple, discrete commands. In this paper, a detailed approach is discussed on how to apply the pattern in more optimized manner by which one can then submit commands individually in an asynchronous manner to the backend system for processing. Handling of these user actions through individual asynchronous commands discussed in the paper makes the UI non-blocking. This also provides flexibility in performing some of the UI changes locally until a response is received from the backend. This paper details the architecture for using “Command Pattern” and design approach for any Web application development and best practices that improve the user experience.
Evidence-Based Strategies for Clinical Organizations to Address COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

The success of vaccination programs is contingent upon irrefutable scientific safety data combined with high rates of public acceptance and population coverage. Vaccine hesitancy, characterized by lack of confidence in vaccination and/or complacency about vaccination that may lead to delay or refusal of vaccination despite the availability of services, threatens to undermine the success of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination programs. The rapid pace of vaccine development, misinformation in popular and social media, the polarized sociopolitical environment, and the inherent complexities of large-scale vaccination efforts may undermine vaccination confidence and increase complacency about COVID-19 vaccination. Although the experience of recent lethal surges of COVID-19 infections has underscored the value of COVID-19 vaccines, ensuring population uptake of COVID-19 vaccination will require application of multilevel, evidence-based strategies to influence behavior change and address vaccine hesitancy. Recent survey research evaluating public attitudes in the United States toward the COVID-19 vaccine reveals substantial vaccine hesitancy. Building upon efforts at the policy and community level to ensure population access to COVID-19 vaccination, a strong health care system response is critical to address vaccine hesitancy. Drawing on the evidence base in social, behavioral, communication, and implementation science, we review, summarize, and encourage use of interpersonal, individual-level, and organizational interventions within clinical organizations to address this critical gap and improve population adoption of COVID-19 vaccination.
Behavioural impairments after exposure of neonatal mice to propofol are accompanied by reductions in neuronal activity in cortical circuitry.

Abstract Background Both animal and retrospective human studies have linked extended and repeated general anaesthesia during early development with cognitive and behavioural deficits later in life. However, the neuronal circuit mechanisms underlying this anaesthesia-induced behavioural impairment are poorly understood. Methods Neonatal mice were administered one or three doses of propofol, a commonly used i.v. general anaesthetic, over Postnatal days 7–11. Control mice received Intralipid® vehicle injections. At 4 months of age, the mice were subjected to a series of behavioural tests, including motor learning. During the process of motor learning, calcium activity of pyramidal neurones and three classes of inhibitory interneurones in the primary motor cortex were examined in vivo using two-photon microscopy. Results Repeated, but not a single, exposure of neonatal mice to propofol i.p. caused motor learning impairment in adulthood, which was accompanied by a reduction of pyramidal neurone number and activity in the motor cortex. The activity of local inhibitory interneurone networks was also altered: somatostatin-expressing and parvalbumin-expressing interneurones were hypoactive, whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide-expressing interneurones were hyperactive when the mice were performing a motor learning task. Administration of low-dose pentylenetetrazol to attenuate γ-aminobutyric acid A receptor-mediated inhibition or CX546 to potentiate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-subtype glutamate receptor function during emergence from anaesthesia ameliorated neuronal dysfunction in the cortex and prevented long-term behavioural deficits. Conclusions Repeated exposure of neonatal mice to propofol anaesthesia during early development causes cortical circuit dysfunction and behavioural impairments in later life. Potentiation of neuronal activity during recovery from anaesthesia reduces these adverse effects of early-life anaesthesia.