cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stable and Unstable Air-Sea Interactions in the Equatorial Region

Abstract The linear stability of two coupled shallow water models of the equatorial atmosphere and ocean is investigated analytically. The ocean-to-atmosphere coupling is parameterized in terms of the sea surface temperature anomaly,T. In one model T is generated by zonal advection, while in the other model it is parameterized in terms of the thermocline depth anomaly, h. In both models, the behavior of a small amplitude wave disturbance is found to be extremely sensitive to the atmospheric first baroclinic mode Kelvin wave speed, Ca and mean zonal wind, Ū Most importantly, the growth rates, phase speeds and meridional structures of the disturbances (and their dependence on the above basic state parameters) are sensitive to the form of the atmosphere-ocean coupling. This sensitivity is due to the fact that, for an oceanic Kelvin wave, the two methods of computing T result in different feedback effects. According to the simple analytic models used in this study, in which the meridional component of motion ...
The Development of Same‐ and Opposite‐Sex Social Relations Among Adolescents: An Analogue Study

The present study, utilizing an analogue procedure and a short-term longitudinal design, examined the relative strength of observed behavior in predicting mid- to late-adolescents' ratings of that behavior. Direct observations were made of 89 adolescents during videotaped problem-solving interactions with groups of unfamiliar peers. Within 6-member peer groups, counterbalanced for gender, the adolescents participated in a series of problem-solving and discussion tasks. Peer groups met one hour daily for six consecutive days. The interactions were coded with the LIFE code and three behavioral constructs were assessed: facilitative, problem-solving, and aggressive. Same- and opposite-sex peer ratings of three factors, sociable, aggressive, and withdrawn, were obtained at the end of the second and sixth days. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed that same-sex sociability ratings were predicted by prosocial behaviors of both girls and boys whereas boys' aggressive behavior also predicted these ratings across gender. In contrast, aggressive behavior displayed by girls predicted boys' ratings of girls' aggression. Withdrawal ratings were related to low levels of all behaviors. The results provide further evidence that peer perceptions may be driven by characteristics associated with gender that have been determined by culturally proscribed practices and socialization efforts.
Evolution of forelimb movement patterns for prey manipulation in anurans

Unlike other amphibians, frogs often use their forelimbs to capture and transport prey. In the present study, high-speed videography was used to observe forelimb use during feeding in a diverse group of anurans in order to determine the evolution of forelimb movement patterns among anuran taxa. Data were gathered from 488 individuals representing 104 species, 55 genera, and 16 families. Five distinct behavior patterns were identified: scooping entails using the back of the hand to push prey into the mouth; wiping involves the use of the palm of the hand to push prey, protruding laterally from the mouth, toward the midline; during prey stretching, one end of the prey is held in a stationary position by the hands while the other end is pulled upward by the jaws; in grasping, the palms face the midline or the substrate as the fingers are wrapped around the prey; grasping with wrist rotation is similar to grasping, but the wrists rotate inward as the hands grasp the prey so that the palms face the mouth. The distribution of these behavior patterns was mapped onto the most recent phylogenetic hypothesis for anurans. Maximum parsimony analyses suggest that scooping and wiping are primitive and have been retained by many frog lineages. Wiping was not observed in the pipids, which are the only anurans that lack tongues and use hydraulic transport. Prey stretching appears to have evolved several times in unrelated taxa. Grasping and grasping with wrist rotation appear to have evolved only in arboreal groups, suggesting that the ability to climb is a preadaptation for the ability to grasp prey. Several species were observed using grasping motions in place of the tongue to capture prey. J. Exp. Zool. 277:417–424, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Yang-Mills stratification for surfaces

Atiyah and Bott showed that Morse theory for the Yang-Mills functional can be used to study the space of flat, or more generally central, connections on a bundle over a Riemann surface. These methods have recently been extended to non-orientable surfaces by Ho and Liu. In this article, we use Morse theory to determine the exact connectivity of the natural map from the homotopy orbits of the space of central Yang―Mills connections to the classifying space of the gauge group. The key ingredient in this computation is a combinatorial study of the Morse indices of Yang-Mills critical sets.
Pilot Study on the Use of DNA Priming Immunization to Enhance Y. pestis LcrV-Specific B Cell Responses Elicited by a Recombinant LcrV Protein Vaccine

Recent studies indicate that DNA immunization is powerful in eliciting antigen-specific antibody responses in both animal and human studies. However, there is limited information on the mechanism of this effect. In particular, it is not known whether DNA immunization can also enhance the development of antigen-specific B cell development. In this report, a pilot study was conducted using plague LcrV immunogen as a model system to determine whether DNA immunization is able to enhance LcrV-specific B cell development in mice. Plague is an acute and often fatal infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis). Humoral immune responses provide critical protective immunity against plague. Previously, we demonstrated that a DNA vaccine expressing LcrV antigen can protect mice from lethal mucosal challenge. In the current study, we further evaluated whether the use of a DNA priming immunization is able to enhance the immunogenicity of a recombinant LcrV protein vaccine, and in particular, the development of LcrV-specific B cells. Our data indicate that DNA immunization was able to elicit high-level LcrV antibody responses when used alone or as part of a prime-boost immunization approach. Most significantly, DNA immunization was also able to increase the levels of LcrV-specific B cell development. The finding that DNA immunization can enhance antigen-specific B cell responses is highly significant and will help guide similar studies in other model antigen systems.
Specific tips for negotiations with library materials vendors depending upon acquisitions method

The significant impact that negotiations can have upon the cost and delivery by library materials vendors of library materials is of greater importance than ever as the result of rising prices, increased resources to acquire, and shrinking library budgets. This article describes points to consider in negotiating for all types of business relationships from approval plans to standing orders to subscriptions. It builds upon an earlier article that described the planning and preparation processes for vendor negotiations and, in specific, tips for firm orders. Charts that can be used as checklists are included, along with background information about the considerations.
Amputation with immediate fitting prostheses.

Summary A series of fourteen amputations of both the above the knee and below the knee type was performed. Primary healing occurred in 90 per cent of the below the knee and 100 per cent of the above the knee amputations. The average hospital stay was 36.3 days. Eighty per cent of the below the knee amputees and 66 per cent of the above the knee patients walked with a prosthesis. There were no deaths. Immediate postsurgical fitting of the prosthesis can be employed safely and advantageously in the amputation of the lower extremity both at the above the knee and below the knee levels.
Avicel hydrolysis by cellulase enzyme in supercritical CO2

The enzymatic hydrolysis reaction in supercritical CO2 to produce glucose from cellulosic material Avicel was investigated. In comparison with the result from the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of Avicel without CO2 introduced as a reaction medium, the reaction rate and glucose concentration are increased.
Inpatient management of women with gestational and pregestational diabetes in pregnancy.

For women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and gestational diabetes (GDM), poor maternal glycemic control can significantly increase maternal and fetal risk for adverse outcomes. Outpatient medical and nutrition therapy is recommended for all women with diabetes in order to facilitate euglycemia during the antepartum period. Despite intensive outpatient therapy, women with diabetes often require inpatient diabetes management prior to delivery as maternal hyperglycemia can significantly increase neonatal risk of hypoglycemia. Consensus guidelines recommend maternal glucose range of 80–110 mg/dL in labor. The most optimal inpatient strategies for the prevention of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia proximate to delivery remain unclear and will depend upon factors such as maternal diabetes diagnosis, her baseline insulin resistance, duration and route of delivery etc. Low dose intravenous insulin and dextrose protocols are necessary to achieve optimal predelivery glycemic control for women with T1DM and T2DM. For most with GDM however, euglycemia can be maintained without intravenous insulin. Women treated with a subcutaneous insulin pump during the antepartum period represent a unique challenge to labor and delivery staff. Strategies for self-managed subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) use prior to delivery require intensive education and coordination of care with the labor team in order to maintain patient safety. Hospitalization is recommended for most women with diabetes prior to delivery and in the postpartum period despite appropriate outpatient glycemic control. Women with poorly controlled diabetes in any trimester have an increased baseline maternal and fetal risk for adverse outcomes. Common indications for antepartum hospitalization of these women include failed outpatient therapy and/or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Inpatient management of DKA is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and remains a common indication for hospitalization of the pregnant woman with diabetes. Changes in maternal physiology increase insulin resistance and the risk for DKA. A systematic approach to its management will be reviewed.
Minocycline blocks nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibition p38 MAP kinase in rat cerebellar granule neurons

Minocycline, a semisynthetic second-generation tetracycline, was reported to have neuroprotective effects in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia, the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington disease, as well as glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in mixed neuronal/glial cultures. It was suggested that neuroprotective effects of minocycline resulted from inhibition of microglial/astroglial activation 'Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 15769'. To determine whether or not minocycline is able to directly protect neurons against injury insults and to delineate its neuroprotective mechanism(s), we treated cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) with nitric oxide (NO) in the presence or absence of minocycline. We found that minocycline protected neurons against NO-induced neuronal death in a concentration-dependent fashion. Consistent to other reports, NO was able to induce p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation at 3-6 h and such an induction could be significantly inhibited by minocycline. Furthermore, SB 203580, a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, almost completely attenuated NO-induced neuronal death of CGN as well. These results suggest that minocycline is able to block NO-induced neurotoxicity in CGN by inhibiting NO-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase. Our finding may explain the neuroprotective mechanism of minocycline in those neurodegenerative models.
OPERA SUBCULTURE AND SUICIDE FOR HONOR

The influence of music-based subcultures on suicidality has been the subject of much debate but little scholarly research.While previous work has documented that suicide is a remarkably frequent cause of death in opera, it has not explored the related consequences on opera'saudience. In particular, the possible influence of the opera subculture on suicide acceptability has been largely unexplored. Suicide in the case of life without honor, the "Madame Butterfly Effect,"is a theme in opera. Persons who are drawn into and/or influenced by the opera subculture of honor are hypothesized to be more accepting of suicide in the case of dishonor to one'sfamily. Data are from the national general social surveys (N = 845).A multivariate logistic regression analysis finds that opera fans are 2.37 times more accepting of suicide because of dishonor than nonfans. Only two variables, religiosity and education, are more closely related to suicide acceptability than opera fanship.These are the first empirical results on ...
Treatment of psoriasis with etanercept in a patient with a history of primary B-cell lymphoma

The use of immunobiologicals that suppress an overly active immune system in psoriasis carries with it the possibility of cancer development as a result of immunosuppression. Patients with a history of malignancy may be at risk for recurrence when treated with immunosuppressive agents. Moreover, autoimmune diseases, such as psoriasis, have been associated with an increased risk of lymphoma. Therefore, risk-benefit assessments must take into account the clinical severity and treatment of psoriasis. We describe a 59-year-old white man with a history of primary B-cell lymphoma, severe recalcitrant plaque-type psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, who was started on etanercept for treatment of his psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The patient has a long history of remission of his lymphoma. After treatment, the patient experienced significant global improvement with essentially complete remission of the cutaneous lesions and arthritis, and had no recurrence of his lymphoma or other systemic complications while on etanercept after follow-up for > 3 years.
Palliative radiation treatment of cutaneous mycosis fungoides--a dose response

Between 1966 and 1981, 20 patients (191 lesions) underwent palliative radiation therapy for control of biopsy-proven cutaneous mycosis fungoides. Six patients (47 lesions) and an additional 34 lesions from the remaining 14 patients with complete response to treatment were excluded from the study because of follow-up of less than one year. Included in the remaining 110 lesions were all recurrences and all partial responses. The modalities for treatment included superficial X rays, Cobalt-60 or electron beam irradiation. The total tumor doses employed ranged from 600-4000 cGy. The 110 lesions (14 patients) were retrospectively analyzed to determine the dose required for local control of the lesions. Fifty-three percent of the lesions were classified as plaques, 20% as tumors less than or equal to 3 cm in diameter, and 27% as tumors greater than 3 cm in diameter. Complete response to treatment was observed in 95% of the plaque lesions, 95% of the tumors less than or equal to 3 cm in diameter and 93% of tumor greater than 3 cm in diameter. A complete response to treatment was noted in all lesions receiving greater than 2000 cGy. In the total population of lesions having a complete response, a local infield recurrence rate of 42% was noted in the group receiving less than or equal to 1000 cGy, 32% in those receiving 1001-2000 cGy, 21% in those receiving 2001-3000 cGy, and 0% in the group receiving greater than 3000 cGy. No infield recurrence was seen when the treated lesion received a total tumor dose greater than or equal to TDF of 49. Of those lesions which recurred, the mean time to recurrence for the first three dose ranges above were 5 months, 10 months and 16 months respectively. Eighty-three percent of the 30 recurrences were seen within one year of treatment; 100% of the recurrences occurred within two years of treatment. The data from this study indicate that tumor doses equivalent to at least 3000 cGy at 200 cGy per fraction, five fractions per week (TDF greater than or equal to 49) are needed for adequate local control of cutaneous mycosis fungoides lesions.
Enlighten Wearable Physiological Monitoring Systems: On-Body RF Characteristics Based Human Motion Classification Using a Support Vector Machine

The real-time health monitoring system is a promising body area network application to enhance the safety of firefighters when they are working in harsh and dangerous environments. Other than monitoring the physiological status of the firefighters, on-body monitoring networks can be also regarded as a candidate solution of motion detection and classification. In this paper, we consider motion classification with features obtained from the on-body radio frequency (RF) channel. Various relevant RF features have been identified and a support vector machine (SVM) has been implemented to facilitate human motion classification. In particular, we distinguish the most frequently appearing human motions of firefighters including standing, walking, running, lying, crawling, climbing, and running upstairs with an average true classification rate of 88.69 percent. Classification performance has been analyzed from three different perspectives including typical classification results, effects of candidate human motions, and effects of on-body sensor locations. We prove that even a subset of available RF features provides an acceptable classification rate, which may result in less computational cost and easier implementation by using our proposed scheme.
An empirical investigation of consumer perceptions of “made in USA” claims

A sample of 400 consumers in a mall intercept copy test were shown one of four print advertisements for two consumer products (one complex, one simple). Two of the advertisements included “made in USA” claims, while the other two advertisements were identical but did not include any country of origin claim. The findings show that, on an unaided basis, made in USA claims are rarely noted, and that the symbol is more closely associated with nationalistic or “country‐related” issues (patriotism, economy/jobs) rather than product‐related issues such as quality. Furthermore, when consumers see the phrase “made in USA” they associate it with both parts and labour, rather than parts or labour alone. Finally, when respondents see the phrase, over half believe that it implies having 100 per cent American parts and labour.
Planning clinical trials to evaluate early detection programmes

SUMMARY The lack of statistical theory for the planning of early detection trials has resulted in current trials being sub-optimal. We develop probability models that address three characteristics of early detection trials: (i) the optimal time of analysis and length of follow-up, (ii) the optimal spacing between examinations, and (iii) the planning of trials where the numbers of examinations versus sample size are balanced for fixed costs. The optimisation criterion is to maximise the power of the statistical test for comparing mortality. Application is made to breast cancer early detection trials.
Cloning and functional characterization of LCR-F1: a bZIP transcription factor that activates erythroid-specific, human globin gene expression

DNase I hypersensitive site 2 (HS 2) of the human beta-globin Locus Control Region (LCR) directs high level expression of the beta-globin gene located 50 kilobases downstream. Experiments in cultured cells and in transgenic mice demonstrate that duplicated AP1-like sites in HS 2 are required for this powerful enhancer activity. A cDNA clone encoding a basic, leucine-zipper protein that binds to these sites was isolated and designated Locus Control Region-Factor 1 (LCR-F1). This protein is a member of a new family of regulatory factors that contain a 63 amino acid 'CNC domain' overlapping the basic region. This domain is approximately 70% identical in the Drosophila Cap N Collar (CNC) protein, NF-E2 and LCR-F1. LCR-F1 transactivates an HS 2/gamma-globin reporter gene over 170-fold in transient transfection experiments specifically in erythroid cells. These results suggest that LCR-F1 may be a critical factor involved in LCR-mediated, human globin gene expression.
Chemical Analysis of the Luminous Slime Secreted by the Marine Worm Chaetopterus (Annelida, Polychaeta)

The marine annelid Chaetopterus variopedatus produces bioluminescence by an unknown and potentially novel mechanism. We have advanced the study of this fascinating phenomenon, which has not been investigated for nearly 60 years after initial studies were first reported for this species. Here, we show that the luminous slime produced by the worm exhibits blue fluorescence that matches the bioluminescence emission. This result suggests that the oxyluciferin emitter is present. However, while the blue fluorescence decays over time green fluorescence is increasingly revealed that is likely associated with products of the luminescence reaction. LC/MS and fluorescence analysis of harvested luminescent material revealed riboflavin as the major green fluorescent component. Riboflavin is usually associated with the mechanism of light production in bacteria, yet luminous bacteria were not found in the worm mucus, and accordingly were not reported to be directly responsible for the light emission, which is under nervous control in the worm. We therefore propose a hypothesis in which riboflavin or a structurally related derivative serves as the emitter in the worm's light producing reaction.
Need Fulfillment and Emotional Experience in Interdependent Romantic Relationships

Drawing from theoretical models of emotion and aspects of interdependence theory, we investigated the association among need fulfillment, relative dependence, and emotional experience within romantic relationships. Daily self-reports of general and relationship-related emotional experience and perceived fulfillment of relationship needs were collected on four consecutive days from participants involved in romantic relationships. Consistent with hypotheses, fulfillment of relationship needs was found to significantly predict emotional experience, with the association at times moderated by the geographic distance of the relationship (local versus long-distance). In addition, participants in relationships characterized by an inequality of dependence experienced less positive and more negative relationship-related emotion than did participants in mutually dependent partnerships.
Application of computers to the treatment of US veterans with aphasia

Background: Over the course of years, a variety of computer programs and related technologies have been developed by clinicians and researchers in the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VA) in an effort to improve understanding of and develop accessible and effective treatment for aphasia. Aims: To review the development of computer‐based speech‐language pathology services in the VA. Methods and Procedures: The efforts of VA clinician‐researchers to develop and test computer‐based speech‐language pathology services are grouped into three areas: remote applications, compensatory applications, and research applications. Outcomes & Results: The work cited in this article illustrates that VA clinician‐researchers have long recognised that the role of technology in aphasia rehabilitation is not simply to increase efficiency and access to care, but also to improve the content of the care we provided to our patients. Conclusions: These efforts are consistent with other attempts in the VA to use r...
Computer evaluation of network dynamics models with application to cell cycle control in budding yeast

Cellular processes are governed by complex networks of interacting genes and proteins. Theoretical molecular biologists attempt to describe these processes via mathematical models by writing biochemical reaction equations. Modellers are building increasingly larger and complex mathematical models to describe these cellular processes, making model evaluation a time consuming and difficult task. The authors describe an automatable process for model evaluation and a software system that implements this process. The software is adaptable to many types of models and is freely available along with all needed data files. The cell cycle control system for budding yeast is known in fine detail and constrained by more than 100 phenotypic observations in mutant strains. As an example, the authors apply their process to a model of cell cycle control in budding yeast containing dozens of regulatory equations and explaining nearly all of the known mutant phenotypes.
Pisces Economicus: The Fish as Economic Man

Since a paradigmatic approach is judged in part by the range of phenomena it can explain, neoclassical microeconomists have no doubt gained assurance about the power of their paradigm by the invasion of economics into a number of related fields, what Hirschleifer (1985) has referred to as the “expanding domain of economics.” Moreover, even beyond these excursions into the provinces of other social sciences concerned with human behavior, economics has also recently expanded into the analysis of animal behavior (cf. Battalio, Kagel, and McDonald, 1985). This development not only adds more scientific prestige to the approach, but allows economists to use research techniques developed in more experimentally oriented disciplines.
Microscopic foundation of tribological failure for fibrous composites

Some thoughts were given to wear rate and frictional force to derive a possible expression in terms of material parameters. Derived equations are based on the concepts of fracture mechanics, delamination physics, molecular kinetics, and thermally activated process. Theories have been tested against friction/wear data of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics.
Interaction with micelles as a driving force for uphill transport of organic cations across ion exchange membranes.

Abstract Uphill transport of L -Dopa and phenylalanine (Phe) across cation-exchange membranes into micelle-containing receiver solutions is reported. With L -Dopa as the analyte in a sample solution at a pH where it is it a zwitterion, preconcentration by a factor of 3.2 ± 0.2 ( n = 5) is observed when 0.10 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is the receiver. When the SDS concentration is varied, preconcentration of L -Dopa is not observed until the critical micelle concentration is reached. Similar results were obtained with Phe as the analyte under conditions where it is protonated in both the sample and receiver. The transport is demonstrated to obey the assumptions required to quantify the results by the fixed-time kinetic method. That is, the amount of Phe transferred from a 200-ml sample across a 10−cm 2 membrane into a 5-ml receiver was directly proportional both to the dialysis time for up to 90-min and to the initial concentration of Phe in the sample when a 60-min dialysis time was used. The latter yielded a constant enrichment factor, 4.8 ± 0.2 ( n = 6), when the sample concentration of Phe was in the range 0.61 m M -6.0 μ M . Means to increase the enrichments to practical values are discussed.
A comparison of histopathologic margin assessment after steel scalpel, monopolar electrosurgery, and ultrasonic scalpel glossectomy in a rat model.

Educational objective At the conclusion of this presentation, the participants should be able to describe the tissue effects of steel scalpel, monopolar electrosurgery, and ultrasonic scalpel glossectomy with respect to histopathologic margin assessment in a rat model. Objectives Histopathologic margin assessment is important in guiding treatment and determining prognosis for squamous cell cancer of the oral tongue. Energy based devices for glossectomy produce varying degrees of tissue distortion and artifact that can influence margin assessment. The purpose of this study is to compare the tissue effects of three surgical methods of glossectomy with respect to margin assessment by a pathologist. Study design Blinded histopathologic study of three surgical techniques for glossectomy using a rat model. Methods The anterior tongue of thirty Sprague-Dawley rats was excised using either steel scalpel, monopolar electrosurgery, or ultrasonic scalpel (three groups of ten). Specimens were fixed in formalin and serially sectioned, and hematoxylin and eosin stains were examined by a pathologist blinded to the surgical procedure. Comparison between surgical techniques with respect to effect on the tissue margin was carried out using a previously described grading system for margin assessment. Results Minimal tissue disruption at the surgical margin was produced by the steel scalpel, in contrast to monopolar electrosurgery and harmonic scalpel, which both produced varying levels of tissue distortion. Margin fragmentation, cautery artifact, and artifact depth was greater with monopolar electrosurgery when compared to harmonic scalpel. Conclusions Energy based devices cause tissue distortion which may in theory effect the ability to accurately assess surgical margins for tumor involvement on histopathology. In our rat model of glossectomy, the harmonic scalpel created less tissue distortion at the surgical margin than monopolar electrosurgery. Further study is required to determine the clinical relevance of these findings.
A new N-glucuronide metabolite of carbamazepine.

An N-glucuronide metabolite of carbamazepine was identified in the bile of the isolated perfused rat liver by means of permethylation, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry.
From Niños to Soviets? Raising Spanish Refugee Children in House No. 1, 1937–1951

In 1937 and 1938, as the bombing of Guernica and northern Spain increased in frequency and intensity, thousands of children boarded ships to safer residences in foreign countries. About 3,000 children, with teachers and caregivers, entered the hastily provisioned Houses for Spanish Children that became their schools, homes, and families. Despite the horrors of war and multiple evacuations, oral historians have shown that overwhelmingly, although not exclusively, ninos’ memories of time spent in the USSR were quite positive. Although the oral histories provide us with many remembrances from the Spaniards, the existing scholarship does not fully explore the Soviet documents to ascertain the intentions in creating and running the special Spanish schools and how they operated for the fifteen-year experiment. A close reading of archival sources show that Soviet authorities removed “bad” influences from the children’s lives and provided a school curriculum and extracurricular activities that modeled proper Soviet behavior and thought. Without adults around who could provide a counter-narrative, Soviets were able to control the remaking of these children into Spanish-Soviet hybrids once it became clear that the children would not be returning to Spain.
On the Nature of Unpolarized Light

All that can be affirmed regarding the nature of unpolarized light is that it shows no preferential polarization. When, for instance, unpolarized light enters a quartz crystal in a direction parallel to the axis, the light is decomposed into right- and left-circularly polarized beams of equal intensity. This was demonstrated experimentally by Fresnel. By the use of right- and left-handed quartz crystals in the two paths of an interferometer, interference effects occur whose nature can be definitely predicted on the assumption of the existence of such circularly polarized components. An experiment of this nature has been performed by Langsdorf and DuBridge, but the experiment, in itself, furnishes no information as to the nature of unpolarized light.
Rapid spine stabilization and synaptic enhancement at the onset of behavioural learning

Behavioural learning depends on the brain's capacity to respond to instructive experience and is often enhanced during a juvenile sensitive period. How instructive experience acts on the juvenile brain to trigger behavioural learning remains unknown. In vitro studies show that forms of synaptic strengthening thought to underlie learning are accompanied by an increase in the stability, number and size of dendritic spines, which are the major sites of excitatory synaptic transmission in the vertebrate brain. In vivo imaging studies in sensory cortical regions reveal that these structural features can be affected by disrupting sensory experience and that spine turnover increases during sensitive periods for sensory map formation. These observations support two hypotheses: first, the increased capacity for behavioural learning during a sensitive period is associated with enhanced spine dynamics on sensorimotor neurons important for the learned behaviour; second, instructive experience rapidly stabilizes and strengthens these dynamic spines. Here we report a test of these hypotheses using two-photon in vivo imaging to measure spine dynamics in zebra finches, which learn to sing by imitating a tutor song during a juvenile sensitive period. Spine dynamics were measured in the forebrain nucleus HVC, the proximal site where auditory information merges with an explicit song motor representation, immediately before and after juvenile finches first experienced tutor song. Higher levels of spine turnover before tutoring correlated with a greater capacity for subsequent song imitation. In juveniles with high levels of spine turnover, hearing a tutor song led to the rapid ( approximately 24-h) stabilization, accumulation and enlargement of dendritic spines in HVC. Moreover, in vivo intracellular recordings made immediately before and after the first day of tutoring revealed robust enhancement of synaptic activity in HVC. These findings suggest that behavioural learning results when instructive experience is able to rapidly stabilize and strengthen synapses on sensorimotor neurons important for the control of the learned behaviour.
PARANATAL INFLUENCES ON MATERNAL‐INFANT ATTACHMENT

This paper reviews recent literature relating to effects on mother-infant attachment of events during pregnancy, birth, and the post-partum period. It is suggested that, for the sake of the physical and emotional well-being of child and mother, medical and technological interventions be held to a minimum during this time. Recommendations are made for the restructuring of routine professional practice.
An APQC-PCF based framework to compare service offerings in business transformation projects

In the services market for business transformation, a pressing problem for customers is that they cannot easily compare software and service vendors. The root of the problem is that tools, methods and content offerings are not only represented without a common terminology but also there is lack of a common delivery-oriented framework to compare such offerings. In this paper, we propose to fill this gap by enhancing APQC's Process Classification Framework (APQC for short), a well-known standard for terminology on process definitions, to become such a common framework. Specifically, our extensions comprise of: (a) an enrichment of APQC terminology created by analyzing hundreds of process documentation from live client projects, (b) an addition to the enriched APQC to map data sources from different vendors, and (c) an addition to the enriched APQC to map heterogeneous business transformation methodologies. A prototype tool, discussed in the paper, then uses these extensions to provide the capability to a customer to scope the business landscape of interest, tailor the methods, compare tools, and integrate content across hither-to insurmountable vendor boundaries. The presented approach lays the basis for a new generation of tools being developed in IBM to accelerate SAP and Oracle business transformation projects.
Comparative measures of effectiveness in farm-level soil conservation

. Agricultural soil erosion is serious in developed and developing countries alike. Soil runoff can diminish long-term land productivity and accompanying sedimentation of waterways contributes to flooding and substantially reduces both water quality and the useful life of reservoirs and irrigation works. To design effective erosion control policies, planners need to be able to evaluate conservation efforts by fanners. The research reported here develops comparative measures of conservation effectiveness using the management factors of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. These factors measure the effectiveness of farmers' existing conservation practices and can help policymakers identify the regions and types of farms which are not using effective erosion control measures, enabling them to direct scarce personnel and funds to areas where they are most needed.
Studies Of Rapid Dynamics Of 2,4-Hexadiyne By The Pump-Pump Picosecond Laser Mass Spectrometric Technique

The dynamics of energy redistribution in multiphoton ionization dissociation (MPID) of 2,4-hexadiyne have been studied with a two-color picosecond laser mass spectrometric technique. Two picosecond lasers, (25 ps fwhm) the 266 nm and 532 nm outputs of a Nd:YAG laser are used as the two pump sources in this experiment. By monitoring the parent and daughter ions as a function of a variable delay between the two pump lasers, dynamic information about energy redistribution in the electronic states of the molecule and the parent ion responsible for the formation of the different daughter ions may be obtained.
Polyamine biosynthetic decarboxylase activities following estradiol-17β or estriol stimulation of the immature rat uterus

Abstract Following a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 μg estradiol-17β (E2) into immature female rats uterine ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity increased to a peak at 4 hours postinjection. It decreased to intermediate levels by 6 hours and remained elevated until returning to control levels by 18 hours. When either 0.5 μg estriol (E3) or 0.05 μg E2 was injected, activity increased to a 4 hour ODC peak then decreased to control levels by 10 hours. The decrease to intermediate levels of ODC activity after dosing with 0.5 μg E2 occurred at the same time activity decreased to control levels following treatment with either 0.05 μg E2 or 0.5 μg E3. S-Adenosyl methionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) activity had increased by 4 hours following an injection of 0.5 μg E2 and remained elevated until 16 hours then decreased to control levels. An injection of 0.05 μg E2 or 0.5 μg E3 stimulated only a 4 hour peak after which time SAMDC decreased to control levels by 14 hours. After an Injection of 5.0 μg E2 SAMDC activity had increased by 4 hours and remained elevated for the remainder of the experiment (16 hours). Decreases in ODC activity following 4 and 10 hours may reflect a decrease in nuclear estrogen receptor levels. The ODC activity seen here following 0.5 μg E2 injection is similar in timing to that seen in other proliferating systems and may be due to a common mechanism.
Successful desensitization to carboplatin in patients with systemic hypersensitivity reactions

Carboplatin is the drug of choice for the treatment of nonresectable astrocytomas in children, but patients who are intolerant may require cranial irradiation which is associated with significant morbidity. Hypersensitivity reactions, including urticaria, bronchospasm, and hypotension, have been reported in 1% to 30% of patients treated with carboplatin. Although a few patients have attempted to continue therapy following pretreatment with antihistamines and corticosteroids, most have had recurrent severe reactions and have discontinued therapy. Two children with a history of severe systemic reactions to carboplatin were pretreated with 1 to 2 mg/kg of oral prednisolone the night before and the morning of their infusion. The initial desensitization was carried out in the intensive care unit (ICU) using doses of 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, and 50 mg of carboplatin infused at 1 mg/min every 15 minutes. This was well-tolerated and the remainder of the dose was infused at the standard rate of 200 mg/hr. One patient continued to receive infusions in the clinic without any difficulty. The other patient tolerated a second infusion, but during his third he experienced a systemic reaction that required discontinuation of the infusion and treatment with diphenhydramine. Desensitization was repeated in the ICU with pretreatment with prednisolone, diphenhydramine, and ranitidine, starting with 0.1 mg of carboplatin, and increasing more slowly than in the first protocol. This was well-tolerated, and subsequent infusions have been administered beginning with 1 mg doses without adverse effects. Both boys continued therapy with carboplatin; their astrocytomas are stable and they are clinically well. The use of the desensitization protocol enabled them to avoid cranial irradiation and improved their chances for normal neurologic development.
The hydration and solvent polarization effects of nucleotide bases

A combined Monte Carlo quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) simulation method is used to determine the free energy of hydration and the solvent polarization effect for the nucleotide bases. In the present AM1/TIP3P model, the solute molecule is characterized by valence electrons and effective nucleus cores with Hartree-Fock molecular orbital theory incorporating a solute-solvent interaction Hamiltonian. It is found that polarization energy contributes up to 37%-61% of the total solute-solvent interaction for the systems considered. The computed free energies of hydration are compared with previous theoretical results.
On the control of asynchronous sequential machines with infinite cycles

The problem of eliminating the effects of infinite cycles on asynchronous sequential machines is considered in a control theoretic context. The main objective is to develop state feedback controllers that stop infinite cycles in an existing asynchronous machine, while controlling the machine to match a prescribed model. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such controllers are derived in terms of an inequality condition between two numerical matrices. The results include an algorithm for the characterization of all infinite cycles of a given machine as well as an algorithm for the construction of appropriate controllers, whenever they exist.
Specific suppression by anti-binding site antibody.

Heterologous antisera against the binding site of different phosphorylcholine BALB/c myeloma proteins, TEPC-15, MOPC-167, and McPC-603, were prepared by absorption on TEPC-15-Sepharose in the presence of hapten. The binding of the absorbed anti-TEPC-15 to 125I-(Fab)2 TEPC-15 is inhibitable by unlabeled phosphorylcholine myeloma proteins and by hapten. The anti-binding site sera were added to BALB/c spleen cells in culture before immunization against phosphorylcholine (PC) or HRBC. The sera raised against TEPC-15 and McPC-603 suppressed the response to PC specifically. These data indicate that the antigen-binding site of receptors on immunocompetent cells is the target for specific suppression induced by anti-receptor antibody.
Refractive-index measurements of single micron-sized carbon particles

The differential scattering cross section for single carbon particles is measured in the visible. The data are mathematically inverted to obtain the complex index of refraction and particle radius.
Augmented Reality User Interface for Mobile Robots With Manipulator Arms: Development, Testing, and Qualitative Analysis

Augmented Reality (AR) combines real-world visual data with an overlay of computer graphics, enhancing the original video feed. AR can improve communication between robots and users via an intuitive spatial and visual dialogue, making it an attractive tool for teleoperated robot user interfaces (UIs). Many Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) teleoperation tasks require both chassis navigation and manipulator arm control; however existing literature usually focuses on one task or the other, so there exists a gap in mobile robot UIs that take advantage of AR for both navigation and manipulation. This work describes the development and initial testing of a low-cost alpha-design UI for a teleoperated mobile manipulation task that uses AR technology to help the user feel more present in the robot’s environment. The results of the initial user tests are to be used to guide the future development of the user interface.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
The COH2 reaction on RhAl2O3: I. Steady-state and transient kinetics

Abstract Various hydrogen titrations yield the surface composition of Rh Al 2 O 3 during the CO H 2 reaction at temperatures in the range 180–260 °C. There is a very small amount of active carbon Ca, 0.02–0.06 monolayer, and 0.70–0.98 monolayer of CO on the metal surface. The coverage of H is low. Also present are inactive carbon Cβ on the metal and formate species on the support. The surface coverages are consistent with the observed steady-state kinetics, which result in methane as the predominant product. Although the rate-limiting step may be the dissociation of surface CO, it is found that the reaction sequence passes through a small coverage of highly active surface carbon Cα
Comparison of Traditional and Fermented Soybean Meals as Alternatives to Fish Meal in Hybrid Striped Bass Feeds

Abstract Soybean meal is one of the most common fish meal alternatives used in aquafeeds because of its high protein density, favorable amino acid profile, comparatively low price, and widespread availability. However, palatability issues and antinutritional factors limit soybean meal inclusion, particularly in feeds for carnivorous fishes. Various processing strategies, including fermentation, may offer some advantage in terms of reducing or eliminating antinutritional factors while enhancing protein content, improving protein absorption rate, and feed intake. Accordingly, we assessed production performance of juvenile hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops × Striped Bass M. saxatilis) fed diets containing 30% menhaden fish meal, or reduced or fish-meal-free feeds (0, 5, or 10% fish meal) containing traditional soybean meal (47.5% crude protein) or PepSoyGen fermented soybean meal (52.0% crude protein) as the principal sources of dietary protein. Each dietary treatment was fed to quadruplicate t...
FIST: A Fast, Lightweight, FPGA-Friendly Packet Latency Estimator for NoC Modeling in Full-System Simulations

FIST (Fast Interconnect Simulation Techniques) is a fast and simple packet latency estimator to replace time-consuming detailed Network-on-Chip (NoC) models in full-system performance simulators. FIST combines ideas from analytical network modeling and execution-driven simulation models. The main idea is to abstractly model each router as a load-delay curve and sum load-dependent delay at each visited router to obtain a packet's latency by tracking each router's load at runtime. The resulting latency estimator can accurately capture subtle load-dependent behaviors of a NoC but is much simpler than a full-blown execution-driven model. We study two variations of FIST in the context of a software-based, cycle-level simulation of a tiled chip-multiprocessor (CMP). We evaluate FIST's accuracy and performance relative to the CMP simulator's original execution-driven 2D-mesh NoC model. A static FIST approach (trained offline using uniform random synthetic traffic) achieves less than 6% average error in packet latency and up to 43x average speedup for a 16x16 mesh. A dynamic FIST approach that adds periodic online training reduces the average packet latency error to less than 2% and still maintains an average speedup of up to 18x for a 16x16 mesh. Moreover, an FPGA-based realization of FIST can simulate 2D-mesh networks up to 24x24 nodes, at 3 to 4 orders of magnitude speedup over software-based simulators.