cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How content contributors assess and establish credibility on the web

The proliferation of user-generated content (UGC) is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Web 2.0. Internet users contribute content online through platforms such as blogs, wikis, video sharing sites, and sites that allow user feedback. Yet little is known of the credibility practices of these content contributors. Through phone interviews conducted with 29 online content contributors, this study investigates how content contributors assess credibility when gathering information for their online content creation and mediation activities, as well as the strategies they use to establish the credibility of the content they create. These contributors reported that they engaged in content creation activities such as posting or commenting on blogs or online forums, rating or voting on online content, and uploading photos, music, or video. We found that credibility judgments made when gathering information for online content creation and mediation activities could be grouped into three levels: intuitive, heuristic, and strategy-based. We identified three distinctive ways of establishing credibility that are applied during different phases of content contribution: ensuring credibility during the content creation phase; signaling credibility during the content presentation phase; and reinforcing credibility during the post-production phase. We also discovered that content contributors tend to carry over the strategies they used for assessing credibility during information gathering to their strategies for establishing the credibility of their own content. Theoretical implications for credibility research and practical implications for developing information literacy programs are discussed.
Development and mother-infant relations among captive patas monkeys

Generalizations about the rate of behavioral development and mother-infant relations in nonhuman primates are often based largely on observations of a few closely related species of macaques. Patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)are sufficiently distant phylogenetically and distinct in their social and ecological adaptations from the well-studied macaque species that observations of their patterns of infant development and mother-infant relations may indicate to what extent macaque patterns are typical of Old World monkey species. Eight patas infants living with their mothers in an established captive group were observed for 960 hr over the first year of life. These infants showed a rapid rate of behavioral development and attainment of independence from mothers. Patas also have one of the fastest rates of sexual maturation of any Old World monkey species. This pattern of rapid social and sexual development can be viewed as a response to a highly seasonal savannah environment in which there is a premium on ability to achieve nutritional, locomotor, and social self-sufficiency as quickly as possible and to reproduce as early and as often as developmental constraints will permit. Patterns of infant development and mother-infant relations may be best understood as an integral part of a species’ overall life history pattern.
The early magnetic field and primeval satellite system of the Moon: clues to planetary formation

From the stable remanent magnetization of the Apollo igneous rocks and high-grade breccias the existence of a primeval lunar magnetic field was inferred. The palaeointensities of the samples rise rapidly to a maximum at 3.9 Ga, then decrease exponentially to 3.2 Ga, strongly suggesting that the Moon had a field generated in a core, the existence of which was inferred from its non-hydrostatic figure. Modelling of the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellite magnetic anomalies, by P. J. Coleman, L. L. Hood and C. T. Russell, gave palaeomagnetic directions of crustal strata. This enabled N pole positions to be calculated, which were empirically found to form three bipolar groups, the mean poles of which define (on the core dynamo hypothesis) three axes of rotation different from the present. These were dated as Pre-Nectarian, Lower Nectarian, and Upper Nectarian-Imbrian. Multi-ring basins of these ages were found to lie close to the corresponding palaeo-equators. The impacting bodies were therefore satellites, not asteroids or comets. Their velocities, before collision, can be shown (from basin asymmetries) to be nearly equatorial. The consequent changes in the moment of inertia tensor by basin formation caused these successive reorientations of the Moon relative to its axis of rotation in space. The three mean poles form a 90° spherical triangle. The explanation is that the Moon had three satellites: the orbits of each decayed, they broke up at the Roche limit into smaller bodies, which produced impact basins near the equator. The Moon then reorientated according to Euler’s principle before the next group of impacts. Lunar palaeomagnetism, and especially the inferences that the Moon has an iron core that segregated late and had a primeval satellite system, may provide important constraints on theories of lunar and planetary formation.
The Phonological and Metaphonological Representation of Speech: Evidence from Fluent Backward Talkers

Abstract The psychological representation of phonemes and syllables was examined with a special group of subjects who voluntarily and rapidly rearrange speech units (i.e., “talk backward”). Each subject clearly used a primarily sound- or spelling-based representation to talk backward, and the present work focused on the sound-based skill. Backward speech differed from a total acoustic reversal: 12 subjects reordered phonemic units, and one reordered syllables. These speech units proved to be abstract to some degree, and hierarchically organized. However, the representation used in backward speech differed from the primary phonological system. It appeared to be a metaphonological system based on phonology but occasionally influenced also by orthography. Phonological principles seem to set lower limits for the size of units, and orthographic principles seem to set upper limits. A model of speech processing that includes both a primary, phonological, and a secondary, metaphonological level of representation is proposed.
Development and verification of compact transient heat exchanger models using transient effectiveness methodologies

Abstract Heat exchangers are important units in HVAC systems, such as the cooling systems used in data centers. The effectiveness of the heat exchangers significantly influences the thermal performance and energy efficiency of the cooling systems. Normally, the heat exchangers are designed for steady state operations. However, under practical working conditions, the events of changing operational conditions and working load may influence temperature and mass flow rate variations to the heat exchangers. For instance, typically data centers are dynamically operated due to the time and temperature dependent workload allocations. Therefore, the heat exchangers used in a data center operate under transient scenarios. Therefore, it is important to characterize the dynamic response of the heat exchanger. In this study, two compact transient modeling methods for heat exchangers are proposed. A transient effectiveness concept and model are used to develop transient modeling methodologies. Also, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) heat exchanger models are developed using the compact transient methodologies. Verifications of the CFD compact models are carried out by comparing them with physics based thermal dynamic heat exchanger models and experimental measurements. The results show good agreement. Different heat exchanger configurations, including counter flow and cross flow heat exchangers are modeled and verified. The transient response of the heat exchanger under temperature variation, mass flow rate variation, and multiple variation combination scenarios are performed using the CFD compact models.
Trapping Reaction in Low Dimensions: Steady-State Self-Organization

The trapping problem A + T → T at steady state, where T is a fixed trap, exhibits anomalous properties in low dimensions, due to a reactant self-organization. For a spectral dimension ds < 2, we find an anomalous partial order of reaction relative to the trap concentration, X = 2/ds. This anomaly is related to a general self-organization phenomenon also occurring for other bimolecular reactions.
Enhanced Toxicity of Ozone-Hydrogen Peroxide Mixtures.

Abstract Concern over enhanced toxicity of air pollutant mixtures has led to the experimental demonstration that hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 in concentrations of a few ppm killed animals after a brief exposure when inhaled with a nonlethal concentration (1 ppm) of ozone (O3). It was possible also to demonstrate a moderate degree of protection against otherwise lethal doses of H202, by a single prior exposure to H2O2. Moreover, cross tolerance against the organic peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide was afforded also by a prior exposure to H202. Particularly noteworthy, was a tolerance produced by a prior exposure to O3 to mixtures of H202 and O3, despite the fact that such mixtures normally show enhanced toxicity.
Similarities and Differences in Women's Sexual Assault Experiences Based on Tactics Used by the Perpetrator:

Only a few studies have examined the characteristics of sexual assault based on the tactics used by the perpetrator. In this study we compared the experiences of women who were forced to engage in vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse due to verbal coercion, physical force, or intoxication. Random-digit dialing was used to obtain a sample of 272 single African American and Caucasian women between the ages of 18 and 49 from the Detroit metropolitan area. Participants completed a computer-assisted self-interview that asked detailed questions about a past sexual assault and their reactions to it. Among the 139 women who were forced to engage in vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse, sexual assaults that involved physical force produced the most severe negative outcomes. Situations that involved the woman being too intoxicated to resist differed from others primarily in terms of how much alcohol the man and woman consumed. Although all types of sexual assault were perceived as being at least moderately serious, verbally coerced assaults were on average perceived as being least serious. These findings suggest that the perpetrators' tactics affect women's responses to sexual assault.
FACTORS INFLUENCING DIAGNOSIS (DX) OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT (VSD) BY PULSED DOPPLER ECHOCARDIO-GRAPHY (PDE)

The DX of VSD by PDE can be made by following the harsh VSD jet through the ventricular septum (IVS). The presence of a discrete jet in the right ventricular(RV) apex is presumptive evidence of a low or muscular VSD. 31 youngsters with catheterization proven left to right shunt through isolated VSD were examined by PDE to determine factors influencing ability to DX VSD by PDE. In 24/31, the turbulent VSD jet could be followed through the IVS. In 7/31, harsh systolic flow was found on the RV side of IVS but could not be followed through the IVS. Two of these were apical RV jets, and had a small apical VSD at cath, and 1/7 was a VSD obscured by the tricuspid valve. Four of the 7 were in the usual location, but had higher pulmonary resistance*, pulmonary to systemic resistance ratios**(560±258dynes-sec-cm−5*, 1/7±1.5**) and subjectively less pulmonary artery turbulence by PDE than those whose VSD jets could be followed across the IVS (247±227 dynes-sec-cm−5*. 1/14±5.8**). p=.05*, p=.01**. The DX of VSD by PDE was made in 26/31 youngsters with known VSD, 84%;. The DX could not be made in one whose VSD was under the tricuspid valve, and in 4 whose VSD's were high, but were associated with high resistance. The turbulence of the VSD jet is a useful guide in following VSD flow across the IVS; diminution of turbulence, as may be expected with high pulmonary resistance, may compromise the ability to follow the VSD jet across the IVS.
Carcinoid Tumors and Pregnancy: Case Report and Review of the Literature

The management of a pregnancy complicated by carcinoid tumor depends on the primary site and if serotonin is being produced by the tumor. Appendiceal carcinoid tumors are frequently an incidental finding and typically do not require further evaluation. Based on a review of the literature, pregnancies complicated by carcinoid tumors appear to have a good prognosis. However, there may be an increased incidence of adverse perinatal outcome associated with pregnancies complicated by carcinoid syndrome. These patients require proper counseling, fetal surveillance, and follow-up. A case report and review of the literature is presented.
SOT Conference at Nashville, Tennessee

Derek Gammon of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation reports on this year’s conference of the Society of Toxicology held from 17–21 March 2002
Information trustworthiness evaluation based on trust combination

Publishing information in a virtual organization (VO) has become too easy due to low barriers; hence development of novel mechanisms to assess the quality of collected information has become a necessity. An evaluator makes such an assessment based on the trust he/she places on the information. This paper presents a model for evaluating information trustworthiness in a data-intensive VO.When some information is derived from various data items gathered from multiple sources (each data item is called an object as used together with the term, subject), it is possible that no data value (called a version of the object) satisfies an evaluator's requirement with regard to information quality, if they are evaluated separately. According to the principle of object trust combination, if the final values of an object calculated by using significantly different methods are similar, then the evaluator places higher level of trust in the results. Intuitively, different versions of the same object that are calculated in different ways but have similar values provides "multiple-proofs" towards their correctness. We assume that a subject has no conflicting information on a given object.This paper uses a formal data structure to represent how a given piece of information (object version) has been formed and develops algorithms (see Section 4) to compare the component structure similarity/dissimilarity between two object versions. This helps in calculating the final trust values of the object.
Matrix Effects on the Fragmentation of Vitamin B12 in Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry

A continuing effort in mass spectrometry is to optimize desorption/ionization processes in order to enhance analyte ion yields and reduce fragmentation. The effect of small carbohydrate and amino acid matrices on the yield of secondary ions from vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) was examined using plasma desorption mass spectrometry. The extent of the corrin decomposition is dependent upon the matrix-to-analyte ratio. The enhanced yields of the high-mass fragment ion [M–CN + H]+ and the ions corresponding to protonated molecules, however, are dependent upon both the matrix-to-analyte ratio and the nature of the matrix. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing model representations of stratospheric equatorial waves

Some westward-propagating Rossby-gravity waves and eastward Kelvin waves can travel up through the atmosphere following their formation in the tropical troposphere. Once they reach the stratosphere, these waves dissipate, releasing their energy. Known as stratospheric equatorial waves, these Rossby-gravity and Kelvin waves are an important aspect driving the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), a roughly monthly reversal, in the direction of the equatorial stratospheric winds. Similar to other atmospheric systems, such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation or the North Atlantic Oscillation, the phase of the QBO affects global weather patterns, particularly in North America and western Europe.
Practicing what We Preach: Focusing on Behavior Modification and Language Enhanced Curriculum in a Multicultural Classroom

(1996). Practicing what We Preach: Focusing on Behavior Modification and Language Enhanced Curriculum in a Multicultural Classroom. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 387-389.
Inactivation of Primary Antioxidant Enzymes in Mouse Keratinocytes by Photodynamically Generated Singlet Oxygen

Cellular antioxidant enzymes protect against damage caused by exposure to endogenous or exogenous prooxidants. Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a reactive form of oxygen that can be produced in vivo either ...
Social problem solving training for African Americans: Effects on dietary problem solving skill and DASH diet-related behavior change

Abstract Objective Hypertension continues to take its toll on millions of African Americans. Adhering to an eating plan called Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) can significantly lower blood pressure. This study examined whether problem solving training in addition to education on DASH is more effective than education alone to help African Americans in an urban community college setting solve their own dietary problems and change eating behaviors that could affect blood pressure. Methods A randomized, two groups, multiple post-test design was used. All participants ( N = 78, 59% female) completed a Problem Solving Instrument immediately post-intervention and a follow-up Telephone Interview 2 weeks later. Results Fewer than half had normal blood pressure on screening. The Experimental Group identified and implemented significantly higher quality solutions to the second of their two problems than the Control Group. The intervention effect was the greatest for participants with blood pressure screenings above normal. Conclusion Problem solving training combined with nutrition information may help African Americans to deal more effectively with dietary problems especially when the problems are complex or less well-defined. Practice implications Dietary interventions that include a focus on everyday problem solving as well as knowledge acquisition can be developed in clinical, community health, school, and worksite settings.
Multi-level security in database management systems

Multi-level secure database management system (MLS-DBMS) security requirements are defined in terms of the view of the database presented to users with different authorizations. These security requirements are intended to be consistent with DoD secure computing system requirements. An informal security policy for a multi-level secure database management system is outlined, and mechanisms are introduced that support the policy. Security constraints are the mechanism for defining classification rules, and query modification is the mechanism for implementing the classification policy. These mechanisms ensure that responses to users' queries can be assigned classifications which will make them observable to the querying users.
A light-weight cache-based fault detection and checkpointing scheme for MPSoCs enabling relaxed execution synchronization

While technology advances have made MPSoCs a standard architecture for embedded systems, their applicability is increasingly being challenged by dramatic increases in the amount of device failures that may occur during execution. Conventional fault tolerance techniques employ a duplication-and-comparison strategy to detect arbitrary execution faults, as well as a checkpointing-and-rollback strategy to recover from the faulty state. Comparison and checkpointing are performed either at task level, thus imposing a large amount of overhead in verifying and backing up memory pages, or at instruction level, thus necessitating a lock-step execution model which significantly limits the attainable performance. To overcome the shortcomings of both strategies, in this paper we propose a cache-based fault tolerance scheme wherein the comparison and checkpointing process is performed at the cache-memory interface. By allowing two processors that execute duplicated tasks to share a single data cache, the proposed scheme is able to verify execution results before writing them back into memory, thus protecting the memory from being polluted by execution faults. This in turn significantly reduces the checkpointing overhead. Meanwhile, since only the data written into memory are compared, the strict instruction-by-instruction synchronization model used in multithreading processors can be relaxed. The simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme only imposes a performance overhead ranging from 1.4% to 10.4%, while both fault detection and execution checkpointing can be effectively attained.
Photon irradiation-induced structural and interfacial phenomena in pure and alio-valently doped zirconia thin films

We report on the effect of ultra-violet (UV) irradiation on structural and interfacial phenomena in pure and doped zirconia thin film grown by physical vapour deposition. Interfacial layer formation by substrate oxidation and resultant densification of zirconia layer was found in yttria-doped zirconia (YDZ) films grown on Si, while no change was observed in identical films grown on Ge. A comparison of un-doped zirconia and YDZ films indicates yttria-doping significantly assists structural changes during UV irradiation. Interestingly, the effect of UV photons becomes minimal at ∼300°C in films grown on Si, while the effect of UV becomes more pronounced in YDZ films grown on Ge. An interfacial layer was formed between the YDZ and Ge substrate at 300°C in the presence of UV irradiation, in contrast to the sharp interface maintained, even after annealing at 300°C, without UV. The results suggest that photon irradiation may be an elegant approach to tailor structural and interfacial properties at near-atomic l...
Study of the reorientation kinetics of OH− dipoles in alkali halides by optical methods

Abstract The reorientation kinetics of OH − dipoles in various alkali halides were studied by measurements of the time dependence of the electric field induced optical dichroism of the u.v. absorption. For temperatures below 5°K reorientation by 90° transitions and one-phonon relaxation ( τ r ∝ T −1 ) were found predominant, while for T > 5°K a ( τ r ∝ T −4 )-relation indicates multiphonon processes.
Some Issues in Transportation Policy: Problems in Preference Articulation

This paper addresses questions having implications for policy analysis that are concerned with political-economic problems of improving the performance of the U.S. transportation system. Attention is focused on problems of instituting market and political mechanisms for articulating preferences for transportation. The following issues are addressed: development of transportation meta plans (plan for making plans and policy decisions) at national, state, and local levels; pricing and regulations as related to user chrges, cross-subsidizing captive rail shippers, and rail car shortages; jurisdictional boundaries, specifically geographic and agency boundaries; adjustment to energy situation, i.e., market problem, energy efficient railroads, conservation practices, and regulation of oil use; settlement pattens regarding transportation and energy; wonership and property rights related to transportation, including pipelines; and observation of political practice with regard to settlement patterns, cross-subsidies, rationalization, ownership, substitute service, benefit-cost analysis, public hearings, and implementation. The author's purpose was to pose these questions and not to answer them; because there is no unique optimum transportation system. It was concluded that neither the market nor the political process is very effective as mechnisms for preference articulation for such complex products as the national transportation system. While good applied political-economic analysis will not produce a perfect system, it can make a useful contribution. To be useful, economic analysis must be tuned into the reality of the political system.
Sources of systematic errors in line intensities

Line intensities obtained from absorption lines in or near the linear region of the curve of growth depend on the values implicitly or explicitly assumed for the linewidths and spectral resolution. These effects are illustrated by analyzing simulated weak Lorentz-shaped lines. Line intensities obtained by assuming an incorrect linewidth or spectral resolution contain systematic errors.
Acute opiate withdrawal in rats undernourished during infancy: impact of the undernutrition method.

Abstract Acute morphine withdrawal was assessed in adult rats following early postnatal undernutrition produced by two different methods (Large Litter procedure—20 pups/litter and Modified Slob procedure—rats cross-fostered on days 2, 4, and 6 to nonlactating dams for 24-hour periods). Response rates were first stabilized on a FR16 operant schedule. A single dose of morphine (20 mg/kg) was then administered, followed 4 h later by a single injection of naloxone (2.5 mg/kg). Males reared in large litters showed little behavioral disruption after morphine, suggesting either insensitivity to the opiate or the rapid development of tolerance. After naloxone, Modified Slob males displayed milder withdrawal than those in the well-nourished control or large litter groups. Thus the method of undernutrition influenced morphine's action and expression of withdrawal. A clear sex difference was also evident, females appearing to be generally less sensitive to the opiate- and naloxone-induced withdrawal than males. Body temperature underwent a characteristic elevation following morphine and a depression following naloxone across all groups, but undernutrition did not affect these responses. Hence, behavior proved to be the more sensitive measure for revealing differences in opiate dependence and withdrawal following early life undernutrition, under the test conditions employed.
Computer simulation studies of the soliton model: 3. Non-continuum regimes and soliton interactions

Abstract We continue the study of the sine-Gordon soliton model, performing stochastic molecular dynamics computer simulations for a wide range of both temperatures and coupling constants. We find three general regimes of behaviour: the continuum limit or non-interacting regime; the pinned or transition-state-theory (TST) limit, where soliton-phonon interactions are important; and the general non-continuum regime, where soliton-soliton interactions of ‘multiple soliton effects’ are important. In the non-continuum regime, the correlation function changes as a function of temperature and coupling constant. We expect that this will lead to deviations from the continuum limit temperature scaling and soliton energy scaling observed in the dynamics of sine-Gordon systems.
CELL‐LINED, NONWOVEN MICROFIBER SCAFFOLDS AS A BLOOD INTERFACE*

In order to provide blood-compatible interfaces for artificial vascular prostheses, technology has proceeded along several lines, including the use of (1) synthetic materials such as neutral, ionic and polarized polymers and pyrolytic carbons; ( 2 ) additive containing materials such as heparin; ( 3 ) hydrogels; (4) woven and nonwoven fiber scaffolds lined with cells or fibrin; and ( 5 ) composites of the above.', Although fiber scaffolds (in the form of porous woven or knitted fabrics) have been in use for many years, healing is somewhat capricious and is always preceded by the formation of a fibrin coagulum that subsequently undergoes organization and may or may not give rise to a healed endothelium. The use of porous prostheses permits flexion of the vessel as well as adherence of the fibrin coagulum and the potential for transinterstices growth of tissue, which, it is hoped, will lead to a healed pseudointima. Since adherence of the pseudointima (whether cellular or fibrin) and healing depends to a great extent on the surface characteristics and porosity of the p r o s t h e s i ~ , ~ ~ ~ many types of surfaces have been developed (woven, knitted, velours, flocks, lattices, etc.) to promote better healing. Emphasis recently has been on the production of prostheses with smaller fibers and pores such as "Weavnit," 0 "Microknit," lo and "Warpknit" for clinical application. On the experimental side, in recent years nonwoven microfiber scaffolds have been produced as an alternative to woven and knitted prostheses. Heart-assist devices must of necessity be nonporous, given the nature of the pneumatic pumps. Since blood pumps have large surfaces exposed to the blood, the potential for thrombus, degradation of blood proteins, and hemolysis is great. To circumvent these problems, fabric-lined pumps have been developed.15-?'I However, such nonporous prostheses or pumps permit no growth of cells except from the natural vessel at the anastomotic line. Since this neointima comes only from the intima or media of the vessels at the suture line in both heart assists or in arterial grafts,'l production of cellular pseudointimas before implantation of the devices would be beneficial. Various methods of pseudointima production have been attempted, including: (1) the use of tissue fragments,16* *O ( 2 ) trypsinization of organs, viscera, and so on, followed by immediate seeding of prostheses with dispersed cells,'o (3) derivation of cells from tissues followed by cultivation in vitro and seeding of subcultured 22-35 Numerous cell sources for culture-derived pseudointimas have been tried, including skin,li, ** arteries," veins,19, 20, 2 2 subcutaneous tissue,l9, 20 lung,162 n pleura,'? fascia,'? granulation tissue,lg~ 2'1 28 bone marrow,lQ macrophages,'3 pericardiurn,'O. 22 fibro-
Pathological echoic responses in a child: Effect of environmental mand and tact control☆

Abstract Echoic and nonechoic verbal responses of a 5-year old boy with pathological echolalia were recorded throughout 15 sessions with a teacher in a nursery playroom. The teacher's verbal behavior—classified as mand and tact responses—was also recorded. The child's echoic and nonechoic responses were found to be related to the teacher's mand and tact responses in the following manner: when tact responses were more frequent than mand responses, echoic responses were more frequent than nonechoic; when mand responses were more frequent than tact responses, nonechoic responses were more frequent than echoic responses. This study adds to previous general observations that pathological echoic responses are subject to environmental controls. It is suggested, however, that normal and pathological echoic responses can be best studied within the context of specific functional relations existing between the verbal repertoire of the child and verbal behavior in the environment. The application of operant conditioning procedures for eliciting normal verbal behavior must take into account these functional relations.
Dextromethorphan protects against cerebral infarction in a rat model of hypoxia-ischemia.

We assessed the cerebral protective effects of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dextromethorphan (DM; 10-35 mg/kg i.p.) in 8-day-old rats that were subjected to brain hypoxia-ischemia by tying one carotid artery and placing them in 8% O2-92% N2 for 2 h. Light microscopic examination of brains perfused one week after the insult revealed that all control animals developed a frank infarction with cavitation and brain shrinkage in the middle cerebral artery territory. There was a highly significant decrease in the incidence of frank infarction in DM-pre-treated pups vs saline-treated littermates, although there was no clear relationship between drug dose and the degree of brain protection. DM and its active metabolite dextrorphan may prove to be clinically useful in protecting against hypoxia-ischemia.
Sociopolitical and Personality Correlates of Militarism in Democratic Societies

This article synthesizes research on the sociopolitical and personality constructs that most frequently correlated with militarism in the published social science research literature between 1931 and 2007. The reviewed research includes diverse definitions and assessment measures for each highlighted construct featured in studies conducted with various types of participants in several different democratic societies. The principal sociopolitical correlates of militarism included conservatism, nationalism, religiosity, patriotism–blind patriotism, and internationalism–worldmindedness. The major personality correlates of militarism were authoritarianism, dominance–power, ethnocentrism, masculinity, and punitiveness. All of these variables, except internationalism–worldmindedness, positively correlated with militarism. Meta-analysis reveals that the correlations between militarism and each set of comparison variables typically yielded an average effect size in the small to medium range.
Aggregation of the Southern Pine Beetle in Response to Attractive Host Trees

Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman were attracted to shortleaf pines, Pinus echinata Mill., using infested shortleaf pine bolts. Response was monitored during the ensuing mass attack period by the use of sticky traps suspended along the tree boles. Uninfested host materials or host materials containing only male beetles did not elicit mass attack of trees. Female beetles either alone or in combination with males, usually stimulated mass attack within 24 h. Traps at 3–4 m above the ground caught the greatest number (26.7%) of beetles. Trap catches peaked on the 3rd day of attack and declined rapidly thereafter. Daily flight activity was greatest at ca. 1700 h during the summer. Male beetles outnumbered females by a ratio of 1:0.86. The sex ratio of trapped beetles varied consistently both diurnally and over the mass attack period.
Acute Charcot Arthropathy Successfully Treated With Pamidronate: Long-Term Follow-up

Charcot arthropathy is a relatively rare complication of diabetic neuropathy that may lead to significant discomfort, deformity, and disability, including severe function loss and limb amputation. Initial diagnosis of Charcot arthropathy is often delayed for several weeks, and it is compounded by the lack of specific clinical and laboratory diagnostic parameters. Increasing understanding of the underlying pathogenic events provide strong support for an important role for osteoclastic activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This has led to the successful use of bisphosphonates in patients with acute presentation. Herein we report 3 patients with active (acute) Charcot arthropathy secondary to diabetic neuropathy that exhibited an excellent long-term clinical response to intravenous pamidronate therapy.
Hemobilia and pancreatitis after liver transplant biopsy.

A 51-year-old male presented after liver transplant biopsy with severe abdominal pain. This occurred 2 years after a combined liver-kidney transplant for end-stage liver disease from alcoholic cirrhosis and end-stage renal disease from chronic glomerulonephritis. His posttransplantation course was unremarkable. His other medical history included hypertension. His was not on any anticoagulation medication, and his maintenance immunosuppression included tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. His liver and kidney function prior to biopsy was normal (Table 1). At our institution, patients routinely undergo surveillance liver biopsy on a yearly basis, and this was the only indication for biopsy. The biopsy was performed in the right lobe by interventional radiology under ultrasonographic guidance with an 18-gauge BioPrince biopsy gun. A Doppler ultrasound prior to biopsy was unremarkable. One hour after the biopsy, the patient developed severe abdominal pain. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen looking for subcapsular hematoma revealed an intraluminal density in the second and third portions of the duodenum. Immediately after the CT scan, the patient passed a large bloody stool. Upon further review of the CT scan, the intraluminal densities in the duodenum were thought to be blood
The Landfall and Inland Penetration of a Flood-Producing Atmospheric River in Arizona. Part II: Sensitivity of Modeled Precipitation to Terrain Height and Atmospheric River Orientation

AbstractThis manuscript documents numerical modeling experiments based on a January 2010 atmospheric river (AR) event that caused extreme precipitation in Arizona. The control experiment (CNTL), using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with 3-km grid spacing, agrees well with observations. Sensitivity experiments in which 1) model grid spacing decreases sequentially from 81 to 3 km and 2) upstream terrain is elevated are used to assess the sensitivity of interior precipitation amounts and horizontal water vapor fluxes to model grid resolution and height of Baja California terrain. The drying ratio, a measure of airmass drying after passage across terrain, increases with Baja’s terrain height and decreases with coarsened grid spacing. Subsequently, precipitation across Arizona decreases as the Baja terrain height increases, although it changes little with coarsened grid spacing. Northern Baja’s drying ratio is much larger than that of southern Baja. Thus, ARs with a southerly orientation, wit...
Wave-kinetic formulation of incoherent linear mode conversion

We incorporate linear mode conversion in wave-kinetic theory when the incoming waves are incoherent, as occurs when the wave sources are turbulent processes or thermal emission. Mode conversion takes place when the rays of either wave mode cross the {ital mode} {ital conversion} {ital manifold} in the ray phase space. Jump conditions are derived which match the incoming and outgoing wave actions across the mode-conversion manifold, leading to a pair of coupled wave-kinetic equations. We also discuss how incoherent linear mode conversion acts as a source of wave entropy.
Effect of Swirl on Rotordynamic Forces Caused by Front Shroud Pump Leakage

Unsteady forces generated by fluid flow through the impeller shroud leakage path of a centrifugal pump were investigated. The effect of leakage path inlet swirl (pump discharge swirl) on the rotordynamic forces was re-examined. It was observed that increasing the inlet swirl is destabilizing both for normal and tangential rotordynamic forces. Attempts to reduce the swirl within the leakage path using ribs and grooves as swirl brakes showed benefits only at low leakage flow rate.
Travellers from Europe in the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, 16th–17th Centuries: Seeking, Transforming, Discarding Knowledge

This volume brings together a series of previously published essays by a leading scholar in “the history of science in Islamic societies” that focus on the attempts of western European travelers in...
"REDISCOVERING" THE STANDARD MODEL AT CMS

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began 7 TeV C.M. energy operation in April, 2010. The CMS experiment immediately analyzed the earliest data taken in order to "rediscover" the Standard Model (SM) of high energy physics. By the late summer, all SM particles were observed and CMS began to search for physics beyond the SM and beyond the present limits set at the Fermilab Tevatron. The first LHC run ended in Dec., 2010 with a total integrated luminosity of about 45 pb-1 delivered to the experiments.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Cross-Cultural Examination of the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG)

Grief is an important psychological response to loss and it is frequently encountered by clients served in diverse areas of social work practice. Despite its importance, little is known about the different aspects of grief that clients experience and the degree to which these dimensions are consistent across White and minority groups. This study examined the dimensionality of the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG) and its stability across minority and nonminority individuals using confirmatory factor analysis. The findings highlight the multidimensionality of grief across diverse client groups, hold important implications for social work practice, and point to the utility of the TRIG for rapidly assessing grief in a variety of social work practice settings.
Integration of trastuzumab into adjuvant systemic therapy of breast cancer: Ongoing and planned clinical trials

Clinical trials using the humanized version of the anti-HER2 murine monoclonal antibody 4D5, trastuzumab, have shown antitumor activity in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Improved response and survival rates have been shown when trastuzumab was added to first-line combination chemotherapy with anthracycline/cyclophosphamide or paclitaxel compared with the same chemotherapy alone. Because of the promising safety and efficacy profile of trastuzumab in the metastatic setting, this novel biologic has now entered adjuvant breast cancer trials in both the United States and Europe. Five clinical trials are discussed in this report, capturing the evolving role of trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.
Absorption by Doppler-Lorentz atmospheric lines

Abstract Numerical calculations of the integrated absorption for a single line of a uniformly mixed absorber are described. The error introduced by the neglect of Doppler effects, and also the error due to the use of the Curtis-Godson approximation with Doppler effects included, are shown. The inclusion of Doppler effects is found to improve the Curtis-Godson approximation.
Fracture mechanics of cortical bone tissue: A hierarchical perspective

The performance of bone tissue in the presence of flaws is a highly remarkable one. Bone tissue is the outcome of an adaptive evolutionary process; thus, insight into the mechanisms by which it fails would provide valuable information not only for development of mechanically superior biomimetic materials but also for development of treatment modalities to prevent debilitating bone fractures. Clinically, fractures of skeletal organs occur as a result of aging, disease, overuse, and trauma. Fracture mechanics, a sub-discipline of solid mechanics that investigates the performance of cracked materials, has been employed extensively in characterizing the mechanisms by which bone tissue fractures. At present the fracture mechanisms at the macroscale are better characterized than at the microscale. On the other hand, a mechanistic understanding of damage evolution at the submicroscopic scale is largely limited to postulations with little experimental insight. The challenge of skeletal fragility will be dealt with more efficiently with deeper understanding of the fracture process at each hierarchical size scale. The most recent review on this subject matter was a decade ago, and there have been numerous developments in the fracture mechanics of bone since then. This review recaps the existing literature with an emphasis on the hierarchical nature of the fracture process in bone, entailing the supramolecular, microscopic, and macroscopic scales.
Changes in the structural and functional characteristics of fisher ( Pekania pennanti ) rest structures over time

Resting habitat used by fishers (Pekania pennanti) has been relatively well studied but information on the persistence of their resting structures over time is unknown. We selected for reexamination 73 of 195 resting structures used by by fishers in northwestern California and compared their condition on the date they were found with their condition 8.2–12.1 years later. Resting structures were classified into three functional groups: live trees, snags, and logs. Each group was classified further into structural stages of decay or decomposition. A total of 19.2% of resting structures changed structural stage over the assessment period, transitioning from one structural stage to another within or between groups. However, none of the structures declined in function to the point that they could not be used for resting. One tree jumped two functional groups, transitioning from a live tree to a log. Based on the rates of degradation that we observed, we recommend monitoring the fate of fisher resting structures every few decades. This will help us provide information about the loss rate of resting structures that, when combined with new information about the rate of cavity creation in trees and snags, will help us determine whether the forces of resting structure loss and gain are in dynamic equilibrium.
Turtle hunting and tombstone opening: public generosity as costly signaling

Costly signaling theory (CST) offers an explanation of generosity and collective action that contrasts sharply with explanations based on conditional reciprocity. This makes it particularly relevant to situations involving widespread unconditional provisioning of collective goods. We provide a preliminary application of CST to ethnographic data on turtle hunting and public feasting among the Meriam of Torres Strait, Australia. Turtle hunting appears to meet the key conditions specified in CST: it is (1) an honest signal of underlying abilities such as strength, risk-taking, skill, and leadership; (2) costly in ways not subject to reciprocation; (3) an effective means of broadcasting signals, since the collective good (a feast) attracts a large audience; and (4) seems to provide benefits to signalers (turtle hunters) as well as recipients (audience). We conclude with some suggestions as to the broader implications of this research, and the costly signaling paradigm in general, for understanding collective action and generosity in human social groups.
Age of the emergence of negative attitudes toward strabismus

Abstract Introduction: Strabismus impacts a variety of psychosocial variables in both children and adults. Poor self-esteem, lack of confidence, altered interpersonal relationships, and difficulty with employment procurement have been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the age at which children perceive strabismus in dolls and to evaluate their reactions. Methods: Three identical dolls were altered so that one was orthotropic, one esotropic, and one exotropic. Thirty-four naive children between 3 and 7 years of age were individually placed in a waiting room with the 3 dolls as the only toys with which to play. A one-way mirror allowed a hidden observer to tabulate the number of positive and negative behaviors exhibited toward each doll. After a 10-minute observation period, the children were asked a short series of questions about their preferences and attitudes toward the dolls. Odds ratios were then determined for both the observed behaviors and the expressed responses to the strabismic dolls compared with the orthotropic dolls. Results: Children aged 5¾ years and older were 73 times more likely than younger children to express a negative feeling about the strabismic dolls when asked ( P =.003). Additionally, when comparing the strabismic dolls with the orthotropic doll, children aged 3 to 4¼ years did not notice a difference, children aged 4½ to 5¼ years tended to describe the eyes as “different,” and children aged 5¾ years or older almost uniformly gave a negative description of the strabismic dolls. Conclusions: A negative attitude toward strabismus appears to emerge at approximately 6 years of age. The biopsychosocial determinants of dislike and hostility toward ocular deviations are apparently acquired, learned responses. (J AAPOS 2001;5:361-6)
Uterine didelphys, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis: presentation and management.

A 14-year-old nulligravida with congenital absence of the left kidney came to our unit because of severe dysmenorrhea. Physical examination revealed a left-sided paravaginal bulge. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed uterine didelphys, left hematocolpos, and hematometra, which were confirmed at laparoscopy (Fig. 1). The left paravaginal bulge was incised and drained of old menstrual effluent. The septum was excised, and the edges of the vaginal mucosa were approximated using 2-0 polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) sutures in an interrupted manner. Reevaluation with a laparoscope revealed that the hematocolpos had resolved (Fig. 2). The postoperative course was uneventful. The incidence of uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis is 1 in 20 000 [1]. It is thought to result from the abnormal development of the m€ullerian and wolffian ducts [2]. The condition usually is detected after puberty when menstrual blood accumulates in the obstructed side, leading to hematocolpos and pelvic pain [3]. Its rarity and variable clinical features contribute to a diagnostic delay for years after menarche [4].