cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergent novelty and the modeling of spatial processes

In this paper we consider the complementary questions: in what sense do local dynamics prescribe global spatial patterns and to what extent does a global pattern impose constraints on local interactions. From the standpoint of results from mathematical system theory, it is argued that a modeling approach starting from observed patterns and passing to local dynamics is vastly to be preferred to proceeding in the opposite direction, the usual approach mimicking the procedure followed in the physical sciences. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of anticipatory decision making and adaptation in the stabilization of certain properties of dynamical spatial processes.
The Challenges of Quantum Physics as Pedagogical Tools

Recent developments in quantum optics have made the thought experiments of past the undergraduate labexperiments of today. The teacher has a rich array of observations to illustrate the most challenging concepts of quantum theory.
Computer generation of human gait kinematics

Abstract The paper describes a computer program that generates absolute motion variables of human gait from predetermined relative motions. Relative displacements are measured over a range of step rates during both free (self-determined step rate at different speeds) and forced (forced step rate at a constant speed) walking, converted into harmonic coefficients and stored in an array as a function of step rate. Only six variable identifiers need to be specified to compute any absolute variable or its derivatives at any desirable step rate. The paper displays some examples of measured relative motions and reconstituted absolute variables.
Secular trends in hip fracture incidence and recurrence

The decline in hip fracture incidence is now accompanied by a further reduction in the likelihood of a recurrent hip fracture among survivors of the first fracture. Hip fracture incidence is declining in North America, but trends in hip fracture recurrence have not been described. All hip fracture events among Olmsted County, Minnesota residents in 1980–2006 were identified. Secular trends were assessed using Poisson regression, and predictors of recurrence were evaluated with Andersen–Gill time-to-fracture regression models. Altogether, 2,752 hip fractures (median age, 83 years; 76% female) were observed, including 311 recurrences. Between 1980 and 2006, the incidence of a first-ever hip fracture declined by 1.37%/year for women (p < 0.001) and 0.06%/year for men (p = 0.917). Among 2,434 residents with a first-ever hip fracture, the cumulative incidence of a second hip fracture after 10 years was 11% in women and 6% in men with death treated as a competing risk. Age and calendar year of fracture were independently associated with hip fracture recurrence. Accounting for the reduction in first-ever hip fracture rates over time, hip fracture recurrence appeared to decline after 1997. A recent reduction in hip fracture recurrence is somewhat greater than expected from the declining incidence of hip fractures generally. Additional research is needed to determine the extent to which this can be attributed to improved patient management.
Quasi-two-dimensional noncollinear magnetism in the Mott insulator Sr 2 F 2 Fe 2 OS 2

The magnetism of Sr${}_{2}$F${}_{2}$Fe${}_{2}$OS${}_{2}$ was examined through neutron powder diffraction and thermodynamic and transport measurements. Quasi-two-dimensional magnetic order develops below ${T}_{N}=106(2)$ K with an in-plane correlation length exceeding 310 \AA{} and an out-of-plane correlation length of just 17(3) \AA{}. The data are consistent with a two-k structure with ${\mathbf{k}}_{1}=(1/2,0,1/2)$ and ${\mathbf{k}}_{2}=(0,1/2,1/2)$ and an ordered moment of 3.3(1)${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ oriented along the in-plane components of k. This structure is composed of orthogonal antiferromagnetic chains intersecting at superexchange-mediating O sites. Density functional theory also points to this structure and a narrower Fe 3$d$ band than for the iron pnictides from which electronic correlations produce a Mott insulator.
Effects of an Enhanced Discharge Planning Intervention for Hospitalized Older Adults: A Randomized Trial

Purpose of the study To identify needs encountered by older adult patients after hospital discharge and assess the impact of a telephone transitional care intervention on stress, health care utilization, readmissions, and mortality. Design and methods Older adult inpatients who met criteria for risk of post-discharge complications were randomized at discharge through the electronic medical record. Intervention group participants received the telephone-based Enhanced Discharge Planning Program intervention that included biopsychosocial assessment and an individualized plan following program protocols to address identified transitional care needs. All patients received a follow-up call at 30 days post discharge to assess psychosocial needs, patient and caregiver stress, and physician follow-up. Results 83.3% of intervention group participants experienced significant barriers to care. For 73.3% of this group, problems did not emerge until after discharge. Intervention patients were more likely than usual care patients to have scheduled and completed physician visits by 30 days post discharge. There were no differences between groups on patient or caregiver stress or hospital readmission. Implications At-risk older adults may benefit from transitional care programs to ensure delivery of care as ordered and address unmet needs. Although patients who received the intervention were more likely to communicate and follow up with their physicians, the absence of impact on readmission suggests that more intensive efforts may be indicated to affect this outcome.
Multimaterial photosensitive fiber constructs enable large-area optical sensing and imaging

The process of optical imaging and the use of a glass lens have been hitherto inseparable since it is the lens that is responsible for mapping incoming rays to form an image. While performing this critical role, the lens, by virtue of its geometry and materials composition, presents constraints on the size, weight, angular field of view, and environmental stability of an optical imaging system as a whole. Here, a new approach to optical imaging is presented. Tough polymeric light-sensing fibers are suspended on a frame to form large-scale, low-density, two- and three-dimensional photonic meshgrids. While a single grid can indeed locate a point of illumination, it is the stacking of a multiplicity of such grids, afforded by their essential transparency, which allows for the detection of the direction of illumination with a wide angular field of view. A surface-spanning-arrangement of such fibers is used to extract an arbitrary optical intensity distribution in a plane using a tomographic algorithm. Lensless imaging is achieved by a volumetric fiber assembly that extracts both the phase and intensity distributions of an incoming electromagnetic field, enabling one to readily determine the object from which the field originally emanated.
Hepatitis C seroconversion in methadone maintenance treatment programs in Wuhan, China

Background and aims To decrease infectious disease transmission, China is expanding methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). This study evaluated the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection at MMT entry, seroconversion rates after admission and potential risk factors for HCV seroconversion during MMT in Wuhan, China. Design Cross-sectional survey of all patients entering MMT and prospective follow-up of patients HCV seronegative at admission. Setting All MMT clinics in Wuhan, China. Participants A total of 12 755 opiate-dependent individuals entering MMT between May 2006 and June 2011; 1200 participants HCV seronegative at admission were followed. Measurements Serological tests for HCV and self-report data on risk behaviors at MMT admission; urine toxicology results and repeated assessments of serological status and risk behaviors during treatment on patients HCV seronegative at admission. Findings HCV seroprevalence at admission was 72.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 71.3–72.9%] and 555/1200 (46.3%, 95% CI = 43.5–49.1%) patients seroconverted to HCV during MMT. The mean time to HCV seroconversion was 3 (95% CI = 2.84–3.07) years with a cumulative seroconversion rate of 34.5 (95% CI = 31.5–36.9) per 100 person-years. Significant predictors of HCV conversion included injection drug use in the past 30 days [relative hazard (RH) 2.0, 95% CI: 1.6 – 2.4, P=0.002] and the rate of opiate-positive urine tests during MMT (RH 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3–3.1, P<0.001). Conclusions Methadone maintenance treatment patients in Wuhan, China show a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus at admission (72.1%) and a high rate of seroconversion during treatment (46.3%). Seroconversion is associated with continuing injection drug use.
Pharmacological characterization of intracellular, membrane, and plasma binding sites for corticosterone in house sparrows

Abstract The diversity and specificity of glucocorticoid effects are dependent on cell-specific receptor mechanisms. Three known corticosteroid receptors mediate tissue effects of glucocorticoids in vertebrates: two intracellular receptors that act primarily as ligand-activated transcription factors, and a membrane-associated receptor. The intracellular receptor sub-types have been well characterized in mammals, however relatively little is known about them across non-mammalian vertebrates. The membrane-associated receptors are poorly characterized in most vertebrate taxa. To explore the basis for glucocorticoid action in birds, we pharmacologically characterized the three putative corticosteroid receptors in the brain, as well as a plasma corticosterone binding globulin, in the house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ). We found that house sparrow brain cytosol contained two distinguishable binding sites for corticosterone. A high affinity, mineralocorticoid-like receptor had subnanomolar affinity for corticosterone ( K d ∼ 0.2 nM). However, this ‘MR-like’ high-affinity receptor did not bind RU28318 or canrenoic acid, two compounds that bind mammalian MR with high affinity. A lower-affinity, glucocorticoid-like receptor in brain cytosol bound corticosterone with an average K d = 5.61 nM. This GR-like receptor showed subnanomolar affinity for RU 486. MR- and GR-like receptors were found in equal numbers in whole brain assays (average B max = 69 and 62 fmol/mg protein, respectively). House sparrow brain membranes contain a single binding site specific for glucocorticoids, with characteristics consistent with a steroid/receptor interaction. Corticosterone affinity for this putative membrane receptor was approximately 24 nM, with apparent B max = 177 fmol/mg protein. House sparrow plasma contained a single binding site for [ 3 H]corticosterone. Specific binding to plasma sites was inhibited by glucocorticoids, progesterone, and testosterone. Testosterone binding to this corticosteroid binding globulin is noteworthy as sex steroid-specific binding globulins have not been identified in birds. Taken together, these data extend our ability to evaluate the comparative actions of glucocorticoids, increase our understanding of mechanisms behind the tissue specificity of glucocorticoid action, and offer insight into the evolution of glucocorticoid action in vertebrates.
Feedback attenuation and adaptive cancellation of blade vortex interaction on a helicopter blade element

Blade vortex interaction (BVI) noise has been recognized as the primary determinant of the helicopter's far field acoustic signature. Given the limitations of design in eliminating this dynamic phenomenon, there exists a need for control. We believe that this paper is the first model-based effort to attempt the same. We present the application, first of feedback control strategies, and then of adaptive cancellation on Hariharan and Leishman's linear aerodynamic model of a trailing edge flap. Lift fluctuations caused by vortices are taken as output disturbance. The contribution of the vortices to lift is obtained from Leishman's (1996) indicial model for gusts. The use of an active structure for actuation is assumed, and the actuator is approximated as a lag element. To design an adaptive cancellation scheme that is applicable not only to BVI but also to general problems with periodic disturbances, we start with the classical sensitivity method, and arrive at an adaptive scheme whose stability we discuss via averaging. Sacks et al. (1996) arrived at the same result by introducing a phase advance into a pseudogradient scheme.
A new sense of protection: role of the Ca2+-sensing receptor in ischemic preconditioning

the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a condition in which brief periods of ischemia increase the tolerance of the heart to subsequent ischemic injury, is of immense clinical interest. Many signaling pathways are implicated in the induction of IPC; however, the initiation of the response
Restaging after induction therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer

SUMMARY Select patients with stage IIIa-N2 non-small-cell lung cancer will benefit from treatment with induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection. The identification of patients with residual N2 disease may allow for selection of those patients most likely to benefit from resection. The optimal strategy for restaging of mediastinal lymph nodes following induction therapy is controversial. Noninvasive, imaging-based strategies are largely ineffective. Minimally invasive approaches such as endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration may identify residual nodal disease, but require surgical confirmation of negative results. Repeat mediastinoscopy may be effective at centers that specialize in this technique, but in the authors opinion its use cannot be broadly recommended. A thoughtful and minimally invasive approach to initial staging of N2 nodes is recommended, reserving mediastinoscopy for restaging whenever possible.
Limb motion dictates how motor learning arises from arbitrary environmental dynamics.

A key idea in motor learning is that internal models of environmental dynamics are internally represented as functions of spatial variables including position, velocity, and acceleration of body mo...
Tertiary Structural and Functional Analyses of a Viroid RNA Motif by Isostericity Matrix and Mutagenesis Reveal Its Essential Role in Replication

RNA-templated RNA replication is essential for viral or viroid infection, as well as for regulation of cellular gene expression. Specific RNA motifs likely regulate various aspects of this replication. Viroids of the Pospiviroidae family, as represented by the Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), replicate in the nucleus by utilizing DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II. We investigated the role of the loop E (sarcin/ricin) motif of the PSTVd genomic RNA in replication. A tertiary-structural model of this motif, inferred by comparative sequence analysis and comparison with nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystal structures of loop E motifs in other RNAs, is presented in which core non-Watson-Crick base pairs are precisely specified. Isostericity matrix analysis of these base pairs showed that the model accounts for the reported natural sequence variations and viable experimental mutations in loop E motifs of PSTVd and other viroids. Furthermore, isostericity matrix analysis allowed us to design disruptive, as well as compensatory, mutations of PSTVd loop E. Functional analyses of such mutants by in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that loop E structural integrity is crucial for replication, specifically during transcription. Our results suggest that the PSTVd loop E motif exists and functions in vivo and provide loss-of-function genetic evidence for the essential role of a viroid RNA three-dimensional motif in rolling-circle replication. The use of isostericity matrix analysis of non-Watson-Crick base pairing to rationalize mutagenesis of tertiary motifs and systematic in vitro and in vivo functional assays of mutants offers a novel, comprehensive approach to elucidate the tertiary-structure-function relationships for RNA motifs of general biological significance.
Formal Modeling of Process Migration

This paper develops a formal model of process migration that describes programs, processes, and the migration of those processes within a migration realm. A migration realm is a group of processors modeled as finite state machines. The model is motivated by a migration application between software and field programmable gate array (FPGA) hardware, and the theorems of the model guide the use of FPGA resources while guaranteeing complete and correct execution of a process. By defining different types of migration realms this paper also develops a migration realm taxonomy.
Protecting TFRC from a Selfish Receiver

This paper examines operation of TFRC (TCP-friendly rate control) in scenarios where the receiver is untrustworthy and can misbehave to receive data at an unfairly high rate at the expense of competing traffic. Several attacks are considered for a selfish receiver to take advantage of TFRC. After confirming experimentally that the identified receiver attacks are effective, we design robust TCP-friendly rate control (RTFRC), a TFRC variant resilient to the attacks. We also show that additional attacks targeted directly at RTFRC are unable to compromise the protocol
Winning, Losing and Political Trust in America

We examine the effects of voting for the winners and losers of presidential and congressional elections on political trust. On the basis of survey and electoral data for 1972 and 1996, we argue and demonstrate empirically that presidential winner–loser status systematically affects citizens' trust in government. We find that voters for the losers of the presidential contest show lower levels of trust. Moreover, we find that voting for the congressional winners does not attenuate this effect. Political trust is highest among voters who voted either for both the presidential and congressional winners or the presidential winner and congressional losers; trust is lowest among those who voted for both the presidential and congressional losers or congressional winners and the presidential loser.
Relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: Why is there no standard of care?

Relapse after achieving a prior response remains one of the most important obstacles to improving the outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although overall, the majority of patients with disease relapse do poorly, this is by no means uniform and a number of predictors of outcome have been identified. Previously, most trials of investigational agents in the setting of disease relapse in AML have accrued a wide range of patients with widely different patient and disease characteristics. With increased understanding of the biology of the neoplastic change in AML, and better identification of disease subsets based on their molecular characterization, target-specific novel agents are being developed that will hopefully lead to better strategies, not only for treating relapsed disease, but also for the initial induction treatment.
Sociotechnology: Engineers and politics: Seven survival commandments: A catechism to help engineers champion technology through the morass of political processes in the U.S.

Most religions were developed in a much simpler era than this one. Their commandments give guidance on the relationships among individual people, but they are not of much help when it comes to relations among organizations. This is an era in which technologies change and cause changes in organizations, which in turn develop new relations to one another.
Consciousness, Intentionality, and Community Unitary Perspectives and Research

Consciousness and intentionality often have been related and studied together. These concepts also are readily viewed and understood for practice, research, and education in a unitary paradigm. How these ideas relate to community is less known. Considering the expansion of our capacity for communication through the World Wide Web and other technologic advances and appreciating recent research on the nonlocal character of intentionality and consciousness, it is more apparent how concepts of community can be seen in the same unitary context. The authors address these issues and review relevant nursing research.
Propagation of beams with any spectral, coherence and polarization properties in turbulent atmosphere

The combination of the angular spectrum representation (in space-frequency domain) and of the Rytov perturbation theory is applied for description of the second-order statistical properties of arbitrary (coherent and partially coherent) stochastic fields (whether scalar or electromagnetic) which propagate in turbulent atmosphere. The analysis is restricted to weak regime of atmospheric fluctuations. We first introduce the new method for scalar fields and derive expressions for the cross-spectral density function, from which the spectral and the coherence properties of the propagating fields can be determined. Next we extend the new technique to electromagnetic domain, i.e. we derive expressions for the elements of the 2x2 cross-spectral density matrix of the electric field from which its spectral, coherence and polarization properties can then be found. We illustrate the new method by applying it to propagation of several model beams through the atmosphere. In particular, we consider Gaussian beam, Bessel beam, Gaussian Schell-model beam in their scalar or electromagnetic versions. We find that the results obtained on the basis of the new theory are in good agreement with those obtained earlier by standard techniques.
Fine-Tuning of Polymeric Resins and their Interfaces with Amorphous Calcium Phosphate. A Strategy for Designing Effective Remineralizing Dental Composites

For over a decade our group has been designing, preparing and evaluating bioactive, remineralizing composites based on amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) fillers embedded in polymerized methacrylate resin matrices. In these studies a major focus has been on exploring structure-property relationships of the matrix phase of these composites on their anti-cariogenic potential. The main challenges were to gain a better understanding of polymer matrix/filler interfacial properties through controlling the surface properties of the fillers or through fine-tuning of the resin matrix. In this work, we describe the effect of chemical structure and composition of the resin matrices on some of the critical physicochemical properties of the copolymers and their ACP composites. Such structure-property studies are essential in formulating clinically effective products, and this knowledge base is likely to have strong impact on the future design of therapeutic materials, appropriate for mineral restoration in defective tooth structures.
Dual-target predictive control and application in food extrusion

Abstract This paper describes the development and application of a multi-variable predictive control strategy, which is referred to as dual-target predictive control (DTPC). The strategy allows specification and tracking of both input and output set points in an optimal sense as required by many industrial processes. With recursive least-squares on-line identification, the DTPC algorithm was applied in food extrusion control. Both simulation and application results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the algorithm.
Fourier‐transform infrared studies of polypropylene during mechanical deformation

Quantitative Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements of frequency shifts Δν and absorbance profile asymmetry are reported for various polypropylene samples as a function of uniaxial stress σ. Generally, it was found that the frequency shift coefficient αχ, defined by Δν = αχσ, depended on stress rate , draw ratio, λ, molecular orientation f, tensile modulus E, and annealing conditions. With annealing, αχ decreased with increasing shrinkage in the case of highly oriented isotactic PP. The αχ values for the “helix bands” were less affected than those for the “liquid bands.” With increasing , generally αχ increased to an apparent asymptotic limit. With increasing λ, f, or E, αχ also increased from αχ ≃ 0 for λ = 1 (spherulitic) to maximum values for highly oriented isotactic PP. The observed variations in αχ can be interpreted in terms of the changes in the peak position and shape of the nonuniform molecular stress distribution. Analogous behavior with x-ray diffraction peaks obtained for polymers under stress is discussed.
Resilience, Stress, and Depression among Russian Immigrants to Israel:

This article reports the relationships between resilience, demographic characteristics, immigration demands, and depression in a sample of 450 adult Russian immigrants to Israel. Contrary to theori...
Calls out of chaos: the adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production

Abstract Recent work on human vocal production demonstrates that certain irregular phenomena seen in human pathological voices and baby crying result from nonlinearities in the vocal production system. Equivalent phenomena are quite common in nonhuman mammal vocal repertoires. In particular, bifurcations and chaos are ubiquitous aspects of the normal adult repertoire in many primate species. Here we argue that these phenomena result from properties inherent in the peripheral production mechanism, which allows individuals to generate highly complex and unpredictable vocalizations without requiring equivalently complex neural control mechanisms. We provide examples from the vocal repertoire of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta , and other species illustrating the different classes of nonlinear phenomena, and review the concepts from nonlinear dynamics that explicate these calls. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary significance of nonlinear vocal phenomena. We suggest that nonlinear phenomena may subserve individual recognition and the estimation of size or fluctuating asymmetry from vocalizations. Furthermore, neurally ‘cheap’ unpredictability may serve the valuable adaptive function of making chaotic calls difficult to predict and ignore. While noting that nonlinear phenomena are in some cases probably nonadaptive by-products of the physics of the sound-generating mechanism, we suggest that these functional hypotheses provide at least a partial explanation for the ubiquity of nonlinear calls in nonhuman vocal repertoires.
Efficacy of Ronidazole for Treatment of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus Infection

Objectives: To determine the efficacy of ronidazole (RDZ), tinidazole (TDZ), and metronidazole (MDZ) against Tritrichomonas foetus in vitro and of RDZ for treatment of feline naturally occurring or experimentally induced T foetus infection. Animals: A cat naturally infected with T foetus infection and diarrhea. Ten specific-pathogen-free (SPF) kittens. Procedure: RDZ, TDZ, and MDZ were tested for activity against 3 different feline isolates of T foetus in vitro. RDZ then was administered to a naturally infected cat at 10 mg/kg PO q24h for 10 days. SPF kittens were infected orogastrically with feline T foetus and treated with either placebo or RDZ (10 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Cats with relapsing infection or those receiving placebo were treated subsequently with RDZ (either 30 or 50 mg/kg PO q12h for 14 days). Feces were examined for T foetus by direct microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing weekly. Results: Both RDZ and TDZ killed T foetus at concentrations .0.1 mg/mL in vitro. In the naturally infected cat, RDZ abolished diarrhea and T foetus infection for 85 days after treatment, at which time infection and diarrhea relapsed. Retreatment with RDZ eradicated diarrhea and T foetus infection for over 407 days. In experimentally induced infection, RDZ at 10 mg/kg caused initial improvement, but infection relapsed in all 5 cats 2 to 20 weeks after treatment. At 30 or 50 mg/kg, 10/10 cats were negative for T foetus infection for follow-up durations of 21 to 30 weeks after treatment. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Oral administration of RDZ at 30 to 50 mg/kg q12h for 14 days resolved diarrhea and eradicated infection (on the basis of polymerase chain reaction [PCR] testing) in 1 naturally infected cat and 10 experimentally inoculated cats receiving a different isolate of T foetus.
High‐velocity cometary dust enters the atmosphere of Mars

When comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) passed nearby Mars in 2014, it offered an unprecedented opportunity to observe the interaction between the dust tail of the comet and the atmosphere of Mars. Here I provide an overview of a recent series of four articles reporting observations from three satellites fortuitously orbiting Mars at the appropriate time (MAVEN, MEX, and MRO). These observations reveal high-velocity ablation and ionization of metals from the comet, the diffusion and transport processes that operated in Mars' atmosphere, and the abundance of these metals in the comet.
Radiation therapy for synchronous basal cell carcinoma and lentigo maligna of the nose: Response assessment by clinical examination and reflectance confocal microscopy

Radiation therapy (RT) is a noninvasive treatment for a variety of skin cancers. Although surgery is often preferred for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and lentigo maligna (LM), these conditions often affect patients that are medically inoperable, who decline surgery, or have lesions in challenging anatomic locations. Although nonsurgical treatments can be employed, close monitoring for disease recurrence and progression is of utmost importance. Typically, this is carried out by clinical examination, without adjunctive imaging. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is an emerging imaging technology that is proving useful to aid in the assessment of treatment response and disease recurrence (Fig 1). RCM has a high
Gynecomastia: Clinicopathologic Study of 351 Cases

Three hundred and fifty-one patients with histologically proven gynecomastia were studied. It was observed that pubertal and hormone-induced gynecomastias tend to be bilateral and diffuse, whereas idiopathic and nonhormonal drug-induced gynecomastias are usually unilateral and discrete. It was also observed that gynecomastia of short duration is of the florid type, whereas gynecomastia of long duration is usually of the fibrous type. These findings support the conclusion that etiologic factors have a fundamental influence on the gross appearance and growth pattern of gynecomastia. The histologic appearance is related to the duration of gynecomastia, irrespective of etiologic factor. It is also postulated that the hyperplastic breast tissue undergoes a process of maturation or senescence, proceeding from the florid to the fibrous type.
Relative insulinase activity in the liver and kidney of the rat.

SummaryThe insulinase activities of rat liver and kidney were compared by determining the amounts of insulin-131I degraded by homogenates and subcellular fractions of these organs. The insulinase activity of rat kidney was greater than that of rat liver when compared on the basis of gram wet tissue, “Mitochondria-free” fractions of rat liver had 67% of the insulinase activity of the “nucleus + debris-free” fractions; whereas, “mitochondria-free” fractions of rat kidney had 28%.
Structure, bonding, and energetic properties of nitrile-borane complexes: RCN-BH3.

The structural and energetic properties of CH3CN−BH3, HCN−BH3, FCH2CN−BH3, and F3CCN−BH3 have been examined via density functional theory and post-Hartree−Fock calculations. The B−N distances in th...
Identifying Mechanisms of Interfacial Dynamics Using Single-Molecule Tracking

The “soft” (i.e., noncovalent) interactions between molecules and surfaces are complex and highly varied (e.g., hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and ionic), often leading to heterogeneous interfacial behavior. Heterogeneity can arise either from the spatial variation of the surface/interface itself or from molecular configurations (i.e., conformation, orientation, aggregation state, etc.). By observing the adsorption, diffusion, and desorption of individual fluorescent molecules, single-molecule tracking can characterize these types of heterogeneous interfacial behavior in ways that are inaccessible to traditional ensemble-averaged methods. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity or emission wavelength (in resonance energy transfer experiments) can be used to track the molecular configuration and simultaneously directly relate this to the resulting interfacial mobility or affinity. In this feature article, we review recent advances involving the use of single-molecule tracking to characterize heterogeneous mol...
Investigation and analysis of IDD manpower resource of Fujian province in 2010

Objective To understand the Fujian CDC,the current situation of human resources in prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD),to further develop and make use of the human resources in Fujian CDC at all levels,to speed up the development of the human resources and the sustainable development in the prevention of IDD.Methods Form that the unified design from the Fujian provincial CDC were sent to all,then fill out the form required to report and entry data in computer,at last analyse these data using EpiInfo 2002.Results There were 367 persons who were engaged in the prevention and control of IDD,accounted for 7.5% in the CDC health technical personnel,and only two were the full-time people in the city and county CDC.The province at all levels of iodine deficiency disease prevention were lack of personnel with high academic degrees.66% of the people are junior college degree or below(The junior college degree were 34.4%,secondary technical school and without a degree were 29.4%,2.2%);people who has a bachelor degree were 33.9%.The primary title person accounted for 31.1% of the total,intermediate title were 38.9% and 4.4% persons had no title.Conclusion Prevention and control of IDD in Fujian province,lack of personnel and low quality.
SALVAGE PROCEDURES AFTER FAILED SURGERY ABOUT THE DISTAL ULNA

This article discusses four types of salvage procedures that may offer a successful means of treating patients after failed distal ulnar surgery. The procedures include distal radio-ulnar joint fusion, the Sauve-Kapandji procedure, creation of a one-bone forearm, and massive resection of the distal ulna.
The Tank Corps

The Tank Corps (Tankový prapor) was originally scheduled to appear during the final days of the Prague Spring, in early 1969. However, although most of it appeared in the periodical Plamen, in Czechoslovakia, its book-form publication was abruptly halted, and it was not until 1971 that it was finally printed by Skvorecký’s own publishing house in Toronto. The action of the novel, according to Skvorecký, was based on his two-year stint in the Czechoslovak Army, in 1951–53, and it was allegedly completed in 1954. But it appears that the genesis of the work was somewhat more complicated than indicated by Skvorecký, and that some parts of the work were probably written at a much later date. The novel repeatedly confuses the chronology of certain important historical events of the early 1950s. It is unlikely that such distortions would have occurred if the novel had indeed been written in its entirety at the time stated by the author.
LEX and STABB

To experiment with the RTA Method (section 3.2), a program named STABB (Shift to a Better Bias) was implemented. Implementation is an effective discipline for testing ideas and for exposing unexpected problems. This chapter describes the learning program LEX[36] and shows how STABB has been made a subsystem of LEX. With STABB, LEX can shift its bias. Chapters 5 and 6 describe the two algorithms used by STABB, each employing the RTA Method.
Reliable communication using packet coding for underwater acoustic channels

We investigate reliable data packet delivery employing random linear packet coding for a half-duplex underwater acoustic link. Packet coding is performed on a group of M information-bearing packets so as to form N ≥ M coded packets, where N is chosen such that a pre-specified probability of successful decoding is maintained at the receiver. We regard a group of N coded packets as one super-packet, on which we apply an ARQ technique. Specifically, we group L super-packets and apply a group stop-and-wait acknowledgment procedure to the so-obtained unit (a super-group) to achieve full reliability. We also explore adaptive power and rate control combined with the proposed technique in order to improve the performance on fading channels. Using the channel gain information obtained via feedback from the receiver, the transmitter adjusts its power and coding rate such that the average energy per bit is minimized. In doing so, two constraints are observed, one on the maximum transmit power and another on the size N of the super-packet. Under these constraints, we develop the adaptation policy and provide analytical results for the throughput efficiency. Finally, we compare the performance of the proposed technique to that of conventional stop-and-wait, as well as a full-duplex benchmark, showing that packet coding technique on a half-duplex link can achieve a throughput efficiency that is very close to that of a full-duplex link.
Towards precise control of hoppers: Using high order partial feedback linearization to control the hopping robot FRANK

In this paper, we describe modeling and control techniques for series-elastic actuated hopping robots. There is an abundance of work regarding the implementation of highly simplified hopper models, the prevalent example being the SLIP model, with the hopes of extracting fundamental control ideas for running and hopping robots. However, real-world systems cannot be fully described by such simple models, as real actuators have their own dynamics including additional inertia and non-linear frictional losses. Therefore, an important step towards demonstrating high controllability and robustness to real-world, uneven terrain is in providing accurate higher-order models of real-world hopper dynamics. Additionally, implementing feedback control for real series-elastic actuators is difficult as the input variable does not instantaneously change the leg length acceleration. In this work we provide both hardware and simulation results that illustrate how high-order partial feedback linearization can be implemented directly on the leg length state and show how to apply these results so that algorithms in the SLIP literature can be accurately implemented in more realistic hopping systems to accomplish tasks such as apex state tracking and precise foothold planning.
State-and-transition models in geomorphology

Abstract State-and-transition models (STM) are used to describe, model, interpret, and predict when landscapes will undergo a qualitative state change. Although rangeland ecologists pioneered STMs, geomorphological STM-type models were developed prior to and independently of ecological STMs. This study categorized 47 geomorphological STMs according to whether they were: based on single or multiple study areas; primarily for description and interpretation or predictive and prescriptive use; explicitly concerned with complex system dynamics; and the role of biogeomorphic interactions in the model. Each STM was represented as a graph and the structure identified. Spectral radii were calculated to measure the complexity of each STM. Although STMs are associated with conceptual frameworks that recognize the possibility of nonequilibrium, alternative states, and path dependency, results show that an explicit concern with complexity does not necessarily lead to the identification of more states and transitions, or a more complex transition pattern. The purpose for which a STM was created, as well as the number of study sites it can be applied to, also had little bearing on the models' complexity. This review suggests that geomorphic STMs, rather than being used to fit explanations about landscape evolution into predefined theoretical categories, are veridical representations of empirical observations. Although STMs are particularly useful for grasping the biogeomorphological dynamics of landscapes, this review indicates their utility is not limited to biogeomorphology or to systems with a strong ecological imprint. Time scales involved in geomorphic change can make it difficult to observe a large number of states and transitions, which may constrain what types of STM structure can be identified, as the number of observed states and transitions required to develop particular graph structures varies widely.
Prediction from regional angst A study of NFL sentiment in Twitter using technical stock market charting

To predict NFL game outcomes, we examine the application of technical stock market techniques to sentiment gathered from social media. From our analysis we found a $14.84 average return per sentiment-based wager compared to a $12.21 average return loss on the entire 256 games of the 20152016 regular season if using an odds-only approach. We further noted that wagers on underdogs (i.e., the less favored teams) that exhibit a golden cross pattern in sentiment (e.g., the most recent sentiment signal crosses the longer baseline sentiment), netted a $48.18 return per wager on 41 wagers. These results show promise of cross-domain research and we believe that applying stock market techniques to sports wagering may open an entire new research area. Gathered NFL tweet sentiment to predict outcomes and wagering decisionsUsed difference in moving averages for optimal wagering return ($14.84/game)Sentiment exhibiting a golden cross netted $48.18/game returnsFans were able to signal winning teams by their change in sentiment.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Genetic Determinants and Mechanisms

Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) often has a genetic pathogenesis. Because of the large number of genes and alleles attributed to DCM, comprehensive genetic testing encompasses ever-increasing gene panels. Genetic diagnosis can help predict prognosis, especially with regard to arrhythmia risk for certain subtypes. Moreover, cascade genetic testing in family members can identify those who are at risk or with early stage disease, offering the opportunity for early intervention. This review will address diagnosis and management of DCM, including the role of genetic evaluation. We will also overview distinct genetic pathways linked to DCM and their pathogenetic mechanisms. Historically, cardiac morphology has been used to classify cardiomyopathy subtypes. Determining genetic variants is emerging as an additional adjunct to help further refine subtypes of DCM, especially where arrhythmia risk is increased, and ultimately contribute to clinical management.
Prognostic Power of a Tumor Differentiation Gene Signature for Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas

Background Muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBCs) cause approximately 150 000 deaths per year worldwide. Survival for MIBC patients is heterogeneous, with no clinically validated molecular markers that predict clinical outcome. Non-MIBCs (NMIBCs) generally have favorable outcome; however, a portion progress to MIBC. Hence, development of a prognostic tool that can guide decision-making is crucial for improving clinical management of bladder urothelial carcinomas. Methods Tumor grade is defined by pathologic evaluation of tumor cell differentiation, and it often associates with clinical outcome. The current study extrapolates this conventional wisdom and combines it with molecular profiling. We developed an 18-gene signature that molecularly defines urothelial cellular differentiation, thus classifying MIBCs and NMIBCs into two subgroups: basal and differentiated. We evaluated the prognostic capability of this "tumor differentiation signature" and three other existing gene signatures including the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; 2707 genes), MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDA; 2252 genes/2697 probes), and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC; 47 genes) using five gene expression data sets derived from MIBC and NMIBC patients. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The tumor differentiation signature demonstrated consistency and statistical robustness toward stratifying MIBC patients into different overall survival outcomes (TCGA cohort 1, P = .03; MDA discovery, P = .009; MDA validation, P = .01), while the other signatures were not as consistent. In addition, we analyzed the progression (Ta/T1 progressing to ≥T2) probability of NMIBCs. NMIBC patients with a basal tumor differentiation signature associated with worse progression outcome (P = .008). Gene functional term enrichment and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that genes involved in the biologic process of immune response and inflammatory response are among the most elevated within basal bladder cancers, implicating them as candidates for immune checkpoint therapies. Conclusions These results provide definitive evidence that a biology-prioritizing clustering methodology generates meaningful insights into patient stratification and reveals targetable molecular pathways to impact future therapeutic approach.
Correlation of Nonproportionality and Scintillation Properties With Cerium Concentration in YAlO 3 :Ce

Cerium-doped YAlO3:Ce (YAP:Ce) is an interesting oxide scintillator that exhibits a wider range of light yield nonproportionality on a sample-to-sample basis than most other well-known oxide scintillators. In general, most oxide materials, such as Bi4Ge3O12 and Lu2SiO5:Ce, are thought to have an intrinsic proportional response that is nearly constant between samples and independent of growth conditions. Since light yield nonproportionality is responsible for degrading the achievable energy resolution of all known scintillators, it is important to understand what contributes to the behavior. In an attempt to understand if the phenomenon can be affected by growth parameters or by other means, seven samples of YAP:Ce were collected from various sources, and eight samples were grown in-house using the Czochralski method. Based on optical and scintillation measurement as well as direct measurement of the cerium concentration, it was determined that the light yield proportionality in YAP:Ce is strongly related to the cerium concentration. Samples that were found to have higher relative cerium concentration displayed a more proportional light yield response. In addition, it was determined that samples with higher cerium concentration also exhibit a faster decay time and an enhanced energy resolution when compared to samples with less cerium. It was also determined that growth in a reducing atmosphere can effectively suppress a parasitic optical absorption band.
Chapter1. A Survey of Behavioral Finance

Abstract Behavioral finance argues that some financial phenomena can plausibly be understood using models in which some agents are not fully rational. The field has two building blocks: limits to arbitrage , which argues that it can be difficult for rational traders to undo the dislocations caused by less rational traders; and psychology , which catalogues the kinds of deviations from full rationality we might expect to see. We discuss these two topics, and then present a number of behavioral finance applications: to the aggregate stock market, to the cross-section of average returns, to individual trading behavior, and to corporate finance. We close by assessing progress in the field and speculating about its future course.
Understanding Alterations During Human Brain Development with Molecular Imaging: Role in Determining Serotonin and GABA Mechanisms in Autism

The purpose of this chapter is to present an approach to the understanding of chemical differences in the brains of children with autism and to use to information to design new treatments for autism. The approach is to utilize information about how the processes in the developing brain of an autistic child differs from those in typically developing children discovered through molecular imaging to design new pharmacological treatments to bring brain development in the autistic child back on course.