cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A structured approach to product and process optimization for manufacturing and service industries

Continuous improvement is a cyclic process of product and process optimization over a product life cycle. Optimization is beyond quality and reliability management – meaning, an organization is keeping in constant touch with new technological advances and frequently employs the applicable technologies to improve an existing product. Cycling means that an organization is continually exploring new frontiers in manufacturing technologies. The latest advances in related fields such as computers and systems are reviewed regularly for possible inclusion in the produced and process optimization cycle. Today, there is no single unique structure or process that defines “continuous improvement”, or, in a larger sense, what is described here as product and process optimization (PPO). Outlines a new structured approach to product and process optimization which includes, in addition to change management, three sets of metrics and measurements. PPO is a function of life‐cycle management. There are three aspects of life...
The meeting of two realms: lessons from the Tevatron front end

Abstract Fermilab controls are divided into two realms: one is the several collections of hardware and microprocessors that serve the various accelerators, the other is the network of computers and databases that serve the control room. The point where an accelerator agglomeration meets the control room agglomeration is occupied by a “front end” computer. Most communication between the two realms passes through a “front end” computer. There are three problems that the front end programmer needs to address: 1. (1)|Handling communication and data acquisition efficiently. 2. (2)|Smoothing over the rough interface that hardware presents to software. 3. (3)|Influencing design in both realms so the first two problems become tractable. In the course of building the Tevatron we had mixed success in solving these problems. This paper covers a few of the lessons learned in the process without excursions into “boxes and arrows” description.
K+ Channel Regulation of Multicompartmental Signal Integration

Determining how neurons integrate different streams of information is critical to understanding circuit computational functions. In this issue of Neuron, Harnett et al. (2013) show that voltage-gated K+ channels control multiple layers of dendritic integration in layer 5 pyramidal neurons.
The C and D Blood Group Systems in the Chicken

Abstract THE first permanently designated blood group systems in the chicken were assigned the locus designations A and B by Briles, McGibbon and Irwin in 1950. The A and B loci had been referred to as B and D, respectively, in some earlier reports (Briles, 1948; Briles and McGibbon, 1948; and Briles, McGibbon and Irwin, 1948). Preliminary studies on the existence of two additional blood group loci have been reported by Briles, Briles and Quisenberry (1950) and Briles (1951). These two loci were assigned the next two letters in the alphabet, C and D. The purpose of this paper is to present the serological and genetic data relative to their discovery and the possible linkage relationships between the A, B, C, and D loci. TERMINOLOGY Alleles belonging to a particular blood group locus are each indicated by a numerical superscript on the italicized capital letter indicating the locus: for example, A1,…
Terrorism response training in scheme

The Interactive Media Lab (IML) builds shrink-wrapped educational software for medical professionals and first responders. We have teams focusing on media production, script-level authoring, and low-level engine development. Our most recent project is Virtual Terrorism Response Academy. VTRA uses 3D simulations to teach students about radiological, chemical and biological weapons. Our software is now undergoing trials at government training centers and metropolitan police departments. VTRA consists of approximately 60,000 lines of Scheme, and a similar amount of C++. All of our product-specific code is in Scheme, and we make extensive use of macros and domain-specific languages.From 1987 to 2002, we used a C++ multimedia engine scripted in 5L, the "Lisp-Like Learning Lab Language". This was Lisp-like in name only; it used a prefix syntax, but didn't even support looping, recursion, or data structures. We needed something better for our next project! We ultimately chose to use Scheme, because (1) it was a well-known, general-purpose programming language, and (2) we could customize it extensively using macros. Migrating to Scheme proved tricky, because we needed to keep releasing products while we were building the new Scheme environment. We began by carefully refactoring our legacy codebase, allowing us to maintain our old and new interpreters in parallel. We then rewrote the front-end in a single, eight-day hacking session. But even once the Scheme environment was ready, few of our employees wanted to use it. In an effort to make Scheme programming more accessible, we invested significant effort in building an IDE. Today, our environment is much more popular---a third of our employees use it on a regular basis, including several professional artists.After migrating to Scheme, we added support for 3D simulations. And Scheme proved its worth almost immediately: we faced several hard technical problems, which we solved by building domain-specific languages using Scheme macros. First, we needed to simulate radiation meters. For this, we used a reactive programming language to implement a Model-View-Controller system. Second, we needed to guide students through the simulation and make teaching points. For this, we relied on a "goal system", which tracks what students need to accomplish and provides hints along the way. In both these cases, Scheme proved to be a significant competitive advantage. Not all problems have clean imperative solutions. A language which supports functional programming, macros, and combinator libraries allows us to do things our competitors can't.This summer, we'll be releasing our engine as open source, and starting work on a GUI editor. We welcome users and developers!
Secretion of various endocrine substances by acth-secreting tumors—gastrin, melanotropin, norepinephrine, serotonin, parathormone, vasopressin, glucagon

Six cases of ACTH-secreting tumors—which are shown to secrete additional hormonal substances—are reported. The high incidence of this phenomenon among our 15 observed cases with ACTH-secreting tumor suggests that poly-humoral secretion in ACTH-secreting tumors is more common than previous reports would indicate. Although several of our cases are unique in that the particular combination of endocrine substances produced has not been previously reported, the tumor types (islet-cell carcinoma, carcinoid, pheochromocytoma, oat-cell carcinoma) are in general those which may be endocrine active in a variety of ways. Ectopic corticotrophin production arises principally in tumors of endocrine tissue, neuroendocrine tissue, endocrine dependent tissue and in oat-cell carcinoma of the thorax. The possibility that oat-cell carcinoma of the lung and mediastinum may be a more malignant variety of carcinoid tumor is not proven but should not yet be discounted.
Coercion and undue influence in decisions to participate in psychiatric research – conceptual issues

The essential elements of informed consent to research include the provision of relevant information to a person who is competent to make a decision, and who is situated so as to be able to do so voluntarily. The nature of the requirement of voluntariness has been resistant to exploration. Concerns about voluntariness are usually invoked under the rubrics of coercion or undue influence. Coercion can be conceptualized as the use of morally unjustified threats to bring a person to consent to research participation. Undue influence in the research context typically involves the use of affirmative inducements to persuade a person to ignore what would otherwise be their preferences regarding research participation. Talcott Parsons [1] noted four means by which influence may be exercised, involving respectively the use of appeals to shared goals, inducement, persuasion, and power. In the context of human subjects research, evocation of shared goals may be manifest by appeals to altruism; inducement by offers to provide incentives; persuasion by the application of interpersonal pressure or by an exhortation to self-interest; and power by the issuance of threats. Appeals to altruism, if honestly framed, are unlikely ever to constitute illegitimate constraints on choice, but the other categories can be more problematic. A final component of this conceptualization of voluntariness is the recognition that constraints on decision-making can be actual or perceived. Actual offers, pressure, or threats reflect the behavior of other people who are trying to affect the subject's decision. However, there is often a dichotomy between the behaviors of others and a subject's perception of those behaviors. Hence, both actual and perceived constraint are relevant. Perceptions are the mediating variable between behaviors of others and their impact on subjects' decisions; this approach has proven fruitful in studies of voluntariness in other contexts.
Hyperspectral Target Detection : An Overview of Current and Future Challenges

Over the last decade, hyperspectral imagery (HSI) obtained by remote sensing systems has provided significant information about the spectral characteristics of the materials in the scene. Typically, a hyperspectral spectrometer provides hundreds of narrow contiguous bands over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hyperspectral sensors measure the reflective (or emissive) properties of objects in the visible and short-wave infrared (IR) regions (or the mid-wave and long-wave IR regions) of the spectrum. Processing of these data allows algorithms to detect and identify targets of interest in a hyperspectral scene by exploiting the spectral signatures of the materials [1], [2].
On dislocation dependent kinematics and Thermodynamics of chip formation during Metal-cutting

Abstract Recently developed dislocation dependent equations that describe dense sets of deformation discontinuities and related thermodynamics are applied to the problem of continuous chip formation during metal-cutting. The kinematics of chip formation is represented by dislocations moving on each and every discrete, fixed angle shear plane between the fracture point of the chip separating from the work-piece to the tangent point of the chip and cutting tool. The discontinuum viewpoint of this chip model realistically represents chipdeformation for positive rake-angle cutting. An estimate for energy dissipated due only to dislocation flux is given in terms of an irreversible thermodynamic work expression.
Synthesis and Structure of [AsPh4][Ru6H(μ-OCNMe2)2(μ-CO)4-(CO)14]·Me2CO; A Cyclic Hydrido-Hexametallic Anion†

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 198. DOI:10.1002/anie.198301980
The use of pediatric cadaver kidneys in renal transplantation (experience with 97 cases and comparison with adult kidneys).

Pediatric cadaver donors are an important pool of kidneys for human allotransplantation. Experiences with 97 transplantations of pediatric cadaveric kidneys (age: 4 months to 15 years) and comparison with 230 transplantations of adult kidneys (age: 16–25 and 40–68 years) are presented. The cumulative patient survival was similar in both groups, however, the graft survival was significantly lower in the pediatric donor group (p<0.05). This difference was established almost exclusively within the first 3 months after transplantation. In this group the percentage of technical complications in the first month was higher (13.4%) than in the adult kidney group (6.5%). The analysis of the whole pool of harvested kidneys shows a significantly higher rate of transplanted kidneys in the pediatric group (61%) as compared with the adult group (44.7%). In both groups the mode of arterial vascular anastomosis (end-to-end or end-to-side) does not influence the graft survival. Further investigations on pediatric donor kidneys are necessary. The utilization of pediatric cadaveric kidneys for transplantation should be increased because 20–25% of all potential kidney donors are younger than 15 years.
Poor Positive Predictive Value of McConnell's Sign on Transthoracic Echocardiography for the Diagnosis of Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Background: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is a life-threatening condition. Making a definitive diagnosis with radiologic studies may delay therapy or be unsafe for the patient. Echocardiography is ...
Venous thromboembolism in patients with liver diseases

Chronicliverdiseases(CLD)arecharacterized bydecreased levels of most procoagulant factors and thrombocytopenia, leading to the assumption that they are a prototype of an acquired bleeding disorder. Indeed, decreased levels of procoagulant proteins are accompanied by impaired hepatic synthesis of the main natural anticoagulant proteins (antithrombin and protein C); in contrast, factor VIII levels are significantly increased. Finally, reduced levels of inhibitors of fibrinolysis are, at least in part, balanced by reduced
Tutorials, comprehensive tutorials

This year at ISMAR we are implementing a four-day, comprehensive tutorial program that covers a diverse set of topics and cutting edge research in Mixed and Augmented reality, such as tracking and registration, application development, display technologies, and human factors. By focusing on a wide range of topics, we aim to educate a broader audience, such as researchers, students, artists, and industry professionals who may or may not have much prior experience with Mixed and Augmented Reality. By the end of the tutorials, attendees should have foundational knowledge of Mixed and Augmented Reality research to be able to start developing their own applications. This diverse set of topics will be presented by pioneers - innovators, experts, and leaders in the feld - whose research and development in Mixed and Augmented Reality have defned the state-of -the-art both in the laboratory and in the feld. Through the leadership, experience, and tutelage of these pioneers, attendees will gain a deeper knowledge of the feld and the major research and development issues. Our goal is to help foster the next generation of Mixed and Augmented Reality researchers, application developers, and artists.
REQUIREMENT OF CELLULAR SYNTHESIS FOR KILHAM RAT VIRUS REPLICATION.

Abstract X-irradiation of rat embryo cells before infection with Kilham rat virus (KRV) impaired the capacity of the cells to synthesize the virus. Dose-response assays indicated that the cell population was composed of a radiosensitive fraction with an approximate mean lethal dose (D 0 ) of 82 R and a radioresistant fraction with a D 0 of about 1990 R. Irradiation with ultraviolet light likewise abolished cellular capacity for virus synthesis; and, as with the X-rays, the dose-response assay could be resolved into a two-component curve. A dose of approximately 8 ergs/mm 2 was the D 0 for the radiosensitive fraction of cells and 129 ergs/mm 2 the D 0 for the resistant fraction. Finally, treatment of cells with 5-fluorouracil prior to infection also impaired capacity for replication of KRV, but neither X radiation, ultraviolet light, nor 5-fluorouracil decreased the capacity of rat embryo cells to support pseudorabies virus replication. Therefore, KRV requires cell function(s) not required by other DNA viruses which replicate in the nucleus, and evidence suggests that the function(s) involves DNA synthesis.
Attributing the sources of accuracy in unequal-power dyadic communication : Who is better and why?

Abstract A study was conducted to assess accuracy of deliberate nonverbal communication of affective messages between individuals assigned to different power roles within dyads. In phase 1, participants ( N = 158) were assigned to unequal- or to equal-power roles and asked to send positive, negative, and neutral messages to their partner using nonverbal cues while the partner guessed which kind of message it was. In phase 2, naive decoders ( N = 294) made judgments of the videotapes from phase 1 to resolve the confounding of sender and decoder factors in the within-dyad communication paradigm. Results showed that subordinates were more accurate at decoding superiors than vice versa, and that this difference was due to subordinates sending less clear messages to superiors than superiors sent to subordinates. Comparison with the equal-power group’s expressions revealed that the subordinates’ expressions were also less clear than those sent by the equal-power group.
Deep-channel MOS transistor

A new type of ion-implanted MOS transistor is described. The transistor functions, for example, as an integrating nondestructively readable photosensor and its technology is fully compatible with the advanced MOS integrated circuits.
Invivo biological potency of rat and human growth hormone-releasing factor and fragments of human growth hormone-releasing factor

The biological potency of the synthetic replicates of three peptides isolated from a human pancreatic tumor with growth hormone releasing activity and rat hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor was evaluated in conscious freely-moving rats and anesthetized rats. All 4 peptides are equipotent on a molar basis in their ability to stimulate GH secretion. Studies with synthetic fragments of the human derived material indicated that the amino-terminal amino acid is required for activity. Deletion of as many as 13 amino acids from the carboxy-terminal failed to decrease GH-releasing activity; however, deletion of 16 amino acids resulted in a significant decrease and deletion of 20 amino acids resulted in complete loss of bioactivity.
Biodegradable magnetic gel: synthesis and characterization

Biodegradable polymer-based magnetic gels have been synthesized using hydroxypropyl cellulose and maghemite. These magnetic gels have a network of nanoparticles of hydroxypropyl cellulose (30–100 nm) and a homogeneous distribution of nanosized maghemite (~7 nm). This has been observed in a STEM micrograph. The surface structure of the gels has been observed by atomic force microscopy, while transmission electron microscopy has shown the distribution of iron oxide in HPC gel nanoparticles. These gels have magneto-elastic properties. The magnetic susceptibility and magnetization of these gels are measured by a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer.
Task bias and the accuracy of judgment: Setting a baseline for expected group performance

When a judgment task evokes unbiased estimates (i.e. the errors in individual judgments are distributed randomly around the true value), mathematical aggregation of individual estimates, even by a simple arithmetic mean, often will outperform all group members. However, when a task evokes biased estimates, mathematical aggregation does not perform so well. In this study, simulated data were accumulated to specify the expected' accuracy of mathematical aggregation relative to the accuracy of observed judgment of individual group members under varying conditions of task bias. Three types of judgment tasks were employed: (1) single-estimate, holistic tasks, (2) multiple-estimate, ranking tasks, and (3) multi-cue, decomposed tasks. Findings indicated across all task types that a large percentage of judgment-making group estimates formed strictly by computing the arithmetic mean of individual estimates performed better than their most capable members when a judgment task evoked little or no bias, a result particularly pronounced for ranking tasks. When the task was more greatly bias-evoking, a large percentage of parallel groups performed more poorly than average (or median) members, again a pattern more starkly evident for ranking tasks. These results suggest that the extent to which a judgment task evokes bias in a population of prospective group members is an important explanatory variable deserving much greater attention in the study of group performance. For example, an assertion about the efficacy of a particular group intervention based on a reliable demonstration of group performance as accurate as the most capable members may be unfounded when a task evokes no bias, since the baseline standard under such conditions should be much higher. By selecting tasks and populations that jointly produced highly biased estimates, researchers can lower the performance floor enough to detect (with reasonably small samples of groups) experimental effects should they occur.
Multiple phospholipase A2 activities in canine vascular smooth muscle

Three phospholipase A2 activities from canine vascular smooth muscle were identified and characterized including: (1) a cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 which is activated by nucleotide di- and triphosphates; (2) a cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 which is activated by physiologic increments in calcium ion concentration; and (3) a microsomal calcium-independent phospholipase A2 which was highly selective for plasmenylcholine substrate. Vascular smooth muscle cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 was activated 338% +/- 11 (X+S.E.; n = 15) by physiologic concentrations of ATP. Similar amounts of activation were also present utilizing other nucleotide di- and triphosphates (e.g., ADP, CTP, GDP and GTP) as well as non-hydrolyzable nucleotide triphosphate analogs (e.g., ATP-gamma-S, AMP-PNP and GTP-gamma-S). Vascular smooth muscle cytosolic calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 was purified 455-fold by sequential DEAE-Sephacel, Phenyl-Sepharose, Mono Q, hydroxyapatite and Superose 12 chromatographies. The partially purified calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 was activated by physiologic increments in calcium ion concentration (e.g., 1 microM) and possessed an apparent native molecular weight of 95 kDa, an acidic isoelectric point (pI = 4.8) and a neutral pH optimum (pH 7.0). Vascular smooth muscle microsomal phospholipase A2 activity was predominantly calcium-independent and was over six-fold selective for hydrolysis of plasmenylcholine substrate. Taken together, these results demonstrate the existence of three separate and distinct phospholipase A2 activities in vascular smooth muscle and identify ATP and calcium ion as independent modulators of discrete phospholipase A2 activities in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Thermal-noise temperature of GaAs heterosystems for steady-state hot-electron transport with nonequilibrium phonons.

The thermal-noise temperature for hot electrons in steady-state transport in the presence of a strong dc electric field is examined with use of a nonlinear-balance-equation theory with a finite phonon relaxation time. In defining the noise temperature in terms of the maximum available noise power, we find that it is necessary to distinguish between the ``noise'' conductivity and the signal conductivity for nonzero dc bias. Particular attention is focused on single-layer and multilayer GaAs heterosystems. The longitudinal and transverse noise temperatures are calculated as functions of frequency at different dc bias points taking into account the impurity, acoustic-phonon, and polar optic-phonon scatterings, as well as the Coulomb interaction between carriers in the random-phase approximation. For three high-mobility (1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V s) GaAs heterosystems, both longitudinal and transverse noise temperatures are shown to be lower than the lattice temperature T (77 K) for wide ranges of dc electric field and frequency in the case of zero phonon relaxation time. However, the nonequilibrium population of the polar optic phonon generally suppresses the effect of electron cooling.
A Multiscale Failure Model for Analysis of Thin Heterogeneous Plates

This manuscript presents a new multiscale framework for the analysis of failure of thin heterogeneous structures. The new framework is based on the asymptotic homogenization method with multiple spatial scales, which provides a rigorous mathematical basis for bridging the microscopic scales associated with the periodic microstructure and thickness, and the macroscopic scale associated with the in-plane dimensions of the macrostructure. The proposed approach generalizes the Caillerie-Kohn-Vogelius elastostatic heterogeneous plate theory for failure analysis when subjected to static and dynamic loads. Inelastic fields are represented using the eigendeformation concept. A computationally efficient n-partition computational homogenization model is developed for simulation of large scale structural systems without significantly compromising on the solution accuracy. The proposed model is verified against direct 3D finite element simulations and experimental observations under static and dynamic loads.
Rewriting Vietnamese history

(1980). Rewriting Vietnamese history. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 286-292.
Band-pass distributed amplifiers

A novel band-pass distributed amplifier design concept is presented. The amplifier can be realized in monolithic form using GaAs FETs. The amplifier has excellent wideband gain and phase response characteristics. It shows promise for applications in the millimeter wave region. In this paper the results of analytical modelling as well as computer simulations are discussed.
Landscape ecology and epidemiology of vector-borne diseases: tools for spatial analysis

Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems (GPS), remote sensing, and spatial statistics are tools to analyze and integrate the spatial component in epidemiology of vector-borne disease into research, surveillance, and control programs based on a landscape ecology approach. Landscape ecology, which deals with the mosaic structure of landscapes and ecosystems, considers the spatial heterogeneity of biotic and abiotic components as the underlying mechanism which determines the structure of ecosystems. The methodologies of GIS, GPS, satellite imagery, and spatial statistics, and the landscape ecology--epidemiology approach are described, and applications of these methodologies to vector-borne diseases are reviewed. Collaborative studies by the author and colleagues on malaria in Israel and tsetse flies in Kenya, and Lyme disease, LaCrosse encephalitis, and eastern equine encephalitis in the north-central United States are presented as examples for application of these tools to research and disease surveillance. Relevance of spatial tools and landscape ecology to emerging infectious diseases and to studies of global change effects on vector-borne diseases are discussed.
Endovascular treatment of very small (3 mm or smaller) intracranial aneurysms: report of a consecutive series and a meta-analysis.

Background and Purpose— We performed a meta-analysis of published studies on the endovascular treatment of very small intracranial aneurysms, including 71 patients treated at our institution. Methods— We conducted a computerized MEDLINE search of the literature for reports on the treatment of intracranial aneurysms with a maximum dimension of ≤3 mm by using the search terms “small,” “tiny,” “intracranial aneurysm,” “endovascular,” and “coil.” A total of 7 studies, including our institution’s consecutive case series of 71 intracranial aneurysms, were included in this study. We extracted information regarding intraoperative complications, procedural mortality and morbidity, immediate- and long-term angiographic outcomes, and retreatment rate. The meta-analysis was performed with the statistical package Comprehensive Meta-Analysis. Results— Approximately 61% of the aneurysms in this meta-analysis presented as ruptured, whereas 39% of the aneurysms were unruptured. Procedural rupture rates for very small aneu...
Clinical experience with Flebogamma® 5% DIF: a new generation of intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with primary immunodeficiency disease

The development of effective, safe, liquid intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) preparations has represented a major therapeutic advancement in the treatment of patients with antibody deficiencies. Flebogamma 5% was the first liquid IVIG licensed in Europe that has been widely used in the treatment of immunodeficiency diseases. It has been proven to have an excellent efficacy and safety profile. Flebogamma 5% dual inactivation and filtration (DIF) is a newly developed IVIG preparation that shares formulation characteristics and identical biochemical and stability profiles with Flebogamma 5%. In addition to pasteurization, already performed in Flebogamma 5%, solvent-detergent treatment and sequential nanofiltration through filters with pore sizes of 35 nm followed by 20 nm have been added to further enhance the pathogen safety margin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of Flebogamma 5% DIF for immunoglobulin replacement therapy in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID). Flebogamma 5% DIF was administered at seven clinical sites to 46 subjects with well-defined primary immunodeficiency diseases at a dose of 300-600 mg/kg every 21-28 days for 12 months. The serious bacterial infection rate was 0.021/subject/year. The incidence of adverse events considered potentially related to Flebogamma 5% DIF during or within 72 h after completing an infusion was approximately 10%. The half-life in serum of the administered IgG was around 31 days. In summary, Flebogamma 5% DIF is efficacious and safe, has good pharmacokinetic properties, is well-tolerated and maintains the profile of Flebogamma 5% for the treatment of patients with primary humoral immune deficiency diseases.
A comparison of biochemical effects of nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and their combination in mouse lung.

Swiss Webster mice were exposed to either 4.8 ppm (9024 microgram/m3) nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 0.45 ppm (882 microgram/m3) ozone (O3), or their combination intermittently (8 hr daily) for 7 days, and the effects were studied in the lung by a series of physical and biochemical parameters, including lung weight, DNA and protein contents, oxygen consumption, sulfhydryl metabolism, and activities of NADPH generating enzymes. The results show that exposure to NO2 caused relatively smaller changes than O3, and that the effect of each gas alone under the conditions of exposure was not significant for most of the parameters tested. However, when the two gases were combined, the exposure caused changes that were greater and significant. Statistical analysis of the data shows that the effects of combined exposure were more than additive, i.e., they might be synergistic. The observations suggest that intermittent exposure to NO2 or O3 alone at the concentration used may not cause significant alterations in lung metabolism, but when the two gases are combined the alterations may become significant.
Effect of Sapphire-Crystal Orientation on the Wear of Watt-Hour-Meter Bearings

This paper describes the most recent of a series of studies on the life of watt-hour meter bearing materials. It covers an investigation of the effect of jewel crystalline axis orientation upon jewel wear. Lifetime stability of meter calibration is a function of bearing wear. A study of the wear (after several years' service) of the sapphire jewel cups of meters in relation to crystalline orientation confirms predictions of another investigator; and a corroborative theory, based upon the physics of crystals, is presented.
The pattern of protein and glycoprotein synthesis in presumptive lens and non-lens ectoderm of the chicken embryo.

Lens induction is a classic example of the tissue interactions that lead to cell specialization during early vertebrate development. Previous studies have shown that a large region of head ectoderm, but not trunk ectoderm, of 36 h (stage 10) chicken embryos retains the potential to form lenses and synthesize the protein δ-crystallin under some conditions. We have used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and fluorography to examine protein and glycoprotein synthesis in presumptive lens ectoderm and presumptive dorsal (trunk) epidermis to look for differentiation markers for these two regions prior to the appearance of δ-crystallin at 50 h. Although nearly all of the proteins incorporating3H-leucine were shared by presumptive lens ectoderm and trunk ectoderm, these two regions showed more dramatic differences in the incorporation of3H-sugars into glycoproteins. when non-lens head ectoderm that has a capacity for lens formation in vitro was labeled, a hybrid pattern of glycoprotein synthesis was discovered: glycoproteins found in either presumptive lens ectoderm or trunk ectoderm were oftentimes also found in other head ectoderm. Therefore, molecular markers have been identified for three regions of ectoderm committed to different fates (lens and skin), well before features of terminal differentiation begin to appear in the lens.
Vapor−Liquid Equilibria for Binary and Ternary Mixtures of 1,3-Dioxolane, 2-Propanol, and 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane at 101.3 kPa

Vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) at 101.3 kPa have been determined for a ternary system (1,3-dioxolane + 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and its constituent binary systems (1,3-dioxolane + 2-propanol, 1,3-dioxolane + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, and 2-propanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane). Minimum boiling azeotropes were observed for all of the three binary systems. No azeotropic behavior was found for the ternary system. The activity coefficients of liquid mixtures were obtained from a modified Raoult’s law and were used to calculate the reduced excess molar Gibbs free energy gE/RT. Thermodynamic consistency tests were performed for all VLE data. The VLE data of the binary mixtures were correlated using the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models. The models with their best-fitted interaction parameters of the binary systems were used to predict the ternary vapor−liquid equilibrium.
Optimizing IVC Filter Utilization: A Prospective Study of the Impact of Interventional Radiologist Consultation

Purpose The use of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) is under increasing scrutiny because of device safety and economic considerations. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that interventional radiologist (IR) consultation results in better utilization of optional and permanent filters. Methods Over 6 months, an IVCF decision-making database at a single institution was prospectively studied. After IR consultation, each case was classified as concordant (agreement between the referring physician and the IR over filter choice) or discordant (disagreement over filter choice). The consulting IR estimated the likelihood of retrieval attempt for all optional filters at the time of placement (0%-100%). Chi-square and t tests were used for statistical analyses. The null hypotheses were rejected at P Results Sixty-six IVCFs (23 permanent, 43 optional) were placed in 66 patients. Sixteen of 66 decisions were discordant. In 7 of the 16 discordant cases, patients received optional filters; of these, 6 (86%) were declared permanent by the referring physician. For this group, the IR's prospective estimate of subsequent retrieval was 6.4% (0%-15%; P P P Conclusions Interventional radiologists can prospectively predict the likelihood of optional filter retrieval. Significantly higher retrieval rates are achieved as a result of IR consultation. Interventional radiologist consultation positively affects IVCF device choice, patient safety, and effective utilization.
Stereochemical studies on the novel monoamine oxidase B substrates (1R,6S)- and (1S,6R)-3-methyl-6-phenyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

Abstract Previous studies have established the unexpected monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) substrate properties of racemic 3-methyl-6-phenyl-3-aza-bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, the 3,4-cyclopropyl analog of the achiral proneurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The two stereocenters present in this compound provide an opportunity to examine the enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity of the MAO-B-catalyzed ring α-carbon oxidation of cyclic tertiary amines to give the corresponding conjugated iminiumyl metabolites. This paper reports the results of such stereochemical studies using expressed human MAO-B as the catalyst.
The Effect of External Confinement on Flexural Hinging in Drilled Pile Shafts

Six one-third-scale CIDH pile shafts were tested to simulate the subgrade moment pattern in an in situ pile shaft. The test fixture could also simulate the presence of external confinement provided by soil. Three levels of transverse reinforcement were tested. Three piles were tested with external confinement, and three without. The presence of external confinement played a significant role in enhancing flexural ductility by supporting the confining action of the transverse steel reinforcement. The presence of external confinement also increased the plastic hinge length, significantly reducing local curvature demand by allowing the hinge rotation requirements to be spread over a greater length of the pile shaft. In the absence of external confinement, the transverse reinforcement levels specified under current column design guidelines provided adequate flexural ductility for seismic response. [DOI: 10.1193/1.1647579]
Leaching from glass ionomer cements

Summary This study compared the electrical conductivities, pH and leached ion (F−, Ca, Al, Si) concentrations in supernatant liquids obtained from four glassionomer cements, a buffered ionomer cement, a polycarboxylate cement and a zinc phosphate cement, at three different levels of settings. The result indicated that the measured parameters are highest for the unset condition of cements and decreases as the set condition is approached, except for pH, which shows the opposite trend. Two pulp sensitive glassionomer cements, Chem Bond and Ketac Cem showed high Ca : F ratios as well as high Ca and F concentrations. Further, it is suggested that the cytotoxicity of leached F−, Si, Al and Zn at high concentration and at low pH may induce sensitivity in tooth structure.
A Note on the Use of Exponential Functions for Estimating Farm Size Distributions

Recently, considerable public and professional concern has been expressed regarding the future structure of U.S. agriculture (Doering, Barkley). These expressions of concern have considered changing features of U.S. agriculture such as concentration of production on larger units, adoption of large-scale capital intensive production technologies and rapid escalation of land prices (Raup, Klepper et al., Moles). Of course, concern about the structure of agriculture is not entirely a recent phenomenon. Price and income support legislation consistently has cited the structure of agriculture and particularly the family farm as variables of considerable importance (Spitze). Implicit in these concerns is the suspicion that changes in the structure of agriculture may have at least some attributes which are socially undesirable (Heady, Goldschmidt). As these concerns about the future structure of
Landscape phages and their fusion proteins targeted to breast cancer cells

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women in the USA. The efficacy of existing anticancer therapeutics can be improved by targeting them through conjugation with ligands binding to cellular receptors. Recently, we developed a novel drug targeting strategy based on the use of pre-selected cancer-specific 'fusion pVIII proteins' (fpVIII), as targeting ligands. To study the efficiency of this approach in animal models, we developed a panel of breast cancer cell-binding phages as a source of targeted fpVIIIs. Two landscape phage peptide libraries (8-mer f8/8 and 9-mer f8/9) were screened to isolate 132 phage variants that recognize breast carcinoma cells MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 and internalize into the cells. When tested for their interaction with the breast cancer cells in comparison with liver cancer cells HepG2, human mammary cells MCF-10A cells and serum, 16 of the phage probes selectively interacted with the breast cancer cells whereas 32 bound both breast and liver cancer cells. The most prominent cancer-specific phage DMPGTVLP, demonstrating sub-nanomolar Kd in interaction with target cells, was used for affinity chromatography of cellular membrane molecules to reveal its potential binding receptor. The isolated protein was identified by direct sequencing as cellular surface nucleolin. This conclusion was confirmed by inhibition of the phage-cell interaction with nucleolin antibodies. Other prominent phage binders VPTDTDYS, VEEGGYIAA, and DWRGDSMDS demonstrate consensus motifs common to previously identified cancer-specific peptides. Isolated phage proteins exhibit inherent binding specificity towards cancer cells, demonstrating the functional activity of the selected fused peptides. The selected phages, their peptide inserts and intact fusion proteins can serve as promising ligands for the development of targeted nanomedicines and their study in model mice with xenograft of human cells MCF-7 and ZR-75-1.
Combined phospholamban ablation and SERCA1a overexpression result in a new hyperdynamic cardiac state.

Objective: Phospholamban ablation or ectopic expression of SERCA1a in the heart results in significant increases in cardiac contractile parameters. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a combination of these two genetic manipulations may lead to further augmentation of cardiac function. Methods: Transgenic mice with cardiac specific overexpression of SERCA1a were mated with phospholamban deficient mice to generate a model with SERCA1a overexpression in the phospholamban null background (SERCA1OE/PLBKO). The cardiac phenotype was characterized using quantitative immunoblotting, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake and single myocyte mechanics and calcium kinetics. Results: Quantitative immunoblotting revealed an increase of 1.8-fold in total SERCA level, while SERCA2 was decreased to 50% of wild types. Isolated myocytes indicated increases in the maximal rates of contraction by 195 and 125%, the maximal rates of relaxation by 200 and 124%, while the time for 80% decay of the Ca2+-transient was decreased to 43 and 75%, in SERCA1OE/PLBKO hearts, compared to SERCA1a overexpressors and phospholamban knockouts, respectively. These mechanical alterations reflected parallel alterations in V max and EC50 for Ca2+ of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport system. Furthermore, there were no significant cardiac histological or pathological alterations, and the myocyte contractile parameters remained enhanced, up to 12 months of age. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a combination of SERCA1a overexpression and phospholamban ablation results in further enhancement of myocyte contractility over each individual alteration.
Barriers to treatment and culturally endorsed coping strategies among depressed African-American older adults

Objective: Older adults are particularly vulnerable to the effects of depression, however, they are less likely to seek and engage in mental health treatment. African-American older adults are even less likely than their White counterparts to seek and engage in mental health treatment. This qualitative study examined the experience of being depressed among African-American elders and their perceptions of barriers confronted when contemplating seeking mental health services. In addition, we examined how coping strategies are utilized by African-American elders who choose not to seek professional mental health services. Method: A total of 37 interviews were conducted with African-American elders endorsing at least mild symptoms of depression. Interviews were audiotaped and subsequently transcribed. Content analysis was utilized to analyze the qualitative data. Results: Thematic analysis of the interviews with African-American older adults is presented within three areas: (1) Beliefs about Depression Among O...
Analysis of contingency table data on torus mandibularis using a log linear model

The hypothesized sexual difference in the incidence of torus mandibularis in Eskimoid groups, as well as age and group differences, was studied in two Northwest Territories Eskimo groups and in an Aleut group (examined by Moorrees). The data were analyzed using statistical methods new to the field of anthropology. The method analyzes data sampled from a multinomial distribution. A hierarchy of log linear models are fitted to the cell counts of a contingency table. An iterative proportional fitting procedure is used to obtain expected cell counts under each log linear model. The “goodness of fit” of each model is tested by the log likelihood ratio. This statistic can be partitioned into additive components such that differences between models can be tested. In this way a “best” model, from the hierarchy of models, is chosen. Among these three groups of Eskimos, the incidence of torus mandibularis was not affected by sex but was affected by age and was different between the three groups.
A spatiotemporal event correlation approach to computer security

Correlation is a recognized technique in security to improve the effectiveness of threat identification and analysis process. Existing correlation approaches mostly focus on correlating temporally located events, or combining alerts from multiple intrusion detection systems. Such approaches either generate high false alarm rates due to single host activity changes, or fail to detect stealthy attacks that evade detection from local monitors. This thesis explores a new spatiotemporal event correlation approach to capture the abnormal patterns of a wide class of attacks, whose activities, when observed individually, may not seem suspicious or distinguishable from normal activity changes. This approach correlates events across both space and time, identifying aggregated abnormal event patterns to the host state updates. By exploring both the temporal and spatial locality of host state changes, our approach identifies malicious events that are hard to detect in isolation, without foreknowledge of normal changes or system-specific knowledge. To demonstrate the effectiveness of spatiotemporal event correlation, we instantiate the approach in two example security applications: anomaly detection and network forensics. For anomaly detection, we present a "pointillist" method to detect similar, coincident changes to the patterns of file updates that are shared across multiple hosts. The correlation is performed by clustering points, each representing an individual host state transition, in a multi-dimensional feature space. We implement this approach in a prototype system called Seurat and demonstrate its effectiveness using a combination of real workstation traces, simulated attacks, and manually launched real worms. For network forensics, we present a general forensics framework called Dragnet, and propose a "random moonwalk" technique that can determine both the host responsible for originating a worm attack and the set of attack flows that make up the initial stages of the attack tree via which the worm infected successive generations of victims. Our technique exploits the "wide tree" shape of a worm propagation by performing random walks backward in time along paths of flows. Using analysis, simulation, and experiments with real world traces, we show how the technique works against both today's fast propagating worms and a wide class of stealthy worms that attempt to hide their attack flows among background traffic. While the high level idea is the same, the two applications use different types of event data, different data representations, and different correlation algorithms, suggesting that spatiotemporal event correlation will be a general solution to reliably and effectively capture the global abnormal patterns for a wide variety of security applications.
Nonuniform activation of the agonist muscle does not covary with index finger acceleration in old adults

This study examined the patterns of activation in the superficial and deep parts of the first dorsal interosseus muscle and in the antagonist muscle, second palmar interosseus, during postural task...