cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
UUV teams, control from a biological perspective

Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are used extensively for salvage operations, ocean floor surveying and numerous inspection activities that support a wide range of underwater commercial activities. In deep water (greater than 1000 ft) an ROV is the platform of choice because of the depth and endurance limitations for human divers. The key disadvantage to an ROV is the requirement for the long tether. The tether greatly inhibits the speed of the ROV, requires a ship with deck gear capable of handling this cable, and significantly restricts ship movement while deployed. Un-tethered Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) have entered the commercial market and have demonstrated the ability to perform deep-water surveys faster and cheaper than towed vessels. With further technological advances, UUVs have the potential for supplementing and even replacing ROVs for many deep-water operations because of the cost and problems associated with the tether. One promising scenario for the near future is to use an ROV or surface ship to control multiple UUVs in a local work area. Typically in this scenario the UUVs are used to extend the sensor footprint of the ROV or surface ship. Another area of interest is the UUV team concept. A stereotypical UUV team would be a heterogeneous mix of several low-cost specific purpose vehicles, guided and supported by one or two higher cost control vessels. Because of the severe restrictions that the sub-sea environment places on communication and positioning, precision underwater navigation is difficult. Currently most precision underwater navigation relies on some sort of infrastructure such as surface ships or underwater beacons placed in known positions. Using these assets as reference-points sub-sea navigation is carried out. Some situations require that the environmental and/or commercial attributes of an area be assessed before an infrastructure exists. In order to do this the UUV team must be able to navigate to an area, carry out its task and return without any pre-existing infrastructure or step by step guidance. Given basic assumptions about the type and frequency of sensor input we present a biologically inspired, decentralized methodology for safely and efficiently moving a loose formation of UUV's to and from the task area with the goal of minimizing outside guidance.
Phenomenological Investigations of Charge Symmetry Breaking in the Λ-N Interaction

Although a charge-symmetry-breaking (CSB) component is known to occur in the Λ-nucleon (Λ-N) interaction,1,2,3) there is not any general agreement as to the strength or spin-dependence of CSB. We are engaged in a series of calculations which attempt to delimit the strength and spin-dependence required of the CSB S-wave interaction to explain low-energy Λ-p elastic scattering gross sections (σ(Λ p)) at c.m. energies E < 18 Mev4) as well as light hyperfragment binding energies.1)
Zung Self Rating Depression Scale In Parkinson's Disease: A Validity Study In Veterans (P2.051)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity of Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) in assessing depression in Veterans with Parkinson’s disease (PD) BACKGROUND: SDS is an efficient screening tool for depression. A common concern regarding its use in PD is the presence of several somatic items that overlap with PD symptoms. This project was designed to identify those items. DESIGN/METHODS: 179 subjects were screened for depression and excessive sleepiness using SDS and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Depression and excessive sleepiness were defined as having SDS score > 49 and ESS score 蠅 10 respectively. SDS itemized scores were compared between the depressed and non-depressed groups with and without the inclusion of ESS scores. RESULTS: 106 subjects (59.2%) were depressed. There was a statistically significant difference in scores of 19 of the 20 items of SDS between the depressed and not depressed groups, correctly identifying depression. The scores regarding item 4 (I have trouble sleeping at night) were not significantly different. When the ESS scores were included, the significant difference between the SDS scores was maintained for 18 items. In addition to item 4, the responses to item 8 (I have trouble with constipation) were also not significantly different between the groups. The alpha coefficient for SDS (0.807) indicated high levels of internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Only two of the eight somatic elements of Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (SDS) did not detect depression in PD. Overall, however indicators of internal consistency and validity suggest that SDS may be a useful screening tool for depression in Veterans with PD. Study Supported by: Department of Veterans Affairs Disclosure: Dr. Sarwar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hirshkowitz has received personal compensation for activities with Cephalon Pharmaceuticals and Somaxon as a speaker. Dr. Hirshkowitz has received research support from Cephalon Pharmaceuticals and Merck & Co. Inc.
Measurement accuracy of the mandibular kinesiograph—A computerized study

Today's high-technology electronic and computer techniques have been applied to the long-standing problem of tracking mandibular movement and skeletal relation in research and diagnosis of mandibular function/dysfunction. The measurement established that within an area known as "clinical space" where most diagnostic data is derived, the linearity and quantitative accuracy ranged from error of 0 mm at intercuspation to 0.5 mm at worst error. This order of accuracy provides data that is qualitatively and quantitatively useful for research and diagnosis without the need for further correction. Computer processing further reduces the worst anywhere within the clinical space to 0.1 mm. Geometric skewing of the trace patterns that occur while taking data at mouth openings beyond clinical space (though not pronounced enough to affect the qualitative usefulness of the data) is readily corrected by computer processing. A microcomputer attached to the K5-R corrects the skew in real-time so that the data are displayed to an accuracy within 1.5% of exact values or a worst-case error less than 0.5 mm for a 30 mm vertical opening. When tested against a computer-controlled electronic measuring system, the accuracy and linearity parameters of the trace patterns confirmed the validity of the MKG recordings as precise representations of mandibular movement at the incisor point.
Using a heuristic approach to derive a grey-box model through an artificial neural network knowledge extraction technique

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are primarily used in academia for their ability to model complex nonlinear systems. Though ANNs have been used to solve practical problems in industry, they are not typically used in nonacademic environments because they are not very well understood, complicated to implement, or have the reputation of being a “black-box” model. Few mathematical models exist that outperform ANNs. If a highly accurate model can be constructed, the knowledge should be used to understand and explain relationships in a system. Output surfaces can be analyzed in order to gain additional knowledge about a system being modeled. This paper presents a systematic approach to derive a “grey-box” model from the knowledge obtained from the ANN. A database for an automobile’s gas mileage performance is used as a case study for the proposed methodology. The results show a greater ability to generalize system behavior than other benchmarked methods.
The combined relationship of temperature and molybdenum concentration to nitrogen fixation byAnabaena cylindrica.

The joint effects of growth temperature, incubation temperature, and molybdenum concentration on the nitrogen fixation rate ofAnabaena cylindrica were determined using the acetylene-reduction technique. The nitrogen-fixation response to increased molybdenum concentration varied among three growth temperatures (15°, 23°, and 30° C). The pattern of rate change was similar within a growth temperature but increased overall in magnitude with the three incubation temperatures (also 15°, 23°, and 30° C). The maximum rate of nitrogen fixation occurred at 30°C regardless of previous growth temperature. The minimum molybdenum concentration necessary to yield substantial acetylene reduction varied with growth temperature: at 15°C, 15μg 1−1 was effective; at 23°C, less than 5μg 1−1 was effective; and at 30°C, 50μg 1−1 was effective. At all three growth temperatures, increases in molybdenum concentration above the minimum effective concentration produced increases in acetylene reduction. However, at higher molybdenum concentrations inhibition of nitrogen fixation occurred.
Urinary sodium excretion and kidney failure in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease.

Current guidelines recommend under 2g/day sodium intake in chronic kidney disease, but there are a few studies relating sodium intake to long-term outcomes. Here we evaluated the association of mean baseline 24-h urinary sodium excretion with kidney failure and a composite outcome of kidney failure or all-cause mortality using Cox regression in 840 participants enrolled in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Mean 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 3.46g/day. Kidney failure developed in 617 participants, and the composite outcome was reached in 723. In the primary analyses, there was no association between 24-h urine sodium and kidney failure (HR 0.99 (95% CI 0.91–1.08)) nor on the composite outcome (HR 1.01 (95% CI 0.93–1.09)), each per 1g/day higher urine sodium. In exploratory analyses, there was a significant interaction of baseline proteinuria and sodium excretion with kidney failure. Using a two-slope model, when urine sodium was under 3g/day, higher urine sodium was associated with increased risk of kidney failure in those with baseline proteinuria under 1g/day and with lower risk of kidney failure in those with baseline proteinuria of ⩾1g/day. There was no association between urine sodium and kidney failure when urine sodium was⩾3g/day. Results were consistent using first baseline and time-dependent urinary sodium excretion. Thus, we noted no association of urine sodium with kidney failure. Results of the exploratory analyses need to be verified in additional studies and the mechanism explored.
Immunochemical studies on lens protein-protein complexes. II. On the mechanism of alpha-beta-gamma crystallin complex formation.

Abstract An analysis of the β- and γ-crystallins present in various lens protein complexes of α-β, α-β-γ or only β-γ crystallins was done. This analysis was based on a detailed study of different proteins in the β- and γ-crystallin fractions. Beta and γ-crystallins were isolated from the different complexes by reacting each of them with anti-β crystallin antibodies used as ligands in an immunoadsorbent. The reaction resulted in dissociation of the complexes and binding of the various β-crystallins to the immunoadsorbent, leaving α- and γ-crystallins free in solution. After elution and concentration, the β-crystallins were compared in immunodiffusion tests with the high and low molecular weight β-crystallins. The freed γ-crystallins were first separated from α-crystallin by filtration on Diaflo XM-300 membranes. The filtrates were concentrated and compared with high and low molecular weight γ-crystallins. All of the β-crystallins which complexed with α-crystallin to form the α-β as well as the different α-β-γ crystallin complexes were found to contain β-crystallin molecules I and II, molecules which are typical of high molecular weight β-crystallin fractions. In addition, none of these β-crystallins contained β-crystallin molecule VII which is typically found in low molecular weight β-crystallin fractions. By contrast, all of the β-crystallins which did not complex with α-crystallin but which did form various β-γ crystallin complexes were related to the low molecular weight β-crystallins, as shown by the presence of β-crystallin molecule VII in these complexes and the absence of β-crystallins I and II. β-Crystallin molecules III through VI present in both high and low molecular weight β-crystallin fractions were found in all complexed crystallins. All complexes were also found to contain the same γ-crystallin molecules I and II. The data indicate that with progressing lens age, an initial α-β complex binds free γ-crystallins forming α-β-γ crystallin complexes. The latter complexes are not formed by association of α-β with β-γ complexes.
The impact of divorce on the family.

Often, divorce does not end disturbed marital relationships. Of 105 families that experienced divorce, 52 percent had hostile postdivorce interactions requiring at least 1 court intervention, and 31 percent required 2 to 10 court interventions in a two-year follow-up period. The legal reasons for the court actions centered around money and children. Commonly observed family dynamic patterns included (a) hostile interaction between divorced spouses over the parenting roles; (b) continued conflict between divorced spouses, but not involving the children or extended family; (c) perpetuation by the children of interaction between their divorced parents; (d) special alliances between one parent and child against the other parent; and (e) continued interaction of divorced partners, perpetuated by the extended family.
An Implicit/Explicit Numerical Solution Scheme for Phase-Change Problems

A computationally efficient and highly accurate solution scheme for phase-change problems is described which combines an implicit treatment of the temperature field equations with an explicit treatment of the interface energy balance (s). This scheme avoids the iterative interaction between the field and interface solutions which characterizes a fully implicit treatment. No time-step limitations were encountered in the wide range of numerical solutions that were carried out with the methodology. The accuracy characteristics were established by comparisons with alternative solutions of a number of specific problems involving plane or radial freezing, one or two solid phases, and, in some cases, convective heating at the solid-liquid interface. Depending on the problem, the alternative solutions were analytical, semianalytical, or numerical. The accuracy level of the solid layer thicknesses given by the solution scheme were found to be in the 0.1% range.
Realization of the transformation operator in the Jansen—Byers brown perturbation theory for exchange interactions

Abstract We obtain the general form and exhibit simple expressions for the transformation operator in the Jansen—Byers Brown exchange perturbation theory, without the use of an orthonormalization process.
Formation of the solar nebula

Abstract J. Gaustad has shown that no pause is to be expected in the free-fall collapse of an interstellar cloud until the hydrogen and helium of the fragments become ionized. It follows that there cannot be significant loss of angular momentum from the fragments during the collapse. The size and mass distribution of the resulting nebular disks formed from the fragments are discussed. Following a discussion of Mestel, it is concluded that two forms of mass distribution are possible, each with dimensions comparable to those of the solar system. In one, with axial condensation, there is shear and further condensation to form a single star with accompanying planets seems likely. In the other, without axial condensation, there is no shear and binary star formation seems likely.
Regional differences in the effects of isoflurane on neurotransmitter release

Stimulus evoked neurotransmitter release requires that Na(+) channel-dependent nerve terminal depolarization be transduced into synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Inhaled anesthetics block presynaptic Na(+) channels and selectively inhibit glutamate over GABA release from isolated nerve terminals, indicating mechanistic differences between excitatory and inhibitory transmitter release. We compared the effects of isoflurane on depolarization-evoked [(3)H]glutamate and [(14)C]GABA release from isolated nerve terminals prepared from four regions of rat CNS evoked by 4-aminopyridine (4AP), veratridine (VTD), or elevated K(+). These mechanistically distinct secretegogues distinguished between Na(+) channel- and/or Ca(2+) channel-mediated presynaptic effects. Isoflurane completely inhibited total 4AP-evoked glutamate release (IC(50) = 0.42 ± 0.03 mM) more potently than GABA release (IC(50) = 0.56 ± 0.02 mM) from cerebral cortex (1.3-fold greater potency), hippocampus and striatum, but inhibited glutamate and GABA release from spinal cord terminals equipotently. Na(+) channel-specific VTD-evoked glutamate release from cortex was also significantly more sensitive to inhibition by isoflurane than was GABA release. Na(+) channel-independent K(+)-evoked release was insensitive to isoflurane at clinical concentrations in all four regions, consistent with a target upstream of Ca(2+) entry. Isoflurane inhibited Na(+) channel-mediated (tetrodotoxin-sensitive) 4AP-evoked glutamate release (IC(50) = 0.30 ± 0.03 mM) more potently than GABA release (IC(50) = 0.67 ± 0.04 mM) from cortex (2.2-fold greater potency). The magnitude of inhibition of Na(+) channel-mediated 4AP-evoked release by a single clinical concentration of isoflurane (0.35 mM) varied by region and transmitter: Inhibition of glutamate release from spinal cord was greater than from the three brain regions and greater than GABA release for each CNS region. These findings indicate that isoflurane selectively inhibits glutamate release compared to GABA release via Na(+) channel-mediated transduction in the four CNS regions tested, and that differences in presynaptic Na(+) channel involvement determine differences in anesthetic pharmacology.
Changing incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

APART FROM RARE AND ISOLATED CASESOfpulmonary fibrosis occurring in very small infants, b ronchopu l monary dysplasia was first noted at the Babies Hospital , New York City, when artificial vent i la t ion for the treatmen t of respiratory distress syndrome was insti tuted. Over the past eight years, the incidence of BPD has fal len as techniques of neona ta l care have been improved and greater experience with artificial vent i la t ion has been gained. The lower incidence occurred despite an increase in survival rate and more frequent use of vent i la tory support on very small infants. We consider that the diagnosis of BPD canno t be m a d e without a history and wi thout a s tudy of sequent ia l films. With the changing techniques of assisted venti lat ion, we now rarely see the typical stages of the disease as described by Northway. In our lnsn tunon , we have seen two types of chronic lung disease in neonates : the first in the smallest in fant with little or no respiratory distress syndrome, and the second in infants surviving severe RD S (Table I). The changing survival rates according to weight group for the period 1972 to 1977 are presented in the Figure. The improved survival rate in very small infants has occurred concurrent ly with changes in bo th obstetr ic pracnce and newborn care. There have been more l iberal indicat ions for cesarean section for p remature b reech deliveries and for the very immatu re infant with fetal distress, as well as an earlier inst i tut ion of CPAP using nasal prongs and an increased use of mechan ica l venti lation for the very immatu re infant with respiratory difficulty. The changing incidence of BPD is presented in Table II. In 1970-1971. the condi t ion was seen in only four of 85 patients with RDS. two of whom were normal at seven months and two years, respectively; two died. A s t h m a and wheezing dur ing the first four years of life were seen in
On a sparse random graph with minimum degree three: Likely Pósa sets are large

We consider the likely size of the endpoint sets produced by Posa rotations, when applied to a longest path in a random graph with cn, c ≥ 2.7 edges that is conditioned to have minimum degree at least three.
THE PERIPHERAL ACTION OF TOLBUTAMiDE IN DOMESTIC FOWL

The effect of Tolbutamide was studied in chickens which had been functionally hepatectomized or both depancreatized and hepatectomizcd. The effects of simultaneous injection of Orinase and insulin on blood glucose, NPN, and inorganic phosphate in the intact fowl were also investigated. Hepatectomized fowl responded to 10 mg. Orinase/kg. body weight; the degree and pattern of response was almost identical with that of intact fowl of the same age. Hepatectomized birds proved to be hypersensitive to insulin, since an insulin dose that produced the same degree of hypoglycemia as Orinase in intact birds had a much more profound and prolonged hypoglycemic effect in hepatectomized birds. Birds which were depancreatized and later functionally hepatectomized also responded with hypoglycemia to Tolbutamide injection. Unless there is an extrapancreatic and extrahepatic source of insulin in the chicken, it is unlikely that the action of Orinase involves stimulation of insulin formation and/or secretion. Intensificati...
Taxes, uncertainty, and long-term growth

Abstract Uncertainty fundamentally alters the way in which taxes effect growth, because tax policies can change the riskiness of disposable income. An increase in the income tax rate, for example, reduces both the mean and variance of after-tax income. The reduction in the mean reduces savings, as predicted by models without uncertainty. However, the reduction in risk may decrease or increase savings depending upon whether consumers are averse to intertemporal substitution. If the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is small, then the fall in the variance reinforces the effects of the fall in the mean, so an increase in the tax rate reduces growth by much more than predicted by non-stochastic models. If the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is large, however, then the fall in the variance causes growth to decrease by less than predicted by non-stochastic models; theoretically, it is actually possible for a tax increase to increase growth.
Hydrogen storage in liquid organic heterocycles

Hydrogen storage in liquid organic heterocycles is feasible thermodynamically and is attractive in terms of simplicity, safety, scalability, heat management and economy, but extensive catalyst development is needed to bring it to fruition.
Identification of the lowest metastable autoionizing level in Rb from rf spectroscopic studies

The lowest Rb metastable autoionizing level has been identified by a rf resonance measurement of the g factors of the various hyperfine sublevels. Of the two lowest-lying metastable state assignments, $4{p}^{5}(^{2}P)5s5p(^{3}P)^{4}D_{\frac{7}{2}}$ and $4{p}^{5}4d(^{3}F)5s^{4}F_{\frac{9}{2}}$, only components of the $^{4}D_{\frac{7}{2}}$ were observed in the metastable beam. The atomic-beam resonance method employed resembles traditional methods except that it exploits the differential metastability of the fine-structure levels instead of magnetic deflection for state selection.
Altered editing in cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 8A1 gene transcripts of systemic lupus erythematosus T lymphocytes

The aetiopathogenesis of the abnormal immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains incompletely understood. We and other investigators demonstrated altered expression of adenosine deaminase that act on RNA (ADAR) genes in SLE patients. Based on this information, we hypothesize that the altered expression and function of ADAR enzymes is a mechanism for the immunopathogenesis of SLE. ADARs edit gene transcripts through site-specific conversion of adenosine to inosine by hydrolytic deamination at C6 of the adenosine. Thirteen SLE subjects and eight healthy controls were studied. We assessed the role of ADAR enzymes in editing of PDE8A1 gene transcripts of normal and SLE T cells. These studies demonstrated the occurrence of ADAR-catalysed altered and site-selective editing profile of specific sites in the PDE8A1 gene transcripts of normal and SLE T cells. Two hot spots for A to I editing were observed in the PDE8A1 transcripts of normal and SLE T cells. A fundamental finding of this study is A to I hypo-editing followed by up-regulation of PDE8A1 transcripts in SLE T cells. These results are confirmed by analysing PDE8A1 transcripts of normal T cells activated with type I interferon-alpha. It is proposed that, the altered expression of ADAR enzymes tilt the balance of editing machinery and alter editing in SLE transcriptome. Such altered editing may contribute to the modulation of gene regulation and ultimately, immune functions in SLE and play an important role in the initiation and propagation of SLE pathogenesis.
Gender bias or motherhood disadvantage? Judgments of blue collar mothers and fathers in the workplace.

The effects of gender, marital, and parental status on judgments of applicants for a blue-collar job were examined. One hundred eighteen undergraduates (72 males, 46 females) at University of Kansas, USA first rated a standard “ideal worker” applicant (single male with no child), followed by a target applicant (who varied on gender, martial and parental status) for a factory worker position. Overall findings demonstrated straightforward gender bias: Female applicants were perceived as warmer, less self-confident, less committed, and most importantly, were less likely than men to be hired. Results suggest the possibility that blue-collar jobs trigger gender bias rather than the more nuanced bias against caregivers or a motherhood penalty.
Star-disk interaction in brown dwarfs: implications for substellar formation

I review the current state of knowledge regarding disk accretion in young brown dwarfs (BDs), and the interaction of the disk with the central object. In particular, I discuss (1) observations of accretion/outflow phenomena in BDs; (2) techniques for measuring accretion rates ( Ṁ acc ); (3) the dependence of Ṁ acc on the central mass from stars to brown dwarfs; (4) the temporal evolution of Ṁ acc ; and (5) observations of variability in the accretion line profiles. I then examine the implications of these issues for the formation mechanism of BDs, and discuss new observations that can further constrain substellar origins.
Interactions of organic pollutants with gills of the bivalve molluscs Anodonta californiensis and Mytilus californianus: Uptake and effect on membrane fluxes. II

Abstract 1. The uptakes of 2,4,5-T, glyphosate, parathion, paranitrophenol, naphthalene, glycine, and inulin by gills of the bivalve molluscs Anodonta californiensis (freshwater) and Mytilus californianus (marine) show non-polar compounds are taken up to a greater extent than polar compounds except where active transport occurs. 2. The uptake of glycine by M. californianus is reduced by pollutants containing complexing functional groups but not by non-polar compounds. 3. The uptake of parathion alters the polyphosphate-inorganic phosphate balance in M. californianus. 4. The uptakes of pollutants parallel their toxicities toward rats.
Successive cambia in Aizoaceae: products and process

The transverse and longitudinal sections of the stems and roots of 11 genera of Aizoaceae. representing a wide range of growth forms from hard fibrous stems to fibre-free roots, were studied using light microscopy and scanning elec tron microscop Inmost of the genera, fibres are the first xylary product of each vascular cambium. followed by ves sels in a parenchyma background. Variations on this pattern help to prove that fibres are produced by vascular cambia, except in Ruschia and Stayneria, in which both the lateral meristem and the vascular cambia produce fibres. Cylinders of conjunctive tissue parenchyma that alternate with the vascular cylinders are produced by the lateral meristem. The concept that the lateral meristem gives rise to the vascular cambia and secondary cortex is supported by photographic evidence. Radial divisions occur in the origin of the lateral meristem, and then again as vascular cambia arise from the lateral meristem; these radial divisions account for storeying in fibres and conjunctive tissue. Raylessness characterizes all Aizoaceae studied, with the exception of Tetragonia, which also differs from the remaining genera by having vasicentric axial parenchvma, a scattering of vessels amongst fibres, and the presence of druses instead of raphides. Several vascular cambia axe typically formed per year. Several vascular cambia are active simultaneously in a given stem or root. Roots have fewer fibres and more abundant conjunctive tissue paren chyma than stems. Successive cambia result in an ideal dispersion of vascular tissue with respect to water and pho tosynthate storage and retrieval capabilities of the paxenchyma, and to liana stem plans. The distribution and relative abundance of fibres, vessels, secondary phloem, and conjunctive tissue parenchyma relate primarily to habit and are not a good source of systematic data, with the probable exception of Tetragortia. The general pattern of lat eral meristem and vascular cambial ontogeny is the same as in other families of the core Caryophyllales, although the patterns of the tissues produced are diverse. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 153, 141—155.
Catching up and slowing down: Learning and growth patterns in an open economy

Abstract This paper develops a model of an open economy in which the stock of human capital may be augmented by either imitation or innovation. Productivity in imitation depends on the difference between the body of world knowledge and an individual's stock of human capital (the knowledge gap), while productivity in innovation depends on past behavior through learning-by-doing. The model predicts convergence of growth rates, but not (necessarily) of per capita income levels, in the steady state. An improvement in either investment technology in either country raises growth and income levels in both countries. A technological improvement that raises productivity in imitation (innovation) in one country benefits it relatively more (less) than the rest of the world. The dynamic path followed by a small country that moves from autarky to integration with the rest of the world is characterized by an initial period of rapid imitation — for which there exists a large catch-up opportunity — followed by a shift towards innovation as the knowledge gap is reduced and the economy's technical maturity rises. In a growing world economy, late developers experience higher growth rates than earlier developers upon opening up.
The effects of early visual and motor experience on adult problem solving ability in hooded and albino rats

The Hebb-Williams maze test was given in the light and in the dark to hooded and albino rats reared under various combinations of restricted environments, free environments, light and limited-light rearing conditions. When tested in the light, the free-environment rats were superior to the restricted ones. A significant interaction was also found in the light testing data between strain and light rearing conditions. In the dark, the hooded animals were inferior to the albinos.
Late Paleogene-Neogene Planktonic Biostratigraphy and Its Geologic Implications, California: ABSTRACT

Planktonic microfossils indicate that at least in some typical sections, the Narizian Stage (Kreyenhagen Shale) is middle Eocene, spanning part of the range for the P10-P14 zones (about 49-45 m.y. ago). The Refugian Stage is essentially late Eocene, representing Paleogene zones P15-P17 (about 45-37.5 m.y. ago). Oligocene time is represented approximately by the Zemorrian Stage, defined by Paleogene zones P18-P22 (about 37.5-22.5 m.y. ago). Miocene subdivisions are: early Miocene, Saucesian Stage (Neogene zones N4-N8), radiometric age span about 23-15 m.y. ago; middle Miocene, Relizian, and Luisian Stages (Neogene zones N9-N12), radiometric age span about 15-11 m.y. ago; and the late Miocene Mohnian Stage (Neogene zones N13-N18), radiometric age span about 11-3 m.y. ago. T e Pliocene is represented by the Repettian, Venturian, and the lower part of the Wheelerian Stage (Neogene zones N19-N21) with a radiometric age span of about 3-1.79 m.y. ago. The Quaternary is younger than 1.79 m.y., embracing the upper part of the Wheelerian Stage, the Hallian, and younger units, representing Neogene zones N22 and N23. Employing planktonic criteria, boundaries of stages based on benthic species are clearly time-transgressive. A major structural change occurred in the Zemorrian Stage, the Oligocene, introducing a new set of basin patterns with the destruction of the Farallon plate and the adjacent spreading center, about 29-24 m.y. ago. A second important structural change occurred about 4 m.y. ago, in the late Miocene, with the development of a different pattern of basins and the formation of the Gulf of California. This new tectonic pattern resulted from, or was related to, the development of a westerly motion of the Pacific plate. The major volcanism of the California Tertiary occurred following the destruction of the Farallon plate, during the early and middle Miocene. End_Page 429------------------------------ Maximum sedimentation rates for the middle Eocene Narizian Stage (Kreyenhagen Shale) are less than 100 m/m.y., for the late Eocene (Refugian Stage) about 100 m/m.y., for the Oligocene Zemorrian Stage about 166 m/m.y., for the early Miocene about 140 m/m.y., for the middle Miocene about 500 m/m.y., for the late Miocene about 250 m/m.y., and for the Pliocene-Pleistocene they are almost 2,000 m/m.y. The very rapid sedimentation rates, following the second major change in tectonic patterns about 4 m.y. ago, are similar to those today in Santa Barbara basin; they are less than the much higher rates recognized for the late Pleistocene in basins of the continental borderland. End_of_Article - Last_Page 430------------
Interactive effects of flooding and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing on floodplain forest recruitment

Abstract Floodplain forests have historically been resilient to the effects of flooding because the tree species that inhabit these ecosystems regenerate and grow quickly following disturbances. However, the intensity and selectivity of ungulate herbivory in floodplains has the potential to modify the community-level effects of flooding by delaying forest recruitment and leaving sites vulnerable to invasive species. We established a series of exclosures along an elevation gradient in an actively recruiting floodplain forest along the Upper Mississippi River prior to three large-magnitude flood events. Pre-flood browsing by Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) ranged from 20% to 85% of all available stems, and reduced subsequent annual tree height growth from 60 cm/yr to approximately 35 cm/yr, regardless of elevation. Tree mortality, in contrast, was positively correlated with both pre-flood browsing rates and the duration of the growing season that the ground elevation of plots was flooded. Mortality rates ranged from approximately 40% in plots that experienced low levels of deer browsing ( 80% of stems) and long flood durations (>50 days). Longer flood durations led to larger shifts in tree community composition, away from heavily browsed and less flood tolerant Acer saccharinum L. (silver maple) and Populus deltoides (cottonwood) and toward species that were more flood tolerant and not preferred by deer. Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) colonized some portions of all plots, except for those situated at high elevations and protected by exclosures. Hence, herbivory can interact with the local flooding regime of rivers to delay recruitment of some tree species, resulting in shifts in successional trajectories, and leaving young forests vulnerable to invasion by exotic herbaceous species.
Integration of pre- and postharvest treatments to minimize Penicillium decay of Satsuma mandarins

Abstract Green and blue mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc. and P. italicum Wehmer, respectively, cause significant losses of Satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu Marc.) after harvest. The effects of some pre- and postharvest treatments on development of these diseases and on the wound healing processes of Satsuma mandarin fruit were determined. Trees were treated with CaCl2 in combination with growth regulators (2,4-D and GA3) and benomyl before harvest. Fruit were harvested from each treatment and wounded at three sites. One group was inoculated with the pathogens immediately while another group was inoculated 3 days later. Of these, one group was held at 30 °C with high humidity (90–95%) for 72 h, which is a thermal curing regime, and another was exposed to UV-C light for 10 min. Green and blue mold incidence after harvest during storage was inhibited by preharvest treatments containing benomyl. UV light treatments also reduced green mold, but caused some injury to the fruit. The disease incidence was very low among fruit that were held at 30 °C with high humidity (90–95%) for 72 h compared to the other treatments. Combinations of these treatments were additive in efficacy.
Measuring Success of Cooperative Collection Development: Report of the Center for Research Libraries/Greater Western Library Alliance Working Group for Quantitative Evaluation of Cooperative Collection Development Projects

ABSTRACT This report of the Working Group for Quantitative Evaluation of Cooperative Collection Development identifies ways of evaluating through quantitative measures the success of cooperative collection development activities. Following a literature review, the group developed four basic groups of performance measures including: resources or input data (numerical data like FTE, staff, items purchased, items in collections, etc.); financial data (library/group expenditures, unit costs, etc.); use data (use of electronic, print, or near print, documents delivered, etc.); and user satisfaction data. On the basis of a modified balanced scorecard approach, specific performance measures and underlying data points are identified that could be effective in measuring cooperative collection development efforts and determining if a cooperative collection development project reduced unit costs, increased access to information resources, and resulted in increased use and user satisfaction.
Necessary conditions for Menon difference sets

Menon difference sets have the parameters (4N2, 2N2±N,N2±N). In this paper, a necessary condition for Menon difference sets in groups of the formZ2p×Z2p×Gq, whereGq is an abelianq-group andp, q are distinct prime numbers, will be proved. We will also focus on the groupsZ2pq×Z2pq and give constraints on the magnitudes ofp andq. Finally, we show that if the groupZ6p×Z6p contains a Menon difference set, thenp=3 or 13 only.
Biosynthesis of choline plasmalogens in neonatal rat myocytes

The alk-1-enyl bond in plasmenylethanolamine is formed from plasmanylethanolamine by the action of a microsomal cytochrome b5-dependent desaturase. However, the origin of the alk-1-enyl linkage in plasmenylcholine, a significant subclass of phospholipids in heart tissues of certain animal species, is not yet known. We have used neonatal rat myocytes as a model to study the biosynthesis of plasmenylcholine in the present studies since they have a phospholipid composition and subclasses of 1,2-diradyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (-GPC) similar to those of neonatal rat hearts. When equal concentrations of [3H]hexadecyllyso-GPC or [3H]hexadecyllyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (-GPE) are incubated under identical conditions with myocytes for 4, 12, and 24 h, the rate of plasmenylcholine formation is faster from [3H]hexadecyllyso-GPE than from [3H]hexadecyllyso-GPC. Also, when [3H]alkyllyso-GPC and alkyllyso-[N-methyl-14C]GPC are incubated with rat myocytes for various times up to 24 h, the 3H14C ratio in the diacyl-GPC plus alkylacyl-GPC fraction and alkyllyso-GPC remains relatively constant (3H14C = 2.7), whereas the 3H14C of plasmenylcholine increases from 0.3 at 2 h to 1.7 after 24 h. Finally, when the rat myocytes are prelabeled with [3H]alkyllyso-GPE for 4 h and then reincubated with either [14C]choline or [14C]methionine for 1 or 3 h, both [14C]choline and [14C]methionine are incorporated into plasmenylcholine, except the 14C3H is much higher (5- to 15-fold) in the [14C]choline-labeled plasmenylcholine than in the [14C]methionine-labeled plasmenylcholine. Collectively, our data show plasmenylcholine is not directly derived from plasmanylcholine or lysoplasmanylcholine, but instead is formed from plasmenylethanolamine via some type of hydrolytic exchange mechanism, and the contribution of plasmenylethanolamine through methylation to the synthesis of plasmenylcholine is of limited capacity.
Blueberry supplementation attenuates microglial activation in hippocampal intraocular grafts to aged hosts

Transplantation of central nervous tissue has been proposed as a therapeutic intervention for age-related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. However, survival of embryonic neuronal cells is hampered by detrimental factors in the aged host brain such as circulating inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. We have previously found that supplementation with 2% blueberry in the diet increases graft growth and neuronal survival in intraocular hippocampal grafts to aged hosts. In the present study we explored possible biochemical mechanisms for this increased survival, and we here report decreased microglial activation and astrogliosis in intraocular hippocampal grafts to middle-aged hosts fed a 2% blueberry diet. Markers for astrocytes and for activated microglial cells were both decreased long-term after grafting to blueberry-treated hosts compared with age-matched rats on a control diet. Similar findings were obtained in the host brain, with a reduction in OX-6 immunoreactive microglial cells in the hippocampus of those recipients treated with blueberry. In addition, immunoreactivity for the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was found to be significantly attenuated in intraocular grafts by the 2% blueberry diet. These studies demonstrate direct effects of blueberry upon microglial activation both during isolated conditions and in the aged host brain and suggest that this nutraceutical can attenuate age-induced inflammation.
The Stiles--Crawford function of an albino observer.

Stiles-Crawford functions (SCF's) were measured for both eyes of an albino observer with a marked pendular nystagmus using an eye position monitoring system. Both eyes demonstrated directional sensitivity as revealed by their SCF's. The directional sensitivity of both eyes was less than that of either the foveal or parafoveal region of normal observers. In addition, there was a significant difference between the SCF's for the albino observer's two eyes. Our results suggest that the psychophysical SCF is predominately the result of the orientational distribution of groups of receptors on the retina.
Uridine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic UMP). I. Isolation from rat liver extracts.

Abstract A compound isolated from the cold acid soluble fraction and from hot water extracts of rat liver has been identified as 3′,5′-cyclic UMP by comparison with the authentic compound with respect to the following characteristics: Rf values in nine solvent systems; electrophoretic mobility in three buffers; UV spectra; nmr spectrum; acid and enzymatic hydrolysis; and effect on L-1210 cell growth in vitro .
Increased levels of methylglyoxal-metabolizing enzymes in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic complications: aldose reductase, glyoxalase I, and glyoxalase II--a clinical research center study.

Levels of aldose reductase, glyoxalase I, and glyoxalase II in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with long term diabetic complications were compared to levels in IDDM patients without complications and to those in nondiabetic controls. Cells were isolated from 22 asymptomatic long term IDDM patients, 22 symptomatic IDDM patients, and 16 controls, using a double gradient centrifugation procedure. Aldose reductase was determined by Western blots using polyclonal antiserum to human aldose reductase purified from skeletal muscle. Glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II were determined spectrophotometrically. Aldose reductase in mononuclear cells from symptomatic IDDM patients is significantly elevated compared to that in asymptomatic IDDM patients (mean +/- SEM, 0.96 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.46 +/- 0.08 microgram/mg protein; P < 0.02). Aldose reductase was not detected in polymorphonuclear cells. Glyoxalase I in mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from symptomat...
Predicting Column Performance in Displacement Chromatography from High Throughput Screening Batch Experiments

A novel high throughput screening (HTS) technique has been recently developed for displacer discovery. In this article, the multicomponent steric mass action (SMA) model is used to determine column performance in displacement chromatography from batch HTS results. The multicomponent isotherm is first used to predict the displacer concentration in the batch HTS experiments without assaying for the displacer. This information is then employed to determine the single component dynamic affinities of the displacer and the protein and to predict displacement efficacy under column conditions. The model is used to predict the column displacement of horse heart cytochrome-C using N-α-benzoyl arginine ethyl ester as the displacer based on batch HTS results.
Immunomodulatory and transcriptional effects of progesterone through progesterone A and B receptors in Hec50co poorly differentiated endometrial cancer cells

Derivatives ofprogesterone, progestins, are used to treat endometrial cancer; however, the pathways activated by the hormone have not beenfully investigated. Progesterone acts through two receptor isoforms, progesterone receptors A and B (PRA and PRB), transcription factors that control the expression of downstream genes leading to endometrial differentiation. The purpose of this study was to perform an expression analysis to identify the mechanisms underlying progesterone’s growth suppressive and immuno-modulatory effects in endometrial cancer. To study the molecular effects of progesterone, PRs were introduced into Hec50co cells. Expression array analyses followed by confirmatory semiquantitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) experiments were performed. Expression analysis demonstrated a significant effect ofprogesterone after 12 hours of treatment on a number of genes, including cell signaling, DNA remodeling, apoptotic, tumor-suppressor, and transcription factors. Of particular interest was the consistent modulation of cytokines, which generally predictedfor a powerfil anti-inflammatory effect ofprogesterone through PR. Specifically, pro-inflammatory genes such as TNFα, IL-1β, and MCP-1/MCAF-1 were down-regulated and anti-inflammatory genes such as TRAPi and SMAD4 were induced. We have discovered that progesterone has a modulatory effect on inflammation and many other important cellularfunctions. These effects likely underlie the inhibitory effects ofprogesterone on tumor growth and invasion.
The composition of microcosms

Q methodology is employed for purposes of providing an instrumental base to Lasswell's concept of the continuing decision seminar. Policy-making is regarded as essentially subjective and value-laden in nature, hence the use of instruments to assist in the micromodeling of complex decision processes—as embodied in decision seminars—must give centrality to human judgment. The factor-analytic procedures proposed are applied first to a life-history seminar. Suggestions are then made for the extension of these methods to future seminars, decision-making, and to the policy sciences more generally.
Transient temperature response of a porous matrix entering a planetary atmosphere

An analysis is made of the transient temperature behavior of a transpiration-cooled porous matrix entering a planetary atmosphere with constant velocity and negative entry angle. The analysis is based on one dimensional heat conduction in a porous plate subjected to a time dependent heat flux at one side and cooled internally by mass injection from a constant temperature reservoir at the opposite side. An exact closed-form solution is obtained and temperature charts are presented for a wide range of Fourier number and coolant flow parameters.