cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free vibration analysis of insulating glass units

Abstract Modern insulating glass (IG) units consist of two glass plates, normally rectangular, placed parallel to each other. The plates are joined by a perimeter spacer and the unit is sealed so as to be air tight. Such IG units are widely used for thermal and sound insulation in modern buildings. An IG unit responds dynamically when exposed to wind loading. Fluctuating winds induce vibrations in the exterior glass plate and, in turn, this plate induces motion of the air enclosed between the plates and vibration of the interior plate. Hence, there is dynamic interaction between the two plates and the air trapped between them. A rigorous dynamic analysis is needed to determine the response of IG units to wind loading. As a first step, it is essential to study the periods of the fluid-plate system. In the present work, the two plates are assumed to satisfy small deflection plate theory. The air trapped between the plates is assumed to be irrotational and inviscid, but compressible, and it is assumed to satisfy the small amplitude equations of gas dynamics. A mathematical model is developed to study the interaction between the plates and the enclosed air. Assuming all edges of the plates to be simply supported and the perimeter spacer to provide a rigid boundary on the air space, the governing dynamic equations of the fluid-plate system are solved for free vibration response of the system. It is found that even plates modes are coupled with add fluid modes and vice versa. The coupled frequencies of the fluid-plate system exhibit decreased magnitudes compared with the corresponding uncoupled plate frequencies. The information obtained concerning the frequencies of IG units will be useful in further dynamic analysis of these units when subjected to fluctuating winds.
Villin: A marker for development of the epithelial pyloric border

In the adult gastrointestinal tract, the morphologic borders between esophagus and stomach and between stomach and small intestine are literally one cell thick. The patterning mechanisms that underlie the development of these sharp regional divisions from a once continuous endodermal tube are still obscure. In the embryonic endoderm of the developing gut, region-specific expression of certain genes (e.g., intestine-specific expression of the actin bundling protein villin) can be detected as early as 9.0 days post coitum, although the morphologic differentiation of the gut epithelium proper does not begin until 4 to 5 days later. By using a mouse model in which a beta-galactosidase marker has been inserted into the endogenous villin locus, we examined the development of the stomach/intestinal (pyloric) border during gut organogenesis. The data indicate that the border is not sharp from the outset. Rather, the initial border region is characterized by a decreasing gradient of villin/beta-galactosidase expression that extends into the distal stomach. A sharp epithelial border of villin/beta-galactosidase expression appears abruptly at day 16 and is further refined over the next 3 weeks to form the distinct one-cell-thick border characteristic of the adult. These results indicate that an important previously unrecognized patterning event occurs in the gut epithelium at 16 days; this event may define an epithelial compartment boundary between the stomach and the intestine. The villin/beta-galactosidase mouse model characterized here provides an excellent substrate with which to further dissect the mechanisms involved in this patterning process.
Functional Outcomes of Adults with Left Ventricular Assist Devices Receiving Inpatient Rehabilitation

Objective To study the functional outcomes of patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) who were receiving inpatient rehabilitation. Design This is a retrospective cohort study of adults with an implanted LVAD admitted to an acute inpatient rehabilitation unit (IRU) over a 14-month period from March 2010 through May 2011. Setting A tertiary care hospital. Patients This study included 11 patients with an implanted LVAD who required acute inpatient rehabilitation. All the patients with LVADs were included irrespective of the initial admitting diagnosis. Nine patients were admitted for cardiac diagnoses and underwent LVAD placement before their transfer to the IRU; 2 patients received LVADs before this hospital admission and were admitted for stroke. Methods Demographic, clinical, and functional data were abstracted. Acute care length of stay (LOS), IRU LOS, and discharge disposition, along with IRU Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores, were analyzed. Main Outcome Measurements The primary outcome measurements were IRU LOS, change in functional status (measured by the FIM), FIM efficiency (FIM gain/LOS), and discharge setting. Results The mean ± standard deviation (SD) IRU LOS was 17.5 ± 8.9 days. The mean ± SD FIM gain was statistically significant at 28.6 ± 10.2 ( P Conclusions The patients with LVADs in this study achieved clinically meaningful functional gains from inpatient rehabilitation that compared favorably with national benchmarks for patients with cardiac diagnoses. The majority of the subjects were successfully discharged home. IRUs should consider implementing rehabilitation programs for this growing patient population.
Comparison of P- and S-wave velocity profiles obtained from surface seismic refraction/reflection and downhole data

High-resolution seismic-reflection/refraction data were acquired on the ground surface at six locations to compare with near-surface seismic-velocity downhole measurements. Measurement sites were in Seattle, WA, the San Francisco Bay Area, CA, and the San Fernando Valley, CA. We quantitatively compared the data in terms of the average shear-wave velocity to 30-m depth (Vs30), and by the ratio of the relative site amplification produced by the velocity profiles of each data type over a specified set of quarter-wavelength frequencies. In terms of Vs30, similar values were determined from the two methods. There is <15% difference at four of the six sites. The Vs30 values at the other two sites differ by 21% and 48%. The relative site amplification factors differ generally by less than 10% for both P- and S-wave velocities. We also found that S-wave reflections and first-arrival phase delays are essential for identifying velocity inversions. The results suggest that seismic reflection/refraction data are a fast, non-invasive, and less expensive alternative to downhole data for determining Vs30. In addition, we emphasize that some P- and S-wave reflection travel times can directly indicate the frequencies of potentially damaging earthquake site resonances. A strong correlation between the simple S-wave first-arrival travel time/apparent velocity on the ground surface at 100 m offset from the seismic source and the Vs30 value for that site is an additional unique feature of the reflection/refraction data that could greatly simplify Vs30 determinations.
A simple derivation of the Fresnel diffraction formula

In contrast with the conventional technique of deriving the Fresnel diffraction formula using Green's functions and the integral theorem of Helmholtz and Kirchhoff, we present a simple direct derivation of Fresnel diffraction by starting out from the scalar wave equation.
X-ray spectroscopy of five BL Lacertae objects

Five X-ray bright BL Lacertae objects were observed in the energy range 0.6-4.5 keV with the solid state spectrometer (SSS) of the Einstein Observatory. The 14 SSS spectra obtained represent most of the X-ray spectra of BL Lac objects with resolution better than approximately 3. These data do not reveal the presence of large amounts of thermal gas, with upper limits for the equivalent width of individual spectral features typically less that about 100 eV. However, the SSS spectra are the first set of X-ray data to indicate low-energy absorption in excess of that caused by the cold interstellar matter in the Galaxy. Comparison with contemporaneous, lower energy X-ray data implies that this absorption does not arise in cold neutral material, but in hotter, highly ionized material, probably intrinsic to the source. All five BL Lac objects have X-ray continua that are well fitted by power-law models, with power-law energy indices usually greater than about 1. In a few cases, a flattening at higher energies is observed; these and other data suggest that two-component X-ray spectra, steep at low energies and flat at high energies, are a common feature of BL Lac objects. Three of the five sources clearly vary between SSS observations, with time scales ranging from days to years. A historical synopsis of the X-ray spectral data confirms the tendency for BL Lacertae objects to be highly variable in the X-ray band but reveals no correlation between spectral and intensity changes.
The Distribution of Myotis thysanodes in California

In 1928 Miller and Allen (U. S. Nat. Mus. Bul., 144:127) recorded the fringe-tailed bat ( Myotis thysanodes thysanodes ) from only five localities in California. Specimens were known to them from Dulzura, San Diego County, Old Fort Tejon and Walker Pass, Kern County, and from Fyffe and Limekiln, Eldorado County. Grinnell (Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., 40: 88, 1933), in outlining the range of this species in California, recorded it north to Stonewall Canyon, near …
The Internet of Things vision: Key features, applications and open issues

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that combines aspects and technologies coming from different approaches. Ubiquitous computing, pervasive computing, Internet Protocol, sensing technologies, communication technologies, and embedded devices are merged together in order to form a system where the real and digital worlds meet and are continuously in symbiotic interaction. The smart object is the building block of the IoT vision. By putting intelligence into everyday objects, they are turned into smart objects able not only to collect information from the environment and interact/control the physical world, but also to be interconnected, to each other, through Internet to exchange data and information. The expected huge number of interconnected devices and the significant amount of available data open new opportunities to create services that will bring tangible benefits to the society, environment, economy and individual citizens. In this paper we present the key features and the driver technologies of IoT. In addition to identifying the application scenarios and the correspondent potential applications, we focus on research challenges and open issues to be faced for the IoT realization in the real world.
Micromachined sub-THz interconnect channels for planar silicon processes

This paper presents design, fabrication and measurement results of sub-THz silicon dielectric waveguide channels for interconnect applications. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a sub-THz interconnect channel for planar silicon processes. The measured insertion loss peaks at -15.9 dB. The measurement results verify that the insertion loss is improved more than 35 dB compared to the scenario without channels.
Chemical biology: innovative solutions for diverse challenges.

The Yale Chemical Biology Symposium is a day-long event that highlights new advances at the interface of chemistry and biology. Held annually since 1998, the symposium features presentations by acclaimed investigators from academic and industrial institutions as well as a poster session for student and postdoctoral presenters. The 2005 symposium held on May 13 featured Dr. Joshua Boger (Chairman, President, and CEO of Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) as the keynote speaker as well as Drs. Carolyn Bertozzi (UC Berkeley), Alice Ting (MIT), Peter Lansbury (Harvard), Patrick Loria (Yale), and Ronald Breaker (Yale). This meeting review summarizes the novel chemical biology approaches to fields as diverse as glycobiology, neurochemistry, drug discovery, molecular biophysics, and molecular genetics presented at the symposium.
Specific heat of pure and thoriated UBe 13 at low temperatures in high magnetic fields

We have measured the specific heat of pure and thoriated (3.3% thorium) UBe{sub 13} in the temperature interval 0.3--1.8 K in applied magnetic fields up to 20 T, and find striking qualitative differences between the two systems. For pure UBe{sub 13} the electronic coefficient of specific heat {gamma}{sub el}(=C{sub el}(T)/T) is noticeably suppressed by a field of 20 T at 1.8 K; below 1 K, however, this reduction from the low-field, normal-state value tends to zero. For the 3.3% thoriated sample, the high-temperature value of {gamma}{sub el} is relatively insensitive to strong magnetic fields, but at lower temperatures the suppression of {gamma}{sub el} becomes much stronger, reaching nearly 40% at 0.35 K in a field of 20 T. This behavior is similar to that observed in most cerium-based heavy-fermion systems.
Effects of fuel treatments on carbon-disturbance relationships in forests of the northern Rocky Mountains §

Fuel treatments alter conditions in forested stands at the time of the treatment and subsequently. Fuel treatments reduce on-site carbon and also change the fire potential and expected outcome of future wildfires, including their carbon emissions. We simulated effects of fuel treatments on 140 stands representing seven major habitat type groups of the northern Rocky Mountains using the Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FFE-FVS). Changes in forest carbon due to mechanical fuel treatment (thinning from below to reduce ladder fuels) and prescribed fire were explored, as well as changes in expected fire behavior and effects of subsequent wildfire. Results indicated that fuel treatments decreased fire severity and crown fire occurrence and reduced subsequent wildfire emissions, but did not increase post-wildfire carbon stored on-site. Conversely, untreated stands had greater wildfire emissions but stored more carbon.
Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of aberrant crypt foci in human colorectal mucosa.

Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colorectal mucosa are proposed to be the earliest morphological lesion in the development of neoplasia, but their characteristics remain controversial. We therefore studied the epithelial phenotype and genotype of ACF from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and of sporadic ACF by evaluating glycoprotein markers associated with neoplasia (lectins Dolichus biflorus agglutinin and peanut agglutinin; monoclonal antibody CA 19-9 against sialyl Lewis-a blood group substance), expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and ras proto-oncogene mutations. The utility of the markers was established by comparing adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. Most FAP ACF resembled adenomas and were found to differ from sporadic ACF in their high frequency of dysplasia, staining with Dolichus biflorus agglutinin, expression of sialyl Lewis-a, proliferation in the epithelium of upper crypts, and low frequency of ras gene mutations (P = .04 to < .0000001). By contrast, sporadic ACF and a subset of FAP ACF had phenotypic characteristics resembling hyperplastic polyps but usually had ras mutations, which were inversely related to dysplasia (P = .00009). Our findings suggest that "aberrant crypt focus" is a generic term analogous to "polyp" and requires further histopathologic, phenotypic, or genotypic classification into dysplastic and heteroplastic (hetero = other, plasia = form) types. Dysplastic ACF represent potential precursors to colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas, but heteroplastic ACF appear to be associated, rather than precursor, lesions.
Isolation and characterization of pteridines from heads of Drosophila melanogaster by a modified thin-layer chromatography procedure

An improved thin-layer chromatography technique is described for the separation of fluorescent compounds found in extracts of heads of Drosophila melanogaster. Eighteen to twenty fluorescent spots are resolved, two of which are xanthurenic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine, and the remaining spots are presumably pteridines. Of these, nine have been identified and quantitated directly on the chromatograms with a fluorometer. One of the spots present on the chromatogram apparently has not been described previous to this work. Characteristics of this substance, termed "quench spot," are presented, several of which indicate that it may be a pteridine or pteridine derivative.
Antigenic determinants in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Summary. Serum platelet bindable immunoglobulin (SPBIg) was determined in a group of 23 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients and compared to 20 normal, healthy controls. The mean SPBIg of the ITP group was 16.1 (±17.9 SD) fg/platelet, while the normals were substantially lower, 40 (± 1.2) fg/platelet. Sera from patients of both groups were then incubated with platelet fractions immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane strips (Western Blotting) to detect platelet antigen specificity using a peroxidase labelled indicator antibody. The normal patient sera did not react with platelet fractions on the nitrocellulose strips. However, 21 of 2 3 ITP sera bound to one or more platelet fractions with large variations in the number and molecular weights of the platelet fractions identified by ITP antibody. These observations suggest the presence of multiple antigenic binding sites for platelet specific immunoglobulin in ITP sera. This variation may reflect heterogeneous antibodies binding to diverse antigens or homogeneous antibodies to a limited number of antigenic determinants shared by several discrete platelet molecules.
Religious Schools, Home Schools, and the Timing of First Marriage and First Birth

The timing of individuals’ family formation is important for a number of socioeconomic and health outcomes. We examine the influence of religious schools and home schools on the timing of first marriage and first birth using data from the Cardus Education Study Graduate Survey (N = 1,496). Our results from life tables and event-history regression models show that, on average, graduates of evangelical Protestant schools—but not Catholic school or homeschool graduates—have earlier marriages and births than public school graduates. Catholic school students have later first births on average than public school graduates. Models interacting schooling type with age and age-squared suggest that evangelical schoolers’ higher odds of marriage stem from higher odds of marrying at ages 21–30, and their higher odds of first birth stem from higher odds of births from ages 25–34. Catholic school and nonreligious private school students also have higher odds of marrying in the mid-20s and early-30s than do public school students. Evangelical, non-religious private, and Catholic school students all have lower odds of teenage births than public school students but higher odds of birth later in the life course. Homeschoolers do not differ on either outcome at any age. Our findings suggest that schools socialize their students with distinctive attitudes toward family formation that influence their behavior even many years after graduation, though these schools do not appear to be particularly harmful to life chances in terms of fostering marriage or childbearing at very young ages.
The Linear Relation Between Temperatures Based on the Silica Content of Groundwater and Regional Heat Flow: A New Heat Flow Map of the United States

Application of the silica geothermometer to over 70,000 non-thermal groundwaters from the United States has shown that there is a correlation between the average silica geotemperatures for a region (T SiO2 in °C) and the known regional heat flow (q in mW m-2) of the form: (Equation) where m and b are constants determined to be 0.67°C m2 mW-1 and 13.2°C respectively. The physical significance of ‘b’ is the mean annual air temperature. The slope ‘m’ is related to the minimum average depth to which the groundwaters may circulate. This minimum depth is estimated to be between 1.4 and 2.0 km depending on the rock type. A preliminary heat flow map based on equation (1) is presented using the T SiO2 for new estimates of regional heat flow where conventional data are lacking. Anomalously high local T SiO2 values indicate potential geothermal areas.
Semiclassical instanton approach to calculation of reaction rate constants in multidimensional chemical systems.

The semiclassical instanton approximation is revisited in the context of its application to the calculation of chemical reaction rate constants. An analytical expression for the quantum canonical reaction rate constants of multidimensional systems is derived for all temperatures from the deep tunneling to high-temperature regimes. The connection of the derived semiclassical instanton theory with several previously developed reaction rate theories is shown and the numerical procedure for the search of instanton trajectories is provided. The theory is tested on seven different collinear symmetric and asymmetric atom transfer reactions including heavy-light-heavy, light-heavy-light and light-light-heavy systems. The obtained thermal rate constants agree within a factor of 1.5–2 with the exact quantum results in the wide range of temperatures from 200 to 1500 K.
Optimal simple step stress accelerated life test design for reliability prediction

Abstract A step stress accelerated life testing model is presented to obtain the optimal hold time at which the stress level is changed. The experimental test is designed to minimize the asymptotic variance of reliability estimate at time ζ . A Weibull distribution is assumed for the failure time at any constant stress level. The scale parameter of the Weibull failure time distribution at constant stress levels is assumed to be a log-linear function of the stress level. The maximum likelihood function is given for the step stress accelerated life testing model with Type I censoring, from which the asymptotic variance and the Fisher information matrix are obtained. An optimal test plan with the minimum asymptotic variance of reliability estimate at time ζ is determined.
Arnold's Advantages: How Governor Schwarzenegger Acquired English Through De Facto Bilingual Education

Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has repeatedly mentioned that immigrants to the United States should do what he did to acquire English: Avoid using their first languages and speak, listen to, and read a vast amount of materials in English—a combination he referred to as “immersion.” Yet, Schwarzenegger's real path to successful English acquisition was much closer to “de facto” bilingual education: He had the advantage of several years of education in his first language, which provided him with literacy and background knowledge. He also had several sources of comprehensible input in English, including English as a foreign language instruction in his native Austria, English as a second language and content courses in the United States, and a helpful circle of friends. His case is, unfortunately, not very similar to that of a large majority of those adult immigrants to the United States he intends to advise.
Relativistic many-body calculations of electric-dipole matrix elements, lifetimes, and polarizabilities in rubidium

Electric-dipole matrix elements for $\mathrm{ns}\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}p,$ $\mathrm{nd}\ensuremath{-}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}p,$ and $6d\ensuremath{-}4f$ transitions in Rb are calculated using a relativistic all-order method. A third-order calculation is also carried out for these matrix elements to evaluate the importance of the high-order many-body perturbation theory contributions. The all-order matrix elements are used to evaluate lifetimes of $\mathrm{ns}$ and $\mathrm{np}$ levels with $n=6,7,8$ and $\mathrm{nd}$ levels with $n=4,5,6$ for comparison with experiment and to provide benchmark values for these lifetimes. The dynamic polarizabilities are calculated for $\mathrm{ns}$ states of rubidium. The resulting lifetime and polarizability values are compared with available theory and experiment.
Pile Setup in Cohesive Soil. II: Analytical Quantifications and Design Recommendations

AbstractThis paper establishes a methodology to quantify pile setup by using recent field test data that was presented in a companion paper for steel H-piles driven in cohesive soils. Existing methods found in literature for the same purpose either require restrikes of piles onsite or are developed for a specific soil type and seldom use easily quantifiable soil properties, despite their significant influence on pile setup. Following a critical evaluation of the existing methods, a new approach for estimating pile setup was developed using dynamic measurements and analyses in combination with measured soil properties, such as the horizontal coefficient of consolidation, undrained shear strength, and the standard penetration test N value. Using pile setup information available in the literature, the proposed approach has shown that it provides good estimates for the setup of steel H-piles, as well as for other types and sizes of driven piles.
Temporal variation in extrafloral nectar secretion by reproductive tissues of the senita cactus, Pachycereus schottii (Cactaceae), in the Sonoran Desert of Mexico

Plant/ant interactions mediated by extrafloral nectar (EFN) are common in nature. EFN is produced by plant species of >330 genera across 25% of all angiosperm families. Despite natural history observations suggesting its widespread occurrence within the Cactaceae, few studies have quantified EFN production by cacti. In this study, we conducted ant-exclusion experiments to examine temporal variation in, and ant consumption of, EFN produced by buds and fruits of the senita cactus (Pachycereus schottii) in the Sonoran Desert. EFN production by both buds and fruits was greatest at night and nearly absent by day. EFN remaining on buds and fruits was lower (and nearly absent) with ants than without ants. These results suggest the need for further studies of senita and other cacti that examine the ability of EFN production to attract and reward, but not necessarily oversupply ant consumers that provide them with herbivore resistance.
Hypnosis and keratometry

A Humphrey Auto Keratometer was used to evaluate the changes in corneal astigmatism that occurred under hypnosis. The measurements were made at the visual axis and the corneal apex in eight subjects. These measurements were taken before, during and after hypnosis. The mean of the changes occurring at the visual axis was 0.40 diopters with some corneas changing as much as 0.62 diopters. The mean change at the corneal apex was 0.23 diopters with some corneas changing as much as 0.37 diopters. These corneal changes are attributed to the relaxation of lid tension after hypnosis.
Continuous Renal-Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury develops in a 20-year-old man with Marfan's syndrome after aortic-valve replacement complicated by thoracic aortic dissection. Continuous renal-replacement therapy rather than intermittent hemodialysis is recommended because of hemodynamic instability.
Analog computer simulation of a Duffing oscillator and comparison with statistical linearization

Abstract We present the results of an analog computer simulation of a Duffing oscillator, i.e. of a damped anharmonic oscillator with a cubic non-linearity driven by Gaussian white noise. The simulations were performed for wide ranges of parameter values. The experimentally obtained spectral densities are compared with those obtained analytically using the method of statistical linearization.
Pain-autonomic interactions: A selective review

The nociceptive and the autonomic systems interact at the level of the periphery, spinal cord, brainstem, and forebrain. Spinal and visceral afferents provide converging information to spinothalamic neurons in the dorsal horn and to neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nuclei. These structures project to areas involved in reflex, homeostatic, and behavioral control of autonomic outflow, endocrine function, and nociception. These include monoaminergic cell groups of the medulla and pons, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus, amygdala, insular cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus. These interactions should be taken into account to understand the complex pathophysiology of chronic pain disorders.
Unit roots and structural breaks in North American unemployment rates

Abstract This paper examines the univariate time-series properties of the unemployment rate in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Tests are employed that allow for endogenously determined break dates and the results are compared to stationarity tests that assume no break in the data. The structural break unit-root tests contradict the findings of the standard tests. We conclude that North American unemployment rates are trend stationary around a breaking trend.
Retention index values of hydrocarbons on open-tubular columns coated with methylsilicone liquid phases

The influence of temperature and liquid phase film thickness of open-tubular (capillary) columns on the retention index values of hydrocarbons on methylsilicone liquid phases is discussed. Data obtained on methylsilicones and squalane are compared. Retention index values of 43 hydrocarbons between 40 and 70 °C on OV-101 liquid phase are listed.
Supercooling and freeze-tolerance in the European wall lizard, Podarcis muralis , with a revisional history of the discovery of freeze-tolerance in vertebrates

Wall lizards were collected in the fall of 1988 from a population introduced in 1951 into Cincinnati, OH. They were acclimated to 5 °C for several weeks prior to testing at sub-zero temperatures. Eleven super-cooled lizards were removed from the cooling chamber prior to crystallization after between 15 min and 26 h at body temperatures ranging from -2.2 to -5.9 °C. With the exception of one individual supercooled to-5.0 °C, all lizards recovered fully. The crystallization temperatures of 15 lizards which froze ranged from -0.6 to -6.4 °C. Frozen lizards were stiff with a distinct blue color, which faded upon thawing at 3 °C. The ice contents of frozen lizards were determined calorimetrically and/or estimated from a theoretical model, the two methods being generally in close agreement. Remarkably, five individuals recovered fully from exposures as long as 2 h and with as much as 28% of their body water frozen. Although these animals are not as tolerant as certain other vertebrates they are clearly able to withstand freezing under some circumstances. Failure to survive freezing was attributed either to excessive ice accumulation during a prolonged freeze or to excessive supercooling prior to freezing, which induced a large initial surge of ice formation upon crystallization. Our results accord with those of Weigmann (1929). We accordingly recognize him as the first to demonstrate freeze-tolerance in vertebrates, and we further recognize P. muralis as the first vertebrate known to survive freezing.
Preliminary results from vertical seismic profiling of Oroville microearthquake S‐waves

Seismograms recorded along a 0.5 km-deep borehole in Oroville, CA., show that ground-level s-wave velocity spectra at this location are a product of site effects. In the 6.25 to 50 hz range studied, both the Cleveland Hill fault, through which the borehole was drilled, and the rock above it contribute to a substantial loss of s-wave energy. In first-order approximation, the average apparent s-wave quality factor, Qsa, along the well is 9. Across the fault zone the Qsa drops to a low of 3. Downhole, the seismograms can readily be separated into longitudinal and transverse components. Particle motion diagrams show that the s-arrival is made up of two differently polarized waves. This splitting is possibly an effect of wave propagation in the highly cracked and probably anisotropic rock of the region.
Primitive variable, strongly implicit calculation procedure for viscous flows at all speeds

A coupled solution procedure is described for solving the compressible form of the time-dependent, twodimensional Navier-Stokes equations in body-fitted curvilinear coordinates. This approach employs the strong conservation form of the governing equations but uses primitive variables (M, v, p, T) rather than the more traditional conservative variables (p, pw, pv, et) as unknowns. A coupled modified strongly implicit procedure (CMSIP) is used to efficiently solve the Newton-linearized algebraic equations. It appears that this procedure is effective for Mach numbers ranging from the incompressible limit (Mx ~ 0.01) to supersonic. Generally, smoothing was not needed to control spatial oscillations in pressure for subsonic flows despite the use of central differences. Dual-time stepping was found to further accelerate convergence for steady flows. Sample calculations, including steady and unsteady low-Mach-number internal and external flows and a steady shock-boundarylayer interaction flow, illustrate the capability of the present solution algorithm.
Results of reoperation for recurrent angina pectoris.

Abstract Although a coronary bypass operation improves the quality of life and possibly prolongs it, a small percentage of patients do not have satisfactory results and require reoperation. From July, 1970, to March, 1975, 358 patients underwent coronary bypass for chronic disabling or preinfarction angina. Angina requiring operation recurred in 24 men and 2 women. Hyperlipoproteinemia was present in 19 of the 26 (73%), and 3 patients had early-onset diabetes mellitus. Only 2 of 14 patients with progression of arteriosclerosis were helped by a second operation. Of 7 patients with occluded grafts, local disease, and no progression, 5 were helped by reoperation. Patients with occluded coronary bypass grafts without progression of arteriosclerosis benefit substantially from a second revascularization procedure. A guarded prognosis must be held, however, for those with progression of arteriosclerosis with hyperlipoproteinemia or juvenile-onset diabetes who undergo reoperation. Patients with initially diffuse disease and graft occlusion also seem to benefit less from a second operation.
THE ORIGINS OF BUDGETARY PREFERENCES The Dodge Line and the Balanced Budget Norm in Japan

Although budgetary theory points out the importance of the balanced budget norm in influencing budgetary outcomes and procedures, this literature tends to ignore where these preferences originate. This study analyzes the source of the balanced budget preference in Japan, identifying its origins, institutionalization, and influence on budgetary policy. The origins of the balanced budget preference are located in the period of the American occupation of postwar Japan. This research, therefore, extends the early incrementalist comparative literature, as well as contemporary theoretical efforts that link budgetary preferences to budgetary outcomes.
Numerical solution of large nonsymmetric eigenvalue problems

Several methods are discribed for combinations of Krylov subspace techniques, deflation procedures and preconditionings, for computing a small number of eigenvalues and eigenvectors or Schur vectors of large sparse matrices. The most effective techniques for solving realistic problems from applications are those methods based on some form of preconditioning and one of several Krylov subspace techniques, such as Arnoldi's method or Lanczos procedure. Two forms of preconditioning are considered: shift-and-invert and polynomial acceleration. The latter presents some advantages for parallel/vector processing but may be ineffective if eigenvalues inside the spectrum are sought. Some algorithmic details are provided that improve the reliability and effectiveness of these techniques.
Beam shaping applications in laser micromachining for the microelectronics industry

Laser micromachining has been a part of the manufacturing process for semiconductors and microelectronics devices for several decades. More recent applications such as the drilling of microvia holes in high-density electronic packages have recently entered broad industrial use for high-volume production. In such applications, process stability and throughput are key drivers of commercial success. Particularly in the UV, where solid-state laser power is growing rapidly but is still limited to less than 10 watts, innovations that permit the available laser power to be applied at the work surface more efficiently are of interest. Within the last two years, the use of beam shapers to create round laser spots with near-uniform irradiance at the work surface has been demonstrated. Shaping the irradiance profile has been shown to both increase process speed and improve the quality of the drilled holes, which range in diameter between 20 and 150 micrometers . This paper gives an historical overview of laser via drilling, presents the Gaussian-to-flattop beam shaping optics used in the microvia laser drills, and discusses the process results obtained.
A novel 4 cM minimal deletion unit on chromosome 6q25.1-q25.2 associated with high grade invasive epithelial ovarian carcinomas

Detailed deletion mapping of chromosome 6q has shown that the highest percentage of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is located at 6q25-q27 and suggested that an ovarian cancer associated tumor suppressor gene may reside in this region. To further define the smallest region of common loss, we used 12 tandem repeat markers spanning a region no more than 18 cM, located between 6q25.1 and 6q26, to examine allelic loss in 54 fresh and paraffin embedded invasive ovarian epithelial tumor tissues. Loss of heterozygosity was observed more frequently at the loci defined by marker D6S473 (14 of 32 informative cases, 44%) and marker D6S448 (17 of 40 informative cases, 43%). Detailed mapping of chromosome 6q25-q26 in these tumor samples identified a 4 cM minimal region of LOH between markers D6S473 and D6S448 (6q25.1-q25.2). Loss of heterozygosity at D6S473 correlated significantly both with serous versus non-serous ovarian tumors (P=0.040) and with high grade versus low grade specimens (P=0.023). The results suggest that a 4 cM deletion unit located at 6q25.1-q25.2 may contain the putative tumor suppressor gene which may play a role in the development and progression of human invasive epithelial ovarian carcinomas (IEOC).
An improved annular-shaped electron gun for an X-ray generator

Abstract An electro gun of toroidal configuration that provides a source of well-focused electrons with a variable spot size has been developed. This development was made with the aid of an electron-trajectory computer program and an X-ray pinhole camera. The electron gun is the result of an effort to improve the electron source of a high-intensity variable-energy X-ray generator described previously.
Hidden in plain sight: Borrelia burgdorferi and the extracellular matrix

Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick-transmitted etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis, can colonize and persist in multiple tissue sites despite vigorous host immune responses. The extracellular matrix appears to provide a protective niche for the spirochete. Recent studies in mice suggest that B. burgdorferi interacts in various ways with collagen and its associated molecules, exploiting molecular and structural features to establish microcolonial refugia. Better knowledge of the genetic and structural bases for these interactions of B. burgdorferi with the extracellular matrix will be required before an understanding of the persistence of B. burgdorferi in the tissues and development of chronic infections can be achieved.
Strategic Behavior in Contests: Reply

In my 1987 paper, I modeled contests where the probability of each player winning a prize depends on all players’ efforts, and examined the first-order benefits to one player of making a commitment to a strategy slightly different from his Nash equilibrium strategy. In the special case of a two-player symmetric contest, I found that this first-order effect was zero. Michael R. Baye and Onsong Shin (1999) have taken the useful further step of finding the second-order conditions which ensure that the local stationary point is a local maximum. They also find an example where such a commitment has a third-order benefit. Whether this is of any substantive economic interest remains to be seen. I used the phrase “no local effect” to mean zero first-order effect, which was clearly a sloppy use of language. But some such restriction on the use of “local” is essential. If the phrase “x has no local effect on f (x) at x 5 a” were to mean that all derivatives f (a) are zero, then a Taylor series expansion would show that f (x) 5 f (a) for all x, and “no local effect” would be the same as “no global effect.” Most importantly, symmetric contests were only a very special case of my model. The focus was on the much more interesting and more general situation of asymmetry among the players, where one player’s commitment to a strategy different from his Nash equilibrium strategy does bring him a first-order benefit— the favorite benefits by committing to excessive effort, and the underdog from committing to too little. Others, for example, Kyung H. Baik and Jason F. Shogren (1992), have extended the analysis to endogenize the order of moves and found that it can be in the interests of both contestants to let the underdog make the commitment. In my view these are the more interesting economic issues to do with contests than are third-order effects in the symmetric case.
Nuclear Factor-κB Mediates Induction of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Glomerular Mesangial Cells

Abstract Cultured glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) can be activated at the transcriptional level by a variety of physiologically relevant factors including cytokines, endotoxin and glycosylated end products. The mechanism with which the signal is transduced from the membrane to the nucleus of these cells is largely unclear. In vascular endothelial cells, the signal transduction pathway involves activation of the pleuripotent transcription factor, NF-κB, and leads to increased expression of a variety of genes including vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Here, we demonstrate that TNF-α and IL-1β transiently induced VCAM-1 mRNA expression in a time dependent manner. TNF-α also induced the specific interaction of proteins from GMC nuclei with an oligonucleotide bearing the NF-κB binding sites in the VCAM-1 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift analysis indicated that the p65 subunit of NF-κB is a component of this induced complex. Finally, reporter activity driven by a VCAM-1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter construct increased 8-10 fold following TNF-α incubation, or p65 cotransfection. Thus, the p65 subunit of NF-κB is activated in GMCs exposed to cytokine and can mediate induction of gene expression.
The influence of race on outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between race and outcome following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We identified all SAH discharges in New York City during 2003. An adverse outcome was defined as in-hospital death or discharge other than to home. While correcting for age and gender, we examined the effect of race and payor status on outcome following SAH. Forty-four percent of patients with SAH were white. Being white had a significant relationship with outcome when controlled for payor status (odds ratio 0.56). Among self-pay/Medicaid patients, fewer white (52%) individuals suffered poor outcomes than non-white (66%, p = 0.03). Our results establish that white patients in New York City with SAH have better outcomes than non-whites. While it is unclear whether this discrepancy is secondary to pathophysiological differences or unidentified social factors, our findings demonstrate that this effect is independent of insurance status, and emphasize the need for further investigation into racial disparities in outcome following SAH.
Performance of a Porous Electrolyte in Single-Chamber SOFCs

A cell which consists of a porous 18 μm thick Y-doped ZrO 2 (YSZ) electrolyte (23 ′ 3 vol % open porosity) on a NiO-YSZ anode substrate and a cathode using (La, Sr)(Co, Fe)O 3 has been investigated in the single-chamber configuration. The cell performance and catalytic activity of the anode was measured in a flowing air-methane gas mixture with various flow rates. The results showed that the open-circuit voltage and the power density increased as the gas flow rate increased. The cell generated an open-circuit voltage of about 0.78 V, which was only about 0.1 V lower than that observed with dense electrolyte specimens. A maximum power density of 660 mW cm - 2 (0.44 V) was obtained at set temperature = 606°C (cell temperature = 744°C) in the flow rate of 900 cm 3 min - 1 , where the current efficiency was about 5% determined from fuel consumption.
Disturbed Sleep, a Novel Risk Factor for Preterm Birth?

Abstract Objective: The etiology of preterm birth (PTB) is likely caused by multiple factors, which may include disturbed sleep. We evaluated whether sleep disturbance was associated with PTB and whether the association was affected by other psychosocial risk factors. Methods: Pregnant women (n=217) for whom we had depression and sleep data at 20 or 30 weeks gestation and delivery information were evaluated. Logistic models were used to test the hypotheses that disturbed sleep was associated with PTB. Results: Time in bed at 20 weeks was significantly associated with risk for preterm delivery (odds ratio [OR] 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-1.88). However, after controlling for depression/selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) status, history of PTB, age, employment, and marital status, this relationship was no longer significant (OR 1.26, 95% CI .92-1.71). No other relationships were significant. Conclusions: We report preliminary evidence suggesting that poor sleep may contribute to risk...
Common strontium content of the human skeleton.

An investigation was made of the strontium content of human bone to determine the distribution of strontium among the different bones in an individual skeleton, to determine the distribution of strontium in the population of a single citv, and to extend the information on geographical variations. Although the average strontium content of the whole skeleton of an individual varied by a factor of 3, there was no systematic difference between any two bones of the body. A histogram of the strontium concentration in 133 individuals from New York City shows a nearly normal distribution. The data on the concentration of strontium in human bone in various geographical localities are tabulated. (J.S.R.)
Positron trapping in the superconductor YBa2Cu3Ox: Ba2Cu3Ox

Abstract Positron annihilation lifetimes and Doppler broadening lineshapes have been measured as a function of oxygen stoichiometry for YBa 2 Cu 3 O x (6.9> x >6.2). It is found that the positron trapping rate is proportional to the oxygen vacancy concentration, and it is therefore concluded that the positron traps in this material are oxygen vacancies. Positrons are not expected to trap in oxygen vacancies unless the charge of the vacancy has been compensated. It is suggested that the charge on neighboring Cu ions is reduced in order to achieve this local charge compensation. The specific trapping rate is 4 orders of magnitude below that for vacancies in a metal. We tentatively propose that this is caused by a low positron mobility, due to the attraction of the positron to the negatively charged oxygen ions in the lattice. In addition, Doppler broadening lineshape studies of the superconducting transition in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.9 have been made. Below T c a large positive temperature dependence of the lineshape parameter is observed, while at T c a discontinuous increase in the lineshape parameter takes place. It is noted that the behaviour below T c may be consistent with a BCS-like theory if an energy band with a small dispersion crosses the Fermi level. The discontinuous increase is not clearly understood, but may be due to a major change in the electronic structure taking place concurrently with the onset of superconductivity.