cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curd Tension of Milk and its Relationship to Firmness of Curd in Cheesemaking

Summary In experiments on over 300 samples of milk the following observations were made: The Hill curd test was found not satisfactory for determining the firmness of curd in milk to be used for making cheese. The rennet curd tension as measured by means of the Hill Curd-O-Meter was entirely suitable for this purpose, and the determination of rennet coagulation time was fairly satisfactory. The pH values of milks bore a very definite relation to the rennet coagulation time and to the rennet curd tension, and bore a less definite relation to the Hill curd tension. The pH seemed to be a major factor in influencing the rennet coagulation time, while the percentage of casein was found to be more important in influencing the rennet curd tension. Milks stable to rennet were usually stable to alcohol. Stability to both rennet and alcohol was increased when milk was stored at 2° to 52° C. for from a few hours to several days. Stability to both rennet and alcohol was decreased by the addition of CaCl 2 . Homogenization markedly decreased the rennet curd tension of whole milk but did not change that of skimmilk; this process did not change the rennet coagulation time of either whole or skimmilk. Removal of milk fat by separation increased the rennet curd tension and caused a slight increase rather than a decrease in the rennet coagulation time. These observations lead'to the conclusion that the curd-softening effect of homogenization is due principally to an increase in the dispersion of the fat, the dispersed fat acting as a physical hindrance to the aggregation of the casein molecules and micellae. Pasteurization caused a noticeable softening of milk curd and caused a slight increase in rennet coagulation time. The presence of mastitis caused an increase in pH, an increase in rennet coagulation time, and a decrease in rennet curd tension.
Measurements of icing hardness

Resultats d'essais, utilisant une soufflerie givrante et une technique a chute de bille; les valeurs de durete pourraient servir a concevoir des instruments pour casser/enlever la glace qui se forme sur les structures
Ecthyma gangrenosum and septic shock syndrome secondary to Chromobacterium violaceum

Chromobacterium violaceum is a gram-negative bacterium of soil and water in tropical and subtropical environments. Typically, it is considered a bacterium of low virulence although, uncommonly, it causes human infection, particularly in persons with defects in host defenses. Infection generally follows exposure of broken skin to contaminated water and soil, and is often characterized by pustules, lymphadenitis, fever, and vomiting, as well as rapid dissemination and a high mortality rate. Unfortunately, because C violaceum is ubiquitous, it is often dismissed as a contaminant when cultured. Because rapid diagnosis (by taking appropriate specimens) and treatment are vital to a good prognosis, it is imperative that physicians be aware of this organism. In addition, patients with chromobacterial infections should have an immunologic workup because infections in immunocompetent individuals are rare. Here we report an aggressive yet nonfatal case of C violaceum septicemia in an adolescent male, diagnosed through a punch biopsy of a skin lesion, and resulting in a new diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.
Retinally perceived photoperiod does not influence subsequent testicular regression in house sparrows.

Abstract Homma, Wilson, and Siopes [(1972). Science 178 , 421–423] demonstrated that the photoperiod experienced via the eyes determines the subsequent gonadal response of blinded Japanese quail to photoperiod. Birds blinded while exposed to short days showed the expected stimulation of gonadal function in response to long days but did not terminate gonadal function when subsequently exposed to short days. Birds blinded while exposed to long days showed gonadal regression when exposed to short days. The results reported here show that the testes of blind and normal house sparrows resond identically to changes from long day to short day photoperiods regardless of the photoperiod experienced prior to the time of blinding. In contrast to Japanese quail, the eyes are not involved either in recrudescence or regression of the testes of house sparrows; extraretinal photoreceptors are solely responsible.
Phylogeny of Trematomus (Notothenioidei: Nototheniidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences

The biota of Antarctica is amazingly rich and highly endemic. The phylogenetics of notothenioid fishes has been extensively investigated through analyses of morphological characters, DNA sequences from mitochondrial genes, and single copy nuclear genes. These phylogenetic analyses have produced reasonably similar phylogenetic trees of notothenioids, however a number of phylogenetic questions remain. The nototheniid clade Trematomus is an example of a group where phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved. In this paper we revisit the phylogenetic relationships of Trematomus using both increased taxon sampling and an expanded dataset which includes DNA sequences from two mitochondrial genes (ND2 and 16S rRNA) and one single-copy nuclear gene (RPS7). The Bayesian phylogeny resulting from the analysis of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene datasets was well resolved and contained more interspecific nodes supported with significant Bayesian posteriors than either the mitochondrial or nuclear gene phylogenies alone. This demonstrates that the addition of nuclear gene sequence data to mitochondrial data can enhance phylogenetic resolution and increase node support. Additionally, the results of the combined mitochondrial and nuclear Bayesian analyses provide further support for the inclusion of species previously classified as Pagothenia and Cryothenia in Trematomus.
Completeness of pair wave functions

Abstract A rather general proof is given of orthonormality and completeness of pair wave functions. Because of the close relationship between RPA and the pair-theory method, the pattern of the proof also applies to RPA wave functions.
The Magic of Nonlocal Perona–Malik Diffusion

In this letter, we show that it is possible to obtain perfect reconstruction of the 256 X 256 phantom image from only 8 radial lines in the Fourier domain by a nonlocal extension of Perona-Malik diffusion.
Fuel Optimal Maneuvers for Multispacecraft Interferometric Imaging Systems

In this paper, the design of minimum-fuel maneuvers for multispacecraft interferometric imaging systems is studied. It is argued that the underlying optimization problem is computationally intractable, through its similarity to the traveling salesman problem, and through an optimal control argument, and thus it is necessary to resort to heuristics in order to solve the problem. The design of minimum-fuel spiral maneuvers is considered in defining the constraints on the coverage of the u-v plane. It is shown that the geometric design problem, the optimization problem obtained by fixing the angular rate of the spiral, and the kinematic design problem, obtained by fixing the spiraling rate of the spiral, are both convex in deep space, that is, perturbation free motion, and in near-Earth orbits. As an application of the methodology developed, fuel optimal maneuvers are found for a deep space imaging application and the fuel consumption and power requirements of the system are calculated to gain knowledge about the feasibility of such maneuvers.
Fifty Years of Fluidic Injection for Jet Noise Reduction

The paper reviews 50 years of research investigating jet noise reduction through fluidic injection. Both aqueous and gaseous injection concepts for supersonic and subsonic jet exhausts are discussed. Aqueous injection reduces jet noise by reducing main jet temperature through evaporation and main jet velocity through momentum transfer between water droplets and the main jet. In the launch vehicle environment where large quantities of fluid do not have to be carried with the vehicle, water injection is very effective at reducing excess overpressures. For in-flight use, aqueous injection is problematic as most studies show that either large quantities of water or high injection pressures are required to achieve noise reduction. The most effective noise reduction injection systems require water pressures above 2000 kPa (290 psi) and water-to-main-jet mass flow rates above 10% to achieve overall sound pressure level reductions of roughly 6 dB in the peak jet noise direction. Injection at lower pressure (rough...
Tradable Pollution Permits and the Regulatory Game

This paper analyzes polluters’ incentives to move from a traditional command and control (CAC) environmental regulatory regime to a tradable permits (TPP) regime. Existing work in environmental economics does not model how firms contest and bargain over actual regulatory implementation in CAC regimes, and therefore fail to compare TPP regimes with any CAC regime that is actually observed. This paper models CAC environmental regulation as a bargaining game over
Unified effective theory for light mesons and heavy mesons

We present a unified effective field theory for the light mesons and heavy mesons which integrates many features from the quark model, vector dominance, chiral dynamics, Skyrmion physics, and the heavy quark effective theory into a single universal theory. By identifying the meson fields as the Bargmann-Wigner superfields with the direct product representation of a quark and antiquark and using the Bargmann-Wigner equation and Lagrangian, we can readily match the meson Lagrangian with the quark Lagrangian. Thus we not only incorporate various aspects of the quark contents into the meson fields but we can also transcribe the implementation of the chiral symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breakings from the quark Lagrangian to the meson Lagrangian. The physical light meson fields can be constructed nonlinearly from the quark and antiquark direct product representation, with the ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pseudoscalar mesons as the Goldstone mesons and the ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ vector mesons as the non-Abelian gauge fields of the hidden local SU(3) symmetry. Phenomenological consequences and theoretical implications of this theory will be discussed. Various aspects of the heavy quark effective theory are automatically integrated into this formulation.
Covariant Propagators and Vertices for Higher Spin Bosons

Covariant propagators and complete vertices for spin J bosons with conserved currents for all J are worked out. These explicit propagators. ha~e been given before (Fronsdal, Durand), but the nontrivial derivation has heretofore been lacking or foo cryptic. ·Our com­ plete vertices, which are new to our k11owledge; invol~e an apt set of form factors modelled on the electromagnetic ones. The strong1y absorbed one spin J boson-exchange helicity am­ plitudes are given. The main ·application ·of. these results is in realistic models, with•· explicit J-plane singularities, of the nondiffractive component of two hadron reaction amplitudes. The paper is presented as a useful tool and compendium for workers in this field. § I. Introduction We derive explicit formulas, in covariant (meaning 4-dimensional) form, for the (free field) propagator and complete vertex of a spin J boson coupled to equal mass spin 0 or spin t particles for any J. Whereas many authors have treated the subject of higher spin (see . below), some of these results are not ,new. The propagators in explicit and covariant form have been given before; however, a complete derivation, which involves nontrivial combinatorial problems, has been lacking. To our knowledge, our complete vertices are new. In addi. tion, we give the strongly absorbed elementary one spin J boson-exchange heli­ city amplitudes, which are useful in realistic models of the nondiffractive com­ ponent of two hadron reaction amplitudes. In fact, the main motivation of the paper is' ~9 "provide the starting point of Ref. 9) and improved work to appear. In view ~f the, applications in mind, we h11ve not tried for complete generality, for example, only bosons of the natural series [parity ( -l)J] with conserved currents and parity-conserving interactions are treated. The basic ideas are of course not new. We publish this paper in the hope that it will be _useful to workers in this field; who would otherwise have to look for these results scattered throughout the literature in less-than-explicit forms and without derivations. We indicate briefly where our work stands in. relation to some previous work, to clari£y what new we bring to the subject. Fierz and Pauli1l first treated higher spin; however they worked in the spinor framework, not well suited to ease of calculation in the F eynman, graph
Affinity chromatography of renin using inhibitory renin substrate analogs.

SummarySeveral short peptide analogs of renin substrate were tested for their ability to inhibit renin in solution and to bind renin in affinity chromatography. The peptides Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-OCH3, Leu-Leu-Val-Phe-OCH3 and Leu-Val-Phe-OCH3 had in vitro inhibitory activity against both hog and human renin. Kinetic studies of the prototype inhibitor Leu-Leu-Val-Phe-OCH3 demonstrated classical competitive inhibition, with a Ki of 180 μM. When impure hog renin was eluted from succinylated aminoethyl agarose columns containing co-valently bound Leu-Leu-Val-Phe-OCH3 or Leu-Val-Phe-OCH3, the elution of renin activity was delayed in comparison with the elution of inactive contaminating proteins. The binding of human renin to agarose bound inhibitors could also be demonstrated if a longer connecting arm was interposed between the peptide ligand and the supporting polysaccharide.
Citizen Awareness and Involvement in Poverty Action

This study examines citizen awareness of the war on poverty in a community of 250,000 with a large local community action agency (CAA). Interviews were conducted with a sample of the city's population, stratified to include approximately equal numbers of target and non-target area residents, both black and white (n = 801). Awareness measures are cross tabulated with relevant background factors with the following results: awareness of the CAA as an organization and as a potential source of aid is greatest among blacks, non-target area residents, those under 30, and those in upper occupation, education and income categories. Awareness of service is greater than awareness of community organizing programs. Implications of these findings are discussed in light of the organization's mandate and objectives.
Trifluoroethanol and colleagues: cosolvents come of age. Recent studies with peptides and proteins

Alcohol based cosolvents, such as trifluoroethanol (TFE) have been used for many decades to denature proteins and to stabilize structures in peptides. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and site directed mutagenesis have recently made it possible to characterize the effects of TFE and of other alcohols on polypeptide structure and dynamics at high resolution. This review examines such studies, particularly of hen lysozyme and beta-lactoglobulin. It presents an overview of what has been learnt about conformational preferences of the polypeptide chain, the interactions that stabilize structures and the nature of the denatured states. The effect of TFE on transition states and on the pathways of protein folding and unfolding are also reviewed. Despite considerable progress there is as yet no single mechanism that accounts for all of the effects TFE and related cosolvents have on polypeptide conformation. However, a number of critical questions are beginning to be answered. Studies with alcohols such as TFE, and 'cosolvent engineering' in general, have become valuable tools for probing biomolecular structure, function and dynamics.
A radial microfluidic fuel processor

A novel radial flow packed-bed microreactor has been developed to enable hydrogen delivery in miniature fuel cells for portable power generation using the methanol reforming process. Conventional rectangular microchannel based designs typically used for on-chip chemical processing were found to be inadequate for practical high-throughput micro packed-bed application due to the associated high pressure drops. The radial design exploits several physical phenomena inherent to the device operation and provides an order of magnitude reduction in the required driving pressure while maintaining the compact design of the microreactor and providing greater than 98% conversion of methanol to hydrogen at flow rates sufficient to supply hydrogen to a 20 W fuel cell. The developed microreactor opens the path for fuel cell based portable energy systems with energy storage capacities up to 10 times those possible with current battery technology.
Systematic screens of a Candida albicans homozygous deletion library decouple morphogenetic switching and pathogenicity

Candida albicans is the most common cause of serious fungal disease in humans. Creation of isogenic null mutants of this diploid organism, which requires sequential gene targeting, allows dissection of virulence mechanisms. Published analyses of such mutants show a near-perfect correlation between C. albicans pathogenicity and the ability to undergo a yeast-to-hypha morphological switch in vitro. However, most studies have used mutants constructed with a marker that is itself a virulence determinant and therefore complicates their interpretation. Using alternative markers, we created approximately 3,000 homozygous deletion strains affecting 674 genes, or roughly 11% of the C. albicans genome. Screening for infectivity in a mouse model and for morphological switching and cell proliferation in vitro, we identified 115 infectivity-attenuated mutants, of which nearly half demonstrated normal morphological switching and proliferation. Analysis of such mutants revealed that virulence requires the glycolipid glucosylceramide. To our knowledge, this is the first C. albicans small molecule that has been found to be required specifically for virulence.
Importance of high-frequency tectonic sequences during greenhouse times of Earth history

The relative importance of tectonism in the stratigraphic record should be more clearly expressed during greenhouse times of Earth history due to the lack of overmasking effects of high-frequency and high-amplitude sea-level changes typical for icehouse periods. Establishment of the importance of tectonism, especially at temporal scales comparable to durations of typical transgressive-regressive cycles, has been plagued by poor temporal resolution. Our outcrop and subsurface-based study of a Cenomanian shallow-marine siliciclastic interval, constrained by bentonite-based geochronology and detailed biostratigraphy, examines this problem. In a 2.2 m.y. interval, we identified four tectonically driven erosional surfaces that dominate preserved stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic correlation to a sea-level curve for the Cenomanian—where coeval high-frequency lowamplitude eustatic cyclicity has been demonstrated—allows the first direct comparison of the effects of eustasy and tectonics at temporal scales of hundreds of thousands of years during a global greenhouse time. We suggest that minor tectonic pulses locally overshadow the effects of eustasy and exert the dominant control over preserved stratigraphy. While subtle tectonic control on sedimentation has been documented throughout the Cretaceous Western Interior, the results of this study suggest that much of that deformation occurred at sub-million-year frequencies and at time scales comparable to eustatic transgressiveregressive cycles.
Efficient excitation of self-collimated beams and single Bloch modes in planar photonic crystals

Using finite-difference time-domain calculations, we investigate out-of-plane coupling between a square-lattice planar photonic crystal and a conventional waveguide located above the photonic crystal. We couple a waveguide oriented in the GX direction to a photonic crystal mode in the second band and show that anticrossing takes place. In this way, a self-collimated beam is launched in the planar photonic crystal, with full power transfer. Furthermore, we investigate the coupling between a waveguide oriented in the GM direction and a photonic crystal and show that single photonic crystal modes can be selectively excited.
Seriously Mentally Ill Women’s Safer Sex Behaviors and the Theory of Reasoned Action

Seriously mentally ill women at risk for HIV infection (n = 96) participated in structured interviews assessing sexual and substance-use behavior over a 3-month period. The majority of the women (63.5%) did not use condoms. Consistent with the theory of reasoned action, attitudes toward condom use and perceived social norms about safer sex were associated with safer sex intentions. Supplementing variables from the theory of reasoned action with safer sex self-efficacy explained additional variance in safer sex intentions. Greater safer sex intentions were related to both greater condom use and less frequent unprotected intercourse. In addition, less frequent sex after drug use and a less fatalistic outlook were associated with less frequent unprotected intercourse. Life circumstances specific to this population are particularly important to examine to improve the effectiveness of risk reduction interventions for seriously mentally ill women.
Field Experiment Tests for Discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. Rental Housing Market

This article tests for discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. rental housing market using e-mail correspondence with landlords advertising units online. We divide Hispanics into two groups: those that appear assimilated into American culture and recent immigrants. We find little difference in the treatment of assimilated Hispanics and whites; however, Hispanics we portray as recent immigrants receive less favorable treatment with margins of net discrimination as large as 6.89% of landlords. We also find discrimination varies significantly at the region level and by the ethnic composition of neighborhoods.
Improved Methods for Template-Matching in Electron-Density Maps Using Spherical Harmonics

An important problem in high-throughput protein crystallography is constructing a protein model from an electron-density map. Previous work by some of this paper's authors [1] describes an automated approach to this otherwise time-consuming process. An important step in the previous method requires searching the density map for many small template protein-fragments. This previous approach uses Fourier convolution to quickly match some rotation of the template to the entire density map. This paper proposes an alternate approach that makes use of the spherical-harmonic decomposition of the template and of some region in the density map. This new framework allows us to mask specific regions of the map, enabling a first-pass filter to eliminate a majority of the density map without requiring an expensive rotational search. We show our new template matching method improves accuracy and reduces running time, compared to our previous approach. Protein models constructed using this matching also show significant accuracy improvement.
Development of social, environmental, and economic indicators for a small/medium enterprise

Purpose – A growing number of companies are measuring the sustainability performance of their businesses. Some companies are using pre‐existing sustainability indicator systems to assess their performance. Other companies are looking beyond measurement of impacts to create their own system of indicators to measure sustainability. Formulating relevant indicators of sustainability performance is a difficult task for any organization, but especially for small/medium enterprises (SMEs) that often lack financial, knowledge, and labor resources. The purpose of this paper is to consider two different sustainability assessment approaches undertaken by a single case study company, a start‐up SME.Design/methodology/approach – The authors developed a method for an SME, Ecologic Designs, Inc., a self‐identified green business that reclaims materials to make bags and accessories, to create its own sustainability indicators without outside expert help. This research chronicles the struggles and triumphs of the SME in m...
Contracting on Violence: Authoritarian Repression and Military Intervention in Politics

Why does the military intervene in the politics of some countries but remain under firm civilian control in others? I argue that the origins of military intervention in politics lie in a fundamental moral hazard problem associated with authoritarian repression. Dictators must deter those who are excluded from power from challenging them. When underlying, polity-wide conflict results in threats to the regime that take the particular form of mass, organized, and potentially violent opposition, the military is the only force capable of defeating them. The military exploits this pivotal position by demanding greater institutional autonomy as well as a say in policy, and it threatens to intervene if the civilian leadership departs from a subsequent compromise on these issues. I develop a theoretical model of such contracting on violence and show that the likelihood of military intervention in politics is greatest at intermediate levels of mass threats. I examine original, large-N data on military intervention and find support for my claims.
From laminar to turbulent detonations in energetic materials from molecular dynamics simulations

The structure of a self-sustained detonation wave in solid energetic materials was studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Energetic materials are described by the AB model with parameters modified to investigate the detonation-wave structures. It is found that depending on the reaction barrier for the exothermic reactions driving the detonation and the boundary conditions of the sample this simple model exhibits a detonation structure that can range from a planar to a complex turbulent detonation. The different regimes of condensed-phase detonation seen are similar to those observed in gases and diluted liquids.
The Impact of Body Mass Index on Fluoroscopy Time During Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection; A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Objective. This study aimed to assess the relationship between BMI and fluoroscopy time during lumbar epidural steroid injections (LESIs) performed for lumbosacral radicular pain. Design. Multicenter retrospective cohort study. Setting. Three academic, outpatient pain treatment centers. Subjects. Patients who underwent fluoroscopically guided LESI. Methods. Mean and standard deviation (SD) fluoroscopy time were compared between patients with normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30.0 kg/m2) BMI. Statistical significance was set at P =0.01 due to multiple comparisons. Results. A total of 2,930 procedure encounters were included, consisting of 598 interlaminar LESIs and 2,332 transforaminal LESIs. Fluoroscopy time was significantly longer in the obese patients compared to normal and overweight patients during interlaminar LESI ( P < 0.01). Fluoroscopy time was significantly longer with each increasing BMI category in during transforaminal LESI ( P < 0.01). These relationships remained when a trainee was involved ( P < 0.01; P <0.01), during repeat injections ( P < 0.01; P < 0.01), and during bilateral transforaminal LESIs ( P < 0.01). While longer fluoroscopy times were required in high BMI categories during L5-S1 transforaminal LESI ( P < 0.01), there was no relationship between fluoroscopy time and BMI during L4-L5 and S1 transforaminal LESI ( P = 0.02; P = 0.13). Fluoroscopy time during interlaminar LESI compared to transforaminal LESI was significantly lower within all BMI categories (all P <0.01). Conclusions. The findings of this study indicate that fluoroscopy time is increased during interlaminar LESIs and during L5-S1 transforaminal LESIs in patients who are obese. These relationships are not affected by injection number, performance of bilateral injections, or trainee involvement. Further study is needed to determine if this increase in fluoroscopy time is indicative of a clinically significant associated increase in radiation dose.
Trustworthy Path Research in WSN Based on Dynamic Complete Information Game

Applying trust management into route mechanism of wireless sensor network has been a research hotspot gradually in recent years.In this paper,we defined Trust Degree and Most Trustworthy Path(MTP)in consideration of the basic trust elements in WSN such as security,energy constraint and routing reliability.Game-theory is used to design the most trustworthy routing,we developed a game theoretic payoff function to resolve malicious node as well as selfish node.Experiment results shows that compared to traditional routing algorithms,this Most Trustworthy Path algorithm's comprehensive performance is better than other's in consideration of network's life time as well as path security and reliability.
Human Papillomavirus Types 16 and 18 are not Involved in Human Prostate Carcinogenesis: Analysis of Archival Human Prostate Cancer Specimens by Differential Polymerase Chain Reaction

Abstract: Human papilloma viruses (HPV) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of malignancies, especially in carcinomas of the female genital tract. Recently, based on observations using the polymerase chain reaction amplification assay, HPV types 16 and 18 specific DNA sequences have been detected in prostate cancer specimens obtained by transurethral resection. Since HPV types 16 and 18 have been shown to possess oncogenic potential, an association between HPV infection and prostatic carcinoma has been suggested. In order to exclude potentially HPV-colonized urethral mucosa from analysis and restrict our study to predominantly malignant tissue, cancerous areas from a series of 30 paraffin-embedded prostate adenocarcinomas were micro-dissected and analyzed for the presence of HPV 16 or HPV 18 specific sequences by a modification of PCR (D-PCR) and Southern blot analysis. Despite the high sensitivity of our analytical technique, we found no evidence of HPV-DNA of either type in any of the ...
Evaluation of Brassica species for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani and binucleate Rhizoctonia ( Ceratobasidum spp.) under controlled environment conditions

Isolates of R. solani AG 2–1, AG 8, AG 10 and binucleate Rhizoctonia (Ceratobasidium spp.) were tested for virulence on Brassica crops in growth chamber experiments. Isolate virulence and genotype resistance were determined based on percent of seedling survival, shoot length reduction, and shoot fresh weight. Isolates had significant effects on all tested measurements, compared to the non-inoculated controls. Rhizoctonia solani AG 2–1 appears to be the most aggressive pathogen on all tested genotypes followed by R. solani AG 8, binucleate Rhizoctonia and R. solani AG 10, respectively. Genotype by isolate interaction effects were found to be significant for percent of seedling survival and shoot length reduction. None of the tested genotypes exhibited any level of resistance to R. solani AG 2–1, but three promising genotypes with moderate levels of resistance to R. solani AG 10, R. solani AG 8 and binucleate Rhizoctonia were identified. Moderate heritability (0.57) was observed for the percent of seedling survival in the resistant genotype KS4022.
Winding Down the Cold War

This chapter discusses progress in winding down the four-decades of Cold War (1945–1992). We didn’t obtain a lasting “New World Order” as was discussed at the time. The future is uncertain with the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and the 2015 Russian-assisted rebellion/invasion in the Luhansk and Donetsk People’s Republics. We are now in an era of tension, compounded by disagreements. There are two sides to these stories. Was Russia over-aggressive in Ukraine, breaking agreements on the boundaries of its former republics? Does Russia feel entrapped and lonely by NATO and EU expansions, which turned Warsaw Pact countries into NATO countries? The October 2014 election showed that Ukraine wanted to move westward towards EU markets, away from the Russian marketplace. This is a major blow to Russia, to loose its main Slavic companion. EU/US won’t go to war over these distant changes of national boundaries, but the trade and economic embargos hampered Russia at a time of falling petroleum prices. Will this spat with Russia spill over into other areas where we have common interests? Some suggest the West should refrain from recruiting Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, to its side, but keep it as a neutral buffer. But this is difficult to do and it seems too late for this option. There was discussion on this topic between Secretary of State James Baker and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, but no strong agreements.
An input-powered 1.1-μA Iq 13.56 MHz RF energy harvesting system for biomedical implantable devices

In this paper, an RF energy harvesting system is presented for biomedical implants that use 13.56 MHz RF power transfer. A predictive on/off-time technique for discontinuous conduction mode boost converters is presented to eliminate the need for a zero current detection comparator, which reduces the cost of trimming. Maximum power point tracking is employed to minimize radiated power into the human body. The harvesting system is input-powered and operates with an IQ of 1.1 μA. The boost converter operates at 87.8% efficiency and the system can harvest energy down to an input voltage of 300 mV while charging a battery. The system is simulated and verified in a CMOS 0.25-μm process.
Can a Surgeon Refuse to Operate When an Advance Directive Limits Postoperative Care

Robert M. Sade, MD The ethical bedrock of contemporary health care is informed consent. We cannot touch others without their permission to do so. The flip side of the informed consent coin is informed refusal. Patients or their surrogate decision makers can refuse care at any time, even if the proffered treatment is life-saving. The refusal can be stated in advance in the form of limitations on future care. Sometimes limits of this kind can seem to an attending physician to be unwise or even foolish, but if they remain after efforts to change them through persuasion, they cannot be disregarded. The following vignette describes just such a case, in which the surgeon has to make a choice of how to respond. The Case of the Inflexible Wife Eighty-year old M.D. Baker was being treated for diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease with a creatinine of 2.5. When he developed chest pain, a CT scan demonstrated a type A aortic dissection with a false lumen extending into the left common carotid artery and proximal descending aorta. Mr. Baker became confused and was intubated and transferred to the university hospital. On arrival, he is sedated but moving all four extremities. He needs urgent surgery and the cardiac surgeon, Dr. Solomon, discusses plans for ascending aortic replacement with Baker’s family. The patient's wife is his health care agent under his health care durable power of attorney; she says that the patient "would like everything done," but also that "he had lived a good life, doesn’t want CPR, and doesn’t want to be on a respirator." Dr. Solomon tells Mrs. Baker that this is a high risk operation and that complications such as kidney failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation are reasonably likely. She says, "OK, but if he’s not better in a week, we will withdraw support — including dialysis." On further discussion, her position remains adamant. Should the surgeon accept these conditions and do the operation?
The Evolving Role of Coliforms As Indicators of Unhygienic Processing Conditions in Dairy Foods

Testing for coliforms has a long history in the dairy industry and has helped to identify raw milk and dairy products that may have been exposed to unsanitary conditions. Coliform standards are included in a number of regulatory documents (e.g., the U. S. Food and Drug Administration’s Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance). As a consequence, detection above a threshold of members of this method-defined, but diverse, group of bacteria can result in a wide range of regulatory outcomes. Coliforms are defined as aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, Gram negative, non-sporeforming rods capable of fermenting lactose to produce gas and acid within 48 hours at 32-35°C; 19 genera currently include at least some strains that represent coliforms. Most bacterial genera that comprise the coliform group (e.g., Escherichia, Klebsiella and Serratia) are within the family Enterobacteriaceae, while at least one genus with strains recognized as coliforms, Aeromonas, is in the family Aeromonadaceae. The presence of coliforms has long been thought to indicate fecal contamination, however, recent discoveries regarding this diverse group of bacteria indicates that only a fraction are fecal in origin, while the majority are environmental contaminants. In the US dairy industry in particular, testing for coliforms as indicators of unsanitary conditions and post-processing contamination is widespread. While coliforms are easily and rapidly detected, and are not found in pasteurized dairy products that have not been exposed to post-processing contamination, advances in knowledge of bacterial populations most commonly associated with post-processing contamination in dairy foods has led to questions regarding the utility of coliforms as indicators of unsanitary conditions for dairy products. For example, Pseudomonas spp. frequently contaminate dairy products after pasteurization, yet they are not detected by coliform tests. This review will address the role that coliforms play in raw and finished dairy products, their sources and the future of this diverse group as indicator organisms in dairy products.
Religious choice, religious commitment, and linguistic variation: Religion as a factor in language variation: Special issue of Language and Communication

Abstract Sociolinguistic consensus suggests that corpora should be sharable to permit broader comparisons across regions and across social groups. Recent studies of available corpora have shown that one variable rarely made available for sociolinguistic comparison is religion ( Yaeger-Dror and Cieri, 2013 , Yaeger-Dror, 2014 ). The present special issue was solicited to demonstrate the importance of religion, and of individual speakers' religious commitment, to the study of sociolinguistic variation. In each study the author finds not only that religion is a meaningful sociolinguistic variable, but that geolinguistic considerations impact on ‘religiolinguistic’ ( Hary and Wein, 2013 ) choices in intricate ways. Commitment to a specific sub-group within a larger religious denomination is relevant, as is a speaker's religious ideology; while addressee design and social network influences often appear indistinguishable from referee design, the two may be more easily distinguished from each other when religious denomination and ideology are factored into a study.
Stand or Deliver: Do Liberalized Standing Rules Advance Environmental Protection?

Supreme Court decisions limiting citizen suit standing are commonly viewed as a threat to environmental protection. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment, and other cases are portrayed as attacks on environmental activists' ability to safeguard the public from pollution while decisions which expand citizen-suit standing, such as Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw, are seen as victories for environmental protection. The underlying premise of these charges is that citizen suits play an important role in safeguarding environmental values. From this standpoint, legal doctrine which curtails citizen suits is, by implication, "anti-environmental." At first blush, this view seems eminently reasonable and intuitive. Citizen suits, insofar as they enhance governmental enforcement of environmental laws and prompt cleanup, should be environmentally beneficial. But is this necessarily so? Do liberalized standing rules, such as those embraced in Laidlaw, maximize environmental protection, or would the ecology be better off with a set of standing rules more focused on a demonstration of environmental harm? This paper argues that liberalized standing rules, insofar as they do not make standing contingent upon any tangible, identifiable environmental harm, cannot be assumed to enhance environmental quality. It further presents evidence that expansive citizen suit litigation may even make some environmental problems worse by exacerbating the perverse incentives created by existing regulations. It concludes by suggesting an alternative approach to citizen-based environmental protection that replaces conventional citizen suit provisions with property rights in environmental resources and explains why such an approach may better serve environmental goals.
Driven to distraction

Display Omitted An observational study examined the apparent purpose of interruptions in critical care.Information seeking and team decision-making are among frequent interruption types.Improved information displays and tools for team communication can minimize interruptions. ObjectivesTo examine the apparent purpose of interruptions in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and opportunities to reduce their burden with informatics solutions. Materials and methodsIn this prospective observational study, researchers shadowed clinicians in the unit for one hour at a time, recording all interruptions participating clinicians experienced or initiated, their starting time, duration, and a short description that could help to infer their apparent purpose. All captured interruptions were classified inductively on their source and apparent purpose and on the optimal representational media for fulfilling their apparent purpose. ResultsThe researchers observed thirty-four one-hour sessions with clinicians in the unit, including 21 nurses and 13 residents and house physicians. The physicians were interrupted on average 11.9 times per hour and interrupted others 8.8 times per hour. Nurses were interrupted 8.6 times per hour and interrupted others 5.1 times per hour. The apparent purpose of interruptions included Information Seeking and Sharing (n=259, 46.3%), Directives and Requests (n=70, 12%), Shared Decision-Making (n=49, 8.8%), Direct Patient Care (n=36, 6.4%), Social (n=71, 12.7%), Device Alarms (n=28, 5%), and Non-Clinical (n=10, 1.8%); 6.6% were not classified due to insufficient description. Of all captured interruptions, 29.5% were classified as being better served with informational displays or computer-mediated communication. ConclusionsDeeper understanding of the purpose of interruptions in critical care can help to distinguish between interruptions that require face-to-face conversation and those that can be eliminated with informatics solutions. The proposed taxonomy of interruptions and representational analysis can be used to further advance the science of interruptions in clinical care.
The Morality of Involuntary Hospitalization

There is a good deal of recent dispute both within and outside of psychiatry about the procedure of involuntary hospitalization. (We use ‘involuntary hospitalization’ to cover both 2–3 day ‘emergency’ detentions and longer civil commitments. We discuss mainly detention here but do refer to commitment when appropriate.) While writers such as Szasz [10] believe that involuntary hospitalization should be eliminated entirely, it is more common to find disagreement about how wide or narrow the grounds for detaining patients should be.
Zebrafish have an ethanol-inducible hepatic 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase that is not CYP2E1-like.

Zebrafish are an attractive model organism for toxicology; however, an important consideration in translating between species is xenobiotic metabolism/bioactivation. CYP2E1 metabolizes small hydrophobic molecules, e.g. ethanol, cigarette smoke, and diesel exhaust components. CYP2E1 is thought to only be conserved in mammals, but recent reports identified homologous zebrafish cytochrome P450s. Herein, ex vivo biochemical measurements show that unlike mammals, zebrafish possess a low-affinity 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase (Km ∼0.6 mM) in hepatic microsomes and mitochondria that is inducible only 1.5- to 2-fold by ethanol and is insensitive to 4-methylpyrazole inhibition. In closing, we suggest creating improved models to study CYP2E1 in zebrafish.
The conversation between practice and theory on disruptive innovation

How does a conversation between practice and theory generate a high impact on the production of knowledge? Focusing on a typical trans-disciplinary research field of disruptive innovation, we apply...
Attitudes toward predator control in the United States: 1995 and 2014

Predator control policies in the United States shifted in the latter half of the 20th century, largely in response to public outcry. However, few studies have assessed attitudes toward predator control at the national level. We replicated measures from a 1995 study that assessed attitudes toward predator management in the United States. We sought to determine if public support for predator management and perceptions of the humaneness of specific management practices changed over the past 2 decades. A web-based questionnaire was used to survey a representative sample of United States residents. The survey instrument contained items designed to assess attitudes toward predator management in general and the humaneness of specific predator management practices (lethal and nonlethal). We found relatively minor shifts in attitudes toward predator management, but many of the management practices assessed were rated significantly less humane than in the previous survey. Respondents were generally supportive of predator management aimed at losses of agricultural or private property; however, nonlethal methods were perceived to be far more humane than lethal methods. Our findings suggest that the public is generally supportive of predator control, but increasingly skeptical of the methods employed in control actions.
Significance of Fatigue Damage from Overload Trucks on Bridge Load Rating

Overload trucks constitute a major portion of truck load populations on highways. Specific to bridges, the increase in the frequency of overloads may trigger shortening of service life of critical components because of fatigue damage, considering the fact that fatigue damage accelerates at higher loads. This is especially important to older bridges that have been designed for loads lower than the standard for current highway bridge design in the United States. As the number of requests for special permits to use bridges by overload trucks increases, the accumulated damage may substantially reduce the service life of bridges resulting in costly repair and replacements. In this paper, the significance of overloads in causing fatigue damage to bridges is discussed. Samples of truck load data have been compiled and used to determine the contribution of overloads to fatigue damage for steel girder bridges made up of welded cover plates. The paper discusses using the expected fatigue life expended (FLE) as an index to determine the impact of overloads on bridge fatigue damage. The FLE is then determined to be an important factor that can be used to modify bridge rating equations as a way of controlling the number of overload permits for a given bridge.