cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression in Individuals with Epilepsy.

•Depression in epilepsy patients is not only extremely common, but is often poorly recognized and inadequately treated. •Depression can have significant consequences including increased medical utilization, poor quality of life, social disability, and mortality. •Etiology of depression is multifaceted with prominent psychosocial determinants. Salient medical issues include iatrogenic causes, especially side effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). In addition, seizures with increased frequency and with ‘forced normalization’ can be associated with mood disturbance. •After a thorough search for correctable causes, treatment should not be delayed, and should include both psychotherapy and pharmacologic therapies. •Antidepressants remain the mainstay of pharmacologic intervention with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) considered first-line treatment. Venlafaxine, nefazadone, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) can also be used, but with some important caveats. •Decreasing the seizure threshold is a common side effect of all antidepressants, but the risk can be minimized and should not prevent vigorous treatment of the depressive state. Other side effects present with varying frequency from the common (eg, sexual dysfunction as seen with SSRIs) to uncommon withdrawal reactions and rare complications of serotonin syndrome. •Depression must also be considered a recurring disease, and when a successful regimen is ascertained, adequate continuation of treatment is a necessity. •Care must be taken to treat the patient until complete resolution is achieved. Many patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) will improve with inadequate treatment, but remain encumbered by a smoldering, low-level dysthymia that, in itself, can severely restrict the patient’s quality of life.
Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy: Anxiety, Knowledge and Shared Decision Making

With the steady increase of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) now well documented, attention increasingly has been directed at understanding the potential reasons driving utilization of this treatment approach. A key area is examining the perspective of patients who are making this choice and how this perspective may differ from those choosing more limited surgery. In this issue of the Annals of Surgical Oncology, Rosenberg et al. detail the decisionmaking process of young women who have opted for bilateral mastectomy. Using a large registry of young women, they explore psychological, emotional, and decision-making aspects of the choice for surgical management of breast cancer. In this cohort of patients younger than age 40 years, most of whom are not known to be BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers, they report that nearly half of the study population underwent CPM. They confirm prior associations between anxiety and fear and use of CPM and provide new insights about how surgical decisions vary depending on who is driving the decision: the physician or the patient. Significantly, nearly two-thirds of women who stated that the choice of surgical therapy was self-driven chose CPM. In stark contrast, women who reported that the decision was made by their doctor had very low rates (6 %) of CPM. In multivariate analysis, patient-driven decision was associated with threefold greater likelihood of CPM compared with those who reported shared decision making. While physician influences on use of CPM has previously been suggested, Rosenberg et al. provide more direct evidence that physician
Tips for success: Fostering a good mentoring relationship

A mentor can mean the difference between a mentoree's failure and success. Yet mentoring is more than an altruistic venture. A good mentor will be more likely to recruit and retain strong student and postdoctoral candidates, and cultivate productive personnel. Despite these advantages, faculty often receive little, if any, mentoring training. Here, three panelists, Marianne Bronner-Fraser, Ph.D., Kathy Iovine, Ph.D., and Carl Thummel, Ph.D., share their mentoring tips. Their mentorees also articulate how these accomplished mentors helped them to grow professionally and personally. Together, their insights outline ways to achieve a productive mentoring relationship, a topic of interest to mentors and mentorees alike. Developmental Dynamics 239:2136–2139, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Replacement of C-O by P-O in Cyclic Acetals and Ketals.

Efficiency and structural specificity earmark the reaction of phosphonium ions 1 with cyclic acetals and ketals to yield 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanium ions 2 [Eq. (1)]. Potential applications of this reaction are in monitoring trace levels of organophosphorus esters and in developing novel carbonyl deprotection agents. R=OCH3 , CH3 ; R1 =H, CH3 ; R2 =CH3 , C6 H5 ; R3 =H, CH3 .
IRAS observations of the exciting stars of Herbig-Haro objects

A list of the exciting stars of Herbig-Haro (HH) objects that have been detected by IRAS is presented. A critical comparison between IRAS and airborne observations clearly indicates that there are spatially extended far-infrared emitting structures associated with these HH-exciting stars. Estimates of bolometric luminosities from the IRAS measurements that show a range from 0.05 to almost 800 solar luminosities for 25 of these stars are derived. This range is not in conflict with the hypothesis that the onset of deuterium-burning terminates low-mass protostellar accretion and that the HH objects are generated at that time. The extended emission zones are identified with the infalling envelopes of these protostars.
Analog layout synthesis: what's missing?

In the first decade of the twenty first century, the first generation of analog synthesis tools -- for sizing and for physical design -- moved from academic research projects, to startups, to integration on various standard platforms. In this talk I'll try to summarize what we got right in that first generation effort, but more importantly, what we got wrong. I'll talk in particular about usage models -- how real people do real layouts in this business -- and highlight what I think are the big gaps, the big problems, and the big opportunities.
On the particle size distribution of lunar soil.

Abstract The various observations of the Moon, both Earth-based and from probes, which depend on lunar soil particle size are reviewed and discussed along with pertinent laboratory measurements. The available evidence indicates that the mean particle size weighted by mass is probably of the order of 10 μ and, at any rate, considerably less than 100 μ. Data presently available are not sufficient to indicate whether the original mare material was sorted or unsorted.
The Knowledge Economy and Entrepreneurial Activities in Technology-Based Economic Development

Regions compete to bring wealth creation and high-paying jobs to their constituents through the creation of small start-ups. Different authors identify different factors that influence this activity leaving policy makers wondering about the right set of ingredients. These factors include many that are affected by the knowledge economy. To identify the essential ingredients, we studied 361 Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the USA. We examined factors such as capital, education, engineering and science degrees, top business school presence, presence of other medium and large companies in the area, the number of incubators, high speed internet connectivity, creativity, population size, cluster formation, and the available workforce to assess their contribution to the creation of new businesses in nontech as well as high tech. Statistical tests indicate that factors such as, in further tests, technology maturation activities such as research, venture funding, and telecommunications infrastructure, were found to be important for technology startups. Attraction and creation of medium and large sized businesses helped the small start-ups in creating markets for their products.
Some potentiostatic studies on zinc

Abstract The over-all passivation phenomenon in the case of zinc is very rapid and cannot be fully studied by galvanostatic techniques alone. The constant overvoltage technique has thus been applied to zinc. The d.c. amplifier used had a gain of 100,000 without feedback. Current/potential curves were obtained in 6 N, N, 0·1 N and 0·01 N KOH and zincate solutions for the range of −1·3 to about +2·0 V with respect to Hg/HgO/KOH as reference electrode. It has been found that in the first truly active region the main electrode reaction is the formation of zinc ions; after passivation, it changes to gas evolution. Potentiostatic techniques reveal intermediary stages, undisclosed by constant current methods, of pseudo-passivation and current-plateau regions in which the anodic layer thickens, controlled by high-field cation transport. These observations are supplemented by current/time transients obtained by suddenly dropping the potential from higher to lower values, when the currents were found to cut off. Some anomalies and sudden reversals of currents with increasing overvoltage are also discussed. The influence of other factors, e.g. concentration, stirring, sudden changes in overvoltage, presence of zincate, sulphate etc. is considered.
Behavioral effects of mouse interferons-α and -γ and human interferon-α in mice

Abstract Behavioral effects of murine interferon-α and -γ were explored using a well-characterized system for detecting interferon effects. In addition, the effectiveness of human interferon-α was determined. Mouse γ-interferon decreased activity and food-related behavior, effects that were similar to the effects of mouse α-interferon. Equivalent doses of the human preparation had little effect upon these measures in mice. Some common action of α- and γ-interferon is likely responsible for the similar effects seen for the two molecules. Low effectiveness of the human preparation in mice was predicted due to the differences in receptors between species.
Breathlessness and mouth occlusion pressure in patients with chronic obstruction of the airways

In order to evaluate the hypothesis that the sensation of dyspnea is due to an "inappropriate relationship between length and tension" in the respiratory musculature, studies were performed in 24 patients with chronic obstruction of the airways. They were divided into two groups solely on the basis of subjective and objective presence or absence of breathlessness and dyspnea at rest. Spirometric tests and body plethysmography were performed in each patient. The ventilatory pattern at rest was recorded and repeated measurements of mouth occlusion pressure were made. It is concluded that breathlessness in patients with airways obstruction is not associated with major differences in arterial blood gases or in VO2, VE, f or the pattern of individual breaths; there is a greater degree of airway obstruction and increased inspiratory neuromuscular drive. The minute ventilation achieved for a given inspiratory neuromuscular output, which may be considered analogous to the length-tension relationship of the respiratory musculature, is significantly decreased. These results are in accordance with the theory of mechanical inappropriateness as a cause of dyspnea.
Study of neutrino interactions in hydrogen and deuterium: Description of the experiment and study of the reaction ν+d-->μ - +p+p s

This paper gives a detailed description of an experiment which studies the interactions of muon-type neutrinos in hydrogen and deuterium. The experiment was performed at the Zero Gradient Synchrotron using the wide-band neutrino beam incident on the Argonne 12-foot bubble chamber filled with hydrogen and deuterium. The neutrino energy spectrum peaks at 0.5 GeV and has a tail extending to 6 GeV. The shape and intensity of the flux is determined using measurements of pion yields from beryllium. The produced pions are focused by one or (for the latter part of the experiment) two magnetic horns. A total of 364000 pictures were taken with a hydrogen filling of the bubble chamber and 903 000 with a deuterium filling. The scanning and other analyses of the events are described. The most abundant reaction occurs off neutrons and is quasi-elastic scattering $\ensuremath{\nu}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p{p}_{s}$. The separation of these events from background channels is discussed. The total and differential cross sections are analyzed to obtain the axial-vector form factor of the nucleon. Our result, expressed in terms of a dipole form factor, gives an axial-vector mass of 0.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09 GeV. A comparison is made to previous measurements using neutrino beams, and also to determinations based upon threshold pion electroproduction experiments. In addition, the data are used to measure the weak vector form factor and so check the conserved-vector-current hypothesis.
Lipoprotein alterations in 10- and 20-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty rats: Hyperinsulinemic versus insulinopenic hyperglycemia☆

Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein parameters were studied in the male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat at 10 and 20 weeks of age, corresponding to hyperinsulinemic and insulinopenic type 2 diabetes mellitus, respectively. At both ages, ZDF rats had elevated serum triglycerides, free fatty acids, and corticosterone, whereas 20-week ZDF rats had reduced thyroid hormones. At 10 weeks, the hyperlipidemia was confined to elevations in pre-β triglyceride-rich (d < 1.006 g/mL) lipoproteins. By 20 weeks, all lipoprotein density fractions were increased compared with lean rats, with substantial increases in both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In ZDF rats, there was a progressive increase in apolipoprotein B (apo B) from 1.9 times control at 10 weeks to three times control at 20 weeks. The increase in apo B was accompanied by a shift of apo B, particularly B100, from very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) into denser lipoproteins corresponding to intermediate-density lipoproteins plus LDLs (1.006 < d < 1.063 g/mL). In Zucker and 10-week ZDF rats, in the presence of hyperinsulinemia, the increase in serum apo B was predominantly apo B48 present in VLDL. By 20 weeks, when ZDF rats are insulinopenic, the mass ratio of B48:B100 shifted from 2.7 to 0.7. The shift was associated with a decrease in hepatic-edited apo B mRNA. Apo E increased in lean rats between 10 and 20 weeks of age. Although apo E also increased in ZDF rats, the increase by 20 weeks was less than that of lean rats. The molar ratio of apo E to B in VLDL was decreased in ZDF rats. In lean rats, greater than 50% of apo E was present in HDL, in contrast to ZDF rats, where less than 20% of apo E was present in HDL. VLDL apo E shifted to denser fractions by 20 weeks of age, similar to apo B. The apo C level was more than double compared with the level in lean rats and was redistributed from the HDL fraction to lipoprotein fractions containing apo B. Both apo A-I and apo A-IV levels more than doubled between 10 and 20 weeks in ZDF rats. The ZDF rat model may be useful in comparative studies of lipoproteins during diabetic progression from hyperinsulinemia to insulinopenia.
Dynamics of Rhodobacter capsulatus [2FE-2S] ferredoxin VI and Aquifex aeolicus ferredoxin 5 via nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) and resonance Raman spectroscopy.

We have used 57Fe nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) to study the Fe2S2(Cys)4 sites in oxidized and reduced [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins from Rhodobacter capsulatus (Rc FdVI) and Aquifex aeolicus (Aa Fd5). In the oxidized forms, nearly identical NRVS patterns are observed, with strong bands from Fe−S stretching modes peaking around 335 cm−1, and additional features observed as high as the B2u mode at ∼421 cm−1. Both forms of Rc FdVI have also been investigated by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. There is good correspondence between NRVS and Raman frequencies, but because of different selection rules, intensities vary dramatically between the two kinds of spectra. For example, the B3u mode at ∼288 cm−1, attributed to an asymmetric combination of the two FeS4 breathing modes, is often the strongest resonance Raman feature. In contrast, it is nearly invisible in the NRVS, as there is almost no Fe motion in such FeS4 breathing. NRVS and RR analysis of isotope shifts with 36S-substituted into bridging...
Cycles in insect populations : delayed density dependence or exogenous driving variables?

SummaryDelayed density dependence, and the cycles in insect populations that it can generate, are often investigated using time-series analysis. Recently, several authors have raised concerns about the validity of using time-series analysis to detect density dependence. One particular concern is the suggestion that exogenous driving variables, such as cyclic weather patterns, can lead to the spurious detection of density dependence in natural populations. Using non-biological data (the electricity bills of one of the authors), we show how easy it is to be misled by the results of time-series analysis. We then present 16 years’ data on the gall-forming sawfly, Euura lasiolepis (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), and show that cycles in weather, specifically winter precipitation, lead to the spurious detection of density dependence in time-series analysis. We conclude that time-series analysis cannot stand alone as a method for inferring the action of density dependence, and urge further investigation of the effects of apparent cycles in abiotic forces on insect populations.
Glycogen Synthase, Synthase Phosphatase, and Phosphorylase Response to Glucose in Somatostatin-Pretreated Intact Rats

The response of the glycogen synthase and phosphorylase systems of the liver to intravenous glucose in the presence and absence of short-term somatostatin blockade of insulin secretion was determined in fed and 20-h fasted rats. These enzyme systems regulate glycogen synthesis and degradation, respectively. In the presence of somatostatin, intravenous glucose (1.0 g/kg), promptly (5 min) increased the proportion of synthase in the I (active) form, and the increase was similar to that in animals that had not received somatostatin. In the same animals, phosphorylase a also was decreased, and the decrease was similar in all groups. When a smaller dose of glucose (250 mg/kg) was used that only modestly increased plasma glucose (139 mg/dl) and produced a less than maximal synthase response, insulin (1 U/kg) did not potentiate glucose activation of synthase either in the presence or absence of somatostatin. Phosphorylase a did not change significantly in any group. Glucose, in both the presence and absence of somatostatin, also rapidly (2 min) converted synthase phosphatase from a form inhibited by EDTA to a form not inhibited by EDTA. These data indicate that the synthase and phosphorylase systems in vivo respond primarily to a rise in plasma glucose and not to a simultaneous elevation in plasma insulin. Thus, glucose is regulating its own storage as glycogen in the liver. The effect of glucose on the synthase may be mediated through a conversion of the synthase phosphatase to a form that is not dependent on divalent cation for activity. This form presumably is more active in vivo.
Treatment options for symptomatic carotid stenosis: Timing and approach

Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and up to 15-20% of ischemic strokes can be attributed to atherosclerotic internal carotid artery disease. The treatment of carotid artery disease has been the subject of a wealth of literature in the past twenty years since the publication of the landmark randomized controlled trials, the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial and the European Carotid Surgery Trial, in the early 1990s. Although these landmark trials have helped establish the current guidelines for treatment of patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease, there have since been major advancements in the medical treatment of cardiovascular disease and there still remains a great deal of controversy regarding the timing and technical approach to carotid revascularization. In particular, there has been a wealth of literature to determine whether carotid endarterectomy or carotid stenting should be used for revascularization and when this revascularization should occur following onset of symptoms. This update offers an overview of the standards for diagnosis and medical treatment of patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease, the indications for surgical revascularization and a review of the most pertinent literature as it pertains to the more controversial issues of technical approach and timing of surgical revascularization following onset of symptoms in patients with carotid artery disease.
Constraining the initial temperature and shear viscosity in a hybrid hydrodynamic model of √sNN=200 GeV Au+Au collisions using pion spectra, elliptic flow, and femtoscopic radii

A new framework for evaluating hydrodynamic models of relativistic heavy ion collisions has been developed. This framework, a comprehensive heavy ion model evaluation and reporting algorithm (CHIMERA) has been implemented by augmenting UVH 2+1D viscous hydrodynamic model with eccentricity fluctuations, pre-equilibrium flow, and the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamic (UrQMD) hadronic cascade. A range of initial temperatures and shear viscosity to entropy ratios were evaluated for four initial profiles, ${N}_{\mathrm{part}}$ and ${N}_{\mathrm{coll}}$ scaling with and without pre-equilibrium flow. The model results were compared to pion spectra, elliptic flow, and femtoscopic radii from 200 GeV Au+Au collisions for the 0--20$%$ centrality range. Two sets of initial density profiles, ${N}_{\mathrm{part}}$ scaling with pre-equilibrium flow and ${N}_{\mathrm{coll}}$ scaling without were shown to provide a consistent description of all three measurements.
Firm size and types of innovation

We propose a general theory of innovation that illustrates the relative benefits of performing process versus product R&D when firm size is endogenous. A firm's size, scope, and R&D portfolio are shown to reflect the same underlying characteristic of the firm, namely manufacturing efficiency. We demonstrate that efficient firms become larger, have greater scope, and perform more of both process and product R&D. In light of decreasing returns to R&D, this implies small firms obtain more product innovations per dollar of R&D than large firms, which is consistent with evidence we present that small firms are more innovative than large firms as they obtain more patent counts and citations per dollar of R&D.
ON THE ACQUISITION OF SECOND LANGUAGE TIMING PATTERNS

This paper presents the results of an experiment which examined the temporal characteristics of voiceless plosives in American English. Arabic, and Arabic-accented English. Results showed that the temporal implementation of closure duration and Voice Onset Time delay was different for each of the three groups. surprisingly, however. Arabic-accented English fell not between the norms established by Arabic and English proper, but rather departed from the target language goal (shorter closures, longer VOT delays) with longer closures and shorter VOT delays than is characteristic of Arabic itself This unusual interlanguage phenomenon can be explained in terms ot the Arabic speakers having learned that English displays a constant voiceless interval (Weismer 1980) among all places of articulation, but having mislearned that the distribution internal to this interval varies according to positional factors.
On the Breakdown Under Contact Conditions of Reynolds Equation for Gas Lubricated Bearings

For the analysis of gas lubricated bearings, Reynolds equation is available in a number of forms-the original version, first-order modified, second-order modified, one-and-a-half order modified, and Boltzmann-Reynolds. All of these variants are asymptotically examined for instances in which local contact occurs in a bearing. These asymptotics serve to identify the order of the respective singularities in pressures, and thus imply the possible consequences of using a particular version of Reynolds equation in the presence of contact.
Caffeine as an intensifier of stress-induced hormonal and pathophysiologic changes in mice

Psychosocially stressed male mice competing in a Henry-Stephens complex population cage develop hypertension, cardiovascular damage, and chronic interstitial nephritis. Their plasma renin, noradrenaline, corticosterone, and adrenal-catecholamine synthetic enzymes are increased and they die prematurely. Adding 3.3 mg of caffeine a day per kilogram of mouse body weight (the equivalent of 20 micrograms/ml decaffeinated coffee) to their drinking water significantly intensifies most of these changes. A dose of 90 mg/kg of caffeine (the equivalent of 560 micrograms/ml, i.e., brewed tea or coffee) further increases the effects. The drug-induced enhancement of competitive social stimulation of the neuroendocrine system resulted in a further increase of plasma renin and corticosterone levels as well as blood pressure and adrenal weight. These effects together with accelerated mortality and increased pathology indicate that chronic consumption of caffeinated liquids adds to the risks of psychosocial stress.
Sex and gender are different: Sexual identity and gender identity are different

This article attempts to enhance understanding and communication about different sexual issues. It starts by offering definitions to common terms such as sex, gender, gender identity and sexual ide...
Short-course antibiotic therapy for the treatment of chorioamnionitis and postpartum endomyometritis

The development of chorioamnionitis and endomyometritis has traditionally required treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and extended hospitalization. In the past, once parenteral antibiotic therapy was instituted, it was continued for 5 to 7 days and until the patient remained afebrile for 48 hours. To shorten the length of hospital stay, the length of parenteral antibiotic administration was reduced and an oral antibiotic was added, to complete a 7- to 10-day course of therapy. We evaluated the effectiveness of an even shorter course of parenteral antibiotics without the addition of oral antibiotics. Forty-two patients, with chorioamnionitis and 64 with endomyometritis were enrolled in the study. Antibiotic therapy was continued until the patient's temperature was
The halo effect in jet impingement solid particle erosion testing of ductile metals

Abstract Two different areas of erosion occur on flat test specimens exposed to gas—solid particle erosive streams where the stream diameter is smaller than the specimen surface dimensions. The inner area accounts for the majority of the weight loss. This area sees the set test conditions of velocity and impingement angle. Erosion also occurs outside this area in an area designated the “halo area”. The weight loss in this area depends on the impingement angle of the particles and ranges from as high as 25% of the total weight loss at 15° to 3% of the total weight loss at 60°. A definite boundary was observed between the two areas. This halo erosion effect was found to be primarily due to the velocity distribution of the particles in a cone around the principal column of particles striking the specimen. A secondary effect is the change in the true angle of the particles striking the specimen from the set angle.
Hemodynamic Effects of Orally Administered Isosorbide Dinitrate in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure

The efficacy of orally administered isosorbide dinitrate (IS) has been questioned. Recently vasodilators have been shown to lower left ventricular filling pressure (LVFP) and raise cardiac output in heart failure. In the present study oral IS was evaluated in 12 patients with high LVFP due to heart failure. After right heart catheterization, patients with LVFP > 14 mm Hg were randomized double-blind to receive either 20 mg IS or placebo (P). Supine heart rate (HR), arterial pressure (BP), and LVFP were monitored for five hours. After this the alternate drug (P or IS) was given, followed by five more hours of monitoring. In the 12 patients after receiving IS, LVFP reached a peak reduction of 6.7 mm Hg (-26%, P < 0.005) at 30 min. Significant reduction persisted for 4.5 hours. Blood pressure fell concomitantly with the LVFP. At 60 min HR was unchanged, systolic BP was reduced by 8.9 mm Hg (P < 0.025) and diastolic BP by 6.3 mm Hg (P < 0.005). In the ten patients receiving P, control values were not signific...
Diverse ways to fore-ground methodological insights about qualitative research

Texts and articles that put epistemological theories and methodologies to work in the context of qualitative research can stimulate scholarship in various ways such as through methodological innovations, transferability of theories and methods, interdisciplinarity, and transformative reflections across traditions and frameworks. Such methodological practices are particularly of use for educational researchers concerned with thinking about practices of pedagogy and curriculum in new ways. However, such manuscripts are sometimes hard to find and can easily become sedimented by layers of discipline-specific findings and insights. It is our intention to call for authors to put their methodologies to work and make their methodological insights more fore-grounded and accessible to audiences and readers with an interest in such writings. Furthermore, we illustrate some possible strategies for those interested in developing such pieces while at the same time troubling the notions of essentialism and directionalit...
Microstructure and transport properties of YBa2Cu3O7−δ films produced by laser ablation from a BaF2/Y2O3/CuO target

Abstract The effects of varying the temperature and duration of the post-deposition anneal in watersaturated oxygen were investigated for YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of varying thickness. The films were produced by laser ablation from pressed powder targets consisting of BaF2,Y2O3, and CuO mixtures. This technique produces superconducting films with a highly textured surface. The films were fabricated on SrTiO3 substrates and were analyzed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and temperature dependent resistivity. Critical current density (Jc) measurements were performed in magnetic fields up to 1 T. For film thickness on the order of 900 nm, completely c-axis oriented films were obtained with a 60 min anneal at 850°C. Thinner films required less annealing, either shorter times or lower temperatures, to achieve similar results, indicating that the optimal annealing conditions are dependent on film thickness.
Measuring Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials from non-hair-bearing areas

Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP)-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) applications have been widely applied in laboratories around the world in the recent years. Many studies have shown that the best locations to acquire SSVEPs were from the occipital areas of the scalp. However, for some BCI users such as quadriparetic patients lying face up during ventilation, it is difficult to access the occipital sites. Even for the healthy BCI users, acquiring good-quality EEG signals from the hair-covered occipital sites is inevitably more difficult because it requires skin preparation by a skilled technician and conductive gel usage. Therefore, finding an alternative approach to effectively extract high-quality SSVEPs for BCI practice is highly desirable. Since the non-hair-bearing scalp regions are more accessible by all different types of EEG sensors, this study systematically and quantitatively investigated the feasibility of measuring SSVEPs from non-hair-bearing regions, compared to those measured from the occipital areas. Empirical results showed that the signal quality of the SSVEPs from non-hair-bearing areas was comparable with, if not better than, that measured from hair-covered occipital areas. These results may significantly improve the practicality of a BCI system in real-life applications; especially used in conjunction with newly available dry EEG sensors.
Inactivation of Egg-White Lysozyme by Ultrasonic Waves and Protective Effect of Amino-Acids

Inactivation of Egg-White Lysozyme by Ultrasonic Waves and Protective Effect of Amino-Acids
The NASA Smart Probe Project for real-time multiple microsensor tissue recognition: update

Abstract The NASA Smart Probe combines information from multiple microsensors—using fuzzy logic and neural network software—to provide a unique tissue “signature” in real time. This report presents recent advances in the probe architecture itself plus clinical information gathered from women undergoing biopsy for suspected breast cancer by the NASA licensee, BioLuminate (Dublin, CA, USA). The multiparameter Smart Probe for breast cancer—1 mm in diameter—can clearly differentiate normal breast, benign lesions, and breast carcinoma. The sensors employed in the Smart Probe for breast cancer include electrical impedance and optical spectroscopy (OS) (both broadband or white light, and laser light (infrared and blue/fluorescence)). Data are acquired 100 times per second; a typical breast “biopsy” typically generates 500 MB of data. Potential applications of nanoelectrode arrays and the Smart Probe concept for deep brain recording and stimulation in neurosurgery are also noted.
A strain rate dependent yield criterion for isotropic polymers: Low to high rates of loading

In this study, strain rate sensitivity of yield behavior in a semicrystalline polymer, Nylon 101, was experimentally investigated. A precise definition of yield was established for the polymer by deforming several specimens to certain levels of strain and measuring the residual strains after unloading and strain recovery. The material was then subjected to different loading conditions (uniaxial to multiaxial) at four different quasi-static and intermediate strain rates to determine several points on the material's yield loci. Due to positive strain rate sensitivity of this polymer, the material's yield loci expanded uniformly as the strain rates were increased to higher values. Further, an empirical hydrostatic pressure dependent yield equation (with four material constants) was developed to simulate these behaviors as a function of strain rate. The capability of the developed criterion was examined by simulating high strain rate yield behavior of the material in tension and in compression. The simulation results revealed very good correlations/predictions between the experimental data and the responses determined from the proposed yield criterion.
Emergency online schools as a means of providing schooling and crisis support after school closings due to catastrophic disasters

Children are particularly vulnerable to disasters. As schools are an integral part of most communities, continuance of a school routine after a disaster is perceived by children as a sign of resiliency. Furthermore, schools also provide an avenue to supply recovery related support to children. However, contemporary crisis preparation models do not adequately address how children will continue their education and how educators and school mental health professionals will appropriately serve children when schools are destroyed after a disaster. One way to sustain school operations in the wake of disasters is through emergency online schools. Optimally, emergency online schools can offer immediate, sustained schooling and support services after a catastrophic disaster when the event makes it impossible for school buildings to operate. This paper examines the viability of and resources necessary for constructing and implementing emergency online schools with an eye toward broad socioeconomic and geographic application. Implications and future directions also are presented.
Transient deflection response in microcantilever array integrated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics.

We report the integration of a nanomechanical sensor consisting of 16 silicon microcantilevers with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidics. For microcantilevers positioned near the bottom of a microfluidic flow channel, a transient differential analyte concentration for the top versus bottom surface of each microcantilever is created when an analyte-bearing fluid is introduced into the flow channel (which is initially filled with a non-analyte containing solution). We use this effect to characterize a bare (nonfunctionalized) microcantilever array in which the microcantilevers are simultaneously read out with our recently developed high sensitivity in-plane photonic transduction method. We first examine the case of non-specific binding of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to silicon. The average maximum transient microcantilever deflection in the array is −1.6 nm, which corresponds to a differential surface stress of only −0.23 mN m−1. This is in excellent agreement with the maximum differential surface stress calculated based on a modified rate equation in conjunction with finite element simulation. Following BSA adsorption, buffer solutions with different pH are introduced to further study microcantilever array transient response. Deflections of 20–100 nm are observed (2–14 mN m−1 differential surface stress). At a flow rate of 5 μL min−1, the average measured temporal width (FWHM) of the transient response is 5.3 s for BSA non-specific binding and 0.74 s for pH changes.
Comical Conflations: Racial Identity and the Science of Photography

AbstractComical associations between the science of photography and ideas about race were common on both sides of the Atlantic in the decades after the medium's invention. Some humorists observed that no bourgeois sitter would welcome the sight of his “negative” or blackened self; others illustrated the cosmetic character of race by depicting the effects of photographic chemicals on human skin. This essay takes these racial jokes seriously by reading them as historically specific social commentary. Beginning with an analysis of the first book of photographic humor, Cuthbert Bede's Photographic Pleasures (1855), it shows how this genre both reinforced and challenged popular conceptions of whiteness, blackness, and the photographic medium.
Silver Halide Fiber For Transmitting A C O2 Laser Beam

The silver halide fiber for transmitting a CO 2 laser beam using the mixture crystal of silver bromide and silver chloride is described. The silver halide is purified by zone melting. The absorption coefficient of its preformed crystal measured by a CO 2 laser calorimeter is less than 1.0x10 -4 cm -1 . The silver halide fibers whose diameters are 0.5 to 0.7mm are made by hot extrusion. The transmission loss of silver halide fiber is 0.07dB/m when measured by a CO 2 laser beam. The measured spectral transmission lgss due to scattering inside and on the surface of the fiber is nearly proportional to λ -2 where λ is the wavelength, and it is low in the infrared wavelength region, ranging from a few microns to over ten microns. Because of its excellent resistance to optical damage and bending as well as other characteristics important to practical application, silver halide fiber is suitable for use in CO 2 laser power transmission. It is also expected to he an optical waveguide in the field of infrared optic sensors.
Expectant, medical, or surgical treatment of spontaneous abortion in first trimester of pregnancy? A pooled quantitative literature evaluation.

Background: Spontaneous abortion is a common problem in everyday clinical practice, accounting for 15 to 20 percent of all recognized pregnancies. The traditional treatment of this problem has been surgical, emptying the uterus by dilatation and curettage (DC 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated for each form of treatment. Sensitivity analysis compared randomized controlled trials with observational studies for both expectant and surgical treatment. Results: Of the 31 studies retrieved, 18 met inclusion criteria, including 9 involving expectant treatment (545 pooled patients), 3 for medical treatment (prostaglandin or antiprogesterone agents) (198 pooled patients), and 10 for surgical treatment (D&C) (1408 pooled patients). Successful outcomes were found in 92.5 percent of patients receiving expectant treatment, in 93.6 percent of those undergoing D&C, and in 51.5 percent of patients receiving medical treatment. Conclusions: Expectant management of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester is safe and effective for many afebrile patients whose blood pressure and heart rate are stable and who have no excess bleeding or unacceptable pain. Transvaginal sonographic studies might be useful in patient selection, and serial chorionic gonadotropin monitoring should be considered while observing the initial course of expectant treatment. Currently there is insufficient evidence to support medical therapy of spontaneous abortion, and further research is needed to clarify the more limited role of surgical treatment.
ON COUNTER MACHINES, REACHABILITY PROBLEMS, AND DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS

We give a brief survey of results that use “reversal-bounded counters” in studying reachability problems for various classes of transition systems. We also discuss the connection between the decidability of reachability in counter machines and the solvability of certain Diophantine equations.
Porch Reads: Encouraging Recreational Reading Among College Students

Leisure reading in America has declined in the last 20 years, especially among 18 to 24 year olds. Studies show, however, that a positive relationship exists between college students' academic achievement and the time they spend in recreational reading. Reading for pleasure improves reading comprehension, writing style, vocabulary, spelling, and grammatical development. Librarians at the Roesch Library, University of Dayton (OH), collaborated with colleagues in Residence Education on a yearlong pilot recreational reading program to address this cultural shift on a small scale. Porches, informal gathering places familiar to students, served as an appropriate theme for the program's goal of bringing people together to talk about books. This project found that with just a little bit of motivation and encouragement, students are willing to read for fun.
Design, construction and field test of hot -box solar cookers for African Sahel region

Abstract Cooking energy represents the main energy consumption in most of the African Sahel countries. As the main fuel of cooking in these countries is wood. this led to the problem of deforestation in this area. On the way of thinking to solve this problem, a solar cooker was designed constructed and field tested. The main criteria followed in the design was to develop a simple to construct, simple to use, and simple maintenance solar cooker. A simple wooden, hot box, with one reflector solar cooker was designed and several demonstration units were fabricated. The units were field tested and showed acceptable performance. Maximum inner temperature of the units reached 160 °C under field conditions of Giza, Egypt (30 °N). Different foods were cooked successfully such as rice, meat, fish, beans, ...etc. The time of cooking ranged from 1 to 2.5 hr.
Prediction of bifurcations in a parametrically excited duffing oscillator

Abstract The instability regions of the response of a damped, softening-type Duffing oscillator to a parametric excitation are determined via an algorithm that uses Floquet theory to evaluate the stability of second-order approximate analytical solutions in the neighborhood of the non-linear resonances of the system. It is shown that identification of the locus of instabilities of the periodic approximate solutions in the amplitude-frequency parameter space provides valuable information on the overall dynamic behavior of the system. The predictions are verified by using analog- and digital-computer simulations, which exhibit chaos and unbounded motions among other behaviors.
Cytodifferentiation in the rosy mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.

In the rosy mutant of Drosophila melanogaster, two types of autofluorescent cytoplasmic inclusions are found in the cells of the posterior region of the fatbody at the prepupal stage. Bright yellow autofluorescent granules accumulating within larger inclusions clearly demarcate this area of the fatbody which also contains cobalt blue fluorescent globular material. Such inclusions were not noted in the normal Ore-R strain at this stage nor in the series of mutant strains examined other than the rosy2 and maroon-like mutants. The pattern of biochemical deviation of the latter two mutants is known to be identical to that of the rosy mutant, and a portion of this mutant upset can be ascribed to the absence of xanthine dehydrogenase. These mutants lack the products of enzyme activity, uric acid and isoxanthopterin, and accumulate their precursors, hypoxanthine and 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine. Chromatographic studies on the fatbody of rosy prepupae have shown that 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine is limited to the posterior region; this correspondence in location as well as color of fluorescence indicates that the cobalt blue auto fluorescent globules in the fatbody contain 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine. In the normal strain, isoxanthopterin was identified in the chromatograms of the posterior region of the fatbody, but it was not obtained from the anterior region of the fatbody. On the other hand, xanthine dehydrogenase activity could be demonstrated throughout the fatbody of the normal strain. The restriction of isoxanthopterin to a certain group of fat cells in the wild type strain and its absence from other fat cells can be explained by the differential distribution of its immediate precursor, 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine, as displayed in the mutant rosy.
Repression, psychopathology and drive representation: an experimental hypnotic investigation of impulse inhibition.

Abstract A hypnotically induced paramnesia involving hostile impulses was activated posthypnotically at three levels of conflict-intensity by the tachistoscopic presentation of words related to the paramnesia. Ss who achieved awareness into the induced impulses upon conflict-word recognition and who eventually carried out the destructive urge constituted the Poor Repressor group. The Good Repressor group did not act upon the induced impulses and verbalized less awareness of them. All Ss had responded initially to a set of 10 TAT cards which were scored for drive representation, drive integration, and drive socialization. The Poor Repressors expressed more drive-related content, better integration of the drive, and less socialization of the drive than the Good Repressors. The latter also tended to manifest more symptoms of a somatic character. Both groups differed from simulating Ss.
Aging Effects on Electrical and Radiation Characteristics of Discrete Semiconductors

The effects of operating life on the electrical and radiation effects characteristics of several high reliability discrete semiconductor device types were investigated. Approximately 2400 parts consisting of five transistor types, two regular diode types and a zener diode type with operating ages ranging from 1.6 to 5.9 years were tested in this investigation. The devices tested included representative samples of both silicon and germanium materials as well as alloy junction, mesa and planar fabrication technology. No correlation was found between operating life and the direction or magnitude of changes in either the electrical or radiation characteristics of the sample populations investigated.