cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relations of respiration and growth in the Avena coleoptile.

THE AVENA coleoptile is a classical obj ect for the study of the effect of auxin in inducing plant growth. A particularly simple system for the study of the auxin response is constituted by excised sections of the coleoptile which when floated on aqueous solutions containing an active auxin, are capable of extensive and rapid growth (Bonner, 1933). It is known that there is a relation between the auxin induced growth of such sections and their respiration. Thus response to auxin does not occur in an 02 free atmosphere (Bonner, 1933), while HCN, which inhibits respiration of the coleoptile, inhibits response to auxin in a parallel manner (Bonner, 1933, 1936). As a preliminary step in the elucidation of the relation of auxin to respiration, the respiratory systems of the coleoptile have been reviewed and reported in a previous paper (Bonner, 1948). The oxygen uptake of the coleoptile is mediated by the cytochrome-cytochrome oxidase system. Hexose is converted to fructose diphosphate through a series of reactions involving ATP and evidence that pyruvate is the product of initial hexose breakdown has been presented (Bonner, 1948). Pyruvate in turn is metabolized through a system involving succinic dehydrogenase and resembling in general terms the cycle of Krebs. Thus the Avena coleoptile possesses so far as present information goes what might be termed an orthodox respiratory mechanism, one resembling that of animal tissues. The previous paper in this series (Bonner, 1949) has dealt with the influence of several factors including respiratory substrates and inhibitors on the auxin induced growth of A4vena coleoptile sections. This paper deals with experiments which bear on the relation of auxin to respiration. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-A4vena seedlings (var. Siegeshafer) were grown from intact fruits (glumes not removed) in flats in vermiculite and incubated under occasional orange light at 260C. for 5 days before use. At this time the plants were approximately 2 cm. tall and were identical with those used for growth measurements in the preceding paper. For the respiration measurements, tips 2-3 mm. long were removed from the coleoptile and one 5 mm. section cut from each hollow coleoptile cylinder with a double bladed cutting tool. The segments were thoroughly randomized and dispensed into Warburg vessels, twenty per vessel. At the same time one lot of twenty sections was weighed directly in the fresh condition and all respiratory rates are calculated to the basis of 100 mg. fresh wt., twenty sections weighing in general 75-85 mg. Measure1 Received for publication August 28, 1948. Report of work supported in part by the Herman Frasch Foundation. ments of respiration were made in single side-arm conical Warburg vessels of approximately 16 cc. capacity and provided with a central well which contained 5 per cent KOH where oxygen uptake was to be determined. A bath temperature of 30?C. was used throughout. M/100 KH2PO4, pH 4.5,
Increasing cereal yields with higher ammonium/nitrate ratios: Review of potentials and limitations

Abstract Cereal yield increases have been achieved in recent solution culture studies by supplementing nitrate with limited levels of ammonium where secondary effects on factors such as pH and micronutrient availability in the solution were controlled. In these studies, ammonium rates were controlled within relatively narrow limits, of growth stimulation and excess ammonium. In contrast, NFDC greenhouse studies with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) MoenchJ indicate that a wider range of supplemental ammonium rates can be applied with a basal nitrate rate in soil without causing yield reductions, probably because ammonium movement to roots is slower in soils than in solution culture. Also, ammonium/nitrate ratios required to maximize wheat and grain sorghum yields in the greenhouse were higher than ratios typically observed in field soils during periods of primary N uptake, suggesting a potential for yield increases in the field. Limitations for achieving potentia...
129 Cryptoendolithic Photosynthetic Communities Within Recent and Ancient Travertine in Yellowstone National Park

Travertine terraces have been deposited by calcareous hot springs in Yellowstone from as early as 365,000 years to the present. Most of these porous and non-porous CaCO3 rocks (old or new) contain a 1–2 mm thick greenish band about 1–3 mm below the upper surface. These bands are composed of cyanobacteria and, sometimes, unicellular green algae. Although some moisture may be retained for much of the year, all undergo freezing in winter and desiccation in summer. DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis), with subsequent 16S rDNA sequence analyses of bands, has shown that relatively few phylotypes of cyanobacteria are present, but some occur in travertine of very different ages, indicating secondary establishment of the communities. Clonal cultures of predominant types have also been established and sequenced. All those tested are able to survive extreme desiccation. Preliminary sequence analyses of cultures show that some strains are nearly identical to known cyanobacterial strains while others show little similarity. One sequence is 100% identical to the cyanobacterium Cyanobium gracile. This cyanobacterium is known to be distributed worldwide in lakes and brackish seas, but not in a cryptoendolithic environment. Another sequence shows 99% identity to two cyanobacteria isolated from Antarctic freshwater ponds. Both Antarctic ponds and Yellowstone travertine are environments in which adaptations for desiccation and/or freezing tolerance could be crucial. The lack of ecological similarity among some of these strains indicates that genes other than 16S rDNA must be used for differentiation. These results will be discussed along with the ecology of travertine habitats.
Dementia with Lewy bodies Response of delirium-like features to donepezil

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a clinicopathologically heterogeneous dementia with features that overlap Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).1-3 DLB is defined pathologically by the presence of cortical Lewy bodies, although most cases have concomitant histopathologic markers of AD (primarily amyloid plaques). Autopsy studies have observed cortical Lewy bodies in 10 to 30% of all dementia cases, making DLB the second most common form of dementia behind AD. Consensus guidelines for the clinical diagnosis of DLB highlight three core features: fluctuating attention, recurrent visual hallucinations, and parkinsonian motor features.3 Fluctuating attention confusional state and may be associated with hypersomnolence. Visual hallucinations in DLB are often florid, whereas extrapyramidal features are typically less severe than they are in PD and may include prominent gait disturbance.2 The combination of psychosis and extrapyramidal features can be problematic because DLB patients may be exquisitely sensitive to the side effects of antipsychotic agents. Preliminary observations suggest that DLB patients may particularly benefit …
Mechanism Generation with Integrated Pressure Dependence: A New Model for Methane Pyrolysis

Autocatalytic, lower-temperature (≤1100 K) methane pyrolysis has defied mechanistic explanation for almost three decades. The most recent attempt (by Dean in 1990) invoked the chemically activated addition of an allyl radical to acetylene, leading to a cyclopentadiene/cyclopentadienyl chain-branching system that prompted the observed autocatalysis. However, newer, more accurate thermochemical data for the cyclopentadienyl radical render that explanation untenable. A new model for methane pyrolysis is constructed here, using a novel mechanism generation approach that automatically computes any needed rate constants k(T,P) for chemically or thermally activated pressure-dependent reactions. The computer-generated mechanism accurately predicts the observed autocatalysis and concentration profiles without any adjustable parameters. Radical-forming reverse disproportionation reactionswhich involve propyne, allene, and fulveneaccount for at least half of the experimentally observed autocatalytic effect. Many of ...
Applications of a streak-camera-based imager with simultaneous high space and time resolution

A high-speed imaging device has been built that is capable of recording several hundred images over a time span of 25 to 400 ns. The imager is based on a streak camera, which provides both spatial and temporal resolution. The system's current angular resolution is 16 X 16 pixels, with a time resolution of 250 ps. It was initially employed to provide 3-D images of objects, in conjunction with a short-pulse (approximately 100 ps) laser. For the 3-D (angle-angle-range) laser radar, the 250 ps time resolution corresponds to a range resolution of 4 cm. In the 3-D system, light from a short-pulse laser (a frequency-doubled, Q-switched, mode-locked Nd:YAG laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm) flood-illuminates a target of linear dimension approximately 1 m. The returning light from the target is imaged, and the image is dissected by a 16 X 16 array of optical fibers. At the other end of the fiber optic image converter, the 256 fibers form a vertical line array, which is input to the slit of a streak camera. The streak camera sweeps the input line across the output phosphor screen so that horizontal position is directly proportional to time. The resulting 2-D image (fiber location vs. time) at the phosphor is read by an intensified (SIT) vidicon TV tube, and the image is digitized and stored. A computer subsequently decodes the image, unscrambling the linear pixels into an angle-angle image at each time or range bin. We are left with a series of snapshots, each one depicting the portion of target surface in a given range bin. The pictures can be combined to form a 3-D realization of the target. Continuous recording of many images over a short time span is of use in imaging other transient phenomena. These applications share a need for multiple images from a nonrepeatable transient event of time duration on the order of nanoseconds. Applications discussed for the imager include (1) pulsed laser beam diagnostics -- measuring laser beam spatial and temporal structure, (2) reflectivity monitoring during pulsed laser annealing of microelectronics, and (3) detonics or shock wave research, especially microscopic studies of shocks produced by laser pulses.
MIMO signal processing in mode-division multiplexing systems

We present the fundamentals of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) signal processing for mode-division multiplexing (MDM) in multi-mode fiber. We review group delay management techniques that minimize adaptation time and complexity in MIMO signal processing. We describe long-period fiber grating (LPFG) devices for introducing strong mode coupling, which represent a promising practical approach for group delay management. We analyze MIMO equalization complexity, adaptation time and throughput efficiency for MDM systems employing LPFG devices.
Structure of quark diagrams

We give a prescription for calculating all quark diagrams associated with any given particle diagram. The amplitude of a multi-Regge quark diagram is shown to be equal to that term of the full amplitude which has discontinuities in the planar variables. Although this result holds only when exchange degeneracy is assumed, our prescription can also be used in the absence of exchange degeneracy. Some peculiarities related to the charge-conjugation structure of quark diagrams are discussed.
Phasic and Mean Blood Flow in the Canine Septal Artery and an Estimate of Systolic Resistance in Deep Myocardial Vessels

Phasic flow in the canine septal artery was recorded with an orifice meter supplied by pulsatile aortic pressure. Flow patterns were recorded when right ventricular pressure was normal and contrasted with those following elevation of right ventricular pressure in order to minimize the dynamic effect of the superficial component of the artery. Results indicate that elevation of right ventricular pressure increases the early systolic backflow, largely prevents mid-systolic forward flow, and accentuates early diastolic flow. It is suggested that this pattern does not represent that in arterioles in deep layers of the myocardium. In other experiments the septal artery was perfused through an orifice meter at variable pressures to determine the pressure required to negate mid-systolic flow at high right ventricular pressures. The results indicate that pressures considerably above aortic or right ventricular systolic pressures are required to generate forward mid-systolic septal flow. The mean septal flow was q...
The chemical changes of DOM from black waters to coastal marine waters by HPLC combined with ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract How dissolved organic matter (DOM) undergoes chemical changes during its transit from river to ocean remains a challenge due to its complex structure. In this study, DOM along a river transect from black waters to marine waters is characterized using an offline combination of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR-MS), as well as tandem ESI-FTICR-MS. In addition, a water extract from degraded wood that mainly consists of lignins is used for comparison to the DOM from this transect. The HPLC chromatograms of all DOM samples and the wood extract show two major well-separated components; one is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic, based on their elution order from the C 18 column. From the FTICR-MS analysis of the HPLC fractions, the hydrophilic components mainly contain low molecular weight compounds (less than 400 Da), while the hydrophobic fractions contain the vast majority of compounds of the bulk C 18 extracted DOM. The wood extract and the DOM samples from the transect of black waters to coastal marine waters show strikingly similar HPLC chromatograms, and the FTICR-MS analysis further indicates that a large fraction of molecular formulas from these samples are the same, existing as lignin-like compounds. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments show that several representative molecules from the lignin-like compounds have similar functional group losses and fragmentation patterns, consistent with modified lignin structural entities in the wood extract and these DOM samples. Taken together, these data suggest that lignin-derived compounds may survive the transit from the river to the coastal ocean and can accumulate there because of their refractory nature.
Natural sources of internal category structure: typicality, familiarity, and similarity of birds.

Typicality ratings of 53 types of birds by University of California, Berkeley undergraduates (Rosch, 1975b) were more strongly correlated with the number of related species than with the frequency of the birds in the observers’ immediate environment or with the frequency of mention of the birds in written materials. Furthermore, the subjects made finer discriminations among the most typical birds (passerines) than among the less typical birds (nonpasserines), yet disagreed more often in identifying passerines and reported greater difficulty in judging the similarities among passerines. A single model explains both sets of results: passerines appear to be densely and continuously spread through the bird similarity space, whereas nonpasserines are more sparsely and discontinuously distributed, leading to the choice of passerines as both more typical and more difficult to categorize than nonpasserines.
Evaluating the Thermodynamic Consistency of Experimental Data for HF + H2O at 101.325 kPa

In this work we examine the thermodynamic consistency of the solution property data presented from three literature sources for a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and water at 101.325 kPa. The current work utilizes the Direct Test that allows for a discrete analysis of the experimental data rather than a conclusion on the data set as a whole. By using a three-parameter Margules equation along with an equation of state for determining vapor-phase fugacity coefficients, we find that at above 60% HF the experimental data become increasingly inconsistent. Additionally, we utilize Barker's method along with temperature-dependent Margules equation parameters to report model-predicted vapor-phase compositions that offer a compromise among the three experimental data sets. Discussion on this work relative to recent simulation results for this system is provided.
The preparation of stibine and the measurement of its vapour pressure

Abstract By the addition of aqueous hydroborate to solutions of antimony trichloride, stibine has been obtained in 25 per cent yield (based on hydroborate). The vapour pressure of stibine has been measured over the temperature interval 177–250°K and the data have been subjected to a thermodynamic analysis.
Adaptive rate control over multiple spatial channels in ad hoc networks

In ad hoc networks of nodes equipped with multiple antennas, the tradeoff between spatial multiplexing and diversity gains in each link impacts the overall network capacity. An optimal algorithm is developed for adaptive rate and power control for a communication link over multiple channels in a Poisson field of interferers. The algorithm and its analysis demonstrate that optimum area spectral efficiency is achieved when each communication link in a large distributed wireless network properly balances between diversity and multiplexing techniques. The channel adaptive algorithm is shown to be superior to traditional and static multi-antenna architectures, as well as to certain channel adaptive strategies previously proposed. Lastly, the adaptive rate control algorithm is coupled with an optimum frequency hopping scheme to achieve the maximum area spectral efficiency.
Predictors of Homicide Clearance by Arrest An Event History Analysis of NIBRS Incidents

One perspective on homicide clearance by arrest argues that clearance is influenced by police discretion based on victim characteristics. Another suggests that immediate situational characteristics, related to physical evidence and information, are more important in clearing homicides. Using event history analysis, this study examined the effects of victim and situational characteristics on homicide clearance for 1579 murder incidents from the 2002 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Unlike the logistic regression approach typically used in murder clearance research, event history analysis considers the length of time to clearance, increasing the accuracy of estimates. The current analysis found that incidents with female or younger victims were more likely to be cleared. Also, homicides with victims involved in drug- and gang-related activities were more likely to be cleared. However, the significant impact of victim characteristics disappeared after controlling for situational variables re...
Teaching Chemistry with Electron Density Models. 2. Can Atomic Charges Adequately Explain Electrostatic Potential Maps

Electrostatic potential maps generated from quantum mechanical calculations are widely used to teach students about molecular polarity and assign atomic charges (Shusterman, G. P.; Shusterman, A. J. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 771–776; Hehre, W. J.; Shusterman, A. J.; Nelson, J. E. The Molecular Modeling Workbook for Organic Chemistry: Wavefunction: Irvine, CA, 1998). The assumption that potential equals charge is only valid, however, when comparing atoms of similar size. The proper use of potential maps requires consideration of atomic charge, atomic radius, and the electron configuration (orbital occupancy) of the atom in question. These points are illustrated through the analysis of the potential maps of various halogen-containing molecules.
A description of chick wing bud development and a model of limb morphogenesis.

Abstract The location of the prospective cartilage-forming regions in the embryonic chick wing bud was ascertained by implantation of blocks of wing mesenchyme labeled with tritiated thymidine during the early stages of wing development. The position of the implanted cells was determined by autoradiography, and the location of the implanted block in the limb and its relation to the cartilaginous bones was determined by reconstruction of the host limb from serial sections. The areas corresponding to all of the future wing bones, including the digits, were mapped at each stage from stage 18 to stage 24. Growth of the wing and the prospective bone areas was found to be almost exclusively parallel to an axis perpendicular to the base of the limb. The rate of growth in all areas of the wing reflected the rate of cell division, and all changes in the rate of growth corresponded to changes in the number of dividing cells in the wing and each of the prospective bone regions. Differentiative changes and changes in the growth rate are initiated at a constant distance of 0.4-0.5 mm from the apical ectodermal ridge. These results, considered in conjunction with results of earlier studies in this and other laboratories, suggest that the definitive morphogenetic pattern of the limb arises from four component processes; polarized growth, changes in cell proliferation, cell death, and cytodifferentiation.
A hybrid control framework for systems with quantization

This paper is concerned with global asymptotic stabilization of continuous-time systems subject to quantization. A hybrid control strategy originating in earlier work (D. Liberzon, 2000) relies on the possibility of making discrete online adjustments of quantizer parameters. We explore this method for general nonlinear systems with general types of quantizers affecting the state of the system or the control input. The analysis involves merging tools from Lyapunov stability, hybrid systems and input-to-state stability.
State Taxation, Exploration, and Production in the U.S. Oil Industry

Abstract How do firms in nonrenewable resource industries respond to changes in state taxes? This paper presents simulations of changes in state production (severance) tax policy on the timing of exploration and output in Wyoming. The framework developed allows for interactions between taxes levied by different levels of government. Results suggest that oil production is highly inelastic with respect to changes in production taxes. Policy implications suggest that increases in production taxes on oil risk little loss in future production. The extent to which these results may generalize to other oil producing states is considered. JEL Codes: H71, Q32
Architecture and methodology of a SoPC with 3.25Gbps CDR based SERDES and 1Gbps dynamic phase alignment

The SoPC (system on a programmable chip) aspects of the Stratix GX/spl trade/ FPGA with 3.125 Gbps SERDES are described. The FPGA was fabricated on a 0.13 /spl mu/m, 9-layer metal process. The 16 high-speed serial transceiver channels with clock data recovery (CDR) provides 622-Megabits per second (Mbps) to 3.125-Gbps full-duplex transceiver operation per channel. Another challenge described is the implementation of 39 source-synchronous channels at 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps, utilizing dynamic phase alignment (DPA). The implementation and integration of the FPGA logic array (with its own hard IP) with the CDR and DPA channels involved grappling with SoC design issues and methodologies.
Improved Transistor Low Temperature Gain Characteristic by Driving Point Admittance Specification

A technique is presented whereby the temperature gain stability of a cascade of high frequency transistor bandpass amplifiers may be improved by utilizing the intrinsic parameter variations of the transistors. Analysis and supporting empirical evidence is presented which indicates that the temperature coefficient of gain variation is dependent upon the magnitude and phase of the short circuit input driving point admittance Yie.It is shown that cascades of transistors specified in terms Of Yie yield nearly flat low temperature gain characteristics.
Design of a large-scale plasma source ion implantation experiment

In Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII), a target to be implanted is immersed in a weakly ionized plasma and pulsed to a high negative voltage. Ions in the plasma are accelerated toward the target and implanted in its surface, thereby modifying the properties of the surface. Experimental results reported in the literature have generally been for small targets. We present here the design of a large-scale PSII experiment being assembled Los Alamos National Laboratory, in which we plan to implant targets with surface areas exceeding 1 m2 to doses of up to 5 × 1017 cm−2. In presenting this design, we use Monte Carlo and particle-in-cell simulations to examine sheath expansion, implant current and dose, secondary electron emission, target sputtering, implant depth, and x-ray emission resulting from secondary electrons hitting the vacuum chamber wall.
Clinical trial report: treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in the developing world.

Cryptococcus neoformans in an important cause of meningitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality [1]. Outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis are better in developed countries where recommended therapy (specifically an amphotericin B preparation and flucytosine) is readily available; countries in the developing world may lack the resources to obtain and administer these therapies and rely instead on use of donated fluconazole. Aims
THE NOVA UPGRADE FACILITY FOR ICF IGNITION AND GAIN

Research on Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is motivated by its potential defense and civilian applications, including ultimately the generation of electric power. The U. S. ICF Program was reviewed recently by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the Fusion Policy Advisory Committee (FPAC). Both committees issued final reports in 19911,2 which recommended that first priority in the ICF program be placed on demonstrating fusion ignition and modest gain (G<10). The |U. S.^Department of Energy and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have proposed an upgrade of the existing Nova Laser Facility at LLNL to accomplish these goals. Both the NAS and FPAC have endorsed the upgrade of Nova as the optimal path to achieving ignition and gain.
System theoretic ideas for construction of ND in (N/spl ges/2) causal, stable, perfect reconstruction filter banks

We show that it is possible to have a large family of perfect reconstruction multidimensional (n-D) subband coding filter banks, which are causal, stable and IIR both at the analysis and at the synthesis ends. Complete parameterization of such classes of filters leading to design methods are given. Parameterizations in frequency domain terms as well as in terms of state space descriptions of filters are provided. The development is valid for two-band as well as for multi-band subband coding schemes. Our development is also valid for dilation matrices other than the conventional quincunx subsampling. Thus, sampling density ratios other than two are implicit in the development resulting from the fact that we consider multi-band subband coding schemes for arbitrary decimation and interpolation matrices.
Analysis of SiC Super Junction Transistors during pulsed operation

Testing was conducted to determine the performance of new Silicon Carbide (SiC) Super Junction Transistors (SJTs) in pulsed operation. These devices, developed at GeniSiC Semiconductor, are quasi-majority carrier devices. They were first characterized using an Agilent B1505A Power Device Analyzer to determine their operational characteristics. The devices were then pulsed using a high current test apparatus developed at Texas Tech University. After single shot measurements were taken the devices were pulsed at rep-rates of 1 Hz, 5 Hz, and 10 Hz for a total of 3000 pulses. These devices were then placed back on the curve tracer to determine if the pulse testing had any permanent effects on the device.
Abstract SY18-01: Hypoxia, metabolism, and tumor progression

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Solid tumors exhibit heterogeneous microenvironments, often characterized by limiting concentrations of oxygen (O2), glucose, and other nutrients. How oncogenic mutations alter stress response pathways, metabolism, and cell survival in the face of these challenges is incompletely understood. Here we report that constitutive mTORC1 activity renders hypoxic cells dependent on exogenous desaturated lipids, as levels of de novo synthesized unsaturated fatty acids are reduced under low O2. Specifically, we demonstrate that hypoxic Tsc2-/- cells deprived of serum lipids undergo mTORC1-dependent apoptosis associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), a persistent unfolded protein response (UPR), and a failure to fully activate autophagy. Of note, UPR activation and cell death can be reversed by the addition of unsaturated fatty acids or ROS inhibitors. Our data suggest that cancer cells committed to unregulated growth within ischemic tumor microenvironments are unable to balance protein and lipid synthesis due to a critical limitation in desaturated fatty acids. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY18-01. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-SY18-01
Quality and integration of public health information systems: A systematic review focused on immunization and vital records systems.

Objectives: Public health professionals rely on quantitative data for the daily practice of public health as well as organizational decision making and planning. However, several factors work against effective data sharing among public health agencies in the US. This review characterizes the reported barriers and enablers of effective use of public health IS from an informatics perspective. Methods: A systematic review of the English language literature for 2005 to 2011 followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) format. The review focused on immunization information systems (IIS) and vital records information systems (VRIS). Systems were described according to the structural aspects of IS integration and data quality. Results: Articles describing IIS documented issues pertaining to the distribution of the system, the autonomy of the data providers, the heterogeneous nature of information sharing as well as the quality of the data. Articles describing VRIS were focused much more heavily on data quality, particularly whether or not the data were free from errors. Conclusions: For state and local practitioners to effectively utilize data, public health IS will have to overcome the challenges posed by a large number of autonomous data providers utilizing a variety of technologies.
Mechanistic Considerations in Plasma-Assisted Etching of Ag and Au Thin Films

Low temperature plasma-based subtractive etching of Ag and Au films was demonstrated and results compared to those of similar studies for Cu etching. Ag and Au were etched in H2 plasmas at 10 ◦ C at rates of 33 nm/min and 26 nm/min, respectively. These rates were higher than those reported for Cu etching in H2 plasmas. Such results suggest that metal reaction with hydrogen to form hydrides plays an important role in the plasma etch process for these Group 11 metals. Unlike Cu, etch rates of Ag and Au increased with an increase in etchant species (He and Ar) atomic mass. Comparison of Ag etch rates using H2, He, and Ar plasmas with those of Cu indicates that momentum transfer during the etch process plays a more significant role in Ag etching than in Cu etching. In addition, the higher etch rate of Au relative to Cu in an H2 plasma, indicates the importance of chemical reaction between H2 and Au in the Au etching mechanism.
Telecom power planning for natural and man-made disasters

This paper discusses a planning framework to reduce telecommunication network power supply vulnerability during natural and man-made disasters. The analysis proposes a three-part structure for a plan. The first part is an assessment of risk. Risk assessment involves identifying potential disasters at each site as well as evaluating the probability of occurrence and its impact. Impact evaluation focuses on electric grid, roads, and natural gas distribution infrastructure. The second part is an evaluation of resources and logistics. Use of alternative technologies to diversify energy supply, such as distributed generation power units, is discussed. The last part of the plan is its execution. The importance of record keeping and control of the plan outcome during this phase is emphasized, as well as conducting periodic drills to test and improve the plan.
Searching for Next Single-Phase High-Entropy Alloy Compositions

There has been considerable technological interest in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) since the initial publications on the topic appeared in 2004. However, only several of the alloys investigated are truly single-phase solid solution compositions. These include the FCC alloys CoCrFeNi and CoCrFeMnNi based on 3d transition metals elements and BCC alloys NbMoTaW, NbMoTaVW, and HfNbTaTiZr based on refractory metals. The search for new single-phase HEAs compositions has been hindered by a lack of an effective scientific strategy for alloy design. This report shows that the chemical interactions and atomic diffusivities predicted from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations which are closely related to primary crystallization during solidification can be used to assist in identifying single phase high-entropy solid solution compositions. Further, combining these simulations with phase diagram calculations via the CALPHAD method and inspection of existing phase diagrams is an effective strategy to accelerate the discovery of new single-phase HEAs. This methodology was used to predict new single-phase HEA compositions. These are FCC alloys comprised of CoFeMnNi, CuNiPdPt and CuNiPdPtRh, and HCP alloys of CoOsReRu.
Treatment of knee osteoarthritis with Orthokine®-derived autologous conditioned serum

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent arthritis in the world with increasing numbers of people expected to acquire the disease as the population ages. Therapies commonly used to manage the disease have limited efficacy and some carry significant risks. Current data suggest that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) can alter the inflammatory response and cartilage erosion present in OA. Intra-articular gene expression of IL-1Ra has shown promising results in animal models to provide symptomatic improvement and minimize osteoarthritic changes. Orthogen AG (Dusseldorf, Germany) has developed a method to produce an autologous conditioned serum (ACS) rich in IL-1Ra marketed as Orthokine®. Study participants treated with ACS have improved pain and function; however, these results are preliminary and need confirmation. If ongoing trials prove that ACS can retard cartilage degeneration and reduce inflammation, the management of OA would be dramatically altered, perhaps providing a ...
ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT BETWEEN ENLIGHTENMENT AND ROMANTICISM

Since the late 19th century, the image of Alexander von Humboldt has been fractured into that of the patient and assiduous fact-gatherer, devoted to measurement and quantification, and that of the sensitive soul, awake to the unity and beauty of the landscape. Concern with emotional and aesthetic responses to the natural world was, however, central to Humboldt's precise and quantitative approach to natural history. The unity of his project may be better understood by exploring his youthful immersion in Enlightenment debates over the nature of the human mind and the possibility of rational knowledge of nature — debates which took on a special urgency during the epoch of the French Revolution. Specifically, the reforms of natural history which Humboldt proposed in the 1790s and practiced during his expedition to the Americas (1799–1804) drew on the concepts and techniques of “analysis” developed by the French Encyclopedists and refracted through German politics and philosophy. Humboldt's approach to natural history thus exemplifies the essential continuity between Enlightenment doctrines of sensation and sensibility and Romantic assertions of the unity of nature and the unique role of the naturalist in revealing that unity.
Search Frictions and the Design of Online Marketplaces

Online marketplaces increasingly act as intermediaries in labor, housing, dating, and other markets where traders match with each other. These marketplaces use novel data generated by users’ activities on the website to design algorithms and products that inuence the search and matching process. I use internal data from Airbnb, a
Abstract 142: Rac2 Modulates Macrophage IL-1β Production, Atherosclerotic Plaque Inflammation, and Calcific Atherosclerosis

Ischemic heart disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Calcification of atherosclerotic plaques is a well-described pathologic finding that has predictive value in terms of atherosclerotic burden, cardiovascular event risk, and mortality. Inflammation is critical to atherogenesis, but inflammatory mechanisms that drive atherosclerotic calcification are minimally understood. The Rho/Rac family of low molecular weight GTPases regulates the activation, recruitment, and differentiation of monocytes. Racs compete for similar regulatory elements, indicating that targeted modulation of specific family members may influence the role of other members in biologic processes. The hypothesis is that Rac2 can modulate atherosclerotic plaque inflammation and calcium composition via consequent effects on the activation of Rac1. Rac2 gene deletion results in elevated activation (GTP-binding) of Rac1 in macrophages. Increased activation of Rac1 is associated with high...
Experimental stress analysis of a nuclear-reactor pressure vessel

The stresses from internal pressure in a nuclear-reactor pressure vessel were investigated using both strain-gaged and photoelastic models. The methods used in obtaining complete stress distributions along the nozzles from strain-gage data are described, and comparisons are made between the distributions obtained from the photoelastic model and those derived from strain-gage data. The effects of nonradial attachment of a nozzle to a spherical shell upon the stresses in the nozzle and in the shell are shown. Finally, comprisons are made between the experimental results and those for simplified analytical models.
Deceleration-time of penetration of cone-shaped projectile

To study the deceleration characteristics during penetration of cone-shaped projectiles, the penetration resistance expression of projectiles was carried out during penetration from new velocity expression, which was extended to multilayer media. Based on the expressions, the prediction models of deceleration were carried out during penetration of single concrete target and multilayer media. Decelerations versus time curves were achieved with these models and the comparative analysis was made between this model and experimental data. Decelerations versus time curves in multilayer media show that the size and decrease speed depend on the penetration velocity and the strength of the target. Another peak value will appear if the strength of the current layer medium is more than the previous layer when projectiles penetrate the layer with residual velocity.
High speed mid-infrared detectors based on MEMS resonators and spectrally selective metamaterials

This work reports the development of uncooled spectrally selective mid-infrared (IR) detectors based on the seamless integration of metamaterial (MM) structures with microelec-tromechanical AlN resonators. The complete coverage of the resonator surface with MM results in high mid-IR absorption (>80%) at an optimized spectral wavelength of 9.6 μm with a Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of 1.02 μm without compromising resonator acoustic performance. A novel detector readout has also been implemented to linearly convert incident IR power to a DC voltage and to demonstrate the potential for expanding our single element detector to a focal plane array imager. The measurements of the detectors have shown a high temperature coefficient of impedance (TCZ) of 9.6% a fast thermal response time of 400 μs, and a responsivity of 33 V/W.
Prenatal Origins of Development Health

We have come to realize that the antecedents of good health and the risks for disease in adulthood begin early. Studies over the last few decades have pushed back the search for initial causation and etiology from a focus on childhood and early rearing to the prenatal period. In both animal models and human research, it is now evident that maternal diet, exposure to environmental toxicants, and even subjective experiences of well-being or stress during pregnancy can influence the course of fetal development, with cascading consequences that continue onward during postnatal life. In some cases, these effects of the mother and uterine conditions on the fetus result in a permanent shift in the regulatory set points for physiological systems, in brain chemistry and behavioral reactivity, justifying use of the term “prenatal programing.” To better understand the origins of adult disease and population variation in behavioral and physiological responses, it is important to consider how prenatal conditions affect the developmental trajectories that govern later outcomes across the whole life span.
Fine specificity of auto- and alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: heteroclitic cross-reactions between mutant and original H-2 antigens.

A novel class of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that specifically lyse or bind target cells bearing self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens was recently reported from several laboratories (Peck et al. 1977; Altman et al. 1979; Altman and Katz 1980a, b; Ishikawa and Dutton 1979b, c. 1980; Nakamura et al. 1979a; Nakano et al. 1981a; Schawaller et al. 1980). These CTLs are referred to as “autoreactive”, because no target specificities other than class I self MHC products could be demonstrated. Peck et al. (1977) showed that T-lymphocytes cultured in fetal bovine serum (FBS) generated CTLs specific for self H-2 and not for FBS, irrespective of priming Altman et al. found that normal spleen cells incubated in vitro with allogeneic effect factor resulted in induction of CTLs specific for self MHC (Altman et al. 1979; Altman and Katz 1980a, b). Ishikawa and Dutton (1979b, c,1980) obtained autoreactive CTLs by simply culturing spleen cells of F1 hybrid mice of certain ages, again in FBS-containing medium. According to Schawaller et al. (1980), cells of an alloimmune anti-H-2d CTL clone were cytotoxic not only for H-2Kd but also for H-2Kk targets, despite the H-2 k origin of the CTLs. In our laboratory, primary CTLs generated by H-2-heterozygous F1 hybrid spleen cells cultured with irradiated parental stimulator cells (Shearer and Cudkowicz 1975; Shearer et al. 1976a) were found to be specific for H-2 antigens shared and expressed by the F1 responder and parental stimulator cells (Nakamura et al. 1979a, 1982; Cudkowicz et al. 1979;Nakano et al. 1981a). For example, H-2 b/H-2 d F1 hybrid cells responded to either H-2Db or H-2Dd region antigens, depending on whether parental stimulator cells were H-2 b or H-2 d (Nakano et al. 1981b; Nakamura et al. 1982).
Spectral Analysis of the Heat Flow Across Crystalline and Amorphous Si-Water Interfaces

Nonequilibrium classical molecular dynamics simulations were employed to investigate thermal transport across crystalline and amorphous silicon (a-Si) surfaces in contact with water for different interfacial bonding strengths. A spectral analysis of heat transfer across the different interfaces revealed the characteristics of the phonon modes contributing to thermal transport. Low-frequency modes contributed the most in hydrophobic interfaces, while a shift toward contribution from higher frequency modes was found for hydrophilic surfaces. The shift to higher frequency modes was not significant for a-Si and crystalline Si(111) interfaces. In-plane phonon modes significantly contributed to heat transfer in Si(100), less significantly in a-Si, and had a minimum contribution in Si(111) hydrophilic interfaces. While the wettability and solid–liquid bonding strength failed in explaining these observations, the interfacial liquid density depletion helped to understand the differences between Si(100) and a-Si in...
Audiovisual Playground: A Music Sequencing Tool for 3D Virtual Worlds

As electronic music has made its way into the mainstream, the popularity of music production tools for both professional and amateur use has grown. Although the users of music technology are becoming more prevalent and diverse, there have been very few innovations in their user interfaces. The onset of high-quality, consumer virtual reality has allowed for the development of unique user interfaces that are able to make use of an interactive 3D space, as opposed to a standard 2D interface. We present Audiovisual Playground, a 3D virtual reality music application developed for the HTC VIVE. Audiovisual Playground builds off of a programmable music device called a sequencer, and extends its design metaphors to a large-scale, 3D environment.
The Future of Pediatric Speech-Language Pathology in a More Collaborative World

Examining interprofessional practice through the lens of speech-language pathology identifies a number of challenges to and opportunities for interprofessional practice. While practitioners believe they practice interprofessionally, health services are often distributed across a network within which collaboration can falter. Certain professions, like speech-language pathology, are well-positioned to work across this network and improve care. Barriers to collaboration are interpersonal, structural, regulatory, and governmental. To enhance interprofessional practice, students should receive interprofessional education; practitioners should engage in interprofessional continuing education based on their practice environment; and leaders and researchers should identify frameworks to support better interprofessional practice.