cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemodynamic monitoring of the postoperative adult cardiac surgical patient.

Surgery on the central blood pump, the heart, is performed either to prevent homeostatic compromise (ie, coronary artery disease potentially causing myocardial infarction and heart failure) or to treat actual homeostatic imbalance (ie, valvular disease causing heart failure). The cardiovascular homeostatic state is what we generally define as hemodynamics. The heart must deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to all organs at appropriate pressures to allow optimal organ function. We monitor hemodynamic variables to assess the adequacy of a given cardiac repair and to detect any organ dysfunction that may independently coexist or be intimately related with the cardiac disease or its surgical repair. Hemodynamic monitoring initially relied on vital signs and periodic physical examination. The current monitoring capabilities have field expanded to include systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, central venous pressures, cardiac output, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and systemic and mixed venous oxygen saturation. These variables reflect a synthesis of global cardiac function and the peripheral or pulmonary vascular state. Arterial blood gas analysis further assesses the adequacy of overall oxygen delivery, carbon dioxide removal and acid-base balance. Echocardiography allows a qualitative and quantitative description of both global and regional cardiac function to better define the cardiac components of any hemodynamic state.
Report of Banbury Summit meeting on training of physicians in medical genetics, October 20-22, 2004.

Report of Banbury Summit meeting on training of physicians in medical genetics, October 20–22, 2004
Application of cellular automata modeling to seismic elastodynamics

Abstract This article details application of a physics-based cellular automata (CA) computational approach to model seismic events in an idealized linear-elastic medium. Application of rectangular-celled CA to the seismic problem is shown to yield discrete equations equivalent to the centered-difference finite difference (FD) approach. However, it is emphasized that the discrete equations are arrived at from the ‘bottom up’ using local rules vice ‘top-down’ discretization of global partial differential equations. A further distinction between the two methods concerns the location of stresses and its impact on boundary conditions: the CA approach assigns stresses to the cell faces while the FD approach assigns stress collocated with displacement components at a single node. These differences may provide important perspective on modeling arbitrary geometry with a finite difference-like approach based on cell assembly, similar to finite element analysis. Implementation of the CA paradigm using autonomous, local cells fits naturally with object-oriented programming practices and lends itself readily to distributed computing. Results are provided for an example ground-shock simulation in which a differentiated Gaussian pulse acts on the surface of a linear-elastic half-space. The CA perspective suggests a simple treatment for the free-surface boundary condition. Comparison of the computed pressure, shear, and surface waves to those computed using a staggered-grid finite difference approach demonstrates very good agreement. In addition, the simulation results suggest that the CA approach may exhibit less ‘ringing’ as waves pass, and more symmetry in left-ward and right-ward moving waves. Future directions exploiting attractive attributes of the CA approach are suggested, to include large-scale simulation, multi-resolution analysis, and coupled-field modeling.
Parental Influences on Children's Values and Aspirations: Bridging Two Theories of Social Class and Socialization

The author establishes a framework for tying together two influential approaches linking family socioeconomic status (SES) to chil- dren's social psychological outcomes. Families shape children's occupa- tional aspirations and values; however, these two phenomena have been studied in isolation. This article bridges these two literatures by suggesting that occupational aspirations stem, in part, from adolescents' value struc- tures. The framework employs a wider range of values than previously studied so as to get a broader understanding of this relationship. This anal- ysis finds qualified support for both the SES-values and the SES-aspirations literatures, and illustrates the potential of values as an additional explana- tory mechanism for understanding family influences on adolescents' orien- tations during their transition to adulthood. This article posits that values offer additional explanatory power for predicting adolescents' occupational aspirations, thereby bridging two influential approaches to examining parental social status and children's social psychological outcomes. Oddly enough, the literature linking family socioeconomic status (SES) to children's occupational aspirations is rarely discussed concurrently with that body of work exploring the influence of family SES on children's values. Children's career aspi- rations are influenced, I suggest, by their personal value structures. Presented herein is a model illustrating that family SES influences children's career aspirations both directly and indirectly, as mediated by children's value orientations. These analyses have the strength of incorporating a wider range of values—phenomena rarely measured well within stratification research—pointing toward a more nuanced conception of young adults' social psychological orientations. Focusing on values and aspirations is important from a life course perspective, tapping into what Shanahan (2000:675) describes as reflecting "interest in how people formulate and pursue their life goals." We know less about late adolescents' achievement goals, values, and aspirations than we do about their demographic
Integrated battery simulation and characterization

Advanced battery modeling and simulation can be realized with a unique computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach that provides much detailed information that can greatly benefit battery research and development. Integrating such modeling capability with careful laboratory validations provides an effective and powerful tool for battery design, testing, prototyping, and performance optimization. In this paper, we will focus on the demonstration of the modeling capabilities and the integration of the experimental validation results in the understanding of battery performance. Improvements in the experimental validation can also enhance the modeling capability, enabling high-fidelity prediction of battery behavior, and even cycle life.
Patterns of nodal and distant metastasis based on histologic varieties in differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid

Background Understanding of differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid has improved in recent years with the definition of prognostic factors and risk group analysis. We intend to review our experience of differentiated thyroid cancer in relation to the risk of nodal and distant metastasis based on various histologic subgroups. Methods This is a retrospective review of a consecutive series of 1,038 previously untreated patients with differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid treated over a period of 55 years. Univariate and multivariate analysis of various prognostic factors was performed. The incidence of nodal and distant metastasis was analyzed based on various histologie varieties of differentiated thyroid cancer. Results There were 337 male and 701 female patients. The various histologie subgroups included papillary (810), follicular (169), and Hurthle cell cancer (59). The cumulative risk of nodal metastasis based on histological group was 61%, 30%, and 21% for papillary, follicular, and Hurthle cell variety, respectively. The risk of distant metastasis for the same histologie varieties was 10%, 22%, and 33%, respectively. The 5− and 20− year survival for these histologie subgroups was papillary (94% and 87%, respectively), follicular (87% and 81%), and Hurthle cell tumors (81% and 65%;P Conclusions The incidence of nodal metastasis is highest in the papillary subgroup; however, the incidence of distant metatasis was 33% in the Hurthle cell variety. The risk of nodal and distant metastasis varies considerably based on individual histologie variety.
Production of biologically refractory dissolved organic carbon by natural seawater microbial populations

Abstract Carbon from glucose and leucine added at natural concentrations to seawater was biologically transformed to higher molecular weight (mol. wt) dissolved materials that persisted through 6 months of incubation. At the end of incubation, the amount of carbon in high mol. wt dissolved fractions was approximately equal to the amount of carbon incorporated into particulate fractions. In tests of their resistance to biological utilization, only 1–17% of the high mol. wt materials were respired when re-incubated with seawater microbial populations, whereas 40–75% of the monomers were respired over the same time span. In situ transformations of biologically available carbon may be an important source of refractory dissolved organic carbon in the oceans.
Bacteremia during colonoscopy

Bacteremia, including potentially pathogenic species of the fecal flora, was detected during colonoscopy in 6 of 22 patients when blood cultures were taken at frequent intervals during the first 15 minutes of the procedure. While transient bacteremia during colonoscopy may be insignificant for most patients, the implications are potentially more grave for those with valvular heart disease or compromised host defenses.
Case studies of fault isolation for the global failing patterns on SRAM bitmap caused by the defects in peripheral logic regions

Product-like functional SRAM test chips have been widely used to capture systematic yield loss mechanisms during yield learning. Especially in early technology development, the top failing modes contributing to bit loss count are global patterns in the SRAM bitmap, which are highly suspected to be caused by defects in the peripheral control circuits. This paper describes a fault isolation flow on for global patterns which combines bitmap analysis, SRAM functional test debugging, circuit layout tracing analysis and physical failure analysis.
Gastrointestinal effects of NSAIDs. Difficulties in detection and management.

PreviewNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well tolerated by the vast majority of patients. In a significant minority, however, gastrointestinal side effects may result in serious complications. Because these complications may be asymptomatic, physicians prescribing NSAIDs must weigh the analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits of the drugs against their potential for causing adverse outcomes. In this article, the authors focus on the more common effects of the medications on the upper gastrointestinal tract.
PRESSURE AND POWER DEPENDENCE OF THE OPTICALLY HETERODYNE RAMAN-INDUCED KERR EFFECT LINE SHAPE

The effect of pressure and laser power on the high-resolution spectra of commonly available gases is studied with the help of the optically heterodyne Raman-induced Kerr effect (OHD-RIKE). The results show the expected pressure dependence of the spectra, but the effects of saturating laser power are different from previous similar studies employing other four-wave mixing techniques. In OHD-RIKE no observable sign of saturation such as power broadening, saturation dips in the line center, or deviation from a linear dependence of the signal strength with laser intensity was observed for several orders of magnitude greater intensities than previously reported for the saturation intensities in coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). Saturation is therefore not the ultimate limit of sensitivity for OHD-RIKE. This may be an advantage of RIKE in comparison to other coherent Raman techniques.
Functions of the proteasome in antigen presentation

Recent studies using selective inhibitors of the proteasome have established that these particles catalyze the degradation of most proteins in mammalian cells, including both the rapid breakdown of abnormal and regulatory proteins and the slower degradation of the bulk of cytosolic proteins.
Removing multiple scattering and twin images from holographic images.

Properly phased combinations of images reconstructed from holograms recorded at several wave numbers suppress interobject multiple scattering, self-interference, and the troublesome holographic twin image. When applied to point-source electron holographies, this solves the long-standing problem of electron multiple scattering confusing the determination of surface structure; when applied to in-line holograms of any kind it solves the classical problem of twin images which dates from the original work of D. Gabor.
Normal serum iron and ferritin concentrations in patients with Friedreich's ataxia

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused by point mutations or trinucleotide repeat expansions in both alleles of the gene encoding frataxin, Studies of frataxin homologues in lower eukaryotes suggest that mitochondrial iron accumulation may underlie the pathophysiology of FRDA. To evaluate the possible role of iron-chelation therapy for FRDA, we measured serum iron and ferritin concentrations in 10 FRDA patients. The measurements were within normal limits, suggesting that iron-chelation therapy for FRDA may be problematic.
Target influences on [3H]ACh synthesis and release by ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro.

Abstract The developmental influence of neuron-target interaction upon transmitter synthesis from labeled precursor and the capacity to release labeled transmitter were examined in dispersed cell cultures of embryonic ciliary ganglion neurons by comparing cultures of neurons plated alone and neurons plated upon pectoral myotubes. Of the total ACh synthesized from radiolabeled choline by neurons plated alone, more than half is via a Na + -dependent path, but a larger fraction of the synthesis is Na + insensitive in culture than in mature neurons in vivo . In addition, at 1 week in culture the neurons lacking target failed to significantly increase ACh synthesis from the labeled choline in response to a previous high [K + ] 0 depolarization. Synthetic responsiveness to depolarization is a characteristic of mature nerve terminals in this preparation. One week after plating neurons onto myotube cultures, synthesis of ACh from the exogenous precursor is double that of sibling cultures lacking muscle, and prior depolarization with [K + ] 0 results in an increase in labeled product. Release from the labeled transmitter pool by the neurons with myotubes was also enhanced. [ 3 H]ACh release elicited by depolarization via a Ca 2+ -dependent mechanism was more than fivefold higher in the cocultures. The influence of coculture with myotubes upon neuronal development is not duplicated by the neurons themselves despite formation of apparent interneuronal synapses ( G. Crean, G. Pilar, J. Tuttle, and K. Vaca, 1982 , J. Physiol . ( London ). 331, 87–104), by “fibroblasts” or medium conditioned over myotube cultures. Neurons under these conditions neither increase synthesis of [ 3 H]ACh in response to a prior depolarization nor demonstrate enhanced basal [ 3 H]ACh synthesis and release. Thus, coculture of embryonic ciliary ganglion neurons with a striated muscle target has a somewhat specific inductive effect, enhancing the capacity for neuronal [ 3 H]ACh synthesis and release toward mature levels. This influence of a readily accessible target upon ciliary neuron cholinergic development in vitro may reflect a normal neuromuscular interaction occurring during embryogenesis.
Roles of the RAM signaling network in cell cycle progression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hym1p, Mob2p, Tao3p, Cbk1p, Sog2p and Kic1p proteins are thought to function together in the RAM signaling network, which controls polarized growth, cell separation and cell integrity. Whether these proteins also function as a network to affect cell proliferation is not clear. Here we examined cells lacking or over-expressing RAM components, and evaluated the timing of initiation of DNA replication in each case. Our results suggest opposing roles of RAM proteins, where only Hym1p can promote the transition from the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. We also uncovered additive growth defects in strains lacking several pair-wise combinations of RAM proteins, possibly arguing for multiple roles of RAM components in the overall control of cell proliferation. Finally, our findings suggest that Hym1p requires the Dcr2p phosphatase to promote the G1/S transition, but it does not require the G1 cyclin Cln3p or the RAS pathway. Taken together, our results point to a complex regulation of cell proliferation by RAM proteins, in a non-uniform manner that was not previously anticipated.
Event-based topology for dynamic planar areal objects

Representation and reasoning about dynamic spatial phenomena requires at its foundation a formalism of spatial change. This paper extends our understanding of topological change, by providing a classification and analysis of events associated with changes in topological structures of spatial areal objects as they evolve through time. Tree structures are employed to represent topological relationships between regions and holes of areal objects. Basic and complex changes are specified using structure-preserving mappings between trees. Furthermore, the paper constructs a normal form, and proves that it is the 'simplest' form that can represent all the changes under consideration.
Ecdysteroid-responsive genes, RXR and E75, in the tropical land crab, Gecarcinus lateralis: differential tissue expression of multiple RXR isoforms generated at three alternative splicing sites in the hinge and ligand-binding domains.

Abstract In order to study the potential role of the steroid molting hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in regulating molt-induced claw muscle atrophy, full-length cDNAs encoding retinoid-X receptor (Gl-RXR) and E75 early ecdysone inducible gene (Gl-E75) were obtained from land crab (Gecarcinus lateralis) skeletal muscle mRNA using RT-PCR and 3′ and 5′ RACE. Gl-E75A (3528 bp), which encoded a protein of 828 amino acids, had highest sequence identity to Me-E75A from a shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). It was expressed in skeletal muscle and gonads. The deduced amino acid sequence of Gl-RXR was highly similar to that of the fiddler crab RXR (Up-RXR) and insect ultraspiracle (USP). Nine variant sequences occurred in Gl-RXR mRNAs at three alternative splicing sites, one in the “T box” in the linker D domain and two in the ligand-binding domain (LBD). The three T-box variants, termed T(+8), T(+7), and T(+12), contained insertions of 8, 7, or 12 amino acids, respectively. Four variants were generated at the first site in the LBD. Two of the LBD site 1 variants differed in the presence (+33) or absence (−33) of a 33-amino acid sequence; the other two were LBD truncations with or without the 33 amino acid sequence (+33ΔE/F and −33ΔE/F, respectively). Two variants differing in the presence (+35) or absence (−35) of a 35-amino acid sequence were generated at the second site in the LBD. The Gl-RXRa isoform (1516 bp) with the longest open reading frame (+12/+33/+35) encoded a protein of 436 amino acids. Thoracic muscle expressed only isoforms with the T(+12) sequence. In contrast, claw muscle expressed isoforms with T(+7) or T(+12) and fewer isoforms with T(+8). Ovary and testis expressed a greater number of RXR isoforms than skeletal muscle. All tissues expressed full-length and truncated RXR isoforms. These data suggest that differences in response of claw and thoracic muscles to elevated ecdysteroid are due in part to differences in the expression of RXR isoforms.
Integrating Mobile Agents into Network Access Control

Network access control with intrusion detection system capabilities is currently being used to monitor and protect networks from malicious activities. In this paper, we propose a 3-tier architecture of a network access control that uses mobile agents to help reduce the shortcomings of currently available network access control devices. Our idea is to make use of the inherent characteristics of mobile agents in order to better monitor endpoint devices that are connected to a computer network.
Group IIa secretory phospholipase expression correlates with group IIa secretory phospholipase inhibition-mediated cell death in K-ras mutant lung cancer cells.

Objective There are currently no targeted therapies against lung tumors with oncogenic K-ras mutations that are found in 25% to -40% of lung cancers and are characterized by their resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. The isozyme group IIa secretory phospholipase A 2 (sPLA 2 IIa) is a potential biomarker and regulator of lung cancer cell invasion; however, the relationship between K-ras mutations and sPLA 2 IIa has yet to be investigated. We hypothesize that sPLA 2 IIa modulates lung cancer cell growth in K-ras mutant cells and that sPLA 2 IIa expression in human lung tumors is increased in K-ras mutant tumors. Methods Baseline sPLA 2 IIa expression in K-ras mutant lung cancer cell lines (A549, SW1573, H358, H2009) was assessed. Cells were treated with a specific sPLA 2 IIa inhibitor and evaluated for apoptosis and cell viability. Nuclear factor kappa-b (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity were detected by Western blot. Human tumor samples were evaluated for sPLA 2 IIa mRNA expression by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Cytotoxicity of sPLA 2 IIa inhibition correlates with sPLA 2 IIa expression. Apoptosis in response to sPLA 2 inhibition parallels attenuation in NF-κB activity. In addition, sPLA 2 IIa expression in human tumors correlates with squamous cell pathology and increasing stage of K-ras mutant lung tumors. Conclusions Baseline sPLA 2 IIa expression predicts response to sPLA 2 IIa inhibition in some K-ras mutant lung cancer cells. This finding is independent of p53 mutation status. Furthermore, squamous tumors and advanced-stage K-ras mutant tumors express more sPLA 2 IIa. These data support a role for sPLA 2 IIa as a potential global therapeutic target in the treatment of lung cancer.
New approaches to personalized medicine for asthma: Where are we?

Access to an electronic medical record is essential for personalized medicine. Currently, only 40% of US physicians have such access, but this is rapidly changing. It is expected that 100,000 Americans will have their whole genome sequenced in 2012. The cost of such sequencing is rapidly dropping, and is estimated to be $1000 by 2013. These technological advances will make interpretation of whole genome sequence data a major clinical challenge for the foreseeable future. At present, a relatively small number of genes have been identified to determine drug treatment response phenotypes for asthma. It is anticipated that this will dramatically increase over the next 10 years as personalized medicine becomes more of a reality for asthma patients.
System related impurity incorporation during the growth of gallium arsenide by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Manganese, carbon and silicon have been identified as major unintentional impurities present in a particular ultra high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy growth system. The various origins of these impurities are discussed and results are presented on the optical and electrical properties of MBE (100) GaAs layers containing these impurity atoms.
Large-scale integration from the user's point of view

The potential LSI user views LSI promise with a great deal of anticipation, but LSI problems with some trepidation. Obviously, he hopes for breakthroughs to relieve the strain of having to squeeze the last bit of cost or performance from the existing technological approaches---and of having to contend with the added hardware and software problems fostered by the need to improve his product only through system complexity. There are, in fact, very few things the system designer can do that have the impact of a significant technology advance in cost or performance.
Reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation, 1429–1983

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is considered to be the dominant mode of winter atmospheric variability in the Northern Hemisphere (Barnston AG, Livezey RE. 1987. Classification, seasonality and persistence of low frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Monthly Weather Review115: 1083–1126), especially in the North Atlantic region. A better understanding of its recent variability in the context of pre-instrumental period variations is critical for prediction purposes. A 555-year (1429–1983) multi-proxy reconstruction of the cool season NAO, calibrated against the Lisbon–Iceland (LISJHI) NAO, is presented. Predictor variables include tree-ring chronologies from Morocco and Finland, GISP2 δ18O annual series, and a GISP2 snow accumulation record. Although the reconstructed values are generally lower than the instrumental values during the calibration period (1863–1983), the final reconstruction does capture the low frequency of the instrumental NAO. The reconstruction compares favourably with existing shorter NAO reconstructions and with the instrumental NAO. The variability in the reconstructed NAO is also discussed within the context of lengthy regional climate records. Results suggest that the occurrence and length of the recent persistently high phase of the NAO are not unusual over the 555-year period of time, but that the magnitude of some of the instrumental values may, in fact, be unique. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Cell volume expanded ErBa2Cu3Oy near y=6.5 through getter annealing

Abstract For RBa 2 Cu 3 O y , R=Er, a cell volume expanded state (V+) in orthorhombic materials is achieved near y =6.46 through getter annealing experiments. Cell volumes are higher than those of the conventional volume contracted (V−) T c ∼60 K superconductor and even compared to the cell volume neutral (Vo) semiconductor at y =6.0. Comparisons are drawn with respect to different modes of preparation. Initial annealing at T =1020 K with a Gd getter followed by slow cooling results in relatively well developed orthorhombic splitting and V+ materials. Quenching the getter annealed specimen from T =1020 K does not much affect the level of orthorhombic splitting, but so far the large increase in cell volume has not been observed. A different batch of samples underwent an extended exposure at T =600 K during cooling, and while V+ materials are also obtained, the resolution of the orthorhombic splitting is less developed. Implications for the actual structural and electronic nature of the volume expanded state (V+) are drawn from these experiments.
Discovery Learning in Kindergarten Mathematics.

The discovery learning hypothesis, when applied to mathematical concepts, suggests that if subjects are presented with learning situations where they may derive for themselves the rules or principles to be learned, they will learn better, retain the learning longer, and more readily transfer their learning to new situations. In most cases, the advantages of the discovery method have been thought to be mediated through motivational variables or through sets established during previous experience in learning situations. Bruner (1961), for example, believes that such methods arouse one's competence motivation. Kendler (1966) states that discovery methods should be superior because they cause the learner to structure his experience in his own language patterns. Kagan (1966), referring to Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory, suggests that discovery learners are most rewarded by their learning because they work hard to achieve it. Ausubel (1963, p. 144), although a staunch defender of expository teaching, agrees that under certain conditions discovery methods should be somewhat superior because of the motivation and effort that may be associated with them. Whether a student's motivation is involved has seldom been evaluated
Identification of mTORC2 as a Necessary Component of HRG/ErbB2-Dependent Cellular Transformation

Overexpression of the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2/ErbB2 (ERBB2) has been linked to a poor prognosis for patients with breast cancer; thus, its activity is a central target for cancer therapy. Likewise, overexpression of heregulin (HRG/NRG1), a growth factor responsible for ErbB2 activation, has also been shown to be a driver of breast cancer progression. Although ErbB2 inhibitors offer a major advancement in the treatment of ErbB2-dependent breast cancers, patients are highly susceptible to developing clinical resistance to these drugs. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanism that underlies HRG/ErbB2-induced tumorigenesis is essential for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for this subset of patients with breast cancer. Here, it was demonstrated that HRG promoted anchorage-independent breast cancer cell growth more potently than EGF, and that the HRG-dependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mTORC1 are necessary events for cell transformation. Functional evaluation of two distinct mTOR (MTOR) inhibitors, rapamycin and INK-128, on HRG-dependent signaling activities, uncovered a necessary role for mTORC2 in the regulation of the AKT/TSC2/mTORC1 axis by affecting the phosphorylation of AKT at the PDK1(PDPK1)-dependent site (T308) as well as at the mTORC2-dependent site (S473). The elimination of Rictor (RICTOR), a critical component of mTORC2, is detrimental to both the activation of mTORC1 and HRG-mediated cellular transformation. Similar results were obtained in multiple breast cancer model systems, highlighting an important role for mTORC2 in HRG/ErbB2-dependent breast cancer. Implications: These findings suggest the potential benefits of targeting mTORC2 in HRG/ErbB2-induced breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 12(6); 940–52. ©2014 AACR .
Effects of Vitamin D and Yeast Extract Supplementation on Turkey Mortality and Clostridial Dermatitis Incidence in a Dexamethasone Immunosuppression Model

Clostridial dermatitis (CD) is a production disease of commercial turkeys that is characterized by sudden mortality in market-aged male birds and by lesions that include fluid and air bubbles under the skin of the thigh, breast, and tail area. We have developed a model for CD using dexamethasone (Dex) injection that suggests this disease may be related to stressors during the last stages of turkey production. Male turkeys were provided with control feed and water or with feed supplemented with a commercial yeast extract (YE) product, water supplemented with vitamin D (VD), or the combination. At 6, 11, and 15 wk of age birds were treated with three intramuscular injections of Dex over a 5-day period. Both YE and VD, but not the combination, decreased early mortality. At week 7 mortality was increased by VD, and cellulitis lesions were seen in 7/8 mortalities. Mortality at week 12 was decreased by both YE and the combination of YE and VD, and cellulitis lesions were seen in 8/17 mortalities. There were no significant differences in mortality at week 16. Total mortality was 66 birds, and 23 of these had cellulitis lesions (38%). There were no YE-treated birds with CD lesions; however, 67% of VD-treated birds had CD lesions. This study suggests that feed supplementation with YE may improve the ability of turkeys to withstand the stressors during late production and provide protection against the development of CD; however, high levels of VD supplementation may be detrimental.
Dual-Wavelength Absorption Optrode For Trace Level Measurements Of Trichloroethylene And Chloroform

Optrodes that provide trace-level detection of trichloroethylene and chloroform with high accuracy have been developed. High accuracy is obtained by providing an internal intensity reference.
Soft-tissue coverage of the elbow

The elbow requires a durable and pliable soft-tissue envelope. Injuries, infections, or tumors that result in exposed tendon, bone, or implants require expedient soft-tissue coverage. Familiarity with various options for coverage can help tailor treatment to the defect size and minimize donor-site morbidity. In this article, emphasis is placed on muscle and fasciocutaneous flaps that have been shown to have reliable vascularity and predictable outcomes.
Inhibition of Carcinogen Formation in Skin irradiated with Ultraviolet Light

THERE is no doubt that sunlight and ultraviolet light cause certain types of skin cancer1,2. Unna first called attention to the high incidence of skin cancer among sailors exposed to sunlight, and his observation on the relationship between the development of skin cancers and exposure to sunlight has been confirmed by many others.
Structural control in thin layers of poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s: photophysical studies of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films.

We present the relationship between the spatial arrangement and the photophysical properties of fluorescent polymers in thin films with controlled structures. Eight surfactant poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s were designed and studied. These detailed studies of the behavior of the polymers at the air−water interface, and of the photophysical properties of their transferred LB films, revealed key structure−property relationships. Some of the polymers displayed π-aggregates that are characteristic of an edge-on structure at the air−water interface. Monolayer LB films of these polymers showed greatly reduced quantum yields relative to solution values. Other polymers exhibited a highly emissive face-on structure at the air−water interface, and did not form π-aggregates. The combination of pressure−area isotherms and the surface pressure dependent in situ UV−vis spectra of the polymers at the air−water interface revealed different behavioral details. In addition, the UV−vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, and quant...
Performance of a generalist grasshopper on a C3 and a C4 grass: compensation for the effects of elevated CO2 on plant nutritional quality.

The increasing CO2 concentration in Earth’s atmosphere is expected to cause a greater decline in the nutritional quality of C3 than C4 plants. As a compensatory response, herbivorous insects may increase their feeding disproportionately on C3 plants. These hypotheses were tested by growing the grasses Lolium multiflorum C3) and Bouteloua curtipendula C4) at ambient (370 ppm) and elevated (740 ppm) CO2 levels in open top chambers in the field, and comparing the growth and digestive efficiencies of the generalist grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes on each of the four plant × CO2 treatment combinations. As expected, the nutritional quality of the C3 grass declined to a greater extent than did that of the C4 grass at elevated CO2; protein levels declined in the C3 grass, while levels of carbohydrates (sugar, fructan and starch) increased. However, M. sanguinipes did not significantly increase its consumption rate to compensate for the lower nutritional quality of the C3 grass grown under elevated CO2. Instead, these grasshoppers appear to use post-ingestive mechanisms to maintain their growth rates on the C3 grass under elevated CO2. Consumption rates of the C3 and C4 grasses were also similar, demonstrating a lack of compensatory feeding on the C4 grass. We also examined the relative efficiencies of nutrient utilization from a C3 and C4 grass by M. sanguinipes to test the basis for the C4 plant avoidance hypothesis. Contrary to this hypothesis, neither protein nor sugar was digested with a lower efficiency from the C4 grass than from the C3 grass. A novel finding of this study is that fructan, a potentially large carbohydrate source in C3 grasses, is utilized by grasshoppers. Based on the higher nutrient levels in the C3 grass and the better growth performance of M. sanguinipes on this grass at both CO2 levels, we conclude that C3 grasses are likely to remain better host plants than C4 grasses in future CO2 conditions.
Reproduction and survival in Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in response to resource availability and population density: the role of exploitative competition

L'influence relative de la competition d'exploitation pour les ressources sur le budget de la reproduction n'a jamais ete examinee en detail. Etant donne les fluctuations importantes de la densite des criquets migrateurs qui se produisent periodiquement dans l'ouest de l'Amerique du Nord, il est devenu necessaire de mieux comprendre comment la survie et la reproduction varient en fonction des densites intraspecifiques et de la disponibilite des ressources per capita. J'ai cherche a determiner si la competition d'exploitation pour les ressources peut expliquer la variation dans le budget de la reproduction chez Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) en fonction de la disponibilite des ressources et de la densite de la population de criquets. J'ai examine aussi si les differences individuelles de la capacite de competition entrainent une augmentation de la variance dans la production d'oeufs lorsque la disponibilite des ressources per capita est faible. Comme on pouvait s'y attendre avec la competition d'exploitation, la disponibilite des ressources per capita explique une partie importante de la variation de toutes les caracteristiques de la reproduction. La disponibilite des ressources per capita est sans effet sur la survie. Les residus des regressions de la production d'oeufs et de la vitellogenese en fonction de la disponibilite des ressources per capita ne different pas aux divers niveaux des ressources ou de la densite, ce qui indique que la competition d'exploitation joue un plus grand role que la competition d'interference dans la determination du budget de la reproduction chez M. sanguinipes. Il y a des differences individuelles importantes: en effet, plus les ressources sont limitees, plus la variation autour de la moyenne de la production d'oeufs est grande. La competition d'exploitation pour les ressources joue un role important dans la determination des strategies reproductives en fonction de la disponibilite des ressources chez les criquets migrateurs, tant a l'echelle de l'individu qu'a celle de la population.
Idiosyncratic functions: Severe problem behavior maintained by access to ritualistic behaviors

The development of functional analysis technology has been an important tool in the assessment and treatment of aberrant behaviors among individuals with developmental disabilities. In some cases, the function of problem behavior may be idiosyncratic in nature, making modifications to functional analyses necessary. In the current study, a functional analysis (Iwata et al., 1982/1994) was inconclusive due to low rates of problem behaviors across all conditions. In a subsequent ritualistic behavior assessment, problem behavior was found to be maintained by gaining access to ritualistic behaviors (i.e., changing the position of doors in close proximity). From this assessment, a treatment consisting of functional communication and extinction was introduced. A clinically significant reduction in the rate of problem behavior was observed with the introduction of treatment. These results suggest that in cases where an initial functional analysis is inconclusive, it may be necessary to evaluate more idiosyncratic functions of problem behavior.
Optimization of the Performance of a Digital-Data-Transition Tracking Loop

The steady-state behavior of a data-transition tracking loop, used as a bit synchronizer in a phase-coherent receiver, is considered. Optimization of mean-square phase noise and mean time to first cycle slip is performed when the average power of the reference cross-correlating signal is constrained. It is shown that by adjusting the quadrature channel gain along with the integration interval, a significant improvement in phase noise and cycle slip performances can be achieved over that system which integrates in the quadrature channel over the full symbol period. All the results are derived for a first-order loop filter merely to indicate the approach to the problem and the relative value of optimizing the system.
Heme catalyzes tyrosine 385 nitration and inactivation of prostaglandin H2 synthase-1 by peroxynitrite

The mechanism by which the inflammatory enzyme prostaglandin H(2) synthase-1 (PGHS-1) deactivates remains undefined. This study aimed to determine the stabilizing parameters of PGHS-1 and identify factors leading to deactivation by nitric oxide species (NO(x)). Purified PGHS-1 was stabilized when solubilized in beta-octylglucoside (rather than Tween-20 or CHAPS) and when reconstituted with hemin chloride (rather than hematin). Peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) activated the peroxidase site of PGHS-1 independently of the cyclooxygenase site. After ONOO(-) exposure, holoPGHS-1 could not metabolize arachidonic acid and was structurally compromised, whereas apoPGHS-1 retained full activity once reconstituted with heme. After incubation of holoPGHS-1 with ONOO(-), heme absorbance was diminished but to a lesser extent than the loss in enzymatic function, suggesting the contribution of more than one process to enzyme inactivation. Hydroperoxide scavengers improved enzyme activity, whereas hydroxyl radical scavengers provided no protection from the effects of ONOO(-). Mass spectral analyses revealed that tyrosine 385 (Tyr 385) is a target for nitration by ONOO(-) only when heme is present. Multimer formation was also observed and required heme but could be attenuated by arachidonic acid substrate. We conclude that the heme plays a role in catalyzing Tyr 385 nitration by ONOO(-) and the demise of PGHS-1.
Effect of Lewis and Brønsted Acids on the Homopolymerization of Acrylates and Their Copolymerization with 1 -Alkenes

13 In this paper, we report the first copolymerization of acrylate and methacrylate with non-polar 1-alkenes in the presence of Bronsted acids as complexation agents, which give higher (meth)acrylate conversion and alkene incorporation. Further, the heterogeneous Bronsted acids can be recycled repeatedly without attenuation of activity. We also examined the relationship between the complexing ability of the Lewis and Bronsted acids vis-a-vis the carbonyl group of the ester functionality and their ability to promote (meth)acrylate homo and copolymerizations and we find a direct correlation between the two. Experimental Materials. All chemicals and reagents were obtained from Aldrich unless otherwise stated. Methyl acrylate (MA, 99%), Methyl methacrylate (MMA, 99%), 1-hexene (97%), were passed through basic alumina column to remove the inhibitor, degassed and stored under N2. 2,2’Azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN, 98%), pyridinium triflate ( PyH, 97%), poly(4-vinylpyridinium p-toluenesulfonate) (PPyH, 2% crosslinked), Nafion SAC-13 (strongly acidic catalyst resin, pore diameter 10 nm), lanthanum(III) triflate (La(OTf)3, 97%), aluminum oxide (activated, acidic, pH = 4.5±0.5 in aqueous solution), aluminum chloride (AlCl3, anhydrous, 99.99%), yttrium(III) triflate (Y(OTf)3, 98%), ytterbium(III) triflate (Yb(OTf)3, 97%) and scandium(III) triflate (Sc(OTf)3, Stream, 98%) were used as received. General procedure. In a typical experiment (entry 4, Table 1), in a N2 filled glove box, a glass-lined Parr high-pressure reactor was charged with toluene (5 mL), AIBN (0.005 g), MA (0.3 g), and PPyH (0.1 g). The reactor was sealed, removed from glove box, and charged with ethene to 500 psi. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir in a 60 o C oil bath for 18 h. At the end of this period, the reactor was cooled, vented, and polymer was precipitated with a large excess of methanol. The polymer was collected by filtration and dried under high vacuum for 24 h. For those reactions, which did not require a Parr reactor, the polymerizations were carried out in 20 mL scintillation vials. The copolymer compositions were determined from 1 H-NMR. Results and discussion Bronsted acid-mediated copolymerization of methyl acrylate and 1alkenes. The effect of adding pyridinium triflate (PyH) to the AIBN-initiated copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) with ethene was examined and the results are summarized in Table 1. The copolymer compositions were determined by 1 H NMR integration of the methoxy proton vs. aliphatic protons. Upon adding PyH, both ethene incorporation and, especially, the copolymer yield increases. In all cases, it was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) that these were true copolymers instead of mixtures of homopolymers. The copolymerization results of MA and ethene in the presence and absence of heterogeneous Bronsted Acids, PPyH and Nafion, are summarized in Table 1. Similar to the results of soluble pyridinium triflate, a significant
Prevalence of the T215Y Mutation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Pregnant Women in a New York Cohort, 1995–1999

From 1997 through 1999, the prevalence of the zidovudine resistance mutation T215Y was 9.7% among pregnant women, and the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) load in those with resistant virus was higher than that measured in women with wild-type HIV-1. All mutations were noted in women with zidovudine experience, which suggests that monotherapy may not be adequate prophylaxis for vertical transmission of HIV-1 infection in the current era.
Intertwined Nanocarbon and Manganese Oxide Hybrid Foam for High‐Energy Supercapacitors

Rapid charging and discharging supercapacitors are promising alternative energy storage systems for applications such as portable electronics and electric vehicles. Integration of pseudocapacitive metal oxides with single-structured materials has received a lot of attention recently due to their superior electrochemical performance. In order to realize high energy-density supercapacitors, a simple and scalable method is developed to fabricate a graphene/MWNT/MnO2 nanowire (GMM) hybrid nanostructured foam, via a two-step process. The 3D few-layer graphene/MWNT (GM) architecture is grown on foamed metal foils (nickel foam) via ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition. Hydrothermally synthesized α-MnO2 nanowires are conformally coated onto the GM foam by a simple bath deposition. The as-prepared hierarchical GMM foam yields a monographical graphene foam conformally covered with an intertwined, densely packed CNT/MnO2 nanowire nanocomposite network. Symmetrical electrochemical capacitors (ECs) based on GMM foam electrodes show an extended operational voltage window of 1.6 V in aqueous electrolyte. A superior energy density of 391.7 Wh kg(-1) is obtained for the supercapacitor based on the GMM foam, which is much higher than ECs based on GM foam only (39.72 Wh kg(-1) ). A high specific capacitance (1108.79 F g(-1) ) and power density (799.84 kW kg(-1) ) are also achieved. Moreover, the great capacitance retention (97.94%) after 13 000 charge-discharge cycles and high current handability demonstrate the high stability of the electrodes of the supercapacitor. These excellent performances enable the innovative 3D hierarchical GMM foam to serve as EC electrodes, resulting in energy-storage devices with high stability and power density in neutral aqueous electrolyte.