cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abuse Liability Profile of Three Substituted Tryptamines

The abuse liability profile of three synthetic hallucinogens, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (DIPT), 5-N,N-diethyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DET), and 5-methoxy-α-methyltryptamine (5-MeO-AMT), was tested in rats trained to discriminate hallucinogenic and psychostimulant compounds, including cocaine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), (−)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), and dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Because abused hallucinogens act at 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (5-HT1A) and 5-HT2A receptors, and abused psychostimulants act at monoamine transporters, binding and functional activities of DIPT, 5-MeO-DET, and 5-MeO-AMT at these sites were also tested. DIPT fully substituted in rats trained to discriminate DMT (ED50 = 1.71 mg/kg) and DOM (ED50 = 1.94 mg/kg), but produced only 68% LSD-appropriate responding. 5-MeO-DET fully substituted for DMT (ED50 = 0.41 mg/kg) and produced 59% MDMA-appropriate responding. 5-MeO-AMT did not fully substitute for any of the training drugs, but produced 67% LSD-appropriate responding. None of the compounds produced substitution in rats trained to discriminate cocaine or methamphetamine. All three compounds showed activity at 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors as well as blockade of reuptake by the serotonin transporter. In addition, 5-MeO-AMT produced low levels of serotonin release and low potency blockade of dopamine uptake. DIPT, 5-MeO-DET, and 5-MeO-AMT produced behavioral and receptor effects similar to those of abused hallucinogens, but were not similar to those of psychostimulants. DIPT and 5-MeO-DET may have abuse liability similar to known hallucinogens and may be hazardous because high doses produced activity and lethality.
Distribution function implied dynamics versus residence times and correlations: Solvation shells of myoglobin

The dynamics of water at the protein–solvent interface is investigated through the analysis of a molecular dynamics simulation of metmyoglobin in explicit aqueous environment. Distribution implied dynamics, harmonic and quasiharmonic, are compared with the simulated macroscopic dynamics. The distinction between distinguishable solvent molecules and hydration sites developed in the previous paper is used. The simulated hydration region within 7 A from the protein surface is analyzed using a set of 551 hydration sites characterized by occupancy weights and temperature B-factors determined from the simulation trajectory. The precision of the isotropic harmonic and anisotropic harmonic models for the description of proximal solvent fluctuations is examined. Residence times and dipole reorientation times of water around the protein surface are compared with NMR and ESR results. A correlation between diffraction experiment quantities such as the occupancy weights and temperature factors and the residence and correlation times resulting from magnetic resonance experiments is found via comparison with simulation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Efficient total synthesis of the cytotoxic halogenated monoterpene aplysiapyranoid A

Abstract Herein is described an efficient total synthesis of aplysiapyranoid A, 1a, in which the key step is the diastereoselective bromoetherification of the hydroxy alkene 14 to give mainly the desired isomer 1a.
Blunt-mechanism facial fracture patterns associated with internal carotid artery injuries: recommendations for additional screening criteria based on analysis of 4,398 patients.

PURPOSE: Blunt internal carotid artery injuries (BCAIs) can result from craniofacial trauma, yet the association between craniofacial fractures and BCAIs is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of patients with blunt-mechanism facial fracture(s) presenting to a large trauma center was undertaken to identify facial fracture patterns predictive of BCAIs. Predictor variables included specific facial fracture patterns. Additional variables included demographic, injury mechanism, and associated injury classifications. Outcome variables included the presence or absence of BCAIs. All radiographic fracture patterns were confirmed by author review of computed tomographic imaging. BCAIs were confirmed and graded using the Biffl system. Differences in fracture patterns and demographic parameters in patients who presented with versus without concomitant BCAIs were compared, and relative risks for BCAI were calculated. Existing Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Level III Blunt Cerebrovascular Injury (BCVI) screening criteria then were applied to the dataset to determine if additional fracture patterns would be useful in BCAI screening as determined by alterations in screening sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Seventy BCAIs were identified in 54 of 4,398 patients with facial fractures (1.2%). Bilateral fractures in each facial third, complex midface, Le Fort, and subcondylar fractures, fractures in association with the cervical spine, and basilar skull fractures were high risk for concomitant BCAI. Twenty percent of BCAIs would not have been captured by existing Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Level III BCVI screening criteria. When patients meeting these screening criteria were removed from the study population, Le Fort I and subcondylar fractures were the only fracture patterns conferring increased risk for BCAI. Addition of these criteria to existing criteria improved the screening negative predictive value. CONCLUSION: Specific facial fracture patterns, including bilateral fractures in any facial third and complex midface, Le Fort I, and subcondylar fractures, confer increased risk of BCAI, especially in association with basilar skull fractures. Suspicion for BCAI in these patients may improve diagnosis and enable prompt therapeutic intervention. Addition of Le Fort I fractures to existing BCAI screening criteria improves sensitivity and may be of clinical utility in ruling out BCAIs. Language: en
Phase II Study of Modified Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and Fluorouracil With Bevacizumab in Patients With Metastatic Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a modified administration schedule of docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil (mDCF) with bevacizumab in patients with advanced gastroesophageal malignancies. Patients and Methods Previously untreated patients with metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma received bevacizumab 10 mg/kg, docetaxel 40 mg/m2, fluorouracil 400 mg/m2, leucovorin 400 mg/m2 on day 1, fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2/d × 2 days intravenous continuous infusion beginning on day 1, and cisplatin 40 mg/m2 on day 3. The primary objective was to improve 6-month progression-free survival (PFS) from 43% (historical DCF control) to 63% with the addition of bevacizumab. The target accrual was 44 patients to have 10% type I and II error rates. Results In total, 44 eligible patients with cancer were enrolled from October 2006 to October 2008: 22 gastric, 20 gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), and two esophagus. In 39 patients with measurable disease, the confirmed response rate was 67% (95% CI, 50% to 81%)...
An Exploratory Description of Christian Athletes' Perceptions of Prayer in Sport: A Mixed Methodological Pilot Study

The purpose of this exploratory, pilot investigation was to examine intercollegiate Christian athletes' perceptions of prayer so that coaches can understand the thought processes of religious athletes. The data gathering process involved three levels (survey distribution, personal interviews, and prayer meeting observations). Nineteen athletes from a mid-western university in the USA from four different sports (women's basketball, track & field, and men's football & baseball) were administered the Johnson-Chan Prayer Effectiveness Survey (JCPES) and Religious Behavior Survey (RBS). After completion of the inventories, all participants were interviewed and prayer group meetings were observed. Results revealed that athletes strongly supported the notion of prayer before and after competition. However, all but one of the athletes prayed before a game, but not after a game. In addition, all athletes revealed that prayer intensity, prayer meaning, and the number of times praying increased with the importance o...
Archaeological Evidence for a Double-Crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) Colony in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Abstract. Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) were not observed breeding in the inner coast of Washington and British Columbia until the 1920s and 1930s, whether the breeding was either a re-colonizing event or a new expansion was unknown. Archaeological evidence from Watmough Bay, a shell midden site on Lopez Island, San Juan Islands (Washington State), was analyzed to place the recent changes in breeding distribution in deeper historical context. The Watmough Bay faunal assemblage contains large numbers (n = 2,397) of cormorant bones. Of those specimens that could be identified to species (n = 358), 99.7% were identified as Double-crested Cormorants. The majority (97%, n = 2,336) of the cormorant remains are from juveniles or chicks, which were collected while still at the colony. Radiocarbon dating indicates the majority of the site accumulated between AD 300– 600. Evidence for a ca. 1,500-year-old Double-crested Cormorant colony near Lopez Island confirms that the species did breed in th...
Co-factorization machines: modeling user interests and predicting individual decisions in Twitter

Users of popular services like Twitter and Facebook are often simultaneously overwhelmed with the amount of information delivered via their social connections and miss out on much content that they might have liked to see, even though it was distributed outside of their social circle. Both issues serve as difficulties to the users and drawbacks to the services.Social media service providers can benefit from understanding user interests and how they interact with the service, potentially predicting their behaviors in the future. In this paper, we address the problem of simultaneously predicting user decisions and modeling users' interests in social media by analyzing rich information gathered from Twitter. The task differs from conventional recommender systems as the cold-start problem is ubiquitous, and rich features, including textual content, need to be considered. We build predictive models for user decisions in Twitter by proposing Co-Factorization Machines (CoFM), an extension of a state-of-the-art recommendation model, to handle multiple aspects of the dataset at the same time. Additionally, we discuss and compare ranking-based loss functions in the context of recommender systems, providing the first view of how they vary from each other and perform in real tasks. We explore an extensive set of features and conduct experiments on a real-world dataset, concluding that CoFM with ranking-based loss functions is superior to state-of-the-art methods and yields interpretable latent factors.
Does Positive Airway Pressure Therapy Result in Improved Sleep Quality

Introduction: Positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the gold-standard for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) management. While it is known that PAP is efficacious for controlling breathing events during sleep when it is worn at the right pressure for the amount of time prescribed, there is less clear data on how well it improves sleep quality. There are few studies that have examined the effectiveness of PAP therapy on sleep quality. Methods: OSA participants (n = 241) from a larger trial examining a PAP adherence were included. Participants were provided with PAP instruction and followed at 2 months and 4 months. PAP adherence was measured as the number of hours per night at prescribed pressure, an objective measure of treatment adherence. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used as the primary measure of sleep quality. Results: The PSQI was significantly correlated with PAP adherence at both the 2-month and 4-month time points, such that lower sleep quality was associated with lower PAP use. This finding held for the sleep disturbance subscale of the PSQI. Over 55% of those using PAP therapy at the 4-month time point continued to report significantly disturbed sleep. Discussion: This study shows that PAP therapy does not appear to improve sleep quality to a degree that would be expected. Over half of those patients using PAP therapy still experienced disturbed sleep. Whether the disturbed sleep is directly attributable to the PAP device itself or to disturbed sleep secondary to uncontrolled OSA when PAP is not worn is worthy of further investigation.
Pricing Strategy Under Monopoly Conditions: An Experiment for the Classroom

This classroom experiment allows students to explore pricing strategies available to the monopolist. Students are given full information about their costs but know nothing about demand except that it is simulated by the instructor. They submit their price-asked and quantity-offered records on one day and receive the quantity-sold response from the instructor on the next day, continuing this routine until they discover the profit-maximizing price and quantity. One of the objectives is to demonstrate that search strategies based on economic principles (MC=MR) can be more efficient than trial-and-error.
Substance Misuse in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury

The literature addressing substance misuse in spinal cord injury (SCI) is reviewed with special attention paid to differences in substance misuse in the spinal cord injury and general populations. Studies examining epidemiology indicate that while substance misuse often is present when spinal cord injuries occur, the exact prevalence of it in the SCI population has yet to be determined. The literature also suggests that risk factors unique to SCI predispose substance misuse in this population in addition to risk factors commonly present in the general population. Articles examining issues relevant to substance misuse in SCI identify some concerns specific to this population. Although treatment outcome literature for substance misuse in SCI is scarce, it is clear that treatment facilities must be adapted to suit the needs of the spinal cord injured. However, it has yet to be determined how treatment content should differ.
Familial restrictive cardiomyopathy with 12 affected family members

The investigators describe idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy in a 50-year-old woman. Eleven other family members had cerebrovascular accidents, arrhythmias, and/or heart failure requiring cardiac transplantation. The patient developed dyspnea and palpitations at 19 years of age, when echocardiography demonstrated normal left ventricular systolic function, biatrial enlargement, and a restrictive Doppler mitral inflow pattern; restrictive hemodynamics were confirmed on cardiac catheterization. She was managed for many years with diuretics, antiarrhythmic agents, and anticoagulation and underwent cardioversion for recurrent atrial fibrillation. In conclusion, the patient ultimately underwent cardiac transplantation. Idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy (IRC) is an uncommon cardiac disorder characterized by left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction with normal LV systolic function and wall thickness and symptoms of heart failure. We report
Global Geography of ‘Little Italy’: Italian Neighbourhoods in Comparative Perspective

Between 1870 and 1970 the migration of 26 million people from Italy produced an uneven geography of Little Italies worldwide. Migrants initially clustered residentially in many lands, and their festivals, businesses, monuments and practices of everyday life also attracted negative commentary everywhere. But neighbourhoods labelled as Little Italies came to exist almost exclusively in North America and Australia. Comparison of Italy's migrants in the three most important former ‘settler colonies’ of the British Empire (the USA, Canada, Australia) to other world regions suggests why this was the case. Little Italies were, to a considerable extent, the product of what Robert F. Harney termed the Italo-phobia of the English-speaking world. English-speakers’ understandings of race and their history of anti-Catholicism helped to create an ideological foundation for fixing foreignness upon urban spaces occupied by immigrants who seemed racially different from the earlier Anglo-Celtic and northern European settlers.
THE DEGREE-PRODUCT INDEX OF NARUMI AND KATAYAMA

Let G = (V,E) be a simple graph with vertex set V and edge set E (∣V ∣ = n, ∣E∣ = m), and let di be the degree of vertex i of G. The degree product P (G) := ∏n i=1 di of G was introduced and studied by Narumi and Katayama. This index is here fundamentally characterized; first, as the number of “functional” subgraphs of the directed graph D(G) associated to G; and, second, as a suitable weighting over a certain class of ordinary subgraph covers ofG. Then, P (G) is related to several other common graph invariants by way of several bounding relations.
Healthcare Industry Injuries by Patient Contact Status in Kentucky, 2012-2014.

OBJECTIVES The healthcare industry continues to have a high number of reported injuries. The purpose of this study was to characterize healthcare industry injuries by patient contact status, identify the occupations associated with healthcare injuries by patient contact status, and determine healthcare injury rates by occupation to gain a better understanding of healthcare industry-compensated injuries and better target safety practices and programs in the healthcare industry. METHODS Kentucky healthcare industry workers' compensation first reports of injuries from calendar years 2012-2014 were categorized into injuries involved in direct patient contact versus injuries without direct patient contact using narrative text analysis. Injury numbers and rates were calculated for a number of data variables. RESULTS Healthcare injuries without direct patient contact (55% of all first reports of injuries) occurred more frequently among older workers (45 years old and older [51%]), in "other" occupations such as housekeeping and maintenance (28%), and as a result of falls/slips/trips (39%) and sprains/tears (38%). In contrast, a higher percentage of healthcare injuries involving direct patient contact occurred among workers younger than 35 years (48%), in healthcare support occupations (50%), and resulting from sprains/tears (66%) and lifting/handling (52%), compared with those without direct patient contact. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study can better target the need for new and/or additional specific workplace safety training, especially in the healthcare support and nursing occupations with and without patient contact.
Approach to the Workup and Management of Headache in the Emergency Department and Inpatient Settings

The challenge of headache management in the hospital can be divided into the diagnostic and management issues encountered in the emergency department, and the issues involved in the inpatient management of chronic refractory headaches. The two endeavors are different but linked because of overlapping diagnostic and treatment options. In addition, the problem of the intractable acute headache encountered in the emergency department can evolve into inpatient care of the same patient who has failed to respond to acute treatment. Here the author presents an approach to the patient with severe acute headache in the emergency department and explores the options available for managing intractable headaches in the inpatient setting.
Who Counts as an American?: Is National Identity Good or Bad?

During the 2008 presidential election campaign, the question of whether the two major candidates were American enough to be president was raised on the campaign trail and in major media outlets. The questioning of John McCain's Americanness arose from his having been born in the Panama Canal Zone in 1936. The Constitution of the United States says in Article II, Section 1, that “No person except a natural born Citizen … shall be eligible to the Office of President.” Did McCain's circumstances fit the Constitution or the various laws and interpretations that have occurred since the founding of the country? The debate over the issue never became very heated (see, e.g., Hulse 2008a, 2008b; Liptak 2008), and Americans seemed loath to question the Americanness of McCain given his war-hero image. Democrats did not pursue the issue, nor did it have much of a life in the blogosphere. The same cannot be said of the sometimes explicit, but often implicit, questioning of Barack Obama's Americanness. Jeffrey Frederick, the Virginia GOP chair, rallied his volunteers by associating Obama with Osama bin Laden. The volunteers jumped at the bait: “‘And he won't salute the flag,’ one woman added, repeating another myth about Obama. She was quickly topped by a man who called out, ‘We don't even know where Senator Obama was really born’” (Tumulty 2008). Obama was born in Hawaii, but the “foreigner” tag sticks with him.
Drugs of abuse and blood-brain barrier endothelial dysfunction: A focus on the role of oxidative stress

Psychostimulants and nicotine are the most widely abused drugs with a detrimental impact on public health globally. While the long-term neurobehavioral deficits and synaptic perturbations are well documented with chronic use of methamphetamine, cocaine, and nicotine, emerging human and experimental studies also suggest an increasing incidence of neurovascular complications associated with drug abuse. Short- or long-term administration of psychostimulants or nicotine is known to disrupt blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity/function, thus leading to an increased risk of brain edema and neuroinflammation. Various pathophysiological mechanisms have been proposed to underlie drug abuse-induced BBB dysfunction suggesting a central and unifying role for oxidative stress in BBB endothelium and perivascular cells. This review discusses drug-specific effects of methamphetamine, cocaine, and tobacco smoking on brain microvascular crisis and provides critical assessment of oxidative stress-dependent molecular pathways focal to the global compromise of BBB. Additionally, given the increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis in drug abusers, we have summarized the synergistic pathological impact of psychostimulants and HIV infection on BBB integrity with an emphasis on unifying role of endothelial oxidative stress. This mechanistic framework would guide further investigations on specific molecular pathways to accelerate therapeutic approaches for the prevention of neurovascular deficits by drugs of abuse.
So..•What's Wrong With Hospitality Education?

Three major issues surface in the current literature of hospitality education: Are hospitality educators in the business of training or educating? Who is in charge of the curriculum content of hospitality education programs-industry or educators? Is this really a profession in need of an accreditation process? The author discusses these three inter-related issues in light of the current efforts of the CHRIE accreditation committee, to systematically address and reconcile differences concerning the issues.
Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures

The pulsing beats of salsa, merengue, and bolero are a compelling expression of Latino/a culture, but few outsiders comprehend the music's implications in larger social terms. Frances R. Aparicio combines the approaches of musicology and sociology with literary, cultural, Latino, and women's studies to offer a detailed genealogy of Afro-Caribbean music in Puerto Rico. She compares the music to selected Puerto Rican literary texts, then looks both at how Latinos/as in the United States use salsa to reaffirm their cultural identities and how Anglos eroticize and depoliticize it in their adaptations. The close examination of lyrics shows how these songs articulate issues of gender, desire, and conflict, and Aparicio's interviews with Latinas/os reveal how they listen to salsa and the meanings they find in it.
The cybernetic imagination of computational architecture

Since the publication in 1948 of Norbert Wiener’s Cybernetics, this thought model has exerted a profound influence in contemporary knowledge. Such influence has been decisive for a paradigm shift in the profession of architecture and particularly for the rise of a computational perspective in architectural design. This article explores the link between the cybernetic paradigm and the conception of architectural objects as performative, responsive, intelligent, and sentient artifacts—the visions of buildings that have been central to the development of digital architecture since its early stages. This connection shows that the dominant visions of design problems associated with the development of a computational perspective in architecture have not been exclusively the result of the introduction of computer pragmatics in architectural design. On the contrary, following such scholars as Bruno Latour and Katherine Hayles, these developments must be considered as the result of a particular feedback process th...
New Species of the Genus Amphorophora (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The genus Amphorophora appears to be rich in species in North America and especially along the Pacific Coast. My studies so far indicate that many of these may now be undergoing speciation for there are a number that appear to graduate from what seems to be an obviously distinct species at one end of the chain to an equally distinct species on the other with intermediates between the two. Such a complex seems to exist in two or more species living on ferns. These have presented so many difficulties that I have been compelled to postpone drawing up descriptions of them until a more careful study is made of their, biology and distribution. A number of other species very closely related to some of those described herein must also await further study for the same reasons.
Leading with their hearts? How gender stereotypes of emotion lead to biased evaluations of female leaders

Abstract The belief that women are more emotional than men is one of the strongest gender stereotypes held in Western cultures (Shields, 2002). And yet, gender stereotypes of emotion have received little attention from gender and leadership scholars. In this paper, I review the existing research on gender and emotions and propose that gender stereotypes of emotion present a fundamental barrier to women's ability to ascend to and succeed in leadership roles. I first define the nature of people's gender‐emotion stereotypes and outline why perceptions of emotionality may be particularly detrimental to women when they are in high-status positions in work contexts. I then suggest that gender–emotion stereotypes create two complex minefields that female, but not male, leaders have to navigate in order to be successful: (1) identifying how much emotion should be displayed and (2) identifying what kind of emotions should be displayed. Specifically, female leaders can be penalized for even minor or moderate displays of emotion, especially when the emotion conveys dominance (e.g., anger or pride), but being emotionally un expressive may also result in penalties because unemotional women are seen as failing to fulfill their warm, communal role as women. I conclude by considering the interactive role of race and ethnicity with regards to gender stereotypes of emotion and proposing avenues for future research.
A genetic algorithm code design based on UNIERP job-ghop scheduling problem

Samsung's UNIERP has several years research and development history, the technological is advanced and the products are maturely and stable, thus it has guaranteed that the UNIERP product has the advanced flow and is very serviceability. In this paper, the method of the genetic algorithms code design based on the UNIERP system is introduced, and a genetic algorithms code design proposal based on the working procedure pattern is proposed, according to the the evaluation criteria proposed by the predecessor has made the theoretical analysis. The feasibility of the encoding method based on the working procedure pattern is confirmed.
Research on DC side voltage control method of an active tuned hybrid power filter

For the sake of DC side voltage control of ATHPF(Active Tuned Hybrid Power Filter)provided with good compensation harmonic performance,using the method of detecting the power grid voltage to make mathematical analysis and modelling for DC side voltage control system,makes DC side voltage control scheme,and simulates in three-phase ATHPF experiment system.the simulation result shows that ATHPF still has a better filtering effect after adding DC voltage control,verifies the feasibility of the method and the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
The mechanism of the middle ear: I. The two piston problem

The drum, ossicles and oval window of the middle ear can be considered equivalent to a system of two pistons connected by a lever, where the leverage results not only from the combined motion of the three ossicles, but also from the non-rigid fibrated structure of the drum. This paper studies the transmission of sound from air to liquid by means of such a system and finds conditions on the dimensions, mass and elasticity of the system which should be met in a “good” ear. Two methods, based on different conceptions of “good,” are used, and they give similar results. Most of these results are in good quantitative agreement with actual data.
Current Concepts in Reconstructive Surgery in Patients with Cancer of the Head and Neck

Many head and neck surgeons are reluctant to recommend or to undertake major reconstructive procedures because they sometimes mean that patients will spend much of their remaining few years in the hospital. But reconstructive techniques and concepts have improved significantly, and these operative steps now contribute to diminishing rather than lengthening morbidity and hospital stay.
CHAPTER 5 – Series Resistances, Part II: Bad Measurements

One of the best ways to measure an output voltage, where there is a very high output resistance, is to match that output voltage with another, purposely-created voltage, so that the two voltages are equal and facing each other. Essentially zero current will flow into the meter, and there will be a negligible IR drop, even with high resistances all around. The circuit used to carry out this idea is called the Wheatstone bridge, named after the early scientist who suggested it. Sometimes it is just called a “bridge circuit.” Several kinds of electronic devices—such as thermocouples for measuring temperature—have high internal resistances. Any appreciable current drawn from them will cause severe voltage drops; however, if no current is drawn, the voltage outputs are very predictable.
Current Views of the Fat Cell as an Endocrine Cell: Lipotoxicity

Lipotoxicity can be defined as lipid-induced metabolic damage [1]. It occurs when lipid uptake exceeds capacity to store lipids and lipid oxidative capacity [2]. The principal function of adipose tissue is to store energy, and lipids are a particularly efficient form in which to store energy because of their high caloric density. However, lipids can be cytotoxic and nonadipose tissues have limited capacity to store lipids [3]. Fat tissue is protected against lipotoxicity, but if fat tissue function becomes dysregulated, lipotoxicity in other tissues can ensue. Fatty acids (FAs), the essential role of which is to serve as fuels and to form phospholipid bilayers and phospholipid messengers, are particularly damaging to nonadipose tissues when present in excess [4, 5]. The causes, mechanisms, and consequences of lipotoxicity are considered, with particular regard to the role of adipose tissue in lipotoxicity in other tissues and to possible reasons why adipose tissue is resistant to lipotoxicity.
On the Use of Accounting vs. Real Earnings Management to Meet Earnings Expectations - A Market Analysis

In this study we examine the extent to which accounting earnings management (AEM) and real earnings management (REM) differ in their impact on future operating performance and how the market rewards firms for meeting or beating analysts’ forecasts. We find that firms using REM exclusively to meet analysts' expectations outperform firms using AEM in the longer term and perform no worse than firms that meet without earnings management. We also find that the equity premium to meeting or beating analysts’ forecasts is significantly higher for firms that use REM to achieve this earnings target than for firms that use AEM. However, we find no difference in the premium for firms that use REM relative to firms that do not engage in earnings management. These findings suggest that REM possesses positive signaling effects about future firm performance.
A Review of Phage Therapy Against Bacterial Pathogens of Aquatic and Terrestrial Organisms

Since the discovery of bacteriophage in the early 1900s, there have been numerous attempts to exploit their innate ability to kill bacteria. The purpose of this report is to review current findings and new developments in phage therapy with an emphasis on bacterial diseases of marine organisms, humans, and plants. The body of evidence includes data from studies investigating bacteriophage in marine and land environments as modern antimicrobial agents against harmful bacteria. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of the topic of phage therapy, the use of phage-derived protein therapy, and the hosts that bacteriophage are currently being used against, with an emphasis on the uses of bacteriophage against marine, human, animal and plant pathogens.
Asymmetric regulation of quorum-sensing receptors drives autoinducer-specific gene expression programs in Vibrio cholerae

Quorum sensing (QS) is a mechanism of chemical communication that bacteria use to monitor cell-population density and coordinate group behaviors. QS relies on the production, detection, and group-wide response to extracellular signal molecules called autoinducers. Vibrio cholerae employs parallel QS circuits that converge into a shared signaling pathway. At high cell density, the CqsS and LuxPQ QS receptors detect the intra-genus and inter-species autoinducers CAI-1 and AI-2, respectively, to repress virulence factor production and biofilm formation. We show that positive feedback, mediated by the QS pathway, increases CqsS but not LuxQ levels during the transition into QS-mode, which amplifies the CAI-1 input into the pathway relative to the AI-2 input. Asymmetric feedback on CqsS enables responses exclusively to the CAI-1 autoinducer. Because CqsS exhibits the dominant QS signaling role in V. cholerae, agonism of CqsS with synthetic compounds could be used to control pathogenicity and host dispersal. We identify nine compounds that share no structural similarity to CAI-1, yet potently agonize CqsS via inhibition of CqsS autokinase activity.
DICE: A dual integrity convergent encryption protocol for client side secure data deduplication

Message Locked Encryption (MLE) provides a way to achieve deduplication of data over the cloud in a secured and efficient manner. Various cryptographic protocols that are variants of the MLE scheme have been introduced, but they are either vulnerable to poison attack or consume a large amount of bandwidth. We introduce a new client-side deduplication protocol, called DICE (Dual Integrity Convergent Encryption), in which we perform tag checking and send the hash instead of the entire message over the network, resulting in a reduction of communication and computation cost without any loss of security. Our strategy is secure against both the erasure and the duplicate-faking attacks (known as a poison attack when performed together). Comparative analysis with other existing strategies validate the efficacy of the proposed protocol.
The Dream of Bandung and the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

ABSTRACTFrom nuclear weapons testing to uranium mining and from the actual use of nuclear weapons to the mere threat of use, race, colonialism and nuclear weapons, all have been inextricably linked...
Impaired function of cerebral parenchymal arterioles in experimental preeclampsia.

Abstract Preeclampsia (PE), a dangerous hypertensive complication of pregnancy, is associated with widespread maternal vascular dysfunction. However, the effect of PE on the cerebral vasculature that can lead to stroke and cognitive decline is not well understood. We hypothesized that function of cortical parenchymal arterioles (PAs) would be impaired during PE. Using a high cholesterol diet to induce experimental PE in rats (ePE), we studied the function and structure of isolated and pressurized PAs supplying frontoparietal white matter (WM) tracts and cortex and compared to normal pregnant (Preg) and nonpregnant (Nonpreg) Sprague Dawley rats (n = 8/group). Myogenic reactivity and tone were similar between groups; however, constriction to intermediate-conductance calcium-activated potassium (IK) channel inhibition was diminished and dilation to inward-rectifying K + (K IR ) channel activation was impaired in PAs from ePE rats, suggesting altered ion channel function. Conducted vasodilation was significantly delayed in response to 12 mM KCl, but not 10 μM adenosine, in PAs from ePE rats versus Preg and Nonpreg rats (940 ± 300 ms vs. 70 ± 50 ms and 370 ± 90 ms; p
Issues, Definitions, and an Analytic Framework

Rapid population growth and limited world food supplies are universally recognized as two of the major global problems confronting mankind in this generation. The interdependence of population growth and food has been recognized since Malthus; however, the focus of interest has largely centered on nutrition and mortality. Only recently has it been recognized that nutrition can play a major role as a determinant of birth rates as well.
The so-called critical condition for polyelectrolyte-colloid complex formation

Complexes formed between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PE's) and either biological or abiotic colloid particles play a central role in such remarkably diverse areas as enzyme immobilization, protein purification, growth factor delivery, personal care products, food formulations and as precursors to coacervates and multilayers. Unlike PE adsorption on oppositely charged planar surfaces-also driven by electrostatics-PE-colloid complexes are often equilibrium states exhibiting reversible formation at a well-defined "critical" colloid surface charge density. We consider how the experimentally observed breadth of this transition, for three polyelectrolyte-colloid systems, is broadened-compared to theoretical expectations-due to (1) colloid (protein) charge anisotropy, (2) colloid (micelle) polydispersity, and (3) colloid (micelle) instability.
Temporal Changes in the Use of Drug-Eluting Stents for Patients With Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention From 2006 to 2008 Results From the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Supress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines (CRUSADE) and Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network–Get With The Guidelines (ACTION–GWTG) Registries

Background— The risks of late stent thrombosis with drug-eluting stents (DES) were intensely debated after the presentation of a number of studies highlighting this issue in September 2006. We evaluated trends in the use of DES for patients with non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from 2006 to 2008. Methods and Results— Temporal patterns of DES use were examined among non–ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients in the Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Supress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines (CRUSADE; January 2006 to December 2006) and Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network–Get With The Guidelines (ACTION–GWTG; January 2007 to June 2008) registries to determine how practice patterns changed for patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing PCI. Among the 54 662 patients analyzed, the percentage of patients undergoing PCI by quarter varied from 54% to 58% during ...
Object Storage for Deep Learning Frameworks

The advent of big datasets and high speed GPUs is fueling the growth in machine and deep learning techniques. In this paper we explore storing the training data in object storage and demonstrate how this can be done effectively while providing sufficient throughput to high performance GPUs.
Monitoring IoT Networks for Botnet Activity

The Internet of Things (IoT) has rapidly transitioned from a novelty to a common, and often critical, part of residential, business, and industrial environments. Security vulnerabilities and exploits in the IoT realm have been well documented. In many cases, improving the security of an IoT device by hardening its software is not a realistic option, especially in the cost-sensitive consumer market or in legacy-bound industrial settings. As part of a multifaceted defense against botnet activity on the IoT, this paper explores a method based on monitoring the network activity of IoT devices. A notable benefit of this approach is that it does not require any special access to the devices and adapts well to the addition of new devices. The method is evaluated on a publicly available dataset drawn from a real IoT network.
Epistemic Entitlements and the Practice of Computer Simulation

What does it mean to trust the results of a computer simulation? This paper argues that trust in simulations should be grounded in empirical evidence, good engineering practice, and established theoretical principles. Without these constraints, computer simulation risks becoming little more than speculation. We argue against two prominent positions in the epistemology of computer simulation and defend a conservative view that emphasizes the difference between the norms governing scientific investigation and those governing ordinary epistemic practices.
Dynamic Distribution Voltage Stability Control Using Distributed Energy Resources for Improved Resiliency

The main goal of this paper is to present the development and simulation of a new dynamic voltage stability control technique, with a focus on effective control and coordination of all available reactive power generation resources in a microgrid setting. Both power electronics and synchronous generator based distributed energy resources (DERs), and grid-supporting functions, are considered to accommodate a high penetration of diverse DERs and energy storage by using an enhanced microgrid voltage stabilizer. A systematic controller parameter synthesizing method is employed, and the overall dynamic voltage stability of the system is studied and evaluated with a time-domain dynamic simulation during emergency, hazard and disaster events. The results with the new approach show significant improvements and enhancements on the dynamic voltage profile of the distribution system, leading towards a more resilient grid system with high penetration of diverse DERs during emergency, hazard and disaster events.
Environmental Determinants of Chinese Development Finance in Africa

To what extent are decisions regarding Chinese investment in Africa motivated by environmental factors? A considerable body of work has examined the determinants of foreign aid among traditional do...
Ribosomal DNA and the Nucleolus as Keystones of Nuclear Architecture, Organization, and Function

The multicopy ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array gives origin to the nucleolus, a large nonmembrane-bound organelle that occupies a substantial volume within the cell nucleus. The rDNA/nucleolus has emerged as a coordinating hub in which seemingly disparate cellular functions converge, and from which a variety of cellular and organismal phenotypes emerge. However, the role of the nucleolus as a determinant and organizer of nuclear architecture and other epigenetic states of the genome is not well understood. We discuss the role of rDNA and the nucleolus in nuclear organization and function – from nucleolus-associated domains (NADs) to the regulation of imprinted loci and X chromosome inactivation, as well as rDNA contact maps that anchor and position the rDNA relative to the rest of the genome. The influence of the nucleolus on nuclear organization undoubtedly modulates diverse biological processes from metabolism to cell proliferation, genome-wide gene expression, maintenance of epigenetic states, and aging.
A Review of the Literature on the Global Epidemiology of Corneal Blindness

Purpose This study seeks to review published research on the global epidemiology of corneal blindness, with a specific focus on the available published estimates of incidence, prevalence, and trends in incidence or prevalence, as well as the contribution of corneal causes to overall burden of blindness. Methods A scoping review was conducted of the published literature on the global epidemiology of corneal blindness, with emphasis on prevalence and incidence studies. Four databases were searched using both epidemiological and corneal blindness keywords. This review was limited to studies with a primary aim of determining the incidence, prevalence, or trends in corneal blindness or the percentage of blindness due to corneal causes. Only conditions considered to signify current blindness were included, not diseases that eventually could lead to blindness if left untreated. Results A total of 185 articles met the selection criteria. Of these, 145 articles investigated all-cause blindness prevalence. Only 10 articles specifically aimed to determine estimates of corneal blindness prevalence, 7 articles provided results for all-cause blindness incidence, and no studies focused on obtaining corneal blindness incidence. Data on corneal blindness were most often present in studies investigating all-cause blindness and in trachoma studies. Conclusions The results demonstrate the somewhat inconsistent and fragmented information regarding corneal causes of vision loss. A significant outcome of this research is the demonstration of a need for further research into global corneal blindness and the necessary steps to address the problem.
Hypoxic Stress-Induced Serotonergic Stimulation Controls Hematopoietic Stem Cell Production Via the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Interrenal Axis and Glucocorticoid Signaling

There is increasing evidence that neuronal signals contribute to adult hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) production and maintenance; however, the mechanisms by which the central nervous system regulates HSCs and/or the HSC niche and its functional necessity during vertebrate HSC development remains unclear. Serotonin (5HT), a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone peripherally, was identified in a screen for HSC modulators in zebrafish. Exposure to 5HT or fluoxetine (5HT reuptake inhibitor) increased hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) formation in the zebrafish aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region as shown by runx1/cmyb in situ hybridization, and confirmed by FACS and qRT-PCR analysis (p tph2 reduction on HSCs, and not that of tph1 , were found to persist by 48 hpf (p tph2 -ablation model. Although the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) can contribute to HSC emergence, the effect of 5HT was independent of SNS function as shown using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce sympathetic nerve lesions. 5HT can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to cortisol production and activation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to mediate peripheral responses. Indeed, mRNA levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor , pro-opiomelanocortin ( pomc ) and nr3c1 (GR), as well as cortisol levels were increased in 5HT-treated embryos (p tph2 morphants (p rag2+ lymphoid progenitors. Further, epistasis analysis revealed the impact of 5HT or GR agonist on HSPCs was abrogated upon MO knockdown of GR, whereas GR agonist treatment rescued HSPC numbers in corticotropin-releasing hormone and pomc morphants (p 2 ) increased runx1 + HSPCs in the AGM; CoCl 2 exposure also elevated tph2 (but not tph1 ) and HPI axis gene expression and total cortisol production (p 2 stimulation on AGM HSPCs is blocked in tph2 morphants (p Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.