cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Albumin-linked prostate-specific antigen-activated thapsigargin- and niclosamide-based molecular grenades targeting the microenvironment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Localized prostate cancer is curable via annihilation of the entire cancer neighborhood by surgery or local radiation. Unfortunately, once metastatic, no available therapy is curative. The vast majority will die despite aggressive systemic combinational androgen-ablation therapies. Thus, there is an urgent need for effective systemic therapeutics that sterilize the entire microenvironment in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To accomplish this goal, advantage can be taken of the unique biology of mCRPC cells. Like their normal cell of origin, mCRPCs retain expression of the prostate-specific differentiation protein, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which they abundantly secrete into their extracellular fluid (ECF). This unique, and essentially universal, secretion of enzymatically active PSA into the ECF by mCRPCs creates an exploitable therapeutic index for activation of systemically delivered highly lipophilic toxins as "molecular grenades" covalently linked to cysteine-34 of human serum albumin (HSA) via a stable maleimide containing PSA cleavable peptide such that PSA-dependent hydrolysis (i.e., "detonation") releases the grenades restrictively within the ECF of mCRPC. This approach decreases dose-limiting host toxicity while enhancing plasma half-life from minutes to days (i.e., pharmacokinetic effect) and increasing the tissue concentration of the maleimide coupled albumin delivery (MAD) in the ECF at sites of cancer due to the enhanced permeability of albumin at these sites (i.e., enhanced permeability and retention effect). This allows the MAD-PSA detonated grenades to circulate throughout the body in a non-toxic form. Only within sites of mCRPC is there a sufficiently high level of enzymatically active PSA to efficiently "pull the pin" on the grenades releasing their lipophilic cell-penetrant toxins from HSA. Thus, if a sufficient level of "detonation" occurs, this will kill mCRPC cells, and sterilize the entire PSA-rich metastatic sites via a bystander effect. In this review, two examples of such MAD-PSA detonated molecular grenades are presented-one based upon thapsigagin and the other on niclosamide.
The role of co-occurring intimate partner violence, alcohol use, drug use, and depressive symptoms on disciplinary practices of mothers involved with child welfare.

Abstract Background Evidence suggests intimate partner violence (IPV), substance use, and depression adversely affect the disciplinary practices of caregivers involved with child welfare; however, it remains uncertain whether the combined effects of these conditions are syndemic. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the (1) associations between IPV, problematic drug use, problematic alcohol use, and depressive symptoms and self-reported disciplinary practices among a sample of mothers with child welfare contact; and (2) effect of co-occurrence of these conditions on child disciplinary practices. Participants and setting We used data from the second cohort of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II). The analysis focused on 965 biological mothers with children who were subjects of child abuse/neglect investigations between February 2008 and April 2009 in the United States. Method We conducted multiple linear regression analyses. Results Our findings showed that IPV (B = .28; 95% CI = [.04, .53]) and depressive symptoms (B = .27; 95% CI = [.03, .52]) were independently associated with psychologically aggressive disciplinary practices. Also, IPV was independently associated with physically aggressive disciplinary practices (B = .64; 95% CI = [.18, 1.11]); and IPV (B = .21; 95% CI = [.06, .35]) and depressive symptoms (B = .22; 95% CI = [.07, .37]) were independently associated with neglectful parenting strategies. A significant effect was found for the interaction between problematic drug use and depressive symptoms with physically aggressive practices as the outcome. As the number of conditions caregivers had increased, so did their propensity for self-reporting each of the disciplinary practices (p Conclusions The findings highlight the need for using a more holistic/multidisciplinary approach to child maltreatment prevention research, policy, and intervention.
A Compact Microwave Camera Based on Chaotic Excitation Synthetic-Aperture Radar

In this paper, we introduce a compact microwave camera based on a new synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imaging methodology with potential applications encompassing nondestructive testing (NDT) and security. The imaging methodology defined as chaotic excitation SAR (CESAR) was developed specifically for microwave cameras, where all antennas irradiate a target simultaneously instead of traditional sequential irradiation. The benefit of CESAR is a significant reduction in required RF hardware that is otherwise critical to previous system designs. However, the tradeoff is a degradation of image quality that can be tolerated in some applications. The microwave camera developed for this paper operates in the 23–25 GHz frequency range and is composed of 64 rectangular slot antennas fed with a two-stage power divider network. The divider network is composed of a corporate feed waveguide network and cavity dividers. The camera generates a pseudoplane wave with ~7 dB and 35° of variation in magnitude and phase (compared with a plane wave), respectively. The well-known $\omega $ - $k$ SAR algorithm was consequently modified to properly focus images with the new imaging methodology. The experimental imaging results were produced for flaws in polylactic acid and metallic object feature detection, highlighting the camera’s suitability for NDT and security applications.
Potential KPC-2 carbapenemase reservoir of environmental Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae isolates from the effluent of an urban wastewater treatment plant in Japan

Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae adapt to saline water environments and are the most predominant Aeromonas species isolated from estuaries. Here, we isolated antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Aeromonas strains (A. hydrophila GSH8-2 and A. caviae GSH8M-1) carrying the carabapenemase blaKPC-2 gene from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent in Tokyo Bay (Japan) and determined their complete genome sequences. GSH8-2 and GSH8M-1 were classified as newly assigned sequence types ST558 and ST13, suggesting no supportive evidence of clonal dissemination. The strains appear to have acquired blaKPC-2 -positive IncP-6-relative plasmids (pGSH8-2 and pGSH8M-1-2) that share a common backbone with plasmids in Aeromonas sp. ASNIH3 isolated from hospital wastewater in the United States, A. hydrophila WCHAH045096 isolated from sewage in China, other clinical isolates (Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Escherichia coli), and wastewater isolates (Citrobacter, Pseudomonas and other Aeromonas spp.). In addition to blaKPC-2 , pGSH8M-1-2 carries an IS26-mediated composite transposon including a macrolide resistance gene, mph(A). Although Aeromonas species are opportunistic pathogens, they could serve as potential environmental reservoir bacteria for carbapenemase and AMR genes. AMR monitoring from WWTP effluents will contribute to the detection of ongoing AMR dissemination in the environment and might provide an early warning of potential dissemination in clinical settings and communities.
CXCR4 mutation subtypes impact response and survival outcomes in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia treated with ibrutinib.

Ibrutinib is associated with response rate of 90% and median progression-free survival (PFS) in excess of 5 years in Waldenstrom macroglobulinaemia (WM) patients. CXCR4 mutations are detected in 30-40% of patients with WM and associate with lower rates of response and shorter PFS to ibrutinib therapy. Both frameshift (CXCR4FS ) and nonsense (CXCR4NS ) CXCR4 mutations have been described. The impact of these mutations on outcomes to ibrutinib have not been evaluated in WM patients. We studied consecutive patients with a diagnosis of WM, on ibrutinib therapy, for the presence of CXCR4FS and CXCR4NS mutations and evaluated the differences in response and PFS between groups. Of 180 patients, 68 patients (38%) had CXCR4 mutations; 49 (27%) had CXCR4NS and 19 (11%) had CXCR4FS mutations. In multivariate models, patients with CXCR4NS had lower odds of major response (Odds ratio 0·25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·12-0·53; P < 0·001) and worse PFS (Hazard ratio 4·02, 95% CI 1·95-8·26; P < 0·001) than patients without CXCR4 mutations. CXCR4FS was not associated with worse major response or PFS rates than patients without CXCR4 mutations. Our results suggest different response and PFS rates to ibrutinib for WM patients with CXCR4NS and CXCR4FS , and advocate in favour of CXCR4 mutational testing as well as CXCR4-directed therapy.
Robust lineage reconstruction from high-dimensional single-cell data

Single-cell gene expression data provide invaluable resources for systematic characterization of cellular hierarchy in multi-cellular organisms. However, cell lineage reconstruction is still often associated with significant uncertainty due to technological constraints. Such uncertainties have not been taken into account in current methods. We present ECLAIR (Ensemble Cell Lineage Analysis with Improved Robustness), a novel computational method for the statistical inference of cell lineage relationships from single-cell gene expression data. ECLAIR uses an ensemble approach to improve the robustness of lineage predictions, and provides a quantitative estimate of the uncertainty of lineage branchings. We show that the application of ECLAIR to published datasets successfully reconstructs known lineage relationships and significantly improves the robustness of predictions. ECLAIR is a powerful bioinformatics tool for single-cell data analysis. It can be used for robust lineage reconstruction with quantitative estimate of prediction accuracy.
Scalable linear algebra on a relational database system

As data analytics has become an important application for modern data management systems, a new category of data management system has appeared recently: the scalable linear algebra system. We argue that a parallel or distributed database system is actually an excellent platform upon which to build such functionality. Most relational systems already have support for cost-based optimization---which is vital to scaling linear algebra computations---and it is well known how to make relational systems scalable. We show that by making just a few changes to a parallel/distributed relational database system, such a system can become a competitive platform for scalable linear algebra. Taken together, our results should at least raise the possibility that brand new systems designed from the ground up to support scalable linear algebra are not absolutely necessary, and that such systems could instead be built on top of existing relational technology.
Identification of ultrasound imaging markers to quantify long bone regeneration in a segmental tibial defect sheep model in vivo

The healing of large bone defects has been investigated for decades due to its complexity and clinical relevance. Ultrasound (US) methods have shown promise in monitoring bone healing, but no quantitative method to assess regenerated bone morphology in US images has been presented yet. In this study, we investigate new US morphometric parameters to quantify bone regeneration in vivo. A segmental tibial defect was surgically created and stabilized in a sheep animal model. US and computed tomography (CT) imaging data were collected two months post-surgery. New bone was assessed, reconstructed and quantified from the US and CT data using 3 morphometric parameters: the new-bone bulk (NBB), new-bone surface (NBS) and new-bone contact (NBC). The distance (mm) between surface reconstructions from repeated US was [Formula: see text] and from US and CT was [Formula: see text]. In the mid-shaft of the defected tibia, US measurements of NBB, NBS and NBC were significantly higher than the corresponding CT measurements ([Formula: see text]). Based on our results, we conclude that US may complement CT to reconstruct and quantify bone regrowth, especially in its early stages.
Knowledge for the elites, competencies for the masses: political theatre of educational reforms in the Russian Federation

International organisations facilitated the spread of competency-based reforms around the world. Accepting at face value correlations between students’ performance on international assessments, suc...
Exploitation of Earth Observations: OGC Contributions to GRSS Earth Science Informatics

Exploitation unleashes the value of Earth Observations. OGC, IEEE GRSS, and other communities work in coordination to define standards and community practices for advancing EO Exploitation. This paper provides a summary of OGC activities in the development of platforms, applications and open standards for EO Exploitation. A key example is the use of OGC exploitation platform for application of Machine Learning to EO Data.
Surface Disinfection using Ultraviolet Lightwith a Mobile Manipulation Robot

Robots are being increasingly used in the fight against highly-infectious diseases such as Ebola, MERS, and SARS-COV-2. Many of the robots that are being used employ ultraviolet lights mounted on a mobile base to inactivate the pathogens. However, these lights are often mounted in a fixed configuration and do not provide adequate decontamination of horizontal surfaces, which can be a major source of cross-contamination. In the paper, we describe the design, implementation, and testing of an Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) system implemented on a mobile manipulation robot. A human supervisor designates a surface for disinfection, the robot autonomously plans and executes an end-effector trajectory to disinfect the surface to the required certainty, and then displays the results for the human supervisor to verify. We also provide some background information on UVGI and describe how we constructed and validated mathematical models of Ultraviolet (UV) radiation propagation and accumulation. Finally, we describe our implementation on a Fetch mobile manipulation platform, and discuss how the practicalities of implementation on a real robot affect our models.
Evaluations of the sum-score-based and item response theory-based tests of group mean differences under various simulation conditions:

The use of patient-reported outcomes measures is gaining popularity in clinical trials for comparing patient groups. Such comparisons typically focus on the differences in group means and are carried out using either a traditional sum-score-based approach or item response theory (IRT)-based approaches. Several simulation studies have evaluated different group mean comparison approaches in the past, but the performance of these approaches remained unknown under certain uninvestigated conditions (e.g. under the impact of differential item functioning (DIF)). By incorporating some of the uninvestigated simulation features, the current study examines Type I error, statistical power, and effect size estimation accuracy associated with group mean comparisons using simple sum scores, IRT model likelihood ratio tests, and IRT expected-a-posteriori scores. Manipulated features include sample size per group, number of items, number of response categories, strength of discrimination parameters, location of thresholds, impact of DIF, and presence of missing data. Results are summarized and visualized using decision trees.
Characteristics and significance of the polyadenylate sequence in mammalian messenger RNA.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that the poly (A) segment in mRNA provides a dramatic example of an accessory polynucleotide sequence that is clearly not involved in the primary function of the RNA chain. All RNA types seem to possess extra sequences of this kind. The precursor molecules to ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA and transfer RNA also contain large polynucleotide segments that are eliminated during the maturation process. The unique thing about poly (A) segment is that it represents a homopolymeric sequence and that its size is subject to variation. This segment provides a highly specialized structure that identifies a class of RNA in the cell. It does not allow for any diversity to permit discrimination between different species of mRNA. This type of sequence is useful to the biochemist, as it permits the detection and isolation of a unique RNA class. It is presumably also useful to the cell, although its precise function remains elusive. Further studies will reveal a variety of regulatory functions for the accessory polynucleotide sequences in the cell.
Improvisation as Tool and Intention: Organizational Practices in Laptop Orchestras and Their Effect on Personal Musical Approaches

Improvisation is a practice as old as music; the laptop orchestra possibly the newest of ensembles. How can this ancient practice and this ultra-modern ensemble intersect? How does technology affect the way music is organized? How does such musical organization affect the performers? This paper looks at the variety of improvisational practices in laptop orchestras and ensembles using the repertoire of the Laptop Orchestra of Louisiana (of which I am a member) as a starting point. Laptop orchestras have developed out of musical situations rooted in the Western European classical tradition (and its experimental fringe). Although this tradition has lost much of its connection to improvisation, the rise of laptop orchestras has (re)introduced improvisation as a fertile musical practice. This paper will consider how practicing improvisation has affected the musical outlook of members of these ensembles. Five pieces from the repertoire of the Laptop Orchestra of Louisiana (LOLs) serve as case studies for exploring improvisation as an organizational practice. We see how improvisation is used as a tool to facilitate the discovery and development of new instruments, and to address local content in situations where a commonly understood system of notation does not exist. We also see how improvisation becomes the intention of other musical settings. These findings are reinforced by a survey of leaders of other laptop orchestras. The last century of traditional academic performance studies has not privileged improvisation in a significant way; therefore, many musicians participating in laptop orchestras are new to improvisation, or even biased against it. Interviews with some of these musicians show how their experiences have changed their attitudes and approaches towards improvisation. Through these perspectives, one can see how technological constraints and aesthetic ideals interact to create a variety of organizational approaches for laptop orchestras, and how these approaches in turn affect the musical lives of the participants. While these ensembles will not likely cause improvisation to become a dominant mode of operation in academic music, they constitute another step in the continued development of improvisation as a respected and sanctioned musical practice.
The CXC chemokine cCAF stimulates precocious deposition of ECM molecules by wound fibroblasts, accelerating development of granulation tissue

During wound repair, fibroblasts orchestrate replacement of the provisional matrix formed during clotting with tenascin, cellular fibronectin and collagen III. These, in turn, are critical for migration of endothelial cells, keratinocytes and additional fibroblasts into the wound site. Fibroblasts are also important in the deposition of collagen I during scar formation. The CXC chemokine chicken Chemotactic and Angiogenic Factor (cCAF), is highly expressed by fibroblasts after wounding and during development of the granulation tissue, especially in areas where extracellular matrix (ECM) is abundant. We hypothesized that cCAF stimulates fibroblasts to produce these matrix molecules. Here we show that this chemokine can stimulate precocious deposition of tenascin, fibronectin and collagen I, but not collagen III. Studies in culture and in vivo show that tenascin stimulation can also be achieved by the N-terminal 15 aas of the protein and occurs at the level of gene expression. In contrast, stimulation of fibronectin and collagen I both require the entire molecule and do not involve changes in gene expression. Fibronectin accumulation appears to be linked to tenascin production, and collagen I to decreased MMP-1 levels. In addition, cCAF is chemotactic for fibroblasts and accelerates their migration. These previously unknown functions for chemokines suggest that cCAF, the chicken orthologue of human IL-8, enhances healing by rapidly chemoattracting fibroblasts into the wound site and stimulating them to produce ECM molecules, leading to precocious development of granulation tissue. This acceleration of the repair process may have important application to healing of impaired wounds.
A study to determine the most effective training method for increasing oxygen prescription rates in a district general hospital

Introduction: As per the British Thoracic Society (BTS) Guidelines for Emergency Oxygen Use 1 implementation of oxygen prescribing polices require regular training programmes for all clinical staff in the safe use of oxygen. We wanted to implement a mandatory training package within the trust aimed at improving oxygen prescribing. To ensure the content was highly effective prior to implementation we compared the impact of on-line vs face-to-face training on oxygen prescription rates. Methods: Prescribing data was collected on all patients receiving oxygen therapy: 1) Before training 2) After on-line training 3) After face–to-face training Results: Both methods significantly improved oxygen prescribing rates (p=0.000). Face-to-face training increased oxygen prescribing more than online training by 12%. Conclusion: Training face-to-face is the most effective method at increasing oxygen prescribing. Resources mean that face-to-face training is limited in comparison to on-line training which is freely accessible to all. We concluded that the most effective way to improve oxygen prescribing within the trust was to combine both forms of training within our educational package. 1. British Thoracic Society (2008), Guideline for Emergency Oxygen Use in Adult Patients, Thorax ; vol. 63; supplement VI.
Quantum lattice-gas model of spinor superfluids

Spinor Bose Einstein Condensates are intriguing because of their vast range of different topological vortices. These states occur when a BEC gas is trapped in an optical lattice rather than in a magnetic well (which would result in scalar BEC vortices). A spinor BEC states also occur in a quantum gas when several hyperfine states of the atom co-exist in the same trap. A unitary quantum lattice algorithm that is ideally parallelized to all available processors is used to solve the evolution of non-eigenstate Skyrmions in a coupled BEC system. The incompressible kinetic energy spectrum of the inner quantum vortex ring core rapidly deviates from the k -3 spectrum found in the evolution of scalar BECs.
Imaging Spectroscopy without a Spectrometer

Imaging spectroscopy implies a trade-off between spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution. We present a technique that allows for dynamic adjustment of the spectral-spatial trade-off with snapshot measurements.
Complementarity in the double-slit experiment: Quantum nonseparability and a quantitative statement of Bohr's principle

A detailed analysis of Einstein's version of the double-slit experiment, in which one tries to observe both wave and particle properties of light, is performed. Quantum nonseparability appears in the derivation of the interference pattern, which proves to be surprisingly sharp even when the trajectories of the photons have been determined with fairly high accuracy. An information-theoretic approach to this problem leads to a quantitative formulation of Bohr's complementarity principle for the case of the double-slit experiment. A practically realizable version of this experiment, to which the above analysis applies, is proposed.
Stereotypy of agonistic movements in the spider crab Microphrys bicornutus.

Cine films of the movements of the spider crab Microphrys bicurnulus during walking, feeding, and agonistic interactions were analyzed. 1. The variability in final position of ambulatory leg movements (displays) executed during agonistic interactions was significantly less (F = 2.29, p < 0.05) than the variability in final leg position during walking. 2. The variability in final position of cheliped movements (displays) executed during agonistic interactions was significantly less (F = 2.21, p < 0.05) than the variability in final cheliped position during feeding. 3. There was no significant decrease in temporal variability between non-display and display movements.
Metal matrix composites microfracture - Computational simulation

Fiber/matrix fracture and fiber-matrix interface debonding in a metal matrix composite (MMC) are computationally simulated. These simulations are part of a research activity to develop computational methods for microfracture, microfracture propagation and fracture toughness of the metal matrix composites. The three-dimensional finite element model used in the simulation consists of a group of nine unidirectional fibers in three by three unit cell array of SiC/Ti15 metal matrix composite with a fiber volume ration of 0.35. This computational procedure is used to predict the fracture process and establish the hierarchy of fracture modes based on strain energy release rate. It is also used to predict stress redistribution to surrounding matrix-fibers due to initial and progressive fracture of fiber/matrix and due to debonding of fiber-matrix interface. Microfracture results for various loading cases such as longitudinal, transverse, shear and bending are presented and discussed. Step-by-step procedures are outlined to evaluate composite microfracture for a given composite system.
Ascorbic acid deficiency and the flavin-containing monooxygenase

Abstract Activity of the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) was reduced significantly in ascorbic acid deficient guinea pigs. Reduction in oxidation of dimethylaniline (DMA) and of thiobenzamide was associated with a decrease in the activity of the FMO. In both ascorbate supplemented and deficient guinea pig hepatic 12,000 g supernatant fractions, SKF-525A and n-octylamine did not inhibit DMA N-oxidation. Phenobarbital pretreatment did not increase the rate of N-oxidation of DMA. In addition, hepatic supernatant fractions thermally treated at 50° were unable to N-oxidize DMA, but 80% of the cytochrome P-450 activity was retained. Also, N-oxidation of DMA was reduced by 53% at pH 7.0, while oxidation of cytochrome P-450 specific substrates was inhibited by only 19%. Kinetic studies of DMA N-oxidation indicate no significant change in the apparent Km in ascorbate supplemented or deficient animals. The in vitro addition of ascorbic acid had no effect on the activity of the FMO. The toxicological implications of the reduction in FMO activity in ascorbic acid deficiency are discussed.
MORTALITY OF MODERN LANGUAGE STUDENTS: ITS CAUSES AND PREVENTION*

Author's summary.— In this investigation we have aimed to present a clinical study of the causes of scholarship mortality in modern languages and its prevention by a more scientific procedure. Our findings warrant our recommending the use of intelligence, placement, and achievement tests, personal guidance, grouping into upper and lower sections, the employment of a method with attainable objectives, small beginning classes and larger succeeding ones, and the sifting, winnowing, and rewarding of teachers.
Development and Application of the River Values Assessment System for Ranking New Zealand River Values

In New Zealand and elsewhere no system has existed for objectively ranking the relative importance of different use (e.g., irrigation and hydro electric power) and non-use (e.g., whitewater kayaking, recreational angling, native birdlife) river values. Development of such a system would provide an opportunity for improved policies and rules around water and river use, development and conservation opportunities, and for understanding tradeoffs when competing and overlapping demands are placed on the same resource. In this paper the River Values Assessment System (RiVAS), a Multi Criteria Analysis based approach, is described and demonstrated by application to the salmonid angling value (and in a more limited way to swimming) in Tasman District rivers of the South Island, New Zealand. The system has 10 steps, and a decision support system which finally helps decide the national, regional or local (or high, medium or low) importance or significance of rivers for particular values. As with any MCA approach there is a wide range of limitations all of which are addressed, and none of which are ultimately fatally detrimental to the system.
Causal essentialism in kinds.

The current study examines causal essentialism, derived from psychological essentialism of concepts. We examine whether people believe that members of a category share some underlying essence that is both necessary and sufficient for category membership and that also causes surface features. The main claim is that causal essentialism is restricted to categories that correspond to our intuitive notions of existing kinds and hence is more attenuated for categories that are based on arbitrary criteria. Experiments 1 and 3 found that people overtly endorse causal essences in nonarbitrary kinds but are less likely to do so for arbitrary categories. Experiments 2 and 4 found that people were more willing to generalize a member's known causal relations (or lack thereof) when dealing with a kind than when dealing with an arbitrary category. These differences between kinds and arbitrary categories were found across various domains—not only for categories of living things, but also for artefacts. These findings hav...
Adolescent Perceptions of Appropriate Parental Reactions in Moral and Conventional Social Domains

Research suggests that adolescents' ratings of the appropriateness of parental reactions are influenced by several constructs, including adolescents' perceptions of the type of parental re- action, the emotions felt by the adolescent and parental intentions. However, little is known regard- ing how these constructs are differentially predictive of appropriateness in different socialization contexts. One hundred and twenty-two adolescents (mean age = 16.87 years) answered questions regarding past situations in antisocial and prosocial contexts, and in moral and conventional do- mains. Different parental reactions were reported across moral and conventional domains. In ad- dition, the appropriateness of parental responses varied across domain. Namely, in antisocial con- texts, parental responses of yelling and punishing were seen as more appropriate in moral than conventional domains. In prosocial contexts, no action from the parent was seen as less appropri- ate in conventional than moral domains. In addition, adolescents' perceptions were more strongly associated with adolescents' ratings of appropriateness in conventional than moral social domains. These findings highlight the importance of considering both moral context and social domain when examining adolescents' perceptions of appropriate parental reactions and internalization of values.
Motion economy analysis for robotic kitting tasks

Motion economy principles for robots provide important design guidelines to optimize performance in robotic workcells. This work compares two different modes of motion through component part bins for a kitting task. By applying graphic simulation, an extensive analysis and evaluation was conducted for ten different robots in four classes and three group sizes for 27 different bin locations (positions and orientations). Several conclusive motion economy principles related to robot motions and workplace design were derived.
Dynamics of Parallel Strike‐Slip Faults with Pore Fluid Pressure Change and Off‐Fault Damage

We use a 2D finite‐element program to investigate how effects of time‐dependent pore pressure and off‐fault damage in the form of plastic yielding could affect earthquake rupture on parallel strike‐slip faults with a stepover. From single‐fault tests, we find that the positive Coulomb stress (PCS) region at the end of the first fault controls the rupture initiation time and location on the second fault. Plastic deformation could significantly reduce the effective normal stress and adjust the shear stress in a specific direction, resulting in a narrowband with PCS in a dilatational stepover favoring the initiation of rupture. For a compressive stepover, the effect of plastic deformation is less obvious and the crescent‐shaped PCS region triggers rupture initiation on the second fault. The undrained pore pressure increases the effective normal stress in a dilatational stepover, which significantly reduces the jumping ability of rupture. When both undrained pore pressure and significant off‐fault damage are present, the effect of undrained pore pressure dominates in the dilatational stepover, whereas plastic deformation in the compressive stepover slightly reduces the maximum jumpable width.
Electronics manufacturing in 2020: A national technological university management of technology mini-Delphi

Abstract A Delphi study projects a series of critical changes in electronics manufacturing over the coming quarter-century. These changes imply a need for early planning to adapt production processes to altered materials, integrated products, environmentally conscious processes, different applications, and a markedly different workforce.
Influence of inhibitors of energy metabolism on the formation of Golgi bodies in amebae

Abstract Metabolic requirements for the formation of Golgi bodies were studied by exposing renucleated amebae to different metabolic inhibitors. Golgi bodies decline in size and number in enucleated amebae. They are regenerated and increase rapidly in size and number following the transplantation of a new nucleus into cells previously enucleated for 5 days. The size and number of Golgi bodies formed in untreated renucleates was compared with those formed in the presence of an inhibitor in samples of cells fixed 6 and 24 h after operation. Cyanide and dinitrophenol were used to inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and fluoride was utilized as an inhibitor of glycolysis. The formation of Golgi bodies was decreased in the presence of cyanide and dinitrophenol. This inhibition of Golgi formation was reversible after 6 h in the inhibitor by removing the cells to normal ameba medium. In most experiments, fluoride was less effective in suppressing the formation of Golgi bodies than the inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. The results indicate that the formation of Golgi bodies is an energy-requiring process. They suggest that oxidative phosphorylation carried out in mitochondria is an important source of the necessary high energy compounds. Data on the survival of unmanipulated amebae in these inhibitors is also recorded.
A moment method for determining isotropic g values from powder EPR spectra

Abstract It is shown that the first moment of a powder EPR absorption spectrum calculated about g iso (=(1/3) Tr g ) is zero, subject to certain approximations. This permits characterization of an unknown paramagnetic species by means of the rotationally invariant quantity g iso . The crossover of the first derivative, which has often been used to characterize a sample, is unreliable since it is not a spectroscopic invariant. If two of the three g values of a g matrix are known from the positions of high and low field extrema, this moment theorem permits determination of the third. Errors arising from the approximations in the proof are analyzed and found to be small. For a nitroxide spin label, the moment analysis yields a value of g iso that differs from its true value by less than 0.0001, whereas for Cu 2+ and Co 2+ , which have larger anisotropies, the differences are somewhat larger, viz., ∼0.002 and 0.001, respectively.
Measuring ambient particulate matter in three cities in Cameroon, Africa

Abstract This is the first study of particulate matter (PM) air pollution in Cameroon. In this study, mass concentration and PM size fractions as well as carbonaceous contribution to PM are measured in Bafoussam, Bamenda, and Yaounde, Cameroon. Average concentrations in Bafoussam, Bamenda, and Yaounde of PM 2.5 are 67 ± 14, 132 ± 64, and 49 ± 12 μg/m 3 and PM 10 are 105 ± 29, 141 ± 107, and 65 ± 21 μg/m 3 , respectively. Daytime levels of PM 2.5 and PM 10 are seen to be higher than nighttime levels in all cities except Bamenda where nighttime levels are higher for both PM sizes. In Bafoussam, the average PM 1.0 particle number concentration during the day is 19,800 pt/cc and during the evening is 15,200 pt/cc. PM 2.5 /PM 10 mass ratios are 0.65 ± 0.05, 0.75 ± 0.05, and 0.78 ± 0.09 for Bafoussam, Bamenda, and Yaounde, respectively. Elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) contribution to PM 2.5 in Bafoussam, Bamenda, and Yaounde are 3.9%, 2.9% and 12% for EC and 17.7%, 23.6%, and 34.2% for OC, respectively. After conducting spatial variability of PM mass concentration and size fractionation sampling at various locations within each of the three cities, we find that PM 2.5 averages are highest during commercial meal preparation in Bafoussam (684 ± 546 μg/m 3 ), and on the road in Bamenda (417 ± 113 μg/m 3 ) and Yaounde (110 ± 57 μg/m 3 ). Additional air quality research in Central and West Africa is necessary to begin implementing policy steps that influence change and to advocate for improved health conditions in this rapidly expanding region of the world.
Hyposmolarity stimulates myeloperoxidase exocytosis from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

ABSTRACT Medium hyposmolarity induced in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes treated with cytochalasin B a rapid exocytosis of the lysosomal enzyme, myeloperoxidase (MPO), which was linearly proportional to the degree of hyposmolarity between a 5 and 30% decrease (r = 0.92, p
Inhibition of Adrenocorticotropin Secretion by Somatostatin in Pituitary Cells in Culture

AtT20/Dl6v is a clonal strain of mouse pituitary tumor cells which synthesizes and secretes ACTH. Somatostatin, a hypothalamic tetradecapeptide, has been shown to inhibit the release of PRL, GH, and TSH from the pituitary gland. We have characterized specific binding sites for somatostatin on AtT20/ Dl6v cells and demonstrate that somatostatin inhibits stimulated ACTH release by these cells. Equilibrium binding studies with [125I-Tyr'Jsomatostatin showed the presence of a single class of noninteracting binding sites on AtT20–D16v cells. Halfmaximal binding of somatostatin occurred at 1.7 × 10-9 M, and there were 26,300 binding sites/cell. The binding of [125I-Tyr1] somatostatin was not significantly inhibited by the hypothalamic peptides TRH, LHRH, and substance P. Somatostatin had no consistent effect on basal ACTH secretion by AtT20/ Dl6v cells, but it inhibited ACTH secretion stimulated with either 50 mM KC1 or a hypothalamic extract. Half-maximal inhibition occurred with 4 × 10-10 M somatostatin. TRH,...
An Opportunistic Infection Associated With Ruxolitinib, a Novel Janus Kinase 1,2 Inhibitor

We report a case of Cryptococcus neoformans pneumonia in a patient taking ruxolitinib, a janus kinase 1,2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis. We hypothesize that ruxolitinib contributed to this infection through its effects on cell-mediated immunity. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for intracellular or opportunistic infections associated with this novel drug class.
Thioredoxin Reductase Activity Is Decreased by Selenium Deficiency

Animal thioredoxin reductase is a selenoprotein. In this study, thioredoxin reductase activities in liver, kidney, and brain have been compared in rats fed selenium-deficient and control diets for 14 weeks following weaning. Selenium deficiency caused a decrease in thioredoxin reductase activity from control to 4.5% in liver and 11% in kidney. However, brain thioredoxin reductase activity was not affected by selenium deficiency of this severity. Gold inhibited thioredoxin reductase activity in the liver in a manner typical of its effect on selenoenzymes. Repletion of selenium-deficient rats with injections of selenium caused thioredoxin reductase activity to increase more rapidly in the liver than glutathione peroxidase activity but more slowly than selenoprotein P. These results indicate that thioredoxin reductase activity in liver and kidney is sensitive to selenium nutritional status but that brain thioredoxin reductase activity is less sensitive.
Studies of human IgE to a sulfonamide determinant.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that patients who experience immediate hypersensitivity reactions to sulfonamides (SM) express IgE that can bind to a N 4 -sulfonamidoyl determinant (N 4 -SM). Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was coupled to CNBr-activated cellulose disks to form a matrix predominantly substituted with isourea-linked N 4 -SMX determinants. After incubation of human sera with these disks or bovine serum albumin substituted disks as a control, the binding of IgE was assessed with 125 I-labeled antihuman IgE. The binding ratios (counts per minute SMX disks per counts per minute bovine serum albumin disks) for sera from nonallergic donors and newborn infants averaged 1.11 (± 0.21 SD). Sera from 10 patients with histories of apparent immediate hypersensitivity reactions to SM were studied. Ratios ⩾2.1 (> 4 SD above control) were detected in 70% (seven of 10). Significant binding was detected in the sera of three of seven patients with other forms of SM allergy. Preincubation with SMX (80 mmol/L) inhibited binding 7% to 35% in eight of the 10 positive sera tested. Binding of one highly reactive serum was significantly inhibited by SMX, sulfamethizole, and sulfamerazine, but not sulfanilic acid or trimethoprim. The results of this study suggest that N 4 -SM is a major determinant recognized by IgE to SM and that an in vitro assay capable of detecting IgE to SM has been developed.
Two Point Discrimination of Subcortical Electrical Stimulation

LOUCKS first showed that electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortical surface could serve as a conditioned stimulus in a behavioural situation1. A number of workers have been concerned with this issue since the original findings2–4. It is now well established that stimulation of subcortical as well as cortical sites can serve as conditioned stimuli. Of particular interest is the fact that when a stimulus has been established, very limited primary generalization to brain sites other than the conditioned site occurs5. For example, if a stimulus applied to the head of the caudate nucleus is used as the conditioned stimulus, generalization is found only in homotopic contralateral caudate sites and in nearby points in the same structure4.
Efficacy and tolerability of a new formulation of sodium phosphate tablets (INKP-101), and a reduced sodium phosphate dose, in colon cleansing: a single-center open-label pilot trial.

Summary Background : The tablet form of sodium phosphate for bowel preparation for colonoscopy contains microcrystalline cellulose. This inactive ingredient produces a residue that obscures mucosal visualization and is time-consuming to remove during colonoscopy. Aim : To perform an open-label study of efficacy and tolerability of a modified formulation with microcrystalline cellulose reduced by 50% (code named INKP-101) and a lower total dose of sodium phosphate. Methods : Patients scheduled for colonoscopy self-administered 28 INKP-101 tablets (42 g sodium phosphate). Colon cleansing efficacy was evaluated using a standard 4-point scoring system and the amount of microcrystalline cellulose present and time spent removing it using an 8-point scale. Results : A total of 31 patients were screened and enrolled. Thirty patients had a colonoscopy and were evaluated for colon cleansing efficacy. Overall colon cleansing was rated as excellent and good in 90% and 10% of patients respectively. About 77% of patients had microcrystalline cellulose scores of 2 or 3 (corresponding to <1 or 1–2 min spent removing microcrystalline cellulose, respectively). The drug was well-tolerated and adverse events were generally benign. Conclusion : A new formulation of sodium phosphate with reduced microcrystalline cellulose and a lower total dose of sodium phosphate was effective for colonoscopy and well-tolerated.
Holography and education in the United States

Among the many uses of holography, the most frequently lauded are display, interferometry, HOE, and a myriad of other technical applications. Seldom mentioned is its important contribution to culture and education, the theme of this conference. Herein we wish to argue a case for holography in culture and education, and detail the steps we have taken to implement it to a broad spectrum of the U. S. public over the last twenty years. With the consolidated effort of colleagues around the world, we expect the subject of holography to become an integral part of basic education for all.
Endovascular treatment of a large aneurysm arising from a basilar trunk fenestration using the waffle-cone technique.

OBJECTIVE: Endovascular treatment of large intracranial aneurysms arising from a fenestrated parent vessel may prove particularly difficult. We present a case of a large, broad-based aneurysm arising from a proximal basilar artery (BA) fenestration treated with the wafflecone technique. Technical nuances and indications for this treatment option are reviewed. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old man presented with headache, blurred vision, and dizziness. Angiography demonstrated an 11 ◊ 14-mm BA aneurysm associated with the proximal portion of a BA fenestration. TECHNIQUE: A 28 ◊ 4.5-mm Enterprise stent was placed from the right vertebral artery directly into the aneurysm. The stent tines were allowed to flare out in the aneurysm neck creating the “waffle cone.” The aneurysm was then coiled with a series of Presidio coils. CONCLUSION: Use of the waffle-cone technique for stent placement resulted in nearly complete embolization of the aneurysm, retention of the entire coil mass in the dome, and preservation of flow through both vertebral arteries and both limbs of the fenestration.
Bi-Directional Reflectivity of Surfaces with Anisotropic Roughness on the Wafer Backside

Light scattering from rough surfaces is an area of research that has received a great deal of interest from several engineering disciplines. Analytical models for reflectivity have been useful in the study of medical imaging, atomic physics, remote sensing and rapid thermal processing (RTP) of silicon semiconductor wafers. This paper presents a new variation of the surface generation method (SGM) approach to geometric optics (GO) modeling of reflectivity. The presented approach employs a triangular facet (TF) surface treatment instead of the conventional rectangular facets. This new method is used to calculate bidirectional reflectivity distribution function (BRDF) results for one-dimensional and two-dimensional surfaces with varying microscale roughness characteristics. The results agree well with published analytical and experimental findings, indicating that the TF method is a reliable means of estimating surface reflectivity when the geometric optics regime is valid. At large angles of incidence and the BRDF results exhibit an interesting off-specular reflectivity peak that appears to correspond well with existing experimental findings. This behavior is caused by the effects of Fresnel reflectivity at large incident light angles and the geometrical relationship between the incident beam and the number of facets covered by the beam width. A comparison with the rigorous finite-difference time-domain solution of the light scattering from the one-dimensional random roughness surfaces allows the validity regime map of the GO to be drawn. The map will facilitate the use of the GO solution that is computationally efficient than many other methods.