cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing protein heterogeneity in the plasma membrane using PALM and pair correlation analysis

Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) is a powerful approach for investigating protein organization, yet tools for quantitative, spatial analysis of PALM datasets are largely missing. Combining pair-correlation analysis with PALM (PC-PALM), we provide a method to analyze complex patterns of protein organization across the plasma membrane without determination of absolute protein numbers. The approach uses an algorithm to distinguish a single protein with multiple appearances from clusters of proteins. This enables quantification of different parameters of spatial organization, including the presence of protein clusters, their size, density and abundance in the plasma membrane. Using this method, we demonstrate distinct nanoscale organization of plasma-membrane proteins with different membrane anchoring and lipid partitioning characteristics in COS-7 cells, and show dramatic changes in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein arrangement under varying perturbations. PC-PALM is thus an effective tool with broad applicability for analysis of protein heterogeneity and function, adaptable to other single-molecule strategies.
System identification technique using truncated pseudowavelet transform

Pseudo-wavelets were proposed for system identification of linear systems to determine their natural frequencies and modal damping ratios. The approach provides excellent results for single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) oscillators but significant errors might be observed for multiple-degree-of- freedom (MDOF) systems due to interference between different modes if the pseudo-wavelet transform (PWT) is directly applied. IN this paper a truncated pseudo-wavelet transform was employed to improve the accuracy for MDOF systems. A peak of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of the response was located and truncated in its neighborhood to isolate the peak. The frequency amplitude response function of a linear SDOF system was selected as the pseudo-wavelet. A truncated pseudo-wavelet transform was performed and its maximum value was located on a contour map of the PWT coefficients. The associated frequency and bandwidth of the MDOF system may be identified by the matching values of the scale and shift parameters. The methodology is illustrated for linear MDOF systems to identify their system parameters and good estimates were obtained. Noise effects were discussed. The approach can be applied for structural health monitoring. Change in system parameters using any two segments of response data may suggest occurrence of structural damages.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Amadori compounds: vacuum thermolysis of 1-deoxy-1-l-prolino-d-fructose

Abstract Amadori compounds are important precursors of color and aromas in foods, proline-sugar reactions produce bready aromas in roasted cereals and baked goods. To produce the volatile aroma-compounds, 1-deoxy-1- l -prolino- d -fructose was heated under vacuum, first at 140°, and then at 240°. The distillates were condensed at −70°, and from them 22 compounds were identified by g.l.c.-m.s., p.m.r., i.r. spectroscopy, g.l.c. and synthesis. At 140°, there were major proportions of 6-carbon dehydration products (dihydrofurans, dihydropyrones, pyrones, and a methylcyclopentenolone), lesser proportions of scission compounds (acetic acid and the pyrrolidine amides of formic, acetic, and propionic acids), substituted furfuryl-amines, a diazepine, proline, and pyrrolidines derived from proline. At 240°, the title compound yields more of the pyrrolidine derivatives, maltol, pyrrolidine amides of formic, acetic, and propionic acids, a γ-lactone, and 2-pyrrolino-substituted furans. Product aromas were determined and degradation schemes, based on the isolated products, were formulated.
Joint 3-D Inversion of Gravity, Magnetic and Tensor Gravity Fields For Imaging Salt Formations in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico

A very robust inversion process was developed to produce geologic models based on vector and tensor potential methods data. We have successfully jointly modeled gravity and magnetic fields over areas as large as several thousand square miles down to prospect areas in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. In some cases tensor gravity was also included in the joint inversions. In order to accomplish this we have had to overcome many of the pitfalls associated with this type of modeling. The resulting software runs very efficiently on desktop computers such as a Sun Ultra-60.
The cerebral cortex as a diffractive medium

Abstract Viewing the central nervous system exclusively in electrical field terms, the cortex may be considered a lens. The “minimum ray characteristic” in Herzian wave theory indicates that the absolute unit of information measurement can be undefinable. Thus, whereas in the auditory system, where signal frequency is readily detectable, a clearly definable “bit” of information is objectively available, in the visual system, where edge detection is not carried by wavelength, the absolute unit can only be defined physiologically. The modulation of transmitted information in the cortex could be carried out by delay methods of conduction. For this to be true, frequency in the central nervous system must be coded in the time domain and represented by transcortical “arrival patterns.” It is shown that only during positive dc activity in the cortex is input registered. If a “perceived object” is defined exclusively in terms of degrees of freedom, then “object constancy” reduces itself as a problem to the question how degrees of freedom may remain invariant under transformations of amplitude and phase. The “carrier” for cortical information is suggested to be an indigenous cortical rhythm triggered by thalamic input. Interferometry thus occurs between the sensory input and this indigenous activity.
Medication Errors During Patient Transitions into Nursing Homes: Characteristics and Association With Patient Harm

Abstract Background Patients transitioning to a nursing home from their home or other facility are at high risk for medication errors. Objective Our aim was to describe characteristics of medication errors occurring during transitions to nursing homes, to compare characteristics of transition errors with errors not involving a transition, and to evaluate the impact of these errors on patient harm. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of individual medication error incidents reported by North Carolina nursing homes to the Medication Error Quality Initiative during fiscal years 2007 through 2009. Bivariate associations between errors in transition with patient factors, error-related factors, reported causes of errors, and impact on patients were tested using a χ 2 test. Multivariate logistic regression explored whether medication errors during transitions were more harmful than errors not occurring during transitions. Patient-related factors included in the model were age, sex, and cognitive ability. Error-related factors were primary type of error, process phase when error began, primary personnel involved, and an indicator for repeat error. Results A total of 27,759 individual medication error incidents were reported over a 3-year period in North Carolina nursing homes. Of these errors, 2919 incidents (11%) involved a patient transitioning to a nursing home. Errors involved in transitions were found to have higher odds of patient harm compared with errors not involved in transitions (odds ratio = 1.85; 95% CI, 1.30–2.63). Staff communication, order transcription, medication availability, pharmacy issues, and name confusion were particularly important contributors to medication errors during transitions ( P Conclusions Transitions across care settings introduce risk for patient harm, and medication errors are an important area for improvement during transitions.
Frequencies and latencies in detecting two-flash stimuli

Dark-adapted Ss responded as soon as they detected near-threshold stimuli, which usually comprised two flashes that were equal in luminance and duration. The percentage of trials on which the S responded and the median latency of responses were determined as functions of the interval between flash onsets. At short intervals: the percentage was independent of the interval and attributable to the stimulus energy alone (Bloch’s law); the latency increased gradually to the value for the first flash alone and was attributable to not only the energy, but also to its temporal distribution. At long intervals: the percentage decreased to a steady level that was either equal to or higher than the value for the first flash; the latency increased to a peak and then decreased to the value for the first flash; both response measures suggested inhibition and probability summation between the flashes.
The effect of thematic content on cognitive strategies in the four-card selection task

Prior studies have indicated that thematic materials facilitate reasoning on the four-card selection problem, a task that assesses ability to evaluate logical conditionals of the “if-then” form. Recently, however, attempts to replicate the thematic effect have failed. The present study investigated four content materials to determine which facilitated reasoning. Introductory psychology students were required to determine which card(s) needed to be “unmasked” in order to determine the truth or falsity of conditional rules. Thematic materials did not facilitate reasoning compared with abstract materials. Evidence for both matching and verification bias was obtained, but neither was sufficient to account for all selection patterns. Subjects may thus be using “cognitive short-circuiting” strategies, of which matching bias and verification bias are but two examples.
Comparison of the solar concentrating properties of truncated hexagonal, pyramidal and circular cones

The concentrating properties of specularly reflecting pyramids, hexagons and circular cones are examined. The concentration factor is determined as a function of the coefficient of reflection and the shape and orientation of the incident sunlight. Reflector designs allowing multiple reflections for both normal and oblique incidence are considered.
Binding of Drugs by Plastics I: Interaction of bacteriostatic agents with plastic syringes

A preliminary study was undertaken to ascertain if plastic syrines would bind certain bacteriostatic agents having acidic hydrogens. Three types of plastic syringes (nylon, polyethylene, and polystyrene) were included in the investigation. The results indicated that only the nylon syringe had any effect on the agents studied. Binding occurred within a relatively short contact period and was temperature dependent.
Stand and yield of cucumber seeded with gel and fungicides in various tillage systems

Abstract A cucumber (Cucumis sativis L.) crop was established in various tillage systems from gel-sown germinated seed. Fungicides (flutolanil plus metalaxyl) were mixed with a gel or applied as a drench after seeding to control Rhizoctonia and Pythium seedling diseases. The benefit of mixing fungicides with a gel was similar to that of drenching the seeded area with fungicides. There was no advantage in using germinated seed for cucumber production in conservation tillage. Germinated seed was more susceptible to fungal diseases in the absence of fungicides. Crop yield was greater in conventionally prepared soil than in conversation tillage.
Interdiffusion between U-Zr fuel and selected Fe-Ni-Cr alloys

As part of studies relevant to fuel-cladding compatibility in the Integral Fast Reactors, isothermal interdiffusion experiments were carried out at 700°C with solid-solid diffusion couples assembled with a U-23 at% Zr alloy fuel and a series of cladding alloys of selected compositions in the Fe-Ni-Cr system. Besides pure Fe and pure Ni, the alloys included binary Fe-20.1Cr, Ni-16.4Cr, and Fe-10.1Ni and a ternary Fe-16.4Ni-9.4Cr alloys (composition in at%). The diffusion structures developed in the various couples were examined metallographically and by SEM-EDS analysis. The development of diffusion layers and their variation with compositional changes of the cladding alloys are discussed in the light of phase diagrams, intermetallic formation, the relative diffusion behavior of the various elements and the experimental diffusion paths. From the composition profiles, average effective interdiffusion coefficients are determined for specific regions in the diffusion structures of selected diffusion couples. Intrinsic diffusion coefficients are also calculated at the composition of a marker plane in a (U,Zr)Ni2 phase layer.
Volumes and heat capacities of aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid at temperatures from 298.15 K to 623 K and pressures to 28 MPa

Abstract Densities of aqueous solutions of HCL at molalities from 0.1 mol·kg−1to 6.0 mol·kg−1, temperatures from 298.15 K to 623 K, and pressures of 10 MPa and 28 MPa have been measured with a vibrating-tube flow densimeter. Heat capacities of the above solutions at temperatures from 302 K to 623 K and a pressure of 28 MPa were measured using a flow heat-capacity calorimeter. Standard-state values for the volumes and heat capacities have been obtained from the apparent molar properties by extrapolation to infinite dilution using the Pitzer ion-interaction model. Our experimental results were combined with available literature results on volumes and heat capacities to derive appropriate equations for the temperature and pressure dependencies of the Pitzer model. The volumetric and heat capacity results for HCl(aq) are in good agreement with published values at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, the qualitative behavior of volumes and heat capacities for HCl(aq) shows clearly the transition from a fully dissociated strong electrolyte to an almost completely ion-paired weak electrolyte. Standard-state values calculated from this work are consistent with the literature values for the volume and heat capacity change on the ionization of water.
Prevalence of sparganosis by county of origin in Florida feral swine.

Abstract Sparganosis is a parasitic infection in amphibians, reptiles and mammals including feral swine and man. It is caused by migration of the metacestode (spargana) of Spirometra. The primary objective of this study was the determination of the prevalence of gross sparganosis in Florida county of origin in slaughtered feral swine. Tracebacks to county of origin were conducted for Florida feral swine with and without gross sparganosis. Feral swine trapped in Florida and presented for slaughter in a Texas slaughter establishment from May to December 1999 was the sample population. Overall prevalence of sparganosis in Florida feral swine was 6.9%. Because Highlands county had the same prevalence, other counties were compared to it. Sparganosis was detected in 17 Florida counties. Swine originating from Osceola or Hillsborough counties (4.3 and 1.8% prevalence, respectively) had lower prevalence of sparganosis than in Highlands, whereas those from Marion county (21.7% prevalence) had a higher prevalence. Transmission to humans may occur via consumption of infected feral swine, other species of secondary intermediate hosts or the primary intermediate hosts.
WATER IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE MICROEMULSIONS : SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF A NEW ENVIRONMENT FOR AQUEOUS INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

In this paper, we present spectroscopic evidence for the formation of water in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) microemulsions stabilized by an ammonium carboxylate perfluoro polyether (PFPE) surfactant. FTIR spectroscopy has been employed to determine the existence of “bulk” (hydrogen-bonded) water (H2O and D2O) at the core of the microemulsions, and to distinguish between this and the presence of “free” (monomeric) water dissolved in the scCO2 and builds on preliminary results described elsewhere (Johnston, K. P.; Harrison, K. L.; Clarke, M. J.; Howdle, S. M.; Heitz, M. P.; Bright, F. V.; Carlier, C.; Randolph, T. W. Science 1996, 271, 624). Cloud point studies confirm that optically transparent and thermodynamically stable microemulsion solutions are formed. We have investigated the utility of these microemulsions as novel environments for reaction chemistry. In particular, we have shown that, using the PFPE surfactant, an aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) may be dispersed in scCO2...
Decades of Corporate Social Responsibility: Let’s Not Pretend The Nation State Is Dead

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to the corporations’ responsibility to pursue business goals in a socially acceptable manner. During the last decades, scholars have been continuously defining, redefining, and expanding the notion of CSR capturing economic, legal, social, environmental, philanthropic, and recently political responsibilities of business. One might assume that after decades of CSR research, CSR movement, and CSR programs by businesses, irresponsible business behavior has been declining. However, CSR scandals persist. Despite civil society activism, businesses’ CSR programs, and soft law initiatives, CSR issues continue to exist. It seems like civil society activism, firms’ CSR initiatives, and soft law solutions are not sufficient in solving CSR issues. Some describe the effect of CSR activism rather as incoherent, inconsistent, and irregular. Does this reality imply that CSR has failed? This is the central question of the article. In examining this question, I challenge two fun...
Effects of cuticle source and concentration on germination of conidia of two isolates of Nomuraea rileyi

The effects of cuticle from larvae of Trichoplusia ni, Heliothis zea and H. virescens on rate and extent of germination of conidia of a Mississippian isolate (MS) and an Ecuadoran (EC) isolate of Nomuraea rileyi were studied. Solid substrates generally stimulated more germination than submerged substrates. There was little or no effect of cuticle source (H. zea or H. virescens) on germination of either the EC isolate or the MS isolate cultured on a solid substrate, however, differences in patterns of germination were obtained in submerged substrates. Addition of cuticle of H. zea or H. virescens generally increased the germination time for the MS isolate. Germination time for the EC isolate was significantly increased when H. virescens cuticle was used.
ERBB2 suppression decreases cell growth via apoptosis in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas.

Background Although the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophageal and gastroesophageal junction has increased at an alarming rate in the past 30 years, little improvement has been made in treatment strategies. Previous studies have demonstrated that many upper gastrointestinal (GI) adenocarcinomas exhibit ERBB2 amplification. In cancers proven to have similar amplification, such as breast, ERBB2–targeted therapies have dramatically improved overall survival and disease-free rates of survival. This study uses siRNA to knockdown ERBB2 in GI adenocarcinoma cell lines to evaluate cell viability, apoptosis, and changes in cell cycle. Methods A cell line with a baseline amount of ERBB2 (Seg-1) and 2 upper GI adenocarcinoma cell lines with known amplification of ERBB2 (esophageal [OE19] and gastric [MKN45]) were treated with 120 pmol of 1 of 2 independent ERBB2 siRNAs or control siRNA for 6 hours. Results We demonstrate that knockdown of ERBB2 in esophageal and gastric cancer cell lines with known ERBB2 amplification effectively decreases ERBB2 protein levels and decreases cell viability mainly via apoptotic pathways. Conclusion ERBB–directed therapy may be of benefit in the subset of patients with GI adenocarcinomas exhibiting amplification of ERBB2.
Social support, depression, functional status, and gender differences in older adults undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Background Older adults have more difficulty with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery than younger adults, partly because of depression and social isolation. During hospitalization, older adult patients undergoing CABG name nurses as their primary source of social support. Methods A secondary analysis was used to investigate the relationships among social support, depression, functional status, and postoperative length of stay. Included were 70 patients undergoing first-time CABG. Patients had a mean age of 72 years and were primarily white (94%) and male (66%). Complete data were collected on 63 participants. Results Social support was not related to any other variable. Preoperative depression and low functional status persisted postoperatively. Female patients had greater depression and poorer functional status than male patients both preoperatively and postoperatively. No other gender differences were found. Conclusion Depression and functional status are amenable to intervention. The outcomes of older adult patients (especially female) undergoing CABG might improve if nurses preoperatively assess for and intervene to improve depression and functional status.
Adverse effects of bevacizumab and their management in solid tumors

Bevacizumab is the first successful example of targeting the vasculature for the treatment of solid tumors. Although generally well tolerated in combination with different chemotherapy regimens, bevacizumab has side effects that are unique to this class of agents. In this review, we discuss the side effects associated with bevacizumab and potential treatments to ameliorate these toxicities.
Mechanistic analysis of optimal dynamic discrimination of similar quantum systems

Optimal dynamic discrimination (ODD) was recently introduced as a technique for maximally drawing out and detecting the differences between similar quantum systems by exploiting their controllable dynamical properties. Asa simulation of ODD, optimal fields were found that successfully discriminated among similar species, but the underlying mechanisms of the process remained obscure. Hamiltonian encoding (HE) has been introduced as a technique for identifying the mechanisms of controlled quantum dynamics. The results of a HE based simulation analysis of ODD are presented in this paper. Different types and degrees of constructive and destructive interference are shown to underly the controlled discrimination processes. In general, it is found that successful discrimination relies on more complex interfering pathways for increasingly similar systems or increasing numbers of similar quantum systems.
The Virtues of Embodiment

L'A. propose une interpretation de la relation esprit-corps definie par la philosophie contemporaine, dans le sens de l'harmonie des elements decrite par Platon, Aristote et Saint Thomas d'Aquin. Examinant les facteurs epistemiques, structurels et affectifs de l'incarnation humaine, l'A. montre que la constitution de la personne obeit a six vertus caracterisant la sensation, l'action, le physique et le mental, la composition et l'affect.
Personal and Professional Support for Mothers of NICU and Healthy Newborns

Personal support provided by close social network members and professional support provided by nurses were studied in 83 postpartum mothers and newborns In neonatal intensive care units and newborn nurseries. Mothers perceived each type of support differently in terms of outcomes. Only personal support was significantly related to emotional affect and life satisfaction outcomes. Both personal and professional support were related to relationship satisfaction outcomes. Findings suggest that personal support and professional support be treated as separate concepts.
Reduced response to phenobarbital by the liver of rats fed a choline-deficient diet.

Abstract 1. 1. The response of the liver to phenobarbital administration was compared in rats fed either laboratory chow, a semipurified choline-supplemented diet or a semipurified choline-deficient diet. 2. 2. The liver contents of proteins, lipids and cytochrome P-450, as well as the activity of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine demethylases, were measured after 5 days of feeding and five daily injections of phenobarbital. Liver sections were examined electron microscopically. 3. 3. In rats fed the choline-supplemented diet, phenobarbital administration caused increases in cellular constituents, enzyme activities and smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes as great as those seen in rats fed laboratory chow. However, in rats fed the choline-deficient diet, the response of the liver to phenobarbital administration was severely reduced in comparison to that in rats fed the other diets. 4. 4. It is concluded that dietary choline and an adequate synthesis of lecithins are necessary for the induction of microsomal mixed-function oxidases and the concomitant accumulation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in hepatocytes.
A Typology of Organization Typologies: Toward Parsimony and Integration in the Organizational Sciences

Numerous typologies have been offered for sorting the major contingencies of organizational functioning. Types of effectiveness, environments, technologies, structures, controls, strategies, goals, decision-making processes, leadership styles, job designs, and cognitive preferences, are just some examples. This paper proposes that the variations in each typology tend to follow a pattern, and that this pattern can be captured by the broader dimensions of closed versus open systems and technical versus social systems. It is argued that greater parsimony and integration of the organizational sciences are achieved by defining, sorting, and researching contingency variations according to the four resulting categories: closed-technical system, closed-social system, open-technical system, and open-social system. This paper concludes with suggestions for new research directions that follow from this metatypology.
Effect of ventricular stretch on contractile strength, calcium transient, and cAMP in intact canine hearts

Isovolumic contractions were imposed by intraventricular balloon in 39 isolated, blood-perfused canine hearts to investigate the effects of myocardial stretch on contractile force. After stabilizat...
Analysis of the output conductance of insulated gate transistors

The output characteristics of insulated gate transistors (IGT's) are shown to be determined by the variation in the gain of the wide-base transistor in the device structure. Improvements in differential output resistance can be achieved by either decreasing the lifetime, as demonstrated in this paper by using electron irradiation, or by using a punchthrough base design.
A Comparative Study of Suburbanization in United States and China

Suburbanization as a topic of urban geography is always an important subject. This study responds to the recent call for a “comparative (re) turn in urban studies” by comparing suburbanization in the United States and China. The comparative perspective offered here focuses on the “differences” rather than the similarities. This study clarifies one of the significant differences between the United States and China, suburbanization has not weakened the functionality of city centers in China in the way it did in the United States: 1) unlike the United States, suburbanization has not weakened the economic function of city centers in China because of the different administrative jurisdiction system; 2) when suburbanization is taking place, city centers gain even more political powers in China; 3) despite the fact that people moved out to the suburbs, city centers are still the places where the best living condition and most job opportunities exists.
Précis of connectionism and the philosophy of psychology

Abstract Connectionism was explicitly put forward as an alternative to classical cognitive science. The questions arise: how exactly does connectionism differ from classical cognitive science, and how is it potentially better? The classical “rules and representations” conception of cognition is that cognitive transitions are determined by exceptionless rules that apply to the syntactic structure of symbols. Many philosophers have seen connectionism as a basis for denying structured symbols. We, on the other hand, argue that cognition is too rich and flexible to be simulable by the exceptionless representation‐level rules that classicism requires. However, this very richness of cognition requires syntactically structured representations—what philosophers call a language of thought. The natural mathematical characterization of neural networks comes from the theory of dynamical systems. We propose that the mathematics of dynamical systems, not the mathematics of algorithms, holds the key to how cognitive str...
The role of mutation accumulation in HIV progression

The onset of AIDS is characterized by the collapse of the immune system after a prolonged asymptomatic period. The mechanistic basis of this disease progression has remained obscure, hindering the development of effective therapies. Here I present a mechanism that underlies the deterioration of the immune system during HIV infection. The elevated turnover of lymphocytes throughout the asymptomatic period is postulated to result in the accumulation of deleterious mutations, which impairs immunological function, replicative ability and viability of lymphocytes. This mutational meltdown is proposed to occur throughout the hierarchy of lymphocyte progenitors, resulting in the deterioration of lymphocyte regeneration and an ensuing rise in viral loads. A mathematical model is used to illustrate this mechanism of progressive immunological deterioration. Mutation accumulation may explain not only the decline in CD4+T cells, but also the functional deterioration of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and B cells, and the exhaustion of lymphocyte regeneration.
Differentiated 3T3L1 Adipocytes Are Composed of Heterogenous Cell Populations with Distinct Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Properties

Various studies have demonstrated that the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor in adipocytes can activate PI 3-kinase activity without affecting insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) translocation. To investigate this phenomenon of receptor signaling specificity, we utilized single cell analysis to determine the cellular distribution and signaling properties of PDGF and insulin in differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes. The insulin receptor was highly expressed in a large percentage of the cell population (>95%) that also expressed caveolin 2 and GLUT4 with very low levels of the PDGF receptor. In contrast, the PDGF receptor was only expressed in ∼10% of the differentiated 3T3L1 cell population with relatively low levels of the insulin receptor, caveolin 2, and GLUT4. Consistent with this observation, insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt in the caveolin 2- and GLUT4-positive cells, whereas PDGF primarily stimulated Akt phosphorylation in the caveolin 2- and GLUT4-negative cell population. Furthermore, transfection of the PDGF receptor in the insulin receptor-, GLUT4-, and caveolin 2-positive cells resulted in the ability of PDGF to stimulate GLUT4 translocation. These data demonstrate that differentiated 3T3L1 adipocytes are not a homogeneous population of cells, and the lack of PDGF receptor expression in the GLUT4-positive cell population accounts for the inability of the endogenous PDGF receptor to activate GLUT4 translocation.
Affectively engaged: affect and arousal routes of entertainment virtual reality

Presence has been discussed in the literature as an essential, defining aspect of virtual environments, but the emotional aspects of the virtual experience have been generally ignored and conceptualized within the limits of online or web-based environments. The purpose of the paper is to reexamine the concept of presence in terms of people's emotional engagement with 3D-based virtual environments. Three main theoretical statements are discussed: a) VR environments have the potential of becoming the next, fully "transparent", ultimate mass medium; b) VR environments are associated with presence, which is characterized by high levels of arousals and intensive affect; and c) High levels of arousal and intensive affect are associated with lower levels of ad awareness, which means that peripheral cues will play a more important role in the persuasive process. The finding could be extremely useful for considering virtual environments as a new possible advertising medium, in that users are not easily aware of the presence of advertising messages "embedded" in the virtual environment.
Insulin-like growth factor-I gene polymorphism and its association with growth and slaughter characteristics in broiler chickens

Chicken insulin-like factor 1 gene (IGF1) is a biological candidate gene for the investigation of growth, body composition, and metabolic and skeletal traits, and is also a positional candidate gene for growth and fat deposition in chickens. Two broiler populations Ross 308 and Cobb 500 were used to study the relationship between IGF1 gene polymorphism and phenotypic traits. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified in 132 individuals using the PCR-RFLP technique. Genotypical frequencies were, for genotype AA: 0.83–0.86, and for AC: 0.14–0.17. Associations between IGF1 promotor polymorphism and liver weight (P≤0.05) and liver weight as a percentage of the weight of the poultry carcass with the giblets (P≤0.05), were found in the AC genotype in a comparison of broiler homozygous chickens AA in the Cobb 500 line. In these broilers, the breast muscle and leg muscle weight in the AC genotype were higher, and abdominal fat weight lower compared with AA genotype chickens, but these differences were not significant.
Proof in canonical criminal law

Du debut a la fin du XHIe siecle, l'appreciation des temoignages et preuves par les tribunaux ecclesiastiques catholiques a considerablement evolue. Le systeme de procedure criminelle qui se fait jour durant cette periode comporte de nombreux elements qui seront plus tard inscrits dans nos lois. Nous en isolerons deux: d'abord le principe selon lequel les juges ne peuvent condamner que s'il y a crime ou delit avere, ce qui annonce notre actuelle presomption d'innocence; deuxiemement le corps de preuves a constituer pour conclure a culpabilite. Il y eut en ce domaine aussi une evolution importante. Cet article en examine les aspects les plus importants et en esquisse la logique.
Role of aerobic glycolysis in genetically engineered mouse models of cancer

The propensity of cancer cells to convert high levels of glucose to lactate through aerobic glycolysis has been intensively studied in vitro, and is now understood to be a metabolic adaptation that shunts glucose carbons toward building blocks for the growing cell, as well as producing ATP. Much less is known, however, about the role of aerobic glycolysis and glycolytic enzymes in vivo. A paper in Cancer and Metabolism now documents aerobic glycolysis in the proliferating neural progenitors that form the cerebellum in normal newborn mice, as well as in medulloblastoma tumors derived from these cells in transgenic mice. Hexokinase II is demonstrated to be an essential driver of the observed aerobic glycolysis and the malignancy of the tumors.
Control of a team of car-like robots using abstractions

We present a method to coordinate a large number of under-actuated robots by designing control laws on a small dimensional manifold, independent on the number and ordering of the robots. The small dimensional description of the team has a product structure of a Lie group, which captures the dependence of the ensemble on the world frame, and a shape manifold, which is an intrinsic description of the team. We design decoupled controls for group and shape. The individual control laws which are mapped to the desired collective behavior can be realized by feedback depending only on the current state of the robot and the state on the small dimensional manifold, so that the robots have to broadcast their states and only have to listen to some coordinating agent with small bandwidth.
Benzyl Alcohol as an Alternative Local Anesthetic

Abstract Study Objectives: Benzyl alcohol has been used as a local anesthetic for brief superficial skin procedures; however, its efficacy for long-term cutaneous anesthesia has not been established. We sought to compare the cutaneous anesthetic effects of benzyl alcohol with epinephrine with the effects of lidocaine with epinephrine and with placebo. Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 30 healthy paid adult volunteers. Subjects received 1-mL intradermal injections of benzyl alcohol .9% with 1:100,000 epinephrine, lidocaine 1% with 1:100,000 epinephrine, and physiologic saline solution without benzyl alcohol as placebo in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Pain on injection and degree of anesthesia at 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes was assessed with a 10-cm graded visual analog scale (VAS). Statistical significance was determined by repeated measures ANOVA between groups with a Neuman-Keuls test for post hoc comparison of means and Student's t test for paired means. Results: Benzyl alcohol was 48% less painful on injection than placebo ( P P P P Conclusion: Benzyl alcohol with epinephrine provides prolonged cutaneous anesthesia, although it is not as effective as lidocaine with epinephrine. However, benzyl alcohol is significantly less painful on injection than lidocaine with epinephrine, and it may offer an alternative for local anesthesia. [Wilson L, Martin S: Benzyl alcohol as an alternative local anesthetic. Ann Emerg Med May 1999;33:495-499.]
Induction of HSP70 in rat brain following subarachnoid hemorrhage produced by endovascular perforation

Current experimental research on subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been limited by the lack of a small-animal model that physiologically resembles SAH and consistently demonstrates acute and delayed cellular injury. Recently, a model for inducing SAH by endovascular perforation of the internal carotid artery has been developed in the rat. This model physiologically resembles SAH. However, little histological data detailing cellular injury after SAH are available in this or other models. Using immunocytochemistry, the authors investigated the induction of the 70-kD heat shock protein, HSP70, a sensitive marker for cellular stress or injury in the brain, 1 and 5 days following endovascular SAH. The authors also used the conventional histological techniques of cresyl violet and hematoxylin and eosin staining to investigate cellular damage 1 and 5 days after the endovascular SAH. One day following the SAH, HSP70 was induced in all six animals examined in multiple anatomical regions, including the basal forebrain, thalamus, neocortex, striatum, and hippocampus. This HSP70 induction was observed in multiple vascular distributions bilaterally. Immunostaining with HSP70 occurred primarily in neurons but also was observed in glia and endothelium. Five days after the SAH, a similar but more intense pattern of HSP70 immunostaining was observed in all eight animals examined. Specifically, HSP70 immunoreactivity was observed in at least one region of the hippocampus more often at 5 days (six of eight animals) than at 1 day (one of six animals, p < 0.05, one-tailed Fisher's exact test). No HSP70 immunostaining was observed in control animals at 1 day or at 5 days. Conventional histology demonstrated foci of ischemic neuronal damage and cellular necrosis; however, HSP70 immunocytochemistry detailed cellular injury far better than conventional histology in all animals tested at both 1 day and 5 days. Our results demonstrate that HSP70 is induced in multiple regions and cell types 1 day and 5 days following endovascular SAH. Because ischemia is a known inducer of stress genes, the authors propose that acute and delayed ischemia are the processes responsible for the induction of HSP70 that was observed at 1 day and 5 days, respectively. Investigation of HSP70 induction following endovascular SAH may also serve as the basis for a new, inexpensive animal model to assess potential therapeutic interventions.
On The Detriment Of Obsession With Individual Achievement In Cooperative Learning

This research developed and tested a model of the relationship between detrimental behavior and cooperative learning. It is hypothesized that relationship between group and individual detrimental behavior would be strongest among those simultaneously high in individual consideration and abnormal behavior. The hypothesis was tested and replicated with statistically significant results. Implications are discussed and future research directions are identified.
Self-Reported Cognitive Concerns in People With Lower Limb Loss

Abstract Objectives To investigate differences between self-reported cognitive concerns in people with lower limb loss (LLL) and normative data derived from the U.S. general population, and secondarily to determine whether there were cognitive differences based on amputation etiology or age. Design Survey. Setting General community. Participants A volunteer sample of persons with LLL (N=1086) resulting from trauma or dysvascular complications who regularly use a prosthetic limb. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure The Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders Applied Cognition–General Concerns Short Form version 1.0 (Neuro-QoL ACGC), an 8-item self-report measure of general cognitive concerns. Results People with LLL reported significantly more cognitive concerns than the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders normative sample. Mean Neuro-QoL ACGC scores were significantly lower than normative values ( P P =.84) or between the etiology subgroups ( P =.58). Conclusions When compared with the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders normative sample, individuals with LLL report greater concerns with cognitive health. Cognitive concerns were not differentially affected by age or cause of amputation. The presence of cognitive concerns in people with LLL suggests a need to assess perceived cognitive function in order to tailor education and training in prosthetic use and care.
China: M-Commerce in World's Largest Mobile Market

China is emerging as a global capital of m-commerce applications. China is the world's biggest mobile market in terms of subscriber base and the fastest growing in the history of telecommunications. Although China currently lacks advanced mobile applications compared to Europe, North America, Japan and Korea, a number of cellular players are rapidly launching sophisticated mobile applications. Unique institutions and the nature of cellular market conditions of China, however, superimpose in a complex interaction that harbors a paradoxical nature. The Chinese m-commerce market is thus drastically different from the Western world. This chapter examines the Chinese m-commerce landscape and analyses its drivers. We also examine the Chinese market from the CLIP perspective.
Anisotropic Beams by Moment-Differential Method

In solving for the stresses in anisotropic prismatic beams using the theory of elasticity, it is found that there is a definite relationship between the normal stresses and the internal moments. For beams subjected to bending only, the normal stresses can be expressed as sums of internal moments and differentials of moments multiplied with constant coefficients. For members subjected to both bending and axial compression, the solution for normal stresses neglecting secondary effects due to deflections, can be expressed as sums of moments and differentials, and axial loads and differentials of axial loads, multiplied with constant coefficients. The general solution is in the form of an infinite series with the coefficients which can be solved for particular cases. Rather than having to solve a vast number of simultaneous equations, as in previous methods, this method provides direct solutions to anisotropic beam problems.
Nonlinear frequency compression: Influence of start frequency and input bandwidth on consonant and vowel recognitiona)

By varying parameters that control nonlinear frequency compression (NFC), this study examined how different ways of compressing inaudible mid- and/or high-frequency information at lower frequencies influences perception of consonants and vowels. Twenty-eight listeners with mild to moderately severe hearing loss identified consonants and vowels from nonsense syllables in noise following amplification via a hearing aid simulator. Low-pass filtering and the selection of NFC parameters fixed the output bandwidth at a frequency representing a moderately severe (3.3 kHz, group MS) or a mild-to-moderate (5.0 kHz, group MM) high-frequency loss. For each group (n = 14), effects of six combinations of NFC start frequency (SF) and input bandwidth [by varying the compression ratio (CR)] were examined. For both groups, the 1.6 kHz SF significantly reduced vowel and consonant recognition, especially as CR increased; whereas, recognition was generally unaffected if SF increased at the expense of a higher CR. Vowel recognition detriments for group MS were moderately correlated with the size of the second formant frequency shift following NFC. For both groups, significant improvement (33%–50%) with NFC was confined to final /s/ and /z/ and to some VCV tokens, perhaps because of listeners' limited exposure to each setting. No set of parameters simultaneously maximized recognition across all tokens.
The Los Angeles Physics Teachers Alliance Group (LAPTAG) High School Seismograph Project

Following the damaging 17 January 1994 (4:30:55 AM PST; Mw 6.7) Northridge earthquake, several California State University at Northridge (CSUN) research and outreach projects were initiated in seismology. The Northridge earthquake was located (34°12.80′N, 118°32.22′W; depth 18.4 km) one mile south-southwest of Northridge and 20 miles westnorthwest of Los Angeles. The event was produced by a south-dipping, blind thrust fault (Northridge thrust; also known as the Pico thrust). The earthquake was felt by approximately 12 million people within an area of about 212,000 km2 from the San Fernando Valley to Los Angeles. The damage estimate was approximately $20 billion, including $350 million at CSUN (Woods and Seiple, 1995). The outreach project involved the Los Angeles Physics Teachers Alliance Group (LAPTAG) in the early 1990's as an alliance of more than 20 high schools, Santa Monica College, and the University of Southern California (USC) (Gekelman, 1998). One of the LAPTAG science projects involved an inexpensive PC-based seismometer to establish a ten-school seismic network (Figure 1). The goal of this project was to instruct teachers and their students how science is conducted in teams, and to provide lectures to integrate the physics principles into geophysical problems. The high school seismic data files were analyzed by the students and then were transferred to the UCLA Physics Web site (http://coke.physics.ucta.edu/taptag), where they could interchange …