cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Perceptions of the Experience of Attempted Labor Induction and Medically Elective Inductions: Analysis of Survey Results from Listening to Mothers in California

The rate of induction of labor in the U.S. has risen from 9.6% in 1990 to 25.7% in 2018, including 31.7% of first-time births. Recent studies that have examined inductions have been small qualitative studies or relied on either medical records or administrative data. This study examines induction from the perspective of those women who experienced it, with a particular focus on the prevalence and predictors of inductions for nonmedical indications, women’s experience of pressure to induce labor and the relationship between the attempt to medically initiate labor and cesarean section. Study data are drawn from the 2119 respondents to the Listening to Mothers in California survey who were planning to have a vaginal birth in 2016. Mothers were asked if there had been an attempt to medically initiate labor, if it actually started labor, if they felt pressured to have the induction, if they had a cesarean and the reason for the induction. Reasons for induction were classified as either medically indicated or elective. Almost half (47%) of our respondents indicated an attempt was made to medically induce their labor, and 71% of those attempts initiated labor. More than a third of the attempts (37%) were elective. Attempted induction overall was most strongly associated with giving birth at 41+ weeks (aOR 3.28; 95% C.I. 2.21–4.87). Elective inductions were more likely among multiparous mothers and in pregnancies at 39 or 40 weeks. The perception of being pressured to have labor induced was related to higher levels of education, maternal preference for less medical intervention in birth, having an obstetrician compared to a midwife and gestational ages of 41+ weeks. Cesarean birth was more likely in the case of overall induction (aOR 1.51; 95% C.I. 1.11–2.07) and especially following a failed attempt at labor induction (aOR 4.50; 95% C.I. 2.93–6.90). Clinicians counselling mothers concerning the need for labor induction should be aware of mothers’ perceptions about birth and engage in true shared decision making in order to avoid the maternal perception of being pressured into labor induction.
Cerium copper diantimonide, CeCu0.93(1)Sb2

CeCu0.93(1)Sb2, synthesized in the presence of an Sn flux, crystallizes in the ZrCuSi2-type structure, but with a partial occupancy of the Cu site.
Forgive But Don't Forget: On Reliable Multi-Task Allocation in Mobile CrowdSensing Platforms

In Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS) platforms, users are typically human participants who willingly take time out of their daily schedules to complete sensing tasks. Albeit the unreliable nature of human's behavior, existing task allocation mechanisms proposed within MCS platforms typically assume that participants will accept the tasks allocated to them and complete them successfully, which in turn affects the realized quality of task completion. In this paper, we define a novel participation reliability metric, which forgives erratic misbehavior but doesn't forget if it's repeated. Moreover, to incentivize participants to be more reliable, we integrate the defined reliability metric into an online multi-task allocation mechanism, associated with a rational payment model. Finally, we theoretically analyze the proposed components and evaluate their performance on synthesized mobility traces.
Fascicular Ventricular Tachycardia in a Neonate

Ventricular arrhythmias may involve the fascicular system and have been seen in both structurally normal and abnormal hearts. The posterior fascicle is the most commonly affected region and accounts for about 90% of cases of idiopathic fascicular ventricular tachycardia. This tachycardia often occurs in the absence of structural disease. The mechanism of this tachycardia is believed to be localized reentry close to the fascicle of the left bundle branch. Our case begins with a 6-day-old full-term healthy male, whose mother had an uncomplicated pregnancy, presenting to the hospital emergency room after concerns from PCP’s office …
Phase I dose-escalation, safety, and CNS pharmacokinetic study of dexanabinol in patients with brain cancer.

Background Dexanabinol is a synthetic analogue of tetrahydrocannabinol identified as a potential anti-cancer therapeutic by e-Therapeutics PLC. Dexanabinol was selected for further investigation based on its preclinical tumoricidal activity. This phase I dose-escalation trial examined the safety, drug penetration into the central nervous system (CNS), preliminary antitumor activity, and recommended phase II dose. Methods Dexanabinol formulated in cremophor/ethanol was administered once weekly via 3-hour intravenous infusion to patients with brain cancer. Results A total of 26 patients were dosed once weekly at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 28, and 36 mg/kg. Two patients at 36 mg/kg were nonevaluable for dose level confirmation, having withdrawn early for reasons unrelated to study treatment. A recommended phase II dose of dexanabinol was established at 28 mg/kg due to related, reversible adverse events at higher dose levels that required medications for symptomatic relief. The most common drug-related toxicities were the depressed level of consciousness and lightheadedness, diarrhea, itching, fatigue, chest discomfort, and tingling in the mouth. Systemic exposure to dexanabinol (AUC0-t and Cmax) increased from 2 to 36 mg/kg, with dose nonproportionality apparent at the highest dose; dexanabinol was present in appreciable levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which implies the possibility of exposure of intracranial tumors to drug. Five of 24 efficacy-evaluable patients (21%) experienced stable disease with a median duration of 2 cycles (28-day cycle) as the best response. Conclusions Dexanabinol administered weekly by intravenous infusion was safe and well-tolerated up to 28 mg/kg in brain cancer patients, but has limited antitumor activity in patients with brain cancer.
Analysis of Bobbing Displays in the Grahami Series Anoles from Jamaica and Grand Cayman

Behavioral biologists have long been fascinated with the diversity of animal signals produced in the contexts of courtship and same-sex competition. In these contexts many lizards engage in conspicuous bobbing displays, and numerous studies have been devoted to describing these displays. Traditionally, bobbing displays are partitioned into units whose durations (and sometimes head amplitudes) are measured. Recently, Macedonia et al. (2019) introduced use of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) as an alternative to unit-based variables for characterizing species-specific traits in display structure of Galapagos Lava Lizards (Microlophus spp.). The relative success of the two methods was not compared directly, however, because the homology of display units among species was uncertain. Here we overcome this problem using the “grahami series” of Anolis lizards—a monophyletic radiation of seven species on Jamaica and Grand Cayman. Our study had three primary goals. Our first goal was to discover whether DFT-based measures, unit-based measures, or their combination provided the best means to capture taxon-specific distinctiveness in display structure. To this end, we quantified bobbing displays and used nested analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to determine if particular variables were reliably superior at differentiating populations within a species. We then used principal components analysis to reduce the number of measurement variables, and entered the components into discriminant function analyses to determine which approach best discriminated among taxa. Results showed that no one type of measurement, or measurement combination, emerged as being consistently better at discriminating taxa across comparisons. Our second goal was to test a hypothesis that arose from our findings in Galapagos Lava Lizards—that the DFT may decrease in effectiveness as bobbing display structure increases in complexity. For this test we used four simple and compound display types from the species Anolis reconditus. Results of discriminant function analyses provided mixed support for the hypothesis, and we suggest that a definitive test of DFT performance and display complexity should utilize synthetic displays in which attributes of display structure are varied systematically. Last, we show how bobbing display structure maps onto alternative DNA-based phylogenies of the grahami series anoles. Whereas some species produced derived display types unanticipated from displays of more basal species in this adaptive radiation, others exhibited features that linked them to a particular population of a species in their clade.
Salt Cedar Intake by Cattle, Sheep, and Goats Following 21 Days of Exposure

Abstract Salt cedar (Tamarix spp. L), is found across Texas and the western United States, primarily near riparian areas. Introduced in the 1800s as an ornamental plant, salt cedar escaped domestic gardens, invading native rangelands. Mechanical and chemical control options for salt cedar are available, but effective control can be difficult and cost prohibitive. Sheep and goats will readily consume salt cedar after exposure at weaning, and goats readily consume the plant when released on rangelands. Unfortunately, sheep and goats are not a viable option in many areas due to predation or lack of appropriate fencing. The objectives of this study were to determine if cattle would consume salt cedar at a similar level (body weight basis) as sheep and goats and to determine if preconditioning improved acceptance of salt cedar by cattle. Angus-Hereford cross heifers (n = 15), Rambouillet lambs (n = 15), and Boer-Spanish cross kids (n = 15) were placed in individual pens for 21 d and fed salt cedar leaves and tender stems daily. For the first 21 d, eight head from each species were fed a basal diet and salt cedar while 7 head only received the basal diet. The amount of salt cedar in the diet was increased from 5% of the diet to 10% of the diet after 7 d of feeding and fed until d 21. From d 22 to 28 both naive and familiar animals were fed salt cedar daily. All animals readily increased intake of salt cedar. By d 7, cattle, sheep, and goats consumed the plant, but intake varied daily for cattle and sheep. After the first 7 d, goats consistently ate more (P
National disparities in use of minimally invasive surgery for rectal cancer in older adults

BACKGROUND Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) is safe and improves outcomes in older persons with rectal cancer but may be underutilized. As older persons are the largest surgical population, investigation of the current use and factors impacting MIS use is warranted. Our goal is to investigate the trends and disparities that affect utilization of MIS in older persons with rectal cancer. METHODS The National Cancer Database was reviewed for persons 65 years and older who underwent curative resection for rectal adenocarcinoma from 2010 to 2017. Cases were stratified by surgical approach (open or MIS [laparoscopic or robotic]). Univariate analysis compared patient and provider demographics across approaches. Multivariate analysis investigated variables associated with MIS use. Main outcome measures were trends and factors associated with MIS use in older persons. RESULTS Of 31,910 patients analyzed, 51.9% (n = 16,555) were open and 48.1% (n = 15,355) MIS. The MIS cohort was 66.7% (n = 10,236) laparoscopic and 33.3% (n = 5119) robotic. MIS increased from 29% in 2010 (n = 1197; 25% laparoscopic, 4% robotic) to 65% in 2017 (n = 2382; 35% laparoscopic, 30% robotic), likely from annual increases in robotics (OR 1.24/year, p < 0.0001). In the unadjusted analysis, there were significant differences in MIS use by age, race, comorbidity, socioeconomic status, and facility type. In multivariate analysis, patients with advancing age (OR 0.93, p < 0.001), major comorbidity (OR 0.75, p < 0.001), total proctectomy (OR0.78, p < 0.001), and advanced pathologic stage (OR 0.51, p < 0.001) were less likely to undergo MIS. CONCLUSION Nationwide, less than half of rectal cancer cases in older persons were performed with MIS, despite steady robotic growth. Patient and facility factors impacted MIS use. Further work on regionalizing rectal cancer care and ensuring equitable MIS access and training could improve utilization.
Jejunal intussusception as a rare cause of newborn bowel obstruction

Abstract Neonatal intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in the neonate, particularly in a newborn. It can present similar to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), with findings such as abdominal distension, feeding intolerance, and gastrointestinal bleeding. This often results in delayed diagnosis leading to increased morbidity and mortality. For jejunal intussusception, non-operative reduction may be attempted, but is not often successful, so surgical intervention is usually required. While newborn presentation is out of the typical age for idiopathic intussusception without a lead point and a lead point should be assessed for, it may be idiopathic. Although rare, intussusception should be in the differential for bowel obstruction in the neonatal period. X rays and contrast studies may suggest obstruction and it can be reliably diagnosed with abdominal ultrasound (US). We present a case of an early near term neonate presenting with bilious emesis in first 24 hours of life, with contrast studies concerning for proximal obstruction, who on surgical exploration was found to have an isolated jejuno-jejunal intussusception.
Frequency of Pre-partum Negative Energy Balance and Post-partum Subclinical Ketosis and the Cow- and Herd-levels in North East Dairy Herds

Large increases in demands for energy and nutrients occur as dairy cows transition from the last weeks of pregnancy to the first weeks of lactation. If excessive, negative energy balance (NEB) in the pre-partum period and subclinical ketosis (SCK) in the post-partum period may be associated with poor reproductive and milking performance, as well as increased incidence of metabolic (e.g. DA) and infectious diseases (e.g. mastitis). Published research suggests that SCK is the most costly disorder of dairy cows in Ontario. The objective of this study was to measure the occurrence of NEB and SCK in a large sample of progressive dairy herds to determine if there is opportunity for better management of this critical time in a cow's life.
Bacterial, Archaeal, and Organellar rRNA Pseudouridines and Methylated Nucleosides and Their Enzymes

rRNAs contain a number of different modified nucleosides, mainly, but not exclusively, pseudouridine (ψ, 5-ribosyl-uracil) and nucleosides methylated on either the base or the 2'-hydroxyl of the ribose. This chapter focuses on the rRNAs of bacteria, archaea, and organelles, including the last because of their presumed evolutionary relationship to bacterial organisms. With a single exception in Bacillus subtilis, all of the available information on the rRNA ψ synthases comes from Escherichia coli. Deletion of the synthase gene and subsequent RNA analysis for ψ can also be misleading if another synthase shares the specificity for forming a particular ψ. The effects of the absence of RluC or RsuA were much less marked but still significant. The strong effect of RluA deletion might be due to the loss of ψ from both large-subunit (LSU) RNA and tRNA. It is also important to note that the family designations based on amino acid sequence homology do not necessarily define the specificities of the member synthases. In E. coli, the locations of the 10 methylated nucleosides in the small-subunit (SSU) RNA and the 14 methylated nucleosides (one is m3ψ) plus one dihydrouridine in the LSU RNA are known.
Vortex models of the fine scales of turbulence

We survey the current status, prospects and problems of vortex models of the fine scales of turbulence. We begin with the attempt by Synge and Lin in the 1940's to calculate the longitudinal velocity correlation for isotropic tubulence using an ensemble of Hill's spherical vortices. A discussion of models based on the Burgers vortex is followed by a detailed description of the use of an ensemble of randomly oriented stretched spiral-vortex solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations to predict/postdict several small-scale properties of stationary homogeneous tubulence at large wavenumber. These include the spectra of various quantities and the one-point velocity gradient statistics.
Making the Switch to Digital Audio

In this article, the authors describe the process of converting from analog to digital audio data. They address the step-by-step decisions that they made in selecting hardware and software for recording and converting digital audio, issues of system integration, and cost considerations. The authors present a brief description of how digital audio is being used in their current research project and how it has enhanced the “quality” of their qualitative research.
Klein, Melanie (1882–1960)

This article provides a short biography of the psychoanalyst who has had, after Freud, more impact than any other. It traces her moves from Vienna to Budapest to Berlin and, finally, to London, where she spent most of her professional life. Klein was a founder of one branch of child analysis. She took seriously Freud's hypothesis of the death drives. She also developed an original developmental theory, in which the child's major psychic task is the management of anxiety arising from destructive fantasies and wishes and from virulent envy. In the first, paranoid-schizoid, position, persecutory anxiety is prominent and splitting the major defense. Later, depressive anxiety and the fear of harming the loved object accompany the depressive position. Klein theorized the internal world, and the processes of splitting, projection, and introjection that create that world. Throughout life these are the challenges facing any human being as well as shaping and undermining social formations and processes. The central datum of Kleinian theory is unconscious fantasy.
c-Abl independent p73 stabilization during Gemcitabine or 4’-Thio-β-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine (T-araC) induced apoptosis in wild-type and p53-null colorectal cancer cells

4688 Nucleoside anticancer drugs like gemcitabine (2’-deoxy-2’,2’-difluorocytidine) are potent inducers of p53 and ectopic expression of wild-type p53 sensitizes cells to these agents. However, it is also known that nucleosides are efficient activators of apoptosis in tumor cells that do not express a functional p53. To clarify this issue we examined the effects of gemcitabine and T-araC (1-[4-thio-β-D-arabinofuranosyl] cytosine) on p73, a structural and functional homologue of p53 whose activation could also account for nucleoside-induced apoptosis, since no functionally significant mutations of p73 have been reported in cancers. Acute treatment of HCT 116 colon carcinoma cells with gemcitabine or T-araC induced marked cytotoxicity and cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP. T-araC and gemcitabine markedly induced p53 accumulation, increased levels of phospho-p53 Ser15/20/46, and also induced its binding to a consensus p53 response element. Despite robust activation of p53 by T-araC and gemcitabine, we found that wild-type and p53 -/- HCT 116 cells exhibited almost equivalent sensitivity towards these nucleosides. Examination of p73, revealed that T-araC and gemcitabine markedly increased p73 protein levels and p73 DNA-binding activities in both p53 -/- and wild-type cells. Furthermore, T-araC and gemcitabine induced increases in p73 levels occur due to a decrease in p73 protein turnover. RNAi studies also demonstrated that nucleoside-induced p73 increases are independent of c-Abl, a nucleoside-activated kinase, which has been recently implicated in p73 stabilization. HCT 116 lines, wherein the downstream p53/p73 targets Bax and PUMA were deleted, were less sensitive to T-araC and gemcitabine. Together, these studies indicate that c-Abl independent p73 stabilization pathways, could account for the p53-independent mechanisms in nucleoside - induced apoptosis.
AN ANALYSIS OF POLICY ALTERNATIVES FOR THE U.S. BURLEY TOBACCO MARKET

The U.S. burley tobacco industry faces an important crossroad in this decade. It appears that domestic disappearance of burley tobacco will continue to decrease and U.S. burley tobacco will continue to have stiff competition in foreign markets. The government can influence the U.S. tobacco market in the coming decade through its tobacco program. The alternatives available to government policy makers must be analyzed to help guide policy formulation.
Experience With Bayesian Image Based Surface Modeling

Bayesian surface modeling from images requires modeling both the surface and the image generation process, in order to optimize the models by comparing actual and generated images. Thus it differs greatly, both conceptually and in computational difficulty, from conventional vusual surface recovery techniques. But it offers the possibility of generating a single surface model that fuses all available information, from any number of images, taken under quite different conditions, and by different instruments that provide independent and often complementary information. I describe an implemented system, with a brief introduction to the underlying mathematical models and the compromises made for computational efficiency. I describe successes and failures achieved on actual imagery, where we went wrong and what we did right, and how our approach could be improved. Lastly I discuss how the same approach can be extended to distinct types of instruments, to achieve true sensor fusion.
Automated least-significant bit datapath optimization for FPGAs

In this paper, we present a method for FPGA datapath precision optimization subject to user-defined area and error constraints. This work builds upon our previous research which presented a methodology for optimizing the dynamic range- the most significant bit position. In this work, we present an automated optimization technique for the least-significant bit position of circuit datapaths. We present results describing the effectiveness of our methods on typical signal and image processing kernels.
Switching modulation for wireless transmission biological waveforms using a cellphone

The cellphone has a great potential to be used for transmitting biological waveforms for health monitoring and diagnosis. This paper presents a modulation/demodulation scheme for this important application. When compared to the existing modulation methods, this scheme requires no modification of the cellphone itself, can be easily implemented by using low-cost integrated chips, consumes less energy, and supports demodulation on a general-purpose PC without adding any hardware.
Discussion as a Factor in Racial Disparity in Advance Directive Completion at Nursing Home Admission

Studies have consistently shown racial disparities in advance directive completion for nursing home residents but have not examined whether this disparity is due to differences in interactions with healthcare providers. This study had two aims: to determine whether the racial disparity in advance directive completion by nursing home residents is related to differences in discussion of treatment restrictions with healthcare providers and to examine whether there is a racial disparity in perceptions of residents' significant others that additional discussions would be helpful. Participants were 2,171 white or black (16% of sample) residents newly admitted to 59 nursing homes. Data were collected from structured interviews with residents' significant others and review of nursing home charts. Questions included whether advance directives were completed, whether treatment restrictions were discussed with the resident or family, and whether more discussion would have been helpful. Frequencies according to race were determined for each question; P-values and logistic regression models were obtained. Black residents were less likely to have completed any advance directives (P<.001), and they (P<.001) and their family members (P<.001) were less likely than whites to have discussed treatment restrictions with healthcare providers. Logistic regression models indicated that disparity in treatment restrictions narrowed when these discussions occurred. Significant others of black residents were more likely than those of white residents to consider further discussion helpful (P<.001), especially with physicians. Racial disparity in treatment restrictions may be due in part to a difference in discussion with healthcare providers; increasing discussion may narrow this disparity.
The world’s earliest instrumental temperature records, from 1632 to 1648, claimed by G. Libri, are reality or myth?

In 1830, Libri announced the finding of a 16-year-long record of daily temperature observed in Florence, Italy, by Father Renieri before the activity of the Medici Network (1654 to 1670) that is usually considered the earliest instrumental series in the world. The Libri announcement was supported by the concurrent finding of a box with the early Little Florentine Thermometers that survived the Inquisition and was confirmed by Schouw, von Humboldt and Maxwell. However, all investigations made to find Renieri’s observations were fruitless. This paper clarifies this complex situation differentiating between myth and reality. A careful analysis of the Libri’s announcement in the historical context points out that Libri made the announcement while escaping for conspiracy from Florence and needed a scoop to be introduced in the French Academy of Sciences. For this reason he made a deliberate mix of new and old assertions, i.e. he claimed to have made new discoveries but without explaining too much and reporting misleading details about well known stories concerning the earliest meteorological observations. This induced people to suppose that further, earlier records existed. The consequence of this was that climatologists searched for years the claimed records. This paper shows that the Medici Network almost certainly contains the earliest exploitable instrumental observations. The possibility of finding a short series of observations prior to 1654 is remote.
Phosphatidyl choline species in Euglena gracilis.

Abstract 1. 1. The fatty acid composition of the phosphatidyl cholines and the phosphatidyl ethanolamines from cultures of Euglena gracilis grown in the light was determined and compared to that obtained from cultures grown in the dark. 2. 2. The phosphatidyl cholines from both types of cultures were more highly unsaturated than the phosphatidyl ethanolamines, and the presence or absence of light had little effect on the fatty acid composition of either phosphoglycerides. 3. 3. Phospholipase A2 hydrolysis of the phosphatidyl cholines indicated that there was a chain length specificity for the two positions rather than a specificity for saturated versus unsaturated acids. The shorter chain acids, C14–C18, showed a preference for position i ; whereas, the C20 acids were rather evenly distributed between both positions, and the C22 acids were preferentially at position 2. Light or darkness again had little effect. 4. 4. Argentation chromatography of the intact phosphatidyl choline molecules resulted in 8 fractions. These fractions were not resolved strictly on the basis of unsaturation. Chain length in conjunction with unsaturation seemed to be the basis for separation. 5. 5. The highly unsaturated nature of the fatty acids in conjunction with the positional distribution resulted in species which contained up to 10 or 12 ethylenic bonds per molecule.
Alfred Schutz's Influence on American Sociologists and Sociology

Alfred Schutz's influence on American sociologists and sociology in the 1960s and 1970s is traced through the examination of the work of two of his students, Helmut Wagner and Peter Berger, and of Harold Garfinkel with whom he met and corresponded over a number of years. The circumstances of Schutz's own academic situation, particularly the short period of his academic career in the United States and his location at the New School, are examined to consider how and in what ways he was constrained from exerting an even wider influence. The two major areas of influence in American sociology that are examined are the sociology of knowledge and the early development of ethnomethodology.
Partial melting and the low-velocity zone

The effect of partial melting on the elastic properties of polycrystalline material is a strong function of the shape of the melt zones. If the lowest melting constituents are concentrated in narrow zones, such as grain boundaries, a small amount of melt, ≈ 1%, can easily explain the upper mantle low-velocity zone, for both shear waves and compressional waves. The Eshelby-Walsh theory for the effective elastic moduli for a material with oblate spheroidal inclusions is used to calculate the compressional and shear velocities in a solid matrix with penny-shaped melt zones as a function of melt concentration and aspect ratio. Previous calculations, based on MacKenzie's (1950) and Sato's (1952) results for spherical inclusions, show a very weak dependence of velocity on melt concentration. The Eshelby-Walsh theory satisfactorily explains the velocities in the two-phase ice-brine system.
Ab initio modeling study of boron diffusion in silicon

Abstract We present investigations of boron diffusion in crystalline silicon using ab initio calculations (W. Windl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 (1999) 4345). Based on these results, a new mechanism for B diffusion mediated by Si self-interstitials was proposed. Rather than kick-out of B into a mobile channel-interstitial, one- or two-step diffusion mechanisms have been found for the different charge states. The predicted activation energy of 3.5–3.8 eV, migration barrier of 0.4–0.7 eV, and diffusion-length exponent of −0.6 to −0.2 eV are in excellent agreement with experiment. We also present results of ab initio calculations for the structure and energetics of boron-interstitial clusters in Si. We show how these first-principles results can be used to create a physical B diffusion model within a continuum simulator which has strongly enhanced predictive power in comparison to traditional diffusion models.
Stress deformation properties of rock and rock discontinuities

The results of an extensive literature survey on the stress deformation properties of rock materials and rock discontinuities are summarized. The results show that: (1) for rock tested under uniaxial conditions, the range of modulus is from about 1 to 100 GN/m2, and the Poisson's ratio range is from 0.02 to 0.73 (0.46 if dilatant values are excluded) with an average value of 0.20; (2) for rock tested under triaxial conditions, the effects of nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock modulus are minor with hard, crystalline or homogeneous rock of low porosity, but are significant in porous, clastic or closely jointed rock; (3) anisotropy of the rock modulus is demonstrated mainly by variations in the modulus number or initial stiffness, while the nonlinearity and stress-dependency parameters are fairly constant with sample orientation; (4) nonlinearity and stress-dependency of the rock Poisson's ratio may be significant depending upon the magnitude of stress changes imposed, with the nonlinearity being more significant; and (5) limited data on rock discontinuities indicate that nonlinearity and stress-dependency effects may be quite large.
Drop oscillations in liquid-liquid systems

When the ratio of the drop radius to the distance separating any two drops and the relative importance of gravitational to surface forces are both small, the small amplitude oscillations of a drop of one viscous fluid immersed in another fluid are governed by the nonlinear dispersion relation derived by Miller and Scriven. The dispersion relation has been solved numerically to determine the character of oscillations for arbitrary values of drop size, physical properties of the two fluids, and interfacial tension. The new theoretical results determine the range of validity of the low-viscosity approximation, and are also shown to be essential for proper interpretation of many previously reported experimental results. New experimental measurements of natural frequencies of oscillation of water drops falling in 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, a system having properties characteristic of many others in solvent extraction, agree well with the theoretical predictions when drop radius is smaller than a critical size.
Design rules for implementing the Toyota Production System

The Toyota Motor Company has risen to a place of world prominence in the automotive industry by redesigning the mass production system into the Toyota Production System (TPS), or what is now known worldwide as lean production. In redesigning the mass production system, they changed the final assembly into a mixed model final assembly system to level the demand on their suppliers, converted the linear subassembly lines into U-shaped subassembly cells and redesigned the job shop into manufacturing cells. Final assembly operates with a takt time, and the cells are designed to have a cycle time slightly less than the takt time and to operate on a ‘make one, check one and move one on’ (MO-CO-MOO basis). Single-cycle machine tools are used with built-in devices to check parts (poka-yokes). Between the machines are devices (decouplers) designed to assist the standing, walking workers producing the parts in the manufacturing cells. This paper will discuss four design rules for implementing the TPS.
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of the self-assembly of carboxylic esters on graphite: Linear distortion and multiple adsorption structures

Self-assembled monolayers of carboxylic esters (stearic acid palmityl ester, lauric acid palmityl ester, and lauric acid behenyl ester) on graphite were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy. All three esters, which are bent at the carboxylic group in the gas phase, are distorted into a straight-chain shape upon self-assembly on graphite. This results from optimizing the adsorption energy by matching the adsorbate molecular chain with the graphite substrate lattice periodicity. In all the formed lamellae, the long alkyl chain of the ester always aligns with the long chain of the adjacent molecule. Steric repulsion of the carbonyl group pointing perpendicularly to the neighboring molecule weakens the interaction of the ester molecule with the substrate. The ester molecules then easily self-assemble into multilamellae with molecular chain−trough angles of 73, 61, and 49° in addition to the 90° angle typical of n-alkane monolayers. This results from a shifting of 1/2, 1, or 3/2 units from the adja...
Klein paradox of the second kind

In this note we discuss how a nonrelativistically nonconfining potential gives confinement when it is used as a scalar in the Klein-Gordon or Dirac equation.
Predicting Right Turns on Red

The Highway Capacity Manual (1997) does not provide a method for the prediction of right turns on a red signal (RTOR). A model for prediction of the RTOR volumes at isolated and coordinated signals is presented. The model has been derived by using clear assumptions and equations consistent with these assumptions. The method was implemented in the form of a spreadsheet and was evaluated without any previous calibration. CORSIM was used to generate benchmark data. The evaluation results show that the model produces unbiased results if the impedance from the queue on the approach with the right turns is the prevailing factor in the RTOR volume. A limited bias appears if the impedance from the flows on the cross street is critical for the RTOR volume. Adequate setting of the model parameters (critical gap and follow-up time) should reduce this bias. A way of estimating delays of right-turning vehicles is briefly addressed.
Radiation leakage from electron applicator assembly on a linear accelerator

Radiation leakage levels at and near the surface of our linear accelerator were measured for the available electron energies and found to be unacceptably high at several locations. Leakage levels were quantitated for several field sizes. The clinical problems which could arise due to the leakage are illustrated and a solution to the problem is suggested.
Optimal Inverse Functions Created via Population-Based Optimization

Finding optimal inputs for a multiple-input, single-output system is taxing for a system operator. Population-based optimization is used to create sets of functions that produce a locally optimal input based on a desired output. An operator or higher level planner could use one of the functions in real time. For the optimization, each agent in the population uses the cost and output gradients to take steps lowering the cost while maintaining their current output. When an agent reaches an optimal input for its current output, additional agents are generated in the output gradient directions. The new agents then settle to the local optima for the new output values. The set of associated optimal points forms an inverse function, via spline interpolation, from a desired output to an optimal input. In this manner, multiple locally optimal functions can be created. These functions are naturally clustered in input and output spaces allowing for a continuous inverse function. The operator selects the best cluster over the anticipated range of desired outputs and adjusts the set point (desired output) while maintaining optimality. This reduces the demand from controlling multiple inputs, to controlling a single set point with no loss in performance. Results are demonstrated on a sample set of functions and on a robot control problem.
A Phenomenological Perspective On Some Phenomenographic Results On Learning

In this article two different descriptive, qualitative analytic perspectives applied to the area of learning are compared, demonstrating, in part, that normal science in qualitative research can be conducted. The two perspectives are phenomenography and phenomenology and the comparison is between the different perspectives themselves and the results they produce. Phenomenography is basically an empirical approach that developed more from practice than theory and the phenomenological scientific approach used is a particularization of the Husserlian philosophical phenomenological method, as its practice is claimed to be consistent with phenomenological criteria at the level of scientific application. There is a certain convergence in the findings of the two approaches but the level of analysis actually performed by each perspective made a direct comparison of the findings difficult.
Role of gamma globulins in pathogenesis of renal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus and chronic membranous glomerulonephritis, with an observation on the lupus erythematosus cell reaction.

Utilizing the fluorescent antibody method for the histologic demonstration of localized γ-globulins, we have made the following observations (in contradistinction to the lack of such findings in a variety of normal and pathologic, control kidneys). In systemic lupus erythematosus ( a ) γ-globulins were localized in the thickened capillary walls, the "wire-loop" lesions, and the so called "hyaline thrombi" in glomeruli; ( b ) these sites of localization of γ-globulins were correlated to a considerable degree with the pattern of accentuated eosinophilia of the glomeruli, as seen in hematoxylin-eosin sections, or with the pattern of PAS-positive areas in the glomeruli in sections stained with the periodic acid-Schiff reaction; ( c ) and γ-globulins were localized rarely in large cytoplasmic granules in tubular epithelium and occasionally in glomerular capsular crescents, tubular protein casts, and inflammatory cells, particularly in the cytoplasm of cells identified as immature and mature plasma cells. In nephrotic glomerulonephritis ( a ) γ-globulins were localized in the glomerular basement membrane and appertaining structures in chronic membranous glomerulonephritis; ( b ) γ-globulins were apparently localized in the altered mesangium in chronic lobular glomerulonephritis; and ( c ) in the tubular protein casts, presumably representing abnormal glomerular filtrates, γ-globulins were present in a lesser concentration and other serum proteins in a greater concentration than found in the glomeruli. In positive lupus erythematosus preparations the nuclei of leukocytes, while undergoing transformation and subsequent phagocytosis to form lupus erythematosus cells, were the sites of localization of γ-globulin (presumably the lupus erythematosus factor) whereas in control preparations no nuclear localization of γ-globulin occurred. These observations are discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of renal lesions in systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic membranous glomerulonephritis, and amyloidosis.
Freeze‐Fracture, Deep‐Etch, and Freeze‐Substitution Studies of Olfactory Epithelia, With Special Emphasis on Immunocytochemical Variables

Freeze-fracturing and deep-etching are a well-suited set of methods to study membrane and cytoplasmic features. Various approaches are available. Possible variables include tissue preparation, fracturing only or fracturing followed by etching, modes and materials of replication, and various ways of combining freeze-fracturing and/or deep-etching with (immuno)cytochemistry. Freeze-substitution, in particular combined with embedding in methacrylate resins such as the Lowicryls, is becoming rather widely accepted for purposes of ultrastructural (immuno)cytochemistry. Most investigators active in this field agree that this combination yields superior results compared to (immuno)cytochemistry combined with more conventional means of thin section transmission electron microscopy. Yet relatively little information is available on the variations that can occur with different approaches of freeze-substitution immunocytochemistry. This review deals with some of the variations in freeze-fracturing, freeze-etching, and freeze-substitution as applied to olfactory epithelial structures and with the effectiveness of observations obtained by application of the above sets of methods in relating the special morphology of olfactory epithelial cellular structures with those obtained by other approaches. Indeed, the data obtained continue to provide an integral image in which that morphology can be related to the special biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, and electrophysiology of olfactory epithelial structures.
FIBROSING ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE INTESTINE OF A GOPHER SNAKE (Pituophis melanoleucus)

Histologic examination of a mass from the intestine of a gopher snake revealed a neoplastic process with an excessively exuberant fibrous component.
Temperature-aware GPU design

Cooling for graphics processors is becoming prohibitively expensive. Even for GPUs not intended for high-performance markets, cooling is a serious issue due to the low profit margins in these market segments. Much of the heat originates from the processor core itself. This paper argues for a runtime approach to cooling, reducing the need for bulky and expensive thermal packages and fans. Today’s cooling solutions are designed for worst-case behavior. First, localized heating occurs much faster than chip-wide heating; since power dissipation is spatially non-uniform across the chip, this leads to “hot spots” and spatial gradients that can cause timing errors or even physical damage. Reducing these hot spots, whether through changes in circuit design, microarchitecture, or software, will help reduce cooling requirements. Second, the package should be designed for the worst typical application. True worst-case behavior is rare, and a solution designed for worst case is in fact overdesigned for most typical operating conditions. However, a package designed for typical behavior could be overcome by some unusual application, and so should engage dynamic thermal management (DTM). These techniques throttle back the chip’s power dissipation (and possibly performance) until the thermal stress has passed. DTM has recently been the subject of considerable research in the general-purpose computerarchitecture community, and it is used in commercial chips like the Pentium 4, Pentium M, and Transmeta Crusoe.
Abstract 3466: Mediated by cancer cell and stroma cell TGF-β signaling, the periostin / β-Ig-H3 expression ratio is altered during breast cancer progression

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Involved in the maintenance of normal breast tissue, the extracellular matrix (ECM) also supports the progression of several human cancers. In particular, both periostin and TGF-β-induced (β-Ig-H3) whose expression is regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, are differentially expressed in many human cancers. While a link between increased periostin expression and poor breast cancer outcomes has been shown, our recent data suggest that overall periostin expression is variable and is poorly correlated with human breast cancer progression. Therefore, in this study we investigated the ratio between periostin and β-Ig-H3 expression and the relationship between TGF-β signaling and expression of these ECM proteins by cancer cells and stromal cells during human breast cancer progression. Expressions of periostin and β-Ig-H3 were determined in biopsy specimens collected from 61 breast cancer patients by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinico-pathologic features. Additionally, periostin, β-Ig-H3, and TGF-β expression in multiple stroma and tumor cells were evaluated in vitro using western-blots and ELISAs. Increases in the periostin / s-Ig-H3 ratio correlated with increased the AJCC stage and progesterone positive status of the breast cancer specimens tested (p<0.05). In vitro, murine L929 fibroblasts and 4T1 mammary cancer cells secreted higher periostin concentrations compared to J774 and RAW macrophages (p<0.05). Furthermore, the periostin / s-Ig-H3 protein expression ratio of 4T1 cells was higher than those of J774 and RAW cells. Following treatment with TGF-s that activated the SMAD pathway, L929 and 4T1 cells expressed higher periostin concentrations (p<0.05). In contrast, the high s-Ig-H3 secretion by L929 fibroblasts and J774 macrophages remained unchanged following TGFs treatment (n.s.). These observations support a role for TGF-s and periostin signaling loops between stroma and cancer cells in the microenvironment and may indicate a role of the periostin / s-Ig-H3 ratio as a predictor of breast cancer aggressiveness. [This works was supported by grants from the Department of Defense Era of Hope research program (BC044778) and the National Science Foundation EFRI program (CBE0736007)] Citation Format: Michelle M. Coleman, Anindita Das Burman, Amanda L. Lance, Didier Dreau. Mediated by cancer cell and stroma cell TGF-β signaling, the periostin / β-Ig-H3 expression ratio is altered during breast cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3466. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3466
A convenient spectrophotometric assay for monoamine oxidase.

Abstract A rapid, convenient, and sensitive assay of monoamine oxidase activity in whole homogenates and partially purified preparations of monoamine oxidase has been developed. The assay depends upon the production of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (ϵ = 2.77 × 104 at 355 mμ) from p-dimethylaminobenzylamine. Although the substrate is oxidized at a lower rate than benzylamine, the high extinction coefficient of the product at 355mμ makes the assay useful. The product of the reaction, p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, is not further metabolized, probably because it is a poor substrate for aldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases. Thus, the assay can be carried out even in whole liver homogenates that are known to contain large amounts of enzymes that might be expected to interfere.