cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
α2 Adrenergic agonists prevent MK-801 neurotoxicity

Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor are of considerable interest for various neurotherapeutic purposes, including preventing neuronal degeneration in stroke and CNS trauma, suppressing neuropathic pain and preventing the development of tolerance to opiate analgesics. Unfortunately, NMDA antagonists can cause potentially serious side effects, including acute neurodegenerative changes in corticolimbic regions of the adult rat brain and psychotic reactions in adult humans. We have been investigating the mechanisms underlying the neuropathological changes in rat brain and exploring methods of suppressing or preventing such changes. Here we report that α2 adrenergic agonists can prevent NMDA antagonist neurotoxicity. Therefore, administering α2 adrenergic agonists together with NMDA antagonists may be a valuable strategy for preventing adverse side effects of NMDA antagonists and making these agents safer for various neurotherapeutic purposes.
Maternal prenatal cigarette, alcohol and illicit drug use and risk of infant leukaemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Several case-control studies have evaluated associations between maternal smoking, alcohol consumption and illicit drug use during pregnancy and risk of childhood leukaemia. Few studies have specifically focused on infants ( 1 cigarette/day) and illicit drug use (any amount) before and/or during pregnancy were not significantly associated with infant leukaemia. Alcohol use (>1 drink/week) during pregnancy was inversely associated with infant leukaemia overall [OR = 0.64; 95% CI 0.43, 0.94], AML [OR = 0.49; 95% CI 0.28, 0.87], and leukaemia with mixed lineage leukaemia gene rearrangements ('MLL+') [OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.36, 0.97]. While our results agree with the fairly consistent evidence that maternal cigarette smoking is not associated with childhood leukaemia, the data regarding alcohol and illicit drug use are not consistent with prior reports and are difficult to interpret. It is possible that unhealthy maternal behaviours during pregnancy, some of which carry potential legal consequences, may not be adequately measured using only self-report. Future case-control studies of childhood leukaemia that pursue these exposures may benefit from incorporation of validated instruments and/or biomarkers when feasible.
Teoria de sistemas y Teoria de comunicación -en los procesos del aula escolar-

Tanto en el proyecto principal de la UNESCO como en las diferentes reuniones de los paises latinoamericanos y del caribe para tratar la educacion, el tema de la comunicacion en los procesos escolares ha ocupado un lugar importante. En este trabajo se analizan modelos de la comunicacion que suelen utilizarse para trabajar de comprender los aspectos comunicativos de los procesos de ensenanza-aprendizaje que ocurren en el aula escolar. Despues de una breve introduccion epistemologica, se presentaran algunos de esos modelos, desde los mas sencillos ahsta los mas complejos, para tratar de detectar sus potencialidades y sus limitaciones. Al reflexionar sobre los distintos intereses teoricos con los cuales se practican las ciencias sociales siguiendo los planteamientos de la “Escuela de Frankfurt” y en particular de Jugen Habermas, pueden notarse tres tipos de interes a los que corresponden tres niveles o estilos de ciencia social. En cada una de las distintas ciencias, tan pronto como se quiere pasar mas alla de la mera descripcion de los hechos observados, aparece el intento de explicar lo que esta pasando, con un interes de predecir y controlas los procesos. A este interes se le denomina interes tecnico.
Lipofuscin: identification and localization in monkey uterus.

Abstract Large quantities of lipofuscin were identified histochemically in the uterus of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciurea). In the myometrium, the pigment was contained in macrophages, but in the endometrium it was chiefly present as extracellular aggregates. There was no evidence of an influence of ovarian hormones on the quantity or distribution of the pigment.
Modeling the rework cycle: capturing multiple defects per task

The rework cycle is at the heart of modeling projects, one of the major research and application areas in system dynamics. The current formulations for the rework cycle assume each task is either defective or not. Yet in many projects multiple defects can occur in one task. In this study we introduce a new rework cycle formulation that accounts for multiple defects per task and flexibly captures the testing process. We compare this formulation with two established formulations from the literature. Analysis shows some differences in simulated projects' finish time and delivered quality across different models and we discuss how these differences depend on project characteristics and task structure. The new formulation could be especially useful when data on tasks, defects, and testing have different measures, and when each new defect in a task significantly increases the chances of the task being rejected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective randomized trial of polyglactin 910 mesh to prevent recurrence of cystoceles and rectoceles.

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of polyglactin 910 mesh in preventing recurrent cystoceles and rectoceles. Study Design: In a prospective, randomized, controlled trial, patients undergoing vaginal reconstructive surgery with cystoceles to the hymenal ring and beyond were randomly selected to undergo anterior and posterior colporrhaphy with or without polyglactin 910 mesh reinforcement. Results were evaluated preoperatively and at 2, 6, 12, and 52 weeks postoperatively. Results: A total of 161 women were randomly selected for this study. One woman was excluded at the time of surgery, and 17 women were lost to follow-up. Eighty women received mesh, and 80 did not. Both groups were found to be equivalent with respect to age, parity, concomitant surgery, and menopausal and hormone replacement status. Preoperatively 49 women had a central cystocele to the hymenal ring and 111 women had cystoceles beyond the introitus; 91 women had a rectocele to the mid-vaginal plane, 31 to the hymenal ring, and 22 beyond the introitus. After 1 year, 30 (43%) of 70 subjects without mesh and 18 (25%) of 73 subjects with mesh had recurrent cystoceles beyond the mid-vaginal plane ( P = .02). Eight women without mesh and 2 women with mesh had recurrent cystoceles to the hymenal ring ( P = .04). No recurrent cystoceles beyond the hymenal ring occurred in either group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed concurrent slings to be associated with significantly fewer recurrent cystoceles (odds ratio, 0.32; P = .005), whereas the presence of mesh remained significantly predictive of fewer cystocele recurrences in this analysis. Thirteen recurrent rectoceles were noted 1 year postoperatively, with no differences between groups. Conclusion: Polyglactin 910 mesh was found to be useful in the prevention of recurrent cystoceles. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1357-64.)
Using job evaluation to achieve pay equity

Job evaluation has become linked to debates over comparable worth. Proponents of pay equity complain that job evaluation is often biased against predominantly female jobs. Nonetheless, job evaluation is proposed as a tool to achieve more equitable pay for predominantly female jobs. We discuss ways in which conventionally used job evaluation plans incorporate sex bias and how these biases may be minimized. We conclude that, when care is taken to avoid sex bias, job evaluation is the best available tool to achieve pay equity. We predict that its use will grow, particularly in the public sector.
Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction in macrophages

The mechanisms by which extracellular signals are received and transduced across the cell membrane are being illuminated by studies in macrophages. In this review Tom Hamilton and Dolph Adams discuss mechanisms of signal transduction which either initiate rapid execution of function in macrophages or alter the cells' potential for taking such action.
Random Matrix Based Input Shaping Control of Uncertain Parallel Manipulators

Input shaping control techniques have proven to be very effective in improving performance and lowering actuation requirements for Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) systems. However, deployments tend to be very sensitive to variation of the system natural frequencies and damping ratios. This limits the application of input shaping schemes in the nonlinear systems (e.g., robotic manipulators) or systems with uncertain parameters. The main focus of this paper is to address the parametric uncertainty in the system and the design of an input shaping control based upon the estimated parameters. The variations induced by system non-linearity are tackled by the method of the linearization. The uncertainty is characterized by treating the linearized system mass matrix as a random matrix. This provides the probability density function of the eigenvalues of the underdamped system that are then used to design the input shaping control for the uncertain system. We believe that such a characterization (and desensitization to production variability) is especially important for successful deployment of newer generations of 3D printed robotic systems. This is verified via a Monte Carlo simulation — the statistics of the percent residual vibration verifies the superiority of the input shaping control scheme based on the estimated parameter values (compared to the one based on the nominal parameters).Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A comparison of the effects of exercise and lifestyle modification on the resolution of overuse symptoms of the shoulder in polio survivors: a preliminary study.

Abstract Klein MG, Whyte J, Esquenazi A, Keenan MA, Costello R. A comparison of the effects of exercise and lifestyle modification on the resolution of overuse symptoms of the shoulder in polio survivors: a preliminary study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2002;83:708-13. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of exercise and lifestyle modification therapy in treating shoulder symptoms in polio survivors with lower-extremity weakness. Design: A randomized parallel group study. Setting: Research laboratory. Participants: Twenty-three subjects recruited from a cohort of 194 polio survivors who had participated in a previous study had bilateral hip-extensor and knee-extensor weakness and reported experiencing shoulder pain on a regular basis with daily activity. Interventions: Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups. Members of group 1 were placed on a home exercise program that focused on strengthening their hip and knee extensors. Members of group 2 were instructed in lifestyle modification techniques designed to avoid shoulder overuse. Members of group 3 received both interventions. Main Outcome Measures: Shoulder symptoms were quantified in terms of number and severity. Isometric strength of bilateral hip and knee extensors was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. Results: Symptoms improved in all 3 groups. However, members of the exercise-only group (group 1) were the only ones to show a significant difference in both number and severity of symptoms when pre- and posttreatment values were compared. Conclusions: Both exercise and lifestyle modification therapies that focus on reducing the stress related to lower-extremity weakness are effective in treating shoulder overuse symptoms in polio survivors. A trend toward greater improvement in shoulder symptoms in subjects who participated in the exercise program and who also showed a trend toward increased knee-extensor strength supports muscle strength and/or endurance as a key factor. © 2002 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Hybrid Potts-phase field model for coupled microstructural–compositional evolution

Abstract In this work, we introduce and demonstrate a hybrid model that combines elements of the Monte Carlo Potts Model with those of the phase field model. This hybrid model is introduced as a method to simulate microstructural evolution processes that are kinetically controlled by long-range diffusion in multi-component systems. The hybrid model uses a digitized microstructure with each site characterized by its microstructural features and its composition. The total free energy of the system is defined by bulk chemical free energy as well as interfacial energy. The coupling between the microstructure and composition is achieved by using the total free energy to drive the evolution in both fields. The kinetics are simulated by a combination of Monte Carlo methods and solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation. This model is applied to several example problems to demonstrate its capabilities. These are diffusion in single- and two-phase diffusion couples, grain growth in a two-phase system controlled by diffusion and diffusion phase transformation by nucleation and growth of a second phase.
Maximum likelihood estimation of factor and ideal point models for paired comparison data

Abstract Many paired comparison data sets reported in the literature are obtained in a multiple judgment setting where each judge compares all possible item pairs one at a time. Despite the repeated measures structure of the data, typically the multiple judgments are analyzed under the strong assumption of independence. This disregard for dependencies in the paired comparison judgments is a serious model misspecification that may lead to incorrect statistical and substantive conclusions. Building on Takane's (1987, Cognition and Communication , 20 , 45–62) analysis of covariance structures models, we present a variant of the Monte Carlo expectation maximization (MCEM) algorithm for estimating probabilistic paired comparison models of multiple paired comparison judgments. The MCEM algorithm is straightforward to implement and converges quickly even when the paired comparison data are sparse. A detailed analysis of a paired comparison experiment illustrates the usefulness of this approach for the interpretation of similarity and individual difference effects in preference data.
Mouthparts, antennae and genitalia of intersex Culicoides stellifer parasitized by mermithid nematodes.

A 12-month study of Culicoides in Bulloch County, Georgia, U.S.A., revealed that twelve of 23,859 specimens (0.05%) of C.stellifer were intersexes as a result of being parasitized by mermithid nematodes. Of these, eleven had male genitalia and female type antennae and one had female genitalia with male type antennae.
Large Scale Security Dispatching: an Exact Model

An exact optimal power flow model is presented for dispatching generation, transformer taps, and generator voltages to minimize operating costs while guaranteeing a steady state secure operating point after a contingency. A full ac power flow model is used, which permits including voltage and reactive power constraints in the optimization. The technique of this paper is unique in that all of the voltage and power constraints of all selected contingencies are enforced in a single optimization. No cycling between contingency evaluation and optimization is necessary in order to update the list of active constraints. Cases which have divergent power flow solutions are included in the problem with no difficulty. All non-islanding outages are guaranteed to converge to a feasible solution. The optimization algorithm solves a sequence of linearly constrained subproblems using a quasi-Newton search direction. The dispatching algorithm is tested on the IEEE 118 bus system power system.
Chinese and American perceptions of foreign‐name brands

Purpose – Previous research is mixed regarding consumer reactions and concerns regarding product brands with foreign‐sounding names. This paper aims to study the perception and purchase intent of foreign‐name brands in a sample of adult US and Chinese consumers.Design/methodology/approach – US and Chinese consumers completed a 23‐item bilingual questionnaire to assess perceptions of foreign names on brand attitude and purchase intent for low‐involvement products, using two fictitious soft drink products.Findings – The paper finds that there were no differences between US and Chinese consumers in attitudes towards foreign products or foreign brand names, except in the case of perceived deception. There were differences in perceptions that the product name was not authentic to the country of origin. Differences in purchase intent were driven by product type and price rather than country of origin or brand name.Practical implications – When there is incongruence between product type and perceived country of ...
The proteome of the developing tooth of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus: mortalin is a constituent of the developing cell syncytium.

Echinoderm teeth are continuously growing calcite-mineralized tissues of complex structure. Two features are of special interest: (1) cell division takes place in a restricted aboral domain, the plumula, and the cells immediately merge into multinucleated syncytial layers; (2) the major part of the heavily mineralized tooth elongates and moves towards the adoral incisal tip continuously as the syncytial cells actively expand the syncytium and intermembrane mineral phase. As the first step to understanding the nature of the mineralization processes, we have isolated the proteins of the plumula and of the mature mineralized portions of the tooth, and begun their characterization. Peptide sequences were used to screen a plumula cDNA library by polymerase chain reaction. One primer set yielded a prominent amplified product which was cloned, and sequenced. Comparison with the nucleotide and protein data banks revealed the protein to be Mortalin, a member of the hsp-70 family, with >75% of its sequences identical to that of human mortalin. Immunocytochemical localization of mortalin within the plumula, using Anti-human Grp75, showed staining of the odontoblast cytosol and matrix at the point where syncytial formation was occurring. The cytosol of the syncytial layers was weakly stained. The nuclei within the syncytia were stained at their periphery. In the mature part of the tooth, the perinuclear staining of the nuclei was more prominent. We conclude that mortalin is involved in syncytium formation and maintenance. The urchin mortalin has a distinctive aspartic acid and serine-rich C-terminal domain that may link it to the mineralization process. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 308B:357–370, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
INFLUENCE OF MARINE PROTOZOA ON NUTRIENT REGENERATION1

Per unit weight, marine protozoa excrete dissolved phosphorus one to two orders of magnitude faster than marine microcrustaceans and several orders of magnitude faster than marine macrofauna. Protozoa may therefore be responsible for a major fraction of faunal nutrient excretion even though present only as a minor fraction of the faunal biomass. Regeneration of dissolved inorganic phosphate from organic detritus proceeds faster and more completely in the presence of bacteria and ciliates or colorless flagellates than in the presence of bacteria alone. An increased consumption of organic detritus in the presence of protozoa is performed by bacteria, which are kept in a prolonged state of “physiological youth” by grazing protozoa. Present results indicate that it is the protozoa that produce, via excretion, the greater regeneration of nutrients from organic detritus. By constituting a nutrient source for protozoa, bacteria are indirectly involved in this increased
Reading the past : current approaches to interpretation in archaeology

Preface to the first edition Preface to the second edition 1. The problem 2. The systems approach 3. Structuralist archaeology 4. Marxist archaeology, ideology and practice 5. Archaeology and history 6. An ethnohistoric example: reconsideration of ethnoarchaeology and middle range theory 7. Contextual archaeology 8. Post-processual archaeology 9. Conclusion: archaeology as archaeology Bibliography Index.
Social annotations: utility and prediction modeling

Social features are increasingly integrated within the search results page of the main commercial search engines. There is, however, little understanding of the utility of social features in traditional search. In this paper, we study utility in the context of social annotations, which are markings indicating that a person in the social network of the user has liked or shared a result document. We introduce a taxonomy of social relevance aspects that influence the utility of social annotations in search, spanning query classes, the social network, and content relevance. We present the results of a user study quantifying the utility of social annotations and the interplay between social relevance aspects. Through the user study we gain insights on conditions under which social annotations are most useful to a user. Finally, we present machine learned models for predicting the utility of a social annotation using the user study judgments as an optimization criterion. We model the learning task with features drawn from web usage logs, and show empirical evidence over real-world head and tail queries that the problem is learnable and that in many cases we can predict the utility of a social annotation.
Molecular dynamics simulations of laser disintegration of amorphous aerosol particles with spatially nonuniform absorption

Abstract A series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed in order to provide qualitative information on the mechanisms of disintegration of aerosol particles as used in aerosol mass spectrometry. Three generic types of aerosol particles are considered: strongly absorbing particles with homogeneous composition, transparent particles with absorbing inclusion, and absorbing particles with transparent inclusion. To study the effect of the mechanical properties of the aerosol material on the disintegration process, the results for crystalline (brittle) and amorphous (ductile) particles are compared. For large laser fluences, nearly complete dissociation of the absorbing material is observed, whereas the nonabsorbing portions remain fairly intact. Because large fluences can cause photofragmentation of constituent molecules, multiple pulses at low laser fluence and/or lasers with different wavelengths are recommended for the best representative sampling of multicomponent aerosol particles in laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry.
Prostaglandin E1-mediated augmentation of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell growth in vitro

Abstract In vitro clonal growth of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) is stimulated by colony-stimulating factor(s) (CSF). Monocyte-macrophage-derived CSF elaboration has been demonstrated to be associated with the synthesis and release of prostaglandins of the E series (PGE). In this study, we have demonstrated that PGE 1 treatment of human marrow cells prior to their in vitro culture, significantly augments (approx. two-fold) the GM-CFC growth, and this is achieved by the stimulation of the non-cycling (G 0 or long G 1 ) GM-CFC fraction to enter that of actively proliferating GM-CFC. This phenomenon may provide a physiological means of preventing exhaustion by CSF-stimulated proliferation and differentiation of the actively dividing GM-CFC compartment.
SETTLEMENT BEHAVIOR OF DUNGENESS CRAB (CANCER MAGISTER DANA, 1852) MEGALOPAE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE SHORE CRAB, HEMIGRAPSUS (DECAPODA, BRACHYURA)

Artificial habitat is often created to augment populations of commercially valuable species. The complex structure of the habitat provides refuge from predation. In Grays Harbor, Washington, this concept is being applied by constructing intertidal oyster shell plots for megalopae settlement of Dungeness crab (Cancer magister). Previous monitoring of these plots revealed a negative relationship between shore crab, Hemigrapsus oregonensis, densities and C. magister juveniles within the shell plots. The present study investigated the settlement of C. magister in the presence of Hemigrapsus. We also explored the ability of Hemigrapsus to prey on juvenile C. magister instars. C. magister megalopae avoided Hemigrapsus, whose presence was detected chemically, not visually. Results support the hypothesis that C. magister megalopae avoid Hemigrapsus when selecting areas to settle. Hemigrapsus predation upon juvenile C. magister, with carapace width of approximately 8 mm, begins to occur when the Hemigrapsus are approximately 1.5 times the size of the C.magister. Predation on C. magister early instars increases as the size ratio (C. magister: Hemigrapsus) decreases. Un habitat artificiel est souvent cree pour augmenter les populations d’especes a valeur commerciale. La structure complexe de l’habitat fournit des abris contre la predation. A Grays Harbor, Washington, E.U.A., ce concept est applique en construisant des amas intertidaux de coquilles d’huitres pour l’etablissement des megalopes du crabe de Dungeness (Cancer magister). Un suivi prealable de ces amas a revele une relation negative entre les densites du crabe Hemigrapsus oregonensis et des juveniles de C. magister a l’interieur des constructions de coquilles. Cette etude a porte sur l’etablissement de C. magister en presence d’ Hemigrapsus. Nous avons aussi explore la capacite de Hemigrapsus a se nourrir des stades juveniles de C. magister. Les megalopes de C. magister evitaient Hemigrapsus, dont la presence etait detectee chimiquement, et non visuellement. Les resultats appuient l’hypothese que les megalopes de C. magister evitent Hemigrapsus quand elles selectionnent les zones pour s’y etablir. La predation d’ Hemigrapsus sur les juveniles de C. magister, d’une largeur de carapace de 8 mm environ, commence a se produire quand les Hemigrapsus ont environ 1,5 fois la taille de C. magister. La predation sur les premiers stades de C. magister augmente quand le rapport de taille (Hemigrapsus: C. magister) augmente.
The single fiber composite test: A comparison of E-glass fiber fragmentation data with statistical theories

The exact theories advanced by Curtin6 and Hui et al.7 to describe the fiber break evolution process in single fiber composites are found to be incorrect when compared with experimental data. In contrast to theoretical predictions where the matrix is assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic, experimental data indicate that the sizes of the fragment lengths that survive to saturation decrease as the strain is increased. It is also shown that the break locations at saturation are uniform along the length of the fiber specimens, with the uniformity apparently being independent of interfacial shear strength, fiber type, matrix type, and fiber–fiber interactions. The theory of uniform spacings gives an explicit distribution function for the ordered fragment lengths. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Duplex scanning in renovascular disease

This review describes our experience with renal duplex sonography (RDS) in the elderly as a screening study for renovascular disease and as an intraoperative completion study to define technical error after operative renal artery repair. Methods of patient preparation, technical aspects of renal duplex interrogation and the comparison of RDS results with angiography in the elderly are presented in detail. In the hands of an experienced sonologist, RDS examination performed according to these methods and techniques correlates highly with angiography. We believe renal duplex sonography is the preferred screening test for main renal artery stenosis and occlusion in the elderly population.
EFFECTS OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT AND OF VITAMIN D ON BLOOD PHOSPHATASE, CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS IN OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA

Surprisingly few definite facts have been brought to light by the many attempts thus far made to fathom the nature of the peculiar disturbance in bone metabolism which occurs in osteogenesis imperfecta. The calcium, inorganic phosphorus and proteins of the blood serum have repeatedly been shown to be normal. There is no evidence of any disturbance in the acid-base equilibrium of the body fluids. While reports on studies of the mineral balance in typical cases agree in the main that calcium and phosphorus are retained in subnormal amounts under ordinary conditions, no adequate explanation for such defective retention has been advanced. Antirachitic therapy has repeatedly proved to be ineffective in correcting the disturbance. Parathyroid extract and irradiated ergosterol in excessive doses have both been found to accentuate rather than to lessen the functional abnormality, as judged by their effects on the calcium and phosphorus balances (1).
An infant with testicular torsion in the inguinal canal

We report a case of testicular torsion in the left inguinal canal of a 7 month old with a history of cryptorchism and no evidence of neuromuscular disease. We discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms, sonographic findings, and treatment of this rare entity.
A thermodynamic framework for estimating the efficiencies of alkaline batteries

Abstract A thermodynamic framework has been developed to evaluate the efficiencies of alkaline battery systems for electrolyte (MOH) concentrations from 1 to 8 The voltage efficiencies of H2/Ni, Fe/Ni, and Zn/Ni test cells were found to be between 90 and 100%, implying that, at least at open circuit, there t001 . List of symbols a Activity aw Activity of water A, Am′ Debye-Huckel coefficients Cp Molar heat capacity (J K−1 mol−1) d0 Density of solvent (g cm−3) D Dielectric constant E Equilibrium potetial (V) Ec Cell voltage (V) E° Standard electrode potential (V) ER Reversible potential of a cell (V) Etest Open-circuit potential of a practical cell (V) F Faraday constant = 96 487 C eq−1 ΔG Molar free energy change (kJ mol−1 ΔfG* Non-isothermal free energy of formation of a species (kJ mol−1 ΔRGT Free energy change for a reaction at temperature T (kJ) ΔH Molar enthalpy change (kJ mol−1) Kw Dissociation constant of water M Molecular weight m Molality (mol kg−1) n Stoichiometric number of electrons in a cell reaction p, p° Vapor pressure of a solution and pure water, respectively (atm) q Total charge (C) Qw Ionic product of water S Molar entropy (J K−1 mol−1) T Temperature (K) z Number of electrons in half-cell reaction α Charge (C) γ± Stoichiometric mean molal activity coefficient γ±* Mean ionic activity coefficient ϵ Overall efficiency ϵc Coulombic efficiency ϵT Thermal efficiency ϵV Voltage efficiency ν Number of ions formed by elctroylte dissociation o Osmotic coefficient
Simulating fabrication and imprinting distortions in step-and-flash imprint lithography templates

Step-and-flash imprint lithography (SFIL) is a novel approach for producing chips with sub-45-nm features. The technology uses a quartz template to imprint a dispensed polymer solution on the device wafer in a 1 × pattern-transfer process. The accuracy of the imprint fabrication technology requires minimization of the errors associated with the template fabrication, appropriate dispensing of the polymer, and reduction of template distortion during the interaction with the polymer and the device wafer as a result of the imprint. In this paper, two key issues, template fabrication and polymer dispensing, are investigated with numerical models in order to characterize the response of system components during the SFIL process. The template distortion during fabrication is simulated using finite-element models and the polymer solution dispensing is modeled using computational fluid dynamics simulations.
The importance of incorporating threat for efficient targeting and evaluation of conservation investments

We commend Underwood et al. (2009) for evaluating investment returns on billions of public dollars spent on land conservation by comparing actual with optimal conservation spending. However, they use a “maximize gain” prioritization strategy (Murdoch et al. 2007) that omits the likelihood of land-use conversion in the optimization algorithm, thereby implicitly assuming that all areas have the same probability of future development. Because development threat and cost are positively correlated, the “maximize gain” strategy is biased toward inexpensive land where biodiversity is more likely to remain without conservation expenditure. As Wilson et al. (2006) note, the “maximize gain” algorithm underperforms when allocating conservation expenditures where threat is highly variable. Using parcel-level data in Sonoma County, California, we demonstrated that a dynamic reserve site selection model incorporating threat, costs, and benefits significantly outperformed the “maximum gain” approach (costs and benefits only) (Newburn et al. 2006). In California, the same land-cover change data sets used by Underwood et al. (2009) reveal that the threat of habitat conversion varies substantially from almost none to 0.53% conversion of developable land per year among counties (FMMP 2002; C-CAP 2003; see Figure S1). The California data used by Underwood et al. (2009) also show the expected positive correlation between the threat of urban conversion and land cost (see Figure S2). Since these high vulnerability sites are typically more expensive than low vulnerability sites, they will be excluded by the “maximize gain” approach. Because the rate of habitat loss was not included, counties prioritized by Underwood et al. (2009) were less threatened than average, with a mean rank of 33.5 out of 50 counties for their annual rate of habitat conversion. These counties lost an estimated 134 ha per year of habitat to urban development, compared to an average of 1,234 ha per year in the ten fastest-growing counties. Colusa County, which was selected by both funding scenarios in Underwood et al. (2009), was ranked 47th for its annual rate of habitat loss to urban development; in contrast, San Bernardino County, which has high species richness, moderate land costs, and lost the greatest total amount of habitat each year was not selected. The “maximize gain” strategy can be appealing to investors in private land conservation because it results in large landscape acquisitions. For example, close to US$13 million of public funding was used to purchase over 37,000 hectares of conservation easements in Tehama County between 1997 and 2007. However, these actions
Gender influences on spine loads during complex lifting.

Abstract Background context: Previous research has documented differences in spine loading between genders when the imposed load is normalized relative to the size of the person. However, under realistic work conditions the magnitude of the load handled is seldom adjusted relative to worker anthropometry. Thus, there is a void in our knowledge in that we do not understand how material handling influences spine loading and potential risk of injury as a function of gender under realistic lifting situations. Purpose: To evaluate the differences in spine loading between men and women when exposed to similar workplace demands. Study design: A laboratory study was conducted to investigate the biomechanical responses during realistic free-dynamic lifting tasks when subjects lifted from origins and destinations that were either fixed or set relative to the subject's anthropometry. Patient sample: Twenty men and 20 women asymptomatic for low back pain were recruited to participate in the study. Outcome measures: The three-dimensional spine loads were predicted from a well-established electromyography-assisted model. Methods: Both genders completed a series of symmetric and asymmetric (60-degree clockwise) lifts that originated from two shelf heights ("relative" to knee height and "set" at 35 cm from floor) and terminated at one of two destination heights ("relative" to waist and "set" 102 cm from the floor). Three levels of box weight were investigated (6.8, 13.6 and 22.7 kg). Results: Men had significantly greater compression forces than women (about 640 N). Loading differences between genders were further magnified by several of the workplace factors. The differences between men and women were even greater when lifting either of the heavier loads from the lower fixed shelf (more than 50% greater). Conclusions: It is apparent that men produce the greater loads on their spines during lifting. However, engineering controls, such as adjustable workplace layout or less weight lifted, may reduce or eliminate gender-specific differences in spine loads. Furthermore, the differences in spine loads appear to be a result of kinematic trade-offs and muscle coactivity differences in combination with unequal body masses between genders. However, when the loads were put into context of the expected tolerances of the spine, women were found to be at increased risk of injury, especially when lifting heavy loads or under asymmetric lifting conditions. Collectively, the results indicate the need to account for differences between the genders when designing the workplace.
EVALUATION AT 4–5 YEARS OF SURVIVORS OF NEONATAL INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE

Twenty-seven children of birthweight less than 1500 grams who had brain CT scans in the newborn period were evaluated at 4-5 yr, Physical and developmental measures were contrasted in 9 children surviving intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and 18 without hemorrhage (C). Previous Bayley Scales had been performed in the first 12 months. Mean scores on the McCarthy Scales differed between the ICH and C groups: General Cognitive Index 76.8±21.4 vs. 95.0±17.6*, Verbal 37.0±11.2 vs. 48.3±10.8*, Performance 37.1±12.0 vs. 48.3±8.5†, Motor 32.8±9.7 vs. 46.1±11.4†. Quantitative and Memory scales did not differ between groups. Correlation between Bayley MDI and McCarthy GCI was .74, although Bayley scores of ICH and C had not differed significantly. Within the ICH group, severity of hemorrhage correlated positively with mental development. Measures of lateralization (grip, finger tapping, and reaction time) showed no asymmetries in either group. Height and weight did not differ between groups, but head circumference was <5% in 3 of 9 ICH and 0 of 18 C. Three ICH children had neuromotor abnormality, but none showed lateralized dysfunction. Similarly, no lateralized neurocognitive deficits were found. At 4-5 yr., overall performance was compromised in infants who had suffered ICH.
The component skills underlying reading fluency in adolescent readers: a latent variable analysis

This study investigated the component skills underlying reading fluency in a heterogeneous sample of 527 eighth grade students. Based on a hypothetical measurement model and successive testing of nested models, structural equation modeling revealed that naming speed, decoding, and language were uniquely associated with reading fluency. These findings suggest that the ability to access and retrieve phonological information from long-term storage is the most important factor in explaining individual differences in reading fluency among adolescent readers. The ability to process meaning and decode novel words was smaller but reliable contributors to reading fluency in adolescent readers.
Gender and postpartum depression in Arab Middle Eastern women

Synopsis Post-partum depression (PPD) is a mood disturbance that occurs in the weeks or months after child birth. PPD accounts for a substantial share of the global burden of disease; yet, gaps in research are especially high in Arab and Middle Eastern populations. Here, we review and offer a feminist critique of the scant biomedical research on PPD in Arab and Middle Eastern populations. Rates of PPD in some cases exceed those in Western populations, and even biomedical studies reveal that (1) poor support, (2) experiences of violence, (3) frustrated efforts to achieve norms of motherhood, and (4) specific features of patriarchal kinship are important contexts within which PPD occurs. Our review spurs a call for engendering research on PPD in this and other non-Western contexts.
Online algorithms for locating checkpoints

Motivated by applications in data compression, debugging, and physical simulation, we consider the problem of adaptively choosing locations in a long computation at which to save intermediate results. Such checkpoints allow faster recomputation of arbitrary requested points within the computation. We abstract the problem to a server problem in whichk servers move along a line in a single direction, modeling the fact that most computations are not reversible. Since checkpoints may be arbitrarily copied, we allow a server to jump to any location currently occupied by another server. We present on-line algorithms and analyze their competitiveness. We give lower bounds on the competitiveness of any on-line algorithm and show that our algorithms achieve these bounds within relatively small factors.
Health Care in the New Russia: A Western Perspective

With the end of the Cold War and establishment of relations with Russia, the opportunity for nurses to meet their Russian colleagues is now available. The authors, with an international group of nurses, visited Russia to learn about their healthcare system and nursing practice. The authors found Russian healthcare system severely lacking in the technology and resources available in other industraialized nations. Within this system, the nurse's role is significantly different from nursing in the American healthcare system. Nurses practice within a system of severe shortages and provide nursing care dependent upon physicians.
A Measurable Planetary Boundary for the Biosphere

Forty years ago, Meadows et al. published a landmark first analysis of global limits to human activity ( 1 ). Based on a primitive computer model of the Earth system, they concluded that by the early decades of the 21st century, tangible limits to key global resources would begin to emerge. A reanalysis of the original results in 2008 found that the original global resource depletion projections were remarkably accurate ( 2 ). Since then, Rockstrom et al. ( 3 ) have defined a new term—planetary boundaries—to describe nine variables of high importance to habitability of Earth, including climate change, ocean acidification, land-use change, and biodiversity loss. These metrics are compelling conceptually, but many are not easily measured globally; explicitly defining a critical boundary is even more challenging. I suggest a new planetary boundary, terrestrial net primary (plant) production (NPP), that may be as compelling conceptually, integrates many of the currently defined variables, and is supported by an existing global data set for defining boundaries.
Quark-diagram analysis of two-body charm decays

Two-body decays of charm mesons are analyzed in the quark-diagram formulation, including effects of SU(3) breaking and final-state interactions. Interesting future experiments are also pointed out.
Performance of Silicon Controlled Rectifiers in Radiation Environment

A Study of the effect of gamma radiation upon silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR's) is presented and correlated with electron radiation encountered by spacecraft. Six electrical characteristics of each SCR were measured before, during, and after exposure to radiation. During irradiation some were unbiased, some biased, and others were pulsed electrically. Additionally, two different dose rates of radiation were employed. Test results are presented in graphic form, showing each of the six characteristics as a function of the total accumulated dose.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS ON GOITRE (SO CALLED THYROID CARCINOMA) IN BROOK TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS) : III. ITS PREVENTION AND CURE.

1. Goitre in fish is a non-infectious, non-contagious, symptomatic manifestation of a fault of nutrition, the exact biochemical nature of which has not been determined. 2. Feeding the highly artificial and incomplete diet of liver is the major etiological factor in bringing about this fault of nutrition which is at once corrected by feeding whole sea fish. 3. Water plays no essential part in the etiology, transmission, or distribution of the disease in the fish of this hatchery.
VENTURIA INAEQUALIS (CKE.) WINT. XI. THE CHROMOSOME NUMBER

PREVIOUS WORK on the cytology of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. has failed to establish the chromosome number. The advance of genetic studies of this pathogen (Keitt, 1952; Keitt and Boone, 1954; Boone et al., 1956; Boone and Keitt, 1956) has increased the need for this knowledge. This paper reports on the cytology of the ascus with special reference to the chromosome number. Studies of the Vytology of the ascocarp by Killian (1917) and Frey (1924) have been reviewed by Keitt and Palmiter (1938). Backus and Keitt (1940) confirmed and extended Killian's work on the cytology of the ascus. They found that the ascus arose from the binucleate penultimate cell of the crozier. The primary ascus nucleus was large and contained prominent beaded threads. Three successive nuclear divisions in the ascus gave rise to eight nuclei. The first division spindle was oriented longitudinally in the ascus, while the second and third division spindles were longitudinal, oblique or nearly transverse. The cytological evidence indicated that the sister nuclei ordinarily. were arranged in pairs in the serial order of their occurrence. Possibilities of departure from serial order and perfect pairing were recognized. The spores were spherical and uninucleate when delimited. They underwent nuclear and cell division, and each mature ascospore comprised two uninucleate cells of unequal size. A haploid number of between four and six chromosomes was suggested from observations of metaphase I and II. Further studies were made by Barnhill (1953) who concluded that the haploid chromosome number was between six and eight. Barnhill also reported the disappearance of the nucleolus by the end of prophase and the occurrence of centrosomes at the spindle poles. In recent years, substantial advances have been made in the study of the chromosomes of Neurospora crassa by McClintock (1945) and Singleton (19538. Adaptations of the methods developed in
Learning sobriety together: behavioural couples therapy for alcoholism and drug abuse

Among the various types of partner- and family-involved interventions used to treat adults with substance use disorders, Behavioural Couples Therapy (BCT) has garnered the strongest empirical support for its efficacy. During the past thirty years, multiple studies have consistently found married or cohabiting substance-abusing patients who engage in BCT, compared to traditional individual-based counselling or partner-involved attention control treatments, report significantly greater (1) reductions in substance use, (2) levels of relationship satisfaction, and (3) greater improvements in other areas of relationship and family adjustment (e.g. reductions in partner violence, improvements in custodial children's adjustment). In addition to discussing the theoretical rationale for BCT as a treatment of substance abuse, this article describes specific therapeutic techniques used as part of this intervention and summarizes the relevant evaluative empirical literature.
Fine Structure of the Schizont Stage of the Testate Marine Ameba, Trichosphaerium sp.*

SYNOPSIS. The schizont stage of 3 strains of the testate marine ameba, Trichosphaerium sp., was examined in the transmission electron microscope. The cytoplasm of this multinucleate organism contained the usual organelles; the test was covered by spicules. Pseudopodial types included broad ectoplasmic lobopods that assisted in locomotion, and thin dactylopods that probably had a sensory function. Nuclear division, observed in one of the strains, was characterized by an intact nuclear envelope (at least through anaphase), and the absence of centrioles. Nuclei in an ameba divided synchronously. An unusual intranuclear body of unknown function was found in another of the strains examined.