cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accelerating dynamic web content delivery using keyword-based fragment detection

Recent advances in Web engineering have enabled the rapid growth of dynamic Web services such as Web-based email, online banking, online shopping and entertainment. We envision that finding an effective way to deliver these dynamic Web services and understanding the relationship between Web application design and delivery are two important Web engineering issues, and have not been seriously considered in the community. In this paper, we intend to tackle the first problem and pave the way for solving the second problem in the future. To efficiently serve this trend, several server-side and cache-side fragment-based techniques, which exploit reuse of Web pages at the sub-document (also known as fragment) level, have been proposed. Most of these techniques do not focus on the creation of the fragmented content from existing dynamic content. Also, existing caching techniques do not support fragment movement across the document, a common behavior in dynamic Web content. This paper presents two proposals that we have suggested to solve these problems. The first, DyCA, a dynamic content adapter, takes original dynamic Web content and converts it to fragment-enabled content. Thus the dynamic parts of the document are separated into separate fragments from the static template of the document. This is dependent on our proposed keyword-based fragment detection approach that uses predefined keywords to find these fragments and to split them out of the core document. Our second proposal, an augmentation to the ESI standard, allows splitting the information of the position of each fragment in the template from the template data itself by using a mapping table. Using this, a fragment enabled cache can have a more fine grained level of identifying fragments independent of their location on the template, which enables it to take into account fragment behaviors such as fragment movement. We used the content taken from three real Web sites to achieve a detailed performance evaluation of our proposals. Our results show that our keyword-based approach for fragment detection and extraction provides us with cacheable fragments that, when combined with our proposed mapping table augmentation, can provide significant advantages for fragment-based Web caching of existing dynamic Web content.
Prevalence of cryoglobulinemia in hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection.

Background: Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been shown to influence the natural history of hepatitis C infection. Objective: Our interest was to determine if HIV coinfection influences the prevalence of cryoglobulinemia in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected persons. Study design: A total of 384 HCV RNA positive (234 HIV-infected and 150 HIV-uninfected) participants were tested at two visits, 18 months apart, for HCV and HIV RNA, CD4, and liver enzyme levels. Serum cryoglobulin levels were measured at a subsequent visit for a subset of the sample. Results: HIV-infected participants had significantly higher HCV RNA levels (P 0.05) as compared with HIV-uninfected participants. These findings were consistent at both visits and no significant changes were observed between visits. Fifty (19%) of the 264 participants tested had detectable cryoglobulins. No difference was observed in HIV seropositivity among participants with or without cryoglobulinemia (68% versus 61%; odds ratio = 1.34, P = 0.37). However, among HIV coinfected participants, elevated AST levels (P = 0.04) and lower CD4 levels (P = 0.02) were associated with cryoglobulinemia. Conclusions: While previously reported associations were found between HIV and coinfection with HCV in this study, we did not find an association between HIV infection and cryoglobulinemia.
Multi-Component Quantum Hall Systems: The Sum of Their Parts and More

The physics of the fractional quantum Hall effect is the physics of interacting electrons confined to a macroscopically degenerate Landau level. In this Chapter we discuss the theory of the quantum Hall effect in systems where the electrons have degrees of freedom in addition to the two-dimensional orbital degree of freedom. We will be primarily interested in the situation where a finite number of states, most-commonly two, are available for each orbital state within a degenerate Landau level and will refer to these systems as multicomponent systems. Physical realizations of the additional degree of freedom include the electron spin, the valley index in multi-valley semiconductors, and the layer index in multiple-quantum-well systems. The consideration of multi-component systems expands the taxonomy of incompressible states and fractionally charged excitations, and for example, leads to the appearance of fractions with even denominators. More interestingly, it also leads us to new physics, including novel spontaneously broken symmetries and in some cases, finite temperature phase transitions. We present an introduction to this rich subject.
Improving grid resiliency using hierarchical wide area measurements

Communication systems are required to transmit wide area measurements which could be used to more effectively damp the inter-area oscillations caused by increasing penetration of renewable resources and resulting uncertainty. Controls that use wide area signals, however, are not always reliable since communication systems are vulnerable to disruptions. As a result of which the power system reliability could also be vulnerable. To counteract communication failures, this paper presents an approach to build resiliency in the physical system by designing a robust control framework that incorporates a hierarchical set of control signals. This framework consists of multiple single-input-single-output (SISO) supplementary damping controllers (SDCs) associated with a static VAr compensator (SVC). When one signal in the hierarchy fails due to a communication failure, the control automatically utilizes another available signal through an alternative communication route to continue stabilizing the system. Simulations on the IEEE 50-generator system have demonstrated that the proposed control framework stabilizes the system and improves control resiliency in response to communication interruptions.
Interference channels with correlated receiver side information

The problem of joint source-channel coding in transmitting independent sources over interference channels with correlated receiver side information is studied. When each receiver has side information correlated with its own desired source, it is shown that source-channel separation is optimal. When each receiver has side information correlated with the interfering source, sufficient conditions for reliable transmission are provided based on a joint source-channel coding scheme using the superposition encoding and partial decoding idea of Han and Kobayashi. When the receiver side information is a deterministic function of the interfering source, source-channel separation is again shown to be optimal. In addition to these source-channel coding problems, a new channel model that generalizes the classical interference channel is introduced: the interference channel with message side information. Achievable rate regions are given and a single letter characterization of the capacity region for a special class of Z-interference channels is provided. Using this capacity result and the optimality of source-channel separation, we demonstrate that our sufficient conditions for reliable transmission when each receiver has side information correlated with the interfering source are also necessary for some special cases. As a by-product, the capacity region of a class of Z-channels with degraded message sets is also provided.
Arthrobacter Strain VAI-A Utilizes Acyl-Homoserine Lactone Inactivation Products and Stimulates Quorum Signal Biodegradation by Variovorax paradoxus

Many Proteobacteria produce acyl-homoserine lactones (acyl-HSLs) and employ them as dedicated cell-to-cell signals in a process known as quorum sensing. Previously, Variovorax paradoxus VAI-C was shown to utilize diverse acyl-HSLs as sole sources of energy and nitrogen. We describe here the properties of a second isolate, Arthrobacter strain VAI-A, obtained from the same enrichment culture that yielded V. paradoxus VAI-C. Although strain VAI-A grew rapidly and exponentially on a number of substrates, it grew only slowly and aberrantly (i.e., linearly) in media amended with oxohexanoyl-HSL as the sole energy source. Increasing the culture pH markedly improved the growth rate in media containing this substrate but did not abolish the aberrant kinetics. The observed growth was remarkably similar to the known kinetics of the pH-influenced half-life of acyl-HSLs, which decay chemically to yield the corresponding acyl-homoserines. Strain VAI-A grew rapidly and exponentially when provided with an acyl-homoserine as the sole energy or nitrogen source. The isolate was also able to utilize HSL as a sole source of nitrogen but not as energy for growth. V. paradoxus, known to release HSL as a product of quorum signal degradation, was examined for the ability to support the growth of Arthrobacter strain VAI-A in defined cocultures. It did. Moreover, the acyl-HSL-dependent growth rate and yield of the coculture were dramatically superior to those of the monocultures. This suggested that the original coenrichment of these two organisms from the same soil sample was not coincidental and that consortia may play a role in quorum signal turnover and mineralization. The fact that Arthrobacter strain VAI-A utilizes the two known nitrogenous degradation products of acyl-HSLs, acyl-homoserine and HSL, begins to explain why none of the three compounds are known to accumulate in the environment.
Distribution of Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872) (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae)

Abstract The distribution of Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872) is unclear as there has been much taxonomic confusion regarding this species. New collections and redetermination of museum specimens revealed 24 new locality records for Placobdella ornata, including the first reports of the species in New York and Rhode Island. Placobdella ornata is now known to occur in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and eastern New York, USA, as well as Belgium (presumably introduced). A specimen from the syntype series of Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872) is designated as the lectotype of the species.
Timely Event Detection by Networked Learners

We consider a set of distributed learners that are interconnected via an exogenously-determined network. The learners observe different data streams that are related to common events of interest, which need to be detected in a timely manner. Each learner is equipped with a set of local classifiers, which generate local predictions about the common event based on the locally observed data streams. In this work, we address the following key questions: (1) Can the learners improve their detection accuracy by exchanging and aggregating information? (2) Can the learners improve the timeliness of their detections by forming clusters, i.e., by collecting information only from surrounding learners? (3) Given a specific tradeoff between detection accuracy and detection delay, is it desirable to aggregate a large amount of information, or is it better to focus on the most recent and relevant information? To address these questions, we propose a cooperative online learning scheme in which each learner maintains a set of weight vectors (one for each possible cluster), selects a cluster and the corresponding weight vector, generates a local prediction, disseminates it through the network, and combines all the received local predictions from the learners belonging to the selected cluster by using a weighted majority rule. The optimal cluster and weight vector that a learner should adopt depend on the specific network topology, on the location of the learner in the network, and on the characteristics of the data streams. To learn such optimal values, we propose a general online learning rule that exploits only the feedbacks that the learners receive. We determine an upper bound for the worst-case mis-detection probability and for the worst-case prediction delay of our scheme in the realizable case. Numerical simulations show that the proposed scheme is able to successfully adapt to the unknown characteristics of the data streams and can achieve substantial performance gains with respect to a scheme in which the learners act individually or a scheme in which the learners always aggregate all available local predictions. We numerically evaluate the impact that different network topologies have on the final performance. Finally, we discuss several surprising existing trade-offs.
Cerebrocostomandibular Syndrome Case Report and Literature Review

Cerebrocostomandibular syndrome (CCM) is characterized by micrognathia, cleft palate, rib defects, and frequently, mental deficiency. Death from respiratory complications occurs in 40 percent of cases before they reach 1 year of age. We describe a case of CCM with the previously unreported findings of large for gestational age at birth, radiologic evidence of bilaterally displaced radial heads, and development of brachycephaly.
High-temperature operation of polycrystalline diamond field-effect transistors

Operation of polycrystalline diamond field-effect transistors (FETs) at temperatures up to 285 degrees C and drain-to-source voltages of up to 100 V has been demonstrated. The devices were fabricated from B-doped polycrystalline diamond grown by a microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. At 150 degrees C, the devices exhibited saturation of drain current and a peak transconductance of 65 nS/mm. These are the first polycrystalline diamond devices to demonstrate saturation. Device characteristics at 250 degrees C also show saturation and increased transconductance of 300 nS/mm. Characterization was not performed at temperatures exceeding 285 degrees C due to gate leakage current above 10 nA. >
Evaluation of quantitative debriefing after pediatric cardiac arrest

Abstract Aim Our primary objective was to describe and determine the feasibility of implementing a care environment targeted pediatric post-cardiac arrest debriefing program. A secondary objective was to evaluate the usefulness of debriefing content items. We hypothesized that a care environment targeted post-cardiac arrest debriefing program would be feasible, well-received, and result in improved self-reported knowledge, confidence and performance of pediatric providers. Methods Physician-led multidisciplinary pediatric post-cardiac arrest debriefings were conducted using data from CPR recording defibrillators/central monitors followed by a semi-quantitative survey. Eight debriefing content elements divided, a priori, into physical skill (PS) related and cognitive skill (CS) related categories were evaluated on a 5-point Likert scale to determine those most useful (5-point Likert scale: 1=very useful/5=not useful). Summary scores evaluated the impact on providers' knowledge, confidence, and performance. Results Between June 2010 and May 2011, 6 debriefings were completed. Thirty-four of 50 (68%) front line care providers attended the debriefings and completed surveys. All eight content elements were rated between useful to very useful (Median 1; IQR 1–2). PS items scored higher than CS items to improve knowledge (Median: 2 (IQR 1–3) vs. 1 (IQR 0–2); p p Conclusions A novel care environment targeted pediatric post-cardiac arrest pediatric debriefing program is feasible and useful for providers regardless of their participation in the resuscitation. Physical skill related elements were rated more useful than cognitive skill related elements for knowledge and performance.
Mechanisms of cardiac alternans in atrial cells: intracellular Ca2+ disturbances lead the way

Cardiac alternans, in the form of microvolt T-wave alternans, is an important clinical sign of heart disease that frequently emerges as a diagnostic manifestation of disease severity in cardiomyopathies such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, genetic and acquired channelopathies, and even in electrolyte disturbances of the body.1 During cardiac alternans, there is a beat-to-beat oscillation between strong and weak contractions, and although the heart keeps a regular pace, cardiac alternans ultimately spawns lethal arrhythmias, serving as a valuable risk stratification factor for sudden cardiac death and helping guide arrhythmia treatment.2 Article, see p 846 At the cellular level, cardiac alternans manifests as a cyclic, simultaneous alternation of 3 of the fundamental events of cardiomyocyte physiology: action potential duration (APD), intracellular Ca2+ transient (CaT) amplitude, and contraction amplitude. Because action potentials trigger cytosolic CaTs, and CaTs in turn influence the amplitude and duration of the action potentials through various Ca2+-dependent ionic currents, in this inescapable bidirectional coupling there is barely an instance in which APD alternans becomes dissociated from CaT alternans and in reality, one faithfully follows the other. But which one has the primary role? The question seems of fundamental importance if one is to understand the hierarchical role of distinct cellular processes and target the roots of this arrhythmogenic event through rationalized therapy. The prominence of membrane currents in the genesis of cardiac alternans was demonstrated as early as 1968 by Nolasco and Dahlen3 in their classical experiments of APD restitution. They observed that in electrically paced frog ventricular muscle strips, APD shortened as they accelerated the pacing rate. This phenomenon appeals to logic because the cardiac cycle length decreases considerably during increased metabolic demand, and it must do so by means of shortening both, APD and diastolic interval (DI). Typically, DI …
The Effects of Immune Cell Products (Cytokines and Hematopoietic Cell Growth Factors) on Bone Cells

Publisher Summary The characterization of the functions of RANKL and its receptors (RANK and OPG) has contributed significantly to the development of the field of osteoimmunology. RANKL is a TNF superfamily ligand (TNFSF11) and together with its receptors RANK and OPG (TNFRSF11A and TNFRSF11B, respectively) forms the critical paracrine system, which regulates osteoclast formation. While osteoclast-like cells can form in vitro in the absence of RANK or TRAF6 signaling when exposed to a cocktail of cytokines and growth factors, the significance of this in vitro finding is questionable since osteoclasts are not detected in RANK-deficient animals. In most instances, cytokines and growth factors other than RANKL, which are produced at sites of inflammation or physiologically during bone turnover, act as co-factors that enhance or modulate the response of osteoclasts and their precursors to RANKL-RANK stimulation. However, it was recently demonstrated that the p100 precursor of NF-kB inhibits the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. It was found that in the absence of p100, TNFa stimulated osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in vivo by a mechanism that was dependent on TRAF3.
Entangling Relations: American Foreign Policy in Its Century. By David A. Lake. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. 332p. $60.00 cloth, $17.95 paper.

David Lake provides a theoretical framework for under- standing the security choices made by the United States in the twentieth century. He grounds his work in the metaphor that polities may be understood as firms producing security. The fundamental choices before states are unilateralism and cooperation. The former is equated with production within a single firm, and the latter can take several forms. Principal among these are alliances, in which polities act as if they were separate and independent firms entering into joint produc- tion agreements, and empire, which is similar to the integra- tion that takes place in the modern multidivisional corpora- tion. Alliances and empires form the end points of a continuum of security relationships. Alliances are at the anarchy end, as each polity retains full decision authority.
Intraoral Mitochondrial-Targeted GS Nitroxide JP4-039 Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Mucositis in Orthotopic Tumor-Bearing Fanconi Anemia (FA) (Fancd2-/-) Mice.

Fanconi anemia (FA) patients suffer from bone marrow failure, hematologic malignancies and late onset of squamous cell carcinoma. Some FA patients are highly sensitive to irradiation due to cellular DNA repair defect. Very severe radiation-induced mucositis can be dose limiting for these FA patients. We tested intraoral delivery of the mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant, JP4-039, in a novel F15 emulsion, to reduce mucositis in irradiated FA mice, namely FancD2-deficient mice, with orthotopic TC-1 squamous cell carcinoma cell line derived tumors. TC-1 cells (1 x 106) were injected into the left cheek of F ancd2 +/+, Fancd2 +/-, and Fancd2 -/- mice. Once tumors were palpable, mice were treated with fractionated irradiation of 8 Gy x 4 days to the oral cavity. Subgroups of mice (N=4/group) received intraoral JP4-039/F15 (100 ul containing 4 mg/ml of JP4-039 via a feeding tube placed in the oral cavity) 10 minutes prior to irradiation, F15 alone or irradiation alone. Tumor size was measured daily. Five days after the last radiation dose, mice were sacrificed, tumors and tongue tissue removed for histopathology, and gene transcripts quantitated by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Intraoral JP4-039/F15 prior to 8 Gy x 4 significantly decreased oral cavity ulceration (p < 0.001). Following 8 Gy x 4, F15-JP4-039 treated Fancd2 -/- knockout mice had 47.8 ± 11.1% of the tongue ulcerated compared to 81.7 ± 11.6% ulceration in irradiated control mice (p < 0.001). Results in F15-JP4-039 treated irradiated heterozygotes and wild-type Fancd2 +/+ mice (34.1 ± 21.2 or 16.9 ± 12.6% ulceration, respectively) were also improved compared to control-irradiated mice (88.3 ± 8.0 or 76.3 ± 17.2% ulceration, respectively) (p < 0.001 for all groups). In contrast, F15 alone did not reduce ulceration. Fancd2 -/- F15-JP4-039 treated mice still displayed increased ulceration compared to Fancd2 +/+ mice (47.8 ± 11.1% and 16.9 ± 12.6%, respectively, p < 0.0001), Both single fraction and fractionated irradiation controlled tumors at 5 days in Fancd2 +/+, Fancd2 +/-, and Fancd2 -/- mice (0.4 ± 0.3, 0.05 ± 0.05, or 0.1 ± 0.1 mm3, respectively) compared to nonirradiated controls (2.1 ± 0.4, 1.9 ± 0.5, or 3.1 ± 0.1 mm3, respectively, p ≤ 0.027). Tumor bearing Fancd2-/- mice had reduction in irradiation induced normal oral tissue NFKB, MnSOD, p21, and IL1a transcripts, while tumor bearing Fancd2+/+ and Fancd2+/- mice showed elevated transcripts for irradiation induced TGFB, Nrf2, Gadd45, IL1a, and p-21 (p<0.0412 and p<0.0041, respectively) compared to a nonirradiated tumor bearing mouse. In conclusion; an antioxidant intraoral JP4-039 protects normal tissue in irradiated Fancd2-/- as well as wild-type mice without associated tumor protection. JP4-039 therefore can be useful agent during radiation therapy of squamous cell carcinoma in Fanconi anemia patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Using Elementary Flux Modes to Estimate the Distance to Regime Shifts in Kinetic Systems

Abstract This paper studies regime shifts in dynamical systems with kinetic realizations. A regime shift occurs when small external disturbances shift the system's state from a nominal to an alternative qualitative behavior. Kinetic systems are dynamical systems found in biological networks that are defined with respect to a directed graph modeling mass/energy transport. This paper estimates the distance-to-regime-shift (DTRS) using robust stability concepts. A novel feature of the work is its parameterization of the network using elementary flux modes (EFM). EFMs represent fundamental pathways governing the fate of species in the network. The advantage of this parameterization is that the linearized system can be written as an affine parameter dependent (APD) system. The robust stability of APD systems can be checked through a linear matrix inequality (LMI) feasibility problem. The DTRS analysis, therefore, is computationally tractable since there exist efficient solvers for such LMI problems. This is demonstrated for an oscillator system that has been used to study the robustness of biochemical systems.
Point-of-Care Assay Platform for Quantifying Active Enzymes to Femtomolar Levels Using Measurements of Time as the Readout

This Article describes a strategy for quantifying active enzyme analytes in a paper-based device by measuring the time for a reference region in the paper to turn green relative to an assay region. The assay requires a single step by the user, yet accounts for variations in sample volume, assay temperature, humidity, and contaminants in a sample that would otherwise prevent a quantitative measurement. The assay is capable of measuring enzymes in the low to mid femtomolar range with measurement times that range from ∼30 s to ∼15 min (lower measurement times correspond to lower quantities of the analyte). Different targets can be selected in the assay by changing a small molecule reagent within the paper-based device, and the sensitivity and dynamic range of the assays can be tuned easily by changing the composition and quantity of a signal amplification reagent or by modifying the configuration of the paper-based microfluidic device. By tuning these parameters, limits-of-detection for assays can be adjuste...
Anesthesia for twin delivery.

Knowledge of enhanced physiologic changes and of potential problems of labor and delivery associated with multiple gestation is essential for planning and preparation for anesthesia and analgesia. Once these are understood, communicated, and appropriately car¬ried out by all concerned, delivery may be accom¬plished for the best attainable welfare of mother and neonates.
Ethos: Establishing Relationships with Readers

So far the chapters in Part II have addressed relatively impersonal aspects of popular science writing; Chapter 5 dealt with the relationship between science and others arenas in civil society, and Chapter 6 looked at how individual expertise is constructed as a social category. While both have important implications for how texts invite readers to engage with science neither explicitly addressed the roles of the writer and the reader. This chapter and the next do so. Chapter 8 will examine the kinds of relationships popular science texts invite readers to take toward scientific issues, but first this chapter looks at how writers create ethos and construct personas in popular science texts.
Investigating the Security of Nexus 1000V Virtual Switches in VMware ESXi Hypervisors

In this paper, the security posture of two versions of the Cisco Nexus 1000V virtual switch is tested against a set of exploits known to be valid on physical switching infrastructure. Specifically, the Nexus 1000V as implemented with VMware's ESXi hypervisor is examined. The attempted exploits are CAM table overflows, VLAN hopping, Spanning Tree manipulation, ARP poisoning, and Private VLAN attacks. With the exception of Spanning Tree manipulation, the Nexus 1000V is vulnerable to all of the attacks in at least one of the tested release combinations. This leads to a call for additional security considerations when deploying the Nexus 1000V/ESXi combination in data centers and cloud provider networks as intended by their design.
Influence of Solvent on Octadecyltrichlorosilane Nanostructures Fabricated Using Particle Lithography

Numerous strategies have been devised to register organosilane monolayers for applications ranging from lubricants to semiconductor surface resists. Of these patterning techniques, particle lithography offers a straightforward and high-throughput method to create periodic arrays of organosilane nanopatterns. Herein, we describe the influence of solvent on the solution-phase formation of periodic arrays of nanopores within octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayers using particle lithography. Our systematic study of various compositions of two miscible solvents, anhydrous toluene and bicyclohexyl, demonstrates control over nanopore size and OTS surface coverage. Smaller nanopores are generated from solutions with higher anhydrous toluene composition, and larger nanopores are generated from solutions with higher bicyclohexyl composition. A study of the effect of deposition time on nanopore formation found that at shorter deposition times (<5 min), the nanopore size is limited by diffusion into the water meni...
A Parametric Analysis of Vortex Patterns Visualized Over Airfoils in Accelerating Flow

Complex vertical patterns form over the surface of an airfoil in an accelerating flow started from rest. A parametric analysis of the development of the vortex patterns was conducted, using flow visualization data. We focused on the dependence of the vortex development on angle of attack and on Reynolds number. This analysis helps understanding of complex unsteady flows and it may serve as a reference for numerical models and for computer simulation
Principles and Applications of Radiation Therapy in Exotic Animals

Radiation therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that is widely used in veterinary medicine, although its use in exotic animal practice has remained limited. However, there are case reports and case series of treating birds, small mammals, and reptiles for a variety of cancers with radiotherapy with varied outcomes. In this article the basic principles of radiation therapy are reviewed and the literature regarding its use in exotic animal practice is summarized. Side effects of radiotherapy are also discussed.
The problem of evil and the suffering of creeping things

Even philosophers of religion working on the problem of non-human animal suffering have ignored the suffering of creatures like insects. Sensible as this seems, it’s mistaken. I am not sure whether creatures like these can suffer, but it is plausible, on both commonsensical and scientific and philosophical grounds, that many of them can. If they do, their suffering makes the problem of evil much worse: their vast numbers mean the amount of evil in the world will almost certainly be increased by many, many orders of magnitude, the fact that disproportionately many of them live lives which are nasty, brutish, and short means that the proportion of good to evil in the world will be drastically worsened, and their relative lack of cognitive sophistication means that many theodicies, including many specifically designed to address animal suffering, would apply to their suffering only with much greater difficulty, if at all. Philosophers of religion should therefore more seriously investigate whether these beings can suffer and what, if anything, could justify God in allowing as much.
Understanding the Relationship Between Context Dependence and Susceptibility to Consumption Cues: A Structured Abstract

Obesity has become an ever-present concern in the modern world, and researchers are concerned with mechanisms that cause obesity. This research seeks to identify one possible cognitive style that affects how consumers process the consumption environment—context dependence—and how it relates to certain consumer’s propensity to overconsume. Context dependence (Witkin 1950) is the psychological tendency to over-rely on the environment to process information. In food environments, context dependence may make some consumers more susceptible to peripheral cues that their behavior is desirable or correct which in turn may lead to overconsumption. This research reaffirms the need for adjustments to the shopping and consumption environment if we are to improve national health. These adjustments, such as pathways to produce departments and shopping cart divisions, have already been shown to increase fruit and vegetable selection in the shopping environment (Payne et al. 2014).
Solution-deposited Al2O3 dielectric towards fully-patterned thin film transistors on shape memory polymer

Solution deposition has potential for highly cost-effective fabrication of thin film transistors (TFTs) on flexible substrates. Shape memory polymer (SMP), with improved thermal mechanical response, may enable large-area flexible devices, as well as add control to the product shape and modulus. Until date, TFTs made on SMP substrates have been limited to vacuum-deposition methods. While TFTs processed through more economical solution-based techniques achieve device performance close to their vacuum-processed counterparts, they have not yet been demonstrated on SMP substrates due to the required high calcination temperatures (> 500 °C). To take full advantages of SMP, low temperature ( 2 O 3 TFTs, deposited from solution-combustion synthesis, are fabricated on Si substrates with different solution-deposited dielectrics to evaluate their potential for transferring to SMP.
Testing Freudian Hypotheses

I will discuss three questions: (1) Are satisfactory experimental tests of Freudian theory possible? (2) What is the status of the current Freudian experimental evidence? (3) Can Freud’s theoretical or therapeutic hypotheses be confirmed without experimental tests?
An Integrated Framework for Process Monitoring, Diagnosis, and Control using Knowledge-Based Systems and Neural Networks

Abstract Every day in process plants, operators deal with the tasks of monitoring a process and assessing its current state, detecting and diagnosing any abnormal behavior, and taking appropriate control actions. While these tasks are intimately related to each other and cannot really be treated as isolated tasks, typical approaches in the past have looked at monitoring, diagnosis, and control problems separately. In this paper, we discuss a conceptual framework for addressing these issues in an integrated manner. This paper will discuss two kinds of integration that are needed for a satisfying solution to this process management problem: (i) the integration of tasks, namely, monitoring, diagnosis, and control and (ii) the integration of solution approaches. The solution approaches we focus upon are knowledge-based systems and neural networks.
Propagation of Enzyme-Induced Surface Events inside Polymer Nanoassemblies for a Fast and Tunable Response

We report a new molecular design strategy that allows for the propagation of surface enzymatic events inside a supramolecular assembly for accelerated molecular release. The approach addresses a key shortcoming encountered with many of the currently available enzyme-induced disassembly strategies, which rely on the unimer-aggregate equilibria of amphiphilic assemblies. The enzymatic response of the host to predictably tune the kinetics of guest-molecule release can be programmed by controlling substrate accessibility through electrostatic complexation with a complementary polymer. Accelerated guest release in response to the enzyme is shown to be accomplished by a cooperative mechanism of enzyme-triggered supramolecular host disassembly and host reorganization.
Molecular cloning of a Na+-dependent nucleoside transporter from rabbit intestine.

Purpose. Substantial species differences in the transportkinetics of nucleosides and therapeutic nucleoside analogs have beenobserved in various experimental systems. To explain these differences at amolecular level, it is necessary to clone the relevant transporters andexamine their functional characteristics in heterologous expression systems.The goal of the present study was to clone the nucleoside tranporterspresent in rabbit, an important preclinical animal model, and to functionallycharacterize the clone(s).
Get With The Guidelines AFIB Novel Quality Improvement Registry for Hospitalized Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Background—Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. It is a cause of stroke, heart failure, and death. Guideline-based treatment can improve outcomes in AF. Unfortunately, adherence to these guidelines is low. Get With The Guidelines is a hospital-based performance initiative, which has been shown to improve adherence over time. Get With The Guidelines-AFIB is a novel quality improvement registry designed to improve adherence to AF guidelines. Methods and Results—Hospitals will be recruited by regional American Heart Association staff and key stakeholders. Inpatients or observed patients with AF or atrial flutter will be enrolled. Data collected will include demographic, medical history, and clinical characteristics including laboratory values and treatments. Decision support will guide adherence to achievement and quality measures designed to improve adherence to anticoagulation, heart rate control, safe antiarrhythmic drug use, and patient education and follow-up. Increa...
lidar observations of atmospheric motion in forest valleys

In connection with studies of aerial insecticide spraying techniques being carried out by the U. S. Forest Service, Stanford Research Institute personnel have been making lidar observations of smoke and spray material discharged by aircraft flying over forest terrain. The motion of the smoke and suspended spray droplet clouds can be tracked by lidar even when they are not visible to the eye. This makes it possible to study the motion and diffusion of parcels of air caused by micrometeorological factors, such as the insolation of valley slopes. While of primary interest in connection with aerial spraying operations, this research provides new quantitative information regarding atmospheric motion in forest valleys. The ruby and neodymium lidar instrumentation used is described and the methods of observation explained. Representative results are presented and discussed.
Automation and simplification: Drivers of innovative collection and use of patient-reported outcomes data

Abstract The aim was to develop an electronic data capture (EDC) system to capture patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures successfully by automating processes identified as barriers to implementat...
P66 Feasibility, Acceptability and Effectiveness of ‘Read for Nutrition’ Program in Childcare Settings

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of ‘Read for Nutrition’ program in childcare providers and effectiveness of the program on children's preference and consumption of a target, commonly disliked vegetable (broccoli) in childcare settings. Use of Theory or Research The ‘Read for Nutrition’ program is based on the Adult Learning theory. The program includes research-based strategies for improving children's preference and consumption of vegetables in the childcare settings via interactive shared reading while implementing enthusiastic role modeling, engaging children's senses and verbal praise. Target Audience Childcare providers (n = 16) caring for preschool children ages 3-5 years old. Program Description The ‘Read for Nutrition’ is a three-week professional development program consisting of a reading component (lesson) and coaching component. In this program, childcare providers read a lesson that provides them with a roadmap for applying the strategies and received two one-on-one coaching sessions. Participants were asked to implement the strategies while reading the book “Monsters Don't Eat Broccoli” multiple times with children during the program. Evaluation Methods Feasibility and acceptability using a self-report survey. Survey questions included enjoyment, ease of implementation and integration of the strategies described in the program with existing curriculum, and childcare providers perceived effectiveness of the strategies. Effectiveness was evaluated by measuring children's preference and consumption of broccoli. Results Children's preference for broccoli increased significantly after the program (t = 2.217, P = .03). Also, proportional consumption of broccoli increased for children who have received five or more exposures to the book reading experience (n = 47) (t = 2.765; P = .008). Number of exposures to the book was a significant predictor for proportional consumption of broccoli (β = .304, P = .006). Conclusions The program was perceived as feasible and acceptable by the providers. Furthermore, they were willing to use these strategies in their existing curriculum. Funding USDA NIFA, Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.
Implementation and evaluation of problem-based video podcasts in an introductory pharmacokinetics course.

Abstract Introduction The use of problem-based video podcasts in health sciences education is limited. Principles of Pharmacokinetics is an introductory course that establishes a foundation for understanding pharmacokinetic concepts. The primary objective was to determine the impact of problem-based video podcasts in an introductory pharmacokinetics course on student learning. Methods Problem-based video podcasts were implemented in an introductory pharmacokinetics course in spring 2015. Student pharmacists in the first professional year enrolled in the course during spring 2015, 2016, and 2017 were included in the study with students enrolled in the course in spring 2014 serving as the control group. The primary outcome was the impact of problem-based video podcasts on student learning as assessed by student performance on the final exam. Other outcomes included student utilization of the video podcasts, overall course grades, and student perceptions of learning using video podcasts. Results A total of 633 students in four academic years were included for analysis. Final exam scores were significantly higher in spring 2015 and 2016 compared to 2014. The 2017 final exam scores were similar to the final exam scores in 2014. Students perceived the problem-based video podcasts enhanced their ability to apply concepts to a patient case, reinforced concepts from lectures, and improved their understanding of clinical pharmacokinetics. Conclusion The use of problem-based video podcasts is an innovative method to augment learning outside of the traditional class time and may enhance learning without replacing direct instructor-student contact. Students reported the video podcasts improved their understanding of clinical pharmacokinetics.
Clinical Reasoning: A 70-year-old man with rapid stepwise paraparesis and sensory loss.

A 70-year-old man with a history of cardioembolic stroke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, and recently diagnosed myelodysplastic syndrome presented to an outside facility with acute sensory loss in the left buttock and lower extremity without weakness. Spine MRI demonstrated nonenhancing T2-hyperintense lesions in the upper thoracic cord and conus medullaris. MRI brain showed areas of nonspecific T2-hyperintensity. CSF revealed 20 total nucleated cells (TNC)/µL; 11,000 red blood cells (RBC)/µL; normal glucose, protein, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) index; 0 unique CSF oligoclonal bands; negative Gram stain, herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1/2 PCR, and Borrelia PCR; cytology was normal. Pleocytosis was attributed to traumatic lumbar puncture (utilizing correction of 1 TNC/µL per 500 RBC/µL), and history was inconsistent with HSV or subarachnoid hemorrhage as a cause of elevated RBCs. Serum aquaporin-4-IgG was negative. Mild anemia and thrombocytopenia were apparent. He was discharged with a provisional diagnosis of demyelinating disease. Three weeks later, he developed acute paraparesis with bladder and bowel dysfunction within hours. Repeat MRI at the outside institution showed enlargement of the nonenhancing lesions in the upper thoracic cord, now longitudinally extensive (≥3 vertebral body segments), and the lower thoracic cord extending into the conus (figure, A and E). Given concern for progressive demyelination due to motor decline and expanding lesions, IV methylprednisolone was initiated. Despite treatment, his paraparesis worsened and he was transferred to our facility.
Validation of an assay for quantifying ganciclovir in dried blood spots.

Abstract Valganciclovir (VGC) is an orally available mono-valyl ester pro drug of the nucleoside analog (NA) ganciclovir (GCV) used to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV). Congenital CMV infection in the newborn is associated with progressive sensorineural hearing loss; however, effective CMV therapy with VGC can improve audiologic outcomes. Ongoing studies to demonstrate the effect of VGC in this setting are hampered by a poor understanding of the pharmacology of VGC and GCV in newborns, and the low blood volumes that can be safely collected from this population. We describe a simple method for determining systemic GCV concentrations using dried blood spot (DBS) samples. GCV was extracted from a single 6 mm punch via sonication in methanol, then quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The assay was accurate and precise in the dynamic range of 10–10,000 ng/mL. GCV concentrations determined in DBS agreed well with GCV concentrations observed in serum. The assay was successfully applied to patient samples, and will be used to support pharmacokinetic studies in an ongoing clinical trial of VGC in infants with CMV-mediated hearing loss.
Venous haemodynamics after total knee arthroplasty

We performed a crossover study to evaluate the haemodynamic effect of active dorsal to plantar flexion and seven pneumatic compression devices in ten patients who had a total knee arthroplasty. Using the Acuson 128XP/10 duplex ultrasound unit with a 5MHz linear array probe, we assessed the augmentation of peak venous velocity and venous volume above and below the junction of the greater saphenous and common femoral veins in order to study both the deep and superficial venous systems.The pneumatic compression devices evaluated included two foot pumps (A-V Impulse System and PlexiPulse Foot), a foot-calf pump (PlexiPulse Foot-Calf), a calf pump (VenaFlow System) and three calf-thigh pumps (SCD System, Flowtron DVT and Jobst Athrombic Pump). The devices differed in a number of ways, including the length and location of the sleeve and bladder, the frequency and duration of activation, the rate of pressure rise, and the maximum pressure achieved. A randomisation table was used to determine the order of the tes...
Biogeography of Australasia: A Molecular Analysis

Over the last decade, molecular studies carried out on the Australasian biota have revealed a new world of organic structure that exists from submicroscopic to continental scale. Furthermore, in studies of global biogeography and evolution, DNA sequencing has shown that many large groups, such as flowering plants, passerine birds and squamates, have their basal components in this area. Using examples ranging from kangaroos and platypuses to kiwis and birds of paradise, the book examines the patterns of distribution and evolution of Australasian biodiversity and explains them with reference to tectonic and climatic change in the region. The surprising results from molecular biogeography demonstrate that an understanding of evolution in Australasia is essential for understanding the development of modern life on Earth. A milestone in the literature on this subject, this book will be a valuable source of reference for students and researchers in biogeography, biodiversity, ecology and conservation.
Varying the Constant: Mechanisms of Fc-Mediated Immunity to Influenza Virus.

Antibodies are typically thought to mediate antiviral immunity by blocking host-cell infection. However, immunoglobulin G (IgG) can also stimulate antiviral responses through its constant region. A recent study in Nature (Bournazos et al., 2020) shows that modifying Fc binding affinities to better target FcɣRIIa enhances the influenza CD8 T cell response.