cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Hopf bifurcations to power system parameters

Formulas for the sensitivity of the Hopf loading margin with respect to any power system parameter are presented. These first-order sensitivities determine an optimum direction in parameter space for changing parameters to increase the loading margin. The Hopf bifurcation sensitivities of a simple power system with a voltage regulator and a dynamic load model are computed. Parameter sensitivities of the Hopf and saddle node bifurcations are compared. An idea for eliminating some Hopf bifurcations is presented. >
Effect of α-chlorohydrin on in situ PH in rat testis and epididymis

The effect of the male contraceptive, alpha-chlorohydrin, on in situ pH in seminiferous tubules and epididymal duct of the rat has been studied employing in vivo microelectrode techniques. After eight days of low-dose alpha-chlorohydrin administration (15mg/kg/day), a significant increase in acidity of luminal fluid in seminiferous tubules, proximal caput, middle caput, and proximal cauda epididymidis was observed. Increased acidity in the testis and epididymis may play an important role in the antifertility effect of alpha-chlorohydrin.
Controlled self-applicable on-line partial evaluation, using strategies

Online partial evaluators are hardly ever self-applicable, because the complexity of deciding whether to residualize terms causes a combinatorial explosion when self-application is attempted. T. Mogensen (1995) has found a way to write a self-applicable online partial evaluator for the /spl lambda/-calculus. His method is to regard every /spl lambda/-term as having both static and dynamic aspects; then, applications can always be done statically (using the static aspect of the operator). However, the absence of decision-making about residualization has a down-side: his partial evaluator knows only how to fully reduce partially evaluated terms. The result is considerable code explosion. We show how this problem can be overcome, in part, by changing the type of the partial evaluator, and giving a new version of the Futamura projections to correspond to that new type. Specifically, we have the partial evaluator take a third argument, called a strategy, which "advises" the partial evaluator whether to residualize. Strategies allow the programmer to control the tradeoff between the size of a specialized term and the cost of subsequently applying it. We present a number of strategies and examples of each.
Can environmental or occupational hazards alter the sex ratio at birth? A systematic review.

More than 100 studies have examined whether environmental or occupational exposures of parents affect the sex ratio of their offspring at birth. For this review, we searched Medline and Web of Science using the terms ‘sex ratio at birth’ and ‘sex ratio and exposure’ for all dates, and reviewed bibliographies of relevant studies to find additional articles. This review focuses on exposures that have been the subject of at least four studies including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, pesticides, lead and other metals, radiation, boron, and g-forces. For paternal exposures, only dioxins and PCBs were consistently associated with sex ratios higher or lower than the expected 1.06. Dioxins were associated with a decreased proportion of male births, whereas PCBs were associated with an increased proportion of male births. There was limited evidence for a decrease in the proportion of male births after paternal exposure to DBCP, lead, methylmercury, non-ionizing radiation, ionizing radiation treatment for childhood cancer, boron, or g-forces. Few studies have found higher or lower sex ratios associated with maternal exposures. Studies in humans and animals have found a reduction in the number of male births associated with lower male fertility, but the mechanism by which environmental hazards might change the sex ratio has not yet been established. Keywords: sex ratio; environmental; occupational; PCBs; dioxins; metals; pesticides; radiation; boron; g-forces (Published: 20 April 2011) Citation: Emerging Health Threats Journal 2011, 4 : 7109 - DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v4i0.7109
Clostridium Difficile Infection

Clostridium difficile is emerging as a common cause of infectious diarrhea. Incidence has increased dramatically since 2000, associated with a new strain that features both increased toxin production and increased resistance to antibiotics. For patients with mild to moderate disease, oral metronidazole is usually the first choice of treatment, and those with severe disease should be treated with vancomycin, with additional intravenous metronidazole in some cases. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a potentially promising therapy for patients with multiple recurrences of C difficile infection. Prevention of nosocomial transmission is crucial to reducing disease outbreaks in health care settings.
Imaging ion-molecule reactions: Charge transfer and halide transfer reactions of O + with CH3Cl, CH3Br, and CH3I

Abstract Velocity map images have been recorded for the charge transfer reactions of O + ( 4 S) with CH 3 Cl, CH 3 Br, and CH 3 I at collision energies near 4 eV. The production of methyl halide cations occurs for all systems, with relative abundances ranging from 10 to 15% of the total reaction yield. In addition, small yields of the dissociative charge transfer products Br + and I + are observed. The velocity space images show that charge transfer is energy resonant, and occurs by long range electron transfer. The predominant product in all three systems is CH 3 + , which may form by dissociation of the nascent CH 3 X + product on a quartet potential energy surface, or by halide ion abstraction from CH 3 X by O + following a spin-changing transition from the initial quartet surface to a doublet surface. The kinetic energy distributions for CH 3 + formation show both a sharp low energy feature that appears to describe the formation of CH 3 + + O( 3 P) + X( 2 P), in addition to a higher energy component that describes the more exoergic channel forming CH 3 + + XO( 2 Π). The relative intensity of this high energy feature increases as the halogen atom X changes from Cl to Br to I, a progression that correlates with the strength of the halogen atom spin–orbit splitting. This observation supports the conclusion that the formation of the CH 3 + products via the most exoergic channels, i.e., CH 3 + + XO( 2 Π), does occur through spin-changing collisions from quartet to doublet state surfaces that are mediated by spin–orbit coupling.
The Elderly and Prison Policy

(2000). The Elderly and Prison Policy. Journal of Aging & Social Policy: Vol. 11, No. 2-3, pp. 167-175.
Isothermal diffusion studies of the H2O-sucrose-KCl system at 25°C

Diffusion coefficients were obtained for two compositions of the system H2O-sucrose-KCl at 25°C. These plus published diffusion coefficients of the same system at two other compositions led to the construction of three-dimensional surface diagrams. Using these diagrams, the diffusion coefficients of the ternary system were compared with those of binary systems of components. The main diffusion coefficient of KCl was estimated from the conductivity data of KCl in aqueous solution of sucrose, and the agreement of these with experimental values was found to be satisfactory. The possible cause for the appreciable size of the cross-term diffusion coefficients is discussed.
SU‐E‐T‐15: Parameterization of the Photon Beam Dosimetry

Purpose: In radiation therapy, obtaining accurate data for photon beam dosimetric quantities such as fractionated depth doses (FDDs), profiles and output factors (OFs) is important since it affects the accuracy of dose calculation for patient treatment. The purpose of this study is to develop methods to parameterize all photon dosimetry parameters for a specific linear accelerator model and to create an expert data set in order to (1) minimize the interpersonal measurement uncertainties, (2) automate the quality assurance program, (3) minimize data collection during machine commissioning and (4) implement analytical de‐convolution method to remove the detector volume averaging effect. Methods: OFs, FDDs and profiles for different field sizes and depths were measured in an Elekta linear accelerator using a cylindrical 3D scanner (SunNuclear). All data were smoothed for the analysis and profile data were also centered and symmetrized. The OFs were analyzed using a polynomial equation. The FDDs were analyzed using two Methods: one consisted of a ratio of two exponential functions to parameterize the whole curve and the other dividing the curve into two parts characterized by Gaussian and polynomial functions. For profile modeling, half side of the profile was divided into four regions described by four different Gaussian equations. This set of equations was used to model the photon beam dosimetry for various field sizes and depths. Results: The differences between measured and modeled data were less than: 0.002% for OFs, 0.1% and 3.4% for FDDs for the first and second method respectively and 0.1% for the profiles. The calculated data generated an R2 =1 for the OFs, R2 >0.993 for the FDDs, and R2 >0.99 for the profiles. Conclusion: This novel analytically calculated model proved to be accurate in calculating the FDDs, profiles and OFs for different field sizes and depths.
Budget constrained optimal security hardening of control networks for critical cyber-infrastructures

Abstract Competing schemes for security-hardening the power grid differ in their installation costs and the amount of coverage they provide against cyber attacks. Manually mapping schemes to vulnerable assets, where each asset has a unique degree of criticality in an arbitrary power network configuration, is a cumbersome process. Moreover finding an optimal scheme combination so as to maximize overall network security under a fixed budget constraint is an NP hard problem. In this paper we describe a dynamic programming solution to this problem and implement it along with logic-based models of the power grid, its control elements and best security practices as a tool-chain. The tool-chain takes, as input, a power network configuration, and the budget constraints and security schemes described in logic, determines the critical assets and automatically selects an optimal scheme combination to apply to maximize security. We demonstrate the feasibility of the tool chain implementation by security hardening the IEEE power system 118-bus test case from a pool of five different best-practice schemes.
Increased adherence to prenatal group B streptococcal screening guidelines through a paired electronic reminder and education intervention.

The 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) update on perinatal group B streptococcal (GBS) prevention advises universal vaginal–rectal GBS screening of pregnant women in the 35th through 37th week of gestation. Because GBS colonization is transient, a test performed more than 5 weeks before delivery may not have sufficient negative predictive value to be clinically useful. Our objective was to increase rates of quality-improved, CDC-adherent GBS screening and decrease repeat screening. A reminder for maternal vaginal–rectal GBS testing was added to the physicians’ electronic ordering screen, and family medicine physicians and residents were educated about screening guidelines through standardized, in-person presentations. Retrospective chart review was performed before and after these interventions. Univariate or bivariate analysis was performed for demographic factors, timing of first screen, rates of CDC-adherent screening (the newly defined quality-improved screen and the usual screen), and rates of repeat and unnecessary screens. Multivariate analysis was performed with quality-improved and usual screening as dependent variables. Bivariate analysis showed that post-intervention rates of quality-improved screening increased from 30 to 62 % (P < .001), usual screening increased from 69 to 84 % (P = .005), and repeat GBS screening decreased from 20 to 8 % (P = .007). Multivariate analysis showed increased post-intervention odds of quality-improved screening [odds ratio (OR) 3.59; 95 % CI 2.07–6.34] and usual screening (OR 2.67; 95 % CI 1.40–5.25). Low-cost, reproducible quality improvement interventions (electronic order reminder, educational sessions) have the potential to increase guideline adherence for GBS screening in pregnant women and decrease repeat screening.
Theoretical analysis of high-k dielectric gate stacks

Density functional theory (DFT) has proved to be a useful tool in engineering of emerging research devices. At the nanoscale, and particularly when novel materials are involved, it provides not only the fundamental understanding of the microscopic physics governing the behavior of a system, but often can give quantitative results that can be directly used in process development. In this paper we briefly review the recent applications of DFT in the area of the advanced gate stack materials engineering
Effects of failures and maintenance on photovoltaic system performance

A simulation program was used to investigate the effects of failures and maintenance on one photovoltaic power system's simulated performance. The effects of module, panel, and string failures on power and energy production were simulated using software developed by the Southwest Technology Development Institute. The effects of maintenance at different levels and intervals were then simulated and the following conclusions reached: maintenance increases revenues if module replacement is not required; revenues increase with frequency of maintenance; and the benefits from maintenance decrease as failure rates increase. >
Effect of temperature on oviposition, feeding, and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae).

The effect of selected constant temperatures (15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, 32.2°, 37.8 °C) on oviposition, feeding, and longevity of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) was examined in the laboratory with chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, as a host plant. There was no significant difference in total feeding at 21.1°, 26.7°, and 32.2 °C nor was there significant difference in egg deposition at these temperatures. The ratio egg deposition: feeding was significantly larger at 26.7 °C. Longevity was similar (12–16 days) at all temperatures except 37.8 °C where it was reduced to ca. 3 days. The effect of temperature was more pronounced when feeding and oviposition were analyzed per day. Maximum feeding occurred at 32.2 °C while significantly more oviposition was found at 26.7 °C. An estimate of the threshold temperature for oviposition was 12.2 °C which was higher than that observed experimentally (10 °C). Ninety percent of oviposition occurred with 550°D of adult female life (above base 10 °C).
CHEMICAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF FRESH MARKET TOMATOES

Chemical and sensory attributes of table-ripe tomatoes harvested at different stages of maturity were evaluated. Intensities of nine sensory attributes were similar in table-ripe tomatoes harvested at the “mature-green” and “breaker” stages. Intensities of “sweetness,”“saltiness” and “fruity-floral” flavor were higher in tomatoes harvested at the “table-ripe” stage than at earlier stages of maturity. Desirability of tomatoes was closely associated with the fruity-floral attribute. Variations of sensory attributes were due to volatile and nonvolatile components. The amount of the variation explained by the components generally increased when the areas of the volatile peaks were converted to logarithms for the stepwise regression analysis.
Growth of urea crystals by physical vapor transport

This work demonstrates that high optical quality crystals of urea can be grown by the physical vapor transport method. The unique features of this method are compared with growth from methanol/water solutions. High growth rates, exceeding 2.5 mm/day, were achieved, and cm-size optical quality single crystals were obtained. Details of the growth technique and the physical properties of the crystals are presented.
Geological Climate and Geological Time

I HAVE been much interested in Prof. Haughton's communication to NATURE, vol. xviii. p. 266, on the subject of geological climate and geological time. I fully agree with him that geological climates cannot be explained by any change in the position of the poles, even supposing such change possible, and for the reason assigned by him, viz., that we have no palaeontological evidence of an arctic climate in any portion of the earth in any geological period previous to the glacial. But I have some objections to make to the data on which he bases his estimates of time, and therefore to his views as to the cause of geological climates.
Electronic structure of FO and its negative ions

Abstract Electronic structure calculations of FO and its anion have been performed at the QCISD(T) level of ab initio theory using 6−31 + G* and extended Gaussian basis sets. The adiabatic electron affinity of FO is calculated to be 2.08 ± 0.2 eV. The 1 Σ + anion, which is bound by 3 eV, dissociates to F + O − rather than lower energy products F − + O. The disposition of the anion and neutral potentials suggests intriguing results from experiments which would examine the vibrational dependence of electron attachments to FO.
L-penicillamine and rat liver transaminase activity.

Abstract Addition of l -penicillamine to liver transaminase systems in vitro causes an inhibition of enzyme activity. The inhibitory effect can be reversed by the addition of increasing amounts of pyridoxal 5-phosphate. Data are presented to indicate a chemical combination between l -penicillamine and pyridoxal 5-phosphate at pH 7.4. The inhibitory effect of l -penicillamine in vitro and in vivo is dependent upon the presence of both a free sulfhydryl and amino group in the penicillamine molecule.
Full-field direct digital telemammography: system implementation

We are in the process of conducting a research of full-field direct digital telemammography using three protocols: telediagnosis, teleconsultation, and telemanagement. To conduct this research project, an asynchronous transfer mode network based telemammography system was developed across two remote campuses in our facility. The hardware and software components of this system are detailed. The system was embedded in a clinical environment for a four-month test. Some preliminary study results from the current phase of this study are reported.
THE IMPACT OF WIFE'S EMPLOYMENT AND EARNINGS ON FAMILY NET WORTH ACCUMULATION

The major focus of this research was the relationship between wife's earnings and employment and family net worth accumulation. Multiple regression analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys found that, for the total sample, family income had a much greater impact than wife's earnings on change in net worth during the 1967–1972 period. Wife's employment was not related to the dependent variable once the effects of other factors were taken into account When the sample was segmented into four groups on the basis of 1967 net worth, independent variables had differential impacts on net worth change. For each group the multiple regression model explained a much greater proportion of total variance than it did for the sample as a whole. Among the two groups in the mid ranges of 1967 net worth, wife's employment was positively related to net worth change even after taking wife's earnings and other factors into account.
Laser spectroscopy studies of recombination at isoelectronic oxygen centers in ZnTe

Abstract Luminescence and excitation spectroscopy have been performed on the isoelectronic oxygen center in ZnTe at 10 K. The results indicate that bound excitons excitons can be formed at the oxygen center by rapid energy transfer from a principal bound exciton (A°, Li). At low temperatures, this process appears to be important compared to the sequential electron capture, hole capture mechanism.
The synergistic action of the anterior cruciate ligament and thigh muscles in maintaining joint stability

The synergistic action of the ACL and the thigh muscles in maintaining joint stability was studied experimentally. The EMG from the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups was recorded and analyzed in three separate experimental procedures in which the knee was stressed. The test revealed that direct stress of the ACL has a moderate inhibitory effect on the quadriceps, but simultaneously it directly excites the hamstrings. Similar responses were also obtained in patients with ACL damage during loaded knee extension with tibia subluxation, indicating that an alternative reflex arc unrelated to ACL receptors was available to maintain joint integrity.The antagonist muscles (hamstrings) were clearly demonstrated to assume the role of joint stabilizers in the patient who has a deficient ACL. The importance of an appropriate muscle-conditioning rehabilitation program in such a patient is substantiated.
Changes in Serotonin Levels, N-Acetyltransferase Activity, Hydroxyindole-O-Methyltransferase Activity, and Melatonin Levels in the Pineal Gland of the Richardson’s Ground Squirrel in Relation to the Light-Dark Cycle

Pineal serotonin and melatonin levels and the activities of hydroxyindole-0-rnethyltransferase (HIOMT) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT) were studied over a 24-hour period in the pineal gland of the diurn
Changing health behavior via telecommunications technology: Using interactive television to treat obesity

This study compared a 12-week behavioral weight-control treatment program conducted over interactive television (N = 133) to a standard therapist-led (in-person) treatment condition (N = 33). Subjects started treatment with an average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 34.9 and lost 7.7 kg over 12 weeks with no difference between conditions noted for weight loss, calorie (− 622 calories per day), or exercise changes (+ 970 calories expended per day). Ratings of the technology were positive and there was no difference in subjects' expectations for change, nor was there any difference by treatment condition in overall attrition. A cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the per-person cost of the interactive technology was higher.
Reactivity Differences of Nanocrystals and Continuous Films of α-Fe2O3 on Au(111) Studied with In Situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The interaction of CO with nanocrystals and continuous films of α-Fe2O3 grown on Au(111) was investigated using in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at near ambient pressure (200 mTorr) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Adsorbed CO was detected by XPS when α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals (6−7 nm) grown on Au(111) were exposed to 200 mTorr of the gas at room temperature. Under a low H2O background, surface bound hydroxyl groups (adsorbed OH) were also noted on these α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals as a result of H2O dissociation on the edges of the particles. Adsorbed formate (HCOO−) was detected during heating to 373 K and believed to originate from the reaction of adsorbed CO with the OH groups. The adsorbed formate desorbed or decomposed above 473 K. Continuous α-Fe2O3 thin films on Au(111) were inert under the same conditions studied for nanocrystalline α-Fe2O3. Specifically, neither adsorbed CO nor OH groups were observed for the continuous films of α-Fe2O3. This reactivity difference can be explained by t...
Loss of NGF receptor immunoreactivity in basal forebrain neurons of aged rats: correlation with spatial memory impairment.

Abstract Nerve growth factor (NGF) has recently been implicated as a trophic agent in the survival and maintenance of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. To test the hypothesis that NGF may play a role in the age-related decline of cerebral cholinergic function and loss of cognitive ability, we investigated the possible correlation between the loss of basal forebrain neurons that stain for NGF receptor, and impairment of spatial reference memory performance in aged rats. Our results suggest that NGF receptor-positive basal forebrain neurons undergo marked cell atrophy and loss of neuropil staining in aged rats exhibiting impaired spatial learning and memory performance. Conversely, numerous, densely immunoreactive perikarya and a profuse neuritic plexus within the basal forebrain nuclei was consistently observed in behaviorally intact rats. Overall, the mean number of NGF receptor-positive basal forebrain neurons both in the nucleus of the diagonal band and nucleus basalis correlated with retention of the spatial task (r = 0.84 andr = 0.67,respectively; P
Antepartum glucose tolerance test results as predictors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.

Background: Women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at high risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: We reviewed prospective studies of antepartum glucose tolerance test results as risk factors for development of T2DM among women with a history of GDM. Methods: We searched 4 electronic databases and hand-searched 13 journals for literature published through January 2007. The search strategy consisted of medical subject headings and text words for GDM, T2DM, and other relevant terms. Articles were excluded for the following reasons: (1) not written in English; (2) no human data; (3) no original data; (4) <90% of sample was diagnosed with GDM without a separate analysis for women with GDM; (5) case report or series; (6) diagnosis of GDM not based on 3-hour 100-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or 2-hour 75-g OGTT; (7) T2DM not evaluated as outcome; (8) no relative measure of association or incidence reported; or (9) design did not address antepartum OGTT as a predictor of T2DM. Two investigators independently reviewed citations, performed serial data abstraction on full articles, and assessed the quality of each article. Data were abstracted for study participants and characteristics, T2DM diagnosis, length of follow-up, regression model covariates, and measures of association and variability. Results: Of 11,400 unique citations, we identified 11 articles that evaluated antepartum glucose testing and risk of T2DM in women with a history of GDM. Five studies found that the fasting blood glucose (FBG) on the antepartum diagnostic OGTT was a significant predictor of T2DM (odds ratio [OR] range: 11.1–21.0; relative risk [RR] range: 1.37–1.5; relative hazard [RH] = 2.47). Risk of incident T2DM was predicted by the antepartum 2-hour OGTT plasma glucose in 3 studies (OR range: 1.02–1.03; RR = 1.3) and by the antepartum OGTT glucose AUC in 3 other studies (OR range: 3.64–15; RH = 2.13). Overall, study quality was limited by high losses to follow-up (>20% in 6 studies) and short duration. Few studies adjusted for adiposity, an established diabetes risk factor. Conclusion: FBG, OGTT 2-hour blood glucose, and OGTT glucose AUC appeared to be strong and consistent predictors of subsequent T2DM among women who met diagnostic criteria for GDM using the OGTT.
Development of the Coordination between Posture and Manual Control.

Studies have suggested that proper postural control is essential for the development of reaching. However, little research has examined the development of the coordination between posture and manual control throughout childhood. We investigated the coordination between posture and manual control in 7- and 10- year-old children, and adults during a precision fitting task as task constraints became more difficult. Participants fit a block through an opening as arm kinematics, trunk kinematics and center of pressure data were collected. During the fitting task the precision, postural and visual constraints of the task were manipulated. Young children adopted a strategy where they first move their trunk towards the opening and then stabilize their trunk (freeze degrees of freedom) as the precision manual task is being performed. In contrast, adults and older children make compensatory trunk movements as the task is being performed. 10-year-old children were similar to adults under the less constrained task conditions, but resembled the 7-year-old children under the more challenging tasks. The ability to either suppress or allow postural fluctuations based on the constraints of a supra-postural task begins to develop at about ten-years-of-age. This ability, once developed, allows children to learn specific segmental movements required to complete a task within an environmental context.
Social Pressure in the Modification and Distortion of Judgment. A Cross-Cultural Study

Abstract Pression sociale, modification et distortion du jugement: une etude inter-culturelle. Les resultats d'une replique interculturelle de l'etude qu'a faite Asch de l'influence d'une pression sociale sur la modification et la distorsion du jugement, montrent que des suAjets americains, bresiliens, arabes et chinois manifestent un degre de conformisme presque egal. Mais, pour des sujets rhodesiens, le degre de conformisme est significativement plus eleve que pour tous les autres groupes observes. Des recherches ulterieures sont necessaires pour determiner les raisons de l'independance ou du conformisme dans les cultures etudiees et pour determiner egalement dans quelle mesure il est possible de generaliser les resultats observes dans une situation de type Asch a d'autres situations sociales.
An optimum environment for the culturing of cytospora isolates from stone fruits. I. Temperature

Four isolates ofCytospora cinctaFr. and 2 ofC. leucostomaFr. were obtained from diseased Italian prune, President plum and Bing cherry trees.
A SEARCH FOR EXCITED STATES OF 3He

The ^3He+^3He interaction does not excite sharp states of ^3He with a cross section larger than 120 μb · sr^(−1) below 30 MeV excitation.
The Nature of Premeditation in Athenian Homicide Law

An inscription (IG i2 115) consisting of a prelude and then of Drakon's law of homicide has long been known. The prelude dates it 409/8 B.C.; it was evidently part of the recodification of Athenian law carried out by Nikomakhos and a board of anagrapheis in most of the years 411/0–400/399 B.C. Drakon's law was on a separate stele, of which the upper part, probably about half, survives. In some period since Antiquity the marble was used as pavement, and the resulting wear has deterred study of it since the edition of 1867. Recently, however, R. S. Stroud has published a new edition of the code inscription and this has stimulated renewed interest in the Athenian law of homicide. Stroud has provided not only a new and much expanded text of the code but also some persuasive solutions to problems that have long perplexed scholars. The code deals with unpremeditated (μὴ ἐκ προνοίας) homicide. This very aspect—the precise scope of the code—receives, oddly, scant treatment. I propose to look into it.By scope I mean what sorts of homicide were covered by the extant portion of the code. Another, and I think inevitable, way of looking at this problem is to ask, Where did the missing portion of the code, dealing with premeditated homicide, stop, and where did the surviving portion start, i.e. where was the line drawn in Athens between premeditated and unpremeditated homicide? Thus stated, the question makes it clear that one cannot deal with the problem of premeditation in vacuo; it must be examined in the context of Athenian homicide as a whole.
Immunological characterization of a gidA mutant strain of Salmonella for potential use in a live-attenuated vaccine

Background Salmonella is often associated with gastrointestinal disease outbreaks in humans throughout the world due to the consumption of contaminated food. Our previous studies have shown that deletion of glucose-inhibited division gene (gidA) significantly attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) virulence in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection. Most importantly, immunization with the gidA mutant protected mice from a lethal dose challenge of wild-type STM. In this study, we further characterize the gidA mutant STM strain for potential use in a live-attenuated vaccine.
Addition of mitomycin C to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)/hyperthermia/radiation therapy in the FSaIIC fibrosarcoma

Hyperthermia (temperatures<42°) is used clinically to improve the effectiveness of radiation therapy and, although therapeutic gains have been reported, efficacy is limited when tumours are large and/or radiation tolerance is reduced. In order to improve the utility of the hyperthermia/radiation combination we have tested the addition of cisplatin (CDDP) in the laboratory and in the clinic. Our clinical studies have shown that the CDDP/hyperthermia/radiation combination is tolerable and effective, but laboratory investigations demonstrated a relative lack of cytotoxicity in the hypoxic tumour subpopulation. In order to improve the effectiveness of the CDDP/hyperthermia/radiation combination against hypoxic cells we have evaluated the addition of mitomycin C, a hypoxic cell cytotoxic agent to this combination. Mitomycin C (5 mg/kg) i.p. produced a tumour growth delay (TGD) of about 5.3 days in the FSaIIC murine fibrosarcoma; hyperthermia (43°±30 min) caused only about 1.4 day TGD and the combination of mit...
Discrimination of chromatic from white light by two-month-old human infants

Abstract Two-month-old human infants were presented with bars of white and chromatic light embedded in a white screen. The bars were presented at each of a finely-spaced series of intensities, spanning the adult (heterochromatic) brightness match. The infants consistently detected most of the chromatic stimuli at all intensities, confirming earlier reports that they have some form of color vision. However, they failed to stare at brightness-matched yellow-green and mid-purple stimuli embedded in the white screen. Three interpretations of the data—dichromacy. trichromacy combined with a relative insensitivity to saturation differences, and postvisual motivational factors—are discussed.
Activation of emotion information in text among younger and older adults

The ability to represent emotions is an important capacity for the understanding of discourse. In the current literature, it is unclear whether older adults represent emotion information in the course of language processing, in particular as it relates to developing an adequate mental model of characters in narratives. We addressed this issue in two studies, one assessing emotion activation at the word level and the other at the mental model level. In the first experiment, subjects performed a lexical decision task in which words were drawn from both logic- and emotion-based categories. For both category types, priming was evident for young and old. In the second experiment, subjects read passages with emotion information that was consistent or inconsistent with the implied emotional tone. Both age groups showed an increase in reading time in response to inconsistent emotion information, indicating that the protagonist's emotional state was represented while reading. Results of these studies generally suggest age preservation in the activation of emotion information in language processing.
Health and society in China: Public health education for the community, 1912–1937

The paper studies the public health education activities of the American medical missionaries, the Rockefeller Foundation, the Nationalist government, and the Mass Education Movement in China during 1912--1937. It argues that the mission-oriented policies of the medical missionaries as well as the 'technique' approaches of the Rockefeller Foundation which were adopted by the majority of the health officials of the Nationalist government were inappropriate in an agrarian country like China. The Mass Education Movement, by combining health education with the improvement of the living conditions of the people as a whole, proved to be quite successful although it too failed to utilize the traditional medical system in public health activities.
Understanding Messaging Preferences to Inform Development of Mobile Goal-Directed Behavioral Interventions

Background: Mobile messaging interventions have been shown to improve outcomes across a number of mental health and health-related conditions, but there are still significant gaps in our knowledge of how to construct and deliver the most effective brief messaging interventions. Little is known about the ways in which subtle linguistic variations in message content can affect user receptivity and preferences. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether any global messaging preferences existed for different types of language content, and how certain characteristics moderate those preferences, in an effort to inform the development of mobile messaging interventions. Methods: This study examined user preferences for messages within 22 content groupings. Groupings were presented online in dyads of short messages that were identical in their subject matter, but structurally or linguistically varied. Participants were 277 individuals residing in the United States who were recruited and compensated through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) system. Participants were instructed to select the message in each dyad that they would prefer to receive to help them achieve a personal goal of their choosing. Results: Results indicate global preferences of more than 75% of subjects for certain types of messages, such as those that were grammatically correct, free of textese , benefit-oriented, polite, nonaggressive, and directive as opposed to passive, among others. For several classes of messages, few or no clear global preferences were found. There were few personality- and trait-based moderators of message preferences, but subtle manipulations of message structure, such as changing “Try to…” to “You might want to try to…” affected message choice. Conclusions: The results indicate that individuals are sensitive to variations in the linguistic content of text messages designed to help them achieve a personal goal and, in some cases, have clear preferences for one type of message over another. Global preferences were indicated for messages that contained accurate spelling and grammar, as well as messages that emphasize the positive over the negative. Research implications and a guide for developing short messages for goal-directed behaviors are presented in this paper. [J Med Internet Res 2014;16(2):e14]
AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF CUMULUS

Abstract An observational study of cumulus is made from time-lapse film records, and laws describing the growth of cloud thermals (discrete masses of buoyant air) are deduced. The diameter of isolated thermals emerging from the summits or on the flanks of a cumulus is found to have a well-defined upper limit which is a simple linear function of height. It is inferred that, in the saturated interior of a cloud, thermals broaden linearly with height incorporating into themselves the residues of earlier (now decaying) thermals. Their rate of broadening with height, 0.40 ± .04, is found insensitive to variations of the stability and humidity of the cloud layer and to the presence or absence of precipitation. From the observed broadening, the buoyancy of cloud thermals can be deduced if a knowledge of the properties of decaying thermal residues is given. A probable upper limit to thermal buoyancy is computed and is found to be some fraction of the adiabatic value. Observations of the rate of rise and the diame...
The vibrational spectra and structures of dimethyl oxaloacetate and dimethyl oxaloacetate-d2

Abstract The complete vibrational spectra of dimethyl oxaloacetate and dimethyl oxaloacetate-d2 have been recorded and analyzed. The i.r. spectra were recorded at liquid N2 as well as ambient temperature. Tentative vibrational assignments are proposed based on an enol structure in the crystalline phase. In solution, dimethyl oxaloacetate exists as a tautomeric mixture of keto and enol forms. Evidence for the existence of different enol conformers in CCl4 and CS2 solutions is also presented.
Feasibility of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for follicular lymphoma undergoing transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

The transformation of follicular lymphoma (FL) to high-grade histology occurs in up to 70% of FL patients. Studies reporting outcomes of transformed FL patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are scant. Eight FL patients with histologically confirmed transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma underwent HSCT at our institution. The median age was 56 years (range 44-63 years). Median follow-up is 60 months. Progression free survival and overall survival at 4-years for patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT is 56% and 66%, respectively. Four patients developed grade II-IV acute GVHD, whereas four patients had extensive chronic GVHD. Day 100 and overall non-relapse mortality rate was 12.5% and 25%, respectively. Allogeneic HSCT appears feasible in patients with transformed FL and is associated with acceptable treatment-related mortality and low relapse rates.
Individual differences in perceived pinch force and bite force.

Six subjects made cross-modalmatches of pinch force and bite force to an electrocutaneous st4niulus. The electrocutaneous stimulus consisted ofbursts ofpulses, and the intensity ofthe stimulus was varied by changing the number of pulses per burst. All of the individual matching functions were fit well by powerfunctions. The scaling constants and exponents ofthe power functions covaried systematically with the maximum pinch force for 5 of the 6 subjects. The relationship was consistent with the hypothesis that subjects perceive their physical maxima equally, in agreement with Borg’s theory of relative perceived exertion. For both pinch force and bite force functions, the scale factors could be described by a single linear function ofthe exponents, suggesting that all of the matching functions converged at a single point with extreme values.
High-power fiber laser sources for remote sensing

Pulse fiber lasers constitute a promising optical transmitter technology for remote sensing applications characterized by tight size, power consumption, and ruggedness constraints. In this paper, we review laser architecture and component solutions that support power scaling of efficient fiber-based sources towards long-range operation consistent with imaging and/or chemical sensing from space-based platforms.
Predicting Private Landowner Intentions to Enroll in an Incentive Program to Protect Endangered Species

This study evaluated landowners' interests in enrolling in a hypothetical incentive program targeting endangered species recovery. Using data from structured interviews and s-urveys, we employed the reasoned action framework to predict landowners' behavioral intentions to enroll in a hypothetical program designed to provide habitat for two endangered songbirds in central Texas. Landowners with positive attitudes toward enrolling and who shared the program's land management objectives had the greatest intention to enroll. Additional behavioral indicators improved prediction and highlight the importance of incorporating landowner management goals into program design. Results suggest that the inclusion of ancillary measures of behavior can improve prediction of multi-attribute behaviors under the theory of reasoned action.
Distribution of the protein kinase C substrates MARCKS and MRP in the postnatal developing rat brain.

The myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and MARCKS-related protein (MRP) are both membrane-associated phosphoproteins that interact with calmodulin and filamentous actin in a protein kinase C phosphorylation-dependent manner. In the present study, we examined MARCKS and MRP gene expression in the postnatal (P) rat brain (1, 7, 14, 21, and 90 days after birth) by using quantitative in situ hybridization. At P1, MRP expression was high in neocortex, striatum, thalamus, cerebellar cortex, and hippocampus (CA1–CA3, hilus, and granule cell layer) but low in brainstem and, between P7 and P14, exhibited a dramatic decline in each of these regions except hippocampal CA1 and granule cell layers. Between P14 and P21, MRP expression increased in white matter regions including the corpus callosum, fimbria/fornix, and cerebellar deep white matter. At P90 (adult), MRP remained strongly expressed in the olfactory bulb, medial habenula, hippocampal CA1, and the inner two-thirds of granule cell layer, temporal, and entorhinal cortices, the corpus callosum and fimbria/fornix, and cerebellar white matter. At P1, MARCKS was strongly expressed in the majority of brain regions except the brainstem, which subsequently declined gradually to approximate adult levels by P14. Between P14 and P21, MARCKS expression declined gradually in the hilus, remained elevated in hippocampal CA1, CA3, and granule cell layers, and increased dramatically in the corpus callosum and fimbria/fornix. At P90, MARCKS expression declined in hippocampal CA3 and hilus and remained strongly expressed in hippocampal CA1 and granule cell layers, regions of the olfactory bulb, the medial habenula, temporal cortex, and cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells. Expression of both MARCKS and MRP in regions undergoing neuronal proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth suggest a common role in these developmental events, whereas differences in expression during development and in the adult brain provide evidence of differential regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 397:337–356, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Multiple associated injuries are common with spine fractures during war.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The nature of concomitant injuries associated with spine fractures in American military personnel engaged in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) has been poorly documented in the literature. PURPOSE: To characterize the incidence and epidemiology of associated injuries (AIs) in American military personnel with spine fractures sustained during OEF and OIF from 2001 to 2009. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. PATIENT SAMPLE: American military personnel who were injured in a combat zone and whose medical data were abstracted in the Joint Theater Trauma Registry (JTTR). OUTCOME MEASURES: Not applicable. METHODS: The JTTR was queried using International Statistical Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision codes to identify all individuals who sustained spine injuries in OEF or OIF from October 2001 to December 2009. Medical records of all identified service members were abstracted to ensure accuracy and avoid duplication. Demographic information, including sex, age, and military rank, were obtained for all patients. Information regarding fracture type, spine region, mechanism of injury, and the presence of AIs was collected for all patients. RESULTS: Seventy-eight percent of patients with a spine fracture sustained at least one AI, with an average of 3.4 AIs per patient. Musculoskeletal injuries were most common, followed by chest, abdomen, and traumatic brain injuries. Most patients were injured by an explosive mechanism (62%). Head and face traumas were more common with cervical fractures, chest with thoracic injuries, and abdominopelvic injuries with lumbosacral fractures. Pelvis and acetabulum fractures were common after helicopter crashes, tibia/fibula injuries after explosions, thoracoabdominal injuries after gunshot wounds, and traumatic brain injuries after falls. Most patients (76%) sustained multiple spine fractures. CONCLUSION: Spine fractures sustained in OEF and OIF have high rates of AIs. Musculoskeletal AIs are the most common, but visceral injuries adjacent to the spine fracture frequently occur. Multiple spine injuries are more prevalent after military trauma. Language: en