cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopamine biosynthesis from L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine in rat brain synaptosomes: preferential use of newly accumulated precursors.

— The biosynthesis of dopamine (DA) from L-tyrosine (Tyr) and L-phenylalanine (Phe) was investigated using synaptosomes prepared from the striatum and olfactory tubercle of the rat. The formation of 14CO2 from either carboxyl labeled precursor occurred exclusively within the synaptosome following hydroxylation and subsequent decarboxylation. The optimum pH for the formation of DA was 6.2 and was independent of precursor and tissue source. As pH increased beyond this optimum, synthesis from Tyr declined more rapidly than that from Phe. Synthesis obeyed Michaelis–Menton kinetics when expressed as a function of the specific activity of precursor in the medium. It was characterized by an overall Km (approx 0.9 μM) which was independent of precursor and tissue source, and was considerably lower than the Kt for accumulation of precursor by synaptosomes (15.3 and 13.3 μM for Tyr and Phe, respectively). While each precursor was an uncompetitive inhibitor of DA synthesis from the opposing labeled amino acid, Tyr was a more effective inhibitor of synthesis from Phe (Ki= 1.5 μM) than was Phe an inhibitor of synthesis from Tyr (Ki= 9.2 μM). Tryptophan inhibited synthesis competitively (Ki= 15.2 and 13.2 μM for synthesis from Tyr and Phe, respectively), and DA inhibited non-competitively (Ki= 1.1 and 0.42 μM for Tyr and Phe, respectively). A model of DA synthesis within the synaptosome is presented which attempts to integrate these data. A major feature of this schema is the proposal that newly accumulated precursor does not mix rapidly with endogenous precursor pools but rather is preferentially converted to DA.
The 3-dimensional phase diagram in quaternary systems of polymers and solvents

A 3-dimensional phase diagram based on the equilateral tetrahedron has been developed to aid the visualization of the phase relation in a quaternary, multiphase system involving polymers and solvents. The technique developed is straightforward. It presents a clear picture of the “tie rods” and the “equilibrium surfaces” in a quaternary system as compared to the “tie lines” and “equilibrium curves” in a ternary system. With the aid of this 3-dimensional phase diagram, one can minimize the experimental effort in establishing the phase relations of a quaternary system.
Selenium Accumulation in Plant Foods

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient, and Se deficiency is associated with disease conditions and general impairment of the immune system. Supplementation of Se to humans already consuming the RDA may help to prevent certain cancers. A convincing argument can be made for augmenting the food supply with Se, and Se-enhanced plants may be the best means of accomplishing this. Plants accumulate varying amounts of Se in different chemical forms; some plants accumulate Se in direct relationship to the amount available from the soil, whereas others (Se-accumulators) may accumulate Se in concentrations many orders of magnitude above that in the soil. There are many different chemical forms of Se in plants, and the form partially dictates the metabolism of Se by the animal that consumes the plant. The Se content and the chemical form of Se withinplants may be altered by manipulation of plant genetics or by agricultural production conditions. However, attempts to maximize Se in plants may have unintended consequences and must be carefully monitored.
Toward the Design of Double Metal Cyanides for the Copolymerization of CO2 and Epoxides

Reaction of [KCpFe(CN)2PPh2(CH2)1.5]2 with zinc iodide results in the formation of a nonplanar diamond-shaped arrangement of [FeCNZn]2 with a bridging diphenyl-phosphinopropane, [CpFe(μ-CN)2ZnI(THF)]2-μ-dppp. This double metal cyanide (DMC) is found to mimic the reactivity of the heterogeneous DMC catalysts. That is, it serves to homogeneously catalyze the coupling of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide to afford cyclic cyclohexene carbonate and low molecular weight polycarbonate.
Invariant Directional Orderings

Statistical concepts of order permeate the theory and practice of statistics. The present paper is concerned with a large class of directional orderings of univariate distributions. (What do we mean by saying that a random variable Y is larger than another random variable X?) Attention is restricted to preorders that are invariant under monotone transformations; this includes orderings such as monotone likelihood ratio, hazard ordering, and stochastic ordering. Simple characterizations of these orderings are obtained in terms of a maximal invariant. It is shown how such invariant preorderings can be used to generate concepts of Y2 being further to the right of X2 than Y1 is of X1.
Psychopathology and Assessment: Contributing Knowledge to Science and Practice

This issue marks the beginning of my term as editor of the Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (JPBA). I very much look forward to serving as the new Editor, and for the opportunity to build on the important work that has already been published under the founding editor Dr. Henry E. Adams, and Dr. Patricia B. Sutker, who served as editors for the past three decades (Sutker 2001). The articles that will appear in the next several issues will be manuscripts that were accepted under Dr. Sutker’s editorship. The mission of the journal will be to continue the publication of high level scientific studies on psychopathology and assessment. I look forward to receiving manuscripts on both topics and believe that the two will continue to complement one another well in a single journal. Adams (1979) noted the importance of a multiassessment and paradigm approach stating that “this journal is planned to promote synthesis of assessment data from diverse theoretical perspectives and topic areas” (p. 1). I plan to continue with this agenda, and I interpret the use of the term “Behavioral” in the title of the journal to simply mean “Scientific.” Thus, I hope to accept articles on both psychopathology and scientific assessment from multiple perspectives (biological, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, etc.), and a variety of measurement sources (e.g., interview, self-report, other report, observation, imaging, etc). In addition, psychopathology that spans a wide variety of mental illnesses will be welcomed. I will also consider articles that emphasize well-being and positive aspects of psychology that have been found to prevent the development, or protect against the worsening of psychopathology. These articles will help to increase the field’s knowledge of psychopathology. They will aid in developing an understanding about how certain disorders come about (or do not come about), how they are maintained (or not maintained), and in cases where psychopathology develops, how the symptoms might be ameliorated.
The Model of Snyder et al. Does Not Simulate Graded Ca2+ Release from the Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Intact Cells

The recent paper by Snyder et al. (2000) represents a commendable and carefully executed effort to marshal the currently understood mechanisms in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling into a simplified, qualitatively correct macroscopic model. However, one major deficiency of the model needs to be pointed out. Their paper leaves the impression that the feedback interaction between sarcoplasmic reticulum luminal calcium and kinetics of the ryanodine receptor is sufficient to give rise to graded release of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium in response to the triggering L-type calcium current.
Bumpless Transfer under Controller Uncertainty: Theory and Implementation

A complete design and implementation methodology for the steady state bumpless controller transfer under controller uncertainty is presented. The off-line transfer speed-up idea of Zaccarian and Teel is formalized to yield an implementation technique that completely eliminates the need for any performance/robustness trade-off in the transfer operator design and provides arbitrarily fast convergence of the off-line controller output to that of the online one, removing a key obstacle to acceptance by practitioners of the technique proposed.
On some non-Archimedean spaces of Alexandroff and Urysohn

Abstract Classical characterizations of four separable metrizable spaces are recalled, and generalized to classes of spaces which admit a uniformity with a totally ordered base. The Alexandroff-Urysohn characterization of the irrationals finds its closest analogues for strongly inaccessible cardinals, while the other three spaces, including the Cantor set, find their most natural analogues for weakly compact cardinals. In addition, A.H. Stone's characterization of Baire's zero-dimensional spaces is extended to give internal characterizations of all spaces γ λ × D , where D is discrete and γ λ has the initial agreement topology. The historical background for the Alexandroff-Urysohn result is briefly surveyed.
Force control is impaired in the ankle plantarflexors of elderly adults

This study determined the amplitude of force fluctuations for the ankle dorsiflexor (DF) and plantarflexor (PF) muscles of young and elderly adults. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force and isometric DF and PF steadiness (2.5-80% MVC) was assessed in 11 young (23+/-3 years, 5 women, 6 men) and 10 elderly (73+/-6 years, 5 women, 5 men) adults. The coefficient of variation (CV) and power spectrum of the force was measured from the steadiness trials. MVC force was lower for elderly adults for PF (38% lower, P=0.002) but not DF (20% lower, P=0.14). For PF, the CV of force was greater for elderly than young adults at 2.5% (2.64 vs. 1.71%) and 5% MVC (1.78 vs. 1.24%), similar at 10, 50, and 80% MVC, and greater for young than elderly at the 30% MVC target force. For DF, the CV of force was similar for young and elderly at all target forces (P>0.05). The CV of force was 49% lower for the PF compared with DF muscles across all target forces (P<0.0001). This difference was significantly greater at the 2.5 (58%), 5 (58%), and 10% MVC (44%) target forces compared with higher target forces. The power spectra of the force fluctuations for both muscles were consistently dominated by frequencies below 2 Hz. For elderly adults, the neuromuscular factors that underlie both muscle strength and force fluctuations during low-force contractions are impaired in the ankle plantarflexors but not the dorsiflexors.
Fiber optic sensor for NOX

Aquocyanocobinamide was used as a selective reagent in the development of a fiber-optic gas sensor for NOX. This reagent was trapped in front of a bifurcated fiber-optic bundle by using a gas-permeable membrane. NOX species were generated by the addition of a known amount of nitrite to an acidic sample solution (pH 1.7). These gaseous species diffused through the gas-permeable membrane into the buffered reagent solution (pH > 5) and were partially converted back to nitrite, which replaced the water molecule as the axial ligand in aquocyanocobinamide. Two wavelengths (355 and 550 nm) were used to monitor the ligand exchange. Detection limits as low as 5 × 10−6 M nitrite were obtained while monitoring the sensor at 550 nm. The selectivity for NOX species was greatly improved over a potentiometric sensor based on pH detection.
Diffusion-driven multiscale analysis on manifolds and graphs: top-down and bottom-up constructions

Classically, analysis on manifolds and graphs has been based on the study of the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian and its generalizations. These objects from differential geometry and analysis on manifolds have proven useful in applications to partial differential equations, and their discrete counterparts have been applied to optimization problems, learning, clustering, routing and many other algorithms.1−7 The eigenfunctions of the Laplacian are in general global: their support often coincides with the whole manifold, and they are affected by global properties of the manifold (for example certain global topological invariants). Recently a framework for building natural multiresolution structures on manifolds and graphs was introduced, that greatly generalizes, among other things, the construction of wavelets and wavelet packets in Euclidean spaces.8,9 This allows the study of the manifold and of functions on it at different scales, which are naturally induced by the geometry of the manifold. This construction proceeds bottom-up, from the finest scale to the coarsest scale, using powers of a diffusion operator as dilations and a numerical rank constraint to critically sample the multiresolution subspaces. In this paper we introduce a novel multiscale construction, based on a top-down recursive partitioning induced by the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian. This yields associated local cosine packets on manifolds, generalizing local cosines in Euclidean spaces.10 We discuss some of the connections with the construction of diffusion wavelets. These constructions have direct applications to the approximation, denoising, compression and learning of functions on a manifold and are promising in view of applications to problems in manifold approximation, learning, dimensionality reduction.
Heuristics can be ecologically rational

Unlike many edited ‘greatest hits’ volumes, this book's chapters explore exactly one viewpoint: the fast-and-frugal heuristics research program of the Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (ABC) Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin. The studies emanating from this research program suggest that very simple cognitive heuristics comprise highly accurate inference strategies. These primitive heuristics enable humans to perform cognitive tasks both with great speed and with a truncated information search – hence the name of the research program ‘fast-and-frugal’.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for ethanol-n-heptane-1-propanol and ethanol-n-heptane-2-propanol and their interpretation by a simple association model

Abstract Pradhan, A.G., Bhethanabotla, V.R. and Campbell, S.W. 1993. Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for ethanol-n-heptane- 1-propanol and ethanol-n-heptane-2-propanol and their interpretation by a simple association model. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 84: 183-206. Vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements are reported for ethanol-n-heptane-1-propanol and for ethanol-n-heptane-2-propanol at 303.15 K. The data consist of total pressure as a function of liquid phase composition and were measured in a Van Ness apparatus. Theoretical results presented by Nagata and Ohtsubo (Nagata, I. and Ohtsubo, K., 1986. Thermochim. Acta, 102: 185-205) were used to develop a simple association model applicable to ternary systems which contain two alcohols and a hydrocarbon. In addition to an equilibrium constant for each alcohol, the model requires a single physical parameter for each hydrocarbon-alcohol pair and a cross-association constant for each alcohol-alcohol pair. For binary alcohol-hydrocarbon systems, the model reduces to that of Renon and Prausnitz (Renon, H. and Prausnitz, J.M., 1967. Chem. Eng. Sci., 22: 299-307). The model represents the data reported in this paper, as well as data from the literature, with good accuracy.
Tubercular laryngitis: case series

Introduction Tubercular laryngitis is a known entity since a long time but it’s presentation, diagnosis and management has undergone a drastic makeover after the advent of chemotherapy in the form of ATT (Anti tubercular treatment), modernized diagnostic aids and early detection of lesions.
Small increases in pH decrease uptake of Escherichia coli by human neutrophils in vitro.

Increases in pH from 7.4 to 7.8 decreased the ability of human neutrophils in serum to ingest and killEscherichia coli ATCC 29552 in vitro. In contrast, similar increases in pH did not decrease the bactericidal activity of neutrophils in serum againstStaphylococcus aureus 502A. Increases in pH did not alter opsonization ofE. coli by serum or the growth ofE. coli but rather appeared to alter neutrophil uptake of bacteria by a direct effect on the neutrophil.
Unhinged: Kairos and the Invention of the Untimely

Traditionally, kairos has been seen as a “timely” concept, and so invention is said to emerge from the timeliness of a cultural and historical situation. But what if invention was thought of as the potential to shift historical courses through the injection of something new or alien into a situation? This essay argues that kairos has not been able to free itself from its historical constraints because it has been bound to a human sense of temporality. By evolving along patterns different from print, the apparatus of the cinema developed in a way where it was not bound to illustrating movement or time as it occurs in human-centered experience. Following the work of Gilles Deleuze on cinema, this article argues that the outside of a human sense of time is an untapped source of invention, already present yet dormant within kairos.
Hormonal influences on cardiac myosin ATPase activity and myosin isoenzyme distribution.

Abstract It has been recognized for a long time that changes in hormone secretion can influence cardiac function; however, the biochemical basis for these changes has only recently been clarified. In this review the influences of hormonal status on the contractile protein myosin is discussed. Myosin has a rod-like portion and a globular head and consists of two myosin heavy chains (MHC) and four light chains (LC), two of which are identical. The globular head is the site of an ATP-splitting enzyme, the myosin ATPase, and increases in myosin ATPase activity are closely related to an increased velocity of contraction of the heart. Myosin ATPase activity shows marked response to alterations in thyroid hormone, insulin, glucocorticoid, testosterone and catecholamine levels, but marked animal species differences in this response occur. Thyroid hormone administration to normal rabbits, for example, increases myosin ATPase activity markedly, but the myosin ATPase activity of hyperthyroid rats remains unchanged. In contrast, in hypothyroid rats myosin ATPase activity is markedly decreased but the hypothyroid rabbit shows no such response. These species-related differences in the hormonal response of myosin ATPase activity result from the predominance pattern of specific myosin isoenzymes. In the normal rat heart three myosin isoenzymes, v1, V2 and V3, can be separated electrophoretically. Myosin V1 predominates (70% of total myosin), and has the highest myosin ATPase activity, whereas in rabbits myosin v3, which has a lower myosin ATPase activity, is the predominant isomyosin. Thyroid hormone administration to rabbits induces myosin V1 predominance and therefore increases myosin ATPase activity, whereas in hyperthyroid rats only a small further increase in V1 predominance can occur. The alterations in myosin isoenzyme predominance and myosin ATPase activity are closely correlated to changes in cardiac contractility. Hormone-induced alterations in myosin isoenzyme predominance are mediated through changes in the formation of two isoforms of myosin heavy chain. Changes in the expression of different myosin heavy chain genes are most likely responsible for the thyroid hormone and insulin-induced alterations in myosin isoenzyme predominance. Investigation of the control of myosin heavy chain formation can provide further insights into the hormonal control of a multigene family as well as broaden our understanding of the molecular events which result in altered cardiac contractility. It is currently unclear if androgens, glucocorticoids and catecholamines influence myosin ATPase activity through changes in myosin isoenzyme predominance resulting from alterations in myosin heavy chain gene expression. Post-translational modifications of myosin heavy chain and light chain polypeptides have also to be considered.
Reliable OFDM system design under hostile multi-tone jamming

Along with the advent of reconfigurable radios, hostile jamming is no longer limited to military applications, but has become a serious threat for civilian wireless communications, where OFDM has been identified as one of the most efficient transmission technologies. In this paper, we consider reliable transmission of OFDM systems under multi-tone jamming. We propose to enhance the jamming resistance of OFDM through symbol level precoding. Our approach is to find the optimal precoder and decoder that can minimize the MSE between the transmitted and the estimated symbols, subject to a given transmit power constraint. Closed-form solutions are derived, and further demonstrated through simulation examples. It is observed that adding controlled redundancy at symbol level is an effective way to mitigate hostile jamming in OFDM systems.
Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Injury in Dancers and Nondancers

Thirty-one cases of flexor hallucis longus injuries in 26 patients were treated over a 16-year period (1977-1993). Groups were divided into dance-related injuries (group I) and other causes (group II). The two groups were compared with regard to age, activity, duration of symptoms, operative findings, histopathology, and postoperative time to resumption of full activities. Twenty-seven cases required surgery for unsuccessful nonoperative treatment. In group I, 71% of patients had a partial longitudinal tear of the flexor hallucis longus compared with 30% in group II. Another common finding was isolated tenosynovitis (21% in group I and 53% in group II). Eight cases had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluations before surgery. Clinical correlation was found to be an important factor in interpreting the MRI. Dancers tended to have symptoms for a longer period of time before seeking treatment than did nondancers. Follow-up was 19.2 months for dancers and 25 months for nondancers. Surgical correction of tenosynovitis, pseudocyst, and tendon tear yielded good or excellent results in 14 of 15 dancers and 9 of 11 nondancers. Surgical treatment of tendon tears and other pathologic tendon conditions gave consistently good results in patients with refractory flexor hallucis longus disease.
Preoperative lymphopenia is a predictor of postoperative adverse outcomes in children with congenital heart disease

Objective Lymphopenia is a predictor of adverse clinical outcomes in adults with various systemic diseases. We hypothesized that preoperative absolute lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte count of less than 3000 cells/μL) is associated with adverse postoperative outcomes in children with congenital heart disease undergoing corrective or palliative surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass during the first 2 years of life. Methods A retrospective single center cohort study was performed. Categorical variables were analyzed with the χ 2 test. Preoperative variables were analyzed with logistic and linear regression analysis to determine whether they were associated with adverse outcomes. Results Analysis was performed on 280 patients, of whom 124 were female and 156 were male. Seventy-one patients were neonates (≤30 days) at the time of the operation. Ninety patients had an absolute lymphocyte count of less than 3000 cells/μL before the operation. Regression models showed that RACHS-1 categories 5 and 6, age, and preoperative lymphopenia were significantly associated with postoperative mortality ( P P P Conclusions Preoperative lymphopenia is a predictor of adverse postoperative outcomes in children with congenital heart disease who undergo a corrective or palliative procedure with cardiopulmonary bypass during the first 2 years of life.
Cis-Trans Isomerism in Mononuclear Nickel(II) β-Ketoenamine Complexes

Abstract Solution NMR and X-ray crystallographic structural studies of square-planar nickel(II) Schiff base complexes are reported. In contrast to recently prepared cofacial binuclear complexes derived from bis(β-ketoenamines), which have the cis arrangement of O and NH donors about each metal atom, two representative mononuclear complexes, Ni(acim)2 (acimH α 4-amino-3-penten-2-one) and Ni-(bzacim)2 (bzacimH α 3-amino-1-phenyl-2-buten-1-one), are produced as trans isomers. Ni(acim)2 (NiC10H16N2O2) is orthorhombic, space group Ccca, a α 16.770(2), b α 15.054(2), c α 13.494(1) A, Z α 12, R α 0.055, R w α 0.042 for 143 parameters and 1748 reflections with 1 1[sgrave](1). Ni(bzacim)2 (NiC20H20N2O2) is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a α 5.9186(8), b α 13.694(2), c α 11.944(4) A, β α 112.18(2)[ddot], Z α 2, R α 0.038, R w α 0.037 for 156 parameters and 1589 reflections with (1) > 2[sgrave](1). Crystals of Ni(bzacim)2 contain centrosymmetric, nearly planar trans molecules. The structure of Ni(acim)2 contains ind...
Soil Grouting as Seismic Liquefaction Countermeasure

This paper presents a series of centrifuge tests studying the performance of colloidal silica grouted soil layers during permanent lateral ground deformations due to earthquake induced lateral spreading. Two centrifuge tests were conducted to study liquefaction resistance of liquefiable soil deposits stabilized with colloidal silica, and then the results were compared with the tests conducted on similar soil deposits without any soil remediation. The testing results on remediated soils showed excellent resistance against the liquefaction and associated lateral and vertical ground deformations.
Rate constant measurements for the reaction of Cl atoms with nitric acid over the temperature range 240–300 K

Abstract Rate constants for the reaction between Cl atoms and HONO2 were measured at 243, 264, and 298 K by the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique. The data can be fit to the Arrhenius expression k1 = 5.1 × 10−12 exp(−1700/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and indicate that the reaction is unimportant in stratospheric Cl atom removal. Sources of measurement error in this and earlier stidues are discussed.
Cytoskeletal forces produced by extremely low-frequency electric fields acting on extracellular glycoproteins.

The physical mechanism by which cells transduce an applied electric field is not well understood. This article establishes for the first time a direct, quantitative model that links the field to cytoskeletal forces. In a previous article, applied electric fields of physiological strength were shown to produce significant mechanical torques at the cellular level. In this article, the corresponding forces exerted on the cytoskeleton are computed and found to be comparable in magnitude to mechanical forces known to produce physiological effects. In addition to the electrical force, the viscous drag force exerted by the surrounding medium and the restoring force exerted by the neighboring structures are considered in the analysis. For an applied electric field of 10 V/m, the force transmitted to the CD44 receptor of a hyaluronan chain in cartilage is about 1 pN at 10 Hz and 7 pN at 1 Hz. For an applied electric field of 100 V/m, the force transmitted to the cytoskeleton at one focus of the glycocalyx is about 0.5 pN at 10 Hz and 1.3 pN at 1 Hz. Mechanical forces of similar magnitude have been observed to produce physiological effects. Hence, this electromechanical transduction process is a plausible mechanism for the production of physiological effects by such electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 31:77–84, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A geometric technique for relocating hotspots and refining absolute plate motions

An age-independent, geometric relationship is presented that links hotspots to the seamounts which they produce, and so permits the use of undated seamounts to refine the motion of tectonic plates. This technique has the potential to rigorously assess hotspot fixity and to locate extinct hotspots. The present application of this method points to a recent change in Pacific plate motion, and suggests a relocation of the Louisville hotspot to the Hollister ridge, south of the Eltanin fracture zone.
Same-Gender Sex in the United States Impact of T-Acasi on Prevalence Estimates

Well-conducted telephone surveys provide an economical means of estimating the prevalence of sexual and reproductive behaviors in a population. There is, however, a nontrivial potential for bias since respondents must report sensitive information to a human interviewer. The National STD and Behavior Measurement Experiment (NSBME) evaluates a new survey technology-telephone audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (T-ACASI)-that eliminates this requirement. The NSBME embedded a randomized experiment in a survey of probability samples of 1,543 U.S. and 744 Baltimore adults ages 18 to 45. Compared with NSBME respondents interviewed by human interviewers, respondents interviewed by T-ACASI were 1.5 to 1.6 times more likely to report same-gender sexual attraction, experience, and genital contact. The impact of T-ACASI was more pronounced (odds ratio = 2.5) for residents of locales that have historically been less tolerant of same-gender sexual behaviors and for respondents in households with children (odds ratio = 3.0).
Aligned arrays of single walled carbon nanotubes for transparent electronics

Single walled carbon nanotubes have garnered substantial interest in the electronic materials research community due to their unparalleled intrinsic electrical properties. In addition, their mechanical robustness and thin geometries make SWNTs ideal candidates for transparent electronics. Aligned arrays of SWNTs grown via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on quartz enable device uniformity and wafer scale integration with existing commercial semiconductor processing methods. A crucial roadblock in incorporation of SWNTs in commercial electronics has been the co-existence of metallic and semiconducting SWNTs. Demanding device metrics in high performance and complex integrated electrical devices, sensors, and other applications dictate the necessity of pristine, purely semiconducting arrays of SWNTs. By exploiting a novel process in nanoscale flow of thin film organic coatings, we have demonstrated a method to purify as-grown aligned arrays to produce such as result. Comparison with single nanotube statistics, characterization using a novel thermal scanning probe microscopy technique, as well as corroboration with thermal modeling validated the result. Thin film field effect transistors exhibiting mobilities exceeding ~1000cm 2 /Vs and on/off ratios exceeding 10,000 were fabricated using the purified semiconducting SWNTs. This manuscript reviews some of these results, which represent the first successful demonstration of purification of aligned arrays of SWNTs, in a robust and scalable scheme that allows integration of aligned arrays into complex, high performance electrical devices. We separately also describe new results on the advanced development of soft lithography techniques with the ability to transfer print aligned arrays of SWNTs onto transparent substrates after synthesis and processing, thereby completing a direct pathway to achieve complex, high performance, and highly integrated transparent SWNTs electronics, sensors, or other devices.
The effects of viscosity upon perceived sweetness

U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, Natick, Massachusetts 01760 Six concentrations of sucrose and six concentrations of sodium saccharin were presented as stimuli to 30 Ss. The concentrations were equally spaced logarithmically, covering a 32: I range for each solute. The 12 aqueous solutions were presented at four levels of viscosity, ranging approximately from I to 10,000 centipoises, with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (cellulose gum) as the thickening agent. Magnitude estimates indicate that perceived sweetness decreases with viscosity. In log-log coordinates the Viscosity-sweetness relation is roughly linear with a negative slope, suggesting that sweetness of both sodium saccharin and sucrose varies as a power function of viscosity, with an exponent between −.20 and −.25.
Distributional Effects in Demand Analysis: Observations and Predictive Tests

Abstract Most previous empirical demand analyses using time series data have ignored the possible demand effect due to temporal variation in the population's demographic structure. Following an earlier study by Lippitt, this demand effect is denoted as a distributional effect. This article summarizes results of predictive tests designed to isolate the contribution to predictive accuracy attributable to the distributional effect. Nine expenditure categories are included in the predictive tests. With the exception of two expenditure categories (house operation and house furnishing), the distributional effect was not found to contribute to predictive accuracy.
A distributed friction model for energy dissipation in carbon nanotube-based composites

Abstract Being lighter and stiffer than traditional metallic materials, nanocomposites have great potential to be used as structural damping materials for a variety of applications. Studies of friction damping in the nanocomposites are largely experimental, and there has been a lack of understanding of the damping mechanism in nanocomposites. A new friction contact model is developed to study the energy dissipation of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composites under dynamic loading. The model incorporates the spatially-distributed nature of the CNT in order to capture the stick/slip phenomenon at the interface and treats the total slip force in a statistical sense. The effects of several parameters on energy dissipation are investigated, including the excitation’s amplitude, the interaction between CNT’s ends and matrix, the orientation, concentration, and diameter distribution of the CNTs inside the matrix. The results are in good agreement with experimental observations in the literature.
The Carrier Truck: An Exercise Exploring Organizations As Open Systems

This article is an experiential activity designed to introduce management and organizational behavior students to basic systems concepts. Students participate as employees of Acme Carrier Truck, Inc. to build carrier trucks that must meet specific criteria. During the exercise, the students respond to changing environmental circumstances and internal organizational problems. A brief summary of basic systems concepts and a discussion of implications for management are provided for instructors, as well as instructions for the experiential activity and suggestions for postexercise processing. The value of the exercise is that participants can combine exploration of systems concepts theories as well as their practical applications in a challenging and engaging experience.
The performance of stray dogs (Canis familiaris) living in a shelter on human-guided object-choice tasks

A decade of research on domestic dogs' responsiveness to human actions has led some to believe that all members of the species Canis familiaris possess a human-like social cognition not shared by their nondomesticated relatives. However, comparative studies on diverse populations of domestic dog are lacking, making species-wide generalizations premature. In this study we present the performance of one under-represented population, stray dogs living in shelters, on a human-guided object-choice task. Unlike pet dogs, shelter dogs universally failed to follow a momentary distal point to a target location in initial tests, although they were able to follow a simpler form of human point on the same task. Furthermore, the majority of subjects learned to follow a momentary distal point to a target when given additional training trials (experiment 2). Dogs' sensitivity to human gestures may not be entirely explained by phylogenetic variables; rather, the interactions between genetic, developmental and experiential variables must be considered.
Glomerular charge and urinary protein excretion: effects of systemic and intrarenal polycation infusion in the rat.

Glomerular charge and urinary protein excretion: Effects of systemic and intrarenal polycation infusion in the rat. To study the role of the fixed anionic sites of the glomerular capillary wall in protein filtration, the negative charges were neutralized in vivo. With systemic infusion of the polycation protamine sulfate, glomerular staining for polyanion was reduced and protein excretion increased by 154%. To avoid systemic side effects in subsequent studies, small doses of a polycation were infused directly into one renal artery. The contralateral kidney was infused with the vehicle solution. Albumin excretion from the experimental kidneys in the first 1-hr collection after infusing 0.5mg protamine sulfate was 24.3 ± 6.3 µg/min/kidney; the simultaneous value from the control kidneys was 4.5 ± 0.7 µg/min/kidney (N = 13; P Charge glomerulaire et excretion proteique urinaire: Effets de la perfusion systemique et intrarenale de polycations chez le rat. Afin d'etudier le role des sites anioniques fixes de la paroi capillaire glomerulaire sur la filtration des proteines, les charges negatives ont ete neutralisees in vivo. Lors de la perfusion systemique de sulfate de protamine, un polycation, la coloration des polyanions glomerulaires etait reduite et l'excretion des proteines augmentee de 154%. Afin d'eviter leurs effets secondaires systemiques dans les etudes ulterieures, de petites quantites de polycations etaient directement perfusees dans une artere renale. Le rein controlateral etait perfuse avec le vehicule. L'excretion d'albumine par les reins experimentaux lors de la premiere collection d'une heure apres perfusion de 0,5mg de sulfate de protamine etait de 24,3 ± 6,3 µg/min/rein; dans le meme temps la valeur pour les reins controles etait de 4,5 ± 0,7 µg/min/rein (N = 13; P
Influence of Cracking Direction on Interfacial Fracture in Bicrystals With Symmetric Tilt Boundary

Recent experiments by Wang (1990) on copper bicrystals with a [110] symmetric tilt of 38.9 degrees have shown that the mode of fracture of these bicrystals, i.e., whether fracture is of a ductile or brittle nature, depends on the direction of cracking. An analysis of this effect within the framework of continuum crystal plasticity is presented. The formulation accounts for finite deformations and finite lattice rotations, as well as for the full three-dimensional collection of slip systems in FCC crystals. Our results indicate that, whereas the level of stress ahead of the crack tip is similar for the ductile and brittle cracking directions, the sizes of the plastic regions differ significantly in the two cases.
Effects of fructose infusion on lactate and uric acid metabolism.

Abstract Ten healthy volunteers received 10% intravenous fructose (0·5 g. per kg. body-weight per hour) for two hours following a one-hour control period in which physiological saline solution was infused intravenously. Blood-lactate rose significantly during fructose administration; and this change was accompanied by a fall in serum-bicarbonate and a rise in serum-glucose, which fell to hypoglycaemic concentrations an hour after infusion of fructose. Blood-uric-acid did not appreciably change; urinary urate excretion, urate clearance, and the ratio of urate to creatinine clearance increased during fructose infusion with no alteration of urinary pH. The lack of hyperuricaemia suggests that the hyperuricaemic effect of fructose previously reported is dose-related and associated only with larger than physiological concentrations of fructose infused under experimental conditions. While fructose seems to remain contraindicated in clinical settings where lactate accumulation must be avoided (diabetic ketoacidosis, hypoxia, postoperative period, and uraemia), it can be safely administered in physiological concentrations without fear of hyperuricaemia.
Recent advances in polymeric vitreous substitutes

The vitreous humor occupies two thirds of the volume of the eye and is the major component behind the lens. The human vitreous is a gelatinous substance predominantly composed of water (98–99%). Its functions include holding the retina in place and circulating metabolites throughout the eye. The vitreous liquifies with age, facilitating posterior vitreous detachment, which can lead to retinal tears, intravitreal hemorrhage or retinal detachment. Vitreous substitutes are needed to tamponade the retina or during vitrectomies for treatment of retinal detachments. Gases, perfluorocarbon liquids and silicone or fluorosilicone oils are currently used as vitreous substitutes; however, none of these substitutes can be used long term due to the short retention time of the gaseous substitutes, cell toxicity or other complications, such as glaucoma or cataracts. Vitreous substitutes, both experimental and clinical, will be reviewed, along with promising experimental artificial vitreous; polymeric hydrogels.
Natural vibration of free, laminated composite triangular and trapezoidal shallow shells

Abstract Natural vibration of completely free, laminated shallow shells having triangular and trapezoidal planforms is studied. Algebraic polynomials are used in a Ritz analysis to determine the natural frequencies. Detailed convergence studies are made and showed that relatively accurate results can be obtained. The lowest six frequencies for various shell configuration and material lamination angle are listed. Both right and symmetrical triangular and trapezoidal shell configurations are considered. The methods can be used for generally shaped planforms, general lamination angle and stacking sequence and general material properties.
Screening techniques to identify the diabetic patient at risk of ulceration

Foot problems are common in diabetic patients, with neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease being the main causative factors. Identification of high-risk feet can be accomplished by using basic clinical skills and simple equipment. Limb amputation is the most preventable of the long-term diabetes complications and a multidisciplinary approach can achieve a dramatic reduction of major limb amputations.
A competing values approach to the study of group decision support systems

T. Parsons proposed that any system of action functions in four distinct ways: integration, goal attainment, adaptation, and tension management. According to the competing values approach, most measures of system performance reflect one of four organizational models consistent with Parsonian theory: the internal process model, the rational goal model, the open system model, and the human relations model. The competing values approach identifies both the dominant criteria for each model and the implicit organizational values they reflect. The study of the impact of group decision support systems (GDSS) is undertaken as an exemplary case of organizational change produced by novel technology. A competing values approach to such a study provides a social-psychological paradigm for the future of GDSS evaluation and eventual GDSS redesign. >
Coastline Sedimentation in Tectonically Active Geosynclinal Basin, Glacial Outwash-Plain Shoreline of Northeastern Gulf of Alaska: ABSTRACT

The outwash-plain shoreline of southeastern Alaska consists primarily of 2 types of coastal morphologic areas: (1) places where outwash streams border the shore, and (2) beach-ridge plains. The outwash streams provide an abundant supply of sediment to the longshore drift system. Beach-ridge plains develop as a series of prograding spits, most of which indicate sediment transport from east to west. The spits trail away from the streams that originate at the termini of large piedmont glaciers, such as the Bering and the Malaspina. Once a stream channel is abandoned, or a new outlet is found, the beach-ridge plain is eroded back at the rate of several feet per year. The beach processes are dominated by southeasterly storms which generate exceptionally strong longshore drift from east to west. The cycle of erosion-deposition on the beaches is similar to that of the New England coast; that is, the post-storm profile is flat to slightly concave upward, the beach recovers by the landward migration of a series of ridge-and-runnel systems, and the maximum constructional phase is a broad depositional berm. The cycle is shorter on the Alaskan coast, presumably because of greater storm frequency. The End_Page 624------------------------------ large diurnal inequality of the tides has a striking effect on beach morphology, because wave energy is concentrated at 4 different levels during a 24-hour period. End_of_Article - Last_Page 625------------
Hormones and Phenotypic Plasticity in an Ecological Context: Linking Physiological Mechanisms to Evolutionary Processes

Hormones are chemical signaling molecules that regulate patterns of cellular physiology and gene expression underlying phenotypic traits. Hormone-signaling pathways respond to an organism's external environment to mediate developmental stage-specific malleability in phenotypes, so that environmental variation experienced at different stages of development has distinct effects on an organism's phenotype. Studies of hormone-signaling are therefore playing a central role in efforts to understand how plastic phenotypic responses to environmental variation are generated during development. But, how do adaptive, hormonally mediated phenotypes evolve if the individual signaling components (hormones, conversion enzymes, membrane transporters, and receptors) that comprise any hormone-signaling pathway show expressional flexibility in response to environmental variation? What relevance do these components hold as molecular targets for selection to couple or decouple correlated hormonally mediated traits? This article explores how studying the endocrine underpinnings of phenotypic plasticity in an ecologically relevant context can provide insights into these, and other, crucial questions into the role of phenotypic plasticity in evolution, including how plasticity itself evolves. These issues are discussed in the light of investigations into how thyroid hormones mediate morphological plasticity in Death Valley's clade of pupfishes (Cyprinodon spp.). Findings from this work with pupfish illustrate that the study of hormone-signaling from an ecological perspective can reveal how phenotypic plasticity contributes to the generation of phenotypic novelty, as well as how physiological mechanisms developmentally link an organism's phenotype to its environmental experiences.
A Few Close Friends The Pediatrician’s Role in the Management of Social Skills Deficits in Adolescent Children

Pediatricians must recognize and respond to adolescents with social skills deficits because they are at heightened risk for mental health disorders, peer victimization, and social isolation. The aim of this project was to describe a group of adolescent children at the time of enrollment into social skills treatment. Ninety participants with neurodevelopmental weaknesses or disorders, to include high-functioning autism spectrum disorder, participated. Results showed that adolescents referred for social skills deficits had communication weaknesses and concerns in everyday social reciprocal behavior. They rarely hosted get-togethers with same-aged peers and were not often invited by same-aged peers to get-togethers. Twenty-nine percent of participants reported that they were victims of bullying, and more than half of participants reported clinically significant ostracism experiences. Results are discussed in terms of the pediatrician’s role in the prevention, identification, and treatment of social skills de...
EFFECT OF COITUS ON GONADOTROPIC CONTENT OF PITUITARY GLANDS OF PSEUDOPREGNANT RABBITS

Hammond and Marshall (1) demonstrated that rabbits which copulate during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy do not ovulate. Recently in this laboratory, Weinstein and Makepeace (2) showed that the sensitivity of the follicle to gonadotropic material was but little altered during pseudopregnancy. Hill (3) has shown that by the tenth day of seudopregnancy in rabbits the pituitary contains stores of gonadotropic material much more than sufficient to cause ovulation if discharged. It was with these facts in mind that experiments were planned to test whether the failure of the pseudopregnant rabbit to ovulate after coitus is due to failure of discharge of gonadotropic material from the pituitary.