cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase transitions in a simple model ferroelectric—comparison of exact and variational treatments of a molecular-field Hamiltonian

We pursue the qualitative features of ferroelectric phase transitions via a detailed examination of a simple model system, the Hamiltonian of which consists of a lattice of quartic anharmonic oscillators of mass $M$ interacting via a quadratic intercell interaction term. The intercell interaction term\char22{}assumed to be long range in character\char22{}is treated in a molecular-field approximation. The eigenvalue and eigenfunction spectrum of the resulting molecular-field Hamiltonian is obtained numerically exactly. This permits us to construct the density matrix associated with the lattice of coupled oscillators, and hence calculate the related statistical properties for different values of the intercell coupling $\ensuremath{\chi}$, the zero-point parameter $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\ensuremath{\surd}M}$, and the temperature $T$. It is found that a second-order structural transition occurs at some finite temperature ${T}_{c}$ if $\ensuremath{\chi}g{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$, where the superscripts refer to the two cases where the local particle potential possesses a single minimum (displacive) or a double minimum (order-disorder), respectively. The functional dependence of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{+}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$ on $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ is qualitatively different from that of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(\ensuremath{\lambda})$; e.g., ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{+}(0)$ is finite, whereas ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(0)=0$. A variational treatment of the molecular-field Hamiltonian employing a trial density matrix of the displaced-Gaussian form yields the prediction that if a transition occurs it may be either first or second order, depending on the values of the model parameters, as compared to the exact numerical treatment, where the transition is always second order. The implications of the first-order transition are discussed, with the changeover from second- to first-order behavior being examined.
Autonomous neuromorphic image understanding system using graph representation: lower-level design

In this paper, a neuromorphic multilayer architecture, called KYDON, is presented. In particular, the structural design of the layer nodes and the low and high level vision tasks performed by KYDON nets are described. KYDON architecture has 'k' layers of nodes connected in full hexagonal mesh connectivity. The lowest layer capture images from the environment by employing 2-D photoarray. The top most layer deals with image interpretation and understanding. The intermediate layers perform various process to bridge the bottom most layer to the top most layer. KYDON use graph to represent the knowledge, extracted from the image. An important feature of KYDON is that KYDON does not have any host computer or control processor to handle I/O and other miscellaneous tasks.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estrogen receptor‐immunoreactive forebrain neurons project to the ventrolateral hypothalamus in female guinea pigs

In rodents, the facilitation of sexual receptivity by estradiol and progesterone is suspected to be mediated by a network of neurons containing estrogen and progestin receptors. In female guinea pigs, this network would include estrogen receptor-immunoreactive (ER-ir) neurons located within the rostro-ventral ventrolateral hypothalamus (r-vVLH). This hypothesis predicts that a proportion of the neurons projecting to the r-vVLH contains estrogen receptors. This prediction was tested through retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry for estrogen receptors. Retrogradely labelled neurons were particularly abundant within the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), anterior hypothalamus, amygdala, and lateral parabrachial nucleus. As predicted by the hypothesis, retrogradely labelled neurons were mostly observed in estrogen receptor-rich areas. Retrogradely labelled neurons also containing estrogen receptor-immunoreactivity (ER-IR) were primarily found within the MPN, BST, and amygdala. However, a majority of retrogradely labelled neurons did not contain ER-IR. As the preoptic area and the r-vVLH are both responsive to estradiol in the facilitation of sexual receptivity by progesterone, these data are consistent with the hypothesis tested. However, our data also suggest that the network of neurons controlling sexual receptivity may include elements not directly sensitive to estradiol. Finally, the location of retrogradely labelled neurons is discussed with respect to the stimuli provided to the r-vVLH in the context of sexual receptivity facilitated by estradiol and progesterone.
Range Measurement as Practiced in the Deep Space Network

Range measurements are used to improve the trajectory models of spacecraft tracked by the deep space network. The unique challenge of deep-space ranging is that the two-way delay is long, typically many minutes, and the signal-to-noise ratio is small. Accurate measurements are made under these circumstances by means of long correlations that incorporate Doppler rate-aiding. This processing is done with commercial digital signal processors, providing a flexibility in signal design that can accommodate both the traditional sequential ranging signal and pseudonoise range codes. Accurate range determination requires the calibration of the delay within the tracking station. Measurements with a standard deviation of 1 m have been made.
Is it ethical to prioritize patients for organ allocation according to their values about organ donation

Because the supply of deceased donor organs fails to meet demand, patients needing a transplant frequently have lengthy waits or die while waiting. In an effort to reduce waiting times, the concept of "preferred status" has emerged. In the United States, preferred status has taken the form of a community of individuals called LifeSharers. Using directed donation, this group aims to facilitate priority organ allocation to its members-people who have agreed to be organ donors. Such preferred status programs increase societal awareness about organ donation and transplantation, but they are not without ethical controversy, as some term them "clubs." In the case of LifeSharers, the potential to increase the pool of deceased donor organs is a worthy goal that would benefit the community of patients awaiting transplantation, not just LifeSharers members.
Blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors in the nucleus accumbens shell increased nicotine self-administration but had no effect on nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion

higher than in natural marijuana. Often marketed as a “legal high”, these products are growing in popularity among young people. The aimof this studywas to examine the interest in syntheticmarijuana in the U.S. using standard online searchmethodology as a proxy for interest; and to determine the availability of websites offering to sell synthetic marijuana online. Methods: Using the same tools online advertisers use for marketing, appropriate “search terms” were constructed to mimic terms that might be used by a young person searching for synthetic marijuana. Next, we surveyed Internet websites for themost prevalent search term—herbal incense. Two independent raters examined the links generated in each search conducted during November–December 2011 and resolved coding disagreements. The resulting links were coded as “retail”, “information”, or “other” (usuallynews sites). On January1, 2012,wequeriedGoogle Insights for Search and Google Trends with “herbal incense” as the search term and examined the trends nationally and by state from 2008 through 2011. Results: “Herbal Incense” is themost common search termused to search for synthetic marijuana and yielded over 2million search results in Google annually. The top 10 retail sites yielded 142,579 unique U.S. visitors monthly. Of the first 100 unique websites, 87% were retail, 4% were information, and 9% other. We observed a reduction in the number of online searcheswithin stateswith strict legal sanctions and no change in states with less comprehensive legal sanctions. Conclusions: Synthetic marijuana warrants greater policy consideration. Marketed as a “legal high”, this form of marijuana is widely available online. We discuss how the Internet complicates enforcement of legal sanctions. One limitation of this study is that we were not able to measure actual rates of purchase. Financial support: No financial support.
Generalizability of scores influenced by multiple sources of variance.

Generalizability theory concerns the adequacy with which a “universe” score can be inferred from a set of observations. In this paper the theory is applied to a universe in which observations are classifiable according to two independent variable aspects of the measuring procedure. Several types of universe scores are developed and the variance components ascertained for each type. The composition of expected observed-score variance and the adequacy of inference to a particular type of universe score is a function of the procedure used in gathering data. A generalizability study provides estimates of variance components which can be used in designing an efficient procedure for a particular decision purpose.
Applicability of Latent Dirichlet Allocation to multi-disk search

Abstract Digital forensics practitioners face a continual increase in the volume of data they must analyze, which exacerbates the problem of finding relevant information in a noisy domain. Current technologies make use of keyword based search to isolate relevant documents and minimize false positives with respect to investigative goals. Unfortunately, selecting appropriate keywords is a complex and challenging task. Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) offers a possible way to relax keyword selection by returning topically similar documents. This research compares regular expression search techniques and LDA using the Real Data Corpus (RDC). The RDC, a set of over 2400 disks from real users, is first analyzed to craft effective tests. Three tests are executed with the results indicating that, while LDA search should not be used as a replacement to regular expression search, it does offer benefits. First, it is able to locate documents when few, if any, of the keywords exist within them. Second, it improves data browsing and deals with keyword ambiguity by segmenting the documents into topics.
Optical In-Plane Distortion Invariant Pattern Recognition In Structured Noise

An architecture for an optical processor for recognizing and locating objects in cluttered two-dimensional scenes without prior knowledge of the position, scale, or in-plane rotation has been developed. The system involves Fourier transforms, a computer generated hologram for coordinate transformation, a technique for optical phase extraction, optical correlators, and spatial light modulators (SLMs). Experiments have been conducted to verify parts of the design.
The association between static pelvic asymmetry and low back pain.

Study design A cross-sectional case-control approach was used to estimate the association between low back pain of less than 12 months' duration and pelvic asymmetry among 21-50-year-old patients seeking physical therapy services. Objective To evaluate the premise that asymmetrical positioning of the innominates of the pelvis is a source of low back pain. Summary of background data No published studies have been conducted to evaluate systematically the association between low back pain and pelvic asymmetry in a clinic-based sample. Methods Pelvic landmark data were obtained in 144 cases and 138 control subjects. The associations of low back pain with levels of pelvic asymmetry were estimated by use of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Effect modification and confounding of the low back pain-pelvic asymmetry association by several factors was assessed and alternative asymmetry measures considered. Results Pelvic asymmetry was not positively associated with low back pain in any way that seemed clinically meaningful. Asymmetry of posterior superior iliac spine landmarks showed some evidence of a weak positive association with low back pain. Conclusions In the absence of meaningful positive association between pelvic asymmetry and low back pain, evaluation and treatment strategies based on this premise should be questioned.
Enhanced volumetric hydrogen storage capacity of porous carbon powders by forming peels or pellets

Abstract Hydrogen storage measurements on peels formed from powdered carbide-derived carbons (CDCs) mixed with 3–5 wt% PTFE binder are presented. Polymer interactions with adsorption sites are explored by examining CDCs derived from different precursors. The observed trends in loss of gravimetric capacity suggest that the detrimental effect of the polymer is greatest for large (>1.5 nm) pores and small ( 2 /L, respectively, at 77 K and 4 MPa hydrogen pressure.
Treatment of wilson's disease with ammonium tetrathiomolybdate: I. Initial therapy in 17 neurologically affected patients

Objective: To test the efficacy and toxicity of a new drug, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, in the initial treatment of a relatively large series of patients presenting with neurologic signs and symptoms caused by Wilson's disease. The key aspect of efficacy was to preserve the neurologic function present at the onset of therapy. Design: An open study of 17 patients treated for 8 weeks each. Neurologic function was evaluated by frequent quantitative neurologic and speech examinations. Several copper-related variables were studied to evaluate the effect of the drug on copper, and a large number of biochemical and clinical variables were studied to evaluate potential toxicity. Patients were then followed up at yearly intervals, with follow-up periods of 1 to 5 years reported. Setting: A university hospital referral setting. Intervention: Patients were generally treated for 8 weeks with tetrathiomolybdate, followed by zinc maintenance therapy. Main Outcome Measures: Neurologic function was evaluated by quantitative neurologic and speech examinations. Results: None of the patients suffered a loss of neurologic function. Copper status and potential further toxic effects were generally well controlled quickly. No toxic effects resulted from administration of tetrathiomolybdate. During the ensuing period of follow-up of 1 to 5 years, neurologic recovery in most patients was good to excellent. Conclusions: Tetrathiomolybdate appears to be an excellent form of initial treatment in patients with Wilson's disease presenting with neurologic signs and symptoms. In contrast to penicillamine therapy, initial treatment with tetrathiomolybdate does not result in further, often irreversible neurologic deterioration.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE m-DINITRO BENZENE REACTION WITH SEX STEROIDS1

IN 1935 ZIMMERMANN (I) described a color reaction between m dinitrobenne and several sex hormones. Since that time several modifications of the reaction have been described and it has been used for the quantitative determination of excreted androgens (2, 3, 4). We have investigated these methods (to be reported in another paper) and because of the difficulties and discrepancies which were encountered, we have made an extensive spectrophotometric investigation of the reaction. For the pursuance of the spectrophotometric studies the method of Callow was used, for of all the methods it is the most rigorous in regard to purity of solvent and reagents, regulation of time, temperature and light and most important, it gives consistently reproducible results with crystalline hormones. The steroids2 were dissolved in absolute alcohol in such concentration that themaximum amount of substance used was contained in 0.2 cc. of solution
Differentiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from other neoplastic solid pancreatic lesions: a tertiary oncology center experience

Background Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNET), and metastatic lesions (pMET) are the most common neoplastic solid pancreatic lesions (SPLs). Early diagnosis enables prompt treatment. Objective To identify factors differentiating PDAC from non-PDAC lesions and assess the accuracy of EUS-guided FNA. Design and Setting Retrospective tertiary center. Patients and Intervention Consecutive patients referred for EUS evaluation of SPLs from 2004 to 2011. Main Outcome Measurements Pretest (preceding EUS-guided FNA [EUS-FNA]) predictors of PDAC among neoplastic SPLs and accuracy of EUS-FNA. Results A total of 1333 EUS scans with 1108 EUS-FNAs were performed for pancreatic lesions. Of the 672 patients with neoplastic SPLs, 528 had PDAC and 144 non-PDAC. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of PDAC were 97.3%, 99.3%, 99.8%, and 97.8%, respectively. Years of EUS experience significantly correlated with fewer needle passes (R s = −0.18, P P P P P P P Limitations Retrospective design, single center. Conclusions When evaluating neoplastic SPLs, demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics can reliably discern and suggest PDAC. In addition, EUS-FNA is exceedingly sensitive and specific for PDAC.
Quantitative analysis of the "warm-up" phenomenon in myotonic dystrophy type 1.

To quantitate improvement in hand-grip myotonia and muscle strength (i.e., the “warm-up” phenomenon) in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), six successive, standardized maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) were recorded on 2 separate days using a computerized isometric hand-grip myometer in 25 genetically confirmed DM1 patients and in 17 normal controls. An automated computer program placed cursors along the declining (relaxation) phase of the MVICs at 90%, 50%, and 5% of peak force (PF) and calculated relaxation times (RTs) between these points. Mean 90% to 5% RT (a measure of myotonia) rapidly declined from 2.5 s in MVIC 1 to 0.8 s in MVIC 6 (warm-up = 1.7 s) in DM1; in controls, it remained 0.4 s for all six MVICs (warm-up = 0). In DM1, 70% of warm-up occurred between MVIC 1 and 2, almost exclusively in the terminal 50% to 5% phase of muscle relaxation. Day 1 warm-up was highly correlated with the severity of myotonia, and with day 2 warm-up. Improvement in myotonia was not accompanied by either transient paresis or improvement in PF. We conclude that, with this testing paradigm: warm-up of myotonia in DM1 can be reliably measured; is proportional to severity of myotonia; occurs rapidly, being most prominent between the first and second grips; mainly results from shortening of the terminal phase of muscle relaxation; and is not accompanied by significant warm-up in force output. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Preservation of cerebral function during circulatory arrest and resuscitation: hypothermic protective considerations.

Abstract Methods which have been developed to cool the brain rapidly during circulatory arrest in the experimental animal have been reviewed. These have included: emergency cephalic cooling, intra-arterial hypothermic infusion, direct ventricular perfusion cooling and carotid heat-exchanger interposition.
Isoprenoids and other hydrocarbons in terrestrial graphite

Aromatic and nonaromatic hydrocarbon fractions in terrestrial graphite, discussing classification and analysis by chromatography and mass spectrometry
XVM: XML Virtual Machine

XML is an emerging standard for data representation and data exchange on the Internet. XML-based web applications have been widely used in e-commerce and enterprise information management. In this paper, we propose an extensible, integrated XML processing architecture, the XML Virtual Machine (XVM). The XVM provides a framework for processing XML data, developing and deploying XML-based applications. By using a component-based technique, the XVM provides a high degree of modularity and reusability. XVM components are dynamically loaded and composed during XML data processing. New components can be easily added to existing applications and new applications can reuse existing components without difficulty. These features enable an XML application to keep up with requirements and schema evolution and to process compound documents. Both client-side and server-side XML applications can be developed and deployed in an integrated way. Also in this paper, we present an XML application container built on top of the XVM, along with several sample applications.
Barrier Mechanisms in Neonatal Stroke

Both clinical and experimental data indicate that the pathophysiology of perinatal brain damage is multifactorial and is in many ways distinct from that of adult stroke. Development of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) begins mid-gestation in rodents and continues during the postnatal period. Therefore, the stage of maturation of individual components of the BBB and other brain barriers may play a central role in age-specific responses of an immature brain to cerebral ischemia and hypoxia, affecting injury subtypes, severity, and evolution. We discuss some of the most recent findings regarding the neurovascular responses of the immature brain to focal arterial stroke and modulation of these processes by inflammatory signaling.
Catalysis of unsaturated lipid oxidation by iron protoporphyrin derivatives.

Abstract Various derivatives of hemoglobin and myoglobin, including methemoglobin and metmyoglobin; imidazole hemoglobin hemichrome and imidazole myoglobin hemichrome; carbon monoxide hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin; and nitric oxide hemoglobin were used as catalysts for unsaturated lipid oxidation. All were active catalysts, but there were induction periods with some of the ferrous forms. Experiments in which catalysts were extracted from oxidizing mixtures and examined spectrophotometrically indicated that the ferrous forms of the hematin compounds were converted to the ferric form at the time of extraction. Denatured methemoglobin and nitric oxide hemoglobin behaved similarly to the analogous native protein compounds.
Special Situations in the Management of Colonic Diverticular Disease

Guidelines for the treatment of diverticular disease remain nebulous. More recent data question previous recommendations for aggressive surgical resection in recurrent uncomplicated diverticulitis. These data also question the link between worsening diverticular disease and recurrence or young age. In fact, recent data suggest a less virulent disease in patients
Determination of protein phosphorylation in FcεRI-activated human mast cells by immunoblot analysis requires protein extraction under denaturing conditions

The advent of activation state antibodies has greatly facilitated studies aimed at understanding the intracellular signaling cascade following occupancy and/or aggregation of surface receptors. As part of an ongoing study investigating the signal transduction cascade initiated following aggregation of the high affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) in human mast cells, we observed substantial differences in responses monitored by these antibodies when cells were extracted either under nonreducing or reducing conditions. This was true even in the presence of high concentrations of protease inhibitors. Although the activation of some proteins such as those of the MAP kinase pathway appeared to be unaffected by the extraction conditions, other signals, including overall tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of phospholipase Cgamma(1), were substantially different. This was due to the significant proteolysis in samples extracted under nondenaturing conditions. When the signaling proteins were extracted rapidly under denaturing conditions, however, there was little evidence of proteolysis of the signaling proteins with a resulting improved recovery of signal. Thus, accurate determination of signaling events utilizing activation state-specific antibodies in human mast cells requires protein extraction under denaturing conditions. The data presented in this report would be applicable to other cell types where high concentrations of proteases are present.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION OF ZINC IN BIOLOGICAL CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS

Non-destructive neutron activation analysis was employed to determine zinc in ten biological standard reference materials from the National Bureau of Standards and the National Research Council of Canada. The use of a 4 h. irradiation at a medium neutron flux allows excellent accuracies, precision and sensitivities to be attained for all the samples analyzed. It is suggested that neutron activation analysis be one of the benchmark methods for the determination of zinc in biological reference materials for concentrations as low as the one part per million level.
Antisymmetric magnetoresistance in magnetic multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy.

While magnetoresistance (MR) has generally been found to be symmetric in applied field in nonmagnetic or magnetic metals, we have observed antisymmetric MR in $\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}$ multilayers. Simultaneous domain imaging and transport measurements show that the antisymmetric MR is due to the appearance of domain walls that run perpendicular to both the magnetization and the current, a geometry existing only in materials with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. As a result, the extraordinary Hall effect gives rise to circulating currents in the vicinity of the domain walls that contributes to the MR. The antisymmetric MR and extraordinary Hall effect have been quantitatively accounted for by a theoretical model.
The photodynamic reaction of methylene blue with deoxyribonucleic acid.

The photodynamic action of methylene blue (MB) on the DNA bases, nucleosides and nucleotides was followed by spectral, chromatographic and manometric techniques. A rapid reaction leading to the loss of ultraviolet absorbance accompanied by the uptake of one mole O 2 /mole derivative occurred with the guanine compounds. Thymine compounds reacted very slowly. The base compositions found for treated DNA indicated that guanine was preferentially destroyed. The MB—DNA reaction was followed by immunological techniques. The reaction led to partial denaturation of the DNA. Heating degraded the treated DNA. The photodynamic reaction was more rapid with denatured than with native DNA. The results of T m and sedimentation measurements agree with the interpretations of the immunological data. Possible uses of this reaction for genetic and structural studies on nucleic acids are discussed.
Impairing the mitochondrial fission and fusion balance: a new mechanism of neurodegeneration

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common characteristic of all neurodegenerative diseases. However, the cause of this dysfunction remains a mystery. Here, we discuss the potential role of mitochondrial fission and fusion in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, we propose that an imbalance in mitochondrial fission and fusion may underlie both familial and sporadic neurodegenerative disorders. There is substantial evidence that links disruption of the mitochondrial fission and fusion equilibrium, resulting in abnormally long or short mitochondria, to neurodegeneration. First, hereditary mutations in the mitochondrial fusion GTPases optic atrophy-1 and mitofusin-2 cause neuropathies in humans. In addition, recent findings report increased mitochondrial fission in Parkinson's disease (PD) models and induction of mitochondrial fission by two proteins, PTEN-induced kinase 1 and parkin, which are mutant in familial forms of PD. Furthermore, mutant huntingtin, the disease-causing protein in Huntington's disease, alters mitochondrial morphology and dynamics. Rotenone, a pesticide and inducer of PD symptoms, and amyloid-beta peptide, which is causally linked to Alzheimer's disease, initiate mitochondrial fission. Finally, mitochondrial fission is an early event in ischemic stroke and diabetic neuropathies. In sum, a growing body of research suggests that a better understanding of mitochondrial fission and fusion and the regulatory factors involved may lead to improved treatments and cures for neurodegenerative diseases.
Effective diffusion coefficient for steady two-dimensional convective flow.

We use the homogenization method to obtain an expression for the effective diffusion coefficient ${D}^{\mathrm{*}}$ for convective flows. We evaluate this expression numerically by a finite-mode truncation for two-dimensional laminar flows with arbitrary P\'eclet numbers. Our results allow us to establish the range of validity of the small- and large-P\'eclet-number asymptotic evaluations of ${D}^{\mathrm{*}}$. In particular, we find that for the case of rigid boundary conditions corrections to the asymptotic scaling decay only very slowly for large P\'eclet numbers and are still about 5% for P\'eclet numbers as high as ${10}^{6}$.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces an Atypical Cell Death Mode to Escape from Infected Macrophages

Background Macrophage cell death following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a central role in tuberculosis disease pathogenesis. Certain attenuated strains induce extrinsic apoptosis of infected macrophages but virulent strains of M. tuberculosis suppress this host response. We previously reported that virulent M. tuberculosis induces cell death when bacillary load exceeds ∼20 per macrophage but the precise nature of this demise has not been defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed the characteristics of cell death in primary murine macrophages challenged with virulent or attenuated M. tuberculosis complex strains. We report that high intracellular bacillary burden causes rapid and primarily necrotic death via lysosomal permeabilization, releasing hydrolases that promote Bax/Bak-independent mitochondrial damage and necrosis. Cell death was independent of cathepsins B or L and notable for ultrastructural evidence of damage to lipid bilayers throughout host cells with depletion of several host phospholipid species. These events require viable bacteria that can respond to intracellular cues via the PhoPR sensor kinase system but are independent of the ESX1 system. Conclusions/Significance Cell death caused by virulent M. tuberculosis is distinct from classical apoptosis, pyroptosis or pyronecrosis. Mycobacterial genes essential for cytotoxicity are regulated by the PhoPR two-component system. This atypical death mode provides a mechanism for viable bacilli to exit host macrophages for spreading infection and the eventual transition to extracellular persistence that characterizes advanced pulmonary tuberculosis.
Bringing Some Clarity to Role Ambiguity Research

Theoretical development of the concept of role ambiguity and empirical research on this concept have proceeded fairly independently of one another. Empirical work has confounded role ambiguity with both job dissatisfaction and formalization. A new model of ambiguity is offered, emphasizing unpredictability, rather than information deficiency. This model accords with expectancy theory.
Decrease of Exercise-Induced Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type I Diabetes by Means of an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

Abstract Taking into account both the importance of microalbuminuria (MA) as a predictive parameter of clinical nephropathy in diabetic patients and the efficiency of exertion to show and/or to increase MA in both diabetic patients and normal individuals, we studied 37 type I diabetic patients divided into two groups: group A, with no MA at rest (n = 19), and group B, with MA at rest (n = 18). Group C comprised 10 healthy volunteers as controls. Changes of basal MA during exercise and postexercise were studied in all three groups. Normotensive patients with no metabolic disorders, normal renal function, and no proteinuria underwent an ergometric test up to 600 kg. This test was repeated after the administration of 20 mg enalapril in a single daily dose for 60 days. Body weight, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, creatinine, and creatinine clearance were determined and showed no significant variations either between groups or with treatment. Microalbuminuria was studied in the three groups with and without administration of enalapril throughout the 2 months of the study. Determinations were performed under conditions of rest, exercise, and postexercise. Mean baseline MA values ± SEM were as follows: at rest, 5.22 ± 0.49, 58.36 ± 13.24, and 4.73 ± 0.45 μg/min for groups A, B, and C, respectively; with exercise, 15.19 ± 4.43, 74.70 ± 14.89, and 16.76 ± 4.62 μg/min for groups A, B, and C, respectively; and postexercise, 32.04 ± 6.64, 253.15 ± 63.88, and 9.23 ± 3.25 μg/min, respectively. The geometric means of the baseline to posttreatment MA ratio were as follows: at rest, 0.95, 1.59 (P
Defining Reference Conditions for Restoration of Riparian Plant Communities: Examples from California, USA.

/ Currently, there is an emphasis on restoration of riparian vegetation in the western United States. Deciding on what and where to restore requires an understanding of relationships between riparian plant communities and their environments along with establishment of targets, or reference conditions, for restoration. Several methods, including off-site data and historical analysis have been used for establishing restoration reference conditions. In this paper, criteria are proposed for interpreting reference community composition and structure from the results of multivariate cluster analysis. The approach is illustrated with data from streams in the California Sierra Nevada, Central Valley, and southern coastal region to derive descriptions of reference communities for stream reaches and floodplain landforms. Cluster analysis results can be used to quantify the areas of both degraded and reference communities within a floodplain, thereby facilitating restoration cost estimation.KEY WORDS: Riparian vegetation; Watershed planning; Riparian restoration; Cluster analysishttp://link.springer-ny.com/link/service/journals/00267/bibs/24n1p55.html
Developmental toxicology of retinylidene methyl nitrone in the golden hamster.

A single oral dose in pregnant hamsters of 50, 75 or 100 mg/kg of all-trans-retinylidene methyl nitrone, a retinoid with potential cancer chemopreventive properties, resulted in a significant increase in the number of litters containing abnormal offspring. An elevated mean liter frequency of malformed offspring was also observed following doses of 50 mg/kg or greater of the retonoid. Doses of 12.5 mg/kg or greater were associated with a significant increase in embryonic death. Intubation of the retinoid failed to induce signs of illness in any of the pregnant hamsters and the maternal weight gain of the treated animals was not significantly different from that of dams given an equivalent volume of the vehicle. The dysmorphic syndrome induced by treatment with all-trans-retinylidene methyl nitrone during the early primitive streak state of gestation was identical to that induced by treatment with all-trans-retinoic acid. The teratogenic effect of all-trans-retinylidene methyl nitrone may be associated with biotransformation of the parent nitrone in the acidic environment of the stomach to all-trans-retinoic acid.
The effects of phenobarbital on responding under delayed-matching-to-sample procedures with differential and nondifferential outcomes.

Pigeons were exposed to delayed-matching-to-sample procedures in which food or a flash of the feeder light followed correct responses. When these consequences were correlated with a particular stimulus (e.g., food followed matching responses to red and a flash of the feeder light followed matching responses to green), accuracy was significantly higher (i.e., stimulus control was greater) than when discriminative stimuli and consequences were not correlated. Acute administrations of phenobarbital (10-40 mg/kg) produced similar effects regardless of whether or not differential outcomes were arranged for correct responses to a particular stimulus. At doses of 30 and 40 mg/kg, phenobarbital significantly decreased accuracy under both variations of the delayed-matching-to-sample procedure. Given these results, it appears that degree of stimulus control in the absence of drug did not modulate drug effects in the present study.
Comparison of body composition measured by total body potassium and infrared interactance.

The purpose of this study was to find how closely a near infrared instrument (IRI), Futrex 5000, would compare to whole body counting (WBC) of potassium-40 (40K) in assessing body composition.We measured lean body mass (LBM) and percent total body fat (PCF) in 177 males and 27 females by total body potassium (TBK) and by infrared interactance (IRI). TBK was assessed by 2 pi whole body counter (WBC) and IRI by Futrex (F) instrument. These subjects were measured for TBK and for IRI within 1 week of each other.A large mean difference (p < or = 0.001) was found between the results using the two instruments: IRI data for LBM were higher and PCF lower compared to TBK.As shown by repeated TBK measurements over a 22-year period in these same volunteers, this technique is reliable. The IRI assessments did not come to a close fit with TBK.
Heat and urea stability of blood catalase of catalase-mutant mouse strains.

Normale und anomale Katalase-Varianten mit identischer elektrophoretischer Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit konnten durch unterschiedliche Harnstoff- und Temperatur-Wirkung voneinander unterschieden werden.
Saint-Venant’s Principle for a Helical Spring

We consider a linear elastic helical spring of arbitrary length and of uniform cross section loaded by a self-equilibrated force system at one end only. We show that the elastic energy, stored in the portion of the spring beyond a certain distance from the loaded end, decreases exponentially with the distance. We thus establish an analog of Toupin’s version of the Saint-Venant principle for a helical spring.
Marketing strategies: a container foreland study of the port of Miami

Abstract The marketing of port forelands will become increasingly more important in an era of load center development resulting from container technologies. In this paper, we have provided a mechanism for identifying overseas port marketing areas where trade development and port promotion should be exercised. The Port of Miami's trade relationships were the foci of this study. Location quotients served to highlight the competitive aspect of port facilities.
EULER SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS AT A JUNCTION

Consider n ducts having a common origin and filled with a fluid. Along each duct, the full Euler system describes the evolution of the fluid. At the junction, suitable physical conditions couple the n Euler systems. In this paper we prove the well posedness of the Cauchy problem for the model so obtained, provided the total varaiatio of the initial data is sufficiently small.
Learning evolving and emerging topics in social media: a dynamic nmf approach with temporal regularization

As massive repositories of real-time human commentary, social media platforms have arguably evolved far beyond passive facilitation of online social interactions. Rapid analysis of information content in online social media streams (news articles, blogs,tweets etc.) is the need of the hour as it allows business and government bodies to understand public opinion about products and policies. In most of these settings, data points appear as a stream of high dimensional feature vectors. Guided by real-world industrial deployment scenarios, we revisit the problem of online learning of topics from streaming social media content. On one hand, the topics need to be dynamically adapted to the statistics of incoming datapoints, and on the other hand, early detection of rising new trends is important in many applications. We propose an online nonnegative matrix factorizations framework to capture the evolution and emergence of themes in unstructured text under a novel temporal regularization framework. We develop scalable optimization algorithms for our framework, propose a new set of evaluation metrics, and report promising empirical results on traditional TDT tasks as well as streaming Twitter data. Our system is able to rapidly capture emerging themes, track existing topics over time while maintaining temporal consistency and continuity in user views, and can be explicitly configured to bound the amount of information being presented to the user.
Demand forecast information sharing in the competitive online and traditional retailers

Abstract An important strategic issue for retailing business managers to study is the information strategy. In this paper, we develop a profit-maximization model to investigate the benefits of demand forecast information sharing for the competitive online and traditional retailers with the consideration of the compatibility of the product with online marketing. Both retailers use a Bertrand model to compete. We analyze and compare two scenarios: (1) when forecast information is not shared between the online and traditional retailers; (2) when forecast information is shared between the online and traditional retailers. Our results show that both the online and traditional retailers will be better off from information sharing. Especially when the channel forecast is less accurate, the product is more compatible with online marketing, and the market is more volatile, both retailers will profit more. Based on our results, optimal strategies are derived and probable paths of future research are identified.
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF FUNDAMENTAL SYMMETRIES IN POSITRONIUM ANNIHILATION

Using the Gammasphere array of high-purity germanium detectors at the 88" Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, we have made several measurements to test discrete fundamental symmetries in positronium annihilation. We tested charge conjugation symmetry (C) by searching for decays of ortho- and para-positronium to the "wrong" number of photons. We measured the five-photon annihilation mode of ortho-positronium, finding agreement with tree-level QED calculations at order α8. In a second experiment, we searched for decays of polarized ortho-positronium which violate the combined symmetry operation CPT. We improved existing limits on this CPT test by roughly a factor of ten. We are studying the feasibility of an experiment to search for "invisible" decays of ortho-positronium. Invisible decays could be caused by extra dimensions (invoked in string theories). General requirements for an experiment sensitive to decay branching ratios of order 10-9 are discussed.
Lack of phenotypic alteration of hmUra-DNA glycosylase-deficient hamster cells exposed to DNA-damaging agents

V79mut1 cells are resistant to the toxic effects of 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (hmdUrd) and are deficient in the DNA repair enzyme hydroxymethyluracil-DNA glycosylase (hmUDG). We have therefore proposed that the toxicity of hmdUrd results from the repair of the lesion from DNA. In order to clarify the biological role of hmUDG, we have determined whether the repair-deficient cells showed resistance or sensitivity to the toxic or mutagenic effects of other DNA-damaging agents. Cells were exposed to hmdUrd, ionizing or ultraviolet radiation, to the alkylating agent MNNG, and to oxidative stress produced by hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, glucose/glucose oxidase, nitric oxide donor SNAP, or to H2O2. The V79mut1 cells did not show increased mutagenesis in response to hmdUrd. Relative to the V79 parent cells, the V79mut1 cells were not markedly altered in sensitivity to oxidizing agents and ionizing radiation (which produce hmdUra in DNA). The repair-deficient cells wee equally sensitive as the parent V79 cells to DNA damage induced by ultraviolet radiation or by MNNG. No significant differences were seen between the parent and the repair-deficient cells in terms of synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) in response to damage or in their sensitization to 3-aminobenzamide. Thus, the loss of the 5-hydroxymethyluracil (hmUra)-DNA glycosylase activity in mammalian cells in culture confers no obvious deleterious effect on cell survival or mutagenicity in response to a wide range of DNA damage. These studies indicate that the major lesion known to be repaired by hmUra-DNA glycosylase, an hmUra residue replacing thymine, is produced in cells only in small quantities as the result of exposure to common DNA-damaging agents. These results raise the possibility that hmUra-DNA glycosylase may have evolved to respond to other lesions than hmUra residues formed from the oxidation of thymine.
Experimental investigation of carbon dioxide trapping due to capillary retention in saline aquifers

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is by far the most significant greenhouse gas released by human activities through fossil fuel combustion. In order to minimize CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, sequestration of CO2 in underground geological formations has been considered the most promising alternative to control greenhouse effects. In particular, deep saline aquifers are prime candidates for CO2 sequestration due to their large potential storage capacity and common occurrence. CO2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers can be achieved by several trapping mechanisms which are generally categorized as structural, dissolution, mineral and capillary trapping. Capillary trapping is a physical mechanism by which CO2 is naturally immobilized in the pore spaces of aquifer rocks during geologic carbon sequestration operations, and thus a key aspect of estimating geologic storage potential. It is an important, yet poorly understood trapping mechanism, primarily because of the lack of well characterized, laboratory or field data that could lead to a better understanding of the physical mechanism associated with capillary retention of CO2 in geological media. Here, we studied capillary trapping of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), and the effect of initial scCO2 saturation and flow rate on the storage/trapping potential of Berea sandstone. We performed two-phase, scCO2-brine displacements in two sequential drainage-imbibition core flood cycles to quantify end saturations of scCO2 with the aid of micro-computed tomography imaging. Drainage I led to an average initial scCO2 saturation of 45% after scCO2 injection, and Imbibition I resulted in an average residual scCO2 saturation of 26% after brine injection. In comparison, Drainage II and Imbibition II were performed at higher flow rates and yielded average initial and residual scCO2 saturations of 61% and 31%, respectively. We also analyzed pore size distribution to estimate primary capillary pressure characteristics of the samples under investigation. Overall, we concluded that the initial scCO2 saturation influences the residual scCO2 saturation to a greater extent than the rate of imbibition and therefore, it is a dominant factor in determining the amount of CO2 that can be geologically stored. Our study contributes to the research of CO2 capillary trapping in saline aquifers by proposing experimental methods that can mimic deep saline aquifers conditions in the lab, by investigating pore size distribution with high resolution X-ray imaging and, most important, by quantifying the capacity of capillary trapping of CO2 in a brine-CO2-rock system.
Purification of potato leaf roll virus and an evaluation of methods for its diagnosis

To evaluate four diagnostic methods for potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), an antiserum was prepared against a virus preparation purified from infectedDatura stramonium L. by an exudation method. The antiserum had a titer of 1:64 in microprecipitin tests. In a procedure developed subsequently PLRV was purified by a method that involved grinding liquid nitrogen frozen stems, petioles, and veins from different solanaceous hosts. A chloroform and n-butanol clarification was done followed by two cycles of differential centrifugation. On sucrose gradients, these preparations formed one band containing spherical particles 25 nm in diameter.