cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double-Outlet Left Ventricle (DOLV)

Most of use will encounter few, if any, patients with double-outlet left ventricles (DOLV), but the significant anatomic variation requires an understanding of a broad spectrum of pathophysiology. That is similar to that of a TOF-type DORV, with a pulmonary outflow obstruction that may be dynamic in nature; but these patients have also presented with left-sided obstructive lesions and pulmonary overcirculation. Here we review the anatomic and physiologic considerations of managing these patients and frame the chapter with clinical vignettes to highlight anesthetic management goals.
Teaching Community On and Off Campus: An Intersectional Approach to Community Engagement

The author explores how taking an intersectional approach to the analysis of social problems, identity, and planned interventions can enhance service learning programs and student preparation for community engagement.
The Coalition And The Peace Process

A unique feature of the Northern Ireland conflict is the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition and their participation in the peace process. The Coalition argued that the violence of the Troubles had to end and women needed to be represented in the process and pursued three principles in their politics that shaped their effectiveness and their contribution to the Belfast or Good Friday Agreement: inclusion, human rights, and equality. They not only proved that women could successfully be elected to this important political position, but they also challenged the “normal” antagonistic politics in Northern Ireland. This chapter concludes with a broader assessment of women’s participation and political activity, arguing that these terms must be more broadly conceived in order to capture women’s contribution to politics.
A Closer Look at Teacher–Child Relationships and Classroom Emotional Context in Preschool

Children’s early classroom experiences, particularly their interpersonal interactions with teachers, have implications for their academic achievement and classroom behavior. Teacher–child relationships and classroom interactions are both important aspects of children’s early classroom experiences, but they are not typically considered together in studies of early childhood classrooms. The bioecological model suggests that both uniquely impact children’s development. The objective of this study was to examine the joint impact of individual teacher–child relationships reported by the teacher and observed classroom interactions to identify associations between these and children’s outcomes. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth cohort, multiple regression was employed to test the hypothesis that teacher–child relationships and classroom interactions are uniquely related to children’s classroom behavior and academic achievement. Further, a moderation model was tested to examine the moderating impact of teacher–child relationships on the association between classroom interactions and children’s outcomes. Teacher–child relationships were related to children’s concurrent academic achievement and classroom behavior, and to children’s classroom behavior assessed one year later. No main effects of classroom interactions were identified; however, teacher–child relationships moderated the associations between classroom interactions and children’s preschool classroom behavior. Findings suggest that teacher–child relationships are important for children’s development in classrooms, even after accounting for classroom interactions. Professional development for teachers and measurement in classroom research should address teacher–child relationships in addition to classroom interactions.
A Comparison of Laboratory Testing in Teaching vs Nonteaching Hospitals for 2 Common Medical Conditions

Importance Robust laboratory use data are lacking to support the general assumption that teaching hospitals with trainees routinely order more laboratory tests for inpatients than do nonteaching hospitals. Objective To quantify differences in the use of laboratory tests between teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study was performed using a statewide database to identify hospitalizations with a primary diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia or cellulitis from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2015, at teaching and nonteaching hospitals with 100 or more hospitalizations of each condition. Patients included were adult inpatients with a primary diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia (n = 24 118) or cellulitis (n = 19 211); patients excluded were those with an intensive care unit stay, transfer from another hospital, or a length of stay that was 2 SDs or more of the condition’s mean length of stay. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean laboratory tests per day stratified by illness severity, as well as factors associated with laboratory use rates. Results A total of 43 329 hospitalized patients (20493 women and 22836 men) had a principal diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia or cellulitis across 11 major teaching hospitals, 12 minor teaching hospitals, and 73 nonteaching hospitals in Texas. Mean number of laboratory tests per day varied significantly by hospital type and was highest for major teaching hospitals for both conditions (bacterial pneumonia: major teaching hospitals, 13.21; 95% CI, 12.91-13.51; nonteaching hospitals, 8.92; 95% CI, 8.84-9.00; P P P P Conclusions and Relevance Compared with nonteaching hospitals, patients in Texas admitted to major teaching hospitals with bacterial pneumonia or cellulitis received significantly more laboratory tests after controlling for illness severity, length of stay, and patient demographics. These results support the need to examine how the culture of training environments may contribute to increased use of laboratory tests.
A dual-layer structure with record-high solar reflectance for daytime radiative cooling

Abstract We demonstrate a diffusive solar reflector with record-high reflectance when integrated over the wavelength region from 0.28 to 4.0 μm. The reflector has a dual-layer structure consisting of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sheet on top of a silver film. The thickness of the PTFE varies from 0.24 mm to 1 mm. Spectral reflectance and transmittance of the PTFE sheets (with and without a silver film) were measured using a monochromator and a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer, with integrating spheres, at wavelengths from 0.28 μm to 15 μm. The scattering and absorption coefficients of the PTFE samples were obtained by fitting the reflectance and transmittance spectra. Integration over the solar irradiation spectrum (AM1.5) reveals that the total solar reflectance is approximately 0.99 for the reflector. This is the highest solar reflectance reported to date. A Monte Carlo ray-tracing method and a modified two-flux model were used to calculate the reflectance and compare with the experiments to shed light on mechanisms for the high reflectance. Our measurements also suggest that PTFE has a high emittance around 0.9 in the mid-infrared region. Therefore, the proposed structure holds promise for passive daytime radiative cooling.
VECTORIZED SOURCE ALGORITHM FOR THE LIGHT WATER REACTOR COARSE-MESH NODAL CODE SIMULATE-E.

A vectorized source algorithm was developed for the Electric Power Research Institute light water reactor core nodal code SIMULA TE-E. The existing line successive displacement scheme was replaced ...
Workshop Summary: DISTRIBUTION AND QUANTITATION OF DNA DAMAGE

Publisher Summary One of the most persistent problems encountered in the study of DNA repair has been the quantification of various DNA lesions at levels that are of biological significance. Most chemical and even radiochemical procedures are not sufficiently sensitive. This chapter discusses the information that has been complicated by the fact that most DNA damaging agents—UV, X-radiation, alkylating agents—produce several types of lesions and in different proportions. It is desirable to know precisely what type of lesion the enzyme recognizes to use an enzyme for measuring DNA damage. The chapter explains the difficulties encountered in determining the type of lesion recognized by an enzyme when the substrate DNA contains more than one kind of damage and the enzyme preparation being examined contains more than one activity.
Experimental radioimmunotherapy: biological effectiveness and comparison with external beam radiation.

Wessels (1990; Wessels et al. 1989) proposed that in order to assist in the prediction of the clinical efficacy of radioimmunotherapy (RIT) a radiobiological characterization of a tumor in animals be performed by correlating animal model data of external beam radiation therapy (XRT) and data of RIT in the same model and then measuring the absorbed dose in each. The fundamental question is whether or not the overall effect of 1 cGY of RIT is equivalent to that of 1 cGy of XRT. The dose rate at which the two are delivered is different, XRT being delivered at a high dose rate while RIT irradiation is delivered at a low dose rate, usually at rates lower than with implant therapy. In addition, the dose rate is decreasing with time due to the physical decay and biological clearance of the radionuclide from tumor and normal tissues. Furthermore, there are many geometric and biological factors that affect the homogeneity of dose deposition from RIT. A similar comparison approach would be used to convert animal RIT data to clinical RIT trials as has been used to compare animal and clinical XRT data (Wessels 1990; Knox et al. 1992; Fowler 1990; Orton and Cohen 1988; Dale 1985). By deriving a ratio of radiobiological response for the same tumor cell line between RIT and XRT in animals, a predictive response ratio would be obtained when examining the potential efficacy of different radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for clinical trials.
Non-Euclidean Traveling Salesman Problem

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is usually studied on a Euclidean plane. When obstacles are placed on the plane, the distances are no longer Euclidean, but they still satisfy the metric axioms. Three experiments are reported in which subjects were tested on the TSP and on the shortest-path problem with obstacles. When the obstacles were simple, and they did not change the global structure of the problem, the subjects were able to produce near-optimal solutions, but the complexity of the mental mechanisms was higher than in the case of the Euclidean TSP. When obstacles were complex and changed the problem’s global structure, the solutions were no longer near-optimal. Several computational models are proposed that can account for the psychophysical results.
Mutations in Jewish Patients With Gaucher Disease

DNA from 100 unrelated patients, 97 of whom were Jewish and three half- Jewish, was analyzed for 22 mutations known to cause Gaucher disease. All but seven of the alleles were identified as having previously described mutations. Five of the unidentified mutations proved to be a previously undescribed nucleotide substitution in a splice junction (IVS2+1) that causes skipping of exon 2. Thus, only 2 of 197 alleles remained unidentified. Homozygotes for the most common mutation, that a nucleotide (nt) 1226, manifested, on average, the mildest disease and the latest age of onset. The mutation at nt 84 and the newly described IVS2+1 mutation, which do not produce any enzyme, were associated with earlier onset and more severe disease. Five of the mutations were considered to be “public,” in the sense that they were found in more than one unrelated individual. Screening for these five mutations permitted detection of 97.5% of all Gaucher alleles in this patient population. Because the mutation at nt 1226 is underrepresented in the patient population and because not all homozygotes come to medical attention, screening the Ashkenazi population using DNA analysis should detect approximately 99% of all heterozygotes.
Asteroids® and Electrocardiograms: Proof of Concept of a Simulation for Task-Switching Training.

Author(s): Aziz, Farhad; Yeh, Bryan; Emerson, Geremiha; Way, David P.; San Miguel, Christopher; King, Andrew M. | Abstract: Introduction: Emergency physicians are interrupted during patient care with such tasks as reading electrocardiograms (ECGs). This phenomenon is known as task-switching which may be a teachable skill. Our objective was to evaluate the potential of a video game for simulating the cognitive demands required of task-switching.Methods: Emergency medicine residents took a pretest on ECG interpretation and then a posttest while attending to a video game, Asteroids®.Results: The 35 residents (63%) who participated, scored worse on the ECG posttest then they did on the pretest (pl.001; effect size=1.14). There were no differences between genders or training level.Conclusion: Interpreting ECGs while playing the Asteroids® game significantly lowered ECG interpretation scores. This shows the potential of this activity for training residents in task-switching ability. The next phase of research will test whether ECG reading performance while task-switching improves with practice.
Concurrency and Complexity in Verifying Dynamic Adaptation: A Case Study

Abstract : Software systems need to adapt as requirements change, environment conditions vary, and bugs are discovered and fixed. In systems that need to provide continuous operation, it is important that the adaptation be done with minimal interruption in the execution of the system. In context of verification of these adaptive systems, the verification needs to be done for the system before adaptation, for the system during adaptation, and for the system after adaptation. While the existing techniques of program verification can be directly applied to verify the system before and the system after adaptation, they cannot be applied directly to verify the system during adaptation. This is because the system during adaptation is not well-defined as it consists of parts of both the old system (system before adaptation) and the new system (system after adaptation). In our previous work, we presented an approach based on adaptation lattice for verifying the correctness of dynamic adaptation. The complexity of our approach depends on the size (number of nodes and edges) of the adaptation lattice, as each node and each edge in the lattice needs to be verified independently. In this paper, we discuss the tradeoff between concurrency of adaptation and complexity of verifying that adaptation.
Acidity-directed synthesis of substituted gamma-butyrolactones from aliphatic aldehydes.

The strength of the Lewis or Bronsted acids controls the formation of either β,γ-disubstituted-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones or γ-substituted-α-alkylidene-γ-butyrolactones via the lactonization or o...
Half-lives of Ne18 and F20

The half-lives of $^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ and $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ have been measured by multiscaling $\ensuremath{\beta}$ rays detected in a plastic scintillator. $^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ was formed in the $^{16}\mathrm{O}(^{3}\mathrm{He}, n)^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ reaction at ${E}_{^{3}\mathrm{He}}=5.7$ MeV using a ${\mathrm{Ta}}_{2}$ $^{16}\mathrm{O}_{5}$ target depleted in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ and $^{18}\mathrm{O}$. $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ was produced in the $^{19}\mathrm{F}(d, p)^{20}\mathrm{F}$ reaction with 2.0-MeV deuterons on a Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ target. Half-life values of 1.669\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004 sec for $^{18}\mathrm{Ne}$ and 10.996\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020 sec for $^{20}\mathrm{F}$ were obtained. Using the present and other recent results the $A=18$ $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay mirror asymmetry is found to be -0.86\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.80%.
The distributed dungeon master: new media affordances from twitch's choice chamber

In the Twitch native videogame Choice Chamber, the viewing audience is able to behave as a collective intelligence, making simple majority votes that dynamically change proceeding levels of the game. This "distributed dungeon master" serves to augment the artificial intelligence of the game, taking on a directorial role in addition to its accustomed spectatorship. With roots in traditional tabletop roleplaying games, this digitally-enabled affordance creates new design space within online games and digital performance, as well as new models of convergence culture.
Schreibmaschinen, Druckwerke, Kopierer

Das weite Gebiet der Druckwerke, in das wir auch elektrische Schreibmaschinen und Kopierer einbeziehen wollen, last sich auf vielfaltige Weise gliedern. Hier soll versucht werden, technologischen Gesichtspunkten gegenuber anderen, zum Beispiel Anwendungsgesichtspunkten, den Vorzug zu geben. Beurteilungsgesichtspunkte, die es erlauben, einzelne Technologien zu bewerten und gegeneinander abzuwagen, sind in Bild 6.1–1 aufgefuhrt.
State, Church, and the Reformational Roots of Subsidiarity

I trace here some (although certainly not all) of the antecedents in the Reformation and post-Reformation eras that stand behind more contemporary expressions of the doctrine of subsidiarity. This study focuses on two basic areas, or roots: the civil and the ecclesiastical. In the former case I examine thinkers identified in the so-called “Erastian” tradition of church-state relations, particularly the Reformer Wolfgang Musculus (an older contemporary of Erastus). On the ecclesiastical side, I examine the view of confessional documents in the Reformed tradition, particularly that of the Belgic Confession (1561). At issue here are what I have called the “Reformational roots” of subsidiarity, the antecedents to more contemporary and explicit expressions of the principle. This is a pre-press version of the article that does not include a few minor corrections.
Ballistic Trajectory Estimation Using Polynomial Chaos Based Square Root Ensemble Filter

The ballistic trajectory estimation problem is challenging, mainly because the dynamic model and the angle-only measurement model are highly nonlinear. In this paper, we propose a polynomial chaos expansion based square root ensemble Kalman filter to solve the ballistic trajectory estimation problem. Between two consecutive measurements, polynomial chaos-based approach is used for uncertainty propagation. Upon a new measurement's arrival, a predicted ensemble generated from the predicted state is corrected through the ensemble square root technique and the obtained analysis ensemble is utilized to form the polynomial chaos representation of the target state. Simulation results show the proposed approach's superiority to previous popular nonlinear estimation methods such as the extended Kalman filter, the unscented Kalman filter, and the polynomial chaos-based ensemble filter with the first order linearization, in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE).
Preoperative irradiation in patients undergoing pneumonectomy for carcinoma of the lung; incidence of postoperative cardiac complications.

Summary A total of 60 patients were subjected to total pneumonectomy in a 6 year period at the Yale-New Haven Medical Center. A group of 20 who were submitted to preoperative x-irradiation was compared with 40 who came to operation directly with no intervening irradiation therapy. Higher operative mortality and postoperative cardiac complication rates have been demonstrated in the irradiated group than in the non-irradiated patients. There seemed to be little difference in long-term survival in the two groups. Preoperative x-ray treatment continues to be a useful modality in the management of some patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, but its use at present levels of dosage and technique does not appear routinely indicated. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Gustaf E. Lindskog, M.D., for his guidance in preparation of the manuscript and to Katherine N. Detre, M.D., for statistical help.
Mesoporous adsorbents for perfluorinated compounds

Abstract Effective adsorbents for polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were obtained and successfully tested in adsorption of perfluorooctanoic and perfluorooctanesulfonic acids. Bridged silsesquioxanes containing secondary and tertiary amino groups were synthesized by sol-gel condensation of bis[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]amine and N-methyl-3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilyl)dipropylamine in acidic media in the presence of surfactants. Obtained materials were mesoporous with high BET surface area. They combine high structural stability with high concentration of surface amino groups serving as adsorption sites. Batch adsorption tests demonstrated their high adsorption capacity on PFCs: in some experiments it reached up to 88% of the adsorbent weight. Adsorption of PFCs changed the surfaces of the adsorbent nanoparticles from hydrophilic to hydrophobic thus providing their agglomeration and floatability. Column tests showed fast adsorption of PFCs even at high concentrations and high flow rates. Obtained results can be used in the development of an effective filtration device for clean-up of water contaminated by PFCs.
Contracted Extravelar Segments of the Levator Veli Palatini Muscle: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Morphometric Study:

Objectives To provide detailed descriptions of contraction-induced morphometric changes in the extravelar segments of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle using 3-dimensional (3-D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Design Three-dimensional MRI data were acquired at rest and during "silent /i/" from 4 singers. During silent /i/, participants voluntarily sustained velar elevation while breathing orally for the entire scan time. Focusing on the extravelar segments, LVP length, angle of the muscle origin, and cross-sectional area (CSA), measurements were obtained and compared between tasks. Results Three of the 4 participants exhibited the expected patterns of change following concentric contraction of the LVP muscle. Consistent changes from the resting to the contracted state included reductions in LVP length by 13.5% and angle of the muscle origin by 9.8%, as well as increases in CSAs by 22.1%, on average. Conclusions This study presented high-resolution data of the LVP muscle behavior with the first in vivo 3-D measurements of the contracted LVP muscle, which can be useful for the validation of computational models that aim at describing biomechanical properties of the LVP muscle in future research. The active behavior of the extravelar LVP muscle also provides some insight on optimal LVP muscle geometry to consider during cleft palate repair.
Propositions of Value for the Customer in Insurance 4.0

This chapter analyzes in detail how to add value to the customers in insurance. To add the maximum value to the customer, it would be necessary to design one-customer insurance. In other words, it would be essential to define an insurance business model geared to provide, in perspective, a unique set of services to each one of the customers. This approach is not yet possible. With insurance 4.0, it is possible to introduce new customized services in the direction mentioned. Their objective is to add more value to the customers in a changing world. This chapter examines how insurance companies can leverage insurance 4.0 solutions to deliver disruptive products and services to the market, to achieve a competitive advantage. The fundamental statement of this chapter is that insuring is necessary, insurance is not.
Convergent evidence for predispositional effects of brain gray matter volume on alcohol consumption

ABSTRACT Background Alcohol use has been reliably associated with smaller subcortical and cortical regional gray matter volumes (GMVs). Whether these associations reflect shared predisposing risk factors and/or causal consequences of alcohol use remains poorly understood. Methods Data came from 3 neuroimaging samples (total n=2,423), spanning childhood/adolescence to middle age, with prospective or family-based data. First, we identified replicable GMV correlates of alcohol use. Next, we used family-based and longitudinal data to test whether these associations may plausibly reflect a predispositional liability for alcohol use, and/or a causal consequence of alcohol use. Finally, we evaluated whether GWAS-defined genomic risk for alcohol consumption is enriched for genes preferentially expressed in regions identified in our neuroimaging analyses, using heritability and gene-set enrichment, and transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) approaches. Results Smaller right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; i.e., middle and superior frontal gyri) and insula GMVs were associated with increased alcohol use across samples. Family-based and prospective longitudinal data suggest these associations are genetically conferred and that DLPFC GMV prospectively predicts future use and initiation. Genomic risk for alcohol use was enriched in gene-sets preferentially expressed in the DLPFC and associated with differential expression of C16orf93, CWF19L1, and C18orf8 in the DLPFC. Conclusions These data suggest that smaller DLPFC and insula GMV plausibly represent predispositional risk factors for, as opposed to consequences of, alcohol use. Alcohol use, particularly when heavy, may potentiate these predispositional risk factors. DLPFC and insula GMV represent promising biomarkers for alcohol consumption liability and related psychiatric and behavioral phenotypes.
Use of Occupation-Based Outcome Measure and Strength-Based Self-Report with Persons with Substance Use Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study

This prospective cohort study provides a foundation for the use of an occupation-based and self-report strength-based outcome measure for use with persons with diagnosed substance use disorders (SU...
Indexing Structures for Image Databases

Most contemporary intelligent image databases are similarity-based image retrieval systems. These systems represent images by using certain image feature spaces, define similarity metrics on those feature spaces, and retrieve images in an order similar to the user-provided reference images. With this system paradigm, images are represented as points in the multi-dimensional feature space, and a distance between two feature points, either Euclidean, or city block distance, is frequently used as the similarity metric.
Transparency and Participation in the World Trade Organization

This paper discusses the challenge of improving transparency and participation in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Part I explores the development in international trade law of the norm for transparency and participation at the national level. The analysis begins with Immanuel Kant and traces the history of the issue in trade through the League of Nations and then to the postwar trading system culminating in the WTO. Part II describes the WTO's practices regarding openness and public participation, and then criticizes the current limitations. Part III proposes several new steps for the WTO to take to promote transparency and participation. The paper is situated in the new subfield of global administrative law. The feature of the WTO that most renders it an administrative agency is that the principals - that is, the Members - have given the WTO competence as their joint agent to carry out certain discrete international functions. From the perspective of a national legislature, the WTO resembles an administrative agency in the sense that it makes decisions that affect a domestic polity and yet extend beyond the direct legislative control of national elected officials. It is that similarity to the domestic agency that forms the basis for the application of administrative law principles to the WTO itself. Just as a legislature would impose administrative law on a domestic agency to make it more fair, transparent, and accountable, that legislature could conceptualize a similar role for the application of administrative law principles to the WTO. In doing so, the legislature (or the electorate) might have two targets in mind: one will be the WTO and its decisionmaking. The other will be the government's own representatives to the WTO for which WTO secrecy may present a barrier to effective parliamentary (and public).
Training dependency parsers by jointly optimizing multiple objectives

We present an online learning algorithm for training parsers which allows for the inclusion of multiple objective functions. The primary example is the extension of a standard supervised parsing objective function with additional loss-functions, either based on intrinsic parsing quality or task-specific extrinsic measures of quality. Our empirical results show how this approach performs for two dependency parsing algorithms (graph-based and transition-based parsing) and how it achieves increased performance on multiple target tasks including reordering for machine translation and parser adaptation.
Religion and the Purification of Reason: Why the Liberal State Requires More Than Simple Tolerance

On Friday, September 17, 2010, a truly momentous event took place in Westminster Hall, the ancient seat of the English Parliament. On this day Pope Benedict XVI addressed an assembled group of British politicians, diplomats, academics, business leaders and other representatives of British society, including members of the present government and four former prime ministers. The event was all the more remarkable in that it took place in a space swelling with meaning in terms of both the political history of the British people and the historic relationship between the Papacy and Christianity in the British Isles. The bishops of Rome have long taken an interest in England, beginning with Pope St. Gregory the Great who sent missionaries to evangelize the Anglo-Saxons in 596 headed by the future St. Augustine of Canterbury. Sadly, the bonds of full communion were severed with
Practicing Law Without an Office Address: How the Bona Fide Office Requirement Affects Virtual Law Practice

An increasing number of attorneys and law firms are beginning to deliver legal services online to clients, using technology to create and maintain a law practice structure that is entirely web-based. Virtual law practice is being integrated into traditional law firm structures or being used to set up completely virtual law offices that provide unbundled or limited legal services online. With the increasing globalization of the legal profession and trends in outsourcing legal services by law firms, solo practitioners and smaller firms, as well as larger multijurisdictional law firms, are turning to virtual law practice as a practice management solution. In order to keep up with the public demand for more affordable and accessible online legal services and changes in the legal marketplace, the evolution of law practice management to include some form of virtualization is imperative. This Article will examine virtual law practice as a necessary and inevitable solution to the globalization of law firms and the lack of access to justice in our country, and it will consider how bona fide office requirements in some states may work against this practice management method. Recent changes to the legal profession due to the globalization of law firms, trends in outsourcing of legal services, and the public demand for online legal services all indicate the need for a wider variety of law practice management structures with continued accountability and connection between the legal practitioner and the state bar. While in some instances there are clear reasons why the bona fide office rules are in place, the text and comments of these provisions should be reevaluated to take into account the value to the public and to the profession of the use of technology to deliver legal services online. Not every client’s legal needs will be the same. Allowing for a variety of forms of law practice management structures, including virtual law practice and other e-lawyering methods, provides the public with options that fit appropriately with their legal needs. These structures also limit and take into account other factors that might keep the public from receiving legal services, such as time, location, intimidation, and the ability to budget for those services. This Article will propose ways in which the bona fide office requirements might be amended to include a virtual law practice that will benefit both the public and the profession.
Ligation of HLA class ii molecules on endothelial cells induces p-selectin cell surface expression and myeloid cell recruitment

Aim A hallmark of chronic antibody-mediated rejection is the presence of leukocytes infiltrates within the allograft. We tested the hypothesis that ligation of HLA class II on EC mediates myeloid cell recruitment by inducing p-selectin presentation through Weibel Palade body exocytosis. Methods Class II expression was induced by adenoviral transfection of EC with CIITA. Western blots were used to quantitate protein phosphorylation. Monocyte adherence was measured by counting CFSE-labeled monocytes (MonoMac 6) recruited to HLA-class II Ab stimulated EC in the presence/absence of Fc receptor blockade with human IgG. Transendothelial cell migration was determined using a transwell assay. P-selectin expression was detected by Cell ElISA. Results Class II ligation by antibody (Ab) against a monomorphic epitope determinant on class II antigens significantly increased monocyte transendothelial migration in a Fc-independent manner. Class II Ab-mediated myeloid cell transendothelial migration was attenuated by blockading with recombinant PSGL-1 (rPSGL-1). Class II Ab caused a 1.54 ±± 0.11 fold increases in monocyte adherence that was inhibited by pretreatment with rPSGL-1. In addition, pretreatment of EC with Src inhibitor PP2 and ERK inhibitor U0126 resulted in decreased myeloid cell recruitment (Fig. 1). Furthermore, PP2 and U0126 diminished class II induced p-selectin cell surface expression (Fig. 2). Conclusions We provide evidence that class II DSA promotes a MAPK-mediated monocyte adherence by upregulating EC p-selectin expression, stimulating monocyte adherence and infiltration into allografts, leading to transplant vasculopathy. Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slide
Effects of Sample Freezing on Ion-Selective Electrode Determinations of Serum Calcium

We assessed in a prospective study the effects of freezing, thawing, and prolonged storage of serum samples for ionized calcium determinations with the "Clin ± Ion." Forty-eight serum samples were collected before and during infusions of EDTA and calcium into human subjects. Values for ionized calcium in serum samples stored frozen for one and six months were similar to those determined for fresh specimens. Samples stored for 12 months had significantly ( p <0.001) lower values. Thawing and refreezing the sample within the first six months did not alter values. We conclude that serum samples can be frozen and stored for as long as six months without affecting results for ionized calcium determinations.
Adaptation of scan and slit-scan techniques to computer animation

The adaptation and generalization of scan and slit-scan animation stand techniques for use in computer generated animation is discussed. Scan and slit-scan techniques are based on moving artwork, camera, and, for slit-scan, a thin aperture while the camera shutter is open. These processes can be described as selectively sampling an environment over time and recording the result as a single image. Sequences of such images form the animated film. Rather than use mechanical means to accomplish this, it is possible to develop algorithms which mimic this processes but are based on sampling dynamic environment descriptions to generate computer produced images.The use of computer graphics allows these techniques to be generalized in ways difficult or impossible even with very elaborate animation stands. Use of multiple independent scanning apertures and three-dimensional environments are natural generalizations.The exact algorithms used depend on the characteristics of the graphics systems used. An approach based on using a real-time shaded graphics system and an approach using frame buffer systems are outlined. The first approach can also be applied to refresh vector graphics systems.
Morphology development in photopolymerization-induced phase separated mixtures of UV-curable thiol-ene adhesive and low molecular weight solvents

Abstract The influence of photopolymerization rate, solvent quality, and processing parameters on the photopolymerization-induced phase separated morphology of mixtures of thiol-ene based optical adhesive with mixed solvents of diglyme and water or acetone and isopropanol is described. Upon exposure to UV radiation (∼50 mW/cm 2 , 365 nm) for periods of 10–90 s, homogeneous solutions of 5–10 wt% NOA65 and NOA81 adhesive formed phase separated structures with characteristic sizes ranging from 400 nm to 10 μm, with increased photopolymerization rates leading to smaller feature sizes. In the systems containing diglyme and water, morphologies formed by phase separation at a lower degree of photopolymerization were characteristic of spinodal decomposition, while morphologies formed by phase separation at a higher degree of photopolymerization exhibited characteristics of viscoelastic phase separation. In the systems containing acetone and isopropanol, interactions between evaporation and photopolymerization-induced phase separation led to the development of more complicated morphologies, including three-dimensional sparse networks. These morphologies provide a combination of connectivity and low overall volume fraction that can significantly enhance the performance of many multi-functional structures.
Vasovasostomy: current state of the art.

Multiple techniques have been used for reanastomoses of the vas deferens after partial bilateral vasectomy. These procedures may be divided into 3 categories: macroscopic surgical loupe magnification and microscopic. At the University of Rochester Medical Center in Rochester New York vasovasostomy is performed with a surgical operating microscope and includes a 2-layer closure. All patients are hospitalized for 1 day. 2 separate upper vertical hemiscrotal incisions are made. If inguinal extensions are required the incisions are extended cephalad. The entire scrotal contents are delivered out of the wound and after the vasectomized ends of the vas are identified and carefully mobilized the occluded ends including the granuloma are sharply excised with a scalpel or fine sharp scissors. The presence of sperm in the semen at the time of vasovasostomy favors a good result but its absence is not an absolute prognosticator for failure. Once the presence of sperm is confirmed the proximal end of the vas canal may be irrigated with saline to decrease sperm concentration at the level of the anastomosis discouraging formation of a sperm granuloma. 87 vasovasostomies were performed at Strong Memorial Hospital of the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. The overall patency rate was 75% with pregnancy rate of 46%. All those cases lost to follow-up were not included. The patency rate is based on 66/87 (75%) and the pregnancy rate 32/69 (46.3%). The average sperm count 6 months postoperatively was 21 million/ml; the mean motility score was 46% with an average 51% of normal forms. A table lists the results of 943 vasovasostomies performed by 19 surgeons using 6 techniques over the last 6 years. The best technical results (90% patency) were obtained with the microscopic 2-layer unstented technique. The best pregnancy rates were obtained with loupe magnification and a 1-layer stent technique. This discrepancy brings up the subject of a possible immunologic factor in the final results of vasovasostomy. Analysis of current information available leads to the following conclusions: the results of vasovasotomy have improved; the best technique for vasovasostomy appears to be the microscopic 2-layer unstented procedure; discrepancy in the results between patency and pregnancy indicate other factors are involved and antibodies are probably the major cause affecting pregnancy; and vasovasostomy results should be standardized to allow comparisons between surgeons. The role of sperm antibodies must be included in future prospective reports.
Isokinetic contractile properties of the quadriceps with relation to fiber type

Fifteen subjects were assigned to three groups on the basis of the proportion of fast-twitch fibers (%FT) in their vastus lateralis muscles. Torque production per unit of fat free thigh volume was then determined during knee extension on an isokinetic dynamometer at 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300‡·s−1. Maximal isometric force was also obtained at 65‡ from horizontal. Subjects with predominantly fast twitch muscle fibers demonstrated significantly greater peak power, rate of power production and work than subjects with predominantly slow twitch fibers at all but the lowest velocity of 60‡·s−1. Mean peak power for all subjects occurred at approximately 30% of maximal knee extension velocity (210‡·s−1) and 34% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction. When work, peak power and rate of power production were correlated with %FT fibers, then the highest correlations of 0.69, 0.57, and 0.73 respectively, all occurred at 180‡·−1. These observations suggest that: 1) the torque-velocity, power-velocity relationship of the quadriceps is similar to the force-velocity, power-velocity relationship found for excised muscle, 2) when using the knee extension exercise for the prediction of muscle fiber composition of the quadriceps the most appropriate speed for testing appears to be 180‡·s−1.
NEAR-WAKE FLOW STRUCTURE OF A CYLINDER WITH A HELICAL SURFACE PERTURBATION

Abstract The near-wake of a circular cylinder having a helical wire pattern about its surface is characterized using a technique of high-image-density velocimetry. Patterns of vorticity in three orthogonal planes show substantial influence of a wire having a diameter an order of magnitude smaller than the cylinder diameter. The distinctive patterns of vorticity in these three planes are associated with lack of formation of large-scale Karman-like clusters of vorticity ( ω z ) in the near-wake region of the cylinder. The instantaneous structure of the separating spanwise vorticity ( ω z ) layers on either side of the cylinder involve small-scale concentrations of vorticity analogous to the well-known Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices from a smooth cylinder. Moreover, a dual vorticity layer, i.e., two adjacent layers of like vorticity ( ω z ), can form from one side of the cylinder. Along the span of the cylinder, distributions of instantaneous velocity and transverse vorticity ( ω y ) show a spatially periodic sequence of wake-like patterns, each of which has features in common with the very near-wake of a two-dimensional bluff body, including a large velocity defect bounded by vorticity layers with embedded small-scale vorticity concentrations. In the cross-flow plane of the wake, patterns of streamwise vorticity ( ω x ) show small-scale, counter-rotating pairs of vorticity concentrations ( ω x ) emanating from the inclined helical perturbation, rather than isolated concentrations of vorticity of like sign, which would indicate single streamwise vortices. All of the aforementioned patterns of small-scale vorticity concentrations are scaled according to the local wake width/local pitch of the helical wire pattern in the respective plane of observation.
Ondansetron prevents postoperative nausea and vomiting in women outpatients

Three doses of intravenous (i.v.) ondansetron, 1 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg, were compared to placebo for their antiemetic effect and safety. The drugs or placebo were administered in a double-blind manner, prophylactically to 589 women undergoing elective outpatient surgical procedures under nitrous oxide opioid-based general endotracheal anesthesia. In the postanesthesia care unit, the number of emetic episodes, periodic assessments of nausea severity using an 11-point scale (0 = no nausea; 10 = worst nausea), vital signs, and adverse events were collected by an independent observer for 2 h. Upon discharge, identical information, with the exception of vital signs, was collected from the patients' diary and via phone call. One pre- and two poststudy blood specimens for hematology and chemistries were evaluated. During the initial 2 h, patients receiving any dose of ondansetron had significantly better complete response rates (no emesis) than those receiving placebo. Over the 24-h study period, patients who received either 4 mg or 8 mg ondansetron continued to have significantly greater complete response rates. Adverse events were minor, and ondansetron-treated patients had profiles similar to those of the placebo. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and laboratory safety variables were not different among the groups. Ondansetron did not prolong awakening time. This study indicates that ondansetron is a safe and effective prophylactic antiemetic for women who have outpatient surgery under nitrous oxide opioid-based general anesthesia.
A study of intramolecular H-complexes of novel bis(heptamethine cyanine) dyes

Abstract Near-infrared (NIR) bis(heptamethine cyanine) (BHmC) dyes containing a flexible polymethylene linker between the two cyanine subunits are a novel class of compounds with versatile spectroscopic properties. The first bis-cyanine of this type is BHmC-10 (with a decamethylene bridge) that has been reported by us recently [G. Patonay, J.S. Kim, R. Kodagahally, L. Strekowski, Appl. Spectrosc., in press]. As part of this work, additional bis-cyanines BHmC-4, BHmC-6, and BHmC-8 were synthesized and their spectral properties were evaluated for the dyes free in solution and in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). These bis-cyanines undergo H-type aggregation, mainly H-type intramolecular complexation between the two cyanine subunits, when free in aqueous solution. This H-type interaction in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) is characterized by hypsochromic (H) absorption at 700 nm, low extinction coefficient, and low fluorescence quantum yield. By contrast, an analogous monomeric cyanine exhibits strong fluorescence under similar conditions. Upon binding with HSA, the fluorescence of BHmC-6 changes negligibly, that for BHmC-8 shows a slight increase, and the fluorescence of BHmC-4 is greatly increased. It is suggested that BHmC-4 binds with HSA in the open form exclusively, while the H-type intramolecular interaction in BHmC-6 is mostly retained in the complex with HSA. Bis-cyanine BHmC-4 may be of significant bioanalytical utility due to its negligible fluorescence in aqueous solution and a strong increase in fluorescence upon binding with a protein.
Tapered-web helical groove machining

AbstractMost of the existing, mainly graphics-based, approaches to helical groove machining lack generality since they rely on restrictive machining methods, are designed for special applications and are difficult to use in practice. Therefore, helical groove machining is still predominantly approached from an empirical trial-and-error standpoint by most manufacturers in current industry. In this paper, the formulation of a general analytical approach for tapered-web groove machining is presented, which lends itself to computer aided design (CAD) implementations. In this regard the mathematical foundation and examples of different groove machining tasks will be presented.