cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quasiequivalence of multiscale coevolution and ensemble MD simulations: A demonstration with lactoferrin

Abstract Ensemble molecular dynamics computations are performed because a single MD simulation may not represent all the possible scenarios. Ensemble MD consumes a great amount of resources. Here, the similarity of ensemble MD and coupled all-atom, coarse-grained simulation (the multiscale coevolution method) is assessed. Quasiequivalence of two simulations is defined and shown to provide a similarity measure. Quasiequivalence compares trajectories on coarse and relatively finer scales. Good agreement between multiscale coevolution and ensemble MD simulations is demonstrated for lactoferrin. Quasiequivalence along with greater CPU efficiencies of multiscale coevolution relative to ensemble MD, underscore the advantages of multiscale coevolution for nanosystem modeling.
Dimensional Analysis in an Industrial Engineering Setting

Abstract Dimensional analysis is seldom made use of in the solution of industrial engineering problems. In order to correct this, attention is focused on a literature article in the field of warehouse layout. The methods of dimensional analysis are applied to the problem addressed in the foregoing article. After performing dimensional analysis, known results are obtained readily, and an extension of these results is facilitated.
Description and interpretation of the internal symmetries of hadrons as an exchange symmetry

Abstract We review previous work on the use of finite groups to describe the internal symmetries of fundamental particles. For low-lying multiplets the representations of Lie groups coincide with these of simple finite groups. In nature, only very low values of the internal quantum numbers for the basic constituents occur. Finite groups lead to the same selection rules for the S-matrix. It is further possible to give a physical interpretation to these finite groups. In a theory based on stable particles (p, e, ν) as constituents, the additive quantum numbers count the number of indestructible constituents, while the symmetries associated with SU(2), SU(3), SU(4),… for the composite hadrons are reduced to the exchange of constituents between the hadrons and equality of the forces in symmetric and antisymmetric states, respectively. All the lowering and raising operators of the symmetry algebras acquire a definite physical meaning. Other consequences are briefly discussed.
Mean sea surface computation using GEOS‐3 altimeter data

The mean surfaces of several regions of the world's oceans have been estimated using GEOS‐3 altimeter data. Included in these regions are the northwest Atlantic, the northeast Pacific off the coast of California, the Indian Ocean, the southwest Pacific, and the Philippine Sea. These surfaces have been oriented with respect to a common earth center‐of‐mass system by constraining the separate solutions to conform to precisely determined laser reference control orbits. The same reference orbits were used for all regions assuring continuity of the separate solutions. Radial accuracies of the control orbits have been demonstrated to be on the order of 1 m. In the computation of these surfaces, the altimeter‐measured sea surface height crossover differences were minimized by the adjustment of tilt and bias parameters for each pass with the exception of laser reference control passes. The tilt and bias adjustments removed long wavelength errors, which were primarily due to orbit error. Ocean tides were modeled w...
What is the Role of Location in the Sense of a Visual Demonstrative? Reply to Matthen

I am grateful to Mohan Matthen for his thoughtful comments. I begin by identifying the role that experience of the location of an object seems to me to play in allowing us to recruit information about it, so that we can verify and act on the basis of demonstrative propositions concerning that object. I then explain why it seems critical that it is experience of the object that we are considering here, rather than some perceptual state that might or might not be conscious; Matthen's discussion of this misses the point I was after. Finally, I explain how the role of experience of location in objectidentification bears on the meaning of a visual demonstrative.
Characterization of a T-cell clone recognizing idiotypes as tumor-associated antigens.

Abstract Although heterogeneous T cells recognizing idiotypic determinants have been demonstrated to occur spontaneously in vitro or to be expanded by immunization with antigen or idiotype, their in vitro propagation and cloning was not successful. These previous studies have relied extensively on soluble immunoglobulin to induce proliferation of idiotype-specific T cells. This report describes a unique approach to obtain a stable T-cell clone specific for a monoclonal β2–6 fructosan binding myeloma ABPC48 (BALB/c origin), bearing well-defined A48 regulatory idiotopes. Following repeated immunizations with ABPC48 myeloma protein of C.B/R3 mice (H-2 d , V H b , C h a ), which differ only in the V H locus from BALB/c mice (H-2 d , V H a C H a ), several stable T-cell clones were obtained after stimulation in vitro with ABPC48 myeloma cells. The proliferation of a T-cell clone A48.B2 was observed with irradiated myeloma cells or hybridomas producing antibodies bearing A48 idiotype encoded by genes deriving from the V H 441-4 family. Proliferation of the clone did not occur with soluble ABPC48 myeloma protein or with Sepharose 4B-bound ABPC48 myeloma protein. Both anti-A48I d and anti-Ia d monoclonal antibodies can specifically inhibit the proliferation of this clone when stimulated with ABPC48 myeloma cells. These results demonstrate recognition of idiotypes on B-cell tumors by T cells and implicate the role of class II major histocompatibility complex determinants in this cellular interaction.
Brief report: Characteristics of methods of subject selection and description in research on autism

Characteristics of autism research were examined in this survey of a subset of studies published between 1971 and 1982. Results indicated that replicability of research, and appropriate generalization of findings, are likely to be impaired because of inadequacies of subject selection procedures and omission of important descriptive information. Although there were improvements in these areas over this 12-year span, increased use of objective, quantitative measures of diagnosis of autism and assessment of intellectual abilities of autistic subjects are needed.
Coping with Work-Related Stress: A Study of the Use of Coping Resources Among Professional Black Women

ABSTRACT Professional Black women's experiences with work-related stress are rooted in the social, political, and economic context of the work environment. This environment is characterized by race and gender-based discrimination and social isolation in the workplace. The specific aims of this study were to describe professional Black women's coping responses to and the resources used to manage work-related stress. Data were collected from 203 professional Black women. Results indicate that spirituality was a key coping resource for coping with stress and specifically with work-related stress. Implications for social work intervention, policy, and research are addressed.
Use of sweet sorghum juice for lipid production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21

Stalk juice from sweet sorghum grown in Southern Illinois, USA, was examined for lipid production through microalgal fermentation. Juice concentrations at 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% led to different biomass, lipid, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. Biomass dry weight as 9.4g/l at 50% juice concentration was similar to that from pure glucose (10.9g/l). But with a 73.4% lipid content, this dose resulted in higher lipid and DHA production than those from pure glucose. Major fatty acids in cells grown on juice were identical to those fed by other substrates. Among the three sugars - glucose, fructose, and sucrose in sorghum juice, only glucose was utilized for growth. Spent medium after algal removal may be further processed for white sugar production in a traditional way since sucrose content remained the same throughout the algal fermentation process. Algal cells or lipids harvested can be utilized as fish meal, human nutrition supplements, or for biodiesel purpose.
Failure of 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25-(OH)1-D3] to Modify Cyclic AMP Levels in Parathyroid Hormone-Treated and Untreated Bone Cells (1)

Treatment with 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (1 ng/ml - 25 ng/ml) for periods ranging from 2.5 min. to 60 min. did not alter cyclic AMP levels in bone cells isolated from periosteum-free rat calvaria, or in cells isolated from rat periosteal tissues. 1,25-(OH)2-D3 failed to modify the acute increases in cyclic AMP elicited by PTH (10 ng/ml -1 ug/ml). Two separate 1,25-(OH)2-D3 preparations, biologically active in other systems, were ineffective under a wide variety of experimental conditions. These results suggest that 1,25-(OH)2-D3 is not an acute modulator of cyclic AMP metabolism in PTH-treated and untreated bone cells.
Optimal dynamic policies for influenza management.

Management policies for influenza outbreaks balance the expected morbidity and mortality costs versus the cost of intervention policies. We present a methodology for dynamic determination of optimal policies in a completely observed stochastic compartmental model with parameter uncertainty. Our approach is simulation-based and searches the full set of sequential control strategies. For each time point, it generates a policy map describing the optimal intervention to implement as a function of outbreak state and Bayesian parameter posteriors. As a running example, we study a stochastic SIR model with isolation and vaccination as two possible interventions. Numerical simulations based on a classic influenza outbreak are used to explore the impact of various cost structures on management policies. Comparisons demonstrate the realized cost savings of choosing interventions based on the computed dynamic policy over simpler decision rules.
On the harmonious coloring of collections of graphs

The hermonious coloring number of the graph G, HC(G), is the smallest number of colors needed to label the vertices of G such that adjacent vertices received different colors and no two edges are incident with the same color pair. In this paper, we investigate the HC-number of collections of disjoint paths, cycles, complete graphs, and complete bipartite graphs. We determine exact expressions for the HC-number of collections of paths and 4m-cycles. © 1995, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Crystal growth mechanisms of Na2B4O7 and PbB4O7 from their undercooled melts

Abstract Optical interference contrast and scanning electron microscopic observations of the growth faces of sodium tetraborate and lead tetraborate crystals have revealed growth spirals and hillocks characteristic of a screw dislocation mechanism of crystal growth. These observations support the growth mechanism suggested earlier on the basis of theoretical analyses of the growth rate data. Minute quantities of tungsten carbide dissolved in the melt caused poisoning of the kink sites on lead tetraborate crystals and resulted in polygonization of the growth hillocks.
SU‐FF‐T‐01: Effective Source Distance and Virtual Source Location for MLC Based Electron Radiotherapy

Purpose: To determine the effective source distance (ESD) for electron fields used in modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT) using an existing photonmultileaf collimator and to examine their behavior with changes in field size and beam energy. Methods and Materials: In order to accurately calculate the MU needed for MERT treatment the electron effective source distance should be determined. ITwo methods were used to determine the virtual source positions of electron beams at energies of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV. For field sizes varying from 2×2 cm2 to 10×10 cm2, parallel plate ion chamber measurements in a plastic water phantom were taken, and the inverse slope method was used to determine the ESD for each field at each energy. In addition, beam profiles measured with film were used to determine the virtual source location (VSL). Results: The ESDs calculated using the inverse slope method increased with increasing field size and energy. It was observed that the ESD increase with field size was less steep at high energies than at lower energies. Comparing the ESD and VSL measurements for a 10×10 cm2 field, it was observed that the VSL was slightly larger than the ESD at both 9 and 16 MeV electron beams. Conclusions: The ESDs measured were strongly dependent on both field size and electron beam energy. Differences between ESD values may be due to differences in the electron beamscatter that is energy dependent. Discrepancies between ESD and VSL values may be due to the method used to measure ESD which more closely matches clinical conditions than the film VSL method. Determination of the effective source distance can be used for correct MU calculations for modulated electron radiotherapy.
University‐school‐community partnerships for youth development and democratic renewal

Democratic partnerships of universities, schools, and an array of neighborhood and community organizations are the most promising means of improving the lives of our nation's young people. Over the past two decades, many colleges and universities have been experiencing a renaissance in engagement activities. Universities, once ivory towers, have increasingly come to recognize that their destinies are inextricably linked with their communities. Authentic democratic partnerships have three characteristics: they are devised to achieve democratic purposes, the collective work is advanced through inclusive and democratic processes, and the product these partnerships produce benefits all participants and results in a strengthening of the democratic practices within the community.
Strength of Antimicrobial Bone Cement Decreases with Increased Poragen Fraction

Background Adding soluble particulate poragens to antimicrobial-loaded bone cement increases the permeability of the bone cement and increases the antimicrobial release, but the mechanical effect of adding poragens is not well known.
EFFECT OF AGE ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH KLINEFEL TER'S SYNDROME

SUMMARY Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome parallels the alterations seen with age in the normal subject. Significant decreases are seen in the Klinefelter group in the plasma level of testosterone and in the plasma testosterone/oestradiol ratio. Testicular function in the patient with Klinefelter's syndrome appears very much like that seen in a chronologically older subject.
Cost-Efficient Optical Network Architectures

We conduct a throughput-cost study of several (hybrid) multi-tiered optical network architectures comprising two large groups of users, each in a distinct MAN, which wish to communicate over a WAN.
GRAVITATIVE EFFECTS ON LUNAR IMPACT STRUCTURES

Lunar craters from hypervelocity impacts and modifications by gravity sliding, noting other mechanisms for cratering and modification
The benzodiazepine receptor antagonists flumazenil and CGS8216 block the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape behavior produced by inescapable shock.

Prior work has suggested that the mediation of the behavioral effects of inescapable shock (IS) might involve release of an endogenous β-carboline-like ligand at the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) that binds to the benzodiazepine (BZ) recognition site on the GABAA complex, thereby disinhibiting the DRN. This was tested by microinjection of the BZ receptor antagonists flumazenil and CGS8216 in the region of the DRN, either before IS or before later behavioral testing. Both compounds blocked subsequent enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with shuttlebox escape when administered before IS, but had no effect when given before testing. In addition, flumazenil did not alter the behavior of escapably shocked subjects.
Muscle spindle formation and differentiation in regenerating rat muscle grafts.

Abstract Muscle spindle development and function are dependent upon sensory innervation. During muscle regeneration, both neural and muscular components of spindles degenerate and it is not known whether reinnervation of a regenerating muscle results in reestablishment of proper neuromuscular relationships within spindles or whether sensory neurons may exert an influence upon differentiation of these spindles. Muscle spindle regeneration was studied in bupivacaine-treated grafts of rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Three types of EDL graft were performed in order to manipulate the extent to which regenerating spindles might be reinnervated: (1) grafts reinnervated following severance of their nerve supply (standard grafts); (2) grafts in which intact nerve sheaths appear to facilitate reinnervation (nerveintact grafts); and (3) grafts in which reinnervation was prevented (nonreinnervated grafts). Complete degeneration of muscle fibers occurred in all grafts prior to regeneration. Initial formation of spindles in regenerating EDL grafts is independent of innervation; intrafusal muscle fibers degenerate and regenerate within spindle capsules that remain intact and viable. The extent of spindle differentiation was evaluated in each type of graft using criteria that included nucleation and ATPase activity, both of which have been shown to be regulated by sensory innervation, as well as the number of muscle fibers/spindle and morphology of spindle capsules. While most spindles contained normal numbers of muscle fibers, most of these fibers were morphologically and histochemically abnormal. Alterations of ATPase activity occurred in all spindles, but were least severe in nerve-intact grafts. While fully differentiated nuclear bag and chain fibers were not observed in regenerated spindles, large, vesicular nuclei, similar to those of normal intrafusal fibers, were present in a small number of spindles in nerve-intact grafts. Sensory nerve terminations were observed only in those spindles that also contained the distinctive nuclei. This study suggests that a specific neurotrophic influence is necessary for regeneration of normal intrafusal muscle fibers and that this influence corresponds to the properly timed sensory neuron-muscle interaction which directs muscle spindle embryogenesis. However, the infrequent occurrence of characteristics unique to intrafusal muscle fibers indicates that reinnervation of regenerating muscle grafts by sensory neurons is inadequate and/or faulty.
Vector-valued wavelets and vector filter banks

In this paper, we introduce vector-valued multiresolution analysis and vector-valued wavelets for vector-valued signal spaces. We construct vector-valued wavelets by using paraunitary vector filter bank theory. In particular, we construct vector-valued Meyer wavelets that are band-limited. We classify and construct vector-valued wavelets with sampling property. As an application of vector-valued wavelets, multiwavelets can be constructed from vector-valued wavelets. We show that certain linear combinations of known scalar-valued wavelets may yield multiwavelets. We then present discrete vector wavelet transforms for discrete-time vector-valued (or blocked) signals, which can be thought of as a family of unitary vector transforms.
Table-Free Bridging

Simple interconnection of high-speed local area networks (LAN's) can be accomplished without special technology through the use of table-free bridges. Self-guided frame routing allows frames to trace specific routes through bridged LAN's without requiring bridges to maintain address tables or perform table lookups. As a result, the technique applies to networks regardless of their operating speed or topological configuration and requires no interbridge protocols. The paper discusses a method known as source routing that provides tablefree bridging and self-guided frame routing for LAN's. Participation by the bridges that interconnect pairs of LAN's and by the stations whose frames they forward is described. Possible frame formats are shown as enhancements to the standard frame formats of the IEEE 802 and ISO 8802 local area networks.
Common Risk Factors in Bank Stocks

This paper provides evidence on the risk factors that are priced in bank equities. Alternative empirical models with precedent in the nonfinancial asset pricing literature are tested, including the single-factor CAPM, three-factor Fama-French model, and ICAPM. Our empirical results indicate that an unconditional two-factor ICAPM model that includes the stock market excess return and shocks to the slope of the yield curve is useful in explaining the cross section of bank stock returns. However, we find no evidence that firm specific factors such as size and book-to-market ratios are priced in bank stock returns. We also provide evidence that shocks to the default spread are priced in a conditional version of the two-factor ICAPM model. These results have a number of practical implications for event studies of banking firms, estimation of bank cost of capital and investment performance, as well as regulatory initiatives to utilize market discipline to evaluate bank risk under Basel II.
Non-Newtonian behavior of polymeric liquids

Abstract A survey is given of the three main approaches to the study of the non-linear constitutive equations for polymer solutions and polymer melts: rheometric measurements in shear and elongational flows; continuum mechanics results for special flows and useful empiricisms; and molecular theories, including single-molecule theories for dilute solutions and network and reptational theories for melts.
Comparative Psychotomimetic Effects of Stereoisomers of Amphetamine

GRIFFITH'S demonstration in 1968 that amphetamine psychosis could be induced safely in non-psychotic human subjects made it feasible to study this psychosis in controlled experimental conditions1, and later the clinical symptoms induced by large doses of amphetamine were identified2,3. There were also attempts to investigate pathogenic factors in this condition, using pharmacological pretreatments which affected biogenic amines, and observing the effects on behavioural responses to amphetamine3,4. Another approach to the study of possible pathogenic factors was suggested by recent reports5,6 of differential biochemical and behavioural effects of d and l-amphetamine. The essence of these findings is that the d form of amphetamine was found to be ten times as potent as the l form in inhibiting accumulation of noradrenaline in synapto-somes from noradrenergic brain areas, while the two forms were equipotent in their effects on the accumulation of dopamine in synaptosomes from the striatum. Behavioural correlates in rats indicated a similar 10 to 1 potency for d against l-amphetamine for the induction of motor hyperactivity. The d isomer, however, proved only one to two times as potent as the l form in inducing stereotyped behaviour in rats. This suggested that the motor activity induced by amphetamine was noradrenergically mediated. The results with regard to stereotypy, however, suggested that dopaminergic, or other non-stereospecific mechanisms, were largely involved in the induction of behavioural stereotypy, but that noradrenergic mechanisms might also contribute since the potency of d to l-amphetamine was found to be between 1 and 2 to 1, not 1 to 1 as might be expected if only non-stereospecific mechanisms were involved. Moreover, these findings were consistent with biochemical and neuroanatomical studies7–10 which suggested a critical role for dopaminergic mechanisms in the induction of behavioural stereotypies.
A comparison of finite element and finite difference methods for the calculation of capacitance and spreading resistance of stripe lines

Abstract The numerical calculation with a personal computer of the capacitance and spreading resistance of a stripe line on a semiconductor substrate is presented. It is shown that the program which accomplishes this with sufficient accuracy is based on an elementary finite difference formula, rather than the more involved finite element procedure, provided that a suitably chosen variable size grid is used. It is also shown that a simplified storage procedure eliminates difficulties associated with the large grid sizes needed to obtain this accuracy.
A microcomputer-based heuristic for tour scheduling of a mixed workforce

Abstract Labor tour scheduling research has recently addressed environments which allow both full- and part-time employees with varying cost and productivity levels. Mathematical programming representations of the associated scheduling problems have most frequently been based upon the general set-covering formulation originally suggested by Dantzig. A number of heuristic solution methods appropriate for these problems utilize the LP solution of the general set-covering formulation. However, these methods typically require substantial amounts of CPU time for large problems. Continued increases in problem size may result in mathematical programming formulations which are essentially intractable, regardless of the hardware and software used. In this research, a two-stage heuristic for mixed-workforce tour scheduling problems was implemented on a 386 microcomputer. The performances of the new heuristic were compared to those associated with single-phase linear programming-based procedures on mini computers in two test environments. Using considerably lower CPU times, our new method resulted in mean labor scheduling costs which were only 0.36 above and 0.19% below those obtained by the competing methods for these two environments, respectively. The latter result was especially impressive since the problems in the second test set were considerably more difficult than those in the first test set. These results are likely to be important to service operations managers who are often limited to the use of microcomputer hardware and software.
Evaluation of Driver Visual Behavior and Road Signs in Virtual Environment

Human errors are blamed for nearly 90 percent of traffic accidents; however, the human driver is only one of the three principal components (driver, vehicle and road/environment) in driving. Why are so many errors attributed to drivers? Are drivers inherently error prone? Based on these questions, twelve drivers' visual behavior and mental stress were investigated through simulated driving in a virtual environment. A Tobii eye tracker was used to record drivers' eye gaze activities and a FlexComp biofeedback system was used to record physiological parameters related to mental stress change. The preliminary experiment results found that improperly placed traffic signs have a significant effect on drivers' visual behavior and mental stress. Drivers tend to simply ignore the signs with poor visibility or poor readability in simulated driving. Compared with properly placed signs, improperly placed signs are less effective and cause more stress to the drivers. The decreased attention and insufficient response ...
The fiberoptic intraparenchymal cerebral pressure monitor in 244 patients

BACKGROUND The fiberoptic intraparenchymal pressure monitor has been shown to provide reliable data in patients monitored for a short period of time. An analysis of a large population, including patients monitored for a prolonged period such as weeks, has never been performed. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study in which we evaluated the fiberoptic intraparenchymal cerebral pressure monitor for complications and accuracy. RESULTS The fiberoptic intraparenchymal cerebral pressure (ICP) monitor was used in 244 patients since 1988. Pathology included trauma in 180, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in 19, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in 16, arteriovenous malformations in 10, cerebral edema in 12, and tumor in 7. The mean length of monitoring was 7 days with 49 patients (20%) monitored 1-2 days, 105 (43%) monitored 3-6 days, 48 monitored for 7-10 days (20%), and 42 (17%) monitored from 10-24 days. Seventy-four patients also had ventriculostomies and there was strong correlation with the ICP monitor (p < 0.001). Complications from insertion were 2 patients (0.8%) with ICH, both with hepatic dysfunction. In the group monitored greater than 6 days, 34 patients (38%) required at least one catheter change due to upward drift of the ICP. Fiberoptic breakage requiring replacement was documented in 41 patients (16%). An insertion-site infection occurred in one case monitored for 23 days. Two infected bone flaps occurred that had a monitor placed in the flap. There were no cases of bacterial meningitis or cerebral abscess. CONCLUSIONS The monitor is easy, safe, and reliable to use with a very low rate of infection. Coagulopathic patients may best be monitored by an alternative method.
Bulk plasma properties at geosynchronous orbit.

We present a comprehensive study of plasma properties at geosynchronous orbit for electron and ion energies between ∼1 eV and ∼45 keV, between 1990 and 2001. The variations of temperature and density are analyzed as functions of local time, magnetospheric convection strength, and the strength of the ring current. Various parameters derived from temperature and density are calculated to elucidate the temporal and spatial location of delivery of plasma sheet material into the inner magnetosphere. We find that the electron and proton densities are greatest in the dawn region for the periods of highest convection and ring current strength. We perform a superposed epoch analysis of 283 geomagnetic storms which occurred between 1991 and 2001 and examine the temporal variation of the plasma at geosynchronous orbit as a function of storm phase. This analysis demonstrates the local time variability of delivery from the plasma sheet into the inner magnetosphere and the concurrent changes in temperature and pressure. We demonstrate that the density of electrons in the plasma sheet is strongly dependent upon the magnetospheric convection strength and, for the first time, upon solar activity. Electron density at geosynchronous orbit is strongly correlated with solar activity. The average plasma sheet electron density at solar maximum can be a factor of two or more higher than that at solar minimum. We also outline a method to estimate the composition of the plasma sheet from MPA measurements and calculate the O+ and H+ density variations with solar cycle as a function of Kp and local time. We show that the O+ and H+ plasma sheet densities increase with increasing solar activity, as does the O+/H+ density ratio. During times of high solar activity and strong convection, the O+ and H+ densities may be comparable.
Noncollinear second-harmonic-generation-based ultrafast optical signal processing for optical digital computing

Abstract The use of second harmonic generation (SHG) effect for ultrafast digital optical computing is proposed. A number of SHG-based optical architectures are presented. Experimental results of an ultrafast optical digital multiplication are included.
Evolution of Urban Spatial Cognition: Patterns of Change in Guangzhou, China

This paper includes an analysis of the evolution of urban spatial cognition over time among a sample of Chinese students attending Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, China. Changes in the features ...
An electroencephalographic study of imagined movement.

Abstract Objective: Determine the generator sources for actual and imagined (simulated) movements of fingers and toes. Design: Observational. Setting: Electroencephalography laboratory. Subjects: Ten asymptomatic adult volunteers. Main Outcome Measure: Comparison of cortical electrical fields and their dipole sources in actual and imagined movements. Results: Cortical electrical fields tend to be contralateral with actual movements and midline with imagined movements. Dipole sources of actual movements include a contralateral contribution from the frontal (primary motor) area. Sources of imagined movements are midline or ipsilateral. Conclusions: (1) The motor networks underlying the generation of actual and imagined movements are different. (2) Imagined movements lack a primary motor area source, but involve medial and ipsilateral structures. (3) The effectiveness of imagined movements in rehabilitation may stem from activation of premotor or supplementary motor areas.
List-mode reconstruction for the FOCUS-220 with motion correction and spatially-variant probability density functions: Application to awake monkey imaging

Motion correction for PET brain imaging of awake non-human primates (NHP) is critical if head fixation is not used. We have previously implemented a multi-acquisition frame (MAF) method, in which the Iist-mode data were divided into sub-frames for reconstruction, based on thresholds for intra-frame motion and minimum frame duration. In this method, residual intra-frame motion is present and scan data are discarded when large motion occurs within short time intervals. In this study, we implemented a list-mode reconstruction algorithm for the FOCUS-220 with motion correction, based on MOLAR (Motion-compensation OSEM Listmode Algorithm for Resolution-recovery Reconstruction). Also, we incorporated spatially-variant resolution kernels in the algorithm to account for varying spatial resolution throughout the field-of-view (FOV). The combination of event-by-event motion correction and spatially varying kernels is important for this application since the NHP moves its head throughout the FOV. Point sources reconstructed using MOLAR with spatially-variant resolution kernels gave 1~mm tangential resolution, better than the maximum a posteriori (MAP) method for the entire FOV. Radial resolution was below 2mm at 7cm radial offset, better than the 2.7mm FWHM for MAP. Fine structures (1.6mm diameter) of a mini-hot phantom were more clearly recovered by MOLAR than MAP at the edge of the FOV. When applied to awake NHP imaging, MOLAR with event-by-event motion correction produced better image delineation of small brain regions than the MAF -based motion correction method, and yielded images of comparable quality to anesthetized scans. We conclude that list-mode reconstruction using MOLAR with motion correction and spatially-variant resolution kernels generates high quality images for awake NHP brain PET studies.
Consequences of a government-controlled agricultural price increase on fishing and the coral reef ecosystem in the republic of kiribati.

Background Economic development policies may have important economic and ecological consequences beyond the sector they target. Understanding these consequences is important to improving these policies and finding opportunities to align economic development with natural resource conservation. These issues are of particular interest to governments and non-governmental organizations that have new mandates to pursue multiple benefits. In this case study, we examined the direct and indirect economic and ecological effects of an increase in the government-controlled price for the primary agricultural product in the Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific. Methods/Principal Findings We conducted household surveys and underwater visual surveys of the coral reef to examine how the government increase in the price of copra directly affected copra labor and indirectly affected fishing and the coral reef ecosystem. The islands of Kiribati are coral reef atolls and the majority of households participate in copra agriculture and fishing on the coral reefs. Our household survey data suggest that the 30% increase in the price of copra resulted in a 32% increase in copra labor and a 38% increase in fishing labor. Households with the largest amount of land in coconut production increased copra labor the most and households with the smallest amount of land in coconut production increased fishing the most. Our ecological data suggests that increased fishing labor may result in a 20% decrease in fish stocks and 4% decrease in coral reef-builders. Conclusions/Significance We provide empirical evidence to suggest that the government increase in the copra price in Kiribati had unexpected and indirect economic and ecological consequences. In this case, the economic development policy was not in alignment with conservation. These results emphasize the importance of accounting for differences in household capital and taking a systems approach to policy design and evaluation, as advocated by sustainable livelihood and ecosystem-based management frameworks.
Purpose and Collegiality in Planning Education: An International Perspective

This article considers the interplay between purpose, collegiality, and performance in planning education. A global transformation of higher education is now underway and this poses new challenges for all academics. This article adopts an international perspective and locates current U.S. debates about performance measurement of planning schools in a broader context. A critique of the highly centralized approach to research performance measurement in higher education in the United Kingdom— known as the Research Assessment Exercise— is followed by a discussion of the trajectory of the values that have under pinned U.S. higher education. The very nature of “scholarship” is now highly contested and this creates new challenges for all faculty, including planning academics. By drawing on a case study, the article suggests that an inclusive approach to strategic planning at the college level may provide a helpful way of building unity of purpose and collegiality in a period when universities are being forced to...
Transition metal templates as guides for cyclizations

The improvement of synthetic efficiency requires the development of more chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective methods. Transition metal templates form the equivalent of an ‘active site’ to impose selectivity upon reacting organic systems. Such effects will be examined within the context of cyclization reactions. The first part examines cyclization reactions invoking intramolecular carbametallation. Catalytic reactions involving at least three different mechanisms and two different metals provide five- and six-membered rings from enynes and diynes. A second strategy invokes transition metal templates to facilitate macrocyclization. Formation of macrocarbocycles, macrolactones and macrocyclic ethers and amines illustrates the versatility of this approach. Most importantly, many of the macrocyclizations proceed at normal concentrations of 0.25-0.50 m . The third strategy invokes cycloadditions. A transition metal equivalent to the Diels-Alder reaction permits formation of odd membered rings by [2« + 3] cycloadditions for n = 1, 2 and 3. The applicability that such methods have in devising new synthetic strategies towards biologically important natural products will be illustrated.
Associations of SNPs in ADIPOQ and subclinical cardiovascular disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Circulating adiponectin is associated with both clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD). Variants of the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) are associated with clinical CVD, but little is known about associations with subclinical CVD. We studied the association of 11 ADIPOQ single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with common and internal carotid intima media thickness (cIMT), presence of coronary artery calcification (CAC), and CAC scores (in those with CAC) in 2,847 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Participants were white (n = 712), African American (n = 712), Chinese (n = 718), and Hispanic (n = 705). All models were adjusted for age, sex, and field site, and stratified by race/ethnic group. African Americans with genotypes AG/GG of rs2241767 had 36% greater (95% confidence interval (CI; 16%, 59%), P = 0.0001) CAC prevalence; they also had a larger common cIMT (P = 0.0043). Also in African Americans, genotypes AG/AA of rs1063537 were associated with a 35% (95% CI (14%, 59%), P = 0.0005) greater CAC prevalence. Hispanics with the AA genotype of rs11711353 had a 37% (95% CI (14%, 66%), P = 0.0011), greater CAC prevalence compared to those with the GG genotype. Additional adjustment for ancestry in African-American and Hispanic participants did not change the results. No single SNP was associated with subclinical CVD phenotypes in Chinese or white participants. There appears to be an association between ADIPOQ SNPs and subclinical CVD in African Americans and Hispanics. Replication as well as assessment of other ADIPOQ SNPs is warranted.
Thread Relocation: A Runtime Architecture for Tolerating Hard Errors in Chip Multiprocessors

As the semiconductor industry continues its relentless push for nano-CMOS technologies, device reliability and occurrence of hard errors have emerged as a dominant concern in multicores. Although regular memory structures are protected against hard errors using error correcting codes or spare rows and columns, many of the structures within the cores are left unprotected. Even if the location of hard errors is known a priori, disabling faulty cores results in a substantial performance loss. Several proposed techniques use microarchitectural redundancy to allow defective cores to continue operation. These techniques are attractive, but limited due to either added cost of additional redundancy that offers no benefits to an error-free core, or limited coverage, due to the natural redundancy offered by the microarchitecture. We propose to exploit the intercore redundancy in chip multiprocessors for hard-error tolerance. Our scheme combines hardware reconfiguration to ensure reduced functionality of cores, and a runtime layer of software (microvisor) to manage mapping of threads to cores. Microvisor observes the changing phase behavior of threads and initiates thread relocation to match the computational demands of threads to the capabilities of cores. Our results show that in the presence of degraded cores, microvisor mitigates performance losses by an average of two percent.
Generating grounded theory of/for educational practice: the journey of three epistemorphs

This article portrays the conceptual journey of three professionals as they grapple with the epistemological, ontological and axiological underpinnings of grounded theory within the context of practice‐based research. Writing from the stance of ‘epistemorph,’ the authors use the concepts of ‘functionalist drift’ and ‘interpretive drift’ to depict the intellectual crosscurrents set in motion by their taken‐for‐granted assumptions about the nature of knowledge. An evolving set of questions reflects shifts in thinking that occur as these assumptions are surfaced and examined. From the ‘ground’ of this journey, the authors come to an interpretive reframing of key ‘logics’ of the grounded theory method including theoretical sensitivity, theoretical sampling, coding, constant comparative analysis and memoing.
Chromosomal protein HMGN1 enhances the acetylation of lysine 14 in histone H3

The acetylation levels of lysine residues in nucleosomes, which are determined by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases, play an important role in regulating chromatin-related processes, including transcription. We report that HMGN1, a nucleosomal binding protein that reduces the compaction of the chromatin fiber, increases the levels of acetylation of K14 in H3. The levels of H3K14ac in Hmgn1−/− cells are lower than in Hmgn1+/+ cells. Induced expression of wild-type HMGN1, but not of a mutant that does not bind to chromatin, in Hmgn1−/− cells elevates the levels of H3K14ac. In vivo, HMGN1 elevates the levels of H3K14ac by enhancing the action of HAT. In vitro, HMGN1 enhances the ability of PCAF to acetylate nucleosomal, but not free, H3. Thus, HMGN1 modulates the levels of H3K14ac by binding to chromatin. We suggest that HMGN1, and perhaps similar architectural proteins, modulates the levels of acetylation in chromatin by altering the equilibrium generated by the opposing enzymatic activities that continuously modify and de-modify the histone tails in nucleosomes.
Inhibition of anchorage-independent growth of transformed NIH3T3 cells by epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN) requires localization of EPLIN to actin cytoskeleton

Epithelial protein lost in neoplasm (EPLIN) is a cytoskeleton-associated protein characterized by the presence of a single centrally located lin-11, isl-1, and mec-3 (LIM) domain. We have reported previously that EPLIN is down-regulated in transformed cells. In this study, we have investigated whether ectopic expression of EPLIN affects transformation. In untransformed NIH3T3 cells, retroviral-mediated transduction of EPLIN did not alter the cell morphology or growth. NIH3T3 cells expressing EPLIN, however, failed to form colonies when transformed by the activated Cdc42 or the chimeric nuclear oncogene EWS/Fli-1. This suppression of anchorage-independent growth was not universal because EPLIN failed to inhibit the colony formation of Ras-transformed cells. Interestingly, the localization of EPLIN to the actin cytoskeleton was maintained in the EWS/Fli-1– or Cdc42-transformed cells, but not in Ras-transformed cells where it was distributed heterogeneously in the cytoplasm. Using truncated EPLIN constructs, we demonstrated that the NH2-terminal region of EPLIN is necessary for both the localization of EPLIN to the actin cytoskeleton and suppression of anchorage-independent growth of EWS/Fli-1–transformed cells. The LIM domain or the COOH-terminal region of EPLIN could be deleted without affecting its cytoskeletal localization or ability to suppress anchorage-dependent growth. Our study indicates EPLIN may function in growth control by associating with and regulating the actin cytoskeleton.
Influence of Solid Supports on Acyl Migration in 2-Monoacylglycerols: Purification of 2-MAG via Flash Chromatography

Soybean oil 2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) was synthesized via the Novozym 435-catalyzed ethanolysis of triacylglycerols and purified by conventional liquid–liquid extraction. The 2-MAG was subjected to incubation at 20 and 40 °C in the presence of five solid commercial support materials, Lewatit, Silica Gel 60, Alumina–Neutral Brockman Activity 1, Amberlyst-15, and SBA-15, to determine their effects on acyl migration rates. Lewatit and SBA-15 did not catalyze acyl migration rates after 144 h, while silica gel slightly increased migration rates. The more polar alumina and the cationic Amberlyst 15 significantly increased migration rates. Flash chromatography purification of 2-MAG using silica gel as the immobile phase developed with an acetone/hexane binary gradient proved to be a comparable purification method to liquid–liquid extraction, resulting in 60 % 2-MAG yield, no residual triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, or glycerol co-products, and a 95 mol% 2-MAG purity vs. 1-MAG, demonstrating that flash chromatography did not catalyze acyl migration.
Occurrence and localization of calbindin‐D28k in kidney and cerebellum of the slider turtle, Trachemys scripta

Backgrouns: Since its initial discovery in the avian intestine, calbindin-D28k has been reported to occur in various species and tissues. Although calbindin-D28k binds calcium ions in the physiologically relevant range of intracellular calcium, its functional role in the various cell types where it has been localized remains unknown. Methods: We examined the occurrence of calbindin-D28k in the brain and kidney of the testudine reptile, Trachemys scripta, by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry using rabbit anti-sera directed against rat renal calbindin-D28k and chicken intestinal calbindin-D28k. Results: Immunoblotting revealed the presence of calbindin-D28k in the turtle tissues. A single immunoreactive band in the 28,000 relative molecular mass region was visualized in cerebellar and renal homogenates. Immunocytochemistry revealed reaction product for the presence of calbindin-D28k in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, and in the distal tubular cells of the nephron. Processes as well as the perikaryon of the Purkinje cell were immunoreactive. Conclusion: This study describes the occurrence and cellular localization of calbindin-D28k in a reptilian cerebellum, and confirms the phylogenetic distribution of renal calbindin-D28k to the oldest major reptilian group. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.