cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Touristic Period (1918–1959)

Between Skottsberg’s second and third expeditions to the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, other visitors arrived. World War I caused no direct impact on the islands, because Chile was neutral, but the German cruiser, Dresden, followed by three British warships, had anchored In Cumberland Bay to obtain supplies. Believing that the Dresden was leaving, the English fired on it, causing it to sink into the harbor. Tourists were primarily attracted to Robinson Crusoe Island because of the association with the famous novel by Daniel Defoe. Most travelers relaxed, hiked, ate lobster, and bought souvenirs. Available for purchase were small tree ferns and palms, handicrafts made from goat horns and skins, boxes and canes of palm wood or sandalwood, cleaned and dried lobsters, and hummingbird skins. Botanists who visited the Juan Fernandez Archipelago during this period focused on introduced plants and feral animals. The zarzamora (Rubus ulmifolius) had covered large areas of Robinson Crusoe Island, and the maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) was well established in the quebrada bottoms. Also well-established was the ground cover, trun (Acaena argentea), and the shrubby murtilla (Ugni molinae). The few botanical visitors during this period stressed threats to the native flora and vegetation, as did visiting journalists.
Assessing the Suitability of Unplasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) for Museum Showcase Construction

Rigid, unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) sheet products were evaluated comprehensively for the first time with regard to their use in museum showcase construction. The compositions of nume...
Light-Matter Interaction and Third Harmonic Generation in the Near-Infrared using Plasmonic Metasurfaces and InAs/AlSb Semiconductor Heterostructures

We leverage the very large conduction band offset of InAs/AlSb heterostructures and demonstrate coupling between a plasmonic metasurface and intersubband transitions at near-infrared wavelengths. The same nonlinear metasurface can be used for third harmonic generation.
Quadriceps Tendon Injury

The quadriceps are the major muscle group of the anterior thigh. This muscle group consists of four separate muscles that converge together to form a common tendon that attaches to the superior patella. While the main function of this muscle group is knee extension, it also plays an important role in knee stabilization and hip motion. The quadriceps muscle group is susceptible to both overuse injury (tendinopathies, strains) and severe injury (tendon tears, compartment syndrome). Severe injury in the quadriceps is rare, but it is important to have a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis and treatment.
Allelic Expression Variation of ahFAD2A and Its Relationship with Oleic Acid Accumulation in Peanut

ahFAD2A is a key regulator controlling oleic acid content in peanut. Using ahFAD2A allelic specific primers, the allelic variations of ahFAD2A were tested in 52 peanut varieties and the DNA sequences of 13 typical varieties, including Yuanza 9102, Yuhua 9416, wt08-0932, and wt08-0934, were compared. PCR results revealed that the presence of two alleles of ahFAD2A (referred as to wild type ahFAD2A-wt and mutant ahFAD2A-m respectively) in peanut germplasm, and the G/A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at 448 bp site of ahFAD2A was further confirmed by sequences comparison of 13 peanut varieties. Allelic expression variations of ahFAD2A alleles in peanut seeds were detected by real-time PCR at different developmental stages. The results indicated that the expression level of mutant allele (ahFAD2A-m) from Yuhua 9416 was slightly higher than that of the wild type allele (ahFAD2A-wt) from Yuanza 9102 during the early to middle developmental stages (17–38 days). However, a rapid decrease in expression level was observed for the mutant allele as compared with its wild type at the late developmental stage (after 45 days). Further determination revealed that the ahFAD2A-m genotype showed higher oleic acid content than linoleic acid content with high O/L ratio (1.0) starting at early seed developmental stages in Yuhua 9416 while the ahFAD2A-wt genotype remained lower oleic acid content than linoleic acid content with steady O/L ratio (1.0) until seed maturity stage in Yuanza 9102. This relationship between oleic acid accumulation and ahFAD2A allelic expression variation in peanut provide the fundamentalinformation for genetic regulation and improvement of seed oleic acids content.
Stress Factors that Affect to the Flying Training Skill and Ability of Student Pilots of Government and Private Aviation Institutes

The study of Flying Training of Student pilots of government and private aviation institutes that responded to world aviation industrial needs has widely expanded and it resulted in the lacking of many pilots, limitation of Student pilots and has many problems due to flying training. This research work is the Quantitative Research and has objectives to study (1) Flying Training Skill and Ability of Student pilots. (2) Stress of Student pilots. (3) Affect of Stresses. (4) To Compare Flying Training Skill and Ability of Student pilots that have differences in genders, ages and careers. And, (5) Stress Factors that Affect to Flying Training Skill and Ability of Student pilots. Thus, data collective instrument is Questionnaire (general information, stress factors, affect of stresses and questionnaire of flying training skill and ability). Sample groups are Student pilots from 4 government and private aviation institutions in the total of 127 people. The studied results found that flying training skill and ability of Student pilots in overall is in high level, stress of Student pilots in overall is in moderate level and found that stress affected to the negative changing behavior. However, from personal factors comparison analysis, found that Student pilots’ gender affected to the flying training skill and ability, especially female has minor level. Nevertheless, from the main objectives of research results, found that stress factors that affected to the flying training skill and ability of Student pilots in overall have only 2 factors, they are stress that happened from aviation’s job description that has positive results and stress that happened from the relationship of colleagues and personnel of the aviation institute that has negative results. Thus, research results are to give recommendation to aviation institutes should have appropriate flying training measures in developing aviation skill and ability for female Student pilots and to increase flying training skill and ability in overall of Student pilots, Aviation administrators should look for stress reduction guidelines of relationship of colleagues and personnel in aviation institues occurrences and it necessary to increase aviation’s job description seriously. It means to increase measures in ground learning and teaching and increase more air flying training, so that Student pilots will have more realization and responsibility with the flight instructors’ on ground and air as the main principles.
Cumulative Rates of Child Protection Involvement and Terminations of Parental Rights in a California Birth Cohort, 1999-2017.

Objectives. To document the cumulative childhood risk of different levels of involvement with the child protection system (CPS), including terminations of parental rights (TPRs).Methods. We linked ...
Trends and characteristics of ocular exposures related to e-cigarettes and e-liquids reported to Poison Control Centers in the United States, 2010-2019.

INTRODUCTION Ocular injuries and unintended exposures involving electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), also known as e-cigarettes, have been reported. However, trends and characteristics of ENDS-related ocular exposures at the population level are not well documented. This study was designed to describe trends and characteristics of ENDS-related ocular exposure cases reported to poison control centers (PCCs) in the U.S. METHODS We computed descriptive statistics of ENDS-related ocular exposure cases reported to PCCs between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019, including number of cases per year and the distribution of characteristics of those cases. We also summarized case narrative review findings. RESULTS A total of 1,393 ENDS-related ocular exposure cases were reported to PCCs during the study period. Overall number of cases increased from two in 2010 to a peak of 389 in 2014, followed by a steady decline in 2015-2018. Of the 1,393 cases, 42.5% occurred among individuals aged 25 years and older; 20.4 and 17.7% occurred among young adults aged 18-24 years and children younger than five years, respectively. Nearly one quarter (23.8%) of the individuals experiencing ocular exposure sought or were recommended to seek medical attention. Case narrative review found that 59 of 127 (46.5%) cases were due, at least in part, to incorrect use or handling of the products. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that more than 1,000 ENDS-related ocular exposure cases were reported to PCCs during the study period. Many of these cases involved young children; nearly half were due, at least in part, to incorrect use or handling of the products. Future efforts to prevent these exposures may focus on improving the awareness of the potential harmful effects of ENDS products and the importance of appropriate handling of ENDS products. Health care professionals may play an important role in educating patients and improving surveillance of ENDS-related ocular exposure cases.
Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy: New Strategies

Ionizing radiation is a local therapeutic intervention that plays a role in the multipronged approach to the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Case reports of excellent clinical responses in patients treated with both checkpoint inhibition and radiation point to a synergy between these two modalities that may extend the reach of radiotherapy from a local to a systemic treatment. Radiotherapy has been referred to as an in situ vaccine, given that its application has the potential to liberate tumor antigen in the context of pro-inflammatory cell death. This chapter describes interactions between radiotherapy and the immune system, with a particular focus on an emerging mechanistic understanding of how radiation can materially contribute to an anti-tumor immune response.
The relationship between mechanism geometry and the centers of stiffness and compliance

Abstract A significant amount of research has been directed toward developing a more intuitive appreciation of spatial elastic behavior. Results of these analyses have often been described in terms of the elastic behavior (stiffness or compliance) centers. This paper investigates the properties of centers of stiffness and compliance and provides a fresh view of elastic center locations, specifically, the locus of centers associated with a given mechanism’s topology and geometry. We show that the location of the center of stiffness (compliance) for a set of elastic components connected in parallel (in serial) can be described in terms similar to the location of the center of mass for a set of mass particles. This provides a physical interpretation of the centers associated with a compliant behavior, and a useful guide in the design of mechanisms that realize desirable compliant behaviors.
Pt/Polypyrrole Quasi-References Revisited: Robustness and Application in Electrochemical Energy Storage Research.

Choosing reference electrodes for nonaqueous electrochemical measurements, especially in energy storage research, is challenging due to lengthy experiments (>1 day), the lack of alternatives to the commonly used Ag/Ag+ reference electrode (RE), the introduction of junction potentials, and the possibility of sample contamination. Often, quasi-reference electrodes (QREs) such as Ag wires and Li metal strips are used. However, small changes in electrolyte composition can cause large potential drifts, and their surfaces may be reactive to the solution. Here, we propose an alternative QRE based on polypyrrole electrodeposited on Pt wire (PPyQRE) encased in a glass tube with the open end sealed with commercial frits. While freestanding PPyQRE wires have been reported in the literature, simple encasing of the PPyQRE overcomes the above-mentioned drawbacks of QREs while providing a reliable reference potential that is closer to the performance of an RE. During cyclic voltammetric and bulk electrolysis testing of a redox mediator in solution, the encased PPyQRE exhibited stable reference potentials over multiple charge/discharge cycles with minimal drift (∼5 mV) after ∼2.25 days of operation. We also tested the reliability of our reference during the testing of multilayer graphene Li-ion anodes, which often involve cycling samples at highly reducing potentials ( 1 day). In the same testing conditions, the Ag/Ag+ electrode led to observable Ag deposits on the graphene and large potential drifts (∼50 mV), while the PPyQRE exhibited no measurable drift and revealed changes in voltammetric features that were obscured by reference drift when using Ag/Ag+. Minor reference drifts of ∼30 mV over long usage of the PPyQRE (∼2 months) can be addressed by calibration with a ferrocene couple at the end of experiments. These results highlight the advantages of using an encased PPyQRE as a simple and practical reference electrode for electrochemical measurements in the field of nonaqueous energy storage research.
RxNet: Rx-refill Graph Neural Network for Overprescribing Detection

Prescription (aka Rx) drugs can be easily overprescribed and lead to drug abuse or opioid overdose. Accordingly, a state-run prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) in the United States has been developed to reduce Overprescribing. However, PDMP has limited capability in detecting patients' potential overprescribing behaviors, impairing its effectiveness in preventing drug abuse and overdose in patients. Despite a few machine-learning-based methods that have been proposed for detecting overprescribing, they usually ignore the patient prescribing behavior and their performances are not satisfying. In light of this, we propose a novel model RxNet for overprescribing detection in PDMP. RxNet builds a dynamic heterogeneous graph to model Rx refills that are essentially prescribing and dispensing (P&D) relationships among various Rx entries (e.g., patients) whose representations are encoded by graph neural network. In addition, to explore the dynamic Rx-refill behavior and medical condition variation of patients, an RxLSTM network is designed to update representations of patients. Based on the output of RxLSTM, a dosing-adaptive network is leveraged to extract and recalibrate dosing patterns and obtain the refined patient representations which are finally utilized for overprescribing detection. The extensive experimental results on a 1-year Ohio PDMP data demonstrate that RxNet consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods in predicting patients at high risk of opioid overdose and drug abuse, with an average of 5.7% and 7.3% improvement on F1 score respectively.
A multi-institutional retrospective analysis on impact of RV acute mechanical support timing after LVAD implantation on 1-year mortality and predictors of RV acute mechanical support weaning

BACKGROUND There is little insight into which patients can be weaned off right ventricular (RV) acute mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. We hypothesize that concomitant RV AMCS insertion instead of postoperative implantation will improve 1-year survival and increase the likelihood of RV AMCS weaning. METHODS A multicenter retrospective database of 826 consecutive patients who received a HeartMate II or HVAD between January 2007 and December 2016 was analyzed. We identified 91 patients who had early RV AMCS on index admission. Cox proportional-hazards model was constructed to identify predictors of 1-year mortality post-RV AMCS implantation and competing risk modeling identified RV AMCS weaning predictors. RESULTS There were 91 of 826 patients (11%) who required RV AMCS after CF-LVAD implantation with 51 (56%) receiving a concomitant RV AMCS and 40 (44%) implanted with a postoperative RV AMCS during their ICU stay; 48 (53%) patients were weaned from RV AMCS support. Concomitant RV AMCS with CF-LVAD insertion was associated with lower mortality (HR 0.45 [95% CI 0.26-0.80], p = 0.01) in multivariable model (which included age, BMI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, and heart transplantation as a time-varying covariate). In the multivariate competing risk analysis, a TPG < 12 (SHR 2.19 [95% CI 1.02-4.70], p = 0.04) and concomitant RV AMCS insertion (SHR 3.35 [95% CI 1.73-6.48], p < 0.001) were associated with a successful wean. CONCLUSIONS In patients with RVF after LVAD implantation, concomitant RV AMCS insertion at the time of LVAD was associated with improved 1-year survival and increased chances of RV support weaning compared to postoperative insertion.
The Burden of Romanticism: Toward the New Poetry

The burden of Romanticism is one which we all bear, however uneasily. If we can say anything about the modern ego, we can say that it is romantic?to recall the tautological title of a book which Jacques Barzun published some years ago. We would not have thought of troubling ourselves so much about the modern ego if Romanticism hadn't discovered it for us, taught us that the sense of our selves we have when we face the fact that we are willy-nilly modern is pre cisely the burden it has placed upon us. Our egocentricism, even if we think of it as a too terribly refined version of Renaissance humanism, is at the heart of our power to have made the kind of world we have made?indeed, to have made ourselves in that world. Some day, we might have the kind of philosophical an thropology which will have absorbed the revelations of our philosophy, psycho analysis, anthropology, sociology, theory of history, and the like?absorbed those revelations sufficiently to tell us what we are, where we have come from and how far we have got, where we turned off the strait road (if we did), and how we might once more get back on it (if we wish to, if we can, if there is still time). ... I propose here a much more modest exercise: to look at the develop ing situation of poetry since the later eighteenth century; to focus particularly on the achievement of "modern" American poetry?that is, the work of those masters who came into their own between the two world wars; and then to inquire into the situation of the "new" poetry, "post-modern" poetry. In order to make such a survey manageable I shall make the substantial center of my concern poetics: which I take to be the theory of how poems should?not always do?work, and also of the ground of authority for their working. In all, I shall be concerned to assess the burden Romanticism has in changing but genetically related ways put upon the poetry on which it has put its stamp. This will be then, within a quite limited purview, an essay in history?or triangulation. It has been satisfactorily demonstrated, I think, that twentieth-century
Rapid Nongenomic Effects of Oestradiol on Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone Neurones

That oestradiol can have both negative- and positive-feedback actions upon the release of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) has been understood for decades. The vast majority of studies have investigated the effects of in vivo oestrogen administration. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated in many neuronal and non-neuronal systems indicating that, in addition to traditional genomic action via transcription factor receptors, steroids can also initiate effects rapidly via signalling cascades typically associated with the cell membrane. Here, we review work examining the rapid actions of oestradiol on GnRH neurones, addressing the questions of dose dependence, receptor subtypes, signalling cascades and intrinsic and synaptic properties that are rapidly modulated by this steroid.
Fat metabolism in higher plants. The nonenzymatic acylation of dithiothreitol by acyl coenzyme A.

Abstract A compound soluble in organic solvents and synthesized from [ 14 C]acetate by isolated spinach chloroplasts incubated in the dark in the presence of dithiothreitol was shown to be O -acetyl dithiothreitol. The chloroplast system was required for the activation of acetate to acetyl CoA, but the transfer of the acetyl moiety to dithiothreitol was nonenzymatic. The first product of the reaction was shown to be S -acetyl dithiothreitol, but in the presence of an oxidant, simultaneous ring closure and migration of the acetyl group from the thiol to an adjacent hydroxyl group occurred to form an O -acetyl dithiothreitol. The acetyl transfer reaction involving acetyl CoA and dithiothreitol showed a marked pH dependence, being most active at about pH 9 and inoperative below pH 6. All acyl CoAs tested (C 2 -C 18 ) rapidly labeled dithiothreitol; acetyl acyl carrier protein, and palmityl acyl carrier protein were much less reactive and free fatty acids were unreactive. The thiol reagents dithioerythritol, glutathione, and cysteine, in addition to dithiothreitol, reacted rapidly with acetyl CoA to form the corresponding acetyl mercaptans. 2-Mercaptoethanol was much less reactive; oxidized dithiothreitol was unreactive. The second-order rate constant for acetyl dithiothreitol synthesis was 12.3 m −1 min −1 at pH 8.5 and 30 °C.
Burning Sprays of Jet A Fuel-Water Emulsions

INCE emulsification of fuels with water has been shown to be beneficial for reducing pollutant emissions in spray combustors such as furnaces 1 and diesel engines,2 it appears to be a potential method for curtailing the emissions of smoke and NOX from jet engines. However, the high volatility of jet fuel tends to lessen the beneficial effects of emulsificatio n on combustion. Although one full-size gas turbine combustor study3 using JP-5 fuel-water emulsions has indicated that exhaust smoke can be reduced, it appears necessary to perform some diagnostic studies of the effects of emulsion parameters on the flame characteristics of burning sprays before the potential benefits of emulsification are fully realized. The surfactant and water contents can affect the microstructure4 and physical properties of emulsions.5 Also, they can influence the fuel/air mixing rate and flame temperature, because of the possible disruption of drops and additional diluents in the flame. Hence, this Note presents some of the results of a detailed study4 of the characteristics of burning Jet A fuel-water emulsions and deals with the effects of 1) adding surfactant to the fuel, 2) varying the surfactant concentration in emulsions, and 3) varying the water concentration of emulsions on a) flame stand-off distance, b) flame length, c) flame spread, and d) the fraction of heat release radiated by burning sprays over an air-blast atomizer. Experiment These studies were performed using the fuel nozzle of a TF41 (Detroit Diesel Allison Division) combustor modified to function as an air-blast atomizer. The emulsions of Jet A fuel, water, and surfactant were prepared using a high-speed mixer. The surfactant was a mixture of 15% SPAN 80 and 25% TWEEN 85 (ICI America, Delaware) and had a HLB (Hydrophile Lipophile Balance) of 6. The flames were photographed in color to record the changes in appearance, flame length, and flame stand-off distance. The total radiant power emitted from the flame was measured with a wide view angle (150°) radiometer, and the fraction of heat release radiated was calculated using the procedure adopted in Ref. 6. The details of the experimental set-up, procedure, and emufsion characteristics are given in Ref. 4.
Vibration rotation bands of C2T2: Part I. ν3

Abstract C 2 T 2 has been prepared, and its infrared absorption spectrum has been examined under high resolution. Rotational analysis of the ν 3 fundamental has been made, and a value B 0 = 0.6621 5 ± 0.00020 cm −1 obtained. Other bands observed include ν 5 , ν 4 + ν 5 and possibly ν 2 + ν 5 , ν 3 + ν 4 − ν 4 and ν 2 - ν 5 .
Near‐infrared Absorption/Luminescence Measurements

The near-infrared (NIR) region (600–1100 nm) offers several advantages in comparison with the conventional ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) region for spectroscopic measurements and detection. The lack of commercial instrumentation impeded the development of NIR techniques for years. The advent of inexpensive photodiodes and diode lasers used widely by the telecommunication industry gave the necessary impetus for development of analytical NIR techniques. This article describes the fundamental properties of NIR fluorophores and absorbers and provides a comparison with conventional UV/VIS dyes. The various analytical applications developed in the past decade that have utilized the advantages offered by this region are described with a particular emphasis on bioanalytical uses.
Weyl Character Formula

This lecture is pretty straightforward: we simply state the Weyl character formula in §24.1, then show how it may be worked out in specific examples in §24.2. In particular, we derive in the case of the classical algebras formulas for the character of a given irreducible representation as a polynomial in the characters of certain basic ones (either the alternating or the symmetric powers of the standard representation for \(\ \mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{l}_n}\mathbb{C}\) and their analogues for \(\ \mathfrak{s}{\mathfrak{p}_{2n}}\ [\mathbb{C}\) and \(\mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{o}}_{m}}\mathbb{C} \)). The proofs of the formula are deferred to the following two lectures. The techniques involved here are elementary, though the determinantal formulas are fairly complex, involving all the algebra of Appendix A.
Biosynthesis of Alkaline Phosphatase During Differentiation of the Human Colon Cancer Cell Line Caco-2

The human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 undergoes spontaneous enterocytic differentiation during growth and expresses a number of brush-border membrane-associated hydrolases typical of a differentiated phenotype. Among these is the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, which is frequently used as a marker of cell differentiation in colon cancer cells. Since the biochemical processes regulating the expression of alkaline phosphatase during cell differentiation are only poorly understood, we examined the biosynthesis and processing of alkaline phosphatases in undifferentiated (0-day confluent) and differentiated (14-day confluent) Caco-2 cells. It was found that both cell phenotypes expressed a single, heat-labile intestinal-like enzyme, which undergoes similar posttranslational processing and glycosylation. Although the rate of enzyme synthesis and alkaline phosphatase messenger ribonucleic acid was 5–6-fold higher in differentiated cells, the degradation rates in both cell types were similar with a half-life of approximately 10 days. These results suggest that the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity during Caco-2 cell differentiation is caused by changes in the synthetic rate and that the low turnover rates facilitate accumulation of the enzyme. Furthermore, these studies demonstrate that Caco-2 cells are useful for examining the molecular and biochemical events involved in the differentiation of the small intestinal epithelium.
Pax-Americana-led macro-clustering and flying-geese-style catch-up in East Asia: Mechanisms of regionalized endogenous growth

Abstract Rapid growth in East Asia (despite the 1997–1998 crises) has been unique as it has been clustered so intensively only in that particular region. The flying-geese model of industrial upgrading is applied to the emergence of Pax Americana-led growth clustering. The high propensity of the U.S. to transplant manufacturing overseas, Japan’s roles of structural intermediator and capacity augmenter, and catching-up economies’ public policies are the key co-determinants of regional endogenous growth in East Asia.
In situ x-ray diffraction studies of YBa 2 Cu 3 O x

Using a specially designed off‐axis faced magnetron sputtering chamber we have performed in situ x‐ray diffraction studies of the growth of YBa2Cu3Ox films using a synchrotron light source. The orientation and rocking curve width were studied as a function of substrate temperature, O2/Ar partial pressures, and deposition rate. Growth rate was studied on SrTiO3, LaAlO3, and MgO.
On geometric graphs with no k pairwise parallel edges

A {\em geometric graph\/} is a graph $G=(V,E)$ drawn in the plane so that the vertex set $V$ consists of points in general position and the edge set $E$ consists of straight line segments between points of $V$. Two edges of a geometric graph are said to be {\em parallel\/}, if they are opposite sides of a convex quadrilateral. In this paper we show that, for any fixed $k\ge3$, any geometric graph on $n$ vertices with no $k$ pairwise parallel edges contains at most $O(n)$ edges, and any geometric graph on $n$ vertices with no $k$ pairwise crossing edges contains at most $O(n\log n)$ edges. We also prove a conjecture of Kupitz that any geometric graph on $n$ vertices with no pair of parallel edges contains at most $2n-2$ edges.
In vivo evidence for multiple opiate receptors mediating analgesia in the rat spinal cord.

Abstract In rats implanted with chronic catheters in the spinal subarachnoid space, intrathecal injections of SKF 10047 and dynorphin did not produce any elevation of the nociceptive threshold as defined by hot-plate and tail-flick tests. In contrast, intrathecal ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) and ( d -Aka2, d -Leu5)-enkephalin (DADL) administration resulted in a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect which was reversible with intraperitoneal naloxone. Calculation of the Schild dose-ratio plots for the data derived from systemically administered naloxone reveals a slope of — 1 and a calculated pA2 value of 6.8 for EKC and 6.2 for DADL. Also, animals made tolerant to systemic morphine showed a diminished analgesic response to intrathecal morphine and EKC when compared to naive animals. There was, however, no significant change in the dose response curve of intrathecal DADL. Thus, these experiments suggest that in addition to μ receptors a separate subpopulation of δ but not ξ or σ receptors are involved with spinally mediated analgesia.
Students and social networking sites: the posting paradox

This article reports the results of a field study in which undergraduate students were questioned about their use of social networking sites and the appropriateness of the content that they post. The responses indicate that students routinely post content that they realise is not appropriate for all audiences, especially potential employers. Considering how extensively the press has covered the negative impacts of inappropriate posting, the fact that students are knowingly continuing the practice is surprising. The article discusses the implications of these results and proposes areas for future research.
Design innovation leads to sustainable water distribution systems

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate design alternatives for pump‐included water distribution networks considering sustainability and reliability aspects. The aim is to demonstrate that CO2 emissions could be reduced at a reasonable cost. The paper also investigates the trade‐offs between cost and reliability of water distribution networks.Design/methodology/approach – An existing genetic algorithm optimization tool is customized in this research to perform multi‐objective optimization with various objectives and constraints. The developed model is demonstrated using a benchmark water distribution network.Findings – The results from this research suggest that CO2 emissions from water distribution networks could be reduced at a reasonable cost by choosing better objectives during the design stage. High system reliability could also be ensured for the lifetime by paying reasonable additional cost. This research presents various design alternatives for an engineer to choose from.Research lim...
Target material collection for High Energy Imaging Diagnostic

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory uses the world’s largest and most energetic laser system to explore Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and High-Energy-Density (HED) physics, with the potential of creating pressure and density conditions normally found in the cores of stars or large planets. During NIF experiments, the laser energy is directed to the target, driving the desired physics conditions, and the breakup of the target. During this breakup there is the potential to generate debris fields with both vaporized and solid target material, traveling at extremely high velocities (~10 km/s). For future shots, it is desirable to minimize distribution of the certain target materials within NIF. The High Energy Imaging Diagnostic (HEIDI), which comes within 8 cm of the target, will be modified to minimize the distribution of the ejected material. An external cone will be added to HEIDI which will block a larger angle than the existing hardware. Internal shielding will be added to isolate target material within the front portion of the diagnostic. A thin aluminum bumper will slow low-density vaporized material and contribute to the breakup of high velocity particles, while a thicker wall will block solid chunks. After the shot, an external cover will be installed, to contain any stray material that might be disturbed by regular operations. The target material will be retrieved from the various shielding mechanisms and assayed.
Looking Again at Add-On ESOL Certification

The TESOL Quarterly invites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses to rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in The Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
Serial versus parallel processing in visual search tasks and IQ

Abstract Reaction times for the detection of straight and slanted lines in the presence of slanted and straight line distractors were related to IQ. Correlations between IQ and detection of straight lines (a serial processing task) did not differ from correlations between IQ and detection of slanted lines (a parallel processing task). Variability of reaction times was inversely related to IQ. The data provide support for the “Worst Performance Rule”. Correlations between reaction times and IQ became increasingly negative as the percentile rank of the reaction times increased.
A high-resolution far-infrared survey of the W31 region

A 1-m balloon-borne telescope was used to conduct a far-infrared survey of the W31 region at an effective wavelength of 69 microns with a resolution of 1 arcmin. Within this region seven far-infrared sources were observed. Five of these sources were associated with thermal radio emission. For each of these sources the infrared luminosity is much greater than the Ly-alpha luminosity, a situation requiring either dust absorption of Lyman-continuum photons or a large nonionizing stellar luminosity. Two faint infrared sources had no radio counterparts. Far-infrared radiation was not detected from two known radio sources and from one midinfrared source in this region.
Structural Testing of Prestressed Concrete Girders from the Lake View Drive Bridge

On the evening of December 27, 2005, the fascia beam supporting the east-side parapet wall of the third span of the Lake View Drive Bridge failed under the action of dead load. This paper describes the structural testing and posttest forensic examination of two girders recovered from the partially collapsed Lake View Drive Bridge. The objective of this paper is to describe the tests conducted and report the observations. An interior and an exterior prestressed concrete adjacent box girder were tested to failure in flexure. Prior to testing, an extensive visual inspection was conducted to assess the extant condition of the 42-year-old girders. Following testing, the girders were sawcut near their failure regions to permit an extensive forensic investigation. Conclusions based on the pre- and posttest inspections and test results are presented. Recommendations intended to reinforce issues that need to be considered in the bridge inspection and rating process of similar structures are presented.
Covalent Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Conjugated Polymers and CdSe Nanoparticles: Multilayer Structure and Photovoltaic Properties

Hybrid thin films of conjugated polymers and CdSe nanoparticles have been fabricated by using a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach driven by covalent coupling reactions. This method permits facile covalent crosslinking of the polymer/nanoparticle interlayers in common organic solvents, which provides a general route for preparing robust and uniform functional thin films. The deposition process is linearly related to the number of bilayers as monitored by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and ellipsometry. Characterization of the multilayer structures has been carried out by fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and grazing-angle Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have also been used. A preliminary application of the hybrid films in the development of organic photovoltaics is presented. Upon illumination with white light at 10 mW cm -2 , the self-assembled multilayer films exhibit steady photocurrent responses with an overall optical-to-electrical power conversion efficiency of 0.71 %.
Periocular abscess and cellulitis from Pasteurella multocida in a healthy child.

Abstract PURPOSE: To examine an unusual cause of periorbital cellulitis, Pasteurella multocida . METHODS: Case report, review of the literature. RESULTS : We treated a 13-year-old previously healthy child who developed Pasteurella preseptal cellulitis secondary to a cat bite and cat scratch. After receiving a dose of intravenous antibiotics and starting oral antibiotics, the child had delayed onset of several abscesses around the right eye, with marked pain and erythema. After incision and drainage, he improved. CONCLUSION: Pasteurella multocida is a rare but potentially serious cause of ocular infection. All cases of potential exposure should be treated promptly and followed until complete resolution of infection.
Community Correction Officer Perceptions Of Ex-Offender Reentry Needs And Challenges

Research into community corrections officers’ perceptions of the needs of ex-offenders has largely been overlooked. While some empirical research has emerged regarding federal parole officers’ perceptions, it is conceptually incomplete. A gap in the literature remains regarding the concordance or discordance between offenders and community corrections officers’ perceptions of offender needs and the opportunities for success upon release. Using a sample of community corrections officers in Seattle, Washington, this research examined officer perception of ex-offender needs, the value officers’ placed on the specific needs, and the opportunities available for offenders to meet their needs. Differences between officers emerged including the finding that female officers rated needs and challenges for offenders significantly different than male officers. Policy implications of the research are discussed.
Effects of model compounds with varying physicochemical properties on erosion of polyanhydride devices

Abstract Polyanhydrides are known as surface eroding biodegradable polymers since they are hydrophobic, which is believed to prevent penetration of water into the bulk and hence only the labile bonds on the surface are hydrolyzed. We studied the effects of pH of the erosion medium and incorporation of model compounds of various molecular size and aqueous solubility on erosion of polyanhydride, specifically P(fatty acid dimer-sebacic acid; FAD-SA), as measured by weight loss of the device. The model compounds included: mannitol, inulin and stearic acid, loaded at 10% w/w in disk shaped devices. The devices were prepared by the melt-casting technique and weight loss accurately measured after agitating the devices in buffers (pH 1–9), and removing the device at selected time intervals and freeze-drying the device. All the devices, irrespective of the nature of the model compounds loaded, eroded rapidly at pH 9, 8–10 times faster than at pH 1–5 and 1.3–2 faster than at pH 7.4. The pH-dependent nature of erosion was attributed primarily to the lability of the anhydride linkages to the alkaline pH and higher solubility of the degradation product, SA, resulting in rapid diffusion and dissolution of SA out of the devices. Loading water-soluble compounds such as mannitol and inulin even at 10% w/w accelerated erosion rates at all pH however, the effect was more significant at alkaline pH. In contrast, loading poorly water-soluble compounds such as stearic acid retarded the erosion rates of devices at all pH except at pH 9, where stearic acid is ionized and has higher aqueous solubility. The photomicrographs of the surface of the devices showed pores and channels surrounding island of material believed to be FAD, the pores and channels being bigger for the mannitol- and inulin-loaded devices. Based on these observations, it appears that water-soluble compounds will be released rapidly creating pores and channels in the device, which will be penetrated by water rapidly resulting in accelerated erosion. While poorly water-soluble compound such as stearic acid retards erosion. Therefore, erosion of biodegradable polyanhydride device is not simply a function of polyanhydride chemistry but also involves water uptake, diffusion and dissolution of the degradation products and hence is a function of both pH and the nature of the compounds incorporated into the device. From product development standpoint, influence of the drug's physicochemical characteristics on device erosion should be considered to determine its release characteristics and in vivo lifetime of the device.
The determination of a local or almost local field from a given current

It is shown that one cannot construct a local quantum field theory from a current operator which is a local polynomial of a free field. Secondly, the current of a local theory has to be complete or else the elastic scattering vanishes. These results do not depend in any essential way on the requirement of strict locality for the field but are only slightly modified if one allows « almost local » fields. The conditions which the current operator has to satisfy to ensure the existence of a local or almost local field are given.
Examining the Structure of the Neuronal a4b2 nAChR Transmembrane Domain by Photoaffinity Labeling

The ability to purify neuronal nAChRs in large quantities allows the use of photoaffinity labeling to study their structure. To characterize the structure of the transmembrane domain of the α4β2 nAChR, we used [3H]chlorpromazine, which has been used to identify amino acids in the Torpedo nAChR ion channel, and [3H]TDBzl-etomidate, which acts as a Torpedo nAChR positive allosteric modulator by binding at a novel site within the transmembrane domain at the interface between the γ and α subunits. In the presence of agonist, [3H]chlorpromazine and [3H]TDBzl-etomidate incorporated into α4 and β2 subunits with >70% of the labeling in the β2 subunit. [3H]chlorpromazine subunit labeling was inhibited (∼40%) by the non-competitive antagonist PCP (Fig 1).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideWhen HPLC-purified EndoLys-C digests of [3H]chlorpromazine-labeled β2 subunit was sequenced, a PCP-inhibitable 3H release at cycle 6 was evident, consistent with labeling of β2Ser246 (M2-6), the position photolabeled by [3H]chlorpromazine in the Torpedo nAChR ion channel. Sequence analyses of HPLC-purified EndoLys-C/V8 protease digests of α4 and β2 subunits photolabeled by [3H]TDBzl-etomidate indicated the presence of multiple sites of 3H incorporation. Studies are in progress to identify amino acids labeled by [3H]TDBzl-Etomidate and [3H]chlorpromazine.
Eye movements and picture processing during recognition

Eye movements were monitored during a recognition memory test of previously studied pictures of full-color scenes. The test scenes were identical to the originals, had an object deleted from them, or included a new object substituted for an original object. In contrast to a prior report (Parker, 1978), we found no evidence that object deletions or substitutions could be recognized on the basis of information acquired from the visual periphery. Deletions were difficult to recognize peripherally, and the eyes were not attracted to them. Overall, the amplitude of the average saccade to the critical object during the memory test was less than 4.5° of visual angle in all conditions and averaged 4.1° across conditions. We conclude that information about object presence and identity in a scene is limited to a relatively small region around the current fixation point.
Cannabinoid modulation of sensitivity to time

Abstract The present studies used a psychophysical approach to examine the effect of cannabinoids on temporal processing. Rats trained to discriminate 2- and 8-s (Experiment 1, n=72) and 4- and 16-s (Experiment 2, n=60) intervals were tested with intermediate durations. Psychophysical functions for time, relating the probability of judging a duration as “long” as a function of the actual stimulus durations, were characterized by measures of central tendency (point of subjective equality, PSE) and variability (Weber fraction, WF). The potent cannabinoid agonist, WIN55,212-2 (1–3 mg/kg), produced a dose-related decrease in sensitivity to time (i.e. increase in WF) without systematically affecting PSE (Experiments 1 and 2). The central cannabinoid CB1 antagonist, SR141716A (1–3 mg/kg), did not alter either the WF or PSE (Experiments 1 and 2). Coadministration of SR141716A with WIN55,212-2 blocked the effect of the agonist on WF (Experiment 2), suggesting that the WF effect is mediated by actions at cannabinoid CB1 receptors. Computational modeling with an information processing theory of timing suggests that the reduction in sensitivity to time can be attributed to a disorder of attention.
Ab initio studies on the vibrational and thermal properties of Al 3 Li

A direct method is used to calculate phonon dispersions of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}\mathrm{Li}$ based on the Hellmann-Feynman forces obtained from first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential calculations. The vibrational and thermodynamic properties of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{3}\mathrm{Li}$ are calculated by using the quasiharmonic approximation at finite temperature, in comparison with the calculations of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{4}$ in fcc structure to understand the alloying effect of Li. The calculated quantities, such as phonon dispersions, Gr\"uneisen parameter, heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, and bulk modulus as a function of temperature, are discussed and compared with available experimental data.
Order- alpha corrections to the decay rate of orthopositronium in the Fried-Yennie gauge.

The order-{alpha} correction to the decay rate of orthopositronium is obtained using the Fried-Yennie gauge. The result ({ital m}{alpha}{sup 7}/{pi}{sup 2}) ({minus}1.987 84(11)) is consistent with but more accurate than the results of previous evaluations.
CHEMICALS FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES: HEMICELLULOSE BEHAVIOR DURING ORGANOSOLV DELIGNIFICATION OF SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE

Batch delignification of southern yellow pine using aqueous solutions of ethanol and 1-butanol have been studied at a temperature of 175°C. The extent of delignification, hemicellulose hydrolysis of the pulp, and monosaccharide appearance in solution are reported. From these data the relationship of bulk delignification, hemicellulose behavior and solvent selectivity can be used to better explain pulp yield from alcohol: water treatment processes,