cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 1 – Basic BASIC

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a computer language named BASIC, the structure of a computer program, printing numeric variables, the INPUT statement for numeric variables, printing string constants, string variables, the FOR-NEXT statement, and the GOSUB statement. BASIC was developed at Dartmouth College in the early 1960s in an effort to produce a computer language especially suited to the needs of education. BASIC is the most common language used on computers for educational purposes, and it is the language most commonly delivered on modern microcomputers. All computer programs, no matter what language they are written in, have one feature in common: they consist of a number of ordered statements. The computer will normally execute these statements in exactly the same order that they are read in. Special commands are used to force the computer to jump forward or backward in the program. To shorten that program, one can make use of another statement, or rather a pair of statements called FOR and NEXT statements. The effect of these two statements is to cause the computer to repeat whatever statements are between the FOR and NEXT statements for all the integers from 1 to N.
PPINN: Parareal physics-informed neural network for time-dependent PDEs

Abstract Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) encode physical conservation laws and prior physical knowledge into the neural networks, ensuring the correct physics is represented accurately while alleviating the need for supervised learning to a great degree (Raissi et al., 2019). While effective for relatively short-term time integration, when long time integration of the time-dependent PDEs is sought, the time–space domain may become arbitrarily large and hence training of the neural network may become prohibitively expensive. To this end, we develop a parareal physics-informed neural network (PPINN), hence decomposing a long-time problem into many independent short-time problems supervised by an inexpensive/fast coarse-grained (CG) solver. In particular, the serial CG solver is designed to provide approximate predictions of the solution at discrete times, while initiate many fine PINNs simultaneously to correct the solution iteratively. There is a two-fold benefit from training PINNs with small-data sets rather than working on a large-data set directly, i.e., training of individual PINNs with small-data is much faster, while training the fine PINNs can be readily parallelized. Consequently, compared to the original PINN approach, the proposed PPINN approach may achieve a significant speed-up for long-time integration of PDEs, assuming that the CG solver is fast and can provide reasonable predictions of the solution, hence aiding the PPINN solution to converge in just a few iterations. To investigate the PPINN performance on solving time-dependent PDEs, we first apply the PPINN to solve the Burgers equation, and subsequently we apply the PPINN to solve a two-dimensional nonlinear diffusion–reaction equation. Our results demonstrate that PPINNs converge in a few iterations with significant speed-ups proportional to the number of time-subdomains employed.
Flaws in the highlight real: fitstagram diptychs and the enactment of cyborg embodiment

This article inverts Donna Haraway’s proposition that ‘the ideologically charged question of what counts as daily activity, as experience, can be approached by exploiting the cyborg image’ by inste...
Offset Quantum Dot Mode-Locked Laser Enabled by Passive-Active Integration

We report the first demonstration of an offset quantum dot laser platform which enables integration of active gain section with passive waveguide section. Based on this platform, we have designed and fabricated dispersion compensated offset quantum dot mode-locked lasers.
Sizing Electric Battery Storage System for Prosumer Villas

This paper studies the electricity consumption of 5 villas in the south of Norway and estimates the effect of utilizing batteries as a means to reduce peak load for each villa. High-resolution field data on the consumption pattern for the villas is presented. A simple battery model is utilized, and a parameter sensitivity study is performed varying the energy storage capacity and the charging/discharging power limits of the batteries. Considerable potential is found for reducing the peak load by the utilization of batteries. An appropriate balance between the energy storage capacity and the power capacity of the battery is found to be beneficial for optimization of the peak load reduction.
Research to Practice: Keeping STEM student recruitment fresh and relevant using peer mentoring

This work in progress paper in the research-to-practice category focuses on high school students planning to enter a new learning environment for transition. Prospective students benefit from structured programming that considers two factors. First, the college knowledge required to navigate day-to-day logistics including new living arrangements, supporting physical & mental health, and funding the experience. Second, STEM curricula and challenges students from extremely rural communities face in identifying with these rigorous programs. The work of influential researchers in student transition and retention along with contextual findings from a large, rural state in the Rocky Mountain region informed the redesign of an engineering college’s outreach program. This paper has two purposes. First, it details how established theories combined with research findings and assessment can create robust models to support keeping recruitment programs relevant. Second, it provides an example of how a model was developed and then used to redesign and assess an outreach program using college peer mentors to support high school-aged students interested in engineering and computing disciplines.
On backward SPDEs without proper Cauchy condition

We study linear backward stochastic partial differential equations (BSPDEs) of parabolic type. We consider a new boundary value problem where a Cauchy condition is replaced by a prescribed average ...
A Partnership to Counter International Terrorism: The UN Security Council and the UN Member States

Following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolutions 1368 and 1373 and thereby created the basis of a global counterterrorism system. At the heart of this system lies a partnership between the Security Council and the UN member states—a partnership in which states have been given considerable, independent, operational responsibility. Unfortunately, this system has often been criticized and viewed pessimistically by scholars, who tend to focus primarily on UN bodies and offer little discussion of the key role of states. This article presents a different conceptualization of this counterterrorism system and suggests, through case studies, that it has attained some important objectives in the global struggle against terrorism.
Entangled Political Economy: Mixing Something Old with Something New

This paper is an introductory presentation before the first monthly meeting of the Entangled Political Economy Research Network (EPERN) Network organized by Marta Podemska-Mikluch from Gustavus Adolphus College and Mikayla Novak from the Australian National University. This paper is not so much a research paper as it is a projection of several lines of research currently underway that fit the rubric of entanglement. For this inaugural session of the EPERN, it seemed to me that some such wide-ranging presentation would be more useful to participants than presenting a tightly focused research paper.
Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Silicosis and Its Subtypes

Pneumoconiosis due to silicosis is still present due to modern industries such stone carving, garment industry, and road construction. We aim to discuss how to accurately diagnose silicosis, appropriately risk stratify patients with silicosis, and discuss potential new pharmacotherapies that may be of potential use in the future. Acute silicosis, chronic silicosis, and accelerated silicosis are 3 distinct clinical categories. Acute silicosis is the least common form and occurs with high exposures of silica dust in a short time frame. Patients with prolonged exposures at low concentrations have the highest risk of developing chronic silicosis. Chronic silicosis is the classic presentation of silicosis with a slow onset of symptoms. Accelerated silicosis has an earlier onset than chronic silicosis and presents within 5 to 10 years of exposure. Chronic silicosis and accelerated silicosis can lead to progressive massive fibrosis, which is silica nodules merging together with associated fibrosis. Based on cumulative dose, patients with silica exposure had an independent increased risk of developing lung cancer, with an additional cumulative risk among smokers. Lung transplant should be considered in patients with silicosis who develop severe lung disease. There is no current role for any pharmacological agents in silicosis; however, there is ongoing research to identify possible pharmacological agents. The diagnosis of silicosis is made based on occupational history, appropriate radiographic findings, and exclusion of other potential etiologies. Prevention of silica dust exposure remains crucial to reduce damage to the lungs.
Antibody response to the Janssen/Johnson & Johnson SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.

In immunocompetent populations, the Janssen/Johnson & Johnson (J&J) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces antibody, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and offers protection against severe and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.1 2 This vaccine is an adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector expressing a stabilised SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) (Ad26.COV2.S), a platform without prior approval for use in the general population, or for patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD).3 Patients on immunosuppressive therapy were excluded from the clinical trials1 2 and early data have suggested that the J&J vaccine results in lower humoral immunity than mRNA vaccination in immunosuppressed transplant patients.4 Given the attenuated immunogenicity to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in certain patients with RMD,5 we studied the anti-spike antibody response to J&J SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with RMD and compared them to recipients of the mRNA series. We used our prospective cohort of patients with RMD who underwent SARS-CoV-2 vaccination between December 2020 and May 2021.5 We collected information on demographics, rheumatic diagnoses and immunosuppressive medications. One month following completion of vaccine series (J&J or mRNA), serologic testing on the semi-quantitative Roche Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S enzyme immunoassay, which tests for antibodies against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, was completed. We compared the percentage of participants with detectable anti-RBD antibody in the J&J group (n=45) to the mRNA group (n=994) using Fisher’s exact test (online supplemental table 1). We compared the two …
Hydrogen Passivation in Semiconductors

Hydrogen is ubiquitous in the environment and has gained recognition as an important impurity in semiconduction [1-4]. Hydrogen can be introduced into semiconductors intentionally, for example from a hydrogen-containing plasma, or unintentionally during crystal growth or many of the subsequent stages of device processing. Once incorporated, atomic hydrogen diffuses rapidly and, in many cases, forms neutral complexes with crystal defects and impurities. Even though a variety of hydrogen-related complexes were known that involve impurities in Ge [2, 5] or deep levels defects [2, 6], it was the discovery of the passivation of shallow acceptors in Si [7, 8] that launched a great many experimental and theoretical studies. Following the observation of acceptor passivation in Si, the hydrogen-passivation of a variety of nand p-type dopants in elemental and compound semiconduction was demonstrated [1-4]. The fundamental understanding of hydrogen-related defects in semiconductors has improved greatly in recent years due to the strong interaction between experiment and computational theory [4, 9]. The hydrogen-passivated shallow donor and acceptor impurities, which will be described in this paper, have become the best understood hydrogen-containing complexes.
WE-G-BRA-06: Application of Systems and Control Theory-Based Hazard Analysis to Radiotherapy

Purpose: The process of delivering radiation occurs in a complex socio-technical system heavily reliant on human operators. Furthermore, both humans and software are notoriously challenging to account for in traditional hazard analysis models. High reliability industries such as aviation have approached this problem through using hazard analysis techniques grounded in systems and control theory. The purpose of this work is to apply the Systems Theoretic Accident Model Processes (STAMP) hazard model to radiotherapy. In particular, the System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) approach is used to perform a hazard analysis of a proposed on-line adaptive cranial radiosurgery procedure that omits the CT Simulation step and uses only CBCT for planning, localization, and treatment. Methods: The STPA procedure first requires the definition of high-level accidents and hazards leading to those accidents. From there, hierarchical control structures were created followed by the identification and description of control actions for each control structure. Utilizing these control structures, unsafe states of each control action were created. Scenarios contributing to unsafe control action states were then identified and translated into system requirements to constrain process behavior within safe boundaries. Results: Ten control structures were created for this new CBCT-only process which covered the areas of hospital and department management, treatment design and delivery, and vendor service. Twenty three control actions were identified that contributed to over 80 unsafe states of those control actions resulting in over 220 failure scenarios. Conclusion: The interaction of people, hardware, and software are highlighted through the STPA approach. STPA provides a hierarchical model for understanding the role of management decisions in impacting system safety so that a process design requirement can be traced back to the hazard and accident that it is intended to mitigate. Varian Medical Systems, Inc.
Prenatal care utilization among low-income African American women.

The purpose of this study was to assess prenatal care utilization among low-income African American women, examine the relations of demographic and other selected variables to the adequacy of prenatal care utilization, and to describe the women's positive and negative experiences with prenatal care. The sample consisted of 126 African American women who had a child 1 year old or younger. A structured interview developed by the investigator was used. Adequacy of prenatal care utilization (APNCU) was calculated using Kotelchuck's index (Kotelchuck, 1994b). The findings indicated that 13% of the women did not receive any prenatal care and that only 50.8% of the women had adequate utilization of prenatal care. Women who perceived prenatal care as important utilized the services significantly more than other women, chi 2(1, N = 126) = 8.04, p = .01. Demographic variables, presence of health problems during pregnancy, and whether or not pregnancy was planned were not significantly related to APNCU. Several positive aspects of prenatal care were expressed by the women, and 24% of those who obtained care stated that there was nothing negative about it. The negative experiences mentioned by some women were clinic waiting time, waking up in the morning, transportation difficulties, having morning sickness, and disliking seeing a doctor.
Meaningful Activity in Later Life: 100 Religious Sisters Provide Models and Suggestions

After-retirement activity has long been of interest to those who work with older persons and to older people themselves. Particularly, if one's work focused on the provision of service to others, certain activities of that service-work continue over time and within the new structures of later life. Later, work may diminish and selected leisure activities fill more of the new-found free time. This paper is a report of insight gained during interviews with 100 religious sisters, aged 64-95, whose four communities have missions focused in service to others. The volunteer participants discussed current involvements, interests in further learning, and recommendations to other older persons for continuing lives of meaningful involvement.
A Comparison of Satellite Drag Measurement Techniques

The effect of atmospheric drag on a satellite makes it possible to measure atmospheric density. Two approaches have been proposed: (1) Accelerometers may be mounted in the satellite to measure the vehicle acceleration which, together with the satellite mass, determines the drag force; (2) Alternatively, a drag-free satellite control system may be used. In this approach, an unsupported, shielded proof mass is used as a reference. The satellite is forced to follow the proof mass by thrustors which are actuated whenever the satellite approaches the proof mass. The proof mass is shielded by the satellite and is therefore free of drag, and the satellite follows the same orbit. Therefore, the control thrust must equal the drag force on the average. By measuring the control, the drag can be determined. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. The relative measurement accuracy and bandwidth, calibration techniques, operating convenience and the effect of orbit longevity as a function of payload are discussed.
Symptomatic Cerebral Air Embolism after Central Venous Catheter Removal. (P1.034)

OBJECTIVE: To report an unusual cause of acute ischemic stroke that resulted from air embolism after central venous catheter removal. BACKGROUND: Air in the magnetic field has very low magnetic susceptibility and can cause signal loss on MRI, especially on GRE. The positive findings of cerebral air embolism on a T2-weight gradient-echo image were previously reported. To our knowledge, no serial DWI and GRE in patients with cerebral air embolism have been reported. DESIGN/METHODS: A 76-year-old female was admitted to the ICU for treatment of septic shock secondary to urinary tract infection complicated by gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding. She required central line placement for vascular access. The patient improved significantly after treatment with antibiotics and IV fluid replacement. Thereafter, central venous catheter was removed. Soon after removal of the catheter the patient developed acute onset of severe left sided weakness and global aphasia. Neurological examination showed complete left sided hemiplegia with complete sensory loss, right gaze preference, severe aphasia, left upper motor neuron facial weakness and left hemi-neglect. CT scan showed multiple small air bubbles at the right frontal sulcus. MRI revealed the acute ischemic changes corresponding to the prior CT scan with multiple low intensity lesions on gradient-echo imaging. The follow up GRE demonstrated near resolution of hypointense lesions. Given the relevant history and the radiographic results, cerebral air embolism was our impression. Transthoracic echocardiogram confirmed the presence of an intra-cardiac shunt (PFO). The patient had excellent recovery over the next few days with significant improvement of the neurological deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Central air embolism is a rare complication of central venous catheter removal or insertion. GRE or DWI is useful for diagnosis of cerebral air embolism. Clinician should be aware of this uncommon complication and take the necessary precaution to prevent it. Disclosure: Dr. Ferdous has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tantikittichaikul has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hasan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Eldokla has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose.
Nasal Place Neutralization in Spanish

I have two goals in this paper. One is to deconstruct the account of nasal place neutralization processes in Spanish given by Harris (1984ab), and to demonstrate that the typological predictions that it appears to make are falsified by neutralization patterns in languages other than Spanish. The spirit (if not the letter) of Harris’ account is at the heart of a great deal of work on the autosegmental analysis of neutralization, and I follow Lombardi (1999) in the abandonment of this approach in favor of a typologically more accurate one involving Optimality Theoretic constraint interaction. My second goal is to provide a novel account of the distinct results of final nasal neutralization in different varieties of Spanish, one that satisfactorily explains the observed variation via the interaction of independently motivated constraints.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone increases tonic but not sensory-evoked activity of noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons in unanesthetized rats

These studies were designed to further test the hypothesis that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released from axons innervating the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and serves to activate these neurons during stress responses. Specifically, the effects of exogenous CRH on the electrophysiological activity of LC neurons in unanesthetized rats were characterized. Intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) injection of CRH (0.3–3.0 micrograms) caused a dose-dependent increase in LC spontaneous discharge rates that became statistically significant 6–9 min after injection and was still evident 30–40 min later. A 1.0 and 3.0 micrograms amount of CRH caused peak increases of 86 +/- 32% and 184 +/- 29% (SEM), respectively. In contrast, neither the lowest dose of CRH (0.3 microgram) nor a high dose of Ala 14CRH (3.0 micrograms), an inactive analog of CRH, altered LC spontaneous activity. The effects of CRH administration on sensory- evoked activity of LC neurons were also determined. As previously reported (Foote et al., 1980; Aston-Jones and Bloom, 1981b), the repeated presentation of auditory tone stimuli resulted in a brief enhancement of LC discharge, which was usually followed by a period of relatively decreased activity. Administration of 1.0 or 3.0 micrograms CRH enhanced basal discharge during sensory testing, but discharge rates during the excitatory component of the sensory response were not altered. Quantitative analyses revealed that these doses of CRH produced a statistically significant decrease in the ratio of sensory- evoked to basal discharge rates. Additional analyses of the temporal distribution of discharge activity for individual recording sites during sensory testing demonstrated that 1.0 and 3.0 micrograms CRH altered relative response magnitudes to a statistically significant extent in 7 of 10 and 5 of 7 cases, respectively, while 0.3 microgram CRH and 3.0 micrograms Ala 14CRH were without effect. The present results are consistent with previous studies of CRH effects on LC activity in anesthetized rats (Valentino et al., 1983; Valentino and Foote, 1987). However, in unanesthetized animals, CRH is more potent in increasing tonic activity and does not decrease the absolute magnitude of sensory-evoked activity. The present results support the hypothesis that CRH released from fibers innervating the LC may affect the tonic activity of these cells and the relationship between tonic discharge and phasic, sensory-evoked activity.
Computations in generic representation theory: maps from symmetric powers to composite functors

I fFq is the nite eld of order q and characteristic p ,l etF(q) be the category whose objects are functors from nite dimensional Fq{vector spaces to Fq{vector spaces, and with morphisms the natural transformations between such functors. Important families of objects in F(q) include the families Sn;S n ; n ; S n ,a ndcT n ,w ithc 2 Fq(n), dened by Sn(V )= (V n )n ,S n (V )= V n =n , n (V )= n th exterior power of V , S(V )= S(V )=(p th powers), and cT n (V )= c(V n ). Fixing F , we discuss the problem of computing HomF(q)(Sm;FG), for all m, given knowledge of HomF(q)(Sm;G) for all m .W henq = p ,w e get a complete answer for any functor F chosen from the families listed above. Our techniques involve Steenrod algebra technology, and, indeed, our most striking example, when F = S n , arose in recent work on the homology of iterated loopspaces.
ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI OF CLASSIC SEROTYPES ASSOCIATED WITH INFANT DIARRHEA: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

A series of O:H serotypes of E. coli were incriminated by epidemiologic studies in the period 1945-1960 as a cause of epidemic diarrhea in infant nurseries as well as a major cause of sporadic infant diarrhea in the community. The term enteropathogenic E. coli was coined to refer to these infant diarrhea-associated serotypes. In the early 1970s, with the advent of laboratory tests to assess heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxin production and enteroinvasiveness of E. coli, the classic serotype enteropathogenic E. coli strains were found to lack those particular properties. These observations led some to question their pathogenicity. However, since 1978, enteropathogenic E. coli have come to be appreciated anew as a separate class of diarrheagenic E. coli that cause diarrhea by distinct pathogenic mechanisms. The pathogenesis of these strains, which have been shown to cause diarrhea in volunteers, appears to involve both an enteroadhesiveness step and production of a toxin identical to Shigella toxin. A 55- to 65-Mdalton plasmid is involved in the attachment of enteropathogenic E. coli to intestinal mucosa which results in a pathognomonic histopathologic lesion visualized by electron microscopy. The lesion involves dissolution of enterocyte microvilli by the bacteria, effacement of the enterocyte outer membrane, and formation of a pedestal around the bacterium at point of contact with the outer membrane of the enterocyte. Case-control epidemiologic studies carried out since 1975 document that enteropathogenic E. coli remain an important cause of sporadic infant diarrhea in the community with up to 30 per cent of cases of acute diarrhea in young infants in Brazil and South Africa being attributed to these pathogens. Although nursery epidemics of enteropathogenic E. coli diarrhea have virtually disappeared from industrialized countries, some sporadic enteropathogenic E. coli diarrhea in infants in the community continues to occur. The relative importance of enteropathogenic E. coli as a cause of sporadic diarrhea in both industrialized and developing countries needs to be reassessed. New diagnostic techniques are awaited to simplify this task.
A calcaneus attributable to the primitive late Eocene anthropoid Proteopithecus sylviae: phenetic affinities and phylogenetic implications.

A well-preserved calcaneus referrable to Proteopithecus sylviae from the late Eocene Quarry L-41 in the Fayum Depression, Egypt, provides new evidence rele- vant to this taxon's uncertain phylogenetic position. We assess morphological affinities of the new specimen using three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses with a comparative sample of primate calcanei representing major extinct and extant radiations (n 5 58 genera, 106 specimens). Our analyses reveal that the calcaneal mor- phology of Proteopithecus is most similar to that of the younger Fayum parapithecid Apidium. Principal compo- nents analysis places Apidium and Proteopithecus in an intermediate position between primitive euprimates and crown anthropoids, based primarily on landmark configu- rations corresponding to moderate distal elongation, a more distal position of the peroneal tubercle, and a relatively "unflexed" calcaneal body. Proteopithecus and Apidium are similar to cercopithecoids and some omomyi- forms in having an ectal facet that is more tightly curved, along with a larger degree of proximal calcaneal elongation, whereas other Fayum anthropoids, platyrrhines and adapi- forms have a more open facet with less proximal elongation. The similarity to cercopithecoids is most plausibly inter- preted as convergence given the less tightly curved ectal facets of stem catarrhines. The primary similarities between Proteopithecus and platyrrhines are mainly in the moderate distal elongation and the more distal position of the peroneal tubercle, both of which are not unique to these groups. Proteopithecus and Apidium exhibit derived anthropoid features, but also a suite of primitive retentions. The calcaneal morphology of Proteopithecus is consistent with our cladistic analysis, which places proteopithecids as a sister group of Parapithecoidea. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:372-397, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors affecting follow-up among low-income women with breast abnormalities.

Purpose: To assess factors affecting follow-up care among low-income women after identification of a breast abnormality. Methods: Women with a newly discovered breast abnormality were selected from one public hospital and two comprehensive health centers (CHCs) in Los Angeles county. Twelve months later, a telephone survey and medical chart review were conducted. Results: Of the 535 respondents, 8.6% received no follow-up care. Among those with follow-up care, 29.4% received inadequate care (did not initiate follow-up in a timely manner or did not complete all recommended procedures). Factors affecting receipt of any follow-up care included having the index visit at a CHC vs. a hospital (OR 2.79, CI 1.20-6.50), patient uncertainty about where to receive care (OR 0.24, CI 0.07-0.77), and recommendation of a clinical breast examination (CBE) (OR 0.12, CI 0.04-0.40) or 6-month mammogram (OR 0.11, CI 0.04-0.31) vs. a diagnostic mammogram as a first follow-up procedure. Factors affecting receipt of adequate fo...
Evaluating Popcorn as a Potential Refuge of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Popcorn was evaluated in a series of experiments conducted over four growing seasons for its potential as a refuge for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Objectives of these studies were to determine whether more larvae were produced in popcorn than in field corn and to determine how popcorn influenced female oviposition and larval distribution in neighboring field corn. Two varieties of popcorn (M140, 105d and M3374Y, 118d), one mixture of popcorn (50% 105d and 50% 118d), and field corn (DK580, 108d) were evaluated. Number of egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and larvae were significantly higher in popcorn compared with field corn. Moth oviposition and larval distribution were evaluated using 105d popcorn embedded in several cornfields across Iowa. The row of field corn adjacent to popcorn had significantly more larvae compared with background field corn. In larger field experiments, O. nubilalis larval survival after overwintering was significantly different, with 2.2-18.7 times more O. nubilalis larvae surviving in popcorn than field corn. The potential use of popcorn as an O. nubilalis refuge for genetically engineered corn is considered.
InProcDiskSim: testing database recovery on commodity disk drives

Database recovery mechanisms depend on various guarantees provided by the underlying storage media. With the changing industrial landscape, database systems are deployed on storage media that may not provide all the guarantees that traditional implementations may have relied on. In the absence of these stricter guarantees, enhancements may have to be made to the database engine to support newer storage media. Testing database recoverability with the new implementation requires simulation of predictable failure conditions which may be difficult, costly and error-prone. In this paper we present our experience in testing the enhancements made to enforce recoverability in the absence of write-through guarantees in commodity disks. We propose InProcDiskSim, a test framework that simulates the relevant features of the storage media running in the same process as the database engine, thereby providing a cheap, predictable and programmatic method to test context specific failure conditions. We also discuss how our methods apply beyond the specific feature that they were originally used to test.
Improving the Physical Diagnosis Skills of Third-year Medical Students: A Controlled Trial of a Literature-based Curriculum

OBJECTIVE: To determine if a literature-based physical diagnosis curriculum could improve student knowledge, skill, and self-confidence in physical diagnosis. DESIGN: Prospective controlled trial of an educational intervention. SETTING: Required internal medicine clerkship for third-year medical students at Brown Medical School. PARTICIPANTS: Third-year medical students who completed the internal medicine clerkship during the academic year 1999–2000: 32 students at 1 clerkship site received the intervention; a total of 50 students at 3 other clerkship sites served as controls. INTERVENTION: Physical diagnosis curriculum based on 8 articles from the Journal of the American Medical Association’s Rational Clinical Examination series. Intervention students met weekly for 1 hour with a preceptor to review each article, discuss the sensitivity and specificity of the maneuvers and findings, and practice the techniques with an inpatient who agreed to be visited and examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Physical diagnosis knowledge for the 8 topics was evaluated using a 22-item multiple choice question quiz, skill was evaluated using trained evaluators, and self-confidence was assessed using an end-of-clerkship survey. Intervention students scored significantly higher than the control group on the knowledge quiz (mean correct score 70% vs 63%, P=.002), skills assessment (mean correct score 90% vs 54%, P<.001), and self-confidence score (mean total score 40 vs 35, P=.003), and they expressed greater satisfaction with the physical diagnosis teaching they received in the clerkship. CONCLUSION: This physical diagnosis curriculum was successful in improving students’ knowledge, skill, and self-confidence in physical diagnosis.
An efficient graph sparsification approach to scalable harmonic balance (HB) analysis of strongly nonlinear RF circuits

In the past decades, harmonic balance (HB) has been widely used for computing steady-state solutions of nonlinear radio-frequency (RF) and microwave circuits. However, using HB for simulating strongly nonlinear RF circuits still remains a very challenging task. Although direct solution methods can be adopted to handle moderate to strong nonlinearities in HB analysis, such methods do not scale efficiently with large-scale problems due to excessively long simulation time and huge memory consumption. In this work, we present a novel graph sparsification approach for generating preconditioners that can be efficiently applied for simulating strongly nonlinear RF circuits. Our approach first sparsifies RF circuit matrices that can be subsequently leveraged for sparsifying the entire HB Jacobian matrix. We show that the resultant sparsified Jacobian matrix can be used as a robust yet efficient preconditioner in HB analysis. Our experimental results show that when compared with existing state-of-the-art direct solvers, the proposed HB solver can more efficiently handle moderate to strong nonlinearities during the HB analysis of RF circuits, achieving more than 10X speedups and 8X memory reductions.
It takes two: a brief report examining mutual support between parents and teens learning to drive.

Parental supervision of teen drivers has been identified as a way to mitigate teen crash risk. However, we know little about what motivates parents to be engaged supervisors throughout all phases of the learning-to-drive process. As a result, we are just beginning to understand what factors might motivate parents to actively supervise pre-license practice. In the current study, we examine how the provision of social support between parent and teen dyads might relate to parents' intention to remain engaged supervisors for the entire learner phase. Participants were a national sample of 309 teens with learner permits (age range 15-17 years, M (SD) 16.1 (0.8)) and a parent practice supervisor in the United States. Results indicated that parents in mutually supportive dyads reported stronger intentions to be engaged in their teens' practice driving over the course of the permit phase as compared to dyads where both members reported receiving low support: (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 2.02 [1.04, 3.94]; p=0.038). No benefit was observed for only having one member of the dyad provide support, irrespective of it being the parent or the teen. Future research on this topic should consider reciprocal parent-teen interactions as potential determinates of parent driving supervision behaviors. Language: en
Filarial excretory-secretory products induce human monocytes to produce lymphangiogenic mediators.

The nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. infect over 120 million people worldwide, causing lymphedema, elephantiasis and hydrocele, collectively known as lymphatic filariasis. Most infected individuals appear to be asymptomatic, but many exhibit sub-clinical manifestations including the lymphangiectasia that likely contributes to the development of lymphedema and elephantiasis. As adult worm excretory-secretory products (ES) do not directly activate lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), we investigated the role of monocyte/macrophage-derived soluble factors in the development of filarial lymphatic pathology. We analyzed the production of IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naive donors following stimulation with filarial ES products. ES-stimulated PBMCs produced significantly more IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A compared to cells cultured in medium alone; CD14+ monocytes appear to be the primary producers of IL-8 and VEGF-A, but not IL-6. Furthermore, IL-8, IL-6 and VEGF-A induced in vitro tubule formation in LEC Matrigel cultures. Matrigel plugs supplemented with IL-8, IL-6, VEGF-A, or with supernatants from ES-stimulated PBMCs and implanted in vivo stimulated lymphangiogenesis. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that monocytes/macrophages exposed to filarial ES products may modulate lymphatic function through the secretion of soluble factors that stimulate the vessel growth associated with the pathogenesis of filarial disease.
A complete algorithm for linear fractional programs

Abstract The linear fractional programming (LFP) algorithms attempt to optimize a quotient of two linear functions subject to a set of linear constraints. The existing LFP algorithms are problem dependent and none is superior to others in all cases. These algorithms explicitly require: (i) the denominator of the objective function does not vanish in the feasible region; (ii) the denominator of the objective function is positive; (iii) the feasible region is bounded. Moreover, some of these algorithms fail whenever: (iv) some constraints are redundant. We present a simplex type algorithm which is compact and efficiently detects conditions (i)-(iii) and relaxes assumption (iv). The proposed algorithm is evolutionary in the sense that it builds up in a systematic manner to solve any LFP type problems. Numerical examples illustrate the algorithm.
Rate of Synthesis of Non-Ribosomal RNA in Castrate Uterus after Oestradiol-17β Stimulation

OESTROGENS have been reported to stimulate preferentially the synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the castrate uterus1–4. Thus it has been suggested that 50% or more of the RNA that is synthesized in the oestrogen-stimulated uterus is ribosomal precursor RNA1,2,4. The concept is supported by the reports of enhanced ribosome formation during early oestrogen action5,6. It has also been shown, however, that during the first 6 h after oestrogen administration there is no increase in total uterine RNA in the rat uterus4,7 and also the castrate mouse uterus8. These findings seem to be incompatable with the idea that much of the RNA that is synthesized during this first 6 h is ribosomal precursor RNA, most of which accumulates as new stable rRNA. Determination of the absolute rates of total RNA synthesis in vivo should provide some insight into the amounts of various species of RNA that are synthesized after oestrogen administration. Data presented here for the rate of total RNA synthesis strongly suggest that all except a small portion of the RNA that is being synthesized at 4 h after oestrogen stimulation is unstable in vivo and hence is not ribosomal precursor RNA.
How symmetry restricts symmetric choice

Abstract In a symmetric choice experiment, the share of response found on the i th alternative, or state, S i , is proportional to f ( S i ), a weight function that describes the results. The form of f is restricted by the symmetries of the experimental situation through a functional equation. The response distribution must obey that equation and the extraction of a satisfactory theoretical expression for it is analogous to the standard procedures used with differential equations to analyze mechanical systems. It is shown that every symmetric choice function, f , is equivalent to a simpler, normal function, the product of whose separate values is unity. This can simplify the discovery of simple formulas underlying otherwise obscure numerical results. Applications are given to behavioral problems. Applicability to symmetric neural channels (such as paired optic or auditory nerves) is noted.
Oxygen-dependent chemical tumorigenesis in a Nicotiana hybrid: inhibition by ascorbic acid and dinitrophenol.

Abstract Aqueous solutions of molecular oxygen, per se, or in combination with either pyrogallol or 6-azauracil increased tumorigenesis in Nicotiana suaveolens × Nicotiana langsdorffii seedlings relative to control seedlings. The biological activities of the organic chemicals were O 2 -dependent, because the substitution of N 2 or O 2 or the degassing of 0.1–1 mM solutions of the compounds eliminated or greatly reduced their tumorigenic effects. Rates of tumorigenesis exceeded 95% for 0.5 mM solutions of either pyrogallol or 6-azauracil solutions in the presence of 1 mM O 2 . Although tumors developed in 20% of seedlings in the presence of 1 mM O 2 , alone, 4–5 times more tumors were induced by the organic chemical-O 2 -H 2 O systems. Dinitrophenol and ascorbic acid, compounds which affect cellular respiration or redox systems, strongly inhibited the chemically-mediated tumorigenesis. Dinitrophenol was equally effective at one-tenth of the molar concentrations of ascorbic acid that were required for the suppressions of oncogenesis. Dehydroascorbic acid was much less inhibitory than ascorbic acid.
An experimentally verified model for calcite precipitation in veins

Calcite is commonly found as a vein-filling mineral in rocks. However, the factors controlling its deposition are complex and not well understood in quantitative terms. In order to advance our understanding of the processes involved, we have refined the model for calcium carbonate mass transport in subsurface carbonate rocks of Morse and Mackenzie (1993) and developed a new experimental technique to test it. This technique uses a flow-through reactor that simulates a vein opening. Agreement was observed between model predictions and experimental observations for the deposition of calcite in synthetic veins. The influences of surface area to solution volume ratio, solution saturation state with respect to calcite, and flow velocity were well predicted by the model. The model predicts that in order to have a fairly uniform deposition of calcite within a vein, solution flow must be quite rapid (tens to thousands of cm h−1) or the solution must be only slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite. A low degree of solution supersaturation demands what may be unreasonably large volumes of solution flow to achieve vein filling for the vein configuration we have studied.
Differential equations and Hecke operators

Abstract Certain classes of linear ordinary differential equations are closely linked to automorphic forms of one variable. We construct Hecke operators on the space of certain nonhomogeneous linear ordinary differential equations that are compatible with the usual Hecke operators on automorphic forms.
Authentic Assessment: Testing in Reality

R ecen tly a sign iÞ can t ch an ge h as occu rred in th e types of in stru ction al strate-gies th at are bein g u sed in ed u cation in gen eral an d h igh er ed u cation in p ar-ticu lar. A lth ou gh th e lectu re-an d -d iscu ssion m eth od s are still th e d om in an tm od e of in stru ction , som e facu lty h ave begu n to h eed th e ad vice of B arr an dT agg (1995) to m ove to a learn in g p arad igm in w h ich th e learn er becom esan active con stru ctor rath er th an a p assive recip ien t of k n ow led ge. If th osew h o are m ak in g th e ch an ge are d oin g so becau se th ey h ave actu ally ad op tedth e p h ilosop h y beh in d th e learn in g p arad igm , th ey m u st realize th at w ith itcom es th e n eed to ad op t a n ew assessm en t p arad igm as w ell. If in stru ctionis b eco m in g m o re learn er cen tered , th en assessm en t sh o u ld h ead in th atd irection as w ell (A n d erson an d Sp eck , 1998).
Run II physics at the Fermilab Tevatron and advanced analysis methods

The Fermilab Tevatron has the unique opportunity to explore physics at the electroweak scale with the highest ever proton-antiproton collision energy of {radical}s = 1.96 TeV and unprecedented luminosity. About 20 times more data is expected to be collected during the first phase of the collider Run II which is in its second year of data-taking. The second phase of Run II, expected to begin in 2005, will increase the integrated luminosity to about 10-15 fb{sup -1}. Discovering a low mass Higgs boson and evidence for Supersymmetry or for other new physics beyond the Standard Model are the main physics goals for Run II. It is widely recognized that the use of advanced analysis methods will be crucial to achieve these goals. I discuss the current status of Run II at the Tevatron, prospects and foreseen applications of advanced analysis methods.
Influence Of Sea Ice And Sea Ice Biota On Downwelling Irradiance And Spectral Composition Of Light In McMurdo Sound

A dense population of microalgae grows in the lower layers of annual sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. The attenuation of light by surface snow, congelation and platelet sea ice, and ice microalgae was measured using an underwater spectroradiometer with a cosine collector. The in vivo absorption spectrum derived from in situ light measurements was com-parable to the in vivo absorption spectrum measured in the laboratory. Microalgae demonstrated an absorption peak at about 675 nm and a broad peak between 450 and 550 nm. Absorption of light by ice microalgae affects not only the total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) but also the spectral composition of radiation available to under-ice phytoplankton. Thus biological as well as physical properties of sea ice determine the under-ice light field in polar oceans.