cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach for exploring code improving transformations

Although code transformations are routinely applied to improve the performance of programs for both scalar and parallel machines, the properties of code-improving transformations are not well understood. In this article we present a framework that enables the exploration, both analytically and experimentally, of properties of code-improving transformations. The major component of the framework is a specification language, Gospel, for expressing the conditions needed to safely apply a transformation and the actions required to change the code to implement the transformation. The framework includes a technique that facilitates an analytical investigation of code-improving transformations using the Gospel specifications. It also contains a tool, Genesis, that automatically produces a transformer that implements the transformations specified in Gospel. We demonstrate the usefulness of the framework by exploring the enabling and disabling properties of transformations. We first present analytical results on the enabling and disabling properties of a set of code transformations, including both traditional and parallelizing transformations, and then describe experimental results showing the types of transformations and the enabling and disabling interactions actually found in a set of programs.
Analytical cache models with applications to cache partitioning

An accurate, tractable, analytic cache model for time-shared systems is presented, which estimates the overall cache miss-rate of a multiprocessing system with any cache size and time quanta. The input to the model consists of the isolated miss-rate curves for each process, the time quanta for each of the executing processes, and the total cache size. The output is the overall miss-rate. Trace-driven simulations demonstrate that the estimated miss-rate is very accurate. Since the model provides a fast and accurate way to estimate the effect of context switching, it is useful for both understanding the effect of context switching on caches and optimizing cache performance for time-shared systems. A cache partitioning mechanism is also presented and is shown to improve the cache miss-rate up to 25% over the normal LRU replacement policy.
Intracellular phospho‐protein staining techniques for flow cytometry: Monitoring single cell signaling events

Background Recent advances in intracellular staining techniques, cytometer technology, fluorescent reagents, and antibody production have expanded the number of intracellular antigens that can be analyzed by flow cytometry. Measurement of protein phosphorylation with phospho-specific antibodies has given insight into kinase signaling cascades. However, available techniques for phospho-epitope staining can differ greatly, making it necessary to understand the differences between the outcomes when such techniques are applied and to develop robust and reproducible methods of application. Methods Ten different cellular fixation and permeabilization techniques were tested for their ability to provide phospho-specific staining. Combinations of formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, acetone, Triton X-100, and saponin were used as fixation and permeabilization reagents. Phospho-specific antibodies were labeled with Alexa Fluor dyes to provide multicolor analysis of different signaling events simultaneously within individual cells. Results Fixing cells with 1.5% formaldehyde followed by permeabilization in methanol gave optimal results for pERK, pp38, pJNK, pStat1, pStat5, and pStat6 staining. Alteration of formaldehyde fixation and methanol permeabilization times affected measurements of phosphorylation induction. Phospho-specific flow cytometric analyses correlated well with Western blotting, providing cross platform validation of the technique. Conclusions Measuring phosphorylation events by flow cytometry provides a rapid and efficient way to measure kinase cascades in individual cells. Stability of phospho-epitopes in methanol allows long-term storage of samples prior to analysis. Multiple signaling cascades can be monitored simultaneously through the use of different fluorophore labels to determine specificity of ligands or inhibitors. Application of optimized techniques to heterogeneous cell types such as peripheral blood or murine splenocytes may allow signaling to be analyzed simultaneously in immune cell subsets. Cytometry Part A 55A:61–70, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Sexuality in Folklore in a Nigerian Society

This article probes the place of sexuality in Anang culture as mirrored through folktales, drama, and observation of real behavior. The authors show that the “fit” between real culture and folklore is almost perfect in the area of sexuality. Important also is the ability of the authors to show the usefulness of folklore analysis to ethnographic research and to share important data from a segment of human social life that is not often made available.
Dust-induced degradation of solar arrays on Mars

The atmosphere of Mars contains a considerable amount of suspended dust. This dust will settle out of the atmosphere and deposit onto the surfaces of solar arrays, resulting in degradation of performance. The amount of dust coverage and the amount of performance lost is calculated, using available data on Martian conditions. Since the amount of dust in the atmosphere varies, the degradation of array performance could be between a half percent and 50% over a 30 day mission, and between 20% and 90% over a 2-year mission.
MEMBRANE EQUILIBRIA AND THE ELECTRIC CHARGE OF RED BLOOD CELLS.

It has been shown, within the probable limit of error of the methods of measurement employed, that the Donnan equilibrium determines the distribution of H and Cl ions between the cell and the surrounding fluid. This equilibrium is a consequence of the impermeability of the cell membrane to the inorganic cations of the cell. The mechanism responsible for this equilibrium is suggested as that concerned in the secretion of HCl by the cells of the gastric mucosa. If the salt concentration of the medium is low there may result from the Donnan equilibrium a thermodynamic P.D. of considerable magnitude. In the presence of low concentrations of electrolytes, this P.D. is to be regarded as positive in sign at reactions of the medium at which the cataphoretic charge of the cell is negative in sign. The explanation of this discrepancy in sign of charge may lie in the existence at an outer phase-boundary of a second Donnan equilibrium the nature of which is determined by the ionization of the protein of the cell membrane.
Fabrication and tensile properties of continuous-fiber reinforced Ni3Al−Al2O3 composites

Continuous-fiber reinforced metal-matrix composites consisting of Ni{sub 3}Al alloys and Saphikon Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} single crystal fibers were fabricated by hot-pressing of fiber-foil lay-ups. Two matrix compositions were employed, namely, IC50 (Ni--22.5Al--0.5Zr--0.1B, at. %) and IC396M (Ni--15.9Al--8.0Cr--0.5Zr--1.7Mo--0.02B, at. %). Etching of the foils in aqueous FeCl{sub 3} solution prior to lay-up and hot-pressing tended to improve fiber-matrix bonding and the density-normalized room temperature yield stress. Whereas strength improvements for the IC50 matrix were only moderate, significant improvements were found for a IC396M composite reinforced with 10 vol. % of Saphikon fibers.
Comprehensive Assessment of Gastric Emptying with a Stable Isotope Breath Test

Background The [13C]-Spirulina platensis gastric emptying breath test (GEBT) with five samples is accurate relative to scintigraphy. This study was primarily designed to further validate this GEBT using a slightly different process for incorporating [13C] in Spirulina and to evaluate the utility of additional samples for assessing early gastric emptying. Methods After a 223 kcal, test meal labeled with 99mTc and [13C]-S. platensis, scintigraphic images, and five breath samples (45, 90, 120, 180, and 240 min, GEBT5) were collected in 14 controls (Part A). In Part B, nine breath samples were collected at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min (GEBT9) in 30 subjects (15 controls, 15 dyspepsia). Using correlation between [13C] breath excretion and scintigraphic emptying, lag time (t10, time for 10% emptying), emptying at 30 min (GE30), and half time (t50) were estimated for GEBT5 (Parts A and B) and GEBT9 (Part B). Key Results Half time values for scintigraphy, GEBT5, and GEBT9 were highly concordant. t10 by GEBT9 (90%CI, 6–15 min) was more strongly correlated [CCC 0.80 (95% CI, 0.63–0.90)] with scintigraphy (90% CI, 5–12 min), than GEBT5 [10–19 min, CCC 0.73 (95% CI, 0.54–0.85)]. The correlation between estimated values (GEBT9) and linearly interpolated values (GEBT5) was closer at 60 [CCC 0.95 (95% CI, 0.91–0.97)] than 30 min [CCC 0.81 (95% CI, 0.71–0.89)]. Conclusions & Inferences The [13C]-S. platensis GEBT can accurately measure GE. While 5- and 9-samples are equally accurate for measuring t50, GEBT9 provides a more comprehensive assessment of early GE (t10 and GE30).
Eph/ephrin interactions modulate muscle satellite cell motility and patterning.

SUMMARY During development and regeneration, directed migration of cells, including neural crest cells, endothelial cells, axonal growth cones and many types of adult stem cells, to specific areas distant from their origin is necessary for their function. We have recently shown that adult skeletal muscle stem cells (satellite cells), once activated by isolation or injury, are a highly motile population with the potential to respond to multiple guidance cues, based on their expression of classical guidance receptors. We show here that, in vivo, differentiated and regenerating myofibers dynamically express a subset of ephrin guidance ligands, as well as Eph receptors. This expression has previously only been examined in the context of muscle-nerve interactions; however, we propose that it might also play a role in satellite cell-mediated muscle repair. Therefore, we investigated whether Eph-ephrin signaling would produce changes in satellite cell directional motility. Using a classical ephrin ‘stripe’ assay, we found that satellite cells respond to a subset of ephrins with repulsive behavior in vitro; patterning of differentiating myotubes is also parallel to ephrin stripes. This behavior can be replicated in a heterologous in vivo system, the hindbrain of the developing quail, in which neural crest cells are directed in streams to the branchial arches and to the forelimb of the developing quail, where presumptive limb myoblasts emigrate from the somite. We hypothesize that guidance signaling might impact multiple steps in muscle regeneration, including escape from the niche, directed migration to sites of injury, cell-cell interactions among satellite cell progeny, and differentiation and patterning of regenerated muscle.
Garnets as open systems during regional metamorphism

If a garnet fractures during metamorphism, its interior will be in chemical communication with matrix phases (solids and fluids) and may participate in late prograde or retrograde metamorphic reactions. The core of a growth-zoned garnet is unlikely to be in equilibrium with matrix phases and may react locally, in the vicinity of fractures, or extensively, resulting in dissolution and reprecipitation of the garnet interior and/or production of new phases. The results of petrologic techniques such as thermobarometry, pressure-temperature path calculations, and geochronometry may be misinterpreted if sites of garnet and mineral-inclusion compositional modification are not identified. Brittle fracturing of garnet during regional metamorphism may be facilitated by the presence of mineral inclusions. The conditions at which differential expansion of an inclusion relative to its host garnet are sufficient to cause radial cracking around the inclusion vary as a function of peak pressure, retrograde pressure-temperature path, and thermoelastic properties of the inclusion and garnet. Inclusion-induced fracturing is favored by nearly isothermal decompression, a common metamorphic pressure-temperature path. Other fractures may form as a result of propagation of an inclusion-host boundary or by mechanisms external to the garnet.
Repair of superior mesenteric artery ligation during left nephrectomy with a native renal vein patch

Injury to the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) during nephrectomy is a rare but potentially catastrophic complication. SMA injury during nephrectomy most commonly occurs with large tumors or bulky lymphadenopathy, with inadvertent injury or mistaken ligation of the SMA instead of the renal artery. Failure to recognize and repair an SMA injury results in ischemic bowel and death for most patients. We report a case of SMA ligation during left nephrectomy for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, review the intraoperative evaluation of suspected SMA injury, and describe our vascular repair using a vein patch from the native left renal vein.
Modeling manner of contact in the synthesis of impact sounds for perceptual research

Impact sounds synthesized according to a physical model have increasingly become the stimulus of choice in studies of sound source perception. Few studies, however, have incorporated manner of contact in their models because of the complexity of the mechanics involved. Here a simplified model of contact is described suitable for application to perceptual research. The results of the simplified model are shown to be in good agreement with those of more comprehensive numerical methods receiving prior acoustic validation [Chaigne and Lambourg, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 1422–1432 (2001)]. The advantages of the model for applications to perceptual research are discussed.
Substitution reactions of metallic complexes of β,β′,β″-triaminotriethylamine—IX: Kinetics of acid hydrolysis of dichloro(triaminotriethylamine) rhodium(III) ion

Abstract The kinetics of the primary acid hydrolysis reaction of [Rh(tren)Cl 2 ] + ion [tren = β,β′,β″-triaminotriethylamine, N(CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ) 3 ] were studied between 25 and 60·3°. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for the release of one chloride ion at 60·3° in 0·1 M HClO 4 was found to be 1·14 × 10 −3 sec −1 . This rate constant was independent of the initial concentration of the complex over the range of 0·58–1·9 mM and of pH from 1 to 5. Activation parameters were ΔH ∗ = 18·7 ± 0·8 kcal mole −1 and ΔS ∗ = −16·0 ± 2·0 cal deg −1 mole −1 . No evidence was found for a second aquation step.
Influence of obesity on femoral osteolysis five and ten years following total hip arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: The most important long-term complication following total hip arthroplasty is periprosthetic femoral osteolysis. A sizeable proportion of patients who undergo arthroplasty are obese. While patient activity, implant type, and quality of fixation are known risk factors for osteolysis, the literature concerning obesity is sparse and controversial. Our primary objective was to evaluate the influence of obesity on the risk of osteolysis five and ten years after primary total hip arthroplasty with a cemented stem. Secondary objectives were to evaluate clinical outcome and patient satisfaction. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients undergoing hip arthroplasty with a third-generation stem-cementing technique from 1996 to 2003. All patients were seen at five or ten years postoperatively. Radiographs and information regarding body-mass index (<25 kg/m(2) = normal weight, 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2) = overweight, and ≥ 30 kg/m(2) = obese) and activity were obtained. Activity was assessed with use of the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scale. Osteolysis was assessed radiographically. Clinical outcome measurements included the Harris hip and Merle d'Aubigne and Postel scores. RESULTS: Our study included 503 arthroplasties in 433 patients; the results of 241 (47.9%) of the arthroplasties were evaluated at five years and the results of 262 (52.1%), at ten years. Osteolysis was identified around forty-four stems, with twenty-four (13.3%) in 181 hips of normal-weight patients, eleven (5.4%) in 205 hips of overweight patients, and nine (7.7%) in 117 hips of obese patients. Normal-weight patients had the highest activity level (mean UCLA activity scale score [and standard deviation], 5.5 + or - 2.0 points), and obese patients had the lowest (mean UCLA activity scale score, 5.0 + or - 1.7 points). When adjusted for activity, cementing quality, and patient age and sex, the risk of osteolysis in obese patients was not increased as compared with that for overweight patients (adjusted odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.6 to 3.7), whereas the risk of femoral osteolysis in normal-weight patients was found to be significantly higher than that in overweight patients (adjusted odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.7). Clinical outcomes were similar among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found no increased risk of osteolysis around a cemented femoral stem in obese patients five and ten years after primary total hip arthroplasty. The highest prevalence of osteolysis was observed in normal-weight patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Cancer biomarker discovery via low molecular weight serum proteome profiling – Where is the tumor?

Time-course analyses of rapidly processed serum performed in parallel by SELDI and nanoscale LC-MS/MS have revealed the temporal correlation of several literature-based disease markers with ex vivo driven events such that their in vivo existence in healthy subjects is questionable. Identification by MS/MS reveals these putative biomarkers to be byproducts of the coagulation cascade and platelet activation and suggests plasmatic analysis may be preferred. In a pilot plasmatic study, a cohort of naive prostate cancer (PCa) samples were uniformly distinguished from their age-matched controls (n = 20) on the basis of multiple peptidic components; most notably by a derivative of complement C(4) at 1863 m/z (GLEEELQFSLGSKINVK, C4(1353-1369) ). The fully tryptic nature of this and other putative PCa discriminants is consistent with the cleavage specificity of common blood proteases and questions the need for tumor-derived proteolytic activities as has been proposed. In light of the known correlation of disregulated hemostasis with malignant disease, we suggest the underlying differentiating phenomena in these types of analyses may lie in the temporal disparity of sample activation such that the case (patient) samples are preactivated while the control samples are not.
IDEA: an infrastructure for detection-based adaptive consistency control in replicated services

In Internet-scale distributed and replicated services, poor consistency results in poor QoS or even monetary loss. Recent research focuses on enforcing a certain consistency level, instead of perfect consistency, to strike a balance between consistency guarantee and system's scalability. In this paper, we argue that it is equally, if not more, important to achieve adaptability. I.e., the system adjusts its consistency level on the fly to suit applications. ongoing need. This paper presents IDEA (an Infrastructure for DEtection-based Adaptive consistency control), a protocol that adaptively controls consistency in replicated services by detecting inconsistency among nodes in a timely manner via an inconsistency detection framework and resolving the detected inconsistencies efficiently when necessary. Through experimentation on Planet-Lab, IDEA is evaluated from two aspects: its adaptive interface and its performance of inconsistency resolution. Results show that IDEA achieves adaptability by adjusting the consistency level according to users. preference on-demand, and it achieves low inconsistency resolution delay and incurs minimal communication cost.
How to Perform EMI Testing within an Existing EMI Chamber on an EUT with Low Particle Count Cleanliness Requirements

The ability to perform EMI measurements on an EUT requiring cleanliness requirements has represented a significant obstacle for many compliance testing agencies. Whether due to inexperience or concern with overly restrictive requirements, many agencies simply decline the opportunity outright. This paper details the approach and techniques used to gauge viability of performing EMI measurement testing on high reliability hardware with low particle count clean room requirements. The main emphasis is on exploring various options, outlining and weighing the benefits of each technique as well as determining the pertinent parameters involved with making a clean environment within an EMI chamber capable of performing EMI measurements.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Case 1: A 52-year-old Caucasian retired police officer presented 3 years prior to diagnosis with the chief complaint of inability to exercise due to breathlessness. The patient was a long-distance walker who had given up this recreational activity due to dyspnea on exertion. He experienced an intermittent nonproductive cough without wheezing, chest pain, arthritis, or fevers. His past medical history was notable for childhood asthma, sinus polypectomy, seasonal allergies, and tobacco use of 37 pack years. His physical exam was only notable for mild obesity, oxygen desaturation on room air from 94% to 82% after walking 1500 ft, and scattered crackles throughout his lung fields bilaterally. Pulmonary function tests revealed no obstruction, mild restriction, and a moderate gas transfer defect. An elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of 360 was noted on his chemistry panel. Chest radiographs at initial presentation in 12/00 and at diagnosis 11/02 revealed bilateral interstitial/alveolar infiltrates (Figure 1). CT scanning revealed progression of bilateral ground glass alveolar infiltrates from presentation 1/01 to 11/02 (Figures 2A‐2F). Based on the characteristic CT findings, the patient underwent a bronchoalveolar lavage that was diagnostic for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) (Figure 3). Due to marked dyspnea and abnormal lung function, the patient was treated with whole lung lavage that led to a marked improvement in his exercise tolerance and pulmonary function tests, although only mild improvement on CT (Figures 2H‐2I). Case 2: A 49-year-old Caucasian state employee presented with persistent cold-like symp
Validation of object-induced MR distortion correction for frameless stereotactic neurosurgery

Spatial fidelity is a paramount issue in image guided neurosurgery. Until recently, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) has been the primary modality because it provides fast volume capture with pixel level (1 mm) accuracy. While three-dimensional magnetic resonance (3D MR) images provide superior anatomic information, published image capture protocols are time consuming and result in scanner- and object-induced magnetic field inhomogeneities which raise inaccuracy above pixel size. Using available scanner calibration software, a volumetric algorithm to correct for object-based geometric distortion, and a Fast Low Angle SHot (FLASH) 3D MR-scan protocol, the authors were able to reduce mean CT to MR skin-adhesed fiducial marker registration error from 1.36 to 1.09 mm. After dropping the worst one or two of six fiducial markers, mean registration error dropped to 0.62 mm (subpixel accuracy). Three dimensional object-induced error maps present highest 3D MR spatial infidelity at the tissue interfaces (skin/air, scalp/skull) where frameless stereotactic fiducial markers are commonly applied. The algorithm produced similar results in two patient 3D MR-scans.
Proposal for a Particle-Size Grade Scale Based on 10

Since the United States will eventually adopt the metric system, geologists should consider abandoning the nondecimal Udden-Wentworth-Krumbein (UWK) grade scale of particle sizes. Most of the advantages claimed for the UWK system also apply to other geometric grade scales that have an associated log-transform scale. The claim that the UWK major class boundaries are “natural” is not supported by the evidence and is irrelevant. A new grade scale is proposed with major grade boundaries at 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and so forth. An associated log-transform scale (the tau scale) is defined so that tau = 12 log10 d / d , where d is grain diameter in millimeters and d is 1 mm. The proposed scale has easily remembered grade limits and easily calculated log-transform scale, repeating numbers, major classes of equal interval, and good potential for international adoption and application in other fields.
Trust and Reputation Building in E-Commerce

Transactions on online markets require a great deal of trust among anonymous trading partners. To mitigate some of the risks involved in anonymous transactions, several online market sites have implemented reputation management mechanisms that differ in structure and probably functionality. In a series of experiments, this study examines the impact of two simple reputation management mechanisms on the evolution of trust and trustworthiness in a repeated trust game among strangers. Les transactions par Internet exigent une confiance considerable entre les intervenants anonymes. Pour minimiser les risques associes a des operations anonymes, les responsables de plusieurs marches en ligne ont mis en place des mecanismes de gestion de reputation differant en structure et fonctionnalite. Dans une serie d'experiences, cette etude evalue l'impact de deux mecanismes relativement simples sur la confiance et la cooperation dans un jeu de confiance repete entre etrangers.
Polycrystalline Silicon in ULSI Technologies: Challenges for Deep-Submicron Structures

Polysilicon is a key material widely used in MOSFET, bipolar, and BICMOS devices. As these technologies evolve into the deep submicron regime, several issues emerge in the applications of polysilicon that must be addressed. In sub-0.5μm MOSFET, fabrication and reliability of n + poly for NMOS and p + poly for PMOS should be studied. In bipolar technology, scaling limits of polysilicon emitter must be investigated. Understanding polysilicon, both in terms of its basic material and process characteristics and its characteristics in specific integrated process and/or integrated device structures, is definitely required in order to realize the full potential of ULSI technologies.
Augmented reality enhanced "top-down" nano-manufacturing

Assembly of nano-structures involves manipulation of nanoparticles, nano-rods, nanowires and nanotubes. Modelling the behavior of a nano-rod or a nanotube pushed by an AFM tip is much more complex than that of a nano-particle because in the case of the nano-particle usually only translation occurs while for the nano-rod and nanotube both translational and rotational motion occurs during manipulation. In this paper, the behavior of nano-rods under pushing is theoretically analyzed and the real-time interactive forces are used to update the AFM image. The real-time visual display combined with the real-time force feedback provides an augmented reality environment in which the operator not only can feel the interaction forces but can also observe the real-time changes of the nano-environment. The new developed augmented reality system capable of manipulating not only nanoparticles but also nano-rods makes nano-assembly using AFM based nanomanipulation system feasible and applicable.
Selective Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 Inhibitors Each Increase Allergic Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Mice

Nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition during allergic sensitization with ovalbumin in a murine model leads to an increase in the Type 2 cytokines interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-13; however, the effect of selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors on these cytokines is unknown. We found that COX-1 protein was constitutively expressed in lung tissue. Expression of COX-1 protein did not increase with ovalbumin sensitization, but expression of COX-2 protein did. Ovalbumin-sensitized mice treated with either selective COX-1 inhibitor SC58560 (OVA-COX-1 inhibitor) or selective COX-2 inhibitor SC58236 (OVA-COX-2 inhibitor) had significantly greater airway hyperresponsiveness (p < 0.05) and higher levels of IL-13 (p < 0.05) in lung supernatants than did untreated mice that were ovalbumin sensitized (OVA). Lung mRNA levels for the chemokine receptors CCR1 through CCR5 (expressed on eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) were increased in the OVA-COX-2 inhibitor and OVA-indomethacin groups. We conclude that in the BALB/c mouse, COX inhibition with either a COX-1 or COX-2 inhibitor during allergen sensitization augments production of IL-13 and increases airway hyperresponsiveness.
Host Factors for Risk and Survival in Lymphoma

All cancers arise from complex interactions between aspects of the patient (host) biology and the environment. Once tumors arise, they frequently remain dependent on interactions with their microenvironment for their growth and proliferation. In this review, we examine the contributions of the host genetics and environmental exposures to the development of lymphoma. We will further examine the interactions of the tumor and the microenvironment that influence tumor growth and proliferation. Most tumor cells cannot survive for long when taken outside their immediate environment. This indicates a level of dependence on secreted factors or direct cellular interactions with the microenvironment that provides survival signals. This dependence may arise from normal interactions of the normal cell counterpart or it might arise from new, abnormal interactions that arise from the tumor biology. The precancer host biology itself may have a role in either promoting tumor growth or permissive growth by either harboring polymorphisms that, in the right context, promote tumor growth, or through behaviors that increase exposure to elements that promote carcinogenesis. Emerging technologies have provided new insights into the biology of a number of lymphomas. These technologies include microarrays that have enabled gene expression profiling to define the role of malignant and nonmalignant cells in the biology of lymphomas. Herein, we review the known contribution of the tumor microenvironment and host biology to the risk of developing lymphoma and the role of inherited and acquired host factors in disease progression and prognosis in patients with lymphoma. We will examine the tumor “macro” environment (ie, the biology of the patient [host]) and the tumor “micro” environment that contribute to the observed malignant phenotype.
Galactose metabolism by Streptococcus mutans

The galK gene, encoding galactokinase of the Leloir pathway, was insertionally inactivated in Streptococcus mutans UA159. The galK knockout strain displayed only marginal growth on galactose, but growth on glucose or lactose was not affected. In strain UA159, the sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) for lactose and the PTS for galactose were induced by growth in lactose and galactose, although galactose PTS activity was very low, suggesting that S. mutans does not have a galactose-specific PTS and that the lactose PTS may transport galactose, albeit poorly. To determine if the galactose growth defect of the galK mutant could be overcome by enhancing lactose PTS activity, the gene encoding a putative repressor of the operon for lactose PTS and phospho-β-galactosidase, lacR, was insertionally inactivated. A galK and lacR mutant still could not grow on galactose, although the strain had constitutively elevated lactose PTS activity. The glucose PTS activity of lacR mutants grown in glucose was lower than in the wild-type strain, revealing an influence of LacR or the lactose PTS on the regulation of the glucose PTS. Mutation of the lacA gene of the tagatose pathway caused impaired growth in lactose and galactose, suggesting that galactose can only be efficiently utilized when both the Leloir and tagatose pathways are functional. A mutation of the permease in the multiple sugar metabolism operon did not affect growth on galactose. Thus, the galactose permease of S. mutans is not present in the gal, lac, or msm operons.
Learning Temporal Plans from Observation of Human Collaborative Behavior

The objective of our research effort is to enable robots to engage in complex collaborative tasks with human-robot interaction. To function as a reliable assistant or teammate, the robot must be able to adapt to the actions of its human partner and respond to temporal variations in its own and its partner's actions. Dynamic plan execution algorithms provide a fast and robust method of executing collaborative multi-robot tasks in the presence of temporal uncertainty. However, current state of the art algorithms, rely on hand-crafted plans, providing no means of generating plans for new tasks. In this paper, we outline our approach for learning a model of collaborative robot behavior by observing human-human interaction of the target task. Through statistical analysis of the recorded human behavior we extract patterns of common behavior, and use the resulting model to learn a temporal plan. The result is a learning framework that automatically produces temporal plans for use with dynamic planning that model human collaborative behavior and produce human-like behavior in the robot. In this paper, we present our current progress in the development of this learning framework.
Rapid, Sensitive, and Selective Assay for Tryptophan in Serum

We have developed a rapid, selective, and sensitive fluorometric procedure for measuring tryptophan in serum. This assay is based on the facile reaction of tryptophan with aqueous formaldehyde; the concentration of the amino acid is measured from the diminution in its fluorescence as the reaction proceeds. Compared to other assay procedures, this procedure has the advantage of being sensitive to the amino acid, but unresponsive to other indole derivatives such as tryptamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Concentrations of tryptophan as low as 0.5 mg/liter may be assayed in 15 min.
The 2010-11 Survey of Applied Legal Education

This report presents the results of the 2010-11 Center for the Study of Applied Legal Education (CSALE) “Survey of Applied Legal Education.” The Survey was composed of four parts – a Master Survey that was directed to each of the 194 ABA fully-accredited U.S. law schools; Live-Client Clinics and Field Placement Program Sub-Surveys that were distributed by the schools to the persons responsible for each distinct law clinic or field placement program at the school; and a Faculty Sub-Survey that was distributed by the schools to each applied legal educator at its school. The results provide valuable insight into the state of applied legal education in areas such as program design, capacity, administration, funding, pedagogy, program challenges, and the role of applied legal education and educators in the legal academy. This is the second triennial survey, following up on the initial survey in 2007-08.
Breaking through the normalization barrier: a self-interpreter for f-omega

According to conventional wisdom, a self-interpreter for a strongly normalizing lambda-calculus is impossible. We call this the normalization barrier. The normalization barrier stems from a theorem in computability theory that says that a total universal function for the total computable functions is impossible. In this paper we break through the normalization barrier and define a self-interpreter for System F_omega, a strongly normalizing lambda-calculus. After a careful analysis of the classical theorem, we show that static type checking in F_omega can exclude the proof's diagonalization gadget, leaving open the possibility for a self-interpreter. Along with the self-interpreter, we program four other operations in F_omega, including a continuation-passing style transformation. Our operations rely on a new approach to program representation that may be useful in theorem provers and compilers.
Ultrastructure of Septa in the Vegetative Hyphae of Chaetomidium Arxii and Phillipsia Domengensis (Ascomycotina)

(1980). Ultrastructure of Septa in the Vegetative Hyphae of Chaetomidium Arxii and Phillipsia Domengensis (Ascomycotina) Mycologia: Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 836-840.
Testing the Standard Model with Top Quarks

The top quark, by far the most massive known fermion, provides a unique laboratory in which to study phyiscs at the electroweak scale. I report on recent top quark measurements from the CDF and DO experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron pp collider, including the first observation of single top quark production, measurement of the top quark mass, the tt production rate, and several searches for new physics in the properties of the top quark, and in its production and decay.
North American Aerospace Project: CDIO in Aerospace Engineering Education

This paper provides an interim progress report for the North American Aerospace Project, an effort of the North American CDIO consortium. The project seeks to promote and facilitate the adoption of the CDIO model for engineering education in U.S. Aerospace programs. This paper reports the consortium’s activities during the project’s first year, and a preview of course materials to be provided under the project’s charter.
Influence of Adding Trace Cr on Structure and Property of Cu-Zn Alloy

The structures of Cu-Zn-Cr alloy are observed and analyzed by using metallography-energy spectrum and XRD analysis,and the mechanical and electrical properties of the alley after different aging treatments are determined.The results show that after on-line water quenching+preliminary cold drawing(e=45%)+aging at 450℃×4h,the tensile strength,yield strength and elongation of the alloy reaches up to 482 MPa,388 MPa and 23.6% respectively,and the conductivity up to 78.2% IACS.The results Of microstructure analysis show that the mechanical property of the aged alley is dependant en two processes,that is,reversion and recrystallization softening and aging precipitation strengthening.The high strength of the alloy stems from the substructural strengthening brought about by preliminary cold drawing and Cr particles precipitation strengthening.
RESEARCH OF HIGH TEMPERATURE SLAG MTC DISPERSANT

Due to the high temperature deep well slurry has the characteristic of high viscosity,high density and complex component, the slurry dispersant has little dispersing effect in Mud to Cement(MTC)mud body and cannot make the slurry. A dispersant SSOB which contains various modified polyethylene glycol substance with nonionic groups has been developed. The SSOB dispersant has the character of low dosage, good dispersing properties, and no influence on the performance such as the thickening time, the compression strength etc. Moreover, the dispersant is compatible with other additional chemicals (activator, retarder etc.), makes slurry the excellent comprehensive properties, improves the cementing quality of the deep well and complication well, supplies the guarantee for the exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoir in the high temperature deep well and has wide prospect of development and application.
Effect of prostaglandins (E2 and A2) on the enzymatic reaction of human renin in isolated homologous system and with added normal and hypertensive plasma.

1. Prostaglandin E 2 significantly inhibits the renin reaction in whole plasma as well as in the isolated system of semi-purified human renin and human renin substrate. The inhibitory effect of prostaglandin A 2 was less marked in whole plasma and absent in the isolated system. 2. The inhibitory effect of prostaglandin E 2 was more marked in normal than hypertensive plasma and was maximal at the lowest concentration used. In hypertensive plasma the maximal inhibitory effect was achieved at tenfold higher concentrations. 3. In normal plasma prostaglandin E 2 does not affect the rate of product formation ( k 5 = k 6 ), but inhibits the overall renin reaction by decreasing the total amount of available enzyme-substrate and enzyme-substrate modifier complex ( K 2 K 3 ). 4. In hypertensive plasma prostaglandin E 2 acts as a potential accelerator of the rate of product formation ( k 6 k 5 ). In the range of substrate concentration employed, the apparent inhibitory effect is explained by an even greater lack of available complex ( K 2 K 3 ). This behaviour in hypertensive plasma is consistent with the presence of an additional modifier (? activator).
Transaminase activity in normal and arteriosclerotically changed arterial human tissue

An insgesamt 106 Gewebsproben wurde die Aktivitat der GOT und GPT im optischen Test gemessen. Arteriosklerotische Gefasabschnitte haben eine deutlich hohere Fermentaktivitat als makroskopisch normale Gefase. Nennenswerte Unterschiede innerhalb der physiologischen Alterung wurden nicht gefunden.
An N-terminal double-arginine motif maintains type II membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum

Use of alternative initiator methionines in human invariant (Ii) chain mRNA results in the synthesis of two polypeptides, Iip33 and Iip31. After synthesis both isoforms are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as type II membrane proteins. Subsequently, Iip31 is transported out of the ER, guiding MHC class II to the endocytic pathway, whereas Iip33, which differs by only a 16 residue extension at the N-terminus, becomes an ER resident. Mutagenesis of this extension showed that multiple arginines close to the N-terminus were responsible for ER targeting. The minimal requirements of this targeting motif were found to be two arginines (RR) located at positions 2 and 3, 3 and 4 or 4 and 5 or split by a residue at positions 2 and 4 or 3 and 5. Transplanting an RR motif onto transferrin receptor demonstrated that this motif can target other type II membrane proteins to the ER. The characteristics of this RR motif are similar to the KK ER targeting motif for type I membrane proteins. Indeed, RR-tagged transferrin receptor partially localized to the intermediate compartment, suggesting that like the KK motif, the RR motif directs the retrieval of membrane proteins to the ER via a retrograde transport pathway.
Tendon transfers in muscle and tendon loss.

SUMMARY Tendon transfers in muscle and tendon loss offer some of the most gratifying results to both patient and surgeon. Poor results do occur at times in tendon transfer. When patients whose results were found to be less than expected were studied, the following problems were identified11: 1. Acceptance of less than full passive range of motion before transfer. In some instances, this will be unavoidable. The use of pretransfer hand therapy techniques may improve the situation; or, if possible, pretransfer capsulotomies may better prepare the patient for the tendon transfer. 2. Adhesions along the course of the transfer. At times the transfer route can be better prepared by the use of skin grafts adding subcutaneous tissue to the transfer bed. The use of a staged technique in which a silicone rubber tendon implant is installed along the transfer route, to prepare for a later transfer, is occasionally indicated. 3. Technical failures: a. juncture breakdown, b. transfer put in under too little tension. 4. Patient noncompliance. A recent experience in which a patient removed his postoperative cast and came in 2 weeks later with his transfer disrupted is an extreme example. Many other patients are not prepared to undertake what may be a rigorous and time-consuming postoperative transfer program. Adequate preoperative evaluation, including patient selection as well as careful attention to the details of the procedure during surgery, along with attentive postoperative care, should eliminate most of these problems.
Benzodiazepines and geriatrics: what clinical practice strategies can be used to reduce the inappropriate prescribing?

In the elderly, Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions (PIPs) are quite common and connected with adverse drug events (ADEs), hospital stays, increased medical acuities, and inefficacious healthcare. Benzodiazepines as a class have been identified as an independent risk factor for ADE's and shown to be associated with sedation and impairments in cognition, memory, and balance, lending to an increased risk for falls. Clinically inappropriate medications continue to be prescribed and preferred by many clinicians over non-pharmacological strategies despite continued evidence demonstrating poor outcomes in older adults. Due to the increasing evidence in positive elderly outcomes through the reduction in use of inappropriate drugs, medication reduction strategies are now required policy components in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regulations along with Medicare Part D. Quality measures now focus on extensive drug reviews with reduction strategies that incorporate use of: the Beers Criteria; multidisciplinary approaches; involving patients and caregivers; and de-prescribing strategies.
Skin Wound Healing

Abstract Chronic wounds are a major health burden and a drain on resources. Thus, a greater understanding of the regulation of chronic wound biology is needed, involving skin physiology, the healing cascade, and genetic regulators. Wound healing is under epigenetic control, and it was recently discovered that hypoxia regulates a number of small gene regulators known as, or miRNAs, or miRNAs, that can repress gene expression and regulate at least a third of all coding genes. Also, because of recent advances in the delivery of miRNAs and antimiRs in vivo , manipulating them to regulate their target proteins has emerged as an exciting therapeutic opportunity.
Respiratory Acid–Base Disorders in the Critical Care Unit

The incidence of respiratory acid-base abnormalities in the critical care unit (CCU) is unknown, although respiratory alkalosis is suspected to be common in this population. Abnormal carbon dioxide tension can have many physiologic effects, and changes in Pco2 may have a significant impact on outcome. Monitoring Pco2 in CCU patients is an important aspect of critical patient assessment, and identification of respiratory acid-base abnormalities can be valuable as a diagnostic tool. Treatment of respiratory acid-base disorders is largely focused on resolution of the primary disease, although mechanical ventilation may be indicated in cases with severe respiratory acidosis.
Evaluating the Validity and Reliability of the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire in Low-Income, Spanish-Speaking Patients With Diabetes in the United States:

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a Spanish version of the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ) as a measure to evaluate beliefs about medications and to differentiate adherent from nonadherent patients among low-income Latino patients with diabetes in the United States. Methods Seventy-three patients were administered the BMQ and surveyed for evidence of medication nonadherence. Internal consistency of the BMQ was assessed by Cronbach's alpha along with performing a confirmatory factor analysis. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing mean scores on 3 subscales of the BMQ (General Overuse, General Harm, and Specific Necessity-Concerns difference score) between adherent patients and patients reporting nonadherence for 3 different reasons (unintentional nonadherence, cost-related nonadherence, and nonadherence due to reasons other than cost) using independent samples t tests. Results The BMQ is a reliable instrument to examine beliefs about medications in this Spanish-speaking population. Construct validity testing shows nearly identical factor loading as the original construct map. General Overuse scores were significantly more negative for patients reporting each reason for nonadherence compared with their adherent counterparts. Necessity-Concerns difference scores were significantly more negative for patients reporting nonadherence for reasons other than cost compared with those who did not report this reason for nonadherence. Conclusion The Spanish version of the BMQ is appropriate to assess beliefs about medications in Latino patients with type 2 diabetes in the United States and may help identify patients who become nonadherent to medications for reasons other than out-of-pocket costs.