cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dilemma of self-monitoring of blood glucose

In a paper published in Diabetologia last year, Martin et al. [1] reported that self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in the observational retrospective cohort Retrolective Study ‘Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose and Outcome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes’ (ROSSO) was associated with significantly decreased diabetes-related morbidity and all-cause mortality even after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities at diagnosis of diabetes (hypertension, CHD and history of stroke), fasting plasma glucose concentrations, triacylglycerol levels and treatment. These findings remained true for patients not taking insulin. In contrast, in the present issue of Diabetologia, Davis et al. [2] report that, in the observational, prospective Fremantle study, SMBG was not associated with improved outcomes of diabetes-related morbidity, cardiac death or all-cause mortality after adjustment for confounders. The confounders adjusted for in the Fremantle study were age, sex, duration of diabetes, prior CHD, prior peripheral arterial disease, neuropathy, retinopathy, microalbuminuria, systolic blood pressure, total serum cholesterol and current smoking. Surprisingly, there was a significant 79% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in those patients who were not taking insulin but were performing SMBG. How can the disparate results of these two large studies be explained and what lessons can we learn from them? First, there are many factors that might impinge on the outcomes, especially the macrovascular ones, and taking all the appropriate confounders into account may be problematic. Second, there may be a self-selection process for physicians in terms of who is recommended for, and patients who perform, SMBG. Evidence for the former is the finding that those who perform SMBG have higher glycaemia than those who do not [1, 3]. Evidence for the latter was supplied by a large observational retrospective health plan study in which patients who performed SMBG more frequently had lower HbA1c levels [4]. However, a self-administered questionnaire or a computer-assisted telephone interview administered to plan members (83% of whom responded) revealed that self-care practices and healthy lifestyle behaviours were significantly more common in patients who performed SMBG more frequently. By definition, an observational study is not an experimental one, i.e. interventions are chosen rather than randomly assigned. This leads to the possibility of selection bias which, in turn, means that outcomes may not be caused by the intervention under study [5]. Although identifiable differences can be taken into account when the data are analysed, one cannot be certain that these adjustments are adequate because all of the relevant differences may not be Diabetologia (2007) 50:497–499 DOI 10.1007/s00125-006-0582-z
Considerations for a Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS): Application to Five Drugs

It has been advocated that biopharmaceutic risk assessment should be conducted early in pediatric product development and synchronized with the adult product development program. However, we are unaware of efforts to classify drugs into a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) framework for pediatric patients. The objective was to classify five drugs into a potential BCS. These five drugs were selected since both oral and intravenous pharmacokinetic data were available for each drug, and covered the four BCS classes in adults. Literature searches for each drug were conducted using Medline and applied to classify drugs with respect to solubility and permeability in pediatric subpopulations. Four pediatric subpopulations were considered: neonates, infants, children, and adolescents. Regarding solubility, dose numbers were calculated using a volume for each subpopulation based on body surface area (BSA) relative to 250 ml for a 1.73 m2 adult. Dose numbers spanned a range of values, depending upon the pediatric dose formula and subpopulation. Regarding permeability, pharmacokinetic literature data required assumptions and decisions about data collection. Using a devised pediatric BCS framework, there was agreement in adult and pediatric BCS class for two drugs, azithromycin (class 3) and ciprofloxacin (class 4). There was discordance for the three drugs that have high adult permeability since all pediatric permeabilities were low: dolasetron (class 3 in pediatric), ketoprofen (class 4 in pediatric), and voriconazole (class 4 in pediatric). A main contribution of this work is the identification of critical factors required for a pediatric BCS.
Vector Quantization With Replenishment Technique For Video Signal Coding

The digital representation of a video signal or image sequence requires a very large number of bits. The goal of image coding is to reduce this number as much as possible and reconstruct a faithful duplicate of the original pictures. Vector quantization has been applied to the coding of image sequences. An effective approach is to define the vector in the spatial domain and to directly exploit the temporal redundancy, that is the replenishment techniques. In an extension of the frame replenishment concept, the changes arising between consecutive frames can be coded by updating both the frame label map and codebook in vector quantization. In this paper, we propose two new label replenishment algorithms which are based on vector quantization. The first is the encoding of the frame label map. In the scheme of label replenishment, an extra bit is used as side information to indicate whether the label needs to be replenished. The resulting frame label map can be seen as a new binary image. This binary image is encoded by a run-length coding. The second algorithm is label combination coding. In the motion portion of an image sequence, the neighboring blocks in the previous frame may remain neighbors as they move together. Based upon this observation, the rate deduction can be obtained by coding the combination of the neighboring blocks. The simulation results have shown that a very low bit rate with good reproduction quality is obtained for image sequence coding.
Immunoassay of androgen binding protein in blood: a new approach for study of the seminiferous tubule

Androgen binding protein, a secretory product of seminiferous tubules, was isolated by means of affinity chromatography. A radioimmunoassay was developed and used to identify androgen binding protein in rat plasma. The ability to measure a testicular protein in blood provides a new method for investigation of seminiferous tubular physiology.
Cross-cultural validity of a parent's version of the Dental Fear Survey Schedule for children in Chinese.

Abstract The cross-cultural validity of a parent's version of the Dental Fear Survey Schedule (DFSS) for children was assessed by examining the relationship between the parent's report of child fear in Chinese (DFSS) and actual child behavior (CB) in the dental environment for two samples: 70 Chinese children ages 5–15 yr, residing in Canada, and 99 mainland Chinese children ages 2.5–7.0 yr residing in Kunming, Yunnan, PRC Canadian DFSS score M = 31.9 (SD = 9.5) with no differences by age or sex. PRC DFSS score M = 35.7 (SD = 8.9) with girls reported more fearful than boys. No age difference was detected. Higher DFSS scores were associated with more CB in both samples. Factor analyses yielded similar solutions and internal consistency was high. Control and potential victimization were identified as important constructs. The results suggest the Chinese version of the DFSS is a reliable and valid parental measure of child dental fear.
The Professional Learning Community as Subversive Activity: Countering the Culture of Conventional Schooling.

As the professional learning community (PLC) as a desired cultural norm gains popularity within K–12 state schools, greater knowledge of the PLC implementation process is warranted. This study reports findings from semi‐structured focus group interviews with teachers in an urban/suburban high school after one year of schoolwide professional development introducing the PLC as a schoolwide practice. Three findings emerge. First, PLC practices are countercultural to mainstream teacher practice. School leaders and external change agents introducing PLCs in mainstream schools must, therefore, approach the work not as a technical task but as cultural transformation. Second, group facilitation skill is a crucial leadership attribute for the effective cultivation of a PLC. Third, to be effective, PLC cultivation must be perceived not as an end‐to‐itself, but as the means to a clearly identified, shared, and compelling goal for student learning; otherwise, it risks being dismissed by teachers as the usual professi...
AdS/CFT correspondence and QCD with quarks in fundamental representations

Abstract The most straightforward use of AdS/CFT correspondence gives versions of QCD where quarks are in adjoint representations. Using an asymmetric orbifold approach we obtain nonsupersymmetric QCD with four quark flavors in fundamental representations of color.
Wildlife Zoonoses for the Veterinary Practitioner

Abstract There is increasing concern regarding wildlife zoonoses. It is important that veterinarians are able to give their clients and the general public appropriate advice regarding the potential risks, what to do in the event of possible exposure, input regarding early recognition of the signs of wildlife zoonotic infections, and practical advice to prevent or reduce exposure to wildlife zoonotic pathogens. This advice is summarized for a variety of wildlife zoonoses in North America including rabies, hantavirus, tularemia, plague, psittacosis, baylisascaris, alveolar echinococcosis, arthropod-borne encephalitis, tick-borne diseases, and food safety related to game meat.
Concurrent formation of part families and machine cells based on the fuzzy set theory

Abstract The goal of this research is to develop a group technology (GT) cell formation methodology, with the inclusion of fuzziness usually found in industry. Three studies are conducted. The first study establishes a procedure through which a nonbinary machine-component matrix is constructed. This matrix forms the basis of the following two studies. The second study applies the nonbinary matrix concept to the single linkage clustering algorithm. The third study focuses on a modified rank order clustering algorithm that involves fuzzy set theory. The modified single linkage and modified rank order clustering algorithm are compared and the strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The flexibility provided by the fuzzy set-based method is presented.
RESOURCE LOSS, RESOURCE GAIN, AND COMMUNAL COPING DURING PREGNANCY AMONG WOMEN WITH MULTIPLE ROLES

We investigated stress, coping, and employment status in 92, mostly European American pregnant women. Conservation of Resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1988, 1989) was applied as a specification of role-quality theory to examine the stressful influences of women's multiple roles. Women's resource loss predicted psychological distress better than either their resource gains or their employment status (i.e., multiple versus single roles). Full-time employed women were significantly more distressed under high loss conditions than were part-time or nonemployed women. Examining women's coping strategies based on a communal model of coping, we found that active, prosocial coping was associated with better emotional outcomes. A significant interaction was found for the effects of loss × cautious action such that loss was related to greater depression, but only among women who did not employ cautious action.
Neural network approach to the prediction of percentage data packet loss for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks are used in the field of communications and have gained enormous popularity in recent times. Depending upon the environment in which the wireless sensor network operates, the amount of noise level would differ and hence the data packet loss in wireless communication would vary. This paper presents a solution to the prediction of percentage data packet loss in the wireless sensor network in indoor and outdoor environment. It uses the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to predict the data packet loss and the Erasure Coding technique to find the actual percentage data packet lost in wireless sensor network. The results obtained from the ANN are compared to the respective ones yielded by the Erasure Coding technique and are found to exhibit satisfactory accuracy.
Building adaptable real-time command and control systems using CORBA

This paper describes an approach to building adaptable real-time command and control (C/sup 2/) systems. In particular, it presents an overview of the Adaptable Real-Time Distributed Object Management (ARTDOM) project in progress at the MITRE Corporation. This project is currently developing real-time extensions for the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) Trading Object Service. The goal of the project is to demonstrate how current C/sup 2/ systems can be more easily upgraded and made more adaptable by using emerging distributed computing technology. This goal is being accomplished by investigating and developing real-time middleware that is reflexive (i.e., capable of examining its current state and processing demands) and self-adapting (i.e., capable of reconfiguring itself based on its reflective findings).
Biochemical systematics and evolutionary genetics of the common shiner species group

Abstract Electrophoretic analyses were performed on blood proteins of the five members of the Notropiscornutus species group. The protein systems included two plasma esterases, transferrin, a pre-albumin and hemoglobin. Plasma protein polymorphism within and between taxa was common. Hemoglobin appeared to be a more consistent and conservative character for assessing phylogenetic relationships. As deduced by both biochemical and morphological evidence, N. cerasinus is the most primitive member of the species group. Uniqueness for several biochemical characters suggests that the striped shiner should be afforded full species recognition as N. isolepis but additional study is needed concerning its relationship with N. cornutus chrysocephalus . The closest biochemical similarity was between the forms interpreted here as subspecies N. cornutus cornutus and N. c. chrysocephalus. N. albeolus clearly evolved from N. c. cornutus but early hybridization with N. cerasinus resulted in limited introgression from that species.
An Exploration of the Alienation Experienced by African American Parents From Their Children’s Educational Environment

Current research suggests that parents are a key component to the school success of their children. However, in today’s world, parents often work long hours, have more than one job, and participate in multiple responsibilities that may limit their participation. Because of the variety of factors that impinge on parents, educators often criticize them for their nonparticipation or limited participation in the school environment. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of alienation, if any, that African American parents feel toward public education. A modified version of the Barriers to School Involvement Survey was administered to 421 African American parents. The questionnaire was factored into five problem categories for analysis (e.g., personal concerns, work, lack of interest, logistics, teacher/parent relationships). Although significance was found among the five problem categories and across the six research questions (e.g., problem categories, employment status, economics, special edu...
Exploiting the synergy between automated-test-generation and programming-by-contract

This demonstration presents two tools, Code Contracts and Pex, that utilize specification constructs for advanced testing, runtime checking, and static checking of object-oriented .NET programs.
A comparison of transportation network resilience under simulated system optimum and user equilibrium conditions

Resilience is a characteristic that indicates system performance under unusual conditions, recovery speed, and the amount of outside assistance required for restoration to its original functional state. Resilience is important for daily events, such as vehicle crashes, and more extreme events, such as hurricanes and terrorist attacks. Transportation resilience has ten dimensions: redundancy, diversity, efficiency, autonomous components, strength, collaboration, adaptability, mobility, safety, and the ability to recover quickly. This paper examines the influence of the system optimal and user equilibrium traffic assignments on the last four dimensions. No widely accepted measurement of resilience is available for transportation systems; this paper presents multiple metrics for the four examined contributing components that will aid future development of a single measure of resilience. An application of these measures to a test network found that user equilibrium results in better adaptability and safety while system optimum yields better mobility and faster recovery.
Helicobacter hepaticus Infection Promotes Hepatitis and Preneoplastic Foci in Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Deficient Mice

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor that regulates bile acid metabolism and transport. Mice lacking expression of FXR (FXR KO) have a high incidence of foci of cellular alterations (FCA) and liver tumors. Here, we report that Helicobacter hepaticus infection is necessary for the development of increased hepatitis scores and FCA in previously Helicobacter-free FXR KO mice. FXR KO and wild-type (WT) mice were sham-treated or orally inoculated with H. hepaticus. At 12 months post-infection, mice were euthanized and liver pathology, gene expression, and the cecal microbiome were analyzed. H. hepaticus induced significant increases hepatitis scores and FCA numbers in FXR KO mice (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). H. hepaticus altered the beta diversity of cecal microbiome in both WT and FXR KO mice compared to uninfected mice (P<0.05). Significant upregulation of β-catenin, Rela, Slc10a1, Tlr2, Nos2, Vdr, and Cyp3a11 was observed in all FXR KO mice compared to controls (P<0.05). Importantly, H. hepaticus and FXR deficiency were necessary to significantly upregulate Cyp2b10 (P<0.01). FXR deficiency was also a potent modulator of the cecal microbiota, as observed by a strong decrease in alpha diversity. A significant decrease in Firmicutes, particularly members of the order Clostridiales, was observed in FXR KO mice (P<0.05 and FDR<5%, ANOVA). While FXR deficiency strongly affects expression of genes related to immunity and bile acid metabolism, as well as the composition of the microbiome; however, its deficiency was not able to produce significant histopathological changes in the absence of H. hepaticus infection.
Estimation of spawning habitats of market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) from field surveys of eggs off Central and Southern California

Like many other loliginid squid, Doryteuthis (Loligo) opalescens deposits egg cases on the ocean floor. Depending upon temperature, egg cases may persist for 5–12 weeks before the paralarvae hatch. Because of this relatively long duration and squid’s pelagic life history, egg cases provide a practical life stage to survey. During 2001–2002, squid egg beds in Monterey Bay, Carmel Bay, and around the California Channel Islands were surveyed using a remotely operated vehicle with the goal of delineating the habitat of egg beds that are spawned during active commercial fishing. Egg cases were highly aggregated and densities reached 1338 capsules m−2. Squid eggs were significantly shallower in Central California. Egg cases occurred between 20 and 93 m around the Channel Islands, and in Central California they were between 13 and 61 m. The temperatures in both regions were similar (10–12 °C), with some eggs in Southern California found up to 14.4 °C. Ninety-five percent of eggs were found on sand, suggesting that temperature and substrate are stronger behavioral cues than depth to stimulate spawning. Suitable spawning habitat was defined by three criteria: sandy benthic substrate, temperatures between 10 and 14.4 °C, and depths between 20 and 70 m when the first two criteria hold. Additionally, within this defined area, oxygen concentration is quantified. The greatest commercial landings of market squid occur in both Central and Southern California during a time of year when water temperatures of 10–12 °C are prevalent in the 20–70 m depth range.
Automated multiple UAV flight - the Stanford DragonFly UAV Program

The Stanford DragonFly Program (http://airtrafficl.stanford.edu//spl sim/uav/) consists of two fixed wing (10-foot wingspan) autonomous aircraft, whose onboard architecture, avionics, control, and integration with wireless communications have been developed entirely at Stanford. The DragonFly platform is used as a technology testbed for research in the design of a decision-theoretic real-time operating system, and to experimentally validate hybrid control of single vehicles, and real time danger zone computation and avoidance for two automated vehicles flying in parallel. Since June 2003, we have been successfully flying the two automated DragonFly aircraft simultaneously, in dual vehicle approach patterns, and have demonstrated our automatic collision avoidance system on this platform (one aircraft 'blunders' into the path of the second, the other invokes an 'emergency escape maneuver' based on the relative configuration of the two aircraft). In June 2004, based on the success of our DragonFly tests, we flew our software on a Boeing test platform of two aircraft: an F-15, and a T-33 test aircraft.
Management of recurrent desmoid tumor after surgery and radiation: role of cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic therapies

Desmoid tumors frequently reoccur after surgery and radiation. The therapy of recurrent desmoid tumors is often unsatisfactory. Additional surgery may not be feasible. Drug therapy can sometimes be helpful, and even remarkably successful. Unfortunately, the rarity of desmoids precludes conduct of large clinical trials. Most series are small, anecdotal, and lack internal consistency. The lack of real understanding of desmoid biology has meant that therapies have, until now, been empirical rather than rationally designed. Nevertheless, a range of drugs is available to be utilized, including hormonal or hormonal antagonist therapy, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, biologic agents and cytotoxic chemotherapy. This review will utilize a patient case report to illustrate the problems frequently encountered in choosing therapy for patients with recurrent desmoid tumors. Based on this case, the review will explore the options available, as well as the process through which treatment options may be evaluated.
Recreational Carrying Capacity of Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge

Abstract Recreational carrying capacity addresses the issue of how much and what types of recreation can be accommodated in parks and related areas without unacceptable impacts. Contemporary approaches to carrying capacity rely on formulation, monitoring, and management of indicators and standards of quality. Recreational carrying capacity of Lake Umbagog National Wildlife Refuge, located in northern New Hampshire and Maine, was analyzed using visitor surveys that employed normative theory and methods and visual simulations of a range of recreation-related conditions. Study findings suggest that indicators of quality for the visitor experience include the number of boats seen on Lake Umbagog and associated rivers, the size of boating groups, the minimum acceptable chance of seeing selected types of wildlife, and the minimum acceptable chance of catching selected types of fish. Study findings also suggest a range of standards of quality for these indicators. Recreational carrying capacity of Lake Umbagog N...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse-Transcriptase and Protease Subtypes: Classification, Amino Acid Mutation Patterns, and Prevalence in a Northern California Clinic-Based Population

Phylogenetic analysis of the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease of 117 published complete human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 genome sequences demonstrated that these genes cluster into distinct subtypes. There was a slightly higher proportion of informative sites in the RT (40.4%) than in the protease (34.8%; P = .03). Although most variation between subtypes was due to synonymous nucleotide substitutions, several subtype-specific amino acid patterns were observed. In the protease, the subtype-specific variants included 7 positions associated with drug resistance. Variants at positions 10, 20, 36, and 82 were more common in non-B isolates, whereas variants at positions 63, 77, and 93 were more common in subtype B isolates. In the RT, the subtype-specific mutations did not include positions associated with anti-retroviral drug resistance. RT and protease sequences from 2246 HIV-infected persons in northern California were also examined: 99.4% of the sequences clustered with subtype B, whereas 0.6% clustered with subtype A, C, or D.
A method enabling feasible conformance test sequence generation for EFSM models

A formal description of an implementation under test (IUT), such as its VHDL behavior description, is required to automatically generate feasible test sequences for the IUT. Although finite-state machines (FSMs) can be used to describe the control structures of communication protocols, the data portion can only be modeled by extended finite-state machines (EFSMs). However, infeasible paths due to the conflicts among the condition and action variables of EFSMs complicate the test generation process. We introduce a method enabling the automatic generation of realizable test sequences from a class of EFSMs. Algorithms to detect and eliminate conflicts caused by the interdependences among the variables of a class of EFSM models are presented. After all conflicts are eliminated from the EFSM graph, the existing FSM-based automated test generation methods can be used to generate feasible test sequences. Recently, these algorithms have been implemented as a software package called INDEEL. This methodology is applied to generate feasible tests for protocols such as ACA and MIL-STD 188-220. Current applications include IETF protocols and ASAP.
Interventional Stroke Therapies in the Elderly: Are We Helping?

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is unclear whether endovascular therapies for the treatment of AIS are being offered or are safe in older adults. The use and safety of endovascular interventions in patients older than 75 years of age were assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with AIS 75 years or older (n = 37/1064) was compared with a younger cohort (n = 70/1190) by using an established data base. Admission and discharge NIHSS scores, rates of endovascular treatment, SICH, in-hospital mortality, and the mBI were assessed. RESULTS: Rates of endovascular treatments were significantly lower in older patients (5.9% in the younger-than-75-year versus 3.5% in the older-than-75-year cohort, P = .007). Stroke severity as measured by the NIHSS score was equivalent in the 2 age groups. The mBI at 12 months was worse in the older patients (mild or no disability in 52% of the younger-than-75-year and 22% in the 75-year-or-older cohort, P = .006). Older patients had higher rates of SICH (9% in younger-than-75-year versus 24% in the 75-year-or-older group, P = .04) and in-hospital mortality (26% in younger-than-75-year versus 46% in the 75-year-or-older group, P = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients older than 75 years of age were less likely to receive endovascular treatments. Older patients had higher rates of SICH, disability, and mortality. Prospective randomized trials are needed to determine the criteria for selecting patients most likely to benefit from acute endovascular therapies.
Radiative lifetimes in Co i

New radiative-lifetime measurements based on time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence are reported for 133 odd-parity and 2 even-parity levels of Co i, ranging in energy from 28 300 to 59 400 cm–1. Our lifetimes agree with earlier, but much less extensive, lifetime measurements based on laser-induced fluorescence. Satisfactory agreement is also found with the critical compilation of atomic transition probabilities from the U.S. National Bureau of Standards [ J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data17, Suppl 4 ( 1988)]. Our measurements provide a reliable absolute normalization for a much more comprehensive determination of Co i atomic transition probabilities.
A phase-field model for highly anisotropic interfacial energy

Abstract A computationally efficient phase-field model is developed for two-phase systems with anisotropic interfacial energy. The approach allows for anisotropies sufficiently high that the interface has corners or missing crystallographic orientations. The method employs a regularization that enforces local equilibrium at the corners and allows corners to be added or removed without explicitly tracking their location. Numerical simulations for various degrees of anisotropy were performed and they show excellent agreement with analytical equilibrium shapes and yield accurate time dependent solutions for a wide variety of initial conditions.
Deconvolution based criteria for parameter estimation of multidimensional non-Gaussian signal models using noisy data

A general (possibly asymmetric noncausal and/or nonminimum phase) two-dimensional autoregressive moving average random field model driven by an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) two-dimensional non-Gaussian sequence is considered. A novel class of performance criteria is investigated for parameter estimation of the system parameters given only the noisy output measurements (image pixels). The proposed criteria are functions of the higher-order cumulant statistics of an inverse filter output. Strong consistency of the proposed methods under the assumption that the system order is known is proved. The convergence of the proposed parameter estimators under overparametrization is analyzed. >
Laws for third-order moments in homogeneous anisotropic incompressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

It is known that Kolmogorov's four-fifths law for statistically homogeneous and isotropic turbulence can be generalized to anisotropic turbulence. This fundamental result for homogeneous anisotropic turbulence says that in the inertial range the divergence of the vector third-order moment 〈|δv(r)|2δv(r)〉 is constant and is equal to -4ϵ, where ϵ is the dissipation rate of the turbulence. This law can be extended to incompressible magnetohydrodyamic (MHD) turbulence where statistical isotropy is often not valid due, for example, to the presence of a large-scale magnetic field. Laws for anisotropic incompressible MHD turbulence were first derived by Politano and Pouquet. In this paper, the laws for vector third-order moments in homogeneous non-isotropic incompressible MHD turbulence are derived by a technique due to Frisch that clarifies the relationship between the energy flux in Fourier space and the vector third-order moments in physical space. This derivation is different from the original derivation of Politano and Pouquet which is based on the Karman–Howarth equation, and provides some new physical insights. Separate laws are derived for the cascades of energy, cross-helicity and magnetic-helicity, the three ideal invariants of incompressible MHD for flows in three dimensions. These laws are of fundamental importance in the theory of MHD turbulence where non-isotropic turbulence is much more prevalent than isotropic turbulence.
Who’s Watching Us at Work? Toward a Structural–Perceptual Model of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance in Organizations

Nearly 80% of organizations now employ some form of employee surveillance. This significant level of use infers a salient need for additional theory and research into the effects of monitoring and surveillance. Accordingly, this essay examines the panoptic effects of electronic monitoring and surveillance (EM/S) of social communication in the workplace and the underlying structural and perceptual elements that lead to these effects. It also provides future scholarly perspectives for studying EM/S and privacy in the organization from the vantage point of contemporary communication technologies, such as the telephone, voice mail, e-mail, and instant messaging, utilized for organizational communication. Finally, four propositions are presented in conjunction with a new communication-based model of EM/S, providing a framework incorporating three key components of the panoptic effect: (a) communication technology use, (b) organizational factors, and (c) organizational policies for EM/S.
Examining the relations among working memory capacity, attention control, and fluid intelligence from a dual-component framework

The current study examined the relations between working memory capacity, attention control, and general fluid intelligence. Participants performed multiple measures of each construct and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results suggested that attention control is an important component of the working memory and general fluid intelligence relation. Additionally, attention control accounted for unique variance in general fluid intelligence above and beyond working memory capacity. Consistent with the dual-component model of working memory, substantial independent variance was left over after accounting for attention control’s role in this relation. Therefore, other important mediating variables need to be accounted for to fully appreciate working memory’s ability to predict general fluid intelligence (e.g., retrieval from secondary memory).
Once Upon a Time in Chinese America: Chinese American Folklore in American Picture Books

Lorraine Dong provides a comprehensive catalog of Chinese American children's folk literature, identifying an important distinction between children's stories based on Chinese legends and specifically Chinese American literature written for children. By focusing on Chinese American folklore for children, Dong makes the claims that such stories speak to a distinct Chinese American community. In turn, Dong looks into the origins of these stories, leading to questions about what is authentic about Chinese folklore retold for Chinese American and American audiences.
The Jurisprudence of the Forced Share: The High and Late Middle Ages

This paper represents a continuation of themes I explored in The Jurisprudence of the Forced Share in the Ancient World. The article is divided into four main sections. In the first two sections, I examine three basic sets of ideas that would prove of vital significance to medieval lawyers as they justified the forced share. These were: (1) the ideal of reciprocity that came to be expressed in the noun pietas; (2) the relationship of natural law and natural rights to the moral obligation to provide for one's young; and (3) the expectation that all families would be characterized by an ideal the scholastic writers called natural love. The second two sections of the paper then explore principally the writings of the medieval canon lawyers and focus on several related themes: (1) the reemergence of the idea of testamentary freedom and the corresponding effort to restrain it through the mechanism of the forced share; (2) the jurisdictional claims of the Church to interpret wills and to judge testamentary disputes; and (3) the justification of the forced share as the final legal expression of pietas, reciprocity, natural love and natural rights.
Estimating Occupational Illness, Injury, and Mortality in Food Production in the United States: A Farm-to-Table Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The study provides a novel model and more comprehensive estimates of the burden of occupational morbidity and mortality in food-related industries, using a farm-to-table approach. METHODS: The authors analyzed 2008 to 2010 US Bureau of Labor Statistics data for private industries in the different stages of the farm-to-table model (production, processing, distribution and storage, and retail and preparation). RESULTS: The morbidity rate for food system industries was significantly higher than the morbidity rate for nonfood system industries (rate ratio = 1.62; 95% confidence interval = 1.30 to 2.01). Furthermore, the occupational mortality rate for food system industries was significantly higher than the national nonfood occupational mortality rate (rate ratio = 9.51; 95% confidence interval = 2.47 to 36.58). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first use of the farm-to-table model to assess occupational morbidity and mortality, and these findings highlighting specific workplace hazards across food system industries. Language: en
Bridging the Silos of Service Delivery for High-Need, High-Cost Individuals

Health care reform efforts that emphasize value have increased awareness of the importance of nonmedical factors in achieving better care, better health, and lower costs in the care of high-need, high-cost individuals. Programs that care for socioeconomically disadvantaged, high-need, high-cost individuals have achieved promising results in part by bridging traditional service delivery silos. This study examined 5 innovative community-oriented programs that are successfully coordinating medical and nonmedical services to identify factors that stimulate and sustain community-level collaboration and coordinated care across silos of health care, public health, and social services delivery. The authors constructed a conceptual framework depicting community health systems that highlights 4 foundational factors that facilitate community-oriented collaboration: flexible financing, shared leadership, shared data, and a strong shared vision of commitment toward delivery of person-centered care.
Race-acting: The varied and complex affirmative meaning of “acting Black” for African-American adolescents:

In the field of psychology, deficit theoretical frameworks for studying African-American students dominate mainstream psychological theorizing and research. This is particularly the case within research explaining the academic achievement gap between African-American and White students. The aims of the present study are to adopt a culturally responsive theoretical framework to study one of the most widely used explanations for the African-American achievement gap, “the ‘acting White’ hypothesis,” as well as to further interrogate the more globally generalizable concept of “race-acting” and what specifically it means to “act Black.” The data were generated from an open-ended survey question as part of a larger longitudinal mixed-method study. One hundred and fifteen African-American middle school students participated. Researchers used a thematic content analysis to systematically analyze the data and concluded, based on their multiple interpretations, that the meaning of race-acting is varied and complex....
Effects of Conductor Expressivity on Secondary School Band Members' Performance and Attitudes toward Conducting.

We investigated the effects of expressive and unexpressive conducting on secondary school band members’ and experts’ audio evaluations of band performance expressivity. A conductor, who demonstrate...
Cervical spinal cord atrophy in NMOSD without a history of myelitis or MRI-visible lesions

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease that usually presents with optic neuritis or severe myelitis. NMOSD can be diagnosed after only one typical clinical syndrome if immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the aquaporin-4 receptor (NMO-IgG) are present.1 Patients with NMOSD can develop marked spinal cord atrophy after myelitis,2,3 but it is unknown whether atrophy can occur without a history of myelitis. To address this question, we compared the mean upper cervical cross-sectional area (MUCCA) in patients with NMOSD without MRI cord lesions or history of myelitis, patients with NMOSD with MRI cord lesions or history of myelitis, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and neurologically intact controls.
Investigation on infectious diarrhea pathogens and epidemiological characteristics in Jiangyin city (2012)

Objective To understand the prevalence,epidemic features,trend and pathogens of infectious diarrhea diseases in Jiangyin city in 2012,so as to provide basis for clinical treatment and take preventive measures. Methods Infectious diarrhea case report information of Jiangyin city in 2012 was collected from"China information system for disease control"for statistical analysis. Infectious diarrhea cases were collected from 5 sentinel hospitals. In these cases,492 samples were used for the detection of bacteria,including salmonella,shigella,staphylococcus aureus,bacillus proteus,E. coli and vibrioparahaemolyticus. And 66 samples were used for the detection of virus,including rotavirus,sapporo like viruses,norovirus,astrovirus and adenovirus. Results In 2012,1 760 cases of infectious diarrhea cases were detected,the incidence being 1. 46‰. 2 deaths,the fatality rate was 1. 14‰. The difference between male and female was not statistically significant( χ2= 0. 32,P 0. 05); The age distribution showed that the majority was in the forty year old-age group,accounting for 17. 27% of the total number of cases; farmers were the main victims( 46. 31%),Seasonal distribution showed that June-August and October-November were the two peaks. From 558 diarrhea specimens,pathogen detection rate was 5. 56%. Intestinal pathogenic bacteria detection rate was 2. 24%,the intestinal virus detection rate was 30. 30%; The difference was statistically significant( χ2= 92. 80,P 0. 005). The detection rate of male was higher than that in female,the difference was statistically significant( χ2= 4. 66,P 0. 05). The pathogen of infectious diarrhea,from June to October was mainly caused by bacteria,while from October to the following May,mainly caused by virus. Conclusion Norovirus was the main pathogen causing infectious diarrhea in Jiangyin city in 2012,while vibrio parahaemolyticus was the main pathogen causing infectious diarrhea in Jiangyin city in 2012. This study Initially revealed the pathogen spectrum of infectious diarrhea in Jiangyin city.
Leaf litter C and N cycling from a deciduous permanent crop

ABSTRACTOur understanding of leaf litter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling and its effects on N management of deciduous permanent crops is limited. In a 30-day laboratory incubation, we compared soil respiration and changes in mineral N [ammonium (NH4+-N) + nitrate (NO3–-N)], microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), total organic carbon (TOC) and total non-extractable organic nitrogen (TON) between a control soil at 15N natural abundance (δ15N = 1.08‰) without leaf litter and a treatment with the same soil, but with almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) leaf litter that was also enriched in 15N (δ15N = 213‰). Furthermore, a two-end member isotope mixing model was used to identify the source of N in mineral N, MBN and TON pools as either soil or leaf litter. Over 30 d, control and treatment TOC pools decreased while the TON pool increased for the treatment and decreased for the control. Greater soil respiration and significantly lower (p < 0.05) mineral N from 3 to 15 d and significantly greater MBN from 10 ...
Drug Sequences, Age of Onset, and Use Trajectories as Predictors of Drug Abuse/Dependence in Young Adulthood

According to Wohlwill (1973), developmental trajectories can be described in terms of a variety of parameters indicating presence of change; direction of change; shape of trajectory; values of maxima, minima, or terminal levels; sequencing of events; timing of events; and/or age corresponding to specified values of any of those characteristics. The sheer number of possible parameters serves as a reminder that whichever one is used in empirical studies can only provide a very incomplete picture of individual differences in developmental trajectories. The empirical study of such parameters can be aimed at two somewhat different objectives. First, researchers may be interested in identifying the factors and mechanisms that produce individual differences in a parameter of interest. Second, it is also desirable and useful to examine whether differences in a given parameter predict differences in relevant developmental outcomes at a later point in time. In this chapter, we are primarily concerned with the second objective. Ideally, the two approaches complement each other by focusing on the same or similar parameters. Unfortunately, however, theories of substance abuse and dependence provide little guidance as to which of the many available parameters are more or less useful for an understanding of the development of abuse and dependence in young adulthood.
Correlations Between Bone Mechanical Properties and Bone Composition Parameters in Mouse Models of Dominant and Recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta and the Response to Anti‐TGF‐β Treatment

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by brittle bones that are prone to fracture. Although previous studies in animal models investigated the mechanical properties and material composition of OI bone, little work has been conducted to statistically correlate these parameters to identify key compositional contributors to the impaired bone mechanical behaviors in OI. Further, although increased TGF-β signaling has been demonstrated as a contributing mechanism to the bone pathology in OI models, the relationship between mechanical properties and bone composition after anti-TGF-β treatment in OI has not been studied. Here, we performed follow-up analyses of femurs collected in an earlier study from OI mice with and without anti-TGF-β treatment from both recessive (Crtap-/- ) and dominant (Col1a2+/P.G610C ) OI mouse models and WT mice. Mechanical properties were determined using three-point bending tests and evaluated for statistical correlation with molecular composition in bone tissue assessed by Raman spectroscopy. Statistical regression analysis was conducted to determine significant compositional determinants of mechanical integrity. Interestingly, we found differences in the relationships between bone composition and mechanical properties and in the response to anti-TGF-β treatment. Femurs of both OI models exhibited increased brittleness, which was associated with reduced collagen content and carbonate substitution. In the Col1a2+/P.G610C femurs, reduced hydroxyapatite crystallinity was also found to be associated with increased brittleness, and increased mineral-to-collagen ratio was correlated with increased ultimate strength, elastic modulus, and bone brittleness. In both models of OI, regression analysis demonstrated that collagen content was an important predictor of the increased brittleness. In summary, this work provides new insights into the relationships between bone composition and material properties in models of OI, identifies key bone compositional parameters that correlate with the impaired mechanical integrity of OI bone, and explores the effects of anti-TGF-β treatment on bone-quality parameters in these models. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Hydrodynamic optimality of balistiform and gymnotiform locomotion

Some groups of fish have evolved to generate propulsion using undulatory elongated fins while maintaining a relatively rigid body. The fins run along the body axis and can be dorsal, ventral, dorso...
Peroxisome-desmosome complexes in mouse hepatic cells.

In addition to mitochondrion-desmosome complexes, peroxisome-desmosome complexes were present in mouse hepatocytes. The latter complexes consisted of a desmosome which was flanked on one or both sides by a peroxisome. Occasional desmosomes were confronted on one side by a peroxisome and on the other by a mitochondrion. It is suggested that the association between organelles and desmosomes is fortuitous, and that no functional significance can be inferred from this association.