cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patent Law: Cases & Materials

I use these materials to teach a 3-credit Patent Law & Policy course. Many, but not all, of the students in such a course will already have taken an IP Survey course of some kind. Although I have minimized overlapping cases with the patent-law chapter of Loren & Miller’s Intellectual Property Law: Cases & Materials (Semaphore Press), students are bound to benefit from reviewing concepts they learned in an IP Survey.This collection contains edited cases and selected patent figures and excerpts, along with brief introductions to some of the subjects it covers. The most important thing to keep in mind, however, is that this set of cases and materials is not designed as a self-contained, free-standing casebook. Rather, I have designed it for use in close conjunction with a specific softcover hornbook published by Wolters Kluwer, Janice Mueller’s Patent Law, Fourth Edition (Aspen Student Treatise Series 2013). At the start of each new topic, I have indicated which pages of Mueller’s Patent Law are most relevant to the cases I present. My thought is that others may also wish to teach Patent Law in the same way, and that is why I make this set of edited cases available.Finally, a note on my approach to editing cases: I indicate my omissions from text with an ellipsis, and omissions present in the original with asterisks. I do not, however, indicate deletions or abridgments of citations or footnotes. Where I retain footnotes, I have tried to preserve the numbering they bear in the official case reports, but I cannot guarantee complete success on that score. In any event, one should always refer back to the official report of a case for the authoritative version.If you decide to use this case collection to teach a course of your own — as I hope people will — please check back to ensure that you have the most up-to-date version. This version, which is 2.0, was posted in June 2015.
Extracellular matrix control of dendritic spine and synapse structure and plasticity in adulthood

Dendritic spines are the receptive contacts at most excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. Spines are dynamic in the developing brain, changing shape as they mature as well as appearing and disappearing as they make and break connections. Spines become much more stable in adulthood, and spine structure must be actively maintained to support established circuit function. At the same time, adult spines must retain some plasticity so their structure can be modified by activity and experience. As such, the regulation of spine stability and remodeling in the adult animal is critical for normal function, and disruption of these processes is associated with a variety of late onset diseases including schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. The extracellular matrix (ECM), composed of a meshwork of proteins and proteoglycans, is a critical regulator of spine and synapse stability and plasticity. While the role of ECM receptors in spine regulation has been extensively studied, considerably less research has focused directly on the role of specific ECM ligands. Here, we review the evidence for a role of several brain ECM ligands and remodeling proteases in the regulation of dendritic spine and synapse formation, plasticity, and stability in adults.
Western Times and Water Wars: State, Culture, and Rebellion in California

"Western Times and Water Wars" chronicles more than a hundred years of tumultuous events in the history of California's Owens Valley. From the pioneer conquest of the native inhabitants to the infamous destruction of the valley's agrarian economy by water-hungry Los Angeles, this legendary setting is a microcosm of the development of the American West.
Relation of Brightness to Threshold for Light-Adapted and Dark-Adapted Rods and Cones: Effects of Retinal Eccentricity and Target Size

'Equal-brightness' functions of retinal eccentricity and target diameter were measured by a matching procedure, and compared with the corresponding threshold functions for four different adaptation conditions: light-adapted cones (LAC), dark-adapted cones (DAC), light-adapted rods (LAR) and dark-adapted rods (DAR). The separation between log brightness matches and log thresholds decreased with eccentricity and increased with target size for all adaptation conditions, but overall separation was substantially greater for the DAR condition than for the other three. A two-channel model of achromatic brightness is proposed to explain the results. The model assumes 'strong' and 'weak' channels, which contribute unequally to brightness. These channels are tentatively identified with tonic and phasic classes of retinal ganglion cells.
Hydrocarbon Development in the Ultra-Deepwater Boundary Region of the Gulf of Mexico: Time to Reexamine a Comprehensive U.S.-Mexico Cooperation Agreement

Finding and exploiting oil and gas resources in the ultra-deepwater areas of the Gulf of Mexico is occurring at an accelerated pace. New discoveries have recently been made in a large geological structure known as the Lower Tertiary Wilcox Trend that is located in the U.S.-Mexico Maritime Boundary Region. However, due to the transboundary characteristics of many of these hydrocarbons, some form of bi-national cooperation is necessary to effectively manage the shared resources, protect the oceanic environment and comply with evolving norms of international law before commercial production can begin. Well-established international customary norms prohibit unilateral exploitation of transboundary oil and gas resources. Consequently, it is important for the two nations to address these issues today rather than putting them off until they become a critical political problem in their bilateral relations.
Contemporary management of aortic branch compromise resulting from acute aortic dissection

Abstract Purpose: In an earlier report, we documented the incidence and impact of aortic branch compromise complicating acute aortic dissection (AD) over a 21-year interbval (1965-1986). In the current study, management of peripheral vascular complications (PVCs) of AD over the past decade was reviewed. Methods: Medical records of patients treated for AD over the interval January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1999, were reviewed. Patients with branch compromise confirmed with radiography or operation and patients with spinal cord ischemia that was based on results of a physical examination defined the study group. Comparisons between subgroups with and without PVC over a 30-year interval were analyzed with the χ 2 test. Results: A total of 187 patients (101 proximal and 86 distal) were treated for AD over the study interval. A total of 53 (28%) of these patients had clinical evidence of organ or limb malperfusion (7 cerebral, 3 upper extremity, 5 spinal cord, 11 mesenteric, 12 renal, and 24 lower extremity [sites inclusive]), and one of three (17 patients) of these underwent specific peripheral vascular intervention. The remaining 65% (36) of the PVC group had complete or partial malperfusion resolution after central aortic therapy (medical or surgical) alone. Open techniques for treating PVC included aortic fenestration (9), femorofemoral grafting (2), and aortofemoral grafting (1). All had favorable outcomes with no mortality. Endovascular procedures in five patients included abdominal aortic fenestration (3) or stenting of the renal (2), mesenteric (2), and iliac (1) arteries with clinical success in three patients and two deaths. The in-hospital mortality rate for the entire group of 187 patients was 18% (15% for proximal aortic operation, 8% in medically treated patients). The presence of aortic branch compromise was not a statistically significant predictor of the patient mortality rate (23% with and 16% without; P = .26). Overall mortality rate in the current study (18% vs 37%; P = .000006) and the mortality rate with PVC (23% vs 51%; P = .001), in particular with mesenteric ischemia (36% vs 87%; P = .026), decreased significantly when compared with prior experience. Conclusions: The overall mortality rate from AD during the past decade has decreased significantly. Similar trends were noted in patients with PVCs, a previously identified high-risk subgroup. Increased awareness and prompt, specific management of PVCs, in particular when visceral ischemia is present, have contributed to improved outcomes in patients with AD. (J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: 1185-92.)
Anatomy in the Third Reich: an outline, part 3. The science and ethics of anatomy in National Socialist Germany and postwar consequences

Anatomists in National Socialist (NS) Germany did research on materials from animals and humans, including tissues from the bodies of NS victims. The research was competent but rarely innovative. This may be due to the isolation of the German research community from international developments, as well as to the dismissal of a great number of successful anatomists for racial or political reasons. Other research was unproductive because of its foundation in the pseudoscience of racial hygiene. Anatomists in the Third Reich acted according to a new set of medical ethics favored by the NS regime. Not the individual human being but the "body of the people" as a whole was the object of this ethics. Every action was ethical that ensured the health of the German people, including sterilization, so-called euthanasia, and finally mass murder. Anatomists made use of the opportunities given to them by the NS regime, which led to the postmortem utilization of the bodies of NS victims. After the war, most anatomists retained their positions and NS history was not discussed until the later 20th century. Since then, historical research and public discussions have led to an increased awareness of questions of ethics in anatomy. The history of anatomy in the Third Reich illustrates that the theory and practice of a science is dependent on the political system it exists in, and that the scientists' competence not only in their science but also in politics and ethics is a prerequisite for the freedom of science.
Measurement of Interactions between Abrasive Silica Particles and Copper, Titanium, Tungsten and Tantalum

Colloidal probe technique has been widely employed to measure the adhesion between micro- and nanosize objects using atomic force microscopy (AFM). However, majority of studies concerns model systems, which do not incorporate real abrasive particles. The approach applied allows measuring adhesion between real CMP nanoparticles and different surfaces. Thin polymer film with high affinity to the particles was used to anchor the particles to a surface. Hollow glass bead (20–30 µm) representing flat surface was attached to soft AFM cantilever. Application of large hollow bead and the cantilever with small spring constant allows measuring the interactions with high sensitivity. Titanium, tungsten and tantalum metals were sputtered on the bead surface. The effect of different factors such as pH value, concentration and type of a surfactant on adhesion between surfaces of metals and silica slurry has been studied. Character and intensity of interactions at the moment of contact have been evaluated from experimental force-distance curves.
Nonlinear controllers for trajectory tracking in batch processes

Trajectory tracking in nonlinear batch processes is a class of problems where classical transfer function methods fundamentally break down, since no transfer function can represent the system over the entire trajectory. In this work, nonlinear control is proposed as a potential approach for these systems. A general nonlinear control algorithm is derived for systems of relative order one. The control of batch copolymerixation reactors to obtain constant composition is an example which illustrates the use of this method. Simulations for the styrene-acrylonitrile system show the ability of this method to track the required profiles. INTRODUCIXON Batch processes constitute an important part of chemical engineering control problems. From an engineering viewpoint, the control of batch processes can be divided into two categories: (i) yield optimiz- ation problems; and (ii) product quality control problems. Yield optimization problems are important in the more technologically mature areas of chemical engin- eering where the production cost is a significant fraction of the selling price (e.g. the petrochemical industry, generic pharmaceuticals, etc.). These are not "pure" control problems, but rather are combined optimization and control problems, or optimal con- trol problems. This class of problems can be formu- lated as end-point control problems: given 1 =f(x, u). 0 < c < tr
Cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplantation: Prospects for prevention

C ytomegalovirus (CMV) is the major viral pathogen in renal and other solid organ transplant recipients and may cause serious morbidity which includes fever with leukopenia, pneumonia, retinitis, hepatitis, gastrointestinal ulcerations, and death.!" In addition, CMV disease has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to complications such as bacterial and fungal superinfections and graft rejection.t" Furthermore, several long-term consequences of transplantation may be linked to CMV infection.?" In heart transplant recipients, CMV infection has been shown to be associated with atherosclerotic progression of the transplanted heart." In liver transplant recipients, CMV infection has been reported to be associated with the vanishing bile duct syndrome." Several studies in renal transplant recipients have demonstrated an association between CMV infection and allograft dysfunction." Two large scale studies have demonstrated that either primary or reactivation CMV infection is associated with reduced graft survival.l"!' although this remains controversial. 12 Due to both shortand long-term consequences of CMV infection, and because cytomegalovirus disease has been, until recently, difficult to treat, a number of efforts have been undertaken to prevent this potentially fatal complication oftransplantation. This review will focus on risk factors for CMV disease and the progress that has been made toward prevention ofCMV disease in recipients ofsolid organs.
Comparison of steroidogenic potencies of homologous and heterologous gonadotropins in rat and mouse Leydig cells

Abstract The in vitro steroidogenic potencies have been determined in rat and mouse Leydig cells for two homologous human gonadotropins, lutropin (hLH) and choriogonadotropin (hCG), and two heterologous gonadotropins, hCGβ wild-type and the product of an hCGβ clone containing a premature termination codon at position 122, each associated with a co-expressed bovine α subunit. hCG was found to be more potent than hLH in rat, but not mouse Leydig cells, and the heterologous gonadotropin containing the truncated hCGβ subunit was equipotent to that with hCGβ wild-type in both rat and mouse Leydig cells. Persistent steroidogenesis was determined by measuring testosterone production following pre-incubation with each of the above four gonadotropins and with ovine LH, subsequent washing of the cells, and re-incubation in the absence and presence of additional hormone. Interesting differences were found with the five gonadotropins in rat and mouse Leydig cells. The testosterone response to all gonadotropins in rat Leydig cells was essentially the same whether or not additional hormone was added after the initial cell incubation and washing. In contrast, only hLH and hCG yielded identical responses in mouse Leydig cells in the presence and absence of additional hormone, testosterone production being invariably lower with ovine LH and the two expressed heterologous gonadotropins unless they were present in the second incubation. In summary, the hCGβ C-terminal sequence from residues 122–145 makes no discernible contribution to the in vitro potency in rat or mouse Leydig cells. Since rat Leydig cells are more sensitive to hCG than hLH, the amino acid differences in the core region of hCGβ compared to hLHβ, or the carbohydrate differences between the two β subunits, probably contribute to this difference in potency. Such differences, however, are not manifested in mouse Leydig cells, presumably reflecting subtle differences in the receptors or in the intracellular coupling mechanisms. Lastly, the results indicate that the α subunit may exert a modulatory role on the level of steroidogenic persistence.
A measurement study of insecure javascript practices on the web

JavaScript is an interpreted programming language most often used for enhancing webpage interactivity and functionality. It has powerful capabilities to interact with webpage documents and browser windows, however, it has also opened the door for many browser-based security attacks. Insecure engineering practices of using JavaScript may not directly lead to security breaches, but they can create new attack vectors and greatly increase the risks of browser-based attacks. In this article, we present the first measurement study on insecure practices of using JavaScript on the Web. Our focus is on the insecure practices of JavaScript inclusion and dynamic generation, and we examine their severity and nature on 6,805 unique websites. Our measurement results reveal that insecure JavaScript practices are common at various websites: (1) at least 66.4p of the measured websites manifest the insecure practices of including JavaScript files from external domains into the top-level documents of their webpages; (2) over 44.4p of the measured websites use the dangerous eval() function to dynamically generate and execute JavaScript code on their webpages; and (3) in JavaScript dynamic generation, using the document.write() method and the innerHTML property is much more popular than using the relatively secure technique of creating script elements via DOM methods. Our analysis indicates that safe alternatives to these insecure practices exist in common cases and ought to be adopted by website developers and administrators for reducing potential security risks.
Improved gram-quantity isolation of malto-oligosaccharides by preparative HPLC☆

Abstract Malto-oligosaccharides up to a degree of polymerization of 8 were isolated in gram quantities by preparative HPLC from mild acid hydrolysates of cyclomaltoheptaose and cyclomatooctaose [β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and γ-cyclodextrin (γCD), respectively]. Dynamax-60A NH 2 preparative aminopropyl silica gel columns (21.4 and 41.4 mm i.d.) and acetonitrile-water mobile phases were used. Isolation rates using the 41.4 mm i.d. preparative column approached 1 g of purified oligosaccharide per hour. The purity of isolated malto-oligosaccharides was at least 98% for dp 7 and dp 8 oligosaccharides derived from βCD and γCD, respectively.
Self-punitive behavior in humans: Effects of a self-fulfilling prophecy

Abstract Human subjects were exposed to contingencies which programmed aversive tones (100 db). Two types of contingencies were employed: self-confirming (i.e., self-fulfilling prophecies), in which the aversive tone was occasioned by the prediction it was about to occur; and self-disconfirming, in which the tone was probable when subjects predicted it would not occur. Experiments 1 and 2 used a modified classical conditioning paradigm, and demonstrated that a self-confirming contingency maintained reliable self-punitive responding, i.e., subjects consistently predicted and therefore obtained tones on every trial. Subjects in Experiment 3 were instructed to express predictions continuously throughout four sessions to ensure adequate sampling of the various predictions. Subjects exposed to a self-disconfirming contnngency reliably evidenced awareness of the contingency in effect (judged by answers on a postexperimental questionnaire), whereas subjects exposed to a self-confirming contingency failed to show effective avoidance behavior or contingency awareness. Experiment 4 investigated free-operant self-punitive behavior, utilizing a single prediction response button, which subjects depressed repeatedly. Subjects were exposed to either periodic or aperiodic punishment schedules over as many as four sessions. In general, more persistent self-punitive responding was found in the groups receiving periodic punishment. The results from the four experiments show that self-confirming contingencies can effectively prolong self-punitive responding in human subjects. The findings are consistent with a blocking interpretation of self-punitive behavior, which asserts that when an aversive event is already predicted by stimuli in the situation (including temporal cues), the association between a response and punishment is impaired, and self-punitive responding is likely to be maintained. An integration of human and animal self-punitive research is proposed.
Laser studies of near-resonant state-changing collisions of calcium (4s6s1S0) with the rare gases

State-changing collisions of Ca(4s6s ${}^{1}$${S}_{0}$) with the rare gases are studied by pulsed laser excitation and time- and wavelength-resolved detection. The total depletion rates of the 4s6s ${}^{1}$${S}_{0}$ state with different rare gases vary by over a factor 10, with the lighter rare gases being markedly more efficient than the heavier ones. Relative branching ratios to the specific near-resonant, energy-transfer product states, 4p4p ${}^{1}$${D}_{2}$ (\ensuremath{\Delta}E=-29 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$), 3d4p ${}^{1}$${F}_{3}$ (\ensuremath{\Delta}E=152 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$), and 4s6s ${}^{3}$${S}_{1}$ (\ensuremath{\Delta}E=216 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$), are measured for $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, Ne, and Xe. Transfer to the $^{1}\mathrm{D}_{2}$ state is always the major relaxation pathway. The rate constant for $^{3}\mathrm{S}_{1}$ production is immeasurably small, implying a small spin-orbit matrix element for curve crossing that leads to a spin change. The results for 4p4p ${}^{1}$${D}_{2}$ production are compared with simple theoretical calculations based on established models for near-resonant energy transfer between states which are coupled at large internuclear distance. These models successfully explain the dominant transfer to the 4p4p ${}^{1}$${D}_{2}$ state and the trends with rare gas, which are attributed largely to enhancement of the near-resonant-transfer process with increasing velocity. The effects of wave-function mixing in the isolated atom (e.g., spin mixing) on the general outcome of state-changing collisions in two-electron atoms are discussed. Two-electron atoms offer numerous possibilities for further testing of theories of near-resonant energy transfer.
The radial protein concentration profile in the interstitial space of the rat ileal mesentery.

Abstract The radial distribution of the protein concentration in the interstitium between arteriolar and venular vessels of the ileal mesentery of the rat was examined. Protein mass was determined by means of uv ultramicrospectrophotometry (UMS) and the relative volume distribution by means of fluorescence microscopy (FM) using the Na fluorescein and FITC-dextran (10,000 mol wt). UMS revealed gradients for protein mass from the vessels out into the interstitial space. FM showed a uniform distribution of fluorescence in the interstitium between the vessels. A gradient for protein mass without a gradient for volume distribution signifies the presence of a concentration gradient for protein in the interstitial space. The protein concentration across the arteriolar wall drops from 5.4 ± 0.24 (SD) to 2.6 ± 0.65% and across the venular wall from 5.4 ± 0.24 to 3.3 ± 0.43%. From the perivascular site the protein concentration declines exponentially reaching a minimum average interstitial concentration of 1.6 ± 0.56%. Minimal protein concentration occurred at a point 37 ± 6.4% of the 295 ± 37 μm distance from the arteriolar to the venular vessels. In view of this distribution, it is unlikely that lymph or direct samples of interstitial fluid are representative of the perivascular protein concentration.
Glutamic Acid Production in Biotin-rich Media by Temperature-sensitive Mutants of Brevibacterium lactofermentum, a Novel Fermentation Process

Temperature-sensitive mutants were derived from Brevibacterium lactofermentum strain 2256 in a search for mutants which would produce a large amount of L-glutamic acid in biotin- rich media at the nonpermissive temperature. A total of 159 mutant strains was selected which showed adequate growth at 30°C but showed little or no growth at 37°C on minimal medium. Twenty of these were found to produce glutamic acid in a biotin-rich medium after a temperature shift from 30°C to 37°C, while the wild-type strain 2256 did not produce it under the same cultural condition.One of the typical mutant strains, Ts-88, produced approximately 2g/dl of glutamic acid from beet molasses (the yield > 55%) in the presence of 33 µg/liter of biotin when tempera- , ture was shifted from 30°C to 40°C during the cultivation. It was concluded that, by controlling only temperature during fermentation, glutamic acid production could be realized in media containing biotin-rich natural carbon sources, without any chemical control such as...
Protease inhibition increases the analgesic potency of peptide E.

Abstract Peptide E (PE), an opioid peptide from adrenal medulla, is known to possess very low analgesic potency when injected intracerebro-ventricularly in mice. The present study showed that PE analgesia was increased by co-injection with protease inhibitors (bacitracin and bestatin).
Engineering Candidate Genes in Studies of Adaptation: The Heat-Shock Protein Hsp70 in Drosophila melanogaster.

abstract: One approach to elucidating the relationships among genes, traits, performance, and fitness is to choose genes of candidate evolutionary interest whose significance is well understood from in vitro and cellular studies and to explore the consequences of manipulating these genes in whole organisms in an evolutionary context. Ongoing research on Hsp70 in Drosophila exemplifies this candidate gene approach. The heat‐shock protein Hsp70 was chosen for analysis because its biochemical phenotype (i.e., molecular chaperone activity), regulation, and encoding genes are well understood. Investigation of the thermal environment of Drosophila larvae in the wild and natural Hsp70 expression establishes an ecological context for the candidate gene. Engineering of the hsp70 genes via site‐specific homologous recombination, expression off of a heterologous promoter, and expression of an innocuous protein off of the hsp70 promoter show that Hsp70 can be sufficient for a significant component of inducible thermo...
Should a Master's Degree Be Required of All Teachers?

The feasibility of requiring a master's degree for teachers is explored. Several states that require teachers to obtain a master's degree are identified. Evidence on the impact of a master's degree or advanced study on teaching effectiveness is reviewed to show that the relationship between graduate study and teaching success is modest. The cost of such a proposal in Virginia is esti mated. On the basis of policy considerations, empirical data, and the cost analysis, it is con cluded that a universal master's degree requirement is an inefficient method for improving ele mentary and secondary education.
De(construction) of Literary Theory

ABSTRACT Over the past two decades a bewildering array of new methodologies and critical approaches to literature have sprung up. This boom in the number of critical theories, coupled with the excesses of theorists, have left librarians, students and academicians confused and disoriented. Creative individuals-novelists, dramatists, faculty members, etc.- have responded by producing fictional works that criticize, satirize or parody these new critical approaches. This article identifies representational works in this growing subgenre and points out the perceived excesses that are being criticized or satirized.
Ontologies of Interdependence, the Sacred, and Health Care: Marilynne Robinson’s "Gilead" and "Home"

Marilynne Robinson's two most recent novels offer a compelling ethical framework for contemporary readers. After reviewing the shift in how her seminal novel Housekeeping has been received, this article demonstrates how Robinson's more recent fiction focuses on responsibility, generosity, and interdependence, all founded in a system of belief her protagonists have accepted. Robinson's work invites readers to reconsider humanistic concerns in ways that speak back to neoliberal hegemony and postmodern relativism.
Experimental study of cohesive sediment consolidation and resuspension identifies approaches for coastal restoration: Lake Lery, Louisiana

The purpose of this study was to evaluate related processes of sediment consolidation and resuspension in a coastal basin and how these processes influence retention of fine sediment delivered by a river diversion. Sediment samples were collected from Lake Lery, a coastal receiving basin of the Caernarvon Diversion from the Mississippi River, Louisiana. Consolidation was tested for six initial sediment concentrations (14.0–105 kg m–3) in a settling column over 15-day periods. Mud erodibility was tested at seven shear stress regimes (0.01–0.60 Pa) using a dual-core Gust erosion microcosm system, on cores containing suspensions that consolidated for 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Consolidation rates were found to be inversely and exponentially related to initial suspension concentration, over concentrations ranging from fluid mud (10–200 kg m–3) to hydraulic dredge effluent. Consolidation is best predicted by a function consisting of two exponential terms and one asymptotic constant, describing rates of rapid initial and slower subsequent settling. Coupled resuspension and consolidation tests (concentrations of 20–21 kg m–3) show that shear stresses generating the highest turbidity peaks increase from ≤0.30 Pa after 2 weeks of consolidation to ≥0.45 Pa after 4 weeks, and this strengthening cannot be attributed solely to increasing sediment concentration over time. Comparison of measured erosion shear stresses with bed shear stresses typical of coastal lakes and bays suggests that this degree of strengthening, if given time to occur, could increase the overall retention of fine sediments deposited on lake and bay floors.
The intersection of video games and patient empowerment: case study of a real world application

Video games provide new opportunities for improving patients' quality-of-life via empowerment through physical exercise and interactive feedback. This paper presents an incentive-based video game that transforms physical exercise into mental empowerment to help fight cancer via positive metaphoric visualization. This video game technology can enhance patients' resilience via mechanisms that stimulate coupling between the brain reward systems and physical actions. While the Patient Empowerment (PE) Exercise Video Game is an example of an active-player interactive game designed for pediatric cancer patients, this concept can be applied to neurological, metabolic or cardiovascular diseases.
On the red-blue set cover problem

Both the increased complexity of integrated circuits, resulting in six or more levels of integration, and the increasing use of flip-chip packaging have driven the development of integrated circuit (IC) failure analysis tools that can be applied to the backside of the chip. Among these new approaches are focused ion beam (FIB) tools and processes for performing chip edits/repairs from the die backside. This paper describes the use of backside FIB for a failure analysis application rather than for chip repair. Specifically, we used FIB technology to prepare an IC for inspection of voided metal interconnects (''lines'') and vias. Conventional FIB milling was combined with a super-enhanced gas assisted milling process that uses XeF{sub 2} for rapid removal of large volumes of bulk silicon. This combined approach allowed removal of the TiW underlayer from a large number of Ml lines simultaneously, enabling rapid localization and plan view imaging of voids in lines and vias with backscattered electron (BSE) imaging in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sequential cross sections of individual voided vias enabled us to develop a 3-d reconstruction of these voids. This information clarified how the voids were formed, helping us identify the IC process steps that needed tomore » be changed.« less
New hydrophobic π* indicators. Solvatochromic properties and interactions in micellar solutions

Solvent-sensitive probes have wide application in the study and characterization of interfacial systems. This work presents some new, more hydrophobic versions of the solvatochromic π* indicators of solvent dipolarity−polarizability. The new dyes form a homologous series of N,N-dialkyl-p-nitroanilines. The indicators are designed to act as improved probes of micelles and lipid bilayers in polar and aqueous solutions. UV−vis studies of the N,N-dipentyl- and N,N-dihexyl-p-nitroanilines show the two indicators to be strongly solvatochromic; values of −s estimated from two-point correlation are 3.081and 3.110, respectively. UV−vis spectra of N,N-dipentyl- and N,N-dihexyl-p-nitroanilines obtained at variable indicator concentration in cyclohexane and dimethyl sulfoxide, within the 10-5 M concentration range, display no concentration-dependent spectral shifting and no evidence of indicator aggregation in accordance with Beer's law. Studies of the indicator series in aqueous solutions of varying concentration of...
Selected Contribution: Aging impairs nitric oxide and prostacyclin mediation of endothelium-dependent dilation in soleus feed arteries.

We tested the hypothesis that endothelium-dependent dilation in soleus muscle feed arteries (SFA) is impaired by aging due to attenuated nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation. SFA were isolated f...
Severe Pleural Restriction: The Maximum Static Pulmonary Recoil Pressure as an Aid in Diagnosis

Three patients with pleural restriction are presented in detail. One patient had had a right pneumonectomy and died of ventilatory failure due to left-sided restrictive pleurisy. The second patient had neoplastic pleural effusion and inactive tuberculosis. The third patient had systemic lupus erythematosus with bilateral restrictive pleuritis. The physiologic picture was similar in the three cases, with marked decrease of lung volumes, increase of the RV/TLC ratio, absence of airways obstruction, decrease of the Dco and decrease of dynamic lung compliance. In addition, each of these three patients and others with severe pleura] restriction had a lower than normal maximum static pulmonary recoil pressure (Pmax). Since in pulmonary restrictive disease, the Pmax was found to be elevated, it was a useful test for distinguishing pulmonary restriction from pleural restriction.
Specific Labeling of Threonine Methyl Groups for NMR Studies of Protein–Nucleic Acid Complexes

Specific 13C labeling of Thr methyl groups has been accomplished via the growth of a standard laboratory strain of Escherichia coli on [2-13C]glycerol in the presence of deuterated isoketovalerate, Ile, and Ala. Diversion of the label from the Thr biosynthetic pathway is suppressed by including Lys, Met, and Ile in the growth medium. This method complements the repertoire of methyl labeling schemes for NMR structural and dynamic studies of proteins and is particularly useful for the study of nucleic acid binding proteins because of the high propensity of Thr residues at protein–DNA and −RNA interfaces.
Comparison of several antiangiogenic regimens alone and with cytotoxic therapies in the Lewis lung carcinoma

The efficacy of several potential antiangiogenic agents, TNP-470, minocycline, suramin, genistein, interferon δ4, 14(sulfated)-β-cyclodextrin and tetrahydrocortisol, alone and in combination with cytotoxic therapies was examined against primary and metastatic Lewis lung carcinoma. The antiangiogenic agents when administered as single agents or in two-agent combinations were only modestly active as antitumor agents. Three antiangiogenic agent combinations, TNP-470/minocycline, TNP-470/14(SO4)βCD/THC and minocycline/14(SO4)βCD/THC, produced significant increases in tumor growth delay and decreases in the number of lung metastases when administered along with cyclophosphamide compared with cyclophosphamide alone. Two antiangiogenic agent combinations, minocycline/interferon δ4 and minocycline/14 (SO4)βCD/THC, produced significant decreases in the number of lung metastases when administered alone with adriamycin compared with adriamycin alone. The antiangiogenic combinations of TNP-470/minocycline, TNP-470/suramin, TNP-470/genistein, TNP-470/interferon δ4 and TNP-470/14(SO4)βCD/THC, resulted in increased tumor growth delays when administered along with CDDP, BCNU, fractionated radiation or 5-fluorouracil. There was not always a direct correlation between the antiangiogenic regimen that was most beneficial against the primary tumor as compared with disease metastatic to the lungs. These studies establish that a broad range of antiangiogenic therapies can interact in a positive manner with cytotoxic therapies.
“Woven” Right coronary artery: Case report and therapeutic implications

We report an unusual anomaly of the right coronary artery consisting of proximal branching of the artery and subsequent interweaving of the branches, referred to as a "woven" coronary artery. Implications and differential diagnosis are discussed.
Topical use of hydrocortisone and hydrocortisoneneomycin ointments in allergic dermatoses

T HE present, study summarizes observations made during the past year on the use of topically applied hydrocortisone, or compound F, in a fairly large group of patients with representative allergic skin eruptions. There is considerable experimental as well. as clinical evidence indicating that hydrocortisone differs from cortisone, at least quantitatively, in its local effect OH tissues1 While it is well known that cortisone is capable of influencing the course of many types of allergic dermatoses when administered by oral or parenteral routes, very little, if any, response is evident when it is applied directly to cutaneous lesions,‘, -* although it is highly effective on local application in certain diseases of the eye.5 Hydrocortisone appears even more effective than cortisone in the local treatment of similar ocular condition@; in its direct action on inflamed joints7; and in its local effect on certain inflammatory cutaneous lesions.*. 9 Its value in the clinical management of atopic dermatitis and certain other eczematous eruptions has also been reported.“, 4 Our own clinical trials of suitable prepa,rations of hydrocortisone in ointment form indicated a marked influence on eczematous and some papulosquamous lesions, and little or no effect on urticarial t,ype of eruptions. The cases included in the present summary a,re those of atopic and contact dermatitis, as well as certain other possible allergic eruptions, and a small number of nonallergic dermatoses. It must of course be emphasized that any favorable effect which n1a.y ensue from the use of locally applied hormones in allergic dermatoses is ent,irely symptomatic in nature, and does not influence the underlying etiologic mechanism involved. Such relief, however, though temporary in nature, is a valuable adjunct in the mana,gement of these conditions, at least until a more adequate solution of the problem can be attained through the control or correction of basic underlying mechanisms. In addition, the advantages of successful local steroid therapy are considerable when the attenda,nt side effects of systemic hormonad treatment are considered.
Arachnoid granulations and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea: Role of imaging

Arachnoid granulations (AGs) are villous structures that are formed during the development of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Their function is to drain the CSF into the dural venous sinuses. A variable number of AGs do not reach a dural venous lumen and are aberrantly embedded in the skull bones, primarily in the tegmen tympani, tegmen mastoidea, petromastoid plate, occipital squama, cribriform plate, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It has been shown that when these AGs are adjacent to pneumatized parts of the skull, they are lesions responsible for spontaneous otorrhea or rhinorrhea in adults. This article reviews the role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with CSF otorrhea caused by AGs.
Vector and tensor polarization lifetimes for a stored deuteron beam

Spin Physics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1120, USA~Received 8 May 2003; published 2 October 2003!The time dependence of the vector and tensor polarization of a 270 MeV stored deuteron beam wasmeasured near a depolarizing resonance, which was induced by an oscillating, longitudinal magnetic ﬁeld. Thedistance to the resonance was varied by changing the oscillation frequency. The measured ratio of the polar-ization lifetimes is t
Retinol dehydrogenases (RDHs) in the visual cycle

The isomerization of 11-cis retinal to all-trans retinal in photoreceptors is the first step in vision. For photoreceptors to function in constant light, the all-trans retinal must be converted back to 11-cis retinal via the enzymatic steps of the visual cycle. Within this cycle, all-trans retinal is reduced to all-trans retinol in photoreceptors and transported to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In the RPE, all-trans retinol is converted to 11-cis retinol, and in the final enzymatic step, 11-cis retinol is oxidized to 11-cis retinal. The first and last steps of the classical visual cycle are reduction and oxidation reactions, respectively, that utilize retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) enzymes. The visual cycle RDHs have been extensively studied, but because multiple RDHs are capable of catalyzing each step, the exact RDHs responsible for each reaction remain unknown. Within rods, RDH8 is largely responsible for the reduction of all-trans retinal with possible assistance from RDH12. retSDR1 is thought to reduce all-trans retinal in cones. In the RPE, the oxidation of 11-cis retinol is carried out by RDH5 with possible help from RDH11 and RDH10. Here, we review the characteristics of each RDH in vitro and the findings from knockout models that suggest the roles for each in the visual cycle.
Are We Marginalized within Academe? Perceptions of Two-Year College Faculty

A sample of 311 faculty at seven community colleges completed survey questions that elicited their ratings of statements about four-year faculty attitudes toward two-year college faculty and about their own perceptions of their status within academe. Respondents with prior full-time faculty experience at a four-year institution were more likely to agree than those without such experience that four-year faculty consider two-year faculty to be on the margins of higher education. Neither group considered themselves to be in a marginal position. The authors discuss the implications of the data and make recommendations for future research.
The Importance of Collaborative Know-How: An Empirical Test of the Learning Organization

In this research, I proposed and tested a model of how firms learn from their strategic alliances. Based on a survey of 151 firms, the results suggest that experience alone is insufficient for the achievement of the greatest benefits from collaboration. Experience must be internalized first, and collaborative know-how must be developed for this experience to contribute to future collaborative benefits.
Critical exposure time for androgen activation of male sexual behavior in rats

We determined the minimum number of hours per day of testosterone (T) exposure required to activate male sexual behavior, and correlated these changes with the temporal parameters of androgen receptor occupation. For the first part of the study, castrated Long-Evans male rats received two 10 mm T-filled Silastic capsules in open flank pouches for 4, 8, 12, 16, 18, 21, or 24 hours per day over a 10 day period. Tests for male sexual behavior were conducted on days 2-3, 4-5, 7-8, and 9-10 of T treatment. A significantly higher proportion of males receiving 21 or 24 hr of daily T exposure mounted, intromitted and ejaculated compared to groups with daily T exposures of 18 hr or less. In the second part of this study we assessed whether it was necessary to maintain high levels of androgen receptor occupation during the 21-24 hr exposure period in order to activate male sexual behavior. Cell nuclear androgen receptor occupation was measured in HPAS (combined hypothalamus, preoptic area, amygdala and septum) of rats receiving 12, 21, or 24 hr of T exposure. In all three groups, nuclear androgen receptor occupation was high at the time of capsule removal, and fell significantly by 3 hr following T capsule removal. By 6 hr after T capsule removal, androgen receptor binding had fallen to castrate levels. These results demonstrate that, although relatively brief (less than or equal to 18 hr/day) exposures to testosterone can activate mounts and intromissions, significantly more responses are found in males receiving at least 21 hr of T exposure per day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Energy and momentum transport velocities on transmission systems

It has been noted in the literature that the power-energy relation for electromagnetic fields may be written in the form of a flow continuity equation, and thereby a velocity of electromagnetic energy flow may be defined. The force-momentum field relation may be used in the same way to define a velocity of momentum flow, and it is shown that the flow velocity for both momentum and energy is the group velocity.
SERENITY: CONCEPT ANALYSIS AND MEASUREMENT

Serenity, which refers to the inner peace experienced by some people despite difficult circumstances, may be useful as a practice concept for the elderly. This article presents the results of a concept analysis, including formulation of a definition of serenity to clarify its meaning, and we present results of a pilot investigation of an instrument designed to measure serenity: the Serenity Scale. The instrument was administered to 44 graduate university students and 62 elderly volunteers; subjects were predominantly female and white. Cronbach alpha coefficients of .95 and .92 (students and elderly respondents, respectively) were obtained for the overall scale. Subscale alpha coefficients ranged from .60 to .90 (students) and .28 to .72 (elderly). Although results indicated that the instrument is measuring a single construct with a high degree of consistency, the reliability of subscales below .60 needs improvement. Studies designed to measure construct validity of the instrument beyond the concept analys...
Monolithically integrated InGaAsP/InP laser/modulator using identical layer approach for opto-electronic oscillator

In this paper, we will present the design and fabrication of an integrated semiconductor laser/modulator using the identical active layer approach on InGaAsP/InP material.