cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supplementary Materials for Academically Gifted English Students.

The recent trend to acknowledge and to meet the needs of gifted and talented students has created a new challenge for academic planners, as well as teachers. One manifestation of this challenge is to provide appropriate supplementary materials to meet the needs of these special students. In seeking stimulating supplementary materials, teachers often overlook the obvious, a varied periodical list, while concentrating on amassing a wide range of audio-visual materials. Each type of supplementary material has advantages in certain settings; however, in programs for academically gifted, carefully selected periodicals can be a vital addition. The following list of supplementary periodicals is designed as a guide for teachers of academically gifted English students in high school. The list is neither definitive, nor is it essential that any school include all of the periodicals in their collections. It does provide a variety of materials to nurture the intellectual growth and personal and social awareness of gi...
Thorium-Copper Intermetallic Catalysts for the Synthesis of Methanol

The Bureau of Mines, Reno Research Center, began a catalyst research project in the mid-seventies to investigate improving the efficiency of catalysts containing critical and strategic metals. The initial years were spent gathering equipment and developing methods for preparation, physical characterization, and testing activity of experimental catalysts. Early research concentrated on the catalytic properties of rare-earth elements for oxidation reactions [1]. In addition to the catalyst research, another group at Reno was investigating the hydrogen absorption properties of intermetallic compounds of the type LaNi5 [2]. Since hydrogen storage alloys functioned by breaking the hydrogen bond and storing atomic hydrogen [3,4], they were logical candidates for study as hydrogenation catalysts. Synthesis of methane was the first reaction studied.
Nevi in Children and Adults: Dermoscopic Patterns and the Development of New Nevi

Nevi are the strongest risk factor for melanoma, as the risk of melanoma rises in individuals with a high number of melanocytic nevi. Yet, the melanocytic nevi in an individual change throughout one’s lifetime. By definition, acquired nevi appear after birth; the number of acquired nevi increases in the early decades, followed by a decrease in later life. According to the prevailing wisdom, individuals acquire nevi which then senesce and ultimately disappear; however, the process of nevogenesis may, in fact, be more dynamic. Although dermoscopy can provide greater insights into nevogenesis, there are relatively few studies that closely follow the development of nevi over an individual’s lifetime. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies regarding the dermoscopic pattern of nevi and the number of melanocytic nevi in both children and adults will be discussed below.
Integrated Proteomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Differential Expression of Chicken Lung Tissue in Response to NDV Infection during Heat Stress

: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a devastating worldwide poultry pathogen with major implications for global food security. In this study, two highly inbred and genetically distinct chicken lines, Fayoumis and Leghorns, were exposed to a lentogenic strain of NDV, while under the effects of heat stress, in order to understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance during high ambient temperatures. Fayoumis, which are relatively more resistant to pathogens than Leghorns, had larger numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during the early stages of infection when compared to Leghorns and subsequently down-regulated their immune response at the latter stages to return to homeostasis. Leghorns had very few DEGs across all observed time points, with the majority of DEGs involved with metabolic and glucose-related functions. Proteomic analysis corroborates findings made within Leghorns, while also identifying interesting candidate genes missed by expression profiling. Poor correlation between changes observed in the proteomic and transcriptomic datasets highlights the potential importance of integrative approaches to understand the mechanisms of disease response. Overall, this study provides novel insights into global protein and expression profiles of these two genetic lines, and provides potential genetic targets involved with NDV resistance during heat stress in poultry.
Characteristic exponents atL 4 andL 5 in the elliptic restricted problem of three bodies

We study the linear stability of the triangular points in the elliptic restricted problem by determining the characteristic exponents with a convergent method of iteration which in essence was introduced by Cesari (1940). We obtain the general term of such exponents as a power series in the eccentricity e of the primaries, valid for sufficiently small e and at all values of μ except one in the interval of stability of the circular problem.
Fast algorithms for large dense matrices with applications to biofluids

Abstract Numerical simulation of biofluids entails solving equations of fluid-structure interactions. At zero Reynolds number, solvers such as the Method of Regularized Stokeslets (MRS) give rise to large and dense matrices in practical applications where the number of structures immersed in the fluid is large. Building on previous work for an unbounded fluid domain, we first extend the Kernel-Independent Fast Multipole Method (KIFMM) for MRS to compute the matrix-vector products for the fluid flow induced by point forces above a stationary wall. In this case, the use of a regularized image system introduces additional terms to the solution which cause the matrix-vector multiplication to be quite challenging. In addition, we study the case where a linear system needs to be solved for the unknown forces that structures with known velocities exert on the fluid. Our main contribution is proposing several preconditioning techniques for the matrices associated with a few variants of MRS, including the case where a force-free, torque-free condition is imposed. They take advantage of the data-sparsity of FMM matrices as well as properties of Krylov subspaces. Our approach is memory efficient, capable of handling non-uniformly distributed structures and applicable to all FMM matrices. It enables efficient computation of the flow field surrounding a large group of dynamic micro-structures; in particular, we study the effects of fluid mixing caused by the periodic beating of a dense carpet of lung cilia.
Almost-prime polynomials at prime arguments

Abstract We improve Irving's method of the double-sieve [7] by using the DHR sieve. By extending the upper and lower bound sieve functions into their respective non-elementary ranges, we are able to make improvements on the previous records on the number of prime factors of irreducible polynomials at prime arguments. In particular, we prove that irreducible quadratics over Z satisfying necessary local conditions are P 4 infinitely often.
Separate effects irradiation testing of miniature fuel specimens

Abstract Qualification of new nuclear fuels is necessary for their deployment and requires a thorough understanding of fuel behavior under irradiation. Traditionally, nuclear fuels have been qualified by performing exhaustive integral tests under a limited range of prototypic conditions designed for their specific reactor application. While some integral fuel testing is essential, basic data on behavior and property evolution under irradiation can be obtained from separate effects tests. These irradiations could offer reduced cost, reduced complexity, and in the case of accelerated testing, reduced time to achieve a given burnup. Furthermore, it may be desirable to design test irradiations capable of deconvoluting the myriad effects of burnup, temperature gradients, and other factors inherent to integral irradiation tests. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has developed an experimental capability to perform separate effects irradiation testing of miniature fuel specimens in the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR): the “MiniFuel” irradiation vehicle. The small size ( 1200 °C), compositions, enrichments, and even geometries without requiring detailed analyses for each fuel variant. This paper summarizes the experiment design concept, evaluates potential applications for specific fuel forms, and briefly describes the first set of experiments on uranium nitride kernels that have been assembled and are currently being irradiated in the HFIR.
A Fast Numerical Method for the Galvanic Measurement in Hydraulic Fracture Detection

Hydraulic fracturing is critical for unconventional oil and gas production. Recently, galvanic methods, including borehole-to-surface and surface-to-borehole electromagnetic methods, have been applied in hydraulic fracture evaluation. However, conventional computational electromagnetic methods require huge computational cost to simulate the common galvanic fracture model, which consists of a long cased borehole, 3-D thin fractures, and an underground stratified medium. More seriously, modeling both vertical and horizontal energized cased boreholes in layered media is exceptionally difficult. In this article, we present a hybrid numerical mode matching method with stabilized bi-conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform method (NMM-BCGS-FFT) as the forward solver to efficiently model 3-D fractures in the galvanic survey. Both vertical and horizontal energized cased boreholes are modeled in the forward solver. The numerical results show the accuracy and efficiency of the hybrid forward solver. The realistic field galvanic detection model analysis will show the practicability of the forward solver.
Abstract P3-08-57: A novel gene expression signature score to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy, distant metastasis, and survival in breast cancer

Background: Although breast cancer has a better prognosis compared to other cancers, about 40,000 patients die from this disease in the US annually. Distant metastasis of the cancer to organs such as brain and lung accounts for a half to three quarters of these deaths. However, no effective methods of predicting metastasis for breast cancer have been found. We aimed to develop a gene signature score that associate with response to neoadjuvant therapy, distant metastasis, and survival in breast cancer. Methods: A gene signature score was generated using differentially expressed genes between MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell-line and its highly metastatic variant, LM2-4, and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer dataset. METABRIC cohort as well as neoadjuvant chemotherapy cohorts (GSE22093, 23988, 25065, 28844, 33658, 82172) and metastatic cohorts (GSE2034, 2603, 12276, 110590) were used as validation cohort. Results: We identified four genes (DOK4, HCCS, PGF and SHCBP1) that had the strongest association with disease-free survival in TCGA among 297 genes that were up-regulated in LM2-4 (HR > 1.2 with p Conclusion: The novel score may be a clinically powerful tool with both prognostic and predictive values for metastasis breast cancer patients. Citation Format: Masanori Oshi, Eriko Katsuta, Kazuaki Takabe. A novel gene expression signature score to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy, distant metastasis, and survival in breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-57.
Gestational alcohol exposure disrupts cognitive function and striatal circuits in adult offspring

Fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) is the leading preventable developmental cause of cognitive dysfunction. Even in the absence of binge drinking, alcohol consumption during pregnancy can leave offspring deficient. However, the mechanisms underlying these deficiencies are unknown. Using a mouse model of gestational ethanol exposure (GEE), we show increased instrumental lever-pressing and disruption of efficient habitual actions in adults, indicative of disrupted cognitive function. In vivo electrophysiology reveals disrupted action encoding in dorsolateral striatum (DLS) associated with altered habit learning. GEE mice exhibit decreased GABAergic transmission onto DLS projection neurons, including inputs from parvalbumin interneurons, and increased endocannabinoid tone. Chemogenetic activation of DLS parvalbumin interneurons reduces the elevated lever pressing of GEE mice. Pharmacologically increasing endocannabinoid tone mimics GEE effects on cognition and synaptic transmission. These findings show GEE induces long-lasting deficits in cognitive function that may contribute to human FAE, and identify potential mechanisms for future therapeutic targeting.
Dual‐Mode Superresolution Imaging using Charge Transfer Dynamics in Semiconducting Polymer Dots

In a conjugated polymer-based single-particle heterojunction, stochastic fluctuations of the photogenerated hole population lead to spontaneous fluorescence switching. We found that 405 nm irradiation can induce charge recombination and activate the single-particle emission. Based on these phenomena, we developed a novel class of semiconducting polymer dots that can operate in two superresolution imaging modes. The spontaneous switching mode offers efficient imaging of large areas, with <10 nm localization precision, while the photoactivation/deactivation mode offers slower imaging, with further improved localization precision (ca. 1 nm), showing advantages in resolving small structures that require high spatial resolution. Superresolution imaging of microtubules and clathrin-coated pits was demonstrated, under both modes. The excellent localization precision and versatile imaging options provided by these nanoparticles offer clear advantages for imaging of various biological systems.
On Spectral Stability of Solitary Waves of Nonlinear Dirac Equation in 1D

We study the spectral stability of solitary wave solutions to the nonlinear Dirac e quation in one dimension. We focus on the Dirac equation with cubic nonlinearity, known as the Soler model in (1+1) dimensions and also as the massive Gross-Neveu model. Presented numerical computations of the spectrum of linearization at a solitary wave show that the solitary waves are spectrally stable. We corroborate our results by finding explicit expressions for several of the eigenfunction s. Some of the analytic results hold for the nonlinear Dirac equation with generic nonlinearity.
Pain Severity and Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa at US Emergency Department Visits.

This repeated cross-sectional study compares pain severity and rates of prescriptions for opioids in emergency department visits for hidradenitis suppurative with those in visits for atopic dermatitis or psoriasis.
Screening is associated with a lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma-related mortality in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Background & Aims Patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection routinely undergo screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the efficacy of screening remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of screening with ultrasound and/or serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) on HCC-related mortality in patients with CHB. Methods We performed a matched case-control study of patients with CHB receiving care through the Veterans Affairs (VA) health administration. Cases were patients who died of HCC between 01/01/2004 and 12/31/2017, while controls were patients with CHB who did not die of HCC. Cases were matched to controls by CHB diagnosis date, age, sex, race/ethnicity, cirrhosis, antiviral therapy exposure, hepatitis B e antigen status, and viral load. We identified screening ultrasound and AFPs obtained in the 4 years preceding HCC diagnosis in cases and the equivalent index date in controls. Using conditional logistic regression, we compared cases and controls with respect to receipt of screening. A lower likelihood of screening in cases corresponds to an association between screening and reduced risk of HCC-related mortality. Results We identified 169 cases, matched to 169 controls. Fewer cases than controls underwent screening with either screening modality (33.7% vs. 58.6%) or both modalities (19.5% vs. 34.4%). In multivariable conditional logistic regression, screening with either modality was associated with a lower risk of HCC-related mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.50), as was screening with both modalities (aOR of 0.13; 95% CI 0.04–0.43). Conclusions HCC screening was associated with a substantial reduction in HCC-related mortality in VA patients with CHB. Lay summary Patients with hepatitis B infection have a high risk of developing liver cancer. It is therefore recommended that they undergo frequent screening for liver cancer, but whether this leads to a lower risk of dying from liver cancer is not clear. In this study, we show that liver cancer screening is associated with a reduction in the mortality from liver cancer in patients with hepatitis B infection.
Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the disruption of brain function due to an external force. It remains the leading cause of death and disability among trauma patients. Each year, more than 1.5 million Americans suffer from TBI. The management of TBI patients is complex and includes specialized prehospital care, in-hospital acute care management, and for some, long-term rehabilitation. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are imperative to promote optimum outcomes and reduce mortality. The pathophysiology behind this “silent” epidemic is complex. Rapid advancements in the field of medicine over the past decades have led to better understanding of pathophysiology associated with TBI. This has resulted in improvements in both management guidelines and critical care, which have, in turn, led to a pronounced reduction in morbidity and mortality following TBI. In this chapter, we describe the classification, pathophysiology, and critical care treatments now considered as best practices for the management of TBI.
Ultra-high Sensitivity 1D Sensor for Sensing 3D Space

A single one-dimensional (1-D) fiber-optic inclinometer (FOI) is used to recognize and locate vibrations originating from different positions in three-dimensional (3-D) space surrounding the FOI with the assistance of machine learning (ML) techniques.
Laboratory-scale fractionation of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)

The objective of this project was to separate distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) into high protein and high fiber fractions, in order to improve the value and utility as a livestock feed. This project used a laboratory-scale cylindrical blower (Iowa blower) and a laboratory-scale gravity table (Whippet V-80 separator, Sutton, Steele & Steele, Inc.). The raw DDGS was sieved into multiple streams using 10 mesh, 20 mesh and 40 mesh screens. The 10-20 mesh fraction and 20-40 mesh fraction were then run on the blower and the separator separately, using the same settings for air velocity in the range of 0.32 m/s to 3.06 m/s. A high protein fraction was achieved (37.13% db) for the 10-20 mesh fraction with an air velocity of 2.42 m/s by the blower. For the separator, using the same settings for airflow speed, the rate of eccentric shaft vibration, feedstock loading rate, side and end slopes, a high protein fraction was achieved (39.24% db) for the 10-20 mesh fraction with a range of the rate of eccentric shaft vibration from 350 rotation per minute to 500 rotation per minute. Another high protein fraction was also achieved (40.61% db) for the 20-40 mesh fraction with the same range of eccentric shaft vibration (350-500 r/min). As a result, good protein separation could be achieved by operating either the blower or the gravity table, although further study is required to optimize the separation efficiency.
An Improved Method for the Purification of Staphylococcal Nuclease

Abstract Commercial staphylococcal nuclease (Foggi strain) containing small amounts of contaminating protein can be purified by chromatography on phosphorylated cellulose columns. The purified enzyme is free of acid and alkaline phosphatase activities. It is homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and antigenically pure by immunodiffusion. The E1 cm1% of the pure enzyme at neutral pH is 9.3 at 280 mµ and 9.7 at 277 mµ.
Radionuclide-Based Cancer Imaging Targeting the Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), highly expressed in many cancer types, is an important target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Radionuclide-based imaging techniques (gamma camera, single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] and positron emission tomography [PET]) have been extensively explored for CEA-targeted cancer imaging both preclinically and clinically. Briefly, these studies can be divided into three major categories: antibody-based, antibody fragment-based and pretargeted imaging. Radiolabeled anti-CEA antibodies, reported the earliest among the three categories, typically gave suboptimal tumor contrast due to the prolonged circulation life time of intact antibodies. Subsequently, a number of engineered anti-CEA antibody fragments (e.g. Fab’, scFv, minibody, diabody and scFv-Fc) have been labeled with a variety of radioisotopes for CEA imaging, many of which have entered clinical investigation. CEA-Scan (a 99mTc-labeled anti-CEA Fab’ fragment) has already been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for cancer imaging. Meanwhile, pretargeting strategies have also been developed for CEA imaging which can give much better tumor contrast than the other two methods, if the system is designed properly. In this review article, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art of radionuclide-based cancer imaging targeting CEA. Generally, isotopes with short half-lives (e.g. 18F and 99mTc) are more suitable for labeling small engineered antibody fragments while the isotopes with longer half-lives (e.g. 123I and 111In) are needed for antibody labeling to match its relatively long circulation half-life. With further improvement in tumor targeting efficacy and radiolabeling strategies, novel CEA-targeted agents may play an important role in cancer patient management, paving the way to “personalized medicine”.
The potential of human regulatory T cells generated ex vivo as a treatment for lupus and other chronic inflammatory diseases.

Regulatory T cells prevent autoimmunity by suppressing the reactivity of potentially aggressive self-reactive T cells. Contact-dependent CD4+ CD25+ 'professional' suppressor cells and other cytokine-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets mediate this protective function. Evidence will be reviewed that T cells primed with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β expand rapidly following restimulation. Certain CD4+ T cells become contact-dependent suppressor cells and other CD4+ and CD8+ cells become cytokine-producing regulatory cells. This effect is dependent upon a sufficient amount of IL-2 in the microenvironment to overcome the suppressive effects of TGF-β. The adoptive transfer of these suppressor cells generated ex vivo can protect mice from developing chronic graft-versus-host disease with a lupus-like syndrome and alter the course of established disease. These data suggest that autologous T cells primed and expanded with TGF-β have the potential to be used as a therapy for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and other chronic inflammatory diseases. This novel adoptive immunotherapy also has the potential to prevent the rejection of allogeneic transplants.
The Thermodynamic Requirements on Atmospheric Models Imposed by Observed Stellar Nonthermal Mass-Fluxes and by Those Observed Nonthermal Features Enhanced in Xe Stars

If I understand correctly, this session of the Symposium on Mass-Loss and Evolution of 0 Stars aims at clarifying the merits and demerits of four “theories” for the observed, nonthermal mass-loss from these stars. Hearn has summarized what he considers to be the essential characteristics of each of the four, especially relative to a set of questions which, he considers, put the observational requirements on the “theories” in focus. Representatives of each of the “radiation-pressure initiated, radiative-equilibrium controlled”, “hot corona”, and “warm corona” alternatives have elaborated on Hearn’s summary, to stress what they consider essential. So, now, I would do the same for what we caricature as the “imperfect wind-tunnel” model --- not theory, which I assert does not yet exist --- both for nonthermal mass-flux, and for other observed nonthermal phenomena,1 in stellar atmospheres generally, not just in 0 stars particularly. I assert, that in studying nonthermal mass-flux from 0 stars, if you limit your attention only to nonthermal mass-flux, and only to 0 stars, you handicap, a priori, your chance to understand what is required for the general model of a stellar atmosphere, in order to produce this variety of nonthermal phenomena2 observed, alike in all varieties of stars.
A Comparative Analysis of Read Mapping and Indel Calling Pipelines for Next-Generation Sequencing Data

Insertions and deletions (indels) are one of the most common class of mutations in the human genome. Correctly detecting and identifying indels is important in the study of human genetics and disease. In this chapter, we evaluated the precision and recall of combinations of read mapping and indel calling software on calling short and longer indels with variable read coverage and read length on simulated data. We examined the popular read mappers BFAST, Bowtie2, BWA, and SHRIMP, and the indel callers Dindel, FreeBayes, and SNVer. Interestingly, there were interactions between read mappers and indel callers. On simulated data, the BFAST-Dindel and SHRIMP-SNVer pipelines showed superior performance in most cases. Real data from human chromosome 22 with indels determined from alternative indel pipelines were used to validate the computational pipelines and to assess run time. The SHRIMP-SNVer pipeline was the most accurate on one real data set, while pipelines with FreeBayes did poorly. We also discuss reasons for pipeline accuracy.
Contralateral suppression of distortion product otoacoustic emissions: effect of the primary frequency in Dpgrams.

The amplitude of the 2f1–f2 distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) can be suppressed by presenting contralateral acoustic stimulation. To test the hypothesis that DPOAE contralateral suppression is influenced by the primary frequency in DPgrams, DPgrams were recorded at resolutions of 1, 8, and 17 pts/octave, in the absence and presence of contralateral broadband noise (BBN). Participants were 20 normal-hearing human adults. In DPgrams with higher frequency resolutions, DPOAE suppression at amplitude peaks in DPgrams (8 pts/octave: Mean = − 0.92 dB, SD = 0.71 for BBN at 60 dB SPL; 17 pts/octave: Mean = − 0.25 to −1.44 dB, SD = 0.51 to 0.86 for BBN at 40 to 70 dB SPL, respectively) was larger than the suppression at the dips in DPgrams (8 pts/octave: Mean = − 0.13 dB, SD = 1.00; 17 pts/octave: Mean = − 0.03 to −0.73 dB, SD = 0.55 to 0.91). A larger intersubject variability in DPOAE contralateral suppression was observed at the dips. The results suggest that measuring DPOAE contralateral suppressio...
Literacy practices, texts, and talk around texts: english language teaching developments in colombia

This paper seeks to provide a window into the complexity of classroom interaction in English language classes in public secondary schools in Colombia. It will show the relationship between what goes on in public schools and classrooms, the wider policy context, and recent reforms. Through a detailed analysis of data collected in two schools and the interaction that takes place between the two teachers and their students around and about texts, this artcicle provides insights into the specific nature of the literacy practices, the texts used, and the particular ways in which the teachers and learners made sense of these texts. It examines how the students are learning to read in English in these classes, and what the teachers understand by ‘doing reading’ and ‘reading comprehension’.
Description of a new genus and species of whitefly from Lafoensia pacari in Brazil (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae, Aleurodicinae)

Costalimada brasiliensis, gen. and sp. nov. is described from Lafoensia pacari (Lythraceae) in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Its position within the Aleurodicinae is discussed, and an amendment to a previously published key to worldwide genera of Aleurodicinae is presented.
Modelling conflict using spatial voting games: an application to USDA Forest Service lands

Conflict is an inherent component of natural resource management decisions in the USA and many other countries of the world. The diversity of potential uses creates a situation where individual preferences result in the need for compromise positions and coalition formation so that the natural resources can be managed. This paper demonstrates the contribution that cooperative and non-cooperative voting models can make in understanding the potential for conflict and the incentives for individuals to form coalitions. By modelling both collaborative and non-collaborative public involvement procedures, we gain insights from the differences in solutions, the implications for stability of the alternatives and the impact of the institutional power of the USDA Forest Service. The models are applied to the case of public lands management in the Shoshone National Forest.
Seasonal transmission of Fasciola hepatica in Montana, USA, with detection of infected intermediate hosts using a DNA-based assay

A cashmere goat ranch in the Beaverhead Valley, southwest Montana, USA reported acute fasciolosis in March 1992. The ranch was used as a study site to gather seasonal transmission data for the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Testing of snails for infection with a nucleic acid-based assay, and use of tracer sheep at the site has shown the seasonal transmission of the parasite is only in late autumn. The snail responsible for transmission was identified as Lymnaea modicella although another known intermediate host species, Lymnaea bulimoides, was found in one collection at the study site. Tracer sheep used over a 12-month period became infected with F. hepatica while on pasture during a period between September 10 and November 12, 1993. During the 28 months of study, 3072 individual lymnaeid snails were tested for infection. One sample of L. modicella containing 25 snails, collected in August 1994 contained liver fluke ribosomal RNA.
Early stages of pulsed-laser growth of silicon microcolumns and microcones in air and SF6

Dense arrays of high-aspect-ratio silicon microcolumns and microcones are formed by cumulative nanosecond pulsed excimer laser irradiation of single-crystal silicon in oxidizing atmospheres such as air and SF6. Growth of such surface microstructures requires a redeposition model and also involves elements of self-organization. The shape of the microstructures, i.e., straight columns vs. steeply sloping cones and connecting walls, is governed by the type and concentration of the oxidizing species, e.g., oxygen vs. fluorine. Growth is believed to occur by a “catalyst-free” VLS (vapor–liquid–solid) mechanism that involves repetitive melting of the tips of the columns/cones and deposition there of the ablated flux of Si-containing vapor. Results are presented of a new investigation of how such different final microstructures as microcolumns or microcones joined by walls nucleate and develop. The changes in silicon surface morphology were systematically determined and compared as the number of pulsed KrF (248 nm) laser shots was increased from 25 to several thousand in both air and SF6. The experiments in air and SF6 reveal significant differences in initial surface cracking and pattern formation. Consequently, local protrusions are first produced and column or cone/wall growth is initiated by different processes and at different rates. Differences in the spatial organization of column or cone/wall growth also are apparent.
Kinetic boundary of metastable states in superheated and stretched liquids

Abstract A physical boundary of metastable states – kinetic spinodal is introduced as a locus where the mean time of formation of a critical nucleus becomes shorter than a characteristic time governing the decay of fluctuations to local equilibrium. To extend this definition at negative pressures a new thermodynamic relation for the nucleation barrier has been obtained. The kinetic spinodal in this approach is completely determined by the equation of state and by the surface tension of the liquids. Starting from the critical point the kinetic spinodal first traces the limit of stability of superheated liquid, then passes through the negative pressures, thus defining the limit of stability for stretched liquid. For a comparison of the results of calculations with the experimental data in the superheated and stretched fluids the thermodynamic properties of methane and water in the metastable region are considered.
Traumatic Growth in the Face of Terrorism: Threshold Effects and Action-Based Growth

Although posttraumatic growth is generally thought of as a protective factor for posttraumatic stress disorder, Hobfoll and colleagues (this issue) suggest that the benefits derived from posttraumatic growth are dependent upon the translation from cognition to action, an occurrence they term action-based growth. In their latest examination of traumatic growth in the face of terrorism, Hobfoll et al. reviewed five studies and found that posttraumatic growth was positively associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. This commentary addresses the strengths and limitations of the studies’ methodology and the theoretical and clinical implications of action-based growth. We speculate that the severity and chronicity of terrorism result in psychosocial vulnerability, such that PTG cannot ameliorate risk of adverse consequences. It is expected that psychosocial vulnerability may be related to all traumas falling above a certain threshold of severity. However, when cognition and action are linked—as they are in one of the studies of the Gaza disengagement—posttraumatic growth may be protective, even in the face of persistent terrorism. Bien que le developpement post-traumatique soit generalement considere comme protegeant des troubles dus au stress post-traumatique, Hobfoll et ses collegues ecrivent dans leur article que les benefices provenant du developpement post-traumatique dependent du transfert de la cognition vers l’action, une operation qu’ils denomment developpement base sur l’action. Dans leur recente etude du developpement traumatique devant le terrorisme, Hobfoll et al. passent en revue cinq recherches et concluent que le developpement post-traumatique entretient un lien positif avec les troubles dus au stress post-traumatique. Ce commentaire porte sur les forces et les faiblesses de la methodologie des etudes et sur les implications theoriques et cliniques du developpement base sur l’action. Nous pensons que la violence et la recurrence du terrorisme provoquent une vulnerabilite psychologique dont le PTG est incapable de reduire les risques de consequences nefastes. On s’attend a ce que la vulnerabilite psychosociale soit provoquee par tout traumatisme depassant un certain seuil de gravite. Toutefois, quand cognition et action se rejoignent (comme c’est le cas dans l’une des recherches sur l’evacuation de Gaza), le developpement post-traumatique peut etre protecteur, meme confrontea un terrorisme permanent.
A risk model for preadolescent disordered eating.

Objective—This study tested this risk model for disordered eating in pre-adolescent girls: pubertal onset is associated with increases in negative urgency (the personality tendency to act rashly when distressed); negative urgency influences eating disorder symptoms by shaping psychosocial learning (expectancy formation), thus indirectly influencing symptom levels; and many influences on purging are mediated by binge eating. Method—905 fifth grade girls completed questionnaire measures of eating pathology, negative urgency, and dieting/thinness and eating expectancies. Results—Binge eating and purging behaviors were present in 5 th grade girls. As anticipated, pubertal status was associated with higher levels of negative urgency, negative urgency was associated with each expectancy measure, quadratic dieting/thinness and eating expectancies were associated with binge eating, and binge eating was associated with purging.
Photoionization of N-alkylphenothiazines with different alkyl chain lengths in mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves with different pore sizes

Abstract The photoionization of N -alkylphenothiazines (PC n where n =1, 6, 10 and 18) in mesoporous silicoaluminophosphate (UHM-3) molecular sieves with three different pore sizes has been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) at room temperature. N -alkylphenothiazines were synthesized with three alkyl chain lengths ( n =6, 10 and 18). Mesoporous calcined UHM-3 molecular sieves with three different pore sizes of 1.9, 2.9 and 3.8 nm were prepared with n -dodecyltrimethylammonium or n -hexadecyltrimethylammonium chlorides and with 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene (TMB) as an auxiliary organic additive. N -alkylphenothiazines were incorporated into these mesoporous silicoaluminophosphates by impregnation and were photoionized at room temperature to form stable N -alkylphenothiazine cation radicals (PC n + ) whose photoyields were measured by ESR. The highest photoyields are obtained for PC 6 in C 12 -UHM-3 (1.9 nm pore), PC 10 in C 16 -UHM-3 (TMB/Al=1) (2.9 nm pore) and PC 18 in C 16 -UHM-3 (TMB/Al=3) (3.8 nm pore). The yield of PC 18 increases with increasing pore size which correlates with faster decays of the photoproduced cation radicals in smaller pores.
SPECTRAL FORMULATION OF THE TWO FLUID EULER EQUATIONS WITH A FREE INTERFACE AND LONG WAVE REDUCTIONS

A nonlocal spectral formulation of classic water waves is derived, and its connection to the classic water wave equations and the Dirichlet–Neumann operator is explored. The nonlocal spectral formulation is also extended to a two-fluid system with a free interface, from which long wave asymptotic reductions are obtained. Of particular interest is an asymptotically distinguished (2 + 1)-dimensional generalization of the intermediate long wave equation, which includes the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation and the Benjamin–Ono equation as limiting cases. Lump-type solutions to this (2 + 1)-dimensional ILW equation are obtained, and the speed versus amplitude relationship is shown to be linear in the shallow, intermediate, and deep water regimes.
Characterization of t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in a pediatric patient with therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia

Abstract This case presents a Caucasian girl diagnosed with early pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia at age 2 years. The only chromosomal anomaly detected in her bone marrow cells at this time was an add(12p). By age 4 years, she had a bone marrow and central nervous system (CNS) relapse of ALL and was treated with chemotherapy that included etoposide. She was in complete remission for 2 years following chemotherapy with etoposide, but later developed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML). At this time, a t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) rearrangement was detected in her bone marrow cells. The AML relapsed again 1 year after allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). The presence of a chromosome 11 abnormality involving band 11q23 in this patient suggests that the transformation from ALL to t-AML was a consequence of etoposide included in her chemotherapy. Studies have shown that the 11q23 breakpoint in the t(11;19) rearrangement is consistent, and involves the MLL gene in t-AML patients. However, the breakpoint in 19p is variable in that it could be located either at 19p13.1 or 19p13.3 and thus could involve either of two genes: ELL (11–19 lysine-rich leukemia gene) on 19p13.1 or ENL (11–19 leukemia gene) on 19p13.3. In this study, the t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) was further characterized and the breakpoint regions were defined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis.
Oxygen Isotope Effects in the Oxidation of Methane to Carbon Monoxide

A significant fraction (estimated to be as large as 30%) of the carbon monoxide in the atmosphere is produced by the oxidation of methane. One of the approaches that has been used to determine this fraction is an inversion of observed carbon and oxygen isotopic abundance ratios, 13C/12C and 18O/16O, together with estimates of the magnitudes of other sources of carbon monoxide, and isotope effects in each source. For this purpose, values of the kinetic isotope effects in the methane oxidation are required, and although these have been determined experimentally for 13C, they have not been measured for 18O. This article examines the kinetic mechanism of methane oxidation and shows that an oxygen isotope effect could take place in the addition reaction of methyl radicals with molecular oxygen to form methylperoxy. Subsequent reactions in the complicated mechanism for methane oxidation do not lead to isotopic fractionation of oxygen. The expected kinetic isotope effect is calculated using variational transitio...
Characteristics of selenazolidine prodrugs of selenocysteine: toxicity and glutathione peroxidase induction in V79 cells.

Novel selenazolidine prodrugs of selenocysteine are being developed as potential selenium delivery agents for cancer chemoprevention and other clinical uses. The 2-unsubstituted compound, selenazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acid (l-SCA), and the 2-oxo- and 2-methyl analogues possessing d-stereochemistry (d-OSCA and d-MSCA, respectively) were synthesized and chemically characterized. l/d pairs, along with other organoselenium compounds and common inorganic forms, were studied in cultured V79 cells to understand their inherent toxicity and their ability to induce selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, which indicates the provision of biologically available selenium. All of the selenazolidines were much less toxic to the cells than was sodium selenite (IC50 ≈ 17 μM) or the parent selenolamines, l- or d-selenocystine (IC50 ≈ 34 or 39 μM, respectively); OSCA was less toxic than MSCA. The stereoisomers of OSCA produced very different IC50 values (l-OSCA, ∼451 μM; d-OSCA, >3000 μM), while the IC50 ...
Interaction of polylysine with soluble components of human erythrocyte membranes

Abstract 1. 1. The interactions of poly- l -lysine with soluble erythrocyte components and with Collocalia mucoid, a sialoprotein of avian origin, were studied by electrophoresis and immuno-electrophoresis in agar gel. 2. 2. Polylysine combined with erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein and with Collocalia mucoid to form visible precipitates in agar gel; erythrocyte fractions devoid of glycoprotein failed so to react. 3. 3. A precipitate of virus receptor substance with polylysine could be quantitatively redissolved by the addition of poly- l -aspartic acid to the mixture. Whether this change in solubility occurred as a result of displacement of polylysine from the glycoprotein or by the formation of soluble complexes could not be established. 4. 4. Neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18) treatment of erythrocyte glycoproteins and Collocalia mucoid greatly reduced or abolished their capacity to precipitate with polylysine. 5. 5. The findings suggest that N -acetylneuraminic acid in the acid glycoprotein of erythrocyte membranes is an important factor in the agglutination of erythrocytes by polybases, a phenomenon thought to have some bearing on intravascular thrombus formation.
Evaluating Lynch syndrome in very early onset colorectal cancer probands without apparent polyposis

To characterize the frequency of germline mutations associated with Lynch syndrome and review the potential expanded differential diagnoses in very early onset colorectal cancer (CRC) cases without apparent polyposis. Retrospectively reviewed medical records of 96 probands with CRC diagnosed prior to age 36 from three cancer centers. Determined the frequency of germline mutations in probands meeting different clinical criteria used to identify Lynch syndrome. Three of 46 (6.5%) single case indicators (probands without additional personal or family history suspicious for Lynch syndrome) were identified to carry a deleterious or suspected deleterious mismatch repair (MMR) mutation compared with 10 of 19 (52.6%) in the cases meeting at least one additional revised Bethesda guideline, and 11 of 15 (73.3%) in the cases meeting Amsterdam criteria. Two families without MMR mutations were documented to have a germline APC or TP53 mutation after additional clinical features were identified. Our results suggest that single cases of CRC (those without additional personal or family history suspicious of Lynch syndrome) diagnosed prior to age 36 infrequently have identifiable MMR mutations, especially when compared to cases meeting additional criteria. Careful attention to evolving or additional clinical features is warranted and may lead to an alternate genetic diagnosis in families with early onset CRC.
In search of a natural gesture

While computing has advanced exponentially, almost explosively, since the 1970s, input devices have only just begun to change. Why?
Dual reactor deposition of quantum confined nanocrystalline silicon

A dual plasma reactor has been developed for depositing nanocrystalline silicon with quantum confined silicon nanoparticles, either by sequential or concurrent deposition of amorphous silicon and silicon nanoparticles. Sequential deposition allows for complete decoupling of the amorphous and nanoparticle deposition and well-defined layers of silicon nanoparticles between amorphous silicon. The concurrent deposition is similar to conventional deposition of nanocrystalline silicon, which allows for complete mixing of the silicon nanoparticles and amorphous silicon. With the introduction of the silicon nanoparticles into the amorphous silicon, we observe a quenching of the photoluminescence, which has been reported in the literature to be from the transfer of charge from the amorphous silicon to silicon crystallites.
1652 ERYTHROCYTE CARNITINE STATUS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS ON CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPO)

An altered erythrocyte carnitine status was found in 9 (Group A) of 12 pediatric patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Upon entrance to the study, Group A patients had been on CAPD a mean of 17.2±6.2(SE) months, while Group B patients (normal carnitine status) had been on CAPD a mean of 9±2.6 months (p<.05). Mean red blood cell carnitine concentration (RC) in controls was 0.157±0.06 nmol/mg Hgb. Base line mean RC was .035+.027 nmol/mg Hgb and .151±.057 nmol/mg Hgb in Groups A and B, respectively. The base line mean weekly loss of carnitine in peritoneal effluent was 1350±952 μmol in Group A and 478±119 μmol in Group B (p<.10). There was no difference in the plasma carnitine concentration between the two groups and all but two patients had a normal value. Eleven of the 12 patients received oral L-carnitine (100 mg/kg) for up to 3 months. The RC increased in all patients and a normal value was achieved in 7 of 8 treated Group A patients. The RC decreased to a level below that of the normal range once carnitine supplementation was discontinued. Patients on CAPD have been reported to have normal plasma carnitine concentrations. The RC may provide a more accurate assessment of carnitine status and has not previously been measured in such patients. We have observed an altered erythrocyte carnitine status, as assessed by RC, in 9 pediatric patients on CAPD. In addition, this abnormality appears to be responsive to oral replacement therapy.