cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Results of Total Elbow Arthroplasty in Patients Less Than 50 Years Old

Purpose Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is a treatment option for end-stage arthritis in low-demand patients willing to accept the limitations of TEA. Concern remains regarding the longevity of TEA implants, especially in younger patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the failure rate and complication profile of TEA performed in patients aged less than 50 years. Methods Between 2009 and 2013, 11 linked TEAs were performed in patients aged less than 50 years (mean age, 37 years; range, 22–47 years). Outcome measures included pain; range of motion; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores; Mayo Elbow Performance scores; complications; and reoperations. Elbows were observed for a minimum of 2 years or until mechanical failure. Mean follow-up was 3.2 years. Results At follow-up, 82% of TEAs had experienced a complication. Six elbows sustained mechanical failures (5 had ulnar loosening and one had humeral loosening). Pain improved from 8.0 to 4.9. Extension improved from 34° to 22° and flexion increased from 113° to 128°. Mean Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score for surviving implants at follow-up was 42.9 (range, 17.5–56.7). Mayo Elbow Performance scores for surviving implants were rated as excellent (2), good (1), and fair (2). Conclusions High rates of early mechanical failure, predominately ulnar loosening, were observed in TEA in patients aged less than 50 years. Surgeons should remain cautious in performing TEA in young patients who can be expected to use the TEA in a more demanding fashion, placing them at higher risk for mechanical failure. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic V.
Learning to Generalize Intrinsic Images with a Structured Disentangling Autoencoder

Intrinsic decomposition from a single image is a highly challenging task, due to its inherent ambiguity and the scarcity of training data. In contrast to traditional fully supervised learning approaches, in this paper we propose learning intrinsic image decomposition by explaining the input image. Our model, the Rendered Intrinsics Network (RIN), joins together an image decomposition pipeline, which predicts reflectance, shape, and lighting conditions given a single image, with a recombination function, a learned shading model used to recompose the original input based off of intrinsic image predictions. Our network can then use unsupervised reconstruction error as an additional signal to improve its intermediate representations. This allows large-scale unlabeled data to be useful during training, and also enables transferring learned knowledge to images of unseen object categories, lighting conditions, and shapes. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method performs well on both intrinsic image decomposition and knowledge transfer.
Semi-supervised dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral imagery using pseudo-labels

Abstract Dimensionality reduction has been proven to be efficient in preparing high dimensional data for various tasks in machine learning. As supervised dimensionality reduction methods such as Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) and local Fisher discriminant analysis (LFDA) tend to suffer from overfitting when only a small number of labeled samples are available, the abundant unlabeled samples could be helpful in finding a better embedding space. However, applying discriminant analysis on unlabeled data is challenging since we do not have labels for unlabeled data. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised Semi-Supervised Local Fisher Discriminant Analysis (SSLFDA) using pseudo labels, aiming to perform discriminant analysis on both labeled and unlabeled samples. SSLFDA makes use of pseudo labels, learned from the Dirichlet process mixture model (DPMM) based clustering algorithm, to enable local Fisher discriminant analysis on unlabeled data. In addition, a kernel extension of SSLFDA is derived for non-linear dimensionality reduction. We present experimental results with real hyperspectral data to show that our method provides better classification performance compared to other existing dimensionality reduction methods.
Interleukin-1β signaling in fenestrated capillaries is sufficient to trigger sickness responses in mice

The physiological and behavioral symptoms of sickness, including fever, anorexia, behavioral depression, and weight loss can be both beneficial and detrimental. These sickness responses are triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines acting on cells within the brain. Previous research demonstrates that the febrile response to peripheral insults depends upon prostaglandin production by vascular endothelial cells, but the mechanisms and specific cell type(s) responsible for other sickness responses remain unknown. The purpose of the present study was to identify which cells within the brain are required for sickness responses triggered by central nervous system inflammation. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 10 ng of the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was used as an experimental model of central nervous system cytokine production. We examined which cells respond to IL-1β in vivo via fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Using multiple transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the control of cell-specific promoters, we eliminated IL-1β signaling from different populations of cells. Food consumption, body weight, movement, and temperature were recorded in adult male mice and analyzed by two-factor ANOVA to determine where IL-1β signaling is essential for sickness responses. Endothelial cells, microglia, ependymal cells, and astrocytes exhibit nuclear translocation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) in response to IL-1β. Interfering with IL-1β signaling in microglia, endothelial cells within the parenchyma of the brain, or both did not affect sickness responses. Only mice that lacked IL-1β signaling in all endothelium including fenestrated capillaries lacked sickness responses. These experiments show that IL-1β-induced sickness responses depend on intact IL-1β signaling in blood vessels and suggest that fenestrated capillaries act as a critical signaling relay between the immune and nervous systems. Not applicable.
Rehabilitation of the Blast Injury Casualty with Amputation

Blast related trauma may often result in severe extremity injuries leading to significant dysfunction and/or amputation. Medical care for personnel with a traumatic limb loss should consist of a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach that is initiated as early as possible in the treatment plan to ensure the fullest recovery possible. Rehabilitative care can often be broken up into several stages: (1) initial management, (2) preprosthetic, (3) prosthetic/ambulation, and (4) progressive activities/return to daily life. During each phase of care, ongoing psychological support is important for patients and their families. The fitting and training of an upper or lower limb prosthesis is often complex and best achieved through an interdisciplinary team model. Prosthetic component selection should best support the patient's rehabilitative goals. Current prosthetic technologies allow patients to achieve high levels of functional independence and often return to pre-injury activities and interests. Unfortunately, blast-related amputation is often accompained by other co-morbid injuries and an increased risk of long-term complications, such as residual limb problems, chronic pain, osteoarthritis, and cardiovascular disease; therefore, ongoing life-long care is needed to decrease morbidity and mortality and enhance quality of life.
A refugium for relicts

The Yixian Formation in China's Liaoning Province has yielded many spectacular fossils — notably, several remarkably complete feathered dinosaurs. Yet its age has been controversial. Accurate radiometric dating now shows unambiguously that these beds are from the Early Cretaceous, providing a new temporal calibration for assessing the evolution of animal and plant life from that period.
Bioprocess Kinetics and Optimization of Recombinant Fermentation: Genetic and Engineering Approaches

When a recombinant fermentation process is to be optimized and/or improved on a rational basis, many important parameters closely related to the cellular physiology and metabolism, genetic characteristics of the recombinant having foreign DNA, bioreactor environmental and operational conditions and all of their effects on productivity must be well understood and appropriate bioprocess strategy must be developed. In recombinant fermentation systems, there is a heterogeneous cell population consisting of productive plasmid-harboring cells and non-productive plasmid-free cells. Their cell population dynamics and fraction of productive cell population must be understood. Determination of key genetic parameters and assessment of their effects on the heterogeneous cell population and the productivity of genetically engineered recombinant organisms are very important to the design, control, and optimization of large- scale recombinant fermentation processes [1].
Localized Valence States in Iron-Sulfur Clusters and Their Possible Relationship to the Ability of Iron-Sulfur Clusters to Catalyze Reactions other than Electron Transfer

The last few years have seen great progress in our knowledge of the large variety and wide distribution of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters as biocatalysts. A priori one might predict that a structure made up of four atoms of a transition metal that can be found in several stable valency and spin states plus four atoms of a “soft” chalcogen that can occur in stable ionic forms with oxidation states 2− to 6+ should yield a device of remarkable properties. We are learning that this is indeed the case, particularly for the larger, i.e. 4Fe clusters. They are surprisingly malleable entities which readily respond to subtle influences from the surrounding ligands furnished by the protein and (or) from additional ligands approaching from the medium. Intuitively, these would seem exactly conditions required for producing a potential active site of an enzyme and there is evidence that nature indeed makes use of these circumstances.
Zostera: Biology, Ecology, and Management

The nine species comprising the genus Zostera discussed in this chapter form a widespread and relatively well-studied group of seagrasses. Some of the earliest studies of seagrasses occurred within the genus Zostera, especially the extensively researched Zostera marina L. (Petersen, 1890, 1918). The proximity of this species to industrialized areas and centers of scientific investigation in North America, Europe, and Asia has encouraged a continued scientific focus. Like all seagrasses, those of the genus Zostera live in intertidal and subtidal inshore waters, forming a critical habitat and a basis of the food web. Study of the genus Zostera is itself representative of trends in seagrass science, with PAM fluorometry assessments of photosynthesis and genetic investigations among the newer efforts. We here review the current knowledge of this important genus, although space constraints do not allow exhaustive coverage of all past and current Zostera research. We also point to future research directions.
Chemistry of Vibronic Coupling

We investigate the dynamic diagonal vibronic coupling constant (VCC) in several series of AB and AA molecules (A, B = H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I). The electronic states considered are the singlet ground state (“ionic” for heteronuclear AB species) and first excited singlet or triplet states (“covalent”). The VCC is thus studied for a charge transfer lowest lying triplet state. We look for qualitative trends in the VCC within the families of systems studied, with the aim of finding “a chemistry of vibronic coupling”. Two interesting correlations emerge: the VCC for the charge transfer states in an AB system grows with increasing sum of electronegativities of A and B elements, as well as with decreasing AB bond length. We are led to define a parameter f as a sum of electronegativities of A and B elements divided by AB bond length. This leads to nearly monotonic correlation between computed values of VCC and f for 55 molecules originating from three distinct classes with a formal single bond: intermetallic species M1M2 (M = alkali metal), interhalogen ones X1X2 (X = halogen) and salt-like ones MX.
Reactive Sites and the Evolution of Transfer RNAs

Before the evolutionary relations of tRNAs can be examined, those specific sites in tRNA molecular structure that are of possible importance in a particular function need examination, in order to distinguish functional and evolutionary influences. Among the activities in which a given nucleotide may be especially significant are included the maintenance of a secondary or tertiary structure, recognition by the ligase, and attachment to the ribosome, as well as those codon—anticodon interactions that have already received attention (Chapter 7; Section 7.2).
Using Magnetites to Remediate Heavy Metal Wastewaters from Acid-Mine Drainage

The remediation of heavy metal wastewaters using magnetites, also known as ferrites, has been an area of investigation for many years. Early investigators used a synthetic procedure for the production of magnetites at 70 °C. Although quite effective, as demonstrated by remediation of small waste streams from universities in Japan, this method is too energy intensive for application to large volumes, such as found in acid mine drainage. Other researchers have investigated room temperature production of magnetites using thin film oxidation of ferrous ions or electrolytic oxidation of iron electrodes. Again, these methods have not been found to be easily applied to large scale applications. Recently we have discovered a catalytic method of production of magnetites at low temperatures using stoichiometric quantities of iron salts. In addition, we have found that the presence of organic chelators can dramatically enhance or inhibit the removal of heavy metals using this technique. Both of these avenues of investigation will be discussed in this lecture.
Case Study #3: Nonlinear Aeroelasticity

Chapter 8 applies HSSPFC to a nonlinear stall flutter problem. A nonlinear aerodynamic and structural model is developed that is representative of the first torsional mode of a nominal 5 MW rated power wind turbine blade. This model is analyzed using HSSPFC to determine the limit cycle behavior of the nonlinear stall flutter condition of the first torsional mode. Also, this model is further analyzed to determine the effectiveness of feedback control on nonlinear flutter suppression and to demonstrate that the limit cycle defines a stability boundary. This analysis serves as a foundation for the investigation of large wind turbine dynamic stall conditions. The closer the wind turbine can safely operate to dynamic stall, the greater the energy capture.
4.39 – Modeling of Olfactory Processing

Computational models are increasingly essential to systems neuroscience. Models serve as proofs of concept, tests of sufficiency, and as quantitative embodiments of working hypotheses and are important tools for understanding and interpreting complex datasets. In the olfactory system, models have played a particularly prominent role in framing contemporary theories and presenting novel hypotheses. As the complexity and intricacy of experimental data continue to increase, the importance of computational modeling will continue to grow.
Acidity Loading Behavior in Coal-Mined Watersheds

In this paper, we propose a method (the Stoertz Water Quality Evaluation Method) to estimate the reduction in acidity load at mean annual discharge (l) in acid mine drainage impaired streams. For a given stream, acidity loading (L), defined as the product of measured acidity concentration and discharge (Q) for a range of streamflow conditions, is proportional to l and the ratio (Qn) of Q and the mean daily discharge (Q), according to the following equations: L = l (Q/Q)F = l Qn F and log L = log l + F log Qn, where F is a ‘flushing factor’ characterizing the stream loading behavior, such that F = 0 in pure dilution, F > 0 for flushing behavior, and F < 0 for sparing behavior. The assumed power-law relation between acidity load and discharge is supported by test cases. Acidity load at mean annual discharge can be a useful measure of the quantity of acid removed by mine drainage treatment, particularly where data for pre- and post-treatment cases can be compared. The proposed measure allows resource managers to assess and report the effectiveness of source control, passive treatment, and active treatment in alleviating acidity loads. This method can also be used to assess inputs of contamination to streams compared to pristine or background conditions.
9.16 Enzyme Evolution as a Tool for Creating Improved Catalysts for Large-Scale Organic Synthesis

Modern advanced enzyme optimization methodologies are the breakthrough that is transforming biocatalysis into a robust and economically attractive technology to manufacture complex molecules. For many decades, biological catalysts, whether whole cells, cell extracts, or (semi-)purified proteins, have been projected to be attractive catalysts for chemical applications, yet the number of commercially operating, biocatalytic processes has been increasing slowly. Recently developed enzyme optimization methodologies that are based on advanced concepts in molecular biology as well as intensification in nucleic acid chemistry and high throughput screening, now enable the rapid development of tailor-made biocatalysts for use in large-scale chemical manufacturing processes. This chapter discusses the fundamental scientific backdrop, provides an overview of the different tools that are available today, and is followed by an overview of recent successes of large-scale biocatalysis.
Drawing power of virtual crowds.

In 1969, social psychologist Milgram and his colleagues conducted an experiment on a busy city street where passers-by witnessed a set of actors spontaneously looking up towards a building. The exp...
How good are electronic health records and death certificates for identifying Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia?

IntroductionEffects of early life conditions on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related dementia (RD) risk have been hypothesized. However, prospective study is potentially cost prohibitive. Retrospective studies using routinely collected health records in large cohorts may be a feasible way to carry out such research, but diagnostic accuracy should be determined. Objectives and ApproachWe aim to determine accuracy of AD/RD diagnoses in electronic health records (EHR) (inpatient, ambulatory surgery, and Medicare) and death certificates (DC) compared to gold standard. The Cache County Study on Memory in Aging (CACHE, 1995–2008) enrolled 90% of the county’s residents age ≥ 65 years (N=5092). Over the course of 12 years/4 triennial waves of thorough dementia ascertainment, 942 persons (18.5%) were identified with dementia. Prevalence of AD or AD comorbid with other dementia (AD mixed) was 12.8% and for RD alone, 5.7%. We used the Utah Population Database, linking EMR/DCs (1995–2008) to CACHE participants (98% linkage). ResultsThe prevalence of AD/AD mixed and RD in EHR/DCs was 12.2% and 35.8%. Among linked CACHE participants diagnosed with AD or AD mixed (n=628), 505 (80%) were captured by EHR/DCs as having some form of dementia (AD, AD mixed, or RD) with 301 (60%) correctly classified as having AD or AD mixed. Among those with RD (n=399), 275 (69%) were captured by EHR/DCs as having some form of dementia, with 163 (60%) correctly classified as having RD. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and area under the curve (AUC) were 48%, 93%, 49%, 93%, and 0.70 for AD or AD mixed; and 67%, 67%, 15%, 96%, and 0.67 for RD. Overall dementia agreement between CACHE diagnoses and EHR/DCs was fair (Cohen's κ = 0.34). Conclusion/ImplicationsIn this will characterized cohort, routinely collected health record diagnoses of AD/AD mixed and RD have only fair correlation with carefully phenotyped diagnoses. Determining additional features of a person’s medical record that may be predictive of AD/RD via formal classification modeling is warranted.
Respiratory emergency department use from diagnosis through survivorship in children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer

BACKGROUND Children and adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer often experience severe respiratory morbidity and mortality from the therapies used to treat their cancers. Few studies have examined respiratory outcomes among this population using emergency department (ED) visits as an objective measure of respiratory health. METHODS ED visits for respiratory conditions were identified for children and AYAs diagnosed with cancer, 0-25 years of age, from 1997 through 2012 (2535 cases) and compared with a birthdate-matched and sex-matched cohort without cancer drawn from the general population (7605 controls). Negative binomial regression with robust standard errors was used to estimate incidence rates, rate ratios (RRs), and 95% confidence intervals for primary respiratory ED visits, combined and by diagnosis (asthma, respiratory disease, and respiratory infection) from 1997 through 2015. Analyses were performed for new cases (0 to <5 years from diagnosis) and survivors (5-18 years from diagnosis). RESULTS Subjects were followed for an average of 8 years (range, 0-18 years). Relative to the comparison cohort, cancer cases had higher incidence rates for all types of respiratory ED visits over both follow-up times. New cases had significantly higher RRs for any respiratory condition (RR, 4.14), respiratory disease (RR, 4.62), and respiratory infection (RR, 4.74). Among survivors, the RRs for any respiratory condition (RR, 2.00) and respiratory infection (RR, 2.10) were significantly elevated, although the magnitude tended to decline in survivorship. Demographic and clinical risk factors found to be associated with respiratory ED visits included Hispanic/other race/ethnicity, male sex, exposure to chemotherapy, diagnosis at a younger age, and a diagnosis of leukemia. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrated that children and AYAs with cancer face an increased burden of respiratory complications compared with a comparison cohort without cancer from diagnosis through survivorship.
Electrochemistry of sulfide mineral flotation

The use of various electrochemical techniques to study mechanisms of sulfide mineral-flotation reagent interactions is briefly reviewed in this paper. Prior to such studies it is desirable to thermodynamically determine solution conditions favorable for formation of hydrophobic species deemed to be responsible for flotation. The thermodynamic equilibrium involving both the stable and metastable species can be conveniently represented by an Eh-pH diagram. Thermodynamics can also be used to predict conditions where a mineral might not float if depressants are present. Under favorable conditions of flotation there is competition between reactions leading to formation of hydrophobic species with reactions that lead to formation of hydrophilic species. Due to the sluggish nature of the reactions involving sulfide minerals, a knowledge of the kinetic behavior of the system is necessary. Electrochemical methods of investigation are used in laboratory studies to (1) control the state of oxidation, (2) determine the type and amount of electroactive species present at the mineral surface, and (3) study kinetics of electrode processes. By combining electrochemical techniques and wetting measurements the identification of hydrophobic species that might be present at the mineral surface could be achieved. Both contact angle measurements at mineral electrodes or flotation in a cell equipped with a particulate bed electrode can be used for the wetting measurements.
The effect of abundance changes on a management strategy evaluation for the Atlantic surfclam (Spisula solidissima) using a spatially explicit, vessel-based fisheries model

Abstract Increased bottom water temperatures have caused a relocation and contraction of the range of the Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). Consequences include declining stock abundance and landings per unit effort (LPUE) in southern portions of the range. A management strategy evaluation (MSE) assessed the potential of rotational closures to improve surfclam productivity and fishery viability under three levels of abundance. In simulations, fishing vessels harvest the stock under performance and quota constraints and captain behavioral proclivities. Management alternatives examined included the addition of area management to the current management plan using two closure location rules and three closure durations at two levels of incidental mortality. Simulations showed that area management increased stock abundance and fishery LPUE, particularly when surfclam abundance was low. Simulations suggest area management could help insulate the stock and commercial fishery from further shifts in range.
Queering Dame Agatha Christie: Barry Sandler’s Camp Adaptation of The Mirror Crack’d (1980)

With his screenplay of Agatha Christie’s The Mirror Crack’d (novel 1962; film 1980), Barry Sandler transformed a standard Miss Marple mystery novel into a campy gem. Camp is chiefly theorized as a performative mode and one that a given performer envisions and controls, and so the challenge for screenplay writers is that their humorous ambitions must be achieved through the coordinated efforts of the directors, actors, and other professionals creatively contributing to the film’s production. As the film adaptation of The Mirror Crack’d illustrates, and as interviews with Sandler detail, camp serves as a defining principle of queer adaptation yet one that necessarily reframes camp as a collaborative endeavor, even when some of the participants might not realize the humor afoot.
Beyond the differential gains model: the effects of authoritarian orientation, social media use, and political discussion on political participation in Taiwan and South Korea

In an attempt to investigate the roles of authoritarian orientation, social media use, and political discussion in shaping political participation in transitional democracies, this study analyzes n...
Vapocoolant Anesthesia for Cosmetic Facial Rejuvenation Injections: A Randomized, Prospective, Split-Face Trial

Background: Minimally invasive cosmetic procedures are the most commonly performed aesthetic techniques by plastic surgeons. Patients are interested in a pain-free experience. Surgeons desire patient satisfaction and time-efficient utilization of office staff and resources. Clinical evidence exists for use of vapocoolant technology to reduce pain associated with intravenous cannulation in the pediatric population and in hemodialysis patients. Applying vapocoolant technology to facial rejuvenation is a novel approach to decrease pain associated with neurotoxin or filler injection. Methods: A randomized, prospective study was conducted, testing 15 subjects receiving filler injections and another 15 patients receiving neurotoxin injections using a split-face model. The vapocoolant spray used was composed of a 95:5 ratio of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. Within each group, individual patients randomly received injection (filler or neurotoxin) alone versus injection (filler or neurotoxin) plus vapocoolant on an equivalent half of his or her face. An independent examiner recorded from each patient on a scale of 1 to 10 perceived pain for injection alone versus injection plus vapocoolant spray. Results were calculated as a percentage change of pain scores experienced after injection for each person between the control (nonvapocoolant) and treatment (vapocoolant) sides of the face. Results: Vapocoolant spray at the time of cosmetic facial injections leads to a 59% decrease in perceived pain score with neurotoxin injections (range, 0%-100% change) and 64% decrease in perceived pain score with filler injections (range, 0%-100% change). These results were statistically significant with P < .05. Conclusion: Vapocoolant spray reduces pain associated with facial rejuvenation procedures.
The clinical presentation and treatment of MOG antibody disease at a single academic center: A case series.

Abstract Objectives To describe the clinical presentation of MOG antibody disease (MOG-AD) in a series of patients at a single academic center. Methods We performed a retrospective review of patients with MOG antibodies. Results We review the clinical presentation of 11 patients with MOG antibodies. In patients seen at Duke University Health System with MOG antibodies, the most common presentation was optic neuritis. Rituximab was the most used treatment for long-term management. Conclusions Our case series highlights the common presentation of MOG antibody disease (MOG-AD) at a single academic medical center.
The New Mother

This chapter will begin by looking at several examples of motherhood in contemporary Broadway that defy the categorizations of absent, overbearing, or inconsequential. Caroline or Change and Next to Normal give an alternate path of motherhood that may baffle the audience, but are productive for the mother figures. These are not traditional mothers, but their forms of mothering that offer freedom for the character and expand ways of thinking for the audience. After exploring these examples, this chapter will return to the theoretical premises of the introduction and offers suggestion for future productions.
Abstract TP265: Far-Forward Stroke Care: Parallel Processing in the Prehospital Environment May Achieve Door-to-Needle Times of Less Than 15 Minutes on a Mobile Stroke Treatment Unit

Introduction: The time from 911 activation (i.e. alarm) to administration of intravenous (IV) alteplase in acute ischemic stroke is associated with functional, patient centered-outcomes. Mobile str...
Continuum electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulations of turbulence in the tokamak scrape-off layer and laboratory devices

We present algorithms and results from Gkeyll, a full-f continuum, electromagnetic gyrokinetic code, designed to study turbulence in the edge region of fusion devices. The edge is computationally very challenging, requiring robust algorithms that can handle large-amplitude fluctuations and stable interactions with plasma sheaths. We present an energy-conserving high-order discontinuous Galerkin scheme that solves gyrokinetic equations in Hamiltonian form. Efficiency is improved by a careful choice of basis functions and automatically generated computation kernels. Previous verification tests were performed in the straight-field-line large plasma device [Shi et al., J. Plasma Phys. 83, 905830304 (2017)] and the Texas Helimak, a simple magnetized torus [Bernard et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 042301 (2019)], including the effect of end-plate biasing on turbulence. Results for the scrape-off layer for NSTX parameters with a model helical magnetic geometry with bad curvature have been obtained [Shi et al., Phys. Plasmas 26, 012307 (2019)]. In this paper, we present algorithms for the two formulations of electromagnetic gyrokinetics: the Hamiltonian and the symplectic. We describe each formulation and show results of benchmark tests. Although our scheme works for the Hamiltonian formulation, the presence of spurious numerical modes for high-β and large k ⊥ 2 ρ s 2 regimes shows that the symplectic formulation is more robust. We then review our recent algorithm for the symplectic formulation [Mandell et al., J. Plasma Phys. 86, 905860109 (2020)], along with example application of this new capability. Maintaining positivity of the distribution function can be challenging, and we describe a new and novel exponential recovery based algorithm to address this.
INTRODUCTION: CONTRIBUTION OF WALL COMPONENTS TO ARTERIAL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Publisher Summary The mechanical properties of arteries are important determinants of their role in the function of the cardiovascular system. In addition, the arterial wall is the target organ of peripheral vascular disease. As a result, the arterial wall plays a major role in the pathogenesis and altered cardiovascular function that occurs in a number of common states such as atherosclerosis and hypertension. The arterial wall is a complex structure composed of a number of important components. The properties of the arterial wall are dependent upon the relative content and properties of the individual components. This chapter discusses the contribution of a number of these components to arterial wall properties, the contribution of connective tissue to passive arterial wall properties, the relationship between the ability of smooth muscle to generate increases in wall stress and decreases in wall diameter, and the representation of the mechanics of arterial smooth muscle by models of muscle function.
Assessing medication consultations, hypertension control, awareness, and treatment among elderly Asian community dwellers.

OBJECTIVE To describe blood pressure (BP) and medication-related findings of a pharmacist-conducted hypertension (HTN) monitoring program. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective post hoc analysis. SETTING Community site. PATIENTS Multiethnic, community-dwelling, Asian older adults. INTERVENTIONS Medication consultation/BP records from 1998-2005 were reviewed. Participants' mean baseline BP readings were classified using guidelines from the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-7) and stratified into three groups: or =80 years of age. Medication consultations were grouped into: lifestyle/general medication review, adherence assessment, non-HTN medication consults, and specific consults, which included pharmacist-provided, medication-related recommendations. Participants with specific consults and subsequent self-reported changes in HTN therapy were identified. Their mean BP readings at six months, before and after the self-reported changes, were assessed for differences, using paired t-test, P < or =0.05 was significant. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Baseline HTN treatment/awareness rates, age-stratified HTN control, number/types of HTN medications used, adherence problems, consultations provided, BP changes in participants who self-reported changes in medication therapy. RESULTS Among 414 participants (averaged 74.2 +/- 8.5 years of age, 34.1% male), baseline HTN rate, awareness rate, and treatment rates were 51.9%, 37.9%, and 24.9%, respectively. Baseline BP worsened with increasing age. Overall, 258 participants received 651 consultations. The most prevalent non-adherent behavior reported was self-adjustment of medication dosing. Among 65 participants who received HTN medication-related advice, 52/65 (80%) reported changes in medication therapy and showed significant improvement in BP at six months before and after the self-report. CONCLUSION HTN awareness/treatment rates were low in the entire population. HTN control was worst among the oldest individuals. Implementing initiation or adjustments in medication therapy can potentially improve BP control.
A Forecast of Global Textile and Apparel Market Shifts In Importing and Exporting - Is this the Final Death Rattle of Domestic Apparel and Textile Manufacturing Industries?

This paper examines the main trends in the US apparel and textile manufacturing industry over 20 years. Using data gathered from; International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Trade Organization (WTO), U.S. Census, U.S. Trade, U.S. Bureau of Labor, and Office of the United States Trade Representatives. This research suggests that the demise of the apparel and textile manufacturing industry is imminent and the recent uptick if not focused properly will be the end and not be recoverable. This research shows two projections for the future of apparel and textile manufacturing in advanced economies. That being, due to the expansion of global trade agreements and policies the global textile and apparel manufacturing industries have become economically reliant upon each other for their own domestic industries survival. Recessions and economic slowing within regions and countries now have become interconnecting with the affects being felt simultaneously resulting in economic recovery taking many years, not just 1 or 2 as seen previously. The strength of the U.S. dollar must be weakened to help offset the spiraling trade deficit, so that domestic manufacturing has time to stabilize.
"Green" process and productivity improvements in a GaAs light emitting diode wafer fab

A self directed process improvement team was initiated to streamline the GaAs light emitting diode (LED) wafer process flow and enhance product yields. "Green" benefits of this study to improve GaAs LED wafer processing yields included the elimination of a significant number of chemical processing steps. The new process is more environmentally "friendly" through the use of fewer and "milder" chemicals. Thus wafer production is enhanced with both a yield increase and a cost decrease due to lower levels of chemical usage.
Determination of 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine in Industrial Wastewaters

A solid-phase extraction, chemical derivatization, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method has been developed for the determination of trace 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (DCB) in industrial wastewater samples. Instead of an octadecylsilane (ODS) cartridge, a Porapak RDX cartridge was used since the latter could be optimized for the extraction of DCB. After the pre-concentration, interfering coextractives in the sample were selectively removed from the cartridge by elution with a 1:1 mixture of acetonitrile and water. DCB was then eluted with acetonitrile and derivatized with pentafluoropropionic acid anhydride. The product was subsequently analyzed by GC/MS in either the electron impact or negative ion chemical ionization mode. Recoveries of DCB and the surrogate, DCB-d 6 , were better than 90% at spiking levels of 10, 1, and 0.1 pg/L. Based on a concentration factor of 100, the detection limits for DCB in wastewater samples were determined to be 0.1 pg/L by electron impact GC/MS detection, and 0.01 pg/L by negative ion chemical ionization GC/MS detection, respectively. This method has been successfully applied to wastewater samples collected in the Toronto area.
The most modern city in the world: Isamu Noguchi’s cenotaph controversy and Hiroshima’s city of peace

During a 1951 press conference upon his arrival in Hiroshima, the Japanese–American artist Isamu Noguchi startled reporters with the comment “Hiroshima is probably the most modern city in the world”. Noguchi’s statement expressed the ambivalence many in Japan and beyond felt towards Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bomb. Hiroshima was an expression of a modern nightmare, a failure of the enlightenment narrative of science and progress, but Hiroshima was also a tabula rasa, an urban space open for a complete reconstruction of the city, and “[for] clearing the blinders of convention to enable a bold modernity”. Indeed, the ambivalent and conflicting meanings of the bombing continued to plague the commemoration of the bombing and rebuilding of the stricken city. This paper examines Hiroshima's relation to nuclear modernity through a look at the controversy surrounding the rejection of Isamu Noguchi's design for the Hiroshima cenotaph. During the debates sparked by the design and its rejection, competing vis...
Labor Markets in EU8+2: From the Shortage of Jobs to the Shortage of Skilled Workers

Unemployment has fallen substantially in virtually all EU8+2 countries since 2004 due to strong growth in labor demand. This labor demand growth has given rise to skill shortages and associated wage pressures, often amplified by out-migration. However, employment/working age population ratios are relatively low. In contrast to the earlier period of weak labor demand it is now the supply side of the labor market that constrains new job creation. Many persons of working age are economically inactive in EU8+2 either because they lack skills demanded by employers, or because of labor supply disincentives, such as early retirement benefits, high payroll taxes, or limited opportunities for flexible work arrangements. Hence the main challenge facing now EU8+2 is to mobilize labor supply to meet the demand. Addressing the emerging skills shortages is particularly important, because failure to do so will constrain to job creation and future economic growth. To increase the effective labor supply EU8+2 countries need to: (a) improve labor supply incentives through reforming the social security systems, (b) improve worker skills through reforming the educational systems; and (c) import labor with skills that are in short supply by opening labor markets to foreign workers. The weights assigned to each policy depend on the nature of the most binding constraint to labor supply, which vary across countries. The objective of this paper is to document the recent changes in labor market conditions in EU8+2, to suggest some tentative explanations for the observed trends and patterns, and to recommend policies to address the emerging challenges.
Structure of the Synthetic Polypeptide Poly-γ-methyl-L-glutamate

WE have made a check on the assignment of the α-helix with eighteen residues in five turns to poly-γ-methyl-L-glutamate1 by preparing and interpreting X-ray photographs of a sample of the material. The results obtained not only support the assignment, but also indicate that the β-carbon atoms are in position 2 rather than in position 1 2. This is the same assignment of the β-carbon atoms as that made by Riley and Arndt3 for serum albumin, on the basis of their determination of the radial distribution function.
SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE IN THE ERGOT FUNGUS CLAVICEPS PURPUREA.

Abstract 1. 1. A study of electron transport by cell extracts of the parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea revealed a succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1) which appeared unique among mammalian and microbial succinate dehydrogenases so far studied in respect to ease of solubilization, solubility and stability, freedom from cytochrome contamination, electron-acceptor specificity, the Km for succinate, and the nature of inhibition by iron chelators. The soluble, and relatively stable fungal succinate dehydrogenase reacted with phenazine methosulfate, whereas other electron acceptors such as triphenyltetrazolium chloride, methylene blue, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, ferricyanide, and mammalian cytochrome c were ineffective. 2. 2. For the purposes of enzyme purification, it was possible directly, to extract large amounts of fungal tissue by simply blending the cells for 2 min with alumina in order to liberate succinate dehydrogenase which had never been exposed to proteolytic enzymes, organic solvents, desiccation, etc. The cell extract was clarified by ultracentrifugation, and the enzyme, located in the clear supernatant, was concentrated, partially purified, and freed of nucleic acids by conventional methods. The purified enzyme was found to be exceptionally stable, losing about 10% activity after 1 month at −15°. 3. 3. The presence of flavin in the purified preparation was ascertained by the difference spectrum for the oxidized and reduced forms of the dehydrogenase. The absorption spectra, at liquid-nitrogen temperatures, showed no contamination with cytochrome components. 4. 4. The oxidation of succinate to fumarate, catalyzed by the Claviceps dehydrogenase, showed an Arrhenius energy of activation of about 9.4 kcal at pH optimum of 7.7. The Michaelis constant for succinate, Km, was determined to be 3 mM at pH 7.7 and 35°. This was a higher value than those reported for the mammalian and yeast enzymes, but lower than the Km reported for a bacterial enzyme. 5. 5. Fumarate, pyrophosphate, and malonate were found to be competitive inhibitors of the dehydrogenation, and their respective dissociation constants, Ki, for the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, were 0.93, 0.42 and 0.03 mM. The non-competitive inhibition shown by the iron-chelating agent o-phenanthroline suggested iron to be a component of the Claviceps enzyme, but this inhibition does not necessarily reflect the essentiality or redox participation of the iron.
Dipole moment changes and voltage dependent membrane capacity of squid axon.

Abstract Changes in the membrane capacity of squid axons during hyper- and depolarizations are measured between −160 and +40 mV. After corrections for the series resistance and fringe effect, we found that the membrane capacity increased from 0.68 to 1.2 μF/cm 2 with depolarization. It was further observed that tetrodotoxin in the external medium eliminated the change in membrane capacity without affecting the conductivity. The voltage-dependent membrane conductivity is, in turn, greatly reduced by the internal cesium ion. These observations clearly indicate that the voltage-dependent membrane capacity and conductivity are closely related to ionic channels. Particularly, the increase in membrane capacity with depolarizations may be due to sodium channels. The change in the dipole moment associated with sodium sites was determined using values of α m and β m at various depolarizations. We found, based on voltage clamp measurements, that the increase in the dipole moment of the sodium site between −40 and −5 mV is 1230 Debye units (D.U.) and 930 D.U. between −5 and +60 mV, indicating that the depolarization of sodium channels may consist of two different steps.
Information, disinformation, and union success in certification and decertification elections

In certification elections, workers consider the purchase of union services whose quality is, ex ante, unobservable. Voters must rely on available signals or indices in forming their expectations. Union members are able to reevaluate their initial purchase decision as more accurate information is obtained through experience. Therefore, participants in decertification elections rely less on sources of imperfect information. Using NLRB data over the period 1966 to 1990, we find evidence consistent with information-related distinctions between the certification and decertification decisions. Our study provides a useful framework for understanding the observed differences between these two types of elections.
Optimization of pupil design for point-scanning and line-scanning confocal microscopy

Both point-scanning and line-scanning confocal microscopes provide resolution and optical sectioning to observe nuclear and cellular detail in human tissues, and are being translated for clinical applications. While traditional point-scanning is truly confocal and offers the best possible optical sectioning and resolution, line-scanning is partially confocal but may offer a relatively simpler and lower-cost alternative for more widespread dissemination into clinical settings. The loss of sectioning and loss of contrast due to scattering in tissue is more rapid and more severe with a line-scan than with a point-scan. However, the sectioning and contrast may be recovered with the use of a divided-pupil. Thus, as part of our efforts to translate confocal microscopy for detection of skin cancer, and to determine the best possible approach for clinical applications, we are now developing a quantitative understanding of imaging performance for a set of scanning and pupil conditions. We report a Fourier-analysis-based computational model of confocal microscopy for six configurations. The six configurations are point-scanning and line-scanning, with full-pupil, half-pupil and divided-pupils. The performance, in terms of on-axis irradiance (signal), resolution and sectioning capabilities, is quantified and compared among these six configurations.