cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The bacterial polysaccharide tecogalan blocks growth of breast cancer cells in vivo.

The growth of supportive tissue during the progression of solid tumors is an absolute requirement for the nourishment of the tumor. The blockade of this proliferative response of normal tissues to the growing tumor should hence inhibit tumor progression. We have shown earlier, that the heparinoid pentosan polysulfate (PPS) can block tumor growth and neoangiogenesis induced by Kaposi's FGF as well as by other heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs). We now report on the effects of a bacterial polysaccharide, tecogalan, on tumor xenografts of human breast cancer cells. Tecogalan inhibited FGF-dependent SW-13 cells in vitro very similarly to PPS. Growth factor-independent MDA-MB 231 cells were used in animal studies to assess the in vivo potential of tecogalan. Subcutaneous growth of tumors was inhibited by once weekly i.v. administration of tecogalan. PPS single weekly administration showed a similar effect. No gross side effects were observed. Based on our previous studies with these models, we conclude, that tecogalan acts by blocking HBGFs released from tumor cells. Interestingly, single weekly dosing of either PPS or tecogalan appears to be strikingly more efficacious than spreading the dose over several administrations. These findings with a novel compound, tecogalan, and a novel treatment regimen, PPS, suggests a different approach to planning of therapies with these types of drugs.
Computational and experimental studies of the conformational reactions of 1,3,5-tris(pentaphenylphenyl)benzene

Abstract Computational analyses of the five possible functional group rotations in 1,3,5-tris(pentaphenylphenyl)benzene (1) were conducted at three disparate levels of theory: AM1, HF/STO-3G, and B3LYP/6-31G(d). The ground state and transition state structures were located for all of the conformational reactions, and the free energies of activation for these processes were calculated. In addition, compound 1 was resolved by low-temperature chromatography on a chiral support, and its barrier to racemization was determined by dynamic chromatography. These computational and experimental results are compared with data from dynamic NMR studies of 1 in the literature.
Topological optimization of rotorcraft subfloor structures for crashworthiness considerations

Abstract The present paper discusses significant design issues in the sizing of rotorcraft structures for requirements of enhanced crash performance. The focus of the study is on topological design of the subfloor structure, defined as a crush zone under a more rigid floor structure. The topological design problem includes both an appropriate selection of an energy absorbing material (tailored load-deflection curve), and placement of this material at discrete locations under the main floor structure. A genetic algorithm based optimization approach was used in conjunction with a crash response analysis code (KRASH), which uses lumped masses, linear and nonlinear beam elements, and nonlinear spring elements to model the primary and secondary structure. The analysis problem is computationally demanding, and to alleviate these costs, approximate response models based on a multilayer perceptron neural network were developed and used in the optimization studies.
Diagnosis of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection with Intact Interatrial Septum by Echocardiography

This case illustrates the complementary use of transthoracic echocardiography and transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The transthoracic echocardiogram suggested the presence of anomalous pulmonary venous return by demonstrating right heart volume overload and evidence of an intact atrial septum. Transesophageal echocardiography was required to confirm these findings and provide a firm anatomic diagnosis before surgery. This case also emphasizes that a high degree of clinical suspicion for this condition should occur in situations in which apparent right heart volume overload is otherwise unexplained.
SYNTHESIS OF STEROIDS IN THE NEWBORN HUMAN ADRENAL IN VITRO.

Adrenals from a hydrocephalic newborn infant and from an adult undergoing adrenalectomy for mammary carcinoma were homogenized and incubated with Progester-one 4-14C or Pregnenolone-7α-³H. The percentage of substrate converted to product was calculated from the specific activity of the final product isolated after gradient elution chromatography on celite columns, countercurrent distributions and recrystallizations to constant specific activity. A derivative of some of the products was made and recrystallized. The addition of an NADPH-generating system increased the conversion of progesterone to cortisol, decreased its conversion to corticosterone and eoxycorticosterone, but had little or no effect on the 16-hydroxylation of progesterone. Very little ndrostenedione was formed from progesterone in any of the 3 incubations. Pregnenolone was metabolized by the newborn adrenal to cortisol, androstenedione, corticosterone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 16-hydroxypregnenolone....
Surgical treatment of lateral ankle instability syndrome

Lateral ankle instability syndrome is defined by pain and instability caused by ligament laxity. Anterior talofibular ligament laxity, with or without calcaneofibular laxity and other abnormalities, is often present in conjunction with peroneus brevis tendon tears, abnormal ligament placement, tibialis posterior tendon tears, osteochondritis dissecans, arthritis, synovitis, loose bodies, and tarsal coalition. Surgical reconstructions were performed on 43 ankles using a split peroneus brevis tendon graft routed through osseous tunnels in the talus, fibula, and calcaneus and resutured to the reconstructed anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. The tunnel locations, transfer routes, and tendon reinforcement were modifications based on the Elmslie procedure. Good and excellent results were achieved in 91% of the patients. Ninety-eight percent of the patients achieved stability. Followup was from 9 months to 11 years. Twenty-one patients had preoperative and intraoperative findings that required additional procedures. Thorough evaluation of patients with lateral ankle instability syndrome increases the frequency of finding associated abnormalities, which if left uncorrected, may adversely affect the outcome of surgery.
Chemical transitions for interstellar C2 and CN in cloud envelopes

Observations were made of absorption from CH, C2, and CN toward moderately reddened stars in Sco, OB2, Ceo OB3, and Taurus/Auriga. For these directions, most of the reddening is associated with a single cloud complex, for example, the rho Ophiuchus molecular cloud, and as a result, the observations probe moderately dense material. When combined with avaliable data for nearby directions, the survey provides the basis for a comprehensive analysis of the chemistry for these species. The chemical transitions affecting C2 and CN in cloud envelopes were analyzed. The depth into a cloud at which a transition takes place was characterized by tau(sub uv), the grain optical depth at 1000 A. One transition at tau(sub uv) approx. = 2, which arises from, the conversion of C(+) into CO, affects the chemistries for both molecules because of the key role this ion plays. A second one involving production terms in the CN chemistry occurs at tau(sub uv) of approx. = 3; neutral reactions which C2 and CH is more important at larger values for tau(sub uv). The transition from photodissociation to chemical destruction takes place at tau(sub uv) approx. = 4.5 for C2 and CN. The observational data for stars in Sco OB2, Cep OB3, and Taurus/Auriga were studied with chemical rate equations containing the most important production and destruction mechanisms. Because the sample of stars in Sco OB2 includes sight lines with A(sub v) ranging from 1-4 mag, sight lines dominated by photochemistry could be analyzed separately from those controlled by gas-phase destruction. The analysis yielded values for two poorly known rate constants for reactions involved in the production of CN; the reactions are C2 + N yields CN + C and C(+) + NH yields all products. The other directions were analyzed with the inferred values. The predicted column densities for C2 and CN agree with the observed values to better than 50%, and in most instances 20%. When combining the estimates for density and temperature derived from chemical modeling and molecular excitation for a specific cloud, such as the rho Ophiuchus molecular cloud, the portion of the cloud envelope probed by C2 and CN absorption was found to be in pressure equilibrium.
A Moveable Fascism: Fear and Loathing in the Empire of Sand

This article discusses the political and cultural fallout following the illegal war and occupation of Iraq by the U.S. military and its allies, focusing on the lies, deceptions, and hypocrisy of the Bush Jr. regime and the media.
The mUBC9 murine ubiquitin conjugating enzyme interacts with the E2A transcription factors

The ubiquitin-mediated degradation of cellular proteins requires the sequential activity of E1, E2 and, in some cases, E3 enzymes. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have cloned 1.0- and 2.5-kb cDNAs encoding the identical murine E2, or ubiquitin conjugating enzyme by virtue of its interaction with the E2A transcription factor. This cDNA encodes the 158-amino-acid protein, mUBC9, which has considerable sequence homology to UBC9 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and HUS5 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and is identical to the human UBC9 protein. HUS5 is essential for DNA damage repair, whereas UBC9 is necessary for G2/M progression. The human protein has been shown to correct the UBC9 defect in yeast. Antisera raised against bacterially expressed mUBC9 fusion protein recognize a murine cellular protein of approximately 18 kDa, corresponding to the predicted mobility. Unlike E2A, the mUBC9 protein level is not regulated by serum growth factors. The activity of the apparent homologues UBC9 and HUS5 suggests that mUBC9 may be involved in the degradation of key nuclear proteins that regulate cell cycle progression.
Sal/Svm: an assembly language and virtual machine for computing with non-enumerated sets

Presented is the design, implementation and evaluation of a system for computing with non-enumerative set representations. The implementation is in the form of a set assembly language (Sal) whose operations correspond to an implementation of the algebra of sets, with minimal added syntactic sugar; a compiler (Salc) for validation and static optimization of Sal definitions; and a virtual machine architecture (Svm) for executing Sal definitions.Sal/Svm has turned out to be a surprisingly versatile framework for a growing number of problems. One such application, as a framework for declaratively specifying computational problems with the same level of precision that traditional machine languages enable the specification of computational algorithms, is presented.
Structural Topology Optimization Under Design-Dependent Loads

In this paper, topology optimization of structure subject to design-dependent loads is studied. The position and direction of the design-dependent loads will change as the shape and topology of structure changes during optimization iteration. A potential function is introduced to locate the surface boundary. Design sensitivity analysis is derived. Examples from the proposed method are presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Abstract 4468: A novel sulindac derivative (MDC-922) inhibits the growth of human colon cancer cell lines: A redox/polyamine-dependent effect

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as sulindac are promising chemoprevention agents against colon cancer. However, their weak potency and side effects limit their use for both chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Here we explored the effect of a novel sulindac derivative, MDC-922, on human cancer cells lines and explored its mechanism of action. MDC-922 inhibited the growth of human cancer cell lines originating from colon, pancreas and breast about 11- to 30-fold more potently than sulindac. It inhibited cell proliferation by up to 67% and significantly induced a G1/S phase cell cycle arrest. MDC-922 suppressed the levels of cell cycle regulating proteins including cyclin D 1 /D 3 and CDK 4/6. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially those of the mitochondrial superoxide anion were markedly elevated in response to MDC-922; ROS collapsed the mitochondrial membrane potential and triggered apoptosis, which was largely abrogated by the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine. Interestingly, the expression of thioredoxin-1, a small redox protein which is essential for cell proliferation and survival, was rapidly downregulated (but not oxidized) by MDC-922, suggesting a unique ROS-inducing mechanism of MDC-922. Signaling pathways including cyclooxygenase (COX), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways were modulated by MDC-922. Like sulindac, MDC-922 enhanced spermidine/spermine N 1 -acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity, reduced the cellular polyamine content and synergized with DFMO to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Our results suggest that MDC-922 possesses promising anti-cancer properties and deserves further evaluation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4468.
Non-inherited antibiotic resistance

In addition to their impressive, well-publicized and well-researched propensity to evolve and acquire genetically determined mechanisms for resistance to antibiotics, bacteria that are inherently susceptible to these drugs can also be phenotypically refractory to their action. This phenomenon of 'non-inherited resistance' to antibiotics has been known since the beginning of the antibiotic era but, relative to inherited resistance, it has been given little attention. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo evidence for the different forms of non-inherited resistance and the mechanisms responsible. With the aid of a simple mathematical model and computer simulations, we show how non-inherited resistance could extend the duration of antibiotic treatment, cause treatment failure and promote the generation and ascent of inherited resistance in treated patients.
Earth sciences: ups and downs of ancient oxygen.

The latest models suggest that atmospheric oxygen could have fluctuated between high and low concentrations once photosynthesis had evolved. But does the geological evidence really support this?
MM3 calculations of aromatic heterocyclic compounds: sulfur-nitrogen containing molecules

Abstract The MM3 force field has been extended so as to enable calculations to be carried out on aromatic heterocycles containing sulfur (thiophene derivatives), open chain analogs, and related compounds which contain one or more nitrogen atoms in addition. Structures are well calculated, as are heats of formation and dipole moments. Vibrational spectra are not well calculated.
Prevention and Culture: A Theoretical Perspective

SUMMARY Although prevention programs play a significant role in combating drug-taking behavior, they can become more effective if they reflect the attitudes, beliefs and social and cultural experiences of the population they intended to reach. This paper reviews the relationship between prevention program effectiveness and culturally relevant strategies. It provides an outline of procedures that can be followed to develop culturally relevant programs and discusses implementation strategies.
Allergic reactions associated with airborne fish particles in IgE‐mediated fish hypersensitive patients

We evaluated the clinical characteristics found in 21 children who showed allergic reactions upon incidental inhalation of fish odors or fumes, from 197 diagnosed with IgE-mediated fish hypersensitivity. Allergic reactions to fish via ingestion began in most patients (86%) within the first 24 months of life. The vast majority (19/21) of patients showed cutaneous symptoms, either alone or, less frequently, associated with other clinical manifestations. Hake and flounder were the species of fish most frequently implicated in eliciting clinical manifestations upon ingestion. After diagnosis, all these patients were placed on a strict fish-avoidance diet. During this period of avoidance, patients reported allergic reactions (mean age 7 years) after incidental exposure to airborne fish odors or fumes. Clinical manifestations through inhalation were respiratory (mainly wheezing) in 12 patients and cutaneous (mainly urticaria) in nine patients. Nineteen of 21 patients reported three or more episodes upon exposure to fish aerosols; in most cases, these episodes occurred at home when other people were eating fish. In conclusion, incidental inhalation of fish odors or fumes could play an important role in accidental and unknown encounters with fish in children on fish-avoidance diets for fish IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. Such exposures could elicit clinical symptoms and could have some effect in delaying the development of tolerance.
Hepatic granulomata in AIDS

During a one month period liver biopsy was carried out on eight patients with established acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and two suspected of having AIDS to evaluate raised liver enzymes or unexplained fever and weight loss. Each of the 10 patients was found to have hepatic granulomas. Appropriate staining techniques showed acid-fast bacilli in seven of the liver specimens. One specimen contained numerous Cryptococcal organisms. Two biopsies showed granulomas but no organisms. Liver biopsy was found to be a high yield and rapid diagnostic procedure in patients with AIDS. Our results suggest that hepatic mycobacterial infection may be more common in the syndrome than previously recognized and that liver biopsy specimens should be examined routinely for the presence of acid-fast bacilli.
The Effect of Left Ventricular Size on Right Ventricular Hemodynamics in Pediatric Survivors with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Background Outcome status in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is partially dependent on right ventricular (RV) systolic function. In other disease states, ventricular function is impacted by anatomy and physiology of the contralateral ventricle. In HLHS, it is suggested that a relatively larger left ventricular (LV) size may negatively impact RV function because it becomes a "passenger" without providing any systolic or diastolic physiologic benefit. The purpose of this study was to determine whether LV size adversely affects RV systolic function in surviving patients with HLHS. Methods The hospital database was searched for all patients with HLHS and technically adequate echocardiograms born in the last 6 years and who had survived at least the Norwood procedure. LV size was assessed by echocardiographic measurement of LV end-diastolic short-axis and apical area. RV function was assessed by short-axis and apical fractional area change as well as the myocardial performance index (Tei). Measurements were made at up to 4 time points depending on duration of follow-up (1 - pre-Norwood; 2 - pre-Glenn; 3 - pre-Fontan; and 4- post-Fontan). Results A total of 48 patients were studied. LV size showed sufficient variability in the patient population (1.0-21 cm 2 /body surface area, pre-Norwood). RV function tended to worsen across the time periods but these changes did not reach statistical significance. Regression analysis showed no effect of LV size on RV function before Norwood operation. Significant correlations existed between LV size indices and RV functional indices before Glenn shunt but these were inconsistent in the direction of their effect. Only before Fontan operation did the correlation between LV size and RV function become both consistent and statistically significant; specifically larger LV size correlated significantly with poor RV systolic function (short-axis RV fractional area change vs LV area r = –0.4, P = .03 and RV Tei vs LV area r = 0.5, P = .02). These relationships were not apparent after Fontan operation. Conclusion In surviving patients with HLHS, larger LV size does not seem to negatively impact RV function before or after Norwood procedure nor does it seem to have an adverse effect on RV function chronically (after Fontan). However, further study with larger population size will be necessary to see whether these findings remain negative and are true for nonsurvivors as well.
Simulation of quantum confinement effects in ultra-thin-oxide MOS structures

The density-gradient approach to quantum transport theory is used to model the inversion layer profiles, threshold voltages and C-V characteristics of MOS capacitors with ultra-thin oxides and polysilicon gates. The results (without fitting parameters) are found to compare quite well with experimental data and with calculations made using quantum mechanics. Comparisons are also made with results obtained using previous phenomenological methods and these favor density-gradient theory as well, especially in its being physically meaningful and predictive. Overall, the results of this work show that density-gradient theory provides a physics-based approach to device modeling problems in which quantum confinement effects are significant that is simple enough for engineering applications.
A theory in progress? Issues in transformative learning theory

The scholarship about transformative learning theory has continued to grow exponentially, although much of the research is redundant with a deterministic emphasis while overlooking the need for more in-depth theoretical analysis. Explanations for this oversight are numerous, including a failure to ground research in primary sources, an over-reliance on literature reviews of transformative learning, lack of critique of original research; marginal engagement in positivist and critical research paradigms, and a lack of involvement in transformative learning by European adult education scholars. In order to stimulate theoretical development, this paper discusses five specific issues that will hopefully provoke further discussion and research. They include the role of experience, empathy, the desire to change, the theory's inherently positive orientation, and the need for research involving positivist and critical approaches. (DIPF/Orig.)
Calbindin immunoreactivity of horizontal cells in the developing rabbit retina

Horizontal cells are retinal interneurons that establish inhibitory feedback loops within the outer plexiform layer of the primary visual pathway. Most mammalian retinas contain two types of horizontal cells. A-type horizontal cells have neuritic branches that contact cone photoreceptors exclusively, while the B-type horizontal cells have dendritic branches that contact cones, in addition to axons that form synapses with rod photoreceptors. Immunoreactivity for calbindin, a calcium binding protein involved in calcium transport, was used as a marker for horizontal cells during post-natal development of the rabbit retina. On post-natal days 1, 3 and 5, calbindin immunoreactivity is limited to a single population of A-type horizontal cells. They appear as a monolayer of cells with broad tapering processes, establishing the proximal border of the nascent outer plexiform layer and forming a target for ingrowing cone photoreceptor terminals. The size and density of the cell bodies and the length of neuritic processes are essentially unchanged during this period, which corresponds to the time of peak expression of GABAergic markers in horizontal cells. Coincident with a decrease in GABAergic markers and the completion of cone-to-horizontal cell synaptogenesis by day 7, changes within the horizontal cell mosaic are detected morphometrically. A delayed phase of overall cell growth results in a 70% increase in average somal diameter (representing a 3·7-fold increase in spherical volume), a six-fold increase in mean neurite length and a decrease in cell density to one-third of that found in the newborn. We conclude that the process of terminal differentiation of horizontal cells is not complete until some time after the second post-natal week. Furthermore, the expression of GABAergic markers is associated primarily with early maturational events, whereas expression of calbindin is sustained throughout post-natal development, suggesting a prominent role for calcium dependent mechanisms at all developmental stages.
Thalidomide Syndrome in Monkeys

Pregnant monkeys were treated with thalidomide after implantation but before formation of the fetal limbs. Two fetuses that were recovered from the treated females had congenital abnormalities. The thalidomide syndrome in the monkeys was manifested by amelia, phocomelia, internal hydrocephaly, facial capillary hemangioma, hypogenesis of the metatarsal bones, and anotia.
Methods for determining the in situ hydraulic conductivity of shallow aquitards – an overview

Shallow clay-rich aquitards limit groundwater recharge to underlying aquifers, but they also protect the aquifers from contamination. The bulk hydraulic conductivity of such shallow aquitards can range from less than 1 mm/year to more than 100 m/year and may be much greater than the hydraulic conductivity of small intact samples of the aquitard material. This enhanced hydraulic conductivity diminishes the qualities of the aquitards for the protection of underlying aquifers but allows a higher rate of recharge. For aquifers that are overlain by aquitards, management and protection of groundwater resources may be critically dependent on reliable determinations of aquitard permeability. A variety of methods for determining bulk hydraulic conductivities of shallow clay aquitards is available; each has drawbacks and advantages, and each is based on simplifying assumptions. These methods include slug tests, pumping tests, response of the aquitard to mechanical loading, and analysis of natural pore-pressure fluctuations. Several of the commonly used methods require an independent measurement of specific storage. Laboratory methods for determining specific storage are probably not representative of in situ conditions and may lead to overestimation of aquitard permeability. Much of the theory developed to date depends on the assumption that horizontal displacement of the solid material is negligible, and this may not be a valid assumption for highly deformable media such as clay aquitards. However, with judicious selection of the most suitable methods for a particular site, good test design, careful instrumentation, and respect for the underlying assumptions, reliable determinations of aquitard permeability can be obtained.
Synthesis of 5-Benzyl and 5-Benzyloxybenzyl 2,2′-Anhydrouridines and Related Nucleoside Analogs as Inhibitors of Uridine Phosphorylase

Abstract Furanosyl analogs of BAU (5-benzylacyclouridine) and BBAU (5-benzyloxybenzylacyclouridine), two potent inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase, were synthesized and evaluated as potential cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The analogs included ribosides, 2,2′-anhydro nucleosides, arabinosides and deoxyribosides. The anhydrouridine intermediates were potent inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase and good potentiators of FdUrd activity in human tumor cells in culture.
Approach and avoidance effects of central stimulation: An exploration of the pigeon fore- and midbrain

Chronically indwelling multiple electrodes were employed to investigate the reinforcement effects of unipolar electrical brain stimulation (ESB) at fore-and midbrain sites in the pigeon (Columba livia). Using a place-preference task, approach sites, which were fewest in number (7.1%), were identified in the telencephalon (paleostriatum and archistriatum), with none noted in di- or mesencephalon; avoidance sites (35.7%) were identified in tel-, di-, and mesencephalon. Changes in current intensity produced shifts from neutral to approach effects at some sites, neutral to avoidance effects at others, and no shifts at still others. Results were discussed in relation to relevant mammalian and avian findings.
Principles of Interaction Design Research Based on Cognitive Characteristics

Interactive products need to have human qualities. Designers need to give the characteristics to the product. Analysis of the cognitive process and cognition import the interaction design, we can sum up nine principles of interaction design for four aspect: concerns unity, visibility, visual structural optimization, memory capacity limited, simple and complex conservation, affordance, feedback mechanisms, the targeted emotional experience, fault tolerance.
AI for Global Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance has been practiced for decades and continues to be an indispensable approach for detecting emerging disease outbreaks and epidemics. Early knowledge of a disease outbreak plays an important role in improving response effectiveness. In this article we presents the application of AI for the global disease surveillance systems. This also provides in depth survey that analyzes and evaluates existing syndromic surveillance system and related outbreak modelling and detection work under a unified framework. Many intelligent global disease surveillance systems have begun to emerge. To illustrate, we present the following study.
The Art of Being a Scientist: Questions drive research

In the theoretical physics community there are many more people who can answer well-posed questions than there are people who can pose the truly important questions. The latter type of physicist can invariably also do much of what the former can do, but the reverse is certainly not true. Zee, 2003 Many scientists (and non-scientists as well) live under the impression that they don't know much about research topics that lie outside those that occupy them on a daily basis. We often feel like a blank sheet of paper when it concerns such research topics. Perhaps we know more about various areas than we think. The path to ferreting out aspects that we do and don't know is lined with questions. For example, both of us authors are geophysicists, and (an understatement) we don't know much about biomedical research. Yet if we take a topic such as cell therapy, several statements (correct or incorrect, naive or otherwise) about this area of research can readily bring a number of questions to our lay minds. A line of thinking might go as follows. In cell therapy one seeks to modify the genetic material of cells in a body in order to correct the deviant behavior that causes a disease. The genetic material is stored in large molecules called DNA. Viruses modify the genetic material of cells. […]
Energy reserves and parity of nomadic and settled Turkana women.

Members of the Turkana tribe include settled and nomadic peoples who reside in the southern part of Turkana District in the semiarid region of northwest Kenya. Nomadic Ngisonyoka Turkana keep livestock (camels, cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys), subsist principally on livestock products, and move camps frequently in search of forage for the livestock; settled Turkana cultivate foods along the principal rivers. Both nomadic and settled Turkana are subject to limited food resources on seasonal and long-term bases. Protein from meat, blood, and milk is sufficient in the diet, but food energy is limited, as are body fat reserves. Previous work has documented a decline in maternal adiposity with age in a large sample of the relatively lean nomadic women, and a negative association of fat stores with parity in a smaller sample of nomadic women. The problem of maternal depletion of fat energy reserves as a function of female reproductive history is explored in this study through anthropometry in a relatively large sample (N = 312) of nomadic and settled women. Both nomadic and settled women displayed some parity-related losses in fat stores. The relationship was stronger in the nomads, even after controlling for age. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Estimation of a Minimum-Phase Operator from a Portion of Its Amplitude Spectrum

Suppose one wishes to estimate the phase of a minimum-phase operator over a finite frequency range from the amplitude spectrum over the same finite frequency range. This can be accurately accomplished if the phase can be assumed to be approximately constant outside of this finite frequency range. This paper discusses a workable formulation of a method of phase estimation in which the phase-error in the finite frequency range is expressible as a fraction of the maximum deviation of the phase from constancy outside of the finite frequency range.
Phase equilibria for chain-fluid mixtures near to and far from the critical region

A recently established crossover equation of state for pure chain fluids is extended to chain-fluid mixtures. Far from the critical region, where density fluctuations are small, it reduces to the classic equation of state. Near or at the critical point, the crossover equation of state incorporates contributions form long-wavelength density fluctuations. Using segment-segment parameters for pure components and one cross parameter k 12 for every binary pair as obtained from vapor-liquid equilibrium data remote from the critical region, this crossover equation of state gives vapor-liquid equilibria in good agreement with experiment for binary asymmetric mixtures of n-alkanes far from, near to, and at the critical point.
Operational information content sum capacity: Formulation and examples

This paper considers Quality-of-Information (QoI) aware rate allocation policies for multiple access channels. QoI is a recently introduced composite metric which is impacted by a number of attributes including accuracy and timeliness of delivery of information communicated from the source(s) to the destination(s), and as such differs from traditional quality-of-service metrics considered to date. The focus of this work is defining the Operational Information Content Sum Capacity (OICC-S) of a network, achieved by the set of QoI-vectors supported which maximize sum utility of the system. This utility is defined as a function of the QoI attributes provided by the source input, as well as the channel induced attributes that impact the QoI delivered to the destination(s). Optimum rate allocation to maximize the output sum utility and achieve OICC-S of the network for various settings is provided, and demonstrated to differ from the solution that provides maximum throughput.
Adaptation of an ICAM-1 Tropic Enterovirus to the Mouse Respiratory Tract

Respiratory tract (RT) infections by members of the enterovirus (EV) genus of the Picornaviridae family are the most frequent cause for the common cold and a major factor in the exacerbation of chronic pulmonary diseases. The lack of a practical small-animal model for these infections has obstructed insight into pathogenic mechanisms of the common cold and their role in chronic RT illness and has hampered preclinical evaluation of antiviral strategies. Despite significant efforts, it has been difficult to devise rodent models that exhibit viral replication in the RT. This is due mainly to well-known intracellular host restrictions of EVs with RT tropism in rodent cells. We report the evolution of variants of the common-cold-causing coxsackievirus A21, an EV with tropism for the human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (hICAM-1), through serial passage in the lungs of mice transgenic for the hICAM-1 gene. This process was accompanied by multiple changes in the viral genome, suggesting exquisite adaptation of hICAM-1-tropic enteroviruses to the specific growth conditions within the RT. In vivo mouse RT-adapted, variant coxsackievirus A21 exhibited replication competence in the lungs of hICAM-1 transgenic mice, providing a basis for unraveling EV-host interactions in the mouse RT.
Intimate Partner Violence Prevention Program in an Asian Immigrant Community Integrating Theories, Data, and Community

To fill an existing gap in research and practice on intimate partner violence (IPV) in immigrant communities, the authors developed an IPV prevention program, called the Shanti Project, in an Asian Indian community in the Midwest. Building on the notion of shanti (harmony/peace), a cherished value and strength of the community, we created a communications campaign that combined social marketing and community-based participatory approaches. Recognizing the interactive influences of multiple levels of social ecology, campaign activities were designed to bring about changes at the individual, relationship/family, organization, and community levels. This article presents the development of this theoretically, empirically, and community-based IPV prevention program.
When Race Disappears College Admissions Policy Discourse in the State of Texas

What happens to race in public discussions about “race-neutral” college admissions policies? This article shows how race disappeared from elite political debate during hearings on Texas Senate Bill...
Glucocorticoid induction of proline oxidase in LLC‐RK1 cells

Dexamethasone induced proline oxidase in cultured LLC-RK1 cells, an epithelial cell line derived from rabbit kidney. The dexamethasone-mediated increase in enzyme activity was concentration and time dependent. Although the effect could be dissociated from cell growth and cell density, it was dependent on protein and RNA synthesis. A comparison of the enzyme isolated from control and dexamethasone-treated cells showed that the increased activity was not due to an alteration in the affinity of the enzyme for proline. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids induce the synthesis of proline oxidase in mammalian cells.
EGFR blockade prevents glioma escape from BRAFV600E targeted therapy

Mutational activation of BRAF(BRAF(V600E)) occurs in pediatric glioma and drives aberrant MAPK signaling independently of upstream cues. Targeted monotherapy against BRAF(V600E) displays efficacy in pre-clinical models of glioma, however xenograft tumors adapt rapidly and escape from the growth-inhibitory effects of BRAF-targeted therapy. Here, we show that intrinsic resistance to a BRAF(V600E) specific inhibitor stems, in part, from feedback activation of EGFR and downstream signaling pathways. BRAF(V600E) inhibition suppresses MAPK signaling, which in turn downregulates the EGFR phosphatase PTPN9, resulting in sustained EGFR phosphorylation and enhanced EGFR activity. We demonstrated that overexpression of PTPN9 reduces EGFR phosphorylation and cooperates with BRAF(V600E) inhibitor PLX4720 to reduce MAPK and Akt signaling, resulting in decreased glioma cell viability. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR combined with inhibition of BRAF(V600E) to reduce growth of glioma cell lines and orthotopic glioma xenograft by decreasing tumor cell proliferation while increasing apoptosis, with resultant significant extension of animal subject survival. Our data support clinical evaluation of BRAF(V600E) and EGFR targeted therapy in treating BRAF(V600E) glioma.
Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Inhibition of GABAASynaptic Transmission in the Hippocampus

The localization of cannabinoid (CB) receptors to GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus indicates that CBs may modulate GABAergic function and thereby mediate some of the disruptive effects of marijuana on spatial memory and sensory processing. To investigate the possible mechanisms through which CB receptors may modulate GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus, whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat brain slices. Stimulus-evoked GABA A receptor-mediated IPSCs were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by the CB receptor agonist WIN 55,212–2 (EC 50 of 138 nm). This effect was blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (1 μm) but not by the opioid antagonist naloxone. In contrast, evoked GABA B -mediated IPSCs were insensitive to the CB agonist. WIN 55,212–2 also reduced the frequency of spontaneous, action potential-dependent IPSCs (sIPSCs), without altering action potential-independent miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs), measured while sodium channels were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by cadmium also eliminated the effect of WIN 55,212–2 on sIPSCs. Depolarization of inhibitory terminals with elevated extracellular potassium caused a large increase in the frequency of mIPSCs that was inhibited by both cadmium and WIN 55,212–2. The presynaptic effect of WIN 55,212–2 was also investigated using the potassium channel blockers barium and 4-aminopyridine. Neither of these agents significantly altered the effect of WIN 55,212–2 on evoked IPSCs. Together, these data suggest that presynaptic CB1 receptors reduce GABA A - but not GABA B -mediated synaptic inhibition of CA1 pyramidal neurons by inhibiting VDCCs located on inhibitory nerve terminals.
Study of plane wave absorbing effectiveness of conductive polymer films

A novel material, specifically, the conductive polymer PBT doped by ion-implantation with iodine, is studied to investigate its possible utilization as a microwave absorber. In the ion-implantation-doped polymer film, the dopant penetrates into only a layer situated close to the film surface. Hence the polymer film can be modeled as a two-dielectric layered medium, with the layer close to the surface corresponding to the doped polymer accompanied by a high conductivity, and the other layer corresponding to the undoped lossless polymer. Layered medium electromagnetic theory is applied to compute the overall reflection coefficient with a few numerical examples. >
Localization using discrete event simulation

In this paper, we focus on the implementation of a localization algorithm for sensor networks using a discrete event simulation (DES) architecture. In this implementation, DES is used to calculate the distances between the sensors in terms of hop lengths and to implement a mass-spring optimization scheme. This implementation allows us to estimate the number of packets required during the localization process after the deployment of the sensors.
The chemistry of child neglect: Do oxytocin and vasopressin mediate the effects of early experience?

Research described in a recent issue of PNAS by Wismer Fries, Ziegler, Kurian, Jacoris, and Pollak (1) reveals significant group differences in two brain-derived neuropeptides, oxytocin and vasopressin, between family-versus orphanage-reared children. These intriguing results may stimulate a new chapter in the ongoing scientific dialogue concerning the neuro-biological effects of early experience. Fascination with the developmental effects of social deprivation is not new. Consider Romulus and Remus, the legendary founders of Rome who were purportedly nursed by a shewolf; or Kasper Hauser, a mysterious 19th century German boy, believed to have been isolated from human contact from early childhood. Modern interest in the impact of maternal separation or neglect on human behavior can be traced to two proteges of Sigmund Freud, Rene Spitz and John Bowlby (2, 3), who described children reared in orphanages or by inconsistent caregivers as at risk for emotional and social disorders. Behavioral studies, including research in nonhuman primates, have documented vulnerabilities in socially deprived infants (4–6). From birth onward, social interactions are essential for normal development. In all human cultures, including nonhuman animals, we find mechanisms for transmitting social experiences from one generation to the next. These experiences may in turn alter future behavior. Attempts to study the neuroendocrine consequences of early experience have tended to focus on changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (7 …
Association of a television in the bedroom with increased adiposity gain in a nationally representative sample of children and adolescents.

Importance Obesity affects health in children and adolescents. Television viewing is an established risk factor for obesity in youth. No prospective study has assessed whether a bedroom television confers an additional risk for obesity in youth. Objective To assess the prospective association between the presence of a bedroom television and change in body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), independent of television viewing, in a nationally representative sample of US children and adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted a random-digit prospective telephone survey that captured children and adolescents from across the United States. Participants included 6522 boys and girls aged 10 to 14 years at baseline who were surveyed via telephone about media risk factors for obesity. Weighted regressions assessed adiposity at 2- and 4-year follow-up, controlling for television and movie viewing, video-game playing, parenting, age, sex, race or ethnicity, household income, and parental educational level. Exposure Report of having a television in the bedroom at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures Age- and sex-adjusted BMI based on self-report and parent report of weight and height at 2- and 4-year follow-up. Results Distributions for age, sex, race or ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were similar to census estimates for the US population. Sample weighting methods accounted for higher dropout rates among ethnic minorities and those with lower socioeconomic status. Bedroom televisions were reported by 59.1% of participants at baseline, with boys, ethnic minorities, and those of lower socioeconomic status having significantly higher rates. In multivariate analyses, having a bedroom television was associated with an excess BMI of 0.57 (95% CI, 0.31-0.82) and 0.75 (0.38-1.12) at years 2 and 4, respectively, and a BMI gain of 0.24 (0.02-0.45) from years 2 to 4. Conclusions and Relevance Having a bedroom television is associated with weight gain beyond the effect of television viewing time. This association could be the result of uncaptured effects of television viewing or of disrupted sleep patterns. With the high prevalence of bedroom televisions, the effect attributable to this risk factor among US children and adolescents is excess weight of 8.7 million kg/y.
The Structure of Small Molecules and Ions as Determined by Photoionization Mass Spectrometry

Photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS) is an extremely versatile spectroscopic technique for the investigation of molecular ions and their parents. Whenever relative photoion yields and accurate adiabatic and appearance potentials are needed, PIMS is the method of choice. Judiciously used, the information obtained by this technique becomes a powerful basis for inferring the electronic and geometric structure of small molecules and ions. We shall corroborate this assertion by presenting a couple of recent studies from our laboratory.