cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How to Account for the Relation between Chancy Facts and Deterministic Laws

(1) and (50%) can be true together, but (1) and (50%) cannot together be laws of nature. Indeed, (50o%)'s mere (non-vacuous) truth logically precludes (1)'s lawhood. A satisfactory analysis of chance and lawhood should nicely account for this relation. I shall argue first that David Lewis's Humean picture accounts for this relation only by inserting this relation 'by hand. Next, I shall argue that this relation between law and chance also threatens a radically non-Humean picture of laws and chances. Finally, I shall offer an account of natural law that nicely explains the relation between chancy facts and deterministic laws. This explanation is not ad hoc because it derives the relation from the very same features of lawhood that account for the laws' special relation to counterfactuals and explain how the laws (unlike the accidents) possess a variety of necessity. The reason that a chancy fact such as (50%) keeps (1) from being a law, without keeping (1) from being true, is ultimately that a chancy fact constrains the subjunctive facts and (1)'s lawhood, unlike (1)'s truth, depends upon the subjunctive facts.
The projection of the visual field onto the lateral geniculate nucleus of the ferret.

The projection of the visual field onto the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the ferret was mapped electrophysiologically. The nucleus contains a single orderly map of the contralateral visual hemifield. The upper visual field is represented dorsally and rostrally in the nucleus; central fields are found in the medial and caudal sections of the LGN; and peripheral fields are represented most laterally. The ipsilateral eye is rep­ resented in laminae Al and Cl up to eccentricities of 20-30°. Lines of projection run perpendicular to the laminar borders. The ferret LGN resem­ bles that of the cat rotated approximately 110° clockwise in the sagittal plane, viewing the right nucleus from its lateral aspect; it differs from the cat in having a larger monocular segment. Ferrets (Mustela putorius fura) are small carnivores, sim­ ilar in appearance to their close relative the mink (Mustela uison). Guillery and his colleagues have drawn attention to the ferret as a particularly useful experimental animal for studies of the visual system (Linden et aI., '81). The ferret lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) shows the typical carni­ vore pattern of lamination: laminae A, C, and C2 receive a projection from the contralateral eye, and laminae Al and Cl receive an ipsilateral projection (Sanderson, '74; Linden et aI., '81). The A laminae are further divided into two sublaminae, termed ieaflets by Guillery ('71), that have been shown to represent a segregation of ON-center and OFF-center cells (Stryker and Zahs, '83). Because ferrets are born before the retinal afferents have segregated into the appropriate geniculate laminae, they are attractive an­ imals for use in developmental studies (Linden et aI., '81). Before beginning our own studies on the development of the retinogeniculate pathway in ferrets, we have investi­ gated some aspects of the organization of the LGN in adult animals. The following account describes the projection of the visual field onto the LGN. Some of these findings have previously appeared in abstract form (Zahs and Stryker, '82).
Effect of temperature on silicon particle damage in A356 alloy

The Al-Si-Mg base cast alloys are widely used for structural applications. Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of these alloys depend on macrodefects such as internal oxide layers and shrinkage macroporosity, microporosity, dendrite cell size, and size and shape of Si particles present in the interdendritic regions. Fracture and debonding of silicon particles is an important aspect of damage evolution in these alloys. Fracturing/debonding of silicon particles, formation and growth of voids around such particles, and subsequent interlinkage of the voids lead to crack propagation in the interdendritic regions. It is observed that silicon particles fracture/debond at stresses significantly below the ultimate tensile strength, but usually above yield stress of the material. There have been numerous studies on effect of tensile strain on the fraction of damaged particles in Al-Si-Mg base alloys. The damaged silicon particles are observed at very low plastic strain levels, and the fraction of damaged particles monotonically increases with the tensile strain. However, in the earlier investigations, the mechanical tests were performed at room temperature only. To the best of the authors` knowledge, no experimental data on the effect of temperature on the microstructural damage exist for Al-Si-Mg base cast alloys. Such experimental data are required formore » micro- and macromechanics based finite element simulations of cast components that experience temperature variations in service. It is the purpose of this communication to report quantitative data on the effect of temperature on the fraction of damaged silicon particles in a chill cast A356 alloy.« less
Determination of free phenytoin in plasma by ultrafiltration and high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A process for determining the free concentration of the highly protein-bound anti-convulsant drug phenytoin (5,5-diphenylhydantoin) is described. The procedure involves rapid isolation of the unbound drug from the drug/protein complex by ultrafiltration followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Total time for a free phenytoin determination is about 15 min. The procedure is used to examine the protein-binding of phenytoin, as well as the effects of a displacer, salicylic acid. Commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drugs are resolved under the selected chromatographic conditions.
Relationship between E1A binding to cellular proteins, c-myc activation and S-phase induction

We recently showed that p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP) plays an important role in maintaining cells in G0/G1 phase by keeping c-myc in a repressed state. Consistent with this, adenovirus E1A oncoprotein induces c-myc in a p300-dependent manner, and the c-myc induction is linked to S-phase induction. The induction of S phase by E1A is dependent on its binding to and inactivating several host proteins including p300/CBP. To determine whether there is a correlation between the host proteins binding to the N-terminal region of E1A, activation of c-myc and induction of S phase, we assayed the c-myc and S-phase induction in quiescent human cells by infecting them with Ad N-terminal E1A mutants with mutations that specifically affect binding to different chromatin-associated proteins including pRb, p300, p400 and p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). We show that the mutants that failed to bind to p300 or pRb were severely defective for c-myc and S-phase induction. The induction of c-myc and S phase was only moderately affected when E1A failed to bind to p400. Furthermore, analysis of the E1A mutants that fail to bind to p300, and both p300 and PCAF suggests that PCAF may also play a role in c-myc repression, and that the two chromatin-associated proteins may repress c-myc independently. In summary, these results suggest that c-myc deregulation by E1A through its interaction with these chromatin-associated proteins is an important step in the E1A-mediated cell cycle deregulation and possibly in cell transformation.
Effect of steeping conditions on wet-milling characteristics of hard red winter wheat

ABSTRACT A batch-wise small-scale wet-processing laboratory for whole wheat kernel has been designed and constructed to produce wheat starch and gluten from wheat grains. Hard red winter wheat kernels were steeped in three steeping media: SO2 solution, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Acid concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5%, were used for SO2 solutions and hydrochloric acid, and 0.1, 0.6, and 3.0% for lactic acid. After 16, 20, and 24 hr of steeping, the wheat was wet-milled. Yields and protein contents of wet-milling fractions were compared. Both high concentration of steeping media and long steeping time increased the starch yield and decreased the protein contents of the starch. However, the steeping time and acid concentration could be reduced from 24 to 20 hr and from 0.5 to 0.3%, respectively, without any statistically significant difference in starch yields or protein contents of the starch. Consistency and color of the starch were affected by both steeping time and acid concentrations of stee...
DEOXYHYPUSINE SYNTHASE ACTIVITY IS ESSENTIAL FOR CELL VIABILITY IN THE YEAST SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the first step in the posttranslational synthesis of an unusual amino acid, hypusine (N e-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine), in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) precursor protein. The null mutation in the single copy gene, yDHS, encoding deoxyhypusine synthase results in the loss of viability in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Upon depletion of deoxyhypusine synthase, and consequently of eIF-5A, cessation of growth was accompanied by a marked enlargement of cells, suggesting a defect in cell cycle progression or in cell division. Two residues of the yeast enzyme, Lys308 and Lys350, corresponding to Lys287 and Lys329, respectively, known to be critical for the activity of the human enzyme, were targeted for site-directed mutagenesis. The chromosomal ydhs null mutation was complemented by the plasmid-borne yDHSwild-type gene, but not by mutated genes encoding inactive proteins, including that with Lys350 → Arg substitution or with substitutions at both Lys308 and Lys350. The mutated gene ydhs(K308R) encoding a protein with diminished activities (
Initial preparations for amalgam restorations: extending the longevity of the tooth-restoration unit.

“Initial Preparations for Amalgam Restorations: Extending the Longevity of the Tooth-Restoration Unit,” by Drs. James B. Summitt and John W. Osborne, challenges some traditional restoration practices. Tradition has dictated cavity preparation and tooth restoration since the turn of the century. The authors discuss material and technique options that challenge tradition and extend the longevity of restorations.
ON THE ACTION OF RIBONUCLEASE IN SALIVARY GLAND CELLS OF DROSOPHILA.

It was shown that ribonuclease degrades the nucleolus in actively metabolizing cells. It does this without inhibiting RNA synthesis in the puffs and the nucleolus organizer. DNA synthesis still continues before or after puff formation, while amino acid incorporation is inhibited before the puffs are formed, indicating pre-existence of proteins involved in the process of puff formation.
Differing Opinions on Testing Between Preservice and Inservice Teachers

Abstract Studies of teachers' use of tests suggest that classroom tests are widely used and that standardized test results are rarely used. What is the genesis of this lack of use? A previous comparison of pre and inservice teachers' attitudes toward assessment suggested no differences. This study assessed the different opinions among sophomores (n = 84), seniors (n = 152), and inservice teachers (n = 553) about the use of classroom and standardized tests. Significant differences were found; preservice teachers had less favorable attitudes toward classroom testing than teachers did and more favorable attitudes toward standardized testing.
Details of the emulsion polymerization of styrene using a reaction calorimeter

An automated reaction calorimeter was used to directly monitor the rate of emulsion polymerization of styrene using different emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate) and initiator (potassium persulfate) concentrations. By using this technique in conjunction with off-line measurements of the evolution of the particle size distributions, important details of the process were observed. The classical constant rate period (Interval II) often reported for the batch emulsion polymerization of styrene was not seen in this work. Instead, the experimental results suggest that the end of nucleation and the disappearance of monomer droplets take place at approximately the same conversion (36-40%). From the polymerization rate data, important parameters such as the monomer concentration in the polymer particles and the average number of radicals per particle were calculated.
There's more to life than neurotransmission: the regulation of exocytosis by synaptotagmin VII

Among the 16 known vertebrate synaptotagmins, only Syt I, IV and VII are also present in C. elegans and Drosophila , suggesting that these isoforms play especially important roles in vivo . Extensive evidence indicates that Syt I is a synaptic vesicle Ca 2+ sensor essential for rapid neurotransmitter release. It has been suggested that the ubiquitously expressed Syt VII also regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis, despite its presence in several tissues in addition to the brain. Here, we discuss recent genetic and biochemical evidence that does not support this view. Syt VII null mutants do not have a neurological phenotype, and the protein is found on the membrane of lysosomes and some non-synaptic secretory granules, where it regulates Ca 2+ -triggered exocytosis and plasma membrane repair.
Effect of bombesin on gut mucosal impairment after severe burn

Severe cutaneous bum alters gut epithelial homeostasis. In previous studies, treatment with bombesin decreased mucosal atrophy and improved maintenance of gut mucosal integrity after severe burn. Our current hypothesis is that bombesin reduces burn-induced gut impairment by decreasing gut epithelial cell death. Fifty-four adult male Fisher-344 rats were randomly assigned to three groups: control, sham burn (I), burn (II), and burn + bombesin (III). Animals in groups II and III received a 60% total body surface area full thickness scald burn, and the treatment group (III) received bombesin subcutaneously (10 microg/kg, every 8 h) beginning immediately before the experiment. The proximal small bowel was harvested at 12 and 72 h after burn with measurement of wet and dry weight, mucosal weight, and protein content, and a 1-cm length of proximal end was excised and fixed in fomalin for histological and immunohistochemical observation. Data are expressed as means +/- SEM. Statistical analysis was by done by analysis of variance (significance at P < 0.05). Bombesin treatment attenuated mucosal atrophy demonstrated by restoration of the mucosal weight, mucosal protein content, and maintenance of mucosal height and total mucosal epithelial cell count. Gut epithelial cell apoptosis was, at least in part, inhibited by bombesin compared with a significant increase of gut cell apoptosis at 12 h after burn. Gut epithelial proliferation was not affected. Bombesin diminished burn-induced gut mucosal atrophy and gut epithelial cell apoptosis, suggesting that bombesin treatment may play an important role in the recovery of gut impairment after severe burn.
Re-Examination of the Genus Exova Riek, with the First Chrysidid Recorded from Fiji (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae: Amiseginae)

Abstract. A new species of Exova Riek, fijiensis, is described from Fiji. The first males are described for the genus. This is the first record of Exova collected outside of Queensland, Australia and the only chrysidid species recorded from Fiji.
What the Japanese Language Tells Us about the Alleged Japanese Relational Self

The Japanese have frequently been characterized as ‘collectivistic’ and ‘group-oriented’. This common view is based on the group model of Japanese society, which claims that the Japanese self is relational, fluid, and assimilated into one's in-group as a collective deictic center. Reviewing several major works that cover Japanese society and its language, the present article argues that the collectivist view of the Japanese self is incompatible with essential features of the Japanese language. Through an examination of addressing and kinship terms, honorific and polite expressions, donatory verbs, psychological predicates, the pronoun jibun, and private (as opposed to public) expressions, it is demonstrated that (i) Japanese requires a notion of an absolute self that is strictly distinct from others and cannot be assimilated into one's in-group, and (ii) the distinction of the two aspects of the speaker, public and private self, is crucial to the analysis of the Japanese self. The group model pays attenti...
Nurses’ attitudes towards primary health care: development of an instrument

In many countries nurses are the largest group of professionals providing health care. If health care is to be provided following a primary health care philosophy, nurses must be among the leaders in making the change in the way health care is delivered. To be effective nurses must develop positive attitudes towards primary health care and incorporate its principles into practice. The purpose of this paper is to present the development and testing of an instrument to measure nurses' attitudes towards primary health care. The instrument has 35 items divided into five domains based on the principles of primary health care. Two scales, one for attitude and one for importance of concept of professional role, are scored on six-point Likert scales. Initial psychometric evaluation resulted in alpha coefficients of 0.07 to 0.58 for the domains; 0.70 for the attitude scale and 0.93 for the importance scale. Details are provided on the measures taken to establish validity of the instrument. Plans for future testing are included.
Local atomic structures of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 and related perovskites II. An exafs study of cation distortions

Abstract Extended x-ray absorption fine structures (EXAFS) have been obtained for B-site cations in perovskites to assess the distortion of their local environments. The large dielectric response in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 is attributed to Nb which undergoes an abrupt distortion that is absent when Pb is replaced by Ba or Sr, when Zn is replaced by Ni and Co, or when PbTiO3 is added. All other B-site cations, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn, assume a nearly octahedral configuration with less distortion. These results are consistent with the XANES observations in our previous paper and can be rationalized by electronic bonding considerations.
An integrated approach for determining plutonium mass in spent fuel assemblies with nondestructive assay

There are a variety of reasons for quantifying plutonium (Pu) in spent fuel. Below, five motivations are listed: (1) To verify the Pu content of spent fuel without depending on unverified information from the facility, as requested by the IAEA (“independent verification”). New spent fuel measurement techniques have the potential to allow the IAEA to recover continuity of knowledge and to better detect diversion. (2) To assure regulators that all of the nuclear material of interest leaving a nuclear facility actually arrives at another nuclear facility (“shipper/receiver”). Given the large stockpile of nuclear fuel at reactor sites around the world, it is clear that in the coming decades, spent fuel will need to be moved to either reprocessing facilities or storage sites. Safeguarding this transportation is of significant interest. (3) To quantify the Pu in spent fuel that is not considered “self-protecting.” Fuel is considered self-protecting by some regulatory bodies when the dose that the fuel emits is above a given level. If the fuel is not self-protecting, then the Pu content of the fuel needs to be determined and the Pu mass recorded in the facility's accounting system. This subject area is of particular interest to facilities that have research-reactor spent fuel or old light-water reactor (LWR) fuel. It is also of interest to regulators considering changing the level at which fuel is considered self-protecting. (4) To determine the input accountability value at an electrochemical processing facility. It is not expected that an electrochemical reprocessing facility will have an input accountability tank, as is typical in an aqueous reprocessing facility. As such, one possible means of determining the input accountability value is to measure the Pu content in the spent fuel that arrives at the facility. (5) To fully understand the composition of the fuel in order to efficiently and safely pack spent fuel into a long-term repository. The NDA of spent fuel can be part of a system that cost-effectively meets the burnup credit needs of a repository.
The relationship between amniotic fluid macrophage colony-stimulating factor and fetal growth

Abstract The aim of this study was to clarify whether amniotic fluid macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is related to placental development and fetal growth. Maternal serum and amniotic fluid M-CSF levels were analyzed in 22 pregnant women (seven intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) complicated and 15 normal pregnancies) at 33–40 weeks' gestation. Amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis performed under ultrasonographic guidance. The mean amniotic fluid M-CSF level of the IUGR-complicated pregnancy group (5.0±1.4 ng/ml) was significantly lower ( P
PIXEL LENSING: THE KEY TO THE UNIVERSE

Pixel lensing, the gravitational microlensing of unresolved stars, is potentially a powerful method for detecting and measuring microlensing events. Two groups are currently refining this method in observations toward M31. I show that the technique has wide application, from searching for intracluster Machos in the Virgo cluster, to improving the accuracy of follow-up observations of Galactic microlensing events, to measuring the star-formation history of the universe. I derive the equation for the pixel lensing event rate \(\Gamma = (2/Q_{\min } ^2 )\tau N_{\rm res} \Gamma _{\bar m } \xi\) where Q min is the minimum signal to noise for detection, τ is the optical depth, N res is the number of telescope resolution elements in the field, \(\Gamma _{\bar m }\) is the photon detection rate from a fluctuation magnitude star, and ξ is a suppression factor.
Development of Magnetic Fields in Active Regions

The magnetograph of the High Altitude Observatory station at Climax has been used to study changes in the longitudinal component of the magnetic field in a number of active regions. For a description of the instrument see Lee, Rust, and Zirin (1965). By securing simultaneous Hα pictures of the regions we compare the magnetic data with the optical appearance of the plages. From such studies we have selected the results of two active regions to present here.
Who initiates extrapair mating in song sparrows

Extrapair paternity (EPP) is a common feature of many mating systems. Although molecular methods have made it possible to document the rate of EPP across numerous taxa, we still lack an understanding of how and why EPP happens. Behavioral data on mating interactions are needed to answer this question. We employed radiotelemetry to follow the movement patterns of tagged song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) during their nesting cycle. We found that females and males commonly forayed onto neighboring territories in the prefertile period, frequently together. In the fertile period, however, the foray rate dropped significantly, and females largely stayed on their own territories. Concurrently in the fertile period, both the time mates spent in proximity and intrusion rates on their territories increased compared with the prefertile period. After the female started laying eggs, proximity of the mates to one another declined again, and some males started to foray onto neighboring territories, in most cases into territories where there was a fertile female. Thus, females do not seem to seek out particular males for extrapair copulations (EPCs) in their fertile period, but rather it is the males who actively seek extrapair mating. Males therefore face a trade-off between ensuring paternity at home and pursuing copulations elsewhere. Agonistic interactions between extrapair males and females were almost entirely absent, suggesting that males do not force females into copulations. Therefore, in song sparrows, males have to initiate EPCs by seeking out fertile females, suggesting that males probably drive the pattern of EPP in our
Environmental Discourse and Economic Growth in the Greening of Postindustrial Cities

The main theme of this chapter is how the physical greening of ­postindustrial cities in the form of urban parks, the reclamation of water features for recreation and wildlife, and enhancement of pedestrian spaces has been critical to changing how people understand the relationship between cities, nature, and economic growth. For over a century cities were seen as antithetical to nature, and environmental protection was assumed to be a barrier to economic success. This assumption has changed significantly in the last several years, and the reintroduction of nature into city centers has played an important role in this change. This chapter argues that the physical greening of formerly industrial cities helped to transform the common sense understanding of the relationship between cities, nature and economic growth from contradictory to mutually beneficial. In turn, this has enabled broader and less visible sustainability initiatives to be undertaken based on the argument that they will help to promote competitiveness and growth in formerly industrial spaces. The recent history of Chicago, Illinois and Birmingham, England are used to illustrate this argument.
Unfair Treatment in the Workplace and Worker Well-Being The Role of Coworker Support in a Service Work Environment

Recent attention has been given to the supportive relationships that may develop among coworkers, and researchers have produced evidence that coworker support can be beneficial for worker well-being. However, studies that have examined the role of social support at work in protecting workers from the detrimental effects of a poor work environment have reported mixed results. The effects of coworker support appear to depend on the type of stressor experienced. This research focuses on stress from exposure to mistreatment by others. This type of stress may be particularly harmful for interactive service workers as they must negotiate interactions with others of various statuses in the workplace. Drawing on data from a large survey of workers, the ability of perceived coworker support to help protect workers from the negative effects of mistreatment by supervisors, customers, and coworkers is examined. The results offer some support for the stress-buffering hypothesis. Although being treated unfairly by othe...
THE EUROPEAN SOVEREIGN DEBT CRISIS (2009-2010): THE ROLE OF CONFIDENCE AND OTHER SOCIAL FACTORS LA CRISIS DE LA DEUDA SOBERANA EUROPEA (2009-2010): EL PAPEL DE LA CONFIANZA Y OTROS FACTORES SOCIALES

In this paper I analyze the second phase of the current financial crisis or the events that rocked the European economies in 2009-2010. These events were set off by Greece’s declaration in October 2009 that its deficit would be much higher than what had previously been announced; and it culminated in the May 2010 crisis, when EU put together a fund of a trillion dollar in order to calm the markets. The crisis is currently ongoing (and my paper takes it up till November 2010). The European sovereign debt crisis is primarily analyzed with the help of a sociological theory of confidence. The argument is (drawing on Bagehot) that financial crises may be unleashed by the sudden disclosure of hidden losses - in this case (as I document) the disclosure of Greece.
Another Really, Really Big Virus

Viruses with genomes larger than 300 kb and up to 1.2 Mb, which encode hundreds of proteins, are being discovered and characterized with increasing frequency. Most, but not all, of these large viruses (often referred to as giruses) infect protists that live in aqueous environments. Bioinformatic analyses of metagenomes of aqueous samples indicate that large DNA viruses are quite common in nature and await discovery. One issue that is perhaps not appreciated by the virology community is that large viruses, even those classified in the same family, can differ significantly in morphology, lifestyle, and gene complement. This brief commentary, which will mention some of these unique properties, was stimulated by the characterization of the newest member of this club, virus CroV (Fischer, M.G.; Allen, M.J.; Wilson, W.H.; Suttle, C.A. Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 19508-19513 [1]). CroV has a 730 kb genome (with ~544 protein-encoding genes) and infects the marine microzooplankton Cafeteria roenbergensis producing a lytic infection.
Identification of continuous B-cell epitopes on the protein moiety of the 58-kiloDalton cell wall mannoprotein of Candida albicans belonging to a family of immunodominant fungal antigens.

The 58-kiloDalton mannoprotein (mp58) on the surface of Candida albicans is highly immunogenic, is expressed by all C. albicans isolates tested, and elicits strong antibody responses during candidiasis. It belongs to a family of immunodominant fungal antigens with representatives also in different species of Aspergillus. The amino acid sequence of the protein portion of mp58 as deduced from the DNA sequence of its encoding gene (FBP1/PRA1) was used to synthesize a complete set of overlapping dodecapeptides (overlap, 7; offset, 5) covalently attached to the surface of derivatized polyethylene pins. The pin-coupled peptides were used in a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to identify continuous epitopes recognized by a number of antiserum preparations containing anti-mp58 antibodies. This comprehensive epitope-scanning study revealed the presence of multiple immunoreactive continuous B-cell epitopes within the protein sequence. Regions of increased reactivity included both the amino and carboxy termini of the mature protein (encompassing amino acid residues 16 to 50 and 286 to 299, respectively) and four internal regions spanning amino acids at positions 66 to 92, 121 to 142, 148 to 192, and 211 to 232. Further delineation of epitopic regions and identification of the boundaries of the antigenic sites was performed upon ELISA testing with a second Pepset consisting of completely overlapping 8-mer peptides spanning these reactive regions in the protein moiety of mp58. The highly reactive epitopic region at the C terminus of the protein was further evaluated using both window net and replacement net analyses. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the last 10 amino acid residues at the C terminus of the protein was immunogenic when injected into mice after being coupled to a carrier protein. Moreover, antibodies in the resulting sera specifically recognized the homologus mp58 in ELISAs and immunoblot assays. Delineation of the antibody responses to mp58 could provide the basis for the development of novel immunity-based prophylactic, therapeutic, and diagnostic techniques for the management of candidiasis.
Stressful life events in recent-onset schizophrenia : reduced frequencies and altered subjective appraisals

While research strongly supports the notion that stressful life events may trigger the exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia, the mechanisms through which affected individuals respond to life events during the early course of this disorder have received limited attention. This 12-month longitudinal study compared the frequencies, qualitative characteristics, and subjective appraisals of life events in recent-onset schizophrenia patients (n=78) and a nonpatient comparison sample (n=63). Negative and positive life events were assessed using a semi-structured interview every 4 weeks among patients and approximately every 4 months among controls, and participants appraised each event they experienced in terms of emotional impact, controllability, and effectiveness in handling the event. Schizophrenia patients reported significantly lower rates of life events than their nonpsychiatric counterparts across nearly every type of negative and positive event examined. In the context of generally lower event frequencies, patients appraised the negative and positive events they did experience as less controllable and more poorly handled than controls, and also appraised positive events as less desirable. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding susceptibility to stress during the early course of schizophrenia.
On construction of service multicast trees

Internet heterogeneity has been a major problem in multimedia data delivery. To deal with the problem, overlay proxy networks as well as distributed and composable services across these overlay networks are being deployed. This solution however, implies that the overlay networks must support not only data multicast for data delivery to a group of destinations, but also service multicast (incorporate services in the distribution tree) for semantic data transformations in order to deal with Internet heterogeneity. This paper presents challenges and solutions fro building service multicast trees. We compare two groups of algorithms, the shortest-service-path tree (SSPT) algorithm and the longest-match (LM) algorithm. Simulation results show trade-offs between complexity and overall tree performance, as well as cost differences when further refinements of the LM approach are considered.
Modeling Campaign Dynamics on the Web in the 2008 National Annenberg Election Study

Abstract In 2000 and 2004, the National Annenberg Election Study (NAES) was an exclusively telephone‐based rolling cross‐section survey. For 2008, the fieldwork strategy is more diverse. This paper outlines the reasoning behind the transition and describes the new structure. Because of declining telephone response rates and diminished coverage of households by landlines, some of the sample has been moved to the web. This also enables the study to leverage the statistical power of its sample through panel re‐interviews, thanks to the high panel retention rate of the web supplier, Knowledge Networks (KN). Each wave will be released as a rolling cross‐section of households in the KN panel, with further provision for replenishment of the sample. Altogether, five waves will be released between October 2006 and January 2009.
Divergent signaling mechanisms for venous versus arterial contraction as revealed by endothelin-1.

Objective Venous function is underappreciated in its role in blood pressure determination, a physiologic parameter normally ascribed to changes in arterial function. Significant evidence points to the hormone endothelin-1 (ET-1) as being important to venous contributions to blood pressure. We hypothesized that the artery and vein should similarly depend on the signaling pathways stimulated by ET-1, specifically phospholipase C (PLC) activation. This produces two functional arms of signaling: diacylglycerol (DAG; protein kinase C [PKC] activation) and inositol trisphosphate (IP 3 ) production (intracellular calcium release). Methods The model was the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Isolated tissue baths were used to measure isometric contraction. Western blot and immunocytochemical analyses measured the magnitude of expression and site of expression, respectively, of IP 3 receptors in smooth muscle/tissue. Pharmacologic methods were used to modify PLC activity and signaling elements downstream of PLC (IP 3 receptors, PKC). Results ET-1-induced contraction was PLC dependent in both tissues as the PLC inhibitor U-73122 significantly reduced contraction in aorta (86% ± 4% of control; P P 3 receptor inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (100 μM) in vena cava (82% ± 8% of control; P = .23) but was in the aorta (55% ± 4% of control; P 3 receptor isoforms were located in venous smooth muscle. IP 3 receptors were functional in both tissues as the novel membrane-permeable IP 3 analogue (Bt-IP 3 ; 10 μM) contracted aorta and vena cava. Similarly, whereas the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine (10 μM) attenuated ET-1-induced contraction in vena cava and aorta (5% ± 2% and 50% ± 5% of control, respectively; P sn -glycerol. Conclusions These findings suggest that ET-1 activates PLC in aorta and vena cava, but vena cava contraction to ET-1 may be largely IP 3 independent. Rather, DAG—not IP 3 —may contribute to contraction to ET-1 in vena cava, in part by activation of PKC. These studies outline a fundamental difference between venous and arterial smooth muscle and further reinforce a heterogeneity of vascular smooth muscle function that could be taken advantage of for therapeutic development.
Behavioral Responses in Structured Populations Pave the Way to Group Optimality

Abstract An unresolved controversy regarding social behaviors is exemplified when natural selection might lead to behaviors that maximize fitness at the social-group level but are costly at the individual level. Except for the special case of groups of clones, we do not have a general understanding of how and when group-optimal behaviors evolve, especially when the behaviors in question are flexible. To address this question, we develop a general model that integrates behavioral plasticity in social interactions with the action of natural selection in structured populations. We find that group-optimal behaviors can evolve, even without clonal groups, if individuals exhibit appropriate behavioral responses to each other’s actions. The evolution of such behavioral responses, in turn, is predicated on the nature of the proximate behavioral mechanisms. We model a particular class of proximate mechanisms, prosocial preferences, and find that such preferences evolve to sustain maximum group benefit under certai...
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Arylene Ether Sulfones) and Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) Derived from Tetramethyl Bisphenol A

Polyaryl ethers are an important class of engineering materials which exhibit excellent oxidative, hydrolytic and mechanical stability. Such materials are characterized by repeat unit 1, as shown below:
Measurement of water-holding capacity in raw and freeze-dried broiler breast meat with visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

Abstract The feasibility of using visible/near-infrared spectroscopy (vis/NIR) to segregate broiler breast fillets by water-holding capacity (WHC) was determined. Broiler breast fillets (n = 72) were selected from a commercial deboning line based on visual color assessment. Meat color (L*a*b*), pH (2 and 24 h), drip loss, and salt-induced water uptake were measured. Reflectance measurements were recorded from 400 to 2,500 nm in both raw and freeze-dried breast meat samples. Raw and freeze-dried samples had similar spectra in the visible region (400–750 nm), but the freeze-dried samples exhibited numerous bands in the NIR region (750–2,500 nm) corresponding to muscle proteins and lipids that were not observed in the NIR spectra of the raw samples. Linear discriminate analyses were used to classify fillets as high-WHC or low-WHC according to predicted meat quality characteristics. Using the visible spectra (400–750 nm), fillets could be correctly classified into high-WHC and low-WHC groups based on drip loss and salt-induced water uptake with 88 to 92% accuracy in raw samples and 79 to 86% accuracy in freeze-dried samples. Using the NIR spectra (750–2,500 nm), fillets could be correctly classified into high-WHC and low-WHC groups with 74 to 76% accuracy in raw samples and 85 to 86% accuracy in freeze-dried samples. Thus, freeze-drying enhanced the accuracy of WHC classification using the NIR portion of the spectra. Data from this study demonstrate the potential for utilizing vis/NIR spectroscopy as a method for classifying broiler breast meat according to WHC.
A soybean mapping population specific to the early soybean production system

The objective of this research was to create a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] genetic resource in the form of a publicly available, well-characterized mapping population specific to maturity groups (MG) used in the early soybean production system. A total of 568 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were tested for polymorphism between soybean breeding line DS97-84-1 (MG IV) and germplasm line DT97-4290 (MG IV). A 90-genotype subset of an F2 population from a cross between these lines was evaluated for genetic linkage using 162 polymorphic SSRs, plant height, pod color (L2/l2), flower color (W1/w1) and stem termination (Dt1/dt1). A 1514 cM (Kosambi) genetic map covering 65% of the soybean genome based on 157 linked SSR markers was created. Comparison with the composite soybean genetic map was used to verify map order. Loci for pod color, flower color and stem termination fell in the expected position on the map indicating this is a normally segregating mapping population. Loci for height were identified on linkage groups C2, D1a, D1b, H, L, M and O. MG IV and V soybean genotypes are critical for the early soybean production system widely used in the midsouthern US. However, only two mapping populations have been reported in Soybase for MG IV and V genotypes. Additionally, the parents used in this cross are known to differ in their response to soybean cyst nematode and charcoal rot, which constitute two major pathology threats to Midsouth soybean production. The population and map reported herein represent an important genetic resource for the early soybean production system.
Maternal Behavioural Risk Factors for Severe Childhood Diarrhoeal Disease in Kinshasa, Zaire

This study examines the relationship between severe diarrhoeal disease and maternal knowledge and behaviours related to hygiene and sanitation. Some 107 paediatric cases admitted to two hospitals in Kinshasa, Zaire in 1988 were matched on age and nearest-neighbour status to 107 controls. Personal interviews and observational methods were used to assess knowledge and behaviours related to hygiene and sanitation. Cases and controls had equivalent socioeconomic status, demographic profiles and access to water and sanitation facilities. However, cases generally exhibited lower levels of knowledge and less sanguine sanitary practices than did controls. Of particular interest was the finding that very specific behavioural items distinguished cases from controls. The disposal of the child faeces and household garbage and mother's knowledge that poor caretaker cleanliness was a cause of diarrhoea in children showed the strongest associations with risk of diarrhoea. There was an exponential relationship between the number of these items a mother answered incorrectly and the odds of diarrhoeal disease. The risk attributable to these three variables was as high as 70%. These findings provide further support for the view that focused educational interventions may have a substantial impact on the occurrence of severe diarrhoeal disease in low-income countries.
Bicoprime factorizations of the plant and their relation to right- and left-coprime factorizations

In a general algebraic framework, starting with a bicoprime factorization P=N/sub pr/D/sup -1/N/sub pl/, a right-coprime factorization N/sub p/D/sub p//sup -1/, a left-coprime factorization D/sup -1//sub p/N/sub p/, and the generalized Bezout identities associated with the pairs (N/sub p/, D/sub p/) and (D/sub p/, N/sub p/) are obtained. The set of all H-stabilizing compensators for P in the unity-feedback configuration S(P, C) are expressed in terms of (N/sub pr/, D, N/sub pt/) and the elements of the Bezout identity. The state-space representation P=C(sI-A)/sup -1/B is included as an example. >
Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of white clot syndrome

This study describes our experience with 12 patients with white clot syndrome encountered during a recent 36-month period. The diagnosis was based on the following criteria: (1) development of thrombocytopenia of less than 100,000/mm3 during administration of heparin therapy, (2) normalization of the platelet count after an interruption in heparin therapy, (3) exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia, (4) a positive heparin-induced platelet aggregation test, (5) detection of white clots on pathologic examination, and (6) the presence of thrombotic complications. Of 2,500 patients who received heparin therapy, 12 (0.48%) developed white clot syndrome. Various indications, routes of administration, and types of heparin were implicated. The mean platelet nadir was 26,900/mm3, and the mean time to onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia was 5 days. Thrombotic complications included arterial occlusions of the legs in 11 patients, deep vein thrombosis of the legs in 9 patients (4 had pulmonary embolism), and combined arterial and venous thrombosis in 8 patients. Treatment strategies included discontinuation of heparin in all patients and intravenous infusion of dextran, followed by arterial thrombectomy in four patients, urokinase therapy in two patients for arterial complications, and insertion of Greenfield filters in six patients. All patients were given warfarin. The mortality rate was 25% and the morbidity rate was 50%. An initial platelet count should be obtained on all patients prior to receiving heparin, followed by repeat platelet counts every 2 to 3 days. Once thrombocytopenia or thrombosis is diagnosed, heparin should be discontinued and other methods of therapy considered.
Selective reduction of dormant maternal mRNAs in mouse oocytes by RNA interference

Specific mRNA degradation mediated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is termed RNA interference (RNAi), is a useful tool with which to study gene function in several systems. We report here that in mouse oocytes, RNAi provides a suitable and robust approach to study the function of dormant maternal mRNAs. Mos (originally known as c-mos) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, Plat) mRNAs are dormant maternal mRNAs that are recruited during oocyte maturation; translation of Mos mRNA results in the activation of MAP kinase. dsRNA directed towards Mos or Plat mRNAs in mouse oocytes effectively results in the specific reduction of the targeted mRNA in both a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, dsRNA is more potent than either sense or antisense RNAs. Targeting the Mos mRNA results in inhibiting the appearance of MAP kinase activity and can result in parthenogenetic activation. Mos dsRNA, therefore, faithfully phenocopies the Mos null mutant. Targeting the Plat mRNA with Plat dsRNA results in inhibiting production of tPA activity. Finally, effective reduction of the Mos and Plat mRNA is observed with stoichiometric amounts of Mos and Plat dsRNA, respectively.
Voltage Tunable Multiferroic Phase Shifter With YIG/PMN-PT Heterostructure

Compact voltage tunable phase shifters on yttrium iron garnet/lead magnesium niobate lead titanate heterostructure are presented. A comparison of E-field tunability between 1-layer PMN-PT structure and two-layer PMN-PT structure using bending mode is discussed. The device exhibited a phase shift of 119 ° under an electric field of 11 kV/cm. The device combining with multiferroics and partially magnetized ferrite concepts is able to operate with the absence of external bias magnetic field. It is more compact and power efficient than traditional multiferroic devices.
Understanding Face‐to‐Face Interaction: Issues Linking Goals and Discourse

Understanding Face-to-Face Interaction: Issues Linking Goals and Discourse. Karen Tracy. ed. Communication Textbook Series. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991. 212 pp. $39.95 (cloth), $19.95 (paper)