cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Change Management Needs a Change

Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ert.21449 17 questions use a 1-to-5 scale, where 1 is no confidence at all, and 5 is very confident. The overall mean in the survey, which was conducted in March–April 2014, was 3.38, and this was with approximately 550 leaders from multiple firms reporting. Examining the details of the confidence question shows that from 2012 (the last time the question was asked) to 2014, the mean score dropped by .05 points overall, but for the subset of people who responded both times (151), the decline was .08 points. In this same survey, we collected data on the firm’s financial performance. Using these data, we found a significant correlation between confidence in ability to change and firm-level performance. We cannot, in this study, lay claim to causation; however, we can say these two variables are related in a positive direction. When change confidence improves, firm performance also is higher. We also found that change confidence is significantly related to employees’ perceptions that their firms can execute on vision. In our fieldwork, we see within individual organizations that confidence is an influential factor in driving growth and success in meeting firm-level goals. Consider the parallel case of consumer confidence. When customers are confident, they buy more. When employees are confident, they give more time and energy to their companies. High levels of confidence result in reduced turnover, more positive attitudes toward the organization, Change is escalating, and the current models of managing change do not seem to be working well. Numerous reports concur with the following from a summary of the report by Ken Blanchard’s team1: “Up to 70 percent of all change initiatives fail; a figure so high it means that most change initiatives are doomed to failure from the start.” This fact seems to be supported by some of our own data showing that the leaders who are managing these changes are reporting a lack of confidence in their own organizations’ ability to change, and it seems to be getting worse over time. For these reasons, the art and science of change management is due for a change. For openers, managers should:
SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION IN THE HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT OF AUSTRALIA'S DROUGHT STRICKEN RURAL COMMUNITIES

The study examines innovations implemented by small business in rural Australia to overcome the effects of the drought. Focus group meetings with a total sample of 32 owner/managers in six rural communities revealed that the innovations were generally small, incremental and associated with daily operations. They were aimed at protecting or growing markets, accessing resources and operating efficiently. These innovations were necessary to conserve scare resources in an environment of declining markets and tight profit margins. Despite this general trend, some innovations were significant. These were radical in nature and took the form of organisational restructuring and market development through mergers and acquisitions, and product and market diversifications. They were highly risky but made notable contributions to the communities. Good and careful planning and access to resources can help mitigate some of the risks associated with these high end innovations.
Primates and Cameras

Field-based primate studies often make population inferences using count-based indices (e.g., individuals/plot) or distance sampling; the first does not account for the probability of detection and thus can be biased, while the second requires large sample sizes to obtain precise estimates, which is difficult for many primate studies. We discuss photographic sampling and occupancy modeling to correct for imperfect detection when estimating system states and dynamics at the landscape level, specifically in relation to primate ecology. We highlight the flexibility of the occupancy framework and its many applications to studying low-density primate populations or species that are difficult to detect. We discuss relevant sampling and estimation procedures with special attention to data collection via photographic sampling. To provide tangible meaning to terminology and clarify subtleties, we use illustrative examples. Photographic sampling can have many advantages over observer-based sampling, especially when studying rare or elusive species. Combining photographic sampling with an occupancy framework allows inference to larger scales than is common in primate studies, addresses uncertainty due to the observation process, and allows researchers to examine questions of how landscape-level anthropogenic changes affect primate distributions.
Getting the Roberts Court Right: A Response to Chemerinsky

In The Roberts Court at Age Three, Dean Erwin Chemerinsky offers a preliminary assessment of the Roberts Court. Among other things, Dean Chemerinsky reviews the effect of the Court's shrunken docket and the role of Justice Anthony Kennedy as the Court's median justice. Reviewing the Court's decisions over the past three years, Dean Chemerinsky concludes that the Roberts Court is the the most conservative Court since the mid-1930s. This is a substantial overstatement. The Roberts Court appears moderately more conservative than its predecessors in some contexts, but is also quite liberal in others. Its decisions on enemy combatants, capital punishment, and standing, among other issues, could hardly be characterized as conservative, however this term is defined. Furthermore, any assessment of the Roberts Court at this point is necessarily tentative. The current roster of justices have sat together for less than three full terms, and the small size of the docket means any single term provides an unrepresentative picture of the Court's jurisprudence. While the Roberts Court may eventually show itself to be a conservative court, there is no basis at present to claim the Court is the most conservative in over seventy years.
Examination of the Short-term Impact of the COBRA Premium Subsidy and Characteristics of the COBRA Population

On Feb. 13, 2009, Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA, P.L. 111-5), which included a provision for the federal government to pay 65 percent of the premiums for individuals covered under the continuation of employment-based health insurance by COBRA who incurred an involuntary job loss between Sept. 1, 2008, and Dec. 31, 2009. The subsidy was made available for up to nine months, and has been extended by Congress three times. At this writing it now lasts 15 months, having been extended through May 2010, and eligibility has been expanded to individuals who first became eligible for COBRA due to a reduction in work hours and then experienced an involuntary employment termination between March 2, 2010, and March 31, 2010. This paper examines trends in coverage through a former employer. It examines recent trends and also compares the characteristics of individuals with COBRA coverage with those of individuals having employment-based coverage through a current job. Current data indicate that the COBRA subsidies that became available in April 2009 do not appear to have had an immediate impact on the percentage of individuals with coverage through a former employer, but it is too early to tell from nationally representative surveys if and when take-up of COBRA accelerated. Data through August 2009 (and limited data through November 2009) are expected to be available in September 2010, when it will be possible to examine the impact that the premium subsidy has had on take-up of COBRA. The PDF for the above title, published in the June 2010 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another June 2010 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: "Income of the Elderly Population Age 65 and Over, 2008."
Language Impairment in the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Context

Purpose Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a ubiquitous designation that affects the identification, assessment, treatment, and study of pediatric language impairments (LIs). Method...
Tectonic Geomorphology, Quaternary Chronology, and Paleoseismicity

Tectonic geomorphology, defined as the application of geomorphology to tectonic problems, includes the study of landform assemblages and landscape evolution as well as development of process-response models for areas and regions affected by recent tectonic activity. Of particular interest in the study of the earthquake hazard for a particular area are problems associated with deriving rates of faulting and determination of paleoseismicity (study of prehistoric earthquakes) for the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Tectonic geomorphology is a relatively new branch of applied geomorphology, the study of which requires understanding of a number of disciplines other than geomorphology including structural geology, Quaternary stratigraphy, pedology and geochemistry as it relates to weathering-soils and absolute dating techniques.
Defects in BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ blue phosphor

The luminescent properties of BaMgAl10O17: Eu2+ blue phosphor are closely related to the valence state of europium inside the crystal and its defect structure. Because of the complexity of the BAM structure, research was carried out to study the europium-related defects by computer simulation. Two different Mg distributions were found to have the same lattice energy, but the arrangement of Mg affected the defect energy and Eu position. Eu3+ behavior was also discussed to address the oxidation-induced luminescent degradation. Two energetically most-favorable positions were found for europium, depending on the oxidation state: the Beevers-Ross site on the conduction plane for Eu2+, and the Al(2) site in the middle of the spinel block for Eu3+. Results of defect complex and bond-valence calculations suggested that the large europium ion can reside in the oxygen close-packed spinel blocks. A comparison of europium defect properties calculated with two different potential models suggests that results of the simulations are potential independent.
Autolysis in Listeria monocytogenes: Effect of Inhibitors of Cell Wall and Protein Synthesis

SummaryPremature autolysis was induced in a strain of Listeria monocytogenes when multiplication was arrested by inhibitors of either wall or general protein synthesis.
Robust and Scalable Overset Grid Assembly for Partitioned Unstructured Meshes

determine the cell that contains a given point is the core procedure necessary for accomplishing this task. Donor search is particularly challenging for partitioned unstructured meshes because of the complex geometry that is often created at the boundaries of each mesh-block during partitioning. Another challenge arises because of the large variation in the type of mesh-block overlap and the resulting large load imbalance on multiple processors. Desirable traits for the grid assembly method are eciency (requiring only a small fraction of the solver time), robustness (correct identification of all point types), and full automation (no user input required other than the mesh system). Additionally, the method should be scalable, which is an important challenge due to the inherent load imbalance. In this paper, two fully-automated grid assembly algorithms are described. One is based on the use of auxiliary grids and Exact Inverse Maps (EIM), and the other is based on the use of Alternating Digital Trees (ADT). The EIM method is demonstrated to be more ecient than the ADT method, while retaining robustness. An adaptive load re-balance algorithm is also designed and implemented, which considerably improves the scalability of the method.
American Opiophobia:: Customary Underutilization of Opioid Analgesics

American physician markedly undertreat severe pain based on an irrational and undocumented fear that appropriate use will lead patients to become addicts. Such irrational fear-opiophobia-resists educational intervention as phobic fears resist rational explanation and exploration. Because this phobia has become fixed in the customary behavior of physicians, it is particularly resistant to change. Re-education might better be directed to the changing of mistaken attitudes about drug use and abuse that are part of the American culture and which are not amenable to alteration by medical education.
Estimating body Mass and Nutritional Status from Subadult Hominin Skeletons

Hominin body size and shape are key components to reconstructing phylogeny, life history, adaptation, and behavior in ancestral populations^1^. For adults, geometric properties of the femoral midshaft cross-section are used to infer locomotor behavior^2-5^, subsistence practices^6-7^, and functional adaptations^8-10^. Recently research has focused on patterns of compact bone ontogeny, particularly in regard to changes in bone strength with the acquisition of bipedal locomotion^11-13^ and examining population differences in ontogenetic trajectories for subadult humans^14-16^ and Neandertals^16^. Because femoral midshaft geometry is primarily shaped by biomechanical strains-weight bearing, locomotion, and muscle action-ontogenetic research requires estimates of body mass from the skeleton. Currently we use the width of the distal end of the femur to estimate subadult body mass but articular ends are constrained by pressures for joint congruence. Here I demonstrate the strong and consistent scaling relationship between body mass and femoral torsional strength (J) derived from measurement of midshaft cross-section geometry. Bone ends are most significantly affected by locomotor strain during the second year of life, during the initial acquisition of obligate bipedalism, after that time they are increasingly constrained by joint congruence. Results of a comparison of body mass for body size in prehistoric populations support the hypothesis that the midshaft is also a more sensitive indicator of population differences in body mass and activity levels during ontogeny. The femoral midshaft can be used to detect starvation and growth disruption in past populations because there is a mechano-biological interaction effect whereby disruptions in nutritional, metabolic and hormonal status lead to low body mass and activity levels^1, 11-13, 17-22^.
Challenging the Politics of Deservingness

In order to enact change to Social Security the politics of deservingness must be navigated. By examining publications by the Heritage Foundation and the Cato Institute along with media reports and the Congressional Record, Beechey charts attempts by proponents of Social Security privatization to challenge the positive politics of deservingness. Privatization advocates sought to shift the collective “we” of the social insurance model to a “me” of individual rate of return on investment. Attempts to divide the Social Security coalition through stylized examples that Black men die at earlier ages or that the system disadvantages younger working women were less successful than invoking generational divides, pitting the interests of grandparents against those of their grandchildren, to challenge the politics of deservingness.
Profiles of Kindergarten Classroom and Elementary School Contexts: Associations with the First-Grade Outcomes of Children Transitioning from Head Start.

AbstractPoor-quality classroom and school contexts may impede the academic and behavioral adjustment of low-income students when they transition into kindergarten. Several studies have examined the impact of teacher-student interactions on student progress, whereas others have explored the impact of school-level adversity (e.g., student poverty, school achievement levels). Expanding on prior findings, this study used latent profile analysis to characterize kindergarten contexts in terms of both classroom teacher-student interaction quality and school-level adversity. Following 164 children longitudinally and accounting for functioning in Head Start prior to kindergarten entry, associations between kindergarten context profiles and first-grade outcomes revealed that children who experienced dual-risk contexts in kindergarten (classrooms with poor-quality teacher-student interactions in schools with high levels of adversity) demonstrated the greatest aggression and social difficulties in first grade. Associ...
Effect of soluble neutron absorbers on the criticality of low-uranium-235-enriched UO/sub 2/ lattices

A series of experiments was performed to determine the effect of soluble neutron absorbers on the criticality of water-moderated latticed assemblies. The soluble absorbers used were boron, gadolinium, and cadmium. These materials were mixed with the moderator and reflector of lattices of 4.3-wt %-/sup 235/U-enriched UO/sub 2/ fuel pins with stainless-steel cladding. Lattice spacings of 22.9, 27.9, and 33.0 mm, center-to-center, were measured to determine the critical number of rods. The value of k/sub eff/ was computed for each assembly on which criticality was determined. The computed k/sub eff/ value were up to approx. 2% above unity in some cases, with the average value for the entire series being 1.007.
Impact of electronic diabetes registry use on care and outcomes in primary care

This paper examines the impact of using disease registry meeting meaningful use criteria. We specifically examine the impact of the use of a) registry for patient reminders and b) registry for quality improvement on the quality of care and hospital utilization. Registries are essentially IT artifacts features within Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems. Patient records from 51 urban practices and 12513 patients suffering from type II diabetes were analyzed. The results suggest that for patients without congestive heart failure, the use of disease registry is significantly associated with improvement of quality of care and lower hospital utilization rate. Based on the analysis of the data, this paper develops a series of propositions for future confirmatory analysis to establish causality.
Advances in Guillain-Barre’ Syndrome and Immune Neuropathies

The focus of this discussion is a field within neurology that until recently has been relatively neglected, namely the immune peripheral nerve diseases. For perhaps 120 years, starting with the great discoveries about the central nervous system by Charcot and the classical neurologists, the peripheral nervous system was comparatively overlooked. The reasons for reviewing this topic at this time are twofold. First, there has been a virtual explosion of knowledge about this group of illnesses in the last decade and second, the components of this knowledge have come from diverse fields including the areas of biochemistry, pathology, immunology, and physiology, each contributing a small piece to the understanding of what has turned out to be a sizable group of illnesses. Lending a perspective to some of the recent advances in the field of peripheral neuropathies is a worthwhile endeavor.
Analyzing and Making Sense of Statistics in Newspapers

/ wanted students to focus on statistics in mainstream news articles the basis of results from the sixth mathematics assessment of the National Assessment of Educa tional Progress (Kenney and Silver 1997), researchers have found that students need more experience analyzing and making sense of a variety of statistical displays. This article describes a proj ect developed for students in grades 9-12 that uses real-world statistical data presented in the print media. The activities take advantage of the variety of statistical representations found in newspapers. I originally devised the project for use by prospec tive high school mathematics teachers in a methods class that I taught at San Jose State University. As part of the initial assignment, students ana lyzed how statistics were depicted in the newspaper for several months and found recurring topics or themes in the content of the articles in which sta tistics were presented. In the second assignment, students made inferences from statistics and con fronted the ramifications of the data. I highlight the selection of a particular data set for further study because the data are relevant to students and may have consequences for them. To begin the project, collect a daily newspaper for an extended period of time. I collected my local newspaper, the San Jose Mercury News, every day from 1 February 1997 through 31 March 1997.1 retained only those articles that included visual representations of statistics. Many articles cited statistics in the text but failed to represent num bers by using such visual aids as charts, tables, or graphs. Those articles were not included for analy sis in my methods class. I did not investigate how statistics were presented in the business section of the newspaper because I wanted students to focus on the use of statistics in mainstream news articles. To be consistent, I did not include such other parts of the newspaper as the sports pages, weather fore cast, or classified advertisements. The main news pages and the sections titled, "Life," "California News," and "Local and State" were analyzed.
Tera ATM LAN testbed prototypes

This paper documents the architecture and prototype development of the Tera ATM LAN project at Carnegie Mellon University. The Tera ATM LAN testbed connects hundreds of workstations in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department via an ATM-based network. The Tera network architecture consists of multiple switched Ethernet clusters interconnected using an ATM switch that is optimized for LAN traffic. A switched Ethernet cluster consists of the MATER network interface, sixteen connected Ethernet networks and a single port of the ATM switch. The ATM switch is based on the CMU Tera architecture. The Tera architecture, optimized for local area networks, incorporates a scalable nonblocking switching element with hybrid cell queues. Cells are queued first in a global first-in first-out queue that is shared by all switch inputs and then in output queues that are dedicated to individual switch outputs. The shared input queue design is scalable since it is based on a Banyan network and N FIFO memories.
Usefulness of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty in the Management of Patients With Aortic Stenosis

We aim to evaluate the contemporary role and outcomes of balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV), based on physician intent, for the management of severe aortic stenosis. This is a prospective, 2-center study of 100 consecutive high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis who underwent BAV. Before BAV, physicians assigned intent as (1) bridge to decision (BTD); (2) therapeutic bridge to planned therapy; or (3) palliation. Patients in the BTD arm underwent clinical assessment at 30 days to determine eligibility for definitive valve therapy. All patients were followed up to 1 year, with outcomes measured including procedural complications, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires scores, 30-day and 1-year mortality, and definitive valve therapy. Enrolled patients had a mean age of 80.6 (±9.6) years, Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality of 11.4% (±7.1%), and 91 (91.0%) patients had class III or IV New York Heart Association congestive heart failure. Intent in the 100 study patients was 76 BTD; 20 therapeutic bridge to planned therapy; and 4 palliation. Thirty-day mortality for all patients was 6 of 100 (6.0%), and 1-year mortality for all patients who received definitive valve therapy was 6 of 54 (11.1%). For patients surviving to 30 days, adjusted (by Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality) Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaires scores were significantly improved from baseline for all patients and BTD patients. In conclusion, as a bridge to decision and treatment tool, BAV appears to have a valuable role in properly selecting and improving patients to undergo definitive valve replacement.
Primary repair for pediatric colonic injury: Are there differences among adult and pediatric trauma centers?

Abstract Background Management of colonic injuries (colostomy [CO] versus primary anastomosis [PA]) among pediatric patients remains controversial. The aim of this study was to assess outcomes in pediatric trauma patient with colonic injury undergoing operative intervention. Methods The National Trauma Data Bank (2011-2012) was queried including patients with isolated colonic injury undergoing exploratory laparotomy with PA or CO with age ≤18 y. Missing value analysis was performed. Patients were stratified into two groups: PA and CO. Outcome measures were mortality, in-hospital complications, and hospital length of stay. Multivariate regression analysis was performed. Results A total of 1151 patients included. Mean ± standard deviation age was 11.61 ± 2.8 y, and median [IQR] Injury Severity Score was 12 [8-16]; 39% ( n = 449) of the patients had CO, and 35.6% ( n = 410) were managed in pediatric trauma centers (PC). Patients with CO had a higher Injury Severity Score ( P P = 0.40), and an older age ( P P P P = 0.04) more likely to receive a CO than those patients managed in adult trauma centers (AC). Moreover, there was no difference in mortality between the AC and the PC ( P = 0.79). Conclusions Our data demonstrate no difference in mortality in pediatric trauma patients with colonic injury who undergo primary repair or CO. However, adult trauma centers had lower rates of CO performed as compared to a similar cohort of patients managed in pediatric trauma centers. Further assessment of the reasons underlying such differences will help improve patient outcomes.
When better still might not be good enough.

Immunotherapy has brought, arguably, the biggest advances in cancer treatment in recent years. Cancer immunotherapy can be divided into active and passive approaches. For example, vaccines are an active immunotherapy where the patient’s own immune system is mobilized to fight malignancy. On the other hand, passive immunotherapy relies on administering the effector arms of the immune system like antibodies or T cells.
Tuning Ni-catalyzed CO2 hydrogenation selectivity via Ni-ceria support interactions and Ni-Fe bimetallic formation

Abstract CO2 hydrogenation over Fe-modified Ni/CeO2 catalysts was investigated in a batch reactor using time-resolved in situ FTIR spectroscopy. Low loading of Ni/CeO2 was associated with high selectivity to CO over CH4, while higher Ni loading improved CO2 hydrogenation activity with a reduced CO selectivity. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed Ni to be metallic for all catalysts including the CO-selective low loading 0.5% Ni catalyst, suggesting that the selectivity trend is due to structural rather than oxidation state effects. The loading amount of 1.5% Ni was selected for co-impregnation with Fe, based on the significant shift in product selectivity towards CH4 for that loading amount, in order to shift the selectivity towards CO while maintaining high activity. Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) results indicated bimetallic interactions between Ni and Fe, and XANES analysis showed that about 70% of Fe in the bimetallic catalysts was oxidized. The Ni-Fe catalysts demonstrated improved selectivity towards CO without significantly compromising activity, coupling the high activity of Ni catalysts and the high CO selectivity of Fe. The general trends in Ni loading and bimetallic modification should guide efforts to develop non-precious metal catalysts for the selective production of CO by CO2 hydrogenation.
Enhanced replica exchange reactive Monte Carlo simulations for constructing zeolite frameworks

We investigate the ability of a reactive model of silica to build crystalline zeolite frameworks with an enhanced sampling approach based on replica exchange Monte Carlo (REMC) simulations. In our ...
Dexamethasone Intracameral Drug-Delivery Suspension for Inflammation Associated with Cataract Surgery: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Trial.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an anterior chamber intracameral dexamethasone drug-delivery suspension (IBI-10090; DEXYCU; Icon Bioscience Inc., Newark, CA) that provides medication for up to 21 days with a single application in treating postoperative inflammation in patients undergoing cataract surgery. Design Prospective, randomized, double-masked, multicenter trial. Participants Patients with preoperative best-corrected visual acuity of 20/30 to 20/200 undergoing unilateral cataract surgery by phacoemulsification were randomized to receive IBI-10090 or placebo. Methods Three hundred ninety-four patients were randomized 1:2:2 to receive 5-μl injections of placebo or 5-μl injections of 342 or 517 μg IBI-10090 dexamethasone drug delivery suspension injected into the anterior chamber at the conclusion of cataract surgery. Patients were followed for 90 days after surgery. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome was anterior chamber cell (ACC) clearing (ACC score of 0) in the study eye at postoperative day (POD) 8. Secondary outcome measures were anterior chamber flare and ACC plus flare clearing in the study eye. Ocular and nonocular adverse events were assessed. Results Anterior chamber cell clearing at POD 8 was achieved in 25.0% of eyes in the placebo group and in 63.1% and 66.0% of eyes in the 342- and 517-μg treatment groups, respectively ( P P P Conclusions The IBI-10090 dexamethasone drug-delivery suspension placed in the anterior chamber after cataract surgery at concentrations of 342 and 517 μg was safe and effective in treating inflammation occurring after cataract surgery and may be an alternative to corticosteroid drop installation in this patient population.
How Autocrats Compete: Parties, Patrons, and Unfair Elections in Africa

Most autocrats now hold unfair elections, yet how they compete in them and manipulate them differs greatly. How Autocrats Compete advances a theory that explains variation in electoral authoritarian competition. Using case studies of Tanzania, Cameroon, and Kenya, along with broader comparisons from Africa, it finds that the kind of relationships autocrats foster with supporters and external actors matters greatly during elections. When autocrats can depend on credible ruling parties that provide elites with a level playing field and commit to wider constituencies, they are more certain in their own support and can compete in elections with less manipulation. Shelter from international pressure further helps autocrats deploy a wider range of coercive tools when necessary. Combining in-depth field research, within-case statistics, and cross-regional comparisons, Morse fills a gap in the literature by focusing on important variation in authoritarian institution building and international patronage. Understanding how autocrats compete sheds light on the comparative resilience and durability of modern authoritarianism.
The Language of American Presidents

In the preceding chapter, I argued that there exist certain mythic political themes—widely accepted, but empirically unsubstantiated, causally simple explanatory theses—that are evoked by politicians and journalists when explaining political events. For instance, Ronald Reagan evokes the theme of the Conspiratorial Enemy when explaining events in Central America and justifying his policies there. According to Reagan, the revolution in El Salvador is the product of the machinations of Marxist-Leninist revolutionaries who are in league with or even controlled by the governments of Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Soviet Union. Such is the “explanatory” power of this mythic theme that Reagan can explain why the revolutionaries in El Salvador might have whatever successes they have without conceding that they have significant popular support: the government of Ei Salvador can hardly be expected to defend itself against so formidable an army of enemies. This mythic thesis correspondingly warrants U.S. assistance to the government of Ei Salvador to thwart aggression from outside. Such is the dual character of a mythic thesis: it explain certain things and justifies various courses of action.
The Mixed Convection Number for Porous Media Flow

Convection is a phenomenon, which can be attributed to density gradients, and which may cause altered flow patterns in systems with higher density fluid above lower density fluid. Where a density gradient is present, buoyancy may initiate an additional velocity component upward or downward, i.e. in direction of gravity. It depends on three system properties if the buoyancy impetus changes the flow field in the system. When there is a strong diffusivity, the density gradient may vanish without any effect on the motion. High viscosity of the fluid and/or low permeability of the porous medium are obstacles preventing any changes of flow. The quantitative measure for the relative strength of favouring/hindering processes is the porous medium Rayleigh number, Ra, defined by $$ Ra = \frac{{k\Delta \rho gH}} {{\mu D}}, $$ (10.1) with permeability k, maximum density difference Δρ, acceleration due to gravity g, system height H, dynamic viscosity μ and diffusivity D. The dimensionless parameter combination, given in equation (10.1), is basically identical to the dimensionless number introduced by Lapwood [14] and is sometimes referred to as the Lapwood number.
Current Status of Human Cancer Immunotherapy

ABSTRACT Human cancer immunotherapy has been investigated for approximately 10 years. During that time, numerous clinical trials have been done with arbitrarily selected doses of BCG, C. parvum, MER, tumor cell vaccines, and levamisole. Smaller numbers of clinical trials have been done with other modalities of immunotherapy which fall into the categories of active specific immunotherapy, active nonspecific immunotherapy, adoptive immunotherapy, etc. While conflicting results in many of these trials are evident, immunotherapy does seem to have some clinical activity in a variety of human neoplasms. The most effective forms of immunotherapy at present are local regional immunotherapy and possibly immunotherapy with the immunorestorative agent, levamisole. The development of interferon for clinical trials and the preliminary results indicating activity in breast cancer, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma has opened the broad area of biological response modifier therapy to clinical investigation. The prospects for biological response modifier therapy with better defined and characterized agents, the doses and schedules of administration of which have been scientifically selected, offer the hope that biological therapy of cancer will develop as the fourth major modality of cancer treatment.
Free/Open Source Software Development: Recent Research Results and Methods

Abstract The focus of this chapter is to review what is known about free and open source software development (FOSSD) work practices, development processes, project and community dynamics, and other socio-technical relationships. It does not focus on specific properties or technical attributes of different FOSS systems, but it does seek to explore how FOSS is developed and evolved. The chapter provides a brief background on what FOSS is and how free software and open source software development efforts are similar and different. From there attention shifts to an extensive review of a set of empirical studies of FOSSD that articulate different levels of analysis. These characterize what has been analyzed in FOSSD studies across levels that examine why individuals participate; resources and capabilities supporting development activities; how cooperation, coordination, and control are realized in projects; alliance formation and inter-project social networking; FOSS as a multi-project software ecosystem, and FOSS as a social movement. Following this, the chapter reviews how different research methods are employed to examine different issues in FOSSD. These include reflective practice and industry polls, survey research, ethnographic studies, mining FOSS repositories, and multi-modal modeling and analysis of FOSSD processes and socio-technical networks. Finally, there is a discussion of limitations and constraints in the FOSSD studies so far, attention to emerging opportunities for future FOSSD studies, and then conclusions about what is known about FOSSD through the empirical studies reviewed here.
Children's Emotion Knowledge and Internalizing Problems: The Moderating Role of Culture

This study examined in a cross-cultural context the prospective relation between children’s emotion knowledge and internalizing problems. European American (N = 33) and immigrant Chinese children (...
Relationship between Functional Improvement and Cognition in Short-Stay Nursing Home Residents.

Objectives Improving function is an important outcome of postacute care in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs), but cognitive impairment can limit a resident's ability to improve during a postacute care stay. Our objective was to examine the association between residents' cognitive status on admission and change in self-care and mobility during a Medicare-covered SNF stay. Design Retrospective analysis of Medicare beneficiaries who had a new SNF stay between January and June 2017. Setting SNFs in the United States. Participants Newly admitted residents with Medicare-covered SNF stays between January and June 2017 (n = 246 395). Measurements Residents' self-care and mobility at SNF admission and discharge were determined using items from Section GG (eating, oral hygiene, toileting hygiene, sit to lying, lying to sitting, sit to stand, chair/bed transfer, and toilet transfer) of the Minimum Data Set. Residents were classified as cognitively intact, mildly impaired, moderately impaired, or severely impaired, according to the Cognitive Function Scale. Multivariable regression models controlling for residents' demographic and clinical characteristics and SNF fixed effects were used to identify residents whose discharge scores for self-care and mobility were better or the same as expected according to their cognitive status on admission. Results Residents who were cognitively impaired on admission had lower functional status on admission and were less likely to improve in self-care and mobility compared with residents who were cognitively intact. Approximately 63% of residents who were cognitively intact had discharge scores for self-care and mobility that were better or the same as expected compared with 45% of residents with severe cognitive impairment. Conclusions Cognitive impairment is associated with poorer self-care and mobility function among SNF residents. These findings have important implications for clinicians, who may need additional support when caring for residents with cognitive impairment to make the same improvements in functional status as residents who are cognitively intact. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:553-557, 2019.
Research on Self-Describing Method of Battery Energy Storage Station Interconnection With Distribution Grid Based onIEC 61850

Based on the standard IEC61850, which used to be applied in the field of intelligent substation for intelligent distribution network, this paper is to analyze the method of battery energy storage system (BESS) fast accessing smart distribution network. The object-oriented modeling concept is transplanted into the field of smart distribution power grid to research on battery energy storage station ‘plug-and-play’ self-describing, so that the system model can be uploaded to the distribution network control center. Thus saving the effort of checking point tables during the debugging of BESS interconnection with the grid, and realize the quick plug-in of battery energy storage station.
New Children of Israel: Emerging Jewish Communities in an Era of Globalization, by Nathan P. Devir: Salt Lake City, UT: The University of Utah Press, 2017. 310 pp., $29.95 paperback

What do Ghana, Cameroon, and India have in common? For sure, the first two are both middle-sized West African nations, but even there the similarities end: Ghana, a former British colony, has exper...
Lower synaptic density is associated with depression severity and network alterations.

Synaptic loss and deficits in functional connectivity are hypothesized to contribute to symptoms associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) can be used to index the number of nerve terminals, an indirect estimate of synaptic density. Here, we used positron emission tomography (PET) with the SV2A radioligand [11C]UCB-J to examine synaptic density in n = 26 unmedicated individuals with MDD, PTSD, or comorbid MDD/PTSD. The severity of depressive symptoms was inversely correlated with SV2A density, and individuals with high levels of depression showing lower SV2A density compared to healthy controls (n = 21). SV2A density was also associated with aberrant network function, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) functional connectivity. This is the first in vivo evidence linking lower synaptic density to network alterations and symptoms of depression. Our findings provide further incentive to evaluate interventions that restore synaptic connections to treat depression. Lowered synaptic density is believed to occur in major depressive disorder and PTSD, possibly as an effect of stress. Here, the authors use positron emission tomography (PET) to measure levels of the synaptic marker SV2A and show that SV2A density is lower in those with more severe symptoms of depression.
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia Triggered by Marijuana Use: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Marijuana is the most commonly abused recreational substance. With the increasing legalization of marijuana, its use is expected to rise. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychotropic component of marijuana, acting via CB1 and CB2 G-protein coupled cannabinoid receptors. Marijuana has serious cardiovascular effects including tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, angina and myocardial infarction to name a few. Previous reports by our group and others documented various arrhythmias other than atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) that are associated with marijuana use. In this report, we present a case of AVNRT associated with marijuana use. Marijuana in high doses stimulates parasympathetic nerves. While parasympathetic stimulation can increase the refractory period of the fast conduction pathway, it has no effect on the slow and retrograde pathways, therefore its use creates an ideal milieu for AVNRT initiation and maintenance. Our case report highlights the importance of including marijuana use in the differential diagnosis, as a possible trigger, for patients presenting with AVNRT that is otherwise unexplainable.
Abstract 785: Modeling Congenital Heart Disease-Associated Variants in GATA6 Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The discovery of damaging gene mutations in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients enables identification of regulators of cardiac development. Exome sequencing identified de novo heterozygous los...
Hyperglycemia and Salivary Gland Dysfunction in the Non-obese Diabetic Mouse: Caveats for Preclinical Studies in Sjögren’s Syndrome

The Non-obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model for type I diabetes also develops some features of Sjogren’s syndrome (SS). Since the source of the mice and the environment exert a strong influence on diabetes, this study investigated SS development in NOD mice obtained from two vendors. Female NOD mice from The Jackson Laboratory (JAX) and Taconic Biosciences were monitored for blood glucose and pilocarpine-induced salivation. The gut microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing of stool DNA. At euthanasia, serum cytokines and sialoadenitis severity were evaluated. The onset of diabetes was significantly accelerated in JAX mice compared to Taconic mice. Although the gut microbiome between the two groups was distinct, both groups developed sialoadenitis. There was no correlation between the severity of sialoadenitis and reduced saliva production. Instead, salivary gland dysfunction was associated with hyperglycemia and elevation of serum IL1β, IL16, and CXCL13. Our data suggest that inflammatory pathways linked with hyperglycemia are confounding factors for salivary gland dysfunction in female NOD mice, and might not be representative of the mechanisms operative in SS patients. Considering that NOD mice have been used to test numerous experimental therapies for SS, caution needs to be exerted before advancing these therapeutics for human trials.
The Program for Cooperative Cataloging: Backstory and Future Potential

In 1988 the Library of Congress and eight library participants undertook a two-year pilot known as the National Coordinated Cataloging Program (NCCP) to increase the number of quality bibliographic...
Rural and Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Veteran Health Disparities: a Population-Based Study.

The health service ecology varies considerably across urban-rural divides for American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) veterans, which may place rural AIAN veterans at high risk for poor health outcomes. Using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2011 and 2012 data for its detailed race information, we employed adjusted multinomial logistical regression analyses to estimate differences in health outcomes among rural AIAN veterans (n = 1500) and urban AIAN veterans (n = 1567). We used rural White (n = 32,316) and urban White (n = 59,849) veteran samples as comparators. No statistically significant differences between urban and rural AIAN veterans’ health outcomes were found. Urban AIAN veterans were 72% more likely to report financial barriers to care compared with urban White veterans (P = .002); no other healthcare access differences were found. Compared with their White veteran counterparts, both urban and rural AIAN veterans were significantly more likely to report poorer physical and mental health across an array of outcomes. Overall, rural and urban AIAN veterans’ health outcomes were similar, but both groups suffered compromised health compared with that of both rural and urban White veterans. The findings identified key areas for improving and innovating care for both rural and urban AIAN veterans.
Mechanical properties of struvite-K: A high-pressure X-ray diffraction study

Abstract Magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) is gaining increasing popularity for specialized applications, e.g., structural rehabilitation, waste encapsulation, and 3D printing. However, the mechanical properties of struvite-K, the binding phase of MKPC, have rarely been examined. This study utilized synchrotron-based high-pressure X-ray diffraction to determine the intrinsic mechanical properties of struvite-K at the unit-cell scale, for the first time. The deformation of the unit cell, axial incompressibility, and bulk modulus was studied under hydrostatic pressures up to ~10 GPa. The unit cell shifts from orthorhombic to monoclinic lattice below 1 GPa; phase transition and amorphization occur at ~5 and ~10 GPa, respectively. The axial incompressibility shifts from anisotropy to isotropy, and the bulk modulus increases from 27 to 37 GPa upon phase transition. The experimental results are of great importance in calibration of atomistic modelling and provide implications on the problem with nanoindentation for studying mechanical properties of struvite-K or MKPC.
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Cystectomy for Bladder and Distal Ureteral Urothelial Carcinoma

Abstract Introduction: Partial cystectomy has been purported as a less morbid alternative to radical cystectomy in carefully selected patients affected by urothelial carcinoma (UC).1,2 Selection cr...