cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment for Oral Diseases

This paper seeks to achieve four goals, each of which forms the basis for a section in the presentation. First, the rationale of risk assessment is fully described. In this section, some of the necessary conditions are identified that make disease prediction worth pursuing. The second section discusses some essential background to the understanding of risk assessment in dentistry. In this segment, attention is focused on population-based and individual-based perspectives, alternative approaches to expressing health risk, and methods for comparing the predictive accuracy of alternative risk assessment models. The third section of the paper develops a conceptual framework for risk assessment in dentistry. Particular emphasis is devoted to the identification of risk factors and their incorporation into alternative statistical models. In the fourth section, empirical data are offered by which certain comparisons of the alternative risk models can be drawn. The paper concludes with a discussion that emphasizes data and technical limitations, speculates on future applications, and suggests new avenues for research.
An aqueous media based approach for the preparation of a biosensor platform composed of graphene oxide and Pt-black.

Abstract The combination of Pt nanoparticles and graphene was more effective in enhancing biosensing than either nanomaterial alone according to previous reports. Based on the structural similarities between water soluble graphene oxide (GrO x ) and graphene, we report the fabrication of an aqueous media based GrO x /Pt-black nanocomposite for biosensing enhancement. In this approach GrO x acted as a nanoscale molecular template for the electrodeposition of Pt-black, an amorphously nanopatterned isoform of platinum metal. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) showed that Pt-black was growing along GrO x . The effective surface area and electrocatalytic activity towards H 2 O 2 oxidation of GrO x /Pt-black microelectrodes were significantly higher than for Pt-black microelectrodes. When used to prepare a bio-nanocomposite based on protein functionalization with the enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx), the GrO x /Pt-black microbiosensors exhibited improved sensitivity over the Pt-black microbiosensors. This suggested that the GrO x /Pt-black nanocomposite facilitated an increase in electron transfer, and/or minimized mass transport limitations as compared to Pt-black used alone. Glucose microbiosensors based on GrO x /Pt-black exhibited high sensitivity (465.9±48.0 nA/mM), a low detection limit of 1 μM, a linear response range of 1 μM–2 mM, and response time of ∼4 s. Additionally the sensor was stable and highly selective over potential interferents.
A Parallel Algorithm for Molecular Surface Matching Through Image Representation

An emerging application field for structure matching is related to in silico studies of molecular biology: considering that protein function is mainly related to its external morphology, the possibility to match macromolecular surfaces is very important to infer information about the interaction of biological components. In this work we present a parallel algorithm based on images of local description, originally designed for object recognition in robotics, which has been adapted to identify surface complementarities for screening the interaction possibilities of biological macromolecules. The results obtained show the good discrimination power of the proposed approach, coupled with high performance figures.
A Numerical Model for Simulating the Motions of Ellipsoidal Fibers Suspended in Low Reynolds Number Shear Flows

A computational model was developed to simulate the motions of ellipsoidal fibers suspended in viscous shear flows. The model incorporates drag, lift, gravity, and hydrodynamic torque acting on ellipsoidal particles. Two numerical experiments were conducted to test the accuracy of the model. First, a single fiber was subjected to a linear shear profile and allowed to rotate without translation. The model's predictions for the fiber rotational period were evaluated and were shown to match well with previously published theoretical and numerical values. Second, fibers were injected into a horizontal tube under different flow conditions and their motions were tracked. Inspection of individual fiber motion showed a tendency to remain aligned with the direction of bulk fluid flow. Fiber aspect ratio, injection location, and flow rate were shown to play important roles in the details of elongated particle motions. The predicted sedimentation efficiencies of fibers matched well with the previously published work...
Passive wireless displacement sensor based on RFID technology

Abstract This research demonstrates feasibility of using off-the-shelf radio frequency identification (RFID) tags to build a low cost passive wireless displacement sensor, suitable for applications such as crack detection in buildings and bridges. The sensor was constructed by splitting a RFID tag into two component parts consisting of the tag antenna and the chip-loop, which can be displaced by a distance represented by ‘d’. The displacement d could represent the width of a structural crack that may be found in a building or bridge. A loop antenna attached to a RFID reader can be placed at some distance ‘D’ in proximity to the sensor to measure the effect of the displacement (d) on the power transmitted by the RFID chip back to the reader. By incrementally increasing the power transmitted by the RFID reader to the sensor (Pt) when interrogating the RFID chip, calibration curves of the displacement d versus transmitted power Pt for different values of D were obtained. The use of the calibration curves along with known values of the transmitted power Pt allows for the determination of the displacement ‘d’.
Structure of the RAG1 nonamer binding domain with DNA reveals a dimer that mediates DNA synapsis

The products of recombination-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 mediate the assembly of antigen receptor genes during lymphocyte development in a process known as V(D)J recombination. Lack of structural information for the RAG proteins has hindered mechanistic studies of this reaction. We report here the crystal structure of an essential DNA binding domain of the RAG1 catalytic core bound to its nonamer DNA recognition motif. The RAG1 nonamer binding domain (NBD) forms a tightly interwoven dimer that binds and synapses two nonamer elements, with each NBD making contact with both DNA molecules. Biochemical and biophysical experiments confirm that the two nonamers are in close proximity in the RAG1/2-DNA synaptic complex and demonstrate the functional importance of the protein-DNA contacts revealed in the structure. These findings reveal a previously unsuspected function for the NBD in DNA synapsis and have implications for the regulation of DNA binding and cleavage by RAG1 and RAG2.
Predicting psychologic responses to orthognathic surgery

Abstract A longitudinal study was conducted of the psychologic characteristics of 74 persons undergoing orthognathic surgery. The effects of neuroticism, locus of control, and expectations upon post-surgical outcomes were examined. The majority of patients scored in the normal range of most personality variables. The findings suggest a generally intact ego and accurate self-concept among orthognathic surgery patients. Expectations of pain and parasthesia were the best predictors of postsurgical outcomes, while neuroticism and locus of control scores predicted some outcomes in the early post-operative stages. The results indicate the importance of preparing orthognathic surgery patients against unrealistic expectations before surgery is undertaken, and of counseling certain patients during the early postoperative period.
Privacy protection in open information management platforms

Governments are increasingly interested in making their data accessible through open data platforms to promote accountability and economic growth. Since the first data.gov initiative was launched by the U.S. government, more than 150 city agencies and authorities have made over one million datasets available through open data portals. Open data are increasingly generating new business worldwide, providing citizens with a wealth of information that they can combine and aggregate in unprecedented ways. An important characteristic of open data environments is that once the data are published, it is difficult to anticipate how the data will be used. As a result, potentially innocuous datasets, once linked together, may lead to serious privacy violations, and powerful analytic tools may reveal sensitive patterns that were unknown at the time that the data were published. In this paper, we provide an introduction to data privacy and present some popular privacy models that have been proposed for privacy-preserving data publishing and knowledge hiding, focusing on their strengths and limitations. Subsequently, using QuerioCity (an open urban information management platform) as a use case, we explain the important challenges that open data platforms introduce with respect to data privacy.
Serum Cholesterol and Mortality Rates in a Native American Population With Low Cholesterol Concentrations A U-Shaped Association

Background Low serum cholesterol concentrations are associated with high death rates from cancer, trauma, and infectious diseases, but the meaning of these associations remains controversial. The present report evaluates whether low cholesterol is likely to be a causal factor for mortality from all causes or from specific causes. Methods and Results Among 4553 Pima Indians ≥20 years old, a population with low serum cholesterol (median, 4.50 mmol/L), 1077 deaths occurred during a mean follow-up of 12.8 years. Trauma was the most common cause. The relationship between serum cholesterol measured at 2-year intervals and age- and sex-standardized mortality rates was U-shaped. Cholesterol was related positively to mortality from cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (including nephropathy) and negatively to mortality from cancer and alcohol-related diseases. The relationship was U-shaped for mortality from infectious diseases, and cholesterol was not related to mortality from trauma. Change in cholesterol from o...
Analysis of Mixtures of Theobromine and Caffeine by Spectrophotometric Method

Abstract Acidic solutions of both caffeine and theobromine exhibit absorption spectra of similar nature and magnitude with maxima near 273 mμ. If the solutions are made basic there is little change in absorption for the caffeine but the theobromine shows a considerable increase in absorption in the region of 220–254 mμ. For each constituent, the concentration is proportional to absorbancy for a given set of conditions. In mixtures, the amount of theobromine can be calculated directly from the difference in absorbancy observed for the basic and acidic solutions at 240 mμ. Knowing the amount of theobromine, its absorbancy in acid solution at 273 mμ may be calculated and the residual absorption observed gives a measure of the amount of caffeine present. As an alternate procedure, the quantities of each may be calculated by the solution of simultaneous equations involving the absorbancies at 240 and 273 mμ in basic solution. Representative experimental data and results for the mixtures of varying proportions in a total concentration of 30 mg. per liter are shown.
Optical transmission in highly concentrated dispersions

The intensity temporal profiles of diffusive light propagation in highly concentrated (up to volume fraction ϕ∼0.55) dispersions measured by 100-fs laser pulses showed an increase in transport scattering mean free path above a critical concentration. This observation confirms the previous theoretical predictions of enhanced transmission at high particle concentrations due to correlated scattering. The correlation effects are accounted for by incorporating a hard sphere Percus–Yevick static structure factor into the prediction of transport mean free path.
Soil water content dependent wetting front characteristics in sands

Abstract The initial soil water content affects wetting front instability. A series of experiments were conducted where water was infiltrated into a 20/30 sand with initial volumetric water contents of 0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.047 cm3/cm3. Both water content and matric potential were measured. Water content was measured with Synchrotron X-rays at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) and matric potential with fast responding tensiometers. The flow field changed gradually from unstable fingered flow at 0% initial water content to a wetting pattern that can be described with Richards’ equation without hysteresis. For unstable flow, the matric potential and water content decreased a short distance behind the wetting front. Except in the initially dry soil, the finger pattern began to widen immediately after infiltration. The pressure and water content of the wetting front were hyperbolically related to the initial water content. In general, this research showed that in coarse soils when an unstable wetting front occurs both the matric potential and water content drop behind the wetting front while, when a stable Richards’ type wetting front forms, the matric potential and water content increase (slightly) behind the wetting front.
Beet Mosaic - a Declining Disease in England

SUMMARY Surveys made by fieldmen of the British Sugar Corporation since 1946 showed that beet mosaic virus has declined in importance. Root crops in the Felsted and Spalding beet-sugar factory districts have been most affected by the virus. Disease control in beet-seed crops, well-timed treatment of sugar-beet root crops with systemic insecticides, and a decrease in the mangold crop acreage have contributed to its decline. However, common weeds, especially wild beet are persistent hosts for the virus.
Isoelectric focusing patterns of several acid phosphohydrolases of beef, pig and human spleen.

Abstract 1. 1. Crude extracts of beef, pig and human spleen were prepared, clarified, dialyzed and focused in a 110-ml Ampholine gradient column over the range pH 3–10. The gradients were analyzed for DNase II, RNase II, nonspecific, and 3′-specific phosphodiesterase, acid phosphatase and exonuclease. 2. 2. The patterns were generally reproducible and similar to each other. Some of the activities focused in more than one discrete peak. 3. 3. Heating for 1 hr at 60°C caused changes in the focusing patterns of the beef and pig enzymes. Heated human spleen extract was not focused because heating caused complete loss of DNase II. 4. 4. Gel electrophoretic and immunodiffusion analyses of the beef extract focusing patterns showed both the marked heterogeneity and fractionation of proteins in the gradients.
Death of sperm in the cervix of ewes bearing intrauterine plastic spirals or threads

Abstract A plastic spiral intrauterine device (IUD) in the ewe inhibits sperm transport through the cervix. In Exp. 1, plastic spirals were inserted surgically into the lumen of one or both uterine horns. In Exp. 2, Dacron threads were placed in the lumen of each horn. At a subsequent estrus, ewes were mated and necropsied 2 hours later. Sperm were washed from the uterine body and from the anterior, middle and posterior one-third of the cervix and examined. Plastic spirals significantly reduced the percentage of sperm recovered from the uterine body and each segment of the cervix that were motile and live and had normal acrosomes. In the anterior one-third of the cervix, e.g., 49% of the sperm were motile and 66% were live in control ewes but only 17% were motile and 23% were live in IUD ewes. Intrauterine threads also reduced the percentages of sperm that were motile and live in the anterior cervix. Failure of sperm transport in IUD-bearing ewes may be caused by conditions which result in loss of sperm motility in the cervix, thereby inhibiting the establishment of a reservoir of live sperm for transport to the oviducts.
A general programming language for unified planning and control

This paper presents a method for embedding predictive search techniques within a general-purpose programming language. We focus on using this language to program the behavior of a real-time control system. Our goal is the ability to write complex programs that can be interpreted by both a real-time controller and an associated planner. The language provides an expressive action representation which captures the procedural complexities of practical control programs, yet can still be projected by a search-based planner. To support integration with the real-time controller, the planner can provide useful advice when it is interrupted after an arbitrary amount of computation. The system provides a unified approach since the planner and the controller share identical data structures and algorithms for interpreting a shared action representation. This unified representation facilitates very tight integration between the planner and the controller.
Fault diagnosis of air conditioning systems based on qualitative bond graph

Abstract The bond graph method represents a unified approach for modeling engineering systems. The main idea is that power transfer bonds the components of a system. The bond graph model is the same for both quantitative representation, in which parameters have numerical values, and qualitative approach, in which they are classified qualitatively. To infer the cause of faults using a qualitative method, a system of qualitative equations must be solved. However, the characteristics of qualitative operators require specific methods for solving systems of equations having qualitative variables. This paper proposes both a method for recursively solving the qualitative system of equations derived from bond graph, and a bond graph model of a direct-expansion, mechanical vapor–compression air conditioning system. Results from diagnosing two faults in a real air conditioning system are presented and discussed. Occasionally, more than one fault candidate is inferred for the same set of qualitative values derived from measurements. In these cases, additional information is required to localize the fault. Fault diagnosis is initiated by a fault detection mechanism which also classifies the quantitative measurements into qualitative values; the fault detection is not presented here.
Some theory of inverse demand for applied demand analysis

Inverse demand functions are often useful econometric representations of consumer behavior. This paper establishes some theoretical properties of inverse demands which aid their interpretation and facilitate calculations related to them. We introduce the notion of scale elasticity which is shown to play for inverse demands much the same role that income elasticity does for direct demands. It is used in a decomposition of Antonelli effects which is analogous to the Slutsky equation for direct demands.
Light-induced neural activity and muscle contraction in the marine worm Golfingia gouldii

Abstract 1. 1. The marine sipunculid, Golfingia gouldii , can be shown to have behavioral responses to light although the photoreceptor has never been clearly demonstrated structurally. 2. 2. A cerebral ganglion preparation can be isolated and the existence of both an on-response and off-response to illumination can be shown with microelectrode recording. These responses are characterized by long duration, slow adaptation and marked buildup of discharge frequency and amplitude. 3. 3. A preparation can be made in which light shone on the cerebral ganglion causes contraction of one isolated proboscis retractor muscle.
A comparison of the Method of Lines to finite difference techniques in solving time-dependent partial differential equations

Steady state solutions to two time dependent partial differential systems have been obtained by the Method of Lines (MOL) and compared to those obtained by efficient standard finite difference methods: (1) Burger's equation over a finite space domain by a forward time central space explicit method, and (2) the stream function - vorticity form of viscous incompressible fluid flow in a square cavity by an alternating direction implicit (ADI) method. The standard techniques were far more computationally efficient when applicable. In the second example, converged solutions at very high Reynolds numbers were obtained by MOL, whereas solution by ADI was either unattainable or impractical. With regard to 'set up' time, solution by MOL is an attractive alternative to techniques with complicated algorithms, as much of the programming difficulty is eliminated.
Pseudo-chaotic oscillations in CRISPR-virus coevolution predicted by bifurcation analysis

The CRISPR-Cas systems of adaptive antivirus immunity are present in most archaea and many bacteria, and provide resistance to specific viruses or plasmids by inserting fragments of foreign DNA into the host genome and then utilizing transcripts of these spacers to inactivate the cognate foreign genome. The recent development of powerful genome engineering tools on the basis of CRISPR-Cas has sharply increased the interest in the diversity and evolution of these systems. Comparative genomic data indicate that during evolution of prokaryotes CRISPR-Cas loci are lost and acquired via horizontal gene transfer at high rates. Mathematical modeling and initial experimental studies of CRISPR-carrying microbes and viruses reveal complex coevolutionary dynamics. We performed a bifurcation analysis of models of coevolution of viruses and microbial host that possess CRISPR-Cas hereditary adaptive immunity systems. The analyzed Malthusian and logistic models display complex, and in particular, quasi-chaotic oscillation regimes that have not been previously observed experimentally or in agent-based models of the CRISPR-mediated immunity. The key factors for the appearance of the quasi-chaotic oscillations are the non-linear dependence of the host immunity on the virus load and the partitioning of the hosts into the immune and susceptible populations, so that the system consists of three components. Bifurcation analysis of CRISPR-host coevolution model predicts complex regimes including quasi-chaotic oscillations. The quasi-chaotic regimes of virus-host coevolution are likely to be biologically relevant given the evolutionary instability of the CRISPR-Cas loci revealed by comparative genomics. The results of this analysis might have implications beyond the CRISPR-Cas systems, i.e. could describe the behavior of any adaptive immunity system with a heritable component, be it genetic or epigenetic. These predictions are experimentally testable. This manuscript was reviewed by Sandor Pongor, Sergei Maslov and Marek Kimmel. For the complete reports, go to the Reviewers’ Reports section.
If We Build It, Will They Come? The Health Belief Model and Mental Health Care Utilization

Application of the Health Belief Model (HBM) to the problem of underutilization of mental health services represents a creative and potentially quite useful conceptual innovation. Importantly, Henshaw and Freedman-Doan (2009) address several critical issues in this application, including the importance of considering the role of diversity in the HBM, the essential role of evidence regarding the benefits of the approach, evaluation of costs relative to those benefits, and the possible integration of the approach into primary care settings. Yet, there are also major challenges to be addressed in future research, including the limitations of the HBM itself, optimal definitions of underutilization, the potential for iatrogenic effects, and the integration of their approach with the broader literature on the initiation and process of therapy.
Devil of the Domestic Sphere: Temperance, Gender, and Middle-class Ideology, 1800-1860

Drink, in the minds of antebellum temperance reformers, represented the threat of an increasingly urban, industrial world. Contrasting the drunkards' lack of restraint with their own thrift and sobriety, these members of the emerging middle class lay claim to respectability, virtue, and moral leadership. As they sought to legitimate their own authority, reformers also employed temperance literature to propagate middle-class ideas about the nature of women and their role as guardians of the home.Stories of women as innocent victims and loving saviors filled temperance literature. Ministers, novelists, and journalists portrayed wives beaten by drunken husbands; poets and songwriters extolled mothers and sisters who rescued men from demon drink. Yet a strand of misogyny also ran through temperance ideology. Denunciation of women as causes of intemperance and snares for men and celebration of women's victimization often coexisted with a more positive assessment of women's role in the emerging middle class. Unless a woman remained vigilant, she too might succumb to drink, and reformers had very little sympathy for such a fallen angel.By examining the contradictory images of women employed by the antebellum temperance movement, Scott Martin reveals the reformers' commitment not only to social betterment but also to middle-class interests and a particular gender ideology. Martin explores the reasons why more men than women drank, the ways in which society dealt with women who neglected familial and social obligations to become drunkards, and the consequences of women's failure to eradicate male drunkenness."Devil of the Domestic Sphere", the newest addition to NIU Press's "Drugs and Alcohol Series", will be of interest to American historians and historians of women and gender.
Habitat suitability models: a tool for designing landscape for wildlife

Abstract This article describes the theory and application of habitat suitability models as a tool for design. The article illustrates the potential of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to be incorporated into the modelling process by using the Northern Colorado Nature Center and Blacked‐capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillas) in a case study.
Market reform and mortality in transition economies

Abstract The striking increase in mortality rates in Russia in the early 1990s occurred simultaneously with the government's erratic attempts to introduce market reforms. Other transition economies, such as Poland and the Czech Republic, avoided increases in death rates while they implemented rapid and deep reforms. Is there a link between mortality and the speed or depths of reforms, as suggested by other researchers [e.g. Sachs (1996) American Economic Review 86(2), 128–233]? This paper uses aggregate data on 22 transition economies for 1989–1994 to investigate this question. While the relationship between an index of reform progress and death rates is ambiguous, death rates in these countries are correlated with measures of reform success, such as GDP growth and the inflation rate. Higher crime rates and higher unemployment rates are also related to larger increases in death rates.
Terminal ileal stricture in Crohn's disease: treatment using a metallic enteral endoprosthesis

Terminal ileal stricture in Crohn's disease: treatment using a metallic enteral endoprosthesis
Microstructure control for high strength 9Cr ferritic–martensitic steels

Abstract Ferritic–martensitic (F–M) steels with 9 wt.%Cr are important structural materials for use in advanced nuclear reactors. Alloying composition adjustment, guided by computational thermodynamics, and thermomechanical treatment (TMT) were employed to develop high strength 9Cr F–M steels. Samples of four heats with controlled compositions were subjected to normalization and tempering (N&T) and TMT, respectively. Their mechanical properties were assessed by Vickers hardness and tensile testing. Ta-alloying showed significant strengthening effect. The TMT samples showed strength superior to the N&T samples with similar ductility. All the samples showed greater strength than NF616, which was either comparable to or greater than the literature data of the PM2000 oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) steel at temperatures up to 650 °C without noticeable reduction in ductility. A variety of microstructural analyses together with computational thermodynamics provided rational interpretations on the strength enhancement. Creep tests are being initiated because the increased yield strength of the TMT samples is not able to deduce their long-term creep behavior.
Spin coating and photolithography using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide

We discuss a new dry lithographic process using only carbon dioxide (CO2) as a solvent. Novel CO2 soluble photoresists were synthesized based on random copolymers of poly(1,1-dihydroperfluorooctyl)methacrylate 2-tetrahyrdopyranyl methacrylate. Photoresist spin casting, development, and stripping were all carried out in either liquid or supercritical CO 2 . We investigate such parameters as resist sensitivity, contrast, and resolution. The contrast of these resists has been evaluated using 248 nm exposures, and promising test images have been formed.
A Salmonella Enteritidis Infection Associated with Leg Deformity in Turkeys

Abstract A turkey grower in this section encountered an unusual type of hock disorder in his flock of approximately 900 turkeys. They were approximately 24 weeks of age when the first cases of this disorder were discovered. About one hundred of this flock were so severely affected as to prevent their being marketed in the usual manner. They were in open-front houses. Mortality was negligible. This condition did not resemble the hock disorders often encountered in turkeys during the latter part of the growing period (Nielsen and Madsen, 1940), which in our experience has been more prevalent among males of certain strains. Dr. R. H. Freyberg of the Rackham Arthritis Research Unit, University of Michigan, * described this non-infectious condition as a form of epiphysitis and periosteitis. The affliction in the case under discussion appeared to be of an inflammatory nature, exhibiting the signs of swelling, heat, and evident interference with locomotion. . . .
Identification and Treatment of a Pineal Region Tumor in an Adolescent With Prodromal Psychotic Symptoms

An adolescent male patient originally presented to a prodromal clinical research program with severe obsessive-compulsive behaviors and subthreshold symptoms of psychosis, which eventually developed into first-rank psychotic symptoms. The patient was followed over a 2-year period. His symptoms did not respond to psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. However, when a pineal region tumor was discovered and treated with chemotherapy and autologous stem cell rescue, both psychotic symptoms and psychosocial functioning reverted toward baseline. Although subcortical brain structures have been implicated in the pathophysiology of idiopathic psychosis, reports of psychiatric sequelae of treatment of subcortical tumors are rare. Etiological pathways that may have played a role in symptom development are of particular interest, as understanding these mechanisms may shed light on the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders more generally.
Binding is not enough; flexibility is needed for photocrosslinking of Lck kinase by benzophenone photoligands

Benzophenone photophores are employed widely for photoaffinity-labeling studies. Photolabeling with benzophenone, however, is hardly a routine experiment. Even when a photoprobe binds to its target, photocrosslinking does not necessarily occur. This is because photolabeling by benzophenone is affected by many factors other than target-binding, such as conformational flexibility of photoligand. Despite the widespread recognition of such complications, there has been no systematic study to assess the relative importance of individual factors that can affect photolabeling efficiency. In order to gain an insight into this problem, we conducted a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of benzophenone photoligands for Lck kinase, in which photoligands with varying target-binding affinity and conformational flexibility were compared. The study found that binding-affinity, as indicated by kinase inhibitory potency, did not correlate with photolabeling efficiency. Instead, conformational flexibility was found to be the determining factor for efficient photolabeling by our photoligands. Implication of the current findings, in particular, with regard to selection and optimization of benzophenone photoligands, is discussed.
Frequency-domain measurement of second harmonic phase

Second harmonic (SH) phase is a potentially informative component of nonlinear optical interface characterization, but is often neglected because traditional SH phase measurement methods are very cumbersome. Frequency domain interferometric second harmonic (FDISH) generation enables rapid, accurate SH phase measurement without moving parts by exploiting the wide bandwidth of ultrashort laser pulses. We illustrate the versatility of FDISH through examples of SH phase measurements from GaAs, quartz and Si interfaces. SH phase variations with azimuthal angle and time, and amongst the three tensor components of the nonlinear susceptibility X (2) of a Si(001)-dielectric interface, are measured.
Murine typhus: A case report and review

Murine typhus is not uncommon in South Texas. The case of a 72-year-old man with murine typhus presenting with a hemorrhagic eruption is discussed as an example of the clinical, laboratory, and histologic findings characteristic of the disease.
Hormonal sensitivity of preterm versus full-term infants to the effects of maternal depression

Comparisons were made of differences in the hormonal sensitivity of preterm versus full-term infants to maternal depression, as reflected in children's cortisol levels. In Study 1 (N=25), a comparison was made between preterm versus healthy full-term children. In Study 2 (N=80), a comparison was made between preterm infants and full-term infants with mild or moderate medical problems. Preterm infants were found to be highly reactive to maternal depression (as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory). That is, they demonstrated higher cortisol levels when paired with depressed mothers and lower cortisol levels when paired with non-depressed mothers. No equivalent effects were found for children who were full-term, even when they had experienced other medical problems at birth. It was concluded that premature infants are exceptionally sensitive to the "emotional climate" in their home environment. As a result, they may manifest very different hormonal outcomes--with implications for their later development.
Effect of a local anaesthetic on hydrocarbon chain order in membranes

THE mode of action of anaesthetics has provoked considerable interest and speculation1,2. For tetrodotoxin3, it is clear that direct interaction of the anaesthetic with the sodium channel blocks nerve conduction; in other cases changes in lipid bilayer structure, such as membrane expansion2, fluidus expansion1 or surface-charge modulation4, have been invoked. Recently, a mechanism involving an increase in lipid bilayer thickness has been suggested from results obtained using black film techniques5–7. We have investigated the hydrocarbon chain length of a lecithin bilayer in the presence and absence of the anaesthetic benzyl alcohol8,9 using high-field deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of specifically deuterated lipids10–16, to determine the changes in bilayer structure that occur on addition of the anaesthetic alcohol. We report here that at concentrations used for local anaesthesia there is no change in membrane thickness. By comparison, cholesterol (at 0.3 mol fraction) causes an ∼0.46 nm increase in membrane thickness. We therefore suggest that the amount of solvent (tetradecane) in black lipid membranes, and hence their thickness, may be influenced by the presence of benzyl alcohol and cholesterol5.
Scaling of multitension cosmic superstring networks

Brane inflation in superstring theory ends when branes collide, initiating the hot big bang. Cosmic superstrings are produced during the brane collision. The cosmic superstrings produced in a $D3$-brane-antibrane inflationary scenario have a spectrum: $(p,q)$ bound states of $p$ fundamental ($F$) strings and $q$ $D$-strings, where $p$ and $q$ are coprime. By extending the velocity-dependent one-scale network evolution equations for Abelian Higgs cosmic strings to allow a spectrum of string tensions, we construct a coupled (infinite) set of equations for strings that interact through binding and self-interactions. We apply this model to a network of $(p,q)$ superstrings. Our numerical solutions show that $(p,q)$ networks rapidly approach a stable scaling solution. We also extract the relative densities of each string type from our solutions. Typically, only a small number of the lowest tension states are populated substantially once scaling is reached. The model we study also has an interesting new feature: the energy released in $(p,q)$ string binding is by itself adequate to allow the network to reach scaling. This result suggests that the scaling solution is robust. To demonstrate that this result is not trivial, we show that choosing a different form for string interactions can lead to network frustration.
MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN THE RAT WITH METASTASIS INDUCED BY ESTROGEN.

It has been proven without doubt that mammary cancer and other types of cancer can be induced in rats by administration of estrogens. In a series of experiments with 85 rats subjected to various types of estrogenic treatment it was found that a daily dosage of 200 gamma of estrone administered intramuscularly was most suitable for the detailed study of the mechanism of cancer production in the mammary gland after 150-200 days. Injections of smaller doses would produce cancer in 350-400 days; cancer can be obtained more quickly by the implanting crystalline hormone in the form of pellets or with injections of hormone in oil. Attempts have been made to induce mammary carcinoma with estradiol and diethylstilbestrol; results from such experiments are not yet completed.
Assessment of left ventricular diastolic filling by two-dimensional echocardiography.

Abstract Although two-dimensional echocardiography has provided accurate measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction, the technique has been limited in the evaluation of diastolic function. First half-filling fraction, representing the difference between mid-diastolic and end-systolic volumes divided by stroke volume, is a recently introduced index of diastolic function. We developed a method for determining half-filling fraction by two-dimensional echocardiography with the use of the average of left ventricular internal diameters measured at the base, middle, and apical third of the ventricular cavity in multiple iongitudinal planes. In 27 patients with a wide range of ventricular function, we compared angiographic measurements of half-filling fraction to results obtained by two-dimensional echocardiography. Half-filling fraction measured angiographically averaged (mean ± SD) 0.58 ± 0.15 (range 0.26 to 0.77) and measured by two-dimensional echocardiography averaged 0.58 ± 0.15 (range 0.35 to 0.90). A significant correlation was found between angiographic and echocardiographic half-filling fractions ( r = 0.84, SEE = 0.08). Results were similar in the presence or absence of segmental wall motion abnormalities. All seven patients with half-filling fractions below 0.50 by echocardiography had depressed half-filling fractions by angiography; three of these patients had ejection fractions of ≥0.55. Thus half-filling fraction can be derived with two-dimensional echocardiography providing a noninvasive assessment of diastolic function.
The Dispersion Science of Papermaking

Abstract Paper is one of the most important inventions in the history of civilization, and it is an essential commodity to all people in the world. The fact that we make ubiquitous use of a score of paper products makes it easy to underestimate its value and significance. This review is intended to put into perspective the dispersion science involved in papermaking and to describe how our understanding of key processes has evolve since its conception, approximately 2000 years ago, from art to science. Paper is formed from a slurry of fibers and much smaller particles that are often called “fines” and other chemical additives. Ahead of the paper forming process the slurry is subjected to a series of steps, including treatment with polyionic species and passage through unit operations that impose shear forces on the papermaking suspension. These steps alternately disperse the solids apart or re‐gather them back together. The overall process is optimized to achieve a highly uniform product, while at the same...
Growth of the D-region at sunrise.

Abstract D-region electron density profiles of high accuracy (±10 per cent), and high resolution (0·1 km) are presented for each of 5 Nike Apache rockets launched at sunrise from Wallops Island, Virginia at solar zenith angles of 108, 96, 94, 94, and 85°. Orderly increases of electron density between 70 and 80 km are observed as the solar zenith angle decreases from 108 to 94 degrees. At a zenith angle of 94°, the observed electron density between 87 and 90 km is larger by a factor of 6 on a morning of high VLF absorption which commenced at 98° compared with mornings of normal VLF absorption which commenced at 94°. At a zenich angle of 85°, a “C-layer” or local maximum electron density of about 90 cm−3 at 68 km, and a decreased electron density at 75 km are observed.
Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of tetravalent and hexavalent selenium

Abstract Two rapid, accurate and reproducible methods are reported for the simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of tetravalent and hexavalent selenium in the presence of each other. Both procedures involve the sequential complexation and solvent extraction of the selenium(IV)-diethyldithiocarbamate complex by chloroform in the presence of perchlorate ions followed by reduction of hexavalent selenium in the remaining aqueous phase to tetravalent selenium by 25% hydrobromic acid and its subsequent determination after complexation with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor blockade promotes ccr9(+) lymphocyte expansion in Nod2 deficient mice.

Background: Ileal involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with NOD2 mutations and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor autoantibodies (GM-CSF Ab), and GM-CSF blockade promotes ileitis in Nod2/Card15-deficient (C15KO) mice. RALDH2-expressing dendritic cells (DC) and IL-4 promote CCR9 imprinting and small bowel homing of T lymphocytes, in conjunction with CCL25 expression by ileal epithelial cells (IEC). We hypothesized that GM-CSF neutralization promotes ileal disease by modulating expression of CCL25 by IEC and CCR9 by T lymphocytes via Nod2-dependent and independent pathways. Methods: CCL25 and CCR9 expression were determined in pediatric CD patients stratified by GM-CSF Ab. Ileitis was induced in C15KO mice via GM-CSF Ab administration followed by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) exposure, and expression of CCL25, CCR9, FOXP3, intracellular cytokines, and RALDH2 was determined in IEC and immune cell populations. Results: The frequency of CCL25+ IEC and CCR9+ T lymphocytes was increased in CD patients with elevated GM-CSF Ab. In the murine model, GM-CSF blockade alone induced IEC CCL25 expression, and reduced the frequency of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) CD4+FOXP3+ cells, while Card15 deficiency alone enhanced MLN DC RALDH2 expression. Both GM-CSF neutralization and Card15 deficiency were required for downregulation of MLN DC IL-10 expression; under these conditions NSAID exposure led to an expansion of IL-4+ and IL-17+ CCR9+ lymphocytes in the ileum. Conclusions: GM-CSF prevents ileal expansion of CCR9+ lymphocytes via Nod2-dependent and independent pathways. CCR9 blockade may be beneficial in CD patients with elevated GM-CSF Ab. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)
Exploiting Nanoroughness on Holographically Patterned Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals

The fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) diamond photonic crystals with controllable nanoroughness (≤120 nm) on the surface from epoxy-functionalized cyclohexyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) is reported. The nanoroughness is generated on the 3D network due to microphase separation of the polymer chain segments in a nonsolvent during the rinsing step in holographic lithography process. The degree of roughness can be tuned by the crosslinking density of the polymer network, which is dependent on the loading of photoacid generators, the exposure dosage, and the choice of developer and rinsing solvent. Because the nanoroughness size is small, it does not affect the photonic band gap position of the photonic crystal in the infrared region. The combination of periodic microstructure and nanoroughness, however, offers new opportunities to realize superhydrophobicity and enhanced dye adsorption in addition to the photon management in the 3D photonic crystal.
Diversified Marketing Media and Service Offerings Prove Successful for Nondenominational Churches

The researcher surveyed a national sample of nondenominational and denominational churches to detect differences in these groups’ growth rates, marketing methods, and service offerings. Findings show that nondenominational churches grew much more (and significantly so) in membership and attendance than did denominational churches over a 10-year span and since the church Web site inception. The two findings that were significantly different between the two groups for retaining members and attracting attendees were well-known pastors and multisite locations. The two church groups rated social media significantly different for retaining members. Social media include tools, such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, podcasts, Netcasts, and smartphones. Eight methods and service offerings for attracting attendees only that were found significantly different are: (a) music programs (i.e., service music/songs and choir); (b) number of services offered; (c) sermon content (i.e., Biblical and relevant); (d) open invitati...
The inverse Penrose transform of a solution to the Maxwell-Dirac-Weyl field equations

Abstract An explicit family of solutions to the nonlinear coupled Maxwell-Dirac-Weyl equations in Minkowski space is presented. The abstract results of Henkin and Manin ( Phys. Lett. B , 95 (1980), 405–408) show that these solutions are equivalent by the Penrose transform to a coupled system of cohomology classes and a complex line bundle on ambitwistor space, the space of null lines in Minkowski space. The explicit inverse Penrose transform of this family of solutions is computed giving explicit expressions for the line bundle (transform of the vector potential), the obstruction to extension (transform of the charge), and the two cohomology classes (transform of the Dirac-Weyl coupled spinor fields).
Antiangiogenic Therapies for Mesothelioma

A large body of preclinical evidence suggests that angiogenesis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma. Several mediators of angiogenesis seem to be autocrine growth factors in mesothelioma, and in preclinical models, agents that target angiogenesis produce tumor regression. Several clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of inhibitors of angiogenesis in mesothelioma. This article details the preliminary results of these trials and future directions.