cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transfer of DNA from parent to progeny in a tissue culture line of human carcinoma of the cervix (Strain HeLa)

5-bromodeoxyuridine was used to label the DNA of HeLa cells. The density of the DNA from cells kept in the presence of the analogue for one and two divisions was examined by means of density gradient centrifugation. After the first division, all the DNA was found to be half-labeled; after the second, both half and fully labeled material was found. These results are consistent with a semiconservative mechanism of DNA replication.
On the Shear and Curvature Vorticity Equations

Abstract The tendency equations for shear and curvature vorticity are interpreted as a function of the terms that modify speed and direction on in a fluid element. The tendency equations consistent with this interpretation do not contain time derivative on the right-hand side, and the interchange terms are kinematically independent of the shear and curvature vorticity tendencies. It is shown that an understanding of the anholonomic reference frame in which these equations are formulated, and the directional derivatives in this frame, is fundamental for the correct formulation and interpretation of the equations. Previous formulations, none of which have the above properties, are discussed and compared with those proposed here. Since shear and curvature vorticity and their rate of change are not Galilean invariant quantities, the above equations only represent relationships between kinematic and dynamic quantities that hold when the different terms are referred to the same reference system. When the equati...
A system for measuring through-the-earth radio propagation

A measurement system used in through-the-earth magnetic field signal attenuation measurements is described. In addition, an associated calibration system for determining the magnetic antenna factor of a receive antenna is also described. Attenuation data at frequencies ranging from 300 to 3000 Hz was collected at an active coal mine with 201 m of overburden using the system. Results suggest that the data collected fits existing analytical models. Use of this system assists researchers by validating Through-the-earth (TTE) models and increases our understanding of the performance limitations of TTE systems.
A Single Base Change at a Splice Acceptor Site Leads to a Truncated CAD Protein in Urd-A Mutant Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells

We have previously reported the isolation and characterization of mutant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells of the Urd−A complementation group, which require uridine for growth, are deficient in the activities of the first three enzymes of de novo UMP biosynthesis, and produce markedly reduced amounts of a truncated form of the multifunctional protein CAD, which contains these three enzyme activities. We report here that a single base change of G to A at a highly conserved RNA splice acceptor site is responsible for the phenotype of this mutant. In addition to a small amount of apparently normal CAD mRNA, this mutation causes production of two alternative forms of CAD mRNA in the mutant, one that includes the intron just prior to the mutation and one that excludes the exon just after the mutation. The affected splice site is located at the intron-exon boundary just preceding the exon that encodes the beginning of the aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase) domain of the CAD protein. Both intron inclusion and exon exclusion during RNA processing introduce a translation stop codon upstream of the region encoding this domain, resulting in the production of the truncated CAD protein seen in the Urd−A mutant. This mutation also results in markedly decreased levels of CAD mRNA and protein in the mutant.
Cerebral palsy: not always what it seems.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is an umbrella term that defines a group of non-progressive, but often changing, syndromes of motor impairment secondary to lesions or anomalies of the brain arising in the early stages of its development.1 2 The characteristic clinical feature that is common to all CP syndromes is the presence of pyramidal or extrapyramidal signs. CP is neither a specific disease nor a pathological or aetiological entity, and importantly the term CP does not—and should not—necessarily imply or identify a specific cause. The prevalence of CP ranges from 1.5 to 2.5 per 1000 live births, with the risk highest among very preterm and low birthweight babies. However, the majority of children with CP are born at or near term gestation. Causes of CP include perinatal hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, intra- or periventricular haemorrhage, cerebral dysgenesis, and intracranial infection. The CP syndromes may be classified by the predominant type of motor disturbance, including, for example, diplegia, tetraplegia, hemiplegia, dyskinesia, and ataxia, although frequently the overall clinical picture is not always pure. Finally, the aetiologies for these different syndromes tend to be quite distinct. Once a diagnosis of CP has been made on the basis of the child's symptoms and signs, each child should undergo appropriate evaluation and investigation to try and establish a cause and specifically to determine whether it is of prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal origin. Investigation is indicated even when there has been evidence of a preceding neurological event during the perinatal period or infancy, because some of these children may have an underlying neurological or metabolic disorder which may have made them more vulnerable to the stresses of delivery and extrauterine life. Finally, it is important that all children with a diagnosis of CP should be followed up, and when no obvious cause has been identified or there …
Need for secondary imagery dissemination systems

Disseminating operationally important, time-critical intelligence information to key decision makers at all echelons in a modern battlefield environment is a complex communications problem. Intelligence imagery collection by a variety of sensors is accomplished quickly, and delivery of this gathered imagery using data link technology can be accomplished in nearly real time. The gathered data can be quickly and correctly processed and interpreted using state-of-the-art techniques. Resultant products can be provided to collocated echelons almost immediately. However, geographically separated, front-line commanders seldom receive the final imaged products of this communication process in a timely manner. In many instances, they must rely on textual representations of the imagery to make critical operational decisions because the imagery is difficult to disseminate m a timely manner using existing communications systems. There is an operational need to provide real time intelligence imagery to geographically separated, operational users. The technology exists to develop a secondary imagery dissemination system to fill this need. The purpose of this paper is to review the requirements for such a system and to discuss briefly the feasibility of applying line-of- sight radio frequency communications technology to develop such a system. A brief operational scenario will also be presented where the existence of such a dissemination system could be very important.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
BRIDGING VITAL SIGNS AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS FOR RESOURCE-CONSTRAINED EPIDEMIC CONTROL

This paper proposes a new approach that uses people's social interaction behavior collected by mobile phones and vital signs collected by wireless body area networks (WBAN) for epidemic control. By this approach, infectious people who are socially active can be quickly identified to be quarantined. To realize this approach, we introduce a notion of critical network and critical node identification algorithm. Observing some resource constraints such as quarantine cost and hardware limitation, we focus on optimizing the proposed approach such that high epidemic control effectiveness is achieved while the corresponding overhead is minimized. Our simulation results demonstrate that our approach can effectively control the spread of epidemic diseases in various situations.
Ubiquitin-mediated regulation of CD86 protein expression by the ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH-1 (MARCH1).

The activation of naive T cells requires antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs), and the process of antigen presentation is regulated over the course of DC maturation. One key aspect of this regulation is the cell surface up-regulation upon DC maturation of peptide·MHC-II complexes and the costimulatory molecule CD86. It is now clear that these critical induction events involve changes in ubiquitin-dependent trafficking of MHC-II and CD86 by the E3 ligase membrane-associated RING-CH-1 (MARCH1). Although ubiquitin-dependent trafficking of MHC-II has been well characterized, much less is known regarding the post-transcriptional regulation of CD86 expression. Here, we examined the physical and functional interaction between CD86 and MARCH1. We observed that CD86 is rapidly endocytosed in the presence of MARCH1 followed by lysosome-dependent degradation. Furthermore, we found that the association between CD86 and MARCH1 was conferred primarily by the transmembrane domains of the respective proteins. In contrast to MHC-II, which has a single, conserved ubiquitin acceptor site in the cytosolic domain, we found that multiple lysine residues in the cytosolic tail of CD86 could support ubiquitination consistent with the relative lack of sequence conservation across species within the CD86 cytosolic domain. These findings suggest that MARCH1 recruits multiple substrates via transmembrane domain-mediated interactions to permit substrate ubiquitination in the face of diverse cytosolic domain sequences.
A simple argument for a higher-order representation theory of consciousness

Higher-order representation (‘HOR’) theories of conscious awareness are under considerable suspicion. (Following recent usage, I shall use the term ‘HOR’ to cover both higher-order perception or ‘inner sense’ accounts such as Armstrong’s (1981) or mine (1987, 1995) and ‘higher-order thought’ views such as David Rosenthal’s (1993).) HOR theories have been variously said to be extravagant, unmotivated, confused, and worse; for a sample, see Dretske 1993, Guzeldere 1997, and Siewert 1998. Yet there is a simple deductive argument for the conclusion that some HOR theory is correct. The argument is valid and each of its premisses is widely accepted. First, the explanandum. HOR theories are theories of conscious awareness, specifically in the sense of: awareness of one’s own current mental state. They are, correlatively, theories of ‘conscious states’, in the sense of states whose subjects are aware of being in them.1 Mental or psychological states divide into those whose subjects are aware of being in them and those whose subjects are not aware of being in them; HOR theories attempt to explain that difference, by supposing that what makes a state a conscious state in this sense is that it is itself represented by another of the subject’s mental states, either a quasi-perceptual state or a thought. (Some critics have supposed that HOR theories have been aimed at other explananda, in particular at the sensory qualities; the critics have expressed understandable incredulity at the idea that a mere higher-order thought or even a higher-order quasi-perception could explain the original qualitative character of a sensory state. But I know of no HOR theorist who has claimed to explain anything but awareness in the sense specified above – certainly not Armstrong, myself, or Rosenthal.2) Now, here is the argument.
Metallotropic liquid crystals formed by surfactant templating of molten metal halides.

Liquid crystals consist of anisotropic molecular units, and most are organic molecules. Materials incorporating metals into anisotropic molecules, described as metallomesogens, have been prepared1. Anisotropic structures such as one-dimensional chains and two-dimensional layers are frequently observed in solid-state inorganic materials, however, little is understood about structural organization in melts of such materials. Achieving liquid-crystalline behaviour in inorganic fluids should be possible if the anisotropic structure can be retained or designed into the molten phase. We demonstrated the ability to engineer zeolite-type structures into metal halide glasses and liquids2,3. In this work we have engineered lamellar, cubic and hexagonal liquid-crystalline structure in metal-halide melts by controlling the volume fraction and nature of the inorganic block (up to 80 mol%) with respect to alkylammonium surfactants. The high metal content of these liquid-crystalline systems significantly advances the field of metallomesogens, which seeks to combine magnetic, electronic, optical, redox and catalytic properties common to inorganic materials with the fluid properties of liquid crystals.
Inhibition of adenovirus type 12 induced DNA synthesis in G1-arrested BHK21 cells by dibutyryl adenosine cyclic 3':5'-monophosphate.

THE intracellular concentration of adenosine cyclic 3′ : 5′-monophosphate (cAMP) has been shown to increase in cells reaching confluency, that is, under conditions of contact inhibition and it has been proposed that contact inhibition may be mediated by the activation of adenyl cyclase1. Because loss of contact inhibition is one of the important characteristics of transformed cells, it is possible that variations in the level of cAMP play a crucial role in events associated with cell transformation. Growth of tumorigenic cell lines has been shown to be inhibited (80–90%) in the presence of cAMP1 and adenyl cyclase activity has been found to be much reduced in polyoma transformed cells2. BHK21 cells have been shown to be arrested in the G1-phase of the cell cycle after growth for 48 h in medium supplemented with serum at a low concentration (0.5%)3. BHK21 cells are non-permissive for infection with oncogenic adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12). Infection of a G1-arrested cell population with Ad12 results in induction of cellular DNA replication4, early virus mRNA is transcribed5, infected cells synthesize T antigen6, but no viral DNA synthesis7 late mRNA8, or viral capsid proteins8 can be detected after infection. Infection induces the cells to enter mitosis but the chromosomes break down and most of the cells die6. As a result, DNA synthesis is limited to a single burst4,6. Here we report the effects of dibutyryl-cAMP on induction of cellular DNA synthesis in G1-arrested BHK21 cells by infection with Adl2 or serum stimulation.
Partial purification and characterization of an α-d-mannosidase from mature seeds of Prunus serotina Ehrh.☆

Abstract An α- d -mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24) has been purified approximately 90-fold from mature black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seeds in 35% yield using O-(diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 150 000, as determined by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration, and an isoelectric point at 4.8–5.2. The enzyme showed tight binding to concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B (Con A-Sepharose) with less than 25% of the applied activity being eluted by 1.0 M α-methyl- d -mannoside. The black cherry α- d -mannosidase showed high activity towards the synthetic substrates p- nitrophenyl -α- d - mannoside (K m = 2.8 mM ) and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-α- d -mannoside (Km = 2.2 mM) at pH 4.0. The enzyme did not exhibit a metal ion requirement. However, silver nitrate (1 mM) inhibited activity by 70%. Metal chelators and thiol reagents had no effect on enzyme activity. α- d -Mannosidase activity was potently inhibited by d -mannono-(1,5)-lactone and the indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, which caused 50% inhibition at approximately 73 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively. The β-glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine had no effect on this enzyme. Prolonged incubation of α- d -mannosidase with black cherry mandelonitrile lyase at 30°C did not change the molecular weight of the lyase. Furthermore, the elution profile of mandelonitrile lyase upon Con A-Sepharose 4B chromatography was unaltered by prior incubation of this glycoprotein with black cherry α- d -mannosidase for 8 h.
Heterotopic ossification associated with knee dislocation

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of heterotopic ossification following knee dislocation. Type of Study: Prospective clinical evaluation and a retrospective chart review. Methods: This study evaluated 57 knees in 55 patients who sustained high-energy blunt trauma with resultant knee dislocations. Radiographs were reviewed by 2 of the authors (J.P.S., T.C.W.), and the incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO) was documented. Additionally, patients were classified regarding the degree of HO on a scale from 0 to 4. One is punctate calcification, 2 is HO involving less than 50% of the joint space; 3 is HO involving more than 50%; and 4 is ankylosis of the joint. Results: Thirteen patients with 15 knee dislocations developed HO. The incidence of HO was 26%. Seven knees demonstrated severe HO (grade 3 or 4) which represented an incidence of 12% of all knee dislocations. Injury severity score for both groups was 18, documenting that the patients in this study represent multiple trauma patients. There was no significant difference in the incidence of HO based on mechanism of injury with the current number enrolled in the study. However, 60% (3 of 5) of patients involved in a motor vehicle versus pedestrian accident developed HO. There was a significant increase in the incidence of arthrofibrosis in patients with severe HO ( P P =.058). There was no difference between the groups in mean extension. There was a significant increase in knee HO in patients with HO at another anatomic site ( P =.01). Conclusions: HO is a common problem following knee dislocation. Of the 7 knees with severe HO, 5 developed HO medially, 4 developed HO posteriorly, 3 developed HO laterally, and only 1 had involvement anteriorly. A similar distribution was present in the patients with mild HO, with posterior and medial ossification being the most common. Five of the 7 severe HO cases involved at least 3 of the 4 sides (anterior, posterior, medial, or lateral) of the knee. Patients were evaluated for the presence of head injury and any relationship to the development of HO around the knee. There was no increased incidence of HO around the knee in our 10 patients with severe head injuries when compared with those with no head injury. There was also no increased incidence of HO in knee dislocations associated with periarticular fractures. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 8 (October), 2002: pp 835–839
Quantification of endocannabinoids in rat biological samples by GC/MS: technical and theoretical considerations.

Abstract In the last several years, interest has increased significantly about the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol, two lipid messengers that activate cannabinoid receptors. Quantification of these compounds in biological samples presents numerous technical challenges. Because of their low abundance, endocannabinoids are usually quantified by isotope dilution assays using mass spectrometry coupled to either gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. Although endocannabinoid levels in biological fluids, such as plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, can be directly determined by these techniques, the complex lipid profile of brain tissue samples mandates purification of lipid extracts before GC/MS analysis; this step is not necessary when using HPLC/MS. We have found that when silica gel chromatography is used for endocannabinoid purification, poor recovery and loss of deuterium from the internal standards lead to inaccurate estimation of endocannabinoid levels. By contrast, purification strategies using C18 solid-phase extraction permits precise and reproducible GC/MS quantification of endocannabinoids in tissue samples.
Mothers respond differently to infants’ gestural versus nongestural communicative bids:

Thirty infants at 1;1 and their mothers were videotaped while playing for 18 minutes. Experimental stimuli were presented in three communicative intent contexts – proto-declarative, proto-imperativ...
System of Systems and Big Data analytics - Bridging the gap

Large data has been accumulating in all aspects of our lives for quite some time. Advances in sensor technology, the Internet, wireless communication, and inexpensive memory have all contributed to an explosion of ''Big Data''. System of Systems (SoS) integrate independently operating, non-homogeneous systems to achieve a higher goal than the sum of the parts. Today's SoS are also contributing to the existence of unmanageable ''Big Data''. Recent efforts have developed a promising approach, called ''Data Analytics'', which uses statistical and computational intelligence (CI) tools such as principal component analysis (PCA), clustering, fuzzy logic, neuro-computing, evolutionary computation (such as genetic algorithms), Bayesian networks, etc. to reduce the size of ''Big Data'' to a manageable size and apply these tools to (a) extract information, (b) build a knowledge base using the derived data, and (c) eventually develop a non-parametric model for the ''Big Data''. This paper demonstrates how to construct a bridge between SoS and Data Analytics to develop reliable models for such systems. The subject material for this demonstration is using data analytics to generate a model to forecast produced photovoltaic energy to assist in the optimization of a micro grid SoS. Tools like fuzzy interference, neural networks, PCA, and genetic algorithms are used.
Does the Experimental Scientist Have a “Theory of Mind”?:

The concept of a “theory of mind” was widely used in developmental and evolutionary psychology and neuroscience in the wake of Premack and Woodruff's 1978 article “Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory...
Alignment and technique in total ankle arthroplasty

Abstract Total ankle arthroplasty has emerged as a promising alternative to ankle arthrodesis, especially in cases where multiple hindfoot joints are arthritic. Proper alignment of the limb must be restored to be most successful over the long term. Misalignment above the ankle typically involves a malunion of a previous tibia fracture and can be treated by corrective osteotomy. Deformity in the joint itself can arise from congenital malformation or from bony erosion, usually as a late result of joint trauma. Mild amounts of bone loss can be corrected through bone cuts during ankle replacement, but more severe deformity may require distal tibial osteotomy. Misalignment below the ankle (in the foot) is probably the most common deformity. Secondary procedures in the foot and leg, including muscle balancing, osteotomies, or fusions are often a part of the surgical plan and are performed either before or simultaneously with ankle replacement. The goal is to restore an ankle with neutral static and dynamic balance during stance and gait. Achieving that goal will give the best chance for pain free ankle motion over the long term.
The power of probabilism in Popperian FINite learning

Abstract We consider the capabilities of probabilistic and team learners who (a) are allowed to conjecture only one hypothesis when given a function to learn; and (b) must always produce a program (i.e. hypotheses) that halts on every input. Learners satisfying only (a) are termed FIN-type learners, and learners satisfying both (a) and (b) are termed PFIN-type learners. We show that the structure of the learning capability of probabilistic and team learning with success ratio above 1/2 in PFIN-type learning is analogous to the structure observed in FIN-type learning. On the contrary, the structure of probabilistic and team learning with success ratio below 1/2 is more sparse for PFIN-type learning than for FIN-type learning. For n ≥ 2, we show that the probabilistic hierarchy below 1/2 for PFIN-type learning is denned by the sequence 4n/(9n − 2), which has an accumulation point at 4/9. We also show that the redundancy type at the accumulation point 4/9 is different from the one observed at 1/2. More inter...
Persistence in serum and lungs of guinea pigs of erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin and their in-vitro activities against Legionella pneumophila

The penetration and persistence in the serum and lungs of guinea pigs after parenteral administration of erythromycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and rifampicin, and their in-vitro activities against Legionella pneumophila were investigated. The most active agent was rifampicin (MIC 0.0625 mg/l, MBC 0.125 mg/l) and effective levels of this drug were present in serum and lungs up to 10 h after injection. Erythromycin accumulated to very high levels in the lungs and had good bacteriostatic activity in vitro. Gentamicin was highly bactericidal in liquid culture but showed poor lung penetration on injection. Chloramphenicol, the least inhibitory of the four antibiotics, had an MIC of 1.0 mg/l. Active chloramphenicol was not detected in guinea pig serum and lungs following ip or im administration. The differences in the penetration and persistence of these drugs in the lungs of guinea pigs may explain the reported poor correlation between in-vitro and in-vivo activity against L. pneumophila. The results are useful for evaluating regimens for therapy of Legionnaires' disease in the aerosol infected guinea pig model.
A combination trial of vaccine plus ipilimumab in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients: immune correlates

We recently reported the clinical results of a Phase I trial combining ipilimumab with a vaccine containing transgenes for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and for a triad of costimulatory molecules (PROSTVAC) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Thirty patients were treated with escalating ipilimumab and a fixed dose of vaccine. Of 24 chemotherapy-naive patients, 58 % had a PSA decline. Combination therapy did not exacerbate the immune-related adverse events associated with ipilimumab. Here, we present updated survival data and an evaluation of 36 immune cell subsets pre- and post-therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected before therapy, at 13 days and at 70 days post-initiation of therapy, and phenotyped by flow cytometry for the subsets of T cells, regulatory T cells, natural killer cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Associations between overall survival (OS) and immune cell subsets prior to treatment, and the change in a given immune cell subset 70 days post-initiation of therapy, were evaluated. The median OS was 2.63 years (1.77–3.45). There were trends toward associations for longer OS and certain immune cell subsets before immunotherapy: lower PD-1+Tim-3NEGCD4EM (P = 0.005, adjusted P = 0.010), higher PD-1NEGTim-3+CD8 (P = 0.002, adjusted P = 0.004), and a higher number of CTLA-4NEG Tregs (P = 0.005, adjusted P = 0.010). We also found that an increase in Tim-3+ natural killer cells post- versus pre-vaccination associated with longer OS (P = 0.0074, adjusted P = 0.015). These results should be considered as hypothesis generating and should be further evaluated in larger immunotherapy trials.
Responses to Allen, Appiah, and Lawson

In my Responses, I take up the various definitional and justificatory challenges that Anita Allen, Anthony Appiah and Bill Lawson raise to my defense of affirmative action and I try to build bridges and remove the apparent disagreements between our views. In the process, I have found a way to replace race-based affirmative action with a non-race-based program which retains all the benefits that a race-based program can provide and secures additional benefits as well.
Crystallization of the reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides in a new tetragonal form.

The reaction center from the nonsulfur purple bacteriumRhodobacter sphaeroideshas been crystallized in a new form. The crystals grew in the presence of polyethylene glycol 4000, the detergent β-octyl glucoside, and the amphiphiles heptane triol and benzamidine hydrochloride, using the sitting drop method. The space group of these crystals is tetragonal, P41(43)212, and the cell constants are a = b = 141.5 A and c = 276.7 A with probably 2 proteins per asymmetric unit. A native data set has been set collected to a resolution of 2.8 A consisting of 56,332 unique reflections (50,731 with F > 2σ) with anRsym of 9.5%. Analysis of the diffraction data is underway using molecular and isomorphous replacement. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Catheter-Malposition-Induced Cardiac Tamponade via Contrast Media Leakage During Computed Tomography Study

We present a rare case of a central venous catheter-malposition-induced life-threatening cardiac tamponade as a result of computed tomography (CT) with contrast enhancement in an infant with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary atresia after a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. The diagnosis was confirmed by chest radiographs and CT study with catheter perforation through the right atrial wall and extravasation of the contrast medium into the pericardium, leading to cardiac tamponade and subsequent circulatory collapse. Two hours after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the patient gradually resumed normal hemodynamic status.
The consequences of the Philadelphia chromosome rearrangement in chronic myeloid leukemia.

A paper appeared recently reporting "Evidence that chromosome band 22q12 is concerned with cell proliferation in chronic myeloid leukemia" (Fitzgerald, 1976). The "evidence" consisted of a man and two of his children who had an unusually short chromosome 22 due to a translocation with chromosome l l . The breakpoint in chromosome 22 was reported as being at the interface of bands ql2 and q!3. There was nothing to suggest leukemia or any other hematologic disorder in the translocation carriers. We wish to point out that the data presented by Fitzgerald do n o t prove in any way that the genetic information on chromosome 22 concerned with abnormal myeloid cell proliferation is contained in band 22q12. The reasons include the following: 1. The Philadelphia rearrangement found in the majority of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia is a somatic cell mutation involving erythro-myeloid cells. 2. The Philadelphia rearrangement is a translocation between chromosome 22 and another autosome. The other autosome is usually number 9. But, as Fitzgerald points out, the other autosome may on occasion be chromosome 2, 10, 13, 17, 19, 21 or 22. There is no case of chronic myeloid leukemia reported to data involving an 11;22 rearrangement. The only implication that can be drawn from Fitzgerald's report is that a meiotically transmitted translocation between l l q and 22q was not associated with leukemia. Another way of stating the same fact is that a meiotic translocation of 22q13-~qter onto l l q does not result in leukemia. Fitzgerald suggests that material on the long arm of chromosome 22 contains information "concerned in some way with myeloid cell proliferation" and that "the locus is rendered inopera t ive . . , by the change in its position caused by the translocation." There is no evidence at all that any locus is rendered "inoperative." A locus could just as well be rendered "operative" by a Philadelphia translocation.
Disruption of dioxin-inducible phase I and phase II gene expression patterns by cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.

Recent work suggesting that cellular oxidative stress exerts an inhibitory effect on aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent gene expression led us to test the hypothesis that pro-oxidant environmental pollutants might alter the induction of detoxification genes by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an AHR ligand. We found that, in mouse hepatoma Hepa-1 cells, TCDD-inducible cytochrome P450, Cyp1a1, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNA accumulation were differentially affected by cadmium (Cd(2+)), chromium (Cr(6+)), and arsenic (As(3+)). Cadmium or arsenic did not change Cyp1a1 mRNA levels but did enhance TCDD-inducible levels of Nqo1 mRNA, an effect that paralleled the ability of these metals to activate a beta-galactosidase gene reporter system regulated by an electrophile response promoter element. Chromium inhibited mRNA accumulation for both Cyp1a1 and Nqo1. Manipulation of cellular thiol status did not modify the response to combined chromium-TCDD exposure, suggesting that the response was not caused by oxidative stress. Chromium did not block DNA-binding competence of the AHR and did not have an effect on mRNA stability, but it inhibited Cyp1a1 gene transcription and the expression of an AHR-dependent luciferase reporter. These data indicate that coexposure to pro-oxidant metals and AHR ligands, which is common in the environment, can disrupt the regulation of phase I and phase II detoxification genes, leading to imbalances in gene expression that may have important consequences for the toxicity of complex mixtures.
Mixed indicators of methyl red with sulfonated phthalocyanines

The applicability of sulfonated phthalocyanines as the dye constituents of mixed indicators with methyl red is investigated. Copper, cobalt and magnesium phthalocyanine sulfonates have been tried for this purpose and found to give very sharp color changes that can be observed in faded and artifical light as well. Copper phthalocyanine sulfonate is especially recommended for this purpose on account of its easy availability on the market. A mixture containing 2 parts by weight of methyl red sodium salt and 3 parts of the commercial copper phthalocyanine sulfonate is suggested as a useful mixed indicator in all acid-base titrations where methyl red is used.
Context-Dependence in Searle’s Impossibility Argument: A Reply to Butchard and D’Amico

John Searle claims that social-scientific laws are impossible because social phenomena are physically open-ended. William Butchard and Robert D’Amico have recently argued that, by Searle’s own lights, money is a social phenomena that is physically closed. However, Butchard and D’Amico rely on a limited set of data in order to draw this conclusion, and fail to appreciate the implications of Searle’s theory of social ontology with regard to the physical open-endedness of money. Money is not physically open-ended in the strong sense that Butchard and D’Amico require, and their argument for the possibility of social-scientific laws fails as a result.
The pseudoweights of a space

Abstract Let X be a T i -space, i ⩽ 2. We define the T i -pseudoweight of X , ψ i ( X ), to be the least weightof a coarser T i topology on X . Reed and Zenor have shown that if X is a Moore space, and | X | ⩽ 2 ω , then ψ 1 ( X ) = ω , but there is a Moore space, X , such that ψ 2 ( X ) = w ( X ) = | X | = ω 1 . Theorem 1 : If X is metric, ψ 0 ( X ) = log w ( X ), where log κ = min { λ :2 λ ⩾ κ }. Theorem 2 : If X is compact and T 2 , then ψ 1 ( X ) = ψ 2 ( X ) = w ( X ) (but it is possible to have ψ 0 ( X ) = log w ( X ) w ( X )). Theorem 3 : If X is a GO-space, then ψ 1 ( X ) = ψ 2 ( X ) (but it is possible to have ψ 0 ( X ) = log ψ 1 ( X ) ψ 1 ( X ) w ( X ) even if X is a LOTS). Finally, Hart has shown that if X is an infinite LOTS, then w ( X ) = c ( X ) · ψ 1 ( X ). Theorem 4 : If X is an infinite LOTS, then w ( X ) = c ( X ) · ψ 0 ( X ).
An Application of Item Response Time: The Effort‐Moderated IRT Model

The validity of inferences based on achievement test scores is dependent on the amount of effort that examinees put forth while taking the test. With low-stakes tests, for which this problem is particularly prevalent, there is a consequent need for psychometric models that can take into account differing levels of examinee effort. This article introduces the effort-moderated IRT model, which incorporates item response time into proficiency estimation and item parameter estimation. In two studies of the effort-moderated model when rapid guessing (i.e., reflecting low examinee effort) was present, one based on real data and the other on simulated data, the effort-moderated model performed better than the standard 3PL model. Specifically, it was found that the effort-moderated model (a) showed better model fit, (b) yielded more accurate item parameter estimates, (c) more accurately estimated test information, and (d) yielded proficiency estimates with higher convergent validity.
Polymers with Tailored Electronic Structure for High Capacity Lithium Battery Electrodes

A conductive polymer is developed for solving the long-standing volume change issue in lithium battery electrodes. A combination of synthesis, spectroscopy and simulation techniques tailors the electronic structure of the polymer to enable in situ lithium doping. Composite anodes based on this polymer and commercial Si particles exhibit 2100 mAh g -1 in Si after 650 cycles without any conductive additive. Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Development and Use of a GIS Workstation at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Research Library

ABSTRACT Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is the Department of Energy's (DOE) largest multipurpose science and energy laboratory. As an interdisciplinary research organization, access to information plays a critical part in the success of the many research efforts in progress at the Laboratory. The Research Library, in a supportive role, enables staff to fulfill the Laboratory's mission by making available a myriad of information resources including paper and electronic maps. The Research Library Geographic Information System (GIS) workstation was developed to better serve library customers by providing convenient access to a variety of mapping resources. The GIS workstation functions as a supplement to the paper map collection by providing customers with maps in an electronic format that can easily be inserted into memos, reports, and journal articles. Customer interest, together with the growing availability of low-cost and user-friendly mapping software, led to the development of the GIS workstatio...
Ecology and paleoecology of the marine diatomEucampia antarctica (Castr.) Mangin

Abstract The distribution of Eucampia antarctica , both in the water column and in the sediments of the Southern Ocean, is discussed. On the basis of these data, it is concluded that, although this species is widely distributed in the Southern Ocean, it is most abundant in a near shore and/or neritic environment. However, a pseudoneritic environment, provided by floating ice may also provide a suitable substrate for the proliferation of this species.
CT and MRI of uterine lipoleiomyoma

Uterine lipoleiomyomas are rare tumors containing variable amounts of fat. Diganostic considerations usually include ovarian fatty tumors and benign and malignant degeneration in ordinary leiomyomas. A case in which a preoperative diagnosis was made using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is presented. The fatty nature of the lesion was demonstrated with CT and standard spin echo MRI and further supported using inversion recovery MRI. MRI also clearly depicted the intrauterine location of the tumor.
UAV rotorcraft in compliant contact: Stability analysis and simulation

A hovering vehicle interacting with objects and surfaces must be robust to contact forces and torques transmitted to the airframe, which produce coupled dynamics distinctly different from those of free flight. These mechanics may be modeled as elastic couplings between the aircraft and the ground, represented by a 6-DOF spring in ℝ3×SO(3).We show that Proportional Derivative attitude and position controllers that stabilize a rotorcraft in free flight will also stabilize the aircraft during contact for a range of contact displacements and stiffnesses. Simulation of the coupled aircraft dynamics demonstrates stable and unstable modes of the system.
Bridging the gap of international business communication

The barriers to business communication between the West and the Orient are discussed. It is noted that access to communication resources between the two hemispheres is limited. Those resources that do exist are not always readily accessible or easy to use. It is suggested that beyond the technical barriers of communication is a very real fundamental interaction problem, as attempts are made to translate very different languages and cultures into mutually comprehensible and appreciable partnerships. Attention is given to technological advancements and cooperation that are providing solutions to communication dissemination. >
Traversing the Cell: Agrobacterium T-DNA's Journey to the Host Genome.

The genus Agrobacterium is unique in its ability to conduct interkingdom genetic exchange. Virulent Agrobacterium strains transfer single-strand forms of T-DNA (T-strands) and several Virulence effector proteins through a bacterial type IV secretion system into plant host cells. T-strands must traverse the plant wall and plasma membrane, traffic through the cytoplasm, enter the nucleus, and ultimately target host chromatin for stable integration. Because any DNA sequence placed between T-DNA “borders” can be transferred to plants and integrated into the plant genome, the transfer and intracellular trafficking processes must be mediated by bacterial and host proteins that form complexes with T-strands. This review summarizes current knowledge of proteins that interact with T-strands in the plant cell, and discusses several models of T-complex (T-strand and associated proteins) trafficking. A detailed understanding of how these macromolecular complexes enter the host cell and traverse the plant cytoplasm will require development of novel technologies to follow molecules from their bacterial site of synthesis into the plant cell, and how these transferred molecules interact with host proteins, and cytoplasmic and nuclear structures.
BPSK phase and amplitude regeneration using a traveling-wave phase-sensitive amplifier

Phase and amplitude regeneration is demonstrated for NRZ-BPSK signals degraded by both phase and amplitude distortions using a symmetric-pump phase-sensitive amplifier, implemented in 5.64 meters of bismuth-oxide highly nonlinear fiber.
Disk-Cache and Parallelism Aware I/O Scheduling to Improve Storage System Performance

Modern large computing systems employ sophisticated disk I/O systems that are configured to deliver high-throughput, low-latency disk I/O to multiple clients accessing them. However, due to potential interferences among concurrent I/O accesses issued by multiple clients, a disk-cache and disk-level parallelism unaware I/O scheduling algorithm employed by the operating system/storage controller may have a significant impact on both system throughput and I/O latency. In this paper, we propose two fundamentally new disk I/O scheduling techniques. The first technique, called DCAP, performs I/O scheduling in a disk cache aware and parallelism aware manner. The key idea in DCAP is to process simultaneous requests to different disks from the same application/priority class together and reorder them so that they have the highest number of hits in the disk cache. We then propose an enhanced version of DCAP called DCAP-G, that aggregates requests into service groups to alleviate the problem of request starvation that may occur in DCAP in certain cases. We evaluate both DCAP and DCAP-G using a set of I/O workloads from production-based enterprise systems as well as high-performance computing domain. In addition, we also compare the performance of our algorithms to previously proposed I/O scheduling algorithms. Our evaluation shows that, averaged across all our workloads, DCAP improves the average I/O response time, taking maximum advantage of disk access locality and exploiting parallelism among concurrent accesses to multiple disks, by 14.9% over an I/O scheduler that schedules requests on a first-come-first-served (FCFS) basis and also improves by 6.5% over a previously proposed locality-optimal I/O scheduler (SPCTF). In addition to these improvements, DCAP-G improves the average I/O response time by 6.6% over DCAP, leading to an overall 20.7% and 12.0% improvement over FCFS, and SPCTF, respectively.
Changes in Transcript Abundance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following Nitrogen Deprivation Predict Diversion of Metabolism

Like many microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii forms lipid droplets rich in triacylglycerols when nutrient deprived. To begin studying the mechanisms underlying this process, nitrogen (N) deprivation was used to induce triacylglycerol accumulation and changes in developmental programs such as gametogenesis. Comparative global analysis of transcripts under induced and noninduced conditions was applied as a first approach to studying molecular changes that promote or accompany triacylglycerol accumulation in cells encountering a new nutrient environment. Towards this goal, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to generate large numbers of expressed sequence tags of eight biologically independent libraries, four for each condition, N replete and N deprived, allowing a statistically sound comparison of expression levels under the two tested conditions. As expected, N deprivation activated a subset of control genes involved in gametogenesis while down-regulating protein biosynthesis. Genes for components of photosynthesis were also down-regulated, with the exception of the PSBS gene. N deprivation led to a marked redirection of metabolism: the primary carbon source, acetate, was no longer converted to cell building blocks by the glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis but funneled directly into fatty acid biosynthesis. Additional fatty acids may be produced by membrane remodeling, a process that is suggested by the changes observed in transcript abundance of putative lipase genes. Inferences on metabolism based on transcriptional analysis are indirect, but biochemical experiments supported some of these deductions. The data provided here represent a rich source for the exploration of the mechanism of oil accumulation in microalgae.
Statistical models for monitoring and regulating ground-level ozone

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ground-level ozone is now based on the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-h average ozone level (FHDA). Standard geostatistical models may not be appropriate for interpolating such a statistic from a network of monitoring sites. In this article we compare the performance of different statistical models in predicting this standard at locations where monitors are not located. We give special attention to two models: a daily model that uses an autoregression to account for spatial and temporal dependence, and a seasonal model that assumes the FHDA field is Gaussian and employs spatial statistical techniques. Based on five seasons of ozone data collected in and around North Carolina, we find that the daily model is superior enough to the seasonal model to warrant its added complexity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.