cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surge Protection Techniques in Low-Voltage AC Power Systems

Designers involved in the ac power side of telecommunications equipment have been justifiably concerned with surge protection because field experience is rich in case histories of failures attributable to transient overvoltages. Insufficient knowledge of the exact nature of these overvoltages, however, has made their task difficult in the past. After several years of data collection by a number of organizations, a more definitive understanding of the surge environment is emerging. The next few years' publications from the IEEE, the IEC, NEMA, and other interested groups will document that understanding. This paper presents an overview of the results of data collection and environment descriptions from the point of view of telecommunications power supply problems, as well as a review of applicable techniques and devices.
Surface barriers on SnO2

We report measurements made on Schottkey type surface barriers between evaporated metal layers and n-type SnO_2 crystals of approximately 0.2Ω cm resistivity.
Impact of field strength and iron oxide nanoparticle concentration on the linearity and diagnostic accuracy of off-resonance imaging

Off-resonance imaging (ORI) techniques are being increasingly used to image iron oxide imaging agents such as monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION). However, the diagnostic accuracy, linearity, and field dependence of ORI have not been fully characterized. In this study, the sensitivity, specificity, and linearity of ORI were thus examined as a function of both MION concentration and magnetic field strength (4.7 and 14 T). MION phantoms with and without an air interface as well as MION uptake in a mouse model of healing myocardial infarction were imaged. MION-induced resonance shifts were shown to increase linearly with MION concentration. In contrast, the ORI signal/sensitivity was highly non-linear, initially increasing with MION concentration until T2 became comparable to the TE and decreasing thereafter. The specificity of ORI to distinguish MION-induced resonance shifts from on-resonance water was found to decrease with increasing field because of the increased on-resonance water linewidths (15 Hz at 4.7 T versus 45 Hz at 14 T). Large resonance shifts ( approximately 300 Hz) were observed at air interfaces at 4.7 T, both in vitro and in vivo, and led to poor ORI specificity for MION concentrations less than 150 microg Fe/mL. The in vivo ORI sensitivity was sufficient to detect the accumulation of MION in macrophages infiltrating healing myocardial infarcts, but the specificity was limited by non-specific areas of positive contrast at the air/tissue interfaces of the thoracic wall and the descending aorta. Improved specificity and linearity can, however, be expected at lower fields where decreased on-resonance water linewidths, reduced air-induced resonance shifts, and longer T2 relaxation times are observed. The optimal performance of ORI will thus likely be seen at low fields, with moderate MION concentrations and with sequences containing very short TEs.
Biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic saccharide-Peptide hydrogels for three-dimensional stem cell culture.

Saccharide−peptide hydrogels have been developed in our laboratory as new synthetic extracellular matrices for regenerative medicine applications. In this work, we have expanded on our previously reported system and applied copolymerization of cysteine (Cys) and vinyl sulfone (VS)-functionalized saccharide−peptide polymers via Michael-type addition for encapsulation and 3D culture of cells. Specifically, our aims were to (1) develop a novel hydrogel platform, which could be applied for encapsulating and culturing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a 3D environment, (2) characterize the tunable properties of the hydrogel, specifically, degradation, mechanical, and gel network properties, and (3) determine the biocompatibility of the saccharide−peptide hydrogel material with MSCs. Hydrogel mechanical properties were tunable by varying the VS:Cys ratio (= 0.5, 1, or 2) as well as the pH (6, 7, or 8) of the cross-linking components. Stiffer gels were formed at VS:Cys = 1 and pH 6 or 7. Gels formed at pH 8 or wi...
What Are They Asking? An Analysis of the Questions Planned by Prospective Teachers When Integrating Literature in Mathematics.

Questioning is considered a powerful tool in mediating students’ knowledge construction and conceptual understanding. In this qualitative study, the mathematics-focused lesson plans of elementary education prospective teachers provided data to determine the ways that the approach of literature integration in mathematics influenced prospective teachers’ planned questions. All prospective teachers were required to incorporate children’s literature within the mathematics lessons they planned and presented during a field-based teaching experience. Analysis revealed variances in the numbers, types, and foci of prospective teachers’ planned questions. These findings allow speculation that the utilization of mathematics literature integration allowed many of the prospective teachers to create reform-oriented, constructivist mathematics-focused questions and experiences for their students.
Formation of delta‐aminolevulinic acid in etiolated and iron‐stressed barley

Abstract The effects of several Krebs Cycle metabolites and related compounds and iron on the formation of 6‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in etiolated and iron‐stressed barley leaves were studied. Citrate, in addition to glutamate and α‐ketoglutarate, was found to be effective in enhancing the accumulation of ALA. Succinate was relatively poorly utilized. Ascorbate showed an inhibitory effect. Whereas added FeSO4 depressed ALA content in the etiolated leaves, it enhanced the level in iron‐stressed tissue. Fluoroacetate at 10 mM exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on ALA formation. The activity of aconitase in iron‐stressed plants was increased by treatment of the leaf tissue with iron.
Simulations for improved heterostructure Gunn oscillator based on transit region doping variations

A selfconsistent ensemble Monte-Carlo procedure has been implemented within an oscillator circuit to investigate the performance of heterostructure Gunn diodes. The study includes comparisons between a conventional notch device and heterojunction oscillators having two different doping profiles. It is demonstrated that suitable tailoring of the doping concentrations within the active transit region can lead to improvements in the heterostructure performance. In particular, both the oscillator frequencies and power conversion efficiencies are enhanced, without compromising reductions in the dead zone.
Both influenza-induced neutrophil dysfunction and neutrophil-independent mechanisms contribute to increased susceptibility to a secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection

Since secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infections greatly increase the mortality of influenza infections, we determined the relative roles of neutrophil-dependent and -independent mechanisms in increased susceptibility to S. pneumoniae during influenza infection. Mice infected with influenza for 6 days, but not 3 days, showed a significant increase in susceptibility to S. pneumoniae infection compared to mice not infected with influenza. There was significant neutrophil accumulation in the lungs of S. pneumoniae-infected mice regardless of whether or not they were infected with influenza for 3 or 6 days. Depletion of neutrophils in these mice resulted in increased susceptibility to S. pneumoniae in both the non-influenza-infected mice and mice infected with influenza for 3 days but not in the mice infected with influenza for 6 days, indicating that a prior influenza infection of 6 days may compromise neutrophil function, resulting in increased susceptibility to a S. pneumoniae infection. Neutrophils from the lungs of mice infected with influenza for 3 or 6 days exhibited functional impairment in the form of decreased phagocytosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in response to S. pneumoniae. In addition, neutrophil-depleted mice infected with influenza for 6 days were more susceptible to S. pneumoniae than neutrophil-depleted mice not infected with influenza, indicating that neutrophil-independent mechanisms also contribute to influenza-induced increased susceptibility to S. pneumoniae. Pulmonary interleukin-10 levels were increased in coinfected mice infected with influenza for 6 days but not 3 days. Thus, an influenza infection of 6 days increases susceptibility to S. pneumoniae by both suppression of neutrophil function and by neutrophil-independent mechanisms such as enhanced cytokine production.
The other side of the coin: growing up with a learning disability.

This study is a narrative analysis ofthe life history of Dale, a 25-year-old man with a learning disability who received sensory integrative treatment in early childhood. The analysis revealed that Dale's selflikely developed through occupational engagement with three intercon­ nected themes: "my mother said" and "parental tricks':' "adrenaline surges" and "hell-raising'~' and work, "deal making, "and selfconstruction. These themes depict Dale's selfconstruction, character development, occupation selec­ tion, and adaptation. [n addition, these themes revealed how his parents used principles based on his sensory needs and !earning problems to organize his childhood occupa­ tions and assist with his adaptation. The concept ofoccupa­ tional metamorphosis is also proposed to describe a person's search fOr and selection ofoccupations that satisfj! biological and sensor]! needs. This study supports the idea that the complex nature ofadaptation can be revealed through an occupational history, and that adaptation is multifaceted and not absolute.
Characterization of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors Expressed in Principal Cells in the Initial Segment of the Rat Epididymis

Abstract Studies from our laboratory support a model in which growth factors produced in the testis reach the epididymis via the luminal system and play an important role in maintaining the function of epithelial cells, particularly in the initial segment. Previous work showed that γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) mRNA IV, which is highly expressed in the rat initial segment, may be under the control of luminal fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) from the testis. The current studies were undertaken to identify which fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are present in the principal cells of the rat initial segment and to identify other potential ligands for these receptors in rat rete testis fluid (RTF). Immunoblot analysis revealed that FGFRs 1–4 were present, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis confirmed that both the IIIb and IIIc splice variants of FGFRs 1–3 were expressed. However, RT-PCR using RNA isolated from principal cells collected by laser capture microdiss...
Parity & Untreated Dental Caries in US Women

While parity (number of children) reportedly is related to tooth loss, the relationship between parity and dental caries has not been extensively investigated. We used path analysis to test a theoretical model that specified that parity influences dental caries levels through dental care, psycho- social factors, and dental health damaging behaviors in 2635 women selected from the NHANES III dataset. We found that while increased parity was not associated with a greater level of total caries (DFS), parity was related to untreated dental caries (DS). The mechanisms by which parity is related to caries, however, remain undefined. Further investigation is warranted to determine if disparities in dental caries among women are due to differences in parity and the likely changes that parallel these reproductive choices.
Mining coherent patterns from heterogeneous microarray data

Microarray technology is a powerful tool for geneticists to monitor interactions among tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. There has been extensive research on coherent subspace clustering of gene expressions measured under consistent experimental settings. However, these methods assume that all experiments are run using the same batch of microarray chips with similar characteristics of noise. Algorithms developed under this assumption may not be applicable for analyzing data collected from heterogeneous settings, where the set of genes being monitored may be different and expression levels may be not directly comparable even for the same gene. In this paper, we propose a model, F-cluster, for mining subspace coherent patterns from heterogeneous gene expression data. We compare our model with previously proposed models. We analyze the search space of the problem and give a naive solution for it.
Structure of N=2 superconformally invariant unitary ``minimal'' theories: Operator algebra and correlation functions

N=2 superconformal-invariant theories are studied and their general structure is analyzed. The geometry of N=2 complex superspace is developed as a tool to study the correlation functions of the theories above. The Ward identities of the global N=2 superconformal symmetry are solved, to restrict the form of correlation functions. Advantage is taken of the existence of the degenerate operators to derive the ``fusion'' rules for the unitary minimal systems with c\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}1. In particular, the closure of the operator algebra for such systems is shown. The c\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}=(1/3 minimal system is analyzed and its two-, three-, and four-point functions as well as its operator algebra are calculated explicitly.
Electronic Publishing: the Role of a Large Scientific Society

The American Physical Society (APS), with over 40,000 members, of whom about 7,000 reside outside the United States, is the largest society of physicists in the world. At the same time it is a major publisher of the world’s physics literature. The seven sections of the Physical Review, Physical Review Letters and Reviews of Modern Physics now make up about 100,000 print pages per year. Well over half the authors of the close to 14,000 articles published each year work outside the US. Because of the growth of physics research in Europe and in other parts of the world and the perceived preeminence of the Physical Review journals, submissions from abroad have been increasing at an astounding if not alarming rate.
Low Titers of Canine Distemper Virus Antibody in Wild Fishers (Martes pennanti) in the Eastern USA

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infects species in the order Carnivora. Members of the family Mustelidae are among the species most susceptible to CDV and have a high mortality rate after infection. Assessing an animal's pathogen or disease load prior to any reintroduction project is important to help protect the animal being reintroduced, as well as the wildlife and livestock in the area of relocation. We screened 58 fishers for CDV antibody prior to their release into Pennsylvania, US, as part of a reintroduction program. Five of the 58 (9%) fishers had a weak-positive reaction for CDV antibody at a dilution of 1:16. None of the fishers exhibited any clinical sign of canine distemper while being held prior to release.
Dietary fiber and serum 16α-hydroxyestrone, an estrogen metabolite associated with lower systolic blood pressure.

Abstract Objective We recently identified an inverse relation between systolic blood pressure (SBP) and serum 16α-hydroxyestrone, a metabolite of 17β-estradiol, in postmenopausal women. Formation of 16α-hydroxyestrone is catalyzed primarily by CYP1A2, a cytochrome P450 enzyme. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relations between known modifiers of CYP1A2 activity and serum 16α-hydroxyestrone in postmenopausal women. We hypothesized that fruits, vegetables, and grains, which contain more soluble fiber (a known inducer of CYP1A2) as a proportion of total fiber, would be more positively associated with serum 16α-hydroxyestrone than legumes, which contain less soluble fiber as a proportion of total fiber. Methods Serum from a population-based sample of 42 postmenopausal women 55 to 69 y of age living in Cook County, Illinois, was assayed for 16α-hydroxyestrone using mass spectrometry. Ordinal logistic regression was used to evaluate the cross-sectional relation between dietary fiber and serum 16α-hydroxyestrone after adjusting for multiple covariates. Results Compared with dietary fiber from legumes, dietary fiber from fruits and vegetables was associated with a greater log odds (B = 0.201, P = 0.036) of having higher serum concentrations of 16α-hydroxyestrone. The log odds of having higher serum concentrations of 16α-hydroxyestrone was also lower in African-American women (B = −2.300, P = 0.030) compared with white women. Conclusion These results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating a negative relation between SBP and dietary fruits and vegetables and a positive relation between African-American race and SBP. Further research is needed regarding dietary factors that may influence the serum concentration of 16α-hydroxyestrone.
Improved propensity matching for heart failure using neural gas and self-organizing maps

We studied heart failure mortality and hospitalization of N=7,788 subjects in the Digitalis Intervention Group (DIG) clinical trial. Cases were defined as subjects with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III–IV symptoms, while controls were defined as subjects with NYHA class I–II symptomatology. Controls were propensity matched with cases using logits from logistic regression, best winning nodes for neural gas and self-organizing maps, and k-means cluster analysis. Cox proportional hazards (PH) regression models were ran to determine the all-cause mortality and hospitalization hazard ratio (HR) for having NYHA functional class III–IV. Unmatched data resulted in a mortality HR of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.17–1.41), while logit-based propensity matching resulted in a mortality HR of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.15–1.44). When neural gas (NG) was used for propensity matching with normalized and standardized features, the mortality HR was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.19–1.50) and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.94–1.17), respectively. Propensity matching with self-organized maps (SOM) and normalized and standardized features yielded mortality HRs of 1.31 (95% CI, 1.16–1.46) and 1.05 (95% CI, 0.94–1.17), respectively. Crisp K-means cluster-based matching performed worse and biased the HRs towards the null value of HR=1. The strongest influence of matching was observed for NG when normalized features were used.
Is Wikipedia growing a longer tail

Wikipedia has millions of articles, many of which receive little attention. One group of Wikipedians believes these obscure entries should be removed because they are uninteresting and neglected; these are the deletionists. Other Wikipedians disagree, arguing that this long tail of articles is precisely Wikipedia's advantage over other encyclopedias; these are the inclusionists. This paper looks at two overarching questions on the debate between deletionists and inclusionists: (1) What are the implications to the long tail of the evolving standards for article birth and death? (2) How is viewership affected by the decreasing notability of articles in the long tail? The answers to five detailed research questions that are inspired by these overarching questions should help better frame this debate and provide insight into how Wikipedia is evolving.
The association of selected pathological features with prostate cancer in a single-needle biopsy accession

Isolated high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) has been shown to be a positive predictor of prostate cancer (PCa) on follow-up biopsy. However, the incidence of isolated high-grade PIN in needle biopsy specimens has been reported with a highly variable frequency of 1% to 15%. The current study examined the relationship of various pathological features with PCa on a single biopsy accession. A study population of 388 community-based consecutive needle biopsy accessions was prospectively recorded by a single pathologist (T.M.W.). All of the individual biopsy specimens were coded for the presence of PCa, high-grade PIN, low-grade PIN, chronic inflammation (CI), intraluminal prostatic crystalloids (IPC) in benign glands, and mucinous metaplasia (MM). One hundred twenty-nine (33%) of the patients were diagnosed with PCa. The 8% incidence of isolated high-grade PIN was consistent with previous studies. The incidence of other pathological features were as follows: high-grade PIN, 14%; low-grade PIN, 13%; CI, 30%; IPC, 4%; and MM, 8%. Of the patients with high-grade PIN, 47% had PCa on a separate core biopsy, whereas 31% of patients without high-grade PIN were observed to have PCa (P=.021). Of the patients with CI, 21% were found to have PCa on a separate core, whereas 38% of patients without CI were found to have PCa (P=.0009). None of the other pathological features surveyed showed any significant association with PCa. High-grade PIN was a relatively common finding (14%) in this study and was positively associated with PCa on a separate core from the same accession biopsy. The negative association of CP with PCa within the same accession has not been reported previously and may be an artifact related to the clinical indications for a prostatic biopsy.
Correction: Characterization of laser ablation sample introduction plasma plumes in fs-LA-ICP-MS

Correction for ‘Characterization of laser ablation sample introduction plasma plumes in fs-LA-ICP-MS’ by N. L. LaHaye et al., J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2014, DOI: 10.1039/c4ja00200h.
Application of Gaussian-Beam Migration to Multiscale Imaging of the Lithosphere beneath the Hi-CLIMB Array in Tibet

Abstract In this study, we apply Gaussian-beam (GB) migration of scattered teleseismic P waves to image the crust and upper mantle beneath Tibet using data from the Hi-CLIMB experiment. We use teleseismic P waves from three groups of earthquakes to the southeast, northeast, and northwest of the Hi-CLIMB array, each within a narrow range of azimuth and distance, to obtain stacked radial receiver functions, which we then use to image the lithosphere by GB migration. We produced images at several different frequency bands in order to constrain the multiscale scattering properties of the lithosphere. For each frequency band, three GB images are generated, each from earthquake sources in a distinct back-azimuth group. The three images are then stacked to form a composite image. The imaged Moho is generally strong and continuous under much of the Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet, corresponding to a well-defined Moho. A major disrupted zone in Moho scattering, extending over 200 km in length, is evident in the vicinity of the Bangong–Nujiang suture, where there is also increased crustal scattering. The disrupted zone marks the diffuse, subsurface join between stable portions of mantle lithosphere under southern and central Tibet, respectively. At the northern end of the profile in the Qiangtang terrane there is an increase in Moho reflectivity but at a shallower depth than under the Lhasa terrane. Comparable length scales of about 200 km between regions with disrupted and smooth-varying Moho suggest that the mechanically strong mantle lithosphere and the crust respond differently to collision, with the upper crust currently undergoing pervasive strain over the entire plateau.
An Experimental Study of Group Idea Generation Techniques: Understanding the Roles of Idea Representation and Viewing Methods

Advances in innovation processes are critically important as economic and business landscapes evolve. There are many concept generation techniques that can assist a designer in the initial phases of design. Unfortunately, few studies have examined these techniques that can provide evidence to suggest which techniques should be preferred or how to implement them in an optimal way. This study systematically investigates the underlying factors of four common and well-documented techniques: brainsketching, gallery, 6-3-5, and C-sketch. These techniques are resolved into their key parameters, and a rigorous factorial experiment is performed to understand how the key parameters affect the outcomes of the techniques. The factors chosen for this study with undergraduate mechanical engineers include how concepts are displayed to participants (all are viewed at once or subsets are exchanged between participants, i.e., "rotational viewing") and the mode used to communicate ideas (written words only, sketches only, or a combination of written words and sketches). Four metrics are used to evaluate the data: quantity, quality, novelty, and variety. The data suggest that rotational viewing of sets of concepts described using sketches combined with words produces more ideas than having all concepts displayed in a "gallery view" form, but a gallery view results in more high quality concepts. These results suggest that a hybrid of methods should be used to maximize the quality and number of ideas. The study also shows that individuals gain a significant number of ideas from their teammates. Ideas, when shared, can foster new idea tracks, more complete layouts, and a diverse synthesis. Finally as teams develop more concepts, the quality of the concepts improves. This result is a consequence of the team-sharing environment and, in conjunction with the quantity of ideas, validates the effectiveness of group idea generation. This finding suggests a way to go beyond the observation that some forms of brainstorming can actually hurt productivity.
Onychomycosis: Improved Cure Rates with Itraconazole and Terbinafine

Onychomycosis is a disease that is important to our patients. Based on the current literature, recent developments of newer antifungal agents have improved cure rates of onychomycosis in the past few years (Table 3). No significant differences in safety and tolerability between itraconazole and terbinafine exist. Terbinafine does appear to have a preferable drug interaction profile. Daily therapy with either agent at standard doses has been shown to be effective when compared with placebo. When studies have directly compared daily administration of terbinafine and itraconazole, both medications have shown similar efficacy. Daily terbinafine therapy, however, appears to be more effective than pulse therapy with itraconazole. In addition, one small study showed a trend in favor of continuous rather than intermittent terbinafine therapy and similar efficacy of intermittent itraconazole and intermittent terbinafine therapy. Furthermore, terbinafine is more cost-effective than itraconazole. Finally, as quality-of-life data suggest, onychomycosis is important to our patients and affects both physical and psychosocial components of our patients' lives.
A reassessment of living hominoid postcranial variability: implications for ape evolution

In an analysis of hominoid postcranial variation, 'Evol. Anthrop. 6 (1998) 87' argued that many purportedly unique features of the hominoid postcranium are actually much more variable than previously reported and in many instances overlap with both suspensory (Ateles) and non-suspensory primates. Based on these results, it was concluded that parallelism in the living ape postcranium was a plausible and even likely possibility given the Miocene hominoid postcranial record. However, this analysis did not distinguish whether within-hominoid variability or overlap with non-hominoids involved one or all ape taxa, a distinction which has potentially important effects on the interpretation of results. To address this issue, primate postcranial morphometric data from the trunk and forelimb were reanalyzed using three techniques: cladistic analysis, principle components analysis, and cluster analysis. Results reveal that these postcranial characters distinguish not only suspensory and quadrupedal primates but also discriminate hominoids and Ateles from all other taxa, great apes from lesser apes and Ateles, cercopithecines from colobines, and cercopithecoids from platyrrhines. The majority of hominoid variability and overlap with Ateles occurs with Hylobates humeral head and shoulder joint characters related to brachiation. This suggests that Hylobates' specializations may skew analyses of hominoid postcranial uniqueness and variability, and that great apes are relatively similar in their postcranium.
The lived experiences of elementary prospective teachers in mathematics content coursework

Teaching mathematics to elementary children requires highly developed content knowledge, and questions of how teachers acquire this knowledge are of significant concern to teacher preparation programs. Even with research to the contrary, some policy makers in the USA propose additional advanced mathematics courses. One voice that is missing when considering this problem is the voice of the student (i.e. prospective teacher). To address this student‐vacant area of research and acknowledge the important role students should have in shaping research, we conducted a phenomenological inquiry into the experiences of elementary prospective teachers in mathematics content courses. The students described domains of mismatch between the courses and the professional program, affective reactions to the courses, and perceptions of effective classroom practices. These findings should inform decision making in the professional development of elementary teachers.
Confocal analysis of nervous system architecture in direct-developing juveniles of Neanthes arenaceodentata (Annelida, Nereididae)

Background Members of Family Nereididae have complex neural morphology exemplary of errant polychaetes and are leading research models in the investigation of annelid nervous systems. However, few studies focus on the development of their nervous system morphology. Such data are particularly relevant today, as nereidids are the subjects of a growing body of "evo-devo" work concerning bilaterian nervous systems, and detailed knowledge of their developing neuroanatomy facilitates the interpretation of gene expression analyses. In addition, new data are needed to resolve discrepancies between classic studies of nereidid neuroanatomy. We present a neuroanatomical overview based on acetylated α-tubulin labeling and confocal microscopy for post-embryonic stages of Neanthes arenaceodentata, a direct-developing nereidid.
Cdh1 Regulates Cell Cycle through Modulating the Claspin/Chk1 and the Rb/E2F1 Pathways

APC/Cdh1 is a major cell cycle regulator and its function has been implicated in DNA damage repair; however, its exact role remains unclear. Using affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified Claspin as a novel Cdh1-interacting protein and further demonstrated that Claspin is a novel Cdh1 ubiquitin substrate. As a result, inactivation of Cdh1 leads to activation of the Claspin/Chk1 pathway. Previously, we demonstrated that Rb interacts with Cdh1 to influence its ability to degrade Skp2. Here, we report that Cdh1 reciprocally regulates the Rb pathway through competing with E2F1 to bind the hypophosphorylated form of Rb. Although inactivation of Cdh1 in HeLa cells, with defective p53/Rb pathways, led to premature S phase entry, acute depletion of Cdh1 in primary human fibroblasts resulted in premature senescence. Acute loss of many other major tumor suppressors, including PTEN and VHL, also induces premature senescence in a p53- or Rb-dependent manner. Similarly, we showed that inactivation of the p53/Rb pathways by overexpression of SV40 LT-antigen partially reversed Cdh1 depletion-induced growth arrest. Therefore, loss of Cdh1 is only beneficial to cells with abnormal p53 and Rb pathways, which helps explain why Cdh1 loss is not frequently found in many tumors.
Financialization and Income Inequality in OECD Nations: 1995-2007

This paper attempts to examine the link between financialisation and income inequality in advanced countries from a comparative perspective using data from 20 OECD countries over a period of 13 years (1995-2007). The initial regression results show an overall strong correlation between several of the financialisation indicators and income inequality net of conventional explanations including economic growth rate, unemployment, globalisation, left party power, social spending, union density, female participation in the labour market, and wage bargaining centralisation. The results also show that although financialisation has a positive association with income inequality in nations with strong as well as weak unions, the association is stronger in the latter.
Object relocation in OX

Dynamic load balancing of cooperating tasks requires a mechanism for rerouting messages sent between the tasks. When a large number of processors and rapidly changing workloads are involved, it is important to avoid bottlenecks or global expense in the rerouting mechanism. In the Object Executive (OX), both the sending and receiving end of a communication link maintain each other's physical address. A set of auxiliary control blocks and messages are used to update these addresses when either end of the link is moved. The proposed relocation mechanism has been used by OX on a 16-processor distributed-memory parallel processor. >
Evaluating scheduling algorithms for traffic with heterogeneous performance objectives

Two types of network traffic are considered: traffic with deadlines, for which the most important performance objective is based on loss rate and packets without deadlines, for which the most important performance objective is based on mean delay. An optional scheduling algorithm is presented to minimize weighted loss rate and weighted mean delay in the queues that form at the switches and at the network access points of a packet-switched network where weights reflect the relative importance of packets. The algorithm is intended as a standard for the comparison of the performance of other scheduling algorithms. The algorithm is more general and lower computational complexity than previously published algorithms, enabling performance evaluation of some important scenarios that could not previously have been considered. Using the optimal performance results of this algorithm, the performance of the first-come-first-served, static priority, and earliest deadline first scheduling algorithms is evaluated. >
Measuring Price-Level Uncertainty and Instability in the United States, 1850–2012

Abstract We measure price-level uncertainty and instability in the United States over the period 1850 to 2012. Major outbreaks of price-level uncertainty and instability occur both before and after World War II, alternating with three price-level moderations: one near the turn of the twentieth century, another under Bretton Woods, and a third in the 1990s. There is no evidence that the price level was systematically more stable or less uncertain before or after World War II. Moderations sometimes involved links to gold, but the experience of the 1990s proves that a well-managed fiat regime can achieve the same outcome.
A Domain Decomposition Preconditioner for Multiscale High-Contrast Problems

We present a new class of coarse spaces for two-level additive Schwarz preconditioners that yield condition number bound independent of the contrast in the media properties. These coarse spaces are an extension of the spaces discussed in [3]. Second order elliptic equations are considered. We present theoretical and numerical results. Detailed description of the results and numerical studies will be presented elsewhere.
Investigation of Energy Transfer in Liquid Organic Systems

This discussion is concerned mainly with recent investigations of energy transfer in liquid organic systems. The exploration of energy transfer processes goes back to the early work of Franck, Vavilow and others and has continued ever since [1]. New investigations were stimulated when it was found that fluorescence induced by high energy radiation in dilute organic solutions [2, 3, 4] is so great that it can be explained only by assuming transfer of excitation energy from solvent to solute.
Solutions to Japan's Banking Problems: What Might Work and What Definitely Will Fail

We study the longstanding banking problems in Japan. By examining both the past policies in Japan that have failed, and the successful policies in other high income OECD countries that have overcome banking crises, we develop a roadmap for resolving the problems. We distill the problems into four basic troubles. The first is that most of the banks are severely under-capitalized when their condition is properly evaluated. The second is that the banks are not currently allocating credit efficiently, and instead are directing many loans to borrowers that will not be able to repay them. The third is that the banking sector is too large (in terms of assets) to make adequate returns. The final problem is that the banks' lack of profitability is partly related to their inability to offer the high margin products that are commonplace amongst their foreign competitors. We then explore the implications of these observations for the long-run condition of the industry. In particular, a natural way to define the end of the problems is when the banking sector has shrunk to a level where it can profitably operate and the banks are once again adequately capitalized and no-longer ever-greening loans to deadbeat borrowers. Recognizing this constellation of conditions as the eventual equilibrium for the industry is helpful because it identifies the set of problems that a successful policy must confront. Our description of the equilibrium also helps to show why past policies have failed to end the problems. The evidence from other countries, however, shows that the problems are not insurmountable. We describe how the successful policies used elsewhere could be applied in Japan. We outline alternative transition strategies that could take us from the current conditions to the equilibrium. Finally, we illustrate the alternatives by analyzing the Resona Bank rescue and the Mitsubishi Tokyo Financial Group and UFJ merger.
Shift happens: family background influences clinical variability in genetic neurodevelopmental disorders.

Shift happens: family background influences clinical variability in genetic neurodevelopmental disorders
The Effects of Age and Urine Concentration on Lysozyme and N-acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase (NAG) Content in Urine

Random urine samples were obtained to evaluate potential age- or urine concentration-related differences in lysozyme or NAG content. The concentration and excretion of both enzymes was widely variable although no age-related differences were seen. Urine concentration, however, was an important variable as NAG concentration (per mL urine) and lysozyme excretion (per mumol creatinine) were significantly elevated and reduced, respectively, in samples with a higher specific gravity. The correlation coefficient between urine specific gravity and both parameters was significant. Lysozyme excretion is elevated in subjects undergoing a modest diuresis although NAG excretion is unaffected. These data may prove to be useful in the evaluation of renal dysfunction.
Cancer Care Ethics in the Emergency Center

The emergency center (EC) is a technical, specialized, fast-paced environment where time is of the essence. Falling into a process by which the need for immediate response overshadows the need for ethical examination of important aspects of patient care is easy. Our purpose is to provide clinicians with some ethical considerations that can be made and reduce challenges to caring for the cancer patient in the EC. Cancer patients are often seen in ECs because of issues at the end of life, uncontrolled physical pain, and psychosocial or coping issues. This chapter deals with some of these and other common issues, including delirium, quickly changing condition, and possible drug-seeking behaviors for coping. Also considered are clinician responses to these as well as issues to recognize when assisting patients and their surrogates with decision-making during these difficult times. Case examples, discussion of the ethical challenges, and suggestions for the clinician and health care team are used to highlight and examine some of the ethical dilemmas faced in the EC.
Chalk it up to experience: using chalkboard paint to create mathematical manipulatives

In this article, we give two examples of creating portable chalkboards using chalkboard paint for students to use during cooperative learning. This provides a creative method for professors to facilitate active learning in the undergraduate mathematics classroom.
Abstract 773: Analysis of oncogene affected networks in tumorigenesis of lung cancer

Genetic abnormality is one of major causes of tumorigenesis by driving the progressive transformation of normal human cells into highly malignant derivatives. Tracing the downstream pathways through which and how the effects of the oncogenic-activating mutations are transmitted is an important and challenging problem in studying disease mechanisms, diagnoses and treatments. In this study, we designed a network-based computational method, called MAXMAP, to not only predict mutation downstream affected pathways, but also quantitatively measure the dynamics of the pathway genes. We first constructed a heterogeneous network by integrating protein-protein interaction networks and signaling and regulatory networks from available up-to-date curated databases, as well as RNASeq expression data. The RNAseq dataset of these mutated cell lines has 18,096 genes whereas the Protein Protein Interaction and Signalling, regulation dataset has 14,864 genes. We then used the maximal information flow method to globally optimize the effects from the mutations to target downstream genes. The method was applied to analyze the biological network dynamics that is caused by single (TP53), double (TP53+KRAS) and triple (TP53+KRAS+STK11) mutations of HBEC30KT, an immortalized lung cell line, and revealed the core dynamical subnetworks of these mutations. Only the triple mutant is known to have tumor-like properties and as shown in earlier studies these sequential mutation accumulations lead to tumorigenesis in mouse xenograft models. The experimental validation of a small subnetwork was performed using transient knock down of the pathway genes and expression was verified using qPCR. We showed the dynamical subnetworks through which a gene, SLC7A5 was affected by sequential single, double or triple mutations. We have experimentally validated the predicted small subnetwork for SLC7A5 which is an important transporter of neutral amino acids. It is associated with bladder and bile duct adeno carcinomas and overexpressed in lung cancers. We selected the subnetwork affected due to the single mutation (TP53) for validation, including THBS1, TNFRSF11B and MAPK1 and SLC7A5. Hence, using the MAXMAP method we have successfully identified a dynamical subnetwork affected by changes in the known network of genes. These results suggest that this computational method may allow us to predict drug targets or biomarkers or to study interesting alternative paths and predict the most likely path leading to certain phenotypic outcomes. Citation Format: Adwait Sathe, Yong Chen, Hyuntae Yoo, Michael Q. Zhang. Analysis of oncogene affected networks in tumorigenesis of lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 773.
Modeling User’s Social Attitude in a Conversational System

With the growing number of conversational systems that find their way in our daily life, new questions and challenges arise. Even though natural conversation with agent-based systems has been improved in the recent years, e.g., by better speech recognition algorithms, they still lack the ability to understand nonverbal behavior and conversation dynamics—a key part of human natural interaction. To make a step towards intuitive and natural interaction with virtual agents, social robots, and other conversational systems, this chapter proposes a probabilistic framework that models the dynamics of interpersonal cues reflecting the user’s social attitude within the context they occur.
Role of Energy Distribution in DNA on the Mutagenic Effects of Internal Emitters

Mutagenicity in two strains of human diploid lymphoblasts, one with (TK+) and one without (TK-) thymidine kinase, was examined following exposure to various doses of x-rays and three internal emitters: 125Iododeoxyuridine (125IdUrd), an Auger electron emitting radionuclide in a carrier which binds covalently to DNA; 131IdUrd, an energetic beta/gamma emitter; and 3H-Thy midine (3HTdR). The results were compared with those for exposure to 125Iodoacetylproflavine (125IAP), a DNA intercalating agent that localizes to the cell nucleus, or tritiated water (3HOH). In TK+ cells, 125IdUrd was much more mutagenic per decay than any of the other agents. 125IAP and 131IdUrd were similar in their effects; both were about 10 times more mutagenic per rad dose to the nucleus than x-rays. 125IdUrd had no effect in TK- cells, whereas 131IdUrd resembled x-rays in its mutagenic response. When normalized for survival, 125IdUrd remained much more mutagenic at low doses (high survival levels) than 3HTdR or x-rays, but was similar to 125IAP. 3HOH and 3HTdR were 2-3 times more mutagenic per rad than x-rays, but 3HOH was less cytotoxic than either x-rays or 3HTdR. Southern blot analysis of mutants at the hprt locus induced by these various radiations indicates that a higher proportion of large scale DNA changes (especially gene loss) occurs among 125I mutants than among x-ray induced or spontaneous mutants.
Reactive ion etching of Ta-Si-N diffusion barriers in CHF3+O2

Reactive ion etching of Ta/sub 36/Si/sub 14/N/sub 50/ diffusion barrier layers was performed in CHF/sub 3/+O/sub 2/ plasmas. Etch depths and rates were determined as a function of etch gas composition, cathode power, and etching time. Etching proceeds only after an initial delay which depends on gas composition and cathode power. This delay is attributed to the presence of a native surface oxide which must first be removed before etching can commence. Maximum etch rate was attained at 62.5% O/sub 2/ concentration, which also corresponds to minimum delay. >
Topological and Orthomodular Modeling of Context in Behavioral Science

Two non-boolean methods are discussed for modeling context in behavioral data and theory. The first is based on intuitionistic logic, which is similar to classical logic except that not every event has a complement. Its probability theory is also similar to classical probability theory except that the definition of probability function needs to be generalized to unions of events instead of applying only to unions of disjoint events. The generalization is needed, because intuitionistic event spaces may not contain enough disjoint events for the classical definition to be effective. The second method develops a version of quantum logic for its underlying probability theory. It differs from Hilbert space logic used in quantum mechanics as a foundation for quantum probability theory in variety of ways. John von Neumann and others have commented about the lack of a relative frequency approach and a rational foundation for this probability theory. This article argues that its version of quantum probability theory does not have such issues. The method based on intuitionistic logic is useful for modeling cognitive interpretations that vary with context, for example, the mood of the decision maker, the context produced by the influence of other items in a choice experiment, etc. The method based on this article's quantum logic is useful for modeling probabilities across contexts, for example, how probabilities of events from different experiments are related.