cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Case of Nord-Ost: Dubrovka and the Search for Answers

Abstract The paper reviews the experience of the group Nord-Ost (The Regional Social Organisation for Assistance and Defence of the Victims of Terrorist Acts) as an example of an NGO that has taken a rights advocacy position which has led it into confrontation with the state. Nord-Ost demands the state's accountability for the consequences of its response to the 2002 Dubrovka terrorist attack. Thus, it confronts challenges common to other rights advocacy groups in Russia today.
Chemical Versus Isotopic Equilibrium and the Metabolic Fate of Glycolytic End Products in the Heart

Recent studies of isotope exchange across lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alanine aminotransferase (AAT) in hearts call into question whether both reactions are in equilibrium. To compare the oxidative and non-oxidative fates of glycolytic end products, isolated rabbit hearts were perfused with 5 mM [2-13C] glucose and 2.5 mM [3-13C] pyruvate: with (n = 6) and without (n = 7) stimulation of pyruvate oxidation using dichloroacetate (DCA), and during normal perfusion or hypoxia (n = 7/n = 6, +/- DCA). 13C NMR spectroscopy of intact hearts confirmed a steady-state enrichment level in both alanine and lactate. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy of tissue extracts identified the fractions of lactate, alanine and glutamate pools formed from each exogenous substrate. Glycolysis from glucose accounted for 22 +/- 7% of lactate formed and 10 +/- 2% of alanine formed in control hearts, and 16 +/- 2% lactate and 15 +/- 2% alanine in hypoxic hearts (mean +/- S.E.M.). In contrast, exogenous pyruvate formed 36 +/- 5% of the lactate pool, and 86 +/- 3% of the alanine pool in controls and 47 +/- 3% of lactate and of 67 +/- 3% alanine during hypoxia. [2(-13)C] glucose did not contribute to oxidative energy production via the TCA cycle as determined from low 13C enrichment of glutamate C5 from glucose (< 2%), while [3-13C] pyruvate accounted for 84 +/- 7% of labeled glutamate C4. Thus, exogenous pyruvate out-competed the metabolism of glucose, indicating low glycolytic activity. At 40 min, 96 +/- 2% of the total alanine was labeled from either glucose or pyruvate, confirming equilibrium at AAT. However, only 55 +/- 10% of total lactate was labeled, suggesting that the LDH reaction is not in rapid equilibrium within the myocardium.
An angiographic and histologic study of cocaine-induced chest pain

Abstract Chest pain is not an uncommon symptom in patients who abuse cocaine. A small number also develop acute myocardial infarction. 1,2 Most, however, show electrocardiographic ST-segment or T-wave abnormalities as the only objective evidence of myocardial ischemia. Coronary artery spasm has been popularly invoked as the possible cause for chest pain. 3,4 However, evidence for spasm is largely circumstantial at present. An alternative source of pain may be myocarditis, 5 which has been demonstrated in some patients dying of cocaine abuse. 6,7
Dizocilpine (MK-801) arrests status epilepticus and prevents brain damage induced by soman.

Abstract The involvement of the NMDA receptor in the neurotoxicity induced by soman, an organophosphorus compound which irreversibly inhibits cholinesterase, was studied in guinea pigs. The drug MK-801 (0.5, 1 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.) was given as a pretreatment before a convulsant dose of soman or as a posttreatment (30, 100 or 300 mg/kg, i.m.) 5 min after the development of soman-induced status epilepticus . Pyridostigmine, atropine and pralidoxime chloride were also given to each subject to counteract the lethality of soman. All subjects that were challenged with soman and given the vehicle for MK-801 (saline) exhibited severe convulsions and electrographic seizure activity. Neuronal necrosis was found in the hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus and the pyriform and cerebral cortices of those subjects surviving for 48 hr. Pretreatment with 0.5 or 1 mg/kg doses of MK-801 did not prevent nor delay the onset of seizure activity but did diminish its intensity and led to its early arrest. At the largest dose (5 mg/kg), MK-801 completely prevented the development of seizure activity and brain damage. Posttreatment with MK-801 prevented, arrested or reduced seizure activity, convulsions and neuronal necrosis in a dose-dependent manner. The NMDA receptor may play a more critical role in the spread and maintenance, rather than the initiation of cholinergically-induced seizure activity.
The Impact of a Hurricane on Routine Activities and on Calls for Police Service: Charlotte, North Carolina, and Hurricane Hugo

Cohen and Felson's routine activity theory asserts that crime occurs when motivated offenders converge in time and space with targets lacking capable guardianship. Crime is a product of our normal everyday routines. This research examines how Hurricane Hugo altered routine activities during the period 22nd September - 2nd October 1989, in Charlotte, North Carolina. The impacts of this natural disaster are reflected by changes in the quantity, nature, and timing of calls for police service. A modified routine activity framework is employed to explain the conceptual linkages among routine activities, time, calls to the police, and weather. Furthermore, different time periods are defined as being primarily for the pursuit of either obligatory or discretionary routine activities. The calls-for-service data for this research emanate from the computer-aided dispatch files of the Charlotte Police Department. The results indicate that Hurricane Hugo seriously impeded the circulation of the city and disrupted routine activities. Calls for service increased greatly during the day of Hugo's arrival, and remained high for over a week. The inability of the population to pursue their normal routine activity patterns meant that time periods ordinarily used for the pursuit of obligatory activities changed to discretionary time periods. Moreover, while the police still fulfilled their law enforcement function, the nature and volume of the calls indicated a greater emphasis on order maintenance and service functions. Finally, during Hugo's arrival day and the following three days of recovery burglary reports were much higher than normal, as were reports of a man with a gun; the former implies that the hurricane increased vulnerable targets, while the latter implies defensive gun use may have been used as a method of enhancing guardianship.
Test results from a Mobile Profiler System

A Mobile Profiler System is being developed to provide operational users with atmospheric soundings in near to real time. The reduction of refresh time from the 2 to 12 hours of traditional rawinsonde systems to as short as 3 to 5 minutes should considerably reduce errors caused by time staleness. The mobile profiler combines a small satellite receiver and processor with ground-based remote-sensing systems and a portable meteorological ground station. Ground-based systems include a 924 MHz radar wind profiler, a radio acoustic sounding system for virtual temperature, and a multi-channel microwave radiometer for virtual temperature and total water vapour and liquid water content. Satellite soundings contain temperature, dew point and the derived variables of wind speed and direction. This paper describes the mobile profiler, provides a very brief outline of the combined sounding technique and presents some results from field tests. Comparisons with rawinsonde soundings nearly coincident in space and time provide an indication of the accuracy of the system. For the merged soundings, average standard deviations and means for virtual temperature were about 1.5 to 2.0 K and ±0.5 K, respectively. Preliminary results for wind speed suggested values consistent with those reported in the literature, but were inconclusive for wind direction.
An Optimization Approach to the Design of Value-Added Soybean Oil Products

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of new products that can be synthesized from soybean oil and used in applications, such as fuel additives, detergents, and industrial solvents. Soybean oil derivatives have been found in previous studies to have excellent properties in terms of improving diesel fuel performance. However, a methodology that allows the determination of both the molecular structures of soybean oil-derived compounds and the relative amounts of these compounds within a mixture closely matches a set of desired physical properties. This employs topological indices as descriptors of the molecules within a mixture to predict physical properties. These indices take into account not only the types of atoms present within the molecules but also the bonding environments among those atoms. New correlations have been generated based on these indices, which are then used within an optimization framework to derive candidate mixtures that can be synthesized and tested for use in a given application. The optimization problem has been formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, which is then solved using standard techniques to generate both the molecular structures of the compounds in the mixture and the proportion of each compound within that mixture. The formulation is then tested using a number of industrial examples.
Phase I trial of systemic intravenous infusion of interleukin-13-Pseudomonas exotoxin in patients with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but lethal malignancy without effective current therapy for metastatic disease. IL-13-PE is a recombinant cytotoxin consisting of human interleukin-13 (IL-13) and a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE). The main objectives of this Phase I dose-escalation trial were to assess the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), safety, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of IL-13-PE in patients with metastatic ACC. Eligible patients had confirmed IL-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13Rα2) expressions in their tumors. IL-13-PE at dose of 1–2 μg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) on day 1, 3, and 5 in a 4-week cycle. Six patients received 1 μg/kg and two patients received 2 μg/kg of IL-13-PE. Dose-limiting toxicity was observed at 2 μg/kg, at which patients exhibited thrombocytopenia and renal insufficiency without requiring dialysis. PK analysis demonstrated that at MTD, the mean maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of IL-13-PE was 21.0 ng/mL, and the terminal half-life of IL-13-PE was 30–39 min. Two (25%) of the eight patients had baseline neutralizing antibodies against PE. Three (75%) of the remaining four tested patients developed neutralizing antibodies against IL-13-PE within 14–28 days of initial treatment. Of the five patients treated at MTD and assessed for response, one patient had stable disease for 5.5 months before disease progression; the others progressed within 1–2 months. In conclusion, systemic IV administration of IL-13-PE is safe at 1 μg/kg. All tested patients developed high levels of neutralizing antibodies during IL-13-PE treatment. Use of strategies for immunodepletion before IL-13-PE treatment should be considered in future trials.
Synthesis of 1-(1-D-car☐y-2-methylpropyl)3-L-(5-L-aminoadipamido)-4-L-mercaptoazetidin-2-one (seco-isopenicillin N), a potential intermediate in penicillin biosynthesis.

Abstract The title compound has efficiently been synthesized by the skeletal rearrangement of the protected isopenicillin N sulfoxide and the subsequent hydrolysis of the thiazoline ring.
Retrograde transport of nerve growth factor from hippocampus and amygdala to trk A messenger RNA expressing neurons in paraventricular and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus

Abstract We previously reported the presence of trk A messenger RNA expressing non-cholinergic neurons in the paraventricular anterior and reuniens nuclei, which are located in the thalamic midline. In the present study, retrograde labeling with iodinated ( 125 I) nerve growth factor was used to identify the innervation target of these cells. Neurons in the paraventricular anterior and reuniens nuclei were labeled following injection of iodinated nerve growth factor into amygdala and hippocampus, but not into nucleus accumbens and entorhinal cortex, the two other main areas receiving strong innervation from the thalamic midline. Target ablation of hippocampus or amygdala failed to down-regulate trk A messenger RNA expression in the two thalamic nuclei, thus suggesting a role for nerve growth factor different from a critical survival factor. The thalamic paraventricular anterior and reuniens nuclei are part of the reticular formation which plays a role in general cortical activation, behavioral arousal and control of awareness. Retrograde transport of nerve growth factor by trk A messenger RNA expressing neurons in these nuclei suggests a physiological role of this trophic factor in the function of these cells.
Photonic spin hall effect at metasurfaces

The spin Hall effect (SHE) of light is very weak because of the extremely small photon momentum and spin-orbit interaction. Here, we report a strong photonic SHE resulting in a measured large splitting of polarized light at metasurfaces. The rapidly varying phase discontinuities along a metasurface, breaking the axial symmetry of the system, enable the direct observation of large transverse motion of circularly polarized light, even at normal incidence. The strong spin-orbit interaction deviates the polarized light from the trajectory prescribed by the ordinary Fermat principle. Such a strong and broadband photonic SHE may provide a route for exploiting the spin and orbit angular momentum of light for information processing and communication.
Tolerability of Divalproex Sodium in Elderly Psychiatric Patients with Mixed Diagnoses

This study addresses the tolerability of divalproex sodium in elderly psychiatric inpatients with various Axis I diagnoses, using structured assessments. A chart review for a 7-month period on a ge...
Bing-Neel Syndrome revisited.

Since the 1936 seminal description of neurologic difficulties in patients with hyperglobulinemia, the “Bing-Neel Syndrome” has been applied to a range of neurologic symptoms. To clarify the central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), we performed a literature search (years 1936 to 2008) of reports of “Bing-Neel Syndrome” or “WM affecting the CNS” (WM-CNS). We excluded cases of hyperviscosity, malignant transformation, vasculitis, and purely ophthalmologic manifestations. After analysis of symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), imaging, and histopathology, we separate WM-CNS into (1) lymphoplasmacytoid cells infiltrating the CNS, and (2) a non-cellular form, in which other mechanisms, such as IgM deposition, might produce the neurologic symptoms.
Use of human pseudo-epidermis to evaluate the toxicity of bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES) on water permeation barrier formation and function

Abstract Human pseudo-epidermis was used to investigate the effects of bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES) on the formation and function of the water permeation barrier. To generate the culture, 2 million viable basal cells derived from human skin were plated on a Puropore nylon microporous membrane pre-coated with calf skin collagen. Addition of bovine pituitary extract and epidermal growth factor to the medium favored the formation of homogeneous cultures and better barrier function. The water permeation constant ( K p ) was shown to decrease significantly and reached 25 ± 6 × 10 −3 when it was calculated from 71% of the cultures prepared. The effects of topically applied BCES on the incorporation of [ 14 C]linoleic acid, as a marker for lipid synthesis, and K p , as a measure of water permeation, were studied. Compared with untreated cultures, there was no difference in the K p immediately after exposure to 1–10 nmol BCES/cm 2 for 30 min. On the other hand, [ 14 C]linoleic acid incorporation was dose-dependently decreased immediately after exposure and then returned to normal by 48 h later. These data suggest that BCES produces no direct damage to the water permeation barrier but may affect barrier formation by inhibiting lipid synthesis.
A portrait of the relationship between mechanization and work in the U.S. economy

Research on the effects of technological change on work has generated a wide and confusing array of findings. A key problem to date has been the lack of large-scale studies of the relationship between mechanization and work characteristics. This study analyzes this relationship using data from the 1980 Census of Population. The results are mixed: work characteristics in more mechanized industries compared to less mechanized industries are higher in some dimensions and lower in others. A path model approach allows aggregation of these mixed results. Using wages as a yardstick, and controlling for other determinants of wages, we find that the work characteristics of more mechanized industries are upgraded in the aggregate, compared to those in less mechanized industries. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Forced-Path Execution for Android Applications on x86 Platforms

We present a code analysis framework that performs scalable forced-path execution of Android applications in commodity hardware. Our goal is to reveal the full application functional behavior for large commercial applications without access to source code. We do so by identifying code blocks and API calls that are deemed sensitive and provide a security report to an analyst regarding the functionality of the Android application that is under inspection. We show that our approach is scalable by allowing for the execution of each software component by numerous instances of execution modules. Each execution instance exercises a different code path through the application call-graph leading to full code and state space coverage and exposing any hidden or unwanted functionality. The output is a list of API calls, parameter values, component call graphs, and control flow graphs. We show how this can be leveraged for automated policy enforcement of runtime functionality.
Mass spectrometry and non-covalent protein-ligand complexes: Confirmation of binding sites and changes in tertiary structure

An experimental approach is described for determining protein-small molecule non-covalent ligand binding sites and protein conformational changes induced by ligand binding. The methodology utilizes time resolved limited proteolysis and the high throughput analysis capability of MALDI TOF MS to determine the binding site in a tetanus toxin C-fragment (51 kDa)-doxorubicin (543 Da) non-covalent complex. Comparing relative ion abundances of peptides released from the time resolved limited proteolysis of tetanus toxin C-fragment (TetC) and the TetC-doxorubicin complex every 10 min from 10 to 120 min of digestion revealed that the binding of doxorubicin induced a significant change in surface topology of TetC. Four of the twenty-nine peptides observed by MALDI MS, including amino acids 351–360, 299–304, 305–311 and 312–316, had a lower abundance in the TetC-doxorubicin complex relative to TetC from 10 to 100 min of digestion. A decrease in ion abundance suggests doxorubicin obstructs the access of the protease to one or both termini of these peptides, identifying doxorubicin binding site(s). Conversely, five peptide ions, including amino acids 335–350, 364–375, 364–376, 281–298, and 316–328, all had a greater abundance in the digest of the complex, indicating an increase in accessibility to these sites. These five peptides flank regions of decreased ion abundance, suggesting that doxorubicin not only binds to the surface, but also induces a conformational change in TetC.
The horns of the dilemma are sharp.

I would like to present the details of an actual case from my own experience over which I, along with the family, have agonized. I think this case brings into focus some of the unique issues in perinatal medicine where multiple patients, some real and some potential, can enter into a single decision. I hope that through this presentation others may gain insight into the complexities of applied ethics in perinatal medicine.
Menu design: can menus sell?

Objectives of a menu include communication of the products available for sale, providing tangible evidence and selling. Managers must consider all these elements when they create a new menu. Focuses on menus as a sales tool in a full‐service restaurant. Describes an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of using menu design techniques to sell a specific menu item. Presents the experiment′s results and four propositions that relate to the effectiveness of the menu as a selling tool.
Hysteresis in optical sensing and its impact on the analytical error of a calibration-free acid sensor

Abstract Durability tests and statistical analyses of errors have been conducted for an indicator-doped optical sol–gel sensor for concentrated strong acid. During the 9-month tests with no recalibration, the sensor response was steady in 2, 6, and 10 M HCl. The studies here revealed that the major component of the analytical error was the hysteresis of the sensor response for this bromocresol purple (BSP) doped sol–gel sensor. The contribution of hysteresis to the total variance S hyst 2 / S T 2 is 54 (11)% and 62 (13)% for 2 and 6 M HCl, respectively.
Sequence analysis of a unique temperate phage: mycoplasma virus L2

Abstract Mycoplasma virus L2 is a quasi-spherical enveloped virion containing circular double-stranded DNA. L2 infection of Acholeplasma laidlawii host cells leads to a noncytocidal productive infection cycle followed by establishment of lysogeny in all (or most) infected cells, with viral DNA integrated into the host cell genome. The L2 genome has been sequenced and analyzed. L2 DNA is 11965-bp long and contains 15 open reading frames (ORFs). One of these, ORF 13∗, has its start codon within and in the same reading frame as ORF 13. The ORFs are clustered in four groups separated by noncoding intergenic regions, suggesting that gene expression involves transcription of genes in a cluster into polycistronic mRNA and translation of these genes via translational coupling or reinitiation. Fifteen L2 start codon sites have been defined and resemble those of eubacteria. The N-terminal sequences of two ORFs appear to be signal peptides, and the gene product of one of these may be an L2 virion integral membrane protein. The ORF 5 product has been tentatively identified as an integrase, based on its sequence similarity to site-specific recombinases. The putative attP integration site has been mapped to an intergenic region, 280-bp downstream from ORF 5. Two putative DNA replication ori sites have been mapped. Each is in an intergenic region and contains a DnaA-box bounded by A + T-rich 6-mer repeats.
Managing heterogeneous network environments using an extensible policy framework

Security policy management is critical to meet organizational needs and reduce potential risks because almost every organization depends on computer networks and the Internet for their daily operations. It is therefore important to specify and enforce security policies effectively. However, as organizations grow, so do their networks increasing the difficulty of deploying a security policy, especially across heterogeneous systems. In this paper, we introduce a policy framework called Chameleos-x which is designed to enforce security policies consistently across security-aware systems with network services-primarily operating systems, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems. Throughout this paper, we focus on the design and architecture of Chameleos-x and demonstrate how our policy framework helps organizations implement security policies in changing, diversity-rich environments. We also describe our experimentation of Chameleos-x to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Analysis of hypoglycemic events using negative binomial models

Negative binomial regression is a standard model to analyze hypoglycemic events in diabetes clinical trials. Adjusting for baseline covariates could potentially increase the estimation efficiency of negative binomial regression. However, adjusting for covariates raises concerns about model misspecification, in which the negative binomial regression is not robust because of its requirement for strong model assumptions. In some literature, it was suggested to correct the standard error of the maximum likelihood estimator through introducing overdispersion, which can be estimated by the Deviance or Pearson Chi-square. We proposed to conduct the negative binomial regression using Sandwich estimation to calculate the covariance matrix of the parameter estimates together with Pearson overdispersion correction (denoted by NBSP). In this research, we compared several commonly used negative binomial model options with our proposed NBSP. Simulations and real data analyses showed that NBSP is the most robust to model misspecification, and the estimation efficiency will be improved by adjusting for baseline hypoglycemia.
Multi-Temperature Crystallographic Studies of Mixed-Valence Polynuclear Complexes; Valence Trapping Process in the Trinuclear Oxo-Bridged Iron Compound, [Fe3O(O2CC(CH3)3)6(C5H5N)3]

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data have been collected on five different crystals at 12 different temperatures (10, 28, 35, 60, 85, 100, 118, 135, 160, 200, 240, 295 K) on a trinuclear, oxo-bridged, mixed-valence iron complex, Fe3O(O2CC(CH3)3)6(C5H5N)3, using both synchrotron and conventional radiation sources. The present study for the first time provides structural information for an oxo-bridged trinuclear compound below the boiling point of nitrogen (77 K). The use of very low-temperature crystallographic data is crucial for understanding the physical properties of the complex. No change of space group is observed in the whole temperature range, although a reversible broadening of the Bragg peaks is observed around 85 K. The structure has ordering processes involving the tert-butyl groups, and above 85 K, four tert-butyl groups become disordered. Around 150 K, a fifth tert-butyl becomes disordered, whereas the last tert-butyl is ordered at all temperatures. Very significant temperature-dependent cha...
Segmental Interchange, the Basis of Chromosomal Attachments in Oenothera

An argument is presented in support of the hypothesis that segmental interchange or the mutual exchange of parts of non-homologous chromosomes, is responsible for the formation of circles of chromosomes found during meiosis in Oenothera. The chief points which are made are:1. There is no chromosome configuration possible to 14-chromosome Oenotheras which can not be formed in an enormous number of ways by the proper arrangement of the ends of two sets or complexes of 7 chromosomes, and the Union of these complexes in pairs.2. Even the most complicated chromosome configurations, and those involving the largest circles, could have arisen in nature by very short series of simple segmental interchanges, and it is quite easy to conceive of the origin of large circles in the course of evolution as due to such interchanges.3. It is possible an the basis of this hypothesis, using as data the facts already known regarding chromosome arrangements and linkage relations in the various species and hybrids, to predict what the chromosome arrangement must be in certain hybrid combinations. In all, it has been possible so far to make 8 predictions. Three of these have not as yet been tested, but in the other 5 Gases the predictions have agreed with the facts. It has further been shown that the pure-ly mathematical odds against success in prediction in the degree which has attended this effort are more than 375, 000 to one. The fact that, in a number of hybrids at least, the only chromosome configuration possible an the basis of segmental interchange is the configuration actually found; as well as the fast that no Gases have been found in which the configuration present is theoretically impossible an the basis of segmental interchange, suggests most strongly that segmental interchange is at the basis of circle formation. Detailed reasoning is presented in the rase of each predietion.Finally, certain seeming difficulties in the way of the hypothesis are discussed, and are found to be in all probability more apparent than real. All indications at present point toward the probability that segmental interchange is responsible for the end to end Union of chromosomes in meiosis in Oenothera.
The Determinants Of Interstate Variations In Income Distribution

Several contributions (e.g., Al-Samarrie and Miller, Aigner and Heins, and Jonish and Kau) have attempted to explain interstate variations in the Lorenz-Gini coefficient by means of the Kuznets [1955, 1963] hypothesis. In his model, Kuznets examined the rela? tionship between income concentration and economic development. He suggested that, during the first stage of development (a period of approximately 50 years), the shift away from agriculture and the in? creasing concentration of wealth in higher income groups tend to increase income inequality. However, Kuznets predicted that as econ? omies mature, social and political factors will emerge to improve the relative status of lower income groups. Empirical tests for the U.S. have been concerned with this latter phase of the development process. The typical procedure has been to estimate, with ordinary least squares, a single equation model of the determinants of the Lorenz Gini index of inequality. Among the regressors are mean family in? come, used as a proxy for economic development, and several va? riables designed to incorporate factors closely associated with the work of Kravis. The usual finding of a significant negative coefficient for mean family income has been interpreted as a confirmation of the Kuznets theory. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we show that the single equation model used in these recent studies may contain a specifica? tion error. We suggest that the essence of the Kuznets-Kravis sketch of the process by which development reduces income inequality is better represented by a simple multi-equation system. Within this context, the type of equation which has been estimated elsewhere may be neither a structural equation of the model nor a reduced form
Scalable resources management using shaped weighted round-robin scheduling

ABSTRACT A framework for resource management of MPLS label-switched routes (LSRs) over a diffserv Internet domain isdescribed. A "traffic management" problem is formulated in which the LSRS are not statically allocated an amountof bandwidth and buffers per node. A very limited amount of information is passed on to the diffserv nodes about the traffic characteristics and QoS requirements using the LSR. The diffserv node can use this information and on-line queue measurements for dynamic resources (bandwidth and buffer) management. In this general context, asuitable "shaped" weighted round-robin (SWRR) bandwidth scheduling mechanism is specified. Performance andimplementation issues are explored for SWRR. Finally, how SWRR can approximate weighted fair queueing (WFQ)is discussed.Keywords: broadband networks, traffic measurements, buffer management, scheduling, MPLS, diffserv 1. INTRODUCTION A contiguous Internet domain whose interior consists of diffserv routers is considered. Connection-oriented transmis-sion across the cloud is achieved by MPLS label-switched routes (LSRs). The forward equivalence class (FEC) of anLSR can be mapped to one of eight diffserv classes via the 3-bit experimental (EXP) field in the MPLS header. Ourgoal is to very efficiently utilize the cloud's bandwidth in a scalable way. There is, however, significant uncertaintyas to the statistical character of the traffic. The diverse set of traffic is aggregated to a high degree. For reasons ofscalability and lack of a priori knowledge, simple (but crude) parameters are used to describe traffic characteristicsand QoS requirements. Such imperfect traffic parameters may be communicated to the diffserv nodes when the LSRSare set up or resized.To maximize bandwidth usage by statistical multiplexing, it is desirable to avoid static and explicitly requestedend-to-end bandwidth reservations upon LSR set-up except, of course, for certain applications like leased lines.
Publications in group work, 1989

Abstract Reviewed are 12 books in group work published in 1989. Treatments for both growth and remediation are included, representing diverse target audiences and a variety of approaches
Measurements of ocean currents with SAR interferometry and HF radar

The purpose of this paper is to report the authors' preliminary efforts to calibrate and intercompare interferometric SAR and OSCR HF radar measurements of ocean current fields collected during the ONR High-Resolution Remote Sensing Experiment in June, 1993. This experiment acquired both strip-map and interferometric SAR imagery from a region that contained interesting oceanographic features where many of the in situ sensors were located. Simultaneous SAR imagery at P-, L-, and C-band can provide somewhat different information about the oceanographic features and the air-sea interaction. A comparison between surface currents derived from the INSAR phase maps with those obtained from OSCR has shown good qualitative agreement. The authors are presently working to achieve a quantitative comparison between both of these remote-sensing techniques as well as with with measurements from in situ current meters. >
Complementation of a Binding-Defective Retrovirus by a Host Cell Receptor Mutant

The entry of ecotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV) into cells requires the interaction of the envelope protein (Env) with its receptor, mouse cationic amino acid transporter 1 (mATRC1). An aspartic acid-to-lysine change at position 84 (D84K) of ecotropic Moloney MLV Env abolishes virus binding and infection. We recently identified lysine 234 (rK234) in mATRC1 as a residue that influences virus binding and infection. Here we show that D84K virus infection increased 3,000-fold on cells expressing receptor with an rK234A change and 100,000-fold on cells expressing an rK234D change. The stronger complementation of D84K virus infection by rK234D than by the rK234A receptor suggests that although the major reason for loss of infection of D84K and D84R virus is due to steric hindrance and charge repulsion, the loss of an interaction of D84 with receptor appears to contribute as well. Taken together, these results indicate that D84 is very close to rK234 of mATRC1 in the bound complex and there is likely an interaction between them. The definitive localization of the receptor binding site on SU should facilitate the design of chimeric envelope proteins that target infection to new receptors by replacing the receptor binding site with an exogenous ligand sequence.
p31comet blocks Mad2 activation through structural mimicry.

Summary The status of spindle checkpoint signaling depends on the balance of two opposing dynamic processes that regulate the highly unusual two-state behavior of Mad2. In mitosis, a Mad1-Mad2 core complex recruits cytosolic Mad2 to kinetochores through Mad2 dimerization and converts Mad2 to a conformer amenable to Cdc20 binding, thereby facilitating checkpoint activation. p31 comet inactivates the checkpoint through binding to Mad1- or Cdc20-bound Mad2, thereby preventing Mad2 activation and promoting the dissociation of the Mad2-Cdc20 complex. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Mad2-p31 comet complex. The C-terminal region of Mad2 that undergoes rearrangement in different Mad2 conformers is a major structural determinant for p31 comet binding, explaining the specificity of p31 comet toward Mad1- or Cdc20-bound Mad2. p31 comet adopts a fold strikingly similar to that of Mad2 and binds at the dimerization interface of Mad2. Thus, p31 comet exploits the two-state behavior of Mad2 to block its activation by acting as an "anti-Mad2."
ERAP75 Functions as a Coactivator to Enhance Estrogen Receptor α Transactivation in Prostate Stromal Cells

BACKGROUND. Estrogen receptora (ERa) has been reported to be expressed and function in the prostate stromal cells, and numerous evidences indicated that the stromal ERa signal pathway plays critical roles in prostate development and cancer. ERa requires distinct coregulators for efficient transcriptional regulation. The goal of this study is to examine physical and functional interaction between ERa and ERAP75 in the context of prostate stromal cells. METHOD. Yeast two-hybrid assays were used to screen novel ERa interaction proteins. The interaction between ERa and ERAP75 was confirmed by mammalian two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation methods. The interaction motif was examined by site-directed mutagenesis. The effect of ERAP75 on ERa transactivation and the expression of ERa target genes were determined by luciferase assay and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULT. ERa can interact with the C terminus of ERAP75 via its ligand binding domain both in vivo and in vitro. The conserved LXXLL motif within the C terminus of ERAP75 is required for the interaction between ERa and ERAP75. ERAP75 can enhance ERa transactivation in a dose-dependent manner and up-regulate the expression of the endogenous ERa target gene, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), in the prostate stromal cells. CONCLUSION. ERAP75 functions as a novel coactivator that can modulate ERa function in the prostate stromal cells. The understanding of the mechanism of ERa transactivation in prostate stromal cells could possibly help in the development of new strategies to control or treat prostate cancer by targeting its transactivation protein complex. Prostate 68: 1273–1282,
Creating a Customized Access Method for Blobworld

We present the design and analysis of a customized access method for the content-based image retrieval system, Blobworld. Using the amdb access method analysis tool, we analyzed three existing multidimensional access methods to support nearest neighbor search in the context of the Blobworld application. Based on this analysis, we propose several variants of the R-tree, tailored to address the problems the analysis revealed. We implemented the access methods we propose in the Generalized Search Trees (GiST) framework and analyzed them. We found that two of our access methods have better performance characteristics for the Blobworld application than any of the traditional multi-dimensional access methods we examined. Based on this experience, we draw conclusions for nearest neighbor access method design, and for the task of constructing custom access methods tailored to particular applications.
A Quality-of-Life Scale for Assistive Technology: Results of a Pilot Study of Aging and Technology

Background. In an aging society, it is increasingly important to understand how assistive devices can be used by older people to maintain quality of life despite chronic disabilities. Assistive technology is a mainstay of physical therapist practice, but the potential for device use to affect psychosocial well-being is not yet understood at the population level. Objective. The objective of this study was to develop a parsimonious indicator that can be used in population-based surveys to represent the effect of assistive technologies on quality of life for older people, separate from personal assistance. Design. This study was a cross-sectional survey. Methods. The methods used in this study were psychometric scale development and structural equation modeling. Results. The results indicated that a parsimonious, valid, and reliable scale reflecting quality of life related to assistive device use can be created from 3 questions designed to measure improvements in safety, control, and participation due to technology. The findings also suggested that assistive technology may more effectively improve quality of life for people with greater levels of functional limitations. Limitations. The data were derived from a cross-sectional survey conducted by telephone. The use of personal assistance, on average, was low; thus, the applicability to a population with more profound care needs has yet to be confirmed.
Protein Kinase G Phosphorylates Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus NS5

Serine/threonine phosphorylation of the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) is a conserved feature of flaviviruses, but the kinase(s) responsible and function(s) remain unknown. Mass spectrometry was used to compare the phosphorylation sites of the NS5 proteins of yellow fever virus (YFV) and dengue virus (DENV), two flaviviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. Seven DENV phosphopeptides were identified, but only one conserved phosphoacceptor site (threonine 449 in DENV) was identified in both viruses. This site is predicted to be a protein kinase G (PKG) recognition site and is a strictly conserved serine/threonine phosphoacceptor site in mosquito-borne flaviviruses. In contrast, in tick-borne flaviviruses, this residue is typically a histidine. A DENV replicon engineered to have the tick-specific histidine residue at this position is replication defective. We show that DENV NS5 purified from Escherichia coli is a substrate for PKG in vitro and facilitates the autophosphorylation of PKG as seen with cellular substrates. Phosphorylation in vitro by PKG also occurs at threonine 449. Activators and inhibitors of PKG modulate DENV replication in cell culture but not replication of the tick-borne langat virus. Collectively, these data argue that PKG mediates a conserved serine/threonine phosphorylation event specifically for flaviviruses spread by mosquitoes.
Assessment of Vacuum-assisted trans-tibial amputee socket dynamics

Daily volume loss of the residual limp is reported as one of the greatest challenges in socket fitting. Assisted vacuum socket systems were developed to prevent stump's volume loss and maintain sufficient socket fit. There is however very little quantitative biomechanical research for the evaluation of below knee sockets with assisted vacuum systems. Highly accurate in-vivo measurements became recently available using high-speed, high resolution Biplane Dynamic Rontgen Stereogrammetric Analysis (DRSA) instrumentation. This study presents the first effort to evaluate the efficiency of the vacuum assisted liner socket using DRSA. This in-vivo patient specific information is highly accurate and can significantly influence the iterative cycle of trans-tibial socket fitting and evaluation.
Part 3: Family Health in an Economically Disadvantaged Population

An ethnographic study completed in an Appalachian county in southeastern Ohio included eight families (N = 25) and community informants. The purpose of the study was to identify ways economically d...
Understanding Web query interfaces: best-effort parsing with hidden syntax

Recently, the Web has been rapidly "deepened" by many searchable databases online, where data are hidden behind query forms. For modelling and integrating Web databases, the very first challenge is to understand what a query interface says- or what query capabilities a source supports. Such automatic extraction of interface semantics is challenging, as query forms are created autonomously. Our approach builds on the observation that, across myriad sources, query forms seem to reveal some "concerted structure," by sharing common building blocks. Toward this insight, we hypothesize the existence of a hidden syntax that guides the creation of query interfaces, albeit from different sources. This hypothesis effectively transforms query interfaces into a visual language with a non-prescribed grammar- and, thus, their semantic understanding a parsing problem. Such a paradigm enables principled solutions for both declaratively representing common patterns, by a derived grammar, and systematically interpreting query forms, by a global parsing mechanism. To realize this paradigm, we must address the challenges of a hypothetical syntax- that it is to be derived, and that it is secondary to the input. At the heart of our form extractor, we thus develop a 2P grammar and a best-effort parser, which together realize a parsing mechanism for a hypothetical syntax. Our experiments show the promise of this approach-it achieves above 85% accuracy for extracting query conditions across random sources.
Electrophysiological indices of emotion processing during retrieval of autobiographical memories by school-age children

We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine emotion processing during retrieval of emotional autobiographical memories by school-age children. We initiated processing of the emotional experiences using neutral cue words. On one-third of trials, children were instructed to think of a memory of a negative event, and on another third of trials, they were instructed to think of a memory of a positive event. We then recorded ERPs from 32 electrode sites as the children processed the emotional memories again later in the testing session. The 7- to 10-year-old children generated memories appropriate to the valences specified in the instructions. Neural responses differed as a function of the emotional valence of the events associated with the cues and as a function of gender. In the sample as a whole, differential processing of positive relative to negative and neutral emotions was apparent at posterior electrode sites 1,000–1,500 ms after stimulus onset. For girls, the effect was apparent beginning at 500 ms. No differences between the neural responses to negative and neutral stimuli were observed. At frontal electrode sites, girls evidenced faster processing of positive than of negative emotion, whereas boys evidenced faster processing of negative than of positive emotion. In conclusion, we discuss the possible origins of gender-differential patterns of neural processing.
Community-acquired bacterial pneumonias.

Community-acquired bacterial pneumonias are among the most common of infectious diseases. The diagnosis of the etiological agent is becoming more challenging and more critical as new organisms are recognized as pathogens, and as well established agents become increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. The value of clinical microbiology laboratory data in the management of pneumonia is controversial. A well recognized, published guideline suggests that no laboratory studies be performed. Yet common practice and a more recent guideline advocate routine collection of sputum for Gram's stain and culture, along with traditional blood work. Given the increasing need to distinguish among a long list of possible pathogens and the need to recognize antibiotic resistance, it seems most prudent to include microbiological studies. This information can be used to guide initial therapy, and perhaps limit the overutilization of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. However, a prerequisite for the use of all currently available test methods is their deployment in patients for whom there is clinical and radiographic evidence of pneumonia because recovery of a microorganism, especially from sputum, will occur with or without this clinical condition.
Naïve Bayes with Higher Order Attributes

The popular Naive Bayes (NB) algorithm is simple and fast. We present a new learning algorithm, Extended Bayes (EB), which is based on Naive Bayes. EB is still relatively simple, and achieves equivalent or higher accuracy than NB on a wide variety of the UC-Irvine datasets. EB is based on two ideas, which interact. The first is to find sets of seemingly dependent attributes and to add them as new attributes. The second idea is to exploit “zeroes”, that is, the negative evidence provided by attribute values that do not occur at all in particular classes in the training data. Zeroes are handled in Naive Bayes by smoothing. In contrast, EB uses them as evidence that a potential class labeling may be wrong.