cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental and behavioral effects in neonatal and adult mice following prenatal activation of endocannabinoid receptors by capsaicin

Despite the apparent abundance of ligand-gated transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) and possible cross talk between the endocannabinoid and endovanilloid systems in the central nervous system (CNS), it is unclear what role TRPV1 receptor activation in CNS plays in neurobehavioral development. We previously reported that capsaicin or WIN55212-2 induces risk aversion in the plus-maze test, which was dependent on the gender and mouse strain used. In this study, pregnant BALBc mice were administered capsaicin (1.0 or 4.0 mg/kg, i.p.) during the second week of gestation. Developmental effects of prenatal exposure to capsaicin were assessed in neonates, and behavioral effects were assessed in adult offspring. Gender- and dose-specific variations in ultrasonic vocalizations, weight gain, righting reflex, and general activity of the pups were observed. Prenatal exposure to capsaicin altered plus-maze performance, especially with further exogenous capsaicin challenge. Furthermore, dose- and gender-specific effects were evident in the conditioned place preference/aversion paradigm following conditioning with capsaicin in adult animals. The capsaicin-induced aversion in the plus-maze test was enhanced by WIN55212-2 and blocked by pretreatment with vanilloid antagonist capsazepine or the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant, demonstrating an interaction between the endocannabinoid and endovanilloid systems in CNS. Taken together, the interaction between the endocannabinoid and endovanilloid signaling systems can be exploited for therapeutic applications in health and disease.
Viruses and Differentiation: The Molecular Basis of Viral Tissue Tropisms

Viruses often have complicated life cycles in their natural hosts, replicating in a series of specific tissue types in a defined order that may even vary depending upon the route of inoculation. These viruses show distinct preferences for efficient replication in selected differentiated cell types and this has been termed tissue tropism. In order to understand viral pathogenesis at the molecular, cellular, or organismic levels, one must consider the differential regulation of viral genetic information in the great diversity of host-cell backgrounds that compose the organism. Not only can the stage of differentiation of a host cell affect viral gene expression [1], some viruses are capable of reprogramming or altering cellular gene expression, or the regulation of cell division, and in doing so produce a disease state [2]. The subject of this brief communication is to review the mechanisms that underlie virus-specific tissue tropisms and latency and to consider how these can result in defined pathology.
The Jazz Man: Charles Black's Upbringing in the Segregated South Inspired his Lifelong Fight for Civil Rights

When Charles Black was a teenager growing up in the segregated Texas of the 1930s, he heard Louis Armstrong play the trumpet at an Austin dance. More than 20 years later, Thurgood Marshall introduced Black at a celebration of Brown v. Board of Education held at the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem. “And next over there is Charlie Black, a white man from Texas, who's been with us all the way,” said Marshall, who had led the NAACP campaign against segregation and argued Brown before the Supreme Court. Black credited Armstrong's sorrowful yet irrepressible jazz with compelling him to join the fight for racial equality. Listening to this music in his corner of the South between the world wars, Black said, he began to understand segregation as “that most hideous of errors,” which he called “the failure to recognize kinship.” Years later he explained, “It is impossible to overstate the significance of a 16-year-old Southern boy's seeing genius, for the first time, in a black.”
The effect of nanoparticle fillers on transfer film formation and the tribological behavior of polymers

Sliding systems in which a polymer component slides against a metallic counterface are commonly used in practice because of the light weight of polymers, corrosion resistance, low cost and low friction and wear behavior even in nonlubricated applications. The tribological behavior in these systems is greatly influenced by the polymer transfer film that is formed on the metallic counterface during sliding. This chapter discusses key sliding parameters that affect the transfer film characteristics, as well as the role that transfer films play in the wear of polymers. Nanocomposites made by filling the polymers with nanosized inorganic materials have great potential because of their enhanced wear resistance and ease of manufacturing. These fillers have been reported to enhance the bonding and uniformity of the transfer film, both of which are considered to be key factors for enhancing tribological performance. This chapter deals with the nanoparticle filler materials that have been shown to improve the tribological behavior as well as the fillers that degrade performance. Interestingly, nanosized particles show optimal wear benefits at much lower volume fractions than are required when using microsized filler materials. This chapter proposes two primary mechanisms to describe the effects that nanoparticle fillers have on transfer film bonding to the counterface. The first is mechanical interlocking of polymer and nanoparticle debris within the counterface asperities, thus leading to deposition of transfer film and a smoothening of the wear surface. The second mechanism of bond enhancement by nanoparticle fillers is their chemical degradation or chemical reaction with the counterface material. The chapter reports on much of the work done in using nanoparticle fillers and how these fillers affect transfer films and thus the wear resistance.
Interpretive Impacts of Text Visualization: Mitigating Political Framing Effects

Information visualizations are often evaluated as a tool in terms of their ability to support performance of a specific task. This article argues that value can be gained by instead evaluating visualizations from a communicative perspective. Specifically, it explores how text visualization can influence the impacts that framing has on the perception of political issues. Using data from a controlled laboratory study, the results presented here demonstrate that exposure to a text visualization can mitigate framing effects. Furthermore, it also shows a transfer effect, where participants who saw the visualization remained uninfluenced by framing in subsequent texts, even when the visualization was absent. These results carry implications for the methods used to evaluate information visualization systems, for understanding the cognitive and interpretive mechanisms by which framing effects occur, and for exploring the design space of interactive text visualization.
Nuclear Localization of Huntingtin mRNA Is Specific to Cells of Neuronal Origin.

Summary Huntington’s disease (HD) is a monogenic neurodegenerative disorder representing an ideal candidate for gene silencing with oligonucleotide therapeutics (i.e., antisense oligonucleotides [ASOs] and small interfering RNAs [siRNAs]). Using an ultra-sensitive branched fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method, we show that ∼50% of wild-type HTT mRNA localizes to the nucleus and that its nuclear localization is observed only in neuronal cells. In mouse brain sections, we detect Htt mRNA predominantly in neurons, with a wide range of Htt foci observed per cell. We further show that siRNAs and ASOs efficiently eliminate cytoplasmic HTT mRNA and HTT protein, but only ASOs induce a partial but significant reduction of nuclear HTT mRNA. We speculate that, like other mRNAs, HTT mRNA subcellular localization might play a role in important neuronal regulatory mechanisms.
National Trends in Liver Transplantation in Older Adults.

Objectives To explore trends in liver transplantation (LT) and outcomes for older recipients for evaluation, counseling, and appropriate referral of this vulnerable group of older adults. Design Prospective national cohort study. Setting Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (January 1, 2003–December 31, 2016). Participants Older (aged ≥ 65) deceased donor liver‐only transplant recipients (n=8,627). Measurements We evaluated temporal changes in recipient, donor, and transplant characteristics and post‐LT length of stay (LOS), acute rejection, graft loss, and mortality using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards. Results LT in older adults almost quadrupled, from 263 in 2003 (9.5% of total LTs that year) to 1,144 in 2016 (20.7% of total LTs). Recent recipients were more likely to be female and African American and have a higher body mass index and Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score. Hepatitis C, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma were the most common indications for LT in recent recipients. Odds of LOS longer than 2 weeks decreased 34% from 2003–06 to 2013–16 (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.57–0.76, P < .001), 1‐year acute rejection decreased 30% (aOR=0.70, 95% CI=0.56–0.88, P = .002), all‐cause graft loss decreased 54% (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR)=0.46, 95% CI=0.40–0.52, P < .001), and mortality decreased 57% (aHR=0.43, 95% CI=0.38–0.49, P < .001). Conclusion Despite the substantial increase in the number of older adults undergoing LT and the severity of their condition, LOS, rejection, graft loss, and mortality have significantly decreased over time. These trends can help guide appropriate LT referral and counseling in older adults with end‐stage liver disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2321–2326, 2018.
Multi-view Clustering with Complete Information

Multi-view Clustering (MVC) has garnered more attention recently since many real-world data are comprised of different representations or views. The key is to explore complementary information to benefit the clustering problem. In this chapter, we consider the conventional complete-view scenario. Specifically, in the first section, we present a deep matrix factorization framework for MVC, where semi-nonnegative matrix factorization is adopted to learn the hierarchical semantics of multi-view data in a layer-wise fashion. In the second section, we make an extension and consider the different sampled feature sets as multi-view data. We propose a novel graph-based method, Ensemble Subspace Segmentation under Block-wise constraints (ESSB), which is jointly formulated in the ensemble learning framework.
E-075 Low yield of cerebral angiography in adequately occluded aneurysms after flow diversion

Background and purpose Flow diversion has emerged as a highly effective treatment for intracranial aneurysms. We assess the yield of further angiographic follow-up in aneurysms that have achieved adequate occlusion after treatment with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED). Methods This is a single institution, retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) patients with one or more aneurysms treated with PED, 2) available short term ( 95%) occlusion on short-term follow-up DSA, and 4) available further angiographic follow-up (DSA, MRA, or CTA). Results A total of 146 patients were identified. Aneurysm size was 8.4±5.1 mm on average. Mean angiographic follow-up time was 29.7±12.2 months. On short-term follow-up DSA images, 132 (90.4%) had complete aneurysm occlusion and 14 (9.6%) had near-complete occlusion. Four patients (3%) had further DSA follow-up alone, 30 patients (21%) had further DSA and MRA/CTA follow-up, and 112 patients (76%) had further MRA/CTA follow-up alone. On further angiographic follow-up (DSA, MRA, and/or CTA), no patient had a decrease in the degree of aneurysm occlusion (recurrence) or required retreatment. Of the 14 patients with near-complete occlusion on initial DSA images, 7 patients (50%) progressed to complete aneurysm occlusion on further angiographic follow-up. Conclusion This study did not find any diagnostic yield in repeating cerebral angiography in adequately occluded aneurysms with the PED. We do not recommend repeat angiographic follow-up once aneurysms have achieved complete occlusion with the PED unless clinically warranted. Disclosures N. Chalouhi: None. P. Patel: None. E. Atallah: None. A. Chitale: None. M. Lang: None. S. Tjoumakaris: None. D. Hasan: None. M. Smith: None. R. Rosenwasser: None. P. Jabbour: None.
Post-fire vegetation and climate dynamics in low-elevation forests over the last three millennia in Yellowstone National Park

Conifer forests of the western US are historically well adapted to wildfires, but current warming is creating novel disturbance regimes that may fundamentally change future forest dynamics. Stand‐replacing fires can catalyze forest reorganization by providing periodic opportunities for establishment of new tree cohorts that set the stage for stand development for centuries to come. Extensive research on modern and past fires in the Northern Rockies reveals how variations in climate and fire have led to large changes in forest distribution and composition. Unclear, however, is the importance of individual fire episodes in catalyzing change. We used high‐resolution paleoecologic and paleoclimatic data from Crevice Lake (Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA), to explore the role of fire in driving low‐elevation forest dynamics over the last 2820 yr. We addressed two questions: 1) did low‐elevation forests at Crevice Lake experience abrupt community‐level vegetation changes in response to past fire events? 2) Did the interaction of short‐term disturbance events (fire) and long‐term climate change catalyze past shifts in forest composition? Over the last 2820 yr, we found no evidence for abrupt community‐level vegetation transitions at Crevice Lake, and no evidence that an interaction of climate and fire produced changes in the relative abundance of dominant plant taxa. In part, this result reflects limitations of the datasets to detect past event‐specific responses and their causes. Nonetheless, the relative stability of the vegetation to fires over the last 2820 yr provides a local baseline for assessing current and future ecological change. Observations of climate–fire–vegetation dynamics in recent decades suggest that this multi‐millennial‐scale baseline may soon be exceeded.
SYK expression in metastatic retinoblastoma.

e13544 Background: Retinoblastoma is an aggressive childhood cancer of the retina. While more than 90% of patients are cured when tumor is confined to the globe, for up to half of children in devel...
The Role of Estrogen in Brain and Cognitive Aging

There are 3 common physiological estrogens, of which estradiol (E2) is seen to decline rapidly over the menopausal transition. This decline in E2 has been associated with a number of changes in the brain, including cognitive changes, effects on sleep, and effects on mood. These effects have been demonstrated in both rodent and non-human preclinical models. Furthermore, E2 interactions have been indicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. In normal brain aging, there are a number of systems that undergo changes and a number of these show interactions with E2, particularly the cholinergic system, the dopaminergic system, and mitochondrial function. E2 treatment has been shown to ameliorate some of the behavioral and morphological changes seen in preclinical models of menopause; however, in clinical populations, the effects of E2 treatment on cognitive changes after menopause are mixed. The future use of sex hormone treatment will likely focus on personalized or precision medicine for the prevention or treatment of cognitive disturbances during aging, with a better understanding of who may benefit from such treatment.
On canonical bases for the Letzter algebra Uı(sl2)

Abstract A canonical basis was constructed by Wang and the author in [6] inside Letzter's coideal subalgebra in quantum sl 2 . In this article, we provide an explicit description for the canonical bases and show that the bases coincide with the one defined algebraically by Bao-Wang in [1] .
Quantitative assessment of floodplain functionality using an index of integrity

Abstract Floodplain integrity can be defined as the ability of a floodplain to support essential geomorphic, hydrologic, and ecological functions that maintain biodiversity and ecosystem services. Humans alter floodplain functionality by changing the physical landscape of the floodplain or by altering river flow regimes and subsequent floodplain inundation dynamics. This research evaluates floodplain integrity by assessing the prevalence of anthropogenic modifications to hydrology and landscape. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to: 1) develop a methodology to assess floodplain integrity using geospatial datasets available for large spatial scales; and 2) use the methodology to evaluate spatial patterns of floodplain integrity in the state of Colorado. To accomplish these objectives, we evaluated the critical floodplain functions of attenuating floods, storing groundwater, regulating sediment, providing habitat, and regulating organics and solutes. At present, this work is the first to quantify the integrity of specific floodplain functions instead of measuring floodplain health solely by ecological integrity. We applied the index of floodplain integrity methodology in the state of Colorado to analyze the integrity of each of the five floodplain functions and the aggregated overall integrity. In Colorado, overall floodplain integrity decreased as stream order increased above third order streams. Floodplain integrity was also lower in floodplains that intersected urban areas than those that did not, which indicates the index of floodplain integrity captured the adverse relationship between development and floodplain health established in literature. By quantifying anthropogenic reductions to floodplain functionality at broad spatial scales, the index of floodplain integrity can help target restoration efforts towards the most affected functions and areas.
Determination of sulphonated quinophthalones in Quinoline Yellow and its lakes using high-performance liquid chromatography

Quinoline Yellow (QY, Colour Index No. 47005) is internationally used as a colour additive in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The manufacture of QY requires sulphonating quinophthalone, and depending on the degree of sulphonation, various forms of QY result, containing different proportions of quinophthalone mono-, di-, and trisulfonic acid sodium salts (monoSA, diSA, and triSA, respectively). Regulations on the specific composition and uses of QY differ across countries with associated differences in names for QY. The QY form certified for use in the U.S. in drugs and cosmetics is known as DC 0.42 and 1.26%, 6'5diSA; 0.11 and 0.34%, 6'8'diSA; and 0.01 and 0.04%, 6'8'5triSA. The HPLC method was applied successfully to the analysis of 20 Y10 and eight Y10 lake samples. It can be extended to other QY forms such as E104 and Yellow 203 because it enables analysis of 6'8'5triSA. This paper also addresses the implications of the varying structure depictions and CAS numbers of the QY components that are due to the existence of three tautomeric forms of quinophthalone.
Addressing noncommunicable diseases among urban refugees in the Middle East and North Africa - a scoping review.

More than 5.5 million Syrian refugees have fled violence and settled in mostly urban environments in neighboring countries. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region accounts for 6% of the global population but 25% of the population are ‘of concern’ to the UN Refugee Agency. In addition to large amounts of forced migration, the region is also undergoing an epidemiologic transition towards a heavier burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which in 2018 accounted for 74% of all deaths in the region. To address NCD needs globally, a myriad of policies and interventions have been implemented in low-income stable country settings. However, little is known about which policies and interventions are currently being implemented or are best suited for refugee hosting countries across the Middle East and North Africa. A scoping review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted to identify policies and interventions implemented in the Middle East and North Africa to address the needs of urban refugees with noncommunicable diseases. This scoping review identified 11 studies from Jordan, Lebanon, Iran, West Bank, Gaza and Syria. These studies addressed three foci of extant work, (1) innovative financing for expensive treatments, (2) improvements to access and quality of treatment and, (3) efforts to prevent new diagnoses and secondary complications. All interventions targeted refugee populations including Palestinians, Sudanese, Syrians, Afghans and Iraqis. The scoping review highlighted five key findings. First, very few studies focused on the prevention of noncommunicable diseases among displaced populations. Second, several interventions made use of health information technologies, including electronic medical records and mHealth applications for patients. Third, the vast majority of publications were solely focused on tackling NCDs through primary care efforts. Fourth, the literature was very sparse in regard to national policy development, and instead favored interventions by NGOs and UN agencies. Last, the perspectives of refugees were notably absent. Opportunities exist to prioritize prevention efforts, scale up eHealth interventions, expand access to secondary and tertiary services, address the scarcity of research on national policy, and incorporate the perspectives of affected persons in the broader discourse.
THE EFFECT OF RENAL FUNCTION ON INCIDENCE OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: THE ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AND LIPID-LOWERING TREATMENT TO PREVENT HEART ATTACK TRIAL (ALLHAT) STUDY

The complex relationship between renal and cardiac function has been well-established. We studied the extent to which change in renal function contributes to the effect of lisinopril, doxazosin and amlodipine on incident symptomatic heart failure (HF) compared with chlorthalidone. Causal mediation
Evaluation and optimization of prescribed concomitant antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy centrally managed by an anticoagulation management service.

Patients on long-term anticoagulation combined with antiplatelet therapy have an increased risk of bleeding compared to patients on anticoagulation alone. The aim of this study was to evaluate the appropriateness of antiplatelet therapy in patients who are on long-term warfarin therapy and are managed by Brigham and Women’s Hospital Anticoagulation Management Service (BWH AMS). This was a single-center, prospective chart review of patients managed by BWH AMS who were on long-term warfarin therapy plus full-dose aspirin (325 mg), an oral P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor) and/or acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole. Patients’ cardiovascular (CV) benefit and risk of bleeding were assessed according to clinical guidelines. The major objective of the study was to determine the proportion of patients on dual antithrombotic therapy (DAT) or triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT) whose risk of bleeding outweighed CV benefit. Of the 2677 patients evaluated for inclusion,145 were on concomitant long-term warfarin therapy plus aspirin (325 mg), an oral P2Y12 inhibitor and/or acetylsalicylic acid/dipyridamole. A total of 85 patients (58.6%) had no clear indication for DAT or TAT per guideline recommendations and were categorized as bleeding risk outweighing CV benefit. The remaining 60 patients (41.4%) had an appropriate indication for DAT or TAT per guidelines and were categorized as CV benefit outweighing bleeding risk. BWH AMS pharmacists made 33 (22.9%) recommendations to providers to discontinue or de-escalate antiplatelet therapy. Interventions were accepted for 10 (30.3%) patients. Pharmacist involvement in the management of patients’ antithrombotic regimens can optimize guideline-directed medical therapy and mitigate the potential risk of bleeding.
Initial Development of an Air-Jet Dry Powder Inhaler for Rapid Delivery of Pharmaceutical Aerosols to Infants

Background: Positive-pressure dry powder inhalers (DPIs) have recently been developed that in combination with highly dispersible spray-dried powder formulations can achieve high efficiency aerosolization with low actuation air-volumes (AAVs). The objective of this study was to initially develop the positive-pressure air-jet DPI platform for high efficiency aerosol delivery to newborn infants by using the nose-to-lung route. Methods: Aerosolization performance metrics of six air-jet DPIs were first assessed at AAVs that were consistent with full-term (30 mL) and preterm (10 mL) neonates. Designs of the air-jet DPIs varied based on geometry of the inlet and outlet flow passages and shape of the aerosolization chamber. Aerosolization metrics evaluated at the device outlet were emitted dose (ED) and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD). Designs with the best aerosolization performance were connected to a smoothly expanding nasal interface and full-term infant (3550 g) nose-throat (NT) model with tracheal filter. Results: The three best performing devices had characteristics of a cylindrical and horizontal aerosolization chamber with a flush or protruding outlet orifice. Including multiple air inlets resulted in meeting the aerosolization targets of >80% ED (based on loaded dose) and MMAD <1.8 μm. Reducing the AAV by a factor of threefold from 30 to 10 mL had little effect on aerosol formation. The three leading devices all delivered ∼50% of the loaded dose through a full-term NT in vitro model by using an AAV of 30 mL. Conclusion: With careful selection of design attributes, the air-jet DPI platform is capable of high-efficiency aerosolization of a 10 mg powder mass by using AAVs that are consistent with infant inhalation. The associated infant air-jet DPI system, which forms a seal at the nostril(s) and delivers both the aerosol and a complete inhalation, is capable of rapid and efficient aerosol administration to infant lungs, based on initial testing in a full-term in vitro NT model.
Membrane distillation assisted by heat pump for improved desalination energy efficiency

Abstract Thermal desalination technologies are required for minimal and zero liquid discharge (MLD/ZLD). However, conventional and emerging thermal desalination technologies, such as mechanical vapor compression (MVC) and membrane distillation (MD), are usually highly expensive to implement or/and energy intensive to operate. In this study, we develop a novel desalination technology by using a vapor-compression pump to assist membrane distillation (MD). Comparing the energy efficiencies of the novel heat-pump assisted MD (HPMD), MVC, and conventional MD under similar operating conditions, demonstrates that HPMD is an energy-efficient thermal desalination technology. Furthermore, through process modeling, we provide guidelines for HPMD system design and show that the HPMD can theoretically obtain low energy consumption (~10 kWh of electrical energy per cubic meter of produced fresh water or gain output ratio, GOR, of ~60) and high water vapor flux (i.e., >60 L m−2 h−1). We conclude by highlighting promising applications of HPMD for MLD/ZLD, enabled by its high energy efficiency, low capital cost, and modularity.
SIAH2 is Expressed in Adipocyte Precursor Cells and Interacts with EBF1 and ZFP521 to Promote Adipogenesis.

Objective Expression of zinc finger protein 423 (ZFP423), a key proadipogenic transcription factor in adipocyte precursor cells, is regulated by interaction of the proadipogenic early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1) and antiadipogenic ZFP521. The ubiquitin ligase seven-in-absentia homolog 2 (SIAH2) targets ZFP521 for degradation. This study asked whether SIAH2 is expressed in adipocyte precursor cells and whether SIAH2 interacts with ZFP521 and EBF1 to regulate ZFP521 protein levels during adipogenesis. Methods SIAH2 expression in precursor cells was assessed in primary cells and tissues from wild-type and SIAH2 null mice fed a control or high-fat diet. Primary cells, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and HEK293T cells were used to analyze Siah2, Ebf1, and Zfp521 expression and SIAH2-mediated changes in ZFP521 and EBF1 protein levels. Results Siah2 is expressed in platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα)+ and stem cell antigen-1 (SCA1)+ adipocyte precursor cells. SIAH2 depletion reduces Ebf1 gene expression and increases EBF1 protein levels in early but not late adipogenesis. In early adipogenesis, SIAH2 forms a protein complex with EBF1 and ZFP521 to enhance SIAH2-mediated ubiquitylation and degradation of ZFP521 while increasing EBF1 protein levels. Conclusions Siah2 is expressed in PDGFRα+ adipocyte precursor cells and is linked to precursor cell commitment to adipogenesis by interacting with EBF1 and ZFP521 proteins to target the antiadipogenic ZFP521 for degradation.
Whole traits: Revealing the social-cognitive mechanisms constituting personality's central variable

Abstract Whole Trait Theory articulates a modern theory of individuals' traits, one that incorporates social-cognitive responsiveness to situations into the nature of traits themselves. It articulates two parts of individuals' traits, which are joined together into whole traits. One part of individuals' traits is the descriptive part, and describes how much people enact the trait content in their behavior. The other part is the explanatory part, and consists of social-cognitive, motivational, and biological mechanisms that cause the trait contents people enact in their behavior. Two decades of supportive research showed first that trait-content enactments are quite variable. People change the trait contents they enact from moment to moment as much as they change their affect from moment to moment and more than people differ from each other. Nonetheless, people differ in average trait-content enactments in very consistent and reliable ways. The density distribution expresses these joint findings in a unified way, standing as the descriptive side of personality. Second, these descriptive accounts of personality were found to be predicted by social-cognitive mechanisms. Within-person variations in trait-content enactments (states) were predictable from situation features in systematic and meaningful ways. Most of the variance—both within-person and between-person—in states was explained by momentary variation in goal pursuit. States were shown to be consequential (e.g., extraverted states cause positive affect). Goals were shown to cause states as well. People appear to change states in order to accomplish the consequences desired by current goals at the time. These findings highlight the functional role of personality traits.
Motion of classical charged particles with magnetic moment in external plane-wave electromagnetic fields

We study the motion of a charged particle with magnetic moment in external electromagnetic fields utilizing covariant unification of Gilbertian and Amperian descriptions of a particle magnetic dipole moment. Considering the case of a current loop, our approach is verified by comparing classical dynamics with the classical limit of relativistic quantum dynamics. We obtain the motion of a charged particle in the presence of an external linearly polarized electromagnetic (laser) plane-wave field incorporating the effect of spin dynamics. For specific laser-particle initial configurations, we determine that the Stern-Gerlach force can have a cumulative effect on the trajectory of charged particles.
Surveillance after complete response in patients with metastatic non-seminomatous germ-cell tumor (NSGCT).

5018Background: The optimal management of patients (pts) with complete response (CR) after first-line chemotherapy remains unsettled with guidelines recommending either surveillance or retroperiton...
Impression (mis)management: When what you say is not what they hear.

Abstract Impression management is a fundamental aspect of social life. From self-promotion to feedback giving, from advice seeking to networking, people frequently find themselves in situations where they need to make a positive impression on others. Despite the long-term benefits of making a favorable impression, impression management attempts can backfire in unintended ways. In this article, I review recent research on self-presentation, social cognition, and communication to explain when and why people have misguided intuitions about their impressions on others, document common impression management mistakes, and propose more effective strategies to minimize actor-target asymmetries in social interactions. This review provides a theoretical framework to understand the psychology of impression (mis)management, as well as the risks and rewards of different self-presentation strategies.
Expectancies about the effects of cannabidiol products on anxiety symptoms

Background: Nearly one-third of American adults receive an anxiety disorder diagnosis in their lifetimes. Although evidence-based anxiety interventions exist, these treatments might have limited av...
A Simple Laminar Boundary Layer with Secondary Flow

The incompressible laminar boundary layer over a flat plate is studied for the simple case where the stream lines in the free flow have a parabolic shape. An exact solution of the boundary layer equations is derived. No separation occurs, even when there is a strong adverse pressure gradient along the stream lines, so that in this instance the secondary flow has a favorable influence. Because of the variation of total pressure from one stream line to another in the free stream, the total pressure within the boundary layer at a given point can exceed that of the corresponding free stream.
The Arizona high-risk maternal transport system: An initial view☆☆☆

Abstract There are two Level III Maternity Centers in Arizona at the present time. A statewide system of maternal transport to these two centers exists as part of the Arizona Perinatal Program, and the characteristics of the first 357 maternal transports to one of these centers (Arizona Medical Center, Tucson) are reported herein. The manner in which the Program was developed is described. It is our hope that this overview of our initial experience will be of interest to those persons developing a graded-care program for high-risk matermal patients.
Mixed-Culture Interactions I. Commensalism of Proteus vulgaris with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Continuous Culture

Shindala, Adnan (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg), Henry R. Bungay III, Noel R. Krieg, and Kathleen Culbert. Mixed-culture interactions. I. Commensalism of Proteus vulgaris with Saccharomyces cerevisiae in continuous culture. J. Bacteriol. 89:693–696. 1965.—A chemically defined medium was selected which supported the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but not Proteus vulgaris, in pure culture; however, P. vulgaris grew in mixed culture with the yeast. Steady-state populations of each organism in mixed culture at various dilution rates were enumerated with a Coulter electronic counter. The size differences in the organisms permitted easy resolution. An essential niacinlike factor elaborated by the yeast and required by the bacterium caused a dependence of the bacterium on the growth of the yeast. At high dilution rates causing wash-out, the bacterial population continued to reflect changes in the numbers of yeast. The numbers of S. cerevisiae were identical in pure culture or in mixed culture; thus, the interaction is a true commensalism. A single addition of niacin or related compound was made to a steady-state mixed culture, and the dependence of the bacterium on the yeast was upset. The numbers of the bacteria rose, causing a decrease in the yeast population, until continued pumping diluted the added niacin and restored the initial steady state.
Re)Articulations of Citizenship

The confluences of global flows, by forming new spaces and entanglements of possibilities, have a mutating effect on citizenship. In an ever-shifting landscape configured by mobilities and positionalities, the idea of citizenship tied to the terrain and imagination of a nation-state (Anderson [1983] 1991) is called into question. In theory, citizenship as protected entitlements depends on membership in a nation-state. But increasingly in practice, entitlements and benefits are realized through specific mobilizations and claims in milieus of globalized contingency. The movements of global markets, technologies, and populations interact to shape novel spaces of political mobilization and claims. As rights and protections long associated with citizenship are becoming disarticulated from the state, they are re-articulated with elements such as market-based interests, transnational agencies, mobile elites, and marginialized populations.
Formal series and an algorithm for computing some special determinants with elements in a ring

We define an algorithm for computing the determinant of an n×n upper Hessenberg matrix A=[a ij ]. When the algorithm is specialized, it yields an algorithm for computing the determinant of an n×n Toeplitz matrix with a ij =0, i>j+1, where a ij is a member of a noncommutative ring, A. Such determinants turn out to play an interesting role concerning solutions of certain operator equations in the algebra of formal power series with coefficients in the ring A. By specializing the algorithm we show how certain moment integrals may be computed
Chemical template directed iodine patterns on the octadecyltrichlorosilane surface.

A carboxylic-terminated nanometer-scale chemical pattern on an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) surface can guide the deposition and crystallization of iodine, forming an iodine pattern on the chemical pattern. The iodine in the pattern is gel-like when fabricated by the solution-deposit method. In contrast, a dendritic, snowflake-shaped polycrystalline iodine sheet is formed by the vapor-phase condensation method. The data demonstrate that iodine is a good tracing and visualizing agent for studying liquid behavior at the nano scale. The topography of the iodine stain reveals that the “coffee ring” effect can be suppressed by reducing the pattern size and increasing the evaporation rate. The chemical template-bound iodine pattern has an unusually low vapor pressure and it can withstand prolonged baking at elevated temperature, which differs significantly from bulk iodine crystals.
Complexity analysis and speedup techniques for optimal buffer insertion with minimum cost

As gate delays decrease faster than wire delays for each technology generation, buffer insertion becomes a popular method to reduce the interconnect delay. Several modern buffer insertion algorithms (e.g., [7, 6, 15]) are based on van Ginneken's dynamic programming paradigm [14]. However, van Ginneken's original algorithm does not control buffering resources and tends to over-buffering, thereby wasting area and power. It has been a major open problem whether it is possible to optimize slack and at the same time minimize the buffer usage.This paper settles this open problem by showing that for arbitrary integer cost functions, the problem is NP-complete. We also extend the pre-buffer slack technique [12] to minimize the buffer cost. This technique can significantly reduce the running time and memory in buffer cost minimization problem. The experimental results show that our algorithm can speed up the running time up to 17 times and reduces the memory to 1/30 of traditional best know algorithm. Finally, we show how to efficiently deal with multiway merge in buffer insertion.
A power-law fluid flow past a porous sphere

A model has been developed for the flow of a non-Newtonian fluid past a porous sphere. The drag force exerted on a porous sphere moving in a power-law fluid is obtained by an approximate solution of equations of motion in the creeping flow regime. It is predicted that the effect of the pseudoplastic anomaly on the drag force is more pronounced at large porosity parameters.
Ultraviolet laser ablation of Si3N4 thin films

Abstract A Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FTMS) is used to identify species ejected from amorphous Si 3 N 4 film surfaces when high-power ArF excimer laser pulses hit them. Two peaks of Si + and (Si 3 N 4 ) 2+ ions in the spectra are obtained with the laser pulses having fluence greater than 40mJ/cm 2 . The advantage of high mass resolution enables us to identify Si + peaks in spite of the fact that Si + ( m/q = 27.976928) and N + 2 ( m/q = 28.0 056) ions are discriminated by introducing CO + ( m/q = 27.9 949) ions. We find, however, that when a large amount of ions are stored in the cell of FTMS, accurate numbers of ions are not obtained due to a space charge effect.
Connectivity With Nature as a Measure of Environmental Values

The authors hypothesize that environmental values derive from a sense of connectivity with nature. Connectivity describes a perception of sameness between the self, others, and the natural world. T...
The Expressivity of Quantifying over Regions

We categorize in recursion-theoretic terms the expressivity of a number of first-order languages that allow quantification over regions in Euclidean space. Specifically we show the following: 1. Let U be any class of closed regions in Euclidean space that includes all simple polygons. Let C(x, y) be the relation, “Region x is connected to region y,” and let Convex(x) be the property, “Region x is convex.” Then any relation over U that is analytical and invariant under affine transformations is first-order definable in the structure 〈U , C, Convex〉. 2. Let U be as in (1), and let Closer(x, y, z) be the relation “Region x is closer to y than to z.” Then any relation over U that is analytical and invariant under orthogonal transformations is first-order definable in the structure 〈U , Closer〉. 3. Let U be the class of finite unions of intervals in the real line. Then any relation over U that is analytical and invariant under linear transformations is first-order definable in the structure 〈U , Closer〉. 4. If the class of regions is restricted to be polygons with rational vertices, then results analogous to (1-3) hold, substituting “arithmetical relation” for “analytical relation”.
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: does bougie size affect mean %EWL? Short-term outcomes.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has been increasingly offered to high-risk bariatric patients as the first-stage procedure before gastric bypass or biliopancreatic diversion or as the primary weight loss procedure. The bougie size has varied by surgeon during LSG. The aim of this study was to determine whether short-term weight loss correlates with the bougie size used during creation of the sleeve. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the data from all patients who had undergone LSG at our institution between 2003 and 2006. Revision LSG for failed bariatric procedures was excluded. The data analyzed included preoperative age, body mass index (BMI), bougie size, and percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL). Results A total of 135 patients underwent LSG during the 4-year period. Most of these patients (79%) underwent LSG as part of a 2-stage operation (either gastric bypass or duodenal switch within a mean of 11 months). The mean preoperative age and BMI was 43.5 years and 60.1 kg/m 2 , respectively. The mean BMI and %EWL at 6 months was 47.1 kg/m 2 and 37.9%, respectively. The mean BMI and %EWL at 12 months was 44.3 kg/m 2 and 47.3%, respectively. When stratifying the %EWL by bougie size (40F versus 60F), we did not find a significant difference at 6 months (38.8% versus 40.6%, P = NS) or 12 months (51.9% versus 45.4%, P = NS). Conclusion LSG results in significant weight loss in the short term. When stratifying outcomes by bougie size, our results suggested that a bougie size of 40F compared with 60F does not result in significantly greater weight loss in the short term. However, longer follow-up of the primary LSG group is required to determine whether a difference becomes evident over time.
A single-site mutant and revertants arising in vivo define early steps in the pathogenesis of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus

The early stages of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) pathogenesis in the mouse model have been examined using a genetic approach. Disease progression of a molecularly cloned single-site mutant was compared with that of the parental virus to determine the step in the VEE pathogenetic sequence at which the mutant was blocked. Assuming that such a block constitutes a genetic screen, isolates from different tissues thought to be distal to the block in the VEE pathogenetic sequence were analyzed to determine the pathogenetic step at which revertants of the mutant were selected. Directed mutation and analysis of reversion in vivo provide two powerful genetic tools for the dissection of the wild-type VEE pathogenetic sequence. Virus from the parental virulent clone, V3000, first replicated in the draining lymph node after subcutaneous inoculation in the left rear footpad. Movement of a cloned avirulent mutant, V3010 (E2 76 Glu to Lys), to the draining lymph node was impaired, replication in the node was delayed, and spread beyond the draining lymph node was sporadic. Serum, contralateral lymph node, spleen, and brain isolates from V3010 inoculated animals were invariably revertant with respect to sequence at E2 76 and/or virulence in mice. Revertants isolated from serum and contralateral lymph node retained the V3010 E2 Lys 76 mutation but also contained a second-site mutation, Glu to Lys at E2 116. Modification of the V3010 clone by addition of the second-site mutation at E2 116 produced a virus that bypassed the V3010 block at the draining lymph node but that did not possess full wild-type capacity for replication in the central nervous system or for induction of mortality. A control construct containing only the E2 116 reverting mutation on the V3000 background was identical to V3000 in terms of early pathogenetic steps and virulence. Therefore, analysis of mutant replication and reversion in vivo suggested (1) that the earliest steps in VEE pathogenesis are transit to the draining lymph node and replication at that site, (2) that the mutation in V3010 impairs transit to the draining lymph node and blocks dissemination to other tissues, and (3) that reversion can overcome the block without restoring full virulence.
The expanding spectrum of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Purpose of reviewHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is more widely recognized by clinicians. No longer viewed as a disorder of young children, adult patients are now being identified and treated. In this review, I summarize clinical features of patients with recently identified genetic causes,
Anthropology's Voice in the Public Policy Process

: [public affairs, views on policy policy process, applied anthropology] Pam Putenney is the contributing editor of Views on Policy, the AN column of the AAA Committee on Public Policy.
Fabrication and analysis of dielectric-elastomer minimum-energy structures for highly-deformable soft robotic systems

Dielectric-elastomer minimum-energy structures (DEMES) form an emerging class of soft robotic systems. The appropriate materials and methods for rapidly fabricating DEMES prototypes are described. A DEMES component suitable for use in highly-deformable soft robots is presented and analyzed. Combinations of this component into snakelike robots are also presented. Calculations for determining the upper limit of a DEMES's mechanical work output, electromechanical efficiency, and energy density are described. The scope of the DEMES design-space and future research paths are discussed.