cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adhesive and Lateral E-Cadherin Dimers Are Mediated by the Same Interface

E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that mediates Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion. To study cadherin-cadherin interactions that may underlie the adhesive process, a recombinant E-cadherin lacking free sulfhydryl groups and its mutants with novel cysteines were expressed in epithelial A-431 cells. These cysteine mutants, designed according to various structural models of cadherin dimers, were constructed to reveal cadherin dimerization by the bifunctional sulfhydryl-specific cross-linker BM[PE0]3. Cross-linking experiments with the mutants containing a cysteine at strand B of their EC1 domains did show cadherin dimerization. By their properties these dimers correspond to those which have been characterized by coimmunoprecipitation assay. Under standard culture conditions the adhesive dimer is a dominant form. Calcium depletion dissociates adhesive dimers and promotes the formation of lateral dimers. Our data show that both dimers are mediated by the amino-terminal cadherin domain. Furthermore, the interfaces involved in both adhesive and lateral dimerization appear to be the same. The coexistence of the structurally identical adhesive and lateral dimers suggests some flexibility of the extracellular cadherin region.
Properties of solvent extracted low-oil corn distillers dried grains with solubles

Corn-based ethanol is exponentially growing in the US, as is the need for valuable uses for coproducts of the production process, such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Currently, DDGS is used as livestock feed, thereby replacing some corn components in animal diets. As the industry continues to grow, there will be an increased need to find additional uses for DDGS. Physical and chemical properties of coproduct streams are becoming increasingly investigated, as these characteristics affect many aspects of utilization, such as target species, optimal dietary substitution rates, transportation, flowability, and behavior during storage. Potential avenues for future use of DDGS may include value-added feed, food, and industrial products. Additionally, much interest lies in extracting oil from DDGS to produce bio diesel and other products. If oil is extracted from DDGS, the resulting chemical and physical properties of the remaining constituents may be substantially altered. The objective of this study was to quantify, using standard laboratory methods, physical and chemical property values for low-oil DDGS. The extracted DDGS exhibited water activity, thermal properties, bulk density, and angle of repose values similar to unmodified DDGS. Color values were substantially lighter, however. Additionally, fat levels (2.7% db) were much lower, while protein (34.0% db) and fiber (8.4% db) were higher than traditional DDGS. Results from this study will be valuable to ethanol manufacturers and livestock producers alike, as more uses for ethanol coproducts are implemented. Thus more value can be extracted from the humble kernel of corn.
Observations on the development of Babesia caballi (Nuttall) in the tropical horse tick Dermacentor nitens Neumann.

SYNOPSIS. The development of Babesia caballi (Nuttall) in Dermacentor nitens Neumann was studied in smear preparations and histologic sections of ticks infected with this protozoan parasite. A majority of the parasites in equine erythrocytes ingested by the adult ticks apparently were destroyed. Smal spherical bodies 4–6 μ in diameter were the 1st developmental stages of B. caballi observed in the gut contents of ticks infected with this parasite. These spherical bodies apparently gave rise to clavate (club-shaped) bodies 10–14 μ long by 4–6 μ wide. The latter developed into large round bodies 12–16 μ in diameter that segmented into vermicular-shaped parasites, about 8–12 μ long by 2–4 μ wide; some penetrated the gut wall, some invaded other cells of the tick. In the cells of the Malpighian tubules, hemolymph, and ovaries, the vermicular parasites underwent a secondary cycle of multiple fission, forming vermicules similar to those occurring earlier in the gut. Vermicules that invaded the ova underwent a similar multiple fission cycle during the larval stage of the tick. Vermicules from the multiple fission cycle that occurred during the period of larval feeding invaded the salivary glands. A multiple fission cycle of increase within these glands resulted in large numbers of small, oval and piriform parasites, 2.5–3 μ, maximum dimension. These parasites became mixed with the salivary secretions, and presumably are the forms injected into the horse by the nymphs as they feed. The small oval and piriform parasites therefore appear to be the infective stage for the horse.
Chronic ethanol ingestion produces cholinergic hypofunction in rat brain

Alterations in cholinergic function due to prolonged ethanol exposure (up to 9 months) were assessed by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity and high-affinity choline uptake (HAChU) in three brain regions of the Long-Evans rat: frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and region of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM). No statistically significant changes were found in ChAT activity in the 3-month group; however, ChAT activity was decreased in both the frontal cortex (-32%) and NbM region (-22%) after 6 months of ethanol exposure. ChAT activity in the parietal cortex was increased 30% after 6 months. Nine months of exposure significantly decreased ChAT activity in all three brain regions. No significant differences were observed in high-affinity choline uptake after 3 months of ethanol exposure. However, after 6 months of ethanol exposure HAChU was decreased to 51% of control values in the frontal cortex. There was a simultaneous increase in HAChU to 43% and 178% of control values in the NbM and parietal cortex, respectively. However, choline uptake was significantly decreased in the frontal cortex and NbM region after 9 months of exposure. The results indicate a neurotoxic effect of prolonged intake of ethanol on the basal forebrain cholinergic projection system, which may cause impairment of cholinergic innervation of target areas of the basal nucleus complex.
Patients with palmoplantar psoriasis have more physical disability and discomfort than patients with other forms of psoriasis: implications for clinical practice.

Abstract Background Psoriasis is a chronic, unpredictable, and incurable disease that has a negative impact on patients' quality of life. Palm and sole psoriasis can add to this negative impact as it directly affects activities of daily living. Objective We sought to estimate the prevalence of palmoplantar psoriasis in a patient population and to explore associations with patient outcomes. Methods In all, 317 individuals with psoriasis completed a comprehensive assessment battery. Patients with palmoplantar psoriasis (n = 124, 39%) were compared with patients without palmoplantar involvement with respect to functional disability, psychiatric symptoms, physical and social discomfort, self-reported psoriasis severity, and health-related quality of life. Results Patients with palmoplantar involvement reported significantly greater physical disability and physical discomfort than patients without palmoplantar involvement (both P Conclusion Patients with palmoplantar psoriasis are affected to a greater degree by the physical aspects of the disease than patients without palmoplantar involvement.
Serum leptin levels are independently correlated with two measures of HDL.

Leptin is the peptide product of the OB gene, which is associated with obesity in some strains of mice. Because dyslipidemias are frequently associated with obesity, we have begun to characterize the pathways connecting these related traits. In this investigation we tested for correlation of HDL phenotype measures with leptin concentrations using data from 1159 participants in the San Antonio Family Heart Study, a study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Mexican Americans living in and around San Antonio, Texas. In a subset of 288 unrelated individuals, we tested for correlation of leptin with nine different measures of HDL phenotype and found that only three were significantly related. However, stepwise regression analysis suggested that only two measures, HDL triglyceride concentrations (HDL-TG) and the proportion of apo A-I on HDL particles larger than HDL3 (Large HDL-apo A-I), were independently correlated with leptin. Because obesity and HDL phenotypes are both under strong genetic control, we conducted a trivariate genetic analysis, using the entire data set, to test the hypothesis that the phenotypic correlations were due to the effects of shared genes (i.e., pleiotropy). Heritabilities for the three traits were estimated to be 0.47 for leptin, 0.46 for HDL-TG, and 0.46 for Large HDL-apo A-I. Results from the genetic analyses revealed that the phenotypic correlation of leptin with HDL-TG was nongenetic (i.e., shared environment), while the phenotypic correlation with Large HDL-apo A-I was due to pleiotropy (i.e., shared genes). These results confirmed the result derived from the subset of unrelated individuals that the two measures of HDL are independently correlated with leptin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a relationship between leptin and any aspect of lipoprotein phenotype. A better understanding of the genes responsible for this relationship may provide a molecular explanation for the aggregation of atherogenic phenotypes, such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipoproteinemia.
Differences in sensitivity to the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among amphibian populations

Contributing to the worldwide biodiversity crisis are emerging infectious diseases, which can lead to extirpations and extinctions of hosts. For example, the infectious fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is associated with worldwide amphibian population declines and extinctions. Sensitivity to Bd varies with species, season, and life stage. However, there is little information on whether sensitivity to Bd differs among populations, which is essential for understanding Bd-infection dynamics and for formulating conservation strategies. We experimentally investigated intraspecific differences in host sensitivity to Bd across 10 populations of wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) raised from eggs to metamorphosis. We exposed the post-metamorphic wood frogs to Bd and monitored survival for 30 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Populations differed in overall survival and mortality rate. Infection load also differed among populations but was not correlated with population differences in risk of mortality. Such population-level variation in sensitivity to Bd may result in reservoir populations that may be a source for the transmission of Bd to other sensitive populations or species. Alternatively, remnant populations that are less sensitive to Bd could serve as sources for recolonization after epidemic events.
On the Relation between Syntactic Phrases and Phonological Phrases

This article argues that the relation between syntactic XPs and phonological phrases is subject to a constraint, WRAP-XP, that demands that each XP be contained in a phonological phrase. WRAP-XP is argued to interact with the constraints on edge alignment proposed by Selkirk (1986, 1995), with a constraint against recursive structure, and with a constraint aligning an edge of a focus with a phonological phrase. WRAP-XP is intended to replace, and improve on, an earlier proposal by Hale and Selkirk (1987) to the effect that lexical government plays a role in the syntax-prosody mapping. The languages discussed in more detail are Tohono O'odham, Kimatuumbi, and Chicheŵa.
Dynamics in the Gödel universe

We present a complete description of the dynamics of test particles in the Godel universe in terms of Fermi co-ordinates. We show that, much as for the Friedmann universes, the Godel universe has a simple Newtonian counterpart possessing the salient features of the Godel universe, including the same nonrelativistic dynamics.
Effect of Pad Surface Texture and Slurry Abrasive Concentration on Tribological and Kinetic Attributes of ILD CMP

Real-time coefficient of friction (COF) analysis is used to determine the extent of normal and shear forces during CMP and identify the lubrication regimes associated with the process. Pads with different surface textures and slurries with varying abrasive concentrations are used to polish ILD films over a wide range of operating parameters. Results show that by varying abrasive concentration and pad surface texture, one can cause the process tribology to change from ‘boundary lubrication’ to ‘partial lubrication’, to ‘hydrodynamic lubrication’. A two-phase model relating average coefficient of friction and Preston's constant is presented. At abrasive concentrations up to 9 percent, material removal is proportional to the extent of contact between the abrasives and the wafer. At abrasive concentrations between 9 to 25 percent, removal rate is directly influenced by average COF. A new parameter termed the ‘tribological mechanism indicator’ is defined and extracted from the data, which coupled with the information on COF and ILD removal rate, results in a series of ‘universal’ correlations. A qualitative model based on pad storage modulus is used to explain the trends.
Electric Field-Assisted Positioning of Neurons on Pt Microelectrode Arrays

Characterization of electrical activity of individual neurons is the fundamental step in understanding the functioning of the nervous system. Single cell electrical activity at various stages of cell development is essential to accurately determine in in-vivo conditions the position of a cell based on the procured electrical activity. Understanding memory formation and development translates to changes in the electrical activity of individual neurons. Hence, there is an enormous need to develop novel ways for isolating and positioning individual neurons over single recording sites. To this end, we used a 3x3 multiple microelectrode array system to spatially arrange neurons by applying a gradient AC field. We characterized the electric field distribution inside our test platform by using two dimensiona l finite element modeling (FEM) and determined the location of neurons over the electrode array. Dielectrophoretic AC fields were utilized to separate the neurons from the glial cells and to position the neurons over the electrodes. The neurons were obtained from 0-2-day-old rat (Sprague-Dawley) pups. The technique of using electric fields to achieve single neuron patterning has implications in neural engineering, elucidating a new and simpler method to develop and study neuronal activity as compared to conventional microelectrode array techniques.
Altered Circadian Rhythms and Clock Genes in Epileptic Mouse Model (S26.003)

Objective: To examine circadian rhythm and the expression of genes associated with circadian rhythms extracted from hypothalamus in epileptic Kcna-1 null mouse model. Background In animal models of limbic epilepsy, seizures tend to occur with a circadian rhythm, even under constant conditions. Other studies showed that circadian rhythms are disrupted due to the epileptic condition, but the physiological basis of circadian distribution of seizures and disrupted circadian rhythm is not understood. Design/Methods: Circadian rest-activity patterns were measured in epileptic Kcna-1 knockouts using actigraphy over a 4 day period, compared to wild type mice. Hypothalamic areas was isolated from both groups at 4 different Zeitgeber times (ZT: 0, 6, 12 and 18 hrs) under normal light or infrared light and rapidly frozen at -60oC. Standard RT-PCR technique with 4 clock gene primers such as Per1, Per 2, CLOCK and Bmal was employed. Differences in circadian rest-activity patterns were evaluated between epileptic and wild type mice using cosinor analysis. Differences in clock gene expression was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Circadian rest-activity patterns of Kcna-1 knockouts were significantly disrupted compared to wild type mice. The circadian locomotor activity count was much higher during lights-off and much lower during lights-on for wild type mice where as locomotor activity counts were much higher both during lights-on and lights-off for epileptic mice. RT-PCR analysis showed that Per 1 and CLOCK expression was high in the early subjective night where as expression of Bmal was high in the early subjective day for epileptic mice where as Per 1, CLOCK and Bmal peaked at midnight for wild type mice. Conclusions: Circadian rhythms of rest-activity periods are disrupted in epileptic mice which may have a genetic basis. It also remains to be seen whether circadian distribution of seizures is due to altered expression of clock genes. Supported by: Arizona Biomedical Research Commission Grant. Disclosure: Dr. Maganti has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, GlaxoSmithKline, Inc., Cyberonics, Lundbeck Research USA, Inc., Arizona Biomedical Research Commission, Barrow Neurological Foundation as a speaker, consultant and/or grant support staff. Dr. Wallace has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose.
Familial polyposis of the colon

Karyotypes in leukocytes in peripheral blood were normal in seven of eight patients with familial polyposis of the colon, with or without extracolonic manifestations. The eighth patient in the study had an XXY abnormality and Klinefelter’s syndrome. This finding of an XXY male with familial polyposis is probably a chance occurrence and not related to the familial polyposis of the colon. The extra chromosome did not appear to alter the clinical findings of familial polyposis, the free urinary amino-acid excretion, or the urinary polarographic findings in this patient, relative to the findings in a brother with polyposis and a normal karyotype. The grandfather of the patient with familial polyposis and Klinefelter’s syndrome apparently had developed the genotype as a spontaneous mutation.
Analysis of General Shells Under Deformation Dependent Pressure loads Using a Flat Triangular Shell Element

1. Abstract Finite element large deformation analysis of general shells under deformation dependent pressure loads using a three-noded flat triangular shell element is presented. The flat shell element is obtained by combining the Discrete Kirchhoff Theory (DKT) plate bending element and a membrane element similar to the Allman element, but derived from the Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element. The follower effects of the pressure load are included in the finite element formulation. The pressure stiffness matrix and the deformation dependent pressure load vector in a Cartesian coordinate system are systematically derived from the principle of virtual work. Results are presented for a cantilever beam under uniform external pressure and a thin circular ring under non-uniform external pressure. The element will be used in the near future for the analysis of a large inflatable structure which is highly flexible and is expected to undergo large deformations and rotations. In order to estimate the accuracy of the present formulation in predicting the nonlinear response of large structures, analysis of a thin circular arch under internal and external pressure loads is performed. The arch presented is a building block of a large inflatable structure. The present results are in good agreement with the results available in the existing literature and those obtained using the commercial finite element software ABAQUS, where ever applicable, demonstrating the accuracy of the present formulation.
3D Imaging of Gravity Gradiometry Data From a Single Borehole Using Potential Field Migration

We present a feasibility study for the rapid 3D imaging of borehole gravity gradiometry data. Our method is based on potential field migration, a method that enables us to recover a 3D density model around a single borehole by using a stable integral transform of the observed gravity gradients. The rapidity of the method means it can be used for real-time imaging, or for producing an a priori model for subsequent regularized inversion. Since borehole gravity gradiometers are still in development, we are at liberty to analyze imaging based on different components of the gravity tensor. The results of our feasibility study demonstrate the directional sensitivities of the gravity gradients, and show how potential migration can recover the location of bodies from both single and multiple gravity gradient measurements. However, some gravity tensor components measured from a single borehole are not sufficient to exactly recover the azimuth of a target nor to resolve multiple compact bodies.
The Influence of a Crosshair Visual Aid on Observer Detection of Simulated Fetal Heart Rate Signals

Objective To determine whether a visual aid overlaid on fetal heart rate (FHR) tracings increases detection of critical signals relative to images with no visual aid. Study Design In an experimental study, 21 undergraduate students viewed 240 images of simulated FHR tracings twice, once with the visual aids and once without aids. Performance was examined for images containing three different types of FHR signals (early deceleration, late deceleration, and acceleration) and four different FHR signal-to-noise ratios corresponding to FHR variability types (absent, minimal, moderate, and marked) identified by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2008). Performance was analyzed using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Results The presence of the visual aid significantly improved correct detections of signals overall and decreased false alarms for the marked variability condition. Conclusion The results of the study provide evidence that the presence of a visual aid was useful in helping novices identify FHR signals in simulated maternal-fetal heart rate images. Further, the visual aid was most useful for conditions in which the signal is most difficult to detect (when FHR variability is highest).
Further studies of interrelationship between xanthine oxidase and influenzal pneumonia in mice.

ConclusionsPrevious observations that xanthine oxidase increases in mouse lung concomitant with influenza virus infection have been confirmed and extended. Comparable increases in xanthine oxidase also occur in murine pneumonitis produced by Nigg pneumonitis virus and by NDV. Comparative studies with other types of infection and injury indicate that infection with K. pneumoniae and the intrapleural injection of turpentine also result in significant increases in xanthine oxidase activity in mouse lung thus suggesting that an increase in the level of enzyme is closely associated with injury and death to lung tissue.
Towards a comparative evaluation of visually guided physical reach motions during 3D interactions in real and virtual environments

In an initial study, we characterize the properties of human reach motion with and without visual guidance in real and virtual worlds in interaction space. We aim to understand how the perceptual characteristics between real and virtual worlds affect physical reaches during 3D interaction. Typically, participants spatially reach to the perceived location of objects in 3D to perform selection and manipulation activities. These physical reach motions include those of virtual assembly tasks or rehabilitation exercises in which the participants only have approximate perceptual information in the virtual world compared to the real world situation due to technological limitations such as minimal visual field of view and resolution as well as latency and jitter associated with physical movements. In this poster, we try to understand how the motor responses of participants differ between visually guided versus non-visually guided situations. We compared and contrasted the motor component of 3D interaction between the virtual and physical world by investigating factors such as accuracy and velocity of each reaching task.
Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein in bronchial asthma

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP),also known as adipocyte lipid binding protein (ALBP),fatty acid binding proteins4 (FABP4),ap2,422 protein or P15 protein,is the most important member of FABP.It is closely related to many types of inflammatory cells in bronchial asthma.Studies suggest that A-FABP may play an important role in bronchial asthma. Key words: Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein; Asthma
Identifying consonantal tasks via measures of tongue shaping: a real-time MRI investigation of the production of vocalized syllabic /l/ in American English

Liquids are unique in their ability to occupy syllable onset, nucleus, and coda positions in American English, as well as the fact that they are composed of two lingual gestures. Upon inspection of /l/ in syllable nucleus and coda positions using real-time MRI, it appears that the tongue tip constriction we might expect for /l/ is often not present, a phenomenon called /l/-vocalization. However, it is not merely the case that the consonantal gesture of /l/ is completely lost in these syllable positions, leaving behind a simple vocalic configuration. Though there is often no raising of the tongue tip in an attempt to make contact with the alveolar ridge, the /l/ exhibits complex tongue shaping involving curling in the region of the tongue blade. The result is a lowered tongue blade relative to the tongue tip and dorsum. This shaping is captured through measures of Gaussian curvature at evenly spaced points along the tongue. The results indicate that /l/-vocalization in the syllable rhyme does not involve a complete loss of the consonantal nature of the lateral, but rather a modification of its realization.
Bases for a More Socially Just Humanistic Praxis

The authors suggest that social justice praxis is required of any humanistic practitioner. Inspired by a metamodern interpretation of humanistic psychology, the authors offer five propositions for ...
Effects of Income and Wealth on Subjective QOL

In the last 30–40 years, we have seen burgeoning research on the predictive effects of income and wealth on subjective aspects of QOL. Because of the largess of this research literature, I am treating this topic as a separate Chapter 6 will continue by examining the effects of other demographic variables on subjective QOL.
A note on tall cardinals and level by level equivalence

Starting from a model V⊧ZFC+GCH+ “κ is supercompact” + “No cardinal is supercompact up to a measurable cardinal”, we force and construct a model VP such that VP⊧ZFC+ “κ is supercompact” + “No cardinal is supercompact up to a measurable cardinal” + “δ is measurable iff δ is tall” in which level by level equivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness holds. This extends and generalizes both [[4], Theorem 1] and the results of [5].
A coding tool for examining the substance of teacher professional learning and change with example cases from middle school science lesson study

Abstract Although lesson study is increasingly adopted in the United States (U.S.), the impact of lesson study on teacher learning is uncertain. This study presents a theoretically grounded set of codes to systematically document the various aspects of teacher learning and change (knowledge and beliefs, professional learning community, resources) in lesson study across contexts. To present examples of the codes in use, a subset of codes related to change in teacher knowledge and beliefs were applied to analyze teachers' professional discourse in three middle school science lesson study teams.
Mitigation of thermal distortion during additive manufacturing

Abstract Additively manufactured parts are often distorted because of spatially variable heating and cooling. Currently there is no practical way to select process variables based on scientific principles to alleviate distortion. Here we develop a roadmap to mitigate distortion during additive manufacturing using a strain parameter and a well-tested, three-dimensional, numerical heat transfer and fluid flow model. The computed results uncover the effects of both the key process variables such as power, scanning speed, and important non-dimensional parameters such as Marangoni and Fourier numbers and non-dimensional peak temperature on thermal strain. Recommendations are provided to mitigate distortion based on the results.
Reterritorializing as Community Activism in an Urban Community-School Transformation Initiative

A resident-driven school and community transformation initiative in upstate New York, the Coalition for the Children of Lakeview (CCL), is the site for this chapter’s critical geography analysis. A Planning Panel1 (PP) of approximately 116 individuals representing residents (51%) and social service and governmental agency representatives (non-residents) (49%) was formed in 2005 to make critical decisions regarding the content of the CCL plan (e.g., specific foci such as k-16 education, employment, housing, public safety).
Analyzing Big Spatial and Big Spatiotemporal Data: A Case Study of Methods and Applications

Abstract Spatial and spatiotemporal data mining is the process of discovering interesting and previously unknown, but potentially useful patterns from the data collected over time and space. However, explosive growth in the spatial and spatiotemporal data, and the emergence of social media and location sensing technologies, emphasizes the need for developing new and computationally efficient methods tailored for analyzing big data. In this chapter, we study approaches to handle big spatial and spatiotemporal data by closely looking at the computational and I/O requirements of several analysis algorithms for such data. We also study applications of such methods in domains where data is encountered at a massive scale.
Storage options for the healthcare enterprise.

The storage objectives for the healthcare enterprise (HE) are to ensure that information (images and data) are readily available anywhere and at anytime, images and data are secure, and the storage fulfills legal requirements and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). These objectives must be satisfied at a minimum economic cost with respect to personnel, hardware, software, space and telecommunications. Many approaches and storage configurations meet these objectives. Which approach is chosen will depend on the size of the institution, patient population, geographic distribution of the institutions (if more than one), type of facility (such as a hospital, outpatient clinic or private imaging center), and financial investment objectives. The quantity of storage required depends on the characteristics of the modalities, the number of imaging devices and databases, the number and location of imaging sites that make up the HE, the size of the data and image, and the projected procedure volume growth. The only certainty with respect to storage requirements is that they will increase significantly with time. The types of storage required in the HE can be described by their functions: Active storage includes both online and long-term storage. Backup images are temporarily backed up on the limited storage capacity of the modality for several days or longer. Additional copies of the study are made on different media (e.g., disk, DVD or tape), in different locations. The process of backing up data and images must be automated. Effective April 21, 2005, HIPAA requires that all healthcare entities have a disaster recovery plan in effect. This requires that a copy of all medical data be secure, retrievable and maintained in a second location, such that if the primary copy of the data is destroyed or made unavailable, the disaster recovery copy would be available. Planning for the HE archive is critical if the HE is to work productively in an integrated digital environment. The information technology department must be an integral part of planning for the HE archive, which must be located in a secure data center and not under the management of any single clinical department. After the technologies currently available are evaluated, it is imperative that the chosen solution is cost-effective and scalable, and that it will allow the HE to take advantage of future storage and storage management technology.
Influence of land use and lithology on sources and ages of nutritional resources for stream macroinvertebrates: a multi-isotopic approach

Terrestrially-derived carbon (C) and organic matter (OM)—often of significant age—dominate in many streams and rivers, yet little is known about their potential nutritional contributions to aquatic macroinvertebrate consumers. Impacts of watershed characteristics (e.g., land use and lithology) on the sources and ages of C and OM utilized by aquatic consumers are also poorly understood. To assess these factors, macroinvertebrates were collected from six headwater streams having different watershed lithologies and land uses in the Hudson-Mohawk River system (New York, USA) and analyzed for natural δ13C, δ15N, δ2H, and ∆14C. A Bayesian stable isotopic mixing model revealed that autochthonous primary production dominated (62–92%) the biomass of all functional feeding groups (FFGs) across all sites, with allochthonous sources being of secondary but still significant (21–31%) importance. Macroinvertebrates collected from streams in watersheds having low vs. high agricultural land use were estimated to assimilate 0–13 and 4–31% soil-derived C and OM, respectively. ∆14C values and apparent ages of macroinvertebrates from shale-rich and shale-poor sites were also significantly different (mean ∆14C = −75 and −34‰; equivalent 14C ages = 630 and 280 years B.P., respectively). Inclusion of ∆14C data in mixing models confirmed the importance of autochthonous primary production, and also demonstrated indirect lithological control of nutritional resource utilization by influencing stream substrate type and potential retention of allochthonous C and OM. Findings from this study further showed that the relative magnitudes of autochthonous vs. allochthonous contributions to macroinvertebrates were dependent on FFG, land use type, and lithology.
Assessment of Neurotrophins and Inflammatory Mediators in Vitreous of Patients With Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose To assess vitreous levels of inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophins (NTs) in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and elucidate their potential roles. Methods A prospective study was performed on 50 vitreous samples obtained from patients with DR (n = 22) and the nondiabetic controls (n = 28). All patients were candidates for vitrectomy. Inflammatory cytokine and NT levels were determined with ELISA. Potential source and role of NTs was determined by using human retinal Muller glia and mouse photoreceptor cells and challenging them with TNF-α or IL-1β, followed by detection of NTs and cell death. Results Vitreous NT levels of all DR patients were significantly higher than those of nondiabetic controls (nerve growth factor [NGF, P = 0.0001], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF, P = 0.009], neurotrophin-3 [NT-3, P < 0.0001], neurotrophin-4 [NT-4, P = 0.0001], ciliary neurotrophic factor [CNTF, P = 0.0001], and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF, P = 0.008]). Similarly, the levels of inflammatory mediators IL-1β (P < 0.0001), IL-6 (P = 0.0005), IL-8 (P < 0.0001), and TNF-α (P < 0.0001) were also higher in eyes with DR. Interestingly, inflammatory cytokine and NT levels, particularly TNF-α (P < 0.05), IL-8 (P < 0.004), NT-3 (P = 0.012), NGF (P = 0.04), GDNF (P = 0.005), and CNTF (P = 0.002), were higher in eyes with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) than in eyes with active proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Cytokine stimulation of Muller glia resulted in production of NTs, and GDNF treatment reduced photoreceptor cell death in response to inflammation and oxidative stress. Conclusions Together, our study demonstrated that patients with DR have higher levels of both inflammatory cytokines and NTs in their vitreous. Muller glia could be the potential source of NTs under inflammatory conditions to exert neuroprotection.
Designing Phase I Shewhart X¯charts: Extended tables and software

Control charts play an important role in Phase I studies, which are conducted to establish process control and generate reference data for parameter estimation and calculation of prospective (Phase II) control limits. Researchers have tabulated the necessary charting constants for the normal theory–based Phase I Shewhart X¯ chart for the process mean to achieve a desired nominal false alarm probability given the number of Phase I subgroups, m, up to 15. However, in practice, when parameters are estimated, the currently recommended number of Phase I subgroups is much larger than covered by their tables. Recognizing the need and taking advantage of some recently available software and computing resources, an extension to these tables is provided for m = 3(1)10 , 15(5)30 , 50(25)300 and n = 3 , 5 , 7 , 10. In addition to the tables, an R program is provided to calculate the charting constant, on demand, for user-given values of nominal false alarm probability, m, and n. An appendix shows the details of how the program should be used.
Integrated Learning of Metadata Quality Evaluation and Metadata Application Profile Development in a Graduate Metadata Course

This submission presents the graduate metadata courses offered by the X university and reports a case study of an experiment in the design of an advanced graduate metadata course. We made the changes to course design to facilitate the skill-building component and provide more efficient link between content-based learning and skill-based learning. Our goal was to ensure metadata learners develop not only the in-depth understanding of and interest in advanced metadata topics, but also the ability to clearly see the connections between these topics. In particular, the experiment included integrating the learning of the process of designing a local metadata application profile with evaluation of the quality of metadata, including assessing the ability of a standard metadata scheme or an application profile to capture and adequately represent important and unique attributes of information objects in a special collection. The benefits of this approach to the quality of learning were measured and are discussed.
Revolutionary Scholarship by Any Speed Necessary: Slow or Fast but for the End of This World

Advocates of ‘slow scholarship’ have called for building relations of care and solidarity across the university. This requires tracing how academia’s unequal temporal architecture makes some people’s temporally privileged situations interdependent with others’ more oppressed temporalities. Understanding such interdependencies is necessary for going beyond mere allyship and toward becoming accomplices in a shared struggle for mutual liberation. But these relations can be obscured by romanticizing the academic project. To de-romanticize academia, we offer a critical, decolonial history of the university. We highlight how, on the one hand, intertemporal relations are mediated through people’s inter-relations with and through the land and, on the other hand, how they are masked by colonial ways of thinking. Nostalgia for the university is often tied with an ideal of liberal democracy. Feelings of anxiety about ‘speed-up’ originate in the liberal ideal of the slowly deliberative citizen in the public sphere. Against giving into anxieties about ‘speed-up,’ we show that this over-politicizing of temporality has the converse effect of depoliticizing other important political struggles. While jettisoning these problematic assumptions of ‘slow scholarship’ advocates, we maintain their desires for building relations of care and solidarity. Revealing the university’s temporal architectures involves tracing, for example, how the (slow) scholarship of (tenured) faculty is already dependent on the (sped-up) time and labor of graduate students, lecturers, and service workers – as well as the temporalities of off-campus domestic workers and incarcerated persons. Further, these intertemporal relations intersect with other dynamics, including racism, sexism, labor exploitation, and bureaucracy. We offer an experiment with this approach of inter-temporally reflective scholarship through analyses of the #theRealUW and #DismantleDukePlantation movements at our own campuses of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Duke University. This allows us to envision possibilities for solidarity across different struggles, for expanding alternative temporal sub-architectures, and for amplifying already existing forms of resistance in the university’s undercommons.
The case for treatment fidelity in active music interventions: why and how

As the volume of studies testing the benefits of active music-making interventions increases exponentially, it is important to document what exactly is happening during music treatment sessions in order to provide evidence for the mechanisms through which music training affects other domains. Thus, to complement systematic and rigorous attention to outcomes of the treatment, we outline four vital components of treatment fidelity and discuss their implementation in nonmusic- and music-based interventions. We then describe the design of Music Impacting Language Expertise (MILEStone), a new intervention that aims to improve grammar skills in children with specific language impairment by increasing sensitivity to rhythmic structure, which may enhance general temporal processing and sensitivity to syntactic structure. We describe the approach to addressing treatment fidelity in MILEStone adapted from intervention research from other fields, including a behavioral coding system to track instructional episodes and child participation, a treatment manual, activity checklists, provider training and monitoring, a home practice log, and teacher ratings of participant engagement. This approach takes an important first step in modeling a formalized procedure for assessing treatment fidelity in active music-making intervention research, as a means of increasing methodological rigor in support of evidence-based practice in clinical and educational settings.
Preschoolers' Suggestibility: Effects of Developmentally Appropriate Language and Interviewer Supportiveness

Three- and four-year-old children were interviewed about a personally experienced event after a 2-week delay. Children were interviewed with one of four alternative interview protocols that differed with regard to degree of interviewer support and language appropriateness. Accuracy of responses to direct questions concerning event features was scored, and answers to misleading questions were coded as an indicator of suggestibility. Individual difference measures of language ability, temperament, task engagement, and parenting attitudes were also collected. The results indicate that interviewers can increase young preschoolers' resistance to suggestibility by using language that is easily comprehensible to young children. Language appropriateness was not as important for the older children and the degree of support did not influence suggestibility for either the younger or the older children. Furthermore, individual difference measures were not related to accuracy for direct questions or suggestibility.
Results of tumor treatments with alpha particles and heavy ions at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

Abstract A clinical trial, starting with 934 MeV helium ions produced at the 184-inch cyclotron, has been underway at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory since 1975. Eighty-five patients have been treated in a pilot series with the helium ion beam. Treatment techniques have been developed for large field, fractionated, spread out Bragg peak charged particle radiotherapy. A treatment planning computer routine has been developed to compute physical and biological isodoses for charged particle beams taking into account beam perturbations by varying tissue densities as determined by CT scanning in the region of interest. An RBE of 1.2 for fractionated helium ion therapy has been clinically confirmed using daily doses of 200 photon equivalent rad per fraction, four fractions per week to total doses of 6000 rad. Pilot studies with heavier ions such as carbon and neon are just beginning at the Bevalac. Patients with locally advanced malignancies not amenable to conventional therapy will be selected for pilot irradiation with carbon and neon ions to determine clinical RBEs, normal tissue reaction and tumor regression. The goal of these pilot studies is a prospective clinical trial utilizing helium ions to evaluate the advantages of improved dose localization, and carbon or neon ions to study the increased biological effect and improved dose localization available with heavy charged particle therapy.
Stochastic Gradient Descent with Biased but Consistent Gradient Estimators

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD), which dates back to the 1950s, is one of the most popular and effective approaches for performing stochastic optimization. Research on SGD resurged recently in machine learning for optimizing convex loss functions and training nonconvex deep neural networks. The theory assumes that one can easily compute an unbiased gradient estimator, which is usually the case due to the sample average nature of empirical risk minimization. There exist, however, many scenarios (e.g., graphs) where an unbiased estimator may be as expensive to compute as the full gradient because training examples are interconnected. Recently, Chen et al. (2018) proposed using a consistent gradient estimator as an economic alternative. Encouraged by empirical success, we show, in a general setting, that consistent estimators result in the same convergence behavior as do unbiased ones. Our analysis covers strongly convex, convex, and nonconvex objectives. We verify the results with illustrative experiments on synthetic and real-world data. This work opens several new research directions, including the development of more efficient SGD updates with consistent estimators and the design of efficient training algorithms for large-scale graphs.
Molecular tools enabling pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) as a model plant and oilseed cash cover crop

Thlapsi arvense L. (pennycress) is being developed as a profitable oilseed cover crop for the winter fallow period throughout the temperate regions of the world, controlling soil erosion and nutrients run-off on otherwise barren farmland. We demonstrate that pennycress can serve as a user-friendly model system akin to Arabidopsis that is well-suited for both laboratory and field experimentation. We sequenced the diploid genome of the spring-type Spring 32-10 inbred line (1C DNA content of 539 Mb; 2n = 14), identifying variation that may explain phenotypic differences with winter-type pennycress, as well as predominantly a one-to-one correspondence with Arabidopsis genes, which makes translational research straightforward. We developed an Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip transformation method (0.5% transformation efficiency) and introduced CRISPR-Cas9 constructs to produce indel mutations in the putative FATTY ACID ELONGATION1 (FAE1) gene, thereby abolishing erucic acid production and creating an edible seed oil comparable to that of canola. We also stably transformed pennycress with the Euonymus alatus diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT) gene, producing low-viscosity acetyl-triacylglycerol-containing seed oil suitable as a diesel-engine drop-in fuel. Adoption of pennycress as a model system will accelerate oilseed-crop translational research and facilitate pennycress' rapid domestication to meet the growing sustainable food and fuel demands.
Anatomical Connections Between the Papillary Muscles and the Ventricular Myocardium: Correlation With QRS Variability of Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Background: Papillary muscles (PM) ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) exhibit QRS variability, attributed to anisotropy. ECG inconsistencies such as late precordial transition (TZ) and discordant QRS ax...
Abstract TMP117: Relationship of Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensity Progression and Leukocyte Activation

Background: Cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH) are an important contributor to injury in the aging brain. Progression in WMH volume is associated with cognitive decline and gait impairmen...