cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical modeling of macro and micro behaviors of materials in processing : a review

Numerical techniques used for modeling the macroscopic and microscopic behavior of materials in processing are reviewed. The macromodels are based on the concept of a material continuum for which the densities of mass, momentum, and energy exist in the mathematical sense of the continuum and the microstructure of matter can be ignored. The micromodels, on the other hand, are based on the concepts of micromechanics and statistics applied to the study of the microstructure of the material. In this paper, formulation of the partial differential equations that govern the macroscopic behavior of materials resulting from the material continuum assumption is first presented. The relevant numerical techniques for solving these equations and for handling the associated boundary conditions are then discussed. As a demonstration, a continuous drawing process is modeled to illustrate the procedure involved and the information revealed. In microscopic modeling, the numerical and statistical techniques used to simulate the microstructure formation of materials are reviewed. Examples applied to solidification and recrystallization as well as defect formation are then presented. Finally following an examination of the approaches that incorporate the microscopic models into the macroscopic models, recommendations on the future development are given.
Intracranial Aneurysm Morphology and Flow Dynamics to Assess Rupture Risk

The effectiveness of Intracranial Aneurysm (IA) size as a predictor for rupture has been debated. The confusing trends observed *unicefwhile stratifying IA rupture risk according to IA size may have arisen from overlooking its morphology and size relative to its parent vessel.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from sheep liver: Inhibition of the catalytic activity by fructose-1,6-diphosphate

Summary The catalytic activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, isolated from sheep liver, has been found to be markedly inhibited by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (F-1,6-PP). Activity measurements carried out in the presence and absence of F-1,6-PP indicate that the inhibition is competitive with respect to 6-phosphogluconate (6-PG), and non-competitive with respect to TPN. A Ki value of 7.08 ± 3.10 × 10−5 M for F-1,6-PP may be calculated from the kinetic measurements. As the Km for 6-PG (1.5 × 10−5 M), the K1 for F-1,6-PP, and the concentrations of 6-PG and F-1,6-PP in liver, are all comparable, it appears that the inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by F-1,6-PP may be of significance in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver.
A micro Tesla turbine for power generation from low pressure heads and evaporation driven flows

We report on the design, fabrication and testing of a low pressure head Tesla microturbine. We began developing this technology as a means of scavenging energy from fluids flows induced in plant-like evaporative systems. Unlike traditional inertial turbines, Tesla turbines have high efficiency when driven with low pressure flows, are relatively simple to manufacture and scale down very favorably. The 1 cm3 rotor diameter turbine presented here is, to our knowledge, the smallest Tesla turbine reported, with an unloaded peak power of 45 mW (12 cc/sec flow, 17% efficiency) and a peak efficiency of 40% (&#60; 2 cc/sec flow). Moreover, the entire turbine is built using a variety of modern commercial rapid prototyping methods, making its construction accessible to almost anyone. Beyond applications in evaporative scavenging, Tesla microturbines may find use as components in ultrasmall-profile heat engines and for energy generation from sources of low pressure head flow.
Visual kinematics II: space contraction in motion and visual velocity

Abstract The apparent contraction of spatial separation between moving visual objects along the direction of motion (Space Contraction in Motion effect, SCM) occurs under both steady fixation and free looking conditions. In both cases the perceived spatial separation-in-motion for a given angular velocity does not depend on parameters of the moving objects themselves and equals a fixed proportion of the separation-at-rest. The perceived spatial separation decreases as angular velocity increases, defind in external rather than retinal coordinates. For a given angular velocity the spatial separation decreases as a function of factors increasing the perceived speed of motion. Thus both the perceived speed and the SCM effect are greater under steady fixation than under free looking conditions, and they both increase when motion takes place between more narrow screen borders. A hypothesis is proposed that SCM depends on perceived rather than objective velocity.
Effects of chronic continuous hypoxia on the expression of SLC4A8 (NDCBE) in neonatal versus adult mouse brain

Abstract Na-coupled HCO3 transporters (NCBTs) play important roles in brain pH regulation. One NCBT, the Na-driven Cl-HCO3 exchanger (SLC4A8 or NDCBE), appears to be the major regulator of intracellular pH (pHi), at least in some hippocampal pyramidal neurons. NDCBE is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system in rodent brain. In a previous study, it has been demonstrated that CCH decreases the abundance of NBCn1 and NBCn2 proteins in four regions of the mouse brain: cerebral cortex (CX), subcortex (SCX), cerebellum (CB), and hippocampus (HC). Here we report the effect of CCH (11% O2) on the expression of NDCBE protein in mouse brain. Neonates (beginning at age P2) or adult mice (beginning at P90) were subjected to either normoxia or CCH for durations of 14 or 28 days. Membrane-protein levels were assessed by western blotting using our polyclonal antibody directed against NDCBE. In neonates, CCH significantly decreased NDCBE expression in HC after 14 days and SCX after 28 days, but had no significant effect for other combinations of region/duration. In adults, however, CCH significantly decreased (by 20–50%) the expression of NDCBE in all four brain regions, both with 14 and 28 day duration. Thus, the mouse brain exhibits marked developmental differences in the response of NDCBE protein expression to CCH. We hypothesize that decreases in adult NDCBE protein levels, which are probably out of proportion to the decreases in other proteins, may be part of an adaptive response that reduces energy consumption and/or stabilizes brain pHi. The smaller or absent responses in the young animals could be related to neonatal hypoxia tolerance.
Leaning-based travel interfaces revisited: frontal versus sidewise stances for flying in 3D virtual spaces

In this paper we revisit the design of leaning-based travel interfaces and propose a design space to categorize existing implementations. Within the design space, frontal and sidewise stances when using a flying surfboard interface were compared through a user study. The interfaces were adapted and improved from our previous designs using a body-mounted, multi-touch touchpad. Two different experiments were designed and conducted that focus on user performance and virtual world cognition, respectively. The results suggest better user performance and user experience when using the frontal stance, although no better spatial orientation or virtual world cognition was identified. Further, user interviews revealed that despite the realistic simulation of skateboarding/snowboarding, the sidewise stance suffers from poor usability due to inefficient and inaccurate turning control and confusion between the viewing and movement directions. Based on these results, several guidelines are proposed to aid the design of leaning-based travel interfaces for immersive virtual reality applications.
An intramolecular passerini reaction: Synthesis of hydrastine.

Abstract An intramolecular Passerini reaction between 3,4-methylenedioxyphenethylisocyanide and opianic acid is applied in a total synthesis of hydrastine, a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid.
Predictors of Pediatric Emergency Patients Discharged Against Medical Advice

Based on a retrospective 5-year medical record review, this study characterizes factors associated with patients discharged against medical advice (AMA) from a tertiary pediatric emergency department (ED) and compares rates of return to the ED and admission to the hospital with those of patients routinely discharged. Data from 94 patients discharged AMA are compared with those of 188 control patients. Pediatric patients at risk for discharge AMA are older than 15 years (odds ratio [OR], 3.561; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.695-7.482), self-register independent of a parent (OR, 3.100; 95% CI, 1.818-152.770), arrive by ambulance (OR, 2.761; 95% CI, 1.267-6.018), involve a consultant (OR, 2.592; 95% CI, 1.507-4.458), and have a chief complaint of abdominal pain (OR, 3.095; 95% CI, 1.154-8.303). Negative predictors include urgent triage (OR, 0.155; 95% CI, 0.039-0.618), a chief complaint of upper respiratory tract illness or otitis media (OR, 0.229; 95% CI, 0.075-0.702), and discharge diagnoses of infection (adjusted OR, 0.053; 95% CI, 0.004-0.767), disease of the nervous system and sense organs (adjusted OR, 0.066; 95% CI, 0.005-0.898), respiratory illness (adjusted OR, 0.072; 95% CI, 0.007-0.718), and gastrointestinal disease (adjusted OR, 0.050; 95% CI, 0.006-0.419). Certain key elements of discharge AMA are well documented, including consequences of discharge AMA (74.5%) and instructions for care (54.3%). Other elements such as alternative therapies (1.1%) are poorly documented. Patients discharged AMA have a significantly higher return rate (24.5%) within 15 days compared with patients who have routine discharge (6.4%) (chi2=18.85, P<.001). Ninety-six percent of patients who return to the ED have the same chief complaint at both visits if discharged AMA compared with 50% of patients who are discharged routinely (P=.003), with 25% admission rates at the time of second visit for both types of discharges. Adolescents who register themselves are at increased risk for discharge AMA. Patients who are triaged as urgent or nonurgent or who have minor illnesses are likely to be dispositioned routinely. Patients discharged AMA are more likely to return to the ED with the same complaint than patients who are routinely discharged.
026 Altered Skin Wound Healing in Homeobox Gene Msx‐2 Knockout Mice

Homeobox genes are transcription factor that form nested patterns in specific regions throughout the body. Homeobox genes are important for wound healing study because some have been shown to be related to scarless fetal wound healing. Muscle segment homeobox-2 (Msx-2) is a homeobox gene commonly expressed at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tissue morphogenesis. Overexpression of Msx-2 leads to craniosynostosis, epidermal dysplasia, and abnormal hair growth. A knockout of this gene causes pleiotropic defects in bone growth, cyclic alopecia, and a thinner dermis. While Msx-2 has been found to play many critical roles in development, no functional study has been conducted on Msx-2 and wound healing. We hypothesize that Msx-2 regulates skin morphogenesis during wound repair which was tested by studying excisional skin wound closure. Isolated keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts of Msx-2 WT and KO mice were also studied to determine the effects of Msx-2. Results showed that Msx-2 mRNA was induced in epidermis and dermis during wound repair. Additionally, Msx-2 KO mice exhibited enhanced re-epithelialization and faster wound closure than the WT control. These repair phenotypes may be attributed to keratinocyte motility and fibroblast interaction with collagen matrix as, in vitro, Msx-2 KO keratinocytes exhibited increased motility, and fibroblasts show stronger collagen matrix contraction and expressed higher levels of α2β1 than WT control. Msx-2 KO fibroblasts were refractory to BMP4 in collagen matrix contraction, demonstrating a disruption in the Msx-2 pathway. In conclusion, Msx-2 may regulate skin morphogenesis during repair at both epithelial and mesenchymal levels. This work was supported by NIH grant R01GM055081(TLT).
On generating pseudo-functional delay fault tests for scan designs

In designs using DFT, such as scan, some of the faults that are untestable in the circuit without DFT become testable after DFT insertion. Additionally, scan tests may scan in illegal or unreachable states that cause nonfunctional operation of the circuit during test. This may cause higher than normal power dissipation and demands on supply current. We propose new techniques to determine illegal states of circuits that can be used during ATPG to prohibit tests using such states. The resulting tests are essentially functional or pseudofunctional.
Redundant control of Ultrabithorax by zeste involves functional levels of zeste protein binding at the Ultrabithorax promoter

Many biological processes appear to be controlled by functionally redundant genes or pathways, but it has proven difficult to understand the nature of this redundancy. Here, we have analyzed a redundant regulatory interaction between the Drosophila transcription factor zeste and the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax. Mutations in zeste do not affect the cis-regulation of the endogenous Ultrabithorax gene; however, the expression of small Ultrabithorax promoter constructs is strongly dependent upon zeste. We show that this difference is due to redundant cis-regulatory elements in the Ultrabithorax gene, which presumably contain binding sites for factors that share the function of zeste. We also provide evidence suggesting that zeste and the gene encoding the GAGA factor have an overlapping function in regulating Ultrabithorax. Furthermore, we show that the zeste protein is bound at equal levels in vivo to a Ultrabithorax promoter construct, which zeste strongly activates, and to the identical promoter region in the endogenous Ultrabithorax gene, which zeste redundantly regulates. These results suggest that zeste is significantly active in the wild-type animal and not simply a factor that is induced as a back-up when other activators fail.
Optimal shape design of an electrostatic comb drive in microelectromechanical systems

Polynomial driving-force comb drives are synthesized using numerical simulation. The electrode shapes are obtained using the indirect boundary element method. Variable-gap comb drives that produce combinations of linear, quadratic, and cubic driving-force profiles are synthesized. This inverse problem is solved by an optimization procedure. Sensitivity analysis is carried out by the direct differentiation approach (DDA) in order to compute design sensitivity coefficients (DSCs) of force profiles with respect to parameters that define the shapes of the fingers of a comb drive. The DSCs are then used to drive iterative optimization procedures. Designs of variable-gap comb drives with linear, quadratic, and cubic driving force profiles are presented in this paper.
Evaluation of wearable simulation interface for military training.

OBJECTIVE: This research evaluated the training effectiveness of a novel simulation interface, a wearable computer integrated into a soldier's load-bearing equipment. BACKGROUND: Military teams often use game-based simulators on desktop computers to train squad-level procedures. A wearable computer interface that mimics the soldier's equipment was expected to provide better training through increased realism and immersion. METHOD: A heuristic usability evaluation and two experiments were conducted. Eight evaluators interacted with both wearable and desktop interfaces and completed a usability survey. The first experiment compared the training retention of the wearable interface with a desktop simulator and interactive training video. The second experiment compared the training transfer of the wearable and desktop simulators with a live training environment. RESULTS: Results indicated the wearable interface was more difficult to use and elicited stronger symptoms of simulator sickness. There was no significant difference in training retention between the wearable, desktop, or interactive video training methods. The live training used in the second experiment provided superior training transfer than the simulator conditions, with no difference between the desktop and wearable. CONCLUSION: The wearable simulator interface did not provide better training than the desktop computer interface. It also had poorer usability and caused worse simulator sickness. Therefore, it was a less effective training tool. APPLICATION: This research illustrates the importance of conducting empirical evaluations of novel training technologies. New and innovative technologies are always coveted by users, but new does not always guarantee improvement. Language: en
Opportunities and Challenges of Developing Solar Resources in California

The energy policy goals of the State of California have set very aggressive targets for clean renewable energy. The state Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) has been accelerated with the target to meet twenty percent electricity demand of the state with renewable resources by 2010. The California Solar Initiative (CSI) calls for 3.0 GW of solar photovoltaic (PV) power by 2016. The Western Governors' Association (WGA) has set a target of reaching 30.0 GW of clean, diversified energy by 2015. Solar energy is expected to be a major contributor in meeting these targets. However, the relatively high cost of solar power presents significant barriers for the solar industry. This paper briefly reviews the opportunities, challenges and barriers faced by the solar industry and presents results of a study conducted by California Energy Commission (CEC). Technical and economic feasibility of California solar resources (both PV and CSP) and impacts of injecting solar power into the electricity grid at strategic locations is examined. Some of the major findings include: In the near term PV power still needs to rely on incentives to be cost competitive with other resources, however the economics significantly improves when time of use and tiered rates, long term financing, and non energy benefits are considered. Approximately 500 MW of residential PV could be deployed in California by 2010 and over 2000 MW by 2017. Locating 500 MW of grid connected PV power in the highest housing growth areas of the state could provide two-to-one benefits to the electricity system.
Template preparation of NiPS3polymer nanocomposites

A template synthesis method can be used to prepare NiPS3 nanocomposites with polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyethylenimine (PEI), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Nanocomposites of NiPS3/PEI, NiPS3/PVA and NiPS3/PVP have not been previously reported. The resulting materials are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Reaction progress was monitored using UV-visible spectroscopy. Template synthesized NiPS3/PEO nanocomposites show only polymer zig-zag monolayers, in contrast to the bilayers obtained using the topotactic method, and can generate denser interlayers than those obtained by topotactic methods. The crystallite sizes increase for more dilute conditions, a more polar solvent, and longer aging time. P2S64− and Ni2+ concentrations govern nanocomposite nucleation and growth, respectively.
Three-dimensional diffraction by infinite conducting and dielectric wedges using a generalized total-field/scattered-field FDTD formulation

We extend the generalized total-field/scattered-field formulation of the finite-difference time-domain method to permit efficient computational modeling of three-dimensional (3-D) diffraction by infinite conducting and dielectric wedges. This new method allows: 1) sourcing a numerical plane wave having an arbitrary incident angle traveling into, or originating from, a perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary and 2) terminating the infinite wedge inside the perfectly matched layer with negligible reflection. We validate the new method by comparing its results with the analytical diffraction coefficients for an infinite 3-D right-angle perfect electric conductor wedge obtained using the uniform theory of diffraction. Then, we apply the new method to calculate numerical diffraction coefficients for a 3-D infinite right-angle dielectric wedge, covering a wide range of incident and scattering angles. Finally, we show means to compactly store the calculated diffraction coefficients in a manner which permits easy interpolation of the results for arbitrary incidence and observation angles.
Proactive tobacco cessation outreach to smokers of low socioeconomic status: a randomized clinical trial

Importance Widening socioeconomic disparities in mortality in the United States are largely explained by slower declines in tobacco use among smokers of low socioeconomic status (SES) than among those of higher SES, which points to the need for targeted tobacco cessation interventions. Documentation of smoking status in electronic health records (EHRs) provides the tools for health systems to proactively offer tobacco treatment to socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers. Objective To evaluate a proactive tobacco cessation strategy that addresses sociocontextual mediators of tobacco use for low-SES smokers. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, randomized clinical trial included low-SES adult smokers who described their race and/or ethnicity as black, Hispanic, or white and received primary care at 1 of 13 practices in the greater Boston area (intervention group, n = 399; control group, n = 308). Interventions We analyzed EHRs to identify potentially eligible participants and then used interactive voice response (IVR) techniques to reach out to them. Consenting patients were randomized to either receive usual care from their own health care team or enter an intervention program that included (1) telephone-based motivational counseling, (2) free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for 6 weeks, (3) access to community-based referrals to address sociocontextual mediators of tobacco use, and (4) integration of all these components into their normal health care through the EHR system. Main Outcomes and Measures Self-reported past-7-day tobacco abstinence 9 months after randomization (“quitting”), assessed by automated caller or blinded study staff. Results The intervention group had a higher quit rate than the usual care group (17.8% vs 8.1%; odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.5-4.0; number needed to treat, 10). We examined whether use of intervention components was associated with quitting among individuals in the intervention group: individuals who participated in the telephone counseling were more likely to quit than those who did not (21.2% vs 10.4%; P P Conclusions and Relevance Proactive, IVR-facilitated outreach enables engagement with low-SES smokers. Providing counseling, NRT, and access to community-based resources to address sociocontextual mediators among smokers reached in this setting is effective. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01156610
Consumer Focused or System Focused? Choosing Demand Management Interventions

Because of its promise in cost containment, the area of Demand Management~ continues to grow and receive considerable recognition in health care2 and the public press. 3 While the popularity of the Demand Management approach has increased, and the volume of related products and services has expanded, little information has been presented in the recent literature about the variation in the underlying approaches, their value, and their impact. At present, the consistent theme among advertised Demand Management services is their goal to influence, and hopefully reduce, the volume of health care services provided? The Demand Management label is applied to a wide variety of activities that provide information, advice, or support to consumers. As such, it is possible to make broad assumptions about what all nurse-triage lines, audio text libraries, and online information services do. Yet, while the technologies and goals of many products appear the same, there are important philosophical differences to consider in choosing a service. One of the most fundamental differences among the products is the degree to which the individual consumer is encouraged to become more involved in the decision process. Some services influence the volume of services through barriers and financial disincentives, while others influence the volume of services by altering the individual’s perceived need for or value of the services. In the first case, the system imposes an external recommendation or restriction; in the other, the consumer is asked to become responsible for an appropriate course of action.
Influence of circulating angiotensin II and vasopressin on neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract

The central cardiovascular effects of the circulating peptides angiotensin II (ANG II) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) may be mediated through the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). In this study, we used single-unit extracellular recording techniques to determine the effects of peripheral infusions of ANG II and AVP on NTS neurons. Barosensitive NTS neurons were characterized by their response to an increase in arterial pressure induced with phenylephrine (PE). Of 74 NTS neurons, 17 were excited by ANG II infusion. Of these, nine were also excited by activation of baroreceptors. ANG II inhibited 15 of 74 neurons, 13 of which were also baroinhibited. Of 77 NTS neurons, 13 were excited by AVP infusion, 7 of which were also baroexcited. One AVP-excited neuron was inhibited by a PE-induced increase in arterial pressure. Of 77 neurons, 21 were inhibited by AVP, 10 of which were also baroinhibited. Out of 21 AVP-inhibited neurons, 2 were excited by an increase in arterial pressure. These results indicate that some barosensitive NTS neurons may be independently influenced by circulating peptides and that separate populations of barosensitive and peptide-sensitive neurons are found in the NTS.
Ground-Water Pollution by Septic Tank Drainfields

Analytical results from 386 ground-water samples were used to determine the effect of septic drainfield leaching on ground-water quality. The calcium carbonate type groundwater showed lower correlation coefficients between its main parameters in unsewered areas than in sewered areas. The negative correlation between calcium and sodium, the significant increase of calcium with time and with decreasing well depth points to a cation exchange in which sodium from sewage effluent is exchanged by calcium. The increase of calcium, chloride and nitrate with time was most significant in unsewered areas served by septic tanks. Highest nitrate and coliform concentrations were noted in the winter during maximum infiltration.
Photoluminescence of Zn-doped GaN grown by HVPE

We investigated the behavior of photoluminescence (PL) in a wide range of temperatures and excitation intensities from Zn-doped GaN grown on c-plane of sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The low-temperature PL spectrum exhibited sharp peaks in the excitonic part with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 5 meV. The peaks were attributed to free excitons and excitons bound to shallow donors and to Zn-related acceptors. A blue band with a maximum at 2.9 eV and FWHM of 0.33 eV dominated in the PL spectrum at low temperatures. We observed a significant UV shift (about 50 meV) of this band when the excitation density was increased from 10-6 to 100 W/cm2 or when the temperature of the sample was increased from 15 to 300 K. With increasing temperature, the blue band intensity quenched by 104 times in the range 180 - 250 K with the activation energy of about 0.64 eV. When the sample was illuminated from the substrate side, the blue band intensity dropped only 30 times in the temperature range of 180 - 340 K, and the activation energy did not exceed 0.25 eV. The PL spectrum of the GaN:Zn samples under investigation also contained broad red and green bands with maxima at about 1.8 and 2.4 eV, respectively. In PL from the substrate side, the blue and yellow (2.2 eV) luminescence dominated in the defect-related region of PL spectrum. Time-resolved PL measurements revealed nonexponential decay of the defect-related bands.
Geothermobarometry and U-Pb geochronology of metapelitic granulites and pelitic migmatites from the Lokoho region, Northern Madagascar

A region of metamorphosed supracrustal rocks (pelite, quartzite, marble, and graywacke) and coeval intrusive igneous rocks crop out in a 250 km long orogenic belt in northern Madagascar. The NW-SE trending belt is situated between a juvenile Neoproterozoic magmatic arc terrane (to the north) and an Archean craton, strongly reworked in early Neoproterozoic times (~800–670 Ma), to the south. Pelitic schist and granulite exposed along a ~70 km long transect from Andapa to Sambava contain assemblages ranging from sillimanite-garnet-biotite-orthoclase-cordierite to sillimanite-garnet-biotite-orthoclase and sillimanite-garnet-biotite-muscovite. These assemblages crop out over much of the area in which migmatites and hornblende + augite ± hypersthene ± biotite + perthite granites are common. Partial melting, biotite dehydration reactions, and granite emplacement are interpreted to have been nearly synchronous on the basis of field, structural, and petrographic observations. Pressure and temperature estimates from garnetiferious metapelitic granulite and pelitic migmatite are generally in the range of 6.5–8.5 kbar and 800–900 °C using conventional thermobarometric methods. The occurrence of cordierite moats and discordant, but synmetamorphic, leucosomes in the granulites suggest an isothermal decompression-type path. Similarly, a core-rim P-T trajectory indicates ca. 2–3 kbar decompression at high temperature in the metapelitic granulite. U-Pb geochronology of sphene, monazite, and zircon in various metamorphic and igneous rocks from the same region yields a Cambrian age of 510–520 Ma for the time of gneiss formation, granulite metamorphism, and igneous activity. Calculated minimum cooling rates range from 6 to 18 °C/Ma. Such cooling rates are more rapid than those associated with normal isostatic processes, and suggest that the terrane was tectonically exhumed at high temperature.
Silica scale control by non-ionic polymers: The influence of water system impurities

Silica and metal silicate are perhaps the most undesirable deposit encountered in industrial water systems including cooling, desalination, and geothermal. Conventional anionic scale and deposit control agents are not effective in controlling silica-based scales. The complexity of controlling silica laden waters stem from the limited solubility of both amorphous (polymerized) silica and metal silicates. Once formed, silica scale is extremely difficult to remove and often requires the use of mechanical and/or chemical methods. Several laboratory evaluations were conducted to better understand the performance of non-ionic polymers as silica polymerization inhibitors. The impact of system impurities such as trivalent metal ions (Al 3+ , Fe 3+ ) and suspended matter (clay) on the performance of
Diurnal rhythms of aminopyrine metabolism: Failure of sleep deprivation to affect them

After a single oral dose of aminopyrine (9 mg/kg), mean salivary aminopyrine half-lives (t 1/2s) and metabolic clearance rates in 12 normal male volunteers exhibited diurnal variations. Salivary aminopyrine t 1/2s were approximately 50% longer at 8 P.M. (2.1 +/- 0.7 hr) than at 8 A.M. (1.4 +/- 0.3 hr). Mean aminopyrine metabolic clearance rates decreased 20% from 8 A.M. (418.2 +/- 152.0 ml/min) to 8 P.M. (335.3 +/- 107.6 ml/min). There were large interindividual variations in the magnitude of these diurnal changes in aminopyrine t 1/2 and metabolic clearance rates. There were nonsignificant changes in mean aminopyrine apparent volumes of distribution (aVd) which increased only slightly from 53.1 +/- 20.6 L at 8 A.M. to 59.7 +/- 26.5 L at 8 P.M. There were diurnal variations in plasma 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OHCS), mean values of which decreased 60% from 16.2 +/- 4.2 microgram/100 ml at 8 A.M. to 6.5 +/- 1.9 microgram/100 ml at 8 P.M. Sleeplessness for 24 or 48 hr under the conditions of this experiment failed to affect diurnal rhythms in aminopyrine metabolism or plasma 11-OHCS concentrations.
Red cell hypoplasia, cold hemoglobinuria and M-type gamma G serum paraprotein and Bence Jones proteinuria in a patient with lymphoproliferative disorder.

This paper documents an unusual example of hypoplastic anemia, intermittent hemoglobinuria appearing in cold weather, and lymphoproliferative disease associated with hypogammaglobulinemia and repeated infections, followed by the appearance of a monoclonal gammopathy (IgG-Kappa) and Bence Jones proteinuria (Kappa), with tissue lesions more characteristic of macroglobulinemia than of multiple myeloma, in a middle-aged Negro.
Pressure measurements using hybrid femtosecond/picosecond rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering

We investigate the feasibility of gas-phase pressure measurements using fs/ps rotational CARS. Femtosecond pump and Stokes pulses impulsively prepare a rotational Raman coherence, which is probed by a high-energy 5-ps pulse introduced at a time delay from the Raman preparation. These ultrafast laser pulses are shorter than collisional-dephasing time scales, enabling a new hybrid time- and frequency-domain detection scheme for pressure. Single-laser-shot rotational CARS spectra were recorded from N2 contained in a room-temperature gas cell for pressures from 0.4 to 3 atm and probe delays ranging from 16 to 298 ps. Sensitivity of the accuracy and precision of the pressure data to probe delay was investigated. The technique exhibits superior precision and comparable accuracy to previous laser-diagnostic pressure measurements.
Spirochetes flagellar collar protein FlbB has astounding effects in orientation of periplasmic flagella, bacterial shape, motility, and assembly of motors in Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a highly motile spirochete, and motility, which is provided by its periplasmic flagella, is critical for every part of the spirochete's enzootic life cycle. Unlike externally flagellated bacteria, spirochetes possess a unique periplasmic flagellar structure called the collar. This spirochete-specific novel component is linked to the flagellar basal body; however, nothing is known about the proteins encoding the collar or their function in any spirochete. To identify a collar protein and determine its function, we employed a comprehensive strategy that included genetic, biochemical, and microscopic analyses. We found that BB0286 (FlbB) is a novel flagellar motor protein, which is located around the flagellar basal body. Deletion of bb0286 has a profound effect on collar formation, assembly of other flagellar structures, morphology, and motility of the spirochete. Orientation of the flagella toward the cell body is critical for determination of wild-type spirochete's wave-like morphology and motility. Here, we provide the first evidence that FlbB is a key determinant of normal orientation of the flagella and collar assembly.
Light Stability of New Polaroid Colour Prints

AbstractThe new Polaroid ® instant colour print system, SX-70, uses metallized dyes, cyan, magenta, and yellow, which have superior light fastness properties. Structures for the dye developers are given, and also comparative fading data for the colour prints and a high quality commercial chromogenic colour print material. A further step of improvement has been achieved in another experimental colour print material using the same dyes. In the SX-70 print the processing chemicals remain with the picture.
Nephroblastoma Arising from Primary Testicular Germ Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review

Adult extrarenal nephroblastoma is a very rare tumor. Nephroblastoma arising from primary testicular germ cell tumor is exceedingly rare. To our knowledge, only three cases have been reported in the English literature. We report a case of a 19-year-old man who presented with a large right testicle. Image studies showed a large retroperitoneal mass along with liver and lung metastases. Orchiectomy demonstrated a mixed germ cell tumor composed of yolk sac tumor, embryonal carcinoma, and mature and immature teratoma with a significant portion of nephroblastoma. The patient received chemotherapy and no recurrence was noted during six months of followup. WT-1 expression was also studied due to the lack of consistency of its expression in testicular nephroblastoma in the literature. We also present a discussion and review of the literature due to its rarity, which indicate an adverse prognosis for patients with nephroblastoma components receiving standard chemotherapeutical regimes for testicular germ cell tumors.
A holacratic socio-technical system architecture

A Holacratic Socio-Technical System Architecture (HSTSA) introduces Holacratic Engineering Management (HEM), a proposed new systems engineering and engineering management process model. The purpose of this research study is to determine if HEM arising out of the agile software and agile systems engineering disciplines, delivers on the promise of self-managing, self-organizing, adaptable, resilient and more efficient organizations. By answering the question, “What is the effect of holacratic engineering management architecture on Socio-Technical Systems' performance?” the utility of HEM is investigated. The Holacratic Business Architecture Measurement Instrument (HBAMI) is applied to companies in multiple industries, grouped by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC), to determine HEM architecture and organizational holacracy levels. Correlation analysis between the HBAMI index and dynamic organizational input structure is explored to evaluate value added work production. It is expected that more holacratic enterprise engineering architectures yield higher revenue and intellectual property per employee.
Opposite initialization to novel cues in dopamine signaling in ventral and posterior striatum in mice

New experiences trigger a variety of responses in animals. We are surprised by, move towards, and often explore new objects. But how does the brain control these responses? Dopamine is a molecule that controls many processes in the brain and plays critical roles in various mental disorders, diseases that affect movement, and addiction. Rewarding experiences (like a glass of cold water on a hot day) can trigger dopamine neurons and studies have also shown that dopamine neurons respond to new experiences. This suggested that novelty may be rewarding in itself, or that novelty may signal the potential for future reward. On the other hand, it may be that different groups of dopamine neurons play different roles in responding to new or rewarding experiences. In 2015, it was reported that dopamine neurons connected to the rear part of an area in the brain called the striatum receive signals from different parts of the brain than most other dopamine neurons. The dopamine neurons connected to this “tail” of the striatum preferentially received inputs from regions involved in arousal rather than reward, suggesting that they may have a unique role and transmit a different type of information. Now, Menegas et al. have shown that dopamine signals in different areas of the striatum separate reward from novelty and other signals in mice. The results demonstrate that new odors activate dopamine neurons projecting to the tail of the striatum, but that this activity fades as the novelty wears off (as the mice learn to associate the odor with a particular outcome). By contrast, dopamine neurons projecting to the front of the striatum do not respond to novelty, but rather become more active as mice learn which odors accompany rewards (only responding to odors that predict reward). The experiments also show that dopamine neurons in the tail of the striatum encode information about the importance of a stimulus. Together, these findings indicate that some of the roles dopamine plays in the brain may not be related to reward, but are instead linked to the novelty and importance of the stimulus. The next challenge will be to find out how the separate reward and novelty signals in dopamine neurons relate to the animals’ behavior. This may help us to better understand dopamine-related psychiatric conditions, such as depression and addiction.
Distribution of high arsenic drinking water and endemic arsenism in Hubei Province in 2006 and 2007

Objective To confirm the distribution of high arsenic drinking water and the situation of endemic arsenism in Hubei Province, to provide reference basis for prevention and control of endemic arsenic disease. Methods Using typical investigation and sample investigation in 2006 and 2007, the arsenic content of water was detected sampled from 19 counties(cities or communities). And those water samples which were close to or exceeded the stipulated standard were rechecked by the national standard method. Furthermore, the situation of endemic arsenism was investigated in the cities having high arsenic contents of water. Results In 2006,10 028 water samples of 446 villages in 6 counties (cities or communities) were tested, the wells of high arsenic (> 0.05 mg/L) were found in 5 counties (cities or communities) and the proportion of the well that exceeded stipulated standard was 5.29%(530/10 028); In 2007,19 086 water samples of 1282 villages in 17 counties(cities or communities) were tested, the wells of high arsenic were found in 11 counties(cities or communities), and the proportion of the well that exceeded stipulated standard was 1.74%(333/19 086). In these two years, 29 114 water samples were tested, in which 863 water samples were exceeding the stipulated standard. The 2.96% of total wells exceeded stipulated standard and mainly distributed in 179 villages of 12 counties(cities or communities). And the highest arsenic content of water sample was 2.012 mg/L. In the endemic arsenism area, 2 critical, 1 moderate and 1 mild arsenism patients had been found. Conclusions The water of high arsenic content are scattered in Hubei Province and the situation of endemic arsenism disease is mild. Improving water aiming at decreasing arsenic and establishing patient files should be carried out immediately. Key words: Drinking; Arsenic poisoning; Data collection
Fusion proteins composed of mouse IgG2a Fc and mouse beta-2-glycoprotein 1 bind to endothelial cells with exposed phosphatidylserine

4089 A promising target on tumor vasculature is phosphatidylserine (PS), an anionic phospholipid that resides exclusively on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane under normal conditions. We have previously shown that PS becomes exposed on the surface of viable endothelial cells (EC) in solid tumors. To target PS on tumor vasculature, a murine monoclonal antibody (3G4) was developed. 3G4 specifically localizes to the vasculature of solid tumors and inhibits growth of murine and human tumor xenografts. A chimeric version of 3G4 (bavituximab) is currently in clinical trials for treatment of solid tumor malignancies. Recently we determined that 3G4 recognizes PS through the formation of a complex with plasma protein beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (β2GP1). β2GP1 is a 50 kDa glycoprotein composed of five domains, including the positively charged domain V that binds anionic phospholipids. However, the interaction of β2GP1 with anionic phospholipids is weak under physiological conditions. Importantly, we demonstrated that 3G4 enhances the avidity of β2GP1 for membrane surfaces with exposed PS through the formation of multivalent 3G4/β2GP1/PS complexes. This increased avidity of β2GP1 for PS is likely responsible for targeting of 3G4 to tumor EC with exposed PS. We report here the construction of recombinant fusion proteins composed of mouse IgG2a Fc and mouse β2GP1. The Fc region is fused to the N-terminus of full-length β2GP1 or domain V only. This orientation was chosen to avoid interference with the lipid binding region in domain V of β2GP1, which is located at the extreme C-terminus of the protein. These compounds are generated as dimers, linked via disulfide bonds in the hinge region of the Fc tags. The dimeric construction provides the increased avidity necessary for these compounds to bind EC with exposed PS; thus, they behave in vitro much like the 3G4/β2GP1 complexes described previously. These Fc-β2GP1 compounds have potential as tumor therapeutic or imaging agents.
Learning to know, be, do, and live together with in the cross-cultural experiences of immigrant teacher educators

Abstract This study examined three Afro-Caribbean immigrant teacher educators whose learning based on reflections about their experiences with teachers in the United States revealed how they developed knowledge beyond practice in their learning to know, do, be and live together with others. The educators' learning reflected the processes of observation, reflection, awareness, requesting student feedback in the moment, and the passing of time that resulted in adjustment to their body language, changes in their expectations of students, a modification in their communication, code-switching and sensitivity. Implications based on the study for the new kind of teacher educator are subsequently addressed.
Human Intention Prediction in Human-Robot Collaborative Tasks

Enabling the robot to predict human intentions in human-robot collaborative hand-over tasks is a challenging but important issue to address. We develop a novel and effective teaching-learning-prediction (TLP) model for the robot to online learn from natural multi-modal human demonstrations during human-robot hand-overs and then predict human hand-over intentions using human wearable sensing information. The human could program the robot using partial demonstrations according to the updated tasks and his/her personal hand-over preferences, and the robot can online leverage its learned strategy to actively predict human hand-over intentions and assist the human in collaborative tasks. We evaluate the approach through experiments.
Accessing microfluidics through feature-based design software for 3D printing.

Additive manufacturing has been a cornerstone of the product development pipeline for decades, playing an essential role in the creation of both functional and cosmetic prototypes. In recent years, the prospects for distributed and open source manufacturing have grown tremendously. This growth has been enabled by an expanding library of printable materials, low-cost printers, and communities dedicated to platform development. The microfluidics community has embraced this opportunity to integrate 3D printing into the suite of manufacturing strategies used to create novel fluidic architectures. The rapid turnaround time and low cost to implement these strategies in the lab makes 3D printing an attractive alternative to conventional micro- and nanofabrication techniques. In this work, the production of multiple microfluidic architectures using a hybrid 3D printing-soft lithography approach is demonstrated and shown to enable rapid device fabrication with channel dimensions that take advantage of laminar flow characteristics. The fabrication process outlined here is underpinned by the implementation of custom design software with an integrated slicer program that replaces less intuitive computer aided design and slicer software tools. Devices are designed in the program by assembling parameterized microfluidic building blocks. The fabrication process and flow control within 3D printed devices were demonstrated with a gradient generator and two droplet generator designs. Precise control over the printing process allowed 3D microfluidics to be printed in a single step by extruding bridge structures to ‘jump-over’ channels in the same plane. This strategy was shown to integrate with conventional nanofabrication strategies to simplify the operation of a platform that incorporates both nanoscale features and 3D printed microfluidics.
Mustela altaika (Solongoy)

The Y chromosome is the smallest element of the complement and is therefore easy to identify.