cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding Adverse Population Sentiment Towards the Spread of COVID-19 in the United States

Abstract Background During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the immediate threat of illness and mortality is not the only concern. In the United States, COVID-19 is not only causing physical suffering to patients, but also great levels of adverse sentiment (e.g., fear, panic, anxiety) among the public. Such secondary threats can be anticipated and explained through sentiment analysis of social media, such as Twitter. Methods We obtained a dataset of geotagged tweets on the topic of COVID-19 in the contiguous United States during the period of 11/1/2019 - 9/15/2020. We classified each tweet into “adverse” and “non-adverse” using the NRC Emotion Lexicon and tallied up the counts for each category per county per day. We utilized the space-time scan statistic to find clusters and a three-stage regression approach to identify socioeconomic and demographic correlates of adverse sentiment. Results We identified substantial spatiotemporal variation in adverse sentiment in our study area/period. After an initial period of low-level adverse sentiment (11/1/2019 - 1/15/2020), we observed a steep increase and subsequent fluctuation at a higher level (1/16/2020 - 9/15/2020). The number of daily tweets was low initially (11/1/2019 - 1/22/2020), followed by spikes and subsequent decreases until the end of the study period. The space-time scan statistic identified 12 clusters of adverse sentiment of varying size, location, and strength. Clusters were generally active during the time period of late March to May/June 2020. Increased adverse sentiment was associated with decreased racial/ethnic heterogeneity, decreased rurality, higher vulnerability in terms of minority status and language, and housing type and transportation. Conclusions We utilized a dataset of geotagged tweets to identify the spatiotemporal patterns and the spatial correlates of adverse population sentiment during the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The characteristics of areas with high adverse sentiment may be relevant for communication of containment measures. The combination of spatial clustering and regression can be beneficial for understanding of the ramifications of COVID-19, as well as disease outbreaks in general.
A new one-site coarse-grained model for water: Bottom-up many-body projected water (BUMPer). II. Temperature transferability and structural properties at low temperature

A number of studies have constructed coarse-grained (CG) models of water to understand its anomalous properties. Most of these properties emerge at low temperatures, and an accurate CG model needs to be applicable to these low-temperature ranges. However, direct use of CG models parameterized from other temperatures, e.g., room temperature, encounters a problem known as transferability, as the CG potential essentially follows the form of the many-body CG free energy function. Therefore, temperature-dependent changes to CG interactions must be accounted for. The collective behavior of water at low temperature is generally a many-body process, which often motivates the use of expensive many-body terms in the CG interactions. To surmount the aforementioned problems, we apply the Bottom-Up Many-Body Projected Water (BUMPer) CG model constructed from Paper I to study the low-temperature behavior of water. We report for the first time that the embedded three-body interaction enables BUMPer, despite its pairwise form, to capture the growth of ice at the ice/water interface with corroborating many-body correlations during the crystal growth. Furthermore, we propose temperature transferable BUMPer models that are indirectly constructed from the free energy decomposition scheme. Changes in CG interactions and corresponding structures are faithfully recapitulated by this framework. We further extend BUMPer to examine its ability to predict the structure, density, and diffusion anomalies by employing an alternative analysis based on structural correlations and pairwise potential forms to predict such anomalies. The presented analysis highlights the existence of these anomalies in the low-temperature regime and overcomes potential transferability problems.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Supply Chain Management Program

This slide presentation reviews the working of the Supplier Assessment Program at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The program supports many GSFC projects to ensure suppliers are aware of and are following the contractual requirements, to provide an independent assessment of the suppliers' processes, and provide suppliers' safety and mission assurance organizations information to make the changes within their organization.
Modern Digital Design and Switching Theory

Number Bases, Codes, and Binary Arithmetic. Boolean Algebra and Implementation. Boolean Algebra and Circuit Realizations. Mapping Boolean Expressions. Advanced Simplification Techniques. Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, ROMs, and PLDs. Latches and Flip-Flops. Counters and Registers. Application-Specific Integrated Circuits. Multilevel Minimization. Index.
Ecto-nucleotide triphosphatase activity of human lymphocytes: studies of normal and CLL lymphocytes.

We have studied the apparent kinetic parameters of the ecto-nucleotide triphosphatase from CLL B lymphocytes and compared them to blood and tonsillar B and T cells. The Vmax of the ecto-ATPase activity in CLL B lymphocytes, was 65 +/- 10 fmol Pi/cell per 30 min compared to 37 +/- 2.1 in blood B lymphocytes, and 8.5 +/- 1.7 in blood T lymphocytes. The ATPase of membranes prepared from CLL, tonsillar B and T, and blood T lymphocytes had a relationship among the cell types similar to that seen in intact cells. However, no difference in the km for ATP, .17 mM, or the km for magnesium, .15 mM was found in the ecto-ATPase of CLL lymphocytes as compared to blood or tonsillar B cells. The ectoenzyme of CLL cells hydrolyzed GTP, ITP, CTP, and UTP as well as ATP. Further, ATP added to an enzyme assay containing an alternative nucleotide did not result in increased phosphate release. Nucleotide acceptance of blood B and T lymphocytes was very similar to that of CLL B cells. ATP inhibited phosphate release when present in excess of magnesium in both CLL and blood B lymphocytes. These data indicate that there is greater ectonucleotide triphosphatase activity in tonsillar and blood B lymphocytes, including CLL, as compared either to blood or tonsillar T lymphocytes. However, CLL cells showed no qualitative difference from blood or tonsillar B cells in ectonucleotidase activity. Thus, the higher activity in CLL cells is "B cell-like" and might reflect, also, their maturation stage or monoclonal origin.
Problem #9: an ellipse problem

The problem concerns four variables a,b,c,d to be interpreted as centre (c,d) and principal semiaxes a,b of an ellipse [EQUATION] We wish to know when E lies inside the unit disk D: x2 + y2 ≤ 1. More precisely, we seek a set of polynomials {Pj(a2, b2, c2, d2,)} for j=1,2,...,n with the property that E≤Dif and only if all Pj(a2, b2, c2, d2,) ≤0. It is known that n> 1, but n should be minimal.
Dissecting Postcolonial Biomedicine

This essay reviews Warwick Anderson's book The Collectors of Lost Souls: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen. I present the book as a model of postcolonial science studies research that exemplifies the complementarity of postcolonial studies and science studies.
Numerical Modeling of a Moving Particle in a Continuous Flow Subjected to Microwave Heating

Microwave heating of a food particle and carrier liquid as they flow continuously in a circular pipe is investigated numerically. The three-dimensional transient fluid flow as well as electromagnetic and temperature fields are described by a model that includes coupled Maxwell's, continuity, Navier-Stokes, and energy equations. The electromagnetic power and temperature distributions in both the liquid and the particle are taken into account. The hydrodynamic interaction between the solid particle and the carrier fluid is simulated by the force-coupling method (FCM). This article explores the effects of dielectric properties and the inlet position of the particle on microwave energy and temperature distributions inside the particle. The effect of the particle on power absorption in the carrier liquid is studied as well. The results show that electromagnetic power absorption by the particle is greatly influenced by the ratio of dielectric properties of the particle and the liquid as well as the distance bet...
RATS: Restoration-Aware Trace Signal Selection for Post-Silicon Validation

Post-silicon validation is one of the most important and expensive tasks in modern integrated circuit design methodology. The primary problem governing post-silicon validation is the limited observability due to storage of a small number of signals in a trace buffer. The signals to be traced should be carefully selected in order to maximize restoration of the remaining signals. Existing approaches have two major drawbacks. They depend on partial restorability computations that are not effective in restoring maximum signal states. They also require long signal selection time due to inefficient computation as well as operating on gate-level netlist. We have proposed a signal selection approach based on total restorability at gate-level, which is computationally more efficient (10 times faster) and can restore up to three times more signals compared to existing methods. We have also developed a register transfer level signal selection approach, which reduces both memory requirements and signal selection time by several orders-of-magnitude.
Sex Offender Registration: Balancing the Rights of the Individual with the Public Good—A Commentary on Comartin, Kernsmith, and Miles (2010)

In the article “Family Experiences of Young Adult Sex Offender Registration” (Comartin, Kernsmith, & Miles, 2010), the authors put forth a telling argument about the impact of the sex offender regi...
Molecular biology of Ri-plasmid—A review

Agrobacterium rhizogenes transfers a segment of its plasmid to the plant genome. The transferred DNA contains genes which are involved in the synthesis of plant hormones. These genes express in the plant cell and give rise to rooty-tumors at the infection site. Transgenic plants can be readily regenerated from the rooty-tumors and the transferred DNA is transmitted to progeny plants. High regeneration potential and sustained maintenance of transferred DNA makes the bacterium a suitable vector for plant genetic engineering. DNA sequences homologous to the transferred DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were detected in some untransformed plant species suggesting a past infection by Agrobacterium rhizogenes during evolution of some genera, notably Nicotiana.
Expanding Realms of the New Penology: The Advent of Actuarial Justice for Juveniles

This article argues that juvenile justice practices now reflect what Feeley and Simon have identified as `actuarial justice.' This means that the traditional parens patriae orientation of juvenile justice, as well as punishment, have been supplanted by the goal of efficient processing. Mathematical models, akin to those in the insurance industry, establish profiles that are used to streamline the processing of juvenile cases and offenders. Attributes of actuarial justice markedly change the justice process for youths, as traditional informality, individualized casework, and treatment are set aside, and the emphasis becomes one of cost-efficient warehousing. We urge scholarly attention and public debate of the theory of actuarial justice before a separate system for juveniles is no longer considered viable.
The psychosocial aspects of sexual recovery after prostate cancer treatment

Prostate cancer affects one in six American men. Erectile and sexual dysfunctions are long-term side effects of prostate cancer treatment. PubMed database was searched for papers on prostate cancer-related sexual recovery for men and couples. The search yielded articles on (1) the treatment of erectile dysfunction, (2) men's psychological and culturally diverse adaptation to the sexual side effects; (3) the impact of prostate cancer on couples' relationships; and (4) interventions to promote sexual function. Erectile dysfunction after prostate cancer treatment has been widely studied. Research on the sexual recovery of men and couples or understanding it in a cultural context is scarce. Greater focus on the impact of sexual sequelae of prostate cancer treatment on men as well as couples in diverse groups is needed. Clinical implications for treating sexual dysfunction and promoting sexual recovery for prostate cancer survivors and their partners are discussed. Recommendations for future research are provided.
PHOTOSENSITIZED INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC 14 CO2 FIXATION BY α-TERTHIENYL and ULTRAVIOLET-A*

: A variety of naturally occurring photosensitizers of plant origin were tested for their ability to cause ultraviolet-A (UVA)-dependent inhibition of photosynthetic 14CO2 fixation in leaf disks of Pisum sativum L. At 0.1 mM concentrations and 60 min UVA irradiation, α-terthienyl was strongly inhibitory, harmine and sanguinarine inhibited to a lesser degree, and curcumin, 8-methoxypsoralen and nordihydroguaiaretic acid had no effect under the conditions tested. Alpha-terthienyl + UVA treatments that fully inhibited 14CO2 fixation had no effect on fresh weight, chlorophyll or protein content of the tissue. Chloroplast malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were inhibited 45% and 29%, respectively, by α-terthienyl + UVA treatment. Electron transport from H2O to the reducing side of photosystem I was inhibited to a similar extent, suggesting interference with the reductive activation of chloroplast enzymes. Alpha-terthienyl + UVA-treated tissue exhibited a seven-fold increase in leakage of labeled photosynthate into the external medium. Treated leaf disks showed no ability to recover 14CO2 fixing ability over a 24 h period. These results indicate photosensitized damage at the level of the thylakoid membranes resulting in partial loss of electron transport capability and more general damage to chloroplast and cell membranes.
Advertising to ‘active’ viewers

Effects of mere exposure have been widely investigated in the area of advertising, consumer behaviour and social psychology. However, mere exposure theory presents an inherently passive audience perspective (‘What does advertising do to consumers?’). Using a cross-national sample from the US (n = 280) and South Korea (n = 958), this study proposes and tests an ‘active’ exposure concept (‘What do consumers do with advertising?), as derived from uses and gratifications theory. This is important because consumers have changed in the way that they watch television and television advertising, with ‘active’ audiences exerting more control over what, how and when they watch. The results of this study suggest that when consumers experience passive exposure to TV, their prior attitudes do not change in both countries. However, the findings suggest that consumers’ active exposure to TV (in both countries) and to TV ads (only in South Korea) boosts the relationship between Aad and Aproduct in a positive direction. T...
An Analytical Model for the Prediction of Minimum Chip Thickness in Micromachining

In micromachining, the uncut chip thickness is comparable or even less than the tool edge radius and as a result a chip will not be generated if the uncut chip thickness is less than a critical value, viz., the minimum chip thickness. The minimum chip thickness effect significantly affects machining process performance in terms of cutting forces, tool wear, surface integrity, process stability, etc. In this paper, an analytical model has been developed to predict the minimum chip thickness values, which are critical for the process model development and process planning and optimization. The model accounts for the effects of thermal softening and strain hardening on the minimum chip thickness. The influence of cutting velocity and tool edge radius on the minimum chip thickness has been taken into account. The model has been experimentally validated with 1040 steel and A16082-T6 over a range of cutting velocities and tool edge radii. The developed model has then been applied to investigate the effects of cutting velocity and edge radius on the normalized minimum chip thickness for various carbon steels with different carbon contents and A16082-T6.
Spatial distribution of [14C]-lidocaine and blood flow in transmural and lateral border zones of ischemic canine myocardium

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of lidocaine relative to blood flow in ischemic, normal and border zone canine myocardium. Ischemic zone tissue was distinguished from normal zone tissue by a special microsphere technique in adjacent sections 4 to 5 mm wide from the center to the lateral border of the ischemic region in 14 open chest dogs. Gamma-labeled microspheres were separated by a special technique from carbon-14 ([ 14 C])-lidocaine in the same tissue sample. Blood flow (mean value ± 1 standard deviation) was reduced to 46 ± 25 percent of normal in the ischemic subepicardium and 17 ± 18 percent of normal in the subendocardium. [ 14 C]-lidocaine was 0.56 ± 0.12 μ g/g in normal myocardium 10 minutes after bolus injection of [ 14 C]-lidocaine; it was reduced to 91 ± 15 percent of normal in ischemic subepicardium and 58 ± 12 percent of normal in the subendocardium. Blood flow and lidocaine concentration were uniformly lowest in gross samples from the central and intermediate ischemic zones, and highest in the gross samples from the border normal zone (p In conclusion, lidocaine is distributed uniformly in ischemic components from the center to the lateral border of the ischemic zone, but there is an endocardial to epicardial gradient. Both lateral and transmural border zone distributions must be considered to understand the mechanisms of drug effects in myocardial ischemia.
Numerical Methods for p -Harmonic Flows and Applications to Image Processing

We propose in this paper an alternative approach for computing p-harmonic maps and flows: instead of solving a constrained minimization problem on SN-1, we solve an unconstrained minimization problem on the entire space of functions. This is possible, using the projection on the sphere of any arbitrary function. Then we show how this formulation can be used in practice, for problems with both isotropic and anisotropic diffusion, with applications to image processing, using a new finite difference scheme.
Using program dependence graphs for information flow control

Abstract An algorithm that uses program dependence graphs for static program analysis to validate secure information flow is presented. The algorithm is able to deal with a wider class of information flow policies than the well-known lattice model of secure information flow. The lattice model requires that the information flow permitted by a flow policy be transitive and unidirectional; the algorithm presented here does not impose these restrictions on a flow policy.
Node-graceful graphs

Abstract A disconnected forest F = (V,E) with | V | = p and | E | = q cannot be graceful as there is no possible numbering of V with distinct integers from the set {0,…,q. However, the augmented set {0,…,p − 1} has just enough numbers for V and suggests the concept of a node-graceful graph. On the other hand, some problems arising from radar and sonar sequences of distinct frequencies in consecutive time slots can be regarded as the two-dimensional analog of the one-dimensional “ruler problems”. These two-dimensional synchronization patterns are formulated in terms of node-graceful graphs. It is shown that the matching graph nK2 is node-graceful if and only if there exists an (s,n)-Skolem sequence with s = 2. Other results are obtained and the current state of knowledge is summarized.
The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effect of pravastatin and factors associated with achieving targeted low-density lipoprotein levels in an African-American population.

Study Objectives. To describe the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)-lowering effect of pravastatin in African-American patients and to identify factors associated with achieving National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-defined target levels. Design. Retrospectively defined cohort study. Setting. Large, government-owned, teaching hospital. Patients. Eighty-four African-American patients starting therapy with pravastatin in October-November 1997. Measurements and Main Results. Whether or not target LDL concentrations were achieved was used to measure efficacy. Stepwise logistic regression identified the target LDL, baseline LDL, and baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) as significant predictors of achieving the target. The proportion of patients achieving their target LDL when that target was below 160, below 130, and 100 mg/dl or below was 64%, 32%, and 13% (p=0.004), respectively. Medical record review identified the reasons for not achieving target as incorrect drug regimen, inadequate lipid monitoring, and noncompliance. Conclusion. These results indicate that substantial numbers of patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy are not meeting NCEP-defined targets and that with increased drug monitoring and compliance, improvements in achieving NCEP target LDL levels could be realized.
Volatile constituents of dog (Canis familiaris) and coyote (Canis latrans) anal sacs

The volatile organic compounds from the anal sac secretions of male and female dogs and coyotes were examined using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Short chain (C2–C6) acids and trimethylamine were major constituents. Changes in the type and abundance of the volatiles were examined across state of estrus, species, and gender. No consistent difference in the pattern of volatiles was detected that was indicative of estrus state or gender. Dogs displayed larger amounts of all constituents. The anal sac secretions of a third carnivore, the cat, were examined to see if they contained trimethylamine: none was found.
Left ventricular mid‐cavitary obstruction after balloon dilation in isolated aortic valve stenosis in children

UNLABELLED A hyperdynamic left ventricle can lead to post-dilation mid-cavitary obstruction in the absence of any preballoon mid-cavitary obstruction in children with aortic valve stenosis. The purpose of this study was to define the incidence and course of post-dilation mid-cavitary obstruction. We reviewed the catheterization and echocardiographic data of 35 patients, ages 3 days to 18 years (mean = 7.9 years), with isolated aortic valve stenosis who underwent balloon dilation with a fall in aortic valve gradient to less than 20 mm Hg. Post-dilation mid-cavitary obstruction was suspected from post-dilation left ventricular angiogram and was quantitated by echocardiographic and Doppler examinations performed immediately after dilation and in a 1-3 month follow-up period. Continuous wave Doppler directed by color flow Doppler was used for evaluation and differentiation of post-dilation mid-cavitary obstruction and residual aortic valve stenosis. Three children (3/35 [9%]) all under 2 years of age developed post-dilation mid-cavitary obstruction immediately after dilation. The obstruction within the cavity resolved spontaneously in all three patients. CONCLUSIONS 1) Post-dilation left ventricular mid-cavitary obstruction can occur in children under 2 years of age after balloon dilation of severe aortic valve stenosis, and 2) total regression of post-dilation mid-cavitary obstruction occurs spontaneously in all patients.
J&K Fitness Supply Company: Auditing Inventory

This case provides auditing students with an opportunity to perform substantive tests of inventory using realistic-looking source documents. The learning objectives are to help students understand: (1) the procedures auditors perform in order to test inventory; (2) the source documents used in auditing inventory; and (3) the types of misstatements that might occur in inventory. Student feedback indicates the case is successful in meeting all three learning objectives.
Occipital Neuralgia Treated by Intradural Dorsal Nerve Root Sectioning

The term occipital neuralgia was first used in 1821 to describe a characteristic pain in the region innervated by the greater occipital nerve. Since that time numerous authors have failed to reach a consensus concerning the presentation, cause, and treatment of this entity. Review of these previous works reveals that the term occipital neuralgia encompasses a collection of signs and symptoms which develop secondary to a variety of different disease processes. We have treated nine patients suffering from severe occipital pain with associated C2 hypesthesia, unilateral retro-orbital pain, and occipital or C2 tubercle trigger points by intradurally sectioning the C1-C4 dorsal rootlets (C4 if shoulder pain existed). All patients had been treated previously with various modalities without success. This paper discusses the results obtained in these patients.
Interfacial crack propagation induced by scraper action on ice

Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of interfacial crack propagation between a layer of ice and its substrate induced by a scraper action on the ice. We consider a layer of ice of uniform thickness bonded to a flat surface. There exists an initial crack generated by radio-frequency induction heating at the ice-substrate interface. The ice is treated as an elastic medium. Two types of loading condition are considered, namely, the longitudinal compression due to a flat head scraper moving with constant speed and the transverse lift due to the penetration of a sharp blade with constant speed. In this analysis, the effect of the propagation of stress wave is neglected. However, the kinetic energy induced by a growth in crack length and the application of an end displacement is included. A nonlinear initial value problem is formulated based on the principle of balance of energy. Numerical results are obtained by the Runge-Kutta method. The buckling and crushing of ice due to longitudinal compressive stress brought on by the action of a flat head scraper and the flexural stress at the crack tip due to penetration of a sharp blade at the interface are investigated. An analogous problem of crack propagation due to an indentation of a wedge on a large specimen is also discussed.
Effects of selection and mutation on mitochondrial variation and inferences of historical population expansion in a Caribbean reef fish

Mitochondrial sequence data has contributed to the understanding of historical demography through the application of neutrality tests and coalescent estimators of population growth rates. Characteristics of the mitochondrial genome, such as high mutation rate and lack of recombination, render it particularly suitable for these types of studies. However, selection can also affect patterns of mitochondrial variation. Furthermore, conclusions based on single mitochondrial loci can be sensitive to differences among mitochondrial genes in mutation rate and pattern and levels of homoplasy. We tested the contributions of these factors to patterns of mitochondrial variation in the Caribbean reef fish Halichoeres bivittatus using a multilocus sequence-based approach. Mitochondrial protein-coding loci deviated strongly from a neutral model of evolution and indicated high rates of estimated population growth. In contrast, the mitochondrial control region and a nuclear intron showed little or no deviation from neutrality and low estimated growth rates. The level of variation among loci is inconsistent with a demographic explanation and likely stems from the influence of mutation and selection on the mitochondrial genome. In H. bivittatus, a finding of high rates of population growth is likely an artifact of selection on mitochondrial proteins. This result suggests caution in the interpretation of variation at single mitochondrial loci, and highlights the importance of the use of unlinked nuclear loci to test demographic inferences made from mitochondrial DNA.
The in vivo effects of puromycin on amylase levels in the serum, liver, salivary glands, and pancreas of the rat

Abstract When puromycin is administered in multiple doses to rats over a period of several hours, both serum and liver amylase levels are lowered to about 50% of the control values. Amylase levels of the parotid and submaxillary glands are not changed significantly by such treatment. The amylase level of the pancreas is lowered by 25%, but such lowering is only of borderline significance. If puromycin is given in single doses, its effects are transient. These data on the effect of puromycin in vivo indicate that the liver may be the principal source of serum amylase and that the contributions of the salivary glands and the pancreas to serum amylase are relatively small.
Uptake of epidermal growth factor into a lysosomal enzyme‐deficient organelle: Correlation with cell's mitogenic response and evidence for ubiquitous existence in fibroblasts

The internalization process following cell surface receptor binding by epidermal growth factor (EGF) was studied. It was found that EGF is taken up into a dense, membranous organelle. This organelle is deficient in lysosomal enzyme activity and is biochemically dissimilar to the major lysosomal fraction. The uptake of EGF by this organelle was demonstrated in three different cell types representing three different species. Each of these cell types is highly responsive to the mitogenic action of EGF. These results indicate that EGF is endocytosed and delivered to a dense, possibly nonlysosomal, organelle which is ubiquitous in fibroblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrate a close, positive correlation between EGF uptake into this fraction and the ability of cells to respond to the mitogen. A negative relationship between uptake into the subcellular fraction containing lysosomal enzymes and EGF-stimulated DNA synthesis was observed. Using numerous incubation conditions no exceptions to the correlation between EFG uptake into the lysosomal enzyme-deficient fraction and EGF-induced DNA synthesis were observed. These results suggest a role for this dense organelle in the production of a mitogenic signal.
New Abelson interactor-1 (Abi-1)-driven mechanism of acquired drug resistance

The majority of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (actually all, according to WHO) and ~30% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases in adults originate from transformation of a hematopoietic stem cell by the oncogenic kinase Bcr-Abl1.1 Despite the indisputable success of small-molecule inhibitors of Bcr-Abl1 in prolonging the survival of patients with Bcr-Abl1-positive leukemia, leukemic stem cells (LSCs) remain detectable in the bone marrow.2, 3, 4 There are two well-documented mechanisms of Bcr-Abl1-dependent resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, both leading to cell autonomous activation of Bcr-Abl1 kinase: mutations in the catalytic domain and amplification of the oncogene.5, 6, 7 In addition, detailed mechanistic studies of imatinib mesylate (IM) resistance and persistence of Bcr-Abl1-containing hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have shown that primitive CML cells are capable of survival in the absence of Bcr-Abl1 kinase activity.2, 4, 8 These studies suggested the existence of a kinase activity-independent mechanism of acquired drug resistance. It is thought that primitive LSCs that are insensitive to the presence of TKI are responsible for relapse after TKI discontinuation. In this scenario, non-catalytic, adapter functions of Bcr-Abl1 are believed to contribute to the oncogenic characteristics of CML stem cells, indicating the necessity of identifying Bcr-Abl1 kinase-independent mechanisms of survival of LSCs in the presence of TKI.
Analysis of Material Loading to Cannonsville Reservoir: Advantages of Event-Based Sampling

ABSTRACT Eight years of monitoring data are reviewed and analyzed for the West Branch of the Delaware River, the major tributary supplying Cannonsville Reservoir: 3 years are from the early 1980s, the other 5 years include 1991–1996. Phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment loads were measured at the mouth of the West Branch using an approach of intensified sampling during runoff events and routine sampling during baseflow intervals. Total river loads of nutrients and sediment are reported on a water-year basis; selected analytes are reported on a monthly basis. Additionally, phosphorus inputs are partitioned into nonpoint and point source loads. The point source phosphorus load decreased about 75% during the 1990's study period primarily due to upgrades at the largest municipal wastewater treatment plant in the watershed. Annual nonpoint source phosphorus loads were variable over the study period: dissolved phosphorus ranged from 6,600 kg · y−1 to 20,800 kg · y−1, while particulate phosphorus ranged from 7,400...
Scope conserving expression evaluation: a class of storage optimal evaluation strategies for arithmetic expressions

One important aspect of the object code generated for arithmetic expressions in higher level languages is the amount of temporary storage needed during evaluation. This amount is a function of the sequence in which an expression's subexpression are evaluated. Usually the implementor has the freedom to choose any order of evaluation, provided that operations are executed after the evaluation of their respective operands. This allows for the use of a multitude of possible evaluation sequences. In 1971 the author identified a large class of such evaluation strategies by the newly coined term 'scope conserving'.In this paper we show that this class of strategies will minimize the amount of temporary storage with respect to a very general cost function. The optimizing sequencing strategies for temporary storage derived by Anderson, Colin, Nakata, Redziejowski, Sethi-Ullmann and Chroust are shown to be expressible in the model.
Prevalence of food insecurity among households with children in Coimbatore, India

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and dietary pattern among households with and without children in Coimbatore, India. Fifty six percent of the households without children were food secure, 20% were food insecure with out hunger, 23% were food insecure with moderate hunger and 1% reported food insecurity with severe hunger. In comparison, 43% of households with children were food secure, 13% were food insecure without hunger, 15% were food insecure with moderate hunger and 30% reported food insecurity with severe hunger (p < 0.05). Seventy six percent of the participants ate regularly while 24% had irregular meal pattern (p < 0.05). All the participants failed to consume diets that conform to the national dietary recommendations. The frequency of fruits, vegetables, dairy and meat product consumption was lower than the national standard even without the presence of food insecurity.
Induction of mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ethyl methane sulphonate.

MITOTIC recombination can be induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by exposing them to ultra-violet and X-radiation1. The genetic maps so obtained closely parallel those from meiotic recombination2. One of the most useful features of mitotic recombination is that it is relatively easy to observe intracistronic recombination. It is possible that this results from a mechanism somewhat different from that leading to meiotic recombination characteristic of higher organisms. For this reason, we decided to study the effects of certain chemical mutagens on the process of mitotic recombination in the hope of being able ultimately to compare these results with those obtained in more usual systems.
Ice thickness observations along the coasts of Eastern Canada and Southern Greenland

Ice thickness measurements were made at 22 stations along the coasts of eastern Canada and southern Greenland and on nearby lakes and rivers during the period 1943 through 1951. This report provides a tabulation which exemplifies the type of ice thickness data collected and descriptions of surface conditions during ice formation, growth and decay. Maximum observed ice thicknesses ranged from 31 inches at Presque Isle, Maine to 94 inches in Sondre Strom Fjord, Greenland. Least ice thicknesses at the end of the growth season ranged from 15 inches at Presque Isle to 47 inches at Cape Dan, Greenland. This report also gives the average number of days of ice cover for all stations. It ranged from about 100 days in southern Newfoundland to about 250 days in northern Baffin Island.
Metamorphosis of the corpus allatum and degeneration of the prothoracic glands during the larval-pupal-adult transformation of Drosophila melanogaster: a cytophysiological analysis of the ring gland.

The degeneration of the prothoracic glands of Drosophila melanogaster during pupal-adult metamorphosis was analyzed by light microscopy, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural observations were correlated with the ability of the ring gland to synthesize ecdysteroids in vitro. The ring gland is prominent during larval life and is identifiable until just before adult eclosion but undergoes dramatic changes in location, shape, size, ultrastructure, and function during pupal-adult development. Prothoracic gland degeneration is characterized by: a gradual decrease in its ability to synthesize ecdysteroids; a decreasing quantity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria; the absence of intercellular channels; cytoplasmic fragmentation; and the separation of the prothoracic gland from the corpus allatum and corpus cardiacum. An ultrastructural analysis of the corpus allatum during larval-pupal-adult metamorphosis and adult life was also correlated with function, i.e., juvenile hormone biosynthesis, using a radiochemical assay of ring glands and adult corpora allata in vitro. A relatively high concentration of SER, mitochondria, and mitochondrion-scalariform junction complexes are typical features of an active corpus allatum cell. The migration of the corpus allatum from the ring gland to its position as a separate gland in the adult fly was studied in detail. The capacity of the corpus allatum to synthesize juvenile hormone is at its peak in the ring gland of the early wandering third instar larva, whereas the corpus allatum of 2-day-old female adults displayed the greatest synthetic activity during adult life. The physiological significance of the alterations in gland activity is discussed.
Asymptotic Deconfinement in High-Density QCD

We discuss QCD with two light flavors at large baryon chemical potential micro. Color superconductivity leads to partial breaking of the color SU(3) group. We show that the infrared physics is governed by the gluodynamics of the remaining SU(2) group with an exponentially soft confinement scale Lambda(')(QCD) approximately Deltaexp[-a(mu)/(gDelta)], where Delta<< mu is the superconducting gap, g is the strong coupling, and a = 2sqrt[2] pi/11. We estimate that, at moderate baryon densities, Lambda(')(QCD) is O(10 MeV) or smaller. The confinement radius increases exponentially with density, leading to "asymptotic deconfinement." The velocity of the SU(2) gluons is small due to the large dielectric constant of the medium.
Scientific justification and technique for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autogenous and allogeneic soft-tissue grafts

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is a widely accepted treatment for patients with symptomatic knee instability. The orthopedic surgeon makes several decisions, including source of graft tissue, tunnel placement technique, and type of femoral and tibial fixation device. We present the scientific justification for the use of the double-looped, semitendinosus and gracilis (DLSTG) autograft and single-looped anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis allograft for reconstructing a torn ACL. We discuss the rationale for placing the tibial tunnel with a guide that references the intercondylar roof and drills the guide pin with the knee in full extension. The advantages of drilling the femoral tunnel through the tibial tunnel using the so-called trans-tibial technique are outlined. Because tendon healing is slower than bone healing, the need for strong, stiff fixation methods that resist slippage and are applied at the end of the tunnels to promote tendon tunnel healing are presented. A patient-controlled program that safely and aggressively rehabilitates the knee without a brace and returns the patient to unrestricted sports and work activities at 4 months is outlined. Finally, the key surgical steps are described for surgeons interested in reconstructing the knee with a soft-tissue graft and using brace-free aggressive rehabilitation.
Exploiting radiation damage control on apatite (U–Th)/He dates in cratonic regions

Abstract Apatites from four pairs of samples of Precambrian basement from the western Canadian shield were analyzed by (U–Th)/He thermochronometry to test for the influence of radiation damage on apatite (U–Th)/He dates in this cratonic region. Recent studies have demonstrated that the accumulation of radiation damage increases the apatite He retentivity, so that apatites with a span of effective U concentrations, eU, that experienced the same thermal history may be characterized by a range of closure temperatures. In this investigation, each sample pair consisted of a mafic dike cross-cutting felsic gneisses from a single outcrop or nearby outcrops that contained apatites with a span of eU. The apatites yielded (U–Th)/He dates from 846 to 123 Ma, and were positively correlated with eU within each sample pair. These results can be explained using a model that tracks the evolution of He mobility in response to the accumulation of radiation damage. When coupled with regional geological constraints, the data appear to require partial to complete He loss due to burial and reheating in Phanerozoic time. New apatite fission- track dates and length data were obtained for five of these samples. The apatite fission- track dates are Proterozoic regardless of apatite eU. Thermal history simulations indicate that the apatite fission-track data are compatible with the (U–Th)/He results, although the thermal histories are not identical in detail and the fission-track results alone do not require Phanerozoic heating. Together the data are consistent with burial of this region by ≥ 1 km of Phanerozoic strata that were subsequently denuded, thus pointing toward significant Phanerozoic deposition in the North American cratonic interior hundreds of kilometers east of where previously documented. The results suggest that exploiting radiation damage control on apatite (U–Th)/He dates through investigation of surface sample apatites with a span of closure temperatures can impose tighter restrictions on thermal histories in low relief cratonic landscapes than was previously possible.
Principles and applications of Raman spectroscopy in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development

Introduction: In recent years, Raman spectroscopy has become increasingly important as an analytical technique in various scientific areas of research and development. This is partly due to the technological advancements in Raman instrumentation and partly due to detailed fingerprinting that can be derived from Raman spectra. Its versatility of applications, rapidness of collection and easy analysis have made Raman spectroscopy an attractive analytical tool.Areas covered: The following review describes Raman spectroscopy and its application within the pharmaceutical industry. The authors explain the theory of Raman scattering and its variations in Raman spectroscopy. The authors also highlight how Raman spectra are interpreted, providing examples.Expert opinion: Raman spectroscopy has a number of potential applications within drug discovery and development. It can be used to estimate the molecular activity of drugs and to establish a drug’s physicochemical properties such as its partition coefficient. It ...
Tumours with divergent müllerian differentiation of the uterine corpus

Summary The uterus is formed by fusion of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts, which form not only the epithelium, but also the myometrium and serosa of the uterine corpus as well. For this reason, it is perhaps not surprising that a number of uterine neoplasms reflect the plasticity of the primitive mullerian cell and display divergent differentiation with both epithelial and mesenchymal morphology within the same tumour. This group of tumours includes carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mullerian tumour), adenosarcoma, adenofibroma, adenomyoma, atypical polypoid adenomyoma, and endometrial stromal neoplasms with epithelial differentiation. Each tumour type will be reviewed, with an emphasis on advances and observations reported within the past decade.
Assessment of functioning in new mothers.

Abstract Background: Assessment of mothers in the year after childbirth is important for a number of reasons, including the well-being of the mother and healthy development of the child. There exists a body of instruments that measure a range of maternal characteristics, such as maternal confidence and self-efficacy. It remains unclear if any of these assessments can be used to measure maternal functioning, which may be a direct indication of potential hazards to the offspring. Accurate assessment of functioning would also aid in identifying women who are struggling in the maternal role. In order to assess whether commonly used maternal assessments extend into the realm of functioning, it is necessary to have an appropriate definition. Therefore, the aims of this analysis are to (1) present a new, patient-centered definition of maternal functional status and (2) evaluate select maternal assessments against this definition. Methods: Three new mother focus groups were held in order to understand women's exp...
Atrial natriuretic peptide suppresses endothelin gene expression and proliferation in cardiac fibroblasts through a GATA4-dependent mechanism

Aims Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that has both antihypertrophic and antifibrotic properties in the heart. We hypothesized that myocyte-derived ANP inhibits endothelin (ET) gene expression in fibroblasts. Methods and results We have investigated the mechanism(s) involved in the antiproliferative effect of ANP on cardiac fibroblasts in a cell culture model. We found that cardiac myocytes inhibited DNA synthesis in co-cultured cardiac fibroblasts as did treatment with the ET-1 antagonist BQ610. The effect of co-culture was reversed by antibody directed against ANP or the ANP receptor antagonist HS-142-1. ANP inhibited the expression of the ET-1 gene and ET-1 gene promoter activity in cultured fibroblasts. The site of the inhibition was localized to a GATA-binding site positioned between −132 and −135 upstream from the transcription start site. GATA4 expression was demonstrated in cardiac fibroblasts, GATA4 bound the ET-1 promoter both in vitro and in vivo , and siRNA-mediated knockdown of GATA4 inhibited ET-1 expression. ET-1 treatment resulted in increased levels of phospho-serine105 GATA4 in cardiac fibroblasts and this induction was partially suppressed by co-treatment with ANP. Conclusion Collectively, these findings suggest that locally produced ET-1 serves as an autocrine stimulator of fibroblast proliferation, that ANP produced in neighbouring myocytes serves as a paracrine inhibitor of this proliferation, and that the latter effect operates through a reduction in GATA4 phosphorylation and coincident reduction in GATA4-dependent transcriptional activity.