cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring staff turnover, burnout, and resilience in cytology reference laboratories: A workforce qualitative study.

OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to investigate cytology laboratory staff turnover in the context of workplace stressors and burnout and to explore qualities associated with long career tenure, in order to facilitate the development of future workplace intervention programs. METHODS Using an interpretive qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted and analysed using a directed and conventional content analysis. Seven participants who had left large cytology reference laboratories were purposively sampled to interview about their experience of leaving their former laboratories. Conventional content analysis was used to inductively generate themes and deductive content analysis was conducted with categories from the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping (ie, stress appraisal and coping style). RESULTS Three main themes were discerned from the interviews: concerns about the cytology workplace, reasons for choosing to leave, and strategies for coping with stress. Demand for productivity was the most commonly cited concern among cytotechnologists, followed by work-life balance, and musculoskeletal strain related to microscopic screening. The top reason given for people choosing to leave the commercial laboratories was the lack of work-life balance, and the second was the lack of professional challenges and growth opportunities. Participants with longer job tenure who experienced a promotion described coping with job stress as more optimistic and problem focused. CONCLUSIONS Opportunities exist within large commercial laboratories for improving the work environment to reduce workplace burnout and turnover.
Exact CutFEM Polynomial Integration.

The implementation of discontinuous functions occurs in many of today's state of the art partial differential equation solvers. In finite element methods this poses an inherent difficulty: there are no quadrature rules readily available, when integrating functions whose discontinuity falls in the interior of the element. Many approaches to this issue have been developed in recent years, among them is the equivalent polynomial technique. This method replaces the discontinuous function with a polynomial, potentially allowing for the integration to occur over the entire domain, rather than integrating over complex subdomains. Although, eliminating the issues involved with discontinuous function integration, the equivalent polynomial tactic introduces its own set of problems. In particular, either adaptivity is required to capture the discontinuity or error is introduced when regularization of the discontinuous function is implemented. In the current work we eliminate both of these issues. The results of this work provide exact algebraic expressions for subdomain and interface polynomial integration, where the interface represents the boundary of the cut domain. We also provide algorithms for the implementation of these expressions for standard finite element shapes in one, two, and three dimensions, along with a hypercube of arbitrary dimension .
Modeling Convection Coefficients With Genetic Algorithms

Natural convection is an important mode of heat transfer in many fields. Convection coefficient, Nusselt number Nu, is usually modeled as a function of Rayleigh number Ra, which describes the conditions that affect convection. Inclination and spacing are important parameters of stacked cylinders. Of the latest models for two-cylinder array includes both inclination θ and spacing d as parameters (Ji, et al 1998). The coefficients were obtained from experimental data by an empirical combination of linear regression and exponential function fitting. This paper uses GA to seek for better coefficients.
Pregnancy associated with partial aortic occlusion

in dense clumps adherent to the inner coat of the nuclear envelope toward the periphery. The age of the patient and the presence of vaginal bleeding caused by a nodular, ulcerated mass are consistent with a primary malignant melanoma of the vagina. As often seen with vaginal melanomas, the aggressive tumor led to the patient’s rapid death. With electron microscopy, it was possible to distinguish between those diagnoses which had been considered with the use of light microscopy. The diagnosis of a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma was excluded by the lack of desmosomes and keratin; an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma was eliminated by the lack of eccentrically placed, dense-core norepinephrine granules, and rhabdomyosarcoma was excluded by the absence of rhabdomyoblasts and filaments similar to skeletal muscle fibers.2 The features of this tumor characteristic of an amelanotic malignant melanoma were the presence of junctional activity in the vaginal epithelium and the presence of numerous premelanosomes in the cytoplasm. The diagnoses which had been considered included a benign tumor, carcinoma, or sarcoma. The importance of electron microscopy in distinguishing between the possible diagnoses relates to the different prognostic and therapeutic factors in all these lesions. It is recommended, therefore, that when the diagnosis of a pelvic tumor is unclear by light microscopy, the electron microscope should be used to aid in making the correct diagnosis.
Making Race, Making Sex

AbstractThis article is interested in how biomedicine, psychology, and anthropology have produced the rape-able, violable Arab body that need not be the subject of law, national or international. In the 1970s, feminists argued that violence produced gender, that rape and the threat of rape made “women” as a social category, abuse-able and inferior. In the 1980s and beyond, feminist science studies has shown how science makes sex, gender and race, at the level of constructing the basic categories. This article argues that we can extend these feminist theoretical insights to explore the ways that torture is itself a science that racializes, that produces and relies on a notion of Arab-Muslim masculinity as distinct from that enacted in “the West,” a region that is produced alongside a Muslim “Orient.”
Studies of modern and ancient solar energetic particles

Modern solar energetic particles (SEPs) have been studied for about 50 years by satellites and ground-based observations. These measurements indicate much about the nature of SEPs but cover too short a period to quantify the probabilities of very large solar particle events. Many SEPs have high enough energies to make nuclides in material in which they interact. Some nuclides measured in lunar samples have been used to extend the record about SEPs back several million years. Some new measurements of modern SEPs during the last solar cycle and new results for nuclides made by SEPs in lunar samples are presented and their implications discussed. Both the modern and ancient records need to be improved, and methods to get a better understanding of solar energetic particles are discussed. The SEP average fluxes from both sets of records are similar, and both sets can be used to show that huge fluxes of SEPs are very rare.
DOES LOWER SUBJECTIVE SOCIAL STATUS YIELD RISKIER BIOMARKER PROFILES

Both objective and, more recently, subjective measures of low social status have been linked to poor health outcomes. It is unclear, however, through which precise physiological mechanisms such standing may influence health, although it has been proposed that those of lower status may have biomarker profiles that are more dysregulated (and hence pose a greater risk for poorer health). The main objective of this study was to investigate whether lower subjective social standing is associated with riskier neuroendocrine biomarker profiles. Data were from the Social Environment and Biomarkers of Aging Study (SEBAS), a nationally representative survey of Taiwanese men and women (ages 54–91) conducted in Taiwan in 2000. Five neuroendocrine markers (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine) were analysed both separately and collectively in an index termed neuroendocrine allostatic load (NAL) in relation to status – both self-reported and as measured through objective socioeconomic status (SES) indicators. For the biomarker DHEAS, some connection was found between its levels and the measures of status, but for the other markers and the NAL index almost no connection was found. The overall negative finding of this paper would be further supported with more and different measures of neuroendocrine system function and a reordering of the subjective social status questions in the survey such that the one probing about status in the community (that has no prompt) was asked before the one probing about status in all of Taiwan (which has a SES prompt).
Effects of Feeding Frequency on Multiple-batch Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Production and Costs When Understocked with Large Stockers

Increased prices of feed, the greatest component of production costs, have forced some catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, farmers to feed less often to reduce expenditures. This study evaluated the effects of three feeding frequencies (every day, ED; every other day, EOD; or every third day, E3D) when large stockers (69 ± 2 g) were understocked with carryover fish (>350 g) in multiple-batch catfish production. Twelve 0.04-ha earthen ponds were stocked with 11,115 stockers/ha (69 ± 2 g) and 2240 kg/ha of carryover fish (400 ± 10 g) on March 15, 2006, with four replicates per treatment. Ponds were harvested completely October 9–11, 2006. Gross and net yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increased feeding frequency, and total feed fed was greatest for the ED feeding treatment. Growth of stockers decreased significantly as feeding frequency decreased. In this study, growth of carryover fish decreased when fed EOD as compared to ED feeding. Dressout yields of market-sized fish were significantly lower when fish were fed E3D. The partial budget showed a loss of −$646/ha for switching from ED feeding to EOD feeding and a loss of −$1926/ha for switching from ED feeding to E3D feeding (at a feed price of $260/m.t.). ED feeding continued to be more profitable up to a feed price of $385/m.t.
Coupled wave analysis of multiple waveguide systems: The discrete harmonic oscillator

Planar arrays of coupled synchronous waveguides are analyzed with regard to full power transfer between the outermost guides. It is shown analytically, that in an N -guide synchronous system the coupling coefficients have to be tapered parabolically, in agreement with previous empirical results; the propagation constants of this system are equi-spaced. We prove that full transfer indeed occurs and determine the coupling length of the system. The mode interference picture provides a physical interpretation of the full transfer phenomenon. This multiple waveguide system is a discrete analog of the quantum mechanical harmonic oscillator.
Effect of Calendering on Electrode Wettability in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Controlling the wettability between the porous electrode and the electrolyte in lithium ion batteries can improve both the manufacturing process and the electrochemical performance of the cell. The wetting rate, which is the electrolyte transport rate in the porous electrode, can be quantified using the wetting balance. The effect of the calendering process on the wettability of anode electrodes was investigated. A graphite anode film with an as-coated thickness of 59 μm was used as baseline electrode film and was calendered to produce films with thickness ranging from 55 to 41 µm. Results show that wettability is improved by light calendering from an initial thickness of 59 μm to a calendered thickness of 53 μm where the wetting rate increased from 0.375 to 0.589 mm/s0.5. Further calendering below 53 µm resulted in a decrease in wetting rates to a minimum observed value of 0.206 mm/s0.5 at a calendered thickness of 41 μm. Under the same electrolyte, wettability of the electrode is controlled to a great extent by the pore structure in the electrode film which includes parameters such as porosity, pore size distribution, pore geometry and topology. Relations between the wetting behavior and the pore structure as characterized by mercury intrusion and electron microscopy exist and can be used to manipulate the wetting behavior of electrodes.
Scale factor coarsening

Abstract Theories of coarsening of precipitate particles predict a simple behavior at sufficiently long times in which successive microstructural states are statistically geometrically similar, and experience only a change in scale. The kinetics of particle coarsening in this asymptotic, scale-factor-growth condition thus can be described in terms of the time dependence of the scale of the system. This scale change is usually described in terms of the change in the average particle radius r. In fact, any geometric property that changes with time may be used to monitor the kinetics when the system follows scale factor growth. In particular, the simple counting measurements of stereology are convenient measures of scale in geometrically similar structures; their estimation requires significantly less effort than does the average particle size. This paper reviews the strategy for adapting stereology counting measurements to the description of scale factor coarsening.
Candida albicans hyphal initiation and elongation

The fungus Candida albicans is a benign member of the mucosal microbiota, but can cause mucosal infections and life-threatening disseminated invasive infections in susceptible individuals. The ability to switch between yeast, pseudohyphal, and hyphal growth forms (polymorphism) is one of the most investigated virulence attributes of C. albicans. Recent studies suggest that hyphal development in C. albicans requires two temporally linked regulations for initiation and maintenance of the hyphal transcriptional program. Hyphal initiation requires a rapid but temporary disappearance of the Nrg1 transcriptional repressor of hyphal morphogenesis. Hyphal maintenance requires active sensing of the surrounding environment, leading to exclusion of Nrg1 binding to promoters of hypha-specific genes or reduced NRG1 expression. We discuss recent advances in understanding the complex transcriptional regulation of hyphal gene expression. These provide molecular mechanisms underpinning the phenotypic plasticity of C. albicans polymorphism.
Assessing the Effects of Neighborhood Councils On Urban Policy and Development: The Example of Tacoma, Washington

Neighborhood councils form an important and sometimes problematic layer in the governance system of many cities across the USA. The literature on these institutions has focused mainly on their hypothesized role in facilitating citizen participation in neighborhood and city planning. Less work has explored the experiences of neighborhood councils as placed-based institutions theoretically embedded within, and therefore ostensibly reflective of, the overall social and political geography of the city. In particular, little research documents the actual local development priorities, fund-raising capacities, project achievements and scalar tensions associated with neighborhood councils operating in different neighborhoods of the same city. Using a perspective based on extant literatures in urban politics and public administration, this paper offers an analysis of the neighborhood council experience in Tacoma, Washington, USA. While these councils are still “segmented” from the core of urban politics, the paper argues, certain institutional reforms could unlock their long term potential as more “transformative” spaces of local governance.
Analytical aeroelastic stability considerations and conversion loads for an XV-15 tilt-rotor in a wind tunnel simulation

A rotorcraft analysis is conducted to assess tilt-rotor stability and conversion loads for the XV-15 rotor with metal blades within its specified test envelope. A 38-DOF flutter analysis based on the code by Johnson (1988) is developed to simulate a wind-tunnel test in which the rotor torque is constant and thereby study stability. The same analytical model provides the simulated loads including hub loads, blade loads, and oscillatory pitch-link loads with attention given to the nonuniform inflow through the proprotor in the presence of the wing. Tilt-rotor stability during the cruise mode is found to be sensitive to coupling effects in the control system stiffness, and a stability problem is identified in the XV-15 Advanced Technology Blades. The present analysis demonstrates that the tilt-rotor is stable within the specified test envelope of the NASA 40 x 80-ft wind tunnel.
Using best practices: librarians, graduate students and instruction

Purpose – To test the belief that only experienced librarians can effectively teach bibliographic instruction, and compare the effectiveness of active learning methods versus usual practice.Design/methodology/approach – Undergraduate learning was quantitatively measured using a pre‐ and post‐assessment instrument. Two groups of library instructors, degreed librarians and graduate Library Science students participated, reporting the percentage of scripted, active‐learning instruction techniques used in classes.Findings – There was no significant difference in undergraduate learning gains, regardless of instructor type. However, all library instructors using at least 80 percent of the scripted, active‐learning techniques showed more undergraduate learning than those instructors who did not use as many active learning techniques. In addition, undergraduate assessment showed few learning gains after participation in two library instruction sessions.Research limitations/implications – An exclusively female und...
Cooperative breeders do cooperate

Bergmuller et al. (2007) make an important contribution to studies of cooperative breeding and provide a theoretical basis for linking the evolution of cooperative breeding with cooperative behavior. We have long been involved in empirical research on the only family of nonhuman primates to exhibit cooperative breeding, the Callitrichidae, which includes marmosets and tamarins, with studies in both field and captive contexts. In this paper we expand on three themes from Bergmuller et al. (2007) with empirical data. First we provide data in support of the importance of helpers and the specific benefits that helpers can gain in terms of fitness. Second, we suggest that mechanisms of rewarding helpers are more common and more effective in maintaining cooperative breeding than punishments. Third, we present a summary of our own research on cooperative behavior in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) where we find greater success in cooperative problem solving than has been reported for non-cooperatively breeding species.
Velocity of red blood cell flow in capillaries of the guinea pig cochlea.

Velocities of red blood cells (RBCs) in the lateral wall of the cochlea were determined in the anesthetized guinea pig from direct optical microscopic observations. Mean flow velocity of the blood was measured by timing the passage of a fluorescently-labeled sub~opulation of RBCs across a measured capillary length. The optical observations were achieved using an intravital microscope equipped for epifluorescence and the measurements were derived From video images acquired with an image intensified television camera. In the third turn of the cochlea the velocity of RBCs differed significantly between two major classes of capillaries. The mean velocity in spiral ligament vessels was 0.12 mm/s while stria vascularis flow was slower (0.08 mm/s). In a typical animal, the range of velocities among different vessels of the ligament was 0.09-0.18 mm/s while it was 0.03-0.10 mm/s for stria vascularis vessels. Corresponding to this velocity difference, the apparent mean vessel diameters for the two types of vessels also differed. Spiral ligament capillaries were 9.3 pm while strial capillaries were 12.2 pm in diameter. Comparison of flow velocity in different turns of the cochlea indicated that the distribution of blood velocity throughout the cochlea lateral wall is constant.
Marketing of airline services in a deregulated environment

Abstract Airline deregulation in the USA has produced dramatic changes in the marketing of airline services. All elements of the marketing mix - product, place, price, and promotion - have been affected. The marketing changes have affected nearly all members of the travel-distribution system, including competing airlines, travel agents, other suppliers of travel services, and travellers. These changes represent challenges and opportunities for all concerned.
Some novel polysiloxane elastomers and inorganic-organic composites

This review describes the use of polysiloxanes in developing two novel types of materials. In the first approach, polysiloxane elastomers were prepared so as to have unusual network chain length distributions, thereby improving their ultimate properties. The technique involved end linking mixtures of very short and relatively long functionally terminated chains of poly(dimethylsiloxane) to give bimodal networks. Such (unfilled) elastomers show very large increases in reduced stress or modulus at high elongations because of the very limited extensibility of the short chains present in the networks. This non-Gaussian behavior also appears in compression or biaxial extension, as obtained by inflation of sheets of the material. Non-Gaussian theories taking into account this limited chain extensibility were found to be in good agreement with experiment. The composites were prepared using techniques very similar to those employed in the sol-gel pproach to ceramics. Alkoxysilanes or related metaloorganic materials were hydrolyzed in the presence of polymer chains, for example, polysiloxanes and polyoxides, that have reactive end groups such as hydroxyls. The end groups bond the polymer chains into the silica or related ceramic material formed in the hydrolysis, thus forming inorganic-organic composites. When the polymer chains are in excess, they constitute the continuous phase, with ceramic-type material appearing as reinforcing domains. When present in smaller amounts, the polymer is dispersed in the continuous ceramic phase, to give a polymer-modified ceramic. Under some conditions, bicontinuous systems are obtained. The composites thus prepared were characterized by stress-strain measurements, density determinations, differential scanning calorimetry, electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering, and NMR spectroscopy.
Quantitative modeling and technology driven departmental course scheduling

A multiple objective hierarchical mathematical model is presented which assists administrators at Monmouth University's School of Business with departmental course scheduling for undergraduate courses. The mathematical model is used in conjunction with a discrete event simulation model that projects student enrollment for courses. The results of the model suggest faculty schedules that address important priorities at the School of Business, including minimizing expected student course conflicts, constraining the use of adjunct faculty, and adhering to ex ante declared recommendations in the assignment of faculty to course sections.
Local Anesthetic Activity and Toxicity of Several Esters of p-Tertiary-Butylbenzoic Acid

Studies of the local anesthetic activity, irritancy, and toxicity were made of four esters of p-tertiary-butyl-benzoic acid, namely the β- and γ-diethylaminopropyl, the β-diethylaminoethyl, and the piperidinoethyl p-tertiary-butyl-benzoates. The compounds were found to be more active as surface anesthetics on mucous membranes than cocaine, more active in infiltration anesthesia than procaine, and of approximately the same order of activity as conduction or nerve block anesthetics as procaine. The esters were found to be far more irritant to mucous membranes than cocaine and more irritant than procaine upon parenteral injection. The acute intraperitoneal toxicities of the experimental compounds were found to be comparable to that of procaine. The γ-diethylaminopropyl ester appeared to be the most promising for further studies in local anesthesia.
Quality of life: From a tower of babel toward a unified voice

7 c ifestyle satisfaction, level of comfort, and the ability to ursue daily activities are increasingly becoming primary oncerns for radiotherapy patients. In recent years, as caner-related mortality has declined, examination of quality of ife (QOL) as an area of exploration has expanded greatly, o the point that QOL measures are now normative for andomized, controlled (Phase III) trials. This emphasis on OL measures has informed and transformed the field of adiation medicine, as evidenced by continuing interest in he relationship between QOL and other variables of interst, such as treatment modality, toxicity, and survival. Nearly 15 years ago, QOL researchers likened the coneptualization and measurement of QOL to the Tower of abel (1), with no common language for QOL discussion. ince that time, multidisciplinary research has provided ignificant information about the properties and utility of the umerous instruments that are available for measuring overll QOL, which includes factors such as socioeconomic or elational aspects, as well as specific health-related quality f life (HRQL) domains (i.e., physical, psychological, and ocial functioning). There is a growing recognition that OL and HRQL data may be informative in day-to-day linical practice (2). However, no consensus has been fully eached regarding the definitive present and future role of OL in radiation practice. What remains problematic in ppraisal of QOL and HRQL is the selection of appropriate easures for specific uses and the interpretation of HRQL esults to direct clinical management. In this issue, Fang et al. (3) present prospective study data emonstrating a correlation between survival and patienteported QOL scales. The selection of the European Orgaization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of ife Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C-30) to study OL as a survival predictor for esophageal squamous cell arcinoma treated with radiotherapy is an example of conemporary QOL/HRQL research undertaken to the prognosic capability of a QOL/HRQL device in a radiotherapy atient cohort. The selection of the EORTC QLQ-C-30 is
Pathology of Lipomatous Lesions in Proteus Syndrome

Proteus syndrome is an extremely rare, complex hamartomatous disorder with markedly variable clinical expression. We present a case of Proteus syndrome with multiple disfiguring soft tissue masses that were present since early childhood. The lesions involved predominantly the right side of the body and included scoliosis, macrodactyly, and limited hyperostosis in the right foot. There was no evidence of cranial or skin lesions. The patient underwent multiple resections of soft tissue masses, including an amputation of the right foot because of severe gait disturbance. All specimens exhibited lipomatous lesions that were probably hamartomatous rather than neoplastic. She carried a diagnosis of neurofibromatosis for more than a decade, but a re-evaluation of clinical features and pathological findings prompted the diagnosis of Proteus syndrome. We believe that a more informed evaluation of the pathology material may help to identify this rare entity.
The Effect of Pulse Shape and Duty Cycle on Laser Binary Communication Systems

The result of an investigation of the effects of pulse shape and duty cycle on the probability of error are presented for a pulse-gated binary modulation (PGBM) laser communication system when the background irradiance has the important Lorentzian spectral shape.
Reproducibility of whole-body 131I scan and serum thyrotropin and stimulated thyroglobulin values in patients studied twice after injection of recombinant human thyrotropin.

Purpose Recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) is used to increase radioiodine uptake during imaging of thyroid cancer, obviating the need to render the patient hypothyroid. We assessed the reproducibility of radioiodine uptake, serum thyrotropin (TSH), and stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels after rhTSH administration.
Class AB readout cell designed to reduce the noise of a concurrent continuous-time readout architecture for imaging systems

An alternative, class AB configuration of a proven class A readout cell for active/passive imaging systems is presented. Comparison between the two approaches shows that class AB circuit lowers power consumption and reduces noise by a factor of 3 while using nearly equal chip area. On the other hand, class AB has lower bandwidth because it operates at lower bias currents. A 0.5μm CMOS test chip that includes both types of readout circuits has been designed, fabricated and is currently being tested. Simulation results, using readout circuits from this test chip, are used to compare the two configurations.
Within-plant variation in seaweed palatability and chemical defenses: optimal defense theory versus the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis

Within-plant variation in the concentration of secondary metabolites, nutritive value, toughness, and susceptibility to herbivory was assessed for the brown alga Dictyota ciliolata. When young apices and older tissue from the same plant were offered in equal abundance to the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana and the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata, young apices were consumed about 2 times more than older tissue. Compared to young apices, the less preferred older tissue had a less palatable lipophilic extract, significantly higher concentrations of two secondary metabolites (another secondary metabolite did not differ significantly), 33% more soluble protein, and was 233% tougher. Higher levels of chemical defenses in older tissues, and not tissue toughness or nutritive value, appear to be responsible for the preference of Ampithoe longimana for young apices. The pattern of lower levels of chemical defenses in young than older tissues of D. ciliolata is the opposite of the pattern observed in coenocytic seaweeds and most vascular terrestrial and marine plants, all of which have translocation systems for moving materials among plant portions. Unlike these other plants, which preferentially allocate chemical defenses to young tissues, D. ciliolata cannot readily translocate secondary metabolites. The growth-differentiation balance hypothesis suggests that actively dividing and expanding cells are less able to produce secondary metabolites. This hypothesis may help explain why older tissues are better defended than young, rapidly growing apices.
Psychoanalysis at one hundred: beginnings of maturity

We are celebrating a most significant birthday. Whether we reckon our age at one hundred or ninety, it is a time of professional maturation, an occasion for enormous pride in the achievement of psychoanalysis. That achievement was made under special circumstances, which have given a unique shape to our enterprise. But as we achieve maturity, we have begun to change in new and not entirely predictable ways, which call for new perceptions, the development of new attitudes, and the creation of new structures for our functioning. A new form of educational institution deserves our most urgent attention. It is predictable that the pace of change will quicken . It is part of our psychoanalytic heritage that we show the courage to face new realities and to find new adaptations which will insure the recruitment of bright young minds, the continuing advance of psychoanalysis, and our growing contribution to human welfare. I am optimistic for our future.
X-ray topographic observations of dislocation annealing and oxidation in bulk zinc crystals

The rearrangement of slip dislocations during room temperature annealing and the appearance and growth of dislocation loops in bulk zinc single crystals is observed by Berg-Barrett X-ray topography. The diffraction contrast of the dislocation images shows that the dislocation loops have a Burgers vector different from those of the basal slip dislocations introduced by cleavage. The growth of the loops is attributed to the condensation of vacancies injected into the zinc lattice during the growth of an oxide layer on the surface. The change in the dislocation arrangement as well as the contrast effects suggest that the loops may be nucleated by segments of slip dislocations which have climbed to the surface during annealing. Die Umordnung von Gleitversetzungen wahrend Zimmertemperaturausheilung im Volumen von Zinkeinkristallen wird mittels Berg-Barrett-Rontgentopographie beobachtet. Versetzungsschleifen erscheinen und wachsen wahrend einer ungefahr zweijahrigen Periode. Wahrend dieser Periode wird der Kristall in Luft gehalten. Der Beugungskontrast der Versetzungsbilder zeigt, das die Versetzungsschleifen einen anderen Burgersvektor haben als den der Basisgleitversetzungen, die durch Spalten eingefuhrt werden. Das Wachstum der Schleifen wird auf die Kondensation von Leerstellen zuruckgefuhrt, die wahrend des Oxidschichtwachstums auf der Oberflache in das Zinkgitter injiziert werden. Die Umordnung der Versetzungen als auch der Beugungskontrast weisen darauf hin, das die Versetzungsschleifen, die sich im Zink wahrend der Oxydation bilden, aus Segmenten von teilweise ausgegluhten Gleitversetzungen erzeugt werden.
Peripheral neuropathies, hepatocellular carcinomas and islet cell adenomas in transgenic mice

The ability to introduce foreign DNA into the genome of mice offers unique opportunities to produce new models of disease processes. Recent experiments have shown that integration and expression of simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen genes1 and the murine mammary tumour virus (MMTV)–myc genes2 in transgenic mice can lead to the development of neoplasia in a remarkably tissue-specific manner. In the case of SV40-bearing mice, tumours consistently develop in the choroid plexus1. In the accompanying paper, we show that the 72-base pair (bp) enhancer in the SV40 genome is instrumental in directing tumorigenesis to the choroid plexus3. However, when the enhancer is deleted from a construction also containing the metallothionein-human growth hormone fusion gene (SVΔe-MGH), an entirely new pattern of pathology results. The present report focuses on transgenic mice carrying this construct; they develop demyelinating peripheral neuropathies, hepatocellular carcinomas and islet cell adenomas.
Using aggregate human genome data for individual identification

Data privacy in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is a critical yet under-exploited research area. In this paper, we first provide a method to construct a two-layered bayesian network explicitly revealing the conditional dependency between SNPs and traits, from the public GWAS catalog. Then we develop efficient algorithms for two attacks: identity inference attack and trait inference attack based on reasoning with the dependency relationship captured in the constructed bayesian network. Different from previously proposed attacks, the possible target of our attacks may be any common people, not limited to GWAS participants. The empirical evaluations show that unprotected statistics released from GWAS can be exploited by attackers to identify individual or derive private information. Thus we show that mining GWAS statistics threatens the privacy of a much wider population and privacy protection mechanisms should be employed.
Information architecture in JASIST : just where did we come from?

The emergence of Information Architecture within the information systems world has been simultaneously drawn out yet rapid. Those with an eye on history are quick to point to Wurman’s 1976 use of the term “architecture of information,” but it has only been in the last 2 years that IA has become the source of sufficient interest for people to label themselves professionally as Information Architects. The impetus for this recent emergence of IA can be traced to a historical summit, supported by ASIS&T in May 2000 at Boston. It was here that several hundred of us gathered to thrash out the questions of just what IA was and what this new field might become. At the time of the summit, invited to present a short talk on my return journey from the annual ACM SIGCHI conference, I entered the summit expecting little and convinced that IA was nothing new. I left 2 days later refreshed, not just by the enthusiasm of the attendees for this term but by IA’s potential to unify the disparate perspectives and orientations of professionals from a range of disciplines. It was at this summit that the idea for the special issue took root. I proposed the idea to Don Kraft, hoping he would find someone else to run with it. As luck would have it, I ended up taking charge of it myself, with initial support from David Blair. From the suggestion to the finished product has been the best part of 2 years, and in that time more than 50 volunteers reviewed over 20 submissions.
Research Note: Avian Thyroid Isthmus

Abstract An avian equivalent of the mammalian thyroid isthmus appeared in thiouracil-treated (.1% in feed from hatching to 6 and 8 weeks of age) chickens. In two experiments in which chickens were fed a diet containing thiouracil, thyroid tissue was found connecting the thyroid glands. Histological examination of the connecting tissue revealed that it was of the same cellular composition as the thyroid glands.
Comparison of biochemical and molecular methods for the identification of bacterial isolates associated with failed loggerhead sea turtle eggs.

Aims: Comparison of biochemical vs molecular methods for identification of microbial populations associated with failed loggerhead turtle eggs. Methods and Results: Two biochemical (API and Microgen) and one molecular methods (16s rRNA analysis) were compared in the areas of cost, identification, corroboration of data with other methods, ease of use, resources and software. The molecular method was costly and identified only 66% of the isolates tested compared with 74% for API. A 74% discrepancy in identifications occurred between API and 16s rRNA analysis. The two biochemical methods were comparable in cost, but Microgen was easier to use and yielded the lowest discrepancy among identifications (29%) when compared with both API 20 enteric (API 20E) and API 20 nonenteric (API 20NE) combined. A comparison of API 20E and API 20NE indicated an 83% discrepancy between the two methods. Conclusions: The Microgen identification system appears to be better suited than API or 16s rRNA analysis for identification of environmental isolates associated with failed loggerhead eggs. Significance and Impact of the Study: Most identification methods are not intended for use with environmental isolates. A comparison of identification systems would provide better options for identifying environmental bacteria for ecological studies.
Nonlinear Geometric Optics for Short Pulses

Abstract This paper studies the propagation of pulse-like solutions of semilinear hyperbolic equations in the limit of short wavelength. The pulses are located at a wavefront Σ ≔{ φ =0} where φ satisfies the eikonal equation and dφ lies on a regular sheet of the characteristic variety. The approximate solutions are u e approx = U ( t , x , φ ( t , x )/ e ) where U ( t , x , r ) is a smooth function with compact support in r . When U satisfies a familiar nonlinear transport equation from geometric optics it is proved that there is a family of exact solutions u e exact such that u e approx has relative error O ( e ) as e →0. While the transport equation is familiar, the construction of correctors and justification of the approximation are different from the analogous problems concerning the propagation of wave trains with slowly varying envelope.
The Great Recession and Drinking Outcomes: Protective Effects of Politically Oriented Coping

Research derived from the stress paradigm suggests that certain types of coping (e.g., problem-focused coping instead of behavioral disengagement) are protective against problem-related drinking to deal with social stressors. Going beyond the typical focus in the coping literature, we hypothesize that stressors engendered by macrolevel social forces may require coping actions within the political realm in contrast to modes of coping focused outside of the political realm. A United States sample of 663 respondents completed a mail survey in 2010, including measures of stressful consequences of the Great Recession, drinking patterns and problems, modes of coping encompassed in the Brief COPE instrument, and politically oriented coping. Structural equation modeling examined whether modes of coping mediated the links between stressors and drinking outcomes. A substantial portion of the associations between stressors and drinking was explained by modes of coping. Politically oriented coping was protective against problem drinking for both genders. Future studies should further explore politically oriented coping in addition to modes of coping outside of the political realm when studying the relationships between macrolevel social stressors and deleterious drinking outcomes.
Detection and monitoring of hidden fatigue crack growth using a built-in piezoelectric sensor/actuator network: II. Validation using riveted joints and repair patches

A built-in diagnostic technique for monitoring hidden fatigue crack growth in aircraft structures has been developed in part I of the study. The technique uses diagnostics signals, generated from nearby piezoelectric actuators built into the structures, to detect crack growth. In this second part of the study, the proposed diagnostic technique was applied to monitor fatigue crack growth in riveted fuselage joints and a cracked metallic plate repaired with a bonded composite patch. A complete built-in diagnostic system for the tests was developed, including a sensor network, hardware and the diagnostic software. Predictions were correlated quite well with measurements from the eddy current test and the ultrasonic scan methods as well as visual inspection. The damage index successfully detected both crack growth and debond damage for the structures considered.
Alveolar cell carcinoma presenting as malignant pericardial effusion: diagnosis by electron microscopy.

The cytoiogic, immunocytochemical, and ultra-structural findings in a 68-year-old man who presented with a malignant pericardial effusion are reported. Radiologic studies failed to identify a primary neoplasm over the next 6 months. Ultrastruc-tural examination of a repeat pericardiocentesis fluid specimen revealed cells with intranuclear tubular inclusions and cytoplasmic lamellar bodies typical of alveolar cell carcinoma. Review of the chest radiographs showed nonresolving patchy infiltrates in the upper lobe of the left lung clinically thought to represent pneumonia; in retrospect, however, these were consistent with the pneumonic form of alveolar cell carcinoma.
Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast – By John Rennie Short

The article reviews the book "Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast," by John Rennie Short.
Transport of Artemisinin and Sodium Artesunate in Caco-2 Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Abstract Artemisinin and its derivatives are becoming interesting alternatives to the commonly used antimalarial drugs because they are efficient in treating severe and multidrug resistant forms of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. A major drawback is the occurrence of recrudescence some time after treatment. Moderate oral bioavailability has been suggested as a possible cause. As one of the factors that might limit absorption after oral administration, we studied the intestinal permeability using an in vitro system of the intestinal mucosa, Caco-2. Concentrations of artemisinin were determined by UV after alkaline degradation, while for sodium artesunate, a capillary electrophoresis method was developed. Artemisinin easily crossed the epithelial cells by passive diffusion ( P app = 30.4 ± 1.7 × 10 −6 cm s −1 , pH 7.4). Permeability of the hemisuccinate analogue, sodium artesunate, was 8-fold lower ( P app = 4.0 ± 0.4 × 10 −6 cm s −1 at pH 7.4) and strongle dependent on pH, which might result in site dependent resorption in an in vivo situation. Enzyme catalyzed ester hydrolysis of sodium artesunate in Caco-2 monolayer to the biologically active metabolite, dihrdroatremisinin, was moderate. The results indicate overall absorption process after oral administration of artemisinin of sodium artesunate. Solubility, Dissolution rate, stabilit, and first-pass metabolism are suggested as alternative limiting factors.
Discussion: A Correlation Between Salt Spray and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Test Results for Conversion-Coated Aluminum Alloys

Abstract F. Mansfeld discusses “A Correlation Between Salt Spray and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Test Results for Conversion-Coated Aluminum Alloys,” by R.G. Buchheit, M. Cunningham, H. Jensen, M. Kendig, and M.A. Martinez which was published in Corrosion 54, 1 (1998): p. 61–72. A reply from Buchheit and Kendig follows.
Role of the liver and intestine in the turnover of plasma phosphatides in the rat.

Abstract The synthesis of plasma phosphatides in the fasting rat was reduced to insignificant amounts by removal of the liver. In cream-fed rats, the intestine contributed appreciable amounts of phosphatide to the plasma. The removal of phosphatides from the plasma continued, although at a somewhat slower rate, in the absence of the liver and intestine. The role of the liver and intestine in the metabolism of plasma phosphatides in different species of animals is discussed.
Surface aggregation and subgrid‐scale climate

Land-surface representations used by the climate modelling community characterize locally heterogeneous surfaces as larger, homogeneous units. This loss of detail in land-surface properties has prompted research into methods by which subgrid-scale properties may be included within global climate models (GCMs). Coupling a regional model within a GCM represents one possible approach to resolving subgrid-scale heterogeneity, but this method is computationally demanding. For use at global scales, two aggregation schemes have been proposed in the literature. The first assigns to each GCM grid-cell the area-weighted values of structural and physiological parameters typical of each subgrid surface type; the second computes separate energy balances for each surface type within the cell, then averages their responses based on areal coverage. Neither of these aggregation schemes, however, account for subgrid surface-atmosphere interaction, surface geography, or advective effects. This study examines climate sensitivity to methods of surface aggregation by comparing climates simulated using a three-dimensional, mesoscale atmosphere-land-surface model with those produced by parameter-based (‘averaged geography’) and energy-balance-based (‘mosaic geography’) aggregation schemes. Simulations are carried out for a 240 kmx240 km area using three land-surface configurations. Each domain contains a small area of bare soil, along with varying amounts of grass and coniferous trees. Model comparisons indicate that the averaged geography scheme tends to overestimate the latent and sensible heat flux from the model domain, and to yield surface temperatures that are cooler (by as much as 1.8°C) than control-simulated values. Mosaic geography results are more similar to control climates, but tend to underestimate surface sensible heat flux and to overestimate the latent heat flux. Surface temperatures produced by mosaic runs are warmer than control values by up to 0.8°C. Overall, the mosaic aggregation scheme appears superior to the averaged geography method in its ability to capture the domain-averaged climatic effects of subgrid heterogeneity. However, relatively large differences between the climates simulated by mosaic and control experiments for the individual grass, coniferous tree, and bare soil areas suggest that studies of subgrid climatic forcing and response are best performed with regional-scale or coupled regional-global climate models.