cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE-SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE ROSETTES

Human lymphocytes of known B or T derivation were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after rosetting with SRBC. After collection of the cells onto silver membranes the samples were prepared for SEM by the critical point drying method. Sheep RBC frequently underwent sphero-echinocyte transformation and multiple projections extended from their surfaces. This was readily noticeable after storage of SRBC in the cold and washing in Hanks, but more prominent after rosetting. These erythrocyte surface alterations were less apparent when freshly withdrawn cells were used. Spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosettes (E-R), a marker for human T lymphocytes, were prepared with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), thymic cells, and cultured T cells. EAC-rosettes (EAC-R), used to identify B lymphocytes with complement receptors, were prepared with normal PBL and cultured B cells. The majority of rosetting T lymphocytes had generally smooth surfaces while about 20% had an intermediate number of microvilli and 15% were more villous and indistinguishable from villous B cells. Studies of rosetting thymocytes and cultured T cells however indicated that the surface of some T cells alters on rosetting, becoming more villous and thus account for the higher numbers of villous T cells seen in E-rosettes. Point to point contact sites between SRBC and T lymphocytes were more frequent than broad zones of attachment. The majority of rosetting B lymphocytes had multiple microvilli, about 25% had a moderate number of microvilli and less than 10% had smooth surfaces similar to those of most T cells. Areas of contact between EAC and B lymphocytes were frequently broad zones of attachment. The study confirms that in many cases B and T lymphocytes can be distinguished by their surface architecture as seen under the SEM; however, about 20% of rosetting B and T cells have similar surfaces with intermediate numbers of surface microvilli and cannot be distinguished by SEM without parallel immunologic identification.
The moderating effect of sexual pressure on young Urban women's condom use

The purpose of this study was to examine whether women's experiences of sexual pressure moderated the relationship between sexual empowerment determinants and condom use in a sample of 100 high-risk women, ages 19�25. Five sexual empowerment determinants of condom use were identified from the literature: HIV knowledge, self-esteem, condom self-efficacy, positive attitudes toward condom use, and condom negotiation skills. Linear and logistic regression analyses revealed that positive attitudes toward condom use and condom negotiation skills were significant predictors of condom use. These relationships, however, were moderated by sexual pressure. Findings indicate that women's experiences with sexual pressure have the potential to decrease the likelihood of condom use, even though other sexually protective behaviors may be exhibited.
Fat-Predominant Mixed Epithelial Stromal Tumor (MEST): Report of a Unique Case Mimicking Angiomyolipoma

A unique case of a mixed epithelial stromal tumor (MEST) that was predominantly composed of adipose tissue is reported here. Radiographically and grossly, the lesion was thought to be an angiomyolipoma, based upon its fatty appearance. Microscopically, the lesion was predominantly composed of mature adipose tissue but also contained clusters of bland tubules surrounded by smooth muscle bundles and collagen. By immunohistochemistry, the stroma labeled diffusely for estrogen and progesterone receptors, while the muscle bundles labeled for desmin. Melanocytic markers HMB45 and Melan A, typically positive in angiomyolipoma, were nonreactive. This case expands the morphologic spectrum of MEST to include mimics of angiomyolipoma.
Contemporary Ventilator Management in Patients With and at Risk of ALI/ARDS

See the complete list of Lung Injury Prevention Study Investigators members below. BACKGROUND: Ventilator practices in patients at risk for acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS are unclear. We examined factors associated with choice of set tidal volumes (VT), and whether VT < 8 mL/kg predicted body weight (PBW) relates to the development of ALI/ARDS. METHODS: We performed a secondary analysis of a multicenter cohort of adult subjects at risk of lung injury with and without ALI/ARDS at onset of invasive ventilation. Descriptive statistics were used to describe ventilator practices in specific settings and ALI/ARDS risk groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with the use of VT < 8 mL/kg PBW and the relationship of VT to ALI/ARDS development and outcome. RESULTS: Of 829 mechanically ventilated patients, 107 met the criteria for ALI/ARDS at time of intubation, and 161 developed ALI/ARDS after intubation (post-intubation ALI/ARDS). There was significant intercenter variability in initial ventilator settings, and in the incidence of ALI/ARDS and post-intubation ALI/ARDS. The median VT was 7.96 (IQR 7.14–8.94) mL/kg PBW in ALI/ARDS subjects, and 8.45 (IQR 7.50–9.55) mL/kg PBW in subjects without ALI/ARDS ( P = .004). VT decreased from 8.40 (IQR 7.38–9.37) mL/kg PBW to 7.97 (IQR 6.90–9.23) mL/kg PBW ( P < .001) in those developing post-intubation ALI/ARDS. Among subjects without ALI/ARDS, VT ≥ 8 mL/kg PBW was associated with shorter height and higher body mass index, while subjects with pneumonia were less likely to get ≥ 8 mL/kg PBW. Initial VT ≥ 8 mL/kg PBW was not associated with the post-intubation ALI/ARDS (adjusted odds ratio 1.30, 95% CI 0.74–2.29) or worse outcomes. Post-intubation ALI/ARDS subjects had mortality similar to subjects intubated with ALI/ARDS. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians seem to respond to ALI/ARDS with lower initial VT. Initial VT, however, was not associated with the development of post-intubation ALI/ARDS or other outcomes. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration [NCT00889772][1]) [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00889772&atom=%2Frespcare%2F58%2F4%2F578.atom
Constructing Trust between Teacher and Students through Feedback and Revision Cycles in an EFL Writing Classroom.

The authors' goal was to model the role played by the relationship between a writing teacher and her students in the feedback and revision cycle they experienced in an English-as-a-foreign-language...
Calmodulin binding distinguishes between βγ subunits of activated G proteins and transducin

The interactions between guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins and the Ca(2+)-binding protein calmodulin were studied using calmodulin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Purified bovine brain beta gamma subunits bound to calmodulin-Sepharose in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. On the contrary, beta gamma subunits produced in an activated Go/Gi preparation did not bind to calmodulin-Sepharose. The effect was independent of the type of bovine brain G protein (Go/Gi, Gs), method of activation and the presence of magnesium. To distinguish whether the binding of purified beta gamma subunits to calmodulin was unique to brain beta gamma or to the method of purification, similar experiments were performed using transducin. In contrast to bovine brain G proteins, both purified transducin beta gamma subunits and beta gamma released from rhodopsin-activated transducin bound to calmodulin-Sepharose in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. To assess the functional significance of the binding of bovine brain beta gamma subunits to calmodulin, the ability of purified beta gamma and of beta gamma in unactivated and activated Go/Gi to inhibit partially purified calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase was determined. Purified beta gamma was highly effective in inhibiting calmodulin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. However, unactivated Go/Gi and preactivated Go/Gi inhibited calmodulin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity to the same extent. This Go/Gi-mediated inhibition also occurred in the presence of a 500-fold molar excess of calmodulin over added G protein. These results demonstrate: (1) that beta gamma subunits may not be completely released upon G protein activation, and (2) that inhibition of calmodulin-stimulated adenylate cyclase by beta gamma subunits does not appear to be mediated by a direct beta gamma-calmodulin interaction. Differences in the binding properties of activated bovine brain G proteins versus those of transducin could be explained by differences in the gamma subunit between the proteins, or by differences in affinities of the alpha and beta gamma subunits for each other and for calmodulin. The different functional properties of purified beta gamma subunits and beta gamma subunits produced in situ by activation of G proteins indicates that extrapolation from the effects of purified subunits to events occurring in membranes should be done with caution.
Methods of Microwave Fixation for Microscopy: A Review of Research and Clinical Applications : 1970-1992

Microwave fixation methods are important because excellent preservation of both cell structure and antigenicity can be attained several orders of magnitude faster than by routine chemical fixation methods. Fast and ultrafast microwave fixation have yielded significant logistic advantages over another fast fixation approach-rapid freezing at liquid helium temperatures. For example, specimens used for microwave fixation can be as large as 1 cm3 and cells can remain in suspension. We review in detail both qualitative and quantitative morphologic results obtained by using microwave fixation in sample preparation. We provide tables of biological molecules that are preserved in a variety of human and animal tissues by various microwave fixation methods for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and affinity labelling studies. Limitations of large cavity (e.g., household) microwave ovens often result in irreproducible fixation results. We present calibration and standardization protocols for microwave fixation in large cavity microwave ovens that emphasize a) localization of oven hot spots (i.e., high power) using a neon bulb array, b) magnetron warm-up, c) the use of a water load, d) the use of an agar-saline-Giemsa model to predict the uniformity of irradiation in small samples, e) the use of specimen containers with one dimension less than 1.5 cm, and f) fast specimen handling to prevent conductive heating artifacts after irradiation. Although microwave ovens are commonplace their unique applications in the laboratory environment require special safety considerations, which are reviewed. Advances in microwave technology are providing new means to study the structure-function relationships of cellular and biochemical activities.
International Perspectives on Indoor Tanning

This chapter reviews the English language literature regarding the prevalence, frequency, and predictors of sunbed use outside of the United States. The literature examining sunbed use across European and non-European countries indicates prevalent use, especially in young women. In Sweden an extensive body of literature indicates that over 50% of females in their teens and twenties have used sunbeds at least once. In other European countries, the literature is less extensive but shows that rates of sunbed use are consistent with those reported in Sweden, at least in Northern Europe. There is evidence of a North–South gradient with lower prevalence of use in Southern Europe. The United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia document more modest rates of sunbed use. Of concern is the relatively high rate of heavy sunbed use in many countries. While measurement strategies differ, 20–25% of sunbed users indicate very frequent sunbed use recently, or over their lifetime. The predictors of sunbed use are consistent across studies and include female gender, younger age, higher socioeconomic status and urban locale, beliefs that a tan will improve appearance and that a “base tan” is needed before going on vacation, lower skin sensitivity to sunburn, heightened tobacco use and outdoor tanning behavior. The belief that tanned skin is attractive is a motivation for tanning, especially in young women, and needs to be confronted as new mass media and individual-level interventions are developed.
Angiotensin-(1-7), a small molecule inhibitor of glioblastoma growth

2024 Background: Recent studies suggest that anti-angiogenic therapies may be effective in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a highly vascular tumor. We have previously demonstrated that angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)], an endogenous heptapeptide with anti-angiogenic properties, significantly reduced the serum-stimulated growth of three human glioblastoma cell lines which contained mRNA for the AT(1–7) receptor mas. We now provide the first evidence that Ang-(1–7) markedly decreases the proliferation and growth of human glioblastomas in vivo using a xenograft model. Methods: Athymic mice with tumors resulting from injection of human U87 glioblastoma cells were treated for 18 days with saline or 1000 μg/kg Ang-(1–7), delivered by subcutaneous injection every 12 h. Results: The average volume of the tumors from mice treated with the heptapeptide was approximately 3-fold less than the size of the tumors from control animals (586.1 ± 94.5 mm3 vs 1845.5 ± 238.1 mm3; n = 6, p < 0.05). Further, the tumo...
Healing Hearts or Righting Wrongs? A Meditation on the Goals of Restorative Justice

Central to both retributive and restorative justice is a concern with righting wrongs and restoring equilibrium to a moral order upturned by criminal wrongdoing. Both restorative and retributive justice acknowledge that moral equilibrium is regained only when the victim's dignity is acknowledged, the offender held accountable, and the community's moral norms reaffirmed. Retributive justice theory posits that these goals are best accomplished through prosecution and punishment. Restorative justice maintains that these goals are best achieved through a communicative process in which the victim tells her story and the offender acknowledges wrongdoing and makes amends. Implicit in these different accounts are different understandings of how victims and offenders recover from the experience of victimization and oppression, and how offenders and societies can best be encouraged to develop as moral entities. More fundamentally, if justice requires some combination of victim satisfaction, offender accountability, and community norm-affirmation, then retributive and restorative justice theories weigh and prioritize these justice-jobs differently. This essay explores these different understandings of the various goals of justice in restorative and retributive schemas, and situates these understandings in a brief accounting of South Africa's experiment with restorative justice principles at the close of the apartheid era. South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established to give victims an opportunity to confront their tormenters, to provide amnesty to offenders acknowledging their crimes, and to construct, from victim and offender narratives, a communal truth of the country's shrouded past.The story of the TRC proceedings provides an opportunity to examine the application of restorative justice principles on an epic scale. In assessing the TRC's triumphs and shortcomings, this essay seeks to connect restorative justice's therapeutic aspirations with some of its pragmatic shortcomings. It will suggest that while restorative justice, like mediation, offers the promise of psychologically healing resolutions, these outcomes may be purchased at the expense of the material change necessary to fulfill the law's promise of equal treatment, opportunity and the nurturing of human dignity.
Racing All Over the Place: a Tiebout Model of International Regulatory Competition

The literature on the effect of globalization national regulatory standards tends to focus on one of two patterns, regulatory races to the bottom or upwards harmonization of regulatory standards. Neither pattern is well supported by empirical findings, particularly with respect to industries that can easily move offshore in search of lower regulatory standards. Rather, global patterns of regulation in these industries tend toward dispersion rather than conversion either upward or downward. There is as yet, however, little work in the international relations literature on global patterns of regulatory dispersion. One of the most common models of regulatory dispersion in the economics literature was developed by Charles Tiebout in the context of the provision of municipal services, but several international relations scholars have noted that the assumptions of the model are not appropriate to international regulatory competition. This paper develops a modified Tiebout model that describes patterns of international regulatory dispersion in industries that engage in international regulatory arbitrage. It explains both specific patterns of dispersion, and the tendency for average regulatory levels to drift upward over time.
Ectosynibiosis Between Phorid Flies and Army Ants

Minute phorid flies are the most abundant myrmecophilous insects living in colonies of army ants and their refuse deposits. More than 300 colonies of army ants (Dorylinae: Ecitonini) were sampled, and 3900 female and 469 male phorids were collected. The phorids were active constantly but were most commonly seen from 5:00 to 7:00 PM. They were abundant in refuse deposits and at the ends of emigration and raid columns after most or all of the ants had passed. The number of phorids with 1 colony varied greatly and sometimes exceeded 4000. Most species considered to be myrmecophiles were found with more than 1 ant species. The phorids are scavengers that feed on booty refuse and dead workers discarded by army ants, but may feed also on booty and live brood within bivouacs. Eggs laid near the beginning of a statary phase of the ants can develop into adults before the colony emigrates. Flightless females also emerged before the large-winged males, an adaptation that would increase cross mating by keeping females in the colony and forcing some males to fly to other bivouacs.
The comparison of determination that determine sulphur dioxide in the air of workplace and environment by formaldehyde-parasaniline hydrochloride spectrophotometry

In the process of laboratory measurement auditing, we compared the two standards that include Workplace air-Determination of sulfur dioxide-Buffer solution of formaldehyde-parasaniline hydrochloride spectrophotometry(GBZ/T 160.33-2004) and Ambient air-Determination of sulfur dioxide-Formaldehyde absorbing-parasaniline spectrophotometry(HJ482-2009). Moreover, we analysis the matters that needed attention in experiment and provide suggestions.
Virtual trainer for intra-detrusor injection of botulinum toxin to treat urinary incontinence

Here we introduce a new virtual reality (VR) based simulation system for training the urological procedure of intra-detrusor botulinum toxin (Botox®) injections into the bladder. 6 cases with different bladder anatomy and 3 subtasks are included in the curriculum; this design is guided by several expert urologists according to clinical needs and experience. These virtual bladder models can be deformed by a cystoscope model or penetrated by a needle model. Data of location and dose per injection are collected during the training. After compared among various options, magnetic motion-tracking devices are chosen and integrated onto replicas of cystoscopic instruments as the VR interface for the specific operation. A web/database based learning management platform (LMP) is developed for online data access and validation studies of the training system.
Preliminary experience with perforator flaps in reconstruction of soft-tissue defects of the foot and ankle

Background Microsurgical reconstruction has improved limb salvage in patients who because of many etiologies have soft-tissue loss from the lower extremities. Free-tissue transfer to the foot and ankle often interferes with postoperative function and footwear because of the bulk of a muscle flap. The foot and ankle often are best treated using thin flaps that will not contract and fibrose, particularly if secondary procedures are required. We hypothesized that perforator flaps, which are thin free-tissue transfers consisting of skin and subcutaneous tissue, both diminish donor site morbidity and are ideally suited for soft-tissue reconstruction of the foot and ankle. Methods Ten patients had free- tissue transfers to the foot and ankle using perforator flaps during a 2-year period. Four had acute posttraumatic wounds, three had soft tissue defects with exposed hardware or bone graft after reconstructive surgery, and three had large soft-tissue defects after foot infection secondary to diabetes. Nine had reconstruction with anterolateral thigh perforator flaps and one had reconstruction with a deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEP) perforator flap. Results All flaps survived. There were no deep infections. Three flaps had minor tissue loss requiring subsequent small skin grafts, all of which healed. There were no donor site complications and no interference of muscle function at the donor sites. Custom shoewear was not required to accommodate the flaps. Conclusion This series highlights the success and utility of perforator flaps in microsurgical reconstruction of the foot and ankle. The greatest advantage of perforator flaps is the diminished donor site morbidity, which was achieved while maintaining high microsurgical success rates. These skin and fat flaps remained pliable and contracted less than muscle flaps, allowing for smooth tendon gliding and easy flap elevation for secondary orthopaedic procedures.
Necessary Conditions for the Optimality of an Extrusion Die for a Rigid-Plastic Material

Conditions which must be satisfied by the steady flow of a rigid-plastic material through an extrusion die which minimizes dissipation power are derived.
The Effect of New Issue Accounting Information on Seasoned Municipal Bond Prices

Prior studies have shown that seasoned municipal bond prices exhibit a marked increase in variability during the period of new bond issues by the same municipality. Those studies did not attempt, however, to determine whether accounting information was part of the total information being assimilated into the seasoned bond prices. This issue is of substantial policy interest given the SEC's recent rule barring dealers from underwriting new issues unless the issuer agrees to provide continuing disclosure to investors. The SEC acted following growing concern about poor disclosure in the municipal bond secondary market. This study provides evidence that accounting measures believed to be important to bond investors are significantly associated with returns on the seasoned bonds of infrequent issuers during a new issue but not during two control nonevent periods. No associations were found for frequent issuers.
Generalized Wavelet Shrinkage of Inline Raman Spectroscopy for Quality Monitoring of Continuous Manufacturing of Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper

Process monitoring and quality control is essential for continuous manufacturing processes of carbon nano- tube (CNT) thin sheets or buckypaper. Raman spectroscopy is an attractive inline quality characterization and quantification tool for nanomanufacturing because of its nondestructive nature, fast data acquisition speed, and ability to provide detailed material information. However, there is signal-dependent noise buried in the Raman spectra, which reduces the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio and affects the accuracy, efficiency, and sensitivity for Raman spectrum-based quality control approaches. In this paper, a signal analysis model with signal-dependent noise for Raman spectroscopy is developed and validated based on experimental data. The wavelet shrinkage method is used for denoising and improving the S/N ratio of raw Raman spectra. Based on the validated signal-noise relationship, a novel generalized wavelet shrinkage approach is introduced to remove noise in all wavelet coefficients by applying individual adaptive wavelet thresholds. The effectiveness of this method is demonstrated using both simulation and experimental case studies of inline Raman monitoring of continuous buckypaper manufacturing. The proposed method allows for a significant reduction of Raman data acquisition time without much loss of S/N ratio, which inherently enables Raman spectroscopy for inline monitoring and control for continuous nanomanufacturing processes.
Minimally Invasive Quadriceps Tendon Harvest and Graft Preparation for All-Inside Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

The quadriceps tendon is an infrequently used graft option for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction despite favorable clinical results in the literature with low donor site morbidity. It is a versatile graft that can be harvested with bone or as a soft tissue graft alone. In addition, it can be used for anatomic, double-bundle, transtibial, and all-inside reconstructions. The unique characteristics of the quadriceps tendon allow for the ability to harvest a single-bundle large-diameter graft and minimize disruption of normal anatomy, which makes the quadriceps tendon an excellent choice for all-inside techniques. Recently developed minimally invasive harvest techniques described in this note allow for a reproducible predictable and efficient harvest through a small incision.
Structural, photoluminescence and radioluminescence properties of Eu3+ doped La2Hf2O7 nanoparticles

Abstract This study presents the structural, optical, and radioluminescent characterization of newly synthesized europium-doped lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 O 7 :xmol%Eu 3+ , x=0 to 35) nanoparticles (NPs) for use as phosphors and scintillation materials. Samples prepared through a combined co-precipitation and molten salt synthetic process were found to crystalize in the pyrochlore phase, a radiation tolerant structure related to the fluorite structure. These samples exhibit red luminescence under ultraviolet and X-ray excitation. Under these excitations, the optical intensity and quantum yield of the La 2 Hf 2 O 7 :xmol%Eu 3+ NPs depend on the Eu 3+ concentration and are maximized at 5%. It is proposed that there is a trade-off between the quenching due to defect states/cross-relaxation and dopant concentration. An optimal dopant concentration allows the La 2 Hf 2 O 7 :5 mol%Eu 3+ NPs to show the best luminescent properties of all the samples.
Compulsive buying and quality of life: An estimate of the monetary cost of compulsive buying among adults in early midlife

The aims of this study were to examine the associations between compulsive buying and quality of life and to estimate the monetary cost of compulsive buying for a cohort of men and women at mean age 43. Participants came from a community-based random sample of residents in two New York counties (N=548). The participants were followed from adolescence to early midlife. The mean age of participants at the most recent interview was 43.0 (SD=2.8). Fifty five percent of the participants were females. Over 90% of the participants were white. Linear regression analyses showed that compulsive buying was significantly associated with quality of life, despite controlling for relevant demographic and psychosocial factors. The estimated monetary cost of compulsive buying for this cohort was significant. The fact that the monetary cost of CB is not trivial suggests that individuals are both consciously and unconsciously plagued by their CB. The findings are important for interventionists and clinicians for cost-effective intervention and treatment programs.
Abstract 226: Strokes Worse in Women at 24 hours but Severity Reduced in Younger Women With Hormone Therapy

Background: Gender related differences in stroke incidence hallmark the increased observation of women experiencing strokes later in life. Complications of women longevity has accounted for their i...
Why We Need More Powerful Multinational Corporations

It may be possible to make governance changes that render large global corporations more beneficial – and less costly – to humanity.
Anxiety in patients undergoing cataract surgery: a pre- and postoperative comparison.

Author(s): Ramirez, David A; Brodie, Frank L; Rose-Nussbaumer, Jennifer; Ramanathan, Saraswathy
Nutrient-Colimited Trichodesmium as a Nitrogen Source or Sink in a Future Ocean.

ABSTRACT Nitrogen-fixing (N2) cyanobacteria provide bioavailable nitrogen to vast ocean regions but are in turn limited by iron (Fe) and/or phosphorus (P), which may force them to employ alternative nitrogen acquisition strategies. The adaptive responses of nitrogen fixers to global-change drivers under nutrient-limited conditions could profoundly alter the current ocean nitrogen and carbon cycles. Here, we show that the globally important N2 fixer Trichodesmium fundamentally shifts nitrogen metabolism toward organic-nitrogen scavenging following long-term high-CO2 adaptation under iron and/or phosphorus (co)limitation. Global shifts in transcripts and proteins under high-CO2/Fe-limited and/or P-limited conditions include decreases in the N2-fixing nitrogenase enzyme, coupled with major increases in enzymes that oxidize trimethylamine (TMA). TMA is an abundant, biogeochemically important organic nitrogen compound that supports rapid Trichodesmium growth while inhibiting N2 fixation. In a future high-CO2 ocean, this whole-cell energetic reallocation toward organic nitrogen scavenging and away from N2 fixation may reduce new-nitrogen inputs by Trichodesmium while simultaneously depleting the scarce fixed-nitrogen supplies of nitrogen-limited open-ocean ecosystems. IMPORTANCETrichodesmium is among the most biogeochemically significant microorganisms in the ocean, since it supplies up to 50% of the new nitrogen supporting open-ocean food webs. We used Trichodesmium cultures adapted to high-CO2 conditions for 7 years, followed by additional exposure to iron and/or phosphorus (co)limitation. We show that “future ocean” conditions of high CO2 and concurrent nutrient limitation(s) fundamentally shift nitrogen metabolism away from nitrogen fixation and instead toward upregulation of organic nitrogen-scavenging pathways. We show that the responses of Trichodesmium to projected future ocean conditions include decreases in the nitrogen-fixing nitrogenase enzymes coupled with major increases in enzymes that oxidize the abundant organic nitrogen source trimethylamine (TMA). Such a shift toward organic nitrogen uptake and away from nitrogen fixation may substantially reduce new-nitrogen inputs by Trichodesmium to the rest of the microbial community in the future high-CO2 ocean, with potential global implications for ocean carbon and nitrogen cycling.
Conditioning in sensory evoked seizures

This paper presents the results of conditioning studies in animals and in patients with epilepsy. In animals it was not possible to produce sensory evoked seizures by conditioning unless an epileptogenic lesion was produced. Patients with stroboscopic induced, startle, pattern and musicogenic epilepsy were treated by conditioning techniques. It was at first felt that the nature of this was an extinction process, but certain factors such as the need for reinforcement suggest that the therapy is actually a conditioning process. Changes in the electroencephalogram occur during this conditioning therapy as do changes in galvanic skin resistance.
Modern Theories of Pelvic Floor Support : A Topical Review of Modern Studies on Structural and Functional Pelvic Floor Support from Medical Imaging, Computational Modeling, and Electromyographic Perspectives.

Weakened pelvic floor support is believed to be the main cause of various pelvic floor disorders. Modern theories of pelvic floor support stress on the structural and functional integrity of multiple structures and their interplay to maintain normal pelvic floor functions. Connective tissues provide passive pelvic floor support while pelvic floor muscles provide active support through voluntary contraction. Advanced modern medical technologies allow us to comprehensively and thoroughly evaluate the interaction of supporting structures and assess both active and passive support functions. The pathophysiology of various pelvic floor disorders associated with pelvic floor weakness is now under scrutiny from the combination of (1) morphological, (2) dynamic (through computational modeling), and (3) neurophysiological perspectives. This topical review aims to update newly emerged studies assessing pelvic floor support function among these three categories. A literature search was performed with emphasis on (1) medical imaging studies that assess pelvic floor muscle architecture, (2) subject-specific computational modeling studies that address new topics such as modeling muscle contractions, and (3) pelvic floor neurophysiology studies that report novel devices or findings such as high-density surface electromyography techniques. We found that recent computational modeling studies are featured with more realistic soft tissue constitutive models (e.g., active muscle contraction) as well as an increasing interest in simulating surgical interventions (e.g., artificial sphincter). Diffusion tensor imaging provides a useful non-invasive tool to characterize pelvic floor muscles at the microstructural level, which can be potentially used to improve the accuracy of the simulation of muscle contraction. Studies using high-density surface electromyography anal and vaginal probes on large patient cohorts have been recently reported. Influences of vaginal delivery on the distribution of innervation zones of pelvic floor muscles are clarified, providing useful guidance for a better protection of women during delivery. We are now in a period of transition to advanced diagnostic and predictive pelvic floor medicine. Our findings highlight the application of diffusion tensor imaging, computational models with consideration of active pelvic floor muscle contraction, high-density surface electromyography, and their potential integration, as tools to push the boundary of our knowledge in pelvic floor support and better shape current clinical practice.
Contemporary management of adult-acquired buried penis.

Objectives To describe our buried penis repair technique that includes penile release, tissue resection, wound closure, and penile reconstruction. Patients and methods In all, 73 patients were treated from 2007 to 2017. Patients can be categorised into five stages: Stage I, involves only a phimotic band; Stage 2, required excision of diseased penile skin with split-thickness skin grafting (STSG); Stage 3, requires scrotal excision; Stage 4, requires escutcheonectomy; and Stage 5, requires panniculectomy. Successful treatment hinges on adequate excision of diseased skin and de-bulking followed by replacement of deficient skin with STSG. Results In all, 36 of 73 (49%) patients had Stage 1-3 disease, whilst 37 of 73 (51%) were Stage 4-5. There were complications within the first 30 days in 44 of 73 (60%) patients. In all, 62 of 73 (85%) patients either had no complications or Clavien-Dindo grade I-II complications and nine (12%) had complications beyond 30 days. Only five of 36 (14%) patients with Stage 1-3 disease had complications. One patient developed recurrent phimosis. Conclusion The buried penis is a challenging surgical entity where conservative treatment will most likely lead to failure. Surgery is the only means for a lasting cure in these patients and should be used as a first-line treatment. One should expect complications postoperatively, especially within the first 30 days; however, these are mostly limited to Clavien-Dindo grade I-II complications.
Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation

Administration of targeted immunosuppression, in the form of genetically engineered antibodies, is commonplace in solid organ transplantation. Polyclonal antibodies, such as rabbit antithymocyte globulin, offer global immunosuppression by targeting several cell surface antigens on B and T lymphocytes. However, secondary to their broad therapeutic targets, they are associated with infection, infusion-related reactions, inter-batch variability, and posttransplant malignancies. Nevertheless, polyclonal antibodies are still commonly administered for induction and treatment of allograft rejection and offer an important role in current solid organ transplantation, which is beyond the scope of this chapter.
SWORD: a scalable whole program race detector for Java

We present the design and implementation of SWORD, a scalable and fully automated static data race detector for Java, implemented as a plugin in the Eclipse IDE. SWORD is the first whole program race detector that can scale to millions of lines of code in a few minutes while achieving good precision in practice. The cornerstone of SWORD is a new algorithm that judiciously combines points-to analysis and happens-before analysis efficiently, without losing precision. We have evaluated SWORD on an extensive collection of large-scale open source Java projects. Our results show that SWORD detects more races and reports fewer false positives than the state-of-art race detector, RacerD. Moreover, SWORD requires no human effort to annotate code regions as required by RacerD. SWORD also displays comprehensive bug traces and racing pair information on the GUI, which make debugging the races easier. A demo video is available at https://youtu.be/XQ0CBy7mMaY.
Self-care: Strong at the Broken Places

This chapter focuses on the wellness of individuals who serve within any given system. Tending to and reducing potential trauma in individuals who serve within any given system is critical. When individuals within a system are healthy, it increases the risk of the system being healthy.
Reactions of perfluoroalkyldiazomethanes—II: with nitrosyl chloride and nitryl chloride

Abstract Nitrosyl chloride reacts with perfluoroalkyldiazomethanes to form hydroxamoyl chlorides and furoxans, the former predominating. Nitryl chloride reacts similarly to give gem-chloronitro compounds in low yields, and is concurrently reduced to nitrosyl chloride which reacts further. Some of the properties and reactions of these products are described.
Adaptive control for response attenuation of seismically excited cable-stayed bridges:

Estimation of bridge’s parameters is bound to give rise to a certain amount of inaccuracy. Given the size of cable-stayed bridge structures, any percentage of error can lead to estimated stiffness,...
Building a Sustainable Business Model through Technology Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of Business Models from a System and a System of Systems Perspective

Case study methods are used to identify key elements of business models in highly competitive environments. Small businesses, in particular, must rely on entrepreneurial prowess and innovation, adapt to their environment, have sufficient resources, and skillfully manage project outcomes in entrepreneurial start-up situations. This research hypothesized that a problem faced by entrepreneurial organizations is due to the fundamental flaws and poor adaptability of their business models to satisfy needs of customers and prospective customers. The problem is that the flow of value from business to customer was different from the flow of value from business to user. Two kinds of business models were examined — for-profit and non-profit. Each business model is expressed and compared in terms of their inherent systemic nature as both a system and as a system of systems. A systems approach is used to identify the essential requirements for building a sustainable business model through a mix of technology innovations for products and services. This paper reveals why sustainable entrepreneurial businesses can be built regardless of given their status as for-profit or non-profit. The advantages and disadvantages of for-profit and non-profit businesses are discussed.
Teaching Perception.

The visual world is very rich and generally too complex to perceive in its entirety. Yet only certain features are typically required to adequately perform some task in a given situation. Rather than hardwire-in decisions about when and what to sense, this paper describes a robotic system whose behavioral policy can be set by verbal instructions it receives. These capabilities are demonstrated in an associated video showing the fully implemented system guiding the perception of a physical robot in simple scenario. The structure and functioning of the underlying natural language based symbolic reasoning system is also discussed.
Investigation of Radiation Dose Estimates and Image Quality Between Commercially Available Interventional Fluoroscopy Systems for Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Procedures.

Rationale and Objectives To investigate differences in radiation dose and image quality for single-plane flat-panel-detector based interventional fluoroscopy systems from two vendors using phantom study and clinical procedures. Materials and Methods AlluraClarityIQ (Philips) and Artis Q (Siemens-Healthineers) interventional fluoroscopy systems were evaluated. Phantom study included comparison of system-reported air-kerma rates (AKR) for clinical protocols with simulated patient thicknesses (20–40 cm). Differences in system-reported radiation dose estimates, cumulative-air-kerma (CAK) and kerma-area-product (KAP), for different clinical procedures were investigated. Subset analysis investigated differences in CAK, KAP and other factors affecting radiation dose when the same patients underwent repeat embolization procedures performed by the same physician on the two different fluoroscopy systems. Two blinded interventional radiologists reviewed image-quality for these procedures using a five-point scale (1–5; 5-best) for five parameters. Results Phantom study revealed that air-kerma rates was significantly higher for Artis Q system for 30–40cm of simulated patient thicknesses (p Conclusion Radiation dose and image quality differences were observed between AlluraClarityIQ and Artis Q systems. AlluraClarityIQ systems showed lower radiation utilization and an increase in subjective perception of image quality.
Strength of Bolted Lap Joints in Steel Sheets with Small End Distance

AbstractThe objective of this work is to investigate the shear capacity of small end distance lap joints in sheet steel fastened with a single bolt. For bolted connections in shear, the current Ame...
Association Between Patient Physical Function and Length of Stay After Thoracoscopic Lung Cancer Surgery

Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) are an ideal method for measuring patient functional status. We sought to evaluate whether preoperative PRO were associated with resource utilization. We hypothesize that higher preoperative physical function PRO scores, measured via the NIH-sponsored Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS), are associated with shorter length of stay (LOS). Preoperative physical function scores were obtained using NIH PROMIS in a prospective observational study of patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for lung cancer. Poisson regression models were constructed to estimate the association between the length of stay and PROMIS physical function T-score, adjusting for extent of resection, age, gender, and race. Due to the significant interaction between postoperative complications and physical function T-score, the relationship between physical function and LOS was described separately for each complication status. A total of 123 patients were included; 88 lobectomy, 35 sublobar resections. Mean age was 67 years, 35% were male, 65% were Caucasian. Among patients who had a postoperative complication, a lower preoperative physical function T-score was associated with progressively increasing LOS (P value = 0.006). In particular, LOS decreased by 18% for every 10-point increase in physical function T-score. Among patients without complications, T-score was not associated with LOS (P = 0.86). Preoperative physical function measured via PRO identifies patients who are at risk for longer LOS following thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery. In addition to its utility for preoperative counseling and planning, these data may be useful in identifying patients who may benefit from risk-reduction measures.
Underutilization of physical therapy for symptomatic women with MS during and following pregnancy

Abstract Background Many patients with MS continue to have symptoms of their disease even when inflammatory activity is reduced by DMTs. Although disease activity tends to be reduced during pregnancy – especially in the third trimester – women with MS can experience ongoing symptoms during pregnancy, or new ones in the immediate postpartum period, that degrade quality of life. While many MS-related and postpartum symptoms can be improved with physical therapy (PT), there are currently no guidelines on pregnancy-related rehabilitation in MS. In this analysis, we evaluated the prevalence of PT-amenable symptoms and patterns of PT referrals in a cohort of UCSF MS Clinic patients who became pregnant. Methods We extracted electronic medical records (EMR) data for the year before conception, during pregnancy, and year postpartum for women with MS cared for at UCSF between 09-2005 and 08-2019. This included clinical visits, MS therapies and symptoms (as defined by the National MS Society). PT and pelvic floor PT orders and notes were also extracted. Results We included 142 live birth pregnancies from 118 women. During the course of their pregnancy and within the year postpartum, 107 women (75.4%) reported at least one PT-amenable symptom. A total of 30 (28.0%) referrals were made to PT, with attendance confirmed for 10 (33.3% of referrals). Symptoms most commonly triggering a referral for PT evaluation were numbness and urinary incontinence. Falls were reported after 10 of the pregnancies; 4 resulted in a referral to PT. Forty-one women reported urinary incontinence: 11 (26.8%) were referred to PT, and 2 to pelvic floor PT. Nineteen women experienced a documented relapse during pregnancy and/or postpartum: 11 received a PT referral, and 4 attended PT. Conclusions While women with MS recorded at least 1 PT-amenable symptom during or following 75.4% of their pregnancies, only 28% of these were referred to PT – and only a third attended PT. Of significance was the 4.9% referral rate for pelvic floor PT in postpartum women with a record of urinary incontinence. Pelvic floor PT is a mainstay of general postpartum care in many European countries. These data illustrate critical gaps in rehabilitation referral, access and use at the intersection of neurological conditions and pregnancy in a large US-based MS clinic. They lend support for quality improvement efforts to improve care pathways and for telerehabilitation innovations to reduce barriers to access and improve synergistic care between PT, MD and urologic care.