cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, and Kidney

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) exerts a variety of actions on kidney. To shed light upon its role in regulation of renal function and renal growth we have characterized its cellular biology in two parts of the nephron, proximal tubule and collecting duct. Receptors for IGF I are present in the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubular cell, but not in collecting duct. The peptide IGF I enhances gluconeogenesis in proximal tubule. IGF I is produced in collecting duct. Gene expression for IGF I in collecting duct is stimulated by both normal and supraphysiological levels of growth hormone (GH). Levels of IGF I in collecting duct are elevated in the setting of compensatory renal hypertrophy. IGF I of collecting duct origin could act as a paracrine growth factor in other portions of the nephron. IGF I may be causative of renal hypertrophy that occurs in the settings of hypersomatotropism and unilateral nephrectomy (compensatory hypertrophy).
The Formation of Transnational Knowledge Networks on Social Media

ABSTRACTTransnational knowledge networks provide organizations with information useful in addressing shared problems. Social media may enable the formation of those networks, yet their role in the process has received little attention. This article examines the structure and antecedents of two networks facilitated by the microblogging platform Twitter operating in the policy domain of emergency management. One network includes national-level government agencies responsible for disaster response and recovery operations; the other includes nongovernmental organizations in the form of Red Cross and Red Crescent national societies. We use a logistic regression quadratic assignment procedure to test hypotheses derived from related literature. While findings indicate that shared language and geographic proximity shaped network formation, both networks exhibit boundary spanning behavior in which organizations sought out information from high-profile, resource-rich organizations. Those organizations helped to con...
USN: an Extremely Large Sensor Network based on Urban Infrastructures for Smart Cities: Poster Abstract

In this poster, we present an Urban Sensor Network (USN) from a board perspective, i.e., any device in urban infrastructures is considered as a pervasive urban sensor if it generates data about residents' locations. Built upon correlation and divergence among various urban sensors, we aim to provide unseen urban dynamics in fined-grained spatio-temporal resolutions to support novel smart cities services. As opposed to previous ad hoc sensor networks, our approach aims to establish USN in a modular architecture as a middleware with open interfaces to various lower level urban infrastructures, ensuing interoperability and flexibility, which are crucial prerequisites for higher level applications.
Chapter 11 – Nanotechnology in Clinical and Translational Research

Nanomaterials are new platforms for therapeutics and imaging agents. The focus of this chapter is how nanotechnology might impact clinical and translational research. It focuses on examples of nanotechnology that might involve things as scaffolds for therapeutic molecules and imaging agents and on the use of nanoparticles for drug delivery. The ability of nanoparticles to combine therapeutic delivery with imaging and quantitation of therapeutic effects will open unique opportunities in therapeutic development. The use of nanoparticles in diagnostics will also allow the quantitation of therapeutic effect in ways not achieved with current diagnostic assays. These both approaches give insights into the potential breakthroughs in clinical research that might be accomplished with nanoparticles.
Probiotic therapy of intestinal inflammation and infections.

Purpose of review The author presents evidence published during the past year regarding treatment of clinical and experimental intestinal inflammation and infections by probiotic agents. Recent findings Normal commensal bacteria are implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic, immune-mediated intestinal inflammation, particularly Crohn disease and pouchitis, whereas viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections are increasingly important with widespread use of immunosuppressive agents and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Combinations of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus salivarius prevent relapse of recurrent pouchitis and perhaps decrease the initial onset of pouch inflammation, whereas Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 maintains remission in ulcerative colitis. Several agents offer promise as primary therapy of ulcerative colitis. Use of probiotics in Crohn disease remains unsubstantiated. Animal models demonstrate marked differences in responses among various probiotic bacterial species and that nonviable organisms can have therapeutic efficacy. Probiotics have multiple mechanisms of action, including prevention of pathogenic bacterial growth, binding to or penetration of pathogens to mucosal surfaces, stimulation of mucosal barrier function, or altering immunoregulation (decreasing proinflammatory and promoting protective molecules). Although multiple probiotic species block epithelial adhesion and invasion by microbial pathogens in vitro, their proven utility in clinical infections is limited to accelerating recovery from acute infectious diarrhea and preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Summary Probiotics offer promise for physiologic, nontoxic treatment of pouchitis, ulcerative colitis, and acute infectious diarrhea, but larger, controlled clinical studies must be performed to clarify optimal agents; doses; combinations of various probiotics, prebiotics, and antibiotics; and therapeutic conditions.
Legislators as the 'American Criminal Class': Why Congress (Sometimes) Protects the Rights of Defendants

It is an axiom of faith among criminal procedure scholars that legislatures are hostile to criminal defendants. Many have gestured towards an alleged "legislative default" in criminal procedure to support judicial activism to ensure fairness in the criminal process. This article, taking its cue from Mark Twain's insight that Congress is our "distinctly native American criminal class," questions the prevailing wisdom and argues that legislatures are sometimes sympathetic to criminal defendants. Over the centuries, legislators have been menaced by criminal prosecution, and this prospect has, on significant occasions, shaped the development of Anglo-American criminal procedure. In the late seventeenth century, after a prolonged period of vicious treason prosecutions, over the course of which almost every political faction was threatened and not a few innocent people executed, Parliament intervened to provide protections for defendants accused of treason. These measures included many of the rights we take for granted in criminal trials today: the right to counsel, to compel witnesses to appear on the defendant's behalf, and to have those witnesses sworn. More recently, in the aftermath of the Abscam sting operation of 1978-1980, Congress scrutinized undercover investigations; and following the unsuccessful prosecution of Representative Joseph McDade in 1996, Congress enacted a pair of measures to rein in federal prosecutors. Congress in part has itself to blame for the ease with which federal prosecutors can now bring close cases, for Congress has in recent years vastly extended criminal liability, particularly in the area of white-collar crime. This article argues that the federalization of crime exposes politically prominent individuals, including members of Congress, to the criminal process and in this way ensures that the institution will not be wholly antagonistic to criminal defendants.
Usefulness of Pulse Amplitude Changes During the Valsalva Maneuver Measured Using Finger Photoplethysmography to Identify Elevated Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure.

The pulse amplitude ratio, the ratio of pulse pressure at the end of a Valsalva maneuver to before the onset of Valsalva, correlates with filling pressure. This study aimed to noninvasively estimate cardiac filling pressure in patients with heart failure. We developed a noninvasive handheld device to measure pulse amplitude ratio using finger photoplethysmography. In 69 patients who underwent right heart catheterization, photoplethysmography waveforms were recorded during a standardized Valsalva maneuver, and in 60 of these patients, pulse amplitude ratio was able to be calculated. Pulse amplitude ratio correlated with pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) (r = 0.58, p 15 mm Hg was statistically significant (p 15 mm Hg with 73% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Pulse amplitude ratio also increased by an average of 0.03 with a leg raise maneuver (p = 0.05, n = 36). In conclusion, we demonstrate that noninvasively measured response to the Valsalva maneuver in patients with HF can estimate PCWP and also detect changes within a single patient.
Magnetism out of antisite disorder in the J = 0 compound Ba 2 YIrO 6

We systematically investigate the magnetic properties and local structure of ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{YIrO}}_{6}$ to demonstrate that Y and Ir lattice defects in the form of antiphase boundary or clusters of antisite disorder affect the magnetism observed in this $5{d}^{4}$ compound. The experimental investigation involved comparison of the magnetic properties and atomic imaging of (1) a slow-cooled crystal, (2) a crystal quenched from $900{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ after growth, and (3) a crystal grown using a faster cooling rate during growth than the slow-cooled one. Atomic-scale imaging by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) shows that quenching from $900{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ introduces Ir-rich antiphase boundaries in the crystals, and a faster cooling rate during crystal growth leads to clusters of Y and Ir antisite disorder. Compared to the slow-cooled crystals, ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{YIrO}}_{6}$ crystals with clusters of antisite defects have a larger effective moment and a larger saturation moment, while quenched crystals with Ir-rich antiphase boundary show a slightly suppressed moment. Our DFT and model magnetic Hamiltonian calculations suggest magnetic condensation is unlikely, as the energy to be gained from superexchange is small compared to the spin-orbit gap. However, once Y is replaced by Ir in the antisite disordered region, the picture of local nonmagnetic singlets breaks down and magnetism can be induced. This is because of (a) enhanced interactions due to increased orbital overlap and (b) increased number of orbitals mediating the interactions. Our work highlights the importance of lattice defects in understanding the experimentally observed magnetism in ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{YIrO}}_{6}$ and other $J=0$ systems.
Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms Among African American Men Across the Adult Lifecourse.

Objectives A lifecourse framework was used to examine the association between major and everyday measures of perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among African American men and to evaluate whether these relationships differed for young, middle-aged, and older men. Method The association between both major and everyday discrimination and depressive symptoms, as measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale, was assessed among 296 African American men in the 2011-2014 Nashville Stress and Health Study (NSAHS) using ordinary least squares regression. Interactive associations between major and everyday discrimination and age patterns in the discrimination-depressive symptoms relationship were also investigated. Results Everyday, but not major discrimination was associated with depressive symptoms among African American men. This relationship was stronger among middle-aged men and diminished among older men. However, major discrimination, but not everyday discrimination, was associated with depressive symptoms of older men (age 55+), with greatest depressive symptomatology among those reporting both forms of discrimination. Discussion Everyday discrimination is a more consistent predictor, relative to major discrimination, of depressive symptoms among African American men across the lifecourse, although there were age and/or cohort differences. Findings also demonstrate the synergistic, or additive, impact of multiple forms of discrimination on mental health.
Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Thin Wall Builds using Powder Fed Directed Energy Deposition

This chapter presents a model to predict the temperature history and resulting distortion that occurs in parts processed using Directed Energy Deposition (DED). DED has similarities to powder bed fusion processes, such as the use of a high intensity energy source to melt and fuse powder, creating fully dense part. However, DED processes inject powder into the melt pool and does not melt selected areas in a pre-placed bed of powder. Consequently, the entire surface area of the part produced with DED is exposed and an increased amount of energy is expelled though radiation and convection. This effect becomes even more pronounced during the creation of thin walled structures. Since the thermo-mechanical behavior of any additive processes is dependent on accurately accounting for the energy balance during the process, a greater effort is required to develop an accurate surface convection model of the DED process. This chapter expands upon earlier work by the author by presenting and discussing the initial modeling efforts that led to the conclusion that an empirically-based convection model is required to model the DED process. The chapter concludes by presenting the results from the new model for a variety of deposition cases and discusses how well the results compare with in situ measurements of the process.
Efeito da indução do parto sobre o desempenho dos leitões

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho dos leitoes nascidos de porcas que tiveram o parto induzido. Foram utilizadas 33 femeas de linhagens comerciais com ordem de parto entre 2 e 7, as quais foram distribuidas em dois blocos, entre segundo e quarto parto (bloco 1) e entre o quinto e setimo parto (bloco 2). Para o tratamento foram utilizadas 16 femeas que tiveram parto induzido com 75μg D- cloprostenol via submucosa vulvar. Para o grupo controle do experimento foram utilizadas 17 femeas que pariram naturalmente. A inducao do parto foi realizada aos 114 dias de gestacao. As leitegadas foram pesadas ao nascimento, aos 07 dias, aos 14 dias, aos 21 dias e aos 28 dias no desmame. A inducao teve efeito significativo no peso individual dos leitoes nascidos de parto induzido, sendo 162 g mais leves (p≤0,022) que os nascidos de parto natural, no peso individual aos 07 dias foram 332 g mais leves (p≤0,027), no peso individual aos 21 dias, 505 g mais leves (p≤0,042) e uma tendencia no peso individual a desmama em serem 515 g mais leves (p=0,058). A inducao de parto diminui o peso individual dos leitoes ao nascimento e durante o crescimento lactacional.
Early childhood stress exposure, reward pathways, and adult decision making.

Individuals who have experienced chronic and high levels of stress during their childhoods are at increased risk for a wide range of behavioral problems, yet the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. We measured the life circumstances of a community sample of school-aged children and then followed these children for a decade. Those from the highest and lowest quintiles of childhood stress exposure were invited to return to our laboratory as young adults, at which time we reassessed their life circumstances, acquired fMRI data during a reward-processing task, and tested their judgment and decision making. Individuals who experienced high levels of early life stress showed lower levels of brain activation when processing cues signaling potential loss and increased responsivity when actually experiencing losses. Specifically, those with high childhood stress had reduced activation in the posterior cingulate/precuneus, middle temporal gyrus, and superior occipital cortex during the anticipation of potential rewards; reduced activation in putamen and insula during the anticipation of potential losses; and increased left inferior frontal gyrus activation when experiencing an actual loss. These patterns of brain activity were associated with both laboratory and real-world measures of individuals’ risk taking in adulthood. Importantly, these effects were predicated only by childhood stress exposure and not by current levels of life stress.
Racial/ethnic disparities in human papillomavirus vaccination initiation and completion among U.S. women in the post-Affordable Care Act era

Objective: To ascertain the magnitude and potential mechanisms of racial/ethnic disparities in initiating and completing the 3-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among U.S. women in the post-Affordable Care Act era.Design: Using 2015 National Health Interview Survey data, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between race/ethnicity and HPV vaccination initiation and completion among black, Latina, Asian, and white U.S. women aged 18-31 years, adjusting for age and geographic region. We also examined the role of socioeconomic and health care factors in potentially explaining racial/ethnic disparities in HPV vaccine uptake and stratified our analyses by age (ages 18-22 and 23-31 years).Results: The prevalence of HPV vaccination initiation and completion among U.S. women aged 18-31 years overall was 35.4% and 22.7%, respectively. We observed no statistically significant difference in the odds of HPV vaccination initiation or completion by race/ethnicity among women aged 18-22 years, adjusting for age and geographic region. Among women aged 23-31 years, Latina ([odds ratio=] 0.59; [95% confidence interval:] 0.47, 0.76) and Asian (0.51; 0.34, 0.75) women had significantly lower adjusted odds of initiating HPV vaccination compared to white women. Further, relative to white women, black (0.46; 0.32, 0.67), Latina (0.45; 0.32, 0.64), and Asian (0.46; 0.28, 0.78) women had significantly lower adjusted odds of completing HPV vaccination. Adding socioeconomic factors to the models attenuated the HPV vaccination initiation adjusted odds ratios for Latina vs. white women and the HPV vaccination completion adjusted odds ratios for both black and Latina vs. white women. The inclusion of health care factors into the models did not further attenuate these odds ratios.Conclusion: Policies and programs that promote socioeconomic equity may mitigate HPV vaccination disparities between black and Latina women and white women. Additional research is needed to identify the drivers of HPV vaccination disparities between subgroups of Asian women and white women.
Case 11-2018: A 48-Year-Old Woman with Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm

A Woman with Venous Thromboembolism and Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm A 48-year-old woman with a history of venous thromboembolism presented with cough and decreased exercise tolerance. Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest revealed a 2.4-cm aneurysm of the segmental pulmonary artery in the left lower lobe. A diagnosis was made.
Reconciling Faith, Reason, and Freedom: Catholicism and Evolution from Scopes to Dover

The participants in the Scopes trial presented a dramatic tension between religion and science that tended to highlight a mutual exclusivity between traditional belief in God and adherence to the theory of evolution. The reaction of the nation's Roman Catholics to the trial, underrepresented in previous scholarly accounts, tend to undermine this stark dichotomy between religion and science. This paper traces reactions to the trial published in Catholic periodicals to present their acceptance of the principles underlying each side of the trial - the defense's appeal to human reason and the prosecution's appeal to faith - and their rejection of what they considered to be each side's excesses. These same tensions - deriving from the principle of compatibility between the Catholic faith and scientific observation - were present in the Dover litigation over a school district's promotion of the alternative theory of intelligent design to explain human origins.
Land-Atmosphere Interactions

There is substantial evidence that land use change and vegetation/soil/snow dynamics processes have a significant influence on climate on regional and global scales. The effect of these influences on the global scale has been found to be comparable in magnitude to the radiative effect of carbon dioxide. On the regional scale, these influences appear to be more important, and act on time scales of months and less. The paper presents evidence of the importance of landscape processes, including land use change, on climate. Results are shown on a regional scale comparing the relative importance of the radiative and biological effects of a doubling of CO2, and of landuse change from the natural to current landscapes. On the global change scale, results are presented comparing the sensitivity of the Earth’s climate to anthropogenic increases of C02, and from human-caused landuse change. The modelling tools used in these studies include the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) CCM3 global model. Global data sets including the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis and regional data from the National Climate Data Center’s (NCDC) historical data are presented to in order to provide confirmation of the modeling results.l
Multi-view Geometry and Deep Learning Based Drone Detection and Localization

A real-time vision based detection and 3D pose estimation of intruder Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is presented. Proposed method utilizes a cooperative team of UAVs mounted with monocular camera to detect the intruder UAV and simultaneously localize it. Detection is performed by using YOLOv2 deep learning network architecture while the position is obtained using multi-view geometry. General dynamics of the drone are considered to improve the target position estimate obtained from the image based estimate.
Optimizing biomechanics of anterior column realignment for minimally invasive deformity correction.

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT Anterior column realignment (ACR) is a powerful but destabilizing minimally invasive technique for sagittal deformity correction. Optimal biomechanical design of the ACR construct is unknown. PURPOSE Evaluate the effect of ACR design on radiographic lordosis, range of motion (ROM) stability, and rod strain (RS) in a cadaveric model. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Cadaveric biomechanical study. PATIENT SAMPLE Seven fresh-frozen lumbar spine cadaveric specimens (T12–sacrum) underwent ACR at L3–L4 with a 30° implant. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome measure of interest was maximum segmental lordosis measured using lateral radiograph. Secondary outcomes were ROM stability and posterior RS at L3/4. METHODS Effect of grade 1 and grade 2 osteotomies with single-screw anterolateral fixation (1XLP) or 2-screw anterolateral fixation (2XLP) on lordosis was determined radiographically. Nondestructive flexibility tests were used to assess ROM and RS at L3–L4 in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Conditions included (1) intact, (2) pedicle screw fixation and 2 rods (2R), (3) ACR+1XLP with 2R, (4) ACR+2XLP+2R, (5) ACR+1XLP with 4 rods (4R) (+4R), and (6) ACR+2XLP+4R. RESULTS Segmental lordosis was similar between ACR+1XLP and ACR+2XLP (p>.28). ACR+1XLP+2R was significantly less stable than all other conditions in flexion, extension, and axial rotation (p .36). Adding 4R to ACR+1XLP reduced RS in all directions of loading (p .12). There was no difference in strain between ACR+1XLP+4R and ACR+2XLP+4R (p>.55). CONCLUSIONS For maximum stability, ACR constructs should contain either fixation into both vertebral bodies (2XLP) or accessory rods (4R). 2XLP can be used without compromising the maximal achievable lordosis but does not provide the same RS reduction as 4R. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE ACR is a highly destabilizing technique that is increasingly being used for minimally invasive deformity correction. These biomechanical data will help clinicians optimize ACR construct design.
Defining spatial structure for fishery stock assessment

Abstract In principle, the spatial extent of fishery stock assessment should reflect the biological population, and major fishing patterns or population heterogeneity within the area should be represented. However, these theoretical requirements are commonly dismissed in practice, often when there is compelling evidence that spatial scope and structure is mis-specified and without testing if the mis-specified model performs well for informing fishery management. Population dynamics theory, case studies in fishery management as well as simulation tests demonstrate that accurately accounting for spatial structure in stock assessments can improve model performance, and ignoring spatial structure can lead to misperceptions of stock status and failures in fisheries management. Therefore, the development of stock assessment applications should include an evaluation of the most appropriate spatial scope and structure. Some common challenges in defining and modeling spatial structure can be addressed by adopting general best practices, but each species and its fisheries are unique. Accordingly, determining the most appropriate spatial structure involves 1) an interdisciplinary synthesis of all available information to determine the most plausible paradigms of population structure and fishing patterns, 2) the development of spatial operating models that are conditioned on these paradigms, and 3) testing the performance of estimation models and management strategies that are based on the current spatial management unit as well as alternative spatial scopes and structures that reflect population structure and fishing patterns.
Individual Actors and Social Systems

Ecological fields contain both individual actors and social systems. Because both are defined as elements in ecological fields, there is the need to conceptualize how the two types of systems are related to each other in forming the structure of the field. This need is made more pressing because our culturally derived cognitive systems lead us to assume uncritically that social systems such as groups and organizations are comprised of individual actors and the relationships among them as they interact. Thus, individuals are regarded as the obvious “natural” units from which the structure of social systems are constructed.
Networked Maintenance: The Effect of Facebook Relational Maintenance on Network Centrality

Communicating relational maintenance through social network sites such can be an important strategy for first-year students to build university-affiliated social networks. In this longitudinal netw...
Data Collection and Analysis Framework for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Research

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) has invested significantly in development and deployment of aerial high-capacity backbone (HCB) networks. Understanding the performance of these Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) is challenging, and requires insight into multiple layers of the protocol stack. Tons of data get generated at each layer of the stack. MIT LL has developed a data collection and visualization framework to parse through important data and help monitor and analyze the performance of these networks. The HCB data collection and analysis framework is comprised of pluggable data collection and reporting daemons, a persistent storage component based on a time-series database, and a visualization dashboard capable of displaying network performance metrics in real-time and playback modes. In this paper, we showcase the capabilities of this framework, identifying how it has helped further our research, and how it can be adapted to support other similar research programs that generate tons of data. 11DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This material is based upon work supported by the Department of the Navy under Air Force Contract No. FA8702-15-D-0001. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Navy.
Coronavirus Disease - 2019-nCoV (COVID-19)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2020b), coronaviruses refer to a large family of viruses known to be zoonotic (transmitted from animals to humans) and cause a variety of illnesses from the common cold to more concerning diseases such as severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). These viruses are called coronaviruses because their surfaces have crown-like spikes and "corona" is the Latin word for crown (WHO, 2020b). The potential community health risk caused by the current coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is high for young children, older adults, persons with comorbid cardiac or respiratory diseases, and immunocompromised individuals because their immune systems may be weak, making them more susceptible to contracting the coronavirus. Other members of the community that are at risk include healthcare and essential community workers at the forefront of this global epidemic, anyone with close person to person contact, and recent travelers to Wuhan and its surrounding provinces in China (Chinazzi et al., 2020). Healthcare and other frontline workers must be knowledgeable and prepared for the global outbreak of the coronavirus.
Can the President and Congress Establish a Legislative Veto Mechanism for Jointly Drawing Down a Long and Controversial War

In the simplest case: Congress declares war, and does not intrude on the President's solo decision about when the troops come home. However, in our time, long wars, such as in Afghanistan and Iraq, occur with great tension between the two elected branches of government over the pace of a drawdown. Sometimes it may be a hawkish Congress that disagrees with a President reluctant to continue the war at full troop levels. To find a joint way to draw down the American troops in the war zone, they may seek congressional mechanisms to resolve their differences with interactive processes. Then, constitutional issues arise as to whether a congressional mechanism may use a legislative veto - authorization for a drawdown with a reservation of power for a vote by the two Houses of Congress - so as to let the President draw down troop levels while reserving congressional power to stop that draw down.Part I looks at the first issue, as to a hawkish Congress outright stopping a draw down by legislation. This is different from the provisions, analyzed much more often, by which a Congress opposed to hostilities may deny the President the authorization to fight. Weighing the arguments, the better view surveys the diverse examples of history, and it treats, as valid, congressional enactments that stop a troop drawdown out of the war zone. Because some of the issues about a hawkish Congress's powers were developed in a previous article by the author, readers who want further treatment of the issues in Part I should look at that previous article. Such readers would be disappointed if seeking in Part III more treatment of the same issues about the reluctant President and the hawkish Congress as in Part I.Rather, Part II looks at the different question: May Congress take impactful steps by enacting a "concurrent resolution mechanism," with the President's support, for a potential later bicameral resolution stopping a drawdown - a mechanism the critics would call an unconstitutional "legislative veto"?Part II starts with the clash of functionalist and formalist approaches to separation of powers: the functionalism of Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer vs. the formalism of Chadha. A close reading of Chadha shows it does not fully resolve the role of concurrent resolution mechanisms in war powers. Moreover, many academics concur that Chadha does not bar such mechanisms in war powers.
Shame and blame: Secondary stigma among families of convicted sex offenders:

The detriment of incarceration experienced by the formerly incarcerated has been increasingly explored in the literature on reentry. A tangential but equally concerning issue that has recently rece...
Fluid-like Soft Machines with Liquid Metal

Liquid metal is emerging as a key ingredient for soft machines that mimic natural tissue and organs. These systems have the potential for transformative impact as actuators, pumps, and transport devices for the next generation of soft and biologically inspired robots.
Self-Supervised Learning of Context-Aware Pitch Prosody Representations

In music and speech, meaning is derived at multiple levels of context. Affect, for example, can be inferred both by a short sound token and by sonic patterns over a longer temporal window such as an entire recording. In this letter, we focus on inferring meaning from this dichotomy of contexts. We show how contextual representations of short sung vocal lines can be implicitly learned from fundamental frequency ($F_0$) and thus be used as a meaningful feature space for downstream Music Information Retrieval (MIR) tasks. We propose three self-supervised deep learning paradigms which leverage pseudotask learning of these two levels of context to produce latent representation spaces. We evaluate the usefulness of these representations by embedding unseen pitch contours into each space and conducting downstream classification tasks. Our results show that contextual representation can enhance downstream classification by as much as 15\% as compared to using traditional statistical contour features.
COVID-19 Impact Battery: Development and Validation.

In addition to impacting the physical health of millions of Americans, the novel-coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is a significant psychological stressor due to both the threat of the illness itself and the mitigation strategies used to contain the spread. To facilitate understanding of the impact of COVID-19, validated measures are needed. Using a stepwise procedure in line with best-practice measurement procedures, the current report summarizes the procedures employed to create the COVID-19 Impact Battery (CIB). Two independent samples recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 175, N = 642) and a third community sample (N = 259) were used for reliability and validity testing. Validation procedures yielded a battery consisting of three scales assessing COVID-19 related behaviors, worry, and disability. The behaviors scale contains three subscales assessing stockpiling, cleaning, and avoidance. The worry subscale also contains three subscales assessing health, financial and catastrophic concerns. In addition, we created a short version of the battery (CIB-S) to allow for more flexibility in data collection. In summary, we have provided reliability and validity information for the CIB and CIB-S, demonstrating that these measures can facilitate evaluation of the broad impact of COVID-19 on mental health functioning.
Activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors elicits pigment granule dispersion in retinal pigment epithelium isolated from bluegill.

Background In fish, melanin pigment granules in the retinal pigment epithelium disperse into apical projections as part of the suite of responses the eye makes to bright light conditions. This pigment granule dispersion serves to reduce photobleaching and occurs in response to neurochemicals secreted by the retina. Previous work has shown that acetylcholine may be involved in inducing light-adaptive pigment dispersion. Acetylcholine receptors are of two main types, nicotinic and muscarinic. Muscarinic receptors are in the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily, and five different muscarinic receptors have been molecularly cloned in human. These receptors are coupled to adenylyl cyclase, calcium mobilization and ion channel activation. To determine the receptor pathway involved in eliciting pigment granule migration, we isolated retinal pigment epithelium from bluegill and subjected it to a battery of cholinergic agents.
Investment System Specific Option Pricing Intervals and Vector Majorization

Consider an investment system with a nonnegative expected return in a one period economy. We show that, for an option with a given strike price, there exists a pricing interval $[p^C, p^W]$ such that replacing the original investment with the option will benefit judging by the Kelly criterion only when the price of the option lies outside of the interval. More specifically, buying call options with a price less than $p^C$ or writing covered call options with a price greater than $p^W$ will improve the investment system. Bounds for these thresholds are established using tools related to vector majorization. This investment system specific option pricing interval is compatible with option valuation methods of using a replicating portfolio or a risk neutrality argument.
Retention Characteristics of Location and Distance Cues in Motor Short-Term Memory.

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to perform a direct test of Laabs's (1973) theory of motor short-term memory utilizing a constrained, experimenter-defined movement paradigm. Two groups of subjects were tested on their accuracy in reproducing either the end location or extent of the criterion movement following immediate, 15-second unfilled and 15-second filled retention intervals. The results indicated that in terms of variable error (VE) the reproduction errors of the location group increased over the unfilled retention interval while those of the distance group remained stable. This finding is in direct opposition to the pattern of results predicted by Laabs's theory. In terms of constant error (CE) the results provided only partial support for the pattern of results predicted by the theory. The results were interpreted as being generally nonsupportive of Laabs's theory.
Undocumented Patients: Undocumented Immigrants and Access to Health Care

Beginning in June 2011, investigators at The Hastings Center, an independent, nonpartisan, and nonprofit bio-ethics research institute, have explored ethical, legal, and policy-making challenges in access to health care for the nation’s undocumented immigrants and their families.This report summarizes key project findings for stakeholders, including health care professionals, health policy-makers, immigrants’ rights organizations, grant makers, and journalists.
Pharmacotherapy for Postacute Traumatic Brain Injury: A Literature Review for Guidance in Psychological Practice

Objectives: The purpose of this review is to educate and guide the actions of rehabilitation psychologists by providing a summary of the current literature on pharmacotherapies and treatment effectiveness for the chronic sequelae associated with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). A number of medications are reviewed for use in treating deficits in arousal, cognition, function, and other problems associated with TBI. Findings for their use in this population are summarized. Cautions, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. Conclusions: Pharmacological management of chronic symptoms of TBI is commonplace in rehabilitation practice. Clear clinical guidelines for the use of pharmacotherapy in TBI are lacking, however, because of the few conclusive findings regarding the effectiveness of any particular agent. Rehabilitation psychologists frequently encounter patients treated with numerous medications and, therefore, need to be aware of potential effects on cognitive and functional abilities. Additionally, rehabilitation psychologists should be aware of available and empirically supported pharmacotherapies as they are in a position to comprehensively assess the patient and provide requested consultation to the treating physician concerning the patient’s need for and likelihood of benefiting from various pharmacological agents.
Oxidation of CH3CN over silver: formation of surface compounds

Abstract The oxidation of CH 3 CN over silver particles was examined between 200 and 300°C. The kinetic data exhibit an unusually abrupt change in activity between 270 and 300°C which is attributed to the oxidation/decomposition of surface AgCN and possibly AgOCN.
Meshing Law and Ethics

The Journal of Mass Media Ethics continually seeks suggestions of both titles and thoughtful reviewers for books, software packages, films, and other materials that relate to teaching and research ...
Fast switching source for polarization modulation spectroscopy

Abstract A method for rapidly switching the polarization of soft X-rays from an insertion device on a synchrotron with minimal perturbation of the magnetic field is proposed. It is based on sequentially shifting the harmonics from two undulators into and out of the band pass of a monochromator. The chromatic shifting of the harmonics requires only small change of the magnetic field. This small perturbation of the magnetic fields should permit higher modulation frequencies and improved signal-to-noise ratios for polarization modulation spectroscopy.
Positive Correlation Between DNA Polymerase α-Primase Pausing and Mutagenesis within Polypyrimidine/Polypurine Microsatellite Sequences

Microsatellite DNA sequences are ubiquitous in the human genome, and mutation rates of these repetitive sequences vary with respect to DNA sequence as well as length. We have analyzed polymerase-DNA interactions as a function of microsatellite sequence, using polypyrimidine/polypurine di- and tetranucleotide alleles representative of those found in the human genome. Using an in vitro primer extension assay and the mammalian DNA polymerase alpha-primase complex, we have observed a polymerase termination profile for each microsatellite that is unique to that allele. Interestingly, a periodic termination profile with an interval size (9-11 nucleotides) unrelated to microsatellite unit length was observed for the [TC](20) and [TTCC](9) templates. In contrast, a unit-punctuated polymerase termination profile was found for the longer polypurine templates. We detected strong polymerase pauses within the [TC](20) allele at low reaction pH which were eliminated by the addition of deaza-dGTP, consistent with these specific pauses being a consequence of triplex DNA formation during DNA synthesis. Quantitatively, a strand bias was observed in the primer extension assay, in that polymerase synthesis termination is more intense when the polypurine sequence serves as the template, relative to its complementary polypyrimidine sequence. The HSV-tk forward mutation assay was utilized to determine the corresponding polymerase alpha-primase error frequencies and specificities at the microsatellite alleles. A higher microsatellite polymerase error frequency (50x10(-4) to 60x10(-4)) was measured when polypurine sequences serve as templates for DNA synthesis, relative to the polypyrimidine template (18x10(-4)). Thus, a positive correlation exists between polymerase alpha-primase pausing and mutagenesis within microsatellite DNA alleles.
Direct measurements of canopy structure

(1990). Direct measurements of canopy structure. Remote Sensing Reviews: Vol. 5, Instrumentation for studying vegetation canopies for remote sensing in optical and thermal infrared regions, pp. 45-60.
Clement (Titus Flavius Clemens) of Alexandria

Clement of Alexandria (c. 150—c. 215) was one of the leading Christian thinkers and writers of his time. He lived and taught in the North African city of Alexandria — perhaps intellectually the mos...
VAX 11/780 Data Acquisition Facility at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory

Current features and hardware of the TUNL VAX 11/780 CAMAC data acquisition system are described.
On the role of shocks in the 'sub-transonic' flutter phenomenon

A semi-quantitative investigation is reported on the influence of partial-chord transonic shocks on flutter of 'typical-section' wing models. Unsteady airloads are assumed as the sum of linearized theory and a 'shock-force doublet' centered at the measured steady shock location. The shock is shown usually to destabilize single-degree pitching motion; it may affect flexure-torsion flutter either way - often profoundly. Various typical-section parameters are studied, along with the important phase lag known to be present in the shock oscillation. Energy transfer during flutter is examined. Simplified calculations are presented that are believed relevant to the transonic tests by Farmer and Hanson.
Algorithm model for penalty functions-type iterative procedures

This paper presents an algorithm model for the analysis of penalty functions type algorithms. Two optimization procedures are studied using the model. The first one is the classical exterior penalty functions method and the second one is a conceptual algorithm for solving nonlinear programming problems.
Likelihood functions based on parameter-dependent functions

Consider likelihood inference about a scalar function ψ of a parameter θ. Two methods of constructing a likelihood function for ψ are conditioning and marginalizing. If, in the model with ψ held fixed, T is ancillary, then a marginal likelihood may be based on the distribution of T, which depends only on ψ; alternatively, if a statistic S is sufficient when ψ is fixed, then a conditional likelihood function may be based on the conditional distribution of the data given S. The statistics T and S are generally required to be the same for each value of ψ. In this paper, we consider the case in which either T or S is allowed to depend on ψ. Hence, we might consider the marginal likelihood function based on a function Tψ or the conditional likelihood given a function Sψ. The properties and construction of marginal and conditional likelihood functions based on parameter-dependent functions are studied. In particular, the case in which Tψ and Sψ may be taken to be functions of the maximum likelihood estimators is considered and approximations to the resulting likelihood functions are presented. The results are illustrated on several examples.
Opiate receptor blockade enhances the display of progesterone-facilitated lordosis in juvenile female guinea pigs.

Abstract Juvenile female guinea pigs rarely display estradiol-induced or progesterone-facilitated sexual receptivity. This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that endogenous opiate peptides tonically inhibit the display of steroid-induced lordosis in juvenile females. Hartley guinea pigs were ovariectomized (OVX) at 10-11 days of age and treated with estradiol benzoate (EB, 10 μg) 5-7 days later. Injection of the opiate antagonist, naloxone (2.0 mg/kg), did not facilitate lordosis (compared to vehicle) in EB-primed, OVX juveniles; when these animals were subsequently given progesterone, and the treatment groups were reversed (i.e., the group previously treated with vehicle received 2.0 mg/kg naloxone 4.5 hr after progesterone, and vice versa), four of six naloxone-injected animals displayed lordosis, compared to one of six control animals. In a second experiment, a range of doses of naloxone was administered to EB-plus progesterone-treated OVX juveniles. Naloxone at the 2.0 mg/kg dose resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of females displaying lordosis, with lower doses (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) producing responses intermediate between those observed in animals receiving the 2.0 mg/kg dose and the vehicle. Furthermore, the facilitatory effect of naloxone on sexual receptivity was completely blocked by concomitant injection of morphine (10.0 mg/kg). These data suggest that endogenous opiates tonically inhibit the display of progesterone-facilitated lordosis in juvenile female guinea pigs.