cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pu(V) and Pu(IV) sorption to montmorillonite.

Plutonium (Pu) adsorption to and desorption from mineral phases plays a key role in controlling the environmental mobility of Pu. Here we assess whether the adsorption behavior of Pu at concentrations used in typical laboratory studies (≥10 −10 (Pu) ≤ 10 −6 M) are representative of adsorption behavior at concentrations measured in natural subsurface waters (generally <10 −12 M). Pu(V) sorption to Na-montmorillonite was examined over a wide range of initial Pu concentrations (10 −6 −10 −16 M). Pu(V) adsorption after 30 days was linear over the wide range of concentrations studied, indicating that Pu sorption behavior from laboratory studies at higher concentrations can be extrapolated to sorption behavior at low, environ- mentally relevant concentrations. Pu(IV) sorption to montmorillonite was studied at initial concentrations of 10 −6 −10 −11 M and was much faster than Pu(V) sorption over the 30 day equilibration period. However, after one year of equilibration, the extent of Pu(V) adsorption was similar to that observed for Pu(IV) after 30 days. The continued uptake of Pu(V) is attributed to a slow, surface-mediated reduction of Pu(V) to Pu(IV). Comparison between rates of adsorption of Pu(V) to montmorillonite and a range of other minerals (hematite, goethite, magnetite, groutite, corundum, diaspore, and quartz) found that minerals containing significant Fe and Mn (hematite, goethite, magnetite, and groutite) adsorbed Pu(V) faster than those which did not, highlighting the potential importance of minerals with redox couples in increasing the rate of Pu(V) removal from solution.
An interpretation of the multipeaked structure in X-ray bursts

Some X-ray bursts from sources such as 4U/MXB 1636 - 53, 4U 1608 - 52, and possibly MXB 1727 - 34, display a multipeaked structure in the bolometric flux that is difficult to reconcile with the standard thermonuclear flash model or with the effects due to photospheric expansion and contraction. Understanding this phenomenon is important primarily because it might be due to a variable Thomson optical depth along a line of sight threading the burst-induced accretion disk corona. We explore the conditions under which these burst profiles might be observed, in light of the somewhat surprising recent results from the radiative-hydrodynamic simulation of the coronal structure. We find that double- (and triple-) peaked bursts are produced at inclination angles in the range 40-65 deg. Interestingly, the orbital information for 4U/MXB 1636 - 53 and 4U 1608 - 52 suggests i is less than 70 deg, in these sources. The orbital inclination of MXB 1728 - 34 is not yet known.
Extended Supergravity in Ten-Dimensions

Abstract An extended supergravity theory in ten dimensions is described in terms of an unconstrained scalar superfield in a lightcone formalism that maintains manifest symmetry among the eight transverse dimensions. The hamiltonian and other super-Poincare generators are determined to first order in the gravitational coupling constant k . It is straightforward to truncate the theory to give N = 8 supergravity in four dimensions.
REPRODUCTION OF THE SNAPPING SHRIMPS SYNALPHEUS FRITZMUELLERI AND S. APIOCEROS (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA: ALPHEIDAE) ON A SUBLITTORAL REEF OFF TEXAS

ABSTRACT During winter months on Seven and One-half Fathom Reef, reproduction is attenuated in populations of Synalpheus fritzmuelleri and S. apioceros. Some ovigerous specimens occur throughout the year, but much lower percentages of both populations carry normal eggs in winter months, and broods of these eggs appear to be smaller. A seemingly wasteful production of nonviable, minute, chalky eggs by S. apioceros during winter months and the absence of such eggs in S. fritzmuelleri under the same ambient conditions could relate to the more tropical restriction of the former species. On Seven and One-half Fathom Reef, S. apioceros is probably near the northernmost extreme at which it can successfully reproduce.
Hyperbranched polymers 10 years after

It has been about 10 years since the first intentional preparation of hyperbranched polymer was disclosed. Hyperbranched polymers, as well as dendrimers, may find utilities in the areas where the structural uniqueness of these polymers gives merit. There has been much progress in the structural understanding and the methods of synthesis of these polymers. However, functional understanding and utility of these polymers are still in infancy. Better understanding on physical properties of these polymers, such as solubility and miscibility of these polymers in solvents or with polymers, and functional group dependency to the thermal relaxation process are needed for further development of the subject. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem. 36: 1685–1698, 1998
Synthesis and evaluation of aniline headgroups for alkynyl thienopyrimidine dual EGFR/ErbB-2 kinase inhibitors.

Abstract Aniline ‘headgroups’ were synthesized and incorporated into an alkynyl thienopyrimidine series of EGFR and ErbB-2 inhibitors. Potent inhibition of enzyme activity and cellular proliferation was observed. In certain instances, protein binding was reduced and oral exposure was found to be somewhat improved relative to compounds containing the reference aniline.
Qualifications and Assignments of Alternatively Certified Teachers: Testing Core Assumptions

By analyzing data from the Schools and Staffing Survey, the authors empirically test four of the core assumptions embedded in current arguments for expanding alternative teacher certification (AC): AC attracts experienced candidates from fields outside of education; AC attracts top-quality, well-trained teachers; AC disproportionately trains teachers to teach in hard-to-staff schools; and AC alleviates out-of-field teaching. Although there are some differences in the backgrounds of alternatively and traditionally certified teachers, the findings suggest that AC programs have not substantially changed the pool from which new teachers are drawn. Findings further indicate that AC programs do not attract a disproportionate number of candidates to teach in difficult-to-staff schools, nor are they effective means for solving the problem of out-of-field teaching.
Oronasal fistula repair

Oronasal fistula is a relatively common complication associated with maxillary canine tooth extraction, problematic healing of maxillectomy, and repair of secondary cleft palate in small animals. Regardless of the clinical scenario associated with oronasal fistula, therapy requires surgical treatment. Principles for surgical repair of oronasal fistula include development of mucosal flaps with excellent vascular supply to transpose over the defect to restore continuity of the nasal and oral cavities. The specific surgical technique may vary but includes either single or double mucosal flaps. Oronasal fistula refractory to multiple attempts at surgical repair may be obturated by using a prosthodontic device.
Colon adenocarcinoma in HIV infected patients

Background Non AIDS-defining cancers (NADC) have emerged as a growing problem in the HIV-positive population, especially given that HIV-infected patients are living longer with antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-Tat protein appears to have oncogenic properties in colorectal cancer cells in vitro. To date, there has been no large series studying HIVassociated colon adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the clinicopathologic features of this NADC in a series of HIV-positive patients.
Catalytic reduction of N2O and NO2 with methane over sol–gel palladium-based catalysts

Abstract Pd/TiO 2 and Gd-doped Pd/TiO 2 prepared through a ‘one-pot’ sol–gel method are shown to be active for the reduction of both N 2 O and NO 2 using CH 4 as a reducing agent under excess O 2 conditions. In previous studies these catalysts were shown to effectively reduce NO with CH 4 , however activity was strongly dependant on the oxidation state of Pd. Through the electropositive nature of Gd, Pd was maintained in metallic state under higher oxygen concentrations compared to the Gd-free catalysts. Characterization through XPS and in situ DRIFTS studies indicate that in the reduction of NO 2 , even under excess oxygen, a significant portion of the surface Pd is maintained in the active metallic state.
Wachse für die Zitrusfruchtbeschichtung

Wachse auf Basis von Polyethylen erlangten in den letzten Jahren eine grose Bedeutung auf dem Gebiet der Zitrusfruchtbeschichtung. Voraussetzung fur diese Entwicklung waren die gunstigen physiologischen und anwendungstechnischen Eigenschaften dieser Wachse. Polyethylenwachs-Beschichtungen bewirken z. B. eine Reduktion der Wasserdampfdurchlassigkeit und des Gewichtsverlusts, Verbesserung des Oberflachenglanzes, Beeinflussung der Atmung und des internen Sauerstoff- und Kohlendioxidgehalts der Frucht. Waxes for Citrus Fruit Coating In the last years waxes basing on polyethylen have got a great importance in the field of citrus fruit coating. The propitious physiological and processing properties of these waxes were supposition for this development. Polyethylen wax coatings effect e. g. a reduction of water vapour permeability and lost of weight, an improvement of gloss, influence on respiration and the internal oxygen and carbondioxide content of the fruit.
Environmental complexity, importance, variability and scanning behavior of Hong Kong executives

Abstract With the recent handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong executives face the challenge of formulating strategies in a very complex and uncertain environment. Using a sample of 55 Hong Kong Chinese executives, this study explored how executives' perceptions of their firm's external environment can affect their scanning behavior as measured by frequency and level of interest. Results indicated that executives intensified their scanning when perceived strategic importance of an environmental sector increased. Contrary to expectations, however, increased perceived environmental complexity did not decrease but increased executives scanning efforts of environmental sectors. No significant relationship was found between perceived strategic variability and scanning behavior.
Sierra Nevada–Basin and Range transition near Reno, Nevada: Two-stage development at 12 and 3 Ma

Relative and absolute elevations of the Sierra Nevada and adjacent Basin and Range province, timing of their differentiation, and location, amount, and timing of strike-slip movement between them are controversial. The provincial boundary near Reno developed in two stages. (1) At ca. 12 Ma, the ≥700 km 2 Verdi-Boca sedimentary basin formed across what was to become the boundary, probably as a result of a small-magnitude but regional extensional episode that affected much of the western Basin and Range. (2) At 3 Ma, the basin was complexly faulted and folded during a larger magnitude extensional episode that established the modern Sierran structural and topographic boundary in this area. The boundary is really a transition zone with a western edge along the Donner Pass, California, fault zone, which is farther west than previously placed. Both episodes appear to have resulted from east-west extension only, which suggests that northwest motion of the Sierra Nevada relative to the Basin and Range shown by geodetic data began after 3 Ma or was taken up farther east.
Comparison of coincident OGO 3 and OGO 4 hydrogen ion composition measurements

Simultaneous hydrogen ion composition measurements by upper ionospheric polar orbiting OGO 4 and eccentric orbiting magnetospheric OGO 3 at midlatitude
A recurrent magnesium-binding motif provides a framework for the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center

The ribosome is an ancient macromolecular machine responsible for the synthesis of all proteins in all living organisms. Here we demonstrate that the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center (PTC) is supported by a framework of magnesium microclusters (Mg(2+)-muc's). Common features of Mg(2+)-muc's include two paired Mg(2+) ions that are chelated by a common bridging phosphate group in the form Mg((a))(2+)-(O1P-P-O2P)-Mg((b))(2+). This bridging phosphate is part of a 10-membered chelation ring in the form Mg((a))(2+)-(OP-P-O5'-C5'-C4'-C3'-O3'-P-OP)-Mg((a))(2+). The two phosphate groups of this 10-membered ring are contributed by adjacent residues along the RNA backbone. Both Mg(2+) ions are octahedrally coordinated, but are substantially dehydrated by interactions with additional RNA phosphate groups. The Mg(2+)-muc's in the LSU (large subunit) appear to be highly conserved over evolution, since they are unchanged in bacteria (Thermus thermophilus, PDB entry 2J01) and archaea (Haloarcula marismortui, PDB entry 1JJ2). The 2D elements of the 23S rRNA that are linked by Mg(2+)-muc's are conserved between the rRNAs of bacteria, archaea and eukarya and in mitochondrial rRNA, and in a proposed minimal 23S-rRNA. We observe Mg(2+)-muc's in other rRNAs including the bacterial 16S rRNA, and the P4-P6 domain of the tetrahymena Group I intron ribozyme. It appears that Mg(2+)-muc's are a primeval motif, with pivotal roles in RNA folding, function and evolution.
BETA-CAROTENE: AN UNUSUAL TYPE OF LIPID ANTIOXIDANT

The mechanism of lipid peroxidation and the manner in which antioxidants function is reviewed. beta-Carotene is a purported anticancer agent, which is believed by some to have antioxidant action of a radical-trapping type. However, definitive experimental support for such action has been lacking. New experiments in vitro show that beta-carotene belongs to a previously unknown class of biological antioxidants. Specifically, it exhibits good radical-trapping antioxidant behavior only at partial pressures of oxygen significantly less than 150 torr, the pressure of oxygen in normal air. Such low oxygen partial pressures are found in most tissues under physiological conditions. At higher oxygen pressures, beta-carotene loses its antioxidant activity and shows an autocatalytic, prooxidant effect, particularly at relatively high concentrations. Similar oxygen-pressure-dependent behavior may be shown by other compounds containing many conjugated double bonds.
Glamorous politics or political glamour? Content analysis of political coverage in Russian glossy magazines

Abstract This article analyzes political and social themes of Russia's glossy magazines which represent the few remaining public spaces for surviving freedom of speech and expression in that post-communist country. As authoritarian nature of Russian political system deepens, the democratic openings often appear in unexpected places. Content analysis of two glamour monthlies, one (GQ-Russian Edition) intended for male audience, another (Cosmopolitan-Russia) – for female readership, shows consistently oppositional (anti-Putin) thrust of both publications, but also persistent political gender stereotypes. Analysis of these publications, intended for Russia's nascent urban class – traditionally a social strata most associated with democratic impulses – provides an important explanation behind recent democratic protest activities in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Integrated power management for video streaming to mobile handheld devices

Optimizing user experience for streaming video applications on handheld devices is a significant research challenge. In this paper, we propose an integrated power management approach that unifies low level architectural optimizations (CPU, memory, register), OS power-saving mechanisms (Dynamic Voltage Scaling) and adaptive middleware techniques (admission control, optimal transcoding, network traffic regulation). Specifically, we identify interaction parameters between the different levels and optimize them to significantly reduce power consumption. With knowledge of device configurations, dynamic device parameters and changing system conditions, the middleware layer selects an appropriate video quality and fine tunes the architecture for optimized delivery of video. Our performance results indicate that architectural optimizations that are cognizant of user level parameters(e.g. transcoded video quality) can provide energy gains as high as 57.5% for the CPU and memory. Middleware adaptations to changing network noise levels can save as much as 70% of energy consumed by the wireless network interface. Furthermore, we demonstrate how such an integrated framework, that supports tight coupling of inter-level parameters can enhance user experience on a handheld substantially.
Estrogen or estrogen receptor

View Large Image | Download PowerPoint SlideAs a clinical breast oncologist, I was eager to review Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer. Hormonal manipulation has been the predominant form of breast cancer treatment for >50 years. Surgical ablation, high-dose estrogens, LHRH agonists and antiestrogens have all shown clinical benefit. Today, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and aromatase inhibitors are at the forefront of endocrine treatment and their optimal place in breast cancer therapy is still under investigation. Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer covers the development and use of these hormonal agents in breast cancer. The format of the book flows logically from the initial studies of endocrine treatment in advanced disease to the adjuvant setting, and ends in the subject of chemoprevention.The background of tamoxifen in advanced disease sets the tone for the rest of the book and addresses the issue of single agent or combination therapy. It is followed by a thorough historical account of other SERMs and their activity in breast cancer. Aromatase inhibitors were well introduced and thoughtfully compared with tamoxifen.Tamoxifen, SERMs and aromatase inhibitors are then discussed in the adjuvant setting. I found the comments regarding the use of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-negative disease and pre- and post-menopausal women helpful, especially for fellows or other trainees that might use this book. Tamoxifen resistance and cross-resistance with other SERMs are also appropriately addressed. A brief section covers the effects of SERMs on the cardiovascular system, the skeletal system and the cognitive function of women receiving adjuvant endocrine treatment. I was glad to see these points addressed, as they are sometimes overlooked by clinicians.My favorite section of the book discusses the neoadjuvant use of endocrine agents in locally advanced breast cancer. This treatment regimen is common in Europe and deserves more attention in the USA as an alternative, especially given the reluctance some patients have to receiving chemotherapy. This section covers surgical aspects, as well as the choice of endocrine therapy (tamoxifen vs aromatase inhibitors). Estrogen receptor and ErbB2 status are also mentioned as indicators of endocrine response in this setting. In fact, one whole chapter eloquently addresses the members of the ErbB2 family and their role in endocrine resistance. The last third of the book considers chemoprevention. It begins with a superb review of the prominent tamoxifen prevention trials and ends with future directions in the use of aromatase inhibitors.I found the panel discussions after each section to be my least favorite component of the book. They were lengthy and tangled. A great deal of information was volleyed back and forth by many discussants, but the conclusions were not obvious.Overall, I believe this book would be a wonderful addition to any clinical oncologist's library. It is thorough, but easy enough to use as a quick reference book.
Concurrent 19F and 77Se or 19F and 125Te NMR T1 measurements for determination of 77Se and 125Te absolute shielding scales

Abstract 77 Se and 125 Te absolute nuclear shieldings in SeF 6 and TeF 6 are determined from simultaneous T 1 measurements of 77 Se and 19 F (and 125 Te and 19 F) in the gas phase.
The stereochemistry of pyruvate kinase.

Abstract α-Ketobutyrate enol phosphate consisting of approximately 80% cis and 20% trans isomers was prepared by the Perkow reaction. It was converted by pyruvate kinase in 2H2O, to α-ketobutyrate which on oxidative decarboxylation with hydrogen peroxide gave largely (2 R )-2- 2 H-propionate containing one atom of deuterium. It was concluded that protonation in the pyruvate kinase reaction occurred on the si face with cis -α-ketobutyrate enol phosphate as substrate, and probably also with the trans isomer.
Child mortality associated with reasons for non-breastfeeding and weaning: is breastfeeding best for HIV-positive mothers?

Objective: To estimate child mortality associated with reasons for the non-initiation of breastfeeding and weaning caused by preceding morbidity compared with voluntary weaning as a result of maternal choice. Methods: Demographic and Health Surveys were analysed from 14 developing countries. Women reported whether they initiated lactation or weaned and if so their reasons for non-initiation or stopping breastfeeding were classified as voluntary choice or as a result of preceding maternal/infant illness. Rates of child mortality and survival analyses were estimated by reasons for non-breastfeeding or weaning. Results: Mortality was highest among never-breastfed children. Child mortality among women who never initiated breastfeeding was significantly higher than among women who weaned. Preceding maternal/infant morbidity was the most common reason for not breastfeeding (63.9%) and the mortality of children never breastfed because of preceding morbidity was higher than in children not breastfed as a result of maternal choice; 326.8 per 1000 versus 34.8 per 1000 respectively. Mortality among breastfed children who were weaned because of preceding morbidity was higher than among those weaned voluntarily; 19.2 per 1000 versus 9.3 per 1000 respectively. Failure to initiate lactation was significantly more frequent among women reporting complications of delivery and with low birthweight infants. Conclusion: Child mortality as a result of the voluntary non-initiation of breastfeeding or voluntary weaning was lower than previously estimated and this should be used as a benchmark when counselling HIV-positive mothers on the risks of non-breastfeeding or weaning to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. (authors)
Saturation And The Zenith Angle Dependence Of Atmospheric Isoplanatic Angle Measurements

A 10-11 cm aperture stellar scintillometer can measure atmospheric isoplanatic angles reliably provided the normalized variance and the zenith angle of the data are sufficiently, restricted. Within these constraints, the normalized variance data has a zenith angle power law that is quite close to the theoretical prediction. This is a self-consistent indication that the instrument is actually measuring the isoplanatic angle.
Erectile function, sexual drive, and ejaculatory function after reconstructive surgery for anterior urethral stricture disease

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of urethral reconstructive surgery on sexual drive, erectile function and ejaculation. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 52 men with a median (range) age of 44 (18-79) years who underwent 59 urethral reconstructive procedures for anterior urethral stricture disease between 2001 and 2004. We evaluated sexual functioning using the O'Leary Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory (BMSFI) before and after surgery. RESULTS The mean (sd) follow-up was 22.3 (14.8) months. The mean BMSFI scores were only statistically significantly different for an improvement in ejaculation after surgery (P = 0.04). When separated by age, only the men aged 50-59 years reported decreased erectile function after surgery (P < 0.001) and only those aged <40-49 years reported an improvement in ejaculatory function (P = 0.05). Men at <1 year after surgery reported lower sexual drive (P = 0.025) and erectile function (P = 0.05) than men with longer periods of recovery. CONCLUSIONS The BMFSI is useful for evaluating sexual function after urethroplasty. Overall, the men did not report a decline in erectile function or sexual drive after surgery; however, older men might have a higher incidence of erectile dysfunction after surgery. Erectile function might recover with time. Younger men had the most pronounced improvement in ejaculatory function, but further studies are necessary to evaluate the clinical significance of this.
Neuroimmune Pharmacology as a Sub-discipline of Immunology in the Medical School Curriculum

This article provides a description of a proposed sub-module and attendant syllabus for inclusion of neuroimmune pharmacology as a sub-discipline of an immunology course that is offered to medical students during the first year of medical school. Neuroimmune pharmacology is an area of study that integrates fundamental concepts in pharmacology, immunology, neuroscience, and infectious disease. This convergent disciplinary area is of increasing importance to the foundational training of medical students, especially in view of the recognition that a variety of neuropathological processes such as demyelinating disease, drug abuse, and viral encephalitis has an immunological component. A lecture sub-module that addresses this convergent topic is proposed for inclusion as a sub-discipline of an immunology course offered as a component of a Scientific Foundations curriculum that takes place during the first 6 months of medical school. It is proposed to revisit the neuroimmune pharmacology topic area in a more clinical setting during the subsequent 14 months of study when medical students would be presented with an organ system-based curriculum. In this instructional model, basic science teaching faculty would interface with clinical faculty in presenting the topical block material in the context of different organ systems. Discussion of clinical cases related to neuroimmune pharmacology would be integrated into the organ system-based curriculum in order to highlight a translational relevance to medical practice.
Renal Oncocytosis: Management and Clinical Outcomes

Purpose: Renal oncocytosis is a rare pathological condition in which renal parenchyma is diffusely involved by numerous oncocytic nodules in addition to showing a spectrum of other oncocytic changes. We describe our experience with renal oncocytosis, focusing on management and outcomes.Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients with a final pathological diagnosis of renal oncocytosis from July 1995 through June 2009 were included in the analysis. Patient demographics, intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes are reported.Results: Median age at nephrectomy was 71 years (IQR 59–75). Of the patients 15 (75%) had bilateral disease. There were 23 operations (9 right side, 14 left side) performed on 20 patients, and of these procedures 13 (57%) were partial nephrectomies and 10 (43%) were radical nephrectomies. Median dominant tumor mass diameter was 4.1 cm (IQR 3–6.4, range 1 to 14.6). The most common dominant tumor histology was hybrid tumor between oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinom...
Visual Matching Test-Taking Strategies Used by Deaf Readers

Earlier investigations of deaf students' test-taking strategies have described visual matching strategies consisting generally of locating a word in the question, locating the same word in the text...
The chemical effect of CO2 replacement of N2 in air on the burning velocity of CH4 and H2 premixed flames

When CO2 is added to air or is used to replace N2 in air, it is anticipated that the burning velocity of fresh fuel mixtures may be affected through the following three mechanisms: i) the variation of the transport and thermal properties of the mixture, ii) the possible direct chemical effect of CO2, and iii) the enhanced radiation transfer by CO2. Experimental measurements of the burning velocity of CH4/O2/ CO2 mixtures at various equivalence ratios and pressures have been conducted by Zhu et al. [1] using double flames in the counterflow configuration. The radiative effect of CO2 on the burning velocity of CH4/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures has been recently studied by Ju et al. [2] and Ruan et al. [3]. Moreover, it has also been pointed out in several studies that CO2 is not inert but directly participates in chemical reactions primarily through CO OH 7 CO2 H [4-6]. The objective of this study is to numerically investigate the chemical effects of CO2 replacement of N2 in air on the burning velocity of lean to stoichiometric CH4/O2/N2/ CO2 and H2/O2/N2/CO2 mixtures at 1 atm.
Radiometric calibration to consider in quantitative clinical fluorescence imaging measurements

The fluorescent light detected by a clinical imager is assumed to be proportional only to the amount of fluorescent substance present in the sample and the level of excitation. Unfortunately, there are many factors that can add or subtract to the light signal directly attributable to the desired fluorescence emission, especially with fluorescence from inside the body imaged remotely. The quantification of fluorescence emission is feasible by calibrating the imager using international system of units (SI)-traceable physical and material calibration artifacts such that the detector’s digital numbers (DN) can be converted to radiometric units. Here we discuss three calibration methods for quantitative clinical fluorescence imaging systems.
Nitrogen impurity gettering in oxide dispersion ductilized chromium

Work by Scruggs in the 1960s demonstrated that tensile ductility could be achieved at room temperature in powder metallurgically-produced Cr alloyed with MgO. During consolidation, much of the MgO converted to the MgCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel phase, which was hypothesized to getter nitrogen from the Cr, rendering it ductile. We have duplicated this effect, achieving room temperature tensile elongations of 4% for hot-pressed Cr-6MgO-(0-1)Ti (wt.%) and 10% for hot-pressed and extruded Cr-6MgO-0.75Ti. Direct incorporation of nitrogen into the MgCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} phase was not detected; however, impurities, particularly nitrogen and sulfur, were observed to segregate to and/or precipitate at interfaces between the MgO/MgCr{sub 2}O{sub 4} phases and the Cr matrix. Exploratory studies of other non-spinel forming oxide dispersions (La{sub 2}O{sub 3}, TiO{sub 2} and Y{sub 2}O{sub 3}) showed a similar pattern of impurity segregation/precipitation, suggesting that there is nothing unique about spinel dispersions in Cr with regards to impurities. However, none of these other dispersions resulted in similar levels of tensile elongation.
The identification of genes specifically expressed in epithelial cells of the rat intestinal crypts.

Abstract Undifferentiated embryonic and dedifferentiated tumor cells express genes that are down-regulated or not expressed in differentiated tissue. The progenitor cells of the intestinal crypt are undifferentiated cells that, similarly, should express genes that are not evident in the more differentiated villus cells. Some of these genes may be related to the control of differentiation. We attempted to define crypt-associated genes by constructing a cDNA library from isolated rat intestinal crypt cells and screening for messages that remained after subtractive hybridization using > 20-fold more mRNA from villus than from the crypt cells. This process identified about two percent of the colonies containing transcripts expressed by the crypt cell. Northern blot analysis showed hybridization to messages in a range from 700 to 12,000 base pairs. Six clones out of 136 initial isolates were shown to hybridize to crypt mRNAs at levels four to tenfold greater than to villus mRNAs. Three of these clones showed greater hybridization to mRNA of the distal (ileum) when compared to the proximal end of the adult small bowel. Increased expression in fetal rat intestine was seen for five mRNAs and in fetal liver for four mRNAs when compared to adult. Most of the crypt associated gene probes preferentially bound mRNA from ovary, kidney, and spleen but did not bind mRNA derived from testis, muscle and brain. Cultured mouse teratocarcinoma cells (F9) showed high levels of three of these transcripts. Portions of each insert were sequenced and examined for homology to entries in national computer banks. The genes, with one exception, did not match any reported nucleotide or peptide sequence. These probes may detect mRNAs that are critical to normal differentiation.
Arizona’s “Success by Six” Legislative Package: A Historic Case of Strategic Framing

This account of what, at first glance, might seem like a narrow and obscure historical case of one U.S. state’s preschool program is a vehicle for raising questions about how early childhood policies have developed in other locales, for the contemporary policies and programs that exist around the world are the result of efforts by many unrecognized actors. In addition to opening up new lines of inquiry, consideration of historical cases such as this one complicates and enriches the field’s collective memory. Furthermore, a more diverse and theorized use of history in early childhood education (ECE) can have practical uses. Toward this end, ideas from strategic frame analysis are used to explain how passage of Arizona’s Success by Six agenda was possible in what is commonly thought of as a politically conservative state. This analysis shows that rather than a simple matter of supporters and opponents, Success by Six ultimately became possible not because of the expected allies, but rather because of the un...
Ultraviolet mapping of the adenovirus 2 early promoters

Abstract HeLa cells were infected with adenovirus 2 (Ad2) virions irradiated with different doses of ultraviolet light. The concentration of early viral mRNA accumulating over 8 hr in the cytoplasm of infected cells was found to fall as a function of ultraviolet dose, and the inhibition displayed first-order kinetics. Transcripts from each of the four early regions of the viral genome exhibit differing sensitivities to ultraviolet light. For three of the four early regions, the rate constant for the ultraviolet-induced inhibition of mRNA production is proportional to the physical size of the genome represented as mRNA in the cytoplasm. DNA extracted from irradiated virions was digested with restriction enzymes, and the fraction of each restriction fragment containing one or more ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers was determined by treating the DNA with T4 ultraviolet endonuclease and assaying the products on alkaline agarose gels. In this manner, the rate of pyrimidine dimer formation per nucleotide was found to be approximately constant throughout the genome. From these data and the previously mapped positions of the early regions, we conclude that the mRNAs coded in each of the four early regions are transcribed from separate promoters. For three of the four early regions, the promoter is within 1000 nucleotides of the 5′-most sequences found in the cytoplasm. In the case of the fourth early region, the initial transcript may be approximately 3 times the size of the transcripts found in the cytoplasm, or transcription of this region of the genome may be influenced by one or more of the early gene products. The concentration of early mRNAs observed in cells mixedly infected with unirradiated and irradiated virions suggests that initiation of transcription is the rate-limiting step in the production of the early mRNAs, and that this rate is independent of the number of viral templates within the nucleus.
Some physical models with 1/f noise

Abstract The possible role of mode coupling via non-linear effects in determining the 1/f noise is suggested, and a potential connection with logarithmic specific heat singularities is elucidated.
Boundary conditions in sandbox models of crustal extension: An analysis using distinct elements

Abstract The geometries of faults that form in the brittle hanging wall above large low angle detachments has been an active topic of research in petroleum geology and geophysics for the last decade in order to understand the progressive development of the geologic structures and to identify possible petroleum traps. Experimentalists have used sandbox models to try to gain insight into the kinematics and mechanics of the deformation of overburden above detachments. Although the structures observed in some of the models resemble those observed in nature, boundary conditions and constitutive properties of these models have rarely been measured precisely so the experiments are often difficult to interpret. We use an entirely numerical approach based on the distinct element method ( dem ) in which the overburden is represented by hundreds of individual elements that interact mechanically through contact forces. The faults that form in an assemblage of elements resemble those observed in nature. The boundary conditions are prescribed as are the material reactions of individual elements so the numerical experiments are more easily interpreted. We suggest that dem models complement sandbox models and can be used to interpret the progressive development of geologic structures.
A combined single crystal X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction study of the T2phase in Al-Li-Cu alloys

Both single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques and convergent beam electron diffraction have been employed to examine the structure of theT2 (Al6CuLi3) phase in three particular Al-Li-Cu alloys. It is shown thatT2 displays icosahedral symmetry both in a high purity laboratory melt and in two “impure” alloys which had been processed industrially. Possible reasons for the five-fold symmetry ofT2 are discussed.
EVALUATION OF THE BMRST INSTANTANEOUS IMPACT POSITION CALCULATION THROUGH SOFTWARE SIMULATION

The Ballistic Missile Range Safety Technology (BMRST) Program is a technology demonstration program sponsored by the Air Force Research Laboratory. The goal of the BMRST program is to demonstrate the capability of a GPS-based, mobile range system, consisting of tracking & display, telemetry, and command destruct subsystems. The BMRST system is designed to track high dynamic orbital and sub-orbital launch vehicles, and consists of ground and flight segments. Data from the flight vehicle, either BMRST flight segment data or flight vehicle telemetry data, is received by the BMRST ground segment and forwarded to the Range Safety Display Computer(s) (RSDC). The RSDCs contain the Instantaneous Impact Position (IIP) software that calculates and displays the predicted impact point of the flight vehicle if thrust were to be terminated. Whenever a missile is launched as part of the U.S. Space Program, safety features are in place to ensure that human life, health, and property are protected. Because the protection of personnel and property safety relies heavily on an accurate knowledge of where flight vehicle debris would land in the event of a destruct command, precise IIP calculations are critical. Therefore, it is crucial to properly validate the performance of the BMRST IIP algorithm.
Relationship Between Age and Drinking Patterns and Drinking Problems Among Japanese, Japanese‐Americans, and Caucasians

Comparing alcohol consumption patterns by age and gender among Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans and Caucasians in the United States, this study examined the associations between age and both heavy drinking and social problems using logistic regression for each ethnic group of male current drinkers. As reported in previous studies of Caucasians, men drink more alcohol than women, older respondents are more likely than younger ones to be abstainers, and the percentages of heavier drinkers and problem drinkers are higher among the young than among older people. Although Japanese-Americans reported consuming less alcohol than Caucasians, their drinking patterns by age were similar: among both United States populations, younger respondents are at higher risk for drinking problems than older respondents, even when alcohol consumption and sociodemographic variables are controlled by logistic regression. However, this association of age and drinking patterns and drinking problems is not universal. Japanese men consumed more alcohol and had a higher proportion of heavier drinkers in the middle age groups; the association between age and drinking problems also varied in this group. In addition to aging, sociocultural factors such as drinking norms probably account for the differences in drinking behavior among different age groups. This study may stimulate further cross-cultural comparison of drinking patterns and problems.
The reinterpretation hypothesis: Explanation or redescription?

Penn et al. propose the relational reinterpretation hypothesis as an explanation of the profound discontinuities that they identify between human and nonhuman cognition. This hypothesis is not a genuine replacement for the explanations that they reject, however, because as it stands, it simply redescribes the phenomena it is trying to explain.
Analytical performance analysis of moment-based estimators of the Nakagami parameter

The Nakagami m distribution is known to capture the envelope distribution of various fading channel conditions in wireless communications. The value of m is indicative of the severity of fading, making its estimation necessary. In this paper we propose a new class of moment based estimators for m, and analyze the performance of all known moment based estimators by deriving their asymptotic variance, and comparing with the Cramer Rao bound (CRB). We also discuss the efficiency of these estimators, derive the CRB in the presence of additive noise, and corroborate our results with Monte Carlo simulations.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT REACTION IN DROPLET-LADEN HOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE

Temperature-dependent reaction in homogeneous turbulence laden with fuel droplets is investigated via numerical simulation. Homogeneous shear and isotropic decaying flows are considered here as main configurations; however, some discussions also are presented with reference to stationary isotropic turbulence. Comparisons also are provided between constant- and variable-rate reactions. For all the simulations a two-way coupled Eulerian?Lagrangian formulation is implemented in the context of compressible flows. The results are utilized to investigate the evolution of the temperature, the fuel vapor mass fraction, and the reaction zone. Extensive data also are provided for correlations between the reaction rate and various flow parameters. These data are used to reveal some of the minute features of two-phase turbulent reactive flows, which clearly exhibit the importance of various timescales involved.
A low conversion loss passive frequency doubler

We propose a distributed passive frequency doubler using a bandgap nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) that can achieve low conversion loss even for small input power levels. We also develop a theoretical model of second harmonic generation for a homogeneous NLTL and show adverse effects of dispersion. To resolve dispersion, a bandgap NLTL is introduced which can reach the theoretical limit of second harmonic generation for a given input amplitude. To boost the input voltage amplitude and enhance the performance of the frequency doubler, a standing wave resonator using a bandgap NLTL is proposed. Using this technique, a 20GHz doubler is designed and implemented in a 65nm CMOS process. The doubler is tested from 14GHz to 25GHz and achieves conversion loss of 3.5dB with input power of 2.7dBm around the center frequency.
Sensitivity Analysis in Linear Programming Models with Common Inputs

The importance of sensitivity analysis information in linear programming has been stressed in the management science literature for some time. Indeed, Gal [3] has devoted an entire text to just this issue. Linear programs with common inputs (cost coefficients or right-hand-side values) present a problem in that classical sensitivity analysis does not allow for the simultaneous changes required to determine the sensitivity of these models to common inputs. We first survey the approaches previously developed for simultaneous-change sensitivity analysis and cast them in the framework of the special common input case. These general techniques are compared to a simple aggregate variable technique that has not received attention in the literature.
The influence of Pleistocene glacial refugia on tawny owl genetic diversity and phylogeography in western Europe

The glacial refugia hypothesis indicates that during the height of the Pleistocene glaciations the temperate species that are today widespread in western Europe must have survived in small and climatically favourable areas located in the southern peninsulas of Iberia, Italy and Balkans. One such species is the tawny owl, a relatively sedentary, nonmigratory bird presently distributed throughout Europe. It is a tree-nesting species closely associated with deciduous and mixed coniferous woodlands. In this study I used control region mtDNA sequences from 187 individuals distributed among 14 populations to determine whether current genetic patterns in tawny owl populations were consistent with postglacial expansion from peninsular refugia. European, North African and Asian tawny owls were found to represent three distinct lineages, where North Africa is the sister clade to all European owls. Within Europe, I found three well-supported clades that correspond to each of the three allopatric refugia. Expansion patterns indicate that owls from the Balkan refugium repopulated most of northern Europe, while expansion out of Iberia and Italy had only regional effects leading to admixture in France. Estimates of population divergence times between refugia populations are roughly similar, but one order of magnitude smaller between Greece and northern Europe. Based on a wide range of mutation rates and generation times, divergence between refugia appears to date to the Pleistocene.
Trust, Organizational Justice, and Whistleblowing: A Research Note

W histleblowing as a means of deterring fraud has gained more acceptance in the last ten years. For example, the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 requires publicly traded companies to have a confidential whistleblowing mechanism in place. More recently, during the aftermath of the Madoff scandal, the SEC established a whistleblower hotline. Additionally, the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 adds retaliation protections for those individuals reporting fraud to the SEC. Organizations are best served by whistleblowing when fraud is reported internally (Miceli, Near, Rehg, and Van Scotter 2012). When fraud is reported internally, a company has the ability to rectify the situation without a loss of reputation. The academic literature is supportive of whistleblowing as improving corporate governance (Bowen, Call, and Rajgopal 2010). The literature has also offered suggestions on how to make the internal whistleblowing process more amenable to employees. Seifert, Sweeney, Joireman, and Thornton (2010) suggest that fair processes provided by organizational justice encourage employees to come forward. However, while Seifert et al. (2010) find that improved organizational justice increases the likelihood of whistleblowing, the literature has not fully explored the specific mechanisms connecting these two constructs. We extend the findings of Seifert et al. (2010) by examining whether trust provides a mechanism connecting organizational justice to the likelihood of whistleblowing. We hypothesize and find that supervisor trust and organizational trust mediate the relationship between organizational justice and the likelihood of whistleblowing, using some additional data and much of the same data examined in Seifert et al. (2010).
Discounted Cash Flow Methods for Equity Valuation

Most applied methods of valuing a firm's equity are based on discounted cash flow and relative valuation models. Although stock and firm valuation is very strongly tilted toward the use of discounted cash flow methods, it is impossible to ignore the fact that many analysts use other methods to value equity and entire firms. The primary alternative valuation method is relative valuation. Both discounted cash flow and relative valuation methods require strong assumptions and expectations about the future. No one single valuation model or method is perfect. All valuation estimates are subject to model error and estimation error. Keywords: discounted cash flow; relative valuation; model error; estimation error; fair market price; dividend discount model; intrinsic value; free cash flow; Management Science; The Theory of Investment Value; Liabilities and Equity