cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemically Modulated Liquid Chromatography and the Gibbs Adsorption Equation

Electrochemically modulated liquid chromatography uses a conductive material like porous graphitic carbon (PGC) as a chromatographic stationary phase and a working electrode. This dual functionality enables manipulation of separations by changes in the potential applied (Eapp) to the packing. Thus, by monitoring the retention factor (k‘) with respect to Eapp, a chromatographic tool for examination of electrosorption processes can be devised. This novel capability is developed herein by examining the retention of charged aromatic compounds at PGC. The Gibbs adsorption equation and related formulations (e.g., the Lippmann equation) are used to determine interfacial excesses (Γ) of these solutes in different supporting electrolytes, changes in interfacial tension (dγ), the charge on the electrode (qM), and the potential of zero charge (PZC). Values of the PZC were also determined from plots of ln k‘ versus Eapp. In this case, the dependence of ln k‘ reveals a shift in the PZC to more cathodic values as the s...
Does rural residence impact total ankle arthroplasty utilization and outcomes

The objective of this study was to compare total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) utilization and outcomes by patient residence. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2003 to 2011 to compare utilization and outcomes (post-arthroplasty discharge disposition, length of hospitalization, and mortality) by rural vs. urban residence. Ten thousand eight hundred thirty-three patients in urban and 3,324 patients in rural area underwent TAA. Compared to rural residents, urban residents had: lower mean age, 62.4 vs. 61.8 years (p < 0.0001); higher percent of women, 49 vs. 56 % (p = 0.0008); and lower proportion of Whites, 93 vs. 86 % (p = 0.0005). There were rural-urban disparities in TAA utilization in 2003 (0.32 vs. 0.39/100,000; p = 0.021), but not in 2011 (1.19 vs. 1.17/100,00; p = 0.80). TAA outcomes did not differ by rural vs. urban residence: (1) 11.3 % rural vs. 14.2 % urban residents were discharged to an inpatient facility (p = 0.098); (2) length of hospital stay above the median stay, was 44.8 vs. 42.2 % (p = 0.30); and (3) mortality was 0.2 vs. 0.1 %, respectively (p = 0.81). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models did not show any significant differences in discharge to home, length of stay, or mortality, by residence. Our study demonstrated an absence of any evidence of rural-urban differences in TAA outcomes. The rural-urban differences in TAA utilization noted in 2003 were no longer significant in 2011.
Sunlight initiated atmospheric photochemical reactions

The Sun is the light source driving atmospheric chemistry. The wavelengths dependent photon flux is controlled by solar emission modulated by absorption of atmospheric gases, aerosols and clouds. The factors determining the characteristics of this light source, its altitude, latitude and zenith angle dependence are discussed to explain the effectiveness of the Sun in driving chemical reactions. Examples of chemical reactions occurring on the excited and the ground electronic state potential energy surfaces of molecules and radicals are used to illustrate the complexity of atmospheric photochemistry. Specifically, the near ultraviolet (UV) photochemistry of chlorine dioxide is used to exemplify electronic state reactions occurring in the atmosphere. The near infrared (IR) photochemistry of nitric and sulfuric acids are discussed to illustrate reactions important in the atmosphere which occur with solar pumping of vibrational overtone transitions in the ground electronic state of these molecules.
Internet Use by Hospice Families and Providers: A Review

This literature review explores the current evidence related to use of the Internet by hospice patients or families and palliative care/hospice professionals. The research questions guiding this study pertain to the current Internet-based interventions in hospice and palliative care and the evidence of their effectiveness. Six studies were identified as a result of an extensive literature review. These studies included research about web-based clinical interventions for patients, and patients', caregivers' and hospice/palliative care providers' use of the Internet. The majority of interventions involve accessing information via the Internet. Participants among the studies included patients, caregivers/family members, and health care professionals. Findings overall indicate effectiveness of Internet-based interventions. Both patients and professionals are using the Internet to find answers to healthcare questions, communicate, and/or deliver healthcare interventions.
The duration of infection modifies mitochondrial oxidative capacity in rat skeletal muscle.

Sepsis increases phosphocreatine (PCr) breakdown and reduces PCr stores in skeletal muscle. To determine if systemic infection impairs mitochondrial function, in vivo 13 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 31 P MRS) studies of the gastrocnemius muscle were performed in virus-free male Wistar rats 24 or 48 hr after cecal ligation and 18-gauge needle single puncture (24°CLP, n = 16 ; 48°CLP, n = 15) or sham operation (24°SHAM, n = 18 ; 48°SHAM, n = 13). Physiologic saline (6 ml/100 g body wt) was injected intraperitoneally for fluid resuscitation. Water but no food was allowed in all animals. High resolution (8.45 Tesla) 31 P MRS spectra, obtained at rest and during exercise using a 1.4-cm surface coil, were used to calculate PCr/ATP, PCr/P i ratios, and intracellular pH. Steady-state muscle exercise was induced by supramaximal sciatic nerve stimulation at 10 Hz for 10 min. Recovery of PCr/(PCr + P i ) ratios after exercise was fitted to a monoexponential curve. The resultant function was used to calculate the half time for PCr recovery, the initial PCr resynthesis rate, and the maximal oxidative ATP synthesis rate, which reflect the rephosphorylation of ADP and are therefore measures of mitochondrial oxidative capacity. PCr/ATP ratios decreased by 12 and 11%, 24 and 48 hr after CLP, respectively. The PCr/P i ratios decreased incrementally (7% in 24°CLP vs 23% in 48°CLP animals). Twenty-four hours after operation the half time for PCr recovery was shortened while the initial PCr resynthesis rate and maximal oxidative ATP synthesis rate were accelerated in CLP animals compared to controls. By 48 hr these indices of mitochondrial function were significantly slowed. Intracellular pH was well maintained in resting skeletal muscle in all animals. These data demonstrate that the reduction in high energy phosphate (PCr) stores observed during early sepsis are not secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction ; in fact, the organelles' ability to rephosphorylate ADP is enhanced.
Wideband information in MOM obtained from narrowband data

When solving radiation and/or scattering problems, the Method of Moments can give wideband information by using a Model Based Parameter Estimation technique for the expansion coefficients. The parameters are obtained by computing the values of expansion coefficients and their frequency derivatives at a fixed center frequency. This requires computing the moment matrix and its frequency derivatives. The technique is illustrated for a thin wire scatterer. Piecewise sinusoids are used as expansion functions and point matching is used for testing. The moment matrix and its derivatives can then be computed analytically. Computed results show that depending on the number of derivatives used, accurate results, including resonances, can be obtained over an octave of bandwidth.
Evidence for a hypothalamic-pituitary versus adrenal cortical effect of glycemic control on counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The epinephrine and cortisol responses to hypoglycemia are reduced in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients in strict glycemic control. However, it is not known whether these abnormalities are mediated at a central (hypothalamic-pituitary) or peripheral (adrenal) level. To examine this question, we measured counterregulatory hormone secretion during a 3-h hypoglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (12 pmol/kg.min) that lowered glucose from 5.0 to 2.2 mmol/L in steps of 0.55 mmol/L every 30 min in 13 well controlled IDDM subjects (hemoglobin A1, 7.8 +/- 0.2%), 14 poorly controlled IDDM subjects (hemoglobin A1, 12.3 +/- 1.5%), and 20 healthy volunteers. Basal levels of ACTH, cortisol, and epinephrine were similar in all 3 groups before hypoglycemia. At the nadir glucose level (2.2 mmol/L), ACTH, cortisol, and epinephrine levels were significantly lower in well controlled IDDM compared to healthy controls, and the glucose levels required for significant secretion of ACTH, cortisol, and epinephrine als...
Nanomaterials: Electrical, Magnetic, and Photonic Applications

The nanomaterials section of the April issue of JOM has a unique combination of short review papers and research papers. These papers present the recent progress on controlled synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), the discussion of a fundamental physics concept of quantum capacitance and its applications in nanoelectronics, and the exploration of novel Ti:Fe2O3-SnO2 nanostructured photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. MNPs have been extensively studied in the last few decades due to their potential applications in data storage, biomedical uses, and other possibilities. It is well known that the physicochemical properties of MNPs are size, shape, and crystallinity dependent. Therefore, for future mass applications, one key challenge is to explore reliable, scalable, and economical synthesis methods to produce MNPs with well-defined microstructures that allow for high permittivity and/or ferromagnetism at room temperature. The article ‘‘Unusual Function of Modified Polyolefins for Manipulating Magnetic Nanostructures’’ contributed by Qingliang He, Tingting Yuan, Suying Wei, and Zhanhu Guo reviews the usage of polypropylene-graftmaleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) as a polymeric surfactant for controlled synthesis of MNPs. PP-g-MA is widely used in industry as a well-known plastic additive to stabilize the inorganic materials in a polymer matrix because the PP-group and MA-group play complementary roles. Compared with other commonly used small-molecular-weight surfactants, PP-g-MA has certain advantages such as its unexpected controlling ability of the crystallinity of as-synthesized MNPs, and its compatibility with many polymers for future in situ preparation of magnetic polymer nanocomposites with desirable physicochemical properties.
Probing the low-barrier hydrogen bond in hydrogen maleate in the gas phase: a photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio study.

The strength of the low-barrier hydrogen bond in hydrogen maleate in the gas phase was investigated by low-temperature photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations. Photoelectron spectra of maleic and fumaric acid monoanions (cis-/trans-HO2CCHCHCO2-) were obtained at low temperatures and at 193 nm photon energy. Vibrational structure was observed for trans-HO2CCHCHCO2- due to the OCO bending modes; however, cis-HO2CCHCHCO2- yielded a broad and featureless spectrum. The electron binding energy of cis-HO2CCHCHCO2- is about 1 eV blue-shifted relative to trans-HO2CCHCHCO2- due to the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond in the cis-isomer. Theoretical calculations (CCSD(T)/ aug-cc-pVTZ and B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ) were carried out to estimate the strength of the intramolecular hydrogen bond in cis-HO2CCHCHCO2-. Combining experimental and theoretical calculations yields an estimate of 21.5 ± 2.0 kcal/mol for the intramolecular hydrogen bond strength in hydrogen maleate.
The Challenge of Existential Issues in Acute Care: Nursing Considerations for the Patient With a New Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

A new diagnosis of lung cancer is a highly threatening experience that raises personally relevant existential issues and brings death-related thoughts and concerns to mind. Those issues can be very disturbing to patients, leading to distress and potentially to a lowered quality of life. The purpose of this article is to present to the practicing oncology nurse the types of existential and death-related concerns that patients with a new diagnosis of lung cancer may have. In addition, the article identifies practical strategies and resources for oncology nurses who can help patients accept and manage the normal but often distressing responses to a life-threatening diagnosis.
Elimination of harmonics in a multilevel converter with nonequal DC sources

The problem of eliminating harmonics in a multilevel converter in which the separate DC sources vary is considered. That is, given a desired fundamental output voltage, the problem is to find the switching times (angles) that produce the fundamental while not generating specifically chosen harmonics. Assuming that the separate DC sources can be measured, a procedure is given to find all sets of switching angles for which the fundamental is produced while the 5th and 7th are eliminated. This is done by first converting the transcendental equations that specify the elimination of the harmonics into an equivalent set of polynomial equations. Then, using the mathematical theory of resultants, all solutions to this equivalent problem can be found. Experimental results are presented to validate the theory.
Transient paralysis from carbon dioxide angiography in a patient after four-vessel endovascular thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Contrast angiography with carbon dioxide (CO2) is frequently used in patients with renal dysfunction or iodinated contrast allergies, as CO2 is nonallergenic, nontoxic, and rapidly absorbed in the blood. However, when delivered intra-arterially, there is a possibility that CO2 may create a vapor lock with resultant transient ischemia. We describe a case of suspected CO2 embolus to the iliolumbar artery after iliac artery stenting resulting in immediate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor and sensory function. After placement of a spinal drain and elevation of mean arterial blood pressure, the patient had complete return of sensation with improvement in motor function.
Effect of Use of a Measured Dispensing Device on Oral Antibiotic Compliance

The substitution of a syringe in place of a teaspoon for the delivery of oral medications has become routine in some pediatric practices for reasons that are not clear. Although a syringe would measure dosages more accurately, most oral medications have a broad acceptable dose range. A possible advantage of syringes is that parents who receive these may be more impressed with the importance of treatment than those prescribed medications by teaspoon. To test this hypothesis, 72 patients below 24 months of age with otitis media were randomly divided into a group that received a prescription indicating amoxicillin should be given by teaspoon and a group that received a labeled syringe for this purpose. The qualitative presence of the antibiotic in urine at seven-day follow-up visit was 56 per cent among the teaspoon users and 67 per cent among syringe users, while return rates for one week appointments were 51 per cent and 32 per cent, respectively. Neither difference was significant. Use of a measured oral ...
Unpacking Alchemy: Commentary on Paper by Noelle Burton

I appreciate Noelle Burton's courageous paper in which she movingly demonstrates how the analyst's opening to her own vulnerable child self, as evoked by the analytic interaction, creates parallel openings between the patient and analyst and within the patient. At the same time, I wonder if there is a not-fully-mentalized enactment occurring in the analytic process—an enactment that is reflected in certain aspects of Burton's clinical narrative. And I wonder if the containment of Burton's childlike feelings—a central focus of her paper—is even more interactive than she has recognized. These questions are, however, overshadowed by the paper's significant creative (clinical and conceptual) contribution.
Modulo scheduling with multiple initiation intervals

Modulo scheduling is a well defined local scheduling based software pipelining technique. One disadvantage of traditional modulo scheduling is that it has a single initiation interval (II) for loops with multiple execution paths. Thus, shorter or more frequently executed paths will be penalized by longer or less frequently executed paths. Furthermore, for architectures with predicated execution, this single-II must be large enough to satisfy the resource and recurrence requirements of all operations from all execution paths rather than the requirements of the most constrained path. In this paper, a multiple-II modulo scheduling technique is proposed for architectures with predicated execution. This enhancement to modulo scheduling maintains the benefits of a local scheduling based approach while reducing the effective II.
Pathogenesis to Treatment: Preventing Preterm Birth Mediated by Infection

Prevention of preterm birth and subsequent newborn immaturity is a primary goal of obstetrical care worldwide. Accumulated evidence shows that 1) as many as 25–50% of preterm births are caused by common genital tract infections and subsequent maternal/fetal inflammatory responses; 2) microbial and maternal host factors (phospholipases, proteases, etc.) play roles in preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes (pPROM); 3) integrated aspects of maternal and fetal host responses (inflammation, altered immune adaptations, endocrine and paracrine mechanisms) play increasingly understood roles in premature activation of parturition; and 4) identification and systemic treatment of common genitourinary infections, most importantly bacterial vaginosis (BV), reduce the risks of preterm delivery and PROM.
Protecting multicast sessions in WDM optical mesh networks

Recent advances in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technology are expected to facilitate bandwidth-intensive multicast applications. However, a single fiber (bundle) cut on such a network can disrupt the transmission of information to several destination nodes on a "light tree"-based multicast session. Thus, it is imperative to protect multicast sessions e.g., by reserving resources along backup trees. We show that, if a backup tree is directed-link-disjoint to its primary counterpart, then data loss can be prevented in the event of any single link failure. We provide mathematical formulations for efficient routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) of several multicast sessions (including their backup trees for dedicated protection) at a globally optimum cost. We present these formulations for networks equipped with two kinds of multicast-capable switch architectures: one using the opaque (O-E-O) approach and the other using transparent (all-optical) approach. We expand our formulations to accommodate sparse splitting constraints in a network, in which an optical splitter has limited splitting fanout and each node has a limited number of such splitters. We develop a profit-maximizing model that would enable a network operator to be judicious in selecting sessions and simultaneously routing the chosen ones optimally. We illustrate the solutions obtained from solving these optimization problem formulations for a representative-size network.
Digital neural emulators using tree accumulation and communication structures

Three digital artificial neural network processors suitable for the emulation of fully interconnected neural networks are proposed. The processors use N/sup 2/ multipliers and an arrangement of tree structures that provide the communication and accumulation function either individually or in a combined manner using communicating adder trees. The performance for the emulation of an N-neuron network for all processors is achieved in 2log/sub 2/N+C time units, where C is a constant equal to the multiplication, neuron activation, and internal fixed delays. The feasibility and characteristics of the proposed configurations to emulate single and/or multiple neural networks simultaneously are discussed, and a comparison with recently proposed neurocomputer architectures is reported. >
Catalytically Assisted Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Tantalum Carbide Powders

The use of gas-phase iodine and carbon dioxide as transport agents in the tantalum/carbon/tantalum carbide combustion synthesis system has been examined to determine the effects of transport agents on product composition and microstructure. Two tantalum reactant particle sizes, a range of transport agent concentrations, and total pressures were studied. The effects of the combustion conditions on product morphology and composition were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption (specific surface area), and X-ray diffraction analyses. The results of the investigation indicate that the presence of the iodine vapor and carbon dioxide significantly enhances the combustion synthesis process, leading to higher conversion efficiencies and influencing product microstructure. The results are discussed in the context of gas-phase and solid-phase transport models.
On covering distant minterms by the camp algorithm

The computer-aided minimization procedure (CAMP) algorithm is a minterm-based computer-aided procedure for the minimization of single Boolean functions. Major modifications of the algorithm are presented. They allow it always to obtain the minimum cover covering all the uncovered minterms, both adjacent and distant, in the normal mode. In the branch mode, the solution may not be minimum in many cases. However, a new theorem introduced in the algorithm allows it to switch to the branch mode only when it is inevitable. The improved algorithm also has a mechanism which ensures the largest possible dimension for each cube of the solution. >
LPCVD polysilicon films with controlled curvature for optical MEMS: the MultiPoly/sup TM/ process

A new technique is presented for producing polysilicon films with predetermined stress profiles. Polysilicon films deposited by LPCVD exhibit tensile or compressive residual stresses, depending on the deposition temperature. Polysilicon films comprised of alternating tensile and compressive layers can display any overall value of stress and stress gradient. We call the multilayer material MultiPoly/sup TM/ and the process the MultiPoly/sup TM/ process. Structures made from these films can be designed to display deliberate curvatures as-fabricated resulting in novel optical devices, such as focusing mirrors. Electrostatic actuation can be used to modify the shapes of these polysilicon structures, creating optical switches.
Under construction: : development, democracy, and difference as determinants of systemic liberal peace

The widely documented dyadic democratic peace observation has led to optimism that the spread of democracy might prove pacifying even outside of democratic dyads. Yet, tensions between the logic of liberal peace in dyads and systems suggest that economic development may be better suited than democracy as a determinant of systemic liberal peace. In particular, regime type heterogeneity (difference) stands to increase conflict at the system level. We argue that there exists a systemic developmental peace, in which increased wealth encourages powerful developed nations to discourage other countries from fighting, even as these same developed states continue to use force in service of their own private objectives. We also separate out the effects of aggregate democracy from regime type difference in our analysis. Systemic and cross-level statistical tests support the following propositions: greater systemic development encourages peace, difference propagates war, and increased systemic democracy has no consistent impact on interstate conflict.
Polyrotaxanes by free‐radical polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate monomers in the presence of a crown ether

Poly[(methyl acrylate)-rotaxa-(30-crown-10)] (5) and poly[(methyl methacrylate)-rotaxa-(30-crown-10)] (6) were synthesized by azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated free-radical bulk polymerizations of the respective monomers in the presence of 30-crown-10 (1; equimolar; 5 times the monomer mass). For 5, 3.8 mass % (0.81 mol % with respect to the monomer) of the crown was incorporated versus 1.7 mass % (0.39 mol % with respect to the monomer) for 6. Control reactions with 18-crown-6, which is to small to be threaded, showed that chain transfer to the crown ethers was detectable only for the acrylate but was relatively negligible and spectroscopically distinct. The threading yields were much higher with these systems than with polystyrene, most likely because of the greater compatibility of the crown ether with these polar monomers and polymers and the consequent ability to carry out the polymerizations homogeneously in the absence of added solvent; however, the threading process was still essentially statistical. Therefore, the polymerization of methacrylate monomers 8a-8c based on tetraarylmethane moieties connected via diethyleneoxy or triethyleneoxy spacers was examined in the presence of 1 in the belief that the supramolecular semirotaxane monomer 9 formed statistically in situ could be captured more efficiently and produce higher threading yields, presumably of side-chain polyrotaxanes, than the simple (meth)acrylate monomers. Azobisisobutyronitrile-initiated polymerizations either neat or in toluene produced polyrotaxanes 10 with up to about 1.6 mass % and 2 mol % threaded crown ether, presumably trapped on the pendant stoppered side chains. Although primarily statistical in nature, the latter rotaxane syntheses afforded on a molar basis 3-7 times more efficient incorporation of 1 than styrene (0.33 mol %), methyl acrylate (0.81 mol %), or methyl methacrylate (0.39 mol %) monomers for the preparation of main-chain polypseudorotaxanes and indeed even surpassed the 60-crown-20/polyacrylonitrile system (1.5 mol %). This was presumed to be due to the fact that the loss of the crown ether, once it was threaded onto the monomer to form 9 and the latter was polymerized, was either retarded (by the tetraphenylmethyl stopper in 10a) or prevented completely [by tris(p-t-butylphenyl)phenylmethyl stoppers in 10b and 10c].
Stabilization of Networked Control Systems via Switching Controllers: an Average Dwell Time Approach

This paper deals with the problem of switching between an open-loop estimator and a close-loop estimator for compensating transmission error and packet dropout of networked control systems. An average dwell time scheme and piecewise Lyapunov function method are used to analyze the exponential stability of such closed loop system. Given the maximal packet dropout rate, a sufficient condition for exponential stability under average dwell time is presented. An exponential decay degree and a lower bound of average dwell time are explicitly given. Switching controllers are designed by means of linear matrix inequalities.
Stock splits: Signaling or liquidity? The case of ADR ‘solo-splits’

Abstract Stock splits should have no effect on firm value in perfect capital markets, yet stock prices increase on split announcements. The two traditional explanations are information signaling and improved liquidity for shares that trade at lower prices. We investigate these explanations by studying splits of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) that are not associated with splits in their home-country stock, and which represent unique illustrations of the effect of liquidity. We interpret our findings as supportive of the liquidity explanation of stock split announcement effects.
Isotope-specific and amino acid-specific heavy atom substitutions alter barrier crossing in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase

Computational chemistry predicts that atomic motions on the femtosecond timescale are coupled to transition-state formation (barrier-crossing) in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). The prediction is experimentally supported by slowed catalytic site chemistry in isotopically labeled PNP (13C, 15N, and 2H). However, other explanations are possible, including altered volume or bond polarization from carbon-deuterium bonds or propagation of the femtosecond bond motions into slower (nanoseconds to milliseconds) motions of the larger protein architecture to alter catalytic site chemistry. We address these possibilities by analysis of chemistry rates in isotope-specific labeled PNPs. Catalytic site chemistry was slowed for both [2H]PNP and [13C, 15N]PNP in proportion to their altered protein masses. Secondary effects emanating from carbon–deuterium bond properties can therefore be eliminated. Heavy-enzyme mass effects were probed for local or global contributions to catalytic site chemistry by generating [15N, 2H]His8-PNP. Of the eight His per subunit, three participate in contacts to the bound reactants and five are remote from the catalytic sites. [15N, 2H]His8-PNP had reduced catalytic site chemistry larger than proportional to the enzymatic mass difference. Altered barrier crossing when only His are heavy supports local catalytic site femtosecond perturbations coupled to transition-state formation. Isotope-specific and amino acid specific labels extend the use of heavy enzyme methods to distinguish global from local isotope effects.
Rumen availabilities of nonstructural carbohydrate and protein estimated from in situ incubation of ingredients versus diets

Four diets formulated for high and low levels of rumen available nonstructural carbohydrate and protein were incubated in situ. Ingredients used to formulate these diets were incubated separately to determine if the degradation characteristics of the mixed diets could be predicted from the ingredients. A second objective was to determine if the level of rumen available nonstructural carbohydrate or protein affected degradation. Rumen availability of nonstructural carbohydrate was predicted within 4% and rumen available protein within 6% when estimates were made from ingredients versus the total diets. Diets that contained lower levels of rumen available protein had slower rates of degradation of dry matter, protein, and nonstructural carbohydrate than predicted from ingredients but rate estimate differences were not large enough to cause significant differences in actual versus predicted ruminal availabilities. Lower ruminal ammonia and(or) peptides may have inhibited degradation rate when cows were fed lower rumen available protein diets. Diets can be formulated for different ruminal availabilities of nonstructural carbohydrate and protein when these estimates are made from ingredients incubated in situ. Degradation rates of diets may be over-predicted if slowly degrading protein sources are used.
The Day I Felt Most Like a Nurse

[The nurse] is temporarily the consciousness of the unconscious, the love of life of the suicidal, the leg of the amputee, the eyes of the newly blind, a means of locomotion for the infant, knowledge and confidence for the young mother, the [voice]for those too weak or withdrawn to speak.—Henderson, 1964.*
Chariots : A Scalable Shared Log for Data Management in Multi-Datacenter Cloud Environments

Web-based applications face unprecedented workloads demanding the processing of a large number of events reaching to the millions per second. That is why developers are increasingly relying on scalable cloud platforms to implement cloud applications. Chariots exposes a shared log to be used by cloud applications. The log is essential for many tasks like bookkeeping, recovery, and debugging. Logs offer linearizability and simple append and read operations of immutable records to facilitate building complex systems like stream processors and transaction managers. As a cloud platform, Chariots offers fault-tolerance, persistence, and high-availability, transparently. Current shared log infrastructures suffer from the bottleneck of serializing log records through a centralized server which limits the throughput to that of a single machine. We propose a novel distributed log store, called the Fractal Log Store (FLStore), that overcomes the bottleneck of a single-point of contention. FLStore maintains the log within the datacenter. We also propose Chariots, which provides multi-datacenter replication for shared logs. In it, FLStore is leveraged as the log store. Chariots maintains causal ordering of records in the log and has a scalable design that allows elastic expansion of resources.
Did limits on payments for tobacco placements in US movies affect how movies are made

Objective To compare how smoking was depicted in Hollywood movies before and after an intervention limiting paid product placement for cigarette brands. Design Correlational analysis. Setting/Participants Top box office hits released in the USA primarily between 1988 and 2011 (n=2134). Intervention The Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), implemented in 1998. Main outcome measures This study analyses trends for whether or not movies depicted smoking, and among movies with smoking, counts for character smoking scenes and average smoking scene duration. Results There was no detectable trend for any measure prior to the MSA. In 1999, 79% of movies contained smoking, and movies with smoking contained 8 scenes of character smoking, with the average duration of a character smoking scene being 81 s. After the MSA, there were significant negative post-MSA changes (p −16 . Conclusions This study9s correlational data suggest that restricting payments for tobacco product placement coincided with profound changes in the duration of smoking depictions in movies.
A syndrome of erectile dysfunction in young men

Erectile dysfunction in young men is an increasingly common chief complaint seen in urology clinics across the world (1). The international urologic community has taken an increased interest in this topic, with experts in the field of andrology and sexual dysfunction publishing multiple review articles (2,3) and an AUA Update Series Lesson (4) dedicated to this concerning issue. These articles skillfully address the epidemiology and diagnostic evaluation of ED and categorize ED into psychogenic or organic causes, addressing treatment options with specific interventions for each of the most common diagnoses.
Analysis of natural H2O + CO2 + NaCl fluid inclusions in the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell

A hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) was used to heat natural H 2 O + CO 2 + NaCl fluid inclusions in quartz. Heating in the HDAC allows external pressure (the fluid pressure on the host mineral) to be regulated so the total homogenization of the aqueous and carbonic phases at high temperature can be observed and recorded with minimal risk of decrepitation. The total homogenization temperature, the CO 2 -clathrate melting temperature, and the homogenization temperature of the carbonic phase can be used precisely to calculate the pressure of total homogenization (on the solvus) and the corresponding isochore. The equation of state of Duan et al. (1995) was used to calculate the solvus pressure by an iterative technique of varying the mole fraction CO 2 and the solvus pressure with a given total homogenization temperature and NaCl:H 2 O molar ratio. Bulk molar volume values of the calculated fluids were iterated into a mixing equation for the aqueous and carbonic phases at low temperature until the fluid compositions, predicted by both equations, were identical. Quartz samples from the Adirondack Mountains, New York, were used in the heating experiments. Seven H 2 O + CO 2 + NaCl fluid inclusions from post-metamorphic, hydrothermal cavities near Moose River yielded homogenization temperatures of 185–232 °C and homogenization pressures of 863 to 1870 bars. Two H 2 O + CO 2 + NaCl fluid inclusions from a drill core at the Willsboro wollastonite mine yielded homogenization temperatures of 310 °C and 324 °C and homogenization pressures of 3893 and 5333 bars, respectively. These inclusions are interpreted to have formed along a retrograde path characterized by early isobaric cooling and later isothermal decompression following Ottawan-age metamorphism.
Abstract B14: Howard University Cancer Center's Mammoday yields results in the fight against breast cancer

B14 Background Washington D.C. has one of the highest breast cancer mortality rates in the country(30.3 per 100,000)*. In June 2003, Howard University Cancer Center started Mammoday, a free breast cancer screening program for women in the Washington, D.C. area to help remedy this egregious public health disparity. Mammograms, in conjunction with clinical breast exams, are provided to low income, underinsured or uninsured women who are at least 40 years of age. Methods All participants complete a survey that takes into account all of the major breast cancer risk factors before being examined by a physician. The women then receive a clinical breast examination and mammogram. If the results warrant further investigation, an ultrasound and biopsy is offered at no cost to the patient. If the findings are positive, the patient will receive assistance from a patient navigator to obtain the health coverage needed for treatment. The survey data, the clinical breast examination, and radiologic results are all recorded for analysis. Results Using a pure frequency analysis, with a sample size of 243 patients, 17.0% resulted in an abnormal clinical breast exam and 12.9% resulted in an abnormal mammogram. Over the four years that the program has been in existence, 304 women have received breast cancer screening and 10 women have been diagnosed with breast cancer. Conclusion The results prove the necessity for a screening program such as Mammoday, by discovering breast cancers that otherwise would have gone unnoticed . The importance of this program registers with the patients and leads to a follow-up rate of 19.4%.Due to its success, the program plans to expand by increasing the number of screenings per year in order to further impact the glaring statistics of breast cancer mortality in the District of Columbia. *American Cancer Society, Surveillance Research , 2007 Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):B14.
Differential adsorption of small molecules in spatially functionalized porous silicon nanostructures.

An experimental approach to rapidly quantify the relative affinity of a small molecule analyte for two different surfaces is described. The method uses optical measurements of high surface area porous Si thin films that contain two spatially distinct surface chemistries. The chemistries are placed on the walls of the ∼10 nm diameter pores of the porous Si film by means of microdroplet patterning, where a chemical resist is drop-coated on the porous Si sample to define distinct regions across the plane of the chip. In this work, the two chemistries consist of a hydrophilic silicon oxide surface and a hydrophobic methyl-terminated silicon surface. Detection is achieved by simultaneous optical reflectance measurements of both regions, where the reflectance spectrum contains a convolution of the Fabry-Perot interference spectrum of both the oxide and the methyl-grafted layers. The differential partitioning of a test analyte (2-acetoxybenzoic acid or diphenyl ether) from aqueous solution is determined from the Fourier transform of the optical interference spectrum. The approach is rapid and nondestructive, and it can be performed on a small sample volume as a means to quantify the partition behavior of small molecules.
Renin-Like Substance in Blood after Hemorrhage.

Discussion and ConclusionsThe observed phenomena are consistent with the concept that the blood of the normal animal, with normal pulse pressure, contains activator but no renin whereas blood taken after hemorrhage when the pulse pressure may be low contains demonstrable amounts of a renin-like substance. Moreover, since the gut always responds slowly to posthemorrhagic blood, it seems likely that this blood contains a diminished amount of activator, since the usual response to a mixture of renin and activator is prompt. Prehemorrhagic blood, which according to this concept contains no renin is incapable of sensitizing the gut to either pre- or posthemorrhagic blood. The results in the single exceptional experiment already cited might be explained by assuming a low renin activator or high renin inhibitor content in the normal blood of the animal in question.If, as it appears, the renin content of blood increases after hemorrhage, when the effect of such an increase would help restore the blood pressure to...
Dimer breaking and high-temperature ferromagnetism in LaCo 2 ( Ge 1 − x P x ) 2

We report the destabilization of the lattice collapsed phase of ${\text{LaCo}}_{2}{\text{Ge}}_{2}$ due to $X\text{\ensuremath{-}}X$ $(X={\text{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{P}}_{x})$ dimer breaking in the ${\text{LaCo}}_{2}{({\text{Ge}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{P}}_{x})}_{2}$ solid solution. The magnetic properties of the system are strongly affected. P substitution for Ge can first be understood as a simple band-filling effect that drives the system from a Pauli paramagnet to a ferromagnet for $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.7$. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature $({T}_{\text{C}})$ reaches 230 K for $x=0.7$. For $0.7\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1$, however, the extra electron donated by the P substitution is consumed in breaking the $X\text{\ensuremath{-}}X$ dimers present, decreasing the layer-to-layer magnetic coupling and correspondingly suppressing ${T}_{\text{C}}$.
Acute Stress Decreases but Chronic Stress Increases Myocardial Sensitivity to Ischemic Injury in Rodents

Cardiovascular disease is the largest cause of mortality worldwide, and stress is a significant contributor to the development of cardiovascular disease. The relationship between acute and chronic stress and cardiovascular disease is well-evidenced. Acute stress can lead to arrhythmias and ischemic injury. However, recent evidence in rodent models suggests that acute stress can decrease sensitivity to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Conversely, chronic stress is arrythmogenic and increases sensitivity to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Few studies have examined the impact of validated animal models of stress-related psychological disorders on the ischemic heart. This review examines the work that has been completed using rat models to study the effects of stress on myocardial sensitivity to ischemic injury. Utilization of animal models of stress-related psychological disorders is critical in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders in patients experiencing stress-related psychiatric conditions.
Epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Yichang, Hubei province, 2008-2012

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Yichang from 2008 to 2012,and to provide scientific evidence for making preventive measures. Method Descriptive epidemiology was used to study the incidence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease in Yichang from 2008 to 2012..Results Totally 20 774 HFMD cases were reported with an annual incidence rate of 104.80 / 105.There were 2 serious cases and no dead case was found.92.19% of the cases were children younger than 6 years old.The incidence in the male subjects(121.53 / 105) was higher than the female subjects(86.99 / 105),and the difference was significant(χ2=564.423,P0.01). The incidence of HFMD in the five counties in Yichang(134.57 / 105) was higher than the other 8 villages / districts(89.83 / 105,χ2=843.08,P0.01).Labor distribution majors in scattered children(46.99%) and children in kindergarten(46.62%); The peak incidence was between April and July, and the second peak was between November and December.Laboratory-confirmed cases take 3.32%(689 / 20 774) of total reported number of cases, samples positive rate is 60.12%(689 / 1146).In confirmed cases, EV71 takes 31.93%(220 cases),CoxA16 takes 39.33%(271 cases),other enteroviruses takes 28.74%(198 cases). Conclusions Handfoot-and-mouth disease has a distinct epidemiological features(seasonal occurrence,age,gender and geographical distribution) in the Yichang city. Surveillance and education should be strengthened.
237 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEPATITIS C AND BACTEREMIA IN HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH CATHETERS.

Hemodialysis (HD) patients with double-lumen vascular access catheters (D-VAC) are at substantial risk for bacteremia. In this regard, we have shown a rising incidence of gram-negative bacteremia in these patients from 2000-2004 (Alexandraki et al. J Am Soc Nephrol, in press). In a subset analysis of this cohort, 28% were also seropositive for hepatitis C (HepC), suggesting an association between the two infections. To further address this question, we identified a historical control group by reviewing the available medical records of 111 HD patients with D-VAC and bacteremia who received dialysis treatments at our institution between 2002 and 2004. In addition, the charts of 39 patients currently on dialysis and with a D-VAC were reviewed. For these 150 patients, demographics included age 48 6 3.9 years (mean 6 SEM), 47% male, and 81% African American. For this study all charts were screened for HepC serologies and a history of bacteremia. 146 patients met these entry criteria for the study. In this group, 131 patients (107 historical controls and 24 current patients) (90%) had a history of documented bacteremia (BAC), and 15 (10%) had never had an episode (CON). When compared to CON, BAC had a significantly higher incidence of HepC seropositivity (28 vs 7%, respectively, p = .042, chi square). When the historical controls were sorted by offending organism (gram-negative [GNO], gram positive [GPO], or polymicrobial [POLY]), there were no differences in the incidence of HepC seroconversion (9/32 [23%], 13/40 [27%], and 10/35 [24%] for GNO, GPO, and POLY, respectively). When sorted by offending organism, HIV seroconversion status did not differ among historical controls (0, 2, and 2% for GNO, GPO, and POLY, respectively). There were insufficient data in CON patients for an analysis of HIV status. Conclusion HepC seroconversion rates are higher in HD patients with D-VAC and bacteremia than in patients never experiencing a bacteremic episode. These data raise questions about possible immunomodulatory effects of HepC that may affect susceptibility to bacteremia. Showing a pathophysiologic role for HepC in D-VAC-associated bacteremia may influence approaches to HepC management and affect clinical decision making in patients with D-VAC.
Nine year old boy with chromosome 1q23.3-q25.1 deletion.

Interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 1 are rare, and recent reports of individuals with molecularly characterized deletions have resulted in advances in genotype-phenotype correlation. The recognizable phenotype associated with 1q23.3-q25.1 includes pre- and post-natal growth retardation, microcephaly, intellectual disability, delayed language acquisition, small hands and feet with brachydactyly and single palmar crease, and distinctive facial features including short bulbous nose, micrognathia, and ear malformations. We report a patient with an 11.35 Mb deletion from 1q23.3-q25.1 who has these features in addition to a rarely reported complication-profound sensorineural hearing loss. He has both pre- and post-natal growth deficiency and growth hormone deficiency that was diagnosed at age 2 years. However, unlike other individuals with this deletion and growth hormone deficiency, this boy has responded to treatment with human growth hormone. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.