cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Multi-Modular System-Genetics (MMSG) Approach for Deep Representation Learning for Personalized Treatment of Cancer Using Sensitivity Analysis of Precision Drugs and Gene Expression Data

One-size-fits-all has never succeeded profoundly and this is the reason why personalization has become so important. Many fatal diseases face such problem due to intense and risky medication procedures with immense side effects. Personalized medication through precision medicine is the new big thing that will provide better treatment solution through analysis and artificial intelligence. In this work, we have introduced for the first time a multi-modular training approach (MMSG+DRRL/ERRL) for generalized representation for cancer drug prediction based on gene expression for personalized treatment through the use of different system-genetics information like subclinical medical information to determine their suitability. We have shown how different modular information can be used computationally to enhance prediction behavior using the genetic and subcategory information of cancer diseases. Subcategorization analysis can decode many useful information of the disease and can help in better treatment modeling. We have shown for the first time how we can use the subcategory information to extract sensitivity of cancer cell lines for different drugs, a procedure never tried before. We have utilized the best practices of the feature training for deep learning to determine the interacting genes for particular drugs.
How Firm Are the Foundations of Mind-Set Theory? The Claims Appear Stronger Than the Evidence:

Mind-set refers to people’s beliefs about whether attributes are malleable (growth mind-set) or unchangeable ( fixed mind-set). Proponents of mind-set theory have made bold claims about mind-set’s ...
An Initial Value Method for Trajectory Optimization Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods developed to solve the trajectory optimization problem, which is defined in the chapter as a special form of the problem of Bolza from the calculus of variations. Most methods for solving this problem require partial derivatives of the equations with respect to the variables. A set of homogenous, linear differential equations are derived whose solution gives the desired partials. Several numerical schemes for solving the initial value problem are presented. They include the Newton-Raphson method, the Fletcher-Powell scheme, and some others. A new predictor scheme is presented in the chapter, which is a very powerful tool when the solutions can be described in terms of a parameter. A sufficiency theorem for a strong relative minimum is presented, which is suitable for mechanization on the computer. An “absolute minimum” test is also discussed. This does not necessarily establish global sufficiency, but allows a large region of solution space to be examined for other solutions to the optimization problem.
Human INCL fibroblasts display abnormal mitochondrial and lysosomal networks and heightened susceptibility to ROS-induced cell death

Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (INCL) is a pediatric neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive retinal and central nervous system deterioration during infancy. This lysosomal storage disorder results from a deficiency in the Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1) enzyme - a lysosomal hydrolase which cleaves fatty acid chains such as palmitate from lipid-modified proteins. In the absence of PPT1 activity, these proteins fail to be degraded, leading to the accumulation of autofluorescence storage material in the lysosome. The underlying molecular mechanisms leading to INCL pathology remain poorly understood. A role for oxidative stress has been postulated, yet little evidence has been reported to support this possibility. Here we present a comprehensive cellular characterization of human PPT1-deficient fibroblast cells harboring Met1Ile and Tyr247His compound heterozygous mutations. We detected autofluorescence storage material and observed distinct organellar abnormalities of the lysosomal and mitochondrial structures, which supported previous postulations about the role of ER, mitochondria and oxidative stress in INCL. An increase in the number of lysosomal structures was found in INCL patient fibroblasts, which suggested an up-regulation of lysosomal biogenesis, and an association with endoplasmic reticulum stress response. The mitochondrial network also displayed abnormal spherical punctate morphology instead of normal elongated tubules with extensive branching, supporting the involvement of mitochondrial and oxidative stress in INCL cell death. Autofluorescence accumulation and lysosomal pathologies can be mitigated in the presence of conditioned wild type media suggesting that a partial restoration via passive introduction of the enzyme into the cellular environment may be possible. We also demonstrated, for the first time, that human INCL fibroblasts have a heightened susceptibility to exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced cell death, which suggested an elevated basal level of endogenous ROS in the mutant cell. Collectively, these findings support the role of intracellular organellar networks in INCL pathology, possibly due to oxidative stress.
Evolutionary Changes in Adipose Tissue Physiology

It is now about 10 years since the intensive investigation of adipose tissue began. Until the 1930’s, this tissue was considered a metabolically inert depot of excess calories stored as triglyceride. During the next 3 decades, a series of key observations gradually kindled interest in the possibility of a more dynamic role of the adipose organ in the body’s metabolism: The capacity of pituitary extracts to cause an acute mobilization of adipose tissue lipid (Best and Campbell, 1936); demonstration of the rapid turnover of adipose lipid by Schoenheimer and Rittenberg (1936); the avid uptake of glucose, and incorporation of the hexose carbons into stored lipid, by adipose tissue slices incubated in vitro (Shapiro and Wertheimer, 1948;Hausberger et al, 1954); discovery in 1956 of the circulating free fatty acids (FFA), recognition that this plasma lipid is secreted into the blood by the fat cells, and demonstration that its plasma concentration fluctuates continuously in rapid response to changes in carbohydrate intake and utilization (Gordon and Cherkes, 1956; Dole, 1956; Laurell, 1956).
Determination of Femtosecond Laser Direct Written Waveguide Refractive Index using Machine Learning

A machine learning-based model was trained on beam propagation simulation data of a femtosecond laser direct written 1-D waveguide array structure with varying refractive indices, to predict the refractive index difference of laser-induced waveguide.
“No trabajaré pa' ellos”: Entrepreneurship as a form of state resistance in Havana, Cuba

Strict state policies and regulations restrict private‐sector growth in Cuba. And yet, many people (scholars and others) view Cuban entrepreneurialism as a celebrated feature of recent Cuban economic transformations. Entrepreneurship usually surges under more liberalized circumstances, where resources are more readily available or individual economic actors are given opportunities to use their flexibility to innovate new or enhanced products and services that fill market gaps. In Cuba, however, the state maintains strong control over the economy, firmly regulating access to resources and restricting the possibilities for entrepreneurial growth and ingenuity. Furthermore, entrepreneurs are often pitted against the political‐economic morals of the state. And yet, Cubans continue to enter this precarious line of work. This article explores this contradiction, asking, why do entrepreneurs choose to engage in entrepreneurship in the first place, and how might their entrepreneurial activities help them respond to barriers left by the state? I draw from ethnographic research conducted in Havana (2018–19) to argue that entrepreneurship in Cuba is driven not just in spite of but also because of restrictive government policies and regulations and that entrepreneurial strategies can be innovative and flexible forms of state resistance.
Identifying and Analyzing Health-Related Themes in Disinformation Shared by Conservative and Liberal Russian Trolls on Twitter.

To combat health disinformation shared online, there is a need to identify and characterize the prevalence of topics shared by trolls managed by individuals to promote discord. The current literature is limited to a few health topics and dominated by vaccination. The goal of this study is to identify and analyze the breadth of health topics discussed by left (liberal) and right (conservative) Russian trolls on Twitter. We introduce an automated framework based on mixed methods including both computational and qualitative techniques. Results suggest that Russian trolls discussed 48 health-related topics, ranging from diet to abortion. Out of the 48 topics, there was a significant difference (p-value ≤ 0.004) between left and right trolls based on 17 topics. Hillary Clinton’s health during the 2016 election was the most popular topic for right trolls, who discussed this topic significantly more than left trolls. Mental health was the most popular topic for left trolls, who discussed this topic significantly more than right trolls. This study shows that health disinformation is a global public health threat on social media for a considerable number of health topics. This study can be beneficial for researchers who are interested in political disinformation and health monitoring, communication, and promotion on social media by showing health information shared by Russian trolls.
Quasi-Steady Effective Angle of Attack and Its Use in Lift-Equivalent Motion Design

The effective angle of attack of an airfoil is a composite mathematical expression from quasi-steady thin-airfoil theory that combines the geometric contribution to the angle of attack with pitchin...
Masses of the Sternoclavicular Area: Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Objective Masses of the sternoclavicular area are rare, and are not well described in the literature. We aim to present a series of patients with masses in this location and to review all reported English language cases of sternoclavicular masses in pediatric patients. Methods This is a case series of pediatric patients with masses of the sternoclavicular area presenting to a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 2010 through 2017. Data was collected by using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes to query the electronic medical record. Chart review included age at presentation, mass characteristics, medical and surgical interventions, and pathology results. A review of the literature was then performed. Results Ten patients with masses overlying the sternoclavicular area were identified. Four patients presented with abscess and were treated with incision and drainage. Three of these patients were then treated with staged excision once infection cleared. Two additional patients were treated with primary excision. Four patients were treated with observation. The most common histopathologic finding was epidermoid. One patient was found to have a dermoid cyst, and 1 had a congenital cartilaginous rest. Conclusion Epidermoids and dermoids are the most common masses overlying the sternoclavicular area. Controversy remains regarding the embryologic origin of sternoclavicular masses. The differential for masses in this area also includes branchial remnants, bronchogenic cysts, ganglion cysts, or septic arthritis.
Case 5: Ether Is the Only Anesthetic and You Have Never Given One

As a young registrar (resident) in King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa, in the early 1970s, I was given a challenge by one of my faculty, Dr. Barwise. The task was to give a mask ether anesthetic via a Mapleson A system to a spontaneously breathing patient, as the sole anesthetic. The Mapleson A was attached to an anesthetic machine like the one in Case 1. Oxygen would flow through a Boyle’s bottle full of ether. My first sole ether anesthetic was not pretty, as my patient, a very strong ASA 1 gentleman (6′4″, 250 lbs), began to cough and leap about on the operating table. Dr. Barwise called nurses to come and help hold the patient. Eventually the patient went to sleep but it took over 30 min and we were all exhausted.
Dual Variables and Conserved Currents

The connection between an infinite set of symmetries and Kramers-Wannier dual transformations is studied. A proof is given for the existence of hidden symmetry in the three Euclidean dimensional functional formulation of Yang-Mills theory. The similarity of this path dependent formalism with the ‘t Hooft order-disorder dual parameters is discussed. A simple model, the one dimensional XYZ spin chain, which has both an infinite set of quantum conserved charges and a Kramers-Wannier like transformation is identified.
The Valency of Human γM Immunoglobulin Antibody

Abstract A human macroglobulin (γM) was separated from the serum of normal donors who had been immunized with typhoid vaccine. The γM antibody to Salmonella typhi O 12 antigen was obtained by chromatography of the γM-globulin on a column of specific immunoadsorbent. The somatic antigen, i.e. the lipopolysaccharide of S. typhi, was extracted from the bacterium and partially hydrolyzed. A tetrasaccharide, which is the antigenic determinant of the lipopolysaccharide, was separated by paper chromatography. Equilibrium dialysis of the purified γM antibody with the tetrasaccharide showed that the antibody had 10 antigen-combining sites per molecule and an association constant with antigen of 2.7 x 104.
Glial Restricted Precursors

The most numerous of the cells of the central nervous system (CNS) are the glia. These cells, which include the myelin-forming oligodendrocytes of the white matter and the ubiquitous astrocytes, play many roles in normal development and in disease. A subject of study since the time of del Rio de Hortega, a great deal of knowledge has been obtained regarding the development and function of these cells. Nonetheless, it must be recognized that we are still far from having a comprehensive understanding of the origins and biology of the glia. The extent to which our knowledge is still in its early stages is reflected in the often inadequate nomenclature with which to discuss the complexity already believed to exist. As this can make the literature confusing, Table 1 provides a list of terms used in this field and the cells to which these terms correspond.
Air Bag Parameter Study with Out-Of-Position Small Female Test Devices

The development of the Advanced Restraint System has lead to an innovative way in which we evaluate the systems effect on the occupant. This paper presents some initial investigation into the driver airbag system that consists of an inflator, cushion fold, tear seam pattern, and offset of the airbag cover to steering wheel rim plane. An initial DOE is reviewed to establish significant parameters and to identify equations for further investigation.
Inferring earthquake source properties from laboratory observations and the scope of lab contributions to source physics

I summarize implications of lab-measured high slip speed fault strength for earthquake source properties as could be inferred from radiated displacements. Source physics influence the radiated field through the magnitude of dissipative processes that reduce the energy available to be radiated. Based on the energy budget I conclude, as others have previously, that the static stress drop and a measure of efficiency, the ratio of apparent stress to static stress drop, are particularly useful for classifying source physics. For the limited laboratory experiments on known mechanisms of high speed strength loss, low temperature friction, flash weakening, bulk melting, and unexpected weakening associated with silica gel formation, I estimate the implied stress drop and efficiency, with reference to typical (MPa stress drops, 20% efficiency). Conventional friction produces typical stress drops and typical efficiencies, thus it can naturally explain source properties of typical earthquakes. Unexpected weakening produces large stress drops and typical efficiencies. This is not a likely mechanism to produce typical earthquakes but could be involved in exceptional events. Flash weakening produces high efficiency and is not a likely mechanism for producing typical earthquake source properties. Dynamic stress drops would be very large and on-fault effective shear fracture energies are negligible. Similar to flash weakening, bulk melting will produce large dynamic stress drops. Not enough is known at present to estimate efficiency; the on-fault effective shear fracture energy is relatively small.
Convex Hulls of Quadratically Parameterized Sets With Quadratic Constraints

Let V be a semialgebraic set parameterized as $$\{(f_1(x),\ldots,f_m(x)):x\in T)\}$$ for quadratic polynomials f 0,…,f m and a subset T of R n . This paper studies semidefinite representation of the convex hull conv(V) or its closure, i.e., describing conv(V) by projections of spectrahedra (defined by linear matrix inequalities). When T is defined by a single quadratic constraint, we prove that conv(V) is equal to the first-order moment type semidefinite relaxation of V, up to taking closures. Similar results hold when every f i is a quadratic form and T is defined by two homogeneous (modulo constants) quadratic constraints, or when all f i are quadratic rational functions with a common denominator and T is defined by a single quadratic constraint, under some proper conditions.
Klärung der Leitbegriffe

In dem ersten Kapitel werden die relevanten Leitbegriffe der vorliegenden Arbeit von „Identitat“, „Sozialer Identitat“ und von „Transition“ theoretisch verortet, die dahinterstehenden Konzepte vorgestellt und das Begriffsverstandnis fur diese Arbeit festgelegt.
A Technological Revolution in Higher Education

This article examines the impact of key information technologies on the future of higher education. Rapid growth and advancement in the areas of telecommunications and human-computer interaction are leading to a fundamental change in how, what, and who we teach at our universities. In the near future, students will be able to “attend” class and exchange ideas with other students without leaving the comfort of their living rooms. Technologies such as computer-mediated communications, electronic publishing, intelligent tutoring systems, groupware, multimedia, intelligent agents, videoconferencing, video-on-demand, and virtual reality are maturing and converging to create “virtual classrooms.” Virtual classrooms free students and faculty from having to be in the same place at the same time, making the traditional four years of campus residency unnecessary. Administrators who ignore the implications of these technological trends risk the very existence of their institutions.
The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories

The Orbiting Geophysical Observatories are systems designed to fulfill a primary objective of conducting large numbers of significant, diversified experiments for making scientific and technological measurements within the earth's atmosphere, the magnetosphere, and cislunar space to obtain a better understanding of earth-sun relationships and the earth as a planet. Configured to meet scientific requirements, the observatories include six booms of different lengths for experiments requiring locations at a distance from the main body. Five degrees of freedom allow the capability of continuously orienting solar and antisolar, geocentric and antigeocentric, and orbital experiments within relatively close limits. Weighing 1000 pounds, of which 150 pounds are exclusively experiments, the observatories have potential of growth to 1500 pounds and carrying more experiments. Designed to include five basic subsystems of structure, stabilization and control, power supply, communications and data handling, and thermal control, the observatories have well-defined interfaces for experiments. This basic design fulfills a secondary objective of having available for launching at regular intervals a standard-type spacecraft consisting of a basic design that can be used repeatedly to carry large numbers of easily integrated experiments in a wide variety of orbits.
A new conceptual fold-fracture model including prefolding joints, based on the Emigrant Gap anticline, Wyoming

Symmetric relations between synfolding fractures and fold geometry have been used to explain the formation of fractures in folded sedimentary rocks. Based on field observations at the Emigrant Gap, a Laramide anticline located near Casper, Wyoming, we propose that the orientation of synfolding fractures was influenced dominantly by two tectonic joint sets, J1 and J2, which developed prior to folding. Rotations appropriate for unfolding the strata reorient most fractures such that they strike sub-parallel to one or the other of the two joint sets and oblique to the fold hinge line. On the fold limbs, these prefolding joints apparently propagated along strike and infilled during folding to form a denser network of joints bedding perpendicularly with spacing ∼1/5 to 1/10 that of the same joint set in nearby unfolded outcrops of the same formation. With proximity to the hinge line of the anticline, where bending of strata and surface curvature are elevated, the style of deformation is different. Whereas most J2-parallel fractures still are joints, fractures in the J1 orientation include sheared prefolding joints and bedding-inclined shear fractures. Apparent normal offsets of bedding by these shear fractures are an order of magnitude larger than offsets observed across sheared joints on the fold limbs. The proposed model of fracture-fold relationships differs from existing conceptual models because it postulates that folding-related fracture orientations are controlled by the orientations of prefolding fractures. For the Emigrant Gap anticline, these fractures are not oriented symmetrically with respect to the fold hinge line.
Nitrate Reductase Activity and Protein Concentration of Two Populas Clones

Nitrate reductase activity and protein percentage of various tree parts of two Populus clones were determined in relation to nitrate ion activity. Nitrogen was supplied as NH4NO3 in a nutriculture system. Wisconsin-5 had significantly greater nitrate reductase activity than Tristis No. 1. Protein percentages of leaf plastochron index 10 leaves (tenth leaf below first leaf lamina exceeding 20 mm in length), bottom leaves, and roots in relation to nitrate ion activity were not appreciably different between clones. The nitrate reductase activity and protein percentage of Tristis No. 1 apex started to level off at the same nitrate ion activity, about 0.09 mm. In Wisconsin-5 apex protein percentage continued to increase at nitrate ion activities where nitrate reductase activity decreases sharply, suggesting that protein nitrogen was being supplied by ammonium ion. The difference in nitrate reductase activity between clones was probably due to genetically determined ability to synthesize nitrate reductase in response to nitrate ion. The expression of nitrate reductase activity was not an index of nitrogen assimilation ability but may be a useful index of growth potential when nitrate ion does not limit nitrate reductase synthesis.
Soil conditioning and plant-soil feedbacks affect competitive relationships between native and invasive grasses

Understanding how competition from invasive species and soil conditions individually and interactively affect native performance will increase knowledge of invasion dynamics and can be used to improve the success of restoration plans. This study, conducted in Reno NV, USA, uses a two-phase plant–soil feedback experiment coupled with a target-neighbor competition design to examine the individual and interactive effects of both soil conditions and invasive neighbors on native performance. Study species include invasive species (Bromus tectorum and Agropyron cristatum) and native species (Elymus elymoides and Pseudoroegneria spicata). Results indicate that both plant performance and competitive interactions were influenced by species-specific soil conditioning. Specifically, invasive B. tectorum generated a larger competitive effect on natives than invasive A. cristatum; however, only A. cristatum conditioned soil in a manner that increased competitive effects of conspecifics on natives. Native P. spicata was relatively unaffected by soil conditioning and conversely, E. elymoides was strongly affected by soil conditioning. Few previous studies have examined soil conditioning and the interaction of soil conditioning and neighbor effects that both are potentially important mechanisms in structuring plant communities and influencing plant invasion.
SC-MEH-CI calculations on the (NH4) 4CuCl6 (D2h) cluster in (NH4)2CuCl4

Calculations of electronic structure and bonding via the SCMEH-MO method with limited Cu 3d, 4s, and 4p configuration interaction, have been carried out on the tetragonally coordinated (D2h symmetry) CuCl6(NH4)4 structural cluster unit in crystalline (NH4)2CuCl4. The results are compared with those of other calculations. The calculated electronic spectrum, electric field gradient (EFG), and magnetic data are compared with experiment. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical Simulation of Melting in Porous Media via a Modified Temperature-Transforming Model

A modified temperature-transforming model that considers the dependence of heat capacity on the fractions of a solid and a liquid in the mushy zone is employed to solve melting in porous media. Because natural convection only occurs in the liquid phase, the velocity of the phase change material in the solid region is set to zero by a ramped switch-off method. The convection in the liquid region is modeled using the Navier-Stokes equation with Darcy's term and Forchheimer's extension. The effect of natural convection is considered using the Boussinesq approximation. The results show that the temperature-transforming model with the heat capacity dependency are closer to experimental results with gallium as the temperature-transforming model and packed glass beads as the porous structure. The modified temperature-transforming model is then further used to study the melting of copper saturated in porous media and formed by sintered steel particles. The results show that melting is accelerated under a higher Rayleigh number, due to the stronger convection effect, and the melting is dominated by conduction for the case with a lower Darcy number.
Evaluation of 12-year-old PV power plant in hot-dry desert climate: Potential use of field failure metrics for financial risk calculation

This paper provides a metric definition for the safety failures, reliability failures and degradation loss for the PV modules. These metrics are then used in real power plant evaluations to calculate the distribution among these three metrics which in turn could objectively be used to perform financial risk calculations. The results obtained on 2352 and 1280 modules in two of the evaluated power plants, aged 12 and 4 years, in a hot-dry desert climate are analyzed using these defined metrics. The results indicate that the mean and median degradations, respectively, are 0.95 and 0.96 %/year for the 12-year old, and 0.96%/year and 1%/year for the 4-year old power plants. The distribution between safety failures, reliability failures and durability loss is determined to be 7%, 42% and 51%, respectively for the 12 year old power plant.
Xenoestrogenic gene exression: Structural features of active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Estrogenicity was assessed using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae-based Lac-Z reporter assay and was reported as the logarithm of the inverse of the 50% molar β-galactosidase activity (log[EC50−1]). In an effort to quantify the relationship between molecular structure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and estrogenic gene expression, a series of PAHs were evaluated. With noted exceptions, the results of these studies indicate that the initial two-dimensional structural warning for estrogenicity, the superpositioning of a hydroxylated aromatic system on the phenolic A-ring of 17-β-estradiol, can be extended to the PAHs. This two-dimensional-alignment criterion correctly identified estrogenicity of 22 of the 29 PAHs evaluated. Moreover, the estrogenic potency of these compounds was directly related to the size of the hydrophobic backbone. The seven compounds classified incorrectly by this structural feature were either dihydroxylated naphthalenes or aromatic nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds; all such compounds were false positives. Results with dihydroxylated naphthalenes reveal derivatives that were nonestrogenic when superimposed on the phenolic A-ring of 17-β-estradiol had the second hydroxyl group in the position of the C-ring or were catechol-like in structure. Structural alerts for nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds must take into account the position of the hydroxyl group and the in-ring nitrogen atom; compounds with the hydroxyl group and nitrogen atom involved with the same ring were observed to be nonactive.
The distribution of clostridia in poultry processing plants.

Synopsis An investigation was made of the contamination of poultry carcasses with clostridia during processing. In both chickens and turkeys clostridia were present initially on the feet and breast feathers (geometric mean counts of 102‐103/g) and were frequently isolated from the vent area immediately after evisceration. Mean counts from the breast surface just before packaging were < I‐3/10 cm2 and there were 31–467/g in samples of neck skin at the same stage. Counts were progressively lower in water samples taken from scald‐tanks, wash‐tanks, spin‐chillers and chill‐tanks. A large proportion of the isolates obtained from both chicken and turkey plants were haemolytic Clostridium welchii, but a significant number of strains from the turkey plants could not be identified with recognised species.
Glutamine replenishment and ammonia removal in hybridoma cell cultures via immobilized glutamine synthetase

Abstract Batch in vitro hybridoma cell culture efficiency frequently is hindered by the depletion of the nutrient glutamine and the accumulation of toxic ammonia within the culture medium. This paper presents a novel approach for ammonia removal and glutamine replenishment in hybridoma cell culture through use of ex vivo immobilized glutamine synthetase (GS). Experiments involving soluble GS revealed that the ammonia conversion was sensitive to the concentration of reaction substrates. Glutamate and Mg2+ concentrations had the largest positive effects on initial ammonia conversion rate, whereas glutamate and ATP had the largest positive effects on total ammonia conversion. Ca2+ was found to be highly inhibitory to GS activity; 1.8 mM Ca2+ (as present in a standard culture medium) reduced GS conversion activity by 66%. Of three enzyme immobilization methods tested, covalent binding to Sepharose yielded the largest increase in GS thermostability at 37°C, but encapsulation in dialysis tubing provided the best overall conversion activity (100% of soluble GS activity). A hybridoma culture system incorporating encapsulated GS maintained the culture medium ammonia concentration below 4 mM and substantially prolonged hybridoma metabolic activity. Overall, immobilized GS shows promise as a means of extending the “useful life” of hybridoma cell cultures without the product diluting effect of medium perfusion.
GETTING OFF OF BLACK WOMEN'S BACKS: Love Her or Leave Her Alone

In Finding Oprah's Roots (2007), featuring Henry Louis Gates, Jr.'s search for answers to questions about Black genealogy, Gates explains that one of Oprah's grandfathers stopped his formal schooling at an early age to work on a plantation so that he could help provide an education and opportunity for his sister instead. The grandfather did this in an attempt to protect his sister so that she could escape rape and other forms of gender oppression from both White men and women. Gates's explanation reflects both the way that gender, sexuality, and race defined life in the old South and their consequences for Black life, Black relationships, and Black destinies. This personal sacrifice, in defense of Black women, was commonplace—not at all particular to Oprah Winfrey's family. In fact, John Gwaltney collected several essays of Black men and women describing similar actions in his book Drylongso (1981).
Mucous membrane pemphigoid

Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a term categorizing a group of autoimmune sub-epithelial blistering diseases affecting primarily mucous membrane areas. These diseases mainly affect one or more mucous membranes, and can also affect the skin in a minor fashion. The common features that define this group of diseases are: (1). Mucous membranes are the predominantly affected areas; (2). Pathology of the lesional epithelium demonstrates a sub-epithelial blister; (3). Immunopathology of the peri-lesional epithelium shows linear deposition of immunoglobulin and/or complement component (C3) at the epithelial basement membrane. The therapeutic strategy should be based on both the progressiveness of the disease and the specific mucous membranes affected. Systemic treatments currently available for physicians to employ include dapsone, corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, intravenous immunoglobulin, and, most recently, biologics such as rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody to mature B cells.
Energy disposal in the three‐centered elimination of df from 1,1,2‐trifluoroethane‐1‐d1

The chemical activation data for three- and four-centered hydrogen fluoride elimination from CH2FCDF2 have been analyzed to assign the energy released to the olefin fragment in the three-centered process and to estimate the threshold energies for elimination channels. Based upon the cis–trans isomerization rates of CHF = CHF, 78% of the total available energy was released to the olefin fragment for the αα channel. The analysis suggests the existence of an appreciable barrier (∼10 kcal/mole) for the reverse reaction, addition of the CH2FCF carbene to DF. The threshold energies for αα, αβ, and βα elimination from 1,1,2-trifluoroethane-1-d1 were assigned as 71, 68, and 68 kcal/mole, respectively. Analysis of the chemical activation data for 1,1,2,2,-tetrafluoroethane, without distinguishing between the three- and four-centered elimination channels, suggests a threshold energy of ∼75 kcal/mole.
Morphological transformation of slow to fast muscle fibers after tenotomy.

Abstract Recent investigations have reported a speeding of contraction in mammalian slow-twitch muscles after tenotomy, but others have questioned the validity of the reports. This paper reports the results of long-term tenotomy on avian slow skeletal muscle. The slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscle of pigeions were tenotomized and the proximal portion freed from the underlying connective tissue in its proximal half. The distal portion, in which the nerve enters, was not disturbed. The contralateral muscles were used as controls. The muscles were examined after a year. The proximal ends had reattached to the connective tissue of underlying muscles, so the length was reduced to 75% of the control. The muscles were also smaller than the control. The ultrastructure demonstrated that, in addition to various pathological changes, a large proportion of the fibers had developed triadic complexes and the Z-line had transformed from the typical slow type to one more characteristic of fast fibers. The fibers had also developed a fibrillar pattern, atypical of slow fibers. These morphological changes suggest that earlier investigations showing a speeding of contractions after tenotomy might be doing so by these changes. The various factors that might cause this transformation are discussed.
Amino acid analog incorporation into bacterial proteins

Abstract The amino acid analogs norleucine and para-fluorophenylalanine are shown to be incorporated into the proteins of E. coli. Analysis of proteins by an ion-exchange column showed that the proteins formed in the presence of the analogs are not radically different molecular species but are physicochemically similar to the proteins normally synthesized. The substitution of norleucine for methionine in the bacterial proteins was shown to occur in the same proportions in all of the “protein classes” resolved by the ion-exchange column.
Zone spreading and optimisation in parallel plate continuous chromatographs

Abstract Equations are derived describing the performance of parallel plate continuous chromatographs. General equations for emergence angle, stream dispersion, pressure drop, and for throughput of a two-component feed are derived assuming linear partition isotherms and operation near enough to equilibrium for Giddings' approximations to apply. The general equations are reduced to equations for three forms of the chromatograph, with and without packing between the plates. Subject to the limitations of the model, maximum throughput of a two-component mixture is obtained when the input stream enters over nearly π radians and when the revolution of the chromatograph is arranged so that the centres of the two exit streams are separated by π radians, even if this involves an exit angle greater than 2π. The difference in the capacity ratios of the two components should be maximal, but the absolute values are of small importance. The equation for optimum flow rate is derived.
Steaming in the Dark?: Rules, Rivals, and the British Navy, 1860-1913

The empirical literature on arms races has often failed to find strong evidence of the existence of arms races among “obvious” dyads. In this article it is argued that if we assume that decision ma...
Domestic Violence in the Chinese and South Asian Immigrant Communities

Although the Chinese and South Asian immigrant populations are largely silent on this issue, domestic violence is a fact of life in many families. In this article, we discuss cultural factors that may cause and prolong abuse in Asian immigrant homes, and review similarities and differences between the two Asian cultures in this regard. This article also addresses the psychological trauma experienced by abused Asian immigrant women and the coping strategies that they are likely to employ. Culturally sensitive intervention strategies are presented that may be appropriately used in working with Chinese and South Asian immigrant women for whom abuse is a terrifying and demeaning fact of life.
The meson spectrum between 1 and 2 GeV: Gluonic states and other exotica

Abstract Present understanding of the meson spectrum is reviewed, with special attention on the search for gluonic states. Experimental progress has resulted in several paradoxes indicating states outside the q q spectrum of the nonrelativistic quark model.
MarketTools: An educational commodity marketing game

Agricultural commodity market participants make decisions in a risky and changing environment. Few agricultural producers use the diverse marketing alternatives available to them. Many are unfamiliar with the mechanics of the alternatives and methods for incorporating them into marketing strategies. This article describes MarketTools, an educational software package designed to support real-time, competitive marketing games. MarketTools simplifies record keeping and provides the basis for a structured approach to marketing education. The concluding section summarizes experience in using MarketTools in adult education and classroom settings. © 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Predictors of post-release research retention and subsequent reenrollment for women recruited while incarcerated†

Correctional facilities are prime targets for nursing interventions to decrease health disparities, but challenges to post-release follow-up limit use of the longitudinal research designs needed to fully examine intervention effects. Using an adapted version of the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations, we determined predictors of 1-year post-release study retention and subsequent reenrollment an average of 3 years later in 88 mother and child dyads recruited from a state prison nursery. Predisposing characteristics and enabling factors emerged as strong predictors of loss to follow-up. Female research participants can be successfully retained years after release from a correctional facility. Understanding the barriers and facilitators to post-release follow-up supports the creation of theoretically informed strategies to retain formerly incarcerated populations.
Ecologies, Post-Modern Urbanisms, and Symbolic Economies: A Comparative Assessment of American Urban Sociology

AbstractThe field of urban sociology has been significantly linked to particular cities, with cities such as Chicago (il), Los Angeles (ca), and New York City (ny) have become hallmarks reflecting both the possibilities and the limitations of the urban sociological imagination. Using what have been three major foci in American urban sociology – 1) Organization of the City, 2) Ethnography and 3) Neighborhoods – using a comparative assessment of the field this paper seeks to apprehend the larger understandings, trends and methods in the field. Comparing urban sociological methods and theories through sections focusing on the three aforementioned themes, this article underscores paths taken in the field whilst highlighting potential new directions.
Strategies for detecting organic liquids on soils using mid-infrared reflection spectroscopy.

Stand-off monitoring for chemical spills can provide timely information for clean-up efforts and mid-infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy is one approach being investigated. Anomaly and target detection strategies were examined for detection of four different low-volatility organic liquids on two different soil types. Several preprocessing and signal weighting strategies were studied. Anomaly detection for C-H bands was very good using second derivative preprocessing and provided similar performance to target detection approaches such as generalized least squares (GLS) and partial least squares (PLS) with detections at soil loads of approximately 0.6 to 1.5 mg/cm2. Good performance was also found for detection of P=O, O–H and C=O bands but the optimal strategy varied. The simplicity and generality of anomaly detection is attractive, however target detection provides more capability for classification.
Further experiments and modeling for microscale compression molding of metals at elevated temperatures

Replication of metallic high-aspect-ratio microscale structures (HARMS) by compression molding has been demonstrated recently. Molding replication of metallic HARMS can potentially lead to low-cost fabrication of a wide variety of metal-based microdevices. Understanding the mechanics of metal micromolding is critical for assessing the capabilities and limitations of this replication technique. This paper presents results of instrumented micromolding of Al. Measured molding response was rationalized with companion high-temperature tensile testing of Al using a simple mechanics model of the micromolding process. The present results suggest that resisting pressure on the mold insert during micromolding is governed primarily by the yield stress of the molded metal at the molding temperature and a frictional traction on the sides of the insert. The influence of strain rate is also considered.
Prolonged Activation of Mitochondrial Conductances During Synaptic Transmission

Although ion channels have been detected in mitochondria, scientists have not been able to record ion transport in mitochondria of intact cells. A variation of the patch clamp technique was used to record ion channel activity from intracellular organelles in the presynaptic terminal of the squid. Electron microscopy indicated that mitochondria are numerous in this terminal and are the only organelles compatible with the tips of the pipettes. Before synaptic stimulation, channel activity was infrequent and its conductance was small, although large conductances (∼0.5 to 2.5 nanosiemens) could be detected occasionally. During a train of action potentials, the conductance of the mitochondrial membrane increased up to 60-fold. The conductance increased after a delay of several hundred milliseconds and continued to increase after stimulation had stopped. Recovery occurred over tens of seconds.
Protein Synthesis Efficiency and the Route of Nutrient Administration in Man

Abstract Most estimates of normal adult protein requirements are based on nitrogen (N) balance and on known utilisation efficiency of ingested protein. Such utilisation efficiency for specific protein is often unknown. Large increases or decreases in body synthesis and breakdown rates of protein can occur in malnourished hospitalised subjects and may not be reflected in nitrogen excretion data. The utilisation efficiency of the protein is dependent partly on the route of nutrient administration, oral or parenteral, in these patients. Whole-body protein kinetics investigated under various dietary conditions in hospitalised normal volunteers, depleted patients with malignant or benign disease, post-operative surgical patients and bone-marrow transplant patients were reviewed. The results from a total of 196 studies (67 without any N intake, 38 with oral feeding, nine with enteral and 82 with parenteral feeding) are summarised. The mean whole-body protein turnover rate (Q) of all subjects studied in the absence of any N intake was 2.5 ± 0.1 gP/kg/d. Irrespective of the status of the patient, the synthesis efficiency of the N derived from the breakdown of body protein in the absence of intake was 78 ± 1%. This was reduced significantly to 61 ± 1% and 45 ± 4% when the N was supplied by the oral/enteral and parenteral route respectively. In normal subjects the route of feeding has minimum effect on the protein synthesis efficiency. Septic and cancer patients utilised administered N by the parenteral route less efficiently than by the oral route. The results suggest that the daily protein requirement by the parenteral route should be higher than when given by the oral/enteral route.
An analysis of twelve longitudinal Rorschach records of one child.

(1955). An Analysis of Twelve Longitudinal Rorschach Records of One Child. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 111-116.
High-throughput hyperspectral infrared camera

A spectral imager constructs a three-dimensional (two spatial and one spectral) image from a series of two-dimensional images. We discuss a technique for spectral imaging that multiplexes the spatial and spectral information on a staring focal plane and then demultiplexes the resulting imagery to obtain the spectral image. The spectral image consists of 100×100 spatial pixels and 25 spectral bands. The current implementation operates over the 3–5-μm band, but can easily be applied to other spectral regions. This approach to spectral imaging has high optical throughput and is robust to focal plane array nonuniformities. A hardware description, the mathematical development, and experimental results are presented.
A three-component photoreversible tag for thiols.

A one-pot coupling of a 1,3-diketone, an aldehyde, and an alkanethiol has been developed to produce a protected sulfide. Through use of an o-nitrophenylbenzaldehyde, this method provides a one-step route to a photochemically reversible thiol-protecting group. The kinetics of photolysis were established using 1H NMR analysis, which allows for the rate to be based on the entire reaction scheme.