cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unipotent Actions on Affine Space

Algebraic group actions on affine space, C n, are determined by finite dimensional algebraic subgroups of the full algebraic automorphism group, Aut C n. This group is anti-isomorphic to the group of algebra automorphisms of \( F_{n}= \text{\textbf{C}}[x_{1}, \cdots, x_{n}] \) by identifying the indeterminates x 1, …, x n with the standard coordinate functions: σ ∈ Aut C n defines σ* ∈ Aut F n by \(\sigma ^{*}f(x)= f(\sigma x)\), where f ∈ F n and x ∈ C n. In fact, an automorphism σ is often defined in terms of the polynomials \((\sigma ^{*}x_{1},\cdots, \sigma ^{*}x_{n})\). Two special subgroups of Aut C n play an important role in determining the structure of the finite dimensional algebraic subgroups. The first is the affine linear group, $$A_{n}= \left \{ \sigma = (f_{1}, \cdots, f_{n}) \in \text{Aut} \textbf{C}^{n}\vert \text{deg} f_{i}\leq 1 \right \}$$ which is the semi-direct product of the general linear group, GL n(C), and the abelian group of translations, \(T_{n}\cong \textbf{C}^{n}\). The second is the ‘Jonquiere’, or ‘triangular’ subgroup $$B_{n}= \left \{ \sigma = (f_{1}, \cdots, f_{n}) \in \text{Aut} \textbf {C}^{n}\vert f_{i}= c_{i}x_{i}+ h_{i}, c_{i}\in \textbf{C}, h_{i}\in \textbf{C}[x_{i+1}, \cdots, x_{n}] \right \}$$ .
A method for the isolation of cells from arteries of various sizes

This report describes a technique for the isolation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) from arteries of different sizes. SMC from dog carotid arteries were dissociated by collagenase-elastase perfusion under constant pressure. The freshly isolated cells were spindle shaped with an average length of 118.0 + 8.0 μm. A distinct basal lamina, ovoid nucleus, and both thick and thin filaments were observable by transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy of the cells revealed a continuous plasma membrane and several fingerlike processes. A chamber used to study the contractile properties of isolated cells is also described. Studies of the contractile properties of SMC isolated by this technique found that cells exposed to calcium (2.5 mM) or potassium (50 mM) or both contracted by 25 to 35%. Thus, SMC isolated by the collagenase-elastase perfusion technique described here possess morphologic and contractile characteristics typical of SMC.
Accumulated-Downtime-Aware Restoration Approach for Dynamic SLA-Differentiated Services in Survivable Mesh Networks

We propose a novel restoration scheme by jointly considering accumulated downtime and SLA requirements of faulty connections. Results from simulation experiments demonstrate that the scheme achieves high restoration success rate and improves resource utilization.
Measurement of protein using flow injection analysis with bicinchoninic acid.

Abstract We have used the bicinchoninic acid reagent developed by Pierce Chemical Co. to measure proteins in a simple flow injection analyzer. The sensitivity is comparable to that of the Lowry method and no pipetting of reagents is needed. Results are obtained in less than 1 min and samples may be run at a rate of 60/h. The response is linear over a range of protein concentration (0–10 μg) and sample size (5–20 μl) convenient for most analytical requirements. A peristaltic pump, a controlled-temperature water bath, and a spectrophotometer with flow cuvette are the only special apparatus required.
A Parallel EM Algorithm for Model-Based Clustering Applied to the Exploration of Large Spatio-Temporal Data

We develop a parallel expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm for multivariate Gaussian mixture models and use it to perform model-based clustering of a large climate dataset. Three variants of the EM algorithm are reformulated in parallel and a new variant that is faster is presented. All are implemented using the single program, multiple data programming model, which is able to take advantage of the combined collective memory of large distributed computer architectures to process larger datasets. Displays of the estimated mixture model rather than the data allow us to explore multivariate relationships in a way that scales to arbitrary size data. We study the performance of our methodology on simulated data and apply our methodology to a high-resolution climate dataset produced by the community atmosphere model (CAM5). This article has supplementary material online.
Targeted deletion of the gene encoding the La autoantigen (Sjögren's syndrome antigen B) in B cells or the frontal brain causes extensive tissue loss.

La antigen (Sjogren's syndrome antigen B) is a phosphoprotein associated with nascent precursor tRNAs and other RNAs, and it is targeted by autoantibodies in patients with Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and neonatal lupus. Increased levels of La are associated with leukemias and other cancers, and various viruses usurp La to promote their replication. Yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) genetically depleted of La grow and proliferate, whereas deletion from mice causes early embryonic lethality, raising the question of whether La is required by mammalian cells generally or only to surpass a developmental stage. We developed a conditional La allele and used it in mice that express Cre recombinase in either B cell progenitors or the forebrain. B cell Mb1(Cre) La-deleted mice produce no B cells. Consistent with αCamKII Cre, which induces deletion in hippocampal CA1 cells in the third postnatal week and later throughout the neocortex, brains develop normally in La-deleted mice until ∼5 weeks and then lose a large amount of forebrain cells and mass, with evidence of altered pre-tRNA processing. The data indicate that La is required not only in proliferating cells but also in nondividing postmitotic cells. Thus, La is essential in different cell types and required for normal development of various tissue types.
The Truth and Bias Model of Judgment

We present a new model for the general study of how the truth and biases affect human judgment. In the truth and bias model, judgments about the world are pulled by 2 primary forces, the truth force and the bias force, and these 2 forces are interrelated. The truth and bias model differentiates force and value, where the force is the strength of the attraction and the value is the location toward which the judgment is attracted. The model also makes a formal theoretical distinction between bias and moderator variables. Two major classes of biases are discussed: biases that are measured with variables (e.g., assumed similarity) and directional bias, which refers to the extent to which judgments are pulled toward 1 end of the judgment continuum. Moderator variables are conceptualized as variables that affect the accuracy and bias forces but that do not affect judgments directly. We illustrate the model with 4 examples. We discuss the theoretical, empirical, methodological, measurement, and design implications of the model.
Development of outcome criteria and standards to assess the quality of care for patients with osteoarthrosis.

Abstract This paper presents results of the first step in assessment of quality of care for patients with osteoarthrosis using short-term outcome measures, where “short-term” indicates within 1 yr of the initial encounter for care. An expert panel used an extensive literature review and clinical judgment to select outcome criteria and develop standards. Short-term outcome criteria thought to be sensitive to variations in quality of care include: functional capacity, pain level, medication use, results of surgery, participation in usual social activities, drug dependence, outlook on life, depression, anxiety, sexual function, economic dependence, and satisfaction with marital relationship. Panel members also identified clinical and sociodemographic variables that must be controlled for when comparing outcomes of groups of patients. In addition, criteria for selecting patients for whom these outcome criteria and standards are applicable and the appropriate times for outcome assessment are discussed. The authors conclude that outcome measures should be evaluated in field trials to determine their usefulness in assessment of quality of care for patients with osteoarthrosis.
Transcriptional profiling by RNA-Seq of peri-attachment porcine embryos generated by a variety of assisted reproductive technologies

Substantial mortality of in vitro manipulated porcine embryos is observed during peri-attachment development. Herein we describe our efforts to characterize the transcriptomes of embryonic disc (ED) and trophectoderm (TE) cells from porcine embryos derived from in vivo fertilization, in vitro fertilization (IVF), parthenogenetic oocyte activation (PA), and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) on days 10, 12, and 14 of gestation. The IVF, PA, and SCNT embryos were generated with in vitro matured oocytes and were cultured overnight in vitro before being transferred to recipient females. Sequencing of cDNA from the resulting embryonic samples was accomplished with the Genome Analyzer IIx platform from Illumina. Reads were aligned to a custom-built swine transcriptome. A generalized linear model was fit for ED and TE samples separately, accounting for embryo type, gestation day, and their interaction. Those genes with significant differences between embryo types were characterized in terms of gene ontologies and KEGG pathways. Transforming growth factor-β signaling was downregulated in the EDs of IVF embryos. In TE cells from IVF embryos, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and ErbB signaling were aberrantly regulated. Expression of genes involved in chromatin modification, gene silencing by RNA, and apoptosis was significantly disrupted in ED cells from SCNT embryos. In summary, we have used high-throughput sequencing technologies to compare gene expression profiles of various embryo types during peri-attachment development. We expect that these data will provide important insight into the root causes of (and possible opportunities for mitigation of) suboptimal development of embryos derived from assisted reproductive technologies.
Classification of salt marsh vegetation using edaphic and remote sensing-derived variables

Abstract Salt marsh plant communities are known for their striking patterns of vertical zonation. Two of the most important edaphic parameters that affect species distribution patterns are soil salinity and waterlogging, both of which are related to topographical variations and distance to the water. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether information on elevation and distance derived through remote sensing could be used to predict plant distributions in a southeastern United States salt marsh. We classified four marsh vegetation classes (tall Spartina alterniflora, medium S. alterniflora/short S. alterniflora, marsh meadow, and Borrichia frutescens/Juncus roemerianus) based on landscape metrics obtained from a light detection and ranging (LIDAR)-derived digital elevation model (DEM) and compared results to a classification based on field-collected edaphic variables. Our secondary objective was to compare the performance of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with non-parametric classification and regression trees (CART) for these classifications. Models based on the edaphic variables soil water content, salinity, and redox potential attained accuracies of 0.62 and 0.71 with LDA and CART, respectively. When the remote sensing-derived variables DEM elevation, slope, distance to the mean high water line, and distance to upland area were used, classification accuracies improved to 0.78 for LDA and 0.79 for CART. Our results suggest that remote sensing-derived metrics can capture edaphic gradients effectively, which makes them especially suited to landscape level analyses of salt marsh plant habitats, with potential application for predicting the effects of sea level rise on salt marsh plant distribution.
Caring for Parents Who Have Lost an Infant

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the leading cause of infant deaths. When it strikes an unexpecting victim, it strikes swiftly, quietly, and cruelly. It leaves in its aftermath another victim, the family. Nurses and clergy know this best. The family is left to cope with the shock, the grief, and the guilt. It is the guilt that lingers and causes serious anguish for the family. It often leads to stress on the marital relationship of the parents and insecurity in the re maining children. Although no professionally trained person can eliminate the grief caused by an infant's death or do much to comfort the family, short of bringing their baby back, such a person can do much to help the wounded family in their grieving. In the following discussion, we will explain how a professional nurse can offer a pastoral perspective and function in assisting a grieving family. At least one of every ten thousand infants dies of SIDS every year in the United States. Perhaps the figure is much higher, because alertness to the condition varies from doctor to doctor, city to city. No discernible cause for this death has been found. An apparently healthy infant is put to bed without symptoms to indicate that something is wrong, with the exception of a possible slight cold. Sometime later, without warning, the infant is found dead. The postmortem examination reveals minor inflammation of the upper respiratory tract and some congestion of the lungs. This is not an adequate explanation for this unexpected, mysterious death that usually attacks children from two to six months of age. The incidence of SIDS is two to three per thousand live births, or one out of every three hundred babies. It seems to be constant in all communities spread around the globe.1 SIDS outranks deaths from all types of birth defects, includ ing heart disease. Over twice as many children die of SIDS as of cancer. The phenomenon is uncommon before three weeks of age and after six months of age. Typical cases almost never occur after the child is one year of age. Most studies have shown a clear-cut seasonal distribution, with preponderance dur ing the late autumn, winter, and spring.2 Occasionally, there is a temporal
Accelerated aging methods for evaluating carbon electrode materials

Accelerated aging methods are likely being adopted within the research laboratory in an effort to build on the collaborative efforts between industry and academia. These “quick test” methods are useful inasmuch one does not have several months to evaluate whether or not an electrode material will fail similarly as compared with another. A question more difficult to answer by these particular methods is how the electrode material actually failed. Despite this obvious drawback accelerated testing methods are becoming standard practice in many research laboratories and this is especially true for research groups investigating energy storage technologies such as capacitors and batteries. This work is aimed towards comparatively identifying the benefits of a particular aging method used for evaluating performance and reliability of graphite electrodes in an aqueous electrochemical system.
Ribosome Structure and Activity Are Altered in Cells Lacking snoRNPs that Form Pseudouridines in the Peptidyl Transferase Center

One of the oldest questions in RNA science is the role of nucleotide modification. Here, the importance of pseudouridine formation (Ψ) in the peptidyl transferase center of rRNA was examined by depleting yeast cells of 1-5 snoRNAs that guide a total of six Ψ modifications. Translation was impaired substantially with loss of a conserved Ψ in the A site of tRNA binding. Depletion of other Ψs had subtle or no apparent effect on activity; however, synergistic effects were observed in some combinations. Pseudouridines are proposed to enhance ribosome activity by altering rRNA folding and interactions, with some Ψs having greater effects than others. The possibility that modifying snoRNPs might affect ribosome structure in other ways is also discussed.
Pediatric first time non-febrile seizure with focal manifestations: is emergent imaging indicated?

Abstract Purpose To assess the prevalence of clinically urgent intra-cranial pathology among children who had imaging for a first episode of non-febrile seizure with focal manifestations. Methods We performed a cross sectional study of all children age 1 month to 18 years evaluated for first episode of non-febrile seizure with focal manifestations and having neuroimaging performed within 24h of presentation at a single pediatric ED between 1995 and 2012. We excluded intubated patients, those with known structural brain abnormality and trauma. A single neuro-radiologist reviewed all cranial computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging performed. We defined clinically urgent intracranial pathology as any finding resulting in a change of initial patient management. We performed univariate analysis using χ 2 analysis for categorical data and Mann–Whitney U test for continuous data. Results We identified 319 patients having a median age of 4.6 years [IQR 1.8–9.4] of which 45% were female. Two hundred sixty-two children had a CT scan, 15 had an MR and 42 had both. Clinically urgent intra-cranial pathology was identified on imaging of 13 patients (4.1%; 95% CI: 2.2, 7.0). Infarction, hemorrhage and thrombosis were most common (9/13). Twelve of 13 were evident on CT scan. Persistent Todd's paresis and age ≤18 months were predictors of clinically urgent intracranial pathology. Absence of secondary generalization and multiple seizures on presentation were not predictive. Conclusions Four percent of children imaged with first time, afebrile focal seizures have findings important to initial management. Children younger than ≤18 months are at increased risk.
Calibration and use of a high-resolution, low-energy photon detector for measuring plutonium isotopic abundances

Abstract A low-energy photon detector was easily and accurately calibrated with plutonium sources of known isotopic contents after purification of the sources by anion exchange. Rapid data processing was attained by minicomputer calculations. Results obtained for plutonium abundances by λ-spectrometry and by mass spectrometry agreed within 1% for the 240 Pu isotope, and within 10% for 238 Pu and 241 Pu at the concentrations normally present. Alpha specific activities calculated from the abundances obtained by the two methods agreed within 0.5%.
Distribution of transposable elements in prokaryotes

Abstract We consider models for the distribution of the number of elements per host genome for families of transposable elements (TEs). The hosts are assumed to be prokaryotes. These models assume (1) a constant rate of infection of uninfected hosts by TEs, (2) replicative transposition within each host, and (3) a reduction of the fitness of a host dependent on the number of TEs it contains. No provision was made for the deletion of individual TEs within a host or for recombination, since both are relatively rare events in prokaryotes. These models mostly assume that the TE performs no fuction for the host, and that the reduction in fitness with increased copy number is due to effects such as the impairment of beneficial genes by transposition or homologous recombination. We also consider a model in which the TEs can convey a selective advantage to the host. The equilibrium distributions of copy number are determined for these models, and are of a variety of classical types. Relevant parameters of the models are estimated using data on the distribution of insertion sequences in natural isolates of Escherichia coli.
Diffusive capture of ultrafine particles by spheres

Abstract We present a theory for the capture of ultrafine particles by spheres for the case where magnetically driven diffusion is dominant. A variational principle is used to study the particle concentration field and capture efficiency of a representative collecting sphere as a function of magnetic field strength and flow rate for small Peclet numbers. The study is intended to complement earlier work on cylindrical collectors and our own recent calculations for spherical collectors in the realm of large Peclet numbers.
Prevalence of periodontitis according to Hispanic or Latino background among study participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

ABSTRACT Background Hispanics and Latinos are an ethnically heterogeneous population with distinct oral health risk profiles. Few study investigators have examined potential variation in the burden of periodontitis according to Hispanic or Latino background. Methods The authors used a multicenter longitudinal population-based cohort study to examine the periodontal health status at screening (2008–2011) of 14,006 Hispanic and Latino adults, aged 18 to 74 years, from four U.S. communities who self-identified as Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American or South American. The authors present weighted, age-standardized prevalence estimates and corrected standard errors of probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and periodontitis classified according to the case definition established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology (CDC-AAP). The authors used a Wald χ 2 test to compare prevalence estimates across Hispanic or Latino background, age and sex. Results Fifty-one percent of all participants had exhibited total periodontitis (mild, moderate or severe) per the CDC-AAP classification. Cubans and Central Americans exhibited the highest prevalence of moderate periodontitis (39.9 percent and 37.2 percent, respectively). Across all ages, Mexicans had the highest prevalence of PD across severity thresholds. Among those aged 18 through 44 years, Dominicans consistently had the lowest prevalence of AL at all severity thresholds. Conclusions Measures of periodontitis varied significantly by age, sex and Hispanic or Latino background among the four sampled Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos communities. Further analyses are needed to account for lifestyle, behavioral, demo- graphic and social factors, including those related to acculturation. Practical Implications Aggregating Hispanics and Latinos or using estimates from Mexicans may lead to substantial underestimation or overestimation of the burden of disease, thus leading to errors in the estimation of needed clinical and public health resources. This information will be useful in informing decisions from public health planning to patient-centered risk assessment.
A priori bounds on difference quotients of solutions to some linear uniformly elliptic difference equations

Second order difference quotients of solutions to a class of linear uniformly elliptic difference Dirichlet problems are bounded in terms of quantities which depend on the coefficients of the operator, the inhomogenous term, the boundary values and the domain-which we take to be a rectangle. The results we obtain have theoretical and practical applications.
The Education Deanship: A Further Analysis.

This article expands and extends the analysis of data previously reported in a study of the education deanship. The data were collected from national samples of deans, central administrators, department chairpersons, and faculty. Multivariate statistical procedures used were factor analysis with rotations, multivariate analysis of variance, and canonical discriminant analysis. The purposes of the retreatment of the data were to: (1) identify factors that were produced from the responses and compare them with the semantic “factors” described in the original analysis; (2) compare differences among respondent groups; and (3) assess commonality of responses within each group. New and unique factors, relationships, and group differences were found. Perceptions and acceptances of the dean's role were not uniform, with department chairpersons being the most heterogeneous.
Introduction: Political Change and Physical Change

(2001). Introduction: Political Change and Physical Change. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 203-204.
Optimization techniques for symbolic equation solver in engineering applications

In MACYSMA, there are procedures for solving systems of equation, such as solve and linsolve. Because the systems of equations we are dealing with are mostly sparse, the application of Gaussian elimination which is used in linsolve produces results that are usually lengthy and inefficient.We have implemented a new derivation procedure to solve the problem of expression growth and increasing the computational efficiency. The underlying concept is the identification of the smallest full subsystems contained within the original and then subsequent remaining systems, labeling common terms by intermediate variables. Gaussian elimination is employed to solve these subsystems independently and sequentially instead of the complete system.
Sustaining vs. resolving the quantitative-qualitative debate

Abstract The Quantitative-Qualitative Debate has been sustained by such factors as: implicit, conflicting philosophical orientations; intense intellectual and stylistic commitments; maintenance of group identity and resources; and variable criteria of research success. By clarifying these factors it is hoped that a climate can be created for resolving this seemingly intractable controversy. Possible reformulations of the debate, in light of similar issues and alternative practices in the field of psychotherapy, are suggested. Particular consideration is given to the strategies of technical eclecticism and theoretical integrationism.
Intersystem Crossing Mediated by Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Transfer: Julolidine−Anthracene Molecules with Perpendicular π Systems

Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance studies show that the primary mechanism of triplet formation following photoexcitation of julolidine-anthracene molecules linked by a single bond and having perpendicular π systems is a spin−orbit, charge-transfer intersystem crossing mechanism (SOCT−ISC). This mechanism depends on the degree of charge transfer from julolidine to anthracene, the dihedral angle (θ1) between their π systems, and the magnitude of the electronic coupling between julolidine and anthracene. We compare 4-(9-anthracenyl)-julolidine with the more sterically encumbered 4-(9-anthracenyl)-3,5-dimethyljulolidine and find that fixing θ1 ≅ 90° serves to enhance SOCT−ISC by increasing the change in orbital angular momentum accompanying charge transfer. Given that the requirements for the SOCT−ISC mechanism are quite general, we expect it to occur in a variety of electron donor−acceptor systems.
Bone Disease in CKD: A Focus on Osteoporosis Diagnosis and Management

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of impairment in bone strength due to low bone mineral density and poor bone quality and predisposes individuals to an increased risk of fractures. Osteoporosis may coexist with chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and osteoporotic fractures occur in all stages of CKD. Management of osteoporosis in CKD should consider the pathophysiology of both disorders. Diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in patients with stages 1-3 CKD and patients without CKD are similar, but diagnosis and management decisions differ greatly once patients have stages 4-5 CKD. Discriminating between osteoporosis and CKD-MBD is best accomplished with quantitative bone histomorphometry. Biochemical markers, especially intact parathyroid hormone and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, also may be helpful. When the diagnosis of osteoporosis is established, management in stages 4-5 CKD may include antiresorptive or anabolic agents, though evidence for efficacy is marginal in advanced CKD.
The prevalence and health care use of overweight children in an integrated health care system.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, health care use, and costs of overweight children when compared with healthy-weight children. The study design was a longitudinal cohort. It was set in Kaiser Permanente Colorado, an integrated, nonprofit health care system. Eleven thousand six hundred and thirty-six children who completed at least 1 body mass index assessment between 2000 and 2004 participated. The main outcome measure was health care use. Thirteen percent and 14% of the sample, respectively, were classified as overweight or at risk of becoming overweight. At both year 1, overweight children had significantly more internal Kaiser Permanente Colorado medical visits, although the magnitude of the relationship was relatively small. Of particular note was the relationship between being overweight and increased use of mental health resources at both points. The calculated additional annual cost of use for 1000 overweight children was approximately $42 000 for primary care sick visits and $32 000 for mental health visits. There is potential for cost savings or cost realignment with weight-management interventions from dollars that could be saved through the reduction of childhood overweight.
Gonococcicidal action of copper in vitro

Abstract Several copper and cupric ion sources have been shown to kill or inhibit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in vitro. Micromolar amounts of copper sulfate and copper chloride kill gonococci during relatively brief incubation while the organisms are in suspension. Inhibition of gonococcal or meningococcal growth is achieved by concentrations of cupric ion several-fold more dilute than is necessary to inhibit growth of E. coli . The sensitivity of gonococci to killing by copper may have application in relationship to the use of copper-containing intrauterine devices and prophylaxis against genital gonorrhea in women.
On 1-factorizability of Cayley graphs

Abstract In this paper we consider the existence of a 1-factorization of undirected Cayley graphs of groups of even order. We show that a 1-factorization exists for all generating sets for even order abelian groups, dihedral groups, and dicyclic groups and for all minimal generating sets for even order nilpotent groups and for Dm × Zn. We also derive other results that are useful in considering specific Cayley graphs. These results support the conjecture that all Cayley graphs of groups of even order are 1-factorizable. If this is not the case the same result may hold for minimal generating sets.
Electron beam ablation versus laser ablation: plasma plume diagnostic studies

Experiments have been performed to compare XeCl laser ablation plume characteristics to those produced by electron . beam ablation. Potential advantages of electron beams include higher electrical efficiency ; 30% , and the ability to process materials with high optical reflectivity or transparency. The electron beam is generated by a channelspark with parameters: peak voltage of 15-20 kV, current of 1.5-1.7 kA, and pulse length of about 200 ns. The electron beam is ion focused to about 2 mm diameter by an argon background gas. Initial diagnostic experiments have utilized optical emission spectroscopy to characterize the ionization dynamics of the ablation plumes of Fe targets. Spectra taken during electron beam ablation are composed of singly ionized iron, with negligible emission from neutral iron. This is in sharp contrast with XeCl excimer laser ablation, which is composed of both neutral and ion species, the neutrals persisting strongly after the laser pulse. In addition to Fe ion emission, the channelspark emission spectrum also exhibits a high degree of excitation and ionization of the Ar background gas. Strong emission from Ar q ,A r 2q , and Ar 3q has been measured. q 1998 Elsevier
Procedurally rational decision-making and control

Substantive rationality requires a decision-maker to be a utility maximizer; under this paradigm, the decision is paramount, and not dependent on the computational process used to obtain it. Procedural rationality is dependent on the method used to make the decision; reasonableness of the procedure is paramount. We explore the thesis that there are rational alternatives to the extreme notions of optimal control on the one hand, and ad hoc control based on imprecise or vague notions of desirability on the other. We first establish criteria for a control synthesis procedure to be rational. We then present a principle-based synthesis procedure applicable to ill-formed control problems.
Effect of long-term water velocity changes on streambed biofilm activity

Abstract This study demonstrates that long-term changes in water velocity affected the amount of biofilm biomass associated with a sand-free cobble streambed. Streambed biofilms were grown and acclimated to several different water velocities in an artificial stream. The rate at which each acclimated biofilm removed substrate from the water column was assessed by performing well-controlled, batch biodegradation tests. Substrate removal rates for each tested acclimation velocity were corrected for mass transport effects. Any differences in the mass-transport-corrected removal rates for the acclimated biofilms were due to variations in streambed biofilm biomass. Experimental results indicated that higher streambed biofilm biomass levels were found at the faster acclimation velocities. Such results imply that the rate of biodegradable contaminant removal in shallow biofilm-dominated streams is a function of the present water velocity (determines mass transport regime) and historical water velocities (determines streambed biofilm biomass levels).
Computations of Supersonic Flows Over a Body at High Angles of Attack

Le champ d'ecoulement est domine par des tourbillons multiples a grande echelle engendres par le decollement de l'ecoulement transversal. Resolution des equations de Navier-Stokes par une methode de volumes finis
An Intra-Ovarian Site for the Luteolytic Action of Estrogen in the Rhesus Monkey

To investigate whether estradiol can act within the ovary to induce luteolysis in the rhesus monkey, 100 µg estradiol-17β were injected on one of days 2, 3, or 4 after the preovulatory LH peak into one of the following sites: the stroma of the ovary containing the developing corpus luteum, the stroma of the contralateral ovary, or SC. When estradiol was injected into the ovary containing the corpus luteum, the functional life span of the corpus luteum was shortened, reflected by a premature decline in circulating progesterone to levels characteristic of the follicular phase of the cycle and an early onset of menstruation. When estradiol was injected either SC or into the ovary contralateral to that containing the corpus luteum, the life span of the corpus luteum was not shortened. The differing responses could not be attributed to differing rates of efflux of estradiol from the various injection sites; patterns and levels of estradiol in peripheral serum were essentially the same regardless of injection s...
Calculation of the Capacitance of a Circular Annulus by the Method of Subareas

1. The basic theory of approximate calculation by the use of subareas of the capacitance of a plane area and of the distribution of charge density over it is outlined. 2. The method of subareas is employed to obtain an accurate value for the capacitance of an annulus of ratio of outer to inner radius of ro/ri=1.5. 3. The fourth approximation to the capacitance of a specified circular disk, as calculated by the method of subareas, is found to be in good agreement with the known exact value. As a circular disk is an annulus of ratio of radii ro/ri=?, it is to be concluded that the fourth approximation for the much narrower annulus of ratio 1.5 is very nearly the exact value. This conjecture is substantiated by the curve of Figure 3. 4. Comparison in Figure 6 of the charge distribution on a circular disk as determined both from the known equation and by the method of subareas indicates that calculation of charge distribution by use of subareas affords a good approximation to the actual distribution. Accordingly, the charge distribution of Figure 7 for the much narrower annulus is to be considered as a close approximation to the actual distribution. 5. The universal curve of Figure 8 yields the capacitance of an annulus of any stated ratio of external to internal radii.
Enzymatic catalysis in a supercritical fluid

The enzyme alkaline phosphatase, EC 3. 1. 3. 1, was found to be active in a supercritical carbo dioxide solvent system. A batch reaction of disodium p-nitrophenyl phosphate with a 0.1 vol. % water solution in supercritical CO2 at 100 atm and 35°C produced p-nitrophenol when catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase.
Authority at Work: Internal Models and Their Organizational Consequences

This article focuses on how organization members authorize and deauthorize both others and themselves in the course of doing their work. We argue that these authorizing processes are shaped, in part, by enduring, often unacknowledged stances toward authority itself. In turn, we suggest that these stances are enacted in similar ways across hierarchical and collaborative work arrangements and across various roles and positions. These stances are--as Hirschhom (1990) suggested--internalized models. Working from a theoretical framework that combines concepts from developmental and clinical psychology, group dynamics, and organizational behavior, we define and illustrate three types of internal models of authority: dependence, counterdependence, and interdependence. We offer propositions about how these internal models influence organization members' behaviors during task performances generally, and more specifically, as members of hierarchical dyads and work teams. We also suggest propositions about how these...
Specificity of the PTB Domain of Shc for β Turn-forming Pentapeptide Motifs Amino-terminal to Phosphotyrosine

Shc phosphorylation in cells following growth factor, insulin, cytokine, and lymphocyte receptor activation leads to its association with Grb2 and activation of Ras. In addition to being a cytoplasmic substrate of tyrosine kinases, Shc contains an SH2 domain and a non-SH2 phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. Here we show that the Shc PTB domain, but not the SH2 domain, binds with high affinity (ID50 approximately equal to 1 microM) to phosphopeptides corresponding to the sequence surrounding Tyr250 of the polyoma virus middle T (mT) antigen (LLSNPTpYSVMRSK). Truncation studies show that five residues amino-terminal to tyrosine are required for high affinity binding, whereas all residues carboxyl-terminal to tyrosine can be deleted without loss of affinity. Substitution studies show that tyrosine phosphorylation is required and residues at -5, -3, -2, and -1 positions relative to pTyr are important for this interaction. 1H NMR studies demonstrate that the phosphorylated mT antigen-derived sequence forms a stable beta turn in solution, and correlations between structure and function indicate that the beta turn is important for PTB domain recognition. These results show that PTB domains are functionally distinct from SH2 domains. Whereas SH2 domain binding specificity derives from peptide sequences carboxyl-terminal to phosphotyrosine, the Shc PTB domain gains specificity by interacting with beta turn-forming sequences amino-terminal to phosphotyrosine.
Diphenyleneiodonium, an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, also potently inhibits mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production.

Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) has frequently been used to inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production mediated by flavoenzymes, particularly NAD(P)H oxidase. This study was undertaken to examine if DPI could also inhibit production of superoxide and H2O2 by mitochondria, the major source of cellular ROS. Detection of mitochondrial superoxide by lucigenin-derived chemiluminescence (CL) with unstimulated monocytes/macrophages showed that DPI at concentrations that inhibit NAD(P)H oxidase markedly diminished the production of superoxide by mitochondrial respiration. Similarly, the extracellular H2O2 derived from mitochondrial respiration as detected by luminol-derived CL in the presence of horseradish peroxidase was also greatly reduced by DPI. DPI was as potent as rotenone in inhibiting the production of superoxide and H2O2 by mitochondrial respiration. With substrate-supported isolated mitochondria, DPI was shown to reduce mitochondrial superoxide production probably through inhibiting NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).
Diagnosis of gastric aspiration by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

At the time of bronchoscopie observation, 28 of 31 patients proved to have aspirated gastric contents by the presence of gastric contents in the trachea or by direct observation of gastric aspiration followed by respiratory distress and erythema of subsegmentai bronchi. Since gastric aspiration is a difficult diagnosis to make and few objective data are available to make the diagnosis, the present study would indicate that early fiberoptic bronchoscopie observation of the tracheobronchial tree is a useful procedure to establish a definitive diagnosis and to allow proper planning for clinical management.
Differential privacy in new settings

Differential privacy is a recent notion of privacy tailored to the problem of statistical disclosure control: how to release statistical information about a set of people without compromising the the privacy of any individual [7].We describe new work [10, 9] that extends differentially private data analysis beyond the traditional setting of a trusted curator operating, in perfect isolation, on a static dataset. We ask• How can we guarantee differential privacy, even against an adversary that has access to the algorithm's internal state, eg, by subpoena? An algorithm that achives this is said to be pan-private.• How can we guarantee differential privacy when the algorithm must continually produce outputs? We call this differential privacy under continual observation.We also consider these requirements in conjunction.
Tryptophan scanning of D1S6 and D4S6 C-termini in voltage-gated sodium channels.

Recent reports suggest that four S6 C-termini may jointly close the voltage-gated cation channel at the cytoplasmic side, probably as an inverted teepee structure. In this study we substituted individually a total of 18 residues at D1S6 and D4S6 C-terminal ends of the rNav1.4 Na+ channel α-subunit with tryptophan (W) and examined their corresponding gating properties when expressed in Hek293t cells along with β1 subunit. Several W-mutants displayed significant changes in activation, fast inactivation, and/or slow inactivation gating. In particular, five S6 W-mutants showed incomplete fast inactivation with noninactivating maintained currents present. Cysteine (C) substitutions of these five residues resulted in two mutants with slightly more maintained currents. Multiple substitutions at these five positions yielded two mutants (L437C/A438W, L435W/L437C/A438W) that exhibited phenotypes with minimal fast inactivation. Unexpectedly, such inactivation-deficient mutants expressed Na+ currents as well as did the wild-type. Furthermore, all mutants with impaired fast inactivation exhibited an enhanced slow inactivation phenotype. Implications of these results will be discussed in terms of indirect allosteric modulations via amino acid substitutions and/or a direct involvement of S6 C-termini in Na+ channel gating.
Exposing undergraduates to research through a mentoring program

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe a research program that uses a mentoring process in order to actively involve undergraduate business students in scholarly research. The need for such a program is supported in the literature from a twofold perspective: the benefits of mentoring and of research integration into undergraduate education. In addition, there continues to be a need to foster a better understanding of research between academics and practitioners. This paper presents a program in which a student, professor, and business professional join together to address a research issue. Results of a survey of past participants indicate positive benefits reported by all of the participant groups. A discussion of benefits and weaknesses of the program is included along with recommendations for implementing similar programs.
Influenza control in acute care hospitals

Abstract Background: Influenza causes increased morbidity and mortality among patients in longterm care facilities, but little information is available on the impact of influenza in acute care settings. We wished to have such information when revising our hospital influenza control policy. Methods: We reviewed recent reports of influenza among patients in acute care hospitals and surveyed large (approximately 500-bed) acute care teaching hospitals by telephone to determine the nature of their influenza control policies. Results: Seventeen reports of influenza outbreaks in acute care hospitals were published from 1959 to 1994. Influenza A caused 13 of these outbreaks. Five involved children and 12 involved adults. The mean number of patients in each outbreak was 14 (range 1 to 49), with a mortality rate of 0% to 50% (median 0%, mean 6.5%). Health care workers were implicated in transmission in five reports. Vaccine was used infrequently during the outbreaks, and use of chemoprophylaxis was not reported. Our survey of current practices in 15 university-affiliated hospitals from 12 states revealed that all offered vaccine in the fall but none required either immunoprophylaxis or chemoprophylaxis at any time. Only three had formal policies detailing management of influenza in the hospital. Conclusions: Nosocomial influenza in acute care hospitals is infrequently reported and associated with a low mortality rate. Health care workers rarely comply with preventive measures, and few institutions have formal influenza control policies.
Measurement and prediction of high-pressure phase equilibria with a dilute component in the gas phase: the methane-n-hexane system

The design of vapor recovery processes requires very accurate vapor-liquid equilibria data. In this work the problem is attacked from both an experimental and a correlational viewpoint, and the methane-n-hexane system is chosen for study. A predictive model for vapor-liquid equilibrium aids in the interpretation of the experimental measurements, and data acquired in this study agree closely with the theoretical predictions. Maximum deviation between calculated and experimental equilibrium ratios (yi/xi) is 8.5% with average absolute deviations of 3% for n-hexane and 0.1% for methane. Several procedures are described for checking the accuracy of experimental VLE data when a heavy vapor is present at low concentrations in the gas phase. Several potential sources of experimental error are also identified and discussed.
Immune Heterogeneity in Neuroinflammation: Dendritic Cells in the Brain

Dendritic cells (DC) are critical to an integrated immune response and serve as the key link between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Under steady state conditions, brain DC’s act as sentinels, continually sampling their local environment. They share this function with macrophages derived from the same basic hemopoietic (bone marrow-derived) precursor and with parenchymal microglia that arise from a unique non-hemopoietic origin. While multiple cells may serve as antigen presenting cells (APCs), dendritic cells present both foreign and self-proteins to naive T cells that, in turn, carry out effector functions that serve to protect or destroy. The resulting activation of the adaptive response is a critical step to resolution of injury or infection and is key to survival. In this review we will explore the critical roles that DCs play in the brain’s response to neuroinflammatory disease with emphasis on how the brain’s microenvironment impacts these actions.
Wavepacket theory of dynamic absorption spectra in femtosecond pump-probe studies

Dynamic absorption spectroscopy takes advantage of the spectral width of ultrafast femtosecond pulses to measure complete time-resolved absorption spectra with a single pulse. To quantitatively analyze these experiments, we have developed a time-dependent theory for dynamic absorption spectroscopy which generalizes the usual wavepacket picture of optical absorption to the unique case of nonstationary initial states. In our treatment, the spectrum of an initial nonstationary state is seen to arise from the time-dependent overlap of wavepackets propagating on both the final and initial potential surfaces of the transition. Calculations modelling the 6 fs experiments on Nile Blue and bacteriorhodopsin are presented.