cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The EDTA extractable protein is glycosylated in the bovine lens

The EDTA extractable protein (EEP) can be prepared from the bovine lens using sonication; however, urea washing of the membrane fraction was essential in decreasing the non-specific binding of the crystallins to the EEP fraction. Both the 32 and the 35 kilodalton (kD) proteins from EEP were shown to be glycoconjugates using periodate labelling. The EEP from the lens bound a variety of lectins at both 32 and 35 kD. The binding of the lectins suggested that EEP is composed of proteins having galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine groups as well as fucose residues. The glycosylation of EEP adds another possible regulatory step for the control of these calcium binding proteins in the lens.
Alcohol consumption suppresses mammary tumor metastasis in a syngeneic tumor transplantation model

Epidemiological studies indicate a positive correlation between alcohol consumption and the risk of developing breast cancer. However, little is known about whether alcohol consumption affects breast cancer metastasis. Considering that the primary cause of death in breast cancer patients is due to metastasis, further insight into whether alcohol consumption influences disease progression and survival is needed. We tested the effect of alcohol consumption on breast cancer metastasis using the 4T1.2 syngeneic mammary tumor model in Balb/c mice. The treatment groups included a High-consuming group (18 % w/v alcohol in drinking water), a Moderate-consuming group (5 % w/v), a Low-consuming group (1 % w/v), and a Water-drinking control group. 4T1.2 mammary tumor cells were injected orthotopically into the mammary fat pad. Metastases were enumerated in lungs and in distant mammary glands 4 weeks after injection. Consumption of High alcohol protected against metastasis, as High-consuming mice typically had 65-75 % fewer metastases compared to Water-drinking controls. A suggestive reduction in tumor spread was observed in the Moderate-drinking group, although the effects did not reach statistical significance. Consumption of the Low alcohol dose did not affect metastasis. CXCR4 expression in the primary tumors was significantly reduced by High alcohol consumption; however, expression of this chemokine receptor in the primary tumor did not correlate with metastatic potential. Additional studies were conducted to test for possible direct effects of 0.3 % w/v ethanol on tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation of 4T1.2 cells in vitro. Our results indicate that, for this murine model, alcohol consumption does not exacerbate tumor metastasis, and that High alcohol consumption reduces tumor spread.
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency as a cause of worsening primary immunodeficiency☆

Abstract Rationale A 45 year old female presents with recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections associated with the diagnosis of IgG3 subclass and polysaccharide antibody response defect. She was started on IVIgG with favorable response. Three years after the start of infusions, she began to develop recurrent gluteal abscesses requiring surgical drainage. Cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus on several occasions. Results Further evaluation of the patient's immune system showed mildly decreased T cell numbers and decreased T cell function. Neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide function was normal. The patient was found to have a MBL level of 0.0 mg/dl indicating she was homozygous for MBL deficiency. Despite surgical debridement every two weeks of the areas the patient continued to have abscess development. Conclusions Humoral defects typically predispose patients to recurrent respiratory tract infections. When other systems become involved the clinician must look for other explanations. This case suggests that this humoral and mild cellular defect may have been complicated and made worsen by MBL deficiency. Similar cases of MBL worsening have been reported in association with cystic fibrosis but to our knowledge none have been reported with a primary humoral immunodeficiency.
A rapid growth of aligned carbon nanotube films and high-aspect-ratio arrays

The remarkable properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them attractive for microelectronic applications, especially for interconnects and nanoscale devices. In this paper, we report an efficient process to grow well-aligned CNT films and high-aspect-ratio CNT arrays with very high area distribution density (>1600 µm−2). Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was invoked to deposit highly aligned CNTs on Al2O3/Fe coated silicon substrates of several square centimeter area using ethylene as the carbon source, and argon and hydrogen as carrier gases. The nanotubes grew at a high rate of ∼100 µm/min. for nanotube films at 800°C, while the nanotube arrays grew at ∼140 µm/min. even at 750°C, due to the base growth mode. The CNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that the CNTs are of high purity and form densely aligned arrays with controllable size and height. The as-grown CNT structures have considerable potential for thermal management and electrical interconnects for microelectronic devices.
Use of Swine Fat as an Energy Source in Trout Rations

Abstract We investigated the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed diets containing an animal fat (lard) as a source of energy. Nine diets, identical in gross energy, but containing three levels of protein, were each fed to duplicate groups offish for 14 weeks. The control diets contained 22% herring oil; in the test diets, 33 and 50% of the dietary herring oil was replaced by lard. The final fish weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, and fish liver size were about the same in the groups offish receiving control and test diets containing the same protein level.
Retention and surface blistering of helium irradiated tungsten as a first wall material

Abstract The first wall of an inertial fusion energy reactor may suffer from surface blistering and exfoliation due to helium ion irradiation and extreme temperatures. Tungsten is a candidate for the first wall material. A study of helium retention and surface blistering with regard to helium dose, temperature, pulsed implantation, and tungsten microstructure was conducted to better understand what may occur at the first wall of the reactor. Single crystal and polycrystalline tungsten samples were implanted with 1.3 MeV 3He in doses ranging from 1019 m−2 to 1022 m−2. Implanted samples were analyzed by 3He(d,p)4He nuclear reaction analysis and 3He(n,p)T neutron depth profiling techniques. Surface blistering was observed for doses greater than 1021 He/m2. For He fluences of 5 × 1020 He/m2, similar retention levels in both microstructures resulted without blistering. Implantation and flash heating in cycles indicated that helium retention was mitigated with decreasing He dose per cycle.
On initial-boundary value problems in bounded and unbounded domains for a class of nonlinear hyperbolic equations of the third order☆

Abstract For the nonlinear hyperbolic equation u ( 2 , 1 ) = f ( x , t , u , u ( 1 , 0 ) , u ( 2 , 0 ) , u ( 0 , 1 ) , u ( 1 , 1 ) ) problems on bounded solutions in a half strip and in a strip are studied. Unimprovable conditions of local and global solvability and unique solvability of these problems are established.
The ultracentrifugal heterogeneity of serum low density lipoproteins in normal humans.

Abstract Studies of pure human low density lipoproteins (LDL) in the analytical ultracentrifuge revealed three groups of normolipidemic individuals of which 19 41 (46%) had heterogeneous LDL. The most common finding in individuals with heterogeneous LDL, 16 19 individuals, was the presence of a major fast LDL component, group Fs. The three other individuals with heterogeneous LDL had a major slow LDL component, group fS. Fifty-four percent of individuals ( 22 41 ) had homogeneous LDL, group S, in which the S f ,1.2,KBr of 39.8 closely agreed with the major LDL component of the fS group, S f = 40.7. In group Fs, the major LDL component was S f of 45.5 and was highly correlated with low serum triglyceride content, mean triglycerides concentration of 48 vs 91 mg/dl in group fS and S. Neither age nor sex appeared to be related to the occurrence of heterogeneous LDL, except as it is correlated with serum triglyceride values.
Growth factor plus preemptive (‘just-in-time’) plerixafor successfully mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in multiple myeloma patients despite prior lenalidomide exposure

Lenalidomide is associated with suboptimal autologous hematopoietic stem cell (AHSC) mobilization. We hypothesized that growth factor plus preemptive plerixafor is an effective strategy for AHSC mobilization in multiple myeloma (MM) despite prior exposure to lenalidomide. We retrospectively reviewed patient characteristics and mobilization outcomes of 89 consecutive MM patients undergoing first mobilization with filgrastim or pegfilgrastim +/- preemptive plerixafor using a previously validated algorithm based on day 4 peripheral blood CD34+ cell count (PB-CD34+) and mobilization target. Outcomes were analyzed according to the extent of prior exposure to lenalidomide: no prior exposure (group A, n=40), 1- 4 cycles (group B, n=30) and >4 cycles (group C, n=19). Multivariate analysis yielded only age and number of cycles of lenalidomide as negatively associated, and mobilization with pegfilgrastim as positively associated with higher PB-CD34+. Only 45% of patients in group A required plerixafor vs 63% in groups B and 84% in C, P=0.01. A higher proportion of patients in group A (100%) met the mobilization target than in groups B (90%) or C (79%), P=0.008. All patients yielded at least 2 × 10(6) CD34+/kg. Growth factor mobilization with preemptive plerixafor is an adequate upfront mobilization strategy for MM patients regardless of prior exposure to lenalidomide.
Isolation of mammary epithelial cells from three-dimensional mixed-cell spheroid co-culture.

While enormous efforts have gone into identifying signaling pathways and molecules involved in normal and malignant cell behaviors1-2, much of this work has been done using classical two-dimensional cell culture models, which allow for easy cell manipulation. It has become clear that intracellular signaling pathways are affected by extracellular forces, including dimensionality and cell surface tension3-4. Multiple approaches have been taken to develop three-dimensional models that more accurately represent biologic tissue architecture3. While these models incorporate multi-dimensionality and architectural stresses, study of the consequent effects on cells is less facile than in two-dimensional tissue culture due to the limitations of the models and the difficulty in extracting cells for subsequent analysis. The important role of the microenvironment around tumors in tumorigenesis and tumor behavior is becoming increasingly recognized4. Tumor stroma is composed of multiple cell types and extracellular molecules. During tumor development there are bidirectional signals between tumor cells and stromal cells5. Although some factors participating in tumor-stroma co-evolution have been identified, there is still a need to develop simple techniques to systematically identify and study the full array of these signals6. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cell type in normal or tumor-associated stromal tissues, and contribute to deposition and maintenance of basement membrane and paracrine growth factors7. Many groups have used three dimensional culture systems to study the role of fibroblasts on various cellular functions, including tumor response to therapies, recruitment of immune cells, signaling molecules, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion8-15. We have optimized a simple method for assessing the effects of mammary fibroblasts on mammary epithelial cells using a commercially available extracellular matrix model to create three-dimensional cultures of mixed cell populations (co-cultures)16-22. With continued co-culture the cells form spheroids with the fibroblasts clustering in the interior and the epithelial cells largely on the exterior of the spheroids and forming multi-cellular projections into the matrix. Manipulation of the fibroblasts that leads to altered epithelial cell invasiveness can be readily quantified by changes in numbers and length of epithelial projections23. Furthermore, we have devised a method for isolating epithelial cells out of three-dimensional co-culture that facilitates analysis of the effects of fibroblast exposure on epithelial behavior. We have found that the effects of co-culture persist for weeks after epithelial cell isolation, permitting ample time to perform multiple assays. This method is adaptable to cells of varying malignant potential and requires no specialized equipment. This technique allows for rapid evaluation of in vitro cell models under multiple conditions, and the corresponding results can be compared to in vivo animal tissue models as well as human tissue samples.
An Analysis of the Competencies Needed by Trainers to Use Computer‐Based Technologies and Distance Learning Systems

The purpose of this study was to describe computer-based technologies and distance learning systems currently used in employee training and to determine which technologies will be used in future training processes. The competencies needed by trainers to use the various types of technologies were also examined, including preferred sources of competency development. Barriers trainers face when implementing new technologies were also determined. A questionnaire was developed and used to collect the data from 381 ISPI members. The results indicate that organizations are using a wide range of technologies in training, and that the major types of technologies will not change significantly in the next three years. However, there are several newer, more sophisticated technologies that will be used with greater frequency in the future. The respondents indicated that it was more important for trainers to be able to use or assist trainees in the use of a system than to be able to develop new systems or programs. Vendor training and self-study methods were identified as the two most common resources for developing competencies in instructional technology.
Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND The use of plasma-based resuscitation for trauma patients in hemorrhagic shock has been associated with a decrease in mortality. While some have proposed a beneficial effect through replacement of coagulation proteins, the putative mechanisms of protection afforded by plasma are unknown. We have previously shown in a cell culture model that plasma decreases endothelial cell permeability compared to crystalloid. The endothelial glycocalyx consists of proteoglycans and glycoproteins attached to a syndecan backbone, which together protect the underlying endothelium. We hypothesize that endothelial cell protection by plasma is due, in part, to its restoration of the endothelial glycocalyx and preservation of syndecan-1 after hemorrhagic shock.
Public expectations and attitudes for annual physical examinations and testing.

Public desire for a comprehensive annual physical examination is high across the United States and is sensitive to financial charges.
Device to position and shield the testical during irradiation

Abstract This device positions the genitalia during irradiation of the scrotum and the inguinal and pelvic lymph nodes in patients with malignant tumors of the testicle. It allows a more reliable estimate of dose to the remaining (untreated) testicle than was possible with previous systems. It attenuates the exit dose to the underlying perineum and proximal medial treatments and by interposing a lead shield between the testicle and the treatment source.
Peptidoglutaminase deamidation of proteins and protein hydrolysates for improved food use.

The limited deamidating ability of peptidoglutaminase (PGase) toward intact food proteins (0- 6% deamidation) can be significantly enhanced by prior protein hydrolysis and altering protein conformation by such means as moist heat. PGase deamidation increases protein solubility and improves emulsifying and other physical properties under mildly acidic conditions. A batch reactor method was developed for the large- scale PGase deamidation of food proteins. Michaelis- Menten kinetics for industrial reactions (mixed zero- and first- order) were used for predicting the behavior of the reactor and for calculating enzyme dosage required to completely deamidate a given quantity of protein. Using such a reactor in the deamidation of food proteins or protein hydrolysates can lead to new food proteins with superior functional properties from less functional starting materials.
Treatment for insomnia in combat-exposed OEF/OIF/OND military veterans: preliminary randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Chronic insomnia is highly prevalent among military personnel returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. We evaluated the effects of a military version of a brief behavioral treatment of insomnia (BBTI-MV) compared to an information only control (IC) condition in combat-exposed Veterans of Operations Enduring/Iraqi Freedom or Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) on insomnia, sleep quality, and daytime symptoms of anxiety and depression. Forty OEF/OIF/OND Veterans (Mean age = 38.4 years old, s.d. = 11.69; 85% men; 77.5% white) were randomized to one of two conditions. BBTI-MV consisted of two in-person sessions and two telephone contacts delivered over four weeks, and included personalized recommendations to reduce insomnia. The IC condition also consisted of 2 in-person sessions two telephone contacts delivered over four weeks, and Veterans were encouraged to read written information about sleep-promoting behaviors. The Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PTSD Checklist, and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories were completed at baseline, post-treatment, and at the six-month follow-up. Both interventions were associated with clinically significant improvements in insomnia, although the magnitude of improvements in sleep and rates of treatment response and remission were greater for BBTI-MV compared to IC from pre- to post-treatment. Both BBTI-MV and the provision of information were associated with clinically significant improvements in insomnia among Veterans. Despite the preliminary nature of the findings and limitations inherent to small controlled trials, the findings suggest that both approaches may provide viable options in a stepped-care approach to the treatment of insomnia in retuning combat-exposed Veterans. Larger, confirmatory effectiveness trials are required. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00840255 .
Recanalization of acute basilar artery occlusion improves outcomes: a meta-analysis

Objective Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is a catastrophe with high mortality and disability. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) data supporting/refuting reperfusion treatment are sparse in acute BAO. The study objective was to pool risk estimates for death or dependency (DoD), mortality, and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from published studies on BAO. Methods Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and clinicaltrials.gov were searched through August 2013 for studies of reperfusion therapies in acute BAO. Two independent authors selected studies and abstracted the data. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and mean weighted probabilities (MWP) were calculated using random effects model. Results 45 studies (n=2056) met the inclusion criteria. Recanalization was associated with a lower risk of DoD (RR 0.67; number needed to treat (NNT) 3) and mortality (RR 0.49; NNT 2.5). ICH rate (MWP) with acute therapies was 13%. With recanalization, RR for DoD in those treated ≤12 h was 0.63, and for those treated >12 h, it was 0.67. With recanalization, RR for DoD in the intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) subgroup was 0.68; in the intra-arterial/endovascular therapy (IA/EVT) subgroup, DoD RR was 0.67. Recanalization resulted in mortality RR of 0.46 in those treated ≤12 h; for >12 h group, RR was 0.50. Recanalization resulted in mortality RR of 0.53 in the IVT subgroup, and RR of 0.48 in the IA/EVT subgroup. ICH rate for ≤12 h was 10%; ICH rate for >12 h was 14%. With IVT, the ICH rate was 9%, and with IA/EVT the ICH rate was 14%. Conclusions Recanalization of acute BAO leads to reduction in mortality by two-fold and reduction in the risk of DoD by 1.5-fold. This study underscores the equipoise in acute BAO for comparing systemic and endovascular therapies, and testing different time windows through RCTs.
EFFECTS OF TAKING THE SAT ON RATE OF WORK AND GUESSING

The College Board recently published Taking the SAT, a booklet designed to Improve candidates' familiarity with the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and the Test of Standard Written English (TSWE). This note examines the extent to which receiving the new booklet altered (a) candidates' strategies with regard to responding in the face of uncertainty and (b) the rate at which examinees proceeded through the test. It Is suggested that specific instructions found in the booklet are related to changes in examinees' test-taking behaviors in both of these areas.
Hydroxyl Radicals Generated In Vivo Kill Neurons in the Rat Spinal Cord: Electrophysiological, Histological, and Neurochemical Results

We have used microdialysis to establish an experimental model to characterize mechanisms whereby released substances cause secondary damage in spinal cord injury. We use this model here to characterize damaging effects of the hydroxyl radical (OH.) in vivo in the spinal cord. OH. was generated in vivo by pumping H2O2 and FeCl2/EDTA through parallel microdialysis fibers inserted into the spinal cord. These agents mixed in the tissue to produce OH. by Fenton's reaction. Two types of control experiments were also conducted, one administering only 5 mM H2O2 and the other only 0.5 mM FeCl2/0.82 mM EDTA. During administration of these chemicals, electrical conduction was recorded as one test for deterioration. OH. blocked conduction completely in 2.5-5 h and Fe2+/EDTA partly blocked conduction, but H2O2 alone did not cause detectable blockage. Histological examination supported the hypothesis that neurons were killed by OH., as Fe2+/EDTA and H2O2 alone did not destroy significant numbers of neurons. OH., H2O2, and Fe2+ all caused gradual increases in extracellular amino acid levels. These results are consistent with Fe(2+)-catalyzed free radical generation playing a role in tissue damage upon spinal cord injury.
Behavior of thermal barrier coatings for advanced gas turbine blades

Abstract The work reported herein deals with a plasma-sprayed zirconia-yttria ceramic coating with a nickel-chromium-aluminum bond coat on a super- alloy substrate. This investigation has as its principal objective the quantitative determination of stress states in a model thermal barrier coating as it cools in air. The effects associated with an idealized rough ceramic-bond interface were investigated. The influence of bond coat oxidation was also determined, together with the impact of initial cracking within the coating. An improved understanding of these coating behaviors is expected to lead to the discovery of coating failure mechanisms which can greatly benefit the designer. In this investigation the powerful finite element method was employed to model the coating which is assumed to be elastic for this initial effort. To obtain the necessary accuracy a very fine finite element grid was developed, utilizing generalized plane-strain elements to model a cylindrical coated specimen. The model which is named TBCOC contains 1316 nodal points and 2140 elements. Using a generic code called MARC, numerical results were obtained from this model. The actual calculations were performed on a CRAY-1S supercomputer. Detailed stress distributions in the coating were obtained to reflect the effects of thermal expansion mismatch and the material properties. Results to date have pinpointed the existence (and location) of large radial tensile stresses in the ceramic layer adjacent to the rough ceramic- bond interface. The effects of oxidation on the stresses are shown together with the influence of initial cracking at specific locations near the ceramic-bond interface. A preliminary failure mechanism for thermal barrier coatings is proposed on the basis of these numerical results and published experimental work.
Conductive electrical devices: a prospective, population-based study of the medical safety of law enforcement use.

Background: To examine police compliance with policies for the proper use of conductive electrical devices (CEDs) and, in turn, track any associated medical events following CED application. Methods: Prospective, population-based, 15-month study of police activations of CEDs after their introduction into the police force of a large U.S. city (residential population, 1.25 million). Local policy for use was consistent with the recommendations of International Association of Chiefs of Police. Data collected included age, sex, predefined rationale for use, target distance, activation duration, total energy delivered, policy compliance, and medical findings or events within the first 12 hours. Results: Among 426 consecutive CED activations (November 1, 2004 through January 31, 2006), the suspects' mean age (years ± standard deviation) was 30 ± 10 (range, 13-72) years and 90.4% were male. Suspects' mean distance from the officer was 5.0 ± 4.5 feet (range, 0-21). Reasons for use included: evading or resisting arrest (33.3%, n = 142), public intoxication or disorderly conduct (15.8%, n = 76), interrupting a felony in progress (9.3%, n = 45), and interrupting an assault on an officer or public servant (6.0%, n = 29). Mean total duration of exposures was 8.6 ± 5.9 seconds, and total energy delivered per suspect was 227 ± 156 joules. Officers followed policy in all cases and, accordingly, all suspects rapidly received medical evaluation or simple first aid. No suspect required further treatment except one who was later found to have severe toxic hyperthermia and who died within 2 hours of activation despite rapid on-scene intervention. In 5.4% of deployments (n = 23), CED use was deemed to have dearly prevented the use of lethal force by police. Conclusion: Police were compliant with policy in all cases, and, in addition to avoiding the use of lethal force in a significant number of circumstances, the safety of CED use was demonstrated despite one death subsequently attributed to lethal toxic hyperthermia. Collaborative nationwide research using similar registries is strongly recommended to document compliance and ensure ongoing safety monitoring.
Plant Litter Decomposition in Wetlands Receiving Acid Mine Drainage

The impact of acid vine drainage on the decomposition of wetland plant species of northern West Virginia was studied to determine if the potential exists for nutrient cycling to be altered in systems used to treat this drainage. There were two objectives of this study. First, decomposition of aboveground plant material was measured to determine species decomposition patterns as a function of pH. Second, decomposition of litter from various pH environments was compared to assess whether litter origin affects decomposition rates. Species differences were detected throughout the study. Decomposition rates of woolgrass [Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth] and common rush (Juncus effusus L.) were significantly lower than those of calannus (Acorus calamus L.) and rice cutgrass (Leersis oryzoides L.). Differences among species explained a large proportion of the variation in percentage of biomass remaining. Thus, differences in litter quality among species was important in determining the rate of decomposition. In general, significantly more decomposition occurred for all species in high pH environments, indicating impeded decomposition at low pH. While decomposition of some species after differed depending on its origin, other species showed no effect. Cattail (Typha latifolia L.), in particular, was found to have lower decomposition rates occurring with material grown at low pH. Lower decomposition rates could result in lower nutrient availability leading to further reduction of productivity under low pH conditions
Collective fluorescence enhancement in nanoparticle clusters.

Many nanoscale systems are known to emit light intermittently under continuous illumination. In the fluorescence of single semiconductor nanoparticles, the distributions of bright and dark periods ('on' and 'off' times) follow Levy statistics. Although fluorescence from single-quantum dots and from macroscopic quantum dot ensembles has been studied, there has been little study of fluorescence from small ensembles. Here we show that blinking nanorods (NRs) interact with each other in a cluster, and the interactions affect the blinking statistics. The on-times in the fluorescence of a NR cluster increase dramatically; in a cluster with N NRs, the maximum on-time increases by a factor of N or more compared with the combined signal from N well-separated NRs. Our study emphasizes the use of statistical properties in identifying the collective dynamics. The scaling of this interaction-induced increase of on-times with number of NRs reveals a novel collective effect at the nanoscale.
Marfan and cri du chat syndromes in an 18‐month‐old child: evidence of phenotype interaction

We report on an 18-month-old girl who has both the cri du chat and Marfan syndromes. She was born at term to a 29-year-old woman with the clinical diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. An evaluation for developmental delay at 2 months of age showed a karyotype of 46,XX,del(5)(15.1), consistent with cri du chat syndrome. At age 18 months she was tall (90 cm, > 95th centile), with an decreased upper segment:lower segment ratio (1.0), and microcephalic (OFC 42.5 cm, < 5th centile). Facial features were typical of cri du chat syndrome. The palm, middle finger and foot lengths were at or above the 95th centile for age. She was hypotonic, and her developmental level was approximately 8-10 months. Echocardiography showed redundant mitral valve tissue, mild mitral insufficiency, dilated aortic sinuses, and a small muscular VSD. We would have anticipated that a patient with an autosomal deletion who also had Marfan syndrome would have had growth failure. However, in this patient the skeletal features of Marfan syndrome (increased body length, decreased upper segment:lower segment ratio, and increased palm, finger, and foot length) predominate.
Rest and exercise plasma nucleottoes

Abstract Previous studies have reported an increase in ventilatory rate with injections of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate. The present study considers the possibility that ATP or ADP could be released from exercising skeletal muscle into the circulation and produce part of the ventilatory response to exercise. Plasma levels of ATP and ADP from both venous and arterial blood were determined in resting and exercising subjects. There was no detectable plasma ATP or ADP with the method used. Either these nucleotides are not released into the circulation, or they are rapidly altered, or they are present in amounts too small to be detected by this method.
Revision surgery for cervical spondylotic myelopathy: surgical results and outcome

Objective The role of additional or revision surgery in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is challenging. Postoperative pseudoarthrosis, instability, hardware failure, and recurrent cervical stenosis are conditions that require detailed clinical and radiographic assessment to define the pathology and assess the need for surgical decompression and fusion. The purpose of this study is to assess the neurological outcome, radiological outcome, and complications of patients undergoing additional or revision surgery for CSM. Methods Between 2002 and 2006, 30 patients with CSM and postoperative pseudoarthrosis, instability, hardware failure, or recurrent stenosis underwent surgical decompression and stabilization. The specific procedure was selected according to each patient's medical condition, cervical sagittal alignment, and extent of stenosis. All patients underwent an anterior, posterior, or combined anterior and posterior decompression and instrumented fusion. The charts of these patients were reviewed to assess neurological and radiographic outcomes. Results Twenty-five patients (83%) improved postoperatively as measured by the Nurick Myelopathy Scale over a mean follow-up period of 19 months (range, 2-64 mo). The overall complication rate was 27%, consisting of transient monoradiculopathy (7%), dysphagia (10%), and infection (7%). The incidence of nonunion during the follow-up period was 3%. Conclusion Although patients with CSM and postoperative pseudoarthrosis, instability, hardware failure, or junctional stenosis who require revision surgery may risk a substantial likelihood of surgical complications (25% in this series), a significant proportion of patients may experience improved neurological outcomes. In our experience, the cervical sagittal alignment and the extent of stenosis are critical factors to consider when selecting the eventual procedure.
Nietzsche and the Project of Bringing Philosophy to an End

Nietzsche commentators disagree about most aspects of his thinking — as one would expect — especially about what an Ubermensch is supposed to be, what eternal recurrence asserts, whether he had developed or had intended to formulate a full-blown theory of the will to power, as well as what his perspectivism may be said to assert. These are disagreements concerning the substance, goal, and success of Nietzsche’s attempted transvaluation of all values. On the other hand, there is considerably less disagreement about identifying the deconstructive aspect of his work, the sense in which he sought to disentangle Western metaphysics, Christianity, and morality in order to display what he took to be their reactive decadence. Put crudely and misleadingly, there is considerably less disagreement concerning the negative, deconstructive side of Nietzsche’s thinking than there is about the positive, reconstructive side.
Production technology option value: the case of rbST in Michigan

Agricultural producers are increasingly required to adjust production practices to satisfy retailer, and ultimately consumer, preferences. This article highlights the option value that underlies decisions related to production technologies using the case of Michigan dairy farmers and recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST). Welfare impacts were calculated for dairy producers when milk production systems which allowed the use of rbST were eliminated from the producer choice set. Those dairy producers using rbST just before its elimination realized a higher welfare loss than those not using the technology. However, significant welfare impacts were found for all dairy producers indicating that all producers valued the option to use this production technology.
Computer Graphics for Multimedia and Hypermedia Development.

ONE OF THE FOREMOST DEMANDS of multimedia and hypermedia development is in the visual aspect. The adage that most developers are familiar with is that content is king. Regardless of the product’s communicative purpose, poorly designed content will indefinitely cause a product to fail. Similarly, poorly designed graphics are also detrimental. This paper presents several of the theoretical and technical aspects of creating exceptional computer graphics for multimedia and hypermedia projects.
Geology of possible Martian methane source regions

Recent observations of methane on Mars suggest that spatially localized source regions are present. Here we discuss the surface morphology and mineralogy of these regions, focusing on features that may provide insights into mechanisms of methane production and/or release. Preliminary trends among methane source regions include old age, deep fractures, past or present subsurface water, and the presence of hydrated minerals, sometimes including serpentine. As the spatial and temporal coverage of Martian methane is expanded, geological observations of proposed source regions will be a powerful tool for understanding the methane cycle on modern Mars.
Mitral valve replacement: Techniques to eliminate myocardial rupture and prevent valvular disruption

Abstract Twenty fresh canine hearts were used to compare the peak left ventricular pressures required to disrupt prosthetic mitral valves sutured in place with horizontal mattress sutures using either subannular or supraannular placed pledgets. Separate groups were developed to determine the effect of leaving the whole mitral valve apparatus or only the posterior leaflet apparatus intact and what effect, if any, each had on the ventricular pressure required to disrupt the implanted prosthetic mitral valve. Group 1 consisted of 10 hearts with the entire mitral apparatus left in place (5 valves implanted with supraannular pledgets and 5 with subannular pledgets). Group 2 consisted of 10 hearts with only the posterior leaflet apparatus left in place (5 valves implanted with supraannular pledgets and 5 with subannular pledgets). A 29-mm Medtronic mitral valve was secured in the mitral position with a fixed number of ten pledgeted sutures in each annulus. The aorta was cannulated and normal saline solution infused into the left ventricle until end-point rupture occurred. The peak pressure and mechanism of any disruption were then noted. No specimen exhibited subannular myocardial rupture or left atrial wall dissection. Similar protection was provided by leaving the posterior leaflet only or the entire mitral valve. In each case peak left ventricular pressure resulted in only paravalvular leaking around the limited number of sutures as the end point. In each of these four groups the peak left ventricular pressures required for end-point rupture were not significantly different. These data would indicate that preservation of either the posterior leaflet or the entire mitral valve eliminates the incidence of myocardial rupture that was routinely present with total excision of the valve and supraannular suture placement in the same animal model in previous studies. This should certainly support leaving at least the posterior leaflet apparatus of the mitral valve in place, which could also improve ventricular function.
Workplace basics: the skills employees need and employers want

From the Civil War until the 1970s, the United States was the world’s most successful mass-production economy, the very best at producing standardized goods and services at least cost and selling t...
Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Mefloquine-Based Ligands as Novel Antituberculosis Agents

Tuberculosis (TB) is presently regarded as one of the most dangerous infective diseases worldwide and one of the major AIDS-associated infections. To shorten the current treatment regimen, there is an urgent need to identify new anti-TB agents which are active against both replicating TB (R-TB) and nonreplicating TB (NRP-TB). Mefloquine, a well-known antimalarial drug was found to possess reasonable activity against NRP-TB, and accordingly, 30 new analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their anti-TB activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv. As the target of mefloquine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains unknown, we resorted to modifying mefloquine in a variety of chemically convenient ways, which led us in turn to the active hydrazone 10 a. Further modifications of 10 a led to compound 7 f, with an improved anti-TB activity/selectivity profile with both less cytotoxicity and less predicted CNS side effects compared with mefloquine. The clear structure-activity relationships (SARs) derived from this study should facilitate our ultimate goal of identifying improved anti-TB agents.
The use of lanthanum to characterize cell wall permeability in relation to deep supercooling and extracellular freezing in woody plants: II. Intrageneric comparisons between Betula lenta and Betula papyrifera

The permeability and porosity of xylem cell walls are believed to play a major role in defining the ability of a cell or tissue to exhibit deep supercooling. Lanthanum nitrate, was utilized to contrast the permeability of stem tissues inB. lenta, which exhibits deep supercooling, withB. papyrifera, which exhibits equilibrium freezing. Although the two species differed greatiy in their response to low temperature, distribution of lanthanum deposits was quite similar. Primary cell walls of all xylem cell types appeared permeable although lanthanum deposition was patchy. Secondary cell walls of fiber cells were also permeable to lanthanum whereas the secondary wall of vessel elements and xylem parenchyma appeared impermeable to the lanthanum. Pit membranes, in all cell types and the “protective layer” in xylem parenchyma frequently exhibited deposits of lanthanum. Results of this study indicate that the porosity and permeability of the pit membrane, rather than the entire cell wall may determine the rate of water loss from xylem parenchyma to sites of extracellular ice. If differences exist between the species in the physical structure of these sites, they may explain differences observed in their response to freezing.
Automobile prices and the value of shopping

Consumers shopping for a new car in the U.S.A. or Canada are faced with having to negotiate a ‘good deal’ from the listed ‘sticker’ price. This study investigates the price variations among new car dealerships in 10 major cities. A standardized shopping procedure was used to collect price information based on selected models and options for comparable Chevrolet and Ford automobiles. The findings indicate that consumers clearly benefit from shopping at more than one dealership for a new car.
X-ray double crystal topography of epitaxial magnetic bubble domain garnets

Abstract X-ray double crystal topography has been used to examine epitaxial magnetic bubble domain garnets and their underlying garnet substrates. Several types of substrate defects have been identified and their replication by the epitaxial films has been demonstrated. Replicability has been found to depend on the nature of the defect and the nature of the film.
Effect of excisional therapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to determine the rates of recurrence, persistence, and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus after excisional therapy with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy. Study Design: The records of 118 women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 56 of whom were infected with human immunodeficiency virus and 62 of whom were not infected, were examined to compare outcomes. Demographic, behavioral, and clinical indices were analyzed. Results: Of 54 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 31 (57.4%) had persistent or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, in comparison with 10 (16.7%) of 60 noninfected women ( P P P P P P P Conclusion: Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus had high rates of recurrent and persistent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia despite standard therapy. Low CD4 + levels and margin involvement of specimens obtained by loop electrosurgical excision are risk factors for recurrence. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with a lower risk of recurrence, persistence, and progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:538-43.)
Sildenafil does not improve steady state cardiovascular hemodynamics, peak power, or 15-km time trial cycling performance at simulated moderate or high altitudes in men and women

Sildenafil improves oxygen delivery and maximal exercise capacity at very high altitudes (≥4,350 m), but it is unknown whether sildenafil improves these variables and longer-duration exercise performance at moderate and high altitudes where competitions are more common. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of sildenafil on cardiovascular hemodynamics, arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), peak exercise capacity (W peak), and 15-km time trial performance in endurance-trained subjects at simulated moderate (MA; ~2,100 m, 16.2% FIO2) and high (HA; ~3,900 m, 12.8% FIO2) altitudes. Eleven men and ten women completed two HA W peak trials after ingesting placebo or 50 mg sildenafil. Subjects then completed four exercise trials (30 min at 55% of altitude-specific W peak + 15-km time trial) at MA and HA after ingesting placebo or 50 mg sildenafil. All trials were performed in randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blind fashion. Sildenafil had little influence on cardiovascular hemodynamics at MA or HA, but did result in higher SaO2 values (+3%, p < 0.05) compared to placebo during steady state and time trial exercise at HA. W peak at HA was 19% lower than SL (p < 0.001) and was not significantly affected by sildenafil. Similarly, the significantly slower time trial performance at MA (28.1 ± 0.5 min, p = 0.016) and HA (30.3 ± 0.6 min, p < 0.001) compared to SL (27.5 ± 0.6 min) was unaffected by sildenafil. We conclude that sildenafil is unlikely to exert beneficial effects at altitudes <4,000 m for a majority of the population.
Quantitative and qualitative analyses of human salivary NEFA with gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry.

Salivary non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) are proposed to play a role in oral health, oral fat detection, and they may hold diagnostic and prognostic potential. Yet, little is known about the array and concentrations of NEFA in saliva. The aim of the study was to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of salivary NEFA in healthy humans and to present a new, efficient protocol to perform such analyses. Resting saliva samples from fifteen participants were collected. The salivary lipids were extracted using a modified Folch extraction. The NEFA in the extracted lipids were selectively subjected to pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB) derivatization and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 16 NEFA were identified in resting saliva. The four major NEFA were palmitic, linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids. Their concentrations ranged from 2 to 9 μM. This is the first study to characterize individual human salivary NEFA and their respective concentrations. The method used in the study is sensitive, precise, and accurate. It is specific to fatty acids in non-esterified form and hence enables analysis of NEFA without their separation from other lipid classes. Thus, it saves time, reagents and prevents loss of sample. These properties make it suitable for large scale analysis of salivary NEFA.
Trace metals in sediments of Raritan bay

Abstract Marine sediments are the ultimate recipient of nearly all trace metals introduced by man into aquatic ecosystems. This study examined the amounts and distribution of six trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in sediments of Raritan Bay, apolluted estuary. The highest levels of these metals found in Raritan Bay were: Cd-15, Cr-260, Cu-1230, Ni-50, Pb-985, Zn-815. Three metals regimes within Raritan Bay are readily apparent. An area of high values extends across the Bay from the mouth of the Raritan Riverand Arthur Killinto Sandy Hook Bay. This is bounded on the south and northeast by areas of somewhat lower concentrations. An area of relatively low concentrations, near background values, occupies the region at the mouth of the Bay between Sandy Hook peninsula and Coney Island, New York. Metals values from Raritan Bay are compared with other areas and with a few exceptions, the Raritan Bay maximum levels were similar in magnitude to those of areas in Corpus Christi Harbour (U.S.A), Severn Estuary (U.K.), Deep Sea and Florida Lakes, River Blyth (U.K.), dump sites off New York City, various basins off South California, and in Long Island Sound.