cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A role for non-MHC genetic polymorphism in susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmunity

Peripheral immunological tolerance is traditionally explained by mechanisms for deletion or inactivation of autoreactive T cell clones. Using an autoimmune disease model combining transgenic mice expressing a well-defined antigen, influenza hemagglutinin (HA), on islet beta cells (Ins-HA), and a T cell receptor transgene (TCR-HNT) specific for a class II-restricted HA peptide, we demonstrate that the conventional assumptions do not apply to this in vivo situation. Double transgenic mice displayed either resistance or susceptibility to spontaneous autoimmune disease, depending on genetic contributions from either of two common inbred mouse strains, BALB/c or B10.D2. Functional studies on autoreactive CD4+ T cells from resistant mice showed that, contrary to expectations, neither clonal anergy, clonal deletion, nor receptor desensitization was induced; rather, there was a non-MHC-encoded predisposition toward differentiation to a nonpathogenic effector (Th2 versus Th1) phenotype. T cells from resistant double transgenic mice showed evidence for prior activation by antigen, suggesting that disease may be actively suppressed by autoreactive Th2 cells. These findings shed light on functional aspects of genetically determined susceptibility to autoimmunity, and should lead to new therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling the differentiation of autoreactive CD4+ effector T cells in vivo.
Punishments: what predicts adult approval

We surveyed 449 parents to assess: (a) the prevalence of different types of physical and emotional punishment during their childhoods: (b) the prevalence of current parental approval of these types of punishments, and (c) risk factors for current approval of physical and emotional punishments. Parents in waiting rooms of pediatric clinics were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire about their childhood punishment experiences and their current approval of various types of punishment. Reported experiences and approval were as follows: 24% experienced and 6% approved of uncommon punishments (e.g., burned), 45% experienced and 17% approved of common punishments (e.g., shaken), and 94% experienced and 88% approved of very common punishments (e.g., spanked). Having experienced each type of punishment was a highly significant risk factor for currently approving of that type of punishment (p < .01 for each). Race, income, and education were not significant risk factors for approval of different types of punishment. Many parents have experienced harsh types of punishment during their childhoods. Efforts at identifying and educating parents who approve of harsh and/or abusive types of punishment should focus on those who have experienced harsh punishment rather than on particular racial or socioeconomic groups.
Evidence for spiral magnetic order in the heavy fermion material CeRhIn 5

We report ${}^{115}\mathrm{In}$ nuclear quadrupolar resonance measurements of the heavy fermion compound ${\mathrm{CeRhIn}}_{5}$ in the paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic states. The magnetic order is consistent with a model of helical modulation of the Ce moments that is incommensurate with the lattice, and the magnetic dynamics indicate possible two-dimensional behavior.
Voltage dependent anion channels (VDACs): a brief introduction with a focus on the outer mitochondrial compartment's roles together with hexokinase-2 in the "Warburg effect" in cancer.

In recent years there has been renewed interest and focus on mitochondria of animal and human tissues. This interest commenced in the latter part of the past century and has gained momentum during the first eight years of this new millennium. The well accepted reason is that mitochondria are now recognized to represent not only “power houses“, i.e., the ATP production factories of tissues essential for cell life, but in response to a variety of different “cues” may participate significantly also in cell death, both that associated with normal turnover and that associated with disease. Conversely, in cancers (particularly the advanced) their mitochondria interact with hexokinase 2 (HK-2) resulting in suppression of cell death while supporting cell growth via enhanced glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect). The identification/elucidation of proteins and mechanisms involved in deciding and/or participating in cell fate (i.e., life, death, or cancer) has focused to a large extent on the mitochondrial outer compartment, which is taken here to collectively include the outer membrane, the space between the inner and outer membranes, and contact regions between these two membranes. Among the established proteins believed to be involved in events related to cell fate are “VDACs” that form the basis of this mini-review series. This brief introductory review focuses mainly on the past discovery by the author and colleagues that VDAC located within the outer mitochondrial compartment and its binding partner HK-2 are pivotal players in the “Warburg effect” in cancer. As one case in point, when glucose is added to liver cytosol (mitochondria-free) the rate of glycolysis is very low. However, upon addition of tumor mitochondria containing VDAC bound HK-2, the low glycolytic rate is increased to a high rate near that catalyzed by the tumor cytoplasm from which the tumor mitochondria were derived.
Scheduling work and rest for the hot ambient conditions with radiant heat source.

Abstract Four physically fit but not heat-acclimatized male subjects were exposed to sessions of 90min, comprising three successive 30min units of (i) cyclic work-rest periods in a heated room, (ii) sitting under neutral ambient conditions and (iii) repetition of unit 1 of cyclic work in the heated room. Each cycle included consecutive periods of a few minutes of: (i) heavy work at half aerobic capacity (05 [Vdot]O2 max); (ii) light work at 025 [Vdot]O2 max and (iii) sitting. The heavy work was performed under a radiant heat source where tg was 20°C above tdb. The heated room was under one of the following tdb°C/twb°C combinations: 38/27 (warm/humid), 48/25 (hot/dry) and 48/30 (hot/wet). The unit of rest was under tdb/twb 22/16°C. The 30min unit in the heated room included three cycles of work and rest. The design of the cyclic work in the heat and the 30min recovery outside the heat was based on the inverse relationship between endurance and work as a fraction of the maximal aerobic capacity (f- [Vdot]O2...
Fuels via bioconversion

Abstract The potential mechanisms for fuels production by biochemical means are reviewed within the context of the principal metabolic pathways. Engineering options for bioconversion of fuels include the direct use of photosynthetic materials, the photosynthetic production of hydrogen and the fermentation of organic matter. It is concluded that, although biological processing is a feasible renewable energy source, process economics prevent the present-day use of such systems. This problem will be overcome by improving conversion efficiencies and by reducing the costs of harvesting. The application of biochemical engineering techniques to these problems is discussed.
Thermocapillary Effect in Heterogeneously-Formed Bubbles in Microsystems

Bubble nucleation and growth in microsystems, and in microchannels supporting subcooled nucleate boiling, occur within liquids with extremely large temperature gradients. Non-uniform bubble-liquid interfacial temperatures may occur, leading to important thermocapillary effects. This analytical investigation is an attempt to demonstrate the potential impact of the thermocapillary effects on heterogeneously-generated micro-bubbles. Quasi-steady bubbles occupying heated microtubes are first modeled. It is shown that the temperature of the liquid-vapor interphase in these bubbles can be non-uniform. This temperature non-uniformity increases with increasing the heat transfer rate, and depends on the microtube size. A method for the prediction of liquid-vapor interphase geometry resulting from non-uniform bubble surface temperature is developed. It is shown that the aforementioned bubbles can be distorted from spherical geometry rather significantly. Quasi-steady bubbles attached to a heated microchannel surface supporting subcooled nucleate boiling are also modeled. The bubble-liquid interfacial temperature distribution is estimated based on assuming equal evaporation and condensation mass fluxes at the bubble base and top, and using the simple gas kinetic theory methods. The result shows that the thermocapillary effect tends to slightly distort and elongate the bubbles in the direction perpendicular to the heated surface, and leads to a thermocapillary force that resists bubble detachment. The geometric distortion of the bubble leads to an increase in drag force in comparison with a chopped-spherical bubble with equal volume.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Routines and the making of oppositional news

This participant observation study takes a critical look at the idea of “news routines.” By looking at a politically oppositional news room, it is possible to sort through the elements of production to discover just which ones make this radio station's news “oppositional.” Some scholars say that news routines, like the need to show balance or to report events instead of long‐term trends, make it difficult to say anything deeply critical of the status quo. This news room, a “deviant case,” uses the same routines as “mainstream” reporters, but the resulting news is politically very different. What makes the difference are the station's organizational factors, the relation of the station to its audience, the social and political positions of those in control of the station, and the reporters’ social positions and political world views.
Marrow colony-forming units: age-related changes in responses to anti-theta-sensitive helper/suppressor stimuli.

AbstractEarlier studies with the anemic W/Wv mouse and healthy aged mice have revealed the presence in bone marrow of an anti-θ-sensitive regulatory cell (TSRC) with “helper” function. In experiments presented here, treatment of marrow cells from young mice with anti-θ serum or anti-Ly-1.2 serum and complement had no effect on the number of spleen colonies formed in irradiated recipients; similar treatment of marrow cells from old donors, however, resulted in a 40% reduction in colonies which was reversed if young thymus cells were added to the inoculum. When marrow cells from young or old mice injected 4 days before with SRBC were treated with anti-θ or anti-Ly-2.2 serum and complement, spleen colonies increased by about 50%; treatment of the same cells with anti-Ly-1.2 serum had no significant effect on colony formation. Marrow cells from immunized young and old donors treated with anti-θ serum and complement had no colony inhibitory activity when mixed with marrow from normal young donors; however, the...
Ground-water studies in the humid and semiarid parts of the Texas Coastal Plain

The sediments that underlie the Texas Coastal Plain have a thickness of many thousand feet and consist largely of shale and clay interbedded with sandstone and sand. Except in localities where there are notable folds or faults, the beds have a dip to the east or southeast materially steeper than the slope of the present land-surface, and formations that crop out in the northern part of the Coastal Plain occur at depths of several thousand feet at the present coast line. The geologic structure, therefore, as well as the arrangement and texture of the beds, is favorable for the intake and accumulation of stores of ground-water in the permeable sands.
Effects of Fe additions on the mechanical properties and oxidation behavior of Cr2Ta Laves phase reinforced Cr

Abstract The addition of Fe to Cr–Cr2Ta eutectic alloys increased ambient fracture toughness from a maximum of 12–14 to 18–21 MPa m1/2. The elevated-temperature yield strength was depressed, but still reached >250 MPa at 1000 °C. The Fe additions also resulted in a potentially beneficial change in oxidation mechanism from Cr2N subscale formation to internal oxidation.
A study of the reaction H + O2 ⇌ HO2 ⇌ O + OH at four levels of density-functional theory

Abstract The minimum-energy pathway and the energetics of the reaction H + O 2 ⇌ HO 2 ⇌ O + OH have been computed at four levels of density-functional theory, involving local and nonlocal exchange and correlation terms. The four exchange-correlation potentials produce very similar geometries for the HO 2 intermediate, and similar trajectories for the reaction path in the neighborhood of HO 2 ; the pathways begin to differ more significantly at greater distances between reactant or product species, as the surface flattens out toward the asymptotic dissociation energy. The experimental energetics are reproduced most accurately by nonlocal exchange plus local correlation. Addition of a nonlocal correlation term worsens the agreement.
Optical Coating Techniques For Wolter-Type Substrates

Analysis of the Wolter type substrates in terms of optical coating parameters is discussed. This analysis shows that, in general, the variations in coating thickness can be reduced to negligible proportions by properly using aperture masks and by rotating and translating Wolter type substrates. Results achieved in coating the optical elements of the HEAO-2 X-ray telescope are discussed in view of the analysis.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Passive, light intensity-independent interferometric method for fibre Bragg grating interrogation

The authors describe a passive technique for sensing the strain-induced wavelength shift of a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer that utilises a 3/spl times/3 coupler. Laboratory data show that a resolution of /spl sim/10 n/spl epsiv///spl radic/(Hz) RMS is achievable with inherent insensitivity to source intensity variations.
Oscillatory decay of exciton fluorescence following pulsed excitation of a disordered binary crystal

Abstract The evolution of the fluorescence from Frenkel excitons following pulsed, broad-band excitation of a strongly disordered binary crystal is studied. Simulation techniques are used to confirm the prediction of oscillatory decay made by Aihara. The connection with the optical line shape is pointed out. The onset of the oscillatory decay is signalled by the appearance of a satellite peak in the optical spectrum.
Irreversible Thermodynamics of Thermoelectric Effects in Inhomogeneous, Anisotropic Media

Beginning with the isotropic form of the thermoelectric equations of Onsager's irreversible thermodynamics as treated by Callen and deGroot, a direct transcription is made to the case of inhomogeneous and anisotropic media. The "emf" of Kelvin, Bridgman, Ehrenfest, and Rutgers is the gradient of the electrochemical potential and a general formula is given for this gradient in anisotropic media. Both the energy density vector and the electrochemical potential gradient are expressed in terms of a "transport entropy matrix" ${{S}_{\mathrm{ij}}}^{*}$. The theory leads in a natural and straightforward way to the postulated expression of Ehrenfest and Rutgers. The formulation is in a form easily adaptable to given experimental boundary conditions and, therefore, brings out the limited validity of the Kelvin symmetry relations, as first pointed out clearly by Kohler. Finally, the theory includes the irreversible effects of heat conduction and Joulean heating, as well as the reversible thermoelectric phenomena and is, therefore, more realistic and complete than the theory of Ehrenfest and Rutgers.
SPECIALTY VEHICLE PLATFORM RESULTS FOR INTELLIGENT VEHICLE INITIATIVE: MINNESOTA FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST

In November 1999, the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) awarded a major Intelligent Vehicle Initiative grant to the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT). Minnesota's project was a 3-year Generation 0 Specialty Vehicle field operational test for technology that gives lateral guidance and collision avoidance warnings to drivers in low-visibility conditions. Along with Mn/DOT and FHWA, other public and private partners participated in the project. Active operational testing was conducted over the winter of 2001--2002. The purposes of the project were to identify the technology's safety and operational impacts, to guide future decisions on the technology's installation on specialized vehicles, and to encourage the development and appropriate deployment of such systems on all vehicle platforms. The technologies were tested in four snowplows, a Minnesota State Patrol squad car, and an ambulance on a 50-mi rural highway. A key aspect of the project was optimizing ...
A cell surface ADP-ribosyltransferase modulates T cell receptor association and signaling.

ART-1, a cell surface ADP-ribosyltransferase, is imbedded in the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Function of this enzyme in mouse T lymphocytes is to transfer ADP-ribose groups from NAD to arginine residues, exposed on the extracellular domain of cell surface molecules. As a consequence, T cell responses are modulated. To explore the precise action of the enzyme, the T cell lymphoma EL-4 was transfected with the ART-1 gene, and its effects were examined. It is shown that ART-1 ADP-ribosylates distinct cell surface molecules, causing inhibition of T cell receptor signaling, concomitant to suppression of p56 lck kinase activation. These effects are explained by failure of T cell receptors and co-receptors to associate into a contiguous and functional receptor cluster.
Guidelines for computer-based psychological tests and interpretations

Abstract Computers are playing an ever increasing role in the administration and scoring of psychological tests, and in the generation of interpretative reports of test results. As a result of concerns that this enhanced role of the computer has not always been applied with the same ethical, professional, and technical standards that govern the traditional means of testing and test interpretation, the American Psychological Association has put forth the Guidelines for Computer-Based Tests and Interpretations. Of the 31 CBTI Guidelines, nine describe user responsibilities in two areas, administration and interpretation. These user guidelines emphasize standardization of administrative procedures and the need for professional judgment in conjunction with the use of computer-generated interpretative reports. The guidelines for developers are more numerous and complex as a result of the multitude of steps required in the design of systems that either administer/score or interpret test results. In the case of systems to administer/score tests, there are human factor and psychometric issues. With respect to interpretation, the areas of concern are classification and validity. The final section contains one guideline specifying reasonable access to computer-based test systems by qualified professionals for purposes of scholarly review. The CBTI Guidelines are designed to address the problems that already exist with computer testing and interpretation while at the same time keeping in mind the promise of this new technology.
SALT REQUIREMENTS OF MARINE PHYCOMYCETES1

All 49 isolates of nonfilamcntous phycomycctes of marine origin wcrc found to require NaCl for optimum growth. Thraustochytrium globosum gave parallel responses, which were not qualitatively affected by temperature, to salinity and to NaCl concentration. The NaCl optimum was unchanged after 5 serial cultures, using large inocula, in low ( 1% ) and high
Functional MRI-BOLD of visually triggered headache in patients with migraine.

Background Spreading depression of Leao has been hypothesized as the basis for the visual aura of the migraine attack, supported by cerebral blood flow measurements of spreading hypoperfusion. The early depolarizing or activation phase of experimental spreading depression, however, is associated with a transient but pronounced cerebral blood flow increase that precedes spreading hypoperfusion. Objective To study this early phase of the migraine attack, we investigated visually triggered attacks of headache and visual symptoms using a red-green checkerboard stimulus in patients with migraine. Interventions We studied occipital cortex activation during visual stimulation by measuring occipital cortex perfusion with functional magnetic resonance imaging–blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast in 10 patients with migraine with aura and 2 patients with migraine without aura and 6 healthy subjects. Results In 6 patients with migraine with aura and 2 patients with migraine without aura, their typical headache with (n=2) or without visual change was visually triggered at 7.3 minutes (mean time) after visual stimulation began. In 5 of these patients, the onset of headache or visual change, or both, was preceded by suppression of initial activation (mean onset time, 4.3 minutes; P Conclusions We conclude that visually triggered headache and visual change in patients with migraine is accompanied by spreading suppression of initial neuronal activation and increased occipital cortex oxygenation. We postulate that this spreading suppression may be associated with initial activation of a migraine attack, independent of whether there are associated aura symptoms. We further postulate that there may be an association between vasodilation accompanying the initial stage of suppression and the induction of headache.
A Participation Observation Analysis of the Once & Again Internet Message Bulletin Boards

This article uses an ethnographic and participant observation approach to analyze discourse among members of the internet message bulletin boards dedicated to the ABC television program Once and Again. The discussion emphasizes community and activism as dimensions of the members' electronically mediated social interactions within the context of voice theory. The phenomenon within this computer-mediated fan community suggests a richness of human self-involvement with the program's text and a dogged grassroots campaign to “save” the show from cancellation.
What can we learn about the need for transfusion from patients who refuse blood? The experience with Jehovah's Witnesses

BACKGROUND: A transfusion threshold of 7 g per dL (70 g/L) of hemoglobin has been proposed for patients, although scant human data are available to support this recommendation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The medical community's experience with Jehovah's Witnesses was examined, in order to assess the lowest tolerable hemoglobin concentration and the lower transfusion threshold of 7 g per dL (70 g/L) of hemoglobin. A MEDLINE search was conducted to capture medical and surgical reports involving Jehovah's Witnesses from 1970 through early 1993. RESULTS: Sixty-one reports of untransfused Jehovah's Witnesses with hemoglobin concentrations < or = 8 g per dL (80 g/L) or hematocrits < or = 24 percent (0.24) were identified. Of 50 reported deaths, 23, as stated in the original reports, were primarily due to anemia. Except for three patients who died after cardiac surgery, all patients whose deaths were attributed to anemia died with hemoglobin concentrations < or = 5 g per dL (50 g/L). Twenty-five survivors were reported with hemoglobin < or = 5 g per dL (50 g/L). CONCLUSION: These data have significant limitations but suggest that survival, without transfusion, is possible at low hemoglobin concentrations, while mortality with an unknown incidence is encountered at hemoglobin concentrations below 5 g per dL (50 g/L).
Cardiovascular function and circadian patterns in rats after area postrema lesions or prolonged food restriction.

The role of the area postrema (AP) in baseline cardiovascular function was evaluated by radio telemetry in rats with lesions of AP (APX), along with the effect of APX on circadian patterns of cardiovascular function and ingestive behavior. Despite lesion-induced hypophagia and body weight loss, APX did not affect circadian patterns of mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), or ingestion but did cause a substantial decrease (2 60 bpm) in resting HR. The bradycardia was not attributable to weight loss, as resting HR in weight-matched controls, though decreased from baseline, was significantly greater than that in rats with APX. In weight-matched controls, HR increased slightly when weight returned to baseline; however, the bradycardia persisted in rats with APX. These results suggest that AP contributes to resting HR, independent of weight loss or changes in circadian patterns of HR or MAP. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
The Return of Planning in China: Comment on Heilmann–Melton and Hu Angang

Heilmann and Melton break important new ground in describing the revival of development planning in China and showing how planning is now interwoven with other aspects of the political system, particularly policy formulation and cadre evaluation. Clarification of the instruments planners use and their link to developmental outcomes would improve the argument. Although planners believe their plans are consistent with a market economy, it may turn out that the revival of planning after 2003 was purchased at the cost of significant distortions in the market economy and reduced efficiency.
Transition from Adiabatic to Sudden Excitation of Core Electrons

A model based on time-dependent quantum mechanics is presented for calculating the crossover from the adiabatic to the sudden regime in core ionization. With reasonable parameters the predictions of this model are in agreement with newly reported experimental results on shakeup as well as with older data on shakeoff.
Developmental Differences in Infant Attention to the Spectral Properties of Infant‐directed Speech

Across several independent studies, infants from a few days to 9 months of age have shown preferences for infant-directed (ID) over adult-directed (AD) speech. Moreover, 4-month-olds have been shown to prefer sine-wave analogs of the fundamental frequency of ID speech, suggesting that exaggerated pitch contours are prepotent stimuli for infants. The possibility of similar preferences by 1-month-olds was examined in a series of experiments, using a fixation-based preference procedure. Results from the first 2 experiments showed that 1-month-olds did not prefer the lower-frequency pitch characteristics of ID speech, even though 1-month-olds were able to discriminate low-pass filtered ID and AD speech. Since low-pass filtering may have distorted the fundamental frequency characteristics of ID speech, 1-month-olds were also tested with sine-wave analogs of the fundamental frequencies of the ID utterances. Infants in this third experiment also showed no preference for ID pitch contours. In the fourth experiment, 1-month-olds preferred a natural recording of ID speech over a version which preserved only its lower frequency prosodic features. From these results, it is argued that, although young infants are similar to older infants in their attraction to ID speech, their preferences depend on a wider range of acoustic features (e.g., spectral structure). It is suggested that exaggerated pitch contours which characterize ID speech may become salient communicative signals for infants through language-rich, interactive experiences with caretakers and increased perceptual acuity over the first months after birth.
Stigmatization of ADHD A Developmental Review

Objective: In recent years, the stigmatization faced by people with mental disorders has received considerable attention in the empirical literature. However, individuals with different disorders are subject to distinct types of negative attitudes, necessitating examinations of stigma that treat specific disorders individually. Method: This article reviews recent empirical literature concerning the stigmatization of ADHD. Further specificity is achieved by taking a developmental perspective, reviewing studies of stigmatizing attitudes as a function of the age of the target and perceiver. Results: Findings from nationally representative data sets, experimental investigations, surveys, and qualitative studies indicate that individuals of all ages who exhibit symptoms of ADHD are the recipients of substantial stigmatization. Conclusion: Although the stigmatizing attitudes of children and adolescents appear to differ in some ways from those of adults, negative perceptions toward people with ADHD appear to gen...
Hiatal hernia squeezing the heart to flutter

An 80-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with failure to thrive and weakness for 14 days. Medical history was significant for polio. On admission her electrocardiogram showed atrial flutter, and cardiac enzymes were elevated. Echocardiogram revealed a high pulmonary artery pressure, but no other wall motion abnormalities or valvulopathies. Chest x-ray showed a large lucency likely representing a diaphragmatic hernia. Computed tomographic scan confirmed the hernia. Our patient remained in atrial flutter despite rate control, and thereafter surgery was consulted to evaluate the patient. She underwent hernia repair. After surgery, the patient was taken off rate control and monitored for 72 hours; she did not have any episode of atrial flutter and was discharged with follow up in a week showing no arrhythmia. Her flutter was caused directly by the mechanical effect of the large hiatal hernia pressing against her heart, as the flutter resolved after the operation.
Reliability of the fovea palatini for determining the posterior border of the maxillary denture

A study was carried out to measure the distance between the fovea palatini and the vibrating line. 1. The nose-blowing method appears to be an accurate method for locating the fovea palatini and the vibrating line. 2. Seventy percent of the subjects observed in this study had two fovea palatini. 3. When present, the fovea palatini of 25% of the subjects lay directly on the vibrating line. 4. In 7% of the subjects the fovea palatini were located within 1 to 2 mm posterior to the vibrating line, in 18.8% within 2 to 3 mm posterior to the vibrating line, in 27.1% within 3 to 4 mm posterior to the vibrating line, in 16% within 4 to 5 mm posterior to the vibrating line, in 4.9% within 5 to 6 mm posterior to the vibrating line, and in 1.4% more than 6 mm posterior to the vibrating line. 5. The fovea palatini are unreliable guides for locating the center portion of the posterior border of the maxillary denture.
'We were green as grass': Learning about sex and reproduction in three working-class lancashire communities, 1900-1970

The history of sexual knowledge and behaviour often focuses on broad population or policy issues and covers large geographical areas. This article takes an alternative approach. Based on oral history evidence provided by 250 working-class residents of Barrow, Lancaster, and Preston, it explores the ways children learned about sex and reproduction during the first seventy years of the twentieth century. It argues that, during the first half of the twentieth century, normative and intentional parental silence about sexual matters was intended to protect family reputations. Sexual knowledge and behaviour were closely related to respectability, which was the key to the mutual aid networks so important to residents of pre-Second World War working-class neighbourhoods-particularly women and children. Attitudes and communication about sex changed dramatically between the generations born before about 1930 and those born afterwards. These changes related to broader social and economic changes in English society and helped make acceptable the medicalization of sex and reproduction. This article documents these changes.
Transonic Wedge/Cone Flow Solutions Using Perturbed Potential and Euler

Our prolonged interest in the transonic wedge/cone flow problems stems from our earlier pursuit of Oswatitsch’s parabolic method [[1]–[3]]. The intricate nonlinearity imbedded in the subsequent improved parabolic methods, such as localinearization and nonlinear-correction [[4],[5]], motivates our continuous study of the transonic small disturbance equation (TSDE) through the rather different approach developed in [[6]]. The first part of this paper thus focuses on this technique, revisiting it in the context of wedges and further extending it to cone flows. The second part of the paper addresses another transonic problem, i.e. wedges supporting attached curved shocks. To this end, a perturbed Euler’s equations formulation and its first-order results are presented.
Silicon Carbide Platelet/Alumina Composites: III, Toughening Mechanisms

This is the last part of a series of papers on the processing and fracture behavior of SiC-platelet/Al2O3 composites. The objective of this paper was to identify the mechanisms involved in the toughening process. A hot-pressed composite with a SiC volume fraction of 0.3 was chosen as the model system for study. Based on microstructural observations, crack deflection and grain bridging were both identified as possible toughening mechanisms and were further investigated. A Modified two-dimensional crack deflection model is presented to account for the anisotropic microstructure in hot-pressed platelet composites, in which preferred platelet orientation was present. Relative toughness values were predicted for two crack propagation directions assuming crack deflection is the toughening mechanism. Fracture toughness measurements for specific crack directions were made using a bridge indentation technique. The correlation of experimental results with theoretical predictions is discussed. To distinguish the effect of grain bridging from crack deflection, an in situ observation of crack growth was conducted. The results showed no distinct rising T-curve behavior for cracks in the size range 80 to 500 μ m. Measurement of fracture surface roughness was also made and the implications are discussed. The results indicate that crack deflection is the dominant toughening mechanism in the SiC-platelet/ Al2O3 composites studied herein.
Joint Bayesian Estimation of Alignment and Phylogeny

We describe a novel model and algorithm for simultaneously estimating multiple molecular sequence alignments and the phylogenetic trees that relate the sequences. Unlike current techniques that base phylogeny estimates on a single estimate of the alignment, we take alignment uncertainty into account by considering all possible alignments. Furthermore, because the alignment and phylogeny are constructed simultaneously, a guide tree is not needed. This sidesteps the problem in which alignments created by progressive alignment are biased toward the guide tree used to generate them. Joint estimation also allows us to model rate variation between sites when estimating the alignment and to use the evidence in shared insertion/deletions (indels) to group sister taxa in the phylogeny. Our indel model makes use of affine gap penalties and considers indels of multiple letters. We make the simplifying assumption that the indel process is identical on all branches. As a result, the probability of a gap is independent of branch length. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to sample from the posterior of the joint model, estimating the most probable alignment and tree and their support simultaneously. We describe a new MCMC transition kernel that improves our algorithm's mixing efficiency, allowing the MCMC chains to converge even when started from arbitrary alignments. Our software implementation can estimate alignment uncertainty and we describe a method for summarizing this uncertainty in a single plot.
Auxin-regulated gene expression.

During the 1960s a wide range of studies provided an information base that led to the suggestion that auxin-regulated cell processes--especially cell elongation--may be mediated by auxin-regulated gene expression. Indirect evidence from our work, based on the influence of inhibitors of RNA synthesis (e.g. actinomycin D) and of protein synthesis (e.g. cycloheximide) on auxin-induced cell elongation, coupled with correlations of the influence of auxin on RNA synthesis and cell elongation, provided the basis for this suggestion. With the availability of techniques for DNA-DNA and DNA-RNA hybridization, mRNA isolation-translation, in vitro 2D gel analysis of the translation products, and ultimately the cloning by recombinant DNA technologies of genomic DNA and copy DNAs (cDNAs) made to poly(A)+ mRNAs, we and others have provided direct evidence for the influence of auxin on the expression of a few genes (i.e. poly(A)+ RNA levels). Our laboratory has provided evidence for auxin's both down-regulating and up-regulating the level of a few poly(A)+ mRNAs out of a population of about 4 X 10(4) sequences that are not significantly affected by auxin. In our studies on auxin-regulated cell elongation, two cDNA clones (pJCW1 and pJCW2) were isolated which corresponded to poly(A)+ mRNAs that responded during growth transitions in a way consistent with a potential role of their protein products in cell elongation. These mRNAs are most abundant in the elongating zone of the soybean hypocotyl. Upon excision and incubation in the absence of auxin, these mRNAs deplete in concert with a decreasing rate of cell elongation. Addition of auxin to the medium results in both increased levels of these mRNAs and enhanced rates of cell elongation. These mRNAs do not deplete if auxin is added to the medium at the onset of excised incubation, and cell elongation rates remain high. We have isolated and sequenced genomic clones that are homologous to these cDNAs. Of the two genes sequenced, both genes are members of small multigene families. There are regions of high amino acid homology even though the nucleotide sequences are sufficiently different in these regions for cross-hybridization of the clones not to be observed. More recently others, especially Guilfoyle's laboratory, have shown that auxin selectively and rapidly influences the level of certain mRNAs and proteins. We have worked on other gene systems such as ribosomal proteins and possible cell wall proteins that are responsive to auxin; again the nature of regulation of expression of these genes is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Non-traumatic radiation-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral neck.

Femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) is bone destruction due to subchondral oxygen deficiency and necrosis.1 Our patient is a 63-year-old man with Gleason score 5+4 prostate cancer. He received external beam radiation therapy (7200 cGy) along with combined androgen blockade therapy of lupon/casodex. The patient was …
Concordance in Biomarker Status Between Bladder Tumors at Time of Transurethral Resection and Subsequent Radical Cystectomy: Results of a 5-year Prospective Study.

Purpose: To assess the concordance rate in alterations of molecular markers at the time of transurethral resection (TUR) and subsequent radical cystectomy (RC) among patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB).
History of the ribosome and the origin of translation

We present a molecular-level model for the origin and evolution of the translation system, using a 3D comparative method. In this model, the ribosome evolved by accretion, recursively adding expansion segments, iteratively growing, subsuming, and freezing the rRNA. Functions of expansion segments in the ancestral ribosome are assigned by correspondence with their functions in the extant ribosome. The model explains the evolution of the large ribosomal subunit, the small ribosomal subunit, tRNA, and mRNA. Prokaryotic ribosomes evolved in six phases, sequentially acquiring capabilities for RNA folding, catalysis, subunit association, correlated evolution, decoding, energy-driven translocation, and surface proteinization. Two additional phases exclusive to eukaryotes led to tentacle-like rRNA expansions. In this model, ribosomal proteinization was a driving force for the broad adoption of proteins in other biological processes. The exit tunnel was clearly a central theme of all phases of ribosomal evolution and was continuously extended and rigidified. In the primitive noncoding ribosome, proto-mRNA and the small ribosomal subunit acted as cofactors, positioning the activated ends of tRNAs within the peptidyl transferase center. This association linked the evolution of the large and small ribosomal subunits, proto-mRNA, and tRNA.
How musical are music video game players

Numerous studies have shown that formal musical training is associated with sensory, motor, and cognitive advantages in individuals of various ages. However, the nature of the observed differences between musicians and nonmusicians is poorly understood, and little is known about the listening skills of individuals who engage in alternative types of everyday musical activities. Here, we show that people who have frequently played music video games outperform nonmusicians controls on a battery of music perception tests. These findings reveal that enhanced musical aptitude can be found among individuals who play music video games, raising the possibility that music video games could potentially enhance music perception skills in individuals across a broad spectrum of society who are otherwise unable to invest the time and/or money required to learn a musical instrument.
Epidemiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Acute Hospitalization and Rehabilitation Charges for Spinal Cord Injuries in Oklahoma, 1988–1990

Few injuries result in more profound and long-term disability than traumatic spinal cord injury. This study describes the demographic and epidemiologic characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury among Oklahoma residents reported to the statewide, population-based surveillance system in 1988-1990; initial acute hospital and rehabilitation charges for 1989 are also included. There was a reported incidence rate of 40 per million population. Based on a reporting sensitivity of 77%, the "true" incidence of spinal cord injury was estimated to be 51 per million population. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 48% of injuries. Males aged 15-29 years and blacks were at highest risk of injury. Among blacks, the injury rate due to violence was seven times that for whites or Native Americans. Alcohol/drug use was a contributing factor in 39% of injuries and was highest among males aged 20-29 years (58%), Native Americans (57%), and victims of motor vehicle crashes (48%) or violence (51%). The combined initial charges for persons receiving both acute and rehabilitative care ranged from $9,790 to $666,510, with a median of $53,410 per patient; for complete quadriplegia, the combined median charge was $88,585. Despite its low incidence, hospitalization and rehabilitation charges for spinal cord injury in 1989 caused an economic burden of an estimated $8.4 million. While the charges presented were only a small portion of the total costs of spinal cord injury, they further substantiate the need for prevention efforts targeting these debilitating, often permanent injuries. These efforts should target young males and blacks, and should focus on preventing injuries associated with motor vehicle crashes, violence, and alcohol/drug use.
Density Functional Theory Study of Iron Phthalocyanine Porous Layer Deposited on Graphene Substrate: A Pt-Free Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Fuel Cells

This paper details the use of ab initio density functional theory (DFT) to analyze a potential Pt-free catalyst, nonbonded iron phthalocyanine monolayer on graphene substrate (FePc/graphene), for an approximation of catalytic pathway and properties in oxidation reduction reaction of H2 and O2 to produce water. DFT calculations show that the associative mechanism, where O2 molecules chemisorbed on Fe site and prefer hydrogenation to O–OH intermediate species with ambient H+ and electron transfer followed by subsequent water formation reaction (WFR), is found to dominate for the FePc/graphene surface. Throughout the entire oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process, the initial reduction of O2 to O–OH reaction appears to be the rate-limiting step with a reaction barrier of 0.68 eV. The complete free energy profile suggests that oxygen molecules are inherently favorable for reduction into water on FePc functionalized graphene surface.
MW blood sample characterization using co-axial transmission line

Microwave Tomography (MWT) is being developed as an accurate detection of hemorrhagic strokes using microwaves. A transmission line technique is used to measure the relative permittivity of blood as a function of frequency and is presented to provide insight on an appropriate operating frequency for MWT. A response calibration method is used on a coaxial sample holder to accurately measure the scattering parameters of and characterization of liquid samples. This paper demonstrates the ability to accurately measure liquid samples by replacing the coaxial line dielectric with liquid. Experimental results from water and 99% isopropyl alcohol are compared against known values to provide verification of the coaxial airline to accurately measure blood samples in the microwave region.
A Computational Approach to Slosh Damping with Floating Magnetoactive Micro-baffles

Liquid sloshing within propellant tanks of launch vehicles and other major vehicles has been a major concern. Various methods have been utilized for the damping of slosh through Propellant Management Devices (PMD) accomplishing a wide range of results. Exploratory research is conducted at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Fuel Slosh Test Facility in development of an innovative PMD. Embedding floating micro-baffles with a magnetoactive material such that the baffle can be manipulated when exposed to a magnetic field preserves the benefits of both floating and static baffle designs. Activated micro-baffles form a rigid layer at the free surface and provide a restriction of the fluid motion. Proposed micro-baffle design and magnetic activation source method along with proof-of-concept experiments comparing the scope of this research to previous PMD methods is conducted. A computational fluid dynamics approach is outlined to compliment these experimental results. The purpose of this research is to design an improved computational model, holding less assumptions and constraints that would provide a more accurate simulation of the slosh behavior. A correlation in results between the experimental and computational methods are shown, where the computational model qualitatively simulates an ideal sloshing scenario.
Rapid signalling in distinct dopaminergic axons during locomotion and reward

Dopaminergic projection axons from the midbrain to the striatum are crucial for motor control, as their degeneration in Parkinson disease results in profound movement deficits. Paradoxically, most recording methods report rapid phasic dopamine signalling (~100-ms bursts) in response to unpredicted rewards, with little evidence for movement-related signalling. The leading model posits that phasic signalling in striatum-targeting dopamine neurons drives reward-based learning, whereas slow variations in firing (tens of seconds to minutes) in these same neurons bias animals towards or away from movement. However, current methods have provided little evidence to support or refute this model. Here, using new optical recording methods, we report the discovery of rapid phasic signalling in striatum-targeting dopaminergic axons that is associated with, and capable of triggering, locomotion in mice. Axons expressing these signals were largely distinct from those that responded to unexpected rewards. These results suggest that dopaminergic neuromodulation can differentially impact motor control and reward learning with sub-second precision, and indicate that both precise signal timing and neuronal subtype are important parameters to consider in the treatment of dopamine-related disorders.