cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial pattern of nerve differentiation in Hydra is due to a pattern of nerve commitment.

The pattern of nerve differentiation along the body column of Hydra was investigated. Nerve precursors in late S phase were labeled with [3H]thymidine and their distribution compared with that of newly differentiated nerves. The two distributions were found to be the same. Based on independent evidence that nerve commitment occurs in mid-to late S phase (G. Venugopal and C. David, 1981, Develop. Biol.83, 361–365) it was concluded that the pattern of nerve differentiation along the body column of Hydra is due to differences in nerve commitment in different body regions. Furthermore, the level of nerve commitment in head and foot tissue is sufficiently high to deplete stem cells in these regions as is observed.
PROPOSED NMR DETERMINATION OF THE EXCHANGE PARAMETERS IN HEXAGONAL-CLOSE-PACKED HE-3

We calculate the relaxation times for an oriented single crystal of hexagonal-close-packed solid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, which, according to the theory of Roger and co-workers, is dominated by triple exchange. The anisotropy of the relaxation times is a function of the ratio of exchange rates in the basal plane to those out of the plane and may be used to determine this ratio. Results are presented for ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ as a function of frequency as well as of crystal orientation.
Genomewide association studies in allergy and the influence of ethnicity.

Purpose of review Asthma and allergic diseases are common and disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minorities. Large-scale research efforts and the expense committed to multiple genomewide association studies (GWAS) have led to the identification of numerous susceptibility loci for the allergic diseases, but few successes have been reported in populations that are not of European ancestry. Recent findings Of the more than two dozen GWAS for asthma and allergic disease performed to date, very few have included racial/ethnic minorities. Lessons learned from the studies conducted so far suggest that the GWAS approach must include considerations unique to the ancestral populations represented in the sample, population stratification due to admixture, and recognition that the current coverage of common variants both in the public database and on commercially available single-nucleotide polymorphism chips is inadequate to detect true genetic associations among ethnic/racial groups. Summary Advancements in the GWAS technology for identifying genes relevant to asthma and allergic disease among under-represented ethnic and racial minorities who suffer most will facilitate the identification and confirmation of validated genetic risk factors that are both unique to minority groups as well as confirm risk factors that are generic to the population at large.
Compromised RNA polymerase III complex assembly leads to local alterations of intergenic RNA polymerase II transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Assembled RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes exert local effects on chromatin processes, including influencing transcription of neighboring RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribed genes. These properties have been designated as `extra-transcriptional' effects of the Pol III complex. Previous coding sequence microarray studies using Pol III factor mutants to determine global effects of Pol III complex assembly on Pol II promoter activity revealed only modest effects that did not correlate with the proximity of Pol III complex binding sites. Given our recent results demonstrating that tDNAs block progression of intergenic Pol II transcription, we hypothesized that extra-transcriptional effects within intergenic regions were not identified in the microarray study. To reconsider global impacts of Pol III complex binding, we used RNA sequencing to compare transcriptomes of wild type versus Pol III transcription factor TFIIIC depleted mutants. The results reveal altered intergenic Pol II transcription near TFIIIC binding sites in the mutant strains, where we observe readthrough of upstream transcripts that normally terminate near these sites, 5'- and 3'-extended transcripts, and de-repression of adjacent genes and intergenic regions. The results suggest that effects of assembled Pol III complexes on transcription of neighboring Pol II promoters are of greater magnitude than previously appreciated, that such effects influence expression of adjacent genes at transcriptional start site and translational levels, and may explain a function of the conserved ETC sites in yeast. The results may also be relevant to synthetic biology efforts to design a minimal yeast genome.
Drug abuse and the asthmatic patient: A case report

Abstract The case history of a 17-year-old girl with sudden onset of theophylline toxicity and a serum theophylline concentration of 63 μg/ml is presented. A change in theophylline elimination was not sufficient to explain this observation. Subsequently, the patient admitted to recent self-medication with several over-the-counter medications and illicit drugs. Although the etiology of theophylline toxicity in this patient could not be defined, several theories are proposed. Included is a discussion of possible interactions of illicit drugs with asthma medications and a summary of personality characteristics associated with a high potential for drug abuse.
Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Illustration of Intensive Family-Based Treatment Delivered via Web Camera

Effective treatment for childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is available, including exposure with response prevention and other cognitive-behavioral interventions. However, many children with OCD reside in locations in which few providers have adequate training to implement these procedures correctly. Family accommodation of childhood OCD symptoms further complicates the delivery of existing treatments. The advent of web camera technology has created the opportunity to provide therapy to individuals who otherwise could not access expert care. This case illustrates the treatment of an 8-year-old child with severe OCD who lived in a remote region of the United States. Treatment was administered twice daily for 5 days via web camera. At a 3-month follow-up, the child showed significant improvement in her OCD symptoms and in overall disability. Other symptoms (anxiety and anxiety sensitivity) were reduced, but not at a statistically significant level. The implications for treatment are considered.
Some Difficulties with the Use of the Kemmer-Duffin Formalism for Pseudoscalar Mesons

While the Kemmer-Duffin formalism for pseudoscalar mesons eliminates some difficulties in the analysis of ${K}_{l3}$ form factors, it gives rise to difficulties in other areas. It is shown that this formalism leads to: (i) a linear Gell-Mann---Okubo mass formula for mesons; (ii) an incompatibility between SU(3)-symmetric meson-nucleon couplings and experiment; (iii) (3*,3) breaking of chiral symmetry (${H}^{\ensuremath{'}}={u}^{0}+c{u}^{8}$) leads to $c=\ensuremath{-}0.9$ and $\frac{{f}_{K}}{{f}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}={(\frac{{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}}{{m}_{K}})}^{\frac{1}{2}}$.
Investigating the Medial Temporal Lobe in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment, with Turboprop Diffusion Tensor Imaging, MRI-volumetry, and T 2 -relaxometry

The first neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) occur in the medial temporal lobes (MTLs), in the entorhinal cortex (EC), perforant pathway (PP), and hippocampus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the microstructural integrity, size, and T 2-relaxation times of MTL structures in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), using MRI techniques that are immune to magnetic field inhomogeneities. Turboprop-DTI and high-resolution anatomical MRI data were obtained on AD and MCI patients, and healthy controls. Significant AD-related changes were detected in more MTL structures of AD patients by means of Turboprop-DTI than with any other technique used. Mean diffusivity and T 2-relaxation times of specific MTL structures increased in both the MCI and AD cohorts when compared to normal controls. Therefore, Turboprop-DTI and T 2-relaxometry may be valuable non-invasive tools in the investigation of the early AD-related neuropathological alterations.
Synthesis, flux crystal growth, structure and properties of the new rare-earth compounds EuAl4−xSix (x ∼ 1), TmAlSi and LuAlSi

Abstract Reported are the crystal growth and properties of two new stoichiometric TmAlSi and LuAlSi compounds, crystallizing with the C -centered orthorhombic YAlGe-type, and of the non-stoichiometric EuAl 4− x Si x ( x ∼ 1), a ternary derivative of the body-centered tetragonal BaAl 4 -type. All three compounds were synthesized from reactions of the corresponding metals, and using an excess of elemental aluminum as a flux. Their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography: space group Cmcm (No. 63) with cell parameters a = 3.9638(7) A, b = 10.116(2) A and c = 5.6314(10) A for TmAlSi, and a = 3.964(2) A, b = 10.034(4) A and c = 5.598(3) A for LuAlSi, respectively, and space group I 4/ mmm (No. 139) with a = 4.3826(11) A and c = 10.785(6) A for EuAl 2.96(2) Si 1.04(2) , respectively. Magnetization measurements carried out as a function of the temperature suggest the Eu- and the Tm-compounds to order magnetically below ∼17 K and ∼6 K, respectively.
Quadratically convergent iteration procedure for geminal determinations

A general formalism is presented for the determination of the optimum natural orbitals within the various strongly orthogonal geminals of a wavefunction describing a 2N-electron closed-shell molecule or atom. The relationship to Hartree–Fock–Roothaan theory is established; the algorithm that is developed is quadratically convergent to the desired result, and does not ignore off diagonal Lagrangian multipliers, or require an infinite series of 2 × 2 orthogonal transformations of the original basis.
Sketching interfaces: toward more human interface design

Researchers at University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University have designed, implemented, and evaluated SILK (Sketching Interfaces Like Krazy), an informal sketching tool that combines many of the benefits of paper-based sketching with the merits of current electronic tools. With SILK, designers can quickly sketch an interface using an electronic pad and stylus, and SILK recognizes widgets and other interface elements as the designer draws them. Unlike paper-based sketching, however, designers can exercise these elements in their sketchy state. For example, a sketched scroll-bar is likely to contain an elevator or thumbnail, the small rectangle a user drags with a mouse. In a paper sketch, the elevator would just sit there, but in a SILK sketch, designers can drag it up and down, which lets them test component or widget behavior. SILK also supports the creation of storyboards-the arrangement of sketches to show how design elements behave, such as how a dialog box appears when the user activates a button. Storyboards are important because they give designers a way to show colleagues, customers, or end users early on how an interface will behave.
Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain

Pain is a complex stressor that presents a significant challenge to most aspects of functioning and contributes to substantial physical, psychological, occupational, and financial cost, particularly in its chronic form. As medical intervention frequently cannot resolve pain completely, there is a need for management approaches to chronic pain, including psychological intervention. Psychotherapy for chronic pain primarily targets improvements in physical, emotional, social, and occupational functioning rather than focusing on resolution of pain itself. However, psychological therapies for chronic pain differ in their scope, duration, and goals, and thus show distinct patterns of treatment efficacy. These therapies fall into four categories: operant-behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. The current article explores the theoretical distinctiveness, therapeutic targets, and effectiveness of these approaches as well as mechanisms and individual differences that factor into treatment response and pain-related dysfunction and distress. Implications for future research, dissemination of treatment, and the integration of psychological principles with other treatment modalities are also discussed.
Bounds for weight balanced trees

It has been shown that the cost W of a weight balanced binary tree satisfies the inequalities, H ≤ W ≤ H ≤ + 3, where H is the entropy of the set of the leaves. For a class of "smooth" distributions the inequalities, H ≤ W ≤ H + 2, are derived. These results imply that for sets with large entropy the search times provided by such trees cannot be substantially shortened when binary decisions are being used.
Nectar for Plant Defense: the Feeding of the Non-Native Coccinellid Beetle, Curinus coeruleus, on Extra-Floral Nectaries of Hawaiian Native Hibiscus Brackenridgei

The interaction between the non-native coccinellid beetle, Curinus coeruleus Mulsant, and the Hawaiian native plant Hibiscus brackenridgei A. Gray, was investigated on Kauai, HI. The presence of extra floral nectar appears to maintain the beetle presence on the plant. Because coccinellid beetles are predators on insects that are damaging to plants, beetle presence may increase plant fitness. Beetles were found feeding heavily on the extra floral nectaries of the Hibiscus. An examination of the beetle mouth parts with scanning electron microscopy revealed no structures specifically adapted for the consumption of nectar. The sensory ability of the coccinellids was tested to determine if they respond to visual or olfactory cues to detect the nectar. Studies with an eight-armed air-flow olfactometer concluded there was no olfactory cue. Tracing the pathways of beetles in laboratory experiments yielded results that suggest a visual cue. The extra floral nectaries are concluded to be a potential mechanism to maintain beetle presence on a plant to provide defense against herbivores.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 using a silver-coated microarray platform

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was used to monitor DNA hybridization of a fragment of the BRCA1 breast cancer susceptibility gene on modified silver surfaces. Rhodamine B was covalently attached to a 5′-amino-labeled oligonucleotide sequence (23 mer) through a succinimidyl ester intermediate in methanol. The silver surfaces were prepared by depositing a discontinuous layer (9.0 nm) of silver onto glass slides, which had been etched with HF to form a microwell platform, and subsequently modified with a monolayer of mercaptoundecanoic acid. The complementary probe was covalently attached to the silver surfaces using a succinimidyl ester intermediate in acetonitrile. The silver island substrate allows a very large enhancement of the Raman signal of the DNA-Rhodamine B, and clear distinction between hybridized samples and controls on a microwell array sampling platform.
Optimization of a continuous through‐circulation dryer

A mathematical model of a through-circulation packed bed dryer is presented in this paper. The semitheoretical model treats the case of constant rate drying in a deep bed of granular solids under initially uniform drying conditions. Experimental data for drying in superheated steam, mixtures of superheated steam and air, and air alone showed good agreement with predictions of the model. Based on the model, a static optimization method is developed for optimal operation of a continuous through-circulation dryer subject to the inequality constraints of maximum permissible air-horsepower per unit bed area and maximum permissible local final moisture content in the bed. A nonlinear capacity function is defined in terms of the independent drying variables and is maximized under the above nonlinear restraints.
THE MAIN INJECTOR FACILITY: A NEW TOOL FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS AT FERMILAB

The Main Injector(MI) and the Recycler Ring (RR) are newly built synchrotrons in the Fermilab Accelerator complex. Many new features have been incorporated in their design and are tested. MI has already served as a 150 GeV proton injector to the Tevatron during the final stages of 1998-1999 800 GeV fixed target HEP experiments. Presently, MI is in use for collider Run-II commissioning. The MI and the RR will play major roles in the future HEP programs at Fermilab.
TU-C-BRE-10: A Streamlined Approach to EPID Transit Dosimetry

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of a simple and efficient transit dosimetry method using the electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for dose delivery error detection and prevention. Methods: In the proposed method, 2D reference transit images are generated for comparison with online images acquired during treatment. Reference transit images are generated by convolving through-air EPID measurements of each field with pixel-specific kernels selected from a library of pre-calculated Monte Carlo pencil kernels of varying radiological thickness. The kernel used for each pixel is selected based on the calculated radiological thickness of the patient along a line joining the pixel and the virtual source. The accuracy of the technique was evaluated in flat homogeneous and heterogeneous plastic water phantoms, a heterogeneous cylindrical phantom, and an anthropomorphic head phantom. Gamma criteria of 3%/3 mm was used to quantify the accuracy of the technique for the various cases. Results: An average of 99.9% and 99.7% of the points in the comparison between the measured and predicted images passed a 3%/3mm gamma for the homogeneous and heterogeneous plastic water phantoms, respectively. 97.1% of the points passed for the analysis of the heterogeneous cylindrical phantom. For the anthropomorphic head phantom, an average of 97.8% of points passed the 3%/3mm gamma criteria for all field sizes. Failures were observed primarily in areas of drastic thickness or material changes and at the edges of the fields. Conclusion: The data suggest that the proposed transit dosimetry method is a feasible approach to in vivo dose monitoring. Future research efforts could include implementation for more complex fields and sensitivity testing of the method to setup errors and changes in anatomy. Oncology Data Systems provided partial funding support but did not participate in the collection or analysis of data
A unified model for multicore architectures

With the advent of multicore and many core architectures, we are facing a problem that is new to parallel computing, namely, the management of hierarchical parallel caches. One major limitation of all earlier models is their inability to model multicore processors with varying degrees of sharing of caches at different levels. We propose a unified memory hierarchy model that addresses these limitations and is an extension of the MHG model developed for a single processor with multi-memory hierarchy. We demonstrate that our unified framework can be applied to a number of multicore architectures for a variety of applications. In particular, we derive lower bounds on memory traffic between different levels in the hierarchy for financial and scientific computations. We also give a multicore algorithms for a financial application that exhibits a constant-factor optimal amount of memory traffic between different cache levels. We implemented the algorithm on a multicore system with two Quad-Core Intel Xeon 5310 1.6GHz processors having a total of 8 cores. Our algorithms outperform compiler optimized and auto-parallelized code by a factor of up to 7.3.
Anesthesia affects respiratory and sympathetic nerve activities differentially

Phrenic and cervical sympathetic nerve responses to hypercapnia were examined before and after anesthesia in twelve midcollicularly decerebrated, vagotomized, glomectomized, paralyzed and ventilated cats. We measured responses of integrated phrenic and cervical sympathetic nerve activities to increases in end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) from apneic threshold to approximately 30 torr above threshold. All cats were studied first in the unanesthetized state. Six cats were then restudied after a quarter of a usual dose of chloralose/urethane (10 mg/kg and 62.5 mg/kg, respectively) and then after half the usual dose of chloralose/urethane (20 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg). The other six animals were restudied after quarter of a standard dose of pentobarbital (9 mg/kg), after half the standard dose (18 mg/kg) and then after the full (35 mg/kg) dose. Both anesthetic agents led to significant increases in apneic thresholds for both phrenic and sympathetic nerve activities. These agents also caused dose-dependent decreases in peak, tonic and respiratory-related sympathetic nerve activities. Peak (tidal) phrenic nerve activities, in comparison, were much less affected by the anesthetic agents. CO2 response curves showed that both of these anesthetic agents depressed, at any given level of PETCO2, respiratory-related sympathetic nerve responses more than the responses found in the phrenic nerve. We conclude that the relations between peak, tonic (i.e. between phasic bursts) and respiratory-related sympathetic nerve activities and phrenic nerve activity can be altered by anesthesia.
Induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis with rhodopsin synthetic peptides in Lewis rats.

Rhodopsin, a membrane protein of rod photoreceptor cells, induces an experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in Lewis rats. Synthetic peptides derived from rhodopsin sequences that cover hydrophilic, exposed regions of the protein were tested for their capacity of eliciting in vitro T cell proliferation and their ability for inducing EAU in Lewis rats. Rats were injected with rhodopsin's peptides mixed in complete Freund's adjuvant containing M. tuberculosis H37Ra (5 mg/ml) three days after pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg). ELISA results indicate that all peptides induce antibody responses; however antibody liters differ among sera tested. Immunization with four peptides - the amino-terminus (2-32), loop I-II (61-75), loop V-VI (230-251), and the carboxyl-terminus (324-348 and 331-342) induced both antibody and T cell responses. In all cases, the proliferative responses of cells derived from peptide-injected rats were stronger against the immunizing peptide than against native protein. Three di...
Bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Rollinia mucosa

Two new bioactive Annonaceous acetogenins, rollitacin (1) and rollinacin (2), along with one known acetogenin, javoricin, were isolated from the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Rollinia mucosa. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited selective inhibitory effects among six human solid tumour cell lines. The structural elucidations of 1 and 2 were achieved by various spectroscopic analyses and chemical derivatizations.
Isoflurane induces a postconditioning effect on bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation.

Abstract Application of volatile anesthetics during the onset of reperfusion reduced ischemia-induced cardiac and brain injury (anesthetic postconditioning). This study was designed to evaluate whether volatile anesthetics induced a postconditioning effect in endothelial cells. Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (BPAEC) cultures were exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation, a condition to simulate ischemia in vitro, for 3 h. The volatile anesthetics isoflurane and desflurane were applied during the early phase of simulated reperfusion. Cell injury was quantified by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and flow cytometrical measurement after annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Oxygen–glucose deprivation and the subsequent simulated reperfusion increased LDH release and annexin V-positive staining cells, a characteristic of cell apoptosis. Posttreatment with isoflurane, but not desflurane, reduced this cell injury. This protection was apparent even when 2% isoflurane was applied at 60 min after the onset of reperfusion. The isoflurane postconditioning effect was abolished by glybenclamide, a general ATP sensitive K+ (KATP) channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate, a mitochondrial KATP channel blocker, and chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor. Diazoxide, a mitochondrial KATP channel activator, applied at the onset of reperfusion also decreased oxygen–glucose deprivation-induced endothelial cell injury. This diazoxide-induced protection was abolished by chelerythrine and 5-hydroxydecanoate. We conclude that isoflurane induced a postconditioning effect in BPAEC. The effective time window of isoflurane postconditioning was from 0 to 60 min after the onset of reperfusion. This isoflurane postconditioning effect may be mediated by mitochondrial KATP channels and PKC. PKC may be downstream of mitochondrial KATP channels for this isoflurane effect.
Alternative versions of SKED: Current systems and future plans

SKED was originally designed to be the least expensive user-oriented system for on-line control and recording of behavioral experiments. Recent price reductions in the cost of memory and peripheral devices has permitted cost-effective development of more convenient and powerful versions of the software.
Design and Comparative Efficiency of a Wind-Oriented Trap for Capturing Live Heliothis Spp.

In tests comparing the efficiency of a wind-oriented (WO) sex pheromone trap designed to capture live males of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and corn earworm, H. zea (Boddie) with other trap designs, the WO trap captured 40%of the males responding. This efficiency approached that of the electricgrid trap and was significantly more efficient than any non-electric trap studied.
COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHOLINGUISTICS: AI AND CONNECTIONIST MODELS OF HUMAN LANGUAGE PROCESSING . Ton Dijkstra & Koenraad de Smedt (Eds.). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis, 1996. Pp. xv + 437. $79.95 cloth, $29.95 paper.

Computational Psycholinguistics is an integrated collection by researchers within psycholinguistics aimed at providing a balanced treatment of current computational modeling in both language perception and generation. The initial chapters of the book provide an introduction to the general techniques used in computational modeling (Dijkstra & de Smedt), as well as perspectives from traditional symbolic artificial intelligence (Daelemans & de Smedt) and connectionist approaches (Murre & Goebel). The themes presented in the introductory chapters are well integrated into the rest of the book, consistent with the goal of providing a relatively self-contained introduction, suitable for a graduate-level psycholinguistics classroom or a general introductory source.
LDPC Decoder with a Limited-Precision FPGA-based Floating-Point Multiplication Coprocessor

Implementing the sum-product algorithm, in an FPGA with an embedded processor, invites us to consider a tradeoff between computational precision and computational speed. The algorithm, known outside of the signal processing community as Pearl's belief propagation, is used for iterative soft-decision decoding of LDPC codes. We determined the feasibility of a coprocessor that will perform product computations. Our FPGA-based coprocessor (design) performs computer algebra with significantly less precision than the standard (e.g. integer, floating-point) operations of general purpose processors. Using synthesis, targeting a 3,168 LUT Xilinx FPGA, we show that key components of a decoder are feasible and that the full single-precision decoder could be constructed using a larger part. Soft-decision decoding by the iterative belief propagation algorithm is impacted both positively and negatively by a reduction in the precision of the computation. Reducing precision reduces the coding gain, but the limited-precision computation can operate faster. A proposed solution offers custom logic to perform computations with less precision, yet uses the floating-point format to interface with the software. Simulation results show the achievable coding gain. Synthesis results help theorize the the full capacity and performance of an FPGA-based coprocessor.
Synthesis of cystathionine from O-acetylhomoserine in Neurospora: A step in methionine biosynthesis

Abstract This report confirms the recently disputed role of cystathionine as an intermediate in methionine biosynthesis in Neurospora . Rapid synthesis of cystathionine is catalyzed by fresh sonic extracts. This activity is very unstable, and is inhibited by growth on methionine. Mutation in either of two unlinked genes, me-3 or me-7, yields strains which are deficient in the synthase activity; however when fresh extracts of me-3 and me-7 mutants are mixed activity is restored.
Environmental quality within an interorganizational matrix: A case study of the SOHIO project

Abstract Urban coastal management is now part of a large, complex set of regional, state, and federal interorganizational arrangements. This emerging matrix consists of a loosely linked set of nearly independent decision points. Cities have little capacity within this matrix for independent action. Recent experience in the SOHIO project by the City and Port of Long Beach, California, illustrates the point to which external agencies have taken over decision‐making for use of coastal resources. Public bodies removed from city affairs and politics and with interests in other than coastal affairs have become dominant and have overridden local policy‐making. The public costs to citizens and local governments of the emerging interorganizational matrix are very high and may be excessive. As it is emerging, the matrix is a semi‐autonomous set of bureaucratic decision points which is unhinged from community values and regular political infrastructures.
Variants in two adjacent genes, EGLN2 and CYP2A6, influence smoking behavior related to disease risk via different mechanisms

Genome-wide significant associations with cigarettes per day (CPD) and risk for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were previously reported in a region of 19q13, including CYP2A6 (nicotine metabolism enzyme) and EGLN2 (hypoxia response). The associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assumed to be proxies for functional variation in CYP2A6. Here, we demonstrate that when CYP2A6 and EGLN2 genotypes are analyzed together, the key EGLN2 variant, rs3733829, is not associated with nicotine metabolism independent of CYP2A6, but is nevertheless independently associated with CPD, and with breath carbon monoxide (CO), a phenotype associated with cigarette consumption and relevant to hypoxia. SNPs in EGLN2 are also associated with nicotine dependence and with smoking efficiency (CO/CPD). These results indicate a previously unappreciated novel mechanism behind genome-wide significant associations with cigarette consumption and disease risk unrelated to nicotine metabolism.
Cross-Section of Option Returns and Volatility

We study the cross-section of stock option returns by sorting stocks on the difference between historical realized volatility and at-the-money implied volatility. We find that a zero-cost trading strategy that is long (short) in the portfolio with a large positive (negative) difference between these two volatility measures produces an economically and statistically significant average monthly return. The results are robust to different market conditions, to stock risks-characteristics, to various industry groupings, to option liquidity characteristics, and are not explained by usual risk factor models.
Development of Au Nanowires for Recording Electrical Activity in Neural Cells

The application of gold nanowire arrays for neuronal recording and stimulation is explored. The process of electrochemical anodization is utilized to grow an aluminum oxide template consisting of an array of closely packed cylindrical pores with diameters in the range of nanometers and micron scale depth. The method of electrodeposition is used to deposit gold within the pores forming a nanowire array. By means of micro and nanoscale fabrication processes, this array is integrated at one end with microscale gold electrodes. At the other end, neuron cells are cultured. Such nanowire-array structures will eventually be used to record and stimulate neuronal activity.
Eryptotic red blood cell adhesion to vascular endothelium: CXCL16/SR-PSOX, a pathological amplifier. Focus on "Dynamic adhesion of eryptotic erythrocytes to endothelial cells via CXCL16/SR-PSOX".

THE STUDY BY LANG AND COLLEAGUES (2), published in this issue, shows that red blood cells (RBCs), undergoing suicidal death or “eryptosis,” attach to human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) under experimental flow conditions via their CXC ligand 16 (CXCL16)/SR-PSOX transmembrane ligands with the potential to greatly impact the microvascular circulation. CXCL16, a chemokine with a cysteine-X-cysteine motif, occurs either in soluble form or as a transmembrane receptor (16) that can be tyrosine phosphorylated and bind Src homology 2-containing proteins; it is synonymous with SR-PSOX, the scavenger receptor for phosphatidylserine (PS) and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) (19). Here, I review developments that underlie this discovery (2), emphasizing the complex cellular mechanisms of erythrocyte-augmented/induced vascular occlusion in conjunction with their suicidal death (eryptosis). After 120 days in the circulation, 3 10 9 or one-third milliliter human RBCs/day undergo demise within the reticuloendothelial system by macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. Macrophages, which trap and digest old (but not intact mature) erythrocytes, recognize “senescent” antigens (SCA) of 62 kDa suggested to be related to band-3 proteins involved in Cl/HCO3 exchange (7). An alternate hypothesis considers autoantibodies formed against SCA epitopes derived from band-3 aggregation (13). Simultaneously, another concept emerged: reduction of the number of sialic acid residues (10 9 /cell) would uncover the presence of Thomsen (T)
Guaranteed scheduling for repetitive hard real-time tasks under the maximal temperature constraint

We study the problem of scheduling repetitive real-time tasks with the Earliest Deadline First (EDF) policy that can guarantee the given maximal temperature constraint. We show that the traditional scheduling approach, i.e., to repeat the schedule that is feasible through the range of one hyper-period, does not apply any more. Then, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for real-time schedules to guarantee the maximal temperature constraint. Based on these conditions, a novel scheduling algorithm is proposed for developing the appropriate schedule that can ensure the maximal temperature guarantee. Finally, we use experiments to evaluate the performance of our approach.
Methylation of leukocyte DNA and ovarian cancer: relationships with disease status and outcome

Genome-wide interrogation of DNA methylation (DNAm) in blood-derived leukocytes has become feasible with the advent of CpG genotyping arrays. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), one report found substantial DNAm differences between cases and controls; however, many of these disease-associated CpGs were attributed to differences in white blood cell type distributions. We examined blood-based DNAm in 336 EOC cases and 398 controls; we included only high-quality CpG loci that did not show evidence of association with white blood cell type distributions to evaluate association with case status and overall survival. Of 13,816 CpGs, no significant associations were observed with survival, although eight CpGs associated with survival at p < 10-3, including methylation within a CpG island located in the promoter region of GABRE (p = 5.38 x 10-5, HR = 0.95). In contrast, 53 CpG methylation sites were significantly associated with EOC risk (p <5 x10-6). The top association was observed for the methylation probe cg04834572 located approximately 315 kb upstream of DUSP13 (p = 1.6 x10-14). Other disease-associated CpGs included those near or within HHIP (cg14580567; p =5.6x10-11), HDAC3 (cg10414058; p = 6.3x10-12), and SCR (cg05498681; p = 4.8x10-7). We have identified several CpGs in leukocytes that are differentially methylated by case-control status. Since a retrospective study design was used, we cannot differentiate whether DNAm was etiologic or resulting from EOC; thus, prospective studies of EOC-associated loci are the critical next step.
Experiments with a virtual tree machine using transputers

A number of experiments with a virtual process tree architecture called ZAPP (zero assignment parallel processor) are described. These experiments were performed using a network of Inmos transputers. Most of the experiments involve the parallel execution of simple process trees grown by rewrite rules that recursively decompose a large grain of work into smaller grains. Some experiments extend the model by supporting limited notions of global communication in the process tree. The basic principles of the ZAPP architecture are presented, and implementation details of a ZAPP kernel used to perform the experiments on a network of Inmos transputers are given. Results of early parallel experiments covering specific applications are described and compared with direct sequential execution on a single transputer. The results confirm earlier sequential simulation experiments, which showed that nearly 100% processor utilization can be obtained for problems that generate process trees much larger than the physical architecture. They also show that real speedups can be obtained with relatively low degrees of parallelism. >
Multiple different missense mutations in the pore region of HERG in patients with long QT syndrome

Long QT syndrome (LQTS), is an inherited cardiac disorder in which ventricular tachyarrhythmias predispose affected individuals to syncope, seizures, and sudden death. Characteristic electrocardiographic findings include a prolonged QT interval, T wave alternans, and notched T waves. We have screened LQTS patients from 89 families for mutations in the pore region of HERG , the K+ channel gene previously associated with chromosome 7-linked LQT2. In six unrelated LQTS kindreds, single-strand conformation polymorphism analyses identified aberrant conformers in all affected family members. These conformers were not seen in over 100 unaffected, unrelated control individuals, suggesting that they represent pathogenic LQTS mutations. DNA sequence analyses of the aberrant conformers demonstrated that they reflect five different missense mutations: V612L, A614V, N629D, N629S, and N633S. The missense mutation A614V was found in two unrelated families. Further functional studies will be required to determine what effect each of these changes may have on HERG channel function.
Catfish consumption as a contributor to elevated PCB levels in a non-Hispanic black subpopulation

The human body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) sharply declined after production was banned in the US in 1979. For the 10% of the US population that remains most exposed to PCBs, fish consumption is the primary source. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data indicates that the highest remaining PCB levels exist in a non-Hispanic black subpopulation. Our review suggests that catfish consumption may be a significant PCB source for the one million non-Hispanic black anglers who fish for catfish. In comparison to non-Hispanic white anglers, non-Hispanic black anglers consume more catfish, are more likely to eat the whole fish rather than just the fillets that contain less PCBs, and are more likely to fish in watersheds with high PCB contamination. Efforts to diminish potential racial disparities in PCB exposure are challenged by geographic, economic, cultural, and educational barriers. In response, we propose that a fish consumption survey be performed that identifies the extent of subsistence fishing by non-Hispanic black anglers for catfish in watersheds with PCB contamination, the type and quantity of catfish subsistence fishing provides, and what actions would help moderate PCB exposure due to subsistence fishing for catfish in such areas. Understanding the contamination and consumption factors that contribute to higher PCB body burdens will help identify and offer solutions to racial disparities in exposure to PCBs due to subsistence fishing while providing a model to prevent similar disparities in exposure to toxics ranging from mercury to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.
Cargo Recognition in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

The endosomal system is expansive and complex, characterized by swift morphological transitions, dynamic remodeling of membrane constituents, and intracellular positioning changes. To properly navigate this ever-altering membrane labyrinth, transmembrane protein cargoes typically require specific sorting signals that are decoded by components of protein coats. The best-characterized sorting process within the endosomal system is the rapid internalization of select transmembrane proteins within clathrin-coated vesicles. Endocytic signals consist of linear motifs, conformational determinants, or covalent modifications in the cytosolic domains of transmembrane cargo. These signals are interpreted by a diverse set of clathrin-associated sorting proteins (CLASPs) that translocate from the cytosol to the inner face of the plasma membrane. Signal recognition by CLASPs is highly cooperative, involving additional interactions with phospholipids, Arf GTPases, other CLASPs, and clathrin, and is regulated by large conformational changes and covalent modifications. Related sorting events occur at other endosomal sorting stations.
Gallbladder mucosal blood flow increases during early cholesterol gallstone formation.

Abstract Gallbladder absorption increases during early cholesterol gallstone formation and is influenced by the intraluminal presence of lithogenic bile. The effect of lithogenic bile on gallbladder mucosal blood flow is unknown. The current study tested the hypothesis that the presence of lithogenic gallbladder and hepatic bile enhances gallbladder mucosal blood flow in cholesterol-fed (0.4%) prairie dogs, as determined by hydrogen gas clearance. Gallbladder mucosal blood flow in control animals was 35.57 ± 3.9 mL · min −1 sd 100 g −1 . In contrast, basal gallbladder mucosal blood flow in cholesterol-fed animals was significantly ( P −1 · 100 g −1 . In crossover studies, the addition of lithogenic gallbladder bile to control animals (n = 6) resulted in a significant ( P P P P
Embedded-atom-method tantalum potential developed by the force-matching method

An embedded-atom-method potential for tantalum (Ta) has been carefully constructed by fitting to a combination of experimental and density-functional theory (DFT) data. The fitted data include the elastic constants, lattice constant, cohesive energy, unrelaxed vacancy formation energy, and hundreds of force data calculated by DFT for a variety of structures such as liquids, surfaces, clusters, interstitials, vacancies, and stacking faults. We also fit to the cohesive energy vs volume data from the equation of state for the body-centered-cubic (bcc) Ta and to the calculated cohesive energy using DFT for the face-centered-cubic (fcc) Ta structure. We assess the accuracy of the new potential by comparing several calculated Ta properties with those obtained from other potentials previously reported in the literature. In many cases, the new potential yields superior accuracy at a comparable or lower computational cost.
RESTORATION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO ANIMALS BLOCKED BY A HUMORAL RESPONSE*

The T cells which mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are blocked by a normal humoral response and cannot be made to function by further immunization. They can be rescued to some extent by treatment with immunopotentiating agents such as cyclophosphamide (CY) which suppresses the antibody response selectively, or by BCG which interferes with the action of serum blocking factors. These two agents together can restore cell-mediated immunity completely, but a further antigenic stimulus is needed to reestablish DTH in mice blocked by a long period of continuous exposure to SRBC.
In search of epilepsy biomarkers in the immature brain: goals, challenges and strategies

Epilepsy and seizures are very common in the early years of life and are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Identification of biomarkers for the early detection of epileptogenicity, epileptogenesis, comorbidities, disease progression and treatment implementation will be very important in implementing more effective therapies. This article summarizes the current needs in the search for new early life epilepsy-related biomarkers and discusses the candidate biomarkers that are under investigation, as well as the challenges associated with the identification and validation of these biomarkers.
Automatic reteach of manipulators for manufacturing multiple product lines

A method for automatically reteaching robot tasks is described. Reteaching is necessary in many advanced applications of manipulators. The method allows tooling fixtures to be moved without requiring excessive manual reteach operations. This enables one manipulator to economically assemble multiple products even though the fixtures for only a single product will fit within the manipulator workspace at a time. Contributions are made in dealing with problems associated with reteach when the original points are near a singularity. Problems with points near singularities include excessive joint motion and obstacle avoidance. These problems are solved by introducing tolerances on joint motion and pose error. The method is successfully implemented on two industrial manipulators. A gear assembly is taught via a pendant, the tooling fixture moved and the assembly program retaught automatically without intervention. >
Designing soft nanomaterials via the self assembly of functionalized icosahedral viral capsid nanoparticles

Through implicit solvent coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the equilibrium morphologies resulting from the self-assembly of building blocks composed of anisotropically functionalized icosahedral viral capsid nanoparticles (NPs). We investigate the self-assembled aggregate morphologies for variations in the functional group chain length and solvent quality. We observe specific building block architectures to favor the formation of n-mers, chain- and network-like structures. Our work is in agreement with the earlier simulation studies on icosahedral gold nanocrystals that generate self-assembled chain-like structures. [G. Bilalbegovic, Comput. Mater. Sci. 31, 181 (2004).] In addition, our results agree with those by Finn et al., who have shown small predominantly chain-like aggregates with mannose-decorated cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) [K.S. Raja, Q. Wang, and M.G. Finn, ChemBioChem 4, 1348–1351 (2003)] and small aggregates with oligonucleotide functionalization on the CPMV capsid. [E. Strable, J.E. Johnson, and M.G. Finn, Nano Lett. 4, 1385–1389 (2004).] Visual inspection suggests that our results most likely span the low temperature limits explored by Finn et al. and show a good degree of agreement with the experimental results at an annealing temperature of 4 °C. [E. Strable, J.E. Johnson, and M.G. Finn, Nano Lett. 4, 1385–1389 (2004).] Our investigations reveal the possibility of novel n-mer type aggregates that could be synthesized using icosahedral NPs with appropriate surface functionalization and solvent conditions.