cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Working Relationships: Communicative Patterns and Strategies among Couples in Everyday Life

The recent growth in dual-income families has led to new configurations of domestic work distribution among family members. Because working parents are required to spend a great deal of time and energy at their respective jobs outside the home while also managing parenting responsibilities and household tasks, a high premium is placed on how partners negotiate and enact the division of labor inside the home. This paper draws from videotaped interviews and naturally occurring interactions in the home to explore working couples' perspectives on the challenges of managing household work and parenting. Transcripts of these videotapes are presented to examine couples' ongoing negotiation of responsibilities and expectations, with particular reference to the requests that partners make of one another and subsequent responses to these requests. Findings suggest that the degree of ambiguity in the models governing couples' expectations for and performance of housework responsibilities affects the behaviors that w...
Magnetic Susceptibility of Germanium

The magnetic susceptibility of a variety of Ge specimens has been measured as a function of temperature over the range from 70 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The susceptibility of high-purity specimens shows an unexpected temperature dependence: a decreasing diamagnetism with increasing temperature. By subtracting the susceptibility of high-purity Ge at each temperature from that of impure material, the charge carrier susceptibility has been obtained for a number of $n$- and $p$-type specimens. The effective mass of electrons obtained from susceptibility measurements on $n$-type Ge is in agreement with values yielded by cyclotron resonance. Analysis of the range of transition from classical to Fermi-Dirac statistics suggests that the energy surfaces of the conduction band can be described by four rather than eight ellipsoids of revolution in $k$-space. In $p$-type Ge the agreement with cyclotron resonance results is not nearly so good in that a larger hole effective mass is required by the susceptibility data. Measurements have been made on one $n$-type specimen bombarded with fast neutrons. After exposures sufficient to produce essentially intrinsic behavior, there was no trace of the paramagnetic component expected from unpaired spins of trapped electrons. This result has been interpreted as indicating that the energy levels associated with bombardment-produced defects form overlapping, degenerate impurity bands for the exposure in question.
How the first neutral-current experiments ended

At the beginning of the 1970s there seemed little reason to believe that strangeness-conserving neutral currents existed: theoreticians had no pressing need for them and several experiments suggested that they were suppressed if they were present at all. Indeed the two remarkable neutrino experiments that eventually led to their discovery were designed and built for very different purposes, including the search for the vector boson and the investigation of the parton model. In retrospect we know that certain gauge theories (notably the Weinberg-Salam model) predicted that neutral currents exist. But until 't Hooft and Veltman proved that such theories were renormalizable, little effort was made to test the new theories. After the proof the two experimental groups began to reorient their goals to settle an increasingly central issue of physics. Do neutral currents exist. We ask here: What kind of evidence and arguments persuaded the participants that they had before them a real effect and not an artifact of the apparatus. What eventually convinced them that their experiment was over. An answer to these questions requires an examination of the organization of the experiments, the nature of the apparatus, and the previous work of the experimentalists. Finally, some general observationsmore » are made about the recent evolution of experimental physics.« less
Salvage of a Failing Bifurcated Bipolar Epicardial Lead With Conductor Fracture

Cardiac rhythm abnormalities in children are often managed by using epicardial pacing systems. Lead failure poses a serious problem in pacemaker-dependent patients. We describe a lead repair that was not intuitive and avoided repeat thoracotomy in a pacemaker-dependent patient with lead fracture.
Some issues of biometrics: technology intelligence, progress and challenges

Biometrics has been used in healthcare systems, banking and finance, energy systems, access control in computer centres, military, and homeland security such as e-passport, border crossing control, airport security, criminal identification, and fighting terrorists. Biometric technologies such as face, fingerprint and iris recognition, multi-biometrics, and their technology intelligence, applications, and advances were studied. 13 attributes of six biometric technologies including face, fingerprint, iris, voice, hand geometry and signature recognition, and false reject rates (FRR) and false accept rates (FAR) of the six biometric technologies were summarised and compared based on technology evaluation or scenario evaluation. Challenges and future research of biometrics were also discussed.
A predominance of R5-like HIV genotypes in vaginal secretions is associated with elevated plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and the absence of anti-retroviral therapy.

HIV expressed in genital secretions provides the inoculum from which transmitting variants are selected, both in sexual transmission and mother-to-infant transmission during partuition. Characterization of HIV levels and genotypes found in vaginal secretions and the impact of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on this virus can provide valuable insight for the prevention of HIV transmission. Vaginal HIV was evaluated in a cohort of 43 women attending a New Orleans HIV outpatient clinic. Predominant vaginal genotypes were characterized as R5- or X4-like by heteroduplex tracking analyses of the envelope V3 region. Most women (67.4%) shed R5-like genotypes in vaginal secretions which was associated with elevated plasma HIV levels (≥ 10,000 copies HIV-RNA/mL) and absence of ART. Because R5-like genotypes are more frequently associated with transmission, these observations suggest that the majority of women shedding HIV in genital secretions present a transmission risk. The levels of vaginal virus were similar between both groups, but shedding of X4-like genotypes was associated with lower plasma viral loads and the use of ART, suggesting that ART use may impact the genotypes of virus found in the female genital compartment.
The development of a large nucleolus during oogenesis in Acanthocyclops vernalis (Crustacea, copepoda) and its possible relationship to chromatin diminution

Abstract The development of a single, very large (25–35 μm diameter) nucleolus during oogenesis in the crustacean Acanthocyclops vernalis is described. The nucleolus is the site of ribosomal RNA production the egg, as shown by in situ hybridization, and apparently the only source, as accessory cells are not observed. Ribosomal DNA amplification, as manifested by the presence of multiple nucleoli, is also not observed. Silver staining and C-banding suggest that chromosomal regions other than the nucleolar organizer are involved with the elaboration of the nucleolus. These observations, along with what is known about the nature of the DNA lost during the developmental process of chromatin diminution in this organism, suggest a relationship between the large oocyte nucleolus and the DNA lost during diminution.
Arginine Deiminase as a Novel Therapy for Prostate Cancer Induces Autophagy and Caspase-Independent Apoptosis

Arginine deprivation as an anticancer therapy has historically been met with limited success. The development of pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20) has renewed interest in arginine deprivation for the treatment of some cancers. The efficacy of ADI-PEG20 is directly correlated with argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) deficiency. CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells do not express ASS, the rate-limiting enzyme in arginine synthesis, and are susceptible to ADI-PEG20 in vitro. Interestingly, apoptosis by 0.3 microg/mL ADI-PEG20 occurs 96 hours posttreatment and is caspase independent. The effect of ADI-PEG20 in vivo reveals reduced tumor activity by micropositron emission tomography as well as reduced tumor growth as a monotherapy and in combination with docetaxel against CWR22Rv1 mouse xenografts. In addition, we show autophagy is induced by single amino acid depletion by ADI-PEG20. Here, autophagy is an early event that is detected within 1 to 4 hours of 0.3 microg/mL ADI-PEG20 treatment and is an initial protective response to ADI-PEG20 in CWR22Rv1 cells. Significantly, the inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine and Beclin1 siRNA knockdown enhances and accelerates ADI-PEG20-induced cell death. PC3 cells, which express reduced ASS, also undergo autophagy and are responsive to autophagy inhibition and ADI-PEG20 treatment. In contrast, LNCaP cells highly express ASS and are therefore resistant to both ADI-PEG20 and autophagic inhibition. These data point to an interrelationship among ASS deficiency, autophagy, and cell death by ADI-PEG20. Finally, a tissue microarray of 88 prostate tumor samples lacked expression of ASS, indicating ADI-PEG20 is a potential novel therapy for the treatment of prostate cancer
Continuously tunable wavelength conversion of data with record probe-idler separations in a silicon nanowire

We demonstrate tunable wavelength conversion of 10-Gb/s data with up to 168-nm probe-idler separation based on four-wave mixing in silicon nanowires. We incorporate an NRZ-to-RZ format change using a pulsed pump and achieve error-free operation.
Antagonistic and Synergistic Interactions Among Predators

The structure and dynamics of food webs are largely dependent upon interactions among consumers and their resources. However, interspecific interactions such as intraguild predation and interference competition can also play a significant role in the stability of communities. The role of antagonistic/synergistic interactions among predators has been largely ignored in food web theory. These mechanisms influence predation rates, which is one of the key factors regulating food web structure and dynamics, thus ignoring them can potentially limit understanding of food webs. Using nonlinear models, it is shown that critical aspects of multiple predator food web dynamics are antagonistic/synergistic interactions among predators. The influence of antagonistic/synergistic interactions on coexistence of predators depended largely upon the parameter set used and the degree of feeding niche differentiation. In all cases when there was no effect of antagonism or synergism (a ij =1.00), the predators coexisted. Using the stable parameter set, coexistence occurred across the range of antagonism/synergism used. However, using the chaotic parameter strong antagonism resulted in the extinction of one or both species, while strong synergism tended to coexistence. Whereas using the limit cycle parameter set, coexistence was strongly dependent on the degree of feeding niche overlap. Additionally increasing the degree of feeding specialization of the predators on the two prey species increased the amount of parameter space in which coexistence of the two predators occurred. Bifurcation analyses supported the general pattern of increased stability when the predator interaction was synergistic and decreased stability when it was antagonistic. Thus, synergistic interactions should be more common than antagonistic interactions in ecological systems.
Improving primary care access using simulation optimization

Primary care providers (PCPs) provide the majority of care patients receive during their lifetime. We consider the problem of determining the size and composition of physician panels in primary care. A physician's panel consists of a set of patients and each patient belongs to one of many different health-related categories. Using real data collected at the Mayo Clinic at Rochester, we propose a multi-period metaheuristic simulation optimization model for determining the panel design of a set of physicians working in a primary care environment. The model seeks to maximize patient visits to their own providers, reduce waiting times, and minimize overage.
Unsegmented Annelids? Possible Origins of Four Lophotrochozoan Worm Taxa

SYNOPSIS. In traditional classification schemes, the Annelida consists of the Polychaeta and the Clitellata (the latter including the Oligochaeta and Hirudinida). However, recent analyses suggest that annelids are much more diverse than traditionally believed, and that polychaetes are paraphyletic. Specifically, some lesser-known taxa (previously regarded as separate phyla) appear to fall within the annelid radiation. Abundant molecular, developmental, and morphological data show that the Siboglinidae, which includes the formerly recognized Pogonophora and Vestimentifera, are derived annelids; recent data from the Elongation Factor-1 a (EF-1a) gene also suggest that echiurids are of annelid ancestry. Further, the phylogenetic origins of two other lesser-known groups of marine worms, the Myzostomida and Sipuncula, have recently been called into question. Whereas some authors advocate annelid affinities, others argue that these taxa do not fall within the annelid radiation. With advances in our understanding of annelid phylogeny, our perceptions of body plan evolution within the Metazoa are changing. The evolution of segmentation probably is more plastic than traditionally believed. However, as our understanding of organismal evolution is being revised, we are also forced to reconsider the specific characters being examined. Should segmentation be considered a developmental process or an ontological endpoint? The Annelida is a pivotal taxon for understanding metazoan evolution, as our interpretation of bilaterian phylogeny, development, and macroevolutionary trends are influenced by current concepts of annelid ancestry and evolution. For example, the Articulata hypothesis posits that arthropods and annelids are more closely related to each other than to other major protostome taxa (e.g., molluscs, flatworms, brachio
Application of nasometry to speech samples of hearing-impaired children

Nasalance measurements from speech samples of 19 hearing-impaired children (12 boys, 7 girls, of M age 8.0 yr.) were computed via a Nasometer 6200 for three speaking conditions: unaided, aided, and FM amplification. The nasalance scores for each condition were compared with the device norms. Scores for each condition were correlated and then ranked by age for additional comparisons.
Veteran Status, Race-Ethnicity, and Marriage among Fragile Families

We used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,679) to examine the impact of men’s past military service on the likelihood that a couple will marry within 5 years of a nonmarital birth. Logistic regression analyses showed that men’s past military service increased marriage odds by 54% for couples with Black fathers even after controlling for potential mediators. But veteran status had no effect on couples with White or Hispanic fathers. As a result, the large Black-White gap in postbirth marriage evident among couples with civilian fathers did not exist among couples with veteran fathers. Our findings bolster other evidence that military service exerts lasting and unique pro-marriage effects on Blacks.
360-Degree Rhetorical Analysis of Job Hunting: A Four-Part, Multimodal Project.

This article proposes the use of a four-component multimodal employment project that offers students a 360-degree understanding of the rhetorical situations surrounding job searches. More specifically, we argue for the use of the four deliverables of written resumes and cover letters, mock oral onsite interview, video resume analysis, and peer critique of social media profiles in a widely taught employment project to help students better analyze the complicated rhetorical situations surrounding job applications and to facilitate better peer collaboration and serious revision of the two high-stakes documents of cover letters and resumes.
Evaluation of aerosol generator devices at 3 locations in humidified and non-humidified circuits during adult mechanical ventilation.

BACKGROUND: The position of the jet or ultrasonic nebulizer in the ventilator circuit impacts drug delivery during mechanical ventilation, but has not been extensively explored, and no study has examined all of the commonly used nebulizers. METHODS: Drug delivery from jet, vibratingmesh, and ultrasonic nebulizers and pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) with spacer was compared in a model of adult mechanical ventilation, with heated/humidified and non-humidified ventilator circuits. Albuterol sulfate was aerosolized at 3 circuit positions: (1) between the endotracheal tube and the Y-piece; (2) 15 cm from Y-piece; and (3) 15 cm from the ventilator, with each device (n 3) using adult settings (tidal volume 500 mL, ramp flow pattern, 15 breaths/min, peak inspiratory flow 60 L/min, and PEEP 5 cm H2O). The drug deposited on an absolute filter distal to an 8.0-mm inner-diameter endotracheal tube was eluted and analyzed via spectrophotometry (276 nm), and is reported as mean SD percent of total nominal or emitted dose. RESULTS: The vibrating-mesh nebulizer, ultrasonic nebulizer, and pMDI with spacer were most efficient in position 2 with both non-humidified (30.2 1.0%, 24.7 4.4%, and 27.8 3.3%, respectively) and heated/humidified circuits (16.8 2.6%, 16.5 4.3%, and 17 1.0%, respectively). In contrast, the jet nebulizer was most efficient in position 3 under both non-humidified (14.7 1.5%) and heated/humidified (6.0 0.1%) conditions. In positions 2 and 3, all devices delivered approximately 2-fold more drug under non-humidified than under heated/humidified conditions (P < .01). At position 1 only the pMDI delivered substantially more drug than with the non-humidified circuit. CONCLUSION: During mechanical ventilation the optimal drug delivery efficiency depends on the
A comparison of dynamic coronal plane excursion between matched male and female athletes when performing single leg landings

Background. Despite recent evidence supporting the use of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury risk, female athletes continue to show an increased anterior cruciate ligament injury rate in collegiate basketball and soccer when compared to males. The purpose of the current study was to identify gender and task differences in measures that may increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female basketball and soccer athletes. Methods. Eleven female and 11 male collegiate basketball and soccer athletes were height (female mean 176 (SD 8 cm), male mean 176 (SD 8 cm)) and weight (female mean 73 (SD 7 kg), male mean 74 (SD 6 kg)) matched. Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to calculate differences in total coronal plane angular joint excursion (maximum–minimum) between male and female athletes when performing a series of medially and laterally directed drop landings. Findings. Female athletes demonstrated increased total coronal plane excursion for the hip, knee and ankle (P < 0.05) during the medial drop landing. During the lateral drop landing females displayed increased excursion at the hip and knee. When comparing tasks, the lateral drop landing resulted in greater coronal plane excursion at the hip (P < 0.05) while the knee showed no differences between movements. In contrast, females demonstrated increased ankle excursion during the medial drop task (P < 0.05). Interpretation. Female athletes demonstrate increased lower extremity coronal plane excursion when performing single leg drop landing in both the medial and lateral direction when compared to height/weight matched male athletes. This increased coronal plane oscillation of lower extremity joints may be related to the increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury for female basketball and soccer athletes. � 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A microfabricated inductively coupled plasma generator

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a surface micromachined plasma generator is described for the first time in this paper. The plasma is sustained without electrodes by inductively coupling a /spl sim/150-MHz current into a region of low-pressure gas, Both argon and air plasmas have been generated over a range of gas pressures from 0.1 to 10 torr (13.3-1333 Pa). Typically, the power used to sustain the plasma is 350 mW, although /spl sim/1.5 W is required to initiate the discharge. Network analysis of the plasma generator circuit shows that over 99% of the applied RF power can be absorbed by the device. Of this, /spl sim/50% is absorbed by the plasma and the remainder of the power is dissipated as ohmic heating. An argon ion current of up to 4.5 mA/cm/sup 2/ has been extracted from the plasma and the electron temperature is 52 000 K at 0.1 torr. This plasma source is intended for electronic excitation of gas samples so that the presence of impurities and toxins may be detected using optical emission spectroscopy.
A Coupled Theory of Tropical Climatology: Warm Pool, Cold Tongue, and Walker Circulation

Abstract Based on results from analytic and general circulation models, the authors propose a theory for the coupled warm pool, cold tongue, and Walker circulation system. The intensity of the coupled system is determined by the coupling strength, the local equilibrium time, and latitudinal differential heating. Most importantly, this intensity is strongly regulated in the coupled system, with a saturation level that can be reached at a modest coupling strength. The saturation west–east sea surface temperature difference (and the associated Walker circulation) corresponds to about one-quarter of the latitudinal differential equilibrium temperature. This regulation is caused primarily by the decoupling of the SST gradient from a strong ocean current. The author’s estimate suggests that the present Pacific is near the saturation state. Furthermore, the much weaker Walker circulation system in the Atlantic Ocean is interpreted as being the result of the influence of the adjacent land, which is able to extend...
Combining a Spatial Model and Demand Forecasts to Map Future Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia

Predicting the locations of future surface coal mining in Appalachia is challenging for a number of reasons. Economic and regulatory factors impact the coal mining industry and forecasts of future coal production do not specifically predict changes in location of future coal production. With the potential environmental impacts from surface coal mining, prediction of the location of future activity would be valuable to decision makers. The goal of this study was to provide a method for predicting future surface coal mining extents under changing economic and regulatory forecasts through the year 2035. This was accomplished by integrating a spatial model with production demand forecasts to predict (1 km2) gridded cell size land cover change. Combining these two inputs was possible with a ratio which linked coal extraction quantities to a unit area extent. The result was a spatial distribution of probabilities allocated over forecasted demand for the Appalachian region including northern, central, southern, and eastern Illinois coal regions. The results can be used to better plan for land use alterations and potential cumulative impacts.
A game-theoretic memory mechanism for coevolution

One problem associated with coevolutionary algorithms is that of forgetting, where one ot more previously acquired traits are lost only to be needed later. We introduce a new coevolutionary memory mechanism to help prevent forgetting that is built upon game-theoretic principles, specifically Nash equilibrium. This "Nash memory" mechanism has the following properties: 1) It accumulates a collection of salient traits discovered by search, and represent this collection as a mixed strategy. 2) This mixed strategy monotonically approaches the quality of a Nash equilibrium strategy as search processes, thus acting as a "ratchet" mechanism. 3) The memory naturally embodies the result (solution) obtained by the coevolutionary process, 4) The memory appropriately handles intransitive cycles (subject to resource limitations). We demonstrate our Nash memory using Watson and Pollack's intransitive numbers game, and compare its performance to the conventional "Hall of Frame" memory and the more recently proposed Dominance Tournament.
Building an object-oriented environment for distributed manufacturing software

A description is presented of the characteristics of a programming environment for distributed manufacturing software based on an open workcell architecture. The authors consider C++ as a base language for this environment and describe extensions to the language which would make it more suitable for distributed systems integration. The main problem stems from insistence on static (compile-time) binding and type-checking and the necessity of introducing dynamic binding for convenient encapsulation of concepts such as remote procedure call. >
Targeted Proteomic Profiling of Renal Na+ Transporter and Channel Abundances in Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptor Knockout Mice

The renal tubule transporters responsible for Na(+) and water transport along the nephron have been identified and cloned, permitting comprehensive analysis of transporter protein abundance changes in complex physiological models by using a "targeted proteomics" approach. Here, we apply this approach to screen renal homogenates from mice in which the gene for the angiotensin II type 1a (AT(1a)) receptor has been deleted (versus wild-type mice) to determine which sodium transporters and channels are regulated by the AT(1a) receptor at the protein abundance level. In mice maintained on a low NaCl diet (<0.02% NaCl), (1) the abundances of 2 aldosterone-regulated transporters were markedly decreased in knockout versus wild-type mice, namely, the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter and the alpha-subunit of the amiloride-sensitive Na(+) channel (alpha-ENaC); (2) the abundances of beta-ENaC and gamma-ENaC were markedly increased; and (3) there were no significant changes in the abundances of the proximal tubule Na+-H(+) exchanger or the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter of the thick ascending limb. When the experiment was repeated on higher NaCl diets (0.4% or 6% NaCl), the decrease in alpha-ENaC abundance persisted, whereas the other changes were abolished. Analysis of serum aldosterone concentration in AT(1a) knockout mice and wild-type mice on the low NaCl diet revealed the absence of a decrease with AT(1a) gene deletion (11.8 +/- 2.3 nmol/L for knockout mice and 5.7 +/- 0.8 nmol/L for wild-type mice [significantly increased]). These results reveal that the AT(1a) receptor plays an important role in regulation of Na(+) transporter and channel proteins in the "post-macula densa" region of the renal tubule via a mechanism that is not dependent on altered circulating aldosterone concentrations.
Correlation Between Verapamil Plasma Concentration and P‐R Prolongation in Essential Hypertension

Plasma verapamil concentration was correlated with serial electrocardiographic P-R intervals in patients with essential hypertension receiving immediate-release (80 to 120 mg three times a day) or sustained-release (240 mg daily) verapamil. The mean P-R interval in 22 patients taking placebo and immediate-release verapamil was 0.18 second. The borderline first-degree atrioventricular block of three patients did not change during treatment. Plasma verapamil concentrations of patients with a P-R interval longer than 0.20 second and of those with a P-R interval of 0.20 second or less were 169 +/- 73 ng/mL and 63 +/- 8 ng/mL, respectively. Six patients taking sustained-release verapamil had a maximal mean P-R interval of 0.19 +/- 0.01 second during 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. P-R intervals were 0.22 second or more in two patients, but they returned to normal by hour 7 for one and by hour 20 for the other patient. In summary, transient P-R prolongation occurred with oral verapamil therapy, but no patient, regardless of baseline P-R interval, developed high-grade atrioventricular block.
Activators of G Protein Signaling in the Kidney

Heterotrimeric G proteins play a crucial role in regulating signal processing to maintain normal cellular homeostasis, and subtle perturbations in its activity can potentially lead to the pathogenesis of renal disorders or diseases. Cell-surface receptors and accessory proteins, which normally modify and organize the coupling of individual G protein subunits, contribute to the regulation of heterotrimeric G protein activity and their convergence and/or divergence of downstream signaling initiated by effector systems. Activators of G protein signaling (AGS) are a family of accessory proteins that intervene at multiple distinct points during the activation–inactivation cycle of G proteins, even in the absence of receptor stimulation. Perturbations in the expression of individual AGS proteins have been reported to modulate signal transduction pathways in a wide array of diseases and disorders within the brain, heart, immune system, and more recently, the kidney. This review will provide an overview of the expression profile, localization, and putative biologic role of the AGS family in the context of normal and diseased states of the kidney.
Human Herpesvirus 6: Basic Biology and Clinical Associations

The recognition of a new herpesvirus was announced to the world by Salahuddin et al. (1986) from the National Cancer Institute, NIH. These investigators were involved in studies of the mechanisms regulating human hematopoiesis, especially defects leading to malignancy. In these studies, mononuclear cells from patients with various lymphoproliferative disorders were established in culture, and occasionally short-lived, large, refractile cells, containing intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were observed. Electron microscopic (EM) examination demonstrated herpes-type virus particles in these cultures. Unenveloped icosahedral nucleocapsids developed in the nucleus and enveloped virions were seen in cytoplasmic vesicles, cisternae and at the cell surface (Figure 1). The original six isolates, from four leukemia and lymphoma patients and two lymphadenopathy patients, were similar antigenically, but differed markedly from the other human herpesviruses. Because B-cell surface markers were detected on infected cells, the virus was called human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV). Infection with the virus seemed rare, as only 4 of 220 serum specimens from normal donors were weakly positive by immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) testing.
Korean Swapmeets in Los Angeles: Economic and Racial Implications

This essay examines the nature of indoor swapmeets in Los Angeles. During the past fifteen years, I have conducted interviews with various people involved in the swapmeet business. What are indoor swapmeets? What are economic and social functions of swapmeets in South Central Los Angeles? What factors contributed to the proliferation of indoor swapmeets in South Central Los Angeles? What are racial implications of overrepresentation of Korean American-owned swapmeets in South Central Los Angeles? These are some of the major questions that this paper intends to address and explore.
Pharmacological characterization of the first in class clinical candidate PF‐05190457: a selective ghrelin receptor competitive antagonist with inverse agonism that increases vagal afferent firing and glucose‐dependent insulin secretion ex vivo

Background and Purpose Ghrelin increases growth hormone secretion, gastric acid secretion, gastric motility and hunger but decreases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in humans. Antagonizing the ghrelin receptor has potential as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim was to pharmacologically characterize the novel small-molecule antagonist PF-05190457 and assess translational pharmacology ex vivo. Experimental Approach Radioligand binding in filter and scintillation proximity assay formats were used to evaluate affinity, and europium-labelled GTP to assess functional activity. Rat vagal afferent firing and calcium imaging in dispersed islets were used as native tissues underlying food intake and insulin secretion respectively. Key Results PF-05190457 was a potent and selective inverse agonist on constitutively active ghrelin receptors and acted as a competitive antagonist of ghrelin action, with a human Kd of 3 nM requiring 4 h to achieve equilibrium. Potency of PF-05190457 was similar across different species. PF-05190457 increased intracellular calcium within dispersed islets and increased vagal afferent firing in a concentration-dependent manner with similar potency but was threefold less potent as compared with the in vitro Ki in recombinant overexpressing cells. The effect of PF-05190457 on rodent islets was comparable with glibenclamide, but glucose-dependent and additive with the insulin secretagogue glucagon-like peptide-1. Conclusions and Implications Together, these data provide the pharmacological in vitro and ex vivo characterization of the first ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, which has advanced into clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential of blocking ghrelin receptors in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Bionomics of Neodiprion gillettei (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) on Pinus Ponderosa

The biology and life history of Neodiprion gillettei (Rohwer) are described. N. gillettei overwinters as eggs in the needles of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa. N. gillettei is unique among ponderosa pine-feeding sawflies because of its preference for trees <60 cm tall. The larvae eclose in spring and develop through four male and five female larval feeding instars in ≈4 wk. Ultimate instars do not feed and crawl to the ground to spin cocoons, where they remain for the summer. They have a short-day diapause response. Adults emerge in the fall, mate, and lay eggs in ponderosa pine needles. Lab rearing under various photoperiods indicates that the critical photoperiod for larval diapause induction is 14:10 (L:D). Females laid an average of 48.5 eggs, 3.5 eggs per needle, and cut preslits on only 4% of the needles. A greater number of eggs are laid in the bottom-south compared with the top-north quadrant of the tree. Eggs need to be chilled at least 6 wk at 4°C before eclosion.
Invited Editorial Comment: The Graceful Aging of Mean-Variance Optimization

1. Mark Kritzman 1. is the president and CEO of Windham Capital Management, LLC, and a senior lecturer in finance at the MIT Sloan School of Management in Cambridge, MA. Mean-variance optimization is about to begin its 60th year and by all accounts it has aged extremely well. Originally
The Morality of Race Mixing in Puerto Rico

6. The all-Negro society is distinguished by the fact that it has highly selected families of the stable patriarchal rather than matriarchal type. 7. The fact that the political and educational structures have developed by trial and error and in response to meeting specific social and psychic needs of the Negroes themselves, gives them a greater feeling of "belonging." It also furnishes ego gratification for the residents and grants them greater opportunities for full social participation.
Long-term energy and climate implications of carbon capture and storage deployment strategies in the US coal-fired electricity fleet.

To understand the long-term energy and climate implications of different implementation strategies for carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the US coal-fired electricity fleet, we integrate three analytical elements: scenario projection of energy supply systems, temporally explicit life cycle modeling, and time-dependent calculation of radiative forcing. Assuming continued large-scale use of coal for electricity generation, we find that aggressive implementation of CCS could reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) from the US coal-fired power fleet through 2100 by 37–58%. Cumulative radiative forcing through 2100 would be reduced by only 24–46%, due to the front-loaded time profile of the emissions and the long atmospheric residence time of CO2. The efficiency of energy conversion and carbon capture technologies strongly affects the amount of primary energy used but has little effect on greenhouse gas emissions or radiative forcing. Delaying implementation of CCS deployment significa...
Seasonal abundance and activity of Sitona hispidulus adults in Kentucky

Seasonal abundance and activity of Sitona hispidulus (F.) adults were monitored from June 1976 to August 1978 in alfalfa and red clover. A sharp rise in density followed by an equally sharp decline occurred during June and early July. Emergence from pupae occurred during June. Cumulative emergence data indicated that this increasing density was due to accumulation of the adults emerging from the pupae. Directional pitfall trapping indicated that the decline density was due to emigration of adults into the field borders by crawling. After this decline in density and the crawling activity stopped, the density remained about the same from late July through late August. This corresponded with the relative inactivity of the oversummering adults. From late August until late October the adults were active again, exhibiting crawling activity and a flight period. Directional pitfall trapping and sticky trapping indicated that movement, both into and out of the field, occurred during this period.
Prediction of parachute collapse due to wake recontact

The wake behind a decelerating parachute and payload may, in some instances, overtake and collapse the parachute. This paper presents an analytical model of the parachute and payload deceleration process including the wake development. Calculation results include the deceleration history, wake velocity distribution, and an indication of the occurence of wake recontact.
Immigrant status and cardiovascular risk over time: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Abstract Purpose Despite cross-sectional evidence that foreign-born United States (US) residents often have better health than US-born residents of similar race and/or ethnicity, we know little about overall cardiovascular risk progression over time among immigrants as they age in the US. Methods Using longitudinal data from the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis on 6446 adults aged 45–84 years at baseline, we examined how nativity and length of US residence related to change in cardiovascular health (CVH) and cardiovascular event incidence over 11-year follow-up. CVH was measured using the American Heart Association's CVH measure (range, 0–14; higher is better). Results Immigrants, particularly those with shorter US residence, had better baseline CVH and lower cardiovascular event incidence than the US born. Baseline CVH scores ranged from 8.67 (8.42–8.92) among immigrants living in the US less than 10 years to 7.86 (7.76–7.97) among the US born. However, recent immigrants experienced the largest CVH declines over time: 10-year declines ranged from −1.04 (−1.27 to −0.80) among immigrants living in the US less than 10 years at baseline to −0.47 (−0.52 to −0.42) among the US born. Conclusions Public health prevention efforts targeting new immigrants may help slow the deterioration of CVH and reduce future cardiovascular risk.
Laparoscopic operation in the treatment of pediatric incarcerated indirect inguinal hernia: with a report of 33 cases

Objective: To investigate the clinical application value of laparoscopic operation in the treatment of pediatric incarcerated indirect inguinal hernia. Methods: The clinical data of 33 children who underwent laparoscopic treatment for incarcerated indirect inguinal hernia during Jan. 2013 and Jan. 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: For 33 cases undergoing laparoscopic treatment,spontaneous remission was found in 9 patients after general anesthesia. Incarcerated hernia contents were restored under laparoscopy in 17 patients. 7 patients with severe incarcerated hernia were cured by cutting the hernia ring stricture through a inguinal small incision under laparoscope. All 33 patients underwent high ligation of inner ring. 14 cases of occult hernia on the opposite side were treated simultaneously. 7 patients underwent laparoscopic hernia lysis and high ligation combined with hernia ring constriction. 2 patients underwent appendectomy simultaneously. None of them needed laparotomy. The average operation time was( 19. 8 ± 9. 9) min and the average hospital stay was( 3. 2 ± 1. 1) d. In 3 to 12 months follow-up,no recurrence,wound infection,scrotum hematoma or testicular atrophy were observed. Conclusions: Laparoscopic abdominal exploration,incarcerated hernia lysis and high ligation of hernial sac are safe,simple and feasible to cure pediatric incarcerated indirect inguinal hernia. It is minimally invasive with adequate exposure,few complications and fast recovery. Meanwhile,occult inguinal hernia in the opposite side can be cured at the same time.
Force protection: today's reality.

Most US infrastructure and major chemical manufacturing facilities as well as their supporting utility systems are inherently vulnerable to a terrorist attack. Force protection is a military and civilian term used to protect personnel and critical facilities and assets against would-be aggressors or terrorists. The war on terrorism is a 200-300-year war. Terrorist attacks on US soil could become as commonplace as in the State of Israel. It is very easy to penetrate infrastructure or plants as evidenced by vulnerability assessments performed for states, cities, plants, and military facilities by Versar and others around the country. Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive weapons can be readily used to attack facilities in the US. This paper will explain some of those vulnerabilities, outline the current DoD standard as it relates to vulnerability assessments, and explain how this may be used in commercial applications to deter potential aggressors.
Bias present in US federal agency power plant CO 2 emissions data and implications for the US clean power plan

Power plants constitute roughly 40% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United States. Climate change science, air pollution regulation, and potential carbon trading policies rely on accurate, unbiased quantification of these large point sources. Two US federal agencies—the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency—tabulate the emissions from US power plants using two different methodological approaches. We have analyzed those two data sets and have found that when averaged over all US facilities, the median percentage difference is less than 3%. However, this small difference masks large, non-Gaussian, positive and negative differences at individual facilities. For example, over the 2001–2009 time period, nearly one-half of the facilities have monthly emission differences that exceed roughly ±6% and one-fifth exceed roughly ±13%. It is currently not possible to assess whether one, or both, of the datasets examined here are responsible for the emissions difference. Differences this large at the individual facility level raise concerns regarding the operationalization of policy within the United States such as the recently announced Clean Power Plan. This policy relies on the achievement of state-level CO2 emission rate targets. When examined at the state-level we find that one-third of the states have differences that exceed 10% of their assigned reduction amount. Such levels of uncertainty raise concerns about the ability of individual states to accurately quantify emission rates in order to meet the regulatory targets.
Maturational differences in step vs. ramp hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses

The influence of the speed of stimulus presentation on hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (step vs. ramp) is not known. Furthermore, it is unclear whether children and adults respond similarly. We tested ramp ventilatory responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia with use of rebreathing in 8 prepubertal children and 11 adults. We tested step ventilatory responses to hypercapnia with single vital capacity breaths of 15% CO2 in O2 and to hypoxia with five tidal breaths of 100% N2. For children, slopes of step hypercapnic ventilatory responses were always greater than those of ramp responses (0.85 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.71 +/- 0.07 l.min-1.Torr end-tidal PCO2-1; P < 0.0005). Conversely, for adults, step responses were always less than ramp responses (0.88 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.10 +/- 0.29 l.min-1.Torr end-tidal PCO2-1; P < 0.0007). Similarly, for children, the slopes of step hypoxic ventilatory responses were always greater than those of ramp responses (-0.71 +/- 0.09 vs. -0.45 +/- 0.04 l.min-1.Torr O2 saturation-1; P < 0.02), and for adults, step responses were always less than ramp responses (-0.68 +/- 0.14 vs. -1.85 +/- 0.46 l.min-1.Torr O2 saturation-1; P < 0.04). We conclude that ventilatory responses vary depending on step vs. ramp presentation of hypercapnia or hypoxia and that the ratio of these responses is reversed in children compared with adults. We speculate that the responsiveness of peripheral chemoreceptors is increased in children compared with adults and that it may play a role in the mechanisms leading to increased ventilatory responses observed during childhood.
Focus: A Case Study on the semantics-pragmatics Boundary

Philosophers coming to language from the tradition of logical semantics have sometimes been inclined to discount this sort of phenomenon. It makes no difference to the truth conditions of this particular sentence, and may appear merely to be an aspect of the vocal realization of the sentence—of interest to phonologists, and perhaps to socio-linguists, but not of much importance to fundamental philosophical questions about semantics and pragmatics. This appearance is deceptive. In fact, as we will see below, focus is a locus of interaction between semantics and pragmatics. Understanding this innocent-looking phenomenon is important to understanding how semantics and pragmatics relate to one-another. Much of the recent philosophical debate over the semantics/pragmatics distinction has focused the question of how much underlying syntactic structure is responsible for determining what is said by an utterance, and how much what is said is determined by autonomous pragmatic processes such as ‘free enrichment’. The debate has centered on a family of examples like:
Making Informatics Come to Life Through Assessment: Linking assessment and documentation education in the classroom

I which is defined by QSEN as: Using information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making; is one of the core competencies for nursing set forth by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) faculty. One of the QSEN core skills linked to informatics is documenting and planning patient care in the electronic medical record (EMR), a skill that can be confusing to a beginning nursing student. Nursing students can also become easily confused when learning assessment skills in the classroom, but accurate assessment skills must be achieved in order to complete accurate documentation. When assessing a patient, distinquishing what the assessment findings are and what should be documented in the electronic EMR to clearly communicate the findings are special skills that are vital to the nursing role, communication among care team members and patient safety. Linking these two skills in a real-life, fun and innovative way in the classroom can make for better overall understanding of each skill and its importance to safe patient care.