cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmic-Ray Particles of Intermediate Mass

A Geiger-counter placed inside a cloud chamber and coupled by means of a coincidence circuit to a second counter placed above the chamber has been employed to increase the probability of observing cosmic-ray particles near the ends of their ranges, and thus to provide information concerning the mass and stability properties of the particles of intermediate mass.
Down by the water's edge : Modelling shipyard locations in Maryland, USA

Shipbuilding in the Chesapeake, while explored extensively in historical literature, has been largely absent from the reported archaeological record, the primary cause being the ephemeral nature of...
4-1BB signaling beyond T cells

Originally discovered as a T cell-activating molecule, 4-1BB (CD137) is now also recognized as an activator of non-T cells, thus imparting a new dimension to its potential in vivo effects. 4-1BB expression is seen on a variety of non-T cells including activated dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, neutrophils, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and promotes their individual effector functions. The T cell- and non-T cell-activating ability of 4-1BB may be the basis of its powerful anti-cancer, anti-autoimmune and anti-viral effects. Here we discuss the consequence and importance of 4-1BB signaling in non-T cells. We consider its effects on immune regulation, and the distinct and/or overlapping pathways involved in these responses, as well as possible therapeutic applications.
Innate Mucosal Immune System Response of BALB/c vs C57BL/6 Mice to Injury in the Setting of Enteral and Parenteral Feeding

Background: Outbred mice exhibit increased airway and intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) following injury when fed normal chow, consistent with humans. Parenteral nutrition (PN) eliminates IgA increases at both sites. Inbred mice are needed for detailed immunological studies; however, specific strains have not been evaluated for this purpose. BALB/c and C57BL/6 are common inbred mouse strains but demonstrate divergent immune responses to analogous stress. This study addressed which inbred mouse strain best replicates the outbred mouse and human immune response to injury. Methods: Intravenously cannulated mice received chow or PN for 5 days and then underwent sacrifice at 0 or 8 hours following controlled surgical injury (BALB/c: n = 16–21/group; C57BL/6: n = 12–15/group). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgA, tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)–1β, and IL-6, while small intestinal wash fluid (SIWF) was analyzed for IgA. Results: No significant...
Systematic differences in consonant sounds between the interlanguage phonology of a Brazilian Portuguese learner of English and standard American English

This study surveys the interlanguage phonology of a Brazilian learner of English who has primarily learned English in a naturalistic environment. The phonological analysis of her speech shows that native language transfer is a strong source of pronunciation difficulties, constraints, and deviations. However, other factors seem to play a relevant role in this learner's interlanguage, such as sounds that are universally considered difficult to acquire. Interestingly, some of the phonological strategies applied by the participant are not unique to an interlanguage but are also applied by native speakers. Considerations about possible miscommunication are addressed.
STUDY OF THE DIJET INVARIANT MASS IN W+JETS EVENTS BY THE DØ COLLABORATION

The recent claim by the CDF Collaboration of a possible anomalous dijet resonance in their data required experimental verification from other hadron collider experiments. We present a study of the dijet invariant mass spectrum in events with two jets produced in association with a W→lν boson at the DO experiment. We investigate the dijet mass range between 110 GeV/c2 and 170 GeV/c2 and find no evidence for any resonant dijet production.
Leachability of decontamination reagents from cement waste forms

Brookhaven National Laboratory, in order to provide technical information needed by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to evaluate the adequacy of near-surface disposal of decontamination wstes, has begun to study the leachability of organic reagents from solidified simulated decontamination wastes. Laboratory-scale cement waste forms containing EDTA, picolinic acid or simulated LOMI decontamination reagent were leach tested. Samples containing an organic reagent on either mixed bed ion-exchange resins or anion exchange resins were tested. A fixed interval leach procedure was used, as well as the standard procedure ANS 16.1. The leachability indices measured for the release of the acid from resin/cement composites are: 10.1 for EDTA on mixed bed resins; 9.1 for picolinic acid on mixed bed resins; 9.2 for picolinic acid on anion exchange resins; 8.8 for picolinic acid in forms containing simulated low oxidation metallic ion (LOMI) reagent on mixed bed resins and 8.7 for picolinic acid in forms containing simulated LOMI reagent on anion exchange resins. The leachability indices measured varied with leach time and the data indicate that the release mechanism may not be simply diffusion controlled. 5 references, 2 tables.
A unique pattern of integrated viral genes in hamster cells transformed by highly oncogenic human adenovirus 12

Abstract We have analyzed the viral DNA sequences persisting in HE CI9, a clonal line of hamster embryo cells transformed in vitro by human adenovirus 12 (Ad 12), a member of highly oncogenic group A. Saturation-hybridization of in vitro labeled Ad 12 DNA (2–4 × 10 8 cpm/μg) with HE CI9 DNA showed that 93–100% of viral DNA sequences are present in the transformed cell. Reassociation of Ad 12 32 P-DNA in the presence of HE CI9 DNA detected 8 viral genome equivalents per diploid quantity of cell DNA. Reannealing each of the six Ad 12 EcoRI restriction DNA fragments with HE CI9 DNA indicated that the sequences of each fragment are present in near equimolar quantities, 8–10.5 copies per cell. HE CI9 DNA "networks" were prepared and shown to contain the same viral DNA sequences and in the same amounts as present in unfractionated transformed cell DNA; these data provide the first direct evidence that human adenovirus genes are covalently linked to cellular DNA. The presence of most, if not all, of the viral genes was demonstrated also in the Ad 12 hamster tumor cell line, HT-2. The pattern of integrated viral genes in these nonpermissive hamster cells transformed by Ad 12 is different from that described for cells transformed by group C and B human adenoviruses and for SV40.
Measurements of Single DNA Molecule Packaging Dynamics in Bacteriophage λ Reveal High Forces, High Motor Processivity, and Capsid Transformations

Abstract Molecular motors drive genome packaging into preformed procapsids in many double-stranded (ds)DNA viruses. Here, we present optical tweezers measurements of single DNA molecule packaging in bacteriophage λ. DNA–gpA–gpNu1 complexes were assembled with recombinant gpA and gpNu1 proteins and tethered to microspheres, and procapsids were attached to separate microspheres. DNA binding and initiation of packaging were observed within a few seconds of bringing these microspheres into proximity in the presence of ATP. The motor was observed to generate greater than 50 picoNewtons (pN) of force, in the same range as observed with bacteriophage ϕ29, suggesting that high force generation is a common property of viral packaging motors. However, at low capsid filling the packaging rate averaged ∼600 bp/s, which is 3.5-fold higher than ϕ29, and the motor processivity was also threefold higher, with less than one slip per genome length translocated. The packaging rate slowed significantly with increasing capsid filling, indicating a buildup of internal force reaching 14 pN at 86% packaging, in good agreement with the force driving DNA ejection measured in osmotic pressure experiments and calculated theoretically. Taken together, these experiments show that the internal force that builds during packaging is largely available to drive subsequent DNA ejection. In addition, we observed an 80 bp/s dip in the average packaging rate at 30% packaging, suggesting that procapsid expansion occurs at this point following the buildup of an average of 4 pN of internal force. In experiments with a DNA construct longer than the wild-type genome, a sudden acceleration in packaging rate was observed above 90% packaging, and much greater than 100% of the genome length was translocated, suggesting that internal force can rupture the immature procapsid, which lacks an accessory protein (gpD).
The effects of nonverbal cues on gender differences in perceptions of sexual intent

The effects of several nonverbal cues on perceptions of male and female stimulus persons' sexuality were examined. Based on the findings of Abbey (“Sex Differences in Attributions for Friendly Behavior: Do Males Misperceive Females' Friendliness?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1982, 42, 830–838) and other investigators, we hypothesized that in general males would attribute more sexuality to both male and female targets than would females. Furthermore, we hypothesized that males' and females' perceptions of sexual intent would be most divergent in situations in which the nonverbal cues were most ambiguous (e.g., causal touch, moderate interpersonal distance). To test this hypothesis, the effects of three nonverbalcues were examined: interpersonal distance, eye contact, and touch. Males rated female targets as more seductive, sexy, and promiscuous, and expressed more sexual attraction to the opposite-sexed target, than females did for both ambiguous and nonambiguous nonverbal cues. Males' ratings of the male targets' sexuality were higher than females' ratings in two of the three studies. Also, across the three studies both female and male subjects rated the female target higher than the male target on the sexual traits. The implications of these findings for future research are discussed.
Using DAYCENT to quantify on-farm GHG emissions and N dynamics of land use conversion to N-managed switchgrass in the Southern U.S.

Abstract Use of a simulation model to predict long-term yield, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and water quality impacts can be valuable for assessing land use conversion to bioenergy crops. The objective of this study is to assess the usability of DAYCENT for measuring environmental impacts due to land conversions from cotton and CRP lands (as unmanaged grasses) to switchgrass in the Southern U.S. We use published yield data to calibrate the crop growth parameters and test the calibrated model on independent data sets. We then apply the model to predict other relevant C and N parameters. In the case of cotton, the model simulates long-term mean cotton lint yield within 25% of observed yields across the South and within 4% of yields in the case study area of Darlington County, SC. DAYCENT also matches observed mature switchgrass yields within 25% of the mean in the range of expected fertilization rates across the region and within 6% in the case study area. Long-term simulations predict a decrease in GHG emissions (1.0–3.8 MtCO2-e/ha-yr) and a reduction of nitrate runoff (up to 95%) for conversions from cotton to switchgrass at N application rates of 0–135 kgN/ha. Conversely, conversion from unmanaged grasses to switchgrass resulted in annual increases of net GHG emissions (0.2–1.4 MtCO2-e/ha-yr) for switchgrass at no and low (45 kgN/ha) fertilization rates. Sequestration occurs due to increased soil organic C when higher levels of N are applied. At all levels of fertilization, a reduction of nitrate (50–70%) occurs when converting from unmanaged, unharvested grasses. The amount of nitrate leaching is only slightly sensitive to the fertilization rate applied to the perennial switchgrass. DAYCENT sufficiently models the “carbon debt” from land use conversion from CRP grasslands to managed switchgrass and highlights the importance of fertilization rate. Both C and N parameter results fall within published observed ranges. Thus, the long-term (10–15-year) accuracy of the model for both cotton and switchgrass offers promise as a tool for analyzing land use conversions in terms of N-managed yields and subsequent environmental impacts and benefits.
Ammons' quick test as a measure of adult intelligence in a psychiatric sample.

This study was designed to determine if the Ammons' Quick Test could be used as an accurate test of general intelligence for VA psychiatric inpatients. Although some research suggests that QT score...
Miami-Dade Community College: Applications at the Wolfson Campus.

A brief review of the collegewide general education program provides a context for the discussion of specfic applications at the Wolfson Campus that have enriched the scope of the program.
Dissemination of supratentorial malignant gliomas via the cerebrospinal fluid in children

Of 100 children with supratentorial gliomas (excluding gliomas of the anterior visual pathways) treated at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 1980 to 1990, 34 had malignant gliomas. Follow-up was adequate in 33 of these patients, and an antemortem diagnosis of dissemination of the malignant glioma via the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was made in 11. Of these 11, 8 were boys and 3 were girls; they ranged in age from 17 months to 16 years at the time of diagnosis of the primary glioma. The distribution of histological types was as follows: glioblastoma multiforme, 4; malignant oligodendroglioma, 3; anaplastic astrocytoma, 2; malignant mixed glioma, 1; and malignant ependymoma, 1. The interval between diagnosis and CSF dissemination ranged from 1 week to 59 months (median, 8 months). Survival after dissemination ranged from 3 weeks to 11 months (median, 4 months). Two patients were alive 5 and 3 months after diagnosis of dissemination, respectively. These 11 patients were compared with the other 22 patients who did not have CSF dissemination. The risk factors for dissemination suggested by our data were male sex, ventricular operative entry, multiple resections, and malignant oligodendroglioma. Because of the high incidence (33%) of CSF dissemination, postoperative evaluation of the craniospinal axis with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging should be performed on all children with supratentorial malignant gliomas. Moreover, since the mortality is extremely high once dissemination has occurred, craniospinal irradiation should be considered in children with one or more of the above risk factors, even before symptoms or definite radiological evidence of CSF dissemination emerge.
Collaboration in Preparing Urban Teachers.

Abstract The Urban Teaching Partnership Program (UTP) is a field-based, post-baccalaureate teacher education program that was developed, as one effort to meet the national and local shortage of teachers in urban contexts. The UTP offers an intensive route to teacher licensure in the state of Nevada for individuals with baccalaureate degrees outside of education. The purposes of UTP are to prepare teachers for urban contexts, blend the theory and practice of teaching, and offer experienced teachers professional development and mentoring opportunities. The College of Education at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) and the Clark County School District (CCSD) were partners in the development and implementation of this program. The purpose of this article is to provide information related to the program, especially in the areas of development, implementation, and evaluation.
DNA polymerase from mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria: II. Temperature dependence of nearest neighbor frequencies of the product from the DNA polymerase reaction

Abstract 1. The replication of DNA from the mesophile Bacillus licheniformis and the thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus by either the homologous or the heterologous DNA polymerase has been studied by means of nearest neighbor frequency analysis of the reaction product. 2. Differences in the nearest neighbor frequency analysis were observed as the temperature of the reaction was changed. These differences were found both when one DNA was replicated by the two polymerases and when the two DNAs were replicated by one polymerase. 3. It is concluded that both the DNA and the polymerase are involved in bringing about the observed changes in nearest neighbor frequency analysis. These changes may represent errors, or lack of fidelity, during the replication. 4. The base composition of the DNA was calculated from the nearest neighbor frequency analysis. Values agreed most closely with those determined previously by other methods when the homologous system of DNA and DNA polymerase was used at the optimum temperature of the polymerase. 5. It was also shown that guanine and cytosine are more predominant and more clustered in the DNA from the thermophiles than in the DNA from the mesophiles.
Pyramidalization of a carbonyl C atom in (2S)-N-(seleno­acet­yl)proline methyl ester

The title compound, C8H13NO2Se, crystallizes as a non-merohedral twin with an approximate 9:1 component ratio with two symmetry-independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. Our density-functional theory (DFT) computations indicate that the carb­oxy C atom is expected to be slightly pyramidal due to an n→ π* inter­action, wherein the lone pair (n) of the Se atom overlap with the anti­bonding orbital (π*) of the carbonyl group. Such pyramidalization is observed in one mol­ecule of the title compound but not the other.
Instantons and renormalization

Abstract We prove the absence of instanton solutions in euclidean space and of soliton-like solutions in Minkowski space for every effective lagrangian for Yang-Mills theory having the trace anomaly.
Visibility on Cathode-Ray Tube Screens: Positive vs. Negative Signals on an Intensity Modulated Scope*

This paper compares two methods of presenting targets on CRT screens of modern radar. One method makes use of grid targets (positive signals) which appear brighter than their background, and the other employs cathode targets (negative signals) which appear darker than their background. Data were collected from three subjects on a very small target and on one of moderate size. A third target, intermediate in area, was studied, but in less detail. The results show: (1) The visibility of a cathode target is better than that of a grid target at bias levels which are relatively bright. The amount by which cathode targets are more visible is from 1 to 9 db. (2) There is evidence that the dimmest bias at which the cathode target is superior to the grid target is a function of the size of the target. (3) The optimal bias for a very small target is shifted to a brighter level by about a volt and a half when target voltage is injected at the cathode. (4) The superiority of the cathode target is due, not to any inherent advantage of dark-on-light targets, but rather to a property of the phosphor which allows the phosphor to work on a portion of its response curve favorable to human vision.
GEOMETRIC ERGODICITY OF A DOUBLY STOCHASTIC TIME SERIES MODEL

. We demonstrate that a large class of doubly stochastic time series models are geometrically ergodic, and hence admit second-order stationary solutions. We also establish a version of the strong law of large numbers, the law of the interated logorithm and the central limit theorem for the stochastic processes under consideration.
AR-enabled wayfinding kiosk

This paper summarizes the implementation of Augmented Reality technology in proof of concept kiosk intended to improve wayfinding in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's Oakland community. It addresses the appropriateness of the technology for the specific needs of the community as well as its relevance to the objectives of the client. In addition, it considers the unexpected successes and unfortunate failures discovered during early user testing.
A nonlinear encoder in crayfish sustaining fibers

Abstract The properties of the voltage to spike train encoder in crayfish visual interneurons are characterized with steps and sine waves of current and illumination. Impulse trains elicited by current steps exhibit rapid adaptation and encoder adaptation contributes to a rate sensitive frequency response in which the gain increases with stimulus frequency and the impulse rate modulation phase leads the current. Similar results obtain in the relation between impulse rate modulation and the synaptic potential. We conclude that encoder adaptation is the basis of the encoder's high sensitivity to voltage transients and describe the relevance of both the transient sensitivity and the tonic discharge at synapses made by the same neurons.
Enumeration of Internal Rotation Reactions and Their Reaction Graphs

Threefold and twofold internal rotation reactions and their reaction graphs are enumerated using the generalized wreath product method developed by the author in an earlier paper. The correspondence between reaction directed graphs (digraphs) and finite topologies on isomers is established. It is shown that the reaction digraphs can be represented by Borel fields. Atropisomerism in polyphenyl compounds is discussed. Applications to spontaneous generation of optical activity and NMR spectroscopy are considered. Borel fields are enumerated by bumping squares of the upper rows of Young diagrams starting from the Young diagram containing just one row.
Local-scale environmental variation generates highly divergent lineages associated with stream drainages in a terrestrial salamander, Plethodon caddoensis

Abstract Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in environmental factors can have profound effects on diversification in species that are tightly linked to their environments. The Caddo Mountain Salamander ( Plethodon caddoensis ) inhabits a unique physiographic section of the Ouachita Mountains in central North America, a region in which Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have been implicated in driving lineage diversification in two other closely related salamanders. We examined P. caddoensis to determine whether it was similarly impacted by historic climatic changes and test whether physiographic features unique to the area also contributed to its diversification. We found that P. caddoensis is composed of four highly divergent, geographically distinct lineages that abut one another along an east–west axis. Phylogeographic structure was significantly related to both geographic distance and stream drainages, indicating that connectivity of streams and stream-associated habitats (e.g., talus) influence patterns of interpopulation gene flow. Lineages originated during the Middle Miocene and population size decreased in all lineages during the Pleistocene. Surface Geology and precipitation were the most important variables predicting the species distribution. Our results show that the unique physiographic features of the area coupled with species response to climatic factors have driven lineage diversification and phylogeographic structure in P. caddoensis . Variation in responses to historic climatic fluctuations among salamander species in this region underscore the importance of integrating species ecology with other factors such as geology and hydrology in order to better understand the effects of climate change on species with close associations to their environments.
Michel Foucault's guide to living

What remains to us now as philosophers? What remains to us of our thought and, in particular, our lives? What is it today to live a philosophical life? We have seen, since the most recent of those ...
Alternatives to Silence in Face-to-Face Encounters with Everyday Heterosexism: Activism on the Interpersonal Front

Two studies explore assertive responding to everyday heterosexism. In Study 1, gay and bisexual men described their responses to heterosexism through diaries and focus groups. Negotiating interpersonal and social implications of their choices, participants favored a range of assertive responses with minimal expression of hostility. In Study 2, various confrontations (styled after diary descriptions) were delivered by an openly gay actor in a task group that included one heterosexual male participant (self-selecting as bystander or perpetrator). The actor's confrontation style (nonassertive, nonhostile assertive, hostile assertive) had no differential impact on participants' subsequent expressions of heterosexism; however, the nonhostile assertive actor did receive the best interpersonal ratings from participants. Results highlight the impactful interchange between targets and perpetrators in the context of everyday discrimination.
The observational case for a low-density Universe with a non-zero cosmological constant

OBSERVATIONS are providing progressively tighter constraints on cosmological models advanced to explain the formation of large-scale structure in the Universe. These include recent determinations of the Hubble constant1a¤-3 (which quantifies the present expansion rate of the Universe) and measurements of the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background4,5. Although the limits imposed by these diverse observations have occasionally led to suggestions6 that cosmology is facing a crisis, we show here that there remains a wide range of cosmological models in good concordance with these constraints. The combined observations point to models in which the matter density of the Universe falls well below the critical energy density required to halt its expansion. But they also permit a substantial contribution to the energy density from the vacuum itself (a positive a¤˜cosmological constanta¤™), sufficient to recover the critical density favoured by the simplest inflationary models. The observations do not yet rule out the possibility that we live in an ever-expanding a¤˜opena¤™ Universe, but a Universe having the critical energy density and a large cosmological constant appears to be favoured.
Extending use of the NRT to preschool-age children with and without specific language impairment.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Nonword Repetition Test (NRT; Dollaghan & Campbell, 1998) using a sample of 4- and 5-year-olds with and without specific language impairment (SLI) and to evaluate its feasibility for use in universal screening. Method The NRT was administered to 29 children with SLI and 47 age-matched children with typical development. Diagnostic accuracy was computed using alternative scoring methods, which treated out-of-inventory phonemes either as errors or as unscorable. To estimate accuracy in a universal screening context, the probability of identifying a child at risk for language impairment was computed using the prevalence of SLI (7%) as the base rate. Results Diagnostic accuracy was acceptable using both scoring methods. The resulting likelihood ratios (LR+ = 22.66, 19.43; LR− = .05, .05) were similar to those reported for older children. The probability of accurate detection of children with SLI in the general population increased f...
Four-frequency parametric amplifier

In this letter, relationships between gain, bandwidth and network parameters are derived for the four-frequency parametric amplifier. The method utilised here is similar to the technique employed by Matthaei in the analysis of the threefrequency parametric amplifier and upconvertors.
Molecular Recognition of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds Using Aluminum Tris(2,6-diphenylphenoxide) (ATPH): Structural and Conformational Analysis of ATPH Complexes and Application to the Selective Vinylogous Aldol Reaction

Various α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds were coordinated with aluminum tris(2,6-diphenylphenoxide) (ATPH) to give the corresponding Lewis acid−base complexes in a distinctive coordination fashion (selective coordination). ATPH recognizes carbonyl substrates and subsequently orients itself as it forms a stable complex through selective coordination with the carbonyl oxygen. Selective coordination also confers a conformational preference to each carbonyl compound under the steric and electronic influence of ATPH, which enables the vinylogous aldol reaction of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to give the corresponding γ-aldol products with different regio- and stereoselectivities.
The transition from party/state to open democracy: The role of education

Abstract One common characteristic shared by the countries of the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe was the manner by which education in the party/state was expected to provide ideological cohesion. Today the challenge of cohesion has changed. No longer does a single party monopolize the state apparatus; religious worship is now practiced freely; and central-administration has diminished. Today individuals have a wide choice of occupations, unrestricted travel, and freer access to international information. What have these changes meant for education? The article responds to this question, and is divided into five parts. The first tries to identify unique characteristics about education under the Party/State. The second summarizes the changes which have occurred so far in the transition. The third outlines additional changes which may be required. The latter sections describe the influence of the transition on the economic arguments surrounding education and finally on Comparative Education generally.
Characterization of Colloidal Platinum Nanoparticles by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

In this work, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has been utilized to characterize colloidal platinum nanoparticles synthesized in the 1−4 nm size range. The nanoparticles were prepared via a solution-based method in which the size could be controlled by varying reaction conditions, such as the alcohol used as the reductant. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone), or PVP, (MW = 29 000 g/mol) was employed as a capping agent to stabilize the synthesized nanoparticles in solution. A model for determining the size of the metallic nanoparticle core from MALDI-TOF mass spectra has been developed and verified through correlation with particle sizes from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. In this model it was assumed that 1.85 nm nanoparticles are capped by one PVP chain, which was verified through experiments performed with capped and uncapped nanoparticles. Larger nanoparticles are capped by either two (2.60 and 2.94 nm) or...
Chemical and functional homology of myotoxin a from prairie rattlesnake venom and crotamine from South American rattlesnake venom.

Abstract Myonecrosis is a serious result of rattlesnake bite and constitutes a persistent clinical problem. In the current study we have isolated crotamine from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus to test its ability to cause structural damage to skeletal muscle, and to make direct chemical comparisons with Myotoxin a, a myotoxic polypeptide we recently isolated from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom. Disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, circular dichroic spectroscopy, and amino acid analysis, all indicated a high degree of chemical similarity. Light microscope histology revealed that crotamine caused vacuolization of skeletal muscle fibers, qualitatively the same as the vacuolization caused by Myotoxin a. The ability of these two basic snake venom polypeptides to cause structural damage to skeletal muscle fibers has significant implications toward more complete understanding of the cause of snake venom-induced myonecrosis.
HIPO in-flight performance improvements

The High-speed Imaging Photometer for Occultations (HIPO) is a special purpose science instrument for SOFIA. HIPO can be co-mounted with FLITECAM in the so-called FLIPO configuration for stellar occultation or extrasolar planet transit observations. We gained some flight experience with HIPO and FLITECAM in 2011 as described in a previous publication (Dunham, et al., Proc SPIE, 8446-42, 2012). Since that time a number of improvements to HIPO have been made and a deeper understanding of the airborne environment's impact on photometric precision at optical wavelengths has been obtained. The improvements to HIPO include an improved beamsplitter for the FLIPO configuration, adding deep depletion CCDs as a detector option, expanding the filter set to include a Sloan Digital Sky Survey filter set as well as two custom filters for transit work, and an ability to guide the SOFIA telescope using HIPO data being acquired for science purposes. We now understand that variations in PSF size due to varying static air density has a noticeable impact on photometric stability while the related effect of Mach number is unimportant. The seriousness of ozone absorption in the Chappuis band is now understood and an approach to avoid this has been found. Finally we present demonstration transit data to illustrate our current transit photometry capability.
Brainstem projections to the facial nucleus of the opossum. A study using axonal transport techniques

The horseradish peroxidase and autoradiographic techniques have been used to determine the origin and intranuclear termination of brainstem axons projecting to the facial nucleus of the opossum and to define networks which could be utilized in some oral-facial behaviors. Two regions of the midbrain have dense projections to the facial nucleus. One region is the ventral periaqueductal gray and adjacent interstitial nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus which project bilaterally to those areas of the facial nucleus supplying auricular and cervical musculature. A second is the paralemniscal zone of the caudolateral midbrain which innervates the same areas of the contralateral facial nucleus. The red nucleus and/or the adjacent tegmentum send a less dense projection to those regions of the contralateral facial nucleus which innervate buccolabial and zygomatic muscles. The dorsolateral pons (the parabrachial complex, the nucleus locus coeruleus, pars alpha, and the nucleus sensorius n. trigemini, pars dorsalis) projects densely to those areas of the ipsilateral facial nucleus which innervate buccolabial and zygomatic musculature. In contrast, the nucleus reticularis pontis, pars ventralis, projects bilaterally to parts of the facial nucleus supplying auricular and cervical muscles. There was evidence of some rostral to caudal organization in the latter projection. Neurons in medial parts of the lateral reticular formation project bilaterally to the facial nucleus. Those within the nucleus reticularis parvocellularis and the rostral nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis innervate areas supplying buccolabial and zygomatic muscles. Neurons in the nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae ventralis located caudal to the obex favor regions of the facial nuclei which supply auricular and cervical muscles. Neurons in the nucleus reticularis medullae oblongatae dorsalis and lamina V of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns project ipsilaterally to the facial nucleus in a manner suggesting that information from specific cutaneous areas reaches neurons supplying the muscles deep to them. The brainstem-facial connections are discussed in relation to the functionally diverse roles served by the facial nucleus in oral-facial behavior.
Reply to Dr. Kotze's and Dr. Yamamoto's letter.

Dear Sir, We appreciate the opportunity to reply to Dr. Kotze's and Dr. Yamamoto's letter1 about our paper “Prevention of postoperative recurrence with azathioprine or infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease: an open-label pilot study”, recently accepted for publication in JCC.2 We agree with the first comment concerning the hypothesis that the use of anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α before surgery could control disease activity in the long term. This remains only a hypothesis, however, since no formal study has focused on this issue so far, in particular more than one year after anti-TNFα discontinuation. …
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis.

Characteristic sonographic features and pathological correlation of a fetus with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita
Rain Amounts Near and Over North Borneo during Winter MONEX

Abstract Radar and rain gauge data are used to determine the precipitation pattern in the vicinity of the north coast of Borneo during Winter MONEX. The results show that separate maxima of rain occurred offshore and inland. Satellite data for other years suggest that this rainfall pattern typifies the winter monsoon in this area.
High-resolution infrared spectrum of the fundamental band of LiCl at a temperature of 830°C

Abstract High-resolution Fourier transform spectra of 6 LiCl and 7 LiCl have been recorded at 830°C. A total of 2522 lines have been measured at 0.006 cm −1 resolution in the 500- to 730-cm −1 region. The data for all four isotopic species have been fit with a standard deviation of 0.00027 cm −1 using 19 isotopically invariant rovibrational constants including five Δ ij correction terms to the usual Dunham Y ij terms. Comparison is made with the constants derived from a direct fit of the observed transitions to a Dunham potential function with only 13 coefficients including for Δ correction terms. The gas phase band center for the v = 1–0 transition of 7 Li 35 Cl is 634.0753(7) cm −1 .
CNS effects of heavy particle irradiation in space: behavioral implications.

Research fkom several sources indicates that young (3 mo) rats exposed to heavy particle kadiation me irradiation) pt&uces changes in motor behavior as well as al&rations in neuronal transmission similar to those seen in aged (22-24 mo) rats . These changes are specific to neuronal systems that are at&ted by aging. Since qe particles make up approximately l-2% of cosmic rays, these findings suggest that the neuronal effects of heavy particle irradiation on long-term space flights may be significant, and may even supercede subsequent mutagenic effects in their mission capabiities. It is suggested that among other methods, it may be possible to utilize nutritional modiication procedures to of&et the putative delterious etkts of these particles in space. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on. behalf of COSPAR
Streams storing salt

Salinity levels in the Colorado River have increased dramatically during the past century, both from natural sources such as surface erosion and saline springs, and from industrial and municipal sources. Since the Colorado provides water for more than 22 million people and 1.7 million acres of irrigation, salinity levels are a primary issue and have caused environmental problems for the United States and Mexico. Stanley Schumm, a geomorphologist at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, has studied the Colorado River basin for the past 20 years and has shown that the Colorado and other streams in the southwest are recovering from a period of climatic fluctuations, human activities and grazing practices in the late 1800s that caused accelerated erosion and deep channel incision. Channel incision allowed large amounts of sediment to be deposited in the Colorado from its tributaries. Gradually, the tributary channels widened, stabilized, and formed new floodplains.
"BPSA," a specific molecular form of free prostate-specific antigen, is found predominantly in the transition zone of patients with nodular benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Objectives. The biologic mechanism for the increased proportion of noncomplexed (“free”) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) found in the serum of patients with benign prostate disease is unknown. We recently reported that most of the PSA found in benign, hyperplastic, and cancerous prostatic tissue is in the free form. To determine whether specific molecular forms of free PSA are associated differentially with normal, hyperplastic, or cancerous prostatic tissue, we have further characterized the free PSA in each type of prostatic tissue. Methods. PSA was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography from matched prostatic tissue samples of peripheral zone cancer (PZ-C), PZ noncancer (PZ-N), and transition zone (TZ) tissue from 10 large-volume (greater than 50 g) and 8 small-volume (less than 25 g) radical prostatectomy specimens. Eight TZ specimens obtained during transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were also analyzed. The different molecular forms of PSA were further resolved by high-performance hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Clipped forms of PSA were identified by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Results. More than 99% of the PSA in prostatic tissues was in the free, noncomplexed form. Specimens from the prostate TZ were found to contain elevated levels of an altered form of PSA, which we designated BPSA. Purified BPSA contained a distinctive cleavage at lysine 182. The median percent BPSA (%BPSA) was 11.4 in the TZ of specimens with nodular BPH compared with a %BPSA of 4.1 in the TZ of specimens without nodular BPH (P <0.0014). The median %BPSA levels of the PZ-N and PZ-C tissues ranged from 3.2 to 4.9 and were not significantly different from one another or from the %BPSA level of TZ tissues without nodular BPH. Conclusions. We have identified a specific molecular form of clipped free PSA, called BPSA, that is increased within the prostatic TZ of patients exhibiting nodular BPH. Higher levels of percent free PSA in serum have been found to correlate strongly with prostate volume, which in turn is closely associated with the progressive enlargement of nodular BPH tissue within the TZ of the prostate. Thus, it is possible that a proportion of the serum percent free PSA found in patients with BPH may be composed of BPSA released into the serum.
The gradient plate assay: a modified Ames assay used as a prescreen for the identification of bacterial mutagens.

Abstract Bacterial test systems have been used extensively to identify the mutagenic potential of new compounds. In particular, the Ames test has gained worldwide acceptance and is required by many regulatory agencies to support product registration. The gradient plate assay (GPA) is a modification of the Ames test. It is used as a high capacity prescreen to detect the mutagenic potential of synthetic intermediates, impurities, and research compounds over a concentration gradient. Since the development of the GPA, over 4000 compounds have been tested in the assay. Selection and use of the GPA in our laboratory is due to many factors: reliability; sensitivity; capacity; timeliness of reporting results; and establishment of safety standards in the laboratory. In this manuscript, results of the GPA method are compared with results from the traditional Ames assay. To date, 113 compounds of identical lots have been evaluated in both tests, and in all but 3 instances the results are the same. Thus, the GPA is an ideal assay for use as a prescreen in determining the ability of a compound to induce bacterial mutation.
Machine fault classification: a neural network approach

This paper presents a neural network approach for machine fault diagnosis. Specifically, two tasks are explained and discussed: (1) a neural network-based machine fault diagnosis model is developed using the back propagation (BP) learning paradigm; (2) network training efficiency is studied by varying the learning rate and learning momentum of the activation function. The results are presented and discussed.
REVelation (del: 5q).

Nowhere has the notion of personalized medicine been more realized than in oncology therapeutics. Within MDS, the use of lenalidomide for lower-risk patients with the del (5q) cytogenetic abnormality is emblematic of this approach. But is the drug personalized enough to be used in any patient whose cancer expresses del (5q)?
TU-C-J-6B-03: Deformable Fusion of 4D PET Images

Purpose: PET images are useful in defining treatment targets. Removing distortion from respiratory motion in the PET images is of importance for gated or 4D radiation treatments. We developed a deformable fusion method to sum up the PET images at different phases. The motion-blurring-free PET images are obtained without the sacrifice of signal to noise ratio (SNR) or increase of scanning time. Method and Materials: A GE Discovery CT/PET scanner was interfaced with Varian's RPM breathing tracking system. 4D CT and 4D PET images were correlated according to the breathing phases. Full exhalation phase was used as the planning phase. Deformable image registrations of the 4D CT images yielded the displacement maps of the lungs relative to the planning phase. PET images at each breathing phase were then warped into the planning phase using the displacement maps. Motion-blurring-free PET images were obtained by summing the warped PET images. Results: Gated PET images at each individual phase are very noisy. The uncertainty from intensity fluctuations compromises the motion reduction by gating the scan. PET images are too fuzzy to be directly used in elastic registration. Instead, we registered the 4D CT images. With regular patient breathing patterns, 4D CT images correlate with 4D PET images. Consequently, the displacement maps from registration of the 4D CT images can be used in warping the 4D PET. Image warping removed the motion distortion in the PET images. The summed images have reduced motion blurring and the same SNR as that of non-gated PET images. Conclusion: Deformable fusion of 4D PET images reduce the motion distortion in PET image and retain the SNR without increasing data acquisition time. The resultant PET images can be used in more accurate target definition in gated or 4D radiation treatments.
The activation and inactivation of the Dunaliella salina chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) in vivo and in situ

Preillumination of intact cells of the eukaryotic, halotolerant, cell-wall-less green alga Dunaliella salina induces a dark ATPase activity the magnitude of which is about 3–5-fold higher than the ATPase activity observed in dark-adapted cells. The light-induced activity arises from the activation and stabilization in vivo of chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1). This activity, ∼ 150–300 μmol ATP hydrolyzed/mg Chl per h, rapidly decays (with a half-time of about 6 min at room temperature) in intact cells but only slowly decays (with a half-time of about 45 min at room temperature) if the cells are lysed by osmotic shock immediately after illumination. The activated form of the ATPase in lysed cells is inhibited if the membranes are treated with ferri- but not ferrocyanide, suggesting that the stabilization of the activated form of CF1 is due to the reduction of the enzyme in vivo in the light.
Surface reaction of alkynes and alkenes with H-Si(111): a density functional theory study.

Recent experiments on the addition of alkene and alkyne molecules to H-terminated silicon surfaces have provided evidence for a surface chain reaction initiated at isolated Si dangling bonds and involving an intermediate carbon radical state, which, after abstraction of a hydrogen atom from a neighboring Si-H unit, transforms into a stable adsorbed species plus a new Si dangling bond. Using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations, together with an efficient method for determining reaction pathways, we have studied the initial steps of this chain reaction for a few different terminal alkynes and alkenes interacting with an isolated Si dangling bond on an otherwise H-saturated Si(111) surface. Calculated minimum energy pathways (MEPs) indicate that the chain mechanism is viable in the case of C2H2, whereas for C2H4 the stabilization of the intermediate state is so small and the barrier for H-abstraction so (relatively) large that the molecule is more likely to desorb than to form a stable adso...