cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Reduction and Restoration of Galactose Transport in Osmotically Shocked Cells of Escherichia coli

Abstract d-Galactose transport in two mutant strains of Escherichia coli K12 lacking galactokinase has been described. These cells showed a reduction of about 50% in the capacity for galactose uptake and in the rate of exit as a consequence of osmotic shock. In the shock procedure the cells were first treated with 0.5 m sucrose containing 1 x 10-4 m ethylenediaminetetraacetate, after which the pelleted cells were rapidly dispersed in cold 5 x 10-4 m MgCl2. A factor was released into the MgCl2 solution (shock fluid) which formed a complex with galactose in vitro, detected by Sephadex chromatography. The material was heat labile and nondialyzable and behaved in several respects like a protein. More of this material appeared when cells high in galactose transport activity were used. The reduced uptake of galactose in shocked cells could be restored by first incubating them with dialyzed shock fluid. The shock fluid could be removed before measuring uptake, suggesting that some factor in the shock fluid needed for uptake could reassociate with the shocked cells. Restoration of activity was always limited to an amount less than the original level. These observations suggest that a factor necessary for galactose transport has been partially released by osmotic shock into the shock fluid. Further, the results suggest that the factor can reassociate with the cell, thereby restoring the reduced uptake of galactose nearly to the original level, but not exceeding it.
Planetary nebulae and stellar evolution

Newly defined characteristics of planetary nebulae (PN) derived from analysis of a photometric survey of 57 PN are reported. The data were combined with measurements of 27 other PN made since 1918 and were found to indicate core masses ranging from 0.55-1.0 solar mass. N/O elemental abundance ratios observed were correlated with the planetary nuclei masses, and were in direct proportion. IUE data on PN that overlapped a large part of the survey indicated that the PN in the galactic disk are more massive than PN in the halo. It is suggested that PN evolve into white dwarfs, a hypothesis supported by astrometric solutions for three nearby visual binaries featuring white dwarfs with well-determined masses. It is noted, however, that PN with masses exceeding one solar mass have been sighted in the Magellanic Clouds.
Strategies for reducing prescription costs.

Much like all components of the cost of living, the US national drug bill has increased, although more slowly than the rest of the national health care bill—drugs in 1970 made up $8.5 billion or 12.9% of the $65.8 billion consumed by the health sector 1 ; in 1976 the drug bill was $11.1 billion or 8% of a total of $139.3 billion. 2 A higher proportion of the cost of outpatient care is drug related; in the internal medicine clinic at our institution, 54% of the cost of a visit is for prescriptions. The corresponding figure for pediatric clinic is 21% (W. B. Applegate, M. B. Bennett, L. A. Chilton, et al, unpublished data, 1980). Inasmuch as many third-party payers do not cover outpatient prescription costs, savings in this area often go directly to the patient. The savings on the cost of prescription drugs can be effected through judicious prescribing for some patients. There are three categories of available methods to help patients save on prescriptions: one sure (taking advantage of "quantity discounts"), one controversial (generic prescribing), and one difficult (prescribing nothing when nothing is needed). In order to determine cost benefits that might accrue to the patient from generic prescribing and from seeking a quantity discount, I have surveyed Albuquerque pharmacies to determine their pricing procedures and their practices when they are given prescriptions written with the generic names of ten drugs. METHODS A questionnaire (available from the author upon request) was distributed to all pharmacies in the northwest and northeast quadrants of Albuquerque.
Preventing Injuries to Children Through Compulsory Automobile Safety Seat Use

Effects of Michigan's law requiring all young children to be restrained when traveling in automobiles were assessed. Data on all reported residents of the state who were involved in crashes from 1978 through 1983 were examined using times-series analysis methods. Reported restraint use among injured children younger than 4 years of age involved in crashes increased from 12% before to 51% after the law was implemented. More importantly, a 25% decrease in the number of children younger than 4 years injured in crashes was associated with the law. A reduction of this magnitude was repeatedly found, whether analyzing the raw frequency of children injured, the rate of injured children per crashed vehicle, the rate of injured children per vehicle mile traveled, or the proportion of all injured occupants accounted for by young children. The substantial increase in restraint use and decrease in number of children injured appear to be direct results of the law, because similar changes did not occur among any of the comparison age groups. The 25% reduction in the number of young children injured means that an estimated 522 children per year are protected from injury because of Michigan's compulsory child restraint law. Language: en
Secretory rhythm of growth hormone regulates sexual differentiation of mouse liver

The secretory pattern of growth hormone (GH) differs between the sexes; in males it is more pulsatile than in females. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that differences in the secretory rhythm of GH are responsible for sex-dependent liver functions of mice. Continuous delivery of GH was achieved either by introducing metallothionein-GH fusion genes into the germ line or by implanting minipumps. Pulsatile delivery of GH was mimicked by injection. The effects of these treatments on production of hepatic prolactin/GH receptors, albumin, and major urinary protein (MUP) were monitored. The results suggest that induction of MUP mRNA requires pulsatile occupancy of GH receptors, which is achieved naturally in males or by injection of GH, whereas chronic occupancy of GH receptors is inhibitory. In contrast, induction of prolactin/GH receptors requires chronic stimulation of GH receptors, which is approximated in normal female mice or results from increased GH levels in mice with foreign genes or undergoing infusions from minipumps.
Concurrent search and insertion in 2---3 trees

The problem being addressed is to allow a number of processes to search and insert concurrently in a 2---3 tree without causing deadlock and without destroying the integrity of the data or structure. We present two solutions which allow more concurrency than do previous solutions. Several techniques for introducing parallelism are illustrated. Finally, simulation results used to evaluate the parallel performance of these algorithms are summarized.
Simulation of multiparticle scattering

Abstract This paper shows how to simulate a multiparticle system whose dynamics is defined by its multiple scattering series. The simulation takes the form of a covariant stochastic process in 8 dimensional phase space. Probabilities are absolute values of covariant Wigner transforms of field theoretic n-point functions. Although partially resembling a classical stochastic process, solutions differ topologically because of the existence of off-mass-shell particles. Formation times imply that unscattered particles undergo proper time dependent renormalization. An interesting consequence is that a particle entering a system of scatterers has a higher than classical probability to scatter near the surface. Only the “skeleton” of the problem is discussed; the system is described by straight path segments connecting short range collisions. Long range forces, medium effects and production are not treated.
Early events in ischemic renal failure in the rat: Effects of antioxidant therapy

Early events in ischemic renal failure in the rat: Effects of antioxidant therapy. Renal ischemia followed by two hours of reperfusion produces a complex form of acute renal failure characterized by a reduction in nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and moderate proximal tubular damage. We have examined glomerular hemodynamics, SNGFR and histologic changes after renal ischemia and two hours of reperfusion in untreated (I) rats and rats pretreated with the antioxidant, probucol (IP). SNGFR decreased significantly by 47% in I rats. Reduction in SNGFR was primarily the result of a major decrease in the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure gradient, ΔP, and a decrease in nephron plasma flow (SNPF). The glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient remained equal to control valves. In IP rats SNGFR was improved to values 89% of control rats due to higher values of ΔP and SNPF. Histologic evidence of modest damage to cells of the proximal tubule was equal in both untreated and probucol treated ischemic animals. These studies demonstrate that: (a) primary reductions in nephron filtration rate at the glomerulus result from decreases in ΔP and nephron plasma flow; b) pretreatment with the antioxidant, probucol, increases nephron plasma flow and SNGFR, and maintains more normal values for ΔP; and c) tubular damage was equivalent in I and IP rats in spite of differences in SNGFR.
A Catalytic Cycle Related to Molybdenum Enzymes Containing [MoVIO2]2+ Oxidized Active Sites

Interconversion of mononuclear cis-dioxo−Mo(VI) and oxo−Mo(V,IV) complexes of the hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)borate ligand (L) by one-electron and two-electron reactions is described. In the coordinating solvent pyridine (py), LMoVIO2(SPh) is reduced by cobaltocene in one-electron steps to stable LMoIVO(SPh)(py). The compound LMoIVO(SPh)(py)·0.6MeOH crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbca, with a = 13.790(2) A, b = 15.266(2) A, c = 27.807(5), V = 5853(3) A3, and Z = 8. The complex exhibits a distorted octahedral structure with a facially tridentate ligand L and mutually cis oxo [MoO = 1.667(5) A], pyridine [Mo−N = 2.184(5) A], and thiolate [Mo−S = 2.390(3) A] ligands. This and other LMoIVO(SR)(py) (R = Ph, CH2Ph, CHMe2) complexes are also obtained from LMoVIO2(SR) via two-electron oxygen atom transfer reactions involving tertiary phosphines in pyridine. In dry solvents, the oxo−Mo(IV) complexes are oxidized by ferrocenium ion to the EPR-active cations [LMoVO(SR)(py)]+ which are hydrolyzed ra...
Elastic and flow mechanics for membrane spargers

Etude de l'ecoulement laminaire a travers un trou pratique dans une membrane elastique gonflee destinee a constituer un dispositif d'aspersion. Etude de la formation de bulles a l'ouverture
An examination of nickel doping effect on the mechanical strength of a tungsten grain boundary

Abstract Grain boundary (GB) embrittlement in nanostructured metals intended for high temperature applications is considered an important detriment. In the present work, embrittlement in a nickel (Ni)-doped tungsten (W) 〈1 0 0〉–〈2 1 0〉 GB is examined using ab initio simulations based on Car Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMDs) framework. The atomic fraction of substituted Ni atoms in the examined W GB and simulation temperature are varied in order to understand the strength of the W GB as a function of temperature. An increase in the Ni atomic fraction in the W GB from 12.5% to above 25% value leads to a peak in yield strength and reduction in the strain corresponding to the ultimate tensile strength which can be characterized as embrittlement. While the elastic modulus does not show a dependence on Ni atomic fraction variation and temperature, the yield strength, the ultimate tensile strength, and the fracture strength show an appreciable dependence. Addition of Ni atoms adds localized peaks in f -orbital electron density of states which is found to contribute to increase in the bond strength with increase in Ni atomic fraction. Based on analyses performed, a relation expressing tensile strength of the examined W GB as a function of W surface energy, Ni atomic fraction, and simulation temperature is derived. The relation is shown to predict temperature dependent strength of examined Ni-doped W GB that fits the simulation data.
The impact of risk on the discount rate for different citrus varieties

The risk associated with citrus production has been especially evident in the past decade. During the 1980s, Florida citrus producers have seen major freezes and dramatic price variation. Because one way to account for risk in the investment decision is to adjust the discount rate, this study presents a systematic method for adjusting the discount rate. Further, this methodology is particularly adept for accounting for risk differences between varieties of citrus.
Reconsidering equilibrium: a socio-economic perspective

Abstract Equilibrium is one of the most venerable concepts of neoclassical economics. In this paper we undertake a critical reconsideration of the concept of equilibrium within the framework of socio-economics (or economic sociology) as an analysis of the social nature, composition, and co-determination of the economy. The concept of market-economic equilibrium is critically reconsidered on the following grounds: its static implications, its spurious equation with optimum, its complex relations to social equilibrium, and its social co-determination. The conclusion is that the concept of (especially general) market equilibrium is of questionable explanatory value from the perspective of socio-economics.
Neutrophil–Kupffer-cell interaction in host defenses to systemic infections

Most relevant textbooks characterize phagocytosis by Kupffer cells as the principal mechanism for clearing bacterial pathogens from the bloodstream and eliminating them from the liver. Here, Stephen Gregory and Edward Wing discuss recent evidence indicating that the actual mechanism is far more complicated, dependent upon the complex interaction of Kupffer cells with neutrophils that immigrate into the liver following infection.
Macromolecule encapsulation in diazoresin-based hollow polyelectrolyte microcapsules.

A stable enzyme encapsulation technique based on the conversion of weak interactions between diazo resin/poly(styrene sulfonate) to covalent bonds was explored. Photosensitive diazoresin-based polyelectrolyte microcapsules were prepared via layer-by-layer electrostatic self-assembly of poly(styrene sulfonate) and diazoresin on MnCO3 templates. UV−vis and ζ-potential measurements confirmed the alternate deposition of {PSS/DAR} multilayers on the micrometer-sized dissolvable templates. The DAR-based microcapsules were demonstrated to be permeable to enzymes prior to UV irradiation, while the permeability of the multilayer wall was changed substantially after photo-cross-linking. Encapsulated molecules were stably entrapped after UV irradiation, as shown by confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy images. Activity assays revealed that encapsulated glucose oxidase possessed 52.8% of the catalytic activity exhibited by the same amount of free enzyme, proving the preservation of native conformation and a...
EVIDENCE AGAINST AN INTERACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN II WITH THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM IN MAN

Animal experiments indicate that angiotensin II can, under some circumstances stimulate the sympathetic nervous system at a number of different sites. In order to determine whether such a relationship of the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system exists in man, we increased (by intravenous infusion), or decreased (by administering the oral converting enzyme inhibitor captopril) circulating angiotensin II levels and monitored plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline responses. Angiotensin II infusions did not increase plasma catechol-amines, and lowering of angiotensin II by captopril treatment in patients with severe hypertension or congestive heart failure failed to alter plasma adrenaline or nor-adrenaline levels. Whether physiological levels of angiotensin II are capable of interacting directly with the sympathetic nervous system in man remains to be demonstrated.
Conditioned taste aversions: Two-stimulus tests are more sensitive than one-stimulus tests

Weanling and mature rats were presented with saccharin or saline solutions for 1 h on alternate days. Following exposure to saccharin, rats were injected with 0, 21, or 37 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. Injections had no significant effect on saccharin preference in one-stimulus tests, but had a highly significant effect in two-stimulus tests.
Neonatal exposure to D,L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (D,L-AP3) produces lesions in the eye and optic nerve of adult rats.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are a recently described receptor class with emerging importance in synaptic plasticity and brain development. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors results in several cellular secondary messenger events that are especially important during postnatal development. This study characterized the effects of D,L-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionate (D,L-AP3), an aspartic acid analog with agonist and antagonist activity at the metabotropic receptor, on the postnatal development of the rat eye and optic nerve. Sprague-Dawley rat pups were treated daily (i.p.) with saline or 500 mg/kg D,L-AP3 on postnatal days (PND) 4-10 or 10-14. After making clinical and ophthalmoscopic examinations, rats were necropsied between 65 and 70 days of age and light microscopic evaluations were made of eyes and optic nerves. Between postnatal days 10-20, all treated rats exhibited motor tremors, circling, and head tilt. Ophthalmoscopic lesions were more severe in rats treated on days 4-10 than days 10-14 and included decreased retinal vasculature, cataracts, and retinal dysplasia, hypoplasia, and detachment. All rats treated on days 4-10 had severe optic nerve atrophy/hypoplasia grossly and severe retinal atrophy, retinal detachment, and cataracts histologically. Seven of eight rats treated on days 10-14 had qualitatively similar but less severe lesions. Overall, rats treated with D,L-AP3 on PND 4-10 had earlier and more severe retinal and optic nerve lesions when compared to rats treated on PND 10-14. These data characterize the morphologic effects in adult rats exposed to D,L-AP3 as neonates and suggest a possible role for the metabotropic receptor in the postnatal development of retina and optic nerve.
Superconductivity research and development: department of defense perspective

Abstract An overview of the Department of Defense research and development activities in superconductivity is presented. Efforts exist in the Navy, Air Force, ARPA, BMDO and NSA. Highlights of activities in each of these organizations will be discussed. In general, the DOD efforts in superconductivity are in the electronics areas with major programs in space applications, digital electronics, millimeter, microwave and tera-hertz applications, antenna, and sensors (magnetic, i.r., high frequency). Significant efforts also exist in power applications as they specifically relate to ship propulsion and aircraft power generation.
Peruvian Andes helped to cool eastern equatorial Pacific

During the latter half of the Cenozoic, starting during the Pliocene, the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) underwent a change from warm, wet climate conditions—which scientists refer to as “permanent El Nino”—to more moderate conditions like those observed today. Although scientists can track this change using marine proxy records, they are still puzzled as to why the sudden shift occurred.
Abstract 2432: Phosphorylation of Raptor by pemetrexed-activated AMPK is sufficient to suppress mTORC1 activity promoted by loss of p53 and TSC2

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The key sensor of energy status, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), can be activated by intracellular ZMP generated directly from the aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) or from inhibition of purine synthesis by the antifolate pemetrexed (PTX). In spite of this common mechanism, signaling from AMPK activated by PTX or AICAR differed: PTX-activated AMPK phosphorylated the mTORC1 component Raptor but not tuberin (TSC2), whereas AICAR-activated AMPK phosphorylated both targets. This dichotomy proved to be due to p53 function: although p53 accumulated after either treatment, AICAR robustly activated the transcriptional profile of p53, including expression of p53 target genes TSC2 and sestrin2 whereas, in PTX-treated cells, p53 was virtually inactive as a transcriptional activator. Accordingly, activation of AMPK by PTX initiated a cell growth inhibition that was p53 and TSC2 independent, whereas p53 and TSC2 wild-type HCT116 colon carcinoma cells were more sensitive to AICAR than isogenic cells null for p53 or both p53 and TSC2. Furthermore, in cells null for p53, mTORC1 was hyperactive, apparently caused by lower TSC2 function, higher Rheb bound to mTORC1, and a concomitantly lower inhibition of mTORC1 by PRAS40. Although TSC2 was deficient and mTORC1 activity enhanced in the absence of p53 function, Raptor phosphorylation by AMPK following PTX was robust and independent of both p53 and TSC2. This provides insight into the therapeutic activity of PTX against human lung cancers lacking p53 function and with hyperactive mTORC1, a feature atypical of other antifolates. We concluded that phosphorylation of Raptor by AMPK after PTX treatment was both necessary and sufficient to suppress the kinase activity of mTORC1, even under conditions of limited TSC2 and enhanced mTORC1 function, suggesting the use of pemetrexed for treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis. Citation Format: Stuti Agarwal, Catherine M. Bell, Richard G. Moran. Phosphorylation of Raptor by pemetrexed-activated AMPK is sufficient to suppress mTORC1 activity promoted by loss of p53 and TSC2. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2432. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2432
The electrical double layer in a nanopore in a barrier surface film

Abstract The equilibrium solution composition of a cylindrical nanopore in a surface oxide film was simulated, using a modified Poisson–Boltzmann equation accounting for water polarization effects on the ionic hydration energy. The composition of such nanopores is of interest from a corrosion perspective, since they play prominent roles in several mechanisms for the breakdown of passive films leading to pitting corrosion. The example system considered was a nanopore in an oxide film on aluminum. The pore was exposed to a NaCl solution of variable pH, with or without borate ions which are representative of ions, which adsorb strongly on the oxide. For pores with radii as small as the Debye length, the potential distribution and composition of the pore are controlled by ionic adsorption on the pore walls, and are weakly influenced by the potential drop through the surface film. The presence of strongly adsorbing borate anions excludes chloride ions from the pore solution. Since chloride ions initiate metallic corrosion, this effect points to a corrosion inhibition mechanism for such adsorbing anions.
5. Basic principles of wind erosion control

Abstract Wind erosion is controlled by reducing the wind erosion forces on erodible soil particles and/or by creating aggregates or soil surfaces more resistant to wind erosion forces. This can be accomplished by reducing field width, maintaining vegetation residues on the soil surface, utilizing stable soil aggregates or clods, roughing of the land surface and leveling of the land. While individual conservation practices can be successful in controlling erosion, a combination of practices should always be considered when a wind erosion control system is being planned. Droughts will cause a shortage of residue in the stubble mulch program, erosive winds will not always blow in the prevailing direction when barriers are used, and aggregation, soil clods and ridging for erosion control are all temporary control measures and serve best as supplemental practices.
Texture Modification and Ductility Enhancement in Mg Alloy Through Friction Stir Processing

The effects of friction stir processing (FSP) parameters, i.e., rotation and travel rates of the processing tool, on the texture modification and ductility enhancement of an Mg alloy AZ31B were investigated. With the systematic change in processing parameters as a function of the Zener-Hollomon parameter, a transition of different crystallographic texture was observed through neutron diffraction measurement, which correlated well with the changes in deformation and recrystallization mechanism activated during the processing. The variation in the texture leads to dramatic changes in the strength and ductility in the stir zone of the processed Mg plate. A maximum of three-fold increase in the ductility was achieved in the Mg alloy through FSP when the Zener-Hollomon parameter exceeds 1012 s−1 which is associated with low rotation speed and high travel speed processing conditions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Self-association versus interassociation in hydrogen bonded polymer blends: 1. Determination of equilibrium constants from miscible poly(2,6-dialkyl-4-vinyl phenol) blends

Equilibrium constants that describe the self-association of poly(2,6-dimethyl-4-vinyl phenol) and poly(2,6-diisopropyl-4-vinyl phenol) together with their interassociation to complimentary (co)polymers that contain carbonyl moeties, such as methacrylates and acetoxy groups, have been determined from i.r. studies of miscible polymer blend systems containing poly(n-butyl methacrylate) and an ethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer. A comparison of these equilibrium constant values with those previously determined for analogous poly(4-vinyl phenol) (PVPh) blends reveals that interassociation is accentuated over self-association in the case of the partially hindered poly(2,6-dialkyl-4-vinyl phenol)s. This is a favourable trend for polymer blend miscibility.
Evaluating fabric fuzziness using wavelet transforms

Fabric fuzziness refers to the severity of hairiness of a fabric caused by untangled fiber ends protruding from the surface, and indi- cates fabric deterioration in structure and appearance after repetitive abrasions in service. Although the average height and density of protrud- ing fiber ends are the information that can be directly used to evaluate fuzziness, fiber ends are often too short and too fine to permit reliable measurements of fiber heights and density over a large area. In practice, visual examinations are often used for fuzziness evaluation despite the subjective nature of the method. An instrument that can perform reliable and quick evaluations of fuzzy appearance has been long demanded. This paper introduces the application of the wavelet transform to quan- tifying fabric fuzziness in a customized image analysis system. An index is constructed from the average powers of the components from different frequency bands, and is demonstrated to be indicative of fabric fuzzi- ness. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)00409-8)
A Logistic L -Moment-Based Analog for the Tukey g-h, g, h , and h-h System of Distributions

This paper introduces a standard logistic L-moment-based system of distributions. The proposed system is an analog to the standard normal conventional moment-based Tukey g-h, g, h ,a ndh-h system of distributions. The system also consists of four classes of distributions and is referred to as � iasymmetric γ-κ, � iilog-logistic γ, � iiisymmetric κ ,a ndivasymmetric κL-κR. The system can be used in a variety of settings such as simulation or modeling events—most notably when heavy- tailed distributions are of interest. A procedure is also described for simulating γ-κ, γ, κ ,a ndκL-κR distributions with specified L-moments and L-correlations. The Monte Carlo results presented in this study indicate that estimates of L-skew, L-kurtosis, and L-correlation associated with the γ-κ, γ, κ ,a ndκL-κR distributions are substantially superior to their corresponding conventional product- moment estimators in terms of relative bias and relative standard error.
Stakeholder Theory, Fact/Value Dichotomy, and the Normative Core: How Wall Street Stops the Ethics Conversation

A review of the stakeholder literature reveals that the concept of “normative core” can be applied in three main ways: philosophical justification of stakeholder theory, theoretical governing principles of a firm, and managerial beliefs/values influencing the underlying narrative of business. When considering the case of Wall Street, we argue that the managerial application of normative core reveals the imbedded nature of the fact/value dichotomy. Problems arise when the work of the fact/value dichotomy contributes to a closed-core institution. We make the distinction between open- and closed-core institutions to show how in the case of the closed-core, ethical decision-making is viewed by the institution as a separate domain from the core business of the institution. The resulting blind spot stifles meaningful exchanges with stakeholders attempting to address the need for reform. We suggest in conclusion that ethical considerations are less about casting a value judgment and more about creating a process for meaningful conversation throughout an institution and its stakeholders.
Synthesis, thermochemistry, and structural characterization of organoruthenium arene and triene complexes

The synthetic, thermodynamic and structural investigations of organoruthenium complexes of the form Cp*Ru(triene)OTf (Cp*=n5-(CH3)5C5; triene=anisole 1, indole 2, cycloheptatriene 3, OTf=OSO2CF3) are presented in this contribution. A direct entryway into the thermochemistry of these complexes is made possible by the rapid and quantitative arene/triene substitution for the three acetonitrile ligands in Cp*Ru(CH3CN)3OTf. The solution calorimetric study establishes the following order of stability: cycloheptatriene < anisole < indole. This study helps clarify the enthalpic and entropic components to the thermodynamic driving forces behind the formation of ruthenium arene/triene complexes. The solid-state structures of these three complexes(1–3) were determined by X-ray single-crystal studies. Thermodynamic factors affecting the Ru-triene bond energy are compared with structural results for these three ruthenium complexes.
Orienting transfer students

Transfer students must begin orientation while enrolled at their previous institution and continue it at their current institution since they will be dealing with many unique issues that are typically not included in traditional orientation programs.
Mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannoside 6 (PIM6) up-regulates TCR-triggered HIV-1 replication in CD4+ T cells.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality among those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) worldwide. HIV-1 load and heterogeneity are increased both locally and systemically in active TB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection supports HIV-1 replication through dysregulation of host cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors. However the possibility that mycobacterial molecules released from MTB infected macrophages directly interact with CD4+ T cells triggering HIV-1 replication has not been fully explored. We studied the direct effect of different MTB molecules on HIV-1 replication (R5-tropic strain Bal) in anti-CD3- stimulated CD4+ T cells from healthy donors in an antigen presenting cell (APC)-free system. PIM6, a major glycolipid of the mycobacterial cell wall, induced significant increases in the percent of HIV-1 infected T cells and the viral production in culture supernatants. In spite of structural relatedness, none of the other three major MTB cell wall glycolipids had significant impact on HIV-1 replication in T cells. Increased levels of IFN-γ in culture supernatants from cells treated with PIM6 indicate that HIV-1 replication is likely dependent on enhanced T cell activation. In HEK293 cells transfected with TLR2, PIM6 was the strongest TLR2 agonist among the cell wall associated glycolipids tested. PIM6 increased the percentage of HIV infected cells and viral particles in the supernatant in a T-cell-based reporter cell line (JLTRg-R5) transfected with TLR1 and TLR2 but not in the cells transfected with the empty vector (which lack TLR2 expression) confirming that PIM6-induced HIV-1 replication depends at least partially on TLR2 signaling.
The Practical Reason of Weeds in Indonesia: Peasant vs State Views of Imperata and Chromolaena

Peasant and state perceptions of two common weeds, Imperata cylindrica and Chromolaena odorata, are compared in four case study areas in Indonesia. Peasant perceptions are found to vary according to the similarity between these weeds plants and the fallow period vegetation in any given system of cultivation. All peasants attribute the origins of these weeds to external political authorities. State perceptions of both weeds are unvaryingly negative, based on its generally negative perception of systems of cultivation that employ fallow periods, and on its self-interest in expensive eradication programs and the alternate use of weed-covered lands. Both peasant and state perceptions of the two weeds are seen to be part of a broader structure of beliefs concerning not only plants and land, but also the relations between peasants and states themselves. This analysis demonstration that functional/ecological analysis is not restricted to local level relations, but can with equal validity be applied at the level of the state.
Oral Candida infection and colonization in solid organ transplant recipients

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is an opportunistic infection caused by Candida, a ubiquitous fungal organism that is part of the normal microbiota of the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract. OPC is a major cause of morbidity in immunocom-promised patients (7) and can predispose these patients to esophageal candidiasis (19, 46), an invasive form of infection with significant morbidity and higher risk for fatal, disseminated infection (42, 44). Candida albicans is the species implicated in the overwhelming majority of OPC cases in immunocompromised patients (7, 12), although other species such as Candida glabrata are recently emerging as possible etiological agents (8, 11). Invasive fungal infections attributed to Candida species are particularly prevalent after organ transplantation, especially in the immediate post-transplant period (30). Candida can trigger bloodstream, esophageal, gastrointestinal, respiratory and uri-nary tract infections in solid organ transplant recipients, with prevalence during the first 6 months after transplantation ranging between 5 and 50% depending on the type of transplant (e.g. renal vs. liver) (4, 19, 29). It was reported that up to 80% of Candida-esophagitis episodes in renal transplant patients were preceded by oral thrush or colonization (4, 19). In addition transplant patients with OPC, who are otherwise asymptomatic, are frequently discovered to have esophageal candidiasis upon endoscopy (21). Despite the increased prevalence of other fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients, the overall significant morbidity of OPC, and its possible implications in more invasive esophageal infections, few studies have assessed the prevalence of OPC in this population and all of these were conducted outside the USA (3, 12, 18). In addition, the oral carriage frequency, intensity of carriage, and speciation of Candida colonizing transplant patients who are clinically stable, and consequently unlikely to present transient fluctuations in the oral microbial flora due to changes in the immunosuppressive regimen, have never been studied before. In this work we studied the prevalence of OPC, Candida carriage frequency, titers and species colonizing the oral mucosa, in clinically stable transplant patients who were at least 1 year post-transplant, and examined relevant risk factors.
Correlates of sexuality communication among mothers and 6–12-year-old children

Purpose This study assessed the extent to which personal characteristics, knowledge and beliefs, and family interactions and relationships are related to the occurrence of mother–child communication about sexuality. Methods The study used a descriptive, cross-sectional design among a convenience sample of 298 predominantly lower- to middle-income African American mothers and 298 of their 6–12-year-old-children recruited from a youth-serving, community-based organization. Participants completed a computer-based interview to collect data on sexuality communication, general mother–child communication, parental involvement and monitoring, parent relationship with child's peer group, child's social skills and problem behaviours, mothers' self-efficacy, outcome expectations, comfort with sexuality communication, and demographics. Results Mothers were more likely to communicate with daughters and older children. Greater self-efficacy and comfort in sexuality communication were related to greater sexuality communication. We also explored several inconsistent findings in previous studies – mother's age, socio-economic status and religiosity. Mother's age and socio-economic status were not significant, and religiosity approached statistical significance. Conclusions Mother's self-efficacy and comfort are potentially modifiable variables and therefore should be taken into consideration when designing interventions that aim to increase parent–child communication about sexuality.
Simple Procedure to Assess Performance and Cost Benefits of Using Recycled Materials in Pavement Construction

The use of recycled materials in pavement engineering has a great potential to benefit our society in terms of reducing demands on natural pavement materials, reducing environmental problems, and conserving energy. However, pavement design/construction practitioners often hesitate to use recycled materials due to the lack of cost benefit and performance information. This paper presents a simple approach to evaluate economic effects of using recycled materials in pavement construction based on in situ pavement testing procedures. These testing procedures, including dynamic cone penetrometer, California bearing ratio, Dynaflect, and falling weight defelectometer, are commonly employed by state highway agencies. A full-scale accelerated pavement test section was built to investigate the performance of different base course materials: Louisiana Class II crushed limestone, foamed-asphalt-treated recycled asphalt concrete, fly-ash-stabilized blended calcium sulfate (BCS), and BCS stabilized with the 120 grade ground granulated blast furnace-slag (GGBFS). Among these base materials, GGBFS-stabilized BCS was found to have the highest strength and stiffness. On the basis of these field testing results, life-cycle cost analyses showed that the GGBFS-stabilized BCS provides a durable and cost-effective alternative to traditional pavement base materials.
486 DEMONSTRATION OF 2 POOLS OF GONADOTROPINS IN PERIPU BERTAL CHILDREN BY A 2 PHASE LHRH TEST

486 DEMONSTRATION OF 2 POOLS OF GONADOTROPINS IN PERIPU BERTAL CHILDREN BY A 2 PHASE LHRH TEST
Do unions affect faculty salaries

Abstract This article calculates the union relative wage effect for a large sample of college faculty in the United States. The union wage premium is found to be 4.40% on average, but varies from −7.63 to 13.07% for different faculty subgroups. Faculty characteristics are found to be more important in influencing salaries in nonunion schools than in unionized institutions.
A Logic for Constant-Depth Circuits

Consider a family of boolean circuits C~, C2,..., C,,..., constructed by some uniform, effective procedure operating on input n. Such a procedure provides a concise representation of a family of parallel algorithms for computing boolean values. A formula of first-order logic may also be viewed as a concise representation of a family of parallel algorithms for evaluating boolean functions. The parallelism is implicit in the quantification (a formula gx q~(x) is true if and only if each of the formulas q~(a) is true, and all these formulas can be checked simultaneously), and universes of different sizes give rise to boolean functions with different numbers of inputs (the boolean values of the formula's predicates on various combinations of elements of the universe). This note presents an extended first-order logic designed to be exactly equivalent in expressiveness to polynomialsize, constant-depth, unbounded-fan-in circuits constructed by Turing machines of bounded computational complexity. © 1984 Academic Press, Inc.
Determining the impact of varying levels of cherry powder and starter culture on quality and sensory attributes of indirectly cured, emulsified cooked sausages.

Abstract Indirect curing is a process that utilizes ingredients high in naturally occurring nitrate and a nitrate reducing bacterial starter culture (SC) to provide quality and sensory attributes similar to nitrite-added cured meats. The objective of this study was to determine the effects varying concentrations of starter culture and the addition of cherry powder (CP) had on improving quality and sensory attributes of indirectly cured sausages. Four treatments (TRTs) (TRT 1: low SC + no CP; TRT 2: low SC + CP; TRT 3: high SC + no CP; and TRT 4: high SC + CP) and a sodium nitrite-added (156 ppm) control were investigated. Residual nitrite levels throughout storage declined most rapidly in TRTs 2 and 4 (P 0.05) to the C for all sensory attributes.
Cerenkov background radiation in imaging detectors

The authors discuss results of an analysis of background dark data obtained with the Digicon detector in the faint object spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope. Time sequenced data are presented which show the background recorded by the detector as it orbits the Earth at an altitude of 600 km. The authors propose that Cerenkov radiation produced by cosmic ray particle interactions with the MgF2 faceplate comprises the major source of this detector noise. Cerenkov light will be emitted whenever a high-energy particle traverses the detector faceplate and can result in large portions of the detector array being illuminated simultaneously. The effects of Cerenkov radiation have been modeled in image tubes by means of a Monte Carlo simulation. This model produces images which qualitatively resemble observed dark data. Moreover, the model closely reproduces the observed average background level and calculates background count statistics which are difficult to determine directly given the rapid sampling rate that would be required. The model can provide optimal settings for the detector burst noise rejection algorithm so that the signal-to-noise ratio of astronomical data can be maximized.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Riemannian geometry of the Yang-Mills moduli space

The moduli space ℳ of self-dual connections over a Riemannian 4-manifold has a natural Riemannian metric, inherited from theL 2 metric on the space of connections. We give a formula for the curvature of this metric in terms of the relevant Green operators. We then examine in great detail the moduli space ℳ1 ofk=1 instantons on the 4-sphere, and obtain an explicit formula for the metric in this case. In particular, we prove that ℳ1 is rotationally symmetric and has “finite geometry:” it is an incomplete 5-manifold with finite diameter and finite volume.
Critical infrastructure, terrorism, and the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards: the need for collaboration

In response to 9/11 and the increasing concerns over chemical sector security, Congress gave the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) the authority to regulate the safety and security of US chemical facilities. In April of 2007, DHS passed the interim final rule called the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS) in order to secure the US chemical infrastructure. Unfortunately, the latest update on CFATS progress by DHS indicated that very few chemical facilities have completed the CFATS process. The slow implementation of CFATS perpetuates the inherent vulnerabilities of US chemical infrastructure and does not augur well for the safety and security of the US population. We argue that collaboration between DHS and the chemical industry can help to speed up CFATS and that communities should not wait for CFATS to ramp up before developing preparedness and response plans in anticipation of future chemical disasters.
The effect of deuterium substitution on the intensity of the n → π* (1U ← 1A) absorption of some aliphatic carbonyl compounds☆

Abstract An experimental investigation has been made of the effect of mass on the intensity of symmetry-forbidden, vibrationally-induced electronic transitions. The effect of deuterium substitution on the absolute intensity ( f -value) of the n → π* transition in acetone, acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde was determined. The intensity change with isotopic substitution was found to be roughly proportional to the change in frequency of the perturbing vibration, as implied by the H erzberg—Teller theory. The molecules investigated and the experimental f -values ( f × 10 4 ) are: (CH 3 ) 2 CO, 4·14; (CD 3 ) 2 CO, 3·64; CH 3 CHO, 3·63; CH 3 CDO, 3·18; CD 3 CDO, 2·96; C 2 H 5 CHO, 4·28; and C 2 H 5 CDO, 3·86. The effect of deuterium substitution on the appearance of the absorption envelopes is also discussed.
Bayesian Decision Theory, Rule Utilitarianism, And Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem

The first part of this paper reexamines the logical foundations of Bayesian decision theory and argues that the Bayesian criterion of expected-utility maximization is the only decision criterion consistent with rationality. On the other hand, the Bayesian criterion, together with the Pareto optimality requirement, inescapably entails a utilitarian theory of morality. The next sections discuss the role both of cardinal utility and of cardinal interpersonal comparisons of utility in ethics. It is shown that the utilitarian welfare function satisfies all of Arrow’s social choice postulates - avoiding the celebrated impossibility theorem by making use of information which is unavailable in Arrow’s original framework. Finally, rule utilitarianism is contrasted with act utilitarianism and judged to be preferable for the purposes of ethical theory.
Longitudinal association between childhood impulsivity and bulimic symptoms in African American adolescent girls.

OBJECTIVE Using a longitudinal design, the authors of this study examined the relationship between externalizing problems and impulsivity in early childhood and symptoms of disordered eating in late adolescence. METHOD Participants were urban, African American first-grade girls (N = 119) and their parents who were participating in a longitudinal study examining the prevention of disruptive behaviors. Impulsivity, conduct problems, and oppositional defiant behavior were assessed by parent report via structured interview questions. At 9-year follow-up, bulimic symptoms were measured by the Eating Disorder Inventory. A hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to determine the longitudinal association among impulsivity, conduct problems, and oppositional defiant behavior and bulimic symptoms. RESULTS Parental report of impulsivity in first-grade girls, but not conduct problems or oppositional defiant behavior, was associated with self-reported bulimic symptoms in the girls in late adolescence (p < .04). CONCLUSIONS These results extend previous findings of a concurrent relationship between impulsivity and dysfunctional eating behaviors to a minority sample and further indicate that behavioral impulsivity in early childhood may be used to identify children for targeted prevention of disordered eating.