cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Movement of Pulses of Labeled Auxin in Corn Coleoptiles

The transit of indole-3-acetic acid through 20-mm sections of corn coleoptiles can be separated from processes involved in the uptake of auxin by the section and the exit of auxin from the section. Aerobic sections are supplied with an exogenous source of (14)C IAA for a limited time, and after the source is removed, a pulse of (14)C IAA moves down at 12 to 15 mm/hour. After transfer to nitrogen, movement of the pulse at the aerobic rate persists for about 10 minutes; thereafter drops to only 1 to 2 mm/hour and remains at this level during the next 4 hours. Within 2 hours, 70% of the total (14)C in aerobic sections has moved 10 mm or more down the section from the position of the initial peak, whereas after the same time in nitrogen less than 10% of the total (14)C has moved as far. During the migration down the coleoptile, the peak of radioactivity becomes broader and less distinct. This dispersion is more rapid in aerobic than anaerobic sections, but appears to be nonpolar and to occur along the existing concentration gradients. Diffusion probably contributes to this dispersion. In both inhibited and uninhibited sections, the movement of the peak, in contrast to its dispersion, is A) polar (downward) and B) independent of existing concentration gradients. Thus transit within the section possesses the fundamental properties of the overall transport system. The reduced amount of transport in inhibited sections is more likely maintained by glycolysis than by a low level of aerobic respiration dependent on the residual oxygen in the tissue.
Simultaneous occurrence of hodgkin's disease and kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Kaposi's sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease have each been associated with abnormalities in T lymphocyte function and occur with increased frequency in the immunosuppressed host. Although the association of Kaposi's sarcoma with lymphoreticular disorders has long been recognized, only sporadic cases of Hodgkin's disease have been described in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in contrast to the frequent occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in these patients. The simultaneous occurrence of Kaposi's sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease in the same lymph node is described in a patient with AIDS. This case suggests an association of AIDS with both Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphomas and raises the question of a common pathogenetic mechanism.
Synthesis and characterization of anhydride-functional polycaprolactone

Polycaprolactone-graft-maleic anhydride (PCL-g-MA) copolymer was prepared by grafting maleic anhydride onto PCL in a batch mixer and in an extruder using dicumyl peroxide as the initiator. The graft content was determined with the volumetric method by converting the anhydride functions to acid groups and then titrating with ethanolic potassium hydroxide. The grafted polymer was extracted with xylene to remove any unreacted monomer before the estimation step. The effect of temperature and the various concentrations of the initiator and monomer used for the grafting reaction were investigated. The presence of residual initiator in the reaction product was checked using thin-layer chromatography. Molecular weight determination was carried out for the pure and grafted polymer using gel permeation chromatography to determine if chain scission was present. Results indicate that maleic anhydride is grafted onto PCL using free radical initiators. The grafting reaction was confirmed by FTIR and NMR techniques. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands around 1785 and 1858 cm−1. NMR spectra gave signals for methine proton at 3.47 ppm. For a given peroxide level, a higher temperature or residence (reaction) time gave higher percentage of grafted MA. There was an optimum temperature and initiator concentration after which the percentage of MA grafted on PCL decreased. The number-average molecular weight, tensile strength, and the percent elongation of PCL-g-MA were comparable to those of PCL before grafting. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1139–1148, 1997
1,2-Nucleophilic addition of 2-(picolyl)organoboranes to nitrile, aldehyde, ketone, and amide.

A series of 2-(picolyl)borane molecules were synthesized as products of the reaction between 2-(picolyl)lithium and R2BOMe (R = ethyl, 9-BBN, phenyl, 9-borafluorenyl). The 2-(picolyl)boranes were dimeric; whereas, monomers coordinated to LiOMe could be isolated when the synthesis was carried out in the presence of TMEDA and THF. The 2-(picolyl)boranes undergo reaction with nitriles, ketones, aldehydes, and amides with apparent 1,2-addition of the B–C(picolyl) bond to the unsaturated bond. Theoretical models reveal the presence of a donor orbital on the 2-(picolyl)borane with significant electron density at the benzylic carbon that we conclude was involved in nucleophilic attack on the electrophilic center of unsaturated organic functional groups.
Representing Java classes in a typed intermediate language

We propose a conservative extension of the polymorphic lambda calculus (Fω) as an intermediate language for compiling languages with name-based class and interface hierarchies. Our extension enriches standard Fω with recursive types, existential types, and row polymorphism, but only ordered records with no subtyping. Basing our language on Fω makes it also a suitable target for translation from other higher-order languages; this enables the safe interoperation between class-based and higher-order languages and the reuse of common type-directed optimization techniques, compiler back ends, and runtime support.We present the formal semantics of our intermediate language and illustrate its features by providing a formal translation from a subset of Java, including classes, interfaces, and private instance variables. The translation preserves the name-based hierarchical relation between Java classes and interfaces, and allows access to private instance variables of parameters of the same class as the one defining the method. It also exposes the details of method invocation and instance variable access and allows many standard optimizations to be performed on the object-oriented code.
Cost accounting during the industrial revolution: The present state of historical knowledge

prices. Costing is also integral, both in the past and at the present time, to evaluating the efficiency of the productive process and of decision making. Analyses of asset procurement, vertical integration, subcontracting, makeor-buy decisions, technological innovation, and product mix are representative of the many planning activities that require cost data. Venerated surveys of accounting history, now nearly half a century old, date the advent of meaningful cost accounting to the mid i88os.3 The majority of these surveys, however, are not based on examinations of business archives but rather on the published works of professional accountants. Though some credit is given to British theorists of the time (for example, Garcke, Fells, and Norton), the practical applications of costing for decision making are said to have been developed in the United States as an innovation of Frederick Taylor's scientific management movement. Precious little predates this 'costing renaissance', according to the traditional view. One observer describes British reaction to early advances in cost accounting in other countries as 'so much burning of incense at the altar of window dressing instead of a tool for the attainment of continually growing production'.4 Richard Brown, the Edinburgh chartered accountant who made in 1905 an early attempt at a general history of the profession, published 300 pages without mention of industrial accounting.5 Despite the absence of literature on the subject, it is difficult to imagine that the entrepreneurs of the British and US industrial revolutions would have failed to appreciate the interrelationship between cost accounting and effective management. This linkage might be expected, given the economic
Young Adult Gambling Behaviors and their Relationship with the Persistence of ADHD

Young adulthood is a period renowned for engagement in impulsive and risky behaviors, including gambling. There are some indications that young adults exhibit higher gambling rates in comparison to older adults. Problem gambling has also been linked to ADHD. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between gambling and ADHD among an epidemiological sample of young adults (n = 235; males = 179, females = 56) aged 18-24. Results indicate that individuals who report childhood ADHD symptoms which persist into young adulthood experience greater gambling problem severity than participants with no ADHD or those with non-persistent ADHD.
A structural mechanical model for tendon crimping.

Abstract For tendon collagen, an explanation is proposed for the “toe” region of the stress-strain curve. We ascribe the “toe” effect to the fascicle as a whole. Studies of tendon morphology have shown a distribution of crimp angles. In our model, restoring force arises from the elasticity of those fibrils which are already straightened. Resistance of a crimped fibril is assumed to be negligible. The model was found to fit experimental mechanical data for all ages and over the entire “toe” region.
Multiphase Materials with Lignin. XIV. Star-Like Copolymers with Styrene

Abstract Star-like copolymers of a lignin derivative, hydroxypropyl lignin (L), with polystyrene (PS) have been synthesized using the L-component as the soft segment and PS blocks of 10,200 molecular weight as the hard segment according to a procedure previously described. The usefulness of LPS star-like copolymers to assist in the dispersion of L-component in PS, and in the formation of multiphase polyblends, was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Other structure-property effects were obscure by the inability to isolate a PS segment-free LPS preparation either because a part of the PS segment failed to gain appropriate functionality, or because it failed to become incorporated by covalent attachment to the L-component.
Rap-GEF Signaling Controls Stem Cell Anchoring to Their Niche through Regulating DE-Cadherin-Mediated Cell Adhesion in the Drosophila Testis

Summary Stem cells will undergo self-renewal to produce new stem cells if they are maintained in their niches. The regulatory mechanisms that recruit and maintain stem cells in their niches are not well understood. In Drosophila testes, a group of 12 nondividing somatic cells, called the hub, identifies the stem cell niche by producing the growth factor Unpaired (Upd). Here, we show that Rap-GEF/Rap signaling controls stem cell anchoring to the niche through regulating DE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Loss of function of a Drosophila Rap-GEF (Gef26) results in loss of both germline and somatic stem cells. The Gef26 mutation specifically impairs adherens junctions at the hub-stem cell interface, which results in the stem cells "drifting away" from the niche and losing stem cell identity. Thus, the Rap signaling/E-cadherin pathway may represent one mechanism that regulates polarized niche formation and stem cell anchoring.
FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HIGHWAY CROSSINGS BY KENAI PENINSULA BROWN BEARS

Highway construction and expansion in bear habitat can negatively affect brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations. We analyzed radiotelemetry data from previous studies to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of brown bear crossings of the Sterling and Seward highways on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, USA. We compared highway crossings of actual bears to simulated bears to determine whether the highway acted as a barrier and whether crossing locations were spatially clustered. Four of 13 bears monitored crossed the highway less frequently than expected. While locations where bears crossed the highway were clustered, none of the spatial models we developed strongly explained the observed clustering. Bears were more likely to cross the highway during nighttime than daytime. When bears crossed the highway, they moved more rapidly and acutely than they did prior to or after the crossing. Further study is needed to determine the appropriate number and location for placement of highway-crossing structures in this region
Random internal component failure of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Internal component failure of the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICD) is a rare complication, which can have a potentially catastrophic outcome. We describe a patient with random component failure, which occurred due to electrical overstress damage to the high voltage hybrid as a result of inappropriate arcing, as detected by the manufacturer. This in turn damaged other components in the device. This secondary damage caused the device to reset, emitting a constant tone. A high current state was created, thereby depleting the battery prematurely. The problem was promptly detected and rectified by ICD generator replacement.
An hypothesis for the mechanism of the heme catalyzed lipid oxidation in animal tissues

The catalytic activity of the heme compounds on lipid oxidation in muscle tissues has been reviewed. Evidence from experiments found in the literature, and unpublished studies in this laboratory on meats and fishery products, lead to the conclusion that the ferric heme compounds initiate lipid oxidation, while the ferrous heme compounds are inactive in the absence of preformed peroxides. The latter are decomposed by both types of heme compounds, but by a different mechanism. A comprehensive mechanism of the different catalytic activities of the various heme compounds has been presented, based on both experimental evidence and theoretical considerations.
Adjudication of Child Sexual Abuse Cases.

This article discusses issues in the adjudication of child sexual abuse allegations. Such allegations may be tried in criminal court and/or civil court (in child abuse or divorce proceedings), and these forums are discussed. Often central to any of these proceedings is the necessity for a child to testify. The article reviews research about the believability of child witnesses and discusses accommodations for the child that could assist the child witness and encourage accurate testimony, as well as continue to protect the rights of the accused.
Rhetoric and the Invention of Double Entry Bookkeeping

If he [the merchant] be fortunate it [i.e. double-entry bookkeeping] satisfies the world of his just dealing, and is the fairest and best Apologies of his innocence and honesty to the World, and Contributes exceedingly to the satisfaction of all his friends and well-wishers, and to the Confutation and silencing of all his malevolent and detracting enemies, and proves the great cause to bring him to a most favourable Composition with his Creditor: whereas those that are ignorant of it, in such a Condition are censured by all, when they have nothing to show but bare words to vindicate themselves.
Experimental band structure of Na.

Normal-emission angle-resolved photoemission data from Na(110) are presented. Two discrepancies between these data and the predictions of free-electron theory are observed. First, the occupied-band width is 2.5 eV, while theory predicts 3.2 eV. Second, the bands near the Fermi level appear to have been severely distorted, as could be produced by a charge-density wave oriented normal to the surface.
Validation of Geometric Accuracy of Global Land Survey (GLS) 2000 Data

Abstract The Global Land Survey (GLS) 2000 data were generated from Geocover™2000 data with the aim of producing a global data set of accuracy better than 25 m Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). An assessment and validation of accuracy of GLS 2000 data set, and its co-registration with Geocover™ 2000 data set is presented here. Since the availability of global data sets that have higher nominal accuracy than the GLS 2000 is a concern, the data sets were assessed in three tiers. In the first tier, the data were compared with the Geocover™2000 data. This comparison provided a means of localizing regions of higher differences. In the second tier, the GLS 2000 data were compared with systematically corrected Landsat-7 scenes that were obtained in a time period when the spacecraft pointing information was extremely accurate. These comparisons localize regions where the data are consistently off, which may indicate regions of higher errors. The third tier consisted of comparing the GLS 2000 data against higher accuracy reference data. The reference data were the Digital Ortho Quads over the United States, ortho-rectified SPOT data over Australia, and high accuracy check points obtained using triangulation bundle adjustment of Landsat-7 images over selected sites around the world. The study reveals that the geometric errors in Geocover™2000 data have been rectified in GLS 2000 data, and that the accuracy of GLS 2000 data can be expected to be better than 25 m RMSE for most of its constituent scenes.
Soliton Fission and Continuum Generation in Silicon Waveguides

We study the propagation of ultrashort pulses in dispersion-tailored silicon waveguides and demonstrate the possibility of soliton fission and continuum generation in such devices.
Group Development in a High School Adjustment Seminar

Bion's concept of psychodynamic group process and Bennis and Shepard's theory of group development are applied to data gathered during participant observation of an ongoing seminar group consisting...
Effect of Intermittent versus Continuous Patient Monitoring on Reliability Indices during Automated Perimetry

Purpose: This prospective, randomized study was undertaken to determine the effect of intermittent versus continuous patient monitoring on reliability indices (fixation losses, false-positive errors, and false-negative errors) during automated static perimetry. Methods: A practice Humphrey Program C30-2 visual field was administered to 169 subjects (mean age ± standard deviation, 56 ± 18 years) for 1.5 minutes, during which time trained technicians continuously monitored all subjects and assessed patient fixation as noted on the eye monitor. The computer-generated reliability indices during the 1.5 minute practice test were recorded. After completion of the practice test, the 169 eyes were randomized to either intermittent or continuous monitor for the permanent C30-2 test. During intermittent monitoring, the technician returned periodically to the examination room to assess the subject's performance. For continuous monitoring, the technician continually assessed the subject's performance while remaining in the examination room throughout the test duration. Results: The mean number of visits per visual field test during intermittent monitoring was 4.0, and mean test duration was 15.8 minutes. There was no difference in the mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, and short-term fluctuation ( P = 0.85, 0.98, and 0.41, respectively) of the visual fields for intermittent and continuous monitoring, suggesting similar diffuse depression and localized defects in the visual fields for each group. The mean fixation losses (6.9%), false-positive errors (1.8%), and false-negative errors (5.8%) for the intermittently monitored group were not different from the mean fixation losses (7.8%), false-positive errors, (3.1 %) and false-negative errors (5.0%) for the continuously monitored group ( P = 0.40, 0.24, and 0.36, respectively). Conclusion: Although recommended, continuous monitoring does not appear necessary for all patients undergoing automated perimetry. Error-free reliability indices combined with the technician's judgment of patient reliability during the first 1.5 minutes of C30-2 testing may be a guideline for choosing intermittent monitoring.
Incorporating Environmental Information into Underwater Acoustic Sensor Coverage Estimation in Estuaries

Monitoring underwater environments is challenging. Terrestrial and aerial surveillance technology cannot be adopted directly since optical and electromagnetic waves have extremely high attenuation in water. Most existing underwater detection technologies rely upon sound waves as sound can travel a relatively long distance in water. However underwater sound propagation is highly susceptible to interference depending on the water conditions. Sharp gradients in salinity and temperature cause sound to refract and reflect. Thus the listening range, or coverage, of a sound detector is largely influenced by the underwater environment. This effect is particularly prominent in an estuary where fresh water mixes with sea water, and tidal action causes significant current changes. We study the behavior of estuary water conditions and attempt to characterize the acoustic sensor coverage in an estuary. We use environmental data extracted from the NYHOPS forecast model. Acoustic conditions in water are evaluated based on sound speed variation. Based on scans over a ten-month period, we characterize the impacts from major environmental factors on underwater sound propagation. We further calculate sound transmission loss for typical water conditions and analyze the variation of sensing range for underwater sound detectors.
Doubts Regarding the Human Capital Theory of Racial Inequality

Using wage data developed by Smith (1984), this paper compares human capital and institutional explanations of trends in the racial wage gap since 1890. While a regression including daily schooling variables is consistent with the human capital theory, so is an institutional model which omits schooling variables but adds the influences of isolation in the rural South, discriminatory hiring and promotion practices, unemployment, and government policy. Including schooling and institutional variables together casts doubt on the relative importance of schooling compared to labor market demands and political variables.
'Beware of those bearing gifts': An anthropologist's view of AFRICOM

The US government has promoted AFRICOM, the newest US combatant command, as a new approach within the US mlitary that combines humanitarian and development functions with defense initiatives. But the history of US engagement with Africa and an assessment of current US concerns in Africa suggest that AFRICOM will promote militarism, US access to African resources, and the US war on terror. This article considers some anthropological concerns about and responses to AFRICOM.
Resistance, Women, and Dismissing the "I"

(1998). Resistance, women, and dismissing the “I”; Rhetoric Review: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 107-125.
Benchmark single-differential ionization cross section results for the s -wave model of electron-hydrogen scattering

Exterior complex scaling enables one to compute the outgoing wave portion of the wave function for three charged particles without explicitly imposing the asymptotic boundary condition for three-body breakup. This technique is used in connection with a high-order finite difference scheme to provide numerically accurate single-differential ionization cross sections for the Temkin-Poet (s-wave) model of $e\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}$ scattering. These benchmark values are compared with results obtained from several recent close-coupling approaches that employ pseudostates to discretize the ionization continuum, but use a strictly two-body scattering formalism.
Constrained interpolation and qualitative information—The soft kriging approach

Traditional interpolation algorithms, including krigings, do not account for inequality-type data less subjective qualitative information. Soft kriging formalism allows a coding of both hard data and constraint intervals as prior cumulative distribution functions (cdfs) which are interpolated into posterior cdfs. Non-Gaussian confidence intervals and various “optimal” estimates then are derived. A synthetic case study is presented.
Power consumption measurements for ac and pulsed dc for electrostatic coalescence of water-in-oil emulsions

Abstract True root mean square power consumption measurements for coalescence of well-defined water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions [reverse osmosis water dispersed in Isopar M and stabilized with Paranox 100 surfactant] are presented for a 2-l Teflon insulated electrostatic coalescer. Estimated electricity costs for processing 1000 barrels (42 gal basis) of the emulsion were as low as $0.37 and $0.39 under 60 Hz ac and pulsed dc (i.e., half-wave rectified ac) fields, respectively. These data compare favorably with actual operating costs for an equivalent volume of crude oil for NATCO designed full-scale electrostatic coalescer systems with non-insulated electrodes. Contrary to observations by other investigators including past tests in our own laboratory, ac fields were more effective in increasing coalescence rate than pulsed dc fields. Normalized power consumption data show that the optimized frequency for coalescence with electricity costs as the important factor was at 60 Hz (i.e., the lowest frequency tested) in spite of dramatic increases in throughputs at higher frequencies of 120, 400 and 600 Hz. Comparative tests using identically prepared W/O emulsions showed that the coalescence rate with the present system was up to 11-fold higher as compared to a geometrically similar coalescer using a patented plastic-sealed electrode under identical 600 Hz ac fields.
Systematic 1/d corrections to the infinite-dimensional limit of correlated lattice electron models.

We present a self-consistent treatment of Hubbard-like lattice models at large, but finite, spatial dimensions $d$. This involves a systematic expansion in powers of $1/d$ about the limit $d\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The first-order corrections can be obtained by self-consistent solution of coupled one- and two-impurity models. We calculate the leading corrections to properties of the Falicov-Kimball model. The infinite-dimensional limit seems to describe this particular model remarkably well even for $d\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$.
Implementing and evaluating phrasal query suggestions for proximity search

This paper describes and evaluates a unified approach to phrasal query suggestions in the context of a high-precision search engine. The search engine performs ranked extended-Boolean searches with the proximity operator near being the default operation. Suggestions are offered to the searcher when the length of the result list falls outside predefined bounds. If the list is too long, the engine specializes the query through the use of super phrases; if the list is too short, the engine generalizes the query through the use of proximal subphrases. We describe methods for generating both types of suggestions and present algorithms for ranking the suggestions. Specifically, we present the problem of counting proximal subphrases for specialization and the problem of counting unordered super phrases for generalization. The uptake of our approach was evaluated by analyzing search log data from before and after the suggestion feature was added to a commercial version of the search engine. We looked at approximately 1.5 million queries and found that, after they were added, suggestions represented nearly 30% of the total queries. Efficacy was evaluated through a controlled study of 24 participants performing nine searches using three different search engines. We found that the engine with phrasal query suggestions had better high-precision recall than both the same search engine without suggestions and a search engine with a similar interface but using an Okapi BM25 ranking algorithm.
Palatability of invertebrate larvae to corals and sea anemones

Risk of larval mortality is an underlying theme in debates and models concerning the ecology and evolution of the differing reproductive characteristics among marine benthic invertebrates. In these discussions, predation is often assumed to be a major source of larval mortality. Previous studies, focused primarily on planktotrophic larvae, suggested that marine larvae generally were susceptible to, and poorly defended against, planktivorous fishes and invertebrates. Larval-planktivore interactions involving larger and more conspicuous lecithotrophic larvae that are typical of many brooding sessile invertebrates have not been well studied. This lack of data for diverse larval types has hindered testing broad generalities about marine larvae and planktivore prey-preferences. This study demonstrates that lecithotrophic larvae of many Caribbean and temperate western Atlantic invertebrates are distasteful to co-occurring corals and anemones. These larval predators frequently rejected larvae of sponges (6 of 9 species), gorgonians (7 of 9 species), corals (3 of 3 species), hydroids (2 of 2 species) and a bryozoan. Larvae of three temperate colonial ascidians were readily consumed. Frequencies of survivorship for larvae captured but rejected by corals and anemones were generally high and, in 20 of 24 assays, were not statistically different from those of unattacked control larvae. Levels of metamorphosis (when it occurred) of rejected larvae also rarely differed significantly from those of unattacked controls. These results provide further evidence that larval palatability to predators may not be as high as once thought, particularly for brooded larvae of sessile colonial invertebrates. The means by which larvae may avoid or deter predators, and the demographic consequences for marine invertebrates and for the evolution of invertebrate life-history patterns, need to be assessed.
Rate-dependent mode I interlaminar crack growth mechanisms in graphite/epoxy and graphite/PEEK

In this paper the mode I fracture behavior of graphite/epoxy and graphite/PEEK composites is examined over four decades of crosshead rates (0.25-250 mm/min). Straight-sided double-cantilever-beam specimens consisting of unidirectional laminates were tested at room temperature. For graphite/epoxy the load-deflection response was linear to fracture, and stable slow crack growth initiating at the highest load level was observed for all rates tested. In contrast, mode I crack growth in the graphite/PEEK material was often unstable and showed stick-slip behavior. Subcritical crack growth occurring prior to the onset of fracture was observed at intermediate displacement rates. A mechanism for the fracture behavior of the graphite/PEEK material (based on viscoelastic, plastic, and microcrack coalescence in the process zone) is proposed and related to the observed rate-dependent phenomena.
Changing water-use patterns in a water-poor area: Lessons for a trachoma intervention project

An epidemiological survey carried out in the Dodoma region of Tanzania found that high rates of trachoma infection in pre-school children were associated with unwashed faces. Prior to a planned trachoma intervention project, a pilot study was done on household decisions about water use and perceptions about face washing and eye disease. The study found that mothers overestimated the amount of water necessary to wash a child's face. In addition, mothers would not change their water-use priorities without the consent of their husbands and the support of the community. Therefore a health education program was designed to address the perception that face washing required a great deal of water. The program also sought to involve and re-educate the whole community rather than focus only on the mothers who were most likely to wash the children's faces.
Petri net-Digraph models for automating HAZOP analysis of batch process plants

Abstract Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) analysis is the study of systematically identifying every conceivable deviation, all the possible abnormal causes for such deviation, and the adverse hazardous consequences of that deviation in a chemical plant. HAZOP analysis is often carried out by a group of experts poring over the process flowsheets for weeks or months. Thus, it is a labor-and time-intensive process that would gain by automation. Previous work has addressed the issue of automating HAZOP analysis for continuous chemical plants. However, the HAZOP methodology of continuous processes cannot be applied to batch and semi-continuous plants as such because they have two additional sources of complexity. One is the role of operating procedures and operator actions in plant operation, and the other is the discrete-event character of batch processes. To represent these characteristics of batch operation, high-level Petri nets with timed transitions and colored tokens are used. The causal relationships between process variables are represented using subtask digraphs. This Petri net-Digraph model based framework has been implemented in G2 for a pharmaceutical batch process case study. The salient aspects of this framework are discussed with the aid of this case-study.
Porphyrin self-assembly at electrochemical interfaces: role of potential modulated surface mobility.

The self-assembly of 5,10,15,20-tetra(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TPyP) on Au(111) electrodes was investigated. The adlayer structure was found to depend on the electrode potential. At positive potentials (>0.5V(SCE)), a disordered layer of TPyP is formed on the Au(111) electrode. STM images showed that the disordered molecules are immobile. At negative potentials (-0.2V(SCE)), however, the molecules are highly mobile and can no longer be imaged by STM, though they remain on the surface. At intermediate potentials (-0.2 to +0.2V(SCE)), the TPyP formed a highly ordered adlayer. Once the ordered adlayer is formed, it persists even after the potential is stepped to higher values (0.5-0.8 V(SCE)). These results can be explained by the role of potential modulated adsorbate-substrate interaction and surface mobility. This suggests the intriguing prospect of using electrode potential to tune surface interactions and to drive surface processes, e.g., molecular self-assembly, in electrochemical systems.
Prognostic validity of the MMPI

Attempted to determine the degree to which the MMPI has prognostic validity for psychiatric patients diagnosed as schizophrenic (N = 41). Patient records were analyzed with multiple regression techniques using the MMPI scales as the independent variables and length of hospital stay as the dependent measure. It was found that certain MMPI scales were highly significant and powerful predictors of length of hospital stay, which indicates that the MMPI does indeed have validity as a quantitative predictor of prognosis in clinical situations. Particularly, the two scales with the highest predictive power, Sc and D, were inversely related concerning clinical outcome.
Force coefficients for a large clearance open ends squeeze film damper with a central feed groove: Experiments and predictions

Abstract The paper describes a large load squeeze film damper (SFD) test rig, details measurements of dynamic loads inducing circular orbits conducted on a large clearance (c=0.250 mm) open ends centrally grooved SFD, and presents the identified experimental SFD force coefficients for operation at three static eccentricities. The rig has a bearing cartridge supported atop four elastic rods and a stationary journal, 0.127 mm in diameter. The damper consists of two parallel film lands, 12.7 mm in length, separated by a central groove, 6.35 mm 9.5 mm in depth. In the journal, three equally spaced holes, 120° apart, supply a light lubricant into the central groove and squeeze film lands. The experimental SFD force coefficients are compared to test results obtained earlier for a damper with the same film land lengths but with a smaller clearance (c=0.140 mm) and against predictions obtained from an advanced physical model that accounts for the flow field in the central groove and the interaction with the adjacent film lands. Dynamic pressures in the film lands and in the central groove are (not) surprisingly of the same order of magnitude. The central groove affects the dynamic forced response of the test damper to generate large direct damping coefficients, ~3.5 times those derived from classical lubrication formulas. Experimental added mass coefficients are ~7.4 times the predictive classical values. Predictions from an advanced model correlate well with the test data when using a shallow groove depth. The measurements and analysis advance knowledge on the dynamic forced performance of SFDs, point out to the limited value of simplistic predictive formulas, and validate the accuracy of a modern predictive tool.
Bathing birds bias β‐diversity: Frequent dispersal by gulls homogenizes fauna in a rock‐pool metacommunity

Metacommunity theory generally predicts that regional dispersal of organisms among local habitat patches should influence spatial patterns of species diversity. In particular, increased dispersal rates are generally expected to increase local (α) diversity, yet homogenize local communities across the region (decreasing β-diversity), resulting in no change in regional (γ) diversity. Although the effect of dispersal on α-diversity has garnered much experimental attention, the influence of dispersal rates on diversity at larger spatial scales (β and γ) is poorly understood. Furthermore, these theoretical predictions are not well tested in the field, where other environmental factors (e.g., habitat size, resource density) likely also influence species diversity. Here, we used a system of freshwater rock pools on Appledore Island, Maine, USA, to test the effects of dispersal rate on species diversity in metacommunities. The pools exist in clusters (metacommunities) that experience different levels of dispersal...
Population genetic data suggest a role for mosquito‐mediated dispersal of West Nile virus across the western United States

After introduction, West Nile virus (WNV) spread rapidly across the western United States between the years 2001 and 2004. This westward movement is thought to have been mediated by random dispersive movements of resident birds. Little attention has been placed on the role of mosquito vectors in virus dispersal across North America. The mosquito vector largely responsible for WNV amplification and transmission of WNV in the western USA is Culex tarsalis. Here we present population genetic data that suggest a potential role for C. tarsalis in the dispersal of WNV across the western USA. Population genetic structure across the species range of C. tarsalis in the USA was characterized in 16 states using 12 microsatellite loci. structure and geneland analyses indicated the presence of three broad population clusters. Barriers to gene flow were resolved near the Sonoran desert in southern Arizona and between the eastern Rocky Mountains and High Plains plateau. Small genetic distances among populations within clusters indicated that gene flow was not obstructed over large portions of the West Coast and within the Great Plains region. Overall, gene flow in C. tarsalis appears to be extensive, potentially mediated by movement of mosquitoes among neighbouring populations and hindered in geographically limited parts of its range. The pattern of genetic clustering in C. tarsalis is congruent with the pattern of invasion of WNV across the western United States, raising the possibility that movement of this important vector may be involved in viral dispersal.
Timing verification using HDTV

A system designed for verifying the consistency of timing specifications for digital circuits is presented. The utility of the system comes from the need to verify that existing digital components will interact correctly when placed together in a system. To perform this interface verification, two operators are defined which allow one to perform useful reasoning concerning the interface. One operator deals with causality and another with timing constraints. The system can also be used in the case of verifying specifications of unimplemented components. The system is implemented as a hardware design timing verification (HDTV) program. >
Specificity of Antibodies to Streptococcus Mutans; Significance in Inhibition of Adherence

Shortly after strains of Streptococcus mutans were shown to be cariogenic, they were found to produce dextran and levan polymers from sucrose. These polymers are responsible for the ability of S. mutans to adhere to, and colonize smooth surfaces of teeth (1–3; cf. reviews 4,5). The large molecular weight dextrans and levans are necessary for the formation of plaques on teeth which in turn, appears to be a requirement for cariogenicity. This is supported by the finding that a mutant of S. mutans, lacking the ability to produce these polymers, is no longer cariogenic (6). We have shown the adherence of S. mutans to wires can be inhibited by antiserum to whole S. mutans cells (7). In the same experiments we found that the production of cell-associated polysaccharide was inhibited by antisera, while cell growth was actually increased. The adherence of S. mutans to a glass surface has also been shown to be inhibited by antiserum to whole cells (8). Experiments in our laboratory have shown that antisera to S. mutans will inhibit the glucosyltransferases present in S. mutans culture fluids. These enzymes synthesize polymeric dextrans from sucrose (9). Recently, evidence has been presented (10) showing that the extracellular or soluble glucosyltransferases of S. mutans become cell-associated as insoluble dextran is synthesized. These results suggest that there is a receptor on the bacterial cell surface which binds glucosyltransferase-dextran complexes. The finding that whole cell antisera inhibit the adherence of S. mutans to wire and glass surfaces, inhibit the production of cell-associated polysaccharide synthesis while not inhibiting cell growth, and inhibit the synthesis of polyglucan-containing polysaccharides from sucrose by S. mutans glucosyltransferase enzymes suggests that antibodies prevent S. mutans from colonizing dental surfaces by interfering with the production of adherent polysaccharide polymers. The studies to be reported here show that the specificity of antibody-mediated inhibition of S. mutans adherence, and inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity do not always follow the specificity of surface antigens which are used to classify strains of S. mutans (11). The evidence presented indicates that adherence does not depend upon an antigen common to all S. mutans and hence if caries immunization via inhibition of adherence is to be successful, multivalent vaccines may be required.
Inhibition of Interjacent Ribonucleic Acid (26S) Synthesis in Cells Infected by Sindbis Virus

The interrelationship of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis in cells infected by Sindbis virus was investigated. When cultures were treated with puromycin early in the course of infection, the synthesis of interjacent RNA (26S) was preferentially inhibited. A similar result was obtained by shifting cells infected by one temperature-sensitive mutant defective in RNA synthesis from the permissive (29 C) to the nonpermissive (41.5 C) temperature. Under both conditions, the viral RNA produced appeared to be fully active biologically. Once underway, the synthesis of viral RNA in wild-type Sindbis infections did not require concomitant protein synthesis.
Adipocyte Deficiency of Angiotensinogen Prevents Obesity-Induced Hypertension in Male Mice

Previous studies demonstrated that diet-induced obesity increased plasma angiotensin II concentrations and elevated systolic blood pressures in male mice. Adipocytes express angiotensinogen and secrete angiotensin peptides. We hypothesize that adipocyte-derived angiotensin II mediates obesity-induced increases in systolic blood pressure in male high fat-fed C57BL/6 mice. Systolic blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry during week 16 of low-fat or high-fat feeding in Agt(fl/fl) and adipocyte angiotensinogen-deficient mice (Agt(aP2)). Adipocyte angiotensinogen deficiency had no effect on diet-induced obesity. Basal 24-hour systolic blood pressure was not different in low fat-fed Agt(fl/fl) compared with Agt(aP2) mice (124 ± 3 versus 128 ± 3 mm Hg, respectively). In Agt(fl/fl) mice, high-fat feeding significantly increased systolic blood pressure (24 hours; 134 ± 2 mm Hg; P<0.05). In contrast, high fat-fed Agt(aP2) mice did not exhibit an increase in systolic blood pressure (126 ± 2 mm Hg). Plasma angiotensin II concentrations were increased by high-fat feeding in Agt(fl/fl) mice (low fat, 32 ± 14; high fat, 219 ± 58 pg/mL; P<0.05). In contrast, high fat-fed Agt(aP2) mice did not exhibit elevated plasma angiotensin II concentrations (high fat, 18 ± 7 pg/mL). Similarly, adipose tissue concentrations of angiotensin II were significantly decreased in low fat- and high fat-fed Agt(aP2) mice compared with controls. In conclusion, adipocyte angiotensinogen deficiency prevented high fat-induced elevations in plasma angiotensin II concentrations and systolic blood pressure. These results suggest that adipose tissue serves as a major source of angiotensin II in the development of obesity hypertension.
"Back and forth, back and forth": channel switching in romantic couple conflict

This work explores the act of channel switching, or switching between forms of face-to-face (FtF) and mediated communication (e.g., text messaging, instant messaging) during romantic couple conflict. Interviews were conducted with 24 individuals currently involved in a non-cohabitating romantic dating relationship of 3 months or longer. Results revealed that many patterns of channel switching are used during conflict, including switches from mediated to FtF communication and from FtF to mediated communication. In addition, participants had a number of interpersonal motivations for initiating a channel switch, including avoiding conflict escalation, managing one's emotions, and attempting to reach a resolution. Theoretical and design implications are discussed.
Who Are the Young Children for Whom Best Practices in Reading Are Ineffective? An Experimental and Longitudinal Study

The primary purpose of this study was to identify student characteristics that reliably predict responsiveness and nonresponsiveness to generally effective early literacy interventions. Participants were 104 children, including 7 with special needs and Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), who were tested in kindergarten and first grade. Responsiveness/nonresponsiveness status was determined after 2 years during which children participated in best practice instruction (a) in kindergarten and first grade, (b) in kindergarten only, (c) in first grade only, or (d) in neither year. This facilitated the study of three groups. Always responsive students met responsiveness criteria in both years. Sometimes responsive students met the criteria in only one year. Nonresponsive students did not meet the criteria in either year. Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis indicated that the three groups were reliably different from one another on measures of problem behavior, verbal memory, sentence imitation, syntactic awareness, vocabulary, naming speed, and segmentation. A combination of naming speed, vocabulary, sentence imitation, problem behavior, and amount of intervention correctly predicted 82.1% of nonresponsive students, 30.0% of sometimes responsive students, and 84.1% of always responsive students. Fifty students from kindergarten and first grade were tested again at the end of what should have been their third-grade year. All but 1 of the nonresponsive students who received intervention had been identified as requiring special education and had an IEP with reading goals.
Improvements to systematic program development

This paper improves a program development method proposed in a recent paper by R. G. Dromey. It is argued that writing the postcondition in a judicious way can lead to programs which are easy to verify and efficient. Furthermore, we want to investigate feasibility of bridging the gap between the art of programming and the science of programming. It might be that the art is in writing the postcondition and the science in developing an algorithm from the postcondition. Examples are given to illustrate Dromey's method and improvements to it.