cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy levels of Lu172

Abstract The energy levels of the odd nucleus Lu172 populated from the electron-capture of Hf172 have been examined with high-resolution 180° spectrographs, a double-focusing spectrometer, and with scintillation techniques. A new M3-isomer in Lu172 has been found, with half-life 3.7±0.5 min and energy 41.9 keV. Several alternative level schemes for Lu172 are presented and discussed in terms of expected configurations of the 71st proton and 101st neutron.
The Role of Pelagic Crags in the Grazing of Phytoplankton Off Baja California

The galathied crab Pleuronocodes planipes, which occurs in very dense and extensive pelagic concentrations to the west of Baja California, is capable of filter—feeding on natural diatom blooms. Its filtering mechanism is similar to that previously known in Porcellana. It is only in regions of coastal diatom blooms that Pleuroncodes feeds exclusively on Phytoplankton; elsewhere, it feeds on protista and zooplankters. A study of production and grazing in a coastal upwelling situation suggested that the observed zooplankton community would have incapable of sustaining more than about 10% of the apparent grazing rate, and calculations based on estimated grazing rates for Pleuroncodes suggested that the observed standing stock of this species could go far towards supplying the remainder of the apparent grazing pressure. Pelagic crabs may thus, at least in certain situations, play a dominant role in grazing down diatom blooms in the southern part of the California Current. See full-text article at JSTOR
Wormholes in the semi-classical approximation

Abstract We discuss the relevance of various classical wormhole solutions to the evaluation of the path integral in Coleman's theory. Wormhole solutions in effective gravity (with higher derivative terms) are presented. We argue that in the semi-classical approximation there is no large wormhole problem.
H3K27 Demethylases, at Long Last

Methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me) by the Polycomb complex (PRC2) proteins is associated with gene silencing in many developmental processes. A cluster of recent papers (Agger et al., 2007; De Santa et al., 2007; Lan et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2007) identify the JmjC-domain proteins UTX and JMJD3 as H3K27-specific demethylases that remove this methyl mark, enabling the activation of genes involved in animal body patterning and the inflammatory response.
Clinical trials of coenzyme Q10 in neurological disorders.

Mitochondria are the central site of bioenergetics in the cell, and coenzyme Q10 plays a crucial role in bioenergetics, as the electron acceptor for complexes I and II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) [51]. In addition to its central role in the bioenergetics, coenzyme Q10 also is an antioxidant [3]. The central role of mitochondria in cellular bioenergetics positions them to monitor the cell viability, and mitochondria can initiate or amplify pro-apoptotic signals in the cell. Coenzyme Q10 could affect the apoptotic process through a number of mechanisms, including interference with mitochondrial depolarization [38,56], production of and protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) [23,47], which can trigger release of proapoptotic molecules [30], intervention in the production of ceramide [34] and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCP) [13,14,22]. The roles that coenzyme Q10 can play in bioenergetics, antioxidant mechanisms and apoptosis suggest that it might be useful in degenerative neurological disorders. Despite the substantial literature that coenzyme Q10 can exert a protective effect in models of a number of neurological disorders, the number of clinical trials of coenzyme Q10 is surprisingly small. Below we discuss the reported trials and those that are underway or should begin soon.
Electron tunneling into superconducting mercury films

Tunneling measurements have been made on junctions consisting of evaporated films of aluminum and mercury separated by an aluminum oxide insulating layer. The width of the superconducting mercury energy gap extrapolated to $T=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K has been determined to be $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)=(1.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} \mathrm{eV}=(4.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11){k}_{B}{T}_{c}$ from the current-voltage characteristic with the junction in the superconductor-insulator-superconductor configuration. Comparison is made with theory, and with thermodynamic and spectroscopic measurements of the gap. Measurements of the differential conductance in the vicinity of the gap in the metal-insulator-superconductor configuration show qualitative agreement with curves calculated from a BCS density of states, although the experimental curves are more peaked and have a larger tail at low bias voltages. The temperature dependence of the gap, as indicated by the differential conductance at zero bias, has been found to agree closely with the BCS variation, provided that the BCS curve is scaled by a constant multiplier. Structure, thought to be related to the phonon spectrum of mercury, has been observed in the first and second derivatives of the tunneling current.
Medullary Cystic Disease: An Inherited Form of Autoimmune Interstitial Nephritis?

I NHERITED KIDNEY lesions have historically been classified either by their dominant morphology or by a distinctive functional abnormality. This is because little is really known about their origins or pathophysiology. One consequence of a classification based on morphology is the inevitable tendency to regard diseases with common morphologic features as having shared pathogenic mechanisms, though this mayor may not be true. An enduring example of such a classification system is that of renal cystic diseases. Textbooks on the subject have traditionally grouped together inherited and acquired renal diseases having either macroscopic or microscopic cystS.1.2 Confusion regarding the descriptive nomenclature of cystic diseases is well appreciated, although in the last 10 to 15 years the terminology has become much more consistent. 3 The two most common inherited cystic diseases that typically progress to end-stage are adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD), and the medullary cystic disease-familial juvenile nephronophthisis complex (MCD-FJN). Their patterns of inheritance, natural histories, and associated clinical complications have all been well descibed in recent reports. 4,5 The inheritance of APKD seems to map to the short arm of chromosome 16.6 APKD is typically transmitted with autosomal dominant inheritance, whereas MCDFJN usually follows an autosomal recessive pattern. Together, they account for 10% to 12 % of all end-stage kidney diseases. Although meticulous management of hypertension and infections (especially in APKD) and volume depletion (especially in MCD-FJN) may prevent accelerated loss of renal function, there is no specific therapy for either disease.
Terahertz spectral imaging using correlation processing

Terahertz (THz) reflection spectroscopy has the potential to extract unique spectral signatures from various materials of interest, but these signatures can be distorted by rough surface scattering, low signal strength, and alignment errors. One method of addressing these challenges and increasing gain is to coherently combine information across frequency bands. This method, called correlation processing, uses both phase and magnitude information to provide concurrent 3D images and chemical mapping. This paper provides examples from pressed pellets that show the increased ability to distinguish materials with strong spectral signatures from other compounds.
The multiple linear quadratic gaussian problem

In this paper we define and solve the multiple linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) problem for discrete-time systems using Salukvadze's ideal point method which treats dynamic, but deterministic, multicriteria optimization problems. The solution consists in designing a scalar regulator where the weighting matrices are replaced by the sums of their counterparts in the individual criteria. The resulting control is optimal, in the sense that it minimizes the difference between the cost of the implemented policy from the cost that would occur if we optimized each criterion separately and added the outcomes. All the nice properties of the scalar LQG regulator are enjoyed by the multicriteria regulator as well. Extension to the continuous-time case is straightforward, yielding identical results.
A Two-Step Synthesis of the Laundry Detergent Perfume Additive β-Citronellyl Tosylate

A two-step synthesis of the compound β-citronellyl tosylate is described. The final product, synthesized by the reduction of β-citronellal with sodium borohydride followed by a solvent-free tosylation, is used as a perfume precursor and additive to laundry detergent. This project can be performed in two weeks in a typical second-year organic chemistry teaching laboratory. It exposes students to perfume chemistry, a topic not typically discussed in an organic chemistry course. Moreover, the solvent-free tosylation step of the reaction leads pedagogically to a discussion about green chemistry.
Estimation of theophylline clearance during continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration.

Pharmacologic agents and other non-protein-bound compounds smaller than 5,000 daltons have the potential to be removed by continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH). A proposed method for estimating drug clearance by CAVH (ClCAVH) equates ultrafiltrate clearance to the product of the sieving coefficient and the average ultrafiltration rate. This simplified approach for estimating ClCAVH would be a clinically useful method for calculating replacement doses, as it economizes on the sampling and analytical requirements associated with the conventional method. Presented are some theoretical considerations and a brief evaluation of the accuracy of this proposed method. The evaluation was conducted using an animal model whereby CAVH was performed in four male beagles. During the hemofiltration period, an i.v. bolus of theophylline, 6 mg/kg, was administered over 15 s. Samples for analysis of theophylline were collected from the arterial, venous, and ultrafiltrate ports at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, and 480 min following dosage administration. The volume of ultrafiltrate produced during each collection interval was measured. Theophylline serum concentrations were determined by a high performance liquid chromatography assay. Statistically, the simplified method was found to result in significantly (p less than 0.05) larger estimates of ultrafiltrate clearance when compared to the conventional method. However, the average magnitude of difference was only 9% and does not constitute a clinically significant margin between the two methods.
Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure versus positive end-expiratory pressure in piglets after saline lung lavage.

Recent reports have suggested that substituting continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP) for positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may result in clinical benefits to infants with pulmonary disease. Other studies have suggested potential hemodynamic advantages. We compared the effects of CNEP and PEEP in 13 mechanically ventilated newborn piglets after acute lung injury induced by saline lavage. The piglets were instrumented, salinelavaged, and exposed to 15 minute periods of incremental CNEP (–3, –6, –9, –12 cmH2O) (n = 7) or PEEP (3, 6, 9, 12 cmH2O) (n = 6). We measured and/or calculated dynamic lung compliance (CLdyn), lung resistance (RL), end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), blood gases, cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), transmural vascular pressures, and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance. Pulmonary function abnormalities after saline lavage included decreased Pao2, CLdyn, EELV, and increased Paco2 and RL (P < 0.05). Except for decreased CO, lung inflation with both CNEP and PEEP resulted in large increases in PaO2 without major pulmonary or hemodynamic effects. Other than differences in EELV at 3, 6, and 9 cmH2O distending pressure, there were no differences in pulmonary function or hemodynamics between sequences of incremental CNEP and PEEP. We conclude that CNEP and PEEP are physiologically equivalent in this model of acute lung injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:161–168. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Experimental Programming of Life Histories

Four experimental variables-whether or not the mother had been handled during her infancy, the presence or absence of handling of the pup, whether the young were born and reared in a maternity cage or a free environment prior to weaning, and whether the young were reared in a laboratory cage or a free environment between weaning and 42 days of age-were combined in a 24 factorial design (N = 6 Purdue-Wistar rats per group). Starting at 220 days of age the groups were given an extensive battery of tests. Analyses of variance extablished that there were many significant treatment differences (i.e., main effects and interactions) among the dependent variables. These significant differences may be attributed to the four independent variables, and the contribution of genetic variance to the treatment differences may be considered to be of a negligible amount. Intercorrelations were then computed among all the dependent variables, using the group mean as the basic score (i.e., N = 16 for each correlation coefficient). The intercorrelation matrix was factor analyzed. Three clearly identifiable factors were extracted. They were: emotional reactivity, field exploration, and consumption-elimination. A fourth factor, which could not be readily identified, was most heavily weighted with two measures of avoidance learning. The results establish that significant "individual differences" can be created by experimental means independent of any contribution from genetic variance. These experimentally created individual differences are highly stable, persisting for a period of at least 233 days. The isolation of a factor of emotional reactivity supports DENENBERG'S (1964) position that one of the major effects of early experience is to modify emotionality. The finding that emotionality and exploration are two independent factors has several theoretical implications.
Radiative cooling of a solidifying droplet layer including absorption and scattering

A simple solution for the transient cooling of a solidifying layer filled with drops that can emit and scatter radiation is discussed, with application to a liquid drop radiator proposed for the Space Station (Mattick and Hertzberg, 1981). The layer remains at uniform temperature during solidification, and the outer portions rapidly lose heat, producing a variation along the length of the layer in the distribution of liquid concentration across the layer. The analysis is used to obtain both the amount of energy dissipated by the two-phase system at uniform temperature and the velocity distribution necessary to maintain a uniform liquid fraction across the entire layer at all locations along the layer length.
Everyday Low Price or Sale Price

Abstract The effectiveness of the use of an everyday low price strategy for fine jewelry at a department store chain that traditionally had used the sale price strategy prompted this article. The major objective was to attempt to determine the reasons for the failure of the everyday low price strategy. An experimental study manipulating both the context of the presentation and the consumer framing of a price offering indicated that these two factors play an important role in consumer perceptions of price offerings.
The organic geochemistry of Peru margin surface sediments: I. A comparison of the C37 alkenone and historical El Niño records

Abstract The alkenone-U k 37 “paleothermometer” has potential as a sedimentary marker for El Nino/ Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the Peru upwelling regime. We assessed this potential by comparing the historical ENSO record with detailed U k 37 profiles for 210 Pb-dated cores from the Peru margin oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Sediments with the greatest potential for holding a sedimentary U k 37 record of El Nino events are sediments from the center of the OMZ sectioned at intervals ≤ the yearly sedimentation rate. The U k 37 signals of individual El Nino events were substantially attenuated in the sediments we examined, and periods of frequent ENSO activity (e.g., 1870–1891) were more readily identified than isolated ENSO events in periods of less frequent ENSO activity. Detailed depth profiles of the C 37 alkenones in a core from ≈253 m (O 2 k 37 values for the five 2 mm sections from 0–1 cm suggests that the U k 37 may be unaffected by the alkenone loss. Correlation between the C 37 alkenone concentration profiles in two cores from ≈15°S collected nine years apart are consistent with the use of these compounds for “molecular stratigraphy.”
The “Parrhesiastic Game”: Textual Self-Justification in Spiritual Narratives of Early Modern Women

Though scholars debate whether Foucault offers a viable theory of resistance, his analysis of parrhesia(fearless speech) poses and problematizes an oppositional rhetoric of truth-telling. Fearless speech challenges regimes of power/truth; spiritual narratives of Early Modern women challenge cultural norms to justify their right to speak. The rhetorical strategies that women use to authorize their writing—performing a struggle between God and Satan, recording revelation, and reinterpreting scripture—make them vulnerable to stereotypical criticisms of madness and witchcraft. Nonetheless, female spiritual narratives courageously critique religious and social culture, playing Foucault's “parrhesiastic game”: these texts break silence to tell truth. A notion of a contemporary rhetor-as-parrhesiastes reflects the historical evolution of parrhesia towards critique and self-questioning. A contemporary parrhesiastes interrogates guises of generalized Truth to give voice to experiential, localized, multiple truths.
The Problem of Lateral Buckling of Cantilever Plates

Eine zweidimensionale Formulierung des Problems der Kippstabilitat im Rahmen der Theorie schubweicher Platten dient als die Basis einer Ableitung eines eindimensionalen Randwertproblems fur verallgemeinerte Versionen des Problems im Sinne der Resultate, die mil den Namen Euler, Michell, Prandtl und Timoshenko verbunden sind. Es wird weiterhin gezeigt, das diese eindimensionale Formulierung im allgemeinen auf ein System zehnter Ordnung fuhrt. Wenn man Schubstarrheit in der Querrichtung annimmt, geht die Ordnung von zehn auf acht herunter. Eine weitere Reduzierung von acht auf sechs findet statt, wenn Vlasovs Differentialbiegungssteife vernachlassigt wird. Fur eine orthotrope Platte mit Querkraftbelastung last sich das Problem mil Hilfe von „ersten Integralen” auf ein System vierter bzs. zweiter Ordnung reduzieren. Die Annahme von Schubstarrheit in der Langsrichtung reduziert das Problem zweiter Ordnung weiterhin auf die klassische Michell-Prandtl-Formulierung. A two-dimensional formulation of the problem of lateral cantilever buckling, within the frame work of the theory of sheardeformable thin elastic anisotropic plates, is used as the basis of the derivation of a one-dimensional system of differential equations and boundary conditions for generalized versions of the lateral buckling problems associated with the names of Euler, Michell, Prandtl, and Timoshenko. It is shown that, in general, the one-dimensional formulation is governed by a tenth-order boundary value problem, which reduces to an eighth-order problem upon assuming absent crosswise transverse shear deformability. The remaining problem becomes one of the sixth-order, in the spirit of classical beam theory, upon an assumption of negligible warping stiffness effects. It is further shown that for the problem of a plate which is end loaded in shear only, the use of first integrals allows the derivation of a fourth-order problem and of a second order problem, respectively, with the latter being consistent with the classical Michell-Prandtl problem.
Object level HSI-LIDAR data fusion for automated detection of difficult targets

Data fusion from disparate sensors significantly improves automated man-made target detection performance compared to that of just an individual sensor. In particular, it can solve hyperspectral imagery (HSI) detection problems pertaining to low-radiance man-made objects and objects in shadows. We present an algorithm that fuses HSI and LIDAR data for automated detection of man-made objects. LIDAR is used to define a set of potential targets based on physical dimensions, and HSI is then used to discriminate between man-made and natural objects. The discrimination technique is a novel HSI detection concept that uses an HSI detection score localization metric capable of distinguishing between wide-area score distributions inherent to natural objects and highly localized score distributions indicative of man-made targets. A typical man-made localization score was found to be around 0.5 compared to natural background typical localization scores being less than 0.1.
Distribution of aflatoxins in shelling and milling fractions of naturally contaminated rice

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of an economically important class of mycotoxins, the aflatoxins, in rice milling fractions. Rice plants grown under field production conditions are frequently infected with types of pathogenic fungi that produce toxic metabolites (mycotoxins). Paddy (seeds) rice from healthy plants in the field was collected and stored on a farm under humid, poorly ventilated conditions. Samples were milled into four fractions (hulls, brown rice, bran and white rice) and analysed for aflatoxins (B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2)) using a validated method. Rice fractions from healthy plants, which contained low levels of aflatoxins (less than 1 µg kg(-1)), were used to determine the efficiency of the extraction method. Seeds stored under poor conditions were found to be contaminated with aflatoxins B(1) and B(2) as were the fractions. The sums of AFB(1) and AFB(2) in stored paddy rice, hulls, brown rice, bran and white rice were 141, 39, 158, 367 and 56 µg kg(-1), respectively. The ratio of aflatoxin B(1) and B(2) was about 10 : 1. AFG(1) and AFG(2) were less than 1 µg kg(-1). Thus, brown rice contained 92.9% of the aflatoxins in paddy rice, whereas white rice contained only 27.9%.
The lamb shift for a cavity-resonant electron

The author’s recently reported anomalous-g-factor evaluations for the electron and muon, based on a model charge centred in a cavity resonating at the Compton frequency, are here supported by an analysis of the Lamb shift using the same model.
Evolutionary Lability of Integration in Cambrian Ptychoparioid Trilobites

Phenotypic integration can influence evolutionary rate and direction by channeling variation into few dimensions. The extent to which that channeling serves as a constraint over macroevolutionary timescales is determined in part by the evolutionary lability of phenotypic integration. Evolutionary change in patterns of pleiotropy, potentially reducing that constraint, is thought to be more readily achieved when pleiotropy is structured by variation arising in parallel along different developmental pathways rather than by variation arising from direct interactions within and between those pathways. Herein we test two predictions that follow from that hypothesis: (1) that clades undergoing dramatic diversification are characterized by integration that is weakly influenced by direct interactions; and (2) that the structure of integration arising from direct interactions is more conservative than that arising from parallel variation. We examine integration of the cranidium of two Cambrian ptychoparioid trilobites, Crassifimbra walcotti and Eokochaspis nodosa, comparing them to each other and to a previously studied species, C.? metalaspis. Shape variation is decomposed into components representing variation among individuals and variation due to direct interactions. In all three species, variation among individuals was only weakly influenced by direct interactions, suggesting that integration was unlikely to have been a long-term constraint on the Cambrian diversification of ptychoparioids. Phenotypic integration of E. nodosa is no more similar than expected by chance to either Crassifimbra species, but the component due to direct interactions is more similar than expected by chance to that of C.? metalaspis. Conversely, the two Crassifimbra species are generally similar (although not identical) in phenotypic integration, but markedly differ in their structure of direct interactions. Integration arising from direct interactions was therefore not immune to restructuring over even short evolutionary timescales, and was not always more conservative than that arising from parallel variation.
Emergent Structure of Multidislocation Ground States in Curved Crystals

We study the structural features and underlying principles of multidislocation ground states of a crystalline spherical cap. In the continuum limit where the ratio of crystal size to lattice spacing $W/a$ diverges, dislocations proliferate and ground states approach a characteristic sequence of structures composed of radial grain boundaries (``neutral scars''), extending radially from the boundary and terminating in the bulk. Employing a combination of numerical simulations and asymptotic analysis of continuum elasticity theory, we prove that an energetic hierarchy gives rise to a structural hierarchy, whereby dislocation number and scar number diverge as $a/W\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ while scar length and dislocation number per scar become independent of lattice spacing. We characterize a secondary transition occurring as scar length grows, where the $n$-fold scar symmetry is broken and ground states are characterized by polydisperse, forked-scar morphologies.
On-site enzymes produced from Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and Aspergillus saccharolyticus for hydrolysis of wet exploded corn stover and loblolly pine

Cellulase production by two filamentous fungi Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and novel fungal strain, Aspergillus saccharolyticus on pretreated corn stover was investigated. Cellulase production was followed by the hydrolysis of two feedstocks, wet-exploded corn stover (WECS) and wet-exploded loblolly pine (WELP) by on-site produced enzyme cocktails containing cellulase from T. reesei RUT-C30 and β-glucosidase from A. saccharolyticus. The sugar yields using the on-site enzyme cocktails were compared with commercial enzymes preparations, Celluclast 1.5L and Novozym 188 at two substrate concentrations, 5% and 10% (w/w) and enzyme loading at 5 and 15 FPU/g glucan for WECS and WELP. The highest sugar yields were obtained at 5% (w/w) substrate concentration and 15 FPU/g glucan for both feedstocks. Glucose yields of 81% and 88% were obtained from on-site and commercial enzymes, respectively using WECS as feed stock. The sugar yields were 55% and 58% for WELP samples hydrolyzed with on-site and commercial enzymes, respectively.
The effect of static electric fields on protonic conductivity of ice single crystals

Abstract We observed a significant depression of the high-frequency conductivity σ∞, of ice under the action of a static electric field. The phenomenon is reversible; that is, σ∞ recovers during time τt which is dependent upon temperature. Experimental results for the dependence of σ∞, and Δσ∞ on temperature, sample thickness, electric field strength, time and electrode type are reported. Possible mechanisms are discussed. A rise in the recombination rate of protonic charge carriers on ice-metal interfaces is most probably responsible for the drop in σ∞, when an external electric field is applied. This rise is governed by diffusion and the drift fluxes of point defects.
A Survey of the Epigean Planarians (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Paludicola) of Alabama

ABSTRACT Streams, springs, lakes and ponds were investigated for planarians at 116 sites in 44 counties and among all five physiographic provinces of Alabama from 23 Jul to 4 Aug 1988 and from 15 to 27 Jul 1990. Planarians were found at 54 sites representing 27 counties and all physiographic provinces. Five species and one undetermined species of Dugesia were found. Dugesia tigrina inhabited more sites, 24, than any other species and was in all provinces. Dugesia dorotocephala occurred at 13 sites, with most of these in the Valley and Ridge province and none in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. Cura foremnii was at 10 sites, with most of these in the Valley and Ridge and none in the Highland Rim. Phagocata morgani morgani was collected at eight sites, and although not found in the Highland Rim and Piedmont Plateau, its occurrence in the East Gulf Coastal Plain extends its known range in the southeastern United States. Phagocata qracilis was at four sites, all associated with springs in the Highland Rim. The Cu...
Prospects of wave power grid integration

Wave energy extraction technologies are rapidly maturing, leading to increased expectations that they will soon be integrated into the electrical grid. This paper reviews the state of the art technologies along with system level modeling while providing an initial study of the impacts of integration on a typical electrical grid network as compared to the closest related technology, wind energy extraction. In particular, wave power is computed from high resolution measured raw wave data to evaluate the effects of integrating wave generation into a 5-bus PJM inspired system. The system with no renewable energy sources and the system with comparable wind generation have been used as a reference for evaluation. Simulations show that wave power integration has good prospects in reducing the requirements of capacity and ramp reserves, thus bringing the overall cost of generation down.
Bias and gate control of graphene spin valves

We have fabricated and utilized bias current and gate voltage to control the room temperature (RT) single layer graphene (SLG) spin valves [1]. The SLG spin valves are fabricated by electron-beam lithography with transparent SLG/Co contact junctions (Figure 1).
Low overhead design for improving hardware trojan detection efficiency

Outsourcing of IC fabrication has increased the potential for altering the genuine design with the insertion of concealed circuits (hardware Trojans). A methodology for detecting hardware Trojans (HTs) that has been pursued recently is based on comparing the power and delay response of a genuine chip to the manufactured chip/device under test (DUT). However, the probability of detecting the HT remains small in many cases due to the low probability of activating the concealed circuits. This paper proposes a technique to increase HT activity during testing by inserting probability increase circuits (PICs) at critical points in the design. Preliminary results for a standard HT example show a reduction in time for HT activation of over 95% with modest increases in power, size, and delay overhead.
Performance of a Conduction Cooled Nd:Glass Slab Laser

The zigzag slab geometry is an established method of reducing thermo-optical effects in solid-state lasers. Achieving predicted improvements requires careful control of the slab temperature distribution. Our conduction cooled zigzag laser design is an attempt to provide a Nd:Glass slab with uniform pumping and cooling within a protective environment. This paper reports the results of initial tests of this design.
Determining the minimum crack width that can be detected using the impact-echo method Part 1: Experimental study

To determine the minimum crack width that can be detected using the impact-echo method, two types of laboratory experiment on concrete plate specimens were conducted. In each experiment, a crack was propagated through the plate parallel to the plate surfaces, while surface displacement caused by crack opening was measured and impact-echo tests were performed along the crack trajectory. The relationship between the surface displacement and the real crack opening displacement was established using the results of nonlinear fracture analyses (reported elsewhere). The minimum crack width was determined by estimating the crack opening displacements for each impact-echo test location.
Characterization of two chitinase genes and one chitosanase gene encoded by Chlorella virus PBCV-1.

Chlorella virus PBCV-1 encodes two putative chitinase genes, a181/182r and a260r, and one chitosanase gene, a292l. The three genes were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant A181/182R protein has endochitinase activity, recombinant A260R has both endochitinase and exochitinase activities, and recombinant A292L has chitosanase activity. Transcription of a181/182r, a260r, and a292l genes begins at 30, 60, and 60 min p.i., respectively; transcription of all three genes continues until the cells lyse. A181/182R, A260R, and A292L proteins are first detected by Western blots at 60, 90, and 120 min p.i., respectively. Therefore, a181/182r is an early gene and a260r and a292l are late genes. All three genes are widespread in chlorella viruses. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the ancestral condition of the a181/182r gene arose from the most recent common ancestor of a gene found in tobacco, whereas the genealogical position of the a260r gene could not be unambiguously resolved.
Does patent harmonization impact the decision and volume of high technology trade

Abstract The World Intellectual Property Organization identified technology transfer as a key objective to their Development Agenda. Such transfer could be achieved if patent reform in developing countries aids these countries in attracting foreign high-technology exports. Encouragingly, the results of this paper suggest that patent reform in lower-middle income countries attracts new firms into the market, while reform in low income and upper middle income countries encourages existing trade partners to increase export volumes. These results suggest that policies to harmonize patent regimes are, in fact, useful in increasing high technology exports to developing countries.
Short- and long-term prognostic value of cardiac troponin I and dobutamine echocardiography in patients with stabilized acute coronary syndromes

Abstract Background : This study investigated the short- and long-term prognostic values of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and dobutamine echocardiography (DE) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who stabilized after medical treatment. Methods and results : 171 consecutive patients of ACS accepted blood sampling for cTnI at the emergency department and DE at 4.9±0.6 days after admission. The prognostic values of cTnI, DE, and combined cTnI and DE were separately investigated at follow up periods of 30 days, 1 year and 3 years for hard events (cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarction) and all spontaneous events. CTnI was elevated in 55 (32%) patients and DE was positive in 114 (67%) patients. Elevated cTnI with positive DE were found in 44 (26%) patients. Within 30 days, the combination of elevated cTnI and positive DE provided more accurate prognostic information than each test result alone, and was the only independent predictor for both hard ( p =0.014) and all events ( p =0.012). After 1 year, cTnI alone had no prognostic value. The combination of an elevated cTnI level and a positive DE only had a prognostic value for all events ( p =0.015). However, DE was an independent predictor for both hard ( p =0.006) and all events ( p =0.002). Neither cTnI alone nor cTnI combined with DE had a significant 3-year prognostic value. However, DE maintained its prognostic value and was still an independent predictor after 3 years for both hard ( p =0.024) and all events ( p =0.004). Conclusions : For patients with stabilized ACS, the diagnostic finding of elevated cTnI combined with a positive DE has a better short-term prognostic value than each test alone. However, DE alone has a better long-term prognostic value.
Stimulation of corticosteroid secretion in man with a triazine derivative.

This report concerns a drug, AL-0770 (2, 4-diamino-6-phenyl-s-triazine, Armour Pharmaceutical Company) which, when administered to intact human subjects, causes an acute rise in plasma corticosteroids without other evidence of stress. Our study was undertaken because screening tests by the company had detected an anti-inflammatory action dependent upon intact pituitary and adrenal glands and accompanied by evidence of adrenal cortical stimulation. The study was carried out in a double-blind crossover fashion with balanced randomized allocation of active or placebo treatments in 8 normal human volunteers. The subjects were fasted after midnight except for water. At approximately 8:30 AM an intravenous cannula was inserted and a blood sample drawn, after which the cannula was heparinized and taped in place. Additional blood samples were taken at half-hour intervals over a period of 4 hours. All blood samples were immediately placed in ice and soon separated and the plasma frozen for later assay of fluorogen...
GENITAL HERPES COMPLICATING PREGNANCY

The seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections among reproductive-aged women in the United States in prevalent. This article discusses HSV and how it effects the pregnant women and neonates. Management of the disease is reviewed, and recommendations for management of HSV during pregnancy are given.
Perceptual components of situation models.

These experiments examined the hypothesis that situation model construction involves perceptual processing—specifically, processing that involves visuospatial information. In this research, a dualtask paradigm was used to demonstrate that tasks that engage visuospatial processes interfere more with the generation of a situation model than tasks that are less likely to involve these processes or tasks that are verbal in nature. Using Albrecht and O'Brien's (1993) contradiction effect as evidence of situation model construction, Experiment 1 demonstrated that participants reading short texts while simultaneously holding high-imagery sentences in memory failed to show a significant contradiction effect in comparison with readers holding low-imagery sentences in memory. In Experiment 2, participants reading texts while retaining a difficult visuospatial memory load showed disrupted comprehension in comparison with readers retaining a verbal memory load.
Efficacy of nicardipine in angina pectoris.

The dose-related efficacy and safety of nicardipine, a new calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine class, was assessed by exercise tolerance testing in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study in 19 patients with chronic, stable effort angina pectoris. Four patients were assigned to each of four treatment sequences receiving nicardipine three times daily in an extended Latin-Square study design. An increase in total exercise capacity, time to onset of angina and time to 1 mm ST segment depression was observed with nicardipine 90 mg/day compared to placebo (P less than .05). Gradual upward dose titration in 30 mg/day increments starting from 30 mg/day appeared to produce maximal increase in exercise capacity. Two patients developed adverse side effects attributable to the drug when administered nicardipine 90 mg/day directly from placebo.
Life-cycle consumption and hyperbolic discount functions

Abstract Studies of animal and human behavior suggest that discount functions are approximately hyperbolic (Ainslie, Picoeconomics, 1992). Hyperbolic models explain a wide range of empirical anomalies including (1) missing precautionary savings effects, (2) incongruence between the elasticity of intertemporal substitution and the inverse of the coefficient of relative risk aversion, (3) consumption discontinuities at retirement, (4) variation in patience over the life cycle, (5) consumer self-reports of `undersaving', (6) disproportionate retirement accumulation in illiquid assets, (7) asset-specific marginal propensities to consume, and (8) declining national savings rates in developed countries. Hyperbolic models also provide a new framework for analyzing the welfare gains that come from pro-saving policies like social security and tax-deferred retirement accounts.
Within-Session Response Patterns during Variable Interval, Random Reinforcement, and Extinction Procedures☆

Abstract Pigeons (Experiment 1) and rats (Experiment 2) responded on variable interval (VI), variable time (VT), and extinction procedures. All three procedures were conducted for three different baseline rates of reinforcement. When the rates of reinforcement obtained from the VI and VT schedules did not differ significantly, the within-session patterns of responding observed on the two procedures did not differ. Both of these patterns differed from the patterns observed during extinction. These results are consistent with the argument that sensitization–habituation contributes to within-session patterns of responding during both conditioning and extinction and that subjects may sensitize and habituate to contextual stimuli as well as to reinforcers. The results help to explain why spontaneous recovery is not always observed during random reinforcement procedures. They also suggest that the factors governing within-session patterns of responding are independent of the factors governing absolute response rates.
Sad Kids, Sad Media? Applying Mood Management Theory to Depressed Adolescents' Use of Media

Mood management studies typically have found that adults will select media that enhance positive moods and reduce negative moods. In this study, adolescents diagnosed with major depressive disorder and control adolescents without psychiatric disorders were called on customized cell phones up to 4 times a day and asked about their current mood state and media use for five extended weekends across an 8-week period. Mood effects on subsequent media use, mood during media consumption, and media effects on subsequent mood were examined. Results indicated that adolescents who consumed fun media tended to do so in a way that sustained, rather than enhanced their prior positive mood levels during and after consumption-if they turned to media. Adolescents in more negative moods did not often use media to improve their moods. When they did, boys were more likely than girls to use media that ultimately reduced negative mood levels. Findings are discussed in light of the literature on mood management, adolescence, and depression.
Stem cells and the embryo: biorhetoric and scientism in Congressional debate

Opposition to embryonic stem (ES) cell research in the United States has focused on the status of the embryo and used discursive strategies based on the rhetorical figure of the "public fetus" created in abortion debates. The public fetus is an example of biorhetoric, and the biorhetorical component of it is intensified because political and scientific-technical developments render the extension of it to the ES cell debate problematic. This essay examines the development of debates about life, conception and the status of the fetus/embryo in Congressional hearings. Arguments from both sides focus on definitions of "the embryo," and ultimately transform the biorhetorical appeal into a form of scientism.
Utopian Justice: A Review of Global Justice, A Cosmopolitan Account by Gillian Brock

In Global Justice, A Cosmopolitan Account, Gillian Brock, an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, posits a compelling argument in favor of global justice. Through her theoretical framework and practical examples, Brock asserts that she has “develop[ed] a viable cosmopolitan model of global justice that takes seriously the equal moral worth of persons, yet leaves scope for a defensible form of nationalism along with other legitimate identifications and affiliations.”1 Brock’s model of global justice is grounded in moral cosmopolitan theory.2 She argues that as the world’s societies and cultures become more intertwined, typically through the process of globalization, people must understand that each individual is a “member of a global community of human beings” and, as such, individuals owe certain obligations to all other members, even those distant to them.3 According to Brock, moral cosmopolitanism breaks down the barriers that restrict individuals from looking beyond their local allegiances and forces them to acknowledge their responsibilities to
Discussion Patterns of Homogeneous Groups of Repressers and Sensitizers following Success and Failure

Homogeneous groups of repressers and sensitizers were exposed to success, neutral and failure evaluations of past performance. They were then asked to perform two tasks, one work-oriented and the other interpersonally oriented. It was hypothesized that in the latter task, sensitizer groups would manifest more negative affect in verbal interaction than represser groups. The hypothesis was not supported although there were mild trends in the predicted direction.
Seeing the Light of Day

Human beings are highly dependent on vision. It is our most well-developed and cherished sense, giving us color vision with high acuity during the day as well as excellent sensitivity at night. Vision begins with light reception by specialized cells in the retina, a thin sheet of neural tissue that lines the inside of the eyeball ( 1 ). Rod photoreceptors provide for sensitivity in dim light, whereas cone photoreceptors provide for color vision in bright light. Unfortunately, photoreceptors are very sensitive to genetic insults. Mutations in more than 200 genes can lead to blindness, more than 40 of which lead to the disease retinitis pigmentosa ( 2 , 3 ). This disorder typically is due to a mutation in a gene expressed only in rods, and thus individuals with retinitis pigmentosa mutations are often born night-blind. Between ages 20 and 60, cone-mediated vision deteriorates ( 4 ), leading to total blindness. The poorly functioning cones in retinitis pigmentosa are the target of a potential gene therapy approach reported by Busskamp et al. on page 413 of this issue ( 5 ).
Using qualia and multi-layered relationships in malware detection

Detecting network intruders and malicious software is a significant problem for network administrators and security experts. New threats are emerging at an increasing rate, and current signature and statistics-based techniques are failing to keep pace. Intelligent systems that can adapt to new threats are needed to mitigate these new strains of malware as they are released. This research develops a system that uses contextual relationships and information across different layers of abstraction to detect malware based on its qualia, or essence. By looking for the underlying concepts that make a piece of software malicious, this system avoids the pitfalls of static solutions that focus on predefined signatures or anomaly thresholds. This type of qualia-based system provides a framework for developing intelligent classification and decision-making systems for any number of application areas.
Arthroscopic allograft anteriorcruciate ligament reconstruction

Abstract The use of allograft tissue for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has several advantages. It is readily available, has no associated donor site morbidity, shortens operative time, produces less postoperative pain, has improved cosmesis, and has a lower incidence of postoperative knee stiffness. Despite these advantages, the risk of disease transmission and possible longer graft incorporation times are worthy of consideration. Initial reports of allograft use are encouraging; however, some caution is appropriate. The surgical technique of endoscopic ACL reconstruction using allograft is presented in detail.Allograft use is perhaps most suitable when other graft sources are not availble.