cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperature Effects in Membrane Phenomena

THERMAL anomalies occurring over relatively narrow ranges have been described for many properties of water and aqueous solutions. In some cases only one such thermal anomaly has been claimed to exist between the freezing and the boiling point of water1–8. Drost-Hansen, however, has proposed9–13 the existence of at least four anomalies in this temperature range, namely, near 15, 30, 45 and 60° C. Unfortunately, detailed data on the effects of temperature on membrane phenomena are notably lacking in the literature; however, anomalous temperature effects in some membrane properties have been reported. We propose that these anomalies reflect structural changes of the water in or adjacent to the membranes.
Performance of galanin transgenic mice in the 5-choice serial reaction time attentional task

The neuropeptide galanin impairs learning and memory in rodents. The mechanism underlying the cognitive effects of galanin may be related to inhibitory effects of galanin on cholinergic transmission. As cholinergic function is thought to modulate sustained attention, the present study examined whether galanin-overexpressing transgenic mice have impairments in sustained attention. Galanin transgenic (GAL-tg) mice and wild-type (WT) littermate controls were trained in a 5-choice serial reaction time task, modified to assess sustained attention. GAL-tg and WT mice performed similarly during acquisition with respect to accuracy, total omissions, and response speed. Attentional mechanisms were challenged by parametric changes including increased event rate, event asynchrony, or decreased stimulus duration. Singly, these challenges did not differentially affect performance between genotypes. Concurrent administration of these challenges, which represents an optimal test of sustained attention, also had similar effects on GAL-tg and WT mice. When stimulus discriminability was reduced by constant illumination of the house light, GAL-tg mice omitted more trials than WT mice, but other measures of performance did not differ by genotype. Moreover, intraventricular injection of galanin in WT mice did not affect sustained attention. These data indicate that previously reported learning and memory effects of galanin are not secondary to attentional dysfunction.
Baryon number segregation at the end of the cosmological quark-hadron transition.

One of the most interesting questions regarding a possible first order cosmological quark-hadron phase transition concerns the final fate of the baryon number contained within the disconnected quark regions at the end of the transition. We here present a detailed investigation of the hydrodynamical evolution of an evaporating quark drop, using a multicomponent fluid description to follow the mechanisms of baryon number segregation. With this approach, we are able to take account of the simultaneous effects of baryon number flux suppression at the phase interface, entropy extraction by means of particles having long mean free paths, and baryon number diffusion. A range of computations has been performed to investigate the permitted parameter space and this has shown that significant baryon number concentrations, perhaps even up to densities above that of nuclear matter, represent an inevitable outcome within this scenario. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Comparative Toxinology of Loxosceles reclusa and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

In contrast to other kinds of phospholipases, phospholipases D that are toxic for humans and animals are not commonly encountered as constituents of venoms or as products of pathogenic microorganisms. Toxic phospholipases D are present, however, in the venom of the brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) and in supernatants or filtrates of cultures of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Although the two enzyme toxins are derived from phylogenetically disparate entities, they are similar in molecular weight, charge, substrate specificity, and in several biological activities. They are immunologically distinguishable.
Shock-induced fighting attenuates the effects of prior shock experience in rats.

Abstract We compared the responses of animals exposed singly to inescapable shock with those of animals exposed to the same shock in pairs and thus able to fight in response to shock. During the shock sessions animals shocked in pairs showed a reduced ACTH response when compared with animals shocked individually, and the reduction in ACTH was not dependent on the amount of fighting which occurred. In addition, if animals had previous opportunities to fight, the response to shock was still attenuated even when the partner was no longer present. When subsequently tested in a novel task it was observed that fighters, like controls, showed a reduced pituitary-adrenal response to novelty when a consummatory response was available. Singly shocked animals, however, exhibited elevated levels of plasma corticosterone whether or not they could drink in the novel chamber. We hypothesized that fighting is a consummatory response, and that the reinforcement provided by performance of this consummatory response reduced the ACTH response to shock and permanently altered subsequent responsiveness.
Piloting laboratory quality system management in six health facilities in Nigeria.

Background Achieving accreditation in laboratories is a challenge in Nigeria like in most African countries. Nigeria adopted the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Stepwise Laboratory (Quality) Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (WHO/AFRO– SLIPTA) in 2010. We report on FHI360 effort and progress in piloting WHO-AFRO recognition and accreditation preparedness in six health facility laboratories in five different states of Nigeria. Method Laboratory assessments were conducted at baseline, follow up and exit using the WHO/AFRO– SLIPTA checklist. From the total percentage score obtained, the quality status of laboratories were classified using a zero to five star rating, based on the WHO/AFRO quality improvement stepwise approach. Major interventions include advocacy, capacity building, mentorship and quality improvement projects. Results At baseline audit, two of the laboratories attained 1- star while the remaining four were at 0- star. At follow up audit one lab was at 1- star, two at 3-star and three at 4-star. At exit audit, four labs were at 4- star, one at 3-star and one at 2-star rating. One laboratory dropped a ‘star’ at exit audit, while others consistently improved. The two weakest elements at baseline; internal audit (4%) and occurrence/incidence management (15%) improved significantly, with an exit score of 76% and 81% respectively. The elements facility and safety was the major strength across board throughout the audit exercise. Conclusion This effort resulted in measurable and positive impact on the laboratories. We recommend further improvement towards a formal international accreditation status and scale up of WHO/AFRO– SLIPTA implementation in Nigeria.
Will an η3-Si3H3 ligand form sandwich compounds with main group elements?

η3-Si3H3 sandwich compounds 5 and 6, with classical and H-bridged ligands, respectively, having the main group elements boron and carbon as central atoms are minima at B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p). The stability of these systems is assisted by transfer of charge from the ligands to the central atom and is reversed from that of cyclopentadienyl sandwiches. The C and B containing pyramidal complexes 7, containing both a η3-Si3H3 and a μ2-Si3H3 ligand, are more stable than 5 by 20.7 and 8.5 kcal/mol, respectively. The spiro compounds 8, in which the C and B atoms are sandwiched by two allylic μ2-Si3H3 ligands, are still more stable by 29.6 and 21.9 kcal/mol, respectively. All three types (face-face, face-side, side-side) of sandwich structures are considered viable targets for synthetic pursuit. The Be complexes deviate from the C and B analogues because Be is much more electropositive. In the preferred cluster structure 9 the Be atom sits in a Si6H6 basket.
Selection for Non-Remote Storage

University of Missouri – Kansas City Built a storage facility adjacent to the main library with automated retrieval and designed it to hold approximately 80% of its physical collection. Formulas using date of purchase and frequency of circulation and/or date of last circulation were used to determine which books were stored in The Robot. Issues raised by the unusually large percentage of materials going into storage and by the quick retrieval time are
Temporal subtraction in chest radiography: automated assessment of registration accuracy.

Radiologists routinely compare multiple chest radiographs acquired from the same patient over time to more completely understand changes in anatomy and pathology. While such comparisons are achieved conventionally through a side-by-side display of images, image registration techniques have been developed to combine information from two separate radiographic images through construction of a 'temporal subtraction image'. Although temporal subtraction images provide a powerful mechanism for the enhanced visualization of subtle change, errors in the clinical evaluation of these images may arise from misregistration artifacts that can mimic or obscure pathologic change. We have developed a computerized method for the automated assessment of registration accuracy as demonstrated in temporal subtraction images created from radiographic chest image pairs. The registration accuracy of 150 temporal subtraction images constructed from the computed radiography images of 72 patients was rated manually using a five-point scale ranging from '5-excellent' to '1-poor'; ratings of 3, 4, or 5 reflected clinically acceptable subtraction images, and ratings of 1 or 2 reflected clinically unacceptable images. Gray-level histogram-based features and texture measures are computed at multiple spatial scales within a 'lung mask' region that encompasses both lungs in the temporal subtraction images. A subset of these features is merged through amore » linear discriminant classifier. With a leave-one-out-by-patient training/testing paradigm, the automated method attained an A{sub z} value of 0.92 in distinguishing between temporal subtraction images that demonstrated clinically acceptable and clinically unacceptable registration accuracy. A second linear discriminant classifier yielded an A{sub z} value of 0.82 based on a feature subset selected from an independent database of digitized film images. These methods are expected to advance the clinical utility of temporal subtraction images for chest radiography.« less
Protégés’ Learning in Mentoring Relationships: A Review of the Literature and an Exploratory Case Study:

The problem and the solution. This study addresses the gap in the literature on learning and mentoring. A descriptive case study was conducted to explore what and how proteges learn from their mentors. Participants were cooperative education students and interns who were assigned mentors while working for a large public agency. Consistent with the dynamic process model of formal mentoring, proteges’ learning outcomes included cognitive, skill-based, and affective learning. Proteges primarily learned through observation, explanations from their mentors, and interactions with their mentors but also used other processes to learn from their mentors. Certain learning outcomes were associated with particular learning methods. The favorability of learning experiences (positive/neutral vs. negative) also was explored. Implications for human resource development professionals involve using mentoring to support diverse organizational interventions, aligning formal mentoring policies and practices with program goals...
Reactions of Thorium Atoms with Polyhalomethanes: Infrared Spectra of the CH2=ThX2, HC÷ThX3, and XC÷ThX3 Molecules (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 7/2008)

the cover picture shows the HC÷ThF3 complex product of the Th and CHF3 reaction. The two singly occupied SOMO orbitals on the right reveal a strong overlap with the thorium center. A portion of the DFT-predicted infrared spectrum for this complex is illustrated over the background image of a typical laser-ablation experiment in progress in our vacuum chamber. Details are discussed in the article by J. T. Lyon and L. Andrews on p. 1047 ff.
The construction and validation of a juror bias scale

Abstract A questionnaire was constructed to measure individual differences in pretrial bias among jurors. The final Likert scale, called the Juror Bias Scale (JBS), contains 17 items—8 that reflect pretrial expectancies that defendants, in general, commit the crimes with which they are charged and 9 that reflect the value attached to conviction and punishment. The scale is internally consistent and test-retest reliable. Scores are uncorrelated with social desirability, moderately correlated with I-E control and belief in a just world, and more highly correlated with authoritarianism. In one validation experiment, student jurors were exposed to three trial presentations in a laboratory setting. Overall, subjects classified as prosecution biased were more conviction prone and adopted a less stringent standard of reasonable doubt. In a second study, community jurors watched one of two videotaped mock trials in a courtroom. Prosecution-biased subjects asserted a higher probability that the defendent committed the crime and rendered a higher percentage of guilty verdicts than defense-biased subjects for one of the two trials. JBS scores were unrelated to all demographic variables, but were significantly correlated with political views. The potential uses and limitations of the JBS are discussed.
Raman spectrometry of explosives with a no-moving-parts fiber coupled spectrometer : A comparison of excitation wavelength

Abstract In this study Stokes Raman spectra measured with 785 and 830 nm excitation, as well as 1064 nm anti-Stokes Raman spectra, of 23 explosive materials were obtained using fiber-optic sampling and a no-moving parts spectrograph. By using a silicon charge-coupled device (CCD) detector, 830 nm Stokes Raman spectra were collected over the range 100–2400 cm −1 . 830 nm excitation offers slightly better fluorescence rejection than 785 nm, which is key for the analysis of some fluorescent explosives. Even with a high-powered 1064 nm laser, anti-Stokes measurements did not yield spectra of as high quality as 785 and 830 nm Stokes Raman measurements. Fourier transform (FT)-Raman remains the preferred method for fluorescence-free analysis of these explosive materials in the laboratory, but 830 nm excitation is preferred for a field-portable instrument.
Enhancement of spatial preferences by (+)-amphetamine

Abstract Twelve rats were trained to bar-press on a FI 15 sec schedule for water reinforcement. Rats were allowed to bar-press on either of 2 levers (left and right). All rats showed consistent side preferences. Various doses of (+)-amphetamine increased responding rates of some rats and decreased rates of other rats. (+)-Amphetamine increased side preferences when rates were decreased. Drug-induced rate changes were inversely related to drug-induced preference changes.
Impact of intuitive theories on feature recruitment throughout the continuum of expertise.

Expertise in object domains involves both the perceptual learning of the differentiating and higher order features that are indicative of concepts and the elaboration of intuitive theories. Triad-similarity judgments, feature-salience ratings, and verbal protocols were used to investigate the effects of theories on the recruitment of features across different categorization contexts, as well as the degree to which expert categorization skills transferred to less familiar domains. Whereas novices considered features that indicated overall similarity to be more perceptually salient than were modified parts that indicated taxonomic relations, experts found them equally salient. Experts’ theories were instrumental in directing feature recruitment in contexts involving identification, image generation, and similarity decisions. Experts’ theories also supported the transfer of categorization skills to related, less familiar domains. The relation of mutual dependence between perceptual learning and theory development throughout the continuum of expertise is considered.
The laryngeal mucocele imaging analysis of a rare lesion

Four patients with laryngeal mucocele (fluid-filled laryngocele) are described. Two laryngeal mucoceles were external, lying outside the thyrohyoid membrane, and two were combined, lying both internal and external to the membrane. The combined laryngeal mucoceles presented with both neck mass and hoarseness. The external lesions and one combined lesion were diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound. Another combined lesion had the benefit of CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) prior to exploration. All were homogeneously hypodense at CT with rim enhancement only in the case of the laryngopyocele. The mucocele evaluated with MRI had homogeneously long T1 and T2 relaxation times similar to cerebrospinal fluid.
Applications of immunogold-silver enhancement: testing of monoclonal antibodies and detection of human cytomegalovirus in histologic specimens.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCM-V) is an important pathogen in neonates, transplant patients, and individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Reliable techniques for the detection of this virus in clinical specimens would aid in improving methods for diagnosis and increasing our understanding of viral pathogenesis. We evaluated the utility of immunogold-silver enhancement to determine the specificity of murine monoclonal antibodies directed against HCMV proteins and applied these antibodies to the detection of HCMV in histologic material. Nine antibodies were tested in a tissue-culture system to determine the location of staining. All were found to be active in frozen tissue, but only two of these antibodies were reactive in formalin-fixed tissue. We also evaluated a novel tissue fixative technique (AMeX; Fixation and dehydration with acetone) that has been used to maintain antigenicity of T-lymphocyte cell markers. All antibodies remained reactive against their respective HCMV proteins in tissue fixed by this technique. However, dehydration of tissue may limit the usefulness of AMeX fixation. Immunogold-silver enhancement is a useful and reliable histochemical technique for detection of HCMV antigens in pathologic specimens.
Familial Miller-Dieker syndrome associated with pericentric inversion of chromosome 17

Recently it has been shown that most cases of the Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) are caused by deletion 17p13.3. All familial cases have been associated with a balanced reciprocal translocation in a carrier parent and unbalanced translocations in their affected offspring. We report a new case of familial MDS in whom the mother carries a pericentric inversion of chromosome 17. She has had two children with MDS, one of whom was shown to carry a recombinant 17 consisting of dup(17q) and del(17p). The high frequency of familial MDS and its consistent association with balanced chromosomal rearrangements in one of the parents makes it important to do high-resolution chromosome analysis on all patients with MDS and possibly all patients with lissencephaly. Finding a familial balanced rearrangement makes prenatal diagnosis of this condition feasible.
The Ino80 chromatin-remodeling enzyme regulates replisome function and stability

Previous studies have demonstrated essential roles for ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling and chromatin-modifying enzymes in gene transcription and DNA repair, but few studies have addressed how the replication machinery deals with chromatin. Here we show that the Ino80 remodeling enzyme is recruited to replication origins as cells enter S phase. Inducible degradation of Ino80 shows that it is required continuously for efficient progression of forks, especially when cells are confronted with low levels of replication stress. Furthermore, we show that stalling of replication forks in an ino80 mutant is a lethal event, and that much of the replication machinery dissociates from the stalled fork. Our data indicate that the chromatin-remodeling activity of Ino80 regulates efficient progression of replication forks and that Ino80 has a crucial role in stabilizing a stalled replisome to ensure proper restart of DNA replication.
Neurosteroids Alter γ-Aminobutyric Acid Postsynaptic Currents in Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons: A Possible Mechanism for Direct Steroidal Control

Pulsatile GnRH release is required for fertility and is regulated by steroid feedback. Whether or not steroids or their metabolites act directly on GnRH neurons is not well established. In some neurons, steroid metabolites known as neurosteroids modulate the function of the GABAA receptor. Specifically, the progesterone derivative allopregnanolone is an allosteric agonist at this receptor, whereas the androgen dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is an allosteric antagonist. We hypothesized these metabolites act similarly on GnRH neurons to modify the response to GABA. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of GABAergic miniature postsynaptic currents (mPSCs) were made from green fluorescent protein-identified GnRH neurons in brain slices from diestrous mice. Glutamatergic currents were blocked with antagonists and action potentials blocked with tetrodotoxin, minimizing presynaptic effects of treatments. Allopregnanolone (5 microm) increased mPSC rate of rise, amplitude and decay time by 15.9 +/- 6.1%, 16.5 +/- 6.3%, and 58.3 +/- 18.6%, respectively (n = 7 cells). DHEAS (5 microm) reduced mPSC rate of rise (32.1 +/- 5.7%) and amplitude (27.6 +/- 4.3%) but did not alter decay time (n = 8). Effects of both neurosteroids were dose dependent between 0.1 and 10 microm. In addition to independent actions, DHEAS also reversed effects of allopregnanolone on rate of rise and amplitude so that these parameters were returned to pretreatment baseline values (n = 6). These data indicate allopregnanolone increases and DHEAS decreases responsiveness of GnRH neurons to activation of GABAA receptors by differentially modulating current flow through GABAA receptor chloride channels. This provides one mechanism for direct steroid feedback to GnRH neurons.
ESTIMATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF AN EAR(p) PROCESS

. Gaver and Lewis and Lawrance and Lewis have described an autoregressive process of order p, EAR(p), which is such that the marginal distribution of the observations follows an exponential distribution. There is now a rich class of exponential and related distributions time series models. Such models are of importance in queuing and network processes, for example. The properties of these and related models have been well explored, but so far little work has been done toward the important problem of estimation. We attempt here to address this question for the EAR(p) models. Because of inherent discontinuities in some of the relevant underlying distributions, the standard theory cannot be applied. However, by utilizing a general theory developed by Klimko and Nelson, conditional least-squares estimators are derived. Further, it is shown that these estimators are strongly consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. Small-sample properties are investigated. The results suggest that these estimators are to be preferred compared with those suggested by Lawrance and Lewis.
Global weak solutions and attractors of the three dimensional Maxwell-Bloch two level laser systems

The three-dimensional Maxwell-Bloch system governs the multi-longitudinal and transverse mode dynamics of two level wide aperture lasers in an optical ring cavity. The system is hyperbolic in the propagation direction, and dispersive in the transverse directions due to diffraction effects. A rich variety of optical patterns and chaos are present in the dynamics. We show the global existence of weak solutions inLp (2≦p<∞) spaces of the Maxwell-Bloch system under both absorbing and periodic boundary conditions. The weak solutions are unique within the class of solutions provided by our regularization procedure and approach a universal attractor which has only partial smoothing instead of theC∞ smoothing property found in early works for the (longitudinal) one-dimensional and (transverse) two-dimensional cases. The idea of the proof makes essential use of both the hyperbolicity and dispersivity of the system. In the case of periodic boundary condition, our result depends on a conjectural Strichartz inequality.
Reaction of (3-Aminopropyl)dimethylethoxysilane with Amine Catalysts on Silica Surfaces

The gas-phase reaction of (3-aminopropyl)dimethylethoxysilane (APDMES) with silica with and without amine catalysts has been studied using infrared spectroscopy. Evidence is provided that shows that the aminosilane initially adsorbs via hydrogen bonding of both ethoxy and aminopropyl moieties of the silane with the surface hydroxyl groups. As the reaction proceeds, the number of silane molecules attached to the surface via a Si-O-Si linkage increases primarily at the expense of the number of H-bonded ethoxy groups. The conversion is due to a catalytic process involving the aminopropyl end of gaseous APDMES molecules. On the other hand, the H-bonded aminopropyl groups are less reactive and only a small portion of these groups participates in Si-O-Si bond formation. At the end of the reaction there remain about 50% of the adsorbed APDMES attached by the H-bonded aminopropyl group. Attempts to block the adsorption of the aminopropyl end through the use of the more strongly H-bonded triethylamine proved unsuccessful. The use of preadsorbed triethylamine or 1 : 10 mixtures of triethylamine/APDMES accelerates the reaction but in the end leads to the same final distribution of products on the surface. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
Graduate Admissions in Clinical Neuropsychology: The Importance of Undergraduate Training

Discussions of and recommendations for the training of clinical neuropsychologists exist at the doctoral, internship, and post-doctoral level. With few exceptions, the literature on undergraduate preparations in clinical neuropsychology is sparse and lacks empirical evidence. In the present study, graduate-level faculty and current trainees completed surveys about graduate school preparations. Faculty expectations of minimum and ideal undergraduate training were highest for research methods, statistics, and assessment. Preferences for “goodness of fit” also emerged as important admissions factors. These results offer evidence for desirable undergraduate preparations for advanced study in clinical neuropsychology. Although undergraduate training in psychology is intentionally broad, results from this study suggest that students who desire advanced study in clinical neuropsychology need to tailor their experiences to be competitive in the application process. The findings have implications for prospective graduate students, faculty who train and mentor undergraduates, and faculty who serve on admissions committees.
Repair of Sternal Dehiscence Using a Harrington Compression System

A case of sternal dehiscence repaired with a Harrington compression system is presented. This is a widely available apparatus, is relatively simple to use, and provides rigid internal fixation.
Pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles from pp Au+Au collisions at RHIC energies

Abstract Charged-particle multiplicities as a function of pseudorapidity and collision centrality for Au+Au collisions at √ S NN = 130 GeV are presented. For the 5% most central events, dN ch / dη | η =0 and N ch | −4.7 η dN ch / dη results for pp collisions at √ S NN = 200 GeV are presented. A significant increase is found for the charged-particle production per participant nucleon pairs in going from pp to the most central Au+Au collisions.
Obsessive Compulsive and Tic Related Disorders

This article presents an overview of the existing, as well as newly developed, cognitive behavior therapy methods for treating the child anxiety triad (separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia). For each disorder of the triad, the authors review diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, disorder-specific treatment methods and innovations, and future directions for research.
Performance characteristics of speed governors

THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS of speed governors on automatic extraction turbines as related to the performance characteristics of governors on straight condensing and noncondensing extraction turbines are affected by the characteristics of the turbines themselves. “Steady state regulation” and “overspeed” may require either special treatment or additional mechanism in the governing system in order to maintain acceptable values. The addition of the “extraction pressure regulating system” requires correlation of its action with that of the speed governing system, if the additional duty that otherwise would be imposed on the speed governor is to be avoided.
Skarn Alteration and Mineralization at Coroccohuayco, Tintaya District, Peru

Coroccohuayco is a porphyry-related copper skarn deposit in the Andahuaylas-Yauri batholith of southeast Peru with little evidence for the presence of a significantly mineralized hydrothermal system at surface. The deposit occupies the hinge zone of a synform, hosted by the Cretaceous Ferrobamba Formation. Hydrothermal alteration of the carbonate protolith produced skarn between the underlying hornfels-altered Mara Formation and an overlying preskarn sill-like diorite intrusion, with the main zone of mineralization generally below 200 m from the surface. The spatial distribution of skarn was dominantly controlled by permeability variations in the carbonate protolith. The deposit consists of prograde garnet-dominant calc-silicate alteration with mineralization of chalcopyrite-bornite ± chalcocite disseminated as grains in calc-silicates. Precious metal mineralization occurs as gold and silver minerals mostly associated with bornite-chalcocite mineralization disseminated within more distal granular garnet alteration. Fluids were derived from the crystallization of several porphyry phases that intruded into an upper crustal level, possibly as a cupola above an underlying batholith. Fluid inclusion data from garnet and pyroxene indicate that the prograde skarn alteration formed between 400° to >600°C from highly saline fluids. Data from quartz indicate that copper mineralization formed between 250° to 400°C, with magnetite deposition over the upper part of this range. Retrograde alteration is generally magnetite (+carbonate-silica) replacement of calc-silicates and is locally associated with copper mineralization. Hydrous retrograde alteration, commonly observed in other copper skarn systems, is of lesser importance at Coroccohuayco. This is likely related to the geochemical effects of the overlying diorite intrusion which could have impeded the influx of oxidized meteoric waters into the system or buffered the composition of late-stage fluids, as well as the oxidized Fe-rich character of the prograde skarn.
Integrin αVβ6-mediated activation of latent TGF-β requires the latent TGF-β binding protein-1

Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-β) are secreted as inactive complexes containing the TGF-β, the TGF-β propeptide, also called the latency-associated protein (LAP), and the latent TGF-β binding protein (LTBP). Extracellular activation of this complex is a critical but incompletely understood step in TGF-β regulation. We have investigated the role of LTBP in modulating TGF-β generation by the integrin αVβ6. We show that even though αvβ6 recognizes an RGD on LAP, LTBP-1 is required for αVβ6-mediated latent TGF-β activation. The domains of LTBP-1 necessary for activation include the TGF-β propeptide-binding domain and a basic amino acid sequence (hinge domain) with ECM targeting properties. Our results demonstrate an LTBP-1 isoform-specific function in αVβ6-mediated latent TGF-β activation; LTBP-3 is unable to substitute for LTBP-1 in this assay. The results reveal a functional role for LTBP-1 in latent TGF-β activation and suggest that activation of specific latent complexes is regulated by distinct mechanisms that may be determined by the LTBP isoform and its potential interaction with the matrix.
Physical activity and neural correlates of aging: A combined TMS/fMRI study

Aerobic exercise has been suggested to ameliorate aging-related decline in humans. Recently, evidence has indicated chronological aging is associated with decreases in measures of interhemispheric inhibition during unimanual movements, but that such decreases may be mitigated by long-term physical fitness. The present study investigated measures of ipsilateral (right) primary motor cortex activity during right-hand movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Healthy, right-handed participant groups were comprised of 12 sedentary older adults, 12 physically active older adults, and 12 young adults. Active older adults and younger adults evidenced longer ipsilateral silent periods (iSP) and less positive BOLD of ipsilateral motor cortex (iM1) as compared to sedentary older adults. Across groups, duration of iSP from TMS was inversely correlated with BOLD activity in iM1 during unimanual movement. These findings suggest that increased physical activity may have a role in decreasing aging-related losses of interhemispheric inhibition.
Wind energy development in California, USA

Windfarms have been developed rapidly in California in the last few years. The impetus has been a legislated goal to generate 10% of California's electricity by windpower by the year 2000, and generous state and federal tax incentives. Windpower is promoted as environmentally benign, which it is in traditional uses. The California program, however, is not traditional: it calls for centralized development of a magnitude sufficient to offset significant amounts of fossil fuels now used to generate electricity.
Thermodynamics of Mobile Order Theory. Part 5. Extension of the Basic Model to Prediction of Anthracene Solubilities in Ternary Alkane + Alcohol Solvent Mixtures

Abstract Mobile Order theory, which has been used previously to describe the solubility behavior of anthracene and pyrene in binary alkane + alcohol and alcohol + alcohol solvent mixtures, is extended to ternary solvent systems containing alkane and alcohol cosolvents. Expressions are derived for both inert solutes and for systems that have solute-solvent association. Applications and limitations of the newly derived equations were assessed using published anthracene solubility data in 20 different ternary solvent systems. The best expression predicted the observed values to within an overall average absolute deviation of approximately 4.5% using a value of 5,000cm3 mol−1for all alcohol self-association and cross-association stability constants, and a value of 125cm3mol−1 for the presumed anthracene-alcohol association constant.
Conditional Conservatism of Aggregate Accounting Earnings

We examine whether or not conditional conservatism is observed at the aggregate level. Using both the Basu (1997) model and the Ball and Shivakumar (2006) models, we find some evidence consistent with conditional accounting conservatism at the aggregate level. Our results show that the interactive slope coefficient measuring the difference in sensitivity for aggregate accounting earnings is approximately three times as sensitive to negative returns as it is positive returns. Our results also demonstrate that the inclusion of macroeconomic indicators and discount rate variables to the conditional conservatism models improves model specification significantly. For example, when equal-weighted return is used as a gain or loss proxy the inclusion of macroeconomic indicators and discount rate proxies into the regression model increases the adjusted R 2 from 5% to 53%. Based on empirical evidence from this study we recommend that researchers who study the relation between aggregate accounting earnings and the fundamental characteristics of accounting information use both macroeconomic indicators and discount rate variables as explanatory variables in regression models.
Minding and mending the gap: Social psychological interventions to reduce educational disparities

Background Achievement gaps continue to garner a great deal of attention both in academic and in popular circles. Many students continue to struggle despite broad educational reforms aimed at narrowing these gaps in learning and performance. Aims In this article, we review a number of social psychological interventions that show promise in reducing gaps in achievement, not by addressing structural barriers to achievement, but by helping students cope with threats to their identity that impair intellectual functioning and motivation. For example, interventions involving meditation, role models, emotional reappraisal, growth mindsets, imagining possible selves, self-affirmations, belongingness and cooperative learning have been shown to ameliorate threats to identity and raise achievement. We describe and evaluate these social psychological interventions. Arguments Many achievement gaps involve a psychological predicament: a threat to one's social identity or to one's sense of belonging. Students' implicit theories – how they mind the gap – can act as barriers to their success. By helping students cope with these threats, these theory-based interventions represent a genuine advance in the way schools may reduce gaps in achievement. Conclusion These interventions show how students' educational success depends partly on fluid aspects of context – how tasks are framed, who else is in the room, or what they believe about intelligence. Because of this fluidity, these interventions may not work in all settings. Achievement gaps are ultimately caused by a variety of factors, both objective and subjective that produce inequality. The research reviewed here suggests that even without changes in objective barriers to success, brief psychological interventions can narrow what many see as intractable gaps in academic achievement.
Subsequent development during incubation of fertilized mouse ova stressed by high ambient temperatures.

Mouse embryos subjected to high temperature stress (heat-stress) in vivo during the time of first cleavage division, were recovered from the oviducts 48 to 54 hours post-observance of a copulatory plug. The effects of heat-stress on development of those embryos incubated in vitro through the blastocyst stage were studied and compared to embryos from mice in a control environment. Heat-stressed embryos which developed in vivo to ten days gestation were also studied. Development of heat-stressed embryos was retarded by the time of recovery. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the number of heat-stressed embryos which became blastocysts in vitro, as compared to control embryos. Also, there were fewer blastocysts from heat-stressed embryos which hatched during three days of incubation in vitro when compared to controls (56% vs 67% for heat-stressed and controls, respectively). There was significant (P<0.01) pre- and post-implantation loss of embryos in heat-stressed females at ten days gestation.
Structures of Four Waxy Rice Starches in Relation to Thermal, Pasting, and Textural Properties

ABSTRACT Waxy rice starches from three japonica cultivars (Taichung Waxy 1 [TCW1], Taichung Waxy 70 [TCW70], Tachimemochi) and one indica cultivar (Tainung Sen Waxy 2 [TNSW2]) were characterized for chemical and physicochemical properties. The amylopectin structures were different for the four waxy rice starches in terms of degree of polymerization (DP), average chain length (CL), exterior chain lengths (ECL), and distribution of chains, indicating the existence of varietal differences. The order of swelling power was TCW1 > TCW70 > TNSW2 > Tachimemochi; the order of water solubility index was TCW70 > TNSW2 > Tachimemochi > TCW1. The low water solubility index of TCW1 might be ascribed to a high DP. All starches shared similar gelatinization temperatures and enthalpies but showed distinct retrogradation patterns. TNSW2 showed the highest retrogradation rate, followed by TCW2, Tachimemochi, and TCW70. TCW70 exhibited the highest overall pasting viscosity, followed by TNSW2, TCW1, and Tachimemochi. The hard...
Inhibition of mobility of cell-surface receptors by factors which mediate specific cell-cell interactions

PREVIOUS studies on embryonic chick neural retina cells1 have demonstrated that cells in intact tissues or single cells prepared by mechanical dispersion have relatively little ability to redistribute their surface receptors into caps. In contrast, cells prepared by trypsinisation and dissociation of intact tissues were found to exhibit lateral redistribution of surface receptors even in the absence of a multivalent ligand. After 4 h culture, however, cells dissociated by trypsinisation have lost the capability for both spontaneus and lectin-induced rearrangements of surface components. Mobility of cell-surface receptors thus seems to be related to, or determined by, trypsin-labile components at the cell surface. One kind of component which seems to be trypsin labile is also important in intercellular recognition and adhesion2,3. We now report that the binding of tissue-type specific cell-surface ligands which seem to mediate recognition and adhesion causes inhibition of directed rearrangement of plant lectin receptors in the plane of the membrane.
No Science without Semantics

Computer science often faces the criticism that it isn't actual science. Doing science means using the scientific method, which includes reporting results so that others can repeat and verify them. The problem with the computer science community is the lack of shared terms with precise semantics. When a researcher reports phenomenal results that can't be replicated, the author might be viewed as a brilliant alchemist, but such works undermine claims of being "science."
Rehearsal of Task Variations and Contextual Interference Effect in a Field Setting

The present study showed a consistent pattern with a typical contextual interference effect in motor skill learning (N = 38 adults). Individuals trained under the high contextual interference condition may receive greater learning benefits than those under the low contextual interference condition during the rehearsal of task variations of a single motor skill in a field setting.
Biases for oriented moving bars in lateral geniculate nucleus neurons of normal and stripe-reared cats

Visual receptive fields of 42 LGN cells from normal cats and 110 cells from striped cylinder-reared kittens were studied with the aid of a computer controlled optical system. In the normal cats, ten of the 42 cells were weakly biased for orientation of the visual stimulus when tested with bars swept through the receptive field. Of those ten, eight were classified as transient. The orientation preferences of the ten biased units appeared randomly distributed around the clock. Of the LGN cells from the cylinder-reared group, about half of the transient cells had weak biases for orientation; only 7% of the sustained cells had biases. The orientation preferences of the biased LGN cells in the stripe-reared animals were either parallel to or orthogonal to the stripes each animal saw during its time in the conditioning cylinder. In 16 out of 18 of the biased LGN cells it was found that increasing the velocity of the test target reduced or eliminated the bias apparent at the lower velocity. For some LGN cells special techniques, such as inhibition of activated discharge, were needed to reveal orientation biases. The results described here, considered with data from others, suggest a role for the corticofugal projection in modulating the responses of some LGN cells.
Employment Interventions for Individuals with ASD: The Relative Efficacy of Supported Employment With or Without Prior Project SEARCH Training

This paper presents findings from a retrospective observational records review study that compares the outcomes associated with implementation of supported employment (SE) with and without prior Project SEARCH with ASD Supports (PS-ASD) on wages earned, time spent in intervention, and job retention. Results suggest that SE resulted in competitive employment for 45 adults with ASD. Twenty-five individuals received prior intervention through PS-ASD while the other 20 individuals received SE only. Individuals in this sample who received PS-ASD required fewer hours of intervention. Additionally, individuals in the PS-ASD group achieved a mean higher wage and had higher retention rates than their peers who received SE only. Further research with a larger sample is needed to confirm these findings.
Characteristics of adult patients with atrial septal defects presenting with paradoxical embolism.

Background: The association between patent foramen ovale (PFO), atrial septal aneurysm, and cryptogenic stroke due to paradoxical embolism has been established. The correlation between atrial septal defect (ASD) in adults and paradoxical embolism is less well defined. Methods: We examined our single center experience with 329 adult patients undergoing percutaneous device closure of interatrial communication defects to identify clinical and morphologic differences among adult patients with ASDs who presented with or without paradoxical embolism. Comparison was made with patients with PFO. Results: Although a significant left-to-right shunt was the predominant indication for ASD closure, 20 patients (14%) presented with a paradoxical embolism. These patients tended to be younger and had smaller defects (both by size and shunt ratio) than ASD patients without paradoxical embolism, and were more likely to be female than PFO patients. Conclusions: The incidence of adult patients with ASD who presented with paradoxical embolism is higher than expected and suggests that this diagnosis should be considered in patients with cryptogenic stroke. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IN VIVO RELEASE OF ENDOGENOUSLY SYNTHESIZED CATECHOLAMINES FROM THE CAT BRAIN EVOKED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND BY d-AMPHETAMINE

— The cerebral ventricles of spinal-sectioned cats were perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid after the intraventricular administration of [3H]DOPA or [3H]tyrosine. Endogenously synthesized [3H]dopamine or [3H]norepinephrine were identified in the perfusate. Electrical stimulation of catecholaminergic nerve tracts in the hypothalamus increased the efflux of both catecholamines. The addition of d-amphetamine to the perfusing cerebrospinal fluid caused a large increase in [3H]dopamine and a small increase in [3H]norepinephrine appearing in the perfusate. Most of the endogenously synthesized [3H]catecholamines detected in the perfusate following stimuli originated from structures bordering the lateral cerebral ventricle. Thus, norepinephrine and dopamine can be synthesized in and released from catecholaminergic nerve terminals in structures bordering the cerebral ventricles.
Performance Evaluation Of The Falling Load Technique

The improvement of radiographic quality has been a subject of concern to physicians, physicists, and design engineers ever since Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen produced the first visual image of human skeletal structure. However, despite exhaustive attempts to define and quantify the multitude of parameters which effect the quality of the image, the final result must succumb to the subjective opinion of the radiologist. It is generally accepted, however, that patient motion, which may be voluntary, due to disease, or due to normal autonomic movement of viscera, serves to degrade radiographic quality by blurring the image. Conversely, any method which serves to reduce the effects of motion will also serve to improve image quality. The variety of methods which have been applied to reduce motion unsharpness may be grouped into three categories: 1. The use of drugs 2. Physiological Gating 3. The reduction of x-ray exposure time© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.