cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Process-Pattern Divide to Understand the Origins and Early Stages of Adaptive Radiation: A Review of Approaches With Insights From Studies of Anolis Lizards

Understanding the origins and early stages of diversification is one of the most elusive tasks in adaptive radiation research. Classical approaches, which aim to infer past processes from present-day patterns of biological diversity, are fraught with difficulties and assumptions. An alternative approach has been to study young clades of relatively few species, which may represent the putative early stages of adaptive radiation. However, it is difficult to predict whether those groups will ever reach the ecological and morphological disparity observed in the sorts of clades usually referred to as adaptive radiations, thereby making their utility in informing the early stages of such radiations uncertain. Caribbean Anolis lizards are a textbook example of an adaptive radiation; anoles have diversified independently on each of the 4 islands in the Greater Antilles, producing replicated radiations of phenotypically diverse species. However, the underlying processes that drove these radiations occurred 30-65 million years ago and so are unobservable, rendering major questions about how these radiations came to be difficult to tackle. What did the ancestral species of the anole radiation look like? How did new species arise? What processes drove adaptive diversification? Here, we review what we have learned about the cryptic early stages of adaptive radiation from studies of Anolis lizards, and how these studies have attempted to bridge the process-pattern divide of adaptive radiation research. Despite decades of research, however, fundamental questions linking eco-evolutionary processes to macroevolutionary patterns in anoles remain difficult to answer.
VERU-111 suppresses tumor growth and metastatic phenotypes of cervical cancer cells through the activation of p53 signaling pathway

Abstract In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of VERU-111 in vitro and in vivo model systems of cervical cancer. VERU-111 treatment inhibited cell proliferation and, clonogenic potential, induce accumulation of p53 and down regulated the expression of HPV E6/E7 expression in cervical cancer cells. In addition, VERU-111 treatment also decreased the phosphorylation of Jak2(Tyr1007/1008) and STAT3 at Tyr705 and Ser727. VERU-111 treatment arrested cell cycle in the G2/M phase and modulated cell cycle regulatory proteins (cyclin B1, p21, p34cdc2 and pcdk1). Moreover, VERU-111 treatment induced apoptosis and modulated the expression of Bid, Bcl-xl, Survivin, Bax, Bcl2 and cleavage in PARP. In functional assays, VERU-111 markedly reduced the migratory and invasive potential of cervical cancer cells via modulations of MMPs. VERU-111 treatment also showed significant (P
Emotion regulation and motor performance: an integrated review and proposal of the Temporal Influence Model of Emotion Regulation (TIMER)

Adaptive regulation of emotions is imperative for successful sport performance. However, the lion’s share of mainstream emotion regulation (ER) literature is founded on perspectives prioritising me...
Goodwill Hunting: Using Corporate Social Responsibility as Insurance

Current research in finance suggests that there is no tangible financial return to CSR investment, yet companies not only continue to spend on CSR, they actively publicize their CSR activities. In this paper I explore the possibility that CSR can act as insurance. The mechanism I propose is that CSR generates goodwill in the environment in which a firm operates, which can later be redeemed for a lower penalty in case of an accident or for a preference in awards. Using Occupational Safety and Health Administration penalties and government contract awards, I show that officials are both more lenient with penalties and more generous with awards for firms that are perceived as good corporate citizens. To control for potential omitted variables, I use state constituency laws to instrument for CSR. I also provide evidence that this effect operates through a perception channel.
Family Obligation Attitudes, Gender, and Migration.

This study focuses on attitudes related to fulfilling family obligations and their relationships to migration behavior. We hypothesize that men who highly value fulfilling family obligations will b...
EFFECT OF SEA-WATER ON CLAY MINERALS1

Samples of a montmorillonite, a mixed-layer mineral (mica and montmorillonite) “ illite”, kaolinite, and halloysite were immersed in 50 ml sea-water for 10 days, and additional samples of the first three were immersed for 150 days. The exchangeable cations were determined both before and after treatment. It was found that Mg2+ ions from sea-water moved into the exchange positions in the minerals in preference to Ca2+ and Na+ ions. The H-form of these minerals showed a gradual adjustment to seawater as measured by change in pH and filling of the exchange positions with cations other than H+. Kaolinite adjusted very rapidly, but montmorillonite and the mixedlayer mineral were slow. All the minerals reacted to yield appreciable amounts of SiO2, AI2O3, and Fe2O3 to the sea-water. The quantities yielded are in the order: montmorillonite > mixed-layer mineral > “illite” > kaolinite > halloysite The solubility is considered to be due to direct solution of SiO2 in the sea-water and to removal of AI2O3 from the octahedral layer of the minerals. When H-clays were titrated with sea-water three distinct kinds of curves were obtained: (a) kaolinite; (b) mixed-layer mineral, “illite,” and halloysite; and (c) montmorillonite. The curves are similar to those obtained with clay minerals titrated with other alkaline solutions. Kaolinite reacts somewhat like a number of simple acids, but the curves for the other minerals are more complex and are related to the neutralization of H+ and its replacement in the exchange sites by metallic cations. The exchangeable cations were determined in the minerals after titration, and the results are similar to those obtained after immersing the minerals in sea-water. The volume of sea-water required to reach an end point at about pH 7.6 varies from 11 ml for kaolinite to 135 ml for montmorillonite and is related to the titratable alkalinity of the sea water and to the exchange capacity of the minerals.
CKM Substructure.

The CKM matrix is not generic. The Wolfenstein parametrization encodes structure by having one small parameter, $\lambda \approx 0.22$. We pose the question: is there substructure in the CKM matrix that goes beyond the single small parameter of the Wolfenstein parameterization? We find two relations that are approximately satisfied: $|V_{td}|^2 = |V_{cb}|^3$ and $|V_{ub}|^2 |V_{us}| = |V_{cb}|^4$. We discuss the statistical significance of these relations and find that they may indicate deeper structure in the CKM matrix. The current precision, however, cannot exclude an $\mathcal{O}(10 \%)$ accident.
Bifidobacterium infantis Metabolizes 2'Fucosyllactose-Derived and Free Fucose Through a Common Catabolic Pathway Resulting in 1,2-Propanediol Secretion

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) enrich beneficial bifidobacteria in the infant gut microbiome which produce molecules that impact development and physiology. 2'fucosyllactose (2'FL) is a highly abundant fucosylated HMO which is utilized by Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, despite limited scientific understanding of the underlying mechanism. Moreover, there is not a current consensus on whether free fucose could be metabolized when not incorporated in a larger oligosaccharide structure. Based on metabolic and genomic analyses, we hypothesize that B. infantis catabolizes both free fucose and fucosyl oligosaccharide residues to produce 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD). Accordingly, systems-level approaches including transcriptomics and proteomics support this metabolic path. Co-fermentation of fucose and limiting lactose or glucose was found to promote significantly higher biomass and 1,2-PD concentrations than individual substrates, suggesting a synergistic effect. In addition, and during growth on 2'FL, B. infantis achieves significantly higher biomass corresponding to increased 1,2-PD. These findings support a singular fucose catabolic pathway in B. infantis that is active on both free and HMO-derived fucose and intimately linked with central metabolism. The impact of fucose and 2'FL metabolism on B. infantis physiology provides insight into the role of fucosylated HMOs in influencing host- and microbe-microbe interactions within the infant gut microbiome.
RTID-04. A RANDOMIZED PHASE II TRIAL TO COMPARE THE EFFICACY OF STANDARD VERSUS COMBINATION THERAPY (PERAMPANEL, MEMANTINE PLUS STANDARD) IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED GBM-A STUDY DESIGN

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults with poor prognosis. Effective treatment is urgently needed. Recent studies demonstrated neurogliomal synaptic communication through AMPA and NMDA receptors promotes glioma invasion and progression in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, dual blocking AMPA and NMDA receptor therapy is a potential enhancing strategy to prevent and to treat GBM progression given the two blockers act through different anti-glioma mechanisms. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesize that adding AMPA blocker Perampanel (An anti-seizure medication) and NMDA blocker Memantine (An anti-dementia medication) to standard temozolomide plus radiation therapy (Stupp’s regimen) for the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM may prevent tumor progression. It may also reduce the frequency of onset/recurrence of seizure episodes and possibly improve radiation related cognition impairment. STUDY DESIGN This is a randomized, active controlled, open label, two arm phase II study of efficacy of treatment of GBM with combination therapy (dual AMPA and NMDA receptor blockers plus standard therapy) versus standard therapy. In the combination therapy arm, patients take Perampanel 2 mg daily and Memantine 5 mg bid, starting from -14 days to +14 days from initiation of concurrent chemo-radiation therapy. Titrating up at a 2 mg increment for Perampanel and 5 mg bid increment for Memantine until reaching MTD. If the patient has AE >= grade 2, then reduce doses at a decrement of 2 mg for Perampanel and decrement of 5 mg bid for Memantine. In the standard therapy arm, the patients are treated with Stupp’s regimen. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ENDPOINTS PFS, 12, 24 month survival rates and response duration. Safety will be assessed by CTCAE V5. We will use Kaplan-Meier estimates for survival data and a stratified log-rank test for the randomization strata.
Development and Initial Validation of the Supervision Competencies Scale (SCS)

Supervision is an important component of counselor development; however, limited research exists on evaluating supervision. There is also a lack of comprehensive, psychometrically strong assessments to measure supervision competencies. In this study we focused on the development of the Supervision Competencies Scale (SCS), an assessment designed to measure a supervisor’s competence. There were 416 counseling supervisors, including 194 faculty members, 111 practitioners, 33 students, 22 administrators, 14 site supervisors, 32 that reported other, and 10 that did not indicate a position. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis and found a four-factor structure (Factor 1: Supervision Skills; Factor 2: Supervision Laws and Ethics; Factor 3: Supervision Modalities; Factor 4: Supervision Knowledge) with 53 items. The SCS had strong internal consistency (Total = .97, subscales ranged from .8—.958). Educators, trainers, supervisors, and researchers may use the SCS in various capacities to promote the development of supervision competencies.
Introduction to Lattice QCD

In this chapter we give a brief introduction to Quantum Chromodynamics, the fundamental theory of strong interactions, and its discretization on a four-dimensional hypercubic grid. We discuss the requirements imposed by gauge symmetry and translate them on the lattice. We identify the fermion fields as living on the lattice sites and the gauge fields on the lattice links. We briefly introduce the problem of fermion doubling on the lattice. Finally, we discuss Monte Carlo techniques and give an example of importance sampling algorithms. For books and reviews on the topic we recommend (Rothe (1992) World Sci Lect Notes Phys 43:1–381; Smit (2002) Camb Lect Notes Phys 15:1–271).
Predictors of falls after starting an exercise program: A secondary analysis in inactive, female cancer survivors participating in the GET FIT trial.

12075Background: Women treated for cancer are more likely to fall than women without a cancer history. Exercise is a fall prevention strategy for older adults that we are testing in the GET FIT tri...
A SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein TR-FRET assay amenable to high-throughput screening

Drug development for specific antiviral agents against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still an unmet medical need as the pandemic continues to spread globally. Although huge efforts for drug repurposing and compound screens have put forth, only few compounds remain in late stage clinical trials. New approaches and assays are needed to accelerate COVID-19 drug discovery and development. Here we report a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based assay that detects the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (NP) produced in infected cells. It uses two specific anti-NP monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) conjugated to donor and acceptor fluorophores that produces a robust ratiometric signal for high throughput screening of large compound collections. Using this assay, we measured a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for Remdesivir of 9.3 M against infection with SARS-CoV-2 USA/WA1/2020 (WA-1). The assay also detected SARS-CoV-2 South African (Beta, {beta}), Brazilian/Japanese variant P.1 (Gamma, {gamma}), and Californian (Epsilon, {varepsilon}), variants of concern or interest (VoC). Therefore, this homogeneous SARS-CoV-2 NP detection assay can be used for accelerating lead compound discovery for drug development and for evaluating drug efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 VoC.
Interactive Vignettes: Enabling Large-Scale Interactive HRI Research

We propose the use of interactive vignettes as an alternative to traditional text- and video-based vignettes for conducting large-scale Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) studies. Interactive vignettes maintain the advantages of traditional vignettes while offering additional affordances for participant interaction and data collection through interactive elements. We discuss the core affordances of interactive vignettes, including explorability, responsiveness, and non-linearity, and look into how these affordances can enable HRI research with more complex scenarios. To demonstrate the strength of the approach, we present a case study of our own research project with N=87 participants and show the data we collect through interactive vignettes. We suggest that the use of interactive vignettes can benefit HRI researchers in learning how participants interact with, respond to, and perceive a robot’s behavior in pre-defined scenarios.
A Data-driven Waveform Adaptation Method for mm-Wave Gait Classification at the Edge

The ever-increasing need for real-time 3D perception for autonomy has resulted in development of a new generation of high-resolution perception sensors paired with powerful edge processors and advanced perception algorithms. However, processing of the large data volumes generated by such high-resolution sensors still imposes a great challenge for resource-limited edge devices and systems. In this work, we visit this problem in the context of pedestrian gait analysis using high-resolution mm-Wave sensors with application in autonomous driving. We propose reducing the total computational load of a resource-limited perception system by dynamically controlling the mm-Wave sensor's resolution on the fly. We provide results on three dynamic sensor adaptation approaches including an end-to-end Deep Q-Learning approach that can overcome the resource and performance limitations inherent to conventional static methods.
Sγ3 SNIP and SNAP Binding Motifs are Occupied in vivo in Mitogen-Activated l.29µ + Cells

The Ig heavy (H) chain class switch, permits the expression of a variable region with new constant regions associated with various effector functions (for review see [5, 10, 14]). The IgH chain class switch occurs by a DNA rearrangement which brings one of seven downstream CH genes [5] near to the mature V gene replacing the Cµ with another of the CH genes [5]. The recombination event focuses on the switch (S) DNA, regions of repetitive sequence upstream of each CH gene, (with the exception of Cδ) and produces a new hybrid DNA combination with the concomitant deletion of the intervening genomic material [5, 10, 14]. The looping-out and deletion model for switch recombination predicts that the intervening DNA between S regions will be excised as a circle. Circular excision products of Ig switch recombination have recently been isolated from LPS stimulated spleen cells [7, 11, 20].
Optimizing urban irrigation schemes for the trade-off between energy and water consumption

Abstract Irrigation of green spaces in cities helps to reduce thermal stress and building energy consumption in hot seasons, but requires an intricate balance between energy and water resource usage. While the objective for agricultural irrigation is focused on the yield of produces, urban irrigation needs a new paradigm. In this study, a cutting-edge urban canopy model is applied to assess the impact of a variety of controlled irrigation schemes for Phoenix. Results show that by increasing surface moisture availability for evapotranspiration, urban irrigation has a cooling effect on the built environment throughout the year. Maximum reduction in canyon air temperature can be more than 3 °C in summer as compared to the condition without irrigation. Among all investigated schemes, the soil-temperature-controlled irrigation is the most efficient in reducing the annual building energy consumption and the total cost. The total annual saving depends on the controlling soil temperature for irrigation activation, and can be up to about $1.19 m −2 wall area as compared to the current irrigation practice. In addition, the scheme can substantially enhance outdoor thermal comfort of pedestrians in summers.
Glycoproteins of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells: Separation of plasma and endoplasmic reticular membrane fragments☆

Abstract A method has been developed by which the separation of plasma membrane fragments from those of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum of Ehrlich ascites tumor could be achieved. The fractions were characterized by enzyme constituents, carbohydrate contents, physicochemical measurements, and electron microscopy.
Trends in Religiosity and Religious Affiliation

This essay examines studies of trends in religion and religiosity, concentrating on the case of the United States but periodically comparing that country to other societies as well. The summary of research opens with an overview of the putative wisdom received from the once-dominant belief in the process of secularization. It proceeds to a consideration of American habits of religious affiliation and switching, followed by a discussion of rates of participation in religious activities (most notably, the reported reductions across denominations in attendance at church services over the past half-century). Featured next are recognition of the rising proportions of people who claim no religious preference at all and of those who adhere to a world faith other than Judaism or Christianity. Finally, the narrative ventures several informed predictions concerning the contours of religion's future and concludes by identifying some of the theoretical and methodological challenges that any disciplinary or interdisciplinary understanding of religion will confront in a changed and changing world. Keywords: religious change; secularization; American religion; belief; religious affiliation and disaffiliation; atheism; religious practice; church attendance; immigrant religion; new age
Landscape of fear : a social history of the missile during the early years of the cold war, 1950-1965

OF THE DISSERTATION LANDSCAPE OF FEAR: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE MISSILE DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF THE COLD WAR, 1950-1965
Characterization of Multiple Myeloma Clonal Cell Expansion and Stromal Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Hyaluronic Acid-based 3D Hydrogel

Background Emerging interest on three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models to replace two-dimensional cultures of cancer cells and their xenografts in immunocompromised animal hosts prompted us to investigate the use of new biodegradable gels to recapitulate the physiological conditions of the microenvironment of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Materials and methods In the present study, for the first time, we used a new 3D model of hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels with difference in their matrix composition and stiffness. Results We demonstrated that hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogels perfectly accommodate MM cells; confirmed by cell survival, migration, colony forming units and expression of cell adhesion proteins of the Wnt signaling pathways over a period of time. Conclusion This study provides the first 3D microenvironment data that HA-based hydrogels could provide with a suitable 3D substratum for MM cells to comprehensively analyze phenotypic changes and the influence of bone marrow stromal stem cells on Wnt/β catenin signaling in response to targeted drug treatments.
Phosphonium-based poly(Ionic liquid) membranes: The effect of cation alkyl chain length on light gas separation properties and Ionic conductivity

Abstract Phosphonium poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) have been studied as alternatives to more common ammonium and imidazolium PILs for potential transport and separation applications. This work characterizes the CO2, H2, N2, O2, CH4, and C2H4 single-gas permeability, diffusivity, solubility, and selectivity of free-standing films of poly([(tri-n-alkyl)vinylbenzylphosphonium][bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide]) PILs (i.e., poly([PnnnVB][Tf2N]) where n=4, 6, 8). The gas permeability was found to increase approximately linearly with increasing alkyl chain length on the phosphonium group. To our knowledge, the CO2 permeability of 186 barrers observed for poly([P888VB][Tf2N]) is the highest reported for neat PIL materials. In contrast, gas selectivity was observed to decrease with an increase in phosphonium alkyl chain length from n=4 to n=6, then remain approximately constant between n=6 and n=8. Additionally, the ionic conductivity of these materials was observed to increase from ca. 10−8 to ca. 10−5 S cm−1 as the measurement temperature was increased from 25 to 105 °C. At 25 °C, the PIL with the shortest cation alkyl chain (n=4) was observed to have the lowest ionic conductivity. However at ca. 90 °C, the expected trend of increasing ionic conductivity in the order n=4>n=6>n=8 was observed.
Weight classification does not influence the short-term endocrine or metabolic effects of high-fructose corn syrup-sweetened beverages.

Obesity and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of chronic disease, but it is not clear whether obese (Ob) individuals are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of HFCS-sweetened beverages. The purpose of this study was to examine the endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming HFCS-sweetened beverages, and whether weight classification (normal weight (NW) vs. Ob) influences these effects. Ten NW and 10 Ob men and women who habitually consumed ≤355 mL per day of sugar-sweetened beverages were included in this study. Initially, the participants underwent a 4-h mixed-meal test after a 12-h overnight fast to assess insulin sensitivity, pancreatic and gut endocrine responses, insulin secretion and clearance, and glucose, triacylglycerol, and cholesterol responses. Next, the participants consumed their normal diet ad libitum, with 1065 mL per day (117 g·day–1) of HFCS-sweetened beverages added for 2 weeks. After the intervention, the participants rep...
Mas afinal, a memória é de quem? Histórias orais e modos de lembrar e contar

Recentemente, a pesquisa em ciencia social tem dado mais atencao as intrincadas relacoes entre biografia e historia. Na pesquisa educacional, esse foco resultou numa explosao do interesse na narrativa pessoal como uma articulacao da experiencia individual e coletiva com os mundos social, politico e cultural da educacao. Esse interesse na narrativa pessoal deu, por consequencia, proeminencia ao trabalho em historia oral. O crescimento da atracao intuitiva das narrativas pessoais, no entanto, ganhou uma complacencia metodologica. O que significa coletar e analisar narrativas pessoais? Como os narradores verbalizam suas narrativas e narram sua voz? Que papel exerce o jogo das entrevistas no desdobramento dessas narrativas? O que significam essas questoes no contexto das historias orais, que sao narrativas em que a dinâmica entrevistador-narrador tambem e mediatizada pela natureza da memoria? Este artigo examina o que a autora aprendeu sobre historias orais das narrativas que a autora pode, e nao pode,coletar. Palavras-chave: historia oral, educacao colonial, educacao em Mocambique. Abstract Social science inquiry has increasingly focused on the intricate relations between biography and history. In educational inquiry, this focus has led to an explosion of interest in the personal narrative as an articulation of individual and collective experience with the social, political and cultural worlds of education. This interest in the personal narrative has in tum given prominence to work in oral history as a research strategy. The growing intuitive appeal of personal narratives, however, has led to certain methodological complacency. What does it mean to collect and analyze personal narratives? How do narrators voice their narratives and narrate their voice? What role do interviewers play in the unfolding of these narratives? What do these questions mean in the context of oral histories, which are narratives where the interviewer-narrator dynamic is also mediated by the nature of memory? This paper examines what the author learned about oral histories from the narratives the author could, and could not, collect. Keywords: oral history, colonial history, education of Mozambique.
Utility of mould susceptibility testing.

Purpose of review As new antifungal agents were introduced for the treatment of fungal infections, reliable methods were developed or adapted for the in-vitro susceptibility testing of yeasts and moulds (filamentous fungi). This paper reviews the available methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of moulds as well as the scant data that have been published since 2002 regarding the clinical implications of in-vitro testing. Recent findings Caspofungin and voriconazole have been recently licensed for treatment of certain mould infections that are usually refractory to treatment with established agents. The introduction of new agents and the frequent reports of mould resistance have underscored the role of the laboratory in patient management and initiated the study of mechanisms of resistance in moulds. In 2002, the US National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M38-P document moved to the approved level of development (M38-A document). Although combination therapy and synergistic studies with the new agents have been documented, very little information is available on in-vitro/in-vivo correlations for moulds. Summary The ultimate goal of in-vitro testing is the prediction of the clinical outcome of therapy. The use of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards procedures has led to increased interlaboratory agreement of minimum inhibitory concentrations. Reproducibility of minimum inhibitory concentrations for yeasts has facilitated the establishment of interpretive breakpoints for fluconazole and itraconazole versus Candida spp., but breakpoints are not available for any antifungal against mould species. Although some insights have been documented regarding the potential utility of in-vitro testing for moulds, further documentation of in-vitro versus in-vivo data is needed.
Characterization of yolk proteins during oocyte development of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

Abstract Comparisons of yolk proteins in tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus , during oocyte development indicate differences between early and late vitellogenic stages. Changes during oocyte development were observed in the abundance of yolk proteins and in the immunoreactivity to VTG-200 and VTG-130 antibodies. Some of these yolk proteins were observed at early viteliogenic stages, 145, 48, 44, 42, 32, 32, 30, 11.7, and 11.5 kDa; others were observed at late vitellogenic stages, 87 and 64 kDa; whereas some were observed at both vitellogenic stages, 116, 105, 78, 22, 36, 25.5, 18, 16.5, 14, 13.8, and 12 kDa. Immunological analysis and staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue indicate that VTG-130 appears intact in the oocytes only at early stages. Intact VTG-200 is present in both early and late oocyte developmental stages. Crossreaction of the two different antibodies with smaller molecular mass proteins from the oocytes suggests that they are proteolytic cleavage products of the vitellogenins. Phosvitins such as 21, 17, 13.5, and 8 kDa and lipovitellins measuring 116, 105, 18, 16.5, and 14 kDa were observed throughout oocyte development. Several yolk proteins, including 105, 87, 78, 14, and 13.8 kDa, crossreacted with wheat germ agglutinin and concanavalin A lectins, suggesting that these contain N-acetylglucosamine and glucose and/ or mannose.
Expression of Foxm1 Transcription Factor in Cardiomyocytes Is Required for Myocardial Development

Forkhead Box M1 (Foxm1) is a transcription factor essential for organ morphogenesis and development of various cancers. Although complete deletion of Foxm1 in Foxm1−/− mice caused embryonic lethality due to severe abnormalities in multiple organ systems, requirements for Foxm1 in cardiomyocytes remain to be determined. This study was designed to elucidate the cardiomyocyte-autonomous role of Foxm1 signaling in heart development. We generated a new mouse model in which Foxm1 was specifically deleted from cardiomyocytes (Nkx2.5-Cre/Foxm1fl/f mice). Deletion of Foxm1 from cardiomyocytes was sufficient to disrupt heart morphogenesis and induce embryonic lethality in late gestation. Nkx2.5-Cre/Foxm1fl/fl hearts were dilated with thinning of the ventricular walls and interventricular septum, as well as disorganization of the myocardium which culminated in cardiac fibrosis and decreased capillary density. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was diminished in Nkx2.5-Cre/Foxm1fl/fl hearts owing to altered expression of multiple cell cycle regulatory genes, such as Cdc25B, Cyclin B1, Plk-1, nMyc and p21cip1. In addition, Foxm1 deficient hearts displayed reduced expression of CaMKIIδ, Hey2 and myocardin, which are critical mediators of cardiac function and myocardial growth. Our results indicate that Foxm1 expression in cardiomyocytes is critical for proper heart development and required for cardiomyocyte proliferation and myocardial growth.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor-induced disinhibition is mediated by reduced transmission at excitatory synapses onto interneurons and inhibitory synapses onto pyramidal cells

Abstract Previous studies suggest that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) reduces GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition in area CA1 of the hippocampus. However, the mechanisms involved in this disinhibition are not known. We report that mGluR activation reduces both the GABA a and GABA b receptor-mediated components of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) by reducing transmission at excitatory synapses onto inhibitory interneurons and inhibitory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells.
Mobile object detection through client-server based vote transfer

Mobile platforms such as smart-phones and tablet computers have attained the technological capacity to perform tasks beyond their intended purposes. The steady increase of processing power has enticed researchers to attempt increasingly challenging tasks on mobile devices with appropriate modifications over their stationary counterparts. In this work we present a novel multi-frame object detection application for the mobile platform that is capable of object localization. Our work leverages the hough forest based object detector introduced by Gall et al. in [10]. In our experiments, we demonstrate that our novel, multi-frame generalization of [10] notably improves the detection performance. We test the performance of the technique in variable resolutions, the applicability to several object categories and different datasets. We implement the multi-frame detector on a mobile platform through a novel client-server framework that presents a sound and viable environment for the multi-frame detector. Finally, we study implementations of both single and multi-frame object detectors based on this client-server framework on a mobile device running the android OS.
Schottky-barrier mobility profiling measurements with gate-current corrections

Abstract The Schottky-barrier gate of a field-effect transistor (FET) provides an ideal means of mobility profiling by the geometric-magnetoresistance method. This technique has advantages over the more common capacitance-conductance method, because of a near independence of parasitic resistances. However, present models do not take account of finite gate current, which is an appreciable problem in forward bias. We develop a model which properly includes gate current corrections as well as parasitic resistances and apply this model to GaAs MESFETs, even in cases for which the gate current is on the order of the source-drain current. The allowance of forward bias makes possible accurate mobility profiles much closer to the surface than before.
Ethics, Values, and Organizational Justice: Individuals, Organizations, and Beyond

This paper seeks to advance our thinking about values and justice by studying the relationship between these constructs at the organizational level. We hypothesize that collective perceptions of moral values in organizational settings will influence collective perceptions of justice. Survey results from 619 individuals in 108 departments strongly support our hypothesis that collective values influence perceptions of both procedural and overall justice climate. We discuss these results, and their implications for thinking about relationships between moral values and justice at even higher levels of analysis such as society overall.
Effect of melatonin on cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization.

Abstract Melatonin, a pineal hormone and a potent free radical scavenger with neuroprotective actions, has been reported to act as an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). We have earlier shown that inhibitors of NOS (Nω-nitro- l -arginine methyl ester [ l -NAME], 7-nitroindazole [7-NI]) block cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. In the present study, the effects of melatonin on cocaine behavior were studied. A single injection of melatonin markedly augmented cocaine-induced locomotor activity. Rats injected daily with melatonin prior to cocaine injections failed to elicit cocaine sensitization. These behavioral effects of melatonin do not completely mimic those of other NOS inhibitors, suggesting that the effects of melatonin on cocaine behavior are mediated by both NOS-dependent as well as NOS-independent mechanisms.
Submitral Calcification or Sclerosis in Elderly Patients: M Mode and Two Dimensional Echocardiography in ' 'Mitral Anulus Calcification' '

Submitral calcification or sclerosis was visualized with M mode echocardiography in 84 elderly patients, 35 of whom were also studied with two dimensional echocardiography. Posterior submitral calcification, commonly referred to as "mitral anulus calcification," was present in 82 patients and was located in the angle between the posterior mitral leaflet and left ventricular posterior wall, rather than in the mitral anulus proper. M mode scans from the left ventricle to the left atrium showed that posterior submitral calcification ended abruptly in 66 cases, and in these it became contiguous with the posterior atrioventricular junction (true mitral anulus) in only 14 instances, in 16 patients the posterior submitral calcification sloped anteriorly to merge with the posterior aortic root. Anterior submitral calcification was visualized in 12 patients, 10 of whom also had posterior submitral calcification. Anterior submitral calcification was usually located immediately anterior to the base of the anterior mitral cusp. In two cases, if appeared to arise in the region between the aortic and mitral rings; in one instance, it was located in the mid left ventricle, in the mitral chordal region. We suggest that the terms anterior and posterior submitral calcification are more appropriate than "mitral anulus calcification" because in most cases such calcific deposits do not appear to be located in or to arise from the true mitral anulus.
The Effects of Cognitive and Affective Perspective Taking on Empathic Concern and Altruistic Helping.

The impact of cognitive and affective perspective taking on empathic arousal and altruistic responding was investigated in an American, working adult, ethnically diverse population. Altruistic helping, operationalized as the number of hours a participant volunteered to help counsel other adult students, depended on the type of perspective induced. Cognitive and affective perspectives were induced by instructing participants to pay attention to and discern (a) the thoughts of the stimulus person, (b) the feelings of the stimulus person, or (c) distracting, irrelevant details that provided a comparison condition. Participants in the affective perspective-taking condition reported greater empathic arousal than control participants. Participants in the affective perspective-taking condition also offered more help than did those in the cognitive perspective-taking condition or in the control condition.
Intrinsic metabolic clearance of parathion and paraoxon by livers from fish and rodents

The specific activities of hepatic enzymes involved in both the activation and detoxification of the anticholinesterase insecticide parathion were significantly greater in both rats and mice compared to either fathead minnows or rainbow trout. Whereas the rates of parathion desulfuration and hydrolysis were comparable, the specific activity for paraoxon hydrolysis was approximately threefold greater than its rate of formation for all species except trout. The kinetic data, however, indicate that the significantly greater Km for paraoxon hydrolysis limits its detoxification. Accordingly, the data are consistent with the progressive accumulation of this toxic metabolite in liver tissue incubated in vitro with parathion. The similar Km for parathion desulfuration and hydrolysis by rodents is consistent with the proposed mechanism of catalysis involving a common S-oxide intermediate. Due to the slow rates of enzyme catalysis, reliable kinetic estimates for the hydrolytic reactions were not possible for both species of fish. Assuming comparable Km values for paraoxon hydrolysis in rodents and fish, the net accumulation of paraoxon in tissue water may be quite similar between species and metabolic transformation may not be an important determinant of the species-selective toxicity of parathion.
Nursing and Genetics: Applying the American Nurses Association's Code of Ethics

A professional code of ethics is essential for behaviors to be reinforced in any discipline. The American Nurses Association (ANA) has established a code of ethics for nurses to use as a framework for making ethical decisions with all aspects of health care delivered to the public. With the explosion of genetic discoveries, nurses and clients are facing new ethical dilemmas. It is important for nurses to understand how to use the ANA Code of Ethics when faced with the many complexities of ethical issues involving genetics and health care. This article illustrates how the ANA Code of Ethics can be applied in nursing practice to establish professional behaviors related to ethical issues and genetics.
Developmental relationship between spinal motoneuron dendrite bundles and patterned activity in the forelimb of cats.

Most dendrites of motoneurons in the spinal cord of mature cats and monkeys have been shown to be grouped in tightly packed bundles. In the lumbosacral cord, bundles begin to appear at postnatal day, 12 to day 14 coincident with the earliest appearance of reciprocal activity in flexor-extensor muscle pairs and development of stepping-walking-weight-bearing capability in the hind limb. We suggested that the central program responsible for controlling integrated patterns of limb activity may be generated in motoneuron dendrite bundles. In the kitten, treading motions of the front legs associated with suckling appear almost immediately after birth. In addition to a generally more advanced state of development in cervical cord, motoneuron dendrite bundles can be identified in the neonatal cervical ventral horn. This can be interpreted as offering further support to the view that dendrite bundles provide the central program for reciprocal activity of leg muscle pairs in coordinated motor activity.
Remote sensing of sea ice thickness by a combined spatial and frequency domain interferometer: formulations, instrument design, and development

The thickness of Arctic sea ice plays a critical role in Earth's climate and ocean circulation. An accurate measurement of this parameter on synoptic scales at regular intervals would enable characterization of this important component for the understanding of ocean circulation and the global heat balance. Presented in this paper is a low frequency VHF interferometer technique and associated radar instrument design to measure sea ice thickness based on the use of backscatter correlation functions. The sea ice medium is represented as a multi-layered medium consisting of snow, sea-ice and sea water, with the interfaces between layers characterized as rough surfaces. This technique utilizes the correlation of two radar waves of different frequencies and incident and observation angles, scattered from the sea ice medium. The correlation functions relate information about the sea ice thickness. Inversion techniques such as the genetic algorithm, gradient descent, and least square methods, are used to derive sea ice thickness from the phase information related by the correlation functions. The radar instrument is designed to be implemented on a spacecraft and the initial test-bed will be on a Twin Otter aircraft. Radar system and instrument design and development parameters as well as some measurement requirements are reviewed. The ability to obtain reliable phase information for successful ice thickness retrieval for various thickness and surface interface geometries is examined.
BONES AND STONES: SELECTION FOR SOCIALITY*

This paper reviews evidence from paleoanthropology about the mode and tempo of human evolutionary history. Rather than a gradualistic, “uphill” directional change as one species is transformed into another by selection, the fossil record indicates many species related to ours, some quite successful with respect to their longevity as a lineage. The implications of the fossil record include a revival of group selection, a recognition of groups as selective (and selected) environment, and a concern about the “grain” or complexity of adaptations.
Physical, Emotional, and Behavioral Reactions to Breaking Up: The Roles of Gender, Age, Emotional Involvement, and Attachment Style:

Associations between gender, age, emotional involvement, and attachment style and reactions to romantic relationship dissolution were studied in a survey of more than 5,000 Internet respondents. It was hypothesized that individual reactions to breakups would be congruent with characteristic attachment behaviors and affect-regulation strategies generally associated with attachment style. Attachment-related anxiety was associated with greater preoccupation with the lost partner, greater perseveration over the loss, more extreme physical and emotional distress, exaggerated attempts to reestablish the relationship, partner-related sexual motivation, angry and vengeful behavior, interference with exploratory activities, dysfunctional coping strategies, and disordered resolution. Attachment-related avoidance was weakly and negatively associated with most distress/proximity-seeking reactions to breakups and strongly and positively associated with avoidant and self-reliant coping strategies. Security (low scores on the anxiety and avoidance dimensions) was associated with social coping strategies (e.g., using friends and family as "safe havens"). Attachment insecurity, particularly anxiety, was associated with using drugs and alcohol to cope with loss.
Apoptosis is required for the proper formation of the ventriculo-arterial connections.

The role of apoptosis in cardiac morphogenesis has not been directly tested. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is prevalent during the remodeling of the embryonic chicken cardiac outflow tract (OFT) in the transition from a single to a dual circulation. We tested the hypothesis that OFT cardiomyocyte apoptosis drives the shortening and rotation of the embryonic cardiac OFT and is required to achieve the mature ventriculo-arterial configuration. Chick embryos were treated with the peptide Caspase inhibitors zVAD-fmk or DEVD-cho at HH stages 15-20 (looped heart). Morphology of control and experimental embryos was assessed at HH stage 35, at which time the control hearts have developed a dual circulation. Infection of the hearts with a recombinant adenovirus expressing green fluorescent protein was used to follow the fate of the OFT cardiomyocytes. Affected embryos displayed abnormal persistence of a long infundibulum (OFT myocardial remnant) beneath the great vessels, indicating failure of OFT shortening. In some instances, the infundibulum connected both great vessels to the right ventricle in a side-by-side arrangement with transposition of the aorta, indicating a failure of rotation of the OFT, and modeling human congenital double outlet right ventricle. Defects were also observed at other sites in the heart where apoptosis is prevalent, such as in the formation of the cardiac valves and trabeculae. To more specifically target the apoptosis of the OFT cardiomyocytes, recombinant adenovirus was used to express the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in these cells. This resulted in an effect on outflow tract shortening and rotation similar to that of the peptide inhibitors, while the effects on the other cardiac structures were not observed. These results demonstrate that elimination of OFT cardiomyocytes by apoptosis is necessary for the proper formation of the ventriculo-arterial connections, and suggest apoptosis as a potential target of teratogens and genetic defects that are associated with congenital human conal heart defects.