cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health beliefs, behaviors, and symptoms associated with orthorexia nervosa.

This research explored whether symptoms of orthorexia nervosa (ON), a condition involving obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors regarding healthy eating, are associated with differences pertaining to use of nutritional supplements and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) techniques, to health locus of control, and to symptoms of poor physical health. An anonymous online survey assessing the variables above was completed by college students at a university in the southern United States: 47 in the ON symptoms group, 50 in the healthy-eating control group, and 83 in the normal-eating control group. Compared to both control groups, the ON symptoms group reported greater supplement use and CAM participation, more reasons for these behaviors for the purpose of improving psychological health (i.e., to increase energy, enhance focus, and improve mood), and greater symptoms associated with poor physical health. None of the groups differed on internal or external health locus of control. For those with ON, “healthy” eating behaviors are accompanied by other health behaviors that include supplement use and CAM activities. However, despite their goal of achieving perfect health, these individuals experience diminished physical health with symptoms that may be related to their severe dietary restrictions. Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.
Influence of Interfaces on the Phase Stability in Nanostructured Thin Film Multilayers

Nanostructured thin film multilayers, comprising of alternating A/B layers, can exhibit metastable structures in one or both layers. From a classical thermodynamic viewpoint, the reduction interfacial energy is primarily responsible for this stabilizing effect. Based on this idea, a model has been constructed in which phase stability regions are represented as functions of both the bilayer thickness and volume fraction of the one the layers. Applying this classical thermodynamic model to a single, previously reported hcp to bcc transformation in Zr for Zr/Nb multilayers, a phase stability diagram was proposed. Various Zr/Nb multilayers with different bilayer thicknesses and volume fractions have been sputtered deposited. hcp to bcc transformations in the Zr layer were confirmed by x-ray and electron diffraction. Furthermore the Zr/Nb stability diagram predicted a novel hcp Nb phase which was subsequently verified experimentally. Using Zr/Nb as a guide, a similar phase stability diagram was constructed and experimentally determined for Ti/Nb multilayers. For each multilayer system, the reduction in interfacial energy was calculated from the experimentally determined diagram. These values were then compared to estimations of the structural component of the interfacial energy. The structural component was based on the energy per unit area of a misfit dislocation network constructed by an o-lattice. This simple assesment suggests that the reduction of the structural component of the interfacial energy is sufficient to drive the transformation.
Periodic symmetry defined bioreactors enhance algae growth

This article explores a new, highly scalable bioreactor design for photosynthetic, lipid producing organisms. Microalgae are important to the recovery of resources from wastewater and microalgae derived oils have the potential to become an important source of transportation fuels, but current photobioreactor designs are not readily scalable. In contrast, this article evaluates the productivity of periodic designs that use repeated unit cells defined by fluid dynamically driven recirculation profiles so that scaleup may be achieved simply by increasing (massively) the number of unit cells. Photobioreactors with one, seven, and nineteen unit cells were constructed containing 13.2, 92.4, and 251 gal, respectively, to demonstrate scalability. Development of a kinetic growth model accounting for variations in photointensity versus depth predicts approximately linear (instead of exponential) growth as observed in the first week of productivity. This design decreases the required power per volume by over 50% compared to paddlewheel designs, and material costs per unit cell decrease with increasing reactor size, because flow symmetry defines the boundaries of the unit cells in the absence of internal material walls. These results provide a more efficient path to scale up to commercially relevant acreage, bringing algal biofuels closer to energy parity.
The thermodynamics of indoor air pollution: A pilot study emulating traditional Kenyan homesteads

Abstract This study examined the addition of natural ventilation (i.e., windows) in traditional Kenyan homesteads and other similar dwellings in developing countries. There is a particular need for the reduction of indoor air pollution in Kenya and other countries where traditional cooking relies on unrefined biomass fuels. For the purposes of this study, a cardboard tower equipped with thermocouples and an 80-watt heat source was constructed. As the recreation of smoke was deemed unfeasible, temperature differentials were measured within the tower and examined how varying temperature conditions might contribute to the accumulation of smoke indoors. Two scenarios were tested: windows-open and windows-closed. In the windows-open scenario, decreased temperature differentials were consistently observed throughout the sampling process with an average of 4.8 °C less than with the windows-closed (p =
The Effect of Heat on Lithic Microwear Traces: An Experimental Assessment

Despite decades of study of post-depositional surface modification by lithic use-wear analysts, the impact of heat remains underexplored. In this paper, we present the results of an experiment desi...
NLRC5 Serves as a Pro-viral Factor During Influenza Virus Infection in Chicken Macrophages

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause major economic losses to the global poultry industry. Many host factors have been identified that act as regulators of the inflammatory response and virus replication in influenza A virus (IAV) infected cells including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) like receptor (NLR) family proteins. Evidence is emerging that NLRC5, the largest NLR member, is a regulator of host immune responses against invading pathogens including viruses; however, its role in the avian immune system and AIV pathogenesis has not been fully explored. In this study, we found that NLRC5 is activated by a range of low and highly pathogenic AIVs in primary chicken lung cells and a chicken macrophage cell line. Further, siRNA mediated NLRC5 knockdown in chicken macrophages resulted in a significant reduction in AIV replication which was associated with the upregulation of genes associated with activated NFĸB signaling pathway. The knockdown of NLRC5 enhanced the expression of genes known to be associated with viral defense and decreased innate cytokine gene expression following AIV infection. Overall, our investigation strongly suggests that NLRC5 is a pro-viral factor during IAV infection in chicken and may contribute to pathogenesis through innate cytokine regulation. Further studies are warranted to investigate the IAV protein(s) that may regulate activation of NLRC5.
Sustainability transitions in agri-food systems: insights from South Korea’s universal free, eco-friendly school lunch program

Government-sponsored school lunch programs have garnered attention from activists and policymakers for their potential to promote public health, sustainable diets, and food sovereignty. However, across country contexts, these programs often fall far short of their transformative potential. It is vital, then, to identify policies and organizing strategies that enable school lunch programs to be redesigned at the national scale. In this article, we use document analysis of historical newspapers and government data to examine the motivating factors and underlying conditions that allowed South Korea’s universal free, eco-friendly (UFEF) school lunch program to become a tool for advancing social justice and ecological goals at the national scale. We analyze the socio-historical evolution and current status of the Korean school lunch program, combining the multi-level perspective with insights from environmental sociology and critical food studies, in order to shed light on the factors that enabled the program to become an innovative niche and articulate the opportunities and challenges it now faces. We identify the state-sponsored creation of what we call “precautionary infrastructure” as a key anchoring mechanism between the school food niche and agri-food regime. Precautionary infrastructure includes new supply chains, certification standards, and sourcing policies that provide a stable market for eco-friendly farms and small-scale producers, while minimizing the environmental health risks of school lunch by delivering organic and pesticide-free ingredients to on-site kitchens that serve free lunches to all students. This analysis offers insight into how public school-lunch programs can become protected niches that help drive sustainability transitions within agri-food systems.
Adverse Events Associated With Midline Vascular Catheters

Background: Central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) result in increased patient morbidity. Guidelines recommend against peripheral venous catheters when access is required for longer than 6 days, often leading to central venous catheter (CVC) placement. To improve vascular access device choice and reduce the potential risk of CLABSI, we implemented a quality improvement initiative comprised of a vascular access algorithm and introduction of a midline vascular access device (MVAD). We report complications associated with MVAD use including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), thrombophlebitis, and BSI. Methods: A prospective quality improvement assessment from October 2017 through March 2018. All MVADs were monitored for DVT, thrombophlebitis, and BSI. Insertion time and removal of MVAD were tracked, as well as presence of other vascular access devices. Results: From October 2017 through March 2018, 858 MVADs were inserted in 726 different patients, yielding 3,588 MVD days. In total, 6 primary BSIs occurred in patients with MVADs. In patients with only a MVAD, the rate was 0.72 BSI per 1,000 MVAD days, whereas patients with an MVAD as well as a CVC had a rate of 1.98 per 1,000 MVAD days. The overall CLABSI rate at the institution during this period of time was 1.24 per 1,000 CVC days. Also, 29 cases of thrombophlebitis occurred, for a rate of 3.84 per 1,000 catheter days in patients with only an MVAD compared to 4.63 per 1,000 catheter days in patients with an MVAD and a CVC. Also, 25 DVTs occurred during this time, resulting in a rate of 2.88 per 1,000 catheter days in patients with only an MVAD and 4.63 per 1,000 catheter days in patients with multiple vascular-access devices. A significant correlation was noted between MVAD indwell time and BSI (P = .0021) and thrombophlebitis (P = .0041). The median indwell time for patients experiencing BSI was 16.17 days ± 8.04 days, whereas the median indwell time for patients experiencing thrombophlebitis was 9.24 days ± 7.99 days. Conclusions: The implementation of a vascular-access algorithm including MVAD may effectively reduce CVC insertions and BSIs. The rate of BSI in MVAD was below that of CLABSI during the assessment period. Known complications associated with MVAD include DVTs and thrombophlebitis, which correlates with the duration of catheterization, and these risks appear to be further compounded in patients requiring multiple devices for vascular access. Further research into comparing the risk of vascular access of MVAD with CVC is warranted. Funding: None Disclosures: None
Trends in Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections in Nursing Homes in Monroe County, New York

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) are common in hospitals and nursing homes. Infection prevention efforts reduced MRSA BSI in hospitals but the trend in nursing homes is not well described. In addition, the contribution of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) to the total burden of invasive S. aureus (iSA) in nursing homes remains unknown. Methods: As part of the CDC Emerging Infections Program, we conduct population-based surveillance for iSA infections in Monroe County, New York. Case patients were county residents with S. aureus isolated from a sterile site. Our analysis was limited to data from 2009–2018 for MRSA and 2015–2018 for MSSA and to cases classified as hospital-onset (HO, positive culture ≥3 calendar days after admission) or nursing home-onset (NHO, positive culture in nursing homes or within 3 days of hospital admission from a nursing home). Risk factors for iSA BSI in nursing homes were compared using the χ2 and Student t tests in SAS version 9.4 software. Results: During 2009–2014, 664 MRSA cases occurred and 427 (64%) were BSIs. Of these, 228 (53%) were NHO and 199 (47%) were HO. The BSI incidence per 100,000 population of NHO cases declined from 7.9 in 2009 to 2.8 in 2014, mirroring the decline in HO incidence from 8.7 in 2009 to 3.1 in 2014 (Fig. 1). During 2015–2018, 203 MRSA cases (163 BSIs, 80%) and 235 MSSA cases (163 BSIs, 69%) occurred. Of the 163 MRSA BSIs, 94 (58%) were NHO and 69 (42%) were HO, whereas of the 235 MSSA BSIs, only 56 (34%) were NHO and 107 (66%) were HO. MRSA BSI incidence per 100,000 population in both settings plateaued during 2015–2018 (Fig. 1) and MSSA NHO BSI incidence was lower than HO (1.9 NHO vs 3.6 HO). The total iSA BSI incidence was similar in both settings (5.9 vs 5.0 per 100,000 population in HO and NHO, respectively). NHO MSSA and MRSA cases have similar risk factors for BSI; 45 (30%) had decubitus ulcers, 34 (23%) were on chronic dialysis, 41 (27%) had a CVC in place within 2 days of BSI onset, and 63% had prior healthcare exposures. Most of these developed within 4 weeks of hospital discharge (Fig. 2). Conclusions: The incidence of MRSA BSI in nursing homes has declined since 2009 but plateaued starting in 2015. Compared to MRSA, MSSA caused fewer BSIs in nursing homes; however, iSA risk factors, including previous healthcare exposure, were similar. Continued study is needed to identify interventions effective against all iSA infections in nursing homes. Funding: None Disclosures: None
4D Automotive Radar Sensing for Autonomous Vehicles: A Sparsity-Oriented Approach

We propose a high-resolution imaging radar system to enable high-fidelity four-dimensional (4D) sensing for autonomous driving, i.e., range, Doppler, azimuth, and elevation, through a joint sparsity design in frequency spectrum and array configurations. To accommodate a high number of automotive radars operating at the same frequency band while avoiding mutual interference, random sparse step-frequency waveform (RSSFW) is proposed to synthesize a large effective bandwidth to achieve high range resolution profiles. To mitigate high range sidelobes in RSSFW radars, optimal weights are designed to minimize the peak sidelobe level such that targets with a relatively small radar cross section are detectable without introducing high probability of false alarm. We extend the RSSFW concept to multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar by applying phase codes along slow time to synthesize a two-dimensional (2D) sparse array with hundreds of virtual array elements to enable high-resolution direction finding in both azimuth and elevation. The 2D sparse array acts as a sub-Nyquist sampler of the corresponding uniform rectangular array (URA) with half-wavelength interelement spacing, and the corresponding URA response is recovered by completing a low-rank block Hankel matrix. Consequently, the high sidelobes in the azimuth and elevation spectra are greatly suppressed so that weak targets can be reliably detected. The proposed imaging radar provides point clouds with a resolution comparable to LiDAR but with a much lower cost. Numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the performance of the proposed 4D imaging radar system with joint sparsity in frequency spectrum and antenna arrays.
Global View of the Clinical Nurse Specialist Role

A clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is an advanced practice nurse who has acquired knowledge, skills, and aptitude at greater depth and breadth than generalist preparation registered nursing. Globally there are varying descriptions of the CNS role and practice. In the United States and Canada, the term CNS is used, whereas in other countries the role may be titled, for example, Clinical Nurse Consultant. As titling continues to evolve, the core criterion for a CNS is advanced formal nursing preparation at the postbaccalaureate level. CNS practice focuses on managing complex and vulnerable patients and populations, providing education and support for nurses and interprofessional staff, and creating change and innovation in healthcare systems for improved patient/population outcomes. A global need exists for the role of the CNS, and educational and regulatory support is required to fully implement the role in many countries and settings. Common concerns varying in importance by country include securing title protection, defining scope of practice, determining core practice competencies, establishing educational requirements and curriculum, securing professional certification, and obtaining authority to practice regulation. Continuing efforts to assure public access to CNS services are essential for the successful integration of the CNS role into the professional healthcare expertise contributing to the health and well-being of persons globally.
Progress in Conceptual Design and Analysis of Advanced Rotorcraft

This presentation will give information on Multi-Disciplinary Analysis and Technology Development, including it's objectives and how they will be met. In addition, it will also present recent highlights including the Lift-Offset Civil Design and it's study conclusions, as well as, the LCTR2 Propulsion Concept's study conclusions. Recent publications and future publications will also be discussed.
Construction and performance of a high voltage zinc bromine battery in an electric vehicle

This paper describes the design, construction, testing and installation of a 391 volt, 35 kWh zinc bromine battery in an electric vehicle. This research project, was referred to as the "Endura project" and resulted in the construction of the highest voltage zinc bromine battery ever to be used in an electric vehicle. The zinc bromine battery is a high energy density battery that utilizes low cost materials (predominantly polyethylene plastic). It has a relatively high energy density (60 to 70 Wh/kg of battery weight) and is modular in its construction. It utilizes a water cooling loop and normally operates between 32 and 45/spl deg/C. The Endura project constructed a state of the art zinc bromine battery, used an advanced charging system, and an advanced AC propulsion system. These components were integrated in a Geo Prizm and used to compete in the APS Electric 500 in Phoenix, AZ (3rd place, 3/94), the World Clean Air Rally in LA (1st Place, 4/94) and the 1994 American Tour de Sol (2nd Place 5/94). >
The Developmental Formation of Liver Glucose 6-Phosphatase and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Fetal Rats Treated with Thyroxine

Abstract Enzyme formation during differentiation was studied by administering hormones to individual fetal rats in utero and comparing them with their untreated mates. Thyroxine raises considerably the levels of glucose 6-phosphatase and NADPH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase in fetal livers: within 5 and 24 hours, respectively, both enzymes reach approximately half of their adult levels. Glucagon has a similar effect on glucose 6-phosphatase but does not affect NADPH dehydrogenase, whereas tyrosine aminotransferase, the synthesis of which can be prematurely initiated by glucagon, is unaffected by thyroxine. Hydrocortisone acetate does not increase the level of any of these enzymes studied in fetal liver; it causes a small decrease in glucose 6-phosphatase. The different responses of the three enzymes to the experimental stimuli are in accord with their different developmental patterns. Fetal thyroid hormone is most probably the immediate cause for the first appearance of liver glucose 6-phosphatase and NADPH dehydrogenase during late gestation. The second upsurge of glucose 6-phosphatase activity and the first appearance of tyrosine aminotransferase are conditioned by the early postnatal secretion of glucagon. The results emphasize the plasticity of the developmental formation of enzymes; the role of fetal endocrine function in this aspect of differentiation may be approached by experimentally induced changes in the enzyme profile.
The Extraordinary Mrs. Shipley: How the United States Controlled International Travel Before the Age of Terrorism

Terrorist watchlists used to restrict travel into and out of the United States owe their conceptual origins to Mrs. Ruth B. Shipley, the Chief of the State Department’s Passport Division from 1928 to 1955. Mrs. Shipley was one of the most powerful people in the federal government for almost thirty years, but she is virtually unknown today. She had the unreviewable discretion to determine who could leave the United States, for how long, and under what conditions. This article examines how Mrs. Shipley exercised her power through a detailed study of original documents obtained from the National Archives. It then compares her work to the current watchlisting procedures employed by the Terrorist Screening Center and Department of Homeland Security. The article concludes that today’s so-called “No Fly List” used to deny boarding passes to suspect travelers resonates with Mrs. Shipley’s passport power, which was rightly scaled back by the courts and Congress as incompatible with our constitutional values.
Stability and stabilization of discrete systems with multiplicative noise

In this paper we consider the problem of the stabilization of unstable stochastic difference systems by the addition of multiplicative noise. We illustrate the possibilities of stabilization by uniformly and normally distributed multiplicative noises. Then we present different approaches to the problem of finding sufficient conditions for stability and finally, address the optimal estimation problem and multiplicative noise control using estimated state values.
Growth-Associated Protein-43 Is Required for Commissural Axon Guidance in the Developing Vertebrate Nervous System

Growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) is a major growth cone protein whose phosphorylation by PKC in response to extracellular guidance cues can regulate F-actin behavior. Here we show that 100% of homozygote GAP-43 (−/−) mice failed to form the anterior commissure (AC), hippocampal commissure (HC), and corpus callosum (CC) in vivo . Instead, although midline fusion was normal, selective fasciculation between commissural axons was inhibited, and TAG-1-labeled axons tangled bilaterally into Probst9s bundles. Moreover, their growth cones had significantly smaller lamellas and reduced levels of F-actin in vitro . Likewise, 100% of GAP-43 (+/−) mice with one disrupted allele also showed defects in HC and CC, whereas the AC was unaffected. Individual GAP-43 (+/−) mice could be assigned to two groups based on the amount that PKC phosphorylation of GAP-43 was reduced in neocortical neurons. In mice with ∼1% phosphorylation, the HC and CC were absent, whereas in mice with ∼10% phosphorylation, the HC and CC were smaller. Both results suggest that PKC-mediated signaling in commissural axons may be defective. However, although Probst9s bundles formed consistently at the location of the glial wedge, both GAP-43 (−/−) and GAP-43 (+/+) cortical axons were still repulsed by Slit-2 in vitro , precluding failure of this deflective signal from the glial wedge as the source of the phenotype. Nonetheless, the data show that a functional threshold of GAP-43 is required for commissure formation and suggests that failure to regulate F-actin in commissural growth cones may be related to inhibited PKC phosphorylation of GAP-43.
Lifespan Development Revisited: African-Centered Spirituality Throughout the Life Cycle

Traditionally in the field of psychology, most theories were developed from the perspective of scholars from Western culture. Because of this, the generality of such theories is usually limited, especially when applying them to people of African descent who have experienced different realities of life as a function of worldwide racial oppression. Especially lacking in the theories is a consideration of the role of spirituality in the development and psychological well-being of people of African descent. The authors discuss the problems of Western theories using Erikson's model of life-span development as an example. They present the definition of spirituality using an African-centered lens, and then propose a synthesis between Western and non-Western developmental theories with the issue of spirituality placed in the center of analysis.
Marked influence of the nature of the chemical bond on CP-violating signature in molecular ions HBr(+) and HI(+).

Heavy polar molecules offer a great sensitivity to the electron electric dipole moment (EDM). To guide emerging searches for EDMs with molecular ions, we estimate the EDM-induced energy corrections for hydrogen halide ions ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{r}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}^{+}$ in their respective ground $X\text{ }^{2}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{3/2}$ states. We find that the energy corrections due to EDM for the two ions differ by an unexpectedly large factor of 15. We demonstrate that a major part of this enhancement is due to a dissimilarity in the nature of the chemical bond for the two ions: the bond that is nearly of ionic character in ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{r}}^{+}$ exhibits predominantly a covalent nature in ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}^{+}$. We conclude that because of this enhancement the ${\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}}^{+}$ ion may be a potentially competitive candidate for the EDM search.
Why do users feel search task difficult

This paper reports on an examination of why information searchers find search tasks difficult and the specific reasons they feel difficult. Data was collected through a controlled laboratory experiment with 32 participants, each working with 4 search tasks. They were asked in questionnaires, both before and after the tasks, for task difficulty ratings and their reasoning for giving those ratings. We developed a coding scheme based on the difficulty reasons users gave, which covered various aspects of task, user, and user-task interaction. This helps us understand search task difficulty, as well as provides a scheme for task difficulty control in experiment task design.
Kidney function in the crab-eating frog (Rana cancrivora).

1. A study has been made of kidney function in the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora , of south-east Asia. 2. This frog can live in full-strength sea water; in such concentrated media its blood is slightly hypertonic to the medium, and a considerable part of the osmotic concentration is due to urea. 3. In concentrated media the excretion of urea is greatly diminished. This is not due to active tubular reabsorption of urea, but primarily to a low urine flow caused by increased tubular reabsorption of water and reduced glomerular filtration. 4. In concentrated media, as compared with dilute media, only a few percent of the filtered urea appears in the urine. 5. Osmoregulation of the crab-eating frog in sea water resembles that of elasmobranchs except in that there is no evidence of active tubular reabsorption of urea in the frog.
Accumulation of non-outer segment proteins in the outer segment underlies photoreceptor degeneration in Bardet–Biedl syndrome

Compartmentalization and polarized protein trafficking are essential for many cellular functions. The photoreceptor outer segment (OS) is a sensory compartment specialized for phototransduction, and it shares many features with primary cilia. As expected, mutations disrupting protein trafficking to cilia often disrupt protein trafficking to the OS and cause photoreceptor degeneration. Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is one of the ciliopathies associated with defective ciliary trafficking and photoreceptor degeneration. However, precise roles of BBS proteins in photoreceptor cells and the underlying mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in BBS are not well understood. Here, we show that accumulation of non-OS proteins in the OS underlies photoreceptor degeneration in BBS. Using a newly developed BBS mouse model [Leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 (Lztfl1)/Bbs17 mutant], isolated OSs, and quantitative proteomics, we determined 138 proteins that are enriched more than threefold in BBS mutant OS. In contrast, only eight proteins showed a more than threefold reduction. We found striking accumulation of Stx3 and Stxbp1/Munc18-1 and loss of polarized localization of Prom1 within the Lztfl1 and Bbs1 mutant OS. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that large vesicles are formed in the BBS OS, disrupting the lamellar structure of the OS. Our findings suggest that accumulation (and consequent sequestration) of non-OS proteins in the OS is likely the primary cause of photoreceptor degeneration in BBS. Our data also suggest that a major function of BBS proteins in photoreceptors is to transport proteins from the OS to the cell body or to prevent entry of non-OS proteins into the OS.
Effect of Medium on Transients and on Observed Quantum Yields in Photoreduction of Benzophenone by 2‐Propanol

The quantum yield for photoreduction of 0.1 M benzophenone by 2-propanol, at 313 mμ, light intensity 1 × 1016 quanta/sec cm2 is −1.16. The quantum yield increases on dilution with benzene to 1.70 at 3.13 M 2-propanol. A Stern-Volmer plot of data below 3 M 2-propanol leads to an extrapolated limiting quantum yield of ˜1.9. The quantum yield in 2-propanol decreases with extent of conversion from 1.1 at 17% to 0.74 at 37% photoreduction. Quantum yields for photoreduction of 0.1 M benzophenone by 1 M 2-propanol and by 1 M benzhydrol in benzene remain constant with conversion. A light absorbing transient builds up strongly and progressively during photoreduction in 2-propanol, and to a much lesser extent in 1 M 2-propanol and 1 M benzhydrol in benzene. Photoreduction in 1 M 2-propanol in t-butyl alcohol appears to behave like that in 2-propanol; 1 M 2-propanol in acetonitrile shows behavior intermediate between that in alcoholic and in hydrocarbon solutions. Efficiency of quenching by naphthalene in alcoholic and in hydrocarbon media indicates that kr is about twice as great in the hydrocarbon as in the alcohol solvents. The effect of the hydrocarbon in diminishing build up of the light absorbing intermediate, which may mask and possibly quench, is largely responsible for the increase in quantum yield on dilution with hydrocarbon.
Genetics of kidney seed in Gossypium barbadense L.

The Gossypium barbadense L. germplasm collection contains over 600 accessions listed in The National Collection of Gossypium Germplasm catalog. Kidney cotton, a distinctive type in which the seeds of each locule are conjoined into a single kidney-shaped mass (kidney seed), represent more than 20% of the photoperiodic, shortday stocks in the barbadense collection. Several of these kidney cottons are characterized by a complex of traits and are known collectively as G. barbadense var. braziliense (Rafinesque) Fryxell. The objectives of the present study were to determine the inheritance of the kidney seed and its linkage relationships with other Gossypium mutants, and to reexamine the complex of traits associated with vat. braziliense. A day-neutral stock with the kidney seed trait was derived from accession K0004 of vat. braziliense from Guatemala, and was crossed in appropriate combinations with day neutral, free seed ‘Pima S-5’ for inheritance studies and with several genetic marker stocks for linkage studies. A survey was made of records of currently available descriptors of accessions of kidney cotton to determine what characteristics were associated with them. Experiments indicated that the kidney seed trait was under genetic control, that it is inherited as a monogenic recessive, and that it is not linked with 21 Gossypium mutant genes. The gene symbol k is assigned to the kidney seed trait. An expanded complex of characters was found to be associated with G. barbadense vat. braziliense. Contribution from USDA-ARS and Arizona Agric. Exp. Stn., Tucson. Journal Paper no. 7064.
Mechanical ventilation in chronic obstructive lung disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects 14 million Americans and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. 166 Acute ventilatory failure (AVF) is a common and recurrent complication, often requiring treatment with mechanical ventilation (MV). Since the first use of MV for patients with COPD in the 1950s, 125 ventilator technology and understanding of the pathophysiology of COPD have advanced dramatically. Still, the best strategy for managing patients with AVF and COPD is yet to be defined. This review explores the use of MV in COPD, emphasizing pathophysiology, common management pitfalls, and ways to improve patient–ventilator synchrony.
Optimization of file migration policies in distributed computer systems

Abstract Dynamic file migration has been implemented in recent designs of distributed systems to support data processing activities. Use of file migration promises to improve data processing performance in distributed systems more effectively than periodic file reallocations, but actual realization of its potential benefits reqires a practical yet effective control policy. This paper examines the cost tradeoffs between dynamic file migration and static policies and presents an optimization model for selecting optimal migration policies. Inherited from the recursive relationship among successive decisions regarding the implementation of file migration operations, the optimization model has the form of a Markov decision model. The proposed model not only can be adopted by small-sized systems but also provides a foundation for effective and simple heuristics for adaptive file migration in large systems. Numeric comparisons of system performance of optimal file migration and static policies have been performed. The results show that optimal implementations of file migration operations generate performance improvements of varying degree over static designs.
Magnetic fields and diffusion processes in peculiar A stars

The detailed effects of a magnetic field on the equilibrium surface abundances of Ap stars as well as on the diffusion velocity are considered. The equivalent widths of the magnetic null lines are shown to be functions of the magnetic field strength. Furthermore, null lines can be used to help distinguish between inhomogeneities in abundance and in magnetic field strength and to determine ionization temperatures. The results of the diffusion mechanism with magnetic fields are used to interpret the phenomenon of spectrum variability. A review of the observational aspects of null lines in the magnetic Ap stars is presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF PULMONARY ARTERY HYPERTENSION IN RATS UNDER HYPOXIC CONDITIONS, UTILIZING CHRONIC PULMONARY AND AORTIC CATHETERS

Under pentobarbital anesthesia, pulmonary and aortic indwelling catheters were successfully placed in 11 rats (Charles River CD; mean weight 256gm). Daily measurements were made of pulmonary artery pressure (Ppul), aortic pressure (Psys), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) for an average of 2.5 day. to assure a stable preparation. The rats were then placed in a hypobaric chamber (air at 380 mmHg absolute) for a median period of 7 days (range 4-12). At the end of the hypoxic exposure, repeat measurements were made dreathing room air and after 5 min. breathing 10% O2. The animal, were then sacrificed and the right & left ventricles (RV, LV) were separated and weighed. The Ppul rose 5 mm after 4 days and 17 mm average after 12 days exposure. No significant difference was found in the other parameters after hypoxia. Repeat measurement, in 10% O2 demonstrated no significant change from those made in air. Right ventricular hypertrophy was found in 10/11 rats exposed to hypoxia LV/RV - 2.6±.3, this was significantly decreased from controls (LV/RV = 3.8±.3) (p<.0025). We conclude, that during 12 days of hypoxic exposure pulmonary artery pressure rises continually and right ventricular hypertrophy occurs secondarily. This new technique of pulmonary artery catheterization via the Jugular vein and aortic cannulation may well be applicable to the study of a broad range of chronic physiological conditions.
Substitution at the α-position of amines. Alpha cyanoamines as latent alpha aminocarbanions

Aus n-Chlorpiperidin (I) erhalt man uber das Imin mit HCN das Nitril (IIa), das zu (IIb) substituiert wird.
Cantori for the stadium billiard.

Although almost all orbits in the stadium billiard are ‘‘chaotic,’’ there are many regular orbits as well−the ordered periodic orbits and cantori. The symmetries of the stadium are exploited to find maximizing and saddle periodic orbits. Cantori are maximizing quasiperiodic orbits; they have caustics. Transport in the stadium should be impeded by cantori, just as in any twist map; this is particularly important for those orbits that are nearly glancing.
Rapid purification of the 30 kDa calcimedin using DNase I affinity chromatography.

Abstract The 30 kDa calcimedin was found to bind directly to phehyl-Sepharose in a calcium dependent manner similar to calmodulin. The 30 kDa calcimedin was also found to bind to and inhibit DNase I. This calcium-dependent binding was exploited to develop a two-step purification scheme for this calcimedin. In addition, affinity-purified antibodies to the 30 kDa calcimedin were used to examine its tissue distribution. The highest levels were found in lung, trachea and diaphragm while the lowest levels of the 30 kDa calcimedin were found in brain and skeletal muscle.
Rational identification of diet-derived postbiotics for improving intestinal microbiota function.

The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in a wide range of functions and whole body homeostasis. Recent advances have linked microbiota dysbiosis to conditions ranging from Crohn's disease to cancer. The restoration or strengthening of the intestinal microbiota through diet-based approaches such as probiotics and prebiotics has been proposed for combating the onset or progression of these diseases. In this review, we highlight the importance of postbiotics for the manipulation of the intestinal microbiota, with special emphasis on systems biology computational tools and targeted metabolomics for the rational discovery and identification of these bioactive molecules. The identification of novel postbiotics and the pathways responsible for their production should lead to improved mechanistic understanding of the role that specific probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics have in restoring intestinal microbiota composition and function.
A regional ultrastructural analysis of the cellular and synaptic architecture in the chinchilla cristae ampullares

The chinchilla crista ampullaris was studied in 10 samples, each containing 32 consecutive ultrathin sections of the entire neuroepithelium. Dissector methods were used to estimate the incidence of various synaptic features, and results were confirmed in completely reconstructed hair cells. There are large regional variations in cellular and synaptic architecture. Type I and type II hair cells are shorter, broader, and less densely packed in the central zone than in the intermediate and peripheral zones. Complex calyx endings are most common centrally. On average, there are 15-20 ribbon synapses and 25-30 calyceal invaginations in each type I hair cell. Synapses and invaginations are most numerous centrally. Central type II hair cells receive considerably fewer afferent boutons than do peripheral type II hair cells, but have similar numbers of ribbon synapses. The numbers are similar because central type II hair cells make more synapses with the outer faces of calyx endings and with individual afferent boutons. Most afferent boutons get one ribbon synapse. Boutons without ribbon synapses were only found peripherally, and boutons getting multiple synapses were most frequent centrally. Throughout the neuroepithelium, there is an average of three to four efferent boutons on each type II hair cell and calyx ending. Reciprocal synapses are rare. Most synaptic ribbons in type I hair cells are spherules; those in type II hair cells can be spherical or elongated and are particularly heterogeneous centrally. Consistent with the proposal that the crista is concentrically organized, the intermediate and peripheral zones are each similar in their cellular and synaptic architecture near the base and near the planum. An especially differentiated subzone may exist in the middle of the central zone.
Coarse woody debris and pine litter manipulation effects on movement and microhabitat use of Ambystoma talpoideum in a Pinus taeda stand

Abstract We examined effects of coarse woody debris (CWD) and pine litter (PL) manipulations on movement and microhabitat use by mole salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum) in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Individuals were tracked within field enclosures using harmonic radar detection from 3 December 2002 to 1 August 2003. Enclosure study one (ES1) consisted of three treatments: (1) high CWD/high PL; (2) low CWD/low PL; (3) high CWD/low PL. Enclosure study two (ES2) consisted of two treatment types: complete PL removal and unmanipulated control. Activity of A. talpoideum within ES1 high CWD/low PL, low CWD/high PL and high CWD/high PL treatments did not differ. Individuals subject to ES2 PL removal treatments moved during more nights than individuals in control treatments. During night surveys ES2 PL removal treatments moved on a greater percentage of nights, and were active for longer periods of time, than individuals in control treatments. A. talpoideum exposed to low PL treatments may have utilized CWD as a means of compensating for inadequate microclimate conditions provided by reduced pine litter depth. Our results suggest that reduction of CWD and pine litter has little effect on A. talpoideum activity levels. Conversely, complete pine litter removal prompts individual salamanders to move more frequently and for longer periods, thereby potentially being subjected to increased desiccation and predation risk. Within managed pine forests in the southeastern United States, forest management practices that minimize pine litter and CWD removal can help to maintain suitable habitat for amphibian groups such as ambystomatid salamanders.
Discrete charge calculations of potentiometric titrations for globular proteins: Sperm whale myoglobin, hemoglobin alpha chain, cytochrome c

Abstract The modified Tanford-Kirkwood theory of Shire et al. for intramolecular electrostatic interactions has been applied to hydrogen ion equilibria of sperm whale ferrimyoglobin, human hemoglobin α-chain and horse cytochrome c. The model employs two sets of parameters derived from the crystalline protein structures, first, the atomic coordinates of charged amino acid residues and, second, static accessibility factors to reflect their solvent exposure. In addition, a consistent set of intrinsic pK values (pK int ) for the individual groups is employed. The theoretical pK values at half-titration for individual groups in each protein correspond to the available observed pK values, and the theoretical titration curves compare closely with experimental potentiometric curves.
Damping of Plasma Oscillations in Atoms

Using the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom, we calculate the damping of collective oscillations due to the excitation of bound electrons to free states. We find that in some cases the decay time is much longer than the period of the oscillation. Our results indicate that weakly damped plasma oscillations can exist in atoms.
Wilcoxon-type generalized Bayesian information criterion

We develop a generalized Bayesian information criterion for regression model selection. The new criterion relaxes the usually strong distributional assumption associated with Schwarz's bic by adopting a Wilcoxon-type dispersion function and appropriately adjusting the penalty term. We establish that the Wilcoxon-type generalized bic preserves the consistency of Schwarz's bic without the need to assume a parametric likelihood. We also show that it outperforms Schwarz's bic with heavier-tailed data in the sense that asymptotically it can yield substantially smaller L 2 risk. On the other hand, when the data are normally distributed, both criteria have similar L 2 risk. The new criterion function is convex and can be conveniently computed using existing statistical software. Our proposal provides a flexible yet highly efficient alternative to Schwarz's bic; at the same time, it broadens the scope of Wilcoxon inference, which has played a fundamental role in classical nonparametric analysis.
Induced photodegradation of styrene polymers: A survey

Although polymeric materials have a relatively minor role in our solid waste disposal problems, they display a particular prominence as litter because of their environmental permanence, Photodegradation has been suggested as one possible solution, but considerable debate has centered on the need, costs, and limitations of such degradable systems. The chemical mechanisms involved in practical photodegradation are illustrated by a review of the oxidation schemes for normal and sensitized polystyrene. The different mechanisms associated with the use of additives, comonomers, and halogens are considered in some detail. A listing of patent literature relating specifically to photodegradable polystyrene is included in the review.
Degrees of Freedom in Behavior

Coordinated behavior is typically explained in terms of motor programs or coordinative structures. The experiments described in this report suggest that a better explanation may be provided by control theory. In all experiments, subjects controlled the two-dimensional position of a cursor. By varying the disturbances to the two degrees of freedom of cursor movement, it was possible to elicit task-specific, unidimensional movement patterns resembling coordinative structures. Perturbation of one dimension of the movement pattern failed to produce a concomitant response in the other dimension unless there was a link between the degrees of freedom of action and perception. The subjects' behavior was accurately simulated by the behavior of independent feedback control systems. The results show that the problem of coordinating many degrees of freedom of action can be solved by viewing behavior as control of the perceptual consequences of these actions.
Quantum electrodynamic foundations of continuum electrodynamics

A microscopic quantum electrodynamic model of a linear medium consisting of discrete quantized electric and magnetic dipoles is used to derive Maxwell equations of motion for macroscopic fields. It is found that the material properties of a linear medium are carried in the sum of the vacuum, electric, and magnetic susceptibilities.
Comment on "On Transient Cylindrical Surface Heat Flux Predicted from Interior Temperature Response"

~ 76.0 77.1 83.0 Mugridge, B.D., "Gust Loading on a Thin Aerofoil," The Aeronautical Quarterly, Vol. 22, Aug. 1971, pp. 301-310. Filotas, L. T., "Response of an Infinite Wing to an Oblique Sinusoidal Gust: A Generalization of Sears' Problem," Basic Aerodynamic Noise Research, SP-207, 1969, pp. 231-246, NASA. Kemp, N. H. and Homicz, G., "Approximate Unsteady ThinAirfoil Theory for Subsonic Flow," AIAA Journal, Vol. 14, Aug. 1976 (to be published). 8 Graham, J. M. R., "Lifting Surface Theory for the Problem of an Arbitrarily Yawed Sinusoidal Gust Incident on a Thin Aerofoil in Incompressible Flow," The Aeronautical Quarterly, Vol. 21, May 1970, pp. 182-198.