cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of lipoxygenase products in post-ischemic rabbit myocardium.

Abstract Leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) is a potent chemotactic compound for neutrophils and is thought to be an important mediator of myocardial ischemia-reflow injury. We have measured LTB 4 in rabbit cardiac tissue following ischemia-reflow using a sensitive and specific gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) assay. The concentration of LTB 4 in rabbit myocardium following 45 min ischemia and 3 h reflow was 48.7 ± 12.5 pg/g, significantly higher than in non-ischemic tissue from the same animal (17.5 ± 3.9 pg/g). These concentrations were at least an order of magnitude lower than previously reported values assessed by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Compared with the GC-MS method, RIA greatly overestimated LTB 4 concentrations in cardiac tissue. The capacity of post-ischemic myocardium to produce lipoxygenase products, LTB 4 , 5-, 12- and 15-HETEs was also assessed following incubation of myocardium ex vivo with calcium ionophore. In all animals ischemic cardiac tissue produced greater amounts of LTB 4 , 5-, and 12-HETEs than non-ischemic myocardium and 12-HETE was the major product. Neutrophils that have accumulated in the injured tissue may be a major source of these products. However, in contrast to cardiac tissue, isolated rabbit neutrophils stimulated with A23187 produced 5-HETE as the major product with very little 12-HETE formed. These latter findings suggest that cells other than neutrophils may contribute to the production of lipoxygenase products during myocardial ischemia-reflow injury.
Nanomechanical resonant structures as tunable passive modulators of light

We report on the optical parametric excitation of silicon nanomechanical resonant structures. The threshold laser power needed to set these structures into self-oscillation was estimated to be around 70 μW. We measured resonant frequencies of up to 38 MHz by optical excitation; this method should extend to much higher frequencies. Under optical amplification of motion, the spectral response at resonance narrowed to the equivalent of a mechanical quality factor >20 000 at room temperature. These structures act as frequency tunable passive modulators of light, requiring no additional drive.
Workshop — Challenges to using mixed methods research in engineering education

This interactive workshop is designed to help participants to design a mixed methods research project on a topic related to engineering education. It will also provide participants an overview of the different ways that mixed methods research has been used by engineering educators with a reference list. Participants will have the opportunity to develop a purpose statement and to identify a design for a mixed methods research project following a model that is supplied. They will also consider different analytical strategies to integrate or “mix” qualitative and quantitative data. Integrating findings from both qualitative and quantitative data is a key element of the definition of mixed methods. It offers a way to distinguish it from studies where members of an interdisciplinary team may each pursue the same research question from the angle of a single discipline, but never engage the “value added” of the different disciplinary perspectives.
Four new N-acetylnoraporphine alkaloids from Liriodendron tulipifera

Abstract Four new naturally occurring N -acetylnoraporphine alkaloids were obtained from the heartwood of Liriodendron tulipifera ; (−)- N -acetylanonaine, (−)- N -acetylnornuciferine, (−)- N -acetylasimilobine, and (−)-tuliferoline. Structure determination was accomplished by physical and chemical methods.
Geo-Social Mapping of the International Communications Environment or Why Abdul Isn't Listening

The paper suggests a radical redefinition of public diplomacy, asserting its primary role should be to stimulate the imagination of those who make a difference within their own cultures — to give them the means and motivation to address the global requirements of the 21st century, therein enhancing security for the sponsoring nations. Public diplomats also have an ancillary role in supporting other elements of international engagement, including promoting foreign investment, new energy resources, developmental assistance, education, medicine, and law.A three-point agenda for reforming the conduct of public diplomacy is proposed: reach beyond short-term parochial interests by providing knowledge to the curious, the innovative, and the restless. Hold public diplomats responsible for enabling connectivity and serving as cultural interpreters. Recruit and train artists, scholars, and scientists as public diplomats to engage actively in indigenous social networks.The article concludes by citing famed American journalist and former distinguished director of USIA, Edward R. Murrow: "There is a great and perhaps decisive battle to be fought against ignorance, intolerance and indifference." To join this battle, public diplomacy can best honor its past by rethinking its future.
Selection for phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in cells transformed with recombinant retroviruses

Cells deficient in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) are tyrosine auxotrophs and will not survive in tyrosine-free media. PAH activity can be constituted in cultured cells by infection with recombinant retroviruses carrying a human PAH cDNA. Mouse hepatoma cells transformed with recombinant PAH will grow in tyrosine-free media since these cells constitutively synthesize the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin which is essential for PAH activity. NIH3T3 cells transformed with the PAH cDNA express the PAH apoenzyme, but this enzyme is inactive in vivo since these cells do not synthesize biopterin. We describe a method of selection for PAH in the fibroblast-like NIH3T3 cells involving tyrosine-free media supplemented with biopterin, reducing agents, and antioxidants. Cells transformed with the recombinant PAHgene exhibit PAH activity in culture and will grow in the biopterin-supplemented tyrosine-free media. Metabolic selection for PAH activity provides a new selectable marker for gene transfer experiments. This method is shown to be useful in the production of high liters of recombinant retroviruses carrying PAHand provides a model for experiments in somatic gene therapy of phenylketonuria.
Linking Cellular Energetics to Local Flow Regulation in the Heart

A mathematical model has been developed to explain the metabolic and energetic responses induced by abnormal routes of cardiac excitation. For example, in left bundle branch block (LBBB), both glucose uptake and flow are reduced in the septal region, similar to the situation in dogs paced at the right ventricular outflow tract. In these conditions the septum is activated early, the sarcomere lengths shorten rapidly against low left ventricular (LV) pressure, and the blood flow to the interventricular septum diminishes. In contrast, the work load and the blood flow increases in the later-activated LV free wall. To provide a logical, quantitatively appropriate representation, the model links: (1) the processes of excitation–contraction coupling; (2) regional ATP utilization for force development at the cross-bridge, for ion pumping, and for cell maintenance; (3) the regulation of demands on local fatty acid and glucose metabolism for ATP generation by glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation; and (4) feedback regulation of blood flow to supply substrate and oxygen. The heart is considered as a cylinder composed of two parts: an early-activated region and a late-activated region in tandem, but activated separately with the time delay representing the time for excitation to spread from septum to free wall. The same model equations and parameter sets are used for the two regions. The contraction of the early-activated region stretches the other region, with the result that the early-stimulated region has diminished oxygen requirements compared to those found with simultaneous stimulation. The late-activated region has increased work and increased oxygen consumption, as seen in the intact heart. Integrating the modeling of cardiac energy metabolism with local blood flow regulation and capillary–tissue substrate exchange provides a quantitative description, an hypothesis formulated to stimulate further experimentation to test its validity. The hypothesis “explains” observations of contraction and metabolism in LBBB, but whether this concept can be extended to explain the normal flow heterogeneity in the heart remains unknown.
Studies on Shell Formation VIII. Electron Microscopy of Crystal Growth of the Nacreous Layer of the Oyster Crassostrea virginica

Electron microscope observations have been made by means of the replica method on growth processes of calcite crystals of the nacreous layer of the shell of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Layer formation is initiated by the secretion of a conchiolin matrix and the deposition of rounded crystal seeds on or in this material. In some areas crystal seeds are elongate and within a given area show a similar orientation, probably due to slower deposition. The seeds appear to increase in size by dendritic growth, and smaller seeds become incorporated into larger ones which come into contact to form a single layer. With further growth, crystals overlap, forming a step-like arrangement. The direction of growth is frequently different in neighboring regions. Crystal seeds deposited on crystal surfaces are usually elongate and oriented. Well developed crystals have a tabular idiomorphic form and are parallel in their growth. Rounded and irregular crystals were also observed. The crystals show reticular structure with units of the order of 100 A and striations corresponding with the rhombohedral axes of the crystals. The role of the mantle is discussed in relation to the growth patterns of crystals and shell structure.
Integrating Power Management into Distributed Real-time Systems at Very Low Implementation Cost

The development cost of low-power embedded systems can be significantly reduced by reusing legacy designs and applying proper modifications to meet the new power constraints. The proposed power management techniques in the literature for implementing distributed power managers in multi-processor systems are very costly in terms of hardware and software modifications. For example, extra software code for power management must be integrated into each component of the system. Furthermore, in order to turn on a component at a specific time/event, extra hardware timers and interrupt controllers must be added to each component along with proper software/device driver modifications. In this paper, we propose a new centralized power management technique that reduces the power consumption of distributed realtime systems at very low implementation cost. Our power manager does not need software and hardware modifications of each individual component. Instead, it uses the model of the system/application to compute the schedule of turning on/off commands by dynamically simulating the system for a given application scenario. The dynamic simulation can be conservative to reflect the jitter in arrival time of events and/or variation in execution delay of tasks. We applied our power management technique to a distributed software-defined radio system and achieved significant energy savings (60% to 87%) at the cost of 1% energy consumed by the power manager itself, as verified by actual hardware measurements. Furthermore, our power manager reacts to the changes in application scenario (referred to as mission) within milliseconds.
Pubic pressure urinal for incontinent male.

Abstract A new pubic pressure urinal is presented. The urinal is leakproof, lightweight, sanitary, and comfortable.
Pulmonary response to Mount St. Helens' volcanic ash.

Abstract The pulmonary response to a sedimented sample of Mount St. Helens' volcanic ash from the first eruption was studied at 1, 7, 28, 90, and 180 days postintratracheal administration of 1 or 10 mg of ash in specific-pathogen-free rats. One day after administration of volcanic ash all animals exhibited a marked inflammatory cell response centered on respiratory bronchioles in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominated. At 7 days the reaction was characterized by mononuclear cellular infiltrates. The macrophages within the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli contained intracytoplasmic ash particles. At 28 days the intraalveolar aggregates of mononuclear cells had condensed to form granulomas. Most of the granulomas contained foreign body-type giant cells and some showed central necrosis. The granulomas enlarged in size from 28 days until the termination of the experiment at 180 days with progressive increase in the amount of collagenous tissue. The results of these studies suggest that the volcanic ash may pose a risk for pneumoconiosis in heavily exposed human populations.
On the quantum-mechanical Fokker-Planck and Kramers-Chandrasekhar equation

Abstract In the classical theory of Brownian motion we can consider the Langevin equation as an infinitesimal transformation between the coordinates and momenta of a Brownian particle, given probabilistically, since the impulse appearing is characterized by a Gaussian random process. This probabilistic infinitesimal transformation generates a streaming on the distribution function, expressed by the classical Fokker-Planck and Kramers-Chandrasekhar equations. If the laws obeyed by the Brownian particle are quantum mechanical, we can reinterpret the Langevin equation as an operator relation expressing an infinitesimal transformation of these operators. Since the impulses are independent of the coordinates and momenta we can think of them as c numbers described by a Gaussian random process. The so resulting infinitesimal operator transformation induces a streaming on the density matrix. We may associate, according to Weyl functions with operators. The function associated with the density matrix is the Wigner function. Expressing, then, these operator relations in terms of these functions we can express the streaming as a continuity equation of the Wigner function. We find that in this parametrization the extra terms which appear are the same as in the classical theory, augmenting the usual Wigner equation.
ProNGF induces p75-mediated death of oligodendrocytes following spinal cord injury.

Abstract The neurotrophin receptor p75 is induced by various injuries to the nervous system, but its role after injury has remained unclear. Here, we report that p75 is required for the death of oligodendrocytes following spinal cord injury, and its action is mediated mainly by proNGF. Oligodendrocytes undergoing apoptosis expressed p75, and the absence of p75 resulted in a decrease in the number of apoptotic oligodendrocytes and increased survival of oligodendrocytes. ProNGF is likely responsible for activating p75 in vivo, since the proNGF from the injured spinal cord induced apoptosis among p75 +/+ , but not among p75 −/− , oligodendrocytes in culture, and its action was blocked by proNGF-specific antibody. Together, these data suggest that the role of proNGF is to eliminate damaged cells by activating the apoptotic machinery of p75 after injury.
Death Becomes Her: transgression, decay, and eROTicism in Bernard Tschumi's early writings and projects

Architecture only survives where it negates the form that society expects of it. Where it negates itself by transgressing the limits that history has set for it. Bernard Tschumi, Advertisements for...
The effect of chronic saline exposure on the electrolyte balance, nitrogen metabolism, and corticosterone titer in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis.

Abstract 1. 1. Juvenile alligators were exposed to fresh water, 5, 10, 15 and 20% sea-water for 4 weeks. 2. 2. Hematocrit, plasma corticosterone, plasma and urine osmolality, [Na+], [K+], [Cl−] and uric acid were measured at weekly intervals. 3. 3. Although no change was found in plasma NaCl at 5%, a significant increase in NaCl Urine/Plasma (U/P) ratio was found; however, no further increase in NaCl U/P ratio was found at higher salinities, and plasma NaCl increased with salinity. 4. 4. Plasma corticosterone increased significantly at 10% and greater, and a dramatic increase in plasma and urine uric acid was also found at these salinities. 5. 5. At 10% and greater, alligators ceased feeding and lost up to 27% of their initial body weight. Mortalities occurred during weeks 3 and 4, at 15 and 20%. 6. 6. A possible role for corticosterone in increasing the NaCl U/P ratio is discussed. 7. 7. It is concluded that juvenile alligators are unable to survive chronic exposure to hyperosmotic salinities.
Completing a solution of the embedding problem for incomplete idempotent latin squares when numerical conditions suffice

Abstract Building upon the work of several previous papers, necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for an incomplete idempotent latin square R of order n to be embedded in an idempotent latin square of order 2 n . This work extends known necessary and sufficient conditions for embeddings into idempotent latin squares of order t ≥ 2 n + 1 , thereby pushing the bounds down to the point where subsequent developments must handle additional conditions that involve the arrangement of symbols on the given square.
Inside Pasteur’s quadrant: knowledge production in a profession

In this paper, we examine the current state of educational research through the framework of “use‐inspired” knowledge. Previous discussions regarding the nature of educational research have disproportionately focused on the soft/applied nature of knowledge in the discipline or a need for methodological priority. After acknowledging these arguments, we consider the role of education as a professional discipline in American colleges and universities, and explore the inherent relationship between researchers and practitioners. Use‐inspired knowledge prioritises practice, encourages translational research, fosters interdisciplinarity and dissolves rigid educational structures.
Can 3D Visualization Assist in Young Children's Understanding of Sun-Earth-Moon System?

This research-in-progress investigates how the usage of technology, specifically three dimensional 3D stereoscopic vision, might support astronomy learning in primary grades. 3D stereoscopic vision might be an effective means to observe the relationships among space objects through simulations. In order to explore this presumption, this pilot study examines how 3D stereoscopic vision might enhance urban second graders' understanding of a the shape of Sun, Moon, and Earth, b how day and night alternate, and c how Moon appears in different shapes. Currently, Indiana state standards for science do not suggest the teaching of these astronomical concepts explicitly before fourth grade. The authors project that students can learn these concepts earlier in their educational lives with the implementation of these new technologies. These technologies might challenge the views of when astronomical concepts could be taught to children and expand the ways the authors think about children's cognitive capacities in understanding scientific concepts.
Boundary value problems for Dirac operators and Maxwell's equations in non‐smooth domains

We study the well-posedness of the half-Dirichlet and Poisson problems for Dirac operators in three-dimensional Lipschitz domains, with a special emphasis on optimal Lebesgue and Sobolev-Besov estimates. As an application, an elliptization procedure for the Maxwell system is devised. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment insecurity and infidelity in marriage: Do studies of dating relationships really inform us about marriage?

Attachment theory provides a useful framework for predicting marital infidelity. However, most research has examined the association between attachment and infidelity in unmarried individuals, and we are aware of no research that has examined the role of partner attachment in predicting infidelity. In contrast to research showing that attachment anxiety is unrelated to infidelity among dating couples, 2 longitudinal studies of 207 newlywed marriages demonstrated that own and partner attachment anxiety interacted to predict marital infidelity, such that spouses were more likely to perpetrate infidelity when either they or their partner was high (vs. low) in attachment anxiety. Further, and also in contrast to research on dating couples, own attachment avoidance was unrelated to infidelity, whereas partner attachment avoidance was negatively associated with infidelity, indicating that spouses were less likely to perpetrate infidelity when their partner was high (vs. low) in attachment avoidance. These effects emerged controlling for marital satisfaction, sexual frequency, and personality; did not differ across husbands and wives; and did not differ across the two studies, with the exception that the negative association between partner attachment avoidance and own infidelity only emerged in 1 of the 2 studies. These findings offer a more complete understanding of the implications of attachment insecurity for marital infidelity and suggest that studies of unmarried individuals may not provide complete insights into the implications of various psychological traits and processes for marriage.
Changes in active eolian sand at northern Coachella Valley, California

Abstract Climate variability and rapid urbanization have influenced the sand environments in the northern Coachella Valley throughout the late 20th century. This paper addresses changes in the spatial relationships among different sand deposits at northern Coachella Valley between two recent time periods by using satellite data acquired from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER). The approach employed here, involving multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) data and spectral mixture analysis, has shown that the major sand deposits can be spatially modeled at northern Coachella Valley. The “coarse-grained (quartz-rich) sand” deposit is associated with active eolian sand, and the “mixed sandy soil” and “fine-grained (quartz-rich) sand” deposits are associated with inactive eolian sand. The fractional abundance images showed a significant decrease between 2000 and 2006 in the percentage of active sand in the major depositional area for fluvial sediment, the Whitewater River, but also in two downwind areas: the Whitewater and Willow Hole Reserves. The pattern of the active sand appears to be related to variations in annual precipitation (wet and dry years) and river discharge in the northern Coachella Valley. We suggest here that recent human modifications to the major watercourses that supply sand affect the capability of fluvial deposition areas to restore sediments over time and consequently the responses of the sand transport system to climate change, becoming more sensitive to dry years where areas of active sand may shrink, degrade, and/or stabilize faster. The approach utilized in this study can be advantageous for future monitoring of sand in the northern Coachella Valley for management of these and similar environments.
The impact of metal sequestration on Staphylococcus aureus metabolism.

The Gram-positive pathogen Staphylococcus aureus poses a serious risk to public health due to its prevalence as a commensal organism, its ability to cause a multitude of diseases, and the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistant strains. S. aureus infects diverse niches within vertebrates despite being challenged by a robust immune response. The host–pathogen confrontation occurs in an environment nearly devoid of metals that are essential for bacterial proliferation. S. aureus is able to flourish in these conditions and often causes significant morbidity and mortality. This review highlights current themes pertaining to the process of host-mediated metal sequestration known as ‘nutritional immunity’, S. aureus metal acquisition strategies, and how proliferating within a metal restricted environment impacts bacterial physiology.
Use of Bayes Rule and MIB-1 Proliferation Index to Discriminate Spitz Nevus From Malignant Melanoma

Differentiating Spitz nevus from malignant melanoma is difficult and controversial. Despite helpful lists of differential diagnostic features, uncertainty about the diagnosis often provokes some to stain the tumor for MIB-1 antibody to Ki-67 and measure the proliferation index (PI) of the tumor. Of the many reports about MIB-1 PI in Spitz nevi and melanoma, none have consolidated the information to provide guidelines for the predictive probability that a lesion is a Spitz nevus, given that the MIB-1 PI falls into a certain interval. The present study used previously published data and exponential and γ probability density functions to model statistical distributions of PI, respectively, in Spitz nevi and melanomas and Bayes rule to estimate the predictive probability that a lesion is a Spitz nevus, given an observed PI. Results indicate that PIs more than 10% favor a melanoma diagnosis and PIs less than 2%, Spitz nevus. PI values between 2% and 10% yield various predictive values for Spitz nevus, depending on the a priori probability that the lesion is a Spitz nevus. The algorithm tabulates guidelines for the predictive probabilities of Spitz nevus given an observed PI.
The American Board of Thoracic Surgery's perspective on the future of congenital heart surgery education.

nter ertished and hin and een ues es of ents reby blic. P than c lar. T me i ty to c gery, t l card the r strict ee as m sider y, it m racic r rform m of t neral s cult i to be s t be p ures, u es, b able w in a w ackg t. The t aining c and p f app rams s ame a with m ided. C be u s t m t the Fall 2005 meeting of the American Board of racic Surgery (ABTS), a proposal to establish a sub ialty certificate in congenital heart surgery was unanimo pproved by the Board of Directors. This proposal rompted by the recognition that the discipline of conge eart surgery requires unique skills and education that ot currently provided in a standard thoracic surgery ency. Furthermore, current post residency congenital c iac surgery fellowships lack uniformity and quality con n the United States today, the path to becoming a cong ardiac surgeon is a long one. Following 4 years of m chool, a general surgery residency must be completed hough American Board of Surgery certification is no lo equired) before a standard cardiothoracic residency is ertaken. An additional 1 or 2 years is then spent learni ntricacies of the specialty of congenital heart surgery. ntire process can take 15 or 16 years. It might be argu uch of that preparation is unnecessary and, indeed, ef re underway to establish new paradigms for training to ardiothoracic surgeon. Nonetheless, the majority of today’s residents will e raining programs based on the traditional pathway to c cation. Many factors influence the quality of the fini roduct. These include: institutional volume, case mix everity, the academic and hospital environment wit hich the resident functions, interpersonal variability ommitment, and the ever increasing tug of war betw ducational and service demands. Furthermore, these iss ust be considered in light of the increasing difficulti raining in today’s environment. The demands of pati nd payors have created a “microscope” atmosphere whe very outcome is examined, critiqued, and even made pu
AN IMPROVED LOW DISCREPANCY SEQUENCE FOR MULTIDIMENSIONAL QUASI MONTE CARLO INTEGRATION

We present an improved method of generating vectors for Monte Carlo integration, which produces a significant improvement in rate of convergence over previous methods for problems in more than eight dimensions.
Definition of an arcjet propulsion sub-system

An engineering flight demonstration of a 100 kW3 Space Reactor Power System is planned for the mid to late 1990s. An arcjet based propulsion subsystem will be included on the flight demonstraction as a secondary experiment. Two studies, sponsored by the Kay Technologies Directorate of the SDI Organization and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are currently under way to define that propulsion subsystem. The principal tasks of those contracts and the plans for two later phases, an experimental verification of the concept and a flight qualification/delivery of a flight unit, are described.
Protein-binding assays for adrenocorticoids

The measurement of the adrenocortical hormones, Cortisol and corticosterone, m blood plasma has previously best been done by procedures employing varying degrees of purification of the hormone, followed by photometric or fluorimetric quantitation. These methods have been relatively difficult or laborious, particularly in the case of the procedures that most specifically measure the hormoneof intent. These limitations are considerably overcome by new assays for Cortisol and corticosterone based on the principle of competitive protein-binding of the steroids in the presence of radioactively labeled steroid of the same molecular species. These methods are described and data on the specificity of such a method for corticosterone are presented and compared with one of the better fluorimetric assays.
Absence of a Formate-Induced Release of Bicarbonate from Photosystem II.

Formate has been proposed to inhibit electron flow in photosystem II by replacing endogenous bound bicarbonate on the reaction center complex. A mass spectrometer was used to measure directly the CO2/HCO3− released when maize thylakoids, showing normal rates of electron flow, were treated with formate. Although the formate inhibited electron flow by 95%, no release (displacement) of CO2/HCO3− was detected. This is consistent with the concept that membrane-bound HCO3− is not a requirement for normal rates of electron flow through photosystem II. Moreover, formate and other monovalent anions do not inhibit electron flow by removing bound HCO3− but by binding to empty sites. The “bicarbonate effect” is a reversal, by high concentrations of exogenous bicarbonate, of anion inhibition of photosystem II.
Photo-carrier dynamics of blended and multi-layered films of zinc phthalocyanine and C 60 measured by time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy

We present a study of photo-induced carrier dynamics in organic thin films that contain zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) investigated by ultrafast time resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS). We compare two classes of films: 1) blend films of ZnPc and C 60 prepared by co-evaporation, and 2) superlattice films from alternating neat layers of ZnPc and C 60 , where the individual layer varies in thickness between 2 nm and 40 nm. These films are model structures for the charge generation layers in organic photovoltaics, and their photo-carrier dynamics on a femtosecond to nanosecond timescale is of high interest. Using TRTS, which employs an optical pump pulse and a time delayed terahertz (THz) probe pulse, we find evidence for a short-lived charge transfer state of C 60 that decays within several picoseconds of excitation. Both blend and superlattice films have a long-lived (> 80 picoseconds) THz absorption that is dependent on the structure and composition of the films. The optimum composition for maximum photo-carrier generation efficiency is a 1∶1 blend of ZnPc and C 60 . Amongst the layered films, we find that the photo-carrier efficiency increases as the individual layer thickness decreases, with the film having ultrathin alternating 2 nm thick layers exhibiting the strongest THz absorption. A much stronger THz absorption signal was obtained for the 2 nm layered film than for the best blend film.
Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and apoptosis in hepatocytes

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) prevents hepatocytes from undergoing apoptosis during development and liver regeneration. Mice with inactivated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β die from hepatocyte apopt...
The Sociological Imagination: Reclaiming a Vision?

It is ironic that the book which is being celebrated in this symposium, the work for which C. Wright Mills is best remembered as a sociologist, was written by Mills as a parting shot at the discipline he was leaving behind. The publication of The Sociological Imagination (TSI) in 1959 marked Mills's final break with academic sociology. His later works were either polemics written for a nonacademic read ership {Listen, Yankee, the unpublished "Soviet Journal") or academic texts writ ten for an interdisciplinary audience (The Marxists}. TSI, then, while in part a plea to reform sociology, may more accurately be described as a cry of disgust with a discipline that, to Mills, had come to seem beyond redemption. Thirty years later, and read in the light of such later critiques of sociology as Gouldner's The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology or Martin Nicolaus's scathing 1968 address to the American Sociological Association, Mills's criticisms of the discipline seem rather unexceptional and even mild. But the publication of TSI unleashed a torrent of conservative criticism from both within and without the discipline. This criticism was often harsh and polemical in nature, a sure sign that Mills's critique of the mandarins of academic sociology had struck more than a few raw nerves. And some of this criticism went beyond the bounds of scholarly
Photoelastic analysis of stress induced from insertion of self-threading retentive pins

W hen teeth have lost significant amounts of their original structure, it is common to use pins as auxiliary support for the restorative material. Three basic systems are used for the retention of auxiliary pins: (1) cement (threaded or nonthreaded pins are luted into a prepared channel that is slightly larger in diameter than the pin); (2) friction (nonthreaded, tapered pins are forced into a channel that is slightly smaller than the pin); and (3) threads (threaded pins are twisted into a channel that is prepared slightly smaller in diameter than the pin).’ Of the three systems, self-threading pins are used most frequently because of their *excellent retentive properties.2 However, teeth may be damaged as a result of their use; cracking and crazing of dentin has been observed in association with insertion of self-threading retentive pins in extracted teeth.3 Two-dimensional photoelastic models have been used to observe stresses associated with the placement of various kinds of loads on the three types of retentive pin systems and to investigate stress concentrations associated with pin-retained amalgam restorations.4a 5 A photoelastic study that specifically evaluated the self-threading self-shearing retentive pin has shown the presence of high stress zones in the lateral and most apical portions of the pin channel; the apical zone exhibits the most stress.6 It is important to minimize the stresses induced during placement of pins because of the relatively small amount of tooth structure between the pulp and the external tooth surface. It is particularly important that the high stress zone be minimized to reduce the potential risk of fracture and resultant pulpal involvement or tooth failure, The goal of effective pin placement should be adequate retention with elimination of the high stress zone.
Mechanism of drug-induced gingival overgrowth revisited: a unifying hypothesis

Drug-induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is a disfiguring side effect of anti-convulsants, calcineurin inhibitors, and calcium channel blocking agents. A unifying hypothesis has been constructed which begins with cation flux inhibition induced by all three of these drug categories. Decreased cation influx of folic acid active transport within gingival fibroblasts leads to decreased cellular folate uptake, which in turn leads to changes in matrix metalloproteinases metabolism and the failure to activate collagenase. Decreased availability of activated collagenase results in decreased degradation of accumulated connective tissue which presents as DIGO. Studies supporting this hypothesis are discussed.
The coastal environment and human health: microbial indicators, pathogens, sentinels and reservoirs

Innovative research relating oceans and human health is advancing our understanding of disease-causing organisms in coastal ecosystems. Novel techniques are elucidating the loading, transport and fate of pathogens in coastal ecosystems, and identifying sources of contamination. This research is facilitating improved risk assessments for seafood consumers and those who use the oceans for recreation. A number of challenges still remain and define future directions of research and public policy. Sample processing and molecular detection techniques need to be advanced to allow rapid and specific identification of microbes of public health concern from complex environmental samples. Water quality standards need to be updated to more accurately reflect health risks and to provide managers with improved tools for decision-making. Greater discrimination of virulent versus harmless microbes is needed to identify environmental reservoirs of pathogens and factors leading to human infections. Investigations must include examination of microbial community dynamics that may be important from a human health perspective. Further research is needed to evaluate the ecology of non-enteric water-transmitted diseases. Sentinels should also be established and monitored, providing early warning of dangers to ecosystem health. Taken together, this effort will provide more reliable information about public health risks associated with beaches and seafood consumption, and how human activities can affect their exposure to disease-causing organisms from the oceans.
High Knudsen number fluid flow at near-standard temperature and pressure conditions using precision nanochannels

Gas flows over a wide range of Knudsen numbers (~0.5–10) are studied using silicon nanochannel arrays with slit-shaped pores. The pore sizes of the silicon nanochannel arrays range from micrometer to sub-10-nm scales. The flows are generated under conditions of room temperature and near-atmospheric pressure (~22°C and ~101–115 kPa) and span the continuum flow, continuum-slip flow, transition flow and free-molecular flow regimes. The measured flow rates of helium, argon and carbon dioxide are in good agreement with a theoretical model (Unified Slip Model) proposed by Beskok and Karniadakis (Nanoscale Microscale Thermophys Eng 3:43–77, 1999).
Transcriptional termination modulated by nucleotides outside the characterized gene end sequence of respiratory syncytial virus.

Abstract The genes of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus are transcribed sequentially by the viral RNA polymerase from a single 3′-proximal promoter. Polyadenylation and termination are directed by a sequence at the end of each gene, after which the polymerase crosses an intergenic region and reinitiates at the start sequence of the next gene. The 10 viral genes have different gene end sequences and different termination efficiencies, which allow for regulation of gene expression, since termination of each gene is required for initiation of the downstream gene. RNA sequences within the previously characterized 13 nucleotide gene end, including a conserved sequence 3′-UCAAU-5′ and a tract of U residues, are important for termination. In this study, two additional sequence elements outside of the 13 nucleotide gene end were found to modulate termination efficiency: the A residue upstream of the 3′-UCAAU-5′ sequence, and the first nucleotide of the intergenic region when it follows a U4 tract.
Local synthesis of proteins at synaptic sites on dendrites: role in synaptic plasticity and memory consolidation?

Long-lasting forms of memory are thought to be mediated by modifications in synapses that are induced by particular patterns of activity, take time to be established (consolidated), and involve new gene expression. The molecular mechanisms underlying such long-lasting synaptic modifications remain to be defined. Here, we focus on new findings regarding synapse-specific gene expression and especially the intracellular transport and synaptic targeting of the mRNA for a recently identified immediate early gene called activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc). Arc mRNA is transported into dendrites after episodes of neuronal activation. The newly synthesized Arc mRNA localizes selectively at synapses that have experienced particular patterns of activity, and this targeting depends on NMDA receptor activation. Arc protein is assembled into the postsynaptic junction, and Arc expression is strongly induced by brief behavioral experiences in select populations of neurons. These features of Arc induction and trafficking reveal novel cellular mechanisms that are well suited to mediate long-term synapse-specific modifications. We will review findings from other laboratories that both LTP and memory are disrupted when Arc induction is blocked, and we will discuss the possibility that Arc protein may play a key role in activity-dependent synaptic modification.
The specific resistance of biological material—A compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist

The paper traces the history of, and tabulates determinations of the electrical resistivity of blood, other body fluids, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, lung, kidney, liver, spleen, pancreas, nervous tissue, fat, bone, and other miscellaneous tissues. Where possible, the conditions of measurement are given.
Embryonal Teratocarcinoma of the Mediastinum in a Woman with Foci of Anaplastic Cells Simulating Chorioepithelioma

This is the second reported case in a woman of mediastinal teratocarcinoma, with foci of anaplastic cells simulating chorioepithelioma. These tumors are rapidly progressive and fatal. The frequency with which pure or combination patterns will be seen appears to be the function of the number of sections evaluated. Additional cases are needed for complete understanding of the nature of these highly malignant tumors.
Chromosome Behaviour of Triploid Œnothera

IN two recent issues of NATURE, Darlington1 and Gates2 have entered into a discussion of synapsis in triploid Œnotheras. The root of controversy lies in the novel observation and interpretation of Catcheside3 that a continuous ring of 21 chromosomes was formed in a triploid plant. Having been engaged for the past two years in an investigation dealing with the genetics and cytology of triploid Anotheras, I have naturally focused my attention on all published accounts of polyploidy, particularly those which deal with chromosome behaviour in triploids. At the suggestion and under the guidance of Prof. G. H. Shull I undertook the studies of triploid Anotheras, the origin of which he has described in a recent paper.4 Fifteen triploids were turned over to me in the fall of 1928 and their cytology was studied. I have since then made cytological analyses of buds of triploids in the summers of 1929 and 1930. The triploids studied in the last two years have all been derived from pure (Œ. Lamarckiana. As the chromosome behaviour in triploid (Anotheras has become an issue of lively interest, I report here such observations as are pertinent to the fundamental point under discussion. My observations were based on paraffin sections stained with Heidenhain's iron-haematoxylin and on smear preparations of pollen mother cells stained with iron-Brazilin.5 My microscopic preparations have been examined both by Prof. E. G. Conklin, under whose supervision I have acquired my cytological technique, and by Prof. Shull.
Faction in Movement: The Impact of Inclusivity on the Anti‐Globalization Movement*

Objectives. This research examines and evaluates the reasons why the anti-globalization movement has yet to make significant progress in achieving its primary goals of democratizing international trade negotiation processes. Methods. Data on anti-globalization protest cycles were collected from news sources for a time period of up to one month that encapsulated the protest events. From these, I constructed brief case narratives of the major events in Seattle, Washington, DC, Prague, Quebec City, Genoa, and Doha to illustrate my argument. Results. I find that the democratic master frame employed by the movement results in two important limitations: (1) the movement cannot exclude participants without undermining its legitimacy, and (2) its lack of a centralized organizational framework makes it impossible to police the actions of participants during major protests. Recognizing these limitations, states hosting global economic summits have demonstrated increasingly a willingness to utilize repressive measures against the movement thereby undermining the movement's ability to achieve its goals. Conclusion. I conclude that the inability of the anti-globalization movement to exclude violent participants will continue to limit its effectiveness given states' increasing willingness to employ repressive tactics indiscriminately.
Effect of Animal Grouping on Feeding Behavior and Intake of Dairy Cattle

Abstract Although data are scarce, it is clear that grouping strategy can have a significant impact on the feeding behavior and feed intake of dairy cattle. Feed intake is controlled by ruminoreticular fill and physiological mechanisms, but grouping is a component of the cow's feeding environment that can modulate intake as a result of its impact on cow comfort, competition for feed and other resources, and herd health. Social dominance and competition for feed impact feeding behavior and proper grouping strategy will minimize the negative impact of excessive competition on intake and enhance beneficial effects of group feeding such as social facilitation. Primiparous cows benefit from separate grouping from older animals by increased intake and productivity. Bunk space, accessibility of feed, and type of feeding system must be considered when determining the optimal group size. There appears to be no problem with large (>200 cows) groups of cows per se, but management decisions such as overcrowding with insufficient head gates or manger space play a role in determining cow well-being and feeding behavior. Research with group sizes larger than 400 cows needs to evaluate productivity, feeding and other behavior, and animal well-being. Significant overcrowding appears to reduce feeding activity, alter resting behavior, and decrease rumination activity. Negative social consequences of moving cows between groups last 3 to 7 d. Although the effect of grouping on feeding behavior remains largely unquantitated at this point, the effect is potentially large and requires further research to describe the impact of cow dynamics within a group on feed intake.
Assessing the Anticipated Consequences of Computer-based Provider Order Entry at Three Community Hospitals Using an Open-ended, Semi-structured Survey Instrument

Objective To determine what “average” clinicians in organizations that were about to implement Computer-based Provider Order Entry (CPOE) were expecting to occur, we conducted an open-ended, semi-structured survey at three community hospitals.
Studies in Synesthetic Thinking: II. The Rôle Of Form In Visual Responses To Music

(1942). Studies in Synesthetic Thinking: II. The Role Of Form In Visual Responses To Music. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 199-222.
Strategic marketing forecasting, market segment selection and firm performance☆

Abstract In this study we investigate several hypotheses relating strategic forecasting to market segment selection and firm performance. In the context of a strategic marketing simulation, subjects in 14 competitive industries made strategic forecasts for market segment size and benchmark prices. Our results show that firms differentially select those segments with attractive characteristics; that some strategic forecasts for these targeted segments are more accurate than for non-targeted segments; that strategic forecasts are more accurate the higher the level of competition; and that superior forecasting performance is positively associated with superior firm performance. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.