cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic pair distribution function analysis from the ARCS chopper spectrometer at the Spallation Neutron Source

Neutron powder-diffraction-based atomic pair distribution functions (PDFs) are reported from the new wide-angular-range chopper spectrometer ARCS at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The spectrometer was run in white-beam mode with no Fermi chopper. The PDF patterns of Ni and Al2O3 were refined using the PDFfit method and the results compared with data collected at the NPDF diffractometer at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The resulting fits are of high quality, demonstrating that quantitatively reliable powder diffraction data can be obtained from ARCS when operated in this configuration.
Hume's ‘Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion’. By Andrew Pyle

Hume's ‘Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion’. By Andrew Pyle (London: Continuum, 2006), vii + 155 pp. $19.95/£13.99 paper; $95.00/£55 cloth. David Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion was...
USE OF SELF-CONCEPT TESTS IN DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN CONDUCT DISORDERED AND EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED STUDENTS

Sirmnary.-Use of the Tennessee Self-concept Test and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Test in differentiating 82 previously designated "conduct-disordered" from 75 "emotionally disturbed" students and from the tests' general norms were undertaken. While the two "severely emotionally handicapped" samples had significantly less positive scores than the general norms on the Tennessee empirical scales, consisrenrly similar differences did nor occur for Piers-Harris subtest comparisons. At the same time, no subtest on coral score significanrly differentiated between conduct disordered and emotionally disrurbed subjects. Research is required to judge the relative efficacy of these tests in differentiating conduct disordered and emotionally disturbed children of Grades 3 to 12. Although conducc-disordered and emotionally disrurbed studencs have traditionally shared combined placements and programs for the "behaviorally disordered" in most public school syscems, this practice has been criticized over the past several years (Benson, Edwards, Rosell, & White, 1986). Such programs, it is argued, do disservice to both groups: the emotionally disrurbed, because such placements minimize the importance of their internalized problematic perceptions and insights in subsequent treatment consideratio~ls (Kavale, Forness, & Alper, 1986; Heshusius, 1986; Rich, Beck, & Coleman, 1982) and the conduct-disordered, because the social, ethical, and legal implications of their actions are often minimized (American Psychiatric Assocation, 1980; Kelly, 1983, 1985). Further, PL 94-142's exclusion of the "socially maladjusted" from the federal definition of erno:ional disturbance has raised serious legal questions over the continued retention of essentially nonhandicapped students wich conduct problems in special education programs (Doe vs. Maher, 1986; National Association of State Directors of Special Education, 1985; Slcnkovitch, 1983, 1986). Awareness of these problems has encouraged professional interest in the development of definitional criteria and related screening instruments capable of clearly distinguishing becween conduct disordered and emotionally disturbed groups (Clarizio, 1987). Pursuant to this interest, the present author, in cooperation with the Clark County (Las Vegas, Nevada and surrounding metro
Regional dependence of morphine-induced μ-opiate receptor down-regulation in perinatal rat brain

Abstract The effect of perinatal morphine administration was examined in various brain regions using in vitro receptor autoradiography. Morphine was administered by continuous s.c. infusion of 10 mg/kg per day; brains of offspring were examined at five days of age. Morphine exposure reduced μ-receptor binding density in the preoptic area of hypothalamus, but not in the primary somatosensory cortex. μ-Receptor density was greater in the medial preoptic area of females than males, and in superficial layers of cortex in males than females. The results suggest that morphine has selective regional effects on μ-receptor ontogeny in rat brain.
Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus--a tough pill to swallow?

Oral contraceptives were introduced into clinical practice in the 1960s. The “pill,” as this method of contraception was quickly dubbed, was touted for its ease of administration and effectiveness. The subsequent wide use of oral contraceptives provided women with invaluable reproductive choices and social opportunities.1 As a result, the pill has been called one of the most socially important advances of the modern medical era.2 Yet for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, there has been an implicit moratorium on prescribing these medications because of concerns that exogenous estrogens could potentially exacerbate disease symptoms. The large ratio of women to men . . .
Cell fractionation studies on the guinea pig pancreas. Redistribution of exocrine proteins during tissue homogenization.

A double-label protocol was used to estimate the extent of leakage and relocation artifacts that affect exocrine pancreatic proteins in cell fractionation experiments. Guinea pig pancreatic lobules were pulsed in vitro with a mixture of 14C-amino acids to enable the lobules to produce and process endogenously labeled exocrine proteins. At the end of the pulse (10 min) or after an appropriate chase interval, the lobules were homogenized in 0.3 M sucrose to which a complete mixture of 3H-labeled exocrine pancreatic proteins was added as an exogenous tracer. The distribution of both labels was studied in each cell fraction of interest at the level of TCA-insoluble proteins and individual exocrine proteins resolved by using a two-dimensional gel system. Based on the premises that the exogenous and endogenous label behave identically during homogenization-fractionation and that all endogenously labeled exocrine proteins found in the postmicrosomal supernate come from intracellular compartments ruptured during tissue homogenization, a series of equations was derived to quantitate leakage and adsorption and to define the ratio of endogenous label still in its primary location to total label (primary location index or PLI) for each cell fraction. Leakage was found to be uniform for all exocrine proteins, but unequal in extent from different cell compartments (condensing vacuoles is greater than zymogen granules is greater than rough endoplasmic reticulum) ; it increased with exposure to shearing forces especially in the case of zymogen granules and condensing vacuoles, and was substantially reduced from rough microsomes by adding 10 mM KCl to the homogenization media. Relocation of exogenous label by adsorption to other subcellular components was extensive (approximately 55%), uneven (free polysomes is greater than rough microsomes is greater than smooth microsomes and zymogen granules), preferential (cationic proteins are massively adsorbed to ribosomes and membranes, resulting in a complementary enrichment of the post-microsomal supernate with anionic exocrine proteins), and reversible (with successive 50-100 mM KCl washes). After correction for adsorption and leakage, the kinetics of intracellular transport derived from cell fractionation data were found to be nearly identical to those obtained from quantitative autoradiographic studies.
On multiple access random medium access control

In this paper, we develop a new class of medium access control protocol, which allows each user to transmit at different data rates chosen randomly from an appropriately determined set of rates. By using successive interference cancellation, multiple packets can be received simultaneously. In slotted Aloha type Gaussian networks, we show that the achievable total throughput of the proposed protocol is at least a constant fraction of the mac sum rate when the number of transmission rates at each node is equal to the number of users in the network. We also study the case when only a limited number of transmission rates is available at each node. Extension to rate splitting is discussed. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol can achieve a significant throughput gain over the conventional Aloha.
Pulmonary and pleural responses in Fischer 344 rats following short-term inhalation of a synthetic vitreous fiber. I. Quantitation of lung and pleural fiber burdens.

T. R., BERMUDEZ, E., MANGUM, J. B., WONG, B. A., EVERTTT, J. I., AND Moss, O. R. (1996). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 30, 31-38. The pleura is an important target tissue of fiber-induced disease, although it is not known whether fibers must be in direct contact with pleural cells to exert pathologic effects. In the present study, we determined the kinetics of fiber movement into pleural tissues of rats following inhalation of RCF-1, a ceramic fiber previously shown to induce neoplasms in the lung and pleura of rats. Male Fischer 344 rats were exposed by nose-only inhalation to RCF-1 at 89 mg/m3 (2645 WHO fibers/cc), 6 hr/day for 5 consecutive days. On Days 5 and 32, thoracic tissues were analyzed to determine pulmonary and pleural fiber burdens. Mean fiber counts were 22 X 10*/lung (25 X lOVpleura) at Day 5 and 18 X 10*/lung (16 X lOVpleura) at Day 32. Similar geometric mean lengths (GML) and diameters (GMD) of pulmonary fiber burdens were observed at both time points. Values were 5 /xm for GML (geometric standard deviation GSD « 2.3) and 0.3 /xm for GMD (GSD » 1.9), with correlations between length and diameter (r) of 0.2-0.3. Size distributions of pleural fiber burdens at both time points were approximately 1.5 ixm GML (GSD « 2.0) and 0.09 fim GMD (GSD =» 1.5; r » 0.2-0.5). Few fibers longer than 5 ixm were observed at either time point These findings demonstrate that fibers can rapidly translocate to pleural tissues. However, only short, thin (<5 itm in length) fibers could be detected over the 32-day time course Of the experiment. C 1996 Society of Toxicology
Cluster detection in a collection of collinear line segments

Abstract Two novel methods of clustering of a collection of collinear line segments are presented. Both the methods are of merging type, global in nature and take into account both gap and line segment lengths. The methods are also useful for clustering collinear dot patterns. The efficacy of the algorithms is brought out by successfully applying them on different types of data sets. A comparative study is made by comparing the results of the proposed procedures with that of another procedure already existing.
Power and Failure Analysis of CAM Cells Due to Process Variations

Process variations arise due to processing and masking limitations, and result in random or spatially varying deviation from the designed parameter values. Changes in these parameters cause electrical parameters to vary, such as effective channel length and threshold voltage. These mismatches modify the strength of individual devices resulting in various failures. In this paper, we present a failure analysis of CAM cells under process variation in 32-nm CMOS technology. We investigate the effects of variations in Leff and Vt on the performance and power consumption of CAM cells. Finally, we discuss techniques at circuit and architecture levels to mitigate the effect of process variation on CAM access.
Carboxy terminal domain of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II of Leishmania donovani has an unusually low number of phosphorylation sites.

Background: The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II in higher eukaryotes has an altered form in Leishmania donovani. To determine whether this is a general feature of the kinetoplastida and to investigate the role of this domain in parasitic RNA pol II transcription, we isolated the gene encoding RNA pol II LS (rpolIILS) and analyzed its C-terminal domain. The discreteness observed may be due to a functional constraint delineating parasite from host. Material/Methods: The gene for L. donovani rpolIILS was picked up and sequenced. The CTD of L. donovani rpolIILS was purified as a His-tagged recombinant protein and phosphorylated with a crude kinase extract from L. donovani. An immunoblot analysis of the phosphorylated CTD and photo-crosslinked L. donovani nuclear extracts was done using anti-CTD antibody. Results: The L. donovani rpolIILS is encoded by a single-copy gene. Its transcript is matured postranscriptionally, with the mini-exon trans-spliced 397 bases upstream of the initiation site. The uniqueness of Leishmania rpolIILS CTD according to prediction analysis was corroborated with in vitro phosphorylation of the recombinant protein. Photoaffinity labelling of L. donovani nuclear run-on transcripts and immunoblot analysis using anti-CTD antibody could identify the active form of RNA polymerase II enzyme in this parasite. Conclusions: The L. donovani rpolIILS possesses a unique C-terminal extension lacking the characteristic repeats but containing serine residues as a potential phosphorylation site. Anti-CTD antibody could recognize a single molecular species for the RNA pol II enzyme in L. donovani.
An adaptive strategy for maximizing throughput in MAC layer wireless multicast

Bandwidth efficiency of wireless multicast can be improved substantially by exploiting the fact that several receivers can be reached at the MAC layer by a single transmission. The multicast nature of the transmissions, however, introduces several design.
Photovoltaic-quality silicon epitaxy by hot-wire CVD at glasscompatible temperatures

Epitaxial crystal silicon films 2 to 10-microns thick on high-quality seed layers have the potential to approach wafer silicon photovoltaic efficiencies at thin-film area costs. Using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) from silane precursor gas, we have grown epitaxial layers up to 40-microns thick with defect densities of about 2 × 105 cm−2, corresponding to defects separated by more than 20 µm. This should be adequate for film-silicon photovoltaic applications. Films are grown at rates above 100 nm/min, at about 680°C, a temperature compatible with relatively inexpensive substrates such as display glass. We have also grown both n-and p-type epitaxial layers with mobilities close to those of wafers and achieved epitaxy at a growth rate of 300 nm/min. We have not yet reached a fundamental limit to the deposition rate.
Genetics of exceptional longevity

Centenarians exist at the extreme of life expectancy and are rare. A number of pedigree and molecular genetic studies indicate that a significant component of exceptional longevity is genetically influenced. Furthermore, the recent discovery of a genetic locus on chromosome 4 indicates the powerful potential of studying centenarians for genetic factors that significantly modulate aging and susceptibility to age-related diseases. These studies include siblings and children of centenarians. Siblings have a significantly increased propensity to achieve exceptional old age and have half the mortality risk of their birth cohort from young adulthood through extreme old age. The children of centenarians are emerging as a promising model for the genetic and phenotypic study of aging relatively slowly and the delay and perhaps escape of important age-related diseases.
Radiation Necrosis of Undetermined Etiology

Radiation necrosis of the brain is acknowledged as a long-term side effect of radiation therapy to the head and neck. It is also known that the effects of exposure do not depend solely on the total dose but the fractionization and timing of the doses and that this total dose may actually be lower than what is currently considered clinically acceptable. We report a case of radiation necrosis in a 45- year-old Caucasian male with no history of radiation therapy. However, the patient does
URETEROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF INTRARENAL CALCULI

AbstractPurpose: To determine its potential role in stone therapy, we evaluated our experience with the ureteroscopic removal of intrarenal calculi in 100 patients. We review the indications, techniques, stone-free and overall success rates, and complications.Materials and Methods: From July 1994 to December 1996 ureteroscopic stone removal was attempted in 100 patients a mean of 52 years old who had renal calculi. Indications for treatment included concurrent ureteral stones in 56 cases, and failed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, medical or percutaneous management as well as obesity and anatomical anomalies. There were 2 or more calculi in the affected kidney in 68 patients and stones greater than 6 mm. in 67. Treatment of intrarenal calculi was performed with flexible ureteroscopes, a laser or electrohydraulic lithotriptor and endoscopic graspers. The number and size of calculi were noted in each patient. Stone-free and overall success rates defined as 1 residual fragment less than 3 mm. were not...
Quality of Life Across the Continuum of Breast Cancer Care.

: This article examines the quality of life concerns for women across the continuum of breast cancer care—from screening and high-risk status through palliative care. The psychosocial and quality of life concerns of women regarding breast cancer have been extensively studied, with much information available about these issues. Better awareness of these issues will facilitate the optimum care of women as they face screening, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease.
Unsteady aerodynamics associated with a horizontal-axis wind turbine

The wind turbine industry is currently facing many difficulties constructing efficient wind turbine machines caused by the inability to adequately predict structural loading and power output. Available evidence from wind turbines in a field environment suggests that formation of complex unsteady separated flowfields may be responsible for many aspects of wind turbine component failure. To examine this possibility in more detail, the Combined Experiment was developed. A full-scale wind turbine was constructed and operated in a field environment. The environment chosen was subject to wide variations in wind speed and direction and subsequently generated an extensive set of data for a variety of inflow test conditions. A single wind turbine blade was instrumented with pressure transducers and strain gauges with several data sets collected across a wide spectrum of typical and limiting wind turbine operating conditions. Surface pressure data taken at various spanwise locations along the blade demonstrated highly transient and spatially complex aerodynamic behavior for even the most basic operating conditions. Integrated normal force coefficient data showed enhanced lift values significantly beyond that predicted from steady-state two-dimensional wind-tunnel test data. Surface pressure data and integrated moment coefficient data suggested formation of coherent vortices consistent with the dynamic stall process observed in wind-tunnel tests for pitching wings. The unsteady, three-dimensional aerodynamic behavior for this wind turbine was then discussed and summarized.
Functional Analysis of Mouse Kinesin Motor Kif3C

Members of the kinesin II family are thought to play essential roles in many types of intracellular transport. One distinguishing feature of kinesin II is that it generally contains two different motor subunits from the Kif3 family. Three Kif3 family members (Kif3A, Kif3B, and Kif3C) have been identified and characterized in mice. Intracellular localization and biochemical studies previously suggested that Kif3C is an anterograde motor involved in anterograde axonal transport. To understand the in vivo function of the Kif3C gene, we used homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells to construct two different knockout mouse strains for the Kif3C gene. Both homozygous Kif3C mutants are viable, reproduce normally, and apparently develop normally. These results suggest that Kif3C is dispensable for normal neural development and behavior in the mouse.
Results from a Search for Light-Mass Dark Matter with a P-type Point Contact Germanium Detector

We report on several features in the energy spectrum from an ultralow-noise germanium detector operated deep underground. By implementing a new technique able to reject surface events, a number of cosmogenic peaks can be observed for the first time. We discuss an irreducible excess of bulklike events below 3 keV in ionization energy. These could be caused by unknown backgrounds, but also dark matter interactions consistent with DAMA/LIBRA. It is not yet possible to determine their origin. Improved constraints are placed on a cosmological origin for the DAMA/LIBRA effect.
Cyber and traditional bullying: differential association with depression.

Purpose The study compared levels of depression among bullies, victims, and bully-victims of traditional (physical, verbal, and relational) and cyber bullying that is a relatively new form of bullying. The study also examined the association between depression and frequency of involvement in each form of bullying. Methods A U.S. nationally representative sample of students in grades 6-10 (N = 7,313) completed the bullying and depression items in the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children 2005 Survey. Results Depression was associated with each of the four forms of bullying. Cyber victims reported higher depression than bullies or bully-victims, a result not observed in other forms of bullying. For physical, verbal, and relational bullies, the frequently-involved group of victims and bully victims reported a significantly higher level of depression than the corresponding occasionally involved group. For cyber bullying, differences were found only between the occasional and frequent victims. Conclusion Results indicated the importance of further study of cyber bullying because its association with depression was distinct from traditional forms of bullying.
To Each (MHC Molecule) Its Own (Binding Motif)

In the mid-1980s Townsend et al. ([1][1]) demonstrated that viral Ags recognized by class I restricted CTL could be mimicked by incubating target cells with short synthetic peptides representing viral sequences. Soon thereafter, Wiley and coworkers ([2][2]) published the structure of the HLA-A2.1
Spatial variability in the seasonal south polar cap of Mars

The first comprehensive discussion of the south seasonal polar cap spectra obtained by the Mariner 7 infrared spectrometer in the short-wavelength region (2-4 microns) is presented. The infrared spectra is correlated with images acquired by the wide-angle camera. Significant spectral variation is noted in the cap interior and regions of varying water frost abundance, CO2 ice/frost cover, and CO2-ice path length can be distinguished. Many of these spectral variations correlate with heterogeneity noted in the camera images, but certain significant infrared spectral variations are not discernible in the visible. Simple reflectance models are used to classify the observed spectral variations into four regions. Region I is at the cap edge, where there is enhanced absorption beyond 3 microns inferred to be caused by an increased abundance of water frost. The increase in water abundance over that in the interior is on the level of a few parts per thousand or less. Region II is the typical cap interior characterized by spectral features of CO2 ice at grain sizes of several millimeters to centimeters. These spectra also indicate the presence of water frost at the parts per thousand level. A third, unusual region (III), is defined by three spectra in which weak CO2 absorption features are as much as twice as strong as in the average cap spectra and are assumed to be caused by an increased path length in the CO2. Such large paths are inconsistent with the high reflectance in the visible and at 2.2 microns and suggest layered structures or deposition conditions that are not accounted for in current reflectance models. The final region (IV) is an area of thinning frost coverage or transparent ice well in the interior of the seasonal cap. These spectra are a combination of CO2 and ground signatures.
Interoperability and Integration Considerations for a Process-Oriented Clinical Decision Support System

Electronic medical record systems (EMRs) can be made more attractive to the clinicians if Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are integrated with them. However, CDSS have to be developed with integration in mind, such that they may be integrated not just with the local EMR but EMRs developed by others as well. Web Services Technology ameliorates the challenge of integration if the CDSS is well-designed but several other issues still need to be considered. The integration has to allow two-way data exchange between the CDSS and the EMR, which requires the EMR also to expose a set of interfaces. Further, the CDSS itself needs integration with services on which it depends for its functionality. In the semantic data capture initiative (SDCI) project, we integrated, Proteus (http://proteme.org), an open source, process-oriented clinical decision support system with Henry Ford Health System's EMR, Care Plus. The effort involved addressing some of these challenges and some that are unique to a system like Proteus.
An MRI-compatible loading device to assess knee joint cartilage deformation: Effect of preloading and inter-test repeatability

It has been suggested that the extent and location of cartilage deformation within a joint under compressive loading may be predictive of predisposition to further degeneration. To explore this relationship in detail requires the quantification of cartilage deformation under controlled loads on a per-patient basis in a longitudinal manner. Our objectives were (1) to design a device capable of applying controllable axial loads while ensuring repeatable within-patient tibiofemoral positioning during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and (2) to determine the duration for which load should be maintained prior to the image acquisition, for a reproducible measurement of cartilage deformation, within the restraints of a clinical setting. A displacement control loading device was manufactured from MRI-compatible materials and tested on four volunteers for the following five scans: an unloaded scan, two repeat immediate scans which were started immediately after the application of 50% body weight, and two repeat delayed scans started 12 min after load application. Outcome measures included within-patient changes in tibiofemoral position and cartilage deformation between repeat loaded scans. The differences in tibiofemoral position between repeat loaded scans were <1mm in translation and <2° in rotation. Cartilage deformations were more consistent in the delayed scans compared to the immediate scans. We conclude that our loading device can ensure repeatable tibiofemoral positioning to allow for longitudinal studies, and the delayed scan may enable us to obtain more reproducible measurements of cartilage deformation in a clinical setting.
Immune systems inspired approach to anomaly detection, fault localization and diagnosis in complex dynamic systems

Almost prevalent use of electronics, complicated software, new materials, and technologies makes fault diagnosis and management in contemporary engineering systems increasingly difficult to deal with. Unavoidable design defects, quality variations in the production process, as well as different usage patterns, make it infeasible to foresee all possible faults that may occur on a given system. As a result, traditional precedent-based diagnostic approaches offer a very limited diagnostic coverage based on testing only for the a priori known or anticipated failures, often falsely presuming that the system is operating normally if the full set of diagnostic tests pass. To circumvent these difficulties and provide a more complete coverage for detection and localization of the source of any fault, a new paradigm for design of diagnostic systems is needed. An approach inspired by the functionalities and characteristics of natural immune systems is presented and discussed here. The capability of the newly proposed paradigm to isolate the source of an anomaly without the need to train with signatures characterizing the underlying fault is demonstrated in the simulations of a diesel engine Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) system and a generator portion of a commercially available marine diesel-generator system.
A two-level process model for integrated system development

The concepts presented in this paper propose a pre-planned and integrated development process for large, complex, and possibly distributed systems-so-called "mega-systems". A mega-system is partitioned into systems which are developed very independently but interoperate in an integrated manner to provide comprehensive functionality within an application domain, e.g. in the form of a so-called "system of systems". To support this concept, we specify a generic systems integration framework (GenSIF) that provides an additional level of control and coordination for the otherwise independent projects. Based on this idea of a distributed but well-guided systems development effort, a process model that enacts the suggested framework and its system development philosophy is discussed. This process model is a natural extension of already-existing, more traditional development models, and allows the engineer to preserve existing know-how in this area. To support flexibility and easy adaptation, domain modeling and domain architecture design are incorporated into the proposed framework. >
Influence of Mn2+-Ions on Adrenaline Oxidation and Lipid Peroxidation Catalysed by Rat Liver Microsomes or by Isolated Nadph-Cytochrome C Reductase

It is well established that adrenaline is oxidised by rat liver microsomes to adrenochrome. Furthermore, complexes of Mn2+-ions with adrenaline can readily be autoxidised. We incubated rat liver microsomes (2 mg protein/ml), adrenaline (0.2 mM) and MnCl2 in presence and absence of NADPH. Adrenochrome was formed depending on the MnCl2-concentration in both cases. The Mn2+-induced adrenochrome formation rate in absence of NADPH increased from 1 mM to 50 mM MnCl2 (40 nmol adrenochrome/ml/min). In presence of NADPH, however, the adrenochrome formation rate which amounted normally to about 22 nmol/ml/min increased between 1/uM and 0.1 mM MnCl2. At saturation conditions with MnCl2 (0.1 mM) 118 nmol adrenochrome/ml/min were formed. The complex of Fe2+-ions with adrenaline was oxidizable by NADPH-dependent enzymes, whereas it was stable against autoxidation. If MnCl2 was used at 0.1 mM Fe2+-ions inhibited the NADPH-dependent Mn2+-induced adrenochrome formation to 50% at 0.1 mM FeCl2. In contrast to the Mn2+-induced autoxidation of adrenaline, the NADPH-dependent Mn2+-induced adrenochrome formation was inhibited by 10 U/ml superoxide dismutase (SOD). Microsomal NADPH-dependent lipid per-oxidation induced by Fe2+-ions was inhibited to 50% by 0.1 mM MnCl2, but not by SOD (10 U/ml). All effects of MnCl2 on adrenaline oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the microsomal system could also be observed during incubations with isolated NADPH-cytochrome c reductase.
PROGNOSIS AND RADIATION DOSE OF ULTRA-LOW DOSE (ULD) STRESS-ONLY MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SPECT IN PATIENTS WITH CHEST PAIN USING A HIGH-EFFICIENCY CAMERA

SPECT MPI provides valuable information about patients with chest pain (CP), but there is concern about its radiation dose and lengthy duration. New high-efficiency (HE) cameras and stress-first/stress-only (SF/SO) protocols both offer potential to reduce radiation and time. No previous study
Metal Artifacts from Amapa, Nayarit, Mexico

Artifacts recovered during U.C.L.A. excavations in 1959 are described in terms of a new typological classification for Mesoamerican metal artifacts. In addition to a number of artifact types known elsewhere in Mesoamerica, the excavations yielded several new forms. Possible relationships of Amapa, and West Mexico in general, to other areas of Mesoamerica, suggested by similarities in metal artifacts, are discussed. Association of metals with Mazapan figurines suggests an initial date for appearance of metal artifacts at Amapa of roughly A.D. 900; terminal date for the Amapa occupation may be around 1200.
Renal Clearance of β-Hydroxybutyric Acid in a Dog

ConclusionTwo renal clearance experiments in a dog indicate that dl-β-hydroxy-butyrate is excreted by the kidney in a fashion resembling many amino acids. The maximum rate of tubular reabsorption (TmβB) appears to lie between 2 and 3 mg per minute per kg of animal. An appreciable excretion of β-hydroxybutyrate occurs at a plasma level of 8 mg %.
Etiology of Exudative Diathesis, Encephalomalacia, and Muscular Degeneration in the Chicken

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN THE young chicken a dietary deficiency of vitamin E will result in either encephalomalacia, exudative diathesis, muscular degeneration or some combination of these symptoms. While the gross effects and histopathology involved in these disorders have been described (Pappenheimer and Goettsch, 1931; Jungherr et al., 1956; Coggeshall and Bieri, 1960; Dam and Glavind, 1938; Dam et al., 1952; Machlin and Shalkop, 1956), complete understanding of the nutritional factors other than vitamin E deficiency which determined the appearance of the various symptoms has not been achieved (Ames, 1956). Accordingly it has been difficult to produce one E-deficiency symptom uncomplicated by the presence of another. Recently several major observations have clarified the factors involved, namely that; selenium protects chickens against exudative diathesis (Patterson et al., 1957; Schwarz et al., 1957) but not against encephalomalacia (Dam et al., 1957; Ames and Swanson, 1958); dietary linoleic or arachidonic acid is necessary for the …
How do the RNA-binding proteins TDP-43 and FUS relate to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal degeneration, and to each other?

Purpose of review This review examines the recent research developments aimed at defining the role of RNA-binding proteins (TDP-43 and FUS) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Recent findings TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) and fused in sarcoma (FUS) are RNA-binding proteins that form aggregates in ALS and FTLD, and when mutated can drive the pathogenesis of these disorders. However, fundamental questions remain as to the relationship between TDP-43 and FUS aggregation and disease, their normal and pathologic function, and where they converge on the same cellular pathways. Autopsy series point to distinct molecular actions as TDP-43 and FUS neuronal inclusions do not overlap, with FUS inclusions being present in only a small subgroup of patients. By contrast, modeling experiments in lower organisms support a genetic interaction between TDP-43 and FUS, although it is likely indirect. Regardless, the recent finding that additional RNA-binding proteins may also cause ALS, and the observation that TDP-43 aggregation remains a core feature in all of the recently identified genetic forms of ALS (C9ORF72, VCP, UBQLN2, and PFN1), underscores the central role of TDP-43 and RNA metabolism in ALS and FTLD. Summary Recent discoveries point to an unprecedented convergence of molecular pathways in ALS and FTLD involving RNA metabolism. Defining the exact points of convergence will likely be key to advancing therapeutics development in the coming years.
Tax Pass-Through in Gasoline and Diesel Fuel: The 2003 Washington State Nickel Funding Package Increase

FTC Bureau of Economics working papers are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The analyses and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other members of the Bureau of Economics, other Commission staff, or the Commission itself. Upon request, single copies of the paper will be provided. References in publications to FTC Bureau of Economics working papers by FTC economists (other than acknowledgment by a writer that he has access to such unpublished materials) should be cleared with the author to protect the tentative character of these papers.
The Behavior System

Action selection in the artificial fish is controlled by its behavior system. The behavior system consists of the habits and mental state of the fish, an intention generator and a set of behavior routines (Fig. 7.1). The behavior system runs continuously within the fish’s simulation loop. At each time stepthe intention generator issues an intention based on the fish’s habits, mental state, and incoming sensory information. It then chooses and executes a behavior routine which in turn selects and runs the appropriate motor controllers. It is important to note that the behavior routines are incremental by design. Their job is to get the artificial fish one stepclo ser to fulfilling its intention during the current time step. Moreover, at any given moment in time, there is only one intention or one active behavior in the artificial fish’s behavior system. This hypothesis is commonly made by ethologists when analyzing the behavior of fishes, birds and four-legged animals of or below intermediate complexity (e.g. dogs, cats) [94, 16].
Direct Characterization of the Maize Starch Synthase IIa Product Shows Maltodextrin Elongation Occurs at the Non-reducing End

A comprehensive description of starch biosynthesis and granule assembly remains undefined despite the central nature of starch as an energy storage molecule in plants and as a fundamental calorie source for many animals. Multiple theories regarding the starch synthase (SS)-catalyzed assembly of (α1-4)-linked d-glucose molecules into maltodextrins generally agree that elongation occurs at the non-reducing terminus based on the degradation of radiolabeled maltodextrins, although recent reports challenge this hypothesis. Surprisingly, a direct analysis of the SS catalytic product has not been reported, to our knowledge. We expressed and characterized recombinant Zea mays SSIIa and prepared pure ADP-[13CU]glucose in a one-pot enzymatic synthesis to address the polarity of maltodextrin chain elongation. We synthesized maltoheptaose (degree of polymerization 7) using ADP-[13CU]glucose, maltohexaose (degree of polymerization 6), and SSIIa. Product analysis by ESI-MS revealed that the [13CU]glucose unit was added to the non-reducing end of the growing chain, and SSIIa demonstrated a >7,850-fold preference for addition to the non-reducing end versus the reducing end. Independent analysis of [13CU]glucose added to maltohexaose by SSIIa using solution NMR spectroscopy confirmed the polarity of maltodextrin chain elongation.
Genre and Charisma in Shaw’s Major Barbara

Thirty-six years after the premiere of Major Barbara on the London stage, George Bernard Shaw and Gregory Pascal set about adapting the play for the screen. Banking on the success of Pygmalion, Pascal’s 1938 film adaptation of Shaw’s play’ Shaw invested a considerable sum of money in the venture and insisted on writing the screenplay himself. But the adaptation posed problems that Pygmalion did not, especially if the film were targeted for a mainstream audience. The modernist devices of the play, especially the inversion of multiple comic conventions and extended intellectual debate, were jettisoned in favor of establishing a consistent generic focus that depended on the charismatic screen presence of Wendy Hiller.
HUMAN AUTONOMY AND ITS LIMITS IN THE THOUGHT OF ORIGEN OF ALEXANDRIA 1

As the church historian Henri Crouzel observed, questions about the nature of human autonomy were central to the thought of the third-century theologian Origen of Alexandria. On this question, his influence on later generations, though complicated, would be difficult to overstate. Yet, what exactly Origen thought autonomy required has been a subject of debate. On one widespread reading, he has been taken to argue that autonomy requires that human beings have the capacity to act otherwise than they do in fact act; that is, that alternative possibilities of action are causally available to them. As Susanne Bobzien has argued, however, there is good reason to think that the view that such alternative possibilities are required for the ascription of autonomy did not explicitly emerge until Alexander of Aphrodisias, a rough contemporary of Origen's of whose thought he was likely unaware. In revisiting Origen on the notion of ‘free will’, Michael Frede, against the ‘alternative possibilities’ reading, argued that his theory of the will was largely attributable to Stoicism, and in particular to Epictetus’ theory of will as προαίρeσις. George Boys-Stones, for his part, has claimed that, while Origen's theory of the descent of the pre-existent minds is aimed at providing an account of how human beings are entirely responsible for their characters, in the embodied state we find no evidence that he understood human choice subsequent to the fall to depend upon the existence of alternative possibilities in order to be autonomous.
Legitimizing Paltry Contributions: Testing Indirect Effects

This study was conducted to determine the mechanisms through which legitimizing paltry contributions (LPC) indirectly influences individuals’ likelihood of donating to charitable organizations. Thr...
At Least Bias Is Bipartisan: A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Partisan Bias in Liberals and Conservatives.

Both liberals and conservatives accuse their political opponents of partisan bias, but is there empirical evidence that one side of the political aisle is indeed more biased than the other? To addr...
Education for Ethnic Minorities in China: Policies and Practices

Despite rapid economic development in the past three decades, China is straying from its socialist goals of achieving social equality. The income gap between the rich and the poor is widening, as reflected in an increase in Gini coefficient from 0.28 in 1981 to a peak of 0.49 between 2005 and 2009, as reported by China’s National Bureau of Statistics (Whyte, 2014). China’s rural–urban divide is also broadening with increased urbanization and export-oriented strategies (Bhattarai & Chen, 2013). China is growing into an economic superpower that is capable of competing with other nation-states in the global economy, but the central government is finding it difficult to ignore its persistent rural poverty. Urbanization has led to China’s urban population exceeding its rural population in 2011 for the very first time, but its rural population still constitutes 48.73% of the total population (National Bureau of Statistics, 2010). Currently, the rural residents of China face a worsening economic situation as income gaps and the rural-urban divide are expanding. Ethnic minority groups, comprising 8% of the Chinese population, disproportionately live in rural areas where poverty is persistent. According to Gustafsson and Sai (2009), almost one-third of ethnic minorities were impoverished in the years 2000, 2001, and 2002, and these populations are concentrated in the western regions and villages. The percentage remains approximately the same today, as it was reported in 2011 that a total of 39,170,000 members of ethnic minority populations were still in poverty, which was 32% of the total minority population living in poverty (China daily, 2012). Therefore, the central government targets its poverty alleviation initiatives at ethnic minorities in the rural regions and strives to provide monetary support and salient social services to build and maintain sustainable development.
Direct-Acting Antiviral Prophylaxis in Kidney Transplantation From Hepatitis C Virus–Infected Donors to Noninfected Recipients: An Open-Label Nonrandomized Trial

Background Given the high mortality rate for those with end-stage kidney d sease on dialysis and the efficacy and safety of current hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments, currently-discarded kidneys from HCV-infected (HCV+) donors may be a neglected public health resource.
More on the Infinite: Products and Partial Fractions

This chapter is devoted entirely to the theory and application of infinite products, and as a consolation prize, we also talk about partial fractions.
Uncertainty in forecasts of long-run economic growth

Forecasts of long-run economic growth are critical inputs into policy decisions being made today on the economy and the environment. Despite its importance, there is a sparse literature on long-run forecasts of economic growth and the uncertainty in such forecasts. This study presents comprehensive probabilistic long-run projections of global and regional per-capita economic growth rates, comparing estimates from an expert survey and a low-frequency econometric approach. Our primary results suggest a median 2010–2100 global growth rate in per-capita gross domestic product of 2.1% per year, with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.1 percentage points, indicating substantially higher uncertainty than is implied in existing forecasts. The larger range of growth rates implies a greater likelihood of extreme climate change outcomes than is currently assumed and has important implications for social insurance programs in the United States.
Use of Mail Surveys to Collect Information for Program Improvement

The survey is one of the oldest research techniques used in the social sciences and education. Survey data are generally gathered by use of one of three techniques (or some combination of the three). These three methods are mail surveys, personal-interview surveys, and telephone surveys (Kerlinger, 1967). The mail survey is widely used to gather follow-up data for improvement of teacher education programs (Adams & Craig, 1981; Ayers, 1979; Ewell & Lisensky, 1988; Isaac & Michael, 1981; Villene & Hall, 1981). Craig addresses the broader spectrum of follow-up evaluation in the following chapter; therefore, the major focus of this chapter will be on the design, development, and use of mail follow-up surveys.
Abortive oncogeny and cell cycle-mediated events in Alzheimer disease

Alzheimer disease, the leading cause of senile dementia, is characterised by the degeneration of select neuronal populations. While the mechanism(s) underlying such cell loss are largely unknown, recent findings indicate inappropriate re-entry into the cell cycle resembling an abortive oncogeny. In postmitotic neurons, such mitotic re-entrance is deleterious and one that involves virtually the entire spectrum of the described pathological events in Alzheimer disease including, ultimately, cell death.
Preparation of a crystalline salt of indomethacin and tromethamine by hot melt extrusion technology.

Abstract Although salt formation is the most ubiquitous and effective method of increasing the solubility and dissolution rates of acidic and basic drugs, it consumes large quantities of organic solvents and is a batch process. Herein, we show that the dissolution rate of indomethacin (a poorly water-soluble drug) can be increased by using hot melt extrusion of a 1:1 (mol/mol) indomethacin:tromethamine mixture to form a highly crystalline salt, the physicochemical properties of which are investigated in detail. Specifically, pH–solubility studies demonstrated that this salt exhibited a maximal solubility of 19.34 mg/mL (>1000 times that of pure indomethacin) at pH 8.19. A solvent evaporation technique was also used for salt formation. Spectroscopic analyses (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance) of both; demonstrated, in situ salt formation with proton transfer. Powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the crystalline nature of salts formed by both methods. Even though a number of amorphous salts of acidic drugs have been reported, the formation of a crystalline salt of an acidic drug by hot melt extrusion is completely unprecedented, which makes this study an important benchmark for the pharmaceutical production industry.