cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Course of Sojourner Adaptation: A New Test of the U-Curve Hypothesis

The well-known U-curve hypothesis, which describes the course of adjustment of sojourners abroad, has received surprisingly little empirical support. Part of the reason for this may be the inadequate designs of studies that have been set up to test it. In this study a more adequate longitudinal design, using experimental and control groups of university students, was created to assess the hypothesis. This test does not confirm the hypothesis. The course of well-being of the experimental group in France does not differ significantly from that of the control group at home. The study ends with some ruminations on the future usefulness of the U-curve hypothesis.
Ge/Si hetero-nanocrystal nonvolatile floating gate memory

Silicon nanocrystal (NC) has been used as the charge storage in nonvolatile memory devices owing to their advantages of low operation voltage, small size and compatibility to the logic circuit. In order to improve the retention characteristics and the programming speed simultaneously, Ge/Si hetero-nanocrystal (HNC) was proposed to be used as the floating gate. In this presentation, we report the fabrication and characterization of Ge/Si HNC MOS memories.
An experimental test of a more generalized formulation of the method of continuous variations

Abstract An analysis of the method of continuous variations is presented for systems containing mononuclear complexes with a single type of ligand. These equations allow the conditions to be determined under which any one of the complexes will reach a maximum concentration for such systems which contain several complexes. A comparison with experimental data shows that this procedure is especially valuable in the treatment of data in which a distinction must be made between several possible complexes AB n , where n is large. The systems examined in detail are the Cu 2+ -Cl − system and the Cu 2+ -SCN − system.
Internal Derangements of the Temporomandibular Joint

This article discusses several types of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint. It includes definitions, clinical characteristics, and management options. Nonsurgical and surgical treatment strategies are discussed taking into consideration the latest evidence-based literature.
SOLITARY WAVES FOR TWO AND THREE COUPLED NONLINEAR SCHRODINGER EQUATIONS

We present solitary-wave solutions of two and three coupled nonlinear Schr\"odinger equations when the waves propagate in the normal and anomalous group-velocity dispersion regions. A wave of the form ${\mathrm{sech}}^{2}\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{-}\frac{2}{3}$ is found, which, together with two known waves of the forms $\mathrm{tanh}\ensuremath{\xi}\mathrm{sech}\ensuremath{\xi}$ and ${\mathrm{sech}}^{2}\ensuremath{\xi},$ are shown to form a new generation of complementary waves. The implication of this wave set and its applications to coupled solitary-wave propagation is discussed.
Growout of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Stocked into Production Ponds at Three Different Ages

This study was designed to determine the production characteristics of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, stocked into grow-out ponds at three different sizes and ages. To meet this goal, three groups of postlarvae (PL) were obtained. The first group was placed in a nursery system for 21 d (N21), the second for 14 d (N14), and the third was stocked directly into ponds (DS). Shrimp from each nursery treatment (three tanks per treatment) were pooled and then subdivided for stocking into four replicate 0.1 ha ponds per treatment, another four ponds were stocked directly (DS) with PL8. All 12 ponds were stocked on the same day at a density of approximately 35 PL/m2, and cultured over a 16-wk period and then drain harvested. After harvest, mean average weights (15.4, 16.9, and 14.9 g), survivals (63, 62, and 64%), FCRs (2.7, 2.5, and 2.7), and average yields (3592, 4005, and 3374 kg/ha) were determined for N21, N14, and DS, respectively. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed among treatments. Regardless of nursing time, nursed juveniles did not differ significantly in production characteristics from shrimp stocked directly from the hatchery.
557 INFECTION IN NEWBORN INFANTS - A CHANGING PATTERN IN A SPECIAL CARE UNIT (SCU)

An analysis of bacterial infection in the intensive and intermediate care nurseries (special care unit) of the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was made over a 3 year period to determine if changes in the predominant organisms for neonatal sepsis had occurred. From Jan. 1982 to Sept. 1984, 98 bacteremias were identified in 2571 infants, an incidence of 3.8/100 SCU admissions and 11.8/1000 hospital births was noted. Eighty-eight percent of all bacteremias were due to gram positive organisms, with coagulase negative staphylococcus (CNS) and beta hemolytic streptococcus Group B (GBS) being the predominant organisms. Paucity of gram negative infection was noted. CNS was responsible for 42% of bacteremias and 75% of nosocomial infections, while GBS was responsible for 32% of bacteremias and 78% of early infections. Incidence of GBS disease was 3.8/1000 hospital births; however, if GBS antigenuria as identified by latex agglutination was included, incidence rose to 5.5/1000 hospital births. Mortality from GBS was 11%. The majority of infants with CNS were 1600 gms. Although mortality was low, considerable morbidity was noted. Forty-two percent of infants with clinical signs of necrotizing enterocolitis were noted to have CNS bacteremia, and 32% of localized infections were due to CNS. These data suggest the changing pattern of infection and emergence of coagulase-negative staphylococcus as a pathogen. In view of the significant morbidity caused by CNS among low birth weight infants, antibiotic therapy for suspected nosocomial infection should include coverage against this ubiquitous organism.
Socioeconomic Impact of Seasonal (Epidemic) Influenza and the Role of Over-the-Counter Medicines

The substantial economic impact of influenza on society results primarily from lost work time and reduced productivity of patients and caregivers and increased use of medical resources. Additionally, since the 1980s, aging of the US population has meant rising influenza-related morbidity and mortality. According to the most current published data on this topic, in 2003 the total economic burden of influenza epidemics in the USA across all age groups was US$87.1 billion. As of February 2013, overall vaccine effectiveness for the 2012/2013 season was estimated to be 56 %. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases has concluded that more effective vaccines and vaccination strategies are needed. Moderate efficacy of the influenza vaccine, continued questions regarding the value of treatment with antivirals, and a growing self-care movement have led to increased use of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, which play a vital role in managing symptoms associated with mild to moderate influenza and provide an estimated US$102 billion in annual savings for the US healthcare system. A primary benefit to society of using OTC medicines to manage influenza is decreased use of the healthcare system, thereby mitigating the socioeconomic burden of influenza. Considering the stresses placed on the US healthcare system and the substantial productivity losses resulting from seasonal influenza as well as the growing self-care movement, OTC medicines will play an important role in the course of future influenza epidemics.
Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development: South Vietnam, 1955-1975

Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development traces the economic history of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. During this period encompassing the Vietnam war, high-level officials paid relatively little attention to the economy of South Vietnam even though economic development was a necessary condition for the country's survival. A generous foreign aid program was designed to pay local troops and improve the standard of living of the population. Professor Dacy documents this growth in national income and the progress or lack thereof in a number of development indicators. He discusses the goals of United States economic aid and measures the net resources transferred. Additionally, the book analyzes wartime inflation and the Vietnamese tax system, and in so doing shows that the measures which would have promoted long-run viability were shunned in favor of short-run expediencies that practically doomed the country in the long run. Finally, economic development in South Vietnam is compared to that in Israel, South Korea, and Taiwan, three nations that faced high military threats during the same period.
Increasing cGMP-dependent protein kinase I activity attenuates cisplatin-induced kidney injury through protection of mitochondria function

Cisplatin is widely used to treat malignancies. However, its major limitation is the development of dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. The precise mechanisms of cisplatin-induced kidney damage remain unclear, and the renoprotective agents during cisplatin treatment are still lacking. Here, we demonstrated that the expression and activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-I (PKG-I) were reduced in cisplatin-treated renal tubular cells in vitro as well as in the kidney tissues from cisplatin-treated mice in vivo. Increasing PKG activity by both pharmacological and genetic approaches attenuated cisplatin-induced kidney cell apoptosis in vitro. This was accompanied by decreased Bax/Bcl2 ratio, caspase 3 activity, and cytochrome c release. Cisplatin-induced mitochondria membrane potential loss in the tubular cells was also prevented by increased PKG activity. All of these data suggest a protective effect of PKG on mitochondria function in renal tubular cells. Importantly, increasing PKG activity pharmacologically or genetically diminished cisplatin-induced tubular damage and preserved renal function during cisplatin treatment in vivo. Mitochondria structural and functional damage in the kidney from cisplatin-treated mice was inhibited by increased PKG activity. In addition, increasing PKG activity enhanced ciaplatin-induced cell death in several cancer cell lines. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing PKG activity may be a novel option for renoprotection during cisplatin-based chemotherapy.
A new technique of correcting emittance dilutions in linear colliders

Abstract This article describes a new method of reducing the transverse emittance dilution in linear colliders due to both transverse wakefields and dispersive errors. The technique is a generalization of the dispersion-free [1] correction algorithm; the dilutions are corrected locally by varying the beam trajectory. This technique will complement the BNS damping [2] method which primarily corrects the dilutions resulting from coherent betatron oscillations. Finally, the results of simulations are presented demonstrating the viability of the technique.
Lateralization of tonal signals in noise

When listeners attempt to localize a tone in noise, the “signal” for lateralization is the change in interaural phase between tone plus noise and the interaural phase of the noise alone. Data are presented showing how lateralization performance varies as a function of the interaural correlation of the noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and tone frequency. The relationship between the results of this study and some phenomena of binaural signal detection is discussed.
Impact of a Financial Incentive on Case and Control Participation in a Telephone Interview

The authors investigated the effect of a 5.00 dollars incentive on participation in a telephone interview among cases and controls in an ongoing study of colorectal cancer. Cases and matched community controls were sent a letter introducing the study. One week later, a nurse called to invite the person to participate in a 30-minute telephone interview. After 1 year of data collection (which began in June 2001), the authors began enclosing a 5.00 dollars bill in the initial letter as an incentive. Incentives were mailed to all potential controls. The authors randomized 50% of a subset of cases to receive the incentive. In the year prior to institution of the incentive, 44.2% of 851 controls participated in the interview, as compared with 56.2% of 1,043 controls in the year after the incentive was instituted (p 0.05). Among cases aged 60-69 years, the response rate in the incentive group was reduced by 17% (p = 0.03). Thus, among controls, a small monetary incentive appears to promote a feeling of goodwill toward the research. It does not seem to have an equivalent effect among cases, and in the worst case it may insult or annoy some cases who may otherwise have participated.
Contextual facilitation in children's oral reading in relation to grade and decoding skill

Abstract This research investigated children's use of context to facilitate word recognition and comprehension-monitoring processes in the oral reading of connected prose as a function of grade level and decoding skill. Results indicated no overall contextual facilitation of word recognition accuracy, even in less skilled decoders, although there was evidence that less skilled decoders were assisted by context in decoding some content words. Children read word lists 50% more slowly than comparable selections of prose. The adoption of different and compensatory reading speed strategies in children's reading of prose and word lists renders the oral reading task an insensitive test of the contextual facilitation of word recognition accuracy. A qualitative analysis of the errors made in reading the prose passage showed that skilled decoders made (relative to less skilled decoders) a lower proportion of reading errors which, as first uttered, violated prior context, and a higher rate of contextually obligatory self-corrections, thus making a higher overall rate of contextually acceptable oral reading errors. These data were interpreted as suggesting that children's oral reading incorporates processing that occurs after lexical access, and that skilled decoders use context more effectively to monitor comprehension. In an oral reading task, this may counteract the tendency of less skilled decoders to rely more on context in the process of word recognition.
Impacts of Assimilation of Satellite and Rawinsonde Observations on Southern Hemisphere Baroclinic Wave Activity in the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis

Abstract In this study, the impacts of the assimilation of satellite and rawinsonde observations on Southern Hemisphere (SH) baroclinic wave activity in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are examined by comparing analyses made with and without the assimilation of satellite data (SAT and NOSAT, respectively) for the year 1979, as well as by comparing analyses to the corresponding first guesses from 1958 to 1999. Comparing the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) computed based on the SAT and NOSAT analyses, it is found that the assimilation of satellite data generally decreases the EKE in the SH, which is the opposite of the findings for the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) in previous studies. The decrease of EKE by satellite data in the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis can be traced back to a low bias in retrieved satellite temperature (SATEMP) variance. The eddy available potential energy (EPE) is decreased even more than the EKE with the assimilation of SATEMP, making the waves mor...
Exposure of the U.S. population aged 6 years and older to cadmium : 1988-1994

Cadmium was measured in urine specimens from 22,162 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III 1988–1994). Urine cadmium, expressed either as uncorrected (μg/L) or creatinine corrected (μg/g creatinine) increased with age and with smoking. The arithmetic mean value for urine cadmium in the U.S. population was 0.57 μg/L or 0.48 μg/g creatinine. Based on our estimates, about 2.3% of the U.S. population have urine cadmium concentrations greater than 2 μg/g creatinine, and 0.2% have concentrations greater than 5 μg/g creatinine, the current World Health Organization health-based exposure limit.
HUMANOMICS: A MODEL FOR THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT

I. Introduction For over forty years, a model for Third World development has gained widespread acceptance. Three key premises underpin the traditional development model: (1) the identification of “development” with the maximization of the rate of national economic growth; (2) the quest to achieve Western living standards and levels of industrialization which require the transfer of labor from the agricultural to the industrial sector as well as increased consumerism; and (3) the integration into the interdependence of Third World nations in the global economy and the global marketplace. Increasing the demand for a Third World nation's exports (in other words, export‐led growth) is viewed as leading to the maximization of a nation's Gross National Product (GNP).
Asynchronous and high-accuracy digital modulated signal detection by sensor networks

Adaptive modulation can be used to significantly enhance the spectrum utilization for both civilian applications, e.g., cognitive radio, and military ones. It requires a receiver to follow the modulation variation of a transmitter dynamically and automatically. Binary automatic modulation detection technology has been applied to detect the modulation scheme for adaptive modulation. Modulation classification was proposed for a multi-sensor scenario in our prior work using a distributed algorithm to enhance the detection accuracy. In this paper, the function of blind detection by the wireless sensor network (WSN) is further extended to support multiple modulation hypotheses. Besides providing spatial diversities, distributed sensors perform complicated calculations of likelihood functions and use the master node (radio) for data fusion and maximum likelihood testing. The proposed method requires no synchronization across the network and works well with low transmission bandwidth. Both analytical and numerical results are presented to validate its effectiveness.
Crown-Ether-Functionalized Mn(III) Salicylaldimine Complexes as Ditopic Carriers. Efficient Transport of Tryptophan and Serotonin across a CHCl3 Barrier

The crown-ether-functionalized Mn(III) salicylaldimine complexes and their alkali metal ion derivatives have been synthesized and structurally characterized, and their ability to transport zwitteri...
Immortalized rat proximal tubule cells produce membrane bound and soluble megalin

Immortalized rat proximal tubule cells produce membrane bound and soluble megalin. Megalin (gp330), a glycoprotein receptor found on renal proximal tubule cells and several other epithelial cells, is deduced to be a type I integral membrane protein, but may also exist as a cell surface form lacking a cytoplasmic domain. Furthermore, soluble megalin products have been detected in urine, and in culture medium of a rat yolk sac carcinoma cell line, combined with receptor associated protein (RAP). Permanent renal cell lines expressing megalin were unavailable until the recent description of two immortalized rat proximal tubule cell lines (IRPTC). The present study demonstrated megalin on IRPTC surface by immunofluorescence, without surface staining for RAP, which was, however, readily detected within cells. Antibodies to ectodomain megalin epitopes immunoprecipitated megalin products both from cell lysates and culture medium, whereas antibodies to cytoplasmic domain epitopes precipitated megalin only from lysates. Western blots showed two major megalin products in medium, a prominent band at ∼200 kDa, and a fainter band above 400 kDa, slightly below intact megalin in cell lysates. Anti-receptor associated protein antibodies immunoprecipitated megalin from IRPTC lysates, but not from media. We propose that portions of megalin are spontaneously produced by IRPTC, probably either by cleavage in the ectodomain or release of forms lacking a cytoplasmic domain.
ON THE TEACHING OF GERMAN

TEACHERS of English composition have in the past often exploited the story of Benjamin Franklin's efforts to acquire a good vocabulary and a pregnant style. Franklin's method may be employed with good profit by the teacher of modern languages. The fundamental position that names stand for things has introduced object-teaching into every classroom. The other principle is likewise held incontestable, that we "think aloud" most of our ideas in sentences, not in words. The basis, then, is the sentence. Schopenhauer, in his "Parerga and Paralipomena," has clearly shown the intellectual benefit that the pupil derives from translation. You have to abstract the pure idea, the true meaning from the symbol that represents it. Naked it stands before youuntil you clothe it again with words from your own language. To determine whether a student understands a sentence or not, the teacher has no other means than having him translate it into English. (The advanced student who can define and circumscribe a sentence in the foreign language itself belongs to a different category.) When the object of language-instruction is only the correct comprehension of the meaning of a sentence, as, e.g. in the case of many science students, nothing further needs be done. The translation together with a discussion of grammatical points completes the circle. It is otherwise, if the object is not of such immediate and limited application, but the knowledge and mastery of the language itself. It has been an article of faith with language teachers that the student must be taught "to think in the foreign language," or better, to exercise his thoughts in the foreign language, without first formulating them in his own and then translating them into the foreign tongue. Of the roads that are supposed to lead to the golden city, there are many. Translation from the foreign into one's own tongue does not lead there. And to have the
Heterogeneity of radiation response of a parent human epidermoid carcinoma cell line and four clones

Abstract We examined the radiobiological parameters of a parent tumor cell line and four tumor clones of a human skin squamous cell carcinoma. The parent line and all clones have a tumor morphology, aneuploid karyotype, and the ability to passage infinitely in vitro . The parent cell line and three of four clones formed tumors in nude mice. The parent line, SCC-12, has D 0 of 1.59 Gy and an n of 7.5. In the four clones, D 0 ranges from 1.31 Gy to 2.66 Gy and n ranges from 2.1 to 22.8. Potentially lethal damage repair (PLDR) following 11 Gy ranges from 1.7 to 13.1, at 24 hours, however PLDR following equitoxic doses of radiation is similar. The mean inactivation dose value (D) in the parent tumor cell line is 3.48 and ranges from 3.31 to 4.17 in the tumor clones. Radiobiological interpretation of heterogeneity may complicate predictive assays for clinical radiotherapy.
Hierarchical Probabilistic Macromodeling for QCA Circuits

With the goal of building an hierarchical design methodology for quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) circuits, we put forward a novel, theoretically sound, method for abstracting the behavior of circuit components in QCA circuit, such as majority logic, lines, wire-taps, cross-overs, inverters, and corners, using macromodels. Recognizing that the basic operation of QCA is probabilistic in nature, we propose probabilistic macromodels for standard QCA circuit elements based on conditional probability characterization, defined over the output states given the input states. Any circuit model is constructed by chaining together the individual logic element macromodels, forming a Bayesian network, defining a joint probability distribution over the whole circuit. We demonstrate three uses for these macromodel-based circuits. First, the probabilistic macromodels allow us to model the logical function of QCA circuits at an abstract level - the "circuit" level - above the current practice of layout level in a time and space efficient manner. We show that the circuit level model is orders of magnitude faster and requires less space than layout level models, making the design and testing of large QCA circuits efficient and relegating the costly full quantum-mechanical simulation of the temporal dynamics to a later stage in the design process. Second, the probabilistic macromodels abstract crucial device level characteristics such as polarization and low-energy error state configurations at the circuit level. We demonstrate how this macromodel-based circuit level representation can be used to infer the ground state probabilities, i.e., cell polarizations, a crucial QCA parameter. This allows us to study the thermal behavior of QCA circuits at a higher level of abstraction. Third, we demonstrate the use of these macromodels for error analysis. We show that low-energy state configurations of the macromodel circuit match those of the layout level, thus allowing us to isolate weak points in circuits design at the circuit level itself
Maximum-likelihood estimation of surface and rain backscattering parameters

An algorithm is developed for estimating simultaneously the rain and surface backscattering parameters from measurements obtained by a spaceborne single-frequency radar at off-nadir incidence. The authors first construct a simple stochastic rain model from which the joint conditional probability density function for the backscattering parameters is derived. This probability density function is updated in range by incorporating the radar data collected at previous ranges. The retrieval algorithm uses this probability density function to estimate the rain parameters, and a minimum-likelihood approach to estimate the surface backscattering coefficient. The preliminary simulation results using the TRMM radar parameters show that the algorithm can estimate the rain attenuation coefficient to better than 25% and the surface backscattering coefficient to better than 2 dB when the rain is uniform in range. The retrieval accuracy can be further improved for non-uniform rain because of lesser deterministic ambiguities existed in the radar measurements. >
Autonomic and Distributed Joint Routing and Power Control for Delay-Sensitive Applications in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Multi-hop wireless networks can provide flexible network infrastructures at a low cost. However, most existing wireless networking solutions are designed for delay-insensitive applications, thereby resulting in poor performance when handling delay-sensitive applications. Traditionally, network design problems are formulated as static optimizations, by assuming the network characteristics remain static. However, these solutions are not optimal when the environments are dynamic. Recently, several research works apply machine learning to maximize the performance of multi-hop wireless networks in dynamic environments, but they either only focus on determining policies at the network layer, without considering the lower-layers' actions, or use centralized learning approaches, which are inefficient for delay-sensitive applications, due to the large delay when propagating messages throughout the network. We propose in this paper a new solution that enables the nodes to autonomously determine their routing and transmission power to maximize the network utility, in a dynamic environment. We formulate the problem as a Markov Decision Process, and propose a distributed computation of the optimal policy. Moreover, we use reinforcement-learning to find the optimized policy when the dynamics are unknown. We explicitly consider the impact of the information overhead on the network performance, and propose several novel algorithms to reduce the information overhead.
Tocotrienol Vitamin E Protects against Preclinical Canine Ischemic Stroke by Inducing Arteriogenesis

Vitamin E consists of tocopherols and tocotrienols, in which α-tocotrienol is the most potent neuroprotective form that is also effective in protecting against stroke in rodents. As neuroprotective agents alone are insufficient to protect against stroke, we sought to test the effects of tocotrienol on the cerebrovascular circulation during ischemic stroke using a preclinical model that enables fluoroscopy-guided angiography. Mongrel canines (mean weight=26.3±3.2 kg) were supplemented with tocotrienol-enriched (TE) supplement (200 mg b.i.d, n=11) or vehicle placebo (n=9) for 10 weeks before inducing transient middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed 1 hour and 24 hours post reperfusion to assess stroke-induced lesion volume. Tocotrienol-enriched supplementation significantly attenuated ischemic stroke-induced lesion volume (P<0.005). Furthermore, TE prevented loss of white matter fiber tract connectivity after stroke as evident by probabilistic tractography. Post hoc analysis of cerebral angiograms during MCA occlusion revealed that TE-supplemented canines had improved cerebrovascular collateral circulation to the ischemic MCA territory (P<0.05). Tocotrienol-enriched supplementation induced arteriogenic tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease 1 and subsequently attenuated the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Outcomes of the current preclinical trial set the stage for a clinical trial testing the effects of TE in patients who have suffered from transient ischemic attack and are therefore at a high risk for stroke.
Comment on “Breakdown of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem: Degeneracy is the key”

It is clarified that the conclusions reached in [Phys. Rev. B. 66, 033110 (2002)] result from erroneous application of the Hellmann-Feynman theorem, and a result deduced there for twofold degenerate eigenvalues is generalized.
RADcast: Enabling Reliability Guarantees for Content Dissemination in Ad Hoc Networks

This paper deals with the problem of reliable and fast broadcast of mission-critical data with rich content over ad hoc networks. Existing approaches to dissemination reliability often assume network size knowledge, or that receivers know about the dissemination in advance. Without making similar assumptions, we propose a distinct approach which accommodates the varying reliability needs of applications. We develop the RADcast (reliable application data broadcast) protocol as an integration of two components: (a) Peddler, which ensures that receivers obtain the dissemination metadata, and (b) Pryer, which delivers the actual data to dissemination-aware receivers. We indicate how reliability guarantees/performance tradeoffs can be achieved by a careful instantiation of Peddler and Pryer. We implement RADcast on mobile devices inside a middleware and determine its feasibility. Furthermore, through extensive simulations, we show that RADcast achieves desired reliability in all cases, and performs consistently under varying network conditions and device mobilities. As compared to existing approaches, RADcast either incurs significantly lower latency/message overhead, or reduces latency by 50% with a tradeoff in message overhead.
Robust multigrid preconditioner for fast finite element modeling of microwave devices

A robust preconditioning technique is presented for the fast finite element modeling of microwave devices. The proposed preconditioner is based on a multigrid scheme for the vector-scalar potential finite element formulation of electromagnetic problems. Numerical experiments from the application of the new preconditioner to the finite element analysis of microwave devices are used to demonstrate its superior numerical convergence and efficient memory usage.
Event- and outcome-driven explanations of entrepreneurship

Abstract Aldrich [J. Manag. Inq. 10 (2001) 115] importantly points out that not all forms of process research are equal or the same. He emphasizes the need to distinguish between outcome-driven and event-driven research. We build upon Aldrich's distinctions, arguing that event-driven and outcome-driven explanations represent different kinds of process and variance theories that are based on fundamentally different ontological assumptions. We examine and compare these variance and process theory assumptions in order to sharpen our understanding of process theory as distinct and not derivable from variance theory. We conclude by arguing that variance and process theories must be evaluated on their own items.
Phase I/II trial of adjuvant dose-dense docetaxel/epirubicin/cyclophosphamide (TEC) in stage II and III breast cancer.

UNLABELLED This phase I/II trial investigates the safety and feasibility of six cycles of concurrent taxane, anthracycline and cyclophosphamide on a dose dense schedule. Patients with stage II/III breast cancer were treated with docetaxel (T) 75 mg/m(2), epirubicin (E) 75 mg/m(2) (cohort 1, n = 3) or 100 mg/m(2) (cohort 2, n = 12), and cyclophosphamide (C) 500 mg/m(2) IV on day 1, with pegfilgrastim 6 mg subcutaneously on day 2, every 2 weeks for six cycles. Patients were assessed for toxicity every 2 weeks; cardiac function and response (if neoadjuvant) were assessed after six cycles. All patients in cohort 1 received 100% planned dose intensity; in cohort 2, five of twelve patients received 100% and 11/12 received >80%. There were no dose reductions or delays for day 1 myelotoxicity. Dose reductions as a result of febrile neutropenia (FN) occurred in cohort 2, with six of twelve patients experiencing FN in seven of sixty-nine cycles. Six patients had anemia > or =grade 3; five received RBC transfusion and seven received an erythropoietic growth factor. Four patients required dose reductions for nonhematologic toxicity (two mucositis; one neurotoxicity; one diarrhea + cellulitis). Four patients developed thrombophlebitis, which was associated with FN in one of four. Two of fourteen evaluable patients had asymptomatic decreases in LVEF >10%; all remained within normal range. All four patients receiving neoadjuvant TEC had significant clinical responses (one CR, three PR). No pathologic CRs were seen. CONCLUSIONS Dose dense TEC chemotherapy is feasible, has acceptable toxicity at doses equivalent to TAC (docetaxel 75 mg/m(2), epirubicin 75 mg/m(2), cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m(2)), and has moderate but manageable toxicity using a higher epirubicin dose of 100 mg/m(2), with FN occurring in six of twelve patients at the higher dose.
Is the Scientist-Practitioner Model Viable for School Psychology Practice?

This article discusses the scientist-practitioner model in relation to the profession of school psychology. Currently, the scientist role is overwhelmingly neglected in school psychology practice. However, the scientist-practitioner model holds much promise for restoring and stimulating the empirical practice of school psychology. The scientist-practitioner model can provide a viable framework for school psychology practice by focusing on empirical evidence, incorporating a systemic, constructivism-contextualism viewpoint of knowledge with an outcomes-oriented and problem-solving approach to research. School psychology training programs should be committed to training students in their dedication to research and the development of new professional knowledge and skills. The scientist-practitioner model also enhances professional accountability because objective criteria is utilized and ongoing data is collected to indicate student progress in relation to the established criteria. In addition, the scientist...
Osteoplastic approach to the frontal sinus, unilateral

Disease within the frontal sinus is primarily treated with endoscopic techniques; however, in certain circumstances, the endoscopic approach is insufficient or impractical to treat frontal sinus disease. The osteoplastic approach to the frontal sinus remains a time-honored procedure for treating challenging frontal sinus disease that is inaccessible to endoscopic instrumentation. Disease in the frontal sinus can be subdivided based on its laterality. Elsewhere in this text, the treatment of bilateral disease is discussed. In this article, the authors describe the osteoplastic approach to the frontal sinus for unilateral disease.
Statistical Phrase-Based Speech Translation

A generative statistical model of speech-to-text translation is developed as an extension of existing models of phrase-based text translation. Speech is translated by mapping ASR word lattices to lattices of phrase sequences which are then translated using operations developed for text translation. Performance is reported on Chinese to English translation of Mandarin Broadcast News.
Determination of the Ground Albedo and the Index of Absorption of Atmospheric Particulates by Remote Sensing. Part I : Theory'

A statistical technique is developed for inferring the optimum values of the ground albedo and the effective imaginary term of the complex refractive index of atmospheric particulates. The procedure compares measurements of the ratio of the hemispheric diffuse to directly transmitted solar flux density at the earth’s surface with radiative transfer computations of the same as suggested by Herman el al. (1975). A detailed study is presented which shows the extent to which the ratio of diffuse to direct solar radiation is sensitive to many of the radiative transfer parameters. Results indicate that the optical depth and size distribution of atmospheric aerosol particles are the two parameters which uniquely specify the radiation field to the point where ground albedo and index of absorption can be inferred. Varying the real part of the complex refractive index of atmospheric particulates as well as their vertical distribution is found to have a negligible effect on the diffuse-direct ratio. The statistical procedure utilizes a semi-analytic gradient search method from least-squares theory and includes a detailed error analysis.
GEF-H1 functions in apical constriction and cell intercalations and is essential for vertebrate neural tube closure.

Rho family GTPases regulate many morphogenetic processes during vertebrate development including neural tube closure. Here we report a function for GEF-H1/Lfc/ArhGEF2, a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that functions in neurulation in Xenopus embryos. Morpholino-mediated depletion of GEF-H1 resulted in severe neural tube defects, which were rescued by GEF-H1 RNA. Lineage tracing of GEF-H1 morphants at different developmental stages revealed abnormal cell intercalation and apical constriction, suggesting that GEF-H1 regulates these cell behaviors. Molecular marker analysis documented defects in myosin II light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, Rab11 and F-actin accumulation in GEF-H1-depleted cells. In gain-of-function studies, overexpressed GEF-H1 induced Rho-associated kinase-dependent ectopic apical constriction – marked by apical accumulation of phosphorylated MLC, γ-tubulin and F-actin in superficial ectoderm – and stimulated apical protrusive activity of deep ectoderm cells. Taken together, our observations newly identify functions of GEF-H1 in morphogenetic movements that lead to neural tube closure.
Extension of green bell pepper shelf life using oilseed-derived lipid films from soapstock

Edible films have been used for decades on fresh produce to create a semipermeable membrane on the surface to suppress respiration, control moisture loss, and more recently to provide a delivery mecha- nism for the inclusion of functional components. Scientists at the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) have previously demonstrated that a thin biodegradable film can be produced from soapstock, an underused byproduct from the vegetable oil industry. After physical and chemical treatments, a thin film was produced from various soapstocks (cottonseed and safflower). Different hydration ratios were tested since the initial soapstock solutions were rather viscous. To examine the potential use of an oilseed- derived lipid film for the extension of shelf life, different types of the oilseed-derived soapstocks were utilized to produce lipid films with different hydration ratios, and containing 0, 5, and 10% of paraffin wax for application on 'Camelot' bell peppers. Control bell peppers lost almost 25% weight per unit surface area (SA) in 78 h when stored under ambient conditions. Cottonseed film-coated peppers, hydrated at 1:4, lost only about 5% moisture per unit SA after 78 h and minimized weight loss by up to 79% com- pared to the control. However, since a 1:4 hydration ratio remained rather viscous, 1:8 was preferred and these cottonseed films reduced weight loss per unit SA by up to 48% during storage. Safflower-derived soapstock film resulted in the least effective water retention of the films and ratios tested, with roughly 21-25% reduction in weight loss per SA compared to controls. Safflower-derived soapstock was higher in unsaturated fatty acids, which are less efficient to control moisture migration because they are more polar than saturated lipid materials, as contained in cottonseed-derived materials. Addition of wax to the cottonseed-derived films decreased water loss slightly, similar to previous reports in the literature. An ANOVA supported the conclusion that the oilseed-derived lipid films significantly reduced moisture loss across the produce epidermis. To avoid potential allergenicity concerns in cottonseed soapstock, addi- tional cleanup steps and tests with commonly used edible coating additives would be required before attaining food grade status. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Medication decision-making and management: A client-centered model

Although the traditional medical model dominates how 'provider-patient' roles are viewed, research has documented that client medication behavior strongly influences health outcomes, health care utilization, and ultimately health care costs. This paper explores the position that medication management outcomes can be improved by adopting more client-centered approaches. To examine the implications of a client-centered relationship this paper reviews research regarding client involvement in: (1) identifying treatment goals; (2) choosing from regimen options; (3) monitoring symptoms and evaluating regiments; and (4) self care with nonprescription pharmaceutical products. Based on this literature review, a collaborative client-centered model of medication consultation is examined, and implications for health care provider roles and public policy in pharmaceutical care are discussed.
Surface structure effects via photoexcited core electron diffraction for Na on Ni

Abstract Photoemission from the Na 2p core level has been measured in the range ℏ ω = 40–120 eV for a c(2×2) Na overlayer on a Ni(001). surface. Weak oscillations in the Na 2p emission intensity vs. wavelength were observed and are interpreted as due to photoelectron scattering. The observed peaks closely match, in energy, those derived in recent calculations which assume the Na occupies a hollow site 2.23A above the Ni surface layer. The data therefore indicate that observation and calculation of such effects may allow surface structure determinations.
Magnetoresisnve La-Sr-Mn-O Powders and Films by Daas Technique

Magnetic perovskites of the general form La1-xSrxMnO3 have successfully been synthesized using deposition by aqueous acetate solution (DAAS). This novel technique, which has the potential for depositing large area min films with high throughput and low cost, involves the preparation of an aqueous metal acetate precursor solution, drying the solution to generate a glassy gel, consolidating the gel, and then firing it for short periods of time (<2hrs) to produce crystalline lanthanum strontium manganate (LSMO). The DAAS method has been used to prepare both powders and thin films of LSMO. Powder samples of La0.83Sr0.17MnO3 annealed for 100 minutes at 1200°C were high purity, single phase, and exhibited excellent electrical and magnetic characteristics. Thin films of La0.7Sr0.17MnO3 deposited onto both sapphire and strontium titanate substrates and annealed at 900°C were also found to be crystalline, and substrate choice was found to influence thin film crystal structure. These films exhibited sharp metal-insulator transitions, and in the case of LSMO films on strontium titanate, magnetoresistance was observed at the unusually high temperature of ∼360K.
Information system project-selection criteria variations within strategic classes

Effective information system (IS) project selection is critical to the success of organizations. Researchers have proposed that selection of projects varies by strategic orientation, but none have looked at how criteria vary within strategic classes. A survey of IS professionals, with a final respondent pool of 88, is directed at exploring these differences. Paired t-tests indicate that organizations with current strategic systems rate internal factors higher than external and project-related criteria. Organizations with an expectation of future strategic information systems rate internal concerns the highest, but they also place more emphasis on external conditions than on project-related issues. The results allow an organizational comparison to common practice for the purpose of modifying project-selection techniques or benchmarking to similar organizations.
An acoustooptic phased array antenna beamformer with independent phase and carrier control using single sideband signals

An acoustooptic phase-array antenna beamformer is experimentally demonstrated using single sideband signals with frequencies omega /sub c/+ omega /sub 0/ and omega /sub c/- omega /sub 0/ to drive the two acoustooptic devices, respectively. Varying omega /sub c/ controls the antenna carrier (2 omega /sub c/), while changing omega /sub 0/ only effects the phase. Phase control of 0-2 pi is achieved using 0-340 kHz change in omega /sub 0/, with the carrier fixed at 120 MHz using omega /sub c/=60 MHz. A dynamic range of 66.6 dB at 2 MHz and carrier-to-noise of 126.9 dB/Hz at 2 MHz is measured. This beamformer can provide wide antenna tunable bandwidth and intrapulse beam forming. >
Negative autoregulation linearizes the dose–response and suppresses the heterogeneity of gene expression

Although several recent studies have focused on gene autoregulation, the effects of negative feedback (NF) on gene expression are not fully understood. Our purpose here was to determine how the strength of NF regulation affects the characteristics of gene expression in yeast cells harboring chromosomally integrated transcriptional cascades that consist of the yEGFP reporter controlled by (i) the constitutively expressed tetracycline repressor TetR or (ii) TetR repressing its own expression. Reporter gene expression in the cascade without feedback showed a steep (sigmoidal) dose–response and a wide, nearly bimodal yEGFP distribution, giving rise to a noise peak at intermediate levels of induction. We developed computational models that reproduced the steep dose–response and the noise peak and predicted that negative autoregulation changes reporter expression from bimodal to unimodal and transforms the dose–response from sigmoidal to linear. Prompted by these predictions, we constructed a “linearizer” circuit by adding TetR autoregulation to our original cascade and observed a massive (7-fold) reduction of noise at intermediate induction and linearization of dose–response before saturation. A simple mathematical argument explained these findings and indicated that linearization is highly robust to parameter variations. These findings have important implications for gene expression control in eukaryotic cells, including the design of synthetic expression systems.