cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age and sex difference in serum and pituitary thyrotropin concentrations in the rat: influence by pituitary adenoma.

Abstract Effects of age and sex difference on serum and pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations were investigated in young (4 to 6 months) and old (28 to 36 months) Long-Evans rats with or without pituitary tumor. Basal and TRH-induced serum TSH concentrations in young males are significantly (P Castration of both male and female reduced pituitary TSH response to TRH and was reversible in young but not old rats. Young male rats had significantly higher concentrations of basal and TRH-induced TSH release than their female counterparts. The pituitary TSH content of young but not old male rats was significantly higher than their female counterparts of the same age. Pituitary TSH content of old animals with pituitary adenoma was significantly lower than those without pituitary tumor. Since 39% of the old male and 75% of the old female rats had pituitary tumor, a difference in pituitary responsiveness to various physiological and pharmacological stimulation may be partially due to difference in pituitary tumor incidence.
Phylogeny of symbiotic bacteria of four weevil species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) based on analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA

Weevils posses procaryotic symbiotes harbored in specialized organ-like structures, mycetomes. Inability to culture these bacterial symbiotes outside of the insect-host has hindered efforts to determine teeir taxonomic affiliation with respect to other eubacteria. In this report, molecular phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNAs indicates that symbiotes from taxonomically divergent weevils are descendents of distinctly separate bacterial lineages. The intracellular symbiotes of two rhyncophorine weevels, Sitophilus oryzae L. and Sitophilus zeamais Mots., descended from the same hypothetical ancestor and share a common lineage with the secondary symbiote of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). These symbiotes are members of the Enterobacteriaceae in the γ-3 subgroup of the Proteobacteria. The symbiotes of two cleonine weevils, Bangasternus orientalis (Capiomont) and Rhinocyllus conicus (Froelich), are phylogenetically distinct from the symbiotes found in the rhyncophorines and are members of a branch of the α-subdivision which include the cytoplasmic incompatibility microorganisms of insects (CIMS), Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. The implication of genetic divergence of bacterial symbiotes to weevil speciation is discussed.
Reactions of nucleophiles with 5‐(alkoxy)thianthrenium ions

Reactions of 5-(alkoxy)thianthrenium perchlorates (1) with weakly basic nucleophiles Br−, I− and PhS− (X−) in MeCN and DMSO led to SN2 substitution, E2C elimination, and reaction at sulfonium sulfur to extents depending on the structure of the alkoxy group (RO) in 1 and the nucleophile. Three types of reaction occurred with R = cyclopentyl (1a), cyclohexyl (1b), cis- (1c) and trans- 4-methylcyclohexyl (1d) and cycloheptyl (1e), and X− = Br− and I−. That is, SN2 reaction gave RX and thianthrene 5-oxide (ThO), E2C reaction gave cycloalkene and ThO and reaction at sulfonium sulfur gave X2, thianthrene (Th) and cycloalkanol (ROH). Earlier work with R = Me (1f) and Et (1g) and X− = I−, Br− had shown that only SN2 reaction occurred. In contrast with reactions of halide ions, reactions of PhS− with 1b–g occurred only at sulfonium sulfur, giving Th, ROH and PhSSPh (DPDS). For comparison with 1, reactions of Ph2S+OMe (2) with I− and PhS− were carried out. Reaction with I− gave only Ph2SO and MeI (SN2). Reaction with PhS− gave very little PhSMe (SN2) but mainly Ph2S, MeOH, and DPDS from reaction at sulfonium sulfur. The differences in nucleophilic pathways (PhS− vs Br− and I−) in reactions with 1 and 2 are attributed to differences in thiophilicities of the nucleophiles. The thiophilicity of PhS− dominates its reactions with 1 and 2. The direction toward products (Th, ROH and DPDS) in these reactions is compounded by the ease of displacement of alkoxide from 1 and 2 by PhS−, and the ease with which, subsequently, thiophilic PhS− attacks sulfenyl sulfur in the resulting phenylthiosulfonium ion. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing Fidelity of Implementation of an Unprescribed, Diagnostic Mathematics Intervention

Abstract This article draws on previously employed methods for conducting fidelity studies and applies them to an evaluation of an unprescribed intervention. We document the process of assessing the fidelity of implementation of the Math Recovery first-grade tutoring program, an unprescribed, diagnostic intervention. We describe how we drew on recent conceptions and standards of fidelity assessment to evaluate the implementation of the program, detailing the process of developing and testing instruments for assessing implementation fidelity, including (a) identifying the intervention's program theory and core components; (b) creating operational definitions of the intervention's core components; (c) developing coding instruments; (d) selecting and training coders; (e) instituting a sampling frame sufficient for generalizing fidelity findings to the study population; and (f) determining the reliability and validity of the data. We also provide a brief overview of the results of the fidelity assessment. We ...
Cell growth dynamics in long-term bladder carcinogenesis.

Abstract A biologically based probabilistic model of the carcinogenic process has been developed based on a two-stage theory of careinogenesis. The model has been validated utilizing experimental urinary bladder carcinogenesis studies in the rat, with an emphasis on quantification of cell dynamics. Critical parameters tracked through this process include mitotic rates, cell loss and birth rates, and irreversible cellular transitions from normal to initiated to transformed states. Analyses demonstrate the sensitivity of tumor incidence to the timing and magnitude of changes to these cellular variables. Modeling has been applied to genotoxic compounds, such as N [4-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyllformamide, and non-genotoxic compounds, such as sodium saccharin. For the latter compounds, complex administration regimens have been studied, including two-generation experiments, initiation-promotion experiments, and sodium saccharin administration following ulceration and regenerative hyperplasia. Modeling indicates that the effects of such compounds can be explained entirely on the basis of cytotoxicity and consequent hyperplasia. Quantitative modeling based on biological processes has the potential for direct application to carcinogenic risk assessment.
An Interdigitated Metalloporphyrin Framework: Two-Dimensional Tessellation, Framework Flexibility, and Selective Guest Accommodation

A novel porphyrin-based metal−organic framework (MPF-3) was synthesized by the solvothermal reaction of Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and meso-tetra(3-pyridyl)porphine in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Its structure was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and found to be a two-dimensional (2D) interdigitated framework in which DMF solvent molecules reside between the interdigitated layers. The observed 2D topology can be related to the Cairo pentagonal tessellation. X-ray powder diffraction reveals that MPF-3 undergoes a phase transformation when the solvent molecules are removed by heating. Surprisingly, the original topologies are restored when the desolvated phase is immersed in DMF, thereby demonstrating the flexibility of the framework.
Modern software is all about data. development environments should be, too. (keynote)

The value of software is no longer just about the logic of its algorithms, but also about the data flowing through that logic. Think of popular services like Google search, Bing search, Yelp, Facebook, and Instagram. These services are useful because of a combination of user-generated data (restaurant reviews, status posts) and the algorithms that surface that data (rankings and recommendations based on machine learning). Even software that is valued for its logic, like games, often have data-driven features, like matching up players. Behind the scenes, software companies are also using data to make engineering and business decisions. For instance, some product teams monitor real-time metrics to troubleshoot problems and to decide when to scale out to more servers. Other teams analyze usage data to triage bugs and to brainstorm new features. Whether inside the product or behind the scenes, today, software = logic + data. Sadly, programming tools have not kept up and are still designed for authoring logic. Indeed, the popular languages and tools for analyzing data, like R, MATLAB, and the IPython Notebook, are a separate world from development environments, like Visual Studio, XCode and Eclipse. This separation creates awkward and inefficient workflows. For example, a data scientist might use one language and tool (say, R) to explore new recommendation algorithms; then, to deploy the final algorithm into the service, a programmer will entirely re-implement it, using a different language and tool (say, C# and Visual Studio). This problem gets worse as companies switch their focus from stored data to real-time streaming data, like live service telemetry and sensor data from wearable devices and the Internet of Things. In this talk, I’ll describe how data is changing the nature of professional software development and demonstrate new programming tools that make it easier for the user to work with both data and logic together.
Coronary angioplasty of diffuse coronary artery disease

From January 1983 through December 1987, 98 patients underwent angioplasty of at least one diffusely diseased coronary artery. Diffuse coronary disease was described as: group I, narrowing greater than or equal to 50% that involved the entire vessel (40 patients), group II, long lesions greater than or equal to 2 cm in length (39 patients), group III, three or more lesions in the same vessel (19 patients). There were 65 men and 33 women, with a mean age of 60 years; 64 patients (65%) had unstable angina, 23 patients (23%) were diabetic, 31 (32%) had prior myocardial infarctions, and 12 had prior bypass surgery. Multivessel disease was present in 89% of patients. Angioplasty of only the diffusely diseased vessel was performed in 41 patients, and additional vessels were dilated in 57 patients. Overall, of 396 lesions (four per patient) and 197 vessels (two per patient) attempted, success was achieved in 382 lesions (96%) and 187 vessels (95%); angiographic success was achieved in 112 of 120 diffusely diseased vessels (93%). Clinical success was achieved in 91 patients (93%). The overall complication rate (death, myocardial infarction, urgent bypass surgery) was 8% (8 of 98): six patients (6%) had myocardial infarction (one Q wave, five non-Q wave), one patient (1%) had urgent bypass surgery, and two patients (2%) died (one during bypass surgery). The majority of complications (7 of 8 or 87%), including the two deaths, occurred in group I patients, with a 17.5% rate, versus 2.5% in group II and 0% in group III, p less than 0.002.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synergism of Carbamate Insecticides Against Cabbage Looper and Beet Armyworm Larvae

Piperonyl butoxide and Monsanto 16226 (bis (2,3,3,3-tetra-chloropropyl) ether) were tested as synergists in combination with Sevin® (1-naphthyl N -methylcarbamate), Hercules 5727 ( m -iso-propylphenyl N -methylcarbamate) and Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-8,5-xylyl N-methylearbamate). In 1: 1 mixtures with piperonyl butoxide, tested against larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), Sevin was potentiated 10.3-fold, Hercules 5727, 2.6-fold, and Zedran, not at all. Against larvae of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), Sevin and Zeetran were potentiated 4.4-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively. An increase in the ratio of piperonyl butoxide to carbamate gencrally provided a corresponding increase of potentiation against the cabbage looper. Monsanto 16226, with a relatively high innate toxicity against both species, was not considered as efficient a synergist as piperonyl butoxide.
The 15kDa Selenoprotein and Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Promote Colon Cancer by Different Pathways

Selenoproteins mediate much of the cancer-preventive properties of the essential nutrient selenium, but some of these proteins have been shown to also have cancer-promoting effects. We examined the contributions of the 15kDa selenoprotein (Sep15) and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) to cancer development. Targeted down-regulation of either gene inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth and formation of experimental metastases of mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells. Surprisingly, combined deficiency of Sep15 and TR1 reversed the anti-cancer effects observed with down-regulation of each single gene. We found that inflammation-related genes regulated by Stat-1, especially interferon-γ-regulated guanylate-binding proteins, were highly elevated in Sep15-deficient, but not in TR1-deficient cells. Interestingly, components of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were up-regulated in cells lacking both TR1 and Sep15. These results suggest that Sep15 and TR1 participate in interfering regulatory pathways in colon cancer cells. Considering the variable expression levels of Sep15 and TR1 found within the human population, our results provide insights into new roles of selenoproteins in cancer.
Mitochondrial structural and functional dynamics in Huntington's disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal, dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by chorea, involuntary movements, and cognitive impairments. Tremendous progress has been made since the discovery of HD gene in 1993, in terms of developing animal models to study the disease process, unraveling the expression and function of wild-type and mutant huntingtin (Htt) proteins in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and understanding expanded CAG repeat containing mutant Htt protein interactions with CNS proteins in the disease process. HD progression has been found to involve several pathomechanisms, including expanded CAG repeat protein interaction with other CNS proteins, transcriptional dysregulation, calcium dyshomeostasis, abnormal vesicle trafficking, and defective mitochondrial bioenergetics. Recent studies have found that mutant Htt is associated with mitochondria and causes mitochondrial structural changes, decreases mitochondrial trafficking, and impairs mitochondrial dynamics in the neurons affected by HD. This article discusses recent developments in HD research, with a particular focus on intracellular and intramitochondrial calcium influx, mitochondrial DNA defects, and mitochondrial structural and functional abnormalities in HD development and progression. Further, this article outlines the current status of mitochondrial therapeutics with a special reference to Dimebon.
Second messengers induced by the envelope protein of a retrovirus.

Abstract The envelope protein (gp52) of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) can stimulate RNA synthesis via binding to its cellular receptor on mammary epithelium. This effect was mimicked by either nitric oxide (NO) or 8-bromo-cGMP and was blocked by an NO inhibitor. Furthermore, the effects of gp52 and 8-bromo-cGMP were not additive at maximal concentrations, suggesting that they were using the same signaling route. Finally, gp52 elevated cGMP levels in mammary epithelium. These data suggest that gp52 activates the following transduction pathway in this tissue: gp52→NO synthase→NO→soluble guanylate cyclase→cGMP→RNA synthesis. In contrast to the mammary gland, gp52 inhibited RNA synthesis in the diaphragm. However, the effect was again mimicked by NO, blocked by an NO inhibitor, and the effects of gp52 and NO were not additive. Therefore, it appears that gp52 is using the NO-cGMP pathway in both tissues, but that muscle tissue may be more susceptible to the toxic effects of NO.
A Candidate Gene Study of Tardive Dyskinesia in the CATIE Schizophrenia Trial

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary oro-facial, limb, and truncal movements. As a genetic basis for inter-individual variation is assumed, there have been a sizeable number of candidate gene studies. All subjects met diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and were randomized to receive antipsychotic medications as participants in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness project (CATIE). TD was assessed via the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale at regular intervals. Probable TD was defined as meeting Schooler-Kane criteria at any scheduled CATIE visit (207/710 subjects, 29.2%). A total of 128 candidate genes were studied in 710 subjects-2,580 SNPs in 118 candidate genes selected from the literature (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and GABA pathways) and composite genotypes for 10 drug-metabolizing enzymes. No single marker or haplotype association reached statistical significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Thus, we found no support for either novel or prior associations from the literature.
SU-FF-J-56: Detecting Treatment Setup Errors for Head and Neck IMRT Patients with Multiple CT Scans

Purpose: Conventional methods determine treatment setup errors in patients undergoing intensity‐modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) by using orthogonal portal images that only detect translational errors. This study utilizes image‐guidedradiotherapy to develop and test an algorithm for detecting both translational and rotational setup errors in head and neck patients with multiple CT scans.Method and Materials: To confirm the accuracy of the proposed algorithm to detect translational shifts, it was tested using a constructed phantom with four embedded metal marks. Upon verification, ten head and neck patients with two temporally‐independent CT scans were selected. For each patient, the translational and rotational errors were calculated by aligning selected bony landmarks from the two scans using matrix transformation with an incremental guess‐check method. For comparison, the translational errors were also obtained by co‐registering the two scans using the same landmarks with a commercial treatment planning system and comparing the isocenter of the second CT with that of the first CT. The contribution of the rotation to the translational error represents the difference between the translational shifts as computed by the algorithm and the conventional method. Results: The results of this study showed that the average magnitude of the rotational errors about the transverse, anterior‐posterior, and longitudinal axes were 2.3° ± 2.2°, 1.3° ± 0.9°, 2.1° ± 1.6°, respectively. The average contribution of this rotation to the translational error in the left‐right, anterior‐posterior, and longitudinal directions were 3.1 ± 3.2, 2.0 ± 4.4, 4.4 ± 7.3 mm, respectively. In general, the greater the rotational error in the setup, the greater the subsequent translational difference between the methods. Conclusion: This study found that rotational errors do contribute significantly to the treatment setup error for head and neck IMRT patients. The proposed algorithm can detect these rotations and, consequently, more accurately determine the translations setup error.
Empirical support for a stochastic model of evolution.

The stochastic model of molecular evolution was used to makea priori predictions for the total number of one-step nucleotide changes required to account for a given number of amino acid substitutions between two homologous proteins. These predictions are now found to be concordant with empirical data summarized by Dayhoff, Eck and Park (1969). Correction factors are derived for adjusting the “leg lengths” of phylogenetic trees. It is shown that the operations of constructing the phylogenetic tree and applying the correction algorithm are not commutative with respect to obtaining the leg lengths. The effect of this on certain published phylogenies is discussed. It is suggested that, as a first approximation, at any given point in evolutionary time, enthalpic (selective) forces determine the number and position of those codon sites which are free to vary, whereas within these variable sites, entropic (random) processes determine the course of evolution at the molecular level.
Method of measuring changes of stratigraphic thicknesses due to flowage and folding

In two previous papers, the author has called attention to the possibility of measuring rock-flowage quantitatively [see 1 and 2 of “References” at end of paper]. Inasmuch as a complete report on the method and its application is delayed due to the emergency, the author feels justified in presenting a brief outline at this time. Oolite deformation in the central Appalachians has been measured systematically under a grant from the Penrose Bequest of the Geological Society of America and a comprehensive report on that work will be published later.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate acting via the S1P1 receptor is a downstream signaling pathway in ceramide-induced hyperalgesia

Ceramide is a potent pro-inflammatory sphingolipid recently shown to exert potent hyperalgesic responses in rats. Once generated, ceramide is converted by sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1 and/or 2 to one of its active metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which in turn signals through G-protein coupled S1P receptors. The objectives of this paper were to define whether ceramide-induced hyperalgesia is driven by S1P. Our results show that intraplantar injection of ceramide in rats led to a time-dependent development of thermal hyperalgesia that was associated with an increase in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in paw tissues. The development of hyperalgesia was significantly attenuated by a soluble TNF receptor I. TNF-α is known to activate SphK1, thus S1P production, and our results demonstrate that, the development of hyperalgesia was attenuated in a dose-dependent fashion by a well characterized inhibitor of SphK1 and SphK2 (SK-I) and by a murine monoclonal anti-S1P antibody (LT1002). LT1017, the isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody for LT1002, had no effect. Our results further demonstrate that S1P contributes to the development of hyperalgesia via the S1P receptor 1 subtype (S1PR(1)), since responses were blocked by a well characterized S1PR(1) antagonist, W146, but not by its inactive enantiomer, W140. Collectively, these results provide mechanistic evidence implicating the S1P-to-S1PR(1) pathway as a downstream signaling pathway in ceramide-induced hyperalgesia. Targeting S1P may be a novel therapeutic approach in pain management.
Influence of Te/Zn flux ratio on aluminium doped ZnTe grown by MBE on GaSb substrates

Aluminum doped ZnTe epitaxial layers have been grown on GaSb substrates by molecular beam epitaxy under different Te/Zn flux ratios, while the flux ratio is varied by keeping Te flux constant and changing Zn flux. The Te/Zn flux ratio ∼0.9 leads to the narrowest full width at half maximum of x-ray diffraction rocking curve. Indium deposition is applied to improve the contact conductivity, characterized by current-voltage measurements. The effect of annealing in forming gas (5% H2+ 95% Ar) has been studied and the secondary ion mass spectrometry results indicate Zn vacancies are suppressed in the order of 2 magnitudes by decreasing Te/Zn flux ratio from 2 to 0.5. This study assists the understanding and realization of effective n-type doping of ZnTe by the approach of suppressing Zn vacancies (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessing the impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000

We summarize the findings of a recently completed study of the productivity impacts of international crop genetic improvement research in developing countries. Over the period 1960 to 2000, international agricultural research centers, in collaboration with national research programs, contributed to the development of “modern varieties” for many crops. These varieties have contributed to large increases in crop production. Productivity gains, however, have been uneven across crops and regions. Consumers generally benefited from declines in food prices. Farmers benefited only where cost reductions exceeded price reductions.
Dynamic reconfiguration policies for WDM networks

We study the issues arising when considering the problem of reconfiguring broadcast optical networks in response to changes in the traffic patterns. Although the ability to dynamically optimize the network under changing traffic conditions has been recognized as one of the key features of multiwavelength optical networks, this is the first in-depth study of the tradeoffs involved in carrying out the reconfiguration process. We first identify the degree of load balancing and the number of retunings as two important, albeit conflicting, objectives in the design of reconfiguration policies. We then formulate the problem as a Markovian decision process and we develop a systematic and flexible framework in which to study reconfiguration policies. We apply results from Markov decision process theory to obtain optimal reconfiguration policies for networks of large size. The advantages of optimal policies over a class of threshold-bused policies are illustrated through numerical results.
Are husbands a barrier to women's family planning use? The case of Morocco

Abstract Little is known about men's role in the adoption of family planning. Recent studies suggest that men may be a barrier to women's use of family planning. However, it is not clear whether husbands represent a true or a perceived barrier. Using the 1992 Morocco Demographic and Health Survey data, this study examines (1) whether women and men report concordant fertility desires, discussions, and contraceptive use; (2) the accuracy of women's perceptions of their husbands’ fertility desires; and (3) whether husbands are a barrier to women's family planning use. The results demonstrate that, controlling for women's own fertility desires, husbands’ true fertility desires are associated with family planning use. Likewise, women who perceive their husbands to want fewer children than they want are more likely to use family planning. Future fertility and family planning programs need to include men to reduce their role as both perceived and true barriers to family planning use.
Imaging SCFE: diagnosis, treatment and complications

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is a common orthopedic disorder in children. It can lead to avascular necrosis, cartilage loss, femoroacetabular impingent (FAI) and early osteoarthritis. The consequences of SCFE are worsened by delays in diagnosis and proper management. Radiography is the primary imaging modality used to evaluate SCFE; however, MR, CT and bone scintigraphy have important roles. Preoperatively, these modalities assist in surgical planning and predicting prognosis; postoperatively, they provide assessment of hardware failure, ischemic necrosis and morphology predisposing to FAI. Emphasizing a multimodality approach, this review addresses the imaging diagnosis of SCFE, the expected postoperative appearances and the findings of immediate and long-term complications.
Early interactions between orienting, visual sampling and decision making in facial preference

Decision making has been regarded as the last stage before action in the human information processing, certainly subsequent to sensory sampling and perceptual integration. Our latest study showed that orienting contributes to preference decision making, by integrating preferential looking and mere exposure in a positive feedback loop leading to the conscious choice. Here, we introduce a gaze-contingent window method of stimulus presentation into our experimental paradigm, to completely block holistic stimulus processing while preserving piecemeal sampling through the gaze-contingent "peephole". This effectively zooms the visual processing in time domain, allowing us to show that orienting and decision making can interact long before the actual conscious choice. The finding also suggests that this interaction is independent of holistic properties of face stimuli and can be totally memory-driven.
The surfactant effects of antimony on the formation of InAsSb nanostructures on GaAs by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

We have investigated InAsSb nanostructures formed on GaAs during MOCVD. The transition thickness from 2D growth to 3D growth is reduced by the addition of TMSb/Sb4. This is consistent with both an increase in the adatom diffusion length and a reduction in the epilayer/vapor surface energy attributed TMSb/Sb4.
Large normal-sense displacement on the South Tibetan fault system in the eastern Himalaya

The extensional South Tibetan fault system (STFS) crops out for more than 2000 km along the length of the Himalayan range crest. Interpretations of the significance of this structure in Himalayan tectonics vary. While many regard it as rooted northward beneath Tibet, with offset estimates ranging as high as >200 km, others regard it as a relatively minor, rootless structure. Such inconsistent interpretations are possible because, except for the Everest region, where glacial erosion has exposed a cross section of the STFS, there are few direct constraints on the amount of slip on this feature. Arguments for very large displacements have been based on indirect lines of evidence (e.g., geothermobarometric data) that are multiply interpretable. However, new field work and remote sensing data reported here directly support the petrologic arguments for large displacements, at least in the eastern Himalaya. Near the western boundary of Bhutan, the trace of the STFS is apparently offset ∼70 km across a NNE-SSW–trending graben, the Yadong cross structure. This offset has been attributed by previous authors to left-lateral slip along the Jomolhari fault system, which bounds the eastern edge of the graben. In fact, the basal structure of the STFS is not offset, but forms a regionally continuous low-angle detachment surface. The outcrop pattern of the structure, kinematic indicators in fault-related tectonites, and the lack of matchable correlative hanging wall and footwall units require a minimum displacement of ∼65 km for the detachment. Such displacements are comparable with estimates for major contractional structures in the eastern Himalaya, such as the Main Central thrust system, and confirm the importance of STFS extension in the evolution of the orogenic system.
A pattern-directed approach to flexible manufacturing: A framework for intelligent scheduling, learning, and control

The planning, scheduling, and control of manufacturing systems can all be viewed as problem-solving activities. In flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs), the computer program carrying out these problem-solving activities must additionally be able to handle the shorter lead time, the flexibility of job routing, the multiprocessing environment, the dynamic changing states, and the versatility of machines. This article presents an artificial intelligence (AI) method to perform manufacturing problem solving. Since the method is driven by manufacturing scenarios represented by symbolic patterns, it is referred to as pattern-directed. The method is based on three AI techniques. The first is the pattern-directed inference technique to capture the dynamic nature of FMSs. The second is the nonlinear planning technique to construct schedules and assign resources. The third is the inductive learning method to generate the pattern-directed heuristics. This article focuses on solving the FMS scheduling problem. In addition, this article reports the computation results to evaluate the utility of various heuristic functions, to identify important design parameters, and to analyze the resulting computational performance in using the pattern-directed approach for manufacturing problem-solving tasks such as scheduling.
Analysis of GaAs(001) surface stoichiometry using Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation model of the GaAs(001) surface has been developed that provides a unified, quantitative explanation of experimental arsenic flash desorption, modulated beam desorption, and steady-state coverage results. The As 2 desorption energy E As decreased with increasing As coverage. E As = 3.9 eV with a frequency factor of 2 × 10 21 s −1 was used isolated As adatom pairs, E As for As pairs with As neighbors was decreased by 0.12 eV per neighbor. Surface diffusion of gallium with attractive GaGa interactions, leading to flat surfaces during growth or evaporation from the surface, was also necessary to fit the arsenic desorption results. Diffusion of physisorbed Ga and As 4 (or As 2 ) was shown to be a necessary element of the model. Most of the parameters needed to simulate GaAs growth have been determined by fitting the desorption results.
Oscillator strengths and radiative branching ratios in atomic Sr.

Tables of radiative transition rates (A) are provided for allowed singlet and triplet transitions between Sr states below n\ensuremath{\simeq}11. These are obtained from a combination of R-matrix, multichannel-quantum-defect-theory (MQDT), and modified Coulomb-approximation calculations, plus branching-ratio measurements. Measurements of some spin-changing branchings and of the 4 $^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2--}$5 $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$ quadrupole transition rate are also reported. Lifetime and A-value measurements from the literature are included in the tables and compared to the calculations. These and the present measurements provide the most comprehensive test to date of calculated transition probabilities for divalent atoms. The MQDT calculation achieves 0--20 % agreement with experiment in the great majority of cases tested.
Health-related behavior change after cancer: results of the American Cancer Society’s studies of cancer survivors (SCS)

Introduction Cancer survivors are known to make positive health-related behavior changes after cancer, but less is known about negative behavior changes and correlates of behavior change. The present study was undertaken to examine positive and negative behavior changes after cancer and to identify medical, demographic, and psychosocial correlates of changes.
Stability analysis of the hydraulic wind energy transfers model

Gearless hydraulic wind power transfers are considered noble candidates for wind energy harvesting. In this method, high-pressure hydraulics is utilized to collect the energy of multiple wind turbines and transfer it to a central generation unit. The mathematical model of the gearless wind energy transfer system is described in the previous literature. This paper determines the stability of the mathematical model by careful assessment of the state-space representations of the model of the hydraulic system. The existence of limit cycle is investigated for the nonlinear model and the equilibrium point of the system is calculated. The results show that both linear and nonlinear models are stable.
Analytic energy gradient for the projected Hartree–Fock method

We derive and implement the analytic energy gradient for the symmetry Projected Hartree–Fock (PHF) method avoiding the solution of coupled-perturbed HF-like equations, as in the regular unprojected method. Our formalism therefore has mean-field computational scaling and cost, despite the elaborate multi-reference character of the PHF wave function. As benchmark examples, we here apply our gradient implementation to the ortho-, meta-, and para-benzyne biradicals, and discuss their equilibrium geometries and vibrational frequencies.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of New Perfluoroacyl and Perfluoroalkyl Group 6 Transition Metal Compounds

A series of perfluoroacyl group 6 transition metal complexes Cp*M(CO)3[C(O)RF] and CpM(CO)3[C(O)RF] (M = Cr, Mo, W; RF = CF3, CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF3) have been synthesized by treatment of M(CO)6 with Cp*Li or CpNa in DME under reflux, followed by reaction with [RFC(O)]2O at −78 °C. The molecular structures of Cp*M(CO)3[C(O)CF3] (M = Cr, Mo, W) and Cp*Mo(CO)3[C(O)RF] (RF = CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF3) have been determined crystallographically. The chromium and molybdenum perfluoroacyl complexes were readily converted to the corresponding perfluoroalkyl complexes by heating under N2 in the solid state. The tungsten perfluoroacyl complexes were decarbonylated in refluxing toluene or xylene. The molecular structures of Cp*M(CO)3(CF3) (M = Cr and W) and Cp*Mo(CO)3(RF) (RF = CF2CF3, CF2CF2CF3) have been determined crystallographically. Structural comparisons within these compounds and with previously reported analogues are presented, allowing the first evaluations of the effect of the metal (M = Cr, Mo, W) on the M−CF3 parame...
A comparison between peripheral BMD and central BMD measurements in the prediction of spine fractures in men.

Introduction: Most of the research on osteoporosis has been conducted on women. Few studies have compared central and peripheral densitometry and their association with vertebral fractures in men. The present study was designed to compare peripheral bone mineral density (BMD) measurements with central BMD measurements, and to examine their association with radiographic spine fracture in men. Methods: We studied 402 community-dwelling men aged 45–92 years (mean: 70 years) from the Rancho Bernardo Study cohort who attended a clinic visit between 1988 and 1992 when BMD measurements of the midshaft radius, ultradistal wrist, lumbar spine, and total hip were obtained, and who returned for lateral X-rays of the thoracic and lumbar spine an average of 4 years later. Logistic regression, T-scores, and quintiles were used to analyze BMD and its association with vertebral fractures. Results: The prevalence of osteoporosis defined by the National Osteoporosis Foundation criteria (for women) was 14.2% at the spine and 13% at the hip. Because there are no validated definitions of osteoporosis based on the ability to predict fracture risk for peripheral densitometry, the frequency of overlap by bone site was calculated among men in the lowest quintile of each site. Of the 402 men, 82 men (20.3%) had at least two sites with BMD measurements in the lowest quintile. After an average of 4 years, 33 (8.2%) men had at least one radiographic vertebral fracture, and ten (2.5%) men had at least two vertebral fractures. Low BMD at the spine (with and without covariate adjustment) was associated with having one or more vertebral fractures, whether using NOF T-score-defined osteoporosis [Odds ratio (OR): 3.81; confidence interval (CI): 1.52, 9.57] or the lowest quintile versus all others (OR: 2.53; CI: 1.03, 6.19). After age and/or other covariate adjustments, neither BMD at the total hip nor at the peripheral sites was associated with spine fractures using either NOF women-based criteria or male quintiles from this cohort. Conclusion: Although different men had osteoporosis defined by quintiles at different sites, only low BMD at the spine was associated with vertebral fracture.
Heart rate recovery: validation and methodologic issues.

Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was to validate the prognostic value of the drop in heart rate (HR) after exercise, compare it to other test responses, evaluate its diagnostic value and clarify some of the methodologic issues surrounding its use. Background Studies have highlighted the value of a new prognostic feature of the treadmill test—rate of recovery of HR after exercise. These studies have had differing as well as controversial results and did not consider diagnostic test characteristics. Methods All patients were referred for evaluation of chest pain at two university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Centers who underwent treadmill tests and coronary angiography between 1987 and 1999 as predicted after a mean seven years of follow-up. All-cause mortality was the end point for follow-up, and coronary angiography was the diagnostic gold standard. Results There were 2,193 male patients who had treadmill tests and coronary angiography. Heart rate recovery at 2 min after exercise outperformed other time points in prediction of death; a decrease of Conclusions Heart rate at 1 or 2 min of recovery has been validated as a prognostic measurement and should be recorded as part of all treadmill tests. This new measurement does not replace, but is supplemental to, established scores.
Antenna applications of 3M thin film artificial dielectric

A set of measurements of the characteristics of antennas loaded by a 3M thin film artificial dielectric is described. It is shown that it is possible to shift the operating frequency of these antennas without increasing the loss. It is also shown that it is possible to build antenna structures (such as slot antennas, flare slot antennas and conformal loop antennas) which are much smaller than unloaded antennas without loss in gain. This type of material represents an extra degree of freedom which can be used during the antenna design process.
The Social Credit Assignment Problem

Social credit assignment is a process of social judgment whereby one singles out individuals to blame or credit for multi-agent activities. Such judgments are a key aspect of social intelligence and underlie social planning, social learning, natural language pragmatics and computational models of emo- tion. Based on psychological attribution theory, this paper presents a prelimi- nary computational approach to forming such judgments based on an agent's causal knowledge and conversation interactions. After the Northridge earthquake led to 58 deaths in Los Angeles, people questioned who was answerable: building regulators or insufficient preparedness on the part of city officials? It seems odd or unsatisfying to blame the earthquake itself, since this is largely outside human control. In contrast to how causality is used in the physical sciences, people instinctively seek out a human actor for their everyday judgments of credit or blame. Such attributions are fundamental social explanations involving judgments not only of causality but individual responsibility, free will and mitigating circumstances (Shaver, 1985). These explanations underlie how we act on and make sense of the social world: they lead to emotional expressions of praise or rage; they justify public applause or prison terms. In short, they lie at the heart of social intelligence. With the advance of multi-agent systems, user interfaces, and human-like agents, it is increasingly important to reason about this uniquely human-centric form of social infer- ence. This paper lays out a preliminary model of social credit assignment based on psy- chological attribution theory. We see several immediate applications of this model. It
Numerical smoothing of Runge-Kutta schemes

First we give an intuitive explanation of the general idea of Sun (2005) [1]: consistency and numerical smoothing implies convergence and, in addition, enables error estimates. Then, we briefly discuss some of the advantages of numerical smoothing over numerical stability in error analysis. The main aim of this paper is to introduce a smoothing function and use it to investigate the smoothing properties of some familiar schemes.
Bone Loading During Young Adulthood Predicts Bone Mineral Density in Physically Active, Middle-Aged Men

AbstractBackground: Physical activity during growth induces skeletal adaptations that increase bone strength; however, it remains unclear whether these benefits persist into middle age. Objective: We sought to determine if bone loading during adolescence (ages 13–18 years) or young adulthood (ages 19–29 years) in men is associated with greater bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced risk of low bone density in adulthood. We also sought to determine if participation in high-impact activities (ie, those that produce a ground reaction force [GRF] > 4 times the individual's body weight] during adolescence and/or young adulthood has a lasting positive effect on adult BMD. Methods: Eighty-six, apparently healthy, physically active men (aged 30–60 years) participated in this cross-sectional study. Bone loading during adolescence, young adulthood, and adulthood were calculated based on GRFs of the reported physical activities. Whole body, lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck BMD were assessed using dual-energ...
Anticipatory Computing: from a High-Level Theory to Hybrid Computing Implementations

The perspective of natural phenomena as computational expression can help us find ways to carry out anticipatory computing. With this goal in mind, we can reach back to Feynman’s attempt to define quantum computation. His understanding that space-time states can be defined not only in reference to the past and the present, but also to the future proves significant for showing how anticipatory processes can be computationally simulated. Anticipatory computing is embodied in adaptive, non-deterministic, and open-ended information processes. Given the realization that failure to acknowledge anticipation results in major breakdowns (such as the current global financial crisis), the need for anticipation-based computational applications is higher than ever. In this article, an anticipatory control mechanism implemented for the automotive industry is presented.
Assessing Pulmonary Pathology by Detailed Examination of Respiratory Function

Pulmonary inflammation causes multiple alterations within the lung, including mucus production, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and airway hyperreactivity (AHR). Measurement of AHR by direct, invasive means (eg, mechanical ventilation) or noninvasive techniques, like whole body plethysmography (WBP), assesses the severity of pulmonary inflammation in animal models of inflammatory lung disease. Direct measurement of AHR is acknowledged as the most accurate method for assessing airway mechanics, but analysis of all data obtained from WBP may offer insights into which inflammatory aspects of the lung are altered along with AHR. Using WBP, we compared the respiratory parameters of two groups of mice sensitized with cockroach allergen. One group was treated with dexamethasone (Dex) before final challenge (Dex-Asthma), while the other group received vehicle treatment (Asthma). Respiratory parameters from plethysmography revealed that Dex-Asthma mice compensated to maintain high minute ventilation, whereas Asthma mice showed significant impairment in minute ventilation despite increased peak expiratory flow (103 ± 5 ml/min vs. 69 ± 70 ml/min). The WBP data suggest that enhanced air exchange in the Dex-Asthma mice results from significant decreases in airway mucus production. Additional studies with quantitative morphometry of histological sections confirmed that Dex reduced airway mucus. In conclusion, a detailed examination of WBP parameters can accurately assess the respiratory health of mice and will help direct additional studies.
New Methods for Describing What People Think

Sociological research on what people think has been hampered by inadequate methods. These inadequacies are illustrated by Coleman's survey research and Burner's participant observation study. The ethnoscience approach in anthropology is developing improved methods for studying cognitive content, and the usefulness of these methods is illustrated by research on (1) wedding ceremonies, (2) kinship terminology and (3) norms and social change.
Dust in another solar system

A star surrounded by a disk of dust could be a solar system in the making. Analysis of radiation from the dust suggests that there might be belts of comets or asteroids, and even a planet, orbiting the star.