cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sub‐surface drift feeding by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch, Walbaum): a model and test

The results of a test of a mechanistic encounter model that predicts the size-frequency composition of the diet of drift-feeding coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisulch, Walbaum) are described. When all taxa in the drift were included in the model the predicted and actual diets differed significantly, although the model explained most of the variance between the diet and the predictions of a null model. When non-consumed taxa, including the distasteful and aposematic taxon Hydracarina, were excluded from the drift composition there was no significant difference between predicted and actual diets. The model's goodness of fit increased when it was modified to predict the biomass size-frequency diet composition, explaining 99% of the weighted sum of squared deviations between the diet and a null model. A number of alternate models are tested and a potentially useful simplification of the model is identified.
Measurement of enantiomeric excess of amines by mass spectrometry following kinetic resolution with solid-phase chiral acylating agents

Abstract Mass-tagged chiral activated esters on derivatized polystyrene have been used for the measurement of enantiomeric excess of amines by kinetic resolution and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Nonlinear Proportional Plus Integral Control of Optical Traps for Exogenous Force Estimation

This article explores nonlinear proportional plus integral (PI) feedback for controlling the position of an object held in an optical trap. In general, nonlinearities in the spatial dependence of the optical force complicate feedback control for optical traps. Nonlinear PI control has been shown to provide all of the benefits of integral control: disturbance rejection, servo tracking, and force estimation. The controller also linearizes the closed-loop system. More importantly, the nonlinear controller is shown to be equivalent to an estimator of the exogenous force. The ability of nonlinear PI control to lower the measurement SNR is evaluated and compared to the variational open-loop case. A simulation demonstrating the performance of the nonlinear PI control is presented.
Some Consequences of Having Too Little

Poor individuals often engage in behaviors, such as excessive borrowing, that reinforce the conditions of poverty. Some explanations for these behaviors focus on personality traits of the poor. Others emphasize environmental factors such as housing or financial access. We instead consider how certain behaviors stem simply from having less. We suggest that scarcity changes how people allocate attention: It leads them to engage more deeply in some problems while neglecting others. Across several experiments, we show that scarcity leads to attentional shifts that can help to explain behaviors such as overborrowing. We discuss how this mechanism might also explain other puzzles of poverty.
MS2DB: An Algorithmic Approach to Determine Disulfide Linkage Patterns

Determining the number and location of disulfide bonds within a protein provide valuable insight into the proteins three-dimensional structure. Purely computational methods that predict the bonded cysteine pairings given a proteins primary structure have limitations in both prediction correctness and the number of bonds that can be predicted. Our approach utilizes tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) experimental procedures that produce spectra of protein fragments joined by a disulfide bond. This allows the limitations in correctness and scaling to be overcome. The algorithmic problem then becomes how to match a theoretical mass space of all possible bonded fragments against the MS/MS data. In our algorithm, which we call the Indexed approach, the regions of the mass space that contain masses comparable to the MS/MS spectrum masses are located before the match is determined. We have developed a software package, MS2DB, which implements this approach. A performance study shows that the Indexed approach determines disulfide bond linkage patterns both correctly and efficiently.
Bilateral trade wars

The paper constructs a three-country, two-good general equilibrium model to analyze the welfare effects of bilateral trade wars. The presence of a third country (or a number of countries) pursuing free trade policies alters several results based on a two-country framework: Regardless of whether tariffs or quotas are used, bilateral trade wars need not eliminate trade between the two retaliating countries; even a “small” retaliating country can win a bilateral trade war; and quotas can be welfare-superior to tariffs under bilateral retaliation.
Prolyl isomerase Pin1 in cancer

Proline-directed phosphorylation is a posttranslational modification that is instrumental in regulating signaling from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, and its dysregulation contributes to cancer development. Protein interacting with never in mitosis A1 (Pin1), which is overexpressed in many types of cancer, isomerizes specific phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro bonds in many substrate proteins, including glycolytic enzyme, protein kinases, protein phosphatases, methyltransferase, lipid kinase, ubiquitin E3 ligase, DNA endonuclease, RNA polymerase, and transcription activators and regulators. This Pin1-mediated isomerization alters the structures and activities of these proteins, thereby regulating cell metabolism, cell mobility, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, cell survival, apoptosis and tumor development.
Enforcements, Inducements, Expected Utility and Employee Misconduct

Both agency theory and organization theory have considered the problem of employee misconduct -employee decisions to pursue selfinterest at the expense of their principal or employer Integrating these two theoretical perspectives, this article describes the empirical results of a study that examines the effects of inducements and enforcements on individuals' estimates that employee misconduct would occur The effects of these factors were considered within a context where the expected value of engaging in misconduct was positive. Although inducements and enforcements were both significantly related to estimates of misconduct, the rationales providedfor instances of employee misconduct suggest that otherfactors, such as ethical, cost, or risk considerations, may also affect estimates that employees will engage in misconduct.
Novel contact lens electrode array for multi-electrode electroretinography (meERG)

The multi-electrode electroretinogram (meERG) is a novel tool that may find application in early detection of retinal degenerative disease. A 33-channel contact lens electrode array has been prototyped, characterized, and tested on a human subject. The meERG was recorded with SNR well above minimum requirements for clinical electroretinography.
In-Process Metrology For X-Ray Optics

Space-based astronomy at x-ray wavelengths has steadily progressed over the past 25 years. These advances have been made possible through the use of telescopes with increasingly higher resolution and collecting area, along with corresponding improvements in detectors, focal plane instrumentation, and pointing systems. In this paper, we discuss an in-process metrology system designed to provide sufficiently accurate data to the polishing process to allow fabrication of a half-arc second glancing angle of incidence telescope operating in the 1 to 7 KeV spectral region. This measurement system was developed in anticipation of, and applied to, the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) Technology Mirror Assembly(TMA). The metrology instruments represent a considerable advance in the state of the art for measurements of large, thin, aspheric cylindrical optical elements. They allowed measurement of surface figure errors over a very wide range of spatial surface frequency with unprecedented accuracy during each phase of fabrication -- from coarse grinding through figuring and final polishing.
Instruction in dental curricula to identify and assist domestic violence victims

Since most domestic violence injuries occur in the head and neck areas, it is critical that dental professionals be prepared to identify, interview, and assist potential victims. The purposes of these surveys in 1996 and 2007 were to investigate U.S. and Canadian dental school curricula regarding the inclusion of domestic violence topics, determine the topics emphasized, determine beliefs of course directors about domestic violence issues, and report progress of dental curricula in preparing dental professionals regarding domestic violence over the eleven-year period. Surveys were sent to associate deans for academic affairs of dental schools in the United States and Canada in 1996 (N=64) and the United States in 2007 (N=56). Each academic dean was asked to forward the survey to the faculty member who taught this topic. Topics most frequently included and emphasized in dental school curricula were the responsibility of the health care professional (HCP) regarding domestic violence, how to identify physical and behavioral indicators, and how to refer the abused victim. The topics least frequently included and emphasized in the curricula regarded education of the abused and the impact of domestic violence on society. There were four strong beliefs reported by dental course directors: a trusting, professional rapport is essential for disclosure; the dentist or a dental team member may be the first HCP to recognize signs of abuse; the dentist has a professional responsibility to refer for assistance; and domestic violence education should be included in dental curricula. Over the eleven years, the surveys demonstrate that course directors have become more aware of the need to inform dental students about domestic violence and that more schools have increased the amount of information about domestic violence in dental courses. However, due to the complexity and sensitivity of this topic, course instructors in dental schools may consider other teaching methods to enhance learning. The authors identified the need for further course development and make recommendations to use experiential learning to enhance dental students' interpersonal and interviewing skills. These strategies may increase dentists' comfort and confidence when treating and assisting possible victims of domestic violence.
Bias in the Classroom: Types, Frequencies, and Responses

Incidents of bias still occur in college classrooms, but no research has specifically explored this topic. To address this gap in the literature, professors (N = 333) completed anonymous surveys assessing types of bias they perceived in their classroom, their responses to the bias, and the perceived success of their responses. Results indicated that 38% of professors perceived an incident of bias in the classroom in the last year, and that they perceived overt (i.e., explicit) and subtle (i.e., implicit) bias with similar frequency. Professors believed their responses to bias were successful on average, but many could not assess success. Bias, in all its forms, still exists in college classrooms, and more discussion and research about its management is necessary.
miR-20b is up-regulated in brain metastases from primary breast cancers

// Aamir Ahmad 1 , Kevin R. Ginnebaugh 1 , Seema Sethi 1 , Wei Chen 2 , Rouba Ali 2 , Sandeep Mittal 2,3 and Fazlul H. Sarkar 1,2 1 Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA 2 Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA Correspondence to: Fazlul H. Sarkar, email: // Keywords : miR-20b, breast cancer, brain metastasis Received : January 27, 2015 Accepted : March 02, 2015 Published : March 26, 2015 Abstract Brain metastases are frequent in patients with advanced breast cancer and are associated with poor prognosis. However, unique molecular biomarkers have not yet been established. We hypothesized that microRNA-20b (miR-20b) plays a role in breast cancer brain metastasis. Our study cohort comprised of eleven breast cancer patients with brain metastasis and nine control patients (age, stage, and follow-up matched) with b reast cancer without brain metastasis. Cases were reviewed microscopically to select tumor blocks with >50% tumor cells, RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue blocks and expression of miR-20b analyzed using qRT-PCR. We further tested the effect of miR-20b overexpression on colony formation and invasion in vitro using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. In the patient-derived samples, miR-20b expression was significantly higher in brain metastases of breast cancer patients, compared to primary breast tumors as well as the patients without brain metastasis. miR-20b also significantly induced the colony formation and invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Further, miR-20b levels were observed to be high in brain-metastasizing cells, compared to bone-metastasizing cells. Together, our findings suggest a novel role of miR-20b in breast cancer brain metastasis that warrants further investigation for its potential to be developed as prognostic and/or therapeutic target.
A multi-stage return algorithm for solving the classical damage component of constitutive models for rocks, ceramics, and other rock-like media

Classical plasticity and damage models for porous quasi-brittle media usually suffer from mathematical defects such as non-convergence and non-uniqueness. Yield or damage functions for porous quasi-brittle media often have yield functions with contours so distorted that following those contours to the yield surface in a return algorithm can take the solution to a false elastic domain. A steepest-descent return algorithm must include iterative corrections; otherwise, the solution is non-unique because contours of any yield function are non-unique. A multi-stage algorithm has been developed to address both spurious convergence and non-uniqueness, as well as to improve efficiency. The region of pathological isosurfaces is masked by first returning the stress state to the Drucker–Prager surface circumscribing the actual yield surface. From there, steepest-descent is used to locate a point on the yield surface. This first-stage solution, which is extremely efficient because it is applied in a 2D subspace, is generally not the correct solution, but it is used to estimate the correct return direction. The first-stage solution is projected onto the estimated correct return direction in 6D stress space. Third invariant dependence and anisotropy are accommodated in this second-stage correction. The projection operation introduces errors associated with yield surface curvature, so the two-stage iteration is applied repeatedly to converge. Regions of extremely high curvature are detected and handled separately using an approximation to vertex theory. The multi-stage return is applied holding internal variables constant to produce a non-hardening solution. To account for hardening from pore collapse (or softening from damage), geometrical arguments are used to clearly illustrate the appropriate scaling of the non-hardening solution needed to obtain the hardening (or softening) solution.
On the Place of Meteorites in the Cosmos

The place of meteorites in the cosmos is exhibited by means of what is called the Inventory of the Universe (Table 1). A Classification of Fallen Meteorites (Mi) (Table 2) is included in the article for convenience of reference. Several fundamental terms are defined and the subject of the paper is commented on briefly.
Local Scheduling for Volunteer Computing

BOINC, a middleware system for volunteer computing, involves projects, which distribute jobs, and hosts, which execute jobs. The local (host-level) scheduler addresses two issues: when to fetch new jobs from a project and, of the currently runnable jobs, which to execute. It seeks to simultaneously satisfy a number of constraints - such as maintaining given long-term ratios of work between projects, meeting deadlines for job reporting, and providing variety to the volunteer - using uncertain, dynamic information about resources and jobs. We describe these goals and factors, and discuss BOINC's local scheduling policies.
The Yeast Spindle Pole Body Component Spc72p Interacts with Stu2p and Is Required for Proper Microtubule Assembly

We have previously shown that Stu2p is a microtubule-binding protein and a component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spindle pole body (SPB). Here we report the identification of Spc72p, a protein that interacts with Stu2p. Stu2p and Spc72p associate in the two-hybrid system and can be coimmunoprecipitated from yeast extracts. Stu2p and Spc72p also interact with themselves, suggesting the possibility of a multimeric Stu2p-Spc72p complex. Spc72p is an essential component of the SPB and is able to associate with a preexisting SPB, indicating that there is a dynamic exchange between soluble and SPB forms of Spc72p. Unlike Stu2p, Spc72p does not bind microtubules in vitro, and was not observed to localize along microtubules in vivo. A temperature-sensitive spc72 mutation causes defects in SPB morphology. In addition, most spc72 mutant cells lack cytoplasmic microtubules; the few cytoplasmic microtubules that are observed are excessively long, and some of these are unattached to the SPB. spc72 cells are able to duplicate and separate their SPBs to form a bipolar spindle, but spindle elongation and chromosome segregation rarely occur. The chromosome segregation block does not arrest the cell cycle; instead, spc72 cells undergo cytokinesis, producing aploid cells and polyploid cells that contain multiple SPBs.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Case of a Spike in the Phenotype Distribution

A common departure from the usual normality assumption in QTL mapping concerns a spike in the phenotype distribution. For example, in measurements of tumor mass, some individuals may exhibit no tumors; in measurements of time to death after a bacterial infection, some individuals may recover from the infection and fail to die. If an appreciable portion of individuals share a common phenotype value (generally either the minimum or the maximum observed phenotype), the standard approach to QTL mapping can behave poorly. We describe several alternative approaches for QTL mapping in the case of such a spike in the phenotype distribution, including the use of a two-part parametric model and a nonparametric approach based on the Kruskal-Wallis test. The performance of the proposed procedures is assessed via computer simulation. The procedures are further illustrated with data from an intercross experiment to identify QTL contributing to variation in survival of mice following infection with Listeria monocytogenes.
Looking Up and Looking Out: Career Mobility Effects of Demographic Similarity Among Professionals

We investigate the role of workgroup gender and race composition on the career mobility of professionals in “up-or-out” organizations. We develop a nuanced perspective on the potential career mobility effects of workgroup demography by integrating the social identification processes of cohesion, competition, and comparison. Using five years of personnel data from a large law firm, we examine the influence of demographic match with workgroup superiors and workgroup peers on attorneys’ likelihood of turnover and promotion. Survival analyses reveal that higher proportions of same-sex superiors enhance junior professionals’ career mobility. On the flip side, we observe mobility costs accruing to professionals in workgroups with higher proportions of same-sex and same-race peers. Qualitative data offer insights into the social identification processes underlying demographic similarity effects on turnover and promotion in professional service organizations.
Analysis of a Communications System Using Symbolic Simulation

The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) has been active in developing strategies for simulation based on Structured Analysis (SA) models for system functions. one of the forms of simulation strategies is symbolic simulation. This paper describes the application of symbolic simulation to a Navy command, control, communications, and intelligence (C/sup3/I) system SA model using Cadre Technologies' teamwork/SIM. Also described are lessons learned in developing and executing this model.
The light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri possesses a homolog of the Vibrio cholerae transmembrane transcriptional activator ToxR.

Abstract A cross-hybridizing DNA fragment to Vibrio cholerae toxR was cloned from the nonpathogenic light organ symbiont Vibrio fischeri, and three proteins homologous to V. cholerae ToxR, ToxS, and HtpG were deduced from its DNA sequence. V. fischeri ToxR was found to activate a V. cholerae ToxR-regulated promoter, and an antiserum raised against the amino-terminal domain of V. cholerae ToxR cross-reacts V. fischeri ToxR.
Least-squares finite element processes in h, p, k mathematical and computational framework for a non-linear conservation law

This paper considers numerical simulation of time-dependent non-linear partial differential equation resulting from a single non-linear conservation law in h, p, k mathematical and computational framework in which k=(k1, k2) are the orders of the approximation spaces in space and time yielding global differentiability of orders (k1−1) and (k2−1) in space and time (hence k-version of finite element method) using space–time marching process. Time-dependent viscous Burgers equation is used as a specific model problem that has physical mechanism for viscous dissipation and its theoretical solutions are analytic. The inviscid form, on the other hand, assumes zero viscosity and as a consequence its solutions are non-analytic as well as non-unique (Russ. Math. Surv. 1962; 17(3):145–146; Russ. Math. Surv. 1960; 15(6):53–111). In references (Russ. Math. Surv. 1962; 17(3):145–146; Russ. Math. Surv. 1960; 15(6):53–111) authors demonstrated that the solutions of inviscid Burgers equations can only be approached within a limiting process in which viscosity approaches zero. Many approaches based on artificial viscosity have been published to accomplish this including more recent work on H(Div) least-squares approach (Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 1965; 18:697–715) in which artificial viscosity is a function of spatial discretization, which diminishes with progressively refined discretizations. The thrust of the present work is to point out that: (1) viscous form of the Burgers equation already has the essential mechanism of viscosity (which is physical), (2) with progressively increasing Reynolds (Re) number (thereby progressively reduced viscosity) the solutions approach that of the inviscid form, (3) it is possible to compute numerical solutions for any Re number (finite) within hpk framework and space–time least-squares processes, (4) the space–time residual functional converges monotonically and that it is possible to achieve the desired accuracy, (5) space–time, time marching processes utilizing a single space–time strip are computationally efficient. It is shown that viscous form of the Burgers equation without linearizing provides a physical and viablemechanism for approaching the solutions of inviscid form with progressively increasing Re. Numerical studies are presented and the computed solutions are compared with published work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile Alkylphenols and Thiophenol in Species‐related Characterizing Flavors of Red Meats

Caprine (goat), ovine (sheep), bovine (cow), equine (horse), swine (pig), and cervine (deer) perinephric fats were quantitatively analyzed for volatile alkylphenols, phenol, and thiophenol. Highly characterizing sheepy-muttony aromas in ovine fats were contributed by p-cresol, 2-isopropylphenol, 3,4-dimethylphenol, thymol, carvacrol, 3-isopropylphenol, and 4-isopropylphenol. Alkylphenols did not appear to contribute distinguishing flavors to caprine, cervine, and veal fats. Cresols (o-, m-, p-), especially m-cresol, appeared to contribute to beef flavors. Diisopropylphenols may contribute oily flavors to equine fat. High concentrations of thiophenol potentiated unpleasant mutton aromas in ram fat.
Attitude Tracking Control of a Small Satellite in Low Earth Orbit

In this paper, we modify and apply a robust almost global attitude tracking control scheme to the model of a small satellite. The control scheme, which has been reported in prior literature, is modified to take into account the actuator constraints and actuator configuration of this satellite, which are based on a small satellite currently being developed at the University of Hawaii. The actuators consist of three magnetic torquers and one small reaction wheel. The mass and inertia properties correspond to the known values for this satellite. The satellite is in circular low earth orbit of altitude 600 km and its dynamics model includes gravity, atmospheric and geomagnetic eects. The control strategy used here achieves almost global asymptotically stable attitude trajectory tracking, which implies that the desired attitude trajectory is tracked from all initial conditions on the state except for those that lie on a zero-volume subset within the state space. The continuous feedback control law is also globally defined. Feedback control gains are continuously varied based on known actuator constraints and tracking errors. The almost global asymptotic tracking property can be shown using a generalized Lyapunov analysis on the nonlinear state space of the attitude dynamics. The control torque obtained from this almost-globally-stabilizing feedback control law is partitioned so that each actuator generates a part of this control torque that is within its saturation limits. The control law for the reaction wheel has a singularity when the reaction wheel axis is perpendicular to the local geomagnetic field. To avoid actuator saturation, the control inputs to the actuators are kept constant whenever any actuator reaches a certain fraction of its saturation value. Numerical simulation results for two de-tumbling maneuvers, one where the control law singularity does not appear and one where it does, confirm that the desired attitude trajectory is tracked almost globally.
Similar responsiveness of smooth muscle of the canine basilar artery to EDRF and nitric oxide

Experiments were designed to compare the reactivity of canine basilar arteries to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and nitric oxide. Preparations with endothelium activated by bradykinin were used to study relaxations induced with EDRF, whereas the inhibitory effect of nitric oxide was studied in preparations without endothelium. All experiments were performed in the presence of indomethacin. EDRF- and nitric oxide-induced relaxations were significantly augmented in the presence of superoxide dismutase plus catalase but were reduced in the presence of methylene blue, LY 83583, and hemoglobin. M & B 22984 did not affect relaxations to either EDRF or nitric oxide. These results indicate that in the canine basilar artery EDRF is not an oxygen-derived free radical. The similar responsiveness of the basilar artery to EDRF and nitric oxide is consistent with the proposal that in the canine basilar artery nitric oxide is the factor.
Educational Saving Incentives for Low-Income Families: Experimental Evidence from the Michigan SEED Program

Low-income American families save very little in general, and especially for their children’s education. This paper presents estimates for low-income families of educational saving incentives on college saving decisions. The evidence is drawn from the results of a field experiment in Pontiac, MI, known as the Michigan SEED Program. Qualified families were interviewed at baseline, when their children were roughly 4 years old, then were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups. The treatment group was offered an initial deposit of $1,000 in the child’s name into the Michigan Education Savings Plan, the state-sponsored 529 college savings plan. Then, for three years, deposits by the treatment group were eligible for a 1:1 match up to a specified maximum. During the course of the experiment, treatment-group families could have accumulated $3,400, enough to purchase roughly two-thirds of the tuition cost of an associate’s degree at the local junior college. Take-up was low: after four years, only 67% of children from treatment-group families had accepted the offer of the initial deposit. Only 22% of treatment-group families contributed their own funds, and, among these, the average family contribution was $440, or $9.16 per month over the course of the experiment. This study uses the random assignment of treatment status to generate a plausibly exogenous instrumental variable for 529 plan participation and identify consistent estimates of the causal effects of 529 plans on college saving. The instrumental variable estimates indicate 55% crowd-out. Therefore, much of the attempt to “seed” educational saving through the initial deposit and matching contributions was undone though reductions in other (non-529) forms of saving for college.
Unimolecular reactions of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloropropane, and 3,3,3-trifluoro-1,1,1-trichloropropane: determination of threshold energies by chemical activation.

The recombination of CCl3 radicals with CH3, CH3CH2, and CF3CH2 radicals was used to generate CH3CCl3, CH3CH2CCl3, and CF3CH2CCl3 molecules with approximately 87 kcal mol–1 of vibrational energy in...
Corporate Mergers: Policy and Economic Analysis

Introduction, 537. — Revised Section 7 and problems in its interpretation, 540. — Court interpretations with emphasis on the Brown shoe case, 543. Court interpretations and merger standards proposed by economists and lawyers, 548. — Comparison of two methods of firm growth, 553. — Policy when the effect of a merger is in doubt, 557.
Microbial Reverse Electrodialysis Cells for Synergistically Enhanced Power Production

A new type of bioelectrochemical system for producing electrical power, called a microbial reverse-electrodialysis cell (MRC), was developed to increase voltages and power densities compared to those generated individually by microbial fuel cells (MFCs) or reverse electrodialysis (RED) systems. In RED systems, electrode overpotentials create significant energy losses due to thermodynamically unfavorable electrode reactions, and therefore a large number of stacked cells must be used to have significant energy recovery. This results in high capital costs for the large number of membranes, and increases energy losses from pumping water through a large number of cells. In an MRC, high overpotentials are avoided through oxidation of organic matter by exoelectrogenic bacteria on the anode and oxygen reduction on the cathode. An MRC containing only five pairs of RED cells, fed solutions typical of seawater (600 mM NaCl) and river water (12 mM NaCl) at 0.85 mL/min, produced up to 3.6 W/m2 (cathode surface area) a...
Metallic Double Shell Hollow Nanocages: The Challenges of Their Synthetic Techniques

Hollow metallic nanoparticles have been attracting the attention of many researchers in the past five years due to their new properties and potential applications. The unique structure of the hollow nanoparticles; presence of two surfaces (internal and external), and the presence of both cavities and pores in the wall surfaces of these nanoparticles are responsible for their unique properties and applications. Here the galvanic replacement technique is used to prepare nanocages made of gold, platinum, and palladium. In addition, hollow double shell nanoparticles are made of two metal shells like Au–Pt, Pt–Au, Au–Pd, Pd–Au, Pd–Pt, and Pt–Pd. Silver nanocubes are used as templates during the synthesis of hollow nanoparticles with single metal shell or double shell nanocages. Most of the problems that could affect the synthesis of solid Silver nanocubes used as template as well as the double shell nanocages and their possible solutions are discussed in a detail. The sizes and shapes of the single-shell and d...
Laboratory Rearing of the Hairy Chinch Bug

Laboratory procedures were developed for rearing the hairy chinch bug Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon, on corn sections in 236.6 ml cardboard cartons. There was significantly higher survival of nymphs and adults when eggs were surface sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite solution as compared to those treated with a 1% solution or untreated eggs. Adult survival was significantly higher (P<0.05) when chinch bugs were reared on corn sections treated with 2% sodium hypochlorite than when either treated with 2% thiram or untreated. Developmental times for nymphal instars were determined as follows: 1st 12.3±6.0; 2nd 5.4±2.7; 3rd 5.2±1.7; 4th 4.9±1.3; 5th 7.1±0.9; total 35.5±7.4 days. The preoviposition period was determined to be 1O.8±4.4 days with nearly 80% of the females tested ovipositing within 24 days.
Controlled Stress Refractory Metallizations

Rhodium and iridium are highly electrically conductive refractory metals, which can be used as current-carrying thin-film metallizations. Their chemical inertness further enables their application at relatively high temperatures. However, due to the high elastic modulus of such metals, a residual tensile stress of 300 to 400 MPa is measured in evaporated thin films. We present novel results evidencing complete control over both the magnitude and the sign of the residual stress in such refractory thin films. The metallic layers are deposited by means of ion-beam-enhanced physical vapor deposition and both electrical resistivity and stress are controlled. Controlling the stress in this manner has enabled achieving thicker films and films with near-zero residual stress.
Activation of Massive Transfusion for Elderly Trauma Patients

Massive transfusion protocol (MTP) is used to resuscitate patients in hemorrhagic shock. Our goal was to review MTP use in the elderly. All trauma patients who required activation of MTP at an urban Level I trauma center from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Elderly was defined as age ≥ 60 years. Sixty-six patients had MTP activated: 52 nonelderly (NE) and 14 elderly (E). There were no statistically significant differences between the two cohorts for gender, injury severity score, head abbreviated injury scale, emergency department Glasgow Coma Scale, initial hematocrit, intensive care unit length of stay, or hospital length of stay. Mean age for NE was 35 years and 73 years for E (P < 0.01). Less than half (43%) of E patients with activation of MTP received 10 or more units of blood products compared with 69 per cent of the NE (P = 0.07). Mortality rates were similar in the NE and the E (53%vs 50%, P = 0.80). After multivariate analysis with Glasgow Coma Scale, injury severity score, and blunt versus penetrating trauma, elderly age was not a predictor of mortality after MTP (P = 0.35). When MTP is activated, survival to discharge in elderly trauma patients is comparable to younger patients.
Military Culture and Multicultural Diversity among Military Service Members: Implications for Mental Health Providers

The goal of the first part of this chapter is to understand the uniqueness of the military as a culture. Next the chapter provides an overview of sociocultural constructs associated with military culture. The second part of the chapter presents an overview of diversity elements (e.g., gender, sexual orientation) intersecting with military culture. Understanding the diversity within the US Armed Forces is clinically relevant for culturally responsive mental health service delivery to military service members. The third part of this chapter addresses military cultural issues with potential to affect the mental health of military service members. We describe mental health challenges that have been experienced by military personnel in light of the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and the US involvement in the Global War on Terror, and highlight the resilience of this population under stress. We conclude with recommendations for culturally competent treatment approaches for working with military service members.
The Politics of Social Inclusion

These two faces of the New Labour government — the reforming and the conserving — are not restricted to its education policy. They crop up everywhere, for there seems to be a genuine, and indeed quite legitimate, tension in what New Labour is about. To a far greater degree than in Labour governments in the past, the key figures in this government — and certainly its leader — are in one sense profoundly conservative, particularly in social terms. This is not a libertarian government, afraid of order or hostile to traditional institutions like the family. Far from it: this is a government committed to the view that ‘families are the core of our society. They should teach right from wrong’: one whose initial critique of their predecessors’ crime policy was precisely that ‘the Conservatives have forgotten the “order” part of “law and order”’.1 No, this is a government whose leading figures repeatedly insist that, if their policies are new, their values are not, and yet it is also a government that sees itself as engaged in a long-term and wide-ranging programme of fundamental reform. It is a government that perennially seeks to conserve the best of the past only by persistently changing many of the key institutions and practices that have come down to it from that past. Being a reforming conservative is never an easy endeavour, and it certainly has not been easy since 1997.
Using fNIRS for Real-Time Cognitive Workload Assessment

In this paper, we evaluate the possibility of detecting continuous changes in the user's cognitive workload using functional near-infrared spectroscopy fNIRS. We dissect the source of meaning in a large collection of n-backs and argue that the problem of controlling the content of a participant's mind poses a major problem for calibrating an algorithm using black box machine learning. We therefore suggest that the field simplify its task, and begin to focus on building algorithms that work on specialized subjects, before adapting these to a wider audience.
124I in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

124I was first used in 1960 by Phillips et al. (Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 16:1434–1438, 1960) for the treatment of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). However, because the decay of 131I was more suited for therapy and its production was easier and less expensive than 124I, 131I has remained the most frequently used radioiodine isotope for the treatment of DTC. Likewise, because the decay characteristics of 131I were more suitable for the imaging equipment at that time, 131I became the most frequently used radioiodine isotope for diagnostic imaging of the thyroid. Subsequently, 123I became available in the mid-1960s (Rhodes Isot Radiat Technol 4:275–280, 1967), and in the United States 123I is now the most frequently used radioisotope of iodine for diagnostic imaging in differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).
Identification and Control of Mechanical Systems: Response of Dynamic Systems

Introduction In this chapter, the response of linear dynamic systems is studied in more detail. We begin with a study of efficient techniques for solving first-order and second-order single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) equations of motion. Taking advantage of the simplicity of the first-order equation, we show how to obtain analytical expressions for the system response to harmonic excitation and how to write the steady-state response in terms of the magnitude and phase difference. It leads to the definition of the frequency-response function (FRF) and its analytical expression in terms of a complex variable (Ref. [1]). We then show how two- or more degree-of-freedom equations of motion can be treated similarly. The focus will be on multiple DOF mass–spring–damper systems (lumped parameter systems). The last part of this chapter deals with the bending vibration of flexible beams, which are described by partial differential equations rather than by ordinary differential equations for mass–spring–damper systems (Ref. [2]). The partial differential equations are decoupled by the separation of variable method to yield two sets of ordinary differential equations. From these equations, the common features of flexible structures are introduced, including the natural modes, frequency equations, and modal amplitudes. A discussion of the orthogonality property of the natural modes and the expansion theorem is then presented. Single Degree of Freedom A system of considerable importance in vibrations is the mass–spring–damper system, shown in Fig. 5.1.
Analytics at Lie-Nielsen Toolworks: custom-built data tools for a unique small manufacturer

Lie-Nielsen Toolworks (LNT) is a small, family-owned company manufacturing very-high-quality woodworking tools in coastal Maine. They face three major challenges: the sparse rural labor market makes it difficult to find and retain talent; their extreme quality standards lead to scrap and rework; they struggle to forecast demand and schedule production due in part to offering a large number of SKUs in small quantities. Having reorganized the factory layout and upgraded its CNC machines over the past two years, LNT is now turning to information systems and analytics as tools for improvement. Advised by an internal IT staff of one, an external ERP partner, and a consultant from the state university, Tom Lie-Nielsen must decide how to approach these information technologies, what benefits he can expect, and what organizational changes might be necessary to effectively leverage them.
Perspectives on Funding Initiatives in Clinical Research in Kidney Disease in the United States

The work by the editorial team at the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN) is guided by our vision to be the leading voice in communicating and influencing advances in clinical nephrology. This, in turn, seeks to advance the vision of the American Society of Nephrology to
Foreign Language Training in U.S. Undergraduate IB Programs: Are We Providing Students What They Need To Be Successful?

ABSTRACTA growing number of U.S. business schools now offer an undergraduate degree in international business (IB), for which training in a foreign language is a requirement. However, there appears to be considerable variance in the minimum requirements for foreign language training across U.S. business schools, including the provision of “business” language courses, and in what is viewed as “competence” or “fluency” in a foreign language. Similarly, business schools differ in their procedures for how the foreign language requirement is applied to foreign native speakers and/or to speakers of heritage languages. This study reports the results of an online survey that was sent to 226 schools offering a major or concentration in IB. The findings from 79 reporting schools indicate that the level of proficiency expected of foreign language learners in the IB program continues to vary widely, that few schools require a course in the business aspects of the foreign language, and that there is inconsistency in w...
Objective gait parameters as a noninvasive biomarker for freezing of gait in Parkinson disease (P1.016)

Objective: To determine if steady-state gait parameters in Parkinson disease (PD) patients could serve as a predictive biomarker of freezing of gait (FOG). Background: FOG is a debilitating, late motor complication of PD that occurs in 50–80% of patients. FOG significantly worsens quality of life by decreasing mobility and increasing falls. In separate studies, patients with FOG have been shown to have an increase in stride length variability, cadence, and asymmetry in stride. Design/Methods: PD patients and healthy controls (HC) were enrolled after IRB approval. Patients with more than 1 fall/day or a Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score Results: 53 age matched subjects (15 PD FOG, 22 PD no-FOG, and 16 HC) were enrolled. Disease duration was statistically similar between PD FOG and no-FOG groups (10.1±6.1 vs. 7.2±6.6; p=0.18). Mean Giladi FOG-Q scores and Hoehn & Yahr scores were numerically higher, and MoCA scores numerically lower in the FOG group. Mean integrated pressure, stride length, and stride velocity were numerically lower in both PD no-FOG and FOG groups compared to HC, but only stride length was statistically different between PD FOG and no-FOG groups (113.7±17.0 vs. 127.9±18.2 cm; p Conclusions: PD patients with FOG had decreased stride length and increased variability in stride length, stride velocity, and total double support percent suggesting that objective gait assessment could provide a means to predict FOG in PD. Study Supported by: Supported by UAMS Clinician Scientist Program and the Center for Translational Neuroscience (GM110702). Disclosure: Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Virmani has nothing to disclose.
Building and Evaluating the Impact of Food Insecurity-Focused Clinical-Community Partnerships on Patients and Populations

An equity-minded approach that brings social, economic, and environmental hardships like food insecurity into the purview of clinical care is likely necessary to achieve the best possible outcomes for children. In order to address food insecurity and other such social determinants of health, providers must build, evaluate, and sustain clinical-community partnerships in their region. These partnerships can ease the burden on providers and increase the effect of providers’ efforts on the health and well-being of their patients. Quality improvement methods can be used by individuals, communities, and healthcare systems to increase the impact of their efforts to screen and address potentially health-harming risks like food insecurity.
Resistance to Aphis glycines among wild soybean accessions in laboratory experiments

Abstract The soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a major pest of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in eastern Asia and in North America. Aphid-resistant soybean cultivars have been developed as a non-chemical management tactic, but viability of this tactic may depend on the availability of diverse resistance sources, including wild soybean (Glycine soja Siebold and Zucc.), in order to counter various resistance-breaking soybean aphid biotypes. In this study, 10 wild soybean accessions were identified as resistant in free-choice screening assays against avirulent soybean aphid biotype 1, and eight of the accessions were advanced for follow-up in two, 20-day-long no-choice assays. Two accessions, PI 65549 and PI 135624, did not differ from resistant check PI 549046 in number of aphids per plant after 10 and 20 days of infestation; accessions 99PI101404B, PI 549035 B, and PI 342618 A had more aphids than PI 549046 by day 20, but fewer aphids than known susceptible accessions. In a second no-choice assay, accessions 99PI81762 and PI 101404 A had fewer aphids than other test accessions but more aphids than PI 549046 by day 20. Because of particularly strong resistance in PI 135624 and PI 65549, these two accessions should be genetically characterized and tested for resistance against virulent soybean aphid biotypes.