cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reproduction of Erythronium umbilicatum (Liliaceae): pollination success and pollinator effectiveness

Erythronium umbilicatum (Liliaceae) is a common vernal herb of deciduous forests in the southeastern United States whose seed set depends on outcrossing by insects. Although only 40–60% of the ovules mature into seeds, hand-pollination experiments conducted in several populations over four years provided little evidence that reproductive success in this species was limited by pollination. Both honeybeess (Apis mellifera) and two small species of native andrenid bees effectively pollinate E. umbilicatum, as determined by measurements of seed set and counts of pollen tubes in the styles of flowers kept under cages and allowed a single visit. Full pollination of E. umbilicatum is promoted by: (1) large amounts of nectar and pollen that attract a variety of potential pollinators, (2) the small (2–3) number of visits required to fertilize all of a flower's ovules, (3) extended perianth persistence of unpollinated flowers. The latter two traits are also characteristic of other spring wildflowers and may contribute to fitness in a habitat where both physical factors and competition between plants for floral visitors can make pollinator service unpredictable. Causes of the observed deficiency in seed set in E. umbilicatum are complex and probably involve cold weather, low light levels or other unidentified physical factors, genotypes of pollen parents (i.e. quality of pollination), and diversion of resources from current year's seed set to future reproduction.
Conventional vs CO2 demand-controlled ventilation systems

Abstract 1. 1. The feasibility of controlling the ventilation system using the occupant-generated carbon dioxide as an indicator of ventilation rate and indoor air quality has been investigated in an eleven storey office building. 2. 2. The study compares the indoor environment created by two different types of ventilation control systems. 3. 3. The two ventilation systems tested consisted of: a conventional system controlled by outdoor temperatures, and a demand-controlled system regulated by indoor carbon dioxide concentration. 4. 4. The results show that the CO 2 -based demand-controlled ventilation system does not worsen indoor air quality and thermal comfort. It was also noticed that an energy saving of 12% was achieved using the CO 2 control system. 5. 5. The occupants perceived that their productivity is proportional to their perception of the indoor environment; indicating that higher productivity rates can be achieved by better controlling the working environment above satisfactory levels.
Nonequilibrium dynamics of quasiparticles in superconductors

Small changes deltaR-italic/sub s-italic/ in the 10-GHz surface resistance R-italic/sub s-italic/ of thin superconducting films of Sn and In, caused by an induced static current J-italic/sub 0/ have been measured. deltaR-italic/sub s-italic/ was quadratic in J-italic/sub 0/ and both increases (deltaR-italic/sub s-italic/>0) and decreases (deltaR-italic/sub s-italic/<0) of absorption were observed. The increase is associated mainly with thermodynamic depression of the gap parameter due to the static current. On the other hand, the decrease of absorption, which implies an enhancement of superconductivity, is incompatible with thermodynamic analysis. A nonequilibrium analysis is presented, according to which the combined static and high-frequency currents cause a nonthermal, time-dependent oscillation of the quasiparticle distribution, and which is out of phase with the driving high-frequency field. The counter oscillation leads to an enhancement of high-frequency supercurrent and decrease of dissipative normal current, and hence results in a decrease of absorption. The analysis describes the experimental results for very thin films of Sn both qualitatively and quantitatively, and with no adjustable parameters. These results lead to the conclusion that at high frequencies, the superconductor responds to time-dependent perturbations in an inherently nonadiabatic, nonequilibrium manner even for vanishingly small high-frequency fields. The implications for several unexplained experiments onmore » the magnetic field dependence of R-italic/sub s-italic/ are discussed.« less
Four distinct pathways of hemoglobin uptake in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

During the bloodstage of malaria infection, the parasite internalizes and degrades massive amounts of hemoglobin from the host red blood cell. Using serial thin-section electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction, we demonstrate four independent, but partially overlapping, hemoglobin-uptake processes distinguishable temporally, morphologically, and pharmacologically. Early ring-stage parasites undergo a profound morphological transformation in which they fold, like a cup, onto themselves and in so doing take a large first gulp of host cell cytoplasm. This event, which we term the "Big Gulp," appears to be independent of actin polymerization and marks the first step in biogenesis of the parasite's lysosomal compartment-the food vacuole. A second, previously identified uptake process, uses the cytostome, a well characterized and morphologically distinct structure at the surface of the parasite. This process is more akin to classical endocytosis, giving rise to small (<0.004 fl) vesicles that are marked by the early endosomal regulatory protein Rab5a. A third process, also arising from cytostomes, creates long thin tubes previously termed cytostomal tubes in an actin-dependent manner. The fourth pathway, which we term phagotrophy, is similar to the Big Gulp in that it more closely resembles phagocytosis, except that phagotrophy does not require actin polymerization. Each of these four processes has aspects that are unique to Plasmodium, thus opening avenues to antimalarial therapy.
Exchange rate risk premiums

Abstract A state space model which allows for the covariation of risk premiums and unexpected rates of depreciation is used to study exchange rate risk premiums. We find that exchange rate risk premiums have a high degree of persistence and the covariance of risk premiums and unexpected rates of depreciation is negative. Regressions of the estimated risk premium on its determinants implied by the equilibrium model of Lucas (1982) show limited support for the model. (JEL F31).
Wheat: its growth and disease severity as deduced from ERTS-1☆

The spectral reflectance of a cropped surface changes as the plant develops. An indicator of crop growth is leaf area index (ratio of green leaf area to soil area). The leaf area index, disease severity, and yield were determined for several winter wheat fields in Kansas during the 1973 growing season. Multispectral scanner (MSS) data from Earth Resources Technology Satellite-1 (ERTS-1) showed a high correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.90) between crop growth and MSS4/MSS5, and crop growth and MSS5/MSS6. Wheat disease severity and yields were significantly correlated at the 5% level with MSS4/MSS6 and with MSS4/MSS7. Further investigation is required before ERTS imagery can be routinely used detecting and estimating disease severity and yield reduction.
Food of the Pelagic Young of Walleyes and Five Cohabiting Fish Species in Clear Lake, Iowa

Abstract Food of the pelagic young of walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), yellow and white bass (Morone spp.), black and white crappies (Pomoxis spp.), spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius), and carp (Cyprinus carpio) captured concurrently in townet hauls in 1972 was compared with zooplankton samples. Each fish species differed slightly in food selection. Selective feeding by cohabiting pelagic larvae might have been a contributing factor to the strong walleye year class produced.
Effectiveness of "shifting boundaries" teen dating violence prevention program for subgroups of middle school students.

Abstract Purpose We examine whether the Shifting Boundaries (SB) intervention, a primary intervention to prevent youth dating violence and sexual harassment (DV/H), is differentially effective for girls compared with boys or for youth with a history of DV/H experiences. Methods We randomly assigned SB to 30 public middle schools in New York City, enrolling 117 sixth and seventh grade classes to receive a classroom, building, combined, or neither intervention. The SB classroom intervention included six sessions emphasizing the laws/consequences of DV/H, establishing boundaries and safe relationships. The SB schoolwide/building intervention included the use of school-based restraining orders, greater faculty/security presence in unsafe "hot spots" mapped by students, and posters to increase DV/H awareness and reporting. Student surveys were implemented at baseline, immediately after intervention, and 6 months after intervention. Results At 6 months after intervention, the SB building-level intervention was associated with significant reductions in the frequency of sexual harassment (SH) perpetration and victimization; the prevalence and frequency of sexual dating violence victimization; and the frequency of total dating violence victimization and perpetration. We also had one anomalous finding that the interventions were associated with an increase in the prevalence of SH victimization. These results were consistent for girls and boys, and those with or without a history of DV/H, with the one exception for those exposed to the SB building condition who had earlier reported perpetrating SH had a significantly lower frequency of perpetrating SH at the follow-up than those without such a history. Conclusions SB can provide effective universal prevention of middle school DV/H experiences, regardless of students' prior exposure histories, and for boys and girls.
A study of the biomechanical properties of the adult equine linea alba: relationship of tissue bite size and suture material to breaking strength

The purposes of this study were to mechanically determine the optimal tissue bite size and to evaluate seven suture materials at their largest commercially available size for breaking strength and stiffness using cadaveric adult equine linea alba. Soft tissues were removed from the abdominal fascia of 16 adult horses. Individual test sections were created from the entire linea alba and labeled (1 through 6) starting at the umbilicus and extending craniad. A single biomechanical test was performed on each test section. Tissue bite size (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21 mm) significantly altered breaking strength directly in a logarithmic fashion (P < .0001; R2 = 0.94). Tissue bite size accounted for 44% and linea alba thickness for 24% of the variability in breaking strength of the equine linea alba. The optimal tissue bite size for adult horse was 15 mm from the edge of the linea alba based on lack of significant gain in breaking strength. There were no differences in breaking strength among horses, horses weight, or left and right test sections. Test sections taken from near or at the umbilicus had greater breaking strength (P < .005) and thicker linea alba (P < .001) when compared with more cranial test sections. Linea alba thickness alone accounted for 34% of the variability in breaking strength associated with test section position. There were no differences in linea alba stiffness among tissue bite sizes. All suture loops failed before complete fascial disruption, and 52 of 56 (93%) suture loops failed at the knot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A direct-current pion focusing magnet for low energy in-flight muon-neutrino beams

Abstract A cylindrically-symmetric, direct-current magnet has been designed for use in the focusing of pions to improve the muon-neutrino flux obtained from decays in-flight at low energy accelerators. The device uses conventional magnet technology with specially designed field-shaping windings to achieve optimized focusing for positive pions and defocusing for negative pions. A prototype magnet has been constructed and its magnetic field map used in a ray tracing program from which it has been calculated that a factor of four improvement in the neutrino flux at a downstream detector can be realized when compared to an unfocused pion source. The design approach taken in this paper to select the appropriate coil distribution to optimize focusing may be applicable in other types of particle beam lines as well as in high energy collider detectors where toroidal magnet geometries have been proposed.
A screening protocol for a prenatal population at risk for inherited hemoglobin disorders: Results of its application to a group of Southeast Asians and blacks

Several inherited hemoglobin disorders are present among certain racial subgroups of the United States population, particularly among blacks and Southeast Asians. Many of these disorders are unfamiliar to the obstetrician-gynecologist but may have important implications for care in pregnancy, including genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis. A simple, effective screening tool was devised for detection of thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies in a prenatal clinic population. Use of the tool resulted in diagnosis of a hemoglobin disorder in 20% of a group of black patients; diagnoses included α-thalassemia trait, β-thalassemia trait, hemoglobin C trait, hemoglobin S/C disease, hemoglobin S trait, sickle cell anemia, and hemoglobin Lepore. In a group of Southeast Asian patients, 39% had a hemoglobin disorder, including α-thalassemia trait, β-thalassemia trait, hemoglobin E disease, and hemoglobin H disease. Implications for care are discussed.
Generation of the autocorrelation sequence of an ARMA process

A new technique is described for generating the autocorrelation sequence of an autoregressive-moving average process. Unlike some other approaches, the method does not require a matrix inversion.
Montmorillonite impregnated with bismuth nitrate: Microwave-assisted facile nitration of β-lactams

A facile synthesis of nitro substituted (3-lactams over montmorillonite impregnated with bismuth nitrate under microwave irradiation has been accomplished in excellent yield.
Nanomechanics of Thin Films: Emphasis: Tensile Properties

Tensile properties of thin films may be interpreted as a structure sensitive plastic region superposed on an elastic background in a manner similar to bulk specimen tensile testing. However, the limitations of both the material and tensile instrument have not usually been tested in detail. We report our experience with aluminum and alumina films some 100 nm thick prepared by evaporation of Al followed by anodization for the alumina film. Self-supporting films are glued to glass “jaws” of the nanotensilometer and force-elongation data recorded. Mounting thickness, glue slip-page, instrument calibration, and other possible artifacts will be examined in detail. A typical Al stress-strain curve has an initial small curved region interpreted as a mounting artifact, followed by a primarily elastic (near linear) region and increasing plastic deformation until failure occurs. Alumina films fail in a brittle manner. Characterization techniques include TEM, RBS, and other surface spectroscopies; selected examples will be reported. Strain rate and preliminary annealing data are presented with a microscopic interpretation. In general, thin metal films are less ductile than their bulk counterparts, grain sizes are much smaller, and they may possess large stresses and unexpected impurities, but have mechanical properties that can be modelled.
Immunogenicity and safety of a natural rough mutant of Brucella suis as a vaccine for swine

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and clearance of the natural rough mutant of Brucella suis strain 353-1 (353-1) as a vaccine in domestic swine. In three studies encompassing 105 animals, pigs were inoculated with 353-1 by conjunctival (5 × 10(7) CFU) or IM (1-2 × 10(10) CFU) routes. Clearance, tissue distribution, and pathology of the vaccine strain were determined by periodic blood culture, collection of tissues at periodic necropsy times after vaccination, and histologic evaluation of tissue samples. The B. suis 353-1 strain was nonpathogenic, cleared from most vaccinates by 10-12 weeks after vaccination, and did not induce significant histologic lesions in tissues examined. The vaccine strain appears to be phenotypically stable as all isolates recovered from vaccinates retained their rough phenotype. Vaccination induced significant humoral responses, peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production after inoculation as compared to responses of control pigs. The vaccine strain did not appear to be shed from vaccinates as co-housed sentinel animals demonstrated no serologic or microbiologic evidence of lateral transmission. Our data demonstrates that B. suis 353-1 is a stable, rough mutant that does not induce adverse clinical effects or tissue localization, but does induce significant humoral and cellular immune responses after vaccination of swine.
The perfect stage of Cercospora sórdida.

Throughout the southeastern United States the foliage of trumpet creeper, Tecoma radicans (L.) Juss., is commonly attacked by the imperfect fungus Cercospora sordida Sacc. This organism was first known to mycologists about 1880, from collections made in Georgia by H. W. Ravenel, who sent specimens to P. A. Saccardo for identification. He, in turn, described it in Michelia, in 1880, and illustrated it the following year in Fungi italici. Subsequently this fungus is listed from collections in New Jersey by J. B. Ellis (Ellis and Everhart, 1885), in Alabama, by G. F. Atkinson (1891), and in Texas, by F. D. Heald and F. A. Wolf (1912), and is among their exsiccati. These facts and other pertinent information on Cercospora are contained in the comprehensive accounts of Solheim (1929) and Lieneman (1929). The present studies, extending over a period of years, are herein recorded as a part of series of observations by the writer on the life history and development of imperfect fungi having perithecial stages that are initiated by spermatia and ascogonia. Some of these observations, involving species of Cercosporella, Lecanosticta, Marssonia, Polythrincium, Ram.ularia, Septocylindrium, Septoria, and Cercospora, have already been published, but a considerable number of others, as yet unpublished, clearly establish that spermatia and ascogonia are precursors of the ascogenous stage.
Metastatic tumor cell invasion of brain organ tissue cultured on cellulose polyacetate strips.

Brain organ cells were cultured on cellulose polyacetate and other substrates in order to investigate metastatic tumor cell invasion in vitro. The cultures consisted of small pieces (approximately 1 × 3 mm) of neonatal mouse cerebrum or cerebellum tissue. Brain tissue pieces were allowed to attach to the substrates and were then cultured for 14–15 days in roller tubes. Cellulose polyacetate was found to be the best substrate for the attachment of brain tissue, and it eliminated some of the undesirable tissue movements that occurred using other substrates. Also, the invasion assays were the most reproducible using this tissue support. In culture, both cerebrum and cerebellum tissue achieved stable structures by 14 days, but the neurons and astrocytes in these tissues continued to exhibit structural changes such as extension of cellular processes. Murine B16 melanoma cells selected in vivo 15 times for brain colonization bound rapidly to and invaded brain tissue, infiltrating deep into the tissue within 4 hours and displacing the entire tissue by 5 days. Many of the B16 tumor cells extended pseudopodia and filopodia during invasion, suggesting that their tissue infiltration was an active invasive process. However, some B16 cells remained spherical in shape with numerous surface microvilli, but these same tumor cells also moved into the brain tissue. Brain tissue attached to cellulose polyacetate appeared to be the most useful system for elucidating the invasive interactions of malignant cells with brain tissues in vitro.
Response covariance in cat visual cortex.

The activity of pairs of neurons in the visual cortex (area 17) of anaesthetized, paralysed cats was recorded using two independently manipulated micropipettes. The number of spikes in the evoked responses of pairs of single neurons were analyzed for response covariance. Responses of the majority of cell pairs (83%) did not covary. Covariance was restricted to closeby neurons with distances of less than 150 μm and with identical orientation and ocular dominance preference.
Case Study: Buspirone-Associated Mental Status Changes

Abstract The pharmacological management of anxiety in children primarily has used antidepressants, such as imipramine. Buspirone, an atypical anxiolytic, has been shown to be of benefit in both adults and children. It has relatively few side effects and is generally well tolerated. Two cases are reported here involving children treated for anxiety with buspirone who subsequently suffered a possible psychotic deterioration.
A model-based proxy for unified IaaS management

The use of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) has become more and more prevalent over the past few years. Many IaaS users face the challenge of managing different services and applications running on different IaaS providers. This requires them to interact with different APIs offered by the different providers, and increases the complexity of managing their services. In this paper, we address this problem by modeling IaaS using the DMTF Common Information Model (CIM) meta-model. Based on this model, a generic IaaS proxy was developed using Web2Exchange to enable users to easily manage services provided by variant IaaS providers in a heterogeneous environment. As an initial case study we have prototyped the unified IaaS proxy with capability to support management of Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service.
Change is Coming: A Combined Services Area Project

Many academic libraries are following the trend of combining reference and access services at a single service location. Here at the Georgia Institute of Technology Library and Information Center, we are working on a Combined Services Area Project to transform current service points into a one-stop-shop area that offers reference, circulation, and technology support services. This article details the processes involved in planning and implementing an integrated services desk, outlines the benefits and challenges discovered in the process, and sets the framework for developing a collaborative service model.
Classical-equations-of-motion calculations of high-energy heavy-ion collisions

Results are obtained with the classical-equations-of-motion approach which provides a complete microscopic, classical, description including finite-range interaction effects. Nonrelativistic classical-equations-of-motion calculations are made for equal mass projectile and target nuclei with ${A}_{P}={A}_{T}=20$ (Ne + Ne) at laboratory energies per projectile nucleon of ${E}_{L}=117, 400, \mathrm{and} 800$ MeV and at 400 MeV for ${A}_{P}={A}_{T}=40$ (Ca + Ca). A static two-body potential ${V}_{\mathrm{st}}$ is used which is fitted to ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{(2)}$, the ${sin}^{2}\ensuremath{\theta}$ weighted differential cross section. For ${A}_{P}={A}_{T}=20$ we also use a scattering equivalent momentum dependent potential ${V}_{\mathrm{tr}}$. ${V}_{\mathrm{st}}$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ give identical two-body scattering but are not equivalent for many-body scattering and are used to test for finite-range interaction effects in heavy-ion collisions. The evolution of central collisions is discussed. For these multiple scattering is large leading to high momentum components. Dissipation quite generally is larger at lower energies and is appreciable during the expansion phase of central collisions giving approximately thermalized distributions at the lower ${E}_{L}$. A peak at approximately the same momentum at all angles develops in the momentum distribution near the beginning of the expansion and changes roughly in step with the potential energy; for ${A}_{P}={A}_{T}=20$ at 800 MeV the peak persists to the final distributions. There are very appreciable differences in the densities, potential energies, and distributions between ${V}_{\mathrm{st}}$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{tr}}$ during the strong interaction stage. However, the final distributions are not significantly different even for ${A}_{P}={A}_{T}=20$ at 800 MeV. For ${A}_{P}={A}_{T}=40$ at 400 MeV a transverse peaking develops in the momentum distribution suggestive of collective effects. Noncentral collisions show typical nonequilibrium features and for larger impact parameters the final distributions show a strong single scattering component. This is true also of the impact parameter averaged distributions which are in fair agreement with experiment. A partial test of thermal models is made. Limitations and extensions of the classical-equations-of-motion approach are discussed. In particular we propose a new kinetic equation which includes finite-range interaction effects. Relativistic classical-equations-of-motion calculations to $O(\frac{{v}^{2}}{{c}^{2}})$ are briefly discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Heavy ion (Ne + Ne, Ca + Ca); $\mathrm{laboratory}\mathrm{energy}/n=117, 400, 800$ MeV; classical microscopic many-body calculations.
Fast finite-difference solution of biharmonic problems

Setting the Reynolds number equal to zero, in a method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations numerically, results in a fast numerical method for biharmonic problems. The equation is treated as a system of two second order equations and a simple smoothing process is essential for convergence. An application is made to a crack-type problem.
The influence of molecular weight on the large deformation behavior of SBS triblock copolymer elastomers

Engineering stress–strain properties were determined for two polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene (SBS) triblock copolymer elastomers, one consisting of blocks of molecular weight 7000/43000/7000 and the other, 16000/85000/17000. In addition, various blends of these two materials were prepared in order to vary the number-average molecular weight of the blocks in a systematic way while maintaining polystyrene content in the range of 25–28 wt %. Samples were solvent cast from benzene or benzene/heptane mixtures and annealed before testing. Ring specimens were extended to rupture at varying strain rates on an Instron tensile tester. Results indicate that number-average molecular weight has a marked influence on stress–strain behavior over the range of molecular weights and testing conditions employed. The observed behavior is consistent with a systematic increase in the proportion of a mixed interfacial region between the pure polystyrene and polybutadiene domain as molecular weight decreases. The interfacial region contributes to mechanical hystersis, rate sensitivity, and toughness in the SBS materials. Scanning electron photomicrographs of fracture surfaces also showed systematic changes with molecular weight.
Inhibition of Tissue Factor Gene Activation in Cultured Endothelial Cells by Curcumin Suppression of Activation of Transcription Factors Egr-1, AP-1, and NF-κB

Binding of plasma factor VII(a) to tissue factor (TF) initiates the coagulation cascade. In health, TF is not expressed in endothelial cells. However, endothelial cells express TF in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), and other biological stimuli. TF expression by endothelial cells is implicated in thrombotic disorders in patients with a variety of clinical disorders. In the present study, we demonstrate that curcumin (diferulolylmethane), a known anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), LPS, TNF alpha, and thrombin-induced TF activity and TF gene transcription in human endothelial cells. The present data show that curcumin prevented the activation of c-Rel/p65, which is essential for TF gene activation in endothelial cells, by impairing the proteolytic degradation inhibitor protein, I kappa B alpha. The data also show that curcumin downregulated AP-1 binding activity. The present studies are the first to demonstrate that PMA, but not LPS, TNF alpha, and thrombin, induced Egr-1 binding to the second serum-responsive region (SRR-2) of TF promoter and that curcumin inhibited the PMA-induced Egr-1 binding to SRR-2. Overall, the data suggest that the anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin may be related to its ability to inhibit cellular gene expression regulated by transcription factors NF-kappa B, AP-1, and Egr-1.
General Technical Considerations for the Endovascular Management of Cerebral Aneurysms

Cerebral aneurysms pose a threat to patients because of their risk of rupture causing subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the goal of treatment is the exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation to prevent bleeding (in the case of unruptured aneurysms) or rebleeding. This article analyzes the general technical factors associated with the endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. It discusses issues with transarterial access; imaging of aneurysm size, morphology, and regional anatomy to determine the endovascular plan; the techniques for the major endovascular aneurysm devices; and periprocedural management issues to reduce potential treatment-related complications.
Exposing a DUX Tale

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), the third most common muscular dystrophy, is characterized by progressive weakness that starts in the facial muscles, proceeds to the upper back (scapula) and shoulder-upper arm regions (humeral), and eventually affects the trunk and lower extremities. Since 1992, this disorder has been associated with an array of repeated DNA sequences (called D4Z4) on chromosome 4 ( 1 ). An unaffected chromosome 4 has between 11 and more than 100 repeat units within D4Z4, but when this is shortened to 1 to 10 units, disease develops (see the figure). How this contraction leads to disease has been a mystery. Over the past 3 years, analyses of chromosome 4q35 have identified a combination of DNA sequences (haplotype 4A161) associated with susceptibility to FSHD, suggesting that specific sequence variations are coupled to disease pathogenesis in conjunction with D4Z4 contraction ( 2 ). On page 1650 of this issue, Lemmers et al. ( 3 ) provide an intriguing unifying model for FSHD pathogenesis based on very high resolution haplotype mapping and sequence analyses and careful study of exceptional pedigrees.
Communication and Ecumenism

Ecumenism is dependent upon communication for initiation and for continuance. Yet both concepts, “ecumenism,” and “communication,” seem so mystical as to be a special case of the blind leading the blind. The relationship between ecumenism and communication as reflected in selected recent writings dealing with their reciprocal impact is herein examined.
A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF PRIMARY CARE (PC) TO PREVENT LIFE-THREATENING ILLNESS(LTI) IN HIGH RISK INFANTS. ▴ 1540

Although widely accepted as a model for pediatric care, PC has not been shown in proper trials to reduce major adverse outcomes. We have conducted a randomized trial among infants at high social and medical risk to determine whether PC reduces their incidence of LTI (death or illness treated by pediatric intensive care [PIC], assessed by serial blinded reviews of state vital statistics and Medicaid records as well as hospital charts). All infants have been born in an inner-city county hospital (Parkland) and either weighed< 1001 g or were ventilator-treated and 1001-1500 g. They have been randomized to either conventional care (CC) for these infants (with well baby care, care for chronic illnesses, and developmental assessment provided in our follow-up clinic) or to PC (including care for acute illnesses in this clinic 5 d/wk and phone access to the PC provider 24 h/d). The same nurse practitioners and physician supervisors provide PC and CC. Preplanned sample size =762 infants. With 709 infants randomized, 616 have completed study at 1 year adjusted age; 310 have received PC and 306 have received CC. PC and CC groups have been at similar high-risk (e.g., 96 vs 94% ventilator-treated; 86 vs 84% minority). PC has increased mean number of contacts with clinic staff(22.1 vs 7.5) and reduced ER visits (638 vs 871), total hospital days (1725 vs 2081), and loss to follow-up (FU) (9 vs 35%) before 1 year adjusted age (each p <.01). Known deaths do not differ for PC and CC (10 vs 12) although fewer PC infant have an unknown outcome after extensive searching (10 vs 42). Despite more complete information for PC than CC, PC has had fewer identified days of PIC (227 vs 358), PIC admissions (17 vs 40), and LTIs (27 vs 49, p<.025). Among infants who have not moved from Dallas and were able to receive the intervention, the differences were more marked: 100 vs 336 PIC days, 16 vs 38 PIC admissions, and 26 vs 47 LTIs (p <.025). PC increases access to preventative health care, reduces loss to FU, and substantially reduces LTI among high-risk infants whose needs are not well met by the current health care system. Supported by Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Integrative Response Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder

Binge Eating Disorder (BED), a chronic condition characterized by eating disorder psychopathology and physical and social disability, represents a significant public health problem. Guided Self Help (GSH) treatments for BED appear promising and may be more readily disseminable to mental health care providers, accessible to patients, and cost-effective than existing, efficacious BED specialty treatments which are limited in public health utility and impact given their time and expense demands. No existing BED GSH treatment has incorporated affect regulation models of binge eating, which appears warranted given research linking negative affect and binge eating. Integrative Response Therapy (IRT), a new group-based guided self-help treatment, based on the affect regulation model of binge eating, that has shown initial promise in a pilot sample of adults meeting DSM IV criteria for BED, is described. Fifty-four% and 67% of participants were abstinent at post-treatment and three month follow-up respectively. There was a significant reduction in the number of binge days over the previous 28 days from baseline to post-treatment [14.44 (±7.16) to 3.15 (±5.70); t=7.71, p<.001; d=2.2] and from baseline to follow-up [14.44 (±7.16) to 1.50 (±2.88); t=5.64, p<.001; d=1.7]. All subscales from both the Eating Disorder Examination - Questionnaire and Emotional Eating Scale were significantly lower at post-treatment compared to baseline. 100% of IRT participants would recommend the program to a friend or family member in need. IRT's longer-term efficacy and acceptability are presently being tested in a National Institute of Mental Health funded randomized controlled trial.
Orientational correlations and order in A3C60 - Consequences for density of states and conductivity

A tight-binding method which has been previously applied to study the effect of uncorrelated orientational disorder on conduction-band properties is extended here to the case of systems with long-range order and/or short-range correlations. The density of states and conductivity are not highly sensitive to the specific short-range correlations, so long as the system is not too close to being fully ordered. Hence the strong effects of disorder found previously appear to be robust and should play an important role in the interpretation of normal-state properties of A3C60.
Two-dimensional nonlinear theory of double-stream cyclotron masers

A two-dimensional ((partial)/(partial)(theta) equals 0), nonlinear theory of double-stream cyclotron masers is presented in a cylindrical configuration. A dispersion relation, which describes small-amplitude, space-charge cyclotron waves on two co-propagating gyrating electron beams in a finite axial magnetic field, is derived and used to analyze the double-stream cyclotron maser instability. The sensitivity of the instability growth rate to axial momentum spread of the electrons within each beam is investigated. The saturation levels of the instability are obtained from simulations for parameter regimes of experimental interest.
Radiation-induced synergistic effects of athermal and thermal mechanisms on erosion and surface evolution of advanced electrode and condenser optics materials

In extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) environments transient plasma dynamics dictate conditions for particle/surface interactions. A critical challenge facing EUVL development is optic component lifetime both in gas-discharge produced plasmas (GDPP) and laser-produced plasmas (LPP) devices. Optic components are exposed to impingent species, impurities (H,C,O,N) and debris leading to their degradation and consequently limiting 13.5 nm light reflection intensity. Experiments in the PRIME (Particles and Radiation Interaction with Matter Experiments) facility at the Argonne National Laboratory study the synergy between radiation-induced athermal and thermal mechanisms that influence the behavior of EUVL materials (electrodes and condenser optics) under irradiation conditions including: incident particle energy (50 eV - 5 keV), angle-of-incidence (near-normal to oblique), incident flux (1011-1017 ions/cm2/s), surface coatings (impurity: C,O or capping layers: Ru, W), and surface temperature (100 - 1000 C). Results of electrode and optical component interaction with singly-charged inert gases (Xe) are presented. Critical issues under study include: radiation enhanced diffusion, radiation induced segregation, preferential sputtering, collisional mixing, surface segregation, surface amorphization, thermal diffusion and thermal spike evolution. Experiments in PRIME will be complemented with atomistic modeling to study how these mechanisms modify surfaces and how these mechanisms can work synergistically to introduce solutions to enhance component lifetime of electrode and condenser optic materials.
“Shadowing” Itinerant ECSE Teachers: A Descriptive Study of Itinerant Teacher Activities

Abstract In an effort to document the responsibilities and professional activities of itinerant early childhood special education (ECSE) teachers, five teachers were asked to participate in an observational study in which they were observed and their behaviors coded. Observations occurred at three different times during the year, during three-week cycles. Trained observers used the Classroom Visit Observation Form (CVOF, adapted from the Home Visit Observation Form, McBride & Peterson, 1997) to code the nature of itinerant teachers' activities when visiting selected target children enrolled in community-based early childhood programs. Results indicate that despite recommendations from the field for itinerant early childhood special education teachers to provide consultative services, the participants of this study rarely engaged in consultation and interacted primarily with children. These results also were validated through the participating teachers' responses in structured journals documenting their ac...
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Affects Social Behavior in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Children prenatally exposed to cocaine are reported to exhibit inappropriate social behavior, including aggression. We have recently observed a similar phenomenon in rats prenatally exposed to cocaine. Pregnant females were injected twice daily with 15 mg/kg cocaine hydrochloride or saline on gestation days 1-20. Offspring were tested for social behavior towards two unfamiliar, untreated rats of the same age and sex. Cocaine-treated males (90 PND) took longer to reciprocate contact and cocaine-treated females (60 PND) spent more time rough grooming unfamiliar females. Male cocaine offspring (180 PND) tested for aggression exhibited an increased frequency and duration and decreased latency to chase an intruder. ACTH was lower in cocaine-treated males (150-180 PND) following plus-maze exposure or exposure to an unfamiliar male. Our data indicate that prenatal cocaine treatment in rats increases fear or aggression responses, dependent on sex and stimulus situation.
A General Strategy for the NMR Observation of Half-Integer Quadrupolar Nuclei in Dilute Environments

Abstract A general strategy for the observation of low γ half-integer quadrupolar nuclides in biological systems is presented. The methodology combines low-temperature (4–100 K) techniques with cross-polarization (CP) experiments while employing a so-called Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill spin-echo sequence (CPMG). This combined approach is termed CP/QCPMG. Also discussed are data processing issues that are unique to the induced signals that result from the QCPMG pulse sequence. Central to this strategy is the development of a stable low-temperature (4 to 250 K) NMR double-resonance probe. The probe is robust enough to handle multiple contact experiments and long acquisition periods with 1 H decoupling. This approach is illustrated with low-temperature solid-state 67 Zn and 25 Mg NMR CP/QCPMG experiments on model compounds. The conclusion reached is that the strategy affords sufficient sensitivity to examine Zn 2+ and/or Mg 2+ binding sites in metalloproteins.
Science, Policy, Activism, and War: Defining the Health of Gulf War Veterans:

Many servicemen and women began suffering from a variety of symptoms and illnesses soon after the 1991 Gulf War. Some veterans believe that their illnesses are related to toxic exposures during their service, though scientific research has been largely unable to demonstrate any link. Disputes over the definition, etiology, and treatment of Gulf War-related illnesses (GWRIs) continue. The authors examine the roles of science, policy, and veteran activism in developing an understanding of GWRIs. They argue that the government’s stress-based explanation of GWRIs and its insistence on a scientific link between service in the gulf and veteran illnesses forced veterans to shift from pleas for care, treatment, and compensation on moral grounds to engagement in the scientific process and debates over the interpretation of scientific findings. The authors compare the experiences of veterans to those of breast cancer activists to explain the stages of illness contestation in general.
Determination of Diarylamines in Rubber Compositions

Abstract THIS paper deals with semi-quantitative methods for the determination of certain typical diarylamine age resisters—namely, diphenylamine, phenyl-α-naphthylamine, and N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine. It serves as an essential feature of a study of the general behavior of these materials in rubber to be discussed in a subsequent communication. Previous methods for the detection and estimation of rubber age resisters have been of limited though of useful application. Thus Endoˆ (3) described the colors produced by the action of sulfuric acid on a large number of commercial age resisters unmixed with rubber. Later Endoˆ (4) published papers dealing with the action of concentrated nitric acid and Erdman reagent (solution of 0.5 ml. of concentrated nitric acid in 100 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid) as well as of Mandelin reagent (solution of 1 gram of ammonium vansdate in 200 grams of concentrated sulfuric acid) and of concentrated sulfuric acid containing 1 per cent of arsenic acid.
Herniation of the lung: a case report.

Abstract Background Chest pain accounts for a significant number of visits to the Emergency Department. Lung herniation is an uncommon cause of chest pain, but one that is easily treated. Patients may complain of pain or present with ecchymosis or a visible bulge in the chest wall. Most lung herniations are located anteriorly or at the thoracic inlet, due to the lack of musculature in these areas. We present a unique case of a right lateral lung herniation and subsequent development of a spontaneous right-sided transdiaphragmatic hernia. Objectives To discuss the presentation of a patient found to have a spontaneous lung and bowel herniation, and to review the literature regarding these entities. Case Report A 61-year old gentleman with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and previous long-standing smoking history presented with complaints of right-sided chest pain and cough. He was found to have a spontaneous right lateral lung herniation. This was managed expectantly, but the patient subsequently developed spontaneous right-sided diaphragmatic rupture and herniation of bowel contents through the chest wall. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient presenting with spontaneous right-sided lateral lung herniation and spontaneous right-sided transdiaphragmatic hernia. This case is unusual given the location of the hernias, and is unique in the spontaneous development of the hernias without any inciting history of trauma.
British contributions to American seaside resorts

Abstract The British contribution to the 19th century North American seaside resolt was substantial. Most of the activities, structures, and philosophies that attracted North Americans in great numbers to the seaside not only originated in Britain but prior to diffusion to North America had become traditional fixtures in British resort life. The importance of the British contributions can be demonstrated by examining salient characteristics of the resorts on both sides of the Atlantic. Health resorts origins, social characteristics, architectural and landscape designs, visitor activities and perceptions, mechanical innovations aand relationships to transportation phenomena characteristics of British seaside resorts were largely emulated by subsequent institutions in North America. To date it appears that America scholars have been slow to recognize the extent of this cultural debt.
Relation between traffic density and capacity drop at three freeway bottlenecks

Abstract Three freeway bottlenecks, each with a distinct geometry, are shown to share a relation between vehicle density and losses in discharge flow. Each bottleneck suffered reductions in discharge once queues formed just upstream. This so-called “capacity drop” was related to the density measured over some extended-length freeway segment near each bottleneck. Pronounced increase in this density always preceded a capacity drop. For each bottleneck, the densities that coincided with capacity drops were reproducible. When normalized by a bottleneck’s number of travel lanes and averaged across observation days, the density that coincided with capacity drop was even similar across bottlenecks. (These densities were nearly identical for two of the bottlenecks and the more notable difference observed for the third may be only an artifact of how the data were collected.) The findings indicate that traffic-responsive schemes to control density hold promise for increasing bottleneck discharge flows. Standardized control logic might even suffice for bottlenecks of various forms. With an eye toward future testing and deployment of such control schemes, we present and validate in an Appendix A to this paper a simple algorithm for the real-time measurement of density over freeway links of extended lengths.