cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sorption and degradation of bentazon in conventional- and no-till Dundee soil

Herbicides applied postemergence, such as bentazon [3-(1-methyl-ethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], reach the soil surface due to incomplete interception by the plant canopy or foliar washoff. Thus, potential off-site transport is influenced by sorption equilibrium/kinetics and degradation. This study addressed the effects of tillage practice on the sorption and degradation of 14 C-labeled bentazon using Dundee silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, thermic, Aeric Ochraqualf) taken from the conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT) treatments of a tillage experiment without bentazon exposure for more than 3 yr. Data were generated for surface and subsurface samples. The kinetics of bentazon sorption in CT surface soil were rapid, with apparent equilibrium achieved in 1 h. Furthermore, the extent of sorption was low and the equilibrium distribution of solution and sorbed bentazon could be described using a linear model. Differences in soil organic matter between tillage treatments and with depth were not reflected in sorption behavior. However, degradation was more rapid in the CT surface soil than in the corresponding NT soil and more rapid in surface than subsurface soil. In all cases, degradation proceeded with little mineralization (<3%) over the 22-d duration of these experiments, however, the amount of unextractable 14 C (80 :20, CH 3 OH :0.01 M CaCl 2 extractant) increased with time. Analysis of the extractable fraction by HPLC gave no evidence of metabolites. Bentazon degradation was approximated using simple first-order kinetics, however, the data were best described using two-compartment models. Development of a bound 14 C fraction, despite limited bentazon sorption and no evidence for extractable metabolites, suggested that metabolic intermediates exhibit high sorption affinity.
Measuring Circuit for Radiometers

In using radiometers it is often necessary to measure output voltages as low as a few tenths of a microvolt. Measurement of voltages of this magnitude requires special precautions and measuring technique. The apparatus and method for measuring such voltages with an uncertainty of less than 14 percent or 0.001 microvolt are described. The method eliminates the effect of zero and “dark” voltage drift and of parasitic electromotive forces in the measuring circuit. Also the method calibrates the entire amplifier-recorder circuit as a unit and it is, therefore, not necessary either to set exactly or to record the position of any of the controls, the only requirement being the obvious one of leaving them set in position for both calibration and measurement.
Three-Dimensional Combined Convective-Radiative Heat Transfer over a Horizontal Backward-Facing Step—A Finite-Volume Method

This article presents a numerical simulation of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in a channel with a backward-facing step. Flow was considered to be steady, incompressible, and laminar. The flow medium was treated as radiatively participating. Governing momentum, energy, and the radiative transfer equations were solved by a finite-volume method. Extensive validation studies were carried out. The SIMPLE algorithm was used to link pressure and velocity fields. The combined convective-radiative heat transfer was studied by varying optical thickness (τ H = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4) and scattering albedo (ω = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1). Variation of thermophysical properties with temperature was considered in this study. Effects of those radiative parameters on velocity, bulk temperature, and Nusselt number are presented in detail. The study goes further to investigate the variation of reattachment length with radiative parameters. The thermal penetration decreased with a decrease in optical thickness and an...
Adult haematopoietic cells transplanted to sheep fetuses continue to produce adult globins.

In man, several primates, sheep and goats, fetal haemoglobin (Hb F: α2γ2) is synthesized during the intra-uterine life, with a switch to adult haemoglobin (Hb A: α2β2) production around birth. The mechanisms underlying the switches in globin gene expression are unknown. Studies of erythroid cell cultures suggest that haemoglobin switching is controlled at the level of haematopoietic progenitor cells1,2. To test whether interactions between the haematopoietic environment and the haematopoietic progenitor cells have a role in the haemoglobin switch, we transplanted adult cells into unrelated sheep fetuses at a time of gestation when only fetal haemoglobin was being produced in the recipient cells. We report here that there was engraftment of the donor cells and bone marrow chimaeras were formed. The donor cells, proliferating and differentiating in the fetal environment, continued to produce adult haemoglobin. These results suggest that the fetal environment does not contain elements capable of switching the adult haematopoietic cells to a fetal programme of haemoglobin synthesis.
A prospective randomized trial on efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in asymptomatic teeth with pulpal necrosis and associated periapical pathosis

Abstract A recent study from aprivate endodontic practice compared “prophylactic” antibiotic (high-dose, 1-day) regimens of penicillin V and erythromycin (base or stearate) for patients who had asymptomatic teeth with pulpal necrosis and associated periapical radiolucent lesions (PN/PL). A 2.2% flare-up incidence was found, with no statistically significant differences for penicillin (0.0%), base (2.9%), and stearate (3.8%). No hypersensitivity responses occurred, and gastrointestinal side effects were found were found primarily with the erythromycins (12.4%). To ascertain whether or not similar results would occur with student operators in a dental school clinic population, the current study was undertaken. One-hundred ninety-five patients with quiescent PN/PL were randomly given either penicillin V or erythromycin (base or stearate). A 2.6% flare-up incidence was found, with no statistically significant differences for penicillin (3.1%), base (1.5%), and stearate (3.1%). No hypersensitivity responses occurred, and GI side effects were found primarily with the erythromycins (17.7%). As can be seen, the results were very similar to those of the recent endodontic practice study. Hence, it can be concluded that the results of the previous endodontic practice study were not unique to any one clinician or method. A comparison was also made between the “prophylactic” penicillin group of the current study and the placebo control group of our previous dental scholl clinic, student operator study (in which the methods, population, and regimen were almost identical to those of the current study). The results showed that the “prophylactic” penicillin group had significant fewer flare-ups and non-flare-up-associated swelling and pain that did the placebo group. In view of these findings and those from studies from the literature in which “prophylactic” anbiotics were not used, it is our opinion that the antibiotic regimens used in the current study should be a component of clinical endodontic therapy for quiescent PN/PL.
Managerial moral hazard and auditor changes

Abstract In many situations, an auditor change is in the best interests of both shareholders and managers. However, management may also initiate an audit firm change in an attempt to suppress or delay the release of unfavourable information. In this paper, we present the results of three separate tests of “Over the Counter” companies, which relate to managerial attempts to withhold information from the market. In the first who tests, we show that companies that change auditors shortly before bankruptcy appear to have done so because they were unable to suppress unfavourable information. The first of the tests shows a significantly better bankcruptcy prediction model for auditor changers than for non-changers. The second test rules out the major competing rationale for the results observed in the first test: that the auditor change firms had an early warning, or longer lead-time, before bankcruptcy. The remaining explanation, that managers were attempting to switch to more cooperative auditors, is thus indirectly supported. In the third test we show that the market takes the possibility of managerial moral hazard into account. Abnormal returns in the month of auditor change announcement are significantly negative in all cases except for changes from non-Big Eight to Big Eight auditors. Furthermore, abnormal returns were significantly more-negative when managers held more than 50 percent of the company's common stock, thus removing any effective method of managerial discipline by outside shareholders. Taken together, the results indicate that in periods of financial distress, managers seem to attempt to suppress unfavourable information from the market. This suppression cannot be accounted for as the result of a longer lead-time between distress and bankcrupty for firms that change auditors than for firms that do not. Finally, the market seems to be aware of the potential for managerial moral hazard, in that the share price response is unambigously negative, except in likely “good news” situations.
The structure of second and third order twin boundaries in silicon

Symmetric second and third order twin boundaries in silicon have been observed using high resolution TEM. Micrographs of a symmetric (221)..sigma.. = 9 boundary exhibited contrast feature consistent with the zig-zag dislocation structure proposed by Hornstra and similar to those reported in germanium. A model for a symmetric (529)..sigma.. = 27 boundary was constructed and found to have the same periodicity and faceted structure as an experimentally observed ..sigma.. = 27 boundary. A system for modelling the structure of tilt boundaries in tetrahedrally coordinated materials was developed based on the early work of Hornstra. Boundaries with (110) median planes and misorientations up to 70.53/sup 0/ were constructed using a repeating series of simple structural units.
Geometry of Left Ventricular Contraction in the Systolic Click Syndrome Characterization of a Segmental Myocardial Abnormality

Left ventricular (LV) shape change during systole was characterized in nine patients with typical clinical findings of the systolic click syndrome (SCS) by means of cineangiographic measurements of three segmental diameters of the LV cavity and of the mitral valve ring (MVR) and contrasted with findings in eight patients with normal LV function. In the latter group, shortening of the proximal, midventricular, and apical segment diameters was comparable, averaging 38.6, 40.3, and 46.8%, respectively; MVR shortening averaged 31.8%. The velocity of fiber shortening, estimated as mean circumferential fiber shortening rate (mean FSR), was also similar in the three segments (1.66, 1.84, and 2.09 circ/sec). In patients with SCS, the extent of shortening and mean FSR in the proximal ventricular segment were consistently reduced (average 22.2%, P < 0.005; and 0.96 circ/sec, P < 0.025 respectively), and the MVR exhibited either reduced extent of contraction (four patients) or was unchanged or increased in diameter during systole (five patients). However, shortening of the midventricular and apical segments was normal, averaging 37.5 and 40.5%, respectively, as was the mean FSR in these segments (averages 1.60 and 1.70 circ/sec). These findings are consistent with a primary disorder of the myocardium in SCS localized to the inflow region of the left ventricle.
Concepts of deviance in children and adolescents: The case of Japan

This paper reviews the theoretical, clinical, and empirical literature on three forms of deviance in Japan: bullying, school refusal, and children's violence against parents. These behaviors are among the most widely discussed and extensively researched behavioral problems of children and adolescents in Japan today, yet they occur with relatively low frequency compared with other industrialized nations This paper analyzes the relationship among Japanese child‐rearing goals, traditional values, interpersonal dynamics, and concepts of deviance in children and adolescents and explores the emergence of these expressions of deviant behavior as major social problems in Japan. Application of this type of sociocultural‐psychological analysis to the study of deviance in American society is considered.
Temperature and pH dependences of hydrogen exchange and global stability for ovomucoid third domain.

Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to monitor proton−deuterium exchange rates (kobs) for more than 30 residues in turkey ovomucoid third domain. To test whether exchange is governed by global unfolding, rates were measured over a wide range of pH and temperatures where the change in the free energy of unfolding ( ) is known [Swint, L., & Robertson, A. D. (1993) Protein Sci. 2, 2037−2049; Swint-Kruse, L., & Robertson, A. D. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 4724−4732]. Under conditions where EX2 kinetics are observed, a subset of 6−11 residues exhibits a one-to-one correlation with global stability. These residues are all located in central regions of secondary structures. Many other sites show varied degrees of correlation with , while some are slower than expected on the basis of alone. Preliminary evidence suggests that the latter is due to deviation from EX2 kinetics, even though experimental conditions are relatively mild (pH* 3 and 40 °C) compared to those in which deviations...
Sonophotocatalytic destruction of organic contaminants in aqueous systems on TiO2 powders

Abstract The effect of ultrasound on the photodegradation of salicylic acid on four commercial titania powders was studied. The system exhibiting the highest enhancement was isolated. The use of ultrasound during photocatalysis had a pronounced effect on the rate and efficiency of salicylic acid destruction as compared with UV-light photocatalysis alone. The possible reasons of the increased activity under ultrasonication were proposed: aggregate breakage and photocatalytic utilization of species produced by the ultrasound. The combination of the action of ultrasonic waves and UV-assisted photocatalysis yielded synergistic effects for the catalysts with smaller particle size (such as Hombikat), while no enhancement was observed for the largest particle size photocatalyst (Aldrich anatase). Degussa P25 exhibited the highest overall activity for the degradation of salicylic acid and moderate enhancement of activity by ultrasound. The presence of intermediates in the bulk solution was observed during the purely photocatalytic degradation of phenol. The presence of ultrasound, however, allows to eliminate the toxic intermediates by the sonolysis in the bulk solution.
Advances in sarcoma genomics and new therapeutic targets

Increasingly, human mesenchymal malignancies are being classified by the abnormalities that drive their pathogenesis. Although many of these aberrations are highly prevalent within particular sarcoma subtypes, few are currently targeted therapeutically. Indeed, most subtypes of sarcoma are still treated with traditional therapeutic modalities, and in many cases sarcomas are resistant to adjuvant therapies. In this Review, we discuss the core molecular determinants of sarcomagenesis and emphasize the emerging genomic and functional genetic approaches that, coupled with novel therapeutic strategies, have the potential to transform the care of patients with sarcoma.
Maternal acute fatty liver of pregnancy and the associated risk for long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme a dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency in infants.

ABSTRACTAcute fatty liver disease of pregnancy has been recognized as a clinical problem since the 1980s. In the past 8 years, the association of this disease with a genetic inborn error of metabolism in the infant has been recognized. Women who are heterozygous for this disorder are usually asympto
Pseudocyst of the auricle in a very young child

Abstract Pseudocyst of the auricle (AP) is a rare, benign, cystic lesion that often arises asymptomatically along the anterior auricle typically in adolescent and adult Asian males with no history of antecedent trauma. This is a case report of a 19-month-old male who spontaneously developed AP. Treatment consisted of pressure bolstering of both auricles after excisional biopsy of right AP and aspiration with steroid injection of the left lesion. Follow-up at three months revealed resolution of all lesions and no auricular deformity. This is only the second case reported within literature of AP presenting in a very young child.
Pharmacology and Toxicology of Lutetium Chloride

The pharmacological and toxicological properties of lutetium chloride have been investigated. The intraperitoneal and oral LD 50 ′s were 315 and 7.1 mg./Kg., respectively. Studies of chronic toxicity showed no effect on growth and the hemogram or any internal organ changes at autopsy. Transient ocular irritation was observed, and the chemical produced extensive scar formation when applied to abraded skin. Nodules were formed at the site of intradermal injection. Pharmacological studies showed the chemical to be a depressant on all systems studied. Death resulted from cardiovascular collapse coupled with respiratory paralysis. Such effects could not be counteracted by atropinization or epinephrine injection.
Heat shock protein 27 mediated signaling in viral infection.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) play a critical role in many intracellular processes, including apoptosis and delivery of other proteins to intracellular compartments. Small HSPs have been shown previously to participate in many cellular functions, including IL-8 induction. Human adenovirus infection activates intracellular signaling, involving particularly the c-Src and mitogen-activated protein kinases [Natarajan, K., et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170, 6234–6243]. HSP27 and MK2 are also phosphorylated, and c-Src, and its downstream targets, p38, ERK1/2, and c-Jun-terminal kinase (JNK), differentially mediate IL-8 and MCP-1 expression. Specifically, activation and translocation of transcription factor NFκB-p65 occurs in a p38-dependent fashion [Rajaiya, J., et al. (2009) Mol. Vision 15, 2879–2889]. Herein, we report a novel role for HSP27 in an association of p38 with NFκB-p65. Immunoprecipitation assays of virus-infected but not mock-infected cells revealed a signaling complex including p38 and NFκB-p65. Transfection with HSP27 short interfering RNA (siRNA) but not scrambled RNA disrupted this association and reduced the level of IL-8 expression. Transfection with HSP27 siRNA also reduced the level of nuclear localization of NFκB-p65 and p38. By use of tagged p38 mutants, we found that amino acids 279–347 of p38 are necessary for the association of p38 with NFκB-p65. These studies strongly suggest that HSP27, p38, and NFκB-p65 form a signalosome in virus-infected cells and influence downstream expression of pro-inflammatory mediators.
Functional paleontology: system evolution as the user sees it

It has long been accepted that requirements analysis should precede architectural design and implementation, but in software evolution and reverse engineering this concern with black-box analysis of function has necessarily been de-emphasized in favor of code-based analysis and designer-oriented interpretation. In this paper, we redress this balance by describing “functional paleontology”, an approach to analyzing the evolution of user-visible features or services independent of architecture and design intent. We classify the benefits and burdens of interpersonal communication services into core and peripheral categories and investigate the telephony services available to domestic subscribers over a fifty-year period. We report that services were introduced in discrete bursts, each of which emphasized different benefits and burdens. We discuss the general patterns of functional evolution that this “fossil record” illustrates and conclude by discussing their implications for forward engineering of software products.
Relationships among personality, defense, and academic failure.

Summary A group of 29 academic failure Ss was compared with one of 27 academically successful Ss in order to test out psychoanalytic hypotheses about the relationships among defense, pregenital conflict and school failure. The Blacky Pictures, scored in terms of 30 factors, and the Defense Preference Inventory (D.P.I.) formed the basis of group comparisons. There were significant differences on seven Blacky factors and on a D.P.I. comparison. The results were interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that reliance on defensive processes that are considered to be inimical to intellectual functioning is related to poor academic work, but they did not provide direct evidence that conflict associated with pregenital experience is universally characteristic of failing students.
New evidence regarding the nature of the primary cosmic radiation

It is generally recognized that the cosmic radiation in the atmosphere consists of two components, the hard component and the soft. The interpretation of the soft component as the product of primary electrons which multiply in passing through the atmosphere according to the well-known quantum mechanical principles is completely satisfactory but the hard component presents some serious difficulties. Its particles, the mesotrons, are undoubtedly produced as secondaries within the atmosphere, but what kind of primary particles produce the mesotrons has been until now an unsolved problem. If those particles were the electrons of the soft component, the soft component like the hard component would have to possess the distinguishing characteristic of its positive primaries of being asymmetrically distributed in angle in the regions near the equator. On the other hand, if the two components are independent, the soft component might show no asymmetry despite the fact that the hard component is known to be so strongly asymmetric that it must have been produced entirely by positive primaries.
Influence of sex hormones on total serum copper.

Summary1. Administration of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate to healthy elderly males and post-menopausal women increased significantly their serum copper content. 2. Eight weeks after...
THE KINETICS OF PENETRATION : XVI. THE ACCUMULATION OF AMMONIA IN LIGHT AND DARKNESS.

The accumulation of ammonia takes place more rapidly in light than in darkness. The accumulation appears to go on until a steady state is attained. The steady state concentration of ammonia in the sap is about twice as great in light as in darkness. Both effects are possibly due to the fact that the external pH (and hence the concentration of undissociated ammonia) outside is raised by photosynthesis. Certain "permeability constants" have been calculated. These indicate that the rate is proportional to the concentration gradient across the protoplasm of NH(4)X which is formed by the interaction of NH(3) or NH(4)OH and HX, an acid elaborated in the protoplasm. The results are interpreted to mean that HX is produced only at the sap-protoplasm interface and that on the average its concentration there is about 7 times as great as at the sea water-protoplasm interface. This ratio of HX at the two surfaces also explains why the concentration of undissociated ammonia in the steady state is about 7 times as great in the sea water as in the sap. The permeability constant P''' appears to be greater in the dark. This is possibly associated with an increase in the concentration of HX at both interfaces, the ratio at the two surfaces, however, remaining about the same. The pH of sap has been determined by a new method which avoids the loss of gas (CO(2)), an important source of error. The results indicate that the pH rises during accumulation but the extent of this rise is smaller than has hitherto been supposed. As in previous experiments, the entering ammonia displaced a practically equivalent amount of potassium from the sap and the sodium concentration remained fairly constant. It seems probable that the pH increase is due to the entrance of small amounts of NH(3) or NH(4)OH in excess of the potassium lost as a base.
Remembering the levels of information in words

The qualitative nature of the incidental memory trace produced by perceptual and conceptual processing within a speeded inference task was examined. Performance on recall and auditory recognition tests replicated the general finding that semantic processing leads to better retention of words than does nonsemantic processing. This pattern of results was reversed on a visual recognition test designed to measure the amount of perceptual information remembered. These data suggest that different types of processing result in different aspects of the stimulus being encoded, with conceptual processing resulting primarily in the encoding of semantic information and perceptual processing resulting primarily in the encoding of physical information. Thus, the effectiveness of a particular kind of processing for good memory performance depends on the kind of information being tested.
Magnetic charge type equations from torsion

It is shown that torsion can be built from two independent vector fields, and that these vector fields obey, for the Lagrangian chosen, the equations of electromagnetism with magnetic charge from the two photon formalism. The equation of motion follows from the Bianchi identity ofU4 spacetime, and finally the interpretation of these fields is discussed.
Three models of OPEC leadership and policy in the aftermath of Iran

Abstract Collapse of the Shah's regime has transformed Iran's attitude regarding oil production policy. The nature of OPEC leadership is changing as well. Three models examine the nature of this leadership inside OPEC: (1) the conventional price leadership model, (2) a model emphasizing a concept of egalitarian leadership, and (3) a team model composed of coalitions. The three models establish the limits within which OPEC leadership is exercised. A composite model drawing upon all three sets of results suggests that Saudi Arabia shapes cartel policy not by itself, but through a dominant coalition of states. For most of the period 1969–1978 this coalition has been stable. Following the unsettling changes of 1973, cooptation of Iran into the dominant coalition in 1974 was an important step in achieving a new level of stability. But during the turbulence of regime transformation in Iran, the nature of the governing coalition appears to have changed. One consequence may be that in the future Saudi Arabia will yield more willingly to arguments heard within OPEC on behalf of upwards price pressure, especially in an atmosphere of growing political isolation and overall tight supply.
Peroxidase-catalyzed coupling of phenol in the presence of model inorganic and organic solid phases

Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions of phenol in aqueous systems variously containing silica sand, cellulose, lignin, and polymethylstyrene were investigated. These four solid phase materials represent a broad spectrum of different natural geosorbent types in terms of their physicochemical characteristics. Each solid was found to influence peroxidase-catalyzed phenol coupling, either by mitigation of enzyme inactivation, by participation in cross-coupling, or by a combination of these two activities. Mitigation of enzyme inactivation was observed for those three of the four model solids found to adsorb the enzyme effectively; i.e., cellulose, silica sand, and lignin. Two solids, polymethylstyrene and lignin, were found to participate significantly in cross-coupling reactions. It is postulated that relatively hydrophilic solids can mitigate peroxidase inactivation by forming enzyme-solid associations. Aromatic structures or unsaturated C−C bonds were found to be features of the solid-phase ma...
Functional-calculus approach to stochastic differential equations

The connection between stochastic differential equations and associated Fokker-Planck equations is elucidated by the full functional calculus. One-variable equations with either additive or multiplicative noise are considered. The central focus is on approximate Fokker-Planck equations which describe the consequences of using ``colored'' noise, which has an exponential correlation function and a correlation time \ensuremath{\tau}. To leading order in \ensuremath{\tau}, the functional-calculus approach generalizes the \ensuremath{\tau}-expansion result and produces an approximate Fokker-Planck equation free from certain difficulties which have plagued the less general approximations. Mean first-passage-time behavior for bistable potentials, an additive case, is discussed in detail. The new result presented here leads to a mean first-passage-time formula in quantitative agreement with the results of numerical simulation and in contrast with earlier theoretical conclusions. The theory provides new results for the multiplicative case as well.
Cognitive Load Differentially Impacts Response Control in Girls and Boys with ADHD

Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently show impaired response control, including deficits in response inhibition and increased intrasubject variability (ISV) compared to typically-developing (TD) children. However, significantly less research has examined factors that may influence response control in individuals with ADHD, such as task or participant characteristics. The current study extends the literature by examining the impact of increasing cognitive demands on response control in a large sample of 81children with ADHD (40 girls) and 100 TD children (47 girls), ages 8–12 years. Participants completed a simple Go/No-Go (GNG) task with minimal cognitive demands, and a complex GNG task with increased cognitive load. Results showed that increasing cognitive load differentially impacted response control (commission error rate and tau, an ex-Gaussian measure of ISV) for girls, but not boys, with ADHD compared to same-sex TD children. Specifically, a sexually dimorphic pattern emerged such that boys with ADHD demonstrated higher commission error rate and tau on both the simple and complex GNG tasks as compared to TD boys, whereas girls with ADHD did not differ from TD girls on the simple GNG task, but showed higher commission error rate and tau on the complex GNG task. These findings suggest that task complexity influences response control in children with ADHD in a sexually dimorphic manner. The findings have substantive implications for the pathophysiology of ADHD in boys versus girls with ADHD.
The clinical use of immunosuppressants in the treatment of putative autoimmune intra-ocular diseases

Uveitis refers to a large number of intra-ocular inflammatory disorders with both endogenous and exogenous causes, the latter including such disorders as toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus retinitis. A large number of blinding disorders are of putative autoimmune origin, requiring effective immunosuppression. High dose steroids have been used to treat several endogenous conditions. Alkylating agents appear anecdotally to be more effective than anti-metabolites. However, the concern of long-term and short-term side effects, as well as the question as to whether vision is being preserved in these patients has made this approach somewhat less attractive. Cyclosporine has been utilized in the treatment of several sight-threatening disorders. Approaches have concentrated on therapeutic regimens that will give the least in secondary effects, while other studies are presently evaluating the usefulness of cyclosporine G. Several conditions, such as Behcet's disease and the intermediate and posterior uveitic entities that lead to macular edema appear to respond well. It is imperative to evaluate the patient for other causes of poor vision that may not respond to this type of therapy.
Complications of surgery in glaucoma. Suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage in glaucoma patients undergoing intraocular surgery

A retrospective study of suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage in 1638 consecutive cases of intraocular surgery in patients with glaucoma identified 12 cases. A brief summary of each is presented. The pathogenesis of suprachoroidal expulsive hemorrhage is discussed, emphasizing the increased risk of this surgical complication in patients with glaucoma.
Teacher Beliefs and the Extent to Which Sustainable Agriculture Is Taught in High School

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between agriculture teachers' beliefs about sustainable agriculture and the extent to which teachers taught topics in sustainable agriculture. A random sample of 844 teachers in the north central region of the United States was sent questionnaires. Teachers' beliefs regarding sustainable agriculture explained no variance in the extent to which teachers taught selected sustainable agriculture topics. However, teachers' perceptions of selected agriculture practices uniquely explained only 1% of variance. Future research on beliefs regarding sustainable agriculture may rely more on understanding teachers' perceptions of sustainable agriculture practices than teachers' sustainable agriculture beliefs.
Benefit/risk of estrogen therapy in cardiovascular disease: current knowledge and future challenges.

In the United States, cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of death among women. A majority of the deaths are due to coronary disease. In addition, the incidence of heart attacks increases with age. Among those who are 65 years of age or older, the estimated heart attack rate is 374,000 per year for women, compared with 440,000 per year for men. In the past three decades, a number of observational studies have suggested that estrogen therapy can reduce the risk of coronary disease in postmenopausal women. This protective effect appears to be much greater in women who have existing coronary disease than in those without coronary disease. These observational data point to the potential usefulness of estrogen therapy in preventing cardiovascular death among women. Although large, well-controlled, clinical trials are needed to confirm the benefit of estrogen therapy, several important findings strongly support the cardioprotective effect of estrogen therapy. For example, in monkeys estrogen prevents the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (a known risk factor for heart disease) in coronary arteries, and estrogen has also been shown to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (a known cardioprotective factor). Estrogen also possesses a vasodilating property, which can improve cardiac performance in ischemic heart disease. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that estrogens (especially equilin) exhibit a high antioxidant effect, which may also be related to cardioprotectivity. Although estrogen therapy has been observed to decrease the risk of coronary disease, long-term estrogen therapy has also been found to increase the risk of uterine carcinoma ; the addition of progesterone to estrogen therapy may lessen this undesirable risk, however. On the other hand, the addition of progesterone to estrogen therapy may decrease estrogen's beneficial effect on HDL cholesterol. What should be the present position on estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women ? What is the best dosage regimen ? Should it be used alone or in combination with a progesterone ? These important issues are discussed, as are several current clinical trials addressing the issue of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women.
WATER VAPOR ADSORPTION-DESORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A MIXED ADSORBENT

Abstract Air conditioning systems that are incorporating desiccant based dehumidifiers are finding increased applications over traditional vapor compression refrigeration systems due to their efficient handling of latent heat loads. Generally, silica gel, molecular sieves, or activated alumina coaled on a rotating honeycomb type desiccant matrix is used as a dehumidifier in these systems. However, shapes of the isotherm for water vapor adsorption on these materials are not favorable for optimal performance of desiccant cooling systems. Theoretical studies have shown that a material having a type I isotherm for water vapor, whose shape lies between that on molecular sieve 13X and silica gel would lower installation and operating costs of desiccant based air-conditioning systems. An adsorbent was prepared by mixing a silica gel, molecular sieve 13X, and a hydrophobic molecular sieve. The mixed adsorbent was mixed with a binder and was further coated on both sides of a 0.0014“ thick aluminum foil. Both plain...
Observational evidence of crystalline iron oxides on Mars

A series of new spectral observations of Mars was obtained at Mauna Kea Observatory in the 0.4-1.0-micron wavelength range during the extremely favorable 1988 opposition, which yielded new spectral reflectance and relative reflectance data for a number of distinct spots on the Martian surface at 500-600 km spatial resolution. The new spectra revealed absorptions at 0.62-0.72 micron and at 0.81-0.94 micron, both seen clearly for the first time. These absorption features are interpreted as Fe(3+) electronic transition bands that indicate the presence of crystalline ferric oxide or hydroxide minerals on the Martian surface.
An examination of load shedding during fatigue fracture

Abstract The existence of fatigue markings across the entire fracture surface of certain failed components implies that load shedding had occurred during the course of the fracture process. In order to examine the role of load shedding, a sample containing three parallel load paths with the central path being cracked was tested in fatigue using fixed grips. Loads in the three load paths, measured with strain gauges, were observed to be in good agreement with values predicted by theoretical analysis, based upon compliance calculations. Measured fatigue crack propagation rates also agreed well with those predicted from theoretical calculations.
A study of the metalation of 1,4-disubstituted 2-butynes by sodium η5-cyclopentadienyldicarbonylferrate and hydrido-η5-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyliron

Abstract The metathesis between Na[η5-C5H5(CO)2Fe] (NaFp) and 1,4-dichloro-2-butyne or 2-butyne-l,4-diol bis(benzene)sulfonate afforded primarily FpCH2C CCH2Fp (I) and small amounts of FpC(CH2)CHCH2 (VIII) and FpCH2CCCH3 (IX). 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne gave only small amounts of VIII and IX and none of the binuclear complex I. The yields of VIII and IX increased dramatically when t-butanol was present in the reaction mixture. In the presence of methanol, ethanol, or i-propanol,η3-E-[CH2CHCMe(CO2R)]-η5-C5H5(CO)Fe (R = Me, Et, i-Pr) was isolated in addition to VIII and IX. Complex VIII also was prepared by the reductive demetalation of Fp[CH2CHC(Fp)CH2]+PF6− which was obtained by protonation of I.
Hormonal Correlates of Siblicide in Galapagos Nazca Boobies

Nazca boobies (Sula granti) show unconditional obligate siblicide immediately after hatching, reducing the typical two-egg clutch size to one. We studied body mass changes and levels of testosterone (T), corticosterone (CORT), and progesterone (P) for A-chicks (dominant, first hatched), B-chicks (subordinate, second hatched), and singletons, during the first 7 days after hatching, when siblicide normally occurs. Mass increase with age was higher for A-chicks than for singletons and B-chicks. This exaggerated the existing developmental advantage of A- over B-chicks that is due to hatching asynchrony. In nests with two chicks, CORT titer was significantly higher in B-chicks than in A-chicks. During ontogenetic development, CORT decreased with age for A-chicks, but did not change for singletons. P showed qualitatively similar ontogenetic changes to CORT, remaining unchanged for A-chicks but increasing for singletons. Thus, both CORT and P levels were lower for A-chicks than for singletons, and both hormones varied inversely with body mass. Overall, T levels did not differ between different categories of chicks. However, one B-chick in the process of reversing the dominance relationship with its older, but weakened, sibling had significantly elevated T. We suggest that CORT and P are regulated to promote exaggerated mass gain in socially challenged A-chicks, facilitating siblicide. Whether T induces aggressiveness during short time intervals of intense sibling rivalry needs further attention.
Tropical Cyclone–Induced Upper-Ocean Mixing and Climate: Application to Equable Climates

Abstract Tropical cyclones instigate an isolated blast of vigorous mixing in the upper tropical oceans, stirring warm surface water with cooler water in the thermocline. Previous work suggests that the frequency, intensity, and lifetime of these storms may be functions of the climate state, implying that transient tropical mixing could have been stronger during warmer equable climates with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide. Stronger mixing of the tropical oceans can force the oceans’ meridional heat flux to increase, cooling tropical latitudes while warming higher ones. This response differs significantly from previous modeling studies of equable climates that used static mixing; coupling mixing to climate changes the dynamic response. A parameterization of mixing from tropical cyclones is developed, and including it leads to a cooling of tropical oceans and a warming of subtropical waters compared with control cases with fixed mixing. The mixing penetration depth regulates the magnitude of the resp...
Ultrafine particle penetration through idealized vehicle cracks

Abstract Understanding the in-cabin microenvironment of vehicles is important for assessing human exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter B ”, which presents the ratio of the penetration factor for unneutralized to neutralized diesel particles, was introduced and successfully accounted for the electric charge effect on penetration factors.
A catalytic coiled coil : Structural insights into the activation of the Rab GTPase Sec4p by Sec2p

Rab GTPases, the largest subgroup in the superfamily of Ras-like GTPases, play regulatory roles in multiple steps of intracellular vesicle trafficking. They are activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which catalyze the interconversion of the GDP-bound, or inactive, form of Rab to the GTP-bound, or active, form. Relatively little is known of the mechanisms by which GEFs activate Rabs. Here, we present the crystal structure of the GEF domain of Sec2p in complex with its Rab partner Sec4p. The Sec2p GEF domain is a 220 A long coiled coil, striking in its simplicity and in the use of the coiled-coil motif for catalysis. The structure suggests a mechanism whereby Sec2p induces extensive structural rearrangements in the Sec4p switch regions and phosphate-binding loop that are incompatible with nucleotide binding. We show that Sec2p is specific for Sec4p and that specificity determinants reside in the two switch regions of Sec4p.
Suppression of Aβ-induced monocyte neurotoxicity by antiinflammatory compounds

Abstract Previous work from this laboratory has demonstrated that prior exposure of peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) to aggregated beta-amyloid peptide (A β ), the major protein comprising the amyloid plaques characteristically present in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD)-afflicted individuals, activates these cells to a neurotoxic state when co-cultured with brain tissue. In this report we extend these findings to further show that such A β -induced PBM neurotoxicity can be inhibited by three differentially-acting antiinflammatory drugs, indomethacin, dexamethasone, and colchicine, which are typically used clinically to treat peripheral inflammatory disease. In addition, evidence is presented that these toxic effects are initiated, in large part, by soluble factors released from A β -stimulated PBM. Our results suggest a rationale for antiinflammatory therapy in the treatment of AD.
Suboxone: A Harm Reduction Approach

The use of Suboxone, buprenorphine and naloxone, has gained more popularity recently in comparison to its counterpart, Methadone.Unlike Methadone, which is traditionally administered at a Methadoneclinic, Suboxone has less of a stigma attached to its use. Suboxone can be prescribed to a physician who has completed the certification and prescriptions can be filled at the pharmacy in the most common form of sublingual films.
Responses of units in the mesolimbic system to olfactory and somatosensory stimuli: modulation of sensory input by ventral tegmental stimulation.

Abstract It is well known that neurons of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system respond to sensory stimuli, and our primary objective here was to ascertain if neurons in the terminal regions of the mesolimbic DA system respond to sensory input also. In addition, the effects of electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmentum, which contains the DA cells of origin of the mesolimbic system, on sensory-evoked responses in mesolimbic neurons was studied. In rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate, responses of single units to olfactory and somatosensory stimuli were recorded in 6 forebrain regions including nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle. Both increases and decreases in spontaneous firing rates were evoked in 225 of 336 units by one or more of the 8 types of sensory stimuli employed (5 olfactory, 3 somatosensory). Excitatory responses occurred twice as frequently as inhibitory responses, but a few units responded with excitatory responses to some stimuli and inhibitory responses to others. The proportions of units responsive to olfactory and/or somatosensory stimuli were different in different regions. After electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmentum, sensory-evoked responses were changed in 30 of the 49 units tested (61%). There were increases, decreases or combinations of a decrease followed by an increase in sensory-evoked responses, which persisted for 1–10 min after the application of a single electrical stimulus train. Haloperidol (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) either blocked the effect of tegmental stimulation or decreased all responses. The present results demonstrated that units in the terminal regions of the mesolimbic DA system are responsive to sensory input and that these responses can be affected by prior electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmentum.
Endobronchial irradiation for malignant airway obstruction

An afterloading endobronchial irradiation (EBRT) technique using Iridium-192 (Ir-192), was piloted for malignant airway obstruction. Under bronchoscopic guidance, a catheter is threaded distal to the lesion. Orthogonal radiographs and computerized tomographic (CT) scans are obtained for dosimetry. Forty implants in 38 patients have been performed. Thirty-two patients had lung cancer; 23 had received prior irradiation and eight had prior chemotherapy. Eight patients underwent pre-endobronchial irradiation laser excision. Median implant duration was 50.5 hr; median dose at 1 and 2 cm from source center was 50 and 20 Gy, respectively. The procedure was well tolerated with four long-term complications (10.5%). Twelve of 38 patients are currently alive with a median survival of 5+ months and a range of 1 to 21+ months. Changes in performance status (PS), symptom resolution, radiographic demonstration of re-aeration of atelectatic lung, changes in pulmonary function (PFT), and post-endobronchial irradiation bronchoscopy were used to assess response. Seventy percent of the patients' remaining life was rendered symptom-free or improved. A 70% radiographic response was noted. Fourteen patients underwent post-endobronchial irradiation bronchoscopy with 12 complete responses. Endobronchial irradiation, therefore, appears to be a safe, effective technique to palliate malignant airway obstruction.
Use of Evidence-Based Practice Among Athletic Training Educators, Clinicians, and Students, Part 1: Perceived Importance, Knowledge, and Confidence

Context: Although evidence-based practice (EBP) has become more prevalent, athletic trainers' perceptions of importance and knowledge of these concepts and their confidence in EBP are largely unkno...