cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of 53- and 45-kDa brain capillary-specific proteins by brain capillary endothelium and choroid plexus in vivo and by brain capillary endothelium in tissue culture

Tissue-specific gene expression within the brain capillary endothelium, which makes up the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, may lead to the production of brain capillary-specific proteins (BSPs). BSPs were defined in the present study by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum made against a plasma membrane fraction of isolated bovine brain microvessels. Following absorption of the antiserum with acetone powders of rat liver and rat kidney, the antiserum illuminated only microvessels in brain and did not stain vessels in heart, choroid plexus, urinary bladder, liver, or kidney. Among these organs, the only other structure stained by the antiserum was the basolateral membrane of the bovine choroid plexus epithelium. Western blotting analysis showed that the antiserum reacted with a triplet of brain capillary proteins of 200, 53, and 45 kDa molecular weight. Although the 200-kDa protein was detected on Western immunoblot analysis with bovine choroid plexus, the 53- and 45-kDa proteins were specific to brain microvasculature. Immunocytochemical electron microscopic studies showed that the antiserum stained the plasma membrane of primary cultures of bovine capillary endothelium, but Western blot studies showed preservation of only the 200-kDa protein in primary tissue culture. These studies identify 53- and 45-kDa blood-brain barrier-specific proteins and show that the expression of these proteins is dependent on trophic factors not present in primary tissue culture. The future structural analyses of these proteins may lead to the elucidation of the possible function served in the regulation of BBB transport physiology.
Studies on the Mode of Action of Spinosad: The Internal Effective Concentration and the Concentration Dependence of Neural Excitation

Abstract This is the second in a series of reports that define the mode of action of spinosyns, a novel class of naturally derived insecticidal macrocyclic lactones. The concentration dependence of central nervous system (CNS) stimulation was determined using ganglia isolated from cockroaches, house fly larvae, and tobacco hornworm larvae. The tobacco hornworm nervous system was most sensitive, with a steep dose-response relation and an ED50of 5 nM for spinosyn A. The response of the housefly CNS was comparable, showing no clear effect at 3 nM and near-maximal stimulation at 10 nM spinosyn A. The cockroach CNS also displayed a steep dose-response relation, with a threshold of 10 nM and an EC50of 32 nM. That the nerve cords of cockroaches are exposed to comparable levels of spinosyn A during poisoning was established by comparison of the concentration of spinosyn A taken up by cockroach nerve cords during exposurein vivo,in cockroaches treated with a threshold dose, with that in isolated nerve cords equilibrated with a solution of spinosyn A in saline. A saline concentration of 21 nM was estimated to give the same nerve cord concentration as found at the threshold dose for prostration. We can conclude that during poisoning, spinosyn A reaches a concentration inside the insect that is sufficient to directly excite the central nervous system.
Nanocrystals modified with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for selective self-assembly and DNA detection.

Gold nanocrystals modified with peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) have been prepared and applied to self-assembly and DNA sensing. Experiments with different PNA structural motifs show that (1) the versatility in PNA synthetic design can be used to modulate the electrostatic surface properties of nanocrystals, presenting an opportunity to control assembly rate and aggregate size, (2) short (6 base) PNAs can hybridize effectively while attached to nanoparticles, providing a route to generating materials with small interparticle spacings, and (3) the superior base pair mismatch selectivity of PNAs is further enhanced on nanosurfaces, enabling PNA-modified nanoparticles to act as highly selective nanoscale sensors, as well as synthons for defect-free self-assembly. This last feature was coupled with a substantial change in colloidal stability upon DNA hybridization to develop a novel colorimetric DNA assay that detects the presence of single base imperfections within minutes. Various modes of PNA hybridization, i...
Electroencephalographic studies of survival following hypothermic hypoxia in developing chicks.

In chicks between the day of hatching and ten days after hatching the body temperature was lowered from normal to either 34°C or 24°C. Oxygen was then replaced by nitrogen until breathing ceased and the electroencephalograms of the cerebral lobes were reduced to no difference of potential. When this zero potential had endured for a period four times as long as that which yielded about 50% recovery in one to ten day chicks at normal body temperature, artificial ventilation was applied for a maximum of eight minutes or until the onset of spontaneous breathing. This four fold duration of zero potential was: 12 minutes for newly hatched and one day chicks, six minutes for five day chicks, and four minutes for ten day chicks. A withholding of artificial respiration for these prolonged periods of zero potential resulted in the following percentages of recovery: at normal body temperatures, 0%; at 34°C and 24°C respectively, newly hatched chicks 23% and 90%, one day chicks 10% and 40%, five day chicks 40% and 70%, ten day chicks 80% and 90%. Prior to artificial resuscitation birds had electrocardiograms indicating irregular beats, various degrees of heart block, and cardiac arrest for as long as seven minutes; some of these recovered. The transition of the electroencephalogram from zero potential to normal EEG patterns was characterized by a gradual increase in amplitude of both slow and fast waves in the younger chicks and a kind of steplike recovery in the older birds. During recovery about 50% of the younger chicks showed seizures resembling “petit mal”. After a recovery period of 4 to 24 hours the surviving chicks showed no behavioral abnormalities.
An analysis of atrophy in the medial mammillary nucleus following hippocampal and fornix lesions in humans and nonhuman primates.

Lesions of the hippocampal formation or transections of the fornix are followed by shrinkage of the medial mammillary nucleus (MMN). We determined whether the shrinkage of this nucleus was due to loss and/or shrinkage of neurons in addition to the loss of neuropil. We examined the MMN in a patient (KB) with an infarct that led to marked atrophy of the left hippocampus and subiculum, leaving the right MMN intact. Unbiased, stereological measurement techniques were used to compare the total cell number and individual neuronal cross-sectional areas in both left and right MMN in this patient and in two control human brains. We also analyzed the MMN in four macaque monkeys that underwent experimental unilateral transections of the fornix. The volume of the MMN on the lesioned side in KB was 55% of the unlesioned side (2.8 mm3 vs 5.1 mm3); the MMN in the monkey cases were reduced to 47–58% of the volume of the nonlesioned side. Neurons in the deafferented MMN of KB and of the monkey subjects were decreased in cross-sectional area (16–20%, P < 0.0001). There was a trend toward decreased cell numbers (11–15%) on the lesioned side in all cases. We have estimated that the loss in cell number and shrinkage of remaining cells contribute negligibly to the 45% reduction in MMN volume. Therefore, the loss of neuropil (dendrites and afferent and efferent axons) appears to be the major contributor to the change in MMN volume.
Bradudol and isobrasudol: two bromosesquiterpenes from a sea hare ( )

Abstract The structure and stereochemistry of two closely related new feeding deterrents, isolated from the digestive glands of the mollust Aplysia brasiliana , are reported. These compounds, which proved to be brominated eudesmanes, have the same absolute configuration as natural β-eudesmol.
Interaction patterns for resilient intermittently-connected static sensor networks

We study systems of static and mobile sensors in which the participating nodes are disconnected. At any given time, only selected groups of nodes are able to interact. In this paper, we restrict attention to pairwise interactions of static nodes placed on a regular grid. Nodes must agree on a schedule that specifies when and in what order these interactions take place. Our focus is the impact this interaction schedule has on system-wide properties, such as information propagation and resiliency. We show how interaction schedules with varying properties can be built from simple patterns and we discuss the choice of suitable patterns on sample illustrative scenarios.
Agonism of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine 1F Receptor Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Recovery from Acute Kidney Injury

Many acute and chronic conditions, such as acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and liver disease, involve mitochondrial dysfunction. Although we have provided evidence that drug-induced stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) accelerates mitochondrial and cellular repair, leading to recovery of organ function, only a limited number of chemicals have been identified that induce MB. The goal of this study was to assess the role of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1F (5-HT1F) receptor in MB. Immunoblot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed 5-HT1F receptor expression in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC). A MB screening assay demonstrated that two selective 5-HT1F receptor agonists, LY334370 (4-fluoro-N-[3-(1-methyl-4-piperidinyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]benzamide) and LY344864 (N-[(3R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-6-yl]-4-fluorobenzamide; 1–100 nM) increased carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone–uncoupled oxygen consumption in RPTC, and validation studies confirmed both agonists increased mitochondrial proteins [e.g., ATP synthase β, cytochrome c oxidase 1 (Cox1), and NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1β subcomplex subunit 8 (NDUFB8)] in vitro. Small interfering RNA knockdown of the 5-HT1F receptor blocked agonist-induced MB. Furthermore, LY344864 increased peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor coactivator 1-α, Cox1, and NDUFB8 transcript levels and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in murine renal cortex, heart, and liver. Finally, LY344864 accelerated recovery of renal function, as indicated by decreased blood urea nitrogen and kidney injury molecule 1 and increased mtDNA copy number following ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). In summary, these studies reveal that the 5-HT1F receptor is linked to MB, 5-HT1F receptor agonism promotes MB in vitro and in vivo, and 5-HT1F receptor agonism promotes recovery from AKI injury. Induction of MB through 5-HT1F receptor agonism represents a new target and approach to treat mitochondrial organ dysfunction.
Structural and Functional Analysis of the Mitotic Rotamase Pin1 Suggests Substrate Recognition Is Phosphorylation Dependent

The human rotamase or peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1 is a conserved mitotic regulator essential for the G2/M transition of the eukaryotic cell cycle. We report the 1.35 A crystal structure of Pin1 complexed with an AlaPro dipeptide and the initial characterization of Pin1's functional properties. The crystallographic structure as well as pH titration studies and mutagenesis of an active site cysteine suggest a catalytic mechanism that includes general acid-base and covalent catalysis during peptide bond isomerization. Pin1 displays a preference for an acidic residue N-terminal to the isomerized proline bond due to interaction of this acidic side chain with a basic cluster. This raises the possibility of phosphorylation-mediated control of Pin1-substrate interactions in cell cycle regulation.
Relation Between Species Assemblages Of Fishes and Water Quality In Salt Ponds and Sloughs In South San Francisco Bay

This study was conducted to characterize fishery resources inhabiting salt-evaporation ponds and sloughs in South San Francisco Bay, and to identify key environmental variables that influence distribution of fishes. The ponds, which were originally constructed and operated for commercial production of salt, have undergone preliminary modifications (installation of culverts, gates, and other water-control structures) in preparation for full restoration to mostly tidal wetlands over the next 2 decades. We sampled fish from two salt-pond complexes (Alviso complex and Eden Landing complex), each consisting of several pond systems and their associated sloughs. Cluster analysis of species of fish indicated that at least two species assemblages were present, one characteristic of ponds and the other characteristic of sloughs and slough-like ponds. The slough-like ponds exhibited water-quality conditions (especially salinity) that resembled conditions found in the sloughs. Pond fishes were represented by 12 species, whereas slough fishes were represented by 22 species. Except for bay pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus), which was unique to ponds, all species present in ponds also were in sloughs and slough-like ponds. These results indicated that species of fish in ponds originated from the sloughs. According to canonical-discriminant analysis, four environmental variables were useful for discriminating between the two species assemblages. Most discriminatory power was contributed by the index of habitat connectivity, a measure of minimum distance that a fish must travel to reach a particular pond from the nearest slough. Apparently, as fish from sloughs enter and move through interconnected salt ponds, environmental stress factors increase in severity until only the more tolerant species remain. The most likely source of stress is salinity, because this variable was second in importance to the index of habitat connectivity in discriminating between the two species assemblages. Water temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen also seemingly influenced spatial distribution of fishes, although they were less important than salinity.
Acute Disturbance of Lake Pontchartrain Benthic Communities by Hurricane Katrina

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina produced a distinct, acute ecological disturbance of the benthic invertebrate community of Lake Pontchartrain, LA, USA. The bivalve Rangia cuneata and other community dominants were lost from 50% (815 km2) of the lake bottom. The storm surge directly killed benthic organisms and produced salinity stratification that caused episodes of detrimental low dissolved oxygen concentration at depths >3.7 m. Past disturbance of the bottom by shell dredging and intrusion of higher salinity bottom water through deep shipping channels appears to have contributed to the severity of this impact. Colonization by tolerant opportunistic taxa occurred, but low rainfall after Katrina has slowed the recovery of the typical rangia community. A decrease in water transparency and an increase in turbidity and chlorophyll a were associated with the loss of clam biomass. Other hurricanes may have produced less obvious but similar effects on smaller spatial and temporal scales.
Age, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Patterns in Early Computer Use A National Survey

Parents were interviewed about the media habits of their 6-month to 6-year-old children. For children who had used computers, linear increases in computer usage occurred across this age range with a shift from using a computer on a parent’s lapat aboutage 21/2 to autonomous computer and mouse use at about age 31/2. There were almost no gender differences in early computer patterns. Families with higher incomes and higher education levels were more likely to own computers and to have Internet access from home. Latino families were least likely to own a computer; Latino and African American families were less likely than Caucasian families to have Internet access at home. Parents perceived computers favorably for children’s learning. No relationship was found between the frequency with which children play computer games and the likelihood that they can read, but increased nongame computer use was associated with increased likelihood of reading.
Functionally Distinct Isoforms of STAT5 Are Generated by Protein Processing

Abstract The interleukin-3 family of cytokines, which play an important role in the development of myeloid lineages, transduce signals through the JAK–STAT pathway. Previous studies demonstrate that this process entails the activation of four distinct isoforms of STAT5, where two shorter isoforms are activated in a distinct population of cells. We now demonstrate that the shorter isoforms represent carboxy-terminal truncations. Moreover, these truncations are not generated by RNA processing, but by a specific proteolytic activity. Consistent with the notion that truncated STAT5 isoforms transduce distinct signals, they fail to promote the activation of several known interleukin-3 target genes. These studies suggest that the activity of a specific protease may play a critical role in defining the biological responses transduced by STAT5.
Undeniable Need for Ultrafast-Acting Insulin: The Pediatric Perspective

Insulin therapy in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) poses a special challenge because childhood is an unsteady state with increasing weight, height, and caloric needs, leading to varying insulin requirements. The current rapid-acting insulin analogs are not as fast and short-acting as needed to meet these challenges. This review describes the unique characteristics of insulin action in youth with T1DM based on previously published euglycemic clamp studies. It also explains the rationale behind the need for ultrafast-acting insulins to advance open- and closed-loop insulin therapy for the pediatric population with diabetes. Lastly, it briefly summarizes ongoing and future projects to accelerate insulin action in youth with T1DM.
Echocardiography or auscultation? How to evaluate systolic murmurs.

OBJECTIVE To compare cardiac physical examination with echocardiography for evaluating systolic murmurs. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Three databases were searched for studies comparing echocardiography and auscultation as to sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy: MEDLINE (Ovid Online), EMBASE, and Current Contexts. The quality of reported data is lowered by subjective interpretation of results of both cardiac physical examination and echocardiography, especially Doppler colour flow imaging. MAIN MESSAGE In adults, functional systolic murmurs can usually be distinguished from organic murmurs. Pathologic murmurs frequently have one or more associated clinical abnormalities. If a clinician determines a murmur is benign, results of echocardiography are very likely to be normal, especially in young and middle-aged adults. According to current guidelines, echocardiography should not be ordered for "innocent" systolic murmurs in patients who are asymptomatic and have otherwise normal findings on examination. If patients with functional systolic murmurs could be identified and not routinely referred for echocardiography, great cost savings could be realized. CONCLUSION Echocardiography is not required for all patients with systolic murmurs and should not replace cardiac physical examination.
Language attitudes toward varieties of English: An American‐Japanese context

Abstract To our knowledge, no data exist on attitudes toward speakers with Japanese accented varieties of American English, an area of profound significance given increasing American‐Japanese contacts across a wide range of applied contexts. This “matched‐guise” study provides such by eliciting Americans’ reactions to a Japanese male talking on two different topics (aggressive versus neutral) using four language varieties (viz., standard, moderate‐accented, heavy‐accented, and disfluent). Speaker evaluations on status, attractiveness, and dynamism traits confirmed certain predictions based on the literature, but some surprising, yet interpretable, patterns emerged in this new domain of American‐Japanese inquiry. Specifically, it was found that Japanese‐accented speakers were evaluated in manner unlike all other non‐standard accented speakers of American English, except those of British and Malaysian background. It is suggested that perceptions of social group competitiveness may be responsible for this pa...
Family change and the state of family sociology

Profound changes in family-related behavior have occurred over the past 40 years in the US. To evaluate the extent to which family sociology has kept pace with these changes the article first reviews four prominent sociology journals from 1993 to 2011, investigating the range of family types covered in published articles over nearly two decades and the kinds of approaches taken to study non-traditional families. The article then presents two case studies of research areas that have always been central to family studies - reproduction and household labor - to review how changes in family structure impact core family processes and alter the approaches for studying them. The advent of assisted reproductive technologies and the range of living arrangements in which the division of household labor now occurs challenge the parameters of the 'traditional' family. The findings indicate that family sociologists have been slow to rethink underlying categories of analysis, methodological approaches and scope of inquiry in the wake of significant changes in family experience. Assumptions about the kinds of family forms and household arrangements underlying family research have not yet expanded to meet new realities in American family life.
Do deviants live longer? Morphology and longevity in trachyleberidid ostracodes

Persistent fossil taxa contravene paradigms of evolution: pervasive morphological change and taxic turnover. Comparative studies of taxic duration have often been approached from biogeographic, climatic, and ecological perspectives, with a focus on process. Here I use a mor- phological approach to study the pattern of longevity of a large family of marine living and fossil podocopid ostracodes, Trachyleberididae sensu lato. I test if geologically longer-lived genera are collectively morphologically more deviant from a group mean than their shorter-lived relatives by using both discrete morphological data and outline data. I discovered that long-lived genera are in general not significantly more or less morphologically deviant from the average morphology than their shorter-lived relatives. However, I found that contemporaneous subsets of long-lived trachyleberidids are often at least marginally significantly more deviant in discrete morphology than shorter-lived ones, especially in external morphology. No significant patterns of association between morphological deviation and durations in other subdivisions of the data emerged (i.e., whole data set, birth cohorts, groups of morphological characters, and outline data using both Fou- rier analysis and eigenshape analysis). This is in contrast to a previous finding that long-lived gen- era of crinoids within orders are often morphologically less deviant than their shorter-lived rela- tives than expected by chance.
The Big Picture: Big Data and Privacy

When thinking about the topic of this issue's column, I batted various ideas around in my mind before settling on the theme of privacy in the age of Big Data. I knew I was on to something when, a f...
The characteristics of innovative, mechanical products

Many new products fail upon introduction to the marketplace, but a few products are exceptionally successful, earning innovation awards and other benchmarks of success. To better understand the features of those innovative products, 197 award-winning products are analyzed to identify the characteristics that distinguish those products from the competition. For the analysis, a set of product-level characteristics is identified and organized into categories, which include functionality, architecture, external interactions, user interactions, and cost. Based on their innovation award citations, the products are analyzed with respect to the set of characteristics, and results are tabulated. Several award-winning products are also compared with competitive products on the shelves of major retail stores. On average, award-winning products display multiple characteristics of innovation. Overall, a vast majority (more than two-thirds) of the award-winning products exhibit enhanced user interactions, with a similar percentage displaying enhanced external interactions, compared with approximately one-third of products offering an additional function and approximately half displaying innovative architectures. The award-winning products also exhibit an average of approximately two more characteristics than their competitors on retail shelves, along with significantly higher rates of innovative architecture, external interactions, and user interactions. The analysis concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for engineering design methods.
Brief Report: Doctoral Training Origins of Authors Publishing in Journal of Pediatric Psychology: Historical Trends 1976–2006

Objective To identify historical trends in the field of pediatric psychology by examining the training origins of authors publishing in Journal of Pediatric Psychology since its formation in 1976. Methods The researchers sampled four publication years (1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006) and recorded the authors of each published article. They obtained each author's doctoral training institution using information provided in the article, the American Psychological Association Membership Directory, or the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database and counted authorship totals for each institution in each year. Results Four institutions (Case Western Reserve University, University of Iowa, University of Kansas, and Purdue University) produced authorship entries in 3 of the 4 years sampled. The number of articles being published, the number of authors per article and the number of institutions consistently increased. Conclusions The current study provided a historical perspective on graduate training and scholarly productivity in the field of pediatric psychology. Future research should investigate interesting trends revealed, such as how core groups of pediatric psychology scholars have contributed to the notable growth in institutions, specific programs within institutions, and authors published over the last 30 years.
Whole-transcriptome RNAseq analysis from minute amount of total RNA

RNA sequencing approaches to transcriptome analysis require a large amount of input total RNA to yield sufficient mRNA using either poly-A selection or depletion of rRNA. This feature makes it difficult to miniaturize transcriptome analysis for greater efficiency. To address this challenge, we devised and validated a simple procedure for the preparation of whole-transcriptome cDNA libraries from a minute amount (500pg) of total RNA. We compared a single-sample library prepared by this Ovation RNA-Seq system with two available methods of mRNA enrichment (TruSeq TM poly-A enrichment and RiboMinus TM rRNA depletion). Using the Ovation preparation method for a set of eight mouse tissue samples, the RNA sequencing data obtained from two different next-generation sequencing platforms (SOLiD and Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx) yielded negligible rRNA reads (<3.5%) while retaining transcriptome sequencing fidelity. We further validated the Ovation amplification technique by examining the resulting library complexity, reproducibility, evenness of transcript coverage, 5 0 and 3 0 bias and platform-specific biases. Notably, in this side-byside comparison, SOLiD sequencing chemistry is biased toward higher GC content of transcriptome and Illumina Genome analyzer IIx is biased away from neutral to lower GC content of the transcriptomics regions.
Keys to the Families of Fulgoromorpha with Emphasis on Planthoppers of Potential Economic Importance in the Southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)

Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) are of concern to agriculture in the southeastern United States because of their potential to cause significant damage to economically important plants. These keys are intended to aid diagnosticians attempting to identify planthopper crop pests. This work includes lists of pathogen vectors and those species considered pests of economically important plants grown in the region, brief descriptions of planthopper collecting and curating techniques, a summary of morphological features used for identification, a revised key for identification of planthoppers to family, a key to the economically important delphacids, and a list of literature useful for planthopper identification.
Explicating Factors that Foster Civic Engagement among Students

AbstractThis paper investigates many facets of civic engagement by analyzing how college undergraduate students conceptualize civic engagement and by examining factors that predict greater student involvement in political, social, and community affairs.We administered a survey to college students at the beginning of fall, winter, and spring terms, 2001-02.We analyzed survey responses using a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The analysis examines how expectations of community and political efficacy, attitudes regarding citizen control of government, and attitudes toward diversity relate to the students’ civic engagement behaviors such as monthly volunteer hours, organizational participation, advocacy, voting, direct political action, and action to promote diversity and social justice in the community. The result of the SEM analysis indicates that expectations of efficacy significantly predict students’ direct political action, monthly volunteer hours, organizational participation, advocacy, an...
Being an ‘agent provocateur’: utilising online spaces for teacher professional development in virtual simulation games

This article details the results of an action research study which investigated how teachers used online learning community spaces to develop and support their teaching and learning of the Jewish Court of All Time (JCAT), a web-mediated, character-playing, simulation game that engages participants with social, historical and cultural curricula. The nature of reflection that was generated in the asynchronous and synchronous professional development spaces is discussed. Data analysis of online discussion and chat transcripts revealed that two forms of reflection were generated: reflection on self-as-teacher (juggling roles, responsibility, teaching challenges) and reflection on students (socio-cognitive and relational dimensions). The results speak to the importance of selecting online spaces that support the overall objectives of the professional development, as well as provide a rich forum to discuss the game in question. Having both asynchronous and synchronous spaces allows teachers the freedom to expre...
Hemoglobin- and myoglobin-induced acute renal failure in rats: role of iron in nephrotoxicity

In ischemic acute renal failure oxygen free radicals may mediate injury. In addition, iron appears to play a critical role in hydroxyl radical formation and lipid peroxidation during reperfusion of...
Shock Index as a predictor for In-hospital mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Abstract Background/Purpose Shock index (SI), a ratio of heart rate/systolic blood pressure, has been reported to predict increased mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. However, the prognostic value of SI has not been fully elucidated in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods/Materials We performed a retrospective analysis of 481 consecutive NSTEMI patients who underwent coronary angiography from January 2013 to June 2014. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate on presentation were recorded, and SI was calculated as heart rate/systolic blood pressure. Patients were divided into those with SI≧0.7 and those with SI Results Among 481 patients, 103 patients (21.4%) had SI≧0.7. No statistically significant difference was observed in baseline characteristics between the two groups. Patients with SI≧0.7 had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction than those with SI Conclusion Elevated SI was associated with higher in-hospital mortality in patients with NSTEMI.
The effect of surface4He on superfluid3He in aerogel

We present results from a torsional oscillator experiment designed to measure the superfluid fraction and transition temperature of3He in aerogel when the surface3He is replaced with4He. The cell has an LCMN susceptibility thermometer mounted directly in the liquid outside of the aerogel to establish thermometry in the presence of4He on the heat exchanger surface. A capacitor is embedded within the aerogel which is sensitive to the presence of4He, and allows us to determine that the4He goes into the aerogel cell. Preliminary results indicate that at 8 bar, the addition of4He does not significantly alter the superfluid behavior.
A DIRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW THROUGH A LOW PRESSURE TURBINE STAGE

The unsteady flow through a low-pressure turbine stage is computed via a direct numerical simulation using a high-order accurate upwind-biased finite-difference method. One objective of this investigation is to understand the interaction between the stator wake and the rotor; in particular flow separation and transition on the rotor pressure and suction surfaces. A second objective is to study the evolution of the stator wake as it convects through the rotor passage. The computed flow is explored with the aid of instantaneous velocity and vorticity contours and, timeand phase-averaged surface pressure. The distribution of the phaseaveraged turbulent kinetic energy and the production term in the b u d g e t of this energy are also used to understand the evolution of the stator wake in the rotor row. The rotor suction surface was found to be laminar (but disturbed) until about 60% chord. It then encounters periodic separation. The region of separation contains between two and three bands of separation. Interaction with the stator wakes results in a breakdown of some of these bands. Reattachment is achieved both via breakdown as well as convection off the rotor surface. Some suction surface flow separation is observed at most phases. The pressure side also exhibits periodic separation consisting of bands extending the width of the computational region in the spanwise direction; interaction with the stator wake results in their dissolution. The evolution of the stator wake in the rotor passage is similar to that observed in earlier studies. Bowing of the wake caused by varying velocity across the passage, the formation of an apex, an increase in turbulence intensity in the apex and other segments of the wake, observed elsewhere, are also seen here.
Carbohydrate fermentation by bacteria as influenced by the composition of the medium

The value of the fermentation test among the methods at our disposal for identification of bacteria is generally accepted. And yet, every bacteriologist must have encountered in his experience a number of instances of apparently inexplicable inconsistencies in the results obtained by this test. Not only does it often happen that a given strain producing a large amount of acid or gas will occasionally produce very little, but at times indeed it produces none at all. In fact, the amount of gas produced by a bacterium at different times varies so widely, that at present it is suggested by some bacteriologists that the amount of gas produced by a given culture has no diagnostic significance. This point of view owes its existence merely to the fact that the amount of gas produced by a given culture has no diagnostic significance. This point of view owes its existence merely to the fact that the amount of gas produced by bacteria depends on too many factors to attempt to control them. In our work we came across...
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,6-cis- and 2,6-trans-Piperidines through Organocatalytic Aza-Michael Reactions: A Facile Synthesis of (+)-Myrtine and (−)-Epimyrtine

Both 2,6-cis- and 2,6-trans-piperidines were prepared from common substrates through organocatalytic aza-Michael reactions promoted by the gem-disubstituent effect in conjunction with dithiane coup...
A process model of buyer responses to salesperson transgressions and recovery efforts: the impact of salesperson orientation

Despite the damaging effects often associated with salesperson transgressions, our understanding of how buyers respond to these transgressions and the recovery efforts that typically follow is limited. The authors address this shortcoming across two studies of professional buyers. In the first, the authors examine buyers’ responses to salesperson ethical and service transgressions as moderated by their perceptions of the salesperson (i.e. whether they perceive the salesperson as being selling-oriented (SO) or customer-oriented (CO)). In the second study, the authors contrast the effects of an apology versus compensation in examining buyers’ responses to the overall transgression and recovery episode. Although study results indicate that a customer orientation amplifies buyers’ responses to the initial transgression, they also indicate that buyers’ responses to the overall episode are primarily a function of whether the recovery effort conforms to their expectations. Hence, while favorable salesperson perc...
Selecting gaits for economical locomotion of legged robots

This paper explores the benefits of using multiple gaits in a single robot. Inspired by nature, where humans and animals use different gaits to increase their energetic economy, we analyzed how increasing speed affects the choice of gait, and how the choice of gait influences optimal speed. To this end, we used optimal control as a tool to identify motions that minimize the cost of transport of two detailed models: a planar biped and a planar quadruped. Both of these models are actuated with high compliance series elastic actuators that enable a rich set of natural dynamics. These models have damping in their springs, feet with mass, and realistic limitations on actuator torques and velocities. They therefore serve as an intermediary between past simpler models and hardware. We discovered optimal motions with an established multiple shooting implementation that relies on pre-defined contact sequences, and with a direct collocation implementation in which the footfall pattern was an outcome of the optimization. Both algorithms confirmed findings from biology. For both models, changing gaits as speed varies leads to greatly increased energetic economy. For bipeds, the optimal gaits were walking at low speeds, grounded running at intermediate speeds, and running at high speeds. For quadrupeds, the optimal gaits were four-beat walking at low speeds and trotting at intermediate speeds. At high speeds, galloping and trotting were the best gaits, with nearly equal performance. We found that the transition between gaits was primarily driven by damping losses and negative actuator work, with collisions playing a relatively small role.
Health Concerns of Northeastern Pennsylvania Residents Living in an Unconventional Oil and Gas Development County.

Objectives This study was conducted to describe the health concerns of residents of an unconventional oil and natural gas development (UOGD) community and identify methods to best disseminate health information to the residents. Design and Sample A qualitative descriptive study of 27 residents of Wyoming County, Pennsylvania, was conducted. Results Residents described their health concerns in terms of their changing community as a result of UOGD, their feelings of stress and powerlessness related to these changes, and the limited response of their local policymakers and protective agencies. There were indications of misinformation related to routine environmental health and UOGD environmental risks. Web-based educational programs with downloadable printed materials to bridge the knowledge gaps of residents and health professionals are recommended. Conclusions Recommendations include public health nurses providing education to communities and other health professionals regarding environmental health risks, working with communities to advocate for health-protective regulations, and adopting a community-based participatory approach to meet the needs of community members.
Analysis of Epidemiological Characteristics of 48630 Injury Cases Treated for the First Time in 2009,in Songjiang District,Shanghai

[Objective]To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of injury cases in Songjiang district for providing the bases to sponsor measures to prevent and control the occurrence of injury.[Methods]The medical histories of injury cases treated for the first time(excluding the dog bite injury cases)in Songjiang district Jan 1st 2009 to Dec 31st 2009 were collected.Information was transcripted according to the items on the form of National Sentinel Surveillance of Injury, and then analyzed.[Results]A total of 48630 cases were analyzed,the sex ratio(male:female)was 1.75:1.The largest proportion of injuried people was 15-39 year in age(52.86%).Most of them were transportation equipment operators and relevant workers(23.76%).Permanent residents of Shanghai were accounted for 42.35%,while non-permanent residents were 57.65%.Injury often occurred in Jul to Sep(30.03%),the peak number was at the mid of July.The three leading causes were falls(39.22%),strike by blunt objects(23.31%),and traffic accident(19.81%).The locations of occurrence were street/ traffic road,home/community,industrial and construction sites accounted as:27.17%,22.27%and 20.15%,respectively. [Conclusion]The priority list on injury prevention were avoidance of fall,strike by blunt object,and traffic accidents. Corresponding strategy for intervention and comprehensive preventive measures should be implemented to prevent the occurrence of different kinds of injury among various population groups.
Realization of Primate Cloud of Power Information System Based on OpenStack

Transformation of power information system from distributed configuration into unified configuration faces bottlenecks of storage and calculation capacities for mass data and problem of visiting pressure of the system. Therefore,a kind of design scheme for private cloud platform of the power information system based on Open Stack was proposed by combining characteristics of hierarchical management,layer control and distribution processing of the power system. Characteristics and key technologies of private cloud of power information were stated and hierarchical management scheme,system framework and its realization,system functions and features were analyzed. It is considered that private cloud of the power information system can not only support traditional business of the power information system,but also integrate resources,realize depth digging and deepening application as well as break through limits of storage,calculation and visit and provide superior application function service of the power information system.
SOME THOUGHTS ON RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS MODELS, AND ALTERNATE FORMULATIONS

Abstract —We present, in this paper, an alternative, optimization based formulation for “forward looking” models in economics, more commonly known as rational expectations models. For one basic scalar model, we study both finite and infinite horizon formulations under two different information patterns, and in each case we obtain explicit expressions for the unique solution without making any a priori assumptions on its structure. We then compare these results with other possible solutions obtainable using the traditional approach to rational expectations. The approach introduced here can handle higher order models as well as nonlinear ones, and also those where there is an additional exogeneous input controlled by a different set of agents. Some of these possible extensions are briefly discussed in the latter part of the paper; others are left as challenging but highly promising problems for future research.
Genome Organization, Evolution of

Tests of hypotheses about the evolutionary forces that act on chromosomal structure variation are now possible with the availability of extensive complete genomes. This article provides overviews of the types of chromosomal variation found within and between species and of the evolutionary hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the karyotypic variation. Karyotypic diversity within species can limit the ability to shuffle allelic variation in the genome during meiosis, thus, acting as modifiers of recombination. The modification of recombination may be a leading cause for why karyotypes vary within and between species.
Cytogenetic Analysis of Urologic Malignancies: Study of Tumor Colony Forming Cells and Premature Chromosome Condensation

We have utilized a human tumor clonogenic assay to grow, and subsequently cytogenetically analyze, tumor colony forming cells from human urologic malignancies. Results following chromosome banding analysis are presented from 4 cases of transitional cell carcinoma and 1 case of renal cell carcinoma. Preliminary evidence suggests a possible association between the loss of chromosome 8 and progression or recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma. Additionally, we have utilized the technique of premature chromosome condensation to identify the interphase chromatin profile of urothelial cells obtained by cystoscopy from 8 patients with transitional cell carcinoma and compared these results to urothelial cells obtained from 7 control patients. This study demonstrates that cells obtained from urologic cancers contain a high proportion of cells in late G1, while normal urothelial cells are usually found in the early G1 phase of the cell cycle. Statistical correlation of premature chromosome condensation analysis suggests this method may be a useful adjunct to routine histopathology in discriminating between normal and cancerous urothelium.
σ‐algebras for quasirandom hypergraphs

We examine the correspondence between the various notions of quasirandomness for k-uniform hypergraphs and σ-algebras related to measurable hypergraphs. This gives a uniform formulation of most of the notions of quasirandomness for dense hypergraphs which have been studied, with each notion of quasirandomness corresponding to a σ-algebra defined by a collection of subsets of . We associate each notion of quasirandomness with a collection of hypergraphs, the -adapted hypergraphs, so that G is quasirandom exactly when it contains roughly the correct number of copies of each -adapted hypergraph. We then identify, for each , a particular -adapted hypergraph with the property that if G contains roughly the correct number of copies of then G is quasirandom in the sense of . This generalizes recent results of Kohayakawa, Nagle, Rodl, and Schacht; Conlon, Han, Person, and Schacht; and Lenz and Mubayi giving this result for some particular notions of quasirandomness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2016
The Surgical Management of Obesity

In the United States, more than one-third of the population is obese. Currently, bariatric surgery is the best known treatment for obesity, and multiple meta-analyses have shown bariatric surgery to be more effective for treating obesity than diet and exercise or pharmacologic treatment. The modern era of bariatric surgery began in 2005, which is defined by a drastic increase in the use of laparoscopy. Bariatric surgery has the potential to improve obesity-related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and sleep apnea. The effect of bariatric surgery on weight loss and comorbidities varies by the type of procedure.