cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective difficulties with spoken nouns and written verbs: A single case study

Abstract We describe an individual who exhibits greater difficulties in speaking nouns than verbs and greater difficulties in writing verbs than nouns across a range of both single word and sentence production tasks. This double dissociation of grammatical category by modality within a single individual represents an important challenge to the claim that all apparent category grammatical deficits can be reduced to the effects of the various semantic variables. The modality-specific nature of the findings clearly support the representation of grammatical category distinctions at post-semantic levels of representations and processing and they raise a number of questions regarding the specific instantiation of these distinctions within current theoretical frameworks of language production.
Chaperone peptides of α-crystallin inhibit epithelial cell apoptosis, protein insolubilization, and opacification in experimental cataracts.

α-Crystallin is a member of the small heat-shock protein (sHSP) family and consists of two subunits, αA and αB. Both αA- and αB-crystallin act as chaperones and anti-apoptotic proteins. Previous studies have identified the peptide 70KFVIFLDVKHFSPEDLTVK88 in αA-crystallin and the peptide 73DRFSVNLDVKHFSPEELKVK92 in αB-crystallin as mini-chaperones. In the human lens, lysine 70 (Lys70) of αA and Lys92 of αB (in the mini-chaperone sequences) are acetylated. In this study, we investigated the cellular effects of the unmodified and acetyl mini-chaperones. The αA- and αB-crystallin peptides inhibited stress-induced aggregation of four client proteins, and the αA-acetyl peptide was more effective than the native peptide against three of the client proteins. Both the acetyl and native crystallin peptides inhibited stress-induced apoptosis in two mammalian cell types, and this property was directly related to the inhibition of cytochrome c release from mitochondria and the activity of caspase-3 and -9. In organ-cultured rat lenses, the peptides inhibited calcimycin-induced epithelial cell apoptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of the peptides inhibited cataract development in selenite-treated rats, which was accompanied by inhibition of oxidative stress, protein insolubilization, and caspase activity in the lens. These inhibitory effects were more pronounced for acetyl peptides than native peptides. A scrambled αA-crystallin peptide produced no such effects. The results suggest that the α-crystallin chaperone peptides could be used as therapeutic agents to treat cataracts and diseases in which protein aggregation and apoptosis are contributing factors.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SHOCK : II. THE ROLE OF THE PERIPHERAL TISSUES IN THE METABOLISM OF PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE DURING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN THE RAT.

The changes in the blood levels of amino nitrogen, glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were compared in eviscerate (liverless) rats and eviscerate rats subjected to hemorrhage, in order to establish the role of the peripheral tissues in the blood changes during shock. It was found that:- 1. The blood amino acids accumulate at a more rapid rate in the bled liverless rats than in the control liverless animals. 2. The blood sugar falls more rapidly in the liverless rat after hemorrhage, both in animals with intact suprarenal glands and those with enucleated suprarenal medullae. 3. The blood lactate and pyruvate rise slowly in the liverless rat, but maintain a constant relation to each other except terminally when convulsions occur. In the bled liverless rat both lactate and pyruvate increase much more rapidly than in the control liverless rat, and the lactate/pyruvate ratio also increases. These data are interpreted to indicate that a decrease in liver function during hemorrhagic shock serves to make apparent a considerable increase in peripheral protein catabolism and accentuates the effects of an increased carbohydrate utilization by the periphery. The lactate and pyruvate changes are determined chiefly by anoxia of the peripheral tissue and probably indicate an increasing predominance of anaerobic over aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate in muscle. The liver plays a negligible role in the lactate and pyruvate changes in shock.
VASCULITIS: A Collection of Pearls and Myths

Since Kussmaul and Maier described the index case of vasculitis in 1866, the field has seen many changes. What was considered for decades to be only a single disorder is now known to consist of at least 15 to 20 distinct conditions. Important strides have been made in unraveling the pathophysiology of some individual forms of vasculitis, but many mysteries remain. Over time, numerous myths and occasional pearls have arisen from the care of patients with these disorders. This collection of pearls and myths gathers lessons about the status of clinical care of vasculitis patients in the year 2008.
Interdisciplinary communication medium for collaborative conceptual building design

Collaborative conceptual design involves intensive cross-disciplinary communication of design concepts and decisions. Difficulty in producing and expressing such information leads to extensive delays, miscommunication and confusion, which often have an impact upon the quality of the final design and the time required to achieve design concensus. Computer tools provide little support for the special needs for representation and reasoning posed by cross-disciplinary communication in collaborative conceptual building design. By building upon design theory, literature and observations for a case study of an actual building design project, we identify and devise computational strategies for addressing these needs. Our objective is to help improve the communication among design team members. Our test case focuses on the communication between architects and structural engineers. We propose a conceptual framework for interdisciplinary communication to support collaborative conceptual design and present a prototype called Interdisciplinary Communication Medium (ICM). Our conceptualization suggests that designers propose a shared form model, interpret the form model into discipline models, critique the discipline form models to derive behavior and compare it to function, and explain the results to other members of the team. We present this propose-interpret-critique-explain paradigm as a communication cycle for collaborative conceptual building design. We explore and test the conceptualization by modeling it with an experimental software prototype, ICM, that integrates graphic representations and AI reasoning about, the evolving building design. ICM provides a graphic environment as the central interface to reasoning tools to support collaborative design.
Outcomes of heart transplantation in young adults—more than a pediatric concern

d t v w p f M c r o n the world of heart transplantation, coming of age occurs at 8. If you are 18 years of age or older you are considered an dult. If you have not been transplanted, you are usually (but ot always) transplanted at an adult transplant center and folowed in an adult transplant clinic where the majority of paients are middle-aged. If you are less than 18 years of age, you re considered a child, usually (but not always) transplanted at pediatric center, and followed in a clinic surrounded by abies, toddlers and children. Your clinical experience is hronicled in separate pediatric or adult databases and physiians tend to study and write about one group or the other. Analyses that link these two separate heart transplant orlds are relatively few and far between. Thus, the work of eorge et al, merging initially within their centers’ experince, and now combining the adult Cardiac Transplant esearch Database (CTRD) and the Pediatric Heart Translant Study (PHTS) databases, offers a chance to step back nd look at the whole picture. The studies show similar esults that have been observed in previous single CTRD nd PHTS analyses. Adults have more deaths from rejecion in young adults and infection in elderly recipients; in ediatrics it is the opposite. These outcomes, not surprisngly, improved in the recent era, a phenomenon the invesigators have attributed to changes in initial and mainteance immunosuppression strategies. Although their roposed “immunosuppression eras” might be more attuned o the changing protocols at a single institution, they are onsistent in a very general way with the patterns of immuosuppression use documented in both the adult and peditric ISHLT databases. The CTRD/PHTS study differs from the initial Alabama– irmingham study in one key area: instead of combining dolescents and young adults into one large 10to 30-yearld group, adolescents and 20-year-olds (19 to 30 years) are nalyzed as separate groups. This change in analysis groups llows the CTRD/PHTS study to make the striking and g
Magnetic couplings in the hubbard model

Abstract The half-filled Hubbard model can be analyzed in terms of quasi-electron and spin wave excitations; the latter are described cribed by HH = - 1 2 Σ nmJnmσnσn. The quantities J nm were calculated and the resulting thermodynamic quantities in the one-dimensional (1D) case are in very good agreement with exact results.
Dryden lectureship in research, a perspective on CFD validation

A comprehensive approach to CFD validation is presented. Requirements from computational and experimental perspectives are given. Experimental validation is emphasized because it ultimately determines the accuracy of CFD modeling and its application to complex problems. The concepts of building block and benchmark experiments are introduced. The types of measurements required of these experiments and their accuracy determination are explained. Contributions from such experiments toward the development and validation of CFD are reviewed and examples provided. Future challenges and strategies for validation are discussed.
Regulation of neurokinin-1 receptor expression by GABAB receptor agonists

Activation of GABA(B) receptors produces analgesia in acute and chronic pain models. Data indicate that a possible mechanism for this effect is a GABA(B) receptor-induced blockade of neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor gene expression in the spinal cord. While much more potent GABA(B) receptor agonists (CGP 44532) have been developed, there is no information on their antinociceptive properties or their ability to influence NK-1 receptors. To address these issues, rats were treated with baclofen or CGP 44532 and tested for sedation, ataxia, and pain-related behaviors in a chronic pain model (formalin hindpaw injection). In a separate group of experiments the analgesic response to a single dose of CGP 44532 was tested prior, and subsequent to, its chronic administration. The results indicate that CGP 44532 is a substantially more potent analgesic than baclofen. In addition, after chronic administration baclofen was no longer capable of inducing analgesia or of inhibiting the increased expression of NK-1R mRNA and CGP 44532 was still fully effective in both regards. The results suggest that GABA(B) agonists could be clinically useful analgesics.
TIME DOMAIN FLEXURAL RESPONSE OF DYNAMICALLY LOADED SINGLE PILES.

Adopting a Winkler assumption, a simple mechanical soil model is developed for the flexural response analysis of dynamically loaded piles. The model is defined by examining a frequency-domain analytical expression of the dynamic response of a massless cylinder in an infinite previously developed medium. The expression is based on the plane strain assumption. Using this soil model, the time-domain transfer matrix is developed for the flexural response of a single pile. The steady-state harmonic response of a single pile is computed by both the present approach and a previously developed frequency-domain solution. Good agreement between the two computed results validates the present approach. The dynamic response of single piles subjected to the lateral impulse load is computed for piles in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous soil, in order to demonstrate the capability of the present approach. It is confirmed that the developed soil model and pile response formulation are very efficient in numerical computation.
A molecular dynamics study of DMPC lipid bilayers interacting with dimethylsulfoxide-water mixtures.

The diffusion process of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) through zwitterionic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) lipid bilayer was studied by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To account for the cryoprotectant concentration difference between the inside and the outside of the cell, dual DMPC lipid bilayers which separate two aqueous reservoirs with and without DMSO were modeled. The initial configuration of the simulation model had DMSO molecules present in one of the aqueous phases (outside the cell) at two different concentrations of ~3 and ~6 mol%. MD simulations were performed on the systems for 50 ns at 323 K and 1 bar. Although the simulation time considered in the study was insufficient for the DMSO molecules to reach the other aqueous phase and equilibrium, early stages of the diffusion process indicated that DMSO molecules had a tendency to diffuse towards the other aqueous phase. The effects of DMSO on bilayer structural characteristics during the diffusion process were investigated. Simulations were analyzed to correlate the following properties of lipid bilayers in the presence of two different aqueous phases: area per lipid, lipid thickness, mass density profiles, lipid tail order parameter and water dipole orientation. Area per lipid calculated for the leaflet facing the aqueous DMSO–water mixture did not show any significant difference compared to area per lipid for the DMSO-free pure DMPC bilayer. Mass density profiles revealed that DMSO molecules had a strong tendency to diffuse toward the aqueous phase with pure water. The lipid tail order parameter calculated for the sn-1 tail of the leaflet facing the aqueous DMSO–water mixture showed that the ordering of lipid tails decreased compared to the leaflet exposed to pure water. However, the ordering of lipid tails in a system where a single bilayer is hydrated by an aqueous DMSO–water mixture is far lower.
A Recursive Algorithm for Order Cycle-time that Minimizes Logistics Cost

A firm's logistics cost, including shipping and inventory-carrying, is a substantial percentage of its sales. Nevertheless, typical inventory-control methods ignore or insufficiently represent the shipping cost. This paper describes a recursive algorithm that determines the reorder cycle-time that minimizes total logistics cost. It allows for a realistic accounting of shipping cost, which is modelled here as a function of shipping distance and weight. The algorithm uses a relaxation procedure to identify a suitable initial approximation to the optimal order cycle-time and then, through a series of recursive steps, moves to the optimal result. We demonstrate the algorithm with a single item, with a group of items that share a common order cycle, and with multi-items when item demands are random variables. Experience with this algorithm indicates that it converges to the optimal result in a very few steps.
Learning to read; attaching your ear to your tongue

Really early learning predicts later success in school, life, and society (1), (2). Speech fluency, measured by accuracy, rate, and prosody (3), predicts reading comprehension (4) and reading proficiency (5). Speech fluency may be improved by one‐on‐one teacher interactions. When properly administered they give teachers useful information, but are time‐consuming and subject to teacher's expectations. The results are commonly norm‐referenced; a "wait to fail" model where teachers find deficits later in "high‐stakes tests" (6). These failures led us to develop "voice mirroring (VM)." (7) V‐M lets children self‐correct their speech by hearing it mirrored after amplification. The child hears discrepancies between their own speech and their teacher's to self‐correct. Children supported by V‐M demonstrate better reading skills as estimated by their teachers; (single‐blind). Well‐spoken children read well
Two New Prediction-Driven Approaches to Discrete Choice Prediction

The ability to predict consumer choices is essential in understanding the demand structure of products and services. Typical discrete choice models that are targeted at providing an understanding of the behavioral process leading to choice outcomes are developed around two main assumptions: the existence of a utility function that represents the preferences over a choice set and the relatively simple and interpretable functional form for the utility function with respect to attributes of alternatives and decision makers. These assumptions lead to models that can be easily interpreted to provide insights into the effects of individual variables, such as price and promotion, on consumer choices. However, these restrictive assumptions might impede the ability of such theory-driven models to deliver accurate predictions and forecasts. In this article, we develop novel approaches targeted at providing more accurate choice predictions. Specifically, we propose two prediction-driven approaches: pairwise preference learning using classification techniques and ranking function learning using evolutionary computation. We compare our proposed approaches with a multiclass classification approach, as well as a standard discrete choice model. Our empirical results show that the proposed approaches achieved significantly higher choice prediction accuracy.
Atmospheric Sea-Salt Nuclei Data for Project Shower

This report presents, without discussion, extensive data on the distribution of sea-salt nuclei in Hawaii during the field activities of Project Shower. References to studies and digests of similar data from this region are given. It is pointed out that one of the major purposes of obtaining these data, simultaneously with the other data presented in this volume, was to test an hypothesis of raindrop formation by tracing the salts in the nuclei to the salts in solution in the raindrops. The reader is invited to use these data for this or other purposes. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1957.tb01912.x
Plasticity of the neoplastic phenotype in vivo is regulated by epigenetic factors

Age of host and transplantation-site microenvironment influence the tumorigenic potential of neoplastically transformed liver epithelial cells. Tumorigenic BAG2-GN6TF rat liver epithelial cells consistently form tumors at ectopic sites, but differentially express tumorigenicity or hepatocytic differentiation in the liver depending on host age and route of cell transplantation into the liver. Direct inoculation into host livers concentrates tumor cells locally, resulting in undifferentiated tumors near the transplantation site in both young (3-month-old) and old (18-month-old) rats. Transplantation-site tumors regress within 1 month in the livers of young rats, but grow progressively in old rats. However, inoculation of cells into the spleen distributes transplanted cells individually throughout the liver, resulting in hepatocytic differentiation by tumor cells with concomitant suppression of their tumorigenicity in young rats. When transplanted into livers of old rats by splenic inoculation, or when young hepatic-transplant recipients are allowed to age, hepatocytic progeny of BAG2-GN6TF cells proliferate to form foci, suggesting that the liver microenvironment of old rats incompletely regulates the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cell-derived hepatocytes. Upon removal from the liver, BAG2-GN6TF-derived hepatocytes revert to an undifferentiated, aggressively tumorigenic phenotype. We posit that the spectrum between normal differentiation and malignant potential of these cells reflects the dynamic interaction of the specific transformation-related genotype of the cells and the characteristics of the tissue microenvironment at the transplantation site. Changes in the tissue milieu, such as those that accompany normal aging, may determine the ability of a genetically aberrant cell to produce a tumor.
Chimerization of highly asynchronous murine blastomeres: developmental alteration?

Previous studies have shown that early embryos contain information that can alter the developmental fate of adjacent cells and transferred nuclei. In this report we show that a specific combination of cells from early murine embryos, a single blastomere from an eight-cell embryo placed under the zona pellucida with a two-cell embryo, results in a difference in incorporation of 3H-uridine and expression of two protein bands between the chimeric treatment group and the nonchimeric controls, a single blastomere from an eight-cell embryo in a separate zona pellucida and a two-cell embryo. The incorporation of 3H-uridine in the chimeric group and nonchimeric control group was significantly different at 45 hours after chimerization (P less than .02). A stage-specific protein band (52k) on a polyacrylamide gel detected with fluorography was found to be qualitatively different (present more often; P less than .01) and another stage-specific protein band (48k) was found to be quantitatively different (more protein; P = .07) in the chimeric treatment vs. the nonchimeric controls at 45 hours after chimerization. These results suggest communication between the cells resulting in a change in their incorporation of uridine and protein synthetic profiles.
Why the bigger live longer and travel farther: animals, vehicles, rivers and the winds

Here we show that constructal-law physics unifies the design of animate and inanimate movement by requiring that larger bodies move farther and their movement on the landscape last longer. The life span of mammals must scale as the body mass (M) raised to the power 1/4 and the distance traveled during the lifetime must increase with body size. The same size effect on life span and distance traveled holds for the other flows that move mass on earth: atmospheric and oceanic jets and plumes, river basins, animals and human operated vehicles. The physics is the same for all flow systems on the landscape: the scaling rules of “design” are expressions of the natural tendency of all flow systems to generate designs that facilitate flow access. This natural tendency is the constructal law of design and evolution in nature. Larger bodies are more efficient movers of mass on the landscape.
Surface Air Radioactivity and Ozone at Amundsen–Scott Station (90° S.), Antarctica

THE Amundsen–Scott station located at the geographical South Pole offers, by virtue of its extreme isolation from man-made pollution, a unique setting for the study of atmospheric tracers. In addition, the permanent snow cover provides for the atmosphere a homogeneous, inert and unchanging lower boundary.
The penalty boundary method

Traditional methods for applying boundary conditions in finite element analysis require the mesh to conform to the geometry boundaries. This in turn requires complex meshing algorithms for automated mesh generation from CAD geometry, particularly when using quadrilateral and hexahedral elements. The penalty boundary method (PBM) is introduced as a method that significantly reduces the time required for generating finite element models because the mesh is not required to conform to the CAD geometry. The PBM also eliminates discretization error as boundary conditions are applied using CAD geometry directly rather than an approximation of the geometry, The PBM employs penalty methods to apply boundary conditions on a simple, regular mesh.
Typed VoIP Silence Prediction for Smartphone Energy Savings

Previous research has shown that considerable energy savings may be made in Android phones by intelligently switching the WiFi radio from Constantly Awake Mode (CAM), to Power Save Mode (PSM) during periods of mutual silence in Voice over IP calls. This is because a WiFi radio in CAM consumes approximately one third of a smartphones battery life. Since a typical conversation can consist of up to 60 % silence, much of a conversation need not be transmitted, and thus wastes a considerable amount of battery power. This research shows that as much as 40 % of that energy can be saved by switching the radio to PSM during mutual silence periods. However, this technique relies heavily on accurately predicting the duration of such silence periods. This paper presents and compares a silence model which uses speaker identity to build a typology of silences to a naive un-typed strategy. This type model relies on recent research showing statistical difference between the durations of classes of silences based on speaker identity before and after a silence. Evaluation of this technique, however, demonstrates that such models do not show improvement over more naive strategies. Thus, a naive strategy is perfectly sufficient for accurate prediction of silence duration.
Xylophagous chironomidae from oregon streams

Wood‐mining Chironomidae in Oregon were studied using sound wood submerged for 5–6 years as standard substrates. The dominant species were the orthocladiine midges Orthocladius lignicola Kieffer and Chaetocladius ligni Cranston and Oliver. Larvae were much more abundant in alder than in conifer wood. Using a combination of multiple washings and rearing, the population density of xylophagous midges in alder posts was estimated as 618 ± 173/m2 of wood surface. This was over 25% of the total wood‐associated invertebrates at the site, indicating that a significant component of the fauna is missed if the subsurface Chironomidae are not collected.
Effect of Phospholipids and Unsaponifiable Matter on Oxidative Stability of Milk Fat

Sumamry Stability of milk fat samples prepared by different methods was measured by determining the length of the induction period at 80±0.5° C. Fat extracted from cream or buttermilk with a 2:3 ether-pentane mixture had greater stability than churned fat. This was attributed to synergism between phospholipids and other antioxidants or synergists extracted from membrane material and plasma, and was confirmed by the stabilizing effects of adding to churned fat different levels of phospholipids and/or unsaponifiable matter. Churned fat contained no phospholipids. Unsaponifiable matter (free of acids) alone, added to churned and extracted fats, increased fat stability. Among the known constituents of the unsaponifiable matter, beta-carotene acted as a prooxidant, and cholesterol had no significant effect. Alpha-tocopherol was the only unsaponifiable constituent tested that acted synergistically with phospholipids in stabilizing churned fat. However, differences in the amounts of tocopherol could not entirely account for the differences in stability among different extracted fats. Oxidative deterioration was detected organoleptically in churned fat before the end of the induction period and at peroxide values less than 1.00.
On the emergence of autism: neuroimaging findings from birth to preschool

By definition, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emerges early in life. Core clinical symptoms generally appear after a child’s first birthday, and most children receive a diagnosis by the age of 4 years. This relatively narrow window of birth to age of onset affords the opportunity to chart the neurodevelopmental processes that give rise to ASD. Although much remains unknown, magnetic resonance brain imaging studies centered around the emergence of the disorder have yielded important clues about its pathogenesis. Prominent findings include evidence of increased cortical gray and white matter volumes, increased amygdala volumes, aberrant structural and functional connectivity, and atypical neurodevelopmental trajectories. Findings to date suggest a disrupted pattern of early brain development during an interval typically characterized by dramatic experience-dependent neurobehavioral development. Developmentally informed neuroimaging studies of ASD have the potential to improve our knowledge pertaining to etiology and early intervention.
Abstract IA2: Cell lines as ovarian cancer models: Insights from molecular profiles in TCGA and CCLE

Cancer cell lines are frequently used as in vitro tumor models. Recent molecular profiles of hundreds of cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and thousands of tumor samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) now allow a systematic genomic comparison of cell lines and tumors. We analyzed a panel of 47 ovarian cancer cell lines and identified those that have the highest genetic similarity to ovarian tumors. Our comparison of copy-number changes, mutations and mRNA expression profiles revealed pronounced differences in molecular profiles between commonly used ovarian cancer cell lines and high-grade serous ovarian cancer tumor samples. We identified several rarely used cell lines that more closely resemble cognate tumor profiles than commonly used cell lines, and we propose these lines as the most suitable models of ovarian cancer. Our results indicate that the gap between cell lines and tumors can be bridged by genomically informed choices of cell line models for all tumor types. The genomic profiles of these ovarian cancer cell lines and tumor samples can be explored and analyzed via the cBioPortal for Cancer Genomics (cbioportal.org). Citation Format: Nikolaus Schultz. Cell lines as ovarian cancer models: Insights from molecular profiles in TCGA and CCLE. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research: From Concept to Clinic; Sep 18-21, 2013; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2013;19(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA2.
Supercompactness within the projective hierarchy

We show that all the projective ordinals are supercompact through their supremum and a ways beyond.
World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms (WWOOF) in the United States: locations and motivations of volunteer tourism host farms.

This paper examines the WWOOF (World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms) in the United States as a type of agri-tourism and volunteer tourism. WWOOF is an international movement in which host farms provide room and board in exchange for labor by tourist-volunteers. The study examines the supplier side of this phenomenon, investigating the locational characteristics and motivations of WWOOF host farms in the USA. A statistical analysis of WWOOF host locations is complemented by a survey and interviews of WWOOF host farms in upstate New York. The study finds that, of the 1232 WWOOF hosts with available zip codes, WWOOF host distributions are highly skewed spatially, with none in 2533 of continental USA's 3108 counties, but concentrations along the west coast and across Appalachia, plus outlying clusters. It suggests that lifestyle considerations are important factors, with WWOOF host locations in high environmental/scenic quality locations and “bohemian” cultural settings, but few in conventional farm regi...
Photoelectric Quantum Counters for Visible and Ultraviolet Light. Part I

Extremely sensitive instruments for measuring faint light, from 900A to 7500A, have been made by combining the essential features of photoelectric cells and Geiger-M\"uller tube counters, so that the photoelectrons ejected by the radiation are individually counted. With some of the tubes described, photocurrents of 0.05 electrons per second can be measured. Photoelectric surfaces of Sn, Cd, Zn, Cu, brass, Ag, Hg, Mg, ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$, and Se, were used for measuring ultraviolet light. Visible-sensitive surfaces were made by coating Cu cathodes with fused NaCN, and with amalgams of Na, K, Cs, Sr, and Na-K, and subsequently directing intense ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ bombardment against them, in a hydrogen atmosphere. In this manner, thin films of hydrides of the respective metals were formed by reduction. The KH-on-Hg cathodes were the most sensitive to visible light, while the most sensitive one for ultraviolet light was a thin layer of ${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ on Se. Very thin films of about 30 aniline dyes and photographic sensitizers were successively coated on the zinc cathode of a counter. The dye usually shifted the photoelectric threshold toward the ultraviolet, but increased the total sensitivity of the surface. Similar effects were obtained by reversing the direction of field in the counting tube and introducing traces of certain organic liquids into the vicinity of the tungsten wire, which was then the cathode. Thus diethyl-aniline increased the sensitivity by a factor of about 25. Different gases were also tried in the counting tubes; it was found best to use a gas with a high minimum ionization potential, when possible. A counter was used for comparing the total ultraviolet luminosities of several light sources. Thus a particular quartz mercury arc, using about 120 watts, gave 6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ times as much ultraviolet as did a 1000-watt incandescent lamp. Amplifying and recording apparatus is described which is suitable for counting as many as 100 electrons per second, arriving at random times. The paper also discusses criteria for determining the useful electron-counting sensitivity of a counter, the factors limiting its counting speed, an explanation of its mode of operation, and evidence for the existence of other ionic emissions, besides electrons, from counter cathodes. Some possible applications of the counters are mentioned.
Physical characterization of ultrashort laser pulse drilling of biological tissue

Abstract Ultrashort laser pulse ablation removes material with low-energy fluence required and minimal collateral damage. The ultimate usefulness of this technology for biomedical application depends, in part, on characterization of the physical conditions attained, and determination of the zone of shockwave and heat-affected material in particular tissues. Detailed numerical modeling of the relevant physics (deposition, plasma formation, shockwave generation and propagation, thermal conduction) are providing this information. A wide range of time scales is involved, ranging from picosecond for energy deposition and peak pressure and temperature, to nanosecond for development of shockwave, to microsecond for macroscopic thermophysical response.
White-light oblique-incidence diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for classification of in-vivo pigmented skin lesions

A study of in-vivo classification of pigmented skin lesions using oblique-incidence diffuse reflectance spectroscopy is presented. Spatio-spectral data in the wavelength range from 455 to 765 nm are collected from 111 pigmented lesions including 10 histopathologically diagnosed as melanoma. The first 67 lesions are used for training the classifiers, and 44 lesions are used for testing. The first classifier separates (1) malignant melanoma and severe dysplastic nevi from (2) moderate and mild dysplastic nevi, common nevi, actinic and seborrheic keratoses. The second classifier next distinguishes between (a) moderate and mild dysplastic nevi, common nevi from (b) actinic and seborrheic keratoses. The third classifier further separates (I) moderate and mild dysplastic nevi from (II) common nevi. The first classifier performs with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity with overall classification rates of 93% and 95 % for the training and testing sets, respectively. The second classifier has classification rates of 95% and 97 % for the training and testing sets, respectively, whereas the third classifier has classification rates of 98% and 94 % for the training and testing sets, respectively.
Binding and functional effects of thyroid stimulating hormone on human immune cells

The expression and functional relevance of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors on human immune cells were studied. Flow cytometric analysis was used to study the binding of biotinylated TSH to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and various purified lymphoid populations. Our results indicate that the hormone binds well to monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells and marginally to purified tonsillar T and B lymphocytes. There was a significant increase in the binding of TSH to purified B cells that were activatedin vitro withStaphylococcus aureaus Cowan. In contrast, the binding of TSH to T cells was unaltered when they were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). While TSH increases DNA synthesis and intracellular cAMP levels of FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells, it did not have such stimulatory effects on lymphocytes. However, there was a moderate increase in Ig production by activated B lymphocytes when they were cultured in the presence of the hormone. A possible function for TSH as a link between the immune system and the thyroid is discussed.
Classification of obesity and assessment of obesity-related health risks.

ARONNE, LOUIS J. Classification of obesity and assessment of obesity-related health risks. Obes Res. 2002; 10:105S–115S. The barriers to the evaluation and treatment of obesity by health-care providers include a lack of awareness of obesity as an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality and inadequate training in the medical management of obesity. However, the increased risk of medical disorders and emotional consequences associated with obesity make the disorder a priority for physicians to assess and treat. Obesity researchers have published and promoted the use of evidence-based, practical guidelines to educate physicians about how best to approach obesity as a medical disorder. The guidelines support classification and assessment of obesity as an important component of the patient’s medical care. Assessment begins with classification by body mass index (BMI), with overweight and obesity defined as a BMI of 25 and 30 kg/m 2 , respectively. Patients with high-risk combinations of BMI, waist circumference, and specific cardiovascular risk factors should begin a weight-loss program if no contraindications are present. Proper assessment also includes evaluation of complicating factors for obesity, such as sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes, psychosocial factors, and the use of medications that may contribute to obesity. Special attention should be paid to elements of the physical examination that often are performed incorrectly in obese patients, such as pelvic exams. Gathering this information will allow the clinician to tailor a weight-loss program to each patient individually. Although this represents the most challenging component of obesity care, resources are available to guide the clinician.
Drought in Bulgaria and atmospheric synoptic conditions over Europe

Drought in Bulgaria is analyzed from the multiple viewpoints of statistical occurrence, spatial patterns, and synoptic conditions. A new index of drought, the SD (spatial-dryness) index, characterizes drought by both intensity and spatial extent. The occurrence of the SD index is analyzed using global gridded data sets. Examination of transitional probabilities of multiple months and years with drought occurrence suggests persistence is sufficiently frequent to be important for climate-related environmental planning. Finally, it is shown that specific seasonal synoptic patterns are associated with wet and dry conditions in Bulgaria.
Impact of respiratory acid-base status in patients with pulmonary hypertension

Background. The perioperative management of patients undergoing mitral valve replacement (MVR) with pulmonary hypertension from mitral stenosis may be complicated by increased pulmonary vascular resistance. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of respiratory acid-base status on the pulmonary hemodynamic indices of patients with pulmonary hypertension before and after MVR. Methods. Ten patients with pulmonary hypertension from mitral stenosis (mean preoperative systolic pulmonary artery pressure, 73 ± 8 mm Hg) undergoing MVR were studied in the operating room before and after MVR. Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide was manipulated by the addition of 5% carbon dioxide to the breathing circuit. Hemodynamic data were collected as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rose from 30 mm Hg to 50 mm Hg and decreased back to 30 mm Hg. Results. There were no differences in mean pulmonary artery pressure or pulmonary vascular resistance before and after MVR. Before MVR, mean pulmonary artery pressure increased from 32 ± 1 mm Hg to 48 ± 1 mm Hg as the partial pressure of carbon dioxide rose from 30 mm Hg to 50 mm Hg ( p −5 ( p Conclusion. Respiratory acid-base status has a profound impact upon pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary hypertension from mitral stenosis undergoing MVR. This impact persists in the immediate postoperative period. We conclude that respiratory acidemia should be avoided in these patients, whereas respiratory alkalemia may be used to help minimize pulmonary vascular resistance.
IMPULSE RESPONSE ANALYSIS IN VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIONS WITH UNKNOWN LAG ORDER

We show that the effects of overfitting and underfitting a vector autoregressive (VAR) model are strongly asymmetric for VAR summary statistics involving higher-order dynamics (such as impulse response functions, variance decompositions, or long-run forecasts) . Underfit models often underestimate the true dynamics of the population process and may result in spuriously tight confidence intervals. These insights are important for applied work, regardless of how the lag order is determined. In addition, they provide a new perspective on the trade-offs between alternative lag order selection criteria. We provide evidence that, contrary to conventional wisdom, for many statistics of interest to VAR users the point and interval estimates based on the AIC compare favourably to those based on the more parsimonious Schwarz Information Criterion and Hannan – Quinn Criterion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lung cancer screening in high-risk populations.

Abstract Although the number of smokers per capita has declined appreciably in the United States in the past 30 years, smokers still make up about one quarter of the adult population. It does not appear that the number of US smokers will decrease further in the next century, and the number may even increase due to the popularity of smoking among teenagers. Epidemiological data indicate that women are more susceptible, dose-for-dose, to the adverse effects of tobacco smoke. Since women make up a large percentage of today's smokers, lung cancer rates may increase in the future. Current guidelines recommend against lung cancer screening based on chest x-ray and sputum morphology; however, new highly sensitive detection methods are available that may make screening more effective, especially if combined with analysis of risk factors for lung cancer and biomarkers of damage to the airways that may identify individuals at highest risk for lung malignancies. Lung cancer will continue to be a major public health problem in the next century. Advances in the field of early detection may make lung cancer screening practical and effective in the near future.
Finescale Structure and Microphysics of Coastal Stratus

Observations were made of unbroken marine stratus off the coast of Oregon using the combined capabilities of in situ probes and a 95-GHz radar mounted on an aircraft. Reflectivity and Doppler velocity measurements were obtained in vertical and horizontal planes that extend from the flight lines. Data from three consecutive days were used to examine echo structure and microphysics characteristics. The clouds appeared horizontally homogeneous and light drizzle reached the surface in all three cases. Radar reflectivity is dominated by drizzle drops over the lower two-thirds to four-fifths of the clouds and by cloud droplets above that. Cells with above-average drizzle concentrations exist in all cases and exhibit a large range of sizes. The cells have irregular horizontal cross sections but occur with a dominant spacing that is roughly 1.2‐1.5 times the depth of the cloud layer. Doppler velocities in the vertical are downward in all but a very small fraction of the cloud volumes. The cross correlation between reflectivity and vertical Doppler velocity changes sign at or below the midpoint of the cloud, indicating that in the upper parts of the clouds above-average reflectivities are associated with smaller downward velocities. This correlation and related observations are interpreted as the combined results of upward transport of drizzle drops and of downward motion of regions diluted by entrainment. The in situ measurements support these conclusions.
A Method of Measuring the Properties of Ash Deposits in a Coal Fired Reactor

Coal is an important source of energy because of its potential for power generation and its abundance in the earth. A great deal of research is dedicated to developing cleaner and more efficient methods of generating power from coal. A major problem associated with almost all power generation processes involving coal is the formation of ash. Some of the ash that is formed is deposited on the tubes and walls of the combustion chambers. This accumulation of ash can significantly affect the thermal transport in the boiler. Modeling of the heat transfer occurring in a coal combustion process requires knowledge of the properties of these deposits. Accurate measurements of these properties will lead to better modeling capabilities and improved optimization of the design of coal fired reactors. Therefore, a method for accurate, in situ measurement of the emittance and thermal conductivity is highly desirable. This paper describes the development of a method for determining the total emittance and thermal conductivity of the deposited ash layers and analyzes the sensitivity of these properties to measurement errors.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Adult attachment and working models of emotion

The Self-Confrontation Method (SCM; Hermans & Hermans-Jansen, 1995) was used to examine the relationship between emotional experience and attachment style in a college student sample (N = 143). Securely attached participants were found to be significantly higher in positive affective experiences while fearful participants reported significantly less positive affect. Secure and dismissing participants reported significantly more affect directed toward self-enhancement than fearful participants. Dismissing participants reported significantly less affect directed toward connectedness with others when compared to secure, preoccupied and fearful participants. The implications of these findings for attachment theory, the utility of the SCM as a research tool and counseling are discussed.
Anisotropy of nickel-base superalloy single crystals

The influence of orientation on the tensile and stress rupture behavior of 52 Mar-M247 single crystals was studied. Tensile tests were performed at temperatures between 23 and 1093 C; stress rupture behavior was examined between 760 and 1038 C. The mechanical behavior of the single crystals was rationalized on the basis of the Schmid factor contours for the operative slip systems and the lattice rotations which the crystals underwent during deformation. The tensile properties correlated well with the appropriate Schmid factor contours. The stress rupture lives at lower testing temperatures were greatly influenced by the lattice rotations required to produce cross slip. A unified analysis was attained for the stress rupture life data generated for the Mar-M247 single crystals at 760 and 774 C under a stress of 724 MPa and the data reported for Mar-M200 single crystals tested at 760 C under a stress of 689 MPa. Based on this analysis, the stereographic triangle was divided into several regions which were rank ordered according to stress rupture life for this temperature regime.
Competitive photocatalytic reduction of H+ and C2H2 by Mo2S4(S2C2H4)2−2 on colloidal TiO2

Abstract The competitive photocatalytic reduction of H + and C 2 H 2 at catalytic sites formed when Mo 2 S 4 (S 2 C 2 H 4 ) 2− 2 is photoreduced on colloidal TiO 2 in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor was studied. Comparisons of the total number of electrons transferred to both substrates as a function of pH suggest that the substrates compete for a common catalytic site. Based on analogies with homogeneous solution studies, a mechanism involving an Mo(IV) dimeric species as the catalytic site is suggested. The efficiency for conversion of incident light to reduced products increases with decreasing light intensity and maximizes at about seven electrons transferred per 100 photons absorbed.