cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 32 – Nitric Oxide

Publisher Summary Nitric oxide (NO) plays a central role in the physiology and pathophysiology of many human organ systems. In the context of the respiratory system, NO promotes vascular and bronchial dilation and is a key mediator of the coordinated beating of ciliated epithelial cells. It also promotes mucus secretion and is an important neurotransmitter for nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons. This chapter emphasizes the formation of NO, the technical aspects of its measurement, and its role in the pathobiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). NO generated in the lung can directly propagate the epithelial damage that characterizes severe asthma and other airway diseases. Within the lung, NO is a mediator of inflammatory phenomena as it has the ability to influence the phenotype of inflammatory cells, and it contributes to the formation of reactive nitrogen products. Asthmatic individuals have higher exhaled NO concentrations than those encountered in normal individuals. Exhaled NO is used extensively to monitor the effect of corticosteroid treatment in asthma and asthma exacerbations, both spontaneous and induced by steroid reduction.
Review of the literature regarding the relationship of rebleeding and external ventricular drainage in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage of aneurysmal origin

Acute hydrocephalus is a well-documented complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The insertion of external ventricular drainage (EVD) has been the standard of care in the management of this complication, aiming primarily at immediate improvement of the clinical condition of these patients, making them more suitable candidates for surgical or endovascular intervention. In our current communication, we review the pertinent literature regarding the relationship of rebleeding and EVD. Several studies have implicated a significantly increased risk of rebleeding in patients with EVD, compared with patients without it. Abrupt lowering of the intracranial pressure could lead to rebleeding due to decreased transmural pressure or removal of the clot sealing the previously ruptured aneurysm. However, a variety of parameters that could affect the rebleeding rate, such as the timing of surgery, the timing and duration of drainage, the size of the aneurysm, as well as the severity of the initial hemorrhage, do not seem to have been adequately explored in the majority of these studies. In addition, a number of clinical trials have failed to provide evidence for the negative role of EVD in the development of rebleeding. Conclusively, further long-term multi-center studies are required in order to establish the exact nature of the relationship between EVD and rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
The infrared and Raman spectra of dicyanodiacetylene, NCCCCCCN

Abstract Dicyanodiacetylene, NCCCCCCN, was prepared by improved procedures which are given in detail. Its infrared spectrum was measured from 35 to 4000 cm −1 in the vapor and solution phases. Raman spectra with polarizations were obtained for solutions. D ∞ h symmetry is fully satisfactory, and all fundamentals have been assigned. All other symmetries present serious problems. Thus the experimental evidence clearly supports the expected linear symmetrical structure. Dicyanodiacetylene is therefore believed to be the longest confirmed linear molecule now known.
Vibration-induced tribological damage to fracture surfaces via vibrothermography

Abstract Vibrothermography is a nondestructive evaluation technique that uses a temperature-sensitive infrared (IR) camera that observes vibration-induced heat generation at defects, such as cracks, to detect and locate defects within a structure. Vibrothermography has been hindered by issues of repeatability even between consecutive experimental excitations on the same sample. This paper presents experimental evidence of tribological damage – or microscopic changes – that can occur on rubbing crack faces resulting from vibration-induced frictional heat generation. The observed changes include plastic deformation, fretting, adhesive wear, oxidation, and phase transformations, such as melting. These tribological damage mechanisms on the rubbing crack faces are partly responsible for the non-repeatability of vibrothermographic testing. These mechanisms can be minimized by limiting vibrational stresses, thus improving vibrothermographic repeatability.
Summary of the Physics in Traps Panel

The "Physics in Traps" panel speculates on possible experiments for high precision mass spectroscopy, the use of recoil ions, applications to laboratory astrophysics, potential condensed matter experiments, and new ideas for optical and magnetic traps for neutral particles.
Rehabilitation Setting and Associated Mortality and Medical Stability Among Persons With Amputations

Abstract Dillingham TR, Pezzin LE. Rehabilitation setting and associated mortality and medical stability among persons with amputations. Objective To estimate the differences in outcomes across postacute care settings—inpatient rehabilitation, skilled nursing facility (SNF), or home—for dysvascular lower-limb amputees. Design Medicare claims data for 1996 were used to identify a cohort of elderly persons with major lower-limb dysvascular amputations. One-year outcomes were derived by analyzing claims for this cohort in 1996 and 1997. Setting Postacute care after amputation. Participants Dysvascular lower-limb elderly amputees (N=2468). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Mortality, medical stability, reamputations, and prosthetic device acquisition. Results The 1-year mortality for the elderly amputees was 41%. Multivariate probit models controlling for patient characteristics indicated that patients discharged to inpatient rehabilitation were significantly (P Conclusions Receiving inpatient rehabilitation care immediately after acute care was associated with reduced mortality, fewer subsequent amputations, greater acquisition of prosthetic devices, and greater medical stability than for patients who were sent home or to an SNF. Such information is vital for health policy makers, physicians, and insurers.
Normative and Strategic Aspects of Transitional Justice

/Vfter atrocities, disappearances, and other human rights violations, the dictatorship in Authoritania falls, and a new democratic regime takes power, changing the coun try's name to Freedonia. How should Freedonia deal with Authoritania's rulers and their agents? Do they have options between forgiveness and full-scale retribution? Should agents of the past regime be allowed political rights? Should victims be com pensated, and should confiscated property be restored? What role does the interna tional community have? These kinds of dilemmas constitute the field of transitional justice. Transitional jus tice refers to formal and informal procedures implemented by a group or institution of accepted legitimacy around the time of a transition out of an oppressive or violent social order, for rendering justice to perpetrators and their collaborators, as well as to their victims. Following Elster (2004), we divide transitional justice into endogenous and exogenous. In the endogenous case, the procedures are administered by the society itself, without external intervention. Exogenous transitional justice is administered from the outside, typically by agents who were not engaged in the conflict, and often
Endocannabinoids facilitate the induction of LTP in the hippocampus.

Exogenous cannabinoids disrupt behavioral learning and impede induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus1, yet endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids)2 transiently suppress inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs)3,4 by activating cannabinoid CB1 receptors on GABAergic interneurons5. We found that release of endocannabinoids by a rat CA1 pyramidal cell during this depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI)6,7 enabled a normally ineffective train of excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) to induce LTP in that cell, but not in neighboring cells. By showing that endocannabinoids facilitate LTP induction and help target LTP to single cells, these data shed new light on the physiological roles of endocannabinoids and may lead to a greater understanding of their effects on behavior and potential clinical use.
Fast and Stable Conformal Mapping Between a Disc and a Square

Mapping between a square or rectangle to a disc or hemisphere, and vice versa, arises in many areas of computer graphics, including environment and reflection mapping, sampling, and BRDFs to name a few. Different maps have different properties: equal-area maps may be more applicable in sampling, while low-distortion or continuity might be preferable in other applications. Conformal mapping preserves angles and thereby locally preserves shape. Although it has been used for over a century, conformal mapping between a disc and a square involves extensive computation with complex numbers. This paper reviews the construction of a conformal map between the unit disc and the unit square, which is formulated as an elliptic integral, and reviews several computational methods. Efficient algorithms are presented for mapping the disc to the square, and from the square to the disc. An implementation is provided in compact C language source code that runs at speeds comparable to simple trigonometric maps.
Efficacy of Median Nerve Recurrent Branch Neurectomy as an Adjunct to Ulnar Motor Nerve Neurectomy and Wrist Arthrodesis at the Time of Superficialis to Profundus Transfer in Prevention of Intrinsic Spastic Thumb-in-Palm Deformity

Purpose The superficialis to profundus (STP) tendon transfer is an effective procedure to correct a spastic clenched fist deformity in a nonfunctional upper extremity. An intrinsic thumb-in-palm (TIP) deformity, caused by increased activity in the adductor pollicis and flexor pollicis brevis muscles, commonly becomes apparent after an STP procedure. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of median nerve recurrent branch neurectomy, done at the time of STP and in concert with an ulnar motor nerve neurectomy and wrist arthrodesis, in the prevention of an intrinsic TIP deformity caused by spastic thenar muscles. Methods We retrospectively evaluated a consecutive series of 23 patients with upper motor neuron syndrome who underwent an STP transfer performed by a single surgeon at our institution. Group 1 included 11 consecutive patients who underwent an STP, ulnar nerve motor branch neurectomy, and wrist arthrodesis. Group 2 included 12 consecutive patients who underwent the same procedures with the addition of a neurectomy of the recurrent median nerve. We examined outcomes including development of a postoperative intrinsic TIP deformity, resolution of hygiene issues, and the need for additional surgery to correct the remaining deformities. Results Patients were observed for an average of 16.1 months. In group 1, 5 of 11 patients developed an intrinsic TIP deformity, compared with 2 of 12 in group 2. Hygiene-related issues resolved in 8 of 11 patients in group 1 and 10 of 12 patients in group 2. There were no wound infections. In the 7 patients with postoperative intrinsic TIP deformity (5 in group 1 and 2 in group 2), 5 elected to have additional surgery. Of the 7 patients, 2 declined additional surgery because their deformities were mild and their hygiene issues had resolved. Conclusions Median nerve recurrent branch neurectomy appears to be a useful adjunct to STP with ulnar motor branch neurectomy and wrist arthrodesis in the prevention of an intrinsic TIP deformity in the nonfunctional hand. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Variational ground states, magnetic responses, and dilution behavior of model valence-fluctuation systems

Abstract Variational ground-state wavefunctions are presented and optimized for two model valence-fluctuation systems. One system exhibits an intuitively reasonable ground-state magnetic susceptibility, while the other is found to have an insulating gap. In view of their different crystal structures, this gap should be realized in SmB 6 but not in SmS, in agreement with experiment. One of these model systems is analyzed for diluted cases, where only a fraction of the sites contain valence-fluctuation cations, and connections are made with several Kondo-theoretic results.
Tissue distribution, elimination, and metabolism of dietary sodium [36Cl]chlorate in beef cattle.

Two steers (∼195 kg) were each dosed with 62.5 or 130.6 mg/kg body weight sodium [36Cl]chlorate for three consecutive days. All excreta were collected during the dosing and 8 h withdrawal periods. ...
Electronic configuration of high-spin imidazole-ligated iron(II) octaethylporphyrinates.

The preparation and characterization of two new five-coordinate, imidazole-ligated, high-spin iron(II) octaethylporphyrinates is described. [Fe(OEP)(1,2-Me2Im)] and [Fe(OEP)(2-MeHIm)] have been cha...
Incomplete holoreflexivity or powerful vested interests

Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk's Worlds in Transition: Evolving Governance across a Stressed Planet 1 is a large book: large in scope, large in intellectual ambition, and large in significance. I...
Evolution of structural and magnetic properties due to nanocrystallization of mechanically milled amorphous Pr-Co-B powders

Pr2Co14B permanent magnet powders were prepared by mechanical milling of an arc-melted ingot. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of the 2:14:1 phase after 1 h of milling which transformed into an amorphous phase with additional milling time. Increasing the milling time also lowered the intrinsic coercivity while the saturation magnetization increased up to 105 emu/g. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements revealed a crystallization temperature of around 560 °C. Upon annealing 30 h of as-milled amorphous powders between 500 and 900 °C, we observed the precipitation of the 2:14:1 phase. The optimum post-milling annealing temperature was 600 °C with an intrinsic coercivity of 7 kOe and maximum energy product of 6 MGOe.
The use of papaverine in arterial sheaths to prevent loss of femoral artery pulse in pediatric cardiac catheterization.

This study evaluated the efficacy of intraarterial papaverine infusion after pediatric cardiac catheterization in reducing the incidence of lost pulse. This study was conducted at a teaching pediatric hospital and was designed as a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Patients were children 5 years old or less undergoing antegrade and retrograde heart catheterization. The intervention used was an intraarterial infusion of placebo or 1.5 mg/kg papaverine after catheterization. Bilateral femoral artery ultrasound study was performed pre- and postcatheterization, including two-dimensional, color, spectral, and pulsatility index analysis. Outcome measures included clinical loss of pulse, ultrasound findings, plus other clinical factors. Fifty-six patients participated in the study (28 per group). Six patients clinically lost the pulse in the catheterized arteries [four in the papaverine and two in the placebo groups (p > 0.64)]. Clinical loss of pulse correlated with diminished pulsatility index (p 0.79). Increased arterial time was the only clinical factor associated with lost pulse (p < 0.0004). Pulsatility index <3.34 correlated with loss of pulse in the catheterized artery. The results indicated that intraarterial papaverine infusion after femoral artery catheterization does not prevent loss of pulse in the catheterized artery, and decreased pulsatility index correlates with diminished pulse and represents a good noninvasive method of evaluating femoral artery patency and flow.
Direction-specific changes of sensitivity after brief apparent motion stimuli

Abstract Direction-specific losses in sensitivity were found for a test grating which was superimposed on a stationary contrast pedestal and which moved either in the same or opposite direction as a prior biasing stimulus. Three types of biasing stimuli were employed: a grating swept through 270° in 45° steps, a single 90° step of a grating, and a single 90° step of a grating which contained a blank IFI and whose perceived direction was reversed. For the biasing sweep and the single 90° step, the response of directionally selective mechanisms (directional motion energy) is greatest for the direction which corresponds to the actual physical displacement of the stimulus. For the biasing step with an IFI, the response is maximum for the opposite direction. For all three types of biasing stimuli, directional sensitivity for a test stimulus was reduced most when it moved in the biasing direction, i.e. the direction which produced the strongest signal in directionally selective mechanisms. Unlike the effects of the same types of biasing stimuli on the perceived direction of a suprathreshold 180° step of a grating [Pinkus, A., & Pantle, A. (1997). Probing motion signals with a priming paradigm. Vision Research , 37 , 541–52; Pantle, A., Gallogly, D.P., & Piehler, O.C. (2000). Direction biasing by brief apparent motion stimuli. Vision Research , 40 , 1979–91], all the direction-specific losses of sensitivity can be explained by changes in the response characteristics of directionally selective mechanisms.
Built-in self-test for signal integrity

Unacceptable loss of signal integrity may harm the functionality of SoCs permanently or intermittently. We propose a systematic approach to model and test signal integrity in deep-submicron high-speed interconnects. Various signal integrity problems occurring on such interconnects (e.g. crosstalk, overshoot, noise, skew, etc.) are considered in a unified model. We also present a test methodology that uses a noise detection circuitry to detect low integrity signals and an inexpensive test architecture to measure and read the statistics for final observation and analysis.
Measuring recovery capital and determining its relationship to outcome in an alcohol dependent sample.

Objective: The current study was conducted to determine whether items culled from multiple measures and identified by a consensus panel as indicators of recovery capital would cohere as a unified, meaningful measure predictive of outcome. Methods: Three-hundred twenty-three alcohol dependent individuals receiving inpatient care completed multiple psychosocial instruments at treatment intake and three-month post-admission follow-up. Results: Exploratory factor analysis supported the multi-dimensional nature of the recovery capital construct. Modest relationships with proximal and distal outcomes were observed. Conclusions: Further work aimed at designing a psychometrically sound measure that specifically assesses the assets that someone brings with them into substance abuse treatment is needed.
Optical absorptivity versus molecular composition of model organic aerosol matter.

Aerosol particles affect the Earth’s energy balance by absorbing and scattering radiation according to their chemical composition, size, and shape. It is generally believed that their optical properties could be deduced from the molecular composition of the complex organic matter contained in these particles, a goal pursued by many groups via high-resolution mass spectrometry, although: (1) absorptivity is associated with structural chromophores rather than with molecular formulas, (2) compositional space is a small projection of structural space, and (3) mixtures of polar polyfunctional species usually exhibit supramolecular interactions. Here we report a suite of experiments showing that the photolysis of aqueous pyruvic acid (a proxy for aerosol α-dicarbonyls absorbing at λ > 300 nm) generates mixtures of identifiable aliphatic polyfunctional oligomers that develop absorptions in the visible upon standing in the dark. These absorptions and their induced fluorescence emissions can be repeatedly bleached...
Cation-Pi Interactions Contribute Significantly to the Stability of FGF and the FGFR

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are ∼ 16 kDa heparin binding proteins that regulate key cellular processes such as angiogenesis, differentiation, morphogenesis, wound healing and tumor growth. FGFRs consist of three extracellular ligand binding domains (D1, D2, D3), a single transmembrane helix, and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Cell surface-bound HSPGs (heparan sulfate proteoglycans) supported dimerization or polymerization of the FGFRs are thought to be required to activate the signaling pathway. The D2 domain is suggested to bind with both HSPGs and FGFs to form a ternary complex. Xray and NMR solution structures of the D2 domain have been analyzed using the CAPTURE cation-pi program. The CAPTURE program indicates cation-pi interactions between residues Y155:R152(Xray), W191:R203 (NMR) and possibly F237:K151 (Xray). Biophysical characterization of the mutants at each cation and pi pair, identified by CAPTURE, shows a significant destabilization resulting from the Y155A, W191A and R203E mutations. Results from differential scanning calorimetry show a reduction in melting temperature by 10-14 °C for Y155A, W191 and R203 mutants of D2. The reduction in the stability of the D2 domain is corroborated by results of ANS binding, thermal denaturation and a limited trypsin digestion experiments. The HSQC of D2 Y155A shows limited chemical shift perturbation of residues in the vicinity of the mutation site. The W191A and R203E mutations show significant 1H-15N chemical shift perturbations in their HSQC spectra. The results obtained in this study show that cation-pi interactions contribute significantly to the thermodynamic stability of proteins. In addition, our results indicate that cation-pi predictions made on the solution NMR structures are more reliable than those predicted based on crystal structures.
Some primitive mechanisms of spatial attention

Abstract Our approach to studying the architecture of mind has been to look for certain extremely simple mechanisms which we have good reason to suspect must exist, and to confirm these empirically. We have been concerned primarily with certain low-level mechanisms in vision which allow the visual system to simultaneously index items at multiple spatial locations, and have developed a provisional model (called the FINST model) of these mechanisms. Among the studies we have carried out to support these ideas are ones showing that subjects can track multiple independent moving targets in a field of identical distractors, and that their ability to track these targets and detect changes occuring on them does not generalize to non-targets or to items lying inside the convex polygon that they form (so that a zoom lens of attention does not fit the data). We have used a visual search paradigm to show that (serial or parallel) search can be confined to a subset of indexed items and the layout of these items is of little importance. We have also carried out a large number of studies on the phenomenon known as subitizing and have shown that subitizing occurs only when items can be preattentively individuated and in those cases location precuing has little effect, compared with when counting occurs, which suggests that subitizing may be carried out by counting active indexes rather than items in the visual field. And finally we have run studies showing that a certain motion effect which is sensitive to attention can occur at multiple precued loci. We believe that taken as a whole the evidence is most parsimoniously accounted for in terms of the hypothesis that there is an early preattentive stage in vision where a small number of salient items in the visual field are indexed and thereby made readily accessible for a variety of visual tasks.
Hydration Energies of Divalent Beryllium and Magnesium Ions: An ab Initio Molecular Orbital Study

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to investigate contributions of water molecules in the first and second coordination shells to the overall hydration energy of divalent beryllium and magnesium cations. Enthalpy and free energy changes at 298 K have been calculated at a variety of computational levels for the reactions M2+ + [H2O]p → M2+·nH2O·mH2O, where M = Be or Mg, [H2O]p (p = 2, 4, 6, 8; p = n + m) are water clusters, and M2+·nH2O·mH2O are ion−water complexes with n and m water molecules in the first and second coordination shells, respectively. These reactions involve the disruption of the water cluster and naturally include the competitive effects of ion−water and water−water interactions inherent in the hydration process. At the MP2(FULL)/6-311++G**//RHF/6-31G* computational level, the values of ΔG298 for the reactions which complete the first hydration shells, Be2+ + [H2O]4 → Be2+·4H2O and Mg2+ + [H2O]6 → Mg2+·6H2O, are −352.0 and −266.7 kcal/mol, accounting for 61.2% and 60....
Altered cell shapes in fibroblasts treated with 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine: relation to morphogenesis of neural cells.

Abstract In the present study, mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and primary human foreskin fibroblasts exposed to MTA (5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine) were found to achieve neural-like cell shapes and to extend long, multipolar processes rapidly and reversibly. Time lapse recordings and pharmacologic studies revealed that process formation in MTA-treated fibroblasts was mechanistically related to the rapid-onset mode of neurite formation previously characterized in neural hybrid NG108-15 cells. These data, together with evidence presented elsewhere, indicate that MTA selectively reorganizes the mode of expression of a specific cytoplasmic machinery that is active in many types of cells, and which is involved in regulating cell shape and neurite formation in developing neurons.
Effects of naloxone on the secretion of prolactin and corticosterone induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and a serotonergic agonist, mCPP.

The effects of naloxone, an opiate "pure" receptor antagonist, on the release of prolactin and corticosterone in the rat were studied following the administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan or the serotonin receptor agonist (-) -m-chlorophenylpiperazine. Naloxone clearly antagonizes the release of prolactin induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan administered alone at a dosage of 50 mg/Kg/b.wt. or at dosage of 30 mg/Kg/b.wt. preceded 60 minutes before injection by the administration of the serotonin uptake blocker fluoxetine. The opiate antagonist does not modify the increase in blood level of prolactin induced by (-) -m-chlorophenylpiperazine. Naloxone itself does not reduce the increase in plasma level of corticosterone induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan+fluoxetine or (-)-m-chlorophenylpiperazine. The results suggest that endogenous opioids may be involved in the increase in serum level of prolactin induced by 5-hydroxytryptophan and also indicate the existence of different serotonergic neurotransmitter circuits capable of modulating the release of prolactin and corticosterone. A mutual interplay between serotonergic and opiate neurons may be involved in controlling the release of prolactin, but such an interplay does not seem to occur in the secretion of corticotrophin-releasing hormone.
Effect of sequential treatment with prostaglandin F2 alpha and/or oxytocin on estrus and pregnancy rate of lactating dairy cows.

A total of 335 lactating dairy cows was used to determine the effect of oxytocin or PGF2a given 8 h after treatment with a luteolytic dosage of PGF2a on the percentage of cows exhibiting estrus within 7 d after treatment, and the pregnancy rate to a single insemination at this time. On the initial day of treatment (Day 0), cows with a palpable corpus luteum on the ovary were treated with 25 mg, im of PGF2a. At 8 h later, the cows were divided into 3 groups. Cows in Group 1 (n = 112) were treated with oxytocin (0.33 IU/kg bwt im); cows in Group 2 (n = 112) were treated with 25 mg, im of PGF2a; and cows in Group 3 (n = 111) served as the untreated controls. Cows in all 3 groups were continuously observed for estrus visually or by way of an activated heatmount detector within 7 d after treatment, and were inseminated within 12 h of the observed estrus.Plasma progesterone (P4) concentration was determined using radioimmunoassay on Day 0 and Day 2. Of the cows with P4 greater than 1 ng/ml on Day 0, the percentage of cows observed in estrus within 7 d after treatment was 75, 89 and 72% for cows in Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. When all cows were evaluated, the percentage of cows observed in estrus within 7 d after treatment was 60, 70 and 55% for cows in Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. In both instances, the value for cows in Group 2 was significantly higher than that for either cows in Group 1 or Group 3. The pregnancy rate for cows inseminated within 7 d was similar for cows in all 3 groups. The results of this study demonstrated that treatment of dairy cows with 2 luteolytic dosages of PGF2a at an 8-h interval resulted in more cows being observed in estrus within 7 d than with 1 treatment with PGF2a, or with oxytocin given at an 8-h interval after a luteolytic dosage of PGF2a.
Demystifying Gender Differences in Mentoring:Theoretical Perspectives and Challenges for Future Research on Gender and Mentoring

Issues of gender and mentoring are explored through several theoretical lenses—similarity-attraction paradigm, power dependence, social exchange, biological, and psychological theories—to provide a more comprehensive view of mentoring from a gender-based perspective. Issues related to gender and mentoring presented in past mentoring research and tenets from several theoretical bases are used to develop research propositions. The relevance of studying gender issues in mentoring is emphasized and suggestions for conducting research on gender and mentoring are presented.
Rheological properties of a lubricating grease

Abstract The results here described show that when the phenomena of flow in a capillary are separated from accompanying effects such as piston drag, entrance losses, and temperature rise during flow, a shear-stable grease of the 14G8 type behaves substantially as a Bingham plastic whose flow can be specified in terms of yield value and mobility. The yield value so obtained is in reasonable agreement with that measured directly. The reciprocal of the mobility, which can be identified with the limiting apparent viscosity approached at high rates of flow, is from two to five times the viscosity of the diester fluid present in the grease. These magnitudes are reasonable in the light of the volume and particle shape of the suspended soap phase. A graphic method has been developed for the analysis of flow data for Bingham plastics in terms of the Buckingham equation for plastic flow in tubes of circular cross section. This treatment permits direct computation of both the yield value and the mobility of such a plastic from data for flow under two suitable pressures without resort to the trial-and-error operations previously employed for this purpose.
An atomistic simulation study of the mechanisms and kinetics of surface bond strengthening in thermally-treated cone-stacked carbon nanofibers

Bonding mechanisms and rates between the active edges of a cone-stacked CNF are examined by molecular dynamics simulations at temperatures up to 2273 K. Thermally treated nanofibers subjected to tensile deformation show a substantial increase in the elastic strain limit, albeit no change in elastic modulus, due to the resistance of surface bonds to crack propagation. Two bonding mechanisms; i.e., the formation of energetically stable loops from single dangling atoms and the folding of zigzag and armchair graphene bilayer edges, are shown to display predominant, yet distinct kinetics. This study reveals a critical transition temperature at 1000 K beyond which bilayer edge folding dominates over the formation of single atom loops in strengthening the surface of CNFs. This study also underscores the critical roles played by surface bond types, numbers, and distributions on the large failure strength dispersion observed experimentally in CNFs.
Screening in the QCD instanton gas and the U(1) problem

Abstract Interacting instantons in QCD are discussed as a solution to the U(1) problem. Assuming that the η is responsible for the long-range instanton interactions, we show that, for a certain parameter range, screening of instanton number is produced. This shifts the physical η mass away from the other Nambu-Goldstone bosons. The result is consistent with the η-mass formula obtained in the 1/ N expansion without instantons.
A baculovirus in the flea, Pulex simulans

This note describes the ultrastructure and cytopathology of what appears to be a nonoccluded baculovirus. This apparent nonoccluded baculovirus, reported here from specimens of P. simulans, is the first record of a baculovirus in the order Siphonaptera
Analysis of the Factors Involved in the Retinoic Acid-Induced Differentiation of a Retinoid-Hypersensitive Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Mutant

Abstract Retinoic acid (RA) has been known to play an important role in cellular growth and differentiation as well as in vertebrate development. Many in vitro cell cultures also respond to RA by differentiating. Perhaps the most widely studied of these cultures are embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells. We have used an RA-hypersensitive EC cell mutant, created by retroviral insertion, to analyze the activity of the identifiable components in the RA response pathway. We have analyzed the mRNA expression patterns of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) α, β, and γ, the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) α, β, and γ, and the cellular retinoic acid binding proteins (CRABPs) I and II. Our results indicate that CRABP I, RAR β, and RAR γ mRNAs are expressed differentially between parent and RA-hypersensitive mutant cells. All three messages are present at higher basal levels and at earlier times after RA addition in the mutant relative to parental cells. All other elements examined are equivalently expressed. Therefore analyses of the expression patterns of CRABPs, RARs, and RXRs in these RA-hypersensitive cells point to the probable importance of CRABP I, RAR β, and RAR γ in the RA induction pathway and also indicate that CRABP II and RXR γ are not likely to be critical elements in the early differentiative response of cells to RA.
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in a Converging Lattice Structure for Airfoil Trailing Edge Cooling

Lattice-matrix structures have distinct advantages in enhancing heat transfer in the cooling channels of a gas turbine blade. Lattice structures not only enhance heat transfer coefficient but also provide structural rigidity to the turbine blade. Stationary tests were performed for a 12 times scaled up model at four Reynolds numbers (4,000 < Re < 20,000) in a converging lattice structure. A narrow band liquid crystal technique is used to determine the heat transfer coefficient in the channel. The results shows very high heat transfer coefficient enhancement in the impingement regions. The average heat transfer coefficient enhancement for a channel with lattice structures is also higher (Nu/Nu0 = 1.9–3) than a pin fin cooling configuration channel (Nu/Nu0 = 1.7–2.2). The heat transfer coefficient enhancement decreases with increasing Reynolds number. Pressure data are taken at some specific points throughout the channel. High pressure drop due to the turning of the flow in the lattice structure is observed. Friction factor and overall thermal performance factor are calculated. The overall thermal performance factor lies in the range 0.64–1.© 2008 ASME
Weld line structures and properties in injection molded polypropylene

Weld regions are formed wherever polymer flow fronts meet. The present study examines the effects of melt temperature, mold temperature, mold cooling conditions, injection speed and annealing on the tensile properties and morphological structure of weld regions in four commercially available polypropylene resins. One of the resins contained nucleation particles. Scanning electron micrographs of the weld region revealed a wide range of morphologies from very strong welds which formed part of a stable neck to brittle failures at low elongation caused by the presence of large nucleation particles in the weld region. The melt temperature, mold temperature, and annealing had the greatest effect on the weld region's tensile properties.
Group Benefit and Protection of Pediatric Research Subjects: Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger and the Lead Abatement Study

The Maryland Court of Appeals in Grimes v. Kennedy Krieger Institute was sharply critical of the lead abatement study conducted by this Institute, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University. Grimes ruled that investigators might, given the facts of the case, have a special relationship with subjects, thereby creating a duty of care that could, if breached, give rise to an action in negligence. This ruling has implications for pediatric research practices and long-standing disputes among informed people of good will about what pediatric studies should be permitted.
Surface modeling using deformable templates

We present a simple technique to model the structures and behaviors of flexible, elastic objects. We use an imaginary elastic wire frame, which is made of membranous, thin-plate–type material, to model the surface structures of flexible objects. We demonstrate that in computational vision, such a flexible wire frame can be used for visual surface reconstruction with the structured-light sensing technique. In graphic animation, we allow animation sequences to be generated automatically between prespecified key frames, the surface structures of which are described by our flexible mode. Furthermore, we allow collisions of objects' trajectories so that interactions of multiple flexible objects can be simulated. We believe that our technique is widely applicable in many computational vision and graphic animation processes.
Protease-Deficient DegP Suppresses Lethal Effects of a Mutant OmpC Protein by Its Capture

The expression of assembly-defective outer membrane proteins can confer lethality if they are not degraded by envelope proteases. We report here that the expression of a mutant OmpC protein, OmpC(2Cys), which forms disulfide bonds in the periplasm due to the presence of two non-native cysteine residues, is lethal in cells lacking the major periplasmic protease, DegP. This lethality is not observed in dsbA strains that have diminished ability to form periplasmic disulfide bonds. Our data show that this OmpC(2Cys)-mediated lethality in a degP::Km(r) dsbA(+) background can be reversed by a DegP variant, DegP(S210A), that is devoid of its proteolytic activity but retains its reported chaperone activity. However, DegP(S210A) does not reverse the lethal effect of OmpC(2Cys) by correcting its assembly but rather by capturing misfolded mutant OmpC polypeptides and thus removing them from the assembly pathway. Displacement of OmpC(2Cys) by DegP(S210A) also alleviates the negative effect that the mutant OmpC protein has on wild-type OmpF.
Privileged Communication in Selected Helping Professions: A Comparison Among Statutes

The authors present findings of an examination and assessment of existing privileged communication statutes and rules of evidence in the 50 states and the District of Columbia for clients of selected helping professionals: psychologists, social workers, marriage and family therapists or counselors, school counselors, and licensed professional counselors. Data are reported regarding the extent to which each of these professional groups has succeeded in establishing that their clients' communications with them are entitled to legal privilege, the scope of privilege extended, and specified exceptions to privilege. The report concludes with implications and suggested guidelines for practice.
Short‐term goals and physically hedonistic values as mediators of the past‐crime–future‐crime relationship

Purpose This study was designed to evaluate whether two features of antisocial cognition, short-term goals, and physically hedonistic values mediate the past-crime–future-crime relationship. Methods Data from 395 members of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth–Child Data (NLSY-C) were used to test this hypothesis. A path analysis was performed, with past crime serving as the independent (predictor) variable, future crime serving as the dependent (outcome) variable, and short-term goals and physically hedonistic values serving as mediating variables. Results The results of a structured equation modelling path analysis revealed a significant mediating effect for hedonistic values but not for short-term goals, when both variables were included in the same analysis. A causal mediation analysis was then conducted on the past crime → physically hedonistic values → future crime relationship, the results of which disclosed the presence of a partially mediated effect of physically hedonistic values on the past-crime–future-crime relationship after controlling for age, race, gender, and low self-control. When short-term goals were analysed separately, they also partially mediated the past-crime–future-crime relationship, although the effect was weaker than when physically hedonistic values served as the mediator. Conclusions Hedonistic values and, to a lesser extent, short-term goals appear to mediate crime continuity, perhaps by establishing a state of psychological inertia, whereby certain psychological processes help maintain negative behavioural patterns like crime.
Book Review: Introduction to Environmental Engineering, Fourth Edition by Mackenzie L. Davis and David A. Cornwell

Introduction to Environmental Engineering. Fourth Ed. by Mackenzie L. Davis and David A. Cornwell. McGraw-Hill, 2008. 1008pp. ISBN 978-0-07-242411-9
Development of novel piezoelectric ceramics and composites for transducer applications

Over the last decade, several methods were utilized to develop novel piezoelectric ceramic / polymer composites for transducer applications. Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) is one of the methods that have been emphasized recently. SFF techniques have been used to fabricate polymer, metal or ceramic structures on a fixtureless platform, directly from a computer aided design (CAD) file. During design verification or the product development stage, SFF techniques offer great flexibility to manufacture prototypes with various shapes, sizes and functionality. Several SFF techniques, Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM ), Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC), and Sanders Prototyping (SP) were used to fabricate a variety of novel piezoelectric ceramic and ceramic/polymer composite transducers at Rutgers University. The composites were processed either by a direct, indirect or soft tooling route. A variety of novel composite structures, including annular ring, hexagonal pattern with octagonal rods, and oriented fibers, have been made using the flexibility provided by the above processes. Volume fraction gradients have been incorporated into some of these designs with the ceramic volume fraction decreasing from the center towards the edges, following either a linear, exponential or gaussian distribution. Novel radial composites have also been made with 1-3, 2-2 and 3-3 connectivity in the radial direction. Some other techniques for making PZT composites being pursued in our labs, including fabrication of fine scale, large area, flexible PZT composites using thin PZT fibers, and the preparation of a new PNN-PZ-PT composition for ultrasonic transducer applications. The design, fabrication and electromechanical properties of these structures are also discussed in this paper.
The size of stagnant caps of bulk soluble surfactant on the interfaces of translating fluid droplets

Abstract When a spherical fluid droplet translates through a liquid medium containing surfactants with a desorption rate much slower than the convective rate, surfactant collects at the trailing pole in a stagnant cap of angle φ which reduces the terminal velocity. An exact solution for the terminal velocity, at low Reynolds numbers, can be obtained in terms of φ when a linear gaseous surface constitutive equation is used. The present analysis shows that the linear equation of state is only valid for large Marangoni numbers (> 10). The extension of this equation to regimes of small Marangoni numbers significantly underpredicts the stagnant cap angle and, consequently, yields an erroenously larger terminal velocity. The nonlinear Frumkin constitutive equation, on the other hand, provides more accurate computation of larger cap angles and limits the viscous compression of the monolayer in the cap to its maximum possible packing density.
Facile reaction of potassium hydride with trialkylboranes, a convenient general synthesis of simple and hindered potassium trialkylborohydrides under exceptionally mild conditions

The reaction of potassium hydride in tetrahydrofuran with simple and hindered trialkylboranes proceeds readily at 25°C (<0.5 h) with the formation of the corresponding trialkylborohydrides. Even some highly hindered trialkylboranes react smoothly under these conditions. This reaction provides a convenient synthesis in high yields of such hindered and highly hindered potassium trialkylborohydride under very mild reaction conditions.
Chronic ventilator use in osteogenesis imperfecta congenita with basilar impression: a case report.

Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta, a rare connective tissue disorder, is known to be associated sometimes with the invagination of the basilar skull. This deformity may disturb respiratory function secondary to brain stem compression and hydrocephalus. In addition, the deformed thoracic cage and fragile ribs make pulmonary care more complicated. A case of 24-year-old man is presented with brain stem compression syndrome secondary to osteogenesis imperfecta congenita with basilar impression. He developed respiratory failure and became tracheostomy positive-pressure ventilator dependent at the age of 21 years. He also suffered multiple skeletal abnormalities and mental retardation, and following the brain stem compression, severe quadriparesis. The patient's condition is stable since he has been using the ventilator and he is currently living in the community.
25 Years of HIV/AIDS Science: Reaching the Poor with Research Advances

Last year marked the 25th anniversary of the recognition of what we now call AIDS. The AIDS pandemic has claimed more than 25 million lives, the majority of them in the developing world, and has exacerbated poverty and slowed human development. Although much has been accomplished in HIV/AIDS research, much remains to be done, especially regarding delivery of HIV/AIDS therapies and care and prevention interventions to the poorest countries that need them most.
FACTORS AFFECTING HISPANIC STUDENT TRANSFER BEHAVIOR

Few studies examine transfer of nontraditional-age Hispanic community college students to four-year institutions. The present study examined attitudes, cognitive and noncognitive experiences, and transfer-related behaviors of students (N=277) who graduated from one two-year institution, in order to determine factors associated with successful transfer and make appropriate policy recommendations. An undergraduate survey based on Tinto's (1975, 1987) conceptual framework and Cabrera, Nora, and Castaneda's (1993) integrated model of student retention provided measures of family concerns, encouragement, social and academic integration, English communication skills, and educational and institutional commitments. Structural equation modeling via LISREL gave parameter estimates of causal links among variables in the hypothesized model. Variables significant for Hispanic transfer students were mathematics ability, academic achievement, and an intent to transfer.