cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact Probabilities for First-Order, Second-Order, and Third-Order Interactions in 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 Contingency Tables

Summary.-A FORTRAN program to calculate exact probabilities for first-, second-, and third-order interactions in 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 contingency tables with fixed marginals is presented. Computational speed and accuracy are assured with the use of an arbitrary constant for the initial table and recursively defined values for all subsequent tables. It is occasionally necessary to test for independence among four classification variables, each of which consists of two mutually exclusive classes, i.e., a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 or Z4 contingency table. The conditional probability value of a z4 contingency rable is a special case of the conditional probability of a r-way concingency table as defined in Mielke and Berry (1988). Zelterman, Chan, and Mielke (1995) provided an algorithm for the exact gJobal probability value obtained from an examination of all possible permutations of the 16 cell frequencies, conditioned on the realized marginals of a 24 contingency rable. An alternative approach which is not as computationally intensive is to examine the Eirst-, second-, and third-order interactions in a z4 table when the realized marginals are fixed. This approach was first ~ro~osed by Bartlett (1935) for a 2' table, has been discussed by Darroch (1962, 1974), Haber (1983, 1984). Mielke and Berry (1996), Plackett (19621, Pomar (1984), and Simpson (1951) for 2' tables and recendy has been extended to 2' tables by Mielke (1997). In this paper an algorithm and associated FORTRAN program are described which compute the exact probabilities of the six firstorder (two-variable) interactions, the four second-order (three-variable) interactions, and the one Ehird-order (four-variable) interaction for a Z4 contingency table. Since the exact tests for the second-, third-, and fourth-order interactions require only 11 nonnested FORTRAN loops, the pro ram uulizes very little execution time. In contrast, the exact global probability value
A type of shape memory alloy damper:design,experiment and numerical simulation

Shape memory alloy(SMAs) are a kind of new smart material,possessing unique behaviors,such as shape memory effect,superelasticity and high damping characteristic.These properties enable SMAs to be ideal candidate for the design of the energy dissipation system in civil engineering.In this paper,a new type of SMA damper was proposed by utilizing the energy dissipating and recentring features of superelastic SMA.Cyclic tests on the damper model were carried out in order to investigate the mechanical behaviors as a function of pre-displacement,displacement amplitude and loading frequency.The numerical simulation for the mechanical behavior of the damper was performed by means of the developed constitutive model of SMA.The research results show that the innovative SMA damper has both the energy dissipating and recentring features with the hysteretic loop under cyclic loading-unloading.The hysteretic behaviors of the damper can be modified to best fit the needs for passive structural control applications by adjusting the pre-tension of the Nitinol wires and are not sensitive to frequencies greater than 0.5Hz.The numerical results with the developed constitutive model agree well with the experimental data,which verifies that the model can be used to simulate the behavior of the damper.
Dynamic Real-Time Optimization of Microgrids with Day-Ahead Commitments for External Power Exchange

Abstract This paper explores the stochastic scheduling of microgrids where energy exchange with the macrogrid is constrained by day-ahead commitments. These constraints are included to reduce the added cost to distribution system operators, associated with the integration and operation of behind-the-meter generation. Chance-constrained optimization is used to minimize operational cost and meet the energy exchange commitments. The problem is transformed into a mixed integer linear program, and is used to analyze the impact of risk aversion on microgrid operating cost and renewables curtailment.
Enhancing Vehicle Ingress/Egress Ergonomics with Digital Human Models

The ease of getting in and out of a vehicle (or ingress/egress) is one of the most important ergonomic issues for automotive manufacturers. It represents the first physical contact of a customer with a vehicle. A pleasant sensation while interfacing with the vehicle plays a vital role in vehicle purchasing decisions. Understanding and being able to assess vehicle ingress/egress performance early in a design process is therefore critical to a successful vehicle design. Conventional method relies on clinic research with physical bucks, which is a time consuming and pure subjective process. A new hardware-in-the-loop motion analysis system has been developed, which uses the latest motion capture, biomechanical and digital human modelling technologies to capture and analyse human motions as the driver or passenger interacts with a vehicle. The design assessment is provided in both subjective ratings and, for the first time, the physical data (e.g., swept volumes in CAD). The use of the system avoids costly seating buck builds and reduces engineering time and cost associated with both buck build and conducting the tests. Most importantly, it enables engineers to assess a vehicle’s ingress/egress performances early in its design process, which will lead to better vehicle packages and better customer satisfaction.
Phenomenological studies on sodium for CSP applications: A safety review

Sodium Heat transfer fluids (HTF) such as sodium, can achieve temperatures above 700°C to obtain power cycle performance improvements for reducing large infrastructure costs of high-temperature systems. Current concentrating solar power (CSP) sensible HTF’s (e.g. air, salts) have poor thermal conductivity, and thus low heat transfer capabilities, requiring a large receiver. The high thermal conductivity of sodium has demonstrated high heat transfer rates on dish and towers systems, which allow a reduction in receiver area by a factor of two to four, reducing re-radiation and convection losses and cost by a similar factor. Sodium produces saturated vapor at pressures suitable for transport starting at 600°C and reaches one atmosphere at 870°C, providing a wide range of suitable operating conditions that match proposed high temperature, isothermal power cycles. This advantage could increase the efficiency while lowering the cost of CSP tower systems. Although there are a number of desirable thermal performance advantages associated with sensible sodium, its propensity to rapidly oxidize presents safety challenges. This investigation presents a literature review that captures historical operations/handling lessons for advanced sodium receiver designs, and the current state-of-knowledge related to sodium combustion behavior. Technical and operational solutions addressing sodium safety and applications in CSP will be discussed, including unique safety hazards and advantages using latent sodium. Lessons obtained from the nuclear industry with sensible and latent systems will also be discussed in the context of safety challenges and risk mitigation solutions.
Investigating the Utilization of Research Evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program

This study investigated the acquisition, interpretation, and utilization of research evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program from the frame of Social Cognitive Theory. Utilizing Consensual Qualitative Research, we interviewed twenty 4-H faculty, staff, and volunteers from seven states. Results indicated four domains, which covered participants’ definitions of research utilization, their experiences utilizing research, the process of acquiring and distributing research, and barriers and facilitators to research utilization. Participants described research use primarily in terms of improving 4-H programs. They discussed their level of confidence (i.e. self-efficacy) in finding and applying research evidence and their beliefs about the outcomes of research utilization (i.e. outcomes expectancy). Participants mentioned such barriers as not knowing where to look for research, lack of time, lack of funding, and difficulty applying research findings to their work. The facilitators included support from other 4-H colleagues and availability of 4-H specific conferences, publications, and curriculum databases.
Self-Mastery: Mastering the “Me” in Leadership

Personal mastery has lately received great attention in the management literature. This chapter recognizes the importance of self-mastery in the development of holistic leadership. Before we can effectively lead others, we must first learn to manage ourselves effectively. It is our common experience that without self-discipline one cannot attain success in any field, whether it is science, sports, or music. Building upon the lessons of self-motivation, this chapter develops the theme of self-mastery as a necessary foundation for achievement in any endeavor including leadership. It discusses the role of self-discipline, self-effort, and self-perseverance in fostering self-development for preparing us for life and leadership.
Effects of Lignin Content and Temperature on the Properties of Hybrid Poplar Bio-Oil, Char, and Gas Obtained by Fast Pyrolysis

Eight genetically different hybrid poplar samples with varying lignin content were pyrolyzed at 500 °C using a micropyrolysis unit, which was directly connected to a GC/MS. Four of these hybrid poplar samples with a range of lignin content were then pyrolyzed at temperatures of 550 and 600 °C to determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature on product distribution among bio-oil, char, and gas. At a pyrolysis temperature of 500 °C, an increase in poplar lignin content from 17% to 22% decreased the relative bio-oil yield from 73% to 65%, increased the char yield from 17.5% to 27.2%, and decreased the yield of lignin-derived phenolic species in the bio-oil by 3%. At the higher pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, there was neither a decrease in the yield of bio-oil nor an increase in the char yield, and there was an increase in the relative abundamnce of bio-oil phenolics compared to the results obtained at 500 °C. According to these results, higher temperatures are needed to increase the yield of bio-oil and t...
Other side of the Iranian coin: Iran’s counterterrorism apparatus

ABSTRACTIran’s support for terrorist groups is the subject of countless articles and monographs. Less emphasis is placed on Tehran’s efforts to fight terrorist groups targeting the Iranian state. Yet, modern domestic and foreign terrorist groups have targeted Iran for decades. As a result, the country has developed fairly sophisticated, albeit opaque, counterterrorism apparatus and mechanisms. This article sheds light on the Iranian counterterrorism apparatus and efforts since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, drawing on several years of fieldwork in Iran, interviews with current and former officials, and Persian sources.
Hepatitis C virus infection in children and adolescents.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a major public health burden, with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 2.5% of the population (177.5 million infected adults); this ranges from 1.3% in the Americas to 2.9% in Africa.1 In the United States alone, an estimated 3 million to 4 million persons are chronically infected with HCV, and approximately half are unaware of their infectious status and do not receive appropriate care. The current Centers for Disease Control recommendations for HCV screening and advances in HCV treatment are anticipated to diminish the clinical burden of the disease; however, medication cost and access to care remain significant barriers.2 In order to provide a more structured approach to the dynamic landscape of HCV, adult‐centric guidelines have been established.3 These provide health care professionals with timely guidance as new therapies become available and are integrated into treatment regimens. In children and adolescents as in adults, HCV infection is suspected to be grossly underestimated. HCV infection across the pediatric age spectrum differs from infection acquired later in life in a variety of ways, including modes of transmission, rates of spontaneous clearance or progression of fibrosis, the potential duration of chronic infection when acquired at birth, and significantly, available treatment options.4 While several reviews have recently been published regarding aspects of HCV infection in adults,3, 5, 6 our goal is to present a practical overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical features, natural history, and management of HCV infection in children and adolescents.
Type 1 aqueous alteration in CM carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for the evolution of water‐rich asteroids

© 2017 The Authors. Meteoritics & Planetary Science published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Meteoritical Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License [4.0], which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The attached file is the published version of the article.
The internationalization of security sector gender reforms in post-conflict countries:

With the passing of several UN Security Council Resolutions related to Women, Peace and Security, gender balancing security sector reforms (SSR)—or policies that ensure the equal participation of w...
Plastic Analysis and Design of Structures

This chapter deals with the design of structural members based on their behavior beyond the elastic limit, with a particular emphasis on collapse loads. In treating the subject of the plastic design of structures, resistance to bending action is the primary means by which the loads are supported. The application of this method is best suited to the analysis of continuous beams and rigid frames.
Evaluating amber force fields using computed NMR chemical shifts

NMR chemical shifts can be computed from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a template matching approach and a library of conformers containing chemical shifts generated from ab initio quantum calculations. This approach has potential utility for evaluating the force fields that underlie these simulations. Imperfections in force fields generate flawed atomic coordinates. Chemical shifts obtained from flawed coordinates have errors that can be traced back to these imperfections. We use this approach to evaluate a series of AMBER force fields that have been refined over the course of two decades (ff94, ff96, ff99SB, ff14SB, ff14ipq, and ff15ipq). For each force field a series of MD simulations are carried out for eight model proteins. The calculated chemical shifts for the 1 H, 15 N, and 13 Ca atoms are compared with experimental values. Initial evaluations are based on root mean squared (RMS) errors at the protein level. These results are further refined based on secondary structure and the types of atoms involved in nonbonded interactions. The best chemical shift for identifying force field differences is the shift associated with peptide protons. Examination of the model proteins on a residue by residue basis reveals that force field performance is highly dependent on residue position. Examination of the time course of nonbonded interactions at these sites provides explanations for chemical shift differences at the atomic coordinate level. Results show that the newer ff14ipq and ff15ipq force fields developed with the implicitly polarized charge method perform better than the older force fields.
Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: Part I

The gastrointestinal (GI) and cutaneous organ systems are closely linked. In part I of this continuing medical education article, the intricacies of this relationship were explored as they pertained to hereditary polyposis disorders, hamartomatous disorders, and paraneoplastic disease. Part II focuses on the cutaneous system's links to inflammatory bowel disease and vascular disorders. An in-depth analysis of inflammatory bowel disease skin findings is provided to aid dermatologists in recognizing and facilitating early consultation and intervention by gastroenterologists. Cutaneous signs of inflammatory bowel disease include fissures and fistulae, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, pyostomatitis vegetans, oral aphthous ulcers, cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, necrotizing vasculitis, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Additional immune-mediated conditions, such as diverticulitis, bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome, Henoch–Schonlein purpura, dermatitis herpetiformis, and Degos disease, in which the skin and GI system are mutually involved, will also be discussed. Genodermatoses common to both the GI tract and the skin include Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Kaposi sarcoma is a neoplastic disease with lesions involving both the skin and the gastrointestinal tract. Acrodermatitis enteropathica, a condition of zinc deficiency, likewise affects both the GI and dermatologic systems. These conditions are reviewed with updates on the genetic basis, diagnostic and screening modalities, and therapeutic options. Finally, GI complications associated with vascular disorders will also be discussed.
Development of a Whole-Task Simulator for Carotid Endarterectomy.

Background Surgical education relies on operative exposure with live patients. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) demands an experienced surgeon with a very low complication rate. The high-risk nature of this procedure and the decline in number of CEAs performed annually has created a gap in residency training. Objective To develop a high-fidelity whole-task simulation for CEA that demonstrates content, construct, and face validity. Methods Anatomically accurate models of the human neck were created using multilayered poly-vinyl alcohol hydrogels. Graded polymerization of the hydrogel was achieved by inducing crosslinks during freeze/thaw cycles, stiffening the simulated tissues to achieve realistic tactile properties. Venous bleeding was simulated using pressure bags and a ventricular assistive device created pulsatile flow in the carotid. Ten surgeons performed the simulation under operating room conditions, and metrics were compared among experience levels to determine construct validity. Participants completed surveys about realism and usefulness to evaluate face validity. Results A significant difference was found in operative measures between attending and resident physicians. The mean operative time for the expert group was 63.6 min vs 138.8 for the resident group (P = .002). There was a difference in mean internal carotid artery clamp time of 43.4 vs 83.2 min (P = .04). There were only 2 hypoglossal nerve injuries, both in the resident group (P = .009). Conclusion The whole-task CEA simulator is a realistic, inexpensive model that offers comprehensive training and allows residents to master skills prior to operating on live patients. Overall, the model demonstrated face and construct validity among neurosurgery and vascular surgeons.
Advancing towards a global mammalian gene regulation model through single-cell analysis and synthetic biology

Engineering complex genetic functions in mammalian cells will require predictive models of gene regulation. Since gene expression is stochastic, leading to cell-to-cell heterogeneity, these models depend on single-cell measurements. Here, we summarize recent microscopy and sequencing-based single-cell measurements of transcription and its chromatin-based regulation. Then, we describe synthetic biology methods for manipulating chromatin, and highlight how they could be coupled to single-cell measurements. We discuss theoretical models that connect some chromatin inputs to transcriptional outputs. Finally, we point out the connections between the models that would allow us to integrate them into one global input-output gene regulatory function.
Outcomes and Prognostic Factors of Resected Salivary Gland Malignancies: Examining a Single Institution's 12-year Experience.

Background Despite adjuvant radiotherapy, survival outcomes remain poor in patients with salivary gland malignancies who have multiple poor prognostic factors. This study aimed to determine which patients may benefit from treatment intensification. Patients and methods Patients who underwent curative resection with or without adjuvant radiotherapy between 2002 and 2014 were identified and a retrospective chart review was performed. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were the main outcomes measured. Results A total of 95 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median follow-up was 46.8 months. The median age was 60 years. Radiotherapy was given to 78 patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that male sex and perineural invasion significantly reduced overall and disease-free survival. Distant metastases comprised of 67% of recurrences and 33% were locoregional. Conclusion Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy should be considered for patients with tumors with perineural invasion, especially in males with high-risk histopathology or high-grade, late-stage disease. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the impact of pack-year smoking history on survival outcomes.
Carbon chain shape selectivity by the mouse olfactory receptor OR-I7

The rodent OR-I7 is an olfactory receptor exemplar activated by aliphatic aldehydes such as octanal. Normal alkanals shorter than heptanal bind OR-I7 without activating it and hence function as antagonists in vitro. We report a series of aldehydes designed to probe the structural requirements for aliphatic ligand chains too short to meet the minimum approximate 6.9 A length requirement for receptor activation. Experiments using recombinant mouse OR-I7 expressed in heterologous cells show that in the context of short aldehyde antagonists, OR-I7 prefers binding aliphatic chains without branches, though a single methyl on carbon-3 is permitted. The receptor can accommodate a surprisingly large number of carbons (e.g. ten in adamantyl) as long as the carbons are part of a conformationally constrained ring system. A rhodopsin-based homology model of mouse OR-I7 docked with the new antagonists suggests that small alkyl branches on the alkyl chain sterically interfere with the hydrophobic residues lining the binding site, but branch carbons can be accommodated when tied back into a compact ring system like the adamantyl and bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl systems.
Emotion identification across adulthood using the Dynamic FACES database of emotional expressions in younger, middle aged, and older adults

Facial stimuli are widely used in behavioural and brain science research to investigate emotional facial processing. However, some studies have demonstrated that dynamic expressions elicit stronger...
Medial patellofemoral ligament repair restores stability in pediatric patients when compared to reconstruction.

Abstract Background Pediatric patellar instability has a high recurrence rate with non-operative care, and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction has known complications. MPFL repair offers an alternative method to restore patellar stability. This study's purpose was to assess the outcomes of MPFL repair in a pediatric cohort, and to compare these outcomes to a cohort of pediatric patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction. Methods One surgeon performed 16 MPFL repairs on pediatric patients for traumatic patellar instability, with an average follow-up of 1.5 years. Age, sex, skeletal maturity, trochlear dysplasia, additional procedures, final range of motion, and complications were recorded. A sub-cohort with > 1 dislocation (10 patients) was compared to a historical group (22 patients) with > 1 dislocation who underwent allograft MPFL reconstructions by the same surgeon. Results Ten out of 16 (63%) patients had > 1 dislocation event at time of presentation. Thirteen out of 16 (81%) patients had trochlear dysplasia. There were no complications and no recurrent instability in the repair group at last follow-up. Patients in the reconstruction group were older than the repair group (15.6 years vs. 13.0 years, p Conclusions MPFL repair in pediatric patients resulted in a low risk of recurrent instability with rates comparable or better than that of allograft reconstruction.
Impact of Swine Reproductive Technologies on Pig and Global Food Production

Reproductive technologies have dramatically changed the way pigs are raised for pork production in developed and developing countries. This has involved such areas as pigs produced/sow, more consistent pig flow to market, pig growth rate and feed efficiency, carcass yield and quality, labor efficiency, and pig health. Some reproductive technologies are in widespread use for commercial pork operations [Riesenbeck, Reprod Domest Anim 46:1–3, 2011] while others are in limited use in specific segments of the industry [Knox, Reprod Domest Anim 46:4–6, 2011]. Significant changes in the efficiency of pork production have occurred as a direct result of the use of reproductive technologies that were intended to improve the transfer of genes important for food production [Gerrits et al., Theriogenology 63:283–299, 2005]. While some technologies focused on the efficiency of gene transfer, others addressed fertility and labor issues. Among livestock species, pig reproductive efficiency appears to have achieved exceptionally high rates of performance (PigCHAMP 2011) [Benchmark 2011, Ames, IA, 12–16]. From the maternal side, this includes pigs born per litter, farrowing rate, as well as litters per sow per year. On the male side, boar fertility, sperm production, and sows served per sire have improved as well [Knox et al., Theriogenology, 70:1202–1208, 2008]. These shifts in the efficiency of swine fertility have resulted in the modern pig as one of the most efficient livestock species for global food production. These reproductive changes have predominantly occurred in developed countries, but data suggests transfer and adoption of these in developing countries as well (FAO STAT 2009; FAS 2006) [World pig meat production: food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, 2009; FAS, 2006) Worldwide Pork Production, 2006]. Technological advancements in swine reproduction have had profound effects on industry structure, production, efficiency, quality, and profitability. In all cases, the adoption of these technologies has aided in the creation of a sustainable supply of safe and affordable pork for consumers around the world [den Hartog, Adv Pork Prod 15:17–24, 2004].
Parent Caregivers of Children with Disabilities

The epidemiology of childhood disability among children and adolescents age 0–21 has changed dramatically in the past three decades with many more children surviving than they did a quarter of a century ago. Improved medical and surgical technologies and access to these technologies have dramatically changed survival rates (Gortmaker and Sappenfield, Pediatric Clinics of North America 31:3–18, 1984). Improvements in care for many conditions have meant that more than 90% of children with even severe health conditions currently survive to at least age 20, although often with substantial physical or psychological morbidity (Cadman et al., Pediatrics 87:884–889, 1991; Gortmaker, Chronically ill children and their families, 1985; Gortmaker and Sappenfield, Pediatric Clinics of North America 31:3–18, 1984; Gortmaker et al., Pediatrics 85:267–276, 1990; Weitzman et al., Clinical Pediatrics 25:137–141, 1986). This combined with increased incidence of several conditions (e.g., asthma and mental health conditions) has led to an increase in the incidence of disability among children and adolescents. National Health Interview Survey data indicate that for children under age 17 the prevalence of activity-limiting chronic conditions doubled between 1960 and 1981 and tripled by the mid-1990s (Newacheck et al., American Journal of Public Health 74:232–236, 1984; Newacheck and Halfon, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 154:287–293, 2000).
Electrochemical Investigation of Kinetic and Allied Aspects of Biological Redox Reactions

The relations are summarized between potential, current and derived data, as obtained by polarographically derived technics, and (a) reversibility of electron-transfer processes and the various factors producing irreversibility in such processes, and (b) the study of homogeneous solution kinetics, the kinetics of reactions occurring near the electrode whose equilibria are perturbed by electrolytic processes, and heterogeneous electron-transfer kinetics.
The neoepitope landscape of breast cancer: implications for immunotherapy

Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint blockade (CKB) is now standard of care for multiple cancers. The clinical response to CKB is associated with T cell immunity targeting cancer-induced mutations that generate novel HLA-binding epitopes (neoepitopes). Here, we developed a rapid bioinformatics pipeline and filtering strategy, EpitopeHunter, to identify and prioritize clinically relevant neoepitopes from the landscape of somatic mutations. We used the pipeline to determine the frequency of neoepitopes from the TCGA dataset of invasive breast cancers. We predicted HLA class I-binding neoepitopes for 870 breast cancer samples and filtered the neoepitopes based on tumor transcript abundance. We found that the total mutational burden (TMB) was highest for triple-negative breast cancer, TNBC, (median = 63 mutations, range: 2–765); followed by HER-2(+) (median = 39 mutations, range: 1–1206); and lowest for ER/PR(+)HER-2(−) (median = 32 mutations, range: 1–2860). 40% of the nonsynonymous mutations led to the generation of predicted neoepitopes. The neoepitope load (NEL) is highly correlated with the mutational burden (R2 = 0.86). Only half (51%) of the predicted neoepitopes are expressed at the RNA level (FPKM≥2), indicating the importance of assessing whether neoepitopes are transcribed. However, of all patients, 93% have at least one expressed predicted neoepitope, indicating that most breast cancer patients have the potential for neo-epitope targeted immunotherapy.
Breathing skins workshop: A hands-on investigation of bio-inspired foldable structures for temperature and humidity control in buildings

Geometrical and material properties of plant leaves are known to influence heat/moisture dissipation. In many species, exposed “sun” leaves are typically more dissected and possibly better convective heat dissipaters than entire shade leaves. By affecting the overall leaf boundary layer, lower-scale morphology patterns such as toothed edges can also have an important role in heat/moisture dissipation, as pointed by experiments with wetted paper models where outward teeth increased evaporative dissipation rates. Additional leaf morphological traits potentially influencing dissipation are surface corrugations, textures, trichomes and sunken stomata. Such structures can work as “dissipative” or “retaining” geometries depending on how they couple with environmental conditions and modulate leaf boundary layer. The oneweek intensive Kosmos interdisciplinary workshop at the cluster Image Knowledge Gestaltung (Berlin) was an opportunity to explore leaf design and achieve microclimate control for potential applications in technology, specifically building facades. The "Breathing skins” concept was to apply shape-related leaf dissipation strategies into folding structures that can be produced in a typical “maker-lab” setting. After a thematic introduction, participants were asked to target evapotranspiration behavior and shape-change characteristics derived from leaves, and to deliver prototypical designs using a set of prepared materials. Workshop results show the transfer of new findings in research on evapotranspiration of biological plant leaves into 3D structures for technical application. The biomimetic approach taken delivered a first translation of design abstracted from leaves into the realm of foldable geometry, for future development and technological transfer to useable products in architecture, building and fluid-assisted heat transfer systems in general.
Quantifying sustainable balance in ecosystem configurations

Abstract The literature on sustainability is overwhelmingly occupied with conservation and efficiency as they pertain to individual actions and processes. At the whole-systems level, however, functional redundancy, which imparts flexibility, is mutually exclusive with efficiency and becomes a necessity for systems persistence. Data on ecological flow networks indicate that systems do not progress to maximal efficiency. Rather, sustainable systems are attracted to a propitious balance between efficiency and reliability. Network analysis even provides a quantitative method for directing networks towards the empirical sustainable balance point – a quantitative methodology which already is being considered for fail-safe designs in power grids, water distribution networks and urban planning.
Outcomes of Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation with Mitral Regurgitation with and without Concomitant Mitral Operation

Purpose The clinical impact of mitral valve procedures (MVP) at time of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is not well understood. We examined the association of MVP, according to severity of MR, with long term survival and quality of life metrics. Methods Continuous-flow LVAD recipients with MR from the 2008-2017 INTERMACS registry were included in the analysis. Patients with concomitant MVP were compared to those without intervention, stratified by severity of MR. Descriptive analyses, hazard modeling, and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to examine associations between intervention and clinical outcomes. Results 6360 (40.0%) mild, 5592 (35.2%) moderate, and 3936 (24.8%) severe MR cases were included. MVP was not associated with improved survival for mild (median: 80.7 months for MVP vs. 55.0 months for non-MVP, P=0.49, HR 0.65 [95%:0.34-1.23]), moderate (58.8 vs. 49.3 months, P=0.31, HR 0.90 [0.57-1.42]), or severe MR (76.8 vs 49.7 months, P=0.15, HR 1.08 [0.73-1.59]). MVP was not associated with differential risk for device failure, bleeding, arrhythmia, thrombotic, right heart failure, or renal failure. There were no differences in Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire with or without MVP for mild, moderate, or severe MR at 1- or 2-years after implantation. Conclusion Concomitant MVP with LVAD implantation was not associated with mortality, adverse events, or objective quality of life metrics. The role of concomitant MVP with LVAD implantation must be carefully considered.
Decompensated Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Induced by Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse.

A 30-year-old male presented to the emergency department with dyspnea, fatigue, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea for the past three months. The patient admitted to anabolic steroid use for the past 11 years. Transthoracic echocardiography was significant for severely dilated left ventricle, diffuse hypokinesis, ejection fraction IV, likely from use of anabolic steroids, after a negative workup for other etiologies. On follow-up after continuation of guideline-directed medical therapy, the patient demonstrated improved heart failure status (NYHA class I > II). Cardiomyopathy is a rare but important adverse effect of anabolic steroids to consider.
Introduction to the Psychology of Islam and Muslims: A Positive Psychology JIHAD

Positive Psychology 2.0 brings with it a focus on balancing the study of wellness to include negative conditions that also contribute to growth. Struggle is one such aspect that is inherent to positive change, both within individuals and across social systems. In Islam, struggle is a key component of life. The benefits of positive struggle include the development of character strengths and virtues on an individual level as well as engagement in collective actions toward social justice. This chapter provides a brief look into the ways in which Islamic psychology and Muslim psychology are differentiated in contemporary research. Consideration is given to the importance of Justice, Identity, Healing, Acceptance, and Dogma (JIHAD) as areas of struggle in Muslim communities. These also serve as organizational themes of the current compilation to showcase the move towards a positive psychology of Islam and Muslims.
Pathology of Uveal Melanoma

Uveal melanoma (UM) arises from the dendritic melanocytes in the choroid, ciliary body, or iris. UM is different from skin melanoma and not related to BRAF mutations but to GNAQ initiation mutations; it has an exquisite predilection for metastasizing to the liver via hematogenous spread, and it arises in an immune privilege site. Pathologic characteristics of UM with unfavorable prognosis for metastasis include large tumor volume (reflected in the AJCC staging), epithelioid melanoma as a predominant cellularity (spindle-, epithelioid-, or mixed-cell types), ciliary body location, diffuse-type tumor, ring melanoma of the iris, presence of vascular mimickers, and extraocular extension. Molecular prognostication for metastasis relies on testing the tumor cells. Cytologic evaluation of fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) submitted during brachytherapy implantation is a safeguard against submitting cells other than tumor for molecular and assurance for quality of the sample.
PARALLEL INCREASE OF FEEDING AND HYPOTHALAMIC SELF-STIMULATION AFTER MIDBRAIN 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE, BUT NO CORRELATION OF HYPERPHAGIA WITH NOREPINEPHRINE DEPLETION

ABSTRACT In rats with electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), injection of 12 ug of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) in the region of the midbrain ventral noradrenergic bundle increase not only food intake, but also self-stimulation suggesting a common substrate. If the substrate is adrenergic, desmethyimipramine (DMI) given i.p. to protect epinephrine and norepinephrine neurons should prevent depletion and prevent hyperphagia as shown previously (2). We confirmed that DMI prevented depletion and initial hyperphagia; however DMI caused severe gastrointestinal abnormalities which merely delayed the development of hyperphagia. Therefore the neurochemical basis of 6-OH-DA hyperphagia is unclear.
Linoleic acid absorption in the unaesthetized rat: Mechanism of transport and influence of luminal factors on absorption

Linoleic acid intestinal absorption was studied in the unanesthetized rat. At low (21-1260 micrometer) intraluminal concentrations, absorption took place by facilitated diffusion; while at high (1.26-2.5 mM) concentrations, simple diffusion was the predominant mechanism of transport. At low concentrations (840 micrometer), the equimolar additions of oleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids or lecithin inhibited the absorption of linoleic acid. Substitution of potassium for sodium in the buffer solution, substitution of Tween 80 for sodium taurocholate, or decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration all resulted in decreased rate of linoleic acid absorption. Increase in sodium taurocholate concentration, or perfusate flow rate increased linoleic acid's absorption. These experiments demonstrate that linoleic acid is absorbed by a concentration-dependent dual mechanism of transport. The absorption rate is modified by the pH, surfactant type and concentration, the simultaneous presence of other polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the thickness of the unstirred water layer.
RBAC-PAT: A Policy Analysis Tool for Role Based Access Control

Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) has been widely used for expressing access control policies. Administrative Role-Based Access Control (ARBAC) specifies how an RBAC policy may be changed by each administrator. Because sequences of changes by different administrators may interact in unintended ways, it is often difficult to fully understand the effect of an ARBAC policy by simple inspection. This paper presents RBAC-PAT, a tool for analyzing RBAC and ARBAC policies, which supports analysis of various properties including reachability, availability, containment, weakest precondition, dead roles, and information flows.
Lanthanide and actinide sulfate complexes—II: Determination of thermodynamic parameters

Abstract A calorimetric titration technique has been used to obtain the enthalpies of formation in solutions of 2·00 M ionic strength of LnSO 4 + and Ln(SO 4 ) 2 − (Ln = lanthanide ions). Using the temperature coefficient technique for solvent extraction data, the enthalpies of formation were calculated for the sulfate complexes of Ce, Pm, Eu, Am, Cm and Cf. The entropies were evaluated using ΔG data reported previously. The ΔH 1 values were endothermic and ranged from 3·7 (La) to 4·4 (Dy) kcal. The ΔS 1 values varied from 18·4 (La) to 20·4 (Dy) cal/deg. From these thermodynamic parameters, it is concluded that the extent of inner sphere complexation is equal to or greater than that of outer sphere ion pairing.
Thyroid hormone receptor repression is linked to type I pneumocyte-associated respiratory distress syndrome

Ron Evans and his colleagues have shown that excess thyroid hormone receptor signaling during embryonic development in mice impairs the differentiation of type I pneumocytes, a key lung cell type needed for proper gas exchange. They also show that treatment with antithyroid drugs during this stage of development rescues the defect in lung maturation, suggesting a possible therapy for some children born with respiratory distress syndrome.
Hippocampal metabolite abnormalities in fibromyalgia: correlation with clinical features.

Although the pathology of fibromyalgia is poorly understood, a growing body of evidence suggests involvement of the central nervous system. The hippocampus is a brain center that is sensitive to the effects of stress exposure and has been demonstrated to be affected in a variety of disorders whose onset, like fibromyalgia, are associated with stressful experience. We therefore interrogated the bilateral hippocampus of 16 female fibromyalgia patients in comparison to 8 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects using single voxel proton magnetic resonance spec- troscopy. Our results demonstrate a significant reduction in the ratio of N-acetylaspartate to creatine (NAA/Cr) in fibromyalgia patients versus matched control subjects specifically in the right temporal lobe from a voxel centered on the right hippocampus (patient vs control, mean standard deviation: 1.20 0.13 vs 1.34 0.10, P.03). Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between patient scores on the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire and NAA/Cr ratio within the right hippocampus (Spearman rank correlation, 0.681, P.018). Our results indicate that fibromyalgia is associated with brain metabolite abnormalities within the right hippocampus that correlate with patient symptoms. Perspective: We have demonstrated an abnormality in hippocampal brain metabolites in premeno- pausalfemalefibromyalgiapatientswithnopsychiatriccomorbidity.Asignificantnegativecorrelation between patient subjective experience of symptoms and a reduced NAA/Cr ratio suggests a role for hippocampal pathology in fibromyalgia.
Encouraging specific intervention motions via a robotic system for rehabilitation of hand function: A healthy pilot study

A knowledge gap exists for how to improve hand rehabilitation after stroke using robotic rehabilitation methods, and non-robotic hand rehabilitation methods show only small patient improvements. A proposed solution for this knowledge gap is to integrate the strengths of three of the most favorable rehabilitation strategies for post-stroke rehabilitation of hand function, which are constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), high-intensity therapy, and repetitive task training, with a robotic rehabilitation gaming system. To create a system that is composed of collaborative therapy efforts, we must first understand how to encourage rehabilitation intervention motions. An experiment was conducted in which healthy participants were asked to complete six levels of a rehabilitation game, each level designed to encourage a specific therapeutic intervention, and a control, where participants were asked to complete undefined exercise motions. The results showed that participants' motions were significantly different than the control while playing each of the levels. Upon comparing the actual paths of participants to the paths encouraged by the levels, it was discovered that the participants followed the intended path while encouragement was being provided for them to do so. When the encouraged motions required quick, hard motions, the participants would follow an aliased version of the intended path. This study suggests that robotic rehabilitation systems can not only change how a participant moves, but also encourage specific motions designed to mimic therapeutic interventions.
THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION ON A STOCHASTIC, SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED FISHERY

. Survival rates and carrying capacities in a fishery may be strongly affected by variations in climatic factors. When the stock is under the control of a single manager, information about the stochastic growth parameters leads to improved economic returns. However, when the stock is transboundary, additional information concerning the stochastic parameters can lead to over harvesting and in turn to lower economic returns. When the harvests are taken sequentially by more than one fleet, additional information will benefit the first harvester while harming those who follow.
Collective interaction of mesons in hot hadronic matter

Abstract We calculate momentum-dependent optical potentials (both real and imaginary parts) for mesons propagating in hot hadronic matter. For sufficiently dilute matter the results obtained are essentially model-independent, and based directly on experimental information about hadronic scattering amplitudes. Even at the lowest (break-up) temperatures available in high-energy hadronic collisions, Tf = 120–150 MeV, these potentials can significantly modify spectra of the outgoing hadron, leading to a peak at small pt. Other observable consequences of these phenomena are changes of the line shape of ϱ-, ω- and φ-mesons, which can be observed in the dilepton mode. For such mesons, decaying inside the matter, we estimate both the expected shift and broadening of the peaks.
The Good Mother, the Good Father, and the Good Parent: Gendered Definitions of Parenting

Focus groups were conducted with parents of young children to explore definitions of good parenting. For mothers, good mothering is distinct from good parenting, and includes attention to detail resulting in gatekeeping efforts to control fathers' participation. For fathers, good fathering and good parenting are the same. Though providing relatively little child care, fathers feel they have access to children when they want to be involved. They do not perceive paid work or maternal gatekeeping as obstacles to good parenting, but view their role as equally influential despite disparities in the types and amount of care provided.