cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition-overhead-aware voltage scheduling for fixed-priority real-time systems

Time transition overhead is a critical problem for hard real-time systems that employ dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) for power and energy management. While it is a common practice of much previous work to ignore transition overhead, these algorithms cannot guarantee deadlines and/or are less effective in saving energy when transition overhead is significant and not appropriately dealt with. In this article we introduce two techniques, one offline and one online, to correctly account for transition overhead in preemptive fixed-priority real-time systems. We present several DVS scheduling algorithms that implement these methods that can guarantee task deadlines under arbitrarily large transition time overheads and reduce energy consumption by as much as 40p when compared to previous methods.
Loss of Skepticism in Medical Education

If anyone declares to you that he has actual proof, from his own experience, of something... even though he be considered a man of great authority, truthfulness, earnest words, and morality, yet... you should hesitate. Maimonides The natural course of the human mind is certainly from credulity to skepticism. Thomas Jefferson(1732-1826) Our pathology professor's favorite words—"How do you know that?"—caused each of his students to feel simultaneous fear and anger. Why was it necessary for him to question every single answer that we, serious and earnest students, gave in that second-year seminar. Much later, we recognized the important lesson learned in that classroom: maintain a skeptical attitude toward apparently straightforward answers to seemingly simple questions. Skepticism is a philosophical state of mind essential to the scientific method and to the modern practice of medicine. Ironically and not rarely, skepticism in medical education is often in jeopardy—a victim of authoritative
Designing audio-enhanced paper photos for older adult emotional wellbeing in communication therapy

This article introduces audio-enhanced paper photos enabled by digital pen technology as an interaction paradigm for supporting and understanding emotional wellbeing in late adulthood, particularly in the context of communication therapy activities and related social interactions. We describe the development of a multimodal pen-based system that enables creation of audio-enhanced paper photos and the application of this technology to two domains: older adults with aphasia working to regain expressive and receptive language after a stroke, and older adults wanting to interact with a family member of advanced age with memory loss. Our pen-based authoring software enables caregivers, both therapists and family members, to create audio-enhanced paper photos to encourage meaningful and emotionally appropriate interaction with the older adults they support. We examine the ways in which emotional information is embedded in audio-enhanced photos and how this approach addresses various aspects of emotional wellbeing in late adulthood. HighlightsWe examine audio-enhanced paper photos for older adult emotional wellbeing.Caregivers design audio-enhanced photos based on the needs of older adults.This media form promotes reflection and provides new opportunities for communication.
Modeling Mixed-Lubrication of a Shoe-Floor Interface Applied to a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

While slip-and-fall accidents are a serious health concern, few attempts have been made to tribologically model the shoe-floor-contaminant interface. To this end, modeling techniques are introduced here for shoe and floor materials operating in mixed lubrication. The proposed analytical model results are compared with experimental data in order to assess the validity of the developed model. Coefficient of friction (COF) values are generated using a pin-on-disk apparatus across a range of sliding speeds with two different shoe materials operating in the mixed-lubrication regime. The model solves for the contact condition using Hertzian contact mechanics theory and the hydrodynamic pressure condition using the Reynolds equation. The amount of contact deformation is adjusted iteratively such that the summed force from the fluid and contacting asperities is equivalent to the total normal force. The model predicts friction values based on the proportion of the load supported by the fluid versus the proportion ...
Does the Content of Political Appeals Matter in Motivating Participation? A Field Experiment on Self-disclosure in Political Appeals

Although robust citizen participation is fundamental to a healthy democracy, we still lack a clear sense of how to motivate participation. This paper presents the results of an experimental study designed to see if the content of political appeals matters in motivating participation. Previous research in this area has had mixed results. This paper finds that political appeals that include some self-disclosure about the person making the request triggers a liking heuristic that causes subjects to be more likely to comply with a request for action. Subjects receiving the treatment appeal are significantly more likely to donate money to support a political cause.
Polyacetylene electrodes for non-aqueous lithium batteries

Polyacetylene can be electrochemically oxidized in a cell of the type Li/LiClO4 in propylene carbonate/CHx with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency for doping levels (y in [CH(ClO4−)y]x) of less than 0.10. At higher values, the electrochemical potential of the oxidized film is above 3.9 V vs. Li, and the electrolyte is unstable. Reduced polyacetylene (LiyCH)x can serve as a non-aqueous battery anode in the traditional role of lithium. However, stable voltages and high coulombic efficiencies in an electrolyte of 0.8M LiClO4 in tetrahydrofuran are only observed at reduction levels of y < about 0.10. In addition, the potential of a polyacetylene anode doped with Li+ is 0.5 - 1.5 V positive to that of Li in the same solution. At present, polyacetylene electrodes are rather unstable, sensitive to impurities, and characterized by low volumetric energy density and low-to-moderate gravimetric energy density. They do not appear to offer major advantages for use in high energy density, rechargeable, non-aqueous electrochemical cells.
Treatment of cultured myotubes with the calcium ionophore A23187 increases proteasome activity via a CaMK II-caspase-calpain-dependent mechanism

Abstract Background Previous studies suggest that increased ubiquitin-proteasome–dependent protein breakdown in various muscle-wasting conditions may at least in part be mediated by increased cellular calcium levels. The role of calcium in the regulation of proteasome activity, however, is not well understood. Methods We treated cultured L6 myotubes with the calcium ionophore A23187 or thapsigargin, substances that increase intracellular calcium levels through different mechanisms, and measured proteasome activity by determining the degradation of the fluorogenic substrate LLVY-AMC. Results Treatment of the myotubes with A23187 or thapsigargin resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in proteasome activity. When the myotubes were treated with metabolic inhibitors, results suggested that the A23187- and thapsigargin-induced activation of proteasome activity was at least in part regulated by calmodulin, calcium calmodulin–dependent kinase II, caspases, and calpains. Conclusions The present observations support a role of calcium in the regulation of proteasome-dependent protein breakdown in skeletal muscle and may explain why muscle wasting was reduced by calcium antagonists in previous studies.
Neighboring-group effects in the reactivities of hydroxyl groups in d-glucopyranosides

Abstract Glucosides having the hydroxyl groups at C-2 and C-3 individually substituted were treated with N , N -diethylaziridinium chloride in the presence of concentrations of sodium hydroxide ranging from 0.1 m to 6.0 m . Substitution of the hydroxyl group at C-2 greatly enhances the reactivities of the hydroxyl groups at C-3 and C-4 in dilute base but has less effect in more-concentrated base. Substitution of the hydroxyl group at C-2 has little effect upon the reactivity of the hydroxyl group at C-6. Substitution of the hydroxyl group at C-3 depresses the reactivity of the hydroxyl group at C-2 throughout the range of base concentrations, but this substitution enhances the reactivity of the hydroxyl group at C-6 to a great extent in dilute base and to a much smaller extent in the more concentrated base. Proposed explanations for these results are discussed.
Staged Labyrinth Weir Hydraulics

AbstractLabyrinth weirs with multiple crest elevations (i.e., staged labyrinth weirs) can be used in spillway design to confine base flows to a section of the crest and/or satisfy discharge hydrogr...
Pilot Interprofessional Education Program for OT Student Pediatric Practice Readiness

This mixed methods pilot study investigated the impact of an interprofessional education program on OT student readiness for collaboration with SLP students in a pediatric teaching-clinic practice setting. OT students were randomly assigned to either the treatment group, which received the interprofessional education experience, or the control group, which received the typical educational experience. Students completed pre and post surveys and journaled about the experience. Results pointed to a ceiling effect in the measurement scales in both the treatment and control groups due to positive attitudes at baseline. This positivity was also reflected in journal entries for the treatment group students. Several insights were gained through data analysis about the feasibility of this type of program, the usefulness of available measuring tools for detecting change in small samples, and the developmental progression of interprofessional skills attainment. Comments Declaration on interest This project was funded by a doctoral student research grant from the Blue Cross Blue Shield Foundation of Michigan.
The Effect of Occupant Behavior on Residential House Energy Consumption

Space conditioning energy needs are strongly affected by occupant behavior. Generally, simulations ignore the behavior of the occupants in estimating the energy needed for heating and cooling. During winter heating, it is reasonable to assume that the electricity associated with appliances contributes to the space heating needs. This paper describes the monitoring of energy used for space heating over a 15 year period. The data suggest that estimates of energy savings can be based upon envelope thermal resistance for moderate occupant behavior. For these occupants space heating is well characterized by the daily average difference between house average space temperature and outside air temperature. Characterizing in terms of indoor temperature, outdoor air temperature, wind speed, and insolation gives a slightly better representation but requires more information than is usually available. However, vigorous conservation tactics can lead to substantially different energy needs and no correlation could be established when aggressive conservation made use of thermostat setback at every opportunity.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
An Efficient Method for Recovering the Optimal Unbiased Linear Spectrum-Estimate from Hadamard Transform Spectrometers Having Nonideal Masks

A spectrum-recovery method is presented which efficiently computes an optimal unbiased linear spectrum-estimate for measurements obtained with Hadamard transform (HT) spectrometers having nonideal masks. This method has the following advantages over other spectrum-recovery techniques: it is computationally efficient, it requires no additional measurements, and it computes an optimal spectrum-estimate. In the method presented, after the mask of the HT spectrometer has been characterized, approximately 3N preliminary arithmetic operations are performed once for a given spectrometer, where N is both the number of spectral resolution-elements desired and the number of measurements required. Each spectrum-estimate to be recovered then requires only an additional O[N(log2N + 4)] arithmetic operations. In contrast, conventional methods for obtaining an optimal unbiased linear spectrum-estimate require O(N3) preliminary operations, and O(2N2) operations during each spectrum-recovery.
Use of autologous radial artery for revascularization of hepatic artery thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: Case report and review of indications and options for urgent hepatic artery reconstruction

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is the most common vascular complication after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and has traditionally been managed with re-OLT. However, several reports have shown that urgent revascularization is frequently an effective means of graft salvage. This most often involves hepatic artery (HA) thrombectomy and thrombolysis, with reestablishment of arterial inflow through a donor iliac artery conduit based on the supraceliac or infrarenal aorta. We report a 46-year-old man who developed HAT 13 days after OLT after angiographic splenic artery embolization to reduce splenic artery steal. A suitable donor iliac artery was not available for arterial reconstruction and could not be obtained from neighboring transplant centers. The patient underwent urgent HA thrombectomy, intrahepatic arterial thrombolysis, and revascularization using an autologous radial artery (RA) conduit based on the supraceliac aorta. The patient is alive more than 1 year after revascularization, with normal liver function and documented flow in the arterial conduit by Doppler ultrasound and arteriography. He has not developed late biliary complications or adverse sequelae of RA harvest. Autologous RA can be safely and successfully used as an aortic-based arterial conduit in urgent revascularization of HAT after OLT. RA should be considered for use in HA revascularization if an adequate donor iliac artery is not available and other potential conduits are not usable or desirable. The availability of autologous RA expands the armamentarium of vascular conduits that can be used in HA revascularization and may help minimize re-OLT for otherwise potentially salvageable liver allografts.
How not to test for philosophical expertise

Recent empirical work appears to suggest that the moral intuitions of professional philosophers are just as vulnerable to distorting psychological factors as are those of ordinary people. This paper assesses these recent tests of the ‘expertise defense’ of philosophical intuition. I argue that the use of familiar cases and principles constitutes a methodological problem. Since these items are familiar to philosophers, but not ordinary people, the two subject groups do not confront identical cognitive tasks. Reflection on this point shows that these findings do not threaten philosophical expertise—though we can draw lessons for more effective empirical tests.
A new model for hyperelasticity

The essential criterion for a good mathematical model for hyperelasticity is its ability to match the measured strain energy curves under different deformations over a large range. One group of models for hyperelasticity is to express the strain energy as a function of I 1, I 2, I 3, the invariants of the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor. Under the assumption of incompressibility, it can be proved that all valid (I 1, I 2) pairs fall in a region bounded by the I 1 – I 2 locus from deformations under simple extension and equal-biaxial extension (or, equivalently, simple compression). I 1 – I 2 locus from planar extension lies inside the region. Since the strain energy curves from simple deformation modes can be measured from experiments, it is possible to approximately obtain the strain energy under other (I 1, I 2) values by interpolating data from the three measured curves. The proposed model for hyperelasticity is an interpolation algorithm with all mathematical details. The new model is implemented into a user-defined material subroutine in commercial FEA software. It can not only accurately reproduce the measured data from these simple deformation modes but also predict the stress–strain curve under planar extension in a reasonable good accuracy even without using the measured data from planar extension.
Gilles de la Tourette disorder: A review

Gilles de la Tourette disorder, a relatively rare disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics, is reviewed. Issues associated with its incidence, etiology, assessment, and treatment are examined. Special attention is focused upon its diagnosis since Tourette is often times misdiagnosed and confused with disorders of psychogenic origin. Suggestions for future research include the use of more sophisticated assessment strategies and the development of integrated treatment packages. In addition, continued investigation of issues surrounding its etiology, particularly on a neurophysiological level, is needed.
A genuinely multi-dimensional upwind cell-vertex scheme for the Euler equations

The solution of the two-dimensional Euler equations is based on the two-dimensional linear convection equation and the Euler-equation decomposition developed by Hirsch et al. The scheme is genuinely two-dimensional. At each iteration, the data are locally decomposed into four variables, allowing convection in appropriate directions. This is done via a cell-vertex scheme with a downwind-weighted distribution step. The scheme is conservative, and third-order accurate in space. The derivation and stability analysis of the scheme for the convection equation, and the derivation of the extension to the Euler equations are given. Preconditioning techniques based on local values of the convection speeds are discussed. The scheme for the Euler equations is applied to two channel-flow problems. It is shown to converge rapidly to a solution that agrees well with that of a third-order upwind solver.
Thermoanalytical studies of water films on porous silicas at subambient and elevated temperatures

Abstract Physicochemical properties of water films formed on the surfaces of porous silicas were studied by high-resolution thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) over a temperature range from −70°C to 250°C. Silica samples were exposed to water under different conditions in order to prepare surface films of variable thickness. It was shown that TGA and DSC measurements are useful for investigating the physicochemical properties of surface water films and the sorption properties of silica supports.
Nitrogen dynamics in two high elevation catchments during spring snowmelt 1996, Rocky Mountains, Colorado

Snowpack, soil, soil leachate, and streamwater samples were analyzed for inorganic nitrogen (N) to quantify the net effect of soil processes on N export during spring snowmelt. The two catchments used for this work, Snake River and Deer Creek, are located in Summit County, Colorado and range in elevation from 3350 to 4120 m. Atmospheric N loading to the snowpack, 88 mg N m -2 (=0.88 kg N ha-'), was representative of low N deposition sites in the Rocky Mountains. Potentially mobile inorganic N in soil, 1252 to 1868 mg N m -2 , was much greater than N inputs from snow. During spring snowmelt, nitrate (NO 3 - ) leachate from alpine soil, 702 mg N m -2 , was significantly greater than from sub-alpine forest and meadow soils (p < 0.001). This pattern in soil leachate was consistent with streamwater N concentrations in Deer Creek, indicating the importance of soil processes in regulating N export from these high elevation catchments. Soils may function as sources or sinks of N during spring snowmelt; alpine soils were a significant source of N to the stream, while sub-alpine soils were possible N sinks.
Acute confusional syndrome from a dural arteriovenous fistula.

OBJECTIVE: We describe a case of an acute confusional state associated with a right parietal dural arteriovenous fistula. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old man in his usual state of health experienced an acute confusion episode preceded by a valsalva maneuver. The episode lasted approximately 60 minutes. Afterward he was able to remember everything that occurred. A magnetic resonance imaging scan suggested a right parietal dural arteriovenous fistula, which was confirmed by angiography. A seizure was ruled out by clinical examination and an electroencephalogram. INTERVENTION: The patient underwent therapeutic embolization and surgical ligation of the fistula. Feeding vessels to the malformation were cauterized within the leaves of the falx, and the draining vein was clipped with a titanium aneurysm clip and divided. An intraoperative angiogram was then performed, which showed obliteration of the fistula. There was no demonstrable confusion or memory loss noted postoperatively. CONCLUSION: We propose that venous hypertension from the dural arteriovenous fistula in combination with a valsalva maneuver caused ischemia in the right parietal lobe, eliciting a deficit in attention.
Enhanced spore detection using dipicolinate extraction techniques

Abstract We have developed a method for bacterial endospore detection based on the presence dipicolinic acid (dpa), a substance unique to endospores. Since the sensitivity of this technique correlates directly with the amount of dpa extracted from the spores, we examined several types of extraction techniques for their dpa extraction efficiency. The three main categories investigated are physical, germination, and chemical methods for liberation of dpa from B. subtilis endospores. Attention is concentrated on the speed, efficiency, and simplicity of the extraction techniques for optimization of endospore detection using terbium–dipicolinate photoluminescence. Although methods from all categories succeeded in extracting dpa, the technique utilizing heated dodecylamine (dda) extracted the majority of the available dpa in less than 3 min. Application of the dda extraction procedure to the terbium–dipicolinate photoluminescence method in conjunction with an increased detection capability resulted in a two-order of magnitude improvement in endospore detection. This combination of methods resulted the lowest reported limit of detection (LOD) (1000 CFU/ml) for a terbium–dipicolinate photoluminescence method in the shortest reported time (5–7 min) for the total procedure.
ForeSee- : A hierarchical dynamic modeling and simulation system of complex processes

A hierarchical and object-oriented dynamic modeling and simulation system called ForeSee has been developed, which demonstrates some of the key aspects of four sets of modeling components to represent the dynamic modeling and simulation of chemical processes. These fundamental modeling components can be categorized into four types (containments, core models, connectors, and coordinators), each of which describes a different aspect of system behavior. It is in the representation of equipment models that ForeSee differs most strongly from all the other simulation systems. In these systems an equipment model consists of a set equations and the associated codes for their execution. In ForeSee an equipment model is specified as an interconnected set of modeling components. The basic premise in this approach to modeling is that a relatively small set of modeling components can be used to generate a variety of equipment models, and in turn a lot of higher level models of complex processes can be assembled from the equipment models.
Injury control and public policy

Abstract The public health burden of injuries is great. They lead all other causes of death from ages 1 to 44 in the U.S. Injuries are caused primarily by manufactured objects — passenger cars and firearms rank first and second as causes of injury death in the U.S. Injury control is most effectively accomplished through policies aimed at modifying products and the environments in which they are used. Public policy issues in injury control are similar to those for most environmental hazards — achieving public health in an industrial corporate economy. After describing the problems of injuries, and the theoretical and practical approaches to their control, injuries from passenger cars and firearms are reviewed in detail. Passenger car injuries have been reduced through governmental regulation — including air bags and other restraints systems, such as seat belts. Reduction of firearm injuries is most likely to be accomplished through intervention in manufacturing and marketing practices to reduce availabilit...
On the Constitutive Response of 63/37 Sn/Pb Eutectic Solder

The constitutive response of 63/37 Sn/Pb eutectic solder is studied under uniaxial tension. Stress-strain tests were performed under a wide range of applied strain rate, and creep tests were performed at several levels of applied load. Temperature dependence was ascertained by running the stress-strain and creep tests at various temperatures. With the goal of providing a constitutive description of the eutectic suitable for use in electronics packaging engineering finite element analyses, the material parameters of the phenomenological viscoplasticity model of Bodner and Partom were fit to these experiments as functions of temperature. The experiments described herein also yield important information concerning how many microstructural units must be present in a sample in order for repeatable, isotropic response to be obtained.
Radiocarbon constraints on Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet retreat following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)

Abstract We present marine sedimentologic and radiocarbon data for the timing of retreat of the largely marine-based Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our findings indicate minimum estimates of deglaciation between 18,000 and 9000 calibrated years before present (cal yr BP), roughly in phase with the Northern Hemisphere deglaciation and eustatic sea-level rise. Our findings show this retreat occurred progressively from the outer, middle, and inner continental shelf regions, as well as progressively from the north to the south. Retreat initiated on the outer shelf of the northern Peninsula by ∼18,000 cal yr BP and continued southward by ∼14,000 cal yr BP on the outer shelf of Marguerite Bay, several thousand years earlier than estimated by numeric models. While individual cores yield estimates of glacial retreat that may vary up to ±1100 years, we note steps in the data occur at ∼14,000 and possibly 11,000 cal yr BP, coincidental to rapidly rising (eustatic) sea level, including the well documented melt water pulses (MWP 1a and 1b). These data support the hypothesis that rapidly rising sea level is associated with marine ice sheet destabilization, although additional dates are necessary to substantiate this finding. This study highlights problems with radiocarbon dating acid insoluble organic (AIO) matter in proximal Lateglacial sediments as well as the need for more accurate dating techniques.
Measurements of line overlap for resonant photopumping of 4-->4 transitions in highly charged nickel-like ions.

The wavelength of the 6${\mathit{f}}_{7/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}3${\mathit{d}}_{5/2}$d transition in several nickel-like ions has been measured on the Livermore electron-beam ion trap with a precision as high as 27 ppm in order to assess their utility in a resonant photopumping scheme to achieve x-ray lasing below 80 \AA{}. An interpolation of the results is presented, which provides an estimate of the transition energies for ions between Dy (Z=66) and U (Z=92). The closest line coincidence was found for the 3d-6f transition in nickel-like Hf, which differs by 1.2 m\AA{} from the wavelength of the Ly-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{2}$ transition in hydrogenic C1, and for the 3d-6f transition in T1, which differs by 0.8 m\AA{} from Ly-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{1}$ in hydrogenic Ca.
A Healthy Lifestyle Intervention for Middle-Aged and Older Schizophrenia Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A 6-Month Follow-Up Analysis

The purpose of this study was to test the sustained impact of a 6-month diabetes management intervention in middle-aged and older adults with schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: Fifty-two individuals, over the age of 40 completed both baseline and 12-month follow-up assessments. Results: At 12 months, Diabetes Awareness and Rehabilitation Training (DART) participants experienced significantly greater improvement in body mass index, waist circumference and diabetes knowledge than did the Usual Care Plus Information (UCI) group. No improvements were found for A1C or energy expenditure. Conclusions: Results suggest that DART promotes lasting changes in health parameters that are maintained after treatment ends.
Mathematical modeling of complex structures for dynamic analysis

Abstract The development of mathematical models of structural analysis requires not only knowledge of the principles of structural theory, but also practical experience. This is particularly true if the response to dynamic loads is to be analyzed. This paper summarizes a number of techniques which the authors have found useful for the purpose of developing and verifying mathematical models for complex structures encountered in engineering practice. Examples chosen from the dynamic analysis of machinery equipment of a modern ship are included to illustrate some of these techniques.
The Role of Mindfulness and Disordered Eating Cognitions in Psychological Distress among College Females with Elevated Disordered Eating

The present study investigated whether mindfulness and different forms of maladaptive eating-related cognitions (i.e., fear of gaining weight, belief that social approval is contingent on weight/appearance, and self-worth from feeling in control of eating) separately and independently accounted for unique variance in psychological distress among adult females with elevated eating pathology. Ethnically diverse nonclinical college females (N = 738) completed a web-based survey; data from 91 of these participants who endorsed elevated eating pathology were selected for analyses. Mindfulness and fear of gaining weight, but not self-worth or perceived importance of appearance for gaining social approval, accounted for unique variance in psychological distress after controlling for age, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI). The present study suggests that not all forms of disordered eating cognitions are uniquely associated with psychological distress among females with elevated eating pathology and that mindfulness is a useful concept for understanding psychological distress in this group.
Home Language and Literacy Practices of Parents at One Spanish-English Two-Way Immersion Charter School

This study looks at how parents in one Spanish-English two-way immersion (TWI) charter school report their participation in various home language and literacy practices. Parent groups, based on a cluster analysis, highlight the heterogeneity of Latino parents at the school while acknowledging the commonalities as well. Four parent groups emerged based not only on primary language, but also ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status, and proximity to the school. Chi-square analyses revealed significant differences across parent groups in terms of reported home language and literacy practices. Implications are discussed for educators in TWI programs, who seek to more fully draw on the linguistic resources that their students bring with them to school, especially in supporting the maintenance and development of the Spanish language.
The Ashen Light: An auroral phenomenon on Venus

Abstract We have collected and analyzed 129 visual observations of the Ashen Light, the luminous glow on the dark side of Venus, made between 1954 and 1962. Spectroscopic and photometric studies attempting to detect dark side emission on Venus are reviewed and discussed in light of the visual occurrence of the glow. We have found a general increase in the geomagnetic index coinciding with the occurrence of the Ashen Light at times of inferior conjunction of Venus, which suggests that the Ashen Light is an auroral phenomena due to solar particle bombardment on the dark side of Venus. This possibility is explored in terms of the nature and characteristics of the visual Ashen Light observations and in terms of the recent Mariner V and Venera-4 data on the upper atmosphere of Venus.
Boundary-layers on parabolas and paraboloids by methods of local truncation

Abstract A method of local truncation (or local similarity) is applied to incompressible laminar boundary-layer flows over parabolas and paraboloids. The boundary-layer equations are used in parabolic coordinates and two different types of truncation are considered in the coordinate measured along the body surface. One of the truncations is in the untransformed parabolic coordinate, and the other is in a transformed coordinate in which one might expect convergence to be improved. The results of the local truncations are compared with “exact” results obtained by an implicit finite difference method.
Role of molten fraction on the structural evolution in stretching and cooling of crosslinked low‐density polyethylene: Real‐time mechano‐optical measurements

We investigated the uniaxial deformation behavior of crosslinked low-density polyethylene in partially and substantially molten states using a real-time true stress–strain birefringence system. The stress–birefringence behavior exhibits a multiregime behavior during stretching and holding process. The details of this regime behavior are primarily governed by the degree of unmelted crystallinity as it has a dominant role in the long-range structural connectivity. When the long-range physical connectivity is present, a three-regime nonlinear stress–optical behavior was observed. When the long-range connectivity is substantially eliminated at higher temperatures, the regime I behavior disappears. Structural studies including cooling process reveal that the lower the proportion of molten material during stretching, the higher the concentration of fibrillar structure and the shorter are the lengths of the kebabs that exhibit twisted lamellae after solidification. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1825–1841, 2005
A control-structure splitting optimization for GPGPU

Control statements in a GPU program such as loops and branches pose serious challenges for the efficient usage of GPU resources because those control statements will lead to the serialization of threads and consequently ruin the occupancy of GPU, that is, the number of threads running concurrently. Unlike traditional vector processing units that are inside a general purpose processor, the GPU cannot leave the control statements to the CPU because fine-grain statement scheduling between GPU and CPU is impossible. We need an effective method to handle the control statements "just in place" on the GPUs.In this paper, we propose novel techniques to transform control statements so that they can be executed efficiently on GPUs. Our techniques smartly increase code redundancy, which might be deemed as "de-optimization" for CPU, to improve the occupancy of a program on GPU and therefore improve performance. We focus our attention on how common programming structures such as loops and branches decrease the occupancy of single kernels and how to counter that. We demonstrate our optimizations on a synthetic benchmark and a complex parallel algorithm, the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). Our results show that these techniques are very efficient and can lead to an increase in occupancy and a drastic improvement in performance compared to non-split version of the programs.
Failure mechanism of glassy polymer-nanoparticle composites

A model, well-dispersed nanocomposite of surface-modified cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles (average core diameter of 3.5 nm) blended into polystyrene is prepared such that entropic forces drive the failure mechanism of the nanocomposite. At an optimal volume fraction (∼0.7%) of nanoparticles, the failure strain of the nanocomposite is increased by nearly 60% relative to unfilled polystyrene. The proposed mechanism for this optimal volume fraction is related to the balance of two effects: (1) the decrease in the volume fraction of cross-tie fibrils and (2) the decrease in the extensibility of the craze. These results offer insight into an entropically driven failure of glassy polymer nanocomposites and help guide future design of nanoparticle-based composite materials.
Synthesis of (3S,5R)-cis- and (3S,5S)-trans-3,5-Dimethylvalerolactones and Their Conversion to Biotransformation Products of (S)-5-Ethyl-5-(2′-pentyl)barbituric Acid

Abstract (R,S)-5-Ethyl-5-(2′-pentyl)barbituric acid (I)1,2 is metabolized in vivo to give all four possible optical isomers of 5-ethyl-5-(3′-hydroxy-1′-methylbutyl)barbituric acid (II). 3,4 From metabolism studies of pure (1′S)- I and (1′3)-I, Palmer and co-workers4,5 were able to determine the relative amounts of each of the four isomers formed. These studies showed that (1′S)-I gave mainly one enantiomer of (1′S)-II, whereas (1′R)-I gave approximately equal amounts of both (1′R)-II enantiomers.
Solid-State 67Zn NMR spectroscopic studies and ab initio molecular orbital calculations on a synthetic analogue of carbonic anhydrase.

The tris(pyrazolyl)hydroborato zinc complexes [TpBut,Me]ZnX (where X = Br, Cl, and OH) have been examined by low-temperature solid-state 67Zn NMR spectroscopy. The value of the quadrupole coupling ...
Estradiol‐17β interference with meiotic maturation in Rana pipiens ovarian follicles: Evidence for inhibition of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

Increasing doses of estradiol-17 beta added to in vitro incubations inhibited pregnenolone-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Rana pipiens ovarian follicles. The inhibition was reversed with increasing concentrations or pregnenolone added to the medium. Because no evidence of estradiol-17 beta inhibition or interaction with progesterone-induced GVBD was observed, the effect of estradiol-17 beta on the conversion of 3H-pregnenolone to 3H-progesterone was investigated. Estradiol-17 beta in doses as low as 10(-7) M significantly inhibited the conversion of 3H-pregnenolone to 3H-progesterone in follicles incubated in vitro. It is suggested that estradiol-17 beta is a feedback inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, the enzyme complex that converts pregnenolone to progesterone, a necessary step in the initiation of GVBD.
Spin-dependent mechanism for diatomic ligand binding to heme

The nature of diatomic ligand recombination in heme proteins is elucidated by using a Landau–Zener model for the electronic coupling in the recombination rate constant. The model is developed by means of explicit potential energy surfaces calculated by using density functional theory (DFT). The interaction of all possible spin states of the three common diatomic ligands, CO, NO, and O2, and high-spin heme iron is compared. The electronic coupling, rebinding barrier, and Landau–Zener force terms can be obtained and used to demonstrate significant differences among the ligands. In particular the intermediate spin states of NO (S = 3/2) and O2 (S = 1) are shown to be bound states. Rapid recombination occurs from these bound states in agreement with experimental data. The slower phases of O2 recombination can be explained by the presence of two higher spin states, S = 2 and S = 3, which have a small and relatively large barrier to ligand recombination, respectively. By contrast, the intermediate spin state for CO is not a bound state, and the only recombination pathway for CO involves direct recombination from the S = 2 state. This process is significantly slower according to the Landau–Zener model. Quantitative estimates of the parameters used in the rate constants provide a complete description that explains rebinding rates that range from femtoseconds to milliseconds at ambient temperature.
Cytochrome P-450 isozyme/isozyme functional interactions and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase concentrations as factors in microsomal metabolism of warfarin

The basis for our previous observations [Kaminsky, L. S., Guengerich, F. P., Dannan, G. A. & Aust, S. D. (1983) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 225, 398–404] that rates of microsomal metabolism of warfarin were markedly less than the sum of rates of the reconstituted constituent isozymes of cytochrome P-450 has been investigated. Metabolism of warfarin to 4′-, 6-, 7-, 8-, and 10-hydroxywarfarin and dehydrowarfarin by highly purified rat liver cytochrome P-450 (P-450) isozymes reconstituted with NADPH–cytochrome P-450 reductase and by hepatic microsomes from variously pretreated rats was used to probe functional consequences of P-450 isozyme/isozyme interactions and of the effect of microsomal reductase concentrations. Binary mixtures of P-450 isozymes were reconstituted and the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity were used to probe metabolism by each individual isozyme. The isozymes specifically inhibited each other to variable extents and the order of inhibitory potency was: P-450UT-F > P-450PB-D≥ P-450UT-A≥ P-450BNF/ISF-G > P-450PB/PCN-E > P-450PB-B≥ P-450PB-C≥ P-450BNF-B. The inhibition, possibly a consequence of aggregation, explains the low rate of microsomal metabolism relative to the metabolic potential of the component P-450 isozymes. When purified reductase was added to microsomes it appeared to bind to microsomes at different sites from endogenous reductase and it enhanced warfarin hydroxylase activity only to a minor extent, thus possibly precluding low reductase concentrations from being a major factor in the relatively low rates of microsomal metabolism. Antibody to the reductase differentially inhibited microsomal metabolism of warfarin by the various P-450 isozymes. The results suggest that the reductase and P-450 isozymes may be located differently relative to one another in the various microsomal preparations.
Relative Contributions of Global Warming to Various Climate Sensitive Risks, and Their Implications for Adaptation and Mitigation

A rationale for mitigating global warming (GW) is that warming might exacerbate many of today's urgent problems – hunger, malaria, water shortage, coastal flooding, and habitat conversion – which could be particularly problematic for developing countries. Recent assessments of the global impacts of climate change indicate that into the 2080s, except for coastal flooding, GW's contribution to these problems [ΔP(GW)] would be small compared to P(BASELINE), the problem's magnitude in the absence of warming, i.e., under baseline conditions. Hence, mitigation can, at best, reduce only the smaller portion of the total problem [= ΔP(GW) + P(BASELINE)]. To compound matters, costs of markedly reducing ΔP(GW) through mitigation are high; moreover, because of the inertia of the climate system, its benefits are backloaded while costs have to be borne up front for decades. Discounting further magnifies this asymmetry between costs and benefits. By contrast, approaches that would help societies cope with or reduce vuln...
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Role of the North American GI Steering Committee Hepatobiliary Task Force and the Advent of Effective Drug Therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease that requires multidisciplinary management. There has been no widely accepted standard for systemic therapy for this disease until recently. This article briefly discusses the management of earlier stage HCC, then focuses on newer agents with promise, particularly sorafenib, a drug that appears to be the new standard of care for advanced disease. The Oncologist 2007;12:1425–1432
A Review of “The Political Culture of the New West”

The American West was the last part of the country to be settled, and today it retains its fascination as a place of varied cultures and values. This is quite noticeable when one views the West fro...
We Can Do It: The Use of Empowerment Imagery In Marketing and Advertising

Advertisements are inescapable, and today they are as American as apple pie. Since advertisements are so common and almost universal to the American experience, how can they be used purposefully by historians? This brief essay explores the use of empowering imagery in advertising and how it can be used by historians to illustrate historical social and cultural trends within affluent societies. Special attention is given to feminist movements and how these advertisements illustrate concepts of empowerment during the time when they were produced.
A generalized prediction framework for granger causality

In his 1969 paper, Granger proposed a statistical definition of causality between stochastic processes. It is based on whether causal side information helps in a sequential prediction task. However, his formulation was limited to linear predictors. We describe a generalized framework, where predictions are beliefs and compare the best predictor with side information to the best predictor without side information. The difference in the prediction performance, i.e., regret of such predictors, is used as a measure of causal influence of the side information. Specifically when log loss is used to quantify each predictor's loss and an expectation over the outcomes is used to quantify the regret, we show that the directed information, an information theoretic quantity, quantifies Granger causality. We also explore a more pessimistic setup perhaps better suited for adversarial settings where minimax criterion is used to quantify the regret.
Future viral vectors for the delivery of asymptomatic herpes epitope-based immunotherapeutic vaccines

The concept of using a recombinant virus to deliver viral antigens from a different virus for the purpose of therapeutic vaccination has been developed for more than 25 years [1]. In 1983, vaccinia virus recombinant for the hepatitis B surface antigen was the first viral vector to successfully induce protective immunity against HBV [1]. Since then, a number of viral vector-based vaccines, such as adenovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), vaccinia virus, retrovirus, Newcastle disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, measles virus, poliovirus and West Nile virus, have been designed and tested in both preclinical and clinical trials (reviewed in [2]). Genetically engineered HSV mutants have recently been exploited as promising vector platforms in immunotherapy (reviewed in [3]). Despite substantial development, the list of licensed viral-vector vaccines for human use remains short. The challenges include: issues concerning the large-scale production, the stability and the stringent safety requirements, especially for viral vectors that remain replicative or that persist in the host. Despite these challenges, the continued interest in developing viral-vector vaccines is due to their promising immunogenicity, especially for the most difficult antigens from notorious widespread pathogens, such as HSV-1 and/or -2.
Real-time monitoring of spontaneous resonance in heart rate variability

The resonant characteristic of heart rate variability is usually generated using biofeedback and the external pacing of breathing, which is typically around 6 breaths/min (0.1 Hz), although the exact frequency varies between individuals. It was hypothesized that the actual resonant characteristic of heart rate actually depends on the current psychophysiological state of the subject; therefore, the real-team evaluation of this form of resonance is important for a variety of biofeedback applications. This paper presents an analysis of the spontaneous resonance of heart rate variability generated during singing and non-paced slow breathing after breathing exercises. Two methods for automatic analysis and characterization of heart rate variability resonance in real-time have been presented. The first method uses FFT-based spectral analysis, while the second method calculates the period and amplitude of the RR interval variation during each resonant cycle. The proposed methods were tested on a 45-min record from a chanting session and compared with manually annotated and measured periods.