cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of NOS-containing neuronal somata in the rat kidney.

Abstract An investigation of the changes in size, number and distribution of NOS-containing neuronal somata in the rat kidney was undertaken. The immunoperoxidase method for the staining of NOS and the histochemical method for the demonstration of NADPH-d were applied to serial thick sections (100 μm) of whole kidneys. Animals at embryonic day 14 (ED14), ED16, ED18, ED20, at birth (PD0), and at postnatal days 4 (PD4), PD12, PD21 and PD35 were studied. NOS-containing neuronal somata were observed by the 20th day of gestation in some kidneys and were consistently seen at birth. They were usually seen in groups of separated neuronal somata or in tight clusters. The neuronal somata were often attached or embedded in nerve bundles. As the kidney developed, the number of neuronal somata separated from each other increased, while the number of clusters remained relatively constant. The size of the neuronal somata increased with development. There were highly significant statistical differences in the size of the neuronal somata between all groups, except between PD12 and PD21. The distribution of neuronal somata at birth was similar to that of the adult. They could be found, (a) at the free renal pelvic wall; (b) in the connective tissue at the angular space between the renal pelvis and the renal parenchyma (SPP); and (c) along the interlobar vessels. At birth and in the early stages of development, the greatest number of neuronal somata were located at the renal pelvis. In the later stages of development, more neuronal somata appear in the connective tissue between the renal pelvis and the renal parenchyma. The location of NOS-containing neuronal somata suggests that they might have a modulatory role on the sympathetic and sensory renal nerves all through development.
Role of Solidification, Substrate Temperature and Reynolds Number on Droplet Spreading in Thermal Spray Deposition: Measurements and Modeling

Numerical analysis and experimental measurements of the flattening degree of plasma sprayed molybdenum and zirconia droplets deposited on different substrate materials are presented. Investigation is focused on the influence of rate of solidification and wetting angle on droplet spreading. Madejski-Zhang model with one-dimensional treatment of solidification as well as heat transfer in the melt, solidified splat and substrate is employed to perform a numerical analysis. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of droplet size, impact velocity, superheating of droplets, substrate temperature, thermal contact resistance, and wetting angle on spreading of the splat and its flattening degree. Numerical results show that the time for solidification can be as small as that for spreading and the rate of solidification can greatly influence the flattening degree. A guideline for when the effect of wetting angle and surface tension on droplet deformation can be neglected is derived. A correlation for the relationship between the flattening degree and Reynolds number with the consideration of solidification is deduced, and a criterion for the effect of droplet solidification on impact dynamics to be negligible is given. The limitations of the assumption of isothermal substrate are also discussed. The numerical predictions agree statistically well with the experimental data.
Dissociating neural correlates of action monitoring and metacognition of agency

Judgments of agency refer to people's self-reflective assessments concerning their own control: their assessments of the extent to which they themselves are responsible for an action. These self-reflective metacognitive judgments can be distinguished from action monitoring, which involves the detection of the divergence (or lack of divergence) between observed states and expected states. Presumably, people form judgments of agency by metacognitively reflecting on the output of their action monitoring and then consciously inferring the extent to which they caused the action in question. Although a number of previous imaging studies have been directed at action monitoring, none have assessed judgments of agency as a potentially separate process. The present fMRI study used an agency paradigm that not only allowed us to examine the brain activity associated with action monitoring but that also enabled us to investigate those regions associated with metacognition of agency. Regarding action monitoring, we found that being "out of control" during the task (i.e., detection of a discrepancy between observed and expected states) was associated with increased brain activity in the right TPJ, whereas being "in control" was associated with increased activity in the pre-SMA, rostral cingulate zone, and dorsal striatum (regions linked to self-initiated action). In contrast, when participants made self-reflective metacognitive judgments about the extent of their own control (i.e., judgments of agency) compared with when they made judgments that were not about control (i.e., judgments of performance), increased activity was observed in the anterior PFC, a region associated with self-reflective processing. These results indicate that action monitoring is dissociable from people's conscious self-attributions of control.
Hybrid numerical methods for convection-diffusion problems in arbitrary geometries

Abstract The hybrid nodal-integral/finite element method (NI–FEM) and the hybrid nodal-integral/finite analytic method (NI–FAM) are developed to solve the steady-state, two-dimensional convection–diffusion equation (CDE). The hybrid NI–FAM for the steady-state problem is then extended to solve the more general time-dependent, two-dimensional, CDE. These hybrid coarse mesh methods, unlike the conventional nodal-integral approach, are applicable in arbitrary geometries and maintain the high efficiency of the conventional nodal-integral method (NIM). In steady-state problems, the computational domain for both hybrid methods is discretized using rectangular nodes in the interior of the domain and along vertical and horizontal boundaries, while triangular nodes are used along the boundaries that are not parallel to the x or y axes. In time-dependent problems, the rectangular and triangular nodes become space–time parallelepiped and wedge-shaped nodes, respectively. The difference schemes for the variables on the interfaces of adjacent rectangular/parallelepiped nodes are developed using the conventional NIM. For the triangular nodes in the hybrid NI–FEM, a trial function is written in terms of the edge-averaged concentration of the three edges and made to satisfy the CDE in an integral sense. In the hybrid NI–FAM, the concentration over the triangular/wedge-shaped nodes is represented using a finite analytic approximation, which is based on the analytic solution of the one-dimensional CDE. The difference schemes for both hybrid methods are then developed for the interfaces between the rectangular/parallelepiped and triangular/wedge-shaped nodes by imposing continuity of the flux across the interfaces. A formal derivation of these hybrid methods and numerical results for several test problems are presented and discussed.
Bottom‐up biodiversity effects increase resource subsidy flux between ecosystems

Although biodiversity can increase ecosystem productivity and adjacent ecosystems are often linked by resource flows between them, the relationship between biodiversity and resource subsidies is not well understood. Here we test the influence of biodiversity on resource subsidy flux by manipulating freshwater mussel species richness and documenting the effects on a trophic cascade from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. In a mesocosm experiment, mussel effects on algae were linked through stable isotope analyses to mussel-derived nitrogen subsidies, but mussel biodiversity effects on algal accumulation were not significant. In contrast, mussel biodiversity significantly increased aquatic insect emergence rates, because aquatic insects were responding to mussel-induced changes in algal community structure instead of algal accumulation. In turn, mussel biodiversity also significantly increased terrestrial spider abundance as spiders tracked increases in aquatic insect prey after a reproduction event. In a comparative field study, we found that sites with greater mussel species richness had higher aquatic insect emergence rates. These results show that, because food webs in adjacent ecosystems are often linked, biodiversity effects in one ecosystem can influence adjacent ecosystems as well.
Relationship between morphogenetic activity and metabolic stability of insect juvenile hormone analogues

Abstract The relationship between morphogenetic activity and metabolic stability of natural Cecropia juvenile hormone and some of its synthetic analogues (methylenedioxyphenoxy, chlorophenoxy analogues, and ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate) was studied in Tenebrio pupae by parabiosis and in Galleria larvae by determination of the time course of decay of injected hormones. Parabiosis of dihomojuvenate or methylenedioxyphenoxy analogue treated Tenebrio pupae to fresh pupae 6 days after application of the hormone showed that the natural hormone but not the analogue was metabolized during the 5-day period. Determination of the persistence of juvenile hormonal agents injected into 0-day-old Galleria last instar larvae revealed that the natural hormone was in-activated much more rapidly when compared to methylenedioxyphenoxy, chlorophenoxy, and ethyl-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4-dienoate analogues. The significance of the positive correlation between greater stability and higher activity of juvenile hormone analogues is discussed.
Storytelling in a Central Bank: The Role of Narrative in the Creation and Use of Specialized Economic Knowledge

Drawing on an extended ethnographic study of the textual practices of economists at the Bank of Canada, this article looks at narrative construction as a communal process of corporate knowledge making. Employing theories of narrative, genre, and distributed cognition as a conceptual frame, the article traces three stages in the development of a narrative known in the bank as the monetary-policy story. Evolving across a number of written genres, this symbolic representation functions as an important site of intersubjectivity among the institution's economists. In its final form, the narrative serves the bank's executives as a shared cognitive and rhetorical resource for making decisions about monetary policy and communicating these decisions to the Canadian public. This account of knowledge making at the Bank of Canada may be useful as a heuristic for researchers studying the dynamics of discourse in other professional settings.
Intermetallic phase formation and growth kinetics at the interface between molten solder and Ni-containing under bump metallization

Direct Chip Attach (DCA) of Si chips to an organic substrate requires modification to the conventional Cu based Under Bump Metallization (UBM). Ni-containing UBM's have proven to be able to effectively reduce the intermetallic compound growth rate, which in turn reduces the consumption of the wetting metals in the UBM during the reaction between the solder and the UBM. In this research, the microstructure evolution of the interface between molten eutectic Pb/Sn solder and several alloy-foils with different Cu/Ni ratios is studied. The experimental results show that the low diffusivity and dissolution rate of Ni play important roles in restricting the growth of the intermetallic and changing the interface morphology. A kinetic model is proposed for the Intermetallic Compound (IMC) growth based on the Cu-Ni/solder reaction, and is applied to analyze the data from UBM/solder experiments.
Carrying Capacity and Fracture of Notched Glass Fiber Composite Columns

A study was made of the carrying capacity and fracture of glass fiber composite notched columns having pinned-ends and loaded in compression. Apparently the cracks had a detrimental effect by lowering the maximum carrying capacity of the columns. However, these cracks, which were initially machined in the transverse direction at the center of the column, changed their direction of propagation with increasing load and continued their propagation in the longitudinal direction parallel to the glass fibers. A compari son of these tests results with those obtained previously on aluminum columns [1-3] is also given.
An Analysis System for Computer Forensic Education, Training, and Awareness

This paper aims at making a proper training of computer forensics for companies with the help of a logical analysis system, so as to do preliminaries data protection when the system is targeted under hacking attack. It is necessary to prevent hackers from removing data and wiping electronic evidence. The system will start with collecting the related work and analyze the organization's security policies and strategy, finding out the security level of the computer systems, the work environment for staffs the personnel secures awareness level, and etc. With the security level of this organization, ethical hackers can test the reaction of the organization to a hacking attack. A data model can be made to provide detailed data information for business managers, including the time at which the hacker is found by the organization, the time at which the hacker succeeds in obtaining the server permissions and data. With the help of this system, the organization is able to make a reasonable training and education plan and develop the necessary curricula of computer forensics to enhance the forensics awareness of its staffs.
Bilateral neurological deficits following unilateral minimally invasive TLIF: A review of four patients.

Background: Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) is commonly used for the treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. The rate of postoperative neurological deficits is traditionally low. New neurological postoperative complications may be underreported. We report our infrequent rate of MI-TLIF procedures complicated by postoperative weakness.
Neural network control of quadrotor UAV formations

In this paper, a novel framework for leader-follower formation control is developed for the control of multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on spherical coordinates. The control objective for the follower UAV is to track its leader at a desired- separation, angle of incidence, and a bearing by using an auxiliary velocity control. Then, a novel neural network (NN) control law for the dynamical system is introduced to learn the complete dynamics of the UAV including unmodeled dynamics like aerodynamic friction. Additionally, the interconnection dynamic errors between the leader and its followers are explicitly considered, and the stability of the entire formation is demonstrated using Lyapunov theory. Numerical results verify the theoretical conjectures.
A neural network algorithm for sea ice edge classification

The NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT), launched in August 1995, is designed to measure wind vectors over ice-free oceans. To prevent contamination of the wind measurements, by the presence of sea ice, algorithms based on neural network technology have been developed to classify ice-free ocean surfaces. Neural networks trained using polarized alone and polarized plus multi-azimuth "look" Ku-band backscatter are described. Algorithm skill in locating the sea ice edge around Antarctica is experimentally evaluated using backscatter data from the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer that operated in 1978. Comparisons between the algorithms demonstrate a slight advantage of combined polarization and multi-look over using co-polarized backscatter alone. Classification skill is evaluated by comparisons with surface truth (sea ice maps), subjective ice classification, and independent over lapping scatterometer measurements (consecutive revolutions).
Measurement of the influence of low water availability on the productivity of Agave weberi cultivated under controlled irrigation

Bergsten, S. J. and Stewart, J. R. 2014. Measurement of the influence of low water availability on the productivity of Agave weberi cultivated under controlled irrigation. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 439–444. In recent years, research has focused on determining the potential of Agave to be utilized for bioenergy production due to its ability to grow in arid and marginal lands. However, little is known regarding its productivity under limited water conditions. Most Agave species can tolerate low soil-moisture levels, but it is unclear at what point productivity will be significantly constrained. Using an automated irrigation system under greenhouse conditions, we evaluated the effects of low to high volumetric water content (VWC) levels on biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake of a putative bioenergy crop, Agave weberi. Plants were exposed to four constant VWC levels (0.05, 0.12, 0.19, and 0.26 m3 m−3). Shoot dry weight of plants in the 0.26 m3 m−3 treatment was significantly higher than those in the 0.05 m3...
The Vices of Argument

What should a virtue theory of argumentation say about fallacious reasoning? If good arguments are virtuous, then fallacies are vicious. Yet fallacies cannot just be identified with vices, since vices are dispositional properties of agents whereas fallacies are types of argument. Rather, if the normativity of good argumentation is explicable in terms of virtues, we should expect the wrongness of bad argumentation to be explicable in terms of vices. This approach is defended through analysis of several fallacies, with particular emphasis on the ad misericordiam.
Alcohol Abuse and Self-Neglect in the Elderly

SUMMARY Approximately 1% to 3% of elderly in the United States suffer from the consequences of excessive alcohol consumption. Many more drink amounts of alcohol that place them at risk for alcohol-related problems. Alcoholism is thought to be a significant contributor to the etiology of self-neglect among older adults. Affected individuals can suffer from malnutrition, develop chronic health problems, acquire unintentional injuries, become depressed, neglect their health care needs, and isolate themselves from friends and family. Premature death can result. Professionals who provide services to elderly people with alcohol-related problems have a critical role to play by screening these individuals for an alcohol use disorder and encouraging them to participate in treatment. Identification of and intervention for an alcohol use disorder may contribute to the prevention of self-neglect among older adults.
The Other Side of Isolationism: The Establishment of the First World Bank, 1929–1930

THE Young conference of 1929 was more than another act in the reparations scenario., Out of the tangle of reparations emerged a plan for a world financial institution, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).2 The leadership for the creation of BIS came from a small group of international bankers in New York City. Despite past rivalries and differences, these international bankers worked together to establish a world financial order that would incorporate the federal principle of the American central banking system. Cooperation among reserve banks in the Federal Reserve System (FRS), New York City's international financiers believed, not only contributed to the stability of American money and credit but also strengthened the leadership of New York City in American banking. Prominent among these bankers were Owen D. Young, J. Pierpont Morgan, Thomas W. Lamont, S. Parker Gilbert, Gates W. McGarrah, and Jackson Reynolds,, who, in conjunction with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,
Prospective Evaluation of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2 for Prostate Cancer Detection

Purpose: Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2 (PI-RADSv2) was developed to standardize the interpretation and reporting of multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging and provide guidelines for biopsy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging findings. We prospectively evaluated the cancer detection rate at each overall PI-RADSv2 score.Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 62 consecutive patients with 116 lesions who underwent multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging at 3T with PI-RADSv2 evaluation and subsequent targeted magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion guided biopsy and concurrent 12-core systematic prostate biopsy between May and September 2015. Median patient age and prostate specific antigen values were 65.5 years (range 50.3 to 76.6) and 7.10 ng/ml (range 0.47 to 863.0), respectively. Mean lesion size was 12.7 mm overall. Lesion based cancer detection rates for all tumors and for Gleason 3+4 or greater tumors at each PI-...
Congregations and Social Services: An Update from the Third Wave of the National Congregations Study

Congregations and other religious organizations are an important part of the social welfare system in the United States. This article uses data from the 2012 National Congregations Study to describe key features of congregational involvement in social service programs and projects. Most congregations (83%), containing 92% of religious service attendees, engage in some social or human service activities intended to help people outside of their congregation. These programs are primarily oriented to food, health, clothing, and housing provision, with less involvement in some of the more intense and long-term interventions such as drug abuse recovery, prison programs, or immigrant services. The median congregation involved in social services spent $1500 per year directly on these programs, and 17% had a staff member who worked on them at least a quarter of the time. Fewer than 2% of congregations received any government financial support of their social service programs and projects within the past year; only 5% had applied for such funding. The typical, and probably most important, way in which congregations pursue social service activity is by providing small groups of volunteers to engage in well-defined and bounded tasks on a periodic basis, most often in collaboration with other congregations and community organizations.
Teaching medical students how to care for the dying.

Abstract An experimental course for medical students is described in which the main focus in on the development of a continuing relationship between a medical student and a terminally ill patient. The goals of the course, its format, its evaluation by both patient and student participants, the problems encountered and the implications for instruction on death and dying are discussed.
Conflict Utilization in Marital-Dyadic Therapy

Couple conflict is inevitable in most relationships. Thus it is the utilization of productive conflict (and not its “resolution” or avoidance) that can provide the most energy and direction for the therapeutic changes desired by all concerned. This article adresses and illustrates conflict as a dynamic, multidimensional phenomenon that, once understood, can greatly contribute to problem solving and problem resolution within marital-dyadic therapy.
Copycat or Distinctive? An Empirical Study of Consumers’ Perception Towards Private Label

This research paper investigated the effects of copycat versus distinctive private label brand packaging design statements on consumers’ perception of Private Label Brand’s (PLB) compared to national brand’s (NB) perceived quality, purchase intention, price expectation and retailer equity. This study is the first to address how consumers perceived copycat versus distinctive private label brands in a side by side comparison with a NB, and whether their perceptions related to product quality, purchase intentions, price expectations, and retailer equity vary. A total of 200 subjects participated in a 2 (copycat vs. distinctive packaging) X 2 (copycat vs. distinctive product benefits) factorial experimental design with shampoo as the featured product. Only the packaging manipulation is reported in this study. Each respondent was randomly assigned to one of the four conditions, with 50 subjects in each condition. After browsing the product pictures (one PLB and one NB) and the benefit statements, respondents were asked to respond to the survey questions regarding perceived quality, purchase intention, price expectation and retailer equity.
Circulatory Support Devices

The role of percutaneously-delivered mechanical circulatory support (pMCS) devices in the cardiac catheterization lab has been expanding over the last decade. Current pMCS options include the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), Impella axial flow catheter, TandemHeart centrifugal pump, and veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). The overall goals of pMCS systems are to: (1) increase vital organ perfusion, (2) augment coronary blood flow, and (3) reduce ventricular volume and filling pressures, thereby reducing wall stress, stroke work, and myocardial oxygen consumption. Clinical scenarios where these devices are commonly used include: advanced heart failure, cardiogenic shock, mechanical complications after AMI, high risk coronary and non-coronary intervention, and high-risk electrophysiologic ablations.
If Life Keeps Throwing Curveballs, You’ve Probably Reached a Wall

Almost all organisms live surrounded by fluid, and in all of them core biochemical processes take place in a liquid medium. Hydrodynamics thus plays a major role in all living processes, and even more so for swimmers, i.e., organisms that mostly depend upon hydrodynamic forces to propel themselves during normal life. An enormous number of species meet this criterion, ranging from microbes to both fish and birds. In an elegant article, Jashnsaz et al. (1) show that hydrodynamics may be playing a very important role in the life history of another swimmer, the fascinating and relatively less known bacterial predator with the Carrollian name of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus (BV).
Acute Heart Failure

Heart failure affects more than six million people in the United States, or 2 % of the population. It exacts a toll on people’s health and lives, as well as economically. Most heart failure patients experience at least one episode of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) resulting in an emergency room visit or hospital stay. This chapter focuses on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic assessment, and clinical management of patients who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and who present to the hospital with ADHF. To guide clinicians in managing acute heart failure, hospitalized patients are typically assigned a hemodynamic profile to determine the degree of hemodynamic compromise, which is useful for tailoring treatment regimens. Other topics addressed in this chapter include the importance of biomarkers, namely, natriuretic peptides and cardiac troponins that help with diagnosis, response to therapy, and prognosis; the profile of patients at higher risk for structural complications following myocardial infarction; the use of beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, aldosterone receptor antagonists, and diuretics in medical management; and the benefits and risks of mechanical circulatory support for decompensated heart failure.
Evaluation and Management of Lacrimal Gland Diseases

The lacrimal gland is the epicenter of a broad spectrum of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases (Table 58.1). Space occupying lesions of the lacrimal gland and its fossa constitute approximately 5–13% of orbital masses upon biopsy [1–3]. Based primarily on Reese’s [4] 1956 clinicopathologic survey of 112 consecutive expanding lesions of the lacrimal gland, most authorities generally report that approximately 50% of the lesions originate from epithelial elements of the lacrimal gland and 50% are of non-epithelial origin [5–7]. Of non-epithelial lesions, 50% are lymphoid tumors and 50% are comprised of various infections and inflammatory pseudotumors. Among the epithelial tumors of the lacrimal gland, approximately 50% are pleomorphic adenomas (benign mixed tumors), 25% adenoid cystic carcinoma, and the remainders are other types of carcinoma. Recent reports, however, suggest that inflammatory lesions and lymphoid tumors are more common, and that epithelial malignancies of the lacrimal gland are considerably less frequent than commonly cited, ranging from 22% to 47% [1, 3, 7–10]. Proper differentiation between these two groups is of paramount importance since several of the lesions are life threatening.
Shared Dynamic Curves: A Shared-Control Telemanipulation Method for Motor Task Training

In this paper, we present a novel shared-control telemanipulation method that is designed to incrementally improve a user’s motor ability. Our method initially corrects for the user’s suboptimal control trajectories, gradually giving the user more direct control over a series of training trials as he/she naturally gets more accustomed to the task. Our shared-control method, called Shared Dynamic Curves, blends suboptimal user translation and rotation control inputs with known translation and rotation paths needed to complete a task. Shared Dynamic Curves provide a translation and rotation path in space along which the user can easily guide the robot, and this curve can bend and flex in real-time as a dynamical system to pull the user’s motion gracefully toward a goal. We show through a user study that Shared Dynamic Curves affords effective motor learning on certain tasks compared to alternative training methods. We discuss our findings in the context of shared control and speculate on how this method could be applied in real-world scenarios such as job training or stroke rehabilitation.
Power system harmonic analysis under geomagnetic disturbances

Geomagnetic disturbances influence the operation of transmission systems by injecting dc like electric currents into the system causing half cycle saturation of iron core magnetic circuits, generation of harmonic currents and excessive heating. Main harmonic generating devices are directly grounded transformers. The level of the half-cycle saturation depends of the level of geomagnetically induced currents and system parameters. GIC induced harmonics will flow to other devices in the system, depending on system topology and parameters and can influence system protection and operation. Accurate computation of these effects is of paramount importance. The paper proposes a high fidelity time domain modeling approach for analysis of the waveform distortion due to GIC and the propagation of the waveform distortion throughout the system. The high fidelity model incorporates the non-linear characteristics of iron core transformers, frequency dependent characteristics of transmission lines and grounding systems and other components of the power system. While GIC does not typically enters generator circuits by virtue of their grounding practice, generators are affected by GIC as harmonics propagate into generating units via the step up transformers.
The worksite heart health improvement project's impact on behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease in long-term care: A randomized control trial.

Abstract Background Long-term care workers are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, in part because of their poor health habits. Objective The purpose of this study is to test the impact of the Worksite Heart Health Improvement Project (WHHIP) on subjective behavioral cardiovascular risk factors over time among long-term care staff. Design The WHHIP was a 12-month cluster randomized control trial conducted in four long-term care facilities. The exercise, nutrition, and stress management intervention lasted 9-months and was implemented during paid work time. Setting and participants Ninety-eight long-term care workers consented to participate in the study. Methods Survey data included: mood, dietary salt intake, dietary fat intake, sleep quality, and sleep duration. Results A significant positive short-term intervention effect at 9-month (p = .037) and long-term effect at 12-month for mood (p = .039) was found, signifying reduction in mood symptoms in the treatment group over time. The intervention group also showed longer sleep time (p = .016) and better sleep quality (p = .046) at 12-months. The intervention group had less dietary sodium intake at 9-months (p = .036); yet, this was not maintained over time. Conclusion The WHHIP demonstrated the ability to improve participants’ mood, sleep and sodium intake over time. Lessons learned particularly the challenges faced implementing the WHHIP and the solutions recommended provide critical insights to strengthen future programs with this population.
Ways to fit a PK model with some data below the quantification limit.

Pharmacokinetic data consist of drug concentration measurements, as well as reports of some measured concentrations being below the quantification limit of the assay (BQL). A pharmacokinetic model may befit to these data, and for this purpose, the BQL observations must be either discarded or handled in a special way. In this paper, seven methods for dealing with BQL observations are evaluated. Both single-subject and population data are simulated from a one-compartment model. A moderate amount of data is simulated for each individual. The actual cv of concentration measurements at the quantification limit is assumed to be no greater than 20%, in accord with the FDA Guidance. The results of this paper should be interpreted in this context. The methods include handling BQL observations as fixed-point censored observations, i.e., by using the likelihoods that these observations are in fact BQL. This method is shown to have some overall statistical advantage. However, the gain in using this method over that of simply discarding the BQL observations is not always much, and this is especially so when the frequency of BQL observations is small. Some simple methods entailing (i) replacing one or more BQL observations with the value 0, or (ii) replacing them with the value QL/2, where QL is the quantification limit, are also included. The first of these two approaches should not be used With population data, use of the second approach can result in some noticeably improved estimation of the typical value of a parameter, but then there is also marked degradation in the estimation of the population variance of the parameter.
Introduction to the packaging of pharmaceuticals and healthcare products

Pharmaceuticals require more detailed packaging than do other sensitive products, such as foods, although there are several similarities in their requirements. Almost every type of modern packaging is used for the wide range of medications and devices now available, but the quantities involved are usually smaller than with foods. Security and integrity of the package are, however, more important and are controlled by licensing arrangements.
Giving and Receiving

Love and justice are an odd couple, the former presumably all emotional, the latter all rational. They are more closely tied, however, than romantic tradition lets on (e.g., Friedan, 1963). In this chapter, we examine the connecting links between justice in the calculable world of work and money and in the presumably incalculable world of love.
Overview and diagnosis of malabsorption syndrome.

"Malabsorption" syndrome is the term widely used to describe the end result of either impaired breakdown of nutrients (maldigestion) or defective mucosal uptake and transport of adequately digested nutrients (true malabsorption). The latter may affect a broad range of nutrients (ie, panmalabsorption) or individual nutrients or groups of nutrients (ie, specific malabsorption). This review discusses the etiology and pathophysiology of malabsorption. A diagnostic approach to malabsorption is proposed. Other articles review specific disorders such as celiac disease, bacterial overgrowth, and chronic pancreatitis.
Co-Utilization of By-Products for Creation of Synthetic Soil

Agriculture has been practiced in the USA for hundreds of years. The general trend has been to produce foodstuffs and send them to towns and villages where most of the population lives. As a largely agrarian society, concentration of wastes was not a big problem because much of the wastes produced were applied back to the land where it came. With the population shift from farms to large cities the waste streams became larger and more concentrated. Disposal of these wastes was generally in landfills. Today with the increased cost of landfilling, less landfill space and regulations restricting what can be filled, land application of many waste streams is becoming more economically desirable. Also given the fact that many of these waste streams contain beneficial organic materials and nutrients that came from the soil to begin with, it may be beneficial to amend the soil with them to improve soil organic carbon content, nutrient status and control erosion. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to create a synthetic soil from waste materials. We studied two waste streams from a coal-fired power plant and a pharmaceutical operation in order to develop a co-blending technology. The method consisted of mixing the hot ashes with wet ORIS. Different combinations of mixtures were studied to determine the optimum ratio of wastes to provide a soil like material. By combining the organic rich industrial sludge (ORIS) with fly and bottom ash from a fluidized bed combustor we were able to reduce the adverse properties of both materials and create a soil like material with favorable properties. The ash provided a structural backbone for the ORIS and the ORIS served as a proton donor to reduce the alkalinity of the ashes. The impact of this research is that two waste materials with adverse properties can be combined such that they form a beneficial material with soil like properties that can be used as a synthetic soil for soil amending to improve organic matter content and potentially erosion control.
Ultrafast time-resolved extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photoelectron spectroscopy of hole transfer in a Zn/n-GaP Schottky junction

The addition of a metal overlayer to a semiconductor photocatalyst is a frequently used synthetic route to passivate the surface and, via the formation of a Schottky barrier, to enhance catalytic activity of the photocatalyst material. While it is known that Schottky junctions decrease recombination by charge separation, measurements of the depletion region dynamics have remained elusive. Here, we use ultrafast pump-probe transient photoelectron spectroscopy to measure material-specific dynamics of the Zn/n-GaP(100) system. Through photoemission measurements the Schottky barrier height is determined to be 2.1 ± 0.1 eV at 10 monolayers of total Zn deposition. Transient photoemission measurements utilizing a 400 nm pump pulse show that, after excitation, holes are transferred from n-GaP(100) to the Zn overlayer within a few ps, as evidenced by shifts of the Zn 3d and Ga 3d core levels to higher binding energies. Within the timescale of the experiment (130 ps) no carrier recombination is observed in the junction. Furthermore, a long-lived surface photovoltage signal is observed at times >1 ms after photoexcitation. This work further exemplifies the potential of transient extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy as a material-specific technique for the study of heterojunctions.
The protective effects of Nrf2 against valproic acid in differentiating P19 cells

Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective antiepileptic drug that has been shown to cause birth defects, especifically neural tube defects (NTD), when taken by pregnant mothers. The mechanisms responsible for the embryotoxic effects of VPA remain unclear, but there is evidence to suggest that they are related to oxidative stress. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that activates the cellular antioxidant response leading to an upregulation of proteins/enzymes that combat the negative effects caused by oxidative stress. The goal of this study is to determine if VPA alters neuronal differentiation in vitro and evaluate the protective role of Nrf2. P19 cells are an embryonic carcinoma cell line that can be differentiated into neurons over the course of four days. Data show that as P19 cells progressively become more differentiated, glutathione redox potentials become increasingly oxidized, suggesting a possible level of redox regulation during neurogenesis. To evaluate the effect of VPA on differentiation, every 12 hours throughout the four day differentiation period, cells were dosed with VPA (0.5 mM) or vehicle, and were collected at the termination of differentiation (day 4). Levels of beta-III Tubulin, a neuronal marker, were measured and compared to an undosed, fully differentiated control. VPA significantly decreased beta-III Tubulin expression compared to the undosed control, suggesting decreased differentiation. This approach was repeated but 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T), a potent Nrf2 inducer, was added (10 uM) 6 hours prior to dosing with VPA or vehicle. Decreased differentiation was improved in cells that were co-treated with VPA and D3T compared to those that were treated with VPA only. These results suggest that prior Nrf2 induction in VPA-treated cells may be a means to promote normal neurogenesis.
Prediction of listener perception of place-of-articulation in reduced speech

Previous research on stop consonant production found that less than 60% of the stops sampled from a connected speech corpus contained a clearly defined hold duration followed by a plosive release [Crystal and House, JASA(1988)]. How listeners perceive reduced, voiced stop consonant variants is not well understood. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether an acoustic cue called a relative formant deflection pattern was capable of predicting listeners’ perceptions of these approximant-like, voiced stop consonants variants. A new methodology motivated by a computational model of speech production was used to extract relative formant deflection patterns from excised VCV segments from a reduced speech database. Participants listened to a total of 56 excised VCV stimuli containing approximant-like, voice stop consonant variants and performed a force choice test (i.e., /b-d-g/). The agreement between the perceptions predicted by the relative formant deflection patterns and listeners’ behavioral performance was compared. The expected relative formant deflection pattern correctly predicted listeners' primary response for percent /b/ and /g/ identifications, but not for listeners’ percent /d/ identifications. The implications of these results on a possible invariant acoustic correlate for listeners’ perceptions of place-of-articulation information will be discussed.Previous research on stop consonant production found that less than 60% of the stops sampled from a connected speech corpus contained a clearly defined hold duration followed by a plosive release [Crystal and House, JASA(1988)]. How listeners perceive reduced, voiced stop consonant variants is not well understood. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether an acoustic cue called a relative formant deflection pattern was capable of predicting listeners’ perceptions of these approximant-like, voiced stop consonants variants. A new methodology motivated by a computational model of speech production was used to extract relative formant deflection patterns from excised VCV segments from a reduced speech database. Participants listened to a total of 56 excised VCV stimuli containing approximant-like, voice stop consonant variants and performed a force choice test (i.e., /b-d-g/). The agreement between the perceptions predicted by the relative formant deflection patterns and listeners’ behaviora...
Time Resolution of a Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+ Detector Measured with a DRS4 Waveform Digitizer

The Cs2LiYCl6:Ce3+ (CLYC) scintillator is being widely employed in nuclear physics, planetary science, radiation environmental monitoring, nuclear security, and nonproliferation communities. The ti...
Hemolytic Crisis following Naphthalene Mothball Ingestion in a 21-Month-Old Patient with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency.

Introduction. Naphthalene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that may be found in mothballs and deodorizers. Exposure can occur by ingestion or dermal absorption. We present a case of acute hemolysis requiring blood transfusion in a 21-month-old male with a history of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency after ingestion of a naphthalene-containing mothball. Case Presentation. A 21-month-old male with G6PD deficiency presented to the emergency department three hours following an exploratory ingestion of a naphthalene-containing mothball. On arrival, the patient was tachycardic with normal blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. Initial laboratory studies showed significant anemia with elevated reticulocyte count, blood urea nitrogen, total bilirubin, and lactate dehydrogenase. Haptoglobin level was low, and the methemoglobin level was unremarkable. The patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and underwent blood transfusion. Discussion. This case serves as a reminder that mothballs, a ubiquitous household item, can be hazardous when accessible to vulnerable children. Care should be taken to secure these products and prevent ingestion.
Learning from Optimal: Energy Procurement Strategies for Data Centers

Environmental concerns and rising grid prices have motivated data center owners to invest in on-site renewable energy sources. However, these sources present challenges as they are unreliable and intermittent. In an effort to mitigate these issues, data centers are incorporating energy storage systems. This introduces the opportunity for electricity bill reduction, as energy storage can be used for power market arbitrage.We present two supervised learning-based algorithms, LearnBuy, that learns the amount to purchase, and LearnStore, that learns the amount to store, to solve this energy procurement problem. These algorithms utilize the idea of "learning from optimal" by using the values generated by the offline optimization as a label for training. We test our algorithms on a general case, considering buying and selling back to the grid, and a special case, considering only buying from the grid. In the general case, LearnStore achieves a 10--16% reduction compared to baseline heuristics, whereas in the special case, LearnBuy achieves a 7% reduction compared to prior art.
Teaching Medical Students in the Rural Setting Long Term: Physicians' Attitudes and Perceptions.

OBJECTIVES The University of Alabama School of Medicine Tuscaloosa Regional Campus conducted a 2-month block in rural family practice, but committed to expanding to an 8-month longitudinal rural curriculum. We wanted to explore how rural physicians feel about teaching students in a prolonged rural preceptorship. METHODS We brainstormed with colleagues, reviewed the literature, and conducted two focus groups supplemented by five interviews with rural physicians. The focus groups explored satisfaction and dissatisfaction in teaching, medical school and community support, evaluation of preceptors, and the sharing of information between students and preceptors. The analysis sought common themes among study participants and colleagues. RESULTS Twenty-one study participants included 19 family physicians, 15 in private practice. Eleven had taught medical students. Our key finding, combining four themes, was that a satisfactory context within which to teach medical students long term in rural sites depends on the optimization of the roles of preceptors, students, communities, and educational institutions. There were comments addressing each of these roles. This finding cannot be generalized beyond the study group because of the qualitative methodology using a convenience sample. CONCLUSIONS These physicians' concerns foment hypotheses about engaging rural physicians in their own unique local networks involving preceptors, students, community, and educational institutions to conduct satisfactory long-term medical education in rural sites. We recommend investigations to substantiate a prevalence among rural physicians of concern about the four roles and to describe various contexts in which these roles produce satisfactory long-term preceptorships, perhaps as best practices in different settings.