cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of the OpenROAD Digital Design Flow from RTL to GDS

In this talk, we review the current status of OpenROAD, which is an open-source end-to-end silicon compiler. The goal of OpenROAD is to reduce cost, expertise, schedule and risk barriers that face system designers today. The open-source flow builds around an industrial strength open-source design database, and incorporates a number of design tools that include physical synthesis synthesis, floorplanning, placement, clock tree synthesis, global routing and detailed routing. The flow also incorporates analysis and support tools for static timing analysis, parasitic extraction, power integrity analysis, and cloud deployment. The entire flow can be customized through scripting and enables users to experiment with various tool options and optimizations.
Virtual Private Networks, Authentication, and Wireless Security

A widely used area of applied cryptography is that of virtual private networks (VPNs). VPNs allow secure access to network resources from remote locations. VPNs utilize cryptographic algorithms to secure communication. This chapter will explore a wide range of authentication protocols as well as VPNs. VPN’s are one of the most widely used applications of cryptography, thus is quite important to study. The chapter will also cover wireless security. Given the ubiquitous nature of Wi-Fi, wireless security is also very critical. This chapter will also cover authentication methods. Many authentication methodologies utilize cryptography. This chapter, combined with the previous chapter, provide the reader with a working knowledge of the practical applications of cryptography.
The role of tidal acclimation on the physiological responses of the green shore crab, Carcinus maenas, to thermal stress

Abstract Animals inhabiting the intertidal zone are exposed to abrupt changes in environmental conditions associated with the rise and fall of the tide. For convenience, the majority of laboratory studies on intertidal organisms have acclimated individuals to permanently submerged conditions, and thus we currently know little about how acclimation to cyclic emersion-immersion influences the ability of intertidal organisms to cope with fluctuations in environmental conditions. In the present study, the green shore crab Carcinus maenas was acclimated to either a simulated tidal regime of continuous emersion-immersion (tidal) or to permanently submerged conditions (non-tidal). Aquatic oxygen consumption was assessed when crabs were exposed to cooling (15 °C - 5 °C) or warming (15 °C - 25 °C) regimes. Tidal crabs had lower levels of oxygen consumption over the 15 °C - 20 °C range. During acute thermal stress, the Q10 values of non-tidal crabs increased as the temperature declined to 5 °C, whereas tidal crabs maintained relatively consistent Q10 values across the temperature range (5 °C–25 C). These changes in oxygen consumption were paralleled by changes in haematological parameters. Tidal crabs had higher levels of haemocyanin which may have augmented oxygen delivery to the tissues and buffered acid-base imbalances. Surprisingly lactate levels were higher in tidal crabs, these appeared unconnected to anaerobic metabolism, but may have been an important metabolic fuel for tidal crabs. These results suggest that acclimation to a simulated tidal cycle may result in different physiological responses to environmental stressors and as such is an important consideration when assessing the responses of intertidal animals in a laboratory setting.
Blade Loading and Spanwise Effects on Wake Characteristics of Compressor Rotor Blade

An experimental investigation of the blade loading and spanwise effects on the rotor wake is presented. The investigation was limited to a study of a low subsonic and incompressible wake flow found downstream of a lightly loaded rotor. Measurements were made with a triaxial hot wire probe mounted in the stationary frame of reference at six radial and nine axial positions. At each measurement location, the rotor was run at different operating conditions to discern the effects of blade loading on the wake. Nearand far-wake measurements are given, including mean velocity and turbulence intensity characteristics. The loading and spanwise effects on rotor-wake characteristics were found to be substantial.
Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie

Die Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) hat nach mehr als 50 Jahren seit ihrer ersten Anwendung ihren festen Platz in der medizinischen Diagnostik gefunden. Moglich geworden ist dies durch die PET-Tracer, die immer zahlreicher und ausgefeilter erforscht und entwickelt werden und durch die Beitrage der modernen medizinischen Chemie in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Radiochemikern. Es ist mit diesen Tracern moglich, Erkrankungen wie Alzheimer deutlich vor deren Ausbruch zu diagnostizieren, bei Krebs optimale Diagnosen und Therapien zu wahlen und im Falle von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen eine effektive Herzinfarktnachsorge zu betreiben. Die neuen dynamischen Entwicklungen bei PET-Tracern geht einher mit einer wachsenden Zahl von PET-Scannern in den Radiologieabteilungen der Krankenhauser. Jedoch wird diese Technologie noch nicht als Standarddiagnostik eingesetzt, weil die PET/CT-Gerate noch sehr teuer und daher nicht flachendeckend in den radiologischen Abteilungen der Krankenhauser verfugbar sind. Des Weiteren wird durch die komplexe Zubereitung des PET-Tracers ein PET/CT-Scan immer deutlich teurer sein als ein CT- oder MR-Scan. Wir glauben jedoch, dass die Vorteile einer solchen Diagnostik den hoheren Preis werden kompensieren konnen, denn diese faszinierende Technologie basierend auf Physik, Messtechnik und ausgefeilter Radiochemie liefert uns den Einstieg in eine genauere Diagnostik und damit eine bessere und “personlichere” Therapie. More than 50 years since it was first used, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is now firmly established in medical diagnostics, thanks to the research and development of growing numbers of increasingly sophisticated PET tracers, and contributions from state-of-the-art medical chemistry in close collaboration with radiochemists. Using these tracers, it has become possible for us to diagnose diseases such as Alzheimer's well before they manifest themselves, to select optimum diagnoses and therapies in patients suffering from cancer and, in the case of cardiovascular diseases, to provide effective aftercare for myocardial infarction patients. The new dynamic developments in PET tracers are being accompanied by a growing number of PET scanners in the radiology departments of hospitals. However, this technology is not yet used as a standard diagnostic measure. This is because PET/CT devices are still extremely expensive and are therefore not universally available in hospital radiology departments. In addition, the complex preparation required for PET tracers means that a PET/CT scan will always be significantly more expensive than a CT or MRI scan. We nonetheless believe that the benefits of this kind of diagnosis will be able to compensate for the higher price, as this fascinating technology based on physics, metrology and sophisticated radiochemistry gives us access to more precise diagnostics and thus enables a better and more personalized therapy.
Economic Change and Sex Discrimination in the Early EnglishCotton Factories

This paper considers sex discrimination in the early English cotton factories. Intrinsic differences between men and women offer a less compelling explanation for sex discrimination than much of the literature suggests. A labor sorting model offers an alternative explanation of how discrimination could be transmitted from established labor markets to the new factory labor market. While the relevance of this model to the early factory workforce has not been recognized in the literature, the historical evidence indicates that it might provide an economic rationale for discrimination between men and women in the early English cotton factories.
Evidence on the effect of bond covenants and management compensation contracts on the choice of accounting techniques: The case of the depreciation switch-back

Abstract Provisions of bond indenture agreements and management compensation contracts are examined to derive testable implications concerning management's incentives to choose among alternative accounting techniques. The hypotheses are subjected to empirical examination by investigating the voluntary change from accelerated to straight-line depreciation for financial reporting purposes only. The methodology utilized incorporates an expectations model of accounting earnings in an attempt to separate out of the effects of earnings announcements from accounting change announcements which are often concurrent. The evidence from both price and non-price data is not consistent with the general hypothesis that bond covenants and management compensation contracts are important determinants of the decision to change depreciation techniques. Five potential explanations for the results are offered.
Polynomial multivariate least‐squares regression for modeling nonlinear data applied to in‐depth characterization of chromatographic resolution

Well-established, linear multivariate calibration methods such as multivariate least-squares regression (MLR), principal component regression (PCR), or partial least squares (PLS) have two limitations: (i) measured data must be linearly related to the response variables and (ii) predictor variables xn = 1, …, N cannot be coupled to each other. For evaluation of nonlinear data, however, these restrictions need to be overcome and thus polynomial multivariate least-squares regression (PMLR or “response surfaces”) has been introduced here. PMLR is based on multivariate least squares but incorporates all combinations of predictor variables up to a user-selected polynomial order (e.g., including u or v = 0). Because of the inclusion of such coupled terms and their powers, PMLR models are better adapted to model nonlinear data and can help to enhance the prediction step's accuracy and precision. PMLR has been based on MLR because it facilitates—unlike PCR or PLS—a physical and chemical interpretation of the predictors. Hence, the origins and the relevance of nonlinear and/or coupled predictors can be investigated. The details of the PMLR algorithm and its implementation are presented along with a method for model optimization utilizing gradients of response surfaces. Newly developed PMLR models up to quintic order have been applied to predict a chromatograph's peak resolution as a function of six-instrument parameters. It has been demonstrated that PMLR is better capable than MLR and PCR to describe these nonlinear and coupled instrument parameters. In addition, the novel software tool has been utilized for model optimization to determine instrument parameters, which result in the best chromatographic resolution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Left anterior descending coronary artery blood flow and left ventricular unloading during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in a swine model of acute cardiogenic shock.

The impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support on coronary blood flow and left ventricular unloading is still debated. This study aimed to further characterize the influence of ECMO on coronary artery blood flow and its ability to unload the left ventricle in a short-term model of acute cardiogenic shock. Seven anesthetized pigs were intubated and then underwent median sternotomy and cannulation for venoarterial (VA) ECMO. Flow in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery, left atrial pressure (LAP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured before and after esmolol-induced cardiac dysfunction and after initiating VA-ECMO support. Induction of acute cardiogenic shock was associated with short-term increases in LAP from 8 ± 4 mm Hg to 18 ± 14 mm Hg (P = 0.9) and LVEDP from 5 ± 2 mm Hg to 13 ± 17 mm Hg (P = 0.9), and a decrease in MAP from 63 ± 16 mm Hg to 50 ± 24 mm Hg (P = 0.3). With VA-ECMO support, blood flow in the LAD increased from 28 ± 25 mL/min during acute unsupported cardiogenic shock to 67 ± 50 mL/min (P = 0.003), and LAP and LVEDP decreased to 8 + 5 mm Hg (P = 0.7) and 5 ± 3 mm Hg (P = 0.5), respectively. In this swine model of acute cardiogenic shock, VA-ECMO improved coronary blood flow and provided some degree of left ventricular unloading for the short duration of the study.
Libraries and Strong Democracy: Moving from an Informed to a Participatory 21st Century Citizenry

At a recent public forum at a small New Jersey library, local citizens told strategic planners that they were pleased with their access to a diversity of resources and programs offered by the library. But they also voiced concerns about the loss of access to local information now that the community’s biweekly newspaper ceased publication. Moreover, they expressed a desire to go beyond traditional library programming so they could interact with each other about local concerns no longer communicated through trusted local media. No doubt, forum attendees recognize the essential role of information to participation in community life -a role well-articulated by the Knight Commission on the Information Needs of Communities in a Democracy (Knight Commission, 2009). In its 2009 report, the Commission stated, “The time has come for new thinking and aggressive action to ensure the information opportunities of America’s people, the information health of its communities, and the information vitality of our democracy” (Knight Commission, 2009, p. 1). In an era when citizens yearn for more participation in civic life, traditional news media have abandoned local communities in New Jersey and beyond. Understandably, some have turned to libraries to fill the information and engagement voids left in their communities.
Adaptive Markets and the New World Order (corrected May 2012)

In the adaptive markets hypothesis (AMH) intelligent but fallible investors learn from and adapt to changing economic environments. This implies that markets are not always efficient but are usually competitive and adaptive, varying in their degree of efficiency as the environment and investor population change over time. The AMH has several implications, including the possibility of negative risk premiums, alpha converging to beta, and the importance of macro factors and risk budgeting in asset allocation policies.
In vivo activation of neutrophil function in hamsters by recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

The in vivo effect of Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutrophil function was studied in golden Syrian hamsters. Significant increases in superoxide generation and specific binding of N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine were observed in neutrophils isolated 4 h following a single subcutaneous injection of the factor (30 micrograms/kg). However, phagocytotic activity was not significantly stimulated in hamsters treated with the factor. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor hastened the recovery of peripheral neutrophil counts in animals made leukopenic by prior treatment with cyclophosphamide. Beginning several hours after infection, resistance to lethal infection following intraperitoneal injection of Staphylococcus aureus was increased when neutropenic animals were treated daily with the factor. This protective effect was associated with increased peritoneal neutrophil counts and a decreased incidence of positive peritoneal bacterial cultures at 24 h after the start of treatment. These results suggest that recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of bacterial infections in neutropenic patients.
Human plasmacytoid predendritic cells activate NK cells through glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-ligand (GITRL).

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors (pDCs) are professional type I interferon-producing cells, a critical cell type in regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. By microarray gene expression analysis, we found that pDCs activated by virus or CpG-ODN preferentially express the ligand for the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITRL), which was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry analysis. Using the same approaches, we found GITR is expressed by activated natural killer (NK) cells and T cells. We show that pDCs activated by CpG-ODN promote NK cell cytotoxicity and interferon (IFN)-γ production through type I IFNs and GITRL. Using a GITRL-transfected cell line, we further demonstrate that GITRL promotes NK cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production in synergy with interleukin-2 (IL-2), IFN-α, and NKG2D triggering. We also demonstrated that pDCs localized in close contact to NK cells in T-cell areas of the tonsils, and a subpopulation of the pDCs expressed GITRL. This study reveals a novel function of GITR/GITRL in pDC-mediated coactivation of NK cells.
Nanopharmaceuticals I: Nanocarrier systems in drug delivery

To achieve maximum pharmacological effects with minimum side effects of drugs, drugs should be delivered to target sites without significant distribution to non-target areas. Using pharmaceutical nanocarrier systems for drug delivery is a useful delivery platform for improving target specificity, therapeutic activity, and reducing toxicity of drugs. Various sophisticated nanocarrier systems have been developed for drug delivery, and this review focuses on liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, lipid nanoparticles, microemulsions, nanogels, and submicron lipid emulsions. This review outlines and explores nanocarrier systems for drug delivery by various administration routes including parenteral, oral, transdermal, pulmonary, ocular, and mucosal and discusses the product development and related issues in nanopharmaceutical drug delivery.
Predictors of worsening insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of worsening insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Study design Seventy-one nonobese postmenopausal women were assigned randomly to receive hormone replacement therapy (conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg, plus medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.5 mg) or placebo daily for 1 year (34 women received hormone replacement therapy, and 37 women received placebo). At baseline and 12 months, the women received a computed tomography scan at the L4-L5 vertebral disk space, a dual x-ray absorptiometry scan, a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp to measure insulin sensitivity, and a lipid profile. Declining insulin sensitivity was defined as the largest quartile change in insulin sensitivity in the women who received the placebo (–1.42 mg/min/kg lean body mass). Results By univariate analysis, we found that significant predictors of worsening insulin sensitivity were the use of hormone replacement therapy, baseline insulin sensitivity, a younger age, and Conclusion The use of hormone replacement therapy and baseline insulin sensitivity are significant independent predictors of the development of worsening insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women.
Risk factors for Type II diabetes and diabetic retinopathy in a mexican-american population: Proyecto VER.

Abstract PURPOSE: Risk factors for type II diabetes and diabetic retinopathy were determined in a population-based study of Mexican-Americans. DESIGN: Proyecto VER (Vision, Evaluation, and Research) is a cross-sectional study in a random sample of the self-described Hispanic populations in Tucson and Nogales, Arizona, age 40 and older. METHODS: Of 6,659 eligible subjects, 4,774 (72%) participated in the home questionnaire and clinic visit. Diabetes was defined as self-report of a physician diagnosis or hemoglobin A 1c value of ≥ 7.0%. Only type II diabetes was included. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed on stereo fundus photographs of all persons with diabetes. Questions were asked about demographic, personal, socioeconomic, and diabetes related variables. RESULTS: 1023 (21.4%) of the sample had type II diabetes, and 68% were in the low-income group (annual income less than $20,000). Diabetes was associated with Native-American ancestry, higher acculturation, low income, less education, and increasing body mass index after age and gender adjustment. Persons with previously undiscovered diabetes were more likely to have no regular source of care, no insurance, and currently smoke compared with persons with known diabetes. Only low income was related to proliferative retinopathy, once adjusted for other factors (odds ratio [OR] = 3.93, 95%, confidence limitations [CL] = 1.31–11.80). CONCLUSIONS: Several socioeconomic and other factors were associated with diabetes, but few were related to diabetic retinopathy. Persons in the low-income group appeared to be at greater risk of diabetes and the ocular complications of diabetes compared with those with more income. Further longitudinal studies in this population are needed to confirm the associations.
Methodological Advances Toward a Dynamic Developmental Behavioral Genetics: Bridging the Gap

Over the last decade there have been substantial advances in developmental science in theory and research methods. Concurrently, remarkable advances have been made in the field of molecular genetics. We are now at the point in both disciplines where greater integration must occur for there to be further advances in understanding the role of genes and environments in human development. This article in focuses on the inherent limits of standard behavioral genetic approaches and provides an overview of new systems oriented methods which are better suited for the more relational dynamic nature of gene–environment transactions emerging from molecular genetic findings.
Three presentations of monocular vision loss

Abstract Background Carotid artery disease is estimated to affect 30% of persons older than 50. Risk factors include hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Symptoms ascribed to carotid artery lesions with stenosis of the artery or plaque formation include monocular vision loss and transient ischemic attacks. Patients can present with transient monocular vision loss as their initial symptom. Case reports Three patients from a geriatric clinic in Wilmington, Delaware presented with different complaints of vision loss with similar overall outcomes. Patient A was an 87-year-old woman who presented with dimming of vision on extreme left head turn. Dilated fundus examination found a retinal arterial emboli in the left eye (O.S.). Carotid duplex examination found 50% to 79% left internal carotid stenosis with no hemodynamic stenosis of the right internal carotid. Patient B was a 78-year-old woman who presented with a right superior altitudinal defect and transient vision loss in the right eye. Dilated fundus examination found retinal arterial emboli in the right eye (O.D.). Carotid duplex examination found 50% to 79% carotid stenosis in both the left and right internal carotids. Patient C was an 84-year-old man who complained of a superior altitudinal visual field defect O.D. Dilated fundus examination found a retinal arterial emboli O.D. Carotid duplex results showed calcified atherosclerotic plaques present at the level of the common carotid artery bifurcations bilaterally, with 50% to 70% narrowing of the right internal carotid artery with no significant narrowing of the left internal carotid artery. Conclusions These 3 presentations show that in patients older than 50 who present with chief complaints of monocular vision loss, a differential diagnosis of carotid artery disease must be considered. Patients who exhibit retinal arterial emboli are at increased risk for stroke and vascular death. Appropriate measures for confirming a diagnosis include duplex ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and carotid angiography. Surgical techniques such as carotid angioplasty and carotid endarterectomy may be recommended.
Metamodel-based regional vulnerability estimate of irregular steel moment-frame structures subjected to earthquake events

Abstract Rapid seismic vulnerability assessment tools for use with existing structures not only help in quantifying their susceptibility to structural failure, but also aid decision makers with regional portfolio earthquake risk mitigation. Steel moment-frame structures are a common structure type in the United States, and most research to date on their regional assessment has focused on the fragility analysis of structures with regular configurations. Given the large number of irregular structures in use in seismically active zones, the effect of plan-form irregularity on the fragility of moment-frame structures should be examined. The focus of this study is to estimate structural fragilities for the class of L-shaped steel moment-frame (LSMF) structures in the Central United States. As part of the assessment process, L-shaped plan-forms that are most common in the region are first selected based upon input from structural and architectural experts. Significant parameters affecting the LSMF seismic responses are identified from sensitivity studies using finite element models and design-of-experiments methods to construct response surface metamodels (RSMs). Portfolio-level fragility curves for LSMF structures are generated from the RSMs joined with Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) to treat regional uncertainty. RSM-based fragility curves are also compared with fragilities from HAzards US Multi-Hazard (HAZUS-MH). Furthermore, a fragility-based parametric study is performed to evaluate the effect of significant parameters on LSMF susceptibility. Findings indicate the extent to which different irregularity parameters such as first floor height and eccentricity impact regional LSMF vulnerability.
An interview with Sam Brooks

Jeff Slagell interviewed Sam Brooks, the senior vice president of sales and marketing for EBSCO Information Services, in December 2001. In this interview, Brooks discusses the debate on embargoes and exclusivity agreements in full-text databases that took place last year on discussion lists and in numerous articles. He explains EBSCO's role in working with publishers and librarians in providing full-text database services. Brooks also describes his work with the eIFL Direct Project. Serials Review 2002; 28:142–150.
Influence of gibberellic acid on stomatal movement.

Summary The influence of gibberellic acid (GA) on stomatal opening and changes in the content of potassium and starch of guard cells of Vicia faba and Fritillaria imperialis was studied. GA treatment induced a transient opening of stomata in the dark with a maximum at 5 to 7 h after the beginning of treatment. Although stomata opened nearly to the same extent as in light no substantial accumulation of potassium could be detected by the cobalt nitrite method. Quantitative determination of the starch content of epidermal peels revealed a transient decrease of about 50% after 5 h. Since speed and extent of stomatal opening depends on the initial osmotic potential of guard cells, it is proposed that stomatal movement is influend to a certain degree by the hormonal status of plant tissues.
Micron and Submicron Particle Production

In many fields of industrial interest, particle sampling and/or control is very important. However, the calibration and testing of sampling equipment have been difficult because of the lack of sources of uniform particles. In this paper a source of uniform solid or liquid particles is described together with the characteristics of the source and the particles produced. Fractional standard deviations of 10-3 in particle-size distribution are readily obtainable. The particles may be uncharged or charged to a predetermined level. Uses include the fields of aerosol sampling equipment testing, precipitator development and testing, as well as many others.
The distribution of choline acetyltransferase activity in vertebrate retina.

— Choline acetyltransferase (ChAc) activity was determined in retinal layers from 10 vertebrates. In all animals, the highest activity was in the inner plexiform layer, intermediate activity in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, and very low activity in the photoreceptor and outer plexiform layers and optic nerve. The pattern of distribution of enzyme activity within the inner nuclear layer corresponds quantitatively to the distribution of amacrine cells within that layer. A species difference of almost 90-fold was found between the lowest and highest values for ChAc activity in inner plexiform layer. The variation in enzyme activity found among homeotherms in inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers is related to the number of amacrine cell synapses in the inner plexiform layer. But the differences in enzyme activity are generally greater than those which have been found in numbers of amacrine cell synapses between species. The data suggest that cholinergic neurons in retina are to be found predominantly among the amacrine cell types and that not all amacrine cells will be found to be cholinergic.
Clinical limitations and advantages of transcutaneous oxygen electrodes.

We investigated the clinical use and limitations of the transcutaneous oxygen electrode described by Huch, Lubbers and Huch in 30 sick infants. One hundred and fifty-nine measurements of arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) were made. During the comparisons, arterial blood pressures, heart rate thoracic impedance were continuously recorded, skin axillary and environmental temperatures, hematocrit and skin thickness were measureed and the degree of peripheral perfusion noted. Despite a wide range of these variables, values of tcPO2 and PaO2 were similar (slope 0.963). Two groups of infants were identified in whom tcPO2 was lower than PaO2. These were infants receiving an intravascular infusion of tolazoline and infants with mean arterial blood pressures more than 2.5 s.d. below the predicted average value. Both of these situations represent extreme alterations in peripheral blood flow and give important information regarding the limitations of the method. Less extreme alterations in flow caused by mild hypotension, hypothermia, anemia, radiant warmers, and bilirubin lights did not adversely affect the transcutaneous PO2--arterial PO2 correlation. Advantages of transcutaneous oxygen monitoring over more conventional monitoring methods were assessed. We conclude that the transcutaneous oxygen electrode is safe, is easy to use, has few limitations and provides data which can help improve the management of most sick infants.
Fixed points of contractible valued correspondences

This note generalizes a theorem of Mas-Colell (1974) showing that a contractible valued correspondence with closed graph can be approximated by functions. The generalization is applied to two topics in the theory of fixed points, essential sets and the Lefschetz fixed point index, yielding extensions of the basic results in these areas to the case of contractible valued correspondences.
The Discovery of a Choledochal Cyst During a Single-Port Cholecystectomy With Intra-Operative Cholangiogram

Choledochal cyst is a rare congenital malformation, which is most often discovered in pediatric patients. Perioperative cholangiography is routinely performed in our institution during standard or single-port cholecystectomies. We report the case of a 25 year-old woman with a choledochal cyst identified during a single-port cholecystectomy with cholangiogram. The case illustrates the feasibility and usefulness of single-port intra-operative cholangiogram. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1011e
Genomic Profile of 320 Uveal Melanoma Cases: Chromosome 8p-Loss and Metastatic Outcome

Purpose Uveal melanoma (UM) was a fatal malignancy in 40% to 50% of cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the independent contributions of chromosome 1, 3, 6, and 8 abnormalities for prognostication of metastasis, and to define multichromosome copy number aberration (CNA) signatures that can be used to evaluate risk. Methods A series of 320 UM were analyzed for chromosome 1, 3, 6, and 8 abnormalities using whole genome single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Results for changes in six chromosomal regions were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling to identify significant predictors of metastasis and CNA signatures. Results Univariate Cox analysis indicated that losses of chromosome 3, 1p, 6q, and 8p and gain of 8q, as well as sex, source of tumor tissue (fine-needle aspiration biopsy [FNAB] compared with tumor from an enucleated eye), tumor basal diameter and height, and ciliary body involvement were all significant predictors of poor metastatic outcome. In the multivariate analysis, loss of chromosome 3 and 8p remained significant after adjusting for the effects of all other variables, as did sex, tissue source, and basal diameter. Multivariate analysis of the joint effects of changes in the six chromosomal regions showed that six signatures, including chromosome 3-loss, 1p-loss, 8p-loss, and/or 8q-gain had hazard ratios (HR) ranging from 7.90 to 37.25. Conclusions In UM, tumor size and location, tissue source, and sex were all significantly associated with increased metastasis. In addition, chromosome 3-loss and 8p-loss were found to be independent predictors of poor metastatic outcome and CNA signatures were identified that can add a specific HR value for classification of risk categories.
Spatial collective intelligence? Credibility, accuracy, and volunteered geographic information

Collective intelligence is the idea that under the right circumstances collections of individuals are smarter than even the smartest individuals in the group, that is a group has an “intelligence” ...
Case report 410

Address reprint requests to: Cary Peterson, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Dewey Avenue, Omaha, NB 68105, USA treated at different times with chemotherapy, readiation therapy for retroperitoneal adenopathy and splenectomy. The patient had been asymptomatic for the past year. The medical history was otherwise negative. Physical examination demonstrated mild tenderness over the left greater trochanter and pain when the hip was rotated. Examination of the right hip showed no abnormality. The remainder of the physical examination was unremarkable. Roentgenograms of the pelvis showed a mot-
Rumination and Excessive Reassurance-Seeking in Depression: A Cognitive–Interpersonal Integration

The purpose of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the cross-sectional associations between depression, rumination, and excessive reassurance-seeking. Guided by conceptual linkages between these variables, ruminative response style was examined as both a potential moderator and as a potential mediator of the association between depressive symptoms and excessive reassurance-seeking in a sample of undergraduate students (N=244). Results from this investigation suggest that rumination mediates, but does not moderate, the association between depression and excessive reassurance-seeking. Findings are discussed within the context of integrating cognitive and interpersonal perspectives within the study of depression.
Density fluctuations in silicate glasses

Abstract The potential use of inorganic glasses as waveguides at optical wavelengths has precipitated the need to understand the relationship between intrinsic optical loss and glass composition. The contribution to optical loss due to scattering from density fluctuations, is analyzed and discussed for various homogeneous (non-phase-separated) silicate glasses. The results show that binary alkali silicates in certain composition ranges form homogeneous glasses with density fluctuations less intense than that of pure silica glass. As third components added to these binary compositions alkali oxides (different from the one already present in the base glass), alkaline earth oxide (CaO) and Al 2 O 3 cause further reductions in the magnitude of the density fluctuations.
Additionality of Wind Energy Investments in the U.S. Voluntary Green Power Market

In the United States, electricity consumers are told that they can “buy” electricity from renewable energy projects, versus fossil fuel-fired facilities, through participation in voluntary green power markets. The marketing messages communicate to consumers that they are causing additional renewable energy generation and reducing emissions through their participation and premium payments for a green label. Using a spatial financial model and a database of registered Green-e wind power facilities, the analysis in this paper shows that the voluntary Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) market has a negligible influence on the economic feasibility of these facilities. Nevertheless, voluntary green power marketers at least implicitly claim that buying their products creates additional renewable energy. This study indicates the contrary. Participants in U.S. voluntary green power markets associated with wind power, therefore, appear to be receiving misleading marketing messages regarding the effect of their participation. In the process of completing this analysis, a potentially relevant factor in explaining investor behavior was identified: the potential for the overlap of voluntary REC markets with compliance REC markets that supply utilities need to meet their obligations of Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS). The majority of state RPS rules allow for regional or even national sourcing of RECs, meaning that projects are generally eligible to provide compliance RECs to utilities not only in their home states, but in several other states.
Measurement of gastric emptying rate in humans. Simplified scanning method

Simultaneous measurements of the gastric emptying rate of the solid and liquid phase of a dual-isotope-labeled test meal were made using a gamma camera and a simple scintillation detector, similar to that used in a hand-held probe. A simple scanning apparatus, similar to that used in a hand-held scintillation probe, was compared with simultaneous measurements made by a gamma camera in 16 healthy males. A dual-labeled test meal was utilized to measure liquid and solid emptying simultaneously. Anterior and posterior scans were taken at intervals up to 120 min using both a gamma camera and the scintillation probe. Good relative agreement between the methods was obtained both for solid-phase (correlation range 0.92-0.99, mean 0.97) and for liquid-phase data (correlation range 0.93-0.99, mean 0.97). For solid emptying data regression line slopes varied from 0.75 to 1.03 (mean 0.84). Liquid emptying data indicated that slopes ranged from 0.71 to 1.06 (mean 0.87). These results suggested that an estimate of the gamma measurement could be obtained by multiplying the scintillation measurement by a factor of 0.84 for the solid phase and 0.87 for the liquid phase. Correlation between repeat studies was 0.97 and 0.96 for solids and liquids, respectively. The application of a hand-held probe technique provides a noninvasive and inexpensive method for accurately assessing solid- and liquid-phase gastric emptying from the human stomach that correlates well with the use of a gamma camera, within the range of gastric emptying rate in the normal individuals in this study.
Subcellular localization of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone degrading activity in the hypothalamus.

Abstract The in vitro degradation of endogenous as well as exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) by subcellular fractions of rat hypothalamic tissue was studied. Endogenous LHRH, localized in isolated nerve terminals (synaptosomes), was found to be resistant to enzymatic degradation (60 min, 37 °C) as long as the synaptosomal membrane remained intact. Endogenous LHRH was rapidly degraded by the900 × gsupernatant fluid and cytosol by not myelin/microsomes, intact synaptosomes, or mitochondria. Lysed synaptosomes rapidly degraded exogenous LHRH. The LHRH degrading activity of synaptosomes was highly concentrated in the ‘synaptosomal’, i.e., the cytosol of the nerve terminal. These data suggest that the LHRH degrading activity of the rat hypothalamus is a readily solubilized component of neurons, and possibly of non-neuronal cells.
Calcium channels in higher-level brain function

Nature has a habit of using relatively simple cellular mechanisms in the service of the higher-level integrative functions of multicellular organ systems. In the article by Llinas et al. (1), published in a recent issue of PNAS, we can see an example of how a mechanism that probably evolved for maintaining the integrity of the excitable membranes of nerve, heart, glandular, and muscle cells, when placed in the context of a highly interconnected network of neurons, is recruited as a fundamental component of brain mechanisms that underlie states of consciousness and that are also involved in those of perception and cognition.
Timing and Music

In this article we expand on Albert's (1995) early attempts to apply music theory to the analysis of point-timing questions—questions of when to act. Building upon the Albert P5 model by applying concepts such as tonality, rhythm, musical shape, and harmony, we seek to understand why the FBI launched its assault upon David Koresh's compound in Waco, Texas, when it did. We suggest alternative solutions that might have resolved the crisis without the loss of life and consider the contribution of music theory to the problem of timing in general.
Size-dependent oxidation of Pdn (n ⩽ 13) on alumina/NiAl(110): Correlation with Pd core level binding energies

Small Pd clusters Pdn (n = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13) deposited on alumina/NiAl(110) at room temperature were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as-deposited and after exposure to O2 at temperatures ranging from 100 to 500 K. After O2 exposure at 100 K, the Pd clusters showed XPS shifts indicative of oxidation. The exception was Pd4, which did not oxidize under any conditions. The inertness of Pd4/ alumina/NiAl(110) appears to be correlated with a significantly higher-than-expected Pd 3d binding energy, which we attribute to a particularly stable valence shell. None of the clusters examined oxidized during O2 exposures at 300 K or above, but He + scattering showed that oxygen was bound on the cluster surfaces. Upon heating, all the oxygen associated with these small clusters appeared to spill over and react with the alumina/NiAl(110) support.
Guest Editor's Introduction: CAD-Based Robot Vision

R ecently the world has seen increased activity and interest in robotics and factory automation. Computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), computer vision, and robotics are considered integral to the factories of the future. CAD/CAM had a $5.6 billion market in 1986, which is expected to double by the year 1990. Sales of industrial robots in 1986 were $0.5 billion and are expected to reach $5.8 billion by 1995. A summary of the Society ofManufacturing Engineers' Delphi forecast' about robots is given in the accompanying table. It is estimated that more than half of the increase in US productivity (defined as the output of the goods or services produced per unit of labor input) results from technical changes, scientific advances, industrial improvements, and improved management and training of labor.2 Competition through increased productivity, product quality, and new product innovation has topped many corporate agendas recently.3 Advances in both CAD and CAM technologies have been a driving force in manufacturing engineering to provide higher quality products and reduce production cycles by increasing the efficiency and productivity of design and production. Future significant improvements in productivity call for robot systems that are dextrous, intelligent, and adaptable.4 The key to realizing this step hinges upon how well we integrate CAD models into the development of intelligent robot systems for visual recognition, inspection, manipulation, and assembly. Like the integration of design and manufacturing through CAD/CAM, we need to bridge the technology gap between CAD and robot vision to achieve the integration of computers, sensors, and manipulators in the factories of the future.
Long-range ferromagnets near their lower borderline dimension

The low-temperature series for the magnetization is constructed for ferromagnets with long-range interactions through order ${T}^{2}$. Then, specializing to interactions which fall off as ${r}^{\ensuremath{-}(D+1)}$, this series is used to compute critical exponents through two orders in ($D\ensuremath{-}1$), where $D$ is the space dimension.
Growth pole spillovers: the dynamics of backwash and spread

Richardson H. W. (1976) Growth pole spillovers: the dynamics of backwash and spread, Reg. Studies 10, 1–9 Growth pole strategies have been abandoned or weakened in many countries because of their failure to generate area-wide development. This paper uses the theory of spread and backwash to suggest that net positive spillovers will not be created around a growth pole in the early years of its implementation, and very long time horizons are needed for a successful strategy. It is also shown that the incidence of spread and backwash over space is asymmetrical, a finding that may have far-reaching spatial planning implications. Suggestions are offered on how the spillover model may be tested.
Chuang Tzu, Butterfly and Wittgenstein: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Psychological Factors and Philosophical Thinking in the Life of Ludwig Wittgenstein

This is a preliminary attempt at exploring the relationship between psychology and philosophical thinking. It first looks at Chuang Tzu’s analogy of the butterfly representing the spirit of spontaneity that is central in Taoist philosophy. Second, it explores the psychology of self-consciousness that inhibits spontaneity, and lastly, it looks at the impact of psychopathology in the life of Ludwig Wittgenstein and his philosophical thinking by focusing on his struggle with mental illness and two philosophical transitions: the movement toward mysticism as an attempt to quiet his obsession and his later writings on ordinary language philosophy as a way out of the pain of self-consciousness. This article puts forth the argument that Wittgenstein’s development of ordinary language philosophy is closely connected with his personal struggle with mental illness. It is a philosophical attempt at coping with his existential psychological struggle, the quest for the butterfly.
The nucleus of Comet P/Arend-Rigaux

Abstract Infrared observations, including photometry, spectroscopy, and J, H, and K lightcurves, of Comet P/Arend-Rigaux, suspected of being a near-extinct comet nucleus, are consistent with the detection of a rotating nucleus of radius 5.1 ± 1.1 km and a faint coma. The visual geometric albedo of the nucleus is 0.02 ± 0.01, placing the nucleus among the darkest objects in the Solar System. The near-infrared spectrum exhibits a red slope with no clear evidence of ice. A nonvolatile dust mantle compositionally similar to D-type asteroids may explain the observations.
Life of psi: How full-length HIV-1 RNAs become packaged genomes in the viral particles

As a member of the retrovirus family, HIV-1 packages its RNA genome into particles and replicates through a DNA intermediate that integrates into the host cellular genome. The multiple genes encoded by HIV-1 are expressed from the same promoter and their expression is regulated by splicing and ribosomal frameshift. The full-length HIV-1 RNA plays a central role in viral replication as it serves as the genome in the progeny virus and is used as the template for Gag and GagPol translation. In this review, we summarize findings that contribute to our current understanding of how full-length RNA is expressed and transported, cis- and trans-acting elements important for RNA packaging, the locations and timing of RNA:RNA and RNA:Gag interactions, and the processes required for this RNA to be packaged into viral particles.