cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The source of inulin in samples of vasa recta blood.

Vasa recta blood was sampled from the exposed renal papillae of 11 Munich-Wistar rats (Group I). The mean vasa recta plasma-to-systemic plasma (VR/P) inulin concentration ratio was 5.4±1.2 (SE), which is significantly higher than the mean VR/P protein ratio previously reported (1.74 in descending vasa recta and 1.38 in acending vasa recta). Even if glomerular and vasa recta capillaries are as impermeable to inulin as to protein, VR/P inulin concentration ratios should not exceed VR/P protein concentration ratios, unless inulin is added to vasa recta from an extracapillary source. To determine if inulin can permeate the epithelial lining of the papilla, we bathed exposed papillae with concentrated inulin solutions (5 rad 10 g/ 100 ml). In 7 rats (Group II) the inulin concentration in 23 VR plasma samples ranged from 0 to 492 mg/100 ml, exhibiting large variations within individual rats. A third group of 12 rats, infused intravenously with inulin, exhibited the same pattern of variability. We interpret these data as evidence for occasional contamination of vasa recta blood by urine in adjacent collecting tubules or bathing the papilla.
MECHANISM OF RECOVERY FROM SYSTEMIC VACCINIA VIRUS INFECTION I. THE EFFECTS OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

Administration of Cytoxan in doses capable of inhibiting both humoral and cellular immunity markedly potentiated primary systemic vaccinia virus infection in mice. Immunosuppressed mice did not form neutralizing antibody to vaccinia virus and had a prolonged and more severe viremia than nonimmunosuppressed control mice. Passive transfer of physiologic amounts of neutralizing antibody late in the course of infection, at a time when nonimmunosuppressed mice had similar levels of serum antibody, largely reversed the effect of Cytoxan on vaccinia virus infection. Transfer of 100 million immune spleen cells was much less effective than antibody in reversing the effect of Cytoxan on vaccinia virus infection, and mice receiving these cells did make some antibody. Serum interferon levels were not affected by Cytoxan. The results suggest an essential role for humoral antibody, but not for cellular immunity, in recovery from primary vaccinia virus infection in the mouse.
Cut and Tooth Mark Distributions on Large Animal Bones: Ethnoarchaeological Data from the Hadza and Their Implications For Current Ideas About Early Human Carnivory

Distributions of cut and tooth marks on the bones of large animals found in archaeological sites are increasingly used as sources of inference about the relative importance of hunting and scavenging in early human diets, and (by extension) about the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Here we review the empirical basis for these inferences in light of ethnoarchaeological data from the Tanzanian Hadza, a modern East African foraging population. Comparison of the Hadza data with those produced by other actualistic work indicates that while there may be a relationship between cut and tooth mark distributions and order of consumer access (human- versus carnivore-first), it is less clear-cut than many have suggested. Application of these results to the analysis of Plio-Pleistocene archaeological collections is further complicated by inconsistencies in the ways cut and tooth marks have been defined and counted, and by significant differences between patterns observed in modern control samples and those reported at ancient sites. These observations indicate that cut and tooth mark analyses are unlikely to speak effectively to questions about early human carnivory in the absence of: (1) better-warranted, more comprehensive expectations about the potential range of variation in past human carcass acquisition strategies, (2) a larger, more rigorously designed set of control experiments that model the archaeological consequences of these strategies, and (3) a larger, more consistently analysed archaeological data base. Even if these requirements are met, the idea of meat-eating as an important catalyst in the evolution of early humans will remain highly problematic, mainly due to problems involving the frequency and short-term reliability of carcass access.
Analytical Problems in Explaining Criminal Behavior: Neoclassical and Radical Economic Theories and an Alternative Formulation:

Neoclassical economic theories of criminal behavior treat crimes as a product of individual choices about time allocation among activities. By contrast, radical political economic approaches focus not on individual choices but on the social conditions underlying crime, although an important subclass of radical theories is operationally quite similar to a neoclassical approach. In any case, neither approach adequately accounts for the links between the conditions of individual choice, or social conditions, and criminal behavior by individuals. Moreover, both approaches have failed to deal satisfactorily with anomalous empirical findings that contradict their implications. This paper proposes some theoretical reasons for these failings and suggests an alternative specification for modeling individual behavior, which allows some test of the adequacy of neoclassical and radical understanding of individual behavior.
Range expansion of Bythotrephes longimanus in North America: Evaluating habitat characteristics in the spread of an exotic zooplankter

Sedimentary and water column evidence from 45 boat-accessible and eight backcountry lakes was used to investigate the distribution of Bythotrephes longimanus in northeast Minnesota, USA, and adjacent Ontario, Canada. The results expand the documented range of Bythotrephes in Minnesota from Lake Superior, Island Lake, and Saganaga Lake to Flour Lake, Greenwood Lake, McFarland Lake, Pine Lake, and Caribou Lake as well as to Saganagons Lake in Ontario. The latter three lakes are located in roadless landscapes without motorized boat access. Results confirm that Bythotrephes is no longer present in Boulder Lake or Fish Lake (St. Louis County, Minnesota), providing the first evidence of range compression (extinction following introduction) of this species in North America. Distributional expansion was confined to a corridor along the international border between northeast Minnesota and Ontario. Lakes along the invasion corridor were deeper, more transparent, and had lower chlorophyll concentration, on average, compared to other lakes studied. The pattern of range expansion provided an opportunity to test the predictions of a forecasting model for Bythotrephes occurrence (MacIsaac et al. 2000 Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 149: 1–21) based on habitat characteristics. The model predicted 51% of the surveyed inland lakes to be susceptible to invasion, however, only 13% were actually invaded, implying strong dispersal constraints. Application of the forecasting model to a broader set of 179 Minnesota lakes predicted that 41% may be vulnerable to establishment by Bythotrephes based on habitat characteristics, offering an estimate of the state’s overall lake susceptibility (i.e., fundamental niche) to invasion. The results of this study provide evidence for the importance of a low-light refuge where Bythotrephes can minimize vulnerability to fish predation as a key habitat feature not considered by the forecasting model.
Fiducial distribution of several parameters with application to a normal system

The notion of fiducial probability was introduced by R. A. Fisher and is now widely used in statistical work involving a single unknown parameter. Fisher has also considered the joint fiducial distribution of several parameters for which there exists a sufficient set of statistics, and has derived the fiducial distribution of the two parameters of the one-variate normal law*. Since Fisher's account is brief, we give a more extended description of the fiducial distribution of several independent parameters possessing a sufficient set of statistics.
Human-in-the-loop: MPC for shared control of a quadruped rescue robot

In this paper, we present a control theoretic formulation for composing human control inputs with an automatic controller for shared control of a quadruped rescue robot. The formulation utilizes a model predictive controller to guide human controlled leg positions to satisfy state constraints that correspond to static stability for the robot. A hybrid control architecture that incorporates the model predictive controller is developed to implement a gait that guarantees stable foot-placements for the robot. The algorithm is applied to a simulation of a quadruped rescue robot with human input provided through haptic joysticks.
Apoptosis and Nitrative Stress Associated with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor-Induced Mesenteric Vasculitis in Rats

Nitric oxide may play a role in phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor-induced rat mesenteric vasculitis. The present study was conducted to identify cellular sources of iNOS, determine the distribution of nitrotyrosine (NT) residues as a footprint of peroxynitrite (ONOO − ) production, and evaluate their association with vascular apoptosis. To dissociate primary events from secondary changes associated with the inflammatory response, rats were given the PDE IV inhibitor CI-1018 orally at 750 mg/kg alone or concurrently with dexamethasone (DEX) intraperitoneally at 1 mg/kg for 4‐5 days. Neutrophil (PMN) involvement in apoptosis was investigated in CI-1018 treated rats dosed with rabbit anti-rat PMN serum (APS). iNOS expression, NT residues, and caspase-3 were detected by immuno-histochemistry. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay. CI-1018 induced vascular lesions were associated with iNOS expression in endothelial cells and inflammatory infiltrates; NT was evident only in the latter. Caspase-3 and TUNEL-positive staining were prominent only in medial smooth muscle cells (SMC) from CI-1018-treated rats and only when associated with active inflammation. iNOS- and NT-positive inflammatory cells were present in close proximity to SMC with caspase-3 staining. Inflammatory infiltrates were absent in rats given DEX with minimal SMC necrosis and hemorrhage remained. DEX eliminated apoptosis and immunoreactivity associated with caspase-3, iNOS, and NT. APS depletion of PMNs decreased the incidence and severity of vasculitis but failed to abolish completely caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Expression patterns for caspase-3, iNOS, and NT demonstrated that nitrative stress is a prominent feature of PDE inhibitor-induced vasculitis, wit ha possible role in medial SMC apoptosis. Further, medial SMC apoptosis may not be a primary event, but instead may be secondary to the inflammatory response.
Mild acidic pH inhibition of the major pathway of herpes simplex virus entry into HEp-2 cells

Penetration of the KOS strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the MS and 333 strains of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) into HEp-2 cells at pH 6.3 was at least 100-fold less efficient than at pH 7.4. Penetration of two low passage clinical isolates was completely blocked at pH 6.3. The syncytium-forming HSV-1 strains GC and MP were less sensitive than KOS to the mild acidic conditions. The inhibition was completely reversed upon neutralization of the medium. Penetration was assayed by plaque production following protection from acid inactivation upon virus entry. Penetration of HSV-1 KOS into Vero and HEL diploid fibroblast cells was similarly inhibited. HSV-1 KOS grown in 2-deoxy-D-glucose and monensin was also extensively inhibited at pH 6.3 but virus grown in 2-deoxy-D-glucose penetrated more slowly than normal virus at pH 7.4. Electron microscopy of HSV-1 KOS infection indicated that fusion and endocytosis occur at both pH 7.4 and 6.3 but that fusion predominates at pH 7.4 and endocytosis predominates at pH 6.3. These results indicate that fusion at the plasma membrane is the major route of productive entry for HSV, that strains of HSV can differ in their pH dependence for penetration and this may determine whether virus infection can occur following endocytic uptake.
A theory of classifier combination: the neural network approach

The paper examines the general classifier combination problem under strict separation of the classifier and combinator design. Several desirable combinator properties are identified: omnitype mixed type and correlated classifier combination, redundant classifier elimination, model complexity control, and dynamic selection combination. By adapting some of the theories and algorithms developed for neural network learning. They present a combination model which provides a solution to these problems. Experimental results on handwritten digits verify these findings.
Comparison of approximate solution methods for the solid phase diffusion equation in a porous electrode model

Abstract Approximation methods are often used in porous electrode models to eliminate the need to solve the local solid phase diffusion equation. These methods include Duhamel's superposition method, a diffusion length method and a polynomial approximation method which have long been used in the literature. The pseudo steady state (PSS) method is a method that has been used recently to develop a solution to the diffusion equation in a spherical particle with time dependent boundary conditions, but the PSS method has not been used in a porous electrode model. These methods are compared to each other in a dimensionless analysis study, and they are used in a porous electrode model to predict the discharge curves for a LiCoO2 electrode. Simulation results presented here indicate that the PSS method or the high order polynomial method should be used in a porous electrode model to obtain accuracy and save computation time.
Mujeres de ayer: participación política femenina en México 1910-1960.

Este articulo trata de la relacion entre el movimiento de mujeres y el Estado en Mexico entre 1910 y 1960. La autora afirma que el momento mas importante del movimiento de mujeres en Mexico fue en los anos treinta con la creacion del Frente Unico Pro Derechos de la Mujer, que esgrimia el derecho al voto femenino como su demanda mas importante. A pesar de haber sido discutido en la Camara de Diputados, el voto femenino no fue aprobado en 1938 debido a las politicas anti femeninas y conservadoras del partido en el poder. Para 1953 cuando el partido oficial esta bien establecido en el poder, el voto de la mujer fue aprobado, puesto que el temor de un voto femenino disidente y favorable a la Iglesia habia ya desaparecido.
Restricting gambling advertising and the third‐person effect

Along with the rapid growth experienced by the gaming industry in the United States has come increasing calls to restrict or ban gambling advertising. To date, little is known about what motivates people to support such restrictions on advertising. However, one recent theory, the third-person effect, offers a possible explanation. The third-person effect states that when confronted with negative messages, people will overestimate the messages’ effect on others relative to themselves. Additionally, it suggests that it is this misperception that motivates them to take action against such messages. This study investigates whether a third-person effect occurs for gambling advertising and if this effect is related to procensorship attitudes for lotteries and casinos. The results suggest there is a sizable gap between perceptions of the effect of gambling advertising on one’s self versus others, and that the perceived effect on others is related to a willingness to restrict such advertising. 2000 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
The Effectiveness of Yoga for Depression: A Critical Literature Review

In the United States, the prevalence of depression is quite high-9% in the general population-with women, young adults, and seniors particularly vulnerable. In recent years, increasing numbers of people are turning to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for relief from depression and other mental health problems. One form of CAM, yoga, has been growing in popularity; this rise in popularity has, in part, been driven by interest in how this practice, with its mindfulness and meditation aspects, may decrease depression. This critical literature review examines six recent studies on yoga as an intervention; specifically, this review focuses on yoga styles in which the practice of yoga poses, called asanas, is the core component. Although the significant positive findings are promising, the studies had methodological limitations; identification of these limitations can inform future studies.
Puddles created by geophagous mammals are potential mineral sources for frugivorous bats (Stenodermatinae) in the Peruvian Amazon

Natural licks are activity hotspots for frugivorous bats in the Peruvian Amazon. Large numbers of frugivorous bats congregate at licks to drink water. Because most Amazonian soils are relatively poor in nutrients, plants may contain low concentrations of some nutrients; consequently, frugivorous bats may face nutrient limitations. Accordingly, a potential explanation for lick visitation by bats is to obtain key limited resources. We assessed this hypothesis by comparing concentrations of cations (Ca, K, Mg, Na) in water at three licks and associated non-lick sites across years and seasons at Los Amigos Conservation Concession in south-eastern Peru. We also examined bat activity patterns between lick and non-lick sites. Regardless of the season, at licks > 10 bats per net h ―1 were captured compared with forest and gap sites where 50 ppm) compared with creeks and oxbow lakes (<2 ppm) across seasons. Therefore, since sodium is one of the most limiting nutrients for vertebrates in the tropics, licks may function as sources of sodium (or other elements) for bats. In any case, licks are reliable potential sources of sodium in the south-eastern Peruvian Amazon, an otherwise mineral-poor landscape.
Localization of the bioadhesive precursors of the sandcastle worm, Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes)

SUMMARY The marine sandcastle worm bonds mineral particles together into underwater composite dwellings with a proteinaceous glue. The products of at least four distinct secretory cell types are co-secreted from the building organ to form the glue. Prominent hetereogeneous granules contain dense sub-granules of Mg and the (polyphospho)proteins Pc3A and B, as well as at least two polybasic proteins, Pc1 and Pc4, as revealed by immunolabeling with specific antibodies against synthetic peptides. Equally prominent homogeneous granules comprise at least two polybasic proteins, Pc2 and Pc5, localized by immunolabeling with anti-synthetic peptide antibodies. The components of the sub-micrometer granule types are unknown, though positive staining with a redox-sensitive dye suggests the contents include o -dihydroxy-phenylalanine (dopa). Quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization demonstrated that a tyrosinase-like enzyme with a signal peptide was highly expressed in both the heterogeneous and homogeneous granules. The contents of the granules are poorly mixed in the secreted mixture that forms the glue. Subsequent covalent cross-linking of the glue may be catalyzed by the co-secreted tyrosinase. The first three parapodia of the sandcastle worm also contain at least two distinct secretory tissues. The Pc4 protein was immunolocalized to the anterior secretory cells and the tryosinase-like gene was expressed in the posterior secretory cells, which suggests these proteins may have multiple roles.
Building An Experiential Learning Model For A Project Management Course

Teaching students to become project management professionals requires a real world experience. Incorporating live clients into student projects, instead of using case studies or mock companies, adds a dimension that exposes students to the realities of project management. This paper will describe a structured methodology used in a project management course to learn a completed project life cycle. Based upon the written evaluations included with the final project documentation, students feel this project is the most valuable learning experience of the course. Furthermore, the positive relationship established with the clients allows this project to serve as a bridge between business and academe. This paper will discuss a variety of approaches to build an experiential learning model and provide a case study of a project management course using experiential learning to evolve a learning opportunity.
Juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth on the central California coast during the 1998 El Nino and 1999 La Nina

We assessed growth in subyearling chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during the 1998 El Nino and 1999 La Nina in the Gulf of the Farallones, a region of the continental shelf off central California seaward of the Golden Gate and the southernmost ocean entry point for the species in North America. Juvenile salmon demonstrated greater growth during this strong El Nino, when water temperature anomalies of more than +3°C were recorded at local buoys, than during the similarly strong 1999 La Nina. Slopes of regressions of weight on length, length on age, and weight on age were all significantly greater for juvenile salmon during the 1998 El Nino compared with those in the 1999 La Nina. Daily otolith increment widths, an estimator of somatic growth, corroborated population data. Between June 1 and August 9, mean increment widths for juvenile chinook salmon in 1998 were 3.54 ± 0.03 μm, significantly larger than the 3.13 ± 0.03 μm found in juveniles during the same time interval in 1999. Condition factor for juvenile chinook salmon entering the ocean at the Golden Gate was the same in both years, but became significantly greater in ocean fish during the 1998 El Nino than in ocean fish during the 1999 La Nina. Energy storage was significantly greater in ocean juvenile salmon during the 1998 El Nino as well. Mean triacylglycerol/cholesterol ratios increased following ocean entry in 1998, whereas they declined in ocean juveniles during 1999. Thus, not only was growth better in the El Nino period compared with La Nina, but lipid accumulation was also better. Oceanographic data for 1998 indicated elevated temperatures, lower salinity, greater freshwater outflow from San Francisco Bay, northerly flowing coastal currents, and positive upwelling index anomalies. This combination of environmental factors resulted in greater zooplankton productivity that, in conjunction with higher temperatures, allowed metabolic processes to enhance growth. Although El Nino events have certainly produced large-scale, and often adverse, effects on ecosystems, the results of this study emphasize the importance of local oceanographic conditions to growth and other physiological and ecological processes.
Sulphur substitution compounds of aminosugars. VI. The synthesis of 2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-3-mercapto-D-allose derivatives through thiazoline intermediates

Abstract The synthesis of derivatives of 2-amino-2,3-dideoxy-3-mercapto- d -allose starting from a 2-amino-2-deoxy- d -glucose derivative and proceeding via neighboring group participation through thiazoline intermediates is described. The identity of these derivatives with similar compounds described in the preceding communication is emphasized.
Computational prediction of host-pathogen protein–protein interactions

Motivation: Infectious diseases such as malaria result in millions of deaths each year. An important aspect of any host-pathogen system is the mechanism by which a pathogen can infect its host. One method of infection is via protein–protein interactions (PPIs) where pathogen proteins target host proteins. Developing computational methods that identify which PPIs enable a pathogen to infect a host has great implications in identifying potential targets for therapeutics. Results: We present a method that integrates known intra-species PPIs with protein-domain profiles to predict PPIs between host and pathogen proteins. Given a set of intra-species PPIs, we identify the functional domains in each of the interacting proteins. For every pair of functional domains, we use Bayesian statistics to assess the probability that two proteins with that pair of domains will interact. We apply our method to the Homo sapiens – Plasmodium falciparum host-pathogen system. Our system predicts 516 PPIs between proteins from these two organisms. We show that pairs of human proteins we predict to interact with the same Plasmodium protein are close to each other in the human PPI network and that Plasmodium pairs predicted to interact with same human protein are co-expressed in DNA microarray datasets measured during various stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. Finally, we identify functionally enriched sub-networks spanned by the predicted interactions and discuss the plausibility of our predictions. Availability: Supplementary data are available at http://staff.vbi.vt.edu/dyermd/publications/dyer2007a.html Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tomatoes, Tomato-Based Products, Lycopene, and Cancer: Review of the Epidemiologic Literature

The epidemiologic literature in the English language regarding intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and blood lycopene (a compound derived predominantly from tomatoes) level in relation to the risk of various cancers was reviewed. Among 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and cervix. Because the data are from observational studies, a cause-effect relationship cannot be established definitively. However, the consistency of the results across numerous studies in diverse populations, for case-control and prospective studies, and for dietary-based and blood-based investigations argues against bias or confounding as the explanation for these findings. Lycopene may account for or contribute to these benefits, but this possibility is not yet proven and requires further study. Numerous other potentially beneficial compounds are present in tomatoes, and, conceivably, complex interactions among multiple components may contribute to the anticancer properties of tomatoes. The consistently lower risk of cancer for a variety of anatomic sites that is associated with higher consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products adds further support for current dietary recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.
Metastatic Pancreatic Poorly Differentiated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: Current Treatment Considerations

Pancreatic poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (PDNETs) are a subtype of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) that are clinically distinguished by their very rapid growth. They are immunohistochemically diagnosed by having a higher Ki-67 cancer cell staining percentage when compared with well or intermediately differentiated NETs. These tumors are typically treated in the same manner as small cell lung cancer. Recent advances in the treatment of well or intermediately differentiated NETs have raised the question of whether such therapies may also have efficacy in PDNETs.
Compression Ratio Optimization in a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine: A Mathematical Model

This paper describes the development and results of a mathematical model for a single cylinder, naturally-aspirated, direct-injection diesel engine, used to study the effect of compression ratio on the different performance parameters. The model simulates a full thermodynamic cycle and considers the intake and exhaust processes, instantaneous heat transfer, instantaneous friction, and instantaneous blowby
Der Undue Prozess at the FCC: Part Deux

The Federal Communications Commission appears to be conducting a far-ranging data gathering effort concerning cable prices and analog-to-digital channel movements under the guise of individual complaint enforcement. The FCC's regular processes and procedures appear to have been perverted to achieve ends not within the agency's delegated authority, making it difficult to conceive how consumers will benefit from this diversion of public and private resources. Four flaws in the FCC's investigation: (1) the FCC has very limited authority to regulate cable rate levels; (2) it is local franchising authorities that are statutorily empowered to carry out enforcement activities related to service change notifications; (3) the FCC has no rules either prohibiting cable operators from migrating cable programming channels from analog to digital or requiring corresponding per-channel rate reductions; and (4) to the extent the FCC is required by Congress to collect data on the multichannel video programming distributor market and cable pricing generally, the agency is directed to do so by means of its annual video competition and price survey reports. Thus, not only is the digital cable probe being conducted in a manner that calls into question the fundamental fairness of agency processes (with guilt virtually presumed), it seems to be pursuing goals hard to fathom. The probe is likely to slow progress on ensuring a smooth transition to digital television transmission and encouraging the speedy deployment of ever faster broadband services as enormous resources are diverted to producing and reviewing information relevant mostly to activities that lie outside the scope of the FCC's regulatory jurisdiction. The public interest would be better served if the FCC would 'stick to its knitting' and faithfully carry out its statutory mission.
Varying Social Cue Constellations Results in Different Attributed Social Signals in a Simulated Surveillance Task

A better understanding of human mental states in social contexts holds the potential to pave the way for implementation of robotic systems capable of more natural and intuitive interaction. In working toward such a goal, this paper reports on a study examining human perception of social signals based on manipulated sets of social cues in a simulated socio-cultural environment. Participants were presented with video vignettes of a simulated marketplace environment in which they took the perspective of an observing robot and were asked to make mental state attributions of a human avatar based on the avatar’s expression of a range of social cues. Results indicated that subtly varying combinations of social cues led to participants’ perception of different social signals. The different mental state attributions made were also significantly associated with what participants considered an appropriate behavioral response for the robot to exhibit in relation to the avatar. We discuss these results in the context of the development of computational-based perceptual systems to be implemented in socially intelligent robots.
Effect of Ligation of Pancreatic Ducts on the Serum Phosphatase

SummaryLigation of the pancreatic ducts in dogs resulted in the increase of the alkaline serum phosphatase in 7 out of 10 animals. The values reach their peak between the 4th and the 10th day after the operation and remain high between the 10th and 20th day after the occlusion of the ducts. They are 6 to 8 times higher than the values before the operation. The 3 dogs which showed a moderate increase of alkaline serum phosphatase died within 24 to 72 hours after the operation had been done.Acid serum phosphatase is not influenced by the ligation of the pancreatic ducts.
Federalism and the Electoral College: The Development of the General Ticket Method for Selecting Presidential Electors

This article contributes to our understanding of the development of the federal aspect of the Electoral College by analyzing how and why states adopted the general ticket method currently used by all but two states. I examine early state experimentation with methods of choosing presidential electors, at a time when several prominent founders viewed the district system as the most principled method. I also focus on developments after the 1824 election, when Congress rejected a constitutional amendment requiring states to adopt the district system and the general ticket system grew in popularity. I show that it was in the course of these debates in the 1820s that the general ticket system acquired a new principled defense: that it best represented state majorities in the presidential selection process. This analysis enhances our understanding of one of the political safeguards of federalism, by explaining the entrenchment of state authority over the mode of choosing electors as well as adoption and justification of the general ticket system.
Nonlocal behavior of an electron in the ring-opening of cyclobutene.

The nonlocal behavior of an electron in the ring-opening of cyclobutene is analyzed using the sharing amplitude and tools based thereupon. The sharing amplitude is a generalization of the absolute value squared of the wave function (a probability density according to the Born interpretation) to a measure that gives, for a single particle in a many particle system, both the relative phase of a wavelike quantity between any two space/spin points and a measure of the distribution of that quantity between those points. The sharing indices are related to the absolute value squared of the amplitude, thereby ensuring that the amplitude and the indices are consistent. To provide prototypical behavior of the sharing quantities in single and double bonds and to identify nonbonding and antibonding behavior, these tools are used to describe single electron behavior in ethane and ethylene, in the latter including separate σ and π contributions and two excited states. Similar analyses of the single and double carbon–ca...
Mating and Oviposition of the Cabbage Looper in the Laboratory

Mating of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), occurred infrequently in the laboratory at temperatures below 15.6°C. Light:dark cycles of 14:10, 10:14, or 18:6 hours apparently did not affect frequency of mating, but the cyclic rhythm could be altered by rescheduling the cycles. Cold treatment (10°C), carbon dioxide, or ether used as anesthetic agents decreased mating 4, 58, and 84%, respectively, if the moths were exposed for 10 min and then paired for 24 hours. Recovery from 10 minutes of exposure to cold treatment or ether occurred within 48 hours. Twenty minutes of exposure to carbon dioxide or ether reduced mating for 48 hours. Cage size and type (carton and 8-mesh wire screen) did not affect mating when 1-5 pairs per cage were used. However, mating increased from 35 to 8370 when the male: female ratio was increased from 0.25 to 4. Male cabbage looper moths mated infrequently the 1st night after emergence and most frequently the 3rd and 4th nights after emergence when they were paired with receptive females. Females mated the 1st night after emergence but more consistently thereafter. when moth pairs were held at temperatures below 15.6°C, few or no eggs were laid. However, the viability and the total number of eggs laid when the moths were held at all temperatures between 15.6° and 32.2°C were comparable. Longevity of moths held at 10°C increased greatly over that of moths held at 4.4°, 15.6°, 21.1°, 26.7°, or 32.2°C; at 10°C 92% of each sex were living after 30 days.
Insertion of t BuNC into thorium–phosphorus and thorium–arsenic bonds: phosphaazaallene and arsaazaallene moieties in f element chemistry

The reactivity of thorium-phosphido and thorium-arsenido bonds was probed using tert-butyl isocyanide, (t)BuNC. Reaction of (C5Me5)2Th[E(H)R]2, E = P, As; R = 2,4,6-(i)Pr3C6H2, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 with (t)BuNC affords the first phosphaazaallene and arsaazaallene moieties with an f-element.
Immunological Characterization and Mutational Analysis of Allergen TBa in Tartary Buckwheat

Buckwheat not only contains abundant nutriments such as flavoniods, but also has allergenic proteins that cause hypersensitive reactions. A natural allergenic protein with molecular weight of 24 kD named TBa (tartary buckwheat allergen A) has been obtained after separation and purification in our previous studies. According to its biological information, 5 mutants including L39R, L42R, L47R, V52R and L54R were constructed through site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. The expressed products were purified by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. Purified recombinant proteins were examined using ELISA and dot blot and mutants L42R, L47R and L54R presented a weaker ability to bind tartary buckwheat allergic patients serum IgE than original E1, which suggests that Leu42, Leu47 and Leu54 might play a significant role in TBa allergenity.
Establishment of gene sequencing method for detecting severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus in Anhui province

Objective To establish the gene sequencing method for detecting severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus(SFTSV),and to appraise the ten suspected virus strains from patient serum by analysis of its sequences in Anhui province in 2011.Methods Primers were designed,and the viral nucleic acid was amplified by RT-PCR method,and the product of the amplification DNA was sequenced.Results The three pairs of primers would be efficient amplification of nucleic acid sequences.The ten suspected virus strains were similar to SFTSV above 93%,and more closed related to Phlebovirus AH12 and Phlebovirus HN6,less related with other Phlebovirus.Conclusion The ten virus strains isolated from patient serum were severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus in 2011.So we should strengthen the disease monitoring in Anhui province,and make the effective prevention of itsspread.
Psychosocial Variables Related to Why Women are Less Active than Men and Related Health Implications.

This article reviews psychosocial influences on women’s participation in physical activity as they differ from men and how associated activity differences impact women’s risk for a number of chronic diseases. This topic directly aligns with the mission of this special edition related to disparities in women’s health as the typically lower level of physical activity in females directly impacts their health. On average, females participate in physical activity at lower rates than their male counterparts. These lower rates of physical activity are directly related to both incidence of and outcomes from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and breast and gynecological cancers. The relationship between psychosocial factors that are understood to affect physical activity differs between men and women. Specifically, self-efficacy, social support, and motivation are empirically substantiated factors that found to impact physical activity participation among women differently than men. Understanding these relationships is integral to designing effective interventions to target physical activity participation in women so that the related health risks are adequately addressed.
The Epidemiology of Innovation

To better match the complex challenges innovation presents, it is critical to consider an approach and methodology more akin to epidemiology – a method that accounts for the full picture of how trends in culture are evolving. A process rich with layers. One that recognizes often overlooked triggers to new behaviors. One that is exploratory, yet grounded by real data and structured by cultural parameters. An approach that unites consumer anthropology with data science.
Comparison of African, Asian, and American Zika Viruses in Swiss Webster mice: Virulence, neutralizing antibodies, and serotypes

The sequence of Zika virus has evolved as it has spread out of Africa and into the Americas. It is unclear whether American strains of the virus define a new serotype. Here, we have tested the virulence and immunogenicity of three wild-type ZIKV strains in neonatal Swiss Webster mice. We found that all three ZIKV strains (African MR766, 1947; Asian FSS13025, 2010; and American, PRVABC59, 2015) are capable of killing neonatal mice after intracranial injection. Intraperitoneal injection with these viruses did not kill, but produced neutralizing antibodies as measured by a PRNT 50 assay. Sera from mice infected with each virus were tested for neutralizing activity against the infecting virus and also the other two viruses by a PRNT 50 assay. In general, the antibodies induced by each virus were good at neutralizing that virus (the homologous virus), but somewhat poorer at neutralizing the other two viruses (heterologous viruses). Antibodies induced by the African strain MR766 were about 4-fold worse at neutralizing the American strain PRVABC59 than the homologous strain, while antibodies induced by the American strain were about 10-fold worse at neutralizing the African strain than the homologous strain. Because the antibodies are cross-neutralizing at some level, the viruses do not form separate serotypes. Nevertheless, these results raise concern that the immunity conferred by the African virus may protect only relatively poorly against the new American strains. This has implications for the possible spread of the American ZIKV strains to Africa and Southeast Asia, and also for the development of vaccines.
Barriers to Brownfield Redevelopment: Lessons Learned from Two Great Lakes States

This article examines the barriers to brownfield redevelopment through a case study analysis of four cities in two Great Lakes states. Four key barriers are identified and investigated: legal liability, limited information, limited financial resources, and limited demand for the properties. Perceived liability emerges as a dominant barrier, and one that compounds the other three barriers. The article analyzes how and why liability perceptions affect stakeholder behavior and provides lessons learned for promoting brownfield redevelopment.
Integrating the microbiome into precision medicine

National momentum for precision medicine is reaching its stride. Since the draft sequence of the human genome in 2001, millions of humans have been genotyped, a million people have undergone exome ...
Collecting ambient vehicle trajectories from an instrumented probe vehicle: High quality data for microscopic traffic flow studies

Abstract This paper presents the methodology and results from a study to extract empirical microscopic vehicular interactions from a probe vehicle instrumented with sensors to monitor the ambient vehicles as it traverses a 28 mi long freeway corridor. The contributions of this paper are two fold: first, the general method and approach to seek a cost-effective balance between automation and manual data reduction that transcends the specific application. Second, the resulting empirical data set is intended to help advance traffic flow theory in general and car following models in particular. Generally the collection of empirical microscopic vehicle interaction data is either too computationally intensive or labor intensive. Historically automatic data extraction does not provide the precision necessary to advance traffic flow theory, while the labor demands of manual data extraction have limited past efforts to small scales. Key to the present study is striking the right balance between automatic and manual processing. Recognizing that any empirical microscopic data for traffic flow theory has to be manually validated anyway, the present study uses a “pretty good” automated processing algorithm followed by detailed manual cleanup using an efficient user interface to rapidly process the data. The study spans roughly two hours of data collected on a freeway during the afternoon peak of a typical weekday that includes recurring congestion. The corresponding data are being made available to the research community to help advance traffic flow theory in general and car following models in particular.
Thin films squeeze out domains

It might seem that the state of a magnet can be fully specified by labelling its poles as north and south. However, the true orientation of the magnetic moment is determined by the interplay of many different and competing energies. This generally ensures that the magnetization breaks up into a complicated pattern of regions, called domains, and that the magnetic moments in neighbouring domains point in different directions.
An introduction to Alice programming: tutorial presentation

Attracting under-represented groups into the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math) pipeline (to college and, beyond, to career) has become a top priority in higher education, but it will become even more important as our nation's population becomes increasingly diverse (according to the US censes, by 2044, more than half of all Americans are projected to belong to a minority group [3]). Though there are many theories on what are the most effective methods for increasing the number of girls, specifically, into the STEAM pipeline, there is general agreement that we must engage them as early as possible, either in elementary or middle school [6]. There are numerous tools/environments [4, 5, 7, 8] that have been developed to get young girls interested in (excited about) programming; educators at all levels are participating in workshops, summer and after school programs [1, 9, 10] that introduce these tools/environments to the target population(s). This tutorial will focus, specifically, on the Alice programming environment [2]. Attendees will get: a short tutorial on programming in Alice, a template for a workshop format that was (successfully) implemented during a girl-scout event at the tutorial leader's institution and plenty of opportunity for exploring/experimenting with the numerous features and functionality of Alice.
Perioperative Neurotoxicity in the Elderly

Cognitive changes after anesthesia and surgery in elderly patients and the possible neurotoxicity of anesthetics has been postulated and debated for almost a century. As far back as 1955, a large retrospective review of almost 1,200 elderly patients undergoing surgery and anesthesia reported a 10 % incidence of “minor dementia” and a 1.5 % incidence of “extreme dementia” newly occurring after an operation [5]. As the elderly populations and the associated comorbidities continue to grow, the possibility of neurotoxicity of anesthesia and surgery has gained a significant amount of attention. Over the past decade we have seen a surge of manuscripts investigating the possibility of postoperative cognitive changes in people and the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology in animals. As anesthesia almost always accompanies surgery, both the neurotoxicity of anesthesia and surgery are considered as a unit. This chapter will give an up-to-date review on terminology associated with perioperative neurotoxicity, preclinical and basic science studies, clinical studies, and future directions of research.
Building the pipeline of diverse nursing leaders: Reflections from the AACN Deans' mentoring program

• As our next generation of nurses grows increasingly diverse at the entry level, so must our next generation of nursing leaders.
The Remaining, Unconvinced Few: Using Twitter to Examine Non-CORFing Behaviors Following a Political Defeat

Twitter and other social media technologies offer social scientists new and innovative ways of investigating individual-level processes on a mass scale. The current study examined communicative behaviors associated with Cutting off Reflected Failure (CORF) in the aftermath of the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum. The results support past research suggesting that following defeat, small numbers of highly involved individuals may not experience CORF but may instead turn to other rationalizations to make sense of the event in question. Findings are discussed in terms of our understanding of Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRG) and CORF, and in terms of the utility of Twitter in examining similar phenomena in the future.
Abstract 330: Autophagy in Vascular Calcification

Vascular calcification accompanies a variety of common cardiovascular-related diseases and correlates with premature death. Vascular calcification is a highly-regulated process but the precise mech...