cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complementary molecular shapes and additivity of the packing parameter of lipids

Physical dimensions of a membrane component influence its phase preference upon hydration. A dimensionless packing parameter, S, given by S = V/al, where V is the hydrocarbon volume, a is the area of the head group, and l is the critical length of the hydrocarbon chain, is useful in determining the phase preference of a lipid, and the value of S usually lies between 0.5 and 1 for bilayers. Here, the value of S is calculated for phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) as a function of chain length, and it is shown that diacylPC having an S value of less than 0.74 does not form bilayers. For example, diacylPC, up to a chain length of eight carbon atoms, forms only micelles, whereas higher homologs with S greater than 0.74 form bilayers. It is also shown that when lipid molecules having complementary shapes associate, the value of S becomes additive. Using the additivity of S, a number of experimental results for lipid mixtures can be explained. For example, lysoPC and cholesterol form lamellar structures between 45 and approximately 80 mol% cholesterol, and the additive value of S for this region is between 0.74 and 1. Similarly, the additivity of S shows that the maximum amount of cholesterol that can be incorporated into PC bilayers is 50 mol%, in agreement with experimental studies.
A Cartographic View of Spatial Data Quality

Visualization of spatial data quality is fundamentally like the display of any other cartographic information. However, the demands of simultaneously symbolizing geographic entities and multiple measures of data quality have considerable potential of overwhelming the map graphic. Uses of conventional cartographic symbology for data quality displays are examined. Fondamentalement, la visualisation de la qualite des donnees spatiales est comme l'affichage de toute autre information cartographique. Toutefois, les demandes de symboliser simultanement les entites geographiques et les nombreuses mesures de qualite des donnees peuvent potentiellement amener une surcharge considerable du contenu graphique de la carte. On examine l'utilisation de la symbologie cartographique conventionnelle pour montrer la qualite des donnees.
Direct determinations of plasma, cell, and organ-blood volumes in normal and hypervolemic mice.

SummaryDirect single and combined cell- and plasma-volume determinations were made on normal and polycythemic mice with 32P-tagged red cells and 131I-tagged plasma. The data indicate that: (a) The Evans-blue plasma volumes in mice are above the probably more correct 131I-plasma volumes by a factor of 1.2 and in rabbits by a factor of 1.08. (b) The so-called mixing time of Evans blue is a withdrawal time of this dye by Evans blue-affin cells, most of which are probably macrophages. (c) The cell volume calculations based on Evans-blue values are higher than those obtained by direct determinations with the 32P technic by a factor of 1.56 in normal and 1.51 in tumor-bearing mice tested. (d) The average body hematocrit in mice is approximately 0.88 times the venous hematocrit. (e) On the basis of these conversion values a calculation of all values can be made if only one technic is employed (Fig. 1). (f) Hypervolemia caused by estrogen-secreting tumors is attributable to an almost selective plasma-volume rise ...
The repair of the surface structure of animal cells

Experiments were performed to determine if animal cells in culture possess specific mechanisms to repair surface molecules damaged by enzymes. The surface membranes of a primary cell culture, chick fibroblasts, a permanent hamster cell line, BHK21/C13, and its virally transformed counterpart, C13/B4 were damaged by exposure to trypsin or to neuraminidase. Following digestion with trypsin, the incorporation of radioactive amino acids or sugars into purified surface membrane of cells was monitored. No differences were noted in rates of incorporation when control and trypsin-damaged cells were compared. Neuraminidase damage to the surface of BHK21/C13 and C13/B4 cells was evidenced by altered gel filtration profiles of surface glycopeptides, i.e., delayed elution because of reduction in size. By labelling cells with 14C-L-fucose prior to neuraminidase treatment and following the incorporation of 3H-L-fucose into cell surface glycopeptides after neuraminidase digestion, we were able to monitor the synthesis and turnover of fucose-containing glycopeptides in the same cells. Gel filtration profiles indicated that little or no desialylated glycoproteins were resialylated (repaired) by specific replacement of sialic acid. Comparing neuraminidase-digested and control cells we observed no difference in rates of 3H-L-fucose incorporation or of 14C-L-fucose loss from these cells; nor did we find differences in the rate of incorporation of isotopic glucosamine into sialic acid. Neuraminidase treatment failed to alter the rate of cell growth or the pattern of isotopic incorporation into various cell surface components. These results support the suggestion that return of sialic acid (repair) was effected by turnover which serves as a non-specific repair mechanism to replace damaged cell surface molecules (Warren and Glick '68; Warren, '69).
Use of persistent scatterers for model-based recognition

The signature of a target imaged by a millimeter-wave SAR is highly variable. Various viewing angles will cause different scattering centers to be illuminated, the returns from which can vary greatly with minor changes in viewing angle, and the coherence of the radiation induces speckle noise. Using fully polarimetric turntable (inverse SAR) data, we have undertaken some basic investigations of the persistence of scatterers as a function of azimuth for a number of depression angles from 15 degrees to 32 degrees. Although many scatterers persist for only a few degrees of azimuth, enough persist for 10 to 20 degrees to make model-based recognition feasible. Based on these results, we have developed an experimental system for target recognition. The system uses the functional template approach for detection, pose estimation, and initial hypothesis ranking. The best-matching template defines an area where so-called bright-points are extracted, resulting in a binary feature map that shows the location of strong scatterers. Back-end recognition consists of matching these feature maps to target appearance models that capture the location of scatterers that produce strong returns and are sufficiently persistent with changes in viewing angle. The performance of the hypothesis generation via functional templates is briefly reviewed, both for ISAR data and for SAR data. Recognition results obtained with the new back-end recognition system are also presented for the case of ISAR data.
Heimlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit: Das österreichische Strafprozessrecht in Franz Kafkas Roman Der Proceş

(2003). Heimlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit: Das osterreichische Strafprozessrecht in Franz Kafkas Roman Der Proces. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 78, Kafka and the Theater, pp. 194-222.
Postnatal expression of myostatin propeptide cDNA maintained high muscle growth and normal adipose tissue mass in transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet.

Myostatin plays a robust, negative role in controlling muscle mass. A disruption of myostatin function by transgenic expression of its propeptide (the 5′region, 866 nucleotides) results in significant muscle growth (Yang et al., 2001. Mol Rep Dev 60:351–361). Studies from myostatin and the propeptide transgene mRNA indicated that myostatin mRNA was detected at day 10.5 postcoitum in fetal mice. Its level remained low, but increased by 180% during the postnatal fast-growth period (day 0–10). An early, high-level postnatal expression of the transgene was identified as being responsible for a highly muscled phenotype. High-fat diet induces adiposity in rodents. To study the effects of dietary fat on muscle growth and adipose tissue fat deposition in the transgenic mice, we challenged the mice with a high-fat diet (45% kcal fat) for 21 weeks. Transgenic mice showed 24%–50% further enhancement of growth on the high-fat diet compared to the normal-fat diet (P = 0.004) from 17 to 25 weeks of age. The total mass of the main muscles of transgenic mice showed a 27% increase on the high-fat diet compared to the normal-fat diet (P = 0.004), while the white adipose tissue mass of the transgenic mice was not significantly different from that of wild-type mice fed a normal-fat diet (P = 0.434). The high-fat diet induced wild-type mice developed 190% greater mass of white adipose tissues compared to the normal-fat diet (P = 0.008), which primarily resulted from enlarged adipocytes. These results demonstrate that disruption of myostatin function by its propeptide shifted dietary fat utilization toward muscle tissues with minimal effects on adiposity. These results suggest that enhancing muscle growth by myostatin propeptide or other means during the early developmental stage may serve as an effective means for obesity prevention. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Possible Differential Host Tropism in Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains in the Western United States

Despite organization into a single species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, of bacteria from diverse hosts, there is evidence that different hosts vary in susceptibility to local strains of this bacterial pathogen. In particular, there is evidence that clinical hosts (humans, horses, and dogs) in the western part of the United States may be infected with strains of bacteria that differ from those in the reported wildlife reservoir, the dusky-footed woodrat. There is a lack of spatial overlap between clinical cases with woodrat exposure, genetic studies show highly distinctive strains in woodrats compared with those from clinical hosts, and experimental studies failed to transfer infection from woodrats into horses. These data suggest that multiple distinct A. phagocytophilum strains could circulate in western U.S. ecosystems. Host barriers to different bacterial strains would suggest the need for careful discrimination of A. phagocytophilum strains and further research to understand the host-pathogen interactions that result in differential outcomes in infection.
Recombinant viruses as transformation vectors of marine macroalgae

The large dsDNA viruses that are known to infect eukaryotic algae show promise as genetic vectors for algal biotechnology. The large size (150–330 kbp) of these viral genomes may permit insertion of large sequences of foreign DNA. The viruses infecting filamentous marine brown algae appear to be integrated into the genomes of their hosts, and may provide integration mechanisms that can be used for directing insertion of foreign genes into algal chromosomes.
The submicroscopic structure of plant cell walls

Abstract 1. (1) L. Hock investigated the Gough-Joule effect for rubber. In proving the effect, rubber was stretched. In this stretched rubber, parallel fibers were formed. These fibers were made visible by pouring liquid air over the stretched rubber and striking this rubber with a hammer. By treating undeformed rubber in a similar way, L. Hock found that this rubber was amorphous. 2. (2) The liquid air method used by L. Hock for rubber, was applied to the petioles of Nymphaea and woody branches of Salix babylonica . In the case of Nymphaea , the petiole on being struck with a hammer breaks up into irregularly formed particles. Therefore, the submicroscopic structure of the average secondary cell wall of petioles of Nymphaea consists mainly of amorphous cellulose. In the case of Salix bablyonica , on striking with a hammer, linear particles which lie nearly parallel to the axis of the branch were observed. Therefore, the submicroscopic structure in the average secondary cell walls of woody branches of Salix babylonica consists mainly of micellar cellulose. 3. (3) Certain cylindrical tissues of higher plants are more or less isotropic. These tissues are rubber-like in their elasticity and contain large amounts of amorphous cellulose in the average secondary cell walls. Other cylindrical plant tissues are anisotropic. These tissues are metallike in their elasticity and contain a great deal of crystalline cellulose in the average secondary cell walls. These conclusions were reached mainly from two experimental facts. The first was the ratio of the moduli of elasticity, the second, the observation based on freezing the material with liquid air. In addition, the conclusions were supported by the occurrence of different cellulose in dried and undried cotton fibers. 4. (4) Schematic drawings were made of the submicroscopic structure of the average secondary cell wall of the petioles of Nymphaea gladstonia and the woody branches of Salix babylonica . 5. (5) Rubber-like elasticity of plant tissues is at least partly exhibited by hydrated cellulose in the cell walls. 6. (6) Swollen cellulose fibers may have the same properties as high polymer fibers which are rubberdike. Dry cellulose fibers of ramie and cotton are metal-like. Hence, it is to be understood that not only cellulose fibers, but also cylindrical tissues of higher plants, are either rubberlike elastic or metaldike elastic. 7. (7) From specific gravity measurements, it is found that the percentage of cellulose in average secondary cell walls of cylindrical plant tissues increases with the ratio of the moduli of elasticity. 8. (8) From the ratio of the moduli of elasticity (9), the liquid air experiment, and measurements of specific gravity (10), it is found that the submicroscopic structure in all secondary ceil wails of higher plants is determinable by the percentage of cellulose and the ratio of amorphous and crystalline cellulose. The primary cell wall is highly plastic and contains a molecular network of cellulose (9).
Size Effects on Li+/Electron Conductivity in TiO2 Nanoparticles

TiO2 nanoparticles are the important components of nanostructured electrodes for Li-ion batteries. High Li-ion conductivity of the nanoparticles is the key design requirement for these materials. Using multiscale theoretical modeling, we study the influence of nanoparticle size on its Li+ conductivity and reveal the fundamental mechanism for the dramatic increase in conductivity with the decrease in the size of the nanoparticles. We show that the competition between Li+ and electron accumulation at the nanoparticle boundaries competes with the steady ion and electron fluxes. For nanoparticles smaller that 20 nm, the balance is shifted toward the steady charge transport, hence high conductivity, while for larger nanoparticles charge separation prevails. Size effects are also manifested in the change in the nature of charge transport from dual ionic/electronic for small nanoparticles to predominately ionic for larger ones.
Possible existence of a Josephson effect in ferromagnets

When a current density ${j}_{x}$ crosses a 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} domain wall in a metallic ferromagnet, the spin s of each conduction electron exerts an s-d exchange torque on the localized wall spins. Hence, the wall moment of a Bloch wall is canted out of the wall plane by an angle \ensuremath{\psi}, given by ${j}_{x}$=(eC/\ensuremath{\Elzxh})sin(2\ensuremath{\psi}), where C is the maximum restoring torque at \ensuremath{\psi}=45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. This equation is the exact analog of the dc Josephson effect, and 2\ensuremath{\psi} is the analog of the superconducting phase difference \ensuremath{\varphi} across a junction. For \ensuremath{\Vert}${j}_{x}$\ensuremath{\Vert}geC/\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\simeq}${10}^{6}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the s-d exchange torque overcomes the restoring torque, and the wall moment precesses with a frequency \ensuremath{\omega}=d(2\ensuremath{\psi})/dt. A dc voltage \ensuremath{\delta}V is expected to appear across the wall, satisfying the famous ac Josephson relation 2e\ensuremath{\delta}V=-\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}. This wall precession can be described as a translation of Bloch lines, and the Bloch lines are the exact analog of superconducting vortices. The electric current exerts a transverse force on Bloch lines.
W-CDMA network design

In this investigation, the W-CDMA network design problem is modelled as a discrete optimisation problem that maximises revenue net the cost of constructing base stations, Mobile Telephone Switching Offices (MTSOs) and the backbone network to connect base stations through MTSOs to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The formulation results in a very large scale integer programming problem with up to 18,000 integer variables and 20,000 constraints. To solve this large scale integer programming problem, we develop a pair of models, one for the upper bound and one for the lower bound. The upper bound model relaxes integrality on some of the variables while the lower bound model uses a 5% optimality gap to achieve early termination. Additionally, we develop a heuristic procedure that can solve the largest problem instances very quickly with a small optimality gap. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution methods, problem instances were solved with five candidate MTSOs servicing some 11,000 simultaneous cellular phone sessions on a network with up to 160 base stations. In all instances, solutions guaranteed to be within 5% of optimality were obtained in less than an hour of CPU time.
Scale modelling in LMFBR safety

Abstract This paper reviews scale modelling techniques used in studying the structural response of LMFBR vessels to HCDA loads. The geometric, material, and dynamic similarity parameters are presented and identified using the methods of dimensional analysis. Complete similarity of the structural response requires that each similarity parameter be the same in the model as in the prototype. The paper then focuses on the methods, limitations, and problems of duplicating these parameters in scale models and mentions an experimental technique for verifying the scaling. Geometric similarity requires that all linear dimensions of the prototype be reduced in proportion to the ratio of a characteristic dimension of the model to that of the prototype. The overall size of the model depends on the structural detail required, the size of instrumentation, and the costs of machining and assemblying the model. Material similarity requires that the ratio of the density, bulk modulus, and constitutive relations for the structure and fluid be the same in the model as in the prototype. A practical choice of a material for the model is one with the same density and stress-strain relationship as the operating temperature. Ni-200 and water are good simulant materials for the 304 SS vessel and the liquid sodium coolant, respectively. Scaling of the strain rate sensitivity and fracture toughness of materials is very difficult, but may not be required if these effects do not influence the structural response of the reactor components. Dynamic similarity requires that the characteristic pressure of a simulant loading source equal that of the prototype HCDA for geometrically similar volume changes. The energy source is calibrated in the geometry and environment in which it will be used to assure that heat transfer between high temperature loading sources and the coolant simulant and that non-equilibrium effects in two-phase sources are accounted for. For the geometry and flow conditions of interest, the viscous and gravity forces are usually negligible compared with pressure forces and, therefore, are not scaled.
Proteome of murine jejunal brush border membrane vesicles.

The first detailed description of the proteome of the mouse jejunal brush border membrane vesicle is presented here. This was obtained by a combination of purification via divalent (Mg2+) cation precipitation starting with isolated cells plus strong cation exchange chromatography LC−MS/MS. Five-hundred seventy proteins were identified including 45 transport proteins. Among the latter, 18 had either not been identified in the intestine in the past or there was a single unconfirmed report of their presence. Validation was accomplished by a combination of immunoblotting and immunofluorescence using mouse jejunum and previously described antibodies. The validated BB proteins were aquaporin 7, Glut 9b, Na+I- symporter (NIS), and non-gastric H+/K+-ATPase. This study helps to further define the brush border membrane vesicle, a preparation which has been widely used to identify transport function of the small intestine. Keywords: murine small intestine • brush border • transport protein • proteome • LC−MS/MS
Ab initio calculation of harmonic vibrational frequencies and intensities of molecules containing atoms of the third period of the periodic table. I. hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide

The effect of including polarization functions and electron correlation on ab initio calculations of the geometry, the harmonic vibration frequencies, and vibrational intensities is investigated for H2S and SO2 using GAUSSIAN 86. The starting basis sets were the standard 6–311Gxx and D95 bases. It is found that the first basis set gives good results at the MP2 level for the geometry and frequencies of hydrogen sulfide but is not adequate for the sulfur dioxide geometry. At the MP2 level there is a great improvement in quality of the results for H2S on adding multiple polarization functions to the D95 basis. None of the basis sets used gave good results for the vibrational intensities of H2S. In a preliminary investigation of the use of CI methods for predicting the geometry of SO2 it is found that the results of the CISD and CCD techniques are much better than those obtained by the MP2 procedure.
Second Life: A Virtual World. Why Are Librarians There?

Educators and librarians have been exploring Second Life, a 3D virtual world. With more and more users in virtual worlds, educators and librarians need to keep themselves informed about the ways these platforms can be useful. Librarians involved in Second Life are experimenting with services and activities to discover the best way to use virtual worlds. This paper recaps a presentation given a WebWise in Miami, Florida, March 2008.
Anxity and actualization: A reconceptualization

In line with Dabrowki's theory of Positive Disintegration, deGrace recently reported no significant difference in terms of anxiety level between groups of actualized and nonactualized Ss. Several methodological and theoretical flaws noted in the deGrace study led the present authors to hypothesize that actualized Ss would score significantly lower than nonactualized Ss on separate but conceptually related measures of manifest or neurotic anxiety. Ss (83 females and 42 males) were administered the Personal Orientation Inventory, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, and the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale. The results, which substantiate the hypothesis that levels of actualization and anxiety are correlated negatively, are discussed in relation to the conceptual distinction between debilitating and facilitating anxiety and their respective effects on psychological growth.
Sleep disordered breathing: surgical outcomes in prepubertal children.

Objective To evaluate the treatment outcomes of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in prepubertal children 3 months following surgical intervention. Study Design Retrospective investigation of 400 consecutively seen children with SDB who were referred to otolaryngologists for treatment. Method After masking the identities and conditions of the children, the following were tabulated: clinical symptoms, results of clinical evaluation and polysomnography at entry, the treatment chosen by the otolaryngologists, and clinical and polysomnographic results 3 months after surgery. Results Treatment ranged from nasal steroids to various surgical procedures. Adenotonsillectomy was performed in only 251 of 400 cases (68%). Four cases included adenotonsillectomy in conjunction with pharyngoplasty (closure of the tonsillar wound by suturing the anterior and posterior pillar to tighten the airway). Persistent SDB was seen in 58 of 400 children (14.5%), and an additional 8 had persistent snoring. Best results were with adenotonsillectomy. Conclusion SDB involves obstruction of the upper airway, which may be partially due to craniofacial structure involvement. The goal of surgical treatment should be aimed at enlarging the airway, and not be solely focused on treating inflammation or infection of the lymphoid tissues. This goal may not be met in some patients, thus potentially contributing to residual problems seen after surgery. The possibility of further treatment, including collaboration with orthodontists to improve the craniofacial risk factors, should be considered in children with residual problems.
Colocalization of immunoreactive proenkephalin and prodynorphin products in medullary neurons of the rat

This study addressed the possible coexistence of products of the proenkephalin and prodynorphin opioid peptide precursors in single neurons of the central nervous system of the rat. Antisera directed against met-enkephalin-arg-gly-leu and against Dyn B were used in immunohistochemical preparations of sections through the rat medulla. Examination of serial three micron frozen sections stained alternately with the two different antisera revealed that the majority of labelled neurons stain with only one of the two antisera. In specific area, however, immunoreactive m-enk and Dyn B could be detected in the same neuron. This was particularly true of the caudal ventrolateral nucleus of the solitary tract, where the two peptides were colocalized in most neurons. Other areas where the two peptides coexist include the midline raphe and the nucleus reticularis paragigantocellularis. These data provide the first evidence for colocalization of different opioid peptide families in single CNS neurons.
Fear selectively modulates visual mental imagery and visual perception

Emotions have been shown to modulate low-level visual processing of simple stimuli. In this study, we investigate whether emotions only modulate processing of visual representations created from direct visual inputs or whether they also modulate representations that underlie visual mental images. Our results demonstrate that when participants visualize or look at the global shape of written words (low-spatial-frequency visual information), the prior brief presentation of fearful faces enhances processing, whereas when participants visualize or look at details of written words (high-spatial-frequency visual information), the prior brief presentation of fearful faces impairs processing. This study demonstrates that emotions have similar effects on low-level processing of visual percepts and of internal representations created on the basis of information stored in long-term memory.
Physical characterization of mitochondrial DNA from cotton.

Mitochondrial DNA from Gossypium hirsutum was isolated from seedlings and purified. The median thermal dissociation temperature (T m ) of cotton mtDNA was determined by the thermal dissociation method of Marmur. The genome size was accurately determined by reassociation kinetic analysis using solution hybridization followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography. Two separate C O t curves were generated for Escherichia coli reference DNA
Carboxyl-terminal Domain III of the δ′ Subunit of DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme Binds DnaX and Supports Cooperative DnaX Complex Assembly

Abstract The δ′ subunit of the DNA polymerase-III holoenzyme is a key component of the DnaX complex; it is required for loading the β2 processivity factor onto a primed template. The x-ray crystal structure of δ′ indicates a three domain C-shaped structure (Guenther, B., Onrust, R., Sali, A., O'Donnell, M., and Kuriyan, J. (1997) Cell 91, 335–345). In this study, we localized the DnaX-binding domain of δ′ to its carboxyl-terminal domain III by quantifying protein-protein interactions using a series of δ′ fusion proteins lacking specific domains. The fusion protein corresponding to domain III of δ′ bound to DnaX with an affinity approaching that of full-length δ′. In contrast, a construct bearing δ′ domains I-II did not bind DnaX at detectable levels. The presence of δ and χψ strengthened the interaction of DnaX with full-length δ′ and δ′ domain III. Thus, domain III of δ′ not only contains the DnaX-binding site, but also contains the elements required for positive cooperative assembly of the DnaX complex. A domain III-specific anti-δ′ monoclonal antibody interfered with DnaX complex formation and abolished the replication activity of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme.
Interinstitutional consultation in fine-needle aspiration cytopathology: a study of 742 cases.

BACKGROUND: The importance of interinstitutional consultation (IC) has been documented across a variety of surgical pathology organ systems. However, to the authors' knowledge, few studies exist regarding this practice within cytopathology and specifically within fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). METHODS: All FNAC cases between September 2002 and January 2007 were reviewed. Original diagnoses and second opinion diagnoses (SODs) were categorized as either no diagnostic disagreement, or minor diagnostic disagreement, or major diagnostic disagreement, and the latter was defined as either a 2-step deviation on a scale of “unsatisfactory, benign, atypical, suspicious, and malignant” or a change in treatment and/or prognosis. Outcome was determined by a review of the electronic medical record. RESULTS: Among 742 FNAC cases from outside laboratories, there were minor disagreements in 132 cases (17.8%) and major disagreements in 69 cases (9.3%) compared with the SODs from the authors' laboratory. Follow-up was available for 60 of 69 major discrepancies. The SOD was supported on follow-up in 65% of major discrepancies, and the initial diagnosis was supported better in 33% of major discrepancies. In 55% of cases in which the original institution diagnosis was supported better, either no case slides were received for examination or the slides contained material that was considered nondiagnostic by the authors. An SOD prompted a change in clinical management in 32 of 742 patients (4.3%). Aspirates that were most prone to change in management or therapy were from the thyroid (13 cases), neck (soft tissue and lymph nodes; 9 cases), salivary gland (2 cases), and liver (2 cases). Of 60 major diagnostic disagreements, board-certified cytopathologists rendered an SOD in 44 cases, and 75% of the diagnoses were supported better by follow-up, whereas pathologists who were not board certified in cytopathology had only 38% of SODs supported. CONCLUSIONS: Of 742 FNAC cases, 9.3% had major diagnostic disagreements; and, in 4.3%, patient management and therapy were altered. These results were similar to studies in surgical pathology emphasizing the importance of IC in FNAC. The authors concluded that FNAC IC benefits patient care. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Adequacy of tissue oxygenation.

Objective This paper reviews presently available techniques for monitoring the adequacy of tissue oxygenation, emphasizing the practical and theoretical problems that exist with presently used measurements. Data sources The data are based on a review of the literature. Data synthesis Most of the presently available techniques focus on global measurements of oxygen transport and utilization that may be insensitive to changes occurring in vital tissues critically important to overall homeostasis. As a result, they are often insensitive, nonspecific, and become abnormal only at a very late stage of disease. Conclusions In attempting to develop tools to assess adequate tissue oxygenation, emphasis should be placed on the monitoring of individual tissues that are felt to be highly susceptible to reduced oxygen delivery and key to overall survival. Preliminary data involving measurements of the interstitial pH of the gastrointestinal tract suggest that this measurement may be one approach to pursue.
Computer-aided design: limitations in automating design and drafting

The impact of CAD (computer-aided design) on employment and skill is examined. First, the relationship between the adoption of mechanical CAD systems and employment of drafters in the aerospace and automobile industries is assessed. Contrary to many employment projections, drafting employment in these industries increased with increases in the adoption of CAD systems. Second, the effects of design automation and skill transformation capacities of electronic CAD systems on printed circuit board designers are evaluated. Third, the limits to automation of design are explored, suggesting that there are trade-offs between automation of the design process and innovation in product design. The logical limits of software, flaws in programming, and the dynamic nature of product markets are evaluated as factors limiting automation. >
Optimality: where competition fails and monopoly succeeds

Abstract Where, initially, the demand curve is a marginal curve and the supply curve is an average curve, ‘exploitation’ only of the supply curve, transforming it into a marginal curve, is required. If, initially, the reverse is true, optimality requires that the demand curve alone be ‘exploited’.
Backscatter-Modulation Semiconductor Laser Radar

When a non-cooperative target is at a distance within the coherence length of a laser, the backscattered light induces modulation signals in the laser power output that can be used for velocimetry and ranging. Backscatter modulation in semiconductor laser diodes has had little practical impact in laser radar because the coherence length of these devices has restricted their operational range to about 2 m. In the present work, we report experimental measurements of absolute range using a backscatter-modulation laser radar in an external cavity whose length is varied by piezo-electric transducers. The laboratory demonstration system operates at 0.5 mW, has an operational range of 40 m and is sensitive to backscattered light levels of less than 10 pW. The extended operational range and high sensitivity of the external-cavity geometry make this simple, compact, low-power laser radar a practical alternative to heterodyne detection for many applications.
Unpacking civic participation: Analyzing trends in black [and white] participation over time☆

Abstract Differences in levels of political engagement between blacks and whites have long captured scholars' interest. As a consequence, this topic has been heavily studied in American politics. However, many of these studies have taken a static approach to analyzing political behavior and few have examined how individuals orient themselves to political participation over time. Yet, engagement in political behavior as well as the information that can be obtained from any specific political action will change within a mutable political environment. In our examination of patterns in blacks' and whites' political engagement between 1973 and 1994, we investigate the ability of various civic activities to differentiate between high and low propensity participators. This dynamic analysis, with the incorporation of a unique methodological approach, reveals a gradual increase in blacks' likelihood to engage in politics. Moreover, the increase in blacks' engagement has served to diminish racial disparities in political behavior over time.
Choosing the right support surface.

Purpose To provide the clinician with an overview of support surfaces used to manage tissue integrity as well as a review of how pressure ulcers develop. Target audience This continuing education activity is intended for physicians and nurses with an interest in understanding how available support surfaces can impact the development and treatment of pressure ulcers. Objectives After reading the article and taking the test, the participant should be able to:
Activation of c-Src: a hub for exogenous pro-oxidant-mediated activation of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling.

Abstract To study the role of c-Src kinase in pro-oxidant-induced stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), we used lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli K12 (LPS-EK) and monophosphoryl lipid A, as TLR4-specific agonists and positive controls, and SIN-1 and potassium peroxychromate as pro-oxidant sources. We used the HEK-Blue mTLR4 cell line, which is stably transfected with mouse TLR4 and expresses optimized SEAP reporter under the control of a promoter inducible by NF-κB transcription factor. The level of SEAP released due to TLR4 stimulation was a measure of NF-κB activation. Treatment with either the pro-oxidants or LPS-EK increased SEAP release and TNF-α production in these cells. These treatments also increased intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, with an enhanced production of nitric oxide and TBARS to confirm oxidant stress in these cells. Pretreatment with c-Src kinase inhibitors, PP2 and Ca-pY, which act by different mechanisms, decreased these parameters. Pretreatment with SSG, a c-Src activator, enhanced the effects promoted by LPS-EK and pro-oxidants and rescued cells from the PP2- and Ca-pY-induced effects. Curiously, pro-oxidants, but not TLR4 agonist, increased the ratio of TNF-α to IL-10 released, suggesting that pro-oxidants can initiate and maintain an imbalance of TNF-α production over IL-10. To different degrees, both pro-oxidants and TLR4 agonist increased formation of c-Src complexes with TLR4 and IκB-α as coimmunoprecipitates. Both pro-oxidants and TLR4 agonist increased c-Src phosphorylation of the Tyr42 residue in IκB-α, but the pro-oxidant-induced effect was more robust and much longer lasting. Taken together, these studies provide a mechanism whereby c-Src assumes a central role in pro-oxidant-induced NF-κB activation in TLR4 signaling. Pro-oxidant-induced activation of TLR4 through c-Src/NF-κB/IκB-α coupling provides a basis for a molecular dissection of the initiation and maintenance of sterile inflammation that may serve as a “pathophysiologic primer” for many diseases.
Numerical computation of steady, supersonic, two-dimensional gas flow in natural coordinates

Abstract A finite-difference technique useful for certain computations of hypersonic gas flows, with or without diffusion normal to the mean flow streamlines, is described. The scheme operates in the natural or intrinsic coordinate system and marches downstream from an input surface normal to the flow streamlines. The mesh is constructed by extending the streamlines according to the pressure distribution on the last available surface. The technique is explicit, and the usual stability restrictions on the stepping distance apply. Shock waves must generally be treated as discontinuties, although one can march through weak shocks with small loss of accuracy. Applications have been made to nozzle flows, to exhaust plumes, and to flows around bodies.
Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample.

The criterion validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; A. T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown, 1996) was investigated by pairing blind BDI-II administrations with the major depressive episode portion of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I; M. B. First, R. L. Spitzer, M. Gibbon, & J. B. W. Williams, 1997) in a sample of 137 students receiving treatment at a university counseling center. Student BDI-II scores correlated strongly (r =.83) with their number of SCID-I depressed mood symptoms. A BDI-II cut score of 16 yielded a sensitivity rate of 84% and a false-positive rate of 18% in identifying depressed mood. Receiver operating characteristic analyses were used to produce cut scores for determining severity of depressed mood. In a second study, a sample of 46 student clients were administered the BDI-II twice, yielding test-retest reliability of.96.
The effect of vaginal speculum lubrication on the rate of unsatisfactory cervical cytology diagnosis.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Nonlubricated plastic specula can adhere to the vaginal introitus and cause discomfort with pelvic examination. We wanted to see if application of water-soluble gel lubricant to the plastic vaginal speculum would change the unsatisfactory cervical cytology diagnosis rate. METHODS: Five public health family planning clinic sites were randomized to either water-soluble gel or water only as lubricant during speculum examination for cervical cytology collection. The pathologists were unaware of the assignment of lubricant use. The cumulative rates of cervical cytology diagnoses were calculated for 6 months before, 6 months during, and 6 months after the intervention. RESULTS: From July 1998 through December 1999, 8534 Papanicolaou smears were collected, with 1440 using gel lubrication from January 1999 through June 1999. Rates of unsatisfactory smears for lubricant use clinics were 1.4% during use of lubricant and 1.4% without use (odds ratio [OR] 1.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6, 1.8). Rates of unsatisfactory smears for lubricant use versus nonlubricant use clinics during the gel intervention period were 1.4% versus 1.3% (OR 1.1; 95% CI 0.6, 2.0). There were no significant differences for the rates of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, or atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance within or between lubricant and nonlubricant clinics for each 6-month period. There were no cases of invasive cancer. CONCLUSION: The use of a small amount of water-soluble gel lubricant on the outer inferior blade of the plastic vaginal speculum does not change cervical cytology results in a young, reproductive-age population.
Pancreas-specific Cre driver lines and considerations for their prudent use

Cre/LoxP has broad utility for studying the function, development, and oncogenic transformation of pancreatic cells in mice. Here we provide an overview of the Cre driver lines that are available for such studies. We discuss how variegated expression, transgene silencing, and recombination in undesired cell types have conspired to limit the performance of these lines, sometimes leading to serious experimental concerns. We also discuss preferred strategies for achieving high-fidelity driver lines and remind investigators of the continuing need for caution when interpreting results obtained from any Cre/LoxP-based experiment performed in mice.
Introducing Cryo-SAXS for Measuring Low Resolution Macromolecular Structure without Radiation Damage

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an increasingly popular technique for obtaining low resolution structures of macromolecules and complexes in solution. However, the susceptibility of biomolecule solutions to damage by ionizing radiation can complicate SAXS experiments. Many potentially interesting proteins, such as light sensors and metalloenzymes, require flow cells to distribute the X-ray dose over a large volume. The high sample consumption in these cases can be prohibitive. To circumvent radiation damage, we explore whether cryo-cooling of samples to temperatures of 100 K can prevent aggregation and fragmentation during data collection. We identify SAXS-friendly cryoprotectant conditions that suppress ice formation upon rapid cooling, and compare cryo-SAXS profiles with room temperature measurements for a variety of standard molecules. From scattering volumes as small as 100 nL, we obtain data of sufficient quality for envelope reconstruction, and find good agreement between cryo-SAXS data and known atomic structures. Strikingly, cryo-cooled samples can withstand doses that are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than typically used for SAXS at room temperature, comparable to those used in cryo-crystallography. While practical challenges remain, this breakthrough opens the possibility of using SAXS with new, high brightness X-ray sources for high throughput applications.
Effective whole-program analysis in the presence of pointers

Understanding large software systems is difficult. Traditionally, automated tools are used to assist program understanding. However, the representations constructed by these tools often require prohibitive time and space. Demand-driven techniques can be used to reduce these requirements. However, the use of pointers in modern languages introduces additional problems that do not integrate well with these techniques. We present new techniques for effectively coping with pointers in large software systems written in the C programming language and use our techniques to implement a program slicing tool.First, we use a fast, flow-insensitive, points-to analysis before traditional data-flow analysis. Second, we allow the user to parameterize the points-to analysis so that the resulting program slices more closely match the actual program behavior. Such information cannot easily be obtained by the tool or might otherwise be deemed unsafe. Finally, we present data-flow equations for dealing with pointers to local variables in recursive programs. These equations allow the user to select an arbitrary amount of calling context in order to better trade performance for precision.To validate our techniques, we present empirical results using our program slicer on large programs. The results indicate that cost-effective analysis of large programs with pointers is feasible using our techniques.
Photoreceptor degeneration preceding clinical scrapie encephalopathy in hamsters.

Hamsters experimentally inoculated with scrapie had histologic and ultrastructural changes in their retinas before clinical signs of central nervous system disease became evident at 50 days postinoculation. The retinal changes were limited to the photoreceptors and began with degenerative changes in the inner segments as early as 8 days postinoculation. As the inner segment lesions became more prominent, associated degenerative changes within outer segments were seen (38 days postinoculation). An influx of macrophages was associated with increasing degenerative changes; these cells engulfed cellular debris but did not appear to contribute directly to the degenerative process. Retinas having the greatest damage to the inner segment area also had moderate reduction in outer nuclear layer density and outer segment length, and in numbers of outer segments. All of the retinal changes described occurred almost exclusively in the central to mid-region of retina with relative sparing of peripheral retina.
SU-FF-I-43: Air-Kerma Length Calibration of CT Ionization Chambers

Purpose: To develop a slit‐based calibration method, for the quantity air‐kerma length, for CT ionization chambers which combines the radiation response and response length properties of the chamber. Method and Materials: CT ionization chamber response profiles are measured for 3 models, and the response length is calculated. Air‐kerma length calibration coefficients require a correction for radiation that is scattered from and transmitted through the aperture. The Monte Carlo transport code MCNP5 is used to generate this correction factor, Cst. A variable‐width aperture is used to test a previously published, linear‐regression based correction factor, Creg. Results: The response lengths of several CT ionization chambers are calculated based on the chamber's response profile. The response lengths vary between 9.9cm and 12.1cm, which results in errors of −20% to +1%. The Cst correction factor yields an air‐kerma length calibration coefficient that varies by 0.1% for aperture widths ranging from 5mm to 90mm. Creg yields air‐kerma length calibration coefficients that vary by 1% over the same range of slit width. Conclusion: The proper way to calibrate a CT ionization chamber is via air‐kerma length calibration, which combines the radiation response and response length in the calibration coefficient. Currently CT ionization chambers are calibrated with a large x‐ray field that exposes the entire collecting volume, which only characterizes the radiation response of the chamber. The response length is then assumed to be 10cm, which is not always true and can cause errors of up to 20% compared to using an air‐kerma length calibration coefficient.