cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Major depression in China-to-US immigrants and US-born Chinese Americans: testing a hypothesis from culture-gene co-evolutionary theory of mental disorders.

Abstract Background In this study, the culture–gene co-evolutionary theory of mental disorders was used to test the hypothesis that major depression was less prevalent in China-to-US immigrants who migrated to the US as adults than in US-born adult Chinese Americans. Methods Data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES) were extracted for secondary data analyses on the rates of major depression disorder (MDD) and major depressive episode (MDE) in the two groups. Results Findings showed that for life time MDD, the rates for China-to-US immigrant and US-born Chinese were 5.3% and 7.9% for men and 8.5% and 33.1% for women. For 12-month MDD, the corresponding rates were 2.2% and 3.4% for men, and 4.7% and 12.6% for women. For life time MDE, the corresponding rates were 6.8% and 8.8% for men; for women the rates were 8.5% and 33.1%. For 12-month MDE, the rates were 2.2% and 4.4% for men; the rates were 4.7% and 12.6% for women. Controlling for age, education level, income, BMI, marital status, and income-to-needs ratio, China-to-US immigrant women remained less likely to have life time major depression than US-born Chinese American women. Limitations While the study has the strength of utilizing nationally representative datasets, the approach is limited as the data sources lack the capacity to investigate how the strength of connection with the collectivist culture might be related to major depression in the immigrant group.
Fundamental studies of chemical-vapor-deposition diamond growth processes

Metals and Ceramics DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge TN 37831-6142ABSThACFWe are developing laser spectroscopic techniques to foster a fundamental understanding of diamond film growth byhot filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Several spectroscopic techniques are under investigation to identifyintermediate species present in the bulk reactor volume, the thin active volume immediately above the powing ifim,and the actual growing surface. Such a comprehensive examination of the overall deposition process is necessarybecause a combination of gas phase and surface chemistry is probably operating. Resonantly enhanced multiphotonionization (REMPI) techniques have been emphasized. A growth reactor that permits through-the-substrate gassampling for REMPI/time-of-flight mass spectroscopy has been developed.2. BACKGROUNDLittle is known at the molecular level about the details of the chemical and physical mechanisms involved in CVDfilm growth processes. Most of the investigations of film growth processes to date have involved Edisonian studies;that is, operating parameters were varied and the quality of the material grown under these various conditionsdetermined. The problem with this approach is that a real understanding of the material growth process is notachieved. This optimization approach may not examine the most important parameter required for the growth ofa quality material. The real goal is to learn how to control the growth process for desirable film properties, not tooptimize a given experiment.Clearly small molecules (i.e., hydrocarbon fragments -neutrals and ions) play a role in diamond CVD, as does atomichydrogen. The latter selectively etches and removes graphitic carbon that forms during the deposition. Ion orelectron bombardment of the surface resulting in further molecular decomposition and lattice cross-linking may alsobe important.The spectroscopic techniques described herein promote a chemical understanding of diamond growth by providingmethods capable of measuring important growth species and determining their concentration gradients. Intermediate
Dense structures formed by CO on Rh(111) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to study the chemisorption of CO on a Rh(111) single crystal surface at room temperature at coverage ≥0.5 ML. A background pressure of CO was maintained during imaging. The structures observed include a (2×1) and two forms of ( 7 × 7 )R19° that had not been previously observed. In contrast to the low coverage regime, above 3/7 ML, CO occupies both top and three-fold hollow adsorption sites. The highest coverage structure, (2×2)-3CO, was found to be stable under CO pressures of at least 700 Torr.
The isothermal flash photolysis of hydrazoic acid

The flash photolysis of HN3 was studied by coordinated time-resolved spectroscopic measurements of HN3 NH(a1Δ), NH(X3Σ), NH(c1π), NH(A3π), NH2, and N3 following flash photolysis of mixtures of HN3 with argon or helium. The primary photolysis is complex, but when the wavelength distribution of the flash is limited to values greater than about 200 nm, the major reactive product is NH(1Δ), or states which quickly decay to NH(1Δ). Disappearance of NH(1Δ) occurs predominantly by the process The process has little, if any, energy of activation, and no detectable dependence on the pressure of inert gas below 1 atm. The rate of formation of NH2 in its ground vibrational state depends on the inert gas pressure in a way that can be accounted for by vibrational relaxation from initial excited vibrational states. The total amount of NH2 is roughly comparable with the amount of HN3 decomposed by primary photolysis. The observed N3 can be attributed to the NH(1Δ) + HN3 reaction, although a smaller amount could also be formed by primary photolysis. The value of k2 is revised upward from the value given in a preliminary report on the basis of a more careful consideration of the effects of Beer's law failure in absorption measurements involving narrow spectral lines.
TENSIONES ENTRE EL PATRIMONIO TANGIBLE E INTANGIBLE EN YUCATÁN, MÉXICO: LA IMPOSIBILIDAD DE RE-CREAR UNA CULTURA SIN ALTERAR SUS CARACTERÍSTICAS

Este articulo examina las tensiones y dialogos entre el patrimonio cultural tangible e intangible a traves del caso del reciclaje arquitectonico en Yucatan, Mexico. Ciertas contradicciones son evidentes en las definiciones oficiales de estos dos tipos de patrimonio en declaraciones que caracterizan al patrimonio intangible como algo dinamico y activo y al patrimonio tangible como una serie de objetos que se deben mantener in situ sin alteraciones humanas. Estas tensiones son aun mas evidentes cuando las leyes que rigen el patrimonio cultural se aplican dentro de las comunidades rurales mayahablantes, cuyos residentes participan en una serie de tradiciones de colonizacion y reciclaje arquitectonico que son irreconciliables con la vision de un patrimonio tangible inalterable. La tension inherente entre estas perspectivas hacia el paisaje y los restos prehispanicos se podria usar como la base para elaborar formas pragmaticas de colaboracion e inclusion. Palabras claves: patrimonio intangible, Yucatan, Maya, conservacion. This article examines tensions and dialogs between tangible and intangible cultural heritage through the case of architectural recycling in Yucatan, Mexico. Certain contradictions are evident in the official definitions of these two types of heritage, which char acterize intangible heritage as something dynamic and active and it tangible heritage as a series of objects that must be maintained in situ without human alteration. These tensions are even more evident when heritage laws are applied inside of Maya-speaking communities, whose residents participate in a tradition of colonization and architectural recycling that seems irreconcilable with the vision of tangible heritage as unalterable. The inherent tension between these two perspectives on landscape and pre-Hispanic ruins can be the basis for developing pragmatic forms of collaboration and inclusion.
Design of an expert system for aircraft gate assignment

Abstract The task of assigning arriving flights at an airport to the available gates is a key activity in airline station operations. With the development of large connecting hub operations, and the resulting volumes of passengers and baggage transferring between flights, the complexity of the task and the number of factors to be considered have increased significantly. Traditional approaches utilizing classical operations research techniques have difficulty with uncertain information and multiple performance criteria, and do not adapt well to the needs of real-time operations support. As a result, several airlines have been exploring the use of expert systems for operational control of ramp activity. This paper discusses the factors that arise in deciding how to allocate flights to gates, and describes the knowledge base structure, data requirements and inference process of an expert system that would recommend gate allocation decisions to ramp control personnel, taking into account the constraints imposed by the available facilities and personnel to handle the aircraft, and the consequences on downstream operations of particular assignment decisions. The paper describes how these concepts have been implemented in a prototype expert system that has been designed to address a restricted set of gate assignment issues within a framework that could be extended to consider a broader range of factors. The operation of the expert system is illustrated through a case study application to a typical flight schedule at a major hub airport.
Type D personality is not associated with coronary heart disease risk in a North American sample of retirement-aged adults.

Type D personality is associated with recurrent coronary heart disease (CHD) risk but there is limited and inconsistent evidence regarding incident risk among persons free of clinical CHD. We examined the association between Type D personality and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in apparently healthy adults. We also explored the association of these traits with waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and inhibited physician consultation behavior. Cross-sectional study of North American retirement-aged residents (N = 303). The primary outcome variable was a modified 10-year absolute CHD risk score from the Framingham Heart Study. Secondary outcomes included adiposity and a 5-item measure of patient/provider interaction inhibition. We regressed CHD risk on negative affect (NA), social inhibition (SI), and the NAxSI interaction (i.e., the Type D personality) and repeated these analyses for adiposity and for patient/provider interaction inhibition. We also contrasted CHD risk across Type D and non-Type D categories. None of the personality variables were associated with CHD risk for the whole sample (regression coefficients from −0.11 to .10, Ps > 0.29) or in gender-specific analyses. For adiposity, NA was positively associated and SI was negatively associated with BMI in women (Ps < 0.05), but there were no other personality associations. Patient/provider interaction inhibition was associated with SI (P < 0.001) but not NA or the NAxSI interaction (P = 0.42). The contrast between Type D and non-Type D personality revealed no differences in CHD risk (P = 0.93). Neither Type D nor its constituent NA and SI traits were associated with absolute incident CHD risk in retirement-aged adults free of reported CHD. Optimal analytic practices and attention to patient/provider interaction behavior will improve our understanding of the association between Type D personality traits and health.
Ca cycling and isotopic fluxes in forested ecosystems in Hawaii

[1] Biogeochemical processes fractionate Ca isotopes in plants and soils along a 4 million year developmental sequence in the Hawaiian Islands. We observed that plants preferentially take up 40Ca relative to 44Ca, and that biological fractionation and changes in the relative contributions from volcanic and marine sources produce a significant increase in 44Ca in soil exchangeable pools. Our results imply moderate fluxes enriched in 44Ca from strongly nutrient-depleted old soils, in contrast with high 40Ca fluxes in young and little weathered environments. In addition, biological fractionation controls divergent geochemical pathways of Ca and Sr in the plant-soil system. While Ca depletes progressively with increasing soil age, Sr/Ca ratios increase systematically. Sr isotope ratios provide a valuable tracer for provenance studies of alkaline earth elements in forested ecosystems, but its usefulness is limited when deciphering biogeochemical processes involved in the terrestrial Ca cycle. Ca isotopes in combination with Sr/Ca ratios reveal more complex processes involved in the biogeochemistry of Ca and Sr.
Identification of a distinct phase during melanogenesis that is sensitive to extracellular pH and ionic strength.

The cell line B16/C3 will undergo melanogenesis at a specific time after plating. We have found that this time can be modulated by varying the pH of the culture medium. At high pH levels (8.2–8.6) the onset of melanogenesis occurs in 3 or 4 days, while at lower pH (6.7–7.2) it occurs in 7 or 8 days. Furthermore, the time of onset is also sensitive to the extracellular ionic strength. The addition of sodium lactate, sodium chloride, or any other salt tested delays or blocks completely the onset of melanogenesis. These effects are not simply consequence of growth inhibition, nor can they be correlated with patterns of lactate accumulation. These cells are sensitive to pH or ionic strength after entering the stationary phase just prior to the time of onset of melanogenesis. The existence of a specific pH-and ionic-strength-sensitive phase may provide an important clue to the events responsbile for differentiation in this system.
In-situ measurements of temperature distributions in a microwave-heated cavity

The application of microwave heating technology to chemical processes outside of the food industries has been limited by an incomplete understanding of the temperature distributions formed within a microwave-heated cavity. A fluorescence-based optical method of thermometry is described for the in situ measurement of temperature distributions during microwave heating processes. Highly nonuniform, two-dimensional (2-D) temperature-distribution profiles were measured by resolving spatial variations in the fluorescence response of a temperature sensitive dye, Rhodamine B. The dye was excited by illuminating a slice within the sample cell using a planar expanded laser beam. Significant variations in the heating profiles of water and of salt (NaCl) solutions of different concentrations were observed, consistent with the influence of salt concentration on the dielectric properties of the solutions. The experimentally observed spatial variations in temperature before the onset of convection were in good agreement with predictions using a simple model to describe the electric field distributions in the microwave cavity. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The availability of leucine derivatives for growth of rats.

Abstract A number of synthetic derivatives of the essential amino acid leucine were tested for biological activity using the growth of rats as the main criterion. Of these, glycyl- l -leucine, acetyl- l -leucine, l -leucine ethyl ester, and l -leucine methyl ester supported growth while caproic acid, phthaloyl- l -leucine, benzoyl- dl -leucine, and carbobenzoxy- l -leucine were found to be inactive. Chloroacetyl- l -leucine actually suppressed growth to a greater degree than a leucine-deficient diet. The N-methyl derivative of leucine was only slightly active. Comparison of the N-acetyl derivatives of l - and dl -leucines indicates that N-acetyl- d -leucine is devoid of any activity.
Feasibility of three-dimensional optical coherence tomography and optical Doppler tomography of malignancy in hamster cheek pouches.

Objective: Hamster cheek pouches (HCP) with various degrees of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene (DMBA)–induced dysplasia and malignancies were imaged with OCT/ODT in vivo and in vitro to assess the...
Utilizing the torsional shear test to determine soil strength-properties relationships

Abstract The draft force on a tillage tool is dependent on the soil strength. The relationship between soil strength and the soil's density and moisture content would be useful in determining the draft forces generated during a tillage operation. Torsional shear tests were performed on a Ruston loamy sand to investigate the relationship between the soil strength parameters (soil cohesion and friction angle) and soil properties (soil density and moisture content). These soil strength-properties relationships are discussed. The effect of linearizing the Mohr failure envelope at different normal pressures is investigated. Multiple linear regression equations were developed, defining the soil strength-properties relationships for this soil type. The resulting R-square values ranged from 0.89 to 0.96.
Comparison of three methods of estimating the parameters of the Naka-Rushton equation

The Naka-Rushton equation empirically describes the amplitude R of the dark-adapted electroretinogram b-wave, as a function of stimulus luminance L, as R/Rmax = Ln/(Ln + Kn). Estimating the three parameters Rmax, n, and K of this function from electroretinogram data is of both experimental and clinical interest. Several different approaches have been developed to accomplish this analysis, but these approaches may derive different estimates of the three parameters. To examine this possibility, we compared the results of three methods of fitting the Naka-Rushton equation to data sets obtained from 30 normal subjects. Two methods were nonlinear curve-fitting programs; the third method involved fitting a regression line to transformed data. The results indicate that solutions provided by these methods have consistent differences, which may be an important consideration when comparing results reported in studies that used different curve-fitting methods.
IDT sensors for detection of ice on rotorcraft

IDT (Interdigital Transducers) offer significant potential for detecting ice formation on rotorcraft applications. Sensing of flex beam deflection and acceleration, ice formation and deicing are major candidate areas where smart conformal IDT and MEMS based sensors can be exploited by the rotorcraft community. The major technical barrier of the present day smart structures technology is the need for wired communication between sensors and actuators in the rotating system and controllers, data storage units, and cockpit avionics. Many proposed sensors and actuators are commonly distributed either along the blade length or, in the active flap devices, out near the 75% blade radial station. Also they are not conformal to the airfoil shape of the rotor blades. The communication between rotating and fixed systems is typically accomplished using complex slip ring assemblies transferring electronic information down through the rotor shaft. Although advances have been made in wired communication, these complex assemblies are essentially similar to test hardware and present numerous reliability and maintainability limitations when implemented on a production scale. Considering these limitations, development of a wireless means of communication through a new generation of conformal sensors with built-in antenna, akin to telemetry, could have a dramatic beneficial payoff for rotorcraft applications. In this paper, an integration of IDT microsensors and MEMS sensors is presented.
EFFECT OF OVULE POSITION ON SEED PRODUCTION, SEED WEIGHT, AND PROGENY PERFORMANCE IN PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS L. (LEGUMINOSAE)'

We examined the effect of ovule position within the ovary on the probability of seed maturation, on seed weight, and on progeny performance in the outbreeding legume Phaseolus coccineus. Ovaries of P. coccineus possess six linearly arranged ovules (ovule position one = stylar end). We found that in both 1987 and 1988, ovule position had a significant effect on the probability of seed maturation under field conditions. In 1987, ovule positions one, two, and three had a higher probability of maturing seeds than the three most basal ovule positions. In 1988, the probability of producing a mature seed in ovule position one was more similar to the three most basal ovule positions than to ovule positions two and three. The position of the ovule in the ovary had no significant effect on seed weight in 1987, but it had a significant effect in 1988. Overall, seeds from ovule positions one, two, and three tended to produce heavier seeds than the three most basal ovule positions. The effects of ovule position on progeny performance were determined in a greenhouse and a field study. In the greenhouse study, we found no significant overall effect of the position of the ovule that produced the seed on progeny performance. In the field study, we did find a significant ovule position effect on several measures ofreproductive performance as well as an overall effect on reproductive performance. In addition, we found a significant interaction between ovule position and number of seeds per fruit. Progeny from the stylar end of the fruit outperformed the progeny from the peduncular end in fruits containing many seeds, whereas there were no significant differences between progeny produced in the stylar and peduncular ends of fruits containing few seeds. Causes of position effects are unknown but hypotheses abound.
STABILITY AND CHANGE IN POLITICAL ATTITUDES: Observed, Recalled, and "Explained"

Using data from a panel survey of members of two generations, this study explores observed change in policy opinions across a 9-year span and respondents' recollections and explanations of their self-perceived attitude shifts. In general, remembrances corresponded poorly to opinions as originally expressed, with respondents perceiving that they were more attitudinally stable than was actually observed. When attempting to reconstruct their past political attitudes, individuals appeared to rely on simple rules of thumb such as one might employ to account for another's behavior. Finally, respondents readily supplied “explanations” for their self-perceived attitude history, even when those perceptions directly contradicted observed opinion change. It is argued that these results are not artifacts of survey measurement problems. Instead, they indicate that policy attitudes generally do not have strong cognitive representations, are eminently changeable, and once they are changed, an individual's cognitive autobiography is revised so as to render the changes invisible.
An analysis of the concept of risk.

The meaning of the word “risk” has changed throughout history. Once a neutral term, risk has come to represent a combination of probability and something adverse or dangerous. Phenomena that were previously referred to as hazards, dangers, or uncertainties are now labeled as risks. Although risk tou
The dependence of DNA synthesis on protein synthesis in HeLa S3 cells.

The rate of DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells, as measured by incorporation of C14-labeled thymidine, is strongly dependent on protein synthesis at all times during the S phase. The relation between the rate of DNA synthesis and the rate of protein synthesis is linear when measured two or three hours after reducing the rate of protein synthesis with either puromycin or cycloheximide. The effect is manifested rapidly, is found in both random and synchronized cultures, and is independent of the method of synchronization.
Developmental expression of four novel serine/threonine kinase receptors homologous to the activin/transforming growth factor‐β type II receptor family

Serine/threonine kinase transmembrane proteins are a new family of growth factor signal transducers that includes several isoforms of the activin type II receptor and the type II receptor for transforming growth factor-beta. In an effort to clone the receptor for Mullerian inhibiting substance, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, oligonucleotide primers designed from conserved regions of these receptors' kinase domains were used for PCR amplification of fetal rat urogenital ridge cDNA. We isolated four novel receptors in this manner (designated R1-R4), each of which has structural features of the previously cloned kinases, including a small extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and an intracellular serine/threonine kinase domain. In addition, each has characteristic kinase subdomains and conserved serine/threonine kinase sequences found in this family. Northern analysis revealed mRNA expression of R1-R4 in several tissues, including fetal urogenital ridge, testis, and ovary, as well as brain and lung. In situ hybridization further localized R1 to mesenchyme of the 14.5 to 15-day fetal rat Mullerian duct and to oocytes of preantral and antral follicles, sites that are consistent with the predicted localization of Mullerian inhibiting substance receptor. In addition, R2 localized specifically to seminiferous tubules of the postnatal testis. These newest members of the activin and transforming growth factor-beta type II receptor family should help define the molecular mechanisms by which this ligand superfamily affects cell growth and differentiation via membrane phosphorylation.
Distributed Opportunistic Scheduling for Wireless Networks Powered by Renewable Energy Sources

This paper considers an ad hoc network with mul- tiple transmitter-receiver pairs, in which all transmitters are ca- pable of harvesting renewable energy from the environment and compete for the same channel by random access. To quantify the roles of both the energy state information (ESI) and the channel state information (CSI), a distributed opportunistic scheduling (DOS) framework with a save-then-transmit scheme is proposed. First, in the channel probing stage, each transmitter probes the CSI via channel contention; next, in the data transmission stage, the successful transmitter decides to either give up the channel (if the expected reward calculated over the CSI and ESI is small) or hold and utilize the channel by optimally exploring the energy harvesting and data transmission tradeoff. With a constant energy arrival model, i.e., the energy harvesting rate keeps identical over the time of interest, the expected throughput maximization problem is formulated as an optimal stopping problem, whose solution is shown to exist and have a threshold- based structure, for both the homogeneous and heterogenous cases. Furthermore, we prove that there exists a steady-state distribution for the stored energy level at each transmitter, and propose an efficient iterative algorithm for its computation. Finally, we show via numerical results that the proposed scheme can achieve a potential 175% throughput gain compared with the method of best-effort delivery.
Rho GTPases regulate PTPμ-mediated nasal neurite outgrowth and temporal repulsion of retinal ganglion cell neurons

Abstract Members of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP) subfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) mediate neurite outgrowth and growth cone repulsion. PTPμ is a growth permissive substrate for nasal retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurites and a growth inhibitory substrate for temporal RGCs. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that the distinct PTPμ-dependent phenotypes of nasal outgrowth and temporal repulsion are regulated by Rho GTPases. The role of Rho GTPases in the regulation of nasal outgrowth and temporal repulsion was tested by utilizing dominant negative and constitutively active forms of Rac1, RhoA and Cdc42 in Bonhoeffer stripe assays. Nasal neurite outgrowth on PTPμ was blocked by Cdc42-DN. Temporal repulsion to a PTPμ substrate was substantially reduced by addition of Cdc42-DN. The molecule that regulates the switch between permissive versus repulsive responses to PTPμ is Rac1 for temporal neurons. Inhibition of Rac1 is required for repulsion of temporal neurons. Interestingly, adding Rac1-CA to temporal RGC neurons converted PTPμ-dependent repulsion to a permissive response. In addition, adding exogenous Rac1-DN to nasal neurons induced a phenotype switch from a permissive to repulsive response to PTPμ. Together these data suggest that Cdc42 activity is required for both permissive and repulsive responses to PTPμ. However, the key to PTPμ-dependent repulsion is inhibition of Rac1 activity in temporal RGC neurons.
Binaural processing after corrected congenital unilateral conductive hearing loss

Binaural processing was measured in a series of tests in patients before and after surgery to correct congenital unilateral conductive hearing losses. Data are presented from 19 patients between the ages of 6 and 33 years that had an abnormal external and/or middle ear on one side but normal hearing in the other ear. Surgery improved thresholds an average of 36 dB HL (from 56 to 20 dB HL). Patients were tested pre- and postoperatively for interaural temporal difference limens, alternate and simultaneous loudness balances, sound localization, binaural detection thresholds, and speech perception in noise. There was statistically significant improvement after surgery in all tests, and the amount of improvement varied along a continuum that appears to be related to the simplicity of the task. For example, most postoperative patients had normal or near-normal performance in a test of interaural temporal difference limens, while almost all had difficulty localizing sounds. Neither binaural performance (before or after surgery) nor the improvement in performance was correlated with age, pure-tone thresholds, or asymmetry. Limited available data show no significant changes in performance from four weeks to over 24 weeks after surgery. In conclusion, binaural ability following corrective surgery exists in varying degrees in these tasks, suggesting different effects of abnormal early experience on different aspects of binaural hearing.
Hierarchical Fusion of Multiple Classifiers for Hyperspectral Data Analysis

Many classification problems involve high dimensional inputs and a large number of classes. Multiclassifier fusion approaches to such difficult problems typically centre around smart feature extraction, input resampling methods, or input space partitioning to exploit modular learning. In this paper, we investigate how partitioning of the output space (i.e. the set of class labels) can be exploited in a multiclassifier fusion framework to simplify such problems and to yield better solutions. Specifically, we introduce a hierarchical technique to recursively decompose a C-class problem into C_1 two-(meta) class problems. A generalised modular learning framework is used to partition a set of classes into two disjoint groups called meta-classes. The coupled problems of finding a good partition and of searching for a linear feature extractor that best discriminates the resulting two meta-classes are solved simultaneously at each stage of the recursive algorithm. This results in a binary tree whose leaf nodes represent the original C classes. The proposed hierarchical multiclassifier framework is particularly effective for difficult classification problems involving a moderately large number of classes. The proposed method is illustrated on a problem related to classification of landcover using hyperspectral data: a 12-class AVIRIS subset with 180 bands. For this problem, the classification accuracies obtained were superior to most other techniques developed for hyperspectral classification. Moreover, the class hierarchies that were automatically discovered conformed very well with human domain experts’ opinions, which demonstrates the potential of using such a modular learning approach for discovering domain knowledge automatically from data.
Measurements and analysis of concentrations of gaseous hydrogen peroxide and related species in the rural Central Piedmont region of North Carolina

Abstract Ambient concentrations of gas-phase total peroxides and hydrogen peroxide were measured during mid-July to mid-August 1991, and during June and early July, 1992 at a rural site. SONIA, in the rural Central Piedmont region of North Carolina as a part of the Southern Oxidants Study. Simultaneous measurements were also made of trace gases and meteorological parameters. The measurements of hydrogen peroxide were made in order to explore the behaviour of this photochemical oxidant in rural southeast U.S., and to study its correlation with ozone and meteorology. H 2 O 2 showed a pronounced diurnal variation with peak concentrations during the afternoon (1200–1600 EST). The maximum H 2 O 2 concentrations observed were ∼ 2.2 ppbv during the 1991 intensive, and ∼ 1.6 ppbv during 1992. The mean daytime H 2 O 2 concentrations observed were 0.64 ± 0.56 ppbv during 1991, and 0.52 ± 0.36 ppbv during 1992, which were found to be significantly higher (at the 95% confidence level) than the nighttime averages (∼0.15 ppbv). HO 2 radical concentration of ∼14 ppbv was determined from calculated H 2 O 2 production rates. On occasion high levels of nighttime H 2 O 2 was observed which was found to be associated with the breakdown in the stability of the nocturnal boundary layer. A 48 h back trajectory analysis performed on the air masses arriving at Site SONIA indicated that significant amounts of pollutants could be transported to this rural site from the surrounding urban areas and this could affect the H 2 O 2 levels at this site. An observational based statistical analysis was performed. The results of correlation matrices show that H 2 O 2 is most strongly correlated to ozone, temperature, solar radiation, and relative humidity. A multiple linear regression was carried out by regressing H 2 O 2 on all the measured physicochemical variables. The R 2 was found to be 0.81 for the 1991 data and 0.71 for 1992. A simple linear regression between H 2 O 2 and ozone gave R 2 of 0.60 and 0.39 for 1991 and 1992, respectively, when data from the entire period of measurement was included.
A Compositional Study of Amaranth Grain

The chemical composition of ten amaranth seed samples was determined. The saccharide content was determined using gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Sucrose was the major sugar followed by raffinose. Inositol, stachyose, and maltose were found in small amounts in most of the samples. Autolysis for 16 hr at pH 5.0 and 6.5 resulted in decreased sucrose and raffinose concentrations. Maltose was liberated by autolysis at pH 6.5 but not at pH 5.0. Inositol increased after autolysis. It was concluded that invertase, amylase, and phytase occur in the grain. Physicochemical properties of isolated amaranthus starch were measured and compared with analogous values reported for wheat starch. The lipids from representative amaranth grain varieties were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Squalene was present in the oil in large amounts, compared to other grains. The amino acid composition of the grain was used to calculate the chemical score (73) and the nitrogen to protein conversion factor (5.85). Leucine was found to be the limiting amino acid. Tannin and vitamin levels typical of other grains were detected. Mineral and proximate compositions were similar to previously reported values.
Impulsivity and traumatic brain injury: The relations among behavioral observation, performance measures, and rating scales

Objective To assess the interrelations of neuropsychological tests and rating scales with in vivo behavioral observation of impulsive behavior, accounting for the mode of expression (verbal or motor). Design Cross-sectional, correlational. Setting An urban, inpatient rehabilitation facility in the Midwestern United States. Participants Forty patients who were hospitalized in the traumatic brain injury unit. Main outcome measures Impulsivity Rating Scale and Agitated Behavior Scale (completed by rehabilitation therapists), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (patient self-report), neuropsychological tests, and in vivo behavioral observation of impulsivity using a structured checklist during rehabilitation therapy. Results Relations of impulsivity rating scales and performance tests to in vivo behavior dissociated. Verbal impulsivity was best assessed by rating scales and was largely unrelated to performance measures of impulsivity, whereas motor impulsivity was best assessed by performance tests and was unrelated to rating scales. Performance tests also had poor specificity, showing equally strong associations with tests of other neuropsychological domains. Conclusions Impulsivity is a multidimensional construct that should be assessed in a variety of ways. Using either rating scales or neuropsychological tests alone will not likely yield a comprehensive representation of TBI patients' impulsive behaviors. In vivo observation in the clinical setting showed strong ability to identify impulsivity in the presence of global deficits.
Predicting the site of electron transfer using DFT frontier orbitals: Studies on porphyrin attached either to quinone or hydroquinone, and quinhydrone self-assembled supramolecular complexes

Abstract DFT calculations were performed on covalently linked porphyrin–quinone and porphyrin–hydroquinone dyads, and quinhydrone (1:1 quinone–hydroquinone) paired self-assembled supramolecular complexes. The frontier HOMO's and LUMO's of the B3LYP/3-21G(*) and PBEPBE/6-31G(d) optimized structures in the ground state were utilized to probe the site of electron transfer (porphyrin or quinone centered redox reactions) and the results were compared to the experimentally determined site of electron transfer. These studies revealed good agreement between the experimental results and computational predictions. The computed HOMO–LUMO energy gap also followed the trends of the electrochemical results. In the optimized structure of quinhydrone supramolecules, the quinone–hydroquinone entities were stacked on one another with an inter-planar distance of ∼3.1 A. The calculated O–H–O distances suggested the presence of hydrogen bonds. The prediction of the structure and site of electron transfer suggests the usefulness of DFT calculations for probing the self-assembly process and redox behavior of structurally complex molecular and supramolecular systems. The B3LYP/3-21G(*) calculated association energy (the energy of the quinhydrone complex relative to the sum of the energies of the individual entities) for the quinhydrone formation was found to range between −7 and −15 kcal/mol, suggesting quinhydrone as a viable self-assembly mechanism to form supramolecular complexes. The B3LYP/3-21G(*) results were further improved by the PBEPBE/6-31G* method with solvation. Calculations performed at larger basis sets including 6-31G*, 6-31+G*, 6-31++G*, 6-311G*, 6-311G (d,p), and 6-311G (2df, dp) either at HF, BLYP, B3LYP, B3PW91, PBEPBE and MPW1PW91 methods also predicted negative association energies for the simple quinone:hydroquinone (quinhydrone) formation, with smaller association energies at the higher basis sets presumably due to reduced BSSE. Adding the basis set superposition error (BSSE), computed by counterpoise method, over-corrected the B3LYP/3-21G(*) association energy, but adding 50% of BSSE converged rapidly to the large basis set result. Larger association energies were obtained for the porphyrin–quinhydrone assemblies using PBEPBE/6-31G* calculations, presumably due to larger intermolecular ‘dispersion’ forces predicted with the PBEPBE method.
Plant pathogens as a source of diverse enzymes for lignocellulose digestion

The plant cell wall is a major barrier that many plant pathogens must surmount for successful invasion of their plant hosts. Full genome sequencing of a number of plant pathogens has revealed often large, complex, and redundant enzyme systems for degradation of plant cell walls. Recent surveys have noted that plant pathogenic fungi are highly competent producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes, and their enzyme activity patterns reflect host specificity. We propose that plant pathogens may contribute to biofuel production as diverse sources of accessory enzymes for more efficient conversion of lignocellulose into fermentable sugars.
Natural vertical transmission of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in mosquitoes

The mechanism by which western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and other mosquito-borne alphaviruses (Togaviridae) survive during periods of vector inactivity is unknown. Recently, three strains of WEE virus were isolated from adult Aedes dorsalis collected as larvae from a salt marsh in a coastal region of California. This provides evidence of vertical transmission of WEE virus in mosquitoes in nature. Vertical transmission in Ae. dorsalis and closely related mosquito species may be an important mechanism for the maintenance of WEE virus in temperate regions in North America where horizontal transmission of the virus is seasonal.
Thermodynamics of New Generalized Transport Laws for Liquids, Gases and Electrons in Matter

Thermodynamics of New Generalized Transport Laws for Liquids, Gases and Electrons in Matter
Near-infrared spectroscopy of the human brain during electroconvulsive therapy

We report non-invasive, bilateral measurements of cerebral oxygenation performed with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on ten patients undergoing right unilateral electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). Right unilateral ECT consists of delivering an electrical current through the right brain hemisphere to induce a seizure, which is associated with significant changes in systemic and regional physiological parameters. In this work, we have examined the regional cerebral oxygenation (StO 2 ) measured with NIRS on the right and left sides of the frontal brain region, and the systemic arterial oxygenation (SaO 2 ) measured with pulse oximetry. On the ten patients examined, we have found that the decrease in the cerebral oxygenation on the side ipsilateral to the ECT electrical discharge (ΔStO 2 (ipsi) ) is consistently stronger than the decrease on the contralateral side (ΔStO 2 (contra) ). The average and standard deviation for the ipsilateral and contralateral oxygenation changes across the ten patients are ΔStO 2 (ipsi) = -22 ± 10% and ΔStO 2 (contra) = -6 ± 10%, respectively. By contrast, we observed two distinct behaviors in the arterial saturation; in five patients, SaO 2 did not significantly change during the ECT procedure, and in three patients, SaO 2 decreased by -16± 6%, an intermediate value with respect to the changes observed in StO 2 (ipsi) and StO 2 (contra) (we do not have the SaO 2 recording in the remaining two patients for technical reasons). These results indicate that NIRS monitoring of the cerebral oxygenation during ECT has the potential of being a valuable addition to the standard monitoring of arterial saturation with pulse oximetry.
Time Management and Instructional Supervision

role as instructional leaders. If principals are to improve instruction, they not only must be able to devote time to supervision but also must use that time effectively. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review existing data concerning time management and instructional supervision and to suggest more effective means for managing the time devoted to instructional supervision. Both school superintendents and building principals view principals as instructional leaders. Teachers, on the other hand, view principals not as instructional leaders but rather as school man-
Online lot-sizing problems with ordering, holding and shortage costs

We study inventory management problems where demands are revealed incrementally and procurement decisions must be made before the demands are realized. There are no probabilistic distributions nor non-trivial bounds to characterize demands. We consider two cost minimization problems: (1) perishable products with lost sales and (2) durable products with backlogged demand. In both problems, costs are period dependent. These problems are analyzed by utilizing linear-fractional programming and duality theory. Structural results are proved and then developed into practical strategies.
Theory into Practice: Stretching: Does it help?

(2010). Theory into Practice: Stretching: Does it help? Strategies: Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 32-34.
Physical mechanism of membrane osmotic phenomena

The microscale, physicomechanical cause of osmosis and osmotic pressure in systems involving permeable and semipermeable membranes is not well understood, and no fully satisfactory mechanism has been offered to explain these phenomena. A general theory, albeit limited to dilute systems of inert, noninteracting solute particles, is presented which demonstrates that short-range forces exerted by the membrane on the dispersed solute particles constitute the origin of osmotic phenomena. At equilibrium, the greater total force exerted by the membrane on those solute particles present in the reservior containing the more concentrated of the two solutions bathing the membrane is balanced by a macroscopically observable pressure difference between the two reservoirs. The latter constitutes the so-called osmotic pressure difference. Under nonequilibrium conditions, the membrane−solute force is transmitted to the solvent, thus driving the convective flow of solvent observed macroscopically as osmosis. While element...
Cellulosic Biofuels: Expert Views on Prospects for Advancement

In this paper we structure, obtain and analyze results of an expert elicitation on the relationship between U. S. government Research & Development funding and the likelihood of achieving advances in cellulosic biofuel technologies. While there was disagreement among the experts on each of the technologies, the patterns of disagreement suggest several distinct strategies. Selective Thermal Processing appears to be the most promising path, with the main question being how much funding is required to achieve success. Thus, a staged investment in this path looks promising. With respect to gasification, there remains fundamental disagreement over whether success is possible even at higher funding levels. Thus, basic research into the viability of the path makes sense. The Hydrolysis path induced the widest range of responses from the experts, indicating there may be value in collecting more information on this technology.
Political Demography: How Population Changes are Reshaping International Security and National Politics

The relationship between population processes and politics, broadly conceived, has long been a core concern of demographic studies. Even a casual review of nineteenth- and twentieth-century scholar...
A timeline for predicting durable medical equipment needs and interventions for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.

ALS is progressive with increasing patient needs for durable medical equipment (DME) and interventions (gastric feeding tube – PEG, and non-invasive ventilation – NIV). We performed a chart review of deceased patients to determine the time-course of needs and their estimated costs. A timeline of needs was based on when clinic personnel felt an item was necessary. The point in time when an item or intervention was needed was expressed as a percentage of a patient's total disease duration. A wide range of DME and interventions was needed irrespective of site of ALS symptom onset (bulbar, upper, lower extremity), beginning at 10% of disease duration of lower extremity onset and increasing thereafter for all sites. The cumulative probability of costs of items and interventions began at 25%–50% of disease duration and increased to between $18,000 and $32,000 (USD), highest for lower extremity onset due to the cost of wheelchairs. We conclude that a high percentage of ALS patients will need a full spectrum of m...