cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Trajectory of Aircraft Unguided Weapons

Efficiency of application of aviation destruction means directly depends on the accuracy of solving the problem of aiming, which includes the definition of the parameters of targeting and implementation on their basis of such control of the aircraft and weapons in order to ensure hitting the target. The paper deals with the influence of the initial conditions of bombing on the solution of the aiming problem. The expansion of the model of motion of an aircraft means of destruction in ballistic algorithms implemented in sighting systems of aircraft is proposed. The expansion of the model of motion of the aircraft means of destruction is performed by taking into account the deviation of the mass of the aircraft bomb from the nominal value associated with the year of manufacture of the aircraft means of destruction, as well as taking into account random wind gusts on the trajectory by modeling them by drawing a random event with a given distribution law. The simulation was carried out in the system of computer algebra MahtCad 15 for two cases: the first case was the account of mass-dimensional characteristics; the second - random gusts of wind on the trajectory. Analysis of the results of the simulation for the first case shows that the error in determining the point of incidence of the aircraft means of destruction increases significantly with the deviation of the mass of the air bomb from the nominal value within the specified limits and at specified intervals. In the second case, the effect of wind gusts on the trajectories with random increasing stochastic characteristics has a significant effect on the increase in the mean square deviation of the scattering of the weapon. Thus, taking into account the correct initial conditions in the existing ballistic algorithms will improve the accuracy and efficiency of air strikes.
Befitting the Landscape

This chapter examines V.S. Naipaul’s semi-autobiographical novel, The Enigma of Arrival. While Naipaul appears to have complete faith in canonical values and virtues of an English countryside learned from his colonial education and literary readings, his Caribbean experience surfaces when coming to terms with an imagined literary geography of his new home. While Naipaul may perceive solace and healing in the Wiltshire Downs in which he makes his home, some of that peace in fact comes from associations he makes with images and memories of his childhood in Trinidad. Naipaul’s view of his rural English surround also reveals an English pastoral literary tradition he learned as a boy, and while much of it is celebratory of the English tradition, it is nonetheless shaped by his Caribbean upbringing in significant ways.
The Death of Prominences

Whether prominences, like surges, exist for only hours, or, like quiescent filaments, live for many months, sooner or later they disappear, and we are faced with the task of explaining the physical processes that bring about their demise. The disappearing act may take any of several forms, ranging from spectacular displays of violent disruptive motions to slow dimming and disappearance in situ. In some cases the disappearance coincides with changes of the above lying corona; in other instances hardly any effect is noticed in the prominence’s environment.
Synonym Expansion for Large Shopping Taxonomies

We present an approach for expanding taxonomies with synonyms, or aliases. We target large shopping taxonomies, with thousands of nodes. A comprehensive set of entity aliases is an important component of identifying entities in unstructured text such as product reviews or search queries. Our method consists of two stages: we generate synonym candidates from WordNet and shopping search queries, then use a binary classii¬er to i¬lter candidates. We process taxonomies with thousands of synonyms in order to generate over 90,000 synonyms. We show that using the taxonomy to derive contextual features improves classii¬cation performance over using features from the target node alone.We show that our approach has potential for transfer learning between dii¬€erent taxonomy domains, which reduces the need to collect training data for new taxonomies.
Metastatic malignancy masquerading as neurocysticercosis

Abstract Cystic brain lesions are a common clinical dilemma facing infectious disease providers. A broad differential diagnosis is required in the proper evaluation and care of patients facing such an illness. Here the authors describe the case of a 29-year-old woman who presented with seizures and was found to have multiple cystic brain lesions, with risk factors for neurocysticercosis. Ultimately, she was found to have a metastatic neuroendocrine malignancy. The authors review the ideal imaging and testing modalities in the diagnosis and exclusion of neurocysticercosis. This case serves as guidance for clinicians caring for patients with cystic brain lesions that may be infectious or non-infectious in etiology.
Climate-driven shifts in soil temperature and moisture regimes suggest opportunities to enhance assessments of dryland resilience and resistance

Assessing landscape patterns in climate vulnerability, as well as resilience and resistance to drought, disturbance, and invasive species, requires appropriate metrics of relevant environmental conditions. In dryland systems of western North America, soil temperature andmoisture regimes have been widely utilized as an indicator of resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasive plant species by providing integrative indicators of long-term site aridity, which relates to ecosystem recovery potential and climatic suitability to invaders. However, the impact of climate change on these regimes, and the suitability of the indicator for estimating resistance and resilience in the context of climate change have not been assessed. Here we utilized a daily time-step, process-based, ecosystem water balance model to characterize current and future patterns in soil temperature and moisture conditions in dryland areas of western North America, and evaluate the impact of these changes on estimation of resilience and resistance. Soil temperature increases in the twenty-first century are substantial, relatively uniform geographically, and robust across climate models. Higher temperatures will expand the areas of mesic and thermic soil temperature regimes while decreasing the area of cryic and frigid temperature conditions. Projections for future precipitation are more variable both geographically and among climate models. Nevertheless, future soil moisture conditions are relatively consistent across climate models for much of the region. Projections of drier soils are expected in most of Arizona and New Mexico, as well as the central and southern U.S. Great Plains. By contrast, areas with projections of increasing soil moisture include northeastern Montana, southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, and many areas dominated by big sagebrush, particularly the Central and Northern Basin and Range and the Wyoming Basin ecoregions. In addition, many areas dominated by big sagebrush are expected to experience pronounced shifts toward cool season moisture, which will create more area with xeric moisture conditions and less area with ustic conditions. In addition to indicating widespread geographic shifts in the distribution of soil temperature andmoisture regimes, our results suggest opportunities for enhancing the integration of these conditions into a quantitative framework for assessing climate change impacts on dryland ecosystem resilience and resistance that is responsive to long-term projections.
88 Factors concerning school-based policy and the implementation of the NATA-IATF preseason heat acclimatization guidelines in high school football

Statement of Purpose Our study aimed to identify factors concerning school-based policy that were associated with the implementation of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA) Inter-Association Task Force (IATF) preseason heat acclimatization guidelines to prevent exertional heat illness (EHI). Methods/Approach Semi-structured phone interviews regarding implementing the NATA-IATF guidelines were conducted with a purposive sample of 33 US high school football athletic trainers (ATs; 16 male/17 female; mean age=36.4±12.5 years). Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Four progressive stages in the consensual qualitative research tradition were utilized to create a codebook. Study personnel coded interviews and held consensus meetings to resolve coding discrepancies. Results Participants highlighted themes related to school-based policy in implementing the NATA-IATF guidelines. First, participants discussed using the NATA-IATF guidelines as primary sources to initiate and inform school-based policy; however, policy was noted needing updates to account for current EHI prevention/management best practices. Second, participants noted state laws and state-specific athletic associations (not school-based policy) were the primary resource for EHI prevention among administrators and coaches; however, these resources did not always align with best practices, creating frustration for ATs. Third, participants emphasized needing policy that included accountability and enforcement, particularly for coaches; most looked to state athletic associations and administrators for such support. Last, school-based policy seemed more beneficial when in schools located in states where NATA-IATF guidelines were mandated and when in warmer areas where there was higher perceived EHI risk. Conclusions Gaps existing in school-based policy may affect the implementation of the NATA-IATF guidelines. Policy should be continually updated, align with best practices, and consider accountability and enforcement. Future research should also identify factors associated with disparities in implementation. Significance/Contribution to Injury and Violence Prevention Science School-based policy may be helpful in facilitating the implementation of the NATA-IATF guidelines and thus, increasing their effectiveness in reducing EHI.
Systemic and Immune Toxicity of Implanted Materials

Abstract Medical implants are composed of a large range of materials including metals, metallic alloys, plastic polymers, ceramics, hydrogels, and composites. In addition, the implants are often fixed into tissues with glues or cements that contain additional potentially toxic compounds. Before they are clinically and commercially viable, all materials, devices, and their degradation by-products must meet regulatory standards for biocompatibility and prove to be nontoxic. International and national regulatory agencies define biocompatibility for any sterile or nonsterile device that comes into direct or indirect contact with the human body as the potential for unacceptable adverse biological responses resulting from the contact. This chapter will discuss factors creating risk of dose-dependent local and systemic exposures to devices and their constituents, the potential toxicities of these constituents, and mechanisms for generating systemic and hypersensitivity reactions caused by device-derived metals, chemicals, and composites.
Socioeconomic Status and Long-term Outcomes in Single Ventricle Heart Disease

BACKGROUND: Low socioeconomic status (SES) has emerged as an important risk factor for higher short-term mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and related anomalies; yet little is known about how SES affects these outcomes over the long-term. METHODS: We linked data from the Single Ventricle Reconstruction trial to US Census Bureau data to analyze the relationship of neighborhood SES tertiles with mortality and transplantation, neurodevelopment, quality of life, and functional status at 5 and 6 years post–Norwood procedure (N = 525). Cox proportional hazards regression and linear regression were used to assess the association of SES with mortality and neurodevelopmental outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Patients in the lowest SES tertile were more likely to be racial minorities, older at stage 2 and Fontan procedures, and to have more complications and fewer cardiac catheterizations over follow-up (all P CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome, those with low SES have worse neurodevelopmental and functional status outcomes at 6 years. These differences were not explained by other patient or clinical characteristics.
An integrative knowledge graph for rare diseases, derived from the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)

The Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center was established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to provide freely accessible consumer health information on over 6500 genetic and rare diseases. As the cumulative scientific understanding and underlying evidence for these diseases have expanded over time, existing practices to generate knowledge from these publications and resources have not been able to keep pace. Through determining the applicability of computational approaches to enhance or replace manual curation tasks, we aim to both improve the sustainability and relevance of consumer health information, but also to develop a foundational database, from which translational science researchers may start to unravel disease characteristics that are vital to the research process. We developed a meta-ontology based integrative knowledge graph for rare diseases in Neo4j. This integrative knowledge graph includes a total of 3,819,623 nodes and 84,223,681 relations from 34 different biomedical data resources, including curated drug and rare disease associations. Semi-automatic mappings were generated for 2154 unique FDA orphan designations to 776 unique GARD diseases, and 3322 unique FDA designated drugs to UNII, as well as 180,363 associations between drug and indication from Inxight Drugs, which were integrated into the knowledge graph. We conducted four case studies to demonstrate the capabilities of this integrative knowledge graph in accelerating the curation of scientific understanding on rare diseases through the generation of disease mappings/profiles and pathogenesis associations. By integrating well-established database resources, we developed an integrative knowledge graph containing a large volume of biomedical and research data. Demonstration of several immediate use cases and limitations of this process reveal both the potential feasibility and barriers of utilizing graph-based resources and approaches to support their use by providers of consumer health information, such as GARD, that may struggle with the needs of maintaining knowledge reliant on an evolving and growing evidence-base. Finally, the successful integration of these datasets into a freely accessible knowledge graph highlights an opportunity to take a translational science view on the field of rare diseases by enabling researchers to identify disease characteristics, which may play a role in the translation of discover across different research domains.
Inconsistent reversal of HIV-1 latency ex vivo by antigens of HIV-1, CMV, and other infectious agents

A reservoir of replication-competent but latent virus is the main obstacle to a cure for HIV-1 infection. Much of this reservoir resides in memory CD4 T cells. We hypothesized that these cells can be reactivated with antigens from HIV-1 and other common pathogens to reverse latency. We obtained mononuclear cells from the peripheral blood of antiretroviral-treated patients with suppressed viremia. We tested pools of peptides and proteins derived from HIV-1 and from other pathogens including CMV for their ability to reverse latency ex vivo by activation of memory responses. We assessed activation of the CD4 T cells by measuring the up-regulation of cell-surface CD69. We assessed HIV-1 expression using two assays: a real-time PCR assay for virion-associated viral RNA and a droplet digital PCR assay for cell-associated, multiply spliced viral mRNA. Reversal of latency occurred in a minority of cells from some participants, but no single antigen induced HIV-1 expression ex vivo consistently. When reversal of latency was induced by a specific peptide pool or protein, the extent was proportionally greater than that of T cell activation. In this group of patients in whom antiretroviral therapy was started during chronic infection, the latent reservoir does not appear to consistently reside in CD4 T cells of a predominant antigen-specificity. Peptide-antigens reversed HIV-1 latency ex vivo with modest and variable activity. When latency was reversed by specific peptides or proteins, it was proportionally greater than the extent of T cell activation, suggesting partial enrichment of the latent reservoir in cells of specific antigen-reactivity.
Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19.

Importance To date, the association of psychiatric diagnoses with mortality in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been evaluated. Objective To assess whether a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorder, or anxiety disorder is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study assessed 7348 consecutive adult patients for 45 days following laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between March 3 and May 31, 2020, in a large academic medical system in New York. The final date of follow-up was July 15, 2020. Patients without available medical records before testing were excluded. Exposures Patients were categorized based on the followingInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modificationdiagnoses before their testing date: (1) schizophrenia spectrum disorders, (2) mood disorders, and (3) anxiety disorders. Patients with these diagnoses were compared with a reference group without psychiatric disorders. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality, defined as death or discharge to hospice within 45 days following a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test result. Results Of the 26 540 patients tested, 7348 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (mean [SD] age, 54 [18.6] years; 3891 [53.0%] women). Of eligible patients with positive test results, 75 patients (1.0%) had a history of a schizophrenia spectrum illness, 564 (7.7%) had a history of a mood disorder, and 360 (4.9%) had a history of an anxiety disorder. After adjusting for demographic and medical risk factors, a premorbid diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder was significantly associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR], 2.67; 95% CI, 1.48-4.80). Diagnoses of mood disorders (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.87-1.49) and anxiety disorders (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.65-1.41) were not associated with mortality after adjustment. In comparison with other risk factors, a diagnosis of schizophrenia ranked behind only age in strength of an association with mortality. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of adults with SARS-CoV-2–positive test results in a large New York medical system, adults with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis were associated with an increased risk for mortality, but those with mood and anxiety disorders were not associated with a risk of mortality. These results suggest that schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be a risk factor for mortality in patients with COVID-19.
Acute Leukemia in Infants

Infant leukemia is a rare, distinct subgroup of pediatric acute leukemias diagnosed in children under 1 year of age and characterized by unique, aggressive biology. Here, we review its clinical presentation, underlying molecular biology, current treatment strategies, and novel therapeutic approaches. Infant leukemias are associated with high-risk molecular features and high rates of chemotherapy resistance. International collaborative clinical trials have led to better understanding of the underlying molecular biology, refined risk-based stratification, and investigated the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, intensification of chemotherapy has failed to improve outcomes, and current regimens are associated with significant treatment-related and long-term toxicities. Infants with leukemia remain a challenging group to treat. We must continue collaborative efforts to move beyond traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy, incorporate molecularly targeted strategies and immunotherapy, and increase access to clinical trials to improve outcomes for this high-risk group of patients.
Robotic-assisted surgery for complicated and uncomplicated diverticulitis: A single-surgeon case-series comparison.

BACKGROUND Robotic-assisted techniques in colorectal surgery have dramatically increased. Comparative data on the management of uncomplicated and complicated diverticulitis using robotics is lacking. The purpose of this study is to examine outcomes of patients who underwent robotic-assisted resection in diverticulitis. METHODS A prospectively maintained database performed by a single surgeon was retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who underwent robotic-assisted surgery (RAS) for diverticulitis from October 2009 to November 2018. Demographic data, preoperative and intraoperative parameters and postoperative outcomes were assessed using χ2 or Fisher exact test with p values <0.05 considered significant. IRB approval was obtained for this study, #NCR190935. RESULTS Comparison revealed significant differences in operative times (222 vs. 291 min, p < 0.00001), mean estimated blood loss (130 vs. 304 cc, p = 0.0003) and mean length of stay (3.9 vs. 5.0 days, p = 0.006). Low rates of postoperative complications were observed, with no significant differences noted for conversion to laparoscopy, surgical site infection, leak, intra-abdominal abscess, 30-day unplanned readmission or recurrence. CONCLUSION Patients with complicated diverticulitis required longer operative time, had increased estimated blood loss and more often converted to an open procedure; however, overall rates of post-operative complications were low in both groups. RAS shows promise for use in complicated diverticulitis.
Modulating MnO 2 Interface with Flexible and Self-Adhering Alkylphosphonic Layers for High-Performance Zn-MnO 2 Batteries.

Metal oxides are essential electrode materials for high-energy-density batteries, but it remains highly challenging to modulate their interfacial charge-transfer process and improve their cycling stability. Here, using MnO2 nanofibers as an example, we describe the application of self-assembled alkylphosphonic modification layers for significantly improved cycling stability and high-rate performance of Zn-MnO2 batteries. Two modifier organic molecules with the same phosphonic functional group but different alkyl tail lengths were employed and systematically compared, including butylphosphonic acid (BPA) and decylphosphonic acid (DPA). The phosphonic groups form strong interfacial covalent bonding and assist the generation of conformal and flexible coatings with few nanometers thickness on a MnO2 surface. The intertwined alkylphosphonic molecules in the modulation layers have interconnected phosphonic groups, which improve interfacial charge transfer of H+ ions for fast conversion of MnO2 to MnOOH without compromising electrolyte wetting. Importantly, the coating layers effectively reduce dissolutive loss of Mn2+ from MnO2 during battery cycling since diffusion of both water molecules and divalent Mn2+ cations was inhibited across the modification layers. The flexible coatings could readily adapt to the morphological changes of MnO2 during battery cycling and provide long-lasting protection. Overall, we identified that BPA has the optimal balance of hydrophobic-hydrophilic components and enabled modified MnO2 cathodes with >30% improved discharge capacity compared with unmodified MnO2 cathodes, together with substantially improved long-term cycling stability with >60% capacity retention for 400 cycles in aqueous ZnSO4 electrolytes without any Mn2+ additive. This work provides new insights into tuning electrochemical pathways that move away from the prevailing rigid, ceramic coating-based surface modifications.
Skeuomorphs and Cultural Algorithms

Skeuomorphs are material metaphors instantiated through our technologies in artifacts. They provide us with familiar cues to an unfamiliar domain, sometimes lighting our paths, sometimes leading us astray. Our computational methods are rich with many of these structures resurrected from past practices and borrowed from analogies in non-computational domains. Failing a general theory of how evolutionary processes relate emergently with one another across hierarchical levels through the media of DNA, culture, and technology, we should be curious yet cautious when we remove them from their natural contexts to use them in the artificial world of silicon.
Analysis of 802.11b MAC: A QoS, Fairness, and Performance Perspective

Wireless LANs have achieved a tremendous amount of growth in recent years. Among various wireless LAN technologies, the IEEE 802.11b based wireless LAN technology can be cited as the most prominent technology today. Despite being widely deployed, 802.11b cannot be termed as a well matured technology. Although 802.11b is adequate for basic connectivity and packet switching, It is evident that there is ample scope for its improvement in areas like quality of service, fairness, performance, security, etc. In this survey report, we identify and argue that the Medium Access Controller for 802.11b networks is the prime area for these improvements. To enunciate our claims we highlight some of the quality of service, fairness, and performance issues related to 802.11b MAC. We also describe and analyze some of the current research aimed at addressing these issues. We then propose a novel scheme called the Intelligent Collision Avoidance, seeking to enhance the MAC to address some of the performance issues in 802.11b and similar networks.
B‐type olivine fabric and mantle wedge serpentinization beneath the Ryukyu arc

[1] Subduction is a fundamental Earth process, yet many aspects of subduction systems remain to be fully understood. Here we present anisotropic receiver function (RF) analysis to characterize the structure of the mantle wedge beneath the Ryukyu subduction zone. Radial and transverse P-to-S RFs computed for eight broadband stations yield evidence for coherent P-to-SV conversions originating at the top of the subducting slab. We also observe conversions on the transverse component RFs that are consistent with the presence of multiple anisotropic layers, with structure varying significantly along strike. Forward modeling of observations at station ZMM in the center of the Ryukyu arc yields evidence for a ~6 km thick layer of strongly anisotropic material, most likely serpentinite, directly above the subducting slab and likely B-type olivine fabric in the shallow mantle wedge.
The Genetics of Colias (Lepidoptera)

Publisher Summary The Lepidoptera known cytologically are characterized by the ZO and ZW type of sex chromosomes, with the female heterogametic (ZO or ZW) and the male homogametic (ZZ). Secondary sexual characters are independent of gonadal control or hormones circulating in the hemolymph. A new bilateral gynandromorph of colias philodice is figured. The right side is female and alba and the left side is male and normal yellow except for alba patches in the distal part of the hindwing. It is suggested that these patches are produced over cells that have become femalelike by losing one Z chromosome late in development, with the entire insect presumed to have a uniform Aa or AA genotype for the alba genes. It is not known whether colias females are ZO or ZW. The chromosome number for the five species studied in this chapter is typically 31 or 32. As in Diptera, it appears that crossing over in Lepidoptera may be confined to the homogametic sex (male).
Soil Parameter Mapping and Ad Hoc Power Analysis to Increase Blocking Efficiency Prior to Establishing a Long-Term Field Experiment

The spatial heterogeneity of soil and weed populations poses a challenge to researchers. Unlike aboveground variability, below-ground variability is more difficult to discern without a strategic soil sampling pattern. While blocking is commonly used to control environmental variation, this strategy is rarely informed by data about current soil conditions. Fifty georeferenced sites were located in a 0.65 ha area prior to establishing a long-term field experiment. Soil organic matter (OM) and weed seed bank populations were analyzed at each site and the spatial structure was modeled with semivariograms and interpolated with kriging to map the surface. These maps were used to formulate three strategic blocking patterns and the efficiency of each pattern was compared to a completely randomized design and a west to east model not informed by soil variability. Compared to OM, weeds were more variable across the landscape and had a shorter range of autocorrelation, and models to increase blocking efficiency resulted in less increase in power. Weeds and OM were not correlated, so no model examined improved power equally for both parameters. Compared to the west to east blocking pattern, the final blocking pattern chosen resulted in a 7-fold increase in power for OM and a 36% increase in power for weeds.
MAVEN insights into oxygen pickup ions at Mars

Since Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)'s arrival at Mars on 21 September 2014, the SEP (Solar Energetic Particle) instrument on board the MAVEN spacecraft has been detecting oxygen pickup ions with energies of a few tens of keV up to ~200 keV. These ions are created in the distant upstream part of the hot atomic oxygen exosphere of Mars, via photoionization, charge exchange with solar wind protons, and electron impact. Once ionized, atomic oxygen ions are picked up by the solar wind and accelerated downstream, reaching energies high enough for SEP to detect them. We model the flux of oxygen pickup ions observed by MAVEN SEP in the undisturbed upstream solar wind and compare our results with SEP's measurements. Model-data comparisons of SEP fluxes confirm that pickup oxygen associated with the Martian exospheric hot oxygen is indeed responsible for the MAVEN SEP observations.
Structure pulses in a simple nonequilibrium system

We have studied the time-dependent structure factor for a one-dimensional kinetic Ising (KI) model quenched from an initial to a final temperature. Our results deviate from those predicted by a comparable time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model in which one has simple exponential relaxation from the initial to the final value of the structure factor. We find in our KI model that there is a pulse in the structure factor which moves from large to small wave numbers as time evolves. We discuss the physical origin of this effect.
Soft lithography replication of polymeric microring optical resonators

We have developed a soft lithography method to replicate polymeric integrated optical devices. In this method, the master device and the molded replica are made of the same materials, allowing direct comparison. To evaluate the quality of the replication, microring optical resonators are chosen as test devices because of their sensitivity to small fabrication errors. The master devices are precisely fabricated using direct electron beam lithography. The replicas are produced by the molding technique and subsequent ultraviolet curing. Compared with the master devices, the molded devices show minimal change in both physical shape and optical performance. This correspondence indicates the merits of soft lithographic methods for fabrication of precision integrated optical devices.
An Experimental Study of Algorithms for Weighted Completion Time Scheduling

We consider the total weighted completion time scheduling problem for parallel identical machines and precedence constraints, P| prec|\sum w i C i . This important and broad class of problems is known to be NP-hard, even for restricted special cases, and the best known approximation algorithms have worst-case performance that is far from optimal. However, little is known about the experimental behavior of algorithms for the general problem. This paper represents the first attempt to describe and evaluate comprehensively a range of weighted completion time scheduling algorithms. We first describe a family of combinatorial scheduling algorithms that optimally solve the single-machine problem, and show that they can be used to achieve good performance for the multiple-machine problem. These algorithms are efficient and find schedules that are on average within 1.5\percent of optimal over a large synthetic benchmark consisting of trees, chains, and instances with no precedence constraints. We then present several ways to create feasible schedules from nonintegral solutions to a new linear programming relaxation for the multiple-machine problem. The best of these linear programming-based approaches finds schedules that are within 0.2\percent of optimal over our benchmark. Finally, we describe how the scheduling phase in profile-based program compilation can be expressed as a weighted completion time scheduling problem and apply our algorithms to a set of instances extracted from the SPECint95 compiler benchmark. For these instances with arbitrary precedence constraints, the best linear programming-based approach finds optimal solutions in 78\percent of cases. Our results demonstrate that careful experimentation can help lead the way to high quality algorithms, even for difficult optimization problems.
TRENDS IN THE REHABILITATION OF THE LONG-TERM ILL AND SEVERELY DISABLED

In the relatively peaceful, though economically tumultuous, interval between the two World Wars, rehabilitation meant mainly solving the vocational problems of the disabled and meeting their social need for productive employment. The past fifteen years have seen rehabilitation services become gradually influenced to a great degree by the rapidly developing medical speciality of physical medicine and rehabilitation with the other associated professional groups, each growing alone as well as in unison.
Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly

The prevalence and severity of adverse drug reactions among the elderly remain major areas of concern. The theoretical expectations of adverse drug reactions in the elderly may differ from actual clinical occurrences. Predisposing factors such as physiologic changes with aging and polypharmacy may complicate the picture, although enhanced communication between physicians and patients can help. Awareness of these situations may aid in the clinical control of adverse drug reactions.
Effect of Gas Atmosphere Packaging on Psychrotrophic Growth and Succession on Steak Surfaces

The influence of gas atmosphere packaging (1) 15% CO2, 40% 02, 45% N2; (2) 60% CO2 40% 02 (3) 10% CO2, 5% 02, 85% N2; (4) film overwrap (control) on the microbial growth and succession on steaks was studied during storage. Treatment 3 was most effective in reducing psychrotrophic growth on steaks. Pseudomonas species dominated the microflora for all packaging treatments during early storage. In all gas atmospheres. Serratia liquefaciens increased with storage time and the 10% CO2 atmosphere showed the greatest increase. Enterobacter aerogenes appeared late in the storage period in all atmospheres and Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated after 12 days of storage from steaks in atmosphere 1.
A simple format for reporting methods used in nutritional studies: Application with loropetalum response to fertilizer rates

Abstract Loropetalum (L. chinense) cv ‘Blush’, ‘Burgundy’, and ‘Pizzazz’ were grown for 16 months using different rates and application schedules of a 17–7–12 slow‐release fertilizer. Rates were45,68,or 91 g pot1, each applied once in the Spring, or as a split application, half in the Spring, and half in the Fall. A simple format for reporting fertility, methodology used in tissue sampling, and analytical methodology was developed and used. Fertilizer treatments did not affect significantly growth and color ratings 4 and 12 months after potting (p>0.30). ‘Burgundy’ was significantly the fastest growing cultivar. Yet, all plants from all treatments and cultivars were of commercial quality 12 months after potting. Foliar nutrient content was significantly affected by fertilization treatment for most of the essential elements (p 0.10). However, differences due to fertilizer treatments were of limited practical importance as they did not follow the trends in fertilizer rates. Bas...
Physical model of diurnal heating in the vicinity of a two-dimensional ridge

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to simulate the diurnal heating-cooling cycle in the vicinity of a ridge of constant cross section. In the model the fluid is a water solution stratified with salt to simulate the background stratification of the atmosphere. The flow is driven by recirculating water of a controlled temperature beneath the model; the model surface temperature is thus varied in a specified way to simulate the surface heating by solar insolation during the daytime hours and surface cooling by radiation during the nighttime. The pertinent similarity parameters are shown to be Gc, for daytime convective flow and Gd for nocturnal flow; here Gc = Hb/Hc, Gd = Hb/Hd, where Hb, is the mountain height, Hc the neutral buoyancy height of free convection. and Hd the characteristic thickness of the nighttime drainage flow. The model demonstrates some of the principal features of thermally driven mountain circulations, including daytime upslope winds and nocturnal downslope drainage flows. T...
The Anti-estrogenic Activity of Selected Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Yeast Expressing Human Estrogen Receptor

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) represent a large class of chemicals present in the environment. We have used yeast strain ER(wt) expressing human estrogen receptor (hER) and an estrogen-sensitive reporter to characterize the estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activities of 21 PAHs. The PAHs did not exhibit estrogenic activity in yeast strain ER(wt). Four of the PAHs, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 6-hydroxy-chrysene, 2,3-benzofluorene, and benzo(a)pyrene, inhibited estradiol-dependent reporter activity in strain ER(wt). A mutant hER lacking the amino terminus expressed in yeast was inhibited by the four PAHs to a lesser extent than the full-length hER. 6-hydroxy-chrysene, 2,3-benzofluorene, and benzo(a)pyrene, but not dibenz[a,h]anthracene, weakly displaced [3H]estradiol from the hER in a competition binding assay. A strong correlation between the inhibition of [3H]estradiol-binding from the hER and the reduction of hER-mediated transactivation in yeast was not observed. These observations suggest that the PAHs dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 6-hydroxy-chrysene, 2,3-benzofluorene, and benzo(a)pyrene may antagonize estradiol activity in yeast by binding to an anti-estrogen binding site on the hER or by mechanisms independent of the hER.
Patterns and Outcomes of Pediatric Facial Fractures in the United States: A Survey of the National Trauma Data Bank

Background Pediatric trauma involving the bones of the face is associated with severe injury and disability. Although much is known about the epidemiology of facial fractures in adults, little is known about national injury patterns and outcomes in children in the US. Study Design The epidemiology of facial injuries in children and adolescents (ages 0 to 18 years) was described using the National Trauma Data Bank (2001 to 2005) to examine facial fracture pattern, mechanism, and concomitant injury by age. Results A total of 12,739 (4.6%) facial fractures were identified among 277,008 pediatric trauma patient admissions. The proportion of patients with facial fractures increased substantially with age. The most common facial fractures were mandible (32.7%), nasal (30.2%), and maxillary/zygoma (28.6%). The most common mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle collision (55.1%), violence (11.8%), and falls (8.6%). These fracture patterns and mechanisms of injury varied with age. Compared with patients without facial fractures, patients with fractures exhibited substantial injury severity, hospital lengths of stay, ICU lengths of stay, ventilator days, and hospital charges. In addition, patients with facial fractures had more severe associated injury to the head and chest and considerably higher overall mortality. Conclusions Causes and patterns of facial fractures vary with age. Cranial and central facial injuries are more common among toddlers and infants, and mandible injuries are more common among adolescents. Although bony craniofacial trauma is relatively uncommon among the pediatric population, it remains a substantial source of mortality, morbidity, and hospital resource use. Continued efforts toward injury prevention are warranted.
On Approximating the Translational Velocity of Vortex Rings

A method is presented whereby the translational velocity of a vortex ring can be approximated from the total circulation, impulse, and kinetic energy of the vortex system. Assuming a uniform vorticity density, these bulk quantities define a unique stable vortex ring configuration, and the translational velocity can be inferred from this configuration and the system scaling. Here, the accuracy of this approximation is presented for vortex rings formed from starting jets, and the translational velocity is also characterized as it relates to the driving parameters. The translational velocity is well approximated for a wide range of experimentally generated vortex rings. It is observed that starting jets with a converging radial velocity create vortex rings with a significantly higher translational velocity. The converging radial velocity was observed to increase translational velocity by as much as 30% over parallel jet flows with identical volume flux and nozzle diameter, but the exact increase is specific to the nozzle arrangement and driving conditions. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4025287]
Elastic Yield Zone Around an Interfacial Crack Tip

A closed-form approximate solution for a small-scale yielding (SSY) plastic zone around a planar interfacial crack tip, occurring between two dissimilar ideally-bonded elastic half spaces, is obtained by equating the elastically-calculated Mises equivalent stress with the material yield strenght σ ys
LEUKOCYTIC PYROGEN: A MAJOR MEDIATOR OF THE ACUTE PHASE REACTION

The acute phase reaction is initiated and regulated by leukocytic pyrogen which is released by activated host phagocytes at inflammatory sites during inflammatory reactions of any etiology. The physiological alterations which follow include, in addition to the characteristic acute phase protein changes, fever, granulocytosis, fall in serum iron and zinc, metabolic stimulation of blood granulocytes, activation of T-cell function and doubtless other effects as yet unrecognized. These responses are mediated by free or by protein-bound LP molecules and reflect both direct receptor coupled effects and more indirect mechanisms such as release of secondary mediators from cells or body fluids and involvement of neural or neurohumoral pathways. This unitarian hypothesis implies a functional interrelationship between the component parts, and allows a model for critical examination and new hypothesis testing. The wider availability of pure preparations of LP and of possible subtypes of LP and of a sensitive immunoassay would help us to prove or to expand this hypothesis and to advance our understanding of this important phase of acute inflammation. Earlier in this conference we heard that the mediator derepresses a message: I'd like to put forward the idea that in the acute phase reaction the mediator is the message.
Does straight deep hypothermic circulatory arrest suffice for brain preservation in aortic surgery

t o a c A h p n l t i e n h m o p Brain protection in adult aortic surgery has been a very controversial issue among cardiothoracic surgeons for more than 40 years—almost since the inception of open heart surgery. Until today, 3 main strategies for cerebral protection of patients undergoing extensive aortic surgery have been developed and studied: (1) straight deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), (2) retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP), and (3) antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP).1 Straight DHCA used to be the preferred and favored technique in the past; however, the recent trend among cardiothoracic surgeons is to avoid using straight DHCA and to apply additional perfusion adjuncts, such as RCP or ACP. In this article, we describe the advantages and disadvantages of each perfusion method on the basis of recent published studies and explore the scientific evidence pertinent to selection of brain protection strategy. This evidence shows that, despite the recent popularity of RCP and, especially, ACP, it is hard to demonstrate conclusive evidence of clinical benefit from application of these ancillary perfusion techniques, above and beyond straight DHCA.
International competitive displacement from environmental control The quantitative gains from methodological refinement

Abstract This paper demonstrates empirically the gain from adopting more general equilibrium approaches in projecting the effects on domestic output and international trade of environmental controls. The suggested models include a partial equilibrium case where all industries are treated independently, an intermediate case incorporating effects in supplying industries, and general equilibrium formulations based on alternative macroeconomic conditions. U. S. data is used to evaluate these models. Under both pollutor pays and subsidy financing schemes, moving from the simplest case to the intermediate model results in quite different industry projections. Including macroeconomic factors appears particularly important in the classical setting.
Temperature effect on the Cu2O oxide morphology created by oxidation of Cu(0 0 1) as investigated by in situ UHV TEM

Abstract The temperature effect on the Cu 2 O oxide morphology was investigated by oxidizing Cu(1 0 0) thin films at the temperature ranging from 150 to 1000 °C and constant oxygen partial pressure of 5×10 −4 Torr. The evolution of the oxide island size and shape was followed inside an in situ ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron microscope (UHV TEM). Of particular interest, we find that the oxide morphology can be triangular, hut, rod or pyramid shaped depending only on the oxidation temperature.
A General Performance Model of Structured and Unstructured Mesh Particle Transport Computations

The performance of unstructured mesh applications presents a number of complexities and subtleties that do not arise for dense structured meshes. From a programming point of view, the handling of unstructured meshes has an increased complexity in order to manage the necessary data structures and interactions between mesh-cells. From a performance point of view, there are added difficulties in understanding both the processing time on a single processor and the scaling characteristics when using large-scale parallel systems. In this work we present a general performance model for the calculation of deterministic SN transport on unstructured meshes that is also applicable to structured meshes. The model captures the key processing characteristics of the calculation and is parametric using both system performance data (latency, bandwidth, processing rate etc.) and application data (mesh size etc.) as input. A single formulation of the model is used to predict the performance of two quite different implementations of the same calculation. It is validated on two clusters (an HP AlphaServer and an Itanium-2 system) showing high prediction accuracy.
`Generation Nowhere': rethinking youth through the lens of unemployed young men

Rising unemployment among educated young men is a key feature of neoliberal economic change. This paper reviews recent research on the strategies of educated unemployed young men in the global south to stress the importance of class, politics and environmental transformation for an understanding of contemporary youth geographies. Transnational reflection on the lives of educated unemployed young men provides an example of how human geographers might combine political economic analysis with recent theorizations of subjectivity formation and fluid identities.