cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Handling state constraints and economics in feedback control of transport-reaction processes

Abstract Transport-reaction processes, which are typically described by parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs), play an important role within the chemical process industries. Therefore, it is important to develop feedback control techniques that operate transport-reaction processes in an economically optimal fashion in the presence of constraints in the process states and manipulated inputs. Economic model predictive control (EMPC) is a predictive control scheme that combines process economics and feedback control into an integrated framework with the potential of improving the closed-loop process economic performance compared to traditional control methodologies. In this work, we focus on systems of nonlinear parabolic PDEs and propose a novel EMPC design integrating adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition (APOD) method with a high-order finite-difference method to handle state constraints. The computational efficiency and constraint handling properties of this design are evaluated using a tubular reactor example modeled by two nonlinear parabolic PDEs.
Preservation, Provocation, and Pedagogy

(2007). Preservation, Provocation, and Pedagogy. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 60-65.
History, violence, and the emergence of Guatemala’s mining sector

Guatemala is a polarized country with a minority of European-descended elites controlling politics and economics while an indigenous majority is systematically excluded from participation in public life. Despite the existence of multicultural legislation that purports to empower indigenous peoples, they continue to be ignored in economic policy and practice. Repressive violence continues to be the norm, a practice rooted in the colonization of the region. Violence is not restricted to physical assaults against bodies but exists in the structural conditions of the world economy. This article examines why violence manifests the way it does and among whom through a world systems lens that interrogates how histories of ethno-racialized exclusion remain embedded in the Guatemalan state and market relations. I argue that the enduring legacy of state violence in Guatemala persists through economic decisions and political practices made by elites with specific attention to the extractive sector. The article begin...
Die Entdeckung der Röntgenstrahlen im zeitgenössischen Humor. Merkwürdige Ansichten über die Entstehung der Röntgenstrahlen und ihre Wirkungen

In den Zeitschriften des Jahres 1896 fand sich eine grose Anzahl humorvoller Auserungen, Gedichte und Zeichnungen uber die „merkwurdige Entdeckung“, die ein gutes Bild von der Aufnahme der unglaublichen Tatsache, das man „die Knochen durch das Fleisch hindurch photographieren kann“, beim Publikum gaben.
Probably benign lesions at breast magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary experience in high-risk women.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the current study was to determine the frequency of ‘probably benign’ interpretations at breast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging screening of high-risk women and the frequency of subsequent malignancy in these women. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective review of the records of 367 asymptomatic women with normal mammograms who had a high risk of developing breast cancer and whose first breast MR imaging screening examinations occurred during a 2-year period. The number of “probably benign” interpretations was determined, and follow-up data were obtained. RESULTS A “probably benign” interpretation was given to 89 (24%) of 367 women. Follow-up MR imaging was performed for 70 (79%) of 89 women, with a median follow-up time of 11 months (range, 1–24 months). Twenty women subsequently underwent biopsy at a median of 9 months (range, 1–18 months) after MR imaging, due to progression on follow-up MR imaging (n = 14) or for other reasons (n = 6). Malignancies were found in 9 women, constituting 45% of the 20 women who underwent biopsy and 10% of the 89 women with probably benign lesions. In 6 of the 9 women who developed malignant disease (7% of the 89 women in the study), the malignancy was detected by follow-up MR imaging of an area that previously was interpreted as probably benign. Tumor histology was ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in five patients and infiltrating ductal carcinoma in four. CONCLUSIONS A “probably benign” interpretation was given to 24% of high-risk women at their first breast MR imaging screening examination. In 7–10% of women with “probably benign” interpretations, malignant disease subsequently developed in an area initially judged to be probably benign; of these malignancies, more than half were DCIS, and more than half were detected by MR imaging only. Cancer 2003;98:377–88. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11491
Pediatric scalds: do cooking-related burns have a higher injury burden?

BACKGROUND: Pediatric scald burns result in frequent emergency room visits and hospitalizations. We investigated whether cooking-related burns produce greater morbidity requiring more extensive care than noncooking burns. METHODS: We performed a 6-y review at our free-standing children's hospital. Children aged RESULTS: We identified 308 patients; 262 (85%) cooking and 46 (15%) noncooking burns. Most patients were African-American males, with public insurance, and a median age of 2 y. Cooking burns preferentially occurred over the head, neck, and upper body; noncooking burns were distributed over the lower body (P 0.11). In subgroup analysis, semisolid and grease burns resulted in increased rates of wound contractures and/or limited mobility when compared with noncooking burns (P = 0.05 and P = 0.008, respectively). Patients with complications were more likely to have third degree burns and required more consults, longer hospitalization, and more surgical debridements and clinic visits. CONCLUSIONS: Most accidental scald burns occurred in young children during food preparation. Greater long-term morbidity was found in patients with semisolid and grease burns. This subset of children has a higher injury burden and requires extensive care in the acute and long-term setting. Language: en
Morphologic basis of inherited coat-color dilutions of cats

The melanin granules in hair of black, smoke, blue, Chediak-Higashi-smoke, and pink-eyed dilution cats were studied. The hair of black cats contains numerous small dark brown to black melanin granules uniformly distributed throughout all portions. The basis for the dilution in smoke cats is a paucity of melanin granules in the basal portions of the hair. Blue cat hair has a larger basic melanin granule, some very large but relatively regularly shaped granules, and a non-uniform distribution of granules. The granules in the blue cat hair resemble those in the hair of dilute mice. The Chediak-Higashi trait causes even larger basic melanin granules than the blue dilution and enlarged and relatively irregularly shaped granules. The melanin granules in the hair of the pink-eyed dilution cat are very small, and are yellowish brown compared to the dark brown to black of those of black, smoke, and blue cats.
Review of ultraviolet and visual continuum observations and comparisons with Models

This paper first briefly describes model atmosphere grids now available for comparison with observations. The recent recalibration of the absolute energy distribution of α Lyr substantially improves the agreement of models and observations in the visual. Temperature scales determined by various methods agree reasonably well except for the hottest stars. Recent ultraviolet results suggest that earlier observations of O- and B-type stars indicating large flux deficiencies were probably in error. However, late B- and A-type stars may emit less energy in the UV than that predicted by models which do not include the opacities caused by silicon, magnesium, and carbon.
Daniel Dumaresq, D.D., F.R.S. (1712-1805) as a promoter of Anglo-Russian science and culture

A Channel Islander, Daniel Dumaresq was the fifth of 11 children of Jurat Elie Dumaresq, Seigneur of Augres, and Elizabeth, daughter of Jean de Carteret of Vinchelez de Haut. He studied for six years at Pembroke College, Oxford, before being elected in 1740 to a Jersey Fellowship at Exeter College. Taking orders in 1744, he acted as curate to Merton parish, whose patronage the college held (1). From June 1746 he was curate at St Andrew Undershaft, London, under Dr William Berriman, the Boyle Lecturer in 1731. Then, on 24 July 1747, he was appointed Chaplain to the English Factory at St Petersburg upon the recommendation of John Carteret, the Earl of Granville (2). FIRST PERIOD IN RUSSIA (1747-1762) In Dumaresq’s case, it is as well to know what his motivating principles were at the outset. H e himself characterized them 53 years later when presenting his library to Jersey. To quote: From the time I became, in any degree sensible of the Benefit and Pleasure of acquiring useful Knowledge, I was ever desirous and ready to encourage and assist others in the Pursuit of it. This I practised at School, at the University, and in other Places; particularly in Russia, where the Sphere of action was immense; in a vast Country, gradually emerging from Barbarism and gross Ignorance. Mindful of the noble Saying: Homo sum ; Humani nihil a me alienum puto , and considering myself as a Citizen of the World , on whatever Part of it the Divine Providence should place me, I thought it incumbent upon me to study the Good of those [among] whom it was assigned me to dwell (3).
Abstract LB-62: Direct visualization of circulating sarcoma cells by whole-blood fluorescence in-situ hybridization

Background: Several sarcoma subtypes are characterized by well-defined genetic events such as chromosomal translocations or gene amplification. In translocation-associated sarcomas, the presence of the fusion transcript can be detected in peripheral blood by RT-PCR. However, sarcoma cells have never been directly visualized in peripheral blood due to the absence of specific immunocytochemical markers. Methods: We developed a novel method to examine large numbers of peripheral blood cells for the presence of sarcoma-associated genetic changes. Using an IRB-approved biospecimen collection protocol, peripheral blood was collected from 20 patients with translocation-associated sarcomas or well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WD/DD LS), which are characterized by MDM2 amplification. In this exploratory phase, the analysis was limited to patients with high burden of disease, evidence of disease progression or recurrence. Immuno-FISH was performed using CD45 immunostaining to identify hematopoietic cells and the corresponding FISH probe, either a break-apart probe ( SYT, DDIT3 ) or MDM2 probe to detect amplification. Results: ADW2 -amplified cells were detected in a subset of WD/DD LS peripheral blood samples, while translocation-positive cells were detected in samples of synovial sarcoma (using the SYT breakapart probe) and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (using the DDIT3 breakapart probe). We are currently developing the techniques to quantitate the frequencies of such CD45(-) Probe(+) cells. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report of direct visualization of sarcoma cells in peripheral blood using whole-blood FISH analysis. We are currently characterizing these cells morphologically and immunocytochemically. In addition, we are developing tools necessary to perform quantitative analysis of circulating tumor cell frequencies in peripheral blood samples, to begin to establish whether the levels of circulating tumor cells correlate with tumor burden and response to therapy. This method may be applicable to other tumors where defined genetic lesions exist that are amenable to FISH analysis, such as chromosomal translocations or genomic gains or losses. The goal is to use such genotype-based analysis to explore the phenotypic diversity of circulating tumor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-62.
Ligand-independent and -dependent Functions of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms Depend upon Their Distinct Amino Termini

Isoform specificity likely plays a large role in the ability of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) to specifically regulate gene expression in both the presence and absence of its cognate ligand, triiodothyronine. To investigate further the mechanism of isoform specificity of human TRs (TR alpha 1 and TR beta 1), we have examined their functional effects on positive thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) both in the presence and absence of ligand. TR alpha 1 was greater than 2-fold more potent than TR beta 1 on both TREs studied, in terms of both ligand-independent repression and ligand-dependent stimulation. By creating a number of chimeric and mutant receptors, we have established that the increased functional potency of TR alpha 1 is due to its unique amino terminus. Deletion or substitution of the TR alpha 1 amino terminus leads to a loss of both its ligand-independent and -dependent functions on positive TREs. Furthermore, the TR alpha 1 amino terminus antagonizes homodimer formation on the positive TREs studied. TR constructs, which contain the TR alpha 1 amino terminus, are unable to form homodimers and form exclusively heterodimers with RXR alpha on direct repeat and palindromic TREs. Deletion of the amino terminus from either TR isoform leads to preferential homodimer formation, which suggests that the TR amino terminus is important for relative heterodimerization capability. From these data, we conclude that TR alpha 1 isoform specificity on positive TREs resides predominantly in its amino terminus through its ability to favor heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor or other nuclear proteins.
Evaluating a mobile pedestrian safety application in a virtual urban environment

In this paper, we describe the design and development of a virtual environment for evaluating the effectiveness of a mobile application that helps prevent pedestrian accidents when crossing streets. Pedestrian safety is a serious concern in urban environments, and most accidents happen when pedestrians are crossing streets. Recent studies have shown that increased mobile phone use among pedestrians leads to increased distraction and unsafe behavior. To address this issue, we have developed a mobile phone application that alerts pedestrians before they cross potentially dangerous streets. To evaluate the effectiveness of this application, we developed a virtual environment (VE) to simulate the urban environment around our university campus.We recruited a group of students to test the mobile application in the VE by having them virtually walking on the street while talking on the phone. The motion of the virtual pedestrians in the VE were recorded by the program and analyzed to study the pedestrian behavior with and without the safety alert application. We want to know whether the safety alert mobile application could increase the pedestrians awareness and reduce the risky behavior when the pedestrian is crossing a potentially dangerous street. The results show that this VE provides an efficient, flexible, and well controlled environment for public health and geosciences researchers to test their hypotheses and explore alternative solutions. Although the VE cannot replace the real world field testing, the flexibility to manipulate and control the virtual environment and the ability to monitor the pedestrian behavior in real-time prove to be a powerful feature.
Will an artificial scent boundary prevent coyote intrusion

Highly territorial species such as coyotes (Canis latrans) use scent-marks to delineate boundaries, and it has been suggested that canids may be repelled from areas by using human-placed scent-marks. To evaluate the potential of artificial scent-marks as an area repellent, we first established treatment and control plots within the Welder Wildlife Refuge in southern Texas, USA. There, we used Global Positioning System collars with 15-min acquisition rates on 3 coyotes to evaluate differential coyote response to artificial scent-marks and control areas within coyote territories. Second, to directly evaluate behaviors, we observed the responses of 8 coyotes to control and treatment plots within 1-ha pens at the Predator Research Facility in Logan, Utah, USA. In treatment conditions, a technician walked the boundary of the simulated territory and sprayed coyote urine. In control conditions, a technician walked along the boundary but did not distribute artificial scent-marks. In the field, coyotes visited treatment plots more than control plots (P = 0.09) and traveled within treatment plots more than control plots (P = 0.05). In direct observations, coyotes investigated treated boundaries and spent more time at them (P = 0.001). Coyotes also visited the interiors of treatment areas nearly twice as often as control areas (P = 0.013). Sample sizes were limited, but based on these results, we cannot recommend using artificial territories (delineated with human-placed coyote urine) to repel coyotes from areas where resource protection is needed. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
How the Advance of the Period of Lactation Affects the Milk Flow

Summary Data was presented showing the time of maximum milk production of Holstein-Friesian cows. It was suggested that the frequency of milking and the amount of milk produced are the most important factors governing the time of maximum production. The percentage decline of milk secretion with the advance of the period of lactation was shown to be fairly constant. A slightly greater percentage decrease during the last two or three months of lactation was shown to be due to advanced pregnancy.
Survival Strategy To Escape Desiccation in a Freshwater Ostracod

[Torpid, highly desiccated juveniles of the freshwater ostracod Candona patzcuaro Tressler, 1954, were collected from dry playa lake soil (4 to 5% moisture) on the South Plains of Texas, U.S.A. To ascertain their tolerance to drying 7th instar desiccated juveniles were subjected to temperatures of -20° C and +32° C, and several humidities (0, 14, 40% R.H.) for up to 30 months. Torpid juveniles survived for 18 months in high percentages at the various temperatures and humidities, except at 0% R.H. High mortality after 24 months occurred in all torpid juveniles at 20° C, but at -20° C the desiccated juveniles experienced low mortality for up to 30 months. Low temperature also influenced the rate of revival from torpor and the time necessary for the terminal molt to the sexually mature adult. Candona juveniles can survive well over a year in dry pond soil between -20 and 32° C and in dry soil with water moisture values as low as 4 to 5%, and are able to develop from desiccated 7th instar larvae to second generation 7th instars in about four weeks. Ecological implications of such an unusual survival strategy to escape desiccation are discussed., Torpid, highly desiccated juveniles of the freshwater ostracod Candona patzcuaro Tressler, 1954, were collected from dry playa lake soil (4 to 5% moisture) on the South Plains of Texas, U.S.A. To ascertain their tolerance to drying 7th instar desiccated juveniles were subjected to temperatures of -20° C and +32° C, and several humidities (0, 14, 40% R.H.) for up to 30 months. Torpid juveniles survived for 18 months in high percentages at the various temperatures and humidities, except at 0% R.H. High mortality after 24 months occurred in all torpid juveniles at 20° C, but at -20° C the desiccated juveniles experienced low mortality for up to 30 months. Low temperature also influenced the rate of revival from torpor and the time necessary for the terminal molt to the sexually mature adult. Candona juveniles can survive well over a year in dry pond soil between -20 and 32° C and in dry soil with water moisture values as low as 4 to 5%, and are able to develop from desiccated 7th instar larvae to second generation 7th instars in about four weeks. Ecological implications of such an unusual survival strategy to escape desiccation are discussed.]
Evaluating Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Barriers With Interpretive Structural Modeling

Environmentally conscious manufacturing (ECM) has been a mainstay of sustainable organizational practices for at least two decades. The adoption of ECM practices needs to overcome a variety of barriers. To overcome these barriers and adopt these crucial practices, understanding their structure and relationship is needed. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM), can help us do this. ISM has been applied to a number of organizational decision problems. It is a technique that is helpful to managers in organizing the relationships among a series of factors that may influence their decision. The decision support technique has a long history dating back to the late 1960's and early 1970's. Yet, its application and investigation by researchers to a variety of topical areas has not occurred until very recently. This lack of application is especially true for investigation into topics related to ECM. We find that the barriers to this organizational practice can be further investigated and analyzed with ISM. This paper seeks to provide and overview of major barriers and an illustrative example of this procedure with initial insights. More complete evaluation and implementation of this technique is recommended for its validation.
Theory of planned behavior-based models for breastfeeding duration among Hong Kong mothers.

Background: The theory of planned behavior (TPB) has been used to explain breastfeeding behaviors in Western cultures. Theoretically-based investigations in other groups are sparse. Objective: To evaluate cross-cultural application of TPB-based models for breastfeeding duration among new mothers in Hong Kong. Method: First-time breastfeeding mothers (N = 209) with healthy newborns provided self-reports of TPB predictor variables during postpartum hospitalization and information about breastfeeding experiences at 1 3 6 9 and 12 months postdelivery or until they weaned. Three predictive models were proposed: (a) a strict interpretation of the TPB with two added proximal predictors of breastfeeding duration; (b) a replication with modification of the TPB-based model for more fully employed breastfeeding mothers from a previous study (Duckett et al. 1998); and (c) a model that posited perceived control (PC) as a mediating factor linking TPB motivational variables for breastfeeding with breastfeeding intentions and behavior. LISREL was used for the structural equation modeling analyses. Results: Explained variance in PC and duration was high in all models. Overall fit of the strict TPB model was poor (GOFI = 0.85). The TPB for breastfeeding employed women and the PC-mediated models fit equally well (GOFI =0.94; 0.95) and residuals were small (RMSR = 0.07). All hypothesized paths in the PC-mediated model were significant (p< .05); explained variance was 0.40 for perceived control and 0.36 for breastfeeding duration. Discussion: Models were interpreted in light of the TPB previous findings the social context for breastfeeding in Hong Kong and statistical model-building. Cross-cultural measurement issues and the need for prospective designs are continuing challenges in breastfeeding research. (authors)
Compliant motion of a multi-segmented inspection robot

This paper presents a method to potentate the multi-segmented inspection robot Kairo-II to navigate in unstructured and dynamic environment. Previous methods for motion planning for such robots come from driving scenarios in highly structured areas. The virtual tube algorithm is introduced which enables a multi-segmented robot to range in such complex environment. Precise force feedback is required. Therefore, we present a sensor system which is based on strain-gauges technology. Information extracted by this sensor enables the trajectory planning algorithm to adapt its curve. Thus, the proposed system provides and evaluates key functions for compliant motion of a multi-segmented robot within unstructured environment.
Substrate enhancement of cardioplegic solution: Experimental studies and clinical evaluation

Background. The development of myocardial protective strategies depends on a complete understanding of the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This article reviews the rationale for inclusion of metabolic substrates in cardioplegic solutions on the basis of our current understanding of the underlying pathophysiologic pathways and speculates on the inclusion of future additives that await further investigation. Methods. The pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion was evaluated from an extensive review of the pertinent literature. Experimental and clinical studies supporting the inclusion of metabolic substrates in clinical cardioplegic solutions were reviewed and summarized. Speculation on possible future additives to these formulas was made on the basis of encouraging, albeit preliminary, experimental data. Results. Sound experimental and clinical evidence supports the inclusion of glucose, amino acids, calcium chelators, and oxygen as fundamental substrate additives to current cardioplegic solutions. Antioxidants, calcium-channel blockers, and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates may be of value. Adenosine, potassium-adenosine triphosphate channel modulators, and nitric oxide may join these lists after further research. Conclusions. Substrate enhancement of clinical cardioplegic solutions is based on physiologic principles that have been confirmed in the clinical setting. Further definition of the intricacies of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion promises to expand the current list of additives.
Multifunctional glycoprotein DEFB126—a curious story of defensin-clad spermatozoa

A mutation in human DEFB126 has recently been associated with poor sperm performance in cervical mucus-like gels and reduced fertility. Here, Tollner and colleagues provide an overview of the functions of DEFB126—including recent investigations in mice, monkeys, and humans—and discuss the importance of this unusual molecule in sperm function.
On the Barotropic Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations

We consider barotropic compressible Navier–Stokes equations with density dependent viscosity coefficients that vanish on vacuum. We prove the stability of weak solutions in periodic domain Ω = T N and in the whole space Ω = ℝ N , when N = 2 and N = 3. The pressure is given by p(ρ) = ργ and our result holds for any γ > 1. Note that our notion of weak solutions is not the usual one. In particular we require some regularity on the initial density (which may still vanish). On the other hand, the initial velocity must satisfy only minimal assumptions (a little more than finite energy). Existence results for such solutions can be obtained from this stability analysis.
Patient dosimetry quality assurance program with a commercial diode system.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate a commercial silicone diode dosimeter for a patient dosimetry quality assurance program. Methods and Materials: The diode dosimeter was calibrated against an ion chamber and percentage depth dose, linearity, anisotropy, virtual source position, and field size factor studies were performed. Correction factors for lack of full scatter medium in the diode entrance and exit dose measurements were acquired. Dosimetry equations were proposed for calculation of dose delivered at isocenter. Diode dose accuracy and reproducibility were tested on phantom and on four patients. A patient dosimetry quality assurance program based on diode measured dose was instituted and patient dose data were collected. Results: Diode measured percentage depth dose and field factors agreed to within 3% with those measured with an ion chamber. The diode exhibited less than 1.7% angular dose anisotropy and less than 0.5% nonlinearity up to 4 Gy. Diode dose measurements in phantom showed that the calculated doses differed from the prescribed dose by less than 1.5%; the diode exhibited a daily dose reproducibility of better than 0.2%. On four selected patients, the measured dose reproducibility was 1.5%; the average calculated doses were all within ± 7% of the prescribed doses. For 33 of 40 patients treated with a 6 MV beam, measured doses were within ± 7% of the prescribed doses. For 58 of 63 patients treated with an 18 MV beam, measured doses were within ± 7% of the prescribed doses. For 11 out of 12 patients, a second repeat measurements yielded doses within ± 7% of the prescribed doses. Conclusions: The proposed diode-based patient dosimetry quality assurance program with dose tolerance at ± 7% is simple and feasible. It is capable of detecting certain serious treatment errors such as incorrect daily dose greater than 7%, incorrect wedge use, incorrect photon energy and patient setup errors involving some incorrect source-to-surface-distance vs. source-to-axis-distance treatments.
A large area high efficiency γ-ray detector with good time and space resolution

Abstract We describe the construction of a large area high efficiency γ detector for use in the 30 to 1000 MeV range. Its basic principle is the combination of lead-scintillator sandwich counters with optical spark chambers to achieve high γ efficiency along with good space and time resolution. The scintillator is arranged in the form of a hodoscope so that the spark chambers could be triggered on a selected number of simultaneous γ-rays. The performance in terms of γ efficiency, energy and direction resolution, and shower development are discussed.
Trophic Ecology of Freshwater Drum in Large Rivers

Abstract We compared growth and diets of freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) collected from the Ohio and Kanawha rivers to those reported in the literature for freshwater drum in lentic systems. Diets of freshwater drum in large rivers were primarily composed of detritivores such as molluscs, crayfish and collector-gatherer invertebrates (trichopterans, ephemeropterans and dipterans) whereas zooplankton (cladoceran) and dipteran prey dominated freshwater drum collected from lakes and reservoirs. These differences were predicted by differences in energy pathways between lentic (plankton-based) and lotic (detrital-based) systems. Growth of freshwater drum was significantly higher in lotic (N=4) than in lentic (N=8) systems. Data from the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers reveal longer annual feeding cycles and greater growth in large rivers than in lentic waters. This differential growth may be caused by differences in forage base and temperature.
Multipurpose cannula for acute and chronic intracerebral chemical and electrophysiological studies.

Abstract A multipurpose cannula for intracerebral injection and electrophysiological studies in experimental animals is described.
Fast food in France

There is a vantage point situated at the intersection of economic and cultural sociology from which we can discern ever more clearly the material dimensions of culture and the non-material dimensions of goods. From this increasingly busy intersection, a recent focus on the consumption process has drawn attention to, among other things, the ways that consumption is mediated by the images, ideologies, the desires, the "texts" that are inscribed within them, so that the consumer often consumes more (or less) than he or she bargained for. Thus, all industries that produce commodities for mass consumption are essentially "cultural industries" involved in circulating cultural goods as much as they are in circulating economic goods, whether blue jeans, motor scooters, or safari gear from the "Banana Republic."' More pointedly, as Igor Kopytoff has asserted, "...the production of commodities is also a cultural and cognitive process: commodities must be not only produced materially as things, but also culturally marked as being a certain kind of thing."2
Texture evolution and plastic response of two-dimensional polycrystals

Abstract T wo analytic solutions of the texture evolution equation for two-dimensional polycrystals are presented. The two problems considered involve, respectively, biaxial extension and simple shear of an idealized, two-dimensional polycrystal. The polycrystal is assumed to consist of a continuous distribution of rigidperfectly-plastic grains, each capable of sustaining plastic deformation by slip on a pair of coplanar slip systems. In this two-dimensional case, the texture evolution equation is a first-order, linear partial differential equation with continuous (but non-constant) coefficients. The stress response and, for the biaxial-extension case, the flow surface evolution are also presented. Surprisingly, while the texture localizes at a single orientation in both the biaxial-extension and the simple-shear cases, the stress response does not necessarily approach that of a single crystal. For the two problems considered, the development of texture is seen to cause significant softening of the overall polycrystal.
High-speed CCD movie camera with random pixel selection for neurobiology research

We have designed and built a CCD camera capable of producing movies at over 1000 frames per second. For maximum frame rate, we have incorporated the ability to digitize only the pixels of interest, user-selectable from a custom LabView interface. With a resolution of 64 X 64 pixels, the system is intended to bridge the gap between fast, small photodiode arrays, and slow, high-resolution scientific CCD cameras. The system was designed for imaging neurons labeled with voltage-sensitive dyes, to allow the simultaneous recording of neural activity in a large number of neurons, or to probe the membrane voltage at many different points of a single neuron.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Visual Cues and Listening Effort: Individual Variability

Purpose To investigate the effect of visual cues on listening effort as well as whether predictive variables such as working memory capacity (WMC) and lipreading ability affect the magnitude of lis...
Effect of thiamine deficiency on gluconeogenesis and transketolase activity in isolated hepatocytes.

AbstractThe effect of a 4-week thiamine deficiency on gluconeogenesis from xylitol, lactate, pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone, and fructose in isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated. Xylitol is metabolized via transketolase, a thiamine-requiring enzyme, whereas the remaining substrates are converted to glucose via enzymes which do not require thiamine. At 7 days, transketolase activity was 81% of the value obtained with hepatocytes isolated from pair-fed control rats and gluconeogenesis from all the above substrates was normal, indicating an excess of transketolase activity present. By 14 days, however, gluconeogenesis was depressed (65-88% of control). At 28 days, both transketolase activity and gluconeogenesis from xylitol were markedly depressed (32 and 73% of control, respectively), but moreover, those substrates not utilizing thiamine-requiring enzymes for gluconeogenesis were equally or more greatly depressed in their gluconeogenic rates (42-70% of control). These data indicate (i) transketolase activi...
An Indicator Plaque-forming System for Demonstration of Interference by Noncytocidal Strains of Rabies Virus

FIXED strains of rabies virus are known to multiply in chick embryo tissues1,2. So far, however, a cytocidal effect of the virus on monolayers of primary chick embryo cell cultures has not been observed. Since chick embryo-adapted strains of rabies virus interfere with infection by homologous virus in animal cells3, the present investigations were undertaken to demonstrate interference of rabies virus with a superimposed infection of western equine encephalitis virus, which is known to produce cytopathic changes in these cultures.
What is the Alternative for the East? Neither Orthodox Marxism nor Capitalism but “Literal Socialism”

Whenever capitalism in the West appears to be dragging with unresolved problems, then quite a few people, including professional economists, begin to think that perhaps socialism is a better alternative. Conversely, in the East even a larger number of people, including economists (who are not activists), seriously believe that in view of their shortages and meagre incomes capitalism would be a better alternative.
Basal DNA damage in individual human lymphocytes with age

A role for DNA damage is central to many theories of aging, but attempts to show an increase in DNA damage with age have yielded contradictory results. However, previous experiments have been of limited sensitivity, only able to examine induced (not basal) damage or pooled (not individual) cells. In this report, we apply a novel technique (Singh et al., 1988) to directly measure basal levels of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites in individual human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from young (less than 60 years) and old (more than 60 years) male donors. This approach shows that while average changes with age are small, changes in certain individuals and in certain cells may be large: the mean increase in damage was only 12%, but the increase in a subpopulation of highly damaged lymphocytes was 5-fold. However, most of this increase was contributed by just 3 of 17 older subjects. Further characterization of these individuals may shed light on the relationship between DNA damage and aging.
In vitro expansion of Ag-specific T cells by HLA-A*0201-transfected K562 cells for immune monitoring.

BackgroundDevelopment of a practical and sensitive assay for evaluating immune responses against cancer Ag has been a challenge for immune monitoring of patients. We have established a reproducible method using peptide-pulsed K562-A*0201 cells as APC to expand Ag-specific T cells in vitro. This method may be applied for monitoring T-cell responses in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials.MethodsAutologous PBMC from HLA-A*0201+ healthy donors and patients with melanoma were stimulated with peptide-pulsed K562-A*0201 cells under varying conditions. We investigated (1) different culture conditions, including the requirements for serum and cytokines for expansion of CD8+ T lymphocytes; (2) a range of peptide concentrations for Ag loading; (3) phenotypic characterization of responding T cells; and (4) APC:responder ratios and their effects on T-cell expansion. We validated these conditions by ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays using peptides from influenza, Epslein-Barr Virus (EBV) and tyr...
The Columbine Legacy Rampage Shootings as Political Acts

The purpose of this article is to explore how the Columbine shootings on April 20, 1999, influenced subsequent school rampage shootings. First, school rampage shootings are defined to distinguish them from other forms of school violence. Second, post-Columbine shootings and thwarted shootings are examined to determine how they were influenced by Columbine. Unlike prior rampage shooters, Harris and Klebold committed their rampage shooting as an overtly political act in the name of oppressed students victimized by their peers. Numerous post-Columbine rampage shooters referred directly to Columbine as their inspiration; others attempted to supersede the Columbine shootings in body count. In the wake of Columbine, conspiracies to blow up schools and kill their inhabitants by outcast students were uncovered by authorities. School rampage shootings, most of which referred back to Columbine as their inspiration, expanded beyond North America to Europe, Australia, and Argentina; they increased on college campuses and spread to nonschool venues. The Columbine shootings redefined such acts not merely as revenge but as a means of protest of bullying, intimidation, social isolation, and public rituals of humiliation.
Evaluation of workers' perceived sense of slip and effect of prior knowledge of slipperiness during task performance on slippery surfaces.

Forty healthy industrial workers (age: 41.0±14.9 years) were tested for postural stability for three simulated tasks: (1) standing upright; (2) rapid trunk movement; and (3) lateral reach during lifting. These tasks were performed on four levels of slippery surfaces under different environmental lighting with new or workers' own old shoes. Prior to postural stability tests, each subject was given the opportunity to assess the surface slipperiness that he or she would encounter in the subsequent postural stability tests. A perceived sense of slip (PSOS) scale was administrated immediately after each test to determine subjects' PSOS. Subjects' postural sway and instability during task performance was determined by using a strain gauge type force platform. Results from this study indicate that subjects who were cautious in assessing surface slipperiness had less postural instability during task performance. Subjects could perceive the likely slips due to the change in task (p=0.0001) and surface slipperiness...
A comparison of the keypeck and treadlepress operants in the pigeon: Differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate yoked variable-interval schedule

Earlier investigations have indicated that the treadlepress response of the pigeon may not be as sensitive as the keypeck to the differential reinforcement of long interresponse times. This study tested the sensitivity of each operant under a multiple differential-rein-forcement-of-low-rate yoked variable-interval schedule that approximately equated reinforcement rate in the two schedule components. Three of four pigeons had much higher response rates in the variable-interval component for both operants, while one pigeon responded at the same rate in both components for both operants. These results showed that both the treadlepress and the keypeck response are similarly affected by the differential reinforcement of long interresponse times.
The Promise and Peril of Parallel Governance Structures

A recent survey of 146 postsecondary institutions found that 55% formed change task forces in the past 5 years. This article presents a detailed case of one private college that utilized task forces as a key strategy during a comprehensive change effort. Analysis describes the promise and peril of these innovative decision-making structures. Unburdened by day-today operational issues, the task forces focused on the change agenda, provided a “change friendly” environment, and became powerful change coalitions. The case shows how parallel governance structures devolve into “shadow” governance structures. Included are factors that determine how task forces enhance or compromise shared governance.
Moral development of the gifted: Making a case for children's literature

Moral education continues to be a concern for those in the field of gifted education. A potential tool to address this concern is children's literature. Through children's literature, gifted children can explore moral dilemas, moral decisions, and moral development in rich context of literary classics.
The size of trading blocs Market power and world welfare effects

Abstract We construct an n -country n -commodity trade model to analyze the implications of bloc size for (Nash) equilibrium tariffs and welfare. The relationship between the absolute size of (symmetric) trading blocs and their market power is ambiguous, and we illustrate how this relationship varies with model parameters. In contrast, sufficiently large increases in the relative size of a bloc enhance its relative market power and cause the welfare of its country members to rise above the free trade level. We establish the existence of an optimal bloc size, and study the dependence of optimal size on the parameters of the model.
Vegetarianism As A Potential Indicator of Eating Disorders Among Dietetic Internship Graduates

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To correlate the prevalence of eating disorders with vegetarianism in graduates of a dietetic internship. An eating disorders survey was mailed to 108 graduates of the past 10 classes of the Yale-New Haven Hospital dietetic internship. To enhance return rate, graduates were provided with a postage paid return envelope and assured of response anonymity, since responses were sent to and tallied by a third party. A total of 79 graduates responded (72%), 77 of whom were female and 2 of whom were male. Respondent ages ranged from 24-40 years, with a mean of 29.9 years. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or any combination of the three were the categories included in the survey. Additionally, we asked the respondents if they were, or had ever been, vegetarians. If they responded yes, they were asked to categorize their vegetarianism (e.g. pesco, lacto-ovo, vegan, etc.), as well as their reasons for becoming a vegetarian (e.g. health concerns, animal treatment, environmental concerns, etc.). Twenty-two of the respondents (28%) identified themselves as having a history of eating disorders. Nine of those with eating disorders were vegetarians (41 %), while 11 of the 57 without eating disorders were vegetarians (19%). These values are significantly different by Pearson's X 2 (p=0.05). We therefore conclude that vegetarianism among dietetic interns may be an indicator of an eating disorder in some instances. While a vegetarian diet is healthful when correctly planned, we feel that some of our graduates may have used vegetarianism as a socially acceptable reason for limiting food intake and therefore were able to mask an eating disorder.
Digital photography: a new method for estimating food intake in cafeteria settings.

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to test the comparability of digital photography and visual estimation procedures for estimating food intake. Research methods and procedures: The study sample included 71 breakfast meals and 59 lunch meals eaten in a university cafeteria during a single day. A total of 66 different foods were employed as test foods that could be selected by the students. Food selections and plate waste, as estimated by digital photography and visual estimation, were compared. For digital photography, three observers independently estimated portion sizes of each food item based upon digital photographs. One observer estimated portion sizes in the cafeteria setting, using visual estimation, a method that has been validated in other studies. Results: To test the accuracy of the two procedures for measuring food intake, the estimates of food weights derived from both procedures were compared using Bland-Altman regression. In comparison to visual estimation, the digital photography method yielded comparable estimates of food selections, plate waste, and total food intake for seven of nine comparisons. The two methods of estimating food portions yielded comparable results for most (78%) types of foods. The two methods also yielded similar variability. Discussion: These findings suggest that the digital photography method is an alternative to the traditional method of estimating food intake via direct observation.
Systematic Review of Occupational Therapy–Related Interventions for People With Multiple Sclerosis: Part 2. Impairment

This article is the second part of a systematic review of studies on occupational therapy-related intervention for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this systematic review was to critically appraise and synthesize the applicable findings to address the following focused question: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice for people with multiple sclerosis? Part 1 (Yu & Mathiowetz, 2014) reviewed evidence for the effectiveness of activity- and participation-based interventions for people with MS. In contrast to the top-down approach, enabling occupational performance can be achieved through remediating impaired personal abilities. Therefore, Part 2 focuses on occupational therapy interventions targeting impairment. Studies included in this review focused on improving client factors and performance skills in people with MS, including cognition, emotional regulation, and motor and praxis skills.