cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fear of fear and the anxiety disorders.

The responses of 271 outpatients with diagnoses of agoraphobia with panic attacks, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or depression (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder) to the Agoraphobic Cognitions Questionnaire (ACQ) and the Body Sensations Questionnaire (BSQ) were examined. Agoraphobics scored significantly higher than all other groups on fear of body sensations associated with anxiety. In addition, agoraphobics, together with clients with panic disorder, had significantly higher scores on thoughts that physical illness would be caused by their anxiety. All clinical groups scored significantly higher than normal controls on thoughts that their anxiety would lead to social embarrassment or loss of control; there were no significant differences among clinical subjects on this measure, although agoraphobics' scores were higher than those of all other groups. In addition, analyses of data from 364 agoraphobics showed that the ACQ and BSQ predicted an important feature of agoraphobia—namely, self-reported avoidance behavior, even once the common variance of fear of fear with trait anxiety was partialed out. In summary, it appears that fear of fear is an important distinguishing characteristic among clients with anxiety disorders, and one that cannot be reduced to global psychological distress or trait anxiety.
Implications of an Aging Population on the Delivery of Public Sector Social Services

Over the coming years, demographers report a rapid increase in the number of people over age 65, and in particular the number of persons from ethnic and racial minority groups over 65. While professionals in aging services are paying close attention to these trends and their implications, there are widespread implications that go beyond aging services. Using New York State as a case in point, this paper utilizes literature, demographics, and interviews with key informants to focus on two major trends associated with these demographic shifts: the increase in family caregiving and grandparents raising grandchildren. These trends are examined for their impact on the design and delivery of services including TANF, child welfare and adult protective services. Professionals beyond those in aging services are called upon to be aware of the impact of these aging demographics for clients in the array of public social service systems, and to meet the challenges of these demographic trends with a multigenerational a...
Accounting for the impairment of long‐lived assets: A review and update

Recent marks by SEC Chairman Arthur Levitt and Chief Accountant Lynn Turner have put new attention on certain provisions of SFAS No. 121. In light of the SEC concerns, the authors review and update the issue of asset impairment for readers. The authors also present the results of their review of note disclosures for 48 Fortune 500 firms. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polyhalogenated monoterpenes from plocamium cartilagineum from the british coast

Abstract Plocamium cartilagineum collected at several locations along the British coast contained polyhalogenated monocyclic monoterpenes, five of which have been fully characterised. The halogenated monoterpenes from the British samples are closely related to those previously found in P. violaceum. The linear polyhalogenated monoterpenes which are characteristic of P. cartilagineum collected in La Jolla were found in one sample of P. cartilagineum from Britain. The structures of the five new monocyclic monoterpenes were determined by comparison of the spectral data with those of known compounds and by chemical interconversion.
Quantification of myocardial perfusion with spiral pulse sequences

Background The quest to quantify myocardial perfusion has been largely motivated by the desire to obtain quantitative, observer-independent, and reproducible measures of myocardial perfusion. Spiral pulse sequences have multiple advantages for myocardial perfusion imaging including high acquisition efficiency, high signal to noise (SNR) and robustness to motion. We have developed a spiral pulse sequence with an integrated single-shot arterial input function (AIF) capable of performing absolute quantification of myocardial perfusion.
Infrared Spectroscopy from 5 to 200 Microns with a Small Grating Spectrometer

High-resolution infrared spectroscopy with a small grating instrument has now been extended to wavelengths of nearly 200 microns. In the range 5–50 microns the achieved resolution was about 0.3 cm−1 or slightly better. Beyond 50 microns the resolution varied from 0.5 to 1.0 cm−1. No predispersive device was used, but filters, residual-ray reflections, selective chopping of radiation, and “off-blaze” use of the doubly passed gratings were employed to remove higher orders from the spectra. These devices are discussed briefly and their characteristics for the various spectral regions have been tabulated. Calibration has been carried out with higher orders of atomic emission lines and absorption lines of previously measured molecular spectra. Wave-number precision is estimated as about 0.04–0.05 cm−1 in most spectral regions. Performance of the spectrometers is illustrated by reproductions of the actual recorded spectra of water vapor at 1600, 300, and 200–55 cm−1, of ethylene and ammonia at 950 cm−1, of benzene at 673 cm−1, and of carbon disulfide at 400 cm−1.
CO in methanogenesis

Although CO is present in methanogenic environments, an understanding of CO metabolism by methanogens has lagged behind other methanogenic substrates and investigations of CO metabolism in non-methanogenic species. This review features studies on the metabolism of CO by methanogens from 1931 to the present. The pathways for CO metabolism of freshwater versus marine species are contrasted and the ecological implications discussed. The biochemistry and role of CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase in the pathway for conversion of acetate to methane and biosynthesis of cell carbon is presented. Finally, a proposal for the role of CO and primitive forms of the CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase in the origin and early evolution of life is discussed.
Colloidal Synthesis of Hollow Cobalt Sulfide Nanocrystals

Formation of cobalt sulfide hollow nanocrystals through amechanism similar to the Kirkendall Effect has been investigated indetail. It was found that performing the reaction at>120oC leads tofast formation of a single void ins ide each shell, whereas at roomtemperature multiple voids are formed within each shell, which can beattributed to strongly temperature-dependent diffusivities for vacancies.The void formation process is dominated by outward diffusion of cobaltcations; still, significant inward transport of sulfur anions can beinferred to occur as the final voids are smaller in diameter than theoriginal cobalt nanocrystals. Comparison of volume distributions forinitial and final nanostructures indicates excess apparent volume inshells implying significant porosity and/or a defective structure.Indirect evidence for shells to fracture during growth at lowertemperatures was observed in shell size statisticsand TEM of as-grownshells. An idealized model of the diffusional process imposes two minimalrequirements on material parameters for shell growth to be obtainablewithin a specific synthetic system.
High flux insertion devices for x-ray beam lines: An optical design

Abstract Design and use of specialized sources (insertion devices) is becoming commonplace at storage rings. These are high brightness sources that fall into two categories: undulators and wigglers. In this paper an optical design for wiggler beam lines is discussed where the thermal problems, both total power and power density, demand new solutions. The proposed optical solution is based on the ideas of the Kirkpatrick-Baez microscope and multilayer reflectors, to achieve a high throughput-small aberration optical system for scattering and spectroscopy.
Synthesis of diazaquinomycin a and b: the first double knorr cyclization

Abstract The first syntheses of diazaquinomycin A ( 1 ) and diazaquinomycin B ( 11 ) are described. The key reaction is the tandem double Knorr cyclizalion/oxidation of 10 to 1 (Eq. 1)
Arithmetic computation in the tile assembly model: Addition and multiplication

Formalized study of self-assembly has led to the definition of the tile assembly model [Erik Winfree, Algorithmic self-assembly of DNA, Ph.D. Thesis, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, June 1998; Paul Rothemund, Erik Winfree, The program-size complexity of self-assembled squares, in: ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC02, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2001, pp. 459-468]. Research has identified two issues at the heart of self-assembling systems: the number of steps it takes for an assembly to complete, assuming maximum parallelism, and the minimal number of tiles necessary to assemble a shape. In this paper, I define the notion of a tile assembly system that computes a function, and tackle these issues for systems that compute the sum and product of two numbers. I demonstrate constructions of such systems with optimal @Q(1) distinct tile types and prove the assembly time is linear in the size of the input.
Group integration for lattice gauge theory at large N and at small coupling

Abstract We consider the fundamental SU( N ) invariant integrals encountered in Wilson's lattice QCD with an eye to analytical results for N →∞ and approximations for small g 2 at fixed N . We develop a new semiclassical technique starting from the Schwinger-Dyson equations cast in differential form to give an exact solution to the single -link integral for N →∞. The third-order phase transition discovered by Gross and Witten for two-dimensional QCD occurs here for any dimension. Alternatively we parametrize directly the integral over the Haar measure and obtain approximate results for SU( N ) using stationary phase at small g 2 . Remarkably the single-loop correction gives the exact answer at N = ∞. We show that the naive lattice string of Weingarten is obtained from N →∞ QCD in the limit of dimensions d →∞. We discuss applications of our techniques to the 1/ N expansion.
Emergency medicine research directors and research programs : Characteristics and factors associated with productivity

Background: Periodic surveys of research directors (RDs) in emergency medicine (EM) are useful to assess the specialty’s development and evolution of the RD role. Objectives: To assess associations between characteristics and research productivity of RDs and EM programs. Methods: A survey of EM RDs was developed using the nominal group technique and pilot tested. RDs or surrogate respondents at programs certified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were contacted by e-mail in early 2005. The survey assessed programs’ research infrastructure and productivity, as well as RD characteristics, responsibilities, and career satisfaction. Three measures of research productivity were empirically defined: research publications, grant awards, and grant revenue. Results: Responses were received from 86% of 123 EM programs. Productivity was associated with the presence of nonclinical faculty, dedicated research coordinators, and reduced clinical hours for research faculty. Programs with an RD did not have greater research productivity, using any measure, than those without an RD. The majority of RDs cited pursuing their own studies, obtaining funding, research mentoring, and research administration to be major responsibilities. The majority characterized internal research funding, grant development support, and support from other faculty as inadequate. Most RDs are satisfied with their careers and expect to remain in the position for three or more years. Conclusions: Research productivity of EM residency programs is associated with the presence of dedicated research faculty and staff and with reduced clinical demands for research faculty. Despite perceiving deficiencies in important resources, most RDs are professionally satisfied. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2006; 13:637–644 a 2006 by the Society for Academic Emergency
Curricula For A Sustainable Future: A proposal for integrating environmental concepts into our curricula

The global scientific community recognizes the critical need for industries to develop and practice manufacturing techniques that minimize harm to our environment. In the National Science Board’s report Environmental Science and Engineering for the 21st Century, the National Science Foundation was urged to promote “Environmental research, education, and scientific assessment [as] one of NSF’s higher priorities.” Although there are a number of independent efforts to fold environmental issues in existing undergraduate curricula, no dominant method has emerged as a means of including these concepts. One of the difficulties in adjusting our materials science and engineering (MSE) curricula is the problem of how and what to include in an already full curriculum. In this paper, we propose a path for integrating environmental and sustainability concepts within the framework of existing curricula. We will suggest learning outcomes for each year of the MSE curriculum and offer examples.
Laboratory measurements of spectral reflection from ice clouds of various habits

Spectral light from 550 to 650 nm reflected from the surface of an ice cloud produced in a temperature-controlled column is measured at seven different angles between 16.7 degrees and 29.9 degrees . Cloud optical depth (tau) is determined from the extinction of a 670 nm laser and is corrected for forward scattering using a Monte Carlo ray-tracing algorithm. Reflection measurements are compared to expectations from a plane-parallel radiative transfer model with input parameters based on the measured tau and a phase function for the observed ice crystal types. The plane-parallel radiative transfer model can be used to interpret the measured reflection for tau less than about 0.4 for this particular experiment, ideal for providing a validation data set to assist with the development of satellite bidirectional remote sensing.
Free and Ordered Recall: Coding as a Function of Age

Summary Three experiments were performed with young and aged female volunteers to evaluate coding (chunking) ability with ordered [Experiments 1 (N = 32) and 2 (N = 4011 and free [Experiment 3 (N = 40)] recall tasks. The stimuli were letter sequences which either were not amenable to coding or chunking (low code) or which could be chunked into meaningful words (high codes). The results with ordered recall indicated that the size of improvements with high- as compared to low-code stimuli were similar for both age groups with eight stimuli in a sequence, but that young Ss had larger improvements than old with sequences of 12 letters. Both age groups had similar improvements with free recall indicating that age-related deficits in processing codable or chunkable materials may be restricted to situations where specific sequential ordering must be maintained and where the number of stimuli are at or exceed maximum span capacities for all age groups. Finally, knowledge about stimulus conditions and coding instr...
Cerebellar contributions to the Papez circuit.

Cerebellar influences on the various substructures in the Papez Circuit are indicated by the following. 1. Anatomical studies indicate that the major midbrain areas to which this circuit projects are : 1) ventral tegmental area; 2) interpeduncular area; and 3) periaqueductal gray areas; and these same areas project back to the limbic system. There are projections to these regions from the cerebellar nuclei, as indicated by terminal degeneration studies which show that cerebellar nuclei connect, mostly by fine fibers, with a continuum of cells located on either side of the midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain. Observations that the cerebellum also projects to the locus ceruleus (NA system) and VTA (DA system) indicate that cerebellar influences can also reach the limbic areas via the catecholamine fiber bundles. 2. Electrophysiological studies indicate that vermiam and fastigial stimulation induce evoked responses in the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus, and the septum, with latencies to the peak of first wave ranging from 4 to 8 msec and to the second wave of 16-29 msec. Citations from the physiological literature indicate that electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, especially the vermis, can modify a wide range of responses which involve functional activities of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. 3. Studies on electrically induced afterdischarges in the septum, hippocampus, and amygdala indicate that cerebellar stimulation can shorten the duration of or terminate the afterdischarges, and the site of lowest threshold is the midline cortex. Focal cooling of the vermis promotes prolongation of the afterdischarges as does pretreatment of animals with 6-OH dopamine. Chemical lesions in the catecholamine system induced by 6-OH dopamine reduce the effectiveness of the cerebellar stimulation, as do lesions of nucleus fastigii. These data are interpreted to indicate that the cerebellum can exert a tonic suppressor (inhibitory?) influence on substructures within the Papez Circuit. 4. Citations from animal behavioral studies indicate that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum can induce responses such as arousal, predatory attack, and feeding which mimic those obtained by amygdaloid stimulation. Fastigial stimulation can produce drowsiness and EEG changes which resemble the sleep patterns resulting from stimulation of the ventral amygdala.
Vitellogenin and egg production in the moth, Heliothis virescens

The characteristics of vitellogenin (Vg) and the relationship between Vg production and egg production in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, were studied. The relationship between Vg production and juvenile hormone (JH) and the impact of mating on Vg and egg production were also investigated. Vg appears in the hemolymph of H. virescens about 6 h after moth eclosion. Vg may be separated into two apoproteins (ApoVg-I and ApoVg-II) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weights were calculated to be 156,065 ± 800 for ApoVg-I and 39,887 ± 323 for ApoVg-II. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the female hemolymph Vg polypeptides appear to be identical to those from eggs but are absent in male hemolymph. Vg concentration was significantly higher in mated females than in virgin females of the same age at 48 h after emergence. Rates of egg production increased as Vg production increased; rates of egg production in mated females were significantly higher than those of virgin females at 48, 72, 96, and 120 h postemergence. Vg production is dependent on JH, because hemolymph from decapitated females lacked Vg while that of decapitated females treated with synthetic JH had Vg at levels comparable to similarly aged, normal H. virescens females. Hemolymph JH titers in mated females were significantly higher compared with those in virgin females at all sampling periods. The high JH level in mated females may explain the high Vg and egg production in mated H. virescens. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 34:287–300, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of electrode size on basic excitatory responses and selected electric stimulator parameters

This electrical stimulation study investigates the effects of electrode size on the basic excitatory responses of four healthy Subjects. Four different sizes of self-adhesive surface electrodes from (2.25 cm2) to (40.3 cm2) were applied over the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles. The excitatory levels considered were sensory threshold (ST), motor threshold (MT), pain threshold (PT) and maximally tolerated painful (MP) stimulation. The stimulus was a symmetric biphasic waveform with 200 µSec phase duration and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. The amplitude of the stimulus was increased until the appropriate excitatory response was achieved, at which time the computerized system recorded the peak voltage and peak current and computed the associated phase charge. The data showed that for all dependent variables tested the largest electrode (40.3 cm2) required about 40 percent lower peak voltage and 400 percent higher peak current compared to the smallest electrode (2.25 cm2). The ratio of the peak voltage to the peak current decreased non-linearly as electrode size increased. The data also showed that phase charge increased 700 percent and phase charge density (phase charge divided by electrode surface) decreased 60 percent as electrode size increased. The peak currents and phase charges that elicit a painful response were much lower as the electrode size became smaller. We concluded that electrode size effects are non-linearly related to the stimulus parameters required for inducing common excitatory responses. This information could be very useful in the development of a load simulating the electrode-tissue interface for different types of electrodes.
learning to fear: a case study of emotional conditioning

Numerous researchers have noted the existence of culture-specific patterns of emotionality, or “ethoses,” that are characteristic of particular societies. This paper examines the development and maintenance of one such emotional specialization by analyzing the social, cultural, psychological, and physiological processes whose interactions give rise in each generation to an ethos of fearfulness among the Semai Senoi of West Malaysia.
Timing of the breakup of the continents around the atlantic as determined by paleomagnetism

Abstract Evaluation of he reconstruction of the predrift configuration of the continents around the Atlantic Ocean given by Bullard et al. ( 965) using paleomagnetic data obtained essentially only from well-dated thermally or a.c. demagnetized roc) sequences indicates that during the Carboniferous, Permian, and much of the Triassic the continents were contiguous or nearly so. About 200 my ago the continents began to drift apart. By middle to late Cretaceous time the South Atlantic was about 40% open whereas the North Atlantic (north of latitude 40°) was nearly entirely open. Seemingly, the opening of the Atlantic proceeded relatively uniformly over its entire length during the first 100 my of its existence but in the last 100 my the South Atlantic has been opening at a rate faster than its northern counterpart. The age of the Atlantic north of latitude 40° from the paleomagnetic evaluation is in disagreement with some conclusions reached from consideration of linear magnetic anomalies on the ocean floor.
A Technique Based on Ant Colony Optimization for Load Balancing in Cloud Data Center

As a large number of requests are submitted to the data center, load balancing is one of the main challenges in Cloud Data Center. Existing load Balancing techniques mainly focus on improving the quality of services, providing the expected output on time etc. Therefore, there is a need to develop load balancing technique that can improve the performance of cloud computing along with optimal resource utilization. The proposed technique of load balancing is based on Ant Colony Optimization which detects overloaded and under loaded servers and thereby performs load balancing operations between identified servers of Data Center. The proposed technique ensures availability, achieves efficient resource utilization, maximizes number of requests handled by cloud and minimizes time required to serve multiple requests. The complexity of proposed algorithm depends on datacenter network architecture.
Analysis of systematic errors in rotating-analyzer ellipsometers*

The effects of generalized component imperfections, azimuth-angle errors, and errors of the normalized Fourier coefficients of the detected photoelectric current on the measured ratio of reflection coefficients ρ in rotating-analyzer ellipsometers (RAE) are determined. The problem is formulated in such a way that much of the earlier work done on error analysis for null ellipsometers (NE) can be adapted to RAE. The results are conveniently expressed in terms of coupling coefficients that determine the extent to which a given source of error couples to an error of the measured value of ρ. The optical properties of the compensator (if used) and of the surface can be simultaneously obtained from a set of two measurements using RAE, in a manner similar to two-zone measurements in NE. In addition, novel methods of obtaining and combining the results from two measurements are examined, with the objective of cancelling the effect of many of the systematic sources of errors. One such method employs two incident polarizations of the same ellipticity but with orthogonal azimuths, in which case the measured value of ρ is almost independent of the input optics. If the two incident polarizations are chosen, instead, to have equal but opposite ellipticity and azimuth, the effects of the polarizer imperfection, off-diagonal elements in the compensator, entrance-window, surface, and exit-window imperfection matrices, as well as polarizer and compensator azimuth-angle errors, all disappear upon such two-measurement averaging; the effects of analyzer imperfection or azimuth-angle error and errors of the normalized Fourier coefficients are only partially cancelled. Finally, use of RAE in generalized ellipsometry and its attendant problems are examined.
Regression models for analyzing clustered binary and continuous outcomes under an assumption of exchangeability

Abstract Scientific experiments commonly result in clustered discrete and continuous data. Existing methods for analyzing such data include the use of quasi-likelihood procedures and generalized estimating equations to estimate marginal mean response parameters. In applications to areas such as developmental toxicity studies, where discrete and continuous measurements are recorded on each fetus, or clinical ophthalmologic trials, where different types of observations are made on each eye, the assumption that data within cluster are exchangeable is often very reasonable. We use this assumption to formulate fully parametric regression models for clusters of bivariate data with binary and continuous components. The regression models proposed have marginal interpretations and reproducible model structures. Tractable expressions for likelihood equations are derived and iterative schemes are given for computing efficient estimates (MLEs) of the marginal mean, correlations, variances and higher moments. We demonstrate the use the ‘exchangeable’ procedure with an application to a developmental toxicity study involving fetal weight and malformation data.
Criminals, Scientists, and Persistent Myths for Teaching Science

Thirty years ago, Michael Leyden wrote an essay entitled, “You Graduate More Criminals Than Scientists” in the National Science Teacher Association's The Science Teacher journal, in which he provides sobering data comparing the number of students with criminal records versus those who pursue science as a profession. Leyden also presents and discusses five myths of teaching science based on anecdotes from his professional experiences. A recent survey collected data from a sample of Kansas science teachers (N = 140) to determine the extent to which these myths are present today in the science education community. A majority of science teachers indicated agreement with all five statements, with over 90% agreeing to “Studying science will help my students make logical decisions” and “My students are going to need my course when they get to college.” Discussion includes a comparison of science teachers' perceptions with data both then (1984) and now, such as graduation and college completion rates; potential p...
Enhancement of In Situ Bioremediation of BTEX-Contaminated Ground Water by Oxygen Diffusion from Silicone Tubing

A field study of oxygen-enhanced biodegradation was carried out in a sandy iron-rich ground water system contaminated with gasoline hydrocarbons. Prior to the oxygen study, intrinsic microbial biodegradation in the contaminant plume had depleted dissolved oxygen and created anaerobic conditions. An oxygen diffusion system made of silicone polymer tubing was installed in an injection well within an oxygen delivery zone containing coarse highly permeable sand. During the study, this system delivered high dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (39 mg/L) to the ground water within a part of the plume. The ground water was sampled at a series of monitors in the test zone downgradient of the delivery well to determine the effect of oxygen on dissolved BTEX, ground water geochemistry, and microbially mediated biodegradation processes. The DO levels and Eh increased markedly at distances up to 2.3 m (7.5 feet) downgradient. Potential biofouling and iron precipitation effects did not clog the well screens or porous medium. The increased dissolved oxygen enhanced the population of aerobes while the activity of anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens decreased. Based on concentration changes, the estimated total rate of BTEX biodegradation rose from 872 mg/day before enhancement to 2530 mg/day after 60 days of oxygen delivery. Increased oxygen flux to the test area could account for aerobic biodegradation of 1835 mg/day of the BTEX. The estimated rates of anaerobic biodegradation processes decreased based on the flux of sulfate, iron (II), and methane. Two contaminants in the plume, benzene and ethylbenzene, are not biodegraded as readily as toluene or xylenes under anaerobic conditions. Following oxygen enhancement, however, the benzene and ethylbenzene concentrations decreased about 98%, as did toluene and total xylenes.
Promoting Military Cultural Awareness in an Off-post Community of Behavioral Health and Social Support Service Providers

Due to U.S. military Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) efforts and ongoing Overseas Contingency Operations, the number of military servicemembers and veterans seeking civilian-based services has increased. As the military presence grows in previously underrepresented areas, the need for culturally competent providers will also increase both on and off military installations. The purpose of this article is to promote military cultural awareness, while suggesting ways to enhance existing community behavioral health and social support services. It builds on a review of the extant literature and findings from a community assessment to introduce civilian providers to some specific issues affecting servicemembers and their families. A framework describes ways to increase military cultural competence and build community capacity to enhance civilian-based services. In addition, two appendices list some common military terminology and multiple training resources available through military organizations and websites.
Inclass or Pullout: Effects of Setting on the Remedial Reading Program

The purpose of this study was to describe the remedial reading instruction received by students assigned to inclass or pullout programs with respect to the instructional behaviors of teachers, the nature of lessons, and the reading behaviors of students. The study was conducted in an urban school system in which the pullout and inclass programs existed concurrently. One hundred nineteen students (Grades 4 and 5) were observed over a 4-month period. In both settings, students received a great deal of skill-related instruction; not much time was spent in prereading activities and students spent most of their time with worksheets. Over 60% of classroom time in both settings was spent in listening, transcribing, and silent reading. Pullout students experienced more direct teaching activities in a group situation while inclass students experienced more time in a one-on-one tutoring mode. Overall, there were differences between settings in what students experienced in remedial reading. Many concerns have been raised about the prevailing model used in Chapter I programs—the pullout model that provides supplemental compensatory instruction to participating students. Critics of pullout programs question the lack of congruence with the developmental reading program (Allington & McGill-Franzen, 1988; Allington, Steutzel, Shake, & Lamarche, 1986; Johnston, Allington, & Afflerbach, 1985), the loss in instructional time in moving from classroom to pullout setting (Allington et al., 1985); and the negative effects of labeling students (Glass & Smith, 1977; Leinhardt & Pallay, 1982). Moreover, results of the latest national assessment of Chapter I have indicated that: (a) although students receiving Chapter I services demonstrated larger standardized achievement test gains than comparable students not receiving Chapter I services, their gains did not move them substantially toward the achievement level of more advantaged students; (b) participants in math gained more than those in
The Unacceptable Disparity in Cardiac Arrest Survival Among American Communities

The community in which an individual lives is the biggest factor determining whether survival or death follows out-ofhospital cardiac arrest. Consider the facts. Survival (discharged alive from hospital) from ventricular fibrillation in US cities ranges from 0% to 46%. Ample studies during several decades, including a recent publication from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, document this disparity: Detroit, 0%; Chicago, 3%; New York, 5%; Los Angeles, 7%; Alabama, 8%; Salt Lake City, 8%; Dallas, 10%; Rochester, NY, 10%; Memphis, 12%; Tucson, 12%; San Francisco, 15%; Fresno, 15%; Houston, 15%; Minneapolis, 20%; Pittsburgh, 22%; Portland, OR, 23%; Iowa, 23%; Miami, 24%; Milwaukee 26%, Seattle, 46% (L. Cobb, personal communication, January 2009 [data are quoted for witnessed cases of ventricular fibrillation]), Rochester, MN, 46%; and King County, 46%. We include here only studies with at least 100 cases of ventricular fibrillation. Also, some of the above rates are for all cases of ventricular fibrillation and some used witnessed ventricular fibrillation for the denominator, but we think the point is clear. Variability in survival is only part of the problem. In more than 4 decades of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest research, it is notable that fewer than 50 communities have reported their experience. Is the situation in the rest of the country good, bad, or terrible? We simply don’t know. Whatever the service or product, we expect a reasonable standard of quality and a reasonable level of consistency from community to community. For some products and services, we actually have national standards and national enforcement. But with cardiac arrest, we have no such standards, no agency monitoring the quality of service, no political groundswell demanding improvements, and no public outcry for change. Admittedly there are large differences in community resources between rural and urban communities, and any future standards must take these differences into account, much like the National Fire Protection Academy Standard 1710 proposes different performance standards for different types of fire departments. It is likely that defined
Failure Analysis of 1200-V/150-A SiC MOSFET Under Repetitive Pulsed Overcurrent Conditions

SiC MOSFETs are a leading option for increasing the power density of power electronics; however, for these devices to supersede the Si insulated-gate bipolar transistor, their characteristics have to be further understood. Two SiC vertically oriented planar gate D-MOSFETs rated for 1200 V/150 A were repetitively subjected to pulsed overcurrent conditions to evaluate their failure mode due to this common source of electrical stress. This research supplements recent work that demonstrated the long term reliability of these same devices [1] . Using an RLC pulse-ring-down test bed, these devices hard-switched 600 A peak current pulses, corresponding to a current density of 1500 A/cm2. Throughout testing, static characteristics of the devices such as $B_{{\rm VDSS}}$ , $R_{{\rm DS}({\rm on})}$ , and $V_{{\rm GS}({\rm th})}$ were measured with a high power device analyzer. The experimental results indicated that a conductive path was formed through the gate oxide; TCAD simulations revealed localized heating at the SiC/SiO2 interface as a result of the extreme high current density present in the device's JFET region. However, the high peak currents and repetition rates required to produce the conductive path through the gate oxide demonstrate the robustness of SiC MOSFETs under the pulsed overcurrent conditions common in power electronic applications.
Folic acid fortification: time for a concentrated effort.

Vidia Persad and colleagues[1][1] nicely show that folic acid fortification of cereal grains is rapidly followed by a remarkable reduction in the incidence of spina bifida and anencephaly. Their data indicate that countries that do not fortify grain are allowing thousands of babies to be born each
An Empirical Study of National vs. Local Pricing under Multimarket Competition

Geographic price discrimination is generally considered beneficial to firm profitability. Firms can extract higher rents by varying prices across markets to match consumers’ preferences. This paper empirically demonstrates, however, that a firm may instead prefer a national pricing policy that fixes prices across geographic markets, foregoing the opportunity to customize prices. Under appropriate conditions, a national pricing policy helps avoid intense local competition due to targeted prices. I examine the choice of national versus local pricing under multimarket retail chain competition using extensive data from the digital camera market. I estimate a highly flexible model of aggregate demand that incorporates additional micro purchase moments and semi-parametric heterogeneity. Counterfactual analyses show the major retail firms should employ a national pricing policy to maximize profits, rather than target prices in each local market. Fixing prices across markets allows the retailers to soften otherwise intense local competition by subsidizing competitive markets with profits from less competitive markets. Additional results explore how market factors could affect the pricing policy decision and assist retail managers in choosing their geographic pricing policies. ∗Graduate School of Business, Columbia University. Email: yli14@gsb.columbia.edu. I wish to sincerely thank my advisors Brett Gordon and Oded Netzer for their guidance and comments. I gratefully acknowledge Professor Vithala Rao for his generous support in obtaining the data. This project benefits from the grant awarded by the Eugene M. Lang Support Fund at Columbia Business School. All errors are my own.
Rethinking RAND : SDO-Based Approaches to Patent Licensing Commitments

So-called “reasonable and nondiscriminatory” (RAND) licensing commitments have been utilized by standards-development organizations (SDOs) for years in an attempt to alleviate the risk of patent hold-up in standard-setting. These commitments, however, have proven to be vague and offer few assurances to product vendors or patent holders. A recent surge of international litigation concerning RAND commitments has brought this issue to the attention of regulators, industry and the public, and many agree that a better approach is needed. In this paper, I identify seven “first principles” that underlie the licensing and enforcement of standards-essential patents (SEP)s. These can be summarized as follows: (1) certainty is preferable to uncertainty concerning the cost of implementing a technical standard, (2) there is a meaningful upper limit on reasonable royalty rates, (3) information regarding RAND terms should be available before adoption of a standard, (4) individual RAND commitments must be constrained by the aggregate royalty burden on a standard, (5) non-SEPs need not be bundled with SEPs, (6) SEPs should not be used to block implementation of a standard unless the recovery of monetary compensation is impossible, and (7) RAND commitments should travel with the relevant patent. Based on these first principles, I propose an SDO-driven approach to addressing the uncertainty of RAND commitments that is based on certain beneficial attributes of patent pools. I call this a “pseudo-pool” approach, as it draws on pooling strategies, but is adapted for use in the more flexible and prolific world of SDO standard-setting. The pseudo-pool approach includes the following elements: (a) SDO participants must declare SEPs in good faith, (b) SDO working groups that include patent holders and potential vendors establish aggregate royalty rates for each standard, (c) patent holders continue to grant licenses on RAND terms, subject to the aggregate royalty agreement, (d) each patent holder is entitled to a share of the aggregate royalty based on a proportionality measure, (e) there is a defined penalty for over-declaration of SEPs, (f) each patent holder is permitted to license its SEPs independently of the pseudo-pooling arrangement, (g) parties must waive their right to seek injunctive relief for infringement of SEPs unless monetary damages have proven impossible to collect, and (h) commitments made with respect to SEPs must bind all future transferees of such SEPs. This proposal requires the adoption of joint ex ante negotiation of royalty rates near the outset of a standardization project, conduct that has been viewed with favor by several regulatory agencies and acknowledged as offering various procompetitive benefits.
A Three-Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Regurgitant Mitral Valve Flow: Validation Against In Vitro Standards and 3D Color Doppler Methods

3D color Doppler echocardiography has recently been employed to evaluate 3D proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) and vena contracta (VC) area measures of regurgitant valve severity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling may provide insight into the strengths and limitations of emerging 3D color Doppler applications for the quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR). The objective of this study is to evaluate a recently developed CFD simulation of regurgitant mitral jets under tailored hemodynamic conditions. Moderate MR (30 mL/beat) and severe MR (70 mL/beat) were simulated using an in vitro flow loop with an imaging chamber configured to model a regurgitant mitral orifice. A novel application of a 3D CFD model based on a finite element method approximation of the Navier–Stokes equation was used to simulate the regurgitant flow conditions. The CFD derived peak transorifice pressure gradient and velocity were compared against in vitro measurement standards. CFD simulation of proximal regurgitant flow events were compared against 2D and 3D color Doppler PISA and VC measurements. Compared to an in-line flow meter reference, the CFD model provided an accurate estimate of peak transorifice flow velocity (mean 459 vs. 442 m/s, respectively; relative error 5.7%). Compared to high-fidelity pressure transducers, the CFD model provided accurate estimates of peak transorifice pressure gradient (mean 90 vs. 85 mmHg, respectively; relative error 10.4%). Compared to 3D color Doppler PISA measures, the CFD model of isovelocity surface area was larger (relative difference 7–23%). The error was greatest for higher flow conditions. When compared to the actual orifice area, the 3D Doppler VC area was larger (3–14% relative error), whereas the CFD VC area was smaller (8–9% relative error) and more consistent with the expected reduction in area due to transvalvular flow compression. 3D CFD simulations of complex intracardiac flow events are accurate when compared to in vitro pressure and flow measures and are consistent with recently introduced 3D echocardiographic flow quantification methods. Future studies may employ validated CFD models to assess the strengths and limitations of emerging 3D color Doppler applications.
Structural Equation Model of Construction Contract Dispute Potential

This paper presents the results of a structural equation model (SEM) for describing and quantifying the fundamental factors that affect contract disputes between owners and contractors in the construction industry. Through this example, the potential impact of SEM analysis in construction engineering and management research is illustrated. The purpose of the specific model developed in this research is to explain how and why contract related construction problems occur. This study builds upon earlier work, which developed a disputes potential index, and the likelihood of construction disputes was modeled using logistic regression. In this earlier study, questionnaires were completed on 159 construction projects, which measured both qualitative and quantitative aspects of contract disputes, management ability, financial planning, risk allocation, and project scope definition for both owners and contractors. The SEM approach offers several advantages over the previously employed logistic regression methodology. The final set of structural equations provides insight into the interaction of the variables that was not apparent in the original logistic regression modeling methodology.
Differential and Time-Dependent Changes in Gene Expression for Type II Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase, 67 kDa Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase, and Glutamate Receptor Subunits in Tetanus Toxin-Induced Focal Epilepsy

To study potential molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis in the neocortex, the motor cortex of rats was injected with tetanus toxin (TT), and gene expression for 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-67), type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII), NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1), and AMPA receptor subunit 2 (GluR2) was investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Injections of 20-35 ng TT induced recurrent seizures after a postoperative period ranging from 4 to 13 d. A majority of rats perfused 5-7 d after TT injection showed altered gene expression, but the changes varied in their areal extent, ranging from most neocortical areas on the injected side in some rats to mainly the frontoparietal cortex or the motor cortex in others. Epileptic rats perfused 14 d after TT injection showed a focus of increased GAD-67 and NR1, and of decreased alpha-CaMKII and GluR2 mRNA levels at the injection site. A zone of cortex surrounding the focus showed changes in alpha-CaMKII, GAD-67, and NR1 mRNA levels that were reciprocal to those in the focus. The results suggest that TT-induced seizure activity initially spread to a variable extent but was gradually restricted 2-3 d after seizure onset. The focus and the surround showing reciprocal changes in gene expression are thought to correspond to the electrophysiologically identified epileptic focus and inhibitory surround, respectively. The findings suggest that lateral inhibition between neighboring cortical regions will be affected and contribute to a neurochemical segregation of an epileptic focus from surrounding cortex.
Circadian Phase Preference in College Students: Relationships With Psychological Functioning and Academics

The current study offers a comprehensive assessment of psychosocial functioning and academic performance in relation to circadian phase preference in a US sample of undergraduate college students (N = 838), aged 17–26 (M = 19.78, SD = 1.89). Women had greater morning preference than men, and seniors had greater morning preference than freshmen. Circadian phase preference, fatigue, perceived stress, depression, anxiety, and substance use were assessed cross-sectionally and grade point average (GPA) was assessed prospectively. Evening phase preference was related to higher levels of fatigue, alcohol and caffeine use, and worse academic performance than morning or intermediate phase preferences. (Author correspondence: djtaylor@unt.edu)