cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AN EMPIRE OF LAW: CHANCELLOR KENT AND THE REVOLUTION IN BOOKS IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC

Drawing on James Kent's law library, this Essay illuminates one aspect of the post-colonial British influence on early American legal culture: a revolution in books in the Atlantic world that coincided with the American Revolution. This book revolution was a condition precedent for the way that leading jurists like Chancellor Kent of New York conceived of law and also shaped the media through which they communicated law. The book revolution had many causes and resulted in an explosion of English print that spread across the Atlantic through the copyright-free haven of Dublin. This transatlantic network of copyright arbitrageurs - they should not be called "pirates" because they did not violate British law - made it possible for James Kent and other young lawyers with no personal connections to Great Britain to fill their libraries with the latest English law books at discount prices. As Kent struggled to make sense of these books, he developed an unusually print-oriented vision of the ideal legal order. He then translated what he learned - the substance as well as the vision - into his own reports and his four-volume Commentaries on American Law (1826-1830), which were available everywhere in the Union throughout the nineteenth century. In sum, this revolution facilitated the development of a trans-jurisdictional conception of law that Federalist jurists like Kent used to promote a new kind of empire: an empire of law in which law was conceived as a set of legal principles that should operate everywhere in the Union.
Increased NMDA current and spine density in mice lacking the NMDA receptor subunit NR3A.

The NMDA (N -methyl-D-aspartate) subclass of glutamate receptor1 is essential for the synaptic plasticity thought to underlie learning and memory2,3,4 and for synaptic refinement during development5,6. It is currently believed that the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is a heteromultimeric channel comprising the ubiquitous NR1 subunit and at least one regionally localized NR2 subunit7,8,9,10,11. Here we report the characterization of a regulatory NMDAR subunit, NR3A (formerly termed NMDAR-L or χ-1), which is expressed primarily during brain development12,13. NR3Aco-immunoprecipitates with receptor subunits NR1 and NR2 in cerebrocortical extracts. In single-channel recordings from Xenopus oocytes, addition of NR3A to NR1 and NR2 leads to the appearance of a smaller unitary conductance. Genetic knockout of NR3A in mice results in enhanced NMDA responses and increased dendritic spines in early postnatal cerebrocortical neurons. These data suggest that NR3A is involved in the development of synaptic elements by modulating NMDAR activity.
Dephosphorylation of neuromodulin by calcineurin

Abstract Neuromodulin (p57, GAP-43, F1, B-50) is a major neural-specific, calmodulin binding protein found in brain, spinal cord, and retina that is associated with membranes. Phosphorylation of neuromodulin by protein kinase C causes a significant reduction in its affinity for calmodulin (Alexander, K. A., Cimler, B. M., Meirer, K. E., and Storm, D. R. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 6108-6113). It has been proposed that neuromodulin may function to bind and concentrate calmodulin at specific sites within neurons and that activation of protein kinase C causes the release of free calmodulin at high concentrations near its target proteins. It was the goal of this study to determine whether bovine brain contains a phosphoprotein phosphatase that will utilize phosphoneuromodulin as a substrate. Phosphatase activity for phosphoneuromodulin was partially purified from a bovine brain extract using DEAE-Sephacel and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography. The neuromodulin phosphatase activity was resolved into two peaks by Affi-Gel Blue chromatography. One of these phosphatases, which represented approximately 60% of the total neuromodulin phosphatase activity, was tentatively identified as calcineurin by its requirement for Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM) and inhibition of its activity by chlorpromazine. Therefore, bovine brain calcineurin was purified to homogeneity and examined for its phosphatase activity against bovine phosphoneuromodulin. Calcineurin rapidly dephosphorylated phosphoneuromodulin in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ and 3 microM CaM. The apparent Km and Vmax for the dephosphorylation of neuromodulin, measured in the presence of micromolar Ca2+ and 2 microM CaM, were 2.5 microM and 70 nmol Pi/mg/min, respectively, compared to a Km and Vmax of 4 microM and 55 nmol Pi/mg/min, respectively, for myosin light chain under the same conditions. Dephosphorylation of neuromodulin by calcineurin was stimulated 50-fold by calmodulin in the presence of micromolar free Ca2+. Half-maximal stimulation was observed at a calmodulin concentration of 0.5 microM. We propose that phosphoneuromodulin may be a physiologically important substrate for calcineurin and that calcineurin and protein kinase C may regulate the levels of free calmodulin available in neurons.
Implications of a New Medical Technology in the Hospital: CO-OXIMETRY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the clinical importance and implications of the introduction of a new medical device. The new medical device being introduced into the medical community is the hand-held CO-oximeter that is engineered by MASIMO Corporation. Rhode Island Hospital is on the forefront of testing this new CO-oximeter, the RAD-57, being placed into the market by the Masimo Corporation. CO-oximetry ay become the next universally accepted, highly utilized, non-invasive technology for emergency care. This new way to non-invasively measure carboxyhemoglobin within blood, will replace the old methods of long and costly arterial blood tests, could be the next vital sign to become an integral part of medical practice. One of the study's foci was to investigate the effects a new medical technology and to determine the effects on other lab parameters that can be ordered and measured. An important point to research and test was whether or not this new medical technology works. Comparing two months of data from the Masimo CO-oximeter to the data taken from the true venous blood draws to check accuracy and reliability will be an effective way to prove the instrument's validity. Also, for patients presenting to an emergency department serving an urban population, it is possible to determine baseline carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels and compare levels by demographic characteristics, smoking history, and vital signs to identify potential risk factors for carbon monoxide poisoning.
Multiple Chemosensory Defects in Daf-11 and Daf-21 Mutants of Caenorhabditis Elegans

Phenotypic analysis of the daf-11 and daf-21 mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans suggests that they have defects in components shared by processes analogous to vertebrate taste and olfaction. daf-11 and daf-21 mutations were previously shown to cause inappropriate response to the dauer-inducing pheromone. By mutational analysis and by disabling specific chemosensory sensilla with a laser, we show that neurons in the amphid sensilla are required for this pheromone response. Using behavioral assays, we find that daf-11 and daf-21 mutants are not defective in avoidance of certain non-volatile repellents, but are defective in taxis to non-volatile attractants. In addition, both mutants are defective in taxis to volatile attractants detected primarily by the amphid neuron AWC, but respond normally to volatile attractants detected primarily by AWA. We propose that daf-11 and daf-21 mediate sensory transduction for both volatile and non-volatile compounds in specific amphid neurons.
A Second “Taffy” Galaxy Pair

Like the original "taffy" galaxies UGC 12914/5, the postcollision spiral galaxies UGC 813/6 are joined by a synchrotron radio bridge whose brightness contours resemble stretching bands of taffy. Other features shared by both pairs are unusually low far-infrared/radio flux ratios and very steep bridge continuum spectra. New total-intensity, polarization, and spectral-index images indicate that the bridge magnetic fields and relativistic electrons were torn from the disks of UGC 813 and UGC 00816 during a major collision about 5 × 107 yr ago. A significant fraction of the system H also lies between the disks. These "taffy" systems provide unique observational diagnostics for both normal galaxies and major mergers, but new numerical models are needed to simulate interpenetrating disks containing dense molecular clouds anchoring magnetic fields strong enough to affect gas flows.
Efficient and accurate data dependence profiling using software signatures

Speculative optimizations relax conservative constraints, like ambiguous memory-carried dependences that will rarely occur at runtime, to allow compilers to generate higher performing code. Data dependence profiling enables these techniques by providing runtime dependence information. However, prior data dependence profilers (DDPs) tend to be slow or have significant inaccuracy. Such techniques try to track all pairs of dependences that occur at runtime. To have high accuracy, it usually requires significant storage and performance overhead. Of course, accuracy can be sacrificed via sampling or fixed size storage to provide higher performance; but, these knobs are tough to control and often lead to a significant loss in accuracy. Hence, we search for a better trade-off between speed and accuracy, and we achieve this by considering a new approach based on efficient set operations using software signatures.Rather than tracking pair-wise dependences, we identify important dependence relationships at compile time, group said relationships into sets, and then construct and operate directly on the sets at runtime. By grouping many pair-wise relationships into a single set operation, we achieve greater accuracy with higher performance. Furthermore, we can adjust the size of signatures and the number of set operations through various optimization techniques to trade off speed and accuracy. Using a manual design space search, we evaluated many promising configurations. We found a fast profiler which matches the accuracy of prior works with a slowdown of 2.97x. Also, the most accurate and balanced profilers have slowdowns of 18x and 8x respectively, with an accuracy of 0.15 and 0.17 Normalized Average Euclidean Distance, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, the set-based profiler is the most accurate one to date, with equal or better performance than prior works.
Bonding and 33S NMR chemical shielding in the thiophosphoryl group

B3LYP and MP2 calculations at the 6-311 + G(nd,p) level (with n = 2 for second-row elements and n = 1 otherwise) were carried out using the atoms-in-molecules (AIM) approach to characterize the thiophosphoryl bond. A series of R(3)PS molecules were studied and compared with the corresponding R(3)PO systems. As with the phosphoryl bond, one cannot distinguish the thiophosphoryl bond from a standard P=S double bond by comparing bond distances. On the basis of the P=S bond in HP=S having a reference bond order of 2.0, the thiophosphoryl bond has a bond order of about 1.6. Examination of localized orbitals show that this bond is less polar than the corresponding PO bond. As with the phosphoryl bond, what sets the thiophosphoryl bond apart is the high degree of back-bonding that contributes to the delocalization index (and covalent bond order) and is the basis for its stronger than single bond character and short bond distance. (33)S NMR shielding calculations were also carried out and, in a few instances, compared directly with newly determined experimental shieldings.
The print media and aging policy: how differential coverage of Medicare Catastrophic led congress astray.

This article examines the role of the print media in covering complex ploicy issues. Two models of journalism are considered. "Pack journalism" predicts that print media coverage will be highly consistent in content due to the reliance by those in the media on the same sources of information. In this article another model - "Beltway journalism" - is proposed. It implies that coverage by the print media indigenous to the Washington, D.C. area (inside the Beltway) will diverge from that of other print media, presenting a potentially distorted view of the world to policymakers in Washington. Using the Washington Post and the Los Angeles Times as possible indicators of the two models, aging policy is addressed through a case study of newspaper coverage during passage and repeal of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988. Findings suggest that Congress was unduly influenced by the way that Medicare Catastrophic was framed in the Washington Post, lending credence to the Beltway journalism model. By payin...
Time dependence of the charge equilibration (fill-and-spill) input technique for profiled peristaltic charge-transfer devices

A simple closed-form mathematical model is derived for the time-limited spill mechanism in charge equilibration inputs on profiled peristaltic charge-transfer devices (CTD's). Two modes of operation, peak detection and signal sampling, are analyzed representing extremes in the time variation of the input signal relative to the CTD clock. The theoretical models indicate two linear regions of the input-output curve characterized by thermal-diffusion-dominated transport and self-induced drift-dominated transport, respectively. These linear regions are clearly visible in the experimental data. By drawing straight lines through these data, the necessary model parameters are easily derived and these, in turn, give physical quantities such as thermal diffusion coefficient and surface doping. The numbers obtained in this fashion are a good indication of the model's validity when compared to independent measurements. Additional verification is provided by the accurate prediction of the output versus spill time curve at a single input level based on the parameters obtained by matching the model to the experimental input-output curve for one spill time. Theoretical curves are presented to illustrate the dependence on input gate geometries and spill time. Finally, isolines of time-dependent nonlinearity are plotted versus input voltage and spill time to aid in locating the sufficiently linear operating region.
On the balance between theory and practice [software engineering curriculum]

Undergraduate curricula must view it as a mandate to teach students how to effectively use logic and formal methods in software design, beginning with the first programming course. Both educational and industrial-strength tools are now available to support the implementation of this idea.
Must a pacifist also be opposed to euthanasia

Rejetant la these de J. Rachels selon laquelle un pacifiste devrait s'opposer a l'euthanasie au nom du droit a la vie, l'A. montre que le principe de tuer des innocents n'est pas suffisant dans le cas de l'euthanasie, ou il s'agit de donner la mort avec le consentement et pour le bien de la personne
Capturing dynamicity in knowledge modelling

Knowledge modelling is a very important activity that still faces major challenges. In this paper, we address one of these challenges related to the modelling of dynamic situations. We provide a solution for such modelling based on sequences of ontologies and their transitions. An important part of our solution is a graphical representation that can help in human-computer interactions during initial knowledge capture, knowledge refinement and querying of the knowledge bases.
Effects of copper on the sabellid polychaete, Eudistylia vancouveri: I. Concentration limits for copper accumulation.

Three experiments with a sabellid polychaete (Eudistylia vancouveri) show the threshold concentration for increasing copper accumulation with time to lie between 3 and 6 μg/L total copper in seawater during winter conditions. The branchial crown, probably the major absorptive site, concentrated more copper than the body. Accumulation was influenced by size but not by sex. Our studies indicate that the body burden of copper will increase above natural levels in areas of industrial discharge where copper levels are above the threshold limit for accumulation.
Analytical- and preparative-scale isoelectric focusing separation of enantiomers.

Isoelectric focusing has been used to achieve the analytical- and preparative-scale separation of the enantiomers of amphoteric analytes. By considering the simultaneous multiple equilibria involved in the chiral recognition process, a model has been developed to describe the magnitude of the ΔpI value that develops between the enantiomers in the presence of a noncharged chiral resolving agent, such as a noncharged cyclodextrin. Theoretical analysis of the model indicates that three kinds of IEF enantiomer separations are possible: aniono-selective and cationo-selective, when only the identically charged forms of the enantiomers bind selectively to the resolving agent, and duo-selective, when the differently charged forms of the enantiomers bind selectively to the resolving agent. The model predicts that the ΔpI vs cyclodextrin concentration curves approach limiting ΔpI values which can be as large as 0.1, even when the binding constants of the enantiomers differ only by 10%. The parameters of the model ...
A Crosslinked Cofactor in Lysyl Oxidase: Redox Function for Amino Acid Side Chains

A previously unknown redox cofactor has been identified in the active site of lysyl oxidase from the bovine aorta. Edman sequencing, mass spectrometry, ultraviolet-visible spectra, and resonance Raman studies showed that this cofactor is a quinone. Its structure is derived from the crosslinking of the ϵ-amino group of a peptidyl lysine with the modified side chain of a tyrosyl residue, and it has been designated lysine tyrosylquinone. This quinone appears to be the only example of a mammalian cofactor formed from the crosslinking of two amino acid side chains. This discovery expands the range of known quino-cofactor structures and has implications for the mechanism of their biogenesis.
Fabrication and comprehensive modeling of ion-exchanged Bragg optical add-drop multiplexers

Optical add-drop multiplexers (OADMs) based on asymmetric Y branches and tilted gratings offer excellent-performance in wavelength-division multiplexed systems. To simplify waveguide fabrication, ion-exchange techniques appear to be an important option in photosensitive glasses. Optimum OADM performance depends on how accurately the waveguide fabrication process and tilted Bragg grating operation are understood and modeled. Results from fabrication and comprehensive modeling are compared for ion-exchange processes that use different angles of the tilted grating. The transmission and reflection spectra for the fabricated and simulated OADMs show excellent agreement. The OADM's performance is evaluated in terms of the measured characteristics of the Y branches and tilted gratings.
Real-time optical correlator using computer-generated holographic filter on a liquid crystal light valve

Limitations associated with the binary phase-only filter often used in optical correlators are presently circumvented in the writing of complex-valued data on a gray-scale spatial light modulator through the use of a computer-generated hologram (CGH) algorithm. The CGH encodes complex-valued data into nonnegative real CGH data in such a way that it may be encoded in any of the available gray-scale spatial light modulators. A CdS liquid-crystal light valve is used for the complex-valued CGH encoding; computer simulations and experimental results are compared, and the use of such a CGH filter as the synapse hologram in a holographic optical neural net is discussed.
Lack of value of serum γ-glutamyl transferase in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease

Serum γ -glutamyl transferase (GGT, EC. 2.3.2.2. was measured in 173 patients with diseases of the hepatobiliary system (including metastatic cancer) and in 90 patients who were subsequently shown to have primary diseases of other etiology. All patients had been selected because they had abnormal alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase or bilirubin on SMA 12/60 screening. Serum GGT was elevated in 97% of patients with primary hepatobiliary disease. The magnitude of the increase in GGT was variable in all groups and was unhelpful in differential diagnosis, even between medical and surgical cases. Moreover, GGT was abnormal in 69 patients who did not have primary hepatobiliary disease (77%), an incidence higher than that for other enzyme tests performed. We conclude that because GGT was more susceptible than other tests to spurious elevation in he absence of hepatobiliary disease and was unhelpful in differential diagnosis, it has little value apart from monitoring alcohol abuse and enzyme induction.
Individual differences in cognition: Some relationships between personality and memory

Abstract Individual differences in cognition were studied in the form of the hypothesis that arousal, as indexed by personality measures of extraversion and neuroticism, affects the way in which verbal material is organized in memory. Subjects pretested on measures of these personality variables participated in either a paired-associates learning or a free-recall experiment. On the paired-associates task, subjects who were thought to be high on arousal made fewer errors when response terms were semantically similar than low arousal subjects. On the other hand, subjects thought low on arousal made fewer errors when response words were phonetically similar than high arousal subjects. On the free-recall task, low arousal subjects were found to cluster words together on the basis of semantic category at a higher rate than high arousal subjects. These results were taken to support the view that high arousal (as indexed by personality measures) leads to a focus on the physical aspects of verbal material, whereas low arousal leads to a memory organized around semantic aspects. The implications of these findings for other views of memory are discussed.
Performance of cryogenic probes as a function of ionic strength and sample tube geometry.

Abstract The pursuit for more sensitive NMR probes culminated with development of the cryogenic cooled NMR probe. A key factor for the sensitivity is the overall resistance of RF circuitry and sample. Lowering the coil temperature to ∼25 K and the use of superconducting coil material has greatly reduced the resistance contribution of the hardware. However, the resistance of a salty sample remains the same and evolves as the major factor determining the signal-to-noise ratio. Several approaches have been proposed to reduce the resistance contribution of the sample. These range from encapsulating proteins in a water cavity formed by reverse micelles in low viscosity fluids to the optimal selection of low mobility, low conductivity buffer ions. Here we demonstrate that changing the sample diameter has a pronounced effect on the sample resistance and this results in dramatic improvements of the signal-to-noise ratio and shorter π/2 pulses. We determined these parameters for common 5 mm NMR tubes under different experimental conditions and compared them to the 2, 3 and 4 mm tubes, in addition, 5 mm Shigemi tubes were included since these are widely used. We demonstrate benefits and applicability of studying NMR samples with up to 4 M salt concentrations in cryogenic probes. Under high salt conditions, best results in terms of short π/2 pulses and high signal-to-noise ratios are obtained using 2 or 3 mm NMR tubes, especially when limited sample is available. The 4 mm tube is preferred when sample amounts are abundant at intermediate salt conditions.
Distribution of [3H]zolpidem binding sites in relation to messenger RNA encoding the α1, β2 and γ2 subunits of GABAA receptors in rat brain

Abstract Localization of the messenger RNAs that encode the α1, β2 and γ2 subunits of GABA A showed a distinct topographic pattern in rat brain which corresponded with [ 3 H]zolpidem binding in most brain regions. The close topographic correspondence between the specific receptor subunits examined and the distribution of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding sites provides support for the hypothesis that this benzodiazepine type 1 selective ligand binds to a GABA A receptor that consists of α1, β2 and γ2 subunits in the rat brain. Brain regions with relatively high densities of α1, β2 and γ2 subunits of GABA A and [ 3 H]zolpidem binding included olfactory bulb, medial septum, ventral pallidum, diagonal band, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and specific layers of the cortex. Two areas with low [ 3 H]zolpidem binding and a virtual absence of these GABA A receptor subunit messenger RNAs were the lateral septum and the striatum. In contrast to the discrete pattern observed for α1 and β2 subunit messenger RNAs, the γ2 subunit messenger RNA was distributed more diffusely in brain. Only the hippocampus, layer 2 of the piriform cortex and the cerebellum showed a strong concentration of the γ2 subunit messenger RNA. It was determined with a polymerase chain reaction assay that both long and short variants of the γ2 subunit messenger RNAs were present within several of the brain sites selected for examination. Sites with high densities of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding sites had a greater relative abundance of the γ2 long splice variant, compared to the γ2 short variant. There were some regions that expressed high levels of α1, β2 and γ2S subunit messenger RNAs but low [ 3 H]zolpidem binding, suggesting that γ2 splice variant expression may modulate high-affinity [ 3 H]zolpidem binding. To determine relationships between in vitro [ 3 H]zolpidem binding and functional sensitivity in vivo , interactions between zolpidem and GABA were assessed in brain regions that contained high and low densities of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding sites. In the medial septum, a brain region with a high concentration of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding sites, iontophoretic application of zolpidem enhanced the inhibitory effect of GABA responses on 70% of the neurons examined. In the lateral septum, which contains very low densities of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding sites, neurons were not sensitive to zolpidem enhancement of GABA-induced inhibition. These electrophysiological results demonstrate a correspondence between the regional distribution of [ 3 H]zolpidem binding in vitro and functional sensitivity to the drug in vivo .
The mother of all problems

The idea that the uterine environment affects the fetus is commonplace in evolutionary biology and has been observed across many species. Known as "accumulative maternal effects," it describes how a mother's age, size, fat stores and behavior, including physical activity, affect not only her health and metabolism, but also that of future generations. Here, Archer stresses that non-genetic evolution is the primary determinant of obesity not gluttony, fast food or genes. The best solution to the obesity epidemic is to encourage would-be mothers to increase their levels of physical activity so that they can prepare their metabolism for pregnancy and have leaner, healthier children.
The relative role of storage and synthesis of brain norepinephrine in the psychomotor stimulation evoked by amphetamine or by desipramine and tetrabenazine.

The relative role of storage and synthesis of brain norepinephrine in the psychomotor stimulation evoked by amphetamine or by desipramine and tetrabenazine has been investigated. The blockade of norepinephrine synthesis by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor α-MT abolishes the central stimulatory action of amphetamine but not that evoked by tetrabenazine in DMI pretreated rats. In contrast, depletion of norepinephrine by α-MMT prevents the central stimulation evoked by the DMI-tetrabenazine combination but not that elicited by amphetamine. The α-methylated tyrosine derivatives do not interfere with either the metabolism of amphetamine and DMI or their entry into the brain. The results of the present studies, thus, are consistent with the views that the central action of amphetamine requires an uninterrupted synthesis of brain norepinphrine whereas a rapid release of norepinephrine from its storage sites is essential for the behavioral stimulation elicited by tetrabenazine in DMI pretreated rats.
Symplectic geometry: The natural geometry of economics?

Abstract In terms of symplectic geometry, economic price/quantity data arise from maximizing behavior when they lie on a Lagrangian sub-manifold of a symplectic space. Samuelson’s test for maximizing behavior is shown to require economic data to satisfy this condition.
A retrospective review of hearing in children with retinoblastoma treated with carboplatin‐based chemotherapy

Background Retinoblastoma occurs in approximately 4 per million children per year in the United States, usually before 2 years of age. In developed countries, 95% of children with tumor in one eye can be cured with enucleation, while children with tumor in both eyes require individualized therapy to preserve vision. Although enucleation and radiation are very effective therapies for children with bilateral disease, the resultant visual impairment, cosmetic deformity and risk for new tumors result in morbidity to these children who otherwise have a near normal lifespan. Therefore, since 1994, chemoreduction with vincristine, carboplatin, and etoposide combined with focal treatment, have been used successfully. However, a major concern with the use of carboplatin has been ototoxicity. Procedures To determine whether carboplatin, in the doses and schedule used by us and others to treat retinoblastoma (18.6 mg/kg q 4 weeks for six cycles) results in hearing impairment, we reviewed the records of 248 children with retinoblastoma, 164 of whom had received carboplatin. Children generally received carboplatin, vincristine, and etoposide (CEV) for six cycles of chemotherapy. Results Hearing evaluations prior to initiating therapy were abnormal in 14 patients (5.6%). No patients with normal initial audiograms were found to have abnormal studies following repeated evaluations. Conclusion While ototoxicity is a potential concern in this young patient population, carboplatin in the treatment of retinoblastoma does not appear to produce impairment. Screening can identify children who require frequent audiologic follow-up, but children whose hearing is normal prior to therapy do not require routine surveillance following six cycles of standard CEV therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:223–226. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation of aluminosilicate as a solid oxide fuel cell refractory

Aluminosilicate represents a potential low cost alternative to alumina for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) refractory applications. The objectives of this investigation are to study: (1) changes of aluminosilicate chemistry and morphology under SOFC conditions, (2) deposition of aluminosilicate vapors on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and nickel, and (3) effects of aluminosilicate vapors on SOFC electrochemical performance. Thermal treatment of aluminosilicate under high temperature SOFC conditions is shown to result in increased mullite concentrations at the surface due to diffusion of silicon from the bulk. Water vapor accelerates the rate of surface diffusion resulting in a more uniform distribution of silicon. The high temperature condensation of volatile gases released from aluminosilicate preferentially deposit on YSZ rather than nickel. Silicon vapor deposited on YSZ consists primarily of aluminum rich clusters enclosed in an amorphous siliceous layer. Increased concentrations of silicon are observed in enlarged grain boundaries indicating separation of YSZ grains by insulating glassy phase. The presence of aluminosilicate powder in the hot zone of a fuel line supplying humidified hydrogen to an SOFC anode impeded peak performance and accelerated degradation. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy detected concentrations of silicon at the interface between the electrolyte and anode interlayer above impurity levels.
Surgical approach to intracardiac renal cell carcinoma.

Abstract Renal cell carcinoma frequently extends into the vena cava, and the tumor thrombus occasionally continues into the right atrium. Patients often have symptoms of right-sided congestive heart failure of recent onset and signs of inferior vena cava obstruction. Previous reports have documented the value of very aggressive operative management in these situations; the present patient and the literature surveyed support this therapeutic approach.
Test of Σ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model at a creosote-contaminated site, Elliott Bay, Washington, USA

At a creosote-contaminated site, 33 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds were quantified in sediment and interstitial water (IW) at 30 stations. These compounds included the 13 parent PAHs from the ΣPAH model, 7 additional parent, and 13 alkylated compounds. Fourteen groups of alkylated compounds were also quantified in sediment extracts. Amphipod mortality using the ΣPAH model was predicted within ±10% of the observed when freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs with log K ow S 500 ppm dry). However, most compounds were not in equilibrium with the sediment at stations with lower bulk concentrations but were in equilibrium with dissolved organic matter throughout the study area.
Periarticular bone density and trabecular morphology predict knee oa structural progression

ĂTable 1: ROI analysis of mean curvatures. Population means (Standard deviations) are shown for TKR and Control groups. Paired differences are shown as t-values. The unadjusted and adjusted AUC with corresponding Wilcoxon signed rank test p-value is shown in the fourth and fifth column. The last column shows the AUC of an unconditional logistic model at T0 controlled for Gender, Age, BMI, Total WOMAC pain, KL grade and adjusted curvature. Conclusions: Knees undergoing TKR had flatter central medial femoral condyle and medial tibia compared to matched non-TKR knees. Bone curvatures clearly differentiated case from control knees, predicting those at greatest risk of requiring a TKR and indicating the potential clinical validity of this endpoint in DMOAD trials.
Uncertainty analysis of the AEDC 7V chamber

For over 30 years, the Space Systems Test Facility and space chambers at the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) have been used to perform space sensor characterization, calibration, and mission simulation testing of space-based, interceptor, and airborne sensors. In partnership with the Missile Defense Agency (MDA), capability upgrades are continuously pursued to keep pace with evolving sensor technologies. Upgrades to sensor test facilities require rigorous facility characterization and calibration activities that are part of AEDC's annual activities to comply with Major Range Test Facility Base processes to ensure quality metrology and test data. This paper discusses the ongoing effort to characterize and quantify Aerospace Chamber 7V measurement uncertainties. The 7V Chamber is a state-of-the-art cryogenic/vacuum facility providing calibration and high-fidelity mission simulation for infrared seekers and sensors against a low-infrared background. One of its key features is the high fidelity of the radiometric calibration process. Calibration of the radiometric sources used is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology and provides relative uncertainties on the order of two to three percent, based on measurement data acquired during many test periods. Three types of sources of measurement error and top-level uncertainties have been analyzed; these include radiometric calibration, target position, and spectral output. The approach used and presented is to quantify uncertainties of each component in the optical system and then build uncertainty diagrams and easily updated databases to detail the uncertainty for each optical system. The formalism, equations, and corresponding analyses are provided to help describe how the specific quantities are derived and currently used. This paper presents the uncertainty methodology used and current results.
Thoracic helical CT.

Helical CT depicts small pulmonary nodules not seen at conventional CT by elimination of respiratory misregistration and thorough analysis of a contiguous data volume. Pulmonary lesions can be analyzed in detail with use of retrospective reconstruction of the data volume. Multiplanar and three-dimensional images of lung masses and arteriovenous malformations are free of motion artifacts. The airways are clearly depicted by helical CT, a capability that enhances the radiologic evaluation of patients with hemoptysis, bronchial strictures, tumors, and recent lung transplantation. In comparison to conventional CT, helical CT provides a more consistent level of vascular enhancement because of the shortened acquisition time. Clinical applications include the detection of central pulmonary thromboemboli and the assessment of aortic aneurysms and dissections.
Readiness to change and post-intervention drinking among Hispanic college students living on the US/Mexico border

Objective The purpose of the present study was to examine readiness to change as a predictor of post-intervention alcohol consumption among Hispanic college student drinkers taking part in a brief harm reduction intervention.
Hilbert-transformer side-chain phase equaliser for analogue magnetic recording

A substantial amount of phase distortion occurring in analogue magnetic recording can be eliminated by using a simple equalisation scheme which removes the Hilbert-transformed portion of the signal that is added in a normal record/reproduce process. In the phase equaliser, the performance of an ideal Hilbert transformer can be approximated by using a quadrature-phase-shift circuit. The methods of phase equalisation is explained theoretically and oscilloscope photographs of experimental results are presented.
Anomalous dimensions of tensor operators in 4−ϵ dimensions

Abstract Anomalous dimensions of tensor operators that determine the Callan-Gross and Corwall-Norton sum rules for the deep inelastic structure functions are calculated to first order in ϵ in the pseudoscalar Yukawa coupling model. Their values are found to be intermediate between those for the φ 4 model and the gluon model.
Expression of multidrug resistance genes in rat liver during regeneration and after carbon tetrachloride intoxication

We analyzed expression of multidrug resistance (mdr) genes in rat liver during regeneration after partial hepatectomy or carbon tetrachloride–induced necrosis. In situ hybridization revealed that in the normal liver the cellular distribution of mdr transcripts and protein is restricted to hepatocytes and that a gradient, highest in zone 1 and lowest in zone 3, exists in the level of the mdr transcripts in the liver acinus. Increased levels of mdr1a and mdr1b transcripts were observed 3 hr after administration of carbon tetrachloride and remained increased for the next 5 days. In contrast, increased expression of mdr1a and mdr1b was first observed 24 hr after partial hepatectomy. Use of gene-specific probes to compare the time courses of mdr1b and mdr2 expression after carbon tetrachloride administration showed distinctly different patterns of expression; mdr1b reached a maximum level of expression at 12 hr, whereas increased mdr2 expression was first observed 48 hr after administration. Nuclear run-on analysis at 12 and 24 hr after carbon tetrachloride administration demonstrated 10-fold and eightfold increases in mdr transcription, respectively. However, 72 hr after carbon tetrachloride treatment the rate of mdr transcription was back to the control level. The cellular patterns of mdr expression after partial hepatectomy and carbon tetrachloride administration were similar; the increase was first observed in zone 1 and gradually extended into zone 3. These data strongly suggest that the physiological roles of mdr1b and mdr2 are different and that liver regeneration is an appropriate model for elucidating these differences. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:1202-1207).
Specific volumes of lipids in fully hydrated bilayer dispersions

The neutral buoyancy method of obtaining absolute specific volumes of lipid in multilamellar dispersions is critically investigated. Control experiments show that there is no preferential partitioning of 2H2O vs. H2O into the liposomes, and several thermodynamic properties of the samples, such as the enthalpy change and the volume change of the main transition, are changed very little with deuteration of the solvent. The assumption that the molecular volume of the solvent in the interlamellar space is essentially the same as in bulk solution is discussed; and it is shown to introduce rather small corrections. Previous procedures have been modified to avoid possible kinetic limitations in phases with low water permeability. It is concluded that the molecular volume of lipid in bilayers can be obtained to an accuracy better than 0.002 nm3 (2A3) which is less than 0.2% of typical molecular volumes of lipids.
A Review of the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Aortic Valve Stenosis in Elderly Patients

Elderly patients experiencing valvular aortic stenosis (AS) show an increased prevalence of coronary risk factors, coronary artery disease, and other atherosclerotic vascular diseases. Angina pectoris, syncope or near syncope, and congestive heart failure are the 3 classic manifestations of severe AS in patients. Prolonged duration and late peaking of an aortic systolic ejection murmur best differentiate severe AS from mild AS upon physical examination of the patient. Doppler echocardiography is used to diagnose the severity of patient AS. In the article, indications for aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients, the use of warfarin after AVR in patients with mechanical prostheses, and the use of aspirin or warfarin after AVR in patients with bioprosthesis are discussed. Transcatheter aortic valvular replacement should be performed in non-operable patients with symptomatic severe AS to improve their survival and quality of life rather than using regular medical management of the condition.
Seasonal variation of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater treatment plants

The occurrence of 14 endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in influents, effluents and sludge from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in southern California was studied in winter and summer. All 14 compounds were detected in influent samples from the five WWTPs except for estrone. Paracetamol, naproxen and ibuprofen were the dominant compounds, with mean concentrations of 41.7, 35.7 and 22.3 μg/L, respectively. The treatment removal efficiency for most compounds was more than 90% and concentrations in the effluents were relatively low. Seasonal variation of the compounds' concentration in the wastewater was significant: the total concentration of each compound in the wastewater was higher in winter than in summer, which is attributed to more human consumption of pharmaceuticals during winter and faster degradation of the compounds in summer. The highest concentrations of triclosan and octylphenol were detected in sewage sludge, with mean concentrations of 1505 and 1179 ng/g, respectively. Risk quotients (RQs), expressed as the ratios of environmental concentrations and the predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC), were less than unity for all the compounds except for estrone in the effluents, indicating no immediate ecological risk is expected. However, RQs were higher than unity for 2 EDCs (estrone and octylphenol) and carbamazepine in sludge samples, indicating a significant ecotoxicological risk to human health. Therefore, appropriate treatment of sewage sludge is required before its application.
What is new in lymphoma

The lymphomas are a diverse group of malignant disorders that vary with respect to their molecular features, genetics, clinical presentation, treatment approaches, and outcome. Over the past few years, there have been major advances in our understanding of the biology of these diseases, leading to a universally adopted World Health Organization classification system. New therapies are now available with the potential to improve patient outcome, and the International Prognostic Index and standardized response criteria help make clinical trials interpretable. Most notably, the chimeric antiCD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has altered our therapeutic paradigms for B-cell disorders. Combinations of this antibody with chemotherapy and other biologic agents have shown promise in treating lymphoma. Other antibodies, radioimmunoconjugates (such as Y-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan and I-131 tositumomab), and oblimerson sodium (a BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide) have all shown promise. New chemotherapy regimens such as bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (BEACOPP), agents such as gemcitabine, and monoclonal antibodies directed against CD30 are also being studied in Hodgkin Lymphoma. The challenge of clinical research is to optimize the use of these agents, select patients most likely to respond, and develop multitargeted strategies based on sound scientific rational, with the potential to increase the cure rate of patients with lymphomas.
The Optical Properties of Ion Implanted Silica

We will present our investigation on the change in the optical properties of silica, 'suprasil', after keV through MeV implantation of copper, tin, silver and gold and after annealing. Suprasil-1, name brand of silica glass produced by Hereaus Amerisil, which is chemically pure with well known optical properties. Both linear nonlinear optical properties of the implanted silica were investigated before and after thermal annealing. All implants, except for Sn, showed strong optical absorption bands in agreement with Mie's theory. We have also used Z-scan to measure the strength of the third order nonlinear optical properties of the produced thin films, which is composed of the host material and the metallic nanoclusters. For implants with a measurable optical absorption band we used Doyle's theory and the full width half maximum of the absorption band to calculate the predicted size of the formed nanoclusters at various heat treatment temperatures. These results are compared with those obtained from direct observation using transmission electron microscopic techniques.
Control and stabilization of a third-order nonholonomic system

We study the control of a simplified model of a PPR robot manipulator subject to a third-order nonholonomic constraint. The model consists of a base body, which can translate and rotate freely in the plane, and a massless arm at the tip of which the end-effector is attached. It is assumed that two forces and a torque applied to the manipulator are available as control inputs. The objective is to control the robot end-effector movement while keeping the transverse jerk component is zero. The main result of the paper is the construction of a feedback control algorithm that transfers the manipulator from any initial equilibrium configuration to the zero equilibrium configuration in finite time. The effectiveness of the algorithm is illustrated through a simulation example.