cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple relationship between particle shape effects and density, flow rate and Hausner ratio

Abstract A study has been made of the relative magnitudes of particle shape effects on three bulk solids properties. The bulk solids used in this study were small plastic pellets of regular shapes and sizes. Experimental results indicate that variations in particle normal and tangential not-roundness have marked effects on the apparent density, flow rate and Hausner Ratio of the bulk solids. The not-roundness is the standard deviation of the radial distribution of the particle profile. It is a particle shape characteristic derived from morphological analysis. A simple relation of the form P(bulk property) = P(ideal) + P(deviation) is proposed and tested, in which P indicates the property under test. P(ideal) indicates the value of the property for perfect spheres; P(deviation accounts for the effect of particle shape.
Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1a regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene.

The binding of tropic hormones to their specific receptors in steroidogenic cells stimulates the cAMP second-messenger system in the presence of steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) to increase expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, facilitating the transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The increased use of cholesterol in steroidogenesis triggers activation of sterol- sensitive genes through a second regulatory pathway involving the binding of sterol regulatory element (SRE)-binding proteins (SREBP) to SREs located in the promoter regions of these genes. A search of the rat StAR promoter revealed five potential SRE sites, which demonstrated specific binding with recombinant SREBP-1a. Overexpression of SREBP-1a, -1c or -2 in HTB-9 cells cotransfected with the rat StAR promoter resulted in an increase in promoter-driven luciferase activity. In addition, SREBP-1a was able to activate the StAR promoter through an E-box but only in a promoter construct lacking SREs. SREBPs...
Diapausing pupae of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) are more resistant to inoculative freezing than non-diapausing pupae

Summary The resistance of diapausing (overwintering) and non-diapausing (summer) Sarcophaga crassipalpis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) pupae to inoculative freezing was examined. Although both types of pupae resisted inoculative freezing after 24-h submergence in water, diapausing pupae were overall significantly more resistant than non-diapausing pupae. Exposing the thin pupal cuticle by removing the ends of the puparial case eliminated the capacity of both pupal types to resist inoculative freezing, indicating that resistance to inoculative freezing resides with the puparium. Pupae submerged in surfactant solution were significantly less resistant to inoculative freezing than those submerged in water. Furthermore, the puparial water content of pupae submerged in surfactant solution was significantly greater than that of puparia from pupae submerged in water. Surfactant may have promoted inoculative freezing by facilitating the spread of water over the surface of and into the puparium, thereby creating bridges between external ice and pupal body fluids. Extracting puparial surface lipids with chloroform/methanol (2 : 1, v:v) decreased the resistance of non-diapausing pupae to inoculative freezing but did not significantly affect that of diapausing pupae. This finding indicates that the puparium of diapausing pupae contains protection against inoculative freezing separate from its surface lipids. This barrier may be important in protecting the freezing-intolerant overwintering pupae against inoculative freezing within their soil hibernaculum.
Comparative study of the hypercoordinate ions C7H9+ and C8H9+ by the ab initio/GIAO-CCSD(T) method.

A comparative study of the hypercoordinate square-pyramidal carbocations C7H9+ and C8H9+ was performed by the ab initio/GIAO-CCSD(T) method. The structures and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the cation...
The size‐number trade‐off and components of fitness in clonal parasitoid broods

Body size can strongly influence the components of fitness. We investigated the role of body mass in the reproductive success of the parasitoid Copidosoma bakeri (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Copidosoma bakeri develops polyembryonically, producing thousands of genetically identical individuals from one egg. In this species, the brood size and body mass of clonal individuals developing within a host are in a trade-off relationship, which flexibly responds to the environment while maintaining female-biased sexual size dimorphism. We addressed the following questions regarding several possible effects of body mass on male and female reproductive success. (1) Is longevity positively related to body size in both sexes? (2) Is potential fecundity positively related to female body size? (3) Is mating competitiveness positively correlated with male body size? We found that body size increased with longevity of females, but not of males. Copidosoma bakeri was weakly synovigenic; a few eggs were produced after female maturation. Also, egg volume increased with age of the females. We did not detect a relationship between body size and potential fecundity, but mated females produced more eggs than unmated females. Thus, larger females may increase their opportunities to mate, find hosts, and oviposit primarily by living longer. Male mating competitiveness was not related to body mass. Mating reduced male longevity, suggesting a cost of mating that was independent of body mass. Differences between males and females in the effects of body mass on longevity suggest sex-specific selection pressures on body mass that may explain female-biased sexual size dimorphism.
Alternatively Spliced Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Variants Lacking Telomerase Activity Stimulate Cell Proliferation

Eight human and six chicken novel alternatively spliced (AS) variants of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were identified, including a human variant (Δ4-13) containing an in-frame deletion which removed exons 4 through 13, encoding the catalytic domain of telomerase. This variant was expressed in telomerase-negative normal cells and tissues as well as in transformed telomerase-positive cell lines and cells which employ an alternative method to maintain telomere length. The overexpression of the Δ4-13 variant significantly elevated the proliferation rates of several cell types without enhancing telomerase activity, while decreasing the endogenous expression of this variant by use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology reduced cell proliferation. The expression of the Δ4-13 variant stimulated Wnt signaling. In chicken cells, AS TERT variants containing internal deletions or insertions that eliminated or reduced telomerase activity also enhanced cell proliferation. This is the first report that naturally occurring AS TERT variants which lack telomerase activity stimulate cell proliferation.
Multi-dimensional equalization for adjacent channel interference

A multidimensional equalization method is investigated for the reduction of the adjacent channel interference that can often appear in mobile data transmission. The method essentially samples at a sufficiently high rate to capture adjacent channel signals and a multidimensional equalizer is used to mitigate crosstalk interference along with intersymbol interference. When adjacent channel spacing is close and crosstalk is the dominant noise source, large gains in effective signal-to-noise ratio are exhibited by multidimensional equalization, as quantified in this work. The trade-off for the improvement is an approximate doubling to tripling of receiver computational requirements and the need for the identification of a larger number of adaptive equalization parameters. >
Development of an in-house endoanal ultrasound teaching phantom.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to construct an anatomically correct phantom for visualization of anal sphincter complex structures. METHODS To ake an endoanal ultrasound phantom, we experimented with a variety of commercially available materials to simulate hyperechoic, hypoechoic, and isoechoic tissue consistency. We created external anal sphincter muscle and the levator plate using stand-alone density gel and microbubbles to simulate the echogenicity of the muscles. A mold was created in a container, the muscles were inserted, and the mold was filled with high-density clear gel and allowed to fill. Once finished, the container was sealed tightly and stored for later use. To evaluate the accuracy of the model, 6 ultrasound imaging raters from different disciplines were included. The raters were administered a 6-item Internet-based interactive test using 2-dimensional images obtained from scanning the phantom. Rater agreement was determined. The Fleiss κstatistic was calculated to determine inter-rater reliability. RESULTS The raters identified the structures in 32 (89%) of 36 test questions. There was good to excellent agreement among the readers. Agreement rates for visualization of the external anal sphincter, perineal body, and internal anal sphincter were 67%, 83%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS An endoanal phantom can be constructed as a simulator for endoanal sonography.
The accumulation of zinc by the mosquito.

The zinc content of mosquitoes in various developmental stages was determined by spectrographic and microchemical analysis and use of zinc65 and found to be five to ten times higher than other trace elements. Also the concentration of zinc in the mosquito was much greater than in other insects of different biological orders. Over 90 per cent of this element was localized in the Malpighian tubules at a concentration of 32 µg zinc per mg dry weight. The non-dialyzable form of zinc is loosely bound, for it was dissociated upon dialysis against ethylenediamine tetraacetate. The uptake of this trace element was correlated during larval growth with weight increase and required the presence of food particles. Furthermore, this uptake was different from that of cobalt which was not accumulated when offered as an inorganic salt or as vitamin B12. Zinc was not detectable in pooled egg masses, and once embodied by the larvae, was retained under fasting conditions and at a constant level throughout the pupal stage and as long as 14 days' adult life. Supplementation of the media with EDTA caused a marked inhibition of growth that could be completely reversed by the addition of zinc or zinc plus lead. The resultant pupae, however, contained less than 5 per cent of the normal amount of zinc and were essentially zinc-free; yet their rate of growth and gross appearance were normal.
Near-infrared display materials

With the increasing use of night vision goggles and night missions, new methods to display information in the infrared region is of interest. We have developed both inorganic and organic electroluminescent thin films which emit at wavelengths between 700 nm and 1.8 μm. These thin films have been incorporated into simple devices and the feasibility of a NIR flat panel display has been demonstrated. Both inorganic zinc sulfide and organic polymers doped with rare earth lanthanide ions have been demonstrated. The wavelength of emission can be varied by choosing the appropriate lanthanide ion, such as dysprosium, erbium, thulium or neodymium. Power densities of ~30 μW/cm 2 have been achieved with these devices.
Element concentrations of dry-grind corn-processing streams.

The dry-grind corn process is one of two technologies used to convert corn into ethanol. In this process, all kernel components are processed through several sequential steps, including fermentation. Only one coproduct (distillers’ dried grains with solubles [DDGS]) is available for marketing. DDGS provide income to offset costs of processing; issues that affect marketing have implications in the economic viability of dry-grind plants. Two issues relate to elements in DDGS: high concentrations and excessive variation. Data on element concentrations in dry-grind processing streams could be helpful in addressing these concerns. The objective of this study was to determine element concentrations in primary process streams from dry-grind plants. Samples of corn, ground corn, beer, wet grains, syrup, and DDGS were obtained from nine dry-grind plants, and element concentrations were determined. The concentrations of most elements in corn were not different among processing plants and were similar to published data. However, for the processing streams, there were differences in several element concentrations among processing plants. The concentrations of most elements in beer were about three times those of corn, due to the disappearance of starch during fermentation. Syrup had the highest element concentrations. Variations in element contents of DDGS and parent streams were due to processing conditions and not corn. Appropriate processing of thin stillage (the parent stream of syrup) could reduce the element content of DDGS. Index Entries: Distillers’ dried grains with solubles; ethanol; dry-grind processing; stillage; syrup; element concentrations.
Mobility and Inclusion

Individuals and families relocate from one region of the world to another for many reasons (e.g., financial opportunity, work or military assignment, family reunion, or escape from war, political unrest or natural disaster). All globally mobile new settlers, however, must negotiate the often daunting challenge of integrating into that new home region. Inclusion occurs when all members of a social group are allowed and encouraged to fully engage in the life of that social group and share their diverse talents, worldviews, and backgrounds. In this chapter, we discuss some of the most crucial factors that affect a new settler’s experience of inclusion (or lack thereof). These factors range from the personal (e.g., prior mobility experience) to the situational (e.g., community composition, public opinion toward immigration) to the interaction between the two (e.g., cultural and linguistic similarity between the new settler and the host country). We argue that inclusion requires a joint commitment from both the new settler and the communities that make up her new home, and that such inclusion is likely to be at once challenging and rewarding. We close by highlighting suggestions for public policy.
Risk factors for respiratory failure following operative stabilization of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures.

Background: Respiratory failure is a serious complication that can adversely affect the hospital course and survival of multiply injured patients. Some studies have suggested that delayed surgical stabilization of spine fractures may increase the incidence of respiratory complications. However, the authors of these studies analyzed small sets of patients and did not assess the independent effects of multiple risk factors. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a regional level-I trauma center to identify risk factors for respiratory failure in patients with surgically treated thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Demographic, diagnostic, and procedural variables were identified. The incidence of respiratory failure was determined in an adult respiratory distress syndrome registry maintained concurrently at the same institution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine independent risk factors for respiratory failure. An algorithm was formulated to predict respiratory failure. Results: Respiratory failure developed in 140 of the 1032 patients in the study cohort. Patients with respiratory failure were older; had a higher mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) and Charlson Comorbidity Index Score; had greater incidences of pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, and thoracic level injury; had a lower mean Glasgow Coma Score (GCS); were more likely to have had a posterior surgical approach; and had a longer mean time from admission to surgical stabilization than the patients without respiratory failure (p 25 points, a GCS of ≤12 points, blunt chest injury, and surgical stabilization performed more than two days after admission. An algorithm was created to determine, on the basis of the number of preoperative predictors present, the relative risk of respiratory failure when surgery was delayed for more than two days. Conclusions: Independent risk factors for respiratory failure were identified in an analysis of a large cohort of patients who had undergone operative stabilization of thoracic and lumbar spine fractures. Early operative stabilization of these fractures, the only risk factor that can be controlled by the physician, may decrease the risk of respiratory failure in multiply injured patients. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Post Office and Society

The next two chapters analyze the historic role of the post office in American society. An examination of the history of mail service reveals that the post office is deeply embedded in the American federal system where political power is fragmented into many centers that make competing claims on the government. The goals, structure, and technology of the post office have been shaped by competition between important business interests that produce and consume postal service; elected officials and postal bureaucrats who make policy and administer postal affairs; and organized workers who collect, sort, and deliver the mail. This constellation of forces, and not the evolution of rational management, technology, or the structural requirements of capital accumulation, most profoundly govern development of the U.S. post office.
David M. Gordon: Economist and Public Intellectual (1944–1996)

David Gordon, a leading economist and public intellectual of the left, died of congestive heart failure on March 16, 1996, at the age of fifty-one. At the time of his death he was Professor of Economics at the New School for Social Research and Director of the Center for Economic Policy Analysis in New York. Economists will most remember his contributions to the analysis of poverty and segmented labour markets and to a historically and institutionally based growth economics. His friends and political associates will remember his undaunted commitment to reshaping the economic thinking of the democratic left in an era in which many progressives despaired at the unraveling of the left-Keynesian policy paradigm, the retreat from the welfare state, and the hegemony of a conservative 'Washington consensus'.
Marchuk's Model of Immune System Dynamics with Application to Tumour Growth

Marchuk's model of a general immune reaction is presented in the paper. The results of investigation of the model are summarized. The qualitative behaviour of solutions to the model and its simplification is described. Many illustrations of recovery process, oscillations or lethal outcomes of a disease are shown. The model with time-dependent immune reactivity is also considered. Periodic dynamics caused by different reasons are compared.
ASSOCIATION OF TYROSINE-PHOSPHORYLATED C-SRC WITH THE CYTOSKELETON OF HYPERTROPHYING MYOCARDIUM

Given the central position of the focal adhesion complex, both physically in coupling integrins to the interstitium and biochemically in providing an upstream site for anabolic signal generation, we asked whether the recruitment of non-receptor tyrosine kinases to the cytoskeleton might be a mechanism whereby cellular loading could activate growth regulatory signals responsible for cardiac hypertrophy. Analysis revealed cytoskeletal association of c-Src, FAK, and beta3-integrin, but no Fyn, in the pressure-overloaded right ventricle. This association was seen as early as 4 h after right ventricular pressure overloading, increased through 48 h, and reverted to normal in 1 week. Cytoskeletal binding of non-receptor tyrosine kinases was synchronous with tyrosine phosphorylation of several cytoskeletal proteins, including c-Src. Examination of cytoskeleton-bound c-Src revealed that a significant portion of the tyrosine phosphorylation was not at the Tyr-527 site and therefore presumably was at the Tyr-416 site. Thus, these studies strongly suggest that non-receptor tyrosine kinases, in particular c-Src, may play a critical role in hypertrophic growth regulation by their association with cytoskeletal structures, possibly via load activation of integrin-mediated signaling.
Urinary incontinence in the young woman: treatment plans and options available

Urinary incontinence is a common and distressing condition, which, although not life-threatening, is known to have a significant effect on quality of life. The incidence of urinary incontinence increases with age and while stress urinary incontinence is more common in younger women, symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder are more common with increasing age. All women complaining of incontinence require simple investigation, and many will benefit from conservative and medical treatments, which may be instituted in primary care. Further investigation in the secondary-care setting should be reserved for those women with refractory or unusual symptoms. The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of common causes of urinary incontinence in younger, premenopausal women, and to review the current algorithms for investigation and management. In addition, treatment paradigms covering conservative, medical and surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence and overactive bladder w...
Analysis of the boost constant-frequency quasi-square-wave converters

A family of constant-switching-frequency boost Quasi-Square-Wave Converters is obtained by adding a second switch at a different position in the variable-frequency boost Quasi-Square-Wave Converter. The new converters still maintain the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in the original switch while the second switch is ZVS or zero-current-switching (ZCS) depending its position. The voltage stresses for both the switches will not exceed the output voltage. Analysis of the converter is conducted with the normalized state-plane trajectory. A design example based on the analytic control characteristics curves is given. Comparison of performance characteristics among these converters are presented.
Therapeutic decisions in mild hypertension: an introductory overview

This introductory overview of mild hypertension will deal with the related issues of whom to treat and how to treat. Intervention trials have not so far given clear guidelines for the effective treatment of mild hypertension. Perhaps these studies have been flawed by the nature of their design; they have tried to achieve the combined goal of statistical validity and wide applicability in diverse groups of hypertensive patients. Moreover, the risk factor concept involves a statement of group probability so that some patients at low risk develop cardiovascular complications and others at high risk do not.
Glutamate transport asymmetry and metabolism in the functioning kidney.

Renal glutamate extraction in vivo shows a preference for the uptake ofd-glutamate on the antiluminal and l-glutamate on the luminal tubule surface. To characterize this functional asymmetry, we is...
Psychological and Organizational Factors Related to Burnout in Athletic Trainers

Abstract This study investigated the relationship of five selected psychological and organizational variables to burnout in athletic trainers. Trainers (n = 332) from the Western United States completed self-report measures of burnout, role conflict, role ambiguity, locus of control and demographic variables. Regression, and follow-up canonical correlation analyses, indicated that role conflict, role ambiguity, locus of control, number of hours in direct contact with the athletes, and number of athletes in the athletic trainer's direct care were significantly related to total burnout, frequency and intensity of burnout, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment subscales. Role conflict explained the most variance on all burnout scores except personal accomplishment, which was best explained by role ambiguity. Overall, however, absolute levels of burnout were found to be low. Theoretical implications of this study include identifying variables which could be included in other stud...
Data synchronization patterns in mobile application design

As Internet-enabled devices become more prevalent in the form of smartphones and tablets, the need for mobile application development patterns grows in importance. Different technologies, such as Nokia's Symbian, Apple's iOS, Google's Android, and Microsoft's Windows Mobile, have arisen and will continue evolving to provide platforms for developing mobile device applications. These technologies build on years of experience developing flexible, open-ended frameworks and platforms, and the developers of these technologies have provided many resources for application developers. While best practices have been documented for nearly every component, such as the guidelines for Android Designi and the iOS App Programming Guideii, a comprehensive pattern collection or pattern language for mobile application development has not yet been produced. This gap exacerbates the difficulty of solving problems or conveying solutions effectively in this domain.
Verbal Punishment of Disfluencies During Spontaneous Speech

The subjects were 59 college adults who spoke spontaneously from a set of stimulus words for 36 minutes. The first 12 minutes was a Baseline segment during which disfluencies were counted. During the Treatment segment Contingent subjects were presented the word "wrong" through an earphone, contingent on each disfluency, Random subjects heard "wrong" on a random schedule, and no stimuli were introduced for Control subjects. During the Recovery segment the stimulus " wrong " was removed. Subjects were divided into high and low disfluency levels according to their performance during Baseline. A significant (p < 0.05) decrease in disfluencies was obtained from Baseline to Treatment for high level Contingent subjects. Low level Contingent subjects did not significantly alter their disfluencies, and Control and Random subjects maintained stable disfluency rates throughout the experiment. Rate of speech was not related to variations in fluency and also remained stable.
Health Disparities and Health Equity: a Health Care Educators' approach to Educating Nursing students

health related risk factors and their assessment of acquiring cardiovascular disease. In the study, we varied the message content (neutral health topics only, Black-White cardiovascularrelated disparities and neutral health topics) embedded in a set of public service announcement given to Black and White community members before completing a purported health self-assessment survey. The data suggest that exposure to comparative racial disparities messages concerning cardiovascular health inhibits the persistence of blacks and whites.
Lost Foraging Opportunities for East Asian Hunter‐Gatherers Due to Rising Sea Level Since the Last Glacial Maximum

This paper explores how changes in sea level and biome distribution may have affected the habitats occupied by hunter-gatherers in East Asia. Using a model-based reconstruction of changing sea level from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to present day, our analysis reveals that the exposure of a large continental shelf during the LGM sea level lowstand created a wealth of wooded, estuarine, and coastal biomes that could have been exploited intensively by Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers. Models explaining hunter-gatherer subsistence changes and migrations in this period should take into account the large area that has been lost to rising sea level since the LGM.
A Survey on AIDS-related Knowledge and Attitude among College Students in a University in Nanchang

Objective To investigate the understanding of the college students on the AIDS-related knowledge and the routes of knowledge acquisition so as to enhance the pertinence of AIDS health education among college students.Method The students were surveyed with an anonymous questionnaire by a stratified cluster sampling method.Results 97.3% of the students knew that AIDS was a kind of infectious disease,and the awareness rate of AIDS knowledge among girls was obviously higher than that among boys on the answer of the professional problem(P0.05).The awareness rates of blood transmission,sexual contact and mother to child transmission were 96.0%,94.2% and 93.8%,respectively.However,the awareness rates of daily contact with AIDS,such as eating and embrace,were lower,and the awareness rates among girls were obviously higher than those among boys(P0.05).The main means that students obtained AIDS knowledge were through television,newspapers,periodicals and other mass media,and less information were obtained from the school and families.88.2% of the students said non-discrimination against people with AIDS and 90.3% of the students expressed their willingness to help people with AIDS.But the students who expressed willingness to study or eat dinner with AIDS were only 49.6% and 43.1%,respectively.Conclusions The college students have basic knowledge but inadequate professional knowledge about AIDS,and there is a big lack of knowledge in transmission routes.It is necessary for the school to strengthen the health education of students about AIDS knowledge.
Analysis on Monitoring Results of Nasal Carriage and Drug Resistance of Staphylococcus Epidermidis among Medical Staff in Tianjin during 2007-2009

[Objective] To study the drug resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE) stains isolated from nasal cavity of medical staff in Tianjin during 2007-2009, and analyze the tendency of drug resistance.[Methods]The drug sensitivity test for common antibiotics was conducted in SE stains isolated from nasal swabs collected from 534 doctors and nurses in 3 years, and the results of drug sensitivity test were analyzed.[Results]172 SE strains were detected among 534 nasal swabs, and the average detection rate was 32.21%. The drug sensitivity test showed the drug resistance to cefazolin, cefoperazone, rifampicin and amikacin were relatively low (10%), and the drug resistance to compound sulfamethoxazole and methicillin were high (50%). One strain was resistant to vancomycin.[Conclusion]The SE isolation rate of medical staff increased year by year, and the multidrug resistance was serious.
Markov latent feature models

We introduce Markov latent feature models (MLFM), a sparse latent feature model that arises naturally from a simple sequential construction. The key idea is to interpret each state of a sequential process as corresponding to a latent feature, and the set of states visited between two null-state visits as picking out features for an observation. We show that, given some natural constraints, we can represent this stochastic process as a mixture of recurrent Markov chains. In this way we can perform correlated latent feature modeling for the sparse coding problem. We demonstrate two cases in which we define finite and infinite latent feature models constructed from first-order Markov chains, and derive their associated scalable inference algorithms. We show empirical results on a genome analysis task and an image denoising task.
Pharmacist Intervention Documentation in US Health Care Systems

The methods, extent, and use of pharmacist intervention documentation (PID) were studied by surveying US health-systems pharmacy directors by mail. This survey focused on the qualities of a hospita...
Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids below 20 K

The title of this chapter is in one sense very restrictive and in another entirely open-ended. Below 20 K the only chemical species exhibiting fluid behavior are the isotopes of hydrogen and helium, often referred to as quantum fluids since quantum effects are responsible for many startling differences in behavior of these substances as compared with ordinary fluids. On the other hand, because both 3He and 4He are expected in the absence of externally applied pressure to remain as liquids even at the absolute zero of temperature, the temperature range permitted for discussion may extend downward without limit. In a third sense there are of course many additional degrees of freedom implicit in the words ‘thermodynamic properties’. These circumstances combine to set this chapter apart organizationally from other chapters in this volume; others tend to describe measurement methods for a single variable, or class of related variables, as may be applied to a variety of substances, whereas the present chapter is to deal with techniques for measuring several different variables—over perhaps wide ranges—as applied to a few special substances.
Basilar Artery Aneurysm: Role for Open Surgery

Basilar artery aneurysms are among the most difficult aneurysms to treat microsurgically, and endovascular treatments have replaced microsurgery in many centers. Despite increasing efficacy and safety of endovascular treatments, patients with complex aneurysms, wide-necked, thrombosed, large, or giant aneurysms with vessels arising directly from the aneurysm, are prone to treatment failure with residual aneurysm or aneurysm recurrence. In experienced hands, microsurgery offers a durable cure for appropriately selected patients. In this chapter, we describe our approach to aneurysms of the basilar artery, an illustrative case, and a review of the literature for microsurgery and basilar artery aneurysms.
The development of HFSS

HFSS was the first general-purpose software product to solve arbitrary three-dimensional electromagnetic field problems. It introduced a number of new technologies in computational electromagnetics including automatic adaptive mesh generation, tangential vector finite elements, transfinite elements, and reduced-order modeling. This talk describes the early development of HFSS, the issues critical to its success, and some of the recent advances that enable HFSS to solve ever more complex problems quickly and accurately.
Transcendental Philosophy as “Therapy of the Mind”

The later Fichte famously insists that transcendental philosophy is only intelligible to a person who adopts a distinctive standpoint. This insistence is the centerpiece of Fichte’s lectures on the “Facts of Consciousness” (1810–11). This chapter explores how this lecture course can be helpfully framed by reference to Kant’s characterization of his project in the Transcendental Deduction in the first Critique. It also describes how Fichte remained dissatisfied with Kant on account of the latter’s vestigial empiricism or naturalism, which, according to Fichte, paved the way for a fundamental misconstrual of his own system of transcendental philosophy. Finally, it shows how the “Facts of Consciousness” lectures involve the appropriation of a therapeutic conception of philosophy, which is realized in the lectures’ “quasi-transcendental” argumentation.
Sexual preventative health in US sexual minority women: a review

Despite growing interest and research in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) health topics over the last 20 years, relatively little is known about sexual minority women. This review seeks to explore sexual practices, use of preventative measures including barrier methods during sexual activity, sexually transmitted infection rates, and use of screening healthcare services by sexual minority women. Additionally, the role healthcare providers can take in filling this knowledge gap and providing appropriate services is reviewed.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON EXPLOSIONS IN GEOLOGIC MATERIALS

Laboratory experiments are described for studying explosion mechanics in geologic materials. The techniques currently provide particle velocity records for the study of outgoing spherical waves and hydrofracture records for the study of residual stress fieldsaround exploded cavities. Stress and strain measurements have also recently been made.
Cytogenetic Studies in Animals

Numerous methods are available, utilizing both in vitro and in vivo aproaches, for obtaining chromosomal preparations of mammalian cells from various tissues. The problem confronting us is how best to utilize these cell systems to assay the possible mutagenic effects of exogenous agents as observed through cytological damage, and how to extract the maximum information from the test system. There are several obvious parameters in the classification of cytological or cytopathic damage, including effects on cell division and on chromosomal morphology and number. Additionally, a variety of types of agents are capable of inflicting such cellular damage including irradiation, viruses, some physical stimuli, and chemicals. The chemicals can be subdivided into those compounds affecting the biosynthesis of the informational macromolecules (DNA, RNA, and protein), antitumor agents, antibiotics, mono- and bifunctional alkylating agents, nitroso compounds, and a heterogenous miscellaneous group (Revell, 1953; Lea, 1955; Kihlman, 1961, 1966; Cohen and Shaw, 1965; Ostertag, 1966). It should be emphasized that it is not necessarily the chromosomal breaks per se, but the mechanisms by which they arise, which are of the greatest interest and will ultimately yield information concerning chromosome structure and function (or malfunction). Although chromosome breaks might appear morphologically identical, and their distribution among and within chromosomes similar, almost regardless of the inducing agent (Cohen and Shaw, 1965), it is probable that the various agents act through quite dissimilar mechanisms.
Eighteen Blind Library Users' Experiences with Library Websites and Search Tools in U.S. Academic Libraries: A Qualitative Study.

Telephone interviews were conducted with 18 blind academic library users around the United States about their experiences using their library and its website. The study uses the perspective that blind users’ insights are fundamental. A common theme was that navigating a webpage is time consuming on the first visit. Issues identified include the need for “databases” to be defined on the homepage, accessibly coded search boxes, logical heading structure, and several problems to be resolved on result pages. Variations in needs depending on users’ screen-reader expertise were also raised. Suggestions for libraries to address these issues are offered.
Dynamic Context Sensory Testing-A Proof of Concept Study Bringing Virtual Reality to the Sensory Booth

Eating is a multimodal experience. When we eat, we perceive not just the taste and aroma of foods, but also their visual, auditory, and tactile properties, as well as sensory input from our surroundings. Foods are commonly tested within a sensory booth, designed specifically to limit such input. Foods are not commonly experienced in such isolation, but alongside this context, which can alter how a food is perceived. In this study, we show that the sensory properties of food can be altered by changing the environment it is consumed in, using virtual reality (VR) to provide an immersive, dynamic context to the eating experience. The purpose of this project was to develop an affordable and easy‐to‐implement methodology for adapting VR technology to sensory evaluation, without prohibitive amounts of expensive equipment or specialized programming knowledge. Virtual environments were formed by processing custom‐recorded 360 degree videos and overlaying audio, text, sensory scales, and images to simulate a typical sensory evaluation ballot within the VR headset. In a pilot test, participants were asked to taste 3 identical blue cheese samples in 3 virtual contexts–a sensory booth, a park bench, and a cow barn. Respondents rated their liking of the sample, as well as its saltiness, and pungency, attributes either reflective of one context (pungency in the barn), or presumably unrelated (saltiness). Panelists duly rated the sample's flavor as being more pungent when consumed in the barn context. These results provide proof of concept for VR in applied sensory studies, providing an immersive context to a sensory test while remaining in place. We consume foods in environments that can “spill over” into our perceptions of the food. Thus, we consider some foods “unsuitable” for certain settings, with others deemed more suitable for this locale. This has been studied for many years as sensory “context,” with written descriptions, pictures, or videos of such contexts. We present a method generating virtual reality contexts without any specist programming knowledge, for a few hundred dollars. In an accompanying pilot test, perception of a sample was significantly influenced by the VR context in which it was delivered.
Damage Prevention in Transformer Bushings Subjected to High-velocity Impact

Abstract This paper contributes further to the discussion recently initiated in Ref. [1] regarding the protection of pressurized porcelain bushings against high-velocity impacts on high-voltage (HV) transformers by means of an elastomeric coating. Valuable observations and conclusions were made in our previous work concerning the impact behavior of the bushings and their protection from a unique combination of ballistic air gun tests performed on borosilicate glass cylinders, representing the bushings, and from flat glass plates tested via drop tower. Clearly, the conclusions from our previous work, critical to many utilities world-wide, needed to be independently verified by full-scale ballistic testing performed on the actual bushings under rifle bullet impact. In addition, to complete the impact analysis, the coated borosilicate cylinders were subjected to impact at energies higher than an air gun to demonstrate the energy effect on cylinder failure. Also, the cascading failures of the cylinders was investigated in this work, for the first time, to show what a single unprotected bushing failure could do to surrounding infrastructure. It was shown that the cascading failure of pressurized unprotected bushings could be a real and dangerous threat in a substation. It was also found that the linear extrapolations of fragmentation behavior with respect to energy in [1] is misleading. Most importantly, the unique but slightly speculative predictions of coating protections on the bushings were significantly overestimated, which was clearly demonstrated in this work. The bushings could be protected by an elastomeric coating against rifle bullet impacts with a coating thickness of a few mm instead of 60 mm as previously reported.
Diastereodivergent Synthesis of Hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one Derivatives Catalyzed by Modularly Designed Organocatalysts.

The diastereodivergent synthesis of hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one derivatives with good to high diastereoselectivities (up to 98:2 d.r.) and enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee) has been achieved by using a domino Michael/Michael/hemiacetalization reaction between trans-2-hydroxy-β-nitrostyrenes and trans-7-oxo-5-heptenals followed by oxidation. With use of appropriate modularly designed organocatalysts (MDOs) that are self-assembled in situ from amino acid derivatives and cinchona alkaloid derivatives, two different diastereomers of the desired hexahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-ones are obtained from the same substrates.
Nondestructive Methods for Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aluminum and Titanium Alloys

In general, the mechanical properties of an alloy are determined by the microstructure that results from the alloy’s thermo-mechanical history. The thermo-mechanical path in alloy processing is chosen to take advantage of a least one of several strengthening mechanisms such as grain size, dispersion strengthening or dual phase structures. Optimization of an alloy’s strength is accomplished by control of the microstructure which determines the operative strengthening mechanism. Therefore NDE techniques sensitive to microstructural changes should prove useful in detecting mechanical property differences. In this work, various thermo-mechanical treatments have been used on aluminum and titanium alloys to provide a wide range of mechanical properties. From the results obtained it is concluded that selection of an NDE detection plan depends on the alloy’s thermo-mechanical history and will vary with alloy system.
Examining How Online Professional Development Impacts Teachers’ Beliefs About Teaching Statistics

With online learning becoming a more viable option for teachers to develop their expertise, our report shares one such effort focused on improving the teaching of statistics. We share design principles and learning opportunities in an online course developed specifically to serve as a wide-scale online professional development opportunity for educators, thus deemed as a massive open online course for educators (MOOC-Ed). In this report we focus on a subset of 412 participants who identified themselves as classroom teachers. We use multiple data sources, quantitative and qualitative, to characterize changes in teachers’ beliefs and perspectives about statistics and identify triggers in the course that appear to influence teachers’ sense making about issues related to teaching statistics. Implications about specific course experiences that served as triggers for critical reflection and change are discussed.
Efficacy of acupressure for chronic low back pain: A systematic review.

Abstract Objective Establish the utility of acupressure for chronic low back pain (CLBP). Design A systematic review of English articles using PubMed and Embase was conducted from 01/2004-01/2020. Search terms included: “acupressure” and “chronic pain” or “low back pain”. Articles included were randomized control trials evaluating acupressure in adult patients with CLBP. Results 150 studies met initial criteria; 6 were included (n = 468). The average total treatment length was 4 weeks. The main treatment outcomes were changes in pain, disability, and sleep. All studies found a clinically significant reduction (, ≥30% decrease) in pain for the treatment groups. All studies found a clinically significant and/or statistically significant improvement in disability in at least one of the treatment groups. All studies found a statistically significant improvement in sleep. No study found significant adverse events. Conclusion Acupressure is a feasible, effective, safe, low cost nonpharmacologic method to treat CLBP.
Assessing the Lighting Performance of an Innovative Core Sunlighting System

This paper presents an efficient daylighting technology to improve the lighting conditions in deep interior spaces of multi-story buildings without the penalties of increased solar heat gains. A passive horizontal solar light pipe is proposed to efficiently redirect sunlight to distances between 5 m and 10 m from the building facade. Photometric measurements throughout a year show that the system can consistently provide more than 300 lx for 9 h (9:00 to 18:00) under clear and partly cloudy skies, and during 4 h under overcast sky conditions (exterior global horizontal illuminance, EXGH, over 18–20 klx). In addition, the illuminance values, over 1000 lx are achieved consistently between 10:30 and 16:30 under clear sky conditions. At the back of the space (7.6 m under the light pipe), the Useful Daylight Illuminance autonomous (UDI-a, 300–3000 lx), UDI autonomous for aging eyes (UDI-a AE, 600–3000 lx) and UDI-a Bright Daylight (BD, 1000–3000 lx) ranged between 60–88%, 44–64%, and 28–45% respectively. The light pipe introduces consistently illuminance levels ranging between 300 lx and 2500 lx throughout the year, saving energy during peak load electricity demand, and providing the daily bright light doses necessary to regulate and entrain building occupant’s circadian rhythms.
Predictors of Avascular Necrosis Outcomes in Children

Purpose AVN is a rare yet significant complication that can develop in children treated with neoplasmatic disorders. Multiple non-operative and operative treatment approaches have been explored, but most of the literature focuses primarily on AVN of the adult hip. In these cases, decompression of the osteonecrotic zone has been established as a successful treatment. This study seeks to address this gap in the literature by evaluating patient- and treatment-related variables to identify …