cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on fentanyl metabolism in vitro.

Background: Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid widely used in anesthesia and analgesia. In experimental animals and in humans it has been shown that most fentanyl biotransformation occurs in the liver, where this opioid is converted primarily to its N-dealkylated derivative, norfentanyl. Recent studies have shown that fentanyl is metabolized to norfentanyl via cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4). CYP3A4 is responsible for the metabolism of numerous other therapeutic agents, including those administered concurrently with fentanyl (e.g., nifedipine, lidocaine, erythromycin and cyclosporine). Paracetamol is also metabolized by the CYP3A family, with a Km that is nearly equal to therapeutic blood concentrations. Since paracetamol is widely used, its potential interaction with fentanyl metabolism would be of great interest. Methods: In the present study, rat and human liver microsomes were used to assess the ability of paracetamol to inhibit fentanyl metabolism. Results: In both sets of microsomes, paracetamol produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of fentanyl oxidation to norfentanyl. Kinetic analysis of the data showed that 0.5–5 mM paracetamol inhibited fentanyl metabolism in a noncompetitive fashion. A Dixon plot revealed that the Ki for paracetamol inhibition of fentanyl metabolism is approximately 3.2 mM and 2.8 mM for human and rat liver microsomes, respectively. Conclusions: Since these concentrations of paracetamol are approximately one order of magnitude greater than therapeutic concentrations, it would appear that potentially important and possibly harmful fentanyl–paracetamol drug interactions do not occur with therapeutic concentrations of paracetamol.
Relevance of competencies to graduate education and experience in foodservice management.

Abstract The objectives of this research were to identify professional and educational characteristics of graduates from master's degree programs in foodservice management; determine the relevance of specific concepts to present professional responsibilities; rate the quality of master's degree educational preparation; and determine whether competence was gained from sources other than the graduate program. Participants were 85 graduates of master's degree programs in foodservice management (1980 through 1988) from five universities. The research instrument contained three scales to assess 43 foodservice management concepts regarding relevance, educational preparation, and competence gained from other sources. Demographic information was also requested. The most commonly held present position was foodservice director. Graduates were most likely to be employed in health care facilities or colleges and universities. All concepts were rated as relevant to graduates' present professional responsibilities, and quality of educational preparation was rated satisfactory or better. Principal component analysis, using a varimax rotation, resulted in four factors, which were titled food production, management, organizational communication, and strategic thinking. Analysis of variance was conducted to determine whether differences existed in the factor scores on the basis of position title or graduate program attended. Foodservice directors rated the food production and management of organization factors more relevant to their present position than did clinical dietitians. Scores for quality of educational preparation for the four factors did not differ on the basis of graduate program attended.
Influence of renal dysfunction on mortality after cardiac surgery: modifying effect of preoperative renal function.

Influence of renal dysfunction on mortality after cardiac surgery: Modifying effect of preoperative renal function. Background Acute renal failure (ARF) requiring dialysis is an independent risk factor of mortality after cardiac surgery; the level of preoperative renal function influences the risk of both postoperative ARF and mortality. The relationship between mild renal dysfunction and mortality, and the modifying effect of baseline renal function on this association, is less clear. Methods We studied 31,677 patients undergoing cardiac surgery between 1993 and 2002. We used a logistic regression model to assess the relationship between postoperative renal dysfunction and mortality, while adjusting for preoperative renal function, postoperative ARF requiring dialysis, and other risk factors. Results The overall postoperative mortality rate was 2.2% (698/31,677). For the entire cohort, a clinically relevant increase in the adjusted risk of mortality occurred beyond 30% decline in postoperative GFR. The mortality rate was 5.9% ( N , 292/4986) among patients who developed 30% or greater decline in postoperative GFR not requiring dialysis versus 0.4% ( N , 106/26,136) among those with P P Conclusion Renal dysfunction not requiring dialysis is an independent risk factor of mortality after cardiac surgery. A better preoperative GFR attenuates the effect of postoperative renal dysfunction on mortality; this interaction needs to be considered while defining a clinically relevant threshold of ARF.
Dysfunctional attitudes scale perfectionism: a predictor and partial mediator of acute treatment outcome among clinically depressed adolescents.

The effect of perfectionism on acute treatment outcomes was explored in a randomized controlled trial of 439 clinically depressed adolescents (12–17 years of age) enrolled in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) who received cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), fluoxetine, a combination of CBT and FLX, or pill placebo. Measures included the Children's Depression Rating Scale–Revised, the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire–Grades 7–9, and the perfectionism subscale from the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS). Predictor results indicate that adolescents with higher versus lower DAS perfectionism scores at baseline, regardless of treatment, continued to demonstrate elevated depression scores across the acute treatment period. In the case of suicidality, DAS perfectionism impeded improvement. Treatment outcomes were partially mediated by the change in DAS perfectionism across the 12-week period.
Enhancing detection of nitroaromatic vapors by utilizing polymer coatings on quartz crystal microbalances having strong dipoles

Abstract A novel class of PDMS based polymers containing azobenzene side chains were synthesized and evaluated as coatings for quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) based sensors to detect nitroaromatic vapors. The polymers contain functional groups (p-substituted azobenzene moieties and hydroxyl groups) that can interact with compounds with large dipole moments such as nitroaromatic chemicals through a combination of permanent dipole-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. A QCM sensor array was prepared by coating different polymers onto the surface of a quartz crystal and evaluating the response of the each coating to saturated vapors of a variety of analytes such as toluene, octane, 2-nitrotoluene, nitrobenzene, and 2,4 dinitrotoluene. The incorporation of azobenzene moieties in the polymer structure increased the sensor response towards the nitroaromatic analytes. Pattern recognition techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and decision tree learning methods were applied to evaluate the sensor response and predict analyte identity. A classification accuracy of 96% was obtained using classification and regression trees (CART) based learning. This novel approach opens new possibilities in ultrasensitive detection of chemical vapors with significant dipole moments.
Asymmetry of MTJ switching and its implication to STT-RAM designs

As one promising candidate for next-generation nonvolatile memory technologies, spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has demonstrated many attractive features, such as nanosecond access time, high integration density, non-volatility, and good CMOS process compatibility. In this paper, we reveal an important fact that has been neglected in STT-RAM designs for long: the write operation of a STT-RAM cell is asymmetric based on the switching direction of the MTJ (magnetic tunneling junction) device: the mean and the deviation of the write latency for the switching from low- to high-resistance state is much longer or larger than that of the opposite switching. Some special design concerns, e.g., the write-pattern-dependent write reliability, are raised by this observation. We systematically analyze the root reasons to form the asymmetric switching of the MTJ and study their impacts on STT-RAM write operations. These factors include the thermal-induced statistical MTJ magnetization process, asymmetric biasing conditions of NMOS transistors, and both NMOS and MTJ device variations. We also explore the design space of different design methodologies on capturing the switching asymmetry of different STT-RAM cell structures. Our experiment results proved the importance of full statistical design method in STT-RAM designs for design pessimism minimization.
Explorer VIII Satellite Measurements in the Upper Ionosphere

This is a more extensive report than earlier publications on upper-ionospheric ion com position (Bourdeau, Donley, Whipple & Bauer 1962) and electron temperature (Serbu, Bourdeau & Donley 1961) and on spacecraft-plasma interaction (Bourdeau, Donley, Serbu & Whipple 1961), all measured by use of the Explorer VIII satellite. Results from an ion retarding potential experiment show that the upper ionospheric composition responds to the neutral gas temperature. Specifically, during the satellite’s active life (November-December 1960), O + ions predominated from the perigee altitude (425 km) up to about 800 km at night and 1500 km at diurnal maximum; the base of the helium ion region was located at 800 km during the sunrise period and at 1500 km in the day-time; the base of the protonosphere possibly was located at 1200 km during the sunrise period and above 1800 km at diurnal maximum. For the latitudes indicated, the electron temperature ( T e ) data which in this report are restricted to magnetically quiet days ( A p T e observed at altitudes of 425 to 600 km was 900 °K with a standard deviation of 150 °K. There were no anomalously high values and no significant change with magnetic dip (0 to 75° N). For the period 10 to 16 h d.m.t., at magnetic dips between 50 and 70° S and at altitudes between 1000 and 2400 km , the observed average T e was 1600 °K (s.d. 200 °K). The most pronounced feature of the measured diurnal variation is that T e exceeds the neutral gas temperature by a factor of about 2·5 during the sunrise period at 600 to 900 km . Suggestions are made for the explanation of differences between the Explorer VIII T e observations and other measurements. The measured satellite-plasma interaction is consistent with theoretical expectation lending confidence to the above-described geophysical results. The observed ‘average’ potential of the satellite varied from a few tenths of a volt negative at night, to zero when the measured day-time charged particle density was 104 cm -3 and thence to a few tenths of a volt positive for day-time densities of 103 cm -3 . Superimposed on the ‘average’ potential were potential gradients across the satellite skin, an effect produced by the movement of a conducting body through a magnetic field. The measured orientation sensitivity of three types of current flowing between the satellite and the ionosphere is described.
REGULATION OF FINANCIAL MARKETS: TOWARD A FOCUSED APPROACH

Regulation of financial markets arose in a simpler time when transactions were carried out face to face on an exchange floor or in a banker's office—when trading was localized and the variety of financial instruments was small. Today the task of regulators is much more difficult. Markets are global, trading takes place in cyberspace, and the variety of financial instruments is limitless. The initial focus, and still the central concern, of our regulatory system is to ensure full corporate disclosure and transparency of trading markets. But regulation today goes far beyond disclosure requirements. The existing tendency to expand regulation to match the expanding financial markets is likely to be inefficient, unwieldy, and too costly, given the increased complexity and global nature of financial markets. A new approach and a new regulatory mindset are needed—one in which regulators aim to identify and provide only necessary regulation rather than simply continuing to expand regulatory oversight. Such a focused approach to regulation would separate what is regulated from what is not. Those aspects of banking that are essential to the integrity of the payments system would be regulated while other aspects would not. Some securities and derivatives markets would be regulated, while others would not. And market participants would be able to choose which markets to participate in. Given an ever-expanding financial system, such a focused approach to regulation is not only the most cost effective one—it is also likely to prove the only workable alternative to a system that is now under great pressure.
Nonhomologous DNA end rejoining in chromosomal aberration formation

Abstract The role of recombination of nonhomologous DNA ends in chromosomal aberration formation was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Restriction enzymes that produce blunt, 3′ overhanging, or 5′ overhanging DNA double-strand breaks were electroporated into cells in various combinations, and chromosomal aberrations were analyzed at metaphase. For all enzyme combinations tested, there was a significant increase in the frequency of aberrations whose formation requires two breaks in the DNA over the sum obtained when each of the enzymes was tested separately and the aberration frequencies were totaled. No such pattern existed for terminal deletions, which presumably require only one DNA break. The extent of interaction did not depend on the homology in the overhanging sequences or on the combination of ends used, although the largest effect was seen with a combination of two blunt ends. This study shows that nonhomologous DNA double-strand breaks can interact to increase chromosomal aberration formation significantly.
An extension to a theorem of Himmelberg

This paper extends a widely used theorem of Himmelberg to topological vector spaces whose completion have a separating dual.
Supportive therapy of the toxic cow.

Endotoxin is a component of the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxin structure is composed of an innermost portion, termed ‘‘lipid A,’’ an outer series of polysaccharides, and a core oligosaccharide that links lipid A with the outer polysaccharides. Collectively, the endotoxin structure is often referred to as lipopolysaccharides that are released from gram-negative bacteria following cell death or during periods of rapid bacterial growth. The interaction between the host immune system and endotoxin triggers a complex cascade of events that often leads to severe pathophysiologic consequences for the animal (Fig. 1). A complete review of the inflammatory mediators and cytokines involved in the endotoxin cascade is beyond the scope of this article, and the reader is referred to recent review articles on the subject [1,2]; however, a brief discussion of the physiologic consequences of endotoxemia is warranted to gain a better understanding of and appreciation for the importance of aggressive therapy when treating the ‘‘toxic’’ cow.
Inducible expression of Runx2 results in multiorgan abnormalities in mice

Runx2 is a transcription factor controlling skeletal development, and is also expressed in extraskeletal tissues where its function is not well understood. Existing Runx2 mutant and transgenic mouse models do not allow the necessary control of Runx2 expression to understand its functions in different tissues. We generated conditional, doxycyline-inducible, triple transgenic mice (CMV-Cre;ROSA26-neoflox/+-rtTA;Tet-O-Runx2) to investigate the effects of wide spread overexpression of Runx2. Osteoblasts isolated from CMV-Cre;ROSA26-neoflox/+-rtTA; Tet-O-Runx2 mice demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of doxycycline to stimulate Runx2 transgene expression. Doxycycline administration to CMV-Cre;ROSA26-neoflox/+-rtTA;Tet-O-Runx2 mice induced Runx2 transgene expression in all tissues tested, with the highest levels observed in kidney, ovary, and bone. Runx2 overexpression resulted in deceased body size and reduced viability. With regard to bone, Runx2 overexpressing mice paradoxically displayed profound osteopenia and diminished osteogenesis. Induced expression of Runx2 in extraskeletal tissues resulted in ectopic calcification and induction of the osteogenic program in a limited number of tissues, including lung and muscle. In addition, the triple transgenic mice showed evidence of a myeloproliferative disorder and an apparent inhibition of lymphocyte development. Thus, overexpression of Runx2 both within and outside of the skeleton can have diverse biological effects. Use of tissue specific Cre mice will allow this model to be used to conditionally and inducibly overexpress Runx2 in different tissues and provide a means to study the post-natal tissue- and cell context-dependent functions of Runx2. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 653–665, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outpatient treatment of the acting out child: procedures, long term follow-up data, and clinical problems

Abstract This monograph consists of five sections. In the first section we delineate the characteristics of acting out children, our view of the course of development of the problem, various treatments which have been utilized, and based upon the results of these treatments, the need for long term follow-up data of parent training, the most effective treatment available. In the second section we describe our parent training program: the parent interview, parent completed assessment measures, behavioral observation assessment measures, the treatment setting, therapists, the treatment program, and a brief overview of the outcome data. In the third section we present the method, results and discussion of a comprehensive follow-up study conducted four and a half to ten and a half years after parent training. The results indicate that the treated families were functioning similarly to a comparison (‘normal’) sample of families. In the fourth section we discuss the implications of the present findings for future research in parent training. In the final section we make recommendations about who should conduct parent training, what components should be included in such training, why such a therapeutic approach should be utilized, and finally, some of the problems associated with parent training are delineated.
Organic reactions at interfaces: charge minimization in desorption ionization of zwitterionic compounds

Zwitterionic compounds of the general formula R(CH3)2N+ (CH2)nX−1 (R = CH3, n-C12H25, n-C16H33 or n-C22H45; X = CO2, SO3, OSO3 or P(CH3)O2) and the cytidine-5′-di-phosphocholine monosodium salt, upon examination by secondary ion mass spectrometry, undergo beam-induced alkyl transfer reactions. These processes are indicated by (M + CH3)+ and (M + R)+ ions in the positive ion SIMS spectra of the solid samples, while the absence of (M − CH3)− and (M − R)− ions in the negative ion spectra suggests that the reaction does not occur by simple intermolecular alkyl transfer. The extent of alkyl transfer decreases when the sample is examined in solid NH4Cl or p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) or liquid triethanolamine (TEOA) matrices, supporting an intermolecular mechanism. When the negative ion spectra are recorded for the compounds in TEOA solution, each displays (M − CH3)− or (M − R)− ions, which is interpreted as evidence for intermolecular alkyl transfer from the analyte to the nucleophilic solvent. Charge site remote fragmentation, methyl-for-sodium and hydrogen-for-sodium substitution reactions and multiple alkyl transfers are also observed. The relative abundances of the ions in the spectra of the neat samples and those diluted in solid NH4Cl are time dependent. The extent of fragmentation increases with irradiation time until approximately a monolayer of the surface has been modified, after which fragmentation is constant. These observations are consistent with a transalkylation mechanism in which an alkyl group is abstracted from a protonated molecule by an adjacent zwitterion. This mechanism, which is thermochemically favored, suggests that minimization of the number of charges desorbed into the gas phase is a significant driving force in interfacial chemistry.
Development of electric motor cycle technologies in Taiwan

Abstract The development of an electric motor cycle was initiated at the Industrial Technology Research Institute in 1990. Several types of experimental electric scooters have been developed and field-tested, but their individual performances are far from satisfactory. Thus, it has been decided to make improvements on both the key components (such as battery, motor and driver) and the structural designs. The targeted electric motor cycle will adopt well to city-driving conditions and will help to alleviate urban air-pollution problems. The impact of electric motor cycles on the improvement of urban air-pollution problem has been evaluated. It is found that if 20% of the total motor cycle population is replaced by electric versions, a tremendous improvement in air quality will result, but this will still not meet the air-regulation standard. At least a 50% replacement is required to prevent continuous degradation of air quality.
Microvascular leakage in mouse pial venules induced by bradykinin

The actions of bradykinin on pial venule leaky site formation were measured intra-vitally in two inbred strains of mice (BALB/c and SJL/J). Pial venules were visualized using an open cranial window microscopy technique and the microvascular leaky site formation was assessed visually using a fluorescein-dextran (70 kDa) INDICATOR. The SJL/J strain was found to be very sensitive to bradykinin-induced microvascular leakage. Pial venule leaky site formation was observed after exposure to 10 pM of bradykinin. In contrast, the BALB/c strain was found to be refractory to bradykinin-induced leakage. Pial arterioles were dilated in response to bradykinin in both strains of mice. These results support the concept that genetically controlled differences in vascular sensitivity and localization of inflammatory peptides play important roles in the generation of vasogenic oedema and inflammation in CNS trauma and disease.
RISK FACTORS FOR SKIN BREAKDOWN AFTER RENAL AND ADRENAL SURGERY

Abstract Objectives To perform a retrospective review in patients undergoing urologic operations during a 10-year period. Patient positioning is important before surgery to avoid pressure sores and other iatrogenic injuries. The reported risk factors have included a long operative time, diabetes, and malignancy. We have noted skin breakdown in patients placed on stabilizing devices and in patients with germline von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene mutations (a gene important in angiogenesis). Methods We performed a retrospective review in patients undergoing urologic operations during a 10-year period. Patient sex, age, blood loss, position, use of belt or Vac Pac, and diagnosis of VHL were correlated with skin breakdown. Results During a 10-year period, 382 patients underwent primarily renal and adrenal surgery. Fifty-five patients (14.4%) developed skin breakdown after surgery. Ninety-six patients had VHL gene mutations. Patient position and operative time were both significantly related to skin breakdown (both P P P Conclusions Patients with longer operative times were at greater risk of skin breakdown and required greater care during preoperative positioning. The other factors studied were not significantly associated with skin breakdown.
Resonance radiation in artificial strontium clouds

Abstract We have considered the problem of the resonance scattering of sunlight by a spherically symmetric, optically thick gas cloud. Theoretical isophotes, line profiles, and irradiances are computed by using a two-level atomic model, but the multiple scattering is taken rigorously into account. An integral equation is derived for N 2 ( r ) , the number density of excited atoms at the point r, which is solved by iteration. It is then possible to find the complete intensity field by direct integration. Line profiles and line strengths for the emergent radiation can be readily calculated. The results of the calculations are compared with photometric data obtained by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) from the barium-strontium release of the DOGWOOD event in the ARPA-sponsored SECEDE I series (Puerto Rico, May 1968). The main emphasis is placed on interpreting interference-filter photographs taken in the SrI resonance line λ4607 A, and displayed in isophote form. Comparisons of the observed and calculated isophotes, and to a lesser extent the irradiances, enable values for the physical parameters to be assigned to the clouds, namely, the optical radius, the Gaussian radius, the central number density, the total number of SrI atoms, and the molecular diffusion constant for strontium in air.
Physical activity and health enhancing dietary behaviors in young adults: Bogalusa Heart Study.

Abstract Background Obesity results from energy imbalance. This study used data from the Bogalusa Heart Study to examine relationships between the dietary and physical activity behaviors of young adults. Methods One thousand one hundred ninety-one young adults (76% Euro-American, 24% African-American, 61% female) completed a food frequency questionnaire and reported the location of meals consumed. Physical activity outside of work was assessed using a 5-item Likert scale. Analyses of covariance were used to determine if dietary consumption differed by physical activity level after controlling for ethnicity, BMI, age, and gender. Regression models were used to explore two- and three-way diet, gender, and ethnicity interactions. Results Consumption of fruit and dairy foods significantly differed ( P P Conclusions Increased consumption of fruit, dairy foods, and reduced energy from fat were related with increased physical activity with this relationship differing by gender and ethnicity.
Very low bit rate data compression using a quality measure based on target detection performance

Compression of sensor data is important for transmission and storage of digital infrared and SAR images. For speed and economy, one would like to achieve the highest compression ratios possible while preserving the critical information in the images, i.e., target information. Conventional compression methods such as JPEG, subband coding, fractal coding methods, and the like are tailored to optimizing the reconstructed output to achieve the most subjectively pleasing images possible. Their goal is to make the reconstructed images look as close to the original as possible. In the defense industry ATR paradigm, this is not the relevant optimality criterion. Rather it is preservation of target detection and recognition performance, a concept which is somewhat new in the compression community. In this paper we report on a compression strategy based on subband coding and vector quantization that can achieve compression ratios in excess of 250 to 1, while maintaining high levels of detection/recognition accuracy.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chemometric analysis of Raman spectroscopic data for process control applications

Abstract Two examples are given demonstrating the use of multivariate modeling in Raman process control applications. In one example, principal component analysis (PCA) and principal component regression (PCR) are used to model the curing of a high performance thermoset. The PCA results are found to give more accurate results when compared to univariate methods. In a second example, the octane number of gasoline is accurately modeled using partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis. For both examples, methods of normalization are considered in an effort to overcome the limitations of the single beam nature of Raman spectra.
Regional Climate Change Scenarios over the United States Produced with a Nested Regional Climate Model

Abstract In this paper two continuous 3½-year-long climate simulations over the continental United States are discussed, one for present-day conditions and one for conditions under double carbon dioxide concentration, conducted with a limited area model (LAM) nested in a general circulation model (GCM). The models used are a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM) at rhomboidal 15 spectral resolution and the climate version of the NCAR/Penn State mesoscale model (MM4) at 60-km gridpoint spacing. For present-day conditions the model temperatures are within 1°–2°C of observations except over the Great Lakes region, where temperature is overpredicted by 4°–6°C. The CCM overpredicts precipitation throughout the continental United States (overall by about 60%) and especially over the West (by up to 300%). The nested MM4 overpredicts precipitation over the West but underpredicts it over the eastern United States. In addition, it produces a large amount of topographically and lake-induced sub-GCM grid-...
Religious Heterogamy and Religiosity: A Comparison of Interchurch and Same-Church Individuals

Based on a national sample of Christian couples, interchurch respondents reported lower levels of religiosity than same-church respondents on a number of religious variables. Respondents in same-church marriages were similar in religiosity regardless of whether the relationship was initially interchurch or same-church. The study did not find evidence that interchurch respondents were more likely than same-church individuals to drift away from church practice. Strength of denominational identity at engagement was the strongest predictor of religious behavior among interchurch respondents, while church attendance at engagement was the strongest predictor among same-church respondents. Interchurch respondents and their spouses were less likely to emphasize religion in raising children than same-church respondents, and were more likely to differ as a couple on their emphasis on religion in raising children. Interchurch parents predominantly raise their children exclusively in one parent's church, although 12 percent reported raising their children in both churches.
A non-inversion theorem for the jump operator

R.W. Robinson's [15] interpolation theorem shows that the Sacks [16] jump inversion theorem can be extended to invert the jump and preserve order on any finite linearly ordered set of degrees r.e. in and above (REA in) 0′. We show that although the Friedberg inversion theorem can be extended to partial orders, the Sacks theorem cannot be extended to even the simplest ones even if we allow the inversion to carry us into D(⩽0′) rather than just the r.e. degrees. This strong non-inversion theorem also decides the problem that Lerman [12] has called the main obstacle to deciding the ∃ theory of the degrees with jump. It is a corollary to our main result: Theorem 1.1. There are a0 and a1 REA in 0′ such that a0 ∨ a1<0” and if u<0′, then not both a0 and a1 are r.e. in u. Other corollaries include a solution to a problem suggested by Jockusch and Soare: not every a REA in 0′ is the jump of a degree which is half of an r.e. minimal pair. The proof introduces a new type of 0‴ priority argument in which the tree of strategies is ω+1 branching and so simply determining the true path requires a 0‴ oracle.
Identification of QTLs underlying water-logging tolerance in soybean

Soil water-logging can cause severe damage to soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and results in significant yield reduction. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that condition water-logging tolerance (WLT) in soybean. Two populations with 103 and 67 F6:11 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from A5403 × Archer (Population 1) and P9641 × Archer (Population 2), respectively, were used as the mapping populations. The populations were evaluated for WLT in manually flooded fields in 2001, 2002, and 2003. Significant variation was observed for WLT among the lines in the two populations. No transgressive tolerant segregants were observed in either population. Broad-sense heritability of WLT for populations 1 and 2 were 0.59 and 0.43, respectively. The tolerant and sensitive RILs from each population were selected to create a tolerant bulk and a sensitive bulk, respectively. The two bulks and the parents of each population were tested with 912 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to select candidate regions on the linkage map that were associated with WLT. Markers from the candidate regions were used to genotype the RILs in both populations. Both single marker analysis (SMA) and composite interval mapping (CIM) were used to identify QTL for WLT. Seventeen markers in Population 1 and 15 markers in Population 2 were significantly (p <0.0001) associated with WLT in SMA. Many of these markers were linked to Rps genes or QTL conferring resistance to Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann and Gerdemann. Five markers, Satt599 on linkage group (LG) A1, Satt160, Satt269, and Satt252 on LG F, and Satt485 on LG N, were significant (p <0.0001) for WLT in both populations. With CIM, a WLT QTL was found close to the marker Satt385 on LG A1 in Population 1 in 2003. This QTL explained 10% of the phenotypic variation and the allele that increased WLT came from Archer. In Population 2 in 2002, a WLT QTL was located near the marker Satt269 on LG F. This QTL explained 16% of the phenotypic variation and the allele that increased WLT also came from Archer.
Involvement of UVB-induced reactive oxygen species in TGF-β biosynthesis and activation in keratinocytes

TGF-beta produced by keratinocytes in response to UVB (290-320 nm) is a potential mediator for effects of acute and chronic solar radiation on skin. This study was designed to determine whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate UVB-induced TGF-beta biosynthesis in keratinocytes and the subsequent activation of the latent TGF-beta complex. UVB irradiation elevated both total (latent plus active) and active TGF-beta in the keratinocyte supernatants, with a greater increase in the active form. UVB irradiation induced up to a 30% increase in ROS, and the ROS were detected up to 90 min after irradiation. NAC and Trolox, cytoplasmic ROS scavengers, abolished the UVB-induced TGF-beta and intracellular ROS, suggesting that UVB-induced ROS are involved in TGF-beta regulation. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase activity, DPI and apocynin, decreased UVB-induced ROS. The increase in NADPH oxidase activity was mediated by EGFR activation. UVB-induced ROS also activated latent TGF-beta complex by stimulating MMP-2 and -9 activities. In summary, physiological doses of UVB increase intracellular ROS, which upregulate TGF-beta biosynthesis and activation of TGF-beta through increased activity of MMPs.
Web Site Interaction Satisfaction: Scale Development Considerations

This study develops and validates a multi-item scale that assesses Web site interaction satisfaction. The study draws upon the marketing literature on satisfaction and service quality and upon the information systems (IS) literature on user information satisfaction to create a new universal measure of Web site interactivity. The scale identifies users' expectations for excellent Web sites and advances an evaluation measure that can be used by Web site managers to administer to actual and prospective consumers and Web site users in general.
Temporal evolution of shear band thickness

Boundary layer methods are used to derive expressions for the jump discontinuities in velocity, stress gradient and temperature gradient across a shear band. This analysis also yields an expression for the temporal evolution of the thermal boundary layer width, which can be interpreted as a measure of shear band thickness. The jump discontinuities are used to formulate a simplified version of the boundary value problem for the half-slab geometry. Calculated results for an illustrative example reveal a shear band thickness which evolves by initially narrowing and then later widening as diffusion becomes significant.
A novel application of CT angiography to detect extracoronary vascular abnormalities in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection.

Abstract Background Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is associated with extracoronary vascular abnormalities, which depending on type and location may warrant treatment or provide additional diagnostic or prognostic information about this uncommon entity. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), aneurysms, and dissections have been detected in multiple vascular territories by magnetic resonance angiography, CT angiography (CTA), and catheter angiography. The optimal modality to detect extracoronary vascular abnormalities is unknown. We highlight the technique and feasibility of a novel CTA protocol to detect extracoronary vascular abnormalities in these patients, incorporating patient safety and convenience. Methods The complete CTA protocol consisting of a single CTA of the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis was performed on 39 SCAD outpatients. All examinations were performed with 200 mL of low-osmolar contrast agent and used radiation dose modulation techniques. Average volume CT dose index was 9 mGy for the chest, abdomen, and pelvis portions and 21 mGy for the neck portion. Studies were independently reviewed by 2 senior vascular radiologists. Results Two patients had nondiagnostic CTA neck evaluation because of technical acquisition errors. Extracoronary vascular abnormalities were detected in 27 of 39 patients (69%). Catheter angiography detected brachial artery FMD in 1 patient, a vascular bed not included in the SCAD CTA protocol. Extracoronary vascular abnormalities were common, including FMD, aneurysms, dissection, and aortic tortuosity, and were seen in the iliac (36%), carotid and/or vertebral (31%), splanchnic (10%), and renal (26%) arteries and in the thoracic and/or abdominal aorta (10%). Conclusions The frequency of extracoronary vascular abnormalities and extent of territories identified the CTA protocol in our cohort are high. A tailored CTA may be the optimal imaging technique for detecting extracoronary vascular abnormalities in patients with suspected underlying vasculopathy. Although the clinical significance of extracoronary vascular abnormalities remains unclear, detection of these abnormalities has identified patients in whom cerebral imaging and serial monitoring have been recommended.
Metabolomic profiling of embryo culture media to predict IVF outcome

Decreasing multiple gestations while maintaining or improving overall pregnancy rates remains one of the most significant contemporary goals in the treatment of infertility. This necessitates an improvement over our current methodology for embryo assessment that is largely based on morphology and cleavage rate. Multiple studies of animal and human embryos have demonstrated that metabolic activity of in vitro grown embryos reflect their reproductive potential. Recent studies suggest that assessment of embryo metabolism by noninvasive metabolomic profiling of embryo culture media may provide a useful adjunct to morphologic embryo assessment and improve our ability to determine the reproductive potential of individual embryos.
Snoop Module CAMAC Interface to the 168/E Microprocessor

A pair of 168/E microprocessors will be used to meet the realtime computing requirements of the SLAC Hybrid Facility. A SNOOP module and 168/E Interface provide the link between the host computer and the microprocessors. By eavesdropping on normal CAMAC read operations, the SNOOP provides a direct data transfer from CAMAC to microprocessor memory. The host computer controls the processors using standard CAMAC programmed I/O to the SNOOP.
The case against the case against group studies.

Abstract We challenge the position that only the analysis of single patients can allow us to infer normal function from impaired performance. We claim that the focus on group vs. single case studies is unprofitable and that a more useful question is how best to form abstractions of relevance to cognitive theory. In this context, we consider issues concerning the category of “agrammatism”.
Three‐dimensional multifluid simulations of ionospheric loss at Mars from nominal solar wind conditions to magnetic cloud events

conditions. Ionospheric losses on the order of 10 25 O2 ions per second are found for quiet solar wind conditions. This is of the same order as that estimated from Phobos 2 measurements. Varying the orientation of Mars’ magnetic anomalies relative to the incident solar wind direction leads to only minor variation in the ionospheric loss rates of O2 for each set of solar wind conditions studied. Solar wind parameters were varied from nominal solar wind conditions to conditions with high-speed flows, high densities, and large IMF magnitudes. Outflow rates on the order of 10 26 O2 ions per second were seen for storm-like conditions. The simulations indicate that ionospheric outflow rates increase by a larger percentage for high solar wind number density when compared to high solar wind speed or strong IMF conditions alone. This is due to the higher solar wind density and temperature of the precipitating ions. The results also indicate a significant influence of pickup on ionospheric loss.
Tumor-stromal cross-talk: Direct cell-to-cell transfer of oncogenic microRNAs via tunneling nanotubes

Tunneling nanotubes (TnTs) represent a novel mechanism by which intercellular components such as proteins, Golgi vesicles, and mitochondria can be transferred from cell to cell in the complex tumor microenvironment. Here, we report data showing that microRNAs (miRNAs) are transferred through TnTs in osteosarcoma (OS) and ovarian cancer as in vitro model systems. miRNA array analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of miR-19a in OS tumors resected from human patients, and differential expression of miR-199a in ovarian cancer cell lines resistant or sensitive to platinum chemotherapy. K7M2 murine OS cells were transfected with miR-19a and cultured with nontransfected K7M2 cells in low-serum, hyperglycemic medium for up to 72 hours to induce TnT formation. miRNA transfer via TnTs was detected by time-lapse microscopic imaging. miR-19a was also transported via TnTs connecting transfected K7M2 cells and nontransfected stromal MC3T3 murine osteoblast cells. Similar findings were observed in studies of TnT-mediated transport of miR-199a among SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells and nonmalignant immortalized ovarian epithelial cells. To quantify TnT-mediated transport of miRNAs, we used modified Boyden chambers to separate miR-19a–transfected K7M2 cells (top chamber) and DiI-labeled MC3T3 cells (bottom chamber) compared with open culture of these cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of cells collected after 48 hours of culture indicated that miR-19a–positive MC3T3 cells were 3-fold higher in open culture; this finding suggests that miR-19a transfer occurred via TnTs, exclusive of other forms of cell-cell communication. These studies demonstrate that TnTs mediate direct transfer of genetic material between tumor and stromal cells.
Collaborative collection building of electronic resources: a business faculty/librarian partnership

The Business Library and The College of Business Administration at The Pennsylvania State University have formed a strategic partnership to analyze, evaluate, make selection decisions, and provide funding for electronic resources. This paper describes the background and rationale for the formation of this partnership and describes the issues and procedures that are followed to collaboratively build electronic collections to support business research. Benefits of this partnership include greater access to electronic resources for faculty throughout the University; an improved understanding of the breadth and needs of faculty research in business; and better knowledge of the resources that are used by various faculty, academic departments, and locations throughout the University. The partnership also provides a framework for incorporating electronic resources into the strategic planning process.
Immunology: Barrier to electrical storms.

Epilepsy is characterized by repetitive seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Immune cells promote development of this disorder by mediating the breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Central nervous system infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a commonly used model for chronic viral disease. LCMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+ T cells) are involved in the condition, but their role in pathogenesis is unclear. The 'cell killing' activity of these cells might be expected to be part of the story, but a new study using two-photon fluorescence microscopy suggests this is not the case. Rather, cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be seen recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the meninges at the blood–brain border. The blood vessels there become leaky and fatal seizures result. This raises new questions, including the mechanism of cell recruitment and how the cells produce such damage in meningitis, and suggests several new drug targets.
A Simple Technique for Tension-free Pericardial Closure

Closure of the pericardium after cardiac operations is desirable but is not always possible to achieve. We describe here a simple technique for tension-free, anterior closure of the pericardium.
Gaussian Multipole Model (GMM)

An electrostatic model based on charge density is proposed as a model for future force fields. The model is composed of a nucleus and a single Slater-type contracted Gaussian multipole charge density on each atom. The Gaussian multipoles are fit to the electrostatic potential calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G* and HF/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory and tested by comparing electrostatic dimer energies, intermolecular density overlap integrals, and permanent molecular multipole moments with their respective ab initio values. For the case of water, the atomic Gaussian multipole moments Qlm are shown to be a smooth function of internal geometry (bond length and angle), which can be approximated by a truncated linear Taylor series. In addition, results are given when the Gaussian multipole charge density is applied to a model for exchange−repulsion energy based on the intermolecular density overlap.