cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joblessness and Hopelessness

Abstract This study investigated the responses of African American youth to the police beating of Rodney King, the trial, and the subsequent civil disorders in South Central Los Angeles. Employing a qualitative-quantitative research design, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 focus groups (n = 144) and 32 youth, ages 15-30, recruited through a “snowball” sample. The total sample included 58% males and 42% females with a mean age of 19.3 years. Participants identified five major employment-related concerns: (1) lack of jobs, (2) employer discrimination, (3) few jobs with good wages and benefits, (4) employer preference for African American females, and (5) lack of job training programs. Pervasive feelings of hopelessness, anger, and alienation were associated with high rates of unemployment and lack of economic development in the community. Implications for social work practice and community mental health interventions are discussed.
The Effect of Tolerance for Ambiguity on Student Air Traffic Controller Performance

This study investigated the relationship between tolerance for ambiguity (TFA) of air traffic management (ATM) students attending Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU) and their associated performance verification (PV) scores. The curriculum at ERAU, located in Daytona Beach, Florida, covers the operation, engineering, research, manufacturing, marketing, and management of modern aircraft and the systems that support them. Participants were enrolled in either the AT 315 or AT 415 courses. AT 315 introduces air traffic management students to air traffic control operations in a visual flight rules (VFR) tower facility whereas AT 415 augments and advances ATC knowledge, skills, abilities (KSAs) from AT 315. A sample of 76 students completed a modified Measurement of Ambiguity (MAT-50) questionnaire. This study also examined how TFA differs with respect to ATM experience levels. 2 McNair Scholars Research Journal, Vol. 1 [2014], Art. 1 http://commons.erau.edu/mcnair/vol1/iss1/
The Relevance of Cultural Tourism as the Next Frontier for Small Island Destinations

The purpose of this study is to apply the cultural tourism typology of McKercher and to estimate the economic relevance of cultural tourism to the context of a small island destination tourist market. Small island destinations may be confronted with environmental constraints that restrain the traditional small island tourism development model, which is based on sun, sand, and sea. The cultural tourism typology is used in order to determine whether the typology may be used to segment tourists thereby allowing researchers to determine the economic impact of different cultural tourist segments. This study draws attention to some of the foundational issues that researchers face when attempting to quantify the economic impact of cultural tourists. The results of the study indicate that McKercher’s typology may provide more refined results when incorporating the purpose of a trip; and, that cultural tourists may be a lucrative market for destinations to pursue given the results of an economic input–output model.
General principles of the evaluation and therapy of anemias.

Les anemies peuvent avoir des etiologies diverses qu'il importe de diagnostiquer, d'apres les antecedents, la clinique et surtout les examens de laboratoire. Description d'une premiere serie d'explorations, puis d'une seconde si les resultats ne sont pas concluants. La meilleure therapeutique est specifique, mais en cas d'incertitude et d'urgence les transfusions d'hematies peuvent etre indiquees, elles ne perturbent pas les resultats des explorations ulterieures
Mineral Content of Saliva of Children with Arrested Dental Caries.

SummaryThe mineral content of saliva was studied in 2 groups of patients; one of diabetic children having resistant teeth and arrested caries, the other of unselected hospital patients showing as a group marked caries and soft teeth. The variations noted in the calcium, phosphorus, chlorides and pH of the saliva were similar in both groups, indicating that the formation of salivary calculus, and the arrest of dental caries noted in the diabetic children under dietary control, are probably not due primarily to any marked differences in the mineral content of the saliva.
The Effect of An Internal Model on Subsequent Learning

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the learning performance on a discrete second order control task between an experienced group of subjects, who had generated both accurate and inaccurate internal models through prior experience, to a group of subjects who had little prior experience and no model of the system dynamics. The 48 subjects were divided into six groups of eight subjects each. Three of the groups, the experienced groups, had previous training in a continuous control task and the other three groups, the no experience groups, had only a few trials on the continuous control task. The results showed that all three experienced groups learned the new discrete task faster than the no experience groups; the no experience groups actually got slightly worse with practice. It was concluded that an internal model, even an inaccurate one, provides a reference for subjects which can be used to analyze and improve their performance.
Interim Waste Forms for High-Level Radioactive Wastes: Processing and Properties

Several simulated interim waste forms have been investigated in the laboratory to study their suitability for application in handling and transportation of high-level radioactive wastes to terminal processing sites. In the fused-salt/sludge option, the neutralized supernatant liquid and the precipitated sludge are treated simultaneously to form fused-salt cakes. Silicate-based options, in which sodium silicate or sodium silicate and Ca(OH)2 act as binders for the sludge, require prior separation of the sludge and the soluble radioactive constituents from the supernatant before the waste form can be prepared. The results from tests on simulated fused-salt waste forms indicated that the process simplicity of this option is partially offset by the high water solubility and hygroscopicity of the product, which would necessitate special precautions during transportation and storage. The most promising silicate-based option is the ambient-temperature silicate sludge process, in which the sludge is mixed with sodium silicate [and sometimes with Ca(OH)2] and subsequently exposed to a contrelled-humidity environment at room temperature to form a chemical bond. Solid material containing 75 wt % synthetic calcined sludge, prepared by this process, has sufficient physical, chemical, and mechanical stability for use as an interim waste form.
Abstract A46: Role of the endocytic adaptor Epsin in cancer cell migration

One of the most common links between cancer and endocytosis is defective internalization of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, for example, linked to a deficit in endocytic proteins. This scenario leads to hypersignaling and in turn to malignant transformation. Nevertheless, there are also cases in which endocytic proteins, such as the epsin adaptors, are found upregulated in invasive cancers. Indeed, we demonstrated that overexpression of the epsins enhances cancer cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, depletion of epsins (by siRNA) led to impairment of cancer cell invasion. However, the different epsin paralogs varied in their capacity to enhance migration/invasion in the following order: epsin 3 > epsin2 >> epsin1. The epsin paralogs have a highly conserved Epsin N-terminal Homology or the ENTH domain (N-terminus) and a C-terminus where the most divergent regions are housed. While our data shows that both the ENTH domain and the C-terminus are required for enhancing migration, we speculate that the differential ability of the paralogs to migrate/invade lies in their less conserved C-terminus region. This study aims to uncover the mechanism by which epsin overexpression leads to enhanced migration/invasion and to identify the regions of the epsin C-terminus which gives the paralogs their differential ability to enhance migration/invasion. Here we describe a systematic combinatorial approach for mapping the epsin determinants involved in localizing epsin at endocytic sites and required for its effect on cancer cell migration/invasion. Our data clearly shows that Clathrin binding motifs (out of the 4 types of endocytic determinants) are the strongest localization determinants of epsin2, however are not sufficient. Infact, 2 types of endocytic determinants are required for proper epsin2 localization suggesting co-operativity and redundancy. We also found that mutation of any 2 types of endocytic determinants can also reduce the ability of epsin2 to migrate as compared to the wild-type protein. Expanding the results obtained from epsin2 to epsin3 will reveal the similarities and differences between the paralogs. Taking together our findings and the requirement of these proteins for cancer cell invasion, we envision epsin2 and epsin3 as targets for novel anti-cancer and anti-metastatic approaches. Citation Format: Kayalvizhi Madhivanan, R. Claudio Aguilar. Role of the endocytic adaptor Epsin in cancer cell migration. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A46.
295 NUCLEOLIN, A NOVEL TARGET FOR APTAMER-BASED ANTICANCER THERAPY

AGRO100, a G-rich oligonucleotide is an extremely stable molecule which is stabilized by G-quartet formation. It has growth inhibitory activity for malignant cells which correlates with binding to a target protein, nucleolin. Nucleolin is a multifunctional protein which plays an important role in regulating ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing as well as DNA replication. We have shown that nucleolin is present on the surface of transformed, but not normal cells. Nucleolin binding results in translocation of the oligonucleotide to the cell nucleus. AGRO100 is growth inhibitory for a wide variety of tumor cell T types, causing S-phase arrest and inducing apoptosis. Its growth inhibitory activity is synergistic with a number of chemotherapeutic agents. A phase I clinical trial was performed to determine the clinical toxicity of AGRO100. Seventeen patients were treated with a four-day infusion of AGRO100. Five patients with evidence of clinical response or stable disease were given an additional monthly course of AGRO100. No clinical or laboratory toxicity was noted. Significant clinical activity was seen in these patients. In summary, the G-rich oligonucleotide AGRO100 inhibits cancer cell growth by binding to nucleolin. There is evidence of clinical activity without significant toxicity.
Catholic women’s movements in liberal and fascist Italy

In her first book, Helena Dawes sets out to illuminate the crucial role of Catholic women’s movements in both reasserting the relevance of Catholicism and molding the political position of women in...
Tornadoes and Related Phenomena

Definition. The word “tornado” comes from the Spanish tronada (thunderstorm). In western and north central Africa, “tornado” refers to a thunderstorm. But elsewhere it means an intense spiral motion around a vertical or inclined axis, averaging about 250 yards across, with its lower part [17] often characterized by a narrow pendant cloud [12] extending from a cumulonimbus cloud base to or nearly to the ground.
Geologic controls on submarine slope failure along the central U.S. Atlantic margin : insights from the Currituck Slide Complex

Abstract Multiple styles of failure, ranging from densely spaced, mass transport driven canyons to the large, slab-type slope failure of the Currituck Slide, characterize adjacent sections of the central U.S. Atlantic margin that appear to be defined by variations in geologic framework. Here we use regionally extensive, deep penetration multichannel seismic (MCS) profiles to reconstruct the influence of the antecedent margin physiography on sediment accumulation along the central U.S. Atlantic continental shelf-edge, slope, and uppermost rise from the Miocene to Present. These data are combined with high-resolution sparker MCS reflection profiles and multibeam bathymetry data across the Currituck Slide Complex. Pre-Neogene allostratigraphic horizons beneath the slope are generally characterized by low gradients and convex downslope profiles. This is followed by the development of thick, prograded deltaic clinoforms during the middle Miocene. Along-strike variations in morphology of a regional unconformity at the top of this middle Miocene unit appear to have set the stage for differing styles of mass transport along the margin. Areas north and south of the Currituck Slide are characterized by oblique margin morphology, defined by an angular shelf-edge and a relatively steep (> 8°), concave slope profile. Upper slope sediment bypass, closely spaced submarine canyons, and small, localized landslides confined to canyon heads and sidewalls characterize these sectors of the margin. In contrast, the Currituck region is defined by a sigmoidal geometry, with a rounded shelf-edge rollover and gentler slope gradient ( 800 m), regionally continuous stratified slope deposits suggest the low gradient Currituck region was a primary depocenter for fluvial inputs during multiple sea level lowstands. These results imply that the rounded, gentle slope physiography developed during the middle Miocene allowed for a relatively high rate of subsequent sediment accumulation, thus providing a mechanism for compaction–induced overpressure that preconditioned the Currituck region for failure. Detailed examination of the regional geological framework illustrates the importance of both sediment supply and antecedent slope physiography in the development of large, potentially unstable depocenters along passive margins.
Effects of Salts, Sugars, and Salt-Sugar Combinations on Growth and Sporulation of an Isolate of Eurotium rubrum from Pancake Syrup.

An osmoduric-saccharophilic fungus, identified as a strain of Eurotium rubrum Konig, Speikermann and Bremer and isolated from a bottle of syrup, showed optimum growth (i.e., increase in colony diameter) on Sabouraud's agar amended with 60% (w/v) sucrose (calculated aw = 0.964) and still grew near optimally at 110% (aw = 0.927). On glucose, fructose or arabinose, optimum growth occurred at 40% (w/v) (aw = 0.962, 0.962, and 0.954, respectively), but glucose supported better growth than did fructose or arabinose. In the presence of glycerol, optimum growth (i.e., increase in dry weight of mycelium) occurred at a 10% (v/v) concentration (aw = 0.972) and no growth occurred above 35% (aw = 0.878). In general, growth was better with 12-C > 6-C > 5-C > 3-C compounds. The fungus did not grow on concentrations of inorganic salts above 30%; growth on salts was best with (on a w/v basis) 10% KCl (aw = 0.957), 5% NaCl (aw = 0.972) or 10% CaCl2, (aw = 0.965). In the absence of either organic or inorganic solutes, there was essentially no growth. When sucrose and either KCl or NaCl were added together, growth was greater on a salt/sugar mixture than on the same concentration of salt alone, and, at equivalent calculated osmotic pressures and aw, sucrose alone supported better growth than did any salt/sugar mixture. These data indicate that the fungus has a requirement for, and a tolerance to, high solute concentrations. At equivalent osmotic pressures and aw, however, sugars supported greater growth than did inorganic salts.
Who Gets the Bun that Doesn't Make it to the Oven? The Rights to Pre-Embryos for Individuals in Same-Sex Relationships

This article examines regulation of Assisted Reproduction Technology (ART), primarily focusing on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and cryopreservation of pre-embryos, and problems that arise when individuals in same-sex relationships disagree as to the disposition of their frozen pre-embryos.
The Role of Universities in Industrial Research: Improving Industrial R&D—University Relations

(1974). The Role of Universities in Industrial Research: Improving Industrial R&D—University Relations. Research Management: Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 23-28.
Coatings for Mitigating the Effects of Underwater Shock Waves on Structures

Pulses generated by underwater explosions can cause damage to marine vehicles located some distance away. The pressure applied to the surface of the structure depends on the incident pulse and on the fluid-structure interaction. In the case of a plate, this interaction includes the effect of elastic deformations through the thickness and rigid body motion if the plate is allowed to move away from the explosion. Coatings can be used to modify the interaction with the fluid and reduce the load applied to the structures. This chapter examines the mechanics of the problem and discusses recent developments in this area that led to the development of three types of coatings.
Urological Survivorship Issues Among Adolescent Boys and Young Men Who Are Cancer Survivors.

Abstract Background Urological survivorship issues encompass an area that may potentially be overlooked after treatment of childhood cancer in adolescent boys and young men. Side effects of cancer therapy may include subsequent development of erectile dysfunction (ED), hypogonadism, and infertility in adulthood. Aim The purpose of this review is to focus on the etiology and prevalence of the range of sexual and gonadal dysfunction in adolescent boys and young men who are cancer survivors, while discussing current recommendations for evaluation and treatment. Methods We performed a literature review of articles evaluating hypogonadism, sexual dysfunction, ED, and infertility in young men cancer survivors. Outcomes There is compelling evidence that significant survivorship issues are faced by boys entering adulthood after completing cancer therapy. Results Overall, young men cancer survivors are much more likely to report symptoms of sexual dysfunction than the general population of men. These patients can develop ED due to physiologic and psychological changes that take place with diagnosis of a malignancy and subsequent treatment. Primary hypogonadism can arise due to pelvic radiation or chemotherapy, and central hypogonadism may arise from pituitary insufficiency after brain radiation or surgery. Infertility develops from direct damage to the Sertoli cells and germinal epithelium from radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Cancer survivors who are men should therefore be screened for these important urological survivorship issues, although exact surveillance strategies remain unclear. Conclusions Urological survivorship issues including ED, hypogonadism, and infertility are common among cancer survivors and result in significant morbidity. Due to the medical complexity of cancer survivorship, the population of adolescent and young adult survivors would benefit from a network of multidisciplinary survivorship experts to aid the transition into adulthood. Improved research efforts may help to clarify risk factors and to develop enhanced strategies for evaluation and treatment. Sukhu T, Ross S, Coward RM. Urological Survivorship Issues Among Adolescent Boys and Young Men Who Are Cancer Survivors. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:396–409.
Measurement of radiative gas and particle emissions in biomass flames

Abstract Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer near the burner of coal and biomass-fired boilers. Predicting and measuring heat transfer is critical to the design and operation of new boiler concepts. The individual contributions of gas and particle phases are dependent on gas and particle concentration, particle size, and gas and particle temperature which vary with location relative to the flame. A method for measuring the contributions of both gas and particle radiation capable of being applied in harsh high temperature and pressure environments has been demonstrated using emission from particles and water vapor using an optical fiber probe transmitting a signal to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The method was demonstrated in four environments of varying gas and particle loading using natural gas and pulverized wood flames in a down-fired 130 kWth cylindrical reactor. The method generates a gas and particle temperature, gas concentrations (H2O and CO2), total gas and particle intensities, and gas and particle total effective emissivity from line-of-sight emission measurements. For the conditions measured, downstream of the luminous flame zone, water vapor and CO2 radiation were the dominant modes of heat transfer (effective emissivity 0.13–0.19) with particles making a minor contribution (effective emissivity 0.01–0.02). Within a lean natural gas flame, soot emission was low (effective emissivity 0.02) compared to gas (0.14) but within a luminous flame of burning wood particles (500 µm mean diameter) the particles (soot and burning wood) produced a higher effective emissivity (0.17) than the gas (0.12). The measurement technique was therefore found to be effective for several types of combustion environments.
Cyanotype: The Blueprint in Contemporary Practice

Cyanotype: The Blueprint in Contemporary Practice is a two part book on the much admired blue print process. Part One is a comprehensive how-to on the cyanotype process for both beginner and advanced practitioners, with lots of photographs and clear, step-by-step directions and formulas. Part Two highlights contemporary artists who are using cyanotype, making work that ranges from the photographic to the abstract, from the traditional to the conceptual, with tips on their personal cyanotype methods alongside their work. These artists illustrate cyanotype’s widespread use in contemporary photography today, probably the most of any alternative process. Book features include: A brief discussion of the practice of the process with some key historical points How to set up the cyanotype OdimroomO The most extensive discussion of suitable papers to date, with data from 100+ papers Step-by-step digital negative methods for monochrome and duotone negatives Chapters on classic, new, and other cyanotype formulas Toning to create colors from yellow to brown to violet Printing cyanotype over palladium, for those who want to temper cyanotype’s blue nature Printing cyanotype on alternate surfaces such as fabric, glass, and wood More creative practice ideas for cyanotype such as handcoloring and gold leafing Troubleshooting cyanotype, photographically illustrated Finishing, framing, and storing cyanotype Contemporary artists’ advice, techniques, and works Cyanotype is backed with research from 120 books, journals, and magazine articles from 1843 to the present day. It is richly illustrated with 400 photographs from close to 80 artists from 14 countries. It is a guide for the practitioner, from novice to expert, providing inspiration and proof of cyanotype’s original and increasing place in historical and contemporary photography.
Inflaton portal to a highly decoupled EeV dark matter particle

We explore the possibility that the dark matter relic abundance is generated in a context where the inflaton is the only mediator between the visible and the hidden sectors of our Universe. Due to the relatively large mass of the inflaton field, such a portal leads to an extremely feeble interaction between the dark and the visible sectors, suggesting that the dark sector cannot reach any thermal equilibrium with the visible sector. After the two sectors are populated by the decay of the inflaton, a heavy dark matter particle thermally decouples within the dark sector. Later, a lighter dark particle, whose decay width is naturally suppressed by the inflaton propagator, decays into the visible sector after it dominates the energy density of the Universe. This process dilutes the dark matter relic density by injecting entropy in the visible sector. We show that an inflaton mass of $\mathcal{O}({10}^{13})\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ together with couplings of order one are fully compatible with a dark matter relic abundance $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}{h}^{2}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$. As a general feature of the model, the entropy-dilution mechanism is accompanied by a period of early matter domination, which modifies the amount of $e$-folds of inflation necessary to accommodate Planck data. Moreover, the coupling of the inflaton to the dark and visible sectors brings loop contributions to the inflationary potential which can destabilize the inflation trajectory. Considering all these complementary constraints, we show that, in the context of a plateau-inflation scenario such as the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-attractor model, the inflaton can constitute a viable mediator between the visible sector and an $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{EeV}$ dark matter candidate. Furthermore, we show that improved constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio and spectral index could potentially rule out dark matter scenarios of this sort in the future.
Energy Communication in International Contexts

Energy communication is a relatively new subfield that explores energy’s role in society as well as ways of communicating about energy. Because this is such a new subfield, few contexts for energy communication have been studied. The purpose of this paper is to consider energy communication as found in international, digital contexts that have not been examined before, including several genres used in Sweden, Russia, France, the US, and Spain. First, we attempt to determine which aspects of energy’s societal role are discussed on four websites belonging to technical Swedish and Russian universities. Second, we look at cultural strategies of influence in French and US energy ad campaigns. Finally, we examine the website of a Spanish-founded multinational energy company using dromology (the study of speed) as our framework to explore the shift to green energy and the inclusion of the arts in energy communication. Future research includes studies of other genres of energy communication in an even wider variety of contexts.
Evaluation of Fipronil Susceptibility in the Lone Star Tick (Acari: Ixodidae)

The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum Linnaeus, is ubiquitously present in the southeastern United States and will readily parasitize humans and companion animals. Fipronil is the active ingredient in several topically applied products used to manage ticks and fleas on companion animals. Reducing ectoparasite infestations on companion animals decreases the risk that pathogens vectored by these pests are transmitted to these animals and their owners. However, dependence on acaricides can promote the development of resistance. In this study, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations larval packet test was used to determine the lethal concentration (LC) values and discriminating concentration (DC) for fipronil in the lone star tick. The DC was calculated as 0.02080%. The low magnitude of the DC value suggests that fipronil is an effective active ingredient for A. americanum management. With the LC and DC values determined, emergent resistance can be monitored, potentially allowing for intervention should tolerance develop in A. americanum populations that are in frequent contact with humans and their companion animals.
Staphylococcus aureus whole genome sequence–based susceptibility and resistance prediction using a clinically amenable workflow

Abstract We used graphical user interface–based automated analytical tools from Next Gen Diagnostics (Mountain View, CA) and 1928 Diagnostics (Gothenburg, Sweden) to analyze whole genome sequence (WGS) data from 102 unique blood culture isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to predict antimicrobial susceptibly, with results compared to those of phenotypic susceptibility testing. Of 916 isolate/antibiotic combinations analyzed using the Next Gen Diagnostics tool, there were 9 discrepancies between WGS predictions and phenotypic susceptibility/resistance, including 8 for clindamycin and 1 for minocycline. Of 612 isolate/antibiotic combinations analyzed using the 1928 Diagnostics tool, there were 13 discrepancies between WGS predictions and phenotypic susceptibility/resistance, including 9 for clindamycin, 3 for trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and 1 for rifampin. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was not assessed by Next Gen Diagnostics, and minocycline was not assessed by 1928 Diagnostics. There was complete concordance between phenotypic susceptibility/resistance and genotypic prediction of susceptibility/resistance using both analytical platforms for oxacillin, vancomycin, and mupirocin, as well as by the Next Gen Diagnostics analytical tool for levofloxacin (the 1928 Diagnostics tool did not assess levofloxacin). These results suggest that, from a performance standpoint, with some caveats, automatic bioinformatics tools may be acceptable to predict susceptibility and resistance to a panel of antibiotics for S. aureus.
Mobile Phone Data for Inferring Social Network Structure

We analyze 330,000 hours of continuous behavioral data logged by the mobile phones of 94 subjects, and compare these observations with self-report relational data. The information from these two data sources is overlapping but distinct, and the accuracy of self-report data is considerably affected by such factors as the recency and salience of particular interactions. We present a new method for precise measurements of large-scale human behavior based on contextualized proximity and communication data alone, and identify characteristic behavioral signatures of relationships that allowed us to accurately predict 95% of the reciprocated friendships in the study. Using these behavioral signatures we can predict, in turn, individual-level outcomes such as job satisfaction.
Chapter 19 – Chromopeptides

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the methods involved in chromopeptides synthesis. The peptide antibiotic actinomycin D is a clinically effective cancer chemotherapeutic agent useful, for example, in the treatment of Wilms' tumor. The Brockmann synthesis of actinomycin D was joined in 1970 by the Meienhofer approach. From all appearances, the majority of recent synthetic efforts in the chromopeptide field have been related to the actinomycins. The synthesis of actinomycin D lactam has been completed, and other analogs have been obtained by Larionov and coworkers. A synthesis of [4′,4′-bis-Gly-5′,5′-bis-Val]-actinomycin D has been brought to completion by Mosher and Goodman. In a study described in the chapter, the latter analog did not prove to be antibacterial in a number of screening systems or to be cytotoxic in the KB tissue culture system. However, actinomycin D lactam did show high antibacterial activity and indications of antitumor activity in a ROS mouse system.
A Novel Gene Therapy Approach for GSD III Using an AAV Vector Encoding a Bacterial Glycogen Debranching Enzyme

Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) is an inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme (GDE), which results in the accumulation of abnormal glycogen (limit dextrin) in the cytoplasm of liver, heart, and skeletal muscle cells. Currently, there is no curative treatment for this disease. Gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) provides an optimal treatment approach for monogenic diseases like GSD III. However, the 4.6 kb human GDE cDNA is too large to be packaged into a single AAV vector due to its small carrying capacity. To overcome this limitation, we tested a new gene therapy approach in GSD IIIa mice using an AAV vector ubiquitously expressing a smaller bacterial GDE, Pullulanase, whose cDNA is 2.2 kb. Intravenous injection of the AAV vector (AAV9-CB-Pull) into 2-week-old GSD IIIa mice blocked glycogen accumulation in both cardiac and skeletal muscles, but not in the liver, accompanied by the improvement of muscle functions. Subsequent treatment with a liver-restricted AAV vector (AAV8-LSP-Pull) reduced liver glycogen content by 75% and reversed hepatic fibrosis while maintaining the effect of AAV9-CB-Pull treatment on heart and skeletal muscle. Our results suggest that AAV-mediated gene therapy with Pullulanase is a possible treatment for GSD III.
Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectro-microscopy for probing chemical reaction dynamics in solid-state materials

Femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) is a chemically specific vibrational technique that has the ability to follow structural dynamics during photoinduced processes such as charge transfer on the ultrafast timescale. FSRS has a strong background in following structural dynamics and elucidating chemical mechanisms; however, its use with solid-state materials has been limited. As photovoltaic and electronic devices rely on solid-state materials, having the ability to track the evolving dynamics during their charge transfer and transport processes is crucial. Following the structural dynamics in these solid-state materials will lead to the identification of specific chemical structures responsible for various photoinduced charge transfer reactions, leading to a greater understanding of the structure-function relationships needed to improve upon current technologies. Isolating the specific nuclear motions and molecular structures that drive a desired physical process will provide a chemical blueprint, leading to the rational design and fabrication of efficient electronic and photovoltaic devices. In this perspective, we discuss technical challenges and experimental developments that have facilitated the use of FSRS with solid-state samples, explore previous studies that have identified structure-function relationships in charge transfer reactions, and analyze the future developments that will broaden and advance the field.
Ultraflexible Neural Electrodes for Long-Lasting Intracortical Recording

Summary Implanted electrodes provide one of the most important neurotechniques for fundamental and translational neurosciences by permitting time-resolved electrical detection of individual neurons in vivo. However, conventional rigid electrodes typically cannot provide stable, long-lasting recordings. Numerous interwoven biotic and abiotic factors at the tissue-electrode interface lead to short- and long-term instability of the recording performance. Making neural electrodes flexible provides a promising approach to mitigate these challenges on the implants and at the tissue-electrode interface. Here we review the recent progress of ultraflexible neural electrodes and discuss the engineering principles, the material properties, and the implantation strategies to achieve stable tissue-electrode interface and reliable unit recordings in living brains.
Nanoreplicated positive and inverted submicrometer polymer pyramid array for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

We demonstrated gold-coated polymer surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with a pair of complementary structures—positive and inverted pyramid array struc- turesfabricatedbyamultiple-stepmoldingandreplicationprocess.TheuniformSERSenhance- ment factors over the entire device surface were measured as 7.2×10 4 for positive pyramid sub- strates while 1.6×10 6 for inverted pyramid substrates with Rhodamine 6G as the target analyte. Based on the optical reflection measurement and finite difference time domain simulation result, the enhancement factor difference is attributable to plasmon resonance matching and to SERS "hot spots" distribution. With this simple, fast, and versatile complementary molding process, we can produce polymer SERS substrates with extremely low cost, high throughput, and high repeatability. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10.1117/1.3663259)
Rethinking the struggle for Puerto Rican rights

Two noted historians of the Puerto Rican diaspora have joined forces to produce a valuable, thoughtful, well-documented, and well-written synthesis of Puerto Rican social and political activism in ...
The Occupational Participation of Latinx Cancer Survivors and Their Family Caregivers Living in Survivorship: A Qualitative Exploration Informed by Multiple Stakeholders.

The purpose of this study was to examine the lived experiences of Latinx cancer survivors and their family caregivers during survivorship. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with a ...
Functional Coupling within the Mesolimbic Circuit in First-Episode Psychosis.

Psychosis disorder is a debilitating disorder characterized by multiple admissions to psychiatric care facilities, higher unemployment rates, and decreased life expectancy. All of which create a high burden on the patient, their family, and the healthcare system. Understanding the basic mechanisms of psychotic disorder is essential for early discovery and facilitating better care for those suffering from it (Correll et al., 2018). The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia (Howes et al., 2009) suggests that dysregulation in dopamine signaling is the main cause of psychosis. Consistent with this theory, the ventral-tegmental area (VTA) is a pivoting region in psychosis in both animals and humans (Modinos et al., 2015). Individuals suffering from psychosis have elevated dopaminergic activity in the VTA. Such dysregulations were also found in prodromal syndromes (before full-blown development of psychosis; Howes et al., 2009), suggesting a causal effect of …
Effect of geriatric assessment (GA) and genetic profiling on overall survival (OS) of older adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

7021Background: GA can predict the risk of toxicities of chemotherapy in older adults. Genetic risk categories correlate with OS in AML. We previously reported a reduction in early mortality in a p...
Local Control and Survival After Induction Chemotherapy and Ablative Radiation Versus Resection for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma With Vascular Involvement.

OBJECTIVE We sought to compare overall survival (OS) and disease control for patients with localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treated with ablative dose radiotherapy (A-RT) versus resection. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Locoregional treatment for PDAC includes resection when possible or palliative RT. A-RT may offer durable tumor control and encouraging survival. METHODS This was a single-institution retrospective analysis of patients with PDAC treated with induction chemotherapy followed by A-RT [≥98 Gy biologically effective dose (BED) using 15-25 fractions in 3-4.5 Gy/fraction] or pancreatectomy. RESULTS One hundred and four patients received A-RT (49.8%) and 105 (50.2%) underwent resection. Patients receiving A-RT had larger median tumor size after induction chemotherapy [3.2 cm (undetectable-10.9) vs 2.6 cm (undetectable-10.7), P < 0.001], and were more likely to have celiac or hepatic artery encasement (48.1% vs 11.4%, P <0.001), or superior mesenteric artery encasement (43.3% vs 9.5%, P < 0.001); however, there was no difference in the degree of SMV/PV involvement (P = 0.123). There was no difference in locoregional recurrence/progression at 18-months between A-RT and resection; cumulative incidence was 16% [(95% confidence interval (CI) 10%-24%] versus 21% (95% CI 14%-30%), respectively (P= 0.252). However, patients receiving A-RT had a 19% higher 18-month cumulative incidence of distant recurrence/progression [58% (95% CI 48%-67%) vs 30% (95% CI 30%-49%), P= 0.004]. Median OS from completion of chemotherapy was 20.1 months for A-RT patients (95% CI 16.4-23.1 months) versus 32.9 months (95% CI 29.7-42.3 months) for resected patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Ablative radiation is a promising new treatment option for PDAC, offering locoregional disease control similar to that associated with resection and encouraging survival.
Observation of 1D self-healing Airy beams on a silicon photonic chip

The self-heling and non-diverging behaviours of Airy beams are observed on a silicon-on-insulator integrated photonic platform near 1550nm.
On SolarWinds Orion Platform Security Breach

Persistent Threat agents from across the world are ever evolving their technological techniques to gain access to these systems and the information within. The potential for harm that can be exploited through cybersecurity attacks has no bounds. We must analyze and learn from our experiences to further our exploration in solutions preventing, detecting and remediating these attacks. This article is designed to analyze the security incident regarding SolarWinds’ Orion Platform, the details of its occurrence, the influence on the individuals involved, the industry as a whole, the financial sector, and elements of SolarWinds’ incident response as well as potential contingency plans. This paper serves as a tool in the exploration of cybersecurity solutions by providing a case study on an unprecedented security incident.
A dynamic model of interrelated renewable resources: A case study of marine stocks under alternative forms of ownership with symmetrical interspecies competition

Abstract The dynamics of two interrelated living stocks is analyzed in this paper under two forms of ownership — sole owner and free access. Marine renewable resources were chosen because of their growing importance, as well as a natural example of both interrelations between species and husbandry complexity. A case study of symmetrical ecologic competition is considered — to emphasize the importance of economic planning where Nature provides with symmetrical chances. Both husbandries are examines in situations which permit targeting of a single species, targeting of each species separately, and non-selective harvesting. The aim of the analysis is to present an optimal use pattern and illustrate the deviations from it caused by short-term planning and by the common non-ecological long-term planning.
Vulnerability in consumption, education, and health - evidence from Moldova during the Russian crisis

The authors analyze the widespread effects of the financial crisis in Russia to explore the vulnerabilities of households in Moldova. They show that the crisis had differential impacts on households, affecting most the urban and better-off. Households' decisions about education and health resulted in decreased utilization and expenditures. The enrollment of young children from better-off households did not improve while others did. Secondary school enrollment of children from better-off households decreased after the crisis, in part because of the need to release labor supply. Health utilization decreased mainly for primary health care (not for hospitals), both for better-off households and in rural areas. Some of these changes are due to limited household resources (health), decreased public spending (health and education) or the need to increase households' labor supply (education of teenagers). Social benefits played a very limited role in mitigating these effects, solely in health care use. Households' assets helped to offset some of the negative effects of declining incomes.
Competitive Balance and Market Size in Major League Baseball: A Response to Baseball's Blue Ribbon Panel

Major League Baseball's recently convened Blue Ribbon Panel concluded that competitive balance had been reduced in the latter half of the 1990s. Specifically, the Blue Ribbon Panel argues that smaller-marketteams now know before theseason begins that there is little chance for post-season success. Such a finding is contrary to the findings of numerous economists who contend that Major League Baseball at the close of the twentieth century has never been more competitively balanced. The purpose of this work is to reconcile these disparate viewpoints via an analysis of the link between various definitions of market size and competitive balance. In general, our analysis of the 1990s reveals that market size, however it is defined, is not consistently related to the level of competitive balance in Major League Baseball.
A six degree of freedom, plume-fuel optimal trajectory planner for spacecraft proximity operations using an A* node search

Spacecraft proximity operations are complicated by the fact that exhaust plume impingement from the reaction control jets of space vehicles can cause structural damage, contamination of sensitive arrays and instruments, or attitude misalignment during docking. The occurrence and effect of jet plume impingement can be reduced by planning approach trajectories with plume effects considered. An A* node search is used to find plume-fuel optimal trajectories through a discretized six dimensional attitude-translation space. A plume cost function which approximates jet plume isopressure envelopes is presented. The function is then applied to find relative costs for predictable 'trajectory altering' firings and unpredictable 'deadbanding' firings. Trajectory altering firings are calculated by running the spacecraft jet selection algorithm and summing the cost contribution from each jet fired. A 'deadbanding effects' function is defined and integrated to determine the potential for deadbanding impingement along candidate trajectories. Plume costs are weighed against fuel costs in finding the optimal solution. A* convergence speed is improved by solving approach trajectory problems in reverse time. Results are obtained on a high fidelity space shuttle/space station simulation. Trajectory following is accomplished by a six degree of freedom autopilot. Trajectories planned with, and without, plume costs are compared in terms of force applied to the target structure.
Analog microsystem design education via the World Wide Web

The use of the WWW for analog microsystem design education is described. The educational products provided on the WWW are written tutorials, and simulation and measurement experiments that can be accessed by the general engineering community. The user interface to the web-controlled measurement suite is described in detail.
Multiphasic kinetics for transformation of methyl parathion by Flavobacterium species

Transformation rates of an insecticide, methyl parathion, in pure cultures of Flavobacterium sp. followed multiphasic kinetics involving at least two systems (I and II). System I was a high-affinity, low-capacity system, and system II was a low-affinity, high-capacity system. Data from rate experiments suggested that metabolites formed via system II inhibited system I such that only one system operated at a time. System I operated at approximately 20 μg liter−1 and less; system II operated at approximately 4 mg liter−1 and less. These results show that xenobiotic chemicals, like naturally occurring substrates, can be transformed via multiple uptake and transformation systems even by a pure culture. Furthermore, computer simulation models of pollutant transformation rates based on kinetic constants determined in this study show that large errors can occur in predicted rates when the multiphasicity of kinetics is neglected.