cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restoring the literary to medical writing.

Long on diagnosis and natural history, and short on therapeutics, Osler’s magnum opus was highly regarded not only for its medical content but also for the style in which its ideas were presented. In addition to his encyclopaedic knowledge of disease, Osler had great literary and historical breadth, a reflection of his rigorous traditional education; and his textbook, like his speeches and scientific manuscripts, is sprinkled with references to Greek and Roman mythology, ancient history, and classical literature. Many of Osler’s medical theories have since been discredited or revised, but the textbook itself remains a medical literary masterpiece with perhaps no equal. Osler’s textbook continued a tradition of medical writing in which the literary quality of the work was an important component of its value. The art of description is an integral part of medical communication, and, until recently, many authors pursued a style that incorporated metaphor, historical allusion, and the novelist's respect for detail. Consider, for example, these opening sentences from the first chapter of John Eberle’s 1849 A Treatise on the Practice of Medicine, entitled Preliminary Observations on the Pathology and Etiology of Fever: “The history of medicine consists of little else than a review of the doctrines which have successively risen and sunk again, concerning the nature and treatment of fever . . . When, indeed, it is considered that the destroying angel has made his most desolating visitations under the form of febrile epidemics, and that in the long list of human maladies, fever occurs in perhaps nine cases out of ten, the paramount importance of this subject is strongly forced upon our convictions”. 2 Eberle’s doctrines about fever were developed four decades before Pasteur, Koch, and the germ theory of disease, and as such were hopelessly wrong, but in reading his text one obtains an acute sense of the human cost of febrile illness. Compare Eberle’s writing with the first sentence of a (randomly selected) contemporary textbook chapter covering the diagnosis and treatment of AIDS, a modern epidemic no less striking than febrile illness was to Eberle’s colleagues: “Individuals can come into contact with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through sexual activity, percutaneous exposure (drug injection or workplace risks), or the transfusion of infected blood products. The risk of seroconversion varies widely
Non-volatilea-branched chain fatty acid derivatives: IV. Addition of aryl esters to long chain olefins

The di-tertiary butyl peroxide initiated free radical addition of methyl phenylacetate, methylp-tolylacetate and methylp-methoxyphenylacetate to 1-decene gives two types of products. In addition to the expecteda-branched esters, dehydrodimer (bothmeso anddl) esters were also obtained. The highest yield ofa-branched ester was obtained from methyl phenylacetate. Higher yields of the dehydrodimer esters were obtained from the substituted phenyl esters. Attempts to add methylp-nitrophenylacetate to 1-decene were not successful and no evidence for the formation of a dehydrodimer product was observed.
Doping of trench capacitors by rapid thermal diffusion

A new rapid thermal diffusion process for shallow, heavily doped trench junctions in high density dynamic RAMs is described. Planar dopant sources are formed by spin-coating rigid substrates, such as silicon wafers or solid dopant sources, with liquid dopants. Diffusion takes place at high temperatures when the source, placed in proximity to the silicon wafer, releases dopant via evaporation followed by diffusion to the silicon surface. Well-controlled, heavily doped shallow junctions are readily obtained for B, P, and As. The doping process is shown to provide uniform doping of high-aspect-ratio trenches. Process control is achieved by controlling the wafer temperature and duration of the process. Junction depths near 0.1 mu m have been demonstrated over the entire surface of trenches 0.7 mu m in diameter and 6 mu m in depth. >
Survivin as a useful adjunct marker for the grading of papillary urothelial carcinoma.

Abstract Context.—Distinguishing low-grade and high-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma based on morphologic criteria can be challenging and adjunct markers are highly desirable. Survi...
Homogenization of Plates with Microsctructure and Application to Corrugated Core Sandwich Panels

Current thermal protection systems (TPS) in hypersonic vehicles do not carry significant loads. One potential method of saving weight is to have a load-bearing TPS that performs some structural functions. One such concept, the Integrated Thermal Protection System (ITPS), uses a corrugated-core sandwich structure. Design-optimization of an ITPS requires thousands of three-dimensional high-fidelity simulations, which is very expensive. In this paper we develop a finite element based homogenization procedure for predicting the equivalent stiffness and strength properties of the ITPS. Micromechanical analysis is possible due to the presence of a repeating unit-cell. The unit cell is discretized with plate finite elements, and periodic boundary conditions are imposed between opposite end-faces of the unit cell. The derivation of the periodic boundary conditions is presented. The equivalent stiffness properties, the extensional stiffness matrix [A], coupling stiffness matrix [B], bending stiffness [D], and the transverse shear stiffness terms A44 and A55 are obtained using the micromechanics procedures. The plate deflection under uniform pressure compares well with that from the three-dimensional finite element analysis. The efficacy of the procedures is demonstrated by studying the effects of web angle on the plate stiffness and deflection.
Photoproduction of J/$\psi$ in the forward region

We study the phenomenology of fixed-target elastic J/{psi} photoproduction in the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization formalism. Our goal is to test an essential feature of this formalism{emdash}the color-octet mechanism. We obtain an order-of-magnitude estimate for a certain linear combination of NRQCD color-octet matrix elements. Our estimate is consistent with other empirical determinations and with the v-scaling rules of NRQCD. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Economic Analysis of Food Safety Compliance Costs and Foodborne Illness Outbreaks in the United States

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. exponential smoothing, fresh produce, standards, good agricultural practices, Spinacea oleracea, Cucumis melo, Solanum lycopersicum, Capsicum annuum, spinach, muskmelon, tomato, pepper SUMMARY. This study investigates the potential impact of food safety outbreaks on domestic shipments, imports, and prices of the produce industry. Moreover, the compliance costs associated with new food safety standards were also estimated. Three case studies were analyzed to assess these potential impacts: the muskmelon (Cucumis melo) outbreak of Mar.–Apr. 2008, the spinach (Spinacea oleracea) outbreak of Sept. 2006, and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) outbreak of June– July 2008. The results demonstrate that the costs incurred by producers because of food safety outbreaks in produce are far greater than preventing such incidents.
Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use

The cardiovascular safety of nicotine is an important question in the current debate on the benefits vs. risks of electronic cigarettes and related public health policy. Nicotine exerts pharmacologic effects that could contribute to acute cardiovascular events and accelerated atherogenesis experienced by cigarette smokers. Studies of nicotine medications and smokeless tobacco indicate that the risks of nicotine without tobacco combustion products (cigarette smoke) are low compared to cigarette smoking, but are still of concern in people with cardiovascular disease. Electronic cigarettes deliver nicotine without combustion of tobacco and appear to pose low-cardiovascular risk, at least with short-term use, in healthy users.
Solubility in the NaOH−Na2CO3−Na2SO4−Na2SO3−Na2S2O3−Na2S−H2O System, a Simulated Black Liquor Recovery Boiler Smelt

Results are presented for a study on the dissolution behavior of salt mixtures formulated to simulate smelt deposits inside pulp mill recovery boilers. Solubilities of carbonate-rich NaOH−Na2CO3−Na2SO4 and NaOH−Na2CO3−Na2SO4−Na2SO3−Na2S2O3−Na2S mixtures in water at 25 °C and 1 bar exhibited an increase in the concentration of Na2CO3(aq) and Na2SO4(aq) with an increasing amount of water added. An ion-interaction solution model explains this behavior as resulting from the suppressive effect of NaOH on the solubility of other salts; dilution of NaOH increases the solubility of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3. In addition, the formation of hydrated salts of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4 reduced the amount of liquid water present and thus had a concentrating effect on NaOH(aq). These results are applied to understanding the role of smelt−water mixtures in corrosion of stainless steel in boiler floors.
Study on Typical Designed Intelligent Assistant Scheme for Secondary System in Intelligent Substation

There are differences between designs of secondary circuits of intelligent substation and conventional substation. The secondary virtual circuit is connected with virtual terminal and associated with communication link for the intelligent substation.On occasion of imperfect standardized design criterion,the typical design level of secondary system of intelligent substation is related to design effectiveness and popularization application of intelligent substation technology.Taking device standardization and interval standardization as basis,this paper introduces establishment of typical interval template base which is used to normalize designs of communication diagram and virtual circuit diagram.Based on typical interval knowledge base,it uses virtual terminal fuzzy matching principle which is replicated for applying in engineering design to realize import of standard design specification by only upgrading knowledge base.The typical designed intelligent assistant platform established according to this scheme is able to remarkably improve design level.
Detection results of drinking water in rural area of Zunhua City in 2012

[Objective]To understand the status of drinking water quality in rural area of Zunhua City,provide the improved countermeasures.[Methods]The samples of drinking water were collected from 648 villages of Zunhua City.The sampling and detection were conducted according to the Standard examination methods for drinking water(GB/T 5750-2006),and the results were evaluated according to the Drinking water sanitary standard(GB 5749-2006).[Results]A total of 1 086 drinking water samples were detected in 2012,and the total qualified rate was 43.9%.There were 619 water samples in dry season with the qualified rate of 41.0%,and 467 water samples in wet season with the qualified rate of 34.9%.The indexes with higher over standard rate were mainly total coliform bacteria,nitrate,total hardness and total dissolved solids.There were significant differences in unqualified indexes of total coliform bacteria,nitrate,total hardness and total dissolved solids between small centralized water supply and decentralized water supply.The differences in unqualified indexes of total coliform bacteria,thermotolerant coliform bacteria,total bacteria counts,fluoride,total dissolved solids and total hardness between the wet seasons and the dry seasons were significant.5 high fluorine water villages were found by water quality survey.[Conclusion]There are serious microbiological and organic pollution in drinking water in rural area of Zunhua City.Due to lack of disinfection facilities and effective treatment,the drinking water quality in rural areas is not optimistic.It is necessary to implement the rural drinking water safety project,carry out the effective measures,strengthen the protection of water source and enhance the water purification,to improve the living environment in rural areas and ensure the farmers' health.
Network intrusion detection using hardware techniques: A review

The increasing amount of network throughput and security threat makes intrusion detection a major research problem. In the literature, intrusion detection has been approached by either a hardware or software technique. This paper reviews and compares hardware based techniques that are commonly used in intrusion detection systems with a special emphasis on modern hardware platforms such as FPGA, GPU, many-core processors and ASIC. It also provides a detailed comparison between these hardware solution platforms. Our approach to classify modern hardware-based Intrusion Detection System (IDS) techniques is based on the detection approach. In addition, we provide a comparison between the classified detection approaches based on essential criteria such as definition, update process, detection ability, features of the system, and implementation requirements. Finally, a classification tree of hardware-based NIDS platforms is given.
Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide in vestibulo-sympathetic pathway neurons

Imidazole-4-acetic acid-ribotide (IAARP) is a putative neurotransmitter/modulator and an endogenous regulator of sympathetic drive, notably systemic blood pressure, through binding to imidazoline receptors. IAARP is present in neurons and processes throughout the CNS, but is particularly prevalent in regions that are involved in blood pressure control. The goal of this study was to determine whether IAARP is present in neurons in the caudal vestibular nuclei that participate in the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex (VSR) pathway. This pathway is important in modulating blood pressure upon changes in head position with regard to gravity, as occurs when humans rise from a supine position and when quadrupeds climb or rear. Sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation was used to activate the VSR and cfos gene expression in VSR pathway neurons of rats. These subjects had previously received a unilateral FluoroGold tracer injection in the rostral or caudal ventrolateral medullary region. The tracer was transported retrogradely and filled vestibular neuronal somata with direct projections to the injected region. Brainstem sections through the caudal vestibular nuclei were immunostained to visualize FluoroGold, cFos protein, IAARP and glutamate immunofluorescence. The results demonstrate that IAARP is present in vestibular neurons of the VSR pathway, where it often co-localizes with intense glutamate immunofluorescence. The co-localization of IAARP and intense glutamate immunofluorescence in VSR neurons may represent an efficient chemoanatomical configuration, allowing the vestibular system to rapidly up- and down-modulate the activity of presympathetic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, thereby altering blood pressure.
Spontaneous wettability patterning via creasing instability

Surfaces with patterned wettability contrast are important in industrial applications such as heat transfer, water collection, and particle separation. Traditional methods of fabricating such surfaces rely on microfabrication technologies, which are only applicable to certain substrates and are difficult to scale up and implement on curved surfaces. By taking advantage of a mechanical instability on a polyurethane elastomer film, we show that wettability patterns on both flat and curved surfaces can be generated spontaneously via a simple dip coating process. Variations in dipping time, sample prestress, and chemical treatment enable independent control of domain size (from about 100 to 500 μm), morphology, and wettability contrast, respectively. We characterize the wettability contrast using local surface energy measurements via the sessile droplet technique and tensiometry.
Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the number of juvenile arrests in the United States peaked at over two million arrests, particularly for violent crimes. While juvenile crime rates have declined since this time, in 2010 there were still nearly 1.6 million arrests of juveniles. This chapter provides background information on the prevalence and incidence of delinquency and related statistics, and it also discusses the characteristics and risk factors that research has found to be associated with delinquency. Juvenile offenders are a heterogeneous, complex group; nevertheless, research has identified several common characteristics found in this population. In addition, research has identified characteristics that appear to some youth at a greater risk of delinquency and reoffending. The various risk factors discussed include sex, ethnicity, cognitive functioning, socioeconomic status, family background, and disability.
HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: Prospectuses of Historische Zeitschrift, Revue Historique, English Historical Review

[By the mid-nineteenth century history had ceased to be a branch of literature and had become an academic discipline. Impressed by the example of the natural sciences, historians, especially in Germany, asserted that their craft too had become a science, and established an elaborate machinery of scholarship. Professional journals were founded in a format that has remained essentially unchanged to the present day, and the study of history in the Universities, a rarity at the end of the eighteenth century, became commonplace. At the same time the link between history and contemporary politics remained close, and it is no accident that the German and French historical reviews were begun at moments of great national stirrings.
Site-specific analysis of changes in the glycosylation of proteins in liver cirrhosis using data-independent workflow with soft fragmentation

Cirrhosis of the liver is associated with increased fucosylation of proteins in the plasma. We describe a data-independent (DIA) strategy for comparative analysis of the site-specific glycoforms of plasma glycoproteins. A library of 161 glycoforms of 25 N-glycopeptides was established by data-dependent LC-MS/MS analysis of a tryptic digest of 14 human protein groups retained on a multiple affinity removal column. The collision-induced dissociation conditions were adjusted to maximize the yield of selective Y-ions which were quantified by a data-independent mass spectrometry workflow using a 10-Da acquisition window. Using this workflow, we quantified 125 glycoforms of 25 glycopeptides, covering 10 of the 14 proteins, without any further glycopeptide enrichment. Comparison of the proteins in the plasma of healthy controls and cirrhotic patients shows an average 1.5-fold increase in the fucosylation of bi-antennary glycoforms and 3-fold increase in the fucosylation of tri- and tetra- antennary glycoforms. These results show that the adjusted glycopeptide DIA workflow using soft collision-induced fragmentation of glycopeptides is suitable for site-specific analysis of protein glycosylation in complex mixtures of analytes without glycopeptide enrichment.
The Effect of Early Feeding on Initial Glucose Concentrations in Term Newborns.

Objective To evaluate the influence of early feeding on initial glucose concentrations in healthy term newborns who were not at risk for hypoglycemia. Study design This retrospective observational study was conducted at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences where universal early glucose screening was standard of care for newborn infants. Plasma glucose concentrations were compared in term infants born in 2008 who were not at risk for neonatal hypoglycemia and who were fed before (early feeders) and after (late feeders) their initial glucose screens. Multiple linear regression models were built to determine whether glucose concentrations differed significantly between early vs late feeders. Results In the 315 early and 572 late feeders, the mean (SD) age of first feeding was 0.9 (0.6) and 3.8 (2.0) hours, respectively. The age at initial glucose specimen collection was 2.2 (1.1) and 1.8 (0.8) hours, respectively. The initial glucose concentration was not higher in early vs late feeders (51.8 ± 11.9 vs 55.5 ± 13.3 mg/dL; P Conclusions Early feeding in otherwise healthy term newborns did not increase initial glucose concentrations compared with newborns who fed later (ie, fasted). Before direct evidence is available, these observations may be instructive for managing early asymptomatic hypoglycemia in at-risk newborns.
Behavioral activation treatment for major depression: A randomized trial of the efficacy of augmentation with cognitive control training

Abstract Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a brain region involved in emotion regulation and basic cognitive control processes. Recent studies have indicated that computerized interventions designed to activate this region may reduce depressive and ruminative symptoms. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, we tested whether one such program, called Cognitive Control Training (CCT), enhanced treatment outcomes when used in adjunct to brief behavior therapy for MDD. Methods Thirty-four adults with MDD were randomly assigned to complete four sessions of either computerized CCT or a control task, concurrently with four sessions of Brief Behavioral Activation Therapy for Depression (BATD). Post-treatment and one-month follow-up assessments were conducted, with self-reported depressive symptoms as the primary outcome and clinician-rated depressive symptoms and self-reported rumination as secondary outcomes. Results In both intent-to-treat and completer analyses, depressive symptoms and rumination decreased significantly over the course of treatment in both treatment conditions. There were no significant differences in treatment outcome depending on the augmentation condition. Limitations The sample size was small, hindering secondary analyses and identification of potential predictors or moderators of treatment effect. Conclusions Results demonstrate substantial clinical benefit following four sessions of BATD; however, adjunctive CCT did not enhance outcomes. This study and other recent research suggest that the effects of CCT may not be as robust as previously indicated, highlighting the need for continued investigation of the conditions under which CCT may be effective.
Family history and TOMM40 '523 interactive associations with memory in middle-aged and Alzheimer's disease cohorts.

Abstract Introduction Family history (FH) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects mitochondrial function and may modulate effects of translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 kDa ( TOMM40 ) rs10524523 (‘523) poly-T length on memory decline. Methods For 912 nonapolipoprotein e4 middle-aged adults and 365 aged adults across the AD spectrum, linear mixed models gauged FH and TOMM40 ‘523 interactions on memory and global cognition between baseline and up to 10 years later. A cerebrospinal fluid mitochondrial function biomarker was also assessed. Results For FH negative participants, gene-dose preservation of memory and global cognition was seen for "very long" versus "short" carriers. For FH positive, an opposite gene-dose decline was seen for very long versus short carriers. Maternal FH was a stronger predictor in aged, but not middle-aged, participants. Similar gene-dose effects were seen for the mitochondrial biomarker aspartate aminotransferase. Discussion These results may clarify conflicting findings on TOMM40 poly-T length and AD-related decline.
Heterogeneities, The Mesoscale and Multifunctional Materials Codesign: Insights and Challenges

Predicting materials performance, as well as designing and discovering new multifunctional and structural materials, demand a greater understanding of how heterogeneities and novel properties emerge at the mesoscale. Similarly, advances in computation and temporal and spatially resolved in situ measurements at light sources delivering coherent X-rays using XFELs, will allow us to probe the underlying physics of collective behavior. We review broadly some of the outstanding challenges that lay ahead in bringing together theory, experiments and computation in understanding and designing multifunctional and structural materials. Exascale computation and the development of innovative information theoretic tools, within the paradigm of codesign, promise exciting developments as we bridge the gap in our understanding of the mesoscale under extreme conditions and learn to design materials with targeted properties.
A diet pill for critical illness weakness

The serotoninergic drug Lorcaserin rescued motor neuron electrophysiological abnormalities in an animal model of critical illness–induced weakness.
Protein Chainmail: Catenated Protein in Viral Capsids

The capsid shells of bacteriophage HK97 and several other phages contain polypeptides that are covalently linked into complexes so large that they do not enter polyacrylamide gels after denaturation. The enormous apparent size of these protein complexes in HK97 derives from a novel protein topology. HK97 subunits cross-link via isopeptide bonds into oligomers that are closed rings of five or six members. However, polypeptides from neighboring pentamer and hexamer rings intertwine before the covalent cross-links form. As a result, adjacent protein rings catenate into a network similar to chainmail armor. In vitro linking and unlinking experiments provide strong support for the chainmail model, which explains the unusual properties of these bacteriophages and may apply to other macromolecular structures.
On-orbit beam pointing calibration for nanosatellite laser communications

We describe techniques developed to optimize beam pointing control for a CubeSat laser downlink demonstration mission being developed at the MIT Space Telecommunications, Astronomy, and Radiation Laboratory. To fine-point its downlink beam, the mission utilizes an uplink beacon signal at 976 nm captured by an on-board ±5-deg field-of-view detector and tracked by a 3.6-mm commercial, off-the-shelf MEMS fast steering mirror. As these miniature actuators lack feedback sensors, the system design is augmented with an optical calibration signal to provide the mirror’s pointing feedback. We describe the system and introduce calibration algorithms utilizing the feedback signal to achieve higher fidelity beam pointing control. A demonstration in the laboratory is conducted to obtain a quantitative performance analysis using quasi-flight hardware with simulated spacecraft body pointing disturbances. Experimental results show that beacon tracking errors of only 16 μrad root-mean-square are feasible for both axes, significantly exceeding the mission pointing requirement of 0.65 mrad and indicating the feasibility of narrower beams and higher data throughputs for next-generation downlink demonstration missions.
A Survey of the Quality of Generic Clarithromycin Products from 13 Countries

Objective: This study evaluated the quality of 40 generic clarithromycin products from Latin America and Asia. Materials and Methodsv: The generic products were examined visually, assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography for clarithromycin content and impurities, tested for dissolution properties, and compared with the innovator product manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. Results: This survey found that many generic clarithromycin products are not equivalent to the innovator product, falling short of the approved, registered specifications for the innovator product. Overall, 20% (8 of 40) of all generic tablets tested, and 33% (6 of 18) of tablets from Latin America, failed to contain between 95 and 105% of the clarithromycin claimed in the label, thus falling short of the approved registered specification for the innovator product. A total of 70% (28 of 40) of products tested released less drug in 30 minutes than did the innovator tablets, although they still met the dissolution specification requiring that 80% of the drug must dissolve in 30 minutes; one generic product failed to meet the specification. A total of 60% (24 of 40) of the generic products tested exceeded the Abbott Laboratories’ 3% limit for total impurities in bulk drug, and 70% (28 of 40) exceeded the Abbott Laboratories’ 0.8% limit for 6,11 di-O-methyl erythromycin A. Conclusions: These results suggest that generic tablets are not equivalent to the innovator product, raising concerns that clinical trial results achieved with branded clarithromycin (Abbott Laboratories) should not be extrapolated to generic products.
High entropy alloys as a bold step forward in alloy development

Diluting a base element with small amounts of another has served as the basis for developing alloys for thousands of years since the advent of bronze. Today, a fundamentally new idea where alloys have no single dominant element is giving new traction to materials discovery.
European Parliament resolutions—effective agenda setting or whistling into the wind?

The European Parliament is one of the most studied legislatures in the world. The general consensus in most of these analyses is that the power of the EP in the legislative processes of the EU has ...
αv vitronectin receptors in vascular‐mediated disorders

Various integrin antagonist candidates including antibodies, cyclic peptides, peptidomimetics, and non-peptides have been clinically evaluated and shown to successfully modulate certain disease processes. This review will focus on the key role of the αv integrin (αvβ3 and αvβ5) in vascular disorders such as restenosis and angiogenesis-mediated disorders. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 2, 190–199, 2003
A comparative analysis of marketing promotions and implications for data analytics

Abstract Retailers use many different marketing promotions to increase sales and profits. These promotions include price reductions, coupons, cash mail-in rebates, free gift cards, and buy-one-get-one (BOGO) discounts. The type of promotion used results in different outcomes for demand, profit, average price, consumer surplus, and sales taxes collected. We perform comparative analysis of these five promotions and their outcomes. We show that for the same discount amount, price reductions result in the lowest average price. For products with weakly diminishing consumer utility and low consumer stockpiling, BOGO promotions result in the largest demand, profit, consumer surplus, and taxes collected. Cash mail-in rebates may result in large profit and taxes collected, but they perform poorly in terms of average price paid and consumer surplus. We also find that a retailer offering a delayed incentive (i.e. gift cards and mail-in rebates) offers a larger reward but provides lower consumer surplus than when offering an immediate incentive (i.e. price reduction and BOGO). In a segmented market with a price-insensitive consumer segment, immediate incentives have the disadvantage of allowing price-insensitive consumers arriving during the promotion to obtain the discount, which reduces the discount effectiveness. The addition of more retailer objectives to maximizing profit, such as demand maximization or consumer surplus, increases the effectiveness of immediate incentives. We also provide a framework for estimating the important parameters for evaluating promotion effectiveness using readily available transactional data and examine its accuracy using a simulation experiment.
Effects of Race on Statin Prescribing for Primary Prevention With High Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk in a Large Healthcare System.

Background Although guidelines recommend statins with a high level of evidence for 4 primary prevention benefit groups, prescribing disparities still exist. The objective of this study was to evalu...
A NOVEL APPROACH TO SCLERAL FIXATION OF POSTERIOR CHAMBER INTRAOCULAR LENSES AND CAPSULAR TENSION RINGS AND SEGMENTS IN DEEP-SET EYES.

Purpose To demonstrate a novel approach to scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses and capsular tension rings and segments in deep-set eyes using the Finesse FlexLoop (Alcon Laboratories). Methods The technique described herein, based on previous approaches to scleral fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses, uniquely employs the FlexLoop to "lasso" Gore-Tex sutures that have already been threaded through the eyelets of a CZ70BD (Alcon Laboratories) IOL and externalize them. Results All patients who underwent surgery with this technique experienced visual improvement. The only complication was of mild hyphema in the patient who had a capsular tension segment placed, which resolved with medical therapy. Conclusion The advantages of this procedure include a smaller diameter instrument (FlexLoop) as compared to the 25-gauge forceps typically employed, an easier to perform surgical maneuver that alleviates the need for both precise placement and constant tension to be exerted by the surgeon to grasp the sutures, as well as an instrument that can function when bent up to 45° to help accommodate deep-set eyes requiring this procedure.
3 – Oral Referral

One of the most fundamental phenomena of multisensory flavor perception is oral referral of the taste and olfactory sensations associated with substances in the mouth. In order to fully understand this truly multisensory perception, this chapter starts by reviewing the basics of the sensory modalities and systems that are directly related to flavor perception (i.e., gustation, olfaction, and somesthesis/ chemesthesis). In addition, how the sensory information is processed and merged in the central nervous system is discussed along with perceptual evidence for multisensory interaction and integration including the oral referral of flavor components. Finally, the illustrations of oral referral are presented followed by their underlying conditions and mechanisms supported by perceptual and neural evidence.
Comparing measures of hematologic response after high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation in AL amyloidosis

Hematologic complete response (hemCR) in AL amyloidosis requires absence of monoclonal protein by immunofixation electrophoreses (IFE) and normal serum free light chain ratio (FLCR). Recent literature suggests that an involved free light chain (iFLC) <20 mg/L or difference in free light chains (dFLC) <10 mg/L may more accurately predict outcomes after treatment. We evaluated overall survival in 340 patients treated with high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation (SCT). Of 305 patients evaluable 6 months after SCT, 90 (30%) achieved hemCR, 132 (43%) dFLC <10 mg/L, 118 (39%) iFLC <20 mg/L, and 176 (58%) normal FLCR. Of 215 patients without hemCR, 65 (30%) had dFLC <10 mg/L and 86 (40%) had normal FLCR. Overall survival (OS) in those achieving dFLC <10 mg/L or normal FLCR without hemCR was inferior to those achieving hemCR (p = 0.013 and p = 0.001). OS was not significantly different in patients achieving iFLC <20 mg/L without hemCR compared with hemCR (p = 0.243). Of those with hemCR, OS was not significantly improved if dFLC <10 mg/L was also achieved (p = 0.852), but OS was improved for those with hemCR who also attained iFLC <20 mg/L (p = 0.009). Multivariate analysis demonstrated absence of monoclonal protein in IFE and iFLC <20 mg/L as independent predictors of survival. Attainment of hemCR remains a treatment goal, although achieving iFLC <20 mg/L may also predict improved OS.
Pattern recognition of daily activity patterns using human mobility motifs and sequence analysis

Abstract In this paper, we develop a new joint pattern recognition method that combines network motif-based analysis with activity sequence-based analysis. We use the advantages of both methods in creating groups of patterns that have within them distinct pattern homogeneity and across-pattern heterogeneity. The first portion of the analysis here applies a more traditional approach to identify unique network motifs, with 16 of them capturing 83.05% of the 2017 NHTS-California workday data. Multivariate analysis of grouped motifs data shows different preference of motifs for students, part-time workers, retirees, telecommuters, drivers, women, and younger adults. In the second portion of the analysis, motifs are grouped into categories based on the number of locations a person visits in a day and their correlation with time use and travel is explored. Time use and travel are analyzed based on minute-by-minute time allocation pattern identification using sequence analysis and hierarchical clustering. The correlation between motifs group and sequence analysis finds substantial heterogeneity within the motif groups. The within motif group clusters of activity-based sequences show typical commuting, going to school, and resting patterns. We also find seven patterns that are not typical but have similarities across motifs in their temporal footprint and the variety of activities in each sequence. The paper provides a summary of the analytical steps and findings as well as next steps.
The Interaction of Solvency with Liquidity and its Association with Bankruptcy Emergence

Prior research has shown that accounting information available prior to a bankruptcy is associated with the likelihood of bankruptcy. We show that additionally, the accounting information available prior to bankruptcy is associated with whether or not a firm will emerge from bankruptcy. We predict that firms that exhibit low solvency risk and high liquidity risk are most likely to emerge from bankruptcy. Firms that exhibit high solvency risk and high liquidity risk are predicted to be least likely to emerge from bankruptcy. Cross–sectionally, our results support these predictions, but our findings differ across large and small firms.
Project Umbra

Open Source Intelligence (OSInt) is the mining of public data sources to achieve some intelligence goal. Although activities range widely, the problems faced by OSInt analysts remain similar and include: managing the information flood of public data sources, establishing the veracity of information found, documenting the provenance of information found, and structuring results to enable sensible analysis. We intend to address each of these through a novel project called Umbra. Aimed at supporting human subject investigations, Umbra will help an analyst to: 1) filter out noise from relevant data, 2) track similar data from multiple sources as a form of corroboration, 3) annotate and time-stamp information found, and 4) tag/classify data.
Impact of within-case variability on Tau-U indices and the hierarchical linear modeling approach for multiple-baseline design data: A Monte Carlo simulation study

This study focuses on two different measures to quantify intervention effectiveness for multiple-baseline design data. The influence of 216 design conditions on the estimate of the Tau-U index (wit...
Improvement of the thermal conductivity and tribological properties of polyethylene by incorporating functionalized boron nitride nanosheets

Abstract The heat generated by friction and wear between contact surfaces is detrimental to the performance of polymeric materials due to the low thermal conductivity of polymer materials. This work presents the effect of boron nitride (BN) nanosheets on the thermal and tribological properties of polyethylene (PE) materials. The molecular interaction between BN nanosheets and PE matrix was enhanced by functionalizing BN nanosheets with silane functional groups. It was observed that adding just 5 wt% silane modified BN (sBN) nanosheets can increase the thermal conductivity of PE materials by 33% and minimizes the generation of hot spots due to fast heat dissipation. In addition, the wear rate is reduced by 35% in PE-sBN composites in comparison to PE materials.
Competitive exclusion of phytopathogenic Serratia marcescens from squash bug vectors by the gut endosymbiont Caballeronia.

Many insects harbor microbial symbiotic partners that offer protection against pathogens, parasitoids, and other natural enemies. Mounting evidence suggests that these symbiotic microbes can play key roles in determining infection outcomes in insect vectors, making them important players in the quest to develop novel vector control strategies. Using the squash bug Anasa tristis, we investigated how the presence of Caballeronia symbionts affected the persistence and intensity of phytopathogenic Serratia marcescens within the insect vector. We reared insects aposymbiotically and with different Caballeronia isolates, infected them with S. marcescens, then sampled the insects periodically to assess the intensity and persistence of pathogen infection. Squash bugs harboring Caballeronia consistently had much lower-intensity infections and cleared S. marcescens significantly faster than their aposymbiotic counterparts. These patterns held even when we reversed the timing of exposure to symbiont and pathogen. Taken together, these results indicate that Caballeronia symbionts play an essential role in S. marcescens infection outcomes in squash bugs and could be used to alter vector competence to enhance agricultural productivity in the future. Importance Insect-microbe symbioses have repeatedly been shown to profoundly impact an insect's ability to vector pathogens to other hosts. The use of symbiotic microbes to control insect vector populations is of growing interest in agricultural settings. Our study examines how symbiotic microbes affect the dynamics of a plant pathogen infection within the squash bug vector Anasa tristis-a well-documented pest of squash and other cucurbit plants and vector of Serratia marcescens, causative agent of Cucurbit Yellow Vine Disease. We provide evidence that the symbiont Caballeronia prevents successful, long-term establishment of S. marcescens in the squash bug. These findings give us insight into symbiont-pathogen dynamics within the squash bug that could ultimately determine its ability to transmit pathogens and be leveraged to interrupt disease transmission in this system.
Effect of Image Captioning with Description on the Working Memory

Working memory plays an important role in human activities across academic, professional, and social settings. Working memory is defined as the memory extensively involved in goal-directed behaviors in which information must be retained and manipulated to ensure successful task execution. The aim of this research is to understand the effect of image captioning with image description on an individual’s working memory. A study was conducted with eight neutral images comprising situations relatable to daily life such that each image could have a positive or negative description associated with the outcome of the situation in the image. The study consisted of three rounds where the first and second round involved two parts and the third round consisted of one part. The image was captioned a total of five times across the entire study. The findings highlighted that only 25% of participants were able to recall the captions which they captioned for an image after a span of 9–15 days; when comparing the recall rate of the captions, 50% of participants were able to recall the image caption from the previous round in the present round; and out of the positive and negative description associated with the image, 65% of participants recalled the former description rather than the latter.
Interactions between Environmental Microbial Ecosystems and Humans: the Case of the Water Environment and Antibiotic Resistance

This chapter reviews the current knowledge of microbial diversity in different aquatic environments, with a focus on general bacterial populations. This broader understanding of the composition of microbial communities is primarily a result of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The case of antibiotic resistance is used to demonstrate how host ecosystems are influenced by external microbial communities and, in turn, how hosts influence microbial ecology. The chapter discusses knowledge gaps and suggests future research directions to address the link between microbial populations in the aquatic environment and the human microbiota. A better understanding of the microbial diversity of drinking water is necessary to design innovative and effective control strategies that will ensure safe and high-quality drinking water. The vast majority of antibiotic resistance genotyping studies have focused on tetracycline resistance, most in animal waste lagoons, with a couple of studies from alternative aquatic environments such as rivers and drinking water. Antibiotic resistance and the risks of gene exchange accelerated through water treatment are growing concerns. The recent findings of increased abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes in surface water and drinking water strengthen these concerns. The interaction between environmental microbes and the human microbiota will likely reshape one's thinking on the relevance of environmental microbiology to public health.
Medical student use of the iPad in the clerkship curriculum.

Summary Purpose There is little precedence for the implementation of a medical school iPad programme in a clinical setting. This study analysed students’ use of iPad apps and perceptions of the iPad as a clinical tool in a clinical third-year medical school curriculum. Methods All third-year medical students (n = 103) were provided iPads for use during their regular clinical rotations. Students received an orientation that included an introduction to the recommended apps selected for the study. A pre-survey (82.5% response rate) and post-survey (47.6% response rate) were administered to determine students’ use of specific iPad programs, activities performed on the iPad and their perceptions. Results Students reported technology proficiency with the iPad and positive perceptions about its use in a clinical setting. They reported using a few key apps out of the many specialty-specific apps recommended to them. Conclusion Students found efficiency through their ability to study during downtime, and through quick access to information and mobile access to electronic medical records, amongst the greatest benefits of having an iPad during their rotations. Improving Wi–Fi infrastructure and offering timely iPad orientations could decrease challenges to students’ clinical iPad apps use. This study analysed students’ use of iPad apps and perceptions of the iPad as a clinical too
Men and Women in Interaction: Reconsidering the Differences

This is critical review and re-evaluation of the empirical literature on men and women in conversational interaction in light of recent debates about gender differences. Aries contends that gender differences have been exaggerated and that many variables have been ignored, most notably the status and power of the individuals in conversation, their race, their education, among other factors.
Manufacturing implications of ultrahigh speed packaging and interconnect design

Ultra-high-speed and high-lead-count IC packaging places stringent requirements on the assembly materials and processes, interconnection technology, and physical design of products. The factory automation, testing, and information transfer requirements are also significantly increased. The impact of these requirements on interconnect media fabrication tolerances and assembly methods is discussed. >
Design considerations for Mars photovoltaic systems

Considerations for operation of a photovoltaic power system on Mars are discussed with reference to Viking Lander data. The average solar insolation on Mars is 590 W/m/sup 2/, which is reduced yet further by atmospheric dust. Of major concern are dust storms, which have been observed to occur on local as well as on global scales, and their effect on solar array output. While atmospheric opacity may rise to values ranging from three to nine, depending on storm severity, there is still an appreciable large diffuse illumination, even at high opacities so that photovoltaic operation is still possible. If the power system is to continue to generate power even on high-optical-opacity (i.e. dusty atmosphere) days, it is important that the photovoltaic system be designed to collect diffuse irradiance as well as direct. Energy storage will be required for operation during the night. Temperature and wind provide additional considerations for array design. >