cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Urodynamic standardization in a large-scale, multicenter clinical trial examining the effects of daily tadalafil in men with lower urinary tract symptoms with or without benign prostatic obstruction.

Aims To present the methodology, standardization techniques, and results from post hoc test–retest reproducibility analyses for a large, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, employing urodynamic studies (UDS) to assess the impact of daily tadalafil on men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) with or without benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Methods UDS implemented International Continence Society (ICS) Good Urodynamic Practice guidelines and standardized urodynamic and LUTS terminology. Further standardization procedures included: equipment calibration; a detailed procedure manual and centralized training; and implementation of a central reader. Measures included: monitoring of invalid studies, comparison of actual versus expected standard deviation (SD) for primary outcome (detrusor pressure at maximum urinary flow rate [pdetQmax]), and test–retest reproducibility of the placebo arm at baseline and endpoint. Results Two hundred men with moderate to severe LUTS (baseline IPSS ≥13) at 20 sites were randomized to receive either tadalafil 20 mg or placebo. All men underwent non-invasive uroflow and pressure-flow studies. Numbers of invalid studies at baseline and endpoint were 9.3% and 0.6%, respectively. Variability of pdetQmax was lower than anticipated based on actual versus expected SD of 15 and 30, respectively. Correlation coefficients were very good for pressure-flow parameters including pdetQmax (r = .83). Conclusions Multicenter clinical trials using urodynamic outcomes require additional standardized procedures to limit inter-site variability. By implementing centralized training with a detailed procedure manual and use of a central reader, we were able to limit common difficulties arising in multicenter clinical trials, as well as demonstrate good test–retest reproducibility of pressure flow measures. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:741–747, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recent developments in OLED-based chemical and biological sensors

Recent developments in the structurally integrated OLED-based platform of luminescent chemical and biological sensors are reviewed. In this platform, an array of OLED pixels, which is structurally integrated with the sensing elements, is used as the photoluminescence (PL) excitation source. The structural integration is achieved by fabricating the OLED array and the sensing element on opposite sides of a common glass substrate or on two glass substrates that are attached back-to-back. As it does not require optical fibers, lens, or mirrors, it results in a uniquely simple, low-cost, and potentially rugged geometry. The recent developments on this platform include the following: (1) Enhancing the performance of gas-phase and dissolved oxygen sensors. This is achieved by (a) incorporating high-dielectric TiO 2 nanoparticles in the oxygen-sensitive Pt and Pd octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP and PdOEP, respectively)- doped polystyrene (PS) sensor films, and (b) embedding the oxygen-sensitive dyes in a matrix of polymer blends such as PS:polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). (2) Developing sensor arrays for simultaneous detection of multiple serum analytes, including oxygen, glucose, lactate, and alcohol. The sensing element for each analyte consists of a PtOEP-doped PS oxygen sensor, and a solution containing the oxidase enzyme specific to the analyte. Each sensing element is coupled to two individually addressable OLED pixels and a Si photodiode photodetector (PD). (3) Enhancing the integration of the platform, whereby a PD array is also structurally integrated with the OLED array and sensing elements. This enhanced integration is achieved by fabricating an array of amorphous or nanocrystalline Si-based PDs, followed by fabrication of the OLED pixels in the gaps between these Si PDs.
Diffusion paths in resonantly driven Hamiltonian systems

Abstract A diffusive Hamiltonian flow triggered by a resonant drive is confined to a phase subspace determined by the resonance structure. The diffusion path is found for an arbitrary, possibly nonstationary discrete system by applying generalized Manley–Rowe relations to an extended Hamiltonian.
Effect of isolated portal hypertension on kupffer cell function

The increased incidence of infection in cirrhotics may in part be attributable to dysfunction of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in removing pathogens from the circulation. The portosystemic shunting (PSS) that results from portal hypertension in cirrhotics may compromise RES function by allowing enteric pathogens to be shunted away from the Kupffer cells. A well-characterized model of portal hypertension induced by partial portal vein ligation (PVL), in which there is no hepatic parenchymal cell damage, was used. Kupffer cell function is unaltered and the effect of PSS alone on overall RES function can be evaluated. In addition to the usual immunologically inert [99mTc]sulfur colloid, an actual pathogen was also evaluated. PVL and sham-ligated rats were given either [99mTc]sulfur colloid or E. coli via the ileocolic vein. The right femurs, lungs, livers and spleens of the animals receiving 99mTc were excised and the radioactivity counted. The lungs, livers, and spleens of the animals receiving E. coli were liquefied and the bacteria were quantified. For both groups the ratios of 99mTc or E. coli in the lung, spleen, and femur to liver were calculated. PVL rats had significantly more 99mTc in the lung, spleen, and femur than the sham rats. There were also significantly more E. coli in the lungs for PVL rats but no significant difference in the spleen counts. These results imply that even in the absence of Kupffer cell dysfunction, PSS alters reticuloendothelial system function by causing a greater distribution of pathogens to the periphery. This altered distribution may contribute to an increased susceptibility to infection in cirrhotics.
Toward understanding strategic issue diagnosis

This paper calls attention to a central but neglected process in strategic decision making, i.e. strategic issue diagnosis (SID). A framework for discussing SID is presented in terms of three critical components: inputs, process characteristics and outputs. The framework is illustrated in the context of PIMS and BCG, two widely recognized strategy models. The major implications highlight the theoretical significance of SID for understanding strategic decision making.
Construction of the Electronic Radial Wave Functions and Probability Distributions of Hydrogen-like Systems

This Mathcad document allows users to explore the characteristics of the components of the radial electronic wave function of the hydrogen atom.
Characteristics of a nucleoproteinaceous subviral entity resulting from partial degradation of southern bean mosaic virus.

Virions of southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) degrade to a discrete (47–50 S) subviral entity (SVE) when treated with a buffer (pH 7.5 or 9.1) containing EDTA and bentonite. SVE comprises of intact viral RNA and about 13 as much capsid protein as virions. Treatment of SVE with sodium dodecyl sulfate or poly(G) released infectious SBMV-RNA. Unlike SBMV, SVE is unstable in vitro and sensitive to ribonuclease attack. SVE particles are of variable size (diameter, 15–25 nm), appear “loose” or deformed and lack a discrete outline. We propose that ca. 23 of the total SBMV coat protein complement constitutes a rigid “surface” capsid which encloses a “loose” nucleoproteinaceous complex of the remaining coat protein and the entire viral genome.
Expression of Spicule Matrix Proteins in the Sea Urchin Embryo during Normal and Experimentally Altered Spiculogenesis

Abstract During its embryonic development, the sea urchin embryo forms an endoskeletal calcitic spicule. This instance of biomineralization is experimentally accessible and also offers the advantage of occurring within a developmental context. Here we investigate the time course of appearance and localization of two proteins among the four dozen that constitute the protein matrix of the skeletal spicule. SM50 and SM30 have been studied in some detail, and polyclonal antisera have been prepared against them (C. E. Killian and F. H. Wilt, 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 9150–9159). Using these antibodies we describe here the localization and time course of accumulation of these two proteins in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, both in the intact embryo and in micromere cultures. We also investigate the disposition of the matrix proteins, SM50, SM30, and PM27, in the three-dimensional spicule by studying changes in protein localization during experimental manipulation of isolated skeletal spicules. We conclude that SM50, PM27, and SM30 probably play different roles in biomineralization, based on their localization and patterns of expression. It is unlikely that these proteins are solely structural elements within the mineral. SM50 and PM27 may play a role in defining the extracellular space in which spicule deposition occurs, while SM30 may play a role in secretion of spicule components. Finally, we report on the effects of serum on expression of some primary mesenchyme-specific proteins in micromere cultures; withholding serum severely depresses accumulation of SM30 but has only modest effects on the accumulation of other proteins.
Cardiac arrest in a child with cerebral palsy undergoing sevoflurane induction of anesthesia after preoperative clonidine

Summary Clonidine is a frequently administered α2-adrenergic agonist which can decrease heart rate and blood pressure. We present a case of a 5-year-old child with cerebral palsy and seizure disorder, receiving clonidine for restlessness, who presented for placement of a baclofen pump. Without the knowledge of the medical personnel, the patient's mother administered three doses of clonidine during the evening before and morning of surgery to reduce anxiety. During induction of anesthesia, the patient developed bradycardia and hypotension requiring cardiac resuscitation. There are no previous reports of clonidine-associated cardiac arrest in a child undergoing induction of anesthesia.
Contribution of the extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles to the moments in finger joints.

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this current work is to develop a method of estimating force produced by the extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles, and to estimate the contribution of these muscles to the finger joint moments. Design. Experimental methods and a biomechanical model were developed for the estimation of (a) moments produced at finger joints, and (b) contribution of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles to the moments, (c) forces of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles within individual fingers. Background. Because of the differential insertions of the extrinsic flexors, it is possible to isolate their mechanical effect at finger joints. Methods. During the experiment, the location of force application was varied in parallel along individual fingers. The points of force application were on the distal phalanx, at the distal interphalangeal joint, or at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Results. When the point of force application was varied in the proximal direction from the distal phalanx to the proximal interphalangeal joint the moment at a given joint decreased. The intrinsic and extrinsic muscle forces were dependent on the experimental conditions. The extrinsic muscles were the major contributors in counterbalancing finger joint moments when the point of force application was distal beyond the proximal interphalangeal joint. Conclusion. This current work provides both an experimental protocol and a biomechanical model that allows estimation of the contribution of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles to finger joint moments. Relevance This study suggests ways of identifying the source of functional deficiency in the hand.
Photolytic generation of an o-quinodimethane derivative and its reactions with unsaturated polymers

Polybutadiene was treated with o-tolualdehyde under UV irradiation to produce random copolymers through Diels-Alder reactions on the backbone double bonds. The physical properties of the polymer products change as more of the aldehyde attaches to it. The copolymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. A bifunctional o-tolualdehyde was synthesized and used as a crosslinking agent.
Association of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and long-term survival following administration during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

Objectives: We sought to evaluate the impact of GP IIb/IIIa receptor blockers on long-term mortality in patients undergoing PCI for AMI.
Need To Share: Flowing Valued Information and Secure Networking

The Flowing Valued Information (FVI) and Need to Share (NTS) project addresses implementation and security issues that arise when multi-national, government and non-government organizations (NGOs), have a mission requirement to readily share information. Current control measures, specifically within the US Department of Defense (DOD), only share information on a “Need to Know” (NTK) basis. This often is restricted to a hierarchy of classifications amongst organizations who already have an established trust relationship. This and other primary systems currently in use are often not sufficient enough in a large number of cases militaries and NGOs are finding themselves in today. Present doctrine in military coalition environments allow commanders to declare a “need to share”, however, there is no automated method to ensure timeliness and efficiency in distributing information across all entities who have a need for it. These environments also pose an issue of trust in military-NGO scenarios. Similar problems are also found in humanitarian aid and disaster relief (HADR) operations. Even though the information being shared may often be represented the same by all organizations, the infrastructure and protocols for movement and communications rarely are. The FVI-NTS project provides an automated means for supporting organizational information sharing in a trusted manner. It allows organizational authorities to implement automated command policies while maintaining the integrity of the data being shared. FVI-NTS formally proves the coexistence of both NTK and NTS controls. It also provides users an elegant but effective graphical user interface for accessing the above system that can be readily be deployed across many organizations regardless of environment. This front-end functionality expands the domain of possible implementation of FVI-NTS to serve as the standard for future DOD NTS network policies and requirements as well as other organizational groups with similar needs. The software is open source and supports operation on multiple computing platforms simultaneously.
Mohanty and Webb Reply

wires at low tem-peratures. We argued that the observed asymmetry ordeviation from the expected Gaussian shape [2,3], irre-spective of its magnitude, signals a possible violation ofthe one-parameter scaling theory of Anderson localiza-tion [2,3]. Fal’ko, Lerner, Tsyplyatyev, and Aleiner(FLTA) [4] agree that there is a ﬁnite asymmetry in thedata, and they argue that the deviation can be explainedby the ‘‘limited applicability of the ergodic hypothesis.’’Furthermore, they claim, there is an orders-of-magnitudedifference in the values of cumulants in their analysis ofthe published curves [1]. In the following, we show thatthey obtain a huge discrepancy because of their use of adifferent deﬁnition of the third cumulant.We contend thatboth the nature and the size of the asymmetry in the datacannot be explained by the limitations of the ergodichypothesis.
Characterization and simulation of naturally fractured tight gas sandstone reservoirs

Significant gas reserves are present in low-permeability sandstones of the Frontier Formation in the Green River Basin, Wyoming. Successful exploitation of these reservoirs requires an understanding of the characteristics and fluid-flow response of the regional natural fracture system that controls reservoir productivity. Fracture characteristics were obtained from outcrop studies of Frontier sandstone at five locations in the basin. Fracture characterization involved construction of detailed fracture network maps of outcrops that provided information on the fracture orientations, lengths, and spatial distribution. The fracture network maps clearly demonstrate U regional fractures are a unidirectional set of fractures that are perpendicular to bedding and have varying length and spacing. The spatial distribution of regional fractures is controlled by bed thickness, with fewer and longer fractures per unit area as bed thickness increases. The fracture data was combined with matrix permeability data to compute an anisotropic horizontal permeability tensor (magnitude and direction) corresponding to an equivalent reservoir system in the subsurface. This analysis shows that the maximum and minimum horizontal permeability is controlled by fracture intensity and decreases with increasing bed thickness. The relationship between bed thickness and the calculated fluid-flow properties was used in a reservoir simulation to predict gas production from vertical,more » hydraulically-fractured wells and horizontal wells of different lengths in analogous naturally fractured gas reservoirs. Simulation results show that horizontal wells drilled perpendicular to the maximum permeability direction can maintain a high target production rate over a longer time and have higher cumulative production than vertical wells. Longer horizontal wells are required for the same cumulative production with decreasing bed thickness.« less
Correlations between Brothers and Neighboring Boys in Their Adult Earnings: The Importance of Being Urban

A comparison of the correlations between brothers and neighboring boys in their adult earnings suggests that the earnings resemblance between brothers stems more from growing up in the same family than from growing up in the same neighborhood. Much of the neighbor correlation is explicable in terms of the large earnings differential between urban and nonurban areas combined with the strength with which urbanicity of childhood neighborhood predicts urbanicity of adult location. This pattern is subject to a variety of interpretations, but it is quite different from the usual view of neighborhood effects.
Biochemical characterisation of elsamicin and other coumarin-related antitumour agents as potent inhibitors of human topoisomerase II

Abstract Elsamicin (EM) is a recently discovered antitumour agent that is structurally related to several other compounds displaying anticancer activities, including chartreusin (CT), chrysomycin V (CV) and M (CM), gilvocarcin V (GV) and ravidomycin (RM). The biochemical events resulting in cytotoxicity for most of these compounds have not been clearly elucidated. There is some evidence that GV and CT bind to DNA and that GV is photosensitive, causing DNA damage. Therefore, we investigated the effects of these chemicals on DNA in cells and on pBR322 plasmid DNA. Using alkaline elution techniques, we found that all these compounds induced, to a different extent, DNA breakage in the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. In addition, all either bound to or intercalated into DNA, as indicated by their ability to alter the electrophoretic migration of DNA in agarose gels. Using the P4 unknotting assay, EM, CT, CV, CM, GV and RM were found to be potent inhibitors of the catalytic activity of topoisomerase II (topo II). Their potencies were compared with the known topo II inhibitors teniposide (VM-26) and doxorubicin (DX). EM was the most potent, with an ic 50 of 0.4 μmol/l followed in order by CV, GV, and CT. VM-26 was the least potent with an ic 50 of 15 μmol/l. It was concluded from these results that EM, GV, CV, CM and CT are capable of inhibiting topo II and that EM is the most potent inhibitor of topo II yet discovered.
AKI transition of care: a potential opportunity to detect and prevent CKD

The incidence rate of AKI is increasing across the spectrum of hospitalized children and adults. Given the increased morbidity and mortality associated with AKI, significant research effort has been appropriately focused on standardizing AKI definitions, identifying risk factors, and discovering and validating novel, earlier structural biomarkers of kidney injury. In addition, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that AKI is a risk factor for the future development or accelerated progression of CKD. Unfortunately, prospective observational studies have not consistently followed survivors of episodes of AKI for longitudinal outcomes after hospital discharge, which could lead to ascertainment bias in terms of over- or underestimation of CKD development. Furthermore, data show that clinical follow-up of AKI survivors is low. This lack of systematic study and clinical follow-up represents a potential missed opportunity to prevent chronic disease after an acute illness and improve outcomes. Therefore, prospective study of transitions of care after episodes of AKI is needed to identify which patients are at risk for CKD development and to optimally target therapeutic interventions.
ACROSOME FORMATION IN THE HOUSE CRICKET

Acrosome formation during spermatogenesis in the house cricket was studied with the electron microscope. In the early spermatid there is a single Golgi body, called the acroblast, which is cup-shaped, the walls being composed of a number of parallel membranes. A pro-acrosomal granule then appears within the acroblast. Next, the granule migrates to the nucleus, where it becomes attached. The acroblast then migrates away from the attached granule and is eventually sloughed off. In the first stage of acrosome differentiation the granule assumes the shape of a blunt cone and its base invaginates deeply so that it becomes hollowed. Within the space created by the invagination a new structure forms which, from the first, has the shape of a hollow cone. The two cones constitute the mature acrosome. Both have a biconvex cross-section.
A new admission control scheme under energy and QoS constraints for wireless networks

Battery capacity of mobile terminals and radio bandwidth are both limited and precious resources in wireless networks. In this paper, we present a thorough performance study of energy-based admission control scheme to make the best use of these two resources for effective mobile communications. In order to reduce energy consumption of each terminal, we introduce a victim selection algorithm (VSA) and a beneficiary selection algorithm (BSA) for acquiring bandwidth and releasing bandwidth, respectively. To avoid potential compromise of quality of service (QoS) due to the concern of energy consumption in connection admission control, we further propose an adjustment algorithm to statistically meet the demands for QoS. The performance of the proposed schemes is evaluated with respect to energy consumption rate of each successfully transmitted bit, throughput and call blocking probabilities for a variety of traffic such as Poisson and self-similar, multi-class traffic.
Tests for 2 x K contingency tables with clustered ordered categorical data.

Ordered categorical data summarized in a 2 x K table usually consist of two-sample multinomial or K-sample binomial observations. In analysing these data, we usually assign scores to the K columns and perform a testing for the equality of two multinomial distributions in the former case and no trend among K binomial proportions in the latter case. Among the most popular score tests are the Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Armitage's linear trend test. In this paper we extend the score tests to be used for clustered data under diverse study designs. Our methods do not require correct specification of the dependence structure within clusters. The proposed tests are based on the asymptotic normality for large number of clusters and are a generalization of the standard tests used for independent data. Simulation studies are conducted to investigate the finite-sample performance of the new methods. The proposed methods are applied to real-life data.
EDUCATIONAL PEARL: Automata via macros

Lisp programmers have long used macros to extend their language. Indeed, their success has inspired macro notations for a variety of other languages, such as C and Java. There is, however, a paucity of effective pedagogic examples of macro use. This paper presents a short, non-trivial example that implements a construct not already found in mainstream languages. Furthermore, it motivates the need for tail-calls, as opposed to mere tail-recursion, and illustrates how support for tail-call optimization is crucial to support a natural style of macro-based language extension.
The determination of minimum levels of hydrogen supplementation to produce acceptable cold start performance of engines using a high-blend ethanol fuel

Alcohol fuels have been shown to reduce automotive emissions. Ethanol is particularly favored because it can be produced from renewable biomass resources. One major disadvantage of ethanol fuels, however, is their very poor cold startability. This is due to the fuel's low vapor pressure and high latent heat of vaporization. Ethanol blended gasoline (E85 -85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) aids the cold start problem but does not solve it. In order for a proper vapor/air ratio at cold temperatures, the engine has to run at very rich mixtures, increasing exhaust hydrocarbon emissions substantially during warming phase of engine start-up. One approach to reducing cold start problems would be the use of a small amount of hydrogen injection. This technique has been shown to greatly reduce cold start cranking times. Experiments were conducted to determine the minimum level of hydrogen supplementation required to produce acceptable cold starts. Reported results from these experiments include the reduction in cold-start cranking times with varied levels of hydrogen.
TNM stage is the most important determinant of survival in metachronous lung cancer.

Background Distinguishing a metachronous lung cancer from a metastatic or recurrent lesion in patients with a prior history of non–small cell lung cancer is a challenging task. Previous studies have suggested histologic type and disease-free interval as criteria for diagnosing metachronous lung cancer. These factors may not be as relevant now that current imaging allows for earlier detection of tumors and with the rising incidence of adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this study was to reexamine the factors that determine outcomes in patients with a second primary lung cancer. Methods A retrospective review of a prospective lung cancer database was performed to identify patients with metachronous lung cancer. Metachronous lung cancer was defined as any non–small cell lung cancer occurring after a prior resection regardless of disease-free interval or histologic type. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. The Mantel-Cox method was used to compare overall survival. Cox regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results Fifty-eight patients had metachronous lung cancer. Overall survival at 5 years was 66% (stage IA, 74%; IB, 59%; all other stages, 0%; p = 0.01). Seventy-two percent (42 of 58 patients) had similar histologic type. There was no difference in overall survival based on similar versus different histologic type (65% versus 73%; p = 0.77). Median disease-free interval was 42 months (range, 8 to 312 months). Disease-free interval was not a significant predictor of overall survival ( p = 0.24). The extent of resection included wedge (36%, 21 of 58 patients), segmentectomy (24%, 14 of 58 patients), and lobectomy (40%, 23 of 58 patients), with no difference in overall survival (58% versus 60% versus 75%, respectively; p = 0.32). Conclusions These data suggest that early tumor stage is the only significant determinant of survival after surgical treatment of metachronous lung cancer. Neither histologic type nor disease-free interval was of prognostic value. Limited resections may be adequate treatment.
Inspiratory muscle strength relative to disease severity in adults with stable cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Background Due to heterogeneity in pulmonary disease, current literature may misrepresent inspiratory muscle involvement in cystic fibrosis (CF). This study investigated inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) relative to disease severity in adults with CF. Methods Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) was assessed in 58 adults with stable CF grouped by disease severity (20 mild, 20 moderate, 18 severe) and compared to 20 controls. Relationships between MIP, lung function, dyspnea and anthropometrics were evaluated using multivariable linear models. Results MIP in cmH 2 O and %-predicted was decreased in advanced CF lung disease as compared to mild disease and healthy controls (p Conclusions IMS is decreased in some adults with stable CF with moderate and severe pulmonary disease, and is related to dyspnea. Future studies should determine if decreased IMS contributes inefficient breathing patterns, respiratory pump dysfunction, and/or exercise intolerance in advanced CF.
Practical support for parallel programming

An approach is considered in which programs written within a higher-level parallel model are automatically transformed for execution on a particular (parallel) processor. It is based on an improved version of large-grain data-flow (LGDF) techniques. The model is described, along with a scheduler implementation strategy for shared-memory multiprocessors. Performance measurements of a specific implementation for the Sequent Balance 21000 are given. It is argued that the approach can provide the benefits of user-visible parallelism while avoiding the pitfalls inherent in hand-coding of parallel scheduling schemes. >
Taking advantage of mobile devices: Using Socrative in the classroom

“If we teach today as we taught yesterday, we rob our children of tomorrow", (Dewey, 1916). In higher education, “we have the opportunity to teach students to ask the right questions, use the real-world tools that they have in their hands to find the best answers, and share that in an authentic way with those around them” (Nelson, 2012). In 2012, EDUCAUSE, a leader in IT advancement for higher education, published its findings of a survey disseminated to 195 participating institutions receiving more than 100,000 student responses. According to this report, ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology Report (Dahlstrom, 2012), students prefer blended and flipped classrooms, they yearn for seamless integration of mobile technology, they believe technology is critical for both academic success and career accomplishments, and they value multiple options for communicating. Additionally, these results report that 86% own a laptop, 62% own a smartphone, 33% own a desktop computer, 15% own a tablet, and 12% own an e-reader. The data are clear; the data cannot be ignored. Students are demanding seamless integration of the varied technologies and mobile devices they own and command. In having valid confirmation from a national perspective, institutions of higher education are faced with the challenge of how to respond. These digital natives are demanding that institutions of learning catch up with the 21 century and engage them using the technologies that are a daily staple of their lives. Long gone are the days of standard lecture and PowerPoint presentations from higher education faculty (Wash & Freeman, 2013). This article describes how one faculty member engages students in the classroom using their own devices, regardless of platform, with the interactive, real-time, web-based student response system tool, Socrative (2013).
Taxation and Durable-Goods Monopoly: Does a Current Tax Influence Firm Behavior?

A simple two-period linear demand durable-goods monopoly model is analyzed where the firm faces an ad-valorem tax. Unlike previous models, the impact of an expected future tax is not analyzed; rather it is assumed the tax only is levied in the first (current) period. The model shows that such a current tax can dramatically impact the monopolist's behavior. For example, the analysis reveals that, as long as the product is durable, the firm wishes to concurrently rent and sell in period one if it faces a current ad-valorem tax. This indicates that the current tax policy on durables, separate from any expected future tax, likely also has a strong impact in imperfectly competitive durable-goods markets.
Squark and slepton mass relations in grand unified theories

In the minimal supersymmetric standard model, assuming universal scalar masses at large energies, there are four intragenerational relations between the masses of the squarks and sleptons for each light generation. In this paper we study the scalar mass relations which follow only from the assumption that at large energies there is a grand unified theory which leads to a significant prediction of the weak mixing angle. Two new intragenerational mass relations for each of the light generations are derived. In addition, a third mass relation is found which relates the Higgs boson masses, the masses of the third generation scalars, and the masses of the scalars of the lighter generations. Verification of a fourth mass relation, involving only the charged slepton masses, provides a signal for SO(10) unification.
A 18 mW triple 2 GHz CMOS PLL for 3G mobile systems with -113 dBc/Hz GSM in-band phase noise and dual-port GMSK modulation

A PLL for 3G systems achieves -113-dBc/Hz close-in phase noise in the GSM Band and consumes 18 mW (2 mA for the 5 V charge-pump and 4mA under 1.875 Volts for the remaining blocks). The GMSK Dual-Port modulation system achieves 1.2/spl deg/ rms phase error and a noise level of -67dBc at 400 kHz offset from carrier in a 30 kHz BW. Three PLLs are integrated on the same die and are synchronized to avoid crosstalk issues.
Diagnostics of the Start-Up Process of an Arc Hollow Cathode

Hall-effect thrusters scaled to power levels below 300 W are of great interest due to their compact size but still require further system optimization. A major component of these thrusters is the free electron source. The majority of the current systems utilize heated element hollow cathodes, but in the event of heater failure, the overall system becomes inoperable. For this reason, a simplistic alternate system such as an arc hollow cathode has been examined. The drawback of utilizing the arc hollow cathode is the reduction in the operational lifetime, especially when the cathode experiences multiple start-up cycles. In order to remedy this, we have developed a soft start-up and continuous operation power supply system. Utilizing this system, we were able to minimize the start-up process from the lifetime influences and examine other factors.
Effect of Delayed Cooling on the Poststorage Flesh Firmness of Apples

Decreasing the delay in proper cooling of apples before storage can decrease the softening of fruit in storage. Three apple cultivars were studied and storage delays were simulated for two growing seasons. Each cultivar showed a different softening rate in storage as a result of delays in cooling. Apple cultivars should be cooled rapidly especially those susceptible to firmness loss as a result of delays in cooling.
DIFFERENTIATION OF MONOCYTES : Origin, Nature, and Fate of Their Azurophil Granules

The origin, content, and fate of azurophil granules of blood monocytes were investigated in several species (rabbit, guinea pig, human) by electron microscopy and cytochemistry. The life cycle of monocytes consists of maturation in bone marrow, transit in blood, and migration into tissues where they function as macrophages. Cells were examined from all three phases. It was found that: azurophil granules originate in the Golgi complex of the developing monocyte of bone marrow and blood, and ultimately fuse with phagosomes during phagocytosis upon arrival of monocytes in the tissues. They contain lysosomal enzymes in all species studied and peroxidase in the guinea pig and human. These enzymes are produced by the same pathway as other secretory products (i.e., they are segregated in the rough ER and packaged into granules in the Golgi complex). The findings demonstrate that the azurophil granules of monocytes are primary lysosomes or storage granules comparable to the azurophils of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the specific granules of eosinophils. Macrophages from peritoneal exudates (72–96 hr after endotoxin injection) contain large quantities of lysosomal enzymes throughout the secretory apparatus (rough ER and Golgi complex), in digestive vacuoles, and in numerous coated vesicles; however, they lack forming or mature azurophil granules. Hence it appears that the monocyte produces two types of primary lysosomes during different phases of its life cycle—azurophil granules made by developing monocytes in bone marrow or blood, and coated vesicles made by macrophages in tissues and body cavities.
Retinal Blood Flow in Glaucomatous Eyes with Single-Hemifield Damage

Purpose: To examine the hypotheses that in glaucomatous eyes with single-hemifield damage, retinal blood flow (RBF) is significantly reduced in the retinal hemisphere corresponding with the abnormal visual hemifield and that there are significant associations among reduced retinal sensitivity (RS) in the abnormal hemifield, RBF, and structural measurements in the corresponding hemisphere. Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, case-control study. Participants: Thirty eyes of 30 patients with glaucoma with visual field loss confined to a single hemifield and 27 eyes of 27 controls. Methods: Normal and glaucomatous eyes underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and standard automated perimetry. Doppler SD-OCT with a double-circle scanning pattern was used to measure RBF. The RBF was derived from the recorded Doppler frequency shift and the measured angle between the beam and the vessel. Total and hemispheric RBF, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell complex (GCC) values were calculated. The RS values were converted to 1/Lambert. Analysis of variance and regression analyses were performed. Main Outcome Measures: Total and hemispheric RS, RBF, RNFL, and GCC values. Results: The total RBF (34.6� 12.2 ml/minute) and venous cross-sectional area (0.039� 0.009 mm 2 ) were reduced (P<0.001) in those with glaucoma compared with controls (46.5� 10.6 ml/minute; 0.052� 0.012 mm 2 ). Mean RBF was reduced in the abnormal hemisphere compared with the opposite hemisphere (15.3� 5.4 vs. 19.3� 8.4 ml/minute; P ¼ 0.004). The RNFL and GCC were thinner in the corresponding abnormal hemisphere compared with the opposite hemisphere (87.0� 20.2 vs. 103.7� 20.6 mm, P ¼ 0.002; 77.6� 12.1 vs. 83.6� 10.1 mm, P ¼ 0.04). The RBF was correlated with RNFL (r ¼ 0.41; P ¼ 0.02) and GCC (r ¼ 0.43; P ¼ 0.02) but not the RS (r ¼ 0.31; P ¼ 0.09) in the abnormal hemisphere. The RBF (19.3� 8.4 ml/minute), RNFL (103.7� 20.6 mm), and GCC (83.6� 10.1 mm) were reduced (P<0.05) in the hemisphere with apparently normal visual field in glaucomatous eyes compared with the mean hemispheric values of the normal eyes (23.2� 5.3 ml/minute, 124.8� 9.6 mm, and 96.1� 5.7 mm, respectively). Conclusions: In glaucomatous eyes with single-hemifield damage, the RBF is significantly reduced in the hemisphere associated with the abnormal hemifield. Reduced RBF is associated with thinner RNFL and GCC in the corresponding abnormal hemisphere. Reduced RBF and RNFL and GCC loss also are observed in the perimetrically normal hemisphere of glaucomatous eyes. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. Ophthalmology 2013;-:1e9 a 2013 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
HyTES: Thermal imaging spectrometer development

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has developed the Hyperspectral Thermal Emission Spectrometer (HyTES).12 It is an airborne pushbroom imaging spectrometer based on the Dyson optical configuration. First low altitude test flights are scheduled for later this year. HyTES uses a compact 7.5–12□m hyperspectral grating spectrometer in combination with a Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) and grating based spectrometer. The Dyson design allows for a very compact and optically fast system (F/1.6). Cooling requirements are minimized due to the single monolithic prism-like grating design. The configuration has the potential to be the optimal science-grade imaging spectroscopy solution for high altitude, lighter-than-air (HAA, LTA) vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) due to its small form factor and relatively low power requirements. The QWIP sensor allows for optimum spatial and spectral uniformity and provides adequate responsivity which allows for near 100mK noise equivalent temperature difference (NEDT) operation across the LWIR passband. The QWIP's repeatability and uniformity will be helpful for data integrity since currently an onboard calibrator is not planned. A calibration will be done before and after eight hour flights to gage any inconsistencies. This has been demonstrated with lab testing. Further test results show adequate NEDT, linearity as well as applicable earth science emissivity target results (Silicates, water) measured in direct sunlight.
Adapting WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) for forest watershed erosion modeling

Recently, there has been an increasing public concern for forest stream pollution by excessive sedimentation resulting from human activities. Adequate and reliable erosion simulation and prediction tools are urgently needed for sound forest resources management. Computer models for predicting watershed runoff and erosion have been developed during the past. These models, however, are often limited in their applications due to limited understanding and inappropriate representation of the hydrological processes involved. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) watershed model has demonstrated its usefulness in certain forest applications such as modeling erosion from a segment of insloped or outsloped road, harvested units, and burned units. Nevertheless, when used for modeling water flow and sediment discharge from a forest watershed of complex topography and channel systems, WEPP consistently underestimates these quantities, in particular, the water flow at the watershed outlet. The main purpose of this study is to improve the WEPP watershed model such that it can be applied to adequately simulate forest watershed hydrology and erosion. The specific objectives are to: (1) identify and correct WEPP algorithms and subroutines which inappropriately represent forest watershed hydrologic processes; and (2) verify the modified model. In modifying the WEPP model, changes were primarily made in the approach to, and algorithms for modeling deep percolation of soil water and subsurface lateral flow. The modified model was then applied to a conceptual forest watershed in the Pacific Northwest with local data. The modeling results were compared with those obtained by using the original model. Conclusions of this study include: (1) compared to the original model, the modified WEPP more realistically and properly represents the hydrologic processes in a forest setting; and (2) application of the modified model to the conceptual watershed produced satisfactory results, demonstrating the adequacy of the model modifications.
The 1‐1‐1 fallacy

T-cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of B-cell memory (memory B cells and plasma cells). Follicular helper CD4(+) T (Tfh) cells are the specialized providers of B-cell help, and Tfh cells depend on Bcl6 for their differentiation. This review discusses Tfh cell functions, transcription factors, and induction signals, with particular focus on the richness of the underlying biology and assessing the simplicity or complexity of each of these processes.
Parathyroid Carcinoma: Current Understanding and New Insights into Gene Expression and Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Kinetics

Parathyroid carcinoma is an indolent but ultimately life-threatening malignancy. Due to the lack of definitive diagnostic markers and overlapping clinical features of benign primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), this disease is often misdiagnosed as parathyroid adenoma. Therefore, a high index of suspicion preoperatively and early intraoperative recognition with en bloc surgical resection are crucial for favorable outcome. Owing to the rarity of the disease, little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid carcinoma. Here, we review the literature to present current understanding of the disease and provide new information on gene expression and use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring in the surgical management of this rare malignancy. Specifically, using microarray transcriptome analysis of an unequivocal case of parathyroid carcinoma and a biopsy from the same patient's normal parathyroid gland, we identify APP, CDH1, KCNJ16, and UCHL1 as differentially expressed genes in parathyroid carcinoma. Further, using case records from four cases of unequivocal parathyroid carcinoma, we compared intraoperative PTH kinetics of these patients to 475 patients with benign PHPT, and show that intraoperative PTH monitoring is accurate in predicting postoperative normocalcemia in initial en bloc operations for parathyroid carcinoma.
New ideas in epilepsy genetics : Novel epilepsy genes, copy number alterations, and gene regulation

The majority of genes associated with epilepsy syndromes to date are ion channel genes. Selection bias may have allowed us to establish their role in epilepsy based on a priori knowledge of the significance of these proteins in regulating neuronal excitability. There are, however, more than 3000 genes expressed at the synapse, as well as many other genes expressed nearby in supporting cells and glia that can likewise regulate excitability. Identification of new genes involved in epilepsy may arise from studying the targets of anticonvulsant medications, ascertainment of an epileptic phenotype in mice, or as a result of positional cloning efforts. There are several loci for idiopathic focal and generalized epilepsies that lie in chromosomal regions that are devoid of known ion channels; therefore, the number of novel genes involved in epilepsy is likely to increase. Establishing the role of these novel genes in the pathogenesis of epilepsy has not been an easy task compared with the relative ease with which ion channel mutations can be studied. This review will describe several novel epilepsy genes and will then discuss other genetic causes of epilepsy, including alterations of chromosomal copy number and gene regulatory elements.
Exploring the Structural Properties of the State Reading Policy Domain Using Network Visualization Technique

Guided by the social network perspective, this study examined the structural properties of the state reading policy domain using network visualization tools: sociograms and multidimensional scaling...
Sintered Metal Brake Linings for Automotive Applications

The doctor, the housewife, the barber, the factory worker, most of you who are reading this paper—the average driver—takes his automobile for granted. It starts, it stops, it requires gas—it furnishes transportation. You are aware that power is needed to make the car go, but you probably do not realize that power is also required to make the car stop. This power requirement can be surprisingly high. For example, to stop a 5000-lb automobile from 100 mph in 10 seconds requires the brakes to absorb about 300 horsepower. This is more horsepower than is available in the majority of engines in service today.