cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining How Proactive Management and Culturally Responsive Teaching Relate to Student Behavior: Implications for Measurement and Practice

Abstract The discipline gap between White students and African American students has increased demand for teacher training in culturally responsive and behavior management practices. Extant research, however, is inconclusive about how culturally responsive teaching practices relate to student behavior or how to assess using such practices in the classroom. Identifying proactive behavior management and culturally responsive teaching practices that are associated with positive student behavior may inform teacher training and bolster efforts to reduce disparities in behavioral and academic performance. The current study examined the association between student behaviors and the observed use of and teacher self-reported efficacy in using culturally responsive teaching and proactive behavior management practices. Data were collected from 274 teachers in 18 schools. Structural equation modeling indicated a statistically significant association between observations of culturally responsive teaching and proactive...
Role of CA2+ in the regulation of α-amylase synthesis and secretion in barley aleurone

The requirement for Ca2+ in the response of the isolated barley aleurone layer to gibberellic acid (GA) was first reported by Chrispeels and Varner (1967). These workers showed that when Ca2+ was omitted from the incubation medium the synthesis of α-amylase in response to GA was reduced by 50% in imbibed half-grains and by 80% in isolated aleurone layers. Jacobsen et al. (1970) showed that two isoenzymes of α-amylase were produced when aleurone layers were incubated in GA and another two when Ca2+ was added. The a-amylase isoenzymes synthesized in response to GA have been referred to as group A: they belong to the same antigenic group, have isoelectric points (pIs) around 5 and are sensitive to Hg salts and N-ethylmaleimide. α-Amylases produced on addition of Ca2+ are referred to as group-B isoenzymes: they belong to a different antigenic group, have pis around 6.0, and are stable to Hg and N-ethylmaleimide (Jacobsen et al., 1970; Jacobsen and Higgins, 1982).
Mixed Enterprise: Classification

In launching into the crepuscular arena suggested by the title of this investigation, it is essential to set up some sort of framework of concepts which provide both a chart for examining materials and preliminary basis for developing some theoretical generalizations on the subject. In addition to establishing a conceptual framework, it is almost equally important to fixate these concepts with a desirable terminology. For practical reasons, these terms will be developed as close to those prevailing as is possible. However, where necessary, a new term has been coined to fit a concept otherwise unidentified. This chapter will review the forms of enterprise, the legal approach and the work in fields of public administration. Experience in other countries will be examined briefly and the conceptions of some of the writers in the U.S. and abroad will be noted. The classification scheme which is established will be one suitable to the kind of study that is being made here, but it will be based on thinking previously developed.
Freeze-cast alumina pore networks: Effects of processing parameters in steady-state solidification regimes of aqueous slurries

Aqueous alumina slurries with varying solids loading and particle size were freeze-cast under seven freezing conditions to investigate the influence of these on pore network characteristics including pore size and geometric specific surface area. Slurry temperatures were recorded in situ to determine freezing front position and velocity during solidification, which were then analyzed via regression and modeled using solidification theory. Classic mathematical models for the time dependence of freezing front position and velocity were found to hold for freeze-cast slurries. Building on these, a one-phase Stefan problem was used to describe freezing kinetics. Models for freezing front velocity were combined with solidification theory to obtain predictions of microstructural feature size from freezing kinetics. Results showed that, while there may be a dependence on solids loading, the combination of mathematical modeling of solidification and classic solidification theory is applicable to freeze-cast ceramics and accurately describes pore network characteristics from processing parameters.
Ammonia toxicity in cattle. V. Ammonia concentration of lymph and portal, carotid and jugular blood after the ingestion of urea.

Summary Four rumen-fistulated Holstein steers were fitted with cannulas for the collection of portal, jugular and carotid blood. In addition, the thoracic duct of one steer was cannulated for the collection of lymph. Steers were given .125, .25 or .5 g urea/kg body weight 16 hr after a previous feeding. Within 5 min after the administration of the .5-g dose, rumen ammonia increased from 9.7 to 32.0 mg/lO0 ml, rumen pH from 6.47 to 7.87; portal blood ammonia from 1.02 to 8.01 mg/lO0 ml, carotid blood ammonia from .18 to 1.17 mg/lO0 ml and jugular blood ammonia from .13 to .36 mg/100 ml. Lymph ammonia increased from .22 to .32 mg/100 ml within 15 minutes. The .125- and .25-g doses of urea produced proportionate changes. In a second experiment, three Jersey cows were given .5 g urea/kg body weight, and the rates at which urea appeared in carotid and jugular blood were determined. Only small amounts of urea appeared in carotid and jugular blood during the first 5 min after dosing, but the concentrations then increased slowly but progressively. We concluded that because carotid blood ammonia concentration increased so rapidly after dosing with urea, ammonia must leak past the liver, and it is therefore unlikely, that there is a liver threshold for ammonia which must be exceeded before ammonia will reach the carotid artery. The marked difference in ammonia concentrations in carotid and jugular blood suggests that the
Case and the Parameterization of Scope Ambiguities

This paper argues for a version of Aoun and Li's account of quantifier-scope ambiguities, and for treating the English/Chinese contrast in ambiguity patterns as a difference in how Case is assigned to subjects: under government (Chinese) vs. agreement (English). I argue that the Copy Theory of movement allows the prediction of ambiguity in Someone must have left and Everyone doesn't like squid; English subjects in Spec,IP optionally delete at LF, allowing their VP-internal copies to adjoin below must/n't (giving the subject's narrow scope reading). But subjects with governed Case cannot delete, so the Chinese equivalents are unambiguous. The same distinction underlies the Chinese/English difference for (e.g.) Everyone recommended a book. English subjects, with agreement Case, allow objects to raise over them at LF; but Chinese subjects, with governed Case, block objects from raising, preventing ambiguity. Evidence for this account comes from correct predictions about ambiguity in sentences with double objects or PPs; correlations with ECP phenomena; and the fact that Japanese, Korean, and Persian behave (largely) like Chinese.
Exploring the latent constructs behind the use of ridehailing in California

Abstract Emerging transportation services are quickly changing the way individuals travel by expanding the set of transportation alternatives available for a trip, allowing for more flexibility in travel schedules and providing access to transportation without incurring the costs of auto ownership. Among the most controversial and rapidly growing shared-mobility services are ridehailing services, such as those offered by Uber and Lyft in the U.S. market. In this paper, we investigate the factors affecting the adoption of ridehailing through the estimation of a latent-class adoption model that captures the heterogeneity in individuals’ tastes and preferences, focusing on members of the millennial generation and the preceding Generation X. We present a 3-class adoption model that provides better goodness of fit and interpretability of the classes compared to other model specifications that were tested. The three distinct classes have expected sample shares of 28%, 34% and 38%, respectively, and can be characterized as follows: (1) a class that is largely composed of more highly-educated, independent (i.e. who have already established their household) millennials, who has the highest adoption rate. Among other factors, the adoption of ridehailing services for the members of this class is influenced by the frequency of long-distance leisure and business-related trips made by non-car modes. The adoption of ridehailing among the members of this group is higher if they live in high-quality transit neighborhoods. (2) The second highest adoption rate is observed among the members of the class that is mainly composed of affluent individuals living with their families who are either dependent millennials or older members of Generation X. The frequency of use of transportation-related smartphone apps and the share of long-distance leisure trips made by plane affect the adoption of ridehailing for the members of this class. The members of this class also tend to adopt ridehailing if they live in neighborhoods with higher land-use mix and if they have used taxi services within the past 12 months. (3) Finally, the lowest adoption rate is observed among the members of the last class, comprising the least affluent individuals with the lowest level of education. The members of this class are more likely to live in rural neighborhoods and they rarely use ridehailing. The adoption of ridehailing among the members of this class is affected by household income, the frequency of long-distance non-car business trips, and transit accessibility as well as the use of taxi and of carsharing.
Mythical enjambment in The Hungry Woman: nation, desire, and Cherríe Moraga’s utopic turn

In her play The Hungry Woman: A Mexican Medea (2001), Cherrie Moraga makes use of a technique I call “mythical enjambment”: the insertion of a myth, story, or cultural context into another where it...
Probing sentence embeddings for structure-dependent tense

Learning universal sentence representations which accurately model sentential semantic content is a current goal of natural language processing research. A prominent and successful approach is to train recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to encode sentences into fixed length vectors. Many core linguistic phenomena that one would like to model in universal sentence representations depend on syntactic structure. Despite the fact that RNNs do not have explicit syntactic structural representations, there is some evidence that RNNs can approximate such structure-dependent phenomena under certain conditions, in addition to their widespread success in practical tasks. In this work, we assess RNNs’ ability to learn the structure-dependent phenomenon of main clause tense.
Las confesiones de Rosa Chacel: Memorias de Leticia Valle y La sinrazón

En 1968, Rosa Chacel termino de escribir La confesion, un ensayo que confirmaba su interes en conectar la novela moderna con la confesion de su autor o autora. Es este un ensayo de interpretacion textual que ademas senala el camino a la critica en un futuro analisis de la obra de la propia escritora, ya que ella piensa ‘que en la confrontacion del mundo novelistico de nuestros escritores con el secreto movil o consistencia de sus vidas, esta el camino para llegar a la fantasmagorica y esquiva confesion’. En el caso de Chacel, un cotejo critico de sus novelas en primera persona con la confesion pone en evidencia la imposibilidad de construir una interpretacion de su obra desechando sus intenciones autobiograficas, su biografia o la interpretacion de ambas por parte de la critica. Chacel ha declarado en diferentes momentos su identificacion con Leticia Valle y con Santiago Hernandez, narradores y protagonistas de Memorias de Leticia Valle (1945) y La sinrazon (1960). El analisis comparado de las confesiones diseminadas en ambas novelas ayudara a mostrar la representacion que hacia de si misma y la fuerza performativa de esta representacion, a la vez que sus limites y contradicciones.
Paired-Associate Learning in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as a Function of Hyperactivity-Impulsivity and Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A paired-associate learning (PAL) test was administered to 22 community volunteers without disruptive disorders and 197 children (7.5–13.5 years-old) presenting with the inattentive and combined subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) either in combination with or without oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Participants were screened for learning disorders. In comparison to non-ADHD participants, children with ADHD achieved worse PAL and made errors rated as more acoustically and less semantically similar to the correct paired associates. These deficits were not related to hyperactivity–impulsivity or comorbid ODD. These results suggest that ADHD children are less competent at PAL and use less efficient learning strategies than their non-ADHD peers.
Book Review: Imagining Chinese Medicine edited by Vivienne Lo and Penelope Barrett

Vivienne Lo and Penelope Barrett, eds. Imagining Chinese Medicine , Brill, 2018. Pp. xxii, 519, + 339 plates. $144; ISBN 1570-1484; 978-90-04-35511-1. It would be impossible to do justice to Imagining Chinese Medicine . The editors, Vivienne Lo and Penelope Barrett, have united scholars from Asia, Europe, and North America to provide the first sustained look at the intersection of visual culture and healing in China. By visual culture, I am referring to a wide variety of material related to the body: drawings, diagrams, color illustrations, advertisements, photographs, and cartoons, to name but a few. This volume is thus a formidable undertaking and reflects more than a decade of collaborative work. The 35 essays and two general introductions are intentionally wide-ranging. The editors have adopted a broad understanding of both China and medicine. “China” refers not only to the imagination of a state centered in the Yellow River Valley, but also a geographic mass that incorporated people of different ethnicities, religious, and linguistic persuasions. By “medicine,” they mean the multiplicity of strategies that people have used to understand and cure the broken human (or animal) body, as well as to promote vitality and to preserve health. The essays thus consider not only practitioners of the learned classical tradition, but also religious healers, veterinarians, Daoist practitioners, and adherents of sexual cultivation. The essays also span many centuries, mediums, and languages, from the Shuangbaoshan figurines and Mawangdui illustrations of the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE), …
Preschool teachers’ transition practices and parents’ perceptions as predictors of involvement and children’s school readiness

Abstract Preschool teachers can help support families and children successfully transition to kindergarten by utilizing transition practices that support parental involvement and create smooth linkages between early care settings and formal schooling. Additionally, parents’ perceptions of invitations for involvement may also play an important role in shaping parental involvement. Using nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Birth cohort (N ≈ 4100) a structural equation model was estimated to examine the relationship among preschool teachers’ transition practices, parents’ perceptions of invitations for involvement, parental involvement, and measures of school readiness during the transition to kindergarten. Results indicate that parent’s perceptions of invitations for involvement are positively associated with home-based parental involvement. Additionally, home-based involvement was predictive of school readiness measures. More specifically, findings suggest that parents who have more positive perceptions about preschool teachers’ invitations for involvement report engaging in more home-based involvement activities, which in turn, was positively associated with children’s academic achievement and prosocial behaviors and negatively associated with conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention. Results from this study have important practical implications for educators who aim to encourage parental involvement that supports children’s transition to elementary school.
Recent Advances on an S-band All-Digital Mobile Phased Array Radar

This paper provides an update on an S-band, polarimetric phased array radar, which is being designed and built at the University of Oklahoma's Advanced Radar Research Center (ARRC). Providing optimum radar flexibility, this phased array radar, known as Horus, is digital at every element and polarization.
Particle arrangement using external magnetic field and its effect on pressure drop in a tightly packed ferromagnetic porous bed

Abstract The pressure drop inside a fixed bed can be varied using external magnetic fields that affects the permeability of the bed. In the present work, the effect of uniform AC and DC magnetic fields on the pressure drop across a tightly packed bed of microsized nickel particles was investigated. The magnetic field was generated using a Helmholtz coil at different angular orientations to the axis of the bed. It was found that the pressure drop across the packed bed can be altered significantly by changing the orientations of the external magnetic field. In addition, the pressure drop value across the bed remained the same once the steady state is reached suggesting that the continuous application of the magnetic field is not necessary to maintain the pressure drop. The arrangement of particles can enable obtaining energy-efficiency in several applications such as nuclear reactors, industrial reactors, regenerators and hydrogen storage systems.
Survey analysis of exercise participation and skeletal muscle symptoms in women with hypothyroidism.

This study examined the effect of exercise on skeletal muscle symptoms experienced by women with hypothyroidism. An online survey on exercise participation was completed by female participants unde...
Differential susceptibility of airway and ocular surface cell lines to FlhDC-mediated virulence factors PhlA and ShlA from Serratia marcescens .

Introduction. Serratia marcescens is a bacterial pathogen that causes ventilator-associated pneumonia and ocular infections. The FlhD and FlhC proteins complex to form a heteromeric transcription factor whose regulon, in S. marcescens, regulates genes for the production of flagellum, phospholipase A and the cytolysin ShlA. The previously identified mutation, scrp-31, resulted in highly elevated expression of the flhDC operon. The scrp-31 mutant was observed to be more cytotoxic to human airway and ocular surface epithelial cells than the wild-type bacteria and the present study sought to identify the mechanism underlying the increased cytotoxicity phenotype.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Although FlhC and FlhD have been implicated as virulence determinants, the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate bacterial cytotoxicity to different cell types remains unclear.Aim. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of FlhDC-mediated cytotoxicity to human epithelial cells by S. marcescens.Methodology. Wild-type and mutant bacteria and bacterial secretomes were used to challenge airway and ocular surface cell lines as evaluated by resazurin and calcein AM staining. Pathogenesis was further tested using a Galleria mellonella infection model.Results. The increased cytotoxicity of scrp-31 bacteria and secretomes to both cell lines was eliminated by mutation of flhD and shlA. Mutation of the flagellin gene had no impact on cytotoxicity under any tested condition. Elimination of the phospholipase gene, phlA, had no effect on bacteria-induced cytotoxicity to either cell line, but reduced cytotoxicity caused by secretomes to airway epithelial cells. Mutation of flhD and shlA, but not phlA, reduced bacterial killing of G. mellonella larvae.Conclusion. This study indicates that the S. marcescens FlhDC-regulated secreted proteins PhlA and ShlA, but not flagellin, are cytotoxic to airway and ocular surface cells and demonstrates differences in human epithelial cell susceptibility to PhlA.
When does Competition and Costly Information Acquisition Lead to a Deadlock

We study a matching market with N agents who compete over M = αN opportunities. Agents must perform a costly inspection to verify compatibility prior to matching, and are willing to inspect their current favorite opportunity only if, should they find it compatible, they will be guaranteed a match. We ask when, in large random markets, will information deadlocks arise, i.e., in which markets will a constant fraction of agents get stuck waiting for a guaranteed inspection to become available. We prove, using the machinery of message passing and density evolution from statistical physics, that the existence of an information deadlock is governed by the opportunity to agent ratio α. Numerical evidence shows a phase transition from the information deadlock regime to a deadlock-free regime (where a vanishingly small fraction of agents are stuck waiting) as we gradually increase α.
Processing and mechanical characterization of short carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites for material extrusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been extensively utilized in recent years as feedstock materials for material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) processes to improve strength, stiffness, and functionality of printed parts over unfilled printed polymers. However, the widespread adoption of AM of fiber-reinforced polymer composites requires a deeper understanding of the process-structure-property relationships in printed components, and such relationships are not well understood yet. Fiber length is critically important to the mechanical performance of short fiber composites, but very few studies to-date have focused on how the fiber length distribution (FLD) evolves during processing of composite feedstocks and how this evolution affects printing behavior and mechanical properties in 3D-printed composites. In this work, FLD is measured for carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites over a wide range of ink compositions and shear mixing times, and the distributions are fit with a Weibull-type distribution function. The effects of FLD on the tradeoff between ink processability, ink rheology, printing behavior and mechanical properties are investigated. Furthermore, the effects of printing parameters (nozzle size and print speed) on mechanical anisotropy and fiber orientation distribution (FOD) in printed composites are explored. Mechanical properties of printed composites are characterized via 3 pt-flexural testing, and microstructure is investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray computed tomography. Finally, the fitted Weibull parameters are fed into a composite model that incorporates FLD and FOD, and model predictions are found to be in excellent agreement with experimental observations.
Individual Moral Responsibility in the Anthropocene

Modern life is full of examples of environmentally-mediated “group harms” – what Derek Parfit describes as harms produced by “what we all do together.” Typically, the harms are unintended and arise from the uncoordinated actions of many individuals. Their actions ordinarily are not inherently wrong, no one’s action causes harm to an identifiable individual, and prevention of the expected harm is unlikely unless all, or nearly everyone, reduce or cease to engage in activities that collectively and cumulatively result in harm. Unless the individual’s action is likely to make a difference to the outcome, it is often argued that it is not clear what, if anything, makes it wrong or a breach of personal moral responsibility. Activities that result in climate change and agricultural practices commonly employed within the global system of food production are prominent examples. There are several well-known strategies for dealing with such cases, but often they rest on idealized assumptions regarding the impact that one individual can have, provide answers suitable only in counterfactual circumstances, or rely on the kinds of principles of justice that make it difficult to identify clearly and address directly many important moral problems. The task of this chapter is to examine these strategies and propose alternative freestanding practical principles that can guide our efforts to address the world as we find it and explain the sense of wrongness individuals often experience.
Analysis and Intervention of Factors Affecting Abnormal Postpartum Glucose Tolerance and Gestational Recurrence in Gestational Diabetes.

ObjectiveTo investigate the influencing factors of abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance and pregnancy recurrence in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to develop reasonable interventions to prevent postpartum glucose tolerance and recurrence of pregnancy. Methods. Retrospective analysis of clinical data of 238 GDM patients during pregnancy, including age, body mass index (BMI) before and after pregnancy, regular exercise during pregnancy, insulin use, family history of diabetes, fasting blood glucose (FPG) during pregnancy, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2 h time value, blood lipid index, and whether pregnant again. At the same time, the women were followed up by telephone or home visits to understand and guide the patient's diet and exercise. The clinical characteristics of the two groups of patients were compared. According to the OGTT test, the recovery of glucose tolerance in pregnant women 6-8 weeks postpartum was divided into the normal postpartum glucose tolerance group and the abnormal group. Logistic multivariate analysis was used to find the influencing factors of postpartum glucose tolerance and recurrence of pregnancy. Results. Between 238 patients of followed-up, 150 pregnant women had abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance, accounting for 63.03%. There were 115 repregnants, of whom 37 (32.17%) had a recurrence of postpartum glucose tolerance. Pre and postpregnancy BMI, insulin use during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, FPG during pregnancy, OGTT 2 h values, and triglyceride (TG) were independent risk factors for abnormal postpartum diabetes and recurrence of pregnancy in GDM patients. Conclusions. Patients with GDM are at high risk of postpartum abnormal glucose tolerance and pregnancy recurrence, which may be influenced by the pregnant woman's prepregnancy and postpartum BMI, insulin use during pregnancy, family history of diabetes, FPG, OGGT 2 h values during pregnancy, and TG levels. Therefore, health education for pregnant women should be strengthened in the clinic, with guidance on proper diet for weight control, increased exercise, and regular blood glucose screening and monitoring for those at risk.
Early Effect of Cardiac Surgery on Left-Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Aortocoronary artery bypass (ACB) is being performed with increased frequency for the relief of angina in patients with coronary artery disease.1,2 Despite the satisfactory relief of angina, however, there has been concern that the operation may be associated with either deterioration or lack of improvement in left ventricular (LV) performance.3–6 In addition, there is a definite risk of intraoperative acute myocardial infarction. 7–8 Also, low cardiac output is frequently observed early after valve replacement surgery, and this may reflect LV dysfunction. Considerable attention has been paid to optimal preservation of myocardium in patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures.
Regulation Fair Disclosure and the Private Information of Analysts

This paper reports evidence that Regulation Fair Disclosure has had its desired effect of reducing selective disclosure of information about future earnings to individual analysts without reducing the total amount of information disclosed. In particular, it finds that multi-forecast days, which typically follow public announcements or events, now account for over 70 percent of the new information about earnings, up from 35 percent before Reg FD. This result is obtained by applying a new methodology from Zitzewitz (2001a) for measuring the information content of individual forecasts. These results are strongest for the fourth quarter of 2000, when the SEC Chairman who introduced Reg FD was still in office; since the change in administration, some of the initial effects of Reg FD appear to have been reversed.
Genders, Races, and Religious Cultures in Modern American Poetry, 1908-1934

In Genders, Races and Religious Cultures in Modern American Poetries, Rachel Blau Duplessis shows how, through poetic language, modernist writers represented the debates and ideologies concerning New Woman, New Negro and New Jew in the early twentieth century. From the poetic text emerge such social issues of modernity as debates on suffrage, sexuality, manhood, and African-American and Jewish subjectivities. By a reading method she calls 'social philology' - a form of close reading inflected with the approaches of cultural studies - Duplessis engages with the work of such canonical poets as Wallace Stevens, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, William Carlos Williams, Gertrude Stein, Marianne Moore and H. D., as well as Mina Loy, Countee Cullen, Alfred Kreymborg and Langston Hughes, writers, she claims, still marginalized by existing constructions of modernism. This book is an ambitious attempt to remap our understanding of modern poetries and poetics, and the relationship between early twentieth-century writing and society.
The Sun's shape and brightness

The origin of the 11- and 22-year solar cycles remains one of the more mysterious aspects of the Sun. These cycles are probably driven by convection in the solar interior, but the convection zone is difficult to probe. Small departures from sphericity in the effective surface temperature of the Sun can in principle be used in this regard. Such variations, which are observed as changes in the surface brightness with solar latitude, may be caused by differences between the vertical and horizontal turbulent convective flows1 inside the Sun. Moreover, variations in the Sun's luminosity may be related to changes in conditions near the base of the convection zone2 that result from the magnetic (sunspot) cycle3. Here we present satellite data that show that the Sun's shape and temperature vary with latitude in an unexpectedly complex way. Although the solar oblateness shows no evidence of varying with the solar cycle, we find a significant hexadecapole shape term which may vary. We also see a variation of about 1.5 K in the surface temperature with latitude. Based on these results, we suggest that sensitive observations of brightness variations be used as a record of the surface ‘shadow’ of cyclical changes in the solar interior.
Partner influences and gender-related factors associated with noncondom use among young adult African American women.

We examined the partner influences and gender-related correlates of noncondom use among African American women. The prevalence of noncondom use was 45.3%. Women whose sexual partners were noncondom users were four times more likely to believe that asking their partner to use a condom implied he was unfaithful, three times as likely to have a partner who resisted using condoms, three times more likely to receive AFDC, twice as likely to be sexually nonassertive, three times more likely to believe that it was not difficult to find an “eligible” African American man, and three times as likely to have had one sexual partner. HIV prevention tailored towards African American women should address these partner influences and gender-related factors.
The Effect of Hyperbaric Exposure of 20 Atmospheres-Absolute (He-O2) on Sphingoglycolipids of Rat Tissues

SummaryThe effect of hyperbaric exposure of helium-oxygen at 20 atmospheres-absolute (ATA) on sphingoglycolipids of rat liver, kidney, lung and spleen was studied. No changes were found in the total lipids of the tissues of rats held in ambient air, helium-oxygen mixtures at 1 ATA and 20 ATA. The amounts of three glycolipids in the spleen and the monoglycosyl ceramide in the lung were decreased in stressed animals. There were changes in the fatty acid profiles of glycolipids between groups of animals held in ambient air and He-O2 at 1 ATA. Greater changes were observed in the amount of glycolipids from liver and kidney of animals held at 1 ATA in air and helium-oxygen than in animals held in helium-oxygen at 1 ATA and 20 ATA, providing additional evidence that helium can affect cellular metabolism at ambient pressure. Chain elongation of fatty acids was observed in glycolipids of liver, kidney and spleen of rats exposed to helium-oxygen at 20 ATA compared to animals held in helium-oxygen at 1 ATA.
Social security and extreme poverty in Latin America

Abstract This article argues that although social security has had a significant impact in preventing a considerable number of people from falling below the extreme poverty level in Latin America, it has not played an important role in reducing current extreme poverty in the region. The analysis is done focusing on three social security objectives: protection of the needy affected by social risks; progressive income redistribution; and promotion of savings-investment to reduce inflation and enhance development. The author discusses a series of recommendations for achievement of the three cited objectives in order to diminish critical poverty in the future.
S-thiolation mimicry: quantitative and kinetic analysis of redox status of protein cysteines by glutathione-affinity chromatography.

Abstract S-Glutathionylation is emerging as a novel regulatory and adoptive mechanism by which glutathione (GSH or GSSG) conjugation can modify functionally important reactive cysteines in redox-sensitive proteins. The dynamics of generation and reversal of this modification in cells is poorly understood. This study describes the ability and applicability of GSH- and GSSG-affinity matrices to quantitatively bind proteins which harbor reactive cysteines and undergo glutathionylation. We showed that purified proteins, known to be modified by S-thiolation, bind to these matrices, are selectively eluted by dithiothreitol and rapidly incorporate biotin-labeled GSH or GSSG in vitro. Chromatography of extracts from tumor cells that had been treated with oxidants (diamide, H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide) on GSH–Sepharose showed the specific binding of many proteins, whose levels increased transiently (2- to 6-fold) soon after treatments. However, when these cells were post-incubated in drug/oxidant-free media, protein binding decreased gradually to control levels over 3–12 h, thereby demonstrating the central role of cysteine redox status in the binding. Immunoblotting of eluates from GSH–Sepharose showed the presence of known (actin, ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, NF-κB, and proteasome) and putative (p53, glutathione-S-transferase P1) targets for glutathionation. After oxidant withdrawal, many of these proteins displayed unique kinetics in their loss of binding to GSH-matrix, reflecting their differential abilities to recover from cysteine redox changes in cellular milieu. Further, we correlated the kinetics of S-thiolation susceptibility of the proteasome and ubiquitin-E1 proteins with altered levels of protein ubiquitination in H2O2-treated cells. Our study reveals the hitherto underutilized ability of glutathione matrices for analyzing the kinetics of cysteine redox in cellular proteins and allows easy identification of S-thiolatable proteins.
The effect of stochastic rough interfaces on coupled‐mode elastic waves

Summary The effect of stochastic fluctuations of the interface boundaries has been incorporated into the elastic coupled-mode equations for 2-D range-dependent media. We assume the medium to be characterized by some deterministic range-dependent layered structure superposed by stochastic boundary fluctuations. The deterministic range-dependent structure defines the reference structure, and the reference structure with superposed stochastic fluctuations defines the true layer boundaries in the medium. The boundary conditions on the true boundary are expanded about the reference boundary, and first-order perturbation theory is applied to the boundary conditions, as well as to the equation of motion. The calO(1) system and the calO(ɛ) system represent wave propagation in the deterministic model and in the stochastic model, respectively, with a first-order perturbation of roughness. The solution of the calO(1) system is referred to as the primary field. The solutions to the calO(ɛ) system relate the coherent field and the scattered field, which are represented as the superposition of local modes multiplied by the stochastic modal amplitudes. Propagation of coupled-mode elastic waves in a 2-D deterministic range-dependent medium is represented by a unitary coupled-mode propagator. The evolution equation for the stochastic medium and the stochastic coupling matrices, which acts to convert the coherent field to the scattered field, is derived. Enforcing energy conservation on the calO(ɛ) system leads to the requirement that the propagator for the stochastic medium must satisfy a Lippmann–Schwinger-type integral equation, whose solution can be represented by a formal perturbation series for the multiply scattered wavefields. The integral equations for the mean field and the covariance of the field are also presented. These formal theoretical results are valid to all orders of multiple scattering. In the second part of the paper the Born approximation to the Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation is used to extract information about attenuation due to rough surface scattering and in the design of an inverse problem for the boundary roughness variance and correlation length. By defining the modal scattering cross-section, the formula for the scattering Q− 1s from the Born approximation for the scattered field is derived. The modal scattering cross-section and scattering Qs for a range-dependent model with stochastic roughness are computed for both exponential and Gaussian correlation functions. Finally, a formula for the power spectrum of the coherent field is derived from the Born approximation, and an inversion for the roughness variance and correlation length is designed by power spectrum fitting.
Feminist theory and black women's talk

The essay argues that the analysis of black women's everyday talk must account for African‐American culture and socioeconomic class, as well as gender, as simultaneous and interrelated influences. ...
Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol, and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A-ring 14C] Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) to 14CO2 was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A-ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for 14C-E2. Net mineralization of 14C-E1 and 14C-EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light-limited environments. The extent of 14CO2 accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, 14CO2 accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.
Fidelity of thermophilic blue‐green algae to hot spring habitats1

Inocula of river water and sediment from the Yellowstone Plateau (Wyoming) and the Willamette Valley (Oregon) were incubated in photoautotrophic medium at 14, 35, and 45°C. Many blue-green algal species developed at 35°C with inocula from numerous habitats. The 45°C temperature promoted the growth of blue-green algae in samples taken downstream from a source of hot spring or possibly heated industrial waters, but not in samples from pristine waters above hot spring discharges. Most of the 45° enrichments also grew when the culture temperature was raised to 50 and 55°C. The hot spring origins of certain species were determined by their known occurrence in nearby hot springs and by the decrease in cell density with distance downstream from hot spring influents. The dilution with time and distance was partially a result of death, since tests indicated the lethal effect of light on these cells in cold river water. Nevertheless, hot spring cells were still recoverable from 2-liter water samples 20–30 km from the point of input and occasionally at distances of over 100 km. Samples from waters of Everglades National Park (which reach 35–40°C) also contained several species of blue-greens capable of growth at 45 and 50°C. Thus thermophilic blue-green algae that have a growth temperature optimum of over 45°C have a high fidelity to hot spring habitats (or artificially heated waters) in temperate or colder climates, but maintenance populations of some species may become established elsewhere in warmer areas.
Z-DNA Vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism

Abstract In concentrated salt or ethanolic solutions, the self-complementary copolymer poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) forms a left-handed double-helical structure that has been termed "Z-DNA." The first evidence for this structure came from changes observed in the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum between 230 and 300 nm for low- and high-salt solutions (Pohl, F. M. & Jovin, T. M. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 67, 675-696). In 3 M NaCl, the CD spectrum is approximately inverted compared to the B-form spectrum observed in low-salt solution. We measured the vacuum ultraviolet CD spectrum of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) down to 180 nm under conditions in which the 230- to 300-nm spectrum is inverted. Below 200 nm, where the B form exhibits the large positive peak at 187 nm that is characteristic of right-handed double-helical DNAs, the Z form exhibits a large negative peak at 194 nm and a positive band below 186 nm. Therefore, the Z-form vacuum ultraviolet CD spectrum resembles an inverted and red-shifted B-form spectrum. The magnitudes of the differences observed between the B and Z forms in the CD spectrum below 200 nm are about 10 times greater than those observed between 230 and 300 nm. The vacuum ultraviolet CD spectrum of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) in 3 M Cs2SO4 also is inverted compared to the B-form spectrum; however, between 230 and 300 nm, it is nonconservative with a negative maximum at 290 nm and a weak positive CD signal above 300 nm, presumably reflecting differential light scattering and indicating the existence of molecular aggregates. Our results suggest that the vacuum ultraviolet CD spectrum is sensitive to the handedness of double-helical DNA structures. The CD spectrum in this region should complement other spectroscopic methods in relating the structures of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) existing in solution to those determined in the solid state by x-ray crystallography.
NMR simulation of an eight-state quantum system

The propagation of excitation along a one-dimensional chain of atoms is simulated by means of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The physical system used as an analog quantum computer is a nucleus of ${}^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$ (spin 7/2) in a liquid-crystalline matrix. First, a pseuodpure state of the spin system is prepared. Then, the Hamiltonian of migration is simulated by using a special seven-frequency pulse. The dynamics is monitored by following the transfer of population from one of the eight spin energy levels to the others.
The role of telemedicine in fostering health-care innovations to address problems of access, specialty shortages and changing patient care needs

The integration of advanced technologies into health-care services promises to aid society in its transition to a coordinated, systems approach which is focused on disease prevention, enhanced wellness, chronic disease management, decision support, quality and patient safety. By incorporating such technologies, clinicians will be able to manage the growing volumes of medical information, research and decision support analytical tools. The deployment of advanced technologies will minimize the barriers of distance and geography to enhance access and facilitate the delivery of integrated health care. This will support and enhance the goals of the US federal Healthy People 2010 initiative.
Predicted and Observed Effects of Stacking Sequence and Delamination Size on Instability Related Delamination Growth

A three-dimensional, geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis was used to calculate strain-energy release rate distributions for several laminates which exhibited instability-related delamination growth. Two stacking sequences, (0/90/90/0)6 and (90/0/0/90)6 were considered. The specimens were fabricated with a double layer of 0.013 mm Kapton film located between the fourth and fifth plies, thereby simulating a delamination. Initial delamination sizes were 30, 40, or 60 mm in diameter. The static strain corresponding to delamination growth was determined experimentally. Comparison of the analytical and experimental results indicated that delamination growth was governed by the magnitude of GI.
The serum proteins and transferrins of the ground squirrel subgenus Spermophilus.

Abstract 1. 1. Serum proteins and transferrins from populations of Spermophilus townsendi, S. richardsoni, S. armatus, S. undulatus, S. columbianus and S. beldingi were analyzed by starch-gel electrophoresis. 2. 2. Comparison of protein patterns demonstrated specific or infraspecific variation in nine fractions. Each species was easily identified by its proteins except for S. beldingi and certain subspecies of S. townsendi which had similar patterns. 3. 3. Eight molecular forms of transferrin, appearing as single or double bands, were observed among the six species. Data from an interbreeding population of S. undulatus indicate that one- and two-banded patterns result from homozygous and heterozygous expression of one or two transferrin alleles respectively. S. undulatus, S. townsendi , and S. richardsoni display transferrin polymorphism. 4. 4. In the subgenus Spermophilus , serum proteins are of greatest systematic value at infraspecific levels where they both raise and answer questions concerning evolution within S. townsendi, S. undulatus and S. richardsoni .
Rethinking the Immigrant Paradigm: West-to-East and South-to-North Perspectives of United States History

This manuscript outlines a framework for transformative historical inquiry used to challenge the traditional immigrant paradigm in light of current debates over social studies content. Pedagogical examples show how the framework can help teachers disrupt the dominant discourse and highlight ideological resistance that prevents transformation.