cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radio emissions from terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes

[1] The theory of radio frequency (RF) emissions by terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) is developed. These radio emissions, which are separate from the emission caused by lightning, are produced by the electric currents generated by runaway electrons and resulting low-energy electrons and ions. It is found from theory that the radio frequency pulses produced by TGFs are large enough to measure. Features of these signals depend strongly on certain aspects of the runaway acceleration process and so should provide additional information about the source mechanism(s) of this interesting atmospheric phenomenon. The RF emissions from several TGF models are calculated and compared with measurements of TGF-associated radio pulses, and it is found that the measured energy densities at higher frequencies support a source mechanism that involves a very large (>104) number of distinct seed particle injections. In particular, the results are consistent with the relativistic feedback discharge model of TGFs.
Characterization and subcellular localization of vicilin and phytohemagglutinin, the two major reserve proteins of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Extracts of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Greensleeves) cotyledons contained two abundant proteins: vicilin and phytohemagglutinin. Vicilin, a 6.9 S protein fraction at neutral pH, associated to an 18.0 S form at pH 4.5 and had 3 non-identical subunits with molecular weights (MW) of 52,000, 49,000 and 46,000. Phytohemagglutinin, a 6.4 S protein fraction, had 2 non-identical subunits with MW of 34,000 and 36,000. Phytohemagglutinin could be separated by isoelectrofocusing into a mitogenic and non-erythroagglutinating protein with a single subunit of MW=34,000, and a mitogenic and erythroagglutinating protein fraction which contained both subunits. Vicilin is apparently identical with the so called glycoprotein II (A. Pusztai and W.B. Watt, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 365, 57–71, 1970) and with globulin G1 (R.C. McLeester, T.C. Hall, S.M. Sun, F.A. Bliss, Phytochem. 2, 85; 1973), while phytohemagglutinin is identical with globulin G2 (McLeester et al., 1973). Since vicilin and phytohemagglutinin are internationally used names there is no need to introduce new names to describe P. vulgaris reserve proteins. Both proteins are catabolized in the course of seedling growth and are located in the protein bodies, indicating that they are reserve proteins. Vicilin isolated in its 18.0 S form from the cotyledons of young seedlings contains substantial quantities of smaller polypeptides, in addition the 3 original ones. We suggest that the presence of these small polypeptides represents partial breakdown of the vicilin prior to its complete catabolism.
Chains of Freedom: A View from Erich Fromm on Individuality Within Organizations

Do individuals have freedom or are they free? This project utilizes phenomenology and Erich Fromm's concepts of having and being to explore the issue of awareness through the lens of individuals working in public and private organizations. It argues that awareness of freedom is not only structurally constrained within organizations, but serves to conflate a way of being. Further, it suggests, individuals, and especially societal leaders, have a responsibility to take a stand and act according to what provides them with meaning so as to preserve and expand access to individual freedom.
Spiral Markings on Carborundum Crystals

IN the course of another investigation, we have had occasion to examine crystals of carborundum under the microscope. These crystals were of very dark purplish colour, with often a greenish sheen. Pure carborundum is said to show little colour, and the deep colour of the crystals of commerce is attributed to a minute quantity of free carbon, which doubtless tends to distort the lattice. Certain of our crystals exhibited, on their smooth hexagonal, basal pinakoid, surfaces, striations formed of numerous curved parallel lines, some thirty or forty microns apart, and roughly equidistant. Such striations have been mentioned in the literature. We were fortunate in finding a crystal face which showed that these markings may form a rather perfect spiral. A photomicrograph of this is reproduced as Fig. 1.
Biomass gasifier gas turbine power generating technology

Abstract Integrating gasifiers with gas turbines, aeroderivative gas turbines in particular, makes it possible to achieve high efficiencies and low unit capital costs in modest-scale biomass power generating facilities. Electricity produced with biomass-integrated gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) power systems would be competitive with electricity produced from coal and nuclear energy under a wide range of circumstances. Biomass also offers major environmental benefits. Initial applications will be with biomass residues generated in agro- and forest-product industries. Eventually, biomass grown for energy purposes on dedicated energy farms will also be used to fuel these gas turbine systems. Continuing improvements in jet engine and biomass gasification technologies will lead to further gains in the performance of BIG/GT systems over the next couple of decades.
Fault analysis and protection of a microgrid

As penetration of distributed generation (DG) increases at the distribution level, managing these systems effectively becomes increasingly challenging. One proposed way to manage these systems is through the adoption of microgrids. A microgrid is a distribution level network made of several loads and DG sources that operate as a single aggregate load or generation source. Microgrids can either operate connected to the grid, or in the case of a grid fault, in an islanded mode. In this paper, we use Matlab Simulink's SimPowerSystems to model a small portion of distribution network as if it were a microgrid. We add a mix of renewable DG sources and one dispatchable source, which at maximum output can produce more power than the average microgrid load. We then simulate the four major fault types at each bus in both grid-connect and island modes and analyze fault currents and voltage levels in order to determine how the protection scheme of the distribution network would need to be changed to facilitate microgrid functionality. We show that standard protection methods are insufficient and propose the use of digital relays connected to breakers.
Classifications of surface waves in anisotropic elastic materials

Abstract Surface waves in an anisotropic elastic material can be classified according to the number of distinct eigenvalues and the number of independent eigenvectors of the 6 × 6 real matrix N(υ). There are six groups under this classification. Surface waves can also be classified according to the number of partial waves in the solution and the form of each partial wave. There are again six groups according to this classification. The classifications encompass both subsonic and supersonic surface waves. The relationships between the two different classifications and the existence or non-existence of a surface wave in each group are discussed. We show how one can obtain a set of orthogonal and normalized eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors for the matrix N(υ). The eigenvectors and generalized eigenvectors that appear in the surface wave solutions belong to a set of orthogonal eigenvectors with few exceptions, although orthonormalization is not required for surface wave construction.
A sensitivity study of the effects of evaporation/condensation accommodation coefficients on transient heat pipe modeling

Abstract The dynamic behavior of liquid metal heat pipe models is strongly influenced by the choice of evaporation and condensation modeling techniques. Classic kinetic theory descriptions of the evaporation and condensation processes are often inadequate for real situations; empirical accommodation coefficients are commonly utilized to reflect nonideal mass transfer rates. The complex geometries and flow fields found in proposed heat pipe systems cause considerable deviation from the classical models. The THROHPUT code, which has been described in previous works, was developed to model transient liquid metal heat pipe behavior from frozen startup conditions to steady state full power operation. It is used here to evaluate the sensitivity of transient liquid metal heat pipe models to the choice of evaporation and condensation accommodation coefficients. Comparisons are made with experimental liquid metal heat pipe data. It is found that heat pipe behavior can be predicted with the proper choice of the accommodation coefficients. However, the common assumption of spatially constant accommodation coefficients is found to be a limiting factor in the model.
GPCR signaling along the endocytic pathway.

Many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) internalize after agonist-induced activation. While endocytosis has long been associated with homeostatic attenuation of cellular responsiveness, accumulating evidence from study of a wide range of eukaryotes reveals that the endocytic pathway also contributes to generating receptor-initiated signals themselves. Here we review recent progress in this area, discussing primarily but not exclusively GPCR signaling in mammalian cells.
Indomethacin prevents the development of experimental ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis

Patients with fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) die with brain edema, exhibiting an increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) at the time of cerebral swelling. Mild hypothermia prevents brain edema in experimental models and in humans with FHF, an effect associated with normalization of CBF. To study the effects of alterations of CBF on the development of brain edema, we administered intravenous (IV) indomethacin to rats receiving an ammonia infusion after portacaval anastomosis. This model predictably develops brain edema and a marked increase in CBF at 3 hours of infusion. Brain water was measured with the gravimetry technique; CBF was monitored with both laser Doppler flowmetry and radioactive microspheres, whereas intracranial pressure (ICP) was monitored with a cisterna magna catheter. Coadministration of indomethacin prevented the increase in CBF seen with ammonia alone (110 ± 19% vs. −2 ± 9%) as well as the increase in brain water (80.86 ± 0.12% vs. 80.18 ± 0.06%) and the increase in ICP. Plasma ammonia and brain glutamine levels were markedly elevated in the ammonia-infused group and unaffected by indomethacin. However, ammonia uptake by the brain was significantly reduced by indomethacin. Levels of 6-keto-PGF1α, a stable metabolite of prostacyclin, were reduced in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of indomethacin-treated animals. As with mild hypothermia, avoiding cerebral vasodilatation with indomethacin will prevent the development of brain edema in this hyperammonemic model. Cerebral vasoconstriction reduces cerebral ammonia uptake and, if selective to the brain, may be of benefit in FHF. (HEPATOLOGY 2001;34:249-254.)
uGrip II: A Novel Functional Hybrid Prosthetic Hand Design

Current prosthetic devices frequently offer limited function at high costs. This proof-of-concept design proposes a hybrid trans-radial prosthesis that uses gross body movements to control multiple degrees of freedom. The novel actuation system uses signals transduced from shoulder articulations to control pneumatic actuators, which power the hand.
Evidence for altered ion transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae overexpressing human MDR 1 protein.

Recently [Hoffman, M. M., and Roepe, P. D. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 11153-11168] we presented evidence for a novel Na+- and Cl--dependent H+ transport process in LR73/hu MDR 1 CHO transfectants that likely explains pHi, volume, and membrane potential changes in eukaryotic cells overexpressing the hu MDR 1 protein. To further explore this process, we have overexpressed human MDR 1 protein in yeast strain 9.3 following a combination of approaches used previously [Kuchler, K., and Thorner, J. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 2302-2306; Ruetz, S., et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 11588-11592]. Thus, a truncated hu MDR 1 cDNA was cloned behind a tandem array of sterile 6 (Ste6) and alchohol dehydrogenase (Adh) promoters to create the yeast expression vector pFF1. Valinomycin resistance of intact cells and Western blot analysis with purified yeast plasma membranes confirmed the overexpression of full length, functional, and properly localized hu MDR 1 protein in independently isolated 9.3/pFF1 colonies. Interestingly, relative valinomycin resistance and growth of the 9.3/hu MDR 1 strains are found to strongly depend on the ionic composition of the growth medium. Atomic absorption reveals significant differences in intracellular K+ for 9.3/hu MDR 1 versus control yeast. Transport assays using [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium ([3H]TPP+) reveal perturbations in membrane potential for 9.3/hu MDR 1 yeast that are stimulated by KCl and alkaline pHex. ATPase activity of purified plasma membrane fractions from yeast strains and LR73/hu MDR 1 CHO transfectants constructed previously [Hoffman, M. M., et al. (1996) J. Gen. Physiol. 108, 295-313] was compared. MDR 1 ATPase activity exhibits a higher pH optimum and different salt dependencies, relative to yeast H+ ATPase. Inside-out plasma membrane vesicles (ISOV) fabricated from 9.3/hu MDR 1 and control strains were analyzed for formation of H+ gradients +/- verapamil. Similar pharmacologic profiles are found for verapamil stimulation of MDR 1 ATPase activity and H+ pumping in 9.3/hu MDR 1 ISOV. In sum, these experiments strongly support the notion that hu MDR 1 catalyzes H+ transport in some fashion and lowers membrane potential in yeast when K+ contributes strongly to that potential. In the accompanying paper [Santai, C. T., Fritz, F., and Roepe, P. D. (1999) Biochemistry 38, XXXX-XXXX] the effects of ion gradients on H+ transport by hu MDR 1 are examined.
1191 EVALUATION OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH CF

The effect of secondary bacterial infections of the bronchopulmonary system on patients with CF has been firmly established, and it has been possible to partially control these infections by aggressive bronchial drainage and energetic antibiotic therapy. The therapeutic effect of these modalities of treatment has not been evaluated quantitatively. This study attempts to measure the efficacy of amikacin with carbenicillin in 15 patients (median age 14 yrs) with pseudomonas infection. Subjects were scored on the severity of disease according to parameters in clinical, roentgenological, and pulmonary function exams, white cell and differential counts. Scores of 1,3,or 5 (severe,moderate,good) were assigned to each parameter at pre and post therapy stages; deterioration, stability, or improvement was reflected by the changes in the post minus the pre scores. Preliminary summary of the data from these patients indicates that the parameters of the clinical exam were most sensitive to change. Improvement was reflected best in subjects with elevated white cell counts on pre therapy exam. Since these patients were older, most had already developed irreversible changes in parameters measured by roentgenological and pulmonary function exams. The same scoring system applied to infants and young children without permanent damage may yield different results.
Quantitative expression patterns of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) protein in mice

The expression patterns of PPARβ/δ have been described, but the majority of these data are based on mRNA data. To date, there are no reports that have quantitatively examined the expression of PPARβ/δ protein in mouse tissues. In the present study, a highly specific PPARβ/δ antibody was developed, characterized, and used to examine tissue expression patterns of PPARβ/δ. As compared to commercially available anti-PPARβ/δ antibodies, one of six polyclonal anti-PPARβ/δ antibodies developed was significantly more effective for immunoprecipitation of in vitro-translated PPARβ/δ. This antibody was used for quantitative Western blot analysis using radioactive detection methods. Expression of PPARβ/δ was highest in colon, small intestine, liver, and keratinocytes as compared to other tissues including heart, spleen, skeletal muscle, lung, brain, and thymus. Interestingly, PPARβ/δ expression was localized in the nucleus and RXRα can be co-immunoprecipitated with nuclear PPARβ/δ. Results from these studies demonstrate that PPARβ/δ expression is highest in intestinal epithelium, liver, and keratinocytes, consistent with significant biological roles in these tissues.
RECENT INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CONSUMER CREDIT

THE MUSHROOMING of bank check-credit plans under such names as "Check Credit," "Ready Credit," "Check-A-Loan," and "Instant Money" has again focused attention on institutional developments in the field of consumer credit. There have been other significant innovations in the field of consumer financing institutions in recent years, such as the plans by which a bank in a community develops a charge plan for a group of merchants, the boom in consumer credit insurance which has not been uniformly available to all institutions, the use of life insurance on savings and share accounts by credit unions to attract funds, and the like. This paper will explore the changes in the relative positions of the institutions financing the consumer, especially in the period since 1949. Consideration will first be given to the position of retail outlets and financial institutions in financing consumers. Then changes in the relative positions of various financial institutions will be considered.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Various Film Cooling Hole Geometries

Tripod hole film cooling designs can provide improved cooling with reduced coolant usage. It is essential to determine the impact of strong cooling near hole locations due to increased thermal gradients around the hole region. In this paper, efforts have been made to predict the same using a numerical analysis. Local temperature distribution on the blade surface causes different rates of expansion, resulting in a differential strain, furthering the impact of the numerical study and creating a need to understand the thermo-mechanical behavior of blade design. The thermal stresses that are generated near the film cooling holes are compared for different cooling hole shapes and eventually weigh the thermal advantage of a tripod hole over the cylindrical standard design. Standard k-e was used to validate the CFD results, ensuring by a fine mesh of 5 million tetrahedrons. Validation includes comparison of the experimental results, with a numerical one where similar blade material and working temperatures are used. Upon validation, CFD was run again at engine temperature conditions with Haynes230 alloy as the blade material. Surface temperature contour enabled structural analysis using a finite element approach. Equivalent stresses (Von-Mises stresses) on the blade emerging from the analysis provided more information about stress dependency on blowing ratio.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A new dual-porosity/dual permeability model with non-Darcian flow through fractures

Abstract The presence of fractures is associated with high oil or water productivity as well as high contaminant vulnerability. Consequently, it is important to develop a technique for properly modeling fractured formations. The recent dual-porosity/dual-permeability approach uses Darcian flow through both matrix and fractures. Unfortunately, Darcian flow applies to creeping flow only. It is well known that the fluid velocity through fractures is often too high for the flow to be Darcian. This paper reports results of a new formulation which uses the Forchheimer equation to describe fluid flow through fractures and couples this equation with Darcy's law in order to describe flow through the matrix. Results are compared with those of the conventional Darcian dual-porosity/dual-permeability formulation. Results show a considerable difference between the two models. However, the discrepancy between the two models is less for a given range of parameters. Results of a series of numerical runs are presented in order to show the behavior of the new model for a range of different flow parameters, such as matrix permeability, fracture width, and fracture spacing. The scaling up problem of fluid flow is considered with a series of numerical runs for a field scale. Results show that the flow prediction is consistent only if the fracture width is not scaled up using the conventional approach. Finally, steady-state results are compared with field observations and a good agreement between the two is observed.
Antianginal effects of nitroglycerin patches.

Abstract Nitroglycerin (NTG) patches provide potentially therapeutic NTG blood levels for 24 hours, but their effects on exercise tolerance (ExT) in patients with angina have not been well characterized. Therefore, blinded, randomized trials were performed of the acute effects of both low-dose and maximal-toler-ated-dose NTG patches and placebo on ExT in 14 patients with coronary artery disease and typical exertional angina. The bicycle exercise protocol of the National Institutes of Health was used and sublingual NTG administered as a positive control. In 7 subjects, low-dose patches produced no statistically significant effect on ExT at 4, 8 or 24 hours after administration. Comparable doses of sublingual and oral isosorbide dinitrate, NTG ointment and transmucosal NTG in previous studies have produced effects similar to those of conventional doses of sublingual NTG. Maximally tolerated doses of 2 types of NTG patches were then tested. The first (n = 8, mean NTG dose delivered 25 mg) produced increases in ExT of 82 and 72 seconds at 4 and 8 hours, respectively (both p
Random and biased networks: simulations and approximations

Abstract Work by Rapoport and his colleagues in the 1950s and early 1960s developed the idea of biased/random nets as a theory of social network structure. It aims to explain variation in aggregate network patterns by appeal to differences in local properties affecting linkages between nodes and how these differences cascade to affect the overall structure of the total network. While the theory is set out mathematically and uses formal logic to analyze the general model, the complexity of the compound outcome makes exact theory impossible. Consequently, plausible approximations and approximation formulas are used to link up the local properties to global structure. Research reported in this paper attempts to check these approximations through simulation studies. Programs are developed which generate specific networks over a reasonably large ( S =100) population consistent with certain parametric specifciations which govern (coal patterns of connection. Properties of these networks are then compared with those predicted from the approximation arguments in an effort to refine those arguments to the point at which they can be used with confidence in other theoretical inquiries, such as recent applications of biased net theory to Blau's influential ideas on the social structural determinants of relational patterns.
Coronary α1-Constrictor Tone During Renovascular Hypertension

Background A coronary α1-adrenergic constrictor tone exists under conditions associated with increased sympathetic stimulation but not during resting conditions in the normal heart. During renovascular hypertension, elevated circulating angiotensin II may enhance sympathetic stimulation of the heart, even at rest. This study tested the hypothesis that an α1-adrenergic constrictor tone imposes limitations on coronary blood flow in resting dogs after development of renovascular hypertension, exacerbates coronary α-constrictor tone during exercise, and increases coronary vascular adrenergic responsiveness. Methods and Results Left circumflex blood flow velocity (CFV), aortic pressure (AoP), and heart rate (HR) were examined in five quietly resting dogs during control conditions and after selective α1-adrenergic blockade using an intracoronary injection of 0.5 mg prazosin. In the normotensive state, AoP was 87±7 mm Hg (mean±SD), HR was 105±25 beats per minute, and CFV was 28±6 cm/s. These parameters were not ...
Ink Matching of Cursive Chinese Handwritten Annotations

In this paper, we discuss the notion of treating electronic ink as first class data without attempting to recognize it by presenting two different variations of approximate ink matching (AIM) for searching ink data. We also illustrate a pen-based electronic document annotating and browsing system and methods for searching handdrawn personal notes employing the described matching schemes. Adapting from the Learning by Knowledge paradigm, we propose a semantic matching network that applies semantics of Chinese language early in the process of ink matching. Finally we evaluate several key components in our entire ink matching network via experiments. Preliminary experimental results show the approximate ink matching algorithms perform well, despite the informal and highly variable nature of Chinese handwriting. Our experiments also show some promising results on semantic matching and the feasibility of our semantic matching architecture.
Effect of cold work on the tensile and fatigue performance of aluminum alloy 5754

This article considers the effects of cold work on the tensile and fatigue properties of a non-heat-treatable aluminum alloy, namely, AA5754. Cold work up to 50% was introduced by cold rolling. The critical tensile strain for serration initiation was observed to increase with increasing cold work. The fatigue performance was also improved with increasing cold work. Annealing at 200 °C for 1 h reduced both the critical strain as well as the fatigue performance. Finally, in experiments with drilled holes and punched holes, it was observed that punching improved the fatigue performance compared with drilling, which was attributed to cold work induced at the hole boundary by the punching operation.
Survival and fecundity of three insects reared on four varieties of Scotch pine Christmas trees.

Three economically important pests-Zimmerman pine moth, Dioryctria zimmermani (Grote); European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy); and pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) -were reared on 4 varieties of Scotch pines. Survival and fecundity of each species were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 at Michigan State University’s Kellogg Experimental Forest (Kalamazoo County), Michigan. The varieties tested were Riga, Belgium. Land O’Pine, and Pike Lake Improved. Survival and fecundity of D. zimmermani did not differ significantly among varieties. Larval mortality ranged from 70 to 100%and was attributed to poor establishment on host trees, parasitism by Exeristes comstockii (Cresson) and Hyssopus rhyacioniae (Gahan), and infection by Hirsutella nodulosa (Petch). European pine sawflies reared on Riga trees had significantly lower survival, needle consumption, and pupal weight, and a longer development period than sawflies reared on the other varieties. The ichneumonid Pleolophus basizonus (Gravenhorst) parasitized 30% of the sawfly pupae in 1994. Abundance and fecundity of C. pinifoliae reared on Belgium and Land O’Pine were significantly lower than that of scales reared on varieties Riga and Pike Lake Improved. Results indicated that none of the varieties tested was resistant to all 3 pests.
Electrophysiological and biochemical characterization of a continuous human astrocytoma cell line with many properties of well-differentiated astrocytes.

Abstract Astrocytes comprise about 25% of the cellular volume of the brain, and their main function is to maintain homeostasis of the neuronal environment. These cells are commonly identified on the basis of their membrane electrical properties and the presence of specific proteins. We have characterized the human astrocytoma cell line designated UC-11MG and have shown these cells have many of the traits of differentiated astrocytes. Many of the UC-11MG cells have a large resting membrane potential, averaging −74 mV. The slope of the Em vs log [K]o curve was 58.5 mV per decade [K]o. The cells were inexcitable when exposed to brief depolarizing current pulses. The astrocytoma traits are virtually identical to those previously reported for normal astrocytes. The astrocytoma cells also express glutamine synthetase activity which is considered specific to astrocytes among brain cells. Previous work had also demonstrated the presence of other astrocyte markers glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100 protein in the UC-11MG cells. The steady-state ion transport properties of Na+, Cl−, and K+ were also characterized in these cells, and the rates of efflux were found to be similar to those in other astrocytes, with the major difference being the presence of a second kinetic compartment in the UC-11MG cells. From this work, we conclude that the UC-11MG cell line displays prominent features associated with differentiated astrocytes, and may provide an excellent model system for the study of human astrocytes.
Thyroid hormone increases muscle/fat glucose transporter gene expression in rat skeletal muscle.

The enhancement of metabolic rate by thyroid hormone in target tissues is accompanied by increased glucose utilization, which in skeletal muscle and many other tissues is regulated at the level of membrane transport. To elucidate the role of thyroid hormone as a regulator of glucose transport in skeletal muscle, we have examined its effects on the expression of the muscle/fat (insulin-regulatable) glucose transporter, a distinct glucose transporter isotype whose expression is limited to insulin-sensitive tissues and which appears to be the major glucose transport protein in skeletal muscle. Treatment of hypothyroid rats with L-T3 (T3; 100 micrograms/100 g BW.day for 6 days) increased the abundance of the muscle/fat glucose transporter protein in crude membranes from hindlimb muscle, assessed by immunoblotting, to 145 +/- 8% of the control value in animals fasted for 17-20 h before death and to 159 +/- 16% of the control value in animals fed ad libitum (mean +/- SE). In purified plasma membranes, this effect of thyroid hormone was greater (208 +/- 23% and 219 +/- 13% of control in fasted and fed animals, respectively). Similar increases were found in an intracellular membrane fraction. Levels of muscle/fat glucose transporter mRNA were also increased in hindlimb muscle from the T3-treated rats, to 261 +/- 17% and 316 +/- 23% of control values in fasted and fed animals, respectively. In contrast, the erythroid glucose transporter protein and its mRNA, which are only weakly expressed in skeletal muscle but strongly expressed in brain, were not substantially increased by T3 treatment in either tissue. In experiments comparing hypothyroid, euthyroid, and chronically T4-treated animals, muscle/fat glucose transporter protein and mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle were also found to be dependent on thyroid status. Thyroid hormone may, thus, be an important regulator of the muscle/fat glucose transporter in skeletal muscle.
Seismic heterogeneity in the upper crust near the 1991 eruption site on the East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N

We report the results of a small-aperture uppercrustal tomography experiment conducted on the East Pacific Rise near 9°50′N, the site of a volcanic eruption in 1991. The experiment geometry comprised 3 ocean bottom seismometers and 491 airgun shots fired in a 16 × 16 km² area. Two- and three-dimensional inversions indicate that the average upper crustal velocities, both on and off axis, increase by ∼0.2 km/s north of 9°52′N. This location coincides with the northern limit of the 1991 eruption and of vigorous hydrothermalism. Our data can be explained by a 100 m southward increase in layer 2A thickness. On axis, previous work indicates that layer 2A thickness does not vary in this region. We infer that the sheeted dikes above the axial magma chamber are thermally segmented with the dike layer south of 9°52′N being on average at least 300°C warmer than to the north. Off axis, layer 2A may be thicker south of 9°52′N if a higher proportion of eruptions flow off axis.
Potentiation of cell-mediated lysis of xenogeneic tumor cells: The role of antiserum and effector cells☆

Abstract The development of the immune response to xenogeneic tumor cells and the mechanism of potentiation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) by xenoantiserum were investigated. The kinetics of potentiation of CMC resembled, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the kinetics of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of target cells treated with the same xenoantisera. Varying proportions of immune and nonimmune effector cells did not influence the amount of lysis of antibody-treated tumor cells. It would appear, therefore, that spleens from immunized animals contained cell populations that were capable of mediating both CMC and ADCC. Potentiation of CMC would appear to result from the preferential expression of ADCC effector cells; interaction of CMC effector cells was apparently hindered by the presence of antibody on the tumor cell surface. Immune complexes formed in antibody excess may also modify ADCC and the potentiation of CMC.
Comparison of dynamic system modeling methods

This paper compares state-equation models to state-machine models. It compares continuous system models to discrete system models. The examples were designed to be at the same level of abstraction. This paper models these systems with the following methods: the state-space approach of Linear Systems Theory, set-theoretic notation, block diagrams, use cases, UML diagrams and SysML diagrams. This is the first paper to use all of these modeling methods on the same examples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals Inc. Syst Eng
Topographic localization of neuropeptide Y mRNA in the monkey brainstem

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) modulates cardiovascular, feeding and reproductive functions. Peripheral neurohumoral inputs from these systems are integrated and transformed into efferent signals in the brainstem. Detailed mapping of NPY-expressing cells in the brainstem has not been established in primates. In this report we utilized the in situ hybridization (ISH) method to identify brainstem areas that contain NPY mRNA in four ovariectomized rhesus macaques treated with estradiol-17β. A 35 S-labeled human NPY cRNA probe was used for ISH in paraformaldehyde-fixed brainstem blocks that were sectioned at 20 μm thickness. In the upper cervical spinal cord, NPY mRNA signals were confined to the substantia gelatinosa along the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. In the medulla, NPY images were found in the nucleus of solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus of the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, lateral reticular nucleus and the reticular formation. In the pons, NPY mRNA was confined to cells in the locus coeruleus and the nucleus of raphe. NPY signals were observed in the ventral portion of the periaqueductal grey, the dorsal nucleus of raphe and the reticular formation of mesencephalon in the midbrain. Whereas the brainstem distribution of NPY-containing cells in the rhesus macaque overlap those regions that are rich in catecholamines, NPY perikarya were also present in `noncatecholaminergic' areas. For example, the reticular formation of both the medulla and mesencephalon abundantly expressed NPY mRNA. The functional significance of, and the effects of estrogen on, these patterns in NPY expression is unknown.
PERSONALITY AND METAMEMORY CORRELATES OF MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN YOUNGER AND OLDER ADULTS

This study assessed the degree to which anxiety, hostility, depression, and metamemory predicted recall performance on a word list and a prose passage. Participants were 65 older (M = 68.7) and 65 younger (M = 19.0) adults. All participants completed a vocabulary test, the Metamemory in Adulthood instrument, the MAACL, the STAI, and prose and list‐learning tasks. Results indicated different patterns of personality predictors and some consistent metamemory predictors across tasks. Different measures of anxiety related differently to performance. Findings were discussed in terms of the complexity of memory performance, and the need for caution when choosing a measure of anxiety.
Robust Tests for the Equality of Two Correlation Coefficients: A Monte Carlo Study

When several variates are measured on the individuals of a single sample, it is often of interest to test whether or not two population correlation coefficients are equal. For example, in the behav...
RING‐POSITION AND FREQUENCY OF ADJACENT DISTRIBUTION OF MEIOTIC CHROMOSOMES IN RHOEO SPATHACEA

The morphological sequence of the twelve chromosomes around the ring as worked out by Sax is reaffirmed with slight corrections of the centromere position on three chromosomes: Aa, fA, and Dd. Adjacent distribution was found in 53/120 MI PMC (44.2 %). Ring-position analysis was achieved in 34 of the 53. There were 127 chromosomes and 66 arm-pairs involved in adjacent distribution in these 34 MI PMC. Adjacent distributions occurred at random among the twelve chromosome positions and among the twelve arm-pair positions. There were eleven instances among the 66 arm-pairs (16.7 %) of adjacent distribution despite free ends due to chiasma failure. Up to four consecutive chromosomes may pass to the same pole. Not all cells with 6-6 distribution are genetically balanced. Distribution of 7-5 occurred in 24/120 AI PMC (20.0%). Another nine (7.5 %) in the same sample had one or more lagging chromosomes. At MI, three PMC had 8-4 distribution, but none such were seen
The solution of nonlinear inverse problems and the Levenberg-Marquardt method

Although the Levenberg-Marquardt damped least-squares method is an extremely powerful tool for the iterative solution of nonlinear problems, its theoretical basis has not been described adequately in the literature. This is unfortunate, because Levenberg and Marquardt approached the solution of nonlinear problems in different ways and presented results that go far beyond the simple equation that characterizes the method. The idea of damping the solution was introduced by Levenberg, who also showed that it is possible to do that while at the same time reducing the value of a function that must be minimized iteratively. This result is not obvious, although it is taken for granted. Moreover, Levenberg derived a solution more general than the one currently used. Marquardt started with the current equation and showed that it interpolates between the ordinary least-squares-method and the steepest-descent method. In this tutorial, the two papers are combined into a unified presentation, which will help the reader gain a better understanding of what happens when solving nonlinear problems. Because the damped least-squares and steepest-descent methods are intimately related, the latter is also discussed, in particular in its relation to the gradient. When the inversion parameters have the same dimensions (and units), the direction of steepest descent is equal to the direction of minus the gradient. In other cases, it is necessary to introduce a metric (i.e., a definition of distance) in the parameter space to establish a relation between the two directions. Although neither Levenberg nor Marquardt discussed these matters, their results imply the introduction of a metric. Some of the concepts presented here are illustrated with the inversion of synthetic gravity data corresponding to a buried sphere of unknown radius and depth. Finally, the work done by early researchers that rediscovered the damped least-squares method is put into a historical context.
Alcohol abusers in primary care: readiness to change behavior

Abstract PURPOSE: Assessing readiness to address alcohol problems is an important early step in managing the alcohol abusing patient. We assessed readiness for behavioral change in primary care of patients who screen positive for alcohol abuse based on the CAGE questionnaire. Our hypothesis was that these patients would be predominantly in the contemplation stage, an opportune stage for physicians to facilitate their movement into substance abuse treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We administered the CAGE questionnaire, a well-validated screening tool for detecting alcohol abuse, to 1,211 of 1,335 patients (91%) who attended two urban primary care clinics. Patients who responded positively to one or more CAGE questions were administered two validated instruments that assessed readiness to change alcohol use. We also measured quantity and frequency of alcohol use. RESULTS: Seventeen percent of patients gave a positive response to one or more CAGE questions (209 of 1,211) and were eligible for further evaluation; 92% (192 of 209) agreed to participate. These subjects' mean age was 50 years and the majority (58%) were African American. Of these patients, 23% were in the precontemplative (denial) stage, 14% were in the contemplative stage, and 63% were in the action stage of behavior change, indicating that they were in early or long-term recovery. Stage of readiness to change results were similar for those with one positive response and two or more positive responses to CAGE questions. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients in whom alcohol abuse is detected in primary care using the CAGE questionnaire are either actively addressing their substance abuse or are in recovery. Contrary to our hypothesis, only a minority of patients are in the contemplation stage. Assessment of stage of change is not apparent from the CAGE questionnaire alone. Our results suggest that clinical skills to facilitate relapse prevention would be particularly valuable for clinicians addressing alcohol abuse in the primary care setting.
Power frequency magnetic properties and aging of 4130 steel

Abstract Cr–Mo steels are utilized in large, high-speed rotating machines where the mechanical stress requirements limit available soft magnetic laminate choices. Because this is currently a niche application, the magnetic properties of these steels are relatively undocumented. This paper presents the magnetic hysteresis behavior of a quenched and tempered 4130 steel at alternating frequencies up to 1200 Hz and temperatures up to 100 °C. The high coercivities and core losses are contrasted with a 3.2%Si–Fe alloy. “Aging” of this behavior over time of cyclic field application was not observed in 300 h. However, surface embrittlement was observed. Designers should be aware that cyclic magnetic fields, even in the absence of temperature excursions and mechanical stress, can lead to a relaxation of the 4130 microstructure and possible deterioration of yield strength.
Vehicle Localization Using In-Vehicle Pitch Data and Dynamical Models

This paper describes a dynamical model-based method for the localization of road vehicles using terrain data from the vehicle's onboard sensors. Road data are encoded using linear dynamical models and then, during travel, the location is identified through continuous comparison of a bank of linear models. The approach presented has several advantages over previous methods described in the literature. First, it creates computationally efficient linear model map representations of the road data. Second, the use of linear models eliminates the need for metrics during the localization process. Third, the localization algorithm is a computationally efficient approach that can have a bounded localization distance in the absence of noise, given certain uniqueness assumptions on the data. Fourth, encoding road data using linear models has the potential to compress the data, while retaining the sensory information. Finally, performing only linear operations on observed noisy data simplifies the creation of noise mitigation algorithms.
Development of a detailed high-pressure reaction model for methane/methanol mixtures under pyrolytic and oxidative conditions and comparison with experimental data

Abstract Experimental data of methanol in a flow reactor are obtained under pyrolysis, fuel lean condition (φ=0.75), and stoichiometric condition (φ=1.0), and as mixtures with methane; both temperature and pressure are varied. Methanol pyrolysis is studied at 1073 K over a pressure range of 1–10 atm. Methanol oxidation experiments are conducted over a temperature range of 873–1073 K and a pressure range of 1–5 atm. Oxidation experiments on methane/methanol mixtures are performed under total stoichiometric conditions, with ratios of the two fuels from 0:2 to 2:0. Under pyrolytic conditions, the methanol decay rate increases as pressure increases from 1 to 10 atm. The addition of methanol increases the methane oxidation rate nonlinearly up to 1:1 mole ratio for methanol/methane. The rate of CH4 decay is slower above a CH4/CH3OH ratio of 3:1. The maximum decay rate of CH4 occurs at an equimolar concentration of CH4/CH3OH. A pressure-dependent mechanism for the methane/methanol oxidation and pyrolysis reaction system has been developed and compared with experimental data. Pressure- and temperature-dependent rate constants are determined by utilizing quantum RRK (QRRK) combined with “master equation” analysis for falloff on bimolecular (chemical activation) association, addition, and insertion reactions, and in unimolecular dissociation and isomerization reactions. Methanol dissociation reaction channels, transition states (TS), product energies, and structures are calculated at the CBS-APNO level with kinetic parameters for simple bond dissociations estimated by variational transition state theory.
Experimental and Numerical Study of Acoustic Streaming in a Cylindrical Enclosure

Acoustic streaming motion generated by finite-amplitude resonant oscillations in an air-filled two-dimensional cylindrical enclosure was experimentally studied and numerically simulated. The oscillatory flow field in the enclosure was created by the vibration of one end of the cylindrical resonator (L = 325 mm, R = 12.5 mm). The frequency of the wall vibration was chosen as f = 1062 Hz, such that the corresponding wavelength is equal to the length of the resonator. A standing wave was then generated in the closed tube. In the experiment, the flow field was visually studied by a smoke generator, He-Ne Laser and a digital camera. The pressure wave in the axial points was measured by a piezoresistive pressure transducer (Endvco #4428A). To simulate the flow field, the full compressible form of the Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates was considered and solved by a highly accurate flux-corrected transport algorithm for convection terms and a central differencing scheme for the viscous and diffusive terms. In both of the experimental and numerical studies, outer acoustic streaming due to interaction of acoustic waves with viscous boundary layers was observed, and the effects of sound field intensity on the formation of streaming structures were studied.© 2005 ASME
Inert gas measurements of coronary blood flow

Abstract Several factors which are of interest when measuring coronary blood flow by inert gas technics are reviewed. The major problems in these measurements arise when flow is not uniform throughout the heart. Methods of delivery and analysis of gas must be adequate to quantitate persistent venous-arterial (or tissue-arterial) differences produced by areas of low flow. The effects of these areas on measured gas exchange can vary with different experimental approaches. Methods of calculating flow from desaturation curves also vary and sometimes involve assumptions concerning the distribution of flow within the heart. Potential problems are also presented by right atrial “contamination” of sampled coronary venous blood, by extracardiac “contamination” of precordially monitored myocardial gas content, and by the contribution to measured gas exchange of cardiac adipose tissue. All these considerations are particularly important in measurements in disease states.