cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EDUCATING WOMEN FOR DEVELOPMENT: THE ARAB HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2005 AND THE PROBLEM WITH WOMEN'S CHOICES

In the 1980s, after a decades-long emphasis on economic growth as the primary engine for development, a number of prominent economists and development practitioners heralded a new era in the conceptualization of development as primarily a human endeavor with improved life chances and quality of life as the proper end. Thus was coined the term “human development,” followed by subsequent efforts to delineate the essential dimensions of human development and the appropriate measures of a development endeavor that no longer had “growth” (and, more narrowly, increased income) as its primary indicator but now sought to measure human ends, capabilities, and opportunities. Of most prominence, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) took up this charge in the form of an annual global human development report, releasing the first one in 1990. Perhaps no other human development reports have received as much attention in the past few years as have the Arab human development reports.
Simulation based optimization of light-outcoupling in organic light-emitting diodes

The internal quantum efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) can reach values close to 100% if phosphorescent emitters to harvest triplet excitons are used, however, the fraction of light that is actually leaving the device is considerably less. In this work we use numerical simulations to optimize light outcoupling from different OLED stacks. First, we change the distance of the emission zone to the cathode, which minimizes the excitation of surface plasmons. Then the influence of different dipole orientation of the emitter material on the light outcoupling is studied. Finally, a metal-free, transparent OLED stack reported by Meyer et al.,1 where no plasmons can be excited, is investigated for improved outcoupling efficiency.
Use of an intravascular T1 contrast agent to improve MR cine myocardial-blood pool definition in man.

The feasibility of improving myocardial/blood pool contrast in MR cine images through use of an intravascular contrast agent (Ferumoxtran, Advanced Magnetics, Inc., Cambridge, MA) was tested in four subjects. The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) demonstrated a trend toward improvement in the short axis and improved significantly in the long axis cine by an average of 128% (P < .05). Image intensity gradients at the myocardial/blood pool interface increased significantly in both the short and long axis (P < .01). It is expected that larger image intensity gradients at the endocardial border should improve the capabilities of automated segmentation algorithms, reducing the uncertainty and need for manual editing.
Machining feature-based comparisons of mechanical parts

Solid models are the critical data elements in modern computer-aided design (CAD) environments, describing the shape and form of manufactured artifacts. Their growing ubiquity has created new problems in how to effectively manage the many models that are now stored in the digital libraries of large design and manufacturing enterprises. Existing techniques from the engineering literature and from industrial practice, such as group technology, rely on human-supervised encoding and classification, while techniques from the multimedia database and computer graphics/vision communities often ignore the manufacturing attributes most significant in the classification of models. This paper presents our approach to the manufacturing similarly assessment of solid models of mechanical parts based on machining features. Our technical approach is three-fold: (1) perform machining feature extraction to map the solid model to a set of STEP AP 224 machining features; (2) construct a model dependency graph from the set of machining features; and (3) find the nearest neighbors to the query graph using an iterative improvement search across a database of other models. We also present empirical experiments to validate our approach using our testbed, the National Design Repository ( ). The contribution of this research is the first fully automated technique for machining feature-based comparisons of mechanical artifacts. We believe that this work can lead to radical changes in the way in which design data is managed in modern engineering enterprises.
Passive and Active L-Band Microwave Observations and Modeling of Ocean Surface Winds

L-band microwave backscatter and brightness temperature of sea surfaces acquired using the Passive/Active L-band Sensor during the High Ocean Wind campaign are reported in terms of their dependence on ocean surface wind speed and direction. We find that the L-band VV, HH, and HV radar backscatter data increase by 6-7 dB from 5 to 25 m/s wind speed at a 45° incidence angle. The data suggest the validity of Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) HH model function between 5 and 15 m/s wind speeds, but show that the extrapolation of PALSAR model at above 20 m/s wind speeds overpredicts A0 and a1 coefficients. There is wind direction dependence in the radar backscatter with about 4 dB differences between upwind and crosswind observations at 24 m/s wind speed for VV and HH. The passive brightness temperatures show about a 5-K change for TV and a 7-K change for TH for a wind speed increasing from 5 to 25 m/s. Circle flight data suggest a wind direction response of about 1-2 K in TV and TH at 14 and 24 m/s wind speeds. The L-band microwave data show excellent linear correlation with the surface wind speed with a correlation better than 0.95. The results support the use of L-band radar data for estimating the wind-driven excess brightness temperature of sea surfaces. The data also support the applications of L-band microwave signals for high-resolution (kilometer scale) observation of ocean surface winds under high wind conditions (10-28 m/s).
Efficient routing protocols for a free space optical sensor network

For very low power, high bandwidth applications, free space optical sensor networks (FSOSN) have shown potential. They promise increasing node functionality, lower energy consumption, lower cost and smaller sizes. However, the new optical communication architecture yields new routing challenges. The objective of our paper is to introduce novel routing protocols for FSOSN that take into account the line-of-sight requirement for optical communications. Our network is modeled as a directed hierarchical random sector geometric graph, in which sensors route their data via multi-hop paths, to a powerful base station, through a cluster head. Following the dominant communication pattern in sensor networks, we propose a new efficient routing algorithm for local neighborhood discovery and a base station (up-link and down-link) discovery algorithm. We show that our routing protocols require Olog(n) storage at each node, versus O(n) seen in the literature, and present analytical and simulation results to evaluate the proposed protocols
Short-Term Exposure to Low-Dose Ritonavir Impairs Clearance and Enhances Adverse Effects of Trazodone

Antiretroviral agents may participate in drug interactions that influence the efficacy and toxicity of other antiretrovirals, as well as pharmacologic treatments of coincident or complicating diseases. The viral protease inhibitor, ritonavir, may cause drug interactions by inhibiting the activity of cytochrome P450-3A (CYP3A) isoforms. In a single-dose, blinded, four-way crossover study, 10 healthy volunteer subjects received 50 mg of trazodone hydrochloride or matching placebo concurrent with low-dose ritonavir (four doses of 200 mg each) or with placebo. Compared to the control condition, ritonavir significantly reduced apparent oral clearance of trazodone (155 +/- 23 vs. 75 +/- 12 ml/min, p < 0.001), prolonged elimination half-life (6.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 14.9 +/- 3.9 h, p < 0.05), and increased peak plasma concentrations (842 +/- 64 vs. 1125 +/- 111 ng/ml, p < 0.05) (mean +/- SE). Coadministration of trazodone with ritonavir increased sedation, fatigue, and performance impairment compared to trazodone plus placebo; differences reached significance only for the digitsymbol substitution test. Three subjects experienced nausea, dizziness, or hypotension when trazodone was given with ritonavir; 1 of these subjects also experienced syncope. Thus short-term low-dose administration of ritonavir impairs oral clearance of trazodone and increases the occurrence of adverse reactions. The findings are consistent with impairment of CYP3A-mediated trazodone metabolism by ritonavir.
Graftula: A Composite Access Consisting of a Graft Used to Repair a Dysfunctional Hemodialysis Fistula

Nonmaturing or dysfunctional hemodialysis fistulas are often repaired with interposition grafts placed either within the fistula (fistula-to-fistula configuration), or connected to another vein (fistula-to-vein configuration). The goal of this study was to compare the survival and usefulness of the composite accesses thus created, which we call “graftulas,” with upperarm grafts. This was a retrospective study wherein we determined the survival and thrombosis rates of graftulas (n = 24) and upper arm grafts (n = 31) placed 1/1/07 through 12/31/09 and followed through 11/30/10. Graftulas resembled grafts as most (96%) were successfully cannulated in 65 ± 43 days. Survival of graftulas was also similar to grafts (58%, 47%, and 32% vs. 56%, 47%, and 39% at 1, 2, and 3 years respectively, p = 0.60). However, graftulas had a lower thrombosis rate than grafts (0.5 vs. 1.2 per patient year, p = 0.04), and in the fistula-to-fistula configuration, a 2-year thrombosis-free survival of 78%. Total survival of the access site (fistula + graftula) was 92%, 73%, and 42% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Graftulas possess certain beneficial properties of fistulas and grafts that allows for continued use of the original access site.
Fournier's gangrene.

Fournier's gangrene can still be a life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate. Diagnosis and treatment should be prompt and adequate. Radiological studies may help to define the extent of the disease preoperatively in cases in which this is unclear. Surgery with extensive debridement of all necrotic tissue is the mainstay of treatment.
Disparate Clinical Presentation of Neonatal Hemochromatosis in Twins

Neonatal hemochromatosis (NH) is a rare disease of gestation that results in fetal liver injury and extrahepatic siderosis. The etiology of NH is not fully understood. However, the rate of recurrence of NH in the pregnancy after an affected one is ∼80%. A spectrum of liver disease has been recognized, spanning from liver failure in the fetus or neonate to infants that survive with medical therapy. Here we report on 2 sets of fraternal twins, each set with a gross disparity in the severity of presentation: 1 infant with liver failure and the other nearly unaffected. These findings suggest a need to look carefully for subclinical disease in the siblings of patients with NH by using sensitive tests such as those for ferritin and α-fetoprotein. They also suggest that affected infants may be missed when using routine clinical testing, which would lead to the apparent rate of recurrence, understating the actual recurrence rate.
Madagasikaria (Malpighiaceae): a new genus from Madagascar with implications for floral evolution in Malpighiaceae

Madagasikaria andersonii is described here as a new genus and species of Malpighiaceae from Madagascar. The phylogenetic placement of Madagasikaria was estimated by using combined data from ndhF and trnL-F chloroplast sequences and phytochrome (PHYC) and ITS nuclear sequences. It forms a strongly supported clade with the Malagasy endemic genera Rhynchophora and Microsteira. Despite nearly identical floral morphology among species in this clade (here called the madagasikarioid clade), these genera are easily distinguishable on the basis of their fruits. The schizocarpic fruits of Madagasikaria have distinctive mericarps. Each mericarp has a lateral wing, which completely encircles the nut, and a peculiar dorsal wing, which folds over on itself. The morphology of this fruit suggests that the homology of the unusual wing in Rhynchophora is lateral in nature and represents a reduced wing similar to the lateral wing in Madagasikaria. Taxa in the madagasikarioid clade all appear to be morphologically androdioecious and functionally dioecious, producing both staminate and ‘‘bisexual’’ (i.e., functionally carpellate) individuals. This condition appears to be exceedingly rare in flowering plants and has important implications for floral evolution within Malpighiaceae. Neotropical Malpighiaceae are pollinated by specialized oil-collecting anthophorine bees of the tribe Centridini and exhibit highly conserved floral morphology despite tremendous diversity in fruit morphology and habit. These oil-collecting bees are absent from the paleotropics, where most members of the Malpighiaceae lack both the oil glands and the typical floral orientation crucial to pollination by neotropical oilcollecting bees. The madagasikarioids represent one shift from the neotropical pollination syndrome among Old World Malpighiaceae.
Electric currents, bone remodeling, and orthodontic tooth movement: I. The effect of electric currents on periodontal cyclic nucleotides☆

Osteogenesis has been found to occur in response to the application of electric currents to bone. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of D.C. electric currents on periodontal tissues in cats. Cyclic nucleotides, compounds known to be involved in cellular activation, were studied by immunohistochemistry in the involved tissues. Three groups of three young adult cats each were treated for 1, 3, and 7 days, respectively, by a device delivering 15 microamperes of direct current to bone osteoblasts and PDL cells stained intensely for cAMP and cGMP were observed adjacent to the cathode and anode, and bone apposition was found near the cathode. These results suggest that electric stimulation enhances cellular enzymatic phosphorylation activities in periodontal tissues and may be a potent tool in accelerating alveolar bone turnover.
802.11 user fingerprinting

The ubiquity of 802.11 devices and networks enables anyone to track our every move with alarming ease. Each 802.11 device transmits a globally unique and persistent MAC address and thus is trivially identifiable. In response, recent research has proposed replacing such identifiers with pseudonyms (i.e., temporary, unlinkable names). In this paper, we demonstrate that pseudonyms are insufficient to prevent tracking of 802.11 devices because implicit identifiers, or identifying characteristics of 802.11 traffic, can identify many users with high accuracy. For example, even without unique names and addresses, we estimate that an adversary can identify 64% of users with 90% accuracy when they spend a day at a busy hot spot. We present an automated procedure based on four previously unrecognized implicit identifiers that can identify users in three real 802.11 traces even when pseudonyms and encryption are employed. We find that the majority of users can be identified using our techniques, but our ability to identify users is not uniform; some users are not easily identifiable. Nonetheless, we show that even a single implicit identifier is sufficient to distinguish many users. Therefore, we argue that design considerations beyond eliminating explicit identifiers (i.e., unique names and addresses), must be addressed in order to prevent user tracking in wireless networks.
Race, Segregation, and the Concentration of Disadvantage: 1980–1990

This article examines variation across cities in the geographic concentration of poverty, male joblessness, and female-headed families for Blacks and Whites. For each racial group, we describe the scope and analyze the sources of concentrated disadvantage along these dimensions for 1980 and 1990, and for changes between these two years. We explore whether patterns found in past research regarding poverty concentration are generalizable to the concentration of other aspects of disadvantage, including joblessness. Analysis of the sources of concentrated disadvantage focus on the differential role of racial residential segregation for explaining variation in concentrated disadvantage between Blacks and Whites. These relationships are evaluated while accounting for other economic and sociodemographic conditions. We find that: between 1980 and 1990 Black and White disadvantage became more geographically concentrated along some dimensions (poverty and female-headed families) but not others (male joblessness); no matter which dimension is explored, African Americans have a substantially higher concentration of disadvantage than Whites; and, racial residential segregation is critical for understanding concentrated disadvantage and especially for explaining why disadvantaged Blacks are so much more geographically concentrated than disadvantaged Whites.
Locally-Linear Learning Machines (L3M)

We present locally-linear learning machines (L3M) for multi-class classification. We formulate a global convex risk function to jointly learn linear feature space partitions and region-specific linear classifiers. L3M’s features such as: (1) discriminative power similar to Kernel SVMs and Adaboost; (2) tight control on generalization error; (3) low training time cost due to on-line training; (4) low test-time costs due to local linearity; are all potentially well-suited for “big-data” applications. We derive tight convex surrogates for the empirical risk function associated with space partitioning classifiers. These empirical risk functions are non-convex since they involve products of indicator functions. We obtain a global convex surrogate by first embedding empirical risk loss as an extremal point of an optimization problem and then convexifying this resulting problem. Using the proposed convex formulation, we demonstrate improvement in classification performance, test and training time relative to common discriminative learning methods on challenging multiclass data sets.
Back to the futures: An assessment of market performance on the early Winnipeg Grain Exchange

In this paper, I offer a quantitatively rich, historical perspective with which to consider Western Canada's recent return to private grain marketing. I assess how futures markets on the Winnipeg Grain Exchange (WGE) performed before the Canadian Wheat Board, and I consider the extent to which this performance contributed to the Canadian government's decision to create the Board. I conclude, despite significant agrarian dissatisfaction with private grain marketing on the WGE, the Canadian government ultimately proscribed futures trading because it was incompatible with the CWB model, which the Canadian government needed in order to stabilize farm incomes, particularly in the aftermath of the Great Depression. Resume Retour aux contrats a terme : une evaluation de la performance du marche au temps du Winnipeg Grain Exchange. L'auteur offre une perspective historique qui s'appuie sur de riches donnees quantitatives qu'il utilise pour evaluer le recent retour de la mise en marche privee dans l'Ouest canadien. Il evalue la performance des marches a terme sur le Winnipeg Grain Exchange (WGE) avant l'arrivee de la Commission canadienne du ble (CWB), et jusqu'a quel point cette performance a contribue a la decision du gouvernement du Canada de mettre sur pied la CWB. Il conclut que malgre le mecontentement significatif du monde agricole quant a la mise en marche privee sur le WGE, le gouvernement du Canada mit fin a ses pratiques parce que celles-ci etaient incompatibles avec le modele de la CWB dont le Canada avait besoin pour stabiliser les revenus des fermiers, surtout dans la periode qui a suivi la Grande Crise.
Interrupting Ironic Processes

Research on ironic mental control processes makes the underappreciated point that attempts to solve problems sometimes make them worse Social scientists now know much about what ironic processes look like less about why they occur and too little about how to change them. Features of the exacerbation process itself suggest parsimonious approaches to treatment based on interrupting the “solutions” that keep ironic mental processes going (eg compliance-based paradoxical intervention) Extending Wegner's explication of ironic intrapersonal (mental) processes we propose that ironic interpersonal (social) processes also maintain many human problems and may be more accessible to intervention Treatment development in this area will benefit from attending more to how problems persist than to how they originate, and from targeting ironic cycles that occur between people as well as within them
Oil Tourism: Disasters and Destinations in Ecuador and the Philippines*

This article examines the links between the petroleum and tourism industries by analyzing how an oil disaster, whether actual or perceived, may attract nature-based tourism interests. To better understand the role of communities, local governments and/or the media in establishing links between the petroleum and tourism industries, this article explores how the construction of an oil pipeline in Ecuador and an oil spill in the Philippines created opportunities for tourism. Each case contributes to our understanding of how an oil disaster supports nature-based tourism and how both industries supply a resource or an experience to nonlocal consumers, while converging to alter local communities, economies, and ecosystems. Indeed, tourism investments following a disaster may become a sideshow to the disaster that shifts attention from the disaster to participation in new economic opportunities. In addition, tourism may represent ecological alterations, which are more subtle, yet as damaging, as an oil disaster. The proposed model is then applied to two additional cases, the Exxon Valdez oil spill and Hurricane Katrina, to test its use in understanding other postdisaster developments.
Epilogue: Achieving Quality 21st Century Assessment

In this chapter we describe three themes drawn from the chapters in our book. We first point out how our authors describe ways for assessment to capitalize on advances in technology. Then we discuss how assessment is a contextualized, social activity which creates both challenges and exciting opportunities for research and practice. Last, we argue that assessment must serve teaching and learning.
Population and Agriculture in the Emergence of Complex Society in the Bolivian Altiplano

Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the prehistoric culture-history, socio-political dynamics, and economic systems of the Middle Horizon Tiwanaku civilization (Kolata, i.p.; Kolata and Rivera 1989; Kolata, Stanish, and Rivera 1987). During the past two decades, three major models have been developed to explain Tiwanaku’s evolution from incipient complex society to expansionist state in the southern Andean region (Figure 1). Two of these, John Murra’s “vertical archipelago” (Murra 1975, 1980) and David Browman’s “altiplano mode of production” are based on the premise that the Andean altiplano cannot support large, dense populations and complex societies. The third, Alan Kolata’s agricultural production model, holds that using an indigenous agricultural technology, the altiplano near Lake Titicaca can be exploited in such a way as to sustain large populations.
Randomized Controlled Trials

Comparative effectiveness research generates evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials. For many clinical questions, the observational study is an efficient design. Sometimes inherent biases in observational studies yield false results that require refutation by a randomized controlled trial. An illustrative example occurred with hormone replacement therapy in post-menopausal women. Numerous observational studies showed benefits of estrogen plus progesterone to prevent coronary heart disease and other adverse outcomes. A subsequent large, randomized controlled trial demonstrated that the harms of hormone replacement therapy exceeded the benefits. Randomized controlled trials play an important role in comparative effectiveness research. To understand this role, it is necessary to have knowledge about bias, ethics, efficacy, and effectiveness. The current chapter explains the benefits of randomization to reduce bias in the context of controlled clinical trials. There is also an explanation of the ethical principles that inform the design of trials. Finally, the chapter differentiates efficacy from effectiveness and explores trial design characteristics related to the differences.
Methods and Strategies in Taxonomic Research

Mayr, Ernst (Mus. Comparative Zoology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138) 1971. Methods and Strategies in Taxonomic Research. Syst. Zool., 20:426-433.-The ever increasing demands on the time of the research taxonomist necessitate regularly a scrutiny of taxonomic and curatorial practices in order to permit elimination of obsolete rituals. Much time can be saved by eliminating unproductive practices and by establishing a clear sequence of priorities. What this should be depends on the group of which the taxonomist is a specialist. There has never been a period at which greater demands have been made on the time of museum curators than the present. Ecological surveys and expeditions ask for the identification of their material, an increasing number of graduate students from universities all over the country ask for loans of material for their theses, and the increasing committee work so characteristic of modern science demands an ever greater share of a curator's time. The International Biological Program (IBP), the Ecological Research on the Sea-level Canal across the Isthmus of Panama, and other major ecological surveys, together with the accelerated programs in oceanography will unquestionably in the future greatly add to the work load of taxonomists. While the number of systematists has somewhat increased in recent years, it has not anywhere near kept pace with the increased demand for loans of research material and requests for identification and reports on collections. Under
FOLIAR SPRAYS FOR FLEA BEETLE AND APHID CONTROL ON FLUE-CURED TOBACCO, 2000

This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont AREC, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate various foliar insecticides for GPA and TFB control and to assess the resulting effects on the economic value of fluecured tobacco. Tobacco 'K 326' was transplanted into experimental plots on 10 May. Seven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with four replications (Table 1). Plots, 4 x 40 ft (1 row x 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 25 gpa at 50 psi through TX-10 nozzles (3 per row) on 19 May, 21 Jun, and 2 Aug. Temperatures during application ranged from 84-88 oF on 19 May, 82-84oF on 21 Jun, and 85-88oF on 2 Aug. After the 19 May application, 0.42, 0.13, and 0.52 inches of rain fell at 1, 2, and 3 DAT. No significant rainfall occurred within the first week after the sprays on 21 Jun and 2 Aug. TFB and TFB feeding holes on the most damaged leaf were counted on five plants/plot at 4, 7, and 12 d after the 19 May applications. GPA counts were made on the upper four leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a week from 30 Jun to 9 Aug. Normal production practices were followed for weed and disease control, fertilization, and topping. Spinosad 4L was applied at 2 fl oz/acre to the entire test for tobacco hornworm control on 21 Jun and 3 Aug. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened. It was cured, weighed, and graded by an USDA/AMS inspector, and gross economic returns were calculated in $/acre. Gross economic values were based on market prices for the assigned grades in 2000. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD test (P = 0.05). GPA and TFB feeding hole count data were transformed to Log10(X+1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the tables.
Comments on Taxonomy—A Response

1. Aspinall, G. 0., and R. J. Ferrier. 1957. The constitution of barley husk hemicellulose. J. Chem. Soc.: 4188-4194. 2. Nilsson, T., and J. Ginns. 1979. Cellulolytic activity and the taxonomic position of selected brown-rot fungi. Mycologia 71: 170-177. 3. Rautela, G. S., and E. B. Cowling. 1966. Simple cultural test for relative cellulolytic activity of fungi. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 892-898. 4. Savory, J. G., B. Mather, C. C. Maitland, and K. Selby. 1967. Assay of fungi for cellulolytic activity. Chemy Ind.: 153-154.
Determination of moisture content in nitramine explosive by an external-standard method

An modified Karl-Fisher electrolyte method was established with dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO),a prasied alkahest,which had a strong ability of dissolution for many compounds,to replace classical eletrolyte for the determinatin of moisture in nitramine explosive,such as HMX and RDX.And the moisture content in nitramine explosive was quantified by an external-standard method to solve the problem of lower results by introducing DMSO.
Comprehensive Governance for Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain:a Perspective from Collaboration

In order to abbreviate bullwhip effect, a comprehensive governance framework based on collaboration is put forward. This framework is composed of five connecting factors, namely information sharing, decision synchronization, incentive alignment, collaborative performance system and shared supply chain process. Information sharing, decision synchronization and incentive alignment are three basic strategies to reduce bullwhip effect. Under the guidance of collaborative performance system, the interaction of these three strategies creates a shared and integrated supply chain process, which could govern the bullwhip effect efficiently.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling: Regulating Neural Crest Development One Phosphate at a Time

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) bind to a subset of growth factors on the surface of cells and elicit responses with broad roles in developmental and postnatal cellular processes. Receptors in this subclass consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain harboring a catalytic tyrosine kinase and regulatory sequences that are phosphorylated either by the receptor itself or by various interacting proteins. Once activated, RTKs bind signaling molecules and recruit effector proteins to mediate downstream cellular responses through various intracellular signaling pathways. In this chapter, we highlight the role of a subset of RTK families in regulating the activity of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the development of their derivatives in mammalian systems. NCCs are migratory, multipotent cells that can be subdivided into four axial populations, cranial, cardiac, vagal, and trunk. These cells migrate throughout the vertebrate embryo along defined pathways and give rise to unique cell types and structures. Interestingly, individual RTK families often have specific functions in a subpopulation of NCCs that contribute to the diversity of these cells and their derivatives in the mammalian embryo. We additionally discuss current methods used to investigate RTK signaling, including genetic, biochemical, large-scale proteomic, and biosensor approaches, which can be applied to study intracellular signaling pathways active downstream of this receptor subclass during NCC development.
Inventory of electronic health information exchange in Wisconsin, 2006.

CONTEXT The Governor's Board for eHealth Care Quality and Patient Safety plans for universal adoption of electronic health records and information exchange. OBJECTIVES The inventory sought to describe characteristics, challenges, and policy recommendations of health information exchange (HIE) projects and create a directory and baseline for periodic reassessment. DESIGN, SETTING, SUBJECTS A cross-sectional Internet survey of any project where electronic patient information was transmitted by multiple organizations in Wisconsin in 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES A description of operational and planned HIE projects, including stage of development, information users, organizational home, funding, governance, geographic scope, data standardization, drivers, internal and external challenges, and recommendations for statewide action. RESULTS Twenty-one organizations sponsor 16 operational and 11 planned HIE projects. Most are surveillance programs, but a growing proportion serves clinicians and patients. Under half use data standards for interoperability. Leading internal challenges relate to funding, organizational and staff issues, governance, and technology. Leading external challenges are marketing, enlisting participants, regulatory issues, and sustainability. CONCLUSION Wisconsin enjoys rich experience with HIE, but data remains largely in separate silos. Statewide collaboration, coordination and resource sharing can enhance the future of exchange efforts.
Who is responsible? Toward a social psychology of responsibility attribution.

The currently dominant psychological model of responsibility attribution is criticized and expanded upon from a sociological perspective. It is argued that responsibility judgments entail consideration of both what the actor did and what the actor was supposed to do: i.e., both physical deeds and social roles. Including roles in a responsibility attribution model provides: (I) a coherent account of alternative meanings of responsibility itself; (2) a social psychological approach that is congruent with rules actually followed in adult sanctioning judgments; and (3) an opportunity for social psychologists to study the crucial dichotomy of authoritative versus subordinate roles. Roles are interpreted attributionally as normative contexts within which actions are evaluated, rather than as external or situational constraints on action. In general, it is suggested that accepting a role demand as normative may evoke a purposive attribution process, labeled here as ' 'motive grammar''; rejecting the role demand may be accompanied by a causal attribution process, "consequence grammar." The paper concludes with suggestions for future research possibilities.
Reduction of bacterial adherence to catheter surface with heparin.

Abstract Despite many advances in catheter design and use, the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections is catheterization of the urinary tract. In the present investigation the adherence of bacteria to catheters coated with heparin was studied. Since heparin itself does not coat the plastic catheter surface, a complex of heparin with tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC) was used which results in hydrophobic association of hydrocarbon chains of the TDMAC with the catheter leaving the quaternary ammonium moiety of TDMAC exposed to the surface forming ionic bonds with the highly anionic sulfate groups of heparin. Coating latex catheter material with TDMAC without heparin resulted in 3.6-fold higher adherence whereas coating with the TDMAC-heparin complex reduced adherence to less than 10% of control untreated latex. TDMAC-heparin also significantly reduced bacterial adherence to teflon coated latex (Bardex) and vinyl catheter material. Less than 30% of the original heparin was removed after wash periods of up to one week. These results indicate that TDMAC-heparin coating of urethral catheters reduces bacterial adherence and thereby may delay the acquisition of catheter associated urinary tract infection. (J. Urol, 138: 423-426, 1987)
Characterization of a compact ECR plasma source and its applications to studies of helium ion damage to tungsten

Exposure of tungsten to low energy (<100 eV) helium plasmas at temperatures between 900–1900 K in both laboratory experiments and tokamaks has been shown to cause severe nanoscale modification of the near surface resulting in the growth of tungsten tendrils. Tendril formation can lead to non-sputtered erosion and dust formation. Here we report on characterization of a compact electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) He plasma source with an ion flux of ~2.5 × 1019 ions m−2 s−1, average fluence of 3 × 1024 ions m−2, and the surface morphology changes seen on the exposed tungsten surfaces. Exposures of polished tungsten disks at temperatures up to 1270 K have been performed and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) scans. Bubbles and craters have been seen on the exposed tungsten surface growing to up to 150 nm in diameter. The ECR source has been tested for eventual use on a scanning tunneling microscopy experiment intended to study the early stages of surface morphology change due to He ion exposure.
Evaluation of the Effect of near Infrared Spectrometer Wavelength Range and Calibration Algorithms on Prediction of Crushing Strength of Pharmaceutical Tablets

This study was aimed at understanding the effect of near infrared (NIR) spectrometer wavelength range and calibration approaches on the performance of pharmaceutical tablet crushing strength predic...
The Effect of Sharrows, Painted Bicycle Lanes and Physically Protected Paths on the Severity of Bicycle Injuries Caused by Motor Vehicles

We conducted individual and ecologic analyses of prospectively collected data from 839 injured bicyclists who collided with motorized vehicles and presented to Bellevue Hospital, an urban Level-1 trauma center in New York City, from December 2008 to August 2014. Variables included demographics, scene information, rider behaviors, bicycle route availability, and whether the collision occurred before the road segment was converted to a bicycle route. We used negative binomial modeling to assess the risk of injury occurrence following bicycle path or lane implementation. We dichotomized U.S. National Trauma Data Bank Injury Severity Scores (ISS) into none/mild (0–8) versus moderate, severe, or critical (>8) and used adjusted multivariable logistic regression to model the association of ISS with collision proximity to sharrows (i.e., bicycle lanes designated for sharing with cars), painted bicycle lanes, or physically protected paths. Negative binomial modeling of monthly counts, while adjusting for pedestrian activity, revealed that physically protected paths were associated with 23% fewer injuries. Painted bicycle lanes reduced injury risk by nearly 90% (IDR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02–0.33). Holding all else equal, compared to no bicycle route, a bicycle injury nearby sharrows was nearly twice as likely to be moderate, severe, or critical (adjusted odds ratio 1.94; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91–4.15). Painted bicycle lanes and physically protected paths were 1.52 (95% CI 0.85–2.71) and 1.66 (95% CI 0.85–3.22) times as likely to be associated with more than mild injury respectively.
Copper–Oxygen Complexes Revisited: Structures, Spectroscopy, and Reactivity

A longstanding research goal has been to understand the nature and role of copper–oxygen intermediates within copper-containing enzymes and abiological catalysts. Synthetic chemistry has played a pivotal role in highlighting the viability of proposed intermediates and expanding the library of known copper–oxygen cores. In addition to the number of new complexes that have been synthesized since the previous reviews on this topic in this journal (Mirica, L. M.; Ottenwaelder, X.; Stack, T. D. P. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 1013–1046 and Lewis, E. A.; Tolman, W. B. Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 1047–1076), the field has seen significant expansion in the (1) range of cores synthesized and characterized, (2) amount of mechanistic work performed, particularly in the area of organic substrate oxidation, and (3) use of computational methods for both the corroboration and prediction of proposed intermediates. The scope of this review has been limited to well-characterized examples of copper–oxygen species but seeks to provide a ...
Team-based approach to identify cardiac toxicity in critically ill hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients

Introduction We observed pulmonary hypertension (PH), pericardial effusions, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in multiple critically ill hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We implemented routine structured echocardiography screening for HSCT recipients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) using a standardized multidisciplinary process. Methods HSCT recipients admitted to the PICU with respiratory distress, hypoxia, shock, and complications related to transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy were screened on admission and every 1-2 weeks thereafter. Echocardiography findings requiring intervention and/or further screening included elevated right ventricular pressure, LVSD, and moderate to large pericardial effusions. All echocardiograms were compared to the patient's routine pretransplant echocardiogram. Results Seventy HSCT recipients required echocardiography screening over a 3-year period. Echo abnormalities requiring intervention and/or further screening were found in 35 (50%) patients. Twenty-four (34%) patients were noted to have elevated right ventricular pressure; 14 (20%) were at risk for PH, while 10 (14%) had PH. All patients with PH were treated with pulmonary vasodilators. LVSD was noted in 22 (31%) patients; 15/22 (68%) received inotropic support. Moderate to large pericardial effusions were present in nine (13%) patients, with six needing pericardial drain placement. Discussion Echocardiographic abnormalities are common in critically ill HSCT recipients. Utilization of echocardiogram screening may allow for early detection and timely intervention for cardiac complications in this high-risk cohort.
Teaching weight to explicitly address language ambiguities and conceptual difficulties

An innovative approach to teaching weight, weightlessness, and free fall that initially avoids the term ``weight'' and then teaches the language ambiguities explicitly, led to improved conceptual understanding and substantially improved appreciation of language issues.
APPLICATION OF HOMOMORPHIC FILTERING TO SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various ways in which homomorphic filtering has been explored for use with seismic data processing. Homomorphic filtering represents an alternative approach to the deconvolution of the seismic signal. This class of filtering techniques represents a generalization of linear filtering to encompass a variety of nonlinear filtering problems. One particular class of nonlinear filtering problems to which it has been successfully applied in a number of applications is that of deconvolution. Within the context of seismic signal processing, a number of approaches have been explored for the application of this class of nonlinear filtering techniques. One consists of applying the method directly to extract the reflector series from the received signal. A second corresponds to using homomorphic filtering to estimate the source pulse. From this estimate, an inverse filter is then designed using one of several possible techniques including Wiener inverse filter design.
L -shell x-ray cross sections for Cl-Ar and Ar-Ar collisions

Measurements of total x-ray production cross sections for ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ -Ar and ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{+}$ -Ar collisions for incident energies between 200 keV and 1.5 MeV are reported. For ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{+}$ -Ar collisions, separate argon and chlorine x-ray production cross sections are extracted. The cross sections exhibit steep increases as bombarding energy is increased. Using existing measurements of Auger cross sections, values for the mean fluorescence yields as a function of bombarding energy are deduced. The increases in the x-ray production cross sections are shown to be due primarily to changes in the mean fluorescence yields. A qualitative explanation for the observations is proposed.
Time-dependent behavior of active/intelligent polymer matrix composites incorporating piezoceramic fibers

Abstract: Piezoceramic fibers, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT) fibers, dispersed in viscoelastic polymer matrix form an active composite which can be used as sensor, actuator, or energy harvester. We discuss electromechanical coupling and time-dependent effects in active materials and micromechanical models for predicting effective time-dependent properties of active composites. Finally, we present an application of using active composites to control deformation in load-bearing structural components.
Access and Affordability: House Purchase Certificates

Housing purchase certificates (HPCs) are vouchers for the purchase of a dwelling unit. As a demand-side subsidy, a certificate gives the consumer purchasing power to use in acquiring a dwelling. These vouchers take two forms: one covers the full price of the dwelling (up to a programme-determined maximum) and the other covers part of the cost, in which case it is a downpayment subsidy. Those of the first type have been used primarily in the former Soviet Union, while the downpayment version is employed much more widely.
What is the role of meat in a healthy diet

Red meat is a nutrient dense food that is an important source of complete protein with all essential amino acids, highly bioavailable iron, zinc, selenium, and B vitamins, especially vitamin B12 in the diet. Several of these nutrients are the most common shortfall nutrients in the world that could be alleviated by the consumption of only a few ounces of beef per week (Figure 1; Klurfeld, 2015). Meat has been consumed by humans, sometimes in prodigious amounts, throughout history and is considered by anthropologists as one of the factors that led to evolution of larger brains. In recent decades, many observational studies of people have associated consumption of red or processed meats with a variety of chronic diseases such as multiple types of cancer, various forms of cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and total mortality (Boada et al., 2016). Consider if a scientist were claiming that a new drug treated all these illnesses. The overwhelming response would be swift and certain that this was not possible. Yet, critics of meat consumption are firmly convinced that it causes multiple harms despite the softness of data supporting such claims, almost all of which are based on epidemiological associations. Open in a separate window Figure 1. Approximately 3 ounces of lean beef provides 9% of daily calories in a 2,000 calorie diet and only 10% of fat but more than half the daily needs for protein, selenium, niacin, and vitamin B12, along with a quarter of the iron requirement and almost half the zinc needed. These numbers emphasize the nutrient density of red meat. Reproduced from Klurfeld, 2015.