cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wafer surface reconstruction from top–down scanning electron microscope images

Abstract In this paper, we propose and investigate several solutions to a difficult “inverse problem” which arises in semiconductor fabrication. The problem is to deduce a feature's vertical cross-section from two-dimensional top–down scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the feature surface. Our first approach is to directly map from SEM intensity waveform to line profile. We show that the direct inverse function approach to profile reconstruction is very sensitive to intensity changes and that it can therefore be used to detect variations in wafer surface patterns. The other two approaches are based on physical modeling of the interaction between the electron beam and the feature surface. Our results are illustrated with a variety of real data sets originating from industry.
The electromagnetic rocket gun

Abstract A novel propulsion concept is proposed which has the potential of accelerating large masses to velocities substantially higher than what is possible with chemical rockets. The novel concept is an electromagnetic gun, where the projectile is a rocket. The proposed concept solves the old problem of magnetic propulsion, which is the resistive dissipation of the induced electric currents into heat which will vaporize the projectile long before it can reach a high velocity. As in a rocket, where the propellant cools and thereby prevents the rocket from burning up, the same happens in the proposed concept where the propellent also cools the projectile and prevents its vaporization. The propellant, however, not only cools the projectile but in addition is resistively heated by the magnetic field and ejected from the projectile with high velocity. The resulting recoil produces an additional thrust which is approximately as large as the thrust exerted by the magnetic field alone. The energy to drive the jet is externally supplied, making the specific impulse much larger than for chemical rockets.
Treatment of splenic artery aneurysm with polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stent

Splenic artery aneurysm (SAA) is a rare condition, mostly treated with surgery. Usually an incidental finding, prevalence varies from 0.04 to 0.10%. If left untreated, SAA carries a high risk of rupture and high mortality. We describe a 53-year-old male patient with SAA, where a balloon-expandable, polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent was used for treatment. The stent remains patent without any leakage after 2 years. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Will the real fundamental difference underlying ideology please stand up

Negativity bias explains many ideological differences, yet does not explain research such as conservatives' greater life satisfaction. Conservatives live in safer communities, perhaps to escape negative emotions, yet display numerous other community preferences unrelated to negativity. This tendency toward cognitive consistency can explain both these phenomena and many of the phenomena described in the target article.
An exergy analysis of the Brazilian economy: From energy production to final energy use

Abstract The concept of exergy is applied to a national economy as a tool for energy planning. Conversions and utilizations of energy carriers in Brazil are described in terms of both energy and exergy. The energy analysis of the Brazilian economy shows that the overall first-law efficiency of the country's energy system is 32.4%, while the exergy analysis shows that the overall second-law efficiency is only 22.8%. Expressed in a different way, the exergy approach uncovers that the efficiency with which the Brazilian economy uses its energy resources is only about two-thirds of that manifested by the traditional heat-balance approach. The exergy approach not only reveals the existence of an inadequate match between the quality of the energy carriers supplied to end users and the quality required by final consumers to perform their energy services, but also indicates that there is room for improvement in the nations's energy conversion and utilization systems. These facts imply that the Brazilian economy has a significant potential for energy savings and, consequently, great promise for reducing the environmental burden associated with energy production and use, without compromising the quality of the services demanded by end users or else for providing greater services with the same energy.
Comment to “Twentieth century secular decrease in the atmospheric potential gradient” by Giles Harrison

[1] Harrison [2002] has attributed the decline in surface potential gradient in the United Kingdom (UK) over the 20th century to the decline in cosmic radiation and the global electrical circuit. This paper addresses the supporting evidence for Harrison's explanation, and considers an alternative hypothesis for the observations based on local changes in aerosol concentration. This hypothesis is supported by the concurrent historical record of black carbon emission in the UK.
Circulatory studies in Wernicke's encephalopathy: with special reference to the occurrence of a state of high cardiac output and postural hypotension.

Although Wernicke's disease is clearly related to thiamine deficiency, it is rarely accompanied by the overt signs of congestive failure. There are symptoms of disordered cardiovascular function in many patients with this disease, but the relation of these symptoms to thiamine deficiency has remained undefined. In the present study, an attempt is made to define these symptoms, particularly, in relation to specific treatment with thiamine. Part 1 of this study is concerned mainly with the determination of the cardiac output in 7 patients, as determined by the Evans blue dye-dilution technic; part 2 describes the postural response to tilting in 12 patients.
Analysis and improvement of tipping calibration for ground-based microwave radiometers

The tipping-curve calibration method has been an important calibration technique for ground-based microwave radiometers that measure atmospheric emission at low optical depth. The method calibrates a radiometer system using data taken by the radiometer at two or more viewing angles in the atmosphere. In this method, the relationship between atmospheric opacity and viewing angle is used as a constraint for deriving the system calibration response. Because this method couples the system with radiative transfer theory and atmospheric conditions, evaluations of its performance have been difficult. In this paper, first a data-simulation approach is taken to isolate and analyze those influential factors in the calibration process and effective techniques are developed to reduce calibration uncertainties. Then, these techniques are applied to experimental data. The influential factors include radiometer antenna beam width, radiometer pointing error, mean radiating temperature error, and horizontal inhomogeneity in the atmosphere, as well as some other factors of minor importance. It is demonstrated that calibration uncertainties from these error sources can be large and unacceptable. Fortunately, it was found that by using the techniques reported, the calibration uncertainties can be largely reduced or avoided. With the suggested corrections, the tipping calibration method can provide absolute accuracy of about or better than 0.5 K.
K Interactions in Hydrogen

K−-meson from the Bevatron have been stopped in a 10 in. hydrogen bubble chamber. This is a preliminary report on the first 137 interactions. There are photographs confirming the existence of the Ō0 and the Σ0, which must be lighter than the Σ− by at least several MeV. Σ’s are produced more profusely than Λ’s in the absorption of K− by protons: we observe the production rations Σ− : Σ+ : Σ0 : Λ ⋍ 4 : 2 : 2 : 1. The large observed absorption cross-section of slow K− by protons suggests that the interaction takes place inp states as well as ins states. There is evidence that the spin of the Σ is greater than 1/2. There is no evidence for parity doublets. Our data rule out the proposed selection rule ΔI=±1/2. The accepted value for the mean life τΛ is checked, and we find τ∑=(1.83±0.26)·10−10 s and τ∑=(0.86±0.17)·10−10 s.
Convolutional neural networks for biomedical text classification: application in indexing biomedical articles

Building high accuracy text classifiers is an important task in biomedicine given the wealth of information hidden in unstructured narratives such as research articles and clinical documents. Due to large feature spaces, traditionally, discriminative approaches such as logistic regression and support vector machines with n-gram and semantic features (e.g., named entities) have been used for text classification where additional performance gains are typically made through feature selection and ensemble approaches. In this paper, we demonstrate that a more direct approach using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) outperforms several traditional approaches in biomedical text classification with the specific use-case of assigning medical subject headings (or MeSH terms) to biomedical articles. Trained annotators at the national library of medicine (NLM) assign on an average 13 codes to each biomedical article, thus semantically indexing scientific literature to support NLM's PubMed search system. Recent evidence suggests that effective automated efforts for MeSH term assignment start with binary classifiers for each term. In this paper, we use CNNs to build binary text classifiers and achieve an absolute improvement of over 3% in macro F-score over a set of selected hard-to-classify MeSH terms when compared with the best prior results on a public dataset. Additional experiments on 50 high frequency terms in the dataset also show improvements with CNNs. Our results indicate the strong potential of CNNs in biomedical text classification tasks.
Shape and Topology Optimization With Medial Zones

Shape optimization (with topological changes) has become a de facto standard approach for synthesizing new designs. Current approaches heavily rely on voxelized modifications of the initial domain, followed by heuristic reconstruction procedures that result in a detailed shape design. The initial domain is almost always conservatively estimated so that the design space spans a sufficiently large set of possible solutions. We propose a novel approach to shape optimization that exploits the geometric and topologic properties of medial zones and a new shape modification paradigm to synthesize shapes with topological guarantees. The medial zone is a ‘thick skeleton’ of the domain induced by prescribed boundary conditions, and represents an initial solution that is topologically valid. We modify such an initial solution by adding or subtracting ‘bubbles’ of material defined via prescribed shape functions. The proposed approach has many advantages in terms of topological guarantees, shape control, and computational cost, supports parametric optimization of free-form geometry, and can be implemented in any geometric representation that supports distance computations.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A mixture model approach for the analysis of small exploratory microarray experiments

The microarray is an important and powerful tool for prescreening of genes for further research. However, alternative solutions are needed to increase power in small microarray experiments. Use of traditional parametric and even non-parametric tests for such small experiments lack power and have distributional problems. A mixture model is described that is performed directly on expression differences assuming that genes in alternative treatments are expressed or not in all combinations (i) not expressed in either condition, (ii) expressed only under the first condition, (iii) expressed only under the second condition, and (iv) expressed under both conditions, giving rise to 4 possible clusters with two treatments. The approach is termed a Mean-Difference-Mixture-Model (MD-MM) method. Accuracy and power of the MD-MM was compared to other commonly used methods, using both simulations, microarray data, and quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). The MD-MM was found to be generally superior to other methods in most situations. The advantage was greatest in situations where there were few replicates, poor signal to noise ratios, or non-homogeneous variances.
Antigenic Analysis of Echoviruses 1 and 8

The antigenic relationship between prototype and isolate strains of echovirus types 1 and 8 was confirmed by double-diffusion gel-precipitation studies. All strains shared a common antigen. In addition, some strains possessed a second antigen that related them more closely to one or the other of the prototype strains. The prototype and isolate strains failed to show the classical prime relationship described for echovirus type 6. The antigenic variation is similar to that described for echovirus types 4 and 9. For this reason the diagnostic laboratory should consider the use of antisera to both prototype and variant strains.
Conformational lability of poly(dG-m5dC):poly(dG-m5dC)

The remarkable conformational lability of poly(dG-m5dC):poly(dG-m5dC) is demonstrated by the observation of an acid-mediated conformational hysteresis. An acid-mediated Z conformation that exists in solutions containing low sodium concentrations that would normally favor the B conformation is described in this report. This Z conformation is reached by an acid-base titration of a B-poly(dG-m5dC):poly(dG-m5dC) solution which is not far from the B-Z transition midpoint. The resulting Z conformation is thermally very stable, with direct melting into single strands at approximately 100 degrees C. In contrast, the B form DNA, initially in solutions of the same ionic strength but without exposure to acidic pH, exhibits a biphasic melting profile, with conversion into the Z form (with high cooperativity) prior to an eventual denaturation into single strands at around 100 degrees C. Cooling experiments reveal that such biphasic transitions are quite reversible. The transition midpoint for the thermally poised B to Z transformation depends strongly on the NaCl concentration and varies with sample batch. The acid-mediated Z form binds ethidium more weakly than its B counterpart, and the ethidium induced Z to B conversion occurs in a step-wise (non-allosteric) fashion without the requirement of a threshold concentration. The acid-mediated as well as the thermally poised Z conformations are reversed by the addition of EDTA, suggesting the involvement of trace amounts of multivalent metal ions.
Gioia's Reply to Jones and Wicks

The author responds to T. M. Jones and A. C. Wicks' reactions after the initial criticism of their article “Convergent Stakeholder Theory.” The author points out three major points of disagreement with Jones and Wicks' commentary on his original piece, including their academic judgments of his real-life scenarios, their assumptions about decision making practices, and general attack against a personal experience the author had. The ultimate suggestion of this response is that the reader be given the ability to make their own decisions about the theories discussed in the readings.
Quantitation of proteins and internal antigen pools by a monoclonal sandwich radioimmune assay

We describe a monoclonal sandwich radioimmune assay (MSRA) that is capable of measuring 0.5 fmoles of protein antigens. The basis of the assay is the ability of most rabbit heteroantisera directed against protein antigens to precipitate labeled monoclonal Fab-antigen complexes. The assay offers the advantages of specificity, sensitivity, linearity and rapidity. The MSRA circumvents the need for preparation of either highly purified protein antigens for use in radioimmune inhibition assays or affinity purified antisera for sandwich immunoassays. Utilizing variations of MSRA protocols, we determined that 48% of FcR gamma 2b/gamma 1, 34% of an 90,000 Mr glycoprotein identified by monoclonal antibody 2D2C, and 24% of an 82,000 Mr glycoprotein identified by monoclonal antibody 2E2A were accessible to labeled Fab probes at the plasma membrane. The total amount of antigen per cell was determined by dividing the amount of antigen at the cell surface (determined from binding saturation assays) by the percentage of surface/total antigen. This value of total antigen agrees well with the total cellular antigen pool determined by MSRA after appropriate corrections for probe saturation and recovery of pre-formed Fab-antigen complexes were made.
Red Clover Seed Production: III. Effect of Forage Removal Time under Varied Environments

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown for seed in western Oregon must have the forage removed in spring so that flowering and seed maturation will be more uniform. There is little available information that describes the effects of time of forage removal on red clover seed production. This study was conducted to determine (i) the effects of time of forage removal on seed production of red clover grown under a range of common environmental conditions found in western Oregon and (ii) whether any crop phenological or environmental indicators can be used to describe optimal forage removal time. Twelve different experimental locations per year were established in 1990 and 1991 in commercial red clover seed production fields throughout a six-county area in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Forage was removed once per treatment and there were seven forage removal time treatments from early May to late June. Red clover seed yields are dependent on a relationship with the number of accumulated heat units (HUs) at the time of forage removal. The average HU optimum (199 HUs) is not exact for all sites, but can be adjusted for the estimated combined effects of factors that influence the relative productivity of each site. Relatively low yielding sites should have forage removal time advanced relative to the HU optimum, and high yielding sites should have forage removal time delayed. Also, named improved cultivars were not as sensitive to time of forage removal as are Oregon-adapted ecotypes. Forage removal time is a critical factor that needs to be considered to achieve maximal seed yields.
Hypoxic-preconditioning enhances the regenerative capacity of neural stem/progenitors in subventricular zone of newborn piglet brain.

Abstract Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) results in brain injury, whereas mild hypoxic episodes result in preconditioning, which can significantly reduce the vulnerability of the brain to subsequent severe hypoxia–ischemia. Hypoxic-preconditioning (PC) has been shown to enhance cell survival and differentiation of progenitor cells in the central nervous system (CNS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether pretreatment with PC prior to HI stimulates subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferation and neurogenesis in newborn piglets. One-day-old piglets were subjected to PC (8% O 2 /92% N 2 ) for 3 h and 24 h later were exposed to HI produced by combination of hypoxia (5% FiO 2 ) for a pre-defined period of 30 min and ischemia induced by a period of 10 min of hypotension. Here we demonstrate that SVZ derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPs) from PC, HI and PC + HI piglets proliferated as neurospheres, expressed neural progenitor and neurodevelopmental markers, and that greater proportion of the spheres generated are multipotential. Neurosphere assay revealed that preconditioning pretreatment increased the number of NSP-derived neurospheres in SVZ following HI compared to normoxic and HI controls. NSPs from preconditioned SVZ generated twice as many neurons and astrocytes in vitro . Injections with 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) after PC revealed a robust proliferative response within the SVZ that continued for one week. PC also increased neurogenesis in vivo , doublecortin positive cells with migratory profiles were observed streaming from the SVZ to striatum and neocortex. These findings show that the induction of proliferation and neurogenesis by PC might be a positive adaptation for an efficient repair and plasticity in the event of a hypoxic–ischemic insult.
Poor Man's Preservation: Mold Remediation on a Budget

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale has a student population of 18,847 undergraduate, graduate, and PhD students. Morris Library, an Academic Research Library (ARL), has over 2.5 million volumes of monographs, serials, and microfilm. The library has three additional storage facilities across the campus and in the town of Carbondale. In 2011, mold was discovered on a bound journal title in one of the storage buildings. A brief assessment determined that there was a major mold outbreak spanning many collections within the building. At the same time, the library and campus experienced budget and labor issues which posed problems for planning a mold remediation project. Planning the project was just one of many obstacles. Other issues included securing money for supplies, labor, training, and the realization four months after the start of the project that the mold growth was much more widespread than originally thought. Research established that the mold was most likely between 5 to 12 years old but ha...
Defined Medium for the Self-Assembling Process: Enhancing Functionality of Tissue Engineered Articular Cartilage

A self-assembling process has recently been developed that produces tissue engineered articular cartilage constructs of clinically-relevant dimensions with mechanical properties approaching one-third of native values [1]. These constructs, however, are cultured in 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), which if eliminated, will make them more desirable as an in vitro cartilage replacement towards a translational approach. To this end, this study sought to assess the quality of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs exposed to varying amounts of FBS as well as a serum substitute that has recently been found to induce chondrogenic differentiation and increase cell proliferation [2].© 2007 ASME
High incidence of impaired glucose regulation in patients with no known history of diabetes mellitus but with hyperglycemia after undergoing a cardiac surgical procedure.

Objective: To determine the implications of the presence of hyperglycemia after a cardiac surgical procedure in patients with no history of diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods: We conducted a prospectiv...
Freezing mammalian embryos: A review of the techniques

Abstract This article reviews the literature on freezing mammalian oocytes and embryos, with emphasis on embryos of domestic animals. Mammalian embryos must be stored in a quiescent state to retain viability for long periods. This has been accomplished by freezing and storing the embryos at −196°C. To freeze embryos, a cryoprotectant like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or glycerol was required, slow cooling (0.1 to 2.0°C/min) and warming (1 to 50°C/min) rates were used, enucleation or seeding the freezing medium was a necessity, and stepwise addition and removal of the cryoprotectant at room temperature seemed to be beneficial. Using the above parameters embryos have been frozen and stored at −196°C for several years and upon thawing and transfer to a suitable recipient, viable offspring have developed. Initially embryo viability was low after freezing-thawing, but with refinement of freezing-thawing techniques has increased sufficiently so that freezing embryos is no longer a laboratory technique, but is applicable to field use.
Educating leaders for the AOTA centennial vision

In order to make the Centennial Vision a reality the education of occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants should be based on constructivism because this pedagogy emphasizes renewal, interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing strength from diversity, and a focus on transformation of practice.
Self-Concept and Esteem in the Middle Level School.

Self-concept and seff-esteem can be enhanced through middle level programs, says this writer, who offers sugges tions for imple menting such programs.
Solid-Phase-Microextraction Measurement of 62 Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Milliliter Sediment Pore Water Samples and Determination of KDOC Values

Determining dissolved concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment pore (interstitial) water with conventional solvent extraction methods is problematic because obtaining large (liter) quantities of pore water, separating it from the sediment, and removing the influence of colloids can be very difficult. However, solid-phase-microextraction (SPME) can achieve similar detection limits using milliliter water samples as achieved with organic solvent extraction requiring a liter of pore water. Five different SPME sorbents were evaluated for their ability to yield the best detection limits for di- to octachlorobiphenyl congeners, both with GC/ECD and with GC/MS (both positive ion EI and negative ion CI). SPME using the 7 μm PDMS fiber with GC/MS (positive ion EI) yielded the best combination of signal-to-noise and selectivity using a 30 min extraction, although ECD was also suitable. Pore water was obtained by centrifuging wet sediment followed by flocculation to remove colloids. Quantitative...
Using virtual presence and survey instructions to minimize careless responding on Internet-based surveys

Instructions and virtual presence were used to prevent careless responding in online surveys.MANOVAs showed warning instructions reduced some forms of careless responding.Virtual presence enhances the utility of survey instructions in preventing careless responding.Feedback instructions hold promise as a non-aversive way to prevent careless responding. Internet-based survey data inform knowledge creation in research and justify work activities in organizations. While there are advantages to online surveys, this mode of administration comes with its own set of challenges. Survey respondents may engage in careless responding (i.e. insufficient effort responding or satisficing) by intentionally or unintentionally responding in a manner that does not accurately reflect their true sentiments. Careless responding can create psychometric problems even after correctly removing careless respondents (i.e. mischievous responders). This study aimed to improve survey methodology by preventing careless responding. Using a 3i?3 between-subjects experimental design, we manipulated both virtual presence (none, animated shape, and virtual human) and type of instructions (anonymous, warning, and feedback). Indicators of careless responding were the dependent variables. Results showed that beyond characteristics of survey items, survey design elements can prevent careless responding. The effects of interventions differed by type of careless responding. Instructions, and the interaction of instructions and virtual presence significantly reduced careless responding, but not virtual presence alone. Virtual human presence increased the salience of instructions. Although currently effective, instructions warning of punitive consequences may create difficulty in recruiting participants. Future research should continue investigating non-aversive ways to prevent careless responding on Internet-based surveys.
Revisiting What Children Say Their Reading Interests Are.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the reading interests of fourth grade boys and girls. Comparisons were made between the reading interests of boys and girls and between minority and nonminority children. In addition the results of part of the present study were compared with the results of a similar study conducted over two decades ago. The present study revealed that there are sex differences in children's reading preferences; however, at the same time the study showed that the reading interests of boys and girls do often overlap. Additionally, results of this study indicated that minority and nonminority children differed to some extent in their reading interests, but they had more similarities than differences. A comparison of the results of the present study with the results of the earlier study showed that the reading interests of males and females have changed very little over the intervening years.
The Solidarity Agenda: Aligarh Students and the Demand for Pakistan

Since its founding by Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan, the educational institution at Aligarh functioned as an incubator of Muslim aspirations. During its early years, future leaders of the Indian National Congress, the Khilafat Movement, and the Pakistan Movement emerged from its classrooms and playing fields. Aligarh students participated in all of these movements, and from 1937 to 1947 it was a key site of pro-Pakistan activism. Student activity during this later period, and especially election work, at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) has been interpreted as part of a state-centred history of Muslim nationalism that culminates in Pakistan. However, by separating Aligarh students’ activism in the period 1930s–1940s from the creation of Pakistan, it actually becomes possible to discern their motivations and to differentiate them from post-1947 statist narratives. This framework exposes the central priority of Muslim uplift as a separate objective from that of independent statehood. Interviews of former Aligarh stu...
Temporal trends in symptom experience predict the accuracy of recall PROs.

Objective Patient-reported outcome measures with reporting periods of a week or more are often used to evaluate the change of symptoms over time, but the accuracy of recall in the context of change is not well understood. This study examined whether temporal trends in symptoms that occur during the reporting period impact the accuracy of 7-day recall reports.
DNA sequence and nucleosome placement on the murine fibroblast growth factor-4 gene

A large portion of the 5′ flanking region of the fibroblast growth factor-4 (PGF-4) gene has been sequenced, but only 38 bp of sequence information past the end of the last exon of this gene has been described. In this study, a total of 2769 bp of nucleotide sequence downstream of the last exon of FGF-4 (GenBank #U43515) was determined by a combination of deletional subcloning and primer walking. In addition, we have used the theoretical algorithm of Calladine and Drew to predict the rotational positioning of nucleosomes throughout the entire FGF-4 gene.
Narrow-band, intense terahertz pulses from a large-aperture GaAs frequency downconverter

2 kW, 200 ns pulses were generated in a noncollinear phase-matched GaAs crystal at room temperature. A terahertz source in the range 0.5–3.0 THz with a step of 40GHz is pumped by line-tunable CO 2 lasers.
Chronic kidney disease and bone fracture : a growing concern

Susceptibility to fracture is increased across the spectrum of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Moreover, fracture in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) results in significant excess mortality. The incidence and prevalence of CKD and ESKD are predicted to increase markedly over the coming decades in conjunction with the aging of the population. Given the high prevalence of both osteoporosis and CKD in older adults, it is of the utmost public health relevance to be able to assess fracture risk in this population. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which provides an areal measurement of bone mineral density (aBMD), is the clinical standard to predict fracture in individuals with postmenopausal or age-related osteoporosis. Unfortunately, DXA does not discriminate fracture status in patients with ESKD. This may be, in part, because excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion may accompany declining kidney function. Chronic exposure to high PTH levels preferentially causes cortical bone loss, which may be partially offset by periosteal expansion. DXA can neither reliably detect changes in bone volume nor distinguish between trabecular and cortical bone. In addition, DXA measurements may be low, normal, or high in each of the major forms of renal osteodystrophy (ROD). Moreover, postmenopausal or age-related osteoporosis may also affect patients with CKD and ESKD. Currently, transiliac crest bone biopsy is the gold standard to diagnose ROD and osteoporosis in patients with significant kidney dysfunction. However, bone biopsy is an invasive procedure that requires time-consuming analyses. Therefore, there is great interest in developing non-invasive high-resolution imaging techniques that can improve fracture risk prediction for patients with CKD. In this paper, we review studies of fracture risk in the setting of ESKD and CKD, the pathophysiology of increased fracture risk in patients with kidney dysfunction, the utility of various imaging modalities in predicting fracture across the spectrum of CKD, and studies evaluating the use of bisphosphonates in patients with CKD.
Producing Gender Effects on Involuntary Mental Hospitalization

This study examines how considerations of a candidate patient's gender influence involuntary mental hospitalization decisions. Based upon fieldwork done in mental health and legal settings, I describe the dynamics of the commitment decision-making process. I argue that effects of gender do not derive from a candidate patient's gender per se. Rather, gender's meaning and influence is established rhetorically during commitment proceedings. I conceptualize gender and its meaning as products of specific situations and occasions, and not as a fixed qualities of individuals. My analysis demonstrates how gender effects are produced through the descriptive activity of commitment proceedings.
SU‐D‐17A‐05: A Method to Determine the Accuracy of a Proposed Breathing Motion Model‐Based 4DCT Technique

Purpose: To develop a technique that measures the accuracy of breathing motion model based 4DCT images by comparing the CT images used to generate the model with images reconstructed using the model at the same breathing phases. Methods: A novel 4DCT technique is employed that employs free-breathing fast helical CT images and a simultaneous breathing surrogate measurement. Deformable image registration of the CT images is used to develop a patient-specific motion model. The model can subsequently generate deformation vector fields that generate a CT image at any user-selected breathing phase, defined here as breathing amplitude and rate. These images will be used for treatment planning. However, unlike existing 4DCT techniques, breathing irregularity-caused errors are not evident to the planner: Each image will look excellent, with no sorting artifacts independent of the model accuracy. To measure model accuracy, CT images are reconstructed at the breathing phases encountered during the free-breathing CT acquisition. In principle, the reconstructed and acquired helical CT images should agree exactly, differences indicate errors in deformable registration and the motion model itself. To evaluate this approach, 5 patient studies were selected and 6 of the original 25 helical CT images compared against the generated images using a semi-automatic landmark-based metric. 200 pairs of spatially uniform distributed corresponding landmark points were evaluated and the mean error standard deviation determined for each image pair. Results: The model reconstructed 4DCT images showed excellent similarity to the 6 helical CT images. The mean errors ranged between sub-millimeter to 2 millimeter with uncertainties mostly in the sub-millimeter. When divided between upper and lower lungs, the mean errors in the upper and lower lungs were less than 2 mm and 3 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed registration and model accuracy test can be used to indicate image geometry errors to a treatment planner. NIH R01CA096679
Chiral symmetry breaking in a chromomagnetic superconductor

Abstract The superconductivity analogy for the confining phase of QCD is very compelling. We further explore the model and show how it automatically accounts for the spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry. We demonstrate that the symmetry is broken to the proper flavor diagonal subgroup, that the quarks acquire a momentum dependent constituent mass and that pions leak into hadron bags. We see that heavy quarks hardly know about chiral symmetry. Finally, we explore various phases of QCD as predicted by our model.
Playing with Light: Adventures in Optics and Spectroscopy for Honors and Majors General Chemistry.

A lab was developed for use in an undergraduate honors and majors general chemistry laboratory to introduce students to optics, spectroscopy, and the underlying principles of quantum mechanics. This lab includes four mini-experiments exploring total internal reflection, the tunneling of light, spectra of sparklers and colored candles, and emission spectra of gases. These mini-experiments were of a mixture of styles, from open-ended inquiry, to more traditional cookbook experiments, and were chosen to echo current graduate research. In the accompanying lecture, students were given an overview of quantum mechanics and a primer on what type of information can be gleaned from a spectrum.
Studies of the H60a locus in C57BL/6 and 129/Sv mouse strains identify the H60a 3′UTR as a regulator of H60a expression

The minor histocompatibility antigen 60 (H60a) is expressed in BALB/C and 129/Sv but not in C57BL/6 strains of mice. We recently found that IFNγ down-regulates H60a, but the mechanism of regulation is not known. To better understand the regulation of H60a, we examined the genomic locus of H60a in 129/Sv and C57BL/6 strains. We found that the upstream regulatory region of H60a was present and functional in both strains. Interestingly, IFNγ can down-regulate H60a transcripts in cell lines from 129/Sv but not C57BL/6 strains of mice, suggesting that IFNγ-dependent regulation of H60a proceeds through cis elements other than the conserved promoter region. We determined that the regulation of H60a by IFNγ proceeds through the 3′UTR of H60a, which is present in 129/Sv, but not C57BL/6 cells. We also found that the H60a 3′UTR and microRNAs can contribute to the level of constitutive expression of H60a in tumor cell lines. We conclude that in 129/Sv strain mice, H60a can be regulated by its 3′UTR through IFNγ and unknown microRNAs. Since H60a mediates NK cell target recognition, our studies identify a cis element that can regulate virus and tumor surveillance.
Frictional study of IC-processed micromotors

Abstract A frictional-torque model consisting of two components, one a constant term and the second a position-dependent term, is used to analyze the motion of a variable-capacitance IC-processed micromotor. Values for the position-dependent frictional torque are calculated from a two-dimensional electrostatic simulator using a non-concentric rotor/hub model. The constant torque is calculated from the experimental starting voltage. Predictions of the theory are in agreement with experiment. Frictional coefficients for polysilicon surfaces adjacent to silicon nitride surfaces are calculated to range from 0.21 to 0.38 in the micromotors.
NSFD representations for polynomial terms appearing in the potential functions of 1-dimensional conservative systems

We provide a methodology for the construction of nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) schemes for 1-dimensional conservative dynamical systems. Such systems are used to model a broad range of nonlinear oscillators. To obtain the desired representations, we imposed conditions following from the constraints of parity invariance and the conservation of energy. A further, practical computational requirement is that these schemes be explicit and linear in the dependent variable evaluated at the upper discrete-time level. The current work extends previous studies by Mickens et al.
A more operable definition for training and education

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the current methods of training and education for first response emergency personnel. The goal is to distinguish the difference between training and education in an attempt to establish a more operable definition for use within the field.Design/methodology/approach – The initial approach was to closely examine and compare physical fitness standards and training for first response emergency personnel in the State of California and the US Government.Findings – Through comparing and contrasting, it was found that while physical fitness standards needed to be additionally governed at the state level, the real issue was a lack of definition in academic literature regarding “training” versus “education.” Furthermore, a lack of focus on the health and physical fitness knowledge in the first response responder population may be putting them at greater risk.Originality/value – The originality/value of this paper consist in: a critical look at the physical demands of emergency r...
Analysis of cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage gene promoter activation during trophoblast cell differentiation

Abstract Trophoblast giant cell differentiation is accompanied by transcriptional activation of the cytochrome P-450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc) gene. The Rcho-1 trophoblast cell line has the capacity to differentiate along the trophoblast giant cell lineage and has been used to study trophoblast-specific P450scc gene expression. In this report, P450scc gene promoter activities in trophoblast cells have been mapped and the involvement of known modulators of steroid hydroxylase gene expression, the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), evaluated. Comparisons were made with Y-1 adrenal and R2C Leydig cells. The cumulative results from transient and stable transfection experiments implicate the region between −428 and −511 bp of 5′-flanking DNA in the developmental activation of the P450scc promoter during trophoblast giant cell differentiation. Differences in basal activities of the P450scc promoter constructs were also observed in Y-1 adrenal and R2C Leydig cells; however, the magnitude of the differences was modest. Activators of the protein kinase A pathway stimulated P450scc promoter activity in Y-1 cells, whereas similar treatment of Rcho-1 trophoblast cells did not stimulate but actually inhibited P450scc promoter activity. The inhibitory activity was localized between −639 and −894 bp of the P450scc promoter. SF-1 mRNA and protein were detected in adrenal and gonadal cells but not in rat placenta or Rcho-1 trophoblast cells by Northern and Western blotting, respectively. Thus, P450scc gene activation during trophoblast cell differentiation involves an 83-bp region of its 5′-flanking DNA between −428 and −511 but does not appear to involve cyclic AMP-activated pathways or SF-1. In conclusion, the mechanism of P450scc gene activation during trophoblast cell differentiation appears different from the regulation of P450scc gene activation in other steroidogenic tissues.
Families, Foreignness, Migration

Introducing the special issue on ‘Families, Foreignness and Migration. Now and Then’, this essay starts from the observation that in Western Europe migrating with or without one's family in the last century was increasingly shaped by state policies. As a result, migrants' identities and family experiences not only depended, and still depend, on their cultural backgrounds but also on very time-specific politics of foreignness and citizenship. The essay's main argument is that comparing and deconstructing perceptions, policies and practices of ‘family’ and migration help to overcome the limited attention given to age and kin in the study of gender and migration. From an overview of contributions to this interdisciplinary issue, it is clear that deconstructing ‘family’ in migration studies should be developed further along three axes: child migration, the multi-level analysis of family and migration, including societies of origin and migrant organizations, and the comparison of ‘visible’ and ‘invisible’ migr...
Epidural analgesia in parturients with previous spinal irradiation

Pro'pose: To present two successful cases of labour analgesia in patients who had been treated with radiation to the lumbar spine for neuroblastomas and to discuss the considerations when planning the anaesthetic management of these patients. CIL~icml Featm'es: We recently encountered two primigravidas requesting labour analgesia, both of whom were noted to have very thin backs with prominent spinous processes and obvious scoliosis. In both patients, the epidural space was easily identified and very shallow. Successful labour analgesia was achieved in both patients, one with a combined spinal epidural technique and the other with an epidural catheter. Conclusion: Craniospinal irradiation is known to have long-term effects on exposed nervous tissue, bone, and blood vessels. While a larger experience is necessary to demonstrate safety of regional anaesthesia in parturients following previous spinal irradiation, we provide reports of two successful cases.
Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Stent Placement Is Safe and Effective in High-Risk Patients Without Cirrhosis

Background Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stent (ETGS) placement is a proposed minimally invasive alternative to cholecystectomy in high-risk patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease.
A comparison of histopathologic changes following X-irradiation of mid-thoracic and lumbosacral levels of neonatal rat spinal cord.

Light microscopic changes were studied in the dorsal funiculi of spinal cords from rats irradiated (4000 R) at 3 days of age and killed from 9-60 days postirradiation (P-I). The irradiated site was limited to a 5-mm length of mid-thoracic spinal cord (T only) in one group of rats, to a 5-mm length of lumbosacral spinal cord (L only) in a second group, and to 5-mm lengths of both mid-thoracic and lumbosacral spinal cord (T/L) in the third group. Changes in the lumbosacral regions were essentially the same in both L only and T/L irradiated groups. These changes included a decreased neuroglial population and a concurrent state of hypomyelination from 9-30 days P-I. In contrast, in the mid-thoracic regions of T only and T/L irradiated groups the decrease in the neuroglial population was obvious only through 13 days P-I, and by 30 days this population resembled that of the controls. The irradiated mid-thoracic areas were hypomyelinated, with the fasciculus gracilis showing a greater degree of hypomyelination than the fasciculus cuneatus. By 25 days P-I, myelination appeared to be normal in these areas. Scattered hemorrhages were noted in both lumbosacral and mid-thoracic regions, but necrotic areas occurred only at the lumbosacralmore » level. In general, the mid-thoracic area appeared to be less sensitive to x-radiation at 3 days of age than the lumbosacral area. These data suggest that there may be marked differences in the developmental states of cells at these two levels at 3 days of age.« less
(n, p) cross sections near Z = 50

Abstract Forward differential (n, p) cross sections have been measured with a proportional counter-scintillation counter telescope for 14.1 MeV neutrons on the following nuclei: 45Rh103, 47Ag (natural), 48Cd (natural), 49In115, 50Sn115, 50Sn120, 51Sb (natural) and 52Te (natural). The measurements were made with an angular spread of about ±15° and cover the proton energy range 4 MeV to 15 MeV. A decrease in differential cross section occurs with increasing Z reaching a minimum at Z = 50 of about 1 mb/s, thereafter rising abruptly at Z = 51 to 40 mb/s. At Z = 52, the cross section is again about 1 mb/s.
LIV. On transverse oscillations of beams under the action of moving variable loads

(1935). LIV. On transverse oscillations of beams under the action of moving variable loads. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 19, No. 127, pp. 708-715.
Stable carbon isotope ratio variations in marine macrophytes along intertidal gradients.

The hypothesis that relative water motion and boundary layer diffusion processes affect carbon isotope ratios of aquatic plants was tested in tidal pool and surge zone comparisons of the surfgrass Phyllospadix spp. No evidence was found that submerged plants growing in still upper tidal pools were isotopically different from those growing submerged in lower tidal surge zones. Significant decreases in 13C/12C ratios for plants growing emersed in the intertidal may have been caused by uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Marine algae (Egregia menziesii and Halosaccion americanum) growing at the same location and tidal elevations as the seagrasses showed somewhat different isotopic fractionation patterns, suggesting that causes of isotopic variability in the seagrasses were not necessarily the same as those in the two marine algae.