cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discrete manufacturing optimizing control through product function

Optimizing control through Droduct function is an approach to discrete manufacturing which results in tightened product variance and imoroved long term profit. Complex products such as automotive distributors are described functionally using mathematical models, computer simulations or empirical models. The approach then associates product function with process variables to reset process targets, on line, at their optimal values. A criteria of controllability is applied to the production system in order to formalize the feasibility of control based on product function. A definition of stability is made considering disturbances such as a change in product model, material shortage, a new batch of components, or a machine outage. An example controller measures the distributor centrifugal advance function from which the mean and variance of the distributor function is estimated. The process control system is implemented with a micro computer based communications system.
Wireless Sensor Networks for Fugitive Methane Emissions Monitoring in Oil and Gas Industry

Remote areas monitoring can leverage the versatility of wireless sensor networks with integrated power harvesting and localization capabilities. We present a sensor platform that collects chemical and environmental data and combines it with a cloud based analytics to localize fugitive methane leaks and to quantify the emission of chemical plumes. The platform combine a wireless methane sensor network and wind sensor to continuously monitor the environment and track how methane leaks are developing. Real world testing of the technology indicate leak localization performance better than 1 meter based on sensor data collected for less than 1 hour. The sensor platform can minimizing oil and gas production loss, enable continuous monitoring of the equipment, and identify hazardous working conditions for operators.
Analysis of Permafrost Active Layer Soil Heterogeneity in Support of Radar Retrievals

In this paper, we characterize vertical dielectric profile of permafrost soils to account for different soil horizons (or-ganic/mineral/permafrost) and seasonal variations of soil moisture and freeze/thaw state. The in-situ soil profile measurements from SoilSCAPE sites in Alaska and field observations are analyzed. We proposed three profile functions (i.e., constant, second-order polynomial, and exponential) to be used for modeling permafrost soils in radar retrievals. Constant profile has the lowest errors between in-situ and fitted profiles as well as between measured and simulated radar backscatter values. However, constant profile can only represent sharp transitions across different soil boundaries, whereas the exponential function can describe more realistic transitions at both ends of the active layer while having similar errors as constant profile. Second-order polynomial is only suitable for root-zone soil moisture (RZSM) in non-permafrost regions as permafrost soils have multiple abrupt changes throughout the soil column.
Antipodal UWB Vivaldi Antenna with Pseudoelement and Notched Flares for 2.5-57 GHz Applications

Novel methods of improving directivity and decreasing sidelobe radiation via the addition of an elliptical pseudoelement and irregularly-spaced notches in the tapered slot antenna are presented in this paper. This antenna has been shown to be functional over the C, X, Ku, K., Ka, and portions of the Sand V bands covering 2.5 − 57 (22.8:1 bandwidth) GHz. Minimum and maximum realized gains of 5.2 and 15.2 dBi were achieved at 2.5 and 32 GHz., respectively. As compared to other Vivaldi antennas reported in the past, the proposed design offers a larger bandwidth while providing 3–4 dBi higher gain in the majority of the band.
Building Participatory Institutions in Latin America: Reform Coalitions and Institutional Change

While prior studies have shown the importance of participatory institutions in strengthening civil society and in improving policy outcomes, we know much less about why some participatory institutions take root while others do not. This book explains the divergent trajectories of nationally mandated participatory institutions' 'stickiness' by highlighting the powerful and lasting impacts of their origins in different policy-reform projects. Mayka argues that participatory institutions take root when they are bundled into sweeping policy reforms, which upend the status quo and mobilize unexpected coalitions behind participatory institution building. In contrast, participatory institutions created through reforms focused on deepening democracy are easy for entrenched interests to dismantle and sideline. Building Participatory Institutions in Latin America draws on rich case studies of participatory institutions in Brazil and Colombia across three policy areas, offering the first cross-national comparative study of participatory institutions mandated at the national level.
Cellular characterization of human epicardial adipose tissue: highly expressed PAPP-A regulates insulin-like growth factor I signaling in human cardiomyocytes.

Little is known about the cellular biology of fat surrounding the human heart. In this study, we obtained paired samples of epicardial fat, the visceral fat depot attached to the heart, and subcutaneous skin fat from patients undergoing open heart surgery to test the hypothesis that human epicardial fat cells differentially express bioactive molecules that have the potential to affect cardiac function. First, we characterized the free fatty acids (FFAs), adipocytokines, and growth factors secreted by isolated adipocytes and preadipocytes in cell culture. There was little to distinguish the fat cell secretory products in terms of FFAs and adipocytokines. The most striking finding was that preadipocytes from epicardial adipose tissue expressed high levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a novel metalloproteinase that enhances local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action through cleavage of inhibitory IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). PAPP-A levels were 15-fold higher in conditioned medium from epicardial preadipocytes than from subcutaneous preadipocytes (P < 0.0001). PAPP-A was not expressed in mature adipocytes. Next we determined whether PAPP-A could affect IGF-I signaling in a human cardiomyocyte cell line. IGF-I activated receptor-mediated auto-phosphorylation, and this was blocked by wild-type and protease-resistant IGFBP-4. Addition of PAPP-A induced cleavage of wild-type, but not protease-resistant, IGFBP-4 thereby restoring IGF-I action. A proteolytically defective PAPP-A had no effect. IGF-I receptor-mediated signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway was similarly inhibited by IGFBP-4 and restored by PAPP-A. Thus, human epicardial fat cells differentially express PAPP-A, which has the potential to affect IGF signaling in the heart.
Lexical processing depends on sublexical processing: Evidence from the visual world paradigm and aphasia

Some early studies of people with aphasia reported strikingly better performance on lexical than on sublexical speech perception tasks. These findings challenged the claim that lexical processing depends on sublexical processing and suggested that acoustic information could be mapped directly to lexical representations. However, Dial and Martin (Neuropsychologia 96: 192-212, 2017) argued that these studies failed to match the discriminability of targets and distractors for the sublexical and lexical stimuli and showed that when using closely matched tasks with natural speech tokens, no patient performed substantially better at the lexical than at the sublexical processing task. In the current study, we sought to provide converging evidence for the dependence of lexical on sublexical processing by examining the perception of synthetic speech stimuli varied on a voice-onset time continuum using eye-tracking methodology, which is sensitive to online speech perception processes. Eight individuals with aphasia and ten age-matched controls completed two visual world paradigm tasks: phoneme (sublexical) and word (lexical) identification. For both identification and eye-movement data, strong correlations were observed between the sublexical and lexical tasks. Critically, no patient within the control range on the lexical task was impaired on the sublexical task. Overall, the current study supports the claim that lexical processing depends on sublexical processing. Implications for inferring deficits in people with aphasia and the use of sublexical tasks to assess sublexical processing are also discussed.
School-Based Screening for Mental Health in Early Childhood

Epidemiological data indicate that mental health problems affect approximately 15-25% of school-aged children in the United States (e.g., Roberts, Attkisson, & Rosenblatt, 1998); yet only 20% of youth in need receive mental health services (e.g., Mills, Stephan, Moore, Weist, Daly, & Edwards, 2006). Universal screening, when paired with effective early intervention, can decrease the propensity for future academic difficulties and related problems (Albers et al., 2007; Dowdy, Ritchey, & Kamphaus, 2010; Lane, Oakes, & Menzies, 2010). The current evidence and practice associated with universal screening for mental health problems in schools are discussed in this chapter to serve as a guide for the key processes of planning, implementation and follow up services. This chapter focuses on screening for mental health problems in early childhood (i.e., prior to middle school) using an evidence-based framework for responding to national recommendations for screening, highlighting critical issues at each phase in the process. Emerging areas of research in universal school-based mental health screening and critical implications for future inquiry are also discussed.
Joint Multiple Intent Detection and Slot Labeling for Goal-Oriented Dialog

Neural network models have recently gained traction for sentence-level intent classification and token-based slot-label identification. In many real-world scenarios, users have multiple intents in the same utterance, and a token-level slot label can belong to more than one intent. We investigate an attention-based neural network model that performs multi-label classification for identifying multiple intents and produces labels for both intents and slot-labels at the token-level. We show state-of-the-art performance for both intent detection and slot-label identification by comparing against strong, recently proposed models. Our model provides a small but statistically significant improvement of 0.2% on the predominantly single-intent ATIS public data set, and 55% intent accuracy improvement on an internal multi-intent dataset.
Case Histories of Significant Medical Advances: HIV Tests and AIDS Treatments

We describe how a diverse cast of characters including public health organizations, research laboratories, for-profit health care companies, activists and regulators, rolled back the outbreak of HIV/AIDS in just fifteen years. Moreover, as the case history shows, a stunning reduction in deaths from the diseases was accomplished largely through accretive advances—without developing a vaccine, an unambiguous test, or a complete cure.
Laparoscopic Total Abdominal Colectomy

Total abdominal colectomy (TAC) with or without restoration of bowel continuity is commonly performed for inflammatory bowel disease, synchronous colon neoplasia, and inherited or familial polyposis syndromes with increased risk for colon adenocarcinoma. Additional indications include transverse colon malignancies, repeat or reoperative colectomy, large bowel obstruction with toxic megacolon, and functional disorders of the colon such as colonic inertia. This operation can be performed open or laparoscopically, with the operative approach typically influenced by surgeon experience and patient-related factors such as hemodynamic instability, obesity, presence of megacolon, and previous abdominal operations. This chapter reviews the indications and operative steps for laparoscopic total abdominal colectomy.
Adoptively-Infused NK Cells Maintain Their Antitumor Effects in Vivo in the Presence of CyclosporineA (CSA)

Abstract Animal models show infusions of donor NK cells given after allogeneic HCT can prevent GVHD while simultaneously mediating a graft-vs-tumor effect. However, it is unclear whether adoptively infused NK cells can mediate these beneficial effects in the presence of CSA, which is commonly given after HCT to prevent GVHD. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro effects of pharmacological concentrations of CSA on NK cell phenotype, cell proliferation, and tumor cytotoxicity. We also evaluated in vivo whether CSA administration would reduce the anti-tumor effects of adoptively infused NK cells in tumor bearing mice. PBMCs collected from healthy donors were labeled with CFSE then were stimulated in vitro with IL-2 for 7 days in the presence or absence of CSA (1000ng/ml). CFSE proliferation assays on fresh PBMC showed CSA inhibited IL-2 stimulated CD3+ T-cell proliferation more than CD3−/CD56+ NK cell proliferation (mean percentage inhibition of proliferation 49.4% vs. 22.2% for T cells and NK cells respectively; p
A spectral weighting function for abiotic photodegradation based on photochemical emission of CO2 from leaf litter in sunlight

Photodegradation can be a significant driver of leaf litter decomposition although the spectral effectiveness of sunlight in driving this process is not well characterized. We developed spectral weighting functions (WFs) for the photochemical emission of CO2 from three leaf litter types using 10 cutoff filters that provided contrasting polychromatic sunlight under clear skies in Tempe, AZ, USA. An iterative nonlinear least-squares regression fitting procedure was used to estimate how effective sunlight at a given wavelength was in eliciting CO2 emission. Although absolute CO2 emission rates varied appreciably among litter types, their WFs were very similar. Using the average WF of all litter types, the effectiveness of sunlight declined from 300 nm by one and two orders of magnitude at 399 and 498 nm, respectively. The slope of the WF was most similar to WFs for CO emission from terrestrial leaf litter and photobleaching of dissolved organic matter in lakes, and was much more gradual than WFs addressing UV damage to biotic processes. Peak effectiveness of clear-sky noon sunlight with our WF occurred at 330 nm, with UV-B (280–320 nm), UV-A (320–400 nm) and visible (400–550 nm) wavebands responsible for 9, 61 and 30% of CO2 emission, respectively. Results from past field studies suggest that solar UV is typically less effective in driving litter mass loss than our WF predicts; we discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy. The gradual slope of our WF implies that differences in UV-B irradiance associated with stratospheric ozone thickness or latitude are unlikely to significantly influence photochemical litter emission.
Multiteam Systems: An Integrated Review and Comparison of Different Forms

In this review, we examine the burgeoning body of research on multiteam systems (MTSs) since the introduction of the concept in 2001. MTSs refer to networks of interdependent teams that coordinate ...
Relations among cigarette dependence, e-cigarette dependence, and key dependence criteria among dual users of combustible and e-cigarettes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine dependence on combustible and e-cigarettes among users of both products (dual users), which may provide important insights into long-term use patterns. Method: Dual users (smoking daily for 3 months, using e-cigarettes at least once/week for the past month; N = 256; 45% women, 71% White, M age 39.0 years) not interested in quitting either product participated in a longitudinal, 2-year, observational study. At baseline, participants completed measures of combustible and e-cigarette dependence (Fagerstrom Test of Cigarette Dependence [FTCD], e-FTCD, Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives [WISDM], e-WISDM, Penn State Cigarette Dependence Index, and Penn State E-Cigarette Dependence Index) and carried a study smartphone for 2 weeks to record cigarette and e-cigarette use events. Results: Most measures of dependence were product specific (e.g., FTCD and e-FTCD were not correlated, r = -0.003) and predicted product-specific outcomes (e.g., long-term use of that product). However, individuals used the two products for some of the same secondary dependence motives (e.g., weight control, cognitive and affective enhancement). These secondary, or instrumental, motives predicted use of both products at 1 year. Which product was used first in the morning was strongly related to product dependence scores and likelihood of continued product use at 1 year. Conclusions: Among dual users of combustible and e-cigarettes, measures of e-cigarette and cigarette dependence tended to be unrelated to one another, but dual users tended to use both products for the same instrumental motives. Which product is used first in the morning may serve as a valuable measure of relative dependence on the two products. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Dynamic Memory and Sequential Logic Design using Negative Capacitance FinFETs

The emerging negative capacitance FinFET (NC-FinFET) device is a promising technology for the design of low-power VLSI circuits. This paper proposes ultra-low-power, highperformance, and low-area dynamic random access memory and sequential logic circuits based on NC-FinFETs. These circuits leverage the fact that NC-FinFETs have low leakage currents which help to facilitate a dynamic storage (DS)-based logic design style. This can in turn lead to reduced area overhead and help to compensate for higher delays that may be associated with NC-FinFETs. Our proposed circuit-level solutions can improve the data retention time of DS latch, flip-flop, and eDRAM circuits. Simulations with 14nm baseline FinFET (BS-FinFET) and NC-FinFET device models reveal that the proposed circuits offer up to 83.5% improvement in area-power-delay-product when compared to conventional BS-FinFET static-storage counterparts.
Mitigation of Jamming Attacks via Deception

This paper considers the problem of mitigating jamming attacks by aiming to deceive the jammer. Specifically, in the presence of a jammer, to defend a transmitter-receiver pair sending (real) information, the paper proposes the novel technique of sending fake information over a second transmitter-receiver pair in order to deceive the jammer into investing some of its jamming power budget for jamming the channel carrying fake information. The paper develops a leader-follower model where the jammer (acting as the follower) adopts it’s jamming strategy after sensing the communication activities on the channels carrying the real and fake information, while the system (acting as the leader) adopts its power allocation strategy prior to the jammer. The paper characterizes the optimal power allocation strategy of the system considering the jammer to be non-strategic in nature, as well as characterizes the Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium (SPNE) strategy of the leader-follower game considering both the system and the jammer to be strategic entities. Extensive simulation results are provided to gain insights into the deception strategies developed in the paper.
Perspectives on Pliocene and Pleistocene Pedal Patterns and Protection

As a framework for interpreting Pliocene and Pleistocene hominin footprints, the functional implications of australopith and Homo pedal remains are reviewed. Despite minor variations in pedal proportions and articular morphology, all of these remains exhibit tarsometatarsal skeletons fully commensurate with an efficient (human) striding bipedal gait. The Middle and Late Pleistocene Homo pedal phalanges exhibit robust and distally flattened metatarsal 1 heads, hallux valgus, relatively short lateral digits with largely straight proximal phalanges with dorsally oriented metatarsal facets, all similar to those of recent humans. The Pliocene and Early Pleistocene halluces lack hallux valgus and have bulbous metatarsal 1 heads. The australopith pedal remains have lateral proximal phalanges that are relatively long and dorsally curved and have more proximally oriented metatarsal facets. In addition, pre-Upper Paleolithic Homo lateral phalanges have robust diaphysis implying the habitual absence of protective footwear, whereas the Upper Paleolithic ones are variably gracile, especially at higher latitudes, indicating more consistent use of footwear. These paleontological considerations provide a framework for interpreting the distal portions of earlier hominin footprints (especially with respect to hallucal orientation and digital length) and suggest that many of the Late Pleistocene footprints may be unrecognized given the use of footwear.
An Affordance Keypoint Detection Network for Robot Manipulation

This letter investigates the addition of keypoint detections to a deep network affordance segmentation pipeline. The intent is to better interpret the functionality of object parts from a manipulation perspective. While affordance segmentation does provide label information about the potential use of object parts, it lacks predictions on the physical geometry that would support such use. The keypoints remedy the situation by providing structured predictions regarding position, direction, and extent. To support joint training of affordances and keypoints, a new dataset is created based on the UMD dataset. Called the UMD+GT affordance dataset, it emphasizes household objects and affordances. The dataset has a uniform representation for five keypoints that encodes information about where and how to manipulate the associated affordance. Visual processing benchmarking shows that the trained network, called AffKp, achieves the state-of-the-art performance on affordance segmentation and satisfactory result on keypoint detection. Manipulation experiments show more stable detection of the operating position for AffKp versus segmentation-only methods and the ability to infer object part pose and operating direction for task execution.
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the failing heart: past, present, and future

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Current treatment options include lifestyle changes, medication, and surgical intervention. However, many patients are unsuitabl...
Imaging in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for the detection of cerebral lesions in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). ALD is one of the most common peroxisomal disorders and is characterized by a defect in degradation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), resulting in accumulation of VLCFA in plasma and tissues. The clinical spectrum of ALD is wide and includes adrenocortical insufficiency, a slowly progressive myelopathy in adulthood, and cerebral demyelination in a subset of male patients. Cerebral demyelination (cerebral ALD) can be treated with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) but only in an early (pre- or early symptomatic) stage and therefore active MRI surveillance is recommended for male patients, both pediatric and adult. Although structural MRI of the brain can detect the presence and extent of cerebral lesions, it does not predict if and when cerebral demyelination will occur. There is a great need for imaging techniques that predict onset of cerebral ALD before lesions appear. Also, imaging markers for severity of myelopathy as surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials would facilitate drug development. New quantitative MRI techniques are promising in that respect. This review focuses on structural and quantitative imaging techniques-including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, MR perfusion imaging, magnetization transfer (MT) imaging, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), and myelin water fraction imaging-used in ALD and their role in clinical practice and research opportunities for the future.
Fifty Shades of Gray Infrastructure: Land Use & the Failure to Create Resilient Cities

Land use laws, such as comprehensive plans, site plan reviews, zoning, and building codes, greatly affect community resilience to climate change. One often-overlooked area of land use law that is essential to community resilience is the regulation of infrastructure on private property. These regulations set standards for the construction of infrastructure built by private developers. Such infrastructure is completed in conjunction with millions of commercial and residential projects and is necessary for critical services, including potable water and energy distribution. Throughout the fifty states, these land use laws regulating infrastructure constructed by private developers encourage or compel “gray infrastructure.” Marked by human-made, engineered solutions, including pipes, culverts, and detention basins, gray infrastructure reflects a desire to control, remove, and manipulate ecosystems. Left untouched, often these ecosystems provide critical services that strengthen a community’s resilience to disasters and slow changes. This article describes the current state of land use laws and their focus on human-engineered, gray infrastructure developed as part of private projects. It explores how that infrastructure is reducing community resilience to change. By creatively combining human-engineered solutions with ecosystem services already available and by incorporating adaptive governance into the regulation of infrastructure erected by private parties, the article describes how land use laws can enhance community resilience. The article concludes with several examples where land use laws are relied upon to help build cost-effective, adaptive infrastructure to create more resilient communities.
Economic Globalization and Labor Rights: a Disaggregated Analysis

Does economic globalization create a “race to the bottom” or a “race to the top” in labor rights practices? Despite significant research on the possible impact of economic globalization on labor conditions, little consensus exists as to whether and what forms of economic openness might help or undermine labor rights. In this study, we illustrate the significance of considering the two distinct processes of de facto and de jure globalization. We argue that whereas de facto globalization in the form of trade and financial transactions is likely to result in worse labor rights practices, de jure globalization that entails regulations to facilitate these transactions is likely to have a positive effect on labor conditions. Combining time-series, cross-national data on labor rights with data on economic globalization, we find significant evidence of the divergent effects of de facto and de jure globalization on labor rights practices. Results also indicate that the labor rights effects of de facto and de jure globalization are stronger for trade than financial globalization. We further show that the effects of economic globalization apply to both collective and substantive labor rights practices.
Low Amplitude Burst Detection of Catecholamines

Machine learning advances in electrochemical detection have recently produced sub- second and concurrent detection of dopamine and serotonin during perception and action tasks in conscious humans. Here, we present a new machine learning approach to sub- second, concurrent separation of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The method exploits a low amplitude burst protocol for the controlled voltage waveform and we demonstrate its efficacy by showing how it separates dopamine-induced signals from norepinephrine induced signals. Previous efforts to deploy electrochemical detection of dopamine in vivo have not separated the dopamine-dependent signal from a norepinephrine-dependent signal. Consequently, this new method can provide new insights into concurrent signaling by these two important neuromodulators.
Can Socialism Allow Open Borders

This book’s central question concerns whether socialism and liberalism can be reconciled. We are worried the answer is no. We will not quite prove that in this paper, but we will raise a number of substantive worries, which perhaps some socialist theorist will be able to resolve
Factors Associated with Prolonged Opioid Use after CMC Arthroplasty

Background Higher rates of prolonged opioid use have been reported in patients who undergo thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) arthroplasty compared with other hand procedures. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with prolonged postoperative opioid use after CMC arthroplasty, along with reporting the number of patients who filled an opioid prescription more than 30 days postoperatively. Materials and Methods Retrospectively, 563 opioid-naive patients who underwent CMC arthroplasty were included. A manual chart review was performed to collect patient characteristics, and opioid use was determined based on opioid prescription by a physician. Prolonged opioid use was defined as an opioid prescription at 90 to 180 days postoperatively. A multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent factors associated with an opioid prescription at 90 to 180 days postoperatively. Patients had a median age of 60.4 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 55.5–66.9) and had a median follow-up of 7.6 years (IQR: 4.3–12.0). Results The rates of postoperative opioid use ranged from 6.2% (53 out of 563 patients) at 30 to 59 days postoperatively to 3.9% (22 out of 563 patients) at 150 to 180 days postoperatively. In total, 17.1% (96 out of 563 patients) received a second opioid prescription more than 30 days following surgery, of which 10.8% (61 out of 563 patients) were between 90 and 180 days postoperatively. Older age, defined as a median of 63 years (IQR: 57.10–69.88) (p = 0.027, odds ratio [OR] = 1.04) and a history of psychiatric disease (p = 0.049, OR = 1.86) were independently associated with prolonged opioid use. Conclusion A prolonged opioid use rate of roughly 11% was found in opioid-naive patients who underwent CMC arthroplasty. In patients at risk (older patients or psychiatric history) of prolonged opioid use, careful postoperative pain management is recommended.
Recent Developments in the Theory of Electrified Interfaces

The electrical double layer is not only a problem of some practicalimportance but also a rather interesting theoretical problem since it involves a systemcomposed of both a classical fluid (the electrolyte) and a quantum fluid (the electrons in the metal elecrode). Furthermore the classical fluid is itself interesting because of the long rangev coulombic forces due to the ions and the orientational forces due to the solvent molecules. Even in the bulk, the theory of an electrolyte is only partly developed.
Valency changes in the history of English

This article examines changes in the valency marking in the history of English. I start with a discussion of the typological literature on measuring basic valency and point out the problems with such an approach. A sample of 18 Old English verbs provides no basic valency pattern for Old English; this makes Old English different from the other Germanic languages. I then review the evidence, presented in, for instance, Visser (1963), that there is an increase in transitivity in the history of English and argue that this increase is partly due to verbs ceasing to mark Theme-preserving alternations, between anticausative and causative. I also examine Theme-changing alternations, between intransitive and transitive, and argue that, due to the changes in aspect marking, objects become licensed by a light verb, v. I conclude by suggesting a syntactic structure that accounts for the various stages of English and argue that the main changes are due to an increase in morphological intransparency.
Hypnic Jerks: A Scoping Literature Review

A scoping review is an approach to identify or map the extent of key concepts and main sources and types of evidence available on a topic. Hypnic jerks are considered a parasomnia categorized as a sleep-wake transition disorder. Although hypnic jerks are considered a benign sleep/movement disorder, some of the latest research indicates that they may be a clinical characteristic for other sleep disorders that affect health care outcomes. This article conducts a scoping review of the literature to determine the extent, range, and nature of the research activity related to hypnic jerks and identifies research gaps in the existing literature.
The withering of criticism: A review of professional, Foucauldian, ethnographic, and epistemic studies in accounting

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the core meaning of critical research.Design/methodology/approach – It begins by noting the frequent divergence between “Real” history (which always marches to its own beat) and academic reflection that often fails to follow the beat of a progressive drum. Indeed, rather than facilitating a productive historical movement, scholarship may, at times, window‐dress brutality. These questions are examined by drawing on pertinent literature in social theory and cultural analysis. This work cautions that only continuous, unconditional, self‐reflective criticism provides a navigational path between barbarism and enlightenment. It proposes harnessing our full repository of critical scholarship to renew ever‐relevant forms of praxis (This is not the same notion of “practical” that involves berating workers in suits and white shirts.)Findings – Unfortunately, an examination of contemporary progressive accounting literature exposes fundamental departures from these st...
E-Commerce and Its Real-Time Requirements: Modeling E-Commerce as a Real-Time System

E-commerce is a product of the Internet, often known as the fourth information revolution (following writing in Mesopotamia 5000 years ago, the written book in China 3300 years ago, and Gutenberg’s printing in 1455). The keynote will address the e-commerce revolution and its requirements. Instead of the traditional bipartite business supply chains linking suppliers, customers, and intermediaries, e-supply chains connect suppliers, consumers, and intermediaries alike directly to an on-line market place using the Internet, forming a “star” Internet/Web-centric commerce system. This effectively shifts the balance of power from vendors to consumers, making the need for responsive and adaptive just-in-time business models more critical. This paper will discuss the technical requirements of e-commerce, such as interoperability, reliability, accessibility, timeliness, and security. In particular, the presentation will show how e-commerce can often be modeled by a real-time system and hence solutions to these requirements can be more readily formulated.
Is More Neurogenesis Always Better

The clinical relevance of increasing neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain is being questioned as increasing the number of new neurons has positive effects on some brain functions but not others.
A comparison of childbirth class attendance and presence at delivery and father-infant acquaintance/attachment

OF THE THESIS A COMPARISON OF CHILDBIRTH CLASS ATTENDANCE AND PRESENCE AT DELIVERY AND FATHER-INFANT ACQUAINTANCE/ATTACHMENT by Susan Diane Bernath Florida International University, 1998 Miami, Florida Professor Sandra L. Lobar, Major Professor The relationship between parent and child is one of the most important and most studied of all human relationships. The purpose of this descriptive study was to compare first-time fathers' attendance at an entire series of prepared childbirth classes and presence at the delivery with father-infant acquaintance/attachment at three to four months post-birth. First-time fathers living with the infant's mother were asked to complete the How I Feel About My Baby Now scale and a demographic survey. Two groups of fathers were compared. The first group attended classes, and the other group did not attend classes. Results of a statistical analysis utilizing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and one way ANOVA indicated that fathers who attended the classes felt significantly more angry at their babies than those who did not, and that fathers in the group under 30 years of age felt more playful toward their babies than those over thirty
Wave Forces on Rigid Pipes Using Ocean Test Data

A test pipe rig was designed, fabricated, and then placed in the ocean, offshore from Honolulu. The pipe diameter was 16 inches, its length 17.5 feet, and the water depth was 37 feet. During four seasons of swell from Southern Hemisphere winter storms, data were obtained for the forces exerted on a 40-inch-long portion of the test pipe. Four separate angles between the swell fronts and the test pipe were involved: 0°, 15°, 35°, and 52°. the measured forces were combined with concurrently measured wave-induced kinematic values to derive horizontal and vertical pipe force coefficients of use to offshore pipeline designers.
Line Emission in AGN: Effects of Local Delays Upon Line Variability

Previous works concerning active galactic nuclei (AGN) variability (e.g., Blandford \& McKee 1982) have assumed that the emission characteristics of illuminated clouds are purely a function of the instant continuum flux to which they are exposed. This paper shows that this assumption is not necessarily justified and that the history of exposure accounting for ``local delays" due to finite cloud equilibrium times can also be relevant. For this reason, a new formalism is developed in this paper for computing the observational properties of models which have local delays. The nature of the nonlinear behavior that results is calculated for some very simple nonlinear cloud line emission models. It is found that the mean response time is a function of the recent average value of the continuum. Linear models fit to these nonlinear systems respond too slowly when there are low-energy (and generally rapid) changes in the continuum, yet respond too rapidly when there are high-energy (and generally slow) changes in the continuum. As with systems without local delays, the expression for the time-dependent line flux contains an integration over history of the ``spatial" response function, which has structure at lags of the light travel times of the emission region. However, the kernel of this integral itself is a function of additional integrations over individual ``cloud" response functions which have structure at lags of the equilibrium times of the cloud properties relevant to line emission. If instantaneous or linear response is incorrectly assumed, local delays and nonlinear response can make a system appear larger than it actually is. These effects are similar to those that beaming can cause. Local delays can also be a source of asymmetry about the peak of the cross-correlation function.
Ununited Bilateral Fatigue Fractures of the First Ribs

A case of bilateral acquired pseudarthrosis of the first rib, the result of bilateral fatigue fractures, is presented. This patient complained of a "sticking" pain in the left scapular region. No symptoms were present on the right. The literature on this subject with particular reference to the origin of the defect—congenital or acquired—is reviewed.
Some Ketonic Mannich Bases

A group of ketonic Mannich bases, represented by Types I and II, were synthesized for pharmacological evaluation. Some of these agents demonstrated in vitro antitubercular and amebicidal action.
The 20‐s Rayleigh wave attenuation tomography for central and southeastern Asia

[1] We conducted a tomographic inversion of 20-s Rayleigh wave spectral amplitudes to obtain a two-dimensional (2-D) attenuation model for central and southeastern Asia. We designed an amplitude-measuring procedure, making use of the phase match filtering technique and available source and path information, to minimize the measurement error. The resulting amplitude measurements showed much reduced scatter with consistent average attenuation estimates. The average quality factor Q from the measurements is about 220, lower than most global estimates. We took a two-step approach in our tomographic inversion. We first inverted the two-station amplitude ratios for a coarse-grid attenuation model. We then used this model as the a priori model and inverted the single-station spectral amplitudes to obtain the final attenuation model along with source and site response terms. The attenuation model from the inversion has a broad correlation with the geology and tectonics of the region. Low attenuation is seen in stable cratonic regions. High attenuation correlates with tectonically active regions. Compared with 1-D distance corrections, the use of 2-D attenuation model for path correction in Ms calculations reduced the station magnitude scatter by 16–18% on the average.
Isolation of plasmid DNA from the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium HD4

A single covalently closed circular plasmid isolated from Selenomonas ruminantium HD4 migrated at 3–5 kilobase pairs (kb). A second band migrating at 23 kb could not be confirmed as plasmid DNA. The plasmid was digested by HindIII. Extraction of plasmid DNA from S. ruminantium HD4 was facilitated by the use of a carbonate buffer wash during cell harvest that allowed for rapid and complete lysis by lysozyme and markedly improved the release of DNA.
Optimal State Estimation with Failed Sensor Discrimination and Identification

A new estimation scheme is presented that combines a fixed-gain Kalman filter for optimal state estimation with a prefilter that discriminates against failed sensors and identifies a failed sensor in real time. This new scheme has features characteristic of systems with triple-redundant sensing and voting, but with fewer sensors. It is tested on second- and third-order plants with dual-redundant measurements of the system states and is shown to out perform the stand-alone Kalman filter by a factor of two or more in terms of the rms estimation errors. Strategies for application to systems higher than third order are discussed.
Are legislators ideologues or the agents of constituents

Abstract Legislatures often make important economic decisions. A decade ago economists viewed each legislator as the agent, if not of the median voter, of some pivotal voter in a party constituency. Therefore, the voting decision of a legislator could readily be predicted if one could measure the preferences of the relevant pivotal voter. Models where interests on specific issues can be simply linked to votes on the same issues are questionable, however, since votes will be traded across issues. Political parties are one important vehicle for organizing such trades. A simple empirical test for the United States Senate, however, clearly rejects the notion that the representative is the agent of the median voter or a local party constituency, even if vote trades are allowed. Thus, there is ample opportunity for politicians, even under reelection constraints, to either voice their own ideology or that of idiosyncratic support coalitions. The relevant theory and empirical evidence is summarized, and some validating tests for European parliaments are suggested.
Optimal Cooperative Reconnaissance Using Multiple Vehicles

A study on multivehicle trajectory planning for cooperative reconnaissance problems is presented. Specifically, this work develops understanding and insights into how vehicles cooperate in reconnaissance type missions in which target information is maximized. The performance metric used to guide the cooperation study is the amount of information, defined using the Fisher information matrix, that the sensing vehicles gather over their planned trajectory. A receding horizon optimal control formulation is developed and solved for trajectories that yield maximum information. High-risk zones and vehicle/terminal constraints are also are considered. Trends include the following: 1) vehicles with nonsymmetric sensors tend to triangulate as they get close to the target; 2) vehicles tend to move toward stationary targets as quickly as possible; 3) the addition of a third vehicle exhibits at least 50% less performance improvement than the addition of the second vehicle, and even less for nonsymmetric sensors; 4) optimization for multiple vehicles and targets is a strong function of target to target distances and sensor uncertainty symmetry; and 5) short planning horizons are preferable for moving targets.
Extension of the measurement model approach for deconvolution of underlying distributions for impedance measurements

Electrochemical impedance spectra frequently reveal the influence of distributions of activation or relaxation processes, but methods for extracting information concerning these distributions are not well developed. Complex non-linear weighted regression of Voigt elements was applied to synthetic impedance data to identify the influence of stochastic noise and incomplete frequency ranges on the ability to resolve the expected distribution. The method was also applied to analysis of impedance data for heat-separated human stratum corneum. Regression of a Voigt series was found to provide a convenient way to identify a distribution of relaxation time constants corresponding to a given experimental spectrum. While the presence of stochastic noise reduces the number of Voigt elements that can be resolved, the parameters trace the same profile for the distribution of time constants. The technique should be particularly useful for experimental systems for which no deterministic model is available.