cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of partitioning on the performance of decomposition methods for AC Optimal Power Flow

The optimization problems in power systems become larger and larger due to the increased number of variables from distributed generation and flexible loads. Hence, there has been growing interest in decomposition methods that facilitate distributed decision making. However, limited effort has been spent on the actual implementation of decomposition methods including determining how to partition the problem and what information to exchange among subproblems, which may greatly impact the efficiency of decomposition methods. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of partitioning on the convergence speed of decomposition methods for solving the AC Optimal Power Flow problem. In addition, we propose a speed-up method for the Optimality Condition Decomposition by adding a correction term to refine the search direction. Simulations on the IEEE-30 system show that the convergence speed of the decomposition method can be significantly improved by using a proper partition of the system and the correction term.
The long-term natural history of geographic atrophy from age-related macular degeneration : Enlargement of atrophy and implications for interventional clinical trials

Purpose To report the enlargement rate of geographic atrophy (GA) over time, its relationship to size of atrophy at baseline and to prior enlargement rate, and the implications for designing future treatment trials for GA. Design Prospective natural history study of GA resulting from age-related macular degeneration. Participants Two hundred twelve eyes of 131 patients were included in the analysis. Methods Annual follow-up included stereo color fundus photographs. The areas of GA were identified and measured, and the rate of enlargement of the atrophy was assessed. Sample sizes for clinical trials using systemic treatment and uniocular treatment were determined. Main Outcome Measure Rate of enlargement of the atrophy. Results The median overall enlargement rate was 2.1 mm 2 /year (mean, 2.6 mm 2 /year). Eyes with larger areas of atrophy at baseline tended to have larger enlargement rates, but knowledge of prior rates of enlargement was the most significant factor in predicting subsequent enlargement rates. There was high concordance between the enlargement rates in the 2 eyes of patients with bilateral GA (correlation coefficient, 0.76). To detect a 25% reduction in enlargement rate for a systemic treatment (α, 0.05; power, 0.80; losses to follow-up, 15%), 153 patients each in a control and treatment group would be required for a trial with a 2-year follow-up period for each patient. For a uniocular treatment, 38 patients with bilateral GA would be required, with the untreated eye serving as a control for the treated eye. Conclusions Treatment trials for GA with an outcome variable of change in enlargement rate are feasible.
Bond and Stock Market Linkages: The Case of Mexico and Brazil

Research on emerging market bonds has been growing quickly (see, for example, Min, 1998).1 This can be attributed to two main factors. First, while emerging market bond capitalization is relatively small compared to the size of the fixed-income market, it has still attracted the attention of investors. There have been times (for example, in the summer of 1997) when the average performance of the Emerging Market Bond Index is better than that of the S&P 500, and is considerably better than the US high-yield index. Among the debt instruments in the emerging markets, Brady bonds are the most important. Overall, there are about US $200bn of Brady bonds outstanding. According to the Emerging Market Traders Association, the secondary market turnover for Brady bonds represents the majority of all trading in emerging market debt instruments. Second, the sovereign bond yield spreads over the yield of similar issues from the US Treasury has become a market-based measure of sovereign credit worthiness. It has been argued that the credit worthiness of economies as measured by agencies such as Institutional Investor, Moody s and Standard and Poor’s are only ex post indicators and may not be useful measures for those who are more interested in the future performance of an economy. As a result, recent literature on sovereign credit worthiness has focused on market-determined indicators, such as the Brady bond stripped yield spread, as the purest form of market-based sovereign risk.
Constraints on Central Solar Conditions from Helioseismology and Neutrino Counts

Interesting joint constraints are placed on central solar conditions by the solar neutrino detection rate and the frequency separations of high-order, low-degree p-modes of pulsation. A new form of diagnostic diagram is introduced that illustrates the difficulty in standard theories of simultaneously satisfying these joint constraints. A model employing WIMPs (= weakly interacting massive particles) appears to be the only model extant capable of fitting both kinds of data. Unambiguous identification and fitting of g-modes can provide a further test of the WIMP model provided a certain caution is exercised.
Computer generated music as a teaching aid for first year computing

Computer generated music can be useful in introductory programming courses as the theme for programming projects as well as a method for demonstrating algorithms. Two ideas for student programming projects that have actually been assigned are described. But the emphasis of the paper is on the use of a technique known as algorithmic granular synthesis. This is explained first as a computer music technique and then its use as a method for demonstrating algorithms such as sorts and searches is described. Following this is a discussion of ideas for using computer music in other computer science courses.
The impact of chorionicity on maternal pregnancy outcomes.

Objective Women carrying twin pregnancies often receive similar counseling, regardless of chorionicity, with the notable exception of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS); however, little is known about whether the presence of 1 vs 2 placentas confers dissimilar maternal risks. We sought to determine differences in maternal and neonatal outcomes based on chorionicity. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of all twin pregnancies at our institution undergoing routine second-trimester ultrasound for anatomic survey from 1990 through 2010. Secondary outcomes included other adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Relative risks and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated. Cluster analysis was used to account for nonindependence of twin pairs. Results Of 2301 pregnancies, 1747 (75.9%) were dichorionic and 554 (24.1%) were monochorionic. Rates of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, placenta previa, preterm labor, and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) were not significantly different in dichorionic vs monochorionic pregnancies. Early preterm delivery less than 34 weeks (aOR, 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.86) and less than 28 weeks (aOR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.58–4.20) were more likely in monochorionic twins, as was neonatal intensive care unit admission (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.12–1.78). Monochorionic twins delivered earlier at a mean gestational age of 34.2 weeks vs 35.0 weeks for dichorionic twins ( P P = .01). Conclusion There are no significant differences in maternal outcomes by chorionicity; however, monochorionicity is associated with increased fetal risks. This information may be helpful in guiding more targeted counseling to expectant parents of twins that, although the presence of an additional placenta does not confer additional maternal risks, monochorionic infants tend to deliver earlier and require longer hospital stays.
I'm Not Going to Pay a Lot for This Supercomputer!

Los Alamos National Laboratory and Caltech obtain gigaflops performance on parallel Linux machines running free software and built of commodity parts costing less than $55,000 each
Cross-reaction of contraceptive steroids in competitive binding assays of progesterone and estradiol

Abstract Competitive binding assays for measurement of blood progesterone and estradiol levels are being used with increasing frequency. Since investigation of concentrations of these hormones is being performed in patients receiving oral steroid contraceptives, a study was undertaken to determine whether any of the steroids used in oral contraceptives cross react with these assays. Of the 14 synthetic steroids studied, it was found that only ethinyl estradiol had a significant (2%) cross reaction in the radioimmunoassay of estradiol. Only d-norgestrel (4%) and dydrogesterone (1.4%) had a significant cross-reaction in the competitive protein-binding assay of progesterone. From analysis of metabolic studies, it is concluded that these, as well as the other steroids tested, if given in doses currently being used, will not significantly interfere with the assay of endogenous estradiol and progesterone.
Identification of Equivalent Faults in Logic Networks

The properties of combinational logic functions and networks that influence equivalence among stuck-type faults are investigated. It is shown that the equivalence of certain types of faults depends only on the function being realized. For instance, the fault classes among primary input/output faults are of this type. It is shown that every irredundant realization of the two-variable EXCLUSIVE-OR function has a unique set of ten fault classes. A fault class F in a module M contained in a network N is called intrinsic, if F can be determined from M alone, i. e., F is independent of N. Using the concepts of intrinsic equivalence and inversion parity, conditions for the equivalence and nonequivalence of two fault classes are obtained. These results are applied to the problem of equivalence identification in two-level logic networks where they provide a substantial reduction in the amount of computation required.
Intrapulse Dynamical Effects in Multiphoton Processes: Theoretical Analysis

Stationary and nonstationary multilevel models are formulated to analyze ultrafast multiphoton processes with emphasis on electronic and nuclear coherence of a near-resonant intermediate state. By identifying and characterizing three intrapulse dynamical mechanisms (sequential-resonance, chirp-following, and time-delay), a clear physical picture is developed for understanding the subtle chirp dependence in intrapulse pump−probe processes. The theoretical analysis in the paper provides not only a possible interpretation for a recent three-photon experiment but also a general theoretical framework for studying ultrafast multiphoton processes in atoms and molecules.
Intolerance of Communists During the McCarthy Era: a General Model:

IN Communism, Conformity, and Civzl Liberties, published in 1955, Samuel Stouffer undertook the first truly systematic analysis of political tolerance, one of the core components of democracy, and reached some unsettling conclusions about the prevalence of intolerance in the United States. In an attempt to determine the "degree of willingness to tolerate nonconformists such as people whose loyalty has been criticized" (Stouffer 1955: 21), Stouffer embedded a battery of questions about the rights of communists, socialists, and atheists--the bogeymen of the McCarthy era-in a pair of specially-commissioned national surveys. Thus measured, intolerance proved to be very widespread: two-thirds of those polled said that a communist should not be permitted to make a speech in their community and that any books he had written should be removed from the public library, while nine out of every ten called for firing a communist from a college teaching position. Three decades after its publication, Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties is still an impressive document, but it is not above reproach. Over the years, Stouffer's many successors (e.g., Borgatta and Hulquist 1956-57; Davis 1975; Nunn, Crockett, and Williams 1978) have tried to remedy methological shortcomings in his analysis, but recently a more basic problem has come to the fore. In a series of publications, Sullivan and his associates (1979, 1982, 1985) have criticized Stouffer and those who followed his lead for purporting to study tolerance of nonconformity when Stouffer's conclusions bear more closely on tolerance of communists and other left-leaning groups.1 The problem, according to Sullivan et al. (1979: 784-85), is
A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region

(1970). A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography: Vol. 46, PROCEEDINGS International Geographical Union Commission on Quantitative Methods, pp. 234-240.
THE ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATION LITERACY: A CASE STUDY

This study presents an investigation of information literacy as defined by the ETS iSkills™ assessment and by the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Information Literacy Scale (ILS). As two related but distinct measures, both iSkills and the ILS were used with undergraduate students at NJIT during the spring 2006 semester. Undergraduate students (n = 331), first through senior years, took the iSkills and submitted portfolios to be judged by the ILS. First-year students took the Core iSkills assessment, which was designed to provide administrators and faculty with an understanding of the information and communication technology (ICT) literacy of a student doing entry-level coursework (n = 155). Upper classmen took the more difficult Advanced iSkills assessment, appropriate for rising juniors (n = 176). Across all class levels, iSkills scores varied as expected. First-year basic skills writing students performed at lower levels than first-year students enrolled in traditional composition and cultural history courses; seniors performed at higher levels than sophomores and juniors. Because the NJIT ILS scores were designed to be curriculum sensitive, portfolio scores did not similarly follow grade levels. Analyses revealed weak correlations between portfolio and Core iSkills scores and moderate correlations between portfolio and Advanced iSkills scores. As two associated yet distinct systems of inquiry designed to explore undergraduate student performance, the ETS iSkills assessment and the NJIT ILS—taken both individually and together—yield important information regarding student performance.
Dietary Studies of Children and Young Adults (1973–1988): The Bogalusa Heart Study

The link between diet, the maintenance of health, and the development of chronic disease has become increasingly evident in recent years. The advice from national health organizations has become more focused, identifying dietary excesses of energy, total fat, saturated fatty acids, and dietary cholesterol as adversely affecting the health of Americans. In addition, eating habits formed during childhood have a potential lifelong effect on serum lipid levels, and thus, indirectly, on adult coronary heart disease risk. Therefore, an understanding of the diet and nutritional habits of children and young adults is critical to the planning of intervention strategies toward the natural course of coronary heart disease. For more than 20 years, the Bogalusa Heart Study has been collecting dietary data on subjects from infancy through adulthood. The dietary studies have described dietary patterns and nutrient intakes, relationships, and tracking of serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in a biracial, well defined population. These data have provided the rationale for the development of healthy eating habits early in life and ultimately the reduction of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease.
Force analysis and design considerations of grippers

The kinetic characteristics of grippers for industrial robots are studied. Determination of the input‐output force of grippers and calculations of gripping force for different combinations of gripper's posture and workpiece orientation are included.
ARGAND DIAGRAMS, CROSS-SECTION BEHAVIOR, AND REGGE POLES.

Schmid's problem on the interpretation of the anticlockwise Argand diagram obtained from Regge-pole exchanges as the direct-channel resonance is studied. It is shown in the idealized models that the anticlockwise Argand diagram alone cannot guarantee the existence of a resonance, and that it is absolutely necessary to compute the cross section in order to establish the existence of a resonance. The partial-wave projection of the Regge-pole exchanges in pion-nucleon scattering is performed. The Argand diagram, real part of phase shift, absorption factor, partial-wave total cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{tot}}$, elastic cross section ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{el}}$, ${k}^{2}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{tot}}$, and ${k}^{2}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{el}}$ are computed. It is found that all ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{tot}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{el}}$ have no cross-section peak at all, despite the existence of the anticlockwise Argand loops in certain partial waves. They show only the monotonically decreasing behavior characteristic of the Regge-pole model as energy increases, except in the unitarity-violating low-energy region. The above facts indicate that the variation of the anticlockwise Argand loop with respect to energy is too weak to produce a cross-section peak by overcoming the variation of the barrier factor $\frac{1}{{k}^{2}}$ in ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{tot}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\mathrm{el}}$. It is concluded that Schmid's interpretation is incorrect. Several physical implications of this result are discussed.
Moment-tensor solutions estimated using optimal filter theory: Global seismicity, 2001

Abstract Moment-tensor solutions, estimated using optimal filter theory, are listed for 290 moderate-to-large size earthquakes that occurred during 2001.
Transistor architecture impact on wafer inspection

Pitch and CD scaling have been the main drivers of wafer inspection (WI) requirements, with tighter pitches and smaller CD's pushing the adoption of inspection tools with greater capabilities. With the introduction of strained silicon, Hi-k / metal gates and tri-gate transistors, integration schemes are playing a prominent role in WI. The present paper explores, through FDTD aerial image simulations, the impact of device integration scheme on WI. Various defect types are simulated for planar gate, planar Hi-k / metal gate and tri-gate transistors and the impact to WI requirements are explored.
Principles of Maude

Abstract This paper introduces the basic concepts of the rewriting logic language Maude and discusses its implementation. Maude is a wide-spectrum language supporting formal specification, rapid prototyping, and parallel programming. Maude's rewriting logic paradigm includes the functional and object-oriented paradigms as sublanguages. The fact that rewriting logic is reflective leads to novel metaprogramming capabilities that can greatly increase software reusability and adaptability. Control of the rewriting computation is achieved through internal strategy languages defined inside the logic. Maude's rewrite engine is designed with the explicit goal of being highly extensible and of supporting rapid prototyping and formal methods applications, but its semi-compilation techniques allow it to meet those goals with good performance.
A Prototype Analysis of Gratitude: Varieties of Gratitude Experiences

The present research tested the hypothesis that concepts of gratitude are prototypically organized and explored whether lay concepts of gratitude are broader than researchers' concepts of gratitude. In five studies, evidence was found that concepts of gratitude are indeed prototypically organized. In Study 1, participants listed features of gratitude. In Study 2, participants reliably rated the centrality of these features. In Studies 3a and 3b, participants perceived that a hypothetical other was experiencing more gratitude when they read a narrative containing central as opposed to peripheral features. In Study 4, participants remembered more central than peripheral features in gratitude narratives. In Study 5a, participants generated more central than peripheral features when they wrote narratives about a gratitude incident, and in Studies 5a and 5b, participants generated both more specific and more generalized types of gratitude in similar narratives. Throughout, evidence showed that lay conceptions of gratitude are broader than current research definitions.
Information Theoretic XSS Attack Detection in Web Applications

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) has been ranked among the top three vulnerabilities over the last few years. XSS vulnerability allows an attacker to inject arbitrary JavaScript code that can be executed in the victim's browser to cause unwanted behaviors and security breaches. Despite the presence of many mitigation approaches, the discovery of XSS is still widespread among today's web applications. As a result, there is a need to improve existing solutions and to develop novel attack detection techniques. This paper proposes a proxy-level XSS attack detection approach based on a popular information-theoretic measure known as Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD). Legitimate JavaScript code present in an application should remain similar or very close to the JavaScript code present in a rendered web page. A deviation between the two can be an indication of an XSS attack. This paper applies a back-off smoothing technique to effectively detect the presence of malicious JavaScript code in response pages. The proposed approach has been applied for a number of open-source PHP web applications containing XSS vulnerabilities. The initial results show that the approach can effectively detect XSS attacks and suffer from low false positive rate through proper choice of threshold values of KLD. Further, the performance overhead has been found to be negligible.
Csaba Horváth's contribution to the theory and practice of capillary electrochromatography.

This overview has been written as a tribute to a luminary of chromatography - Csaba Gyula Horvath, who passed away earlier this year. Since the scope of his work was enormous, the following pages focus only on one single aspect of his scientific activities, capillary electrochromatography. He was a visionary, recognizing the great potential of this method and devoted a large part of his efforts to studies of problems related to CEC, covering a huge variety of issues embracing the theoretical foundation, instrumentation, and column technology. During the period of time from 1996 to 2004, Csaba Horvath published almost 30 excellent papers concerning capillary electrochromatography, which are reviewed in this article.
Spin and phase coherence in quasi-1D InSb wires under strong spin–orbit interaction

We investigate the low temperature spin and phase coherence lengths in quasi-one dimensional wires fabricated from a high mobility InSb/InAlSb two dimensional electron system. Spin and phase coherence lengths as a function of wire width and temperature are obtained by fitting the magnetoconductance to an antilocalization theory modified to account for ballistic transport through the wires. Extracted spin coherence lengths are found to be inversely proportional to wire width and display a weak dependence on temperature. Results for the phase coherence length suggest that mechanisms originating in the two dimensional electron system are responsible for phase decoherence.
Phosphorylation: a fundamental regulator of steroid receptor action

Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are hormone-activated transcription factors involved in numerous cellular functions and in health and disease. Their activities depend on the cellular level of the receptor, the presence of coregulator proteins, and the cell signaling pathways that are active in the cell. SHRs and their coregulators are phosphorylated on multiple sites by a wide variety of kinases. Each site may contribute to multiple functions and the net effect of an individual phosphorylation depends on the activating kinase. Here we discuss functions of known SHR phosphorylation sites, kinase regulation, evidence of translational relevance, and crosstalk between SHRs and cell signaling pathways. Understanding how cell signaling pathways regulate SHRs might yield novel therapeutic targets for multiple human diseases.
Economic growth, public welfare and sustainability: an empirical system analysis

SUMMARY This paper explores the relationships between economic activity and sustainability, growth, and welfare. The issues regarding the nature of the relationships were framed by Ekins in questions which are addressed empirically across countries and the states of the US. The sustainability issue is addressed by comparing nonrenewable energy throughput, a surrogate for impacts, to the renewable energy throughput in the associated ecosystem. The effect of a changing energy intensity, in developing and developed countries, on socioeconomic variables provides clues to social welfare. In developing countries a rising energy throughput (economic growth) and energy intensity is positively related to public welfare while impacts are generally moderate. The reverse appears to be true in developed countries, i.e. as energy throughput and intensity rise in developed countries and the US states, pollution and impacts also rise while socioeconomic variables worsen, so public welfare begins to decline. Economic deve...
Surface tension of acetone‐water solutions up to their normal boiling points

The surface tensions against air of acetone-water solutions have been measured over the entire composition range from 20°C. to generally within 1° to 10°C. of the normal boiling points. The capillary-height method was employed and the results are thought to be accurate to better than ±0.5%.
Effects of morphine on sprouting of locus coeruleus fibers in the neonatal rat.

Acutely (by 48 h), as well as after one month survival, morphine (20 mg/kg) significantly potentiated the extent of noradrenergic degeneration in the forebrain of newborn rats caused by 50 mg/kg of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) s.c. This was associated with increased regenerative sprouting in the cerebellum and pons-medulla as determined by measurements of norepinephrine (NE) concentration and [3H]NE uptake. This potentiating effect of morphine was not seen in either forebrain, brainstem, or cerebellum if it was administered to newborn rats with a 24-h delay following 6-OHDA. Clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) which, like morphine, decreases locus coeruleus activity, acutely tended to enhance the acute degenerative effects of 6-OHDA, whereas yohimbine (5 mg/kg), an alpha 2-antagonist which increases locus coeruleus activity, significantly attenuated the acute effect of 6-OHDA in the forebrain. In order to determine whether morphine directly alters the regenerative growth of neurons independently of its acute interaction with 6-OHDA, we explored its effect on the collateral sprouting of locus coeruleus projections induced by midcollicular hemisection. Unilateral midcollicular hemisection in neonates resulted, at 2 months of age, in a 91% reduction of NE concentration in the ipsilateral forebrain and an increase in the ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere to over 200% of control. Significant increases of a slightly smaller magnitude were found in the cerebellar vermis, pons-medulla and the colliculi. Morphine given simultaneously with the lesion significantly attenuated this collateral sprouting in the cerebellar hemisphere and colliculi. These results indicate that morphine potentiates the initial toxicity of 6-OHDA, perhaps by altering activity of locus coeruleus neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electrophilic versus free radical reactions of halogens and halogen systems with perfluoroalkenes and a perfluoroalkylethylene

Abstract Ionic and free radical addition of halogen systems were carried out with perfluoroheptene-1 ( 1 ), octafluorocyclopentene ( 2 ), 1H,1H,2H-perfluorooctene-1 ( 3 ) and perfluoro-4-methyl-2-pentene ( 4 ). The terminal alkene 1 was treated with chlorine in tert -butyl alcohol as solvent with mercury catalyst under reaction conditions that assure an ionic pathway. Bromine did not react with 1 under similar conditions. Chlorine monofluoride reacts with 1 in methylene chloride to give 2-chloroperfluoroheptane. Alkene 3 is more reactive and gives products with electrophiles Cl 2 , Br 2 , BrCl, and ICl from ring-opening of the halonium ions at the terminal carbon. Disubstituted perfluoroalkenes 2 and 4 did not react ionically with Cl 2 , Br 2 , BrCl, or ICl. Free radical reactions of Cl 2 , Br 2 , BrCl, and ICl give good yields of dihaloproducts with 1 and 3 . Yields are poor for the photochemical bromination of disubstituted perfluoroalkenes 2 and 4 since the dibromoproducts are in photochemical equilibrium with the alkene.
A finite element thermal analysis procedure for several temperature-dependent parameters

A finite-element thermal analysis procedure for elements with several temperature-dependent thermal parameters is presented. The procedure, based on an application of the Newton-Raphson iteration technique, is formulated by resolving element matrices into component matrices, one component for each thermal parameter. Component conductance matrices are evaluated by assuming constant thermal parameters within an element and are computed once per unit thermal parameter. Significant savings in computer time result from the unit thermal parameter concept. The solution procedure applied to a convectively cooled structure with significantly varying thermal parameters converged in four iterations.
Radioactive Iodinated Human Serum Albumin as Tracer Agent for Diagnosing and Localizing Intracranial Lesions

Various isotopes have been used to diagnose and localize intracranial lesions by the isotope- encephalometric technic described by Moore(2, 3, 4). So far, diiodofluorescein has given the most satisfactory results and therefore gained the widest acceptance. However, at this clinic radioactive-iodinated-human-serum albumin has been used and appears to be as satisfactory, if not superior, to diiodofluores-cein. The iodination of human serum albumin (RIHSA‡) is carried out with ele-mental iodine in an essentially neutral buffer. One cc of RISHA contains 5 mg of human serum albumin with a salt concentration of approximately 2 mg(6). Metabolic studies in both animals and humans have shown that RIHSA given intravenously remains in the blood stream for a long period of time. It is apparently gradually metabolised by the body and free iodine liberated. Although most of the radioactive iodine is excreted through the urine, about 5%percnt; of it is taken up by the thyroid gland by the end of 24 hours(5). A small amo...
Depletion of murine CD4+ T lymphocytes prevents antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and pulmonary eosinophilia.

The pathogenesis of asthma remains unclear. An in vivo murine model of antigen-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation was developed to investigate the possibility, suggested by a wealth of descriptive human data, that alterations in immunoregulation are important in the genesis of airway hyperreactivity. A/J mice developed airway hyperreactivity and markedly increased numbers of pulmonary inflammatory cells following intraperitoneal sensitization and intratracheal challenge with sheep red blood cells. Notably, eosinophils were a prominent component of the inflammatory infiltrate. The dependence of these phenomena, both pathologic and functional, on CD4+ T lymphocytes was investigated by in vivo depletion of CD4+ cells using the anti-CD4 mAb GK1.5. When administered before antigen challenge, GK1.5 completely prevented both airway hyperreactivity and the infiltration of eosinophils. This model provides the first direct demonstration of the dependence of airway hyperreactivity upon CD4+ T lymphocyte...
Dentate filter function is altered in a proepileptic fashion during aging.

Summary: Purpose: The elderly have an increased incidence and prevalence for seizure disorders. Further, since up to 50% of these cases have no identifiable antecedent, it has been hypothesized that aging of the central nervous system itself may be epileptogenic. Aged rats, compared to adults, exhibit a greater susceptibility to and severity of seizures associated with hippocampal activation. Whether this aging-related change reflects proconvulsive changes in limbic circuitry is unknown and thus was the focus of this study. Methods: Hippocampal slices from adult and aged Fischer 344 rats were examined using electrophysiological techniques. The dentate gyrus was our model region since it is involved with both wet-dog shakes and limbic seizures, and it is affected preferentially with age. Results: No differences were noted between groups in field potential activity elicited with low frequency stimulation. In contrast, 5-Hz molecular layer stimulation could evoke multiple population spikes in approximately 40% of aged versus 0% of adult slices. Further, recording in CA3 revealed that this stimulation paradigm could elicit multiple spikes in aged, but not adult, slices that frequently evolved into spontaneous epileptiform bursts. This change in the capacity of the dentate to respond to and filter afferent input was associated with an aging-related decrease in the frequency of spontaneous IPSPs and an increased propensity for large amplitude prolonged EPSPs following disinhibition. Conclusions: These epileptogenic changes in dentate function and circuitry could contribute to the exacerbated susceptibility for hippocampal seizures in aged rodents, as well as the aging-related decline in spatial learning and memory. Key Words: Hippocampal slice—Granule cells— Aging—Epileptogenic—Inhibition—Synaptic reorganization.
Montelukast prevents vascular endothelial dysfunction from internal combustion exhaust inhalation during exercise.

Associations between high particulate matter (PM) pollution and increased morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease have been identified. This study assessed leukotriene (LT) participation in PM-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. Ten healthy males exercised 4 times for 30 min in both high PM (550,286 ± 42,004 particles·cm−3) and low PM (4571 ± 1922 particles·cm−3) after ingesting placebo (PL) or 10 mg montelukast (MK; half-life 3–6 h), a leukotriene receptor antagonist. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured pre- and 30 min, 4 h, 24 h post-exercise. No basal brachial artery vascoconstriction was evident from high PM exercise. High PM blunted FMD, whereas high PM MK, low PM PL, and low PM MK demonstrated normal FMD (p < .003). Change in FMD (pre- to post-exercise) for high PM PL was different than for high PM MK, low PM PL, and low PM MK at 30 min post-exercise (p < .007). At 4 h, high PM MK FMD blunting increased (p = .1). At 24 h, high PM FMD blunting persisted (p < .0...
A novel splice donor mutation in the thrombopoietin gene leads to exon 2 skipping in a Filipino family with hereditary thrombocythemia.

To the editor: In contrast to the familial predisposition observed in somatically acquired myeloproliferative neoplasms (low penetrance, clonal hematopoiesis), the hereditary thrombocythemias (HT) are characterized by Mendelian inheritance, high penetrance, and polyclonal hematopoiesis, and appear
The Spread of Western Science

There is no need to summarize the features of this simplified model, which describes the manner in which modern science was transmitted to the lands beyond Western Europe. The graph of Fig. 1 and the examples drawn from science in various lands should have made them clear. It may be in order, however, to reiterate that there is nothing about the phases of my model that is cosmically or metaphysically necessary. I am satisfied if my attempt will interest others to go beyond my crude analysis and make a systematic investigation of the diffusion of Western science throughout the world. Such an investigation would include a comparative appraisal of the development of science in different national, cultural, and social settings and would mark the beginnings of truly comparative studies in the history and sociology of science. The present lack of comparative studies in these disciplines can be attributed to the widespread belief that science is strictly an international endeavor. In one sense this is true. As Sir Isaac Newton remarked in his Principia (49), "the descent of stones in Europe and in America" must both be explained by one set of physical laws. Yet, we cannot ignore the peculiar environment in which members of a national group of scientists are trained and carry on their research. While I do not hold with the Nazi theorists that science is a direct reflection of the racial or national spirit (50), neither do I accept Chekhov's dictum (51) that "there is no national science just as there is no national multiplication table. . . ." In emphasizing the international nature of scientific inquiry we have forgotten that science exists in a local social setting. If that setting does not decisively mold the conceptual growth of science, it can at least affect the number and types of individuals who are free to participate in the internal development of science. Perhaps the effect is more profound; only future scholarship can determine the depth of its influence.
Preparation and thermal properties of 4-alkoxy-4′-cyanobiphenyl esters of ferrocene dicarboxylic acid

Abstract A series of new mesogenic ferrocenyl-1,1′-diesters 2a – e incorporating variable length alkoxycyanobiphenyl units have been prepared and their melting behavior has been examined. Whereas 2a , b , d ( n = 3, 4, 8, respectively) display normal melting properties, 2c ( n = 6) and 2e ( n = 10) both exhibit polymorphism in the solid state and 2e has a smectic phase between 85 and 88°C.
High-speed visualization and plume characterization of the hybrid spray process

The hybrid spray process that combines arc spray with a high-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF)/plasma jet has recently demonstrated its effectiveness in deposition of functionally gradient coatings. This approach aims at exploiting the combined attributes of the arc-spray technique and the HVOF/air plasma spraying (APS) technique. This paper presents high-speed visualization and plume characterization of an arc/HVOF hybrid spray gun as well as a twin-wire arc-spray gun. The physics of atomization in the hybrid spray process is examined using a high-speed camera. A DPV/CPS-2000 (Tecnar, St-Bruno, QC, Canada) particle diagnostics sensor is used to measure particle velocity, temperature, size, and distribution. The influence of feed material, arc parameters, and HVOF parameters on the particle characteristics is presented. Differences in the in-flight characteristics between the hybrid and the twin-wire arc process are discussed aided by the observed atomization phenomena with the high-speed camera.
Transnational Feminism and “Local” Realities: The Imperiled Muslim Woman and the Production of (In)Justice

This essay explores the tensions and disjunctures between transnational principles of gender justice and the highly contextualized desires of women who seek the services of legal aid organizations in rural Bangladesh. More specifically, it looks at the shalish, or local village tribunal in the context of efforts to restructure the shalish to make it more “democratic and gender-friendly.” On the basis of a close reading of several case studies, this essay shows how feminist conceptions of rights can sometimes founder in the face of women’s actual desires and expectations. The paper argues for rethinking notions of agency that conceive of individuals as pre-cultural subjects in favor of a framework in which all selves are relational and agency is produced in relation to specific cultural, political and economic logics.
Stereochemistry of the Thermal Isomerization of 1-Ethenyl-7-exo-Phenylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane to 7-Phenylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(9)-ene: The Conformational Course of an Antarafacial,Retention Vinylcyclopropane−Cyclopentene Rearrangement

The thermal vinylcyclopropane−cyclopentene rearrangement of 1-ethenyl-7-exo-phenylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane at 220 °C gives mostly migration with retention to form 7-exo-phenylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-1(9)-ene. 1-(E-d-Ethenyl)- and 1-(Z-d-ethenyl)-7-exo-phenylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes give both 8-exo and 8-endo deuterium-labeled products. The suprafacial,retention and antarafacial,retention paths for this rearrangement are used in 85:15 proportions. The antarafacial process may involve passage through a “semicircular” diradical conformation; it cannot occur through rotation in the opposite sense, passing through an “extended” diradical geometry.
Neighbourhood deprivation and older adults' preferences for and perceptions of active leisure participation

Abstract This paper examines the influence of neighbourhood deprivation on older adults’ preferences for and perceptions of active leisure participation using an original research approach. A mixed‐methods procedure, incorporating Q methodology and semi‐structured interviews, was undertaken with 63 elderly residents from high‐ and low‐deprivation neighbourhoods in Christchurch, New Zealand. Analysis of Q sort data and interview transcripts revealed that residents of a high‐deprivation neighbourhood had diverse preferences for leisure settings and generally perceived their neighbourhood as a constraint to active leisure participation. In contrast, residents of a low‐deprivation neighbourhood showed distinct preferences for attractive, natural leisure settings and perceived that their neighbourhood facilitated active leisure participation. Leisure providers are encouraged to consider how environmental characteristics influence individual perceptions and preferences and potentially affect active leisure part...
Interprofessional Evidence-Based Clinical Scholar Program: Learning to Work Together

St. Catherine University and North Memorial Medical Center conducted an Interprofessional Clinical Scholar Program (ICSP) involving five teams of staff, students, and faculty. The aim of the case study was to determine how the interprofessional teams implemented evidence-based projects. We triangulated data from interviews, field notes, and surveys to produce themes: learning to value interprofessional teams, working as a team, and being evidence-based practitioners. We found significant differences pre- and post-ICSP on the Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Teamwork and Education scale, t(14) = -5.48, p < .005, and the Terminology subscale of the Evidence-Based Practice Profile, t(15) = -4.04, p = .001. We found no change in scores on the Evidence-Based Practice Belief Scale, t(14) = -1.49, p = .156. The study supported predicted patterns of benefits from ICSP. Not all participants benefited because of variability in attendance.
Cloning and DNA sequence determination of the L11 ribosomal protein operon of Serratia marcescens and Proteus vulgaris: translational feedback regulation of the Escherichia coli L11 operon by heterologous L1 proteins.

In Escherichia coli the genes encoding ribosomal proteins L11 (rplK) and L1 (rplA) are contained in a single operon and their expression is translationally regulated by L1. We have cloned the homologous genes from two other enterobacteria, Serratia marcescens and Proteus vulgaris, and determined nucleotide sequences. The genes are organized in a similar way to that found in E. coli. Conservation of nucleotide and amino acid sequences relative to E. coli in the protein coding regions are 89.2% and 94.7% for S. marcescens, and 80.9% and 88.6% for P. vulgaris. Nucleotide sequences of L11 mRNA leader regions were strongly conserved for the primary as well as the secondary structures in the L1 target site. We have also constructed plasmids carrying E. coli L11 and either P. vulgaris or S. marcescens L1 genes fused to the lac promoter, with or without the E. coli leader containing the L1 target site. Induction of transcription of the operons possessing the E. coli mRNA leader did not lead to overproduction of L11, indicating translational regulation of the chimeric operon as well as the chromosomal operon by the plasmid encoded L1. Repression of the chromosomal L11 operon was directly demonstrated upon induction of the chimeric operons without the leader, which also lack the L11 initiation signal but have a mutation allowing L1 translation. These results show that both S. marcescens and P. vulgaris L1, despite differences in the amino acid sequences, can function as a repressor as does E. coli L1, and suggest that, as is the case for the interaction between L1 and rRNA in ribosome assembly, the sites in L1 and mRNA involved in the repressor-mRNA interaction are conserved among these three bacterial species.
High molecular weight hydrocarbons in particulate matter of the Northwest G ulf of Mexico

Abstract A study of hydrocarbons suspended in particulate matter isolated from surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico, was conducted in 1977. This paper documents baseline concentrations of saturate and aromatic components in that particulate material which appear to have a petroleum origin prior to recent major oil spills in the Gulf. Whereas the particulates did not appear to contain pelagic tar and did contain several components with characteristic mass spectra of natural marine hydrocarbons, unequivocal mass spectra of numerous non-pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained. Normal alkane concentrations decreased with distance from shore; however, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons tended to be more concentrated offshore. This distribution may be related to a shore source near the study site or the result of water mass variations on the shelf.
A direct comparison of presenting characteristics of depressed outpatients from primary vs. specialty care settings: preliminary findings from the STAR*D clinical trial

Abstract Purpose No study has directly compared the clinical features of depression for patients entering clinical trials using identical enrollment criteria at primary care (PC) and specialty care (SC) settings. The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study (http://www.star-d.org) provides a unique opportunity to provide this comparison for patients with a major depressive disorder (MDD) requiring treatment. Subjects and Methods We report baseline data for the first 1500 patients enrolled in this trial involving 41 clinic sites (18 PC, 23 SC). Broadly inclusive eligibility criteria required that patients have a DSM-IV diagnosis of nonpsychotic MDD, have not failed an adequate medication trial during their current episode and score ≥14 on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 17 ). Primary outcomes included the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Clinician-Rated (IDS-C 30 ) and the HAM-D 17 . Results Specialty care and PC patients had equivalent degrees of depressive severity (IDS-C 30 =35.8; HAM-D 17 =20.4). Specialty care patients were almost twice as likely to report a prior suicide attempt than PC patients (21% vs. 12%, P P =.006). The only other distinguishing core symptoms were a slightly lower likelihood of PC patients endorsing depressed mood (95.2% vs. 97.7%, P =.032) or anhedonia (66.3% vs. 70.7%, P =.042, IDS-C 30 ) and a lower likelihood of PC patients endorsing weight loss (IDS-C 30 ). HAM-D 17 results were identical. Conclusion Depressive severity was not different, and symptomatic presentations did not differ substantially. Major depressive disorder is more similar than different among patients at SC and PC settings. Thus, similar clinical and research methods for screening, detecting and measuring treatment outcomes can be applied in both settings.