cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncytolytic Clearance of Sindbis Virus Infection from Neurons by Gamma Interferon Is Dependent on Jak/Stat Signaling

The alphavirus Sindbis virus (SINV) causes encephalomyelitis in mice by infecting neurons of the brain and spinal cord. The outcome is age dependent. Young animals develop fatal disease, while older animals recover from infection. Recovery requires noncytolytic clearance of SINV from neurons, and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) is an important contributor to clearance in vivo. IFN-gamma-dependent clearance has been studied using immortalized CSM14.1 rat neuronal cells that can be differentiated in vitro. Previous studies have shown that differentiated, but not undifferentiated, cells develop prolonged SINV replication and respond to IFN-gamma treatment with noncytolytic clearance of virus preceded by suppression of genomic viral RNA synthesis and reactivation of cellular protein synthesis. To determine the signaling mechanisms responsible for clearance, the responses of SINV-infected differentiated neurons to IFN-gamma were examined. IFN-gamma treatment of SINV-infected differentiated CSM14.1 cells, AP-7 olfactory neuronal cells, and primary dorsal root ganglia neurons triggered prolonged Stat-1 Tyr(701) phosphorylation, Stat-1 Ser(727) phosphorylation, and transient Stat-5 phosphorylation. Inhibition of Jak kinase activity with Jak inhibitor I completely reversed the neuroprotective and antiviral activities of IFN-gamma in differentiated cells. We conclude that activation of the Jak/Stat pathway is the primary mechanism for IFN-gamma-mediated clearance of SINV infection from mature neurons.
The role of PfEMP1 adhesion domain classification in Plasmodium falciparum pathogenesis research

The Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) family has a key role in parasite survival, transmission, and virulence. PfEMP1 are exported to the erythrocyte membrane and mediate binding of infected erythrocytes to the endothelial lining of blood vessels. This process aids parasite survival by avoiding spleen-dependent killing mechanisms, but it is associated with adhesion-based disease complications. Switching between PfEMP1 proteins enables parasites to evade host immunity and modifies parasite tropism for different microvascular beds. The PfEMP1 protein family is one of the most diverse adhesion modules in nature. This review covers PfEMP1 adhesion domain classification and the significant role it is playing in deciphering and deconvoluting P. falciparum cytoadhesion and disease.
A Theory of the Causes of Courtship Rape: Part 2

A theory is proposed that there may be as many as five varieties of courtship rape. Each type is described as arising at a different stage of a romantic relationship in terms of both the length of the relationship and previous sexual activity. Beginning date rape occurs during a couple's first few dates. Early date rape occurs after several dates but before the couple has established sexual ground rules. Relational rape occurs after the couple's sexual ground rules have been established. The remaining two forms of rape occur after a couple has or had an active sexual relationship, and they are distinguished by the presence or absence of battering. When this form occurs without physical abuse, it may be essentially the same as relational rape. Suggestions and hypotheses for testing this model are provided.
Syndromes associated with abnormalities in the adrenal cortex

Abstract Recognizing that adrenal pathology is a component of many genetic syndromes is important for clinical management and genetic counselling. These syndromes may be divided into those which cause excessive adrenal growth including tumours, and those which cause hypoplasia or destruction of the adrenal glands. Syndromes associated with hyperplasia and tumour development include Beckwith-Wiedemann, Li-Fraumeni, Carney complex, McCune-Albright, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma, familial adenomatous polyposis, primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Syndromes associated with adrenal dysgenesis or atrophy include X-linked adrenal hypoplasia, IMAGe syndrome, MIRAGE syndrome, familial glucocorticoid deficiency, X-linked adrenoleucodystrophy, Allgrove syndrome, Wolman syndrome, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. The clinical, genetic, and histopathological features of each disease will be discussed.
Application of Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Analysis Methods to Electrical Machinery and Devices

Electromagnetic field analysis methods have been effectively applied to Electrical machinery and devices over the last two decades as reported in the literature [1-10]. However, these methods have been limited to modeling the two-dimensional geometry of the machine or device and employing a single component vector or scalar potential function for the field solution. Electrical machine geometries are essentially three-dimensional and the potential solutions employed must yield all the three vector components of magnetic field and flux-density. Besides, with the increasing attention being focussed on energy efficient designs and reliability of apparatus in service, performance prediction and evaluation of design parameters such as end-leakage fluxes, inductances, time constants, losses, forces, torque etc., must be more accurately done than ever before. This paper reports on the development work done to date on three-dimensional modeling methods and their application to electrical machinery, and highlights some of the problems and opportunities for application of these techniques, for the manufacturing and utility industries. This project was partially funded by the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, under RP1288-1, ``Improvement in Accuracy of Prediction of Electrical Machine Constants.''
Nonlocal and Nonequilibrium Heat Conduction in the Vicinity of Nanoparticles

Heat transfer around nanometer-scale particles plays an important role in a number of contemporary technologies such as nanofabrication and diagnosis. The prevailing method for modeling thermal phenomena involving nanoparticles is based on the Fourier heat conduction theory. This work questions the applicability of the Fourier heat conduction theory to these cases and answers the question by solving the Boltzmann transport equation. The solution approaches the prediction of the Fourier law when the particle radius is much larger than the heat-carrier mean free path of the host medium. In the opposite limit, however, the heat transfer rate from the particle is significantly smaller, and thus the particle temperature rise is much larger than the prediction of the Fourier conduction theory. The differences are attributed to the nonlocal and nonequilibrium nature of the heat transfer processes around nanoparticles. This work also establishes a criterion to determine the applicability of the Fourier heat conduction theory and constructs a simple approximate expression for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of the host medium around a nanoparticle. Possible experimental evidence is discussed.
Cerebellar necrosis simulating tumor in infancy.

Summary A case is reported of an infant in whomcerebellar infarction simulated a posterior fossa tumor. The patient was successfully treated with ventricular drainage and posterior fossa decompression. The possible causes of the condition are discussed, but a specific etiology could not be ascertained.
Paleozoic Disruptive Deformation in North American Continent and Its Relation to Formation and Development of Interior Basins and Deformation Within Orogenic Core: ABSTRACT

The two major disruptive tectonic events during the Paleozoic which affected the North American craton seem to be associated with Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic events. The first Paleozoic cratonic disruption was tensional rifting, which occurred during the Avalonian intrusive-metamorphic event (± 560 m.y.). Evidence continues to mount that these Cambrian rifts of the Appalachian-Ouachita foreland, such as the Rome trough of Kentucky and West Virginia, are not Cambrian aulacogens. By time and position, the rifts seem to be incipient basins along a developing back-arc trough. However, this disruptive deformation was not restricted to the developing arc trough, but extended far into the craton where it commonly involved reactivation of older rift zones. These zones form d the axial portion of the subsequently developed Paleozoic basins. The Paleozoic basins developed by epeirogenic movement after a period of relative quiescence during Late Cambrian through Early Ordovician (pre-Taconic) time. The second Paleozoic continental disruption created large upthrust blocks in the craton during the Pennsylvanian and early Permian, probably by compressional deformation. This event ties, both by time and position, to deformation within the Ouachita part of the orogenic core. Upthrust crustal blocks in the craton may be bounded by reactivated faults of precursor rifts. When they formed, the upthrusts often developed near the axial part on the middle Paleozoic basins to form the late Paleozoic yoked basins. The occurrence of axial rifts within interior and foreland basins, and of axial upthrusts in the craton-margin basins, suggests an interrelation among rifts, basin formation, and the late-forming yoked basins. The developing foreland trough (the Appalachian-Ouachita geosyncline) has a tectonic history similar to that of the cratonic basins but, along its trend, tensional bending of the basement predominated. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1588------------
Literacy Learning During Block Play

Abstract Researchers have long been seeking a connection between play and literacy behaviors. Most agree that play is a basis for developing literacy skills. This study investigates the use of block play in a 1st-grade classroom. Results showed that the students increased the number of literacy behaviors after having been exposed to the enriched block play area for three weeks.
The Adaptive Ability of Male and Female Counselor Trainees

Adaptability Index (AI) ratings were conducted comparing male and female counselor trainee differences for two counseling tasks. The tasks consisted of a male and female client behaving on the basis of a predefined, standardized role. The counselor trainee's responses to four verbal obstacles contained within each task were evaluated for counselor adaptability. The data indicate no significant differences in male and female counselor trainee adaptability ratings regardless of the sex of the client. The article discusses implications of the study for counselor education and suggests additional research.
Methylmercury exposure and reproductive dysfunction in the nonhuman primate

Macaca fascicularis females were monitored daily through four menstrual cycles then orally administered 0, 50, or 90 micrograms/kg/day methylmercury hydroxide (MeHg). Females were monitored through four additional menstrual cycles and after approximately 124 days of MeHg treatment were time-mated to nontreated males. MeHg treatment did not affect menstrual cycle or menses length. The relationship between dosage of MeHg and reproductive outcome approached but did not reach statistical significance. Reproductive failure (i.e., nonconception, abortion) was, however, related to a significantly higher blood Hg concentration than reproductive success for MeHg-treated females. The offspring of MeHg-treated females tended to be smaller than control infants, but no statistically significant decrease in gestation, birthweight, or crown-rump length was observed. None of the females receiving MeHg exhibited signs of MeHg toxicity during breeding or pregnancy. Daily treatment with 90 micrograms/kg/day MeHg for nearly 1 year, however, produced signs of toxicity in four of seven females. Toxicity was related to increased maternal size, duration of MeHg treatment, and a blood Hg concentration of 2.3 to 2.8 ppm.
Purposeful delay in the repair of a traumatic rupture of the aorta with coexistent liver injury

Purposeful delay in the repair of traumatic aortic injury by appropriate medical management is indicated when the risk of immediate thoracotomy is high. A grade V liver injury implies parenchymal disruption of greater than 75% of a hepatic lobe. We report the successful management of a patient with a class IB proximal descending aortic transection and concomitant grade V liver injury that precluded aortic repair until its resolution.
Acculturation as a risk factor for chronic disease among Cambodian refugees in the United States

Although the concept of acculturation originated within anthropology, in recent years it has assumed a prominent role within epidemiology as a risk factor for chronic disease. However, these studies often consider acculturation in structural terms, reflected in differences between groups assumed to lie along the same continuum, all moving in the same direction toward greater acculturation to the values and behaviors of the dominant society. This paper addresses how acculturation should be conceptualized when examining it as a potential risk factor for chronic disease and how it should be measured so that it becomes both theoretically and clinically meaningful. Four case studies of Cambodian refugees of San Diego, California are used to illustrate the following: (1) the importance of integrating an acculturation-as-process perspective with an acculturation-as-structure perspective; (2) viewing acculturation as both individual and group experience of conflict and negotiation between two systems of behavior and belief; (3) measuring it longitudinally and as narrative; and (4) understanding that rather than being an inherent health risk, it may also promote health by creating access to certain forms of health care unavailable in the country of origin and by contributing to the abandonment of risky health-related behaviors and the adoption of behaviors that promote good health.
A MORE PRACTICAL PEDAGOGICAL IDEAL: SEARCHING FOR A CRITERION OF DEWEYAN GROWTH

When Dewey scholars and educational theorists appeal to the value of educative growth, what exactly do they mean? Is an individual's growth contingent on receiving a formal education? Is growth too abstract a goal for educators to pursue? Richard Rorty contended that the request for a “criterion of growth” is a mistake made by John Dewey's “conservative critics,” for it unnecessarily restricts the future “down to the size of the present.” Nonetheless, educational practitioners inspired by Dewey's educational writings may ask Dewey scholars and educational theorists, “How do I facilitate growth in my classroom?” Here Shane Ralston asserts, in spite of Rorty's argument, that searching for a more concrete standard of Deweyan growth is perfectly legitimate. In this essay, Ralston reviews four recent books on Dewey's educational philosophy—Naoko Saito's The Gleam of Light: Moral Perfectionism and Education in Dewey and Emerson, Stephen Fishman and Lucille McCarthy's John Dewey and the Philosophy and Practice of Hope, and James Scott Johnston's Inquiry and Education: John Dewey and the Quest for Democracy and Deweyan Inquiry: From Educational Theory to Practice—and through his analysis identifies some possible ways for Dewey-inspired educators to make growth a more practical pedagogical ideal.
Small Sample Properties of Bayesian Multivariate Autoregressive Time Series Models

The aim of this study was to compare the small sample (N = 1, 3, 5, 10, 15) performance of a Bayesian multivariate vector autoregressive (BVAR-SEM) time series model relative to frequentist power and parameter estimation bias. A multivariate autoregressive model was developed based on correlated autoregressive time series vectors of varying lengths (T = 25, 50, 75, 100, 125) using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) version 9.2. Autoregressive components for the 5 series vectors included coefficients of .80, .70, .65, .50 and .40. Error variance components included values of .20, .20, .10, .15, and .15, with cross-lagged coefficients of .10, .10, .15, .10, and .10. A Monte Carlo study revealed that in comparison to frequentist methods, the Bayesian approach provided increased sensitivity for hypothesis testing and detecting Type I error.
The low-energy particle spectrum in the missing partner SU(5) model

In the “missing partner” SU(5) model coupled to N = 1 supergravity the “missing partner” mechanism does not only solve the second hierarchy problem but also leads to weak interaction gauge symmetry breaking for arbitrary top quark mass. In this scenario the lower limit on the proton lifetime can impose a severe constraint on the low-energy supersymmetric particle spectrum. Predictions of the model are accessible at present energy or in the near future.
Role of the intestinal microbiota in the activation of the promutagen 2,6-dinitrotoluene to mutagenic urine metabolites and comparison of GI enzyme activities in germ-free and conventionalized male Fischer 344 rats

Abstract After male germ-free and conventionalized Fischer 344 rats were administered per os (p.o.) 75 mg/kg 2,6-DNT, intestinal nitroreductase, β-glucuronidase, and azo reductase activities were lower in the cecum and large intestine of germ-free animals. However, there was no significant difference in the small intestinal nitroreductase and azo reductase compared to the conventionalized counterparts. This indicated a potential mucosal source for the enzymes. Urines from germ-free rats (1144 ± 64 revertants/ml) were less mutagenic than those from conventionalized animals (1467 ± 171 revertants/ml) in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 without S9. In the presence of S9, urine from conventionalized animals (894 ± 56 revertants/ml) was more mutagenic than that from germ-free rats (686 ± 60 revertants/ml). The presence of the intestinal flora plays an important role in the activation of 2,6-DNT but other metabolic pathways, such as the small intestinal mucosal and/or hepatic enzymes, are present that can generate excreted genotoxicants.
Laminar regulation of STAT1 and STAT3 in black walnut extract and carbohydrate overload induced models of laminitis.

Background STAT1 and STAT3 are important signaling molecules in disorders of systemic inflammation and are likely to be involved in laminitis, as laminar and systemic inflammation have been well documented in experimental models of laminitis. Hypothesis The STAT1 and STAT3 activation (via phosphorylation of tyrosine and serine moieties) is occurring in the laminar tissue during the developmental and onset of lameness time points in both the black walnut extract (BWE) and carbohydrate overload (CHO) models of laminitis. Animals Archived laminar tissue from horses. Methods Experimental studies of induced laminitis (BWE and CHO administration) in horses were conducted and laminar tissue samples archived. Western hybridization was performed to determine concentrations of Tyr- and Ser-phosphorylated STAT1 and STAT3 from these archived samples. The RT-qPCR was also performed to assess mRNA concentrations of target genes of STAT1 and STAT3. Results Increases (P < .05) in phosphorylation of tyrosine705 and serine727 of STAT3, demonstrated by band intensity ratios, are present in laminar tissue from both the BWE and CHO models at the DEV and OG1 time points. No change in phosphorylation of tyrosine701 or serine727 of STAT1 was present in the laminar tissue from either the BWE or the CHO models. The SOCS3 mRNA concentrations were increased at the onset of lameness in both the CHO and BWE models. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance The STAT3 activation likely plays a role in equine laminitis, similar to its reported involvement in organ injury/failure in human sepsis. Regulation of JAK-STAT, through STAT3 inhibitors, might serve as potential therapeutic target for controlling the inflammatory response in the septic horse.
Digestible lysine requirement of female turkeys during the starter period

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine the digestible lysine requirement of female turkey poults during the starter period. Birds were fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet until the onset of each trial and were then randomly assigned to treatments that were fed for 2 wk. Dietary treatments included titrated levels of digestible lysine (1.18 to 1.72%) added to a basal corn-soybean meal diet with an intact crude protein content of either 21% (Experiment 1) or 18.4% (Experiments 2 and 3). All diets contained 3,100 to 3,200 kcal MEn/kg. True digestible lysine contents of the basal diets were 1.42% (Experiment 1) and 1.18% (Experiments 2 and 3), based on digestibility assays of corn and soybean meal with cecectomized turkeys. A positive control diet (28% CP, 3,175 kcal MEn/kg) was also included in the treatments for comparison. Other amino acids were maintained at levels in relation to lysine based on previous research and the Illinois Ideal Chick Protein. Broken-line analysis suggests that the digestible lysine requirement is 1.32% for optimum body weight gain and 1.34% for optimal feed:gain at the energy levels used in these studies.
Stability and Criterion-Related Validity of the Estes Attitude Scales:

The purpose of the study is twofold: (a) to provide information about the cross-time stability of the Elementary Form of the Estes Attitude Scales; and (b) to provide additional evidence for the criterion-related validity of these scales. To meet these objectives, children who were third- and fourth-graders when the study began were administered the Estes scales during the spring semesters of three successive years. SRA Educational Ability Series Quotients and grades in math, reading, and science were also obtained for these same youngsters the last year of the study. Math, science, reading, and total attitude scores proved to be moderately stable across the two-year span of the study. The Estes scales were predictive of school performance, even when the effects of academic aptitude were controlled.
Nanotubes Hunt Down Tumors, Spare Others

Maximum efficacy with precise targeting and no collateral damage to healthy cells is the Holy Grail of cancer therapy. To this end, Mulvey et al. used carbon nanotubes in a two-step method to deliver a dense therapeutic cargo to the tumor site. Their method encouraged rapid removal of unbound nanotubes from the body, which reduced potential side effects. Rather than concocting a “one-stop shop,” the authors kept the tumor-targeting and therapeutic-delivery steps separate. In their scheme, an antibody modified with an oligonucleotide tag stuck to the tumor via a surface antigen. Then, a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) modified with the complementary oligonucleotide bound to the immobilized antibody-oligonucleotide complex. The functional SWCNT carried a drug and/or an imaging agent. The decoupling of targeting and delivery steps took advantage of the fact that despite the large size, SWCNTs are cleared rapidly via the kidneys. They could therefore carry large therapeutic loads, owing to their high surface area, but have minimal toxicity. In contrast, antibodies are typically cleared very slowly from the body, if at all. In a mouse model of human lymphoma, the two-step approach significantly reduced animal mortality when actinium radioisotope–conjugated SWNT was delivered as compared with free isotopes or pre-annealed antibody-SWNT complexes. The authors also evaluated the therapeutic potential of this method by implanting mice with Daudi lymphoma cells in the peritoneal cavity. Delivery of the radioisotope reduced tumor size in a dose-dependent manner, whereas single-step delivery or saline controls led to transient or no therapeutic response. Overall, this approach—largely enabled by particular properties at nanoscale—is promising for human cancer treatment without the nasty side effects. However, before it is ready for clinical use, the cargo concentration, surface properties of SWCNTs, and delivery timing need careful optimization. J. J. Mulvey et al. , Self-assembly of carbon nanotubes and antibodies on tumours for targeted amplified delivery. Nat. Nanotechnol. , published online 29 September 2013 (10.1038/nnano.2013.190). [[PubMed]][1] [1]: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24077028
Transformation of an acid dipyrromethane into its formyl dipyrromethane without decarboxylation

A method for the preparation of an α-formylated pyrrole or dipyrromethane which contains an electron-withdrawing β-acetyl is described. Formylation proceeds directly from the corresponding acid pyrrole or dipyrromethane without the need of the usual two-step acid decarboxylation/formylation procedure. The acid is first transformed into its acid chloride with oxalyl chloride, followed by reduction to the aldehyde with the mild reducing agent sodium triacetoxyborohydride, in a one-pot reaction. The non-basic acylating reagent PR3 is necessary both for acyl chloride formation and for the reduction to succeed.
Guiding a rural church in a world of change

It is not easy to be a rural minister today. Rural churches are small. Their resources are limited, and a church can afford only one minister, who must direct the whole program of the church.
Bacteriocins and their Food Applications

Over the last 2 decades, a variety of bacteriocins, produced by bacteria that kill or inhibit the growth of other bacteria, have been identified and characterized biochemically and genetically. This review article focuses on the ecology of bacteriocins, determination of bacteriocin activity, biosynthesis of bacteriocins, and mode of action. Bacteriocin production and modeling are discussed in the article. Nisin is discussed in some detail in this article since it is currently the only purified bacteriocin approved for food use in the U.S. and has been successfully used for several decades as a food preservative in more than 50 countries. For activity spectra and food applications, the review article focuses primarily on class I and class IIa bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) given their development as food preservatives.
Oral care for cancer and palliative patients.

experience oral mucositis (Kostler et al, 2001; Sonis, 2004). Many patients have rated oral mucositis as the most distressing aspect of cancer treatment. Unfortunately, the condition is often under-reported and the distress that it causes is often underestimated. Historically the focus has been on treating oral care problems once they have occurred, when in reality much can be done to help prevent or at least reduce some of the consequences of what was once seen as an inevitable part of certain cancer treatments. The guidance indicates that any treatment strategy aimed at improving mouth care will be dependent on an accurate assessment. It is recommended that the mouth should be assessed by a trained health professional using a recognised grading system. The expert group recommend using a recognised oral assessment grading system, for example the World Health Organization (WHO) tool. Assessments should be completed at regular intervals and patients recognised as undergoing regimens with a high risk of oral mucositis should be assessed more often. When a patient visits the hospital for chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in the oral region, the oral cavity should be examined. The guidance recommends that all patients should be encouraged and/or supported to maintain good oral hygiene, including cleaning Comment
Differential accumulation of extracellular materials beneath the ectoderm during development of the embryonic chick limb and flank regions.

Abstract Chick embryos from stage 10 to 18 were examined by electron microscopy to see if the limb and flank regions of the somatopleure are different. After stage 14, collagen fibrils become detectable in increasing numbers beneath the flank ectoderm but remain scarce in the limb region. Prior to stage 14 no difference could be found in the amounts or organization of extracellular materials beneath the ectoderm of the limb or flank. The accumulation of collagen beneath the flank ectoderm may correlate with the loss of its ability to support limb outgrowth after stage 17 and may be a sign of the progressive differentiation of the flank cells.
Glanular hypospadias repair

Glandular hypospadias represents approximately 15% of the hypospadias variants seen. This article will examine common surgical approaches applicable to the child with glandular hypospadias. Hypospadias repairs discussed in this article will include urethromeatoplasty, MAGPI, the GAP procedure, MIV glans plasty, urethral advancement procedure, and parameatal based flap variants, including the Mathieu and Barcat procedures. Because these anomalies are cosmetically less aberrant than more proximal variants, only those surgical techniques which assure a normal-appearing penis should be undertaken.
Bootstrapping sensorimotor cascades: A group-theoretic perspective

The bootstrapping problem consists in designing agents that learn a model of themselves and the world, and utilize it to achieve useful tasks. It is different from other learning problems as the agent starts with uninterpreted observations and commands, and with minimal prior information about the world. in this paper, we give a mathematical formalization of this aspect of the problem. We argue that the vague constrain of having “no prior information” can be recast as a precise algebraic condition on the agent: that its behavior is invariant to particular classes of nuisances on the world, which we show can be well represented by actions of groups (diffeomorphisms, permutations, linear transformations) on observations and commans. We then introduce the class of bilinear gradient dynamics sensors (BGDS) as a candidate for learning generic robotic sensorimotor cascades. We show how framing the problem as rejection of group nuisances allows a compact and modular analysis of typical preprocessing stages, such as learning the topology of the sensors. We demonstrate learning and using such models on real-word range-finder and camera date from publicly available datasets.
Raman-scattering spectra of coupled LO-phonon–hole-plasmon modes in p -type GaAs

We have measured the room-temperature Raman spectra of the coupled LO-phonon--damped-hole-plasmon modes of ten p-type, Be-doped, molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown GaAs films with hole concentrations from 6.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to 2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$. Although coupled-mode theory predicts the existence of two modes, we observed only one, with an asymmetric line shape. A line-shape analysis combining the deformation-potential and electro-optic mechanisms shows that the theory reproduces the data very well. It also suggests that one mode is suppressed by the large damping of the hole plasmon. The asymmetry of the observed peak is shown to come from interference between Raman scattering from atomic displacement fluctuations and that from macroscopic electric-field fluctuations. The ratio between Hall mobilities of the holes and optical mobilities of the holes from the Raman measurements is ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{Hall}}$/ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{optical}}$=1.5--2.6 for different hole concentrations.
Metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurologic aspects of acute cyanide poisoning in the rat.

Abstract Acute cyanide (CN) toxicity was investigated in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Conscious, loosely restrained rats received sodium CN solution at varying dose rates through a jugular cannula (low CN, 0.077–0.155 mg/kg/min; high CN, 0.157–0.204 mg/kg/min). Blood glucose concentration was significantly increased 45 min after initial CN treatment in both the low and the high CN groups compared to the saline controls. Blood lactate concentration was significantly increased only in the high CN group after 45 min. Lactate increased directly with CN dose rate in surviving high CN rats. In rats that succumbed during CN infusion, lactate concentration reached nearly 150 mg/dl. Body temperature decreased modestly at low CN dose rates, but increased markedly at high CN dose rates. Heart rate was relatively constant in the low CN group, but decreased rapidly in the high CN group with increasing CN dose rate. In rats surviving CN treatment, no significant alterations in either cerebral cortical water content or neurologic status were detected. This contrasts with another potent poison, carbon monoxide, which produces marked neurologic deficit and cerebral edema in this animal model. The mean lethal CN dose was 4.6 mg/kg (range 4.25–4.90 mg/kg). Expressed on the basis of CN infusion rate, the lethal zone was from 0.16 to 0.21 mg/kg/min, a surprisingly narrow range. Assuming that extrapolations are possible to other species, the data provide strong evidence that greatly elevated blood lactate may be a useful marker for CN poisoning very near or within the lethal zone.
Post-implantation heat treatment of nitrogen-implanted 440C stainless steel

Abstract Post-implantation heat treatment was performed on nitrogen implanted 440C stainless steel for varying times and temperatures. The results show surface microhardness may be increased by thermal aging treatments similar to that of age hardening alloys. The increases in surface hardness can be attributed to the formation of nitride precipitates in the matrix during the aging heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction analyses demonstrated some preliminary nitride formation following implantation and aging. The principal nitride found was CrN. The matrix of the as-received 440C stainless steel was found to have a b.c.t. martensitic structure with a high dislocation-tangle density.
Designing, Constructing, and Using an Inexpensive Electronic Buret

A syringe-based, electronic fluid dispenser is described. The device mechanically connects a syringe plunger to a linear slide potentiometer. As the syringe plunger moves, the electrical resistance between terminals of the potentiometer varies. Application and subsequent measurement of a DC voltage between the potentiometer pins is used to track the syringe plunger position and meter the volume dispensed. The syringe’s plunger is actuated manually by the device’s user. The dispensing device offers volumetric accuracy of better than 1% when the dispensed volumes were >10 mL. The device has been used for a traditional acid–base titration experiment and produced quantitative results indistinguishable from the conventional approach using a buret. The device is inexpensive, easy for students to understand, and simple to construct.
A SERIES OF NEONATAL PATIENTS WITH PARADOXICAL SEIZURE-LIKE REACTIONS TO BOLUS INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF MIDAZOLAM † 790

A SERIES OF NEONATAL PATIENTS WITH PARADOXICAL SEIZURE-LIKE REACTIONS TO BOLUS INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF MIDAZOLAM † 790
Low energy electron diffraction study of the krypton (111) surface

Abstract Krypton single crystals of the (111) surface orientation have been epitaxially grown on the (100) face of iridium. LEED intensity-energy spectra have been obtained for the specular and first order non-specular beams of the (111) krypton surface. The temperature dependence of the reflected intensities has also been monitored. Analysis in the kinematic scattering formalism has yielded the krypton effective surface Debye temperature as a function of electron energy. Comparison of the measured effective Debye temperature with the results of a kinematic calculation has indicated probable applicability of the Lennard-Jones (6–12) interatomic potential to surface atoms of krypton.
Tocol-derived minor constituents in selected plant seed oils

Various crude and processed seed oils were analyzed for tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection (FL). The oils included processed canola oil, crude corn oil, crude milkweed oil, crude palm oil, crude/processed rice bran oils, crude/processed soybean oil, crude/processed sunflower oil, and related modified oil, crude/processed sunflower oil, and related modified oil varieties. The HPLC system consisted of a pentafluorophenylsilica (PFPS) column and a mobile phase of methanol and water. The results of comparative methodological studies with rice bran oils and milkweed oils indicated that the reversed-phase PEPS-HPLC method in conjunction with the use of less hazardous solvents proved to be superior and a viable alternative to the conventional normal-phase HPLC method. Unlike the traditional nonpolar octadecylsilica phase, which fails to resolve β-γ pairs of T and T3, HPLC with the unique polar PFPS column enables separations of all compounds of interest. Except for palm oil, βT and γT were detected in all other crude oils. Although most milkweed oils contained moderale levels of βT and γT, the βT species was present in relatively low abundance in edible oils despite the observation of fairly high concentrations of γT in the latter oils. βT3 and γT3 were detected along with αT3 and σT3 only in palm and rice bran oils. Tocolderived antioxidant distribution data for zero-time processed oils provided potential utility in correlation studies of frying quality and stability. The variable distribution data for crude oils shed some light on market profitability of oilseeds with rich sources of vitamin E-related minor constituents.
Application of base deficit in resuscitation of trauma patients

Clinical measures, such as blood pressure or urine output, have been the traditional methods used to assess tissue perfusion in trauma patients with hypovolemia. Hypoperfusion of tissues results in increased levels of lactate and carbonic acids. Base deficit is a clinical measure of metabolic acidosis that normalizes rapidly with adequate resuscitation and hemorrhage control, and it can be used to monitor the initial care of a patient with trauma. The method used to measure base deficit is discussed, along with its clinical uses and limitations. A case study is used to correlate changes in base deficit with other clinical parameters.
Charging Up Electric Cars

Exploring a crucial aspect of electric-car technologies, Fletcher highlights the hopes for and hurdles facing lithium-ion batteries.
Managing older adults with diabetes.

Purpose: To review special considerations in the management of adults 65 years of age and older with diabetes mellitus (DM) with particular attention to initiation of insulin in the management of type 2 DM (DM2), Medicare eligibility for insulin pump therapy, and intensive insulin therapy in both type 1 DM (DM1) and DM2 in older adults. Data sources: American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes, selected research articles, textbooks, and Internet sources. Conclusions: American Diabetes Association, American Association of Diabetes Educators, and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologist acknowledge that no long-term studies have been conducted in older adults with DM. Furthermore, these groups as well as the American Geriatric Society conclude that a person’s functional capacity and not age should determine the treatment modality most beneficial in each situation. Implications for practice: Management of diabetes in the older adult is a common clinical scenario for primary care providers (PCPs). Treatment strategies follow a continuum over time from lifestyle modification to intensive management. Intensive insulin therapy, through the use of either multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion using insulin pumps, has demonstrated benefit in both DM1 and DM2; however, there is evidence that PCPs are reluctant to initiate insulin. Moreover, in the management of older adults with diabetes, evidence-based outcomes regarding intensive management are lacking. Further studies are needed.
Cervical spine anomalies and tumors in Weaver syndrome.

Weaver syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder comprising accelerated growth rate and rapidly advancing skeletal maturation. Previous reports suggest that the phenotype in adults may be sufficiently subtle to make diagnosis difficult. Half brothers with classical childhood findings of Weaver syndrome and their father with minimal clinical findings showed cervical spine anomalies that likely represent a consistent radiographic finding in this disorder. One of the children represents the third occurrence of neoplasia in Weaver syndrome.
DIFFERENTIALS OF THE FAMILY Y 2 − X 3 − tX 2

In this paper we study the K-vector space dimension of the torsion module of differentials of the family of affine, singular, plane curves: The main result proves that among all members of the family, the quasi-homogeneous member the cusp has maximum torsion. *Dr. Ruth Ingrid Michler, Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of North Texas, was killed in a tragic accident on November 1, 2000 while visiting at Northeastern University for the year. †Correspondence and reprint requests can be directed to Prof. Anthony Iarrobino, E-mail: iarrobin@neu.edu or Prof. Marc Levine, E-mail: marc@neu.edu
Adrenergic mechanisms in human lymphocyte metabolism

Abstract In an effort to elucidate the mechanism by which adrenergic influences enhance DNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, we studied the effects of alpha and beta adrenergic stimulation on glucose uptake, glycogen content, and lactate production in cultured lymphocytes at the park of transformation (68–72 h). Lymphocyte transformation is associated with progressive glucose uptake, glycogen accumulation then breakdown, and lactate accumulation and, in some experiments, subsequent lactate utilization. Alpha adrenergic stimulation enhances glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and tends to increase lactate production; while beta receptor stimulation tends to enhance glycogenolysis and inhibits anaerobic glycolysis or enhances lactate utilization in an apparent reversal of glycolysis. The present work supports the role of adrenergic regulation of lymphocyte metabolism.
Rapid determination of double-bond positions in monoenoic fatty acids by periodate-permanganate oxidation

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been used in the extraction and pyrolysis methylation of the carboxylic acids produced by periodate-permanganate oxidation of monounsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. This modification of the von Rudloff procedure allows rapid determination of double-bond positions and analysis of mixtures of positional isomers of monoenoic fatty acids.
SU-FF-T-180: Dosimetric Guidance On Using Brachytherapy (LDR Or HDR) to Offset a Flawed Permanent Prostate Implant

Purpose: To provide practical dosimetric advice on mending suboptimal permanent implants using low dose‐rate (LDR) or high dose‐rate (HDR) brachytherapy (BRT). The problem is to make the combination of the two radiation treatments (the initial, flawed one and the compensatory boost) clinically isoeffective with the planned dose.Methods: The device of isoeffective dose (IED) is the appropriate tool for this purpose as it accounts for the physical (temporal distribution of dose) and biological (radiosensitivity, repair kinetics, proliferation rate) treatment setting. Results: I give, as a function of separation time from the initial, flawed treatment, and stratified by risk group representative values for the additional dose (LDR or HDR) needed to make the combined treatment isoeffective with a prescription of 144 Gy of permanently‐implanted 125 I seeds. Conclusions: While the IED concept, within the constraints stated in the presentation, is rigorously valid, its practical implementation depends importantly on the relevant radiobiological parameters, and in this respect the reader is urged to use his own critical judgment.
Solvent Annealed Thin Films of Asymmetric Polyisoprene−Polylactide Diblock Copolymers

A poly(isoprene-b-lactide) (PI-b-PLA) polymer forming cylinders of PLA in a PI matrix was examined as a polymer system to generate nanostructured vertical arrays of hexagonally packed cylinders. This investigation was motivated by the favorable properties of PI-b-PLA for fabricating nanoporous materials. Films were swollen and annealed with chloroform over a range of thickness and solvent concentration. Examination of the films after swelling with scanning force microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray scattering showed that films with either parallel or perpendicular domain orientations could be obtained. The domain orientation depends on the selectivity of the film surface, mediated by the concentration of chloroform, and the incommensurability of the polymer domain spacing and the swollen film thickness. The results show that solvent annealing is an effective method for obtaining oriented PI-b-PLA cylinder templates and more generally an effective method for obtaining perpendicularly oriented cylinders o...
Spontaneous lower motor neuron disease with neurofibrillary accumulation in young pigs

A spontaneous neurologic disease occurred in six 5 weeks old Yorkshire pigs of both sexes from four litters sired by one boar. Clinically, the disease was characterized initially by bilateral posterior ataxia and weakness which rapidly progressed to tetraplegia by 10 weeks of age. By light microscopy, there was bilateral neuronal chromatolysis, degeneration and loss restricted to motor nuclei in the ventral horns of the spinal cord, in the medulla oblongata and midbrain. In addition to diffuse Wallerian-type degeneration in the spinal cord white matter and ventral peripheral nerve roots, there was prominent neurogenic atrophy of skeletal muscle. Ultrastructurally, the perikaryon and processes of affected neurons contained massive accumulations of single 10 nm diameter neurofilaments. Copper concentrations of both the commercially prepared ration and the livers were within normal limits.
Amino acid leakage and amino acid pool levels of ultraviolet‐irradiated yeast cells

A study was made of the effect of ultraviolet radiations on leakage of amino acids from yeast cells and on the amino acid pools of these cells. Results are tabulated. The significance ot the findings is discussed. Leakage of amino acids from yeast cells following ultraviolet radiation is concluded to be a selective process influenced by the metabolic activity of the cell. Membrane damage probably occurs but it alone cannot account for the observed facts. (C.H.)
Leaders' Motivations and Actions: Explaining Government-Dissident Conflict-Cooperation Processes

This study posits a theory to explain government and dissident sequential responses to one another and develops a statistical model to test the implied hypotheses. While competing hypotheses emerge...
The optimal pricing, finance and supply of urban transportation in general equilibrium: A theoretical exposition

We present a general equilibrium framework of optimal allocation treating the pricing, finance and supply of urban transportation. Uncongested public transportation technology with economies of scale supports the city's existence; and a congested road system subject to constant returns limits urban size. Optimal investment in public transit and in roads follow Samuelson's rule. With optimally determined urban population, roads are fully financed by Pigouvian congestion tolls while aggregate differential land rents fully finance public transit and any other activity with internal or external economies of scale (Henry George Theorem). Marshallian agglomeration from production in the core and the suburbanization of jobs to avoid congestion are treated. We also see how the optimal rules and the Henry George Theorem are modified when the demand for location is determined by a random utility model.
Plenary keynote lecture

Most often we look at historic events through the lens of past achievements. The phrase - “The history books are written by the victors of wars” - applies as well to technologic innovation. Rarely do we look at the process of innovation prospectively.