cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of Myocardial Infarct Size From Thallium-201 Images: Validation of a New Approach in an Experimental Model

A new computer-based method has been developed to quantitate myocardial infarct size from the size of the regional thallium-201 deficit. The operator outlines the left ventricular myocardial activity with an ellipse. The program then plots the background-corrected activities of the highest mean value in a 3 pixel myocardial band perpendicular to and within the ellipse. The approach uses a new interpolative background correction. To determine the accuracy of this approach in assessing regional thallium deficit size, acute myocardial infarction was produced in six dogs by 24 hour occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. Infarct size was assessed from planar thallium images of the dog heart in three views, each with the chest opened and closed and with the heart excised and placed in a cradle. Before removal of the heart, triphenyltetrazolium chloride was infused to delineate normal from infarct tissue. Transverse slices of left ventricle were made and thallium images of the slices acquired. Infarct size delineated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was expressed as a percent of the total left ventricular slice surface area (planimetric infarct size). Infarct size from whole heart and left ventricular slice thallium images was expressed as a percent of the total length of the left ventricular perimeter (perimetric infarct size). This was determined from points below a certain percent of normalized peak thallium activity in the computer-generated thallium activity curve. Six additional dogs had infarct size determined from whole heart thallium images 24 hours after left circumflex coronary artery occlusion. With left ventricular slices, perimetric infarct size derived from activity below 45% of the peak correlated most closely with the planimetric size. Perimetric infarct size from thallium images of the whole heart was computed using the same percent cut-off on the normalized thallium activity curves. Absolute infarct size from thallium whale heart images, expressed as a percent of total left ventricular weight, was calculated and compared with that estimated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. For left anterior descending coronary artery occlusions, there were good correlations between infarct sizes estimated by the staining method and thallium images of whole heart with the chest opened (r = 0.87), with the chest closed (r = 0.89) and with the heart excised (r = 0.83). For left circumflex coronary artery occlusions, these correlations were also good (r = 0.94, 0.93 and 0.92, respectively). It is concluded that this new computer approach to quantitation of infarct size from thallium deficit size has been validated in an experimental model.
Optical measurements of plasma velocity and temperature in a low-rate, low-power LPPS system

Low-pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) is a promising method of applying coatings to surfaces for thermal, chemical, and mechanical protection. The deposition of coatings with superior properties requires an improved understanding of this complex spray process, including the detailed understanding of the time–temperature and chemical history to which an injected particle is exposed during its travel through the high-temperature and high-velocity plasma jet. In this paper, we report on measurements of the temperatures and velocities within the plasma in a low-pressure argon–hydrogen arcjet spray plasma being developed for mesoscale manufacturing of mechanical components. The measurements reported here make use of laser absorption, laser-induced fluorescence, and optical emission spectroscopy of the H Balmer transition in atomic hydrogen. Both the absorption and a fluorescence methods take advantage of the well-known spectral line broadening of atomic hydrogen, to extract the arcjet temperature and electron density. Jet axial velocities are measured via the time of flight, as detected by optical emission, of convected disturbances caused by intrinsic fluctuations in the arc voltage. Measurements made for various anode (nozzle) geometries indicate that relatively low (; 1k m s mm) velocity gradients in the axial direction could be achieved with y1 y1
A recent case of periorbital necrotizing fasciitis--presentation to definitive reconstruction within an in-theater combat hospital setting.

First described in 1924, necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressing, severe suppurative infection of the superficial fascia, often associated with vascular thrombosis and necrosis of the overlying skin. Despite advances in medical therapy, the mortality remains high, with rates exceeding 25 to 50% in some studies. Early diagnosis and treatment is paramount in the management of this serious infection and should include wide surgical debridement and drainage of all necrotic tissues, coupled with aggressive parenteral antibiotics. This infectious process has been commonly associated with traumatic events in patients with compromised immune systems, diabetes, chronic steroid use, and alcoholism. The common microbacterial organisms associated with necrotizing fasciitis include Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus and less commonly, facultative and anaerobic microorganisms. Most cases typically present in the extremities, trunk, and/or groin regions. Although this virulent soft tissue infection can occur within the face and neck areas, cases of isolated periorbital NF have been relatively uncommon. However, head and neck cases of NF have had high associated morbidity and mortality rates. In recent publications, the reported mortality rate for isolated periorbital NF was not insignificant, ranging from 8.5 to 12.5%. The prognosis, morbidity, and mortality rates will be greatly increased in those patients who present late in the infectious phase, have a delay in diagnosis and/or treatment, or who demonstrate extension of this virulent infection into the face, cervical, or sternal/mediastinal regions. An aggressive multimodal approach is required in treating periorbital necrotizing infection, with the main tenant remaining wide and adequate surgical debridement of affected tissues. This difficult clinical situation can create a subsequent challenge with respect to achieving good functional and cosmetic outcomes in those patients with periorbital NF. Delayed reconstruction of the eyelids with skin grafts and/or facial flaps is often required to avoid late complications such as cicatricial lid retraction, lid malposition, exposure keratopathy, and potential loss of vision. We describe a patient who presented to a military combat hospital with a virulent periorbital soft tissue infection. We have outlined his treatment course from the initial presentation through definitive reconstruction.
Stability Characteristics of Alternators

During the past few years, stability characteristics of systems using long lines have been discussed at considerable length, but not so much attention has been given to the characteristics of the load. This paper shows that power limits may be reached with very short lines and certain classes of load. The characteristics of several classes of load, such as motors of various kinds with constant shaft output, variable impedance loads (synchronous converters for railways), constant impedance, and miscellaneous combinations, are discussed as they affect the stability of the generator. The criterions for the stability of an alternator as developed by this paper are ``short-circuit ratio,'' saturation, power factor of the load, and character of the load. A series of curves and a formula for the minimum allowable value of short-circuit ratio as a function of saturation and power factor are proposed for general purpose alternators which may be called upon to deliver power to any of the various classes of load. These curves are derived from characteristic curves of typical machines. It is not intended that these curves shall be used for generators which supply power over long transmission lines, as the characteristics of these lines may require considerably higher values of short-circuit ratio, and the generator must be specially designed to meet the individual requirements.
Removal of parallel prefabricated posts: A clinical report

The serrations on some parallel and vented prefabricated posts are continuous spirals. Occasionally removal is indicated. If attempts to loosen the post by mechanical vibration fail, the embedded portion may be removed by turning. Careful examination of the radiograph and the exposed portion of the post is needed to determine the proper direction of torque.
Interactive data sorting and evaluation program for chemical relaxation experiments.

Abstract A program is described for the evaluation of repeated sets of data from chemical relaxation experiments. The combining logic for repeated sets is described as well as various editing features (for example: elimination of points beyond a certain error limit). The program should be run in the interactive mode from a teletypewriter. Plots of combined data sets are produced at will and an averaging option is also available.
Plant Parentage, Pollination, and Dispersal: How DNA microsatellites have altered the landscape

Post print version of article may differ from published version. This is an electronic version of an article published in Ashley, M. V. 2010. Plant Parentage, Pollination, and Dispersal: How DNA Microsatellites Have Altered the Landscape. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 29(3): 148-161. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences is available online at: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/07352689.2010.481167; DOI: 10.1080/07352689.2010.481167
High-Energy Behavior of the Scattering Amplitude in the Unphysical Region 0 t 4 m 2

It is proved within the framework of axiomatic field theory that the scattering amplitude must have a Regge behavior in the unphysical region $0ltl4{m}^{2}$ in the sense that the logarithmic derivative of the absorptive part is bounded by $C$ $\mathrm{ln}s$ for very large $s$.
Fluoxetine for the Treatment of Fatigue in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial

Fatigue is a common symptom in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). In animal models of cholestasis, abnormalities in serotonin neurotransmission are observed with fatigue. The role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in fatigue-related PBC, however, is unknown. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study design was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of fluoxetine for the treatment of fatigue in PBC. Patients were randomized to fluoxetine, 20 mg daily, or matched placebo for 8 weeks’ duration. Fatigue was assessed by the Fisk Fatigue Impact Scale (FFIS). The primary study endpoint was a ≥50% reduction in overall FFIS score at the end of treatment. Health-related quality of life (HRQL) was assessed as a secondary endpoint. Among 220 consecutively screened patients, only 18 (9%) eligible individuals were randomized to fluoxetine (n=10) or placebo (n=8) for 8 weeks. Baseline variables including median FFIS scores (52 vs 42; P=0.21) were similar between treatment arms (P > 0.05). After 8 weeks of therapy, no statistically significant change in median FFIS score was observed in the fluoxetine group. Median FFIS score in the placebo group was reduced (42 to 28), but not statistically significant. No difference in HRQL was observed between treatment arms after 8 weeks. Fourteen (78%) patients completed therapy, while four (22%) individuals withdrew from the trial. Three of the four patients had drug-related adverse events with fluoxetine. In this study, fluoxetine did not improve fatigue in PBC and was associated with adverse events.
Knowledge and judgments about events that occurred prior to birth: The measurement of the persistence of information

Data from five laboratories using five different techniques were reanalyzed to measure subjects’ knowledge of events that occurred over the past 70 years. Subjects were about 20 years of age, so the measures included events that extended up to 50 years before birth. The functions relating knowledge about the events to age do not decrease precipitously at birth but gradually drop to above-chance levels. Techniques usually used to study retention within the individual can be used to study the persistence of ideas and fashions within an age cohort in a culture.
Polar granules of Drosophila. III. The continuity of polar granules during the life cycle of Drosophila

Polar granules of Drosophila embryos fragment into fibrous bodies which become associated with the nuclear envelope of pole cells prior to the formation of the embryonic gonad. Similar fibrous structures are found attached to the outer nuclear membrane of primordial germ cells and oogonia throughout the life cycle of the fly. These structures have not been found in any other cell type except the germ cell of the testis. During oogenesis, the oocyte nucleus loses the fibrous bodies associated with the nuclear membrane, but the 15 sister nurse cells retain these structures until the end of vitellogenesis. At this time the cytoplasm and fibrous bodies of the nurse cells are contributed to the ooplasm. Occasionally, polar granules are found in previtellogenic stages of oogenesis, but they only accumulate at the posterior tip of the egg during the latter portion of vitellogenesis. After polar granules have formed, they attach to mitochondria in three species studies, but fail to form this association in D. hydei. Fibrous structures in the egg, believed to be the fibrous bodies attached to the nuclear envelope of nurse cells, are found throughout the mature egg, and have the same species-specific property of associating or not with mitochondria as was found for polar granules. These fibrous bodies are no longer found following fertilization. A possible role of these fibrous bodies in the egg is discussed.
Clinical effects of response deprivation and response satiation procedures

The present study used procedures prescribed by the response deprivation/satiation hypothesis to modify the occurrence of clinically relevant behaviors in two hospitalized, adult schizophrenics. By arranging contingencies which satisfied the conditions for response deprivation and response satiation, the same contingent response produced clinically significant increases in appropriate social behaviors and clinically significant decreases in inappropriate behaviors, respectively, in both participants. These results extend the findings of Konarski, Crowell, Johnson, and Whitman (1982) by demonstrating the applied usefulness of response deprivation procedures with a different clinical population. Moreover, this is the first study demonstrating the clinical usefulness of response satiation procedures.
Exploiting adaptive beamforming for compressive measurements

Beamformers are spatial filters that focus energy in a particular direction while attempting to eliminate interference from other directions. This paper compares several adaptive approaches that seek to provide detection performance equivalent to classical techniques while using fewer beams, a form of measurement compression. Using an apriori distribution on the source locations together with an initial set of beams as a starting point, these algorithms adaptively form a sequence of beams based on posterior distributions of the source locations. Two methods are considered: one attempts to maximize the trace of the Fisher information and the other maximizes mutual information based on a Gaussian posterior approximation.
Astrocytes regulate GFAP mRNA levels by cyclic AMP and protein kinase C-dependent mechanisms.

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA and protein levels in rat astrocyte cultures and in the human astrocytoma line U-373MG were examined in order to determine the effects of agents that regulate cAMP-dependent kinase and protein kinase C. Treatment of cells with dibutyryl cAMP or forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxan-thine increased steady-state GFAP mRNA levels. Short-term treatment of cells with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) increased GFAP mRNA levels, but prolonged treatment of cells with PMA or 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol produced a dramatic decrease in GFAP mRNA; 4-beta-phorbol had no effect. Thus, both cAMP-dependent kinase and protein kinase C may exert regulatory roles in determining GFAP mRNA levels. Nuclear run-off studies showed no change in GFAP mRNA synthesis after cAMP or PMA treatment, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms. Western blot analysis revealed that the effect of PMA on U-373MG cells shows specificity in that GFA protein levels decline, while those of other major cytoskeletal proteins were unaltered.
Nitric Oxide Protects Against Leukocyte-Endothelium Interactions in the Early Stages of Hypercholesterolemia

We studied the effects of CAS1609, a nitric oxide donor, on leukocyte-endothelial interactions during the early stages of hypercholesterolemia in rat mesenteric microcirculation. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: (a) rats fed control diet, (b) rats fed control diet while receiving CAS1609, (c) rats fed a high-cholesterol (HC) diet and given C93-4845 (an inactive control compound), and (d) rats fed an HC diet and given CAS1609. Both HC groups developed significantly elevated plasma cholesterol levels compared with rats fed the control diet. Intravital microscopy of mesenteric venules revealed a significant increase in leukocyte rolling and adherence in the untreated HC rats compared with control rats (P < .01). This was significantly attenuated in the HC rats given CAS1609. The HC rats given C93-4845 also developed aortic endothelial dysfunction (ie, impaired relaxation to acetylcholine or ADP) that was significantly prevented by CAS1609 infusion (P < .02). Immunohistochemical staining of ileum demonstrated significantly enhanced localization of P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on venular endothelium in the untreated HC rats compared with control rats (P < .01). However, P-selectin and ICAM-1 expression were significantly attenuated in HC rats given CAS1609 (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Thus, hypercholesterolemia induces microvascular dysfunction characterized by loss of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, increased rolling and adherence of leukocytes, and increased expression of P-selectin and ICAM-1. Infusion of CAS1609 significantly attenuated these changes due to hypercholesterolemia. Our data suggest that nitric oxide plays a significant role in the prevention of the early endothelial dysfunction observed in hypercholesterolemia.
Characterization of the Human Talin (TLN) Gene: Genomic Structure, Chromosomal Localization, and Expression Pattern

Talin is a high-molecular-weight cytoskeletal protein, localized at cell-extracellular matrix associations known as focal contacts. In these regions, talin is thought to link integrin receptors to the actin cytoskeleton. Talin plays a key role in the assembly of actin filaments and in spreading and migration of various cell types. Talin proteins are found in a wide variety of organisms, from slime molds to humans. The human Talin (HGMW-approved symbol TLN) gene was previously mapped to chromosome 9p, but little was known of its sequence and genomic structure. To characterize human TLN further, we have isolated a single bacterial artificial chromosome clone, harboring the entire gene. The gene extends over more than 23 kb and consists of 57 exons. We have localized TLN to human chromosome band 9p13 by both fluorescence in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping. Northern blot analysis detected TLN expression in various human tissues, including leukocytes, lung, placenta, liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, colon, skeletal muscle, and heart. Based on its chromosomal location, expression pattern, and protein function, we considered TLN as a candidate gene for cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), an autosomal recessive metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, previously mapped to 9p13. We sequenced the entire TLN coding sequence in several CHH patients, but no functional mutations were detected.
Buyer beware: robustness analyses in economics and biology

Theoretical biology and economics are remarkably similar in their reliance on mathematical models, which attempt to represent real world systems using many idealized assumptions. They are also similar in placing a great emphasis on derivational robustness of modeling results. Recently philosophers of biology and economics have argued that robustness analysis can be a method for confirmation of claims about causal mechanisms, despite the significant reliance of these models on patently false assumptions. We argue that the power of robustness analysis has been greatly exaggerated. It is best regarded as a method of discovery rather than confirmation.
CD40 ligand is essential for generation of specific cytotoxic T cell responses in RNA-pulsed dendritic cell immunotherapy

Background. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a promising form of adjuvant therapy for high-risk tumors. DCs transfected with tumor-associated antigens are capable of stimulating antigen-specific T cells, but cytolytic responses have been disappointing. Activation of DC surface CD40 influences DC cytokine production, particularly that of interleukin (IL)-12, which favors a Th1 (cytotoxic) helper T cell response. This study evaluated the effects of exogenous soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) on RNA-transfected DC preparations and their subsequent ability to generate antimelanoma cytolytic T cells. Methods. Human monocyte-derived DCs were cultured and transfected with mRNA encoding full-length melanoma-associated antigen, Mart-1, and matured with and without sCD40L. DC IL-12 secretion and the ability to stimulate naive T cells were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tetramer analysis, Elispot, and 51Cr release assay. Results. Mature DCs stimulated with sCD40L secreted higher levels of IL-12 compared with immature DCs and DCs matured without sCD40L (P <.001). DCs treated with sCD40L generated a greater number of antigen-specific T cells (P <.05) by tetramer and Elispot analyses, and yielded specific T cells with significant cytotoxicity against HLA-matched melanoma cell lines. Conclusions. CD40L augments DC IL-12 secretion and is essential to potentiate specific antimelanoma cytolytic responses stimulated by the Mart-1 antigen. sCD40L should be considered a crucial adjuvant in DC preparations for RNA-based DC vaccine therapies. (Surgery 2003;134:300-5.)
Temporal Closure in an Annotation Environment

News articles typically present a story that develops over time. Events and times are introduced and the reader understands what the sequence of events is. Simple questions like “What happened after the kidnapping?” can only be answered if information about events and the temporal relations between events is available and a document needs to be annotated automatically or manually to provide this information. This article focuses on how a temporal closure component can be embedded in a temporal annotation environment. Temporal closure takes known temporal relations in a text and derives new implied relations from them, in eect making explicit what was implicit. A temporal
How to Teleport Superpositions of Chiral Amplitudes

Chiral molecules may exist in superpositions of left- and right-handed states. We show how the amplitudes of such superpositions may be teleported to the polarization degrees of freedom of a photon and thus measured. Two experimental schemes are proposed, one leading to perfect, the other to state-dependent teleportation. Both methods yield complete information about the amplitudes.
The athlete, asthma, and allergy

The goal of this issue of Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology is to provide a guide for the practitioner who treats the everyday athlete, as well as the highly competitive one. American culture holds the extremely talented athlete in very high regard, which is why most people at some point in their lives dream of being one. This begins at an early age for both the athlete and his or her community. One only has to go to any little league game, regardless of the sport, to see this interaction. There will be coaches vying to convince a parent that their special child should play on that coaches’ team or other parents who will give that child special treatment. The parents of these talented children feel pressure as well, to obtain special coaching, nutritionists, and trainers for their child so he or she can excel even further. These extra efforts are increased as the athlete gets older and competes at higher levels. All of this extra effort has led to the athlete being considered a different entity, one that needs to have special handling and extra attention. Sometimes, for the highly competitive athlete, this different level of treatment is warranted, as in the need for the health care provider to be aware of drug doping regulations. Other times it is not, and the differences will be reviewed in different articles in this issue. There are many issues with this attitude, as well as extra demands on the athlete. These range from psychological burnout to overuse syndromes in very young children. One of the most basic issues is, who is an athlete? Very few people will continually be involved in a sport they feel they play poorly or that they do not enjoy participating in. Therefore, most people feel that being able to play at their best is important. Are they all athletes? Is the 8-yr-old who plays soccer, baseball, and basketball all year long at the highest athletic level for his age an athlete, or is it the same-aged child who only plays one season or sport? Is the 20-yr-old college basketball player more of an athlete than the 20-yr-old who plays in a community league? When it comes to medical issues, does it matter when the person has symptoms? If the person has symptoms playing a sport, does that change the way we approach his or her care, or is it the level of competition that dictates who is an ath-
Research note: current methods used in determination and evaluation of tibia strength: a correlation study involving birds fed various levels of cholecalciferol.

Abstract Tibiae were removed from 300 75-wk-old laying hens for tibia strength analysis using two methods, direct photon absorptiometry and tibia breaking strength. Left tibiae with flesh intact were used for bone density determination with direct photon absorptiometry. Right tibiae were cleaned and dried for determination of tibia weight and tibia breaking strength. Partial correlation coefficients were estimated among bone density, tibia breaking strength, tibia weight, and body weight. A significant correlation was observed between tibia breaking strength and bone density measurements (r = .66, P≤.0001). Tibia weight and tibia breaking strength were also significantly correlated (r = .62, P≤.0001), as well as bone weight and bone density (r = .71, P≤.0001). Tibia weight and BW were also significantly correlated (r = .66, P≤.0001), necessitating covariance adjustment for BW. Bone densitometry measurements are less variable than tibia breaking strength measurements, and bone densitometry does not require cleaning bones of flesh before measurement.
A Paradise Within? Mary Astell, Sarah Scott and the Limits of Utopia

Mary Astell and Sarah Scott's feminist texts A Serious Proposal and Milennium Hall, written sixty years apart from each other, both espouse theories of feminine retreat and education. However, the changing philosophical context in which these texts were written, from the 1690s Cambridge Platonists to the mid-century theorists of sociable benevolence, makes them very different in their intellectual perspectives. The feminist possibilities identified by Astell and Scott arise from their responses to contemporary male philosophers. Their texts, far from straightforwardly utopian, identify how through the correct kind of philosophical education, women might learn to be of social and spiritual worth.
Studies of multiple sclerosis in twins

Abstract Twin studies have had a long but not always honorable place in the history of medical science since their introduction by Sir Francis Galton in the last century. This is particularly true of studies which have been applied to such complex traits as intelligence where the image of this approach has been tarnished in part by the failure to recognize the limitations inherent in the twin method and by the attempt to extrapolate from highly selected twin samples to the population in general. On the other hand twin studies, particularly when multidisciplined and placed in the perspective of population and family studies, can be of great value. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is, most certainly, a multifactorial disorder; both genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to the disease. Twins provide a unique opportunity for performing studies in an effort to identify the relative influences of these factors. Further, this approach could identify actual causative factors or specific genetic determinants relating to disease susceptibility. However, it is important to remember the inherent weaknesses of twin studies such as sample bias. Also, possible pitfalls such as subclinical disease, although representing a difficulty in evaluating results, actually emphasizes the usefulness of twins in magnifying this difficulty. It is hoped that more detailed investigations of these and additional twins along with longitudinal studies will help to define further the relative influences of genetic and environmental factors. More importantly it is hoped that these approaches will permit a more precise identification of environmental elements which either cause or increase the risk of MS.
Syntheses and optical properties of poly(o-phenylene vinylene)s

Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives have been extensively studied as photoluminescence and electroluminescence materials. Recently, meta-phenylene has been incorporated into PPVs for conjugation-length control and luminescence enhancement. Here, we report three poly(o-phenylene vinylenes) (oPVs). Among them, Polymer II exhibits high molecular weight, good processibility and high photoluminescence quantum efficiency in both solution and solid state, making it an attractive candidate for light-emitting diode applications.
The hearing impaired psychotherapist : implications for process and practice

This paper will address the problems faced by the hearing impaired psychotherapist with a particular emphasis on the alliance in psychotherapy. The author will address the unique problems facing the hearing impaired therapist in clinical practice as well as the strategies which can be utilized to manage the treatment process.
Bioprinting for stem cell research

Recently, there has been growing interest in applying bioprinting techniques to stem cell research. Several bioprinting methods have been developed utilizing acoustics, piezoelectricity, and lasers to deposit living cells onto receiving substrates. Using these technologies, spatially defined gradients of immobilized biomolecules can be engineered to direct stem cell differentiation into multiple subpopulations of different lineages. Stem cells can also be patterned in a high-throughput manner onto flexible implementation patches for tissue regeneration or onto substrates with the goal of accessing encapsulated stem cells of interest for genomic analysis. Here, we review recent achievements with bioprinting technologies in stem cell research, and identify future challenges and potential applications including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, wound healing, and genomics.
Discrimination learning in chicks previously exposed to the discriminanda

Three experiments are described. The ability of chicks to discriminate shape or colored stimuli after being exposed to both discriminanda in an imprinting situation is compared with the discriminative ability of chicks not previously exposed. In two of the three experiments, we found no differences between the groups, although in the third, the group previously exposed to the discriminanda showed an impairment in discriminative ability. Our negative results are not in accordance with those of Bateson and Chantrey (1972), who attribute the learning impairment to a prior “classifying together” of the stimuli, a mechanism enabling the chick to respond to differing views of the imprinting object as representative of the same object.
Integrating Human Resource and Technological Capabilities: The Influence of Global Business Strategies on Workplace Strategy Choices

Treating workplace strategies as the integration of human resource and technological capabilities, a typology of workplace strategy emphases is developed. The choice among these alternative workplace strategy emphases is treated as a function of market-positioning priorities and the multinational scope of firms. Accordingly, a multinomial choice model is specified, which is tested against a sample of firms in the U.S. automotive supplier industry. The model obtains substantial empirical support. Among the findings is evidence consistent with the proposition that due to cross-border, isomorphic constraints, multinational companies are less likely than national companies to pursue workplace strategies emphasizing human resource capabilities, choosing instead to favor the diffusion of workplace strategies emphasizing technological capabilities.
“Publishers Did Not Take the Bait”: A Forgotten Precursor to the NIH Public Access Policy

This article compares the recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) Public Access Policy (2005–07) with the United States Office of Education policy on copyright in funded research (1965–70). The two policies and the differing technological and political contexts of the periods are compared and contrasted. The author concludes that a more nuanced approach to copyright, the digital information environment, and the support of an energized user community auger well for the success of the NIH policy, but that it is still too soon to tell.
Organic Reactions upon Dimetalated Olefins. Reactions of the Olefinic Group in the Dirhenlum Complex (OC)4Re[E-HCC(CO2Me)CS2]Re(CO)4 with Amines

The reaction of (OC)4Re[μ-E-HCC(CO2Me)CS2]Re(CO)4, 1 with EtNH2 yielded two new complexes: Re(CO)4[C(H)C(CO2Me)C(NHEt)S], 2, (52%) and Re(CO)3(NH2Et)[C(H)C(CO2Me)C(NHEt)=S], 3a (24%) by competitive attack of the EtNH2 at the dithiocarboxylate grouping and at the hydrogen substituted olefinic carbon atom in 1. In both cases there is a loss of one of the rhenium groupings. The reaction of the sulfurized and oxygenated derivatives of 1, (OC)4Re[EC(H)C(CO2Me)CS2]Re(CO)4, 4a (E=S), 4b (E=O) with EtNH2 yielded Re(CO)4[C(H)=C(CO2Me)C(NHEt)=S], 5a, the parent carbonyl of 3a, by exclusive attack of the amine at the hydrogen substituted olefinic carbon atom. The reaction of (OC)4Re[μ-SC(S)C(CO2Me)C(H)S]Re(CO)4,6a (an isomer of 4a) with EtNH2 produced a similar result. The reaction of 4a with Et2NH yielded Re(CO)4[μ-S2C=C(CO2Me)C=NEt2], 5b an N-ethyl substituted derivative of 5a. These results indicate that the addition of certain heteroatoms can have a directing effect upon the reactivity of these compounds with amines. Compounds 2 and 5a were characterized by single crystal x-ray diffraction analyses. Crystal Data: For 2: space group = P1, a = 10.782(1) A, b = 14.721(2) A, c = 9.940(2) A, a = 91.57(1)°, β = 93.61(1)°, γ = 70.774(9)°, Z = 4, 4516 reflections, R = 0.047 and for 5a: space group = P21/n, a = 11.389(2) A, b = 9.660(2) A, c = 14.756(3) A, β = 103.36(2)°, Z = 4, 1601 reflections, R = 0.022.
Combining group facilitation, decision modeling, and information technology to improve the accuracy of group judgment

Interacting groups fail to make judgments as accurate as those of their most capable members due to problems associated with both interaction processes and cognitive processing. Group process techniques and decision analytic tools have been used with groups to combat these problems. While such techniques and tools do improve the quality of group judgment, they have not enabled groups to make judgments more accurate than those of their most capable members. A new intervention procedure that integrates group facilitation, decision modeling and information technology was developed to overcome more fully the problems typically associated with interaction processes and cognitive processing. An experiment involving 16 four- and five-member groups was conducted to test this intervention process. Results indicated that the process intervention enabled small, interacting groups to perform significantly better than their most capable members on two cognitive conflict tasks (p >
The Physical Education Hall of Shame, Part II

(1994). The Physical Education Hall of Shame, Part II. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 17-20.
Prevention of Salt-Induced Hypertension by an Analog of γ-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in the Rat*

Background Rats with suppression of pituitary intermediate lobe (IL) function by treatment with the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine develop salt-sensitive hypertension accompanied by a deficiency of γ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH). Methods To study the time course, and establish the causal role, of γ-MSH deficiency in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension, we instrumented 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats with radiotelemetry transmitters to record intraaortic mean arterial pressure (MAP). One week later, they were placed on a high-sodium diet (8% NaCl, HSD) and received daily intraperitoneal injections of bromocriptine (5 mg/kg). The rats were also implanted with micro-osmotic pumps to deliver either a stable analog of γ-MSH ([Nle3, D-Phe6]-γ-MSH, NDP-γ-MSH) at 12 pmol/h or normal saline vehicle. Results In vehicle-treated rats on the HSD and receiving bromocriptine injections, MAP rose so that it was significantly greater than that in NDP-γ-MSH-treated animals by Day 4, and reached a stable plateau of ∼135 mm Hg between Days 7 and 14. After Day 14, bromocriptine injections were stopped, and MAP in vehicle-infused rats fell progressively despite continued ingestion of the HSD, so that by Day 18, MAP was no longer different from NDP-γ-MSH-infused animals. The MAP in the latter group did not vary significantly from the control level of 101 ± 4 mm Hg throughout the 21 days of the experiment. Conclusions These results indicate that γ-MSH deficiency is a consequence of the bromocriptine treatment responsible for the salt-sensitive hypertension, and these results also identify the time course during which this hypertension develops.
Chondroprotective Effect of Kartogenin on CD44-Mediated Functions in Articular Cartilage and Chondrocytes

Objective:A recent report identified the small molecule kartogenin as a chondrogenic and chondroprotective agent. Since changes in hyaluronan metabolism occur during cartilage degeneration in osteo...
VLDL‐resembling phospholipid‐submicron emulsion for cholesterol‐based drug targeting

Abstract The objective of the current study was to develop and evaluate VLDL‐resembling phospholipid‐submicron emulsion (PSME) as a carrier system for new cholesterol‐based compounds for targeted delivery to cancer cells. BCH, a boronated cholesterol compound, was originally developed in our laboratory to mimic the cholesterol esters present in the LDL and to follow a similar pathway of cholesterol transport into the rapidly dividing cancer cells. The VLDL‐resembling system was then designed to solubilize BCH, facilitate the interaction with LDL, and thus assist the BCH delivery to cancer cells. BCH‐containing PSME was prepared by sonication. Chemical compositions and particle sizes of different PSME fractions were determined. The lipid structure of PSME and location of BCH in the formulation were assessed based on experimental results. Density gradient ultracentrifugation fractionated the emulsion into three particle‐size populations with structures and compositions resembling native VLDL. In vitro interaction between PSME and LDL was evident by agarose electrophoresis, as both formed a single band with an intermediate mobility. The transfer of BCH from PSME to LDL was also observed in the presence of other serum components including serum proteins. Cell culture data showed sufficient uptake of BCH in rat 9L glioma cells (> 50 μg boron/g cells). In conclusion, this system has the capability to incorporate the cholesterol‐based compound, interact with native LDL, and assist the delivery of this compound into cancer cells in vitro .
Investor Risk Tolerance: Testing The Efficacy Of Demographics As Differentiating and Classifying Factors

This study was designed to determine what variables would differentiate between levels of investor risk tolerance and classify individuals into risk tolerance categories. A model was developed and empirically tested using data from the 1992 Survey of Consumer Finances. Multiple discriminant analysis indicated that the educational level of respondents was the most significant differentiating and classifying factor. Gender, self-employment status, and income also were found to be effective in discriminating among levels of risk tolerance. Demographic characteristic provide only a starting point in accessing investor risk tolerance. More research is needed to explain variations in risk tolerance.
Intelligent Nonlinear Solvers for Computational Fluid Dynamics

Implicit nonlinear solvers for solving systems of nonlinear PDEs are very powerful. Many compressible flow codes utilize Newton-Krylov (NK) methods and matrix-free NewtonKrylov (MFNK) methods for a range of flow regimes and different flow models such as inviscid, laminar, turbulent and reacting flows. One drawback is that these solvers are complex requiring the specification of many settings. Expertise is necessary to achieve high performance. There is a need to develop ”intelligent nonlinear solvers” that are capable of changing settings dynamically and adapting to evolving solutions and changing solver performance, in order to reduce the burden on the user, and improve overall efficiency and reliability. In this paper we take the first steps in achieving automatic control of nonlinear solvers for compressible flows by combining semi- and fully- implicit solver strategies in ways that utilizes them more efficiently than simply applying one method or another during the entire solution procedure. The understanding gained from this work will lay the groundwork for future development of more autonomous ”intelligent solvers”. Implicit solvers are widely used to in compuational fluid dynamic applications to obtain steady-state solutions to the equations governing fluid flow. Semi-implicit (point-implicit) methods are one of the most common. Semi-implicit methods are relatively easy to implement, have low memory requirements and can march at large time step sizes compared to explicit methods. Semi-implicit iterations are only modestly more expensive than explicit iterations and tend to converge linearly. They are also robust in the sense that they are relatively easy to use. However, convergence ”stalling” can be a problem in certain circumstances. In recent years, Newton-Krylov (NK) methods are becoming more popular. NK methods are less straight forward to use and more expensive per iteration than semi-implicit methods. However, NK methods are very efficient for as the solution is approached in an iterative sense, quadratic convergence rates can be achieved. Very large time steps can be used to advance the solution to steady-state. They are also robust due to the effectiveness of Krylov subspace iterative linear solvers. In both methods, solutions are achieved iteratively by solving a series of nonlinear problems where the system equations are linearized and then solved with an iterative linear solver. Semi-implicit solvers combine the nonlinear and linear loops together, solving a modified linear system less accurately but more cheaply. Typically, semi-implicit solvers are cheaper than NK methods in the beginning when the CFL is small and the linear systems are dominated by a large diagonal inertia term. Later, as the inertia term becomes smaller, the linear problem becomes more difficult to solve and NK methods become more efficient. Therefore, it would make sense to combine these approaches in a single solver stategy.
Formation of Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS) from Carbon Monoxide and Sulfur Vapor and Applications to Venus

Abstract We use gas chromatography to identify and measure the amounts of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) formed in a gas-flow system via the net thermochemical reactions SO 2 + 3 CO = OCS + 2 CO 2 (1) 3 FeS 2 (pyrite) + 4 CO 2 + 2 CO = Fe 3 O 4 (magnetite) + 6 OCS (2) 2 CO + S 2 = 2 OCS (3) at temperatures of 470–612°C and ambient atmospheric pressure. The goal of our work is to evaluate the importance of reactions (1) to (3), which have been proposed as potential sources of OCS in Venus' lower atmosphere. Our results show OCS formation by reaction (3), but not by reactions (1) or (2) under our experimental conditions. Based on our results, experimental data from the literature, and theoretical models in the literature, we conclude that (1) the reaction of S2and CO is an important source of OCS in Venus' lower atmosphere, and (2) probably neither reaction (1) nor reaction (2) is an important source of OCS on Venus. Finally, we use thermodynamic data for reaction (3) and Venera spacecraft observations of CO and sulfur vapor at 0–12-km altitude to calculate an OCS equilibrium abundance of 1–14 ppmv, with a nominal value of 5 ppmv, for reaction (3) near Venus' surface.
Specification of adaxial cell fate during maize leaf development

Dorsoventral (adaxial/abaxial) polarity of the maize leaf is established in the meristem and is maintained throughout organ development to coordinate proper outgrowth and patterning of the leaf. rolled leaf1 (rld1) and leafbladeless1 (lbl1) are required for the specification of the adaxial/upper leaf surface. rld1 encodes a class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIPIII) protein whose adaxial expression is spatially defined by miRNA166-directed transcript cleavage on the abaxial side. The semi-dominant Rld1-Original (Rld1-O) mutation, which results from a single nucleotide substitution in the miRNA166 complementary site, leads to persistent expression of mutant transcripts on the abaxial site. This causes the adaxialization or partial reversal of leaf polarity. By contrast, recessive mutations in lbl1 cause the formation of abaxialized leaves. The lbl1 and Rld1-O mutations mutually suppress each other, indicating that these two genes act in the same genetic pathway. Adaxial and meristematic expression of rld1 is reduced in lbl1 mutants, indicating that lbl1 acts upstream of rld1 to specify adaxial fate during primordium development. However, rld1 expression in the vasculature of lbl1 is normal, suggesting that the specification of adaxial/abaxial polarity during vascular and primordia development is governed by separate but overlapping pathways. We also show that members of the maize yabby gene family are expressed on the adaxial side of incipient and developing leaf primordia. This expression pattern is unlike that observed in Arabidopsis, where YABBY expression is correlated with abaxial cell fate. The yabby expression patterns in lbl1 and Rld1-O mutants suggest that the yabby genes act downstream in the same pathway as lbl1 and rld1. Moreover, our observations suggest that maize yabby genes may direct lateral organ outgrowth rather than determine cell fate. We propose that a single genetic pathway involving lbl1, rld1 and the yabby genes integrates positional information within the SAM, and leads to adaxial/abaxial patterning and mediolateral outgrowth of the leaf.