cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrast Ultrasound Imaging of the Aorta Does Not Affect Progression of Atherosclerosis or Cardiovascular Biomarkers in ApoE-/- Mice.

Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) are used to enhance ultrasound imaging of the cardiovascular system. Ultrasound contrast agents are administered intravenously as a solution of micrometer-sized bubbles, consisting of an inert gas encased in a shell of phospholipid or albumin. When ultrasound is applied to the heart or blood vessels, the ultrasonic waves interact with UCAs in the circulation, causing the bubbles to oscillate or collapse. The interaction of ultrasound with UCAs opacifies the blood, allowing for improved imaging of cardiac structure and function,1 arterial stenosis,2 vascularization of atherosclerotic plaques,3 and other aspects of the cardiovascular system. When used for cardiac left ventricular opacification, UCAs can enhance the visual quality of ultrasound scans in patients who are difficult to image and improve diagnostic accuracy.4,5 While UCAs have clear clinical utility in detection and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, concerns have been raised over their safety. There have been reports of adverse cardiovascular events after ultrasound with UCA administration in animal models and humans. In experimental studies from our research group and others, UCAs have been shown to induce cardiac arrhythmias6 and hemorrhage,7–9 impair endothelium-dependent vasodilatation,10 and alter atheroma thickness and the circulating biomarker von Willebrand Factor (vWF).11 Reports of cardiopulmonary complications and deaths in human clinical patients associated with UCA administration added to these concerns, and patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease appeared to be at increased risk.12 As a result, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated warning labels for 2 commercially available UCAs, Definity (Lantheus Medical Imaging, North Billerica, MA) and Optison (GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ) in 2007. The reported adverse events highlight the importance of further research in this area. The biological effects of contrast ultrasound may be a function of the ultrasound pressure level or UCA concentration, so it is necessary to test for adverse events using a variety of scenarios and experimental models. In this study, we used the ApoE−/− mouse model of atherosclerosis to determine thresholds for arterial damage at several different ultrasound pressure levels, with concomitant UCA administration. We fed groups of mice either a standard chow diet or a high-fat, high-sugar, cholesterol-containing Western diet to modulate the progression of atherosclerosis after a single contrast ultrasound exposure. We hypothesized that contrast ultrasound would induce vascular injury and accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis, that this effect would be pressure dependent, and that the threshold for effects of contrast ultrasound on biomarkers would be lower than FDA limits established for clinical ultrasound imaging.
Quantitative Research in Peace Psychology

Peace psychologists have been conducting quantitative research studies for decades. This chapter will address five separate topics relevant to empirical peace psychology research. First, we will describe the types of quantitative research designs employed by peace psychologists. This will be accomplished by tabulating the designs employed in empirical articles published in two major peace psychology journals (Political Psychology and Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology) across recent decades. Categories for this analysis will include laboratory experiments, field experiments, quasi-experimental designs, small n designs, intact group surveys, mail surveys, Internet surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, content analysis, and the analysis of existing statistics. Second, we will highlight some of the classic and/or representative examples of peace research within each quantitative category. Third, major large scale or macro system research projects are described. Fourth, an overview of selected measurement procedures will be presented and summarized. Fifth, current trends and future research needs are presented.
Identification of Significant Factors Affecting Stormwater Quality using the National Stormwater Quality Database

The normal approach to classify urban sites for estimating stormwater characteristics is based on land use. This approach is generally accepted because it is r…
Effects of Some Spray Adjuvants on DDT Emulsifiable Concentrate

A laboratory study was made on the effects of some metallic salts and cationic surface-active agents on the deposition of DDT emulsifiable concentrate sprays. An anionic surface-active agent, Atlox 3300® (isopropyl amine dodecyl benzene sulfonate), was used as the emulsifier for the DDT spray. The adjuvants were injected into the spray stream at various concentrations during the spraying operation. Beeswax- and collodion-coated glass vials were used as the standard surfaces for spraying. The total amount of spray deposit was determined by weight and the quantity of DDT by chemical analysis. The effectiveness of the metallic salts in increasing spray deposits was in the following order: FeCl3·6H2O>Pb (NO3)2>CaCl2·2H2O>ZnCl2>MgCl2·6H2O. The effectiveness of cationic surface-active agents was in the following order: Armac 18D® (acetic acid salts of fatty amine) >Armac C® (acetic acid salts of fatty amine)>Hyamine 2389® (methyl dodecyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) > CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bormide) >Emcol E-607® N-(laurol colaminoformylmethyl) pyridinium chloride> Arguad 12-50® (alkyl quaternary ammonium chloride) > Ethomeen C/15® (ethoxylated tertiary amine). The change in dynamic surface tension was related to spray deposit, i.e., the adjuvants which increased the dynamic surface tension also increased the amounts of spray deposit. A converse relation was also demonstracted. When water and xylene were emulsified with the anionic surface-active agent, an oil-in-water type of emulsion was formed. With the exception of Ethomeen C/15, the addition of adjuvants produced an inverted type of water-in-oil emulsion. In the case of the cationic surface-active agents, further addition reverted the water-in-oil to an oil-in-water type of emulsion. The adjuvants reacted with the DDT emulsion spray to form a precipitate and the adhesive quality of this precipitate appeared to influence the quantity of the spray deposit. The nature of the sprayed surface also influenced the quantity of the deposit, the amount being lower on a collodion than on a beeswax surface.
France and the War of 1812

THERE are many reasons to discourage a student of diplomatic history from reexamining the diplomacy of the War of 1812. The recent contributions of Bradford Perkins, Harry Coles, Patrick White, and Reginald Horsman implied that a new look into the statecraft of this period would not yield a verdict substantially different from those of past observers.' It may be enough to view with Henry Adams the tragicomical plight of James Madison and James Monroe in a situation beyond their talents to manage or to recount with Fred L. Engelman the redemptive exploits of the commissioners at Ghent.2 But there is an area of diplomacy which has been almost wholly ignored in recent considerations of the War of 1812, despite the fact that it concerned many contemporaries: namely, the role of France in American foreign policy during the war. Although every account of the war gives France attention as a causal factor, France seemingly disappears once war has begun. This is even true of Henry Adams' version, except for his chapter on the romantic fate of Joel Barlow, the exemplar of the American ideologue abroad. (Compare Henry Adams' full treatment of Barlow's mission to France with his scant notice of William Crawford, Barlow's successor.) When France is mentioned at all in newspapers and magazines or in congressional debates and administration white papers, it is as the center of the debate over the origins of the war. Did Napoleon trick Madison into war? Did the United States intend to ally itself with France? These, of course, were the persistent allegations of Federalists throughout the war.3 With equal persistence, the administra-
The Role of Anxiety Control and Treatment Implications of Informant Agreement on Child PTSD Symptoms

The goal of this study is to examine parent and child agreement of child posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms pre- and posttreatment, as well as potential moderators of agreement including treatment responder status, child anxiety control, and parent self-reported PTSD symptoms. We examined child self-reported and parent-reported child PTSD symptoms from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Of the 141 parent-child pairs, the mean age of children was 12.72 (SD = 3.40), 53% were female, and 54% were Black. A subsample of participants (n = 47) was assessed after completion of a cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for PTSD. Moderate levels of agreement were found at baseline, though Criterion D (increased arousal) symptoms had lower levels of agreement than the other symptom clusters. Symptom agreement was lower at posttreatment. Treatment responders had higher levels of baseline informant agreement than treatment nonresponders. Child perceived anxiety control significantly moderated informant agreement, such that pairs with children who had high levels of perceived control of their anxiety had lower PTSD symptom agreement where children reported lower symptoms relative to their parents. Contrary to expectations, parent self-reported PTSD did not moderate parent-child symptom agreement. Factors associated with higher parent-child agreement of child PTSD symptoms were being a PTSD treatment responder and children with lower perceived anxiety control. These findings have potential implications for determining those who may benefit from greater symptom monitoring over the course of intervention and potential alternative intervention approaches.
Effects of bone marrow stimulatory cytokines on human immunodeficiency virus replication and the antiviral activity of dideoxynucleosides in cultures of monocyte/macrophages

Cells of the monocyte lineage are important targets for the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Our group and others have previously shown that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates HIV replication in monocyte/macrophages, but that it also enhances the anti-HIV activity of 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′- azidothymidine (AZT). In the present study, we have explored the effects of other bone marrow stimulatory cytokines on the replication of HIV and on the anti-HIV activity of certain dideoxynucleosides in human peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages (M/M). Like GM-CSF, macrophage CSF (M-CSF) enhanced HIV replication in M/M. In contrast, granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and erythropoietin (Epo) had no such effects. The anti-HIV activity of zidovudine (AZT) was increased in M/M exposed to GM-CSF. In contrast, the anti-HIV activity of AZT was unchanged in M/M exposed to M-CSF, and the activities of 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC) and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddl) were unchanged or slightly diminished in M/M stimulated with GM-CSF or M-CSF. These differential activities of AZT and ddC were paralleled by differential effects of the cytokines on the anabolism of these drugs to their active 5′-triphosphate moieties. GM-CSF increased the levels of AZT-5′-triphosphate (at least in part through an increase in thymidine kinase activity) and overall induced an increase in the ratio of AZT-5′-triphosphate/thymidine-5′- triphosphate. In contrast, M-CSF-induced increases in AZT-5′- triphosphate were roughly matched by increases in thymidine-5′- triphosphate. Also, GM-CSF- or M-CSF-induced increases in the levels of ddC-5′-triphosphate were associated with parallel increases in the levels of deoxycytidine-5′-triphosphate (the physiologic nucleoside that competes at the level of reverse transcriptase), so that there was relatively little net change in the ddC-5′-triphosphate/deoxycytidine- 5′-triphosphate ratio. Thus, bone marrow stimulatory cytokines may have a variety of effects on HIV replication and on the activity and metabolism of dideoxynucleosides in M/M.
A reliable approach to membrane photonics: The T-guide

A scalable and reliable technology for membrane-type photonics is demonstrated on an all-silicon platform, showing low mid-infrared propagation losses of 1.75 dB/cm at a wavelength of 3.6 μm, with waveguides up to 5 cm long.
Membrane Protein Damage In Electrical Injury

We will discuss several mechanisms for electric field induced damage to membrane proteins, and the implications for recovery time of cells after an electric shock. If the protein damage is due primarily to an irreversible change as might occur from localized Joule heating, the protein must be replaced, which suggests that increased protein synthesis rates may enhance recovery. On the other hand, direct electro-conformational changes may be reversible, and the damaged Protein might naturally regain its normal form given sufficient time. Because the relaxation times for these Conformational changes may depend on the electric field, a significant hysteresis is Possible.
Reference architecture for 3G thin client multimodal applications

As 3G mobile networks emerge, they offer the potential to develop new and enhanced services that have been previously impractical over 2G networks. Many of these value added services focus on the higher data rates supported by 3G. An additional capability of 3G networks is the multicall supplementary service, which enables the transmission of both voice and data simultaneously. This capability can be leveraged to provide a multimodal user interface. We propose a browser (thin) client reference architecture for supporting a conversational multimodal application. We observe that such an architecture possesses several additional challenges when compared to a thick client application approach. We demonstrate the feasibility of our architecture with our prototype results, and devise a reference architecture for commercial implementations that enables users to interact with applications using simultaneous voice and data over 3G networks, without the restriction of software deployed to the device.
High Incidence of BK-Virus-Related Hemorrhagic Cystitis after Busulfan/Fludarabine Myeloablative Conditioning in Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients.

Abstract Busulfan (BU) and Fludarabine (F) has been reported by de Lima et al. to be a well-tolerated myeloablative conditioning regimen with 3% incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis (Blood 2004; 104:857). Between 5/2005 and 5/2006, we performed allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in 29 patients following BU+F (n=17) and other (n=12) myeloablative regimens. Nineteen (66%) patients were in remission and 10 (34%) had active disease at BMT. Twenty patients had AML, 4 ALL and 5 had other malignancies. Busulfan was given at 130mg/M2 over 3 hours on 4 successive days, along with Fludarabine 40mg/M2 on 4 successive days. Eighteen (72%) had matched-related 7 (24%) had matched-unrelated donor (MUD) transplant. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of Tacrolimus and low-dose Methotrexate. Thymoglobulin (n=4) and CAMPATH (n=3) were given along with conditioning in MUD/one-antigen mismatch transplant recipients (5 BU+F and 2 other). As of August 1st, 2006, 19 (65%) patients are alive. Of 26 evaluable patients, the incidence of bacterial (59% vs. 89%), fungal (29% vs. 11%) infections were similar between Bu+F and other group, respectively. CMV reactivation was observed in 78% in other group as compared to 35% in BU+F recipients (p=0.09). Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) occurred in 6 patients (35%) in BU+F group and in 1 (11%) patient in other group (p=0.35). BK virus was detected by quantitative PCR in all patients with HC. Two BK(+) cases were in BU+F+CAMPATH group. Considering 18 AML patients who received transplant in remission and had at least 2 months of follow-up, 5 patients (38%) in BU+F group relapsed within 6 months of transplant. Two out of 5 patients relapsed in the other group. Our findings suggest that BU+F myeloablative conditioning appears to be associated with high incidence of BK-related hemorrhagic cystitis and may have long-term consequences. Further studies are warranted.
Analytical Validation of Androgen Receptor Splice Variant 7 Detection in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) Laboratory Setting.

Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) often are treated with drugs that target the androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain. Constitutively active AR splice variant 7 (AR-V7) lacks the ligand-binding domain and, if detected in circulating tumor cells, may be associated with resistance to these agents. We validated an AR-V7 assay in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)–certified laboratory. Circulating tumor cells were isolated, and mRNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA. Real-time quantitative PCR amplification of reference transcripts (beta-actin and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), prostate-specific transcripts (prostate-specific membrane antigen, prostate-specific antigen, and AR-full length), and AR-V7 was performed. Specimens for validation included an AR-V7 expressing prostate cancer (LNCaP95), 38 peripheral blood controls, and 21 blood samples from CRPC patients. The assay detected as few as five LNCaP95 cells spiked into peripheral blood, showing high analytical sensitivity. Multiple inter-run and intrarun replicates of LNCaP95 cell line experiments yielded similar cycle threshold values for all genes, showing high analytical precision (AR-V7 cycle threshold CV of 0.67%). All 38 healthy control samples were negative for AR-V7, showing high diagnostic specificity (100%). The diagnostic accuracy was confirmed by concurrent testing of 21 CRPC samples in the research laboratory and the clinical diagnostic laboratory: concordance in AR-V7 status was achieved in all cases (positive in 4, negative in 17) (100% accuracy). This first validated clinical assay detects the AR-V7 with high analytical sensitivity, precision, specificity, and accuracy.
A good START for fusion

Reproducing what goes on in the Sun and other stars in a machine on Earth has been the quest of fusion scientists for more than 40 years. The Sun successfully fuses hydrogen ions by gravitationally confining them and their electrons in a hot spherical plasma. Here on Earth, however, it is not possible to confine ions using their own gravitational attraction. Instead, we often use magnetic fields to coax the ions into doing what we want them to do.
Peripheral endocannabinoid signaling controls hyperphagia in western diet-induced obesity

The endocannabinoid system in the brain and periphery plays a major role in controlling food intake and energy balance. We reported that tasting dietary fats was met with increased levels of the endocannabinoids, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide, in the rat upper small intestine, and pharmacological inhibition of this local signaling event dose-dependently blocked sham feeding of fats. We now investigated the contribution of peripheral endocannabinoid signaling in hyperphagia associated with chronic consumption of a western-style diet in mice ([WD] i.e., high fat and sucrose). Feeding patterns were assessed in male C57BL/6Tac mice maintained for 60days on WD or a standard rodent chow (SD), and the role for peripheral endocannabinoid signaling at CB1Rs in controlling food intake was investigated via pharmacological interventions. In addition, levels of the endocannabinoids, 2-AG and anandamide, in the upper small intestine and circulation of mice were analyzed via liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to evaluate diet-related changes in endocannabinoid signaling and the potential impact on food intake. Mice fed WD for 60days exhibited large increases in body weight, daily caloric intake, average meal size, and rate of feeding when compared to control mice fed SD. Inhibiting peripheral CB1Rs with the peripherally-restricted neutral cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, AM6545 (10mg/kg), significantly reduced intake of WD during a 6h test, but failed to modify intake of SD in mice. AM6545 normalized intake of WD, average meal size, and rate of feeding to levels found in SD control mice. These results suggest that endogenous activity at peripheral CB1Rs in WD mice is critical for driving hyperphagia. In support of this hypothesis, levels of 2-AG and anandamide in both, jejunum mucosa and plasma, of ad-libitum fed WD mice increased when compared to SC mice. Furthermore, expression of genes for primary components of the endocannabinoid system (i.e., cannabinoid receptors, and endocannabinoid biosynthetic and degradative enzymes) was dysregulated in WD mice when compared to SC mice. Our results suggest that hyperphagia associated with WD-induced obesity is driven by enhanced endocannabinoid signaling at peripheral CB1Rs.
Advanced reprocessing for fission product separation and extraction

Abstract: The United States inventory of used nuclear fuels contains approximately 2 to 5 wt % fission products, depending on the extent of fuel burnup during irradiation, with the greater amounts produced in higher burnup fuels. For reprocessing of used nuclear fuels, fission products are more often divided into categories according to their chemical and radiological properties. Advanced reprocessing includes further separations processes to enable capture and disposal of the volatile fission product elements in improved solid waste forms, as well as additional separations processes being developed (1) to enable recovery and recycle of the remaining minor transuranium element actinides, neptunium, americium, and curium, and (2) to segregate the lanthanide fission products and the intermediate-lived heat-generating radionuclides, 137 Cs/ 137m Ba and 90 Sr/ 90 Y.
Realisierung und Nutzung des Reststoff-Controlling

In den vorausgegangen Kapiteln wurden „Reststoffkosten“, die von Reststoffen verursachten betrieblichen Kosten, als der Kostenblock definiert, die einer verbesserten Erfassung, Zuordnung und Auswertung zugefuhrt werden sollen. Dies wird im weiteren als „Reststoff-Controlling“ bezeichnet.
Measurement dependent noisy search: The Gaussian case

This paper considers the problem of searching for the unknown location of a target among a finite number of possible locations by probing multiple locations simultaneously. Outcome of each search measurement is corrupted by Gaussian noise whose intensity is proportional to the number of locations probed. We characterize a non-asymptotic lower bound on adaptivity gain; i.e. reduction in the expected number of measurements under an adaptive search strategies over the non-adaptive search strategies. Then we investigate the adaptivity gain in two complementary asymptotic regimes: one where the total search area is kept fixed but the location width is shrinking or the search resolution is increasing, and the other where each location width is fixed but the total search area is growing. Interestingly, adaptivity gain grows in distinctly different manner in these two regimes. In particular, adaptivity gains are significant in the later regime when the total search space grows; implying adaptivity is far more critical when either total search area or the noise intensity is large.
Thermal Chip Removal

The last resort in mobile forensics is the destructive chip-off process. The thermal chip removal procedure involves several steps. Users must understand how to disassemble a phone and identify the target memory that needs to be removed. Other configurations such as the processor, package-on-package RAM, coprocessor, video memory, and other chips may need to be identified to help narrow down the location of the correct chip to pull. Users must be familiar with the manufacturers of processors versus the various flash memory types that contain the user data (evidence). Examiners must also be familiar with how to research the target memory prior to the disassembly. The memory often contains a heat shield, which will also require removal. To remove the memory, users will need several tools. Safety glasses, fume extractor, metal printed circuit board holders affixed to wood, liquid solder flux, rework station, precise solder unit, dental picks, small pry tools, headband magnifier, and precise tweezers are some of the main items required.
A Heat-Shock Protein Co-Inducer Treatment Improves Behavioral Performance in Rats Exposed to Hypoxia

We investigated the effect of a heat-shock protein co-inducer, arimoclomol (CytRx, LA, CA), on hypoxia-adaptive responses using a ratmodel of simulated altitude exposure (hypobaric hypoxia).Cognitive functionwasmeasured using a T-maze and an object recognition test.Motor functionwasmeasured using an inclined-screen test and an adhesion removal test. Immunohistochemical analyses were assessed in brain for heat-shock protein 70 (HSP 70), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM- 1) and apoptosis (TUNEL staining). Results show that both cognitive and motor performanceswere improved in rats treated with arimoclomol during hypoxic exposure; the hypoxia-induced expression of HSP70 and ICAM-1, and TUNEL-positive cells were reduced in brainwith the treatment.Our data suggest that the arimoclomol treatment reduces the hypoxia-induced stress in brain tissue, and also improves the behavioral performance in rats during hypoxic adaptation.
Movement Simulation of a Five-Link Crawling Robot with Controlled Friction Forces

This paper considers the motion of a five-link crawling robot equipped with special friction elements for the periodic clamping of the links along a rough horizontal surface. A classification of the modes of motion depending on the presence of obstacles on the surface and ways of crossing them is presented. One of the crawling modes along the surface without obstacles or with obstacles when the end links are detached from the surface and the adjacent ones rotate by a given angle in the motion plane is analyzed. The influence of the control parameters on the average robot speed is established.
Sleep characteristics that predict atrial fibrillation.

Background The relationship between sleep disruption, independent of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether poor sleep itself is a risk factor for AF. Methods We first performed an analysis of participants in the Health eHeart Study and validated those findings in the longitudinal Cardiovascular Health Study, including a subset of patients undergoing polysomnography. To determine whether the observed relationships readily translated to medical practice, we examined 2005–2009 data from the California Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Results Among 4553 Health eHeart participants, the 526 with AF exhibited more frequent nighttime awakening (odd ratio [OR] 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–1.89; P = .003). In 5703 Cardiovascular Health Study participants followed for a median 11.6 years, frequent nighttime awakening predicted a 33% greater risk of AF (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33; 95% CI 1.17–1.51; P Conclusion Sleep disruption consistently predicted AF before and after adjustment for OSA and other potential confounders across several different populations. Sleep quality itself may be important in the pathogenesis of AF, potentially representing a novel target for prevention.
Multiple-Target Tracking in Complex Scenarios

OF THE DISSERTATION Multiple-Target Tracking in Complex Scenarios by Srinivas Phani Kumar Chavali Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering Washington University in St. Louis, December 2013 Professor Arye Nehorai, Chair In this dissertation, we develop computationally efficient algorithms for multipletarget tracking (MTT) in complex scenarios. For each of these scenarios, we develop measurement and state-space models, and then exploit the structure in these models to propose efficient tracking algorithms. In addition, we address design issues such as sensor selection and resource allocation. First, we consider MTT when the targets themselves are moving in a time-varying multipath environment. We develop a sparse-measurement model that allows us to exploit the inherent joint delay-Doppler diversity offered by the environment. We then reformulate the problem of MTT as a block-support recovery problem using the sparse measurement model. We exploit the structure of the dictionary matrix to develop a computationally efficient block support recovery algorithm (and thereby a multipletarget tracking algorithm) under the assumption that the channel state describing the time-varying multipath environment is known. Further, we also derive an upper bound on the overall error probability of wrongly identifying the support of the sparse
Functional specialization is independent of microstructural variation in cerebellum but not in cerebral cortex

The human brain is understood to follow fundamental principles linking form (such as microstructure and anatomical connectivity) to function (perceptual, motor, cognitive, emotional, and other processes). Most of this understanding is based on knowledge of the cerebral cortex, where functional specialization is thought to be closely linked to microstructural variation as well as anatomical connectivity. The Universal Cerebellar Transform (UCT) theory has posited that the cerebellum has a different form-function organization in which microstructure is uniform, and in which functional specialization is determined solely by anatomical connectivity with extracerebellar structures. All cerebellar functions may thus be subserved by a common microstructural - and hence computational - substrate. Here we tested this hypothesis by measuring microstructural variation and functional specialization as indexed by magnetic resonance imaging in 1003 healthy humans. Cerebral cortex exhibited the expected pattern of microstructure-function correlation, but functional specialization was independent of microstructural variation in the cerebellum. These findings support the idea that cerebellar functional specialization is not determined by microstructure, and hence that cerebellar functions may be computationally constant across domains.
Calibration of Microwave Radiometers from GPM to Cubesats

While spaceborne microwave radiometers have been providing Earth observations for many decades, more recently, applications have focused on the use of constellations of well-calibrated sensors. Perhaps the best known of these is the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which involves state-of-the-art radars and a radiometer to measure precipitation, but also acts as the calibration reference for a constellation of research and operational radiometers. This involves challenges related to the development of a high-quality stable calibration reference, intercalibration of a diverse suite of radiometers, and revisiting calibration issues in older instruments that are no longer operational. Lessons from this effort include the importance of instrument design, on-orbit calibration maneuvers, and detailed knowledge of factors such as instrument pointing, thermal conditions, spectral response functions, antenna patterns, RFI, etc. Even more recently, the development of miniaturized radiometer components to be deployed in constellations of low-cost CubeSat satellites has raised new calibration challenges.
2337. Clinical Characteristics of Children Infected With Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma Pneumonia in Central Ohio—Preliminary Data

Background Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMp) has emerged in the last 2 decades, with rates as high as 93% in Asia. Rates in the United Stated vary from 3.5 to 13.2%. By sequencing we identified our local resistance rate of 1.8% (9/477) in isolates collected from October 2015 to December 2017. Previous reports described increased morbidity in patients with MRMp. We evaluated the clinical characteristics of children infected with MRMp in Central Ohio.
Full Contact: Sexual Assault, Combat Sports, and the Myth of Self-Defense:

The essay considers the unique rhetorical dimensions of sexual assault in the combat sports setting, centering on three central arguments. The first is that traditional recommendations for self-def...
Integrating Open Education Resources in Teacher Education Classes

It is common to read about the public’s complaint regarding the high costs of a college education. While many point to the high cost of tuition, the cost of textbooks and instructional materials can also be prohibitive. There is a new movement in higher education to provide instructional materials free-of-cost. The primary investigators found no open textbooks available for Teacher Education and Special Education, and relied on various websites that had appropriate content at no cost to students. Results of this study showed that students were able to achieve their goals in these classes and were overwhelmingly positive when it came to taking courses that used Open Education Resources.
Lost in translation: anthropologists and Marines in Iraq and Afghanistan

Drawing upon ethnographic data gathered over a six year period, this paper illustrates how the contrasting worldviews of US Marines and anthropologists frequently led to misunderstandings, frustrat...
Fractures of the Talus: Current Concepts:

Talus fractures continue to represent a challenging and commonly encountered group of injuries. Its near-complete articular cartilage surface, and its role in force transmission between the leg and...
Chapter 17 – Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are transmitted from one person to another during coitus or other sexual contact. They are sometimes called venereal diseases, after Venus, the Roman goddess of love. The incidence rate (the number of new infections per year) of these approximately 25 diseases is disturbingly high. Nearly 20 million Americans will contract an STD each year. This incidence rate is considerably higher than in most other industrialized nations. Young people are disproportionately affected: Half of STDs occur in young people aged 15–24 years, despite this age group accounting for only 25% of the sexually active population. For some STDs there is no cure, so individuals can remain infected for the rest of their lives. Therefore, the prevalence rate (new and existing cases) of STDs is greater than the number of new cases of these infections; STD prevalence is estimated to be more than 110 million infections among men and women in the United States.
Chapter 41 – Heavy Metals

The toxicities of some heavy metals, such as lead and arsenic, have been recognized for hundreds of years, while the hazards of others, such as cadmium and beryllium, have only more recently been acknowledged. Although the clinical presentations of toxicities of the different metals may be quite varied, most metals induce damage through similar mechanisms, either by binding of the metals to vital enzymes or by substitution of the metals for other elements in biochemical reactions. Differences in clinical disease induced by metals more often reflect differences in absorption, distribution, or metabolism rather than differences in toxic mechanism. Although many toxic metals can affect multiple organ systems, most metal toxicoses are characterized by involvement of particular organs or organ systems. Organic forms of metals such as lead, arsenic, and mercury frequently penetrate physiological barriers to cause neurologic and reproductive disorders. Inorganic mercury, cadmium, uranium, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and plutonium are nephrotoxic, while beryllium is primarily a pulmonary toxicant. Thallium toxicosis causes gastrointestinal, nervous system, and integumentary dysfunction. Many heavy metals have adverse effects on reproduction and development, and some are carcinogens. Toxic metals continue to be heavily utilized for human endeavors, leading to potential exposure through occupational, residential, and environmental contamination.
Factors Associated with HIV Disclosure Status Among iENGAGE Cohort of New to HIV Care Patients

HIV disclosure is an important behavior with implications for HIV treatment and prevention but understudied among new to HIV care patients who face unique challenges adjusting to a new diagnosis. T...
Lower total motile count is associated with smaller historic intergenerational family size: a pedigree analysis from the Utah Population Database

To describe the association between contemporary total motile count (TMC), a measure of male factor infertility, and historic intergenerational family size. This is a retrospective, population-based, cohort study of men who underwent semen analysis for infertility workup at University of Utah, with at least a single measure of TMC, who were linked to extensive genealogical data. Two thousand one hundred eighty-two pedigree branches of men with a measure of TMC within the UPDB were identified. We identified the average number of generations and offspring within each generation. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the association between the risk of having a TMC in the 5th or 25th percentile and intergenerational family size. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to assess the association between interval-level TMC and the number of ancestral offspring. We found no association between intergenerational size and TMC within the 5th percentile (TMC < 4 million; RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.93–1.01) or the 25th percentile (TMC < 62 million; RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.97–1.03). When TMC was analyzed as a continuous variable, we found that lower TMC is associated with smaller intergenerational family size. For every additional child in their ancestral pedigree, we observed an increase in TMC of 1.88 million (p = 0.03). Men in the top quartile for intergenerational family size had a TMC that was 48 million higher than men in the bottom quartile (p = 0.047). We found an association between TMC and ancestral family size, suggesting that lower TMC is associated with smaller intergenerational family size.
An oropharyngeal device for airway management of conscious and semiconscious patients: A randomized clinical trial.

Objective No oropharyngeal devices exist for use in conscious and semiconscious trauma patients during emergency evacuation, transport, or resuscitation. We aimed to test the hypotheses that the ManMaxAirway (MMA) is better tolerated than the standard Guedel-style device in awake volunteers and that it produces a jaw thrust and improves air flow. Methods This was a randomized cross-over study of healthy volunteers with either the MMA or standard device. The primary outcome of tolerability was defined as maintaining the device in place for 60 seconds. Secondary outcomes included respiratory system function and jaw thrust. Resistance to airflow through the device lumen was measured in situ and when placed in subjects in the pulmonary laboratory alone. Jaw thrust was quantified as displacement between the mandibular condyle and condylar fossa apex relative to baseline visualized with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results We enrolled 19 subjects. Of these, a convenience sample of 5 individuals was selected for MRI; the remaining individuals (n = 14) were randomized for the cross-over study. All 14 subjects were able to maintain the MMA for 60 seconds compared with 2/14 (14%) with the standard device (odds ratio, 145; 95% confidence interval, 6.3-3314). Subjects reported that the experimental device was more comfortable and its placement did not trigger the gag reflex. Airway resistance produced by the MMA in an oscillatory flow model was nearly an order of magnitude lower than that of the standard device (experimental vs standard, 8 Hz-0.092 vs 0.786 cmH20·s/L; 15 Hz-0.193 vs 1.321 cmH20·s/L). Rapid induction of the gag reflex precluded further measurements with the standard device. Forced oscillation pulmonary testing in conscious volunteers with and without the MMA demonstrated that the device decreased respiratory system resistance to airflow and reduced respiratory elastance (31% ± 8% and 44% ± 13.4%, respectively; P < 0.05). MRIs of the subjects (n = 5) with the MMA in place showed a significant jaw thrust compared with baseline (7 ± 1 mm). Conclusions The MMA proved well tolerated in conscious subjects, resulting in an opening of the anatomic airway and a decreased resistance to airflow.
Social stigma and management strategies of unmarried single mothers in Taiwan

Public attitudes towards unmarried single mothers are generally negative in Taiwan, and these mothers often deal with stigmatisation and poverty. This study explores the social impacts facing unmar...
Health uncertainty and food consumption in low-income households in Lima, Peru

This study investigates the relationships between health uncertainty and food consumption among low-income households in developing countries. The particular sample households are from Lima, Peru's bottom expenditure quartile. Several food and nonfood inputs are important factors affecting health status and health variance. In addition, there is strong evidence that expected health status and health risk affect the consumption of several food commodities;The model also provides a means of analyzing the effects of policy alternatives on food consumption, expected health status, and health risk. The results show that education programs and price subsidies for tubers and dairy products are the most efficient means of increasing food consumption and improving health among poor households in Lima. In addition, education programs and tuber subsidies dramatically lower health risk suggesting that policymakers give these two programs high priority.
Truthmaker Theory Does Not Solve The Gettier Problem

Truthmaker theory has become immensely popular in recent years. So, it is not surprising that we are beginning to see it put to work in other areas of philosophy. Recently, several philosophers have proposed that truthmaker theory is the key to solving the Gettier problem. Edmund Gettier demonstrated that the traditional analysis of knowledge (as justified, true belief) was unsatisfactory. The truthmaker solution proposes that knowledge is a justified, true belief, where the source of one's justification is either identical to, or else causally related to, the state of affairs which makes the believed proposition true. This amendment of the traditional analysis of knowledge purportedly escapes the problems identified by Gettier cases. In this paper, I will examine two particular recent endorsements of this solution – those from Sven Bernecker and Adrian Heathcote – and argue that truthmaker theory is not the key to solving the Gettier problem.
A status report on the Energy Efficient Engine Project

The Energy Efficient Engine (E3) Project is directed at providing, by 1984, the advanced technologies which could be used for a new generation of fuel conservative turbofan engines. This paper summarizes the scope of the entire project and the current status of these efforts. Included is a description of the preliminary designs of the fully developed engines, the potential benefits of these advanced engines, and highlights of some of the component technology efforts conducted to date.
Fine Structure of Rickettsia quintana Cultivated In Vitro and in the Louse

Ito, Susumu (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.), and J. W. Vinson. Fine structure of Rickettsia quintana cultivated in vitro and in the louse. J. Bacteriol. 89: 481–495. 1965.—Usually rod-shaped, Rickettsia quintana cells measure about 0.2 to 0.5 μ wide and up to 1.6 μ long. The rickettsiae have both an outer cell wall, about 80 A thick, and a plasma membrane, about 70 A thick, each of which is trilaminar. Occasional vesicular invaginations of the plasma membrane occur. The nuclear material, distributed in irregular zones throughout the cytoplasm, appears as a loose network of fine fibrils when postfixed with uranyl acetate and as thick strands or clumps after routine OsO 4 fixation. The cytoplasm is densely packed with numerous granules, presumably ribosomes, about 150 A in diameter. Histochemical studies revealed the presence of both ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. During binary fission, a constricting furrow is formed by the cell wall and plasmalemma. No difference in fine structure was observed between R. quintana propagated on cell-free media and in the louse. Images
Inhibition of HeLa Cell Protein Synthesis by the Vaccinia Virion

Abstract HeLa cell protein synthesis is rapidly suppressed after infection with purified vaccinia virus. This was measured in three ways. (i) In the presence of 5 μg of actinomycin D per ml, viral protein synthesis was prevented and the decline in host protein synthesis was measured directly. (ii) Virus particles irradiated with 800 ergs or more of ultraviolet (UV) light per mm2 are defective in their ability to initiate viral protein synthesis, but they still inhibit host protein synthesis. After addition of UV-irradiated virus, the decline in host protein synthesis was measured. (iii) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to distinguish between host- and virus-induced proteins. The following results were obtained. (i) The inhibition of HeLa cell protein synthesis begins within 20 min after infection with purified vaccinia particles. Greater than 95% inhibition occurs within 1 to 4 hr after infection, depending on the viral multiplicity used. (ii) The synthesis of viral ribonucleic acid or viral protein is not required for the inhibition of host protein synthesis. (iii) The ability of the virus particles to inhibit cell protein synthesis is lost after heat or detergent treatment. (iv) The ability of the virus particles to inhibit cell protein synthesis is retained after UV-irradiation. (v) Vaccinia viral protein synthesis in preinfected cells is resistant to the effects of superinfection with UV-irradiated vaccinia particles. (vi) Inhibition of cell protein synthesis is complete and does not involve the continued synthesis of small polypeptide fragments. (vii) A decrease in the size of host polyribosomes rapidly follows infection with vaccinia virus. The results are interpreted as a selective effect of some constituent of the vaccinia virus particle or virus-activated host enzyme on host protein synthesis at a level beyond that of transcription.
NIH3T3 transforming gene not a general feature of atherosclerotic plaque DNA: (atherosclerosis/oncogene/NIH3T3 transfection assay)☆

Abstract A recent study indicated that the DNA isolated from human coronary atherosclerotic lesions is capable of transforming NIH3T3 cells in culture. Using DNA isolated from rabbit aortic and human carotid atherosclerotic lesions, we failed to observed such transforming activity. Thus, NIH3T3 transforming activity does not appear to be a general feature of atherosclerotic lesions.
Cocaine suppression of triggered activity. A possible mechanism of antiarrhythmic action.

Abstract The cellular mechanisms of cocaine-induced arrhythmias are not clear. Production of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) in single myocytes have been proposed as a possible mechanism of cocaine arrhythmogenesis. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether cocaine exerts arrhythmogenic or antiarrhythmic actions related to the production or inhibition of afterdepolarizations in multicellular preparations. Rat and guinea pig papillary muscles superfused in vitro with Tyrode's solution at 37°C were stimulated at 1 Hz. Standard intracellular microelectrodes were used to record membrane potentials. Cocaine administered at 2.9–58 μM never induced EADs; also, overdrive in the presence of cocaine never induced delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). On the other hand, cocaine administered at 58 μM suppressed DADs and triggered activity induced by overdrive in the presence of ouabain octahydrate and isoproterenol. Thus, cocaine acting on multicellular ventricular preparations in vitro did not induce EADs or DADs. On the contrary, cocaine inhibited DADs and triggered activity induced by other drugs.