cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic and Ecological Notes on Some Fishes Collected in the Vicinity of Tortuguero, Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica

The fishes listed in this report represent collections made primarily by Ogren and Giovannoli while they were in Costa Rica during the summers of 1956-58 and 1955, respectively, as University of Florida Research A-ssistants engag­ed in a study of the ecology and migrations of sea turtles (National Science Foun­dation Grants G-1684 and G-5479, University of Florida-Principal Investigator, Archie Carr). A few additional specimens, designated in the following annotated list, were taken by others who were at Tortuguero during the months Ogren and Giovannoli were collecting. Since the specimens were taken during only one season of the year, with limited equipment, and only incidental to the turtle work, this list is not intended as a presentation of the entire fish fauna of the area. However, the locality is isolated, and knowledge of some of the fish species augments what is known of the ecology and ranges of fishes known to occur in neighboring or distant countries to the north or south. This is particularly true of the marine species, as practically nothing has been written concerning their actual occurrence in Caribbean Costa Rican waters.
A research agenda on race and meritocracy

Reading six reviews of my book is a humbling experience. I am honoured by my colleagues’ careful attention to my work, and for their feedback. They raise many important issues related to my investi...
An international service for retrieving aquatic science literature

(1964). An international service for retrieving aquatic science literature. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 1043-1052.
Science Signaling Podcast: 21 April 2015

This Podcast features an interview with Gerald W. Dorn II and Moshi Song, authors of a Research Article that appears in the 21 April 2015 issue of Science Signaling , about how two related isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) control growth of the heart in both developmental and pathological contexts. There are several isoforms of PKC, and these participate in many different signaling pathways that control diverse cellular processes. Based on how they are activated, PKCs are categorized into three groups: conventional, novel, and atypical. PKCδ and PKCe are closely related novel PKCs that have partially redundant functions in the heart. By removing both PKCδ and PKCe from cardiomyocytes, Song et al . found that these two related PKC isoforms normally limit heart growth both during development and in adult mice. Embryos lacking both PKCδ and PKCe had enlarged hearts, and adults lacking both PKCδ and PKCe exhibited greater cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. These results have implications for the clinical use of PKC inhibitors to treat cardiac disease and other diseases, such as cancer.
Designing an analog crossbar based neuromorphic accelerator

Resistive memory crossbars can dramatically reduce the energy required to perform computations in neural algorithms by three orders of magnitude when compared to an optimized digital ASIC [1]. For data intensive applications, the computational energy is dominated by moving data between the processor, SRAM, and DRAM. Analog crossbars overcome this by allowing data to be processed directly at each memory element. Analog crossbars accelerate three key operations that are the bulk of the computation in a neural network as illustrated in Fig 1: vector matrix multiplies (VMM), matrix vector multiplies (MVM), and outer product rank 1 updates (OPU)[2]. For an NxN crossbar the energy for each operation scales as the number of memory elements O(N2) [2]. This is because the crossbar performs its entire computation in one step, charging all the capacitances only once. Thus the CV2 energy of the array scales as array size. This fundamentally better than trying to read or write a digital memory. Each row of any NxN digital memory must be accessed one at a time, resulting in N columns of length O(N) being charged N times, requiring O(N3) energy to read a digital memory. Thus an analog crossbar has a fundamental O(N) energy scaling advantage over a digital system. Furthermore, if the read operation is done at low voltage and is therefore noise limited, the read energy can even be independent of the crossbar size, O(1) [2].
The Moderator Effect of Working Memory and Emotion on the Relationship between Information Overload and Online Health Information Quality Judgment

I aim to investigate how information overload (IO) affects participants' judgment of online health information quality. The moderator effects of working memory capacity and elicited emotion on the relationship between IO and online health information quality judgment will also be studied. I will also investigate how individuals with different working memory (WM) capacities perceive IO. Hence, I propose to conduct a lab-based, two-factor (task topics and levels of IO) within-subject experiment to investigate the research questions. Eye-tracking data, retrospective think-aloud (RTA), search outcomes, and perceived information overload will be collected and analyzed. The results of the experiment will help to better understand how health consumers make quality judgment under different levels of IO, working memory capacities, and elicited emotions.
Evaluation of non-crystalline cellulose as a novel excipient in solid dose products.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate non-crystalline cellulose (NCC) as a novel tablet excipient in solid oral dosage forms in comparison with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (Prosolv®, SMCC). Significance MCC, although a widely used tablet excipient, has diasdvantages in terms of its low dilution potential for potent drugs, and sensitivity to lubricant and moisture. SMCC, a modified version of MCC, has improved tablet compression properties. However, SMCC is expensive and also affects the moisture sorption and particle deformation during compression leading to increased tensile strength and tablet hardness. NCC was found to be similar to SMCC in its performance as a tablet excipient and thus can serve as a cheaper alternative to SMCC. Methods Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffrectometry (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on NCC, MCC, and SMCC. Further, out-of-the die Heckel, Kawakita compact densification and stress-strain analyses were performed to evaluate their compaction and compressibility properties. Various compendial and non-compendial tests were performed to to determine the flow properties of materials. Dissolution studies were performed using amlodipine besylate as a marker drug. Results It was found that NCC has similar or even better flow properties and compactibility than MCC due to its porous and amorphous structure whereas it had similar properties as SMCC. Conclusions Based on the data, it can be concluded that NCC can serve as a cheaper and better alternative to MCC as excipient in solid dosage forms.
A substrate selected by phage display exhibits enhanced side‐chain hydrogen bonding to HIV‐1 protease

Crystal structures of inactive variants of HIV-1 protease bound to peptides have revealed how the enzyme recognizes its endogenous substrates. The best of the known substrates is, however, a nonnatural substrate that was identified by directed evolution. The crystal structure of the complex between this substrate and the D25N variant of the protease is reported at a resolution of 1.1 A. The structure has several unprecedented features, especially the formation of additional hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and the substrate. This work expands the understanding of molecular recognition by HIV-1 protease and informs the design of new substrates and inhibitors.
Psychosocial Effects on Immune Function: Neuroendocrine Pathways

Psychoneuroimmunology represents the newest interdisciplinary endeavor relevant to psychosomatic medicine. Work in this area is particularly exciting because it promises to reveal a more unified view of the individual and the complex interactions between social, psychological, neural, endocrinological, immunological, and genetic factors that contribute to disease. This article reviews the major biological pathways implicated in the psychosocial modulation of immune function and disease resistance.
Chemical Composition and Characterization of Cotton Fibers

Cotton fiber development includes at least four overlapping but distinctive phases: initiation, primary wall formation (elongation), secondary cell wall thickening (cellulose synthesis), and maturation, reflecting a continuous change in secondary cell wall composition and cellulose rearrangement. There are voluminous studies on the chemical, compositional, and structural aspects of cotton fibers at different stages, together with their physical properties and end-use qualities, by comprehensive and diversified methods and systems in cotton industry. The accumulated knowledge helps cotton breeders and growers to improve cotton quality traits and yield and also textile processors to enhance fiber processing efficiency and productivity. However, because cotton fiber cellulose is not easily dissolved in most solvents, it brings challenges in its chemical, compositional, and structural characterization rapidly and accurately. In addition to an overview of traditional fiber chemical composition and structural measurement, this chapter discusses the latest developments of utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, a rapid and nondestructive technique, to investigate fiber chemical composition and structure aspects for cotton fiber physiology and breeding applications.
Suicide in United States Air Force personnel, 1981-1985.

Abstract : Five years of epidemiological data on suicide in the US Air Force was compiled. The annual crude suicide rate per 100,00 airmen-at-risk for 1981-1985 was found to be 11.0. Sex-specific, race-specific, age-specific, grade-specific, location-specific, and marital-status-specific rates were compared with published data from the US Air Force for the 1958-1964 time period and the differences noted. Demographic data and information on circumstances surrounding the suicidal act are also presented. Analysis of the suicidal person's psychosocial situation (as reflected in the kinds of personal problems recorded in the reports and investigations of the incident and as reflected in assessment made of the victims pre-suicidal motivational state ) showed remarkable constancy across the services, and indicates a powerful, consistent association between a dyadic love-object relationship in total collapse and the completed suicide. Reprints.
Promoting functional seated positioning and communication utilising a custom cervical and trunk orthosis in severe traumatic brain injury: a case report.

Background and Purpose: Published evidence to guide therapists regarding positioning strategies for patients with TBI is limited. This case report describes the development of a custom cervical-tho...
Proactive chat in research databases: Inviting new and different questions

Abstract This study analyzes over 4500 chat interactions to understand how proactivity and research context affect use of proactive chat. Quantitative and qualitative analyses show patrons ask questions that are both more complex and more likely to relate to a research need when proactively approached in research databases. The availability of proactive chat in databases results in a greater frequency and greater proportion of research related questions. Results suggest that proactive chat in databases represents an important area for expanding library reference services.
Simulation Model for Component-Specific Local Load

In this chapter, a methodology is proposed how a simulation can be set up on the basis of finite elements in order to evaluate the load on the components in the front end during an accident. For this purpose, the front end is geometrically divided, and the simulation model of the vehicle is extended to include sensor measuring points in line with the resulting grid. It is shown how a simple evaluation variable can be generated from the simulation values of the component decelerations.
Primary Central Pulmonary Artery Plasty for Ductal-Associated Pulmonary Artery Coarctation

Infants with functionally single ventricle who require a modified Blalock-Taussig shunt can have stenosis at the ductal insertion site on the pulmonary artery (PA), the so-called ductal-associated PA coarctation. We hypothesized that central PA plasty with resection of the ductal tissue on the PA during the first palliation would prevent PA coarctation and obtain well-balanced PA for Fontan operation. We performed this strategy on 40 consecutive patients (from 1998 to 2012, Age 38.4 ± 24.7 day [17 neonates], body weight 3.5 ± 0.8 kg, heterotaxy n = 27). The mean Nakata index (mm2/m2) before bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was 230.7 ± 101.7 without pulmonary stenosis. The PA diameter ratio and lung perfusion ratio (nonshunt side and/or shunt side) were 0.93 ± 0.25 and 0.9 ± 0.2, respectively. This strategy may improve clinical outcomes on functional single ventricle patients with increased risk of stenosis from pulmonary coarctation, with avoidance of an unbalanced pulmonary vascular bed.
Fascinorbis gen. nov., a new genus of Stephanodiscaceae (Bacillariophyta) from a Late Miocene lacustrine diatomite

We used light and electron microscopy to characterize a Late Miocene freshwater diatomite deposit in the Chalk Hills Formation, near Payette, Idaho, USA. The diatom assemblage from this sample was ...
When a journalist is assassinated, do financial markets care? The market’s reaction to journalist murders

Using comprehensive data on journalist assassinations around the world, we study the effect of journalist killings on stock returns. Our event study results show an average price drop of −0.46% fol...
Design of Nonlinear Control for Active Queue Management in TCP Satellite Communication Networks

In this paper, we study the congestion control problem in TCP satellite networks, and present a new design for TCP network congestion control based on a nonlinear control and optimization framework. The proposed TCP/AQM control framework consists of two levels: the high-level generates the desired queue size for routers in the network by solving a network utility maximization problem using a distributed optimization scheme; the low-level provides a local nonlinear feedback control for the probability of packet mark/drop based on a typical fluid-flow model for TCP dynamical behaviors. The nonlinear control design is done using a backstepping method and its stability is proven by the Lyapunov direct method. Simulation results are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed new design.
Industrial Interactions and Academic Patenting: Evidence from German Scientists

Using a unique survey of scientists at a large public research organization, this paper examines the effects of industry interactions on academic patenting. Two types of collaborations, industrial cooperation and consulting, are considered. Results show that both cooperation and consultancy increase the likelihood of patenting. However, only the positive influence of industrial cooperation stands up to robustness checks. Effects of personal, professional and institutional factors are in line with the literature, yet with some differences across cooperation and consultancy. Implications for research policy concerning academic patenting and challenges that industry may experience are discussed.
Transition from Proximal to Distal Radial Access for Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography: Learning Curve Analysis.

Background Distal transradial access (dTRA) has several advantages compared with proximal transradial access (pTRA) for cerebral angiography. The learning curve for transitioning from pTRA to dTRA has not been described. Methods Retrospective analysis of the first 75 diagnostic cerebral angiograms performed with dTRA by a single operator was performed. Outcomes included time for sheath insertion, sheath to first vessel time, procedure duration, fluoroscopy time, radiation dose, and contrast volume. Their associations with procedure number were evaluated with multivariate linear regressions, segmented linear regression, and locally weighted regression (LOESS). Results The mean age of patients was 56.1 years and 61.3% were female. Seventy-four of 75 angiograms were successfully completed with dTRA. There were 3 minor and no major complications. After adjusting for covariates, sheath to first vessel time (β = –0.50, P Conclusions Transitioning from pTRA to dTRA for diagnostic cerebral angiography is feasible and safe. The learning curve is overcome between procedures 11 and 33, and further refinement in performance occurs through procedures 40–50.
A Trade-Friendly Environment?: Newly Reconstructed Indian Summer Monsoon Wind Stress Curl Data for the Third Millennium BCE and Their Potential Implications Concerning the Development of Early Bronze Age Trans-Arabian Sea Maritime Trade

A variety of philological and archeological evidence indicates that a vast maritime commercial network linking polities in Mesopotamia, the Persian Gulf, and the Indus Valley emerged in the second half of the third millennium BCE (before the common era). Here, we propose that the climate of the western Indian Ocean during the third millennium BCE was an important but heretofore unrecognized influence on the development of this maritime exchange system. Recent reconstructions have revealed a gradual weakening of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) during the past 10,000 years. However, during parts of the third and fourth millennia, the data show the trend temporarily reversed and the ISM intensified—as, crucially, did the power of eastward-blowing trade winds across the Arabian Sea and the western Indian Ocean. This intensification peaked late in the third millennium, precisely at the time when the aforementioned maritime contacts expanded dramatically. As the ISM system strengthened, so too did the associated summer westerly winds which facilitated maritime trade. We argue that this allowed polities in southern Mesopotamia, to refocus many of their resource procurement efforts from the north and northeast toward the Persian Gulf and points south and east by employing ocean-going sailboats to more efficiently import high-bulk metal ores and to export low-value, high-bulk agricultural and pastoral goods at scale for the first time in their history. We further propose that by ca. 2200 BCE, some coastal Arabian and Indus Valley participants in this trade may have used bulk imports of grain and textiles from Mesopotamia as a way to mitigate the effects of drought at that time.
Social Life Cycle Assessment: A Technique Providing a New Wealth of Information to Inform Sustainability‐Related Decision Making

The analysis of the social impacts of product supply chains is getting substantial interest from corporations that are becoming increasingly engaged in improving their performances in this area. Social life cycle assessment (LCA) is a framework and technique that allows for the generation, organization, assessment, and communication of social impacts in product life cycles. The chapter presents an overview of social LCA historical development from the 1990s. It discusses why S-LCA is of interest to businesses and society, describes the methodology, and contrasts it with other social assessment techniques. A presentation of advancement in database development will help convey the actual state of the art of S-LCA.
Estrogen receptor α signaling inhibits T cell responses against gynecologic tumors (TUM7P.943)

Estradiol is a pleiotropic steroid hormone that regulates homeostasis, cell growth, and the immune system. In estrogen receptor positive breast cancer, anti-estrogen therapies are used to inhibit tumor cell growth. However, estrogen receptor α is also found on non-tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we hypothesized that estradiol is able to affect tumor progression independent of its direct effect on tumor cells by regulating the tumor microenvironment, specifically immune cells. Using an orthotopic mouse model for ovarian cancer, we show that even in an estrogen receptor negative tumor, estradiol is able to drive tumor progression. Conversely, dependent upon an adaptive immune response, depletion of estrogen impedes tumor growth, as WT but not recombinase activating gene KO (RAG KO) estrogen-depleted mice survive longer than control littermates. This effect is dependent on estrogen receptor α expression in T cells. Mice reconstituted with a 1:1 mixture of WT and estrogen receptor α KO bone marrow reveal that estrogen receptor α KO T cells exhibit greater antitumor effector functions and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in a cell-intrinsic manner. These findings suggest anti-estrogens as a novel adjuvant therapy to augment T cell-dependent immunotherapies, such as adoptive cell transfer and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibition.
Heat conduction in multiphase systems—II: Experimental method and results for three-phase systems

Abstract A transient method has been used to determine effective thermal conductivities for two- and three-phase systems and the theory described in Part I of this paper has been extended to three-phase systems. The scope of the experimental measurements included three fluids (air, glycerol, and water) and five solids (glass, stainless steel, bronze, urea-formaldehyde, and aluminum) with particle diameters ranging from 2.5 to 4.0 mm. The measured values of the effective thermal conductivity for three-phase systems were generally higher than the theoretical values, and it is clear that this is caused by a failure to incorporate the contact point heat conduction process into our model of three-phase systems.
Multilead Template‐Derived Residua of Surface ECGS for Quantitative Assessment of Arrhythmia Risk

Background Contemporary electrocardiographic (ECG) markers including ventricular ectopy and arrhythmias have not proved reliable in risk assessment for life-threatening arrhythmias. Methods We developed the “Multilead ECG Template-Derived Residua” approach to remove intrinsic morphologic differences and allow calculation of pathologic ECG heterogeneities among spatially separated leads. Prediction by R-wave and T-wave heterogeneity (RWH, TWH) analysis was tested in simulated and clinical ECGs. Results An enabling description of the Residua algorithm is provided. Simulated ECGs with but not without Residua produced a linear relationship (correlation coefficient r2 = 0.999) between input and output RWH and TWH values. In heart failure patients, Residua disclosed a marked crescendo in RWH from 164.1 ± 33.1 at baseline to 299.8 ± 54.5 μV and TWH from 134.5 ± 20.6 at baseline to 239.2 ± 37.0 μV at 30–45 minutes before the arrhythmia (both, P < 0.05), which remained elevated until arrhythmia onset. Without Residua, mean RWH and TWH were elevated at 1061.0 ± 222.9 and 882.5 ± 375.2 μV, respectively, throughout the recording and were not different prior to ventricular tachycardia onset. Conclusions Calculation of ECG-template derived Residua provides a highly accurate means for assessing arrhythmia risk from standard ECGs. Potential widespread applications include resting diagnostic 12-lead, ambulatory, and exercise ECGs, electrophysiologic study laboratory recordings, and implantable devices.
Office diagnosis in patients with abnormal cervicovaginal cytosmears: Correlation of colposcopic biopsy and cytologic findings

Abstract This is a prospective study to determine the accuracy and limitations of office diagnostic methods in the evaluation of patients with abnormal cervicovaginal cytosmears. Two hundred and fifty-four patients were studied by correlating outpatient cytologic-colposcopic biopsy findings and comparing them with the diagnosis established by knife conization or hysterectomy. The data demonstrate that the necessity of knife conization to establish a diagnosis in patients with abnormal cervicovaginal cytosmears can be markedly decreased by correlating cytopathologic-colposcopic biopsy results. Sharp-knife conization must be utilized (20 per cent in this study) to establish a definitive diagnosis in a significant number of patients. Proper selection of patients requiring conization is demonstrated.
Mechanisms and kinetics of uptake and efflux of L-methionine in an intestinal epithelial model (Caco-2)

Mechanism and kinetics of uptake and efflux of L-methionine in a human intestinal epithelial model system (Caco-2) were studied to understand the transcellular transport process and to determine its rate-limiting step. The kinetic studies indicated that uptakes from both the apical and basolateral sides were saturable [for apical uptake: Km = 0.96 mmol/L, maximum flux = 673 pmol/(min.cm2); for basolateral uptake: Km = 3.46 mmol/L, maximum flux = 3480 pmol/(min.cm2)], whereas the efflux from these two membranes was apparently linear for intracellular concentrations < 6.5 mmol/L [for apical efflux, the apparent first-order rate constant = 1.01 x 10(-4) cm/min; for basolateral efflux, the rate constant = 1.78 x 10(-4) cm/min]. The results of inhibition studies indicate the apical uptake is partially active and Na(+)-dependent via a combination of amino acid transport systems B0,+ and ASC, which is somewhat different from the less energy- and Na(+)-dependent basolateral uptake. The basolateral uptake is also more dependent on system L and exhibits high counter-exchange capability. Finally, the rate-limiting step in the apical to basolateral transport of methionine is determined to be the basolateral efflux.
Studies on the terminal respiratory system in the Minute (2)z mutant of Drosophila melanogaster.

Individual sites of ATP synthesis were studied in the Minute(2)z mutant of Drosophila melanogaster by supplying appropriate substrates to isolated mitochondria and determining the ratio of phosphorus esterifield to oxygen consumed at each locus. In this manner it was determined that the terminal locus of phosphorylation in the Minute is comparable to control, but the first two sites of ATP synthesis and possibly the substrate level phosphorylation are aberrant. The significance of these data and their relation to the Minute effect are discussed.
Molecular and cellular cognitive studies of the role of synaptic plasticity in memory

Synaptic plasticity has a central role in nearly all models of learning and memory. Besides experiments documenting changes in synaptic function during learning, most of the evidence supporting a role for synaptic plasticity in memory comes from manipulations that either enhance or lesion synaptic processes. In the last decade, mouse transgenetics (knock outs and transgenics) have provided compelling evidence that the molecular mechanisms responsible for the induction and stability of synaptic changes have a critical role in the acquisition and storage of information. Here, I will review this literature, with a special focus on studies of hippocampal-dependent learning and memory.
Performance metrics for assessment of distribution system protection schemes

This paper investigates the metrics for assessing the performance of alternative protection schemes for a distribution feeder. In addition to the main criterion which is the system reliability, the paper considers the other important factors as well which include stress on the substation transformer and the impact of momentary interruptions on customer load. Traditional reliability assessment indices, most commonly used amongst utilities, consider sustained interruptions only and hence they do not capture the advantages brought forth due to faster speed of protection schemes. To include the momentary events and their impact, an index ‘SARFI-ITIC’ based on the ‘ITIC curve’ is considered. Test cases illustrate the use of these metrics especially in assessing the advantages of fast speed protection schemes.
Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and its relevance to clinical evaluation.

Abstract In ultrasound evaluation, median nerve can be measured quantitatively with a high reproducibility. In this study we looked for the diagnostic role of ultrasound in the carpal tunnel syndrome and its correlation with some clinical tests as Phalen and Tinnel sign. Methods. – Twenty-four patients with signs and positive EMG results of CTS along with 14 age and sex matched healthy subjects were evaluated with ultrasound. The flattening ratios, cross-sectional areas of the nerve were calculated. The ultrasonographic results of the patient and control groups were compared with t -test. The correlations between clinical tests were investigated. Results.– Mean cross-sectional area of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel was 10.29 ± 3.39 mm 2 proximally, 15.28 ± 6.16 mm 2 in the middle, 13.78 ± 4.76 mm 2 distally. Mean flattening ratio in the carpal tunnel was 2.20 ± 0.36 proximally, 2.61 ± 0.54 in the middle, 3.07–0.69 distally. In the control group the cross-sectional areas were as follows: 6.46 ± 0.72 mm 2 proximally, 6.94 ± 0.72 mm 2 in the middle, 6.65 ± 0.64 were mm 2 distally; mean flattenning ratios were 1.76 ± 0.18 proximally, 2.00 ± 0.21 in the middle, 2.36 ± 0.23 distally. At all of the levels the cross-sectional areas were significantly different between the two groups ( p r = 0.80, p r = 0.70, p Conclusion.– The combination of typical clinical symptoms and at least one pathologically increased sonographic measurement of median nerve is highly predictable for diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Effects of Feeding Concentrates to Maintain Body Weight of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation

Abstract To provide adequate energy intake during early lactation, two 18-week trials were conducted in which concentrates were increased after calving to essentially ad libitum levels but adjusted weekly to maintain or stabilize body weight to the postpartum level. In Trial I, twelve Holsteins, and in Trial II, thirteen Holsteins and three Ayrshires, were fed forage ad libitum starting three weeks before parturition. Lead feeding was utilized prior to parturition, with daily concentrate increases of 0.45 kg/day until 9.1 kg/day was achieved or parturition occurred. After calving, concentrates were increased 0.45 kg/day until the cow began to increase from the postpartum body weight, then the grain allowance was reduced. Solids-corrected milk (SCM) production peaked at Week 3 in both trials. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) requirements were met by the third and sixth week of each trial, respectively. Grain dry matter (DM) intake was maximum and forage dry matter intake minimum at Week 5 in the two trials. As the grain allowance was reduced because of body weight increases the cows compensated for the energy formerly supplied from grain by increasing forage consumption. After early initial average losses up to 14kg, body weight was stabilized within ±3.6kg of the postpartum weight by Week 12.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SALAD DRESSINGS 2: EFFECT OF STORAGE

The consistency index and the flow behavior index of the power law model, and yield stress according to the Casson model that describe the viscoelastic nature of a model salad dressing were determined as a function of storage time and temperature. A four parameter model was employed to describe the creep-compliance data. Major changes in the magnitudes of the rheological parameters took place during the initial seven days of storage. The changes are attributed to coalescence of oil droplets and to hydration of the food gum. Creep-compliance data on six commercial salad dressings showed significant differences in the rheological behavior among the dressings.
The Morning Message in Early Childhood Classrooms: Guidelines for Best Practices

The Morning Message is a commonly implemented activity in early childhood settings, appearing as a part of the daily schedule in many classrooms. However, there is limited research on what are the most effective ways to use the Morning Message to promote print awareness. The goal of this paper is to present suggested guidelines for implementing the Morning Message in early childhood classrooms based on print related research. Ten guidelines for supporting effective implementation of the Morning Message are discussed.
Measuring anxiety states in the elderly using the state-trait anxiety inventory for children

Healthy elderly persons aged 60 to 95 years were administered the Children's State version of the State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAIC-S), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Minimental State Examination (MMSE) in order to establish descriptive data on the STAIC-S for use with a geriatric population. The STAIC-S was found to be internally consistent and temporally stable over an average of 11 days. In addition, factor analysis and correlations with the GDS and MMSE are presented. The authors suggest that the STAIC-S is both reliable and valid when used with an elderly population.
Glycosylation in livers of newborn mice homozygous for a lethal deletion.

Endogenous glycoprotein and lipid biosynthesis have been examined in slices of liver and other organs from normal and mutant mice homozygous for a perinatally lethal deletion in chromosome 7. Pronase digests of total glycoproteins, radioactively labeled with glucosamine, followed by Bio-Gel P-6 column chromatography of the resultant glycopeptides, indicate that glycosylation in mutant mouse liver is dramatically reduced compared to that of normal littermates. Pulse-chase experiments suggest that this reduction is not due to a processing event, but rather to reduced biosynthesis. In addition, a quantitative reduction of glycopeptides was observed in mutant livers, when the radioactive peaks from the Bio-Gel P-6 fractionation were pooled and analyzed on a Dowex 50 column, followed by separation on DE-52 columns. Analysis, by affinity chromatography, of radioactively labeled total lipids indicated that homozygous mutant and normal littermate livers have similar quantities of neutral and acidic lipids, including phospha- tidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, cerebrosides, and phospholipids. Furthermore, the analysis of other organs indicates that the reduction of glycoprotein synthesis observed in the mutant liver iS Specific to this Organ. 0 1986 Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.
Interpretation of tracer data: some factors which reduce the number of terms in the specific activity functions in n-pool systems.

The number of exponential terms in the function which describes the change in the specific activity of a pool following the injection of an isotopically labeled tracer is usually considered to equal the number of pools in which the labeled compound is distributed. However, the number of exponential terms may be smaller than the actual number of pools in the system, even if all pools exchange material with each other. This study is concerned with the derivation of relationships among the fractional rates of transfer between pools which are necessary and sufficient for a reduction in the number of exponential terms for all exchanging pools. The concept of linear dependence among the specific activity functions is basic to this analysis. By considering these relationships, it is possible to interpret the data on the basis of models consisting of a large number of pools which satisfy the condition of fast internal mixing. Such models may be necessary for a meaningful interpretation of tracer data obtained from biological systems.
Growth responses of two Laminaria saccharina populations to environmental variation

Selective breeding has led to enhancement of yields and crop quality in agriculture (Borlaug, 1983), and similar techniques are being used to develop improved seaweed strains for aquaculture (Patwary & van der Meer, 1983; Tseng, 1984; Bidwell et al., 1985). Recent efforts in agricultural research have examined plant populations native to unfavorable environments, as a potential source of useful genotypic variation (Boyer, 1982). This approach may also be useful to aquaculture, but has not yet been widely applied.
Gideon's Problematic Promises

The landmark case of “Gideon v. Wainwright” (1963) ensured the right of criminal defendants across the country to the effective assistance of counsel, but the overwhelming consensus is that the promise of “Gideon” has not been kept. Although there are significant differences in the delivery of indigent defense services across the country, there are four general reasons for the failure of “Gideon” that obtain across every jurisdiction and collectively cover much of the explanatory terrain: 1) its mandate is inadequately and precariously funded; 2) institutional impediments have impinged on the independence, training and oversight, and advocacy culture of indigent defense counsel; 3) legal remedies for ineffective assistance of counsel are often inadequate, inaccessible, or both; and 4) the ubiquitous practice of plea bargaining shields inadequate representation from view or remedy. Vindicating the right of poor people to effective representation in criminal cases remains a daunting but enormously important...
Booth's law of word frequency

Booth's results are based on Zipf's (1949) well-known relationship between the probability of occurrence, p(r), and the corresponding rank, r, of a word. Booth's (1967) law is widely used to model the incidence of low frequency words in English text. Fedorowicz (1981, 1982) used it below to study automated bibliographic systems. Pao (1978) used it to derive a transition point in automatic text analysis. The present communication confirms this usage, corrects a deficiency in the original derivation, and makes the results more general
Neuroimaging as a diagnostic tool in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Due to similar presenting symptoms, many physicians find it difficult to distinguish cases of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Alzheimer’s disease or Parkinson’s disease with dementia. The pathologic diagnosis of DLB has improved because of the discovery of probes for α-synuclein, a protein found in Lewy bodies. However, pathologic diagnosis can be employed postmortem only, and therefore diagnostic techniques that can be employed to guide patient management are still needed. Consensus criteria have been developed for establishing a clinical diagnosis of DLB, but they lack sensitivity. Therefore, a review of the recent literature was conducted to establish whether neuroimaging studies are useful diagnostic tools to help differentiate these syndromes. At least six types of tests can be used to image the brain of patients with dementia. Structural studies (x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography) can disclose the presence of stroke sequelae and other lesions, whereas functional studies (magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography) can disclose metabolic and blood flow alterations that may be characteristic for different types of dementia. Although more formal studies are needed to confirm that these imaging techniques are reliable diagnostic tools for DLB and permit the establishment of guidelines for their use, neuroimaging techniques currently are being employed in practice to differentiate dementia types as a guide to treatment.
Investigations of low-amplitude radio frequency pulses at and away from rotary resonance conditions for I = 5/2 nuclei.

Additional experimental evidence of rotary resonance effects for multiple-quantum coherence conversion in a spin-5/2 system is presented. Two dimensional plots of the relative efficiency of MQ excitation and conversion are given as a function of radio frequency (rf) amplitude and pulse width. Data are presented for the excitation of five-quantum coherence (5QC), as well as for 5QC to three-quantum coherence (3QC) conversion, 5QC to 1QC (the central transition coherence) conversion, and 3QC to 1QC conversion. A two-fold increase in the signal-to-noise ratio is achieved by substituting low amplitude rf pulses in place of hard rf pulses for 5QC excitation and 5QC to 3QC conversion in a mixed multiple-quantum MAS (MMQMAS) experiment. The anisotropic line shape for the low amplitude rf pulse version of the MMQMAS experiment was observed to be distorted from the MAS line shape. The cause and implications of the distortion are discussed.
Oscillatory nature and dissipation of of the internal waves energy spectrum in the deep ocean

In this paper the new approach is proposed to consider a large number of resonantly interacting internal waves in order to investigate the evolution of the energy spectrum in the ocean. The approach is based on a new method for deriving and solving the system of coupled differential equations that govern the evolution of the waves on the interaction time scale. All previous analytical models are based on studying of three resonant internal waves and under hydrostatic approximation. The case of eight resonant waves has been studied experimentally in [J. Fluid Mech. 30, 723 (1967)]. To study the oceanic energy spectrum, only statistical models has been used which are not precise enough to provide estimates of energy exchange in the ocean. The model reported in this paper, provides an illustrative example involving 140 000 resonant internal waves. In this model we don't need to assume the hydrostatic approximation. So our model involves internal waves with frequencies spanning the range of possible frequencies, i.e., between a maximum of the buoyancy frequency N to a minimum of the inertial frequency f . Periodic nature of the spectrum (which has never been reported in previous studies) is investigated. The possible application of this model to investigation of internal waves energy dissipation is discussed.
Evaluating The Effective Sample Size Of Equilibrium Molecular Simulations Using Automatically Approximated Physical States

In order to assess “convergence” in molecular simulations and to quantify the efficiency of competing algorithms, we need a reasonable and universally applicable estimate of the “effective sample size,” N_eff. For equilibrium sampling, we suggest the most undamental definition of N_eff to be that number governing the variance in populations of physical states measured from multiple independent simulations. We demonstrate a simple automated procedure for approximating physical states and show that the resulting estimates for N_eff agree well with intuitive transition counts. A wide variety of biomolecular systems are successfully analyzed. Our approach can be applied to systems with unknown physical states and to modern non-dynamical algorithms, such as those based on the “exchange” mechanism.The necessary software for estimating N_eff will be freely available on our website.
The curse of expertise: The effects of expertise and debiasing methods on prediction of novice performance.

Experts are often called on to predict the performance of novices, but cognitive heuristics may interfere with experts' ability to capitalize on their superior knowledge hi predicting novice task performance. In Study 1, experts, intermediate users, and novices predicted the time it would take novices to complete a complex task. In Study 2, expertise was experimentally manipulated. In both studies, those with more expertise were worse predictors of novice performance times and were resistant to debiasing techniques intended to reduce underestimation. Findings from these studies suggest that experts may have a cognitive handicap that leads to underestimating the difficulty novices face and that those with an intermediate level of expertise may be more accurate in predicting novices' performance. Organizations often rely on experts to predict the performance of novices. Project managers predict team members' times to complete new work assignments. Marketers and designers predict consumers' abilities to master the use of new products. Teachers predict students' efforts to complete homework and finish exams. The predictions of experts influence the allocation of time and resources to projects, decisions about product design, and the pacing of students' lessons. Predictive errors can have significant negative consequences: employee alienation, failure to meet project deadlines, consumer dissatisfaction, and student frustration or boredom. This study draws on the literature in cognitive heuristics to explore whether experts, as compared with those with less expertise and novices themselves, are more or less accurate in predicting the perfor
Outage, local throughput, and capacity of random wireless networks

Outage probabilities and single-hop throughput are two important performance metrics that have been evaluated for certain specific types of wireless networks. However, there is a lack of comprehensive results for larger classes of networks, and there is no systematic approach that permits the convenient comparison of the performance of networks with different geometries and levels of randomness. The uncertainty cube is introduced to categorize the uncertainty present in a network. The three axes of the cube represent the three main potential sources of uncertainty in interference-limited networks: the node distribution, the channel gains (fading), and the channel access scheme (set of transmitting nodes). For the performance analysis, a new parameter, the so- called spatial contention, is defined. It measures the slope of the outage probability in an ALOHA network as a function of the transmit probability p at p = 0. Outage is defined as the event that the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is below a certain threshold in a given time slot. It is shown that the spatial contention is sufficient to characterize outage and throughput in large classes of wireless networks, corresponding to different positions on the uncertainty cube. Existing results are placed in this framework, and new ones are derived. Further, interpreting the outage probability as the SIR distribution, the ergodic capacity of unit-distance links is determined and compared to the throughput achievable for fixed (yet optimized) transmission rates.
Lithographically defined porous Ni–carbon nanocomposite supercapacitors

Ni was deposited onto lithographically-defined conductive three dimensional carbon networks to form asymmetric pseudo-capacitive electrodes. A real capacity of above 500 mF cm−2, or specific capacitance of ∼2100 F g−1 near the theoretical value, has been achieved. After a rapid thermal annealing process, amorphous carbon was partially converted into multilayer graphene depending on the annealing temperature and time duration. These annealed Ni–graphene composite structures exhibit enhanced charge transport kinetics relative to un-annealed Ni–carbon scaffolds indicated by a reduction in peak separation from 0.84 V to 0.29 V at a scan rate of 1000 mV s−1.
Matrix effects on the diffusion of long polymer chains

Diffusion de longues chaines de masse moleculaire M dans une matrice de masse moleculaire P etudiee par spectrometrie recul-avant. Resultats pour une chaine de polystyrene de masse M=2.10 6 dans du polystyrene de masse P-inferieure
TS-A2, TS-B, R-, and S-Caseins: Their Isolation, Composition, and Relationship to the β- and γ-Casein Polymorphs A2 and B

Abstract TS-A 2 , R-, S-, and TS-B caseins are minor components of micellar caseins typed β and γ -A 2 and B. Based on amino acid analysis, TS-A 2 and S-caseins form one pair of polymorphs and R- and TS-B another. The polymorphs in each pair differ only by a single amino acid substitution (Arg → Ser) also found in the β - and γ -variants. R- and TS-B are smaller than TS-A 2 and S-casein by two amino acids in the N-terminal portion of the molecule. These proteins have a molecular weight of about 12,000 and contain no phosphorus or cystine but have one residue of tryptophan. These findings, together with results of partial sequencing, support the hypothesis that the proteins have the same structure as the C-terminal portions of the β - and γ -caseins.