cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Mirroring, Mirroring History: An Aesthetics of Collaboration in Pulcinella

Visualizing his interaction with music’s history in Expositions and Developments , Stravinsky enigmatically describes his early neoclassical work Pulcinella as a “look in the mirror.” This spatial account of Pulcinella ’s stylistic imitation reflects the crucial visual contribution of Stravinsky’s collaborators Pablo Picasso and Leonide Massine. The ballet’s humorous and playful collaboration among the arts insists on a thoroughly performative neoclassicism; Pulcinella takes neoclassicism’s conceptual negotiation with time and grounds it in the immediate physical spaces of its music, choreography, and set design. Whereas neoclassicism is often theorized as an overt antagonism between present and past, Pulcinella ’s visual aesthetic recasts its historicism as a lighthearted dialogue among the various arts. Written in the same decade as Stravinsky’s ballet, Mikhail Bakhtin’s Author and Hero in Aesthetic Activity draws a compelling image of the visual symbiosis between author and work. This appealingly cooperative model, I argue, offers a new philosophical aesthetic for Pulcinella ’s interdisciplinary historicism. I take Bakhtin’s concept of authorship as the basis for an appreciation of Pulcinella ’s project to reinstate history as an equal, positive collaborator in its neoclassical interaction.
Asymptotic theory for varying coefficient regression models with dependent data

The varying coefficient models (VCMs) are extremely important tools in the statistical literature and are widely used in many subject areas for data modeling and exploration. In linear VCMs, typically the errors are assumed to be independent. However, in many situations, especially in spatial or spatiotemporal settings, this is not a viable assumption. In this article, we consider nonparametric VCMs with a general dependent error structure which allows for both spatially autoregressive and spatial moving average models as special cases. We investigate asymptotic properties of local polynomial estimators of the model components. Specifically, we show that the estimates of the unknown functions and their derivatives are consistent and asymptotically normally distributed. We show that the rate of convergence and the asymptotic covariance matrix depend on the error dependence structure and we derive the explicit formula for the convergence results.
mirror, a Drosophila homeobox gene in the iroquois complex, is required for sensory organ and alula formation

The Drosophila notum, the dorsal body wall of the thorax, is subdivided genetically into longitudinal domains (Calleja, M., Moreno, E., Pelaz, S. and Morata, G. (1996) Science 274, 252–255). Two homeobox genes clustered in the iroquois complex, araucan and caupolican, regulate proneural genes and are required for development of sensory bristles in the lateral notum (Gomez-Skarmeta, J. L., del Corral, R. D., de la Calle-Mustienes, E., Ferres-Marco, D. and Modolell, J. (1996) Cell 85, 95–105). An iroquois-related homeobox gene, mirror, was recently isolated and is localized close to the iroquois complex region (McNeil, H., Yang, C.-H., Brodsky, M., Ungos, J. and Simon, M. A. (1997) Genes and Development 11, 1073–1082; this study). We show that mirror is required for the formation of the alula and a subset of sensory bristles in the lateral domain of the notum. Genetic analysis suggests that mirror and the other iroquois genes interact to form the alula as well as the sensory organs. Based on similarities between mirror and the iroquois genes in their genetic map positions, expression, protein structure and function, mirror is considered a new member of the iroquois complex and is involved in prepatterning sensory precursor cells in the lateral notum.
Understanding the Needs of Children Following Large-Scale Disasters and the Role of Government

No one who experiences a disaster is untouched by it. Children and their families are often among the most affected. This article explains how mental health and medical professionals can assist families and communities in dealing with common disaster-related stress reactions in children. An overview of disaster research and examples of special concerns about children are given. In addition, an overview of the role of local, state, and federal governments, as well as other organizations, is provided.
Transforming growth factor-β1 and diabetic nephropathy

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is established to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The diabetic milieu enhances oxidative stress and induces the expression of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 promotes cell hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation in the mesangium, which decreases glomerular filtration rate and leads to chronic renal failure. Recently, TGF-β1 has been demonstrated to regulate urinary albumin excretion by both increasing glomerular permeability and decreasing reabsorption in the proximal tubules. TGF-β1 also increases urinary excretion of water, electrolytes and glucose by suppressing tubular reabsorption in both normal and diabetic conditions. Although TGF-β1 exerts hypertrophic and fibrogenic effects in diabetic nephropathy, whether suppression of the function of TGF-β1 can be an option to prevent or treat the complication is still controversial. This is partly because adrenal production of mineralocorticoids could be augmented by the suppression of TGF-β1. However, differentiating the molecular mechanisms for glomerulosclerosis from those for the suppression of the effects of mineralocorticoids by TGF-β1 may assist in developing novel therapeutic strategies for diabetic nephropathy. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the role of TGF-β1 in diabetic nephropathy.
Production of carrier-free Mg28 from aluminium☆

Abstract Carrier-free Mg 28 may be produced by the α,3 p reaction in aluminium. The practical threshold for the reaction is ∼35 MeV and the cross-section with 41 MeV α particles is ∼0·2 mb.
Glycation of human cortical and cancellous bone captures differences in the formation of Maillard reaction products between glucose and ribose.

To better understand some aspects of bone matrix glycation, we used an in vitro glycation approach. Within two weeks, our glycation procedures led to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) at the levels that corresponded to approx. 25–30 years of the natural in vivo glycation. Cortical and cancellous bones from human tibias were glycated in vitro using either glucose (glucosylation) or ribose (ribosylation). Both glucosylation and ribosylation led to the formation of higher levels of AGEs and pentosidine (PEN) in cancellous than cortical bone dissected from all tested donors (young, middle-age and elderly men and women). More efficient glycation of bone matrix proteins in cancellous bone most likely depended on the higher porosity of this tissue, which facilitated better accessibility of the sugars to the matrix proteins. Notably, glycation of cortical bone from older donors led to much higher AGEs levels as compared to young donors. Such efficient in vitro glycation of older cortical bone could result from aging-related increase in porosity caused by the loss of mineral content. In addition, more pronounced glycation in vivo would be driven by elevated oxidation processes. Interestingly, the levels of PEN formation differed pronouncedly between glucosylation and ribosylation. Ribosylation generated very high levels of PEN (approx. 6- vs. 2.5-fold higher PEN level than in glucosylated samples). Kinetic studies of AGEs and PEN formation in human cortical and cancellous bone matrix confirmed higher accumulation of fluorescent crosslinks for ribosylation. Our results suggest that in vitro glycation of bone using glucose leads to the formation of lower levels of AGEs including PEN, whereas ribosylation appears to support a pathway toward PEN formation. Our studies may help to understand differences in the progression of bone pathologies related to protein glycation by different sugars, and raise awareness for excessive sugar supplementation in food and drinks.
Superconducting Alternator Test Results

The first industrial application of superconducting materials appears to be their use as the field windings of rotating electrical machines. Research is being carried on throughout the world on this application, and many reports have appeared in the literature on the testing of ac and dc machines. A research group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, supported by the Edison Electric Institute, has been studying the application of superconductors to the rotating field windings of alternators since early in 1967. Two machines have been constructed by this group. The first machine, which is rated at 45 kVA, has been discussed in the literature [1-3]. Details of the design and construction of the second machine are also in the literature [4-5]. Initial tests have been performed on the second superconducting alternator constructed. This presentation describes the operation of the machine during these tests, and outlines their results.
Immune signaling mechanisms of PTSD risk and symptom development: insights from animal models

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by persistent re-experiencing of a traumatic event, avoidance, and increased arousal. The approved pharmacological treatments for PTSD have limited efficacy (~60% treatment response), supporting the need for identification of biomarkers and novel pharmacological therapies. Mounting evidence suggests increased inflammatory markers and altered immune gene expression correlate with the severity of symptoms in PTSD patients. However a causal role of immune signaling in development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms is not clear, as inflammation may also be an epiphenomenon related to metabolic and behavioral effects of stress. Animal studies have been critical in understanding the potential causal role of immune signaling in PTSD. In this review we will present the most recent evidence, primarily focusing on the last 3 years, for inflammatory dysfunction both preceding and following PTSD, and how animal models of PTSD have contributed to our understanding of immune mechanisms involved in enduring anxiety after trauma. We will particularly focus on the role of peripheral vs. central immune signaling, the differences between single vs. chronic stress models of PTSD and recent utilization of these models to investigate novel anti-inflammatory treatments. We also highlight some current gaps in the literature including models of TBI/PTSD comorbidity, lack of translational peripheral markers of inflammation and the relatively incomplete understanding of the inflammatory trajectory after severe stress.
“He’s My Dad Because He Just Is!”: Cohabiting (Step)Children’s Responses to Discursive Challenges

ABSTRACTCohabiting (step)families have become one of the fastest growing family forms in the United States. This study explored the types of discursive challenges experienced by cohabiting (step)children, as well as the ways in which cohabiting (step)children might respond to potential challenges of legitimacy. In this study, we interviewed 28 (step)children who resided with 1 biological parent and their parent’s nonmarital partner for at least 2 years. Results demonstrate that despite recent increases in prevalence and acceptance of unmarried partner households, cohabiting (step)children are often called on to explain their family’s legitimacy through accounting strategies when they experience discursive challenges to their (step)family’s form.
A Spatial Join Algorithm Based on a Non-uniform Grid Technique over GPGPU

Grid-based techniques are well-suited for spatial join algorithms over General Purpose Graphic Processing Unit (GPGPU) architectures because of their non-hierarchical structure. However, these techniques are well-established years before the existence of GPU computing. As a result, they do not fully take advantage of many-core architectures. Last year, we had introduced a spatial join GPU system based on discarding even those cross-layer pairs of polygons whose Minimum Bounding Rectangles (MBRs) intersect but their rectangular intersection does not contain edges from both layers. These MBR intersections are called Common MBRs. In this extended abstract, we briefly introduce CMF-Grid: a non-uniform GPU-based grid technique over such Common MBRs, that can be used in polygonal spatial join operations such as overlay, edge-intersection etc. to significantly reduce their computationally-extensive refinement phase workload. Based on our experimental results on real datasets, CMF-Grid can cut down the refinement phase workload by more than 30, 000 times that of all-to-all algorithms and it improves upon its predecessor, CMF filter, by 700 times. Our upgraded spatial join system with ST_intersect predicate is able to process more than 600, 000 polygons with more than 2 billions edges on a single GPU in less than a second end-to-end processing time that is 225% time improvement compared to GCMF, the state of the art GPU-based system. The system also achieves up to 200-fold end-to-end speedup versus the best optimized sequential routines of GEOS C++ library as well as PostgreSQL spatial database with PostGIS.
Changes in Pain Sensitization After Bariatric Surgery

Objective To evaluate changes in pain (at the knee and elsewhere) and pain sensitization in obese subjects with knee pain who were having bariatric surgery compared with similarly obese individuals who were undergoing medical management. Methods This study included a cohort of subjects who were having bariatric surgery and those undergoing medical management. Knee pain severity of the more painful knee (index knee) was assessed at baseline and at 12 months using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. The pressure pain threshold (PPT) was evaluated at the index patella and the right wrist. Low patella PPT may reflect peripheral and/or central sensitization, and low wrist PPT may reflect central sensitization. The mean change in measures of pain and pain sensitization was analyzed in the surgery and medical management groups separately. Results A total of 45 subjects in the surgery group and 22 in the medical management group completed baseline and follow-up visits. The mean weight loss was 32.7 kg (29.0%) and 4.6 kg (4.1%) in the surgery and medical management groups, respectively. Knee pain decreased only in the surgery group, in which the PPT at the patella improved by 38.5% (P = 0.0007) and at the wrist by 30.9% (P = 0.005). There was no significant change in PPT in the medical management group. Conclusion Persons who underwent bariatric surgery experienced an improvement in pain sensitization, reflected by improvements in PPT. This improvement was observed not only at the patella, but also at the wrist, suggesting that central sensitization improved after bariatric surgery.
Guns in the home: risky business

One in three U.S. households contains at least one firearm. Gun owners cite two main reasons for having a gun: hunting and self-protection. A majority of handgun owners believe that they are protecting their homes and families against violent assaults. But in a country where the majority of homicides and suicides involve a gun, it is reasonable to question whether access to a gun increases or decreases the risk of violent death. This Issue Brief describes case-control studies that investigate links between gun availability and gun death, and supports earlier findings that people with guns in their homes appear to increase their risk of being shot fatally (intentionally or unintentionally) or taking their own life with a gun.
Teaching Queer: Radical Possibilities for Writing and Knowing, by Stacey Waite: Pittsburgh: U of Pittsburgh P, 2017. x + 206 pp. $26.95 (paper and e-book)

Stacey Waite’s Teaching Queer: Radical Possibilities for Writing and Knowing offers a crucial provocation for rhetorical studies. As “The Mt. Oread Manifesto on Rhetorical Education” reminds, pedag...
Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Mammalian Cardiac Morphogenesis

The mammalian heart is the first organ to form and is critical for embryonic survival and development. With an occurrence of 1%, congenital heart defects (CHDs) are also the most common birth defects in humans, and major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality (Hoffman and Kaplan in J Am Coll Cardiol 39(12):1890–1900, 2002; Samanek in Cardiol Young 10(3):179–185, 2000). Understanding how the heart forms will not only help to determine the etiology and to design diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CHDs, but may also provide insight into regenerative medicine to repair injured adult hearts. Mammalian heart development requires precise orchestration of growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis to remodel a simple linear heart tube into an intricate, four-chambered heart with properly connected pulmonary artery and aorta, a structural basis for establishing the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Here we will review the recent advance in our understanding of how the planar cell polarity pathway, a highly conserved morphogenetic engine in vertebrates, regulates polarized morphogenetic processes to contribute to both the arterial and venous poles development of the heart.
Clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic decision support tools for antidepressant drug prescribing

The accrual and analysis of genomic sequencing data have identified specific genetic variants that are associated with major depressive disorder. Moreover, substantial investigations have been devo...
Child adult relationship enhancement (CARE): A brief, skills-building training for foster caregivers to increase positive parenting practices

Abstract Objective Foster caregivers are tasked with developing good relationships with children and managing child behavior; however, these caregivers often do not have access to evidence-based interventions typically designed for custodial parents and children with behavioral and/or traumatic symptoms in the clinical range. This study examined the feasibility and impact of a novel six-hour training, Child Adult Relationship Enhancement (CARE), on caregiver behavior compared to standard training used by foster care agencies. Method Thirty-one foster caregivers (90% female) were randomly assigned to CARE training (n = 15) or standard training (n = 16). Results In comparison to the standard training, foster caregivers who received CARE training demonstrated significant improvement in parenting behavior as measured by the Dyadic Parent Child Interactive Coding System one month later and reported fewer anxiety symptoms in their children as measured by the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children three months later. Conclusions These preliminary findings from this randomized controlled trial suggest that CARE can be delivered in the context of existing mandated foster care training programs, with some evidence that CARE training enhances positive parenting behavior and assists with decreasing anxiety symptoms in youth in the foster care system.
Investigation of Time and Speed Perception using a Driving Simulator

Thirty-four drivers participated in a driving simulator experiment which investigated time and speed perception as it related to cognitive workload resulting from secondary tasks. Each participant ...
Vascular Tumors of the Posterior Pole

Vascular tumors of the posterior pole represent a significant percentage of lesions managed by ocular oncologists. The spectrum of disorders includes retinal vascular tumors, choroidal lesions, and various neuro-oculo-cutaneous syndromes. Management of the ocular lesions varies, depending on the size and location of the lesion and its associated ocular damage. Small, asymptomatic peripheral lesions can be observed. Larger and symptomatic lesions can be treated successfully with radiation therapy, either through an external approach or with a radioactive plaque. Some can be treated with laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy. While vascular tumors of the retina are benign, they often can be associated with various syndromes that harbor neoplastic potential, and it is important to identify those lesions that may be associated with neoplastic risk.
Desire and Violence in Renaissance England Christopher Marlowe’s Edward II

This article attempts, through a reading of Christopher Marlowe’s Edward II, to articulate both formally and historically the nexus of power, violence and desire in Renaissance England. The opening section establishes the play’s engagement with an interlocking set of social conflicts constitutive of the discourse of order in sixteenth century England: the paradoxical relationship of monarch to aristocracy, and a class conflict which threatens historically the established social hierarchy. The specific collision of these two historical determinations can be directly traced to the complex of desire–specifically, homosocial desire–and violence which the play posits as in-forming the very structure of the social whole. The second section consequently follows the dynamic of desire which drives the play’s narrative forward. The ostensible climax of this narrative is Edward IPs violent and troubling death, to which the final section of the argument is devoted. Exposing narrative violence and narrative desire as the forms through which the social order grounds and legitimates itself, the scene’s own disruption of narrative and its claims to authority constitutes, I argue, a far-reaching meta-critique of the play’s own historical moment, a complex de-construction of the very foundations upon which the social formation has been established.
Offender reentry as correctional reform: finding the boundaries of meaning in post-prison supervision

The concept of offender reentry is seen as symbolic of correctional change. However, this acknowledgement belies the fact that the concept itself, and thus the parameters of that change, have not b...
Cochlear FLAIR Signal Changes in Hearing Preservation Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery.

Objective Cochlear fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity has been shown to be elevated in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VS). This study evaluated the preoperative and postoperative cochlear signal on FLAIR sequences in patients undergoing hearing preservation surgery. Study design Retrospective chart review. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients All patients undergoing middle cranial fossa or retrosigmoid craniotomy for VS at a single institution from September 2013 to January 2017 were screened.Hearing was graded according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) hearing classification. Inclusion criteria included preoperative AAO-HNS class A or B hearing and available preoperative and postoperative FLAIR sequences. Main outcome measure Signal intensity of cochlear FLAIR signal was measured in the affected cochlea and normalized to the contralateral cochlea. Hearing preservation was defined as AAO-HNS class A or B postoperatively. Results Eighteen patients met all inclusion criteria, and 12/18 experienced hearing preservation. There was no difference in preoperative FLAIR ratio between hearing preserved and nonpreserved groups (2.02 vs 2.32, p = 0.52). Postoperatively, FLAIR ratio was lower in the hearing preserved group compared to the nonpreserved group (1.19 vs 1.87, p = 0.033). Conclusions The current study is the first to examine postoperative cochlear FLAIR changes in VS patients undergoing hearing preservation surgery. In our study population, abnormal hyperintense FLAIR signal normalized in patients experiencing successful hearing preservation, while those who lost hearing maintained abnormal signal. Future studies may investigate the role of FLAIR in guiding optimal timing of operative intervention in VS patients.
Ex-Incarceree/Convict Status: Beneficial for Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship?:

This article considers whether ex-incarceree/convict status favorably conditions the decision to be self-employed—a proxy for entrepreneurship. With data from the U.S. General Social Survey, we est...
Specific binding of a basic peptide from HIV-1 Rev.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) encodes a regulatory protein, Rev, which is required for cytoplasmic expression of incompletely spliced viral mRNA. Rev activity is mediated through specific binding to a cis-acting Rev responsive element (RRE) located within the env region of HIV-1. A monomer Rev binding site corresponding to 37 nucleotides of the RRE (IIB RNA) was studied by RNA footprinting, modification interference experiments and mutational analysis. Surprisingly, a 17 amino acid peptide, corresponding to the basic domain of Rev, binds specifically to this site at essentially identical nucleotides and probably induces additional base pairing. The Rev protein and related peptide interact primarily with two sets of nucleotides located at the junction of single and double stranded regions, and at an additional site located within a helix. This suggests that the domains of proteins responsible for specific RNA binding can be remarkably small and that the interaction between RNA and protein can probably induce structure in both constituents.
Pacemaker detected active minutes are superior to pedometer-based step counts in measuring the response to physical activity counseling in sedentary older adults.

In patients with permanent pacemakers (PPM), physical activity (PA) can be monitored using embedded accelerometers to measure pacemaker detected active hours (PDAH), a strong predictor of mortality. We examined the impact of a PA Counseling (PAC) intervention on increasing activity as measured by PDAH and daily step counts. Thirteen patients (average age 80 ± 6 years, 84.6% women) with implanted Medtronic PPMs with a ≤ 2 PDAH daily average were included in this study. Patients were randomized to Usual Care (UC, N = 6) or a Physical Activity Counseling Intervention (PACI, N = 7) groups. Step count and PDAH data were obtained at baseline, following a 12-week intervention, then 12 weeks after intervention completion. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests, Pearson’s r, chi-square, and general linear models for repeated measures. PDAH significantly differed by time point for all subject combined (P = 0.01) but not by study group. Subjects with baseline gait speeds of > 0.8 m/sec were responsible for the increases in PDAH observed. Step counts did not differ over time in the entire cohort or by study group. Step count and PDAH significantly correlated at baseline (r = 0.60, P = 0.03). This correlation disappeared by week 12. PDAH can be used to monitor PA and PA interventions and may be superior to hip-worn pedometers in detecting activity. A significant increase in PA, regardless of treatment group, suggests that patient awareness of the ability to monitor PA through a PPM increases PA in these patients, particularly in patients with gait speeds of < 0.8 m/sec. ClincalTrials.gov NCT03052829. Date of Registration: 2/14/2017.
A cautionary note on stop-signal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development [ABCD] study

Abstract The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is an unprecedented longitudinal neuroimaging sample that tracks the brain development of over 10,000 9-10 year olds through adolescence(1). At the core of this study are the three tasks that are completed repeatedly within the fMRI scanner, one of which is the stop-signal task. Laudably, the materials and data from this study are being made openly available to the community. However, in analyzing the available experimental code and data for the stop-signal task, we identified a set of design issues that we believe significantly limit its value. These issues include but are not limited to: variable stimulus durations that violate basic assumptions of dominant stopping models, trials in which stimuli are incorrectly not presented, and degenerate stop-signal delays. We present eight issues, show their effect on the existing ABCD data, suggest prospective solutions to the study organizers including task changes for future data collection, and suggest retrospective solutions for data users who wish to make the most of the existing data.
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a rare hematologic malignancy characterized by an IgM-associated lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Often, it is associated with an indolent disease course, and many patients are candidates for careful monitoring. As many patients present with advanced age and nonspecific constitutional symptoms, careful consideration should be given to treatment decisions, including when and how to treat for maximized clinical benefit with minimal toxicity. This article provides an evidence-based practical approach to appropriate monitoring of the asymptomatic patient and management of symptomatic patients who require treatment for this rare malignancy.
Isothermal titration calorimetry: practical approaches and current applications in soft matter

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) elucidates the thermodynamic profile (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG, Ka, and stoichiometry) of binding and dissociation reactions in solution. While ITC has primarily been used to investigate the thermodynamics of interactions between biological macromolecules and small molecules, it has become increasingly common for measuring binding interactions between synthetic polymers and small molecules, ions, or nanoparticles. This tutorial review describes applications of ITC in studying synthetic macromolecules and provides experimental guidelines for performing ITC experiments. We also highlight specific examples of using ITC to study soft matter, then discuss the limitations and the future of ITC in this field.
Evolution of anisogamy in the early diverging fungus, Allomyces

Abstract Gamete size dimorphism between sexes (anisogamy) is predicted to have evolved from an isogamous system in which sexes have equal-sized, monomorphic gametes. Although adaptive explanations for the evolution of anisogamy abound, we lack comparable insights into molecular changes that bring about the transition from monomorphism to dimorphism. The basal fungal clade Allomyces provides unique opportunities to investigate genomic changes that are associated with this transition in closely related species that show either isogamous or anisogamous mating systems. The anisogamous species show sexual dimorphism in gamete size, number, pigmentation and motility. We sequenced transcriptomes of five Allomyces isolates representing the two mating systems, including both male and female phenotypes in the anisogamous species. Maximum likelihood ancestral character state reconstruction performed in MESQUITE using the de-novo assembled transcriptomes indicated that anisogamy likely evolved once in Allomyces, and is a derived character as predicted in theory. We found that sexual stages of Allomyces express homologs of several genes known to be involved in sex determination in model organisms including Drosophila and humans. Furthermore, expression of CatSper homologs in male- and female-biased samples in our analysis support the hypothesis that gamete interaction in the anisogamous species of Allomyces may involve similar molecular events as the egg-sperm interaction in animals, including humans. Although the strains representing either mating system shared much of the transcriptome, supporting recent common ancestry, the analysis of rate of evolution using individual gene trees indicates high substitution rates and divergence between the strains. In summary, we find that anisogamy likely evolved once in Allomyces, using convergent mechanisms to those in other taxa.
Generating Synthetic Text Data to Evaluate Causal Inference Methods

Drawing causal conclusions from observational data requires making assumptions about the true data-generating process. Causal inference research typically considers low-dimensional data, such as categorical or numerical fields in structured medical records. High-dimensional and unstructured data such as natural language complicates the evaluation of causal inference methods; such evaluations rely on synthetic datasets with known causal effects. Models for natural language generation have been widely studied and perform well empirically. However, existing methods not immediately applicable to producing synthetic datasets for causal evaluations, as they do not allow for quantifying a causal effect on the text itself. In this work, we develop a framework for adapting existing generation models to produce synthetic text datasets with known causal effects. We use this framework to perform an empirical comparison of four recently-proposed methods for estimating causal effects from text data. We release our code and synthetic datasets.
3008 – OXYGEN TENSION REGULATES CALCIUM SIGNALING AND FUNCTION IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM AND PROGENITOR CELLS

Although the bone marrow low oxygen niche (∼1-4% low O2) provides critical signals for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSC/HSPC) maintenance, self-renewal and differentiation, the majority of studies are performed in room air (∼21% O2), often in fixed cells. This leaves endogenous signaling mechanisms of HSC/HSPC unidentified. By isolating/sorting/analyzing HSC/HSPC in continuous low O2, we generated the first reference landscape of phenotype/signaling/functional alterations in real time/live cells. Low O2 analyses demonstrated enhanced phenotypic (CD150;ALCAM;EPCR) marker expression and frequency of HSC/HSPC relative to historic data (in fixed cells), including a ∼3-fold increase in LSK (p=0.04) and LSKCD150 (p=0.03). Serial re-plating assays of LSK sorted cells revealed a 2.6 fold increase (p=0.02) in LSKCD150+ frequency in low O2 vs. air. mRNA sequencing uncovered differential pathway regulation of LSK (324 increased, 230 decreased) and LSKCD150+ (73 increased, 30 decreased) in low O2 vs. air. Analysis identified enrichment of genes/pathways for Ca2+ ion binding (2-fold), voltage-gated ion channel (3-fold), voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (3-fold) and altered activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) in both LSK & LSKCD150+ in low O2. Although roles for cytosolic Ca2+ have been identified in HSC/HSPC function the regulation/roles of Ca2+ in low O2 have not been investigated. Live cell analysis of cytosolic Ca2+ flux (FURA, MFI) showed a 2.6 fold increase in HSC (p=0.02) and a 1.4-fold increase in HSPC (p=0.003) in low O2 vs. air. NHE-1 inhibition (cariporide) resulted in a 1.5-fold decrease of the Ca2+ influx detected in low O2 (p=0.02), with no effect detected in air. LSKs were isolated/sorted in low O2 for subpopulations of Ca2+ FURA hi vs low, in low O2 or air, and serially re-plated. Functional re-plating assays showed increased proliferation and frequency of phenotypic LSKs in FURA High vs FURA dim cells in low O2, with cariporide blunting this effect. Taken together, pathways identified in the low O2 landscape showed differential regulation, phenotypic and functional consequences, of altered Ca2+ in low O2 is HSC/HSPC populations.
Measuring Perceptions of Economic Inequality and Justice: An Empirical Assessment

How should we measure people’s perceptions of—and attitudes about—economic inequality? A recent literature seeks to quantify the level of inequality that people, especially Americans, perceive and prefer in society. These findings have garnered much attention from both social scientists and the public. But many of the methods used in this literature are either known to have methodological issues or have not been thoroughly compared against other methods. Thus it is not clear which, if any, are valid and reliable measures of perceived, or preferred, inequality. To assess these measures, we conducted a large web-based study (N = 831) to compare key methods for measuring perceived inequality and their related justice attitudes. In addition to comparing the resultant summary statistics, we assess how well the different measures correlate with each other and with Likert scale measures of perceived inequality. Our analysis reveals a range of issues with these measures, including failure to provide logical responses, large method effects on point estimates of inequality, and low correlations between methods and with criteria measures. We conclude our analysis with three recommendations for researchers aiming to measure inequality perceptions and preferences.
The Impact of Sentence Alignment Errors on Phrase-Based Machine Translation Performance

When parallel or comparable corpora are harvested from the web, there is typically a tradeoff between the size and quality of the data. In order to improve quality, corpus collection efforts often attempt to fix or remove misaligned sentence pairs. But, at the same time, Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems are widely assumed to be relatively robust to sentence alignment errors. However, there is little empirical evidence to support and characterize this robustness. This contribution investigates the impact of sentence alignment errors on a typical phrase-based SMT system. We confirm that SMT systems are highly tolerant to noise, and that performance only degrades seriously at very high noise levels. Our findings suggest that when collecting larger, noisy parallel data for training phrase-based SMT, cleaning up by trying to detect and remove incorrect alignments can actually degrade performance. Although fixing errors, when applicable, is a preferable strategy to removal, its benefits only become apparent for fairly high misalignment rates. We provide several explanations to support these findings.
Changes in Patient Satisfaction Scores During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a rapid and widespread application of telemedicine services in the outpatient setting. Prior to COVID-19, patient satisfaction was measured with Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Clinician & Group Survey (CG-CAHPS) and was then measured with the Press Ganey telemedicine survey. Both surveys ask about a patient's likelihood to recommend a particular medical practice, which is a useful, but imperfect, surrogate for overall satisfaction. The purpose of this analysis was to identify any changes in patient satisfaction scores with the implementation of telemedicine services. A retrospective analysis of our institution's experience during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the months immediately prior to the pandemic was conducted. The percent of patients with a "Top box" response to survey questions regarding their likelihood to recommend a medical practice were compared. A total of 14 430 CG-CAHPS results collected in November 2019 through February 2020 were compared to 22 009 telemedicine survey results collected between March and May 2020. In general, most medical specialties incorporated telemedicine but suffered a decrease in their patient's likelihood to recommend a medical practice during the first few months of the pandemic. However, the magnitude of this decrease was variable by medical specialty. Physical medicine and rehabilitation and pain medicine had relatively poor scores prior to the pandemic which did not statistically change. Oncology was the sole medical specialty that continued to have unchanged high patient satisfaction scores. These data provide insights for the refinement of telemedicine.
Mold In Buildings: Issues and Outcomes

Executive Summary This article will provide an introduction to mold species most commonly found in buildings, and will present potential health and safety effects of such species. Prevention and reasons behind growth of mold in facilities will be discussed, giving examples of both construction and operation prevention techniques. Finally, remediation guidelines and highlights will be presented. These topics will provide a basic understanding of current mold issues, allowing one to fully engage in discussion of the subsequent sections, where current legal issues involved with mold will be presented along with cases dealing with physical, legal, and financial implications of mold in buildings.
The Evolution of Technological Civilizations within the Limits of Their Own Solar Systems

Advanced stellar civilizations are expected by the Drake equation to live for 106–107 years. Since the interstellar transport of resources is unrealistic, they would manage to have such long lives only if they would adhere to a practically zero growth in all of their matter and energy related activities. The social implications are discussed.
The method of types and its application to information hiding

The method of types is frequently used to analyze commu nication channels with arbitrary memory. It is therefore a useful tool to study communication problems with an adversary (who need not be limited by memory constraints). This paper presents an introduction to the method of types and reviews recent applications of the method to information hiding. These problems include capacity and error -exponent analyses for watermarking, fingerprinting and steganography. The role of randomized codes and universal decoders is highlighted.
Investigar para el futuro de la educación científica : nuevas formas de aprender, nuevas formas de vivir

New information and communication technologies make it possible for students to learn about science and about the natural world through multiple media and multiple environments of learning. Research needs to help us understand how students integrate learning through text, spoken language, graphical images, animations, audio, video, simulations, and three-dimension models and virtual worlds. We must also learn how to effectively link learning in schools and other educational institutions with learning online, in nature, at technological sites and through practice. With these many new possibilities, we need to re-examine the goals and curriculum of science education. Should they be the same for all? Should we focus science education more on social issues and students’ concerns? Can we make science education more democratic and more politically progressive?
Continua Which are Curvilinear Cluster Sets

Let D be the unit disk | z | f be a complex-valued function continuous in D . The cluster set C ( f, e iθ ) of f at e iθ is defined by
The peripheral cannabinoid receptor knockout mice: an update

This review gives an overview of the CB2 receptor (CB2R) knockout (CB2R−/−) mice phenotype and the work that has been carried out using this mutant mouse. Using the CB2R−/− mice, investigators have discovered the involvement of CB2R on immune cell function and development, infection, embryonic development, bone loss, liver disorders, pain, autoimmune inflammation, allergic dermatitis, atherosclerosis, apoptosis and chemotaxis. Using the CB2R−/− mice, investigators have also found that this receptor is not involved in cannabinoid-induced hypotension. In addition, the CB2R−/− mice have been used to determine specific tissue CB2R expression. The specificity of synthetic cannabinoid agonists, antagonists and anti-CB2R antibodies has been screened using tissues from CB2R−/− mice. Thus, the use of this mouse model has greatly helped reveal the diverse events involving the CB2R, and has aided in drug and antibody screening.
Brazil's New Constitution: An Exercise in Transient Constitutionalism for a Transitional Society

After more than two decades of authoritarian military rule, Brazil has finally completed its incredibly slow transition from dictatorship to democratic government.' On November 15, 1989 the entire Brazilian electorate,2 in contradistinction to one restricted to generals or legislators, had its first opportunity in 29 years to vote directly for a presidential candidate. Because none of the 21 candidates received a majority, a runoff election was held on December 17, 1989; it resulted in the election of Fernando Collor de Mello, a populist 40-year old former governor of the small northern state of Alagoas. The election was held pursuant to Brazil's new Constitution, which provided the critical framework for restoration of full democracy. In this respect, the Constitution wvorked well. Although the elections were hotly contested, no one seriously contests the legitimacy of Collor's presidential mandate. The new Constitution is Brazil's seventh or eighth constitution, depending upon whether one counts a constitutional amendment that redrafted the entire constitution as a new constitution or as an
The Paf1 complex: Platform or player in RNA polymerase II transcription?

The Paf1 complex (Paf1C), composed of the proteins Paf1, Ctr9, Cdc73, Rtf1, and Leo1, accompanies RNA polymerase II (pol II) from the promoter to the 3' end formation site of mRNA and snoRNA encoding genes; it is also found associated with RNA polymerase I (pol I) on rDNA. The Paf1C is found in simple and complex eukaryotes; in human cells hSki8 is also part of the complex. The Paf1C has been linked to a large and growing list of transcription related processes including: communication with transcriptional activators; recruitment and activation of histone modification factors; facilitation of elongation on chromatin templates; and the recruitment of 3' end-processing factors necessary for accurate termination of transcription. Absence of, or mutations in, Paf1C factors result in alterations in gene expression that can result in misregulation of developmental programs and loss of control of cell division leading to cancer in humans. This review considers recent information that may help to resolve whether the Paf1C is primarily a "platform" on pol II that coordinates the association of many critical transcription factors, or if the complex itself plays a more direct role in one or more steps in transcription.
The effect of race and ethnicity on outcomes among patients in the intensive care unit: a comprehensive study involving socioeconomic status and resuscitation preferences.

Objective We sought to determine whether race or ethnicity is independently associated with mortality or intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) among critically ill patients after accounting for patients' clinical and demographic characteristics including socioeconomic status and resuscitation preferences.
Phencyclidine use during pregnancy

Phencyclidine, a frequently abused drug, has been shown to cross the placenta and may cause harmful effects in the fetus. Therefore, a prospective study was undertaken to determine the extent of phencyclidine use during pregnancy. Two thousand three hundred twenty-seven pregnant women were screened for phencyclidine use by questionnaire and enzyme-mediated immunoassay technique urine testing. Nineteen women were identified as using phencyclidine during pregnancy and 149 were past users. Women with a history of phencyclidine use were compared with a population sample of nonusers. Phencyclidine users were more likely to be white; they were also younger and of lesser parity than nonusers. The majority had a history of multiple drug abuse. Although 7.3% of the population gave a history of phencyclidine use and 0.8% were found to use the drug during pregnancy, these figures are believed to underestimate the problem.
Zfp312 is required for subcortical axonal projections and dendritic morphology of deep-layer pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex

Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex display marked layer- and subtype-specific differences in their axonal projections and dendritic morphologies. Here we show that transcription factor Zfp312 is selectively expressed by layer V and VI subcortical projection pyramidal neurons and their progenitor cells. Knocking down Zfp312 with small interfering RNAs dramatically reduced the number of subcortical axonal projections from deep-layer pyramidal neurons and altered their dendritic morphology. In contrast, misexpression of Zfp312 in cortically projecting pyramidal neurons of layers II and III induced the expression of Tbr1, a transcription factor enriched in deep-layer neurons, and the formation of ectopic subcortical axonal projections. Thus, our results indicate that transcription factor Zfp312 plays a critical role in layer- and neuronal subtype-specific patterning of cortical axonal projections and dendritic morphologies.