cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chiral Magnetic Effect and anomaly-induced transport

The Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) is the phenomenon of electric charge separation along the external magnetic field that is induced by the chirality imbalance. The CME is a macroscopic quantum effect — it is a manifestation of the chiral anomaly creating a collective motion in Dirac sea. Because the chirality imbalance is related to the global topology of gauge fields, the CME current is topologically protected and hence non-dissipative even in the presence of strong interactions. As a result, the CME and related quantum phenomena affect the hydrodynamical and transport behavior of systems possessing chiral fermions, from the quark–gluon plasma to chiral materials. The goal of the present review is to provide an elementary introduction into the main ideas underlying the physics of CME, a historical perspective, and a guide to the rapidly growing literature on this topic.
Hopf algebras of prime dimension in positive characteristic

We prove that a Hopf algebra of prime dimension $p$ over an algebraically closed field, whose characteristic is equal to $p$, is either a group algebra or a restricted universal enveloping algebra. Moreover, we show that any Hopf algebra of prime dimension $p$ over a field of characteristic $q>0$ is commutative and cocommutative when $q=2$ or $p<4q$. This problem remains open in positive characteristic when $2<q<p/4$.
CRITICAL PERCOLATION OF FREE PRODUCT OF GROUPS

In this article we study percolation on the Cayley graph of a free product of groups. The critical probability pc of a free product G1 * G2 * ⋯ * Gn of groups is found as a solution of an equation involving only the expected subcritical cluster size of factor groups G1, G2, …, Gn. For finite groups this equation is polynomial and can be explicitly written down. The expected subcritical cluster size of the free product is also found in terms of the subcritical cluster sizes of the factors. In particular, we prove that pc for the Cayley graph of the modular group PSL2(ℤ) (with the standard generators) is 0.5199…, the unique root of the polynomial 2p5 - 6p4 + 2p3 + 4p2 - 1 in the interval (0, 1). In the case when groups Gi can be "well approximated" by a sequence of quotient groups, we show that the critical probabilities of the free product of these approximations converge to the critical probability of G1 * G2 * ⋯ * Gn and the speed of convergence is exponential. Thus for residually finite groups, for example, one can restrict oneself to the case when each free factor is finite. We show that the critical point, introduced by Schonmann, pexp of the free product is just the minimum of pexp for the factors.
A pitfall for machine learning methods aiming to predict across cell types

Machine learning models that predict genomic activity are most useful when they make accurate predictions across cell types. Here, we show that when the training and test sets contain the same genomic loci, the resulting model may falsely appear to perform well by effectively memorizing the average activity associated with each locus across the training cell types. We demonstrate this phenomenon in the context of predicting gene expression and chromatin domain boundaries, and we suggest methods to diagnose and avoid the pitfall. We anticipate that, as more data becomes available, future projects will increasingly risk suffering from this issue.
Phase transitions at finite temperature and dimensional reduction for fermions and bosons

Abstract In a recent letter we discussed the fact that large- N expansions and computer simulations indicate that the universality class of the finite temperature chiral symmetry restoration transition in the 3D Gross-Neveu model is mean field theory. This was seen to be a counterexample to the standard ‘sigma model’ scenario which predicts the 2D Ising model universality class. In this article we present more evidence, both theoretical and numerical, that this result is correct. We develop a physical picture for our results and discuss the width of the scaling region (Ginzburg criterion), 1/N corrections, and differences between the dynamics of BCS superconductors and Gross-Neveu models. Lattices as large as 12 x 72 2 are simulated for both the N = 12 and N = 4 cases and the numerical evidence for mean field scaling is quite compelling. We point out that the amplitude ratio for the model's susceptibility is a particularly good observable for distinguishing between the dimensional reduction and the mean field scenarios, because this universal quantity differs by almost a factor of 20 in the two cases. The simulations are done close to the critical point in both the symmetric and broken phases, and correlation lengths of order 10 are measured. The critical indices β mag and S also pick out mean field behavior. We trace the breakdown of the standard scenario (dimensional reduction and universality) to the composite character of the mesons in the model. We point out that our results should be generic for theories with dynamical symmetry breaking, such as Quantum Chromodynamics. We also simulated the O (2) model on 8 x 16 3 lattices to establish that our methods give the results of dimensional reduction in purely bosonic cases where its theoretical basis is firm. We also show that Z 2 Nambu-Jona-Lasinio models simulated on 8 x 16 3 lattices give mean field rather than three-dimensional Ising model indices.
Anthropic explanation of the dark matter abundance

I use Bousso's causal diamond measure to make a statistical prediction for the dark matter abundance, assuming an axion with a large decay constant fa >> 1012 GeV. Using a crude approximation for observer formation, the prediction agrees well with observation: 30% of observers form in regions with less dark matter than we observe, while 70% of observers form in regions with more dark matter. Large values of the dark matter ratio are disfavored by an elementary effect: increasing the amount of dark matter while holding fixed the baryon to photon ratio decreases the number of baryons inside one horizon volume. Thus the prediction is rather insensitive to assumptions about observer formation in universes with much more dark matter than our own. The key assumption is that the number of observers per baryon is roughly independent of the dark matter ratio for ratios near the observed value.
Parameter distributions of Keplerian orbits

Starting with just the assumption of uniformly distributed orbital orientations, we derive expressions for the distributions of the Keplerian orbital elements as functions of arbitrary distributions of eccentricity and semimajor axis. We present methods for finding the probability density functions of the true anomaly, eccentric anomaly, orbital radius, and other parameters used in describing direct planetary observations. We also demonstrate the independence of the distribution of phase angle, which is highly significant in the study of direct searches, and present examples validating the derived expressions.
On recursive Bayesian predictive distributions

ABSTRACTA Bayesian framework is attractive in the context of prediction, but a fast recursive update of the predictive distribution has apparently been out of reach, in part because Monte Carlo methods are generally used to compute the predictive. This article shows that online Bayesian prediction is possible by characterizing the Bayesian predictive update in terms of a bivariate copula, making it unnecessary to pass through the posterior to update the predictive. In standard models, the Bayesian predictive update corresponds to familiar choices of copula but, in nonparametric problems, the appropriate copula may not have a closed-form expression. In such cases, our new perspective suggests a fast recursive approximation to the predictive density, in the spirit of Newton’s predictive recursion algorithm, but without requiring evaluation of normalizing constants. Consistency of the new algorithm is shown, and numerical examples demonstrate its quality performance in finite-samples compared to fully Bayesi...
A Guide to Comparisons of Star Formation Simulations with Observations

We review an approach to observation-theory comparisons we call “Taste-Testing.” In this approach, synthetic observations are made of numerical simulations, and then both real and synthetic observations are “tasted” (compared) using a variety of statistical tests. We first lay out arguments for bringing theory to observational space rather than observations to theory space. Next, we explain that generating synthetic observations is only a step along the way to the quantitative, statistical, taste tests that offer the most insight. We offer a set of examples focused on polarimetry, scattering and emission by dust, and spectral-line mapping in starforming regions. We conclude with a discussion of the connection between statistical tests used to date and the physics we seek to understand. In particular, we suggest that the “lognormal” nature of molecular clouds can be created by the interaction of many random processes, as can the lognormal nature of the IMF, so that the fact that both the “Clump Mass Function” (CMF) and IMF appear lognormal does not necessarily imply a direct relationship between them.
In Situ Formation and Dynamical Evolution of Hot Jupiter Systems

Hot Jupiters, giant extrasolar planets with orbital periods shorter than ~10 days, have long been thought to form at large radial distances, only to subsequently experience long-range inward migration. Here, we offer the contrasting view that a substantial fraction of the hot Jupiter population formed in situ via the core-accretion process. We show that under conditions appropriate to the inner regions of protoplanetary disks, rapid gas accretion can be initiated by super-Earth-type planets, comprising 10–20 Earth masses of refractory material. An in situ formation scenario leads to testable consequences, including the expectation that hot Jupiters should frequently be accompanied by additional low-mass planets with periods shorter than ~100 days. Our calculations further demonstrate that dynamical interactions during the early stages of planetary systems' lifetimes should increase the inclinations of such companions, rendering transits rare. High-precision radial velocity monitoring provides the best prospect for their detection.
Complete graphs whose topological symmetry groups are polyhedral

We determine for which $m$, the complete graph $K_m$ has an embedding in $S^3$ whose topological symmetry group is isomorphic to one of the polyhedral groups: $A_4$, $A_5$, or $S_4$.
Functional Dependence in Strategic Games

Table 1: Coordination Game Note that in the case of the coordination game, we also have bBa. However, for the game described by Table 2 statement aBb is true, but bBa is false. The main focus of this paper is functional dependence in multiplayer games. For example, consider a “parity” game with three players a, b, c. Each of the players picks 0 or 1, and all players are rewarded if the sum of all three numbers is even. This game has four different Nash equilibria: (0,0,0), (0,1,1), (1,0,1), and (1,1,0). It is easy to see that knowledge of any two players’ strategies in a Nash equilibrium reveals the third. Thus, using our notation, for example a,bBc. At the same time, ¬(aB c). b1 b2 a1 1,1 0,0 a2 0,0 1,1 a3 1,1 0,0
RKKY interaction for the spin-polarized electron gas

We extend the original work of Ruderman, Kittel, Kasuya and Yosida (RKKY) on the interaction between two magnetic moments embedded in an electron gas to the case where the electron gas is spin-polarized. The broken symmetry of a host material introduces the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya (DM) vector and tensor interaction terms, in addition to the standard RKKY term, so that the net interaction energy has the form ℋ = JS1 ⋅S2 + D ⋅S1 ×S2 + S1 ⋅Γ ↔⋅S2. We find that for the spin-polarized electron gas, a nonzero tensor interaction Γ ↔ is present in addition to the scalar RKKY interaction J, while D is zero due to the presence of inversion symmetry. Explicit expressions for these are derived for the electron gas both in 2D and 3D and we show that the net magnetic interaction can be expressed as a sum of Heisenberg and Ising like terms. The RKKY interaction exhibits a beating pattern, caused by the presence of the two Fermi momenta kF↑ and kF↓, while the R−3 distance dependence of the original RKKY result for the 3D electron gas is retained. This model serves as a simple example of the magnetic interaction in systems with broken symmetry, which goes beyond the RKKY interaction.
The exponential distribution analog of the Grubbs–Weaver method

Grubbs and Weaver (1947) suggest a minimum-variance unbiased estimator for the population standard deviation of a normal random variable, where a random sample is drawn and a weighted sum of the ra...
Picosecond timing of Microwave Cherenkov Impulses from High-Energy Particle Showers Using Dielectric-loaded Waveguides

We report on the first measurements of coherent microwave impulses from high-energy particle-induced electromagnetic showers generated via the Askaryan effect in a dielectric-loaded waveguide. Bunches of 12.16 GeV electrons with total bunch energy of $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3}--{10}^{4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ were preshowered in tungsten, and then measured with WR-51 rectangular (12.6 mm by 6.3 mm) waveguide elements loaded with solid alumina (${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) bars. In the 5--8 GHz $T{E}_{10}$ single-mode band determined by the presence of the dielectric in the waveguide, we observed band-limited microwave impulses with amplitude proportional to bunch energy. Signals in different waveguide elements measuring the same shower were used to estimate relative time differences with 2.3 ps precision. These measurements establish a basis for using arrays of alumina-loaded waveguide elements, with exceptional radiation hardness, as very high precision timing planes for high-energy physics detectors.
Does the planetary dynamo go cycling on? Re-examining the evidence for cycles in magnetic reversal rate

The record of reversals of the geomagnetic field has played an integral role in the development of plate tectonic theory. Statistical analyses of the reversal record are aimed at detailing patterns and linking those patterns to core–mantle processes. The geomagnetic polarity timescale is a dynamic record and new paleomagnetic and geochronologic data provide additional detail. In this paper, we examine the periodicity revealed in the reversal record back to 375 million years ago (Ma) using Fourier analysis. Four significant peaks were found in the reversal power spectra within the 16–40-million-year range (Myr). Plotting the function constructed from the sum of the frequencies of the proximal peaks yield a transient 26 Myr periodicity, suggesting chaotic motion with a periodic attractor. The possible 16 Myr periodicity, a previously recognized result, may be correlated with ‘pulsation’ of mantle plumes and perhaps; more tentatively, with core–mantle dynamics originating near the large low shear velocity layers in the Pacific and Africa. Planetary magnetic fields shield against charged particles, which can give rise to radiation at the surface and ionize the atmosphere, which is a loss mechanism particularly relevant to M stars. Understanding the origin and development of planetary magnetic fields can shed light on the habitable zone.
Crystallographic orientation dependence of work function: carbon adsorption on Au surfaces

We investigate the work function (WF) variation of different Au crystallographic surface orientations with carbon atom adsorption. Ab initio calculations within density-functional theory are perfor...
Erdős–Szekeres theorem for cyclic permutations

We provide a cyclic permutation analogue of the Erdős–Szekeres theorem. In particular, we show that every cyclic permutation of length (k−1)(l−1)+2 has either an increasing cyclic subpermutation of length k+1 or a decreasing cyclic subpermutation of length l+1, and we show that the result is tight. We also characterize all maximum-length cyclic permutations that do not have an increasing cyclic subpermutation of length k+1 or a decreasing cyclic subpermutation of length l+1.
Privacy Games: Optimal User-Centric Data Obfuscation

Consider users who share their data (e.g., lo- cation) with an untrusted service provider to obtain a personalized (e.g., location-based) service. Data obfus- cation is a prevalent user-centric approach to protecting users' privacy in such systems: the untrusted entity only receives a noisy version of user's data. Perturbing data before sharing it, however, comes at the price of the users' utility (service quality) experience which is an in- separable design factor of obfuscation mechanisms. The entanglement of the utility loss and the privacy guaran- tee, in addition to the lack of a comprehensive notion of privacy, have led to the design of obfuscation mecha- nisms that are either suboptimal in terms of their utility loss, or ignore the user's information leakage in the past, or are limited to very specific notions of privacy which e.g., do not protect against adaptive inference attacks or the adversary with arbitrary background knowledge. In this paper, we design user-centric obfuscation mech- anisms that impose the minimum utility loss for guar- anteeing user's privacy. We optimize utility subject to a joint guarantee of dierential privacy (indistinguishabil- ity) and distortion privacy (inference error). This dou- ble shield of protection limits the information leakage through obfuscation mechanism as well as the posterior inference. We show that the privacy achieved through joint dierential-disto rtion mechanisms against optimal attacks is as large as the maximum privacy that can be achieved by either of these mechanisms separately. Their utility cost is also not larger than what either of the dif- ferential or distortion mechanisms imposes. We model the optimization problem as a leader-follower game be- tween the designer of obfuscation mechanism and the potential adversary, and design adaptive mechanisms that anticipate and protect against optimal inference al- gorithms. Thus, the obfuscation mechanism is optimal against any inference algorithm.
Fast Soliton Scattering by Attractive Delta Impurities

We study the Gross–Pitaevskii equation with an attractive delta function potential and show that in the high velocity limit an incident soliton is split into reflected and transmitted soliton components plus a small amount of dispersion. We give explicit analytic formulas for the reflected and transmitted portions, while the remainder takes the form of an error. Although the existence of a bound state for this potential introduces difficulties not present in the case of a repulsive potential, we show that the proportion of the soliton which is trapped at the origin vanishes in the limit.
Oscillations for order statistics of some discrete processes

Suppose k balls are dropped into n boxes independently with uniform probability, where n, k are large with ratio approximately equal to some positive real . The maximum box count has a counterintuitive behavior: first of all, with high probability it takes at most two values or , where is roughly . Moreover, it oscillates between these two values with an unusual periodicity. In order to prove this statement and various generalizations, it is first shown that for independent and identically distributed discrete random variables with common distribution F, under mild conditions, the limiting distribution of their maximum oscillates in three possible families, depending on the tail of the distribution. The result stated at the beginning follows from the ensemble equivalence for the order statistics in various allocations problems, obtained via conditioning limit theory. Results about the number of ties for the maximum, as well as applications, are also provided.
A generalization of Eulerian numbers via rook placements

We consider a generalization of Eulerian numbers which count the number of placements of cn rooks on an n × n chessboard where there are exactly c rooks in each row and each column, and exactly k rooks below the main diagonal. The standard Eulerian numbers correspond to the case c = 1. We show that for any c the resulting numbers are symmetric and give generating functions of these numbers for small values of k.
A CLEAR AGE–VELOCITY DISPERSION CORRELATION IN ANDROMEDA’S STELLAR DISK

The stellar kinematics of galactic disks are key to constraining disk formation and evolution processes. In this paper, for the first time, we measure the stellar age–velocity dispersion correlation in the inner 20 kpc (~3.5 disk scale lengths) of M31 and show that it is dramatically different from that in the Milky Way (MW). We use optical Hubble Space Telescope/Advanced Camera for Surveys photometry of 5800 individual stars from the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury survey and Keck/DEIMOS radial velocity measurements of the same stars from the Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo survey. We show that the average line-of-sight dispersion is a steadily increasing function of age exterior to R = 10 kpc, increasing from for the main-sequence stars to 90 km s−1 for the red giant branch stars. This monotonic increase implies that a continuous or recurring process contributed to the evolution of the disk. Both the slope and normalization of the dispersion versus age relation are significantly larger than in the MW, allowing for the possibility that the disk of M31 has had a more violent history than the disk of the MW, more in line with Λ cold dark matter predictions. We also find evidence for an inhomogeneous distribution of stars from a second kinematical component in addition to the dominant disk component. One of the largest and hottest high-dispersion patches is present in all age bins and may be the signature of the end of the long bar.
Large deviations and exact asymptotics for constrained exponential random graphs

We present a technique for approximating generic normalization constants subject to constraints. The method is then applied to derive the exact asymptotics for the conditional normalization constant of constrained exponential random graphs.
Shake Slice and Shake Concordant Links

We can construct a 4-manifold by attaching 2-handles to a 4-ball with framing r along the components of a link in the boundary of the 4-ball. We define a link as r-shake slice if there exists embed...
Ultraviolet Signposts of Resonant Dynamics in the Starburst-ringed SAB Galaxy M94 (NGC 4736)

The dynamic orchestration of star-birth activity in the starburst-ringed galaxy M94 (NGC 4736) is investigated using images from the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT; far-ultraviolet [FUV] band), Hubble Space Telescope (HST; near-ultraviolet [NUV] band), Kitt Peak 0.9 m telescope (Hα, R, and I bands), and Palomar 5 m telescope (B band), along with spectra from the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) and the Lick 1 m telescope. The wide-field UIT image shows FUV emission from (1) an elongated nucleus, (2) a diffuse inner disk, where Hα is observed in absorption, (3) a bright inner ring of H II regions at the perimeter of the inner disk (R = 48'' = 1.1 kpc), and (4) two 500 pc size knots of hot stars exterior to the ring on diametrically opposite sides of the nucleus (R = 130'' = 2.9 kpc). The HST Faint Object Camera image resolves the NUV emission from the nuclear region into a bright core and a faint 20'' long "minibar" at a position angle of 30°. Optical and IUE spectroscopy of the nucleus and diffuse inner disk indicates a ~107–108 yr old stellar population from low-level star-birth activity blended with some LINER activity. Analysis of the Hα-, FUV-, NUV-, B-, R-, and I-band emissions, along with other observed tracers of stars and gas in M94, indicates that most of the star formation is being orchestrated via ring-bar dynamics, involving the nuclear minibar, inner ring, oval disk, and outer ring. The inner starburst ring and bisymmetric knots at intermediate radius, in particular, argue for bar-mediated resonances as the primary drivers of evolution in M94 at the present epoch. Similar processes may be governing the evolution of the "core-dominated" galaxies that have been observed at high redshift. The gravitationally lensed "Pretzel Galaxy" (0024+1654) at a redshift of ~1.5 provides an important precedent in this regard.
The Rapidly Rotating, Hydrogen-deficient, Hot Post-Asymptotic Giant Branch Star ZNG 1 in the Globular Cluster M5

We report observations of the hot post-asymptotic giant branch star ZNG 1 in the globular cluster M5 (NGC 5904) with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. From the resulting spectrum, we derive an effective temperature Teff = 44300 ± 300 K, a surface gravity log g = 4.3 ± 0.1, a rotational velocity v sin i = 170 ± 20 km s-1, and a luminosity log = 3.52 ± 0.04. The atmosphere is helium-rich (Y = 0.93), with enhanced carbon (2.6% by mass), nitrogen (0.51%), and oxygen (0.37%) abundances. The spectrum shows evidence of a wind with a terminal velocity near 1000 km s-1 and an expanding shell of carbon- and nitrogen-rich material around the star. The abundance pattern of ZNG 1 is suggestive of the "born-again" scenario, whereby a star on the white dwarf cooling curve undergoes a very late shell flash and returns to the asymptotic giant branch, but the star's rapid rotation is more easily explained by a previous interaction with a binary companion.
Self-consistent elastic continuum theory of degenerate, equilibrium aperiodic solids

We show that the vibrational response of a glassy liquid at finite frequencies can be described by continuum mechanics despite the vast degeneracy of the vibrational ground state; standard continuum elasticity assumes a unique ground state. The effective elastic constants are determined by the bare elastic constants of individual free energy minima of the liquid, the magnitude of built-in stress, and temperature, analogously to how the dielectric response of a polar liquid is determined by the dipole moment of the constituent molecules and temperature. In contrast with the dielectric constant--which is enhanced by adding polar molecules to the system--the elastic constants are down-renormalized by the relaxation of the built-in stress. The renormalization flow of the elastic constants has three fixed points, two of which are trivial and correspond to the uniform liquid state and an infinitely compressible solid, respectively. There is also a nontrivial fixed point at the Poisson ratio equal to 1/5, which corresponds to an isospin-like degeneracy between shear and uniform deformation. The present description predicts a discontinuous jump in the (finite frequency) shear modulus at the crossover from collisional to activated transport, consistent with the random first order transition theory.
A global uniqueness for formally determined inverse electromagnetic obstacle scattering

It is proved that a perfect conducting obstacle in , consisting of finitely many solid polyhedra, is uniquely determined by the far-field pattern corresponding to a single incident electromagnetic plane wave.
An advanced kinetic theory for morphing continuum with inner structures

Advanced kinetic theory with the Boltzmann–Curtiss equation provides a promising tool for polyatomic gas flows, especially for fluid flows containing inner structures, such as turbulence, polyatomic gas flows and others. Although a Hamiltonian-based distribution function was proposed for diatomic gas flow, a general distribution function for the generalized Boltzmann–Curtiss equations and polyatomic gas flow is still out of reach. With assistance from Boltzmann's entropy principle, a generalized Boltzmann–Curtiss distribution for polyatomic gas flow is introduced. The corresponding governing equations at equilibrium state are derived and compared with Eringen's morphing (micropolar) continuum theory derived under the framework of rational continuum thermomechanics. Although rational continuum thermomechanics has the advantages of mathematical rigor and simplicity, the presented statistical kinetic theory approach provides a clear physical picture for what the governing equations represent.
Fortifying Toxic Speech Detectors Against Veiled Toxicity

Modern toxic speech detectors are incompetent in recognizing disguised offensive language, such as adversarial attacks that deliberately avoid known toxic lexicons, or manifestations of implicit bias. Building a large annotated dataset for such veiled toxicity can be very expensive. In this work, we propose a framework aimed at fortifying existing toxic speech detectors without a large labeled corpus of veiled toxicity. Just a handful of probing examples are used to surface orders of magnitude more disguised offenses. We augment the toxic speech detector’s training data with these discovered offensive examples, thereby making it more robust to veiled toxicity while preserving its utility in detecting overt toxicity.
PREDICTED SPACE MOTIONS FOR HYPERVELOCITY AND RUNAWAY STARS: PROPER MOTIONS AND RADIAL VELOCITIES FOR THE GAIA Era

We predict the distinctive three-dimensional space motions of hypervelocity stars (HVSs) and runaway stars moving in a realistic Galactic potential. For nearby stars with distances less than 10 kpc, unbound stars are rare; proper motions alone rarely isolate bound HVSs and runaways from indigenous halo stars. At large distances of 20-100 kpc, unbound HVSs are much more common than runaways; radial velocities easily distinguish both from indigenous halo stars. Comparisons of the predictions with existing observations are encouraging. Although the models fail to match observations of solar-type HVS candidates from SEGUE, they agree well with data for B-type HVS and runaways from other surveys. Complete samples of g ≲ 20 stars with Gaia should provide clear tests of formation models for HVSs and runaways and will enable accurate probes of the shape of the Galactic potential.
Optical Third-Harmonic Generation in Graphene

We report strong third-harmonic generation in monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition and transferred to an amorphous silica (glass) substrate; the photon energy is in threephoton resonance with the exciton-shifted van Hove singularity at the M point of graphene. The polarization selection rules are derived and experimentally verified. In addition, our polarization- and azimuthal-rotation-dependent third-harmonic-generation measurements reveal in-plane isotropy as well as anisotropy between the in-plane and out-of-plane nonlinear optical responses of graphene. Since the third-harmonic signal exceeds that from bulk glass by more than 2 orders of magnitude, the signal contrast permits background-free scanning of graphene and provides insight into the structural properties of graphene.
Predicting Solar Flares with Machine Learning: Investigating Solar Cycle Dependence

A deep learning network, Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) network, is used in this work to predict whether the maximum flare class an active region (AR) will produce in the next 24 hours is class $\Gamma$. We considered $\Gamma$ are $\ge M$, $\ge C$ and any flare class. The essence of using LSTM, which is a recurrent neural network, is its capability to capture temporal information of the data samples. The input features are time sequences of 20 magnetic parameters from SHARPs - Space-weather HMI Active Region Patches. We analyzed active regions from June 2010 to Dec 2018, using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) X-ray flare catalogs and label the data samples with identified ARs in the GOES X-ray flare catalogs. Our results (i) shows consistent skill scores with recently published results using LSTMs and better than the previous work using single time input (eg. DeFN) (ii) The skill scores from the model show essential differences when different years of data was chosen for training and testing.
ORBITAL MIGRATION OF PROTOPLANETS IN A MARGINALLY GRAVITATIONALLY UNSTABLE DISK

Core accretion and disk instability require giant protoplanets to form in the presence of disk gas. Protoplanet migration models generally assume disk masses low enough that the disk's self-gravity can be neglected. However, disk instability requires a disk massive enough to be marginally gravitationally unstable (MGU). Even for core accretion, an FU Orionis outburst may require a brief MGU disk phase. We present a new set of three-dimensional, gravitational radiation hydrodynamics models of MGU disks with multiple protoplanets, which interact gravitationally with the disk and with each other, including disk gas mass accretion. Initial protoplanet masses are 0.01 to 10 M ⊕ for core accretion models, and 0.1 to 3 M Jup for Nice scenario models, starting on circular orbits with radii of 6, 8, 10, or 12 AU, inside a 0.091 M ☉ disk extending from 4 to 20 AU around a 1 M ☉ protostar. Evolutions are followed for up to ~4000 yr and involve phases of relative stability (e ~ 0.1) interspersed with chaotic phases (e ~ 0.4) of orbital interchanges. The 0.01 to 10 M ⊕ cores can orbit stably for ~1000 yr: monotonic inward or outward orbital migration of the type seen in low mass disks does not occur. A system with giant planet masses similar to our solar system (1.0, 0.33, 0.1, 0.1 M Jup) was stable for over 1000 yr, and a Jupiter-Saturn-like system was stable for over 3800 yr, implying that our giant planets might well survive an MGU disk phase.
Tuning martensitic transformations via coherent second phases in nanolaminates using free energy landscape engineering

We explore the possibilities and limitations of using a coherent second phase to engineer the thermo-mechanical properties of a martensitic alloy by modifying the underlying free energy landscape that controls the transformation. We use molecular dynamics simulations of a model atomistic system where the properties of a coherent, nanoscale second phase can be varied systematically. With a base martensitic material that undergoes a temperature-induced transformation from a cubic austenite to a monoclinic martensite, simulations show significant ability to engineer the transformation temperatures, from a ∼50% reduction to a ∼200% increase, with 50 at. % of the cubic second phase. We establish correlations between the properties of the second phase, the transformation characteristics, and the microstructure via the free energy landscape of the two-phase systems. Coherency stresses have a strong influence on the martensitic variants observed and can even cause the non-martensitic second phase to undergo a transformation. Reducing the stiffness of the second phase increases the transformation strain and modifies the martensitic microstructure, increasing the volume fraction of the transformed material. This increase in transformation strain is accompanied by a significant increase in Af and thermal hysteresis, while Ms remains unaltered. Our findings on the tunability of martensitic transformations can be used for informed searches of second phases to achieve desired material properties, such as achieving room temperature, lightweight shape memory alloys.
Separable equivalence of rings and symmetric algebras

We continue a study of separable equivalence from Hokkaido Mathematical Journal 24 (1995), 527-549. We prove that symmetric separable equivalent rings $A$ and $B$ are linked by a Frobenius bimodule ${}_AP_B$ such that $A$ is $P$-separable over $B$. Separably equivalent rings are linked by a biseparable bimodule $P$. In addition, the ring extension $A \rightarrow$ End $P_B$ is split, separable Frobenius. It is observed that left and right finite projective bimodules over symmetric algebras are Frobenius bimodules; twisted by the Nakayama automorphisms if over Frobenius algebras.
Resilience by structural entrenchment: Dynamics of single-layer and multiplex networks following sudden changes to tie costs

We examine a model of network formation in single-layer and multiplex networks in which individuals have positive incentives for social ties, closed triangles, and spillover edges. In particular, we investigate the influence of shocks to the network in which the cost of social ties changes after an initial equilibrium. We highlight the emergence of structural entrenchment: the retention of structural features, such as closed triangles and spillover edges, which are formed under historically different conditions from those currently driving network evolution. This work has broad implications for understanding path dependence in the structure and dynamics of single-layer and multiplex networks.
Engineering spin squeezing in a 3D optical lattice with interacting spin-orbit-coupled fermions

The authors propose a protocol that uses both inter-atomic interactions and laser-induced momentum kicks, normally two undesirable decoherence mechanisms in current 3D optical lattice clocks, to engineer metrologically useful entangled states. Their proposal opens a path to push state-of-the-art quantum sensors at absolute limits of both precision and accuracy.
The GlueX Experiment: Recent Results and Future Plans

The GlueX experiment, located in experimental Hall D of Jefferson Lab, seeks to map the spectrum of light mesons in search of exotic hybrid mesons, a predicted class of hadronic states with explicit gluonic degrees of freedom. GlueX is a photoproduction experiment utilizing a linearly polarized photon beam at $E_\gamma=$ 8-9 GeV and a large acceptance spectrometer. The experiment has already collected orders of magnitude more data than previous experiments at similar energies. We show results on asymmetry measurements in the production of pseudoscalars mesons, which refine our understanding of production mechanisms in photoproduction at our energies. We also present results on $J/\psi$ photoproduction, which provides model constraints on heavy quark photoproduction and the ability to search for s-channel production of pentaquark candidate $P_c^+$ states.
Nambu-Goldstone Affleck-Dine baryogenesis

The Affleck-Dine mechanism creates the baryon asymmetry of the universe from an angular motion of a complex scalar field. The mechanism is efficient and allows for a low reheating temperature of the universe if the scalar field has a flat potential along its radial direction. We consider a possibility that the scalar field is a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson arising from spontaneous breaking of an approximate global symmetry, so that the flatness of the potential is naturally understood. We construct a concrete realization of the idea based on chiral symmetry breaking in an SU(N) gauge theory. The Peccei-Quinn mechanism can be consistently incorporated into the model. We also comment on a possible impact of the model on early universe physics.
A deformation of twistor space and a chiral mass term in N = 4 super Yang-Mills Theory

Super twistor space admits a certain (super) complex structure deformation that preserves the Poincare subgroup of the symmetry group PSL(4|4) and depends on 10 parameters. In a previous paper [1], it was proposed that in twistor string theory this deformation corresponds to augmenting N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory by a mass term for the left-chirality spinors. In this paper we analyze this proposal in more detail. We calculate 4-particle scattering amplitudes of fermions, gluons and scalars and show that they are supported on holomorphic curves in the deformed twistor space.
Golden Coded Multiple Beamforming

The Golden Code is a full-rate full-diversity space-time code, which achieves maximum coding gain for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems with two transmit and two receive antennas. Since four information symbols taken from an M-QAM constellation are selected to construct one Golden Code codeword, a maximum likelihood decoder using sphere decoding has the worst-case complexity of O(M4), when the Channel State Information (CSI) is available at the receiver. Previously, this worst-case complexity was reduced to O(M2.5) without performance degradation. When the CSI is known by the transmitter as well as the receiver, beamforming techniques that employ singular value decomposition are commonly used in MIMO systems. In the absence of channel coding, when a single symbol is transmitted, these systems achieve the full diversity order provided by the channel. Whereas this property is lost when multiple symbols are simultaneously transmitted. However, uncoded multiple beamforming can achieve the full diversity order by adding a properly designed constellation precoder. For 2 × 2 Fully Precoded Multiple Beamforming (FPMB), the general worst-case decoding complexity is O(M). In this paper, Golden Coded Multiple Beamforming (GCMB) is proposed, which transmits the Golden Code through 2 × 2 multiple beamforming. GCMB achieves the full diversity order and its performance is similar to general MIMO systems using the Golden Code and FPMB, whereas the worst-case decoding complexity of O(sqrt(M)) is much lower. The extension of GCMB to larger dimensions is also discussed.
Stability phenomena in the homology of tree braid groups

For a tree G , we study the changing behaviors in the homology groups H i ( B n G ) as n varies, where B n G : = π 1 ( UConf n ( G ) ) . We prove that the ranks of these homologies can be described by a single polynomial for all n , and construct this polynomial explicitly in terms of invariants of the tree G . To accomplish this we prove that the group ⊕ n H i ( B n G ) can be endowed with the structure of a finitely generated graded module over an integral polynomial ring, and further prove that it naturally decomposes as a direct sum of graded shifts of squarefree monomial ideals. Following this, we spend time considering how our methods might be generalized to braid groups of arbitrary graphs, and make various conjectures in this direction.
The Hamiltonian description of incompressible fluid ellipsoids

We construct the noncanonical Poisson bracket associated with the phase space of first order moments of the velocity field and quadratic moments of the density of a fluid with a free-boundary, constrained by the condition of incompressibility. Two methods are used to obtain the bracket, both based on Dirac’s procedure for incorporating constraints. First, the Poisson bracket of moments of the unconstrained Euler equations is used to construct a Dirac bracket, with Casimir invariants corresponding to volume preservation and incompressibility. Second, the Dirac procedure is applied directly to the continuum, noncanonical Poisson bracket that describes the compressible Euler equations, and the moment reduction is applied to this bracket. When the Hamiltonian can be expressed exactly in terms of these moments, a closure is achieved and the resulting finite-dimensional Hamiltonian system provides exact solutions of Euler’s equations. This is shown to be the case for the classical, incompressible Riemann ellipsoids, which have velocities that vary linearly with position and have constant density within an ellipsoidal boundary. The incompressible, noncanonical Poisson bracket differs from its counterpart for the compressible case in that it is not of Lie–Poisson form.
HIGH-RESOLUTION CHANDRA HETG SPECTROSCOPY OF V404 CYGNI IN OUTBURST

As one of the best-characterized stellar-mass black holes, with good measurements of its mass, distance, and inclination, V404 Cyg is the ideal candidate to study Eddington-limited accretion episodes. After a long quiescent period, V404 Cyg underwent a new outburst in 2015 June. We obtained two Chandra HETG exposures of 20 and 25 ks. Many strong emission lines are observed; the ratio of Si He-like triplet lines gives an estimate for the formation region distance of 4 × 1011 cm. A narrow Fe Kα line is detected with an equivalent width greater than 1 keV in many epochs, signaling that we do not directly observe the central engine. Obscuration of the central engine and strong narrow emission lines signal that the outer disk may be illuminated, and its structure may help to drive the strong variability observed in V404 Cyg. In the highest flux phases, strong P-Cygni profiles consistent with a strong disk wind are observed, likely radiation or thermally driven as V404 Cyg approaches its Eddington limit. The kinetic power of this wind may be extremely high at >0.1 LBol.
Accelerated extra-gradient descent: a novel accelerated first-order method

We provide a novel accelerated first-order method that achieves the asymptotically optimal convergence rate for smooth functions in the first-order oracle model. To this day, Nesterov's Accelerated Gradient Descent (AGD) and variations thereof were the only methods achieving acceleration in this standard blackbox model. In contrast, our algorithm is significantly different from AGD, as it relies on a predictor-corrector approach similar to that used by Mirror-Prox [Nemirovski, 2004] and Extra-Gradient Descent [Korpelevich, 1977] in the solution of convex-concave saddle point problems. For this reason, we dub our algorithm Accelerated Extra-Gradient Descent (AXGD). Its construction is motivated by the discretization of an accelerated continuous-time dynamics [Krichene et al., 2015] using the classical method of implicit Euler discretization. Our analysis explicitly shows the effects of discretization through a conceptually novel primal-dual viewpoint. Moreover, we show that the method is quite general: it attains optimal convergence rates for other classes of objectives (e.g., those with generalized smoothness properties or that are non-smooth and Lipschitz-continuous) using the appropriate choices of step lengths. Finally, we present experiments showing that our algorithm matches the performance of Nesterov's method, while appearing more robust to noise in some cases.
A simple worldsheet black hole

We study worldsheet theory of confining strings in two-dimensional massive adjoint QCD. Similarly to confining strings in higher dimensions this theory exhibits a non-trivial S-matrix surviving even in the strict planar limit. In the process of two-particle scattering a zigzag is formed on the worldsheet. It leads to an interesting non-locality and exhibits some properties of a quantum black hole. Ordinarily, identical quantum particles do not carry identity. On the worldsheet they acquire off-shell identity due to strings attached. Identity implies complementarity. We discuss similarities and differences of the worldsheet scattering with the $$ T\overline{T} $$ deformation. We also propose a promising candidate for a supersymmetric model with integrable confining strings.
A Trip to the Moon: Personalized Animated Movies for Self-reflection

Self-tracking physiological and psychological data poses the challenge of presentation and interpretation. Insightful narratives for self-tracking data can motivate the user towards constructive self-reflection. One powerful form of narrative that engages audience across various culture and age groups is animated movies. We collected a week of self-reported mood and behavior data from each user and created in Unity a personalized animation based on their data. We evaluated the impact of their video in a randomized control trial with a non-personalized animated video as control. We found that personalized videos tend to be more emotionally engaging, encouraging greater and lengthier writing that indicated self-reflection about moods and behaviors, compared to non-personalized control videos.