cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceiving the Roadway in the Blink of an Eye-Rapid Perception of the Road Environment and Prediction of Events

This study investigated how quickly participants could develop a functional mental representation of a real-world road scene, based on briefly viewed recorded video. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, we recruited 27 participants and collected 25k individual trials assessing the development of a percept of the road environment. This was operationalized as the duration of road video required for participants to predict which of two temporally spaced images would happen next. We found that participants could begin to build a representation of the road environment with as little as 100 ms of viewed road video and that the representation improved with additional video. These results suggest that drivers may begin to construct robust, predictive mental representations of the road environment with the briefest of glances, and the more information available to them, the more robust these representations are. While 100 ms of eyes-on-road time is insufficient to ensure safe driving, comprehension of the road environment begins in the blink of an eye.
Leader individual differences, situational parameters, and leadership outcomes: A comprehensive review and integration

Abstract In this article, we provide a wide-ranging review of recent research on leader individual differences. The review focuses specifically on the explosion of such research in the last decade. The first purpose of this review is to summarize and integrate various conceptual frameworks describing how leader attributes influence leader emergence and leader effectiveness. The second purpose is to provide a comprehensive review of empirical research on this relationship. Also, most prior reviews primarily examined leader personality traits; this review includes a broader array of leader attributes, including cognitive capacities, personality, motives and values, social skills, and knowledge and expertise. The final broad purpose of this paper is to review and integrate situational and contextual parameters into our conceptual framing of leader individual differences. Few, if any, prior reviews have systematically accounted for the critical role of such parameters in cuing, activating, or delimiting the effects of particular leader attributes. We do so in this article.
The Effect of Fictional Literature on Empathy in Children

The purpose of this paper is to identify the correlation between reading fictional literature and an increased level of empathy in children. Using an fMRI machine this paper studies the level of empathy that children who read significantly more or significantly less than one another experience while listening to Hans Christian Andersen's The Ugly Duckling. The findings concluded that the anterior medial prefrontal cortex in children who read significantly more every week is more active than in children who do not. Children who read significantly more are also more likely to detect a situation for which empathy is the proper response and in turn respond empathetically. The results of this study hold significance for the education system, which in the past 15 years has shifted toward teaching for the purpose of standardized testing scores. As this study shows reading fictional literature increases learning outcomes in children that benefits them into adulthood, in turn, benefitting society as a whole. Therefore, the education system needs to focus on teaching fictional literature accompanied by empathy-based discussion, rather than how to take standardized tests. This will increase learning outcomes in children and benefit society through the development of empathetical adults.
Regge Daughter Trajectories in the Bethe-Salpeter Equation

Parent and daughter Regge trajectories are found numerically in the scalar Bethe-Salpeter equation with trilinear coupling in the ladder approximation. By using the ordinary partial-wave projection of the scattering amplitude, we obtain the trajectories over a range of energy below threshold; and by projecting the scattering amplitude into 4-dimensional spherical harmonics, we find the slope and intercept of the trajectories at $s=0$.
David Oliver: Falls in older people—can we really make a difference?

This month an Observer headline reported a 177% increase in deaths from falls among men over 85 from 2008 to 2016, although the population of over 85s rose only 19%. It linked the story to serious cuts in social care funding and provision in that period: a fall from 15% to 9% of over 65s receiving council funded care.1 It’s hard to establish a causal link, but the story highlights the importance of falls to our health and care services. Around a third of over 65s and half of over 80s fall at least once a year, and half fall again in the same year.2 Falls are the leading cause of death from …
Phase II study of panitumumab in KRAS wild-type metastatic adenocarcinoma of the small bowel or ampulla of vater.

e15799Background: Given the benefit noted with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies in KRAS wild-type colorectal cancer, we conducted a phase II trial to evaluate the efficacy of pani...
Understanding mechanisms underlying the pathology of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) by using animal models.

Despite the increasing number of clinical reports on immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), mechanistic understanding of IRIS is still largely limited. The main focus of this review is to summarize animal studies, which were performed to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology of IRIS. Three IRIS animal models have been reported. They are mycobacterial IRIS (M-IRIS), cryptococcal IRIS (C-IRIS), and Pneumocystis-IRIS. M-IRIS animal model suggested that, rather than lymphopenia itself, the failure to clear the pathogen by T cells results in excessive priming of the innate immune system. Under the condition, hosts likely suffer IRIS upon T cell reconstitution. Interestingly, T cells specific to self-antigens, not only pathogen-specific, could drive IRIS as well. The mechanism to develop IRIS is quite complicated, including multiple layers of host immune responses, the innate immune system that detects pathogens and primes host immunity, and the adaptive immune system that is reconstituted but hyper-activated particularly through CD4+ T cells. Animal models of IRIS, although there are still small numbers of studies available, have already provided significant insights on the mechanistic understanding of IRIS.
Introduction to in vivo targeting.

In the accompanying paper, we describe a method for targeting erythrocytes in vitro.1 Antibody mediated targeting of liposomes, microspheres, drugs, and drug conjugates has been demonstrated in many instances.2–12 Moreover, selective in vitro targeting of erythrocytes to collagen-coated surfaces and in vivo to fibrin clots has been shown by others.13–15 The development of carrier systems to specifically deliver toxic drugs to cancer cells has been a continuing effort in many laboratories. The choice of carrier system is dependent to some extent on the bias of the researcher. For many years our laboratory has utilized erythrocytes to encapsulate drugs for dissemination into animal systems.16–21 The so called carrier erythrocytes offer several unique advantages over other carriers; they have a large volume, are easily prepared, are natural and under normal circumstances circulate as well as normal erythrocytes. An advantage of carrier erythrocytes is that their final destination is the reticuloendothelial system (RES). In this instance, selective in vivo targeting of drug loaded carrier erythrocyte to liver and spleen and to lesser extent lungs has been demonstrated.22 Treatment of carrier-erythrocytes by methods to shorten its in vivo life span will naturally target these erythrocytes to cells within the RES. However, anatomical limitations would seem to restrict erythrocytes to the circulatory system. Yet other routes of injection such as subcutaneous or intraperitoneal can expose erythrocytes to the lymphatic system.23,25
The Temperamental Qualities of Inhibition and Lack of Inhibition

The increased interest in temperamental qualities during the last 20 years has corrected the theoretical imbalance created by 50 years of extreme environmental interpretations of the sources of behavioral variation in children by reminding investigators of the interdependence of agents and their surroundings. Biological and behavioral phenomena are emergent events resulting from the interactions of inherent qualities within the agent and facilitating or constraining conditions in the contexts in which the agent grows. Scholars have always had difficulty finding a clear, satisfying way to describe the sense meanings of the terms emergent and interaction, resorting often to illustrative examples from embryology. If a biologist transfers primordial neural crest cells that are destined to become part of the cornea to a different site, those cells may grow into a ganglion of the sympathetic chain if the transfer occurs before a critical time in the differentiation of the cells.
The Perfect Phylogeny Problem

A phylogeny is a tree representation of the evolutionary history of a set of taxa (organisms, biological sequences, populations, or languages). Thus, phylogeny construction is among the basic computational problems in biology and linguistics. We will be concerned here with taxa described by the states they exhibit on a set of characters. A sample data set and a phylogeny for it (both adapted from [41]) are shown in Figure 1. The data is binary and in matrix form, rows are indexed by taxa and columns by characters. Entry (i, j) is “1” if taxon i has character j and it is “0” if the character is absent. The phylogeny shown is rooted and assumes that the taxa descend from a common ancestor where all characters are absent. Points at which characters emerge are indicated by labeled bars. 1
Sustainability Practices through Supply Chain Assessment: A case study of India's largest Denim Manufacturer Arvind Mills

The rising concerns for environmental and social responsibility of fashion industry have led many companies to implement sustainable practices throughout their supply chain. The main objective of the study was to explore sustainability practices through supply chain assessment of India's largest denim manufacturer and exporter, Arvind Mills. Sustainable fashion supply chain includes eco- friendly raw materials and preparation, sustainable manufacturing, green distribution channels, green retailing, and ethical consumers. An effective sustainable fashion supply chain helps companies to enhance brand image and gain more consumer support. Qualitative data was collected through one on one interviews with company personals in different units such as manufacturing, product design, product development, marketing, sourcing and human resource. Secondary data was collected through company's website, annual sustainability reports etc. The study revealed that Arvind Mills sustainable practices and performance were remarkable and can be grouped under six categories- Cotton, Water, Chemicals, Energy, People and Money.
A Dual-Polarized Dual-Beam 28 GHz Beamformer Chip Demonstrating a 24 Gbps 64-QAM 2×2 MIMO Link

This paper presents a 28 GHz 2×4 element transmit/receive (TRX) phased-array quad beamformer chip in SiGe BiCMOS and its use in a polarization based 2×2 MIMO link. The 2×4 TRX beamformer chip contains 8 channels, with each 4 channels combined on-chip using a Wilkinson network into two common ports for the vertical (V) and horizontal (H) polarizations. Each channel contains 6-bit phase control, 20–25 dB gain control and delivers 11–12 dBm power at the output 1 dB compression point (OP1dB) in the TX mode and has 4.8 dB noise figure (NF) in the RX mode. The beamformer chip is flipped on a printed circuit board (PCB) containing a 2×2 dual-polarized antenna array with low cross-polarization levels. A wireless link is demonstrated using two phased-array boards operating with two independent data streams simultaneously. A data rate of 12 Gbps per polarization (24 Gbps total data rate) is achieved using 16-/64-QAM waveforms. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a single-aperture 2×2 MIMO link at millimeter-waves.
Pilot randomized controlled trial of a symptom cluster intervention in advanced cancer

Objective This study evaluated a three-session acceptance-based cognitive behavioral -acceptance and commitment therapy (CBT-ACT) intervention targeting a common symptom cluster in advanced cancer-worry-insomnia-depression-fatigue. Methods Twenty-eight patients with advanced cancer were randomly assigned to the CBT-ACT intervention or waitlist. At preintervention, participants completed a psychodiagnostic interview, standardized questionnaires, and a sleep diary. Intervention and waitlist groups were reassessed after 6 weeks, at which point the waitlist group completed the intervention. Results Participants receiving the intervention demonstrated improved sleep efficiency (P = 0.0062, d = 1.08), sleep latency (P = 0.028, d = -0.86), insomnia severity (P = 0.0047, d = -1.18), and worry (P = 0.026, d = -0.89) compared with waitlist controls. They also demonstrated a 7-point reduction on depression (P = 0.03, d = -0.88), reduced hyperarousal (P = 0.005, d = -1.51), and a decrease in distress (P = 0.032, d = -0.83). Effects were maintained for the whole sample in sensitivity analyses. Effects on uncertainty intolerance approached significance (P = 0.058). No effect was found on fatigue. Conclusions The CBT-ACT group performed significantly better than the waitlist control group. CBT-ACT yielded strong effects for worry, sleep, depression, emotional distress, total distress, and hyperarousal. Future studies will enhance the fatigue and uncertainty tolerance components of the intervention.
Dapagliflozin Attenuates Na+/H+ Exchanger-1 in Cardiofibroblasts via AMPK Activation.

We assessed whether the SGLT-2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (Dapa) attenuates the upregulation of the cardiac Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE-1) in vitro in mouse cardiofibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and whether this effect is dependent on adenosine monophosphate kinase (AMPK) activation. Mouse cardiofibroblasts were exposed for 16 h to Dapa (0.4 μM), AMPK activator (A769662 (10 μM)), AMPK inhibitor (compound C (CC) (10 μM)), an SGLT-1 and SGLT-2 inhibitor (phlorizin (PZ) (100 μM)), Dapa+CC, or Dapa+PZ, and then stimulated with LPS (10 ng/ml) for 3 h. NHE-1 mRNA levels were assessed by rt-PCR and total AMPK, phosphorylated-AMPK (P-AMPK), NHE-1, and heat shock protein-70 (Hsp70) protein levels in the whole cell lysate by immunoblotting. In addition, NHE-1 protein levels attached to Hsp70 were assessed by immunoprecipitation. Exposure to LPS significantly reduced P-AMPK levels in the cardiofibroblasts. A769662 and Dapa equally increased P-AMPK. The effect was blocked by CC. Phlorizin had no effect on P-AMPK. LPS exposure significantly increased NHE-1 mRNA levels. Both Dapa and A769662 equally attenuated this increase. The effect of Dapa was blocked with CC. Interestingly, none of the compounds significantly affected NHE-1 and Hsp70 protein levels in the whole cell lysate. However, LPS significantly increased the concentration of NHE-1 attached to Hsp70. Both Dapa and A69662 attenuated this association and CC blocked the effect of Dapa. Again, phlorizin had no effect and did not alter the effect of Dapa. Dapa increases P-AMPK in cardiofibroblasts exposed to LPS. Dapa attenuated the increase in NHE-1 mRNA and the association between NHE-1 and Hsp70. This effect was dependent on AMPK.
A Fuzzy-based Control Scheme for Recapturing Waste Energy in Water Pressure Reducing Valves

This paper proposes a flexible and secure control scheme for recapturing the waste energy across water pressure reducing valves using an in-conduit hydro-powered generator. A laboratory scaled platform for investigating the hydropower generator is established to model the water supply stations. The wasted energy is used by the in-conduit generator to generate electricity. A fuzzy-based control scheme is designed to maximize the generator efficiency such that the required water pressure and flow on the customer side are not affected due to this waste energy recapturing. In the proposed scheme, the generator operating characteristics are taken into consideration to prevent any damage. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme for different flow and pressure scenarios is evaluated.
Verification of IMU-Based Inclination Estimates Using Video Motion Capture

Refillable smart bottles providing automated water consumption tracking are a valuable tool for aiding in the achievement of hydration goals. We have previously proposed an attachable accelerometer sensor capable of providing retrofittable consumption tracking functionality to any bottle. This paper expands upon our prior work by demonstrating inclination tracking using a six degree-of-freedom inertial measurement unit sensor. A simplified approach for fusing information from the accelerometer and gyroscope sensors is proposed herein. Estimates are verified using video-based motion capture performed in Blender. A performance improvement of over 25% is achieved through utilization of the proposed fusion approach versus estimates formulated using the accelerometer only.
Freedom of Action, Freedom of Choice, and Desistance from Crime: Pitfalls and Opportunities in the Study of Human Agency

In a recent issue of JDLCC, readers were presented with two opposing views of human agency and its value to life-course criminology. Paternoster (J Dev Life Course Criminol 3(4):350–372, 2017) proposes that agency be embraced as a key organizing concept in criminology, arguing that it is central to offender decision making and desistance from crime. In response, Cullen (J Dev Life Course Criminol 3(4):373–379, 2017) downplays the role of agency. He further argues that an emphasis on agency is antithetical to positivism, would undermine the search for the developmental and life-course causes of crime, and would legitimize punitive crime control policies. In this paper, I highlight the existence of a theoretical middle ground in the form of an alternative conceptualization of agency. In particular, I highlight the value of Albert Bandura’s sociocognitive approach to agency. Instead of asking whether agency plays a role in behavior, this approach leads us to ask the following: when, and under what conditions, is the meaningful exercise of agency likely to occur? I argue that a sociocognitive approach largely avoids the potential pitfalls identified by Cullen and can readily be adapted to the contemporary study of desistance. It also draws attention to issues in need of further examination and can inspire new lines of desistance research.
Lessons about early neurodevelopment in children exposed to ZIKV in utero

Infants with congenital Zika virus infection are at risk for multiple abnormalities related to impairment in neurodevelopment. Although some findings apparent at birth may resolve with time, infants with no abnormalities apparent at birth may develop problems in early childhood.
Senior Student Affairs Officers’ Perspectives on Professional Preparation in Student Affairs Programs

Attention to key skills has long guided the field of student affairs, prompting exploration into the preparation of new professionals; yet, Senior Student Affairs Officers’ (SSAO) insights on this ...
Usury (Riba) and the Place of Bank Interest in Islamic Banking and Finance

This paper examines the concept of usury or Riba as was understood at the time of the Prophet of Islam and his contemporaries in Mecca and Medina, and what differing interpretations of the term developed in succeeding centuries in Muslim populated countries of the world. It gives a brief summary of the concept of usury in Judaism and Christianity and how this term is equivalent of Riba in Islam. It demonstrates that Riba and interest are not synonymous terms, and that what Islam forbids is usury and not interest. It asserts that, although some interests are usurious, the claim by the contemporary Islamic Banking and Financial institutions, IBFIs, that these institutions are “Islamic” because the term is not used in their transactions, is misleading at best. It ends with the proclamation that true IBFIs are not only feasible, but also are inevitable to serve the needs of the Muslims around the world.
Association between thiopurine exposure and depression in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis

Background:Ras-related C3 botulinum substrate 1 (Rac1) is a member of the small molecule family Rho guanosine triphosphate (GTP)ases. Recent findings reveal epigenetic downregulation of Rac1 is a m...
Chapter 14 – Membrane Transport

Carefully controlled solute movement into and out of cells is an essential feature of life. There are many ways solutes are transported across the thin (~40 A) hydrophobic barrier. Transport is divided into passive diffusion and active transport. A biological membrane is semi-permeable, being permeable to some molecules, most notably water, while being very impermeable to most solutes that require some form of transporter. Passive diffusion (simple and facilitated) only requires the energy inherent in the solute’s electrochemical gradient and results in equilibrium across the membrane. In contrast, active transport requires additional energy (i.e. ATP), and results in a non-equilibrium, net accumulation of the solute. Passive transport can involve simple diffusion or facilitated carriers including ionophores and channels. Active transport comes in many, often complex forms. Examples of active transport include primary active transport (uniport), secondary active transport (cotransport, antiport) and group translocation. Besides the multitude of transport systems, transport can be accomplished by Gap Junctions, receptor-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis and apoptotic membrane blebbing.
Age Differences in Stress, Life Changes, and Social Ties During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Psychological Well-Being.

Background and objectives Experiences of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its implications for psychological well-being may vary widely across the adult life span. The present study examined age differences in pandemic-related stress and social ties, and links with psychological well-being. Research design and methods Participants included 645 adults (43% women) aged 18-97 (M = 50.8; SD = 17.7) from the May 2020 nationally representative Survey of Consumers. Participants reported the extent to which they felt stress related to the pandemic in the last month, the extent to which their lives had changed due to the pandemic, as well as social isolation, negative relationship quality, positive relationship quality, and frequency of depression, anxiety, and rumination in the past week. Results Results showed that older people reported less pandemic-related stress, less life change, less social isolation, and lower negative relationship quality than younger people. Greater pandemic-related stress, life change, social isolation, and negative relationship quality were associated with poorer psychological well-being. Poorer social ties (i.e., greater social isolation and negative quality) exacerbated the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (stress, life change) on psychological well-being. Discussion and implications Researchers have indicated that older adults may be more vulnerable to COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and social isolation, but this study indicates that young adults may be relatively more vulnerable. Because isolation and negative relationship quality appear to exacerbate the deleterious effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychological well-being, reducing social isolation and negative relations are potential targets for intervention.
Towards Sustainable Groundwater Management: Predicting Deformation Scenarios with Coupled Hydrogeophysical Models

Land subsidence due to groundwater extraction can cause a permanent loss of groundwater storage, and thus mitigating this is crucial for sustainable groundwater management. One challenge in effective mitigation is accurately predicting the effect of groundwater pumping on land deformation due to uncertainty in subsurface hydrostratigraphy. In this study, we demonstrate how a coupled hydrogeophysical model, combining geophysical and InSAR data, can improve estimates of subsidence by providing information about the subsurface layers that are deforming. Using this model, we estimate future scenarios of subsidence, and the potential of managed aquifer recharge for reducing subsidence. We find that if no management changes are made, roughly ~2 m of subsidence will occur from 2019 to 2038, but that active managed aquifer recharge could reduce land subsidence by as much as ~4 m. This model can enable water managers to mitigate subsidence by prioritizing areas for managed aquifer recharge.
Does the open shop harm union collective action

In the United States, right‐to‐work (RTW) laws impose the open shop on labour unions. I test whether RTW affects the frequency and outcomes of union representation petitions. Quasi‐experimental tests reveal no association between RTW law and the volume of certification petitions filed and that fewer certification petitions are withdrawn under RTW. Thus, unions do not appear to retreat from new member organizing under RTW law. Moreover, RTW correlates with a decline in decertification and unit clarification petitions, implying that under the open shop, RTW law reduces internal union dissension. Although fewer decertification cases go to an election under RTW law, unions are more likely to lose cases that proceed to a referendum. These changes benefit smaller more than larger bargaining units. I infer that the law nudges the system away from an industrial union model in favour of smaller, craft or occupation‐based units.
What Does the Taste System Tell Us About the Nutritional Composition and Toxicity of Foods

One of the distinctive features of the human taste system is that it categorizes food into a few taste qualities - e.g., sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Here, I examined the functional significance of these taste qualities by asking what they tell us about the nutritional composition and toxicity of foods. I collected published data on the composition of raw and unprocessed foods - i.e., fruits, endosperm tissues, starchy foods, mushrooms, and meats. Sweet taste is thought to help identify foods with a high caloric or micronutrient density. However, the sweetest foods (fruits) had a relatively modest caloric density and low micronutrient density, whereas the blandest foods (endosperm tissues and meats) had a relatively high caloric and high micronutrient density. Salty taste is thought to be a proxy for foods high in sodium. Sodium levels were higher in meats than in most plant materials, but raw meats lack a salient salty taste. Sour taste (a measure of acidity) is thought to signify dangerous or spoiled foods. While this may be the case, it is notable that most ripe fruits are acidic. Umami taste is thought to reflect the protein content of food. I found that free L-glutamate (the prototypical umami tastant) concentration varies independently of protein content in foods. Bitter taste is thought to help identify poisonous foods, but many nutritious plant materials taste bitter. Fat taste is thought to help identify triglyceride-rich foods, but the role of taste versus mouthfeel in the attraction to fatty foods is unresolved. These findings indicate that the taste system provides incomplete or, in some cases, misleading information about the nutritional content and toxicity of foods. This may explain why inputs from the taste system are merged with inputs from the other cephalic senses and intestinal nutrient-sensing systems. By doing so, we create a more complete sensory representation and nutritional evaluation of foods.
Phenomenology of Leg Stereotypy Syndrome (P6.045)

Objective: To describe the phenomenology of leg stereotypy syndrome. Background: Leg stereotypy syndrome (LSS), previously named leg stereotypy disorder [1], consists of repetitive, rhythmic, stereotypic leg movements, primarily when seated but occasionally also when standing. Although a common and frequently genetic condition that must be differentiated from other leg movements, including restless legs syndrome, akathisia, and tics, LSS has not been studied in a systematic fashion. Design/Methods: We performed a review of our video database log of patients seen at the Baylor College of Medicine Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic to identify patients with LSS according to published criteria [1]. A detailed review of each video was then conducted in order to characterize the phenomenology. Results: We identified 21 patients with a diagnosis of LSS and video documentation. There was a slight male preponderance (13 or 62%) with mean age of 31 years (range: 11–67) and childhood onset in all. Patients were aware of their movements but were not particularly bothered by them, although family members frequently were. Most had at least one first degree relative with LSS. LSS was predominantly unilateral in 10 (48%) and bilateral in 11 (52%). All 21 had rhythmic, flexion-extension of the hip and ankle, 9 (43%) exhibited side-to-side movements of the legs, and 2 (10%) had swinging of the leg(s) with flexion-extension at the knee; 4 (19%) had symptoms while standing, characterized by leg flexion or knee buckling in 3 (14%) or swaying movements in 1 (5%). The most common comorbidities included obsessive compulsive behavior in 10 (48%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 6 (29%), and tics or Tourette syndrome in 9 (43%). Conclusions: LSS is a common, yet poorly characterized, phenomenologically distinct, genetic, condition which requires further epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, and treatment studies. Disclosure: Dr. Niemann has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jankovic has nothing to disclose.
Repelolicer: A Reality or Snake Oil:

While head lice continue to be a worldwide health issue, there remains a dearth of scholarship detailing how various organizations are developing different products to deal with this problem. In th...
Dignity at Work: Deflecting Abuse and Mismanagement

The first thing a worker typically asks about a new job is: “What is the boss like?” A good boss can make a difficult job bearable and a bad one can make otherwise good work a nightmare. In small firms, the organization and flow of work is often determined entirely by the whims of the owner or manager. Even in larger firms, supervisors have a great deal of latitude in staffing and assignments and these decisions can have a tremendous influence on the quality of work life. Supervisors also evaluate employees' performances and set the tone for a supportive or hostile atmosphere. Direct supervisors thus have tremendous power over workers. Their management styles can evoke either loyalty and extra effort from workers or resentment and resistance. The first hurdle in the quest for dignity at work is thus the possibility of mismanagement and abuse. In this chapter we examine the influence of direct personal supervision on resistance and citizenship. We also develop and analyze the effects of more direct measures of mismanagement and abuse. We find that mismanagement and abuse have a central role in generating resistance and undermining citizenship in the workplace. A History of Mismanagement and Abuse Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim saw the power of owners and managers as the key to understanding the dire working conditions of the early industrial revolution. Marx believed these conditions arose from capitalists' exploitation of workers and that the solution to these problems depended on workers overthrowing capitalism.
Rate Constants and Cross Sections

More is known about the rates of ion-molecule reactions than about those of any other family of chemical reactions. This chapter will not, however, consist of a joyful celebration of that pleasant reality, but rather, the reverse—it will take a somewhat severe look at what we need to know, at what we sometimes think we know; and at what in fact we do know. The ultimate objective, complete and mutual overlap of all three domains, is very far from being realized: in reality, despite the proclamation of the first sentence, there is little overlap between the first and third categories at the present time.
EVC: A Validity Checker for the Logic of Equality with Uninterpreted Functions and Memories, Exploiting Positive Equality, and Conservative Transformations

The property of Positive Equality [2] dramatically speeds up validity checking of formulas in the logic of Equality with Uninterpreted Functions and Memories (EUFM) [4]. The logic expresses correctness of high-level microprocessors. We present EVC (Equality Validity Checker)--a tool that exploits Positive Equality and other optimizations when translating a formula in EUFM to a propositional formula, which can then be evaluated by any Boolean satisfiability (SAT) procedure. EVC has been used for the automatic formal verification of pipelined, superscalar, and VLIW microprocessors.
NUCHAL CORD (NC) AS A CAUSE OF NEONATAL ANEMIA

Although NC occurs in 20% of deliveries and may be associated with perinatal asphyxia, anemia has not been emphasized as a complication of NC. We documented the occurrence of NC in 437 consecutive births and compared the incidence of anemia (venous hemoglobin 24 hours). 4) Babies with NC should have hemoglobin/hematocrit determinations soon after birth, if symptomatic, or before discharge, if asymptomatic.
High-Speed Train Simulation using Hydrodynamics

The motion of two high-speed trains passing one another while moving in opposite directions is simulated using inviscid hydrodynamics. The method of images is used to generate the cylinders which represent the trains. The forces acting on the cylinders are determined by an integration of the unsteady Bernoulli equation. Excellent agreement with previous calculations for the pressure coefficient and intertia coefficient is obtained for two one-car trains. Two five-car trains are represented using this method and the results agree qualitatively with some experimental data obtained from a high-speed Japanese train. The lift and inertia coefficients for several of the cars are plotted to demonstrate the inviscid interaction of one train with the other.
Temporal dynamics of user interests in tagging systems

Collaborative tagging systems are now deployed extensively to help users share and organize resources. Tag prediction and recommendation systems generally model user behavior as research has shown that accuracy can be significantly improved by modeling users' preferences. However, these preferences are usually treated as constant over time, neglecting the temporal factor within users' interests. On the other hand, little is known about how this factor may influence prediction in social bookmarking systems. In this paper, we investigate the temporal dynamics of user interests in tagging systems and propose a user-tag-specific temporal interests model for tracking users' interests over time. Additionally, we analyze the phenomenon of topic switches in social bookmarking systems, showing that a temporal interests model can benefit from the integration of topic switch detection and that temporal characteristics of social tagging systems are different from traditional concept drift problems. We conduct experiments on three public datasets, demonstrating the importance of personalization and user-tag specialization in tagging systems. Experimental results show that our method can outperform state-of-the-art tag prediction algorithms. We also incorporate our model within existing content-based methods yielding significant improvements in performance.
Verification of arithmetic datapath designs using word-level approach — A case study

The paper describes an efficient method to prove equivalence between two integer arithmetic datapath designs specified at the register transfer level. The method is illustrated with an industrial ALU design. As reported in literature, solving it using a commercial equivalence checking tool required case-splitting, which limits its applicability to larger designs. We show how such a task can be solved as a simpler verification problem without case-splitting. We demonstrate both the wordlevel and bit-level approach to this problem and show that the method is scalable to large combinational datapath circuits. Experimental results demonstrate the application of the method to large combinational arithmetic circuits.
A 3.8 mm /spl times/ 3.8 mm /spl times/ 1.37 mm hermetic FBAR duplexer for 800 MHz handsets with wafer-scale packaging

We describe the design and measured performance of a 3.8 mm /spl times/ 3.8 mm /spl times/ 1.37 mm antenna duplexer for the 800 MHz cellular band (Tx: 824-849 MHz, Rx: 869-894 MHz) for cellular handsets based on FBAR (film bulk acoustic resonator) technology. The FBARs are fabricated in a silicon-based IC process technology and are hermetically sealed in a wafer-level packaging process. Two dice, Tx and Rx, are attached to a 4-level printed circuit board, ball-bonded, and encapsulated in plastic to form the final product. Average Tx insertion loss is 1.25 dB, average Rx insertion loss is 1.75 dB. Minimum rejection is 55/45 dB in the Tx/Rx hands, guaranteed isolation is >55/46 dB.
A genetic algorithm for constructing a reliable MCDS in probabilistic wireless networks

Minimum Connected Dominating Sets (MCDSs) are used as virtual backbones for efficient routing and broadcasting in wireless networks extensively. However, the MCDS problem is NP-Complete even in Unit Disk Graphs. Therefore, many heuristic-based approximation algorithms have been proposed recently. In these approaches, networks are deterministic where two nodes are assumed either connected or disconnected. In most real applications, however, there are many intermittently connected wireless links called lossy links, which only provide probabilistic connectivity. For wireless networks with lossy links, we propose a Probabilistic Network Model (PNM). Under this model, we measure the quality of Connected Dominating Sets (CDSs) using CDS reliability defined as the minimum upper limit of the node-to-node delivery ratio between any pair of dominators in a CDS. We attempt to construct a MCDS while its reliability is above a preset application-specified threshold, called Reliable MCDS (RMCDS). We claim that constructing a RMCDS is NP-Hard under the PNM model. We propose a novel Genetic Algorithm (GA) called RMCDS-GA to solve the RMCDS problem. To evaluate the performance of RMCDS-GA, we conduct comprehensive simulations. The simulation results show that compared with the traditional MCDS algorithms, RMCDS-GA can construct a more reliable CDS without increasing the size of a CDS.
The importance of aspartate 327 for catalysis and zinc binding in Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract In order to investigate the function of Asp-327, a bidentate ligand of one of the zinc atoms in Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase, and the importance of this zinc atom in catalysis, site-specific mutagenesis was used to convert Asp-327 to either asparagine or alanine. The 10(7)-fold decrease in the kcat/Km ratio observed for the Asp-327----Ala enzyme compared to the wild-type enzyme indicates that the side chain of Asp-327 is important for zinc binding at the M1 site. However, only one of the two carboxyl oxygens of Asp-327 is essential for zinc binding, since the Asp-327----Asn enzyme shows approximately the same hydrolysis activity as the wild-type enzyme. The fact that the enzymatic activity of this mutant enzyme shows a dependence on zinc concentration suggests that the other carboxyl oxygen or the negative charge on the side chain of Asp-327 is important in binding of the zinc at the M1 site. However, the zinc hydroxyl must still be appropriately positioned to attack the phosphoserine in the Asp-327----Asn enzyme; therefore, the negative charge and at least one carboxyl oxygen of the side chain are not directly involved in positioning or deprotonating the zinc hydroxyl. 31P NMR studies indicate that the Asp-327----Asn enzyme exhibits transphosphorylation activity at both pH 8.0 and pH 10.0, but at a reduced level compared to the wild-type enzyme. The biphasic production of 2,4-dinitrophenylate in the pre-steady-state kinetics of the mutant enzymes at pH 5.5 suggests that the breaking of the phosphoenzyme covalent complex is rate-limiting for both mutant enzymes. These results suggest that the main function of the zinc atom at the M1 site in catalysis involves decomposition of the phosphoenzyme covalent complex and that it may be important in helping to stabilize the alcohol leaving group.
Goodbye to batteries? [AP-S Turnstile]

This article presents a patented wireless energy-harvesting scheme. The system consists of two main components: A dime-sized Powercastertrade transmitter circuit, running on conventional current [i.e., plugged into an AC outlet], broadcasts an FCC-approved low-power radio signal at a predetermined frequency. An even smaller Powerharvestertrade receiver circuit, embedded in almost any low-power device, harvests the energy to recharge or even replace the device's battery. The receiver chip can power any of thousands of different devices with innumerable applications. One transmitter can wirelessly charge any number of devices within its effective range.
Channel Coding Strategies for Cellular Radio

To improve re-use of time/frequency slots in a cellular radio system, it is desirable for the average interference levels seen by all users to be made approximately equal. We provide constructions based on orthogonal latin squares that guarantee different sets of users to interfere in successive slots. We illustrate how this may be combined with convolutional coding to provide large performance improvement with low delay in a slow hopped system.
Target mission estimation

One particular task in military operations is the assessment of the mission of unfriendly targets. Knowing the mission of a target is essential for an operator to prioritise the target processing and to choose a suitable tactic to engage the target. This paper describes a model of target mission estimation using Bayesian networks and the assessment of the model's robustness against an operator's estimate.
TCR Affinity and Tolerance Mechanisms Converge To Shape T Cell Diabetogenic Potential

Autoreactive T cells infiltrating the target organ can possess a broad TCR affinity range. However, the extent to which such biophysical parameters contribute to T cell pathogenic potential remains unclear. In this study, we selected eight InsB9-23-specific TCRs cloned from CD4(+) islet-infiltrating T cells that possessed a relatively broad range of TCR affinity to generate NOD TCR retrogenic mice. These TCRs exhibited a range of two-dimensional affinities (∼ 10(-4)-10(-3) μm(4)) that correlated with functional readouts and responsiveness to activation in vivo. Surprisingly, both higher and lower affinity TCRs could mediate potent insulitis and autoimmune diabetes, suggesting that TCR affinity does not exclusively dictate or correlate with diabetogenic potential. Both central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms selectively impinge on the diabetogenic potential of high-affinity TCRs, mitigating their pathogenicity. Thus, TCR affinity and multiple tolerance mechanisms converge to shape and broaden the diabetogenic T cell repertoire, potentially complicating efforts to induce broad, long-term tolerance.
Purification from Sf9 cells and characterization of recombinant Gq alpha and G11 alpha. Activation of purified phospholipase C isozymes by G alpha subunits.

Members of the Gq alpha subfamily of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) activate phospholipase C (PLC). The complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for the G protein alpha subunits Gq alpha and G11 alpha were expressed in insect (Sf9) cells using recombinant baculovirus. Active, nonaggregated, and membrane-associated protein was generated only when the alpha subunit cDNA was expressed together with cDNAs encoding G protein beta and gamma subunits. Recombinant alpha subunits (rGq alpha and rG11 alpha) were purified by three-step procedures, as was a PLC-activating alpha subunit(s) endogenous to Sf9 cells. Guanosine 5'-3-(thio)triphosphate (GTP gamma S) activated rGq alpha and rG11 alpha with an apparent K0.5 of 30 microM; similarly high concentrations of the nucleotide were required to observe [35S]GTP gamma S binding to rGq alpha. Activated rGq alpha and rG11 alpha each stimulated all three isoforms of purified PLC-beta with the rank order of potency PLC-beta 1 = PLC-beta 3 > or = PLC-beta 2; both alpha subunits also stimulated PLC-beta 1 and PLC-beta 3 to a much greater extent (10-fold) than they did PLC-beta 2. In contrast, activated rGq alpha and rG11 alpha failed to stimulate either PLC-delta 1 or PLC- gamma 1. Recombinant Gi alpha 1, Gi alpha 2, Gi alpha 3, Go alpha (A), Gs alpha, and Gz alpha all failed to stimulate any of the isoforms of PLC. The apparent affinities of rGq alpha and rG11 alpha for PLC-beta 1 and their capacities to activate the enzyme were similar to values observed for purified brain Gq alpha/11 alpha. Purified brain beta gamma subunits also stimulated the three isoforms of PLC-beta. The capacities of rGq alpha and rG11 alpha to activate PLC-beta 1 and PLC- beta 3 greatly exceeded those of beta gamma, whereas Gq alpha, G11 alpha and beta gamma were roughly equiefficacious with PLC-beta 2; the alpha subunits were more potent than beta gamma in all cases. The effects of alpha and beta gamma together were nonadditive for both PLC- beta 1 and PLC-beta 2. These results demonstrate that Gq alpha and G11 alpha specifically and selectively stimulate beta isoforms of PLC and confirm the idea that these members of the Gq alpha subfamily of G proteins are physiological regulators of this signaling pathway.
Assessment of stigma towards homosexuality in China: a study of men who have sex with men.

Previous research has documented the deleterious impact of homosexuality stigma on HIV sexual risk behavior among men who have sex with men (MSM) and the vulnerability of this group in China for HIV acquisition. Factor analysis of 10 survey items from 477 MSM from Shanghai yielded two factors: Perceived stigma assessed participants’ impressions of the degree of societal stigmatization of homosexuals whereas enacted stigma measured direct personal experiences of stigmatizing behaviors. Enacted stigma exhibited satisfactory internal reliability and was associated with HIV sexual risk behavior. Further research is needed to refine perceived and other stigma constructs for Chinese MSM.
Latin American Independence and the Double Dilemma

Communities.: Reading and Writing the Nation in Nineteenth-Century Latin America. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press/Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003. Notes, index, 280 pp.; hardcover $45, paperback $22.95. Carlos Forment, Democracy in Latin America, 1 760-1900. Volume 1, Civic Selfhood and Public Life in Mexico and Peru. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Illustrations, maps, figures, tables, index, 454 pp.; hardcover $39. Brooke Larson, Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810-1910. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Illustrations, maps, bibliography, index, 299 pp.; hardcover $75, paperback $27.99, e-book $75. Cecilia Mendez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 18201850. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. Photographs, illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index, 360 pp.; hardcover $84.95, paperback $23.95. Mark Thurner and Andr6s Guerrero, eds., After Spanish Rule: Postcolonial Predicaments of the Americas. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003. Illustrations, notes, index, 376 pp.; hardcover $84.95, paperback $23.95.
Rapid De-O-glycosylation Concomitant with Peptide Labeling Using Microwave Radiation and an Alkyl Amine Base

Procedures are detailed for a quantitative release of O-linked glycans from peptides that now provide a shorter reaction time, a possible identification of O-linked sites, and a quantification of a...