cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interconnections for Computer Communications and Packet Networks

This book introduces different interconnection networks applied to different systems. Interconnection networks are used to communicate processing units in a multi-processor system, routers in communication networks, and servers in data centers. Queuing techniques are applied to interconnection networks to support a higher utilization of resources. There are different queuing strategies, and these determine not only the performance of the interconnection network, but also the set of requirements to make them work effectively and their cost. Routing algorithms are used to find routes to destinations and directions in what information travels. Additional properties, such as avoiding deadlocks and congestion, are sought. Effective routing algorithms need to be paired up with these networks. The book will introduce the most relevant interconnection networks, queuing strategies, and routing algorithm. It discusses their properties and how these leverage the performance of the whole interconnection system. In addition, the book covers additional topics for memory management and congestion avoidance, used to extract higher performance from the interconnection network.
Incoherent imaging in the presence of unwanted laser radiation: vortex and axicon wavefront coding

Vortex and axicon phase masks are introduced to the pupil plane of an imaging system, altering both the point spread function and optical transfer function for monochromatic and broadband coherent and incoherent light. Each phase mask results in the reduction of the maximum irradiance of a localized coherent laser source, while simultaneously allowing for the recovery of the incoherent background scene. We describe the optical system, image processing, and resulting recovered images obtained through this wavefront encoding approach for laser suppression.
Portable magnetoelastic biosensors

In this chapter, an overview of the ME biosensor and the current state research on this platform is given. The origin of magnetostriction and ME coupling is reviewed. This is followed by a review of the fabrication processes for the ME resonator platform and the biorecognition element. Three common resonant frequency measurement techniques are discussed. This chapter is closed with some significant findings that have resulted from this investigation on ME biosensors.
Developing ecologically based pest management programs for terrestrial molluscs in field and forage crops

Terrestrial molluscs are some of the most important herbivores in temperate habitats. They tend to be generalists and can be serious pests in agricultural fields, particularly no-till fields used for field and forage crops; however, farmers have access to few commercially available solutions, and the existing ones present many disadvantages (e.g. reliability, cost, environmental concerns). In this paper, we review these current management options with a focus on agronomic crops, as well as the biotic factors that influence mollusc feeding, such as natural enemies, plant nutritional content, and chemical defences. These biotic factors all have important direct consequences on mollusc fitness and can be manipulated in agricultural settings. We then review evidence from the latest research in the field of nutritional ecology to propose the use of the Geometric Framework, a well-established nutritional approach, to measure nutrient regulation and performance of terrestrial molluscs and develop ecologically based management programs that also relies on susceptibility to natural enemies. To illustrate our point, we detail a specific strategy being used by farmers in the Mid-Atlantic US to manage slug populations; in this system, farmers are using cover crops terminated after the cash crop is planted (also called “planting green”) and this approach appears to harness slug nutritional preferences and natural enemies to manage slug populations.
Abstract P019: Upregulation of Autophagy Enhances (pro)renin Receptor Expression via P62 -erk1/2 Signaling Pathway in Podocytes

Abnormally up-regulated or down-regulated autophagy induces cell death. p62 is selectively degraded by autophagy, and was also recently reported to modulate extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) activity. However, the effect of autophagy on PRR expression is not known. We hypothesized that autophagy activation increases PRR expression via modulation of p62 -ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Cultured mouse podocytes were treated with the autophagy activators, rapamycin (100 nm) or Earles’s balanced salt solution (EBSS), for 48 hours. Both rapamycin and EBSS significantly increased mRNA and protein expressions of PRR (see below attached figures), decreased p62 protein levels and increased ERK1/2 activation by phosphorylating pTpY185/187. Confocal microscopy studies showed significant increase in protein levels of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3B (LC3B) and PRR, and decrease of p62/SQSTM1 level in response to rapamycin or EBSS. Using autophagy related 5 (ATG5) cDNA or ATG7 cDNA transfection for 72 hours to enhance podocytes autophagy showed the same results as rapamycin and EBSS treatments. Inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 (10 nm) reversed the effects of rapamycin. ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM) significantly attenuated mRNA and protein expressions of PRR in podocytes treated with rapamycin, while has no effect on p62/SQSTM1 level. In conclusion, up-regulation of autophagy enhanced PRR expression through p62-ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Life Satisfaction of Career Women and Housewives

Profound changes in gender roles have taken place over the past several decades in the United States. Women’s roles have changed most: women are marrying later in life and at lower rates, having fewer children, and working more outside of the household. “Career women” are the new normal and housewifery has gone out of fashion. At the same time, women have become less happy. We use the US General Social Surveys from 1972 to 2014 to explore these latest trends. We find that, until recently, women were happier to be housewives or to work part-time than full-time, especially, women who are older, married, with children, in middle or upper class, and living in suburbs or smaller places. The effect size of housewifery on subjective wellbeing (SWB) is mild to moderate, at about a fourth to a third of the effect of being unemployed. Therefore, we argue that one possible reason for the decline in average happiness for women was increased labor force participation. Yet, the happiness advantage of housewifery is declining among younger cohorts and career women may become happier than housewives in the future.
Early postinfarction angina with ST-T changes was associated with poorer clinical outcomes

Source Citation Bosch X, Theroux P, Pelletier GB, et al. Clinical and angiographic features and prognostic significance of early postinfarction angina with and without electrocardiographic signs of...
“To Be Recorded in History”: Researching Iranian Underground Political Activists in Exile

This paper contains ethnographic reflections on my research among Iranian leftists in exile. I discuss challenges of fieldwork and in-depth interviewing about sensitive topics. I particularly emphasize the dynamics of gaining interviewees' trust in a community concerned about political ramifications of revealing personal and organizational secrets. In this respect, I underline the complications of researching and representing a defeated movement. I also write about the gender implications of my research—a male feminist researching the gender dynamics of revolution and the changing sexual politics of revolutionary collectivities in Iran and abroad. Finally, I raise issues concerning doing sociology in translation.
Nonprimary PCI at hospitals without cardiac surgery on-site: Consistent outcomes for all?

Background The CPORT-E trial showed the noninferiority of nonprimary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) at hospitals without cardiac surgery on-site (SoS) compared with hospitals with SoS for 6-week mortality and 9-month major adverse cardiac events (MACE). However, target vessel revascularization (TVR) was increased at non-SoS hospitals. Therefore, we aimed to determine the consistency of the CPORT-E trial findings across the spectrum of enrolled patients. Methods Post hoc subgroup analyses of 6-week mortality and 9-month MACE, defined as the composite of death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or TVR, were performed. Patients with and without 9-month TVR and rates of related outcomes were compared. Results There was no interaction between SoS status and clinically relevant subgroups for 6-week mortality or 9-month MACE (P for any interaction = .421 and .062, respectively). In addition to increased 9-month rates of TVR and diagnostic catheterization at hospitals without SoS, non-TVR was also increased (2.7% vs 1.9%, P = .002); there was no difference in myocardial infarction–driven TVR, non-TVR, or diagnostic catheterization. Predictors of 9-month TVR included intra-aortic balloon pump use, any index PCI complication, and 3-vessel PCI, whereas predictors of freedom from TVR included SoS, discharge on a P2Y12 inhibitor, and stent implantation. Conclusions The noninferiority of nonprimary PCI at non-SoS hospitals was consistent across clinically relevant subgroups. Elective PCI at an SoS hospital conferred a TVR benefit which may be related to a lower rate of referral for diagnostic catheterization for reasons other than myocardial infarction.
A Short-Run Model of Intraurban Residential Relocation

The objective of this chapter is to develop a short-run theoretical model of residential relocation that satisfies all of the logical and structural criteria advanced at the end of chapter 2. The following section introduces the model with a brief discussion of some general assumptions underlying its development. The second section examines the formal theoretical development of the model. The third section discusses aggregation problems and the additional postulates necessary for operationalizing the model. The fourth section discusses the logical structure of the model with respect to the entropy maximization model discussed in chapter 2. The last section briefly examines the satisfaction of the structural criteria proposed in chapter 2. The appendix to this chapter summarizes the major symbol definitions for easy reference.
Modeling Consumer Footprints on Search Engines: An Interplay with Social Media

It is now well understood that social media plays an increasingly important role in consumers’ decision making. However, an overload of social media content in product search engines can hinder con...
SOLVENT-INDUCED FREE RADICAL SCISSION OF STRONG BONDS IN COAL: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE RADICAL HYDROGEN TRANSFER PATHWAY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the solvent-induced free radical scission of strong bonds in coal. In a study described in the chapter, degassed sealed ampules of a 1:1 mixture of anthracene and dihydroanthracene, containing 9,10-dimethylanthracene and 9-benzylanthracene, were pyrolyzed in a sand bath at 350–400°C. Products were analyzed by gas chromotography, and yields were determined using an internal standard. 2-ethylanthracene was substituted for anthracene in some experiments to determine the amount of alkyl radical addition to the solvent under the reaction conditions. All reactions were analyzed at less than 15% conversion of substrate. It was found that pyrolysis of a mixture of 9-benzylanthracene and 9,10-dimethylanthracene at 350°C in a 1:1 mixture of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (H 2 An) anthracene (An) in fused silica tubes leads to the selective scission of benzyl radical over scission of methyl radical. Product analysis of the yield of toluene and 9-methylanthracene gives a selectivity of 14:1 at 350°C after correction for the addition of Me· to the solvent.
A Scalable Algorithm for Higher-order Features Generation using MinHash

Linear models have been widely used in the industry for their low computation time, small memory footprint and interpretability. However, linear models are not capable of leveraging non-linear feature interactions in predicting the target. This limits their performance. A classical approach to overcome this limitation is to use combinations of the original features, referred as higher-order features, to capture non-linearity. The number of higher-order features can be very large. Selecting the informative ones among them that are predictive of the target is essential for scalability. This is computationally expensive, requiring large memory footprint. In this paper, we propose a novel scalable MinHash based scheme to select informative higher-order features. Unlike typical use of MinHash for near-duplicate entity detection and association-rule mining, we use MinHash signature of features to approximate mutual information between higher-order features and target to enable their selection. By analyzing the running time and memory requirements, we show that our proposal is highly efficient in terms of running time and storage compared to existing alternatives. We demonstrate through experiments on multiple benchmark datasets that our proposed approach is not only scalable, but also able to identify the most important feature interactions resulting in improved model performance.
Immigration and the quality of life in U.S. metropolitan areas

Abstract The growth and dispersion of immigrant populations in the United States in recent decades has sparked debate about the effects of immigration on the quality of life. Existing research provides evidence of both positive and negative effects, a result that we contend may reflect differing aspects of immigration. In this paper, we conceptualize immigration in urban areas as having two faces: immigrant concentration (the presence of large, concentrated populations of immigrants) and immigrant diversity (the presence of large, diverse populations of immigrants). For 366 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas, we examine how these two faces have influenced four dimensions of quality of life: economic well-being, social well-being, healthy living, and urban mobility. Controlling for appropriate covariates, we find that immigrant concentration tends to have negative effects on urban quality of life, but these effects dissipate when immigrant diversity is considered. On the other hand, immigrant diversity has positive and robust effects on all four dimensions of urban quality of life. We also find little evidence that these findings are an artifact of reverse causality, that is, the influence of quality of life measures on immigrant diversity.
Integration of expressive techniques in multisystemic therapy with at-risk adolescents: A retrospective case analysis

The multisystemic therapy (MST) treatment model is derived from social ecological theory, through which known risk and protective factors of ecological systems are identified by indirect and direct contribution to at-risk behaviors. However, youth with emotional disturbances postdischarge from residential treatment facilities are often referred to MST due to managed care organizations extending beyond the once identified population of juvenile offenders. Consequently, MST works within the ecological system at which an integration of MST and expressive techniques (ETs) can occur in order to simultaneously work within the individual system. In this article, we discuss the foundation of MST and present a retrospective case analysis of the integration of MST and ETs. We discuss limitations and future research considerations.
A pluralistic and socially responsible philosophy of epidemiology field should actively engage with social determinants of health and health disparities

Philosophy of epidemiology has recently emerged as a distinct branch of philosophy. The field will surely benefit from pluralism, reflected in the broad range of topics and perspectives in this special issue. Here, I argue that a healthy pluralistic field of philosophy of epidemiology has social responsibilities that require the field as a whole (not any individual work therein) to engage actively with research on social determinants of health and health disparities. Practicing epidemiologists and the broader community of public health scientists have gradually acknowledged that much of their attention ought to be paid to these, i.e. inequitable between-population health variations that largely reflect the world’s inequitable distribution of resources and social conditions. The paper illustrates how and why health disparities and social determinants of health, through no ill will, become de facto secondary concerns in Alex Broadbent’s field-defining Philosophy of Epidemiology, showing the ease with which these topics can be incidentally sidelined. As means for philosophy of epidemiology to meet its social responsibility obligations, I suggest philosophy of epidemiology expand its attention to two particular lines research. First, the paper discusses Geoffrey Rose’s concept of “causes of incidence”—causes of disparities between populations—and argues for the importance of engaging with these causes. Second, the paper argues for the value of engaging with Bruce Link and Jo Phelan’s “fundamental causes” model of how flexible social resources (money, prestige, etc.) serve as buffers from harms, generating a plethora of shifting and locally-contingent health effects.
An experimental evaluation of Helmholtz potentials as a source of acoustic emission due to fatigue crack

A novel method is proposed in this paper to extract acoustic emission (AE) source using Helmholtz potentials approach. In order to characterize the source in terms of potentials the underlying physics is to detect the AE signals and then develop an inverse algorithm to characterize the source. According to the new concept, the source can be characterized it provides the excitation potential information from the crack and that can be used to diagnose the crack (crack type and crack growth etc.). An AE experiment was designed to measure the acoustic emissions from the fatigue crack growth. A test specimen was made of 1 mm thick 304-steel material. A small hole (1 mm diameter) was drilled at the center of the specimen to initiate the fatigue crack. The specimen was subjected to the cyclic loadings by using the hydraulic MTS machine. AE waveforms are generated by convolutions of AE source functions, plate transfer functions. An inverse algorithm was developed to characterize the source of AE signal. AE signal analysis are done to determine AE source function using deconvolution process.
Bifurcated unibody aortic endografts can overcome unfavorable aortoiliac anatomy for deployment of bilateral iliac branch endoprostheses.

Abstract In conjunction with traditional modular bifurcated aortic endografts, bilateral iliac branch endoprostheses have been safely and effectively used for treatment of bilateral iliac artery aneurysms. However, anatomic constraints, such as inadequate renal artery to iliac bifurcation lengths and unfavorable aortic anatomy, can preclude deployment in certain configurations and limit use in many patients. We present an innovative technique to overcome such anatomic constraints and to extend the reach of iliac branch endoprosthesis technology in patients with iliac artery aneurysms.
Physician Reimbursement for Vascular Surgery Procedures and Vascular Laboratory Studies Before and After the Affordable Care Act.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES : The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), fully implemented by 2015, has significantly increased the number of Americans with health insurance. However, its impact on physician reimbursement (PR) is not well studied. Our objective was to determine the ACA's impact on the professional component of PR for selected vascular surgery (VS) procedures and vascular laboratory (VL) studies at our institution. METHODS : PR for the following 5 VS procedures and 4 VL studies were obtained from our billing department: CPT 34803 (Endovascular aortic repair, EVAR), 35301 (carotid endarterectomy, CEA), 35656 (lower extremity bypass, LEB), 36010 (introduction of catheter into vena cava, ICVC), 36200 1st, 93922 (ankle brachial index, ABI), 93925 (lower extremity arterial duplex, LEA duplex), 93970 (lower extremity venous duplex, LEV Duplex), and 93990 (hemodialysis duplex). The data was organized by payer: Medicare, Medicaid, Commercial Insurers (CI), and Other. PR was studied pre-ACA (January 2008 through December 2009) and post-ACA (January 2015 through December 2016). The post-ACA PR and inflation adjusted reimbursement (IAR) in 2016 dollars using the consumer price index (CPI) were calculated and compared using one-sample t-test. The percent difference between the post-ACA PR and IAR was also compared. RESULTS : PR for 1,637 VS procedures and 16,333 VL studies was analyzed. The post-ACA PR was significantly lower than the IAR for most Medicare and Medicaid procedures. For EVAR, post-ACA reimbursement was overall on par with the IAR but significantly lower for Medicare. For CEA, post-ACA reimbursement was overall lower than IAR. For LEB, overall average PR was lower than IAR, with statistically significant lower Medicare and Medicaid (p The post-ACA PR was significantly higher than the IAR for most VL studies, except for Medicare PR. The percent change for VS procedures were mostly negative for the Medicaid and Medicare groups. This results in potential annual shortcomings of $2, 862 and $20,923 respectively. CONCLUSION : When comparing reimbursement before and after ACA implementation, Medicare and Medicaid PR for most VS procedures has not kept up with inflation. However, for most VL procedures, PR has exceeded inflation. Further efforts are needed to support Vascular Surgery reimbursement including higher valuation of the Medicare Conversion factor.
Predicting fecal coliform inactivation in a mixotrophic algal wastewater treatment system

Abstract Our previous reports have detailed the development of a pilot-scale algal wastewater treatment system (A-WWTS) utilizing a mixotrophic strain, Galdieria sulphuraria. This A-WWTS has consistently achieved discharge standards for organics and nutrients in a single step, concurrently reducing coliform bacteria to undetectable levels. Here, we present an approach to predict i) the fate of fecal coliform in this A-WWTS; and, ii) the fed-batch processing time required for a desired inactivation level. Specifically, a process model was developed to predict fecal coliform reduction under the synergistic effect of temperature, pH, and sunlight in terms of their individual first order inactivation rates. First-order temperature dependent inactivation rate at 20 °C (k20) was established as 0.05 h−1 with a temperature coefficient (θ) of 1.08. Inactivation coefficient due to the combined effects of sunlight was established as 0.647 m2/MJ. The proposed approach was validated with experimental data from five scenarios; the quality of predictions of log removals spanning over five orders of magnitude (r2 = 0.947; n = 12) was comparable to or better than those reported previously in inactivation studies. Utility value of this approach in forecasting fed-batch processing time under field conditions is illustrated.
Does What We See Shape History? Examining Workload History as a Function of Performance and Ambient/Focal Visual Attention

Changes in task demands can have delayed adverse impacts on performance. This phenomenon, known as the workload history effect, is especially of concern in dynamic work domains where operators manage fluctuating task demands. The existing workload history literature does not depict a consistent picture regarding how these effects manifest, prompting research to consider measures that are informative on the operator's process. One promising measure is visual attention patterns, due to its informativeness on various cognitive processes. To explore its ability to explain workload history effects, participants completed a task in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed where workload transitioned gradually and suddenly. The participants’ performance and visual attention patterns were studied over time to identify workload history effects. The eye-tracking analysis consisted of using a recently developed eye-tracking metric called coefficient K, as it indicates whether visual attention is more focal or ambient. The performance results found workload history effects, but it depended on the workload level, time elapsed, and performance measure. The eye-tracking analysis suggested performance suffered when focal attention was deployed during low workload, which was an unexpected finding. When synthesizing these results, they suggest unexpected visual attention patterns can impact performance immediately over time. Further research is needed; however, this work shows the value of including a real-time visual attention measure, such as coefficient K, as a means to understand how the operator manages varying task demands in complex work environments.
Sphingolipids, Lipid Rafts, and Giardial Encystation: The Show Must Go On

Sphingolipids are sphingosine-based phospholipids, which are present in the plasma and endomembranes of many eukaryotic cells. These lipids are involved in various cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition, sphingolipid and cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains (also called “lipid rafts”) contain a set of proteins and lipids, which take part in the signaling process in response to intra- or extracellular stimuli. Recent findings suggest that sphingolipids, especially glucosylceramide, play a critical role in inducing encystation and maintaining the cyst viability in Giardia. Similarly, the assembly/disassembly of lipid rafts modulates the encystation and cyst production of this ubiquitous enteric parasite. In this review article, we discuss the overall progress in the field and examine whether sphingolipids and lipid rafts can be used as novel targets for designing therapies to control infection by Giardia, which is rampant in developing countries, where children are especially vulnerable.
Energy Transfer in Standard Penetration Test

An expression is derived for the fraction of the kinetic energy transferred from the hammer to the drill rod in the SPT which reflects the energy loss attributable to drill rod length. The expression is used to study the effects of rod size, and the potential effect of reducing the hammer weight and increasing the fall height correspondingly. It is shown that 95% of the energy is transferred to the drill rod when the weight of the drill rod is 75% of that of the hammer, and that the energy transfer losses in shallow borings could be reduced considerably by using a half-weight hammer, delivering half the energy used in the standard test.
Return of an object in two-stack dynamic memory

In a two-stack dynamic memory implementation a function returning an object is required to shift the object from locations in its local variables and parameters area to new locations at the top of the calling function's local variables and parameters area. Special actions are implemented when the object to be shifted is referenced by one or more pointers. These pointers may be located outside the function's local variables and parameters area and their locations may be unknown within the function. Pointers may also be within the object to be returned. During shifting the addresses are changed and the corresponding pointers must be adjusted. The authors have proposed a solution to this problem using a new pointer type, along with a modification of the call procedure for two-stack dynamic memory.
Effect of Substrate Materials on CVD Diamond Growth

Abstract The dependence of nucleation density on substrate materials has been investigated for diamond grown by a Filament-Assisted CVD technique. Of all the substrate materials we used in this work (i.e., Si, Mo, Al, Cu, Ni, and Ti), a Mo substrate is proven to give the highest nucleation density, as much as 10 5 cm −2 . The nucleation density for all other substrates is about one order below this value. It is inferred that the nucleation of diamond particles is controlled by neither the thermal conductivity nor the interface misfit between diamond and substrate, but the ease of the formation of carbide as a buffer layer.
Attendance and implementation of strategies in a behavioral parent-training program: comparisons between English and Español programs.

Low levels of attendance and implementation of strategies in behavioral parent-training programs may limit their impact. The purpose of this study was to examine attendance and implementation across a behavioral parent-training program delivered in English and Espanol. Participants included parents (n = 739) of young children who attended a behavioral parent-training program. The mean number of sessions attended for the entire sample was 4.46 (SD = 1.66, range = 1-6) of six sessions, and the mean number of strategies implemented was 17.66 (SD = 11.43, range = 0-35) of a possible 35. There were no significant differences across the number of sessions attended among the participants in the English (M = 4.45) and Espanol versions (M = 4.48) of the course, t(737) = -0.20, p = .85. There also were no significant differences between the English (M = 17.97) and Espanol (M = 16.87) versions for the number of Tip Trackers completed, t(737) = 1.18, p = .24. Only child diagnosis predicted parent attendance in the English group. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Proving Themselves: The Status of LGBQ Police Officers

The policing occupation, a bastion of hegemonic masculinity, is well known for its historical resistance to “difference,” whether among its own members or in society at large. Nowhere does this clash manifest as strongly as when LGBQ1 police officers join the force. LGBQ individuals have made great strides in breaking down some beliefs of the traditional and rigid police occupational culture. Still, more progress remains to be made toward dismantling the barriers of heterosexism and sexism that often permeate policing. This article explores the history of these barriers, the progress made, and the structural and individual level obstacles that remain. Policy recommendations and suggestions for future research are also made.
CRISPR-STAT: an easy and reliable PCR-based method to evaluate target-specific sgRNA activity

CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as a versatile genome-engineering tool that relies on a single guide RNA (sgRNA) and the Cas9 enzyme for genome editing. Simple, fast and economical methods to generate sgRNAs have made targeted mutagenesis routine in cultured cells, mice, zebrafish and other model systems. Pre-screening of sgRNAs for target efficacy is desirable both for successful mutagenesis and minimizing wasted animal husbandry on targets with poor activity. Here, we describe an easy, quick and cost-effective fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method, CRISPR Somatic Tissue Activity Test (CRISPR-STAT), to determine target-specific efficiency of sgRNA. As a proof of principle, we validated our method using 28 sgRNAs with known and varied levels of germline transmission efficiency in zebrafish by analysis of their somatic activity in injected embryos. Our data revealed a strong positive correlation between the fluorescent PCR profiles of the injected embryos and the germline transmission efficiency. Furthermore, the assay was sensitive enough to evaluate multiplex gene targeting. This method is easy to implement by laboratories with access to a capillary sequencer. Although we validated the method using CRISPR/Cas9 and zebrafish, it can be applied to other model systems and other genome targeting nucleases.
Theory of explosive beam spreading due to ray chaos.

In an ocean acoustic situation where rays are known to be chaotic, a theory based on a Gaussian beam approximation is used to show that the width of a narrow-angle beam increases exponentially (explosively) with range at a rate that is given by the Lyapunov exponent that is calculated in the geometric limit. This finite frequency result shows that the phenomenon of “wave chaos” is real, and might be observable experimentally.
Characterization of the glucocorticoid-receptor proteins in the Novikoff hepatoma.

Abstract By chromatography on Sepharose 6B two dexamethasone-binding proteins have been identified in rat liver cytosol, only one of which (the faster-migrating species) is present in Novikoff hepatoma. The faster- and slower-migrating species appear to be identical with binders II (or G) and IB, respectively, identified by others. Both of these dexamethasone complexes are shown to undergo nuclear translocation following activation. Two receptors which bind cortisol, but not dexamethasone, appear to be absent from the hepatoma. A line of Novikoff hepatoma which showed growth resistance to glucocorticoids was developed in vivo. Since this resistant line resembles the sensitive line with respect to the type and amount of receptor protein and its nuclear translocation, the change leading to resistance must reside subsequent to nuclear transfer. The Sepharose 6B pattern of the dexamethasone-binding proteins of embryonic liver resembles that of the Novikoff hepatoma, rather than that of adult liver.
The monotonicity of and the Đoković conjectures on permanents of doubly stochastic matrices

Abstract Let Ωn denote the set of all n×n doubly stochastic matrices, and let J n = [ 1 n] n×n . For A ∈ Ω n and any integer k, 1 ⩽ k ⩽ n, let pk(A) denote the sum of all subpermanents of order k of A, and let D k (A) = p k (A)−[ (n − k + 1) 2 nk ]p k −1(A) for k = 2, …, n. A ∈ Ω n is called a Dk-minimizing matrix on Ω n if D k (A)≤D k (X) ∀X ∈ Ω n . The Đokovic conjecture asserts that if A is a Dk-minimizing matrix on Ωn, then Dk(A) = 0 (k = 2, …, n). In this paper, we prove that if A is a positive Dk-minimizing matrix on Ωn, then Dk(A)=0 and A=Jn (k=2,…,n), and we settle the conjecture for an n−2 dimensional face of Ωn. We also prove the monotonicity of the permanent for A = X Y U V ∈ω n where each of the blocks of A is a matrix of equal entries, and for any AϵΩ n with n−1 identical rows.
Observing Abuse: Professional Ethics and Personal Morality in Field Research

Based on the author's participant observation research in a state institution for the mentally retarded, this article deals with moral and ethical dilemmas that occur in research at settings characterized by routine human abuse. After a discussion of the choices posed by these dilemmas, the author presents preferred solutions. The importance of anticipating potential moral and ethical dilemmas prior to entering the field and delineating the relation between professional ethics and personal morality are discussed as implications of this problem.
Phylogenetic analysis of Taura syndrome virus isolates collected between 1993 and 2004 and virulence comparison between two isolates representing different genetic variants.

Abstract Taura syndrome virus (TSV) is highly pathogenic to Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) and has caused significant economic loss in the shrimp culture industry. It was first reported from Ecuador in 1992 and has since become widely distributed throughout the Americas and southeast Asia (SE Asia). To determine the genetic relationship among various geographic isolates, we amplified and sequenced a 1.3 kb fragment of the TSV capsid protein gene 2 (CP2) from each of 34 isolates collected from cultured penaeid shrimp stocks in Ecuador, Colombia, Honduras, USA, Mexico, Belize, Thailand, China, and Indonesia. An additional six CP2 sequences obtained from GenBank were included in the analysis. The results indicated low genetic variation (0–5.6% for nucleotide sequence and 0–7.0% for deduced amino acid sequence) among these 40 isolates. A phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced CP2 amino acid sequence revealed three distinct groups: Americas, Belize, and SE Asia. The Belize and SE Asia groups were separated from each other by a 4.7% difference in amino acid sequence. The Belize and Americas groups differed by 4.4%. The Americas and SE Asia groups were the closest, separated by a difference of only 3.3%. Comparison between Belize and Hawaii TSV (reference strain for Americas group) indicated that Belize TSV was more virulent than Hawaii TSV. In bioassays, the Belize isolate caused 50% mortality by 3 days, while the Hawaii isolate caused 50% mortality over 4–6 days. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and virulence comparison, the Belize TSV isolate should be considered as a new variant.
Electronic structures and energetics of [5,5] and [9,0] single-walled carbon nanotubes.

Standard enthalpies of formation, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and band gaps of finite length [5,5] armchair and [9,0] zigzag single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) capped with C30 hemispheres obtained by halving the C60 fullerene have been computed at the B3LYP/6-311G* level of theory. Properties of SWNTs are found to depend strongly on the tube length and, in the case of the [9,0] zigzag species, on the relative orientation of the caps. The metallic character of an uncapped infinite length [5,5] armchair SWNT manifests itself in the oscillatory dependence of the properties of capped finite length tubes on their size. An infinite-length [9,0] zigzag SWNT is predicted to be a semiconductor rather than a metal irrespective of the presence of caps. The present results underscore the slow convergence of SWNT properties with respect to the tube length and uncover small but significant radial distortions along the long axes of SWNTs.
EDGE HEAT TRANSPORT IN THE QUANTUM HALL REGIME

We investigate the transport of heat in the integer quantized Hall regime. We make use of quantum point contacts (QPC’s) positioned along the edge of a large quantum Hall droplet to both locally heat and locally detect temperature rises at the edge of the droplet. The detection scheme is thermoelectric, in essence identical to one introduced by Molenkamp, et al. in the early 1990’s for heat transport experiments at zero magnetic field.
A research program aimed at high altitude balloon-borne measurements of radiation emerging from the earth's atmosphere.

The relevance of polarization measurements in the near uv and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in investigations of the effects of the atmospheric aerosol and the reflective properties of the ground, intermediate layers of the atmosphere, and the atmosphere as a whole on the ambient radiation field is discussed. The salient features of a photoelectric skylight polarimeter characterized by its adaptability to balloon-borne measurements of the degree of linear polarization and relative intensity variations in four narrow spectral intervals (bandwidth ~150 A) centered on λλ 3270 A, 3975 A, 500 A, and 6120 A are described. Preliminary results of measurements obtained in a balloon experiment staged at Page, Arizona (36°57′N, 111°27′W, 1300 m above msl) on 30 March 1965 are presented.
Design of the composite spar-wingskin joint

Abstract A variety of composite spar-wingskin joint concepts have been investigated to optimize out-of-plane strength while still providing low weight and ease of fabrication. The spar-wingskin configuration consists of a thin spar which overlaps and is co-cured perpendicular to a thick wingskin. Investigation parameters were the joint geometry in the immediate vicinity of the base of the spar, and the spar-to-spar spacing. It was found that by varying the overlap geometry and decreasing the interspar spacing a significant increase in out-of-plane strength could be realized. A theoretical analysis was made by the extended use of the finite element technique. Joint strength was predicted through the application of Tsai-Wu, maximum stress and maximum shear failure criteria. These results were verified by comparison to experimental results in which all significant concepts were fabricated and tested.
Accuracy of a hybrid finite-element method for solving a scattering Schrödinger equation.

This hybrid method [finite-element discrete variable representation (FE-DVR)], introduced by Resigno and McCurdy [Phys. Rev. A 62, 032706 (2000)], uses Lagrange polynomials in each partition, rather than ``hat'' functions or Gaussian functions. These polynomials are discrete variable representation functions, and they are orthogonal under the Gauss-Lobatto quadrature discretization approximation. Accuracy analyses of this method are performed for the case of a one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation with various types of local and nonlocal potentials for scattering boundary conditions. The accuracy is ascertained by a comparison with a spectral Chebyshev integral equation method, accurate to $1:{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$. For an accuracy of the phase shift of $1:{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$, the FE-DVR method is found to be 100 times faster than a sixth-order finite-difference method (Numerov), it is easy to program, and it can routinely achieve an accuracy of better than $1:{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ for the numerical examples studied.
Faculty partisan affiliations in all disciplines: A voter‐registration study

Abstract The party registration of tenure‐track faculty at 11 California universities, ranging from small, private, religiously affiliated institutions to large, public, elite schools, shows that the “one‐party campus” conjecture does not extend to all institutions or all departments. At one end of the scale, U.C. Berkeley has an adjusted Democrat:Republican ratio of almost 9:1, while Pepperdine University has a ratio of nearly 1:1. Academic field also makes a tremendous difference, with the humanities averaging a 10:1 D:R ratio and business schools averaging 1.3:1, and with departments ranging from sociology (44:1) to management (1.5:1). Across all departments and institutions, the D:R ratio is 5:1, while in the “soft” liberal‐arts fields, the ratio is higher than 8:1. These findings are generally in line with comparable previous studies.
Quadrilateral Space Syndrome: The Mayo Clinic Experience With a New Classification System and Case Series

Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) arises from compression or mechanical injury to the axillary nerve or the posterior circumflex humeral artery (PCHA) as they pass through the quadrilateral space (QS). Quadrilateral space syndrome is an uncommon cause of paresthesia and an underdiagnosed cause of digital ischemia in overhead athletes. Quadrilateral space syndrome can present with neurogenic symptoms (pain and weakness) secondary to axillary nerve compression. In addition, repeated abduction and external rotation of the arm is felt to lead to injury of the PCHA within the QSS. This often results in PCHA thrombosis and aneurysm formation, with distal emboli. Because of relative infrequency, QSS is rarely diagnosed on evaluation of athletes with such symptoms. We report on 9 patients who presented at Mayo Clinic with QSS. Differential diagnosis, a new classification system, and the management of QSS are discussed, with a comprehensive literature review. The following search terms were used on PubMed: axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral artery, quadrilateral space, and quadrangular space. Articles were selected if they described patients with symptoms from axillary nerve entrapment or PCHA thrombosis, or if related screening or imaging methods were assessed. References available within the obtained articles were also pursued. There was no date or language restriction for article inclusion; 5 studies in languages besides English were reported in German, French, Spanish, Turkish, and Chinese.
North Korea's Impact on Nuclear Testing

The North Korean nuclear weapons test on October 9, 2006 made front-page news. Condemnation was nearly universal. Diplomatic activity was frantic. Within a week the UN Security Council passed Resol...
Identification of Bacteriophage N4 Virion RNA Polymerase-Nucleic Acid Interactions in Transcription Complexes

Bacteriophage N4 mini-virion RNA polymerase (mini-vRNAP), the 1106-amino acid transcriptionally active domain of vRNAP, recognizes single-stranded DNA template-containing promoters composed of conserved sequences and a 3-base loop–5-base pair stem hairpin structure. The major promoter recognition determinants are a purine located at the center of the hairpin loop (–11G) and a base at the hairpin stem (–8G). Mini-vRNAP is an evolutionarily highly diverged member of the T7 family of RNAPs. A two-plasmid system was developed to measure the in vivo activity of mutant mini-vRNAP enzymes. Five mini-vRNAP derivatives, each containing a pair of cysteine residues separated by ∼100 amino acids and single cysteine-containing enzymes, were generated. These reagents were used to determine the smallest catalytically active polypeptide and to map promoter, substrate, and RNA-DNA hybrid contact sites to single amino acid residues in the enzyme by using end-labeled 5-iododeoxyuridine- and azidophenacyl-substituted oligonucleotides, cross-linkable derivatives of the initiating nucleotide, and RNA products with 5-iodouridine incorporated at specific positions. Localization of functionally important amino acid residues in the recently determined crystal structures of apomini-vRNAP and the mini-vRNAP-promoter complex and comparison with the crystal structures of the T7 RNAP initiation and elongation complexes allowed us to predict major rearrangements in mini-vRNAP in the transition from transcription initiation to elongation similar to those observed in T7 RNAP, a task otherwise precluded by the lack of sequence homology between N4 mini-vRNAP and T7 RNAP.
Validation of an incremental motor unit number estimation technique in rabbits.

Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) allows for quantitative assessment of functional motor units in a nerve. Several techniques have been applied to human studies. Although MUNE has been performed in animals to study neurological disorders, reproducibility has not been addressed. We analyzed the test–retest reproducibility of an incremental MUNE technique in rabbits and performed histological correlation. A peroneal MUNE was performed in 9 rabbits on two occasions separated by 30 days. MUNE was then performed on 18 rabbits prior to euthanize. A count of total fibers and a second count of large myelinated fibers were performed on nerve cross-sections. Test–retest reproducibility revealed an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.75. The average test–retest relative difference was 26.6%. Comparison of MUNE and histomorphometrical counts revealed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.21 (total fiber counts) and 0.27 (large fibers). Although incremental MUNE has a high degree of reproducibility in rabbits, there is poor correlation with histological fiber counts. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Microstructure and Intrusions in the California Current

Abstract Two microstructure records taken at shallow depths off Cabo San Lucas, at the southern tip of Baja California, are compared. One is similar to records previously taken in the mid-gyre, and has an “irregularly steppy” appearance, a linear T-S relation, and a Cox number of approximately 10. It is suggested that this type of profile may represent the background condition of the ocean in which the levels of vertical turbulence are quite low and the principal dissipation occurs by small-scale shear instabilities at the “step“ structures. The other record exhibits a very irregular T-S relation, due to multiple interleavings of the water masses present in the area. Coupled with this is an average Cox number of at least 6000 and a much greater variability in the local microstructure levels along the record; half-meter averages of the dissipation rate of temperature fluctuations show a range greater than 106. In some cases these differences occur over vertical separations of a few meters. In general, the ...