cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal Pragmatism Defended

The book ostensibly reviewed by my distinguished academic colleague Richard Epstein' -Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy -offers pragmatic accounts both of adjudication and of democracy.2 Epstein, no fan of democracy, is interested only in my analysis of adjudication. He treats my analysis of democracy as a trivial variant of the publicchoice theory of politics, which emphasizes interest groups. But central to my analysis is the claim that politicians should be viewed as principals in the political process, not just, as in public-choice theory, agents of interest groups.3 The claim may be right or wrong, but as it is central to the theory of democracy expounded in the book and takes up more than a hundred pages, one might have expected some discussion of it. There is none (beyond a one-page brush off); nor is there any mention of my applications of the theory, to election law or to the contested 2000 presidential election. Against legal pragmatism Epstein levels the standard charge that it is contentless, but he ignores my endeavor to give it content. The following passage from my book sketches my response to the charge of contentlessness:
Cognitive-behavioral interventions

Anxiety has long been a central issue in the field of psychology, having played a key role in the development of several theories, the assessment of psychological constructs, and the evaluation of forms of psychological treatment. More recently, the formal diagnostic categories of anxiety disorders have been empirically investigated, and the treatment of anxiety disorders (primarily focused on behavioral and cognitive interventions with adult populations) has received meaningful research endorsement (e.g., Barlow, Cohen, Waddell, Vermilyea, Klosko, Blanchard, & Di Nardo, 1984; Butler, Cullington, Munby, Amies, & Gelder, 1984; Clark, 1986). Taking into account childhood developmental concerns, a promising therapeutic intervention for children with anxiety disorders is emerging (e.g., Kane & Kendall, 1989; Kendall et al., 1992).
Combinatorial Design of a Stochastic Markov Decision Process

We consider a problem in which we seek to optimally design a Markov decision process (MDP). That is, subject to resource constraints we first design the action sets that will be available in each state when we later optimally control the process. The control policy is subject to additional constraints governing state-action pair frequencies, and we allow randomized policies. When the design decision is made, we are uncertain of some of the parameters governing the MDP, but we assume a distribution for these stochastic parameters is known. We focus on transient MDPs with a finite number of states and actions. We formulate, analyze and solve a two-stage stochastic integer program that yields an optimal design. A simple example threads its way through the paper to illustrate the development. The paper concludes with a larger application involving optimal design of malaria intervention strategies in Nigeria.
Toward User-Centric Recommender Systems

Artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies continue to broaden and influence our access to information, entertainment, products and services---and each other---through data-driven recommendations. While the increased access afforded by AI has undoubtedly improved certain aspects of social welfare, the ability of recommenders to generate genuinely personalized recommendations and engage users in meaningful ways remains limited. Furthermore, our understanding of how AI recommenders shape long-term user behavior is poorly understood. In this talk, I will discuss the role that various AI techniques have to play in next-generation, user-centric recommender systems. Among these are preference modeling and preference elicitation; reinforcement learning and latent state models; behavioral decision theory and economics; and modeling of user behavioral preferences. I will also highlight challenges that emerge when putting these methods into practice.
Volatile Anesthetic Attenuates Phagocyte Function and Worsens Bacterial Loads in Wounds.

Abstract Background Previously we have shown that volatile anesthetic isoflurane attenuated neutrophil recruitment and phagocytosis in mouse sepsis and skin inflammation models. The objectives of this study were to test ex vivo function of neutrophils in patients who underwent cardiac catheterization under volatile anesthesia versus intravenous anesthesia (IA), and also to assess the effect of anesthesia on surgical site infections (SSIs) using mouse model to understand the clinical relevance of anesthesia-induced immunomodulation. Methods Whole blood from patients who underwent cardiac catheterization procedures either by volatile anesthesia or IA was collected and subjected to phagocytosis assay and a lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α assay. Mouse SSI with Staphylococcus aureus USA300 was created, and the effect of isoflurane and propofol exposure (short or long exposure) on bacterial loads was tested. Results Neutrophil phagocytosis was significantly attenuated after the induction of volatile anesthesia in patients, but not by IA. Monocyte phagocytosis was not affected by the anesthesia regimen. Bacterial loads following SSIs were significantly higher in mice receiving long, but not short, isoflurane exposure. Propofol exposure did not affect bacterial loads. Discussion Neutrophil phagocytosis can be affected by the type of anesthesia, and preclinical model of SSIs showed potential clinical relevance. The effects of anesthesia regimen on SSIs in patients needs to be studied extensively in the future.
Using the analog ensemble method as a proxy measurement for wind power predictability

Abstract Wind power forecast uncertainty exposes wind farms to volatile real-time electricity prices and increases wind power integration costs. Wind power forecast uncertainty could address these challenges and facilitate the process of siting suitable wind farm locations. In this study, the Analog Ensemble (AnEn) is employed to generate probabilistic wind speed forecasts at 80-m height using past forecast and analysis fields from the Global Forecast System (GFS). The AnEn predictions are used as proxy measurements for how difficult it is to estimate wind speed at different locations in the contiguous United States. The results show significant spatial variations in the wind speed error over the domain. This measure of uncertainty is paramount when determining the most suitable locations for large wind farms. We observed that locations with higher average wind speed are associated with larger degrees of forecast uncertainty which increases the difficulty to predict wind speed at these locations. Our analysis showed high correlation between forecast uncertainty and wind power output volatility which indicates higher risk of operating in real time electricity markets for wind farms located in areas with higher wind speeds. Further, a simple risk analysis using Sharpe ratio was performed to evaluate the riskiness of wind farms in the U.S.
Understanding continuum and discontinuum models of rock-support interaction for excavations undergoing stress-induced spalling

Abstract Although the design of underground structures is becoming increasingly dependent on modeling-based analysis approaches, ground control systems continue to be designed primarily using a site-specific trial and error approach. This discrepancy is related to the difficulty of reproducing rock-support interaction behavior in its entirety using commonly applied modeling methods. To help bridge this gap, this study has conducted a comparison of continuum and discontinuum models with a focus on their ability to realistically capture the support effect generated by rock bolts with or without wire mesh. It was found that continuum models can adequately replicate the damage processes and deformation of reinforced rockmasses, but show a negligible change in ground behavior when support elements are explicitly considered within the models. We propose a ‘strain-continuity’ hypothesis where the inability of the modeling method to allow discrete block separation after failure is thought to be responsible for this unrealistic behavior. Two discontinuum bonded-block modeling approaches (Voronoi Tessellation and Trigon) were subsequently tested; realistic behavioral differences between the supported and unsupported model conditions that are consistent with empirical data were exhibited by the Voronoi model. Finally, a conceptual framework has been presented that combines field data from the literature with the modeling results to provide an understanding of how support responses in the continuum and discontinuum models compare to reality.
Parametric models for distributions when interest is in extremes with an application to daily temperature

When making inferences about extreme quantiles, using simple parametric models for the entire distribution can be problematic in that a model that accurately describes the bulk of the distribution may lead to substantially biased estimates of extreme quantiles if the model is misspecified. One way to address this problem is to use flexible parametric families of distributions. For the setting where extremes in both the upper and lower tails are of interest, this paper describes various approaches to quantifying notions of flexibility and then proposes new parametric classes of distributions that satisfy these notions and are computable without requiring numerical integration. A semiparametric extension of these distributions is proposed when the parametric classes are not sufficiently flexible. Some of the new models are applied to daily temperature in July from an ensemble of 50 climate model runs that can be treated as independent realizations of the climate system over the period studied. The large ensemble makes it possible to compare estimates of extreme quantiles based on a single model run to estimates based on the full ensemble. For these data, at the four largest US cities, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles and New York City, the parametric models generally dominate estimates based on fitting generalized Pareto distributions to some fraction of the most extreme observations, sometimes by a substantial margin. Thus, in at least this setting, parametric models not only provide a way to estimate the whole distribution, they also result in better estimates of extreme quantiles than traditional extreme value approaches.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not disproportionately influence post-operative complication rates or time to chemotherapy in obese patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives To determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) disproportionately benefits obese patients. Methods Data were collected from stage IIIC-IV ovarian cancer patients treated between 01/2010–07/2015. We performed univariate/multivariate logistic regression analyses with post-operative infection, readmission, any postoperative complication, and time to chemotherapy as outcomes. An interaction term was included in models, to determine if the effect of NACT on post-operative complications was influenced by obesity status. Results Of 507 patients, 115 (22.6%) were obese and 392 (77.3%) were non-obese (obese defined as BMI ≥30). Among obese patients undergoing primary debulking surgery (PDS) vs. NACT, rates of postoperative infection were 42.9% vs. 30.8% (p = 0.12), 30-day readmission 30.2% vs. 11.5% (p Conclusions The decision to use NACT should not be predicated on obesity alone, as the reduction in post-operative complications in obese patients is similar to non-obese patients.
Electron plasma wave Thomson scattering on laboratory plasma jets

Plasma jets created from a 15 μm thick Al foil on a 1 MA pulsed power machine were studied using a new electron plasma wave (EPW) Thomson scattering system in conjunction with previously developed ion acoustic wave (IAW) Thomson scattering and interferometry. These diagnostics give multiple ways of measuring the electron temperature and density of the jet. Analysis of the EPW feature found the on-axis density of the jet to be between 5 × 10 18 and 1.4 × 10 19 cm−3, which either matched or was higher than interferometry measurements. Outside of the jet, both of these diagnostics measured a density of 7 × 10 17 cm−3. On one shot, the EPW spectral feature showed two pairs of peaks within a 250 μm scattering length on the edge of the jet, which shows that the boundary of the jet ∼1 mm radius jet is ≲ 0.1 mm. While electron temperature measurements of the plasma jet are complicated by the probe beam producing inverse bremsstrahlung heating of the jet, comparison of the electron temperature measured between IAW and EPW Thomson scattering showed the EPW feature to imply significantly higher electron temperatures than the IAW feature (e.g., 160 eV vs 70 eV in one case). Various sources of this discrepancy (for example, density gradients, collisions, and a lag in ionization) and their impact on the plasma are discussed.
Cone-beam computed tomographic imaging of silent sinus syndrome: A case series and a literature review

While silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is familiar to otolaryngologists and ophthalmologists, it is a rare clinical entity in dentistry and is likely to be underdiagnosed due to dentists' lack of awareness of this condition. SSS presents a diagnostic challenge to dentists, as patients typically have no history of trauma or sinusitis. The characteristic feature of SSS is a gradual retreat of the maxillary sinus walls, resulting in enophthalmos and hypoglobus. Multidetector (multislice) computed tomography is the imaging modality of choice for SSS and other paranasal sinus diseases. Cone-beam computed tomography promises to be an alternative low-dose imaging modality. This report describes 3 cases of SSS in adults, who had no identified clinical symptoms except diminutive and opacified maxillary sinuses, as well as the inward bowing of the sinus walls as noted on cone-beam computed tomographic imaging.
Reducing the Impact of Media Images on Women at Risk for Body Image Disturbance: Three Targeted Interventions

Recent research has shown that exposure to the ideal thin standard of female beauty commonly presented in advertising and the broader media contributes to body image disturbance among women. Researchers have proposed that social comparison processes underlie this phenomenon; women may routinely compare their bodies with images of feminine beauty contained in the media and consequently become less satisfied with their own bodies. This study reports the evaluation of three interventions that were designed to prevent women from experiencing body image disturbance when exposed to media images by interrupting the social comparison process. Experimental data suggest that all three interventions (a) decreased the likelihood of female participants comparing their bodies with media images, and (b) prevented media-induced body image disturbance. The content of the interventions, and implications for the treatment and prevention of body image disturbance and eating disorders are discussed.
Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Hospitalizations for Hyperemesis.

Introduction Chronic cannabis use had been associated with hyperemesis. We sought to determine whether cannabis liberalization contributed to increased hospitalizations for hyperemesis. Methods Cannabis use and admissions for hyperemesis in legalized states were compared with those of nonlegalized states, before and after cannabis legalization, using state inpatient databases. Results From 2011 to 2015, cannabis use increased 2.2 times in legalized states and 1.8 times in nonlegalized states. The odds of presentation with hyperemesis were higher in 2015 compared with those of 2011 in all states. Discussion Recreational legalization may be contributing to rising cannabis use. Hospitalizations for hyperemesis have also increased but did not seem to be solely due to cannabis legalization.
Understanding how readers determine the legitimacy of online news articles in the era of fake news

Internet users are routinely exposed to fake news in their social media feeds. The main goal of this paper is to identify the factors readers consider important in discriminating against fake news from true news when reading an online news article. We design and conduct three surveys using Amazon Mechanical Turk to identify the top factors and rate them under diverse scenarios. Our results suggest that people perceive news Source and Content to be the most important factors, in general, to distinguish fake news from true news, however, their importance reduces in practice when people actually read a news article. Furthermore, the importance of different factors in the credibility determination of a news article varies with people's political leanings. Our work is the first of its kind and offers new insights into how people determine the legitimacy of online news articles.
A Tapered Floating Point Extension for the Redundant Signed Radix 2 System Using the Canonical Recoding.

A tapered floating point encoding is proposed which uses the redundant signed radix 2 system and is based on the canonical recoding. By making use of ternary technology, the encoding has a dynamic range exceeding that of the recently-proposed Posit number system and the IEEE 754-1985 Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic (IEEE-754-1985), and precision equal to or better than that of the IEEE-754-1985 system and the recently proposed Posit system when equal input sizes are compared. In addition, the encoding is capable of supporting several proposed extensions, including extensions to integers, boolean values, complex numbers, higher number systems, low-dimensional vectors, and system artifacts such as machine instructions. A detailed analytic comparison is provided between the proposed encoding, the IEEE-754-1985 system, and the recently proposed Posit number system.
Association between baseline geriatric domains and survival in older adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).

12041Background: CLL is a disease that commonly affects older adults. Although the value of geriatric assessment is increasingly being recognized in older adults with cancer, few studies have exami...
Emergency preservation and resuscitation for cardiac arrest from trauma.

Patients who suffer a cardiac arrest from trauma rarely survive. Surgical control of hemorrhage cannot be obtained in time to prevent irreversible organ damage. Emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) was developed to utilize hypothermia to buy time to achieve hemostasis and allow delayed resuscitation. Large animal studies have demonstrated that cooling to tympanic membrane temperature 10 °C during exsanguination cardiac arrest can allow up to 2 h of circulatory arrest and repair of simulated injuries with normal neurologic recovery. The Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrest from Trauma (EPR-CAT) trial is testing the feasibility and safety of initiating EPR. Study subjects include patients with penetrating trauma who lose a pulse within 5 minutes of hospital arrival and remain pulseless despite standard care. EPR is initiated via an intra-aortic flush of ice-cold saline solution. Following hemostasis, delayed resuscitation and rewarming are accomplished with cardiopulmonary bypass. The primary outcome is survival to hospital discharge without significant neurologic deficits. If trained team members are available, subjects can undergo EPR. If not, subjects can be enrolled as concurrent controls. Ten EPR and 10 control subjects will be enrolled. If successful, EPR could save the lives of trauma patients who are currently dying from exsanguinating hemorrhage.
Fundamentals of air sampling

Introduction to Air Sampling. Basic Gas Concepts. Air or Gas Volume Measuring Devices. Gas Flow Rate Measuring Devices. Velocity Measuring Devices. Flow Moving and Controlling Devices. Air Pollutant Collection Principles. Air Sampling Methods for Gaseous Pollutants. Air Sampling Methods for Particulate Matter by Filtration. Applications to Source Sampling. Emission Test Equipment Calibration. EPA Method 5 Procedures. Computing Emission Rate. Appendices. References. Index.
The (Re)Collection of Memory after Mass Atrocity and the Dilemma for Transitional Justice

When a government engages in the mass killing of its own citizens, how can the nation ever recover? These atrocities destroy the moral fabric which binds a nation. To recover, this fabric must be remade. Many social scientists and legal scholars believe that developing collective memory – an enduring and shared memory of the events that help to heal the wounds of a tattered national conscience and prevent the recurrence of mass atrocities – is essential to such reconstruction. However, the preservation of collective memory is in tension with another impulse after mass atrocity: the desire for justice. Because notions of individualism and autonomy heavily influence legal institutions worldwide, they risk the destruction of collective memory. This friction constitutes a central dilemma in facilitating transitional justice.In this article, I urge a fundamental reconceptualization of the law’s preference for individual memory in the context of transitional justice. I argue that the inclusion of collective memory will facilitate a better understanding of the collective harms that characterize mass atrocities and will serve the distinct goals of transitional justice, including reconciliation, the creation of a historical record, nation-building, and legal reform. I further argue that human rights lawyers should act as preservers and promoters of collective memory. In doing so, they may be able to help heal wounds outside traditional justice tribunals – while at the same time providing essential assistance to these tribunals if and when legal proceedings do finally occur.
Product-line-based requirements customization for web service compositions

Customizing web services according to users' individual functional and non-functional requirements has become increasingly difficult as the number of users increases. This paper introduces a new way to customize and verify composite web services by incorporating a software product-line engineering approach into web-service composition. The approach uses a partitioning similar to that between domain engineering and application engineering in the product-line context. It specifies the options that the user can select and constructs the resulting web-service compositions. By first creating a web-service composition search space that satisfies the common requirements and then querying the search space as the user selects values for the parameters of variation, we provide a more efficient way to customize web services. A decision model, illustrated with examples from an emergency-response application, is created to interact with the customers and ensure the consistency of their specifications. The capability to reuse the composition search space may also help improve the quality and reliability of the composite services and reduce the cost of re-verifying the same compositions.
An acute reversible experimental model of pneumonia in pigs: time-related histological and clinical signs changes.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term survival rates, clinical response, and lung gross and microscopic changes in pigs treated intratracheally with lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 (LPS-Ec). Healthy pigs were randomly allocated to three groups: (i) no-LPS-Ec (n = 1), (ii) LPS-Ec-T1 (1 mg/mL, 10 mL/pig) (n = 7), and (iii) LPS-Ec-T2 (0.5 mg/mL, 10 mL/pig) (n = 6). Two pigs from each dose group were euthanized at 24 (n = 3 for T1), 48 and 144 h post-LPS-Ec challenge. LPS-Ec-treated animals showed macroscopic lesions in middle lobes of the lung. A reversible recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils was observed at 24, 48, and 144 h post-LPS-Ec challenge. The highest cellular infiltration level was observed at 24 h after challenge. The highest clinical scores were evident in both experimental dose levels within 3 and 5 h after LPS-Ec administration. Administration of LPS-Ec, under the conditions evaluated, can be used to induce a reproducible model of acute pulmonary inflammation in pigs.
The Cloning and Characterization of a New Stress Response Protein

Using differential display, a cDNA fragment was identified as being overexpressed in a mouse lymphoma cell line that had gained resistance to cell death after exposure to a variety of agents used in cancer therapy. The full-length cDNA of 1.1 kb that was cloned contained an open reading frame coding for a previously unidentified 28-kDa mammalian protein, p28. p28 showed significant homologies to a large family of stress response proteins that contain a glutathione S-transferase (GST) domain. In correspondence with the sequence homology, p28 was found to bind glutathione; however, GST or glutathione peroxidase activity could not be demonstrated. Northern analysis of the mRNA of this protein showed abundant expression in mouse heart and liver tissues, whereas anti-p28 antibody binding identified p28 expression in mouse 3T3 cells and early passage mouse embryo fibroblasts. Subcellular protein fractionation revealed p28 localization in the cytoplasm, but with thermal stress p28 relocated to the nuclear fraction of cellular proteins. Based on sequence homology and protein activity we conclude that p28 acts as a small stress response protein, likely involved in cellular redox homeostasis, and belongs to a family of GST-like proteins related to class θ GSTs.
Significance of chemical residues in United States food-producing animals.

Abstract Problems caused by redidues in food-producing animals result from the feeding or application of antibiotics, therapeutic agents, pesticides and heavy metals to livestock. Antibiotics cause sensitivity hazards and the possibility of drug-resistant strains of microorganisms. Therapeutic agents stimulate enzyme induction, organ-specific adverse effects, or complex drug interactions. Pesticides may produce enzymatic alterations, genetic and teratogenic effects, and neurological alterations. Heavy metals result in increased body burdens, but information on subtle effects is limited. Regulatory agencies are attempting to formulate guidelines for residue control, but the potential helth and political difficultues are considerable. International efforts to solve these problems and develop uniform world-wide guidelines for the use and permissible tolerance of chemicals in foods would be of universal benefit.
Turbulent flow over a wavy boundary

The linearized, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible fully turbulent fluid over a sinusoidal boundary is solved using the method of matched asymptotic expansions in the limit of vanishing skin-friction. A phenomenological turbulence model due to Saffman (1970, 1974) is utilized to incorporate the effects of the wavy boundary on the turbulence structure. Arbitrary lowest-order wave speed is allowed in order to consider both the stationary wavy wall, and the water wave moving with arbitrary positive or negative velocity. Good agreement is found with measured tangential velocity profiles and surface normal stress coefficients. The phase shift of the surface normal stress exhibits correct qualitative behavior with both positive and negative wave speeds, although predicted values are low.
Religious involvement and obsessive compulsive disorder among African Americans and Black Caribbeans.

Abstract Prior research is equivocal concerning the relationships between religious involvement and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The literature indicates limited evidence of denomination differences in prevalence of OCD whereas findings regarding OCD and degree of religiosity are equivocal. This study builds on prior research by examining OCD in relation to diverse measures of religious involvement within the National Survey of American Life, a nationally representative sample of African American and Black Caribbean adults. Bivariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) examine the relationship between lifetime prevalence of OCD and religious denomination, service attendance, non-organizational religiosity (e.g., prayer, religious media) subjective religiosity, and religious coping. Frequent religious service attendance was negatively associated with OCD, whereas Catholic affiliation (as compared to Baptist) and religious coping (prayer when dealing with stressful situations) were both positively associated with OCD. With regard to demographic factors, persons of older age and higher education levels were significantly less likely to have OCD.
EFFECTS OF OCTANOIC ACID ON SERUM-LEVELS OF FREE FATTY ACIDS, INSULIN, AND GLUCOSE IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS AND IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Abstract The effects of intraduodenal infusions of glucose and octanoic acid on the serum-levels of glucose, free fatty acids (F.F.A.), and insulin have been determined in four healthy volunteers and in five patients with cirrhosis. Serum-insulin levels rose in both groups during glucose infusions but the rise was significantly greater when octanoic acid was added. This effect did not seem to be mediated by the serum-glucose because the addition of octanoic acid did not affect this level. Serum-F.F.A. levels fell in both groups but the inclusion of octanoic acid had no effect on the rate of fall of serum-F.F.A.
How Leaders Promote War by Exploiting Our Core Concerns

The pursuit of war is the most consequential of all decisions for a country’s leaders. Taking up arms brings with it the likelihood of death for thousands and a dramatically altered way of life for millions. While circumstances vary considerably from one violent conflict to another, from a psychological perspective there is surprising consistency in the public appeals that leaders use to garner support for their war agenda. My own research suggests that the selling of war often relies on appeals to five specific core concerns, revolving around issues of vulnerability, injustice, distrust, superiority, and helplessness. These five concerns are key lenses through which individuals, groups, and nations make sense of the world. For most of us, nothing is more important than providing security for the people we care about (vulnerability). We often react to perceived mistreatment with anger and resentment, and an urge to right wrongs and punish those we hold responsible (injustice). We tend to divide the world into those who are untrustworthy and those who are deserving of our trust (distrust). We frequently insist that we are better than others in important ways (superiority). And we strive to avoid feeling helpless, and to instead control what happens in our lives (helplessness). In abstract and oversimplified form, a leader’s standard call to arms—legitimizing the use of violence on a massive scale—looks like this: “Our nation is facing grave danger from outsiders. Terrible injustices have been perpetrated against us. Our trust in others has led only to betrayal. But we are a special people far greater than our enemies. And we will prevail in our efforts to defend ourselves and to secure our future.” Relying on examples from public speeches, in this essay the use of appeals to these five core concerns in a specific and tragic context is examined: the Bush administration’s promotion of the 2003 U.S. invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq, as part of the “Global War on Terror.”
When Adoption Is Not an Option: Counseling Implications Related to Surrogacy

Through the author's personal story, this article details a case in which traditional conception and adoption were not options available for starting a family. It gives the author's rational for choosing surrogacy and describes his experience with surrogacy. This article provides an overview of the surrogacy process and concludes with implications counselors may consider and apply to their clinical practice.
A diffraction study of the annealing of cold-worked Cu 3 Au

X-ray diffraction was used to study the recrystallization and ordering behavior of cold-worked Cu3Au annealed below the critical temperature. Samples of the alloy initially disordered by quenching and then cold-worked by filing were found to establish a high degree of long-range order very rapidly at temperatures in the range 300° to 375°C. The kinetics of antiphase domain growth were found to be essentially the same as previously established for the alloy having no cold work after thermal disordering. However, for a given annealing treatment, the average antiphase domain size in the initially cold-worked samples waslarger than that in initially disordered samples which had not been cold-worked. This observation is contrary to results of previous investigators and the reasons for their incorrect conclusions are discussed. Measurements of the particle size and rms microstrains established that recrystallization is retarded as the annealing temperature approaches the critical temperature.
Maintaining Winter Egg Production by the Use of Dim Red Light

Abstract THE fact that lengthening the hours of light during the winter increases the egg production of fowls at that season has been known for many years. The literature has been fully covered by Dobie, Carver and Roberts (1946). The theory that the increase of gonadal activity may be caused by the effect of light on the endocrine system has been reviewed by Rowan (1938). Rider (1938) has shown that fowls need not have feed available during the hours when artificial light is provided; this was confirmed by Callenbach, Nichols and Murphy (1943). Fairbanks (1924) demonstrated that the intensity of light at the surface of the fowl need not exceed one foot-candle. That red rays of light were stimulating to egg production and blue rays depressing was shown by Rider (1938). In view of the evidence, there was every reason to believe that if fowls were exposed to a dim red . . .
Rethinking Assessment: Teachers and Students Helping Each other through the “Sharp Curves of Life”

Although dramatic changes are taking place in large-scale assessment practices, labeled variously “performance,” “authentic,” and “portfolio,” classroom teachers are realizing that they are responsible for the multidimensional, continuous, contextualized assessment necessary to the ongoing teaching/learning cycles of their particular classrooms. One teacher describes how she learned in dialogue with her students, discovering strengths in them she never fully realized before. She saw patterns of learning in and through time, not as linear and additive, but as recursive and unfolding. As she focused less narrowly on print and traditional academic tasks, she began to see learning as connected across symbol systems and through social interactions. She began to understand that knowledge is socially constructed and powerfully influenced by the personal and sociocultural history of each individual.
Monopoles in the Higgs phase

We describe new solutions of Yang-Mills-Higgs theories consisting of magnetic monopoles in a phase with fully broken gauge symmetry. Rather than spreading out radially, the magnetic field lines form flux tubes. The solution is topologically stable and, when embedded in $\mathcal{N}=2$ SQCD, preserves 1/4 of the supercharges. From the perspective of the flux tube the monopole appears as a kink. Many monopoles may be threaded onto a single flux tube and placed at arbitrary separation to create a stable, BPS necklace of solitons.
Redefining the structure-activity relationships of 2,6-methano-3-benzazocines. Part 7: syntheses and opioid receptor properties of cyclic variants of cyclazocine.

Abstract A series of 7,8- and 8,9-fused triazole and imidazole analogues of cyclazocine have been made and characterized in opioid receptor binding and [35S]GTPγS assays. Target compounds were designed to explore the SAR surrounding our lead molecule for this study, namely the 8,9-fused pyrrolo analogue 2 of cyclazocine. Compared to 2, many of the new compounds in this study displayed very high affinity for opioid receptors.
Meta-analytic Reviews in the Organizational Sciences: Two Meta-analytic Schools on the Way to MARS (the Meta-analytic Reporting Standards)

Purpose The purpose of this study was to review the Meta-Analysis Reporting Standards (MARS) of the American Psychological Association (APA) and highlight opportunities for improvement of meta-analytic reviews in the organizational sciences.
Design studies for nonimaging light concentrators to be used in very high-energy gamma-ray astronomy

Abstract Light concentrators to be used by the camera of a telescope to view gamma-ray-induced Cherenkov light, are analyzed from the point of view of optical efficiency, background rejection capability and manufacturability. A small decrease in the optical efficiency due to multiple reflections undergone by rays incident at small angles in a compound parabolic concentrator is observed. The influence of the angle of incidence on the reflectivity of the wall is analyzed and found to be inconsequential. A closed-packed matrix of concentrators with hexagonal entrance apertures is considered and the light spread in the adjacent pixels introduced by the removal of portions of the surface of concentrators is evaluated.
On Memory, Transmission and the Practice of Building in the Crusader Mediterranean

Abstract Memory played a key role in the cross-cultural transmission of medieval architectural knowledge amongst patrons, designers, ateliers and audiences from different religious, cultural and architectural traditions. Two aspects of architectural memory are here posited as playing a role in the dissemination of architectural forms and styles: a “cultural memory” that evoked specific, earlier sites of ideological or other significance to patrons; and a “pragmatic memory” of learned, practical skills that was transmitted amongst masons themselves. These interlocking yet distinct aspects of memory in architecture are not unique to cross-cultural transmission, but they had particular impact when deployed by patrons and masons across physical or conceptual borders. Whether introduced by practical means or for associative reasons, new forms further moved across regions with artisans, who proffered (and learned) new modes of working while traveling. Examination of the Cistercian Monastery of Zaraka in Stymphalia, Greece and other churches of the thirteenth-century, post-Crusade Peloponnese and greater Eastern Mediterranean demonstrate how both aspects of architectural memory can be read in the physical architectural record. This methodology also re-inscribes masons into a history of the cross-cultural creative process, showing that builders were vital in the processes of transmitting and interpreting forms.
Nonlinear saturation and recurrence of the two-plasmon decay instability

Two-dimensional computer simulations show that short-wavelength ion fluctuations and density-profile steepening are dominant factors in the saturation of the $2{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pe}}$ instability. The long-term evolution of this instability is described and the implications of this complex saturation process for absorption and harmonic emission are discussed.
Science Teachers Without Classrooms of Their Own: A Study of the Phenomenon of Floating

“Floating” teachers, or teachers without their own classroom, experience unique affordances and constraints as they develop professionally. To increase the knowledge in this area, this study looks at how traveling to different classrooms affects beginning secondary science teachers’ development and instruction. The participants in this study were three first-year floating secondary science teachers whose experiences were analyzed through a cultural historical activity theory framework. The data revealed how floating can either support or constrain the development of beginning science teachers, and limit the implementation of standards-based instruction. Finally, this study shows that high levels of human, physical, and social resources are necessary for progress towards standards-based science teaching. It suggests that if science teachers must move to different classrooms, we need to create ways in which to support their instruction and development. Furthermore, this study recommends that all teachers and supervisors work toward a deeper understanding of the school community’s role in the experience of the floating science teacher.
A microfluidically-switched CPW folded slot antenna

A microfluidically-switched CPW folded slot antenna is proposed. The switching technique is based on employing the capacitive loading effect of two fluid metal channels placed on top of the CPW slot antenna. By filling the channels with Galinstan, the antenna is reactively loaded and as a result the resonant frequency of the antenna is reduced. Implementation of the microfluidically-switched antenna is realized using the common PCB techniques and PDMS structures. The PDMS structures including the micro-channels are bonded to the circuit board using a very thin layer of spin-coated PDMS employed as the bonding layer. A frequency switching ratio (f TR =f 2 /f 1 ) of more than an octave (2.6-5.5 GHz) is obtained for the proposed antenna. The antenna shows similar radiation pattern with high purity (Co- to Cross polarization level > 15dB) for both frequency bands.
An Investigation of Classification Consistency Indexes Estimated Under Alternative Strong True Score Models

Using several data sets, the authors examine the relative performance of the beta binomial model and two other more general strong true score models in estimating several indexes of classification consistency. It is shown that the beta binomial model can provide inadequate fits to raw score distributions compared to more general models. This lack of fit is reflected in differences in decision consistency indexes computed using the beta binomial model and the other models. It is recommended that the adequacy of a model in fitting the data be assessed before the model is used to estimate decision consistency indexes. When the beta binomial model does not fit the data, the more general models discussed here may provide an adequate fit and, in such cases, would be more appropriate for computing decision consistency indexes.
DECREASES IN THE RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF SPECIFIC HEPATOCYTE PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEINS DURING LIVER REGENERATION : DOWN-REGULATION OR DILUTION ?

Antibodies were used to quantify seven domain-specific integral proteins of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane during rat liver regeneration in response to two-thirds hepatectomy. Quantitative immunoblotting revealed that a subset of the plasma membrane proteins exhibited transient 30-70% decreases in relative concentration during the period of hepatocyte proliferation. The list of affected proteins included at least one representative from each of the plasma membrane domains: the apical protein HA 4, the lateral protein HA 321, and the basolateral receptors for epidermal growth factor and asialoglycoproteins. In contrast, the relative concentrations of three other plasma membrane proteins, the basolateral protein CE 9 and the two apical proteins dipeptidylpeptidase IV and aminopeptidase N, remained unchanged throughout liver regeneration. The decreases in the relative concentrations of the plasma membrane proteins were observed even when the synthesis of hepatocyte DNA was blocked by hydroxyurea, suggesting that the signalling for these two delayed consequences of two-thirds hepatectomy occurred along parallel, dependent pathways. Pulse and pulse-chase metabolic radiolabeling studies revealed that the decreases in the concentrations of the PM proteins were accomplished through protein-selective decreases in the rates of synthesis of the high-mannose precursors of the affected proteins, but not through the accelerated degradation of the mature plasma membrane proteins.
Instability in Theophylline and Carbamazepine Hydrate Tablets: Cocrystal Formation Due to Release of Lattice Water

Purpose To demonstrate two sequential solid-state reactions in intact tablets: dehydration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), and cocrystal formation between the anhydrous API and a second formulation component mediated by the released water. To evaluate the implication of this in situ phase transformation on the tablet dissolution behavior.
Analysis of zeolite crystallization with autocatalytic nucleation

Abstract Recently, the use of an empirical expression of the form f = Kt a to describe zeolite crystallization kinetics has been suggested. The incorporation of heterogeneous nucleation and autocatalytic nucleation mechanisms has been discussed previously. It is shown here that a complete and proper development of such a model can lead to ambiguous results. Furthermore, it is shown that these nucleation mechanisms can be incorporated in the population balance formalism, which allows gel and solution material balances to be included. Finally, it is shown that the nucleation history corresponding to such proposed mechanisms is unlike that observed experimentally.
Taking the leap from dyads to triads: Buyer–supplier relationships in supply networks

Abstract A network is made up of nodes and links. The smallest unit that consists of both these network elements is a dyad made up of two nodes (a buyer and a supplier) and the link that connects them (a buyer–supplier relationship). Naturally, the focus of the supply chain management literature has been on this dyad. For instance, a buyer affects a supplier through its supplier evaluation and certificate programs, as well as long-term agreement practices. The relationship between a buyer and its supplier has been characterized as cooperative or adversarial. We have learned a great deal about supply chains through such studies in dyadic context. However, we submit that in a network, a dyad is not the smallest unit of a network. In fact, the smallest unit is a triad, made up of three nodes and the links that connect them. If so, how would this recognition guide us as we move forward to investigate supply chains as a network? What would be its implications to the genre of the literature on buyer–supplier relationships?
All-optical switching in semiconductor-doped nonlinear fibers

Optical switching devices that can perform at picosecond to femtosecond speeds are on demand because of interest to develop multi-gigabit, multi-user, optical networks. Two fundamental design issues are the choice of nonlinear material as the active medium for the switch and the switching architecture. Wave guide based switches designed with silica fiber have demonstrated ultra-fast switching up to femtosecond speeds. Figure 1 shows the switching speed versus power-length product for different types of materials. At the two extremes are rare-earth doped, and silica. Rare-earth doped materials have the smallest power-length product of about 10 W-cm, but also have the least switching speed. At the other extreme, silica has the fastest switching speed of 1013 Hz but also has the largest power-length product of 6 kW-cm. Semiconductor-doped glasses (SDG) and metal-doped glasses appear to have a good compromise between switching speed and power-length product. There is therefore interest to research such optical materials, and novel switching architectures that can simultaneously down-scale device geometry, and power requirements for switching.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.