cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time dependent entropy analysis of multiunit activity in the cortex following the hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

Previous study has shown that the scalp electrical activity (e.g. EEG) could provide information on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. The time dependent entropy (TDE) of EEG was applied as a means to segment the injury and recovery phases. A reduction in entropy during the injury was explained as the result of the spiking or bursting activity during the recovery of HI injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the spiking activity in the cortex during (HI) brain injury. The multiunit activity recorded from the cortex (CTX MUA) is analyzed with TDE methods. The spike sensitive TDE tracks the electric activity at the cellular level. The CTX MUA has high TDE value after the HI injury, which gradually returns to the baseline level as the brain recovers. This is the first report of cellular electrical response to global ischemic injury.
Armstrong databases for functional and inclusion dependencies

Abstract An Armstrong database is a database that obeys precisely a given set of sentences (and their logical consequences) and no other sentences of a given type. It is shown that if the sentences of interest are inclusion dependencies and standard functional dependencies (functional dependencies for which the left-hand side is nonempty), then there is always an Armstrong database for each set of sentences. (An example of an inclusion dependency is the sentence that says that every MANAGER is an EMPLOYEE .) If, however, the sentences of interest are inclusion dependencies and unrestricted functional dependencies, then there need not exist an Armstrong database. This result holds even if we allow only ‘full’ inclusion dependencies. Thus, a fairly sharp line is drawn, in a case of interest, as to when an Armstrong database must exist. These results hold whether we restrict our attention to finite databases (databases with a finite number of tuples), or whether we allow unrestricted databases.
Characterization of Wild-Type and ΔF508 Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator in Human Respiratory Epithelia

Previous studies in native tissues have produced conflicting data on the localization and metabolic fate of WT and ΔF508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) in the lung. Combining immunocytochemical and biochemical studies utilizing new high-affinity CFTR mAbs with ion transport assays, we examined both 1) the cell type and region specific expression of CFTR in normal airways and 2) the metabolic fate of ΔF508 CFTR and associated ERM proteins in the cystic fibrosis lung. Studies of lungs from a large number of normal subjects revealed that WT CFTR protein localized to the apical membrane of ciliated cells within the superficial epithelium and gland ducts. In contrast, other cell types in the superficial, gland acinar, and alveolar epithelia expressed little WT CFTR protein. No ΔF508 CFTR mature protein or function could be detected in airway specimens freshly excised from a large number of ΔF508 homozygous subjects, despite an intact ERM complex. In sum, our data demonstrate that WT CFTR is predominantly expressed in ciliated cells, and ΔF508 CFTR pathogenesis in native tissues, like heterologous cells, reflects loss of normal protein processing.
OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES AND WORK EXPERIENCE

The relationship between occupational injury rates and work experiences was studied in a population of 344 volunteer industrial workers by monitoring visits to the medical clinic of their employer. Subjects were assigned to one of three categories depending upon their work experiences: Incumbent (at least one year of experience prior to entering the study), Recent Hire (more than 3 months but less than one year of experience), or Probationary (less than 3 months of experience). The relationship was found to follow the shape of an inverted-U with the Recent Hire group suffering the highest injury rate. The Probationary group (also the most carefully supervised group) experienced the lowest injury rate.
The preparation of polyvinyl acetate phthalate-14C1

Polyvinyl acetate phthalate-14C1 (PV AP) was prepared by condensing radioactive phthalic anhydride with polyvinyl alcohol*. The radioactive anhydride was prepared from ethyl anthranilate The chemical purity and the authenticity of the PV AP so prepared was ascertained by a comparison of its acid number and thin layer chromatography to an authentic sample. The specific activity was determined using liquid scintillation counting.
Is the pulmonary artery catheter useful

In the United States more than 1.5 million pulmonary artery catheters (PACs) are inserted each year. Of these, approximately 55% are placed in high-risk surgical and trauma patients. Most clinicians believe that PAC use is beneficial in guiding therapy and may improve outcome. Despite these beliefs and hundreds of published articles related to PACs, appropriate use and impact on outcome remain unclear. A review of the current literature reveals conflicting data and significant flaws in most study designs. Inadequate sample size, lack of randomization, lack of standardization of therapies to PAC data, and deficiencies in user knowledge all significantly limit interpretation of clinical trials. Despite these deficiencies and the need for better-designed investigations, it is the opinion of the authors that access to hemodynamic data provided by the PAC, coupled with accurate interpretation of the data, may lead to reduced perioperative morbidity and mortality.
Polariton-biexciton transitions in a semiconductor microcavity

Summary form only given. Recent pump-and-probe measurements performed on the exciton-polariton in GaAs-based microcavities have been interpreted in terms of contributions due to biexcitons. Inspired by these initial hints we investigated a microcavity containing a single 5 nm ZnSe quantum well which provides large biexciton binding energies and small exciton linewidths. As a result we report here the first direct observation of a spectrally isolated, pump-induced resonance due to polariton-biexciton transitions in a microcavity.
Single lead acetate insult, testosterone therapy, and erythropoiesis in mice.

Lead acetate (PbAc) was tested for its effects on the production and release of erythrocytes‐that is, erythropoiesis‐in ICR mice. Dose‐survival data indicate that a dosage of 20 mg PbAc/100 g body weight represents the maximum tolerable treatment level. No differences in survival at the various levels of the salt were observed with regard to sex or age. For erythropoietic effects of PbAc, mice were injected on day 0, and radioiron (59 Fe) incorporation percentages were determined at daily intervals through day 8 for both erythrocytes and splenic tissue. Control mice received isotonic saline as the injectate. On day 3, the percentages obtained from Pb Ac‐treated mice showed a decline, reaching their minimum value by day 4. Recovery from erythropoietic suppression appeared to be complete by day 6 or 7; no positive overshoots in 59Fe percentages were found following recovery. These trends were typical for both peripheral red blood cells and spleen. Testosterone was administered to mice receiving saline or Pb...
Stimulus correlates of visual pattern discrimination and the problem of grain

A recent paper by V. J. Polidora (1966) is criticized on the basis that the experimental design did not provide an adequate test of the usefulness of 15 visual form parameters, mainly because of differences in the grain of the matrices used to construct and measure stimuli.
Evidence of counter‐gradient growth in western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) across thermal gradients

SUMMARY 1. Counter-gradient growth, where growth per unit temperature increases as temperature decreases, can reduce the variation in ectothermic growth rates across environmental gradients. Understanding how ectothermic species respond to changing temperatures is essential to their conservation and management due to human-altered habitats and changing climates. 2. Here, we use two contrasting populations of western pond turtles (Actinemys marmorata) to model the effect of artificial and variable temperature regimes on growth and age at reproductive maturity. The two populations occur on forks of the Trinity River in northern California, U.S.A. The South Fork Trinity River (South Fork) is unregulated, while the main stem of the Trinity River (Main Stem) is dammed and has peak seasonal temperatures that are approximately 10 °C colder than the South Fork. 3. Consistent with other studies, we found reduced annual growth rates for turtles in the colder Main Stem compared to the warmer South Fork. The South Fork population matured approximately 9 year earlier, on average, and at a larger body size than the Main Stem population. 4. When we normalised growth rates for the thermal opportunity for growth using water-growing degree-days (GDD), we found the reverse for growth rates and age at reproductive maturity. Main Stem turtles grew approximately twice as fast as South Fork turtles per GDD. Main Stem turtles also required approximately 50% fewer GDD to reach their smaller size at reproductive maturity compared to the larger South Fork turtles. 5. We found we could accurately hindcast growth rates based on water temperatures estimated from the total volume of discharge from the dam into the Main Stem, providing a management tool for predicting the impacts of the dam on turtle growth rates. 6. Given the importance of size and age at reproductive maturity to population dynamics, this information on counter-gradient growth will improve our ability to understand and predict the consequences of dam operations for downstream turtle populations.
Using Content and Process Scaffolds to Support Collaborative Discourse in Asynchronous Learning Networks

Discourse, a form of collaborative learning, is one of the most widely used methods of teaching and learning in the online environment. Particularly in large courses, discourse needs to be "structured" to be effective. This in-progress study investigates how to "scaffold" asynchronous discourse based on the Asynchronous Learning Networks Cognitive Discourse Model (ALNCDM). The ALNCDM is an adaptation of Clark and Brennan's grounding in communications principles within a technology- mediated learning (TML) environment. The model applies content and process scaffolding based on pedagogic principles. The study is a 2 X 2 design measuring learning effectiveness. Results of a pilot study are described. A major contribution of the study is building and testing a technology-mediated, discourse- centered, teaching and learning model called the ALNCDM.
Bioethics in a different tongue: The case of truth-telling

After a survey of 800 seniors from four different ethnic groups showed that Korean-American and Mexican-American subjects were much less likely than their European-American and African-American counterparts to believe that a patient should be told the truth about the diagnosis and prognosis of a terminal illness, we undertook an ethnographic study to look more deeply at attitudes and experiences of these respondents. European-American and African-American respondents were more likely to view truth-telling as empowering, enabling the patient to make choices, while the Korean-American and Mexican-American respondents were more likely to see the truth-telling as cruel, and even harmful, to the patients. Further differences were noted in how the truth should be told and even in definitions of what constitutes “truth” and “telling”. Clinical and bioethics professionals should be aware of how their cultural and economic backgrounds influence the way they perceive ethical dilemmas and remember to make room for the diverse views of the populations they serve.
Promotive and corrosive factors in African American students' math beliefs and achievement

Framed by expectancy-value theory (which posits that beliefs about and the subjective valuation of a domain predict achievement and decision-making in that domain), this study examined the relationships among teacher differential treatment and relevant math instruction on African American students' self-concept of math ability, math task value, and math achievement. These questions were examined by applying structural equation modeling to 618 African American youth (45.6 % female) followed from 7th to 11th grade in the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study. While controlling for gender and prior math achievement, relevant math instruction promoted and teacher differential treatment corroded students' math beliefs and achievement over time. Further, teacher discrimination undermined students' perceptions of their teachers, a mediating process under-examined in previous inquiry. These findings suggest policy and practice levers to narrow opportunity gaps, as well as foster math achievement and science, technology, engineering and math success.
The edge of chaos: A nonlinear view of psychoanalytic technique

The field of nonlinear dynamics (or chaos theory) provides ways to expand concepts of psychoanalytic process that have implications for the technique of psychoanalysis. This paper describes how concepts of “the edge of chaos,” emergence, attractors, and coupled oscillators can help shape analytic technique resulting in an approach to doing analysis which is at the same time freer and more firmly based in an enlarged understanding of the ways in which psychoanalysis works than some current recommendation about technique. Illustrations from a lengthy analysis of an analysand with obsessive‐compulsive disorder show this approach in action.
Emotional components of supervision: an EAP workshop.

Supervisory personnel often experience physical and emotional stress as a result of anxiety about role function. This problem has been effectively addressed through an educational workshop that use...
SDD: a new canonical representation of propositional knowledge bases

We identify a new representation of propositional knowledge bases, the Sentential Decision Diagram (SDD), which is interesting for a number of reasons. First, it is canonical in the presence of additional properties that resemble reduction rules of OBDDs. Second, SDDs can be combined using any Boolean operator in polytime. Third, CNFs with n variables and treewidth w have canonical SDDs of size O(n2w), which is tighter than the bound on OBDDs based on pathwidth. Finally, every OBDD is an SDD. Hence, working with the latter does not preclude the former.
Improving cellular positioning indoors through trajectory matching

Positioning in indoor environments is an ongoing challenging problem. Currently deployed wireless positioning and localization techniques are optimized for outdoor operation and cannot provide accurate location information in indoor environments where line-of-sight (LOS) communication is not available. Meanwhile, new applications and services, including the recent Enhanced 911 (E911), require that cellular positioning provides indoor location information up to the room/suite level. In this work, a new system for improving cellular indoor localization of mobile users is presented by exploiting advancements in smart building infrastructure. Smart buildings are supplied with networks of a variety of sensors that could track the motion trajectories of anonymous users with high levels of accuracy. We propose an improved cellular positioning technique whereby we match a low-accuracy motion trajectory of an individual tracked through cellular positioning techniques to one of the high-accuracy anonymous building-tracked trajectories. This will enable the cellular system to acquire a more accurate version of the user motion trajectory, and hence provide the location of the user at the room level. Preliminary simulation results show that by matching trajectories the cellular system will be able to provide indoor location information at the room level with accuracy up to 75% in different scenarios.
Preparation, characterization and biological properties of biotinylated derivatives of calmodulin

Biotinylated derivatives of calmodulin (CaM) were prepared and their biological properties characterized by using enzyme assays, affinity and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. Several N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin derivatives [sulphosuccinimidobiotin (sulpho-NHS) and sulphosuccinimido-6-(biotinamido)hexanoate (BNHS-LC)] differing in spacer arm length were used to modify CaM. The shorter-spacer-arm CaM derivative (sulpho-CaM) activated CaM-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and CaM-dependent protein kinase II; preincubation with avidin blocked its ability to activate these enzymes. The extended-spacer-arm derivative (BNHS-LC-CaM) activated CaM-dependent enzymes both in the presence and in the absence of avidin, suggesting that the longer spacer arm diminished steric effects from avidin preincubation. Other biotinylated CaM derivatives were prepared with biotinylated tyrosine and/or histidine residues (diazobenzoylbiocytin; DBB-CaM) or nucleophilic sites (photobiotin acetate; photo-CaM). These derivatives activated CaM-dependent enzymes in the presence and in the absence of avidin. Oriented affinity columns were constructed with covalently immobilized avidin complexed to each biotinylated CaM derivative. The chromatographic profiles obtained revealed that each column interacted with a specific subset of CaM-binding proteins. Elution profiles of biotinyl CaM derivatives on phenyl-Sepharose hydrophobic-interaction chromatography suggested that several derivatives displayed diminished binding to the matrix in the presence of Ca2+. Development and characterization of a series of biotinylated CaM molecules can be used to identify domains of CaM that interact with specific CaM-dependent enzymes.
Throughput characterization of node-based scheduling in multihop wireless networks: a novel application of the Gallai-Edmonds structure theorem

Maximum Vertex-weighted Matching (MVM) is an important link scheduling algorithm for multihop wireless networks. Under certain assumptions, it has been shown that if the underlying network graph is bipartite, MVM not only maximizes the throughput in settings with continuous packet arrivals, but also minimizes the evacuation time (i.e., time to drain all the initial packets) in settings without future packet arrivals. Further, even if the network graph is arbitrary, MVM achieves the best known performance guarantee for the evacuation time among existing online link scheduling algorithms. Also, it empirically exhibits close-to-optimal throughput performance and good delay performance. However, in an arbitrary network graph the throughput performance of MVM has not been well understood. To that end, in this paper we aim to carry out a systematic study of the throughput performance of MVM, assuming single-hop flows and the node-exclusive interference model. Inspired by the celebrated Gallai-Edmonds structure theorem, we introduce a novel topological notion, called the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition factor, and rigorously prove that the efficiency ratio of MVM is no smaller than the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition factor of the network graph. Further, we show that if the smallest size of an odd cycle in a graph is 2m + 1 for a positive integer m, then the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition factor is equal to 2m/(2m + 1). This implies that the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition factor is at least 2/3 for an arbitrary graph and is equal to 1 for bipartite graphs. Having these results, the throughput performance of MVM can be well characterized.
Correlations without coincidence: physical chemistry tries to understand concerted reactions

For dissociations producing two fragments, two bonds often are broken, and at least two bonds are broken for all dissociations that produce three fragments. Do the bonds break at the Same time in a concerted reaction, or do they break sequentially in a stepwise reaction? By (1) measuring vibrational, rotational and translational distributions of the fragments, (2) applying maximum entropy to determine the most probable joint probability distribution for the correlations between the two or three fragments, and (3) using this joint probability distribution to determine angular or impact parameter distributions, we show that physical chemistry can provide an answer.
Bending Moduli of Ternary Mixture Models of the Cell Plasma Membrane

Cells must be able to maintain and change membrane shape. This membrane curvature can be influenced by any lateral phase heterogeneity. Ternary mixtures of high-melting lipid, low-melting lipid, and cholesterol exhibit a region of liquid-ordered (Lo)+ liquid-disordered (Ld) phase coexistence analogous to raft + non-raft behavior in cells. Although curvature can induce separation and sorting in vitro, a number of highly-curved membranes in vivo have raft-like composition, which is puzzling since the raft-like compositions have greater rigidity in lipid model mixtures. We find that including transmembrane helical WALP peptides as a component of the model mixtures greatly changes their bending behavior. Measurements were made by shape analysis of giant unilamellar vesicles with both fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy. Vesicles of a single phase were made by the gentle hydration method to obtain a more narrow distribution of vesicle tensions than is obtained by electroformation. We find that a WALP peptide component rigidifies the liquid-disordered phase whereas the liquid-ordered phase is unaffected. This rigidifying effect might be related to the monolayers sliding relative to each other. Further, we have investigated the effects of peptides of different lengths and results suggest a role for hydrophobic mismatch of the peptide component relative to the bilayer thickness.
The Stellar Cluster

Observations of the stellar cluster in the central 10 pc of the Galaxy are reviewed. The stellar density law derived from the observed light distribution and the effects on this density law of variable extinction, the possibility of a varying mass-to-light ratio, and the current debate as to the core radius of the cluster are all important for establishing the true mass distribution of the stellar cluster. The presence of the supergiant IRS 7 in the Galactic Center establishes that some recent star formation has occurred, but the age and extent of a possible starburst are still being established. The kinematics of the stellar cluster show predominantly velocity dispersion, in contrast to the systematic gas motion observed, yet the total mass distributions derived from stellar and gas kinematics agree reasonably well. The core radius of the cluster is critical to establishing whether or not a central dark mass is required to explain the total mass distribution.
Use of the Clinical Laboratory in Psychiatric Practice

In this review, the authors address the general principles of prescribing psychiatric medications and discuss how the clinical laboratory can be used to guide prescribing practices. Treatment considerations in different settings and for different medications are discussed. Because the clinical laboratory is advancing in its technology, so should the clinician's knowledge of how to use the clinical laboratory. The authors propose recommendations and a simple algorithm for how to use medication levels in blood and other fluids to guide care in medications without well-defined therapeutic windows.
Empirical Estimation: Study Area, Data, and Model Specification

This chapter introduces the empirical estimation of the model. Some general characteristics of the study area, Wichita, Kansas, are discussed in the first section. The primary data source, the Intergovernmental Annual Enumeration Survey of Wichita-Sedgwick County, Kansas, is briefly discussed in the second section. General issues pertaining to mover household definitions and household class and submarket definitions are presented in the third and fourth sections. The general specification of disturbance terms for the estimation procedure is discussed in the fifth section and is followed by closing remarks.
Electromagnetic scattering from a 3D random volume using SSWaP-SD method for radar remote sensing of snow

In this paper electromagnetic scattering from 3D dense random media for application in radar remote sensing of snow is considered. The first step is the development of a faithful physical model of the snow medium. The proposed physical model of the snow is realized using 3D spatial exponential correlation function and Lineal-Path function to preserve the connectivity of the snow particles as well. Statistical S-matrix approach in Spectral Domain (SSWaPSD) in conjunction with an FEM EM solver is then used to calculate the statistics of forward and backward bistatic scattered fields using Monte-Carlo simulations.
Trans* movement/trans* moment: an afterword

In this afterword, Kai M. Green asks us to think about the stakes of trans* visibility in the academy and beyond.
Modeling Longitudinal-Competing Risks Data With Skew Distribution and Mismeasured Covariate

ABSTRACTThe study on relationship between HIV viral load and CD4 counts is critical for AIDS treatment. We study the varying relationship between viral load and CD4 counts by accounting for factors usually encountered in practice: skewed distribution in data, competing risks time-to-event, and mismeasured covariate. We propose a joint modeling approach to take into account all these factors. A Bayesian approach is adopted to make inference on the joint model. The proposed model and method are applied to an AIDS study. To testify the validity of the method, simulation studies are performed.
Toward a Theory of Structure in Information Organization Frameworks

This paper outlines a formal and systematic approach to explication of the role of structure in information organization. It presents a preliminary set of constructs that are useful for understanding the similarities and differences that obtain across information organization systems. This work seeks to provide necessary groundwork for development of a theory of structure that can serve as a lens through which to observe patterns across systems of information organization.
Overview of an example generation system

This paper addresses the process of generating examples which meet specified criteria; we call this activity CONSTRAINED EXAMPLE GENERATION (CEG). We present the motivation for and architecture of an existing example generator which solves CEG problems in several domains of mathematics and computer science, e.g., the generation of LISP test data, simple recursive programs, and piecewise linear functions.
Patient Positioning for Robotic Urologic Procedures

Advances in robotic-assistedlaparoscopic surgery have exponentially increased since the introduction of the da Vinci® Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). “Robotic” surgery has become more prevalent in many centers of surgical excellence around the world. The radical retropubic prostatectomy for treatment of prostate cancer has become a focal point of experience for robotic-assisted operations in the pelvis. The most common robotic-assisted renal operation has been the dismembered pyeloplasty. Although necessary long-term follow-up of these procedures has not yet been achieved, it is becoming increasingly apparent that robotic technology is changing the standard of care for complex urologic procedures. In this chapter, we describe logistical issues pertaining to patient positioning for these two most commonly performed urologic operations. Emphasis will be placed on patient and staff safety issues, ergonomics, and optimizing surgical exposure.
Structural basis for lipid binding and mechanism of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3802 phospholipase.

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3802c gene encodes an essential enzyme with thioesterase and phospholipase A activity. Overexpression of Rv3802 orthologs in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Corynebacterium glutamicum increases mycolate content and decreases glycerophospholipids. Although a role in modulating the lipid composition of the unique mycomembrane has been proposed, the true biological function of Rv3802 remains uncertain. In this study, we present the first M. tuberculosis Rv3802 X-ray crystal structure, solved to 1.7 A resolution. On the basis of the binding of PEG molecules to Rv3802, we identified its lipid-binding site and the structural basis for phosphatidyl-based substrate binding and phospholipase A activity. We found that movement of the α8-helix affords lipid binding and is required for catalytic turnover through covalent tethering. We gained insights into the mechanism of acyl hydrolysis by observing differing arrangements of PEG and water molecules within the active site. This study provides structural insights into biological function and facilitates future structure-based drug design toward Rv3802.
YY1 Is a Structural Regulator of Enhancer-Promoter Loops

There is considerable evidence that chromosome structure plays important roles in gene control, but we have limited understanding of the proteins that contribute to structural interactions between gene promoters and their enhancer elements. Large DNA loops that encompass genes and their regulatory elements depend on CTCF-CTCF interactions, but most enhancer-promoter interactions do not employ this structural protein. Here, we show that the ubiquitously expressed transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) contributes to enhancer-promoter structural interactions in a manner analogous to DNA interactions mediated by CTCF. YY1 binds to active enhancers and promoter-proximal elements and forms dimers that facilitate the interaction of these DNA elements. Deletion of YY1 binding sites or depletion of YY1 protein disrupts enhancer-promoter looping and gene expression. We propose that YY1-mediated enhancer-promoter interactions are a general feature of mammalian gene control.
Yield identification by passing an electric current

Abstract Material characterization is the backbone for structural components and for manufacturing. The material characterization provides elasticity, yielding, tensile strength, necking, and total elongation. These material properties provides the limits for operations on the components either in performance or in manufacturing. Among these properties yielding is the one which separates the members in elastic deformation than in plastic deformation. Thus identification of yielding is important to accurately design the components. Traditionally the material was characterize through a tensile test and the deviation from elastic to plastic was considered as yielding. Due to continuous profile of tensile curve the yielding was identified by using 0.2% of offset strain. For elevated temperature the material was enclosed in the furnace with the desired constant temperature and further pulled using tensile test to characterize the material. In this paper an aluminium alloy is pulled through tensile test while passing the electric current. This current was set such a way that the specimen will get resistive heating providing the same temperature as in thermal furnace based heating. The tensile curves were then compared from baseline, thermal based heating and using electric heating. It was found that at yielding of the material, the temperature of the specimen was varied and provided the similarities such as yielding in case of electric current.
The Experience of Defeat: The Colombian Left and the Cold War that Never Ended

AbstractThis paper argues that throughout the Cold War, the Colombian Left focused on building local power in the countryside, and abandoned the burgeoning urban working class, much of it informal, unwaged and unorganised, to the Right. Yet at every turn, landlords linked to local and regional political machines and military and police officials blocked or reversed reforms designed to modernise the countryside, as government-subsidised agro-industrial development replaced smallholding. Then, in successive conjunctures, landlords and their allies, including cocaine exporters from whom they were increasingly inseparable after 1985, augmented their political power through dynamic counterinsurgent paramilitary movements based in provincial cities and towns. This made democracy impossible, led to a new feudalism characterised by parcellised sovereignties, and upheld, into the twenty-first century, the semi-authoritarian parliamentary system that has ruled Colombia since the 1880s.
Beatrix Potter: An Early Mycologist

Beatrix Potter, the well-known children’s author and illustrator, is most associated with the famous Peter Rabbit books. What many don’t realize is that she was also a scientist, using her artistic abilities to draw and document numerous types of flora and fauna, including a variety of fungi. She made many detailed reports and was one of the first mycologists to successfully culture and grow fungi from spores. It took many years for her contributions in this arena of microbiology to be recognized, but her impact is undeniable.
The gender gap in early career transitions in the life sciences

Abstract We examined the extent to which and why early career transitions have led to women being underrepresented among faculty in the life sciences. We followed the careers of 6,336 scientists from the post-doctoral fellowship stage to becoming a principal investigator (PI) – a critical transition in the academic life sciences. Using a unique dataset that connects individuals’ National Institutes of Health funding histories to their publication records, we found that a large portion of the overall gender gap in the life sciences emerges at this transition. Women become PIs at a 20% lower rate than men. Differences in “productivity” (publication records) can explain about 60% of this differential. The remaining portion appears to stem from gender differences in the returns to similar publication records, with women receiving less credit for their citations.
The Power of a Production Myth: PJ Harvey, Steve Albini, and Gendered Notions of Recording Fidelity

PJ Harvey released two albums in 1993: a studio album produced by Steve Albini entitled Rid of Me, and an album of previously-recorded home demo tapes of the same material entitled 4-Track Demos. T...
Osmotic dehydration of apple slices using a sucrose/CaCl2 combination to control spoilage caused by Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum.

The efficacy of sucrose combined with CaCl 2 during osmotic dehydration (OD) was tested for the control of Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Penicillium expansum growth on lightly processed apple slices. The objective of this work was to determine whether the addition of CaCl 2 in the osmotic solutions would limit the proliferation of fungal decay organisms. Slices were submitted to OD for 1 h at 25°C in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. Calcium chloride was added to a similar set of sucrose solutions at 0 to 8%. Control slices were made of untreated slices, and slices were processed in water. The mass ratio of the slices did not vary when fruit pieces were processed in solutions containing 5 to 65% sucrose. These slices showed a high susceptibility to spoilage compared to the control slices not submitted to OD: a significant twofold and 60% increase in decay area caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum, respectively, was observed when slices were processed in 50% sucrose/0% CaCl 2 ; C. acutatum showed a significant 50% increase in decay area when slices were processed in 20% sucrose/0% CaCl 2 . Calcium uptake was significantly increased when slices were processed in CaCl 2 solutions, and the highest Ca content was observed when processed in 8% CaCl 2 , reaching 40 times that of the control slices processed in water. Calcium-treated slices were less susceptible to spoilage by all three pathogens, and the most effective combination in reducing apple slice spoilage was 20 to 30% sucrose combined with 2% CaCl 2 . L'avantage des aliments deshydrates sur les aliments frais est qu'ils peuvent etre entreposes et transportes a moindre cout. La dehydratation osmotique est un procede dans lequel les materiaux cellulaires comme les fruits, sont immerges dans une solution aqueuse hypertonique. Elle est souvent utilisee en pretraitement a la congelation ou la lyophilisation. Le calcium, en complexant les polygalacturonates de la pectine permet d'augmenter la fermete du fruit et sa resistance aux pathogenes. L'objectif de cette etude est de determiner si la combinaison de saccharose avec du CaCl 2 pendant la deshydratation osmotique de tranches de pomme pourrait controler le developpement de pathogenes apres-recolte comme Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, et Penicillium expansum. Les tranches de fruits traitees au calcium sont moins sujettes a la destruction par les 3 pathogenes.
Aging and Economic Well-Being in Rural America: Exploring Income and Employment Challenges

Rapid population aging in the United States makes the income and employment circumstances of older workers an increasingly significant concern for individuals, employers, and society as a whole. In this chapter, we begin by providing a statistical portrait of the economic well-being of older Americans at the beginning of the twenty-first century, outlining differences between older adults in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas in terms of income and income packaging, poverty, labor force participation, and employment hardship. We then turn our attention to the special considerations an aging work force raises for both employers and older workers, with a special focus on the unique challenges faced in rural workplaces. Finally, we conclude with a summary discussion.
Cell-type-specific regulation of growth hormone gene expression

Growth hormone (GH) is produced specifically in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland-no other tissue produces a significant amount of GH. This cell-type specificity of gene expression is faithfully reproduced by rat pituitary cells in culture, which can produce more than 108 times higher amounts of GH than similarly cultured rat liver cells (Ivarie et al. 1983).
2018 IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference Awards Comments by the Chairman

It is a long-standing tradition of the IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) to recognize the Outstanding Conference Paper, the Outstanding Data Workshop Presentation, and the best paper presented and first-authored by an IEEE Student Member. In addition to recognizing authors for particularly high-quality and relevant work, the awards process also encourages all authors to produce presentations and manuscripts of high technical quality, clarity of presentation, and significance to the community.
What Children Know about Reading Before They Can Read.

This paper examines the chaiacteristic achievements of children who have not yet begun formal instruction in reading but nevertheless have begun to discover the significance of print. The strategies that fourteen children (mean chronological ages l;9-5;8) employ to extract meaning from assorted visual stimuli and the children 's metalinguistic awareness of these strategies are examined. Three principal strategies are identified: meaning , decoding , and memory. All children showed some competence with each approach but most revealed decided , if temporary , preferences for specific approaches. Clear developmental stages were not found , and age proved a poor predictor of performance. It is argued that young children display substantial metalinguistic awareness of their own approaches to print and that the three distinct strategies used in learning to read may develop simultaneously but independently. Current reading research addresses both age-old controversies concerning the proper method for teaching reading and new questions about how children just beginning to read approach the task. The most widely used methods of teaching reading are based on decoding, meaning or memory strategies. Both anecdotal and empirical evidence are cited to support the use of one method over another. This controversy is not a new one, it can be traced back over 350 years (Chali, 1967; Parker, 1894; Smith, 1979). Extending the debate, contemporary researchers struggle with the question of the best method, looking to child language research in general for new ways to proceed. This paper will provide an historical perspective within which to interpret the results of a study of fourteen children, aged two to six, who were faced with a variety of reading and prereading tasks. The results indicate that different children use different strategies and that any individual child may use more than one of the strategies in approaching the tasks. On the basis of these findings it is reasonable to conclude that continuing to search for the strategy and its associated teaching method will be in vain. Much more insight can be gained if researchers begin to address questions of how these strategies can be integrated into a single approach.
Did changes in western federal land management policies improve salmonid habitat in streams on public lands within the Interior Columbia River Basin

Historic management actions authorized or allowed by federal land management agencies have had a profound negative effect on salmon, trout, and char populations and their habitats. To rectify past failings, in the 1990s, federal agencies in the Interior Columbia River Basin modified how they conducted land management activities to foster the conservation of aquatic species. The primary policy changes were to provide additional protection and restoration of lands near streams, lakes, and wetlands. What remains uncertain was whether these changes have altered the trajectory of stream habitat conditions. To address this question, we evaluate the status and trends of ten stream habitat attributes; wood frequency, wood volume, residual pool depth, percent pool, pool frequency, pool tail fines (< 6 mm), median particle size, percent undercut banks, bank angle, and streambank stability in managed and reference catchments following changes in management policies. Our review of these data support the hypothesis that changes made in management standards and guidelines in the 1990s are related to improved stream conditions. Determining the precise magnitude of changes in stream conditions that resulted from the modification of land management policies is difficult due to the shifting environmental baseline. By understanding and accounting for how changes in stream conditions reflect improved land management policies and broader environmental trends, federal agencies will be better situated to make project level decisions that benefit aquatic resources.
Using Geometric Features to Represent Near-Contact Behavior in Robotic Grasping

In this paper we define two feature representations for grasping. These representations capture hand-object geometric relationships at the near-contact stage — before the fingers close around the object. Their benefits are: 1) They are stable under noise in both joint and pose variation. 2) They are largely hand and object agnostic, enabling direct comparison across different hand morphologies. 3) Their format makes them suitable for direct application of machine learning techniques developed for images.We validate the representations by: 1) Demonstrating that they can accurately predict the distribution of $\epsilon$-metric values generated by kinematic noise. I.e., they capture much of the information inherent in contact points and force vectors without the corresponding instabilities. 2) Training a binary grasp success classifier on a real-world data set consisting of 588 grasps.
The Rhetoric of Rhetorical Inquiry

Responding to the essays that make up the 2020 decennial special issue on the state of the art in rhetorical criticism, this essay takes a rhetoric of inquiry approach that asks what metaphors, inv...
Transformation of Military Ethics During the Zhou Dynasty in Ancient China

The transformation of the governance model from a rule of virtue to political realism in China has been a topic of great interest to scholars. In this study, I examine military culture during the Z...
Engaging Pre-Service Teachers in Read Alouds

ABSTRACTToday, reading aloud is considered ‘a significant component of instruction across grade levels’; particularly as a tool for teaching reading in elementary classrooms. It is basically an ess...
Anti-Bully Legislation: Effects for Youth in United States Schools

This study explores the effects of state-level anti-bullying legislation on bullying outcomes for youth in United States schools. Bullying receives national level attention in the United States on ...
Data Matching for Corporate Governance Research

Matching observations across multiple datasets for corporate governance research carries with it some well-known and other less known challenges. This paper highlights best practices for carrying out merging the widely used BoardEx, CRSP and Compustat databases accessed via Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS), utilizing their respective company and security identifiers. A companion Github repository of the associated SAS code is made available to assist researchers in consistently applying the discussed matching techniques.
A metabolome and microbiome wide association study of healthy eating index points to the mechanisms linking dietary pattern and metabolic status

Healthy eating index (HEI), a measure of diet quality, associates with metabolic health outcomes; however, the molecular basis is unclear. We conducted a multi-omic study to examine whether HEI associates with the circulatory and gut metabolome and investigated the gut microbiome–HEI interaction on circulating and gut metabolites. Through a cross-sectional study, we evaluated diet quality in healthy individuals [the ABO Glycoproteomics in Platelets and Endothelial Cells (ABO) Study, n = 73], metabolites (measured at Metabolon Inc.) in plasma (n = 800) and gut (n = 767) and the gut microbiome at enterotype and microbial taxa (n = 296) levels. Pathway analysis was conducted using Metaboanalyst 4.0. We performed multi-variable linear regression to explore both the HEI-metabolites and HEI-microbiome associations and how metabolites were affected by the HEI–microbiome interaction. In the Fish oils and Adipose Inflammation Reduction (FAIR) Study (n = 25), analyses on HEI and plasma metabolites were replicated. Estimates of findings from both studies were pooled in random-effects meta-analysis. The HEI-2015 was associated with 74 plasma and 73 gut metabolites (mostly lipids) and with 47 metabolites in the meta-analysis of the ABO and FAIR Studies. Compared to Enterotype-1 participants, those with Enterotype-2 had higher diet quality (p = 0.01). We also identified 9 microbial genera associated with HEI, and 35 plasma and 40 gut metabolites linked to the HEI–gut microbiome interaction. Pathways involved in the metabolism of polar lipids, amino acids and caffeine strongly associated with diet quality. However, the HEI–microbiome interaction not only influenced the pathways involved in the metabolism of branch-chain amino acids, it also affected upstream pathways including nucleotide metabolism and amino acids biosynthesis. Our multi-omic analysis demonstrated that changes in metabolism, measured by either circulatory/gut metabolites or metabolic pathways, are influenced by not only diet quality but also gut microbiome alterations shaped by the quality of diet consumed. Future work is needed to explore the causality in the interplay between HEI and gut-microbiome composition in metabolism.