cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation in frequency of natural reinfection with influenza A viruses

To investigate the frequency of natural reinfection with influenza A viruses, 55 children followed from birth along with the 44 other children and 85 adults in their families were observed for varying periods between 1975 and 1981 in the Houston Family Study. Persons infected in 1976 or early 1977 with influenza A subtype H3N2 experienced a high rate of reinfection during the 1977-78 season (63% in one group of young children) and additional reinfections in 1980-81. Persons in whom H3N2 infection was first observed in 1977-78 had little or no reinfection in 1980-81; one reinfection was observed in 1980-81 among 19 young children at risk. Only one reinfection with influenza A subtype H1N1 was observed following introduction of the virus in early 1978 despite exposure in 1978-80 and a substantial outbreak in 1980-81. Statistically significant protection from reinfection in young children followed from birth was not noted for the 1977-78 H3N2 outbreak but was present in 1979-81 for both H3N2 and H1N1 viruses. Reasons for variations in reinfection suggested by this data include 1) socioeconomic and other factors influencing intensity of exposure, 2) age at primary infection, 3) varying degrees of antigenic difference between sequential variants of a major subtype, and 4) unrecognized immunogenicity or virulence differences between subtypes and variants.
Midline and intralaminar thalamic connections with the orbital and medial prefrontal networks in macaque monkeys

Although the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN) were long believed to project “nonspecifically,” they are now known from rat studies to have restricted connections to the prefrontal cortex. This has not been studied thoroughly in primates, however, and it is not known how MITN are associated with the “orbital” and “medial” prefrontal networks. This study examined the connections of MITN in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Experiments with retrograde and anterograde tracer injections into the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) showed that MITN are strongly connected with the medial prefrontal network. The dorsal nuclei of the midline thalamus, including the paraventricular (Pa) and parataenial nuclei (Pt), had heavy connections with medial network areas 25, 32, and 14c in the subgenual region. Areas 13a and 12o, which are associated with both networks, were strongly connected with the Pt and the central intermedial nucleus, respectively. Otherwise, orbital network areas had weak connections with MITN. Anterograde tracer injections into the dorsal midline thalamus resulted in heavy terminal labeling in the medial prefrontal network, most notably in areas ventral to the genu of the corpus callosum (25, 32, and 14c), but also in adjacent areas (13a and 13b). Retrograde tracer injection into the dorsal midline labeled similar areas. The medial network, particularly the subgenual region, is involved in visceral and emotional control and has been implicated in mood disorders. The strong connections between the subgenual cortex and the Pa provide a pathway through which stress signals from the Pa may influence these prefrontal circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:89–111, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hyperactivity, Learning Disabilities, and Alcohol

The United States Food and Drug Administration had issued a warning to women that alcohol consumed during the prenatal period may cause deleterious effects on offspring. The present article examines the professional literature in regard to the history of and research in alcohol consumption by pregnant women. New research findings suggest that maternal alcohol consumption may be the cause for behaviors in children that have led to their being diagnosed as learning disabled. Hyperactivity, short attention span, and emotional lability in children may be the direct result of mothers' drinking during pregnancy. The present paper reaffirms the Food and Drug Administration's warning to pregnant women and potential mothers of the hazards of even mild or moderate drinking during pregnancy and the possible negative effects it may cause on a child's learning and behavior.
Improved affinity selection using phage display technology and off-rate based selection

Flow systems such as a BIAcore biosensor can be very efficient tools to isolate high affinity antibody fragments from affinity matured phage display libraries. Here we show that using flow based selection, we can readily isolate a variant with a 35-fold higher affinity, especially with a 7 fold better off-rate, compared to the parent clone after only a single round of selection from a second generation affinity matured phage display library. The flow system represents a fast method to isolate affinity improved antibody fragments and can be particularly useful for isolating antibodies to antigens that have poor solubility, are toxic to the host cell, or prone to aggregation.
Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts empathic concern and autonomic arousal while perceiving harm to others.

Recent research indicates that the neuropeptide oxytocin and the gene for the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) have been implicated in the modulation of various social behaviors, including those related to empathy and sensitivity to others. In this study, we examine the hypothesis that genetic variation in OXTR is associated with autonomic reactions when perceiving others in distress. We also explore the possibility that individual disposition in empathic concern would differ by OXTR genotype. To address these questions, fifty-one male participants (18–35 years of age), genotyped for OXTR rs53576, viewed a social interaction containing high levels of individual distress and apparent physical pain. Electrodermal activity, a measure of sympathetic nervous system activity, was collected during the presentation of the stimuli. Participants also completed a self-report dispositional measure of empathy prior to starting the study and provided ratings of arousal while viewing the stimuli. OXTR variant rs53576 GG individuals showed increased levels of sympathetic and subjective arousal in response to the stimuli compared to A allele carriers. GG homozygotes also expressed greater levels of empathic concern. These findings support the importance of the oxytocin receptor variation in emotional and physiological reactions to the experiences of other conspecifics.
Two- and three-wire loads for large current machines

Energetic implosions, using two or three load wires to create a focused axial stagnation of dense wire cores amidst the assembled precursor plasma, are examined with respect to the trade between the implosion mass lost to precursor ablation and the mass or kinetic energy available at stagnation. The calculated kinetic energy at stagnation serves as the primary source for the output X-radiation which is estimated with a tabulated collisional radiative model.
Update on SPHERES Slosh for Acquisition of Liquid Slosh Data aboard the ISS

A current problem that severely affects the performance of spacecraft is related to slosh dynamics in liquid propellant tanks under microgravity conditions. The confidence in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions are low because of the lack of benchmark against experimental data. The goal of the SPHERES Slosh Experiment (SSE) is to acquire long-duration, low-gravity liquid slosh data aboard the International Space Station. The proposed experimental platform consists of a tank, partially filled with fluid, cameras, and inertial sensors to monitor the fluid distribution in the tank. Currently the SSE has passed NASA’s Critical Design Review (CDR) and Phase 0/I-II Flight Safety Review (FSR). The manufacture and qualification testing of the flight article has been completed. The Slosh payload is scheduled to be launched in December 2013 with on-orbit experiments to begin shortly thereafter.
Genetic ancestry is associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease in African-Americans and Hispanics from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Background— Differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden exist among racial/ethnic groups in the United States, with African-Americans having the highest prevalence. Subclinical CVD measures ...
Measurement of Mycotoxins in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi including Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Penicillium species. The presence of mycotoxins in sinonasal tissue and secretions and any possible link to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or other diseases of the head and neck have not been reported. The authors performed an exploratory study to determine the presence and levels of mycotoxins in the sinonasal tissue and secretions of 18 subjects undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS. Using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, samples were analyzed for the following mycotoxins: aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin, and fumonisin. All specimens were negative for aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and fumonisin. Four (22%) of 18 specimens were positive for ochratoxin. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be determined.
MR SAT Orbit Determination Using the θ-D Filter

The MR SAT design team at the University of Missouri–Rolla is in the process of developing a pair of microsatellites designed to demonstrate formation flight using low-cost, off-the-shelf technologies. As part of the demonstration, a newly developed nonlinear filter named the “θ-D” filter, is proposed for purposes of orbit determination. This paper describes the general θ-D filter formulation, the dynamic model used for orbit determination, and a method of implementing a continuous filter in a discrete time sense. The results presented within show the effectiveness of the proposed orbit determination method.
Context assisted routing protocols for inter-vehicle wireless communication

The need for "information anywhere and anytime" has become the reason for the expansion of Web, Internet technology, wireless communication and portable computing devices. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET) have the potential of providing the ability to exchange information between vehicles in order to assist the drivers in making efficient route planning decisions and in order to better balance traffic around highly populated urban areas. With this in mind we will present: (1) a mobile network partitioning method that supports the collection, dissemination and storing of traffic context data like road conditions, vehicle density, average vehicle speed and roadside facilities, all used at the application layer for trip planning, and driving warning systems as well as at the network layer in aiding the routing decisions, (2) a context assisted routing (CAR) protocol that has context awareness represented by the static road infrastructure and dynamic traffic information (3) a predictive location updating algorithm.
Infrared sensor for CVD deposition of dielectric films

Infrared emission (IRE) spectra were obtained from two borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) thin-film sample sets. The first set consisted of 21 films deposited on undoped silicon wafers, and the second set consisted of 9 films deposited on patterned and doped (product) wafers. The IRE data were empirically modeled using partial least-squares calibration to simultaneously quantify four BPSG thin-film properties. The standard errors of the determinations when modeling the 21 monitor wafers were < 0.1 wt% for boron and phosphorus content, 36 A for film thickness, and 1.9°C for temperature. The standard errors of the determinations based on the product wafers were 0.13 wt% each for B and P content, 120 A for film thickness, and 5.9°C for temperature.
A Lower Bound on the C-Numerical Radius of Nilpotent Matrices Appearing in Coherent Spectroscopy

We provide a lower bound for the efficiency of polarization or coherence transfer between quantized states under unitary transformations. Mathematically the problem is the determination of the $C$-numerical radius of $A$ for certain nilpotent matrices $C$ and $A$. The presented lower bound is conjectured to be exact as it coincides with numerical data provided in [U. Helmke et al., J. Global Optim., 23 (2002), pp. 283-308].
Synaptogenesis and development of pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology in the chimpanzee neocortex resembles humans

Neocortical development in humans is characterized by an extended period of synaptic proliferation that peaks in mid-childhood, with subsequent pruning through early adulthood, as well as relatively delayed maturation of neuronal arborization in the prefrontal cortex compared with sensorimotor areas. In macaque monkeys, cortical synaptogenesis peaks during early infancy and developmental changes in synapse density and dendritic spines occur synchronously across cortical regions. Thus, relatively prolonged synapse and neuronal maturation in humans might contribute to enhancement of social learning during development and transmission of cultural practices, including language. However, because macaques, which share a last common ancestor with humans ∼25 million years ago, have served as the predominant comparative primate model in neurodevelopmental research, the paucity of data from more closely related great apes leaves unresolved when these evolutionary changes in the timing of cortical development became established in the human lineage. To address this question, we used immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and Golgi staining to characterize synaptic density and dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in primary somatosensory (area 3b), primary motor (area 4), prestriate visual (area 18), and prefrontal (area 10) cortices of developing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). We found that synaptogenesis occurs synchronously across cortical areas, with a peak of synapse density during the juvenile period (3–5 y). Moreover, similar to findings in humans, dendrites of prefrontal pyramidal neurons developed later than sensorimotor areas. These results suggest that evolutionary changes to neocortical development promoting greater neuronal plasticity early in postnatal life preceded the divergence of the human and chimpanzee lineages.
Comorbid Alcohol and Substance Abuse Dependence in Depression: Impact on the Outcome of Antidepressant Treatment

Major depressive disorder often co-occurs with substance use disorders, especially alcohol use disorders, and the course of each of these problems seems be complicated by the other. Diagnosing and treating these patients is challenging. A significant difficulty for clinicians is deciding whether to treat a mood episode in a patient who has current substance use or a substance use disorder, and what is the optimal treatment for that patient. This article discusses the prevalence of depressive and substance use disorder, the course of illness of comorbid depression and substance use disorders, and treatment response.
Design of an adaptive neural network based power system stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSS) are used to generate supplementary control signals for the excitation system in order to damp the low frequency power system oscillations. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional PSS (CPSS), numerous techniques have been proposed in the literature. Based on the analysis of existing techniques, this paper presents an indirect adaptive neural network based power system stabilizer (IDNC) design. The proposed IDNC consists of a neuro-controller, which is used to generate a supplementary control signal to the excitation system, and a neuro-identifier, which is used to model the dynamics of the power system and to adapt the neurocontroller parameters. The proposed method has the features of a simple structure, adaptivity and fast response. The proposed IDNC is evaluated on a single machine infinite bus power system under different operating conditions and disturbances to demonstrate its effectiveness and robustness.
Adolescent-parent discrepancies in perceptions of family functioning and early adolescent self-competence

The relationship between discrepancies in adolescents' and their parents' perceptions of family functioning and adolescent self-competence was examined in a sample of 74 sixth and seventh grade students and their parents. This relationship was examined by the gender of the adolescent and the gender of the parent. Results indicated that discrepancies in adolescent-mother and adolescent-father perceptions of family functioning were related to lower levels of adolescent self-competence for girls. For boys, discrepancies in adolescent-mother perceptions of family functioning were also related to lower levels of adolescent self-competence, however, discrepancies in adolescent-father perceptions of family functioning were related to higher levels of adolescent self-competence. Explanations for these gender differences are provided. For both girls and boys, discrepancies in perceptions of family functioning predicted lower levels of self-competence and lower levels of self-competence predicted discrepancies in p...
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Metalloproteins Using CW Laser Excitation

The study of metalloproteins by resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy began two decades ago, with the publication by Long and coworkers of the first RR spectrum of the iron-sulfur protein rubredoxin (1,2). This simple spectrum, which contained only four bands attributed to the Fe-S stretching and bending vibrations of the protein FeS(4) cluster, generated much interest because of the potential of RR spectroscopy for monitoring structures of metal centers in complex biological systems (3,4). The unique ability of this technique to study the coordination environment of transition metals in proteins derives from its dramatic increase in detection sensitivrty and selectivity for vibrations closely associated with atoms at the absorbing center(s) in the molecule. When the molecule is excited with a strong monochromatic light whose energy matches that of an electric-dipole allowed electronic transition, a vibronic coupling with the electronically excited state increases the probability of observing Raman scattering from vibrational transitions in the electronic ground state, and the modes that do show enhancement are localized on the chromophore (i.e., on the group of atoms that gives rise to the electronic transition). Since vibrational frequencies are sensitive to molecular bond strength, number of atoms, geometry, and coordination environment, the positions of the enhanced Raman bands can be used to monitor the chromophoric structure. Metalloproteins frequently exhibit allowed electronic transitions, owing to π-π* and/or ligand-metal charge-transfer (CT) transitions (5), and consequently, they give wide scope to the application of RR spectroscopy. A great many RR studies of heme proteins, cobalamin, chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavin nucleotides, the visual pigments, and bacteriorhodopsin, and a variety of iron and copper metalloprotein sites have been carried out in laboratories around the world (6-11).
Gastroenterologic causes of chronic pelvic pain.

Abstract A large proportion of women with chronic pelvic pain can be found to have gastrointestinal disorders, either pathologic or functional. The location of referred pain from the gastrointestinal tract overlaps that of the reproductive organs. An awareness of the differential diagnosis, a knowledge of the common presentations of gastrointestinal disorders, a thorough history that includes an appropriate discussion of gastrointestinal symptoms, and a relevant examination will ensure that gastrointestinal diagnoses are not overlooked.
Uncovering the Antecedents of Hybrid Organizations:Individual Imprinting and New Social Ventures

Recent studies address the unique challenges faced by hybrid organizations that combine distinct organizational forms, but little is known about their antecedents. In this paper, we investigate how...
CacheConnect: On-device proxy and web cache for performance increases

A significant number of mobile applications employ HTTP as their primary network protocol, as the underlying remote services oftentimes are based on World Wide Web (WWW) technology stacks. Similarly, in recent years, mobile devices have emerged as the primary means to access the WWW. We present cacheConnect, a portable mobile proxy implementation that enables aggregation and content optimization on mobile devices, rather than the commonplace proxy operations performed in the cloud. Based on this additional local caching tier that negotiates between remote data servers (for browsing or otherwise) and local applications, we enable new means of content provisioning and application-level transparent optimizations. Our demonstration highlights the operations of our solution on Android mobile devices.
Investigation of Composite Patch Modeling Techniques for Impact Loading Conditions

Composite overlays are applied to damaged or undamaged aircraft structure as a means to improve or restore the damage tolerance and load-carrying capacity of the component. When this overlay is subjected to impact damage, such as from a tool drop or hail impact, the bond between the overlay and substrate may be damaged resulting in one or more disbonds. While these disbonds may be small and externally undetectable, they may grow and interact under service conditions, resulting in structural failure. Probabilistic computational simulation using finite element analysis (FEA) is an effective method to analyze damage, predict propagation, and determine inspection intervals, because it provides a means to rapidly explore multiple configurations and loading conditions. A fully 3D model that captures all primary damage mechanisms was previously developed and validated. This research explores the possibility of using a lower fidelity model that requires substantially less computation time for probabilistic evaluation.
Fa-MI-ly Experiential Techniques to Integrate Motivational Interviewing and Family Counseling

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based, client-centered approach that provides a framework for the change process. Careful attention is given within MI to understand and meet clients across a continuum of readiness for change. While less readily applied to family counseling, MI facilitates therapeutic alliance, evokes motivation for change, and provides useful guidelines for conceptualizing and implementing family counseling services. This article (a) provides a brief overview of MI’s major tenets, (b) examines systems-level applications of MI principles, and (c) describes five counseling interventions developed by the authors that illustrate how MI may be integrated into family counseling practice.
From Process Development to Manufacturing: Lab-Intensive Courses in Downstream Bioprocessing.

Most chemical engineering graduates work in industry, a fact that underscores the need for courses to provide experiences that prepare them for industry. The Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC) at North Carolina State University has addressed this need by developing and delivering a comprehensive downstream bioprocessing program that includes two closely linked courses: “Introduction to Downstream Process Development” and “cGMP Downstream Operations.” The courses combine classroom instruction and intensive hands-on learning activities focused on the production of biopharmaceuticals. Overall student satisfaction with the courses has been high, and a follow-up survey of former students currently working in industry shows that the courses have effectively prepared them for the careers they have just entered. This article provides details on the design and delivery of these courses as well as a summary of student evaluation of the program.
Adoption of Robotic vs Fluoroscopic Guidance in Total Hip Arthroplasty: Is Acetabular Positioning Improved in the Learning Curve?

Abstract Background Acetabulum positioning affects dislocation rates, component impingement, bearing surface wear rates, and need for revision surgery. Novel techniques purport to improve the accuracy and precision of acetabular component position, but may have a significant learning curve. Our aim was to assess whether adopting robotic or fluoroscopic techniques improve acetabulum positioning compared to manual total hip arthroplasty (THA) during the learning curve. Methods Three types of THAs were compared in this retrospective cohort: (1) the first 100 fluoroscopically guided direct anterior THAs (fluoroscopic anterior [FA]) done by a surgeon learning the anterior approach, (2) the first 100 robotic-assisted posterior THAs done by a surgeon learning robotic-assisted surgery (robotic posterior [RP]), and (3) the last 100 manual posterior (MP) THAs done by each surgeon (200 THAs) before adoption of novel techniques. Component position was measured on plain radiographs. Radiographic measurements were taken by 2 blinded observers. The percentage of hips within the surgeons' "target zone" (inclination, 30°-50°; anteversion, 10°-30°) was calculated, along with the percentage within the "safe zone" of Lewinnek (inclination, 30°-50°; anteversion, 5°-25°) and Callanan (inclination, 30°-45°; anteversion, 5°-25°). Relative risk (RR) and absolute risk reduction (ARR) were calculated. Variances (square of the standard deviations) were used to describe the variability of cup position. Results Seventy-six percentage of MP THAs were within the surgeons' target zone compared with 84% of FA THAs and 97% of RP THAs. This difference was statistically significant, associated with a RR reduction of 87% (RR, 0.13 [0.04-0.40]; P P P Conclusion Adoption of robotic techniques delivers significant and immediate improvement in the precision of acetabular component positioning during the learning curve. While fluoroscopy has been shown to be beneficial with experience, a learning curve exists before precision improves significantly.
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Canopy Chemistry, Physiology, and Biodiversity in Tropical Rainforests

Whether one is observing from the ground or from above the canopy, humid tropical forests are among the most complex of biological constructs found in nature. Species diversity is usually high, and the vertical layering of canopies is often pronounced. Tree mortality and regrowth occur throughout a rainforest, resulting in a mosaic of canopy gaps and tree ages, with concomitant variability of local species dominance and canopy structural properties [1]. Overlain on these natural sources of variation 262are community- and ecosystem-level changes that come at the hand of the human enterprise. We clear-cut, selectively log, occupy, and/or abandon thousands of square kilometers of tropical forests each year [2,3], causing regional variations of taxonomic composition and canopy structure. Together, these natural and anthropogenic sources of variation result in a complexity of ecosystem form and function that challenges ground-based studies.
Arthroscopic Remplissage for Moderate-Size Hill-Sachs Lesion

Humeral bone loss has been shown to be a risk factor for failure after arthroscopic treatment of instability. We present the arthroscopic remplissage technique originally described by Koo and Burkhart et al. with a modification in the percutaneous anchor placement and suture tying that is reproducible and effective. We percutaneously place 2 suture anchors, which require no additional suture passing across the tissue, to create a double pulley technique, filling the defect with posterior capsule and rotator cuff. Therefore, the Hill-Sachs defect becomes extra-articular, eliminating the potential engagement of the anterior glenoid and contribution to recurrence of instability. This technique is applicable broadly for most Hill-Sachs lesions that need addressing. By not having to pass or shuttle any suture through tissue after anchor placement and by eliminating the necessity to go subacromially to retrieve or tie suture, the technique saves time and improves reproducibility. The compression of tissue into the Hill Sachs surface area also is improved by double-reinforced suturing through the double-pulley technique. The combination of these advantages creates a sound and efficient technique for remplissage.
A rapid UPLC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous measurement of fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and hydroxyitraconazole concentrations in serum.

BACKGROUND Triazole antifungals are essential to the treatment and prophylaxis of fungal infections. Significant pharmacokinetic variability combined with a clinical need for faster turnaround times has increased demand for in-house therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs, which is best performed using mass spectrometry-based platforms. However, technical and logistical obstacles to implementing these platforms in hospital laboratories have limited their widespread utilization. Here, we present the development and validation of a fast and simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method to measure fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, and hydroxyitraconazole in human serum suitable for incorporation into a hospital clinical laboratory. METHODS Serum samples (20 µL) were prepared using protein precipitation in the presence of deuterated internal standards. Chromatographic separation was accomplished using reversed phase UPLC and analysis was performed using positive-mode electrospray ionization and collision-induced dissociation MS. RESULTS Total analytical run time was 3 min. All analytes demonstrated linearity (r2>0.998) from 0.1 to 10 µg/mL (1-100 µg/mL for fluconazole), acceptable accuracy and precision (%DEV<15% and %CV<15% at all levels tested), suitable stability under relevant storage conditions, and correlated well with reference laboratory results. CONCLUSIONS A simple and rapid UPLC-MS/MS method for monitoring multiple triazole antifungals was developed with a focus on the needs of hospital laboratories. The assay is suitable for clinical utilization and management of patients on these medications.
Top-gate organic field-effect transistors fabricated on paper with high operational stability

Abstract We report on top-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated on specialty paper, PowerCoat™ HD 230 from Arjowiggins Creative Papers coated with a buffer layer composed of a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP) blend. OFETs operate at low voltages and display average carrier mobility values of 1.7 ± 1.1 × 10−1 cm2/Vs, average threshold voltage values of −1.4 ± 0.2 V, and average on/off current ratio of 105. OFETs also display excellent operational stability demonstrated by stable 1000 scans of the transfer characteristics and by stable on-currents displaying less than 6% change during a DC bias stress test at VDS = VGS = −10 V for 1 h. Furthermore, OFETs on paper display a decrease of only 7% in their on-state current during a bending test. The performance of these OFETs on paper is comparable to that displayed by top-gate OFETs with the same geometry fabricated on glass substrates.
Molecular Coplanarity and Self-Assembly Promoted by Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds.

Active conformational control is realized in a conjugated system using intramolecular hydrogen bonds to achieve tailored molecular, supramolecular, and solid-state properties. The hydrogen bonding functionalities are fused to the backbone and precisely preorganized to enforce a fully coplanar conformation of the π-system, leading to short π–π stacking distances, controllable molecular self-assembly, and solid-state growth of one-dimensional nano-/microfibers. This investigation demonstrates the efficiency and significance of an intramolecular noncovalent approach in promoting conformational control and self-assembly of organic molecules.
Empowering breast cancer survivors: Results of a community-based survivorship clinic.

29Background: Based on advances in detection and treatment, survival for breast cancer patients has increased over the past decade with 5-year survival rates approaching 90%. Survivors remain at risk for treatment related side effects, which can profoundly impact their quality of life. The Breast Cancer Survivorship Clinic (BCSC) was established in January 2016 to provide patient-centered care to survivors with the intent to maximize quality of life, empower decision making, and facilitate care coordination in order to pursue a life of wellness and overall health in patients’ lives after cancer. Methods: A Survivorship Nurse Practitioner (SNP) meets newly diagnosed breast cancer patients to introduce survivorship as part of the treatment course for those treated with curative intent. Upon completion of active treatment, survivors are scheduled to see the SNP to review their Survivorship Care Plan (SCP) outlining treatment history, surveillance schedule, side effects of treatment, and recommendations for c...
Air Stripping of Volatile Organics

The Air Force's Installation Restoration Program includes an active research program into treatments for contaminated groundwater. Packed-tower air stripping of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from groundwater has proven to be a costeffective and efficient method of treatment. The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) has recently participated in a packed-tower air-stripping test program for the Air Force in which 16 organic compounds in a groundwater plume were identified, and the air-stripping behavior of each was examined. The performance of four different commercial packing materials was evaluated for each of the 16 contaminants over a range of gas-liquid flow ratios. The mass transfer coefficients for each of the contaminants were subsequently calculated, and the most effective operating conditions were determined.
A more ethical chemistry

The evolution of chemical mastery is something of which the human race can be justly proud. However, it has produced toxic byproducts, causing concern to reduce impacts. Because of the success of greener and safer alternatives the industry now has a new responsibility: to investigate whether better alternatives are feasible, and continuously evolve to impose less risk. Leaders are developing these practices of ethical commerce. Chemicals law in the US was successfully evolving to foster prevention, but this has stalled. Using chemicals that carry risks gives rise to responsibilities that go beyond complying with existing law. Working to dismantle environmental protections is unethical participation in democracy. A more ethical chemistry is necessary to reduce significant risks to biological life on earth. The chemical industry should accept the need for accountability and voters should support innovative forms of environmental governance which better inform them and which prevent risks.
The Economic Foundations of Cohabiting Couples’ Union Transitions

In recent decades, cohabitation has become an increasingly important relationship context for U.S. adults and their children, a union status characterized by high levels of instability. To understand why some cohabiting couples marry but others separate, researchers have drawn on theories emphasizing the benefits of specialization, the persistence of the male breadwinner norm, low income as a source of stress and conflict, and rising economic standards associated with marriage (the marriage bar). Because of conflicting evidence and data constraints, however, important theoretical questions remain. This study uses survival analysis with prospective monthly data from nationally representative panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation from 1996–2013 to test alternative theories of how money and work affect whether cohabiting couples marry or separate. Analyses indicate that the economic foundations of cohabiting couples’ union transitions do not lie in economic specialization or only men’s ability to be good providers. Instead, results for marriage support marriage bar theory: adjusting for couples’ absolute earnings, increases in wealth and couples’ earnings relative to a standard associated with marriage strongly predict marriage. For dissolution, couples with higher and more equal earnings are significantly less likely to separate. Findings demonstrate that within-couple earnings equality promotes stability, and between-couple inequalities in economic resources are critical in producing inequalities in couples’ relationship outcomes.
Impact of altitude-adjusted hypoxia on the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria

Abstract Background The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria (PERC) defines hypoxia as an oxygen saturation (O2 sat) Methods At the University of Utah Emergency Department (ED) (elevation: 4980 ft/1518 m), we prospectively enrolled a convenience sample of patients presenting with chest pain and/or shortness of breath. We calculated PERC utilizing triage vital signs and baseline clinical variables and noted the diagnosis of acute PE during the ED visit. We adjusted the PERC O2 sat threshold to Results Of 3024 study patients, 1.9% received the diagnosis of an acute PE in the ED, resulting in a sensitivity of 96.6% for the traditional PERC (95% CI: 88.1%–99.6%). Utilizing a definition of hypoxia of Conclusion Adjusting the PERC O2 sat threshold for altitude may result in decreased rates of advanced imaging for PE without a substantial change in the sensitivity of the PERC rule.
Identifying Nanoscale Structure-Function Relationships Using Multimodal Atomic Force Microscopy, Dimensionality Reduction, and Regression Techniques.

Correlating nanoscale chemical specificity with operational physics is a long-standing goal of functional scanning probe microscopy (SPM). We employ a data analytic approach combining multiple microscopy modes using compositional information in infrared vibrational excitation maps acquired via photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM) with electrical information from conductive atomic force microscopy. We study a model polymer blend comprising insulating poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and semiconducting poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). We show that PiFM spectra are different from FTIR spectra but can still be used to identify local composition. We use principal component analysis to extract statistically significant principal components and principal component regression to predict local current and identify local polymer composition. In doing so, we observe evidence of semiconducting P3HT within PMMA aggregates. These methods are generalizable to correlated SPM data and provide a meaningful technique for extr...
Single-cell molecular biology

The continued discovery of basic pathologic mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric illnesses will be critical to the development of improved diagnostic tests and more targeted therapeutic strategies. Molecular biological methods capable of evaluating gene expression at the single-cell level have great potential for advancing our knowledge of these processes. This review describes two techniques that are providing new insights into the intracellular regulation of ribonucleic acid trafficking and processing. These technologies promise to accelerate our understanding of both normal and abnormal molecular processes within neurons, and they have the potential for direct application to the study of human neurologic disease.
Chalcogen Impact on Covalency within Molecular [Cu3(μ3-E)]3+ Clusters (E = O, S, Se): A Synthetic, Spectroscopic, and Computational Study

Reaction of the tricopper(I)–dinitrogen tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane, Cu3(N2)L, with O-atom-transfer reagents or elemental Se affords the oxido-bridged tricopper complex Cu3(μ3-O)L (2) or the corresponding Cu3(μ3-Se)L (4), respectively. For 2 and 4, incorporation of the bridging chalcogen donor was supported by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data. Cu L2,3-edge X-ray absorption data quantify 49.5% Cu 3d character in the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of 2, with Cu 3d participation decreasing to 33.0% in 4 and 40.8% in the related sulfide cluster Cu3(μ3-S)L (3). Multiedge XAS and UV/visible/near-IR spectra are employed to benchmark density functional theory calculations, which describe the copper–chalcogen interactions as highly covalent across the series of [Cu3(μ-E)]3+ clusters. This result highlights that the metal–ligand covalency is not reserved for more formally oxidized metal centers (i.e., CuIII + O2– vs CuII + O–) but rather is a sig...
Optimal Control within the Context of Multidisciplinary Design, Analysis, and Optimization

Multidisciplinary design, analysis and optimization involves modeling the interactions of complex systems across a variety of disciplines. The optimization of such systems can be a computationally expensive exercise with multiple levels of nested nonlinear solvers running under an optimizer.The application of optimal control in project development often involves performing trajectory optimization for fixed vehicle designs or parametric sweeps across some key vehicle properties.This information is then relayed to the subsystem design teams who update their designs and relay some bulk characteristics back to the trajectory optimization procedure.This iteration is then repeated until the design closes.However, with increasing interest in more tightly coupled systems, such as electric and hybrid-electric aircraft propulsion and boundary layer ingestion, this process is prone to ignore subtle coupling between vehicle subsystem designs and vehicle operation on a given mission.Integrating trajectory optimization into a tightly coupled multidisciplinary design procedure can be computationally prohibitive, depending on the complexity of the subsystem analyses and the optimal control technique applied.To address these issues a new optimal control software tool, Dymos, has been developed.Dymos is built upon NASA's OpenMDAO software and can leverage its capabilities to efficiently compute gradients for the optimization and optimize complex models in parallel on distributed memory systems.This report provides some explanation into the numerical methods employed in Dymos and provides several use cases that demonstrate its performance on traditional optimal control problems and improvements ino techniques have been used extensively in recent decades to solve a variety of optimal control problems, typically in the form of aerospace vehicle trajectory optimization.
STAT6/Arg1 promotes microglia/macrophage efferocytosis and inflammation resolution in stroke mice

Efferocytosis, or phagocytic clearance of dead/dying cells by brain-resident microglia and/or infiltrating macrophages, is instrumental for inflammation resolution and restoration of brain homeostasis after stroke. Here, we identify the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6/arginase1 (STAT6/Arg1) signaling axis as a potentially novel mechanism that orchestrates microglia/macrophage responses in the ischemic brain. Activation of STAT6 was observed in microglia/macrophages in the ischemic territory in a mouse model of stroke and in stroke patients. STAT6 deficiency resulted in reduced clearance of dead/dying neurons, increased inflammatory gene signature in microglia/macrophages, and enlarged infarct volume early after experimental stroke. All of these pathological changes culminated in an increased brain tissue loss and exacerbated long-term functional deficits. Combined in vivo analyses using BM chimeras and in vitro experiments using microglia/macrophage-neuron cocultures confirmed that STAT6 activation in both microglia and macrophages was essential for neuroprotection. Adoptive transfer of WT macrophages into STAT6-KO mice reduced accumulation of dead neurons in the ischemic territory and ameliorated brain infarction. Furthermore, decreased expression of Arg1 in STAT6-/- microglia/macrophages was responsible for impairments in efferocytosis and loss of antiinflammatory modality. Our study suggests that efferocytosis via STAT6/Arg1 modulates microglia/macrophage phenotype, accelerates inflammation resolution, and improves stroke outcomes.
A statistical framework for measuring reproducibility and replicability of high-throughput experiments from multiple sources

Summary Replication is essential to reliable and consistent scientific discovery in high-throughput experiments. Quantifying the replicability of scientific discoveries and identifying sources of irreproducibility have become important tasks for quality control and data integration. In this work we introduce a novel statistical model to measure the reproducibility and replicability of findings from replicate experiments in multi-source studies. Using a nested copula mixture model that characterizes the interdependence between replication experiments both across and within sources, our method quantifies reproducibility and replicability of each candidate simultaneously in a coherent framework. Through simulation studies, an ENCODE ChIP-seq dataset and a SEQC RNA-seq dataset, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in diagnosing the source of discordance and improving the reliability of scientific discoveries.
9 – Understanding the other end of the leash: what therapists need to understand about their co-therapists

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the reasons that dog owners' needs to understand how their dogs think and provides insights of dog behavior as it relates to animal-assisted therapy. There are some general principles that are relevant in the field of animal-assisted therapy and intervention. It is important to keep in mind that dogs primarily communicate with visual signals. Another general principle for assistance dog owners to remember is the importance of reinforcing dogs for doing what one wants them to do. The best approach is to set up training situations in which the dog could be reinforced for learning the correct behavior. It emphasizes the critical importance of training as well as the use of successive approximation to shape behaviors of the dog. It seems logical that the animal needs to be well trained before being engaged as a therapy animal. The two most important aspects of behavior important in therapy dogs are as much related to personality as to training. The most important behavior in a good therapy dog is based on a personality trait one could call being affiliative to people.
Implementing Virtual Reality Headsets in Design Education: Identifying Springboards and Barriers to Success

While Virtual Reality (VR) is now widely used as a final design presentation tool, little research focuses on the role of VR during design development processes in design education. However, properly positioned and pedagogically researched VR holds great potential for helping students make better design decisions to support end-users with diverse needs. This research seeks to connect the value of VR as not only a presentation medium but also as a “perspective taking” tool to help students develop better design solutions. Undergraduate Interior Design students (n=15) were recruited to experience their already completed studio projects of a retail store design as a VR character in a virtual wheelchair. Each participant was asked to assess the effectiveness of their design solution for wheelchair users before and after the intervention. The interactions students had during their VR sessions were recorded and content analyzed for emerging themes. Although the sample size was small to achieve statistical power, qualitative findings revealed numerous perceptual shifts as students identified problems for wheelchair users in their design solutions.