cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dying in the Age of Choice

Due to the unprecedented increase in the United States aging demographics, many more people are living longer and reaching older ages than ever before. However, a longer life is not necessarily a better life, as the vast majority will face a period of prolonged deteriorating health prior to death. Although notable efforts have been underway that are designed to improve the end-of-life experience, increasing numbers of individuals express a desire and/or act upon an intent to end their lives precipitously. Though still limited, the options to actively participate in their own deaths are growing. Requests for a hastened death can occur among people of all ages and includes those with advanced illness as well as others wanting to die due to unbearable suffering. This article provides an overview of the ongoing discourse about the experience of dying faced by many older adults, including aspects frequently associated with "a good death." The limitations of established practices which seek to provide a "better" dying experience are identified followed by discussion of the growing availability of alternative options. Reflective considerations are presented to guide practice vis-a-vis the changing landscape surrounding options in dying.
Learning about the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix from CP asymmetries in B0 decays.

We show how relations among various classes of {ital CP} asymmetries in {ital B}{sup 0} decays can be used to test the unitarity of the three-generation Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix, independently of the mechanism of mixing in the {ital B}{sup 0} and {ital K}{sup 0} systems. We suggest various ways to determine the sign of sin{delta}, independently of the sign of the {ital B}{sub {ital K}} parameter.
Assessment of fear in children with an autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Although intense fears have been reported in up to 64% of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little is known about the phenomenology of fear in this population. This study assessed the relationship between fear and core symptoms of autism in children with an ASD. In Phase I of this study, parents of 41 children with an ASD completed the PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI) and a survey of their child's fears. Social communication abilities were positively correlated with overall levels of fear in children with an ASD. In Phase II the correspondence between parent report of children's fear and direct systematic observations of children's fear reactions was assessed. Results showed poor correspondence between the two assessment methods. Implications of both assessment methods are discussed as well as limitations.
Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Stem Cell Transplantation: Comparison of Double Umbilical Cord Blood and Unrelated Donor Grafts

There are little data comparing umbilical cord blood (UBC) and conventional stem cell sources for reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We performed a retrospective analysis of RIC HCST using double UCB (dUCB) grafts and RIC HSCT using unrelated donor (URD) grafts. The study included 64 dUCB transplantations and 221 URD transplantations performed at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Massachusetts General Hospital between 2004 and 2008. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was 14.1% for dUCB and 20.3% for URD (P = .32). The 2-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD was significantly lower in dUCB compared with URD (21.9% versus 53.9%; P
The effect of sea urchins as biogenic structures on the local abundance of a temperate reef fish

Although widely distributed on rocky reefs at Santa Catalina Island (southern California, USA), the small, substrate-oriented fish, Lythrypnus dalli, often reaches its highest densities in areas of extreme vertical relief where the sea urchin, Centrostephanus coronatus, is common. Through surveys and manipulative field experiments, we examined the extent to which the availability of C. coronatus influenced the distribution and abundance of L. dalli. Adult L. dalli were strongly associated with C. coronatus, but not with two shorter-spined urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus. Variation in fish abundance among C. coronatus was affected by three features: the amount of space between the body of the urchin and its rocky shelter, the location of occupied shelters, and urchin size. Field manipulations of C. coronatus density indicated that spatial patterns of L. dalli abundance are causally linked to the presence of urchins. Urchins also had a significant effect on recruitment, migration, and survival of L. dalli. These processes were greatly enhanced where urchins were present. Structural substitutions (models) produced about half the effect of live urchins indicating that biological, as well as structural, attributes of urchins may be important to fish. Our results suggest that habitat selection at the time of settlement, small-scale migration of fish after settlement, and differential survival relative to the presence of sea urchins contribute to the formation and maintenance of the association between L. dalli and C. coronatus. By altering the availability of refuges, sea urchins appear to have a direct and positive effect on the local abundance of this temperate reef fish.
RF heating of nanoclusters for cancer therapy

Nanodrugs selectively delivered to a tumor site can be activated by radiation for drug release, or nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as a drug themselves by producing biological damage in cancer cells through thermal, mechanical ablations or charged particle emission. Radio-frequency (RF) waves have an excellent ability to penetrate into the human body without causing healthy tissue damage, which provides a great opportunity to activate/heat NPs delivered inside the body as a contrast agent for diagnosis and treatment purposes. However the heating of NPs in the RF range of the spectrum is controversial in the research community because of the low power load of RF waves and low absorption of NPs in the RF range. To resolve these weaknesses in the RF activation of NPs and dramatically increase absorption of contrast agents in tumor, we suggest aggregating the nanoclusters inside or on the surface of the cancer cells. We simulate space distribution of temperature changes inside and outside metal and dielectric nanopraticles/nanoclusters, determine the number of nanoparticles needed to form a cluster, and estimate the thermal damage area produced in surrounding medium by nanopraticles/nanoclusters heated in the RF field.
TYPE SPECIMENS AND IDENTITY OF THE DESCRIBED SPECIES OF CONUS. I. THE SPECIES DESCRIBED BY LINNAEUS, 1758–1767

SUMMARY Of the 35 species described by Linnaeus under Conns in the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae, 29 are concluded to be valid, four are rejected as nomina dubia, and two are no longer placed in Conus. Of the two additional species described in the 12th edition in 1767, one is valid and the other is a synonym of a species described by Linnaeus in 1758. Holotypes of eleven Linnaean species exist. Ten lectotypes, seven illustrations representing lectotypes, and two neotypes have been selected. The types of all 30 valid Linnaean species are indicated in summary form in Table 1 and illustrated photographically in Plates 1–3. None of the five infraspecific taxa proposed by Linnaeus are considered to merit elevation to species rank; it is concluded that all should be relegated to infrasub-specific status, as they are based not on allopatric populations but on morphological variations without regard to geographic origin.
Service Quality Assessment of a Chain Steakhouse in Taiwan

Previous studies have found that service quality has a direct impact on a company's profitability. Given the increasing competition in the steak restaurant business in Taiwan, the restaurant industry has acknowledged the importance of service quality. This study empirically assessed customers' perceptions of services provided to measure service quality of a chain steakhouse in Taiwan. Twenty‐seven service attributes were identified and, by conducting factor analysis and multiple regression analysis coupled with the three‐column approach, the study was able to a) obtain six factors for managing service quality and b) analyze the service gaps existing in the service delivery process to measure service quality and customer satisfaction. As service quality has a direct impact on a company's profit, the research findings are important, particularly to the chain steakhouse studied. Based on the findings, the study proposed some suggestions for the case study firm to improve the service quality for its restauran...
Money is no object: Testing the endowment effect in exchange goods

Abstract We present a new experimental design to test whether the endowment effect exists for exchange goods, like money. We compare three groups to a baseline: one endowed with money, one endowed with chocolate coins, and one endowed with chocolate coins described as “tokens.” We find an endowment effect for chocolate coins, but no endowment effect for money or for chocolate coins when they are described as tokens. The results suggest that the endowment effect does not exist for exchange goods.
Cholesteatoma in children—the experience at The Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital in South Africa 1988–1996

This review of experience with cholesteatoma in children, describes the presentation and features of the disease from a tertiary institution in a 'developing country'. A total of 24 out of 96 cholesteatomas in 81 children (M:F = 44:37) aged 2-12 years initially presented with mastoiditis, with intracranial complications in seven children. Three of the cholesteatomas were congenital, 56 arose from retraction pockets-11 pars flaccida, 45 pars tensa 21 were associated with either a central perforation or total atelectasis and one originated at a ventilation tube site. Open cavity surgery was undertaken in all cases-atticotomy in 14, open mastoid cavity in 82 ears. It was not always possible to preserve reasonably normal pre-operative hearing nor was it possible to improve hearing loss. Twenty-six out of 81 children did not return for follow-up. Even with open cavity surgery, recurrence of cholesteatoma occurred. Late diagnosis, extensive disease, a high rate of complications and poor follow-up are the features of this disease in 'developing' countries.
Managing Bacterial Speck and Spot of Tomato with Acibenzolar-S-Methyl in Virginia

Abstract On the Eastern Shore of Virginia, copper compounds, which have been used for controlling bacterial disease on tomato, have been associated with pesticide run-off from commercial tomato pro...
Rigorous Determination of the Parameters of Microstrip Transmission Lines

Statement of Problem--The purpose of this paper is to determine explicit expressions enabling calculation of the performance of the recently-introduced open-strip UHF transmission line, now rapidly coming into extensive use.
Scaling alltoall collective on multi-core systems

MPI_Alltoall is one of the most communication intense collective operation used in many parallel applications. Recently, the supercomputing arena has witnessed phenomenal growth of commodity clusters built using InfiniBand and multi-core systems. In this context, it is important to optimize this operation for these emerging clusters to allow for good application scaling. However, optimizing MPI_Alltoall on these emerging systems is not a trivial task. InfiniBand architecture allows for varying implementations of the network protocol stack. For example, the protocol can be totally on-loaded to a host processing core or it can be off-loaded onto the NIC or can use any combination of the two. Understanding the characteristics of these different implementations is critical in optimizing a communication intense operation such as MPI_Alltoall. In this paper, we systematically study these different architectures and propose new schemes for MPI_Alltoall tailored to these architectures. Specifically, we demonstrate that we cannot use one common scheme which performs optimally on each of these varying architectures. For example, on-loaded implementations can exploit multiple cores to achieve better network utilization, and in offload interfaces aggregation can be used to avoid congestion on multi-core systems. We employ shared memory aggregation techniques in these schemes and elucidate the impact of these schemes on multi-core systems. The proposed design achieves a reduction in MPI_Alltoall time by 55% for 512 Byte messages and speeds up the CPMD application by 33%.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PECTINS ISOLATED FROM SOFT AND FIRM FLESHED PEACH VARIETIES

Pectins obtained from ripe and unripe samples of Elberta (melting fleshed variety) and Babygold 6 (firm fleshed variety) peaches had methoxyl levels ranging from 11.4–12.1% and anhydrogalacturonic acid levels between 84–90%. The apparent molecular weight of the pectin from ripe Elberta peaches was very low compared with that of the other samples, resulting in a low breaking pressure of jelly prepared with this sample. Jelly grades ranged between 102–123 and it is suggested that these low values were a result of the presence of acetyl groups present in peach pectins and their relatively low apparent molecular weights and high methoxyl levels
A Voluntary Summer Program to Expose Nursing Students to the Perioperative Specialty

ABSTRACT PERIOPERATIVE COURSES often are not available in undergraduate nursing programs, even though students are interested in the specialty. A VOLUNTARY SUMMER PROGRAM can provide opportunities that other clinical experiences cannot and can be a rewarding experience for faculty members and students. ONE SUCH PROGRAM has been established at a college in the southeastern United States. AORN J 88 (October 2008) 609–617. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
A rapid ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric methodology for the in vitro analysis of Pooled and Cocktail cytochrome P450 assays

Drug-drug interaction evaluations of new pharmaceutical candidates are critical to preventing drug withdrawal and are routinely determined through the use of cytochrome P450 assays. The measurement of the effect of test compounds on the metabolism of known substrates allows for the determination of specific CYP450 isoenzyme inhibition and calculation of IC50 values. A sensitive, high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC/MS/MS) method is presented for the evaluation of CYP450 inhibition. The assay was performed using a cocktail of probe substrates and the results were compared to those obtained with the more time-consuming methodology utilizing individual substrates. The use of a high-resolution, sub-2 microm particle, LC system allowed for a high-throughput assay of just 1 min. The extra resolution of the UPLC/MS/MS system allowed for the complete resolution of the analytes, with a fast switching MS for comprehensive data collection. The CYP450 inhibition results obtained using the substrate cocktail approach were found to be essentially identical to those obtained using individual substrates.
A XERORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPING EQUINE FOREDIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION FROM BIRTH TO SIX MONTHS OF AGE

The purpose of the project was to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the developing equine foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region. Using xeroradiographic techniques, both foredigits and meta-carpophalangeal regions of six Quarter Horse foals were radiographed at one day of age and at two-week intervals until the foals were six weeks old. The foals were then radiographed at four-week intervals until they were 12 months old. This report deals specifically with the first six months of postnatal development. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region and a dorsal 65° proximal-palmarodistal oblique view of the distal part of the digit were made for each examination. The foals were weighed and measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radio-graphic anatomy of these regions. First radiographic appearance of distal epiphyseal ossification in metacarpal 2 and metacarpal 4 was extremely variable and ranged from four to 38 weeks. Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the middle phalanx ranged from 18 to 30 weeks (mean = 26 weeks). Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx ranged from 22 to 38 weeks (mean = 30 weeks). Radiographic closure of the distal physis of metacarpal 3 ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (mean = 29 weeks). When xeroradiographic physeal closure times were compared with scintigraphic closure times from a companion study, results correlated very well. A crena marginis solearis was observed in ten of 12 forelimbs (83.3%); its first radiographic appearance ranged from four to 22 weeks (mean = 11–12 weeks). A consistent groove in the hoof wall, which formed near the time of birth and moved distally at about 3 mm per week, was noted. The groove's distance from the proximal hoof border may be useful in age estimation of foals less than 18–20 weeks old.
Observations on burning and flame-spread of black powder

Results are reported concerning some experimental observations on the combustion of particles of black powder and some theoretical considerations on the process of flame spread through porous matrices of the material. The experimental work involved high-speed cinemicrography and scanning electron micrography of particles ignitied in air by a pulsed laser, by a spark, and by a hot wire. The theoretical work involved definition of two flame-spread models, a random walk of hot particles through the matrix producing ignition and multiplying in number at each stop, and a gas-like motion of the reacting region through the bed. The experiments demonstrate emission of hot high-velocity particles from a liquid layer on the surface of the burning propellant. They also identify extinctions subsequent to the short ignition stimuli and slow spread of flame along continuous surfaces. The theory produces formulas for the order of magnitude of the spread time and for its functional dependence on the void fraction of the matrix, the surface to volume ratio of the particles, and other design parameters. It is emphasized that many uncertainties remain, and that further experimental and theoretical work is needed.
Histology of porous-coated acetabular components 25 cementless cups retrieved after arthroplasty

25 hemispherical acetabular components retrieved from patients who had a total hip arthroplasty (THA) were studied histologically. All of the components had titanium fiber metal porous coatings and were implanted with adjuvant screw fixation, 18 in primary THA and 7 in revision THA. None of the cups had been removed because of infection or failure of fixation. The components had been in place an average of 30 (1-140) weeks. 18 cups had bone ingrowth into the bone-implant interface with bone ingrowth was over 80 percent. Bone ingrowth was more often observed at the dome and in the vicinity of sites of screw fixation than elsewhere. Peripherally, bone ingrowth was less consistent, and in isolated areas fibrocartilage and mineralized fibrocartilage were occasionally observed. The longer-term cases had more bone ingrowth than the shorter-term cases. Apparent metallic debris was observed within histiothe porous coating. Up to one third of the available void space within the porous coating was occupied by bone, while the maximal proportion of the area of Departments of Orthopedics, 'Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 6061 2, and *Massachussetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, U.S.A. Tel+1-312 942 8151 or 5850. Fax -312 942 2040 Submitted 92-10-1 8. Accepted 93-05-04 cytes adjacent to screw holes, and the amount of this material increased with duration of implantation. - ___-~ ~ ~~ _~__
On the electrical conductivity of microbial nanowires and biofilms

Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB), such as Geobacter and Shewanella spp., occupy a distinct metabolic niche in which they acquire energy by coupling oxidation of organic fuels with reduction of insoluble extracellular electron acceptors (i.e., minerals). Their unique extracellular electron transfer (EET) capabilities extend to reduction of anodes (electrodes maintained at sufficiently positive potentials) on which they form persistent, electric current generating biofilms. One hypothesis describing the mechanism of EET by Geobacter and Shewanella spp. involves superexchange in which electrons are conducted by a succession of electron transfer reactions among redox proteins associated with the outer cell membranes, aligned along pilus-like filaments (e.g.pili), and/or throughout the extracellular matrix. Here we present theory, previously developed to describe superexchange within abiotic redox polymers, to describe superexchange within DMRB biofilms grown on anodes. We show that this theory appears to apply to recent ex situ measurements of electrical conductivity by individual pilus-like filaments of S. oneidensis MR-1 and G. sulfurreducensDL1, referred to as microbial nanowires. Microbial nanowires have received much recent attention because they are thought by some to impart electrical conductivity to DMRB biofilms and because of the prospect of microbe-produced conductive nanomaterials. We also show that this theory appears to apply to preliminary in situ demonstration of electrical conductivity of an anode-grown G. sulfurreducensDL1 biofilm. Based on these results we suggest a role for nanowires of S. oneidensis and G. sulfurreducens in biofilm conductivity.
Limiting Cases and Approximations

According to Eq.(2.127) the ratio of the scattering cross section of a uniform sphere to its geometrical cross section depends upon three independent parameters $$\begin{gathered}x = kR = \frac{{2\pi R}}{\lambda } \hfill \\n \equiv {\mu ^{1/2}}n' = {\left[ {\mu (\varepsilon + \frac{{4\pi \sigma }}{\omega })} \right]^{1/2}} \hfill \\\frac{n}{\mu } = {\left[ {\frac{1}{\mu }(\varepsilon + \frac{{4\pi \sigma }}{\omega })} \right]^{1/2}} \hfill \\\end{gathered} $$
Depth dependent osmotic and swelling properties of cartilage

Articular cartilage is a low-friction, load-bearing tissue located at joint surfaces. It experiences static and dynamic forces including shear, compression and tension. We investigate the relationship between structure and function by measuring the osmotic and mechanical properties in cartilage layers as a function of the distance from the articular surface. Atomic force microscopy is used to probe the mechanical properties at high spatial resolution. The mechanical measurements are complemented by osmotic swelling pressure observations made on the same samples using a novel tissue osmometer. The results show that the osmotic modulus significantly depends on the distance from the articular surface. Its value is highest in the deep zone and lowest in the middle zone.
Intelligent interpretation of PCR products in 1D gels for automatic molecular diagnostics

An important step in molecular diagnostics for genetic diseases is the interpretation of sizing signals obtained by gel electrophoresis. Usually, the interpretation is done manually and is labor-intensive. An algorithm for automatic interpretation of two-dimensional sizing signals is described. The underlying computation is a rule-based assignment of values to labels of a set of image variables. >
Unusual fracture dislocation of the distal end of clavicle in an adolescent.

A 12-year-old right-handed boy presented with a history of a fall on the point of right shoulder. A clinical diagnosis of fracture of the distal end the clavicle was made. There was no evidence of associated injury and neurovascular examination of the upper limb was normal. X-ray examination of the shoulder revealed a fracture of the clavicle, lateral to the coracoid process with disruption of the
Selecting graphic symbols for an initial request lexicon: integrative review

The establishment of an initial request lexicon is often targeted when introducing augmentative and alternative communication systems to beginning communicators. For many of these individuals, graphic symbols provide an effective way to communicate requests to others. Because there are literally dozens of graphic symbol sets and systems to choose from, interventionists face the dilemma of selecting those that are deemed appropriate. This article integrates theory and research concerning the selection of graphic symbols for an initial request lexicon. Directions for further research are articulated, and, when the evidence permits, suggestions for clinical practice are offered.
Rapid exploration of Internet live address space using optimal discovery path

Several Internet mapping and topology discovery applications inspect multiple IP (Internet protocol) addresses to discover Internet address regions that are alive, i.e., contain IP addresses that elicit replies to probes. Currently, the traditional approach in examining these IP addresses is completely random, uses exhaustive scan, or focuses on a common wisdom of checking the first IP in each address region. In this paper, we first formalize the discovery process, then we provide an efficient solution to the problem of declaring an address prefix (AP) alive by discovering a reachable host within its addressable range. We develop and evaluate an optimal discovery path that prioritizes and orders probes to a small subset of IP addresses within each AP. Using our optimal discovery path technique, we show that examining a maximum of 11 different IP addresses within each AP successfully reveals the aliveness of more than 90% of the APs.
Yellow Fever Virus: I. Development and Evaluation of a Plaque Neutralization Test

Heretofore, the most reliable way of measuring yellow fever virus antibody was to use the mouse neutralization (MN) test employing either suckling or weanling mice. Certain disadvantages (e.g., expense both of animals and of maintaining a mouse colony, allergic reactions of many laboratory workers, and the relatively long time, 21 days, before end points are reached) are inherent in any program with mice or other laboratory animal species and have discouraged the use of the MN test by many laboratories. A previously reported plaque neutralization (PN) test with primary chick embryo cell cultures could not be consistently reproduced by later investigators. We have developed a convenient and reproducible PN test employing the MA-104 embryonic rhesus monkey kidney cell culture and a single agar-overlay procedure. When compared with MN tests with newborn (1 to 3 days old) and weanling (16 to 20 g, 24 to 28 days old) mice inoculated by the intracranial route, the PN test was the most sensitive for measuring neutralizing antibody; it was also less variable, less costly, and it achieved results in the shortest period of time. End points could be determined in 5 to 6 days for the PN test as compared to 21 days for the MN test.
Parametric study of temperature profiles in chips joined by controlled collapse techniques

Parameters governing the temperature profiles of typical semiconductor chips joined to circuit module substrates by controlled chip collapse (flip-chip bonding) techniques are discussed. These include the physical and geometric properties of various layers of metals and non-metals that form the chip-to-substrate interconnection. The importance of the bond between the interconnection and the substrate from the point of view of interfacial thermal resistance is indicated. Also, the "thermal pinch" effects of voids in controlled chip collapse interconnections are discussed. The various thermal impedances as obtained from computer simulated temperature profiles are given graphically as functions of the parameters. The derivation of a semi-empirical expression for predicting the transient response of junctions on joined chips is shown.
Egg Characteristics Which Influence Hatchability

Abstract A MAJOR factor in the cost of production of chicks is the excessive loss of eggs which fail to hatch. It has been estimated that approximately 30 eggs of every hundred placed in commercial incubators fail to hatch. Approximately one half of the eggs which have to be discarded are infertile while the remainder represents eggs in which the embryos for various reasons have died during incubation. It is with this group of eggs, the ones that fail to hatch, that this study is concerned. This investigation was undertaken to determine to what extent, undesirable characteristics found in certain eggs affect hatchability and to obtain information as to the numbers and distribution of such eggs. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Knox and Olsen (1936) studied the effect of tremulous air cells on the hatchability of eggs. They found that eggs 1–7 days old with tremulous air cells gave a hatchability of 56.7 . . .
Balanced channel assignment patterns for cellular communications systems

The effects of adjacent channel interference together with cochannel interference for fixed channel assignment patterns in cellular communications systems are considered. Thorough consideration is given to interference produced by emissions in neighboring channels, including those that are immediately adjacent as well as non-immediately adjacent channels. An approximate mathematical analysis is presented that permits a more complete calculation of the median mobile-to-base and base-to-mobile signal interference ratio (SIR) than has been available. The effects of cochannel and all adjacent channel interference are included. Patterns of cell/frequency assignment that have regularity properties with respect to the performance measures are determined. Formulas for comparison of SIR performance for alternative cell/frequency assignment are derived. >
The Structural Basis for Allosteric Inhibition of a Threonine-sensitive Aspartokinase.

The commitment step to the aspartate pathway of amino acid biosynthesis is the phosphorylation of aspartic acid catalyzed by aspartokinase (AK). Most microorganisms and plants have multiple forms of this enzyme, and many of these isofunctional enzymes are subject to feedback regulation by the end products of the pathway. However, the archeal species Methanococcus jannaschii has only a single, monofunctional form of AK. The substrate l-aspartate binds to this recombinant enzyme in two different orientations, providing the first structural evidence supporting the relaxed regiospecificity previously observed with several alternative substrates of Escherichia coli AK (Angeles, T. S., Hunsley, J. R., and Viola, R. E. (1992) Biochemistry 31 ,799 -805). Binding of the nucleotide substrate triggers significant domain movements that result in a more compact quaternary structure. In contrast, the highly cooperative binding of the allosteric regulator l-threonine to multiple sites on this dimer of dimers leads to an open enzyme structure. A comparison of these structures supports a mechanism for allosteric regulation in which the domain movements induced by threonine binding causes displacement of the substrates from the enzyme, resulting in a relaxed, inactive conformation.
The N-d doublet scatterinq lengths with three-nucleon forces

Few-body systems which can be formulated and solved exactly serve as fundamental tests of our understanding of nuclear forces by direct comparison of model calculations with experimental data, and as probes for novel features of physical observables. Trinucleon bound-state investigations have yielded important results in each of these categories. I The idea of introducing a three-nucleon (3N) potential arose naturally, since two-nucleon (2N) potentials fail to reproduce the trinucleon data when utilized in nonrelativistic quantum calculations. Bound-state calculations have shown that 3N forces can produce significant nonperturbative changes in trinucleon binding energies, and contemporary 3N force models have been found to overbind the trinucleon system. 2'3 However, it is the scattering problem which offers us the opportunity to explore in depth the accuracy of our knowledge of the 2N and 3N interactions. In particular, will the introduction of 3N potentials break the empirical relation between the trinucleon binding energies and spin-doublet scattering lengths, just as the introduction of non-locality in the 2N Hamiltonian decouples the model deuteron D-state percentage from the quadrupole moment? The nucleon-deuteron system has both doublet and quartet spin configurations. The S-wave scattering lengths for both configurations are theoretically the simplest observables of the threenucleon scattering problem. With a 2N Hamiltonian, it is clear that the neutron-deuteron (nd) doublet scattering length, 2and, is coupled to the value of triton binding energy, and the relation is represented by the Phillips line which passes through the experimental datum. 4 The n-d quartet scattering length, 4and , is determined primarily by the deuteron binding energy. The situation with respect to proton-deuteron (pd) scattering length, a d , is not as 4 clear. The experimental values for the quartet state, apd , are all around 11.5 fm 5-7. While the values for the doublet scattering length, 2apd , were reported as 1.3±0.2 fm 5, 2.73±0.10 fm 6 and
Hypertensive response to exercise: a potential cause for new wall motion abnormality in the absence of coronary artery disease.

Abstract Objectives We sought to characterize patients with a hypertensive response during exercise echocardiography and its effect on results of the test. Background A hypertensive response to exercise has been shown to cause false-positive results in perfusion imaging, radionuclide angiography and exercise electrocardiography, but its influence on exercise echocardiography has not been reported. Methods We identified 548 of 6,686 patients who had coronary angiography within four weeks after exercise echocardiography from 1992 through 1996. Echocardiographic results from 132 patients (24%) with a hypertensive response to exercise, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) >220 mm Hg for men and SBP >190 mm Hg for women or as an increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >10 mm Hg or DBP >90 mm Hg during exercise echocardiography, were compared with those from 416 patients without a hypertensive response. Results Of 132 patients with a hypertensive response to exercise, 108 patients had exercise echocardiographic results positive for ischemia. Of these patients, 24 (22%) were found to have no significant coronary artery disease (CAD). In contrast, of 320 patients with positive exercise echocardiographic results without a hypertensive response, 39 (12%) patients did not have significant CAD. Among the false-positive results, new wall motion abnormalities were extensive in 15 of 24 (63%) hypertensive responders involving >25% of segments compared with 14 of 39 nonhypertensive responders (36%, p = 0.012). Conclusions An excessive rise in blood pressure during exercise is associated with a greater likelihood of new or worsening abnormalities with exercise, which may be observed in the absence of angiographically significant coronary artery stenosis.
Quantum Field Theories on an Algebraic Curve

We formulate quantum field theories on an algebraic curve and outline a 'paradigm' interpreting Ward identities as reciprocity laws.
Spirituality and Children: Nursing Considerations:

This paper presents an approach to spirituality in children utilizing the framework of a broad understanding of the concept while drawing on the work of developmental theorists. A brief discussion ...
Nonscattering Waveguides Based on Tensor Impedance Surfaces

A tensor impedance surface waveguide is built using anisotropic unit cells. The waveguide can propagate a confined waveguide mode along its axis while waves incident to the guide at an orthogonal direction pass through as if the waveguides were not present. Both straight and curved implementations are demonstrated. Surface waves incident at an angle to the waveguide show reflection and refraction at the impedance interface. A theoretical model for tensor impedance surface waveguides is generalized to include dispersive unit cells and bending loss around curves. Dispersion results for modes propagating in the waveguide show agreement between the theory, simulation, and experimental measurements. A curved waveguide is also constructed which guides surface waves around a curve and is transparent to surface waves incident at an orthogonal angle.
Ferric/ferrous ratios in 1984 Mauna Loa lavas: a contribution to understanding the oxidation state of Hawaiian magmas

Ferric/ferrous ratios have been used to estimate the oxygen fugacity of lavas erupted in 1984 on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii. Rapidly quenched lavas erupted close to vents are less oxidized than rapidly quenched lavas scooped from lava flows several kilometers away from the vents. These results demonstrate that sampling is of critical importance in determining the oxidation state of lava. The oxidation state of the vent lavas, below or at magnetite–wustite (MW), is significantly lower than that previously reported for Hawaiian lavas (~FMQ). Similarly, rapidly quenched lavas from the ongoing Kilauea eruption and Loihi seamount, all have oxygen fugacities that are close to MW and on the low side of the range previously reported for Hawaiian lavas. From this we conclude that the initial oxygen fugacity of parental Hawaiian magmas is close to MW, not FMQ, and that previous estimates of the oxidation state of Hawaiian lavas may have been too high. This implies that the plume source of these magmas is also at or below MW, but not as reduced as the mantle source of mid-ocean ridge basalts. Additionally, Mauna Loa lavas appear to be slightly more reduced than Kilauea or Loihi lavas, perhaps indicating heterogeneous oxidation within the Hawaiian plume.
Community-Based Alternatives for Justice-Involved Individuals with Severe Mental Illness: Review of the Relevant Research

Community-based alternatives to conviction and imprisonment for adult offenders with severe mental illness are receiving increasing attention from researchers and policy makers. After discussing th...
A History of the Diagnoses of Psychotic Patients Before 1950

Specht (1905) argued that all psychoses derive from an abnormal affect. Specht associated mania with both chronicity and paranoia. He wrote that chronic mania was not at all a rare occurrence. He believed that once chronic mania took hold, there was no return to normal, and that with advancing age the condition worsened (Specht 1905).
Would the REINS Act Rein In Federal Regulation

Federal regulation reaches nearly all aspects of modern life and is pervasive in the modern economy. Much of this regulation may be necessary or advisable, but there is understandable concern that regulatory agencies act outside the authority delegated to them by Congress. The proposed Regulations of the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act is intended to remedy this by requiring that major regulations receive the approval of Congress through an expedited process. Critics of the REINS Act claim it would severely curtain important regulatory efforts and allow for all sorts of congressional gamesmanship. In fact, the REINS Act would not hinder a sympathetic Congress from approving new federal regulations, but it would prevent the implementation of particularly unpopular or controversial regulatory initiatives. The primary effect of the legislation would be to make Congress more responsible for federal regulatory activity by forcing legislators to voice their opinion on the desirability of significant regulatory changes.
On the scalability and effectiveness of a cache pollution based DoS attack in information centric networks

With the exponential growth of content, the Internet is undergoing a transformation from a host-centric approach to a content-centric one, popularly known as an Information Centric Networks (ICN). ICN aims to improve user performance by incorporating in-network caching at storage enabled nodes. In this paper, we explore the scalability and effectiveness of a targeted denial of service attack (DoS) designed for ICN [1]. In this attack, malicious nodes periodically request unpopular content, thereby replacing popular content in the caches enroute to the custodian with unpopular ones. The intuition behind this attack is that legitimate requests for the evicted content cannot be served from enroute caches and have to be forwarded towards the custodian, thus degrading user performance. Our goal in this paper is not to propose a sophisticated attack, but to investigate the scalability and potency of this brute force attack in ICN. By performing exhaustive and rigorous experimentation on realistic Internet topologies, and by exploring a wide range of simulation parameters we observe the following: (i) this attack is moderately successful in small scale networks comprising of less than 100 nodes, (ii) the potency of the attack rapidly decreases, and becomes ineffective as the network size increases to few thousand nodes, and (iii) the attack is more effective against a FIFO caching policy in comparison to LRU. Our results demonstrate that if the entire Internet or large MANETs are transformed into an ICN, this attack is likely to be unsuccessful.
Gas Phase Reactions Relevant to Chemical Vapor Deposition: Numerical Modeling

Numerical modeling of gas phase chemical kinetics was used to investigate reactions following silane decomposition to suggest experimental conditions and to interpret concentrations measurements. The effects of concentration and temperature gradients on kinetic pathways and reactive intermediates were studied. These processes are relevant to silicon-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD), to flame-driven gas phase particle nucleation, and to laser-induced processes for materials fabrication.
EFFECTS OF IN VIVO HYPEROXIA ON ERYTHROCYTES. IV. STUDIES IN DOGS EXPOSED TO HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION.

SummaryErythrocytes of 20 dogs were studied before and after in vivo exposure to oxygen under high pressure (OHP). No evidence of in vivo hemolysis was noted but erythrocytes from dogs exposed to OHP demonstrated increased osmotic fragility and decreased acetylcholinesterase activity. Additional evidence indicated the in vivo formation of lipid peroxides in erythrocytes. No change in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, reduced glutathione content, or met-hemoglobin content occurred, and no Heinz bodies were formed during OHP. Thus, inadequacy of the pentose-phosphate shunt was probably not responsible for cell damage. It is suggested that altered permeability of erythrocytes resulted directly from peroxidation of lipids or indirectly from inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase or a combination of both effects.
Magnetic and Electronic Properties of n-type (Al,Ga) co-doped Zn(Cu)O based Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors

Systematic studies on the epitaxial growth and the effect of n-type (Al,Ga) doping on the magnetic and electrical properties of 2.0 % Cu doped ZnO dilute magnetic semiconducting thin films deposited on c-plane sapphire single crystals by pulsed laser deposition are reported here. An decrease in more than 3 orders of magnitude in resistivity from 2×101 Ohm cm for the 2.0 % Cu doped ZnO to ~5×10-3 Ohm cm for Al and Ga codoped films is observed. This increase in conductivity does not show any effect on ferromagnetic ordering thus contradicting the claim of free carrier mediated exchange as being responsible for ferromagnetic ordering in these DMS systems. A bound magnetic polaron or F-center mediated exchange is a possible explanation for the origin of ferromagnetism in these ZnO based DMS thin films.
Direct Counts of Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae, Eggs in Solanum Leaves

Potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), eggs were revealed in situ in Solanum leaves cleared by boiling for 3 minutes in a solution containing one part each of 85% lactic acid, phenol, and distilled water, and two parts of glycerin. Coagulated egg proteins made eggs apparent and they were counted with sub-lighting at 7x magnification under a binocular microscope. Periodic egg counts clearly indicate selective placement of eggs among various Solanum clones and a positive correlation with intensity of nymphal infestation.
Anomalous transient amplification in lossy waveguides

In a medium that is on average lossy, we show that under appropriate initial conditions the power can be amplified by several orders of magnitude. This robust phenomenon can be quantitatively explained by pseudospectra analysis.
Seeing the invisible in differential interference contrast microscopy images.

Abstract Automated microscopy image restoration, especially in Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) imaging modality, has attracted increasing attentions since it greatly facilitates long-term living cell analysis without staining. Although the previous work on DIC image restoration is able to restore the nuclei regions of living cells, it is still challenging to reconstruct the unnoticeable cytoplasm details in DIC images. In this paper, we propose to extract the tiny movement information of living cells in DIC images and reveal the hidden details in DIC images by magnifying the cells’ motion as well as attenuating the intensity variation from the background. From our restored images, we can clearly observe the previously-invisible details in DIC images. Experiments on two DIC image datasets show that the motion-based restoration method can reveal the hidden details of living cells. In addition, we demonstrate our restoration method can also be applied to other imaging modalities such as the phase contrast microscopy to enhance cells’ details. Furthermore, based on the pixel-level restoration results, we can obtain the object-level segmentation by leveraging a label propagation approach, providing promising results on facilitating the cell shape and behavior analysis. The proposed algorithm can be a software module to enhance the visualization capability of microscopes.
Analysis on CD4+T cells count of HIV infected in Tongren

Objective:To analyze the situation of the CD4+ T cells among HIV infected in Tongren to provide scientific basis for the treatment promptly.Methods:The cell counts of CD4+ from 559 HIV infected were detected by FCS.Results:The mean vale of CD4+ was(303.46±212.90) cells/μl,33.09% of them had CD4 T cell counts lower than 200 cells/μl,30.23% of them had CD4 T cell counts between 201~350 cells/μl,21.47% of them had CD4 T cell counts between 351~500 cells/μl,15.21% of them had CD4 T cell counts higher than 500 cells/μl.There were no statistical differences in CD4+ value with HIV infected between different sex and infection way groups and there were vary significant among different age groups.Conclusion:The CD4+cell immune levels of HIV infected are generally low.Most of them had been found in a metaphase or later stage of AIDS.
Induction of HSP 32 gene in hypoxic cardiomyocytes is attenuated by treatment withN-acetyl-l-cysteine

Increased synthesis of stress proteins may enhance myocardial viability during periods of low oxygen delivery. Our purpose was to determine if the oxidative stress protein heme oxygenase-1 [heat st...