cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of hand-foot syndrome induced by capecitabine.

Introduction. Capecitabine (Xeloda®) is a systemic prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is administered in an oral formulation. Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) has proven to be a chronic dose-limiting toxicity of capecitabine, leading to significant morbidity in patients receiving this agent. The purpose of this review is to define the pathophysiology, risk factors, incidence and management of capecitabine-induced HFS.Methods. Literature for this review article was collected from the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, and the proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) confined to the years 1995-2006. The following key terms were used in the search: hand-foot syndrome, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, capecitabine, Xeloda®, colorectal cancer, and metastatic breast cancer.Results. HFS associated with capecitabine is a serious dose-limiting toxicity. Incidence of grade 3/4 toxicity is of extreme significance, and introduces the need for dose reductions and/or interruptions in capecitabin...
Insurance-associated disparities in hospitalization outcomes of Michigan children.

Objective To investigate whether children in Michigan with private insurance have better hospitalization-related outcomes than those with public or no insurance. Study design Population-based hospitalization rates were calculated for newborns and children aged Results Michigan children with public/no insurance had significantly higher overall hospital admission rates and admission rates for ambulatory-sensitive conditions, and were more likely to be admitted through the emergency room, compared with those with private health insurance. Similarly, newborns with public/no insurance had significantly higher rates of hospitalization-related outcomes. Hospital charges per child were higher in the public/no insurance population, translating to potential excess charges of between $309.8 and $401.8 million in 2006. Conclusions There are disparities in health outcomes and charges between Michigan children and newborns with public/no insurance and those with private health insurance, presenting a significant opportunity to improve the efficiency and efficacy of care.
Constitutive equations for viscoelastic fluids with application to rapid external flows

A major problem in the analysis of complex flows of viscoelastic fluids lies in the development of a suitable constitutive equation relating stresses to the kinematics of deformation. In this paper an equation is developed from successive approximations to a very general theory of viscoelasticity. This equation, which predicts both a non-Newtonian viscosity coefficient and normal stress effects in simple laminar shearing flows, appears to reflect a reasonable compromise between simplicity and useful applicability to real materials. The use of this equation is illustrated by means of a study of rapid flows about submerged objects. The results of this study are compared with the usual boundary-layer theory for Newtonian fluids, and the implications of this comparison are discussed in some detail.
Analyzing organic vapors in exhaled breath using a surface acoustic wave sensor array with preconcentration: Selection and characterization of the preconcentrator adsorbent

Abstract The analysis of organic vapors in exhaled breath can provide information about chemical exposures and health status. This article describes work aimed at developing a small prototype instrument that employs an array of four polymer-coated surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors and a thermally desorbable adsorbent preconcentrator for rapid breath analysis. The adsorbent used in the preconcentrator is critical to achieving adequate sensitivity and compensating for the high background of water vapor. Eight granular adsorbents packed into narrow bore glass tubes wrapped with NiCr wire were evaluated individually and in selected dual-bed configurations with respect to the pressure drop of the packed bed, retention of water vapor, and adsorption/desorption efficiency of each of several organic solvent vapors. Although adsorbents of Tenax GR® and Carbotrap® performed well, a highly porous styrene-divinylbenzene resin demonstrated superior overall performance and was selected for further testing. Solvents ranging in vapor pressure from 8 mm of Hg (m-xylene) to 420 mm of Hg (dichloromethane) were efficiently trapped from 0.25-l spiked breath samples and efficiently desorbed at 170°C. Incorporating an intermediate dry-air purge step prior to thermal desorption of samples selectively removed co-adsorbed water and reduced the limits of detection (LOD) by an order of magnitude. Results of detailed breakthrough studies were considered in the context of the modified Wheeler and Langmuir adsorption models and used to determine the minimum quantity of adsorbent required to prevent saturation of the adsorbent bed for each test vapor. Measurement of vapors at concentrations ranging from sub-ppm to 200 ppm was demonstrated.
Picking Treaties, Picking Winners International Treaty Negotiations and the Strategic Mobilization of Domestic Interests

International treaty negotiations and domestic politics are interrelated. We show that negotiators can strategically select treaties to mobilize domestic interest groups and support particular candidates for office. Interest groups will support (oppose) political parties that will ratify treaties benefiting (harming) them. By designing treaties that mobilize these “swing” groups, negotiators can affect different parties’ chances of assuming power. Our model produces specific predictions for treaty design, contingent on the preferences of negotiators, parties, and interest groups. With conservative and moderate interest groups, the results may be counterintuitive—for instance, foreign governments pushing liberal treaties on liberal incumbents they dislike, intentionally mobilizing interest groups against the treaty and in favor of conservative challengers. Highly competitive systems, particularly those where moderate interest groups’ support is in play, give treaty negotiators leeway to shape political out...
Evaluation of the effects of dioxin and PCBs on Fundulus heteroclitus populations using a modeling approach

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is reevaluating the risks associated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and related chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). Most information currently available concerning CHC toxic action and biological effects focuses on the responses of individual organisms, as opposed to the potential impacts of CHCs on populations, communities, or ecosystems. In support of EPA's reevaluation, survivorship and reproduction data from two previous studies involving the estuarine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus (Linnaeus), exposed as adults to either dioxin or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were interpreted at the population level using a stage-classified model of F. heteroclitus population dynamics. The studies differed with respect to the route of exposure of the parental stock: dietary exposure to dioxin in the laboratory and natural exposure to PCBs at the New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts marine Superfund site. The CHC effects documented in these studies were used to modify fertility and survivorship in the population model. The finite population multiplication (growth) rate, estimated using the model, was used as the measure of population-level effect. In both cases, a negative relationship was observed between CHC dose (quantified as dioxin whole-body burden and liver burden of non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted PCB congeners) and population growth rate. The dose-response relationships developed in this study provide useful information for assessing the ecological risks of CHCs to estuarine fish populations.
Synthetic optical processor for generalized logic realization problems

A synthetic joint Fourier transform (SJFT) correlator is proposed for the realization of generalized logic problems. As a case study, a multi-channel SJFT correlator is employed to realize a multi-output logic unit. For a given correlator set-up, this particular scheme ensures the maximal utilization of space bandwidth product. This work establishes a pragmatic approach for implementing real-time programmable content addressable memory for information processing.
Reliability analysis for single-phase photovoltaic inverters with reactive power support

Reactive power support is expected to be an emerging ancillary requirement for single-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverters. This work assesses related reliability issues as they apply to PV inverters. Three PV inverter topologies are analyzed and their reliability is determined on a component level. Limiting operating points are considered for each of these topologies. Studies show that varying power-factor operation with a constant real power output increases the energy storage requirement as well as the capacitance required in the dc link in order to produce the double-frequency power ripple. The overall current rating of the MOSFETs and output filter must also be sized to accommodate the current for the apparent power output. It is shown that the production of reactive power can significantly increase the capacitance requirement, but the limiting reliability issue comes from the increased output current rating of the MOSFETs.
Oral corticosteroids increase esophageal acid contact times in patients with stable asthma.

Study objectives The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is higher in people with asthma than in control populations. Predisposing factors for GERD development may include asthma medications such as prednisone. The objective of this study was to determine whether prednisone alters GERD parameters in people with asthma. Design Prospective, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Setting University medical center clinic. Participants Twenty adults with stable, moderate persistent asthma with minimal esophageal reflux symptoms (less than three times a week) who were not receiving antireflux therapy. Intervention Prednisone, 60 mg/d, for 7 days. Measurements and results Asthma, esophageal reflux symptoms, and spirometry were measured during baseline, placebo, and prednisone phases, each 7 days in duration. Dual-probe esophageal pH monitoring, esophageal and respiratory manometrics (20 subjects), and basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion (4 subjects) were measured after placebo and prednisone phases. There were significant increases in esophageal acid contact times at the distal and proximal pH probes during the prednisone phase. Total percentage of time that pH was Conclusion Prednisone, 60 mg/d for 7 days, increased esophageal acid contact times in this small population of people with stable asthma; however, the mechanism for this finding is unclear.
Dynamic indexing for multidimensional non-ordered discrete data spaces using a data-partitioning approach

Similarity searches in multidimensional Non-ordered Discrete Data Spaces (NDDS) are becoming increasingly important for application areas such as bioinformatics, biometrics, data mining and E-commerce. Efficient similarity searches require robust indexing techniques. Unfortunately, existing indexing methods developed for multidimensional (ordered) Continuous Data Spaces (CDS) such as the R-tree cannot be directly applied to an NDDS. This is because some essential geometric concepts/properties such as the minimum bounding region and the area of a region in a CDS are no longer valid in an NDDS. Other indexing methods based on metric spaces such as the M-tree and the Slim-trees are too general to effectively utilize the special characteristics of NDDSs, resulting in nonoptimized performance. In this article, we propose a new dynamic data-partitioning-based indexing technique, called the ND-tree, to support efficient similarity searches in an NDDS. The key idea is to extend the relevant geometric concepts as well as some indexing strategies used in CDSs to NDDSs. Efficient algorithms for ND-tree construction and techniques to solve relevant issues such as handling dimensions with different alphabets in an NDDS are presented. Our experimental results on synthetic data and real genome sequence data demonstrate that the ND-tree outperforms the linear scan, the M-tree and the Slim-trees for similarity searches in multidimensional NDDSs. A theoretical model is also developed to predict the performance of the ND-tree for random data.
A bifurcated pathway of oxygen atom transfer reactions from a monooxo molybdenum(VI) complex under electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric conditions.

A stable molybdenum(V) complex, LMoOCl2 (where L is hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate), has been oxidized under mass spectrometric conditions. The oxidized species reacts with tertiary phosphines and the products have been detected by mass spectrometry. The product distribution has been followed by isotope labeling experiments, and energy dependent electrospray mass spectrometry. These experiments reveal not only oxygen atom transfer but also loss of a chlorine atom from the resulting species.
A Babylonian Venus Text Computed According to System A: ACT No. 1050

Hamilton (N.T.) a identifie un texte Babylonien permettant de donner la position de la planete Venus et sa longitude a partir d'un systeme theorique
How should environmental stress affect the population dynamics of disease

We modelled how stress affects the population dynamics of infectious disease. We were specifically concerned with stress that increased susceptibility of uninfected hosts when exposed to infection. If such stresses also reduced resources, fecundity and/or survivorship, there was a reduction in the host carrying capacity. This lowered the contact between infected and uninfected hosts, thereby decreasing transmission. In addition, stress that increased parasite mortality decreased disease. The opposing effects of stress on disease dynamics made it difficult to predict the response of disease to environmental stress. We found analytical solutions with negative, positive, convex and concave associations between disease and stress. Numerical simulations with randomly generated parameter values suggested that the impact of host-specific diseases generally declined with stress while the impact of non-specific (or open) diseases increased with stress. These results help clarify predictions about the interaction between environmental stress and disease in natural populations.
Structure and Function of the Erythrocyte Receptor CD2 on Human T Lymphocytes: A Review

The human CD2 molecule is a 50kd surface glycoprotein expressed on >95% of thymocytes and all peripheral T lymphocytes which mediates both adhesion between T cells and their targets, and subsequent T cell activation events. Molecular cloning of human CD2 cDNAs predicts a mature CD2 protein of 327 amino acids, with an extracellular segment of 185 amino acids, a transmembrane domain of 24 amino acids and an intracytoplasmic region of 117 amino acids. Genomic cloning shows that the extracellular segment is encoded by two exons, the transmembrane segment by a single exon and the intracytoplasmic region by a single exon. Expression and biochemical analysis of a soluble extracellular domain CD2 molecule reveal that it expresses native CD2 epitopes and contains a stable 15kd NH2-terminal fragment corresponding to a single exon. Binding analyses of the soluble CD2 molecule indicate that it binds specifically to a known cell-surface ligand for CD2 at a relatively low affinity, thus suggesting that T cell-target ad...
Origins and Last Farewells: Bible Wars, Textual Form, and the Making of American History

The Puritans never published John Winthrop's “city on a hill” sermon, A Model of Christian Charity, which vanished in the seventeenth century. When it reappeared 200 years later, scholars relied on a dubious cover-note to proclaim its foundational significance. Demonstrating how the Geneva Bible gave shape to Winthrop's sermon–and how the manuscript's whims helped make sense of its meaning–this essay reveals the role of textual form in the construction of American history.
Singularly perturbed Volterra integral equations II

A formal methodology is developed to obtain a uniformly valid asymptotic solution to a class of singularly perturbed Volterra integral equations. The methodology systematically determines the appropriate integral equations which govern the inner and outer solutions at each order of the perturbation analysis. Several examples are presented to illustrate the procedure.
Telomere Lengths in Cloned Transgenic Pigs

Studies of cloned cattle and mice have resulted in controversies regarding the restoration of eroded telomere length of donor cells by the nuclear transfer process. Little is known about telomere lengths in pigs from either natural reproduction or nuclear transfer. In this study, we measured the telomere lengths in six major porcine organs from animals of different ages, and found that their lengths remained consistent throughout different tissues during fetal stages, and then shortened, in a tissue- specific manner, after birth. Telomeres of skin samples from six cloned transgenic pigs at 4 mo of age did not differ significantly from those of age-matched controls. Two cloned pigs that died shortly after birth had skin telomere lengths equivalent to those of late-stage fetuses.
Dieting in Teenage Schoolgirls A Longitudinal Prospective Study

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate what far-reaching consequences dieting may produce in teenage girls and to determine whether there is a direct relation between dieting and the development of anorexia nervosa. The study took the form of a longitudinal prospective investigation of dieting teenage schoolgirls over a 10-year observation period, particularly as regards physical and mental state of health and general psychosocial development. The questionnaire study underlying the present work—entitled “The feeling of being fat and dieting in a school population”—was published in 1971 by Ingvar Nylander. With the aim of determining how often teenagers feel overweight, how often they diet and how often they develop disorders from dieting, Nylander interviewed 2370 students (1129 boys and 1241 girls). His study was published in Acta Socio-Medica Scand 1971, 1. In the present work a primary material of 130 girls was selected from the dieting schoolgirls and 111 of these were examined by the author. The methods included a personal interview, examination of physical and mental health, an EEG examination and an intelligence test. Moreover, information was obtained concerning the subjects from their parents and from school health records and hospital case records. A follow-up study was done 10 years later, in which 97 of the subjects were again examined by the author while 12 subjects merely answered a questionnaire. The methods used were very similar to the foregoing ones. The subjects’dieting behaviour was evaluated on the basis of an anorectic behaviour scale. Further information was obtained from hospital case records. The overall situation of the subjects was evaluated on the basis of case histories and of data from case records concerning heredity, environment, psychosocial adjustment, state of health and findings on examination. Some of the subjects had had a dieting problem for a long time; they had generally dieted for short but repeated periods, but, in most cases, with little effect on their weight. Some patients had developed anorectic behaviour, or even AN, others did not. The former group had shown such behaviour at an early stage—or other signs of mental insufficiency—while the latter group was healthy and during dieting periods developed neither anorectic behaviour nor anorexia nervosa. Thus no direct causal relation between dieting and anorexia nervosa could be demonstrated. If dieting is caused by mental insufficiency, this may lead to the development of anorectic behaviour and/or anorexia nervosa. However, it appears that dieting in a physically and mentally healthy teenage girl can hardly have such effects. A prevalence evaluation of anorexia nervosa in this material showed higher values than those in previous studies.
500-Gbps Parallel-WDM Optical Interconnect

This paper describes a 500-Gbps parallel wavelength-division multiplexed (PWDM) optical interconnect where 48 channels of 10.42-Gbps data are transmitted over a parallel 12-fiber ribbon with 4 wavelengths per fiber. The transmitter and receiver are each chip-scale packages with a footprint of 5 mm times 8 mm and a combined power consumption of 3 W. This work is motivated by the continually increasing bandwidth needs of short-distance computer processor interconnects, which are demanding optical solutions that maximize bandwidth per unit area, power consumption, and cost
Lymphotaxis induced by ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of fibroblasts in tissues cultured from mouse embryos

When portions of the cytoplasm of fibroblasts cultured from mouse embryo tissues are irradiated with heterochromatic microbeams of ultraviolet light, lymphocytes are attracted (Lymphotaxis) to the injured areas. The lymphocytes approach in the “hand mirror” shape characteristic of tissue cultures. On reaching the fibroblast, pseudopodia shoot out to “lick” the wound and then the lymphocyte “worms” its way across the cell. Only one lymphocyte contacts a fibroblast but the same one may make several passes. It is postulated that lymphocytes are cleaning the wounded area of undesirable irradiation products and/or applying healing substances to the wounded fibroblast. Irradiation of lymphocytes in portions of the cytoplasm fails to evoke responses from nearlby lymphocytes. Instead, the cytoplasm whirls around the nucleus as if the irradiation products can not leave the cell, resulting in convulsions and death. A technique is described by which relatively pure cultures of lymphocytes may be obtained from leukocyte cultures by selectively killing all granular leukocytes with excessive exposure to microbeams of ultraviolet light. Lymphocytes are harvested and introduced into fibroblast cultures to study experimental lymphotaxis.
RELATIVE ATTRACTIVENESS OF ENRICHED GINGER ROOT OIL AND TRIMEDLURE TO MALE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

This study describes field experiments that compare the relative attraction of male Mediterranean fruit flies (or medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), to trimedlure and ginger root oil, which contains the natural attractant α-copaene. The ginger root oil was embedded in a paste-like matrix, and the concentration of α-copaene was enhanced 20-fold above natural levels (hence the term “enriched” ginger root oil or EGRO). In tests conducted in a mixed fruit orchard in Waimanalo, Hawaii, 8 Jackson traps (4 baited with trimedlure, 4 baited with enriched ginger root oil) were placed in a circle (40 m radius) about a central point from which 500 males were released per replicate. Trap catches were scored 48 h after male release. In experiments using fresh (non-aged) lures, the amount of trimedlure used per trap was constant (1 ml), but the amount of EGRO-containing paste used in traps was 1, 10, or 20 drops. Significantly more males were captured in the trimedlure traps than the EGRO traps over all doses of EGRO. Similar experiments conducted in a small citrus grove yielded the same results. Additional experiments revealed that female medflies showed no attraction to either trimedlure- or EGRO-baited traps and that immature and mature males showed equal, short-range attraction to trimedlure and EGRO-baited traps.
Whole Skin Locomotion Inspired by Amoeboid Motility Mechanisms

In this paper, we present a novel locomotion mechanism for mobile robots inspired by the motility mechanisms of single celled organisms that use cytoplasmic streaming to generate pseudopods for locomotion. The Whole Skin Locomotion, as we call it, works by way of an elongated toroid which turns itself inside out in a single continuous motion, effectively generating the overall motion of the cytoplasmic streaming ectoplasmic tube in amoebae. With an elastic membrane or a mesh of links acting as its outer skin, the robot can easily squeeze between obstacles or under a collapsed ceiling and move forward using all of its contact surfaces for traction, or even squeeze itself through holes with diameters smaller than its nominal width by actively changing its cross section diameter making this the ideal locomotion method for search and rescue robots that need to traverse over or under rubble, or for applications where a robot needs to move in and maneuver itself into tight spaces such as for robotic endoscopes. This paper summarizes the many existing theories of amoeboid motility mechanisms, and examines how these can be applied on a macro scale as a novel mobile robot locomotion concept. Four locomotion mechanism models are presented with preliminary experiments and their results, demonstrating the feasibility of the whole skin locomotion strategy.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Responses of generalist predators fed high-Ni Melanotrichus boydi (Heteroptera: Miridae): elemental defense against the third trophic level.

Abstract The recent discovery of herbivores that feed on Ni-hyperaccumulating plants and contain elevated Ni concentrations in their bodies suggests that Ni may be transferred to their predators. We tested this hypothesis using the high-Ni herbivore Melanotrichus boydi and four predator species: the spiders Pholcus phalangioides and Misumena vatia, the mantid Stagmomantis californica and the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea. Survival of each predator species was compared when individuals were fed either M. boydi or low-Ni prey. No significant survival difference between diets was observed for P. phalangioides or S. californica, although individuals fed M. boydi contained significantly elevated Ni concentrations (470 μg Ni g−1 for P. phalangioides and 460 μg Ni g−1 for S. californica). No significant difference in survival to adulthood was observed for C. carnea: adult production was 45% for high-Ni and 55% for low-Ni diets. In contrast, survival of M. vatia was significantly decreased when fed high-Ni prey: on...
Who Are the Archivists and What Do They Do

Ernst Posner's 1956 Society of American Archivists presidential address harkened back to Michel de Crevecoeur's Letters From an American Farmer. In Crevecoeur's letter on "What is an American," the author had proclaimed that "the American is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions." Both Crevecoeur and Posner set out to find a new creation—a new human being fit for a trans-Atlantic Zion. Though they noted problems, they both found what they sought. Many other writers have also laid the basis for an intellectual nativism that has been received by a young nation fashioning its own intellectual tradition from "the unwrought granite" of the New World. Posner, our twentieth-century immigrant, provided a rationale for the new American archivist—a professional who continually devised new solutions to new problems. Though he wrote several articles on the European archival heritage and a book on the archives of antiquity, he never recanted. When Ernst Posner came to the United States in 1939, Europe was in deep trouble. Centuries of nationalism and racism had borne fruit in a holocaust of death and destruction. In "a limbo period" of his life, spent in Sweden before crossing the Atlantic, Posner read the American Archivist. Ever the polite optimist, he became a lifelong champion of American archivists. At that time the Society of American Archivists was five years old—just "preschoolers." Today, they are fifty-year-old "preschoolers." Developing in a mobile society during a period of material prosperity, American archivists have not merely ignored the past and reinvented the wheel, they have substituted pontoons. The profession floats on a sea of its own rhetoric, which has become increasingly concerned with archivists rather than archives. Our colleagues in the social sciences like to characterize periods as prehistoric, preChristian, pre-Columbian, and prewar. When Posner arrived in the United States, he found scattered bands of archivists living along the east coast in a precustodial society. They cared for records, but they had not assimilated the principles of European archival practice. Some of them had heard the tales of travelers like Waldo G. Leland and J. Franklin Jameson, but they did not believe in, investigate the possibility of, or receive a well-developed body of archival theory and practice from other countries. Hilary Jenkinson's English language manual was not readily available until the 1930s, and Muller, Feith, and Fruin was not translated into English until 1940. Theodore Schellenberg's Modern Archives (1956) appeared sixteen years after Posner's arrival and is still with us. Since this work and Schellenberg's The Management of Archives (1965), a series of collected essays and readers have been published. Most recent archival works in Europe and
Gas exchange and leaf anatomy of a C3–CAM hybrid, Yucca gloriosa (Asparagaceae)

While the majority of plants use the typical C3 carbon metabolic pathway, ~6% of angiosperms have adapted to carbon limitation as a result of water stress by employing a modified form of photosynthesis known as Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). CAM plants concentrate carbon in the cells by temporally separating atmospheric carbon acquisition from fixation into carbohydrates. CAM has been studied for decades, but the evolutionary progression from C3 to CAM remains obscure. In order to better understand the morphological and physiological characteristics associated with CAM photosynthesis, phenotypic variation was assessed in Yucca aloifolia, a CAM species, Yucca filamentosa, a C3 species, and Yucca gloriosa, a hybrid species derived from these two yuccas exhibiting intermediate C3–CAM characteristics. Gas exchange, titratable leaf acidity, and leaf anatomical traits of all three species were assayed in a common garden under well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. Yucca gloriosa showed intermediate phenotypes for nearly all traits measured, including the ability to acquire carbon at night. Using the variation found among individuals of all three species, correlations between traits were assessed to better understand how leaf anatomy and CAM physiology are related. Yucca gloriosa may be constrained by a number of traits which prevent it from using CAM to as high a degree as Y. aloifolia. The intermediate nature of Y. gloriosa makes it a promising system in which to study the evolution of CAM.
How Do Lawyers Serve Human Dignity

The conception of human dignity that prevails within the legal profession is roughly interchangeable with individual autonomy. That is, lawyers serve the cause of dignity by facilitating the client’s autonomy. In this regard, the legal profession’s dignity discourse lacks the nuance and depth that is found in the discourse occurring in other fields, bioethics in particular. As far as it goes, autonomy is a key component of individual dignity, but autonomy does not exhaust the nature or implications of dignity, particularly the narrow conception of autonomy employed widely within the legal profession. The narrowness results, in significant part, from lawyers’ failure to invest in the dialogue necessary to pursue a fully relational sense of client autonomy, rather than a simplistic autonomy of individual self-interest secured through the maximization of legal rights and privileges. In reality, there are multiple layers of human dignity, not all of which are centered on individual autonomy. Whether or not a more authentically relational conception of autonomy can be reclaimed, it is important to articulate how the human orientation toward relationship can help provide substantive content to, and draw professionally relevant implications from, the elusive concept of human dignity.
Fast surface diffusion of amorphous o-terphenyl and its competition with viscous flow in surface evolution.

Surface self-diffusion coefficients have been measured for the model molecular glass o-terphenyl (OTP) through surface-grating decay driven by capillarity. The decay mechanism transitions from viscous flow at high temperatures to surface diffusion at low temperatures; for 1000 nm wavelength gratings, the transition occurs at Tg + 11 K. The surface diffusion of OTP is 108 times faster than bulk diffusion at Tg and even faster at lower temperatures because of its weaker temperature dependence. At Tg, OTP has approximately the same bulk diffusivity as the previously studied molecular liquid indomethacin, but its surface diffusion is 100 times faster. While the molecular glass-formers exhibit transitions from viscous flow to surface diffusion as the mechanism of capillarity-driven surface flattening, polystyrenes and silicates show no such transition under comparable conditions, suggesting slower surface diffusion on these materials and a general dependence of surface diffusion on intermolecular forces. The v...
Micromechanistic origin of irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking

A multi-scale study of the micromechanics of dislocation–grain boundary interactions in proton and ion-irradiated stainless steels is presented. Interactions of dislocation channels with grain boundaries result in slip transfer, discontinuous slip without or with slip along the grain boundary. The presence of the irradiation damage enhances the importance of the magnitude of the resolved shear stress on the slip system activated by the grain boundary to transfer slip across it. However, the selected slip system is still determined by the minimization of the grain boundary strain energy density condition. These findings have implications for modelling the mechanical properties of irradiated metals as well as in establishing the mechanism for disrupting the grain boundary oxide, which is a necessary prerequisite for irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking.
Nucleate Boiling on Biotemplated Nanostructured Surfaces

The fabrication and characterization of biotemplated nanostructured surfaces for enhanced pool boiling heat transfer is reported. By introducing micro/nano-porosity and surface roughness at the liquid-vapor interface, significant enhancement in surface heat transfer capability can be achieved during nucleate boiling. This work uses the self-assembly and mineralization of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to create superhydrophilic (∼9°), superhydrophobic (∼163°), and mixed hydrophilic-hydrophobic (∼70°) surfaces to investigate the effects of surface wettability and heterogeneity on boiling heat transfer performance. Pool boiling results showing CHF and HTC values for nickel-coated TMV, Teflon-coated TMV, mixed nickel + Teflon coated TMV, flat silicon, and flat Teflon are reported. The mixed surfaces demonstrate a CHF enhancement of ∼ 70% compared to flat silicon and ∼140% compared to flat Teflon. The results are in good agreement with the literature and will guide the design of optimized surfaces for further enhancement. This work demonstrates the feasibility of enhancing pool boiling heat transfer using TMV based nanostructured coatings.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Structure Design of Converter Valve for ±660 kV HVDC Transmission Project

The structure features and design approach for the converter valve of Ningdong-Shandong ±660 kV HVDC transmission project are introduced in detail.Considering the basic structure of the converter valve,the composition,structure design feature and functions are illustrated.Especially the structure design for valve tower and valve module are described in detail,including design for the shield structure of valve tower,suspension and support structure,valve framework,connection structure and etc.Furthermore,the seismic design and fire protection design of the converter valve are introduced.
Supplemental fertilization of cucurbits growing in full-bed polyethylene mulch culture

Vegetables in west‐central Florida are grown with full‐bed polyethylene mulch culture, wherein all the fertilizer is applied pre‐plant. Recently, a liquid fertilizer injector wheel was introduced which allows the application of a precise amount of fertilizer mechanically at any time during the season for the main crop or for the second crop. Research was conducted on the optimum timing and rates of fertilizer for some vegetable crops with the injection wheel. In double cropping studies with zucchini squash, Cucurbita pepo L. ‘Seneca Zucchini’ and muskmelon, Cucumis melo L. FL8502M’ grown after tomatoes, early yields were highest (P<0.05) with 168 N, 30 P and 140 K kg ha‐1, applied 50% pre‐plant and 50% at mid‐growth. Late season yields were highest with 252 N, 45 P and 209 K kg ha‐1 applied in 3 equal amounts during the season as 33% pre‐plant, 33% mid‐growth and 33% just prior to first harvest. Increased fertilizer rates resulted in corresponding increases in residual soil total soluble salts (T...
Repair of tetralogy of Fallot in infancy. Early and late results.

In 41 consecutive infants, ranging in age from 12 days to 1 year (mean age 5.7 months), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was repaired with the aid of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. One infant had absence of the pulmonary valve; two had congenital absence of the left pulmonary artery; and one had an aorticopulmonary window. Thirty-eight required a right ventricular outflow patch; in 29 the patch extended across the pulmonary valve annulus. All had patch closure of the ventricular septal defect (VSD); in one infant a perforated patch was used because of severe hypoplasia of both pulmonary arteries. The hospital mortality rate was 7 percent (three patients). There were no late deaths. Transient complete heart block occurred in one patient and right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock persisted for 1 year after operation in three patients. Cardiac output (determined by the Fick or thermodilution method) and intracavitary pressures were measured after operation in 22 patients. So far, 19 patients have had catheterization studies 1 year after operation. Aneurysms of the right ventricle developed in two instances. Both infants, treated early in the series, had residual right ventricular outflow gradients of more than 50 mm. Hg. Both of these patients, and another infant with a residual VSD (Qp/Qs > 2:1), have been successfully reoperated upon. We conclude that the hospital mortality rate and the early and late results justify our continued evaluation of primary repair of TOF in symptomatic infants, regardless of weight or age. Our present contraindications to reparative surgery in symptomatic infants with TOF are an anterior descending coronary artery arising from the right coronary artery or associated congenital pulmonary atresia (discontinuity of the right ventricle and pulmonary artery).
ULTRASOUND MEASUREMENTS AND OBJECTIVE FORCES OF GLENOHUMERAL TRANSLATIONS DURING SHOULDER ACCESSORY PASSIVE MOTION TESTING IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS.

Background Clinical examination of caspuloligamentous structures of the glenohumeral joint has historically been subjective in nature, as demonstrated by limited intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility. Musculoskeletal diagnostic ultrasound was utilized to develop a clinically objective measurement technique for glenohumeral inferior and posterolateral translation. Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the accessory passive force required to achieve end range glenohumeral posterolateral and inferior accessory translation, as well as, to quantify the amount of translation of the glenohumeral joint caused by the applied force. Study design Cross-sectional descriptive correlational study. Methods Twenty-five asymptomatic subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 were recruited via convenience sampling. Posterolateral and inferior shoulder accessory passive translation was assessed and measured using a GE LOGIQe ultrasound, while concurrently using a hand held dynamometer to quantify the passive force applied during assessment. Normative values for force and translation were described as means and standard deviations. Results Mean values for posterolateral translation were 6.5 +/- 4.0 mm on the right shoulder and 6.3 +/- 3.5 mm on the left with an associated mean force of 127.1 +/- 55.6 N and 114.4 +/- 50.7 N, respectively. Mean values for inferior translation were 4.8 +/- 1.7 mm on the right shoulder and 5.4 +/- 1.8 mm on the left with an associated mean force of 84.5 +/- 30.5 N and 76.1 +/- 30.1 N, respectively. There was a significant association between inferior translation and inferior force (r = .51). No significant association was found between posterolateral translation and posterolateral force. Significant differences were found between dominant and non-dominant shoulders for posterolateral translation, posterolateral force to produce translation, and inferior translation values. Conclusions Force data in the posterolateral and inferior direction is consistent with previously reported data for passive accessory motion testing at the shoulder. The results of this study provide data for glenohumeral translations and actual forces applied. Musculoskeletal diagnostic ultrasound can be a clinically relevant way to objectively measure the translation of the glenohumeral joint for assessing accessory passive motion joint translation while performing mobilizations or passive structure testing. This study provides a basis for comparison for healthy shoulder joints. Level of evidence 2b.
A 155-dB Dynamic Range Current Measurement Front End for Electrochemical Biosensing

An integrated current measurement system with ultra wide dynamic range is presented and fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS technology. Its dual-mode design provides concurrent voltage and frequency outputs, without requiring an external clock source. An integrator-differentiator core provides a voltage output with a noise floor of 11.6 fA/ $\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ and a $-3$ dB cutoff frequency of 1.4 MHz. It is merged with an asynchronous current-to-frequency converter, which generates an output frequency linearly proportional to the input current. Together, the voltage and frequency outputs yield a current measurement range of 155 dB, spanning from 204 fA (100 Hz) or 1.25 pA (10 kHz) to 11.6 μA. The proposed architecture's low noise, wide bandwidth, and wide dynamic range make it ideal for measurements of highly nonlinear electrochemical and electrophysiological systems.
Substance Use among Youth with Currently and Formerly Incarcerated Parents.

ABSTRACTParental incarceration impacts millions of children in the United States and has important consequences for youths’ adjustment. Children of incarcerated parents are at risk for a host of negative psychosocial outcomes, including substance abuse problems. Using data from a statewide survey of youth behavior, the effect of present and past parental incarceration on youths’ report of their substance use behaviors was examined. Present and past parental incarceration was significantly associated with use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and prescription drugs, as well as substance abuse and dependence. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
“What are we Wauting for?" Professor Stern Bypasses the Juggernaut Links in Climate Change

Abstract. Professor N. Stern had had an enormous influence on global warming policy debates. In his 2007 book, he stated the dangerous problem for mankind clearly. And now he comes back with a new book 2016, expressing his frustration about the developments with the UNFCCC and UNEP. The message is: Time is short for policy-making stabilising Planet Earth's climate and thus its overall environment. However, there is an answer to Stern's worry. “What are we waiting for?” in his 2016 book. The COP21 Treaty was possible after years of heavy transaction costs, because it contains the Stern Promise,, i.e. a Super Fund of $100 billion yearly for supporting the giant energy transformation involved in the COP objective of decarbonisation in this century. The COP project stets up global gaming where governments will play their rational strategies including opportunism with guile. Reducing emissions are linked with energy consumption, which is linked with country affluence. Mixing up climate stabilisation with general social development goals (SDG), as economist Sachs suggests, would be a serious mistake, Phycisist Hawkins' recommendation to leave the Earth for some new place in the Universe is but a fairy tale due to lack of energy. Emmissions are linked with energy that is linked with affluence. And all people have the same drive when it comes to money. Keywords. Emissions, Energy, Affluence, Stern, Sacks, Juggernaut, Super Fund . JEL. N70, O13, P28.
Ways We Use Energy

This chapter focuses on the ways by which energy is used. Efficiency is the energy (or power) output divided by the energy input, expressed as a percentage. Many home appliances use electricity. Much of the energy used for space heating is wasted because of the poor insulation of most buildings. Transportation also uses energy. Of all public and private transportation modes, the private automobile uses about half of the available resources. Recycling useful waste can cut the expenses of manufacturing. To manufacture low-grade paper from recycled paper instead of virgin pulp requires 70% less energy. Making steel from scrap metal instead of ore requires 74% less energy. Producing methane gas from the municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastes is one way to substitute the dwindling gas supplies. Municipal solid wastes are beginning to be used to produce steam by burning in specially designed facilities. After shredding, the waste is separated and some constituents, such as glass, aluminium, copper, and iron are recycled. The shredded burnable waste is burned in “semi-suspension firing,” which reduces the waste into a small amount of ash that is easily disposed of. The resulting steam and hot water affords savings of other fuels, such as coal and gas.
Munavvar qori’s “Memoirs”: An Uzbek Confession-Testimony from the Files of the Secret Police

This a rticle explores t he s o-called “ Memoirs” o f M unavvar qori Abdurashidxon o’g’li (1878-1931), a major figure in the politics of Turkestan in the era of the revolution and an early victim of the OGPU. The autobiographical text is a series of pokazanija written while Munavvar qori was under arrest in which he describes his political activities since the revolution. The article analyses the way in which Munavvar qori presents himself—a combination limited confession with plausible denial or extenuation—and the way he deploys language. The article also presents lengthy excerpts in English translation.