cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach to complex rheumatoid hand and wrist problems.

SUMMARY Successful surgical reconstruction of the hands in patients with rheumatoid arthritis depends upon knowledge of the pathophysiology of the deformities and available surgical options, the use of appropriate operative and rehabilitative techniques, and, perhaps most importantly, a well-considered strategy for indicating and performing surgical procedures. In the case of complex hand deformities, two general approaches have guided the development of operative strategies. The first and most widely used strategy generally has involved sequential procedures. A less widely used but highly effective strategy uses multiple, concurrent procedures. Although it can be argued that both strategies are comprehensive, they are distinctly different. This article explores and defines the multiple, concurrent operations strategy and presents indications for and examples of its application. In contrast to sequential operations, in comprehensive reconstruction, all operations are done concurrently, providing that specific criteria are satisfied. When appropriately indicated by a hand surgeon experienced in all the technical components, a comprehensive strategy of rheumatoid hand reconstruction using multiple, concurrent operations can be highly effective. The strategy can provide restoration of patients’ function and improve the quality of their life without compromising the results of any one component of the operation.
Laboratory Blood Cultures: Past, Present, and Future

The expedient recovery of microorganisms from blood is an important subject both for the clinical microbiology laboratory and for the care of the patient. Blood culture techniques continue to be the subject of research and development, in part because the early identification of a potential microbial pathogen and because the subsequent antibiotic susceptibility results influence patient outcomes and guide targeted antimicrobial therapy. These functions are of even greater importance in the current era of multidrug-resistant pathogens and a more limited therapeutic armamentarium. The microbiology laboratory has a key role in promptly reporting positive blood cultures, as they are universally accepted as “critical values” in clinical practice. This review provides a detailed overview of sepsis, the history of blood culture techniques, and the underlying basis for blood culture functionality and performance and depicts a futuristic view, detailing the critical impact of positive blood culture reporting by the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Oblivious Mechanisms in Differential Privacy: Experiments, Conjectures, and Open Questions

Differential privacy (DP) is a framework to quantify to what extent individual privacy in a statistical database is preserved while releasing useful aggregate information about the database. In this work, we aim an exploratory study to understand questions related to the optimality of noise generation mechanisms (NGMs) in differential privacy by taking into consideration the (i) query sensitivity, (ii) query side information, and (iii) the presence of longitudinal and collusion attacks. The results/observations from our study serve three important purposes: (i) provide us with conjectures on appropriate (in the sense of privacy-utility tradeoffs) oblivious NGM selection for scalar queries in both non-Bayesian as well as Bayesian user settings, (ii) provide supporting evidence and counterexamples to existing theory results on the optimality of NGMs when they are tested on a relaxed assumption set, and (ii) lead to a string of interesting open questions for the theory community in relation to the design and analysis of provably optimal oblivious differential privacy mechanisms.
Boundary-integral Analysis of Anisotropic Bimaterials with an Interface Crack

The treatment of interface cracks in stress analysis problems has become increasingly important due to reliability issues in electronic packaging, composite materials, and advanced alloys. Here we present a boundary element formulation incorporating the Green’s function of Tewary, Wagoner, and Hirth [1] useful for the analysis of bimaterial problems when the interface contains a finite length crack. We obtain a fundamental solution from the Green’s function for use in a boundary-integral formulation for the stress analysis problem. The anisotropic interface crack fundamental solution allows us to model the behavior of stresses and displacements near the interface exactly. No discretization of the interface or crack surfaces is required since this behavior is explicitly incorporated in the fundamental solution. The details of the behavior of the boundary-integral kernels for cracked surfaces was established by Cruse [2].
The Canon and Its Canonizers

When contemporary Salafis seek examples of moral purity, they look above all to the Prophet Muḥammad, the other prophets, and the Companions of the Prophet Muḥammad. But Salafis also treat certain other Muslims as moral authorities. These figures are not selected haphazardly. They represent traditions that contributed core ideas to the Salafi worldview: interpretations of Sunni identity, attitudes about how to derive legal rulings, and ideologies about reviving the spirit of the early Muslim community. Such ideas, and the figures who articulated and represented them, find expression in a “normative-prescriptive list,” a canon. The canon includes many figures who would not have understood themselves as contemporary Salafis understand them. In contrast to most Western scholarly accounts of Salafism, I argue that Salafism is not simply a set of ideas that has existed across the centuries; put differently, contemporary Salafism is not simply a rearticulation of positions held by figures like Shaykh Aḥmad Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328), who championed exclusivist Sunni Islam in the wake of the collapse of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate (750–1258). Rather, canonization allows contemporary Salafis to retroactively portray earlier figures as part of a cohesive community. Canonization elides disagreements among these figures and strips away elements of their identities that might make contemporary Salafis uneasy. For example, Salafi processes of canonization overlook or explain away Ibn Taymiyya's partial embrace of rationalist methods in theology, his possible sympathies for Sufism, his openness to the ideal that damnation was impermanent, and even his lifelong bachelorhood. Salafis in Nigeria pass over this latter idiosyncrasy in silence even as they make marriage a central topic of their preaching. In other words, the canon reconstructs the past and mediates between that past and the present. The capacity to present a coherent and idealized past gives Salafism much of its appeal: the canon provides its adherents with theological confidence and political meaning. The Salafi “intellectual posture” cannot be understood without reference to this canon. Immersion in the canon is what distinguishes Salafis from other Muslims, including other Muslims who reject Sufism. A Muslim who condemns Sufis but preserves an attachment to a legal school or to Ashʿarī theology or who has no connection to the world of contemporary Salafi scholarship is not fully Salafi.
Support Bases of Solutions of a Functional Equation Arising From Multiplication of Quantum Integers and the Twin Primes Conjecture

Let P be the support base of a solution Γ, with the field of coefficients of characteristic zero, of the functional equations arising from the multiplication of quantum integers discussed in [A. Borisov, M. Nathanson, Y. Wang, Quantum integers and cyclotomy, J. Number Theory (to appear); M. Nathanson, A functional equation arising from multiplication of quantum integers, J. Number Theory, 103(2), 214–233 (2003)]. It is known from the work of Nathanson as well as our work that there is a close relationship between P and the constructibility of Γ from quantum integers. In this paper, we prove that if the Twin Primes conjecture holds, then Γ is constructible from quantum integers if P contains infinitely many pairs of twin primes. This shows, in particular, that if the Twin Primes conjecture holds, then Γ is constructible from quantum integers whenever P has finite complement.
Molecular and morphological characterization of a haemogregarine in the alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys temminckii (Testudines: Chelydridae)

A severely underweight alligator snapping turtle Macrochelys temminckii Troost in Harlan, 1835, was found near Tyler, Texas, and taken to the Caldwell Zoo. Blood films were submitted to Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, for morphological and molecular identification of haemogregarine-like inclusions in the red blood cells. Intraerythrocytic Haemogregarina sp. forms were found on microscopic examination at a parasitemia of <1 %. The morphology and morphometric data for the forms indicate similarity to Haemogregarina macrochelysi n. sp. Telford et al., 2009, previously reported in alligator snapping turtles in Florida and Georgia, but two characteristic stage forms were not shared between H. macrochelysi n. sp. and the parasite found in this report. The haemogregarine 18S ribosomal RNA gene (1555-bp fragment) was amplified and cloned, and five clones sequenced. The sequences were deposited in the NCBI GenBank database. All five showed ∼96 % identity to Haemogregarina balli Paterson and Desser, 1976, Hepatozoon sp., and Hemolivia stellata Petit et al., 1990. A 774-bp segment shared 98-99 % identity with the corresponding Haemogregarina sp. rDNA sequence (KR006985) from Caspian turtles (Mauremys caspica McDowell, 1964) in Iran. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree generated from aligned sequences from the clones, 26 hematozoa, Adelina dimidiata Schneider, 1875, and Cryptosporidium serpentis Levine, 1980, revealed the cloned sequences clustered on their own branch within the Haemogregarina spp. clade. No genetic data are available for H. macrochelysi n. sp. at this time, so it remains unclear if this parasite in a Texas alligator snapping turtle is conspecific with H. macrochelysi n. sp.
Capturing Chemical Identity Thinking.

Chemical identity, the idea that every substance has at least one property that makes it unique and able to be differentiated from other substances, is core to the practice of chemistry. Such practice requires using properties to classify as well as to differentiate. Learning which substance properties are productive in chemical identity thinking is not easy, however, because many features of substances compete for a learner’s attention. Assessments that utilize open-ended questions can reveal ways that students use chemical identity thinking to classify and differentiate substances. On the basis of our previously published hypothetical learning progression of chemical identity, we developed a set of four open-ended questionnaires, which can be used to uncover students’ chemical identity thinking. In attending to literature on the development of qualitative research instruments, as well as design-based instructional materials development frameworks, a four-phase process of development was generated that i...
Introduction to the Special Section on Teaching, Training, and Supervision in Personality and Psychological Assessment.

ABSTRACTThis special section contains empirical and conceptual articles pertaining to the broad topic of teaching, training, and supervision of assessment. Despite some evidence of a decline in recent decades, assessment remains a defining practice of professional psychologists in many subfields, including clinical, counseling, school, and neuropsychology, that consumes a consequential proportion of their time. To restore assessment to its rightful place of prominence, a clear agenda needs to be developed for advancing teaching and training methods, increasing instruction to state-of-the-art methods, and defining aims that could be elucidated through empirical inquiry. The 7 articles in this special section provide a developmental perspective of these issues that collectively provide practical tools for instructors and begin to set the stage for a research agenda in this somewhat neglected area of study that is vital to the identity of professional psychology. Additionally, 2 comments are provided by dist...
Recent progress on submicron gas-selective polymeric membranes

Polymeric membranes have been applied in industrial gas separations for decades. Competing technologies, such as cryogenic distillation and sorption processes, require the gases to be either condensed or thermally regenerated from the sorbents. In contrast, membrane gas separation does not involve phase transition, representing the potential for a more energy efficient and eco-friendly separation process. However, the overall energy consumption by membrane gas separation is highly dependent on the quality of the membrane employed for the separation process. With the goal of reducing the energy input needed for creating the transmembrane pressure difference, numerous bulk polymers have been investigated. However, less effort has been devoted to processing polymers into ultrathin membranes and investigating their gas permeation properties, which can be quite different from their bulk counterparts. This review summarizes recent advances in fabricating ultrathin gas-selective polymeric membranes. Several classes of ultrathin polymeric membranes are highlighted: microporous polymers, facilitated transport polymeric membranes, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films and Layer-by-Layer (LbL) deposited polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs), polyamides and other commercial polymers. The application of gas-selective polymeric membranes beyond gas separation is also included as a meaningful extension to this review.
Is Dual Semitendinosus Allograft Stronger Than Turndown for Achilles Tendon Reconstruction? An In Vitro Analysis

Large Achilles tendon defects pose a treatment challenge. The standard treatment with a turndown flap requires a large extensile incision, puts the sural nerve at risk, and demands slow, careful rehabilitation. Dual allograft semitendinosus reconstruction is a new clinical alternative that has the theoretical advantages of a smaller incision, less dissection, and a stronger construct that may allow for faster rehabilitation. In a cadaver biomechanical model, we compared the dual allograft semitendinosus reconstruction with the myofascial turndown in terms of (1) mechanical strength and resistance to deformation and (2) failure mechanisms in reconstruction of large segmental Achilles defects. An 8-cm segmental Achilles defect was created in 18 cadaveric lower extremities, nine matched pairs without defect or previous surgery (mean age, 78.4 years; range, 60–97 years; three female and six male pairs). Femoral neck densitometry to determine bone mineral density found that all specimens except two were osteopenic or osteoporotic. Specimens in each pair were assigned to allograft or turndown reconstruction. The constructs were mounted on a load frame and differential variable reluctance transducers were applied to measure deformation. Specimens were preconditioned and then loaded axially. Tensile force and proximal and distal construct deformation were measured at clinical failure, defined as 10 mm of displacement, and at ultimate failure, defined as failure of the reconstruction. Failure mechanism was recorded. Tensile strength at time zero was higher in the allograft versus the turndown construct at clinical failure (156.9 ± 29.7 N versus 107.2 ± 20.0 N, respectively; mean difference, −49.7 N; 95% CI, −66.3 to −33.0 N; p < 0.001) and at ultimate failure (290.9 ± 83.2 N versus 140.7 ± 43.5 N, respectively; mean difference, −150.2 N; 95% CI, −202.9 to −97.6 N; p < 0.001). Distal construct deformation was lower in the turndown versus the allograft construct at clinical failure (1.6 ± 1.0 mm versus 4.7 ± 0.7 mm medially and 2.2 ± 1.0 mm versus 4.8 ± 1.1 mm laterally; p < 0.001). Semitendinosus allograft failure occurred via calcaneal bone bridge fracture in eight of nine specimens. All myofascial turndowns failed via suture pullout through the fascial tissue at its insertion. In this comparative biomechanical study, dual semitendinosus allograft reconstruction showed greater tensile strength and construct deformation compared with myofascial turndown in a cadaveric model of large Achilles tendon defects. Further study of dual semitendinosus allograft for treatment of severe Achilles tendon defects with cyclic loading and investigation of clinical results will better elucidate the clinical utility and indications for this technique.
Placental Development, Evolution, and Epigenetics of Primate Pregnancies

Understanding the epigenetic regulation of pregnancy in primates requires the integration of many fields of scientific inquiry including primate phylogeny, the evolution of placental anatomy, comparative genomics, and epigenomics. Primate pregnancies vary enormously in terms of timing of embryo implantation, placental anatomy, uterine shape, rates of fetal growth and development, neonatal body mass, number of offspring per pregnancy, and gestation length. Epigenetic mechanisms may play a role in regulating some if not all of these parameters in pregnancy, but current knowledge is limited. Moreover, in addition to normal variation, the potential role of epigenetics in obstetrical syndromes (e.g. preterm birth, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation) is becoming more appreciated, and evidence suggests the fetal environment in which epigenetic programming takes place can have long-lasting consequences on adult health. In this chapter we review the immunological paradox that characterizes pregnancies in placental mammals, and we also review the types of interactions that can exist between mother and fetus. These interactions are mediated through the placenta, an organ that includes both fetal and maternal tissue and range from conflict to cooperation. We propose that the placenta plays a unique role in maternal–fetal interactions due to its short life span, and we describe how different forms of maternal–fetal interdigitation can potentially be involved in fetal growth and development. There was likely a selective advantage gained by altering fetal growth rate, neonatal size, gestation length, and reproductive anatomy. Study of the natural and pathological anatomical, genetic, and epigenetic variation that characterizes primate pregnancies should shed light on the evolution and diversification of the primates and also provide insight into the evolution of some human diseases. The role of epigenetics in these processes, in particular, requires further investigation.
Anomalous K-Pg–aged seafloor attributed to impact-induced mid-ocean ridge magmatism

Eruptive phenomena at all scales, from hydrothermal geysers to flood basalts, can potentially be initiated or modulated by external mechanical perturbations. We present evidence for the triggering of magmatism on a global scale by the Chicxulub meteorite impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, recorded by transiently increased crustal production at mid-ocean ridges. Concentrated positive free-air gravity and coincident seafloor topographic anomalies, associated with seafloor created at fast-spreading rates, suggest volumes of excess magmatism in the range of ~105 to 106 km3. Widespread mobilization of existing mantle melt by post-impact seismic radiation can explain the volume and distribution of the anomalous crust. This massive but short-lived pulse of marine magmatism should be considered alongside the Chicxulub impact and Deccan Traps as a contributor to geochemical anomalies and environmental changes at K-Pg time.
Active user or lurker? A phenomenological investigation of graduate students in social media spaces

This phenomenological study describes instructional design (ID) graduate students' perceptions of their programs' social media spaces. Ten graduate students were recruited for participation in this investigation. Data sources included individual interviews. The researcher conducted a phenomenological data analysis seeking to grasp and elucidate the meaning, structure, and essence of the graduate students' participation in the social media spaces. In summary, the results of this investigation show that graduate students access resources from each other, feel as part of a community, enjoy reading others' views and perspectives about the field, and experience moments of informal learning while participating in the social media spaces of their graduate programs. However, graduate students also have concerns regarding these social media spaces' impact on privacy, time management, and distraction.
Refining efficacy: exploiting functional selectivity for drug discovery.

Abstract Early models of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation envisioned the receptor in equilibrium between unique “off” and “on” states, wherein ligand binding affected signaling by increasing or decreasing the fraction of receptors in the active conformation. It is now apparent that GPCRs spontaneously sample multiple conformations, any number of which may couple to one or more downstream effectors. Such “multistate” models imply that the receptor–ligand complex, not the receptor alone, defines which active receptor conformations predominate. “Functional selectivity” refers to the ability of a ligand to activate only a subset of its receptor's signaling repertoire. There are now numerous examples of ligands that “bias” receptor coupling between different G protein pools and non-G protein effectors such as arrestins. The type 1 parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH 1 R) is a particularly informative example, not only because of the range of biased effects that have been produced, but also because the actions of many of these ligands have been characterized in vivo. Biased PTH 1 R ligands can selectively couple the PTH 1 R to G s or G q/11 pathways, with or without activating arrestin-dependent receptor desensitization and signaling. These reagents have provided insight into the contribution of different signaling pathways to PTH action in vivo and suggest it may be possible to exploit ligand bias to uncouple the anabolic effects of PTH 1 R from its catabolic and calcitropic effects. Whereas conventional agonists and antagonists only modulate the quantity of efficacy, functionally selective ligands qualitatively change GPCR signaling, offering the prospect of drugs with improved therapeutic efficacy or reduced side effects.
Thrombin inhibitor design: X-ray and solution studies provide a novel P1 determinant.

The crystal structures of proflavin and 6-fluorotryptamine thrombin have been completed showing binding of both ligands at the active site S1 pocket. The structure of proflavin:thrombin was confirmatory, while the structure of 6-fluorotryptamine indicated a novel binding mode at the thrombin active site. Furthermore, speculation that the sodium atom identified in an extended solvent channel beneath the S1 pocket may play a role in binding of these ligands was investigated by direct proflavin titrations as well as chromogenic activity measurements as a function of sodium concentration at constant ionic strength. These results suggested a linkage between the sodium site and the S1 pocket. This observation could be due to a simple ionic interaction between Asp189 and the sodium ion or a more complicated structural rearrangement of the thrombin S1 pocket. Finally, the unique binding mode of 6-fluorotryptamine provides ideas toward the design of a neutrally charged thrombin inhibitor.
Molecular Confirmation of Ascaris suum: Further Investigation into the Zoonotic Origin of Infection in an 8-Year-Old Boy with Loeffler Syndrome.

Abstract An 8-year-old male from south Louisiana was diagnosed with Loeffler syndrome of suspected Ascaris origin. Further investigation of the farm recovered larvated, infective Ascaris eggs from ...
Minimal Higgs inflation with an R 2 term in Palatini gravity

It has recently been suggested that the Standard Model Higgs boson could act as the inflaton while minimally coupled to gravity---given that the gravity sector is extended with an $\ensuremath{\alpha}{R}^{2}$ term and the underlying theory of gravity is of Palatini, rather than metric, type. In this paper, we revisit the idea and correct some shortcomings in earlier studies. We find that, in this setup, the Higgs can indeed act as the inflaton and that the tree-level predictions of the model for the spectral index and the tensor-to-scalar ratio are ${n}_{s}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.941$, $r\ensuremath{\simeq}0.3/(1+{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\ensuremath{\alpha})$, respectively, for a typical number of $e$-folds, $N=50$, between horizon exit of the pivot scale $k=0.05\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the end of inflation. Even though the tensor-to-scalar ratio is suppressed compared to the usual minimally coupled case and can be made compatible with data for large enough $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, the result for ${n}_{s}$ is in severe tension with the Planck results. We briefly discuss extensions of the model.
The correlation between the proportion of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma who received neoadjuvant therapy and overall survival between 2004 and 2015.

395Background: Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is associated with improved overall survival (OS), and this has led to its rising use. The aim of this study was...
Fc Receptors in Antimicrobial Protection

Antibodies are the key effector molecules of the humoral immune system providing long-term protective immunity against a wide range of pathogens and regulating immune responses. Traditionally, antibody-mediated protection against microbes was thought to be mainly a result of neutralizing Fab–antigen interaction; however, an increasing number of studies show the importance of proper FcR engagement for the protective capacity of antimicrobial antibodies. In this chapter, we review FcR-mediated effector functions contributing to antimicrobial protection in a direct and indirect manner. Furthermore, we highlight recent findings about the important role of Fc–FcR interactions for antimicrobial protection in vivo and provide examples demonstrating the crucial role of proper FcR engagement for antibody-mediated protection against viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
How Handwriting Behaviors During Problem Solving Are Related to Problem-Solving Success in an Engineering Course

Abstract If we carefully observe the spatial and temporal organization of students' pen strokes as they solve an engineering problem, can we predict their ability to achieve the correct answer? To address this question, 122 college students were asked to solve exam problems in an engineering course using a smartpen that recorded their writing as digitized timestamped pen strokes. The pen stroke data was used to compute a collection of 10 metrics characterizing various elements of problem-solving fluency including the tendency to progress down the page without revisions, the amount of time with no activity, and the frequency of constructing and using equations. The primary finding is that, on average across 13 different exam problems, these elements of problem-solving process explained 40% of the variance in scores of the correctness of the problem solution. In short, success on generating correct solutions was related to the fluency of the student's problem-solving process (i.e., working sequentially from the top to the bottom of the page, working without detours or long pauses, and working by constructing equations). This work is consistent with the idea that expertise in solving common engineering problems involves being able to treat them like routine rather than non-routine problems.
Preparing Middle Level Students to Compose Short-Answer Responses.

Consistent with common core state standards and recent legislation such as the Every Student Succeeds Act, middle level teachers are establishing high expectations for all students. Middle level st...
SeLFIES: A New Pension Bond and Currency for Retirement

There is a looming retirement crisis, as individuals are increasingly being asked to take responsibility for their own retirement planning and a majority of these individuals are financially unsophisticated. They cannot perform basic compounding calculations and do not understand the impact of inflation, both critical aspects of retirement planning. Yet, these individuals are being tasked with the responsibility for three complex, interconnected decisions: how much to save, how to invest (with many additional decisions), and how to decumulate one’s portfolio at retirement. Compounding these challenges, current financial instruments and products (e.g. T-Bills, TIPs, or Target Date Funds) are risky because they focus on the wrong goal - wealth at retirement, as opposed to how much retirement income can be guaranteed to support pre-retirement standard-of-living. Moreover, annuities are complex, costly, and illiquid and seldom used. Without financial innovation and a change in the metric for measuring retirement success, many individuals will retire poor – a financially and socially undesirable outcome for any country. This paper presents an easy, quick and efficient solution for countries to address all these challenges and improve retirement security by creating and issuing an innovative new bond – SeLFIES (Standard-of-Living indexed, Forward-starting, Income-only Securities). The SeLFIES bond is a single, liquid, low-cost, low-risk instrument, easy-to-understand for even the most financially unsophisticated individual, because it embeds accumulation, decumulation, compounding and inflation-adjustments. SeLFIES is good for governments too, as the bond lowers the risk of individuals retiring poor, improves balance sheet management, and funds infrastructure. The paper also discusses key design aspects of SeLFIES to show how they can ensure longevity risk protection and hedge standard-of-living risk, a key unmanaged risk globally today. Additionally, the paper by concludes by demonstrating the universality of the SeLFIES design as well as by showing how it serves a useful purpose by becoming the “currency of retirement.”
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal tuberous sclerosis complex with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging

Objective To explore the imaging features of fetal tuberous sclerosis complex by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Methods Retrospective analysis on the imaging characteristics of the 10 cases of fetuses confirmed as tuberous sclerosis complex who were examined in Hubei Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital in July 2013 to December 2014 by ultrasonography and MRI, which was compared with the pathological data of specimens and follow-up after birth. Results Eighteen cases were diagnosed as fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma by ultrasonography among all of the 996 fetuses, in which lesions were located on the ventricular wall near septum or elsewhere in the heart cavity on ultrasonography. Fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma was characterized by circular, homogeneous high echo (singleton in 4 cases, multiple in 14 cases). Among them no subependymal nodule was found by ultrasonographic. Ten cases of subependymal nodule were found by magnetic resonance imaging, which were diagnosed as tuberous sclerosis complex with cardiac rhabdomyomas, including 3 cases of brain subcortical tubers. The subependymal nodules under the lateral ventricle wall showed characteristic low signal nodules on T2WI, protruding from the ependymal surface. Of 18 cases, only 4 cases of fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma were found by MRI. Nine cases of finally had termination of pregnancy. Two cases were confirmed as cardiac rhabdomyoma with intracranial nodules after pathological examination, and 1 case was confirmed as tuberous sclerosis complex after birth. Conclusions Prenatal ultrasonography can diagnose fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma successfully, and MRI can diagnose the fetal brain nodules sensitively. Once ultrasonography finds cardiac rhabdomyoma, it may be promising to diagnose fetal tuberous sclerosis complex by ultrasonography combined with MRI. Key words: Ultrasonography, prenatal; Magnetic resonance imaging; Fetal; Tuberous sclerosis complex
ACE inhibitor, captopril, attenuates cytopathic effects of herpes simplex virus 1 in SH-SY5Y cells

Background: Over 60% of the United States population is infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Current HSV-1 treatment regimens exert their antiviral effects through a common mechanism of action and suffer from high dosing frequencies, which may contribute to patient noncompliance and the subsequent development of antiviral resistance. Although primarily known for their functions in maintaining homeostatic control of arterial blood and osmotic pressures, components of the Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) have been implicated in viral replication and some components demonstrated antiviral properties. However, the antiviral properties of RAAS components have not been well characterized in reference to HSV-1. Methods: To address this gap in knowledge, we evaluated the antiviral effects of captopril, an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 1 (ACE-1) inhibitor, on HSV-1 infection in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrated that captopril attenuates HSV-1-induced cytopathic effects (CPE) via cell-based and morphological assays. To investigate the potential mechanism, we conducted molecular modeling studies and identified the ability of captopril to interact with and bind HSV-1 glycoprotein D. To determine where in the virus life cycle captopril exerts its protective effects, we performed experiments observing the effect of captopril on both viral entry and replication utilizing a green fluorescent protein-tagged virus and subsequent quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results: Results suggest captopril protects cells from HSV-1-induced CPE through its effect on viral replication by increasing cell viability in infected cells and decreasing virus replication, which we propose is modulated through the decreased expression of ICP0. Conclusions: Collectively, the results presented here support further evaluation of captopril, and other RAAS components, as a basis for potential novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of HSV-1, its associated pathologies, and potentially other virus infections.
Performing social engineering: A qualitative study of information security deceptions

Abstract Contemporary computer and networking technologies have expanded the scope and scale of deceptions worldwide. Among hackers, security practitioners, and other technologists, ruses designed to gain access to otherwise secure information or computer systems are often referred to as “social engineering.” To date, little research has explored the creation of fabrications from the perspective of social engineers. The current study addresses this gap by examining the attributes that social engineers ascribe to successful and effective social engineering deceptions through a grounded theory analysis of interviews with social engineers (n = 37). Results reveal twelve characteristics of effective social engineers according to participants–findings which indicate that perpetrators consider social context, assumptions about human nature, the complexities of social networks, the role of social conventions, and the limitations of human processing and reasoning in the execution of their deceptions. The study concludes by considering the theoretical implications of the results and advancing propositions to guide future criminological research on social engineering, fraud, and deception more generally.
Drivers of sustained sanitation access: social network and demographic predictors of latrine reconstruction after flooding disasters

Flooding disasters pose a threat to sanitation services and can result in loss of access that exacerbates challenges to achieving universal access. To maintain and even improve access to sanitation services, a better understanding of latrine reconstruction decisions is needed. Reconstruction is defined here as the digging of a new latrine pit to replace a pit that collapsed or was filled due to a flooding disaster. To this end, social network analysis was used to identify household and social network variables associated with a household's (i) decision to reconstruct their latrine and, if they reconstructed, (ii) to choose an improved over an unimproved latrine. Of the 380 flood-affected households in Ethiopia, flooding disaster damage resulted in high loss of latrine access as 43% did not reconstruct a latrine. A household was more likely to reconstruct their latrine if their social contacts owned latrines and less likely to reconstruct if their social contacts were also flood-affected. Of households that reconstructed, a household was more likely to choose an improved latrine if they had a larger household size and their head had a higher educational attainment and was older. Overall, the results suggest that social networks may be important to understanding latrine reconstruction after flooding disasters and can be used to improve sanitation resilience.
MONGOLIA’S INDEPENDENT INTERNET?

AOIR 2021 conference theme “independence” of the internet provides an opportunity for researchers to reevaluate internet development in the global south by applying theories of “informational capitalism” (Castells, 2000; Schiller, 2000) and “surveillance capitalism” (Suboff, 2019). This paper aims to trace the development of informational society in Mongolia, a 30-year-old democracy in the Central Asian steppe. With a nomadic culture, a Buddhist tradition, and a communist past, Mongolia’s information society has unique encounters with global corporations such as Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon and Microsoft (GAFAM). The paper focuses on juxtapositions of information society with traditional, cultural, political, and social aspects of Mongolian life. I establish how Mongolia is positioned in various global information society perspectives, by investigating tensions that have not been addressed in this nation’s context of a communist past and an ongoing nomadic lifestyle. I also trace the historic development of information and communication technology (ICT) initiatives during the socialist and post-communist eras. Online speech controversies, misinformation, and commercial speech on social media all tested Mongolia’s new Constitution of 1992. The constitution promulgates a free press and the freedom of speech in the zeitgeist of the 1990s to prioritize the eradication of communist-era political censorship and communist party control. One cannot help but notice the gap in the legal frameworks of Mongolian institutions between the current and the “aspired to” states of democratization and protection of human rights and cultural experiences.
Investigation of a novel passivation technique for gas atomized magnesium powders

Gas atomized magnesium powders are critical for the production of a wide variety of flares, tracer projectiles, and other munitions for the United States military, along with a growing number of applications in both alloying and powder metallurgy. Gas atomization of magnesium is performed by numerous companies worldwide, but represents a single point failure within the United States as there is only one domestic producer. These powders are pyrophoric and must be handled carefully and kept dry at all times. Recent studies have explored the ability of certain fluorine containing cover gases to protect molten magnesium in casting operations from excessive vaporization and burning by modifying the native oxide (MgO) through interaction with these gas atmospheres. The present study sought to adapt this melt protection strategy for use as an in-situ passivation technique that could be employed to form a protective reaction film during gas atomization of magnesium powders. This fluorinated oxide shell was intended to provide superior coverage and adherence to the underlying metal, which may improve the ability of powders to resist ignition at elevated temperatures and during powder handling. Two candidate gases were tested in this research, SF6 and NF3, and reaction films of both were produced on miniature melt samples in a controlled environment and characterized using auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ultimately, SF6 was chosen to conduct a small scale magnesium atomization experiment for verification of the fluorination reaction and to experimentally test the ignition temperature of these coated particles compared to other magnesium powders available today. This novel passivation technique was found to be far superior to magnesium’s native oxide at resisting ignition and, thus, to reduce the hazard associated with handling and transport of magnesium powders for defense applications. If fully commercialized, this passivation method also may open up a new arena for powder metallurgy processing of structural parts from Mg and Mg alloy powders.
Single Employer and Multi-Employer Lockouts under the Taft-Hartley Act

HT HE growth of multi-employer bargainingl has been accompanied by increased litigation regarding the legality of the so-called multi-employer "defensive" lockout, i.e., a lockout by the unstruck members of a multi-employer bargaining unit, who are subject to an express or implied strike threat, in response to a strike called against one or more members of their group after an impasse in negotiations for a master contract. Although such a lockout may raise anti-trust questions,2 as well as questions under the TaftHartley Act, recent litigation has arisen exclusively under the Taft-Hartley Act. This litigation has made only one thing clear: The NLRB, according to the reviewing courts, is always wrong. Thus the initial position taken by a majority of the Board (pre-Eisenhower), that defensive lockouts are illegal under the Taft-Hartley Act, was rejected by the courts of appeals in three circuits.3 A new
Enforcing Modularity with Virtualization

This chapter introduces virtualization as the primary approach to achieve goals and presents three new abstractions (send and receive with bounded buffers, virtual memory, and threads) that correspond to virtualized versions of the three main abstractions (communication links, memory, and processors). The three new abstractions allow a designer to implement as many virtual computers as needed for running the desired modules. The goal of the client/service organization is to limit the interactions between clients and services to messages. To ensure that there are no opportunities for hidden interactions, it is assumed that each client module and service module runs on a separate computer. This implementation reduces the opportunity for programming errors to propagate from one module to another, but it is also good for achieving security (because the service module can be penetrated only by sending messages) and fault tolerance (service modules can be separated geographically, which reduces the risk that a catastrophic failure such as an earthquake or a massive power failure affects all servers that implement the service). The main disadvantage of using one computer per module is that it requires as many computers as modules.
How do endogenous proteins become peptides and reach the endoplasmic reticulum.

T lymphocytes, via specific T cell receptors (TCR), recognize antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules. The recent crystallization of TCR-MHC complexes has enriched our understanding of this recognition process (Garciaet al. 1996a; Garbocziet al. 1996). Broadly speaking, there are two types of MHC molecules, i.e., classical and nonclassical molecules, and the majority of TCR recognize classical MHC molecules. Classical MHC molecules can be further divided into two types, i.e., class I and class II. CD8+ T cells, or cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), recognize MHC class I molecules bound to peptides derived from endogenous proteins (i.e., proteins that are synthesized within the cell or artificially introduced directly into the cytoplasm or nucleus) that are primarily degraded in the cytoplasm. The CD8 accessory molecule present on most CTL appears to augment the formation of TCR-MHC/peptide complexes (Garcia et al. 1996b; Gao et al. 1997). In addition to presenting peptides to T cells, expression of MHC class I molecules protects cells from lysis by natural killer (NK) cells (Lanier 1997). On the other hand, CD4+ T lymphocytes or helper T lymphocytes recognize MHC class II molecules that bind peptides derived from exogenous or membrane proteins which enter the cell via endocytosis or phagocytosis and are primarily degraded by lysosomal proteases.
Can Adaptive Treatment Improve Outcomes in Family-Based Therapy for Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa? Feasibility and Treatment Effects of a Multi-Site Treatment Study

Objective Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), treated with family-based treatment (FBT) who fail to gain 2.3 kg by the fourth week of treatment have a 40–50% lower chance of recovery than those who do. Because of the high risk of developing enduring AN, improving outcomes in this group of poor responders is essential. This study examines the feasibility and effects of a novel adaptive treatment (i.e., Intensive Parental Coaching-IPC) aimed at enhancing parental self-efficacy related to re-feeding skills in poor early responders to FBT.
Double-Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy of Chromophore Aggregates

Double-quantum four wave mixing signals contain signatures of exciton correlations and can distinguish between couplings arising from transition- and excited-state charge densities. The former (resonant couplings) determine single-exciton properties, while the latter affect the two-exciton manifold.
High-resolution histologic analysis of the human choroidal vasculature.

Results. APase staining provided excellent visualization of the entire choroidal vasculature en bloc. Reaction product was generally more prominent in the choriocapillaris and collecting venules than in veins or arterioles, whereas arteries had the least activity. Diminished activity within focal regions of the choriocapillaris was observed in the far periphery of most aged subjects and was related to loss of endothelium and capillary atrophy. Hard drusen were generally observed in clusters located near collecting venules and appeared unrelated to any underlying angiopathy, whereas basal linear and laminar deposits were most often associated with regions of capillary dropout. Choroids from patients with diabetes demonstrated angiopathic changes consisting of extensive capillary dropout, beaded capillaries, neovascularization, and Bruch's membrane degeneration. Conclusions. The benefits afforded by this method of analysis are that choroidal vasculature can be visualized in the native state and that nonvascular structures are retained for simultaneous analysis with vascular pattern and blood vessel structure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35:3799-3811.