cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Work/place’ media: locating laboring audiences:

Without suggesting a break from ongoing research into historical examples of corporate and industrial media, this article points towards additional and complementary avenues of research. It considers the role of (what we might call) the audience across contemporary and historical media workplace media practices by offering a framework for thinking through the cultural meanings embedded within labor-related media by users. Rather than focusing audience research through the lens of ‘industrial’ or (more recently) ‘corporate’ – categories that are both broad (‘industrial’ includes a wide range of internal and external communication and education purposes) and exclusive (neither allows for the inclusion of all media produced and consulted in the course of business, e.g. an office worker watching YouTube on the job) – I suggest using ‘work/place’ to understand media use and practice within structures of labor and location. Placing audience studies literature alongside discussions of labor and place, I sketch a...
Reliable roadside-to-roadside data transfer using vehicular traffic

In this paper we consider how vehicular networking technology can be used to support roadside-to-roadside (r2r) communications. In this form of communication vehicles traveling along a road or highway are used to transport data between two fixed roadside locations that are too far apart to be connected. The basic idea is to have a roadside station give data to a moving vehicle as it gets close and then have the vehicle carry and then deliver the data to the other roadside station. In previous work we first considered the feasibility of such a service. In this paper we aim to take concrete steps towards making the deployment of such a service real and useable. We, therefore, focus on two main aspects of such a service: 1) The design of the data transfer mechanisms between the roadside stations and the vehicles assuming a standard 802.11 MAC protocol is in use, and 2) The design of schemes to insure reliable data transfer between the two roadside stations over the particularly challenging channel provided by the moving vehicles. We describe and evaluate several schemes to achieve data transfer reliability. We find that a rateless coding scheme is best for the transfer of small to moderate files, while a hybrid ARQ/data replication scheme performs well for larger file transfers.
Developing complex group products: idea combination in computer-mediated and face-to-face groups

This study examines how group experience, communication medium, and strategies for combining individual ideas influence the integrative complexity of group products. Each week for six weeks, members of 31 work groups wrote individual essays about their group tasks and experiences, and then collaborated on a group essay on the same topic. Results indicate that in the later weeks of the study, computer-mediated groups produce essays with higher integrative complexity than those of face-to-face groups. The integrative complexity of essays in later weeks is a joint function of the complexity of member ideas and the number of members who participate directly in writing the essay (scribes). The greater complexity of computer-mediated groups' essays in the later weeks of the study is partly accounted for by their use of more scribes and their inclusion of more unique member ideas.
Off-Protocol Access to Study Therapies

The ethics of allowing off-protocol access to a study therapy are explored, using the example of recombinant factor VIIa for intracerebral hemorrhage. rVIIa was later found to be ineffective. While the studies were being performed, researchers struggled with the question of whether a critically ill patient with intracerebral hemorrhage was actually indifferent between the treatment and placebo arms of the trial.
Opiate withdrawal in the neonatal rat : relationship to duration of treatment and naloxone dose

Rationale: Treatment of developing rat pups with morphine (MOR) causes the development of physi- cal dependence, but the relationship of the withdrawal syndrome to the duration/intensity of treatment has not been described. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to characterize the emergence of various be- havioral components of withdrawal in neonatal rats, and to develop a useful measure of overall intensity of with- drawal (OIW). Methods: Rat pups were treated with morphine (MOR) (20 mg/kg, SC, b.i.d.) for 0-5 days. On postnatal day 10 (P10), animals received saline (SAL) or a challenge dose of MOR (25 mg/kg). With- drawal was precipitated with naloxone HCl (NAL) (0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg) 2 h after the MOR injection, and be- haviors were quantitated for 10 min. To investigate the ability of clonidine HCl (CLON) to suppress withdrawal, pups were treated for 0 or 5 days with MOR, given a MOR challenge and either SAL or CLON (0.2 mg/kg), followed by SAL or NAL (2.5 mg/kg, SC). To evaluate endocrine components of withdrawal, growth hormone responses to withdrawal were examined. Results: The OIW and NAL-induced GH suppression increased with increasing NAL dose and duration of morphine treat- ment. However, individual behaviors showed differing patterns of expression. Clonidine decreased the severity of tremor and reduced the OIW. Conclusions: These re- sults demonstrate that the intensity of neonatal opiate withdrawal is related to the duration and intensity of treatment. The profile of observed withdrawal behaviors may reflect the involvement of the noradrenergic system.
Activity, Activity, Activity: Rethinking Our Physical Therapy Approach to Cerebral Palsy

This perspective outlines the theoretical basis for the presentation with the same name as the second part of this title, which was given at the III STEP conference in July 2005. It elaborates on the take-home message from that talk, which was to promote activity in children and adults with cerebral palsy and other central nervous system disorders. The author proposes that the paradigm for physical therapist management of cerebral palsy needs to shift from traditional or “packaged” approaches to a more focused and proactive approach of promoting activity through more intense active training protocols, lifestyle modifications, and mobility-enhancing devices. Increased motor activity has been shown to lead to better physical and mental health and to augment other aspects of functioning such as cognitive performance, and more recently has been shown to promote neural and functional recovery in people with damaged nervous systems. Although the benefits of fairly intense physical exercise programs such as strength training are becoming increasingly well recognized, few studies on the positive effects of generalized activity programs have been conducted in individuals with cerebral palsy. More research is needed and is currently under way to design and test the efficacy of activity-based strategies in cerebral palsy.
Stochastic Eulerian Lagrangian methods for fluid-structure interactions with thermal fluctuations

We present approaches for the study of fluid-structure interactions subject to thermal fluctuations. A mixed mechanical description is utilized combining Eulerian and Lagrangian reference frames. We establish general conditions for operators coupling these descriptions. Stochastic driving fields for the formalism are derived using principles from statistical mechanics. The stochastic differential equations of the formalism are found to exhibit significant stiffness in some physical regimes. To cope with this issue, we derive reduced stochastic differential equations for several physical regimes. We also present stochastic numerical methods for each regime to approximate the fluid-structure dynamics and to generate efficiently the required stochastic driving fields. To validate the methodology in each regime, we perform analysis of the invariant probability distribution of the stochastic dynamics of the fluid-structure formalism. We compare this analysis with results from statistical mechanics. To further demonstrate the applicability of the methodology, we perform computational studies for spherical particles having translational and rotational degrees of freedom. We compare these studies with results from fluid mechanics. The presented approach provides for fluid-structure systems a set of rather general computational methods for treating consistently structure mechanics, hydrodynamic coupling, and thermal fluctuations.
The Influence of Boundary Conditions on Midlatitude Jet Separation in Ocean Numerical Models

Abstract The separation Point of a midlatitude jet from the western boundary in ocean numerical models depends upon both the governing equations and the vertical coordinate used. Systematic differences in the point of separation between level and layer models are shown. In level models, the separation usually occurs poleward of the zero wind-stress curl line, whereas, in layer models, it usually occurs equatorward. These differences are caused by two aspects of the numerical implementation. First, the wind forcing is usually assumed to act as a body force over the upper layer or level in the models, and this corresponds to a different physical assumption. Second, the free-slip boundary condition is imposed as zero vorticity in both models. This is an inconsistency because vorticity is not the same quantity when the governing equations are formulated in physical (level model) and isopycnal (layer model) coordinates. The effects on separation of these numerical implementation differences are illustrated usi...
Measurement and prediction of limiting activity coefficients

Abstract Limiting activity coefficients are of both theoretical and practical interest. They provide direct information about unlike pair interactions in solution, without the need to use empirical gE models for concentration dependence. They also characterize a variety of important separation processes involving dilute solutions, especially in the environmental arena. New experimental and predictive methods are available for measurement, correlation, and estimation of γ∞ data.
Shark spontaneous cytotoxicity: characterization of the regulatory cell.

Abstract Down regulation of shark macrophage-mediated spontaneous cytotoxicity is evident in vitro when animals are maintained at environmental temperatures greater than 26°C. Previous work has shown that inhibition of spontaneous killing is mediated by viable, glass nonadherent, nonphagocytic cells which are sensitive to alterations in environmental temperature. The current report further characterizes the regulatory cell population. Glass nonadherent leukocytes were enriched for regulatory activity by density gradient centrifugation, and the majority of activity sedimented to 34% iso-osmotic Percoll. Two morphologically distinct cells are found in this fraction, lymphocyte-like cells and granulocytes. The 34% fraction was further separated by adherence to SIg-coated dishes, and the ability to inhibit spontaneous killing partitioned with the SIg-subset. In addition, fractionation of cells bearing Fc receptors (FcR) for shark Ig showed the regulator to be devoid of FcR. Sequential depletion of cells expressing SIg and FcR confirmed these data. Inhibition by allogeneic cells indicated that histocompatibility between the cytotoxic effector and the regulator is not a requirement for expression of activity. Thus, down regulation of spontaneous cytotoxicity is mediated by nonadherent, nonphagocytic, SIg-, FcR-cells which are not MHC restricted. The lymphoid or granulocytic lineage of the regulatory cell is discussed.
Culture, Health Education, and Critical Consciousness

(1995). Culture, Health Education, and Critical Consciousness. Journal of Health Education: Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 317-319.
Microelectronics packaging: present and future

Abstract Spurred by the advent of low-cost, high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, the ever-increasing demand for faster, smaller and cheaper systems, and global competitive pressures, many fundamental changes are taking place in the microelectronics packaging industry to better prepare it to meet the challenges of the next millennium for systems ranging from consumer electronics to large systems such as mainframes. With CMOS performance approaching emitter-coupled logic (ECL), CMOS is emerging as the engine of systems that span the entire spectrum of the microelectronics industry, fading the demarkation lines between systems of different form factors, and encroaching on the territory of ECL-based mainframes. Partly due to the insatiable desire of society for lower-cost systems with high performance, the recent past has witnessed a shrinking large-system market and migration toward small systems, as reflected by the widespread use of CMOS-based personal systems and portables today. Also evident is the convergence of computers, radios, phones and videos into one low-cost portable multimedia system possessing eventually all the functions of these equipment to more fully exploit the senses of mankind. Moreover, much attention is being given to thermal/power management and development of low-power submicron CMOS chips even for small systems such as personal computers in response to the rising power dissipation associated with high-speed CMOS integrated circuits, and the demand for more energy-efficient and environmentally correct systems. To tackle these changes mandating high speed, low cost, portability and low power dissipation, packaging needs to take on an evolutionary track for cost-effective solutions based on a plethora of package options in existence today, particularly in the areas of enabling technologies such as high-input/output (I/O) connectors (e.g., flip chip, tape automated bonding, ball grid arrays and flexible edge connectors), multichip module (MCM) packaging (involving, for example, organic cards and both ceramic and silicon-on-silicon MCMs), high-wiring-capacity organic laminates, as well as efficient heat-sinking. This article reviews the present and the future of these enabling packaging technologies, all favoring a high level of package integration, maximizing the benefits of integrated circuit (IC) performance gains through reducing packaging delays, and small package form factors.
Teachers’ academic preparation and commitment to teach math and science

Abstract This study has two primary aims: (1) to describe the different paths to teaching grades 6 through 12 math and science taken by recent college graduates in the United States; and (2) to detail differences (between paths) in experiences and commitment toward the profession. Four paths to teaching math and science based on certification and course taking are described. I find that those with certification in math or science are more likely to be committed than those without certification. However, those without certification vary in their commitment to the profession depending on coursework preparation. Possible approaches to increase retention rates and the number of qualified teachers are discussed.
Illicit Use of Prescription ADHD Medications on a College Campus: A Multimethodological Approach

Objective: The authors used quantitative and qualitative methodologies to investigate college students' perceptions and use of illegal Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) stimulants during spring and summer 2006. Participants: From fall 2005 through fall 2006, the authors studied 1,811 undergraduates at a large, public, southeastern research university in the United States. Methods: The authors administered surveys to these students and conducted 175 in-depth interviews. Results: Of the study participants, 34% reported the illegal use of ADHD stimulants. Most illegal users reported using ADHD stimulants primarily in periods of high academic stress and found them to reduce fatigue while increasing reading comprehension, interest, cognition, and memory. Furthermore, most had little information about the drug and found procurement to be both easy and stigmafree. Conclusions: This study supplies a rich understanding of the growing national trend of illegal ADHD stimulant use. The authors discuss s...
Inverted Appellation and Discursive Gender Insubordination: An Austrian Case Study in Gay Male Conversation

In this article, Matti Bunzl draws on ongoing ethnographic research on the social organization and cultural articulation of same-sex sexuality in contemporary Austria to ground a reading of the soc...
A semiparametric efficiency bound of a disequilibrium model without observed regime

Abstract This paper applies Begun's representation theorem to a disequilibrium model without observed regime and derives the explicit expression for the semiparametric efficiency bound.
Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A 12-Year Experience Covering a Wide Spectrum of Presentations, Diagnoses, and Outcomes

Purpose. To review characteristics of confocal microscopy, clinical presentation, and clinical outcome in 372 cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) from 1999 to 2011. Methods. A retrospective case review was performed on 372 cases of AK diagnosed by confocal microscopy (CFM) at a single institution in Portland, Oregon, from 1999 to 2011. A numbered grading system was devised for describing the relative microscopic severity of the AK infections detected. Results. “grade 1,” 94 as “grade 2,” 40 as “grade 3,” and 62 as “grade 4.” Peak incidences occurred during 2000–2002 and 2005–2007. Seasonal variation was noted, with a peak during summer months. For the 231 cases with complete records, 64% indicated a history of soft contact lens use. Nine progressed to multiple failed penetrating keratoplasties (PKPs) or enucleation. Conclusion. We report an average of 31 new cases of AK per year from 1999 to 2011. This figure equates to 10.3 new cases/1,000,000/year for the Portland metropolitan area. Patients diagnosed with AK exhibited a wide spectrum of clinical and microscopic characteristics. Soft contact lens use remained the single largest risk factor.
Leading the World: The Role of Britain and the First World War in Promoting the “Modern Cremation” Movement

By 1970, Britain was considered a world leader for its practice of cremation, which had by then surpassed the custom of burial. Yet even before, Britain's leadership in an international cremation movement seemed natural. Britain's prominence possessed a basis in politics and in memorialization practices long before it held a statistical basis. This study explores the acceptance of cremation and how the First World War and an Anglo-centric narrative played vital roles in this outcome. When Victorian cremationists first proposed "modern cremation," the term involved improving a ritual found in Britain's Empire. Progress represented an important task to those who confidently presumed the validity of the imperial "civilizing mission." While that attitude gave cremationists determination, it did not speak to a world ravaged by war. Therefore, what "modern cremation" entailed had to change, particularly after 1945, when an international movement needed to rehabilitate its reputation. The International Cremation Federation, having begun to rely on Britain's Cremation Society before the war, leaned on it heavily afterward, along with a revitalized "modern cremation" largely developed in Britain after 1918. Death was not necessarily denied but its symbolism demonstrably shifted away from the grim emblems associated with burial and reminiscent of a destructive war.
A multicenter study of depression among emergency department patients.

Objectives The authors sought to determine the 12-month prevalence of depression among emergency department (ED) patients using a single-question screen. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in four Boston-area EDs. For two 24-hour periods, consecutive patients aged 18 years or older were interviewed, excluding those who were severely ill, potential victims of sexual assault, or emotionally disturbed. During the interview, patients were asked "Have you had any of the following problems during the past 12 months?" Patients answered "yes" or "no" to a list of health problems that included depression. In a validation study, the authors found that this simple approach correlated well with results from the validated Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results Of 752 eligible patients, 539 (72%) were interviewed. Of these patients, 30% (95% confidence interval = 26% to 34%) reported depression within the past 12 months. Compared with their nondepressed counterparts, depressed patients were more likely middle-aged, female, and of lower socioeconomic status. Depressed patients were more likely to be smokers and to report a diagnosis of asthma or arthritis/rheumatism. In a multivariate analysis, factors that were independently associated with depression were lower level of education, smoking, and self-reported anxiety, chronic fatigue, and back problems. Conclusions A 30% 12-month prevalence of depression among ED patients was found. Depressed patients had a distinct sociodemographic and health profile. In the future, awareness of risk factors for depression in the ED setting and use of simple screening instruments could aid in the recognition of depression, with subsequent referral to mental health services.
Development of a Protocol to Study the Effects of Potassium Deficiency in Cotton Under Controlled Environmental Conditions

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was grown in two separate experiments in a growth chamber to develop an experimental protocol for studying the effects of potassium (K) deficiency in cotton under controlled environmental conditions. Hydroponic culture techniques were implemented in the first study and sand culture techniques in the second study. Potassium was regulated in these studies by substituting all K salts with the corresponding Na salts. Leaf areas, tissue dry weights and tissue K and sodium (Na) concentrations were recorded. These studies indicated additional Na in the nutrient solutions containing less K resulted in increased tissue Na concentrations, which may have substituted for K in the plant and delayed the development of a K deficiency. Therefore, a modified solution was developed and utilized for studying the effects of K deficiency on cotton growth under controlled environmental conditions.
Phenotype analysis of aquaporin-8 null mice.

Aquaporin-8 (AQP8) is a water-transporting protein expressed in organs of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract (salivary gland, liver, pancreas, small intestine, and colon) and in the testes, heart...
NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite Program and its applications

The Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Program is developing a variety of satellite communication technologies, and through its Experiments Program, promoting the applications that will use this technology. Examples of the developmental technologies include 30/20-GHz components, 110-Mb/s time-division multiple access, onboard digital signal regeneration and switching, and multibeam antennas. Various earth station developments, such as Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Advanced Mobile Terminal, the Harris T1 Very Small Aperture Terminal, the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Ultra Small Aperture Terminal, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency High Data Rate Earth Station, that will access the unique capabilities of the ACTS, are underway. The author summarizes the technologies and the applications that will be demonstrated during the ACTS operational phase which began in April 1993. >
Epistemology and Philosophy of History

We saw in the foregoing chapter that there is a historical process in the human personality ; at one state it is mainly sub-conscious, at another state, mainly conscious, at another, mainly supra-conscious. A theory of knowledge which parallels the history of the personality will be investigated in the present chapter. Berdyaev’s method is not primarily rational and objective and his interest in man is not primarily the consciousness. But since the rational is necessary to any discourse at all and admittedly to his own, his theory of rational knowledge will be studied, as well as his criticism of it.
Bovine salpingo-oophoritis produced with semen containing a Mycoplasma.

A Mycoplasma, which was a natural pathogen for the bovine mammary gland was added to bull semen prior to processing and freezing in liquid nitrogen. Twelve virgin heifers were inseminated with frozen semen containing live Mycoplasma, and 6 with semen containing heat-killed organisms. Mycoplasma were recovered from cervico-vaginal mucus for up to 8 months after insemination, and also in pure culture from lesions observed at necropsy. Ten of 12 heifers receiving semen containing live Mycoplasma required multiple inseminations, and 4 of the 12 failed to conceive after as many as 5 inseminations. All heifers that received killed organisms conceived.At necropsy, the 4 heifers that failed to conceive had varying degrees of chronic suppurative salpingitis, chronic endometritis, and ovarian adhesions. The Mycoplasma was considered to be the cause of the genital lesions and the resultant infertility.
Activation of myocardial cAMP‐dependent protein kinase by lysoplasmenylcholine

Plasmalogen-specific, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) is activated during myocardial ischemia. Accordingly, we have assessed the activation of myocardial protein kinases by the iPLA2 product, lysoplasmenylcholine. Lysoplasmenylcholine-activated protein kinase activity from heart cytosol fractionated on a DE-52 column was identified as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) based on the following: (1) protein kinase activity stimulated by cAMP and lysoplasmenylcholine co-eluted on sequential chromatographic steps; (2) lysoplasmenylcholine-activated protein kinase activity was inhibited by the PKA inhibitor, PKI; and (3) the unprimed PKA form generated from the primed form of PKA was activated by cAMP and lysoplasmenylcholine. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism for PKA activation by lysoplasmenylcholine.
New bimetallic complexes of late transition metals involving pyrazole-bridged bis N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.

Bimetallic Ni, Rh, and Ir complexes of pyrazolate biscarbene containing bulky substituents have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography; the Ni complex dimerizes to a highly congested L2Ni2 structure, whereas the corresponding Rh and Ir complexes form bimetallic LM2 structures.
Opaak: using mobile phones to limit anonymous identities online

Trust and anonymity are both desirable properties on the Internet. However, online services and users often have to make the trade off between trust and anonymity due to the lack of usable frameworks for achieving them both. We propose Opaak, a practical anonymous authentication framework. Opaak enables its users to establish identities with different online services while ensuring that these identities cannot be linked with each other or their real identity. In addition, Opaak allows online service providers to control the rate at which users utilize their services while preserving their anonymity. Hence, allowing the service providers to prevent abuse in the form of spam or Sybil attacks, which are prevalent in such online services that offer anonymity. Opaak leverages the mobile phone as a scarce resource combined with anonymous credentials in order to provide these features. We target two kinds of applications for Opaak and identify their requirements in order to achieve both trust and anonymity. We develop efficient protocols for these applications based on anonymous credentials. In addition, we design an architecture that facilitates integration with existing mobile and web applications and allows application developers to transparently utilize our protocols. We implement a prototype on Android and evaluate its performance to demonstrate the practicality of our approach.
The spatial extent and relative influence of landscape-level factors on wintering bird populations

The influences of the landscape matrix (complex of habitats surrounding a study plot) and within-patch vegetation were studied in bird communities wintering in the piedmont of Georgia, USA. Variation at the landscape and within-patch levels was controlled to reduce the likelihood of confounding and spurious relationships. The landscape matrix within 500 m of each study plot was quantified from aerial photographs. Statistical models using landscape matrix and within-patch vegetation variables explained 73–84% of variation in bird abundance and diversity among sites with landscape matrix variables accounting for 30–90% of the variation. Variation in bird species richness and diversity was explained solely by landscape variables. Models for individual species such as Carolina Wrens (Thyrothorus ludovicianus) and Rufous-sided Towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) had r2 > 0.80, with the landscape matrix variables accounting for the majority of this variation. However, other species like Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) were most strongly influenced by within-plot vegetation. The landscape influence extended beyond habitats immediately adjacent to the study plots as indicated by significant variables describing variation in more distant habitat patches. These analyses illustrate a technique for comparing the strength of within-patch versus landscape influences and measuring the spatial extent of the landscape influence in fine-grained landscapes. Report No. 3955, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Acute toxicity of rubratoxin B in dogs

Abstract The effect of ip administered rubratoxin B on dogs of both sexes and mixed breeding was determined by serum tests, by observation of clinical signs and survival times and by evaluation of gross and microscopic lesions. Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and survival time varied in relation to duration of exposure and total dose of mycotoxin administered. Results of the plasma enzyme tests were useful in estimating hepatic cell necrosis. Clinical signs included anorexia followed by dehydration, somnolence, diarrhea and jaundice. Gross pathologic changes frequently observed were subserosal and submucosal hemorrhages in some of the organs of the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, and mottled livers. The severity of the lesions was dependent on the amount of toxin administered. The lesions in animals injected with a nonlethal dose (0.5 mg/kg) of the toxin included bile stasis and early degenerative changes of hepatic cells without renal damage. The changes in the liver and kidneys from a dog injected with a lethal dose (3.0 mg/kg) consisted of extensive hepatic necrosis and mild degenerative changes in renal tubular epithelium. There was no evidence of fatty change within hepatocytes. No lesions were observed in dogs receiving multiple sublethal doses of rubratoxin B.
Six does not just mean a lot: preschoolers see number words as specific

This paper examines what children believe about unmapped number words ‐ those number words whose exact meanings children have not yet learned. In Study 1, 31 children (ages 2-10 to 4-2) judged that the application of five and six changes when numerosity changes, although they did not know that equal sets must have the same number word. In Study 2, 15 children (ages 2-5 to 3-6) judged that six plus more is no longer six, but that a lot plus more is still a lot. Findings support the hypothesis that children treat number words as referring to specific, unique numerosities even before they know exactly which numerosity each word refers to. q 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A 0.5-to-3 GHz software-defined radio receiver using sample domain signal processing

A 0.5-to-3 GHz software-defined radio receiver leveraging Sampled Domain Signal Processing (SPSD) is demonstrated in a 65nm LP CMOS technology. The SDSP approach achieves band-pass filtering, harmonic rejection, and frequency translation simultaneously. Input impedance matching is achieved in an active translational loop that tracks the desired RF frequency. The chip includes a wideband frequency synthesizer, multi-phase nonoverlapping clock generation circuitry, bandgap and power supply regulators. It achieves out-of-band IIP3 > 11.7 dBm, IIP2 > 58 dBm, NF = 5.5 ~ 8.8 dB, and uncalibrated 3rd and 5th order harmonic rejections exceeding 47 dB and 52 dB, respectively.
QapR (PA5506) Represses an Operon That Negatively Affects the Pseudomonas Quinolone Signal in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, opportunistic pathogen that can cause disease in varied sites within the human body and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in those afflicted with cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa is able to coordinate group behaviors, such as virulence factor production, through the process of cell-to-cell signaling. There are three intercellular signaling systems employed by P. aeruginosa, and one of these systems utilizes the small molecule 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (Pseudomonas quinolone signal [PQS]). PQS is required for virulence in multiple infection models and has been found in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients colonized by P. aeruginosa. In this study, we have identified an RpiR family transcriptional regulator, QapR, which is an autoregulatory repressor. We found that mutation of qapR caused overexpression of the qapR operon. We characterized the qapR operon to show that it contains genes qapR, PA5507, PA5508, and PA5509 and that QapR directly controls the transcription of these genes in a negative manner. We also show that derepression of this operon greatly reduces PQS concentration in P. aeruginosa. Our results suggest that qapR affects PQS concentration by repressing an enzymatic pathway that acts on PQS or a PQS precursor to lower the PQS concentration. We believe that this operon comprises a novel mechanism to regulate PQS concentration in P. aeruginosa.
Sociology and the Modern Scientific Revolution

(1967). Sociology and the Modern Scientific Revolution. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 239-254.
Integrating a command shell into a web browser

The transition from command-line interfaces to graphical interfaces has resulted in programs that are easier to learn and use, but harder to automate and reuse. Another transition is now underway, to HTML interfaces hosted by a web browser. To help users automate HTML interfaces, we propose the browser-shell, a web browser that integrates a command interpreter into the browser's Location box. The browser-shell's command language is designed for extracting and manipulating HTML and text, and commands can also invoke local programs. Command input is drawn from the current browser page, and command output is displayed as a new page. The browser-shell brings to web browsing many advantages of the Unix shell, including scripting web services and creating pipelines of web services and local programs. A browser-shell also allows legacy command-line programs to be wrapped with an HTML/CGI interface that is graphical but still scriptable, and offers a new shell interaction model, different from the conventional typescript model, which may improve usability in some respects.
Vibrational Sum-Frequency Studies of a Series of Phospholipid Monolayers and the Associated Water Structure at the Vapor/Water Interface

The orientation and conformation of phospholipid monolayers and the structure of water associated with these monolayers adsorbed at the vapor/water interface have been investigated using vibrational sum-frequency spectroscopy. The phospholipids studied are saturated diacyl phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylglycerols, and phosphatidylserines with chain lengths of 14, 16, and 18 carbons. Spectra have been acquired under different polarization schemes for monolayers at the vapor/D2O interface to examine chain ordering and at the vapor/H2O interface to examine water structure. Comparisons are made between the monolayers based on chain length and headgroup differences. These studies show significant differences between the aqueous environments associated with the zwitterionic lipids and the charged lipids.
A Verilog preprocessor for representing datapath components

Describes research leading to the generation of a preprocessor for the Verilog hardware description language. The function of this preprocessor is to support repeated feature instances in a Verilog description for a digital system. Repeated features most commonly occur in the description of datapaths, where iterative structures like adders, multipliers and muxes are the basic building blocks. Citations from Verilog users and industry organizations in support of inclusion of a repeated feature syntax are given. Several syntaxes for describing repeated features are presented. From these proposals, a single syntax for support of repeated feature instances is selected. A preprocessor is described that will parse the extended Verilog and translate it to supported Verilog. The challenges in the generation of the preprocessor are given. The paper concludes with a status report on the preprocessor and thoughts for future development.
The Mammalian Toxicity of Fluomine Dust

Fluomine is a cobalt chelate compound which complexes molecular oxygen and releases it on heating. This property has led to its use a a regenerable oxygen source in high-altitude aircraft. Investigations into the acute effects of exposure to fluomine by various routes were undertaken as first steps in the toxicological characterization of the material. Single-dose rat and mouse oral administration led to LD50 values of 123 mg/kg for male CF1 mice and 187 mg/kg for male Sprague-Dawley rats. The LC50 values for single four-hour inhalation periods varied from 112 mg/m3 for male rats to 416 mg/m3 for male mice. Fluomine proved to be highly irritating when instilled in the eyes of rabbits and to the lungs of rats on inhalation. Exposure of rabbit skin to the compound demonstrated moderate irritancy particularly in areas of abrasion. Positive reactions to intradermal challenge were demonstrated after both intradermal and inhalation sensitization of guinea pigs.
Periodic output feedback

Linear time-invariant discrete-time scalar systems under periodically varying output feedback are considered. Some previous results on pole-placement are summarized, and extensions of these results are presented. The movement of zeros is also discussed.
Freedom of Speech I

Despite the persistent but nonspecific references to our traditions in U.S. legal and popular literature and scholarship, and the tendency in the nation's popular culture to claim free speech as the founding principle of the U.S., the free speech rights to which we in the U.S. have become accustomed did not exist until a transformation of the law governing speech in the period from about 1919 to 1940. The primary periods of stringent enforcement and enlargement of speech rights by the courts, the 1930s and the 1960s, correspond to periods in which popular movements effectively demanded such rights. This book chapter, looking beyond legal reasoning and legal doctrine, traces the history of free speech in the U.S. from the adoption of the Constitution in 1791 to the establishment of legal rights to free speech as we know them in the late 1930s, in which the labor and union movement played a leading role. The periods of retrenchment (including the 1950s) and enhancement thereafter follow a similar pattern. Concluding sections consider the exaggerated contemporary scope of speech rights and the uses of a distorted, exaggerated history and notion of free speech in politics and popular culture.
Atomic resolution probe for allostery in the regulatory thin filament

Calcium binding and dissociation within the cardiac thin filament (CTF) is a fundamental regulator of normal contraction and relaxation. Although the disruption of this complex, allosterically mediated process has long been implicated in human disease, the precise atomic-level mechanisms remain opaque, greatly hampering the development of novel targeted therapies. To address this question, we used a fully atomistic CTF model to test both Ca2+ binding strength and the energy required to remove Ca2+ from the N-lobe binding site in WT and mutant troponin complexes that have been linked to genetic cardiomyopathies. This computational approach is combined with measurements of in vitro Ca2+ dissociation rates in fully reconstituted WT and cardiac troponin T R92L and R92W thin filaments. These human disease mutations represent known substitutions at the same residue, reside at a significant distance from the calcium binding site in cardiac troponin C, and do not affect either the binding pocket affinity or EF-hand structure of the binding domain. Both have been shown to have significantly different effects on cardiac function in vivo. We now show that these mutations independently alter the interaction between the Ca2+ ion and cardiac troponin I subunit. This interaction is a previously unidentified mechanism, in which mutations in one protein of a complex indirectly affect a third via structural and dynamic changes in a second to yield a pathogenic change in thin filament function that results in mutation-specific disease states. We can now provide atom-level insight that is potentially highly actionable in drug design.
A New Species of Small Cat from the Late Quaternary of Southeastern United States

Late Quaternary fossils from southeastern United States previously assigned to Felis yagouaroundi and new records of small felines from three additional localities represent an extinct new species. The new species is characterized by an exceptionally tall inferior canine, stout mandibular symphysis and diastema, and relatively slender cheek teeth. Dental characters most closely resemble those of Central and North American F. wiedii and F. tigrina , whereas mandibular characters most closely resemble those of F. yagouaroundi . Evolutionary relationships between the three extant species and the extinct new species are unclear.
Research Note on Inter- and Intra-Racial Homicides

the church along lines congenial to National Socialism. Later, in the stage of "entrenchment," the Nazis utilized even more extreme measures in their drive to complete the regimentation of the church. The period of the "decline" witnessed increasing hostility among churchmen culminating in clerical participation in the assassination attempt. Finally, in the period of military defeat (comparable to the uprising and overthrow), the churchmen attempted to purge religious ideology of any Nazi taint and to remove pro-Nazi clergymen from positions of influence. The activities in these various stages would appear to be at least roughly comparable to phenomena occurring at the same time in the relationship of the dictatorship to the political institutions. A possible deviation from the pattern is the existence of a state of "strategic retreat" when there was a temporary lull in the drive of the state to bring religious institutions under its control. It is quite possible that there may be other important differences in the pattern of state behavior in reference to other institutions and we need case studies of the relationship of other groups before we can properly evaluate the validity of this hypothesis in connection with contemporary regimes.
The Sarcophagidae (Diptera) of the West Indies. I. The Bahama Islands

Of the 49 species here recorded from the Bahama Islands, 27 are new. Most of the indigenous species have the thorax “bicolored,” grayish pollinose with a yellowish band between the wings. Most also have the fourth abdominal segment red; all have the head gray pollinose, not yellow. New taxa are: ABAPA (type S Sarcophaga currani Hall), A. bellula, A. turkensis; Acridiophaga apicalis ; BAHAMIOLA orbitalis; CARINOCLYPEUS creameri ; DISCOHELICOBIA annae ; Harpagopyga downesi , H. rufipes ; Helicobia giovannolii , H. haydeni , H. rabbi , H. providencia , H. bethae ; Peckia bifurcata , P. cubensis (Cuba), P. pedatulla , P. sulcata , P. satanica , P. hondurana (British Honduras), P. keyensis (Florida); Sarcodexiopsis salutaris ; Sarcofahrtiopsis baumhoveri ; Sarcophaga ednae , S. eleutherae , S. gladysae , S. patriciae , S. vanvoasti ; Titanogrypa rubrigaster ; Tulaeopoda abdominalis , and T. carolae . Harpagopyga diversipes (Coquillett) is recharacterized. The genera and species are keyed.
The Electroluminescent Panel as a Binary Light Source

The most readily available and least expensive device used to expose very small areas on film, as required for experiments in image processing, has been found to be the electroluminescent panel (EP). This device has several characteristics that are highly advantageous for use in replacing a tungsten light source and a shutter. The EP luminance output is a function of both the ac driving voltage and frequency and can be turned on and off very rapidly. The EP is available in different spectral emission ranges, allowing flexibility in its use; also the spectral emission can be shifted by driving the EP for a specific application. The spectral output, with reference to how it is affected by driving voltage and frequency, is discussed and the spectral match between the film and the EP is shown. Photographs are used to show in detail the results of the EP binary light source and how it has been used in image processing.
Preparing for Disasters for Patients on Dialysis

Hurricanes and other natural and manmade disasters pose risks that disruption of transportation and electrical power distribution systems will cause dialysis units to cease operations for a period of time. For patients on chronic dialysis, missed treatments can have serious consequences. After
The gastrointestinal microbiome

Through the years, the individual microbes that reside in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract have been labeled as pathogens, commensals, uncultivable, or unidentifiable. While exploration of particular species in the discovery and diagnosis of disease remains paramount, it is the landscape of the microbial community that continues to offer greater clues to the role of microbes in human health and quality of life. In contrast to other body systems, the human GI microbiome is ecologically diverse and complex and plays an active role in digestion, metabolism, behavior, heart size, and the development of the mucosal immune system, among other associations (1, 2). The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by diet, age, host genetics, antibiotic treatment, and the environment (e.g., psychological stress, hygiene, climate, and allergies) (3). The microbial communities found in the gut have also been shown to contribute, both negatively and positively, not only to health issues rooted in the GI tract, but also to those of the respiratory and central nervous systems. An imbalance or shift of the gut microbiome has been linked to the development of a variety of disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (4–6), gastric ulcers and cancer (7–10), autism spectrum disorder (11–15), and obesity and diabetes (16–19). Because of the implications related to these changes and the development of “unhealthy” microbiomes, research is ongoing to continue to refine the definition and composition of a “healthy” gut microbiome.
Assessment and Management of Challenging BI-RADS Category 3 Mammographic Lesions

Classification of BI-RADS category 3 lesions can be difficult because lesions inappropriately assigned to this category often represent the most challenging cases; examples of appropriate and inappropriate assignments are presented to help radiologists avoid common pitfalls associated with an inappropriate BI-RADS category 3 assessment.
Low-background gamma-ray spectrometry for the international monitoring system

PNNL has developed two low-background gamma-ray spectrometers in a new shallow underground laboratory, thereby significantly improving its ability to detect low levels of gamma-ray emitting fission or activation products in airborne particulate in samples from the IMS (International Monitoring System). The combination of cosmic veto panels, dry nitrogen gas to reduce radon and low background shielding results in a reduction of the background count rate by about a factor of 100 compared to detectors operating above ground at our laboratory.