cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathologic Findings in High-Grade B-Cell Lymphomas With Typical Burkitt Morphologic Features but Lacking the MYC Translocation

In the World Health Organization classification, cases with classical Burkitt morphologic features and a very high proliferation fraction but without the MYC translocation are not clearly designated as a separate entity and are usually categorized as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We identified from our records 33 cases of highly aggressive mature B-cell neoplasms from 8 children and 25 adults with typical Burkitt cytomorphologic, histologic, and immunophenotypic (CD20+/CD10+ and surface immunoglobulin–positive) features. Rearrangement of MYC (MYC +) was present in only 18 of 33 cases, but the proliferation fraction was more than 90% in all MYC –cases (no MYC rearrangement). The immunophenotype of the lymphoma cells in the 2 groups was similar. Although children with MYC + and MYC – neoplasms were treated with chemotherapy regimens appropriate for Burkitt lymphoma, adults with MYC – lymphomas received less aggressive therapy usually given for DLBCL. Survival analysis showed that adults in the MYC – group had an inferior outcome compared with adults with MYC + disease. Provisional identification of MYC – lymphomas with typical Burkitt morphologic features as an entity separate from DLBCL will facilitate further studies and possible categorization as a separate entity.
Prevalence of colorectal cancer surveillance for ulcerative colitis in an integrated health care delivery system.

Background & Aims The absence of grade A supporting evidence for surveillance colonoscopy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) has led to controversy regarding its benefit, yet it is routinely recommended in practice guidelines. Limited data are available on rates of colonoscopy surveillance and factors associated with surveillance. Methods A retrospective study of UC patients receiving care between 2006 and 2007 with ≥8 years history of UC was conducted. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients who underwent surveillance during this 2-year study period. Sociodemographic and disease factors were identified a priori from variables recorded electronically in the medical record; multivariable associations with surveillance were estimated using logistic regression. Results Of 771 patients with ≥8 years history of UC, 24.6% of patients underwent at least 1 surveillance colonoscopy within the 2-year study period, with a maximum of 38.5% observed among patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. In a multivariable analysis, gender, age, race, and education were not associated with surveillance. Factors associated with increasing surveillance included lack of significant comorbidity (Charlson-Deyo index 0 vs 1+: odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–2.5), >3 inflammatory bowel disease-related outpatient visits (OR, 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4–3.0), and use of mesalamine (OR, 2.8; 95% CI: 1.7–4.4). Conclusions Utilization of surveillance colonoscopy in a 2-year period was low, even among high-risk patients. Although specific factors recorded in computerized data were identified to be associated with surveillance, a greater understanding of how patients and physicians decide on surveillance is needed.
An Examination of the Retrospective Recall of Psychological Distress

Abstract In forensic settings, psychologists are often called upon to assess individuals who were exposed to some stressor. The time between the patient being exposed to the stressor and the actual assessment is often lengthy, leading to contention regarding the accuracy of the patient's self-report. The current study examined the retrospective recall of psychological distress (mood and anxiety) in individuals who had previously received a psycho educational evaluation at a university psychological services clinic. Results showed that individuals tended to retrospectively overestimate psychological distress. Although this overestimation tendency was statistically significant, it did not appear to be clinically significant, as the differences were not large enough to produce a categorical change (i.e., pathological vs. non-pathological). Individuals who reported clinically significant levels of distress at their original assessment tended to be more accurate in their retrospective recall of distress as com...
Liability for the Psychiatrist Expert Witness

OBJECTIVE: An increasing number of general psychiatrists are acting as expert witnesses in the legal system. The purpose of this article is to help psychiatrists who are interested in doing forensic work by informing them of the risks entailed. METHOD: The author reviews the medical and legal literature about expert witness immunity. RESULTS: The author explains the traditional concept of expert witness immunity and shows how a variety of factors have led to the erosion of this immunity. These factors include the proliferation of experts, the inadequacy of traditional safeguards of potential prosecution for perjury and cross-examination, the growth of attorney malpractice, the lack of protection of the injured party from unscrupulous witnesses, and the ineffectiveness of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. Examples are given of how expert witnesses are being held accountable by professional associations and state medical boards and through tort liability. CONCLUSIONS: The author provides risk-manageme...
Analysis of Dairy Manure and Food Manufacturing Waste as Feedstocks for Sustainable Energy Production via Anaerobic Digestion

Anaerobic digestion is a waste-to-energy conversion process that offers potential economic and environmental benefits of organic waste diversion and renewable energy generation. However, these systems are often not feasible for small-to-medium size food processors, due to the significant capital investment involved. The key objective of this study is to identify the volume and composition of dairy manure and liquid-phase food manufacturing waste streams available in New York State (NYS) to make co-digestion of multiple feedstocks in centralized anaerobic digester facilities an economically attractive alternative. Organic waste volume and property data were obtained via Freedom of Information Law (FOIL) requests at the county and municipal levels for each of the 62 counties in NYS. Spatial analyses of dairy confined animal feeding operations (CAFO) locations relative to food manufacturing facility locations were analyzed using Microsoft MapPoint imaging software, which identified concentrations of high strength liquid-phase waste in the upstate corridor extending between Buffalo and Albany. The results show that if anaerobically digested, dairy CAFO manure and food manufacturing waste can contribute significantly to the State’s renewable energy portfolio. A laboratory scale two-phase anaerobic digester (bioDrillTS-AD200©) can help establish the correlation between waste properties (e.g. total solids, etc.) and quantity and quality of biogas produced.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Expression and Control of Vascular Endothelial Cells: Proliferation and Differentiation by Fibroblast Growth Factors

Evidence from in vitro studies supports the concept that growth factors could be involved in the development and function of the vascular tree. Among the growth factors known to influence vascular endothelial cells' proliferation and differentiation, in vitro, are the fibroblast growth factors. These consist of two closely, structurally, related polypeptides that differ by their isoelectric point and have been called basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor. These growth factors, in particular basic fibroblast growth factor, which is expressed and synthesized by vascular endothelial cells, could influence the development, remodeling, and function of the vascular tree through regulating mechanisms involving paracrine and autocrine control of cell proliferation and differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 93:39S–47S, 1989
Effects of functional and surgical castration of white leghorn cockerels, and replacement therapy, on food intake, obesity, reproductive traits, and certain components of blood, liver, muscle, and bone.

Abstract Basal hypothalamic bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in White Leghorn cockerels causing functional castration and obesity. Other cockerels were surgically castrated. Determinations were made of the reproductive traits, weight of abdominal adipose tissues, weight and fat content of livers, fat in muscles and bones, hematocrits, plasma calcium, triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipid phosphorus before and after injections of chicken pituitaries (CP) into cocks bearing hypothalamic lesions (HL), and before and after injections of testosterone propionate (TP) into surgically castrated (SC) cocks. Treatment of HL cocks with CP partially restored reproductive behavior, but abdominal massage produced only seminal fluid without spermatozoa. The weight of the abdominal adipose tissue was used as a measure of adiposity since it varies directly with total body fat. Adiposity in HL cocks was 2.5 times greater than that of SC cocks. Injections of CP into HL cocks reduced adiposity by 60%. In contrast, injections of TP into SC cocks reduced body fat to normal. Injections with CP into HL cocks reduced moderately the weights of the hypertrophied fatty livers and reduced fat content toward normal, but livers remained abnormal. In surgically castrated cocks, livers remained normal. Functional or surgical castration depressed blood hematocrit values. Injections with TP restored hematocrit values in SC cocks. In contrast, injections of CP into HL cocks were virtually without effect upon the depressed hematocrit values.
Comparison of the carbohydrate of sindbis virus glycoproteins with the carbohydrate of host glycoproteins

The carbohydrate portions of the Sindbis virus glycoproteins were compared with the carbohydrate portions of cell surface glycoproteins from uninfected host cells. Comparisons of the size of glycopeptides were made using gel filtrations. Comparisons of sugar linkages were made by methylation analysis. The conclusion was that the Sindbis carbohydrate is similar to a portion of the host carbohydrate. Thus, the Sindbis carbohydrate structures appear to be structures normally made in the uninfected host cell, but which are added to the Sindbis glycoproteins in virus-infected cells.
Minimum C 5 -saturated graphs

A graph is C5-saturated if it has no five-cycle as a subgraph, but does contain a C5 after the addition of any new edge. We prove that the minimum number of edges in a C5 -saturated graph on n≥11 vertices is sat(n, C5)=⌈10(n-1)-7⌉-1 if n∈N0=l11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20r and is ⌈10(n-1)-7⌉ if n≥11 and n∉N0. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
The autoimmune basis of alopecia areata: A comprehensive review

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, non-scarring dermatologic condition regularly distinguished by patches of hair loss on the scalp also manifesting in other, severe forms, including alopecia totalis (total loss of hair on the scalp) and alopecia universalis (complete loss of hair on the scalp and body). AA is a clinically heterogeneous disease with greatly varying yet typical symptoms, but the etiology for AA remains an enigma. However, clinical and experimental studies have pointed to autoimmune involvement, specifically regarding immune privilege sites of the hair follicles and the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a predominant Th1 cytokine profile. Environmental insults, such as viral infections, trauma and genetic predisposition are also believed to contribute to the disease process. Multiple treatment options including the use of broad acting corticosteroids appear to be relatively effective in mild cases, however the clinical management of more severe forms of AA is much more difficult. Recent studies suggest that intervention of the JAK pathway may have a potential therapeutic efficacy for AA.
Technical nuances of the minimally invasive extreme lateral approach to treat thoracolumbar burst fractures

Contemporary minimally invasive techniques have evolved to enable direct access to the anterior spinal column via the extreme lateral approach. We have employed this access approach to treat selected burst fractures. We report our technique. Thoracolumbar burst fractures that require surgical intervention have traditionally been managed with anterior, posterior, or combined approaches. We have applied the minimally invasive extreme lateral approach to perform vertebral corpectomy, cage placement, and lateral instrumentation to treat burst fractures. Indications for surgery were incomplete spinal cord injury with persistent neural element compression due to ventral fracture fragments in the canal. We present the technical nuances of this surgical approach for the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures with two case illustrations. There were no peri- or intra-operative complications. Both patients in our series remained neurologically intact at their last follow-up (11 and 29 months, respectively), and maintained their correction of kyphosis. The minimally invasive extreme lateral approach is an effective treatment option for the management of thoracolumbar burst fractures.
Particle deposition in a hollow cast of the human tracheobronchial tree

Abstract The deposition of particles within the human airways was studied using a hollow silicone rubber cast of the larynx and tracheobronchial tree which extended to bronchi of approximately 0.2 cm dia. The cast was exposed to radioactively tagged, ferric oxide aerosols, having mass median aerodynamic diameters ranging from 2.5 to 8.1 μm. at three constant “inspiratory” flow rates. The detection system was designated for the determination of deposition within airways of all sizes and at various branch levels, and to allow selective measurements of the deposited activity within bifurcation and length regions of individual bronchi. Deposition efficiencies were determined and classified according to branch generation. Bifurcations were sites of preferential deposition over the range of particle sizes and flow rates used; bifurcation deposition generally peaked in generation 3.
Techniques for Teaching Communication Skills to the Millennial Generation

Techniques for teaching communication skills to engineering students of the Millennial Generation are reviewed. A detailed outline of the characteristics of the Millennial Generation are described and compared to the traits of other generations. The Millennial Generation has several distinct characteristics such as developing inclusive relationships, tolerating authority, and leading by collaboration. This contrasts with the characteristics of the Baby Boomers and Generation X (the majority of professors and the students’ parents); however, the characteristics align closely with the Traditionalist Generation (higher administration and the students’ grandparents). Strategies for working among the generations are detailed resulting in the creation of an understanding of how to teach to the Millennial Generation. In order to aid the understanding, lesson plans which focus on creating a learner-centered environment are detailed. The lesson plans include objectives, strategies, content, activities, assessment techniques, and ABET alignment. The topics include team building, effective meetings, a term project, writing skills, and speaking skills. Team building illustrates why and how a team achieves its objectives. Example activities include the development of a team charter. The effective meetings lesson plan details techniques on how to teach students project management skills. Criteria for developing term projects to match the Millennial Generation characteristics are detailed, and an example which also includes K-12 outreach activities is presented. The lesson plan for speaking and writing skills defines grading rubrics for the evaluation and assessment of technical writing and presentations. This work has been in development and implemented for nearly five years in a junior level, multidisciplinary course entitled, Engineering Communications, at the University of Nevada, Reno. The lesson plans are evaluated based on course evaluations, industry interviews, case studies, and an alumni survey.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Emotion Recognition by Children With Down Syndrome

Abstract In three studies, children with Down syndrome were presented with emotion recognition tasks designed to tap their knowledge of simple emotions, their ability to label emotions, and their understanding of emotions from simple, story-based contexts. Results indicate that young children with Down syndrome perform similarly to typical controls matched on MAs of approximately 3 years. However, by developmental age of 4 years, children with Down syndrome performed worse than both MA-matched typical children and children with non-Down syndrome types of mental retardation. Although the MAs of children with Down syndrome increased over 2-years, their emotion recognition abilities did not. Taken together, findings suggest both etiological and developmental differences in the emotion recognition abilities of children with Down syndrome.
On the functional form of convex underestimators for twice continuously differentiable functions

The optimal functional form of convex underestimators for general twice continuously differentiable functions is of major importance in deterministic global optimization. In this paper, we provide new theoretical results that address the classes of optimal functional forms for the convex underestimators. These are derived based on the properties of shift-invariance and sign- invariance.
Validation of an Objective Behaviorally-Based Usability Method for Real-Time Assessments:

Rapid increases in computer and data-link technology have resulted in revolutionary but complex displays that comprise integrated cockpits. Consequently, usability techniques must evolve to ensure that advances in information quantity do not compromise information quality, thereby compromising safety. The UserCHAT is a usability method designed to maximize efficient diagnosis of usability problems identified from a behaviorally-based perspective while minimizing time and resource limitations associated with typical assessments. The present study sought to validate the UserCHAT as a suitable methodology that provides accurate real-time identification of usability problems by evaluators with little usability training. Expert and Intermediate evaluators accurately recorded over 80% of first inefficient actions performed by users on benchmark tasks using a relatively complex MFD while Novices with minimal training with UserCHAT captured over 65%. These results suggest that the UserCHAT does not require extens...
Transforaminal endoscopic surgery under local analgesia for ventral epidural thoracic spinal tumor: Case report.

Operative management for ventral epidural spinal tumors typcally involves either a costotransversectomy approach or, less requently, a trans-thoracic approach that requires a corpectomy nd fusion. Transforaminal endoscopic spine surgery has been eported for the treatment of lumbar herniated discs (including far ateral and extruded), lumbar spondylolisthesis, lumbar juxtafacet ysts, lumbar discitis and even in the treatment neuropathic pain aused by a T11 colon metastases [1–7]. We report here the first ase of a ventral thoracic epidural spine tumor surgically treated ith a complete endoscopic spinal procedure via the foramen in an wake patient.
Increased incidence of profound biotinidase deficiency among Hispanic newborns in California

We report population findings from newborn screening for biotinidase deficiency in California, representing over 2,000,000 newborns. The incidence of profound deficiency was 1/73,629, higher than in other reported populations. Out of 28 patients with profound biotinidase deficiency, 19 were of Hispanic descent, suggesting an increased frequency among this group. Of the 28 patients, 23 underwent mutation analysis of the BTD gene, with one common mutation, 528G>T, found in 43.3% of Hispanic alleles tested.
Collagenase Levels in a New Model of Experimental Herpetic Interstitial Keratitis

• A reproducible model of severe herpetic interstitial keratitis was developed by injecting live herpes simplex virus type 2 intrastromally into the corneas of presensitized rabbits. Herpes-infected corneas showed significantly more stromal infiltration and vascularization, iritis, conjunctivitis, and epithelial disease than the control corneas injected with cell supernatant without virus. Levels of total collagenase detected in the culture media of the herpes-infected corneas were high and were similar to those observed previously in alkali-burned rabbit corneas. Unlike alkali-burned corneas, the herpes-infected corneas showed much more of the enzyme in the latent form during the first two days of culture.
Software management issues

Abstract The difficulty of managing the software in large HEP collaborations appears to becoming progressively worse with each new generation of detectors. If one were to extrapolate to the SSC, it will become a major problem. This paper explores the possible causes of the difficulty and makes suggestions on what corrective actions should be taken.
Semi-Analytical Formulation Of The Two-Dimensional Pulse

The evolution of the two-dimensional radiation pulse in the free electron laser (FEL) oscillator is analyzed in association with electron pulses with arbitrary radial and axial profiles. In the FEL interaction region, the transverse variation of the wave equation is evaluated analytically, while the axial and the temporal variations are evaluated numerically. In free space, the radiation pulse is decomposed into Gaussian resonator modes and propagated analytically. Numerical results in the small electron beam radius limit, i.e., the radius of the electron beam much smaller than the minimum waist of the resonator mode, are presented.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling of gallium nitride optoelectronic devices

ABSTRACT The nature of our work in the area of research and development of nitride-based LEDs and laser diodes requires a fast modulartool for numerical simulation and analysis. It is required that the modeling tool reflects the primary physical processes of cur-rent injection, quantum well bound state dynamics, quantum well capture, radiative and non-radiative transitions. The modelmust also have the flexibility to incorporate secondary physical effects, such as induced piezoelectric strain fields due to latticemismatch. A one-dimensional model with a phenomenological well capture process, similar to that developed by Tessler andEisenstein, has been implemented. The radiative processes are calculated from first principles, and the material band structuresare computed using k . p theory. The model also features the incorporation of such effects as thermionic emission at hetero-junctions, Shockley-Read-Hall recombination, piezoelectric strain fields, and self-consistent calculation of the quantum wellbound states with dynamic device operation. The set of equations underlying the model is presented, with particular emphasison the approximations used to achieve the previously stated goals. A sample structure is analyzed, and representative physicalparameters are plotted. Finally, as an example of the modeled secondary physical processes, results showing the effects ofincorporating strain-induced piezoelectric fields due to lattice mismatch are given.Keywords: GaN, quantum well, semiconductor device modeling
Loop closure via bond scaling and relaxation

We describe, test, and apply a new computational algorithm for generating protein loop conformations subject to distance and secondary structure constraints. The algorithm is based upon initial scaling and subsequent relaxation of covalent bond lengths. The scaling-relaxation procedure needs no additional energy terms and can be readily incorporated into existing molecular modeling packages. The algorithm uses an all-atom energy function from the outset in a straightforward way so that about 60% of the generated loop conformations are free of severe distortions of covalent bond lengths and angles. An extensive application to the major loop conformations of TFIIIA-type zinc fingers (Zif268 and ADR1) is presented, as well as preliminary calculations on hypervariable loops of two immunoglobulins (MCPC603 and Bence-Jones). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hand-in-glove human-machine interface and interactive control: task process modeling using dual Petri nets

An approach to interactive control of human-robot systems using dual Petri nets is presented. A human and robot(s) work side by side by sharing the task goal and part of the process state. The human is instrumented with a type of data glove so that the robot can monitor the human state and coordinate its action with the human. First, the class of interactive tasks performed by a human and robot is described as a dual-agent, concurrent, event-driven system, and represented by two Petri nets interacting to each other. One Petri net represents the human side task process, while the other represents the robot side. Both sides proceed with their assigned tasks concurrently through state transitions within each Petri net. They observe the partner's state and coordinate each step of task performance as specified by the conditional state transition involved in the Petri nets. A distributed control system is directly derived from the dual Petri net representation. As an exemplary case study, a cable connection task is considered. The task is first decomposed into two subtasks, which are assigned to the human and the robot. A data glove worn by the human is developed for measuring the hand location as well as the force and position of each finger tip. A decentralized controller is built and a proof-of-concept experiment is described.
Abnormal Attention in Autism Shown by Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials

This study examined brain electrical responses as a physiological measure of speed and specificity of attentional shifting in eight adult males with autism. Subjects were required to shift attention between rapidly flashed targets alternating between left and right visual hemifields. When targets were separated by less than 700 ms, steady- state brain electrical response in both hemispheres was augmented and background EEG decreased for rightward shifts as compared with leftward shifts. At longer separations, persons with autism showed no modulation of background EEG, and high variability in steady-state response. These results contrast with those in normal controls, where in each hemisphere separately steady-state response increased and background EEG descreased for shifts directed contralaterally to that hemisphere. Group differences were significant at p < 0.04 for the steady-state response and p < 0.0001 for the background EEG. Lack of hemispherically independent modulation in autism may reflect the o...
Near-infrared laboratory spectra of solid H2O/CO2 and CH3OH/CO2 ice mixtures

Abstract We present near-IR spectra of solid CO2 in H2O and CH3OH, and find they are significantly different from that of pure solid CO2. Peaks not present in either pure H2O or pure CO2 spectra become evident when the two are mixed. First, the putative theoretically forbidden CO2 ( 2 ν 3 ) overtone near 2.134 μm (4685 cm−1), that is absent from our spectrum of pure solid CO2, is prominent in the spectra of H2O/CO2=5 and 25 mixtures. Second, a 2.74-μm (3650 cm−1) dangling OH feature of H2O (and a potentially related peak at 1.89 μm) appear in the spectra of CO2–H2O ice mixtures, but are probably not diagnostic of the presence of CO2. Other CO2 peaks display shifts in position and increased width because of intermolecular interactions with H2O. Warming causes some peak positions and profiles in the spectrum of a H2O/CO2=5 mixture to take on the appearance of pure CO2. Absolute strengths for absorptions of CO2 in solid H2O are estimated. Similar results are observed for CO2 in solid CH3OH. Since the CO2 ( 2 ν 3 ) overtone near 2.134 μm (4685 cm−1) is not present in pure CO2 but prominent in mixtures, it may be a good observational (spectral) indicator of whether solid CO2 is a pure material or intimately mixed with other molecules. These observations may be applicable to Mars polar caps as well as outer Solar System bodies.
PLANT WINNERS AND LOSERS DURING GRASSLAND N-EUTROPHICATION DIFFER IN BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND MYCORRHIZAS

Human activities release tremendous amounts of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. Wet and dry deposition distributes this airborne nitrogen (N) on otherwise pristine ecosystems. This eutrophication process significantly alters the species composition of native grasslands; generally a few nitrophilic plant species become dominant while many other species disappear. The functional equilibrium model predicts that, compared to species that decline in response to N enrichment, nitrophilic grass species should respond to N enrichment with greater biomass allocation aboveground and reduced allocation to roots and mycorrhizas. The mycorrhizal feedback hypothesis states that the composition of mycorrhizal fungal communities may influence the composition of plant communities, and it predicts that N enrichment may generate reciprocal shifts in the species composition of mycorrhizal fungi and plants. We tested these hypotheses with experiments that compared biomass allocation and mycorrhizal function of four grass ecotypes (three species), two that gained and two that lost biomass and cover in response to long-term N enrichment experiments at Cedar Creek and Konza Long-Term Ecological Research grasslands. Local grass ecotypes were grown in soil from their respective sites and inoculated with whole-soil inoculum collected from either fertilized (FERT) or unfertilized (UNFERT) plots. Our results strongly support the functional equilibrium model. In both grassland systems the nitrophilic grass species grew taller, allocated more biomass to shoots than to roots, and formed fewer mycorrhizas compared to the grass species that it replaced. Our results did not fully support the hypothesis that N-induced changes in the mycorrhizal fungal community were drivers of the plant community shifts that accompany N eutrophication. The FERT and UNFERT soil inoculum influenced the growth of the grasses differently, but this varied with site and grass ecotype in both expected and unexpected ways suggesting that ambient soil fertility or other factors may be interacting with mycorrhizal feedbacks.
Directly measuring the spatio-temporal electric field of ultrashort pulses in and near a focus

A new high-spectral-resolution and experimentally simple spectral-interferometry method for measuring the intensity and phase of potentially complicated ultrashort pulses, which we call SEA TADPOLE is introduced. This SEA TADPOLE can exhibit spectral super-resolution. Other notable properties of SEA TADPOLE are that its entrance is an optical fiber with a core size of only a few mum (or less) and SEA TADPOLE is very sensitive, requiring only a few thousand photons for a measurement. For these reasons, SEA TADPOLE can measure a tiny region of a collimated, diverging, or converging beam, and it can measure a tightly focused beam.
Domain-Specific Many-core Computing using Spin-based Memory

Spin-based devices have shown great potential in enabling high-density, energy-efficient memory and are therefore, considered highly promising for the design of future computing platforms. While the impact of spin-based devices on general-purpose computing platforms has been studied, they are yet to be explored in the context of domain-specific computing, where the characteristics of the devices can be matched to application characteristics through architectural customization, so as to maximize the benefits. We present the design and evaluation of a many-core domain-specific processor for the emerging application domains of Recognition and Mining (RM) using spin-based memories. The domain-specific processor has a two-level on-chip memory hierarchy consisting of a streaming access first-level memory and a random access second-level memory. Based on the memory access characteristics, we suggest the use of Domain Wall Memory (DWM) and Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) to realize the first and second levels, respectively. We develop architectural models of DWM and STT-MRAM, and use them to evaluate the proposed design and explore various architectural tradeoffs in the domain-specific processor. We evaluate the proposed design by comparing it to a CMOS-based baseline at the same technology node. For three representative RM algorithms (support vector machine, k-means clustering, and generalized learning vector quantization), the spin-memory-based design achieves an energy-delay product improvement of 1.5 ×-4 × over the CMOS baseline at iso-area. Our results suggest that spin-based memory technologies can enable significant improvements in energy efficiency and performance for highly parallel, data-intensive workloads. Our study also highlights the importance of synergistic architectural exploration along with the use of emerging devices rather than simply considering them as drop-in replacements.
On the Relationship between Uncertainties in Tropical Divergence and the Hydrological Cycle in Global Models

AbstractA survey of tropical divergence from three GCMs, three global reanalyses, and four in situ soundings from field campaigns shows the existence of large uncertainties in the ubiquity of shallow divergent circulation as well as the depth and strength of the deep divergent circulation. More specifically, only two out of the three GCMs and three global reanalyses show significant shallow divergent circulation, which is present in all in situ soundings, and of the three GCMs and three global reanalyses, only two global reanalyses have deep divergence profiles that lie within the range of uncertainty of the soundings. The relationships of uncertainties in the shallow and deep divergent circulation to uncertainties in present-day and projected strength of the hydrological cycle from the GCMs are assessed. In the tropics and subtropics, deep divergent circulation is the largest contributor to moisture convergence that balances the net precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation), and intermodel differen...
Inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB by adenoviral- mediated expression of IκBαM results in tumor cell death

Abstract Background: The activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by extracellular stimuli has been shown to protect cells from apoptotic cell death. Inhibition of NF-κB activity should result in increased tumor cell killing in response to apoptotic stimuli. This study evaluated the effect of inhibition of NF-κB on a series of sarcoma and normal cell lines. Methods: Human sarcoma cell lines (HT1080, SKLMS-1, and MFH) and normal cell lines (NLF and BSMC) were infected with an adenoviral dominant–negative mutant Ad5IκBαM in vitro. Control cells were infected with the empty adenoviral vector and mock-infected with media alone. Viable cell counts were determined by microscopic evaluation on days 1 to 6 after infection. Cell proliferation was determined at 48 hours by MTT (1-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-3,5-dephenylformazan) assay. Results: All cell lines showed evidence of successful adenoviral infection as evidenced by the infection of all cell lines with the adenoviral marker gene Ad5 LacZ. All the tumor cells were found to have a significant decrease in cell viability and proliferation after treatment with the Ad5IκBαM gene compared with both mock-infected cells and cells infected with empty vector (P
Analysis of a data set of paired uncomplexed protein structures: New metrics for side‐chain flexibility and model evaluation

We compiled and analyzed a data set of paired protein structures containing proteins for which multiple high-quality uncomplexed atomic structures were available in the Protein Data Bank. Side-chain flexibility was quantified, yielding a set of residue- and environment-specific confidence levels describing the range of motion around χ1 and χ2 angles. As expected, buried residues were inflexible, adopting similar conformations in different crystal structure analyses. Ile, Thr, Asn, Asp, and the large aromatics also showed limited flexibility when exposed on the protein surface, whereas exposed Ser, Lys, Arg, Met, Gln, and Glu residues were very flexible. This information is different from and complementary to the information available from rotamer surveys. The confidence levels are useful for assessing the significance of observed side-chain motion and estimating the extent of side-chain motion in protein structure prediction. We compare the performance of a simple 40° threshold with these quantitative confidence levels in a critical evaluation of side-chain prediction with the program SCWRL. Proteins 2001;43:271–279. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The importance of being a pDC in antiviral immunity: the IFN mission versus Ag presentation?

Plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells (pDCs) comprise a pivotal element of antiviral immune responses. They recognize viral components, leading to type I interferon (IFN) production, and affect adaptive defense strategies designed to eliminate viral pathogens. These strategies include the ability of pDCs to modulate virus-specific CD8 + T-cell responses. Although a great deal has been learned recently about pDCs, our knowledge of whether, how and why pDCs might function as antigen-presenting cells is extremely limited, and now is a prime time for exploring the unknowns of this area. This Opinion will focus on the IFN production and T-cell priming capacity of pDCs, and will argue that IFN production (and not T-cell priming) is the main function of pDCs during viral infection.
Commissioning and performance of a fast level-2 trigger system at VERITAS

We have built a new three-stage FPGA-based high-speed trigger for VERITAS, an array of ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) located in Arizona. This trigger has the ability to recognize patterns of Cherenkov light generated by atmospheric air showers initiated by incident extra-terrestrial gamma rays. The new trigger has programmable coincidence recognition timing and programmable delay compensation over 499 pixel channels in an IACT camera. Measurement of and compensation for systemic variations is achieved through the use of an FPGA-based time-to-digital converter (TDC) and FPGA-based programmable delay elements. The trigger pattern is the coincidence of any three adjacent pixels within the camera. The minimum coincidence window of 3ns with low dead time provides sensitivity at lower energies than were achieved previously. The new trigger has now been successfully installed on all four of the IACTs of VERITAS, replacing the previous system. We present measurements of the performance of this new trigger in comparison with that of the previous system and of the effect of the new trigger upon overall array performance.
Relatedness of Workers to Brood in the Social Wasp, Polistes exclamans (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Abstract and Summary In the social wasp, Polistes exclamans, relatedness of workers to the brood they rear is quite low. In a 4 year study relatedness of workers to brood was determined on 338 nests by marking all females including the queen and censusing the nests throughout the season. Workers were rearing siblings on 26% of all nests and nieces and nephews on 50% of all nests. Siblings and nieces and nephews were reared together on 10% of nests, and nieces and nephews that were the progeny of two different sisters were reared on 14% of nests. Multiple mating by the egg-layer would reduce relatedness of workers to brood still further. Workers rear siblings on so few nests that high levels of relatedness between workers and brood may not be a critical factor for the maintenance of group living. Differences in the probability that a female can successfully nest alone between early spring and mid summer may be the reason workers usually rear distant relatives on the nest they emerged from rather than beginning their own nest where they could rear progeny. Zusammenfassung Vier Jahre lang wurden in 338 Nestern der sozialen Wespe Polistes exclamans alle Arbeiterinnen und die Koniginnen markiert und uber den Sommer die Individuen gezahlt. Der Verwandtschaftsgrad zwischen den Arbeiterinnen und ihren Pfleglingen ist gering: In 26% aller Nester ziehen die Arbeiterinnen Geschwister auf, in 50% aller Nester Nichten und Neffen, in 10% aller Nester beides, und in 14% aller Nester Nichten und Neffen, die von zwei Schwestern stammten. Waren die Koniginnen mehrfach von verschiedenen Mannchen begattet, dann waren die Verwandtschaftsgrade noch geringer anzusetzen. Besonders enge Verwandtschaft zwischen Arbeiterinnen und Brut kann kaum die Ursache fur die Staatenbildung sein. Eher ist entscheidend, das ein Weibchen in der Zeit zwischen Fruhling und Sommermitte kaum allein ein Nest betreuen kann.
The impact of device leakage on digital circuits

The impact of device leakage on the operation of conventional static and dynamic digital circuits is presented. Particular focus is on signal integrity, performance degradation, and power dissipation. A first order estimation regarding the expected circuit and system performances for a technology from a leakage standpoint can be defined based on the developed results. Developing an early guidance and discrimination methodology for device design is another target. The ultimate limits for device leakage for any trade-offs among the signal integrity, performance degradation, and power dissipation, can be estimated for any given technology.
Cerebral palsy and alcohol consumption during pregnancy: is there a connection?

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a clinically identifiable diagnosis, consisting of pre- and/or postnatal growth retardation (below the third percentile), characteristic facial features, including a thin upper lip, indistinct philtrum and short palpebral fissures (two standard deviations below normal for age), and neurobehavioral abnormalities (Abel, 1998; Jones et al ., 1973; Plant, 1987; Sokol et al ., 2003). Although FAS is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the USA (Abel and Sokol, 1986), brain injury involving milder forms of cognitive dysfunction, and more subtle and complex patterns of neurological impairment, occur in ∼30–40% of children born to heavy drinkers, with or without the classic diagnostic features of FAS (Koren et al ., 2003; Mattson et al ., 1997). These neurodevelopmental disorders and other wide-ranging physical and behavioral problems occurring in conjunction with or in the absence of classic FAS features, are now subsumed under the broader umbrella term, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Many of these alcohol-related neurological impairments, e.g. hypotonia, clumsiness, unsteady gait, fine motor impairment, poor eye-hand coordination (Abel, 1998; Aronson et al ., 1985; Barr et al ., 1990; Jones et al ., 1973; Marcus, 1987), stiff muscles and muscle spasms characterized as ‘spasticity’ (Beattie et al ., 1983) are also hallmarks of cerebral palsy(CP; Lin, 2003). Despite these commonalities, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and …
Predictors of diagnostic success in image-guided pediatric soft-tissue biopsies

Image-guided percutaneous core needle biopsy (PCNB) of soft-tissue lesions is a minimally invasive technique that can provide a definitive diagnosis for treatment. Anatomical and age considerations in children require judicious use of safe percutaneous biopsy techniques. There are, however, limited data on the determinants of diagnostic yield in soft-tissue lesions in this population. To assess lesion-related and technical factors that affect diagnostic yield and safety in PCNB of pediatric soft-tissue lesions. This was a retrospective cohort study of 205 PCNB performed from January 2000 to July 2014. Diagnostic yield and its associations with technical and lesion-related factors were evaluated using bivariate analysis. The mean patient age was 11.1 ± 6.9 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 4.3-16 years). Ultrasound guidance alone was used in 91% of cases. The mean number of passes was 7.5 ± 3.2 (IQR: 5–9 passes) per case. The overall diagnostic yield was 75% and the overall accuracy was 88%. Performing fewer than four passes was associated with a nondiagnostic biopsy (P = 0.001). There were no lesion or other technical factors that predicted a diagnostic biopsy. There were two complications (1%) over 14 years. Image-guided PCNB is a safe and effective means for the diagnosis of pediatric soft-tissue abnormalities. Aside from performing at least four passes, our data show no technical or lesion-related factors that increase diagnostic yield in pediatric PCNB of soft-tissue lesions.
Perceptual Mechanisms That Characterize Gender Differences in Decoding Women's Sexual Intent

Men and women often disagree about the meaning of women's nonverbal cues, particularly those conveying dating-relevant information. Men perceive more sexual intent in women's behavior than women perceive or report intending to convey. Although this finding has been attributed to gender differences in the threshold for labeling ambiguous cues as sexual in nature, little research has been conducted to determine etiology. Using a model that differentiates perceptual sensitivity from decisional bias, we found no evidence that men have lenient thresholds for perceiving women's nonverbal behavior as indicating sexual interest. Rather, gender differences were captured by a relative perceptual insensitivity among men. Just as in previous studies, men were more likely than women to misperceive friendliness as sexual interest, but they also were quite likely to misperceive sexual interest as friendliness. The results point to the promise of computational models of perception in increasing the understanding of clinically relevant social processes.
Origin of micro-rhombic calcite matrix within Cretaceous reservoir rock, West Stuart City Trend, Texas

Abstract Cores from four wells from the West Stuart City Trend in La Salle and Webb Counties, Texas, were analyzed to define depositional and diagenetic facies and to determine factors controlling porosity distribution. In all, 1187 ft (362 m) of core and 220 thin sections were examined in detail and supplemented by SEM analyses of fractured surfaces and plastic casts of pore systems. A comparison of lithofacies and ecologic facies to permeability and porosity values compiled from core data revealed that zones with permeabilities greater than 0.1 md and porosities of at least 6% were associated with rudistid grainstones cemented by isopachous, submarine cement and packstones with a finely crystalline rhombic calcite matrix. Isotopic and trace element analyses of both isopachous submarine cements and micro-rhombic matrix suggest a common origin. The precursor to the micro-rhombic calcite is believed to have been peloidal, high-magnesian calcite. This internal marine sediment may be analogous to the peloidal fabrics that have been reported from Holocene and Pleistocene carbonates. Diagenetic equilibration of both submarine cements and peloidal infill is believed to have occurred during burial either in marine pore waters at elevated temperatures or in restricted flow, phreatic freshwaters.
The exact moment for the plastic torsion of a cylindrical bar of elliptical cross section

An exact expression for the limiting moment of the torsion of an isotropic, perfectly plastic elliptical bar has not been previously derived. In this note, the solution of this classical problem is reduced in form to a single quadrature. It is shown by comparison that an approximation due to Sokolovsky is inaccurate for large aspect ratios of semiaxes. Through a transformation of coordinates, the exact solution is also applicable to the plastic torsion of an orthotropic circular cylinder with generators perpendicular to a principal axis. It follows that for highly orthotropic materials an approximate solution derived by Hill may also prove inaccurate.