cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Labor Unions as Activist Organizations: A Union Power Approach to Estimating Union Wage Effects

Amid the long decline of US unions, research on union wage effects has struggled with selection problems and inadequate theory. I draw on the sociology of labor to argue that unions use non-market sources of power to pressure companies into raising wages. This theory of union power implies a new test of union wage effects: does union activism have an effect on wages that is not reducible to workers' market position? Two institutional determinants of union activity are used to empirically isolate the wage effect of union activism from labor market conditions: increased union revenue from investment shocks and increased union activity leading up to union officer elections. Instrumental variable analysis of panel data from the Department of Labor shows that a 1 percent increase in union spending increases a proxy for union members' wages between 0.15 percent and 0.30 percent. These wage effects are larger in years of active collective bargaining, and when unions increase spending in ways that could pressure companies. The results indicate that non-market sources of union power can affect workers' wages and that even in a period of labor weakness unions still play a role in setting wages for their members.
Transferring code-clone detection and analysis to practice

During software development, code clones are commonly produced, in the form of a number of the same or similar code fragments spreading within one or many large code bases. Numerous research projects have been carried out on empirical studies or tool support for detecting or analyzing code clones. However, in practice, few such research projects have resulted in substantial industry adoption. In this paper, we report our experiences of transferring XIAO, a code-clone detection and analysis approach and its supporting tool, to broad industrial practices: (1) shipped in Visual Studio 2012, a widely used industrial IDE; (2) deployed and intensively used at the Microsoft Security Response Center. According to our experiences, technology transfer is a rather complicated journey that needs significant efforts from both the technical aspect and social aspect. From the technical aspect, significant efforts are needed to adapt a research prototype to a product-quality tool that addresses the needs of real scenarios, to be integrated into a mainstream product or development process. From the social aspect, there are strong needs to interact with practitioners to identify killer scenarios in industrial settings, figure out the gap between a research prototype and a tool fitting the needs of real scenarios, to understand the requirements of releasing with a mainstream product, being integrated into a development process, understanding their release cadence, etc.
What moral character is and is not.

Louise Mitchell discusses character in “Integrity and virtue: The forming of good character” (The Linacre Quarterly 82, no. 2: 149–169). I argue that she is mistaken in identifying character as a p...
Chapter Seventeen – Fundamental Principles of Optical Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary Absorption and emission of radiant energy by molecules and atoms is the basis for many methods in analytical chemistry. By the interpretation of data, both qualitative and quantitative information is obtained. Qualitatively, the positions of the absorption and emission lines or bands that occur in the electromagnetic spectrum indicate the presence of a specific substance. Quantitatively, the intensities of the same absorption and emission lines or bands for the unknown and standards are measured. The concentration of the unknown is then determined from these data. Data obtained from a spectroscopic measurement are in the form of a plot of radiant energy absorbed or emitted as a function of position in the electromagnetic spectrum. This is known as a spectrum, and the position of absorption or emission is measured in units of energy, wavelength, or frequency.
Parasite Immune Escape Mechanisms

In contemplating how best to present this topic I was faced with two approaches. One was to catalogue all the parasites about which we know something of immune escape and list the mechanisms associated with each. The other approach was to choose one parasite and to detail our knowledge of escape mechanisms in a more exhaustive way. I have elected to pursue the second approach so that the subject may be examined in depth and the complexities of the mechanisms more easily discerned.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and RNA Viruses as Gene Therapy Vectors

The ability of RNA viruses to efficiently reproduce in transformed cells was first recognized nearly 100 yr ago. However, it wasn’t until the late 1990s that a resurrection of the interest in the ability of certain viruses to preferentially replicate in malignant cells and less so in normal cells occurred, the curiosity being to evaluate whether these agents could be useful in cancer therapy regimes. It was following these reports, demonstrating that DNA viruses such as adenovirus and herpes simplex virus (HSV) could act as antineoplastic agents, that similar encouraging investigations were conducted using RNA viruses such as reovirus and Newcastle Disease virus, vesicular stomatitis Virus (VSV), and measles virus (MV). Here we will review the use of RNA viruses as oncolytic agents in the treatment of malignant disease, focusing on the negative-stranded RNA virus, VSV. The general mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses such as VSV achieve their antitumor effectiveness and specificity are discussed, including the role of the innate immune system involving the interferon response.
North Korea’s foreign relations: Diplomacy of promotive adaptation

Dramatic changes in East Europe and the Soviet Union resulted in North Korea’s doubling its effort to shield and defend itself from disturbances emanating from the outside. Yet, President Kim Il Sung of North Korea has also opted for new diplomatic moves of realignment in existing ties with China and the Soviet Union and is also seeking new rleations with Japan and the United States. North Korea’s diplomatic adaptation in 1990–91, such as its balancing diplomatic acts vis-a-vis the major allies and adversaries, is examined, and so is the North Korean dilemma of reconciling national interests and ideology. While Pyongyang’s nonaligned nations diplomacy is temporarily stalled, its Un diplomacy is likely to be activated as a result of the simultaneous entry into the United Nations with South Korea in 1991.
Psychosocial treatment of traumatized juveniles.

In the motion picture, Good Will Hunting, Matt Damon portrays a character whose history of severe physical abuse appears to be linked to his extensive juvenile record and mental health problems in young adulthood. This is an unfortunate example of art imitating life, where as many as 90% of juveniles involved with the U.S. justice system will report having experienced a traumatic event at some point in their lifetime (Abram et al. 2004). This high prevalence of exposure to traumatic events among juvenile offenders underscores the need for mental health providers and administrators alike to understand the trauma-related clinical implications for psychosocial treatment of this population. Thus, the goal of this chapter is to aid clinicians in better serving the mental health needs of juveniles who have experienced traumatic events. The chapter is divided into two sections. The first section provides necessary background information regarding the link between trauma and delinquent behavior, which serves as a framework for psychosocial treatment of this population. The second section describes existing empirically supported treatment options for traumatized juveniles and provides a list of clinical implications and recommendations extending from the literature reviewed throughout the chapter. Ultimately, we hope the information in this chapter will help alter the trajectory of traumatized juvenile offenders in a more positive direction.
No Effect of Human Presence at Night on Disease, Body Mass, or Metabolism in Rural and Urban House Finches (Haemorhous mexicanus).

Global urban development continues to accelerate and have diverse effects on wildlife. Although most studies of anthropogenic impacts on animals have focused on indirect effects (e.g., environmental modifications like habitat change or pollution), there may also be direct effects of physical human presence and actions on wildlife stress, behavior, and persistence in cities. Most studies on how humans physically interact with wildlife have focused on the active, daytime phase of diurnal animals, rarely considering effects of our night-time activities. We hypothesized that, if night-time human presence is a stressor for wildlife that are not commonly exposed to humans, night-disturbed rural animals would show stronger physiological signs of elevated stress than would urban individuals. Specifically, we experimentally investigated the effects of human presence at night (HPAN) on disease, body mass, and mass-specific metabolic rates in urban- and rural-caught house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) in captivity. Our HPAN treatment consisted of a human entering the housing room of the birds and briefly jostling the home cages of each finch as the person walked around the room for a 3-min period on five randomly selected nights per week. Compared with a control (night-undisturbed) group, we found that HPAN greatly increased the odds finches were awake for ca. 33 min post-disturbance, but that chronic treatment did not alter body mass, parasitic infection by coccidian endoparasites, or mass-specific basal metabolic rates. Additionally, finches caught from urban and rural sites did not differ in their response to the treatment. Overall, our results are consistent with those showing that brief but regular human disturbances can have acute negative effects on wildlife, but carry few if any long-term metabolic or disease-related costs in fast-lived birds. However, these findings contrast with the broad, chronic physiological effects of other anthropogenic changes, such as artificial light at night, and highlight the differential impacts that various human activities (which differ in sensory stimulus type, perceived threat, duration and intensity, etc.) can have on wildlife health and behavior.
Clutter perception is invariant to image size

Two experiments evaluated the effect of retinal image size on the proto-object model of visual clutter perception. Experiment 1 had 20 participants order 90 small images of random-category real-world scenes from least to most cluttered. Aggregating these individual rankings into a single median clutter ranking and comparing it to a previously reported clutter ranking of larger versions of the identical scenes yielded a Spearman’s ρ = .953 (p < .001), suggesting that relative clutter perception is largely invariant to image size. We then applied the proto-object model of clutter perception to these smaller images and obtained a clutter estimate for each. Correlating these estimates with the median behavioral ranking yielded a Spearman’s ρ = .852 (p < .001), which we showed in a comparative analysis to be better than six other methods of estimating clutter. Experiment 2 intermixed large and small versions of the Experiment 1 scenes and had participants (n = 18) again rank them for clutter. We found that median clutter rankings of these size-intermixed images were essentially the same as the small and large median rankings from Experiment 1, suggesting size invariance in absolute clutter perception. Moreover, the proto-object model again successfully captured this result. We conclude that both relative and absolute clutter perception is invariant to retinal image size. We further speculate that clutter perception is mediated by proto-objects—a preattentive level of visual representation between features and objects—and that using the proto-object model we may be able to glimpse into this pre-attentive world.
Moving Antiretroviral Adherence Assessments to the Modern Era: Correlations Among Three Novel Measures of Adherence

There is no gold standard for estimating antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Feasible, acceptable, and objective measures that are cost- and time-effective are needed. US adults (N = 93) on ART for ≥ 3 months, having access to a mobile phone and internet, and willing to mail in self-collected hair samples, were recruited into a pilot study of remote adherence data collection methods. We examined the correlation of self-reported adherence and three objective remotely collected adherence measures: text-messaged photographs of pharmacy refill dates for pharmacy-refill-based adherence, text-messaged photographs of pills for pill-count-based adherence, and assays of home-collected hair samples for pharmacologic-based adherence. All measures were positively correlated. The strongest correlation was between pill-count- and pharmacy-refill-based adherence (r = 0.68; p < 0.001), and the weakest correlation was between self-reported adherence and hair drug concentrations (r = 0.14, p = 0.34). The three measures provide objective adherence data, are easy to collect, and are viable candidates for future HIV treatment and prevention research.
Ursus americanus (American black bear)

One or two pairs of small acrocentrics often have secondary constrictions of the long arms near the centromere.
Updates in Laboratory Diagnostics for Invasive Fungal Infections

Appropriate diagnosis of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) is critical due to the high rates of morbidity and mortality, as well as the substantial economic burden, associated with the management of these diseases. The recognition of IFI and differentiation from other infections with similar clinical presentations can be challenging, which can lead to diagnostic error that not only has an impact on individual patient health outcomes but also on antimicrobial drug usage and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Therefore, there is a significant need for improved stewardship related to diagnostic testing for and treatment of IFIs. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances related to current fungal diagnostics, as well as explore some of the most innovative technology that has emerged with the potential to shift the paradigm of clinical mycology. In general, this review will discuss research related to enhanced fungal culture utilization and identification techniques, expanded applications of fungal antigen testing, and recently developed molecular assays and other novel nonculture fungal diagnostic approaches. Specifically, the application of mass spectrometry, novel glycobiomarker detection, and detection of fungal-specific volatile organic compounds will be reviewed, along with other key updates, to provide the reader with an updated review that extends beyond the basics of IFI laboratory diagnostics. Where appropriate, the reader will be directed to more comprehensive reviews of certain aspects of clinical mycology laboratory testing to provide a broader context for the critical consideration of these updates.
Chapter 9 – Unit Activity

In this chapter, we will focus on extracellular recordings of action potentials. Neurons are referred to in this context as units, and we will learn about multiunit (small groups of neurons) and single-unit (individual neuron) recordings. Extracellular recordings of action potentials are crucial, as they allow for the simultaneous monitoring of multiple neurons with high temporal resolution.
Chapter 6 – Antipsychotics

Antipsychotics are drugs that are used to control mental health conditions such as schizophrenia and other psychoses; hallucinations; delusional and bipolar disorders; agitation; severe anxiety; mania and violent or dangerously impulsive behavior; a state of apathy; lack of initiative; limited range of emotion; reduction in confusion and agitation; and normalization of psychomotor activity in psychotic patients. The antipsychotics are divided into three groups: classic or typical, or first-, second-, or third-generation antipsychotics, or according to their mechanism of action. Their development passed the way from selective D2 agents, to mixed D2 and 5-HT2A therapeutics, and then to those, whose actions have been ascribed alternately to either D2 partial agonism or D2 functional selectivity. This chapter describes the syntheses of antipsychotics included in the list of Top 200 Drugs by sales for the 2010s are described.
Multidimensional brain-age prediction reveals altered brain developmental trajectory in psychiatric disorders

Brain regions change in different ways and at different rates. This staggered developmental unfolding is determined by genetics and postnatal experience and is implicated in the progression of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Neuroimaging-based brain-age prediction has emerged as an important new approach for studying brain development. However, the unidimensional brain-age estimates provided by previous methods do not capture the divergent developmental trajectories of various brain structures. Here we propose and illustrate an analytic pipeline to compute an index of multidimensional brain-age that provides regional age predictions. First, using a database of 556 subjects that includes psychiatric and neurological patients as well as healthy controls we conducted robust regression to characterize the developmental trajectory of each MRI-based brain-imaging feature. We then utilized cluster analysis to identify subgroups of imaging features with a similar developmental trajectory. For each identified cluster, we obtained a brain-age prediction by applying machine-learning models with imaging features belonging to each cluster. Brain-age predictions from multiple clusters form a multidimensional brain-age index (MBAI). The MBAI is more sensitive to alterations in brain structures and captured distinct regional change patterns. In particular, the MBAI provided a more flexible analysis of brain age across brain regions that revealed changes in specific structures in psychiatric disorders that would otherwise have been combined in a unidimensional brain age prediction. More generally, brain-age prediction using a subset of homogeneous features circumvents the curse of dimensionality in neuroimaging data.
Measuring Criterion Validity of Microinteraction Ecological Momentary Assessment (Micro-EMA): Exploratory Pilot Study With Physical Activity Measurement.

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is an in situ method of gathering self-report on behaviors using mobile devices. In typical phone-based EMAs, participants are prompted repeatedly with multiple-choice questions, often causing participation burden. Alternatively, microinteraction EMA (micro-EMA or μEMA) is a type of EMA where all the self-report prompts are single-question surveys that can be answered using a 1-tap glanceable microinteraction conveniently on a smartwatch. Prior work suggests that μEMA may permit a substantially higher prompting rate than EMA, yielding higher response rates and lower participation burden. This is achieved by ensuring μEMA prompt questions are quick and cognitively simple to answer. However, the validity of participant responses from μEMA self-report has not yet been formally assessed. Objective: In this pilot study, we explored the criterion validity of μEMA self-report on a smartwatch, using physical activity (PA) assessment as an example behavior of interest. Methods: A total of 17 participants answered 72 μEMA prompts each day for 1 week using a custom-built μEMA smartwatch app. At each prompt, they self-reported whether they were doing sedentary, light/standing, moderate/walking, or vigorous activities by tapping on the smartwatch screen. Responses were compared with a research-grade activity monitor worn on the dominant ankle simultaneously (and continuously) measuring PA. Results: Participants had an 87.01% (5226/6006) μEMA completion rate and a 74.00% (5226/7062) compliance rate taking an average of only 5.4 (SD 1.5) seconds to answer a prompt. When comparing μEMA responses with the activity monitor, we observed significantly higher (P<.001) momentary PA levels on the activity monitor when participants self-reported engaging in moderate+vigorous activities compared with sedentary or light/standing activities. The same comparison did not yield any significant differences in momentary PA levels as recorded by the activity monitor when the μEMA responses were randomly generated (ie, simulating careless taps on the smartwatch). Conclusions: For PA measurement, high-frequency μEMA self-report could be used to capture information that appears consistent with that of a research-grade continuous sensor for sedentary, light, and moderate+vigorous activity, suggesting criterion validity. The preliminary results show that participants were not carelessly answering μEMA prompts by randomly tapping on the smartwatch but were reporting their true behavior at that moment. However, more research is needed to examine the criterion validity of μEMA when measuring vigorous activities.
Investigating Inclusive Design of Shared Automated Vehicles with Full-Scale Modeling:

Shared automated vehicles (SAVs) in the form of low-speed driverless shuttles have the potential to improve independent mobility for older adults and people with disabilities. At full vehicle autonomy and in the absence of an onboard operator, tasks such as ingress-egress, interior circulation, and securement of passengers and carry-on items will need to be safe, efficient, and independent. This paper describes a novel laboratory apparatus for conducting inclusive design research related to SAVs and presents preliminary findings from an ongoing preliminary study examining the effects of interior design configuration on ingress-egress performance for six wheelchair users. Early findings emphasize the interactions between diverse user abilities and technology design on user performance. The study demonstrates the potential benefit of full-scale physical simulations to investigating a broad range of usability and inclusive design issues related to emerging SAVs.
A Theorem Proving the Unsatisfactoriness of the Ordinal Approach to Social Choice

It has been shown by means of examples discussed in Chapters 3 and 7 of this monograph that neither the Majority Rule, nor Unanimity Rule, nor the Maximin Rule, nor the Borda Count, are social decision mechanisms that are Pareto-optimal, in the sense of Definition 3 of the previous chapter, over the class of societies У.
Numerische lineare Algebra

Die numerische lineare Algebra ist ein Ringen umschnelleundpraziseLosungsverfahren. Man braucht effiziente Verfahren, aber man muss Instabilitat vermeiden. Bei der Gaus’schen Elimination liegt die groste Freiheit (die man immer hat) in der Moglichkeit, Gleichungen zu vertauschen. In diesem Abschnitt werden wir erklaren, wann man Zeilen aus Grunden der Geschwindigkeit vertauschen sollte, und wann, um eine hohere Genauigkeit zu erreichen.
The Accuracy of Numerical Models for Continuum Problems

I present here my rather personal view on what are the important points to consider in building simulation codes for continuum mechanics problems and, to some extent, electromagnetics. I focus lots of attention on geometry and grids as constructing this part of the model easily consumes much of the modeling effort. I also place a strong emphasis on understanding the conservation and material laws that underly the modeling, and because these laws are so different, that they must be discretized differently.
An overview of high range resolution radar techniques

The various ways that high range resolution operation can be achieved in a radar system are reviewed. Both simple pulse and pulse compression techniques are discussed. For the simple approach, monocycle radar, a form of ultra-wideband radar, is emphasized. For the pulse compression approach, both phase and frequency coding of the carrier is considered. for phase coding, the multiplicity of codes and sidelobe suppression filtering techniques are emphasized. For frequency coding, the emphasis is placed on correlational compression, nonlinear frequency modulation, and stepped frequency approaches. Performance analyses are presented, and the strengths and potential drawbacks of each technique are discussed. >
Impact of Donor Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage on Outcome after Heart Transplantation

Donor cause of death has been suggested to have a significant impact on cardiac transplant morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of donor spontaneous intracranial bleeding on clinical outcome after heart transplantation. A group of 160 recipients underwent cardiac transplantation from donors with spontaneous intracranial bleeding (ICB group). These were compared with 197 recipients who were transplanted from trauma donors (Trauma group). A higher 4-year mortality rate was noted in the ICB group (24% vs. 14%, p=0.015). ICB as a cause of donor death was an independent predictor of recipient mortality (adjusted hazard ratio 2.02, 95% CI 1.27-3.40, p<0.0001). Compared with the Trauma group, the ICB group had an increased incidence of post-transplant graft dysfunction during the first week of transplant (10% vs. 3%, p=0.007), and higher incidence of interstitial myocardial fibrosis on their endomyocardial biopsies within 4 weeks of transplant (21% vs. 9%, p=0.0012). There was a trend towards an increased rate of allograft vasculopathy in the ICB group (competing risks adjusted hazard ratio 1.39, 95% CI 0.90-2.13, p = 0.14).
Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in the Canine Prostate

Characterization of cytosol and 0.6 M KCl-nuclear androgen and estrogen receptors in the canine prostate is described, including methods for assay of these molecules in tissue samples from intact, adult dogs. Androgen receptors were quantitated by exchange incubations (20 hours for cytosol and 26 hours for nuclear extract at 0 C; incubations at higher temperatures (15 or 30 C) resulted in substantial reduction of saturable binding activity. Apparently, virtually all the estrogen receptor sites in cytosol and nuclear extract are unoccupied, since these were equally filled with H3-estradiol at 0 C (nonexchange incubation) and 30 C (exchange conditions) during 20-hour incubations. Androgen receptors were assayed using the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone (R1881), and estradiol-17β was selected for estrogen receptor determinations. Using the assay conditions described, neither of these ligands bound to the sex steroid-binding protein of canine blood. Steroid competition experiments indicated that the androgen and estrogen receptors are distinct molecules. Scatchard plot analyses were linear, suggesting a single class of high affinity sites for each receptor (Kd's in the 10−9 to 10−10 mol/l range). Saturable estradiol binding was additionally detected by sucrose gradient analysis of cytosol and nuclear extract. The 4S sedimentation of the cytosol receptor is typical of prostate cytoplasmic estrogen receptors; the nuclear form sedimented at 5S. The estrogen and androgen binding proteins satisfy criteria that distinguish them from blood steroid binding proteins and classify them as intracellular steroid hormone receptors.
Motoneuron excitability modulation after desensitization of the skin by iontophoresis of lidocaine hydrochloride.

Abstract Soleus motoneuron excitability was monitored after skin desensitization by iontophoresis of lidocaine hydrochloride in able-bodied subjects. Motoneuron excitability was measured by plotting H-reflex recovery curves before and after the application of lidocaine hydrochloride or a placebo. Significant H-reflex augmentation between 50 and 1,000msec resulted after both iontophoretic application of the drug and the placebo ( p p
Pulmonary tissue and cigarette smoke. 1. Cellular response to hydrocortisone.

Hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) administration significantly reduces the population of pulmonary macrophages and blood leukocytes in control, sham-treated, and smoke-exposed C57BL6J mice. This treatment impedes markedly the influx of macrophages from bone marrow into the lungs. The small number of new phagocytes noted in lungs following HCA treatment appears to arise by proliferation of in situ pulmonary macrophages. Mortality rate of sham-treated and smoke-exposed mice was approximately twice that of control animals following HCA treatment. While severe pulmonary disorders were noted in lungs of HCA-treated, smoke-exposed animals, considerably milder abnormalities were seen in lungs of sham-treated mice. The data reported indicate that physical stress generated by manipulation during sham and smoke treatment, exposure to cigarette smoke, and reduction of pulmonary macrophages and leukocyte populations by HCA administration are factors which adversely affect pulmonary integrity and survival time of the animals.
Using digital video for motion analysis

Summary form only given. The ability to describe motion is a fundamental skill needed by kinesiologists. The basics of motion analysis are taught in the required biomechanics course. Previously, these concepts were conveyed in a traditional lecture format. Now, active learning using instructional technology is incorporated into the course project. Students learn to analyze human motion by capturing movements of their choice onto videotape and then transferring the images to digital format on the computer. Once in digital format, the students conduct biomechanical analyses to determine the essential elements of human performance. The final projects are published on the web. Although formal evaluation is not yet complete, students report that they value the hands-on learning experience and the acquisition of new computer skills.
Over-representation of specific regions of chromosome 22 in cells from human glioma correlate with resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea

Glioblastoma multiforme is the most malignant form of brain tumor. Despite treatment including surgical resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiation, these tumors typically recur. The recurrent tumor is often resistant to further therapy with the same agent, suggesting that the surviving cells that repopulate the tumor mass have an intrinsic genetic advantage. We previously demonstrated that cells selected for resistance to 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) are near-diploid, with over-representation of part or all of chromosomes 7 and 22. While cells from untreated gliomas often have over-representation of chromosome 7, chromosome 22 is typically under-represented. We have analyzed cells from primary and recurrent tumors from the same patient before and after in vitro selection for resistance to clinically relevant doses of BCNU. Karyotypic analyses were done to demonstrate the genetic makeup of these cells, and fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses have defined the region(s) of chromosome 22 retained in these BCNU-resistant cells. Karyotypic analyses demonstrated that cells selected for BCNU resistance were near-diploid with over-representation of chromosomes 7 and 22. In cells where whole copies of chromosome 22 were not identified, numerous fragments of this chromosome were retained and inserted into several marker and derivative chromosomes. Fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses using whole chromosome paints confirmed this finding. Additional FISH analysis using bacterial artificial chromosome probes spanning the length of chromosome 22 have allowed us to map the over-represented region to 22q12.3–13.32. Cells selected for BCNU resistance either in vivo or in vitro retain sequences mapped to chromosome 22. The specific over-representation of sequences mapped to 22q12.3–13.32 suggest the presence of a DNA sequence important to BCNU survival and/or resistance located in this region of chromosome 22.
Enhancing social inclusion of rural libraries: a community outreach approach

This paper proposes a conceptual model to enhance the social inclusion of rural libraries through community outreach plans and partnerships. One hundred and five librarians will participate in this project to build community network and outreach plans in the next three years. Community partnership projects in rural and small community libraries can be the first step to deal with declining tax bases, lack of an educated workforce, decreasing funding, and an aging user population.
An experimental study on the effects of a computational design tool on concept generation

We have developed a computational design tool to help designers create conceptual solutions to detailed functional specifications. The computational method extracts design knowledge from an expanding online design library in the form of procedural rules, and provides these rules as the building blocks for solving new problems. In this paper, we study how this automated approach would benefit designers during concept generation. Accordingly, we test the effects of using our computational tool as an aid for concept generation in an experiment mimicking real design scenarios. Three metrics (completeness, novelty and variety) are used to evaluate the solutions generated to two separate design problems in order to determine how effective the computational method outputs are in improving conceptual design generation.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of cryopreserved human monocytes

Human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) modulate and participate in a variety of host defences. Cryopreservation of PBM has facilitated studies of their function. Peripheral blood samples cleared of red cells and granulocytes by centrifugation over Ficoll-Hypaque were cryopreserved at 1 degree C/min in 10% Me2SO and stored at -150 degrees C. Cryopreserved cells were thawed rapidly, diluted at a constant rate over 10 min with 9 vol of media, and washed twice prior to study. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against anti-D-coated Rh-positive erythrocytes of both fresh and cryopreserved PBM was tested and found to be equal (52.5 vs 51%). The myeloperoxidase positive, EA-rosette-positive population in cryopreserved cells was 39% compared with 17% for fresh cells (P less than 0.0001). This difference is due to preferential recovery of cryopreserved monocytes among mononuclear cells. The proportion of cells expressing Fc receptors among the myeloperoxidase-positive mononuclear cell population increased after freezing, suggesting an alteration in membrane structure induced by cryopreservation. It is concluded that PBM can be cryopreserved in Me2SO and that ADCC function is fully retained in the cryopreserved cells. This study along with a previous study (R.S. Weiner and S.J. Norman, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66, 255-260, 1981) demonstrate the feasibility of using cryopreserved human PBM for functional studies.
Phylogenetic Relationships among Damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) as Determined by Mitochondrial DNA Data

Abstract The phylogenetic relationships of the family Pomacentridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) were explored using mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial transfer RNA Phe, 12S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA, and 16S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA genes (1510 base pairs) for 23 species in 14 genera of pomacentrids. Outgroups were drawn from the other three putative families of the suborder Labroidei. Total evidence analyses using both weighted and unweighted parsimony criteria were performed. A weighting scheme was employed to account for site saturation. The results find a monophyletic Pomacentridae and subfamily Amphiprioninae. Premnas is recovered within Amphiprion, thereby rendering Amphiprion paraphyletic. The Chrominae is not monophyletic, because one putative member (Mecaenichthys) appears in a more basal position in the tree. These results do not support a monophyletic Pomacentrinae but rather suggest that it is a polyphyletic assemblage. The genus Pomacentrus appears to be the sister group...
Preparation of mesoporous spherulites in surfactant solutions

A new mesoporous structure, silicate spherulite, has been produced in dilute surfactant and silicate solutions. The spherulites were formed from radially arranged rod-like micelles. The surfactant molecules in the rod-like micelles can be removed by heat treatment to leave a unique mesoporous material with radially arranged channels for easy access. Although the spherulite morphology has been observed in the nucleation and growth of polymeric crystals for a long time, it has not been reported in surfactant solutions. Similar to the polymeric materials, the surfactant spherulites are most likely the fingerprints of the early nucleation process in the preparation of ordered mesophase silicates.
Optimal batch selection for active learning in multi-label classification

Multi-label classification is a generalization of conventional classification, where it is possible for a single data point to have multiple labels. Manual annotation of a multi-label data point requires a human oracle to consider the presence/absence of every possible class separately, which involves significant labor. Active learning techniques are effective in reducing human labeling effort to induce a classification model. When exposed to large quantities of unlabeled data, such algorithms automatically select the salient and representative instances for manual annotation. Further, to address the high redundancy in data such as image or video sequences as well as the availability of multiple labeling agents, there have been recent attempts towards a batch mode form of active learning, where a batch of data points is selected simultaneously from an unlabeled set. In this work, we propose a novel optimization based batch mode active learning strategy to minimize human labeling effort in multi-label classification problems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to develop such a scheme primarily intended for the multi-label context. The proposed framework is computationally simple, easy to implement and can be suitably modified to perform batch mode active learning in other formulations, such as single-label classification or problems involving hierarchical label spaces. Our results corroborate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm and certify the potential of the framework in being used for real world applications.
Cognitive-behavioral family therapy for anxiety-disordered children: A multiple-baseline evaluation

Six children (aged 9 to 13) diagnosed with a childhood anxiety disorder were treated with an 18-session, family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy that was evaluated using assessments from multiple sources and a multiple-baseline (2, 4, and 6 weeks) across-cases design. Diagnoses, parent and teacher reports, and child self-reports assessed outcome. Changes in diagnostic status, standardized parent- and teacher-report measures, and parent and child reports on specific measures of coping indicated meaningful treatment-related gains. Gains were considered clinically significant and were, in general, maintained at 4-month follow-up. Although measured features of the family were of limited use, the results suggested the utility of a family-based treatment for childhood anxiety disorders.
Exploring psychopathology in early childhood: PTSD and attachment disorders in DC: 0–3 and DSM-IV

Standard nosologies of psychiatric disorders have made preliminary efforts to accommodate developmental differences in symptom manifestation by young children. Significant gaps remain in the validation of disorders for this age group. The DC: 0–3 represents an alternative nosology for disorders of infancy that attempts to complement existing approaches and assist clinicians and researchers. In this commentary we review research on two disorders of early childhood—Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)—to illustrate the promises and problems of the DSM-IV and DC: 0–3 approach to definition and conceptualization of these disorders. In addition we review what is known about RAD and PTSD with regard to key areas of controversy in early childhood psychopathology: (1) continuous versus categorical conceptualization, (2) developmental considerations, and (3) the relationship context. Recommendations are made for future editions of the DSM-IV and DC: 0–3, as well as for validity research in early childhood disorders. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
EUS for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a single-center, 11-year experience

Background Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNTs) are rare tumors with malignant potential. EUS and EUS-guided FNA (EUS-FNA) have been shown to be superior to other imaging methods in the preoperative localization and diagnosis of PNTs. Objectives To evaluate the clinical presentation, EUS morphology, and sensitivity of EUS-FNA cytology in a large consecutive cohort with histologically and/or cytologically confirmed PNTs. Design Retrospective study of all consecutive patients from July 1995 to November 2006 who underwent EUS for a known or suspected PNT and had a subsequently histologically confirmed PNT. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients Ninety-two patients with suspected PNT. Interventions EUS evaluation with or without EUS-FNA of PNTs. Main Outcome Measurements Clinical and EUS features of PNTs and sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of PNTs. Results Ninety-two patients underwent EUS; 76 patients had confirmed histopathology, of whom 69 (91%) were symptomatic. Patients with functional PNTs presented with diarrhea, peptic ulcer disease, and hypoglycemia. Tumor locations and echogenic features were similar except that nonfunctional PNTs tended to be larger and have cystic features. Patients with malignant PNTs were older ( P = .03), presented with abdominal pain, and had larger tumors ( P = .0006) with irregular margins. Eighty-nine percent of patients underwent EUS-FNA. Sensitivity of EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of a PNT was 87%. Sensitivity of EUS-FNA was similar in functional and nonfunctional PNTs. The sensitivity of EUS-FNA was higher for malignant PNTs ( P = .008). Limitations Retrospective single tertiary center. Conclusions EUS and EUS-FNA are sensitive tools, especially in cases of suspected symptomatic PNTs in which other imaging modalities have failed.
Flooding and structural forensic analysis of the sinking of the RMS Titanic

To mark the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic, a new detailed flooding and structural engineering study was commissioned by James Cameron and his Blue Planet Marine Research Institute. The goal of the study was to accurately model, simulate and evaluate the progressive flooding, sinking and structural failure of the Titanic following its collision with the iceberg. Detailed computer flooding analysis models were developed, and new novel techniques for dynamic flooding simulation using the commercial software GHS™ were developed and implemented. The results of these detailed flooding simulations were used in conjunction with detailed structural finite-element models developed using the commercial ship structural design and analysis software MAESTRO™ for conducting detailed stress and hull failure analyses. This paper provides technical documentation of the development of the detailed computer models, including sources of information, assumptions, conventions and methods. The paper also provid...
Genetic Risk Factors for Portopulmonary Hypertension in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease

Rationale: Portopulmonary hypertension (PPHTN) occurs in 6% of liver transplant candidates. The pathogenesis of this complication of portal hypertension is poorly understood.Objectives: To identify genetic risk factors for PPHTN in patients with advanced liver disease.Methods: We performed a multicenter case-control study of patients with portal hypertension. Cases had a mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mm Hg, pulmonary vascular resistance >240 dynes·s−1·cm−5, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≤15 mm Hg. Controls had a right ventricular systolic pressure < 40 mm Hg (if estimated) and normal right-sided cardiac morphology by transthoracic echocardiography. We genotyped 1,079 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 93 candidate genes in each patient.Measurements and Main Results: The study sample included 31 cases and 104 controls. Twenty-nine SNPs in 15 candidate genes were associated with the risk of PPHTN (P < 0.05). Multiple SNPs in the genes coding for estrogen receptor 1, aromatase, ph...
Correlation between successive values of Anderson's classification statistic in the hold-out method

Abstract Lachenbruch suggested the use of the hold-out method for assessing the chance of misclassification when a new observation is to be classified into one of two normal populations, using Anderson's classification statistic. The successive values of the Anderson statistic, for this method, are then correlated. This correlation in large samples is derived in this paper and its effect on the confidence interval for the true chance of misclassification is investigated.
Challenges for the New Millennium

Abstract For almost a quarter of a century now, a specialized group of nutritionists and information scientists, mostly from the U.S.A., have gathered each year to consider advances, changes, and imminent challenges related to constructing, maintaining, and using nutrient databanks. These databases of foods, dietary components, and nutri- ents are often little-known by the research and regulatory communities whose science and statutes so often are ultimately based on their integrity and accuracy. The 24th of these National Nutrient Databank Conferences was convened in an extended format from July 27 to 29, 2000 in St. Paul, MN, and hosted by the Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC), located in the Division of Epidemiology in the School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota. The title for the conference was Challenges for the New Millennium. The scientific expansion of "new'' nutrients and foods recognized as related to human health is ever growing. Similarly, the information age has brought increasingly sophisticated computer technology to matters of food policy, trade, and regulation, all with expanding demands for the quantity, quality, and accessibility of information. The intent of this conference was to examine the most up-to-date information available, and to look forward to trends that will shape the directions for those who construct, maintain, and use food and nutrient databases. The wide range of topics and their timeliness made it attractive to share the scientific content of the 24th Conference with a broader audience. Working with the Editors of the Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, we are pleased that a large portion of the presentations could be included in the Journal. The readership of the Journal who could not be on the banks of the Mississippi river in St. Paul those lovely summer days can now benefit from much of what was said. Many people contributed to the success of the 24th Conference, and special thanks are extended to the commercial donors who provided financial support, the program committee, and the local arrangements committee. Dr Burlingame and her staff were most helpful in bringing to fruition a collection that departs from the usual editorial flow. The editorial office ensured that the papers were peer reviewed, and they greatly facilitated the whole process.