cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purification and properties of mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase of Escherichia coli

Abstract The enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of mercaptopyruvate to pyruvate and elemental sulfur has been isolated from Escherichia coli as a single entity. Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (β-mercaptopyruvate:cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.2) was indicated to be homogeneous from ultracentrifuge data and from elution patterns of gel filtration. The molecular weight was determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation to be 23 800; the sedimentation coefficient, s ° 20, w , was 2.48. Other constants indicated a typical globular protein. An isoelectric point was found at pH 4.2 by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. The absorption spectrum revealed no prosthetic groups on the enzyme. Zinc was detected in ratio of 1 atom/mole and copper, presumably a contaminant, at approximately 0.5 mole/ mole. The metals were not removed by extensive dialysis against 10 −3 M EDTA. In solutions of low ionic strength, the enzyme dissociated into two active fragments of approximately 12 000 molecular weight. Urea inactivated the enzyme but the effect was reversed by dialysis, dilution, or electrophoresis. The enzyme was stabilized in 0.8 M KCl. Kinetic studies indicated mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase was inhibited by the accumulation of persulfide sulfur unless an acceptor was present in the system. Apparently the transfer of persulfide sulfur from the enzyme to acceptors is not enzyme catalyzed. The optimum pH for the formation of persulfide sulfur, pH 9.3–9.6, was raised somewhat by the presence of cyanide. The enzyme was inhibited by the other product of the reaction, pyruvate. Pyruvate reacted with the substrate also. There was no indication of a function of associated metals, zinc or copper, in the mechanism of catalysis.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of the methyl radical

Abstract The first resonance Raman spectrum of the methyl radical is reported. The frequency of the symmetric stretch, ν 1 , is found to be in good agreement with previous experimental results. The overtone 2ν 1 is observed and the anharmonic constant for the symmetric stretch, X 11 , is determined. The overtone of the out of plane symmetric bend 2ν 2 is observed and confirms the negative anharmonicity for this potential obtained by Yamada et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 75 (1981) 5256].
An instrumental cigarette smoke monitor designed for the direct measurement of smoke particulate matter generated in human smoking studies

An instrumental cigarette smoke monitor (CSM) system designed for human smoking studies has been developed and validated using a smoking machine as a human surrogate. The cigarette holder contains both smoke-mixing and flow-measurement orifices and a smoke-concentration sensor. Smoke flow through the holder and smoke concentration in the holder are determined simultaneously. The two signals are multiplied electronically and the product signal integrated. The integrated response is directly proportional to the amount of particulate matter collected immediately downstream of the holder, regardless of cigarette type or the particular way in which the cigarette is smoked. The CSM is sufficiently sensitive to quantitatively determine the amount of smoke TPM generated from cigarettes in the 1-mg Federal Trade Commission tar-delivery category.
A single pulmonary mechano-sensory unit possesses multiple encoders in rabbits

Morphological studies have shown that axons of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors (SARs) may supply more than one receptor structure. Thus, a single-unit of SARs may contain multiple encoders. We recorded SAR activities and searched for multiple receptive fields (MRFs) by probing the lung in anesthetized, open-chest and mechanically ventilated rabbits. One-third of SARs had clear MRFs. Selectively blocking fields with lidocaine, we found that each has its own encoder and discharge characteristics. Unit activity of SARs results from encoder interactions and undergoes significant integration before reaching the central nervous system.
Thickness-dependent carrier density at the surface of SrTiO 3 (111) slabs

We investigate the surface electronic structure and thermodynamic stability of the ${\text{SrTiO}}_{3}$ (111) slabs using density functional theory. We observe that, for Ti-terminated slabs it is indeed possible to create a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). However, the carrier density of the 2DEG displays a strong thickness dependence due to the competition between electronic reconstruction and polar distortions. As expected, having a surface oxygen atom at the Ti termination can stabilize the system, eliminating any electronic reconstruction, thereby making the system insulating. An analysis of the surface thermodynamic stability suggests that the Ti terminated (111) surface should be experimentally realizable. This surface may be useful for exploring the behavior of electrons in oxide (111) interfaces and may have implications for modern device applications.
A Comparison of Case-Based Reasoning and Regression Analysis Approaches for Cost Uncertainty Modeling

This paper presents cost uncertainty modeling for a concept selection using case-based reasoning (CBR) and compares this method with the regression analysis approach. During the product development stage, a number of decisions must be made under uncertainty, including selection of an ideal product concept. The cost of a concept, i.e., the cost of the final product developed from a concept, is a key factor influencing the choice of an ideal concept. The CBR approach creates a knowledge base (or database) containing past cases, defines a new case, retrieves cases similar to the new case, and adapts the solution of the retrieved cases to the new case. This paper illustrates the proposed approach using automobiles as an example.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Space-time focusing of femtosecond pulses in a Ti:sapphire laser

We present what is to our knowledge the first three-dimensional model of a femtosecond pulse propagating in a Ti:sapphire laser crystal, which includes dispersion, self-focusing, and finite response time of the medium and does not assume the slowly varying envelope approximation. The combined action of material dispersion and phase modulation leads to a dramatic space-time focusing on the pulse. Dispersion prevents catastrophic selffocusing and self-steepening of the pulse, even though the peak power of the pulse is much greater than the critical power for self-focusing filamentation. Extrapolation of these results to shorter-pulse durations shows that this space-time focusing mechanism can operate even for pulses with durations close to the response time of the Kerr nonlinearity.
Changes in carbon and nitrogen content during decomposition of three macrophytes in freshwater and marine environments

Three species of aquatic plants were analyzed for their ash, organic carbon and nitrogen content both fresh and after decomposition using the mesh bag method Chara contraria A. Br. ex Kutz in a small freshwater pond and Lemna minor L. in a shallow swamp were examined over a 70 day period of in situ decomposition. Fucus vesiculosus L. was examined over a 63 day period of decomposition in a rocky shore and a salt marsh environment.
Effects of Live-Well Conditions on Mortality and Largemouth Bass Virus Prevalence in Largemouth Bass Caught during Summer Tournaments

Abstract We evaluated the effect of improved live-well conditions and the interaction of tournament stress and largemouth bass virus (LMBV) on tournament-associated mortality of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides caught during 12 summer tournaments. Improvements in live-well conditions (reduction in water temperature by 2–5°C; addition of NaCl; continuous aeration) significantly reduced initial mortality of largemouth bass from 7% to 3% (F 1,11 = 10.29, P < 0.01). However, postrelease mortality of fish held for 5 d in net-pens or raceways was not reduced by the improved live-well conditions and averaged 76% for all tournament fish (F 1,11 = 0.09, P = 0.77). The percentage of angler-caught fish infected with LMBV at the end of tournaments (14%) was significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the percentage infected in the general population (7%). The percentage of LMBV-infected fish increased during the post-tournament retention period to 64% for fish from live wells with improved conditions and 70% for fish f...
Estimating correlations between rheological and engineering properties of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm mix asphalt additive

In recent years, warm mix asphalt (WMA) is widely used for reducing energy requirements and emissions in hot mix asphalt (HMA) industry. In addition, the use of rubberized asphalt in the past has proven to be economical, environmentally sound and effective in improving the performance of pavements across the US and the world. The objective of this research was to investigate the mixture performance characteristics of rubberized warm asphalt mixtures, and their correlation with binder properties, through a series of laboratory tests (e.g., viscosity, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR)) conducted on the binders, and obtaining the indirect tensile strength, rutting resistance, and resilient modulus of various mixtures. The results of the experiments indicated that the use of crumb rubber and WMA additive in HMA can effectively improve the engineering properties of these mixes at lower mixing and compacting temperatures and some statistical correlations between rheological and/or engineering properties were developed successfully.
A Longitudinal Study of Assessing APA Writing Competence at a BSW Program.

Presented is a longitudinal study evaluating a Bachelor of Social Work writing program. The independent variable is a BSW curriculum in which social work courses include American Psychological Asso...
RELATIONSHIP AMONG IQ, TIME NEEDED FOR LEARNING, AND RETENTION IN CHILDREN REFERRED FOR BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS

Peabody, Slosson, and WISC-R IQs were compared for 156 fourth- and fifth-grade boys, who were assigned to one of four groups based on behavior problems consistently exhibited in the classroom. On the average, Peabody and Slosson scores overestimated WISC-R Full Scale IQs by 10 points. Test performance was also correlated with a measure of time to learn, i.e., the number of trials needed to learn a unit of school-related material to 100% accuracy, and a measure of retention of the learned material. WISC-R IQs were generally more strongly related to time to learn than either Peabody or Slosson scores. The intercorrelations among these measures did not vary appreciably as a function of the children's primary behavioral characteristic.
Analysis of transition shape and adjacent track aging for 1 Tb/in/sup 2/ write head designs

This paper analyzes the write field profiles for perpendicular head designs that have been proposed for reaching 1 Tb/in/sup 2/. Designs considered include side shielded poles and high anisotropy poles. A vector Stoner-Wohlfarth writing criteria is used to find the maximum medium anisotropy each head can write on, subject to the constraints that transition curvature and transition jitter do not exceed the bit cell length. Vector fields are also used to assess thermal switching on adjacent tracks. For optimal writing consistent with these assumptions, the number of grains under the read head is 5 for the shielded design (H/sub k/=1380 kA/m) with a 20 nm thick medium and a stability coefficient of 40, and is 3.6-4 (H/sub k/=930 kA/m) for the high anisotropy designs. The improved downtrack gradient of the shielded design accounts for much of this difference, and suggests that a downtrack shield may improve the high anisotropy design. In all cases, transition curvature suggests the read head width will be limited to around 30% of the track pitch, which is substantially less than current values.
SPERM BUNDLE-FEMALE SOMATIC CELL INTERACTION IN THE FERTILIZATION PROCESS OF VOLVOX CARTERI F. WEISMANNIA(CHLOROPHYTA)1

We studied the fertilization reaction in Volvox carter f. weismannia (Powers) Iyengar. Tests for a sperm bundle chemoattractant produced by female spheroids were negative. The flagella of the female spheroid were identified as the site of sperm bundle binding. Treatment of female spheroids with trypsin or protease blocked sperm bundle binding, suggesting surface proteins are involved. Sperm bundle binding is not affected by female spheroid age up to 64 h after inversion of the female spheroid. Soybean trypsin inhibitor prevents fertilization pore formation. This suggests that a trypsin-like enzyme, released by the dissociating sperm bundle, is responsible for fertilization pore formation.
On the Creation & Discovery of Topics in Distributed Publish/Subscribe Systems

Publish/subscribe infrastructures have in the recent years gained significant traction with several specifications such as the Java Message Service, WS-Eventing and WS-Notification trying to capture the essence of publish/subscribe systems and enabling the development of interoperable systems. In this paper we present a scheme for the discovery of topics in distributed publish/subscribe systems. The scheme outlined in this paper addresses security related issues such as authorization and provenance in the discovery of the aforementioned topics. We have also included results from our implementation of this scheme to demonstrate the feasibility of this mechanism. The work that we describe here can be used in systems based on JMS, WS-Eventing or WS-Notification.
The Relationship Between Work–Family Conflict, Correctional Officer Job Stress, and Job Satisfaction

Balancing demands between work and family domains can strain even the most resourceful employee. When the tipping point of conflict between the two is reached, a negative impact on employee well-be...
Exploiting temporal uncertainty in parallel and distributed simulations

Parallel discrete event simulation algorithms are usually based on time stamp ordering of events. Distributed virtual environment (DVE) applications such as DIS typically use unordered event delivery. A partial order called approximate time (AT) is proposed to order events in both domains, facilitating reuse of simulations across DVE and analysis applications. A variation on AT-order called approximate time causal (ATC) order is also described. Synchronisation algorithms to realize these orderings are presented as well as performance measurements on a workstation cluster. A long-term goal of this work is to use AT and ATC order to exploit temporal uncertainty in the model to achieve efficient conservative parallel simulation despite little or no lookahead, a long-standing problem in the field.
Lipopolysaccharide/Lipid A Receptors on Lymphocytes and Macrophages

Significant advances have been realized during the past five years in the understanding of the mechanism(s) by which endotoxic LPS interactions with mammalian lymphoreticular cells leads to characteristic cellular responses. There is now strong experimental evidence to support the concept that specific receptors for the lipid A component of LPS do, in fact, exist and are functional on these cells. While the available data do not rule out a potential contribution of nonspecific hydrophobic interactions of lipid A with the membrane bilayer in the cellular activation process, it would appear that interaction with the LPS receptor alone is sufficient to initiate triggering. Whether there exist more than one molecular entity which might function on mammalian cell membranes as a specific receptor for LPS, or whether different cell types may manifest different LPS receptors remains as an interesting area for future research. Further, the concept that molecular complexes of LPS with mammalian host proteins, such as the acute phase LPS binding protein, might trigger additional novel pathways for cell activation is both exciting and of potential importance. The precise mechanism or mechanisms by which LPS-receptor ligand interactions translate into appropriate transmembrane signalling events is currently uncertain. Clearly there exists evidence for contribution of many of the traditional second signals, although at present, the data are incomplete and not always consistent between laboratories. Of potential concern in this respect are the sometimes rather striking differences noted between lipid A and intact polysaccharide containing S-LPS. While such differences may be significant and important, it should be remembered that S-LPS itself is a potent stimulus for many lymphoreticular cell subpopulations, and any postulated pathways must encompass S-LPS as well as lipid A. In any case, it is likely that the further molecular-biochemical characterization of LPS receptors will yield crucial information for the eventual elucidation of the precise pathways for LPS transmembrane signalling. Such information will be invaluable in the future harnessing of the immunostimulatory potential of LPS as well as the abrogation of its profound deleterious pathophysiological effects in endotoxin shock.
Raz double-prong ligature carrier for transvaginal bladder and bladder neck needle suspension

We have developed a two-phase double-prong ligature needle carrier, a modification of the Pereyra needle, that has proved its efficacy in more than 300 cases of bladder and bladder neck suspension
The Anatomy of the Deep Infrapatellar Bursa of the Knee

Disorders of the deep infrapatellar bursa are important to include in the differential diagnosis of anterior knee pain. Knowledge regarding its anatomic location can aid the clinician in establishing a proper diagnosis. Fifty cadaveric knees were dissected, and the deep infrapatellar bursa had a consistent anatomic location in all specimens. The deep infrapatellar bursa was located directly posterior to the distal 38% of the patellar tendon, just proximal to its insertion on the tibial tubercle. There was no communication to the knee joint. Its average width at the most proximal margin of the tibial tubercle was slightly wider than the average distal width of the patellar tendon. It was found to be partially compartmentalized, with a fat pad apron extending down from the retropatellar fat pad to partially divide it into anterior and posterior compartments. The recommended approach to this bursa, either for aspiration, injection, or surgery, is along the lateral edge of the patellar tendon just proximal to the tibial tubercle.
Principal warps: thin-plate splines and the decomposition of deformations

The decomposition of deformations by principal warps is demonstrated. The method is extended to deal with curving edges between landmarks. This formulation is related to other applications of splines current in computer vision. How they might aid in the extraction of features for analysis, comparison, and diagnosis of biological and medical images in indicated. >
Fusion of state estimates over long-haul sensor networks under random delay and loss

Long-haul sensor networks are deployed in a wide range of applications from national security to environmental monitoring. We consider target tracking over a long-haul sensor network, wherein state and covariance estimates are sent from sensors to a fusion center that generates a fused state. Fusion serves as a viable means to improve the estimation performance to meet the system requirement on accuracy and delay. Communications over the long-haul links, such as submarine fibers and satellite links, is subject to long latencies and high loss rates that lead to many lost or out-of-order messages and may significantly degrade the fusion performance. We propose an online selective fuser to combine the received state estimates based on estimated information contribution from the pending data. By concurrently using prediction and retrodiction, the fuser opportunistically makes timely decisions to achieve a balance between accuracy and timeliness of the fused estimate. Simulation results show that our method effectively maintains high levels of fusion performance under various communication delay and loss conditions.
CHLOROPHYLL-SPECIFIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND QUANTUM EFFICIENCY AT SUBSATURATING LIGHT INTENSITIES12

Light-limited rates of photosynthesis normalized for chlorophyll a, (..cap alpha..), and actual photon absorption (quantum efficiency, (phi), were determined for six eponentially growing algal species grown under identifical conditions. The same parameters, ..cap alpha.. and phi, were also monitored for a single diatom species, Thalassiosira pseudonana Hasle and Heimdal, through its growth cycle in batch culture. Statistical differences in ..cap alpha.. could be demonstrated among the six different exponentially growing species while no differences could be shown for phi. Statistical differences among the six species were minimized when photosynthetic rates were normalized for in vivo fluorescence rather than extracted chlorophyll a. Both ..cap alpha.. and phi were constant while T. pseudonana was in the exponential phase of growth, but both declined as the culture entered stationary phase. While cells were in exponential growth, differences in ..cap alpha.. were attributed to varying rates of in vivo light absorption per chlorophyll a, thus providing experimental evidence that the in vivo chlorophyll a extinction coefficient, k/sup c/ (m/sup 2/.mg Chl a/sup -1/), cannot be assumed constant.
Time-Resolved Contrast-Enhanced Carotid MR Angiography Using Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE)

We describe a time-resolved, contrast-enhanced carotid MR angiographic technique using a 3D gradient-echo sequence in combination with a sensitivity-encoding scheme. We delineate the steps involved in generating the dynamic MR angiographic images, discuss issues related to image quality, and outline differences between this technique and recently reported similar methods that implement multiple parallel receivers to reduce imaging time.
GVAX: an allogeneic, whole-cell, GM-CSF-secreting cellular immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer

Antitumor vaccines, also known as active immunotherapies, have become an intense focus of research over the last decade as a means to ideally provide new targeted, and less toxic, therapies to patients with a variety of malignancies. Prostate cancer is among the diseases where a large amount of promising data has been accumulating regarding several distinct active immunotherapies. Here the authors review one of the therapies, known as GVAX, which is among the furthest along in clinical evaluation. The authors review the preclinical studies leading to the development of this immunotherapy, describe the results from clinical trials conducted in patients with prostate cancer, and discuss the benefits, limitations and potential future applications of this technology.
Sequential redundancy identification using recursive learning

A sequential redundancy identification procedure is presented. Based on uncontrollability analysis and recursive learning techniques, this procedure identifies c-cycle redundancies in large circuits, without simplifying assumptions or state transition information. The proposed procedure can identify redundant faults which require conflicting assignments on multiple lines. In this sense, it is a generalization of FIRES, a state-of-the-art redundancy identification algorithm. A modification of the proposed procedure is also presented for identifying untestable faults. Experimental results on ISCAS benchmarks demonstrate that these two procedures can efficiently identify a large portion of c-cycle redundant and untestable faults.
ParaSite: mining structural information on the Web

Web information retrieval tools typically make use of only the text on pages, ignoring valuable information implicitly contained in links. At the other extreme, viewing the Web as a traditional hypertext system would also be mistake, because heterogeneity, cross-domain links, and the dynamic nature of the Web mean that many assumptions of typical hypertext systems do not apply. The novelty of the Web leads to new problems in information access, and it is necessary to make use of the new kinds of information available, such as multiple independent categorization, naming, and indexing of pages. This paper discusses the varieties of link information (not just hyperlinks) on the Web, how the Web differs from conventional hypertext, and how the links can be exploited to build useful applications. Specific applications presented as part of the ParaSite system find individuals' homepages, new locations of moved pages, and unindexed information.
Internationalizing the University Mathematics Curriculum

This article offers suggestions for achieving the internationalization of university mathematics-related curricular offerings. It presents learning objectives and related student outcomes, raises g...
Characterization of Ship Traffic in Right Whale Critical Habitat

Collisions with ships are a significant threat to the endangered North Atlantic right whale. To reduce this threat, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) established the Mandatory Ship Reporting System (MSRS) in July 1999. Under this system, all commercial ships, 300 gross tons or greater, are required to report to a shore-based station when entering either of two areas surrounding designated critical habitat: one in waters off the northeastern United States and the other off the southeastern United States. Information reported to the system includes entry location, destination, intended route, and speed. Reporting ships receive an automated message indicating precautionary steps to be taken to avoid hitting whales. Ship tracks between sequential ship locations were estimated by using a geographic information system (GIS) and mapped to illustrate traffic patterns within the MSRS. In the northeast, 69% of all va...
Low dose naltrexone administration in morphine dependent rats attenuates withdrawal-induced norepinephrine efflux in forebrain

The administration of low dose opioid antagonists has been explored as a potential means of detoxification in opiate dependence. Previous results from our laboratory have shown that concurrent administration of low dose naltrexone in the drinking water of rats implanted with subcutaneous morphine pellets attenuates behavioral and biochemical signs of withdrawal in brainstem noradrenergic nuclei. Noradrenergic projections originating from the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the locus coeruleus (LC) have previously been shown to be important neural substrates involved in the somatic expression of opiate withdrawal. The hypothesis that low dose naltrexone treatment attenuates noradrenergic hyperactivity typically associated with opiate withdrawal was examined in the present study by assessing norepinephrine tissue content and norepinephrine efflux using in vivo microdialysis coupled to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ED). The frontal cortex (FC), amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and cerebellum were analyzed for tissue content of norepinephrine following withdrawal in morphine dependent rats. Naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal elicited a significant decrease in tissue content of norepinephrine in the BNST and amygdala. This decrease was significantly attenuated in the BNST of rats that received low dose naltrexone pre-treatment compared to controls. No significant difference was observed in the other brain regions examined. In a separate group of rats, norepinephrine efflux was assessed with in vivo microdialysis in the BNST or the FC of morphine dependent rats or placebo treated rats subjected to naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal that received either naltrexone in their drinking water (5 mg/L) or unadulterated water. Following baseline dialysate collection, withdrawal was precipitated by injection of naltrexone and sample collection continued for an additional 4 h. At the end of the experiment, animals were transcardially perfused and the brains were removed for verification of probe placement. Low dose naltrexone pre-treatment significantly attenuated withdrawal-induced increases of extracellular norepinephrine in the BNST, with a smaller effect in the FC. These findings suggest that alterations in norepinephrine release associated with withdrawal may be attenuated in forebrain targets of noradrenergic brainstem neurons that may underlie reduced behavioral signs of withdrawal following low dose naltrexone administration.
Smarter 'Smart' Sanctions

Economic and financial sanctions, whether aimed at countries such as Iran or North Korea or more amorphous targets like weapons proliferators, narco-traffickers, and global terrorists, are increasingly important tools for governments attempting to address some of the more intractable international issues of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. As documented by the British House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee's Inquiry into the Impact of Targeted Sanctions in 2007, the Swedish Institute of International Law's Report to the Swedish Foreign Office on Legal Safeguards and Targeted Sanctions in 2002, and the congressionally created Judicial Review Commission on Foreign Asset Control's Final Report to Congress in 2001, the governmental blacklisting of particular entities or individuals that lies at the heart of what are now called "smart" or "targeted" sanctions programs is beset with numerous issues that undermine compliance and impacts the perceived legitimacy of these programs. Uncertainty regarding the details of the controls, the obligations they impose, and the manner of their enforcement, is the single greatest impediment to the types of commercially practicable sanctions that would lead to more widespread voluntary compliance. Governments need to do more to design their sanctions programs with commercial practicality in mind, and businesses and others in the regulated community need to work more closely with government to ensure that these programs are workable and capable of achieving their stated objectives.
Explicit dosimetry for 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a-mediated photodynamic therapy: macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling

Type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the photochemical reactions mediated through an interaction between a photosensitizer, ground-state oxygen ([(3)O2]), and light excitation at an appropriate wavelength, which results in production of reactive singlet oxygen ([(1)O2]rx). We use an empirical macroscopic model based on four photochemical parameters for the calculation of [(1)O2]rx threshold concentration ([(1)O2]rx,sh) causing tissue necrosis in tumors after PDT. For this reason, 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-mediated PDT was performed interstitially on mice with radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) tumors. A linear light source at 665 nm with total energy released per unit length of 12 to 100 J/cm and source power per unit length (LS) of 12 to 150 mW/cm was used to induce different radii of necrosis. Then the amount of [(1)O2]rx calculated by the macroscopic model incorporating explicit PDT dosimetry of light fluence distribution, tissue optical properties, and HPPH concentration was correlated to the necrotic radius to obtain the model parameters and [(1)O2]rx,sh. We provide evidence that [(1)O2]rx is a better dosimetric quantity for predicting the treatment outcome than PDT dose, which is proportional to the time integral of the products of the photosensitizer concentration and light fluence rate.
Simple Marker Association Tests

In this chapter we will briefly overview genetic markers and their use in association studies. Then we will discuss step by step how to import data from a small genomic project, check the data for inconsistencies, fit and evaluate different statistical models and interpret the results.
CONTAMINATION OF SOFT TISSUES OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT AS EXEMPLIFIED BY Cs137 AND I131

Fallout iodine131 in children9s thyroid glands has resulted from local fallout associated with nuclear weapons tests and the Windscale reactor accident. Milk is recognized as the principal means of transport into human populations, and very young children are considered to be the critical age group as far as exposure hazards are concerned. Environmental factors influence the deposition of the iodine131 and the subsequent rate of transfer to dairy cattle and into humans. Maximum exposures within the continental United States have generally occurred among Utah children. During the period 1952-1962, some 40,000 to 50,000 children in Utah were estimated to have received doses to the thyroid glands of a few rads of iodine131 on several occasions; and, during 1953 about 700 infants at St. George, Utah, received an estimated dose of 84 rads. This was about five times the maximum dose received by English children immediately following the Windscale accident and about one-tenth the iodine131 dose estimated to have resulted in thyroid nodules in a few Marshallese children several years after exposure. Cesium137 is most important in arctic regions, where whole-body burdens are several orders of magnitude greater than those of temperate North America and Europe. This results from ecologic factors which facilitate the effective transfer of cesium137 through the lichen to caribou (reindeer) to man food web. The distribution of cesium137 body burdens within Alaskan native populations showed important influences of ethnic background and cultural practices of the people. Maximum values were consistently found in those persons who consumed the greatest amounts of caribou flesh and reflected the seasonal cycle of cesium137 concentrations in caribou flesh. Adults had the greatest cesium137 whole-body burdens and concentrations, minors (15-20 years old) contained median amounts and children (less than 15 years old) contained the least. Comparison of male and female cesium137 body burdens at times of the seasonal maximum indicated there was no difference between the sexes until about the age of 20, males then consistently had more cesium137 than females; maximum difference occurred at about the age of 40, and then the difference decreased with advancing age. Whole-body radiation dosage to the Anaktuvuk Pass people from cesium body burdens during 1964, the period of maximum values, were calculated to be about 30% of the amount suggested as a radiation protection guide for that population group.
The Jordan Curve Theorem for Piecewise Smooth Curves

(1969). The Jordan Curve Theorem for Piecewise Smooth Curves. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 605-610.
Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics of Silicon Nanowire Ensembles: The Impact of Geometrical Heterogeneity on Charge Carrier Lifetime

Ultrafast carrier dynamics in silicon nanowires with average diameters of 40, 50, 60, and 100 nm were studied with transient absorption spectroscopy. After 388 nm photoexcitation near the direct band gap of silicon, broadband spectra from 400 to 800 nm were collected between 200 fs and 1.3 ns. The transient spectra exhibited both absorptive and bleach features that evolved on multiple time scales, reflecting contributions from carrier thermalization and recombination as well as transient shifts of the ground-state absorption spectrum. The initially formed “hot” carriers relaxed to the band edge within the first ∼300 fs, followed by recombination over several hundreds of picoseconds. The charge carrier lifetime progressively decreased with decreasing diameter, a result consistent with a surface-mediated recombination process. Recombination dynamics were quantitatively modeled using the diameter distribution measured from each sample, and this analysis yielded a consistent surface recombination velocity of ...
An Elizabethan Lawsuit: John Brayne, his Carpenter, and the Building of the Red Lion Theatre

S IXTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLISH THEATRICAL entrepreneurs were an uncommonly quarrelsome lot; it is the good luck of modern historians that they were. Herbert Berry has pointed out that "[n]early everything we know about Elizabethan and Jacobean playhouses as buildings comes at random from documents about something else" and that, in the case of the Theatre in Shoreditch, the "something else" is basically a record of the "misunderstandings, miscalculations, probably the chicanery" of its builders and investors.' In short, it is a legal record. The endless complaints, witness lists, and court orders involved in the lawsuits surrounding the Theatre need not be detailed here; Berry sets them out as an appendix to his volume, The First London Playhouse, and the list stretches for almost twenty pages.2 But the Theatre is not the only London playhouse whose history is known from the litigation it precipitated. A plea roll for the Court of King's Bench in Hillary Term 11 Elizabeth-so far as I know never printed-outlines the tribulations of John Brayne, later James Burbage's partner at the Theatre, when Brayne was building his Red Lion playhouse in Stepney in 1567. The document is significant both because it sheds light on the Red Lion, heretofore known only from an entry in the rolls of the court of the Carpenters' Company, and
Sparse generalized pencil of function and its application to system identification and structural health monitoring

Singularity expansion method (SEM) is a system identification approach with applications in solving inverse scattering problems, electromagnetic interaction problems, remote sensing, and radars. In this approach, the response of a system is represented in terms of its complex poles; therefore, this method not only extracts the fundamental frequencies of the system from the signal, but also provides sufficient information about system's damping if its transient response is analyzed. There are various techniques in SEM among which the generalized pencil-of-function (GPOF) is the computationally most stable and the least sensitive one to noise. However, SEM methods, including GPOF, suffer from imposition of spurious poles on the expansion of signals due to the lack of apriori information about the number of true poles. In this study we address this problem by proposing sparse generalized pencil-of-function (SGPOF). The proposed method excludes the spurious poles through sparsity-based regularization with l1-norm. This study is backed by numerical examples as well as an application example which employs the proposed technique for structural health monitoring (SHM) and compares the results with other signal processing methods. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
s- AND p-WAVE NEUTRON SPECTROSCOPY. PART III. AREA ANALYSIS OF NEUTRON RESONANCES

Abstract In the commonly used methods of area analysis of neutron resonances observed in transmission experiments the interference between resonance and potential scettering is either neglected or taken into account only approximately. A method of analysis is developed here which takes into account such interference accurately. It is shown that the importance of the interference effect in obtaining Γ or gΓn is determined not only by the size of the potential phase shift, but also by the sample thickness. Results of calculations are presented and it is shown that the errors inherent in the conventional methods of analysis due to the neglect of interference effect can become abnormally large in certain cases. Such cases are usual in the kev region of neutron energy and not uncommon in the ev region. In the kev region of neutron energy certain cases also occur in which the conventional area is close to zero and leads to very inaccurate determination of widths. For such cases a new method of area analysis is proposed. Some applications of the new analysis techniques for analhsis of individual resonances are presented.
Assessment on running of EPI Information Management System in Cangzhou City

[Objective]To assess the running of EPI Information Management System in Cangzhou City,and further improve the EPI information construction.[Methods]A total of 18 county-level CDCs,274 vaccination units and 76 vaccination clinics of maternity hospitals were selected for investigation. The system data reports of 2010-2012 were checked to assess the running status of the system.[Results]The EPI Information Management System in Cangzhou City could meet the maternity hospitals,vaccination units and CDCs' requirements of vaccination services,information management,monitoring and planning,with simple operation and no software installation. Data collection and identification were based on children's unique code with different media of identification. It had achieved the goals of vaccination information sharing and data exchange with the National Immunization Information Management System. It changed the overall service mode of vaccination clinics, and improved the efficiency of vaccination services. [Conclusion]The technology of the system has been developed. And it was certified by Hebei Province in September 2012. System implementation should depend on unified leadership,sufficient investment,strengthened training and technical guidance.
The costs and benefits of enrolling in an academically matched college

Abstract In response to increased efforts to raise college completion rates through improved academic match between students and their colleges, we examine the costs and benefits to students of following such advice as well as the impact on postsecondary institutions. We analyze data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, the College Board, the National Student Clearinghouse, and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to estimate the impact of improved academic match on students’ predicted net price and bachelor's completion probabilities. The results indicate that undermatching low-income students across the distribution of academic ability would experience a substantial boost in bachelor's degree completion probability – 13.5% points, on average – if they attended a college that better matched their academic credentials. Given this average effect and the number of undermatched low-income students who are minimally “treated” under our simulation, we predict that an additional 3500 low-income students per cohort would complete a bachelor's degree. We find that moving all undermatched low-income students into “safety” colleges would not overly burden this set of institutions, which, on average, would only need to increase the size of first-year cohorts by less than 1%. Moreover, such colleges would experience no change in average SAT scores and overall graduation rates. One estimate of the financial impact on colleges is substantial (i.e., on average, $6.5 M–7.5 M annually per cohort per institution that has a simulated net gain in enrollment) if institutions cover full tuition and fees for these additional low-income students.
Norovirus Recognizes Histo-Blood Group Antigens on Gastrointestinal Cells of Clams, Mussels, and Oysters: A Possible Mechanism of Bioaccumulation

Outbreaks of norovirus (NoV) gastroenteritis are often associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalves such as oysters, clams, and mussels. Crassostrea virginica oysters trap the Norwalk virus through the intestinal type A-like histo-blood group antigen (HBGA), a possible mechanism of bioaccumulation responsible for NoV outbreaks. In this study, we tested binding and inhibition of binding in three species of oysters and one species each of clams and mussels with NoVs, representing four HBGA receptor-binding patterns. Our results indicated that all three oyster species expressed type A- and type O-like HBGA in their gastrointestinal tissue. Similar type A-like antigens also were found in mussels and clams, but only some of them express the O-like antigens. Both genogroups I and II recombinant norovirus-like particles (rNoVLPs) bound to gastrointestinal homogenates from oysters, mussels, and clams, and the binding was inhibited by preincubation of the rNoVLP with HBGA-specific monoclonal antibodies or with types A or O HBGA-positive human saliva. Co-localization of rNoVLPs and HBGA on gastrointestinal epithelial cells of oysters, mussels, and clams was also observed by immunofluorescent microscopy. Finally, the binding of rNoVLP to oyster gastrointestinal homogenates was inhibited by incubation with HBGA analogs. This study significantly expands our understanding that multiple HBGAs are expressed in oyster, mussel, and clam gastrointestinal tissues, which could be the major mechanism of bioaccumulation of NoVs by these bivalves. Our results also suggest that this bioaccumulation could be reversed by incubation with HBGA analogs, a possible important new strategy for depuration.
A laser light source for the analytical ultracentrifuge

Abstract A workable laser light source for the ultracentrifuge can be constructed easily and inexpensively with a 3 mW continuous-wave helium-neon laser as a light source for the Rayleigh interferometer of the Beckman model E ultracentrifuge. The construction of a suitable mount is outlined, and an alignment procedure for this mount is given. The design reported here permits a simple and precise alignment. The optical artifacts encountered, which apparently arise from stress birefringence in the windows, can be reduced to an acceptable minimum by taking appropriate precautions. The laser light source, in routine operation, produces results of satisfactory precision and accuracy.
Do predator energy demands or previous exposure influence protection by aposematic coloration of prey

Growing evidence exists that aposematic and toxic prey may be included in a predator’s diet when the predator experiences physiological stress. The tree sparrow Passer montanus is known to have a significant portion of aposematic and toxic ladybirds in its natural diet. Here, we present experiments testing the attack and eating rate of the tree sparrow toward the invasive aposematic harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis . We wondered whether the sparrow’s ability to prey on native ladybirds predisposes them to also prey on harlequin ladybirds. We compared the attack and eating rates of tree sparrows of particular age and/or experience classes to test for any changes during ontogeny (hand-reared × young wild-caught ×adult wild-caught) and with differing perceived levels of physiological stress (summer adult × winter adult). Winter adult tree sparrows commonly attacked and ate the offered ladybirds with no evidence of disgust or metabolic difficulties after ingestion. Naive and wild immature tree sparrows attacked the ladybirds but hesitated to eat them. Adult tree sparrows caught in the summer avoided attacking the ladybirds. These results suggest that tree sparrows are able to cope with chemicals ingested along with the ladybirds. This pre-adaptation enables them to include ladybirds in their diet; though they commonly do this only in times of shortage in insect availability (winter). Young sparrows showed avoidance toward the chemical protection of the ladybirds.
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): Effect on human chromosomes in vivo

Abstract Chromosome analysis was carried out on the blood lymphocytes of 12 individuals who used lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), of one infant born to an LSD user, and of 8 control subjects. No significant increase in chromosome gaps, breakage, or abnormal forms was noted in the study group when compared to the controls.
International lawyers in the aftermath of disasters: inheriting from Radhabinod Pal and Upendra Baxi

In the present lives in the postcolony are beset by relentless disasters, generating great suffering and loss. How should an international lawyer conduct herself in response? Resisting the urge to construct these times as entirely unprecedented, this article attempts a response by drawing out the conduct of two ancestral Third World international lawyers responding to disasters in their own time. It reveals how disasters never simply occur but are actively produced by particular modes of conduct deployed by international lawyers. From their conduct we learn how to attend to the tasks of justice and responsibility in the aftermath of disaster by being responsive to the suffering and by recognising the disastrous effects of our action. We also learn how attending to the tasks of inheritance is vital for this.