cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MicroRNAs in CNS injury: Potential roles and therapeutic implications

Central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and spinal cord injury (SCI), are major causes of death and disability in the adult population [1–3]. Although the etiologies of stroke and traumatic injury are different, they share many common pathological mechanisms. The early phase of stroke and trauma is characterized by disruption of the blood-brain barrier, reduced or altered blood flow, and neuronal and glial damage [4]. Secondary injury evolves from this initial damage over a period of days to weeks and even months, marked by a complex series of events including altered calcium homeostasis, free radical generation, oxidative stress, inflammation, necrosis, apoptosis, and/or axonal injury, culminating in degeneration of cells and synapses [4]. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22 nucleotide RNAs that are a subset of small non-coding RNAs [5]. The main functions of miRNAs are thought to relate to binding to “target” mRNA through partial sequence complementarity and regulating (generally inhibiting) gene expression at the level of mRNA translation. MiRNAs are abundantly expressed in the mammalian CNS, where they control complex processes associated with neuronal differentiation and maturation and are likely to be important mediators of neuronal function [6, 7]. Compared to other CNS pathologies [8, 9], much less is known about the miRNA expression changes seen in CNS injury. However, as we hypothesize below, miRNA changes that relate directly to acute CNS injury may also contribute to more chronic brain diseases.
Mobilization of phenolic antioxidants from defatted soybean powders by Lentinus edodes during solid-state bioprocessing is associated with enhanced production of laccase

Abstract The ability of Lentinus edodes to mobilize phenolic antioxidants from powdered soybean during solid-state bioprocessing was investigated. L. edodes was inoculated into sterilized soybean powder and phenolic antioxidant mobilization was determined. The results show that L. edodes bioprocessing was very effective in mobilizing phenolic antioxidants from soybean powder. Postprocessing, phenolic content had increased 90% to 11.3 mg/g dry weight (wt) in water extract and 232% to 5.8 mg/g dry wt in ethanol extract. Furthermore, phenolic antioxidant mobilization was related to the activity of the carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes α-amylase and β-glucosidase, but not α-glucosidase, and was associated with increased activity of laccase, an enzyme involved in lignin biodegradation. The phenolic antioxidant mobilization and enzyme activities were attributed to remobilization of soybean polymeric phenolics via lignin biodegradation-related activities.
Blastomycosis presenting as monarticular arthritis. The role of synovial fluid cytology

Joint complaints are common among patients with blastomycosis; however, true arthritis is infrequently documented by synovial fluid analysis. Of 72 individuals with blastomycosis who were patients at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine affiliated hospitals during the period 1957-1983, 6 (8%) had arthritis at presentation. In 5 patients (7%), monoarticular arthritis was the chief complaint leading to hospitalization. Cytologic examination of synovial fluid was performed in 4 patients and demonstrated characteristic organisms each time. Three patients had negative 10% potassium hydroxide smears, and 2 had negative synovial fluid cultures. Blastomycosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis. In patients with blastomycotic arthritis, cytologic examination of synovial fluid can add to the diagnostic yield of synovial fluid fungal cultures and potassium hydroxide preparations.
Surviving the dinosaurs: Adaptive energy systems for New Jersey

The conference held at the Woodrow Wil10n School of Princeton University on 5 Feb. 1977 is reviewed.
Enantiomer separation of α-hydroxy acids in high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography

In this study, a monoclonal anti-d-hydroxy acid antibody was immobilized onto a synthetic high-flow-through chromatographic support material to produce a chiral stationary phase suitable for enantiomer separation of free alpha-hydroxy acids. Chiral separation of several aliphatic and aromatic members of this class of compounds was achieved in HPLC under mild isocratic buffer conditions using phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, as mobile phase. Due to the high degree of stereoselectivity exhibited by the immobilized antibody, in all cases the l-enantiomer eluted with the void volume, while the d-enantiomer was retained and eluted second. The effect of the mobile phase parameters flow rate, temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the enantiomer separation of the model analyte mandelic acid was investigated. While it was found that variations in the flow rate did not change the retention factor k2, dramatic effects on the interaction between the immobilized antibody and d-mandelic acid were observed when any of the other mobile phase parameters were modulated.
Variable Regularized Fast Affine Projections

This paper introduces a variable regularization method for the fast affine projection algorithm (VR-FAP). It is inspired by a recently introduced technique for variable regularization of the classical, affine projection algorithm (VR-APA). In both algorithms, the regularization parameter varies as a function of the excitation, measurement noise, and residual error energies. Because of the dependence on the last parameter, VR-APA and VR-FAP demonstrate the desirable property of fast convergence (via a small regularization value) when the convergence is poor and deep convergence/immunity to measurement noise (via a large regularization value) when the convergence is good. While the regularization parameter of APA is explicitly available for on-line modification, FAP's regularization is only set at initialization. To overcome this problem we use noise-injection with the noise-power proportional to the variable regularization parameter. As with their fixed regularization versions, VR-FAP is considerably less complex than VR-APA and simulations verify that they have the very similar convergence properties.
Naturalistic Observation in Assessment of Behavioral Marital Therapy

The purpose of the present study was to gather preliminary naturalistic observations on the effects of behavioral marital therapy. A second purpose was to gather preliminary data on the importance of the sequence of components of a behavioral marital treatment involving communication training and training in negotiation and contracting. Marital satisfaction of seven couples participating in a marital intervention program was assessed with questionnaires and home observations during a baseline period, after a didactic education phase, after training in communication, and after training in negotiation and contracting. Four couples received communication skills training prior to training in negotiation and contracting; three couples received these components in the reverse order. A 1-yr. follow-up of marital satisfaction was also conducted. Significant increases were noted in self-reported marital satisfaction throughout the program although there was no significant relationship between outcome and the seque...
Gravitational Radiation from Neutron Stars

Calculation of gravitational radiation from pulsating and rotating objects according to weak field limit formula of general relativity and applied to neutron star data
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONS FOR PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE

The mechanical and physical properties of pyrolytic graphite are closely related to the structure produced during its deposition. It is shown how various features of the deposited structure can be predicted with some accuracy. These features include the structure of isolated nodules, the influence of various substrate conditions, and the effects of continuous nucleation. The effect of these structures on properties is discussed and the relation of the residual stress state to the deposition conditions is explained.
The effect of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on autogenous flap survival in the rat.

Abstract Tissue transferred to fill cosmetic or functional defects is subject to partial necrosis due to insufficient blood flow. Pharmacologic manipulation may increase blood flow to the transferred tissue and thereby insure its viability. The prostaglandin E 2 analog, 16, 16-dimethyl PGE 2 , because of its theoretical vasodilatory properties, was administered to rats before and after elevation of a random back flap. In all doses of prostaglandin administration, there was a significant increase in the amount of flap surviving at the 1-week period and in all but the lowest dose of prostaglandin at the 2-week period. In addition, there was a significant advantage to pretreating the animals prior to elevation of the flap.
CT evaluation of mediastinal masses

CT is an important modality for imaging mediastinal masses, and certain CT attenuation features (fat, calcium, or water attenuation, contrast enhancement) are well known to suggest specific diagnoses. In a series of 132 consecutive patients with tissue-proven mediastinal masses, these specific CT features were present in only 16. We evaluated the ability of CT to differentiate soft tissue mediastinal masses based on morphology and distribution of disease. Metastatic disease and lymphoma accounted for 69% of masses in this series, and CT could not generally differentiate them. However, CT was helpful in differential diagnosis in certain settings. CT demonstration of multiple mediastinal masses when conventional radiographs showed a single mass generally excluded diagnoses such as thymoma and teratoma. CT demonstration of a single middle mediastinal mass, frequently missed by conventional radiography, made metastatic disease a much more likely diagnosis than lymphoma. Finally, CT demonstration of certain ancillary findings strongly favored a diagnosis of lymphoma (axillary adenopathy) or metastatic disease (solitary pulmonary mass, focal liver lesions, bone lesions).
Convergence of afferents from frontal cortex and substantia nigra onto acetylcholinesterase-rich patches of the cat's superior colliculus.

Abstract The patterns of distribution of frontotectal and nigrotectal fibers were studied with the anterograde horseradish peroxidase method in the cat. Direct serial-section comparisons were made between the afferent-fiber patterns and the compartmentalized arrangements of acetylcholinesterase staining within the intermediate and deep collicular layers. Many of the patches of high acetylcholinesterase activity in the intermediate gray layer proved to be zones in which labeled frontotectal and nigrotectal fibers converged. These acetylcholinesterase-rich patches may thus represent sites at which functional influences from the basal ganglia and frontal cortex are coordinated. In the deeper tiers of the intermediate gray layer and layers ventral to it, there were also zones of heightened and diminished acetylcholinesterase staining. Much of this histochemical patterning was reflected in the arrangement of fibers labeled by large rostromedial frontal injections, but these deeper tiers were not strongly labeled after more lateral frontal injections or after injections placed in the substantia nigra. The deeper parts of the acetylcholinesterase-positive gridwork in the superior colliculus are thus distinct from its upper tier of acetylcholinesterase-positive patches. We conclude that the compartmentalized patterning of dense acetylcholinesterase staining in the intermediate and deep collicular layers represents a mosaic architecture to which collicular afferent circuitry is tightly related. This gridwork may serve to set up functional domains within which different aspects of collicular processing are accommodated.
Thermodynamic manifestations of structure fluctuations in liquids

Fluctuations of pressure and internal energy in a low-temperature liquid, generated by structure fluctuations, are related in a general and straightforward way to the differences between the long- and short-time thermodynamic susceptibilities. The relations are similar to, but not identical with, those between thermodynamic fluctuations and susceptibilities in classical statistical mechanics. The derivation is general and straightforward, and based on the assumption that the local structure is a slow-relaxing mode in low-temperature liquids and may be characterized by an order parameter.
Ultrashort lasers: identifying the "perfect" pulse

Sensitive, real-time chirp and spectral phase diagnostics along with full field reconstruction of femtosecond laser pulses are performed using a single rapid-scan interferometric autocorrelator. Single shot diagnostics are possible when the second-harmonic spectrum is available. A novel graphical representation distinguishes between temporal and spectral phase distortions. Examples are presented that illustrate the sensitivity and fidelity of the scheme even with low signal-to- noise.
Pulmonary “inflammatory myofibroblastic” tumors: a critical examination of the diagnostic category based on quantitative immunohistochemical analysis

The World Health Organization classification applies the term "pulmonary inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor" to a histologically variegate set of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumors. However, often these lesions bear little resemblance to tumors of myofibroblastic origin. To elucidate histogenesis, we examined 18 cases from our institution files. The cases were stained with antibodies to smooth muscle actin (SMA), Factor XIIIa, CD3, CD20, CD68, S-100, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK-1), and human herpevirus-8 (HHV-8). The percentage of positive-staining cells within a defined tumor area (400,000 microm(2)) was determined by light microscopy and morphometric analysis. Ten cases (56%) showed myofibroblastic differentiation, as judged by positive SMA staining of spindle cells. All cases showed substantial numbers of CD68+, Factor XIIIa+, and S-100+ monocytoid cells. Fifty percent were ALK-1+, and one was HHV-8+. We conclude that the term "inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor" is a misnomer, as nearly half of cases show no myofibroblastic differentiation. Instead, the results suggest that these lesions are composed predominantly of cells of macrophage-dendritic cell lineage. Although the multiplicity of terms previously applied to these lesions is cumbersome, retaining a descriptive phenomenological terminology may ultimately promote accurate elucidation of pathogenesis.
The absorption and fluorescence spectra of matrix-isolated CF2

Abstract The CF 2 absorption spectrum between 2700 and 2250 A and its fluorescence spectrum excited by radiation near 2500 A have been observed in matrix isolation experiments. The positions of the absorption bands are somewhat dependent on the environment in which the CF 2 molecule is trapped. The absorption spectrum can be explained in terms of a progression in the upper-state bending fundamental, with a band spacing of 499 cm −1 , and the fluorescence spectrum involves a progression in the ground-state bending fundamental, with a band spacing of 657 cm −1 . A significant deviation between the calculated and observed separation of any given absorption and emission band can be explained by considering the effect of phonon interactions. Arguments are presented suggesting that the band origin lies near 36 900 cm −1 for CF 2 produced by the photolysis of CF 2 N 2 in an argon matrix.
Influence of diverse gene 43 DNA polymerases on the incorporation and replication in vivo of 2-aminopurine at A · T base-pairs in bacteriophage T4

The relative rates at which A · T → AP · T† base-pairs are formed in DNA during 2-aminopurine mutagenesis, and the relative rates at which AP · T → AP · C base-pairs are formed during the in vivo replication of templates containing 2-aminopurine, were measured for a mutator, a wild type, and two antimutator bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerases. These measurements did not require quantitation of the 2-aminopurine in the T4 DNA. The mutator polymerase had no discernible effect upon the rate of A · T → AP · T, but increased the rate of AP · T → AP · C twofold over that of the wild-type enzyme. The two antimutator polymerases decreased the rate of formation of both AP · T and AP · C base-pairs compared to the wild-type enzyme. The relative antimutator effect is asymmetrically divided between the two mutation steps producing a very large decrease in the AP · T → AP · C step but a much smaller decrease in the A · T → AP · T step. This and additional observations suggest that the fidelity-enhancing components of T4 DNA polymerases distinguish between 2-aminopurine in template DNA and 2-aminopurine at the primer terminus.
The combined influence of affective, continuance and normative commitment on employee withdrawal

Abstract In a sample of 288 hospital nurses, commitment profiles were compared to turnover intentions, job search behavior, work withdrawal (absenteeism and lateness) and job stress. Five empirically-derived commitment profiles emerged: highly committed, affective–normative dominant, continuance–normative dominant, continuance dominant, and uncommitted. Results indicated that the most positive work outcomes were associated with the affective–normative dominant profile which included lower turnover intentions and lower levels of psychological stress. There were no differences among the commitment groups for lateness, and unexpectedly, the continuance–normative dominant group had the lowest levels of absenteeism. It was suggested that future research focus on the combined influence of commitment on work outcomes.
Estimation of optical flow in airborne electro-optical sensors by stochastic approximation

The essence of motion or range estimation by passive electrooptical means is the ability to determine the correspondence of picture elements in pairs of image frames and to estimate their coordinates and their disparity (relative shifts) in the image plane of an electrooptical imaging sensor. The disparity can be in successive frames due to self-motion or in simultaneous frames of a stereo pair. A key issue is to provide these estimates on-line. This paper describes the theoretical background of such an interframe shift estimator. It is based on a stochastic gradient algorithm, specifically implementing a form of stochastic approximation, which can achieve rapid convergence of the shift estimate. Analytical and numerical simulation examples for random texture and isolated features validate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the estimator.
Predicting language production in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: the role of comprehension.

Predictors of language production skills in 12-minute narratives are investigated cross-sectionally in 48 children and adolescents with Down syndrome (trisomy 21), aged 5 to 20 years, in comparison...
Near to far field transformation for underwater ELF simulation

Anti-ship mines can be detonated by the electromagnetic signature of a surface ship [1]. Electromagnetic (EM) simulation is being developed to assess the propagation of these signals using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [2-5]. A previous paper has described this and demonstrated the accuracy [6]. A near-field to far-field transformation is being utilized to extend the reach of an FDTD simulation without using extraordinary computer resources.
Beyond compare? Women's movements in comparative perspective

This article reviews a selected range of comparativepolitical research on women's movements, a subfield ofpolitical science whose recent proliferation nowpositions it at the leading edge of women and politicsscholarship. Recognizing that ``women'' as a categoryof research is of necessity heterogeneous and informedby differences of race, class, ethnicity, nationality,generation, and religion, the article argues that thiscomplex intersectionality need not mean that women'smovements are beyond the scope of comparativepolitical research. Rather, as the research focus ofwomen and politics scholars has become increasinglycarefully specified, general patterns are evident inthe research that should serve to advance thecomparative study of women's movements and comparativepolitical research more generally. The articlefocuses on definitional challenges and the limitationsof conflating ``women's movements'', ``feministmovements'', and ``women in social movements'', anddiscusses four major research arenas within whichcross-national commonalities among women's movementsare evidenced. These include the relationship betweenwomen's movements and political parties; ``doublemilitancy'' as a potentially distinctive collectiveidentity problem for women's movement activists; theextent to which political opportunities for women'smovements are (or can be) gendered; and therelationship between women's movements and the state.The article concludes with suggestions for futureresearch in the subfields of comparative women'smovements and comparative politics.
PROFcon: novel prediction of long-range contacts

Motivation: Despite the continuing advance in the experimental determination of protein structures, the gap between the number of known protein sequences and structures continues to increase. Prediction methods can bridge this sequence--structure gap only partially. Better predictions of non-local contacts between residues could improve comparative modeling, fold recognition and could assist in the experimental structure determination. Results: Here, we introduced PROFcon, a novel contact prediction method that combines information from alignments, from predictions of secondary structure and solvent accessibility, from the region between two residues and from the average properties of the entire protein. In contrast to some other methods, PROFcon predicted short and long proteins at similar levels of accuracy. As expected, PROFcon was clearly less accurate when tested on sparse evolutionary profiles, that is, on families with few homologs. Prediction accuracy was highest for proteins belonging to the SCOP alpha/beta class. PROFcon compared favorably with state-of-the-art prediction methods at the CASP6 meeting. While the performance may still be perceived as low, our method clearly pushed the mark higher. Furthermore, predictions are already accurate enough to seed predictions of global features of protein structure. Availability: http://www.predictprotein.org/submit_profcon.html Contact: punta@cubic.bioc.columbia.edu Supplementary information: http://www.rostlab.org/results/2005/profcon
A Psychosocial Comparison of New Orleans and Houston Crack Smokers in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina

The purpose of this study was to compare psychological distress in a sample of African American crack cocaine users who relocated to Houston from New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina to African American drug users resident in Houston. Fifty-four African Americans from New Orleans were compared to a sample of 162 people in Houston. Data were collected between June 2002 and December 2005. There were no significant differences between the two groups on either depression or anxiety, but the New Orleans sample scored higher on the self-esteem scale and scored slightly lower on the risk-taking scale.
Wavelet-Based Embedded Image Coding Using Dynamic Index Reordering Vector Quantization

We propose an improved wavelet-based embedded image coding scheme using dynamic index reordering vector quantization. The successive approximation process in embedded image coding is defined as a temporal process, and dynamic index reordering vector quantization is applied to the temporal domain. In this method, the redundancy in consecutive angle or pattern transition is exploited. An efficient encoding and decoding algorithm is also presented to alleviate the computational complexity of dynamic index reordering vector quantization.
Characterization of rodlike DNA fragments

Native calf thymus DNA was sheared by sonication in a viscous solvent to the molecular-weight range from 3 × 104 to 3 × 105 daltons, and fractionated by gel chromatography. Number and weight average molecular weights (Mn and Mw) were determined for individual fractions by electron microscopy; the ratio Mw/Mn for the peak fraction is approximately 1.1. Sedimentation coefficients (s020,w) of these fractionated samples show an approximately linear dependence on the logarithm of the molecular weight Mw. This behavior is that expected for rodlike molecules, and is in quantitative agreement with the theory of Yamakawa and Fujii [(1973) Macromolecules6, 407–415] for the sedimentation coefficient of a wormlike chain with a persistence length of 625 A, a diameter of 25 A, and a mass per unit length of 195 daltons/A. It appears that the wormlike coil model, without excluded volume, can represent the sedimentation behavior of DNA over the entire conformational range from rigid rod to flexible coil, using the above parameters. Equilibrium melting curves were determined for various fractions in aqueous 2.4 M tetraethylammonium bromide. A substantial broadening of the transition and decrease of the melting temperature were observed with decreasing molecular weight. Empirical expressions have been obtained relating both the transition temperature and breadth in this solvent to molecular weight.
Multicolour Turán problems

A simple k-colouring of a multigraph G is a decomposition of the edge multiset as the sum of k simple graphs, called 'colours'. A copy of some fixed graph H in G is called multicoloured if its edges all have distinct colours. Recall that the Turan number ex(n,H) of H is the maximum number of edges in a graph on n vertices not containing a copy of H. We consider a multicolour generalisation ex"k(n,H), defined as the maximum number of edges in a multigraph on n vertices, that has a simple k-colouring not containing a multicoloured copy of H. A natural construction of such a multigraph is k copies of a fixed extremal graph for H. We show that this is optimal for sufficiently large k=k(n), i.e., ex"k(n,H)=k.ex(n,H), and moreover only this construction achieves equality. For k==e(H), we should consider a competing construction along these lines, namely e(H)-1 copies of the complete graph K"n. When H=K"r and n is large, the optimal construction is always one of these two, i.e., ex"k(n,K"r)=k.ex(n,K"r)fork>=(r^2-1)/2,(r2-1).n2forr2=Cn,3.n2for4=
SimPoint 3.0: Faster and More Flexible Program Phase Analysis

This paper describes the new features available in the SimPoint 3.0 release. The release provides two techniques for drastically reducing the run-time of SimPoint: faster searching to find the best clustering, and efficiently clustering large numbers of intervals. SimPoint 3.0 also provides an option to output only the simulation points that represent the majority of execution, which can reduce simulation time without much increase in error. Finally, this release provides support for correctly clustering variable length intervals, taking into consideration the weight of each interval during clustering. This paper describes SimPoint 3.0’s new features, how to use them, and points out some common pitfalls.
Improving Throughput and Fairness in Multi-Hop Wireless Mesh Networks Using Adaptive Contention Window Algorithm (ACWA)

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are practical, simple, and cost effective solution for indoor and outdoor environments. Wireless Mesh networks use the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. Since the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is originally designed for single hop wireless networks, multimedia transport in WMNs has become a big challenge. In multi-hop wireless networks, throughput decreases significantly with the increase in number of hops, mainly due to the spatial contention and the backoff algorithm adapted in 802.11 MAC layer protocol. In this paper, we introduce an Adaptive Contention Window Algorithm (ACWA) that allows each node to adapt a contention window size, used in its backoff algorithm, based on its location in the WMN. ACWA improves the throughput of each node in the network. In addition, it improves the overall network throughput by 16%, and decreases the end-to-end average delay by about 27%. The results are evaluated and compared with the performance of the default 802.11 MAC protocol.
Mining Frequent Patterns with Wildcards from Biological Sequences

Frequent pattern mining from sequences is a crucial step for many domain experts, such as molecular biologists, to discover rules or patterns hidden in their data. In order to find specific patterns, many existing tools require users to specify gap constraints beforehand. In reality, it is often nontrivial to let a user provide such gap constraints. In addition, a change made to the gap values may give completely different results, and require a separate time-consuming re-mining procedure. Consequently it is desirable to develop an algorithm to automatically and efficiently find patterns without user-specified gap constraints. In this paper, a frequent pattern mining problem without user-specified gap constraints is presented and studied. Given a sequence and a support threshold value, all subsequences whose support is not less than the given threshold value will be discovered. These frequent subsequences then form patterns later on. Two heuristic methods (one-way vs two-way scan) are proposed to mine frequent subsequences and estimate the maximum support for both artificial and real world data. Given a specific pattern, the simulated results demonstrate that the one-way scan heuristic performs better in the sense of estimating the maximum support with more than ninety percent accuracy.
Modeling and simulation of landmine and improvised explosive device detection with multiple loops

There has been a significant amount of interest in landmine detection and, most recently, the detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). In this paper, current and recent papers are reviewed...
Robust Spectrum Decision Protocol against Primary User Emulation Attacks in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

We propose a spectrum decision protocol resilient to primary user emulation attacks (PUEA) in dynamic spectrum access networks. PUEA is a type of denial-of-service attack that can severely interfere with the spectrum sensing process and unfairly deprive legitimate secondary users of spectrum access. In this paper, we present a robust spectrum decision protocol that can mitigate PUEA using individual spectrum decisions made by secondary nodes in the network. In order to enable each secondary node to make an individual spectrum decision to detect PUEA, we first characterize the received power at good secondary user. This is done by using a flexible log-normal sum approximation. The received power thus characterized is used to determine the probability of successful PUEA on each secondary user, which is used to develop the proposed protocol. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol can significantly reduce the probability of successful PUEA under Byzantine attacks (i.e., when the malicious users intentionally provide false spectrum decisions), while still following the spectrum evacuation etiquette.
Chapter 1 Laser Spectroscopy of Semiconductors at Low Temperatures and High Magnetic Fields

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the laser spectroscopy of semiconductors at low temperatures and high-magnetic fields. The integer and fractional quantum Hall effects (QHEs) and an electron solid are examples of new physics that rely on both extremes of low temperatures and high-magnetic fields. High-magnetic fields are extremely useful because they effectively switch the two-dimensional (2D) electron system between a metal and an insulator in the region of the QHE. Although these novel effects were first observed in electrical transport experiments, in principle, optical measurements are important and have unique advantages. For example, an inelastic optical process, such as simple absorption, by virtue of its single-quantum interaction is capable of probing local electron states. With optics, it is also possible to examine the entire electron density of states, not just those states at the Fermi surface that are accessible in electrical transport. In addition to the 2D-carrier confinement induced by quantum-well barriers, a large magnetic field applied perpendicular to layers produces in-plane carrier localization as well.
Longitudinal Associations Among Bullying, Homophobic Teasing, and Sexual Violence Perpetration Among Middle School Students

Bullying perpetration and sexual harassment perpetration among adolescents are major public health issues. However, few studies have addressed the empirical link between being a perpetrator of bullying and subsequent sexual harassment perpetration among early adolescents in the literature. Homophobic teasing has been shown to be common among middle school youth and was tested as a moderator of the link between bullying and sexual harassment perpetration in this 2-year longitudinal study. More specifically, the present study tests the Bully-Sexual Violence Pathway theory, which posits that adolescent bullies who also participate in homophobic name-calling toward peers are more likely to perpetrate sexual harassment over time. Findings from logistical regression analyses (n = 979, 5th-7th graders) reveal an association between bullying in early middle school and sexual harassment in later middle school, and results support the Bully-Sexual Violence Pathway model, with homophobic teasing as a moderator, for boys only. Results suggest that to prevent bully perpetration and its later association with sexual harassment perpetration, prevention programs should address the use of homophobic epithets.
Diazinon Mitigation in Constructed Wetlands: Influence of Vegetation

In intensively cultivated areas, agriculture is a significant source of pesticides associated with storm runoff. When these pollutants enter aquatic receiving waters, they have potential to damage nearby aquatic ecosystems. Constructed wetlands are a best management practice (BMP) designed to help alleviate this potential problem. A constructed wetland system (180 × 30 m) comprised of a sediment retention basin and two treatment cells was used to determine fate and transport of a simulated storm runoff event containing the insecticide diazinon and suspended sediment. Wetland water, sediment, and plant samples were collected spatially and temporally over 55 d. Results indicated that 43% of the study’s measured diazinon mass was associated with plant material, while 23 and 34% were measured in sediment and water, respectively. Mean diazinon concentrations in water, sediment, and plants for the 55-d study were 18.1 ± 4.5 μg/l, 26.0 ± 8.0 μg/kg, and 97.8 ± 10.7 μg/kg, respectively. Aqueous concentrations fluctuated in the wetlands between 51–86 μg/l for the first 4 h of the experiment; however, by 9 h, aqueous concentrations were approximately 16 μg/l. During the 55 d experiment, 0.3 m of rainfall contributed to fluctuations in diazinon concentrations. Results of this experiment can be used to model future design specifications for mitigation of diazinon and other pesticides.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electrical Properties of Doped Polyacetylene

Polyacetylene, (CH)x is the simplest organic polymer. Through chemical doping, the electrical conductivity of films of (CH)x can be varied over twelve orders of magnitude with properties ranging from insulator (σ 103 Ω−1 cm−1). Both donors and acceptors can be used with these flexible, free-standing polycrystalline polymer films (thickness 10−5 cm to 0.5 cm) to yield n-type or p-type material. In this review we summarize some of the more important chemical and physical properties of (CH)x and its doped derivatives. Polyacethylen (CH)x ist das einfachste organische Polymer. Durch chemische Dotierung kann die elektrische Leitfahigkeit von (CH)x-Filmen uber zwolf Grosenordnungen geandert werden. Die Eigenschaften reichen vom Isolator (σ 103 Ω−1 cm−1). Sowohl Donatoren als auch Akzeptoren konnen bei diesen flexiblen selbsttragenden polykristallinen Polymerfilmen (Dicke 10−5 cm bis 0,5cm) verwandt werden, um n- bzw. p-leitendes Material zu erhalten. In diesem Bericht stellen wir einige der wichtigeren chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften des (CH)x und seiner dotierten Derivate zusammenfassend dar.
The limited capacity model of mediated message processing

This paper presents an information-processing model that is directly applicable to the investigation of how mediated messages are processed. It applies the model to the case of television viewing to demonstrate its applicability. It provides a measure for each part of the model. It presents evidence that supports the model in the television-viewing situation. Finally, it demonstrates how the model may be used to further research and understanding in well-known theoretical traditions. This model is not meant to stand in opposition to any of these theories but, rather, should work well with them by providing hypothesized mechanisms that may underlie well-known effects. This model should prove useful both to researchers and, eventually, to message producers. To the extent that we can better understand how the content and structure of messages interact with a viewer's information-processing system to determine which parts and how much of a communication message is remembered, we will make great strides in understanding how people communicate.
A camera space control system for an automated forklift

Presents experimental results on a method of camera space control applied to a mobile cart with an on-board robot, operated as a forklift. The objective is to extend earlier results to the task of precise and robust three-dimensional object placement. The method is illustrated with a box stacking task. >
On generalized covariance-based velocity estimation

We look at the problem of how a moving receiver (mobile station) estimates its own velocity from the autocovariance of functions of the quadrature components of the received signal. In cellular systems, this information-bearing signal conveying voice, data, or both and transmitted from a base station is well characterized as a narrow-band Gaussian random process specified by Clarke's (1968) model. The need for such estimation arises, for example, in the design of handoff algorithms for microcellular systems. We consider here the performance of estimators based on two classes of functions: the integral-power sum of the quadrature components G/sub 1,n/(t)=r/sub i//sup n/(t)+r/sub q//sup n/(t) and integral powers of the complex envelope G/sub 2,n/(t)=[r/sub i//sup 2/(t)+r/sub q//sup 2/(t)]/sup n/2/, n/spl isin/Z/sup +/, respectively. A particular case of this approach for n=2 was first considered by Sampath and Holtzman (1993) and subsequently by Austin and Stuber (1994). For each of the two classes of functions, we derive the optimal (in a defined sense) estimator and show that all estimators based on G/sub 2,n/(t) have identical performance and are generally inferior to those based on G/sub 1,n/(t). We also study the implications of Aulin's model (1979) when used to evaluate the performance of estimators based on the integral-power sum of the quadrature components. Last, using a proposed analytical model, we analyze the effect of the scattering distribution on the performance of the estimators, corroborating some previous results obtained by Austin and Stuber by simulation.
RAG Off-Target Activity Is in the Loop.

The ‘off-target’ activity of RAG recombinases contributes to mutations and cancer. Recent studies show that the influence of DNA regulatory elements is largely constrained by the formation of chromatin loops and interaction frequencies. Now, the Alt lab has identified major RAG off-target activity bearing similar limitations, with joining events restricted to convergent paired RSS elements in loop domains.
Protein homology detection with sparse models

Establishing structural or functional relationship between sequences, for instance to infer the structural class of an unannotated protein, is a key task in biological analysis. Protein sequences undergo complex transformations such as mutation, insertion and deletion during the evolutionary process and typically share low sequence similarity on the superfamily level, making the task for remote homology detection based on primary sequence only very challenging. Based on previous studies stating that knowledge based on only a subset of critical positions and the preferred symbols on such positions are sufficient for remote homology detection, we present a series of works, each enforcing different notion of sparsity, to recover such critical positions. We first start with a generative model and present the sparse profile hidden Markov models. Such generative approach recovers some critical patterns and motivates the need for discriminative learning. In our second study, we present a discriminative approach to recover such critical positions and the preferred symbols. In our third study, we address the issue of very few positive training examples, accompanied by a large number of negative training examples, which is typical in many remote homology detection task. Such issue motivates the need for semi-supervised learning. However, though containing abundant useful and critical information, large uncurated sequence databases also contain a lot of noise, which may compromise the quality of the classifiers. As a result, we present a systematic and biologically motivated framework for semi-supervised learning with large uncurated sequence databases. Combined with a very fast string kernel, our method not only realizes rapid and accurate remote homology detection and show state-of-the-art performance, but also recovers some critical patterns conserved in superfamilies.
A Model for Marketing Programing

al mix concept and suggests an alternative approach to marketing program design. URPRISINGLY few marketing programs-even for new products-are so completely ineffective in producing sales that they are abandoned as total failures. Mediocre marketing programs may be temporarily successful. And unsuccessful marketing programs may appear successful because of the marketing decisionmaker's joint problems of calculating expectations of performance, and being able and willing to recognize variance between expectations and performance. Perhaps there is a "Parkinson's Law" of expectations . . . that expectations contract to conform to market performance. The apparent success of such programs masks the need for finer measurements of a marketing program's performance and provokes situations where firms are not realizing full value from marketing dollars spent. However, inadequate measurement of performance is only symptomatic of the real problem. A major share of the blame for this underutilization of marketing resources must be directed at the framework used in designing the marketing offering of product, price, channel, and promotion-the concept of the marketing mix. The mix concept is more than just another interesting marketing theory; it is an organic characteristic of any firm's accumulated marketing decisions. The conventional expression of the marketing mix concept fails in its assumptions when applied to the real world of dynamic markets and competition, and the internal dynamics of the firm. A criterion for a firm's survival in our economy requires that solutions to marketing problems reflect the firm's economic dynamics. Recognition of the firm's dynamic state is not enough; an acceptable framework for marketing planning must also supply a conceptual approach and ultimately operational techniques for marketing decision-making. The beginnings of an effective conceptual approach to marketing programing are available to the decision-maker who asks the right questions about the impacts of his prospective decisions.
Lacustrine carbonate deposition in Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothems ? the Upper Freeport Formation, Appalachian Basin, USA

The Upper Freeport Formation (Upper Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian) is one of the earliest non-marine cyclothems in the Appalachian Basin and contains carbonates, siliciclastics, and coal. A detailed facies analyses of 25 cores from the Upper Freeport Limestone in western Pennsylvania (Armstrong and Indiana Counties) identified four facies associations containing thirteen separate facies: rudstone-limestone (Association A), rudstone-laminated limestone (Association B), laminated limestone (Association C), and coal — siliciclastics (Association D). We interpreted them, respectively, as shallow, high energy lacustrine margin (A); littoral to sublittoral lacustrine (B); offshore lake (C); and vegetated swamp and marsh (D). The depositional environment is envisaged as an anastomosed channel system surrounded by extensive wetlands containing adjacent densely vegetated swamp and marsh areas and freshwater, carbonate-producing lakes.
Analysis on epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Dongguan city from 2008 to 2009

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease(HFMD)in Dongguan city from 2008 to 2009,and provide basis to develop measures for prevention and control.Method The information of HFMD in Dongguan city from 2005 to 2009 reported in China information system for disease control and prevention was descriptively analyzed.Results Total of 12 687 HFMD cases were reported in Dongguan city from 2008 to 2009,average annual incidence was 87.21/100000,and incidence in 2008 and 2009 were 46.26/100000 and 128.16/100000,respectively.The difference between the incidence in 2008 and in 2009 was significant(P0.01).HFMD cases were mostly reported during April to July,accounted for 56.59%,and reported in each town in Dongguan city,the differences among the incidence in different regions were significant.HFMD cases were mostly reported among children under 5 years old,accounted for 91.09%,of which 76.81% are scattered children.The incidence rate in male was higher than that in female.Conclusion To prevent HFMD outbreaks,the surveillance and control for HFMD should be strengthened.
MLC PCM main memory with accelerated read

This paper alleviates the problem of slow reads in the Multi-Level Cell Phase Change Memory (MLC PCM) by exploiting a the fact that the Most-Significant Bit (MSB) of MLCs is read fast, while reading the Least-Significant Bits (LSBs) is slower. We propose Half-Line PCM (HL-PCM), a memory architecture that leverages this property to send half of a cache line to the processor ahead of the other half, so that processor continues its execution if the missed data element is in the first half. Our evaluation shows that HL-PCM improves program execution time by 23%, on average, in a 16-core CMP model for workloads from PARSEC-2 benchmark.
Multistability in recurrent neural loops arising from delay.

The dynamics of a recurrent inhibitory neural loop composed of a periodically spiking Aplysia motoneuron reciprocally connected to a computer are investigated as a function of the time delay, τ, fo...