cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human health effects of EMFs: The cost of doing nothing

Everyone is exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from electricity (extremely low frequency, ELF), communication frequencies and wireless devices (radiofrequency, RF), as well as naturally occurring EMFs. Concern of health hazards from EMFs has increased as the use of mobile phones and other wireless devices has grown in all segments of the population, especially children. While there has been strong evidence for an association between leukemia and residential or occupational exposure to ELF EMFs for many years, the standards in existence are not sufficiently stringent to protect from an increased risk of cancer. ELF EMFs also increase risk of at least two types of neurodegenerative diseases. For RF EMFs, standards are set at levels designed to avoid tissue heating, in spite of many reports of biological effects at intensities too low to cause significant heating. Recent evidence demonstrates elevations in risk of brain cancer and acoustic neuroma only on the side of the head where individuals used their mobile phone. Individuals who begin exposure at younger ages are more vulnerable. These data indicate that the existing standards for radiofrequency exposure are not adequate. While there are many unanswered questions, the cost of doing nothing may result in an increasing number of people, many of them young, developing these diseases.
The Role of Liver X Receptor-α in the Fatty Acid Regulation of Hepatic Gene Expression

Liver X receptors (LXR) alpha and beta play an important role in regulating the expression of genes involved in hepatic bile and fatty acid synthesis, glucose metabolism, as well as sterol efflux. Studies with human embryonic kidney 293 cells indicate that unsaturated fatty acids interfere with oxysterols binding to LXR and antagonize oxysterol-induced LXRalpha activity. In this report, we evaluated the effects of unsaturated fatty acids on LXR-regulated hepatic gene expression. The LXR agonist, T1317, induced mRNAs encoding sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and two SREBP-1c-regulated lipogenic genes, e.g. fatty-acid synthase and the S14 protein in primary hepatocytes. Treatment of hepatocytes with eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) suppressed these mRNAs in the absence and presence of T1317. The cis-regulatory elements targeted by T1317 were not required for fatty-acid suppression of FAS or S14 promoter activity. In contrast to SREBP-1-regulated lipogenic genes, 20:5n-3 had no effect on the T1317 induction of ABCG5 or ABCG8 in the rat hepatoma cell line, FTO-2B. These two genes require LXR but not SREBP-1c for their expression. Feeding rats a diet supplemented with fish oil suppressed hepatic SREBP-1c-regulated genes and induced PPARalpha-regulated genes but had no effect on the LXR-regulated transcripts, CYP7A1, ABCG5, or ABCG8. Transfection studies, using either full-length hLXRalpha or a chimera containing only the LXRalpha ligand binding domain, indicate that a wide array of unsaturated fatty acids had little effect on LXRalpha activity in primary hepatocytes or FTO-2B. These studies suggest that LXRalpha is not a target for unsaturated fatty acid regulation in primary rat hepatocytes or in liver. Thus, oxysterol/LXR-mediated regulation of transcripts involved in bile acid synthesis or sterol efflux appear insensitive to dietary unsaturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acid suppression of SREBP-1 and its targeted lipogenic genes is independent of LXRalpha
Human resources and the bottom line

The article focuses on human resource (HR) practices and research by Mark Huselid of Rutgers University. The study of firms in 35 industries in the United States found a connection between strategic HR management, employee turnover, and employee productivity that could improve profitability. High performance work practices--which relate to employee motivation, knowledge, and skills--reduce turnover and increase sales. According to Huselid's estimation, one standard deviation improvement in high performance work practices enhances profitability by $4,000 per worker and market value by $18,000 per employee.
Nail dystrophy and bony involvement in chronic sarcoidosis

A patient with a chronic course of sarcoidosis with pulmonary and cutaneous involvement presented with dystrophy involving 20 nails. Histologic analysis revealed noncaseating granulomas consistent with nail sarcoidosis, and radiologic evaluation revealed bony cysts typical of sarcoidosis. Nail dystrophy in sarcoidosis is rare; however, when present, it signifies a chronic course of disease. We review the incidence, histopathologic correlation to clinical symptoms, radiologic findings, differential diagnosis, and treatment of nail dystrophy in sarcoidosis.
Management team building: Yes but!

Abstract This paper presents a critical review of team building as a tool for improving the performance of management systems. It examines teams and team effectiveness from an operational view- point and encourages the reader to look for what is wrong rather than who is to blame. A four-step approach is offered as an alternative team-building strategy. These steps, while aimed at improving operational performance, hold significant hope for improved organizational climates where interpersonal differences are less likely to inhibit organization effectiveness.
Relationship between ZCE 025 blood clearance and liver accumulation in patients with colorectal cancer

Abstract Clinical interest in radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derives from their ability to target tissues and deliver radioisotopes thereto. Diagnostic and therapeutic trials suggest that the potential of mAbs would be optimized with better understanding of factors which influence blood clearance. This study sought to advance that understanding. Nine colon cancer patients were injected with 20 mg111In radiolabelled ZCE 025 mAb, then laser-positioned and imaged daily for one week via nuclear medicine views. Laser-positioned CT images were also obtained, enabling image registration. Blood samples were taken at 30, 60, and 90 min and at every imaging time point. Sample activity was plotted to estimate the elimination half-life ( t 1 2 β ). Liver radiation dose was calculated from the images and evaluated for total organ (mCi-h) and region of interest (μCi-h/g). Laboratory values and patients' physical parameters were also studied to determine their impact on liver uptake and mAb blood clearance. Liver radiation dose, as measured in this study, correlated with terminal half-life of the mAb in blood; patients' liver enzymes and physical parameters did not. Radioactivity in a 48-h or 72-h blood sample correlates with t 1 2 β and liver radiation dose, suggesting that a single 72-h sample can predict both.
A Comparison of Syndicated Loan Pricing at Investment and Commercial Banks

We reject the hypothesis that investment and commercial banks have identical loan-pricing policies. We find that compared to commercial banks, investment banks lend to less profitable, more leveraged firms, price riskier classes of term loans more generously, and offer relatively longer-term credits, usually with term, not commitment contracts. Investment banks typically establish higher credit spreads, although the premium declines when a commercial bank joins as syndicate co-arranger. Investment banks also price riskier classes of term loans more generously to borrowers than do commercial banks. Commercial-bank funding advantages do not appear to be a source of the pricing differences.
Randomized comparison of flexible versus nonflexible femoral sheaths on patient comfort after angioplasty

Patients who undergo percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) by the femoral approach are usually required to lie flat in bed for 6 to 24 hours, which may result in significant discomfort. This study was performed to evaluate the safety and benefit of a flexible sheath that enables patients to sit at a 60-degree angle while the sheath is in place in the femoral artery. Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive either flexible or nonflexible sheaths before PTCA. Patients with flexible sheaths were allowed to sit at an angle of 60 degrees after the procedure. Heparin management was the same in both groups. Frequency of calls to nurses for back pain was recorded for both groups. For analgesia, nalbuphine was administered in 2-mg increments. All sheaths were removed the day after the procedure. Femoral ultrasound was used to detect groin complications (hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, or arteriovenous fistula) and was performed in all patients. Baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no differences in ease of sheath insertion or guide catheter movement through the sheaths. The arterial pressure waveform was not dampened in any of the flexible sheath patients while in the sitting position. Patients with flexible sheaths had fewer calls for back pain and required less nalbuphine than patients with nonflexible sheaths. Groin complications were similar in both groups. In conclusion, by allowing patients to sit up to an angle of 60 degrees, flexible sheaths have a beneficial effect in reducing back pain and the need for analgesics after PTCA.
Generalized gangliosidosis type II (juvenile GM1 gangliosidosis). A pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural study.

Pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on 3 siblings with GM1 gangliosidosis type II are reported. These studies support a biochemical defect with profound deficiency of β-galactosidase which results in widespread accumulation of the GM1 ganglioside and its asialo derivative in brain and to a lesser extent in viscera, as well as in storage of a keratan sulphate-like mucopolysaccharide. Striking valvular changes in the heart without myocardial involvement were seen in all cases. The histochemical and ultrastructural changes are similar to those seen in GM1 gangliosidosis type I, though less severe. Autosomal recessive inheritance without apparent ethnic predilection seems likely.
Ozone‐based sulfur chemiluminescence detection: Its applicability to gas, supercritical fluid, and high performance liquid chromatography

The sensitive detection of sulfur-containing analytes is of interest in many industrial applications; selective detection is also desirable since these compounds are usually present at trace levels in difficult matrixes. The purpose of this article is to review the use of the Sievers® ozone-based sulfur chemiluminescence detector, and its coupling with gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. Detection limits, linearity, response factors, and selectivity are discussed for each of these techniques. Critical operational parameters for the SCD are also described. The use of other sulfur selective detectors for SFC and HPLC is also briefly summarized.
Comments on “A Unified Representation of Deep Moist Convection in Numerical Modeling of the Atmosphere. Part I”

Arakawa and Wu (2013, hereafter referred to as AW13) recently developed a formal approach to a unified parameterization of atmospheric convection for high-resolution numerical models. The work is based on ideas formulated by Arakawa et al. (2011). It lays the foundation for a new parameterization pathway in the era of high-resolution numerical modeling of the atmosphere. The key parameter in this approach is convective cloud fraction. In conventional parameterization, it is assumed that <<1. This assumption is no longer valid when horizontal resolution of numerical models approaches a few to a few tens kilometers, since in such situations convective cloud fraction can be comparable to unity. Therefore, they argue that the conventional approach to parameterizing convective transport must include a factor 1 - in order to unify the parameterization for the full range of model resolutions so that it is scale-aware and valid for large convective cloud fractions. While AW13’s approach provides important guidance for future convective parameterization development, in this note we intend to show that the conventional approach already has this scale awareness factor 1 - built in, although not recognized for the last forty years. Therefore, it should work well even in situations of large convective cloudmore » fractions in high-resolution numerical models.« less
Dynamic Modeling of a Compact Heat Exchange Reformer for High Temperature Fuel Cell Systems

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are the most advanced energy system with the highest thermal efficiency. Current trend of research is on less than 10 kW scale, which requires compact fuel processing systems. Even if internal reforming in the stack is also a possible option, it causes significant temperature gradients and thermal stress. As an alternative, a compact heat exchange reformer (CHER) with a plate-fin co-flow or counter-flow configuration is proposed. Such a system integrates the heat management and reforming in one compact unit. This paper focuses on simulation of transient characteristics of CHER during the initial phase of start-up of small SOFC systems. Steam reforming (SR) and water-gas shift (WGS) reactions are chosen as the most appropriate reforming model. CHER is modeled as two-dimensional array of finite control volumes, and they are modeled with transient energy equations and dynamic molar balance equations. In addition, both reaction enthalpy and convection heat transfer between the catalyst-coated fins and fuel-steam mixture channels are considered. Several parametric simulations are performed as methane steam as a primary fuel mixture as a function of different operating temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio at the inlet, pressure gradient across the CHER, channel length, and flow configuration (co-flow and counter-flow).
Discovery of Potent, Nonsystemic Apical Sodium-Codependent Bile Acid Transporter Inhibitors (Part 2)

In the preceding paper several compounds were reported as potent apical sodium-codependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitors. Since the primary site for active bile acid reabsorption is via ASBT, which is localized on the luminal surface of the distal ileum, we reasoned that a nonsystemic inhibitor would be desirable to minimize or eliminate potential systemic side effects of an absorbed drug. To ensure bioequivalency and product stability, it was also essential that we identify a nonhygroscopic inhibitor in its most stable crystalline form. A series of benzothiepines were prepared to refine the structure−activity relationship of the substituted phenyl ring at the 5-position of benzothiepine ring and to identify potent, crystalline, nonhygroscopic, and efficacious ASBT inhibitors with low systemic exposure.
Hypothalamic hypoactivity prevented but not reversed by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy

Abstract Parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts produce a syndrome which includes obesity and hypoactivity. When the subdiaphragmatic vagi were cut at the same time as the brain cuts were made, both the obesity and the hypoactivity were prevented. This suggested that both the obesity and the hypoactivity are mediated by vagal hyperactivity. In contrast, however, when the subdiaphragmatic vagotomy was done 40–70 days subsequent to the brain cuts, the obesity was reversed, but the hypoactivity persisted. Thus, some aspect of the interoperative period irreversibly prevents the ability of vagotomy to reinstate normal activity levels in the rat.
Long‐term follow‐up of successful orthodontic‐periodontal treatment of localized aggressive periodontitis: a case report

This report describes a case of localized aggressive periodontitis (localized juvenile periodontitis) that was jointly treated with conventional periodontal therapy, selective extractions to eliminate localized areas of vertical bone loss, and orthodontic therapy. A 20-year follow-up is described in this report. The success of periodontal treatment in a case such as this depends on making an accurate diagnosis, providing periodontal treatment to control the disease, and providing regular periodontal maintenance during and after orthodontic treatment.
Comparison-based diagnosis with faulty comparators

The letter deals with a new approach to diagnosis by comparison. A new class of diagnosable systems is introduced: in these systems, units and comparators used in the diagnostic process may fail. Failure of comparators introduces a new condition of test invalidation for comparison. Characterisation theorems and fault identification similarities between different comparison models are presented.
Nanosecond Pulse Shaping of a Flashlamp-pumped Dye Laser

Many studies of molecular processes have utilized flashlamp-pumped dye lasers as a source of wavelength tunable, moderate energy (1 mJ) microsecond optical pulses. The chief attribute of such devices is the ability to generate a high concentration of excited states. Unfortunately, the temporal width of the output limits most investigations to relatively slow events. This drawback could be circumvented by shortening the pulses using any of several schemes. However, most of the commercially available approaches, such as pulse slicing or Q-switching, suffer from inflexible pulse shaping or the inability to conserve and deliver the original laser energy. On the other hand, it has been shown that cavity-dumping can be used with a CW dye laser to both store the radiation and then deliver it in a variety of optical waveforms ranging from sawtooth to Gaussian shapes. In this note we wish to report the construction of a cavity-dumped flashlamp-pumped dye laser that is capable of generating a varied temporal output either of trains or single pulses with energies from 0.1 to 0.5 mJ.
Correlation Study of Functional Surface Parameters Based on Micro-Contact Analyses

ANALYSIS AND RESULTS As well recognized, a functional surface finish can determine how well the surface wears, transmits heat, and distributes a lubricant. Among the large number of surface parameters available to describe surface finish requirements, the arithmetic mean of surface roughness, Ra, is the most specified surface finish parameter across most industries and applications. However, Ra may not fully describe the functional requirement of the surface. This study is focused on the selection of surface parameters based on local contact pressure, an important indicator of friction and wear. Surface parameters are obtained from measured or generated three-dimensional topographies. Surface performance responses, evaluated by local contact pressures, are calculated from micro-contact analysis based on the rough surfaces. The analysis of correlation, indicated by Pearson correlation coefficient that is a measure of correlation strength of linear relationship, is performed among these surface parameters and between surface parameters and responses. A set of functional parameters is identified to properly specify a surface evaluated by local contact pressure. A three-dimensional surface parameter may be simply expressed as, 11 1 2 2 2
Mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number in sperm from infertile men.

Objective To determine the integrity and copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in spermatozoa from infertile men. We also compared mtDNA integrity to nuclear DNA integrity. Design Observational. Setting Tertiary care center. Patient(s) Semen samples were collected from 57 men, whose wives were undergoing in vitro fertilization, including 24 men with normal semen parameters. Main Outcome Measure(s) Quantitative long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR were used to measure mtDNA integrity and copy number in spermatozoa. We also measured nuclear DNA integrity of spermatozoa with flow cytometry after acridine orange staining. Result(s) A significant increase in mtDNA copy number and a decrease in mtDNA integrity were observed in the spermatozoa samples from patients with abnormal semen parameters compared to the patients with normal semen parameters. The integrity and copy number of mtDNA were significantly correlated with sperm count. Conclusion(s) Mitochondrial DNA quantity and quality may serve as useful diagnostic markers of sperm quality in infertile men.
Approaches to Cartesian Data Association Passive Radar Tracking in a DAB/DVB Network

We present a target tracking system for passive radar suitable for a digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB) network with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) illuminators of opportunity. In this system bistatic range and range-rate are available as a measurement while angular information is assumed unavailable or of very poor quality. There is also a novel association ambiguity between the signals and illuminators, this in addition to the usual one between the signals and targets, and hence an interesting data association problem. Our intention is to provide tracks directly in the geographic space (3-D Cartesian domain). Here, four filters are suggested. The first two are the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and unscented Kalman filter (UKF) based on a joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) modified to incorporate the additional assignment complexity. The other two filters are a bootstrap particle filter (BPF) and an auxiliary particle filter (APF) based on the data association under the probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracker (PMHT) measurement model, which means that each measurement's assignment is independent of all others. Simulation results show that these four filters can work properly, albeit naturally with different performance characteristics and complexity.
Therapeutics for filovirus infection: traditional approaches and progress towards in silico drug design.

Introduction: Ebolaviruses and marburgviruses cause severe and often lethal human hemorrhagic fevers. As no FDA-approved therapeutics are available for these infections, efforts to discover new therapeutics are important, especially because these pathogens are considered biothreats and emerging infectious diseases. All methods for discovering new therapeutics should be considered, including compound library screening in vitro against virus and in silico structure-based drug design, where possible, if sufficient biochemical and structural information is available. Areas covered: This review covers the structure and function of filovirus proteins, as they have been reported to date, as well as some of the current antiviral screening approaches. The authors discuss key studies mapping small-molecule modulators that were found through library and in silico screens to potential sites on viral proteins or host proteins involved in virus trafficking and pathogenesis. A description of ebolavirus and marburgvirus ...
Characterizing paths as m-step competition graphs

In 2000 Cho, Kim and Nam proved that P"n, the path on n vertices, is a 2-step competition graph for all n. In 2005, Helleloid proved that P"n is an (n-1)- and (n-2)-step competition graph for all n and proved further that of all connected triangle-free graphs on n vertices, only the star is an m-step competition graph for m>=n. In this paper we show that if m divides n-1 or n-2, then P"n is an m-step competition graph and that if n>=6 and [email protected][email protected]?n-3, then P"n is not an m-step competition graph.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Domestic Violence -- A Support Group for Latino Gay Men and Lesbians

Gay/lesbian support groups addressing diverse issues, as opposed to mixed groups with heterosexual and gay/lesbian members, may provide greater feelings of safety for gay men and lesbians to discuss common concerns without homophobic and heterosexist reactions from other group members. This article presents a group which formed in a mental health clinic, serving a primarily Latino community. Group members introduced the two topics of childhood sexual abuse and gay/ lesbian domestic violence in the group discussions. Misconceptions about these issues are addressed in the contexts of Latino culture and gay/lesbian identity. Case vignettes illustrate the traumatic experiences of childhood sexual abuse and domestic violence revealed by group members.
UNILATERAL BREAST-FEEDING AND BREAST CANCER

Women of fishing villages in Hong Kong by custom breast-feed with only the right breast. The hypothesis that the unsuckled breast may have an altered risk of cancer development was investigated. Records of the radiotherapy divisions in Hong Kong between 1958 and 1975 were searched, and breast-cancer patients were interviewed for a detailed history of lactation. The overall left/right ratio of cancer in the breasts of 2372 women with unilateral breast carcinoma was 0-97, indicating that breast cancer was equally distributed between the two sides. Of 73 patients with a history of exclusively one-sided breast-feeding, 27 of 34 patients aged 55 or over (79-4%) and 19 of 39 patients under age 55 (48-7%) had a carcinoma in the unsuckled breast. Comparisons of patients who had nursed unilaterally with nulliparous patients and with patients who had borne children but had not breast-fed indicated a highly significant increased risk of cancer in the unsuckled breast. No statistically significant differences in laterality of breast cancer were found in 52 patients who had for convenience nursed to a greater extent from one side than the other. This study indicates that in post-menopausal women who have breast-fed unilaterally, the risk of cancer is significantly higher in the unsuckled breast and that breast-feeding may help to protect the suckled breast against cancer.
Measurement of Thermally Induced Loads in Back-to-Back Angular Contact Spindle Bearings Using Strain Gauges

Thermally induced bearing loads can potentially create serious problems for metal cutting spindles when used at high speeds. Proper spindle bearing set-up can minimize, but cannot eliminate this problem. Measuring the thermally induced load can alert the user to a potential problem or can be used to control the load directly. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design of a thermally induced bearing load sensor using strain gauges placed around the outer race. A box spindle with strain gauges on a pair of angular contact ball bearings located in the front of the spindle is used in this analysis. In order to calculate the thermally induced bearing load, the outputs of the strain gauges were recorded over a one second interval, sampled at 7500 Hz from each strain gauge and the root mean square of the deviation of this data from its mean is calculated. This value is a measure of the ball load. This calculated output is calibrated by a quadratic regression of these data to applied axial loads over a range of 0 to 2800 N. Values for each bearing were averaged to yield a front and rear value. The repeatability error for the front bearing sensor is 1.36%, and its accuracy is 98.9%. The repeatability error for the rear bearing sensor is 2.17% and its accuracy is 98.3%. These relatively low repeatability errors are attributable in part to filtering that does reduce the sensors’ bandwidth, but not significantly for measuring the relatively slowly changing thermally induced loads. Sensor design improvements and potential avenues of future research are discussed.© 2004 ASME
A Metamaterial Dielectric Pattern Nanoantenna Featuring Directive Emission QCL Device

The focus of this paper is to develop an array of dielectric patterned photonic crystal (PC) integrated with a quantum cascade laser (QCL) device to manipulate the radiation performance. A directive QCL nanoantenna is demonstrated.
Pro: One-lung ventilation is best accomplished with the univent endotracheal tube

Over the years, thoracotomy has changed from a procedure that prompted major concern over cross-contamination caused by infection to pulmonary tumors. Assisting the thoracic surgeon by providing OLV is one of the most specialized skills an anesthesiologist can offer. This must be done in a safe, easy, and efficient manner. The Univent tube appears to be a hybrid, combining the best qualities of both the DLT and the single-lumen endotracheal tube with separate Fogarty-like catheter. The Univent tube is a technical improvement over separate endobronchial blocking catheters because its blocker shaft is attached to the main tube and, therefore, displacement is less likely. In addition, the Univent's axial blocker shaft has a lumen that provides for irrigation, suction, oxygen insufflation, CPAP, and HFV. Though equally as effective as the DLT in treatment of intraoperative hypoxemia, the Univent tube presents a unique advantage in the areas of aspiration prevention, prolonged intubation without tube exchange, and selective blockade of lung segments. The Univent tube is also easier to insert and has fewer associated risks compared to the DLT. Is it my purpose to suggest that because the Univent tube is equal to, or better than, the DLT in many areas, we should abandon the use of DLTs? Definitely not. Double-lumen tubes have performed well in the past and will continue to offer specialized functions, such as postoperative independent lung ventilation in single-lung transplant recipients. As with the acquisition of any new medical skill, the use of the Univent tube has a learning curve. It is worth the time and effort to learn to use the Univent tube.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Treatment of Mg powder with carbonic acid and the effect of treatment variables and treated Mg ratios on coating performance in salt spray tests

Magnesium-rich primers (MgRPs) are known to exhibit excellent corrosion resistance during natural weathering due to the formation of a controlled and complex cathodic protective layer which includes but is not limited to changing combinations of magnesium metal, magnesium hydroxide, and magnesium carbonate each during film formation, cure, and environmental exposure. Pretreating Mg powder with carbonic acid before incorporation into coatings has been shown to enhance the corrosion resistance of MgRPs. In an earlier study, the conditions for treating Mg powder and the effects of variables such as time and the order of addition were evaluated to determine optimized treatment conditions. In this study, the treatment process was analyzed further to better understand the nature of the carbonation process and the effect of treatment variables on the overall corrosion protection process. Coatings prepared with different ratios of treated and untreated Mg were evaluated via ASTM B117 salt fog exposure to determine the optimized ratio of treated and untreated pigments for maximum corrosion protection.
Differential effects of temperature on contractile behavior in isolated frog skeletal muscle.

Abstract 1. 1. The thermal dependence of contractile behavior at different stimulation frequencies was investigated in isolated frog sartorius muscles. 2. 2. Increasing incubation temperature (10–30°C) produced decreases in P t , (43.7%) and P 15 (70.3%), and an increase in P o (26.0%). 3. 3. Thermal ratios ( R 10 ) calculated for P t , P 15 and P o indicated high thermal dependence at lower temperatures (10–20°C; 0.60, 0.44 and 1.38, respectively) but relative thermal independence at higher temperatures (20–30°C; 0.95, 0.75 and 0.95, respectively). 4. 4. Contractile ratios ( P t P o and P 15 P o ) decreased with increased temperature (10–30°C; 56.3% a 76.0%, respectively). 5. 5. Thermal ratios ( R 20 ) calculated for peak tension at different stimulation frequencies demonstrated high thermal dependence at the lower frequencies (10–30 pps, 0.46–0.48) and decreasing dependence at higher frequencies (40–50 pps, 0.69–0.82).
AEROELASTIC COMPUTATIONS OF FLEXIBLE CONFIGURATIONS

Abstract An aeroelastic package consisting of (1) an aerodynamic solver, (2) a structural response mode, and (3) a grid generation/update program has been developed to study both static and dynamic response of flexible aerospace configurations. The aerodynamics at present is a full potential solver but can be an Euler/Navier-Stokes solver also. The structural response is based on a generalized modal representation. The grid generation package not only sets up the initial grid, but also updates the grid position in time to follow the instantaneous position of a flexible configuration using a ‘grid speed’ procedure. The aeroelastic package can handle (1) static rigid, (2) dynamic rigid, (3) static flexible, and (4) dynamic flexible cases. Also, the aerodynamic solver is based on an unsteady formulation and can handle subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flow conditions. Results are presented for rigid and flexible configurations at different Mach numbers ranging from subsonic to supersonic conditions. The dynamic response of a flexible wing below and above its flutter point is demonstrated.
Measuring moral judgment: The Moral Judgment Interview or the Defining Issues Test?

This paper compares and contrasts two distinct techniques for measuring moral judgment: The Moral Judgment Interview and the Defining Issues Test. The theoretical foundations, accompanying advantages and limitations, as well as appropriate usage of these methodologies are discussed. Adaptation and use of the instruments for business ethics research is given special attention.
Binding hierarchies: a basis for dynamic perceptual grouping

Since it has been suggested that the brain binds its fragmentary representations of perceptual events via phase-locking of stimulated neural oscillators, it is important to determine how extended s...
A mixed-effects model for cognitive decline with non-monotone non-response from a two-phase longitudinal study of dementia

Most longitudinal studies of elderly are characterized by substantial drop-out due to death and many other factors beyond the control of the investigators. In a two-phase longitudinal study of dementia, subjects with cognitive impairment skip the first phase survey in the next follow-up, leading to intermittent missing variables measured in that phase. In the context of analysing pre-dementia cognitive decline in an elderly population, both of the two causes of non-response can potentially be informative in the sense that the missingness is dependent on the unobserved outcome. To take these factors into account, mixed-effects models are constructed to allow the outcome and the multiple causes of missing values to share the same 'random parameter' or random effect. The crucial assumption of our model is that the random effects of the model for the outcome and that of the model for the missing-data indicators are linked in a deterministic manner. It can be thought of as an approximation of a more general and realistic situation, in which the two models have distinct, yet dependent, random effects. We conduct a simulation study to investigate possible deviations of the estimates under such a scenario. A second simulation illustrates the magnitude of the bias in estimating the difference of decline rate between two groups when the random effects are linked in different manners for the two groups.
A phosphorylated 34-kDa protein and a subpopulation of polyhedrin are thiol linked to the carbohydrate layer surrounding a baculovirus occlusion body

Surrounding baculovirus occlusion bodies is an electron-dense layer reported to be composed of carbohydrate which we term calyx. Incubation of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus occlusion bodies (AcMNPV OBs) with dilute alkaline saline (DAS) followed by centrifugation at 12,000 g resulted in the sedimentation of calyx material which contained pp34, residual polyhedrin (p32), and entrapped occluded virions (DAS P-12 fraction). Incubation of the DAS P-12 fraction with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) resulted in solubilization of the entrapped virions and the majority of p32, while calyx material, pp34, and some p32 remained sedimentable at 12,000 g. Immunofluorescence microscopy of DAS-solubilized OBs using monoclonal antibody to pp34 and p32 revealed that both pp34 and p32 are closely associated with the calyx. When DAS P-12 fractions were resuspended in SDS and reducing agent, not only were the entrapped virions solubilized, but pp34 and the remaining p32 were also liberated, indicating that pp34 and a subpopulation of p32 are associated with the calyx via thiol linkages. Immunoblot analysis and peptide mapping demonstrated that pp34 is neither immunologically nor structurally related to p32. The kinetics of pp34 synthesis were also examined by immunoprecipitation of infected cell polypeptides using pp34-specific monoclonal antibody. pp34 was detected initially 15 hr postinfection (p.i.) and continued to be phosphorylated until 60-70 hr p.i. This study demonstrates that the AcMNPV calyx has a proteinaceous component and we propose that other occluded baculoviruses may also have a calyx-associated protein analogous to pp34.
Comparison of the Performance of Chronically Versus Freshly Denervated Autograft in Nerve Repair

Purpose Graft choice is one of the few variables over which the surgeon has control when reconstructing nerve gaps. Because repair of chronically denervated nerves generally yields inferior recovery, we hypothesized that the use of chronically denervated nerve tissue as a graft source may compromise axonal regeneration and clinical results. Methods A total of 45 immature female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent transection of one peroneal nerve before being divided into 3 experimental groups: group A (n = 15) had acutely denervated nerve graft, group B (n = 15) had 2-month denervated nerve graft, and group C (n = 15) had 4-month denervated nerve graft. We included 10 additional rats as a sham group. After 2 months, groups A and B underwent removal of 1 cm of the contralateral peroneal nerve. For group A, this section of nerve was immediately sutured back in place to serve as a model for acute denervation. For group B, the defect was repaired with a 1-cm graft from the distal stump of the previously transected (denervated) peroneal nerve. Group C underwent the same procedure as group B, but after an additional 2 months. After 8 weeks of regeneration time, the 3 experimental groups and the sham group underwent testing. We assessed twitch contraction forces of the reinnervated extensor digitorum longus before we harvested the muscle belly for morphologic measurements. Histological nerve tissue evaluation assessed axonal regeneration. Results We detected no statistical differences for mean muscle contraction strengths between the experimental groups; nevertheless, the reinnervated extensor digitorum longus muscle bellies from the 4-month denervated nerve graft group were statistically smaller than muscles from the other 2 experimental groups (p Conclusions Prolonged denervation of nerve graft material compromised both axon and reinnervated muscle recovery in this rodent model.
Cardiopulmonaiy bypass, profound hypothermia, and circulatory arrest for neurosurgery☆

Six female and 4 male patients (age, 23 to 75 years) underwent operation for difficult intracranial lesions. Preoperative diagnoses included four giant intracranial aneurysms, three base of skull glomus jugulare tumors, two arteriovenous malformations, and one cerebellar hemangioblastoma. All lesions were inoperable or nearly so by standard neurosurgical techniques. All patients were placed on total bypass via groin cannulations. Bypass times ranged from 111 to 269 minutes (mean, 174 minutes) with cooling times of 26 to 83 minutes (mean, 48 minutes) and warming times of 68 to 110 minutes (mean, 83 minutes). Circulatory arrest times ranged from 1.25 to 60 minutes with 1 patient not requiring arrest. The lowest core temperatures recorded varied from 8.4 degrees to 13.7 degrees C. There was one postoperative death and one major complication, both in patients with arteriovenous malformations. Eight patients (80%) have achieved an excellent result. Profound hypothermia with the option of circulatory arrest and exsanguination has been an indispensable adjunct to the safe management of intracranial aneurysm, glomus jugulare tumor, and hemangioblastoma.
The Wiki and the digital library

Purpose – To look at how collaborative tools, such as Wikis, can be utilized in a digital library environment.Design/methodology/approach – A discussion of Wikis and postulation as to how such a tool might be used to facilitate research and collaboration in a digital library setting.Findings – Three potential applications of a digital library Wiki are discussed – the Wiki as a knowledge base tool, the Wiki as a content management tool, and the Wiki as a tool to empower interactive finding aids.Originality/value – Provides ideas for digital library developers and implementers, especially those looking for increasing collaboration and interactivity in digital libraries.
Are roads and railroads barriers to bumblebee movement in a temperate suburban conservation area

We investigated how habitat fragmentation affects the movement of marked bumblebees between plant patches in a temperate conservation area in metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts. Our study was conducted on populations of sweet pepperbush (Clethra alnifolia L. f.) separated by a road and natural woodland, and buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis L.) separated by a railroad. Bumblebees showed high site fidelity and only rarely crossed roads or railroads. When bees captured at one sweet pepperbush population were moved across a road to a new sweet pepperbush population and released, they returned to their original site, some within 20 min of their capture. When all inflorescences were removed from one sweet pepperbush patch, most bees moved to another sweet pepperbush population on the same side of the road. The results show that while bumblebees have the ability to cross a road and railroad, these human structures may restrict bumblebee movement and act to fragment plant populations because of the innate site fidelity displayed by foraging bees. Moreover, marked bees were almost never observed to move between populations unless they were displaced, or forced to seek additional forage sites.
Adsorption Geometry of CO versus Coverage on TiO2(110) from s- and p-Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy.

The adsorption of CO on reduced, rutile TiO2(110) is investigated using IR reflection–absorption spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption. Experiments using s- and p-polarized IR light incident along the [001] and [110] azimuths give detailed information on the adsorption geometry of the CO as a function of the CO coverage, θCO. The results indicate that for θCO ≤ 1 ML, CO adsorbs oriented perpendicular to the surface at Ti5c sites. For 1 < θCO ≤ 1.5 ML, the bonding geometry of the CO adsorbed at Ti5c sites is unchanged, whereas the additional CO molecules adsorb at Ob sites parallel to the surface and parallel to the [110] azimuth. The results do not support previous suggestions that CO at Ti5c sites tilt ∼20° from normal at high coverages. The results demonstrate the utility of polarization-resolved infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy for elucidating adsorption geometries on dielectric substrates.
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with a scanning fiber optic probe

We have developed a scanning fiber-optic probe compatible with high-speed polarization-sensitive OCT imaging. The effect of sample arm fiber motion on the polarization state of light incident on a sample is demonstrated by the evolution of incident Stokes vectors during the course of acquiring a single image. By referencing the polarization state of light backscattered from within a sample to the measured surface state, effects of motion-induced birefringence can be isolated. Conventional and polarization-sensitive images of human tissues are presented.
An intensely sympathetic awareness: Experiential similarity and cultural norms as means for gaining older African Americans' trust of scientific research

Well-known trust-building methods are routinely used to recruit and retain older African Americans into scientific research studies, yet the quandary over how to overcome this group's hesitance to participate in research remains. We present two innovative and testable methods for resolving the dilemma around increasing older African Americans' participation in scientific research studies. Certain specific and meaningful experiential similarities between the primary researcher and the participants, as well as clear recognition of the elders' worth and dignity, improved older African Americans' willingness to adhere to a rigorous research design. Steps taken in an intervention study produced a potentially replicable strategy for achieving strong results in recruitment, retention and engagement of this population over three waves of assessment. Sixty-two (n=62) older African Americans were randomized to treatment and control conditions of a reminiscence intervention. Sensitivity to an African American cultural form of respect for elders (recognition of worth and dignity), and intersections between the lived experience of the researcher and participants helped dispel this population's well-documented distrust of scientific research. Results suggest that intentional efforts to honor the worth and dignity of elders through high level hospitality and highlighting meaningful experiential similarities between the researcher and the participants can improve recruitment and retention results. Experiential similarities, in particular, may prove more useful to recruitment and retention than structural similarities such as age, race, or gender, which may not in themselves result in the trust experiential similarities elicit.
Multiple Beam Pulse Capability of the Slac Injector

The SLAC injector is capable of being programmed for multiple beams of different beam pulse width and intensity on a pulse to pulse basis. Programming is accomplished remotely from the central control building, two miles away. The beam starts at the SLAC gun which is a Pierce triode with cathode operated at -80 KVDC. The gun modulator drives the grid-cathode gap with an 800 volt pulse of selectable pulse width. Selectable grid-cathode bias controls the current output of the gun. These selections are made on a pulse to pulse basis as required for multiple beam operation. For time of flight experiments which require a series of very short pulses, or even a series of single bunches of electrons, a transverse sweeper phase locked to a subharmonic of the bunching frequency is used in the injector to chop the beam accordingly.
Determination of Teflon thickness with laser speckle. I. Potential for burn depth diagnosis

A quantitative method for determining the depth of burn eschar would aid surgeons in determining whether to excise and subsequently graft a burn wound. We hypothesize that tissue viability could be assessed by an analysis of the spatial modulation of near-field laser speckle by flowing blood. A feasibility study of the technique was performed with two-layer tissue phantoms used to simulate a burn wound. A sheet of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used to simulate nonperfused burn eschar, and tissue perfusion within deeper layers was represented by Brownian motion from a scattering solution. A low-power He–Ne laser was focused onto the target, and the resulting speckle image was captured with a CCD camera and stored on a computer for further processing. The diameter of the speckle pattern was found to be directly proportional to the thickness of the overlying layer. These data suggest that the thickness of PTFE can be determined to ±100-μm accuracy with 95% confidence and may be suitable for burn depth detection in vivo.