cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SIMULATIONS OF EMERGING MAGNETIC FLUX. II. THE FORMATION OF UNSTABLE CORONAL FLUX ROPES AND THE INITIATION OF CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS

We present results from three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the emergence of a twisted convection zone flux tube into a pre-existing coronal dipole field. As in previous simulations, following the partial emergence of the sub-surface flux into the corona, a combination of vortical motions and internal magnetic reconnection forms a coronal flux rope. Then, in the simulations presented here, external reconnection between the emerging field and the pre-existing dipole coronal field allows further expansion of the coronal flux rope into the corona. After sufficient expansion, internal reconnection occurs beneath the coronal flux rope axis, and the flux rope erupts up to the top boundary of the simulation domain (approximately 36 Mm above the surface).We find that the presence of a pre-existing field, orientated in a direction to facilitate reconnection with the emerging field, is vital to the fast rise of the coronal flux rope. The simulations shown in this paper are able to self-consistently create many of the surface and coronal signatures used by coronal mass ejection (CME) models. These signatures include surface shearing and rotational motions, quadrupolar geometry above the surface, central sheared arcades reconnecting with oppositely orientated overlying dipole fields, the formation of coronal flux ropes underlying potential coronal field, and internal reconnection which resembles the classical flare reconnection scenario. This suggests that proposed mechanisms for the initiation of a CME, such as "magnetic breakout," are operating during the emergence of new active regions.
Fluid-Structure Interaction of Thin Flexible Bodies in Multi-Material Multi-Phase Systems

Abstract A numerical approach for the modeling and simulation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in multi-material and multi-phase systems with potential phase-changes dynamics is presented. The boundary conditions at the interface between the fluids and structures are enforced using an immersed boundary technique to couple the Eulerian multi-material solver to the Lagrangian structural solver and maintain the solution algorithm's efficiency. The phase-change dynamics are modeled to consider the volume expansion/shrinkage due to the density difference in materials. The algorithm for material phase-change includes a sub-grid model near triple points and benefits from the volume-conservative continuous moment-of-fluid (CMOF) reconstruction method for smooth material domain representation. A systematic stability criterion for the coupled problems with the proposed FSI technique is derived, and the accuracy of the method is verified and tested with multiple canonical problems. The technique is employed to explore the effects of the active vortex generation of a flapping plate on the momentum and thermal dynamics of the nucleate pool boiling phenomenon in a cross-flow in two and three-dimensional setups.
Carlos Huneeus and Octavio Avendaño , eds., El sistema político de Chile. Santiago: LOM, 2018. Tables, figures, bibliography, 444 pp.

Chile is facing an unprecedented crisis with the social explosion of late 2019, one of the highest rates of COVID-19 infections in the world, and an upcoming constitutional referendum that has the potential to significantly rewrite Chile’s constitutional map in existential ways. Claudia Heiss and Esteban Szmulewicz provide a comprehensive analysis of Chile’s constitutional history as the country heads into a period of potential reform. Fundamentally, the authors argue, the document failed because it did not meet the basics of what constitutions are supposed to do, which is to establish a pact between members of society, to limit majorities and protect minorities, and to rein in the various powers of the state. Avendano and Rodrigo Cuevas focus their chapter on the large umbrella organizations that bring together business interests—the CPC (Confederacion de la Produccion y el Comercio) and unionized workers—the CUT (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores).
An Approach to Patients with Alopecia

Alopecia is a dermatologic condition in which sudden or gradual loss of hair occurs on 1 or more areas of the body, most commonly the scalp. Hair loss can be acute or chronic in nature as a result of underlying inflammation, autoimmune processes, stressors, chemotherapy, or hairstyling practices. Alopecia can have substantial psychological consequences, having a negative impact on the quality of life in affected patients. The ability to both recognize and distinguish these condition holds great significance not only in providing adequate and timely treatment to improve outcomes but also meeting patient needs.
Use of a stepped preparation to improve the damage tolerance of grade 91 steel welds

Damage equivalent to that seen over very long times in Grade 91 steel welded components was successfully formed in laboratory, feature sized samples tested under controlled conditions. This paper ...
Jesus as a Restoring Leader

This chapter uses Robbins (Exploring the texture of texts: A guide to socio-rhetorical interpretation, Trinity Press, Harrisburg, 1996) inner textual analysis technique on John 21:1–25 to explore Jesus’ ability to restore his relationship with the disciple Peter and the other disciples. Identification of the key themes of remembering the past, acknowledging the hurt, leading with love, and refocusing on the mission are the best ways to restore a relationship that has been broken through conflict. These actions can be used by a leader when restoring relationships among a team.
Mathematical Modeling of the Rod Phototransduction Process

Rod photoreceptors are capable of responding to very dim light, thus allowing for night vision. The phototransduction process in rods is a quite well known phenomenon and thus it can be considered as a paradigm of cell signalling mechanisms. Despite a quite deep understanding of the underlying biochemical processes and the availability of measured ranges for all the involved physical parameters, a model able to capture the intricate diffusion processes arising inside the rod cell was not available in the literature. In fact, only simple well stirred models, considering the concentration of the involved species as uniform inside the cell, have been proposed and used by biologists for the interpretation of the experimental measurements. As a matter of fact, due to the intricate cell structure and the photon absorption mechanism, the diffusion processes inside the cell turn out to be crucial for a correct understanding of the cell operation. To this end, a spatially fully resolved model of the rod cell has been proposed, taking into account all the diffusion processes arising inside the rod. The complexity due to the intricate rod cell structure was greatly reduced by using the mathematical techniques of homogenization and concentration of capacity, yielding a model described by coupled partial differential equations of parabolic type, with non-linear source terms, set into simple homogeneous domains. A finite element formulation of the proposed model was then developed, supplying numerical results well reproducing the available experimental results. Once validated, the model was used for performing virtual experiments, not possible in vivo, and testing new hypotheses, providing insights about unknown and debated aspects of the rod phototransduction phenomenon.
Problems of adaptation to a terrestrial environment

Perspective: the origin of vascular plants Land plants, plants that complete their life cycle entirely in a terrestrial environment, are represented largely by bryophytes and vascular plants. In all taxa except seed plants, however, at least a thin film of water is required for fertilization; and even in two primitive groups of seed plants, the cycads and Ginkgo , fertilization is by free-swimming spermatozoids released into a liquid medium in the archegonial chamber. A few angiosperms, although terrestrial in origin, have reverted to an aquatic existence. Vascular plants are by far the dominant groups on the Earth comprising over 255,000 species in contrast to about 22,000 species of bryophytes and approximately 20,000 species of algae. The first vascular plants appear in the fossil record in the late Silurian, about 420 million years ago, but their green algal ancestors are thought to have appeared nearly 400 million years earlier! Shared features comprise the major evidence that vascular plants, possibly also bryophytes, evolved from green algae: both synthesize chlorophylls a and b, both store true starch in plastids; both have motile cells with whiplash flagella, and both (but only a few green algae) are characterized by phragmoplast and cell plate formation following mitosis. A green alga, with these and other significant characteristics, that may provide a model of an algal ancestor of vascular plants is Coleochaete , a member of the Charophyceae.
Generating diverse ensembles to counter the problem of class imbalance

One of the more challenging problems faced by the data mining community is that of imbalanced datasets In imbalanced datasets one class (sometimes severely) outnumbers the other class, causing correct, and useful predictions to be difficult to achieve In order to combat this, many techniques have been proposed, especially centered around sampling methods In this paper we propose an ensemble framework that combines random subspaces with sampling to overcome the class imbalance problem We then experimentally verify this technique on a wide variety of datasets We conclude by analyzing the performance of the ensembles, and showing that, overall, our technique provides a significant improvement.
A small, unstable RNA molecule of Escherichia coli: spot 42 RNA. II. Accumulation and distribution.

We have studied the accumulation and distribution of a small, unstable RNA molecule of Escherichia coli called spot 42 RNA (Ikemura & Dahlberg, 1973b). This molecule has sequence and structural features characteristic of messenger RNAs and leader RNAs (Sahagan & Dahlberg, 1979). It is present in 100 to 200 copies per cell when cells are grown in media supplemented with glucose. Although it accumulates in cells that have been deprived of an essential amino acid or phosphate or ammonium ions, the amount of spot 42 RNA is greatly reduced when cells are grown on non-glucose carbon sources or when cyclic AMP is added to a glucose-grown culture. Thus accumulation of spot 42 RNA is inversely proportional to the intracellular concentration of cAMP. About half of the spot 42 RNA in a cell is isolated in association with bacterial nucleoids. It is the only 4 to 6 S RNA which is enriched in this fraction. This molecule also cofractionates with 5 S ribosomal RNA during the preparation of ribosomes and ribosome fractions. The possibility that spot 42 RNA is a leader sequence whose level of accumulation is modulated by the intracellular level of cAMP is discussed.
The Deoxyribonucleic Acid Modification and Restriction Enzymes of Escherichia coli B I. PURIFICATION, SUBUNIT STRUCTURE, AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF THE MODIFICATION METHYLASE

The modification methylase of Escherichia coli B has been purified to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme can exist in several forms, each possessing two nonidentical polypeptides, β and γ, of molecular weights of 60,000 and 55,000, respectively. Freshly isolated enzyme has the structure β1γ1, but upon storage at neutral pH and low salt, it disproportionates, producing another form, β3γ1. Treatment at pH 5 converts the mixture of β3γ1 and β1γ1 to a mixture of β1γ1 and another form β2γ1, whereas exposure to high salt breaks down the β3γ1 structure. The enzyme is inhibited by S-adenosylethionine and 5′-methylthioadenosine, but not by S-adenosylhomocysteine. None of these compounds can replace the required cofactor, S-adenosylmethionine. The enzyme can methylate a wide variety of DNAs, but not DNA produced by E. coli B.
Om Mani Padme Hum

I write to you today not from my position as educator, professor, or researcher, but as a mother of a five-year-old who began her journey in/with/through school just a few short months ago. As she began her journey, I began one of my own: I found myself no longer someone else’s teacher, nor the caretaker and nurturer of other people’s children in schools, nor the preparer of future teachers; instead, I am classroom volunteer, new member of the PTA, and Kindergarten mom.
Modeling the Corrosive Effects of Various Magnesium Alloys Exposed to Two Saltwater Environments

The use of magnesium within the automotive industry is limited by its corrosion rate in the presence of saltwater. By adding various elements, the magnesium micro structure and corrosion rate can be altered. In the Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems at Mississippi State University, a model is being developed to elucidate the total corrosion of magnesium alloys and is comprised of general corrosion and pitting corrosion, respectively, as shown below: Open image in new window where pitting corrosion is based on the pit number density, pit surface area, and a nearest neighbor distance function, respectively, as shown below: Open image in new window
The small GTPase Rab7 as a central regulator of hepatocellular lipophagy.

Autophagy is a central mechanism by which hepatocytes catabolize lipid droplets (LDs). Currently, the regulatory mechanisms that control this important process are poorly defined. The small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab7 has been implicated in the late endocytic pathway and is known to associate with LDs, although its role in LD breakdown has not been tested. In this study, we demonstrate that Rab7 is indispensable for LD breakdown (“lipophagy”) in hepatocytes subjected to nutrient deprivation. Importantly, Rab7 is dramatically activated in cells placed under nutrient stress; this activation is required for the trafficking of both multivesicular bodies and lysosomes to the LD surface during lipophagy, resulting in the formation of a lipophagic “synapse.” Depletion of Rab7 leads to gross morphological changes of multivesicular bodies, lysosomes, and autophagosomes, consequently leading to attenuation of hepatocellular lipophagy. Conclusion: These findings provide additional support for the role of autophagy in hepatocellular LD catabolism while implicating the small GTPase Rab7 as a key regulatory component of this essential process. (Hepatology 2015;61:1896–1907)
Molecular Biology of the Ewing’s Sarcoma/Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Family

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) are members of a tumor family consistently associated with chromosomal translocation and functional fusion of the EWS gene to any of several structurally related transcription factor genes. Similar gene fusion events occur in other mesenchymal and hematopoietic tumors and are tumor-specific. The resulting novel transcription factor-like chimeric proteins are believed to contribute to tumor biology by aberrant regulation of gene expression altering critical controls of cell proliferation and differentiation. These tumor-specific molecular rearrangements are useful for primary diagnosis, may provide prognostic information, and present potential therapeutic targets. The recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of ES and PNET represent a paradigm for the application of the basic biology of neoplasia to clinical management of patients.
Isolation and generation of human dendritic cells

Dendritic cells are highly specialized antigen-presenting cells (APC), which may be isolated or generated from human blood mononuclear cells. Although mature blood dendritic cells normally represent ∼0.2% of human blood mononuclear cells, their frequency can be greatly increased using the cell enrichment methods described in this unit. More highly purified dendritic cell preparations can be obtained from these populations by sorting of fluorescence-labeled cells. Alternatively, dendritic cells can be generated from monocytes by culture with the appropriate cytokines, as described here. In addition, a negative selection approach is provided that may be employed to generate cell preparations that have been depleted of dendritic cells to be used for comparison in functional studies.
Does a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome have value in clinical practice

"The metabolic syndrome" is the name for a clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes that are of metabolic origin. These risk factors consist of atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state. There are 2 major, interacting causes of the metabolic syndrome-obesity and endogenous metabolic susceptibility. The latter typically is manifested by insulin resistance. The metabolic syndrome is accompanied by a 2-fold increase in the risk of cardiovascular disease and a 5-fold increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes. A clinical diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome is useful because it affects therapeutic strategy in patients at higher risk. However, there are 2 views about the best therapeutic strategy for patients with the metabolic syndrome. One view holds that each of the metabolic risk factors should be singled out and treated separately. The other view holds that greater emphasis should be given to implementing therapies that will reduce all of the risk factors simultaneously. The latter approach emphasizes lifestyle therapies (weight reduction and increased exercise), which target all of the risk factors. This approach is also the foundation of other therapies for targeting multiple risk factors together by striking at the underlying causes, as in the development of drugs to promote weight reduction and to reduce insulin resistance. Treating the underlying causes does not rule out the management of individual risk factors, but it will add strength to the control of multiple risk factors.
Culturally Appropriate Care

Refugees come from traumatic environments and face difficulties adjusting to the new country. In addition, linguistic and cultural barriers pose challenges in accessing health care. It is important for health care providers to have cultural awareness. This chapter reviews the definition of cultural competence and outlines skills recommended for individual providers. Practical tools for enhancing effective cross-cultural patient-provider communication are described. Refugee specific cultural factors that influence disease manifestation and attitudes towards health care are discussed. Challenges in using interpreters for communication are discussed along with practical tips for effective utilization of professional interpreters. Finally, readers who care for refugees can access the resources listed in the chapter.
A conservative approach to testicular rupture in adolescent boys.

Purpose: Management for blunt trauma with breach of the renal capsule or bladder (extraperitoneal) has largely become nonsurgical since a conservative approach proved to be effective and safe. Currently the recommendation for managing testicular rupture is surgical exploration and debridement or orchiectomy. We report outcomes in boys diagnosed with testicular rupture and treated without surgical intervention.Materials and Methods: In the last year we conservatively treated 7 consecutive boys with delayed presentation of testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma. Patients were treated with scrotal support, antibiotics to prevent abscess, rest, analgesics and serial ultrasound. We report clinical information and outcomes.Results: The 7 boys were 11 to 14 years old and presented 1 to 5 days after injury. Trauma was to the left testis in 3 cases and to the right testis in 4. Patients presented with mild to moderate pain and similar scrotal swelling. Ultrasound findings consistently revealed hematocele an...
Semidifferential Invariants for Tactile Recognition of Algebraic Curves

In this paper we study the recognition of low-degree polynomial curves based on minimal tactile data. Euclidean differential and semidifferential invariants have been derived for quadratic curves and special cubic curves that are found in applications. These invariants, independent of translation and rotation, are evaluated over the differential geometry at up to three points on a curve. Their values are independent of the evaluation points. Recognition of the curve reduces to invariant verification with its canonical parametric form determined along the way. In addition, the contact locations are found on the curve, thereby localizing it relative to the touch sensor. Simulation results support the method despite numerical errors. Preliminary experiments have also been carried out with the introduction of a method for reliable curvature estimation. The presented work distinguishes itself from traditional model-based recognition in its ability to simultaneously recognize and localize a shape from one of se...
Optimal warranty arrangements for the design of accounting information systems

Abstract This paper investigates optimal price/warranty arrangements for the design of accounting information systems (AISs) when the user of the system has alternative sources of information. A mathematical model is developed that focuses on two systems design scenarios commonly encountered in practice: (1) enhancement and (2) replacement. In an enhancement scenario the AIS user hires the AIS designer to enhance the value of the current AIS by incorporating additional features into the original system. Systems replacement, on the other hand, implies that the designer produces a new system that makes the original system obsolete. Under a replacement system, a simple limited warranty implements the user's optimal decision rule so that no losses occur due to unobservability of the user's decision. For the enhanced AIS design however, the user's action may depend upon the signal from the user's preexisting AIS. Therefore, when the user's decision is not observable, the designer does not know if the user's decision is a result of the systems enhancement or a result of the original system. Due to incomplete contracts, a more complex and costly warranty arrangement is required. Hence, losses occur under enhancement AIS although quality can be maintained with a limited warranty. Since it is difficult to assess the quality of the information system prior to purchase, the potential for a market failure exists where high-quality systems are driven from the market by low quality systems. These findings show that a market failure can be prevented in the design of information systems through contractual warranty arrangements. These warranty arrangements, however, must be tailored to the specific design task.
Predator-prey relationship of Geocoris punctipes (Say) and Heliothis virescens (F.)

Predator-prey relationships between Geocoris punctipes (Say) and Heliothis virescens (F.) were studied in the laboratory by caging G. punctipes nymphs individually with H. virescens eggs or larvae. The primary objectives of the study were to determine which stages of H. virescens were acceptable as prey for each nymphal instar of G. punctipes and how this predation affected the developmental rate and percent survival of the predator's 5 instars. First-instar G. punctipes nymphs were discovered to be almost exclusively egg predators; the last 4 fed on both eggs and small larvae. All predator stages attained a survival rate of over 96% when they fed on eggs, but when feeding on 1st-instar larvae, survival ranged from 5.6–69.0% for all instars. Predator survival, feeding and development rates decreased as size (or age) of its prey increased; survival rate and feeding rates increased with each successive instar.
Three-dimensional reconstructions of the bacteriophage CUS-3 virion reveal a conserved coat protein I-domain but a distinct tailspike receptor-binding domain

CUS-3 is a short-tailed, dsDNA bacteriophage that infects serotype K1 Escherichia coli. We report icosahedrally averaged and asymmetric, three-dimensional, cryo-electron microscopic reconstructions of the CUS-3 virion. Its coat protein structure adopts the "HK97-fold" shared by other tailed phages and is quite similar to that in phages P22 and Sf6 despite only weak amino acid sequence similarity. In addition, these coat proteins share a unique extra external domain ("I-domain"), suggesting that the group of P22-like phages has evolved over a very long time period without acquiring a new coat protein gene from another phage group. On the other hand, the morphology of the CUS-3 tailspike differs significantly from that of P22 or Sf6, but is similar to the tailspike of phage K1F, a member of the extremely distantly related T7 group of phages. We conclude that CUS-3 obtained its tailspike gene from a distantly related phage quite recently.
The Formin/Diaphanous-related Protein, FHOS, Interacts with Rac1 and Activates Transcription from the Serum Response Element

FHOS is a member of the formin homology (FH) family of proteins and is expressed at high levels in splenic cells. FH proteins link cellular signaling pathways to the actin cytoskeleton and serum response factor-dependent transcription. In these studies, the role of FHOS in Rho family GTPase signaling pathways was analyzed. FHOS interacted with the polybasic domain in the Rac1 C terminus in a guanine nucleotide-independent manner but did not interact with RhoA, Cdc42Hs, Rac2, or Rac3. Intramolecular autoinhibitory interactions between the C terminus of FHOS and an N-terminal region partially overlapping the Rac1 interaction domain were also identified. FHOS truncation mutants lacking the N- or C-terminal autoregulatory domains stimulated transcription of a c-fos serum response element (SRE)-driven reporter. Overexpression of wild-type and mutant (N17 and V12) Rac1 proteins repressed SRE induction by the N-terminal FHOS deletion mutant but not by the C-terminal FHOS deletion mutant. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that the localization of the mutant FHOS proteins might contribute to their differential responses to Rac1. Wild-type FHOS and the N-terminal deletion mutant localized to the perinuclear region and membrane edges. In contrast, the C-terminal FHOS mutants were diffusely localized. These data suggest that FHOS induces transcription from SREs by multiple pathways and that Rac1 may influence the course of some FHOS-induced signaling events.
The distribution of histamine H1-receptors in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study.

Abstract The localization of histamine H 1 -receptors in the rat brain was studied at the light microscopic level by quantitative autoradiography. Receptors were labeled in vitro with [ 3 H]mepyramine. The autoradiograms revealed a widespread distribution of these receptors throughout the brain. Areas with high receptor concentrations are: the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, polymorphic layer of the hilus of the area dentata, ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus, pontine nuclei and other nuclei in the pons, the nucleus tractus solitarii and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Possible relationships of the distributions of histamine H 1 -receptors with (a) specific anatomical systems, (b) the known distribution of histaminergic terminals and (c) the central pharmacological effects of histamine and antihistaminics are discussed.
S-admissible search of hierarchical classifiers with continuous feature distributions

A remedy has been found for hierarchical classifiers which relieves the tendency toward misclassification and/or 'reject' decisions with the Kulkarni-Kanal S-admissible search strategy, when empty bins are present in the histograms derived by discretization of feature ranges.
Operator-Split Runge–Kutta–Rosenbrock Methods for Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models

This paper presents a new approach for discretizing the nonhydrostatic Euler equations in Cartesian geometry using an operator-split time-stepping strategy and unstaggered upwind finite-volume model formulation. Following the method of lines, a spatial discretization of the governing equations leads to a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In general, explicit time-stepping methods cannot be applied directly to these equations because the large aspect ratio between the horizontal and vertical grid spacing leads to a stringent restriction on the time step to maintain numerical stability. Instead, an A-stable linearly implicit Rosenbrock method for evolving the vertical components of the equations coupled to atraditionalexplicitRunge‐Kutta formulainthehorizontalisproposed.Uptothird-ordertemporalaccuracy is achieved by carefully interleaving the explicit and linearly implicit steps. The time step for the resulting Runge‐Kutta‐Rosenbrock‐type semi-implicit method is then restricted only by the grid spacing and wave speed in the horizontal. The high-order finite-volume model is tested against a series of atmospheric flow problems to verify accuracy and consistency. The results of these tests reveal that this method is accurate, stable, and applicable to a wide range of atmospheric flows and scales.
Effects of several therapies on stuttering in a single case

Abstract A variety of treatments were applied in serial order to a 22-year-old male with severe stuttering. The treatments included metronome pacing, reading a play, signaled consequences for stuttering, reading scripts of conversation, behind-the-ear metronome pacing, in vivo desensitization, and regulated breathing. Frequency of stuttering was monitored in all therapy situations; breathing and other physiological functions were also monitored. All procedures, while in effect, reduced stuttering rates below those in free conversation. In vivo desensitization reduced stuttering in subsequent free conversation in the office but did not generalize to real life speaking situations. Regulated breathing produced an immediate drop in stuttering to “normal” levels, generalized to all speaking situations, and was maintained at an 8-month follow-up. Respiration records reflected changes in breathing pattern during speech.
The morphology of neurons in trigeminal nucleus oralis projecting to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis): A retrograde horseradish peroxidase and golgi study

This study demonstrates that trigeminal nucleus oralis, the most rostral subdivision of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, contains four morphologically distinct types of small neurons which project to the medullary dorsal horn (trigeminal nucleus caudalis) via descending intratrigeminal pathways. Using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase following injections in the medullary dorsal horn, labeled small neurons with cell bodies ranging from 8-15 microns in diameter are found principally in the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis. Most neurons are labeled ipsilaterally throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis, but a few cells are also labeled contralaterally. From this aspect of the present study it can be concluded that a specific portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis, i.e. the ventrolateral part, contains numerous small neurons which send descending projections to the medullary dorsal horn that could affect synaptic activity there. Utilizing both the methods of Golgi and retrograde horseradish peroxidase labeling four distinct types of small descending medullary dorsal horn projection neurons can be distinguished in the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis on the basis of their morphology and the distribution of their axons and dendrites. All four neuronal cell types are present throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the trigeminal nucleus oralis. Type I neurons are the most frequently labeled descending medullary dorsal horn projection neurons. They are concentrated in the medial 500-550 microns of the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis and display dendritic trees which occupy spherical domains approaching 300 microns in diameter. The unmyelinated axons of many of these cells arise either directly from the cell body or a primary dendrite and give rise to a single collateral within 50 microns of their site of origin. This collateral generates a fine axonal plexus within a portion of the dendritic arbor of the parent cell while the parent axon, without branching further, travels a short distance in the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis and enters a deep axon bundle. Type II neurons are the second most frequently labeled descending medullary dorsal horn projection neuron. They generate medial and lateral dendritic arbors which together span nearly the entire medial 500-550 microns of the ventrolateral portion of the trigeminal nucleus oralis. An unmyelinated axon emerges from the cell body and within 10-30 microns of its origin gives rise to two collaterals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Genetic Trends of Dairy Goats from Sire Evaluations

Abstract Genetic trends of milk and of milk fat yield were estimated from Predicted Differences of 2,491 bucks of Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg breeds with Repeatability at least 15%. Trends were estimated by 1) weighted regression on kidding year of estimates of weighted average genetic merit of sires for each kidding year and 2) weighted regression on year of first daughter's first recorded kidding of generalized least-squares estimates of average genetic merit. Trends were variable across breeds and averaged .22% of mean for milk yield and .24% of mean for fat yield. Lack of genetic progress in most breeds is perhaps from lack of opportunity until recently to identify and use superior performance bucks.
Successful and Sustained Leadership: A Case Study of a Jesuit High School President

The purpose of this research was to examine the factors and elements that contributed to the success and longevity of an exemplary Jesuit high school leader. Through an exemplary case study approach, qualitative and quantitative data were collected. Instead of merely employing one of two leadership frames, the convergent evidence suggested that multiple leadership frames (structural, human resource, political, and symbolic) were employed by the research participant in the service of being a unique and successful leader. The research highlighted the need to draw from several leadership frames for best success.
Seasonal monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions from Pinus taeda and Pinus virginiana

Abstract Seasonal volatile organic compound emission data from loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) were collected using branch enclosure techniques in Central North Carolina, USA. P. taeda monoterpene emission rates were at least ten times higher than oxygenated monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions in all seasons. α-pinene and β-pinene were the most abundant emissions, while β-caryophyllene had the highest sesquiterpene emission rate from this species. β-phellandrene was the dominant compound emitted from P. virginiana, followed by the sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene. Sesquiterpene emissions from P. virginiana have not been reported in the literature previously. Summer sesquiterpene emissions from P. virginiana were nearly as high as monoterpene emissions, but were 4–12 times lower than monoterpene emissions in the other seasons. Oxygenated monoterpenes and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol were emitted at higher rates from P. taeda than from P. virginiana. Temperature response of the pinenes from P. taeda is similar to previously reported values used in emission models, while that for other compounds falls at the lower end of the previously reported range. Temperature response of all compounds from P. virginiana is in reasonable agreement with previously reported values from other pine species. There is evidence of light dependence of sesquiterpene emission after accounting for temperature response from both species. This effect is somewhat stronger in P. taeda. Bud break, needle expansion, and needle fall (and therefore wind events) seemed to increase monoterpene emission during non-summer seasons. In some instances springtime monoterpene emissions were higher than summertime emissions despite cooler temperatures. Emissions of individual compounds within monoterpene, oxygenated monoterpene, and sesquiterpene classes were highly correlated with each other. Compounds from different classes were much less correlated within each species. This is due to a varying temporal emission patterns for each BVOC class and suggests different production, storage, and emission controls for each. Analysis of enclosure blanks and diurnal patterns indicates that, despite precautions, disturbance due to the enclosure technique may still impact monoterpene emission rate estimates. This did not appear to affect sesquiterpene emissions.
Selegiline modifies the extinction of responding following morphine self-administration, but does not alter cue-induced reinstatement, reacquisition of morphine reinforcement, or precipitated withdrawal

Selegiline is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO) with psychostimulant and neuroprotective effects which can prevent decreases in dopamine efflux that follow opiate withdrawal. The present study evaluated effects of selegiline treatment on morphine-seeking behavior and morphine reinforcement in Wistar rats (n = 26). In additional animals (n = 30), the ability of single doses of selegiline to modify naloxone-precipitated withdrawal was determined. After pretreatment with noncontingent morphine to establish opiate dependence, rats acquired self-administration of intravenous morphine. Daily intravenous treatment with saline or 2.0mg kg(-1) doses of selegiline was then initiated and continued over 14 days during extinction, reinstatement, and reacquisition of morphine self-administration. To reduce the potential for psychostimulant effects, selegiline was administered approximately 1h following self-administration, extinction, or reinstatement sessions. In some animals (n = 23), effects of saline or selegiline administration on locomotor activity were determined following extinction sessions. Daily selegiline treatment decreased the number of ratios completed and increased response latency during extinction, without modifying these measures during reinstatement or reacquisition of morphine self-administration. Chronic selegiline treatment increased locomotor activity recorded between 4 and 7h after selegiline administration on day 7 of extinction, but otherwise did not alter locomotor activity. Pretreatment with single, 2.0mg kg(-1) doses of selegiline did not modify naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. In conclusion, pretreatment with selegiline produced only a small decrease in responding during extinction of morphine self-administration and did not modify cue-induced reinstatement of morphine-seeking behavior, reacquisition or morphine reinforcement, or precipitated withdrawal.
A dibenz[a,c]phenazine-supported N-heterocyclic carbene and its rhodium and iridium complexes

Abstract A new polycyclic N-heterocyclic carbene featuring a fused dibenz[a,c]phenazine moiety was generated in situ from the corresponding tetrafluoroborate salt. The synthesis and NMR data of its corresponding precursors, its sulfur adduct and dimer are reported. Complexes of type [MCl(COD)(1)] and [MCl(CO)2(1)] (M = Rh and Ir, 1 = 1,3-dibutyldibenzo[a,c]phenazino[11,12-d]imidazol-2-ylidene) were prepared and characterized using spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The electron-releasing capacity of this new carbene was investigated by evaluation of its corresponding IrCl(COD) and IrCl(CO)2 complexes by IR spectroscopy (νav) and cyclic voltammetry (E1/2). These studies revealed that the electron donicity of this ligand is comparable to that of the previously reported naphthoquinone-annulated imidazolin-2-ylidene. Some preliminary studies of the photophysical properties and catalytic activity of these metal complexes are reported.
Photoperiodic Responses of Two Latitudinally Diverse Groups of Anopheles freeborni (Díptera : Culicidae).

A California strain (37°N) and a Washington strain (47°N) of Anopheles freeborni Aitken were compared for their responses to photoperiod. A sharp 1-hr difference (critical photoperiod) in response of adult female fat body was demonstrated. This critical photoperiod was 9–10 hr for the California strain, 11–12 hr for the Washington strain. These latitudinal differences in response seem explainable on the basis of expected seasonal temperatures. Ovary length was also noted to respond to photoperiod, but no consistent relationship was seen in willingness of females to take a blood meal. Both larvae and adults respond to day length.
Apoplectiform Septicemia in Turkeys

Abstract JUDGING from the very few reports in veterinary literature, one is led to believe that streptococcic infection in poultry is of rather rare occurrence. It seems, however, perfectly plausible that with more diligent examination of autopsy specimens, that is by recourse to the microscope and to bacteriological methods for the differentiation and diagnosis of septicemic diseases of fowl, streptococcic infection may be more frequently demonstrated. To the writer’s knowledge, streptococcicosis has not before been reported from turkeys. The polymorphic streptococcus observed in turkeys by Krage and Weissgerber (1924) is said to have been identical, in all probability, with the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis rodentium. As a matter of fact, the American literature has been silent on apoplectiform septicemia for nearly twenty-five years. That an interesting observation, made several years ago, while affiliated with the Veterinary Department of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, shall not go unrecorded, the writer feels justified in . . .
Convergence between Own-categories and binocular-rivalry measures of attitudinal direction.

Summary.-2 quite different indicators of attitudinal orientation were administered to the same sc of 211 Ss. Following the suggestions of previous investigators, it was expecred that similar attitudinal scores would be obtained from the 2 different types of measures. This expectation held. Significant correlations, in the predicted directions, were found between rhe two seu of scores. In their now classic Faper, Cook and Selltiz (1964) discussed the discrepancy between the concept of attitude and the normally restricted range of attitudinal measures, concluding that a "multiple indicator approach" to attitude measurement is necessary. Following up on this suggestion, Campbell (1967), Sechist (1967), and Scott (1968) have published reviews of techniques which can be used to supplement the traditional approach to attitude measurement. Others, such as Purcell and Clifford (1966) and Ono, Hastorf, and Osgood (1966), have been identi!ying the relationship bemeen different kinds of measures. The present paper presents evidence of a relationship between two somewhat nontraditional attitude measures. This research was carried out in conjunction with a larger study which concerned the effectiveness of 2 work-training pr~grarn.~ Ss were 211 unemployed people who had enrolled in this program. Their ages ranged from 17 to 70 yr., with a mean age of 27 yr. Tested IQ varied from 50 to 139, with a mean IQ of 82. On the average, Ss had been unemployed for 19 wk., and 80% were receiving public assistance at the time when the study was carried out. Approximately two-thuds of the Ss were males; more than 90% were Black.
On our origins

We marked 2009 devoted to origins. It was our wayof acknowledging the coincidence of 2009 as thebicentennial of the birth of Charles Darwin, thesesquicentennial of his publication of The Origin ofSpecies (Darwin 1859) - and the 170th anniversary ofhis marriage. A remarkable number and variety ofbooks and articles devoted to Darwin were publishedto recognize the year (e.g., Quammen 2008; Dawkins2009; Ruse 2009; van Wyhe 2009). Springer Aca-demic Publishers recognized it as The Year of Darwin(Fig. 1). It is fitting to add our acknowledgement,given the importance of evolution to EnvironmentalBiology of Fishes.I invited Ian Potter to provide his article on theorigin of Environmental Biology of Fishes (Potter2010). Ian is in the unique position to provide thatimportant information, as the only other remainingactive member from the original Editorial Board ofthis journal (I was responsible for Notes andReviews). Furthermore, he and Bill Beamish werethe origin of the name of our journal! In this EditorialI will comment more specifically on the origin ofEnvironmental Biology of Fishes and the develop-ment to the current state of our journal.Origins, evolution and development are importantto our journal, as they are to all of modern biology.Perhaps more than some other journals, Environmen-tal Biology of Fishes emphasizes an evolutionaryperspective. Our evolutionary emphasis shows notonly in the articles we publish but also in the interestsand activities of our Editorial Board. Of course werely heavily on our external reviewers for theirexpertise and advice, and our panel of externalreviewers is critical for reviews of our manuscripts. Iwill consider the Editorial Board and our publishedarticles as the basis for my comments on the originand development of Environmental Biology of Fishes.I have taken the information from the public forum, inthe tables of contents, the lists of Advisory Editors,the Acknowledgements for Reviewing published inevery volume, and of course most importantly thearticles we publish. In addition, I have drawn uponthe complete editorial files we maintain to providecritical details on the current status of the journal.As Ian Potter described in his article (Potter 2010),our journal originated about 35 years ago, during atime of rapid growth for science and academia, atleast in North America and Western Europe. Manychanges have taken place over the ensuing quartercentury, including recent economic upheavals, dra-matic changes in technology and marked shifts in ourperspectives on the natural world. Certainly theeconomic, social and other aspects of the historicalcontext are important, but they are not the subjects of
First trimester screening cannot predict adverse outcomes yet

The use of first trimester screening to detect aneuploidy has become an integral part of prenatal care. The application of similar screening algorithms to identify women at the highest risk for other adverse pregnancy outcomes in the first trimester could potentially have a major clinical impact. There has been much investigation into the ability to identify patients early in pregnancy at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes who may benefit from further surveillance and/or intervention. For this to be the case, however, as is true of any useful screening test, effective interventions need to be available. Unfortunately, for fetal growth restriction and stillbirth, no such interventions exist short of delivery. For preeclampsia, low dose aspirin has been demonstrated to be of benefit in specific subgroups. For preterm birth, although there are efficacious treatments, first trimester serum markers or cervical length measurements do not add significantly beyond historical or demographic factors, in prediction of preterm birth. Given the current evidence, first trimester screening, via serum or ultrasound markers, does not have sufficiently high enough positive predictive values for the development of preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth or stillbirth. In order to develop effective screening algorithms for adverse pregnancy outcomes in the first trimester, understanding the heterogeneous phenotype of these complications and the underlying pathophysiology is needed.
Empty consonants and other CV-tier effects in Aranese Gascon

Abstract In this paper, strong support for the existence and independence of the CV-tier is derived from a number of facts in the phonology of the Aranese dialect of Gascon. It is shown that this language possesses both word-initial and word-final empty consonants, and that it also makes a distinction between tautomorphemic and heteromorphemic affricates which should be captured in terms of a difference in the linkage to the CV-tier. These facts have special significance in view of recent proposals to eliminate the CV-tier from phonological representations.