cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regions of the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Latency-Associated Transcript That Protect Cells from Apoptosis In Vitro and Protect Neuronal Cells In Vivo

Recent studies have suggested that the latency-associated transcript (LAT) region of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is effective at blocking virus-induced apoptosis both in vitro and in the trigeminal ganglia of acutely infected rabbits (Inman et al., J. Virol. 75:3636-3646, 2001; Perng et al., Science 287:1500-1503, 2000). By transfecting cells with a construct expressing the Pst-Mlu segment of the LAT, encompassing the LAT exon 1, the stable 2.0-kb intron, and 5' part of exon 2, we confirmed that this region was able to diminish the onset of programmed cell death initiated by anti-Fas and camptothecin treatment. In addition, caspase 8-induced apoptosis was specifically inhibited in cells expressing the Pst-Mlu LAT fragment. To further delineate the minimal region of LAT that is necessary for this antiapoptotic function, LAT mutants were used in our cotransfection assays. In HeLa cells, the plasmids lacking exon sequences were the least effective at blocking apoptosis. However, similar to previous work (Inman et al., op. cit.), our data also indicated that the 5' end of the stable 2.0-kb LAT intron appeared to contribute to the promotion of cell survival. Furthermore, cells productively infected with the 17N/H LAT mutant virus, a virus deleted in the LAT promoter, exon 1, and about half of the intron, exhibited a greater degree of DNA fragmentation than cells infected with wild-type HSV-1. These data support the finding that the exon 1 and 2.0-kb intron region of the LAT transcription unit display an antiapoptotic function both in transfected cells and in the context of the virus infection in vitro. In trigeminal ganglia of mice acutely infected with the wild-type virus, 17, and 17DeltaSty, a virus lacking most of exon 1, apoptosis was not detected in cells that were positive for virus particles. However, dual staining was observed in cells from mice infected with 17N/H virus, indicating that the LAT antiapoptotic function demonstrated in cells transfected by LAT-expressing constructs may also play a role in protecting cells from virus-induced apoptosis during acute viral infection in vivo.
Electroacupuncture counteracts the development of thermal hyperalgesia and the alteration of nerve growth factor and sensory neuromodulators induced by streptozotocin in adult rats.

Aims/hypothesis Diabetes is considered the leading cause of neuropathies in developed countries. Dysfunction of nerve growth factor (NGF) production and/or utilisation may lead to the establishment of diabetic neuropathies. Electroacupuncture has been proved effective in the treatment of human neuropathic pain as well as in modulating NGF production/activity. We aimed at using electroacupuncture to correct the development of thermal hyperalgesia and the tissue alteration of NGF and sensory neuromodulators in a rat model of type 1 diabetes.
Standardizing DSM-IV diagnoses: The clinical applications of structured interviews

Psychological assessments of Axis I and Axis II diagnoses are strongly enhanced by the use of structured interviews. Structured interviews standardize the clinical inquiries, sequencing of diagnostic issues, and criterion-based ratings. For a broad range of clinical settings, structured interviews can systematically assess changes in patient status, corroborative data from multiple sources, interrater and test-retest reliability, and diagnostic validity. This article outlines the potential uses of different diagnostic interviews that are tailored for or adapted to specific clinical purposes.
Biochemical characteristics of microsomal preparations from diazinon-resistant and -susceptible houseflies☆

Abstract In addition to oxidative degradation of diazinon, other microsomal oxidative activities, such as N- and O-demethylation, are higher in a diazinon-resistant strain of houseflies than in a susceptible strain. The increase in other enzyme activities, such as NADPH oxidation, O 2 uptake, and cytochrome P 450 , indicate that a general increase in the enzymes of the NADPH-dependent electron transport chain of housefly microsomes is characteristic of this type of insecticide resistance.
Temperature variation of the correlation length of carbon dioxide at its critical density

Abstract When light scattering intensity and Rayleigh linewidth data are combined with X-ray data of Chu et al., the correlation length exponent, v , is determined to be 0.59 ± 0.02
Shear induced aggregation during the precipitation of titanium alkoxides

Abstract Studies are presented on shear induced agglomeration during the homogeneous nucleation and growth of particles formed through the hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethylortho-titanate in aqueous ethanol solutions. In the absence of shear, the reaction results in the formation of uniform spherical particles if the growing particles have surface potentials, ψ 0 , greater than 12 mV. For ψ 0 > 12 mV in the presence of shear, particles initially grow as discrete units. However, above a critical shear rate the particles grow to a size at which they aggregate and the final precipitate is composed of agglomerates consisting of fused particles. Variations in critical shear rate with surface potential and ionic strength are explored. Shear aggregation is found to be consistent with a model of pair potentials composed of van der Waals, electrostatic, and short range repulsive interactions.
Light-induced Oxidations in Milk

Summary To summarize, let us consider what has evolved from this discussion. We have considered the mechanisms by which light mediates chemical reactions. We have seen that light is able to penetrate milk and that milk is, therefore, susceptible to reactions of this sort. We have emphasized the photodegradation of vitamins resulting in nutritionally inferior milk, the alteration of proteins resulting in the activated flavor, and the alteration of lipids resulting in the oxidized flavor as being the photochemical processes of primary practical importance. But just as important, we have had proof of the dynamic nature of milk thrust upon us in the form of the obvious integration of all these processes. The versatility of riboflavin in these systems is just one example of the dynamic equilibria that make milk such a tremendously difficult and yet such an exciting medium for chemical study.
Towards the development of a chemical kinetic model for the homogeneous oxidation of mercury by chlorine species

The potential for regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers is a concern for the electric utility industry. Field data show a wide variation in the fraction of mercury that is emitted as a vapor vs. that retained in the solid products. The reason for this variation is not well-understood. Near the end of the flue gas path, mercury exists as a combination of elemental vapor and HgCl2 vapor. The data show that HgCl2 is more likely to be removed from the flue gas. Thus, the degree of oxidation is considered to be a critical factor that tends to reduce emission. Mercury is certain to exist as elemental vapor in the flame, with the oxidation occurring at some point in the post-flame environment. At present, the mechanism promoting this oxidation is not quantitatively known, particularly under the low chlorine concentrations afforded by many coals. In the present work, we measure mercury oxidation from a furnace operating between 860°C and 1171°C. These data are compared with similar results from the literature. The possible elementary reactions that may lead to oxidation are reviewed and a chemical kinetic model is proposed. This model yields good qualitative agreement with the data and indicates that mercury oxidation occurs during the thermal quench of the combustion gases. The model also suggests that atomic chlorine is the key oxidizing species. The oxidation is limited to a temperature window between 700°C and 400°C that is defined by the overlap of (1) a region of significant superequilibrium Cl concentration, and (2) a region where oxidized mercury is favored by equilibrium. Above 700°C, reverse reactions effectively limit oxidized mercury concentrations. Below 400°C, atomic chlorine concentrations are too low to support further oxidation. The implication of these results are that homogeneous oxidation is governed primarily by (1) HCl concentration, (2) quench rate, and (3) background gas composition.
TPH2 5'- and 3'-regulatory polymorphisms are differentially associated with HPA axis function and self-injurious behavior in rhesus monkeys.

Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) synthesizes neuronal serotonin and is linked to numerous behavioral traits. We have previously characterized the functionality of polymorphisms (especially 2051A>C) in 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR) of rhesus monkey TPH2 (rhTPH2). This study further assessed the functionality of additional polymorphisms (–1605T>C, –1491Tn, –1485(AT)n, –1454A>G, –1325In>Del and –363T>G) in rhTPH2 5’-flanking region (5’-FR), and evaluated the effects of rhTPH2 5’ and 3’ genotypes on central serotonin turnover, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function and self-injurious behavior (SIB) in 32 unrelated adult male monkeys of Indian origin. Haplotypes of the rhTPH2 5’-FR polymorphisms exert a significant, cell-dependent effect on reporter gene expression, primarily conferred by –1485(AT)n. The –1485(AT)n and 2051A>C polymorphisms interact to influence cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-HIAA and plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the afternoon. While –1485(AT)n exerts significant main effects on the afternoon cortisol level and nocturnal HPA negative feedback, 2051A>C has significant main effects on the morning cortisol level and cortisol response to ACTH challenge, as well as marginally significant main effects on the daytime HPA negative feedback and self-biting rate. In addition, the genotype/allele frequency of the 5’-FR –1325Ins>Del differed significantly between the self-wounders and non-wounders, whereas 3’-UTR 2128S>L polymorphism differed significantly in genotype/allele frequency between the high- and low-frequency biters. This study shows the functionality of rhTPH2 5’-FR polymorphisms, and provides evidence for the differential association of rhTPH2 5’-FR and 3’-UTR polymorphisms with HPA axis function and SIB. Our findings shed light on the role of TPH2 gene variance in physiology and behavioral traits, and also contribute to the understanding of the pathophysiology and genetics of SIB
The community competence scale as a measure of functional daily living skills.

Competence assessment is of growing interest to administrators and clinicians who work with deinstitutionalized psychiatric and geriatric populations. A new instrument, the Community Competence Scale (CCS), is a multiscale structured interview administered in a similar manner to the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. The CCS requires the subject to answer questions and perform tasks which are proximal corollaries of daily living skills. The psychometric properties of the CCS are reviewed. Results of studies involving administration of the CCS to deinstitutionalized psychiatric patients and geriatric patients are presented. The available data suggest that the CCS has considerable value as a preplacement screening instrument for determination of residential settings for chronic psychiatric patients. Since the original CCS requires between 60 and 90 minutes for administration, several recent studies have focused upon development of a short form. The results of this research effort are described. In sum, the CCS appears to demonstrate considerable value as a tool to aid decision making about community placement, social skills training and clinical competence determinations.
On the macroscopic theory of temperature-dependent van der Waals forces

We give a simple derivation of the van der Waals free energy of interaction between two semiinfinite media, including effects of nonzero temperature and retardation. The method, an extension of one used by van Kampen and co-workers at the short-distance and low-temperature limits, considers the free energy of electromagnetic surface modes in the region between the two media. The result is the same as derived by Lifshitz and co-workers using Green's function techniques.
HIV knowledge and risk factors among men who have sex with men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Objectives To describe health risk behavior, knowledge, and attitudes about HIV/AIDS and its prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 219 MSM using a standardized questionnaire. Results Men who have sex with men were easy to locate and willing to answer detailed questions about their sexual behavior. Self-identified sexual orientation was 67% homosexual, 31% bisexual, and 1.4% heterosexual. High-risk sexual behavior was common. The mean number of sexual partners was 3.3 in the previous month and 14.8 in the previous year. Only 32% used condoms during their last intercourse, and only 40% used a condom when their last intercourse included anal sex. Eighty-one percent reported sex with nonregular male partners, and 22% also had sex with women in the past year. Drug use other than alcohol was rare. Most correctly identified high-risk sexual behavior and body fluids that could transmit HIV; however, only about half knew that someone who appeared healthy could transmit HIV or that there was no cure for AIDS. Self-rated risk for HIV was very low, and fewer than one third believed that homosexuals in Vietnam are at increased risk for HIV. Conclusion Men who have sex with men in HCMC are at high risk for HIV. Knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention could be improved. Education and interventions specifically aimed at MSM are needed, because education targeted at the general population may not reach MSM or influence their behavior.
Dissipation in type-II superconductors via the a.c. Josephson effect

Abstract The core electric field in moving vortices is obtained from the a.c. Josephson effect. The uniformity of this field is consistent only with one flux quantum per vortex. Radiation is expected at frequency 2νL/ξ, where νL is the vortex line velocity.
Variability in the meteoric water, sea-ice melt, and Pacific water contributions to the central Arctic Ocean, 2000–2014

Fourteen years (2000–2014) of bottle chemistry data collected during the North Pole Environmental Observatory were compiled to examine variations in the composition of freshwater (meteoric water, net sea-ice meltwater, and Pacific water) over mixed layer of the Central Arctic Ocean. In addition to significant spatial and interannual variability, there was a general decrease in meteoric water (MW) fractions at the majority of stations reoccupied over the duration of the program that was approximately balanced by a concomitant increase in freshwater from sea-ice melt (SIM FW) between 2000 and 2012. Inventories (0–120 m) of MW and SIM FW computed using available data between 2005 and 2012 exhibited similar variations over the study area, allowing for first-order estimates of the mean annual changes in MW (−389 ± 194 km3 yr−1) and SIM FW (292 ± 97 km3 yr−1) for the Central Arctic region. These mean annual changes were attributed to the diversion of Siberian river runoff to the Beaufort Gyre and the overall reduction of sea ice volume across the Arctic, respectively. In addition to this lower-frequency variability, spatial gradients and interannual variations in MW, SIM FW, and Pacific water contributions to specific locations were attributed to shifts in the Transpolar Drift that advects waters of eastern and western Arctic origin through the study area.
Computational Study of Tunneling and Coupled Motion in Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Reactions: Implication for Measured Hydrogen and Carbon Isotope Effects

The relationship between the two hydrogen isotope effects, kH/kT and kD/kT, can provide a probe for the role of tunneling and coupled motion in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.1,2 Using vibrational anal...
Three-Dimensional Turbine Rotor Forcing Functions and Linear Theory Analysis

Many turbomachine e owe elds are inherently three dimensional. Often, however, the data and methods used to analyze the unsteady aerodynamic forcing functions generated by these blade rows are two dimensional. This paper is directed at developing a three-dimensional compressible e ow forcing-function modeling technique to split forcing-function data into vortical and potential components. This is accomplished by extending current state-of-the-art two-dimensional methods to three dimensions in cylindrical coordinates. Three-dimensional unsteady forcing-function data, both unsteady pressure and velocity, generated by the e rst rotor of a low-speed, two-stage research turbine are used in the model development. Both the three-dimensional model developed herein and a two-dimensional model are then applied to the turbine rotor data. For the potential perturbation velocity, the three-dimensional method agrees well with the two-dimensional strip theory method in terms of both velocities and axial decay factors. For the vortical perturbation velocity, the correlations were inconsistent with the two-dimensional theory in that the vortical proportionality constant was not constant and the phasing of the velocity components was not zero.
Bayesian filtering without an observation model

For the past half century and more, Bayesian methods such as the Wiener filter, the Kalman filter, and the particle filter have been successfully employed to incorporate observational information into sequential estimates of a time-varying state. However, there are significant difficulties in the application of these methods to distributed, potentially non-engineered systems. First, the methods generally require knowledge of an ‘observation model’ which specifies the likelihood of any possible observation given any possible state. Specifying such a model, especially in a distributed system, can be extremely difficult. Second, local information dynamics can lead to differences of opinion among distributed agents, particularly when local observation models are autonomously generated and obscured from the rest of the system. In this paper, we use information geometry to develop a decentralized Bayesian inference mechanism for sequential filtering based not on local probability distributions or known observation models, but on local expert state estimates. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed mechanism through simulation.
Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Black People of the African Diaspora

Insulin resistance plays a pivotal role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in whites. Insulin resistance syndrome includes a constellation of diseases such as hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Black People of the African Diaspora (PAD) have greater rates of insulin resistance than whites, but the association of insulin resistance to CVD in black PAD is controversial. Moreover, among black PAD, the relationship of insulin resistance with coronary artery disease varies depending on geographic location. In general, in black PAD there is emerging evidence that indicates increases in the incidence of CVD mortality and morbidity are attributable predominately to hypertension and lifestyle. Overall, the higher CVD in black PAD occurs even though their characteristic lipid/lipoprotein profile is antiatherogenic. This review provides a critical examination of the role of insulin resistance in the development of CVD in black PAD and compares and contrasts insulin resistance, the lipid/lipoprotein profile, and blood pressure in black PAD and whites.
The Toussie Pardon, “Unpardon,” and the Abdication of Responsibility in Clemency Cases

On December 23, 2008, President George W. Bush pardoned Isaac Robert Toussie. The decision triggered an immediate media and public backlash, so Bush took back the pardon the next day. With scholars distracted by arguments that the pardon had not been “delivered,” and thus was ineffective and revocable, the Bush administration succeeded in obscuring a larger controversy: an abdication of responsibility by the president and the Department of Justice in clemency cases. The following article considers Toussie's case, analyzes the “delivery” controversy, and then looks at how both the president and the Department of Justice have failed to maintain an active, vigorous program of federal executive clemency.
Mobility, housing markets, and schools: Estimating the effects of inter-district choice programs

Abstract In theoretical models of residential sorting, a household's location decision is closely linked to its demand for local public services, such as schooling. Since school choice programs weaken the link between residential location and schooling options, they have the potential to affect both property values and residential location choices. Results derived from computable general equilibrium models suggest these effects could be large, but there is limited empirical evidence concerning whether they actually occur. This paper develops and tests predictions concerning the impact of inter-district choice programs on housing values and residential location decisions. Our empirical results strongly confirm our theoretical predictions and the findings of the computable general equilibrium literature: after their states adopt inter-district choice programs, districts with desirable nearby, out-of-district schooling options experience relatively large increases in housing values, residential income, and population density.
Primary adenocarcinoma of the temporal bone. A case with 40-year follow-up.

• Adenomatous tumors of the temporal bone are rare neoplasms. This article records the 40-year course of a patient with adenocarcinoma of the temporal bone and reviews the literature pertinent to the biologic behavior, histologic appearance, prognosis, and treatment of this group of tumors. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1991; 117:439-441)
The Ideological Origins of the British Empire

1. Introduction: state and empire in British history 2. The empire of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Ireland, c. 1542-1612 3. Protestantism and empire: Hakluyt, Purchas and property 4. The empire of the seas, 1576-1689 5. Liberty and empire 6. The political economy of empire 7. Empire and ideology in the Walpolean era.
Firsts in cardiology: Milestones and vital discoveries

The modern day cardiology practice thrives on the extraordinary discoveries made in the understanding of the cardiovascular science and in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methods. In this paper, the milestones and vital discoveries in the field of cardiology are described in chronologic order.
Influence of concurrent retention mechanisms on the determination of stationary phase selectivity in gas chromatography

Abstract Two methods are used to establish the influence of concurrent retention mechanisms on the accuracy of McReynolds phase constants for the stationary phases squalane, OV-225, Carbowax 20M, OV-275, ethylammonium nitrate, n-propylammonium nitrate, n-butylammonium thiocyanate, sec.-butylammonium thiocyanate, and di-n-propylammonium thiocyanate. Phase loading studies of the net retention volume per gram of packing as a function of the percent liquid loading were used to indicate, qualitatively, those cases for which adsorption at the liquid and support interfaces made a significant contribution to the retention mechanism of test solutes and the n-alkane retention index markers. It is shown that for some cases accurate phase constants can be calculated from the gas—liquid partition coefficient of the test probes and n-alkanes obtained by extrapolation to infinite phase volume of plots of VN/VL against 1/VL (VN = net retention volume and VL = volume of liquid phase). This approach was successful for obtaining gas-liquid partition coefficients for all polar probes but not always for the n-alkane retention index markers. The n-alkanes were retained predominantly by interfacial adsorption on OV-275, ethylammonium nitrate, and n-propylammonium nitrate. In these cases accurate McReynolds phase constants can not be determined by any method that relies on measurements based on the partitioning of the n-alkanes. Alternatively, the relative selectivity of all phases evaluated can be determined from the partial molar free energy of solution for the McReynolds test probes. Infinite dilution activity coefficients and the partial molar free energy of solution for a methylene group are used to help establish the nature of solution interactions between the n-alkanes, McReynolds test probes, and the phases studied.
The Effect of Cycloserine on Chick Growth

Abstract LINSEED meal has long been known to depress chick growth because it contains a toxin which behaves as a pyridoxine antagonist (Kratzer and Williams, 1948). Although Kratzer et al. (1954) did not isolate the antagonist, they studied its properties using chick growth experiments. Table 1 shows the properties of the linseed toxin are strikingly similar to those of a known pyridoxine antagonist, cycloserine (D-4-amino-3-isoxazolidone). This compound is a microbial metabolite with antibiotic properties isolated from culture media and not known to occur elsewhere (Kuehl et al., 1955; Hidy et al., 1955; Shull and Sardinas, 1955). However, microbial infestation is a common source of toxins in food stuffs (Wogan, 1965). When aqueous extracts of linseed meal proved to give a positive color test for cycloserine, we decided to test the hypothesis that cycloserine is the pyridoxine antagonist in linseed meal by feeding the antibiotic to chicks. Details of our findings are …
Determination of optical anisotropy in calcite from ultraviolet to mid-infrared by generalized ellipsometry

Abstract Generalized (Jones matrix) ellipsometry is gaining considerable interest because of its ability to determine properties of anisotropic samples. Here, the strong uniaxial anisotropy of calcite (calcium carbonate) was investigated using generalized ellipsometry. The wavelength range from 0.73 to 6.5 eV (190 nm to 1.7 μm) was covered using a standard variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometer; from 0.089 to 0.68 eV (1.8–14 μm), using a similar instrument based on a Fourier transform spectrometer. Measurements were made on a single air–calcite interface for which the optic axis lay nominally in the plane of the surface. To determine the optical constants and orientation of cut, both the angle of incidence and rotation of the sample about its surface normal were varied. Properties of the sample were arrived at by optimizing the parameters of a material model such that the calculated normalized Jones matrix elements best matched the measured ones. Localized spectral regions of absorption due to the internal vibrational modes of the carbonate ions were observed in the infrared at energies which differed for the ordinary and extraordinary optical constants. The certainty to which sample properties could be determined was maximized by judicious choice of measurement configurations.
The evolution of the scientific CCD

There is little doubt that the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and its cousin the CMOS Active Pixel Sensor (APS) have completely revolutionized the imaging field. It is becoming more and more difficult to obtain film for cameras and digital cameras are available from the cell phone to the professional photographer in multimegapixel format. This paper explores some of the origins of the CCD as a scientific sensor.
A new ruthenium complex to study single-electron reduction of the pulsed O(H) state of detergent-solubilized cytochrome oxidase.

The first step in the catalytic cycle of cytochrome oxidase, the one-electron reduction of the fully oxidized enzyme, was investigated using a new photoactive binuclear ruthenium complex, [Ru-(bipyrazine)2]2 (quaterpyridine), (Ru 2 Z). The aim of the work was to examine differences in the redox kinetics resulting from pulsing the oxidase (i.e., fully reducing the enzyme followed by reoxidation) just prior to photoreduction. Recent reports indicate transient changes in the redox behavior of the metal centers upon pulsing. The new photoreductant has a large quantum yield, allowing the kinetics data to be acquired in a single flash. The net charge of +4 on Ru 2 Z allows it to bind electrostatically near CU A in subunit II of cytochrome oxidase. The photoexcited state Ru(II*) of Ru 2 Z is reduced to Ru(I) by the sacrificial electron donor aniline, and Ru(I) then reduces CU A with yields up to 60%. A stopped-flow-flash technique was used to form the pulsed state of cytochrome oxidase (the "O H " state) from several sources (bovine heart mitochondria, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, and Paracoccus denitrificans). Upon mixing the fully reduced anaerobic enzyme with oxygenated buffer containing Ru 2 Z, the oxidized O H state was formed within 5 ms. Ru 2 Z was then excited with a laser flash to inject one electron into CU A . Electron transfer from CU A - heme a → heme a 3 /Cu B was monitored by optical spectroscopy, and the results were compared with the enzyme that had not been pulsed to the O H state. Pulsing had a significant effect in the case of the bovine oxidase, but this was not observed with the bacterial oxidases. Electron transfer from CU A to heme a occurred with a rate constant of 20 000 s - 1 with the bovine cytochrome oxidase, regardless of whether the enzyme had been pulsed. However, electron transfer from heme a to the heme a 3 /Cu B center in the pulsed form was 63% complete and occurred with biphasic kinetics with rate constants of 750 s -1 and 110 s -1 and relative amplitudes of 25% and 75%. In contrast, one-electron injection into the nonpulsed O form of the bovine oxidase was only 30% complete and occurred with monophasic kinetics with a rate constant of 90 s -1 . This is the first indication of a difference between the fast form of the bovine oxidase and the pulsed O H form. No reduction of heme a 3 is observed, indicating that CU B is the initial electron acceptor in the one-electron reduced pulsed bovine oxidase.
Sorting out mutation rates

It has been over half a century since Salvador Luria experienced an epiphany while watching a (no doubt illegal) slot machine in a country club in Bloomington, IN (1). The experiment that resulted, the Luria–Delbruck fluctuation test, resides in the molecular biology wing of the Museum of Elegant Science along with the Hershey–Chase, the PaJaMo, the Crick et al. triplet code, and the Meselson–Stahl experiments. What endears the Luria–Delbruck experiment to scientists, particularly geneticists, is that it proved a hypothesis—that mutations arise at random during nonselective growth of cells—without any physical evidence whatsoever. Luria and Delbruck deduced that if a mutant happened to arise early during the growth of a culture, it would produce a large clone of identical descendants. Because such early mutants would be rare, the final numbers of mutant bacteria among a sufficiently large number of parallel cultures would have “a distribution with an abnormally high variance” (2). By showing that the variance was, indeed, far greater than the mean, Luria and Delbruck proved their case. But, what has continued to fascinate for over 50 years is the Luria–Delbruck distribution itself. For those of us who study spontaneous mutation, understanding how to derive mutation rates from fluctuation tests is something of an initiation rite (see ref. 3 for examples). So, it comes as a shock to be told that the fluctuations intrinsic to the Luria–Delbruck experiment constitute not a brilliant way to determine mutation rates but a problem to be overcome (4). The theory underlying the solution to …
Dynamic polarization of nuclei by electron nuclear dipolar coupling in crystals

This paper is concerned with a detailed investigation of the dynamic polarization of the protons in ${(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{e},\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a})}_{2}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{3}$${(\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_{3})}_{12}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}24${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O which occurs when one saturates the "forbidden" microwave transitions that simultaneously flip a proton spin and a ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ electron spin. The rate equations for the electron and nuclear polarization are solved for (a) a simple ideal model, (b) a model for the case where the forbidden lines are not resolved, and (c) a model taking into account nuclear-spin temperature diffusion. An apparatus for simultaneous observation of proton magnetic resonance and ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ paramagnetic resonance at liquid helium temperatures is described. The ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1e}$ is directly measured by a transient method, and it is found that ${T}_{1e}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2}$ for temperatures in the range $1.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}lTl2.7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$. In the same crystals, the proton relaxation time ${T}_{1n}$ is also measured by a transient method and found to be ${T}_{1n}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ and dependent on the concentration of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ ions. The relative magnitudes of ${T}_{1n}$ and ${T}_{1e}$ are best explained by a model intermediate between (a) and (c). At $T\ensuremath{\approx}1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K and a microwave frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}\ensuremath{\approx}9.3$ kMc/sec, the proton polarization is observed for a number of different concentrations of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$. The magnitude of the polarization, its dependence on magnetic field and microwave power, and the transient behavior are studied and qualitatively explained. In a crystal containing 1% Ce, the proton polarization is observed to become greater than the thermal equilibrium value by the factor 150, which is about one-quarter of the theoretical ideal. At higher microwave frequencies (${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}\ensuremath{\approx}50$ kMc/sec) it should be possible to obtain in this crystal sufficient proton polarization (\ensuremath{\sim}25%) to be useful for dynamic nuclear cooling experiments and nuclear targets.
Lot-sizing decisions under limited-time price incentives: A review

The problem of determining the optimal order quantities for an inventoried item, when the vendor offers a limited-time price reduction is both interesting and important. It is interesting in that it has received continued attention of academic researchers for over four decades and it is important given its economic implication in a variety of practical settings. The extensive literature on this problem represents a fascinating confluence of: (1) economic significance and relevance to managerial practice, (2) continuing academic research interest directed at precise mathematical analysis leading to the development of rigorous and complex models and policies, and (3) elegance and adequacy of simple models and heuristic policies which are validated by the results of rigorous models and computational analysis. In this paper, we survey this literature using simple classification frameworks and then review some of the key studies. We highlight their key assumptions and findings, bring across key implications for policy implementation and academic research and identify avenues for further research.
Race/Ethnic Differences in Effects of Family Instability on Adolescents’ Risk Behavior

We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 7,686) to determine whether racial and ethnic differences in socioeconomic stress and social protection explained group differences in the association between family structure instability and three risk behaviors for White, Black, and Mexican American adolescents: delinquent behavior, age at first nonmarital sex, and age at first nonmarital birth. The positive association between mothers' union transitions and each outcome for White adolescents was attenuated by social protection. The association of instability with age at first sex and first nonmarital birth was weaker for Black adolescents but not for Mexican American adolescents. The weaker association was explained by Black adolescents' more frequent exposure to socioeconomic stress in the context of union instability.
Devils Hole, Nevada, δ18O record extended to the mid-Holocene

Abstract The mid-to-late Pleistocene Devils Hole δ 18 O record has been extended from 60,000 to 4500 yr ago. The new δ 18 O time series, in conjunction with the one previously published, is shown to be a proxy of Pacific Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) off the coast of California. During marine oxygen isotope stages (MIS) 2 and 6, the Devil Hole and SST time series exhibit a steady warming that began 5000 to > 10,000 yr prior to the last and penultimate deglaciations. Several possible proximate causes for this early warming are evaluated. The magnitude of the peak δ 18 O or SST during the last interglacial (LIG) is significantly greater (1 per mill and 2 to 3°C, respectively) than the peak value of these parameters for the Holocene; in contrast, benthic δ 18 O records of ice volume show only a few tenths per mill difference in the peak value for these interglacials. Statistical analysis provides an estimate of the large shared information (variation) between the Devils Hole and Eastern Pacific SST time series from ∼ 41 to ∼ 2°N and enforces the concept of a common forcing among all of these records. The extended Devils Hole record adds to evidence of the importance of uplands bordering the eastern Pacific as a source of archives for reconstructing Pacific climate variability.
On efficient estimation with panel data: An empirical comparison of instrumental variables estimators

SUMMARY This paper attempts a replication of the Cornwell and Rupert (1988) study-hereafter CR. The CR study investigated the efficiency gains in a returns to schooling example by applying alternative sets of instrumental variables estimators for panel data regressions proposed by Hausman and Taylor (1981), Amemiya and MaCurdy (1986), and Breusch, Mizon, and Schmidt (1989). Corrections on the CR data set lead to changes in the legitimate set of instruments, when the time dummies are excluded from the regression, and to much lower empirical gains in efficiency than those reported in CR. If the time dummies are retained in the wage equation, the experience coefficient is not estimable by the within regression, and the empirical gains in efficiency from using the IV procedures are not limited to the timeinvariant education coefficient.
Effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate on acetaminophen metabolism and hepatotoxicity in mice

Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a compound derived from cruciferous and other vegetables, is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2E1. This enzyme catalyzes the bioactivation of acetaminophen (APAP) and many other xenobiotics. The present study investigated the effects of PEITC on APAP metabolism and associated hepatotoxicity in Swiss-Webster mice. When PEITC (19-150 micromol/kg) was given to mice intragastrically 1 hr before or immediately prior to a toxic dose of APAP, the APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was significantly decreased or was completely prevented. The extent of toxicity was evaluated by mortality, serum levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, and liver histopathology. Pretreatment of mice with ethanol enhanced APAP hepatotoxicity; this enhanced toxicity could also be prevented by the administration of PEITC. PEITC treatment prevented the depletion of hepatic glutathione levels caused by oxidized APAP metabolites. PEITC treatment also significantly decreased the plasma levels of oxidized APAP metabolites (analyzed as APAP-glutathione, APAP-cysteine, and APAP-N-acetylcysteine) and reduced the urinary excretion of APAP-cysteine. In microsomal incubations, PEITC effectively inhibited the rate of APAP-glutathione formation from APAP as well as the P450 2E1-dependent N-nitrosodimethylamine demethylase and the P450 1A2-dependent ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activities. The protective action of PEITC against APAP toxicity is attributed to the blocking of APAP activation through inhibition of P450 enzymes.
Serum Calcium Ion Activity: Effects of Thyrocalcitonin and Parathyroid Extract in the Rat

Serum calcium ion activity measured by a calcium specific electrode was found to be decreased by thyrocalcitonin and increasedby parathyroid extract in intact and parathyroidectomized rats. (Endocrinology 85: 589,1969)
Effect of round window membrane application of nitric oxide on hearing and nitric oxide concentration in perilymph

Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical, has been found to be important in the development of middle ear effusions. However, the effect of NO in the middle ear effusion on cochlear function and on perilymph concentrations of NO has not been reported. We placed S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a NO donor compound, on the round window membrane (RWM) of adult chinchillas. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured before and after the placement of SNAP on the RWM and hourly for 8 h after SNAP placement. Samples of perilymph were collected 2 h after application of SNAP and were assayed for total nitrate and nitrite, the end products of NO. Experimental ears demonstrated significant ABR threshold elevations after 5 h and elevated nitrate/nitrite in the perilymph. These findings suggest that NO present in the middle ear passes through the RWM into the inner ear and can cause significant hearing loss.
Lymphatic obstruction and protein-losing enteropathy in patients with congenital heart disease.

Objective. Protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) is a known complication of surgical procedures for congenital heart disease. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of PLE remain poorly understood. However, lymphatic insufficiency appears central to the disease process. We sought to investigate the role of lymphatic obstruction and central venous catheter-related central venous thrombosis in patients with congenital heart disease and PLE. Design. A case-control study design was constructed consisting of patients with congenital heart disease and PLE and 2:1 matched controls having undergone the same definitive surgical procedure. Obstruction to lymphatic return was considered present if the thoracic duct was ligated, or if there was complete central venous obstruction at the usual site of thoracic duct drainage. Results. Obstruction to lymphatic return was identified in 4 of 16 cases (25%) and 1 of 32 controls (4%), P = .06. There was no association between PLE and central venous catheter use or duration, and no discriminating characteristics between cases and controls with respect to anatomy, pre-Fontan hemodynamic variables, operative or perioperative factors, or hemodynamic variables at the time of PLE diagnosis. Mortality for patients with PLE was 25% compared with 9% in controls (P = not significant). Long-term resolution of PLE was obtained in six patients (38%). Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of apparent lymphatic obstruction in patients with congenital heart disease and PLE, suggesting that physical lymphatic obstruction may play an important, and previously unrecognized role in the development of PLE in patients with complex congenital heart disease.
Determination of Pulmonary Blood Volume by Single Intravenous Injection of One Indicator in Patients with Normal and High Pulmonary Vascular Pressures

Determinations of the pulmonary blood volume were carried out in 12 patients with pulmonary hypertension and in 12 patients with normal pressures in the pulmonary circulation, by the use of a single intravenous injection of one indicator, blood sampling being made through catheters in the pulmonary artery and left atrium and connected with two densitometers of similar characteristics. Pulmonary blood volume measured by this technic includes the major portion of, or the entire left atrial volume. Values obtained from duplicate or triplicate determinations performed in each patient have shown that this technic provides very good reproducibility of the results expressed by an average percentile variation around the mean equal to 3.2±2.7. The mean pulmonary blood volume as referred to body surface area was 375±97 ml./M. 2 for patients with pulmonary hypertension, and 310±21 ml./M. 2 for patients with normal pulmonary intravascular pressures. This difference was found to be significant ( p Some possible advantages and limitations of the method, as well as the poor correlation between pulmonary blood volume and other variables, like pulmonary intravascular pressures, stroke volume, and cardiac output, were discussed.
Mineral and Nitrogen Concentrations in Feces of Some Neotropical Bats

Concentrations of nitrogen and minerals in individual fecal pellets of Noctilio leporinus directly reflect composition of the fish, crustaceans, beetles, or moths originally consumed. Among Neotropical bats that feed primarily on plant parts (fruits, nectar, pollen, and flowers), animal parts (insects and vertebrates), or both, differences in measured concentrations of nutrients are present in feces. Nitrogen levels are markedly higher and sodium levels are marginally higher in feces of carnivores and omnivores than in frugivores. Calcium levels are higher and potassium levels are lower in feces of bats that primarily consume insects. Total iron levels in feces of frugivorous species are marginally lower than in carnivores or omnivores. Magnesium concentrations seem unrelated to feeding habits. Intake of nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium appears to be adequate for bats of all feeding habits. Periodic deficiencies for calcium exist for insectivorous species and for sodium, and possibly iron, in some frugivorous species.
Hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of chronic graft-versus-host disease

Abstract Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Both the disease and the medications used to treat it are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The manifestations of chronic GVHD often resemble those of autoimmune disorders. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a 4-aminoquinoline antimalarial drug used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. HCQ interferes with antigen processing and presentation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity and is synergistic with cyclosporine and tacrolimus in vitro. Forty patients with steroid-resistant or steroid-dependent chronic GVHD were enrolled in a phase 2 trial of HCQ 800 mg (12 mg/kg) per day. Three complete responses and 14 partial responses were seen in 32 evaluable patients (53% response rate). All responders tolerated a >50% reduction in their steroid dose while receiving HCQ. Clinical response occurred at a median of 8 weeks (range, 4 to 24 weeks). No hematologic, hepatic, renal, or retinal toxicity was associated with HCQ. In light of its mechanisms of action, clinical activity for GVHD, and low toxicity profile, HCQ may be useful in a multiagent approach for the treatment of extensive chronic GVHD. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(3A):327-34.