cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gustatory neural pathways revealed by genetic tracing from taste receptor cells.

Taste receptor cells encounter chemicals in foods and transmit this information to the gustatory neurons, which convey it further to the gustatory relay nuclei in the lower brainstem. Characterizing neurons involved in the transmission of gustatory information in the peripheral and central nervous systems helps us better understand how we perceive and discriminate tastes. However, it is difficult to anatomically identify them. Using cell-type-specific promoters/enhancers and a transneuronal tracer, we generated transgenic mice to visualize neurons in the gustatory neural pathways. We observed the tracer in the neurons of cranial sensory ganglia and the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla where gustatory neurons project. The tracer was also distributed in the reticular formation and several motor nuclei in the medulla that have not been recognized as gustatory ascending pathways. These transgenic mice revealed gustatory relay neurons in the known gustatory ascending pathway and an unexpected, thus...
The analytic continuation of anS11 pion-nucleon amplitude to the P11 amplitude

The MacDowell symmetry is used to obtain the uniqueP11 pion-nucleon amplitude related to the simple analytic form of theS11 amplitude derived previously from a two-channel boundary condition model. Thea posteriori justification for the extension of the too simple S11 amplitude over several GeV is the resulting satisfaction of the stringentP-state threshold requirement, and a qualitative agreement of theP-state amplitude with experimental information.
A Property Rights Paradox: George and Rothbard on the Conservation of Environmental Resources

. Murray N. Rothbard is recognized as one of the most articulate modern critics of Henry George's land value tax. A leading libertarian thinker, Rothbard condemns George's recommendation that government act to affect private transactions in land, arguing that such interventions infringe on previously defined private property rights. However, Rothbard's social system has no explicit mechanism for accommodating the emergence of tradeable property rights to newly recognized environmental resources. In effect, Rothbard calls for controls on such resources—no trading. Henry George, on the other hand, provides for the evolution of new property rights and their emergence into private markets. The paradox here is that George's solution to the property rights question might accommodate the social yearnings of one of his most severe critics, Murray N. Rothbard.
Cocaine-related symptoms in patients presenting to an urban emergency department

Study objectives: Cocaine abuse is a serious social problem that precipitates a significant number of emergency hospital encounters. To determine the nature of cocaine-related symptoms, we studied patients with cocaine use presenting to all adult services of an urban emergency department. Design: Review of consecutive cases, with analysis of clinical features. Setting: All adult EDs of an urban teaching hospital. Type of participants: Patients acknowledging recent use of cocaine (within 72 hours) and/or with cocaine detected on a toxicologic screen. Measurements and main results: Psychiatric complaints accounted for 44 (30.6%) presentations, followed by neurologic (17.4%), cardiopulmonary (16%), trauma (11.8%), and addiction-related (11.1%) symptoms. Cardiopulmonary symptoms were more frequently associated with intranasal than with IV or smoked cocaine ( P = .003). Suicidal intent was the most common psychiatric reason for presentation, occurring in 24 patients (16.6%). Seventeen presented with trauma, including three involved in motor vehicle accidents. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary symptoms such as chest pain and palpitations may be significantly more frequent in patients who use intranasal cocaine; suicidal intent is common among patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms related to cocaine; and the range of cocaine-related symptoms is varied, including not only psychiatric and cardiopulmonary symptoms but also trauma.
The personality of prostitutes.

Abstract Thirty-two female prostitutes and 32 controls were compared on the five scales of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ) and responses to a semi-structured interview. It was predicted that prostitutes would score higher on the Impulsive Sensation Seeking (ImpSS) and Aggression-Hostility (Agg-Host) scales. Differences between the groups on age and education were controlled by analysis of covariance. The ANCOVA showed the prostitutes scoring significantly higher on ImpSS than the controls. Cocaine users among the prostitutes scored higher on ImpSS than other drug users and nonusers. Polydrug users scored higher than non-drug or single drug users on ImpSS. In accord with other research and the model for the ZKPQ, the results suggest that prostitutes are characterized by antisocial personality traits.
An evaluation of a rehabilitation program for chronically hospitalized psychiatric patients

A controlled evaluation of a transitional social and vocational hospital-community rehabilitation program was carried out over a period of twenty months. Following initial comparison of Rehabilitation and traditional Continued Treatment, the Rehabilitation Program was expanded to all the chronic psychiatric wards. - Conclusions were that the present multiple ward hospital rehabilitation program is more effective than the former traditional services but not as effective as the smaller, more intense, initial experimental program. A most important aspect of this service is organized interagency cooperative management of patients in community sheltered employment. A deficiency in the present services is the lack of comparable community sheltered living facilities. As a result of this deficiency, it seems probable the period of hospitalization of many clients is being unnecessarily prolonged.
New features of the brain-retrocerebral neuroendocrine complex of the locust Schistocerca vaga (scudder)

The techniques of axonal iontophoresis and cobalt sulfide precipitation were used to elucidate the relationships of the brain's neurosecretory cell groups and the retrocerebral complex of the locust Schistocerca vaga. The axons of the nervi corporis cardiaci I (NCC I) arise (1) from the medial neurosecretory cells of the protocerebrum, showing only limited branching, looping or spiraling; and (2) from a cell group previously undescribed for this species, located in the tritocerebrum. The axons project into the neurohemal and the glandular portions of the corpora cardiaca and into the hypocerebral ganglion, but not into the corpora allata. Axons of the NCC II arise from the lateral neurosecretory cells of the protocerebrum and project into the center of the corpora allata via the nervi corporis allati I (NCA I), as well as into the neurohemal and glandular portions of the corpora cardiaca. Axons of the NCC III arise from another newly described cell group in the tritocerebrum and end in both the corpora cardiaca and corpora allata. Axons of the NCA II arise from cells in the subesophageal ganglion and also end in the corpora allata.
Piezoelectric transducers as monitors for optically pumped fir lasers

The power and frequency of an optically pumped far infrared laser can be monitored by piezoelectric transducers, reliable solid state devices which detect chopped absorbed radiation by the opto-acoustic effect.
Cystic Metastases of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Mimicking a Primary Mediastinal Cyst

54-year-old man presented with shortness of breath,odynophagia, dysphagia, and gastroesophageal reﬂux. Acomputed tomogram of the chest revealed a 6-cm rightparatracheal (mediastinal) mass displacing the trachea andesophagus (Figure 1). There was no connection between themass and the thyroid gland. A small low-attenuation nodulewas noted in the left lobe of the thyroid. The rest of themediastinum and the lungs were unremarkable. Endoscopicultrasound showed extrinsic compression of the thoracic
Fire Severity Model Accuracy Using Short-Term, Rapid Assessment versus Long-Term, Anniversary Date Assessment

Fires are common in rangelands, and after a century of suppression, the potential exists for fires to burn with high intensity and severity. In addition, the ability of fires to affect long-term changes in rangelands is substantial; therefore, the assessment of fire severity following a burn is critical. These assessments are typically conducted following Burned Area Emergency Response team (or similar) protocols; the resulting data can be utilized to plan future land uses and remediation efforts. For the purpose of supplementing these procedures and exploring fire severity modeling of sagebrush steppe rangelands, we compared fire severity models developed using (1) short-term post-fire imagery (i.e., imagery collected within 30 days of the fire) with (2) long-term post-fire imagery (i.e., imagery collected on or about the one-year anniversary date of the fire). The models were developed using Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre 5 (SPOT 5) imagery as well as Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) el...
Policy implications on assistance for the "caged elderly" in Hong Kong.

Social policy for the “caged elderly” in Hong Kong should be formulated in the context of how they lived in the society where they were located. The paper examines (1) whether some of these elderly...
Slab-on-grade heating load factors for wood-framed buildings

Abstract This paper describes the development of a detailed 2D analysis tool for determining slab-on-grade F2 factors for heat loss load calculations. The results for one sample case are presented and an enhanced simplified design heat loss equation is suggested. In the related literature, there are significant variations in the approaches to and assumptions made for this problem. This study sought to expand the application of the existing simplified load calculation method to wood-framed buildings while also beginning to investigate improved simplified design models. Opinions are requested from readers on what is needed in future slab-on-grade heat loss load calculations models.
Direct simulation with vibration-dissociation coupling

The majority of implementations of the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method of Bird do not account for vibration-dissociation coupling. Haas and Boyd have proposed the vibrationally-favored dissociation model to accomplish this task. This model requires measurements of induction distance to determine model constants. A more general expression has been derived that does not require any experimental input. The model is used to calculate one-dimensional shock waves in nitrogen and the flow past a lunar transfer vehicle (LTV). For the conditions considered in the simulation, the influence of vibration-dissociation coupling on heat transfer in the stagnation region of the LTV can be significant.
Assessment or central dopaminergic function using plasma-free homovanillic acid after debrisoquin administration

Central dopaminergic (DA) function in children and adults was assessed by monitoring plasma-free levels of the dopamine metabolite homovanillic acid (pHVA) before and after a single oral dose and chronic oral administration of debrisoquin. Debrisoquin inhibits peripheral metabolism of dopamine to HVA and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. By reducing peripheral formation of HVA through the use of debrisoquin, the remaining HVA in plasma more accurately reflects central DA activity. Debrisoquin administration resulted in marked reductions of pHVA in each of 12 patients studied. Eleven of the 12 subjects tolerated debrisoquin without physical or behavioral side effects. The debrisoquin administration method appears to be a safe and potentially valid technique for evaluating aspects of central dopaminergic function in children and adults.
Coronary artery bypass grafting for unstable angina pectoris: Risk analysis

Abstract Unstable angina pectoris is a broad, nonspecific diagnosis encompassing a wide variety of clinical syndromes. The intravenous administration of nitroglycerin prsoperatively is indicative of a mors acute clinical situation, and allows for selection and analysis of a more homogeneous patient population. We reviewed the results of coronary artery bypass grafting for unstable angina defined as angina necessitating intravenous administration of nitroglycerin preoperatively. There were 129 patients (83 men and 46 women) with a mean age of 63.2 years (range, 36 to 86 years). Complications included operative death in 6.2%, postoperative low cardiac output in 11%, and perioperative myocardial infarction in 9%. Twenty perioperative variables were analyzed to identify risk factors for these end points. For operative death, age ( p p p p F = 4.6) was an independent predictor using muitivariate analysis (stepwise linear regression). For low cardiac output, univariate analysis demonstrated that cross-clamp time ( p p p p p p F = 14.3) and left ventricular score ( p F = 11.1) were significant independent predictors in the multivariate model. For perioperative myocardial infarction, only diabetes requiring insulin ( p
Recruitment and training of child and adolescent psychiatry residents from pediatrics

This article describes a 21-year experience of recruiting and training child and adolescent psychiatry residents with pediatric backgrounds. Three grounds of physicians are compared: those with previous training in general psychiatry alone, those with previous training in both general psychiatry and pediatrics, and those with previous training in pediatrics alone. Residents with pediatric backgrounds compared favorably with those with general psychiatry training. Those with only pediatric training were not only able to successfully complete the residency, but also the majority entered the field of child psychiatry. The findings support accepting residents directly from pediatrics as a viable pathway into child psychiatry.
Subcortical projections to the hippocampal formation in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

Subcortical afferents to the hippocampal formation in squirrel monkey were investigated using horseradish peroxidase as a retrograde marker. Labeled cells were found in the medial septal area, the diagonal band of Broca, anterior and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei, reuniens and periventricular thalamic nuclei, lateral hypothalamus, supramamillary nucleus, and the dorsal and superior central midbrain raphe nuclei. These results in a primate confirm previous findings in rats and cats with the exception of the noradrenergic cell groups, where the interpretation of retrograde label was hampered by high levels of endogenous pigment.
The contribution of spectral analysis to the diagnosis of carotid artery disease.

Abstract Pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler examinations with spectral analysis were performed on 258 carotid arteries in 220 patients and compared with multiplane contrast angiography. Each artery was examined for stenosis and assigned to one of four groups: normal to 19%, 20% to 49%, 50% to 99%, and occlusion. The incidence of disease was 70%. Diagnostic sensitivity with all noninvasive techniques varied from 76% to 90% depending on the degree of stenosis, with an overall accuracy rate of 86%. In an attempt to evaluate the diagnostic contribution of spectral analysis, stenosis classification by peak frequency alone was compared with that of the full laboratory profile, including spectral analysis. In the 147 carotid arteries in which such data were available, diagnostic sensitivity was improved with spectral analysis by 8% to 29% depending on the degree of stenosis. Detection of occlusions was unchanged. The major contribution of spectral analysis was in detecting non—flow-limiting stenoses of 20% to 49%. Spectral analysis added little to the diagnostic ability of peak frequency to detect lesions with >50% stenosis. Spectral analysis of either pulsed Doppler or continuous-wave Doppler signals is an accurate noninvasive method for evaluating carotid bifurcation disease, which particularly improves the detection of non—flow-limiting stenoses. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:270-7.)
The prognostic significance of postoperative residual tumor in ependymoma.

Between 1970 and 1989, 29 patients with intracranial ependymomas were evaluated and treated at the Children's Hospital in Boston. With a median follow-up of 82 months, the actuarial survival rates at 5 and 10 years were 61 ± 10% and 46 ± 12%, respectively. Anaplastic histological findings were uncom
Structure of the RNA polymerase core-binding domain of sigma(54) reveals a likely conformational fracture point

Transcription initiation by bacterial sigma(54)-RNA polymerase requires a conformational change of the holopolymerase-DNA complex, driven by an enhancer-binding protein. Although structures of the core polymerase and the more common sigma(70) factor have been determined, little is known about the structure of the sigma(54) variant. We report here the structure of an Aquifex aeolicus sigma(54) domain (residues 69-198), which binds core RNA polymerase. The structure is composed of two distinct subdomains held together by a small, conserved hydrophobic interface that appears to act as a fracture point in the structure. The N-terminal, four-helical subdomain has a negative surface and conserved residues that likely contact the core polymerase, while the C-terminal, three-helical bundle has a strongly positive patch that could contact DNA. Sequence conservation indicates that these structural features are conserved and are important for the role of sigma(54) in the polymerase complex.
Permanent pacing in disorders of sinus node function

Abstract Thirty-three patients with disorders of sinus node function treated with permanent endocardial pacemakers were evaluated. Study of the underlying heart rate and rhythm was accomplished by external inhibition of pacemakers. The development of stable atrial fibrillation was documented in 7 out of 29 patients studied and effectively terminated the syndrome of sinus node dysfunction. Embolic complications appeared to be an important factor in the morbidity and mortality in patients with changing supraventricular rhythms. Pacemaker therapy effectively controlled syncopal episodes due to bradycardia, but recurrent episodes of tachycardia and problems associated with this remained unaffected.
A Path Analytic Model of Visitation Intention Involving Information Sources, Socio-Psychological Motivations, and Destination Image

Abstract This study develops and tests a model to examine the organization of informational, motivational, and mental constructs on visitation intention in a path analytic framework. The findings indicated that variety (amount) and type of information sources used and socio-psychological travel motivations determine travelers' perceptual/cognitive evaluations that, in turn, form their affection (feelings) about tourist destinations. A traveler's intent to visit, then, is determined by a combination of perceptual/cognitive and affective evaluations, information sources used, and travel motivations. However, destination image (cognition and affect) appeared to mediate the relationship between visitation intention and stimuli (information sources) and consumer factors (socio-psychological travel motivations). Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed and future research areas are suggested to better understand travelers' destination selection process.
RATES OF HEME OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN RU(HIS33)CYTOCHROME C AT VERY HIGH DRIVING FORCES

The rates of Ru(His33)cytochrome c electron-transfer (ET) reactions have been measured over a driving-force range of 0.59 to 1.89 eV. The driving-force dependence of Fe2+ → Ru3+ ET in RuL2(im)(His33)cyt c [L = 2,2‘-bipyridine (bpy), 4,4‘,5,5‘-tetramethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (4,4‘,5,5‘-(CH3)4-bpy), 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine (4,4‘-(CH3)2-bpy), 4,4‘-bis(N-ethylcarbamoyl)-2,2‘-bipyridine (4,4‘-(CONH(C2H5))2-bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen); im = imidazole] is well described by semiclassical ET theory with kmax = 2.7 × 106 s-1 (HAB = 0.095 cm-1) and λ = 0.74 eV. As predicted by theory, the rate of an exergonic (−ΔG° = 1.3 eV) heme reduction reaction, *Ru2+(bpy)2(im)(His) → Fe3+, falls in the inverted region (k = 2.0 × 105 s-1). In contrast, the rates of three highly exergonic heme reductions, *Ru2+(phen)2(CN)(His) → Fe3+ (2.0 × 105 s-1; 1.40 eV), Ru+(4,4‘-(CONH(C2H5))2-bpy)2(im)(His) → Fe3+ (2.3 × 105 s-1; 1.44 eV), and Ru+(phen)2(CN)(His) → Fe3+ (4.5 × 105 s-1; 1.89 eV), are much higher than expected for reac...
Gypsum growth in the presence of growth inhibitors: a scanning force microscopy study

Abstract The growth inhibiting and habit modifying effect of phosphonic acid derivatives (HEDP, ENTMP) and carboxylates (tartrate, citrate) on gypsum was investigated by in-situ Scanning Force Microscopy (SFM). Kinetic and morphological effects of additives on advancing monolayer steps were imaged. Adsorbed HEDP and ENTMP molecules attach to step edges, which results in a change in step morphology. It is shown that inhibitor concentration and the reactivity of step edges strongly influence the change in step morphology. At low inhibitor concentrations linear steps become jagged, whereas high inhibitor concentrations lead to smoothly curved step edges. On the (010) surface [101] steps are more reactive compared to [001] steps. Therefore [101] steps show the most significant change in step morphology. In-situ experiments in the presence of citrate clearly show reduced growth rates although monolayer steps still appear crystallographically aligned. Ex-situ images of gypsum crystals exposed to tartaric acid reveal that an amorphous coating has been precipitated at high tartrate concentrations, whereas low tartrate concentrations result in jagged or curved steps. In-situ SFM experiments confirm the increased inhibition effect of phosphonic acid derivatives compared to carboxylates.
Tropospheric range-error corrections for the Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a highly accurate navigation system that has a broad spectrum of military, civilian, and commercial applications. It uses a triangulation scheme based on the time delays of signals from the satellites to the user; these time delays are then equated to distances. However, as the timing signal passes through the Earth's atmosphere it undergoes an additional time delay due to the index of refraction. The time delay produced by the troposphere approaches a value corresponding to a range error of about 25 m for an elevation angle of 5/spl deg/ and decreases with increasing elevation angle to less than a few meters at zenith. It has been shown that there is a good correlation between the range error and the surface index of refraction. Worldwide statistics of surface refractivity have been analyzed and shown to be correlated with site latitude, height above sea level, and time of year. Regression lines for range-error corrections based on these parameters are derived. Range-error accuracies vary from about 8% down to 3.7% of the total range error, depending on the amount of information that is available.
Beyond Big Data

What can we expect to find beyond Big Data? And how can we exploit Big Data to get there?What can we expect to find beyond Big Data? And how can we exploit Big Data to get there?
Nerve growth factor is primarily produced by GABAergic neurons of the adult rat cortex.

Within the cortex, nerve growth factor (NGF) mediates the innervation of cholinergic neurons during development, maintains cholinergic corticopetal projections during adulthood and modulates cholinergic function through phenotypic control of the cholinergic gene locus. Recent studies suggest NGF may also play an important role in cortical plasticity in adulthood. Previously, NGF-producing cells have been shown to colocalize with GABAergic cell markers within the hippocampus, striatum, and basal forebrain. Classification of cells producing NGF in the cortex is lacking, however, and cholinergic corticopetal projections have been shown to innervate both pyramidal and GABAergic neurons in the cortex. In order to clarify potential trophic interactions between cortical neurons and cholinergic projections, we used double-fluorescent immunohistochemistry to classify NGF-expressing cells in several cortical regions, including the prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, parietal cortex and temporal cortex. Our results show that NGF colocalizes extensively with GABAergic cell markers in all cortical regions examined, with >91% of NGF-labeled cells coexpressing GAD65/67. Conversely, NGF-labeled cells exhibit very little co-localization with the excitatory cell marker CaMKIIα (less than 5% of cells expressing NGF). NGF expression was present in 56% of GAD-labeled cells, suggesting that production is confined to a specific subset of GABAergic neurons. These findings demonstrate that GABAergic cells are the primary source of NGF production in the cortex, and likely support the maintenance and function of basal forebrain cholinergic projections in adulthood.
Uncoupling p70s6 Kinase Activation and Proliferation: Rapamycin-Resistant Proliferation of Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes

Rapamycin is a fungal macrolide that inhibits the proliferation of T cells. Studies in both animals and humans have found that rapamycin significantly reduces graft rejection. However, though CD8+ T cells are involved in graft infiltration and rejection, little is known regarding the effects of rapamycin on CD8+ human T cell responses. In this study, we examined the mechanism of rapamycin-induced inhibition of Ag-driven activation of CD8+ T cells. Surprisingly, a heterogeneous proliferative response in the presence of rapamycin was observed among different Ag-specific CD8+ T cell clones; this was also observed in CD8+ peripheral blood T cells activated with TCR cross-linking ex vivo. Inhibition of T cell proliferation by rapamycin was controlled by both the strength of signal delivered through the Ag receptor as well as the specific costimulatory signals received by the T cell. Rapamycin-resistant proliferation occurred despite inhibition of p70s6 kinase activity. Moreover, rapamycin-resistant proliferation of the CD8+ T cell clones was blocked by anti-IL-2 Abs, suggesting that while some of the parallel pathways triggered by IL-2R signaling are sensitive to the effects of rapamycin, others account for the Ag-driven rapamycin resistance. These data provide a new framework for examining the specific mechanism of action of rapamycin in human disease.
Climate Evolution in Central Asia during the Past Few Million Years: A Case Study from Issyk Kul

The lake Issyk Kul occupies a deep basin within the Earth’s most active intracontinental mountain belt, the Tien Shan, far from any oceanic inﬂuence. It offers a record of continental climate spanning millions of years that is likely unmatched by any other source. A three-day workshop, with the same title as this report and sponsored by the International Continental Drilling Project and German Science Foundation, was held on 12–17 June 2011 on the shore of Issyk Kul to discuss the scientiﬁc justiﬁcation for and the logistical aspects of scientiﬁc drill-ing of the lake. A two-day geological ﬁeld trip followed the workshop. Forty-ﬁve scientists from twelve countries dis-cussed three obvious targets for paleoclimatic study, a related study of erosion, and a study of how microbial life has evolved within the basin. The conclusion was that these research topics justify further consideration of deep conti-nental drilling at Issyk Kul. The premise underlying the paleoclimate questions is that climates within continents need not follow that recorded by, and studied well with, marine sediment. A particularly clear example is that glaciation within alpine settings is not synchronized with that of continental ice sheets; maximum advances of alpine glaciers in many regions precede the last glacial maximum (LGM) at ~20 kyr BP. The major outcome of the meeting was the identiﬁcation of two drilling targets: one within the lake that would reach as deep into Quaternary time as possible and certainly as far as 100 kyr BP, and a second on shore that could penetrate sediment as old as 6–10 Ma.
The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework

Directed attention plays an important role in human information processing; its fatigue, in turn, has farreaching consequences. Attention Restoration Theory provides an analysis of the kinds of experiences that lead to recovery from such fatigue. Natural environments turn out to be particularly rich in the characteristics necessary for restorative experiences. An integrative framework is proposed that places both directed attention and stress in the larger context of human-environment relationships.
Adaptations to new environments in humans: the role of subtle allele frequency shifts

Humans show tremendous phenotypic diversity across geographically distributed populations, and much of this diversity undoubtedly results from genetic adaptations to different environmental pressures. The availability of genome-wide genetic variation data from densely sampled populations offers unprecedented opportunities for identifying the loci responsible for these adaptations and for elucidating the genetic architecture of human adaptive traits. Several approaches have been used to detect signals of selection in human populations, and these approaches differ in the assumptions they make about the underlying mode of selection. We contrast the results of approaches based on haplotype structure and differentiation of allele frequencies to those from a method for identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms strongly correlated with environmental variables. Although the first group of approaches tends to detect new beneficial alleles that were driven to high frequencies by selection, the environmental correlation approach has power to identify alleles that experienced small shifts in frequency owing to selection. We suggest that the first group of approaches tends to identify only variants with relatively strong phenotypic effects, whereas the environmental correlation methods can detect variants that make smaller contributions to an adaptive trait.
Modeled and measured mutual impedances, element patterns, and sensitivity for a 19 element focal plane array

The dipole array has an approximate analytical electrical model, which facilitates the development and testing of signal processing algorithms for the FPA. To verify the accuracy of the analytical approach, we have also modeled the array using the finite element method (FEM). In this paper, we compare the approximate analytical and FEM models to preliminary experimental measurements. Results are given for mutual and self impedances, element patterns for the bare array (no reflector antenna), and the sensitivity of the FPA on the Green Bank 20 Meter Telescope.
SP-B deficiency causes respiratory failure in adult mice

Targeted deletion of the surfactant protein (SP)-B locus in mice causes lethal neonatal respiratory distress. To assess the importance of SP-B for postnatal lung function, compound transgenic mice ...
EXACT SOLUTION OF AXISYMMETRIC PROBLEMS OF LAMINATED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS WITH ARBITRARY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS - HIGHER-ORDER THEORY

Governing equations of higher-order shell theories are very complicated. This explains a small number of closed-form solutions that have been published. Mentioned here are the papers published by Reddy and Liu (51 and Barbero, Reddy and Teply [6] where Naviertype solutions were obtained for bending problems and natural frequencies of simply supported shells. Obviously, solutions for arbitrary boundary conditions have to be obtained numerically.
Implementation of guidelines for management of possible multidrug-resistant pneumonia in intensive care: an observational, multicentre cohort study.

Summary Background The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America provide guidelines for management of hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and health-care-associated pneumonias, consisting of empirical antibiotic regimens for patients at risk for multidrug-resistant pathogens. We aimed to improve compliance with these guidelines and assess outcomes. Methods We implemented a performance-improvement initiative in four academic medical centres in the USA with protocol-based education and prospective observation of outcomes. Patients were assessed for severity of illness and followed up until death, hospital discharge, or day 28. We included patients in intensive-care units who were at risk for multidrug-resistant pneumonia and were treated empirically. Findings 303 patients at risk for multidrug-resistant pneumonia were treated empirically, and prescribed treatment was guideline compliant in 129 patients and non-compliant in 174 patients. 44 (34%) patients died before 28 days in the compliance group and 35 (20%) died in the non-compliance group. Five patients in the compliance group and seven in the non-compliance group were lost to follow-up after day 14. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival to 28 days was 65% in the compliance group and 79% in the non-compliance group (p=0·0042). This difference persisted after adjustment for severity of illness. Median length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation did not differ between groups. Compliance failures included non-use of dual treatment for Gram-negative pathogens in 154 patients and absence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus coverage in 24 patients. For patients in whom pathogens were subsequently identified, empirical treatment was active in 79 (81%) of 97 of patients receiving compliant therapy compared with 109 (85%) of 128 of patients receiving non-compliant therapy. Interpretation Because adherence with empirical treatment was associated with increased mortality, we recommend a randomised trial be done before further implementation of these guidelines. Funding Pfizer, US Medical.
Cost-effective thermal isolation techniques for use on microfabricated DNA amplification and analysis devices

In this paper, we describe the design, construction and operation of two low cost thermal isolation techniques on a microfabricated DNA amplification and analysis device. The thermal conduit technique is based on a selective conduction mechanism, while the silicon back dicing technique is based on a selective insulation mechanism. The performances of the two techniques are compared both numerically and experimentally to that of the widely adopted but costly silicon back etching technique. Temperature gradients as high as 108 °C cm−1, 92 °C cm−1 and 158 °C cm−1 can be achieved with the three techniques, respectively. Geometric optimization of the two low cost techniques is carried out to further improve their thermal performances. Combining those two techniques can provide comparable thermal isolation results as the back etching technique with significant cost reduction.
The development of skill and tactical competencies during a season of badminton

Abstract In this study, we examined the development of skill competence and tactical knowledge of 41 eighth-grade students (mean age 13.6 years) as they completed a season of badminton conducted following the features of Sport Education. Using data from students’ performance on badminton skills tests, their competence in game play, and their tactical knowledge, it was determined that these students made significant improvements in their ability to not only control the shuttle, but also to hit it more aggressively. This resulted in improvements in both the selection (what shot to make) and execution (ability to produce the desired shot) dimensions of their game play. In addition, the students demonstrated significant improvements in their ability to select tactical solutions and make arguments for those decisions when watching videotaped performances of badminton games. The key explanation for the development of competence in this setting was that the structure of the Sport Education season allowed for sig...
Mild or subclinical intravascular haemolysis subsequent to transcatheter occlusion of the patent arterial duct.

One of the important complications of transcatheter occlusion of the patent duct by insertion of either the Rashkind double umbrella or coil devices is intravascular haemolysis, particularly the severe form which occurs in 0.5-0.6% of cases. The incidence of subclinical or mild intravascular haemolysis including morphologic changes in the red cells, however, is not known, especially in the group of patients with residual shunt. We studied laboratory and haematologic changes in 37 patients subsequent to transcatheter occlusion. Their ages ranged from 2 years 2 months to 11 years 8 months (6.2 + 2.7 years), and the duration of occlusion had ranged from 1 month to 2 years 11 months (1.24 + 0.89 years). In 30 cases we had used the Rashkind double umbrella device, and nine of these patients (30%) had a residual shunt. The other seven ducts were closed with detachable coils, and five of these cases (71%) had residual shunting. There was evidence of mild or subclinical intravascular haemolysis in almost half the cases, although no patient developed acute intravascular haemolysis. Fragmented red cells, blur cells and spherocytes from blood smears were found in up to one-third of the overall series, with no differences found according to persistence of shunting. Haemosiderin was found in the urine of the group with residual shunting and in 13-23% of those with complete occlusion. Serum hypohaptoglobin was found in 9-13% of the patients with a residual shunt, and in 9-23% of those with complete occlusion. Four of the patients had haptoglobin levels 2% in the blood smears. We conclude that subclinical or mild intravascular haemolysis, along with morphologic changes in the red blood cells, are significant findings subsequent to occlusion of the patent arterial duct with either the Rashkind double umbrella or detachable coils.
Fluid Inclusions in Granulites: Peak vs. Retrograde Formation

Various lines of evidence may indicate that CO2-rich fluid inclusions in granulites contain samples of the peak metamorphic fluid. This evidence includes: (1) textural relations, (2) fluid inclusion thermobarometry, and (3) correlation of inclusion type with metamorphic grade (CO2-rich in the granulite facies and H2O-rich in lower grade rocks). However, many CO2-rich inclusions in granulites are texturally secondary, and inclusion thermobarometry often yields scattered results. Furthermore, the correlation of fluid inclusion composition with metamorphic grade may be explained by retrograde processes. Thus, the evidence for peak metamorphic formation of granulite facies fluid inclusions is often ambiguous. In some samples collected from the Adirondack Mountains, equilibrium mineral assemblages require that the peak metamorphic fluids (if any existed) were CO2-poor. These same samples contain high density CO2-rich fluid inclusions. This disagreement between two methods commonly applied to determine the composition of peak metamorphic fluids shows that the fluid inclusions do not contain samples of the peak metamorphic fluid. Rather, the investigation of these inclusions has shown that the retrograde pressure temperature path in the Adirondacks was initially more nearly isobaric than isothermal.
Economics and Asia‐Pacific Region Territorial and Maritime Disputes: Understanding the Political Limits to Economic Solutions

Territorial and maritime disputes are a visible part of the tapestry of Asia-Pacific Region (APR) international relations. They have provoked frictions between states, militarized conflict, and even war. Some believe interstate economic ties or economic inducements have the potential to mitigate and resolve the APR's territorial and maritime controversies. In this article, I analyze, in two primary ways, the potential for economics to calm or resolve the APR's territorial and maritime disputes. One is a theoretical evaluation, while the other is an empirical examination. As for the latter, this article analyzes two specific quarrels: the China-Japan controversy over the East China Sea and Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands and the Japanese-Soviet/Russian conflict over the Northern Territories. In both cases, the economic optimist case is proved wanting. This article shows that researchers must pay attention to political factors, domestic and international, to identify the factors that facilitate/hinder a settlement of territorial and maritime disputes.
Theory of the fine structure of auroral kilometric radiation

Recent data from ISEE 1 show auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) with finely separated bands in frequency. The observation that the AKR fine structure frequency separation is about equal to the ion cyclotron frequency at the AKR source is strong evidence for the interaction of AKR and electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves in the source, as proposed by Grabbe et al. (1980) to explain the origin of AKR. It is pointed out that no other wave of frequency close to the band separation is known to exist in the auroral source region. The fine structure observed in the source region AKR is the first evidence for EIC waves in the lower source region (3000 - 5000 km attitude), as required in the theory of Grabbe et al.
Differential Sensitivities of Retroviruses to Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors

Integrase inhibitors are emerging anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs, and multiple retroviruses and transposable elements were evaluated here for susceptibilities to raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG). All viruses, including primate and nonprimate lentiviruses, a Betaretrovirus, a Gammaretrovirus, and the Alpharetrovirus Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), were susceptible to inhibition by RAL. EVG potently inhibited all lentiviruses and intermediately inhibited Betaretrovirus and Gammaretrovirus infections yet was basically ineffective against RSV. Substitutions based on HIV type 1 (HIV-1) resistance changes revealed that integrase residue Ser150 contributed significantly to the resistance of RSV. The drugs intermediately inhibited intracisternal A-particle retrotransposition but were inactive against Sleeping Beauty transposition and long interspersed nucleotide element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposition.
Drama, Narrative and Early Learning.

Melanie Peter is a lecturer in early childhood studies and special needs at Suffolk College, Ipswich, and a freelance consultant in arts education and inclusive/special education. Her recent research has focused on the value of pretence, particularly for children with autistic spectrum disorders. In this article, based on a paper given to the conference ‘Innovation, Research and Good Practice in the Education of Pupils with Severe, Profound and Multiple Learning Disabilities’ at the University of London in April 2002, she presents an approach to developing drama with severely socially challenged children, underpinned by a rationale founded in the importance of early experiences of make–believe and narrative. In drama, children at early stages of learning can begin to explore and understand social narratives from the inside – a vital route to developing social competence. Melanie Peter concludes that while play–drama intervention is aimed especially at children with autistic spectrum disorders, it can also benefit a wider range of children with severe and complex learning needs and help them to participate more effectively in a social world.
STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS II. EFFECT OF ANTIGEN DOSE AND OF SUPPRESSION BY PASSIVE ANTIBODY ON THE AFFINITY OF ANTIBODY SYNTHESIZED

The effect of antigen dose on the kinetics of circulating antibody synthesis and on antibody affinity was studied in a haptenic system. High doses of antigen resulted, early in immunization, in higher concentrations of antibody followed later in the immune response by decreased serum levels of antibody as compared with lower doses of antigen. The affinity of the initial antibody synthesized was very similar over a wide antigen dose range. Subsequently, however, a rapid rise in affinity was seen in animals immunized with low doses of antigen, while relatively little change in affinity was seen in animals immunized with higher antigen doses. Suppression of active antibody formation by passive antiserum led to an increase in antibody affinity. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms involved in the selection of a population of cells to participate in the immune response and the mechanisms whereby antigen dose and circulating antibody function to control antibody synthesis.
Ultrastructural evidence that horizontal cell axon terminals are presynaptic in the human retina

The organization of the rod spherule and of the horizontal cell axon terminals within the invagination of the rod spherule in the human retina was examined in serial sections by electron microscopy. Twenty-one rod spherules were reconstructed in this study. Axon terminal processes of type I horizontal cells consistently make one or two small punctate synapses onto each rod spherule within the invagination. In addition, these axon terminal processes make distinct synapses upon rod bipolar dendrites outside the spherule before both processes enter the invagination. This is the first positive description of a synapse from a horizontal cell axon terminal process onto a photoreceptor terminal and the first identification of a synapse from a horizontal cell to a rod bipolar cell in the mammalian outer plexiform layer. We speculate that the axon terminal-to-rod synapse is responsible for feedback while the synapse upon the rod bipolar cell is feed-forward and serves to expand the receptive field of the rod bipolar cell beyond its dendritic field. Alternatively, the latter may contribute to a center-surround organization of the rod bipolar's receptive field.
Improving Research Aircraft Navigation by Incorporating INS and GPS Information in a Variational Solution

Abstract With the new (potentially more accurate) Global Position System (GPS) measurements available, aircraft navigation systems are significantly improved. Since the GPS can drop out occasionally and exhibit other intermittent errors, it cannot be used exclusively for all navigational needs. The traditional Inertial Navigation System (INS) position and velocity measurements, on the other hand, suffer from large Schuler oscillation and drift errors over the duration of a flight. This work proposes and tests a variational method to determine improved aircraft positions and velocities when both INS and GPS data are available. This technique incorporates GPS position and velocity data and INS acceleration data. The data are weighted by the reciprocal of the variance of their errors. Error characteristics of the data are determined objectively by examining the internal consistency of the data themselves. The resulting improved position and velocity time series are fully internally consistent. The data used ...
Formation of Irregular Al Islands by Room- Temperature Deposition on NiAl(110)

STM studies reveal that irregular non-equilibrium two-dimensional Al islands form during deposition of Al on NiAl(110) at 300 K. These structures reflect the multiple adsorption sites and diffusion paths available for Al adatoms on the binary alloy surface, as well as the details of inhibited edge diffusion and detachment-attachment kinetics of Al adatoms for numerous distinct step edge configurations. We attempt to capture these features by multi-site lattice-gas modeling incorporating DFT energetics for adatoms both at adsorption sites and transition states. This formulation enables description and elucidation of the observed island growth shapes.