cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trans10,cis12–18:2 Is a More Potent Inhibitor of De Novo Fatty Acid Synthesis and Desaturation than cis9,trans11–18:2 in the Mammary Gland of Lactating Mice

To investigate the effects of 2 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and trans11-18:1 (TVA) on de novo lipogenesis and desaturation in liver and mammary gland, lactating mice were fed diets containing 3% canola oil (control) or 2% canola oil plus 1% stearic acid (SA), TVA, cis9,trans11 CLA (c9t11), or trans10,cis12 CLA (t10c12). In mammary tissue, TVA and CLA isomers reduced mRNA for acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) compared with control, but only c9t11 and t10c12 reduced mammary ACC activity. Of the 2 CLA isomers, t10c12 caused a greater reduction in mammary ACC activity. Hepatic ACC or FAS activity and mRNA abundance were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding TVA, c9t11, or t10c12 reduced mammary stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD) mRNA and activity. Reduction was greater due to feeding t10c12 compared with c9t11. Hepatic SCD mRNA was not affected by dietary treatments, but both CLA isomers depressed hepatic SCD activity. Results indicated that t10c12 is a more potent inhibitor of mammary lipogenesis and desaturation than is c9t11. A net gain of 77 and 1690 micro g of c9t11 in liver and mammary tissue, respectively, was found in the TVA-fed group over the control and SA-fed group. However, reduced mammary SCD mRNA or activity due to feeding TVA may indicate a limited capacity for desaturation of dietary TVA to c9t11 in vivo.
INDUCIBLE PROTECTIVE PROTEINS: A POTENTIALLY NOVEL APPROACH TO CHEMOTHERAPY*

A number of toxic chemical and physical agents elicit the induction of a series of protein species, some of which react with the agents and render them nontoxic. A few of the induced species (such as metallothionein) are rich in thiol groups that might be expected to react with alkylating agents and render them nontoxic. If a safe means could be found for selectively enhancing the synthesis of alkylating-agent-reactive species in normal but not tumor cells, such a procedure would have ramifications in the area of cancer chemotherapy. In this report, we have utilized a variety of trace elements (Zn, Se, Cu, As) as inducers of synthesis of protective species in line CHO Chinese hamster cells and in a number of derived variants to determine whether this type of approach can be utilized to increase resistance to alkylating-agent toxicity. Our results indicate that Zn, Se and Cu elicit a protective response (increased survival, monitored by colony-forming ability) against the toxic effects of iodoacetate or melphalan, and, at least in the case of zinc, at levels that are physiologically reasonable. Arsenite appears to be a marginally effective inducer in the CHO cell and an ineffective inducer in the Cdr20F4 variant cell. The increased survival is not attributable to metallothionein inducibility, decreased availability of the alkylating agent in the medium, or decreased uptake of the drug into the trace-element-pretreated cells. The protective responses induced by zinc or selenite alone are additive in cells receiving both trace elements prior to exposure to alkylating agent, which suggests that different domains of response are elicited by the two metals. In view of reported differences in inducibility of protective proteins between normal and tumor cells, a possibility is raised for a novel approach to alkylating-agent chemotherapy that is somewhat analogous to the protocol utilized in high-dose methotrexate therapy.
Radon fluxes measured with the MANOP bottom lander

Abstract At five Pacific Ocean sites, radon fluxes were determined from water samples collected by the MANOP Lander, from measurements of 222 Rn and 226 Ra concentrations in Lander-collected box core sediments, and from measurements of excess radon in the water column. At MANOP sites H and M, fluxes (all in atoms m −2 s −1 ) determined with Lander water samples (2200 and 1540 ± 480) agree within the measurement uncertainty with water column standing crop measurements (2220 ± 450, 2040 ± 470). At MANOP site C, the diffusive flux calculated from measurements of 226 Ra in box core sediments (550 ± 20), the integrated deficiency of 222 Rn in the sediments (720 ± 90), and the water column standing crop (500 ± 160) are in agreement, but all are about twice as large as the single Lander water measurement of the radon flux (330). At MANOP site S radon fluxes from measurements of Lander water (3000 ± 260) are in agreement with the predicted diffusive flux from site S sediments (2880), and both fluxes are close to the lower end of the range of water column standing crop measurements (3000–5170). In San Clemente Basin, California, the Lander water flux measurements at four different sites vary by a factor of 3 due to variability in the sediment radium distribution, but the average (1030 ± 190) is close to the water column standing crop value (780 ± 230). Because there is excellent agreement between the fluxes measured with Lander water samples and the predicted diffusive fluxes in most cases, diffusion must be the primary process controlling benthic exchange of radon at the sites studied. The agreement between the Lander water flux estimates and the water column standing crop estimates indicates that the MANOP Lander functions as an accurate benthic flux chamber in water depths ranging from 1900 to 4900 m. In San Clemente Basin, surficial sediments are enriched in manganese and radium, due to manganese cycling near the sediment-water interface. Molecular diffusion of radon from this radium-rich surficial layer is sufficient to obscure any effect of macrofaunal irrigation on the standing crop of radon in this basin.
A computer simulation model of mass media interventions directed at tobacco use.

Abstract Objectives. The goal of this study was to develop a simulation model to examine the effects of tobacco control mass media interventions on smoking rates and smoking-attributable deaths. Methods. The model projects the number of smokers and smoking-related deaths. Based on empirical and theoretical research, the effects of media interventions, varying in magnitude and duration, directed at all smokers and directed specifically at youth under age 18 are modeled. Results. The model predicts that sustained media interventions of sufficient magnitude and duration directed at all smokers have the potential to substantially reduce the number of smokers and premature deaths, with the effects growing over time. For the same expenditures, youth interventions would appear to have smaller and more delayed effects. Conclusions. Media interventions, particularly those targeted at the general population and of sufficient scale and duration, have the ability to substantially reduce smoking rates and save lives, but their effects are likely to depend on how they are implemented.
Are there differences in mechanical fetal response between routine and shoulder dystocia deliveries

AND SHOULDER DYSTOCIA DELIVERIES? ROBERT ALLEN, STEPHANIE CHA, LINDSAY KRANKER, TARA JOHNSON, EDITH GUREWITSCH, Johns Hopkins University, Biomedical Engineering, Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Baltimore, Maryland OBJECTIVE: Previous simulations of shoulder dystocia (SD) explored the effect of SD itself on the mechanical response of the fetus. Our objective was to perform an experimental study to explore the variations in fetal response due to routine, unilateral SD (USD) and bilateral SD (BSD) deliveries. STUDY DESIGN: Using a biofidelic maternal model, an instrumented fetal model and a data-acquisition system, we performed 30 experiments. For routine deliveries, we engaged the fetal head and allowed it to progress through cardinal movements using typical uterine contraction forces of 20-35 lbs, stopping the delivery when the head restituted to LOA presentation. For USD deliveries, we obstructed the anterior shoulder on the symphysis pubis; for BSD, the posterior shoulder was also impacted on the sacral promontory. Fetal shoulder widths were varied from 11.5, 12.9 and 12.1 cm, respectively for routine, USD and BSD deliveries. For each delivery we continuously measured head rotation (HR), brachial plexus (BP) stretch and neck extension (NE), selecting peak values for analysis. Maximum BP stretch, NE and HR were compared among groups using ANOVA, with P!0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The table lists mean peak BP stretch, HR and NE among routine, USD and BSD deliveries. There are no differences among the three types of delivery for anterior BP stretch, HR and NE. CONCLUSION: Quantifiable mechanical response occurs in routine and SD deliveries. Posterior BP stretch is significantly longer for routine deliveries than either USD or BSD deliveries.
Spin dynamics and level structure of quantum-dot quantum wells

We have characterized $\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{S}∕\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{Se}∕\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{S}$ quantum-dot quantum wells using time-resolved Faraday rotation (TRFR). The spin dynamics shows that the electron $g$ factor varies as a function of quantum well width and the transverse spin lifetime of several nanoseconds is robust up to room temperature. As a function of probe energy, the amplitude of the TRFR signal shows pronounced resonances, which allow one to identify individual exciton transitions. The resonance energies in the TRFR data are consistent with different exciton transitions in which the electron occupies the conduction-band ground state.
Homology of lungs and gas bladders: Insights from arterial vasculature

Gas bladders of ray-finned fishes serve a variety of vital functions and are thus an important novelty of most living vertebrates. The gas bladder has long been regarded as an evolutionary modification of lungs. Critical evidence for this hypothesized homology is whether pulmonary arteries supply the gas bladder as well as the lungs. Pulmonary arteries, paired branches of the fourth efferent branchial arteries, deliver blood to the lungs in osteichthyans with functional lungs (lungfishes, tetrapods, and the ray-finned polypterid fishes). The fact that pulmonary arteries also supply the respiratory gas bladder of Amia calva (bowfin) has been used to support the homology of lungs and gas bladders, collectively termed air-filled organs (AO). However, the homology of pulmonary arteries in bowfin and lunged osteichthyans has been uncertain, given the apparent lack of pulmonary arteries in critical taxa. To re-evaluate the homology of pulmonary arteries in bowfin and lunged osteichthyans, we studied, using micro-CT technology, the arterial vasculature of Protopterus, Polypterus, Acipenser, Polyodon, Amia, and Lepisosteus, and analyzed these data using a phylogenetic approach. Our data reveal that Acipenser and Polyodon have paired posterior branches of the fourth efferent branchial arteries, which are thus similar in origin to pulmonary arteries. We hypothesize that these arteries are vestigial pulmonary arteries that have been coopted for new functions due to the dorsal shift of the AO and/or the loss of respiration in these taxa. Ancestral state reconstructions support pulmonary arteries as a synapomorphy of the Osteichthyes, provide the first concrete evidence for the retention of pulmonary arteries in Amia, and support thehomology of lungs and gas bladders due to a shared vascular supply. Finally, we use ancestral state reconstructions to show that arterial AO supplies from the celiacomesenteric artery or dorsal aorta appear to be convergent between teleosts and nonteleost actinopterygians.
Free-Suspension Residual Flexibility Testing of Space Station Pathfinder: Comparison to Fixed-Base Results

Application of the free-suspension residual flexibility modal test method to the International Space Station Pathfinder structure is described. The Pathfinder, a large structure of the general size and weight of Space Station module elements, was also tested in a large fixed-base fixture to simulate Shuttle Orbiter payload constraints. After correlation of the Pathfinder finite element model to residual flexibility test data, the model was coupled to a fixture model, and constrained modes and frequencies were compared to fixed-base test. modes. The residual flexibility model compared very favorably to results of the fixed-base test. This is the first known direct comparison of free-suspension residual flexibility and fixed-base test results for a large structure. The model correlation approach used by the author for residual flexibility data is presented. Frequency response functions (FRF) for the regions of the structure that interface with the environment (a test fixture or another structure) are shown to be the primary tools for model correlation that distinguish or characterize the residual flexibility approach. A number of critical issues related to use of the structure interface FRF for correlating the model are then identified and discussed, including (1) the requirement of prominent stiffness lines, (2) overcoming problems with measurement noise which makes the antiresonances or minima in the functions difficult to identify, and (3) the use of interface stiffness and lumped mass perturbations to bring the analytical responses into agreement with test data. It is shown that good comparison of analytical-to-experimental FRF is the key to obtaining good agreement of the residual flexibility values.
Behavioral thermoregulation in three Hawaiian reef fishes

The preferred temperature of three Hawaiian coral-reef fishes — Acanthurus triostegus sandvicensis, Abudefduf abdominalis, and Chaetodon multicinctus — were determined in two-chambered tanks that permitted the fish to regulate behaviorally tank temperature. Median selected temperatures over 72 h were as follows: adult C. multicinctus, 24.0° C; juvenile C. multicinctus, 27.0° C; adult Ab. abdominalis, 25.9° C; juvenile Ab. abdominalis, 30.2° C; adult Ac. triostegus, 29.2° C; juvenile Ac. triostegus, 29.3° C. Juvenile Ab. abdominalis selected significantly higher median temperatures than the adults. C. multicinctus and juvenile Ab. abdominalis selected higher median temperatures during the day than at night.
Analysis of endogenous and exogenous nuclear translocation of fibroblast growth factor-1 in NIH 3T3 cells.

Abstract Nuclear localization of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) have been reported by many laboratories. We demonstrate here that FGF-1, the precursor for acidic FGF contains a putative nuclear translocation sequence (NTS) NYKKPKL, which is able to direct the expression of the bacterial βgalactosidase (βgal) gene to the nucleus of transfected NIH 3T3 cells. However, this NTS is unable to target either FGF-1 itself or a FGF-1-βgal fusion protein into the nucleus, suggesting that FGF-1 may contain an additional sequence which prevents endogenously expressed FGF-1 from being translocated into the nucleus. Indeed, when FGF-1 was fused to the NTS derived from the yeast histone 2B gene, the chimeric construct also failed to be transported into the nucleus either by itself or as a βgal fusion protein. Interestingly, when 125 I-FGF-1 was used to stimulate quiescent NIH 3T3 cells, a significant amount of internalized 125 I-FGF-1 (approximately 1%) was found within the nucleus and the nuclear localization of FGF-1 through the exogenous pathway could be significantly reduced by suramin, an inhibitor of the interaction of FGF-1 with its receptor. These data suggest that while FGF-1 contains a NTS, nuclear translocation requires an exogenous and not an endogenous pathway.
Nonsteady flow of a vapor-drop flow in a heated channel

Flow of a vapor-drop mixture in a heated channel is studied under steady and non-steady conditions using a model which considers direct thermal interaction of drops with the heating surface.
On Hamming networks

Summary form only given, as follows. A revised Hamming net is proposed, validated, and tested. Both the original Hamming net and the revised model were implemented. Experimental results show the equivalence of both models in the noiseless cases, but in classification problems with noise, dramatic improvements occurred. A proof of the convergence theorem for the revised model is given. >
On the skewness of order statistics in multiple-outlier models

Kochar and Xu (2009) proved that a parallel system with heterogeneous exponential component lifetimes is more skewed (according to the convex transform order) than the system with independent and identically distributed exponential components. In this paper we extend this study to the general k-out-of-n systems for the case when there are only two types of component in the system. An open problem proposed in Pǎltǎnea (2008) is partially solved.
Moisture retrievals from simulated zenith delay ‘‘observations’’ and their impact on short-range precipitation forecasts

The feasibility of assimilating the GPS total zenith delay into atmospheric models is investigatedwithin the framework of the ‘‘Observing System Simulation Experiment.’’ The total zenith delayis made up of two terms: one is proportional to the pressure at the site of the GPS groundbasedreceiver and the other to the overlying amount of water vapor. Using the MM5 mesoscalemodel and its adjoint, a set of 4-dimensional variational (4DVAR) experiments is performed.Results from the assimilation of simulated precipitable water observations are used as thebenchmark. The model domain covers Southern California. The observations are simulatedwith a 10 km horizontal resolution model that includes full physics, while a 20-km resolutionand a less comprehensive physics package are used in the 4DVAR experiments. Both, the 10-kmand 20-km models employ the same set of 15 vertical levels. Moisture fields retrieved from thetotal zenith delay are found to compare very well with those retrieved from the precipitablewater. Verified against the observations, the vertically integrated moisture is found to be veryaccurate. An overall improvement is also achieved in the vertical profiles of the moisture fields.The use of the so-called background term and model initialization are shown to greatly reducethe negative impact that the sole assimilation of the total zenith delay can have on the pressurefield and integrated water vapor. The adverse effect stems from the poor resolution of thetopography needed to evaluate the model pressure at the GPS sites. The analysis incrementsof all model fields are found to be similar to the counterparts obtained from the assimilationof the precipitable water. The same is true for the short-range precipitation forecasts initiatedfrom the 4DVAR-optimal initial conditions. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2001.00135.x
Saline, mannitol, and furosemide hydration in acute cisplatin nephrotoxicity: A randomized trial

Objective To determine which hydration (saline, saline + mannitol, or saline + furosemide) is associated with least cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Treatment of restless legs syndrome with gabapentin.

SummaryGabapentin is a well tolerated anticonvulsant, structurally related to γ-aminobutyric acid, with an unknown mechanism of action. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterized by sensory and motor symptoms in the legs that is best treated with dopaminergic drugs and opiates. In this
The role of culture in literacy acquisition: an interdisciplinary approach to qualitative research

Vgotskian psychologists view cognitive development as consisting of an increased ability to manipulate symbols “(primary language) for both social and mental functions. Contemporary anthropologists view culture, language and literacy as part of an integrated symbolic system, collectively constructed and dynamically evolving with new life experiences. Literacy for anthropologists consists not only of technical knowledge, but also of cultural norms and values directing its use. Since anthropology and psychology share this concern for the role of culture in literacy acquisition, this paper suggests that the integration of theories from both disciplines can enhance our understanding of how precisely culture influences literacy, and it presents two research examples in which the study of culture was enhanced through the interdisciplinary approach proposed here.
Primary Ovarian Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Outcome after Treatment with Combination Chemotherapy

Because the outcome of patients with primary ovarian non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is controversial, we retrospectively analyzed experience with adults seen at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1974 to 1993. Patients were included if at least one ovary was pathologically involved, and if combination chemotherapy was used that must have included doxorubicin for intermediate grade histologies. We identified 15 patients who constituted 0.5% of all untreated NHL and 1.5% of untreated ovarian neoplasms that presented to our instutition during this time. One patient refused therapy, leaving 14 assessable for response. Nine patients had intermediate-grade, 5 had high-grade, and none had low-grade NHL. One ovary was involved in 4 patients, and both in 10, in 7 of whom additional sites were involved, including supradiaphragmatic nodes in 2. Four patients had AAS I and 10 had AAS IV. Favorable (0 or 1) and unfavorable (>1) IPI scores were seen in 5 and 9 patients, respectively. The complete remission rate for all patients was 64%, and 5-year survival and FFS for all assessable patients were 57 and 46%, respectively. We conclude that the complete remission rate and FFS of patients with ovarian NHL treated with appropriate chemotherapy appear to be similar to that of patients with other nodal NHLs. Further work is required to determine prognostic factors in ovarian NHL.
Hormonal Regulation of Plant Growth and Development

Besides environmental factors, plant growth depends upon endogenous signals. Bill Gray examines what these hormonal signals are and how they act to regulate many aspects of growth and development.
Tracheal width and left double-lumen tube size: a formula to estimate left-bronchial width

Abstract Study Objective To determine which patient parameters best predict left bronchial width (LBW) when selecting the correct size double-lumen tube (DLT). If LBW is known, a DLT that will fit that bronchus can be chosen. Design Prospective study. Setting University medical center. Patients Three hundred twenty-one consecutive patients scheduled for thoracic surgery and for whom there was a chest radiograph and for whom tracheal width (TW) and LBW could be measured. Measurements Tracheal width and LBW were directly measured from the chest radiograph. Patient demographic data were recorded and then analyzed to see which factor(s) best predicted LBW. Parameters often used for DLT selection (age, sex, height, and weight) as well as TW were compared by univariate and multivariate statistical analysis to see which factor(s) most accurately predicted LBW. Main Results There were weak but significant correlations between age and height and LBW in men, and height and LBW in women. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that, for both men and women, TW was the best predictor of LBW. Sex, height, and weight did not improve predictability over TW alone. The equation that best predicts LBW for both sexes is: LBW mm = (0.50)(TW mm ) + 3.7 mm. This model explains 46% of the variance in LBW. As structures measured from a chest radiograph are magnified by 10%, the formula to predict LBW, which normalizes for this magnification factor, is: LBW mm = (0.45)(TW mm(CXR) ) + 3.3 mm. Conclusions Direct airway measurement is the most accurate way to select an appropriate DLT. However, when direct measurement of LBW cannot be performed, estimating LBW from TW is a better predictor of LBW than either sex, height, or weight.
A comparison of performance between organic scintillation crystals and moderated 3 He-based detectors for fission neutron detection

Direct detection of fast neutrons using organic scintillators is one alternative to moderated thermal neutron detectors deployed to detect fission neutrons - a relevant question in light of dwindling {sup 3}He supplies. Recent developments in materials science have demonstrated the capability to grow larger crystals in reasonable times. In light of these developments, this study compares the relative performance of a {sup 3}He-based neutron module from a commercially available portal monitor with a theoretical organic scintillator of similar overall size. Stilbene serves as a benchmark with its performance estimated from a combination of energy deposition modeled by radiation transport calculations and an assumption of the lowest neutron energy at which pulse shape discrimination can effectively separate neutron and gamma-ray events. Before intrinsic detection efficiencies on par with moderated detector systems can be achieved, the results point to the need for further advances including significant increases in detector size, especially thickness, and/or lower pulse shape discrimination thresholds.
Population Changes and Social Behavior Following Colonization by the Yellow-Bellied Marmot

In most years, the population of a colony of yellow-bellied marmots ( Marmota flaviventris ) was fluid because of dispersal of yearlings and addition of young; the adult population remained relatively stable within any year. Recruitment to the adult population occurred solely from animals born in the colony. Total number of young produced was closely correlated with the number of females of reproductive age; the number of young per female decreased at higher population densities because of a greater percentage of nonbreeding 2-year-old females in the population. There was no density-dependent relationship between numbers and survival of young or between number of yearlings and number of adults. The rate of social interactions was generally highest in June and decreased thereafter. Year-to-year and seasonal variations in rates of social interactions are interpreted in relation to the social structure of the population. Rates of social interaction were not directly correlated with population density. The dispersion of the population increased as the population increased. Adult males attempted to obtain exclusive use of the area and directed most of their agonistic behavior toward other males, both adults and yearlings. Agonistic behavior among females exceeded amicable behavior in only one of the five years of study. The growth of the harem may be possible because of mutual tolerance among females. Play fighting occurred only among yearlings. A complex interaction occurs between the behavioral characteristics of the individual animals and density effects related to the number, age, and sex of the animals.
TU-EE-A3-02: Exact Fan-Beam Image Reconstruction Algorithm for a Specific Truncation Problem: Asymmetrically Positioned Half-Size Detector

Purpose: In nuclear medicine imaging, diagnostic x-ray CT imaging, and image guided radiation therapy truncation of the projection data may be present due to patient motion, inaccurate positioning or simply an insufficient detector. For fan-beam geometry, images reconstructed with truncated data suffer sever artifacts when reconstructed with the conventional filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm. A new exact fan-beam image reconstruction algorithm is developed to solve a special case of the data truncation problem. In this configuration, fan-beam projection data are acquired using an asymmetric detector that covers only half of the field of view. Method and Materials: In order to solve this data truncation problem, the newly developed fan-beam image reconstruction algorithm via filtering the backprojection image of the differentiated projection data (FBPD) was employed. This algorithm enables line by line reconstruction in image space. The following observations about this FBPD algorithm are crucial to solve the data truncation problem: (1) for a given point in the backprojection image space, only one projection from each view angle is required to properly construct the backprojection image; (2) for each ray passing through a given image point from one source position, there is a conjugate ray passing through the same point. With truncated data, a 2π full scan is required to reconstruct the whole object, and a ROI reconstruction can be obtained using projection data from less than a 2π full scan. Results: Numerical simulations have been conducted using a Shepp-Logan phantom. Images reconstructed from the truncated data for scans of the entire object validate this reconstruction algorithm for the full 2π scan. In addition ROI reconstruction has been validated using projection data from less than a 2π full scan. Conclusion: This algorithm enables exact fan-beam image reconstruction from projection data acquired using an asymmetric detector which covers only half of the field of view.
“Collis-Belsey” Fundoplication for Uncomplicated Hiatal Hernia and Gastroesophageal Reflux

Abstract The combined Collis gastroplasty—Belsey Mark IV fundoplication was used in 86 patients with uncomplicated hiatal hernia followed for up to 8 years. Marked relief of symptoms was obtained, with no initial morbidity and mortality. Recurrence of hernia occurred in 1 patient. Minimal gastroesophageal reflux was observed in a few patients. Manometric and pH studies performed after operation showed a competent valve without notable esophageal reflux. The Collis gastroplasty creates a lesser curvature gastric tube that lengthens the so-called functional esophagus and eliminates tension at the suture line of the Belsey Mark IV fundoplication.
Changing households and changing cities, 1970–1980

Abstract Applying urban ecological theory, this article examines the extent to which patterns of household location changed during 1970–1980. Households that tended to concentrate in the central city in 1970 (nonfamily households and female-headed families) exhibited a penchant for suburban residence in 1980. Married couples with children, meanwhile, remained largely deconcentrated. The degree to which married couples with children were residentially segregated from the other households changed little over the period.
Benzo(a)pyrene 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide modification of DNA: Relation to chromatin structure and reconstitution

Purified duck reticulocyte DNA was incubated in vitro with a 7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide derivative of benzo(a)pyrene (BPDE). The carcinogen-modified DNA was somewhat more susceptible to partial digestion by the single strand specific endonuclease S1 than unmodified DNA, suggesting slight denaturation of the helix at sites of modification. Chromatin was reconstituted in vitro utilizing this carcinogen-modified DNA and unmodified-chromatin associated proteins. This reconstituted chromatin showed the same kinetics and extent of digestion by Staphylococcal nuclease, and similar nucleosome profiles on sucrose density gradient centrifugation, as those obtained with native chromatin or chromatin reconstituted with unmodified DNA. Moreover, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from nuclease digests gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments obtained from nuclease digests of the reconstituted chromatins suggested that the chromatin containing carcinogen-modified DNA had the same subnucleosome structure as that reconstituted with unmodified DNA. In a separate set of studies intact duck reticulocyte chromatin was reacted directly with BPDE. Nuclease digestion studies indicated that 65% of the carcinogen was bound to the 'open' regions of chromatin, and 35% to 'closed' regions. These results indicate that although convalent binding of a benzo(a)pyrene (BP) derivative to DNA produces local distortions in conformation of the helix, this modification does not appear to interfere with the ability of the DNA to associate with histones to form nucleosome structures. In addition, although DNA in the open regions of chromatin is more susceptible to reaction with the BP derivative, there is appreciable reaction with the DNA associated with histones.
Simple Easy Bruisability: A Pseudo-Hemorrhagic Diathesis of Probable Endocrine Origin

While investigating the bleeding tendency in approximately five hundred subjects (1 9), we have encountered a number of patients who bruise easily following slight trauma, yet do not have spontaneous purpura. Easy bruising has been the only symptom in some patients, while others have suffered from various unrelated diseases. We have been impressed by the frequent occurrence in the group of certain constitutional factors which appear to bear some relationship to the etiology of this condition, which may be designated ‘simple easy bruisability.’ Easy bruising occurs predominantly in women. It may be present from early childhood and is commonly a lifelong affliction. The skin of patients presenting this complaint is usually fair, thin, and unduly sensitive to sunlight and chemical irritants. The bruises occur most frequently in the arms and legs, areas readily accessible to trauma and the lesions are seldom larger than 3 to 4 cm. in diameter.
Perceptions of Trust, Upward Influence Tactics, and Performance Ratings

Su~nma~.-This study examined the intervening role that a perceptual variable, supervisor's percepcions of crust in a subordinate. plays in mediating [he direct relationship benveen influence tactics and performance ratings. Employing a sample of 105 supervisors, the data showed that the effect of the cognitive marking from the subordinate's use of influence tactics is direct and significant on performance ratings €or nvo influence tactics, assertiveness and higher authority. For 3 influence tactics, ingratiation, reasoning, and exchange, perceptions of rrusr mediated thac relationship. Also, the direct effect of perceptions of trust on performance ratings was significant regardless of the influence tactic employed by the subordinate. The practice of fair and accurate performance evaluation has received much scholarly attention. Emphasis on the political nature of individuals and the effect of political behavior on human resource management decisions (Ferris & Judge, 1991) sheds light upon the processes by which performance appraisal results are affected by nonobjective influences. Some have suggested that subjective factors have a greater effect on evaluative decisions than objective factors (cf. Feldman & KLich, 1991). Other research evidence suggests that subjective influences, although important, are secondarily important to objectively derived evaluative criteria (cf. Thacker & Wayne, 1995). The latter affirms the notion that the more relevant and job-related the criteria for evaluating subordinates' performance, the less Ikely raters wd have opportunities to distort the ratings by allowing subjective criteria to infiltrate their evaluative processes (V~Uanova & Bernardin, 1991). The manner in which attempts are made to influence others has provided a useful foundation upon which to base research into the subjective side of the performance-rating process, a problem thac crosses all cultures. Influence tactics and their effects on performance ratings have received prior research attention (Kipnis & Schmidt, 1988; apnis & Vandeweer, 1971; Wayne & Ferris, 1990), an explicit acknowledgment of the susceptibility of evaluation to subordinates' active influence attempts. Current efforts at a more precise description of the role of subjective influences are focused on identifying nonperformance-related factors that affect raters' perceptions of ratees, perceptions which subsequently affect the
Age at diagnosis and multiple primary cancers of the breast and ovary

This nested case-control study assessed the relationship between a woman's age at the time of her initial primary breast or ovarian cancer diagnosis and the risk of a second primary cancer at the other of these two sites. Multiple primary breast and ovarian cancer cases whose initial breast or ovarian diagnosis occurred in 1970–1989 and a random sample of single primary breast or ovarian cancer controls diagnosed in the same years were identified through tumor registries at Duke University Medical Center and the University of North Carolina. Women diagnosed with an initial primary breast cancer at age ≤ 50 years were 4.3 times (95% CI: 1.8–10.6) more likely to have developed a subsequent ovarian cancer compared to those diagnosed after age 50. A relationship between an early age at diagnosis (≤ 50) of ovarian cancer and subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer was not found (odds ratio (OR) = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.2–2.0). Adjustment for stage at diagnosis, treatment, year of diagnosis and length of follow-up using Cox Proportional Hazards modeling techniques supported these relationships, yielding a hazard ratio (HR) for the development of a second primary cancer at the alternate site of 4.6 (95% CI: 1.8–11.5) for women with an initial breast cancer diagnosis and 0.6 (95% CI: 0.2–2.2) for women with an initial ovarian cancer diagnosis. Multiple primary breast and ovarian cancer patients diagnosed with an initial breast cancer at or prior to age 50 may represent a distinct subgroup of women with a germline mutation that confers susceptibility to both breast and ovarian cancers.
Engineering the nonlinear phase shift with multistage autoregressive moving-average optical filters

We propose and demonstrate the application of concepts from digital filter design in order to optimize artificial optical resonant structures to produce a nearly ideal nonlinear phase shift response. Multistage autoregressive moving average (ARMA) optical filters (ring-resonator-based Mach–Zehnder interferometer lattices) are designed and studied. The filter group delay is used as a measure instead of finesse or quality factor to study the nonlinear sensitivity for multiple resonances. The nonlinearity of a four-stage ARMA filter is 17 times higher than that of the intrinsic material of the same group delay. We demonstrate that the nonlinear sensitivity can be increased within constant bandwidth by allocating more in-band phase or by using higher-order filter structures and that the nonlinear sensitivity enhancement improves with increasing group delay. We also investigate methods to precompensate the nonlinear response to reduce the occurrence of optical bistabilities. The effect of optical loss, including linear absorption and two-photon absorption, is discussed in postanalysis. In addition, we discuss how the improvement in nonlinear response scales with respect to various filter parameters.
X-RAY CONTINUA AND LINE SPECTRA FROM HIGHLY STRIPPED ATOMS IN A MAGNETICALLY COMPRESSED PLASMA

A single-crystal time resolving x-ray emission spectrometer is described for study of x-ray spectra from the Scylla fast magnetic compression experiment. The Scylla sinusoidaily oscillating magnetic field achieves a value of 55 kgauss in 1.25 mu sec, producing a deuterium plasma. The spectra of O/sup VII//sup I/, NaX, Mg/sup XI/, Al/sup XII//sup I/, a nd Si/sup XII//sup I/ impurities are studied from 5 to 15A in D plasmas; in addition, the Nevin, a are studied for plasmas of 90% D and 10% Ne. During the half-cycle of decreasing magnetic field, an x-ray continuum is produced; the properties of this continuum, including the electron temperature, are studied. (auth)
Positive Approaches to Learning in the Context of Preschool Classroom Activities.

Positive approaches to learning are considered essential for young children’s school readiness and early school success. Researchers have reported that positive learning approaches, such as attentiveness and goal orientation, are associated with higher levels of early school achievement in math and reading. The present study extends this research by examining children’s learning approaches in the context of classroom activities from a range of curricular areas. Ninety-two children from pre-kindergarten and kindergarten classrooms took part in the study. Four approaches to learning were rated during children’s participation in seven classroom learning activities. Results showed that positive learning approaches were a significant contributor to children’s performance, but they were not equally effective in all activities. The effectiveness of a learning approach depends, in part, on the characteristics of the activity in which the child is engaged. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding the study of learning approaches, and for classroom practices designed to promote their development.
Upscaling flux observations from local to continental scales using thermal remote sensing

A number of recent intensive and extended field campaigns have been devoted to the collection of land-surface fluxes from a variety of platforms, with the purpose of inferring the long-term C, water, and energy budgets across large areas (watershed, continental, or global scales). One approach to flux upscaling is to use land-atmosphere transfer schemes (LATS) linked to remotely sensed boundary conditions as an intermediary between the sensor footprint and regional scales. In this capacity, we examined the utility of a multiscale LATS framework that uses thermal, visible and near infrared remote sensing imagery from multiple satellites to partition surface temperature and fluxes between the soil and canopy. We conducted exercises using tower and aircraft flux data collected at three experiment sites in Oklahoma and Iowa, each with a different configuration of instrumentation. Combined, the two flux.monitoring systems were found to be complementary: the towers provided high-spatial-resolution, time-continuous validation at discrete points within the modeling domain while with the aircraft data it could be confirmed that the model was reproducing broad spatial patterns observed at specific moments in time. High-resolution flux maps created with the LATS allowed eval uation of differences in footprint associated with turbulent, radiative and conductive flux sensors, which may be contributing to energy bud get closure problems observed with eddy correlation systems. Th ability to map fluxes at multiple resolutions (1 m-10 km) with a corn mon model framework is beneficial in providing spatial context to a experiment by bracketing the scale of interest. Multiscale flux map can also assist in the experimental design stage, in a priori assessment of sensor representativeness in complex landscapes.
Specific leaf area, photosynthesis, and respiration in two sympatric nymphaeaceae populations

Abstract Sympatric populations of Nuphar variegatum Engelm and Nymphaea tuberosa Paine, sharing the same light regime, developed different patterns of leaf thickness vs. surface area during a growth season. The leaves of Nymphaea surfaced slightly later than those of Nuphar and, within the restricted spaces available, were smaller but thicker, i.e. they had a lower specific leaf area (area per unit weight). Nymphaea leaves exhibited higher rates of photosynthesis per unit are throughout the growing season, and lower rates of respiration for most of the season, than did the thinner leaves of Nuphar. Induction of variations in specific leaf area (SLA) and related metabolic responses by a light intensity gradient, the normally observed causal relationship in plants, was not a factor here. Competition for water surface area is suggested as an alternative mechanism.
A centennial: The walras vision

The purpose of the article is to observe the Walras centennial by restating as simply and as succinctly as possible the core of the Walras vision: considerm outputs,n inputs, and s households. Industry demands inputs and supplies outputs; households demand outputs and supply inputs. Define equilibrium demand, supply, and relative price in all resulting, purely competitive, markets as a system of equations sufficiently complete to determine the value of the variables. In restating the core, the article offers nothing original beyond simplicity and succinctness.
Classifying Instars of the Navel Orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Based on Observed Head Capsule Widths

A novel statistical procedure is applied to head capsule width measurements of larval navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), to determine classification boundaries of head capsule width when the head capsule widths of adjacent instars overlap. The two-step procedure involves estimating the mean and standard deviation of each instar size class by means of the estimation-maximization algorithm, and determining the head capsule width boundaries for each instar with a generalized discriminant function used to discriminate among several instar sub populations. The procedure also provides a statistical means to determine the number of instars represented in the frequency distribution of head capsule width.
THE PANTHEON OF THE FALLEN: WHY ARE THERE SO MANY FORMS OF CELL DEATH?

Cells die by various mechanisms, only some of which have been elucidated in detail. Numerous 'active' forms of cell death exist in which the cell participates in its own death, including apoptosis, programmed necrosis, mitotic catastrophe, and the recently described ferroptosis. Here, we attempt to explain why there are so many different forms of cell death, and propose a distinction between active death that constitutes 'suicide' versus 'sabotage'.
Some gamma radiation effects on host-parasitoid relationships.

The encyrtid Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard, when reared in previously irradiated potato tuberworm (Gnorimoschema operculella (Zeller)) hosts, showed symptoms of nutritional deficiency which included lessened polyembryony, slower development, and higher mortality in the various stages of the life cycle. The host larvae, irradiated before hatching from the egg, were smaller than normal, weighed less, and stored much less of the suprastomodaeal fat tissue on which C. koehleri subsists during its polygerm stage. The larval period of the braconid Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer was lengthened in such hosts, and there was greatly increased mortality of the adults within their cocoons. However, previous irradiation of the host eggs had no effect on the development of the trichogrammatid egg parasite Trichogramma semifumatum (Perkins). Dosages of 0.5-2 kilorads applied directly to polygerms of C. koehleri in previously unirradiated hosts induced pathological conditions. Embryos grew abnormally large and many failed to complete their embryonic development, and the embryonic period generally was lengthened. Though irradiation damage was thus evident at a very early stage in C. koehleri, its expression in M. ancylivorus was generally delayed until the adult stage. The percentage of emergence of adults from cocoons was reduced by low dosages given to eggs or larvae, and when such dosages were given to second-stage larvae the females that survived to adulthood were crippled, with short wings and curled ovipositors and antennae.
Long noncoding RNA turnover.

Most RNAs transcribed in mammalian cells lack protein-coding sequences. Among them is a vast family of long (>200 nt) noncoding (lnc)RNAs. LncRNAs can modulate cellular protein expression patterns by influencing the transcription of many genes, the post-transcriptional fate of mRNAs and ncRNAs, and the turnover and localization of proteins. Given the broad impact of lncRNAs on gene regulation, there is escalating interest in elucidating the mechanisms that govern the steady-state levels of lncRNAs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the factors and mechanisms that modulate mammalian lncRNA stability.
A canonical analysis of intentional information security breaches by insiders

Purpose – The paper focuses on intentional information security breaches by insiders. The purpose is to assess the relationship between insiders' backgrounds and motivations and their deviant behaviors. Two outcome variables, information technology (IT) espionage and IT sabotage, are correlated with four predictors, financial changes, relationship strains, substance abuse, and job changes.Design/methodology/approach – Some 62 cases of intentional information security breaches by insiders are examined using canonical analysis.Findings – The results indicate that a significant relationship exists between financial hardship, relationship strains, and the theft and sale of proprietary data by insiders; and recent firings, substance abuse, and relationship strains are related to information system sabotage.Research limitations/implications – Because little or no research has been conducted on this topic, there is a lack of validated measures for variables associated with information security. Thus, the measure...