cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Dietary and Lifestyle Inflammation Scores Directly Associated with All-Cause, All-Cancer, and All-Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Risks Among Women.

BACKGROUND Exogenous exposures collectively may contribute to chronic, low-grade inflammation and increase risks for major chronic diseases and mortality. We previously developed, validated, and reported a novel, FFQ-based and lifestyle questionnaire-based, inflammation biomarker panel-weighted, predominantly whole foods-based 19-component dietary inflammation score (DIS) and 4-component lifestyle inflammation score (LIS; comprising physical activity, alcohol intake, BMI, and current smoking status). Both scores were more strongly associated with circulating biomarkers of inflammation in 3 populations than were previously reported dietary inflammation indices. Associations of the DIS and LIS with mortality risk have not been reported. OBJECTIVES To investigate separate and joint associations of the DIS and LIS with all-cause, all-cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risks in the prospective Iowa Women's Health Study (1986-2012; n = 33,155 women, ages 55-69 years, of whom 17,431 died during follow-up, including 4379 from cancer and 6574 from CVD). METHODS We summed each study participant's scores' components, weighted by their published weights, to yield the participant's inflammation score; a higher score was considered more pro-inflammatory. We assessed DIS and LIS mortality associations using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Among participants in the highest relative to the lowest DIS and LIS quintiles, the adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality were 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05-1.16) and 1.60 (95% CI: 1.53-1.68), respectively; for all-cancer mortality were 1.07 (95% CI: 0.97-1.17) and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.38-1.66), respectively; and for CVD mortality were 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03-1.21) and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.66-1.94), respectively (all Ptrend values < 0.01). Among those in the highest relative to the lowest joint LIS/DIS quintiles, the HRs for all-cause, all-cancer, and all-CVD mortality were 1.88 (95% CI: 1.71-2.08), 1.82 (95% CI: 1.50-2.20), and 1.92 (95% CI: 1.64-2.24), respectively. CONCLUSIONS More pro-inflammatory diets and lifestyles, separately but especially jointly, may be associated with higher all-cause, all-cancer, and all-CVD mortality risks among women.
Risk assessment of occupational exposure to anesthesia Isoflurane in the hospital and veterinary settings

Despite the modern ventilation and waste anesthetic gas (WAG) scavenging systems, occupational exposure to common volatile anesthesia, isoflurane, can occur in the hospital and veterinary settings, but limited information exists on potential exposure and health risk of isoflurane. We assessed exposure dose rates and risks among clinicians and veterinary professionals from occupational exposure to isoflurane. Through a critical review of open literature (1965 to 2020), we summarized potential adverse effects and exposure scenarios of isoflurane among the professional groups, including anesthetists, nurses, operating room personnel, researchers, and/or veterinarians. Deterministic United States National Research Council/Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment framework (hazard identification, dose-response relationship, exposure assessment and risk characterization) was used to compute inhalation Reference Doses (RfDs), Average Daily Doses (ADDs), and Hazard Quotient (HQ) values-an established measure of non-carcinogenic (systemic) risks-from exposure to isoflurane to workers in hospital and veterinary settings. We identified the central nervous system as the main target for isoflurane, and that isoflurane has dose-dependent effects on cardiac hemodynamics, can impair pulmonary functions and potentially cross the utero-placental barrier leading to congenital malformation in fetus. Based on the modelled RfDs (range 0.8003-7.55 mg/kg-day) and ADDs (range 0.071-1.9617 mg/kg-day), we estimated 56 different HQ values, of which 5 HQs were higher than 1 (range 1.099-2.4512) under high exposure scenarios. Our results suggest a significant non-carcinogenic risk from isoflurane exposures among workers in the occupational settings. The findings underscore the need to significantly minimize isoflurane release to protect workers' health in the hospital and veterinary environments.
Examining Variations in Participation and Outcomes of Consensual and Nonconsensual Extradyadic Behavior among Ashley Madison Users

Despite the abundance of studies investigating individual differences associated with extradyadic behavior (EB), nearly all have adopted retrospective measures in which the data is likely plagued b...
Rancor: Sephardi Jews, Spanish Citizenship, and the Politics of Sentiment

In 2015, Spain approved a law that offered citizenship to the descendants of Sephardi Jews expelled in 1492. Drawing on archival, ethnographic, and historical sources, I show that this law belongs to a political genealogy of philosephardism in which the “return” of Sephardi Jews has been imagined as a way to usher in a deferred Spanish modernity. Borrowing from anthropological theories of “racial fusion,” philosephardic thinkers at the turn of the twentieth century saw Sephardi Jews as inheritors of a racial mixture that made them living repositories of an earlier moment of national greatness. The senator Angel Pulido, trained as an anthropologist, channeled these intellectual currents into an international campaign advocating the repatriation of Sephardi Jews. Linking this racial logic to an affective one, Pulido asserted that Sephardi Jews did not “harbor rancor” for the Expulsion, but instead felt love and nostalgia toward Spain, and could thus be trusted as loyal subjects who would help resurrect its empire. Today, affective criteria continue to be enmeshed in debates about who qualifies for inclusion and are inextricable from the histories of racial thought that made earlier exclusions possible. Like its precursors, the 2015 Sephardic citizenship law rhetorically fashioned Sephardi Jews as fundamentally Spanish, not only making claims about Sephardi Jews, but also making claims on them. Reckoning with how rancor and other sentiments have helped buttress such claims exposes the recalcitrant hold that philosephardic thought has on Spain's present, even those “progressive” political projects that promise to “return” what has been lost.
Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor: Genetic Variation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Blacks

Background suPAR (Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor) has emerged as an important biomarker of coagulation, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The contribution of suPAR to CVD risk and its genetic influence in the Black population have not been evaluated. Methods We measured suPAR in 3492 Blacks from the prospective, community-based JHS (Jackson Heart Study). Cross-sectional associations of suPAR with lifestyle and CVD risk factors were assessed, whole-genome sequence data were used to evaluate genetic associations of suPAR, and relationships of suPAR with incident CVD outcomes and overall mortality were estimated over follow-up. Results In Cox models adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and CRP (C-reactive protein), each 1-SD higher suPAR was associated with a 21% to 31% increased risk of incident coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and mortality. In the genome-wide association study, 2 missense (rs399145 encoding p.Thr86Ala, rs4760 encoding p.Phe272Leu) and 2 noncoding regulatory variants (rs73935023 within an enhancer element and rs4251805 within the promoter) of PLAUR on chromosome 19 were each independently associated with suPAR and together explained 14% of suPAR phenotypic variation. The allele frequencies of each of the four suPAR-associated genetic variants differ considerably across African and European populations. We further show that PLAUR rs73935023 can alter transcriptional activity in vitro. We did not find any association between genetically determined suPAR and CVD in JHS or a larger electronic medical record-based analyses of Blacks or Whites. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of ancestry-differentiated genetic variation on suPAR levels and indicate suPAR is a CVD biomarker in Black adults.
Downstream Effects of Transpiration Cooling

A Note on Two-Point Taylor's Series for Solving Ordinary Differential Equations MAURICE F I N E 671 I A PREVIOUS PAPER Kempner and Pohle 1 have shown that a linear viscoelastic column of the Maxwell type does not possess a finite critical time. The present note uses a different approach to examine columns of arbitrary initial curvature obeying generalized, linear, compressible viscoelastic stress-strain laws. For the sake of simplicity, consider a column at constant temperature, simply supported at both ends, loaded by an axial load P, and with an initial curvature N wo = w0(£) = J2 n sin n^ (1 < N < co, 0 < £ < TT) (1) n = 1
General Aspects of Precolumn Derivatization with Emphasis on Pharmaceutical Analysis

The specific analysis of a wide variety of structurally diverse pharmaceutical preparations has been immeasurably advanced by the development of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This technique [and its complements, gas-liquid (GLC) and thin-layer (TLC) chromatography] has permitted the quantitation of drugs and often their degradation products (e.g., metabolites) in a diversity of matrices including dosage forms and biological fluids. Under certain circumstances, chemical modification of the analyte can facilitate and improve its analysis. This concept of derivatization has been widely applied to mass spectroscopic, nuclear magnetic resonance, optical spectroscopic, and fluorometric measurements, and is often used in gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography. Its application to HPLC is, therefore, a natural one. Derivatization techniques in HPLC have been the subject of a number of recent reviews. (1–9) Derivatization can either be carried out prior to the chromatographic step or immediately following the elution of the sample band from the column. In the latter case, reaction is carried out on-line, in a flowing stream using a reaction detector.
Healthcare Professionals’ Attitudes towards Privacy in Healthcare Information Systems

As a result of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), healthcare organizations are finding themselves scrambling to digitize their Electronic Medical Records (EMRs). A concern of the widespread implementation of digital health records is the assurance of privacy for the sensitive information held by healthcare organizations (Greenberg, 2010; Hoffmann, 2009). There have been many studies that examine patient’s perspectives and expectations of privacy (Agarwal & Anderson, 2011; Cannoy & Salam, 2010) but the literature is lacking analysis of healthcare providers’ privacy perspectives with regards to EMRs. Using Information Boundary Theory (Stanton, 2002) as a theoretical framework, this study seeks to determine healthcare providers’ attitudes towards privacy with regards to EMRs. Analysis of survey data collected from healthcare providers found that healthcare providers do not value patient privacy over personal or organizational gain.
Studies on reovirus RNA. II. Characterization of reovirus messenger RNA and of the genome RNA segments from which it is transcribed.

Abstract Data concerning the time-course of reovirus genome RNA replication, reovirus messenger RNA transcription and virion maturation in actinomycin D-treated L cells are presented. Reovirus messenger RNA is transcribed in three size classes, with sedimentation coefficients of approximately 22 to 25, 16 to 18 and 14 s ( l , m and s messenger RNA molecules). These messenger RNA molecules co-sediment exactly with reovirus genome RNA molecules which have been converted to the single-stranded state (molecules L′, M′ and S′). Messenger RNA molecules l , m and s and genome RNA molecules L, M and S are therefore the same length. Messenger RNA molecules l hybridize specifically with genome molecules L and not with molecules M or S; and the same specific hybridization patterns hold for the other pairs of molecules. Messenger RNA molecules l are thus transcribed intracellularly from genome fragments L, etc. Thus the viral genome is transcribed intracellularly in the form of segments which correspond exactly to the genome RNA fragments released from virions by chemical treatment. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a model for the reovirus genome and its replication and encapsidation.
Characteristic Statistical Problems of Stochastic Geometry

The Buffon needle problem and some variations are used to illustrate classical statistical methods of estimation and to lead into, and contrast with, the problems which arise when a sample of some random structure is the data. The flavor of these problems is conveyed largely by discussion of the simplest, and most described, case, that of point processes.
Human Chromosome Nomenclature

Advancements in methodology and discovery of the diploid human chromosome number invigorated further research in human cytogenetics (1,2). The eventful years that followed witnessed the birth of a new specialty—human cytogenetics—which provided answers to many intriguing phenomena in medicine. Little was known at the time that human cytogenetics would form the backbone of present-day “human genetics,” providing answers to questions regarding human reproduction, behavior, aging, and disease while generating knowledge that could be applied to the treatment and prevention of many disorders.
Health maintenance by workers in rural and urban production structures

The paper explores some interactions between production environment and health maintenance by workers in developing countries. We argue that rural occupations, being less highly specialized than occupations in urban areas, offer members of rural households a range of productive activities requiring different combinations of health capital and other inputs. Urban occupations, in contrast, typically admit a much smaller range of activities. We use a highly stylized model of a worker’s allocation of labor time to demonstrate that the non-specialized production environment of the rural worker raises the opportunity cost of health care at low levels of health, and thus weakens incentives for curative health maintenance. Health policy implications of this result in the context of developing countries are drawn.
Getting Places: Collaborative Predictions from Status

In this paper we describe the use of collaborative filtering to make predictions about place using data from custom instant messaging status. Previous research has shown accurate predictions can be made from an individual's personal data. The work in this paper demonstrates that community data can be used to make predictions in locations that are completely new to a user.
α-arylalkylamine-derived chiral stationary phases : Evaluation of urea linkages

Abstract Several urea-linked α-arylalkylamine-derived chrial stationary phases have been prepared and th performance of these phases has been compared to that of the corresponding amide-linked chiral stationary phases. The urea linkage is found to be a reasonable means of connecting a chiral moiety to a silica support and seems to exert some control upon the balance point between two competing chiral recognition processes, owoing to the conformational rigidity and polar nature of the urea linkage.
Superoxide dismutase undergoes proteolysis and fragmentation following oxidative modification and inactivation.

Red blood cells (RBC) are thought to be well protected against oxidative stress by the antioxidant, cu-pro-zinc enzyme superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) which dismutates O2- to H2O2. CuZn SOD, however, is irreversibly inactivated by its product H2O2. Exposure of intact RBC to H2O2 resulted in the inactivation (up to 50%) of endogenous SOD in a concentration-dependent manner. When RBC were exposed to O2- and H2O2, generated by xanthine + xanthine oxidase, an even greater loss of SOD activity (approximately 75%) was observed. Intracellular proteolysis was markedly increased by exposure to these same oxidants; up to a 12-fold increase with H2O2 and a 50-fold increase with xanthine oxidase plus xanthine. When purified SOD was treated with H2O2, inactivation of the enzyme also occurred in a concentration-dependent manner. Accompanying the loss of SOD activity, the binding of the copper ligand to the active site of the enzyme diminished with H2O2 exposure, as evidenced by an increase in accessible copper. Significant direct fragmentation of SOD was evident only under conditions of prolonged exposure (20 h) to relatively high concentrations of H2O2. Gel electrophoresis studies indicated that under most experimental conditions (i.e. 1-h incubation) H2O2, O2-, and H2O2 + O2- treated SOD experienced charge changes and partial denaturation, rather than fragmentation. The proteolytic susceptibility of H2O2-modified SOD, during subsequent incubation with (rabbit, bovine or human) red cell extracts also increased as a function of pretreatment with H2O2. Both enzyme inactivation and altered copper binding appeared to precede the increase in proteolytic susceptibility (whether measured as an effect of H2O2 concentration or as a function of the duration of H2O2 exposure). These results suggest that SOD inactivation and modification of copper binding are prerequisites for increased protein degradation. Proteolytic susceptibility was further enhanced by H2O2 exposure under alkaline conditions, suggesting that the hydroperoxide anion is the damaging species rather than H2O2 itself. In RBC extracts, the proteolysis of H2O2-modified SOD was inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, serine reagents, transition metal chelators, and ATP; suggesting the existence of an ATP-independent proteolytic pathway of sulfhydryl, serine, and metalloproteases, and peptidases. The proteolytic activity was conserved in a "Fraction II" of both human and rabbit RBC, and was purified from rabbit reticulocytes and erythrocytes to a 670-kDa proteinase complex, for which we have suggested the trivial name macroxyproteinase. In erythrocytes macroxyproteinase may prevent the accumulation of H2O2-modified SOD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients

Strict vegetarians, who eat little if any animal products and lactovegetarians, who regularly eat dairy products, have lower blood pressures than the general population after adjustment for the effects of age, sex, and body weight. Controlled dietary trials were undertaken to determine the dietary basis for the differences in BP between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Exchanging meat and eggs for vegetable products; increasing total dietary protein or replacing soy protein with dairy protein; exchanging saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids; and changing the content of total dietary fat and carbohydrate all had no substantial effect on BP. Therefore, animal products, carbohydrate, and different types of fats do not appear to explain the low BP in vegetarians. Rather, modest intake of animal products may be a marker for a large intake of other potentially beneficial nutrients from vegetable products.
3‐(S)‐[(tert‐Butyldiphenylsilyl)Oxy]‐2‐Butanone

3-(S)-[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy]-2-butanone reactant: 10.0 g (84.6 mmol) of (S)-(−)-ethyl lactate intermediate: ethyl 2-(S)-[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy]propanoate product: 3-(S)-[(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy]-2-butanone Keywords: replacement reactions, alkoxy by carbon; replacement reactions, miscellaneous; silylation; silylation; assay methods, of enantiomeric purity of ketones; chlorotrimethylsilane, drying of; tetrahydrofuran; 4-dimethylaminopyridine, poison
Factor structure of the WISC-R with Anglos and Mexican-Americans

Abstract The present study compared the underlying factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised for Anglo and Mexican-American children. Subtests of the WISC-R were administered to 109 Anglo and 123 Mexican-American children ranging from 8 to 15 years of age and were analyzed separately for each group. Three factors emerged for each ethnic classification which corresponded closely to those usually reported for the WISC-R. Coefficients of congruence (.84–.89) between factors given the same name for each ethnic group indicated a high degree of similarity in constructs being measured.
Finite-size scaling for the restricted solid-on-solid model of the two-dimensional wetting transition.

We derive the finite-size scaling forms for the free energy and longitudinal-correlation length of the restricted solid-on-solid model in strip geometry, near the bulk wetting transition. On the ``wet'' side, the scaling is typical of a critical soft-mode phase. In the ``nonwet'' regime, a characteristic exponential finite-size length scale is found, as a manifestation of a nearly spontaneously broken symmetry.
Submicron Mapping of Thermal Conductivity of Thermoelectric Thin Films

A tool for evaluating thin-film thermal conductivity to submicron spatial resolution has been developed. The micro-instrumentation utilizes the thermoreflectance (TR) technique to characterize thermal conductivity and material uniformity. The instrument consists of a heating element for creating temperature gradients and an Invar bar with in situ temperature monitoring for heat flux measurements. The thin-film sample is sandwiched between the heater and Invar bar while a microscope is used to direct light onto a cross-section of the sample and reflected light is collected with a camera. By using this technique, we can achieve submicron spatial resolution for thermal conductivity and eliminate contributions from thermal contact resistance, thereby also eliminating the need for sample preparation other than cleaving. The method offers temperature resolution of 10 mK, spatial resolution of 200 nm, and thermal conductivity measurement with 0.01 ± 0.001 W/mK resolution. The thermal conductivity of a 0.6% ErAs:InGaAlAs thermoelectric (TE) element, prepared by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth, obtained with the new instrument is 2.3 W/mK, while the average thermal conductivity obtained with the 3-omega method is 2.5 W/mK. Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy is also used to prove that the elemental composition has uniformity consistent with the material variation observed by the TR technique. Moreover, a temperature profile across a 0.6% ErAs:InGaAlAs TE element on InP substrate is imaged. Two different slopes, corresponding to different thermal conductivities, have been observed, showing that the thermal conductivity of the TE element is lower than that of the InP substrate as expected.
Mechanism of a model dipeptide transport across blood-ocular barriers following systemic administration

The purposes of this study were to provide functional evidence for the presence of a peptide transporter on blood-ocular barriers and to elucidate the mechanism of a dipeptide transport across these barriers following systemic administration. Glycylsarcosine was chosen as a model dipeptide and [(3)H] glycylsarcosine was administered through the marginal ear vein of New Zealand white rabbits. At the end of an experimental period, vitreous humor, retina and aqueous humor were collected. Time dependent uptake of glycylsarcosine into ocular tissues was studied at 5, 10, 15 and 30 min. Competitive inhibition studies were performed by intravenous administration of [(3)H] glycylsarcosine with and without various inhibitors. Concentration-dependent ocular uptake of glycylsarcosine was carried out by administration of various concentrations of unlabelled glycylsarcosine spiked with a fixed amount of [(3)H] glycylsarcosine. Time-dependent uptake of glycylsarcosine into vitreous humor, retina and aqueous humor for a period of 30 min following systemic administration was linear. Ocular uptake of glycylsarcosine was inhibited by peptide transporter substrates such as dipeptides (glycylproline and carnosine) and captopril but not by non-substrates such as amino acids. Concentration-dependent self-inhibition of glycylsarcosine ocular uptake was also observed. The results indicate that model dipeptide is transported across blood-ocular barriers via a carrier-mediated process. In conclusion, an oligopeptide transport system is involved in the transport of glycylsarcosine across blood-ocular barriers. This information may be utilized to design transporter/receptor targeted drug delivery systems for efficient ocular uptake from systemic administration.
Targeted drug delivery.

Cancer chemotherapy drugs are neither specific, i.e., they do not act exclusively on the metabolic pathways of cancer cells, nor are they targeted solely toward cancer cells. However, recent research has begun to address, in part, the latter issue. Improved delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumor tissue in man appears to be an achievable goal in the next decade. Improved drug delivery includes developing predictive models that allow for laboratory assessment of the best treatment for a patient's cancer without exposing the patient to an empirical trial or to the possible morbidity from exposure to a less useful drug, or to the loss of time in the fight against cancer because of ineffectual therapy. Monoclonal antibodies directed against tumor-associated antigens have the potential to achieve major advances in targeted drug delivery. Monoclonal antibodies may have direct antitumor effects, or they can be used as "homing devices" when attached to a payload and can guide diagnostic or therapeutic agents to the targeted tissues. Carrier systems of all types have become available; these include liposomes and polymeric compounds which can carry drugs, radionuclides, toxins, or other materials in a protected environment. These carriers can also be bound to monoclonal antibodies for possible targeted delivery. Pharmacological sanctuaries have been recognized as a problem in cancer treatment. The best known of these is the central nervous system (CNS). Techniques to temporarily disrupt the blood-brain barrier are now appearing. Mechanisms to administer therapy directly into the CNS are also being reassessed. Implantable pumps and reservoirs have been used to treat selected organs or for regional perfusions. Other treatments that are regional in scope include administration directly into a cavity or into a tumor. Computerized implantable devices should play a major role in cancer therapy in the future, in pain control as well as antibiotic and hormone administration. In recent years, mathematical models have been developed that can more accurately predict drug distribution and metabolism in various tissues of the body. Such models point the way to more logical designs of chemotherapeutic administration. The expanded use of autologous bone marrow transplantation, along with improving techniques of "purging" the marrow of tumor cells before reinfusion can be anticipated. Pro-drugs are substances that must be biotransformed in vivo to exert their pharmacologic effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
KEYNES, POST‐KEYNESIANISM, AND THE BISHOPS' PASTORAL LETTER

The new rich of the nineteenth century were not brought up to large expenditures, and preferred the power which investment gave them to the pleasures of immediate consumption. In fact, it was precisely the inequality in the distribution of wealth which made possible those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements which distinguished that age from all others. … The immense accumulations of fixed capital which, to the great benefit of mankind, were built up during the half century before the war, could never have come about in a Society where wealth was divided equitably. [Sic!] — John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919/20; Chap. II, sec. III), “Europe before the War,” “The Psychology of Society.”
The reaction between lead dioxide and methylcobalamin

Abstract Kinetics studies on the interaction between lead dioxide and methylcobalamin indicate a pattern of two parallel first‐order reactions with rate constants of 1.02 x 10‐3 s‐1 and 5.33 x 10‐5 s‐1. The relative importance of the two reaction pathways seems to depend on the available surface of lead dioxide. Acetone, methane and methanol form as the principal gaseous products. Traces of tetramethyllead form, and substantial quantities of lead dissolve in the aqueous layer. The product distribution is consistent with a mechanism involving formation and decomposition of methyllead triacetate. Other insoluble metal oxides also follow this pattern in their reaction with methylcobalamin.
Kinetic Mechanism of Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase from Leishmania donovani

Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT, EC 2.4.2.7) catalyzes the reversible phosphoribosylation of adenine from α-d-5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to form AMP and PPi. Three-dimensional ...
Comparisons and projections for business school hospitality programs.

This article reports results of a background study for a proposed baccalaureate hospitality program for a business school in a state university. Data were obtained through interviews with program directors of business school hospitality programs and program literature. The comparisons and projections reported here will be of interest to individuals working with or contemplating such a program.Key Words:Hospitality Programs, Business Schools.
SU‐FF‐T‐411: The Delivery of DMLC IMRT to Stationary and Moving Targets with Variable Intensity Rate Beams

Purpose: Time dependent intensity rate delivery for DMLC IMRT therapy increases the efficiency of IMRTtreatments for stationary and moving targets. Method and Materials: The method of time dependent intensity rate DMLC IMRT relies on algorithms relating leading and following leaf velocities over their subsequent positions over the target with the intensity rate (dose rate) of the linear accelerator. Allowing the choice of leading leaf velocity over subsequent points over the target and the choice of beam intensity rate parameters, provided special mutual relationships between these quantities are preserved, allows to delivertreatment plan derived intensity maps to targets while adjusting the amount of radiation to which organs at risk are exposed. This ability to chose, within limitations that assure delivery of given intensity profile over the target, the leading leaf speed and the beam intensity rate, creates a situation when optimized delivery, optimal in the sense of minimal dose being delivered to organs at risk, can be achieved. Considerable technical simplification of the described above optimized DMLC IMRTdelivery problem may be implemented if adjustment of intensity rate is treated independently from other parameters and treated as straightforward scaling of the time axis. This approach separates two parameter (functional) optimization problem into two single parameter optimization problems. Results: Two simple examples of variable intensity rate DMLC IMRTdelivery are calculated. One concentrates on optimization of the time of delivery in case of stationary target. The other one shows the optimization of the time of delivery for moving target. Conclusion: The method of time dependent intensity rate DMLC IMRTdelivery shows considerable potential for improving the efficiency and the quality of IMRTtreatments.
Integrally Formed Structures: A New Stiffened Panel Concept

Analytical and experimental results of research efforts on the evaluation of a new stiffened panel concept, integrally formed structures, is described herein. These efforts have been directed toward the compression stability evaluation of the new concept. Comparisons of this concept with conventional Z and integrally machined panel concepts are presented for two materials, namely, 7075-T6 aluminum and 6A1-4V titanium (annealed). These comparisons are based upon compression efficiency (column and crippling) and manufacturing costs. Both experimental and analytical data demonstrate the potential of the integrally formed concept. Its potential, as related to metallic structures reinforced by composite materials, is also discussed. The results indicate that the integrally formed panel is a highly attractive design concept in terms of manufacturing cost, strength, weight and adaptability to meeting failsafe standards and employing new materials of construction. I. Introduction M AJOR factors associated with the introduction of advanced technologies into future aircraft systems will be the impact of cost and weight of the structure. To this end numerous studies have been initiated within the last several years to secure a lightweight low-cost compression panel. Results of some of these studies have been reported by Hickman, 1 Yusuff,2and Catchpole,3 who investigated the integrally machined and conventional Z stiffened compression panels. The effort reported here in the development of an "integrally formed compression panel" concept4 had the same objective. The concept developed is illustrated in Fig. 1. The integrally formed structure is a stiffened panel consisting essentially of two sheets of material. The outer or face sheet is bonded or spot welded to an inner sheet which has stiffeners formed into the sheet. Two integrally formed concepts are illustrated in Fig. 2. A panel fabricated in this
The 2- to 12-min quasi-periodic variation of 50- to 1000-keV trapped electron fluxes

It was previously shown that trapped electron fluxes of energies in the range from 50 keV to 1 MeV observed in the afternoon magnetosphere during substorms frequently undergo periodic variations. High-resolution electron spectrometer data indicate that these electron variations are periodic in the range of about 2-12 min, correlated with magnetic field variations, organized by the local magnetic field, and dependent on pitch angle. The observations suggest that the electron variations are adiabatic. The study derives quantitative adiabatic expressions of particle flux variations in a model geomagnetic field perturbation to show that the observational features are consistent with effects arising from adiabatic modulation of trapped particle fluxes.
Optical Fiber Ring Sensor for Measuring Temperature

A new Optical-Fiber Ring Resonator Temperature (OFRRT) sensor has been presented for measuring temperature. The sensor is designed based on Morphology Dependent Resonances (MDR) which follows Maxwell’s electromagnetic equations. The OFRRT sensor is designed based on optical ring deformation that leads to change in output signal. A finite element model of the prototype sensor shows encouraging result to detect the temperature. The sensor design is very simple and robust. The developed expression for size parameter for transverse electric wave is very simple and can be used to characterize the resonances in dielectric micro-ring resonator. Parametric studies of the sensor have been performed by using finite element analysis. The proposed OFRRT sensor can be used to measure the temperature of micro-structures from remote places. More importantly, the OFRRT sensor can also be used for biomedical applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: a new prediction equation for men

Objective: This study compared three professionally recommended anthropometric body composition prediction equations for men to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and then developed an updated equation, DXA Criterion (DC) from DXA. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Exercise Physiology Lab. University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. Subjects: A total of 160 men aged 18–62 y old. Interventions: Percent body fat (%BF) by anthropometry was compared to DXA on the same day. Results: Although %BF was significantly correlated (r=0.923–0.942) (P<0.01) with DXA for all three equations, each equation underestimated %BF (range=3.1–3.3%) (P<0.01) compared to DXA. The following DC equation for men was created: %BF=0.465+0.180(Σ7SF)−0.0002406(Σ7SF)2+0.06619(age); (Σ7SF=sum of chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh; age=years). The predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) R2 was high (0.90) and the PRESS standard error of estimates was excellent (2.2% at the mean) for the DC equation when applied to our sample of 160 men. Conclusions: The currently recommended anthropometric equations for men underestimate %BF compared to DXA. The DC equation yields a more accurate estimation of %BF in men aged 18–62 y old. The results from this study support the need for the current %BF standards and norms for men to be adjusted upward.
Method for measuring transient out-of-plane deformation during impact

Abstract There is no standard methodology to measure the transient deformation of a material under impact. High speed photography can be used to capture the deformation but is limited to one projected plane of view. The knowledge of the entire deformed field and its time history of a material is of great interest to many researchers. This investigation will employ a shadow moire and high speed photography method by which the entire deformation history of the surface can be measured. Shadow moire is a technique to measure out-of-plane displacement using a linear grating and the interference fringe patterns that occur during deformation are recorded using a high speed camera. The recorded fringe patterns are enhanced and processed with a data analysis code to map out the history of the displacement field of the entire rear surface of the target during the impact.
A new guided-wave lens structure

A guided-wave lens is reported. The present lens structure is realized by embedding a low-index lens-shaped waveguide region in a surrounding higher-index planar waveguide. Very large index differences between the lens region and host waveguide are realizable using this technique, making it possible to fabricate low f-number lenses with low spherical aberration. The lens exhibits excellent off-axis performance, low chromatic aberration, and high polarization independence. A prototype f/2 lens in a GaAs/Ga/sub 0.97/Al/sub 0.03/As waveguide has been designed and fabricated using Corning 7059 glass and SiO/sub 2/ for the lens waveguide structure. >
Glucose consumption in cultured corneal cells.

The rate of glucose consumption in cultured epithelium, endothelium, and keratocytes was measured; and the effect of reduced glucose availability on the consumption rate of these three cell lines was delineated. All three cell types exhibited an asymptotic decrease of glucose over time while being incubated in Krebs-Ringers solutions of varying glucose concentrations. At a concentration resembling that of the aqueous, epithelium (EPI), endothelium (ENDO), and keratocytes (K) consumed 6.7, 7.4, and 9.0 μ g/cm2/hr respectively. Each cell type consumed glucose at a rate that was related to the amount of available glucose. As glucose concentration was reduced from 90 to 30 mg%, which was a 66% reduction in available glucose, the consumption of EPI, ENDO, and K dropped 74%, 61%, and 44% respectively.
HIGH VELOCITY RANGE AND ENERGY-LOSS MEASUREMENTS IN Al, Cu, Pb, U, AND EMULSION

Measurements were made of relative stopping powers of several materials in the proton energy intervals (750÷600) MeV, (600÷450) MeV, (450÷300) MeV and (750÷0) MeV. By collimation and magnetic analysis a «pencil beam» free of degraded particles was extracted from the 184 in. cyclotron. Using this beam in «good geometry» the stopping powers of Al, Pb, U and emulsion were measured relative to Cu. The total ranges yield the most accurate estimates of the mean excitation potentials. It is assumed that the mean excitation potential of Al is 163 eV, and that at 750 MeV substantially all the tight binding corrections required are those for theK andL shells. The mean excitation potentials in eV found with these assumptions are: copper, 323; lead, 826; uranium, 917; and emulsion, 328. The results from the differential stopping-power measurements are in general accord with these data. However, the agreement of the differential measurements with the theoretical ratios could be improved by raising the above mean excitation potentials of Al and Pb or by lowering those of copper, uranium and emulsion. This experiment confirms the general shape of theI/Z vs Z curve found by Bakker and Segre, and when similarly normalized, is in reasonable absolute agreement. The status of the emulsion range-energy table is reviewed in the light of these and other relevant measurements. Incidental observations were made on the scattering, straggling and attenuation behavior of a highly collimated monoenergetic beam of protons which was brought to rest in a large block of copper.
K-robots clustering of moving sensors using coresets

We present an approach to position k servers (e.g. mobile robots) to provide a service to n independently moving clients; for example, in mobile ad-hoc networking applications where inter-agent distances need to be minimized, connectivity constraints exist between servers, and no a priori knowledge of the clients' motion can be assumed. Our primary contribution is an algorithm to compute and maintain a small representative set, called a kinematic coreset, of the n moving clients.We prove that, in any given moment, the maximum distance between the clients and any set of k servers is approximated by the coreset up to a factor of (1 ± e), where e > 0 is an arbitrarily small constant. We prove that both the size of our coreset and its update time is polynomial in k log(n)/e. Although our optimization problem is NP-hard (i.e., takes time exponential in the number of servers to solve), solving it on the small coreset instead of the original clients results in a tractable controller. The approach is validated in a small scale hardware experiment using robot servers and human clients, and in a large scale numerical simulation using thousands of clients.
Experimental research of the gas-dynamic efficiency of the high pressure-differential HPT blading

The results of the experimental investigation of gas-dynamic characteristics of two blade systems of high pressure-differential HPT with high reactivity are presented. The coefficients of the profile losses and secondary losses on the profile as a function of flow reduced velocity at the outlet of blading is determined. A comparison of the calculated and experimental results is provided.
Heparin cofactor and plasma antithrombin in relation to the mechanism of inactivation of thrombin by heparin.

Abstract Gel filtration and electrophoretic studies provide evidence that heparin cofactor and antithrombin are distinct plasma components. They have a molecular size similar to albumin and are identified with glycoproteins in the α-globulins. The antithrombin effect of heparin with cofactor is immediate and nonprogressive and is superimposed on the progressive action of normal plasma antithrombin which is not affected by heparin. Investigations of antithrombin activity in plasma fractions suggest that heparin and cofactor inactivate thrombin by blocking its enzymic action on fibrinogen. Thrombin activity may be released from the inactive complex by the addition of a heparin antagonist such as protamine.
Evaluation of two disease warning systems for botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of California pistachio and efficient control based on early-season sprays.

Morgan, D. P., Driever, G. F., Felts, D., Krueger, W. H., and Michailides, T. J. 2009. Evaluation of two disease warning systems for Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight of California pistachio and efficient control based on early-season sprays. Plant Dis. 93:1175-1181. Two empirical models to predict infection events were evaluated for control of Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight, caused by a Fusicoccum sp., as well as the effectiveness of early-season fungicide sprays on the control of this disease of pistachio. A model incorporating wetness duration was superior to one based solely on duration of rains ≥1 mm/h for ≥4 h and with temperature ≥11°C. The wetness duration threshold (W) for rain events ≥4 mm at a given temperature (T) for high-risk infection events was W = –7.8 + 397/T and the threshold for medium-risk events was W = –6.9 + 220/T. Wet periods interrupted by ≤12 h were added together to calculate W. In two orchards with high levels of inoculum, one high-risk event resulted in 20 to 23% blighted fruit at harvest and two or three high-risk events resulted in 31 to 80% blighted fruit. Latent infections were 0 to 1% in instances where only low-risk events (one to two events) occurred prior to collection of pistachio fruit for determination of latent infections and were 17 to 36% with one to three high-risk events. Early-season fungicide sprays in April to May effectively controlled panicle and shoot blight when applied up to 12 days before predicted infection events or 5 days after.
Looking Ahead in Long-Term Care: The Next 50 Years

During the next 50 years, demographic aging-including graying of the baby boomers, increased longevity, and lower fertility rates-will change the needs for long-term care in the United States. These trends will have a great impact on the federal budget related to spending for Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid. Future years will see a more diverse population with increased aggressive treatment of chronic illness. Consumers of health care and their family caregivers will take more active steps to manage and coordinate their own care. Housing trends that produce more senior-friendly communities will encourage independent living rather than seniors' having to move into institutions; increased incentives for use of home- and community community-based care will allow people to stay longer in their own homes in the community. Technological advances, such as the use of robots who serve as companions and assistants around the house, will also decrease the need for institutional living.
Adsorption and melting of hydrogen in potassium-intercalated graphite

Volumetric adsorption and quasielastic neutron scattering are used to study the diffusion and thermodynamics of sorbed H_2 in the graphite intercalation compound KC24. A sorption enthalpy of 8.5 kJ/mol at zero coverage is determined from H_2 adsorption isotherms. From measurements of total elastic-neutron-scattering intensity as a function of temperature, a melting transition of the H_2 adsorbate is observed at 35 K for KC_(24)(H_2)_1. Quasielastic-neutron-scattering (QENS) spectra reveal distinct slow- and fast-H_2-diffusion processes which exist simultaneously at temperatures above the transition point. The temperature dependence of the characteristic diffusion times follows an Arrhenius relation tau=tau_0 exp(E_a/T), where tau_0^(fast)=1.0±0.1 ps, tau_0^(slow)=21±2 ps, E_a^(fast)=156±5 K, and E_a^(slow)=189±5 K. The fast-diffusion process is attributable to individual motions of H_2 molecules in a static potassium structure, and the slow-diffusion process could be attributable to fluctuations in H_2 particle density correlated with jumps of potassium atoms. The QENS spectra at low Q are used to discuss the dimensionality of the diffusion process.