cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hardware/Software Reconfigurable Architecture for Adaptive Wireless Image Communication

With the projected significant growth in mobile internet and multimedia services, there is a strong demand for next-generation appliances capable of wireless image communication. One of the major bottlenecks in enabling wireless image communication is the high energy requirement, which may surpass the current and future capabilities of battery technologies. Past studies have shown that the bottlenecks can be overcome by developing adaptive multimedia compression algorithms which can adapt to dynamic channel conditions and service requirements {tyrh00,taylor01}.In this paper, we present an application-specific hardware/software reconfigurable architecture to support adaptive image compression algorithms. We present a design methodology which considers co-design between adaptive algorithms and architectural design leading to a reconfigurable architecture for image compression algorithms. Co-design of the proposed architecture aims not only at performance and power efficient implementation, but also towards fast and efficient run-time adaptation of an adaptive image compression algorithm. Finally, we present experimental results demonstrating that the proposed architecture provides a low cost (performance, energy) implementation for the adaptive image compression algorithm, and necessary run-time adaptation to current wireless conditions and requirements with very low overhead.
Adventures in the Evolution of a High-Bandwidth Network for Central Servers

In a small network, clients and servers may all be connected to a single Ethernet without significant performance concerns. As the number of clients on a network grows, the necessity of splitting the network into multiple sub-networks, each with a manageable number of clients, becomes clear. Less obvious is what to do with the servers. Group file servers on subnets and multi-homed servers offer only partial solutions - many other types of servers do not lend themselves to a decentralized model, and tend to collect on another, well- connected but overloaded Ethernet. The higher speed of FDDI seems to offer an easy solution, but in practice both expense and interoperability problems render FDDI a poor choice. Ethernet switches appear to permit cheaper and more reliable networking to the servers while providing an aggregate network bandwidth greater than a simple Ethernet. This paper studies the evolution of the server networks at SLAC. Difficulties encountered in the deployment of FDDI are described, as are the tools and techniques used to characterize the traffic patterns on the server network. Performance of Ethernet, FDDI, and switched Ethernet networks is analyzed, as are reliability and maintainability issues for these alternatives. The motivations for re-designing the SLAC general server network to use a switched Ethernet instead of FDDI are described, as are the reasons for choosing FDDI for the farm and firewall networks at SLAC. Guidelines are developed which may help in making this choice for other networks.
Is Revenue-Neutral Tax Reform Revenue Neutral?

When political factors are taken into account, tax reform intended to be revenue neutral is likely to increase tax revenues. Any reduction in the excess burden of the tax system is likely to increase government revenues because the marginal political cost of tax increases is reduced. Evidence from the 1986 tax reform in the United States and the adoption of the value-added tax in many European countries, where the reforms were claimed to be revenue neutral, is consistent with the hypothesis that "revenue neutral" tax reform generates more government revenue.
A morphometric study of bone marrow megakaryocytes in foals infected with equine infectious anemia virus.

Morphometric evaluation of bone marrow core biopsies was used to determine megakaryocyte (MK) numbers and MK size in nine foals with equine infectious anemia virus (E1AV)-induced thrombocytopenia. Both immunocompetent normal foals and foals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were used. Platelet counts were made three times weekly following viral infection. Bone marrow core biopsies were taken from the ilium of each foal prior to experimental infection, immediately after the onset of thrombocytopenia, and at necropsy. All foals developed thrombocytopenia by 23 days postinfection. The bone marrow MK density did not change in response to the thrombocytopenia. MK area did not change significantly; however, the MK nuclear area at necropsy was significantly higher than that preinfection. The presence of thrombocytopenia in the SCID foals showed that immune-specific responses were not required for the production of EIAV-induced thrombocytopenia. Furthermore, the lack of a compensatory megakaryocytopoiesis in both SCID and normal foals was consistent with the theory that altered platelet production plays a role in the development of this thrombocytopenia. The equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a len- tivirus of the family Retroviridae. The virus shares homology with the human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2).6J1J2 Infection of horses with EIAV results in a persistent viremia and recurrent episodes of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and fever.I6 Previous studies have shown that the anemia is caused by both erythroid suppression and immune- mediated erythrocyte de~tr~ction.~~-~ ~~~~-~~~~~ The mech- anism of the thrombocytopenia is less clearly under- stood. Platelet-associated immunoglobulins G and M increase following expenmental infection of horses with EIAV, suggesting an immune-mediated destruction of platelets.'j Thrombocytopenia is also a common com- plication of infection with HIV and is often accom- panied by increased levels of platelet-associated anti- body.lJs In addition, a moderate reduction in platelet survival, decreased platelet production, morphologic abnormalities of megakaryocytes (MKs) and decreased numbers of MK progenitors in marrow culture have been demonstrated in HIV patients with thrombocy- topenia. 1,2,32,34,36,39 Recently, our laboratory initiated a study designed to further elucidate the mechanism(s) responsible for the thrombocytopenia of EIAV. Plate- let counts, platelet lifespans, and platelet production (via metabolic labeling of MKs) were determined in both immunologically normal and immunodeficient foals, with results suggesting that the thrombocyto- penia of EIAV infection may be at least in part non- immune mediated (T. B. Crawford, personal com- munication). The purpose of the study reported here was to further investigate EIAV-induced alterations in platelet production, by quantitating and sizing bone marrow MKs in EIAV-infected thrombocytopenic foals.
Global air temperature variability independent of sea-surface temperature influences

Mean global surface air temperature (SAT) and sea surface temperature (SST) display substantial variability on timescales ranging from annual to multi-decadal. We review the key recent literature on connections between global SAT and SST variability. Although individual ocean influences on SAT have been recognized, the combined contributions of worldwide SST variability on the global SAT signal have not been clearly identified in observed data. We analyze these relations using principal components of detrended SST, and find that removing the underlying combined annual, decadal, and multi-decadal SST variability from the SAT time series reveals a nearly monotonic global warming trend in SAT since about 1900.
Weighted bridging fault coverage using capacitance extraction

In this paper we discuss the efficiency and accuracy of extracting potential bridging fault sites from a physical layout specification. Using a combination of developed tools and common layout and extraction tools, a fault file is generated with an ordered list of the most likely to occur bridging faults based on parasitic capacitance values. These faultsare then simulated and results are discussed. Using this method and the tools created, the efficiency and accuracy of simulating bridging faults can be greatly improved. This process was implemented for multiple circuits using a newly developed general purpose fault extraction tool.
Azacitidine in fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase II study.

Abstract Background Treatment of fludarabine-refractory disease in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains a challenge. Because a recent genome-wide methylation analysis of CLL cells suggested that demethylation therapy might be beneficial in CLL, we conducted a phase II trial with the hypomethylating agent azacitidine in patients with recurrent fludarabine-refractory CLL. Patients and Methods Nine patients with recurrent fludarabine-refractory Rai stage IV CLL (median age, 74 years; range, 49-81 years) were enrolled. Azacitidine (75 mg/m 2 ) was administered by subcutaneous injection daily for 7 consecutive days every 3 to 8 weeks, and the data were analyzed at a median follow-up of 9 months (range 3-47 months). Results The trial was prematurely discontinued because of lack of response and slow accrual. The number of cycles administered ranged from 1 to 6. Three patients received 1 cycle, 3 patients received 2 cycles, and the remaining 3 patients received 4, 5, or 6 cycles. Side effects included grade 2 or 3 infectious episodes (resulting from immunosuppression and drug-induced neutropenia), diarrhea, rash, vomiting, anemia, and thrombocytopenia. One patient experienced reduction of hepatosplenomegaly and a substantial increase in platelet count after 4 cycles of therapy. However this response did not qualify as a partial response according to the National Cancer Institute International Workshop on CLL (NCI-IWCLL) criteria. At a median follow-up of 9 months after the start of azacitidine treatment, 3 patients (33%) who went on to receive other treatments were alive. Conclusions Although no partial or complete responses occurred in these heavily pretreated patients, the encouraging response in 1 of these patients may warrant further studies to investigate the effects of azacitidine in CLL.
A martingale approach to queues

This paper explores an approach to queueing problems using the recently developed calculus of martingales. Specific results developed in this paper include a general formula or virtual waiting time, and the formulation of an optimal control problem on queues. A problem of optimal control with quadratic cost is solved.
Intracellular pH regulates Na(+)-independent Cl(-)-base exchange in JTC-12 (proximal tubule) cells

The role of an anion exchange pathway in the regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) under alkaline load and steady-state conditions and the modulation of this transporter by pHi was investigated in confluent monolayers of cloned JTC-12 cells, derived from monkey kidney proximal tubule. Regulation of pHi was fluorometrically monitored using the pH-sensitive probe, 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Monolayers in which pHi was rapidly elevated by removal of HCO3(-)-CO2 from the bathing medium demonstrated an absolute requirement for Cl- to recover toward base-line pHi. The recovery process proceeded in the absence of Na+, was inhibited 80% by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, and was unaffected by 10(-4) M amiloride. When extracellular pH (pHo) was serially lowered from 7.4 to 6.7, recovery from an alkaline load induced by removal of HCO3(-)-CO2 from the medium occurred only when pHi was elevated above approximately 7.25. Below pHi approximately 7.25 no recovery toward ...
Mapping Seismic Hazard in the Central and Eastern United States

INTRODUCTION The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been publishing probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States since 1976 (e.g., Algermissen and Perkins, 1976; Algermissen et al., 1990). We are preparing new national maps for the 1997 edition of the NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New Buildings , published by the Building Seismic Safety Council (NEHRP stands for National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program). The USGS hazard maps are to be the basis for design value maps for buildings to be included in the Provisions . We are conducting a series of regional workshops to discuss the methodology and input to the maps. As of this writing, workshops have been held in the Pacific Northwest, the northeastern U.S., and northern California. We intend to make maps showing ground motions with 10% probability of exceedance (PE) in 50, 100, and 250 years. These correspond to return times of 475,...
Homelessness:: Special Problems Related to Training, Research, and the Elderly

This article provides a background on homelessness that is relevant to gerontological education and training. The variety of homeless subgroups and the problems of definition and enumeration are discussed before focusing on issues concerning the homeless elderly. All levels of human service providers need education and training for meeting the multiplicity of needs of this population. Gerontological and geriatric educators must be informed about the many issues involved in serving the homeless elderly and include these topics in their training programs.
Relative Humidity Sensors Based on an Environment-Sensitive Fluorophore in Hydrogel Films

A fluorescence-based sensing scheme exploiting an environment-sensitive fluorophore embedded in a hydrogel has been developed for measurement of relative humidity (RH). The fluorophore, dapoxyl sulfonic acid (DSA), is incorporated into two different hydrogel films, agarose and a copolymer of acrylamide and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEM) cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide. The swelling and contracting of the hydrogels in response to relative humidity alters the polarity of the environment of DSA, stimulating a shift in the emission wavelength. From 0 to 100% RH, acrylamide-DMAEM sensors exhibited a 40 and 15 nm wavelength shift in still air and flowing gas, respectively. Agarose sensors showed a 40 nm wavelength shift from 0 to 100% RH in still air and a 30 nm shift from 0 to 70% RH in flowing gas. Response times for both sensors were 15 min in still air and less than 5 min in flowing gas. The sensing approach is straightforward and cost-effective, yields sensors with characteristics suitable for commercial measurement of RH (i.e., sensitivity, response times, reproducibility), and allows ease of adaptability to specific RH measurement requirements. The results support the potential extension of the method to a wide variety of analytes in the vapor phase and aqueous solution by incorporation of functionalized "smart" hydrogels.
Identity Politics and Anxiety for Decolonization——Interpretation of Hong Kong's International School

Hong Kong's International School has the unique background of colonization,how it operates under such identity politics,how it establishes and supports the unity of itself through searching the cultural relationship in and out of Hong Kong so as to get rid of the anxiety for decolonization,these problems are what the author of this essay discusses by using the theory of relative identity politics and the theory of"mixture"and"mimeticism"by Homi Bhabha,a representative of post-colonization theory,and by means of analyzing the school's curriculum,type of running school,educational policy and aim of cultivation,etc.
The high antioxidant activities of tocopherol and application

The article discuss the antioxidant machanism of tocophenol and the reason of tocophenol have the high antioxidant activities. Moreover, introduce the application of tocopherol in medicine, food, cosmetic, plastic.
Insulation systems for dry type transformers

The major role of the dry type transformer is to provide distribution of electrical power from indoor installations. They are used in preference to oil filled units by virtue of reduced fire hazards and the elimination of fire resistant enclosures. With increased use of electrical power for air conditioning, data processing, copying machines, higher illumination levels and automated equipment increased output is required, thus larger KVA units. As an electromagnetic device, the dry type transformer is generally noisy and is, therefore, frequently wall mounted near the ceiling to reduce the noise disturbance. Through the use of higher operating temperatures, increased output per unit size can be obtained to ease the requirements of wall mounting. A 150°C rise unit will require up to 50% less volume and 40% less weight than a Class A thermally rated unit of equivalent output. In other instances, such as ballasts for mercury vapor lamps, higher thermal performance is required because of higher ambient temperatures. The dry type transformer is also widely used by the Military, again for its increased output per unit size and elimination of fire hazards. It becomes, therefore, apparent that the key factor in their design, no matter what the application might be, is higher thermal capabilities.
Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid: VI. Evidence for a zinc-peptide antibacterial system

The zinc bacterial inhibitory activity of amniotic fluid is dependent on the presence of a second, organic component contained in amniotic fluid. The second component is heat stable, resists proteolytic digestion, and is present in amniotic fluid throughout pregnancy. Further, the component may be a peptide with a molecular weight of less than 5,000 daltons. Phosphate reversal of amniotic fluid inhibitory activity may result from interference with the organic component rather than zinc.
Economic Growth, Entrepreneurship, and the Deployment of Technology

This paper analyzes the development of our understanding of the causal links between economic growth, the climate for innovation and entrepreneurship, and the deployment of technology, with specific reference to telecommunications. Particular attention is paid to the (mis)use of the Harrod–Domar model by The World Bank and other development agencies, and to the more recent appreciation for “the investment climate,” which finds substantial support in the work by Parente and Prescott. The importance of an institutional framework supportive of innovation (“experimentation”) and entrepreneurship is underscored by economic historians, such as Rosenberg and Birdzell, and North.
Operational Ideology and Party Identification: A Dynamic Model of Individual-Level Change in Partisan and Ideological Predispositions

Conventional wisdom suggests that partisanship is the “unmoved mover” in the minds of American voters. Revisionist theories hold that party updating is conditional on individual/contextual factors....
A Role for Twist in Thymocyte Development.

Twist-1 and Twist-2 are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)- containing transcription factors important for mesoderm and muscle formation, and for osteoblast differentiation. The Twist proteins were previously shown to interact both physically and genetically with Runx2, a member of the core binding factor family of transcription factors (Bialek et al. Dev. Cell6: 423, 2004). Twist-1 and Twist-2 transiently inhibit Runx2 function during bone formation by inhibiting DNA binding by the Runx2 Runt domain. Since the Runt domains of the core binding factors are highly conserved, this raised the possibility that the Twist proteins may also regulate Runx1 function in hematopoiesis. To address this hypothesis we used Charlie Chaplin (CC) mice, which contain a hypomorphic Twist-1 allele generated by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis (Justice, Nat. Rev. Genet.1: 109, 2000). The CC allele encodes a single amino acid substitution (Ser192Pro) in the Twist box of Twist-1, which normally interacts with the Runt domain. CC/CC mice die from an unknown cause shortly after birth, and have small thymuses. No other hematopoietic organs show significant differences in cellularity. The number of bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors is almost identical among CC/CC, CC/+, and +/+ littermates as assessed by flowcytometry and colony forming assays. The ratios of CD4/CD8 single positive cells, and DN1-4 thymocytes are unperturbed, suggesting that T cell maturation is normal in CC/CC fetuses. However, CC/CC thymuses are reconstituted by wild type bone marrow at a lower efficiency than are wild type thymuses in fetal thymus organ culture assays, suggesting that Twist-1 may have an important non-cell autonomous role in thymocyte development.
Functional Analysis of the Transmembrane and Cytoplasmic Domains of Pcdh15a in Zebrafish Hair Cells

Protocadherin 15 (PCDH15) is required for mechanotransduction in sensory hair cells as a component of the tip link. Isoforms of PCDH15 differ in their cytoplasmic domains (CD1, CD2, and CD3), but share the extracellular and transmembrane (TMD) domains, as well as an intracellular domain known as the common region (CR). In heterologous expression systems, both the TMD and CR of PCDH15 have been shown to interact with members of the mechanotransduction complex. The in vivo significance of these protein-protein interaction domains of PCDH15 in hair cells has not been determined. Here, we examined the localization and function of the two isoforms of zebrafish Pcdh15a (CD1 and CD3) in pcdh15a-null mutants by assessing Pcdh15a transgene-mediated rescue of auditory/vestibular behavior and hair cell morphology and activity. We found that either isoform alone was able to rescue the Pcdh15a-null phenotype and that the CD1- or CD3-specific regions were dispensable for hair bundle integrity and labeling of hair cells with FM4-64, which was used as a proxy for mechanotransduction. When either the CR or TMD domain was deleted, the mutated proteins localized to the stereocilial tips, but were unable to rescue FM4-64 labeling. Disrupting both domains led to a complete failure of Pcdh15a to localize to the hair bundle. Our findings demonstrate that the TMD and cytoplasmic CR domains are required for the in vivo function of Pcdh15a in zebrafish hair cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tip links transmit force to mechanotransduction channels at the tip of hair bundles in sensory hair cells. One component of tip links is Protocadherin 15 (PCDH15). Here, we demonstrate that, when transgenically expressed, either zebrafish Pcdh15a-cytodomain 1 (CD1) or Pcdh15a-CD3 can rescue the phenotype of a pcdh15a-null mutant. Even when lacking the specific regions for CD1 or CD3, truncated Pcdh15a that contains the so-called common region (CR) at the cytoplasmic/membrane interface still has the ability to rescue similar to full-length Pcdh15a. In contrast, Pcdh15a lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain is not functional. These results demonstrate that the CR plays a key role in the mechanotransduction complex in hair cells.
Chemoenzymatic Assembly of Bacterial Glycoconjugates for Site-Specific Orthogonal Labeling.

The cell surfaces of bacteria are replete with diverse glycoconjugates that play pivotal roles in determining how bacteria interact with the environment and the hosts that they colonize. Studies to advance our understanding of these interactions rely on the availability of chemically defined glycoconjugates that can be selectively modified under orthogonal reaction conditions to serve as discrete ligands to probe biological interactions, in displayed arrays and as imaging agents. Herein, enzymes in the N-linked protein glycosylation (Pgl) pathway of Campylobacter jejuni are evaluated for their tolerance for azide-modified UDP-sugar substrates, including derivatives of 2,4-diacetamidobacillosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. In vitro analyses reveal that chemoenzymatic approaches are useful for the preparation of undecaprenol diphosphate-linked glycans and glycopeptides with site-specific introduction of azide functionality for orthogonal labeling at three specific sites in the heptasaccharide glycan. The u...
Alcohol mixed with energy drink use during young adulthood.

Abstract Aims Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use is associated with negative consequences including hazardous alcohol use and driving under the influence. While many studies have focused on correlates of AmED use among college samples, very few have examined patterns of AmED use during adolescence and young adulthood within the general population. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess age differences in AmED use among a national sample of respondents aged 18 to 30. Methods The data for this study come from the Monitoring the Future panel study from 2012 to 2015. The sample consists of 2222 respondents between the ages of 18 and 30. Multiple logistic regression using generalized estimating equations (GEE) was used to model past-year AmED prevalence across age and other covariates. Results Nearly half (45.0%) of respondents indicated past-year AmED use at some point during the study period. The lowest prevalence rates were found at age 18 (25.9%) and the highest prevalence rates at age 21/22 (43.5%). GEE analyses indicated a statistically significant positive linear and negative quadratic trend with respect to the association between age of respondent and past-year AmED use. Namely, peak use occurred in early young adulthood (age 21/22 and 23/24) and then declined, reaching 32.0% by age 29/30. College attendance and several substance use behaviors at age 18 moderated these linear and quadratic age trends. Conclusions AmED use peaked rapidly in early young adulthood and declined into later young adulthood. Substance use during adolescence was associated with a higher incidence of AmED use across all young adult ages and a slower decline of AmED use after age 21/22. Several sociodemographic factors were associated with AmED use, particularly college attendance at the age of 21/22.
The Role of the Immune System in Hematologic Malignancies that Affect Bone

Publisher Summary Osteoimmunology in the context of multiple myeloma is a newly emerging field, and it is clear that interactions between myeloma cells and cells of the immune system are important both in terms of tumor growth and the development of the osteolytic bone disease. Increasing our understanding of the role of the immune system in myeloma bone disease, for example, the effect of the immunosuppression that is found in patients with myeloma will ultimately identify new therapeutic targets for the treatment of myeloma. Current knowledge is limited due to the difficulty of verifying intriguing in vitro observations in appropriate in vivo systems. Immune cells can have both a deleterious and advantageous role in myeloma pathogenesis. Macrophages and T cells, for example, can become altered by the presence of myeloma cells within the bone marrow cavity and act to support further cancer progression; however, the immune system can also be utilized for anticancer therapies. Within a healthy individual, the immune system provides defense mechanisms critical for protecting the body against foreign pathogens as well as tumor formation. The manipulation or stimulation of the body's natural immune system to fight cancer provides an attractive area for therapeutic potential. Emerging cancer research of recent years not only demonstrates genetic alterations to the cancer cells but also to the surrounding microenvironment. The future of effective cancer therapeutics will have a dual focus; treating both the tumor cells and the altered microenvironment.
The Consistency of Partial Observability for PDEs

In this paper, a new definition of observability is introduced for PDEs. It is a quantitative measure of partial observability. The quantity is proved to be consistent if approximated using well posed approximation schemes. A first order approximation of an unobservability index using empirical gramian is introduced. For linear systems with full state observability, the empirical gramian is equivalent to the observability gramian in control theory. The consistency of the defined observability is exemplified using a Burgers' equation.
High Sodium-Storage Capacity in MOF Achieved by Activating Aromatic Rings

In a recent issue of Chem, Yunhui Huang and Chun Fang from Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jianjun Liu from Shanghai institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, and their co-authors have designed a stable 3D wavy-layered metal organic framework with a high sodium-insertion capacity of 357 mAh g−1 as an electrode material. As evidenced by experimental work and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, a stepwise sodium storage mechanism is proposed, i.e., Na+ ions are first chemisorbed by the C = O groups on aromatic rings, and then interact with the sp2-hybridized carbon atoms of the aromatic rings. With a coordination with metal ions, the aromatic rings are successfully activated as redox sites for reversible Na+ insertion.
C1-Ring Osteosynthesis for Unstable, Jefferson Burst Fractures

C1 osteosynthesis is a valuable and powerful technique that allows the treating surgeon to preserve motion between occiput, C1, and C2 in patients with unstable Jefferson fractures. Careful evaluation of the preoperative CT scan and consideration of the patient’s individual fracture pattern and anatomy are critical to the success of this technique. Placement of 3.5-mm screws into the lateral masses of C1 allows compression of the fracture and posterior stabilization for reduction of unstable fractures with minimal impact on cervical range of motion.
Meta-Analysis, History of

Meta-analysis is a type of systematic literature review through which a researcher can combine the results of existing studies to produce an overall estimate of the magnitude of a statistic such as a mean, correlation, or odds ratio. Meta-analyses are often coupled with meta-regressions, which are multivariate analyses of the effect of between-study differences on the magnitude of the statistic of interest. Developments to meta-analytic and meta-regression methodology are ongoing, with a trend emerging toward using the techniques to examine causal pathways.
Effects of pitch height and contour on duration perception

Generally, low tones are produced as longer than high tones and rising as longer than falling (Gandour, 1977). Work in perception has revealed the inverse pattern, which has been described as a reaction to production differences (Yu, 2006). However, while the perception results have been observed reliably cross-linguistically, production patterns appear to have significant variation, which calls into question a direct link between production and perception and motivates more research into the nuances of this relationship. This study investigates the perception of duration in an expanded set of pitch contours via a two-alternative forced-choice task. Subjects were asked to choose which of two same-duration synthesized speech sounded longer, where stimuli varied in pitch height and contour. The results indicate that pitch height has the strongest effect on perceived duration, followed by contour-related effects, which contrasts with predictions based on to Gandour’s analysis of the production pattern. Additionally, this study reveals the complexity of the perception pattern beyond the main effects commonly reported in the literature.Generally, low tones are produced as longer than high tones and rising as longer than falling (Gandour, 1977). Work in perception has revealed the inverse pattern, which has been described as a reaction to production differences (Yu, 2006). However, while the perception results have been observed reliably cross-linguistically, production patterns appear to have significant variation, which calls into question a direct link between production and perception and motivates more research into the nuances of this relationship. This study investigates the perception of duration in an expanded set of pitch contours via a two-alternative forced-choice task. Subjects were asked to choose which of two same-duration synthesized speech sounded longer, where stimuli varied in pitch height and contour. The results indicate that pitch height has the strongest effect on perceived duration, followed by contour-related effects, which contrasts with predictions based on to Gandour’s analysis of the production pattern. Addit...
Bradycardia at the onset of pulseless electrical activity arrests in hospitalized patients is associated with improved survival to discharge.

Abstract Background Recent studies have suggested that the incidence of in-hospital pulseless electrical activity (PEA) arrests is increasing. Bradycardia in patients with in-hospital PEA is common but it is unknown if it is associated with respiratory arrest or patient outcomes. Objective To determine risk factors and outcomes associated with bradycardic-PEA arrests, and relationship between bradycardia and respiratory arrest. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of all inpatient cardiac arrests at an academic medical center over a four-year period. Patient demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, arrest event data, and outcomes were abstracted from the medical record. PEA arrest was defined as a non-shockable rhythm with loss of pulse requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation and having organized electrocardiographic activity. Bradycardia was classified as a HR Results Between July 2013 and August 2017, there were 176 in-hospital patients with PEA arrests. While 105 (59.7%) survived the arrest, only 38 (21.6%) survived to discharge. A total of 66 (37.5%) were bradycardic-PEA arrests. Patients with bradycardic PEA arrests were no more likely to have their arrest precipitated by respiratory failure than non-bradycardic PEA patients (36.4% vs 27.3%, P = 0.24), but patients with non-bradycardic PEA arrests were more likely to have a CIED than non-bradycardic PEA patients (14.5% vs 3.0%, P = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, bradycardic PEA was associated with improved survival to hospital discharge (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.41–7.79, p = 0.006), but not survival of arrest (OR 1.45, 95% CI: 0.68–3.09, p = 0.34). Respiratory arrest was an independent predictor of survival of code (OR 2.62, 95% CI: 1.36–5.47, P = 0.01) and to hospital discharge (OR 3.47, 95% CI: 1.35–8.91, P = 0.01). Other predictors of survival to discharge include history of coronary artery disease, and non-use of epinephrine, atropine, and sodium bicarbonate. Conclusion In a retrospective study of hospitalized patients in the intensive care unit and non-intensive care, bradycardia at the time of PEA cardiac arrest was associated with improved survival to hospital discharge but not survival of arrest. Respiratory arrest was an independent predictor of survival, but there was no association between respiratory arrest and bradycardic PEA arrest.
Restoration of prosocial behavior in rats after heroin self-administration via chemogenetic activation of the anterior insular cortex.

The anterior insular cortex (AIC) mediates various social, emotional, and interoceptive components of addiction. We recently demonstrated a disruption of prosocial behavior following heroin self-ad...
A 20×20 Focal Plane Switch Array for Optical Beam Steering

We present a two-dimensional random-access optical beam steering system composed of a 20×20 focal plane switch array integrated on a silicon photonics chip with microelectromechanical-system (MEMS) optical switches. 32°×32° field-of-view is demonstrated.
Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis), snow and refugia in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

Research and management issues related to pine forests, snowpack and refugia are relevant to mountainous ecosystems globally. For this study, we investigated local snowpack longevity as an explanatory variable for whitebark pine performance (survival rate, growth rate and condition). We used Sentinel-2 imagery to monitor local snowpack longevity. This new imagery is spatially and temporally more appropriate than other publicly available satellite imagery, and early results indicate that Sentinel-2 imagery can be successfully used for this purpose. Sites were selected based on a multi-decade management effort by federal agencies to plant whitebark pine in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Relative to initial planting records, present-day field sampling affords an opportunity to evaluate whitebark pine performance over time. Featured photo from Figure 3 in report.
Reciprocal Discounting: A Pilot Study

Altruistic choice can be described quantitatively by social discount functions that indicate how rewards decrease in value with increases in social distance. Reciprocation from others has been implicated as an influential variable for altruistic choice. To investigate reciprocation and social discounting, a novel reciprocal discounting task asked participants to report what various individuals on their list would choose between money for themselves and money for the participant. Results from 150 participants show that reciprocal discounting is well-fit by Mazur’s hyperbolic equation and correlates significantly with social discounting.
Neurological Complications Acquired During Pediatric Critical Illness: Exploratory "Mixed Graphical Modeling" Analysis Using Serum Biomarker Levels.

Objectives Neurologic complications, consisting of the acute development of a neurologic disorder, that is, not present at admission but develops during the course of illness, can be difficult to detect in the PICU due to sedation, neuromuscular blockade, and young age. We evaluated the direct relationships of serum biomarkers and clinical variables to the development of neurologic complications. Analysis was performed using mixed graphical models, a machine learning approach that allows inference of cause-effect associations from continuous and discrete data. Design Secondary analysis of a previous prospective observational study. Setting PICU, single quaternary-care center. Patients Individuals admitted to the PICU, younger than18 years old, with intravascular access via an indwelling catheter. Interventions None. Measurements About 101 patients were included in this analysis. Serum (days 1-7) was analyzed for glial fibrillary acidic protein, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, and alpha-II spectrin breakdown product 150 utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum levels of neuron-specific enolase, myelin basic protein, and S100 calcium binding protein B used in these models were reported previously. Demographic data, use of selected clinical therapies, lengths of stay, and ancillary neurologic testing (head CT, brain MRI, and electroencephalogram) results were recorded. The Mixed Graphical Model-Fast-Causal Inference-Maximum algorithm was applied to the dataset. Main results About 13 of 101 patients developed a neurologic complication during their critical illness. The mixed graphical model identified peak levels of the neuronal biomarker neuron-specific enolase and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1, and the astrocyte biomarker glial fibrillary acidic protein to be the direct causal determinants for the development of a neurologic complication; in contrast, clinical variables including age, sex, length of stay, and primary neurologic diagnosis were not direct causal determinants. Conclusions Graphical models that include biomarkers in addition to clinical data are promising methods to evaluate direct relationships in the development of neurologic complications in critically ill children. Future work is required to validate and refine these models further, to determine if they can be used to predict which patients are at risk for/or with early neurologic complications.
Association Between Development of Serum Antibody Against Bluetongue Virus and Productivity in Beef Cattle

A herd of 300 brood cows was selected due to a high prevalence of serum antibody against bluetongue virus (BTV).
Church and Cosmologies

Haas sought to combine his ideas on cosmology with the idea of a higher being, whose existence he saw reflected in the universal constants of physics. He developed close relationships with Catholic visitors and developed several lectures to find proof of the existence of God, going back to many of his original arguments from his younger years. In this idea Haas diverged from Canon Lemaitre, one of the famous cosmologists at the time, who was spending a sabbatical year at Notre Dame.
Differences in Baseline Characteristics and Outcome Among Responders, Late Responders, and Never-Responders After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Background:Loss to follow-up in registry studies might affect generalizability and interpretation of results.Purpose:To evaluate the effect of nonresponder bias in our anterior cruciate ligament (A...
Bibliometric Evaluation of US Neurosurgery Subspecialties and Academic Rank Using RCR Index

Abstract Introduction Academic productivity, a key feature of academic neurosurgery, has been linked to academic rank, subspecialty, and institutional rank. Relative Citation Ratio (RCR) has emerged as a new metric of scholarly output that can make field-normalized comparisons between researchers, a feature unavailable in prior metrics such as h-index. Here we evaluate the influence of academic rank and neurosurgical subspecialties on RCR scores. Methods 1640 academic neurosurgeons from 115 ACGME accredited programs in the US were identified, along with their neurosurgical specialty and demographic information, using publicly available data. Mean RCR (m-RCR) and weighted RCR (w-RCR) for each neurosurgeon were queried from the iCite database, which included publications from 2002-2020. M-RCR and w-RCR scores were compared across subspecialties and academic rank using multivariable regression while controlling for demographic factors. Results Multivariable analysis indicated that academic neurosurgeons in general neurosurgery (p= 0.039) and pediatric neurosurgery (p= 0.003) had lower m-RCR scores than their peers in other subspecialties. w-RCR did not differ significantly among subspecialties. Higher academic rank was associated with increased m-RCR (p Conclusions Professors have a higher m-RCR score relative to assistant professors, while general and pediatric neurosurgery were linked to lower m-RCR values. Although neurosurgical subspecialty choice did not influence w-RCR, a higher w-RCR score corresponded to a higher academic rank. Overall, the RCR metric can be utilized for field-normalized comparisons of faculty who differ in academic rank and subspecialty.
Referrals for physical therapy for osteoarthritis during the COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective analysis.

Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of musculoskeletal pain and disability among Americans. Physical therapy (PT) is recommended per the 2019 ACR /Arthritis Foundation Guideline for Treatment of OA of the Hand, Hip, and Knee. During COVID-19, access to healthcare has been altered in a variety of clinical settings, with the pandemic creating delays in healthcare, with an unknown impact on access to PT care for OA. Objectives We sought to determine whether referrals to PT for OA were reduced in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to 2019. Methods A retrospective analysis was done of 3586 PT referrals placed by the University of California, Davis for 206 OA ICD-10 codes from January to November 2019 and from January to November 2020. The numbers of PT referrals per month of each year were compared using both descriptive statistics and Poisson Regression analysis. Results A total of 1972 PT referrals for OA were placed from January to November 2019. Only 1614 referrals for OA were placed from January to November 2020, representing a significant decrease (p = 0.001). Month-by-month analysis of 2020 compared to 2019 revealed statistically significant drops in PT referrals for OA in April (p = 0.001), May (p = 0.001), and August (p = 0.001). Conclusions These findings reveal a significant reduction in the number of referrals for PT for OA placed in 2020 during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. These reductions were particularly evident in the months following state-mandated actions and closures. Factors associated with this outcome may include decreased access to primary care providers, perceptions of PT availability by health care providers, decreased mobility limiting access to both clinic and PT appointments, and/or willingness to engage in PT by patients during the pandemic.
The Perception of Visually Simulated Environments

The perception of simulated environments by the operator in-the-loop is examined. One objective of simulation is to provide realistic visual scenes for an operator to navigate through. While the physical re-creation of these synthetic environments has received considerable activity, less attention has been given to the perceived information conveyed by a simulated scene to an operator. In general, how perceptual differences between simulated and real scenes affect perception and subsequent action is not completely understood. To the extent it is understood, previous research done on the visual characteristics of flight and driving simulation is highlighted. The key issues of visual realism and fidelity, and distortion of spatial layout are elaborated.
The Ever-Increasing Importance of a Professional Home.

![Figure][1] Professionalism is at the crux of the American College of Cardiology’s (ACC’s) mission to transform cardiovascular care and improve heart health. As the professional home for the entire cardiovascular care team, it is our job to ensure that all members have the tools and
Menu Choice, Environmental Cues and Temptation: A “Dual Self” Approach to Self-control

We consider the following two-period problem of self-control. In the first period, an individual has to decide on the set of feasible choices from which she will select one in the second period. In the second period, the individual might choose an alternative that she would find inferior in the first period. This eventuality need not occur with certainty but might be triggered by the nature of the set chosen in the first period. We propose a model for this problem and axioms for first-period preferences, in which the second period choice could be interpreted as being made by an “alter ego” who appears with some probability. We provide a discussion of the behavioural implications of our model as compared with existing theories.
Sozomen, Barbarians, and Early Byzantine Historiography

Sozomen in his Ecclesiastical History departs from the tradition of Eusebius, which focused on the triumph of Christianity in the Empire, in employing ethnography as a proper element of Christian historiography, emphasizing the mission of conversion of foreign peoples.
What to teach in forest management and how to teach it

More than ever, forest management today encompasses a wide range of topics, from ecosystem management and public forest planning to the details of industrial timber management, including financial analysis. The discussion will provide a forum where individuals who teach forest management can discuss their ideas on what should be emphasized in forest management classes and effective methods for teaching these concepts. As preparation for the conference, I will obtain syllabi for forest management classes around the country and internationally. These will be used to develop a list of the range of subjects currently taught in these classes and methods used for teaching them. A synopsis of this review, including copies of all of the syllabi that are obtained, will be distributed to participants. The desired outcome of the discussion is that forest management instructors will revisit their current course content and teaching methods, possibly identifying needed changes in emphasis and/or new teaching approaches. The discussion will involve all those who show up. 1 McDill: What to teach in forest managment Published by DigitalCommons@USU, 2002