cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Principles of High Performance—and How to Apply Them

General principles emerge from the practices of the best companies in work content and the work environment, recruiting and hiring, compensation and benefits, and education and training. Several of these principles are universally found, others are exhibited by a number of the best companies, and some are only suggested by the directions in which a few of the companies are heading. In addition, several may seem counterintuitive or contrary to current advice. But all are consistent with the structural changes occurring in the nature of work and the values of workers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transaortic resection of the subaortic membrane. Treatment for subvalvular aortic stenosis.

In an attempt to better understand congenital subaortic stenosis, we reviewed 19 consecutive pediatric patients undergoing surgery for this problem between 1973 and 1984. Preoperative cardiac catheterization demonstrated subvalvular stenosis in all patients and associated anomalies in 11 patients. All patients underwent transaortic resection of the subaortic membrane. Five patients underwent concurrent additional cardiac procedures. An 8-month-old infant with multiple cardiac anomalies was the only operative mortality. Follow-up extended to 16 years, with a mean of 6.9 years. In five symptomatic patients, cardiac catheterization revealed a mean systolic pressure gradient of 33.0 ± 31.94 mm Hg 24.7 months (mean) after surgery. Two of these patients (11.1 percent of survivors) required reoperation. Twelve of the remaining 13 asymptomatic patients underwent echocardiographic follow-up, and 4 were found to have recurrent stenosis with 1 requiring surgery (5.6 percent of survivors). Our experience shows that transaortic resection of the subaortic membrane is an acceptable treatment for subvalvular aortic stenosis, but is associated with a high incidence of recurrence requiring reoperation (3 of 18 or 16.7 percent). Consequently, it is reasonable to consider the role of alternative therapies which may help prevent recurrence in selected cases.
Program participation of immigrant children: Evidence from the local availability of Head Start

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of the local availability of Head Start, a public preschool program for low-income children, on the participation of immigrant children. We use propensity score methods to flexibly control for numerous individual and neighborhood characteristics and availability of other services aimed at low-income families. We find that having a Head Start center in a child's census tract significantly raises participation of immigrant children, and these results are robust to several sensitivity analyses. Furthermore, the impacts are larger for recent migrants and for those with less access to private transportation, consistent with both information and transportation costs as important factors affecting program participation for immigrants.
Climate change: Patterns of tropical warming

The effect of rising greenhouse-gas emissions on climate is not uniform across the globe. An analysis of the mechanisms behind model-projected changes in ocean temperature gives greater confidence in the pattern of tropical warming and its potential impacts.
Retino-geniculate Axons Regenerating in Adult Hamsters Are Able to Form Morphologically Distinct Terminals

Adult mammalian retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) can regenerate through peripheral nerve (PN) grafts and innervate central nervous system (CNS) targets. Previous studies have demonstrated a basic level of differentiation of such projections. To further assess the specificity and functionality of regenerated CNS connections we have developed a new model in which RGCs are directed through a PN graft into the dorsolateral geniculate body (LGBd) while preserving the visual cortex and radiations. We also describe by light microscopy that regenerating RGC axons which enter the LGBd differentiate and form subtypes of RGC terminals reminiscent of those seen in the normal LGBd. Thus the adult CNS contains cues that permit phenotypic differentiation of terminal types during regeneration.
Modeling of jet-induced geyser formation in a reduced gravity environment

Flow patterns predicted by a computational model of jet-induced geyser formation in a reduced gravity environment are presented and comparison is made to patterns predicted by experimentally based correlations. The configuration studied is an idealization of a forthcoming flight experiment to examine cryogenic propellant management issues. A transitional version of the ECLIPSE code used as a computational tool for the analyses is described. It is shown that computationally predicted flow patterns are in qualitative agreement with the correlation-based predictions, and some details of the predicted flow fields are given.
Lebed's resonance in organic conductors in the vicinity of field induced spin density wave transition

We study both the stable FISDW and the fluctuation contribution near the Lebed resonance observed in (TMTSF) 2 X with X=ClO 4 and PF 6 (under pressure). We find the most stable state at the Lebed State) is characterized by a pair of integers (N,M); Both σ ab and σ ac are quantized where a means the best conducting direction. Also numerical analysis indicates the SDW fluctuation gives rise to peaks in σ aa at the Lebed resonances consistent with experiments
STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF SRBI2(TA1-XNBX)2O9 THIN FILMS

In this research, two tasks were pursued: (1) determination of the onset temperature of ferroelectric hysteresis properties of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} thin films by structure development study, and (2) low temperature processing for thin film fabrication. For task (1), a nondestructive optical method using spectroscopic ellipsometry was utilized for characterizing the structure development of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} thin films. The optical constants and film thickness were measured as a function of annealing temperature by spectroscopic ellipsometry. By observing the changes in refractive indices and film thickness, the temperatures of phase transformation and grain growth were determined. Consistent results were obtained from x-ray diffraction measurements. By comparing the results of the structure development study and ferroelectric hysteresis properties investigation, the onset temperature of the hysteresis curve of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} with 50{percent} excess Bi was determined to be about 700{degree}C. The critical factor for the compound to exhibit a well-defined hysteresis curve was found to be the grain size. For task (2), the effects of excess Bi content and Nb/Ta ratio of SrBi{sub 2}(Ta{sub 1{minus}x}Nb{sub x}){sub 2}O{sub 9} on the ferroelectric hysteresis properties were studied. It was found that the onset temperature for obtaining well-defined hysteresis properties canmore » be reduced by adding excess Bi or increasing Nb/Ta ratio. By choosing SrBi{sub 2}Nb{sub 2}O{sub 9} with 50{percent} excess Bi, the onset temperature of the hysteresis curve was reduced to about 650{degree}C. {copyright} {ital 1997 Materials Research Society.}« less
Astigmatism associated with experimentally induced myopia or hyperopia in chickens.

PURPOSE. Astigmatism is a very common refractive error in humans, but its etiology is poorly understood. The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether alterations in visual experience would result in astigmatism in chicks. METHODS. Longitudinal and cross-sectional data were obtained from chicks that were raised undergoing four different visual manipulations known to alter axial eye growth: form deprivation by translucent occluders, spherical defocus by -10- or +10-D lenses, and constant light. The visual manipulations began at 5 days of age and continued for a week. Age-matched groups raised without any treatment or with Velcro rings or piano lenses served as control groups. Refractions in all birds were measured with a Hartinger refractometer, and infrared photokeratometry was performed in a subset of birds at the end of the treatment period. RESULTS. In control birds, natural astigmatism decreased in magnitude over the 7-day treatment period. In contrast, birds treated with visual manipulations developed significant amounts of astigmatism throughout the treatment period. At the end of the 7-day treatment period, whereas only 8.6% of the control chicks had refractive astigmatism >1 D, the percentage of treated birds that had astigmatism >1 D in each treatment group ranged from 66.7% to 100%. The astigmatism in the treated eyes was predominantly against-the-rule, comeal in nature, and correlated significantly with spherical ametropia of the principal meridians. CONCLUSIONS. Visual manipulations known to induce axial ametropia also promote the genesis of astigmatism in chickens. The characteristics of astigmatism associated with spherical myopia or hyperopia in chicks is similar to those reported in humans in many respects, supporting the hypothesis that vision-dependent changes in eye growth may contribute to the astigmatism commonly found in humans.
A survey of sensor planning in computer vision

A survey of research in the area of vision sensor planning is presented. The problem can be summarized as follows: given information about the environment as well as information about the task that the vision system is to accomplish, develop strategies to automatically determine sensor parameter values that achieve this task with a certain degree of satisfaction. With such strategies, sensor parameters values can be selected and can be purposefully changed in order to effectively perform the task at hand. The focus here is on vision sensor planning for the task of robustly detecting object features. For this task, camera and illumination parameters such as position, orientation, and optical settings are determined so that object features are, for example, visible, in focus, within the sensor field of view, magnified as required, and imaged with sufficient contrast. References to, and a brief description of, representative sensing strategies for the tasks of object recognition and scene reconstruction are also presented. For these tasks, sensor configurations are sought that will prove most useful when trying to identify an object or reconstruct a scene. >
On naming and claiming

Consider the following sentences. (4) Quine is a logician (5) Sellars is a philosopher (4) and (5), in accordance with EG, yield, respectively, the true sentences: (6) (3x) x is a logician. (7) (3 x) * x is a philosopher. But though we may allow that the word 'Quine' is purely referential, the word 'Sellars' is not.3 The word 'Sellars' is referentially ambiguous. It could refer to either father or son, i.e., to either Roy Wood or Wilfrid. But since strict names are a kind of singular term, they must refer to one and only one object. Tlherefore, 'Sellars' is not a strict name. But if this is true, then the property of pure reference with respect to 'Sellars,' must, in one "fell swoop," be rejected. But then, according to (2), (7) is not the result of a valid application of EG. However, this conclusion does not seem to accord with the facts of EG. If the inference of (7) from (5) is valid, and the argument above holds, (2) must be false. And if (2) is false, then (3) is true-which is the conclusion to which these efforts have been directed.
Self-regulating protoplanet growth

Abstract We present a model of the self-regulating growth of a single protoplanet in the planetesimal disk. Acceration of disk material onto the protoplanet is driven by the protoplanet's gravitational perturbations and the trapping of planetesimals within its Roche lobe, due to protoplanet's extended primordial atmosphere and/or protosatellite disk. We formulate and solve the explicitly time-dependent equations of planet growth. The most distinctive features of the analytical model, which also find the confirmation in our direct numerical simulations of protoplanet growth, are the division of the accretion process into two phases (the first corresponding to initial self-accelerating disk destructions, and the second phase of subsequent accretion slow-down or stopping due to slow increase of Roche lobe radius with planet's mass) and the short time scales of growth (≲104 orbital periods, independent of disk characteristics). The mass of the protoplanet at the moment of transition between the above two phases of accretion is proportional to σ 3 2 R 3 , where σ is the local disk surface density and R is the heliocentric distanced. For the Solar System planets the end of the early runaway embryo growth occurs after 0.3–0.6 of the present radius of the planet (or planet's core) is achieved. By applying the model to the problem of gas accretion onto the core of Jupiter we predict the substantial reduction of the accretion rate after it achieves about one-half of its present mass, which takes only several hundreds of orbital periods. As intermediate results, we present among others the geometry of Hill-stable disk regions near the protoplanet and the numerical determination of time scales for the clearing of a gap out to 2·3 1 2 Roche lobe radii around the fixed mass protoplanet.
Efficient Synthesis of Immolative Carbamate Dendrimer with Olefinic Periphery

Abstract An efficient synthetic strategy for immolative carbamate dendrons and dendrimers is described that requires no protection/deprotection in the convergent growth step. 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol was used as AB 2 building block and 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate as carbamate forming reagent. The method was demonstrated with a G3-dendron. A combination of convergent and divergent growth method was used to couple G2-dendrons to a G2-core or G3-dendrons to a tetrahedral G1-core with amine functional groups to form a spherical carbamate dendrimer (G4) possessing an olefinic periphery.
The relationship between coefficients of expansion and heat capacities of simple metals

Abstract The authors of this paper, being intrigued by statements in the literature that the coefficients of expansion of metals are proportional to the heat capacities, have put these statements to the test. This paper shows that the experimental ratios of coefficients of expansion and heat capacities at constant pressure are indeed a constant for each metal over wide temperature ranges and the constants are in fair agreement with the values computed from theory.
Global catastrophic risk and security implications of quantum computers

Abstract With advancements in quantum computing happening almost weekly it is time to examine the effects this new technology will have on society and current computational systems. Specifically, cryptographic systems need to be carefully analyzed since the introduction of quantum computational resources would render discrete logarithm and factoring based cryptographic systems like those based on Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) algorithms woefully obsolete. These algorithms are widely used in the form of digital certificates, message encryption, and even physical authentication devices like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) badges. With this technology compromised by quantum computing, governments and other organizations would be able to eavesdrop on private citizens with relative ease. This has the potential to cause a slew of rights violations and atrocities leading to catastrophe. With compromised digital certificates 3rd parties could masquerade as trusted organizations. This would call many types of digital transactions like into question, including those related to stock exchanges, personal banking, and software verification. By eroding this previously solid foundation of trust global scale economic catastrophes are not out of the question. This paper introduces quantum computing to the study of catastrophic threats since the use of quantum technology while existing vulnerable encryption schemes are still in place raises severe safety issues. These issues are addressed here along with a proposed two-fold solution involving the development and maturation of post-quantum cryptographic algorithms coupled with government and international regulation. This regulation would promote the containment and responsible use of quantum computers in order to help alleviate some of the security issues posed by outdated cryptographic systems in a post-quantum environment.
EFFECTIVE BOWEL TRAINING IN ENCOPRETIC CHILDREN

Eighteen encopretic children, 13 boys and 5 girls between the ages 5 and 13, enrolled in a biofeedback bowel training program. Fecal accidents ranged from one to three per day. Ten children were having no bowel movements in the toilet. An intra-anal perineometer was used to measure EMG contractions of the anal sphincter muscles. Biofeedback training utilized a visual display to teach relaxation and contraction of the anal sphincter. The patients were praised for appropriately turning the display lights on and off. Between training sessions, children practiced anal sphincter contractions and relaxations three times a day. Initial EMG contraction averaged 12 uv for all patients. Twelve of the 18 children could not completely relax the anal sphincter. Three children dropped out. Of the 15 children continuing in the program, there were 11 non-relaxers. After 6 months, 9 of 11 were able to completely relax the anal sphincter. Five were completely continent and 4 were having less than one accident per week. Three children who completely relaxed initially continued to relax; all became completely continent. Of the 3 not iinproved children, 2 were non-relaxers and did not learn to relax. There was no difference during training between groups for EMG contraction strength, averaging 13 uv in both the 12 improved and 3 not improved patients. Those encopretic children who learned to relax the anal canal had significant improvement in fecal continence. Effective bowel training in encopretic children was directly related to learning to relax the anal sphincter.
Wisdom Literature and Biblical Theology

If wisdom literature is not distorted by a priori suppositions, its theological potential can be appreciated. This article explores the female character of Israelite Wisdom as a balance to the culturally conditioned language of biblical patriarchalism.
Synthesis and Structural Study of Tris(-pyrazolyl)hexakis(pyrazole)dicobalt(III) Nitrate

The new (Hpyz)3Co(&#x3bc;2-pyz)3Co complex has been isolated as the nitrate salt through a reaction of Co(II) nitrate, Hpyz (pyrazole), triethylamine, and oxygen. The salt crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m with a = 12.5977(3)&#x2009;&#xc5;, b = 15.3387(4)&#x2009;&#xc5;, c = 14.0800(3)&#x2009;&#xc5;, &#x3b2; = 93.0868(15)&#xb0;, and = 1.464&#x2009;g/cm3 at 150(1)&#x2009;K. The complex, with pseudo-octahedral coordination about the equivalent cobalt centers, has shorter Co&#x2013;N distances for the bridging anionic pyz ligands as compared to the neutral Hpyz ligands, with the averages being 1.918(2) and 1.966(4), respectively. The Co&#x2013;Co separation is 3.568&#x2009;&#xc5;, reflecting the absence of any significant metal-metal interaction.
Information science: Truncation error for band-limited random processes

For x(t) a wide-sense stationary random process possessing a power spectral density S(@w) band-limited to [email protected] = @p, then S"*|[email protected][email protected]|^[email protected]^2(1N"1+32+1N"2+32)@[email protected]?"N"""1","N"""2(t)@?S^*|[email protected][email protected]|^[email protected]^2(1N"1+1N"2) for S"*[email protected][email protected]@?[[email protected],@p]S(@w)andS^*[email protected][email protected]@?[[email protected],@p]S(@w), where |t|@?12. (ii) If there exists an r with 0 @pr (''guard-band'' assumption), then @?"N"""1","N"""2(t)@?8|[email protected][email protected]|^[email protected]^2([email protected][email protected])@?E[x^2(t)]@?[1N"1+1N"2]^2 for S"*[email protected][email protected]@?[[email protected],@p]S(@w)andS^*[email protected][email protected]@?[[email protected],@p]S(@w). These results generalize to random processes earlier work of J. B. Thomas and others on the problem of estimating truncation error for deterministic band-limited signals.
Searching for Deeper Meaning in Children's Drawings

Children delight in “giving voice” to their drawings. “Their pictures can be worth a thousand words, if you let them tell you their story.” This reconstructed adage, offered by a preservice teacher...
Covalent binding of polyamines to proteins in HTC cells.

Summary When [3H]-putrescine is incubated with HTC cells in the log growth phase, 12% of the total counts remain associated with the cells after repeated washings, and 0.15% of the cell-associated counts are bound to acid-precipitable material. After HCl hydrolysis, about half of the acid-precipitable radioactivity is in putrescine, with 25 to 35% of the remainder in spermidine plus spermine and less than 10% in a form less basic than putrescine. After pronase hydrolysis, 20–30% of the radioactivity resides in a fraction less basic than putrescine, which releases putrescine, spermidine and spermine subsequent to acid hydrolysis. The ability of acid hydrolysis to release polyamines that were not released by pronase suggests binding in isopeptide form similar to that formed by transglutaminase.
Rotenone and paraquat perturb dopamine metabolism: A computational analysis of pesticide toxicity

Pesticides, such as rotenone and paraquat, are suspected in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), whose hallmark is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Thus, compounds expected to play a role in the pathogenesis of PD will likely impact the function of dopaminergic neurons. To explore the relationship between pesticide exposure and dopaminergic toxicity, we developed a custom-tailored mathematical model of dopamine metabolism and utilized it to infer potential mechanisms underlying the toxicity of rotenone and paraquat, asking how these pesticides perturb specific processes. We performed two types of analyses, which are conceptually different and complement each other. The first analysis, a purely algebraic reverse engineering approach, analytically and deterministically computes the altered profile of enzyme activities that characterize the effects of a pesticide. The second method consists of large-scale Monte Carlo simulations that statistically reveal possible mechanisms of pesticides. The results from the reverse engineering approach show that rotenone and paraquat exposures lead to distinctly different flux perturbations. Rotenone seems to affect all fluxes associated with dopamine compartmentalization, whereas paraquat exposure perturbs fluxes associated with dopamine and its breakdown metabolites. The statistical results of the Monte-Carlo analysis suggest several specific mechanisms. The findings are interesting, because no a priori assumptions are made regarding specific pesticide actions, and all parameters characterizing the processes in the dopamine model are treated in an unbiased manner. Our results show how approaches from computational systems biology can help identify mechanisms underlying the toxicity of pesticide exposure.
Growth of epitaxial strontium barium niobate thin films by solid source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Strontium barium niobate (SrxBa1−xNb2O6) thin films have been epitaxially grown on (0 0 1)MgO, (1 1 0)MgO and (0 0 1)Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 substrates by solid source metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Films became amorphous when the substrate temperature was below 535°C. The crystallinity of the film improved approximately with decreasing growth rate. Film compositions could be controlled by varying source compositions. Single crystalline films were deposited on (0 0 1)Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6 single crystal substrates while films grown on (0 0 1)MgO and (1 1 0)MgO substrates revealed four in-plane orientations. Waveguiding behavior was demonstrated for both TE and TM modes with the films grown on (0 0 1)MgO substrates. The measured refractive indices were in agreement with those of bulk crystal.
Ensemble Kalman filter

Meteorological models are used to predict the weather, study atmospheric processes, and provide input to decision makers on the consequences of increased greenhouse gas emissions to the Earth's climate. Predictions of future atmospheric states are accomplished as an initial value or marching problem, where the initial atmospheric state is specified and the variables are advanced in time using numerical techniques. The challenge of data assimilation in meteorology is to estimate, based on a set of limited observations of varying types, the complete three-dimensional atmospheric state at a given time to provide an initial value for a meteorological model.
Direct radiocarbon dating of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) from early fiber-tempered pottery in the southeastern U.S.

Growing archaeological interest in illuminating human-scale events and experiences in the ancient past has led to increased scrutiny of chronological assumptions based on old and (by today's standards) imprecise radiocarbon databases. One result has been a greater awareness of the need for more numerous and higher quality assays that can be directly linked to the specific events in question. In this paper, a method is described and tested for extracting and directly dating the organic fiber temper characteristic of North America's oldest pottery technology. Multiple extraction techniques are considered, as are a number of chemical pretreatment options. Six pairs of assays on Orange and Stallings vessels from Florida and Georgia are used to demonstrate the veracity of radiocarbon age estimates from fiber temper. In each of these cases, the fiber assay meets or exceeds recently proposed chronometric hygiene standards.
Pu(VI) hydrolysis: further evidence for a dimeric plutonyl hydroxide and contrasts with U(VI) chemistry.

A significant fraction of plutonium that is soluble in environmental waters and other aqueous solutions can be present as complexes of plutonyl, PuO22+. Few thermodynamic data are available for this ion, representing a problematic gap in plutonium chemistry and in the forecasting of radionuclide behavior under contamination and nuclear repository conditions. To address this need and more accurately determine the stoichiometry and stability of the basic hydrolytic products, we completed complimentary potentiometric and spectrophotometric studies of plutonium(VI) hydrolysis over the concentration range of 10-2 to 10-5 M Pu(VI). Dinuclear hydroxide species (PuO2)2(OH)22+ and (PuO2)2(OH)40(aq) with hydrolysis constants log *β2,2 = −7.79 ± 0.20 and log *β4,2 = −19.3 ± 0.5 are indicated in all experiments of millimolar Pu(VI), 0.10 M NaNO3 solutions at 25 °C. At lower Pu(VI) concentrations, at and below 10-4 M, the monomeric species PuO2OH+ and PuO2(OH)20(aq) form with hydrolysis constants of log *β1,1 = −5.76 ...
Watching The Clock: Group Pacing Behavior Under Dynamic Deadlines

Attention to time is generally regarded as the catalyst that motivates groups to pace work under deadlines. We tested this assumption in 38 groups, some working under stable deadlines and others working under changed deadlines. Our results indicate that groups steadily increase attention to time as deadlines near, rather than sharply increasing such attention at the midpoint, but they engage in task transitions at or near the midpoint of allotted time.
Lung function and respiratory symptoms in a 1-year randomized smoking cessation trial of varenicline in COPD patients

Summary There are few data concerning changes in lung function and respiratory symptoms in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) weeks to months after quitting smoking. We examined serial changes in spirometry and Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) scores (measuring respiratory symptoms and health-related quality of life) in COPD participants by smoking status during a smoking cessation trial. In this randomized, double-blind trial, smokers with mild-to-moderate COPD were treated with varenicline 1 mg b.i.d. or placebo for 12 weeks and followed to Week 52. Primary endpoints of abstinence were previously reported. Secondary endpoints were mean changes from baseline in post-bronchodilator forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) and CCQ scores. Change from baseline in post-bronchodilator FEV 1 was significantly improved in continuous abstainers (121.8 mL) vs . continuous smokers (37.9 mL) at Week 12 ( P = 0.0069), but not at Weeks 24 or 52. Mean change from baseline at Week 12 in CCQ Total Score was significantly better in continuous abstainers (−1.04) vs . continuous smokers (−0.53; P In a 1-year cessation trial of smokers with COPD, continuous abstinence compared with continuous smoking significantly improved post-bronchodilator FEV 1 at Week 12 (although the difference narrowed subsequently) and CCQ Total Scores at Week 12, with sustained improvement thereafter. (Trial registry: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; trial identifier: NCT00285012)
Mark B. Coventry Award: synovial C-reactive protein: a prospective evaluation of a molecular marker for periprosthetic knee joint infection.

Background C-reactive protein (CRP) serum assays are a standard element of the diagnostic workup for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, because CRP is a marker for systemic inflammation, this test is not specific to PJI.
Diagnosis of Early Baroclinic NWP Models

Abstract On the basis of the evidence available to date it is concluded that the two most important faults of early baroclinic models, 1) overdevelopment in terms of a general increase in kinetic energy and 2) failure to amplify cyclone-scale, baroclinic wave disturbances which amplify in the atmosphere, were due, respectively, to the absence of a dissipation term to balance the kinetic energy generated in the model and to space truncation which imposed too large a minimum scale for amplification. The solution to these problems is to reproduce in a model the scale dependence in the atmosphere of net development (development minus dissipation). The three paths available to achieve this goal are: 1) decrease the minimum resolvable scale (grid size), 2) reduce the space truncation of finite difference operators, and 3) increase the scale dependence of the dissipation term so that it removes energy only from the smallest permitted scales. The current best estimate of the residence time for the total kinetic e...
Age differences in the relationship between anxiety and recall

The present study examined the relationship between anxiety and recall performance as well as whether this association varied by age. One hundred and ninety-five young, middle-aged, and older adults studied and recalled a list of 30 categorizable words. Anxiety was measured before memory testing using a cognitive-specific anxiety measure (PIC) and after testing with a state measure (STAI). Based on previous research it was expected that older adults would show more anxiety related to cognitive testing than younger adults, but our results revealed no significant age differences in anxiety. There was, however, a negative relationship between cognitive-specific anxiety and memory, such that greater anxiety was related to poorer recall, but this was so only for middle-aged and older adults. This suggests that middle-aged and older adults may be more influenced by anticipatory cognitive-specific anxiety than younger adults. Although many factors may contribute to memory decline, our results suggest that managing anxiety may be a promising avenue for minimizing episodic memory problems in later life.
Marijuana: An analysis of storage and retrieval deficits in memory with the technique of restricted reminding☆☆☆

Abstract A simple word list learning technique which has previously been shown to be useful clinically in evaluating disordered memory in organic patients, was employed to assess the effects of marijuana on storage and retrieval processes in memory. Twelve male subjects were administered marijuana and placebo in two separate sessions separated by a one week interval. Each subject served as his own drug control. Fifteen min after smoking a 500 mg marijuana cigarette containing 2.1% Δ 9 - THC or a placebo cigarette, each subject presented with a 30-item word list and then required to recall it in writing. Half of the subjects in the first session recalled one list while the other half recalled a second similarly constructed list. The lists were reversed during the second session. Following the initial recall test, onlythose words not recalled were presented again. Presentation of a given word continued only until an item was recalled once. There were 12 recall trials. This method termed restricted reminding allows for the simultaneous evaluation of storage and retrieval without confounding due to continuous presentation. The critical data were the number of items recalled without presentation following initial recall. Results indicated that marijuana produced a slower rate of acquisition of items into storage in comparison to placebo although the same number of items were eventually stored under both conditions. The drug appeared to exert its most deleterious effect on the retrieval of information from long term storage.
In vitro T-cell receptor Vβ repertoire analysis may identify which T-cell Vβ families mediate graft-versus-leukaemia and graft-versus-host responses after human leucocyte antigen-matched sibling stem cell transplantation

We studied oligoclonal T-cell expansions of 24 T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ families in normal donor lymphocytes stimulated with patient's cells and in recipient blood after transplant, using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay (spectratyping). T cells from donor blood were incubated with separated myeloid leukaemia cells or T cells from the HLA-identical sibling recipient. In five of the six patients tested, the T-cell Vβ skewing pattern observed in vitro was seen in vivo after transplant. After transplant, the myeloid-specific Vβ skewing coincided with the disappearance of residual disease in three patients and in one patient skewing was lost at the time of leukaemic relapse. In functional tests, T cells generated against leukaemic cells in vitro produced interferon γ in response to the leukaemia. Removal of the leukaemia-expanded skewed Vβ families significantly decreased cytotoxic killing of the leukaemia. However, while there was a general concordance in the Vβ family exhibiting clonal expansion in vitro and in vivo, the exact clonotype expanded in vitro and in vivo differed. These findings suggest that alloresponses involve multiple T-cell clones within a restricted TCR Vβ repertoire that undergo different selection pressures in vitro and in vivo.
Charge Exchange. II. Proton-Hydrogen-Atom Total and Excited-State Cross Sections

By using the method proposed in a previous paper the differential and integrated capture cross sections for the processes $\mathrm{p}+\mathrm{H}(1s)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{H}(nl)+p$ are computed as a function of incident kinetic energy, for energies of 25 keV and higher, and compared with experiment. The results are compared with the Jackson and Schiff scaling rules and are used to compute the total charge-exchange cross section for proton---hydrogen-atom collisions.
Crystal growth of K2UO4 and Na4UO5 using hydroxide fluxes

Abstract The crystal growth of two uranium-containing oxides, K 2 UO 4 and Na 4 UO 5 , utilizing hydroxide melts is reported. Our group has been investigating the crystal growth of complex oxides with new compositions and structure types using molten hydroxide fluxes. In this paper we describe the application of this method to uranium oxides, where the dissolution of the uranium cations in hydroxide melts and subsequent re-crystallization leads to the formation of alkali metal–uranium oxides. This is the first report of the use of molten hydroxides as a medium for crystal growth of uranium-containing oxides.
Experimental observation of stochastic resonance in a magnetoelastic ribbon.

We report the observation of stochastic resonance in a parametrically driven bistable magnetoelastic buckling-ribbon experiment. We have found that the parametric addition of white noise increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the response of the ribbon by 10 to 12 dB relative to that of the ribbon with no externally added noise. We have also observed a characteristic spectrum for the probability of residence times for this weakly bistable system
Effects of pore structure on the performance of coal gas desulfurization sorbents

Abstract The commercially available ZnO sorbents differing in porosity and pore size distribution were used as model solids to investigate experimentally the effects of pore structure on the performance of metal oxide sorbents during H2S removal from coal gas at high temperatures. Reactivity evolution (conversion vs time) experiments were carried out in a thermogravimetric analysis apparatus using relatively broad ranges of particle size (53–350 μm), temperature (400–600°C), and H2S concentration (2500–10,500 ppm). The pore structure of fresh, heat-treated, and sulfided sorbents was analyzed by mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption using samples prepared in fluidized or fixed-bed reactor under conditions similar to those used in the thermogravimetric analysis system. Strong effects of the pore structure of the sorbents on their performance during desulfurization were revealed by our reactivity and structure evolution data. The analysis of the experimental data showed that differences in the performance of sorbents of the same metal oxide can be explained on the basis of their different morphological characteristics provided that an appropriate model for diffusion, reaction, and structure evolution in the interior of the reacting sorbent particles is employed.
A Note on Log-Linear Regression

This paper presents a reparameterization of the conventional loglinear regression model. This reparameterization is shown to be more reasonable than the conventional specification. The stochastic assumptions of this reparameterized model are derived from the expected value properties of the dependent variable. Comparison with the conventional method of fitting log-linear models shows the regression intercept and the variance of the regression intercept to be different. A minimum variance unbiased estimate and another consistent estimate of the intercept are derived.
Advanced Verb Form Production in Story Retelling

This study investigated the rate at which 60 elementary school children produced three advanced verb forms--past progressive, past perfect progressive, and past perfect--when asked to retell literate narratives, a discourse genre that originates from written prose and frequently contains these advanced verb forms. The three verb forms were embedded in nine story episodes and told to the children. The children were then asked to retell the stories. Verb form production by the children was scored as either "borrowed" or substituted spontaneous production. During their story-retelling episodes, the 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old children borrowed all verb forms under investigation from the stimuli stories. They significantly preferred to borrow the past progressive over the past perfect progressive and past perfect forms. Rate of verb form production by 8-year-old children was significantly higher than for the younger age groups. These data suggest that advanced verb form production is influenced by the children's sensitivity to the type of narrative register (i.e., 1st or 3rd person perspective), the propositional ability associated with narrative development, and the progressive meaning of the -ing suffix.
Stratified, Rotating Flow Over Orography: The Rigid-Lid Boundary Condition and the Far-Field Circulation

On sait qu'un ecoulement tournant, 2D, stratifie stable, stationnaire au-dessus d'une chaine de montagne dans une atmosphere munie d'un couvercle rigide, manifeste une deflexion permanente, en aval, des lignes de courant. La contre-partie 3D de modele, c'est-a-dire un ecoulement au-dessus d'une chaine finie, n'est pas caracterisee par une deflexion permanente: la v perpendiculaire au courant devient infinement petite aux grandes distances a partir de l'obstacle. Le desaccord qui apparait entre ces solutions est isole, et resulte de ce que la chaine finie est etendue a l'infini; la solution pour une chaine infinie devient non unique. On montre, ce qui est plus important, que cette solution-ci ne constitue par une approximation sensible a un ecoulement au-dessus d'une chaine finie, longue. En outre, la presence d'une loi incorrecte de la trainee, qui peut etre obtenue de la solution 2D, est expliquee en termes d'une condition en amont placee sur la v geotrophique perpendiculaire du courant
Prognostic significance of depth of gross or microscopic perirectal fat invasion in T3 N0 M0 rectal cancers following sharp mesorectal excision and no adjuvant therapy

Background and aims Although the standard of care for T3 and/or N1–2 rectal cancers includes adjuvant chemoradiation, it is unclear whether T3 N0 patients with limited microscopic perirectal fat invasion warrant further therapy. Our aim was to determine the prognostic significance of gross perirectal fat invasion, or depth of microscopic perirectal fat invasion, in T3 N0 rectal cancers following sharp mesorectal excision and no adjuvant therapy.
Application of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography–double focusing mass spectrometry under negative ion chemical ionization conditions

The application of mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode with capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography is described. The supercritical fluid chromatography mobile phase (CO2) was used as the primary reagent gas to generate thermalized electrons and reagent anions (such as O− and CO2−). When trace amounts of CH4 or NH3 gas were also introduced into the chemical ionization source, the mass spectrometer sensitivity was increased. Detection limits (S/N = 5) for heptachlor were determined to be 20 pg and 200 fg for full scan and selected ion monitoring modes, respectively. Mass spectra of a cyclic peptide, valinomycin, obtained with these mixed reagents (CH4 + CO2 and NH3 + CO2) gave the molecular anion at m/z 1110 as the most abundant ion and additional fragment ions that yielded peptide sequence information.
Rotational excitation and molecular alignment in intense laser fields

Rotational excitation and spatial alignment in moderate intensity radiation fields are studied numerically and analytically, using time‐dependent quantum mechanics. Substantial rotational excitation is found under conditions typically used in time‐resolved spectroscopy experiments. The broad rotational wave packet excited by the laser pulse is well defined in the conjugate angle space, peaking along the field polarization direction. Both the rotational excitation and the consequent spatial alignment can be controlled by the choice of field parameters. Fragment angular distributions following weak field photodissociation of the rotational wave packet are computed as a probe of the degree of alignment. In the limit of rapid photodissociation the angular distribution is peaked in the forward direction, reflecting the anisotropy of the aligned state. Potential applications of the effect demonstrated range from reaction dynamics of aligned molecules and laser‐control to material deposition and laser‐assisted isotope separation.
Soft Drink Vending Machines in Schools: A Clear and Present Danger.

Abstract This paper examines the availability of soft drinks in schools ("pouring rights contracts") and its effects on the growing nutritional problems of American youth. Of special concern is the prevalence of overweight youth, which has been increasing at alarming rates. There has been a direct relationship found between soft drink consumption and overweight in youth. Soft drinks account for as much as 20% to 24% of the calories consumed by youth. Higher rates of soft drink consumption are seen in youth from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. School administrators play a negative role in the health of students when they allow commercialism (advertising and selling of products to students) in their schools. Soft drink companies have been at the forefront of commercialism in schools. These "pouring rights contracts" have helped encourage student addictions to high-calorie soft drinks, while at the same time making school administrators accustomed to the financial gains. Yet, many school administrators do n...
The role of cold fronts in the onset of the monsoon season in the South Atlantic convergence zone

The onset of the South American monsoon season culminates with the abrupt establishment of the South American convergence zone (SACZ). The impact of cold fronts on the abrupt establishment of the SACZ is studied using an 11-year composite analysis of the dynamic and thermodynamic structures, intensity and propagation of cold fronts that occur prior to, during, and after monsoon onset in the SACZ. A significant change in the structure and propagation of cold fronts is observed at the time of monsoon onset in the SACZ, with cold fronts suddenly stalling and becoming stationary in southeastern Brazil. It is proposed that this regime change of the structure and propagation of cold fronts causes the abrupt onset of the monsoon in the SACZ. A mechanism for this sudden change in cold front behaviour is suggested by analyzing changes in the observed upper-level structure of midlatitude waves. Our observations show that, at the time of monsoon onset in the SACZ, midlatitude waves develop a ‘thinning trough’ behaviour, with upper-level troughs becoming thinner, westward tilted, and sometimes forming cut-off lows. This behaviour is characteristic of midlatitude waves that develop in the region of anticyclonic shear on the equatorward side of the upper-level midlatitude jet. During the austral spring, the upper-level midlatitude jet over South America migrates southward leaving subtropical South America in the equatorward, anticyclonic shear side of the jet. It is hypothesized that, as the meridional shear on the equatorward side of the upper-level jet gradually becomes more anticyclonic, it suddenly crosses the critical threshold of horizontal shear that has been shown to produce a sudden transition to a ‘thinning trough’ midlatitude wave regime. At this time a regime change occurs whereby the character of frontal systems crossing South America changes abruptly, causing the onset of the monsoon season in the SACZ. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Online distance education in the United States

Distance education is not a new phenomenon. Correspondence courses have been around for many years. Instructional television is a much newer phenomenon, but we nonetheless have decades of experience. However, currently we are experiencing a "virtual land rush" (some would say "gold rush") in distance education because of the advent of the Internet. This article examines why this is occurring, provide an overview of online distance education activities in the United States, and present a survey of the relevant technologies and their prospects.