cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CHANGES IN THE MELANOPHORE HORMONE CONTENT OF THE RAT PITUITARY1

OF THE manifold principles elaborated by the mammalian pituitarygland, the melanophore hormone (intermedin) remains one of the most puzzling, especially as regards its possible role in normal physiological processes. The amount of intermedin in the pituitary glands of a number of mammalian species compares favorably, per unit weight, with that found in amphibia. For example, the pituitary of the frog, Rana pipiens, contains approximately 500,000 units2 per gram wet weight. Similar extraction procedures, applied to pools of glands, give values of about 400,000 units/gm. for the rat, 100,000 for sheep, and 600,000 for hog, while assays of individual mouse glands indicate levels ranging from 50,000 to 1,000,000 units/gm. Comparable data are also given by Zondek and Krohn (1932), using the phoxinus assay. Waring and Landgrebe (1950) have recently reviewed the available evidence relating to the possible functions of intermedin in the mammal, and have concluded that reasonable basis exists for the implication o...
Lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin (IL)-4 receptor-α expression and corresponding sensitivity to the M2 promoting effects of IL-4 are impaired in microglia of aged mice

In several models of aging, microglia become more inflammatory and reactive to immune challenges. For example, peripheral LPS injection causes exaggerated microglial activation associated with prolonged sickness and depressive-like behavior in aged BALB/c mice. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which age-related amplified microglial activation was associated with reduced sensitivity to the anti-inflammatory and M2 promoting cytokines interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4. In initial studies with adult mice, LPS induced a time-dependent increase in M1 and M2 mRNA profiles in microglia. Furthermore, peripheral LPS injection markedly increased surface expression of IL-4 receptor-alpha (IL-4Rα), but not IL-10 receptor-1 (IL-10R1) on microglia. In BV-2 cells, IL-4, but not IL-10, re-directed LPS-activated microglia towards an M2 phenotype. Based on these findings, comparisons of M1 and M2 activation profiles, induction of IL-4Rα, and sensitivity to IL-4 were determined in microglia from adult (3–4 mo) and aged (18–22 mo) mice. In aged microglia, LPS promoted an exaggerated and prolonged M1 and M2 profile compared to adults. Moreover, IL-4Rα protein was not increased on aged microglia following LPS injection. To determine the consequence of impaired IL-4Rα upregulation, adult and aged mice were injected with LPS and activated microglia were then isolated and treated ex vivo with IL-4. While ex vivo IL-4 induced an M2 profile in activated microglia from adult mice, activated microglia from aged mice retained a prominent M1 profile. These data indicate that activated microglia from aged mice are less sensitive to the anti-inflammatory and M2-promoting effects of IL-4.
GENERAL AND SUPERVISION-SPECIFIC ATTACHMENT STYLES: RELATIONS TO STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF FIELD SUPERVISORS

This study extends research on the field supervisory relationship by examining general attachment style and supervision-specific attachment style in a sample of 72 master's-level social work students. Attachment variables were investigated in relation to student perceptions of the supervisory working alliance and supervisory style. Students with higher levels of general attachment avoidance were more likely to develop insecure attachment-related responses to their supervisor. General attachment was mostly unrelated to supervisory alliance and supervisory style variables. Supervision-specific attachment strongly predicted the supervisory alliance and supervisory style, regardless of students' general attachment styles.
The progression of haze formation in rabbit corneas following phototherapeutic keratectomy.

Purpose. To determine the topographical location and time course of development of corneal haze in a phototherapeutic keratectomy model using slit lamp examination, macrophotography, quantitative image analysis, and immunofluorescence staining of corneal sections.
The effect of metal ions and proteins on the stability of the β-galactosidase of Escherichia coli

Abstract It was found that the β-galactosidase of crude extracts of Escherichia coli lost activity when diluted to protein concentrations below 100 μg per ml unless protected by the manganous ion. A variety of extraneous proteins also protected the bacterial β-galactosidase against loss of activity. The enzyme was completely inactivated by prolonged dialysis against H2O. This inactivation appeared to be independent of the protein concentration. The presence during dialysis of any one of a number of salts protected β-galactosidase against loss of activity.
Mice Deficient in Cellular Glutathione Peroxidase Develop Normally and Show No Increased Sensitivity to Hyperoxia

Glutathione peroxidase, a selenium-containing enzyme, is believed to protect cells from the toxicity of hydroperoxides. The physiological role of this enzyme has previously been implicated mainly using animals fed with a selenium-deficient diet. Although selenium deficiency also affects the activity of several other cellular selenium-containing enzymes, a dramatic decrease of glutathione peroxidase activity has been postulated to play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of diseases, particularly those whose progression is associated with an overproduction of reactive oxygen species, found in selenium-deficient animals. To further clarify the physiological relevance of this enzyme, a model of mice deficient in cellular glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx-1), the major isoform of glutathione peroxidase ubiquitously expressed in all types of cells, was generated by gene-targeting technology. Mice deficient in this enzyme were apparently healthy and fertile and showed no increased sensitivity to hyperoxia. Their tissues exhibited neither a retarded rate in consuming extracellular hydrogen peroxide nor an increased content of protein carbonyl groups and lipid peroxidation compared with those of wild-type mice. However, platelets from GSHPx-1-deficient mice incubated with arachidonic acid generated less 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and more polar products relative to control platelets at a higher concentration of arachidonic acid, presumably reflecting a decreased ability to reduce the 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid intermediate. These results suggest that the contribution of GSHPx-1 to the cellular antioxidant mechanism under normal animal development and physiological conditions and to the pulmonary defense against hyperoxic insult is very limited. Nevertheless, the potential antioxidant role of this enzyme in protecting cells and animals against the pathogenic effect of reactive oxygen species in other disorders remains to be defined. The knockout mouse model described in this report will also provide a new tool for future study to distinguish the physiological role of this enzyme from other selenium-containing proteins in mammals under normal and disease states.
Newborn screening for Tyr-I: Two years' experience of the New York State program

In 2 years, the New York newborn screening program has analyzed approximately 500,000 samples for succinylacetone (SUAC), the biomarker for Tyrosinemia, type I. There have been five screen-positive results. Two of these results were considered borderline, and a repeat specimen was requested. In three cases, an immediate referral was made to a specialty care center. Two of those three cases were confirmed for Tyr-I.
Interaction of intense vuv radiation with large xenon clusters

The interaction of atomic clusters with short, intense pulses of laser light to form extremely hot, dense plasmas has attracted extensive experimental and theoretical interest. The high density of atoms within the cluster greatly enhances the atom-laser interaction, while the finite size of the cluster prevents energy from escaping the interaction region. Recent technological advances have allowed experiments to probe the laser-cluster interaction at very high photon energies, with interactions much stronger than suggested by theories for lower photon energies. We present a model of the laser-cluster interaction that uses nonperturbative R-matrix techniques to calculate inverse bremsstrahlung and photoionization cross sections for Herman-Skillman atomic potentials. We describe the evolution of the cluster under the influence of the processes of inverse bremsstrahlung heating, photoionization, collisional ionization and recombination, and expansion of the cluster. We compare total energy absorbed with the Hamburg experiment of Wabnitz et al. [Nature 420, 482 (2002)] and ejected electron spectra with Laarmann et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 063402 (2005)].
Simultaneous Measurement of Individual Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Electrophoretic Mobility by Capillary Electrophoresis

Mitochondrial membrane potential varies, depending on energy demand, subcellular location, and morphology and is commonly used as an indicator of mitochondrial functional status. Electrophoretic mobility is a heterogeneous surface property reflective of mitochondrial surface composition and morphology, which could be used as a basis for separation of mitochondrial subpopulations. Since these properties are heterogeneous, methods for their characterization in individual mitochondria are needed to better design and understand electrophoretic separations of subpopulations of mitochondria. Here we report on the first method for simultaneous determination of individual mitochondrial membrane potential and electrophoretic mobility by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). Mitochondria were isolated from cultured cells, mouse muscle, or liver, and then polarized, labeled with JC-1 (a ratiometric fluorescent probe, which indicates changes in membrane potential), and separate...
Variational Analysis of the Abscissa Mapping for Polynomials

The abscissa mapping on the affine variety $\cMn$ of monic polynomials of degree n is the mapping that takes a monic polynomial to the maximum of the real parts of its roots. This mapping plays a central role in the stability theory of matrices and dynamical systems. It is well known that the abscissa mapping is continuous on $\cMn$, but not Lipschitz continuous. Furthermore, its natural extension to the linear space $\cPn$ of polynomials of degree n or less is not continuous. In our analysis of the abscissa mapping, we use techniques of modern nonsmooth analysis described extensively in Variational Analysis (R. T. Rockafellar and R. J.-B. Wets, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1998). Using these tools, we completely characterize the subderivative and the subgradients of the abscissa mapping, and establish that the abscissa mapping is everywhere subdifferentially regular. This regularity permits the application of our results in a broad context through the use of standard chain rules for nonsmooth functions. Our approach is epigraphical, and our key result is that the epigraph of the abscissa map is everywhere Clarke regular.
Normal bimodal logics of ability and action

The basic bimodal systemK/K can be interpreted as an analysis of the logic of ability developed in [1]. Where in [1] we would express the claimI can bring it about that P using the formula , with its non-normal operator , we will now use the formula . Here is a normal alethic possibilitation operator. is a normal necessitation operator, but it is independent of , and not subject to an alethic interpretation. Rather, is interpreted to meanI bring it about that P. The result is a simplification and clarification of a combined logic of ability and action like that in [2], but employing only normal operators.
Factors associated with provision of instrumental social support for physical activity in a foster parent population

Abstract Purpose To examine demographic and psychosocial factors associated with foster parent’s provision of instrumental social support for physical activity among foster youth. Method Ninety-one foster parents completed surveys to assess perceptions of foster child physical activity (activity level, enjoyment, and coordination), five psychosocial variables from Theory of Planned Behavior (positive and negative behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, perceived behavioral control) and self-efficacy to provide instrumental social support for youth physical activity. Associations between these variables and instrumental social support were determined using multiple regression analysis. Results More supportive normative beliefs and higher self-efficacy for providing instrumental social support, and length of time a foster child resided in the foster parent household were significantly associated with greater provision of instrumental social support. Conclusion Among foster parents, the perceived social expectations about providing instrumental social support and self-efficacy to provide instrumental social support for physical activity appear to be important influences on foster parent provision of instrumental social support for youth physical activity.
Temperature-compensated flat-pack fiber optic strain gage: design and fabrication

Recent advances in fiber optic sensors have shown the great potential for Bragg gratings to be used as strain sensors. Optical fiber Bragg gratings offer significant advantages over traditional resistance foil strain gages, including a high degree of multipexibility, compact size, immunity to electromagnetic noise interference, and resistance to most chemicals. However, Bragg grating strain sensors have met only limited success in real-world applications. Two reasons for their limited presence is the inherent temperature sensitivity of the dual-parameter Bragg grating and the lack of experience of engineers with fiber optic sensors. This paper describes the development of a fiber Bragg grating strain sensor that attempts to address both of these issues. The flat-pack strain sensor incorporates a pair of Bragg gratings into a single package. One grating is bonded tightly to the pack and acts as a combined thermal-mechanical strain sensor. The second Bragg grating is packaged loosely within the sensor and is used to measure only temperature, which can then be subtracted from the tight grating, providing a temperature-compensated strain reading. By packaging the two gratings into a configuration that is similar to resistance strain gages, we expect that many of the technical and practical implementation issues of optical sensor technology will be overcome. This paper describes the details of the design and experimental testing of prototype sensor packages to validate the functionality of the fiber optic strain gage.
A simple proof of Pancharatnam's theorem

Abstract A simple proof is given of Pancharatnam's theorem concerning the phase change of a light beam whose polarization state is made to trace out a geodesic triangle on the Poincare sphere.
Ring current dynamics in moderate and strong storms: Comparative analysis of TWINS and IMAGE/HENA data with the Comprehensive Ring Current Model

We present a comparative study of ring current dynamics during strong and moderate storms. The ring current during the strong storm is studied with IMAGE/HENA data near the solar cycle maximum in 2000. The ring current during the moderate storm is studied using energetic neutral atom (ENA) data from the Two Wide-Angle Imaging Neutral- Atom Spectrometers (TWINS) mission during the solar minimum in 2008. For both storms, the local time distributions of ENA emissions show signatures of postmidnight enhancement (PME) during the main phases. To model the ring current and ENA emissions, we use the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM). CRCM results show that the main-phase ring current pressure peaks in the premidnight-dusk sector, while the most intense CRCM-simulated ENA emissions show PME signatures. We analyze two factors to explain this difference: the dependence of charge-exchange cross section on energy and pitch angle distributions of ring current. We find that the IMF By effect (twisting of the convection pattern due to By) is not needed to form the PME. Additionally, the PME is more pronounced for the strong storm, although relative shielding and hence electric field skewing is well developed for both events.
Optimal utility-based bandwidth allocation over integrated optical and WiMAX networks

We present an optimal utility-based bandwidth allocation scheme for VoD services over an experimental integrated optical and wireless broadband network. We formulate the problem using integer programming, and propose an efficient dynamic programming approach to find the optimal solution.
Finding enzymes that are actively involved in cancer

The past decade has seen remarkable advances in the fields of both proteomics and genomics. In addition to basic technical advances that have led to an increased volume of high-quality data, this “-omics” revolution also has begun to provide some interesting insights into the diversity of processes that regulate tumorigenesis in many different types of human cancers. The large roadmaps of gene and protein expression produced by these methods often can be used to classify cancers or predict response to certain types of treatments. However, they often fail to pinpoint specific regulators that may serve as promising targets for the next generation of anticancer drugs, largely because many of the major “druggable” classes of proteins are enzymes that are tightly regulated both at the level of transcription and translation and at the level of enzyme activity. Thus many now-common “-omic” methods fail to provide information on the dynamic regulation of a given enzyme or family of enzymes during the many stages of cancer development. In this issue of PNAS, Shields et al. (1) make use of a relatively new method termed “activity-based proteomics” to identify a protein with …
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MAKUCH/SIMON APPROACH TO SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION IN CLINICAL TRIALS WITH HISTORICAL CONTROLS

The widely implemented Makuch and Simon method for using historical control data to determine sample size for efficacy studies is carefully explained. An extensive Monte Carlo study of the method clearly delineates its performance characteristics. A second Monte Carlo study describes the poor overall performance achieved when the Makuch and Simon method is used with the natural two-sample statistic for detecting a difference in proportions and results in the unequivocal recommendation that the composition of the angular and square root transformations be used in the context of the historical control problem.
Self-consistent Pomeron dynamics without decoupling

Abstract More conservative conditions on the independently uniform convergence of multi-Regge asymptotic expansions lead to a consistent Pomeron pole dynamics, without requiring the coupling Λ (0,0,0) of three such poles to vanish. The onset of large mass diffractive processes at high energies in an asymptotically constant renormalization. of the pole residue. This threshold mechanism may be responsible for the rise in σ total and σ el at ISR and for building the forward quasi-elastic peak in the leading proton x -distribution.
Vacuum consumable arc remelting electrode gap control strategies based on drop short properties

An investigation was conducted to determine the influence of electrode gap on the properties of drop shorts during vacuum consumable arc remelting. The goal of this work was to yield an electrode gap control strategy based on easily measured electrical parameters. For a particular alloy, at one current level and low pressure (<4 X 10-3 Torr), this goal was achieved, in that drop short period was found to be highly correlated with electrode gap. However, this model was found to be constrained by statistics which require counting 100 drop shorts in order to obtain a valid measurement. Other control strategies involving anode spikes, drop short resistance, and energy/resistance ratios were also evaluated and these properties showed poor correlation with electrode gap.
Endogenous levels of serum estradiol and sex hormone binding globulin determine bone mineral density, bone remodeling, the rate of bone loss, and response to treatment with estrogen in elderly women.

A total of 489 elderly women aged 65-75 yr who participated in a 3-yr, randomized, blinded osteoporosis trial underwent measurements of serum estradiol, bioavailable estradiol, and SHBG. At baseline, bone mineral density (BMD) was lower at the femoral sites (7-19%, P 165 nmol/liter), compared with women in the highest tertiles of total estradiol [>13.3 pg/ml (49 pmol/liter)] and bioavailable estradiol [>4 pg/ml (14 pmol/liter)] or lowest tertile for SHBG (<113 nmol/liter). Bone markers were increased in women in the lowest tertile for serum total estradiol (not significant) and bioavailable estradiol (P < 0.05) and highest tertile for SHBG (P < 0.05). In the longitudinal study, the rate of bone loss in the placebo group was significantly higher in total body (P < 0.05) and spine (P < 0.05) in women in the lowest tertile, compared with the highest tertile of serum bioavailable estradiol. After treatment with conjugated equine estrogens 0.625 mg/d, the increase in BMD was 4-6% higher at the femoral sites (P < 0.05), total body (P < 0.05), and spine (not significant), in the lowest tertile, compared with the highest tertile of serum bioavailable estradiol or highest tertile, compared with the lowest tertile of serum SHBG. In summary, small variations in endogenous serum estradiol and high serum SHBG determine differences in BMD and rate of bone loss in elderly women and also affect the response to treatment with estrogen. Women with a serum estradiol level of less than 9 pg/ml (33 pmol/liter) are optimal candidates for estrogen therapy for osteoporosis prevention.
Kinetic studies with a sulfur-tolerant water gas shift catalyst

Experimental measurements have demonstrated high water gas shift (WGS) activity for molybdenum sulfide-based catalyst in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The defect structure of the catalyst, controlled by the sulfur activity in the gas phase, has a dominant effect on the reaction rate. The reaction kinetics are interpreted in terms of Langmuir-Hinshelwood surface reaction. The mechanism is shown to involve a redox cycle with Mo(V) as an important species in WGS catalysis. XPS measurements provide information on the reductive sulfidation of the catalysts from the Mo(VI)-oxide state.
Population biology of Bacillus cereus UW85 in the rhizosphere of field-grown soybeans

We studied the spatial and temporal distribution and abundance of the biocontrol agent Bacillus cereus UW85 in the rhizosphere of soybeans during two growing seasons in the field. For this study, we used a neomycin-resistant mutant, UW85nl, derived from UW85. UW85nl spores were applied to seeds and by 24 h after planting 72% of the spores had germinated. UW85nl colonized emerging radicles, but populations were 10–50-fold smaller on radicles than they were on seeds at planting. UW85nl population sizes in the rhizosphere of 10–35-day old plants were largest near the crown of the plant and smaller further from the crown. For example, in a 1989 experiment 21 days after planting, UW85nl populations were 158-fold larger 0–2 cm below the crown than they were 7–8 cm below the crown. UW85nl population sizes were largest right after planting, and by seed harvest they decreased to levels comparable to indigenous B. cereus populations on untreated roots; however, at harvest the entire B. cereus population on treated roots was neomycin resistant, whereas on untreated roots < 3% was neomycin resistant. The proportion of the heterotrophic bacterial population that was represented by UW85n 1 was generally largest right after planting and decreased at subsequent sampling times. Our results indicate that UW85nl grew and spread on soybean roots, and it persisted in the rhizosphere until seed harvest.
Energetics, temperature regulation and circulation in resting, active and defeathered california quail, Lophortyx californicus

Abstract 1. 1. Lophortyx californicus is an obligate homeothen and tolerates a marked hyperthermia with only slight adjustments of metabolic and heart rate. 2. 2. The unfeathered portions of the extremities provide an important accessory pathway for heat dissipation at high Ta (ambient temperature) and for heat conservations at low Ta. 3. 3. Conductivity values of the extremities can be used to construct a model of the metabolism of defeathered birds. 4. 4. Metabolic adjustments of defeathered birds and of feathered, active birds at various ambient temperatures are described in terms of thermal conductivity and oxygen pulse.
Mental health reform: Client and family member perspectives

This article explores the impact of mental health reform from the perspective of those most affected by changes in the organization and delivery of services: clients and family members. Eighty-four clients and 48 family-member participants were interviewed about their experiences with the mental health system. Specifically addressed are experiences with and perceptions of (a) client living situations, including adequacy and stability, (b) community support services, including case management and crisis services, (c) normalization of daily life, including participation in work or vocational services and social activities, and (d) changes in the mental health system. In addition, family members' perceptions of burden in caring for a mentally ill relative will be discussed.
Anomalous cosmogenic 3He production and elevation scaling in the high Himalaya

The production rate of cosmogenic ^3He in apatite, zircon, kyanite and garnet was obtained by cross-calibration against ^(10)Be in co-existing quartz in glacial moraine boulders from the Nepalese Himalaya. The boulders have ^(10)Be ages between 6 and 16 kyr and span elevations from 3200 to 4800 m. In all of these minerals ^3He correlates with ^(10)Be and is dominantly cosmogenic in origin. After modest correction for non-cosmogenic components, ^3He/^(10)Be systematics imply apparent sea-level high-latitude (SLHL) apparent production rates for ^3He of 226 atoms g^(-1) yr^(-1) in zircon, 254 atoms g^(-1) yr^(-1) in apatite, 177 atoms g^(-1) yr^(-1) in kyanite, and 153 atoms g^(-1) yr^(-1) in gamet. These production rates are unexpectedly high compared with rates measured elsewhere in the world, and also compared with proposed element-specific production rates. For apatite and zircon, the data are sufficient to conclude that the ^3He/^(10)Be ratio increases with elevation. If this reflects different altitudinal scaling between production rates for the two isotopes then the SLHL production rates estimated by our approach are overestimates. We consider several hypotheses to explain these observations, including production of ^3He via thermal neutron capture on ^6Li, altitudinal variations in the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray neutrons, and the effects of snow cover. Because all of these effects are small, we conclude that the altitudinal variations in production rates of cosmogenic ^3He and ^(10)Be are distinct from each other at least at this location over the last last ~10 kyr kyr. This conclusion calls into question commonly adopted geographic scaling laws for at least some cosmogenic nuclides. If confirmed, this distinction may provide a mechanism by which to obtain paleoelevation estimates.
Development of nutritional control of food intake in suckling rat pups.

The initiation of suckling (nipple approach and attachment) was not affected by gastric preloads in 10- and 20-day-old rat pups tested with their anesthetized mother. However, food intake was affected. In 10-day-old pups nutritive and nonnutritive loads depressed diet intake during suckling by the same amount and apparently as a result of severe gastric distension. In contrast, the diet intake of 20-day-old pups was differentially depressed by nutrivive preloads, suggesting an emerging postgastric or postabsorptive control of ingestive behavior.
INFINITE VARIANCE STABLE ARMA PROCESSES

. The asymptotic dependence structure of autoregressive moving-average processes with stable innovations is analyzed. The analysis is carried out by means of a measure of dependence which extends the covariance function and is applicable to stochastic processes with infinite variance.
Experiments on heat transfer in a thin liquid film flowing over a rotating disk

An experimental study of heat transfer into a thin liquid film on a rotating heated disk is described. Deionized water was introduced at the center of a heated, horizontal disk with a constant film thickness and uniform radial velocity. Radial distribution of the disk surface temperatures was measured using a thermocouple/slip ring arrangement. Experiments were performed for a range of liquid flow rates between 3.0 lpm and 15.0 lpm. The angular speed of the disk was varied from 0 rpm to 500 rpm. The local heat transfer coefficient was determined based on the heat flux supplied to the disk and the temperature difference between the measured disk surface temperature and the liquid entrance temperature onto the disk. The local heat transfer coefficient was seen to increase with increasing flow rate as well as increasing angular velocity of the disk. Effect of rotation on heat transfer was largest for the lower liquid flow rates with the effect gradually decreasing with increasing liquid flow rates. Semi-empirical correlations are presented in this study for the local and average Nusselt numbers. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1652044#
Sex Disparities in Pre-Hospital and Hospital Treatment of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Objective: To determine whether sex disparities exist in pre-hospital and hospital time to treatment in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background: Evidence sugges...
The role of extended defects on the performance of optoelectronic devices in nitride semiconductors

In this paper I am addressing the fundamental question as to why the performance of optoelectronic devices based on nitride semiconductors is insensitive to high concentration of extended defects, which is not the case for traditional III–V compounds. There are three important differences between these two families of semiconductors, which contribute to this finding: (a) the chemical bonds in nitrides are strongly ionic while are mostly covalent in III–V compounds. This leads to the bunching of the surface states as well as the states associated with dangling bonds in edge dislocations near the band edges, which prevents them from being non-radiative recombination centers. Furthermore, the surface states have less effect on the surface Fermi level position; (b) the nitrides can exist in the wurtzite structure (equilibrium) and the cubic structure (metastable) and the enthalpy of formation of the two allotropic forms differs only by a few meV. Thus, conversions between the two phases occur easily by creation of stacking faults along the closed packed (0001) and (111) planes. As a result basal plane stacking faults are abundant in both compounds and alloys. This leads to strong band structure potential fluctuations; (c) additional band structure potential fluctuations exist in InGaN and AlGaN alloys, due to phase separation and alloy ordering. Both types of potential fluctuations contribute to exciton localization and thus efficient radiative recombination even at room temperature.
Criminal justice in the Middle East

Abstract Criminal justice in the Middle East conjures up images of severed hands, religious police, and qadi justice. Yet those seeking a more accurate picture find few sources. Conventional treatments of the region focus on Islamic law, although few Middle Eastern states actually base their legal systems on Islamic law. This article argues that in the Middle East as elsewhere, rulers use criminal justice to achieve two related ends: to maintain order generally, and to maintain a particular order — to preserve the regime in power and the interests and values of those who support it. A comparative historical analysis of the emergence of the police and judiciary links these two ends, and these two institutions.
Design of a log periodic strip grating microstrip antenna

The design of a log periodic strip grating antenna is described. The 12-element antenna is compact and has a measured power bandwidth of 22%. The antenna elements are mounted on the top of the top layer of a two-layer structure with its feed line located between the two dielectric layers providing electromagnetic coupling. The structure was analyzed using PMESHD, a moment method code for two-layer passive structures. The analysis and measurements are in good agreement. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
Pre- and postmortem diffusion coefficients in rat neural and muscle tissues.

Pulsed gradient diffusion-weighted spin-echo images (7 to 11 gradient strengths) were obtained in a coronal slice through the midbrain for five normal adult white rats before and after sacrifice in a 2-T CSI system with air temperature control. The pulse sequence was cardiac gated and respiratory synchronized in order to minimize motion artifacts (Tr > 2 s, Te - 30 ms). Diffusion coefficients reflecting several tissue compartments (D*) in brain and muscle were calculated and referenced to simultaneously imaged tubes of water. In the living animals, brain cortical matter had a value of D* = (0.82 ± 0.02) × 103 mm2/s, deeper brain regions had a value of D* = (0.73 ± 0.02) × 10-3 mm2/s, and the muscle had a value of D* = (1.4 ± 0.1) × 103 mm2/s. Postmortem the values in brain dropped by approximately 30%, while remaining constant in muscle. Signal intensity in the spin-echo images for muscle tissue rose by 50% over a 1- to 2-h interval after sacrifice while that of brain tissue remained relatively stable. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and calretinin in pleural effusions: the good, the bad, the worthless.

The distinction between reactive mesothelial cells (RMC), malignant mesothelioma (MM), and metastatic adenocarcinoma (ACA) in pleural effusions may be impossible based on morphology alone. E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and calretinin are newly described immunocytochemical markers which can potentially be utilized for facilitating this distinction. E-cadherin and N-cadherin are calcium-dependent intercellular adhesion molecules expressed in epithelial cells and mesenchymal/mesothelial cells, respectively. The differential expression of E-cadherins in epithelial cells and N-cadherins in mesothelial cells has been utilized to differentiate reactive mesothelial cells, MMs and ACAs. Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein within the family of EF-hand proteins. It is abundantly expressed in peripheral and central nervous tissues, and has been shown to consistently immunoreact with mesothelial cells. We studied cell block sections from 77 pleural effusions (22 RMC, 26 MM, and 29 ACA) to investigate the potential immunocytochemical use of anti-E-cadherin, anti-N-cadherin, and anti-calretinin antibodies for differentiating between RMC, MM, and ACA in pleural effusions. A modified avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC) method was used. E-cadherin immunostaining was observed in 14% of RMC, 46% of MMs, and 97% of ACAs. A distinct membrane staining pattern was seen in ACAs. The pattern of staining was cytoplasmic in all reactive RMC and varied from membrane to cytoplasmic in MMs. Anti-N-cadherin immunoreacted with 77% of RMC, 35% of MMs, and 48% of ACAs. Twenty-seven percent of RMC, 58% of MMs, and 31% of ACAs immunoreacted with anti-calretinin. Based on these results, we conclude that anti-E-cadherin is a potentially useful marker in the distinction of ACA cells from RMC. However, it is not as useful for the distinction of ACA and MM. Anti-N-cadherin and anti-calretinin did not reliably distinguish between reactive mesothelial, MM, and ACA cells in pleural effusions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999:20:125–130. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Religion and Civic Culture: A Cross‐National Study of Voluntary Association Membership

This article explores how religion shapes civic cultures through a cross-national study of voluntary association membership. I adopt a multi-level approach to examine the influence of religion at both individual and country level. First, I hypothesize that Protestants are more likely than Catholics to hold voluntary association membership. Second, I hypothesize that Protestant nations have a higher overall membership rate compared to Catholic nations. Third, I investigate if secularization has reduced individual-level Catholic-Protestant differences in voluntary association membership within a nation. I test the hypotheses using hierarchical nonlinear models with individual-level and country-level data from 29 nations. The findings show that Protestants are more likely than Catholics to be members of voluntary associations, while there is no difference between Protestants and those who belong to "Other" or no religions. At the same time, Catholic nations have lower overall membership rates compared to Protestant nations. The results can be interpreted as a "double negative" Catholic effect. Finally, the effect of secularization on Catholic-Protestant differences is statistically nonsignificant.
INTERESTS: PSYCHOLOGY'S BLIND SPOT

-It is suggested that interests have been taken for granted by psychologists and deserve recognition because they are important in our lives. Different types of interests hove different natures and origins and this brief report is limited to intellectual interests. They are described as combining two uniquely human activities-an ever-reachingout intellect and an emotional coloring which is giving them significance. A consequence is that new interest, with its motivation, is being produced spontaneously and regularly. A number of specific interest-influencing determinants are rnentioned and exemplified with brief reports on the interests of some biological and anthropological scientists.
Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia associated with a left cerebellopontine angle meningioma

Abstract Blepharospasm-0romandibular dystonia is characterized by the presence of spasms of the orbicularis oculi (blepharospasm) and of the lower facial or oromandibular muscles. A patient with this syndrome is presented in which a left cerebellopontine angle meningioma appeared to act as a triggering mechanism for the development of this disorder. On the basis of this report, we recommend that physicians search for this tumor in patients with this disorder.
B-mode Ultrasound Versus Color Doppler Twinkling Artifact in Detecting Kidney Stones

Abstract Purpose: To compare color Doppler twinkling artifact and B-mode ultrasonography in detecting kidney stones. Patients and Methods: Nine patients with recent CT scans prospectively underwent B-mode and twinkling artifact color Doppler ultrasonography on a commercial ultrasound machine. Video segments of the upper pole, interpolar area, and lower pole were created, randomized, and independently reviewed by three radiologists. Receiver operator characteristics were determined. Results: There were 32 stones in 18 kidneys with a mean stone size of 8.9±7.5 mm. B-mode ultrasonography had 71% sensitivity, 48% specificity, 52% positive predictive value, and 68% negative predictive value, while twinkling artifact Doppler ultrasonography had 56% sensitivity, 74% specificity, 62% positive predictive value, and 68% negative predictive value. Conclusions: When used alone, B-mode is more sensitive, but twinkling artifact is more specific in detecting kidney stones. This information may help users employ twinklin...
Pre-assembled tau filaments phosphorylated by GSK-3b form large tangle-like structures.

Hyperphosphorylated tau protein is a major component of neurofibrillary tangles, a prominent intracellular hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Both hyperphosphorylated tau and neurofibrillary tangles have been shown to correlate with dementia in Alzheimer's disease, but the relationship between hyperphosphorylation and tangle formation is not clear. Using a cell-free in vitro model system, in which tau polymerization is induced by arachidonic acid, we show that GSK-3β phosphorylation of pre-assembled tau filaments makes those filaments prone to coalesce into large neurofibrillary tangle-like structures. Five phosphorylation sites, S199, T205, T231, S396 and S404, were identified in the phosphorylated filaments; many of the five are within epitopes recognized by Alzheimer's disease-associated antibodies. These tangle-like structures are optically visible and are similar to those formed by polymerization of GSK-3β phosphorylated tau monomer and to those isolated from Alzheimer's disease tissue. We conclude that the phosphorylation of tau by GSK-3β either prior to or following polymerization promotes polymer/polymer interactions that result in stable clusters of tau filaments.
Survival on uncommon fomites of feline calicivirus, a surrogate of noroviruses

Background Norovirus (NoV) transmission occurs mainly through food and fomites. Contaminated human fingers can transfer the virus to inanimate objects, which may then spread the virus to susceptible persons. However, no information is available on the survival of NoVs on fomites, which may be of importance in the transmission of NoVs in institutional settings such as hospitals and nursing homes. Methods In the absence of any in vitro cultivation system for NoVs, feline calicivirus (FCV) was used as a surrogate. Several fomites such as computer mouse, keyboard keys, telephone wire, telephone receiver, telephone buttons, and brass disks representing faucets and door handle surfaces were artificially contaminated with known amounts of FCV. Samples were taken at regular time intervals, and virus was titrated in feline kidney cells to determine its survival on these surfaces. Results Survivability of FCV varied with fomite type. The virus survived for up to 3 days on telephone buttons and receivers, for 1 or 2 days on computer mouse, and for 8 to 12 hours on keyboard keys and brass. The time for 90% virus reduction was Conclusion The results of this study confirm that FCV (and perhaps NoV) can survive on fomites such as computers, telephones, and faucets and may be transmitted to humans using these contaminated materials. This may necessitate regular cleaning or disinfection of these items, especially in hospitals and nursing homes and after known outbreaks of NoVs.
The Impact of Patient–Provider Communication and Language Spoken on Adequacy of Depression Treatment for U.S. Women

Many women with depression are untreated or undertreated for their condition. The quality of patient-provider communication may impact the receipt of depression treatment. We examine the relationship between patient-provider communication and receipt of adequate treatment for depression among women. The study sample consisted of women with depression who visited a provider in the previous 12 months in the 2002-2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (N = 3,179). Multivariate regression was used to examine the independent contribution of sociodemographic characteristics, health care factors, patient-provider communication, and respondent language on depression treatment status (none, some, adequate). We found that more than one-third of women with depression in the United States did not receive adequate treatment. Women reporting that providers usually or always listened carefully were more likely to receive adequate treatment (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.10-2.30 and OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.07-2.23, respectively). Non-English-speaking women were 50% less likely to receive adequate treatment (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.30-0.80). Having a usual source of care was associated with an increased likelihood of receiving some and adequate treatment (OR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.24-2.73 and OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.61-3.05, respectively). Effective provider listening behaviors may help increase the number of U.S. women with depression who receive adequate treatment. Efforts to improve language access for limited English-proficient women are likely critical for improving treatment outcomes in this population. Additionally, ensuring that women with depression have consistent access to health care services is important for obtaining adequate depression care.
Visualization of vitreoretinal surgical manipulations using intraoperative spectral domain optical coherence tomography

Vitreoretinal surgical visualization by ophthalmic microscopy is limited in its ability to distinguish thin translucent tissues from other retinal substructures. Conventional methods for supplementing poor contrast, such as with increased illumination and application of exogenous contrast agents, have been limited by the risks of toxicity at the retina. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) has demonstrated strong clinical success in retinal imaging, enabling high-resolution, motion-artifact-free cross-sectional imaging and rapid accumulation of volumetric macular datasets. Current generation SDOCT systems achieve <5 μm axial resolutions in tissue, and have been used to obtain high resolution datasets from patients with neovascular AMD, high risk drusen, and geographic atrophy. Recently, an intraoperative microscope-mounted OCT system (MMOCT) was presented as a method of augmenting a surgical microscope to concurrently acquire high-resolution, high-contrast SDOCT volumetric datasets. Here, we demonstrated the utility of intraoperative MMOCT for the visualization of vitreoretinal surgical procedures. Vitreoretinal surgery was simulated by performing procedures, through an ophthalmic surgical microscope, on cadaveric porcine eyes. The datasets acquired with the MMOCT show both instrument-tissue interaction as well as the ability of OCT to image certain surgical tools, which would directly translate to better surgical visualization and impact the treatment of ocular diseases.
Making a case for humans in space.

Donald Kennedy and Brooks Hanson (“A time of opportunity,” Editorial, 30 Jan., p. [589][1]) clearly are aware of the extraordinary foundation of scientific knowledge about the origin and history of the Moon, Earth, planets, and solar system that came as a consequence of U.S. explorations of the moon. I was surprised, however, by their implication that the time of human exploration of space has passed because it has become too costly. I would submit that the rising costs of human exploration are a consequence of a government monopoly and not an inherent fact of space operations. An investor-driven space effort rather than a policy- and politics-driven space effort would force costs down instead of up. Be that as it may, leaving humans out of planetary exploration would fly in the face of the scientific legacy of over 150,000 years of human exploration of our planet. Humans bring unique capabilities to exploration. The human brain consists of a semiquantitative supercomputer that is both programmable and reprogrammable by training, experience, and preceding observations. Human eyes form a high-resolution, stereo-optical system of immense dynamic range, and their integration with the brain provides capabilities for synergistic discovery and interpretation. Human hands constitute a still underutilized, highly dexterous, sensitive bio-mechanical system that, when integrated with the brain and eyes, is unmatched in future potential. Most importantly, humans react spontaneously to the exploration environment, bringing instant creativity to bear on any new circumstance, opportunity, or problem. There also is the natural urge, common to all species, to expand accessible habitats and thus enhance a species' prospects for long-term survival through “settlement.” Settlement of the Moon may also offer specific benefits to those left behind on Earth: the Moon's helium-3 resources. This lunar fuel for fusion power generation, not available in commercially viable amounts on Earth, could potentially support an environmentally benign and economically competitive alternative to the long-term use of fossil and nuclear fission fuels. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5658.589