cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative description of solid breast nodules by ultrasound imaging

Various features based on qualitative description of shape, contour, margin and echogenicity of solid breast nodules are used clinically to classify them as benign or malignant. However, there continues to be considerable overlap in the sonographic findings for the two types of lesions. This is related to the lack of precise definition of the various features as well as to the lack of agreement among observers, among other factors. The goal of this investigation is to define clinical features quantitatively and evaluate if they differ significantly in malignant and benign cases. Features based on margin sharpness and continuity, shadowing, and attenuation were defined and calculated from the images. These features were tested on digital phantoms. Following the evaluation, the features were measured on 116 breast sonograms of 58 biopsy-proven masses. Biopsy had been recommended for all of these breast lesions based on physical exams and conventional diagnostic imaging of ultrasound and/or mammography. Of the 58 masses, 20 were identified as malignant and 38 as benign histologically. Margin sharpness, margin echogenicity, and angular margin variation were significantly different for the two groups (p<0.03, two-tailed student t-test). Shadowing and attenuation of ultrasound did not show significant difference. The results of this preliminary study show that quantitative margin characteristics measured for the malignant and benign masses from the ultrasound images are different and could potentially be useful in identifying a subgroup of solid breast nodules that have low risk of being malignant.
Fast localized wavefront correction using area-mapped phase-shift interferometry

We propose an innovative method for localized wavefront correction based on area-mapped phase-shift (AMPS) interferometry. In this Letter, we present the theory and then experimentally compare it with a previously demonstrated method based on spot-optimized phase-stepping (SOPS) interferometry. We found that AMPS outperforms SOPS interferometry in terms of speed by threefold, although in noisy environments the improvements may be larger. AMPS yielded similar point-spread functions (PSF) as SOPS for moderate system-induced aberrations, but yielded a slightly less ideal PSF for larger aberrations. The method described in this Letter may prove crucial for applications where the phase-stepping solution does not have sufficient speed.
Isolation of ABA-responsive mutants in allohexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Drawing connections to grain dormancy, preharvest sprouting, and drought tolerance

This paper describes the isolation of Wheat ABA-responsive mutants (Warm) in the Chinese Spring background of allohexaploid Triticum aestivum L. Because the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is required for the induction of seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and drought, cold and salt tolerance, ABA-hypersensitive wheat mutants were expected to show increased seed dormancy and decreased leaf transpiration in drying soils. Lack of wheat grain dormancy is associated with a propensity for preharvest sprouting (PHS), the germination of seed on the mother plant when moist conditions persist before harvest. PHS tolerance correlates with higher seed dormancy resulting from red grain color, higher ABA accumulation and sensitivity. Wheat grain loses dormancy and sensitivity to ABA inhibition of seed germination with after-ripening. Warm lines maintained higher ABA sensitivity when partially after-ripened. The Warm1 and Warm4 mutants showed the strongest and most reproducible increase in ABA sensitivity, accompanied by a requirement for more prolonged after-ripening to break dormancy. Warm2, Warm3, Warm5, and Warm6 showed normal germination without ABA but increased sensitivity to inhibition of germination by applied ABA. The Warm4 mutant showed decreased whole plant transpiration in drying soil, consistent with the role of ABA in inhibiting vegetative leaf transpiration.
MR spectroscopy: its potential role for drug development for the treatment of psychiatric diseases

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is likely in the near future to play a key role in the process of drug discovery and evaluation. As the pharmaceutical industry seeks biochemical markers of drug delivery, efficacy and toxicity, this non-invasive technique offers numerous ways to study adults and children repeatedly and without ionizing radiation. In this article, we survey an array of the information that MRS offers about neurochemistry in general and psychiatric disorders and their treatment in particular. We also present growing evidence of glial abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders and discuss what MRS is contributing to that line of investigation. The third major direction of this article is the discussion of where MRS techniques are headed and how those new techniques can contribute to studies of mechanisms of psychiatric disease and drug discovery.
A chemical basis for differential allelopathic potential of sorghum hybrids on wheat

The basis for differential allelopathic potentials among sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids was investigated by conducting quantitative and qualitative studies of their phenolic contents. Total phenolic content in sorghum plant parts varied within hybrids, among hybrids, and between growing seasons. Inhibition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) radicle growth was positively associated (r=0.66) with concentrations of total phenolics contained in plant parts. Extracts from culms contributed the higherst proportion of toxicity from sorghum plants, inhibiting radicle growth up to 74.7%. Concentrations of five phenolic acids,p-hydroxybenzoic (POH), vanillic (VAN), syringic (SYR),p-coumaric (PCO), and ferulic (FER), differed in all plant parts of the three sorghum hybrids. Concentrations of POH, VAN, and SYR were consistently higher than PCO and FER. PCO and FER wer absent from some plant parts, with FER being the most frequently missing. Inhibition of wheat radicle growth was found to be positively associated with the concentration of each phenolic acid. Vanillic acid was most highly associated (r=0.44) with inhition. Thus, above-ground sorghum tissues contained phenolic acids that contributed to allelopathic potential. Additionally, sorghum roots exuded POH, VAN, and SYR that may enhance the overall allelopathic potential of sorghum during growth and after harvest when residues remain on the soil surface or are incorporated prior to planting a subsquent crop.
Conceptualizing a Path to Professional Wellness for Women Early Career Psychologists

The process of career adjustment for women early career psychologists (ECPs) has received inadequate empirical and theoretical attention. This article provides a conceptual framework and model for women ECPs career adjustment developed from an integrated review of existing literature. The model proposes that an individual ECPs social location, identity, and resources interact with three distinct spheres of influence (a) general new career adjustment issues, (b) unique women's concerns and (c) macro-environmental factors. Each of these distinct spheres, as well as the contributions of an ECPs unique identity are explored in detail. Finally, using a socialist feminist lens, suggestions for professional development and future research are presented.
Toxicity of Ethylene Chlorohydrin II: Subacute Toxicity and Special Tests

Ethylene chlorohydrin may be found as a reaction product when plastic items are sterilized with ethylene oxide. A previous publication presented results of an acute toxicity study of ethylene chlorohydrin in animals and tissue culture. This paper presents additional toxicity information derived from a study of rats receiving the compound intraperitoneally three times a week for 3 months, and from a similar study in which the compound was administered daily for 1 month. No adverse effects were observed in the 1-month study from 6.4 mg./kg. daily of ethylene chlorohydrin (one-tenth of the acute LD50), or from 12.8 mg./kg. administered three times a week for 3 months. Additionally, special tests were included to determine the effect of the compound upon: cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromuscular functions in rabbits; sensitizing potential in guinea pigs; and pentobarbital sleeping time in mice.
Computation of Certain Minimum Distance Estimators in AR[k] Model

This article gives sufficient conditions that guarantee the existence of minimizers of special classes of functions. Using these results, a certain dass of minimum distance (MD) estimators of the autoregressive parameters is shown to exist under the additive and innovative outliers; that is, autoregression (AO and IO) models. Through simulations, a certain subclass of MD estimators is shown to perform as good as or in some cases even better than other classical estimators like GM and functional least square estimators under the IO and AO models. Simulation results also show that MD estimators are robust against AO's.
Back to the Drawing Board Revisiting the `Mental'

The essay demonstrates, by way of a few examples-Kim on supervenience, Dennett on computationality, Churchland on eliminativism that empirical studies in psychology cannot escape the classic mind/body problem, the resolution of which is bound to color those empirical studies themselves.
Dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease.

To investigate similarities and differences between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), we undertook a demographic analysis of 277 patients from the Kathleen Price Bryan Brain Bank with an antemortem diagnosis of probable AD. Patients with additional, possibly confounding clinical and pathologic diagnoses such as infarcts, hematomas, neoplasms, and other neurodegenerative disorders, were excluded from the analysis. Neuropathologically, AD alone was present in 192 subjects (69%), and DLB was found in 85 subjects (31%). All of the DLB cases had neuropathologic evidence of AD sufficient to meet CERAD criteria for a diagnosis of definite AD plus nigral Lewy bodies. Gender, apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, brain weight, age at death, duration of disease and Braak stage were compared between the two groups. Statistical analyses were performed using Fisher's exact test for comparisons of categorical data and Student's t-test for comparison of means for continuous outcomes. The proportion of males and females was balanced in the combined AD and DLB populations. There was a highly statistically significant increased frequency of APOE 3/4 in males with DLB (P=0.007). We found higher brain weights in males with DLB versus males with AD (P=0.012). AD was more frequent in females and DLB was more frequent in males (P=0.019). Our findings with respect to age at death, duration of disease and Braak stage within diagnostic groups confirm previously reported findings. These data suggest that Lewy bodies are more common in males affected with dementia, especially those with the APOE 3/4 genotype.
APACHE II score is better than weaning indices in predicting prolonged mechanical ventilator dependence

Spontaneous minute ventilation (VE), peak inspiratory airway pressure (Plmax), rapid shallow breathing index (f/vT), relative inspiratory effect (RIE), and the P(A-a)O2, blood urea nitrogen and gender score (A + B + G) are used in predicting weaning success. Some patients are transferred from intensive care to subacute care facilities when prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) is anticipated. This prospective. observational study compares the role of weaning indices versus APACHE II score in identifying patients requiring prolonged MV.
Accelerating ATM Simulations Using Dynamic Component Substitution (DCS)

The steady growth in the multifaceted use of broadband asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks for time-critical applications has significantly increased the demands on the quality of service (QoS) provided by the networks. Satisfying these demands requires the networks to be carefully engineered based on inferences drawn from detailed analysis of various scenarios. Analysis of networks is often performed through computer-based simulations. Simulation-based analysis of the networks, including nonquiescent or rare conditions, must be conducted using high-fidelity, high-resolution models that reflect the size and complexity of the network to ensure that crucial scalability issues do not dominate. However, such simulations are time-consuming because significant time is spent in driving the models to the desired scenarios. In an endeavor to address the issues associated with the aforementioned bottleneck, this article proposes a novel, multiresolution modeling-based methodology called dynamic component substitution (DCS). DCS is used to dynamically (i.e., during simulation) change the resolution of the model, which enables more optimal trade-offs between different parameters such as observability, fidelity, and simulation overheads, thereby reducing the total time for simulation.The article presents the issues involved in applying DCS in parallel simulations of ATM networks. An empirical evaluation of the proposed approach is also presented.The experiments indicate that DCS can significantly accelerate the simulation of ATM networks without affecting the overall accuracy of the simulation results.
Evaluation of Normal Probabilities of Symmetric Regions

Let ${\bf X} = (X_1 , \cdots ,X_n )'$ be a standardized multivariate normal random vector and let $A \in \mathbb{R}^n $ be a permutation-symmetric region. We provide and justify an approximation to $P({\bf X} \in A)$ which is easy to compute. We then consider the special case of exceedance probabilities, ${\bf P}$ (k of the n components of ${\bf X}$ exceed a constant c), and use it to show how our approximation can be used to improve upon procedures for constructing confidence sets for the mean of a multivariate normal. We also assess the performance of our approximation by using numerical examples.
A test of the Core, Bargaining Set, Kernel and Shapley models in n-person quota games with one weak player

n-person (n − 1)-quota-games where the quotas are positive for certain n − 1 (strong) players and negative for the remaining (weak) player, are discussed. Normative solutions predicted by the Core,the Kernel, the Bargaining Set, the Competitive Bargaining Set, and by the Shapley Value are presented and exemplified.
Conjugation of triaziquinone to immunoglobulin G by a thiolation procedure catalyzed by 2-pyridinealdoxime methiodide.

Abstract Thiolation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) with DL -N-acetylhomocycteinethiolactone, catalyzed by 2-pyridinealdoxime methiodide, incorporated new sulfur groups into IgG. Triaziquinone was subsequently conjugated to the sulfur groups. Triaziquinone-IgG complex retained the alkylating activity of the drug and the immunological activity of the antibody. The conjugation procedure was inhibited by the thiol-blocking agent methyl methanethiolsulfonate.
Multi-axial fiber-optic electric field sensor

High powered microwave weapons use electric fields to overload electronics. We developed a non-intrusive sensor using a technology based on slab coupled optical sensing (SCOS). Each sensor detects the electric field component normal to the surface of the slab. By mounting two of these sensors orthogonally to each other, a more complete image of the electrical field can be obtained. One of the major hurdles of creating a multi-axial SCOS is keeping the size of the sensor small. The size is limited by (1) the size of the sensing material and (2) the ability to package the sensor to maintain its structural integrity and orientation. Good sensitivity is attained with SCOS with a length less than 3 mm and the D-fiber platform has a small core which allows for much less bending loss than standard single mode fiber. We have developed a mounting system that is heat resistant and structurally robust to protect the sensor that is extremely small when compared to traditional electric field sensors.
Organ culture of the mammalian inner ear

An organ culture technique that is 90% effective has been established that will routinely allow the growth and development of the twelfth gestation day mouse inner ear. The in vitro development lags behind the in vivo development but follows the pattern of in vivo development.
Lysophospholipid receptor activation of RhoA and lipid signaling pathways.

Abstract The lysophospholipids sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signal through G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) which couple to multiple G-proteins and their effectors. These GPCRs are quite efficacious in coupling to the Gα12/13 family of G-proteins, which stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for RhoA. Activated RhoA subsequently regulates downstream enzymes that transduce signals which affect the actin cytoskeleton, gene expression, cell proliferation and cell survival. Remarkably many of the enzymes regulated downstream of RhoA either use phospholipids as substrates (e.g. phospholipase D, phospholipase C-epsilon, PTEN, PI3 kinase) or are regulated by phospholipid products (e.g. protein kinase D, Akt). Thus lysophospholipids signal from outside of the cell and control phospholipid signaling processes within the cell that they target. Here we review evidence suggesting an integrative role for RhoA in responding to lysophospholipids upregulated in the pathophysiological environment, and in transducing this signal to cellular responses through effects on phospholipid regulatory or phospholipid regulated enzymes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in Lysophospholipid Research.
Dynamic parallel complexity of computational circuits

The dynamic parallel complexity of general computational circuits (defined in introduction) is discussed. We exhibit some relationships between parallel circuit evaluation and some uniform closure properties of a certain class of unary functions and present a systematic method for the design of processor efficient parallel algorithms for circuit evaluation. Using this method: (1) we improve the algorithm for parallel Boolean circuit evaluation; (2) we give a nontrivial upper bound for parallel min-max-plus circuit evaluation; (3) we partially answer the first open question raised in [MiRK85] by showing that all circuits over finite noncommutative semi-ring and circuits over infinite non-commutative semi-ring which has finite dimension over a commutative semi-ring can be evaluated in polylogarithmic time in its size and degree using M(n) processors. Moreover, we develop a theory for determining closure properties of certain classes of unary functions.
Coating selection for ‘Delicious’ and other apples

Abstract The gas permeabilities of shellac and several experimental coating formulations, including candelilla wax and shellac-carnauba were measured. These coatings, selected to have a wide range of gas permeabilities, were applied to freshly harvested and 5-month commercially stored ‘Delicious’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples. The coated apples were monitored during storage of 2 or 4 weeks at 20 °C for changes in internal gases level, and for quality parameters (surface gloss, weight loss, flesh firmness, Brix, titratable acidity and ethanol content). The shellac coating resulted in maximum fruit gloss, lowest internal O 2 , highest CO 2 , and least loss of flesh firmness for all of the varieties. The ‘Granny Smith’ with shellac had low internal O 2 ( 2 (25 kPa). This excessive modification of internal gas induced an abrupt rise of the respiratory quotient, prodigious accumulation of ethanol in both ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Granny Smith’, and flesh browning at the blossom end of ‘Braeburn’. In addition the shellac coating gave an unusual accumulation of ethanol in freshly harvested and 5 month-stored ‘Fuji’. Candelilla and carnauba-shellac coatings maintained more optimal internal O 2 and CO 2 and better quality for ‘Fuji’, ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Granny Smith’ apples, although even these coatings may present too much of a gas barrier for ‘Granny Smith’. Therefore, this research recommends the best coatings as shellac for ‘Delicious’, and carnauba-shellac for ‘Braeburn’ or ‘Fuji’. Best for ‘Granny Smith’ would seem to be a high-permeability wax similar to polyethylene, which has not been approved for apple by FDA. In general, the gas permeabilities of the coatings were useful as an indicator of differences in coating barrier properties, but did not account for differences in pore blockage.
The atmospheric radiation response to solar-particle-events.

Abstract High-energy solar particles, produced in association with solar flares and coronal mass ejections, occasionally bombard the earth's atmosphere,. resulting in radiation intensities additional to the background cosmic radiation. Access of these particles to the earth's vicinity during times of geomagnetic disturbances are not adequately described by using static geomagnetic field models. These solar fluxes are also often distributed non uniformly in space, so that fluxes measured by satellites obtained at great distances from the earth and which sample large volumes of space around the earth cannot be used to predict fluxes locally at the earth's surface. We present here a method which uses the ground-level neutron monitor counting rates as adjoint sources of the flux in the atmosphere immediately above them to obtain solar-particle effective dose rates as a function of position over the earth's surface. We have applied this approach to the large September 29–30, 1989 ground-level event (designated GLE 42) to obtain the magnitude and distribution of the solar-particle effective dose rate from an atypically large event. The results of these calculations clearly show the effect of the softer particle spectra associated with solar particle events, as compared with galactic cosmic rays, results in a greater sensitivity to the geomagnetic field, and, unlike cosmic rays, the near-absence of a “knee” near 60° geomagnetic latitude.
Digital Filters Using Observers Applied to ICBM Control System Design

Digital filters based on state-space methods are developed whereby an "observer" is used to provide estimates of system state variables. Selected observer estimates, with appropriate gains, become the feedback control signal for the system. Procedures for independently setting the closed-loop poles of the plant and observer are outlined. Missile performance is assessed at critical flight cases. The stabilization loop is first analyzed with results presented in terms of sample calculations and time responses obtained from digital simulations for various observer/plant closed-loop pole locations. The problem of vehicle flexibility is also discussed and an observer design for bending control is outlined. The multivariable input/output observer design is treated upon closure of the steering loop around the stabilization loop.
Infectivity, Development, and Growth of Zygocotyle lunata (Trematoda) in Balb/c Mice

Abstract Infectivity, development, and growth of Zygocotyle lunata in 18 male Balb/c mice, each exposed to 20 metacercariae cysts, were examined 1 to 6 wk post-infection (PI). Metacercariae cysts were obtained from naturally infected Helisoma trivolvis snails. At necropsy, 11 of 18 mice were found infected with a total of 32 worms. The range of recovery was 1 to 6 worms per host. The mean body area of worms, fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and mounted in glycerin jelly, was found to be 4.0 mm2 at 2 wk PI, increased to 6.8 mm2 at 4 wk, and reached 11.4 mm2 by 6 wk PI, at which time the study was terminated. Worms were ovigerous by 3 wk PI. Eggs were collected from 4-wk-old worms and incubated at 28 C in artificial spring water (ASW). Eggs were fully developed by 3 wk post-incubation and miracidia hatched in the ASW. Laboratory-reared H. trivolvis snails were not available to attempt miracidia infections with Z. lunata.
Ibuprofen attenuates oxidative damage through NOX2 inhibition in Alzheimer's disease

Considerable evidence points to important roles for inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Epidemiological studies have suggested that long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy reduces the risk for Alzheimer's disease; however, the mechanism remains unknown. We report that a 9-month treatment of aged R1.40 mice resulted in 90% decrease in plaque burden and a similar reduction in microglial activation. Ibuprofen treatment reduced levels of lipid peroxidation, tyrosine nitration, and protein oxidation, demonstrating a dramatic effect on oxidative damage in vivo. Fibrillar β-amyloid (Aβ) stimulation has previously been demonstrated to induce the assembly and activation of the microglial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase leading to superoxide production through a tyrosine kinase-based signaling cascade. Ibuprofen treatment of microglia or monocytes with racemic or S-ibuprofen inhibited Aβ-stimulated Vav tyrosine phosphorylation, NADPH oxidase assembly, and superoxide production. Interestingly, Aβ-stimulated Vav phosphorylation was not inhibited by COX inhibitors. These findings suggest that ibuprofen acts independently of cyclooxygenase COX inhibition to disrupt signaling cascades leading to microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2) activation, preventing oxidative damage and enhancing plaque clearance in the brain.
Making Hidden Markov Models More Transparent

Understanding the decoding algorithm for hidden Markov models is a difficult task for many students. A comprehensive understanding is difficult to gain from static state transition diagrams and tables of observation production probabilities. We have built a number of visualizations depicting a hidden Markov model for part-of-speech tagging and the operation of the Viterbi algorithm. The visualizations are designed to help students grasp the operation of the HMM. In addition, we have found that the displays are useful as debugging tools for experienced researchers.
Status of Nb/sub 3/Sn accelerator magnet R&D

Excellent mechanical and electrical properties of multifilamentary NbTi have made it the conductor of choice in superconducting accelerators starting from the Tevatron. However, the LHC operating field of 8.33 T is close to limit for NbTi technology. In order to advance to higher fields, a superconductor with higher upper critical field is needed. At present, Nb/sub 3/Sn is the most suitable material in terms of properties, availability, and cost. In contrast to NbTi, Nb/sub 3/Sn is brittle and strain sensitive. Magnet R&D programs are underway worldwide to develop technologies that can take advantage of Nb/sub 3/Sn properties while coping with the associated challenges. Status and accomplishments of the different programs are reviewed in the context of the requirements of next-generation accelerator facilities and possible upgrades to present ones.
Dewetting of an ultrathin solid film on a lattice-matched or amorphous substrate

An evolution partial differential equation for the surface of a nonwetting single-crystal film in an attractive substrate potential is derived and used to study the dynamics of a pinhole for the varying initial depth of a pinhole and the strengths of the potential and the surface energy anisotropy. The results of the simulations demonstrate how the corresponding parameters may lead to complete or partial dewetting of the film. Anisotropy of the surface energy, through faceting of the pinhole walls, is found to most drastically affect the time to film rupture. In particular, the simulations support the conjecture that the strong anisotropy is capable of a complete suppression of dewetting even when the attractive substrate potential is strong.
Thermodynamics of hydrogen-bonding mixtures: GE, HE, and VE of propylene glycol + ethylene glycol

Abstract An ebulliometer was used to measure total vapor-pressure (PTx) data on nine mixtures of propylene glycol + ethylene glycol (and the pure components) between 115° and 160 °C. A three-parameter Redlich-Kister GE model fit isotherms at 120°, 135°, and 150°C via Barker's method with an average standard error of 0.20% in pressure. Although this is a mixture of strongly hydrogen-bonding glycols, the system exhibits only small positive deviations from ideality (derived γ∞ = 1.08 – 1.13) which increase slightly with temperature. Equimolar GE values thus derived also increase with increasing temperature which predicts a negative he. Equimolar enthalpies of mixing were measured between 30° and 150°C in a SETARAM C-80 calorimeter equipped with a mixing cell. Negative he data (−5 to −28 J mol ) were observed in qualitative agreement with the temperature dependence of the derived G6 data. Mixture density data were measured in a Anton-Parr densimeter between 0° and 145°C. These density data show a small negative VE. Equimolar ve decreases linearly with temperature while equimolar HE shows a minimum at about 100°C. These mixture thermodynamic data show that the system propylene glycol + ethylene glycol belongs to the class of mixtures where GE>0 even though HE ¦HE¦Other hydrogen-bonding systems of this type include methanol + ethanol and ethanol + 2-propanol but not. interestingly, ethanol + 1-propanol. The chemical similarity between the glycol system and ethanol + 2-propanol appears to be the tertiary hydrogen found on propylene glycol and 2-propanol.
The effects of discounting opportunities in laboratory posted-offer markets

Abstract This experiment isolates the effects of allowing sellers to offer private discounts from posted prices. Although discounting was pervasive when permitted, it did not always improve performance. High prices and low efficiencies were observed in half of the discount markets.
Global Health Diplomacy, 'Smart Power', and the New World Order

Both the theory and practice of foreign policy and diplomacy, including systems of hard and soft power, are undergoing paradigm shifts, with an increasing number of innovative actors and strategies contributing to international relations outcomes in the 'New World Order'. Concurrently, global health programmes continue to ascend the political spectrum in scale, scope and influence. This concatenation of circumstances has demanded a re-examination of the existing and potential effectiveness of global health programmes in the 'smart power' context, based on adherence to a range of design, implementation and assessment criteria, which may simultaneously optimise their humanitarian, foreign policy and diplomatic effectiveness. A synthesis of contemporary characteristics of 'global health diplomacy' and 'global health as foreign policy', grouped by common themes and generated in the context of related field experiences, are presented in the form of 'Top Ten' criteria lists for optimising both diplomatic and foreign policy effectiveness of global health programmes, and criteria are presented in concert with an examination of implications for programme design and delivery. Key criteria for global health programmes that are sensitised to both diplomatic and foreign policy goals include visibility, sustainability, geostrategic considerations, accountability, effectiveness and alignment with broader policy objectives. Though diplomacy is a component of foreign policy, criteria for 'diplomatically-sensitised' versus 'foreign policy-sensitised' global health programmes were not always consistent, and were occasionally in conflict, with each other. The desirability of making diplomatic and foreign policy criteria explicit, rather than implicit, in the context of global health programme design, delivery and evaluation are reflected in the identified implications for (1) international security, (2) programme evaluation, (3) funding and resource allocation decisions, (4) approval systems and (5) training. On this basis, global health programmes are shown to provide a valuable, yet underutilised, tool for diplomacy and foreign policy purposes, including their role in the pursuit of benign international influence. A corresponding alignment of resources between 'hard' and 'smart' power options is encouraged.
Self‐Assembly and Characterization of 3D Metallamacrocycles: A Study of Supramolecular Constitutional Isomers

We report the self-assembly and isolation of two metallamacromolecular constitutional isomeric pairs based on connectivity. Utilizing a robust dimer with varying substitution to the core benzene ring resulted not only in the isolation of the expected 60°-oriented tetramer and 120°-oriented hexamer but also in the unexpected isolation of a 60°-oriented hexamer and a 120°-oriented tetramer. These isomers were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (ESI-travelling wave ion mobility), which revealed significant structural differences. Molecular modeling was utilized to aid in characterization.
Hazy: making it easier to build and maintain big-data analytics

Racing to unleash the full potential of big data with the latest statistical and machine-learning techniques.
Eine effiziente und kurze enantioselektive Totalsynthese von Lactacystin

Ein selektiver, irreversibler Proteasom-Inhibitor ist Lactacystin 1, das daher ein wichtiges Werkzeug in der Zellbiologie geworden ist. Eine effiziente und direkte enantioselektive Synthese von Lactacystin verlauft uber die unten dargestellten Zwischenprodukte. Dieser Ansatz eroffnet erstmals auch einen einfachen Zugang zu Analoga von Lactacystin, bei denen der Isopropylsubstituent durch andere lipophile Gruppen ersetzt ist. PMB=p-Methoxybenzyl.
Effects of various anesthetic agents on laryngeal motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs.

Objective— To evaluate the effects of various drugs and drug combinations conventionally used for anesthesia on arytenoid cartilage motion during laryngoscopy in normal dogs. Study Design— Experimental study. Animals— Six large breed healthy dogs with no previous history of respiratory dysfunction. Methods— Each dog was randomly assigned to a different injectable anesthetic protocol once weekly for 6 weeks, then in the 7th week all dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane. Videolaryngoscopy was performed and recorded starting immediately after induction until dogs could no longer be safely restrained for endoscopy. Video was digitized and 3 still images ofmaximalinspiration and expiration from the first 15 seconds (induction) and the last 15 seconds (recovery) were captured and imported into an image analysis software program. The height andarea of the laryngeal ostium were measured in pixels. Normalization of the glottal gap areawasperformed using the formula (normalized glottal gap area (NGGA)=area in pixels/height2). ANOVA was performed on the NGGA of images collected at inspiration and expiration during induction and recovery. Fischer's exact test was performed when significance (P<.05) wasfound. Results— Within each protocol, laryngeal motion (defined as change in NGGA) at induction was not significantly different from laryngeal motion measured at recovery. Additionally, no significant differences were found in arytenoid motion immediately after induction when anesthetic protocols were compared. Arytenoid motion before recovery was significantly greater with thiopental when compared with propofol (P=.046), ketamine+diazepam (P=.0098), acepromazine+thiopental (P=.0021), and acepromazine+propofol (P=.0065). No significant difference in arytenoid motion was seen immediately after induction or before recovery when acepromazine+butorphanol+ isoflurane and thiopental were compared. Conclusion— We concluded that intravenous thiopental given to effect is the best choice for assessing laryngeal function in dogs. Dogs premedicated with acepromazine with or without opioids that require further anesthetic restraint for laryngoscopy should be anesthetized with isoflurane administered by mask. Clinical Relevance— Misdiagnosis of laryngeal paralysis during laryngoscopy can be avoided by selecting the anesthetic regimens with the least effect on arytenoid motion.
A green's function solution for the case of laminar incompressible flow between non-concentric circular cylinders

Abstract The main result is the determination of Green's function in bi-polar coordinates for the potential equation for a non-concentric annular region. This is then used to solve Poisson's equation for the point velocity in laminar incompressible flow between non-concentric circular cylinders.
Trace metal speciation by adsorptive stripping voltammetry of metal chelates of solochrome violet RS

Abstract Adsorptive stripping voltammetry has become one of the most sensitive methods for trace metal determinations. The growing application of the method to natural water systems prompted an investigation into the fraction of the metal concentration that contributes to the adsorptive stripping response. Recent procedures for trace measurement of iron, titanium and gallium, based on chelation with solochrome violet RS (SVRS) are coupled to systematic ligand competition experiments. Tannic acid, EDTA, NTA, glycine, cysteine, carbonate and chloride ions are used as model natural ligands. It is shown that adsorptive stripping voltammetry measures the free ion and metal displaced from complexes by the “analytical” ligand. The exact fraction of the metal measured thus depends on the thermodynamic stability of the metal-SVRS chelate (compared to that of natural complexes), and on the relative concentrations of the competing ligands. The method offers possible distinction between metal complexes, based on their thermodynamic stabilities. The use ofa large excess of the “analytical” ligand can lead to measurement of the total metal content. Implications of these results relative to the use of this procedure for studying the speciation of trace elements in natural waters are discussed.
The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study.

Abstract The prospective associations between the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP/ATP III) expert panel and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes has not been extensively examined. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study (1976–1992), the author examined the association between the metabolic syndrome and mortality from all-causes and cardiovascular disease among 2431 US adults aged 30–75 years. The NCEP/ATP III criteria were modified to substitute body mass index ≥25kg/m 2 for waist circumference for women and ≥30kg/m 2 for men. After multiple-adjustment, the hazard ratios for participants with the metabolic syndrome were 1.37 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.85) for mortality from cardiovascular disease, 1.29 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.82) for mortality from coronary heart disease, 1.68 (95% CI: 0.86, 3.27) for mortality from stroke, 1.23 (95% CI: 0.95, 1.59) for mortality from diseases of the circulatory system, and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.45) for all-cause mortality compared with participants without the syndrome. The association between the number of metabolic syndrome criteria and mortality from cardiovascular disease was near linear ( P =0.007). Three criteria of the syndrome—excess weight, hypertriglyceridemia, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration—were not independently associated with any of the outcomes. Additional prospective studies are needed to examine the association between the metabolic syndrome and the incidence of cardiovascular disease and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes.
Individual differences in performance of a discrimination task.

Fifth-grade children performed a four-display discrimination task in which reinforcement depended on the positions of two stimulus alternatives and the identities of extra stimuli not offered for choice. There were 84 Ss, of whom only 33 solved the task. Results for solvers and nonsolvers were correlated separately with seven reference measures obtained from school records. A factor analysis was then performed on the data for solvers. The most important outcome was a factor determined principally by a vocabulary measure and the discrimination task of interest.
General purpose representation and association machine part 2: Biological implications

Using lessons learned from error control coding, and multiple areas of life science, we propose a general purpose representation and association machine (GPRAM). In this part of paper, we illustrate our methodology, four principles, and our understanding of intelligence. We then introduce hierarchical structure and reasons to be vagueness, overcompleteness, and deliberate variation. After that, we show possible features and how to explain some visual illusions. Lastly, we illustrate a possible vague computational architecture to perform quick and rough estimation for general purpose.
Effects of pyruvate and other metabolites on cyclic GMP levels in incubations of rat hepatocytes and kidney cortex

Pyruvate increased cyclic GMP levels in rat hepatocytes. The effects were observed without or with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. Lactate, acetate, oxaloacetate, α-ketoglutarate, succinate, acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate also increased cyclic GMP levels. Some compounds increased cyclic GMP in kidney cortex slices. The effects were dependent upon Ca2+ in the medium. Cyclic AMP was increased 30–50% by some of these substances with 2.6 mM Ca2+. Rotenone, oligomycin, antimycin, dinitrophenol, KCN, and arsenate decreased GTP and ATP, basal cyclic GMP and the pyrubate effect, but did not alter cyclic AMP. Although fluoroacetate alone had no effect on cyclic nucleotides, GTP, or ATP, it potentiated the pyruvate effect on cyclic GMP. Adenosine and guanosine increased cyclic GMP and GTP to a similar extent of 30–50%. Aminooxyacetate, cycloserine, pentenoic acid and mepacrine decreased the pyruvate effect while cycloserine or mepacrine alone increased cyclic GMP. Citrate and mepacrine inhibited soluble and particulate guanylate cyclase from rat liver while cycloserine and acetoacetate increased guanylate cyclase activity. None of the other compounds altered guanylate cyclase activity. These results indicate that various metabolites and inhibitors can alter cyclic GMP accumulation in hepatocytes and renal cortex slices. Several mechanisms may be involved in these effects.
Reducing Copper Concentration in Polymers Prepared via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Three different initiation systems for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): normal ATRP, activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP, and initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP were used to synthesize polystyrene with a number-average molecular weight ≈ 20 000 g mol -1 . Each polymerization mixture was divided and subjected to one or more purification methods including passing through a column filled with neutral alumina, stirring with an ion exchange resin (ATRP Pure), or precipitation into hexanes or methanol. Inductively coupled mass spectrometry was used to analyze the concentration of copper in each sample. For the polystyrene prepared by normal ATRP, purification by a neutral alumina column was the most effective at removing copper (down to ≈ 2 parts per million by mass). For the ARGET and ICAR ATRP, purification by a neutral alumina column and stirring with 10 wt.-% ATRP Pure gave comparable results (each ≈1 part per million by mass).
The Mexicans and “Us Gringos”: A Case Study of Activist Work With Unauthorized Migrants

Lacking access to social services, unauthorized Mexican day laborers constitute a vulnerable population. This case study uses a critical theory perspective to examine activist efforts to support migrants when professional social workers were unavailable. Using qualitative methods, this study sought to answer three questions: (1) What strategies did unauthorized day laborers and activists deploy to contest anti-immigrant sentiments in a suburban community; (2) how were these strategies shaped by the workers' subterranean status as undocumented and poor; and (3) what are the implications for social work practice? This study seeks to delineate interventions and to identify how migrants themselves perceive such efforts.
The effect of glass ionomer liners in lowering pulp temperatures during composite placement, in vitro.

Abstract New restorative systems allow for more esthetic restorations, but may cause adverse pulp tissue reactions due to either physical or chemical effects. This study evaluated the effect of glass ionomer liners in limiting temperature rise during composite placement with visible light-cure lamps. Neither chemical or light-cured glass ionomer liners limited the amount of pulp chamber temperature rise. Exposure time of the lightcure lamps played the greatest role in pulpal temperature rise regardless of glass ionomer liner or composite. Visible lightcure lamps varied in the amount of heat emitted.
Calcified aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma

We report the first case of benign aldosteronoma of an ordinary size with calcifications. We review the clinical, clinical imaging, histopathological, and laboratory features of aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma versus carcinoma. We conclude that no single feature is diagnostic, and the full range of data must be considered. Calcifications may not necessarily be a distinguishing point.
Unified treatment of structural effects in fluid‐solid reactions

By considering reaction and diffusion through a product layer and concomitant movement of pore and reaction surfaces, a general rate equation is derived for fluid-solid reactions. Application to the random pore model extends the prior results (Bhatia and Perlmutter, 1980, 1981a) to account for nonlinear concentration gradients in the product layer, by assuming that the product is deposited as overlapping cylindrical annulae. For the Petersen (1957) model, new results are derived which account for product layer diffusion. A comparison of numerical conversion-time predictions from the grain model (Szekely et al., 1976), the Petersen model, and the random pore models suggests that they are more strongly affected by the representation of the reaction surface than by that of the pore surface. The model is applied to the data of Borgwardt (1970) on the SO2-lime reaction, and the results are compared with a previous interpretation using a linear concentration gradient approximation.
Bibliometric Reflections on the First Decade of Human Dimensions of Wildlife

Volume 1, number 1 of Human Dimensions of Wildlife (HDW) was published in 1996. This article reviews the first 10 years of HDW using bibliometric analysis. Bibliometrics sheds light on the process of written communication by counting and analyzing publications within a discipline. The findings highlighted some encouraging trends. First, the number of international contributions nearly doubled from 1996–2000 to 2001–2005. Second, a wide range of wildlife-related issues (e.g., consumptive activities, nonconsumptive activities, preservation efforts) were examined. Third, most major social science disciplines were represented in all 10 volumes of HDW. Fourth, the broad range of concepts examined in HDW articles is consistent with the founding objective of promoting the application of social science theories to fisheries and wildlife management. Finally, the use of effect sizes in addition to null hypothesis significance tests increased from 1996–2000 to 2001–2005, indicating that HDW authors are practicing so...
Unavailability and Mispricing: Are Discount Stores Also Offenders?

This research examined the availability and pricing policies of discount department stores for advertised products, thereby enlarging the scope of previous research on availability and mispricing of advertised supermarket products. The study findings suggest that unavailability is not a serious problem in discount department stores but that overpricing of advertised items may occur frequently.