cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional properties of woven-fabric composites

A new analytical/numerical model which is simple in terms of modeling and efficient in computational effort is presented for the estimation of the effective stiffness properties of woven-fabric composites. In the present study, the analysis is carried out over the unit cell of the woven-fabric composite. The unit cell is mainly divided into three regions A, B and C depending on the tow waviness. The fiber tow geometry in these regions is easy to visualize and define through simple functions. Also, by assembling the regions A, B and C suitably, one can generate the unit cell of any woven-fabric architecture. The tow waviness in these sub-regions is assumed to be sinusoidal and the waviness in both directions is considered. The unit cell of the woven-fabric composite is discretized with three-dimensional finite elements. From the assumed tow geometry in the regions A, B and C, the tow-volume fraction and average tow inclinations in an element can be calculated. By using the tow-volume fractions and constitutive properties of each layer, the average stiffness properties of an element are calculated by effective-modulus theory. These average stiffness properties are given as input for computing the elemental stiffness matrix in the finite element formulation. The problem of estimating the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios in all the three directions is divided into three sub-problems and the superposition method is used. From the results, it is observed that the stiffness and Poisson's ratios obtained by the present model agree very well with the available three-dimensional finite element results in the literature. The results demonstrate that the present model, which is both simple and computationally efficient, can give very accurate results compared to a complex three-dimensional finite-element model.
Selective stimulation of kainate but not quisqualate or NMDA receptors in substantia nigra evokes limbic motor seizures.

Abstract Bilateral microinjection of kainic acid (30–117 pmol) into the substantia nigra induced convulsive seizures resembling those elicited from limbic system structures. The convulsive seizures, which consisted of facial and forelimb clonus with rearing and falling, developed after a latency of more than 30 min and were preceded by wet dog shakes and non-convulsive seizure activity registered electroencephalographically. The convulsant effect of intranigral kainic acid was strictly dose-dependent (ED50 = 60 pmol) and anatomically site-specific. Stimulation of nigral neurons by focal application of agonists for NMDA or quisqualate receptors, or by focal application of the GABA antagonist, bicuculline, was without convulsant effects. The convulsant action of intranigral kainic acid was prevented by the focal application of kynurenic acid (100 nmol) but not by 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP-7) (25 nmol) or 7-chlorokynurenic acid (20 nmol), suggesting that the convulsant effect of kainic acid in the substantia nigra does not depend upon activation of NMDA receptors in this region.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the trauma intensive care unit: Morbid but not mortal.

Hypothesis The diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) carries significant additional morbidity and mortality among critically injured patients. Design Retrospective case-control study using a prospectively maintained ARDS database. Setting Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in an academic county hospital. Patients All trauma patients admitted to the ICU from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2003, who developed ARDS as defined by (1) acute onset, (2) a partial pressure of arterial oxygen–fraction of inspired oxygen ratio of 200 or less, (3) bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiographs, and (4) absence of left-sided heart failure. Each patient with ARDS was matched with 2 control patients without ARDS on the basis of sex, age (±5 years), mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating), Injury Severity Score (±3), and chest Abbreviated Injury Score (±1). Main Outcome Measures Mortality, hospital charges, hospital and ICU lengths of stay, and complications (defined as pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy). Results Of 2042 trauma ICU admissions, 216 patients (10.6%) met criteria for ARDS. We identified 432 similarly injured control patients. Compared with controls, trauma patients with ARDS had more complications (43.1% vs 9.5%), longer hospital (32.2 vs 17.9 days) and ICU (22.1 vs 8.4 days) lengths of stay, and higher hospital charges ($267 037 vs $136 680) ( P P = .48). Conclusion Although ARDS is associated with increased morbidity, hospital and ICU length of stay, and costs, it does not increase overall mortality among critically ill trauma patients.
FDAS: architecture and implementation

: FDAS (Fabric Defects Analysis System) is a knowledge-based system (KBS) for diagnosing defects in woven textile structures. The following major issues were considered in the design of FDAS: (1) range of applications; (2) user profiles; (3) response time requirements; (4) modularity and (5) ease of system modification and enhancements. Knowledge about defects is represented in FDAS using a hierarchy of classes, with the slots representing defect attributes, and forward chaining rules. The inferencing process is controlled by slots of another distinct class hierarchy. Inference is made more efficient by hierarchical classification of the defects with pruning. The agenda (i.e. ordered set of hypotheses) is dynamically reset using actions attached to rules. The diagnosis information—information about the causes of the defects and remedial actions to be taken—is kept separate from the rules in the knowledge base. The user interface part of the system is also independent of the knowledge base, which facilitates easier tailoring of the system to meet the needs of different users. The user interaction with FDAS is menu-based and has been designed to minimize cognitive load on the user. FDAS has been extensively evaluated by in-house individuals who are experts in the task of fabric defects analysis. It has also been demonstrated to experts from the industry and is ready for field tests.
A three-dimensional image-superimposition CAD/CAM technique to record the position and angulation of the implant abutment screw access channel

Cement-retained, implant-supported restorations have advantages over screw-retained restorations, but retrievability can be a problem. By using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology, a working cast or mouth can be scanned, and a definitive record of the screw hole can be made in 3 dimensions and saved as a file. This information includes not only the position of the opening of the screw hole but also its angulation and orientation, which can be retrieved if required.
CITIZENSHIP AND COMMUNICATION IN ONLINE YOUTH CIVIC ENGAGEMENT PROJECTS

This study analyses 36 online civic engagement websites for youth to understand the civic skills and communication opportunities offered to youth in different online environments. The research design draws on recent theoretical work on citizen identity and the design features of online communities to develop a picture of online engagement projects in two dimensions: the model of citizenship encouraged and the style of communication available to users. Results suggest that the citizenship styles inscribed in sites are correlated with the styles of communication the sites offer. In particular, sites that present more conventional civic skills, such as appealing to government for solutions to problems, tend to heavily control how users use the sites; in contrast, those that present citizenship as a broader, expressive engagement with issues and culture are less inclined to define the terms of users’ interactions. This article discusses the implications of the findings for understanding how online civic proje...
Rings of madness: Service areas of 19th century asylums in North America

Abstract The mid-19th century saw the emergence of a major medical innovation, namely, the rise of the state lunatic asylum. Beginning in the northeast, the phenomenon spread rapidly westwards. By 1875 no fewer than 71 mental hospitals were opened in 32 existing states. Although premised upon belief in the efficacy of ‘moral and humane’ treatment, the asylums soon became custodial rather than therapeutic institutions. Average size continually increased; some accommodated well over 2000 patients. The provision of more asylums, and broadened definitions of insanity, generated increasing patient numbers which, in turn, caused public consternation and fear of increasing ‘madness’ in the population. Geographic analysis of admissions in 18 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces reveals the universality of distance decay around the asylums, and demonstrates that hospital service-are cones were predominantly local in effect. Thus the ‘state’ asylum was in reality a local institution. The deinstitutionalization movement of recent decades is apparently bringing to a closure a 100-year cycle of incarceration-decarceration of the mentally ill. Nevertheless, whether patients are geographically concentrated or dispersed, the influence of distance decay remains a relevant consideration.
Toward a Sexual Difference Theory of Creolization

In lieu of an abstract, here is the opening paragraph from the essay: Throughout his work, Edouard Glissant rigorously describes the process of creolization in the Caribbean and beyond. His later work in particular considers creolization through the planetary terms of Relation, “exploded like a network inscribed within the sufficient totality of the world.” As his philosophical importance rightfully grows, many note the dual risk of overgeneralization and abstraction haunting continued expansion of his geographical and theoretical domain. In light of that danger, this essay examines how questions of the ontological nature of embodiment as raised by feminist philosopher Luce Irigaray ground, both implicitly and explicitly, processes of creolization. Narrowly speaking, such a reading of Glissant suggests the possibility of a richer understanding of creolization as a historically lived process and its emancipatory promise in the present. More generally, the linking of Glissant and Irigaray begins a larger project bringing together theorists of decolonization and sexual difference at the intersection of struggles against phallocentrism and racialization, perhaps nuancing some decolonial critiques of the value of Irigaray’s (and her interlocutor’s) thought. Thus, the investigation begins with a concrete question of historical interpretation that stages the embodiment of cultural contact
L-histidine-induced suppression of lipogenic enzymes.

Abstract Diets supplemented 5% with L-histidine produce hypercholesterolemia and increase cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver. We now report an inhibitory effect of L-histidine on lipogenic enzymes in the liver. In this study, L-histidine was added to chow and fat-free diets and fed to rats for 18 days. After two days of fasting, the rats were refed the same diet for three days prior to sacrifice. L-histidine decreased fatty acid synthetase activity by 51% when it was added to the chow diet and by 26% when it was added to the fat-free diet. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was not altered significantly in rats fed diets supplemented with L-histidine.
Adenyl cyclase activity and cyclic AMP in acute cardiac overload: a method for measuring cyclic AMP production based on ATP specific activity.

Abstract As early as 20 min after onset of acute hemodynamic overload in the perfused guinea pig heart, nuclear RNA polymerase activity is increased followed by increased synthesis of microsome protein and ultimately myosin. In order to evaluate the mechanism triggering the above sequence, the effect of overload on adenyl cyclase activity was studied. In addition, a method was devised to measure directly the formed cyclic 3′5′ AMP using [ 3 H]adenosine as a precursor. After 10 min, a point midway between onset of stress and first appearance of increased nuclear polymerase activity, ATP concentration, [ 3 H]ATP specific activity, and 3 H-cyclic AMP were the same in control and overloaded left ventricles. However, adenyl cyclase activity was significantly increased in the particulate fraction obtained from overloaded left ventricles. It is interesting to suggest a possible role of adenyl cyclase in the mechanism triggering increased protein synthesis in overload.
Excitation of the 2pu state of H2+ as a function of alignment of the molecular axis

The relative cross section for the excitation of the 2p u state of H2 + as a function of the orientation of the internuclear axis is measured and calculated. 400 eV electrons bombard an H2 target. Electrons scattered at 18? with an energy loss of 41 eV are detected in coincidence with H+ fragment ions of energy 4.9 eV. Measurement of the scattering angle and energy loss establishes the momentum transfer vector of the collision K and the scattering plane. The angular distribution of 4.9 eV H+ ions relative to K is recorded. Because the rotation time of H2 is long compared to the dissociation time, it follows that the H+ ions leave the collision region along the line of the internuclear axis at the time of the collision. The relative cross section peaks when the internuclear axis is perpendicular to K . Calculations predicting the shape of the angular distribution fit the data.
Automated Mode Shape Measurement By A Modulated-Fringe Technique Using Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is a full-field and non-contact technique for measuring surface displacements. However, one difficulty in the use of the technique is the ambiguity in fringe interpretation. This paper presents a modulated-fringe technique which removes the fringe ambiguity. By strobing the laser light, two speckle images of an object in steady state vibration can be digitally recorded. Shifting the illumination beam between exposures produces a linear phase variation which is added to the phase change induced by the vibrational displacements. The result is a modulated-fringe pattern which has monotonically increasing fringe orders. This permits the fringe orders to be determined in a staight forward manner and without ambiguity. The phase change due to vibrational displacement alone is then obtained by simply subtracting the known linear phase variation. Elimination of fringe ambiguity has paved a way for automatic data reduction of the vibration mode shape by digital image processing.
Positon shape factor of Co56(4+→4+)

Abstract The experimental beta shape factor of Co 56 (4 + →4 + ), as reported to be represented by (1+ b / W ) by Hamilton, Langer and Smith, has been analysed by the inclusion of the second-order effects. Within the framework of the V-A theory, several excellent fits to the experimental positon shape factor are obtained; thus, the need for a large P interaction and/or for the Uhlenbeck-Konopinski gradient coupling is unnecessary.
Process Engineering and Development Using Customer Focused Object Oriented Design

The need for application of system engineering expertise to review and re-engineer institutional processes has become increasingly apparent. In order to provide a unified approach which can be used on any process, a synthesis of current system engineering approaches has been developed. When combined with Total Quality Management principles, this approach is called Process Engineering and Development using Customer Focused Object Oriented Design (PED-CFOOD). Over the last few years, Software System Engineering (S/WSE) principles have evolved towards an Exoteric Perspective (EP) described by (McMenamin 1987). That is, examining systems from the point of view of the external world in which the system is embedded, and determining what flows into and out of the system. EP has two problems with it, though. First, there are usually multiple external perspectives that can be adopted. The current solution is to try to examine the system from as many as time will allow, and then settle on the one that seems the most appropriate. TQM, on the other hand, provides us with a suggestion as to which might be most appropriate, namely, the viewpoint (focus) of the Customer. Second, it does not provide a conceptual framework for process or product design. Object oriented development concepts provide that framework. This paper provides a general description of this approach, and illustrates how the approach might be used in practice.
The woman in the painting and the image in the penny: an investigation of phenomenological doubleness, seeing-in, and "reversed seeing-in"

The experience of looking at a tilted penny involves a “phenomenological doubleness” in that it simultaneously seems to be of something circular and of something elliptical. In this paper, I investigate the phenomenological doubleness of this experience by comparing it to another case of phenomenological doubleness––the phenomenological doubleness of seeing an object in a painting. I begin by pointing out some striking similarities between the phenomenological characters of these two experiences. I then argue that these phenomenological characters have a common explanation. More specifically, I argue that the psychological mechanism that explains the phenomenological doubleness of the experience of seeing an object in a painting can be extended to also explain the phenomenological doubleness of the experience of seeing a tilted penny.
Bend It Like Beckham? [Microwave Surfing]

Years ago, I drove an old Chevy into a car wash. When I exited, the car sparkled but, to my great dismay, the monopole whip antenna mounted on the hood had popped off at some point during the wash and dry cycle, leaving me without my AM car radio for months. While that was just a small inconvenience, having an antenna on a critical communication radio snap into two in a battlefield situation can have dire consequences.
Integrating heterogeneous databases: lazy or eager?

Providing integrated access to multiple, distributed, heterogeneous, autonomous databases and other information sources is a topic that has been studied in the database research community for well over a decade. There has been a surge of work in the area recently, due primarily to increased demand from customers ("real" customers as well as funding Nevertheless, despite the longevity of the subfield and the current large population of researchers working in the area, no winning solution or even consensus of approach has emerged. In the research community, most approaches to solving the data integration problem are based very roughly on the following two-step process: 1. Accept a query, determine the appropriate set of information sources to answer the query, and generate the appropriate subqueries or commands for each information source. 2. Obtain results from the information sources, perform appropriate translation, filtering, and merging of the information, and return the final answer to the user or application (hereafter called the client).
Collocation analysis: a method for conceptualizing and understanding narrative data:

In light of the newly defined field of narrative inquiry, this article examines ways in which narrative functions can be used during the analytical and interpretative phases of qualitative research...
A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas

The articles in this special feature challenge the presumption that scholars can make simple, predictive models of social–ecological systems (SESs) and deduce universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources. Moving beyond panaceas to develop cumulative capacities to diagnose the problems and potentialities of linked SESs requires serious study of complex, multivariable, nonlinear, cross-scale, and changing systems. Many variables have been identified by researchers as affecting the patterns of interactions and outcomes observed in empirical studies of SESs. A step toward developing a diagnostic method is taken by organizing these variables in a nested, multitier framework. The framework enables scholars to organize analyses of how attributes of (i) a resource system (e.g., fishery, lake, grazing area), (ii) the resource units generated by that system (e.g., fish, water, fodder), (iii) the users of that system, and (iv) the governance system jointly affect and are indirectly affected by interactions and resulting outcomes achieved at a particular time and place. The framework also enables us to organize how these attributes may affect and be affected by larger socioeconomic, political, and ecological settings in which they are embedded, as well as smaller ones. The framework is intended to be a step toward building a strong interdisciplinary science of complex, multilevel systems that will enable future diagnosticians to match governance arrangements to specific problems embedded in a social–ecological context.
Kinetics of staining and bleaching

Kinetics of staining and stain removal have been studied with food dyes and natural colorants. Kinetics of staining indicate that the staining agent is adsorbed on the fiber surface and diffuses into the interior of the fibers. Similarities exist between staining and dyeing mechanisms of cotton, polyester and nylon fibers. Stain removal by nonoxidative detergency involves diffusion of the staining agent from the interior of fibers and desorption from the fiber surface. The kinetics of stain removal by bleaching with peroxyacids or activated sodium perborate depend on the affinity of the stain to fibers. When desorption of stain is rapid, bleaching of the stain in solution is the rate- determining step and stain removal obeys pseudo- first- order kinetics. When the stain is washfast, the concentration of the stain in fibers decreases with the square root of time, indicating a diffusion process. The peroxygen bleaching agent is sorbed in the subsurface of fibers or diffuses into the interior of fibers. If bleaching occurs in the outer perimeter of fibers, the rate- determining step may be the diffusion of stain molecules from the interior of fibers to the location of the bleaching agent. On the other hand, if bleaching occurs within fibers, the rate- determining step may be diffusion of the bleaching agent to the stain located within the fibers.
Blended Learning: Strengths, Challenges, and Lessons Learned in an Interprofessional Training Program

This field report outlines the goals of providing a blended learning model for an interdisciplinary training program for healthcare professionals who care for children with disabilities. The curriculum blended traditional face-to-face or on-site learning with integrated online interactive instruction. Credit earning and audited graduate level online coursework, community engagement experiences, and on-site training with maternal and child health community engagement opportunities were blended into a cohesive program. The training approach emphasized adult learning principles in different environmental contexts integrating multiple components of the Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities Program. This paper describes the key principles adopted for this blended approach and the accomplishments, challenges, and lessons learned. The discussion offers examples from training content, material gathered through yearly program evaluation, as well as university course evaluations. The lessons learned consider the process and the implications for the role of blended learning in this type of training program with suggestions for future development and adoption by other programs.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of North American Grapevine Yellows Disease and of Potential Vectors of the Causal Phytoplasmas in Virginia

Abstract North American grapevine yellows is a destructive, phloem-limited disease of winegrapes in the mid-Atlantic and northeastern regions of the United States caused by at least two phytoplasmas (aster yellows and X-disease Candidatus phytoplasma spp.). Because insects have been identified as vectors of grapevine yellows in several countries, one or more insect vectors are suspected of transmitting the phytoplasmas in North American vineyards. Adding to evidence in support of insect transmission of North American grapevine yellows were observations that diseased vines often occurred in clusters frequently near vineyard edges that bordered woodland vegetation, suggesting movement of insect vectors into vineyards. The spatial distribution of North American grapevine yellows-affected vines was annually assessed in two northern Virginia vineyards over an 8-yr period. Spatial analysis indicated that diseased vines were significantly clustered, or their distribution was nonrandom, in both vineyards. Cluster...
Identification of Domains Essential for the Assembly of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II Holoenzymes

Abstract Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II), as isolated from brain, is a multimeric complex composed predominantly of two subunits, α and β, products of unique genes. Little is known about how subunit composition influences holoenzyme structure or how the domain(s) of each subunit interact to form holoenzymes. We show here that holoenzymes composed of only α or only β subunits exhibit different biophysical properties. The S values of α and β are 17.2 and 14.5 S while the Stokes’s radii are 85 and 111 A, respectively, indicating their structures are different. C-terminal truncations of the α subunit show that amino acids 382–478 are necessary for holoenzyme formation and that amino acids 427–478 contribute to holoenzyme stability. Additionally, the C-terminal domains of both the α subunit, α315–478, and β subunit, β314–542, formed oligomers indicating the sufficiency of the C-terminal domain for multimer formation. Using the yeast two-hybrid system we show, in vivo, that full-length subunits, α1–478 and β1–542, interact with themselves or each other interchangeably. Additionally, the C-terminal domains of the α subunit, α315–478 and β subunit, β314–542 associated with themselves in a manner indistinguishable from their association with full-length α or β subunits. Further studies revealed that the C-terminal domains of the α and β subunits contain information necessary for interaction with β but not α. These data are summarized into a model describing the assembly of CaM kinase II holoenzymes.
Analysis of pottery by PIXE: Late classical and hellenistic imports to gordion

Abstract In a feasibility study, PIXE analysis was performed in an attempt to classify samples obtained at Gordion, an archaeological site in Turkey. On the basis of the work performed so far, it appears that PIXE analysis is capable of discriminating between imported and local ware and also of establishing subgroupings among certain types of pottery specimens.
Emergence of perianal fistulizing disease in the SAMP1/YitFc mouse, a spontaneous model of chronic ileitis

Abstract Background & Aims: SAMP1/Yit mice spontaneously develop chronic terminal ileitis, reminiscent of the human disease described by Crohn et al. in 1932. Several new phenotypic features have appeared in our colony after more than 20 generations of brother-sister mating. In this report, we describe the distinguishing features of the SAMP1/YitFc substrain at the University of Virginia, compared with the Japanese SAMP1/Yit parental strain. Methods: A colony of SAMP1/Yit mice was established at the University of Virginia in 1996, from 2 breeding pairs obtained from Japan. A systematic characterization of their phenotypic and immunologic characteristics was performed at 4, 10, 40, and more than 60 weeks of age. Results: The following differences were observed: (1) SAMP1/YitFc mice displayed established ileitis as early as 10 weeks of age, (2) the incidence of skin lesions inversely correlated with the occurrence of intestinal inflammation, (3) mice develop chronic ileitis with prominent muscular hypertrophy and focal collagen deposition in inflamed segments, (4) mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes acquired an activated phenotype coincident with disease progression, (5) high interferon-γ production was detected by 4 weeks of age and preceded the onset of ileitis, and (6) a subgroup of mice (~5%) developed perianal disease with ulceration and fistulae. Conclusions: The SAMP1/YitFc substrain exhibits unique characteristics when compared with the original Japanese strain. Of particular interest is the emergence of perianal fistulizing disease, to our knowledge the first report of such occurrence in an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease.
Is fear of strangers related to physical activity among youth

Abstract Purpose. To (1) assess the reliability of the newly developed Fears of Stranger Danger (FSD) scale, (2) examine measurement invariance and identify demographic variation in FSD, and (3) examine associations of FSD with physical activity, screen time, and body mass index (BMI) z score. Design. Cross-sectional survey with test-retest. Setting. Neighborhoods with various socioeconomic characteristics and walkability in San Diego, Boston, and Cincinnati. Participants. Parent-adolescent pairs (n = 171), and parents of children (n = 116). Response rate was 47% for Survey 1, and 69% were retained for Survey 2. Methods. Data analyses included test-retest reliability and internal consistency for FSD, tests of differential functioning for measurement invariance, t-test for associations between FSD and demographic variables, and partial correlation for associations of FSD with physical activity, screen time, and BMI z score. Results. The FSD scale had moderate to substantial test-retest reliability (int...
The Effect of Low Dosage X-Ray Irradiation on Reproduction in Chickens

Abstract IT IS well known that the functional ability of the ovary is interfered with by high dosage x-ray irradiation (Bloom, 1948). It is also known that the extent of damage is greatly influenced by dosage rate and over-all time of exposure. What is not known is whether the sub-threshold x-ray dosage levels delivered at a low dosage rate have any long range effect on the reproduction potential of the ovary. Since the White Leghorn chicken has a long and intensively active reproductive period it is an excellent organism on which to study these factors. It was the purpose of the investigation reported here to study the effects of low dosage x-ray irradiation on total egg production and the fertility and hatchability of the eggs produced. The effect of age at radiation on over-all response was also studied by irradiating chickens before and after sexual maturity. Finally, line differences in response …
Discovering Directions for Change in Higher Education Through the Experiences of Senior Women Faculty

The Women in Science and Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, an NSF-funded ADVANCE Institutional Transformation project, employed the “discovery interviews” method to characterize the experiences of senior women faculty in science and engineering on campus. This method allowed WISELI to reach its aims of (1) gaining information from senior women that would inform the programs developed by WISELI, and (2) building relationships among the senior women and WISELI. The discovery interview process also had some unintended consequences, including creation of an expectation of advocacy that exceeded the original intent of the project. This method was well-matched to the needs of WISELI as a change agent at the UW-Madison, and has contributed a great deal to its Institutional Transformation efforts, primarily by changing WISELI’s perceptions of what leadership means to senior women faculty.
Behavioral Intelligence for Geospatial Agents in Urban Environments

Existing models of virtual humans in urban settings have largely focused on algorithmic or graphical efficiency. They look realistic but are relatively lacking as experimental tools. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to modeling urban crowds, based on individual and collective geospatial intelligence.
Scanning electron microscopic visualization of a microexudate prepared by the release of cells by urea.

Abstract The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the residue remaining after human fibroblasts, permitted to attach to plastic dishes in the absence of serum, were removed with buffered 1 M urea. The ‘urea carpet’ is entirely different from the “substrate-attached material” (SAM) of Culp [4, 5, 6] in that it contains no “footpad” material. Furthermore, the SEM pictures clearly indicate that urea carpet stimulates the adhesion and spreading of newly added fibroblasts.
A theoretical study of three-dimensional combustion instability in liquid-propellant rocket engines

A theoretical study of three-dimensional linear combustion instability in liquid-propellant rocket motors is presented. A concentrated combustion model is used, and the mathematical analysis is presented as a boundary-value problem in which the solutions describing the flow oscillations in the combustor are required to satisfy a combustion-zone boundary condition at one end of the chamber and a Nozzle Admittance Relation at the other end. Crocco's time-lag hypothesis is used to describe the combustion process, and an analysis of the nonsteady nozzle flow is used to derive the Nozzle Admittance Relation. The model used in this study can predict stability behavior of combustors with low and high Mach number flows over a wide frequency range. An investigation of stability behavior over a wide frequency range predicts the possibility of spontaneous combustion instability with respect to the pure transverse mode and the mixed acoustic modes (which are associated with a given pure transverse mode). In addition, this study predicts that each of the following effects: (a) increasing the combustor's length, (b) decreasing the Mach number of the mean flow, and (c) “smoothing” the convergence of the nozzle are destabilizing with respect to the pure transverse modes. No general conclusions regarding the stability of the combustor with respect to the various mixed acoustic modes can be drawn. It appears that the stability behavior of each of these modes should be considered separately. Experimental evidence supporting some of these theoretical predictions is presented.
Geriatric Spinal Injury

Geriatric spinal injury has unique mechanisms, confounding treatment factors, and outcomes. Mechanisms of injury frequently involve low velocity falls, as opposed to the high velocity traumas responsible for most other spinal cord injuries. Age-related comorbidities such as cervical spondylosis, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and neuromuscular disorders play into the pathophysiology of injury in this population. Three common injuries encountered include central cord injury, cervical extension distraction injuries, and odontoid fractures. Treatment is aimed at balancing safety of surgery with risks of nonoperative management. Understanding features unique to geriatric spinal injury is important in maximizing recovery.
The Relation of Family and School Attachment to Adolescent Deviance in Diverse Groups and Communities

This longitudinal study used a national probability sample of adolescents to examine whether attachments to the family and school reduced five forms of adolescent deviance: cigarette smoking, alcohol use, marijuana use, delinquency, and violent behavior. The authors assessed whether these factors reduced the overall frequency, prevalence, and intensity of each problem behavior. The study also examined the power of these attachments to reduce deviance among adolescents who were differentiated in terms of gender, ethnicity, and their community’s level of economic deprivation. Overall, adolescent attachments to family and school tended to reduce the overall frequency, prevalence, and intensity of deviant involvement, regardless of community context, gender, or ethnic group. Parental reports of attachment to the adolescent, compared with adolescent reports of connection to the family, were the stronger predictors of lower levels of deviance. Attachment to school predicted lower levels of initiation of deviant...
DNA barcoding of new world cicada killers (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)

We are engaged in a comprehensive study of cicada killers (Sphecius spp.), including their behavioral ecology. At one location, we observed interactions among three putative species of Sphecius, and used DNA barcoding to help clarify relationships among them. For this, we sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. During our study, a new taxonomic key of New World cicada killers, based on morphology, was published, and we expanded the barcoding project to test the congruence between barcodes and this key. In general, barcoding evidence supports morphological distinctions among species; sequence divergences between individuals of different species were within the range expected for congeneric Hymenoptera. However, two conflicts between barcoding and morphological evidence were noted. 1) Haplotypes of Sphecius grandis Say fall into two highly divergent clades, suggesting they are cryptic species. 2) Two clades of S. convallis Patton were found, and the sequences of one clade are virtually identical to those of S. speciosus Drury, suggesting that this clade of S. convallis is conspecific with S. speciosus. Alternative explanations are possible for this result, including hybridization and introgression between the two species. We conclude that our DNA barcoding evidence should be interpreted with caution, but that it has generated interesting questions we hope to resolve with field research coupled with analysis of suitable nuclear gene sequences.
Distal posterior interosseous nerve syndrome

Six patients selected from 13 patients presenting with dorsal wrist pain related in onset to repetitive dorsiflexion maneuvers are described. Clinical examination revealed tenderness over the fourth extensor compartment. Wrist dorsiflexion reproduced their symptoms. All patients were relieved by selective bupivicaine (Marcaine) block of the posterior interosseous nerve 3 em proximal to the wrist joint. Of the 13 patients presenting, seven improved on immobilization and anti-inflammatory drugs. The six patients not relieved underwent surgical exploration with the specific findings of an enlarged, fibrotic, posterior interosseous nerve. Histologic analysis revealed perineural fibrosis without inflammatory changes. The perineural fibrosis was four times greater in affected nerves than in control specimens. We propose distal posterior interosseous nerve syndrome as another entity causing dorsal wrist pain that is distinct from the usual causes, such as dorsal ganglia, degeneration of the scapholunate ligament, and dorsal wrist syndrome.
Measurement of aspherical surfaces using a test plate and computer generated holograms

Due to fabrication and transportation limitations, the primary mirrors of giant astronomical telescopes are made from much smaller segments (Figure 1). For these telescopes to achieve diffraction-limited images, it is vital that the segments are phased correctly so that the mosaic of segments has the same optical shape as an ideal aspheric mirror (Figure 2). This requires that all the individual segments be manufactured with tight controls on the power (radius of curvature) and off-axis position (asphericity).
An asynchronous multiplier

This paper discusses the design and performance of an 8-bit asynchronous multiplier. Self-timed adders with carry completion signals were implemented to create the asynchronous function of the multiplier. The technique of using bi-directional adders is incorporated in the design. One objective of this design was to estimate the longest multiplication time for a 2 mu m CMOS implementation of this 8-bit multiplier. >
Manual curation is not sufficient for annotation of genomic databases

Motivation: Knowledge base construction has been an area of intense activity and great importance in the growth of computational biology. However, there is little or no history of work on the subject of evaluation of knowledge bases, either with respect to their contents or with respect to the processes by which they are constructed. This article proposes the application of a metric from software engineering known as the found/fixed graph to the problem of evaluating the processes by which genomic knowledge bases are built, as well as the completeness of their contents. Results: Well-understood patterns of change in the found/fixed graph are found to occur in two large publicly available knowledge bases. These patterns suggest that the current manual curation processes will take far too long to complete the annotations of even just the most important model organisms, and that at their current rate of production, they will never be sufficient for completing the annotation of all currently available proteomes. Contact: larry.hunter@uchsc.edu
The West German Federal Constitutional Court: An Evaluation After Six Years

T HE FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL COURT of the German Federal Republic has been characterized in numerous ways since it began to function in 1951 1 It has been viewed as the guardian of a liberal democratic constitution; as the final coordinating agency in the political system; as an experiment in judicial pioneering; as a judicial oligarchy; and as a Trojan Horse which conceals behind a judicial facade certain of the realities of German political life. In the words of one of its judges, "the wide range of its jurisdiction, applauded by many as the true safeguard for a government by law, is derided by some as an unrealistic aiming at legal perfectionism bound to involve the Court in political quarrels and ultimately headed for a government by the courts."2 It is too early in the life of the Federal Constitutional Court to attempt any final appraisal. The position of the Court is an evolving one, and its work must be interpreted in the light of the changing political background in Western Germany. But there are several justifications for another examination of its work and role at this time. One is the passage in 1956 of an Act amending the Law of 1951 on the Federal Constitutional Court; a second justification is the series of significant decisions during the period between the summers of 1956 and 1957, which provide new material on which to base an evaluation of the work of the Court.3
Universal Multi-Factor Authentication Using Graphical Passwords

In this paper, we present a series of methods to authenticate a user with a graphical password. To that end, we employ the user?s personal handheld device as the password decoder and the second factor of authentication. In our methods, a service provider challenges the user with an image password. To determine the appropriate click points and their order, the user needs some hint information transmitted only to her handheld device. We show that our method can overcome threats such as key-loggers, weak password, and shoulder surfing. With the increasing popularity of handheld devices such as cell phones, our approach can be leveraged by many organizations without forcing the user to memorize different passwords or carrying around different tokens.
Designing a rule system that searches for scientific discoveries

Some scientific inference tasks (including mass spectrum identification DerzdrczL, medical diagnosis Mycin, and math theory development AM) have been successfully modelled as rule-directed search processes. These rule systems are designed quite differently from "pure production systems". By concentrating upon the design of one program (AM), we shall show how 13 kinds of design deviations arise from (i) the level of sophistication of the task that the system is designed to perform, (ii) the inherent nature of the task, and (iii) the designer's view of the task. The limitations of AM suggest even more radical departures from traditional rule system architecture. All these modifications are then collected into a new, complicated set of constraints on the form of the data structures, the rules, the interpreter, and the distribution of knowledge between rules and data structures. These new policies sacrifice uniformity in the interests of clarity, efficiency and power derivable from a thorough characterization of the task. Rule systems whose architectures conform to the new design principles will be more awkward for many tasks than would "pure" systems. Nevertheless, the new architecture should be significantly more powerful and natural for building rule systems that do scientific discovery tasks.
Software assistance for directory-based caches

We investigate the benefit of combining directory-based schemes with software schemes as a method for maintaining cache coherence on multiprocessors. The main idea is to maintain the directory hardware while allowing eligible write references to bypass the invalidation process. Static analysis is applied to parallel programs in order to mark those eligible write references. The sample results suggest that such reference marking can reduce invalidation requests significantly when it is combined with locality-preserving task scheduling and when the array subscripts are not complex. >
Plant Resistance to Viruses: Geminiviruses

Geminiviruses are a novel group of plant viruses that contain circular, single-stranded DNA of 2.7–5.2 kbp in size. Their unique ‘geminate’ or paired particle sets them apart from other viruses. Geminiviruses are an emergent group of plant viruses characterized by the debilitating diseases they cause, and their ready transmission by one of several phloem-feeding insects. The Geminiviridae contains four genera that are distinguished by host plant type and vector. The largest genus contains the whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses, which are distributed worldwide in the Tropics, and as far north as the Mediterranean Sea and the southern USA. Geminiviruses rely on a host DNA polymerase for replication, and shift cells back into replication phase of the cell cycle to enable their own replication. Geminivirus ORFs (6 and 7) encode multifunctional proteins, including the coat protein that is required for symptom development in some virus–host combinations, and for vector-mediated transmission. Geminiviruses encode a protein enabling cell-to-cell movement, and another that suppresses host defenses, while also serving as a transcriptional activator. Some monopartite begomovirus species associate with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) satellite molecule (1.5 kbp) that encodes a silencing suppressor, enabling their debilitated ‘helper virus’ to be pathogenic. Geminiviruses employ recombination and reassortment for diversification and adapt readily to new hosts.
An Essay on Environmental Economics

This mimeo discusses the basic foundations and concepts of environmental economics. Identifying realistic opportunity costs and setting an appropriate discount rate remains a challenge that is expected to be the subject of future research.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL SUBLUXATION (DYSPLASIA) AND DISLOCATION OF THE HIP IN INFANCY.

The physical signs of congenital subluxation (dysplasia) and congenital dislocation of the hip and the routine examination of the hips in all newborn infants make it possible to recognize these common problems at a very early age. In the dysplastic hip in a young infant, the treatment required is very simple, consisting merely in holding the extremities in a position of abduction until the hip has developed satisfactorily. Demonstrable telescoping is the only accurate sign distinguishing congenital dislocation of the hip from subluxation. In true dislocation, manual reduction of the dislocation is usually required. In the very young infant, the position of stability is usually one of flexion, abduction, and external rotation, since the position of flexion represents the normal one of rest. Beyond the age of eight to ten months, however, the normal resting position changes to one of extension, and the position of stability for the hip is usually one of extension, abduction, and internal rotation. Beyond the age of eight to ten months the treatment required is much more radical, and there is less assurance of obtaining a totally satisfactory result.