cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Note on Hydrocarbon 2. Naphthenic Hydrocarbons

Cet article est la seconde partie de l'article publie par Yen et Chiligarian en 1987. Il analyse la structure chimique des hydrocarbures naphteniques monocycliques, polycycliques, polyedriques, prismatiques et spirocycliques
One‐particle green's function with multiconfiguration reference states

The Green's function formalism in the superoperator notation is extended to admit a multiconfiguration reference state. The advantages of this more general reference state over the Hartree-Fock state are discussed. Hermiticity of the superoperators for the multiconfiguration reference state is analyzed. Explicit formulas and calculation procedures for the implementation of this Green's function theory are given and specialized to include terms consistent through second order.
Efforts to Transmit and to Enhance the Virulence of an Avirulent Strain of Pasteurella multocida in Turkeys

Abstract Nonvaccinated turkeys were added to groups of turkeys that had been recently vaccinated with the avirulent Clemson University vaccine strain of Pasteurella multocida by the drinking water route. Separate control groups were nonvaccinated. Five weeks after treatment, all groups were challenged with a highly virulent P-10S9 strain. None of the turkeys added to the vaccinated groups developed clinical evidence of fowl cholera disease during the 5-weeks exposure period. After challenged with the highly virulent P-1059 culture, the total number infected was 95% in the nonvaccinated groups, 12.5% in the turkeys that had received the avirulent vaccine strain, and 85% in the nonvaccinated turkeys added to the vaccinated groups. These results suggest, under the conditions of this experiment, (1) that if the vaccine strain is transmittible by cohabitation, then this transmission is not easily accomplished and (2) that the unvaccinated turkeys remained susceptible to fowl cholera infection. In a second experiment, the vaccine strain was injected intravenously into turkeys, was isolated from them after death and was then injected into additional turkeys, etc., for a total of 10 turkey passages. Separate groups of turkeys were then exposed by the drinking water route to the 5-passage isolate, to the 10-passage isolate, and to the original vaccine strain. Other groups were not exposed. Two weeks post treatment, all groups were then challenged with a highly virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida. Under the conditions of the second experiment, one of the 20 turkeys exposed to the 10-turkey passage isolate developed an infection of the tibiometatarsal area. None of the turkeys exposed to either the 5-turkey passage isolate or to the vaccine strain developed clinical evidence of fowl cholera disease. After challenge with the highly virulent P-1059 strain, the total number infected was 5% in the turkeys that had been exposed to the 10-turkey passage isolate and 10% in those that had been exposed to the 5-turkey passage isolate. None of the turkeys that had received the vaccine strain developed evidence of infection and the infection rate in those not vaccinated was 85%. The results of the second experiment suggest that there was little or no increase in the virulence of the avirulent vaccine strain after either 5-turkey passages or after 10-turkey passages and, also, that the ability of the vaccine strain to immunize did not appear to be seriously impaired, if at all, by these passages.
Bias Arising in Case-Control Studies from Selection of Controls from Overlapping Groups

Three examples are used to demonstrate that the selection of controls from categories that overlap can lead to bias. Case-control studies that use friend controls and the practice of age-matching controls to cases within a specified number of years (caliper matching) are examples of the selection bias described in the paper. The bias resulting from the use of friend controls can be large and, since the use of friend controls is common, this source of bias is of considerable practical consequence. The use of friend controls or the selection of controls according to other variables with categories that overlap should be avoided.
Coordination of sonic hedgehog and Wnt signaling determines ventral and dorsal telencephalic neuron types from human embryonic stem cells

The directed differentiation of forebrain neuronal types from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has not been achieved. Here, we show that hESCs differentiate to telencephalic progenitors with a predominantly dorsal identity in a chemically defined medium without known morphogens. This is attributed to endogenous Wnt signaling, which upregulates the truncated form of GLI3, a repressor of sonic hedgehog (SHH). A high concentration of SHH, or the inhibition of Wnt by dickkopf 1 (DKK1) together with a low concentration of SHH, almost completely converts the primitive dorsal precursors to ventral progenitors, which is partially achieved through both downregulation of the truncated GLI3 and upregulation of full-length GLI3 expression. These dorsal and ventral telencephalic progenitors differentiate to functional glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, respectively. Thus, although hESCs generate dorsal telencephalic cells, as opposed to ventral progenitors in other vertebrates, in the absence of exogenous morphogens, human cells use a similar molecular mechanism to control the dorsal versus ventral fate. The coordination of Wnt and SHH signaling through GLI3 represents a novel mechanism that regulates ventral-dorsal patterning in the development of forebrain neuronal subtypes.
Effect of Pesticides on Colpoclypeus florus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Trichogramma platneri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Parasitoids of Leafrollers in Washington

Abstract Pesticides were evaluated for their effect on two parasitoid species, Colpoclypeus florus and Trichogramma platneri, that are potential biological control agents of leafrollers in apple orchards. Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides were highly toxic to both parasitoids in topical applications, but foliar residues of some products were nontoxic after 7 d. At reduced rates, topically applied pyrethroids were low in toxicity to C. florus were highly toxic to T. platneri, and foliar residues were nontoxic after about 7 d. Imidacloprid and abamectin were highly toxic when applied topically to both parasitoids but were not toxic as 1-d-old residues. Insect growth regulators did not cause mortality either as topical applications or residues; however, diflubenzuron caused severe sublethal effects, completely blocking the production of C. florus offspring. Biorational pesticides, such as soap, oil, and B. thuringiensis products, caused no toxicity to C. florus but had a direct impact on T. platneri...
The Independent Rep As A Source Of Competitive Advantage: An Actionable Scale For Rep Selection

This study develops a scale that offers an actionable approach for suppliers’ use in selecting their reps. Rep selection is the critical first step suppliers take in developing profitable, long-term relationships with retailers. Retailers’ loyalties are often bestowed on the rep, rather than the supplier. As identified in the study, the rep needs to be professional, accommodating, ethical, sensitive, and compassionate to satisfy the retailer. The scale provides suppliers a technique for measuring these characteristics. Prior to this scale, no instrument was available to measure these characteristics, which increase the retailer’s likelihood of developing loyalty.
Diversity, Abundance and Nesting Phenology of the Wading Birds of Bahía Kino, Sonora, México

Abstract. The occurrence and nesting phenology of Ardeidae species and other wading birds were documented from 2009–2013 in the Bahia Kino bioregion of western Sonora, Mexico. Two active colonies were surveyed: in a mangrove (Avicennia germinans; Rhizophora mangle) estuary and on a nearshore desert island. Thirteen species of nesting wading birds were recorded, 11 of which are year-round residents and two occurring only during the breeding season; two additional species were documented only in migration. The most abundant species was the Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), which had a peak of 234 nests in 2012. Of particular conservation interest is the Reddish Egret (E. rufescens), which had a peak of 149 nests in 2012. Potential prey of wading birds in the estuary was also sampled, with special focus on brachyuran crabs, which constitute the main prey items of the Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (Nyctanassa violacea). The rapid development of the region, and especially the establishment of largescale mariculture op...
Linear and Nonlinear Thomson Scattering Observed Perpendicular to a Relativistic Laser

We analyze single-photon fundamental, second and third harmonic light scattered out the side of an intense laser focus, interacting with individual free electrons. Such measurements provide additional insights into interaction dynamics via non-phase-matched incoherent emission.
Agaricales from Henderson Islands (South Pacific)

Carmichael, J. W., W. B. Kendrick, L. L. Connors, and L. Sigler. 1980. Genera of Hyphomycetes. Uni? versity of Alberta Press, Edmonton. 386 p. Koorders, S. H. 1907. Botanische Untersuchungen ueber einige in Java Vorkommende Pilze, besonders ueber Blaetter bewohnende, parasitisch auftretende Arten. 4. Morphologische-Systematisch notizen ueber einige mittel-Javanische, vorwiegend Blaetter bewohnende Pilze. Verh. Koninkl. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Naturk., Tweede Sect., Section 2, 13: 1-264. Kuthubutheen, A. J., and A. Nawawi. 1988. A new species of Wiesneriomyces (Hyphomycetes) from submerged decaying leaves. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 90:619-625. Morris, E. F. 1967. Studies on the synnematous Fun? gi Imperfecti. Mycopath. Mycol Appl. 33: 179185. Seifert, K. A. 1985. A Monograph <?/Stilbella and Some Allied Hyphomycetes. Studies in Mycology No. 27. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn. 238 p. Shaw, D. E., and B. C. Sutton. 1985. A new aeroaquatic hyphomycete from Papua New Guinea and Australia. /. Linn. Soc. Bot. 91: 25-36. Subramanian, C. V., and B. C. Lodha. 1964. Two interesting Hyphomycetes. Canad. J. Bot. 42: 1057-1063. Tubaki, K. 1958. Studies on the Japanese Hypho? mycetes. V. Leaf and stem group with a discussion of the classification of Hyphomycetes and their perfect stages. J. Hattori Bot. Lab, No. 20: 142244.
Taxonomic significance of isozyme patterns of some myxomycetes, order Physarales, produced with starch gel electrophoresis.

Plasmodia of 10 myxomycete isolates, order Physarales, were subjected to electrophoresis in starch gel medium and subsequently stained for each of four enzymes: nonspecific esterase, malate dehydro...
Virtuality in systems of memory: Toward an ontology of collective memory, ritual,and the technological

In recent years, ‘collective memory’ has been used to describe the organization of a group identity that either supplements or replaces identity categories. Despite the apparent emphasis on the ‘collective’, most theories of collective memory rely explicitly on ontological models derived from modes of thought that privilege the psychic memory of individuals rather than collective phenomena. This article sketches the beginnings of an ontological model for collective memory that defines collective memory as an active process via which collectivities are produced through embodied movements that serve to differentiate entities from a larger environment. While not the only form of movement, the article examines the role of material technologies in the shaping and transformation of embodied rituals, consequently transforming how collectives are produced through memory as embodied actions.
Data fusion for a vision-radiological system: A statistical calibration algorithm

Presented here is a fusion system based on simple, low-cost computer vision and radiological sensors for tracking of multiple objects and identifying potential radiological materials being transported or shipped. The main focus of this work is the development of calibration algorithms for characterizing the fused sensor system as a single entity. There is an apparent need for correcting for a scene deviation from the basic inverse distance-squared law governing the detection rates even when evaluating system calibration algorithms. In particular, the computer vision system enables a map of distance-dependence of the sources being tracked, to which the time-dependent radiological data can be incorporated by means of data fusion of the two sensors' output data.
The Interface Between GIS and Hydrology

For hydraulics, hydrology, water resources, geophysics or environmental problems, the immediate future is powerful workstations, LANs, optical disks, 3-D interactive graphics and other sophisticated software packages, combined with huge government-maintained data bases and high-speed regional networks. GIS functions and capabilities exist in this framework, but the stand-alone GIS, like the Dodo or the stand-alone word processor, is likely to become an extinct oddity.
Herpes Simplex Virus-1 and Bell's Palsy

The association between herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection and Bell palsy was determined in 47 children studied at Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. Swabs of saliva and conjunctiva were taken for PCR testing.
Fuel Reduction Strategies in Forest Communities: A Longitudinal Analysis of Public Support

This study uses panel data from a mail surveyadministered to the same individuals in 1996 and 2000 to measure change in public attitudes toward fire management programs on federal lands in eastern Oregon and Washington. Findings were generally similar between 1996 and 2000, but three noteworthy changes occurred over the four-year interval First, the number of citizens who view smoke as a problem has risen. Second, citizens gave Forest Service information programs lower ratings and considered other sources of information more reliable. And finally, the relationship between the Forest Service and residents in the region appears to have eroded. Nevertheless, respondents continued to support prescribed fire and mechanized thinning for fuel reduction purposes in local forests.
Performing History: Remembering Paul Robeson and the Peekskill Riots through Tayo Aluko’s Call Mr. Robeson

In 1949 Paul Robeson (with support from Pete Seeger, Woodie Guthrie, Howard Fast, and others) attempted to and then successfully held a civil and workers’ rights concert in Peekskill, New York. Marring these performances, however, were protests that turned progressively violent. These violent protests have come to be known as the Peekskill Riots and serve as a major milestone in the nation’s history surrounding protest, music, politics, and Paul Robeson. This paper reflects on this relationship, particularly how it is being remembered today. Through field research, including participant observation, interviews, landscape analysis, and primary and secondary archival research, I demonstrate how British-Nigerian writer, singer, actor, activist, and architect Tayo Aluko “performs history” through his musical Call Mr. Robeson. This includes how Paul Robeson and the Peekskill Riots are remembered through performance and how the continued performances place the identity and history of Peekskill in a state of becoming. This is also a case study more broadly for how social movements are influenced, fueled, and remembered through performance.
Laparoscopic Surgery for Para-esophageal Hernias

Surgical management of paraesophageal hernias has changed dramatically during the past two decades. Elective laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair is now the standard approach to the patient with a symptomatic paraesophageal hernia. The operation is technically challenging and requires numerous intra-operative and peri-operative considerations. Here, we will highlight the key points in the peri-operative and intra-operative management of paraesophageal hernias, emphasizing the operative goals of reduction of the hernia contents, excision of the hernia sac, a tension free repair with complete esophageal mobilization, crural repair, and fundoplication.
A Shovel-Ready Solution to Fill the Nursing Data Gap in the Interdisciplinary Clinical Picture.

PURPOSE To critically evaluate 2014 American Academy of Nursing (AAN) call-to-action plan for generating interoperable nursing data. DATA SOURCES Healthcare literature. DATA SYNTHESIS AAN's plan will not generate the nursing data needed to participate in big data science initiatives in the short term because Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine – Clinical Terms are not yet ripe for generating interoperable data. Well-tested viable alternatives exist. CONCLUSIONS Authors present recommendations for revisions to AAN's plan and an evidence-based alternative to generating interoperable nursing data in the near term. These revisions can ultimately lead to the proposed terminology goals of the AAN's plan in the long term.
Effect of genetic variants and traits related to glucose metabolism and their interaction with obesity on breast and colorectal cancer risk among postmenopausal women

Impaired glucose metabolism–related genetic variants and traits likely interact with obesity and related lifestyle factors, influencing postmenopausal breast and colorectal cancer (CRC), but their interconnected pathways are not fully understood. By stratifying via obesity and lifestyles, we partitioned the total effect of glucose metabolism genetic variants on cancer risk into two putative mechanisms: 1) indirect (risk-associated glucose metabolism genetic variants mediated by glucose metabolism traits) and 2) direct (risk-associated glucose metabolism genetic variants through pathways other than glucose metabolism traits) effects. Using 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with glucose metabolism and data from 5379 postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative Harmonized and Imputed Genome-Wide Association Studies, we retrospectively assessed the indirect and direct effects of glucose metabolism-traits (fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) using two quantitative tests. Several SNPs were associated with breast cancer and CRC risk, and these SNP–cancer associations differed between non-obese and obese women. In both strata, the direct effect of cancer risk associated with the SNP accounted for the majority of the total effect for most SNPs, with roughly 10% of cancer risk due to the SNP that was from an indirect effect mediated by glucose metabolism traits. No apparent differences in the indirect (glucose metabolism-mediated) effects were seen between non-obese and obese women. It is notable that among obese women, 50% of cancer risk was mediated via glucose metabolism trait, owing to two SNPs: in breast cancer, in relation to GCKR through glucose, and in CRC, in relation to DGKB/TMEM195 through HOMA-IR. Our findings suggest that glucose metabolism genetic variants interact with obesity, resulting in altered cancer risk through pathways other than those mediated by glucose metabolism traits.
Defibrillation efficacy with endocardial electrodes is influenced by reductions in cardiac preload.

Little is known about the effects of cardiac preload and cardiacgeometry on defibrillation efficacy with endocardial electrodes. We studiednine pigs implanted with an endocardial lead system in the normal andreduced preload state. In the reduced preload state, a balloon catheter wasinflated in the inferior vena cava (IVC) for 20 seconds prior to theinduction of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Complete occlusion of the IVCand reductions in preload were confirmed by observing deformation of thecontrast-filled balloon, a reduction in cardiac size by fluoroscopy, andreductions in ventricular pressures. Biphasic shocks were delivered after 10seconds of VF using a recursive up–down protocol. VF was induced 20times for each preload state, and the 50% effective doses (ED50) forenergy, current, and voltage were estimated by averaging all shocks for thatstate. At reduced preloads, energy decreased from 12.1 ± 3.0 J(±SD) to 10.5 ± 2.9 J (p < 0.01), voltage decreased from415 ± 51 V to 390 ± 51 V (p < 0.05), and current decreasedfrom 8.6 ± 1.5 A to 7.6 ± 1.5 A (p < 0.01), while impedancerose from 49.2 ± 3.8 Ξ to 52.8 ± 4.4 Ξ (p < 0.001).We conclude that reducing cardiac preload and cardiac size significantlylowers ED50 defibrillation energy, current, and voltage. Thisoutcome may be caused directly by the decrease in blood volume as evidencedby increased impedance and/or may be due to changes in heart geometry andstretch.
Trajectory generation for a walking in-pipe robot moving through spatially curved pipes

In this paper, a walking in-pipe robot is studied. The robot has six legs, each consisting of 3 links connected via rotary joints. The legs are attached to the robot’s body. The work is focused on the problem of generating desired position and orientation for the robot’s body, using a given footstep sequence. An iterative geometric algorithm for generating orientation sequence is proposed. The problem of finding the desired position of the center of mass of the robot’s body is formulated as a problem of minimizing stretching of the robot’s legs during steps. Also, an analytical solution for inverse kinematics problem has been given. All proposed algorithms do not require extensive calculation and use basic algebraic operations.
Designing and Implementing Emergency Department Pain Management Curriculum: A Delphi Approach

Objectives Our primary objective was to use the Delphi method (DM) to choose learning objectives for an Internet-based pain management teaching module for emergency care providers. The DM is a structured communication technique that uses systematic, interactive data gathering to reach a consensus among a panel of experts. Methods We extracted preliminary educational objectives from nationwide pain fellowship training programs. After redundant objectives and those relating to procedures outside the scope of emergency medicine (EM) were removed, 23 preliminary objectives remained. We enlisted experts in EM, medical toxicology, anesthesia, pain, psychiatry, and medical education to evaluate the objectives in repeated rounds. Based on the time we had designated for teaching (3 hours) and our estimate of 15 to 20 minutes for each learning objective, we aimed for nine to 12 final learning objectives. The expert panel rated the 23 preliminary objectives with a 5-point Likert scale. Experts were blinded to each other's answers. When 80% of experts agreed with proposed objectives, objectives were considered "accepted" and retained. When 80% of experts disagreed with proposed objectives, the objectives were considered "rejected" and discarded. The remaining objectives were considered in subsequent rounds. In the first round, one objective was rejected and four were accepted. In the second round, four objectives were rejected and five were accepted. Having reached nine objectives the panel unanimously agreed that the nine objectives were sufficient to be used as a foundation for teaching modules. Results Using the DM, our expert panel identified nine educational objectives that were used as the foundation for an educational module. Of the nine objectives, three were categorized as "medical knowledge," two as "pharmacologic knowledge," two as "patient communication," and two as "systems-based practice." The learning objectives are as follows: recognize common barriers to treating pain; understand alternative interventional therapies used to treat different kinds of pain their implications, benefits, and risks; identify common component symptoms that may exacerbate chronic pain (i.e., depression, anxiety, delirium, cachexia, dyspnea); study the major drug groups used to treat different kinds of pain; recognize the risks of polypharmacy; set realistic expectations with patients early in their presentation to the emergency department (ED); educate patients as the risks of different classes of pain medications, including risk of addiction; understand the legal and regulatory issues that govern pain management in the ED; and understand in-hospital resources available for patient follow up and referral to pain clinics. Conclusions We successfully used the DM to develop educational objectives for an e-learning module. Further work should evaluate educational outcomes of the teaching module.
Perioperative and Modifiable Risk Factors for Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI) and Recommended Guidelines

Purpose of Review Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) remains a complication that is associated with high morbidity as well as high healthcare expenses. The purpose of this review is to examine patient and perioperative modifiable risk factors that can be altered to help improve rates of PJI.
Subsidies from anadromous sea lamprey ( Petromyzon marinus ) carcasses function as a reciprocal nutrient exchange between marine and freshwaters

Nutrient and energy flows across ecosystem boundaries subsidize recipient communities and influence bottom‐up processes in food webs. Migratory fish such as anadromous sea lamprey provide a pulse of marine‐derived nutrients and energy to Atlantic coastal streams in spring when organisms would otherwise be subject to limiting resources. We conducted sea lamprey carcass addition experiments to characterize the role of subsidies on producer and consumer trophic pathways by manipulating subsidy quantity and light exposure. We demonstrated that producer and decomposer productivity is constrained by nutrients during spring; however, these limitations were reduced in producers as light limitations intensified through riparian shading. We observed no significant effects of increasing carcass subsidies on producer and decomposer biomass. Our results suggest that high densities of carcass subsidies may stimulate primary productivity; however, these effects are mediated by the degree of riparian shading, which demonstrated a onefold to fourfold difference in biomass accrual. In addition, sea lamprey carcass nutrients were captured by larval conspecifics. Stable isotopes analysis demonstrated that adult sea lamprey carcass tissue was relatively enriched in ¹⁵N and ¹³C isotopes compared with larvae. We observed significant enrichment in the ¹³C isotope among larvae sampled after 2 and 4 weeks of exposure to adult carcass nutrients. Our work suggests that a portion of sea lamprey subsidies serve as a reciprocal exchange between freshwaters and the ocean. We highlight that this cross‐ecosystem linkage is likely influenced by subsidy quantity from donor systems and is mediated by environmental characteristics affecting the recipient system.
Efficient Computation of Polygon Area and Polyhedron Volume

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates efficient computation of polygon area and polyhedron volume. It describes new methods to obtain the area of a planar polygon and the volume of a polyhedron, in three-dimensional space. They provide substantial speed-ups (factors ranging from two to sixteen) over previously reported methods. In most cases, the new methods are also easier to program. Implementers should be familiar with basic vector operations, particularly the cross product. This chapter assumes a right-handed coordinate system; for a left-handed coordinate system, cross product should be defined to be the negative of its usual definition. The most important observation for the formulas to be obtained is that the area is most productively thought of as a vector, particularly if further calculations are to be done with it. This point of view is well known in vector calculus. The chapter also describes two optimization techniques for volume calculations and applies them to obtain further improvements on all polyhedra with four to six faces.
The kinetics of elastolysis as a probe of elastin.

The purification of amorphous elastin from elastic tissue has generally required the use of harsh chemical procedures. It would not be surprising that these procedures alter some of the properties of the amorphous elastin (1). Several authors have reported enhancement of the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of elastin concomitant with harsher methods of purification (2, 3, 4). We have confirmed these observations and also report striking differences in the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on the enhancement of elastolysis. Kagan et al. have reported a two-to three-fold stimulation of elastolysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate in 30mM NaCl and a twenty-to fifty-fold stimulation of elastolysis in 154mM NaCl (5). However, we find that Lansing treated elastin exhibits no significant stimulation in 30mM NaCl and an attenuated level of stimulation in 154mM NaCl (Table 1). The absence of sodium dodecyl sulfate stimulation of elastolysis in 30mM NaCl solution is observed with Lansing prepared elastin substrate from calf ligament, calf aorta and dog lung.
Mast Cells in Allergy and Autoimmunity

As in the fashion industry, trends in a particular area of scientific investigation often are fleeting but then return with renewed and enthusiastic interest. Studies of mast cell biology are good examples of this. Although dogma once relegated mast cells almost exclusively to roles in pathological inflammation associated with allergic disease, these cells are emerging as important players in a number of other physiological processes. Consequently, they are quickly becoming the newest "trendy" cell, both within and outside the field of immunology. As sources of a large array of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, mast cells also express cell surface molecules with defined functions in lymphocyte activation and trafficking. Here, we provide an overview of the traditional and newly appreciated contributions of mast cells to both innate and adaptive immune responses.
A Perplexing Case of Pituitary Apoplexy Masquerading as Recurrent Meningitis

In this article, we present an exceptional case of pituitary apoplexy in which a patient presented with meningeal symptoms of headache, stiff neck, and nausea rather than the classical findings of ophthalmoplegia and/or vision loss. The patient has had 2 similar presentations with cerebrospinal fluid showing neutrophilic pleocytosis, as well as a computed tomography scan showing a prominent pituitary gland. On current presentation, the patient's vital signs were stable and the physical examination was remarkable for nuchal rigidity. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed an expansile pituitary gland lesion measuring 2.0 × 1.7 × 1.5 cm with upward displacement of the overlying optic chiasm. Cerebrospinal fluid showed neutrophilic pleocytosis, low glucose, high protein content, and negative bacterial and fungal cultures. Surgical decompression subsequently revealed findings consistent with pituitary apoplexy. This is the first known case in which a patient had recurrent episodes of meningitis due to pituitary apoplexy in the absence of a clinical deterioration. Early identification of apoplexy masquerading as meningitis will allow early surgical intervention, if necessary, to prevent complications, recurrence, and morbidity. As such, the presence of sterile meningitis in patients with a known pituitary adenoma should be considered for prompt surgical evaluation.
Study on the Operation Mode of Multi Micro Grid Based on Public Energy Storage

This paper proposes a regional multi-micro grid interconnection mode based on public energy storage. The sub-microgrid interconnects the DC busbars of the public energy storage to realize the low-voltage side closed-loop operation. It also improves the reliability of the important load by combining the real-time dynamic grid technology. Secondly, this paper proposes the regional multi-micro grid integrated energy local optimization allocation technology. It not only realizes the complete local consumption of the distributed power supply, but also improves the revenue of the microgrid significantly. For the incremental income, the multi-agent regional multi-micro grid commercial operation mode is proposed to achieve multi-party win-win. Finally, the research results are applied to the actual micro-grid reconstruction project, and the operation results verify the advanced nature of the theoretical technology.
ORGANIZATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN KAPPA LIGHT CHAIN GENES IN GERM LINE AND SOMATIC CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the organization of immunoglobulin kappa light chain genes in germ line and somatic cells. In an experiment described in the chapter, the organization of Ig genes in several tissues and most importantly in the germ line was studied. Mouse sperm and embryo DNA were digested with several restriction enzymes and the resulting fragments were analyzed for their content of kappa light chain sequences by hybridization techniques. A kappa light chain probe specific for the constant region yielded the same restriction map for sperm and embryo DNA and a probe specific for a kappa variable region sequence (MOPC 167) revealed several Vk genes located on the same restriction fragments in sperm and embryo DNA. Hybridization with v and c region probes also revealed differences in the intensity of the corresponding bands on Southern gels. These results are also discussed in the light of different hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the origin of antibody diversity.
Single amino acid mutations effect Zika virus replication in vitro and virulence in vivo

Abstract The 2014-2016 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas resulted in large deposits of next-generation sequencing data from clinical samples. This resource was mined to identify emerging mutations and trends in mutations as the outbreak progressed over time. Information on transmission dynamics, prevalence and persistence of intra-host mutants, and the position of a mutation on a protein were then used to prioritize 544 reported mutations based on their ability to impact ZIKV phenotype. Using this criteria, six mutants (representing naturally occurring mutations) were generated as synthetic infectious clones using a 2015 Puerto Rican epidemic strain PRVABC59 as the parental backbone. The phenotypes of these naturally occurring variants were examined using both cell culture and murine model systems. Mutants had distinct phenotypes, including changes in replication rate, embryo death, and decreased head size. In particular, a NS2B mutant previously detected during in vivo studies in rhesus macaques was found to cause lethal infections in adult mice, abortions in pregnant females, and increased viral genome copies in both brain tissue and blood of female mice. Additionally, mutants with changes in the region of NS3 that interfaces with NS5 during replication displayed reduced replication in the blood of adult mice. This analytical pathway, integrating both bioinformatic and wet lab experiments, provides a foundation for understanding how naturally occurring single mutations affect disease outcome and can be used to predict the of severity of future ZIKV outbreaks. Author summary To determine if naturally occurring individual mutations in the Zika virus epidemic genotype effect viral virulence or replication rate in vitro or in vivo, we generated an infectious clone representing the epidemic genotype of stain Puerto Rico, 2015. Using this clone, six mutants were created by changing nucleotides in the genome to cause one to two amino acid substitutions in the encoded proteins. The six mutants we generated represent mutations that differentiated the early epidemic genotype from genotypes that were either ancestral or that occurred later in the epidemic. We assayed each mutant for changes in growth rate, and for virulence in adult mice and pregnant mice. Three of the mutants caused catastrophic embryo effects including increased embryonic death or significant decrease in head diameter. Three other mutants that had mutations in a genome region associated with replication resulted in changes in in vitro and in vivo replication rates. These results illustrate the potential impact of individual mutations in viral phenotype.
An Empirical Analysis of the Racial/Ethnic and Sex Differences in Nypd Stop-and-Frisk Practices

Though stop-and-frisk has a long, established legal history, recent experiences in many jurisdictions demonstrate a strong disconnect between principle and practice. In many U.S. jurisdictions, most notably in New York City, stop-and-frisk morphed from a constitutionally-sanctioned policing tactic based on particularized suspicion into a mass surveillance crime control strategy that evidenced the persistent undercurrent in racial injustice in U.S. policing. Federal litigation and ensuing political and corresponding policy changes collectively led to major changes in the way the New York City Police Department (NYPD) utilized “stop, question, and frisk” (SQF) practices. The current study uses SQF data from 2019 (N =12,573) and data from the U.S. Census Bureau to explore the dynamics of SQF encounters after police make stops, paying particular attention to the racial/ethnic and gender disparities evident in those who are frisked or searched, as well as those against whom police use force. Results indicate that in 2019, 91% of the individuals NYPD stopped were either Black or Hispanic. Police seized weapons in 9.9% of encounters that started with stops and made arrests in 32.1% of stops, representing a marked improvement in the efficiency and effectiveness of reported SQFs. Yet, racial/ethnic and gender disparities persist. Of the 7,213 frisks conducted, 93.3% involved Black or Hispanic citizens; of the 4,655 searches conducted, 90.8% involved Black or Hispanic citizens; and males are not only the disproportionate targets of stops (91%), but also the disproportionate targets of frisks (95.3%) and searches (92.6%). When controlling for other relevant encounter and precinct-level variables, citizen race/ethnicity is not a significant predictor of getting frisked or getting searched, but sex and age are. No precinct-level variables (including measures of concentrated disadvantage and crime) predict frisk or search decisions either. Rather, a series of encounter-level variables, most notably weapon carrying and suspected engagement in violent crime and drug transactions, predict these outcomes. Results show substantial improvement in stop-and-frisk practices, including reduced prevalence and geographic concentration, as well as improved “hit rates” for weapon seizures and arrests. But the NYPD still has work to do to address racial and ethnic disparities that persist with regard to the people who get stopped in the first place.
Prologue to a dissertation: March 2020

This “perspectives” piece examines the author’s experience of writing a dissertation on anti-oppressive English language arts classrooms in the midst of COVID-19; it offers considerations of the cu...
Third-Country Effects on the Formation of Free Trade Agreements

The recent proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) has resulted in an increasingly complex network of preferential trading relationships. The economics literature has generally examined the formation of FTAs as a function of the participating countries' economic characteristics alone. In this paper, we show both theoretically and empirically that the decision to enter into an FTA is also crucially dependent on the participating countries' existing FTA relationships with third countries. Accounting for the interdependence of FTAs helps to explain a significant fraction of FTA formations that would not otherwise be predicted by countries' economic characteristics.
A convolutional fully connected structure with hard sample memory pool for land use classification

As one of the classic fields of computer vision, image classification has been booming with the improvement of chip performance and algorithm efficiency. With the rapid progress of deep learning in recent decades, remote sensing land cover and land use image classification has ushered in a golden period of development. This paper presents a new deep learning classifier to classify remote sensing land cover and land use images. The approach first uses multi-layer convolutional neural networks to extract the image features, attached through a fully-connected neural network to generate the sample loss. Then, a hard sample memory pool is created to collect the samples with large losses during the training. A batch of hard samples is randomly extracted from the memory pool to participate in the training of the convolutional fully connected model so that the model becomes more robust. Our method is validated by testing the classic remote sensing land cover and land use dataset. Compared with the previous popular classification algorithm, our algorithm can classify images more accurately with a shorter training iteration.
COVID-19 fear mediates the relationship between perceived risk and preventive behaviors: the moderating role of perceived effectiveness.

To investigate COVID-19 perceived risk and fear as predictors of preventive behaviors among young adult undergraduates, guided by the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM).Participants (N = 174;Ma...
Dimensionality effect of conductive carbon fillers in LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 cathode

Abstract Developing advanced electrode architectures through modifying active materials, conductive fillers, binders, and electrolytes as well as processing methods has drawn significant research interest. Due to the insufficient electrical conductivity of many active materials, adding conductive carbon fillers to composite electrodes provides the necessary electrical conductivity. The dimensionality effect among different conductive fillers has a significant impact on electrochemistry, which can be associated with morphological and chemical heterogeneities of electrodes. Here, synchrotron X-ray mosaic nanotomography and X-ray spectroscopy nanoimaging provided direct three-dimensional (3D) visualization and quantification capabilities to investigate the dimensionality effects of Super P (SP) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) fillers on the capacity retention of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC111). The results indicate that NMC/SWCNT electrodes, with a wrapping effect from the SWCNTs, exhibited more homogeneous particle size distributions, morphological changes, and chemical states than NMC/SP electrodes, without the wrapping effect. This work developed a framework of 3D quantification methods to study the capacity fading behavior associated with morphological and chemical heterogeneities and paved the way toward designing electrodes for high rate energy storage applications.
Optical Rotatory Dispersion of Nonhelical Proteins

Abstract The optical rotatory dispersion of a group of proteins having the Moffitt constant b0 near zero was studied in the far ultraviolet spectral zone. Sodium poly-α-l-glutamate, myoglobin, and serum albumin were used as reference substances. It was found that, in addition to the normal type of rotatory dispersion, as displayed, for example, by myoglobin, four other types of curves could be demonstrated. They are as follows. Type I is represented by phosvitin and the lysine- and proline-rich histone, which are flexible disordered macromolecules. The rotatory dispersion of these proteins is similar to that of disordered polyglutamate. The rotatory power of phosvitin and histone at 198 mµ is near zero. Type II is exemplified by oxidized serum albumin. These curves have two minima, one at 230 to 233 mµ and another at 210 to 215 mµ. The major conformation of oxidized serum albumin seems to be a disordered chain, with a small amount of α helix. Computed curves from data of helical and disordered polyglutamate yielded this type of curve when the helix content was about 25% or less. Type III is represented by chymotrypsinogen, trypsin, and thyrotropin. These proteins have curves with a minimum at 218 to 225 mµ, and they are weakly dextrorotatory at 195 to 200 mµ. It was concluded that these proteins are devoid of complete α-helical strands; instead, they are characterized by some other kind of ordered structures. Type IV curves are observed with serum γ-globulin, the myeloma protein, and Bence-Jones protein. These curves have a shallow minimum at 220 to 225 mµ, a positive maximum at 210 mµ, and a minimum at 198 to 200 mµ. Addition of the disordered polyglutamate or phosvitin to the solutions of the highly α-helical myoglobin or serum albumin did not produce a displacement of the negative minimum at 233 mµ, although the amplitude was diminished. If the ratio of the disordered polymer relative to myoglobin was high, type II curves were obtained. Treatment of chymotrypsinogen with decyl sodium sulfate caused a conformational transition resulting in some α helix formation. The type III curve of chymotrypsinogen was thereby transformed into the ordinary curve of the partially α-helical proteins; i.e. it then possessed a trough at 233 mµ and a peak at 198 mµ. The detergent had a similar effect on the rotatory dispersion of trypsin, Bence-Jones protein, and γ-globulin, but not on the highly charged phosvitin.
Incentive Issues in IEEE 802.11x Wireless Networks

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Overview of Incentive Techniques Single‐Hop Networks Multihop Networks Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References
Management of Breast Pain

Breast pain, or mastalgia, is one of the most common breast disorders in women. Initial concerns related to the association of breast pain and the risk of breast cancer often prompt patients to seek medical evaluation for breast pain. Mastalgia is further classified as cyclic (associated with the menstrual cycle) and noncyclic. Extramammary pain can often be perceived as mastalgia and awareness of extramammary causes is important in the evaluation of patients presenting with breast pain. The clinical evaluation of mastalgia entails a careful history and physical examination, often with the addition of appropriate imaging studies based upon the type and location of the pain, clinical findings, and age of the patient. A number of non-pharmacologic therapies can be recommended as first-line therapies while reserving pharmacologic treatments for more severe symptoms and complaints. Reassurance can also be an important component in the management of mastalgia, while surgical interventions have a much more limited role.
The Inhibition of Bacterial Luciferase by Mixed Function Oxidase Inhibitors

Abstract On the hypothesis that bacterial luciferase may be classed as a mixed function oxidase, compounds reported to be specific inhibitors for such enzymes were tested. Inhibitors designated as SKF (2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenyl valerate), DPDA (N,N-diethyl-2,4-dichloro(6-phenylphenoxy)-ethylamine), and DPEA (2,3-dichloro(6-phenylphenoxy)ethylamine) were effective in blocking the in vitro reaction of pure luciferase at inhibitor concentrations between 10-5 and 10-4 m. The mode of action of the two different types of compounds has been found to be distinctly different. One (SKF) interferes with the reaction of one of the substrates, namely FMNH2, while the other (DPEA) blocks the site for aldehyde, the second substrate. Both compounds are effective inhibitors of bacterial growth and luminescence, affecting both functions in similar although not identical degrees.
Analysis of a tunable electrically small antenna

A tunable, metamaterial-inspired, electrically small antenna topology is evaluated for a possible future use as the principle radiating element in a mobile Ionospheric Heating (MIH) system. The RF source signal is fed via a 50 Ω coaxial cable into a small semi-loop antenna (SLA). This inductively couples to a capacitively loaded loop (CLL) providing a natural 50 Ω match to the source. The resonant frequency of the antenna can be adjusted by varying the capacitance of the CLL via inserting a large permittivity dielectric. A simplified circuit model is used to show that the resonant frequency can be tuned between 40–100 MHz. Also, the maximum power handling capabilities achievable with this antenna topology at frequencies relevant to ionospheric heating (∼ 10 MHz and below) are estimated.