cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus: A Possible Cause of Reduced Fertility in the Rooster

Resumen RESUMEN. Nota de Investigacion—Virus de la bronquitis infecciosa aviar: Posible causa de la reduccion de la fertilidad en machos reproductores. La formacion de calculos en el epididimo de machos reproductores es un problema difundido que tiene efectos adversos en la produccion de esperma y en la fertilidad. Se desconoce la causa de los calculos en el epididimo, sin embargo, el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa ha sido implicado. El objetivo de este estudio fue el determinar si la administracion de una vacuna viva atenuada del virus de la bronquitis infecciosa a pollitos machos aumenta la incidencia de calculos en el epididimo en el macho reproductor. Se dividieron pollitos machos tipo Leghorn libres de patogenos especificos en dos grupos: un grupo no vacunado (n = 7) y un grupo vacunado con el virus de la bronquitis infecciosa (n = 12). Se administro la vacuna por via oral a las 2, 4, 10 y 14 semanas de edad. Se tomaron muestras semanales de sangre para evaluar la presencia de anticuerpos contra e...
Is there a Rawlsian Argument for Animal Rights

Mark Rowlands defends a Rawlsian argument for animal rights, according to which animals have rights because we would assign them rights when deciding on the principles of morality from behind a veil of ignorance. Rowlands’s argument depends on a non-standard interpretation of the veil of ignorance, according to which we cannot know whether we are human or non-human on the other side of the veil. Rowlands claims that his interpretation of the veil is more consistent with a core commitment of Rawlsian justice—the intuitive equality principle—than either Rawls or his critics realize. Here I argue that Rawls is not committed to the intuitive equality principle, as Rowlands articulates it, and hence Rowlands’s argument is in fact only superficially Rawlsian. Furthermore, Rowlands’s intuitive equality principle is dubious on its own terms, and thus a poor principle on which to base a case for animal rights.
Adaptive Nanocomposite Films Exhibiting Low Friction in a Broad Temperature Range

A hybrid magnetron sputtering/pulsed laser deposition process was used to grow nanocrystalline yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) embedded in an amorphous YSZ/metal matrix. This nanocomposite design reduced friction and improved the toughness of YSZ. Films containing both silver and molybdenum exhibited friction coefficients between 0.2 and 0.4 in air (40% relative humidity) against silicon nitride balls at temperatures between 25° C and 700 °C. Additional solid lubricants reduced the friction coefficient to <0.2 for over 10000 cycles at all temperatures. A multilayer film architecture was developed to further enhance the lifetime of the adaptive coatings. Electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to correlate adaptive behavior at different temperatures to the composition and structure of the films.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Strain MC29 avian leukosis virus release by chick embryo cells infected with the agent.

SummaryRelease of strain MC29 avian leukosis and Rous sarcoma (RSV) viruses by infected and/or morphologically altered chick embryo cells was measured by counts of physical particles and infectious units (FFU). Particles and FFU were liberated in parallel to a maximum rate at 3-4 days after low multiplicity culture inoculation. The ratios of particles/FFU, corrected for virus inactivation, were 878 and 232 for MC29 and RSV, respectively. Morphologically altered MC29 and RSV cells had a population doubling time of 24 and 42 hr, and the half-lives of the 2 agents were 6 and 10.5 hr, respectively, under simulated culture conditions.
Transcriptional regulation of pulmonary elastin gene expression in elastase-induced injury.

Previously we have shown that treatment of confluent, pulmonary fibroblast cultures with elastase results in upregulation of elastin mRNA and protein levels. In the present study we focused on dete...
Enhanced Monitoring of Nanosecond Electric Pulse-Evoked Membrane Conductance Changes in Whole-Cell Patch Clamp Experiments

Patch clamp electrophysiology serves as a powerful method for studying changes in plasma membrane ion conductance induced by externally applied high-intensity nanosecond electric pulses (NEPs). This paper describes an enhanced monitoring technique that minimizes the length of time between pulse exposure and data recording in a patch-clamped excitable cell. Whole-cell membrane currents were continuously recorded up to 11 ms before and resumed 8 ms after delivery of a 5-ns, 6 MV/m pulse by a pair of tungsten rod electrodes to a patched adrenal chromaffin cell maintained at a holding potential of -70 mV. This timing was achieved by two sets of relay switches. One set was used to disconnect the patch pipette electrode from the pre-amplifier and connect it to a battery to maintain membrane potential at -70 mV, and also to disconnect the reference electrode from the amplifier. The other set was used to disconnect the electrodes from the pulse generator until the time of NEP/sham exposure. The sequence and timing of both sets of relays were computer-controlled. Using this procedure, we observed that a 5-ns pulse induced an instantaneous inward current that decayed exponentially over the course of several minutes, that a second pulse induced a similar response, and that the current was carried, at least in part, by Na+. This approach for characterizing ion conductance changes in an excitable cell in response to NEPs will yield information essential for assessing the potential use of NEP stimulation for therapeutic applications.
Investigation of Incomplete Kawasaki Disease in Chongqing Area

Objective To make incomplete Kawasaki disease(KD) known to pediatrician.Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts,especially sex,age,clinical manifestation and treatment of 205 cases with a discharge diagnosis of KD in children′s hospital,Chongqing university of medical sciences and follow-up surveys were also conducted.Results Twenty-one cases were confirmed to have incomplete KD(10.65%) within 29 incomplete KD candidates.The sex and age distribution of incomplete KD were not different from typical KD(P0.05).The main clinical manifestations were fever,mucositis and extremity changes.Thrombocytosis was observed after 7~(th) day of fever.Two children(9.52%) had coronary aneurysms,and 1 was not given intravenous immunoglobulin.Conclusion Pediatricians shall be aware of the incomplete KD,in order to diagnose and treat the disease and to prevent coronary complications.
Optimization of the extraction of puerarin from roots of puerarin lobata by ultrasonic

Objective To study the effect of phytosterol on serum lipid and hepatic lipid in rats of lipid metabolic disturbance induce by high-fat diet. Methods 60 SD rats were divided randomly into 5 groups based on weight: the control group was fed with basal diet, the model group was given with high-fat diet and ther other 3 intervention groups were administered with phytosterol at does of0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% with high-fat diet for 6 w, respectively. Serum lipid and hepatic lipid were determined. Results Compared with the high-fat diet group, serum TC, TG, LDL-C, hepatic TC, TG and liver index decreased significantly(P0.05) in the 3 intervention groups, but no significant effect on serum HDL-C was found. Conclusion Phytosterol can regulate blood lipid level, and improve hepatic lipid accumulation. Thus it is able to prevent lipid metabolic disturbance.
The Origin Recognition Complex in the Initiation of DNA Replication

The origin recognition complex (ORC) is the six-subunit heteromeric protein complex that binds directly to the positions on eukaryotic chromosomes where the protein-DNA complex required for the activation of DNA replication origins assembles. This protein-DNA complex, named the MCM complex, contains the replicative helicases and performs the actual unwinding of the parental DNA duplex (a.k.a. origin activation or firing) at the origin. While there is no evidence that ORC is required for origin unwinding directly, it is nevertheless essential for origin activation because of its key role in the MCM complex loading reaction. ORC loads the MCM complex onto chromosomal DNA during G1-phase, thus “licensing” origins for activation in the subsequent S-phase. To perform this role, ORC directly contacts double-stranded DNA, positioning the substrate onto which the MCM complex must load as well as providing a protein interaction surface to guide MCM complex loading. ORC binds and hydrolyzes ATP, and uses these steps to alter its conformation. These conformational changes in turn alter ORC’s ability to interact with both DNA and partner proteins to achieve a complete MCM complex loading cycle. Other chapters in this volume focus on the steps of the MCM complex loading reaction (a.k.a. pre-RC formation; origin licensing). While a discussion of the ORC’s role in replication initiation naturally requires consideration of this reaction, this chapter emphasizes the current understanding of the structural and functional features of ORC that must impinge on MCM complex loading, and perhaps other as yet undiscovered roles for ORC in DNA replication.
Suppressive Effects of Regional Lymph Node Cells and Extracts on Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

AbstractLymphocytes from regional lymph nodes that drain tumors and extracts of such lymphocytes suppress antibody-dependent cell-mediated target cell lysis by effector cells from cancer patients and controls. In contrast, lymph node cells from control patients are not suppressive. Control extracts from normal lymphocytes and 2 immunologically inert tissues, muscle and kidney, exhibit some suppressive activity but significantly less than extracts from lymph nodes that drain tumors.
Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease using Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and Pattern Recognition

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a global public health problem of enormous dimension. In this study, we aimed to discriminate between healthy people and people with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Various studies revealed, that voice is one of the earliest indicator of PD, and for that reason, Parkinson dataset that contains biomedical voice of human is used. The main goal of this paper is to automatically detect whether the speech/voice of a person is affected by PD. We examined the performance of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering and pattern recognition methods on Parkinson’s disease dataset. The first method has the main aim to distinguish performance between two classes, when trying to differentiate between normal speaking persons and speakers with PD. This method could greatly be improved by classifying data first and then testing new data using these two patterns. Thus, second method used here is pattern recognition. The experimental results have demonstrated that the combination of the fuzzy c-means method and pattern recognition obtained promising results for the classification of PD.
Effect of dried fermentation biomass on microbial fermentation in continuous culture and in vitro intestinal digestibility.

Abstract The objective of the current experiment was to determine if fermentation biomass (FB), a dried bacterial by-product derived from lysine production (Ajinomoto Heartland, Inc.) can be used as a protein source in ruminant diets. Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were inoculated with rumen fluid and used during one experimental period consisting of a 7-d adaptation period followed by 3 sampling days. Microbial substrate was provided by one of two isonitrogenous diets, CON or DFB. In CON, soybean meal (SBM) provided 57% of total CP, and in DFB, SBM and FB provided 12 and 45% of total CP, respectively. CON contained 3% molasses, 16% ground corn, 13% grass hay, 48% corn silage, and 20% SBM on a DM basis; DFB contained 3% molasses, 18.4% ground corn, 13% grass hay, 50% corn silage, 8.5% SBM, and 6.7% FB. On sampling days, liquid and solid effluent were collected, combined, and homogenized to be used for chemical analysis and in vitro estimation of intestinal digestibility (ID). Treatment did not affect average, maximum, or minimum fermenter pH. There was no effect on apparent or true OM, NDF, or ADF digestibility (%). Total and branched-chain VFA as well as acetate (m M ) were higher in CON, and isobutyrate concentration (mol/100 mol) tended to increase with CON treatment. Source of N had no effect on total, dietary, or bacterial-N flows. Addition of FB decreased NH 3 -N flow from 0.4 to 0.2 ± 0.05 g/d and tended to decrease effluent NH 3 -N concentration from 17.1 to 9.7 ± 2.21 mg/100 mL. His and Met flows increased from 0.48 to 0.53 ± 0.012 and 0.18–0.20 ± 0.005 g/d, respectively, when FB partially replaced SBM in the diet, but there were no effects on other AA or total AA flows. There was a trend in percent non-essential AA input (CON = 73.6% vs. DFB = 82.2%; SE = 2.83) in effluent; however, there was no effect on percent of essential or total AA input in effluent. Effluent from the DFB treatment was higher in ID than CON (CON = 70.4% vs. DFB = 79.6%; SE = 1.64), although there was no difference in estimated amount of protein available for intestinal absorption (g). These results indicate that FB elicited a similar response in N metabolism and AA flows to SBM but had a greater estimated ID and depressed VFA production, and has potential use as a protein source in ruminant diets.
Answers to Practice Problems in Chap. 4, Use of Statistics in Food Analysis

What is the mean of the observations (mg/cup)? $$ \overline{x} = \frac{{\displaystyle \sum }{x}_i}{n}=\frac{x_1+{x}_2+\dots +{x}_{n-1}+{x}_n}{n}=\frac{1967.1\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup}}{6}=327.85\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup},\kern0.5em \mathrm{round}\ \mathrm{to}\ 328\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup} $$ What is the standard deviation of the observations (mg/cup)? Since we have < 30 observations, the correct formula for sample standard deviation is: $$ {\mathrm{SD}}_{n-1}=\sqrt{\frac{{\displaystyle \sum }{\left({x}_i-\overline{x}\ \right)}^2}{n-1}}=\sqrt{\frac{{\displaystyle \sum }{\left({x}_i-327.85\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup}\right)}^2}{6-1}} = \sqrt{\frac{460.215\ {\mathrm{mg}}^2/{\mathrm{cup}}^2}{5}} = 9.593904\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup} $$ Calculate the 96 % confidence interval for the true population mean (use t-score, not Z score, because n is small). We know that the formula for a CI is: $$ \mathrm{CI}:\kern1.25em \overline{x} \pm {t}_{\frac{\upalpha}{2},\kern0.5em \mathrm{df}= n-1} \times \frac{\mathrm{SD}}{\sqrt{n}} $$ We know the mean, SD, and n already, so we just need the t-score. First, calculate df: $$ \mathrm{df}= n-1=6-1=5 $$ $$ \mathrm{Next}\ \mathrm{calculate}\ C\ \mathrm{and}\ \mathrm{then}\ \upalpha /2\kern0.5em \mathrm{for}\ 96\%\ \mathrm{CI},\ C=0.96\ \to \frac{\propto }{2}=\frac{1- C}{2}=\frac{1-0.96}{2}=0.02 $$ Then, go to the t-table and find the t-score that corresponds to df=5, α/2 = 0.02: $$ {t}_{\frac{\upalpha}{2},\kern0.5em \mathrm{df}= n-1}={t}_{0.02,\ 5}=2.757 $$ Putting it all together: $$ \mathrm{CI}:\kern1.25em \overline{x} \pm {t}_{\frac{\upalpha}{2},\kern0.5em \mathrm{df}= n-1} \times \frac{\mathrm{SD}}{\sqrt{n}} $$ $$ 327.85\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup} \pm 2.757 \times \frac{9.593904\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup}}{\sqrt{6}}\kern0.5em \to \kern0.5em 327.85\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup} \pm 10.7983\ \mathrm{mg}/\mathrm{cup} $$ What are the upper and lower limits of the 96 % confidence interval for the population mean?
Resilient Cell Resequencing in Terabit Routers

Multistage interconnection networks with internal cell buffering and dynamic routing are among the most cost-effective architectures for multiterabit internet routers. One of the key design issues for such systems is maintaining cell ordering, since cells are subject to varying delays as they pass through the interconnection network. The most flexible and scalable approach to cell resequencing uses timestamps and a time-ordered resequencing buffer at each router output port. Conventional, fixed-threshold resequencers can perform poorly in the presence of extreme traffic conditions. This paper explores alternative resequencer designs that are more tolerant of such traffic. These alternatives include a novel adaptive resequencer that adjusts the time cells spend waiting in the resequencing buffer, based on the recent history of the interconnection network delay. The design is straightforward to implement and requires only constant time per cell, making it suitable for systems with link speeds of up to 40 Gb/s. We show that the combination of adaptive resequencing and appropriately designed interconnection networks can limit resequencing errors to negligible levels without requiring large resequencing latencies. This work is supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (contract N660001-01-1-8930).
Uncorrected versus demographically-corrected scores on the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery in persons with traumatic brain injury and stroke.

OBJECTIVE The association between demographic characteristics and neurocognitive performance is well established; however, clinicians may have difficulty selecting when to use uncorrected versus demographically corrected scores. We compared these score types in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, on the National Institutes of Health Toolbox-Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB). RESEARCH METHOD Adults with TBI and stroke were demographically matched to controls, and completed the NIHTB-CB. Published "corrected scores" are adjusted for age, education, sex, and race/ethnicity; "uncorrected scores" were created using census data to represent the average adult in the U.S. POPULATION RESULTS Effect sizes for the TBI and stroke groups versus controls were larger using corrected scores compared with uncorrected scores for the fluid composite (uncorrected to corrected effect sizes: TBI: d = 0.66, p .06). CONCLUSIONS Corrected scores were more sensitive to neurocognitive impairments in the brain-injured groups. Corrected scores have the advantage of controlling for variance associated with premorbid factors rather than changes in neurological functioning; are more helpful in characterizing acquired neurocognitive changes; and can aid in the interpretation of test performance. (PsycINFO Database Record
‘Addressed to you not as a smoker… but as a doctor’: doctor‐targeted cigarette advertisements in JAMA

Background and aim During the mid-20th century tobacco companies placed advertisements in medical journals to entice physicians to smoke their brand and, more importantly, to recommend it to their patients. They have been little studied, in part because advertising sections in medical journals are almost universally discarded before binding. This study aimed to define the themes and techniques used in doctor-targeted tobacco advertisements that appeared in American medical journals in the mid-20th century and determine the motivations and tactics of the tobacco industry in engaging the medical profession in this way. Methods Doctor-targeted tobacco advertisements from JAMA and the New York State Medical Journal appearing between 1936 and 1953 were studied. These were obtained from the New York Academy of Medicine and the UCSF Truth database of tobacco industry documents. Content analysis of advertising slogans and imagery was conducted. Using internal tobacco industry documents, we examined the relationship between tobacco advertisers and medical journals. Results Among the 519 doctor-targeted advertisements, 13 brands were represented, with two (Philip Morris and Camel) accounting for 84%. Correspondence between tobacco advertisers and medical journal editors reveals the potent influence of revenue to the sponsoring society and personal compensation derived from consulting arrangements. Content analysis of the advertisements revealed much flattery of doctors and arguments professing the harmlessness of the company's brand. Conclusions Analysis of doctor-targeted tobacco advertisements in American medical journals from 1936 to 1953 suggest that tobacco companies targeted physicians as a potential sales force to assuage the public's fear of health risks and to recruit them as allies against negative publicity. Tobacco companies also appeared to try, through the substantial advertising revenue passed by journals to their parent medical societies, to temper any possible opposition by organized medicine.
Frostbite in the United States: An Examination of the National Burn Repository and National Trauma Data Bank

Frostbite is a form of thermal injury that can have devastating consequences for patients, including digit amputations and sometimes more proximal amputations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no one has determined national characteristics of frostbite patients, nor the prevalence of these diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. This is the first look at nationwide trends in the treatment of frostbite in the United States. Patients with frostbite injury were identified in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) and National Burn Repository (NBR). Inclusion criteria were diagnosis codes of frostbite injury. The number of frostbite patients treated each year is relatively stable at NBR (N = 497) contributing centers. The NTDB (N = 388) has shown a trend toward increased numbers of frostbite patients. Both databases show an overwhelmingly male demographic (NBR 81.1%, NTDB 75.8%) with a predominance of lower extremity injury (NBR 47.9%, NTDB 66%). Hospital days were similar in both databases (NBR 10.7, NTDB 9.5). Both databases show that frostbite patients frequently require an intensive care unit (ICU) stay, with an average of 8.5 ICU days for NBR patients and 5.9 days for NTDB patients. Frostbite is often a severe disease process that results in relatively long hospital and ICU stays, as well as frequent significant surgeries including amputation. Often, patients afflicted with frostbite require discharge to skilled care before returning home. As more centers encounter patients with frostbite injury, the need for increased awareness of limb/digit saving treatment modalities should be addressed through education from national associations.
Multidomain modeling of acoustic transducers using SimScape

Finite element modeling of acoustic transducers can capture many complex behaviors that are neglected in simpler analyses. However, the complexity that requires finite element modeling is often confined to a small region of the total device. In that case it is possible to combine the finite element model of the subsection that requires this complexity with dynamic system modeling methods for the balance of the design. Dynamic system modeling includes earlier methods of analog circuit modeling and generalizes those methods appropriately tor acoustic transducer analysis. This paper will describe SimScape modeling of transducer structures in a way that allows combined modeling with FEA where needed. Simple examples will be selected from among moving coil speakers, balanced armature transducers, condenser microphones, and piezoelectric devices.Finite element modeling of acoustic transducers can capture many complex behaviors that are neglected in simpler analyses. However, the complexity that requires finite element modeling is often confined to a small region of the total device. In that case it is possible to combine the finite element model of the subsection that requires this complexity with dynamic system modeling methods for the balance of the design. Dynamic system modeling includes earlier methods of analog circuit modeling and generalizes those methods appropriately tor acoustic transducer analysis. This paper will describe SimScape modeling of transducer structures in a way that allows combined modeling with FEA where needed. Simple examples will be selected from among moving coil speakers, balanced armature transducers, condenser microphones, and piezoelectric devices.
A tale of ENSO, PDO, and increasing aridity impacts on drought-deciduous shrubs in the Death Valley region

Germination, establishment, phenology, and death among three drought-deciduous shrubs were influenced by ENSO/PDO and precipitation, based on 37 years of annual surveys. Encelia farinosa forms near monospecific stands on slopes, whereas E. frutescens and Ambrosia salsola dominate wash habitats. All shrubs exhibited phenological coherence. While germination, establishment, and mortality patterns were similar among wash species, these dynamics contrasted with E. farinosa on slopes. Germination was associated with El Nino years. Slope plant establishment was dependent on precipitation in the subsequent year, but not evidently so in wash species. Major mortality events were episodic, with Encelia mortality just as likely to occur in years with below or above average precipitation. In both Encelia species, mortality was associated with transitions to a cold PDO phase. In E. frutescens this response was more rapid, whereas in E. farinosa mortality lagged 1 year, resulting in contrasting slope-wash mortality patterns. 50% of newly established shrubs died within 5, 5, and 18 years for E. frutescens, E. farinosa, and A. salsola, respectively. The 90% mortality ages were 26 years for E. frutescens, 24 years for E. farinosa, and 51 years for A. salsola. While maximum life expectancies are unknown, estimated maximum life expectancies were 56, 66, and 86 years for E. frutescens, E. farinosa, and A. salsola, respectively. Overall, as the climate has become more arid over the past four decades, the populations in both slope and wash habitats have exhibited similar responses: reduced shrub abundances and reduced total supportable leaf areas.
Dyadic Tensor-Based Interpolation of Tensor Orientation: Application to Cardiac DT-MRI

Objective: To develop an accurate and mathematically unambiguous method for interpolation of tensor orientation, specifically for the interpolation of cardiac microstructural orientation. Methods: A dyadic tensor-based DY orientation interpolation method, which sidesteps the eigenvector sign ambiguity problem by interpolating between the dyadic tensors of eigenvectors, is proposed and evaluated. The quaternion-based QT orientation interpolation method, which interpolates along the minimum rotation path between tensor orientations, is also revised and evaluated. DY and QT are compared to conventional tensor-based interpolation methods using both synthetic and cardiac DT-MRI data. Results: All methods except QT perform similarly well for recovery of the primary eigenvector. DY has significantly less bias than all other methods for recovery of the secondary and tertiary eigenvector, which is especially important for interpolating myolaminar sheet orientation. Conclusion: DY is a fast, commutative, and mathematically unambiguous tensor orientation interpolation method that accurately interpolates cardiac microstructural orientation.
PREDICTION OF AERODYNAMIC LOADS AND PERFORMANCE FOR DARRIEUS VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES

ABSTRACT Physical descriptions are given of the various methods that have been developed in the last decade for computation of the aerodynamic behaviour of the curved-blade Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine. In general all of the methods give satisfactory accuracy in overall performance prediction for design purposes, but somewhat different results for detailed blade load distributions. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed briefly and some remaining problems are listed.
Some Aspects of Hawaiian Rainfall

The question is raised whether rainfall over the sugar and pineapple plantations in the central parts of the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian group is so sporadic and disorganized that it is not amenable to short term forecasting, or whether it occurs in sufficiently organized form so that general synoptic forecasts for Hawaii can be supplied that will be useful for operations on the plantations. It turns out that most rainfall is attributable to synoptic disturbances. This is more true in winter, when the islands normally experience their heaviest rainfall, than in summer, when precipitation is at its seasonal low ebb. Further analysis of the disturbances shows that a few large storms produce over ⅔ of the annual rainfall total and that the orographic effect responsible for local differences in rainfall received from storms decreases in importance as storm intensity increases.
To Build a Metaphor: L’Enfant’s Design for the City of Washington:

Recent scholarship provides evidence for reconsidering the original urban plan for Washington, DC, one of the world’s few planned cities. Commissioned by President George Washington in 1791, Pierre...
Why the Electric Arc Nonlinearity Improves the Power Factor of Ac Arc Furnaces

The arcs in ac arc furnaces are stabilized by line inductors, at the cost of the power factor decline. It seems that in common opinions also the arc nonlinearity contributes to this decline. It occurs, however, that at the same parameters, the furnace, regarded as a linear device, has a lower power factor as compared to its value, when the arc nonlinearity is taken into account. The value of ac arc furnaces power factor (PF) is estimated in this paper at the assumption that the dc voltage on the arc has a constant value and a furnace is in a steady state. The PF of ac arc furnaces was evaluated for three states of the furnace operation, namely, for a balanced operation; for a two-arcs operation and for a furnace with a unidirectional arc. The analysis presented in the paper and modeling demonstrate that the arc nonlinearity improves the furnace power factor.
Effect of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction at Ferrimagnet and Heavy Metal Interface

Ferrimagnets (FiMs) are divided into small domains comprising of oppositely polarized magnetic moments and weak anisotropy. FiM possesses a small net magnetization with strong exchange coupling energy. When FiM comes in contact with a material having strong spin–orbit coupling, such as heavy spin Hall metal, the nonlinear magnetic exchange interaction known as Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) becomes significant, especially at the FiM/heavy metal (HM) interface. In this paper, we derive the contribution of DMI in FiM magnetization and show that DMI plays a crucial role in FiM magnetization dynamics. We show that torque is being exerted on the interfacial magnetic moments due to DMI, trying to reorient the interfacial magnetization landscape in FiM. On the other hand, exchange coupling tries to resist the external perturbation due to DMI and keep the interfacial magnetic moments at their respective equilibrium positions. Our analysis shows that simultaneous action of DMI and exchange coupling result in small tilting of the interfacial magnetic moments. Moreover, spin-polarized current, injected into the FiM, introduces oscillation due to two different types of spin-transfer torques—namely, “field-like” torque and “damping-like” torque. We also show that the oscillation frequency of magnetic moments near the FiM/HM interface is a function of only internal FiM exchange coupling and interfacial DMI when the injected spin current density is low.
'Who Speaks for Tax Equity and Tax Fairness?': Stanley Surrey and the Tax Legislative Process

This article examines and assesses Stanley Surrey’s view of the federal tax legislative process. One of the most influential tax professionals of the twentieth century, Surrey is likely best known for his advocacy of specific tax policy ideas. But Surrey saw legislation as the prime route for adoption of most of his ideas, and he thus focused and provided many commentaries on the tax legislative process. He drew on extensive experience with the process, serving two lengthy terms (almost 20 years) in the Treasury Department, and remaining closely involved with it throughout his academic years. This article shows that Surrey’s faith in expertise and fierce commitment to tax equity and fairness led him to believe that Treasury should play the dominant role in the legislative process. He never wavered in his belief even after his view was vigorously challenged by members of the Senate during his confirmation hearing to be Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy, and even following periods when he perceived the Treasury as not acting in the public’s interest. Treasury dominated the tax legislative process during the early years of the modern income tax but it never reached the same level of influence during Surrey’s lifetime. In fact, the changes in the process that Surrey experienced generally moved it further and further away from his preferred outcome. This article provides evidence that some of Surrey’s experiences with congressional staff during his first term in government played a formative role in his thinking. It also suggests that Surrey favored a top-down approach to the legislative process to facilitate adoption of Treasury’s views. The wisdom of that approach depends importantly on the substance of the proposals being considered.
Incomplete Urethral Duplication Associated with a Dermoid Cyst within a Vascular Hamartoma in a Female Dog

A seven-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever presented for necropsy following an acute history of thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukocytosis and abdominal effusion. A 2 × 3 × 10 cm, cylindrical to tubular, mottled red-to-tan mass extended from the caudal pelvic cavity caudally and ventrally under the dermis along the caudal aspect of the left pelvic limb adjacent to the semimembranosus and semitendinosus musculature. Histologic examination of the mass revealed a singular central lumen lined by urothelium that multifocally transitioned into non-keratinizing, stratified squamous epithelium associated with few hair follicles and sweat glands. The lumen was surrounded by a dense collagenous stroma containing numerous, variably sized blood vessels. The combination of lesions was consistent with a diagnosis of incomplete urethral duplication associated with a dermoid cyst and vascular hamartoma. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of an incomplete urethral duplication associated with a dermoid cyst within a vascular hamartoma.
The English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History. By Luis Gorrochategui Santos. Translated by Peter J. Gold. (London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. Pp. x, 323. $95.88.)

The core of Luis Gorrochategui's account of the disastrous 1589 English amphibious expedition to Corunna and Lisbon is a narrative of the Spanish resistance at those two ports, and had he confined ...
L2 speech perception in noise: An fMRI study of advanced Spanish learners.

Abstract This experiment examined the neural correlates of second language (L2) speech perception in noise in advanced Spanish students. Participants completed a speech perception task in quiet and noise in their first language (L1 = English) and L2 during fMRI. Behavioral tests of L2 Spanish sentence recognition confirmed that advanced learners of Spanish can recognize sentences in quiet and in noise with an average of 85.45% and 74.43% accuracy, respectively. While listening to degraded sentences in the L2, both auditory and executive processing regions (specifically those of attention) were activated. While listening to L2 sentences in noise, learners focused on decoding the speech signal at the perceptual level, indicating a bottom-up processing strategy relying heavily on the signal’s phonetic detail. During the processing of L1 in noise there was only significant activation in executive processing regions like the cingulate cortex and a region linked to lexical-semantic access (LIFG). In this case, participants appear to use a top-down strategy for sentence recognition, relying on lexical resources using a holistic strategy for perception. These findings suggest that L2 learners use fundamentally different perceptual strategies and neural circuits for understanding speech in noise in their L1 and L2.
Parametrics of electromagnetic searches for axion dark matter

Light axionlike particles occur in many theories of beyond-Standard-Model physics, and may make up some or all of the Universe's dark matter. One of the ways they can couple to the Standard Model is through the electromagnetic ${F}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}{\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{F}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ portal, and there is a broad experimental program, covering many decades in mass range, aiming to search for axion dark matter via this coupling. In this paper, we derive limits on the absorbed power, and coupling sensitivity, for a broad class of such searches. We find that standard techniques, such as resonant cavities and dielectric haloscopes, can achieve $\mathcal{O}(1)$-optimal axion-mass-averaged signal powers, for given volume and magnetic field. For low-mass (frequency $\ensuremath{\ll}\mathrm{GHz}$) axions, experiments using static background magnetic fields generally have suppressed sensitivity; we discuss the physics of this limitation, and propose experimental methods to avoid it, such as microwave up-conversion experiments. We also comment on the detection of other forms of dark matter, including dark photons, as well as the detection of relativistic hidden-sector particles.
A Homeowner’s Guide to the Living Shoreline Permit Exemption Part 2: United States Army Corps of Engineers

Living shorelines are coastal shoreline stabilization interventions that rely on natural elements such as native vegetation and oyster reefs to protect property. The US Army Corps of Engineers, among other entities, regulates the placement of living shorelines through a permitting process to ensure project activities do not conflict with the public interest. In this 9-page guide, authors Savanna Barry, Sara Martin, and Eric Sparks provide you with example text for each application section that you can adapt to your needs to assist you in filling out the permit application. Published by the UF/IFAS Florida Sea Grant College Program. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/sg189
When Factor Timing Makes Sense

In this paper we investigate when it makes sense for portfolio managers to implement factor timing in their quantitative investing, that is we outline necessary circumstances under which the benefits of factor timing (measured by the improvement in Sharpe ratio and the skewness of the returns) outweighs the challenges associated with development and implementation of factor timing. In particular, we mathematically show that factor timing for a single strategy does not yield substantial improvements unless either (1) the Sharpe ratio of the strategy is orders of magnitude different across states, or (2) the signal used for factor timing can accurately predict when the strategy will deliver negative returns (and the portfolio manager is willing to go short the strategy at that time). On the other hand, using simulation, we provide evidence that for a multi-factor portfolio (containing more than 10 factors) allocating risk based on instantaneous correlations between the factors at the beginning of each time period improves performance above the passive approach of allocating risk based on the long-term factor correlations.
Initial Steps in Modeling of CHEETA Hybrid Propulsion Aircraft Vehicle Power Systems using Modelica

The aviation industry has been challenged to increase the sustainability of its technologies, which is the main driving force in research and exploration of fully electrified propulsion. This paper presents the initial steps in the design and modeling of the Cryogenic High-Eﬃciency Electrical Technologies for Aircraft (CHEETA) that would form the basis for hybrid-electric aircraft power systems. To this end, different power system configurations for fully electrified propulsion are proposed and analyzed. Novel, multi-domain components used in both the power system model and the cryogenic thermal system model are introduced and explained in detail. This paper also presents initial results for the different power system configurations under steady-state conditions.
Construction of orthonormal directional wavelets based on quincunx dilation subsampling

Using quincunx downsampling for bases and standard downsampling for low-redundancy frames, we construct directional wavelet systems that have the same direction selectivity as shearlets in the first frequency dyadic ring; these are the first step towards the construction of efficient shearlet systems.
Beyond Autophagy: The Expanding Roles of ATG8 Proteins

The ATG8 family proteins are critical players in autophagy, a cytoprotective process that mediates degradation of cytosolic cargo. During autophagy, ATG8s conjugate to autophagosome membranes to facilitate cargo recruitment, autophagosome biogenesis, transport, and fusion with lysosomes, for cargo degradation. In addition to these canonical functions, recent reports demonstrate that ATG8s are also delivered to single-membrane organelles, which leads to highly divergent degradative or secretory fates, vesicle maturation, and cargo specification. The association of ATG8s with different vesicles involves complex regulatory mechanisms still to be fully elucidated. Whether individual ATG8 family members play unique canonical or non-canonical roles, also remains unclear. This review summarizes the many open molecular questions regarding ATG8s that are only beginning to be unraveled.
Stress and Strain in Continuum

It is essential to start the discussion about continuum mechanics with universal laws of motion as given by Newton. Understanding their implications in historical context is essential to understand these simple and probably the most famous physics equations. Of course, Newton’s universal laws of motion are very well-known to most readers of this book; however, their historical context and derivations are not. Therefore, we find it necessary to quote these derivations from Sir Isaac Newton directly. Because fundamental equations in continuum mechanics are based on Newton’s work, therefore continuum mechanics is also called Newtonian mechanics. All of the following mechanics theories are based on the three universal laws of motion of Newton. This chapter derives all essential fundamental relations of Newtonian continuum mechanics and forms the basis for the formulation when we unify the laws of Newtonian mechanics with the laws of thermodynamics in Chapter 4.
Common Pathophysiologic Findings on TTE and FAST Examination

This chapter serves as a companion to the chapter on “The Fundamentals of Transthoracic Echocardiography (TTE) and the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Examination”, and will provide an overview of ultrasound development and of commonly encountered pathologies on TTE and FAST evaluation.
Global aerobics before Earth's oxygenation.

Phylogenetic analysis of oxygen-utilizing and -producing enzymes indicates an early emergence of an oxygenated biosphere, providing phylogenetic insight into a question that has more commonly been approached from the basis of fossils and geochemical tracers.
“Life, it doesn't end here”: Aspirations and the maintenance of hope among primary teachers in Malawi

Abstract With pupil-qualified teacher ratios averaging 78:1 and high teacher turnover, the primary education system in Malawi urgently needs to retain teachers. This paper draws from an ethnographic study of teacher experiences to examine how and why teachers planned to leave primary teaching despite limited opportunities to do so. Engaging the sociological concept of boundary work, I argue that “aspiring to leave teaching” was a resource primary teachers used to distance themselves from a profession with low status and minimal growth prospects. This paper stresses the need for robust teacher support systems in order for governments to achieve education for all.
Recent strategies used in the synthesis of saturated four-membered heterocycles

The importance and prevalance of O-, N-, and S-atom containing saturated four-membered ring motifs in biologically active molecules and potential therapeutics continues to drive efforts in their efficient synthetic preparation. In this review, general and recent strategies for the synthesis of these heterocycles are presented. Due to the limited potential bond disconnections, retrosynthetic strategies are broadly limited to cyclizations and cycloadditions. Nonetheless, diverse approaches for accessing cyclization precursors have been developed, ranging from nucleophilic substitution to C-H functionalization. Innovative methods for substrate activation have been developed for cycloadditions under photochemical and thermal conditions. Advances in accessing oxetanes, azetidines, and thietanes remain active areas of research with continued breakthroughs anticipated to enable future applications.
Food Chain Defense in the United States

Protecting the United States food and agricultural critical infrastructure and key resources is an important responsibility shared by Federal, State, local, tribal, and territorial governments and private industry partners. Interference with the food or agricultural infrastructure could have a devastating impact on the Nation’s public health and economy. Adequate protection and resiliency of infrastructure in the Food and Agriculture Sector requires a number of integrated processes and procedures undertaken by all sector partners. A number of tools, guidance documents, educational materials, and regulations are available to aid in protecting the United States Food and Agriculture Sector.
Long-Wavelength Excitations in a Bose Gas And Liquid He II at T = 0

There are many assumptions that have been made, both in theoretical1 and experimental2 investigations, about the nature of the long-wavelength excitations of liquid He II. As an example, it is common to assume that the excitation spectrum ω(k) and various structure functions S(k) can be expanded in a power series in the wave vector k. A theoretical justification of the various assumptions is an important problem, but in the absence of a tractable microscopic theory of a strongly interacting Bose system we must look for other ways to test these assumptions. One way is by a qualitative analysis coupled with the use of plausible sum rule arguments. Another way is by a rigorous microscopic analysis of a solvable model of a Bose gas.
Nicotine dependence treatment for patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND Cancer patients who use tobacco demonstrate characteristics of strong nicotine dependence and are at increased risk for future tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Continued smoking may contribute to poorer cancer treatment outcome and additional illness. In contrast, stopping smoking may improve quality of life and facilitate cancer treatment. Unfortunately, limited attention has been given to addressing tobacco use and treating nicotine dependence in cancer patients. METHODS The authors reviewed the current literature on smoking cessation and nicotine dependence treatment in patients with cancer. RESULTS Nicotine dependence treatment in patients with cancer facilitates smoking cessation. Evidence that cancer patients are motivated and able to stop smoking support tobacco use treatment intervention. Research is needed to evaluate effective intervention to aid tobacco abstinence and evaluate related health benefits for this patient population. CONCLUSIONS Cancer patients are able to stop smoking and benefit from intervention. Treatment of nicotine dependence in cancer patients merits attention from researchers and healthcare providers. The health risks of continued smoking and clear benefits of tobacco abstinence provide an ethical imperative for treating nicotine dependence in cancer patients. Research is needed to evaluate effective intervention with the overall goal of promoting tobacco abstinence to benefit oncology treatment and patient health. Cancer 2003;98:632–44. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11538