cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Understanding geometry in the dance studio

We detail the collaboration between a math and a dance professor which began with the choreography of a geometrically inspired work. We chart a shared pedagogical experiment, undertaken in two successive semesters, which joins dance students alongside students in a liberal arts math course. Working together they experience Platonic solids both in a mathematics classroom and later in a dance studio. We collect feedback from the experience and describe its background and generalizations. We conclude with two open questions in human graph theory.
Adherence of Individuals in Upper Extremity Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Study.

Abstract Objective To describe the rehabilitation experiences, expectations, and treatment adherence of patients receiving upper extremity (UE) rehabilitation who demonstrated discrepancy between functional gains and overall improvement. Design Qualitative (phenomenologic) interviews and analysis. Setting Outpatient UE rehabilitation. Participants Patients with acute UE injuries (N=10). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Concerns related to UE rehabilitation patients demonstrating discrepancy between outcome measures. Results Five key themes emerged from the interviews of patients demonstrating discrepancy in their self-reported patient outcomes: (1) desire to return to normal, (2) initial anticipation of brief recovery, (3) trust of therapist, (4) cannot stop living, and (5) feelings of ambivalence. Challenges included living with the desire to move back into life. Multiple factors affected patient adherence: cost of treatment, patient-provider relation (difference between therapist and patient understanding on what is important for treatment), and patients expecting the treating therapists to be an expert and fix their problem. Conclusions Patient adherence to UE rehabilitation presents many challenges. Patients view themselves as laypersons and seek the knowledge of a dedicated therapist who they trust to spend time with them to understand what they value as important and clarify their injury, collaboratively make goals, and explain the intervention to get them in essence, back into life, in the minimal required time. When categorized according to the World Health Organization's multidimensional adherence model, domains identified in this model include social and economic, health care team and system, condition-related, therapy-related, and patient-related dimensions. Assessing factors identified to improve efficiency and effectiveness of clinical management can enhance patient adherence.
Ethosuximide vs Valproate Long-term Remission of Absence Epilepsy

Investigators from the Epilepsy Center, Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, examined the possible association between long-term seizure outcome of childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and the initial treatment with ethosuximide (ESM) or valproic acid (VPA).
CONTRIBUTIONS OF COMMUNION ECCLESIOLOGY TO THE COMMUNAL-CONTEXTUAL MODEL OF CARE

(2002). CONTRIBUTIONS OF COMMUNION ECCLESIOLOGY TO THE COMMUNAL-CONTEXTUAL MODEL OF CARE. Journal of Pastoral Theology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 28-50.
A report of four proved cases of tuberculous bone or synovial infection treated with streptomycin.

1. Four cases of tuberculous arthritis in children were treated. 2. In the one case in which involvement seemed limited to the synovial structures, streptomycin therapy alone appears to have arrested the disease. See Images in the PDF file 3. In the three cases in which there was a concomitant focus of tuberculous osteomyelitis, surgical curettage of the bone focus together with streptomycin therapy seems to have been effective. 4. All wounds healed per primam . Synovectomy, open packing, and intra-articular injections of streptomycin were not employed. 5. In three of the four cases, no immobilization was employed. 6. We feel that good results may be obtained from the early treatment of tuberculous arthritis by streptomycin.
Political downsizing: The re-emerging of self-determination, and the movement toward smaller, ethnically homogenous states

The end of the Cold War brought about the third wave of nation-state creation/dissolution similar to that experienced after the First World War and the decolonization period of the mid-20th Century. This paper examines the forces driving heterogeneous state break-ups as well as those threatening larger federations and the political devices, such as robust federalism and devolution of power, that such states have employed to hold themselves together.
Repeated aortic saddle embolectomy with success.

S ADDLE aortic embolism represents from 5 to 10 per cent of all peripheral emboli in patients subjected to single or repeated embolization and constitutes a serious problem in surgical therapy because of the poor prognosis of the basic cardiovascular disease present. That one individual with rheumatic heart disease, mitral stenosis, atria1 fibriliation, and mild congestive failure should occlude her aortic bifurcation twice and have repeated major vessel surgery with resultant success is unusual and is also illustrative of certain technical aspects in the maintenance of peripheral circulation to the legs. Review of the current literature did not revcal a report of rcpcatcd aortic embolectomy either of successful or unsuccessful outcome. Schmitz and Harkin@ (1953), in reporting a case of repeated successful femoral embolect,omy, mentioned the merits of diligent efforts to re-establish peripheral circulation by embolectomy when repeated embolization to the same vessel occurs. They also reviewed the literature on the subject of repeated ernbolectomy.
Pharmacotherapy for Hormone Excess in Adrenocortical Carcinoma

The morbidity caused by adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) derives both from the spread of malignant cells into other organs and from the consequences of hormone excess. Consequently, the goals of treatment in ACC include both control of tumor growth and mitigation of the effects derived from hormone excess.
Type B Insulin Resistance: A Rare Type of Diabetes Mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: Recognize the clinical and diagnostic features of diabetes caused by type B insulin resistance and treat with immunosuppressive therapy. Methods: A 27-year-old Asian male with a recent diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presented to his primary care physician complaining of a 2-month history of polydipsia, polyuria, unintentional 20-pound weight loss, and darkening of the skin on his posterior neck, back, and axilla. He had no family history of diabetes. The patient was presumed to have type 2 diabetes mellitus and started on oral medications. He continued to have poor glycemic control for 8 months despite treatment with multiple oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, pioglitazone, sulfonylurea), glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, and high doses of insulin. Given the history of SLE, hypercatabolic state, and severe acanthosis nigricans on examination, type B insulin resistance was suspected. The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of high titer of insulin receptor antibodi...
Sex differences and relationship between repression-sensitization and self-disclosure.

of Friends, Stranger, and Group of Strangers. While sex differences were not observed for the R-S scale and the survey when subjects were examined individually, such differences emerged in the patterns of correlation between the two scales by sex. Male sensitizers tended to be low disclosers (T = -.39), whereas female sensitizers tended to be high disclosers (r = .29). The difference between these two coefficients was significant (p < ,001) and suggests rhat self-disclosure plays a differential role in the defensive t'ehavior of males and females. Sex differences were also found for each target group. Hokanson's research on aggression (1970) has demonstrated that any response which serves to avoid, reduce, or turn off noxious stimulation from others will acquire reinforcing properties. Within the scope of the present findings, one can infer that females, sensitized to potential threat in the interpersonal environment have learned rhat they can gain control over noxious stimuli and possibly elicit help from friends if they make themselves more vulnerable by disclosing themselves more fully. Such a coping strategy for males would be incongruent with the male role as stereorypically defined. Thus, male sensitizers must attempt to protect themselves in threatening interpersonal situations by selectively revealing personal information on a less intimate basis, thereby maintaining safer interpersonal distances.
Policy Differences Between Voters and Non-Voters in American Elections:

AN IMPORTANT concern in any polity is the extent to which citizens have a voice in public affairs. In representative democracies like America citizens have the opportunity to vote in free elections for public officials whom they most prefer for policy or other reasons. Yet many Americans do not exert the required initiative to register to vote. Barely half of the voting age population voted in the 1980 presidential election, and turnout for less important offices is even lower. Many have expressed the concern that certain types of individuals with specific policy preferences are less likely to vote, and that this may translate into the election of officials and the implementation of policies disapproved by these citizens or adverse to their interests. Pomper (1980: 179-205) after examining the history of race relations in the South especially argues that inability or failure to exercise the franchise can significantly harm the civil liberties and economic welfare of the uninvolved. Key (1961: 186) observes that the opinions of non-voters may have slight weight in the political process. Other studies also conclude that more politically active citizens influence public policy to be more consistent with their own policy preferences, which differ from the preferences of the inactive (Verba and Nie, 1972: 308). In this paper I examine the extent to which there are policy differences between voters and non-voters in presidential and midterm election years over a twenty-eight year time span.
Simulation Analysis of MPPT Control in Solar Array with External Boost Circuit

For the solar array model in RTDS/RSCAD,the I-V and P-V characteristics are tested and the model is connected to the external Boost transform circuit for real-time simulation.The constant voltage tracking method is applied.In the method,the deviation the real-time voltage value and the given value input to PI adjustment and then the duty cycle of the boost chopper circuit is controlled.In addition,the automatic optimization of the equivalent resistance of the external circuit of solar array can be realized.While the resistance reaches the external equivalent resistance value of maximum power point(MPP),the maximum power point tracking(MPPT) control of solar array is realized and this can greatly improve the efficiency of solar energy.
Prostatodynia: Clinical and Urodynamic Characteristics

Twenty patients with prostatodynia were studied urodynamically with synchronous video-pressure-flow studies and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter. The most striking finding was a significant increase in maximum urethral closure pressure compared to an age and sex-matched control group. Typically, peak and average urinary flow rates were decreased. Another prominent feature was incomplete funneling of the bladder neck during voiding with an accompanying urethral narrowing at the level of the external urethral sphincter. These findings are not consistent with a diagnosis of tension myalgia of the pelvic floor or detrusor-striated sphincter dyssynergia but suggest a primary abnormality involving the pelvic sympathetic nervous system. We believe that more advanced methods than those available currently are needed to elucidate fully the role of the autonomic nervous system, especially its sympathetic component, in the etiology of prostatodynia.
Detection of T8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytes in human ovarian follicular fluid *

Clear ovarian follicular fluid and the follicular flush (bloody) of aspirated follicles from 18 women undergoing oocyte retrieval for in vitro fertilization were tested for the presence of T-lymphocyte subpopulations with the use of a panel of monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence assay. A sample of peripheral venous blood from each patient was run as a control. There was no difference in the percentage of cells positive for the various markers between bloody follicular fluid (i.e., ovarian blood) and peripheral venous blood. T8-positive (suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocytes were recovered from all clear follicular fluids; ten of the patients exhibited a dramatically decreased T4/T8 ratio (peripheral blood, 2:1; clear follicular fluid, 1:25; P
Vav1 Regulates T-Cell Activation through a Feedback Mechanism and Crosstalk between the T-Cell Receptor and CD28.

Vav1, a Rac/Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor and a critical component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling cascade is tyrosine phosphorylated rapidly in response to T-cell activation. Vav1 has established roles in proliferation, cytokine secretion, Ca(2+) responses, and actin cytoskeleton regulation; however, its function in the regulation of phosphorylation of TCR components, including the ζ chain, the CD3 δ, e, γ chains, and the associated kinases Lck and ZAP-70, is not well established. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of the role of Vav1 in receptor proximal signaling, we performed a wide-scale characterization of Vav1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation events using quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of Vav1-deficient T cells across a time course of TCR stimulation. Importantly, this study revealed a new function for Vav1 in the negative feedback regulation of the phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs within the ζ chains, CD3 δ, e, γ chains, as well as activation sites on the critical T cell tyrosine kinases Itk, Lck, and ZAP-70. Our study also uncovered a previously unappreciated role for Vav1 in crosstalk between the CD28 and TCR signaling pathways.
Therapeutic dilemmas: balancing the risks of bleeding, thrombosis, and leukemic transformation in myeloproliferative disorders (MPD).

With these uncertainties, which patients with ET and PV should receive myelosuppressive therapy and accept its possible risks? Remembering the generalization from the literature that most patients with ET who are to have a catastrophic thrombosis either have it at the time of diagnosis or after preceding, less severe thrombotic symptoms, it is acceptable to omit myelosuppressive therapy in asymptomatic patients with ET. Young patients with PV and no thrombotic manifestations can similarly be managed with phlebotomy alone. There is no evidence in the literature to show that myelosuppressive therapy should be used simply because the platelet count is high or to prevent transition to myeloid metaplasia. In patients with ET or PV with previous thrombotic manifestations, the risk/benefit ratio probably favors myelosuppressive therapy. The PVSG studies also suggest that patients over the age of 70 with PV are at particular risk for thrombosis and should be treated with myelosuppression. No myelosuppressive agent has been shown to be superior to hydroxyurea. Patients who fail on hydroxyurea should not be treated with 32P or alkylating agents. Anagrelide or interferon would be more appropriate. The PVSG-05 study suggests that high doses of aspirin, i.e. approximately 1.0 grams per day, are not indicated. Trials of low dose aspirin to prevent thrombosis are encouraged. There is no way to predict which patients will have hemorrhagic complications and, as mentioned, one study suggests that there will be few (44). Patients with thrombocytosis and pathological bleeding, i.e. hemorrhagic thrombocythemia, generally improve with myelosuppressive therapy. This syndrome is to be distinguished from patients who bleed with normal or low platelet counts, generally in the setting of myeloid metaplasia (14). These patients have an acquired disorder of platelet function due to platelet production from abnormal megakaryocytes. An occasional patient will benefit from increasing the platelet count by splenectomy.
Romanticized Enlightenment? Enlightened Romanticism? Universalism and Particularism in Hegel's Understanding of the Enlightenment

Hegel lived in a period in which many of his contemporaries reacted strongly against what they saw as the dangers or the excesses of the Enlightenment (the Aufklarung in Germany). One of the strongest reactions to this was Romanticism, a movement more or less born in Jena during the period Hegel was living there, carried out by some of his friends and by people he knew well, and something which both irritated him and which also quite clearly profoundly influenced him. This period in Jena was also the time during which Hegel was undergoing his rather rapid and astonishing philosophical development that culminated in what he always described as his “voyage of discovery,” the 1807 Phenomenology of Spirit. In that book, Hegel carried out his own famous critique of the Enlightenment, which included his scathing charge that the “Enlightenment itself… is just as little enlightened about itself” and that it misunderstood the arguments of what he called “faith”. This could easily make Hegel seem to be a Romantic critic of the Enlightenment, somebody rejecting the apparent arrogance of all those French deists, Scottish skeptics, and materialists of all sorts in favor of some more emotionalist conception of human experience. Indeed, in a work often cited, this is exactly the conclusion that has been drawn (and it has appeared even in such popular publications as the English magazine, The Economist). On this view, Hegel's critique of the Enlightenment amounts to charging it with investing too much in reason and neglecting the emotional and religious side of experience, thus denying an essential part of human life. In short, that view sees Hegel's philosophy essentially as a species of the Romantic rejection of Enlightenment, bringing into play the familiar textbook oppositions of the mechanical versus the organic, disenchanted versus re-enchanted nature, and the like.
Analysis of Compensation Disparities between Junior Academic and Private Practice Vascular Surgeons.

Background Compensation may be a significant factor for academic vascular surgeons seeking or changing employment. We compared compensation for academic and private practice vascular surgeons practicing for approximately similar duration. Methods Compensation data for academic and private practice vascular surgeons were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and Medical Group Management Association (MGMA), respectively. Comparisons of nominal annual compensation data were made between Group 1 (assistant professor vascular surgeons versus private practice vascular surgeons in practice for 1–7 years), Group 2 (associate professor vascular surgeons versus private practice vascular surgeons in practice for 8–17 years), and Group 3 (professor vascular surgeons versus private practice vascular surgeons in practice for ≥18 years) from 2003 to 2012. Results In Group 1, there was a $54,500 difference in 2003 ( P = 0.043) which increased to $110,500 by 2012 ( P = 0.001). In Group 2, there was a $44,200 difference in 2007 ( P = 0.016) which increased to $53,400 by 2010 ( P = 0.034). In Group 3, there was no statistically significant difference in compensation ( P ≥ 0.999). Conclusions There is a significant and increasing disparity in compensation in favor of private practice vascular surgeons compared with assistant professor vascular surgeon faculty. Differences equalized with increasing seniority and experience. Compensation plans should be market based and in line with nonacademic benchmarks as well.
Two-Phase Aqueous Surfactant Systems for the Purification of Biomaterials

We present a review of recent theoretical and experimental work aimed at investigating the potential use of two-phase aqueous surfactant systems for the purification of hydrophilic proteins by liquid-liquid extraction techniques. The systems studied include (1) a two-phase aqueous nonionic surfactant (n-decyl tetra(ethylene oxide), C 10 E 4) system, and (2) a two-phase aqueous zwitterionic surfactant (dioctanoyl phosphatidylcholine, C 8-lecithin) system. The theoretical formulation assumes that excluded-volume interactions between the hydrophilic proteins and the surfactant micelles present in the solution play the dominant role in determining the experimentally observed partitioning behavior, and it incorporates (i) the self-assembling character of micelles, which allows them to grow into long, cylindrical microstructures with varying temperature and/or surfactant concentration, and (ii) a broad polydisperse distribution of micellar sizes. The theoretically predicted protein partitioning is compared with experimental measurements of the partitioning of several hydrophilic proteins, including cytochrome c, soybean trypsin inhibitor, ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and catalase, in two-phase aqueous C 10 E 4 and C 8-lecithin systems, and is found to be in good agreement. The results of this investigation suggest that two-phase aqueous surfactant systems of the type considered in this paper are potentially useful as extractant phases for the liquid-liquid extraction of proteins and other biomaterials.
What Should Be Taxed: Income or Expenditure?

(1981). What Should Be Taxed: Income or Expenditure? Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 257-259.
On Certain Commutator Estimates for Vector Fields

A unifying approach for proving certain commutator estimates involving smooth, not-necessarily divergence-free vector fields is introduced and implemented in the scales of weighted Triebel–Lizorkin and Besov spaces and certain variable exponent Triebel–Lizorkin and Besov spaces. Such commutator estimates are motivated by the study of well-posedness results for some models in incompressible fluid mechanics.
Intra-Annual Variability of Silver Carp Populations in the Des Moines River, USA

AbstractSince their introduction in the 1970s, Silver Carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have spread throughout the Mississippi River basin. Management of any species relies on an accurate understanding of population characteristics and dynamics. However, Silver Carp seasonal sampling variation is unknown. Sampling during periods of peak catch rates would facilitate Silver Carp assessment and management, improving monitoring and removal techniques. The objective of this study was to evaluate adult Silver Carp seasonal sampling variation with boat electroshocking and trammel nets. Silver Carp were collected monthly (April–October) during 2014 and 2015 from four locations in the Des Moines River, Iowa. Trammel nets rarely captured Silver Carp (mean ± SE = 4.9 ± 1.6 fish/net; 60% of fish were captured in 6.3% of net sets) and therefore were not included in analyses. Electroshocking catch rates (CPUEs) exhibited a bimodal distribution, with peak CPUEs generally occurring in May, June, and September and lower ca...
History and theory: Abraham Drassinower’s quest for coherence

Some years ago I published a book, Authors and Owners,1 in which I told the story of the divorce of copyright from censorship and its reconception as property. I described how in the course of an e...
Electrocardiographic biomarkers to confirm drug's electrophysiological effects used for proarrhythmic risk prediction under CiPA

The ECG plays a critical role in the thorough QT study. This clinical study is part of the assessment of proarrhythmic potential of drugs under the current regulatory paradigm. While the current paradigm has been successful in preventing drugs with unexpected QT prolongation or torsade risk from reaching the market, the focus on QT prolongation has likely resulted in potentially beneficial compounds with minimal torsade risk being dropped from development. The Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA) initiative is developing and validating a new mechanistic-based paradigm for cardiac safety evaluation of drugs. The fourth component of CiPA uses ECG data in phase 1 clinical studies to confirm there are no unanticipated ion channel effects compared to nonclinical data. The J-Tpeak interval was identified as the best biomarker for differentiating QTc prolonging drugs with predominant hERG block from drugs with multichannel (hERG plus late sodium and/or calcium block). This manuscript describes ECG methods for J-Tpeak assessment and their relationship with the features of new ECG biomarkers for detecting multichannel effects under CiPA.
Unleashing the Power of Networks: Shareholder Activism, Sustainable Development and Corporate Environmental Policy

In recent years, a new trend has emerged in which shareholder activists have formed networks to empower shareholders and magnify shareholder voices. This study explores the structural patterns and effectiveness of shareholder activism networks and shows how those networks affect corporate sustainability policies. We draw upon stakeholder influence theory, stakeholder network management theory and recent studies on activism networks to examine a shareholder activism network formed around environmental issues. The study found that (1) the structure of shareholder activist networks is largely driven by organizational attributes such as organization type, organizations’ human resources, media visibility and history; and (2) activist organizations with high centralities and eigenvector centralities enjoy more efficient results. This study contributes to our understanding of the business responses to shareholder demands on improving environmental performance and paves the way for future research on sustainable development through partnerships with shareholder networks. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Establishment of Community-Based Reference Intervals for Fructosamine, Glycated Albumin, and 1,5-Anhydroglucitol

BACKGROUND: There is growing interest in fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) as alternative measures of hyperglycemia, particularly for use in settings where traditional measures (glucose and HbA1c) are problematic or where intermediate (2–4 weeks) glycemic control is of interest. However, reference intervals for these alternative biomarkers are not established. METHODS: We measured fructosamine, glycated albumin, and 1,5-AG in a community-based sample of US black and white adults who participated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. We calculated reference intervals, evaluated demographic differences, and derived cutoffs aligned with current diagnostic cutpoints for HbA1c and fasting glucose. RESULTS: In a healthy reference population of 1799 individuals (mean age, 55 years; 51% women; 15% black), the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles, respectively, were 194.8 and 258.0 μmol/L for fructosamine, 10.7% and 15.1% for glycated albumin, and 8.4 and 28.7 μg/mL for 1,5-AG. Distributions differed by race, sex, and body mass index. Equivalent concentrations of fructosamine and glycated albumin corresponding to an HbA1c of 6.5% (96.5 percentile) were 270.2 μmol/L and 15.6%, respectively. Equivalent concentrations of fructosamine and glycated albumin corresponding to a fasting glucose of 126 mg/dL (93.9 percentile) were 261.7 μmol/L and 15.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The reference intervals for these biomarkers should inform their clinical use. Diagnostic cutpoint equivalents for fructosamine and glycated albumin could be useful to identify persons with hyperglycemia in settings where fasting glucose or HbA1c are not available or where the interpretation of these traditional measures is problematic.
Modeling rutting susceptibility of asphalt pavement using principal component pseudo inputs in regression and neural networks

Abstract Permanent deformation is a major load-associated distress occurring in flexible pavement systems and increases with load repetitions affecting road roughness, serviceability, and the international roughness index (IRI). Early detection of rutting is necessary for maintenance and rehabilitation activities, but due to the complex behavior of asphalt mixtures, accurately predicting the permanent deformation of asphalt pavement is difficult. Historically, multivariate regression modeling and recently, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used widely for material properties prediction. The ability to model accurately the response variable is adversely affected when inputs have pairwise correlations. To overcome this barrier, principal component analysis (PCA), as a dimensionality reduction technique, can be used to produce uncorrelated linear combinations of the original inputs as illustrated in this work using 83 (i.e., samples) laboratory compacted specimens from the State of Wisconsin. Asphalt binder, aggregate, and mix properties are obtained and used as the model inputs. The response parameter is the accumulated strain at the corresponding flow number. Using the developed pseudo inputs from PCA, a multivariate regression and an ANN model are generated and were able to fit the test cases with r fit of 0.8 and 0.97 respectively. The developed machine learning-based framework is shown to be a capable tool in estimating the rutting behavior of asphalt mixture.
High-Level Controllability and Observability Analysis for Test Synthesis

In this study, we present a high-level testability analysis technique that evaluates the testability of a design based on the proposed controllability and observability measures. The control-data flow graph (CDFG) constructed from the VHDL description of a design is first analyzed to identify hard-to-control conditional branches and hard-to-control/observe register transfer statements. After the hard-to-test areas of the design are identified, the proposed testability enhancement methods can be applied to improve the testability of the circuit. Unlike many recent studies in the area of high-level test synthesis (HLTS) that focus on improving the testability of data paths, our approach also improves the testability of synthesized circuits by enhancing the controllability of the control flow. Experimental results on several high-level synthesis benchmarks show that when this approach is used prior to logic synthesis, the test generation complexities are reduced while better fault coverage and ATPG efficiency are often achieved. Implementation of this technique requires minimal logic and performance overheads and allows test vectors to be applied at clock-speed.
Plant Regeneration and Chromosome Stability in Tissue Cultures

Since the initial reports in 1939 independently by Gauthert, Nobecourt and White of the successful growth and subculturing of tissue cultures of carrot and tobacco, these two dicots and a multitude of others, including soybeans, bush beans, tomato, potato, belladonna, sycamore and Jerusalem artichoke have been extensively cultured and used for a variety of studies (see WHITE 1963). For almost 30 years following the initial successes with dicots, the tissue culture of monocots remained a rare event, such as the report on the aroid Amorphophallus (MOREL and WETMORE 1951).
An experimental examination of interbank markets

We use experimental methods to evaluate a simplified interbank market. The design is a laboratory adaptation of the analysis of interbank market fragility by Allen and Gale (J Eur Econ Assoc 2:1015–1048), and features symmetric banks who allocate deposit endowments between cash and illiquid assets prior to the incidence of a shock. Following the shock liquidity-deficient banks trade assets for cash. Treatments include variations in the shock type, as well as alterations in the range of permissible asset prices. Consistent with Allen and Gale, we find that while interbank trading substantially increases investment activity, the markets are frequently characterized by price variability and a stochastic distribution of investment outcomes.
Supravalvular Pulmonic Stenosis

Supravalvular pulmonic stenosis (PS) is relatively uncommon, encompassing 2–3% of congenital heart disease. Supravalvular PS can occur anywhere along the pulmonary vasculature from the main PA to the peripheral pulmonary arteries and may occur at multiple locations simultaneously. The spectrum of resultant clinical disease ranges from an asymptomatic murmur to severe right ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Potential interventions for symptomatic disease can be separated into catheter-based and surgical approaches.
The Potential for Therapeutic Misconception in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Clinical Trials: A Case-Based Discussion

This case study illustrates several of the potential challenges frequently encountered by clinical investigators working in the area of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It raises the issues o...
An initial accuracy focus prevents illusory truth

News stories, advertising campaigns, and political propaganda often repeat misleading claims, increasing their persuasive power. Repeated statements feel easier to process, and thus truer, than new ones. Surprisingly, this illusory truth effect occurs even when claims contradict young adults' stored knowledge (e.g., repeating The fastest land animal is the leopard makes it more believable). In four experiments, we tackled this problem by prompting people to behave like "fact checkers." Focusing on accuracy at exposure (giving initial truth ratings) wiped out the illusion later, but only when participants held relevant knowledge. This selective benefit persisted over a delay. Our findings inform theories of how people evaluate truth and suggest practical strategies for coping in a "post-truth world."
Health Education in the 21st Century: A Skills-based Approach

Effective health education can positively contribute to a student's school experience. Healthier students are more likely to be ready and able to learn, and students who are academically successful...
The diverse effects of climate change on health and related associations

As the validity of climate change is tossed around like a political football, its effects on the health of the current and future populations continue to worsen. The effects are being seen across the globe, and they have social, ecological, and biological health implications. Populations are aging at rapid rates, creating larger demographics of people with social and physical dependency. This, combined with the current social and health inequity, will result in an increased burden of temperature-related morbidity and mortality on the elderly and racial minorities through the biological effects of extreme temperature. Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the world and will especially see sharp increases, as temperature rise exacerbates its effects. The extreme temperature from climate change is also negatively affecting agriculture and the symbiosis between humans and the environment, impacting not only our food systems, but our safety nets too. All these three components (social, ecological, and biological) interact and influence one another. This literature review analyzes the current research into these areas and describes their interplay, while suggesting novel approaches to address the impact climate change is having and will have on the health of the world.
A review of the linyphiid spider genus Proislandiana Tanasevitch, 1985 with description of a new high mountainous species from Turkey and Armenia (Araneae: Linyphiidae)

A new species of the hitherto monotypic spider genus Proislandiana Tanasevitch, 1985 is described from the high altitude belt of Ararat Mountain (Turkey) and Aragats Mountain (Armenia). The genus Proislandiana is reviewed, its taxonomic relationships to the other genera are discussed. The diagnoses of the genus and its type species are revised. The distribution and the zoogeography of the two known Proislandiana species are summarized and discussed.
Treatment of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: Expectant Observation Should Still Be the Standard

Recent clinical trials have addressed the notion of early treatment of smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). The results evidence improvement in progression-free survival and, in one study, overall survival. Although the treatment of SMM can be considered under specific circumstances, we propose here that careful interpretation of the clinical trials and the patient-specific data are needed before recommending therapy. In particular, many questions remain regarding the best regimen to be used as well as how to adapt based on the underlying disease biology. Hematologists should have a very thorough understanding of models designed to predict the progression from SMM to multiple myeloma, because their correct interpretation is paramount to establish proper care. Although there is no doubt that treatment should be started before overt end-organ damage, we do not believe that the current data support the widespread treatment of all SMM.
6 IBM GETS INTO THE COMPUTER BUSINESS, 1945–1964

The new equipment combines for the first time in one machine the great memory capacity and flexibility of cathode-ray tubes, magnetic drums, and magnetic tapes, as well as employing the use of punched cards. — Thomas J. Watson Sr., 1952 1 IBM Became a dominant player in one of the most important industries of the twentieth century at the moment when its technology and industry came into existence. How was it able to do that? How did IBM hold its lead for decades? Answering these questions is key to understanding how IBM entered a remarkable Golden Age that changed the way large companies and government agencies worked. When IBM's Golden Age ended, it seemed that the only thing the company shared with Thomas Watson Sr.'s punch card firm was its name, although it acquired a nickname—Big Blue. At the same time, rumbling underneath IBM's seemingly bright future were forces at work that would upend its customers' comfort zones and IBM's products, and cause IBM's senior managers to reshape the company again. When it was over, the Watsons were gone and so were most of the employees who had ushered in IBM's Golden Age, but before that happened, IBM's revenue climbed from $116 million in 1946 to nearly $69 billion in 1990. 2 It took two generations of IBMers and customers to usher in all that prosperity.
CHAPTER 3 – Carbon Cycle

Publisher Summary This chapter presents different theories that provide a basis for modeling carbon allocation. Carbon is a constituent of all terrestrial life. Carbon begins its cycle through forest ecosystems when plants assimilate atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis into reduced sugars. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert atmospheric CO2 to carbon products. Photosynthesis takes place within cells containing chloroplasts. Carbon exchange from forest ecosystems represents a balance between uptake, storage, and losses. The upper limits on photosynthesis are set by the amount of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the entire canopy. The amount of radiation absorbed is a function of canopy leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll pigments, and other related properties. Photosynthesis is the best understood of all ecosystem processes. Fundamental equations are available to describe the process, and models now predict rates close to those measured with eddy-flux analyses. Usually about half the gross photosynthetic products produced (GPP) are expended by plants in autotrophic respiration (Ra) for the synthesis and maintenance of living cells, releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere. The remaining carbon products (GPP−Ra) go into net primary production (NPP): foliage, branches, stems, roots, and plant reproductive organs.
Who Is Metabolizing What? Discovering Novel Biomolecules in the Microbiome and the Organisms Who Make Them.

Even as the field of microbiome research has made huge strides in mapping microbial community composition in a variety of environments and organisms, explaining the phenotypic influences on the host by microbial taxa – both known and unknown – and their specific functions still remain major challenges. A pressing need is the ability to assign specific functions in terms of enzymes and small molecules to specific taxa or groups of taxa in the community. This knowledge will be crucial for advancing personalized therapies based on the targeted modulation of microbes or metabolites that have predictable outcomes to benefit the human host. This perspective article advocates for the combined use of standards-free metabolomics and activity-based protein profiling strategies to address this gap in functional knowledge in microbiome research via the identification of novel biomolecules and the attribution of their production to specific microbial taxa.
Emergency department presentation of opioid use disorder and alcohol use disorder.

Abstract Mixing alcohol and opioid prescription medications can have serious health consequences. This study examines demographic and geographic differences in opioid use disorders (OUD) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) in emergency department (ED) presentations in the state of Texas. Using all diagnosis codes, the study examined discharge records for ED visits related to AUD and OUD in Texas for 2017. The study classified visits into three mutually exclusive groups (AUD-only, OUD-only, and AUD/OUD) and reported the number of visits, fatalities, total charges, proportions, and rates per 100,000 population by patient demographic characteristics. Chi square statistics assessed the association between patient characteristics and ED visit type, and the study used analysis of variance to compare ED visit rates by patient demographics. The study also fitted a multinomial logistic regression w to predict ED visit type by patient demographic and geographic characteristics. There were 221,363 OUD and AUD ED visits from Texans in 2017. Among them, 3863 had both AUD and OUD. There were 2443 fatalities related to AUD-only ED visits, whereas this rate was 292 for OUD-only ED visits. The majority of these patients had Medicare and Medicaid. AUD-only ED visits were more prevalent (680.7 vs 112.5 per 100,000 population) and resulted in higher overall charges than OUD-only ED visits ($6.1 billion vs $1 billion in total charges). However, AUD/OUD ED visits resulted in higher total charges on average than either OUD-only or AUD-only ED visits. Compared to patients with outpatient discharge, patients with inpatient admissions were more likely to belong to the OUD-only visit group (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.17–1.23) or the AUD/OUD visit group (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 2.28–2.61) than to the AUD-only visit group. Compared to urban patients, rural patients were less likely to belong to OUD-related visit groups than the AUD-only visit group. In conclusions, AUD was more prevalent than OUD among ED visits and resulted in a higher number of fatalities and higher medical charges. Current health policy regarding substance use that is heavily tilted toward curbing the opioid crisis remains woefully tolerant to AUDs. While efforts to curb opioid misuse should continue, future efforts should raise awareness among ED providers of the disease burden of and social harms caused by alcoholism and alcohol addiction.
Abstract TP407: Transvenous Pressure Monitoring Guides Endovascular Treatment of Vein of Galen Malformation

Background: Vein of Galen Malformation (VGM) is a complex vascular disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Mainstay management involves staged endovascular embolizations. Determining when to st...
A World of Experts: Science and Global Environmental Constitutionalism

Under conditions of conflict and uncertainty, forging a new constitutional consensus is a monumental task. If we hope to address climate change through a new global constitutionalism, we must challenge current approaches to assessing the costs, benefits, and uncertainties of environmental regulation, and arrive at an international consensus regarding those approaches. In doing so, input from experts in a variety of fields should be sought. A positive example of this approach is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s inclusive and democratic process of environmental assessment. However, we must avoid abdicating responsibility in favor of complete reliance on experts, and remind ourselves that expertise—legal or scientific—should be questioned and tested by democratic participation.
The cell-mediated immune response to human papillomavirus-induced cervical cancer: implications for immunotherapy.

Publisher Summary The chapter presents the evidence that human papillomaviruses (HPV) are linked with the development of several human malignancies, including carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract and the anogenital tract, as well as conjunctival carcinomas from molecular, clinical, and epidemiological studies. This chapter focuses on the role of cellular immunity and prospects for immunotherapy in HPV-related cervical malignancies. Cervical cancer remains the third most common cancer among women worldwide, with approximately 400,000 new cases per year. HPV DNA has been demonstrated in more than 99.7% of tumor biopsy specimens, with high risk HPV16 and HPV18 sequences being the most prevalent. Cell-mediated immunity is likely to play an important role in protecting against tumor progression, as shown by the increased frequency of HPV-associated tumors in individuals treated with immunosuppressive drugs or suffering from AIDS. In addition, malignant lesions are characterized by an infiltration of CD8 + T cells. The chapter emphasizes that an effective vaccine that would mount a cellular immune response against HPV-related proteins might contribute to the elimination or prevention of HPV-expressing lesions, including cervical carcinomas. The goal of therapeutic immunization against HPV-induced carcinomas is to induce cellular components of the immune system to recognize and attack cells infected with HPV, including malignant tissue. Modulation of the immune response to HPV-infected cells is possible through many different vaccination strategies. Therefore, clinical trials have not been very successful in achieving significant tumor regression, most likely because the diseases were too advanced to treat with immunological intervention.
K–12 and Postsecondary Alignment: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Freshmen Course-taking and Performance at California’s Community Colleges

In this paper we focus on California high school students’ transition to community colleges. Our unique dataset tracks five cohorts of California high school juniors into their freshmen year at in-state community colleges. We evaluate the extent to which high school achievement tests (currently not utilized by community colleges in course placement decisions) are useful for predicting academic success at community college. In addition, given persistent disparities in college attainment by race, we explore whether this fundamental relationship between high school achievement, college course-taking, and performance differs for students from different racial/ethnic backgrounds.
Entry of influenza virus.

As a major pathogen of human and certain animal species, influenza virus causes wide spread and potentially devastating disease. To initiate infection, the virus first binds to cellularreceptors comprising either -(2,3 ) or -(2,6) linked sialic acid. Recent advances in our understanding of the influenza virus receptor and viral host species involved have shed light on the molecular mechanism of how influenza virus transmits across species and adapts to a new host. Following receptor binding, influenza viruses are internalized through multiple endocytic pathways, including both clathrin- and non-clathrin-dependent routes, which have recently been visualized at single viral particle level. The viral envelope then fuses with the endosomal membrane in a low pH-dependent manner and the viral genome is released into the cytosol, followed by further transport to the nucleus where genome replication occurs.