cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Super-rich landowners in social-ecological systems: Opportunities in affective political ecology and life course perspectives

Abstract The world’s wealthiest individuals own an increasingly large portion of the world’s rural agricultural land and through their ownership, assume unprecedented control over ecosystem processes and biodiversity. This critical review considers recent geographic scholarship and its implications for gaining traction in understanding high net worth (HNW) owners as critical components of complex social-ecological systems. Though scholars have begun to question the role of the super-rich in systems of environmental management, questions remain about how HNW individuals influence and shape rural communities and ecologies over time. This review identifies HNW landowners as key constituents of social-ecological system dynamics and examines how they change with the ecological and social systems in which they operate through feedbacks that are unique to the nature of ownership and management of extensive rural properties. To address literature gaps and motivate future work on HNW landownership and rural change, we offer a novel research framework and agenda that integrates affective political ecology and sociology’s life course perspective through a social-ecological systems approach.
Characterization of steam impulse turbine for two-phase flow

Abstract The characterization of a steam impulse Terry turbine operating with single- and two-phase air–water ingestion has been performed; the air mass fraction ranged from 1.0 (single-phase air) down to 0.05. The two-phase characteristics were obtained over a range of turbine inlet pressures and turbine rotational speeds. The torque produced and the mixture flow rate through the turbine were recorded. Based upon experimental air/water measurements, the turbine Affinity Laws have been modified to include the effects of two-phase flow. All of the data collapsed onto a common power input coefficient (Пinput) curve and a common head coefficient curve (Ψ), with each curve being a function of the flow coefficient (ϕ) and the rotational Reynolds number (Reω). The curves have the functional format of ϕ * R e ω − M o , where Mo is the Morrison number. A similar analysis for the power output coefficient (Пoutput), using ϕ * R e ω − P o u t p u t , showed that the data again collapse to a single curve of the Power Output Number (Poutput). Variation at lower air mass fractions (ma) for the Power Output Number is being investigated. The relationships of Mo and Poutput with air mass fraction and turbine inlet pressure have been established and shown to be functionally the same. With the curves Пinput (ϕ, Reω, Mo), Пoutput (ϕ, Reω, Poutput), Mo (air mass fraction, inlet pressure) and Poutput (air mass fraction, inlet pressure), the performance of the Terry turbine can be predicted for all air–water, two-phase operating conditions.
Computer Simulation of Micelles in Aqueous Solution

The lectures reviewed the use of molecular dynamics calculations in the study of ionic surfactant micelles in aqueous solution. Particular attention was given to the use of computer graphics in unravelling the behavior of these complex systems.
Demo: Monitoring Movement Dynamics of Robot Cars and Drones Using Smartphone’s Built-in Sensors

In this demo, we present a smart system that can monitor the movement dynamics of any carrying platform (e.g., robot car and drone) leveraging the inertial sensors of the attached smartphone. Through the measured inertial sensor readings, we can monitor the movement dynamics of the carrying platform in real-time, such as the platform’s moving speed, displacement, and position. Unlike Global Positioning System (GPS), which shows severe accuracy degradation when GPS signals are weak (e.g., in indoor or urban environments), our system tracks the platform’s movements and performs positioning without receiving external signals. Thus, our system can be an effective alternative approach to monitor the movement dynamics of those indoor objects (e.g., sweeping robot, indoor drone). Specifically, we exploit the motion-sensing capabilities of smartphone’s inertial sensors to measure the carrying platform’s movement dynamics. The inertial magnetometer of the smartphone allows us to reorient sensors with the cardinal directions; the gyroscope and accelerometer enable measuring the velocity and displacement of the platform. Our experimental results demonstrate that our system can accurately measure the movement dynamics of carrying platform with the easy-to-access smartphone sensors, as a substitution of GPS-based positioning in indoor environments.
An Emissions Assurance Mechanism: Adding Environmental Certainty to a U.S. Carbon Tax

AbstractEconomists have long favored a carbon tax as the most efficient policy to curb greenhouse gas emissions. One barrier to broader support for this policy option is its failure to ensure limit...
The Palau Legacy Pledge: A Case Study of Advertising, Tourism, and the Protection of the Environment

Environmental challenges are affecting every aspect of our lives, especially among the world’s largest industry: tourism. This chapter studies the application of creativity to a tourism campaign for the Republic of Palau, an island nation in the Pacific, in need of promoting tourism and educating visitors while protecting the environment. It is the story of four local activists who convinced their government to think creatively. The result is the Palau Legacy Project, a campaign that included a special pledge that visitors needed to sign to gain access to the island. The campaign was critically acclaimed, winning three Cannes Lions Grand Prix and seven D&AD Festival pencils, gathering over 280,000 pledges, 1.7 billion impressions, and $6.2 million in earned media. Most importantly, it demonstrated how innovation, boldness and creativity make advertising an unstoppable force.
A CRH receptor type 1 agonist increases GABA transmission to GnRH neurons in a circulating-estradiol-dependent manner.

GnRH neurons are central regulators of reproduction and respond to factors affecting fertility, such as stress. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released during stress response. In brain slices from unstressed controls, CRH has opposite, estradiol-dependent effects on GnRH neuron firing depending on the CRH receptor activated; activating CRHR-1 stimulates whereas activating CRHR-2 suppresses activity. We investigated possible direct and indirect mechanisms. Mice were ovariectomized and either not treated further (OVX) or given a capsule producing high positive feedback (OVX + E) or low negative feedback (OVX + low E) physiologic circulating estradiol levels. We tested possible direct effects on GnRH neurons by altering voltage-gated potassium currents. Two types of voltage-gated potassium currents (transient IA and sustained IK) were measured; neither CRHR-1 nor CRHR-2 agonists altered potassium current density in GnRH neurons from OVX + E mice. Further, neither CRH nor receptor-specific agonists altered action potential generation in response to current injection in GnRH neurons from OVX + E mice. To test the possible indirect actions, GABAergic postsynaptic currents were monitored. A CRHR-1 agonist increased GABAergic transmission frequency to GnRH neurons from OVX + E, but not OVX, mice, whereas a CRHR-2 agonist had no effect. Finally, we tested if CRH alters the firing rate of arcuate kisspeptin neurons, which provide an important excitatory neuromodulatory input to GnRH neurons. CRH did not acutely alter firing activity of these neurons from OVX, OVX + E or OVX + low E mice. These results suggest CRH increases GnRH neuron activity in an estradiol-dependent manner in part by activating GABAergic afferents. Mechanisms underlying inhibitory effects of CRH remain unknown.
Integration of polycrystalline Ga2O3 on diamond for thermal management

Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) has attracted great attention for electronic device applications due to its ultra-wide bandgap, high breakdown electric field, and large-area affordable substrates grown from the melt. However, its thermal conductivity is significantly lower than that of other wide bandgap semiconductors such as SiC, AlN, and GaN, which will impact its ability to be used in high power density applications. Thermal management in Ga2O3 electronics will be the key for device reliability, especially for high power and high frequency devices. Similar to the method of cooling GaN-based high electron mobility transistors by integrating it with high thermal conductivity diamond substrates, this work studies the possibility of heterogeneous integration of Ga2O3 with diamond for the thermal management of Ga2O3 devices. In this work, Ga2O3 was deposited onto single crystal diamond substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and the thermal properties of ALD-Ga2O3 thin films and Ga2O3–diamond interfaces with different interface pretreatments were measured by Time-domain Thermoreflectance. We observed a very low thermal conductivity of these Ga2O3 thin films (about 1.5 W/m K) due to the extensive phonon grain boundary scattering resulting from the nanocrystalline nature of the Ga2O3 film. However, the measured thermal boundary conductance (TBC) of the Ga2O3–diamond interfaces is about ten times larger than that of the van der Waals bonded Ga2O3–diamond interfaces, which indicates the significant impact of interface bonding on TBC. Furthermore, the TBC of the Ga-rich and O-rich Ga2O3–diamond interfaces is about 20% smaller than that of the clean interface, indicating that interface chemistry affects the interfacial thermal transport. Overall, this study shows that a high TBC can be obtained from strong interfacial bonds across Ga2O3–diamond interfaces, providing a promising route to improving the heat dissipation from Ga2O3 devices with lateral architectures.
A case of ulcerative colitis associated with teprotumumab treatment for thyroid eye disease.

Abstract Purpose To present a case of ulcerative colitis associated with teprotumumab treatment for thyroid eye disease. Observations A 46-year-old Indian female was treated with teprotumumab (Tepezza) for severe thyroid eye disease within 9 months of diagnosis. The patient noted progression of her disease on oral prednisone and demonstrated severe, debilitating proptosis accompanied by eye ache and dry eyes. After 5 infusions of teprotumumab over a four-month period, the patient developed bloody diarrhea and fecal urgency. These symptoms progressively worsened and after two additional treatments, she underwent a colonoscopy. This confirmed the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Treatment with teprotumumab was halted prior to the administration of the 8th infusion; however, the patient continued to have severe gastrointestinal symptoms two months after her last treatment. Conclusions and importance Teprotumumab is an insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor demonstrated to improve proptosis in patients with active thyroid eye disease. Most adverse events reported are mild or moderate in severity; however, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a serious adverse event that can develop as a result of treatment.
0056 Law enforcement and trauma care in the emergency department

Statement of purpose Our purpose is to describe how United States’ (US) trauma surgeons perceive law enforcement activities during acute trauma care and their impact on patient care. Methods/Approach All trauma surgical care providers who are members of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma, the preeminent trauma surgical professional society in the US were recruited via email for an anonymous online survey from September-October 2020. All data were analyzed descriptively. Results Approximately 20% (231) of the society’s membership completed the survey. The majority of respondents were affiliated with Level I trauma centers in urban settings, and witness law enforcement activities during trauma care at least weekly. These activities include questioning patients as suspects or witnesses to crimes, evidence collection, and surveillance of patients under arrest. Respondents’ perceptions of the risks and benefits of law enforcement activities during emergency trauma care varied widely. On a continuum from very harmful to very helpful for patients, 36% perceived police presence during emergency trauma care as neither helpful nor harmful, 36% as helpful, and 28% as harmful. The majority (80%) felt that they had oversight over police access to patients in their care. To determine access to patients, respondents prioritized patients’ physiologic stability and the safety of clinical staff. 79% did not know of any institutional policy at their place of employment to guide law enforcement activities during acute trauma care, and 73% endorsed the need for relevant policy. Conclusions Law enforcement activities frequently intersect with the emergency care of trauma patients, and current institutional guidance is lacking. Significance As law enforcement officers are asked to play increased roles in emergency medical care (in response to violence, motor vehicle crashes, and opioid overdose) there is a need to evaluate current practice and address relevant policy gaps.
The value relevance of comprehensive income under alternative presentation formats permitted by ASU 2011-05

Under Accounting Standards Update 2011-05, firms can present comprehensive income (CI), defined as the sum of net income (NI) and other comprehensive income (OCI), in a single continuous statement or two separate, consecutive statements. We identify whether firms use the one- or two-statement approach for the years 2012–2015 and assess the value relevance of CI, NI, and OCI under the alternative approaches. We find that NI is less value relevant under the one-statement approach relative to the two-statement approach, while the value relevance OCI is marginally enhanced. We also find that the decrease (increase) in value relevance of NI (OCI) under the one-statement approach is driven by a decrease (an increase) in the value relevance of operating income (unrealized gains/losses on securitized assets). Additional analyses demonstrate that the reduced value relevance of NI under the one-statement approach persists only in subsamples that report positive OCI. Our findings suggest that, consistent with arguments put forth in comment letters in support of the one-statement approach, increasing the prominence of OCI may result in investors incorporating this information to a greater extent in their valuation decisions. However, consistent with comment letters in opposition to the one-statement approach, we also present evidence that suggests presenting OCI in the same statement as NI may also draw attention away from the portion of NI that reflects the core operations of the firm.
Perpetual motion, by Harmony Bench: Perpetual motion: dance, digital cultures, and the common, by Harmony Bench, University of Minnesota Press, 2020, 258 pp., $27.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-5179-0053

Although a book exploring the relationship between dance and digital culture might not be an obvious choice for critical cultural scholars, Harmony Bench’s Perpetual Motion: Dance, Digital Cultures...
Do small baby units improve extremely premature infant outcomes

Increasing numbers of neonatal intensive care units have formed small baby units or small baby teams with the intention to optimize care of extremely premature infants. Considerable time, energy, and resources are required to develop and sustain complex quality improvement constructs, so legitimate questions about effectiveness, unintended consequences, and lost opportunity costs warrant scrutiny. The small baby unit literature is diminutive. Errors of chance, bias, and confounding secondary to insufficient definitions of process and outcome metrics, overlapping quality improvement projects, and limited cost analyses restrict firm conclusions. Well-established quality improvement methodologies such as evidence-based guidelines, standardized variability reduction using measurement-and-adjust techniques, family-integrated focus, and developmentally sensitive care, reliably improve outcomes for all-sized premature infants. There is not compelling published evidence that adding specialized small baby units or designated teams for extremely premature infants further enhances short- or long-term health if robust quality improvement fundamentals are already imbedded within local culture.
More on: Calibration for the measurement of microparticles: The authors respond

See also Chandler WL, Yeung W, Tait JF. A new microparticle size calibration standard for use in measuring smaller microparticles using a new flow cytometer. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9: 1216–24; Robert S, Poncelet P, Lacroix R, Raoult D, Dignat-George F. More on: calibration for the measurement of microparticles: value of calibrated polystyrene beads for flow cytometry-based sizing of biological microparticles. This issue, pp 1676–8; Mullier F, Bailly N, Chatelain C, Dogne JM, Chatelain B. More on: calibration for the measurement of microparticles: needs, interests, and limitations of calibrated polystyrene beads for flow cytometry-based quantification of biological microparticles. This issue, pp 1679–81.DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04384.x.
Sampling and Chemical Analysis of Potable Water for ISS Expeditions 12 and 13

The crews of Expeditions 12 and 13 aboard the International Space Station (ISS) continued to rely on potable water from two different sources, regenerated humidity condensate and Russian ground-supplied water. The Space Shuttle launched twice during the 12- months spanning both expeditions and docked with the ISS for delivery of hardware and supplies. However, no Shuttle potable water was transferred to the station during either of these missions. The chemical quality of the ISS onboard potable water supplies was verified by performing ground analyses of archival water samples at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) Water and Food Analytical Laboratory (WAFAL). Since no Shuttle flights launched during Expedition 12 and there was restricted return volume on the Russian Soyuz vehicle, only one chemical archive potable water sample was collected with U.S. hardware and returned during Expedition 12. This sample was collected in March 2006 and returned on Soyuz 11. The number and sensitivity of the chemical analyses performed on this sample were limited due to low sample volume. Shuttle flights STS-121 (ULF1.1) and STS-115 (12A) docked with the ISS in July and September of 2006, respectively. These flights returned to Earth with eight chemical archive potable water samples that were collected with U.S. hardware during Expedition 13. The average collected volume increased for these samples, allowing full chemical characterization to be performed. This paper presents a discussion of the results from chemical analyses performed on Expeditions 12 and 13 archive potable water samples. In addition to the results from the U.S. samples analyzed, results from pre-flight samples of Russian potable water delivered to the ISS on Progress vehicles and in-flight samples collected with Russian hardware during Expeditions 12 and 13 and analyzed at JSC are also discussed.
Properties of Thymidine Kinase Partially Purified from Human Fetal and Adult Tissue

Abstract Properties of thymidine kinase, partially purified from human fetal liver, have been compared with properties of human adult thymidine kinase. Fetal thymidine kinase differs from the adult form in electrophoretic properties, pH optima, heat stability, inhibition by dCTP, and ability to utilize nucleotides other than ATP as phosphate donors. We observe that human fetal thymidine kinase resembles thymidine kinase present in at least two permanent human tumor cell lines and also has properties similar to the enzyme found by other workers in a variety of animal and human tumor cells.
Integrating Security in the MAC Layer of WDM Optical Networks

We introduce a new technique for providing security in a broadcast-and-select, wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) optical network. The approach provides privacy of communications by employing a novel challenge-response scheme and exploiting the tuning delay inherent in optical receivers. The proposed technique can be integrated easily into any existing WDM media-access-control (MAC) protocol that employs tunable receivers. The modified protocol would require every idle user, who is not scheduled to receive data, to tune in to a channel that does not contain sensitive data. A violation of the protocol can be detected with very high probability, and appropriate measures can be taken against the violator. The technique provides features that cannot be achieved with cryptography alone. Significant benefits of the proposed approach include the ability to detect security violations as they occur, and an efficient mechanism to provide privacy for multicast transmissions. We develop two simple solutions to deal with different levels of attack: (1) eavesdroppers working alone, and (2) eavesdroppers working in collaboration. We also introduce a dynamic channel allocation scheme that can further reduce the number of required overhead channels, with minimal loss in the capability to detect eavesdropping violations.
Use of a keratolytic agent with occlusion for topical treatment of hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratoses.

Background. Seborrheic keratoses are the most common benign tumors in adults. Despite their negative cosmetic appearance, no topical treatment is commonly recommended for these lesions. Objective. Our objective was to assess whether clinical benefit could be achieved by using a keratolytic topical agent and superficial scraping for this condition. Methods. A topical 50% urea-containing product under occlusion was applied daily to large and/or thick hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratoses on the truck and extremities. The patients were instructed to digitally scrape the surface of the lesions in an attempt to reduce the thickness of the lesions. Results. In a pilot nonrandomized open-label survey, patients expressed satisfaction with using this topical therapeutic technique. Conclusions. Hyperkeratotic seborrheic keratoses can be satisfactorily managed with topical agents and scraping with reasonable patient satisfaction. Further studies with various keratolytic agents using other delivery systems are warranted.
Prepregnancy body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality: the Child Health and Development Studies.

Overweight and obesity are highly prevalent with a large public health impact.(1) Increasingly, evidence suggests that patterns of weight and body mass index (BMI) are formed early in life,(2) and that these patterns may begin influencing disease risk, particularly vascular disease, as early as adolescence or even childhood.(3, 4, 5) Several studies have suggested that overweight and obesity are risk factors for premature death, (6, 7, 8)particularly among younger people compared with older adults.(6, 9, 10, 11) The increased mortality risk may be attributable to higher total weight gain with age among those who are overweight early in life compared with those whose weight gain begins later in life. Additionally, early life overweight may inflict a larger cumulative exposure to adiposity and its associated disease risks. (4) However, evidence for the impact of obesity on mortality in younger adults is limited because few studies have investigated the relationship between BMI in adults younger than middle age and cause-specific mortality.(11, 12, 13) Most studies of younger adults have had relatively short follow up periods, ending before the period of peak risk for cardiovascular events and mortality, especially for women who have events even later in life than men.(9, 11, 13, 14, 15) While women generally experience cardiovascular disease later in life than men, there is some evidence that morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasing in younger women, (16, 17) possibly due to the increasing prevalence of obesity among women.(18) Even fewer studies have observed the relationship between obesity among women of reproductive age and mortality,(13) which may be of particular importance given the potential impact of pregnancy on weight and cardiovascular health.(19) Pregnancy complications, often associated with obesity,(20) are important indicators of vascular and metabolic health and later life risk.(21, 22) Furthermore, pregnancy is a period of relatively high health care utilization and contact with medical professionals, making this an opportune time for educational messaging and/or interventions, whereby obese women or those with a history of these pregnancy complications could be targeted for cardiovascular disease prevention before middle age.(23) Our objective was to examine the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and cause-specific mortality in parous women of reproductive age over almost 40 years of follow up in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort. We hypothesized that pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity would be strongly associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.
Microarray analysis of pathogens and their interaction with hosts

Microarrays are a promising technique for elucidating and interpreting the mechanistic roles of genes in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. Microarrays have been used to analyse the genetic polymorphisms of specific loci associated with resistance to antimicrobial agents, to explore the distribution of genes among isolates from the same and similar species, to understand the evolutionary relationship between closely related species and to integrate the clinical and genomic data. This technique has also been used to study host–pathogen interactions, mainly by identifying genes from pathogens that may be involved in pathogenicity and by surveying the scope of the host response to infection. The RNA expression profile of pathogens has been used to identify regulatory mechanisms that ensure gene expression in the appropriate environment, to hypothesize functions of hundreds of uncharacterized genes and to identify virulence genes that promote colonization or tissue damage. This information also has the potential to identify targets for drug design. Furthermore, microarrays have been used to investigate the mechanism of drug action and to delineate and predict adverse effects of new drugs. In this paper, we review the use of spotted and high-density oligonucleotide arrays to study the genetic polymorphisms of pathogens, host–pathogen interactions and whole-genome expression profiles of pathogens, as well as their use for drug discovery.
Robust linear regression in replicated measurement error models

Abstract We propose robust and bounded influence methods for linear regression when some of the predictors are measured with error. We address the important special case that the surrogate predictors are replicated, and that the measurement errors in response and predictors are correlated. The robust methods proposed are variants of the so-called Mallows class of estimates. The resulting estimators are easily computed and have a simple asymptotic theory. An example is used to illustrate the results.
Are eμ colliders interesting

Abstract We show that current experimental constraints already severely restrict what might be observable at eμ colliders. We identify some cases where it may be possible to probe physics beyond what might be possible at other facilities and make some remarks about physics capability of high energy eμ colliders.
Particle growth and particle–surface interactions during low-temperature deposition of ceramic thin films

Abstract The forces between substrates and ceramic particles in aqueous solution were measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The dependence of the measured forces on the pH and ionic strength of the solution are presented. The trends are consistent with expectations based on the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The kinetics of the nucleation and growth of tin oxide particles in aqueous solutions of tin(IV) chloride and hydrochloric acid were studied using dynamic laser scattering. The rate of formation of particles as a function of solution temperature, concentration, and pH agrees with thermodynamic calculations and with previous observations. Antimony-doped tin oxide films on SAM-coated glass have been found to be several orders of magnitude more conductive than identical coatings on bare glass. Apatite thin films have been deposited from simulated body fluid (SBF) on titanium metal. The porous topography of the metal, produced by prior etching in hydrochloric acid, was preserved in the deposited apatite films. The adhesion of these films to the substrate appears to have been greatly increased by the etching step, compared to films deposited on unetched titanium.
On the strong crack-microcrack interaction problem

Widely discussed in the literature, the crack-microcrack interaction problem is reconsidered in the present communication. Interest in this problem stems from various physical models of crack initiation, a damage zone formation in front of the crack, etc. One of the most popular approaches to the crack-microcrack interaction problem is an iterative procedure which employs the superposition method and reduces the interaction to a single crack problem [1-3]. It can be described as follows. Every step of interation consists of 2 frames (see Fig. 1). Every frame represents a single crack problem. On the (n+l)-th step of iteration in the first frame, the main crack is loaded by the traction o ~o~ calculated at the n-th step (in the case of n=l it is a remote loading). It produces traction p~o÷'~(x) along the line of the microcrack corresponding to the asymptotic stress field with AK(n~ increment in the stress intensity factor (SIF) associated with the n-th step (for n=l: K(0~ = K~[o~-q). In the second frame a microcrack loaded by traction p~o~(x) _generates traction o-re(x) along the line of the main crack. Increment in the SIF K{n+a~ corresponding to the (n+l)-th step is proportional to that in the previous step: AK{ n"~ = ~. AK{-~, with ~, < 1 independent on n. The total SIF K~ t~ of the main crack is obtained by summing up all iterative steps, which constitutes a geometrical progression resulting in
Anxiety and encoding strategy

High- and low-anxious subjects learned paired-associate lists under interaction imagery or under repetition instructions. When contrasted with the results of an earlier and similar experiment, the findings suggest that performance deficits associated with high anxiety can be reduced by effective encoding strategies. This reduction, however, is apparent only when time-pressure constraints are not present during testing.
EPR spectra of radicals formed when NO2 is adsorbed on magnesium oxide

Abstract Four paramagnetic species were detected by EPR when NO 2 in equilibrium with N 2 O 4 was adsorbed on high surface area magnesium oxide. At pressures of NO 2 of about 10 torr, the spectrum of the adsorbed NO molecule was observed. An unidentified spectrum with a g value near 2.00 and hyperfine interaction replaced the NO spectrum at pressures near 100 torr. The characteristic spectrum of the rigid NO 2 molecule was observed at −180°C when NO 2 was adsorbed on a sample that had previously been exposed to NO 2 and degassed briefly at 300°C, or when the initial adsorption was carried out at −196°C. This spectrum is compared with the spectra of NO 2 in a number of other matrices and with the spectrum of the isoelectronic CO 2 − molecule. It appears that the adsorbed NO 2 molecule is buried with N 2 O 4 in the pore structure of MgO so that little interaction with the gas phase occurs. When NO 2 was adsorbed on MgO degassed at 800°C, a species that showed an anisotropic g tensor but no hyperfine structure was also detected; the radical is tentatively identified as the NO 3 molecule.
The kinematics of solar inner coronal transients

The kinematic properties of a dozen ‘loop-like’ coronal transients have been examined over the range 1.2–2.4 R⊙ from Sun center. Values and trends of transient geometry, including radial height, lateral width at maximum extent, distance from loop top to height of maximum width, and lateral width at a fixed height above the instrument occulting disk at 1.2 R⊙, are given. Radial and lateral speeds of expansion are tabulated, and range from 60–900 km s-1, and 10–500 km s-1, respectively. Flare-associated events are found to exhibit the highest speeds, and show little acceleration with height; on the other hand, eruptiveassociated events exhibit large accelerations (some in excess of 50 m s-2). This clear discrimination between flare and eruptive-associated events suggests that two different physical processes are present; it is suggested that flare-associated events result from an impulsive, localized input to the corona. On the other hand, accelerated, eruptive-associated events are subjected to appreciable net forces over radial heights of one solar radius (or more) above the solar limb. It is conjectured that the pressure gradient forces responsible for the generation of the solar wind may play an important role in accelerating these latter events.
What Is Value in Health Care

In any field, improving performance and accountability depends on having a shared goal that unites the interests and activities of all stakeholders. In health care, however, stakeholders have myriad, often conflicting goals, including access to services, profitability, high quality, cost containment, safety, convenience, patient-centeredness, and satisfaction. Lack of clarity about goals has led to divergent approaches, gaming of the system, and slow progress in performance improvement. Achieving high value for patients must become the overarching goal of health care delivery, with value defined as the health outcomes achieved per dollar spent.1 This goal is what matters for patients and unites . . .
A spanning-tree-based genetic algorithm for some instances of the rectilinear Steiner problem with obstacles

Given sets of points and obstacles in the plane, the rectilinear Steiner problem with obstacles seeks to connect the points with a rectilinear Steiner tree---a tree made up of vertical and horizontal line segments---that avoids the obstacles and has minimum total length. We consider only rectangular obstacles and further restrict the problem by requiring that it be possible to connect every point to the tree via exactly one vertical and one horizontal segment. Rectilinear Steiner trees that conform to this restriction can be represented by spanning trees augmented to specify the rectilinear segments. A genetic algorithm that uses a spanning-tree-based coding of rectilinear Steiner trees outperforms a greedy heuristic on 45 instances of the problem, of up to 469 points and 325 obstacles. However, the coding cannot represent arbitrary rectilinear Steiner trees, so it cannot address the unrestricted case, and in the case considered here, it leaves some potentially shorter trees unexamined.
The arrangement and sensory innervation of the intrafusal fibers in the feline muscle spindle.

The organization of the nuclear-chain fibers and the nuclear-bag fibers within the sensory region of muscle spindles from adult and newborn cats were studied. Nuclear-chain fibers form zones of close apposition with each other. Some of these zones of close apposition are innervated by sensory nerve twigs which cross between the adjacent fibers. The external lamina (basement membrane) which surrounds the individual nuclear-chain fibers is continuous in these zones, and serial sections of nuclear-chain fibers reveal that all these fibers are enclosed in a common external laminal sac. The aforementioned findings are discussed in terms of a new three-dimensional concept of the organization and sensory innervation of the nuclear-chain fibers within the muscle spindle. No zones of close apposition were observed between nuclear-bag or nuclear-bag and nuclear-chain fibers, and no cross sensory innervation was seen. The classical concept of an annulospiral configuration of the primary sensory innervation of the nuclear-bag fibers appears to be more complex and to have a cage-like configuration.
Parametric interpolator versus linear interpolator for precision CNC machining

Abstract The paper presents a comparative study of linear and parametric interpolators used for command generation during CNC machining. For many decades, linear interpolators have been used in NC machines for command generation. Recently, a parametric interpolator has been developed that is designed for command generation for parametric curves (or surfaces). Two algorithms for the online implementation of this parametric interpolator are introduced. The comparison is mainly based on memory size, feedrate fluctuation and CPU time. Other considerations include tracking errors and jerk magnitude. Results show that the parametric interpolator is favourable in the machining of free-form geometry in terms of high speed and tight tolerancing.
An exact Turán result for the generalized triangle

Let Σ k consist of all k-graphs with three edges D 1, D 2, D 3 such that |D 1 ? D 2| = k ? 1 and D 1 Δ D 2 ? D 3. The exact value of the Turan function ex(n, Σ k ) was computed for k = 3 by Bollobas [Discrete Math. 8 (1974), 21---24] and for k = 4 by Sidorenko [Math Notes 41 (1987), 247---259]. Let the k-graph T k ? Σ k have edges $$ \{ 1, \ldots ,k\} , \{ 1,2, \ldots ,k - 1,k + 1\} , and \{ k,k + 1, \ldots ,2k - 1\} . $$ Frankl and Furedi [J. Combin. Theory Ser. (A) 52 (1989), 129---147] conjectured that there is n 0 = n 0(k) such that ex(n, T k ) = ex(n, Σ k ) for all n ? n 0 and had previously proved this for k = 3 in [Combinatorica 3 (1983), 341---349]. Here we settle the case k = 4 of the conjecture.
Using fee shifting to promote fair use and fair licensing

The fair use doctrine seeks to facilitate socially optimal uses of copyrighted material. As a practical matter, however, cumulative creators, such as documentary filmmakers and many contemporary musicians, are often reluctant to rely on the fair use doctrine because of its inherent uncertainty, the potentially harsh remedies for copyright infringement, and the practical inability to obtain effective preclearance rights. Moreover, copyright owners have no obligation under existing law to respond to a cumulative creator's inquiry. Thus, a familiar refrain in professional creative communities is "if in doubt, leave it out." In this Article we propose a novel mechanism that would afford a limited, cost-effective process for preclearing works, promote fair negotiation over cumulative uses of copyrighted works, and reduce the exposure of cumulative creators to the inherent risks of relying on copyright's de minimis and/or fair use doctrines. Under this mechanism, a cumulative creator has authority to make a formal offer of settlement to use copyrighted material for a project. If the copyright owner does not respond to the offer, the cumulative creator would be permitted to use the work provisionally by paying the settlement amount into escrow. If the copyright owner rejects the proposed license fee and sues for infringement, the copyright owner will bear the cumulative creator's litigation costs if (1) the court determines that the use of the material qualifies as fair use, or (2) the court determines that the fair use doctrine does not excuse the use but the cumulative creator's offer of settlement (the proposed license fee) exceeds the amount of damages that the court determines to be appropriate. In the former case, the escrow amount is returned to the cumulative creator. In the latter case, the copyright owner receives the infringement award from the escrow account, and the remainder returns to the cumulative creator. Our fair use fee-shifting proposal encourages copyright owners to take settlement offers seriously and negotiate around the fair use doctrine's inherent uncertainties. In so doing, this mechanism protects the reliance costs of cumulative creators, reduces transaction costs, and discourages holdout behavior. Overall, our mechanism should enrich cultural production by increasing the use of copyrighted content in follow-on works while fostering markets for cumulative creativity and providing fair compensation to copyright owners of underlying works.
Investigation of the SiO2‐induced substrate current in silicon field‐effect transistors

An experimental investigation is presented for the substrate current (holes) appearing in n‐channel field‐effect transistors having SiO2 as their gate insulator. In these experiments, the gate is biased by a high and positive voltage, causing an electron current to be injected from the device channel into the oxide. This current is accompanied by the substrate current whose origin is not clear. The experiments were performed by application of short pulses (400 μsec) to the gate. It is shown that the substrate current is too large to be explained by simple electron tunneling from the silicon valence band into the oxide. Temperature‐dependence measurements, down to 20 K, show that some of the data are not consistent with models for hole transport from the oxide into the silicon valence band. It is argued that the substrate current may be related to the energy loss experienced by hot electrons as they traverse the oxide. It is further argued that the same mechanism responsible for the substrate current may p...
Differences in cross‐cultural negotiation behavior between industrial product and consumer product firms

In this age of the global economy, cross‐cultural negotiation is becoming an increasingly important part of the management and marketing process for nearly every firm. Compares the cross‐cultural negotiations behavior and differences in the perceived processes between industrial product firms and consumer product firms. Proposes and tests hypotheses and analyzes results.
The interventional radiology business plan

Strategic planning and business planning are processes commonly employed by organizations that exist in competitive environments. Although it is difficult to prove a causal relationship between formal strategic/business planning and positive organizational performance, there is broad agreement that formal strategic and business plans are components of successful organizations. The various elements of strategic plans and business plans are not common in the vernacular of practicing physicians. As health care becomes more competitive, familiarity with these tools may grow in importance. Herein we provide an overview of formal strategic and business planning, and offer a roadmap for an interventional radiology-specific plan that may be useful for organizations confronting competitive and financial threats.
Lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in peripheral lymph of normal and cholesterol-fed dogs

Prenodal peripheral lymph was used as a model of interstitial fluid to obtain information on the composition of lipoproteins and apolipoproteins which are in direct contact with peripheral cells. Lipoproteins resembling plasma lipoproteins in size and electrophoretic mobility were present in the prenodal peripheral lymph of control as well as cholesterol-fed dogs. Most of the lipoproteins in control dogs were high density lipoproteins, both in the plasma and in the lymph. Cholesterol feeding resulted in an increased concentration of lipoprotein particles with decreased electrophoretic mobility (beta-VLDL and, in plasma, HDLc) and decreased concentration of HDL, both in plasma and in lymph. Size distribution of lipoproteins was also markedly altered by cholesterol feeding; most of the lipoproteins were present as IDL and VLDL both in plasma and in lymph. Judged by agarose gel chromatography, the size of the lymph HDL as consistently larger than plasma HDL in both groups of dogs. Furthermore, it appears that cholesterol feeding increased the size of an HDL subfraction, partially resolved by agarose chromatography, both in lymph and plasma. All apolipoproteins present in plasma were also present in lymph. Cholesterol feeding resulted in 3-10-fold increases in plasma apo B, E, and A-IV while apo A-I was drastically decreased. These changes were reflected in lymph to different degrees depending on the size of the lipoprotein fraction containing the individual apolipoproteins. Our findings provide direct evidence that the large, cholesterol-rich, 'atherogenic' lipoproteins found in the plasma of cholesterol-fed dogs (beta-VLDL) are also present in the interstitial fluid and presumably interact with peripheral cells. Our studies furthermore suggest modification of plasma HDL by peripheral cells and/or de novo assembly of an HDL subfraction. The utilization of this animal model may thus provide a direct approach to the study of the interaction of lipoproteins with peripheral cells.
Delayed development of humoral immunity in chickens following in ovo treatment with mibolerone.

In order to determine if mibolerone causes rapid development of the humoral immune system as previously hypothesized, 12-day-old chicken embryos were injected with 0.1, 1, or 10 μg mibolerone. Mibolerone caused bursal atrophy in a dose-dependent manner with severe atrophy at the 10 μg dose, substantial atrophy at the 1 μg dose, and very little or no atrophy at the 0.1 μg dose. Mibolerone-treated chicks were subsequently challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Brucellaabortus at 1, 7, 14, or 21 days of age. When serum samples were analysed for agglutinins to SRBC and B. abortus, the results indicated that treated chickens had lower agglutinin titers to both antigens at younger ages. These responses improved with age in groups treated with 0.1 μg and 1 μg and were comparable to controls at 5 weeks of age except for low primary and secondary (IgG specific) titers to B. abortus in birds treated with 1 μg. Chickens treated with 10 μg mibolerone still had considerably lower primary responses to SRBC and lower primary as well as secondary responses to B. abortus at 4 and 5 weeks of age. These results indicate that mibolerone causes delayed rather than rapid development of the humoral immune system. In control as well as in treated chickens, agglutinin responses to SRBC appeared earlier than responses to B.abortus.
Effect of delayed serum separation and storage temperature on serum glucose concentration in horse, dog, alpaca, and sturgeon.

Background Although delays between blood sample collection and analysis are common in veterinary medicine, the effect of prolonged serum-clot contact time on serum glucose concentration is not well established and species differences have not been elucidated. Objectives The objective was to investigate the effect of storage time and temperature on serum glucose concentration in stored whole blood samples from horse, dog, alpaca, and sturgeon. Methods Whole blood specimens were divided into 7 no-additive tubes and serum was separated from one sample within one hour, serving as the reference sample. The remaining samples were stored at 4°C and 25°C, then centrifuged and serum glucose measured by automated analysis at 2, 4, and 8 hours postcollection. Glucose concentrations were compared using linear mixed models. Results The decline in serum glucose concentration for all samples stored at 4°C was not statistically significant, except for the 8-hour samples from sturgeon and dog. At 25°C, serum glucose concentration was comparable to reference values at 2 hours in sturgeon and alpaca, but significantly lower at 4 and 8 hours in those species, and at all time points in equine and canine specimens, being most prominent after 8 hours of storage in canine specimens. Conclusions Storage at 4°C limits serum glucose decline for at least 4 hours in all species tested and up to 8 hours in specimens of horse and alpaca. At 25°C, serum-clot contact time should not exceed 1 hour in equine and canine samples, and 2 hours in specimens from alpaca and sturgeon.