cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mutagenicity and co-mutagenicity of catechol on Salmonella.

Abstract Catechol was not mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 or TA1537 in the presence or absence of S9 mix. At the lower level of S9 in the Ames method, the mutagenic activity of benzo[α]pyrene decreased with the increased addition of catechol. When catechol was added to the pre-incubation mixture at a higher concentration than in the conventional Ames method, the mutagenic activity of benzo[α]pyrene increased with the increased addition of catechol. Catechol is believed to be a co-mutagen for benzo[α]pyrene in the presence of a sufficient amount of S9 in the incubation mixture.
Distortions of Estimates of Numerousness and Waiting Time

Summary Distortions of Estimates of Numerousness and Waiting Time During the gasoline shortage in 1974, 53 male and 36 female San Diego drivers waiting to purchase gasoline were asked to estimate the number of cars ahead of them in the line and the length of time they expected to wait. Unlike situations previously studied, drivers were unaware of the available amount of the commodity. Regressions of both the estimated number ahead on the actual number and the estimated waiting time on the actual time were significant (p < .001). In contrast to previous findings, people close to the end of lines did not underestimate the number ahead. Drivers overestimated irrespective of their position. However, considerable underestimation of the time drivers expected to wait was found throughout the lines, with the amount of underestimation proportionate to the distance from the beginning of the line.
The symmetry of reduced density matrices. II. Spin-free quantum chemistry and point group symmetry

Spin-free quantum chemistry and spin-free reduced density matrices derived from a ket of general permutational symmetry are discussed. Theorems concerning N-representability, N,α,α-derivability, spin selection rules, the symmetry of natural p-mals, and sum rules for the corresponding eigenvalues are obtained. The present formulation and notation is also used in a similar discussion concerning the point group symmetry of reduced density matrices.
Molecular-statistical model for the nematic phase of semiflexible dimers

A microscopic model is developed to describe properties of a nematic phase consisting of semiflexible dimers. The effect of the chain bonding the two mesogens is described by the local conditional probability of their mutual orientation in terms of a bare stiffness parameter Ω ∼ E B /kT, assuming an even number of carbon atoms in the chain. In the framework of a molecular field approximation we obtain a complete statistical description of the nematic with expressions for order parameter, mean-field potential, free energy and phase transition parameters. The width of the N-I transition hysteresis is in agreement with observed values. Comparison with data on the transition temperatures in three series of nematogenic dimers enables us to obtain the quantitative dependence of the rigidity Ω on the length of the (CH 2 ) n chain connecting the two monomers
Political quid pro quo agreements: An experimental study

We experimentally study the common wisdom that money buys political influence. In the game, one special interest (i.e., a corporate firm) has the opportunity to influence redistributive tax policies in her favor by transferring money to two competing candidates. The success of the investment depends on whether or not the candidates are willing and able to collude on low-tax policies that do not harm their relative chances in the elections. In the experiment, successful political influence never materializes when the firm and candidates interact just once. By contrast, it yields substantially lower redistribution in about 40% of societies with finitely repeated encounters. However, investments are not always profitable, and profit sharing between the firm and candidates depends on prominent equity norms. Our experimental results shed new light on the complex process of buying political influence in everyday politics and help explain why only relatively few firms do actually attempt to influence policymaking.
Additive effects of mining and residential development on stream conditions in a central Appalachian watershed

AbstractLarge-scale surface mining in southern West Virginia significantly alters headwater stream networks. The extent to which mining interacts with other stressors to determine physical, chemical, and biological conditions in aquatic systems downstream is unclear. We conducted a watershed-scale assessment of Pigeon Creek, an intensively mined watershed of the Tug Fork drainage in Mingo County, West Virginia. Our objectives were to: 1) develop landscape-based indicators of mining and residential development, 2) quantify the interactive effects of mining and residential development on in-stream conditions, and 3) identify landscape-based thresholds above which biological impairment occurs in this watershed. Macroinvertebrate community structure was negatively correlated with intensity of mining and residential development. Correlation analysis and partial Mantel tests indicated that mining (% of total subwatershed area) caused acute changes in water chemistry (r = 0.55–0.91), whereas residential developm...
A Four-Channel Beamforming Down-Converter in 90-nm CMOS Utilizing Phase-Oversampling

In this paper, a 4-GHz, four-channel, analog-beamforming direct-conversion down-converter in 90-nm CMOS is presented. Down-converting vector modulators (VMs) in each channel multiply the inputs with complex beamforming weights before summation between the different channels. The VMs are based on a phase-oversampling technique that allows the synthesis of inherently linear, high-resolution complex gains without complex variable gain amplifiers. A bank of simple passive mixers driven by a multiphase local oscillator (LO) in each VM performs accurate phase shifting with minimal signal distortion, and a pair of transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) combines the mixer outputs to perform beamforming weighting and combining. Each individual channel achieves 360° phase shift and gain-setting programmability with 8-bit digital control, a complex gain constellation with a mean error-vector magnitude (EVM) of 24-dB blocker rejection for blockers impinging from different directions and 17-dB signal EVM improvement in the presence of an in-channel blocker.
Should Middle School Students with Learning Problems Copy and Paste Notes from the Internet? Mixed-Methods Evidence of Study Barriers.

AbstractIn the experimental phase of this mixed-methods study, 49 middle school students receiving special education services took notes from the Internet under either a written notes or a copy-and-paste notes condition. Immediate, cued-recall measures of factual learning showed that students who wrote their notes were better able to recall what they had noted, although recall was low for all students. However, after a one-week delay (which included two classroom opportunities to study their notes), students who pasted their notes performed significantly better on two different measures of factual learning than students who wrote their notes. Follow-up student interviews and analyses of notes revealed a robust explanatory theme: many written notes contained barriers to learning (e.g., illegible handwriting, spelling errors, and/or indecipherable paraphrases), which likely reduced the benefit of study time. Implications for instructing this population of students to use copy and paste while gathering infor...
A New Adaptive Edge Enhancement Algorithm for Color Laser Printers

This paper presents a novel algorithm for improving the quality of edges in printed text. The algorithm is designed to add pixels at selected edge locations post halftoning. The extent of the correction is proportional to the "strength" of the edge, as determined by comparing the local differences in a four-pixel neighborhood to a dynamically generated threshold. The process is computationally efficient and requires minimal memory resources. The performance of our proposed algorithm is clearly demonstrated on several characters and lines. While the algorithm aims to improve the quality of printed text (edges), it is possible to extend its application to improvement of any edge identifiable in image documents.
Liquid-Fueled Detonations in Tubes

Motivated by the current interest in pulse detonation engines, a brief review of previous work on liquid-fueled detonations in tubes is presented. Although the characteristics of detonations in high-vapor-pressure liquid fuels are analogous to those of gaseous detonations, the behavior of detonations in low-vapor-pressure liquid fuels is quite different. The multidimensional structure and the cell sizes of such mixtures have not yet been established. Theoretical, computational, and experimental studies have shown that if the droplets are fine enough (less than about 10 μm), detonations propagating at about the equivalent gas-phase Chapman‐Jouguet detonation velocity can be attained in a variety of fuel‐oxygen systems. With larger droplet sizes, a deficit in the propagation velocity compared to the gas-phase velocity is observed. Various explanations for this deficit are presented. The droplet size required for detonations in fuel‐air mixtures is smaller than that in fuel‐oxygen mixtures. Heating the initial mixture helps both by easing the detonation initiation process and by aiding in the detonation propagation by introducing some prevaporization and reducing the droplet size. The need for additional research on multiphase detonations to aid in the further development of liquid-fueled detonation engines is also emphasized.
On active target tracking and cooperative localization for multiple aerial vehicles

This paper presents a new cooperative active target-tracking strategy for a team of double-integrator aerial vehicles equipped with 3-D range-finding sensors. Our strategy is active because it moves the vehicles along paths that minimize the combined uncertainty about the target's position. We propose a gradient-based control approach that encompasses the three major optimum experimental-design criteria and relies on the Kalman filter for estimation fusion. We derive analytical lower and upper bounds on the target's position uncertainty by exploiting the monotonicity property of the Riccati differential equation arising from the Kalman-Bucy filter. These bounds allow us to study the impact of sensors' accuracy and target's dynamics on the steady-state performance of our coordination algorithm. Finally, in the case that the position of the vehicles is not perfectly known, we introduce a more challenging problem, termed Active Cooperative Localization and Multi-target Tracking (ACLMT). In this problem, the vehicles move in the 3-D space in order to maximize the accuracy of their own position estimate and that of multiple moving targets.
Prophylaxis and Treatment of Influenza Virus Infection

Influenza virus infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, a recurrence of pandemic influenza remains a real possibility. There are now effective ways to both prevent and treat influenza. Prevention of infection is most effectively accomplished by vaccination. Vaccination with the inactivated, intramuscular influenza vaccine has been clearly demonstrated to reduce serious morbidity and mortality associated with influenza infection, especially in groups of patients at high risk (e.g. the elderly). However, the inactivated, intramuscular vaccine does not strongly induce cell-mediated or mucosal immune responses, and protection induced by the vaccine is highly strain specific. Live, attenuated influenza vaccines administered intranasally have been studied in clinical trials and shown to elicit stronger mucosal and cell-mediated immune responses. Live, attenuated vaccines appear to be more effective for inducing protective immunity in children or the elderly than inactivated, intramuscular vaccines. Additionally, novel vaccine methodologies employing conserved components of influenza virus or viral DNA are being developed. Preclinical studies suggest that these approaches may lead to methods of vaccination that could induce immunity against diverse strains or subtypes of influenza. Because of the limitations of vaccination, antiviral therapy continues to play an important role in the control of influenza. Two major classes of antivirals have demonstrated ability to prevent or treat influenza in clinical trials: the adamantanes and the neuraminidase inhibitors. The adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) have been in use for many years. They inhibit viral uncoating by blocking the proton channel activity of the influenza A viral M2 protein. Limitations of the adamantanes include lack of activity against influenza B, toxicity (especially in the elderly), and the rapid development of resistance. The neuraminidase inhibitors were designed to interfere with the conserved sialic acid binding site of the viral neuraminidase and act against both influenza A and B with a high degree of specificity when administered by the oral (oseltamivir) or inhaled (zanamivir) route. The neuraminidase inhibitors have relatively low toxicity, and viral resistance to these inhibitors appears to be uncommon. Additional novel antivirals that target other phases of the life cycle of influenza are in preclinical development. For example, recombinant collectins inhibit replication of influenza by binding to the viral haemagglutinin as well as altering phagocyte responses to the virus. Recombinant techniques have been used for generation of antiviral proteins (e.g. modified collectins) or oligonucleotides. Greater understanding of the biology of influenza viruses has already resulted in significant advances in the management of this important pathogen. Further advances in vaccination and antiviral therapy of influenza should remain a high priority.
Origins of differences in hemoglobin concentration between Himalayan and Andean populations.

Mean hemoglobin concentration of 3511 adult males derived from 19 studies of Andean male permanent residents and 10 studies of Himalayan male permanent residents were compared with reference to partial pressure of inspired oxygen. The regression equation (weighted for sample size) of Plo2 and hemoglobin concentration of the Andean miners is significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that of the Andean and Himalayan non-miners. However, the relationship of PIo2 and Hb is similar in the non-mining Andean and Himalayan samples. These findings suggest that the observed differences in hemoglobin concentration between Andean and Himalayan samples are due, in part, to the inclusion of miners in the Andean samples. The higher barometric pressure associated with the north latitude location of the Himalayans may also contribute to decrease the hypoxic stress in the Himalayas. The present data suggest that Andeans and Himalayans have a similar hemopoetic response to hypoxic stress.
Trends in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock, 1979-2003, United States.

Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Methods Using the National Hospital Discharge Survey data from 1979 to 2003, we measured trends in the incidence of AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, the use of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), and the inhospital death. Results Age-adjusted hospitalization rates (per 100000 populations) in 1979 and 2003, respectively, were 213 and 261 for AMI, and 8.6 and 4.3 for AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock. Among patients with AMI, the proportion with cardiogenic shock was 3.9% (n = 17000) in 1979 and 1.7% (n = 13000) in 2003. Patients with acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock, compared with those without cardiogenic shock, were more likely to be women (48% vs 43%, P P P Conclusions Although hospitalization for AMI has increased over the past 25 years, the hospitalization rate of AMI complicated by cardiogenic shock has decreased by 50%. At the same time, PTCA use and hospital survival have increased substantially among cardiogenic shock patients.
The Boxdot Conjecture and the Language of Essence and Accident

We show the Boxdot Conjecture holds for a limited but familiar range of Lemmon-Scott axioms. We re-introduce the language of essence and accident, first introduced by J. Marcos, and show how it aids our strategy.
Some Aspects of the Role of Solid State Chemistry in the Performance of Organic Solar Cells

Abstract Photovoltaic solar cells having sunlight efficiencies of order 1% have been fabricated using organic materials as the photoactive medium.1 The best results to date have been achieved with dyes of the merocyanine family. Two of the principal dye structures that have been investigated are shown below.
Follow The Cash: Lessons For Capstone Business Courses

Capstone business students struggle to understand and interrelate all of the strategies and functions of companies. Yet each of those strategies and functions has the purpose of directly or indirectly producing cash flows for the company. We therefore propose that following a company’s cash flows can provide effective lessons for capstone business courses. In this exploratory paper, we examine the importance of cash from three perspectives: the company’s, the investor’s, and the accountant’s. We then examine how emerging accounting movements make following cash flows easier for non-accountants and how capstone business instructors might infuse some follow-the-cash lessons into their classrooms.
Computational and Monte-Carlo Aspects of Systems for Monitoring Reliability Data

Monitoring plays a key role in today’s business environment, as large volumes of data are collected and processed on a regular basis. Ability to detect onset of new data regimes and patterns quickly is considered an important competitive advantage. Of special importance is the area of monitoring product reliability, where timely detection of unfavorable trends typically offers considerable opportunities of cost avoidance. We will discuss detection systems for reliability issues built by combining Monte-Carlo techniques with modern statistical methods rooted in the theory of Sequential Analysis, Change-point theory and Likelihood Ratio tests. We will illustrate applications of these methods in computer industry.
Managerial Discretion and the Capital Structure Dynamics

This paper examines the effect of managerial discretion on capital structure dynamics. Analyses of financing decisions indicate that managers with more discretion prefer issuing equity over debt. Examination of leverage changes suggests that increases in debt ratios due to positive and negative financial deficits are greater for managers with high discretion. Furthermore, when managers have high‐ discretion, debt changes seem to be more sensitive to issuance activities than to repurchase activities. For high‐discretion managers, market timing activities (equity issuance following increases in stock prices) and the passive response to stock price appreciations, result in greater declines in debt ratios. Finally, while firms tend to rebalance their capital structures over time regardless of the level of managerial discretion, the speed of target adjustment is much slower for high‐discretion managers.
Elliptic and Modular Functions

In most of our previous work in [AEC], the major theorems have been of the form “Let E/K be an elliptic curve. Then E/K has such-and-such a property. ” In this chapter we will change our perspective and consider the set of elliptic curves as a whole. We will take the collection of all (isomorphism classes of) elliptic curves and make it into an algebraic curve, a so-called modular curve. Then by studying functions and differential forms on this modular curve, we will be able to make deductions about elliptic curves. Further, the Fourier coefficients of these modular functions and modular forms turn out to be extremely interesting in their own right, especially from a number-theoretic viewpoint. We will be able to prove some of their properties in the last part of the chapter.
Ohio v. Roberts , 448 U.S. 56 (1980)

This encyclopedia entry discusses the U.S. Supreme Court's Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause decision in Ohio v. Roberts.
Energy-Efficient Design in RF Energy Harvesting Relay Networks

In this paper, the energy-efficient design of wireless relay networks with radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting capability is studied. A decode-and-forward relay is used to forward information and harvest energy simultaneously from the same signal with a power splitting architecture. Given the power and quality-of-service constraints, a non- convex energy- efficient optimization problem is formulated, in which the transmit power and power splitting ratio are coupled together. With our proposed algorithm, the problem is decoupled and solved. The question of when RF energy harvesting relay is preferred is also discussed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm improves the energy efficiency over the power allocation scheme for capacity maximization. The RF energy harvesting relay is shown to be preferred over the direct transmission when the environmental noise level is high.
Single-dose fluconazole for vulvovaginal candidiasis: impact on prothrombin time in women taking warfarin.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the effect of a single oral 150-mg dose of fluconazole on the prothrombin time of women on long-term warfarin therapy. METHODS Women on warfarin therapy for 6 months or more with no change in dose within 4 weeks of the study, and a prothrombin time (PT) with an International Normalized Ratio (INR) between 2 and 3 were invited to participate. Two consecutive baseline PTs were obtained (days -1 and 0), and women were given 150 mg of fluconazole. Prothrombin times were measured on days 2, 5, and 8 of the study. The change in PT was calculated from the difference between the baseline PT on day 0 and the PT during the study period. To detect a 10% difference in a PT (approximately 2.1 seconds) of a patient with an INR of 2.0, at P < .05 and a power of 90%, 5 subjects are required. RESULTS Six women participated. The mean (+/- standard deviation) PT for day 0 was 27.7 +/- 4.1 seconds or INR 2.6 +/- 0.4. The PT increased 11% at day 2, 34% at day 5, and 2% at day 8; these differences were not statistically significant. However, one half of the women had either a clinically relevant increase of the INR greater than 4, or bleeding that required their dosage of warfarin to be decreased. CONCLUSION A single 150-mg oral dose of fluconazole may increase the PT to a clinically relevant level in a woman on chronic warfarin therapy. Clinicians should monitor the PT carefully after a single dose of fluconazole. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-2.
Migraine and the Risk of Suicide

Rarely and tragically, migraineurs commit suicide or overdose on medications we prescribe.© 2016 American Headache Society. Language: en
A Quartile Analysis of Selected Variables From the 2008 NAEP Visual Arts Report Card

This article reports the results of a quartile analysis of the 2008 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Visual Arts Report Card. The analysis was made from original datasets supplied by the National Center for Education Statistics. It focuses on 8th-grade students who were currently taking art or recently had taken art. Fourteen Responding and Creating variables are reported in this article. Of the 14 variables, four Responding variables and four Creating variables were found statistically significant. Three Responding and Creating variables were mutually significant. Statistically significant results were found, including Painting and Drawing, Making Art from Clay, Weekly Homework, and Visiting a Museum or Gallery. The analysis suggests that studio production remains a strong component in the art curriculum, and homework assignments and museum visits also can contribute to students’ art education. Several areas where students never or hardly ever have experiences are also identified. Compa...
X-ray metrology and performance of a 45-cm long x-ray deformable mirror

We describe experiments with a 45-cm long x-ray deformable mirror (XDM) that have been conducted in End Station 2, Beamline 5.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source. A detailed description of the hardware implementation is provided. We explain our one-dimensional Fresnel propagation code that correctly handles grazing incidence and includes a model of the XDM. This code is used to simulate and verify experimental results. Initial long trace profiler metrology of the XDM at 7.5 keV is presented. The ability to measure a large (150-nm amplitude) height change on the XDM is demonstrated. The results agree well with the simulated experiment at an error level of 1 μrad RMS. Direct imaging of the x-ray beam also shows the expected change in intensity profile at the detector.
Some Conceptual Issues between Marketing Change and Economic Development

The literature of marketing and economic development has been substantial though it has not lead to the recognition of the role marketing should play in economic development. The paper reviews some of the central issues which have thwarted the development of marketing’s role in this important process. A central thesis of this discussion is that marketing’s failure to be as prominent in economic development stems from the lack of work in the development of theories of change which can be linked to the models of economic development. While not all of the arguments have been fully developed, it is hoped that the ideas presented will stimulate discussion of what should be undertaken if marketing is to take its proper place in the process of economic development.
Social Capital and the College Enrollment Process: How Can a School Program Make a Difference?.

BackgroundCollege attendance has become a crucial determinant of life chances in U.S. society. Besides college costs and academic preparation, college-related cultural and social capital may help e...
Postsurgical Recurrent Cushing Disease: Clinical Benefit of Early Intervention in Patients with Normal Urinary Free Cortisol

Objective: To assess the performance of biochemical markers in the detection of recurrent Cushing disease (CD), as well as the potential benefit of early intervention in recurrent CD patients with elevated late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) and normal urinary free cortisol (UFC). Methods: The design was a single-center, retrospective chart review. Patients treated by the authors from 2008–2013 were included. Recurrence was defined by postsurgical remission of CD with subsequent abnormal LNSC, UFC, or dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Results: We identified 15 patients with postsurgical recurrent CD after initial remission; all but one underwent testing with LNSC, DST, and UFC. Although 12 of 15 patients had normal UFC at time of recurrence, DST was abnormal in 11 of 15, and all 14 patients with LNSC results had ≥1 elevated measurement. Nine patients (7 with normal UFC) showed radiologic evidence of a pituitary tumor at time of recurrence. Among the 14 patients with available follow-up data, 12 have d...
Surface Energy Modification of Semi-Random P3HTT-DPP

Alkyl solubilizing side chains on conjugated polymers can serve as a handle for modifying polymer properties. Recently, oligo-ether and semifluoro alkyl side chains were utilized to tune the surface energy of random P3HT-based polymers without changing the optical and electronic properties. Here, this method is applied to semi-random poly(3-hexylthiophene-thiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole) (P3HTT-DPP) and the subsequent polymer device, optical, electronic, structural, and thermal properties are characterized. P3HTMETT-DPP, bearing oligo-ether side chains, exhibited higher crystallinity, closer lamellar packing, and lower temperature thermal transitions. P3HTFHTT-DPP, featuring semifluoro alkyl side chains, presented reduced crystallinity, greater lamellar packing distances, and higher temperature thermal transitions. P3HTMETT-DPP performed similarly to P3HTT-DPP under identical processing conditions, whereas P3HTFHTT-DPP had greatly reduced JSC due to lower polymer concentration necessitated by solubility.
RhoB supports c-Myc turnover by a GSK-3-dependent mechanism

2598 RhoB is a ubiquitous member of the Rho family of small GTPases that control cytoskeletal actin organization in cells. However, unlike other family members RhoB has features of a negative modifier or suppressor gene in cancer. The mechanisms RhoB uses to inhibit cancer cell proliferation are not well understood. Recent studies have linked RhoB to trafficking of important cell regulators, such as Akt, which through its regulation of GSK-3 has an important role in controlling the stability of the c-Myc oncoprotein. c-Myc stabilization may be a root feature of human tumorigenesis, as it phenocopies the essential contribution of SV40 small T antigen in human cell transformation. Here we present evidence that RhoB directs efficient turnover of c-Myc in E1A+Ras-transformed murine fibroblasts (ER MEFs) and MMTV-c-myc-transformed mouse mammary epithelial cells (mycMMECs). Mechanistic analyses indicated that RhoB supports efficient nuclear accumulation of GSK-3 and GSK-3-mediated phosphorylation of c-Myc at T58, the critical site for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of c-Myc located within the Myc Box 1 region. Targeted deletion of RhoB restricted the nuclear localization of GSK-3, reduced phosphorylation of T58, and stabilized c-Myc. These effects were not associated with changes in the level, phosphorylation, or localization of Akt in ER-MEFs, however, we observed differences in phosphorylation and localization of the Akt-related kinase SGK that also regulates GSK-3. Studies in mycMMECs suggest that RhoB attenuation stimulates actin fiber formation, decreases apoptotic sensitivity, and increases anchorage-independent proliferation. Indeed, preliminary work suggests that RhoB is haploinsufficient with regard to these properties. Importantly, the effects of RhoB loss in mycMMECs were associated with Akt activation as well as with diminution of GSK-3-mediated turnover of the c-Myc protein. Taken together, our findings suggest that that RhoB may limit cell proliferation by promoting GSK-3-mediated turnover of c-Myc. Precise control of RhoB may be crucial for limiting proliferation and facilitating apoptosis, in support of an hypothesized role for RhoB as a negative modifier or anti-progression gene.
Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S)

Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is the result of insufficient caloric intake and/or excessive energy expenditure. Consequences of this low-energy condition can alter many physiological systems, including metabolism, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, and cardiovascular and psychological health1 (figure 1). Figure 1 Spoke and wheel figure (from Mountjoy et al 1). RED-S, relative energy deficiency in sport. The RED-S concept has been adapted from a previously identified syndrome, the female athlete triad, which affects active women with low-energy availability, menstrual dysfunction and low bone mineral density.2 Emerging data suggest there may be a parallel syndrome in undernourished male athletes with resulting hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and impairment of bone health.3 RED-S is a comprehensive model depicting a low-energy status in physically active women or men. A 29-year-old male runner presents for evaluation with concerns of fatigue and poor athletic performance. Over the past year, he has focused on his training, running approximately 72 miles per week and performing yoga 3 days per week. He also has revised his diet to eat ‘healthy’ and avoid alcohol, and subsequently lost 21 lbs. The …
Individual variation in working memory is associated with fear extinction performance.

Abstract PTSD has been associated consistently with abnormalities in fear acquisition and extinction learning and retention. Fear acquisition refers to learning to discriminate between threat and safety cues. Extinction learning reflects the formation of a new inhibitory-memory that competes with a previously learned threat-related memory. Adjudicating the competition between threat memory and the new inhibitory memory during extinction may rely, in part, on cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). Despite significant shared neural circuits and signaling pathways the relationship between WM, fear acquisition, and extinction is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed data from a large sample of healthy Marines who underwent an assessment battery including tests of fear acquisition, extinction learning, and WM (N-back). Fear potentiated startle (FPS), fear expectancy ratings, and self-reported anxiety served as the primary dependent variables. High WM ability (N = 192) was associated with greater CS + fear inhibition during the late block of extinction and greater US expectancy change during extinction learning compared to individuals with low WM ability (N = 204). WM ability was not associated with magnitude of fear conditioning/expression. Attention ability was unrelated to fear acquisition or extinction supporting specificity of WM associations with extinction. These results support the conclusion that individual differences in WM may contribute to regulating fear responses.
Chitosan-based coatings for corrosion protection of copper-based alloys: A promising more sustainable approach for cultural heritage applications

Abstract The attractive physicochemical properties of chitosan make its derived materials promising candidates for the reliable and sustainable corrosion protection of metallic substrates. In this work, chitosan-based coatings embedding different corrosion inhibitors, i.e. benzotriazole (BTA) and mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), were investigated for the protection of copper-based alloys, with the aim to extend their application to the preservation of works of art exposed to indoor atmosphere. The composition of the formulations was optimized paying particular attention to their potential application in the field of cultural heritage. To assess the efficacy of the coatings, tailored accelerated corrosion tests were carried out on bare and coated bronze substrates. Coated and uncoated alloy disks were characterized before and after corrosion treatments by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, an image analysis protocol was defined to evaluate the extent of surface modifications after degradation treatments. The obtained results revealed that the chitosan-based coatings containing BTA and MBT fulfil the aesthetic criteria required in the field of cultural heritage and are able to inhibit the corrosion of bronze alloys. It is worth noting that a synergic effect between the chemical protection provided by the inhibitors and the physical one provided by the polymer matrix was observed. Our findings demonstrate that the developed systems are suitable for a reliable and more sustainable protection of indoor bronze artefacts, thus representing a promising alternative to commercial products and particularly taking advantage from the use of non-harmful solvents for their application and removal.
Automated Intrusion Detection Methods Using {NFR}

There is often the need to update an installed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) due to new attack methods or upgraded computing environments. Since many current IDSs are constructed by manual encoding of expert security knowledge, changes to IDSs are expensive and require many hours of programming and debugging. We describe a data mining framework for adaptively building Intrusion Detection (ID) models specifically for the use of in Network Flight Recorder (NFR) [10]. The central idea is to utilize auditing programs to extract an extensive set of features that describe each network connection or host session, and apply data mining programs to learn rules that accurately capture the behavior of intrusions and normal activities. These rules can then be used for misuse detection and anomaly detection. Detection models are then incorporated into NFR through a machine translator, which produces a working detection model in the form of N-Code, NFR’s powerful filtering language.
The Refractory Nitrides

This chapter provides a review of the general characteristics of the refractory nitrides and their classification. The refractory nitrides can be divided into two major types: the interstitial nitrides and the covalent nitrides. The refractory nitrides are in many respects similar to the refractory carbides. They are hard and wear-resistant with high melting points and good chemical resistance. They are important industrial materials and have a significant number of major applications in cutting and grinding tools, wear surfaces, semiconductors, and others. There are three general and interrelated atomic characteristics that play an essential part in the formation of nitrides: (1) the difference in electronegativity between the element nitrogen and the other element forming the nitride, (2) the size of the respective atoms, and (3) the electronic bonding characteristics of these atoms. The bonding is mostly metallic with some covalent and ionic bond components, giving the interstitial nitrides metallic characteristics such as high electrical and thermal conductivities. In addition, these materials have high melting points and high hardness; they are chemically inert but only the nitrides of Groups IV and V fully meet the refractory criteria. Unlike the interstitial nitrides, the covalent nitrides are not metallic compounds. The differences in electronegativity and atomic size between the nitrogen and the other element are small and their electronic bonding is essentially covalent. In this respect, they are similar to the covalent carbides.
Echocardiographic assessment of cardiomyopathies

Although several noninvasive techniques are useful in evaluating a patient with a suspected cardiomyopathy, none has proven to be as valuable as echocardiography 1). The strength of this technique is its unique ability to noninvasively visualize the left ventricle. In fact, in diseases that diffusely involve the heart (such as the cardiomyopathies), this noninvasive technique rivals invasive procedures as a method for assessing the structure and function of the left ventricle.
Feeling Old, Body and Soul: The Effect of Aging Body Reminders on Age Identity.

Objectives Although changes in body functioning and appearance signal the aging process to ourselves and others, studies give limited attention to the effect of bodily experiences of aging on age identity. Our study examines the effect on age identity of 3 categories of aging body reminders: everyday body problems, body repairs, and body aids. Methods Hierarchical linear models are run using 5 waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011-2015). Models predict the effect on age identity of change in the count of everyday body problems (e.g., pain), body repairs (i.e., surgeries and medications), and body aids (e.g., hearing aids). Results Increases in everyday body problems and body repairs (in particular, medications) predict older identities, with the strongest average effect found for everyday body problems. These results are observed in models controlling on health, suggesting that body reminders exert independent effects. Discussion Our study reveals a realm of aging experiences-bodily experiences-that influence age identity. Avenues for further research include examinations of other aging body reminders, as well as variation across individuals.
Design and Control of a Multi-actuated High-bandwidth and Large-range Scanner for Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) with high-speed and large-range capabilities open up possibilities for many new applications. It is desirable to have a large scanning range along with zooming ability to obtain high resolution and high frame-rate imaging. Such capabilities will increase the imaging throughput and allow more sophisticated observations at the nanoscale. Unfortunately, in-plane scanning of conventional piezo tube scanners typically covers a large range of hundreds of microns but has limited bandwidth up to several hundred Hertz. The main focus of this paper is the multi-actuated piezo scanner design and control algorithm to achieve high-speed tracking. Three design strategies for structure bandwidth and operational range consideration are presented and evaluated. The non-linear hysteresis effect of the piezo actuators is modeled using the Preisach hysteresis model. PID control, iterative learning control and repetitive control strategies were investigated in simulation. Based on the controllers performance, the repetitive controller is implemented on a high-speed FPGA device and experimentally verified. The new AFM scanner design is capable of 10 kHz tracking at $3 \ \mu m$ range and 200 Hz tracking at $100 \ \mu m$ range.
Sovereign Debt Restructuring

This paper develops a simple theoretical model to analyze creditor interaction after default and the desirability of Collective Action Clauses (CACs). Creditors can seek full repayment by suing the sovereign at the expense of a fixed cost. Since litigation is a purely redistributive activity, it is desirable to block holdouts with CACs. The coordination failure, and thus the need for CACs, arises only if creditors are asymmetric in portfolio face values. When penalties are endogenized to creditor effort, litigation results in low penalties. In this setting CACs also maximize repayment. The presence of attachable assets turns litigation into a productive activity and makes Collective Action Clauses not desirable under certain circumstances.
Broadening Participation in the Earth Sciences

(2007). Broadening Participation in the Earth Sciences. Journal of Geoscience Education: Vol. 55, No. 6, pp. 445-446.
Correlation Between Violence and Forced Migration

Massive migrations are usually the result of economic reasons or wars, but there is another reason that has not been studied thoroughly: violence. Since round the late 1990s, Mexico and several countries in Central America have suffered violence as a result of the economic globalization of the drug business, the Mexican drug war, and the direct and indirect violence this produces through assaults, hijacks, and so on. This type of violence differs that in wars and affects all economic strata of society. In Mexico and Guatemala, the number of homicides has increased to levels never seen in recent history, and has prompted a wave of requests for asylum in the United States that has reached a number robust enough to be studied using statistical metrics. In this chapter, asylum immigration data from Mexicans and Guatemalans is correlated to violent crime indicators in these countries. It is determined that taking into account the appropriate time delays for immigration to take place and for asylum to be processed, the data from asylum requests and homicides in Mexico correlate positively, showing a causal connection between violence and migration.
Analyzing the Interpretability Robustness of Self-Explaining Models.

Recently, interpretable models called self-explaining models (SEMs) have been proposed with the goal of providing interpretability robustness. We evaluate the interpretability robustness of SEMs and show that explanations provided by SEMs as currently proposed are not robust to adversarial inputs. Specifically, we successfully created adversarial inputs that do not change the model outputs but cause significant changes in the explanations. We find that even though current SEMs use stable co-efficients for mapping explanations to output labels, they do not consider the robustness of the first stage of the model that creates interpretable basis concepts from the input, leading to non-robust explanations. Our work makes a case for future work to start examining how to generate interpretable basis concepts in a robust way.
Pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption of a permanent first molar

Abstract For the last 70 years, the phenomenon of pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption (PIR) has been described in the literature, including a number of case reports illustrating the challenges clinicians face in diagnosing and managing these resorptive defects. Pre-eruptively affected teeth can be difficult to access and posteruptively they are difficult to diagnose because the defects resemble caries. Many times, these defects are not detected until after eruption, when the majority are diagnosed as dental decay and teeth are often subjected to surgical tooth restoration. The purposes of this paper are to report a case of nonprogressive PIR that was detected early, treated with a preventive glass ionomer sealant, and monitored for 44 months, and to propose an alternative approach to management of nonprogressive defects that may help preserve tooth structure.
Improved automated segmentation of human kidney organoids using deep convolutional neural networks

Organoids are multicellular structures grown in the lab that resemble tissues or organs of the body. We recently generated human kidney organoids compatible with high throughput screening for developmental and disease phenotypes. Accurately segmenting large-scale image collections of organoids remains a challenge. We investigated automated segmentation of these structures using both conventional image processing algorithms and two different deep convolutional neural network architectures. Our dataset consisted of multi-channel images of organoids in 384-well plates, labeling distal tubules, proximal tubules, and podocytes as distinct segments. These images were used either for training and validation, or for testing. Each image was initially subjected to automated segmentation using a customized CellProfiler workflow. Separately, we performed semantic organoid segmentation using a Residual UNet (ResUNet) architecture, and instance organoid segmentation using a Mask R-CNN (MRCNN) architecture. For the latter, we compared model performance after initializing network weights in three different ways: randomly, using ResNet-50 weights pre-trained on the COCO dataset, and using ResUNet weights pre-trained on organoid images. Using ResUNet or randomly initializing MRCNN backbone weights provided improved semantic segmentation compared to using precomputed weights from COCO or ResUNet, or to using the CellProfiler workflow. Conversely, using precomputed weights to initialize MRCNN provided better instance segmentation accuracy and sensitivity than random initialization. Our findings provide a basis for automated segmentation of organoids with convolutional neural networks, to aid in high throughput screening for compounds relevant to renal phenotypes.
The Process of Developing a Unit-Based Army Resilience Program

We review military doctrine, military public health data, medical literature, and educational literature with the intent of condensing key precepts into a succinct, pragmatic description of the essential steps for leaders looking to build a resilience program to provide secondary prevention services. Although there continues to be a shortage of high-level evidence in support of specific preventive programs, there are numerous large-scale reviews of prevention and health promotion efforts. When combined with population-specific analyses, several essential concepts emerge as most relevant for smaller-scale prevention programs. The key tenets that program leaders should embrace to optimize program effectiveness include utilization of an instructional design approach, focus on evidence-based practices, and teaching resilience skills in order to decrease risk factors and increase protective factors for improved mental health outcomes.