cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition memory in amnesia: effects of relaxing response criteria.

In two experiments, using the remember/know paradigm, we examined whether recognition memory in amnesic patients can be improved by instructing patients to relax their response criterion. Experiment 1 was modeled after a study by Dorfman, Kihlstrom, Cork, and Misiaszek (1995), in which direct instructions to respond more leniently led to an increase in recognition accuracy in patients with ECT-induced amnesia. We failed to extend this finding to patients with global amnesia, but the manipulation was unsuccessful in control subjects as well. In Experiment 2, response criterion was manipulated indirectly by providing information about the alleged base rate of study items on the recognition test. This manipulation led to a criterion shift in control subjects and enhanced discriminability in amnesic patients. Analysis of “remember” and “know” responses suggests that improved accuracy in amnesia was associated with enhanced familiarity-based recognition.
Membrane topology of a metabotropic glutamate receptor.

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been predicted to have a classical seven transmembrane domain structure similar to that seen for members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. However, the mGluRs (and other members of the family C GPCRs) show no sequence homology to the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, for which this seven transmembrane domain structure has been experimentally confirmed. Furthermore, several transmembrane domain prediction algorithms suggest that the mGluRs have a topology that is distinct from these receptors. In the present study, we set out to test whether mGluR5 has seven true transmembrane domains. Using a variety of approaches in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, our data provide stong support for the proposed seven transmembrane domain model of mGluR5. We propose that this membrane topology can be extended to all members of the family C GPCRs.
Comparison of the hypoglycemic action of tolbutamide in the fowl and other species.

THE immediate hypoglycemic response to the aryl sulfonylureas, 1-buty1-3-p-aminobenzene-sulfonylurea (BZ-55, Carbutamide), 1-butyl-3-p-tolylsulfonylurea (U-2043, Tolbutamide, Orinase) and related compounds (eg., p-amino-sulfonamide-isopropylthiodiazole) is dependent upon the presence of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas of man (1, 2, 3, 4), dog (5, 6, 7), rabit (8,9), rat (10, 11) and toad (7). Accordingly, it is generally agreed that irrespective of the precise manner whereby the sulfonylureas exert their hypoglycemic action, the secretion of insulin by the pancreas is involved. The aforementioned species develop hyperglycemia and other manifestations of diabetes mellitus after ablation or destruction of the islet tissue. Since pancreatectomy does not produce similar changes in the duck or chicken (12, 13), it became pertinent to investigate the effect of the sulfonylureas on the blood sugar of normal and depancreatized fowl. Chickens and Pekin ducks of from 1.5 to 3.0 kg. in weight ...
Strained Si/strained Ge dual-channel heterostructures on relaxed Si0.5Ge0.5 for symmetric mobility p-type and n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

By growing heterostructures that combine a surface strained Si layer with a buried strained Ge layer on Si0.5Ge0.5, we have fabricated metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors with mobility enhancement factors over bulk Si of 1.7–1.9 for electrons and 10–12 for holes. While high hole mobility can be attained in strained Si/strained Ge heterostructures grown on Si0.3Ge0.7, we have found the electron mobility in similarly grown heterostructures to be limited by defect scattering in the Si cap. Reducing the Ge content of the virtual substrate to Si0.5Ge0.5 and optimizing the strained Si and strained Ge layer thicknesses allowed the realization of devices where the p-channel mobility as a function of inversion density actually matches or exceeds the n-channel mobility.
In vitro-in vivo correlation for intrinsic clearance for CP-409,092 and sumatriptan: a case study to predict the in vivo clearance for compounds metabolized by monoamine oxidase.

Oxidative deamination of the GABAA partial agonist CP-409,092 and sumatriptan represents a major metabolic pathway and seems to play an important role for the clearance of these two compounds.Similar to sumatriptan, human mitochondrial incubations with deprenyl and clorgyline, probe inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-B and MAO-A), respectively, showed that CP-409,092 was metabolized to a large extent by the enzyme MAO-A.The metabolism of CP-409,092 and sumatriptan was therefore studied in human liver mitochondria and in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) values were determined and compared to the corresponding in vivo oral clearance (CLPO) values. The overall objective was to determine whether an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) could be described for compounds cleared by MAO-A.The intrinsic clearance, CLint, of CP-409,092 was approximately 4-fold greater than that of sumatriptan (CLint, values were calculated as 0.008 and 0.002 ml/mg/min for CP-409,092 and sumatriptan, resp...
BACTERIAL POLYRIBOSOMES AND THEIR PARTICIPATION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VIVO.

In several species of bacteria, polyribosomes are demonstrable in lysates prepared by osmotic lysis of protoplasts or by breakage of whole cells in a French cell. These components have a broad distribution of sedimentation coefficients ranging from 120 s to 400 s in Bacillus megaterium and from 120 s to 300 s in Salmonella typhimurium . They constitute about half of the total ribosomal material in B. megaterium and about one-third in S. typhimurium . They can be partially resolved into individual components by zone centrifugation through density gradients. These structures are converted to 70 s ribosomes by the action of ribonuclease. Labeling of growing cells with amino acids for short times leads to greater incorporation of radioactive material into polyribosomes than into single ribosomes. The subsequent addition of unlabeled amino acids results in faster removal of radioactive material from polyribosomes than from single ribosomes. This is taken as an indication of in vivo involvement of polyribosomes in protein synthesis.
Did Sir Francis Galton Have a Sense of Humor

In his review of Nicholas Wright Gillham's book, A Life of Sir Francis Galton (Books et al. , 19 April, p. [472][1]), W. F. Bynum states that “Galton firmly kept any lightness out of his published writings.” There is at least one example that undermines this conclusion. In Natural Inheritance ,
Federalist No. 71: Can the Federal Government Be Held Accountable for Performance?

Federalist No. 71 and Federalist No. 76 focus on the level of authority in the executive. This essay reviews the recent history of efforts to measure government performance as a way to control executive performance and then proceeds to a discussion of the weakness inherent in past approaches. The author uses the Government Performance and Results Act and the George W. Bush administration’s Program Assessment Rating Tool as examples in making the case.
Evidence of Influence of Genomic DNA Sequence on Human X Chromosome Inactivation

A significant number of human X-linked genes escape X chromosome inactivation and are thus expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes. The basis for escape from inactivation and the potential role of the X chromosome primary DNA sequence in determining a gene's X inactivation status is unclear. Using a combination of the X chromosome sequence and a comprehensive X inactivation profile of more than 600 genes, two independent yet complementary approaches were used to systematically investigate the relationship between X inactivation and DNA sequence features. First, statistical analyses revealed that a number of repeat features, including long interspersed nuclear element (LINE) and mammalian-wide interspersed repeat repetitive elements, are significantly enriched in regions surrounding transcription start sites of genes that are subject to inactivation, while Alu repetitive elements and short motifs containing ACG/CGT are significantly enriched in those that escape inactivation. Second, linear support vector machine classifiers constructed using primary DNA sequence features were used to correctly predict the X inactivation status for >80% of all X-linked genes. We further identified a small set of features that are important for accurate classification, among which LINE-1 and LINE-2 content show the greatest individual discriminatory power. Finally, as few as 12 features can be used for accurate support vector machine classification. Taken together, these results suggest that features of the underlying primary DNA sequence of the human X chromosome may influence the spreading and/or maintenance of X inactivation.
Framing heterosexism in lesbian families: a preliminary examination of resilient coping

The goals of this study are to examine the kinds of difficulties children face vis-a-vis heterosexism, how families help their children cope with these difficulties, and how coping leads to children's resilience. The experiences of six daughters of lesbian parents, ranging in age from 7 to 16, were empirically investigated through semi-structured interviews with parents and children. Analysis included open and focused coding. Results suggest heterosexism is evident, but does not seem to negatively impact children's development. Themes include: how parents prepare their children to deal with heterosexism and how parents and children cope with incidents. Results elucidate the findings of previous studies, call for more qualitative research, and suggest future research directions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye and hand: Differential sampling of form and orientation properties

Abstract The eye and the hand may sample different properties of the same stimulus, with the properties most salient to one being different from those most salient to the other. This possibility is confirmed by asking children in kindergarten and second grade to judge which of two changes to a figure, both discriminable, leave the figure least changed. Visually, a change in curvature is highly significant, but a change in orientation is not. The reverse is usually true haptically. The haptic response appears based on the way the hand and its activity offer reference points for determining a change in a focal part of the figure.
Effects of chronic hypoxia on cardiac function measured by pressure-volume catheter in fetal chickens

Hypoxia is a common component of many developmental insults and has been studied in early-stage chicken development. However, its impact on cardiac function and arterial-ventricular coupling in late-stage chickens is relatively unknown. To test the hypothesis that hypoxic incubation would reduce baseline cardiac function but protect the heart during acute hypoxia in late-stage chickens, white Leghorn eggs were incubated at 21% O2 or 15% O2. At 90% of incubation (19 days), hypoxic incubation caused growth restriction (-20%) and increased the LV-to-body ratio (+41%). Left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume loops were measured in anesthetized chickens in normoxia and acute hypoxia (10% O2). Hypoxic incubation lowered the maximal rate of pressure generation (ΔP/ΔtMax; -22%) and output (-57%), whereas increasing end-systolic elastance (ELV; +31%) and arterial elastance (EA; +122%) at similar heart rates to normoxic incubation. Both hypoxic incubation and acute hypoxia lengthened the half-time of relaxation (τ; +24%). Acute hypoxia reduced heart rate (-8%) and increased end-diastolic pressure (+35%). Hearts were collected for mRNA analysis. Hypoxic incubation was marked by decreased mRNA expression of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2, Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger 1, phospholamban, and ryanodine receptor. In summary, hypoxic incubation reduces LV function in the late-stage chicken by slowing pressure generation and relaxation, which may be driven by altered intracellular excitation-contraction coupling. Cardiac efficiency is greatly reduced after hypoxic incubation. In both incubation groups acute hypoxia reduced diastolic function.
Loss of Rpt5 Protein Interactions with the Core Particle and Nas2 Protein Causes the Formation of Faulty Proteasomes That Are Inhibited by Ecm29 Protein

The proteasome is a large and complex protease formed by 66 polypeptides. The assembly of the proteasome is assisted by at least nine chaperones. One of these chaperones, Nas2/p27, binds to the C-terminal region of the AAA-ATPase Rpt5. We report here that the tail of Rpt5 provides two functions. First, it facilitates the previously reported interaction with the proteasome core particle (CP). Second, it is essential for the interaction with Nas2. Deletion of the C-terminal amino acid of Rpt5 disrupts the CP interaction, but not the binding to Nas2. The latter is surprising considering Nas2 contains a PDZ domain, which is often involved in binding to C termini. Interestingly, deletion of the last three amino acids interferes with both functions. The disruption of the Rpt5-CP interactions gave distinct phenotypes different from disruption of the Nas2-Rpt5 interaction. Additionally, proteasomes purified from a Saccharomyces cerevisiae rpt5-Δ3 strain show a strong enrichment of Ecm29. The function of Ecm29, a proteasome-associated protein, is not well understood. Our data show that Ecm29 can inhibit proteasomes, because our Ecm29-containing proteasomes have reduced suc-LLVY-AMC hydrolytic activity. Consistent with this apparent role as negative regulator, the deletion of ECM29 rescues the phenotypes of rpt5-Δ3 and nas2Δ in an hsm3Δ background. In sum, the interactions facilitated by the tail of Rpt5 act synergistically to minimize the formation of faulty proteasomes, thereby preventing recognition and inhibition by Ecm29.
Broken-symmetric theory of gravity

A theory of gravity incorporating the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is proposed. It is suggested that the same symmetry-breaking mechanism is responsible for breaking a unified gauge theory into strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions.
Sex of subject and gender identity as factors in humor appreciation

Appreciation of cartoon humor was examined in male and female college students who had been categorized into one of four gender identity groups (masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated) on the basis of Bem's Sex Role Inventory. Results indicated that males preferred sexual humor more than absurd humor, while females showed the reverse pattern. Furthermore, gender identity was related to humor appreciation only for females. While feminine females preferred absurd humor more than sexual humor, masculine and androgynous females were more appreciative of sexual humor. Finally, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated males, as well as masculine and androgynous females, showed greater appreciation of sexual humor which portrayed females, as opposed to males, as the sex object or brunt of the joke.
Demonstration of sleep monitoring and caregiver displays for depression monitoring

We demonstrate a subset of the components used in a real-time depression monitoring product for the home. This system runs 24/7 and can potentially detect the early signs of a depression episode, as well as track progress managing a depressive illness. In the complete system, a cohesive set of integrated wireless sensors, a touch screen station, and associated software deliver the above capabilities. The data collected are multi-modal, spanning a number of different behavioral domains including sleep, weight, activities of daily living, and speech prosody. The reports generated by this aggregated data across multiple behavioral domains are aimed to provide caregivers with more accurate and thorough information about the patient's current functioning, thus helping in their diagnostic assessment and therapeutic treatment planning as well as for patients in the management and tracking of their symptoms. We show how the sleep monitoring module can collect bed movements to infer sleeping times and periods of restlessness, and we also present the caregiver display with its series of reports of patient emotional health.
A Bi-Stable Latchable PDMS Valve Employing Low Melting Temperature Metal Alloys

We present a latchable micro-valve that is stable with zero power input in both the closed and open positions. A low melting temperature metal alloy provides the latching mechanism for the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane valve. At room temperature the metal alloy is solid and physically holds the valve in the closed or open state. Heating the alloy above 62 degC liquefies it and allows the valve state to be switched. When latched closed the valve is able to maintain a tight seal up to 20 psi (138 kPa) fluid back pressure.
Patterns of developmental mRNA expression of neurturin and GFRα2 in the rat striatum and substantia nigra do not suggest a role in the regulation of natural cell death in dopamine neurons

We examined the mRNA expression of neurturin (NTN) and its receptor GFRalpha2 in rat substantia nigra (SN) and striatum by northern analysis at ages ranging from postnatal day (PND) 2 to adult. NTN mRNA expression is developmentally regulated in striatum with a peak at PND10, but its expression in striatum is low, and less than that of SN. In SN, there is no developmental regulation. GFRalpha2 was expressed most highly during the first two postnatal weeks. Like NTN, GFRalpha2 mRNA was also more abundant in SN, at both PND2 and 14. Our results show that NTN expression is relatively low in the striatum, the target of dopamine (DA) neurons, and there is no apparent pattern of developmental regulation in SN. Thus these studies are not strongly supportive of a role for NTN in regulating natural cell death (NCD) in DA neurons, either as a target-derived or as a local paracrine factor.
Application of the Modified Bloch Equation to the Low-Temperature Behavior of the Heisenberg Ferromagnet

An equation for the normalized density matrix $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is given by $\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\rho}}{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\beta}}={(\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{-}〈\mathcal{H}〉)}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}$. The equation can be used to obtain a hierarchy of equations for the reduced density matrices as well as that for average values of dynamical quantities. In the present paper the latter set of equations is used to study the low-temperature behavior of the Heisenberg ferromagnet.
Postprocessing of images obtained from shear beam imaging

In this paper it is shown that several image processing techniques can be employed to reduce the noise and improve the overall quality of images obtained from Shear-Beam- Imaging. Presented are several standard techniques used in the suppression of signal dependent noise, speckle in this case. While these techniques are shown to be adequate when speckle is the predominant noise source, they become less effective as the signal independent, or detector, noise increases. To this end we also propose a technique to effectively deal with both the signal dependent and signal independent noise in these images.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Antisaccade task performance in questionnaire-identified schizotypes.

Individuals who scored high on Perceptual Aberration–Magical Ideation Scales (Per–Mag; n=90), the Social Anhedonia Scale (SocAnh; n=39), and control participants (n=89) were administered saccadic refixation (prosaccade) and saccadic suppression (antisaccade) tasks. Eye movements were scored in terms of error rates and latency. None of the groups differed in terms of their performance on the prosaccade task. Both the Per–Mag (p<0.01) and SocAnh (p<0.05) groups exceeded the controls in terms of mean antisaccade errors. The high-risk groups did not differ from each other. Eighteen of the Per–Mag individuals and 10 of the SocAnh individuals displayed deviant antisaccade performance. These findings are particularly interesting in light of suggestive evidence that antisaccade task deficits may serve as a marker of susceptibility to schizophrenia. It is hypothesized that the individuals who scored aberrantly on the Chapman scales and displayed antisaccade performance deficits are most likely to be at risk for the development of psychosis.
Common surgical procedures

Abstract This article illustrates some common surgical procedures. radiologists and other physicians frequently see patients who have had one or more of these operations. We hope to illustrate with drawings and radiographs the basic purpose of the procedures and the relevant anatomy. This is not intended to illustrate or discuss the actual surgical techniques Our intention is to illustrate one generally accepted way of performing a given type of surgical procedure. For many of these operations, there may be multiple other techniques to accomplish the same result for the patient Some of the illustrations and text in this monograph were originally published in Radiologic Guide to Medical Devices and Foreign Bodies , edited by T.B. Hunter and D.G. Bragg, St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book 1994.
Determination of rubidium in silicate materials by atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Abstract The determination of rubidium in silicate materials by means of a LiBO2 fusion is described. The method is useful in geochronologic studies where preliminary rubidium contents are needed. The results compare favorably with values obtained from flame photometry, X-ray fluorescence, and neutron activation. Precision expressed as the coefficient of variation is 2–3%.
Cell proliferation in denervated muscle: Identity and origin of dividing cells

Abstract DNA synthesis in skeletal muscle increases dramatically during the first week after denervation. 19 In the present study, we have characterized the dividing cells in order to assess the specificity and significance of this response to denervation. Autoradiography of [ 3 H]thymidine-labeled denervated muscles revealed that many classes of cells were dividing, including fibroblasts (the most numerous of the labeled cells), macrophages, vascular cells, muscle satellite cells, spindle capsule cells, perineurial cells and Schwann cells. The number of labeled satellite cells accounted for no more than 10% of the dividing cells. Labeling indices of spindle capsule, perineurial and Schwann cells reached a maximum 3 days after denervation, while those of fibroblasts and macrophages peaked at 4 days. The former group of cells, which are in close contact with nerve trunks, accounted for 28% of cell division on day 3 (but only 5% on day 4) and were apparently responding to a local influence from degenerating axons. Connective tissue cells, making up the largest class of dividing cells (80% on day 4) were found throughout the muscle and appeared to proliferate in response to changes occurring along the entire length of the muscle fibers. Macrophages involved in the response were mostly resident histiocytes, since prior labeling of blood cells showed that leukocytes did not enter the muscle in substantial number after denervation. Both muscle satellite cells and connective tissue cells are essential for the functional regeneration of muscle. 8 Thus, on the basis of overall cytologic characterization, cell division after denervation seems to represent a limited regenerative response.
Modeling Bicortical Screws Under a Cantilever Bending Load

Cyclic loading of surgical plating constructs can precipitate bone screw failure. As the frictional contact between the plate and the bone is lost, cantilever bending loads are transferred from the plate to the head of the screw, which over time causes fatigue fracture from cyclic bending. In this research, analytical models using beam mechanics theory were developed to describe the elastic deflection of a bicortical screw under a statically applied load. Four analytical models were developed to simulate the various restraint conditions applicable to bicortical support of the screw. In three of the models, the cortical bone near the tip of the screw was simulated by classical beam constraints (1) simply supported, (2) cantilever, and (3) split distributed load. In the final analytical model, the cortices were treated as an elastic foundation, whereby the response of the constraint was proportional to screw deflection. To test the predictive ability of the new analytical models, 3.5 mm cortical bone screws were tested in a synthetic bone substitute. A novel instrument was developed to measure the bending deflection of screws under radial loads (225 N, 445 N, and 670 N) applied by a surrogate surgical plate at the head of the screw. Of the four cases considered, the analytical model utilizing an elastic foundation most accurately predicted deflection at the screw head, with an average difference of 19% between the measured and predicted results. Determination of the bending moments from the elastic foundation model revealed that a maximum moment of 2.3 N m occurred near the middle of the cortical wall closest to the plate. The location of the maximum bending moment along the screw axis was consistent with the fracture location commonly observed in clinical practice.
Fingerprinting Blank Paper Using Commodity Scanners

We develop a novel technique for authenticating physical documents by using random, naturally occurring imperfections in paper texture. To this end, we devised a new method for measuring the three-dimensional surface of a paper without modifying the document in any way, using only a commodity scanner. From this physical feature, we generate a concise fingerprint that uniquely identifies the document. Our method is secure against counterfeiting, robust to harsh handling, and applicable even before any content is printed on a page. It has a wide range of applications, including detecting forged currency and tickets, authenticating passports, and halting counterfeit goods. On a more sinister note, document identification could be used to de-anonymize printed surveys and to compromise the secrecy of paper ballots.
Cross-Sectional and Incremental Changes in Working Memory and Mathematical Problem Solving.

Cross-sectional and incremental age effects on cognitive processes that underlie individual differences in components of working memory (WM; phonological loop, visual-spatial sketchpad, executive processing) and mathematical problem-solving accuracy were examined in elementary schoolchildren. A battery of tests was administered that assessed problem solving, achievement, memory, and cognitive processing (inhibition, speed, phonological coding) in children in Grades 1, 2, and 3 (Wave 1) and 1 year later (Wave 2). The results showed that (a) 31% of the explainable within-person changes across testing waves and 42% of the age-related differences in word problem-solving accuracy were related to executive processing and (b) executive processing and reading performance in Year 1 were the only variables that contributed unique variance to Year 2 problem-solving performance. The results support the notion that growth in the executive system is an important predictor of children's problem solving abilities beyond the contribution of reading and calculation skills and that growth in executive processing can operate independently of individual differences in phonological processing, inhibition, and processing speed.
Translational embryology: Using embryonic principles to generate pancreatic endocrine cells from embryonic stem cells

Diseases that affect endodermally derived organs such as the lungs, liver, and pancreas include cystic fibrosis, chronic hepatitis, and diabetes, respectively. Despite the prevalence of these diseases, cures remain elusive. While several promising transplantation-based therapies exist for some diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, they are currently limited by the availability of donor-derived tissues. Embryonic stem cells are a promising and renewable source of tissue for transplantation; however, directing their differentiation into specific, adult cell lineages remains a significant challenge. In this review, we will focus on one endodermally derived organ, the pancreas, and discuss how studies of embryonic pancreas development have been used as the basis for the directed, step-wise differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells that are capable of rescuing Type 1 diabetes in animal models. Developmental Dynamics 236:3218–3227, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The influence of some steroids, including estrogens, on progesterone synthesis in vitroby porcine corpora lutea

Abstract Porcine corpora lutea were incubated with several concentrations of progesterone, 5-pregnene-3 β -ol-20-one, 20 α - and 20 β -hydroxy-4-pregnene-3-one (0.001–0.064mM) and estrone, estradiol and estriol (0.000156-0.064mM). All the compounds, except estrone, inhibited acetate incorporation into progesterone though none of them influenced progesterone synthesis from endogenous tissue sources. Estrone, the only ineffective steroid, is the major excretory estrogen in pigs. Progesterone synthesis from endogenous tissue sources and acetate incorporation into progesterone showed totally different responses to increasing steroid concentrations, showing that these parameters relate to different biochemical processes. Even though the estrogens were tested through a wide range of concentrations, no steroidogenic effect of these compounds was detected in this in vitro system. When corpora lutea were incubated with slices of ovarian stromal and follicular tissue, progesterone synthesis was not affected. It is concluded that steroids play a minor role in the direct control of progesterone synthesis by porcine corpora lutea.
An Interview with William J. Baumol

KRUEGER: Let me begin by asking you where you were born. BAUMOL: I was born in New York, in South Bronx, in what later became Fort Apache and in fact spent several years of my life there later. KRUEGER: Did you go to public schools in New York? BAUMOL: Yes, I did. All the way through high school, and then went to the College of the City of New York afterwards. So I was in the public school system all the way through. Incidentally, I went to the same high school and college as Colin Powell. KRUEGER: Oh, is that right? BAUMOL: And told him that once, to which he responded, “Well, I’ll be damned.” KRUEGER: When you were at City College from 1938 to 1942, did you study economics? BAUMOL: Yes. I had been interested in economics actually since high school. I majored in two subjects: economics and art. We had a very mediocre economics department. Many of the other departments, such as philosophy, were excellent. So
Angiotensin II stimulates in vitro branching morphogenesis of the isolated ureteric bud.

Abstract Mutations in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) genes are associated with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). As angiotensin (Ang) II, the principal effector peptide growth factor of the RAS, stimulates ureteric bud (UB) branching in whole intact embryonic (E) metanephroi, defects in UB morphogenesis may be causally linked to CAKUT observed under conditions of disrupted RAS. In the present study, using the isolated intact UB (iUB) assay, we tested the hypothesis that Ang II stimulates UB morphogenesis by directly acting on the UB, identified Ang II target genes in the iUB by microarray and examined the effect of Ang II on UB cell migration in vitro . We show that isolated E11.5 mouse iUBs express Ang II AT 1 and AT 2 receptor mRNA. Treatment of E11.5 iUBs grown in collagen matrix gels with Ang II (10 −5 M) increases the number of iUB tips after 48 h of culture compared to control (4.8 ± 0.4 vs. 2.4 ± 0.2, p p in vitro . In summary, Ang II stimulates UB cell migration and directly induces morphogenetic response in the iUB. We conclude that Ang II-regulated genes in the iUB may be important mediators of Ang II-induced UB branching. We hypothesize that Ang II-dependent cell movements play an important role in UB branching morphogenesis.
The significance for morbidity and mortality of Doppler-absent pedal pulses

Abstract The 1-month prognosis of 91 limbs with a pulseless foot in 49 patients was determined and related to elements of the physical examination, including Doppler ultrasonography. The risk factors that could predict loss of limb and death in this group of patients were determined. Gangrene and atrophy coupled with absent ultrasound signals predicted a 75% risk of loss of limb; this occurred despite attempted surgical intervention. Absence of Doppler signals in both ankle arteries was the strongest risk factor for predicting death. This is probably because ultrasound signals are absent only when arterial disease is far advanced. We conclude that Doppler ultrasound examination of the pulseless foot yields useful prognostic information relative to the fate of the limb and the patient who possesses such a limb. (J V ASC S URG 1987;5:849-55.)
The cosmopolitan ideology and the management of desire

This paper analyzes the text of Cosmopolitan magazine through a reading of a selection of articles from thirty‐eight issues spanning twelve years, 1976 through 1988. The study discusses how gender and class antagonisms are coded as sexual fantasy in the text of Cosmopolitan. The text acknowledges women's sexual desires and subjectivity and subverts them by subsuming sexuality under codes for rationality and control. Mutual desire and recognition between equal partners is precluded through a structuring of relations between subjects as domination and subordination.
Magnetic confinement and coupling in narrow-diameter Au–Ni nanowires

Abstract Here we examine magnetic coupling in layered magnetic/nonmagnetic nanowires created using electrochemical deposition into nanoporous templates. By utilizing reproducible and tunable deposition methods, various aspect ratios and spacing between magnetic domains were created. Low aspect ratio disks were then coupled to high aspect ratio rods to control the mechanism for spin flip in the disk component of the system. The orthogonal relationship between the magnetic easy axis of the disk and rod geometries creates a multistate system with both in-plane and out-of-plane easy axes by balancing magnetic shape anisotropy with dipole coupling between the two layers.
Engineering the electromagnetic properties of periodic nanostructures using electrostatic resonances.

Electromagnetic properties of periodic two-dimensional subwavelength structures consisting of closely packed inclusions of materials with negative dielectric permittivity $ϵ$ in a dielectric host with positive ${ϵ}_{h}$ can be engineered using the concept of multiple electrostatic resonances. Fully electromagnetic solutions of Maxwell's equations reveal multiple wave propagation bands, with the wavelengths much longer than the nanostructure period. Some of these bands are described using the quasistatic theory of the effective dielectric permittivity ${ϵ}_{\mathrm{q}\mathrm{s}}$. Those bands exhibit multiple cutoffs and resonances which are found to be related to each other through a duality condition. An additional propagation band characterized by a negative magnetic permeability is found. Imaging with subwavelength resolution in that band is demonstrated.
Introduction to photobiology

Photobiology is the study of the local and systemic effects of incident radiation on living organisms. Solar radiation is made up of ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is made up of UV-C, UV-B, and UV-A. Sun exposure can lead to sunburn, tanning, vitamin D production, photoaging, and carcinogenesis. Phototherapy is the use of nonionizing radiation to treat cutaneous disease. Various types of artificial light sources are used for photo testing and phototherapy.
NM23-NDP kinase

NM23 belongs to a large family of structurally and functionally conserved proteins consisting of 4-6 identically folded subunits of approximately 16-20 kDa. These oligomeric proteins exhibit nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity that catalyzes nonsubstrate specific conversions of nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside triphosphates. Many NM23 proteins bind DNA. In vivo, NM23-NDPKs regulate a diverse array of cellular events including growth and development. They are also implicated in the pathogenesis and metastasis of tumors. The mechanism whereby NM23 regulates gene expression is proposed to entail DNA-binding and subsequent alterations in promoter DNA structure. Accordingly, NM23 has the potential to become a useful reagent for gene manipulations.
Stability and convergence of sequential methods for coupled flow and geomechanics: Drained and undrained splits

Abstract We perform a stability and convergence analysis of sequential methods for coupled flow and geomechanics, in which the mechanics sub-problem is solved first. We consider slow deformations, so that inertia is negligible and the mechanical problem is governed by an elliptic equation. We use Biot’s self-consistent theory to obtain the classical parabolic-type flow problem. We use a generalized midpoint rule (parameter α between 0 and 1) time discretization, and consider two classical sequential methods: the drained and undrained splits. The von Neumann method provides sharp stability estimates for the linear poroelasticity problem. The drained split with backward Euler time discretization ( α = 1) is conditionally stable, and its stability depends only on the coupling strength, and it is independent of time step size. The drained split with the midpoint rule ( α = 0.5) is unconditionally unstable. The mixed time discretization, with α = 1.0 for mechanics and α = 0.5 for flow, has the same stability properties as the backward Euler scheme. The von Neumann method indicates that the undrained split is unconditionally stable when α ⩾ 0.5. We extend the stability analysis to the nonlinear regime (poro-elastoplasticity) via the energy method. It is well known that the drained split does not inherit the contractivity property of the continuum problem, thereby precluding unconditional stability. For the undrained split we show that it is B-stable (therefore unconditionally stable at the algorithmic level) when α ⩾ 0.5. We also analyze convergence of the drained and undrained splits, and derive the a priori error estimates from matrix algebra and spectral analysis. We show that the drained split with a fixed number of iterations is not convergent even when it is stable. The undrained split with a fixed number of iterations is convergent for a compressible system (i.e., finite Biot modulus). For a nearly-incompressible system (i.e., very large Biot modulus), the undrained split loses first-order accuracy, and becomes non-convergent in time. We also study the rate of convergence of both splits when they are used in a fully-iterated sequential scheme. When the medium permeability is high or the time step size is large, which corresponds to a high diffusion of pressure, the error amplification of the drained split is lower and therefore converges faster than the undrained split. The situation is reversed in the case of low permeability and small time step size. We provide numerical experiments supporting all the stability and convergence estimates of the drained and undrained splits, in the linear and nonlinear regimes. We also show that our spatial discretization (finite volumes for flow and finite elements for mechanics) removes the well-documented spurious instability in consolidation problems at early times.
An Adaptive Spectral Element Method for Two-Fluid Flows

A new mesh adaptation technique for two dimensional deforming domains has been combined with an Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian, spectral/hp finite element solver. This combination provides a powerful simulation tool for two-fluid flows; With the spectral/hp finite element method, high accuracy solutions can be obtained efficiently, but by itself this technique is limited to problems with moderate interface deformation. By combining it with a mesh adaptation strategy for deforming domains, large deformation problems can be simulated. In addition, solution-based mesh refinement can be performed which is critical for resolving multi-scale two-fluid problems. The capabilities of these techniques together are demonstrated for some preliminary examples.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Reference planes for binary diffusion with variable molar volume

Present-day treatments of diffusion in metallic solid solutions require an accurate, convenient analysis that takes account of the actual variations of atomic size with concentration. Recent research by the author has produced such an analysis, which employs ordinary Cartesian coordinates. The first and second Fick equations are essentially the same as the usual forms (for constant, equal atomic size), differing only in the addition of the factor ¯V, the total molar volume of the solid solution. The prevalent erroneous concept of an “invariant” for diffusion demonstrates the need for a clearer understanding of the role of reference planes in treatments of diffusion. Reference systems of two types are dicussed: conventional reference systems (Fick and molecular), and the lattice (Kirkendall) reference system. The diffusion velocity,v, of a given component is used as the basis for defining the diffusion flux. Absolute values ofv can be determined from data on the Kirkendall shift, but only relative values (v−Ω) can be employed if only a conventional reference system is used in the analysis.
Molecular mapping of a site for Cd2+‐induced modification of human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG) channel activation

Cd2+ slows the rate of activation, accelerates the rate of deactivation and shifts the half-points of voltage-dependent activation (V0.5,act) and inactivation (V0.5,inact) of human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channels. To identify specific Cd2+-binding sites on the hERG channel, we mutated potential Cd2+-coordination residues located in the transmembrane domains or extracellular loops linking these domains, including five Cys, three His, nine Asp and eight Glu residues. Each residue was individually substituted with Ala and the resulting mutant channels heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their biophysical properties determined with standard two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Cd2+ at 0.5 mm caused a +36 mV shift of V0.5,act and a +18 mV shift of V0.5,inact in wild-type channels. Most mutant channels had a similar sensitivity to 0.5 mm Cd2+. Mutation of single Asp residues located in the S2 (D456, D460) or S3 (D509) domains reduced the Cd2+-induced shift in V0.5,act, but not V0.5,inact. Combined mutations of two or three of these key Asp residues nearly eliminated the shift induced by 0.5 mm Cd2+. Mutation of D456, D460 and D509 also reduced the comparatively low-affinity effects of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on V0.5,act. Extracellular Cd2+ modulates hERG channel activation by binding to a coordination site formed, at least in part, by three Asp residues.
Globalisation and Intrastate Conflict: An Empirical Analysis

How does globalisation, especially foreign direct investment, influence the risk of intrastate conflict? While several prominent studies have found that globalisation reduces the probability of civil war, we use new data and methods to approach the question. In particular, we test for the possibility that foreign investment is endogenous to conflict risk and appropriately use inward foreign investment stock rather than net inflow to measure an economy's exposure to international capital markets. We find no evidence that foreign investment affects civil conflict, suggesting that governments' fundamental security interests trump the economic losses they can expect to suffer from failing to compromise with potential rebel groups.
The deleterious effects of salinity stress on leafminers and their freshwater host

Salinity is an important cause of abiotic stress in wetland communities yet little is known about its consequences for freshwater plants and their insect herbivores. The goal of this study was to test the effect of salinity on a leafmining insect, Cerodontha iridiphora , and its herbaceous host plant, Iris hexagona . 2. Leafminer performance was evaluated on irises grown in control and saline treatments, and the effects of salinity and herbivory on leaf quality and mortality was measured. 3. Leafminer density and size were significantly lower on irises grown in saline water compared with freshwater. 4. Both salinity and herbivory accelerated leaf senescence and mortality, and their combined effects increased tissue loss by an order of magnitude compared with controls. 5. Leafminers acted as nutrient sinks. The undamaged regions of mined leaves contained 40% less nitrogen than unmined leaves, providing a mechanism for the premature leaf mortality. 6. Salinity was detrimental to the performance and survival of both the iris leafminer and its host plant. We propose that glycophytic host plants and their insect herbivores will suffer more than halophytic communities from environmental salinity because they lack the adaptive mechanisms to tolerate this potent physiological stress.
Community Poverty, Industrialization, and Educational Gender Gaps in Rural China

This paper investigates community impoverishment and industrialization as explanations for educational gender gaps in rural China with analysis of a multi-province household survey and a longitudinal study of youth in one impoverished province. We consider attributes of poor communities that might shape gaps and the related roles of household and community poverty. Three major results emerge from this paper: community impoverishment, not industrialization, correlates with gaps; poverty and isolation shape gaps differently at different educational levels; and girls in relatively wealthy households fare better than boys at the transition to high school. Results suggest the importance of theorizing differences by educational stage and the need for research that conceptualizes the non-local dimensions of industrialization as potential considerations in educational decisions.
Mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans eIF2β Permit Translation Initiation From Non-AUG Start Codons

Recognition of the AUG start codon on mRNAs during translation initiation in eukaryotes occurs in a preinitiation complex that includes small ribosomal subunits and multiple translation initiation factors. The complexity of this process and the lack of appropriate tools have prevented its genetic study in multicellular organisms. Here we describe a genetic system in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to study how the AUG start codon is selected. We have generated a sensitive reporter assay that allows for the isolation of mutants with reduced fidelity to recognize the AUG start codon. Two mutants were identified to have dominant missense mutations in iftb-1, which encodes the β-subunit of eIF2 (eIF2β). Both mutations occur in a conserved region located outside of the C2–C2 zinc finger domain where yeast SUI3 mutations are localized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae eIF2β. C. elegans iftb-1, as well as mutant eIF2βs carrying the equivalent SUI3 mutations, are able to initiate translation at non-AUG codons that retain two potential base-pairing interactions with the anticodon of the initiator methionyl tRNA. These analyses further support the critical role of eIF2β in start codon selection, and two functional domains within eIF2β are likely involved, one defined by our C. elegans mutants and the other by the yeast SUI3 mutants.