cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An effect of α′ corrections on racetrack inflation

We study the effects of α' corrections to the Kahler potential on volume stabilisation and racetrack inflation. In a region where classical supergravity analysis is justified, stringy corrections can nevertheless be relevant for correctly analyzing moduli stabilisation and the onset of inflation.
Ventral cochlear nucleus neural discharge characteristics in the absence of outer hair cells.

Abstract The role of the cochlear outer hair cell (OHC) in auditory processing remains poorly understood. The OHCs possess an independent afferent innervation which constitutes 5–10% of cochlear afferent neurons and which appears to project to the cochlear nucleus (CN). Whether the OHCs contribute to the processing of auditory signals in the CN has not been determined. To address this question, kanamycin ototoxicity was used to produce selective OHC loss while leaving the inner hair cell (IHC) population largely intact, in the basal portion of the cochlea of chinchillas. Single unit responses were then recorded in the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), and compared to responses in untreated subjects. Many of the changes observed in VCN neural responses reflected changes which have previously been reported in the VIIIth nerve. However, frequency tuning curve tip segments which were normal in both bandwidth and length were observed in approximately 22% of the units associated with regions of complete OHC loss and preservation of IHCs. This has not been reported in previous OHC lesion studies. Also, first spike latency was found to be significantly lengthened for units associated with the OHC free regions. Those features of VCN neural responses which first arise within the CN, such as non-primary-like post-stimulus-time histogram response patterns, were unaffected by OHC loss. These results suggest that afferent fibers associated with OHCs do not play a major role in signal processing in the VCN.
Optimality for data fusion of detectors using Voronoi cells

The problem of optimal signal classification with distributed sensors and restricted communication channels is considered. The classifier is to decide if a signal is in one of several possible classes after being observed through a suite of sensors, each sensor giving rise to a soft classification. The local classifiers are assumed to be based on a Voronoi decomposition of the associated sensor output space. Conditions of optimality for both the classifier and the sensors are given.
Mechanistic pathology and therapy in the medical Assayer of Marcello Malpighi.

Around 1700 the Italian medical world witnessed a major controversy involving, among the others, Giovanni Girolamo Sbaraglia, Marcello Malpighi, and the young Giovanni Battista Morgagni, touching on a number of key features of the theory and practice of medicine. Sbaraglia defended empirical medicine and questioned the therapeutic significance of recent anatomical investigations, especially those of minute parts carried out with the microscope, and of the anatomy of animals and plants, as opposed to the human body. The last three-quarters of the seventeenth century had brought profound transformations in the understanding of the human body, yet their therapeutic significance was not obvious. Sbaraglia seemed to react to the lack of clear therapeutic advances and to what he perceived as the pointless excesses of anatomical investigations, most notably those by Malpighi. The controversy involved quite a large number of texts, but the principal ones were Sbaraglia’s opening salvo, De recentiorum medicorum studio dissertatio epistolaris ad amicum (dated 1687, but possibly from 1689), Malpighi’s posthumous Risposta (1697), Sbaraglia’s beautifully titled and rather profound reply, Oculorum et mentis vigiliae, ad distinguendum studium anatomicum, et ad praxin medicam dirigendam (1704), and Morgagni’s two-letter rejoinder published under the pseudonyms of Orazio de Floriani and Luca Terranova, titledEpistola, qua plus centum, & quinquaginta errores ostenduntur (1705).It seems plausible that this controversy may have contributed to reshaping the nature of eighteenth-century anatomical investigations, at least in Italy. A brief outline may help clarify my point. In 1661 Malpighi had published his first work, Epistolae de pulmonibus, where relying on rather interventionist techniques of microscopic investigation he had explored the structure of the lungs of frogs and other animals. Although in later publications Malpighi did investigate diseased states, his primary focus remained the investigation of structures. Exactly a century later, Morgagni’s De sedibus, et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis (1761) dealt with anatomy without having recourse to the microscope, focusing on the location and causes of diseases in human cadavers, and in establishing a link with symptoms he had observed in his patients. Although Morgagni
Early Detection of C-130 Aircraft Engine Malfunction by Principal Component Analysis of the Wear Metals in C-130 Engine Oil

Spectrophotometric analysis of engine oil for wear metal to detect engine malfunctions and failing engine components is the basis of the United States Air Force Spectrophotometric Oil Analysis Program (SOAP). This program was abandoned for C-130 transport aircraft because of difficulties in correlating the atomic emission spectroscopy data with engine problems. Principal component analysis (PCA), a factor analysis method, reveals information and structure not previously apparent in the C-130 oil analysis data. These results suggest that the C-130 SOAP program could be made viable with the significant advantages obtained through incorporation of PCA.
Multiple channel exposure therapy for women with PTSD and comorbid panic attacks.

Multiple channel exposure therapy (M‐CET; Falsetti & Resnick, 2000) was developed to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with comorbid panic attacks and can be administered in a group format. In addition to being a cost‐effective way to provide treatment, group treatment for those with PTSD has been proposed as potentially very beneficial for addressing feelings of shame related to the traumatic event as well as social isolation in general (Foy et al., 2000). Previous studies of M‐CET indicate that it may be effective for the treatment of PTSD with comorbid panic attacks (Falsetti et al., 2001, 2003, 2005). The authors examine the relationship of PTSD and panic symptoms pre‐ and posttreatment and present 6‐month follow‐up data on the long‐term effectiveness of M‐CET.
ON THE INFERENCE OF DIFFERENTIAL EMISSION MEASURES USING DIAGNOSTIC LINE RATIOS

Spectroscopic diagnosis of hot optically thin plasmas can be used to infer valuable information about the temperature structure of the emitting plasma volume, through the emission measure diUerential (DEM) in However, the uncertainties in atomic parameters (required to model the plasma T e , DEM(T e ). emission) make such inferences intractable. We demonstrate that it is possible, and relatively straightfor- ward, to implement a formalism and infer in a way such that atomic uncertainties are treated DEM(T e ) explicitly. Indeed, we show that a hybrid line-ratio/emission-measure method is robust when ii standard ˇˇ inversion methods will fail to produce consistent results. Subject headings: Sun: generalSun: UV radiation
Analogue multiplexer for use with an f.m. tape recorder.

A frequency-division multiplexing system stores two e.e.g. data signals on each channel of an f.m. tape recorder. We have used a 14-channel commercial tape recorder running at 1 7/8 in/s to store 20 data signals having a frequency response from 0·3 to 45 Hz. We could expand the system to put two data signals on every tape recorder channel except one, which records the carrier oscillator.
Transition State Thermodynamics of Lipid Bilayers Characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The laboratory experiment presented in this paper focuses on using differential scanning calorimetry to determine the calorimetric enthalpy and cooperativity of the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition in hydrated lipid bilayers as a function of cholesterol content. The procedure and analysis are appropriate for junior-and senior-level physics and biophysical chemistry courses in the undergraduate curriculum. The laboratory is used to emphasize the use of thermodynamic data to obtain information about structure-function relationships in biological systems. The experimental results are directly related to the authors’ ongoing research in lipid bilayer structure characterization and applications of hydrated lipid bilayers as model systems for the interpretation of MRI contrast. The laboratory is easily modified to study the effects of other conditions, such as degree of hydration, pH, and composition, on the thermodynamic behavior of lipid bilayers.
Relationship of Cytokeratin 20 and CD44 Protein Expression with WHO/ISUP Grade in pTa and pT1 Papillary Urothelial Neoplasia

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of immunoreactivity of cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and CD44 across the spectrum of urothelial neoplasia using the WHO/ISUP consensus classification. A total of 120 papillary urothelial pTa and pT1 tumors (8 papillomas, 8 neoplasms of low malignant potential, and 42 low-grade and 62 high-grade carcinomas) were immunostained by using CK20 and CD44 antibodies. The relationships of tumor grade, pathologic stage, recurrences, and progression in stage with CK20 and CD44 immunoreactivity were assessed. WHO/ISUP grade correlated with tumor stage (P < 0.005), recurrence (P = 0.02), and progression in stage (P = 0.031). Normal urothelium showed CK20 immunoreactivity restricted to a few umbrella cells. Expression of CD44 in normal urothelium was restricted to the basal cell layer. Loss of CD44 immunoreactivity and increasing CK20 positivity were significantly associated with increasing tumor grade and stage (P < 0.005). An inverse relationship was observed in the staining patterns of CK20 and CD44 within individual cases, as well as in the aggregate data, with 79.2% of tumors with CD44 loss showing CK20 positivity (P < 0.001). In conclusion, CK20 and CD44 immunoreactivity are significantly related to the WHO/ISUP grade and to each other, and our data suggest their potential combined utility in predicting biologic behavior in patients with papillary urothelial pTa and pT1 neoplasms.
Study of Short- and Long-Term Effectiveness of Ammonium Sulfide as Surface Passivation for InAs/GaSb Superlattices Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

The surface quality of as-etched and ammonium sulfide [(NH 4 ) 2 S]-treated samples of an indium arsenide/gallium antimonide (InAs/GaSb) superlattice structure were compared using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After short exposure to the atmosphere following passivation, treated samples displayed a complete absence or significant reduction of native oxides compared with untreated samples, confirming better quality of surface passivation. However, extensive sulfidization was not observed, and after extended exposure, the native oxides reappeared on the treated surface, establishing the need for a capping layer for long-term passivation stability. The surface study provides definitive confirmation of previous results on electrical properties of photodetectors fabricated on InAs/GaSb superlattices.
Thermodynamics of the oxidation of dissolved organic contaminants in shuttle orbiter humidity condensates

Abstract A condensing heat exchanger has been used to collect humidity condensates during two space shuttle missions. Analyses of the reclaimed waters indicate the presence of short chain ‘ alcohols, carboxylic acids and other hydrophilic low molecular weight organics which originate as airborne contaminants consequent to human metabolism and materials outgassing. To better understand aqueous phase oxidation processes proposed for the mineralization of these dissolved organics, the thermodynamics of combustion of the predominant species to CO2(aq) and H2O(l) have been examined. The relationships between temperature, ?H, ?S, and ?G for the mineralization reactions have been derived for nine of the most significant contaminants and fitted to a fourth degree polynomial with excellent results. These data were then used to calculate values of the three aforementioned thermodynamic properties as functions of reaction temperature for the complete oxidation of the two humidity condensates. The results indicate th...
Solid-State Control for DC Motors Provides Variable Speed With Synchronous-Motor Performance

Originally developed for low-cost, high efficiency speed control of battery-operated motors, this SCR system has significant implications in the area of industrial control because of its precise regulation of speed.
Loss of the mtr operon in Methanosarcina blocks growth on methanol, but not methanogenesis, and reveals an unknown methanogenic pathway

In the methanogenic archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri Fusaro, the N5-methyl-tetrahydrosarcinapterin (CH3-H4SPT):coenzyme M (CoM) methyltransferase, encoded by the mtr operon, catalyzes the energy-conserving (sodium-pumping) methyl transfer from CH3-H4SPT to CoM during growth on H2/CO2 or acetate. However, in the disproportionation of C-1 compounds, such as methanol, to methane and carbon dioxide, it catalyzes the reverse, endergonic transfer from methyl-CoM to H4SPT, which is driven by sodium uptake. It has been proposed that a bypass for this energy-consuming reaction may occur via a direct methyl transfer from methanol to H4SPT. To test this, an mtr deletion mutant was constructed and characterized in M. barkeri Fusaro. The mutant is unable to grow on methanol, acetate or H2/CO2, but can grow on methanol with H2/CO2 and, surprisingly, methanol with acetate. 13C labeling experiments show that growth on acetate with methanol involves a previously unknown methanogenic pathway, in which oxidation of acetate to a mixture of CO2 and formic acid is coupled to methanol reduction. Interestingly, although the mutant is unable to grow on methanol alone, it remains capable of producing methane from this substrate. Thus, the proposed Mtr bypass does exist, but is unable to support growth of the organism.
New-onset graft dysfunction after heart transplantation--incidence and mechanism-related outcomes.

Background Graft dysfunction (GD) after heart transplantation (HTx) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The impact of different pathophysiologic mechanisms on outcome is unknown. In this large, single-center study we aimed to assess the incidence of GD and compare the outcomes with different histopathologic mechanisms of rejection. Methods We analyzed a data set of 1,099 consecutive patients after their HTx at Columbia University Medical Center between January 1994 and March 2008, and identified all patients hospitalized with new-onset GD. Based on the histopathologic data, patients were divided into GD-unexplained (Group-GD-U), GD-antibody-mediated rejection (Group-GD-AMR), GD-cardiac allograft vasculopathy (Group-GD-CAV) and GD-acute cellular rejection (Group-GD-ACR) groups. We compared the in-hospital and 3-, 6- and 12-month mortality across these groups using the chi-square test. We also compared the 3-, 6- and 12-month survival curves across groups using the log-rank test. Results Of 126 patients (12%) identified with GD, complete histology data were available for 100 patients. There were 21, 20, 27 and 32 patients identified in Group-GD-U, Group-GD-AMR, Group-GD-CAV and Group-GD-ACR, respectively. The in-hospital mortality rates were 52%, 20%, 15% and 6%, respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in Group-GD-U compared with all other groups ( p = 0.0006). The 3-, 6- and 12-month survival rate was also significantly lower in Group-GD-U compared with all other groups. Conclusion A significant proportion of patients presenting with new-onset GD have unexplained histopathology. Unexplained GD is associated with a significantly higher mortality rate. New diagnostic tools are necessary to better understand and detect/predict this malignant phenotype.
Relationship of severity of lower limb peripheral vascular disease to mortality and morbidity: A six-year follow-up study

Abstract Among the considerations affecting the therapeutic approach to patients with atherosclerosis of the lower extremities is their associated risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and limb loss. To investigate the relationship of these events to the severity of peripheral vascular disease we undertook a 6-year review of 247 consecutive patients undergoing lower extremity noninvasive vascular assessment. There were 130 men and 117 women with a mean age of 65 ± 15 years. Patients were categorized into four groups according to their ankle-brachial pressure indexes at their first visit. Ninety-seven patients had normal indexes (≥0.92), 86 had indexes of 0.50 to 0.91, 39 had indexes of 0.31 to 0.49, and 25 had indexes within the ischemic range, ≤0.30. At 6 years 64% of the patients with ischemic indexes were dead. This incidence was significantly higher than that of any other patient category ( p
Nonresonant Nuclear Spin Absorption in Lithium, Sodium, and Aluminum

Audio-frequency spin absorption has been observed in the nuclear spin systems of the metals lithium, sodium, and aluminum. In lithium and sodium, the observed second moment of the absorption line at zero dc magnetic field is in agreement with calculations assuming only magnetic dipole-dipole interactions; in aluminum the zero-field absorption extends to frequencies as high as 50 kc/sec and the second moment of the absorption line appears to be about 50% larger than expected. Spin absorption has also been observed at small applied dc magnetic fields, ${H}_{0}$, for audio-frequency magnetic excitation both parallel to and perpendicular to ${H}_{0}$. In both of these cases, absorption occurs at $\ensuremath{\gamma}{H}_{0}$ and $2\ensuremath{\gamma}{H}_{0}$ in agreement with theory.
Sobering up: a quantitative review of temporal declines in expectations.

Although people’s outlook on the future tends to be characterized by hope and optimism, over time this outlook often becomes more dire. We review multiple theoretical accounts of this tendency to “sober up” as feedback about outcomes draws near, and we explicate factors critical to promoting these temporal declines in expectations. We then meta-analytically test the impact of these factors on temporal shifts in people’s expectations about self-relevant outcomes. The findings reveal a robust and ubiquitous tendency to lower one’s expectations as the moment of feedback draws near and implicate multiple contributing processes (declining control, changing accountability pressures, construal level changes, and affect management concerns) as important for this shift. Furthermore, the results reveal important differences in the methodological approaches used to examine temporal shifts in predictions and suggest that timing of predictions relative to outcomes and feedback plays a critical role in the nature of the phenomenon. Overall, the analysis reveals an important exception to positive illusions about the future and suggests that a time-sensitive turn toward pessimism has adaptive functions.
Predicting school success: Comparing Conscientiousness, Grit, and Emotion Regulation Ability

The present paper examines validity of three proposed self-regulation predictors of school outcomes ‐ Conscientiousness, Grit and Emotion Regulation Ability (ERA). In a sample of private high school students (N = 213) we measured these constructs along with indices of school success obtained from records (rule violating behavior, academic recognitions, honors, and GPA) and self-reported satisfaction with school. Regression analyses showed that after controlling for other Big Five traits, all school outcomes were significantly predicted by Conscientiousness and ERA, but not Grit. The discussion focuses on the importance of broad personality traits (Conscientiousness; measure of typical performance) and self-regulation abilities (ERA; measure of maximal performance) in predicting school success.
Management of the commons for biodiversity: lessons from the North Pacific

Abstract The North Pacific has the world's largest groundfish fisheries, with a value in excess of $1 billion annually. The North Pacific also is home to the largest population of Steller sea lions (SSL), an ancient species that is now endangered. Decline of the western stock of SSL in the 1970–1990s coincided with the US nationalization and exponential growth in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands groundfish fishery. The article treats five aspects of the competition between the fishery and protection of the endangered species. First, we analyze competition of interests in the use, management, and preservation of the North Pacific commons, including offshore and near-shore fisheries, environmental organizations, governments (federal, state, and local), and the scientific community. Second, the article compares and contrasts provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the Magnuson–Stevens Act (as amended in 1996 by the Sustainable Fisheries Act). Third, we examine the regulatory environment with a focus on the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and its relationship to the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. We illustrate how NMFS establishes fishery management plans and the methods, such as crafting biological opinions and environmental-impact-statements, it uses to resolve conflicts. Fourth, we investigate how the dual pressures on the agency—to increase fisheries production for the benefit of the industry and to preserve endangered marine species—have affected its culture (behavioral norms and operational codes). Then, the article explains agency changes in terms of crises, competition among affected interests, and development of new scientific knowledge. The article concludes by drawing lessons from the SSL controversy in the North Pacific which may pertain to national and global biodiversity conflicts. These concern the role of law in biodiversity protection, the role of science, and agency capacity for change.
CD73-Dependent Regulation of Interferon AlphaA and Interleukin-10 in the Inflamed Mucosa

The ecto-5'-nucleotidase, CD73, catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the phosphohydrolysis of ATP to adenosine, and is a critical regulator of the balance between adenosine and its nucleotide precursors. Each of these classes of mediators signal through their independent receptor families to regulate downstream inflammatory signaling. CD73 activity is primarily regulated at the level of transcription in response to the oxygen-sensing transcription factor HIF1, and its tissue-specific expression correlates negatively with oxygen tension. HIF1-dependent induction of CD73 contributes to the protective effects of hypoxia in the inflamed intestinal mucosa. These beneficial effects of CD73 have largely been attributed to downstream adenosine signaling through its tissue-specific receptors. In addition, adenosine signaling has been directly implicated in the protective effects of hypoxic preconditioning against acute hypoxic or ischemic insults. However, recent work has demonstrated that CD73-/- animals lack the ability to produce interferon (IFN) αA, either at baseline or in response to inflammation. Furthermore, this IFN-αA deficiency is associated with the inability to elaborate interleukin (IL)-10–dependent anti-inflammatory signaling. It remains unclear whether interruption of IFN-αA and IL-10 signaling in the absence of CD73 activity results from a deficiency of its product adenosine or an accumulation of its substrate nucleotides. Current evidence for adenosine- and nucleotide-mediated mechanisms of tissue inflammation is reviewed below (Fig. 1).
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS : II. THE PRODUCTION OF PEROXIDE BY STERILE EXTRACTS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS.

In the present paper methods have been described for the preparation of sterile extracts of pneumococci. These extracts may be obtained by dissolving the bacteria in broth cultures by means of bile, or by extraction of the cellular substances by repeated freezing and thawing of broth or saline suspensions of unwashed cells. Under special precautions these extracts may be passed through Berkefeld filters without loss of potency. In this procedure, as in all other manipulations incident to their preparation, the extracts should be protected as far as possible from contact with air. All extracts were proved sterile by cultural and animal tests. Sterile extracts of unwashed pneumococcus cells promptly form peroxide on exposure to air. Peroxide formation is almost as active in extracts aerated at 2°C. as in those exposed to the air at room temperature. Detectable amounts of peroxide may be produced by these cell extracts within the reaction range of pH 5 to 9, the optimal zone lying at reactions less acid than pH 6. The peroxide-forming activity of the extracts is gradually diminished by prolonged exposure to 55°C., and is completely destroyed by heating at 65°C. for 5 minutes. Cell extracts of pneumococci which have been thoroughly washed prior to extraction in salt or phosphate solutions exhibit no peroxide-forming activity. These extracts of washed cells may be activated by the addition of the cell washings, yeast extract, or muscle infusion.
Metabolic effects of progesterone

Progesterone has important effects on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. This steroid induces hyperinsulinemia, possibly by direct action on pancreatic islets, while promoting glycogen storage in the liver. Paradoxically, it antagonizes the effects of insulin on glucose metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Progesterone stimulates deposition of body fat but had catabolic effects on protein metabolism. Provisional evidence is offered that the steroid may influence ketone body production by the liver as well. When these steroid actions are considered together, their most relevant expression appears to be the physiologic changes observed during normal pregnancy.
The Neo-Behavioral Approach to the Judicial Process: A Critique

A generation ago “legal realists” led by Jerome Frank and Karl Llewellyn dismissed law as a myth—a function of what judges had for breakfast. The important thing, they insisted, was what a court did, not what it said. No doubt this was good medicine for the times. Yet, however broad Frank's 1930 language, later on the bench he loyally acknowledged the compulsive force of legal rules. As a lower court judge, he decided cases in accordance with what he found the law to be—and on occasion he made clear in addenda what he thought it ought to be.Llewellyn, too, changed his mind. In 1934 he had said, “The theory that rules decide cases seems for a century to have fooled, not only library-ridden recluses, but judges.” Seventeen years later he confessed that his earlier behavioral descriptions of law contained “unhappy words when not more fully developed, and they are plainly at best a very partial statement of the whole truth.”In short, after their initial enthusiasm, these and other legal realists recognized that there is and must be law in the judicial process, as well as discretion. This was inevitable, for society can no more dispense with order and coherence than it can deny the demands of changing circumstance. We must have stability, yet we cannot stand still; and so the legal system inevitably has both static and dynamic qualities. Holmes put it in a thimble: “The … law is always approaching, and never reaching, consistency. It is forever adopting new principles from life at one end, and it always retains old ones from history at the other, which have not been absorbed or sloughed off. It will become entirely consistent only when it ceases to grow.”
Longitudinal Prediction of the School Achievement, Adjustment, and Delinquency of Antisocial Versus At-Risk Boys:

This study investigated the efficacy of selected home and school setting variables as predictors of school achievement, adjustment, and delinquency in an ongoing longitudinal study of antisocial and at-risk boys (Patterson, 1983; Walker, Shinn, O'Neill, & Ramsey, 1987). Three construct scores (one derived primarily from school data sources and two from home setting data sources) along with two discrete observation codes recorded on families served as predictors in this study. Criterion variables to be predicted included math, reading, total achievement, receiving special education services, and delinquency. The predictor variables were all recorded when the subjects were in the fourth grade; the criterion variables were recorded when they were in the seventh grade. The resulting multiple Rs ranged from .50 for delinquency to .81 for math achievement. No more than two predictor variables were used in each of the regression analyses. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of assessing both the sch...
Design of a low-cost acoustic modem for moored oceanographic applications

This paper discusses the current state of the art systems of real time telemetry on oceanographic moorings and describes the design requirements for making acoustic modem data telemetry a more widely used form of data telemetry for moored oceanographic applications. We present the design of a low cost 'mooring modem' and the results of an initial pool test for its prototype. Based on these results, we describe how the mooring modem meets the design requirements for moored oceanographic applications by looking at how it meets the requirements for a specific mooring example - the SB CHARM. We conclude by presenting the future work required to create a prototype mooring modem, which will be tested on the CHARM mooring. The end goal is the production of a cheap, low power acoustic modem for real-time data collection in moored oceanographic applications.
The development of marine calanoid copepods with comment on the isochronal rule1

Development times of seven species of planktonic marine copepods were determined at 15°C and excess food. Although details of instar durations varied among species, common trends were evident in relatively brief prefeeding stages and disproportionately long first-feeding and C5 stages. Males tended to mature before females. There was no relationship between generation time and species size; ecologically dominant species developed from egg to adult in roughly the same time, 19–21 days. Isochronal development was most closely approached by species of Acartia but was not strictly followed by any of the animals studied. In population dynamics studies, the assumption of isochronality can result in substantial errors in estimates of instar-specific mortality rates and, consequently, can seriously bias the interpretation of mortality patterns in nature and their possible causes.
A simple model of aerobic metabolism: applications to work transitions in muscle.

Adding kinetics to the model of the phosphate energy system [Connett. Am. J. Physiol. 254 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 23): R949-R959, 1988], we provide a framework for analyzing metabolic transients in muscle tissue. We modify the formalism of the earlier model and introduce a buffering factor, which measures buffering of adenine nucleotides by phosphocreatine. The time course of the phosphate energy state can be calculated given the following: 1) adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) rate, 2) pH, and 3) a mitochondrial driving function, i.e., ATP production in terms of the phosphate energy state. We use mitochondrial driving functions derived from steady-state measurements to predict the time courses for rest-work transitions. Predictions for transitions in the rat gastrocnemius muscle agree with published values. The model is used to test different existing hypotheses of oxygen consumption (VO2) regulation. Each hypothesis generates a specific mitochondrial driving function, which in turn generates a specific time course of phosphate energy state during transitions. A mitochondrial driving function based on enzyme kinetics with ADP as a substrate leads to time courses not matching the data. Mitochondrial driving functions that are linear with phosphocreatine, Pi, phosphorylation potential, or the pool of high-energy phosphate bonds (phosphate potential energy) gave good agreement with the data.
Hypoxia induces glucose transporter expression in endothelial cells.

Endothelial cells in various tissues of the body are often exposed to hypoxic conditions. To examine the effects of sustained hypoxia on energy metabolism in endothelial cells, we have maintained b...
Comparison of Susceptibility of Oxytocin and Desamino-Oxytocin to Inactivation by Leucine Aminopeptidase and α-Chymotrypsin.

SummaryThe susceptibility of oxytocin and desamino-oxytocin to attack by hog kidney leucine aminopeptidase and α-chymotrypsin has been investigated by measurement of their avian depressor activity before and after incubation with the enzymes. On this basis desamino-oxytocin appeared to be resistant to the action of leucine aminopeptidase whereas 50% of the activity of oxytocin was lost after treatment with the enzyme. On the other hand, desamino-oxytocin was found to be completely inactivated by α-chymotrypsin under conditions in which some of the activity of oxytocin still remained.
Stimulated human leukocytes cause activating mutations in the K-ras proto-oncogene

Human tissues which are chronically infiltrated with inflammatory leukocytes are more likely to develop malignancies than non-inflamed tissues, however the mechanism(s) by which leukocytes contribute to carcinogenesis is unknown. Stimulated human leukocytes release superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide which, in the presence of iron, can be converted into the potent oxidant, hydroxyl radical (.OH). Previous studies have shown that leukocyte-derived .OH (or a .OH-like species) can cause DNA damage, however a relationship between leukocyte-induced DNA damage and carcinogenesis has not been established. The present report demonstrates that leukocyte-derived .OH-induced DNA damage can cause K-ras oncogene activation, and suggests that there may be a characteristic pattern of .OH-induced K-ras oncogene activation. Since activation of the K-ras oncogene is believed to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies, .OH-induced K-ras oncogene activation could be an important mechanism by which human leukocytes contribute to carcinogenesis.
Visible Light and Sunlight Photoinduced ATRP with ppm of Cu Catalyst

Photochemically induced ATRP was performed with visible light and sunlight in the presence of parts per million (ppm) copper catalysts. Illumination of the reaction mixture yielded polymerization in case of 392 and 450 nm light but not for 631 nm light. Sunlight was also a viable source for the photoinduced ATRP. Control experiments suggest photoreduction of the CuII complex (ligand to metal charge transfer in the excited state), yielding a CuI complex, and a bromine radical that can initiate polymerization. No photoactivation of CuI complex was detected. This implies that the mechanism of ATRP in the presence of light is a hybrid of ICAR and ARGET ATRP. The method was also used to synthesize block copolymers and polymerizations in water.
Simulation and experimental research on harmonic voltage measurement accuracy of electromagnetic voltage transformer

Based on analyzing the structure and working principle of electromagnetic voltage transformer,its harmonic equivalent circuit is introduced;and the simplified harmonic equivalent circuit and its transfer function is analysed.The Simulink simulation model is established based on its harmonic equivalent circuit model;and the measurement accuracy of harmonic voltage is analyzed through the simulation calculation.The corresponding physical test platform is designed to analyze the harmonic measurement error of electromagnetic voltage transformer by doing physical tests.Simulation and experimental results show that this electromagnetic voltage transformer is still accurate by measuring harmonic with low frequency;but the harmonic measurement error will increase when measuring the harmonic voltage with higher frequency;and the measurement results can not meet the accuracy requirements.
Present status of islet transplantation

The initiation of clinical trials on islet transplantation as a possible therapeutic approach for human diabetes had been blocked by 2 major obstacles. The first was to develop methods that would prevent the rejection of islet transplants in animals without requiring continuous immunosuppression of the recipients. The second was to develop procedures which would permit the isolation of a sufficient number of intact, viable islets from a single human pancreas for transplantation into a diabetic patient. Significant advances have been made in overcoming both of these barriers. A brief review of these advances is presented.
Second-Order Raman Effect in AlP, AlAs, and AlSb

Second-order Raman spectra from acoustic and optic phonons have been observed in AlP, AlAs, and A1Sb with the incident photon energy below the indirect band gap. Consequently, these spectra may be a fair representation of the two-phonon density of states. The frequency of the critical points for TA, the absolute scattering cross section for 2TA(X), and the ratio of the integrated intensity of 2TA phonons to that of 2TO and 2LO phonons are given. Enhancement of the Raman spectrum that involves pairs of TA(L) phonons has been observed when resonance with the conduction band minima at L is achieved.
On a maximum principle for a class of fourth-order semilinear elliptic equations

It is shown that Ф = | grad u |2–uΔu, where u is a solution of Δ2u+pf(u) = 0 in D, assumes its maximum value on the boundary of D. This principle leads one to a lower bound on the first eigenvalue in the non-linear Dirichlet eigenvalue problem and to the non-existence of solutions to this non-linear partial differential equation subject to certain zero boundaryconditions.
Service Quality: A Case Study of a Bank

To meet the demands of today's marketing environment, organizations are looking to service initiatives as a means to create or sustain competitive advantage. Measuring customer satisfaction is critical to the process of serving the customer. The importa..
Fiber optic hydrogen sensor utilizing facet-etched metal nano-apertures

We demonstrate a hydrogen sensor that is composed of a nano-aperture etched onto the facet of a palladium coated fiber tip.
A New Frontier: Incorporating Copyright into Distance Education

Copyright law and fair use have evolved over time to allow educators to use materials in the classroom for face to face instruction. Online instruction has opened up many new possibilities for both students and faculty. However, it has created new areas for copyright infringement to occur, both unintentionally and otherwise. This poster will show how the University of Wisconsin-Parkside Library is making it easier for online instructors to use library resources in their courses. Key components include: instruction on copyright law for new online instructors, online library copyright guide, and our new streaming media policy. This poster will offer some tips on how the library can build copyright into distance and online education programs and make copyright understandable.
Bouncing and Collision Games

In this chapter, you will create a ball-bouncing, brick-breaking game called Rectangle Destroyer, shown in Figure 8-1, inspired by arcade and early console games such as Breakout and Arkanoid. New features that will be implemented in this game include bouncing off of objects and power-up items.
Conservative parenting: Investigating the relationships between parenthood, moral judgment, and social conservatism

Abstract Strategic perspectives on moral and political attitudes suggest that people often tailor such attitudes to serve the current or future needs of themselves and their families. Given the critical importance of parenting in human life, we were interested in whether parenthood was associated with individual differences in political and moral attitudes, and whether parenthood and parenting motivation might partly explain age differences in these attitudes. Given that a key element of social conservatism is vigilance towards uncertainty and threat and, given that parenting is often associated with risk aversion, we predicted that parents (and those high in parenting motivation) would be more morally vigilant and more socially conservative. Across four studies including over 1500 participants, both objective parenthood and subjective parenting motivation independently predicted both outcomes. Further analyses revealed that both parenthood and parenting motivation mediated the relationships between age and both social conservatism and moral vigilance.
2-Hy-droxy-3-meth-oxy-benzaldehyde (o-vanillin) revisited.

The structure of ortho-vanillin, C8H8O3, has been revisited with modern methods and at low temperature (100 K). The previous structure [Iwasaki et al. (1976). Acta Cryst. B32, 1264–1266] is confirmed, but geometric precision is improved by an order of magnitude. The C atom of the meth­oxy group lies close to the benzene ring plane, which is the most common geometry for –OMe groups lying ortho to –OH groups on an aromatic ring. The crystal structure displays one intra­molecular O—H⋯O and three weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Moving Geovisualization toward Support for Group Work

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a conceptual framework for research and practice in geovisualization and for visualization as a facilitator for group work with geospatial information. This framework identifies three primary functions for visual representations as a vehicle to support group work. First, visual representations can act as the object of collaboration, thus, as an entity to discuss, create, or manipulate. Second, visualization can provide support for dialogue (about information, plans, methods, strategies, or decisions). Third, visual representation can provide support for coordinated activity, thus, for compiling information, carrying out plans, or executing decisions. The need for multidisciplinary collaboration to address issues raised is also discussed so that the full advantage of advances in technology that promise to enable distributed and collaborative work can be taken. These issues relate to the use of visualization as the object of collaboration and the use of visualization to support dialogue and coordinated activity. The object of collaboration can vary widely from developing a master plan for a city through developing situation awareness and assessing that situation in a crisis management context, to scientific work such as modeling hydrologic processes.
Total Syntheses of (−)-Herbertenediol, (−)-Mastigophorene A, and (−)-Mastigophorene B. Combined Utility of Chiral Bicyclic Lactams and Chiral Aryl Oxazolines

A nonracemic bicyclic lactam has been used to construct a chiral cyclopentane containing vicinal quaternary carbon centers in optically pure form, which is common to all of the title compounds. An oxazoline-mediated asymmetric Ullmann coupling was then utilized to establish chirality about the biaryl axis of mastigophorenes A and B. Through the course of this synthesis, it was clearly demonstrated that smaller chiral auxiliaries lead to higher levels of atroposelection, a previously unknown phenomenon of the asymmetric Ullmann coupling.
Modeling electric vehicle charging station expansion with an integration of renewable energy and Vehicle-to-Grid sources

Abstract This study proposes a novel formulation for designing and managing electric vehicle charging stations, considering both long-term planning decisions and short-term operational decisions over a pre-specified planning horizon and under stochastic power demand. To solve this challenging problem, we propose a hybrid algorithm that combines Sample Average Approximation with an enhanced Progressive Hedging Algorithm. A case study, based on the road network around Washington, D.C., is presented to visualize and validate the modeling results. Results indicate that the electric vehicle power demand are satisfied primarily via the grid and Vehicle-to-Grid when energy cost is low and solar power is unavailable.
Effect of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) combined with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 in a preclinical melanoma model.

143Background: The aim is to characterize the effect of Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 checkpoint inhibitors, on tumor growth and immune responses against B16-OVA melan...
Learning method preferences in a steel drum classroom: Exploring a learner-centered pedagogy through composition, peer teaching, and student-led Modern Band projects in a middle school setting:

This action research discovers the learning preferences of middle school students enrolled in an advanced steel drum class in central Florida, specifically their attitudes toward the learner-center...
Early progression of pulmonary hypertension in the monocrotaline model in males is associated with increased lung permeability.

The mechanisms involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH) development in patients and pre-clinical models are poorly understood. PH has a well-established sex dimorphism in patients with increased frequency of PH in females, and more severe disease with poor survival prognosis in males. Previously, we found that heme signaling plays an essential role in the development phase of the Sugen/Hypoxia (SU/Hx) model. This study is focused on the elucidation of sex differences in mechanisms of PH development related to heme action at the early stage of the monocrotaline (MCT) PH model. Rats received MCT injection (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and followed for 14 days to investigate early disease changes. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded at the end of the study; plasma, lung homogenates, and nuclear fractions were used for the evaluation of protein levels. Our data indicate that on day 14, rats did not show any significant increase in the Fulton index due to the early disease phase. However, the right ventricular systolic pressure was significantly increased in male rats, while female rats showed only a trend. Interestingly, only males demonstrated an increased lung-to-bodyweight ratio that indicated lung edema. Indeed, lung histology confirmed severe perivascular edema in males. Previously, we have reported that the increased perivascular edema in SU/Hx model correlated with intravascular hemolysis and activated heme signaling. Here, we found that elevated free hemoglobin levels and perivascular edema were increased, specifically in males showing more rapid progress of PH. A high level of heme carrier protein 1 (HCP-1), which is involved in heme uptake from the bloodstream into the cells, was also found elevated in the lungs of males. The upregulation of heme oxygenase in males indicated increased intracellular heme catabolism. Increased heme signaling resulted in the activation of heme-mediated barrier-disruptive mechanisms. Thus, hemolysis in males can be responsible for increased permeability of the lungs and early disease development. Our study indicates the importance of barrier-disruptive mechanisms as an earlier event in the induction of pulmonary hypertension. Importantly, males are more susceptible to hemolysis and develop PH earlier than females.