cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grazing evaluation of big bluestems bred for improved forage yield and digestibility

Two big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) strains (Pawnee C3 and Kaw C3) developed by three breeding cycles for increased forage yield and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were compared with the base populations of 'Pawnee' and 'Kaw' in a 3-yr grazing trial. Pastures were seeded in May 1998 near Mead, NE. Experimental units were three 0.4-ha pastures of each strain or cultivar in a randomized complete block design. Pastures were burned and fertilized with ammonium nitrate at 112 kg N ha -1 in the spring of 2000, 2001, and 2002 before grazing. Each pasture was continuously stocked with three crossbred yearling steers (Bos taurus) (380 ± 38 kg) in mid-June 2000, 2001, and 2002 to provide a stock density of 7.5 steers ha -1 . Pawnee C3 and Kaw C3 produced 16 and 7% more average daily gain (ADG), respectively, than the base populations during the 3-yr study. Additionally, Pawnee C3 and Kaw C3 produced 14 and 5% more total body weight (BW) gain ha -1 , respectively, than the base populations. Pawnee C3 ADG was 1.30 kg hd -1 and produced greater than 455 kg total BW gain ha -1 during a drought period in eastern Nebraska. Pawnee C3 pastures produced more available forage with higher IVDMD, cell soluble, cell wall digestibility, and lower lignin concentration than forages from Pawnee pastures. Kaw C3 pastures differed from Kaw pastures by producing forage with greater crude protein concentration. These results demonstrate the productivity of big bluestem pastures in the eastern Great Plains and document the positive livestock response. to moderate increases in forage IVDMD. The strains bred for increased yield and IVDMD provided as much as 26% more total BW gain ha -1 at no additional cost. Pawnee C3 was released as the cultivar Bonanza and Kaw C3 was released as 'Goldmine'.
The effects of induced schemata on the "short circuit" in L2 reading: Non‐decoding factors in L2 reading performance.

Recent research in L2 reading has indicated that language proficiency in L2 places a limit on transference of L1 reading skills. The research reported here was developed to provide information on the possible application of L1 “schemata” theory to the nonlinguistic elements of L2 reading. The “schemata” based learning theory indicates that readers process meaning which has been presented through print by using prior knowledge of the world to produce representations of anticipated meaning. Further, this knowledge and representation can either aid or impede comprehension. In the experiment, a repeated measures design was used to present Ss with reading passages using three types of intervention. In the first method, Ss read a passage, took a test, reread the passage, and took the test again. In the second method, Ss were presented with a vocabulary list prior to reading and being tested. In the third method, Ss were shown pictures relating to the general topic of the passage and were asked to make predictions about the passage content. The results of the study indicate that schemata production is involved in the short circuit of L2 reading, that the effectiveness of externally induced schemata is greater at lower levels of proficiency than at higher levels, and that induced schemata can override language proficiency as a factor in comprehension.
WMAPping out neutrino masses

Recent data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) place important bounds on the neutrino sector. The precise determination of the baryon number in the universe puts a strong constraint on the number of relativistic species during Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis. WMAP data, when combined with the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS), also directly constrain the absolute mass scale of neutrinos. These results impinge upon a neutrino oscillation interpretation of the result from the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND).We also note that the Heidelberg-Moscow evidence for neutrinoless double beta decay is only consistent with the WMAP+2dFGRS data for the largest values of the nuclear matrix element.
Exciton dynamics in (6,5) carbon nanotubes

Relaxation dynamics in carbon nanotubes, measured by transient absorption spectroscopy, are shown to exhibit stretched exponential behavior. The power dependence of the zero time delay signal is shown to behave as a two level system.
No association between cognitive achievements, academic performance and serum cholesterol concentrations among school-aged children

AbstractThe uncertainty of the role of serum cholesterol in neurodevelopment of children has largely hampered the implementation of the fat recommendation to children in the general population. We explored whether serum cholesterol concentrations are associated with cognitive achievements, academic performance in school-aged children and adolescents at the population level. In the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey, blood specimens were collected from 4248 6–16-year-old children and adolescents to assess three serum cholesterol measures, e.g. total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Cognitive achievements and academic performance were measured on standard tests of arithmetic skills, reading skills, non-verbal reasoning and short-term memory. No significant difference in measures of cognitive and academic performance was observed between children and adolescents stratified by the levels of serum total, HDL, and non-HDL cholest...
CASTEM - A New Automated Parameter-Estimation Algorithm for Single-Well Tracer Tests

L'algorithme CASTEM est developpe pour le calcul de la saturation residuelle en huile apres recuperation assistee par injection d'eau a partir des mesures effectuees dans des puits uniques a l'aide de traceurs
Lipschitz stability for nonlinear volterra integrodifferential systems

Unlike uniform stability, the linearized system inherits the property of uniform Lipschitz stability from its original nonlinear system. In this paper we investigate sufficient conditions for uniform Lipschitz stability of nonlinear integro-differential systems through their associated variational systems.
A self-organizing adaptive aircraft control system.

SELF-ORGANIZING system may be defined as one which changes its basic structure as a function of its experiences and environment, to evolve toward some desired output behavior or mode of operation. Such a system can be described as having the ability to learn, and can therefore be designed to handle situations which rigidly programed systems are not particularly adept in handling. A report by Gibson, Fu, et al., 1 gives a good introduction to learning control systems. A more recent introduction to the subject may be obtained from a report by Mendel.2 Almost all present aircraft use some type of air-data scheduling as the method of accommodating their automatic flight control systems to variations in the dynamic characteristics encountered over the full flight envelope of the aircraft. Such systems rely on measurements of dynamic pressure or Mach number. Also, each system must be tailored for the particular aircraft in which it will be deployed, with resulting extensive design changes from system to system, and expensive flight testing for final adjustments to ensure adequate performance. With the rapid increase in technology in the field of electronics, many new electronic techniques have appeared and have proven to be almost indispensable in the safe operation of aircraft. These techniques, available and in use, can provide the necessary mechanization for an adaptive flight control system. Such a system would depend only on measurements of dynamic performance to provide the necessary gain-programing. This should give improved system performance compared to a scheduled-gain system. It should be possible to make such a system almost universally applicable, requiring only a change in the model and a few parameter adjustments for each different aircraft. The method of approach used in this study is to extend that used for the North American SIDAC controller developed by Shipley and his associates.3-4 This was modified by Rang, 5 from the observation that the equation for the handling qualities given by the C*-Criterion, which was developed by Tobie, Elliot, and Malcom,6 is very similar to the basic short-period equation of motion of the air
The Dutch national flag problem revisited as an introductory abstract data type

In Computer Science 2 or Data Structures courses, a major topic is the concept of an abstract data type (ADT). Students often have difficulty grasping this concept in the beginning because of the abstractness of "a data object with operations performed on the object." [2] An abstract data type based on a robot sorting pebbles gives students much needed concreteness for their initial exposure.
A high sensitivity resonator pressure sensor

We propose a new resonator pressure sensor using shallow shells. The sensor has high sensitivity due to the shallow shell structure. A theoretical analysis is performed using the theory for small fields superposed on finite biasing fields in an elastic body. The analysis shows that shallow shells have a magnifying effect on sensor sensitivity. Sensitivity of a quartz plate thickness-shear resonator pressure sensor is calculated as an example. The idea can be applied to acoustic wave pressure sensors operating with other waves or vibration modes.
A method for tentative identification of unknown gas chromatographic peaks by retention index

A method for gaining structural information from gas-liquid chromatographic or radiochromatographic data, using the structure-retention index relationship (SRIR), is reported. The method can be applied to predict the retention indexes of a wide range of apolar and polar compounds and the silylated derivatives of polar compounds.
A Mathematical Analysis Of The Graphic Somatometry Method Of Pattern Alteration

A mathematical analysis of the graphic somatometry method of pattern alteration is presented. In graphic somatometry the angle of a dart or a seam is determined from angles measured on silhouette photographs of the body. In this paper, an exact geometric relationship between the angle measured on the photograph and the angle of the dart or seam on the pattern is derived for areas of garments that can be modeled with cones.
Shear band formation in plane strain compression

Abstract Shear band formation during plane strain compression of single crystals and polycrystals of an Al-3 wt% Cu alloy was studied. X-ray and electron diffraction, optical microscopy, and electron (TEM/STEM) microscopy were used to document the structure and micromechanisms of the localization process. Complementary finite element studies were performed using the measured single crystals' single slip system strain hardening data. The experimental observations and the computed deformation response are in very close agreement, and indicate that localization, through macroscopic shear band formation, occurs in continuously strain hardening, damage-free material. Shear band formation was preceeded by the development of very coarse slip which, like the shear bands, propagated across entire grains and, in single crystals, across the entire crystal. The computations and experiments showed that geometrical softening, caused by nonuniform lattice reorientation, is an important micromechanical influence on the localization process in both single crystals and polycrystals. Also, the propagation of shear bands across grain boundaries in polycrystals was looked at experimentally and computationally. Particular attention was paid to the crystallography of shear band transmission through grain boundaries.
The Red Queen revisited: reevaluating the age selectivity of Phanerozoic marine genus extinctions

Extinction risk is inversely related to genus age (time since first appearance) in most intervals of the Phanerozoic marine fossil record, in apparent contradiction to the macroevolutionary Red Queen's Hypothesis, which posits that extinction risk is independent of taxon age. Age-dependent increases in the mean species richness and geographic range of genera have been invoked to reconcile this genus-level observation with the presumed prevalence of Red Queen dynamics at the species level. Here we test these explanations with data from the Paleobiology Database. Multiple logistic regression demonstrates that the association of extinction risk with genus age is not adequately explained by species richness or geographic range: there is a residual association between age and extinction risk even when range and richness effects are accounted for. Throughout most of the Phanerozoic the age selectivity gradient is highest among the youngest age cohorts, whereas there is no association between age and extinction risk among older age cohorts. Some of the apparent age selectivity of extinction in the global fauna is attributable to differences in extinction rate among taxonomic groups, but extinction risk declines with genus age even within most taxonomic orders. Notable exceptions to this pattern include the Cambrian–Ordovician, latest Permian, Triassic, and Paleocene intervals. The association of age with extinction risk could reflect sampling heterogeneity or taxonomic practice more than biological reality, but at present it is difficult to evaluate or correct for such biases. Alternatively, the pattern may reflect consistent extinction selectivity on some as-yet unidentified covariate of genus age. Although this latter explanation is not compatible with a Red Queen model if most genus extinctions have resulted from biological interactions, it may be applicable if most genus extinctions have instead been caused by recurrent physical disturbances that repeatedly impose similar selective pressures.
A method of calculating the pesticide partition between sediment and water for environmental systems

Abstract Pesticide values were calculated for natural systems in which the pesticides were partitioned between sediments and water. Two equations were evaluated that correlate the variables, surface area, pesticide concentration on the sediment and pesticide concentration in the water. The first, a linear equation, proved sufficiently accurate to calculate 45 or 48 data points to within one order of magnitude of the observed values. The second, a 7th degree polynominal was used on the same data set and resulted in a calculation of 46 of 48 values within one order of magnitude. Comparisons as to percent accuracy within the order of magnitude agreement revealed the linear equation was capable of reproducing the observed values to within 10 percent for 39 percent of the data set tested, and the 7th degree polynominal was capable of achieving this accuracy for 52 percent of the same data set. The correlation of surface area with pesticide partitioning illustrates the use of a readily measurable parameter (surface area) and pesticide concentration in the sediment to allow calculation of a non-measurable parameter (pesticide concentration in water). The utility of this work is an approximate calculation of pesticides in water at concentration ranges below the measurable limits of present day analytical equipment.
Proteins with Neomorphic Moonlighting Functions in Disease

One gene can encode multiple protein functions because of RNA splice variants, gene fusions during evolution, promiscuous enzyme activities, and moonlighting protein functions. In addition to these types of multifunctional proteins, in which both functions are considered “normal” functions of a protein, some proteins have been described in which a mutation or conformational change imparts a second function on a protein that is not a “normal” function of the protein. We propose to call these new functions “neomorphic moonlighting functions”. The most common examples of neomorphic moonlighting functions are due to conformational changes that impart novel protein–protein interactions resulting in the formation of protein aggregates in Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease, and the systemic amyloidoses. Other changes that can result in a neomorphic moonlighting function include a mutation in SMAD4 that causes the protein to bind to new promoters and thereby alter gene transcription patterns, mutations in two isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms that impart a new catalytic activity, and mutations in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase that activate a hidden protease activity. These neomorphic moonlighting functions were identified because of their connection to disease. In the cases described herein, the new functions cause cancers or severe neurological impairment, although in most cases the mechanism by which the new function leads to disease is unknown. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(7): 489–494, 2011
Infectious diseases of refugees and immigrants: dengue fever.

Purpose To describe the assessment and management of chronic wounds and detail current recommendations for optimal wound care practices. Data sources Selected scientific literature, clinical practice guidelines, and the authors' clinical experience. Conclusion Multiple factors play a role in the problems associated with chronic wounds. Wound care is costly in regards to medical care, as well as costly in terms of the hardship placed on the patient, family and staff. Too often, wound care practices are based on rituals than research. Implications for practice The assessment and management of chronic wounds needs to be individualized according to a thorough assessment of the wound, the patients' lifestyle, and the caregiver's knowledge and skill for managing th wound. It is also important to know what wound care products are available and the types of wounds appropriate for their use.
A theoretical study of the structure and properties of uric acid: A potent antioxidant

A detailed study of tautomeric properties of uric acid, its different anions, and radical species was performed at the DFT level, employing B3LYP functional and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. Single-point energy calculations were also performed at the MP2 level using B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) optimized geometries and the cc-pVTZ and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The effect of aqueous solvation on the relative stability of the neutral and anionic species was investigated using Tomasi's polarized continuum model. The keto form of the molecule was found to be the most stable in the gas phase and in aqueous medium. The proton transfer barrier height was also computed. The gas-phase barrier height is high; however, the inclusion of a water molecule in the proton transfer reaction path reduces the barrier significantly. Among monoanions of uric acid, the species obtained by the deprotonation of the N3 site is the most stable, whereas among dianions, the anion obtained by deprotonation of both N3 and N9 sites is the most stable both in the gas phase and in aqueous medium. It appears that both forms of radicals UAN and UAN would exist. Among radical anions, the species obtained by the dehydrogenation of the N3 site of the N7 anion (the N7 anion was obtained by deprotonation of the N7 site of uric acid) is the most stable in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. The molecular electrostatic potential, ionization potential, and electron affinity are also reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Methanation sites on a low loading Ni/Al2O3 catalyst

Abstract A low loading Ni/Al2O3 catalyst (0.74 wt.-% Ni) is shown to exhibit reaction processes that are similar to those on higher loading nickel catalysts during temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) in which adsorbed carbon monoxide is hydrogenated. That is, carbon monoxide adsorbs on reduced nickel and transfers to the Al2O3 support to form an H-CO complex, which is probably a methoxy species. The methoxy is hydrogenated at a slower rate than carbon monoxide adsorbed on nickel. However, because only 3% of the nickel is on the surface as reduced nickel, the Al2O3 surface area is much larger than the nickel surface area and most of the carbon monoxide adsorbed on nickel at 300 K transfers to the Al2O3 surface during TPR. Also, an additional methanation site of intermediate activity was observed on the 0.74% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. By comparison to TPR on oxidized 0.74% Ni/Al2O3 and bulk NiAl2O4, both oxidized and reduced, the third site is assigned to carbon monoxide adsorbed on unreduced nickel on the surface: either surface nickel aluminate or nickel oxide. The surface of bulk NiAl2O4 is also shown to be reduced at 775 K in hydrogen to form Al2O3 and reduced nickel. Variations in heating rate, adsorption temperature, and hydrogen pressure during TPR are used to identify the distinct reaction sites; these variations also demonstrate the ability of TPR to detect adsorption on sites present in low concentrations.
Emerging roles of purinergic signaling in gastrointestinal epithelial secretion and hepatobiliary function.

Considerable metabolic resources are devoted to the generation and maintenance of intracellular levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the principal molecule responsible for energy transfer inside the cell. Consequently, it was a surprise to learn that ATP can also be transported out of cells, where it functions in the interstitial environment as a versatile autocrine and paracrine signal regulating a broad range of cell and organ processes. Whereas purinergic signaling is best defined in neuronal and smooth muscle models, purinergic receptors have recently been identified in the plasma membrane of virtually all gastrointestinal epithelia. Their activation by selective binding of nucleotide and nucleoside agonists contributes to control of cellular metabolism, secretion, ion channel activity, and cell volume. In the last 5 years, at least 18 distinct purinergic receptors have been cloned and functionally expressed, and many of the mechanisms involved in purinergic signaling have been better defined. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to (1) describe the cellular logic involved in purinergic signaling, (2) emphasize several epithelial models in which important physiological roles for nucleotides have been established, and (3) identify areas of uncertainty in need of further investigation. Current evidence indicates that gastrointestinal cells are literally immersed in a biological sea of physiologically active nucleotides and that nucleotides play a fundamental role in rapid, precise, and highly tissue-specific control of cellular function. Accordingly, pharmacological targeting of specific purinergic pathways might permit selective therapeutic modulation of gastrointestinal function.
Center-surround, orientation, and directional properties of turtle retinal horizontal cells

The spatial transfer functions (STF) of L-type horizontal cells (HC) in turtle retina were measured using drifting sine wave grafting stimuli. Two classes of STF were identified: low-pass and band-pass. A low-pass STF corresponds to a linespread function (LSF) having an excitatory center that attenuates monotonically with distance; a band-pass STF corresponds to a LSF with an excitatory center and an inhibitory surround. Two models of the surround inhibitory mechanism, based on retinal outer plexiform layer (OPL) anatomy, are tested experimentally: surround mediated lateral inhibition and surround modulated self-inhibition. In both types, sign inverting pathways are based on GABA feedback synapses, and sign conserving pathways are based on excitatory synapses and gap junctions. Temperature variation was used to modify synaptic properties and study their effect on STF. The low frequency limb of band-pass STF was most sensitive to temperature changes; its slope increased with decreasing temperature. Synaptic properties were also manipulated pharmacologically. Cutoff frequency of low-pass STF decreased from 0.5 to 0.4 cpmm during exogenous GABA. Picrotoxin (PTX) increases upper cutoff frequency and decreases low frequency limb slope in band-pass STF. Band-pass STF of a ganglion cell (GC) has higher upper and lower cutoff frequencies than a HC in the same retinal region, which corresponds to strong spatial convergence from HC to GC. Orientation sensitivity and directional selectivity were found in some HC. Differences between major and minor response axes in orientation sensitive HC were small, ca. 2 dB; orientation differences in directionally selective HC were also small (ca. 1-2 dB) but directional asymmetry was large (ca. 10-12 dB).
Propagation of Kelvin waves along irregular coastlines in finite-difference models

Abstract In this paper, we examine the behavior of internal Kelvin waves on an f -plane in finite-difference models using the Arakawa C-grid. The dependence of Kelvin wave phase speed on offshore grid resolution and propagation direction relative to the numerical grid is illustrated by numerical experiments for three different geometries: (1) Kelvin wave propagating along a straight coastline; (2) Kelvin wave propagating at a 45° angle to the numerical grid along a stairstep coastline with stairstep size equal to the grid spacing; (3) Kelvin wave propagating at a 45° angle to the numerical grid along a coarse resolution stairstep coastline with stairstep size greater than the grid spacing. It can be shown theoretically that the phase speed of a Kelvin wave propagating along a straight coastline on an Arakawa C-grid is equal to the analytical inviscid wave speed and is not dependent on offshore grid resolution. However, we found that finite-difference models considerably underestimate the Kelvin wave phase speed when the wave is propagating at an angle to the grid and the grid spacing is comparable with the Rossby deformation radius. In this case, the phase speed converges toward the correct value only as grid spacing decreases well below the Rossby radius. A grid spacing of one-fifth the Rossby radius was required to produce results for the stairstep boundary case comparable with the straight coast case. This effect does not appear to depend on the resolution of the coastline, but rather on the direction of wave propagation relative to the grid. This behavior is important for modeling internal Kelvin waves in realistic geometries where the Rossby radius is often comparable with the grid spacing, and the waves propagate along irregular coastlines.©1998 Published by Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved
Depression and risk behaviors among males attending family planning clinics.

This study examined differences in socio-demographics, risk factors and interest in health care topics between males who reported depression compared to those who did not. The sample consisted of 1294 African-American and Hispanic males attending family planning clinics. The results indicated major differences between depressed and non-depressed males. Depressed males were more likely than nondepressed males to be Hispanic and to engage in risk behaviors such as cigarette smoking and drug and alcohol use. Differences were also found in regard to interest in health topics, with depressed males requiring more services related to relationships and feelings than non-depressed males. The findings indicate that young males who attend family planning clinics exhibit signs of depression and profile differently from those who do not exhibit these symptoms and may need additional assessments and referral services.
The solubility and swelling of latex particles

Abstract A vapor pressure method has been used to determine the solubility of vinyl acetate, styrene, and vinyl hexanoate in both the aqueous phase and in the polymer particles. All the systems have been measured at 30° or 60°C. or both. The vapor pressure measurement permits an estimation of the partial molar free energy of the monomer-polymer system. A thermodynamic treatment of the latex system, modified from that of Morton, yields a relationship from which the monomer-polymer interaction parameter, μ, and the interfacial tension, γ, may be obtained. Several tests of the thermodynamic relationship involving variations of the interfacial tension proved successful. Reasonable values are obtained for both the interaction parameter and the interfacial tension, although checks of two interaction parameters with literature values show some differences due to dissimilarities in the conditions of measurement. The solubility figures for the systems studied are high compared to most literature values at other temperatures; however, the difference is readily explained by consideration of the dependence of solubility on the temperature. Increased solvency of the monomers at polymerization temperatures tends to swell the particles more than at ambient temperatures. The increased solubility of monomer in the polymer is reflected in a lowering of the interaction parameter. The values determined at polymerization temperatures are obviously more representative of the polymerizing system.
Commentary on the paper ‘Modelling determinants, impact and space–time risk of age-specific mortality in rural South Africa: integrating methods to enhance policy relevance’

Although the study of small-area variations in health has a long history, only recently have spatial statistical methods been used to examine spatial patterns of morbidity and mortality. As far back as the 1600s, public health researchers recognized that people living in different areas had differing health outcomes (1, 2). However, the availability of desktop mapping and increasingly powerful statistical software has led to a growing interest in statistical methods for the analysis of spatially referenced public health data. Spatial statistical methods offer a means for us to use locational information, such as latitude/longitude, municipality, or postal code, to detect and quantify patterns in public health data and to investigate the degree of association between potential risk factors and disease. The identification and quantification of patterns of disease occurrence provide the first steps toward increased understanding and possible control of disease (3). (Published: 25 January 2013) Citation: Glob Health Action 2013, 6 : 19882 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19882 This is a commentary on the PhD Review "Modelling determinants, impact, and spacetime risk of age-specific mortality in rural South Africa: integrating methods to enhance policy relevance" by Benn Sartorius. Read this paper here .
Reanalysis of the 12-Minute Walk in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between different intervals in the 12-min walk test, to determine which of the intervals best correlated with maximal oxygen intake (VO2max) and maximal CO2 expelled (VCO2max) and to determine the degree of correlation between changes in the VO2max and changes in the walk test and spirometry. Nine elderly (age, 67 +/- 4 years) patients with moderate COPD (FEV1, 1.32 +/- 0.28 L) who were ventilatory limited were seen 6 times over a 14-week period. At each visit they performed spirometry, a 12-min walk, and a symptom-limited maximal exercise test. During the 12-min walk the distances traversed in each 2-min interval were recorded. A Borg score was obtained at the end of each 2 min. The distances that the patients walked in each 2-min interval were very similar, but the mean Borg score became higher the longer the patient walked. The Borg score after 2 min was 1.64 +/- 1.15, while the Borg score after 12 min was 5.70 +/- 3.59. The correlation coefficients between the distance walked at various intervals and the oxygen consumption (VO2)/kg (approximately 0.65) and the VCO2/kg (approximately 0.52) were very similar. However, changes in the VO2/kg were more closely correlated with changes in the 12-min walk (r = 0.72), than with changes in the 6-min walk (r = 0.64), the 4-min walk (r = 0.59), or the 2-min walk (r = 0.53). This latter observation suggests that the 12-min walk may be preferable to tests in which the patient walks 4 or 6 min for documenting changes in the exercise capabilities.
Perceptions of Task Feedback Investigating "Kind" Treatment of the Handicapped

Observers viewed a videotape in which an able-bodied person was shown giving positive, neutral, negative, or evaluatively mixed performance feedback to either a handicapped or a nonhandicapped individual. Subjects were less likely to perceive positive feedback provided to handicapped performers as indicative of task accomplishment than when the same feedback was administered to able bodied individuals. In addition, feedback that included both praise and criticism was (a) seen to be more contingent on actual performance than consistent feedback, whatever its valence, and (b) viewed as a relatively effective strategy for improving performance.
Deflected Pathways: Becoming Aggressive, Socially Withdrawn, or Prosocial with Peers During the Transition to Adolescence.

Although research has suggested strong continuity in children's adaptive or maladaptive behavior with peers across the transition to adolescence, less is known about deflected developmental pathways of peer social competence across this transition. This study investigates how mother-child and best friend relationship quality predict the deflection of youth from adaptive to maladaptive behavior with peers or the reverse. Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N=1055), high-quality friendships were associated with changes in peer social competence from 3(rd) to 6(th) grade. More positive and fewer negative interactions with a friend were linked with becoming more prosocial with peers, whereas less positive interactions with a friend were linked to becoming aggressive or withdrawn. Language: en
The effects of rater training, job analysis format and congruence of training on job evaluation ratings

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the effects of three independent variables, rater training (accuracy versus error versus dimension), job analysis format (descriptions versus specifications) and congruence of training (congruent versus incongruent) on differential accuracy and halo and leniency error of job evaluation ratings. Subjects were 144 college students at a large midwestern university. The results indicated a significant main effect for job analysis format on all three dependent variables and a significant training X job analysis format effect on halo error. These results suggest at least some similarity in the processes across different types of rating tasks.
Complex photonic band structures of a conductive metal lattice by a quadratic eigensystem.

For conductive periodic media, Maxwell’s equations can be transformed into quadratic eigensystems by the plane-wave expansion method. We computed complex photonic band structures for the two-dimensional square lattice with conductive cylinders by solving the quadratic eigensystem. The photonic band structures obtained for metal cylinders with finite conductivity closely resemble those computed for perfectly conductive cylinders by a real space finite-difference method. However, some modes can become unphysical in the finitely conductive metal lattice.
Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Boreal Jack Pine Stands With and Without a Green Alder Understory

We compared the species composition, structure and selected components of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets of similar-aged, mature boreal jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forests with and without green alder [Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh.] in two different boreal environments. The C and N content of the overstory biomass components (for example, stem, branch, and foliage), total vegetation, forest floor, and mineral soil were greater (P= 0.05 to P= 0.10) for jack pine with alder (JPA) stands than for jack pine without alder (JP) stands at both study areas. Jack pine foliage N isotopic discrimination (δ15N) and annual litterfall N content were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the JPA than the JP stands at both study areas, suggesting that alder was fixing N and that N availability was greater in the JPA than the JP stands. The greater leaf area index (LAI) and overstory C accumulation in the JPA than the JP stands (P < 0.05) is likely because of the greater N availability in the JPA stands, but the effect of soil texture discontinuity on water availability in the JPA stands can not be dismissed. Percent ground cover by feathermoss varied among the jack pine communities and was positively correlated with overstory LAI (r 2= 0.83, P< 0.05). One index of N-use efficiency (NUE), defined as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) per litterfall N, was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the JP than the JPA stands, but a second index of NUE, ANPP/N uptake, did not differ between the two jack pine communities. Jack pine trees growing without alder produced more organic matter per unit of N, but percent N retranslocation from senescing foliage and N mean residence time in the overstory did not differ between the JPA and the JP stands. A conceptual model is presented that illustrates the potential influence of alder on the species composition, structure, and function of boreal jack pine forests.
Deregulation, Deposit Markets, and Banks' Costs of Funds

Deposit interest rate deregulation and financial service innovation have led to dramatic changes in large banks' deposit composition. This paper presentes a statistical cost analysis of changes in unit costs faced by banks under comprehensive financial deregulation. The results of this paper show that the unit cost of retail deposits-demand and passbook savings deposits-has increased relative to wholesale deposits-federal funds, certificates of deposit, and money market time deposits. We show, contrary to conventional wisdom, that changes in unit costs have been caused by processing costs rather than by interest expenses.
Culture as kaleidoscope: navigating cultural tensions in global collaboration

This study proposes the metaphor of culture as "kaleidoscope" as a lens for understanding the complex culture of global teams and explores cultural tensions characterizing intercultural collaboration in virtual work arrangements. Ethnographic data from a global software team are used to illustrate the framework. Framing cultural differences in terms of dynamic tensions offers a productive theoretical framework for understanding and fostering collaboration across diverse cultures, time, and space.
Defect solid state chemistry of magnetoplumbite-structured ceramic oxides II: Defect energetics in LaMgAl11O19

Abstract The defect solid state chemistry of LaMgAl11O19 has been investigated using computer atomistic simulation techniques. Our calculations show that intrinsic disorder in LaMgAl11O19 is of Schottky type. Several defect reactions, proposed to explain the nonstoichiometry of LaMgAl11O19, have been modeled; the calculated energies predict that some are much more likely than others. We have also modeled some complexes which have been proposed to form between the spinel blocks in the magnetoplumbite structure. Our results suggest that the nonstoichiometry of LaMgAl11O19 may be attributed to these defect complexes which are found to be energetically stable. It is proposed that different complexes will dominate different regions of nonstoichiometry.
The empirical relevance of the Mises-Hayek theory of the trade cycle

Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT), as espoused by Mises (1912, 1949) and Hayek (1935), predicts changes in the economy’s structure of production following an unexpected change in monetary policy. In particular, following a credit expansion the theory predicts that: previously idle resources are drawn into the market, previously employed resources are used more intensively, and prices and quantities of goods in the intermediate stages of production decline relative to the prices and quantities of goods in other stages. To test the theory’s implications we employ stage of process data which classify goods by their distance to final consumption. Using this data we run structural vector autoregressions and isolate each variable’s response to a monetary shock. Consistent with the theory, we find that resource use expands on the intensive and extensive margin. On the other hand, we find little evidence of the relative price and quantity effects predicted by ABCT. Since the relative price effects are the distinguishing aspect of ABCT, we conclude that evidence in favor of the theory is, at best, mixed.
Daily Adult Emergence in the Sorghum Midge, Contarinia sorghicola

Adult emergence in the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett), is a singlephase diel rhythm with peak eclosion 1–2 h after sunrise, Males began emerging 30–45 min earlier than females and by the time the latter reached peak numbers, male emergence was 85% complete. Males began emerging at 55–60°F (12.8–15.6°C) and females at 65–70°F (18.4–20.1°C). Emergence of both sexes ceased at 95°F (35°C). The sex ratio was near 1:1 early in the season (Aug.) but by October females outnumbered males ca. 2:1. Females dispersed to susceptible florets and oviposited until death. Males continued to swarm around head from which they emerged and were not associated with blooming heads.
Pathology informatics fellowship training: Focus on molecular pathology

Background: Pathology informatics is both emerging as a distinct subspecialty and simultaneously becoming deeply integrated within the breadth of pathology practice. As specialists, pathology informaticians need a broad skill set, including aptitude with information fundamentals, information systems, workflow and process, and governance and management. Currently, many of those seeking training in pathology informatics additionally choose training in a second subspecialty. Combining pathology informatics training with molecular pathology is a natural extension, as molecular pathology is a subspecialty with high potential for application of modern biomedical informatics techniques. Methods and Results: Pathology informatics and molecular pathology fellows and faculty evaluated the current fellowship program's core curriculum topics and subtopics for relevance to molecular pathology. By focusing on the overlap between the two disciplines, a structured curriculum consisting of didactics, operational rotations, and research projects was developed for those fellows interested in both pathology informatics and molecular pathology. Conclusions: The scope of molecular diagnostics is expanding dramatically as technology advances and our understanding of disease extends to the genetic level. Here, we highlight many of the informatics challenges facing molecular pathology today, and outline specific informatics principles necessary for the training of future molecular pathologists.
Temporal and spatial scales of geomorphic adjustments to reduced competency following flow regulation in bedload-dominated systems

Abstract Because of the combined effects of reduced sediment transport capacity and competency following flow regulation, morphological changes are expected to occur in channels downstream from dams and, specifically, at tributary junctions where local inputs of water and sediment occur. Using a combination of historical aerial photographs, mainstem- and tributary-channel pebble counts, and HEC-RAS flow modeling for two watersheds in south-central VT, one unregulated and the other regulated since 1961, we document the time series of post-regulation channel narrowing and associated bar growth due to the influx of tributary sediment. Channel adjustments at regulated tributary junctions have been significant in ca. 50 years following impoundment, with channels downstream of the confluences narrowing over 15% after an initial ca. 20-year lag before the onset of accelerated narrowing. Moreover, flow modeling suggests that downstream of regulated confluences, the modern median grain size (d50) along the channel bed is immobile. No significant channel narrowing has occurred either above or below unregulated tributary junctions or on the mainstem upstream of regulated confluences. However, greater channel sediment fining is observed upstream of regulated confluences than above unregulated confluences. Thus, the primary mode of mainstem channel adjustment differs up- and downstream of regulated tributaries. These confluence effects have occurred where the tributary drainage area is only 0.2 times that of the mainstem, well below the threshold ratio of 0.6 required for significant geomorphic effects at unregulated confluences, highlighting the geomorphic scale shift of dams. Lastly, we evaluate the downstream length required for a river to recover from the impacts of impoundment and demonstrate that even distal locations are impacted by flow regulation. Unlike the impacts of flow regulation in the western US where channel incision and bar erosion predominate following impoundment, we find that in situations where bed incision is minimal and where sediment loads are low but bed caliber high, bar growth and channel narrowing are significant adjustments at tributary junctions following impoundment. Therefore, at our sites the effects of dams on reduced competency may be more profound than on reduced sediment transport capacity, highlighting the importance of geologic and geomorphic settings in understanding fluvial responses to impoundment.
Characterization of lean combustion instability in premixed charge spark ignition engines

AbstractThe focus of this study was to identify and characterize the development of lean combustion instability in spark ignition engines. Statistical techniques from non-linear dynamics were used ...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in the horse

The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in horses. Eight adult horses received 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine IV. Blood samples were collected before and for 10 h after drug administration to determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Data from one outlier were excluded from the statistical summary. Behavioral and physiological responses were recorded before and for 6 h after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine concentrations decreased rapidly (elimination half-life of 8.03 ± 0.84 min). Time of last detection varied from 30 to 60 min. Bradycardia was noted at 4 and 10 min after drug administration (26 ± 8 and 29 ± 8 beats/min respectively). Head height decreased by 70% at 4 and 10 min and gradually returned to baseline. Ability to ambulate was decreased for 60 min following drug administration, and mechanical nociceptive threshold was increased during 30 min. Blood glucose peaked at 30 min (134 ± 24 mg/dL) and borborygmi were decreased for the first hour after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine was quickly eliminated as indicated by the rapid decrease in plasma concentrations. Physiological, behavioral, and analgesic effects observed after dexmedetomidine administration were of short duration.