cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Class-wide REMS for extended-release and long-acting opioids: potential impact on pharmacies.

Abstract Objectives To provide an update on the recently approved class-wide risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (REMS) for extended-release (ER) and long-acting (LA) opioids and to discuss the potential impact on pharmacy practice. Data sources In mid-2011, the Food and Drug Administration notified drug manufacturers that a single, class-wide REMS would be required for ER and LA opioids. This regulation was the result of a multiyear process that incorporated input from government, drug manufacturers, medical associations, and other stakeholders. Summary The goal of the class-wide REMS for ER/LA opioids is to reduce addiction, unintentional overdose, and death resulting from inappropriate prescribing, misuse, and abuse. To accomplish these goals, this REMS focuses on physician education on safe and appropriate prescribing and patient counseling on the risks of opioids. Although voluntary, a movement to require physician education to obtain or renew Drug Enforcement Administration licensing is occurring. Pharmacists are not included in the class-wide REMS per se. Pharmacists play an important role in overall risk reduction and are critical to the success of the class-wide REMS. Conclusion Although the changing requirements for prescribing ER/LA opioids will not have a direct effect on pharmacist workflow, the pharmacist–patient interaction remains critical for overall risk reduction with this class of medication.
Coordinating multi-rover systems: evaluation functions for dynamic and noisy environments

This paper addresses the evolution of control strategies for a collective: a set of entities that collectively strives to maximize a global evaluation function that rates the performance of the full system. Directly addressing such problems by having a population of collectives and applying the evolutionary algorithm to that population is appealing, but the search space is prohibitively large in most cases. Instead, we focus on evolving control policies for each member of the collective. The main difficulty with this approach is creating an evaluation function for each member of the collective that is both aligned with the global evaluation function and sensitive to the fitness changes of the member. We show how to construct evaluation functions in dynamic, noisy and communication-limited collective environments. On a rover coordination problem, a control policy evolved using aligned and member-sensitive evaluations outperforms global evaluation methods by up to 400%. More notably, in the presence of a larger number of rovers or rovers with noisy and communication limited sensors, the improvements due to the proposed method become significantly more pronounced.
ROAMING THE OCEANS: The Biology of Sea Turtles, Vol. II

Edited by Peter L. Lutz, John A. Musick and Jeanette Wyneken CRC Press (2002) pp. 472. ISBN 0849311233 $99.95 The study of marine turtles as a discipline has expanded tremendously since the early 1980s. Much of the increase in research on these marine vertebrates was
Insensitivity of Queueing Networks

A queueing process is said to be insensitive if the distribution of the number of jobs in the system depends on the service-time distribution only through its mean. In Chapter 4 we give a sample-path proof of the insensitivity of a batch- arrival G/G/1-LCFS-PR queue, in which the batch sizes and service times are allowed to be state dependent (see also Stidham and El-Taha [182]). In this chapter we present a unified approach to proving insensitivity of symmetric queues in discrete-time using the method of time reversal. We use discrete- time sample-path analysis to show that the asymptotic frequency distribution of the number of jobs in infinite-server, Erlang loss, and round-robin models, is insensitive to the asymptotic distribution of service times under weak assumptions. For the infinite-server model, our assumptions allow batch arrivals and permit batch sizes and service times to be dependent. We show that insensitivity holds if the frequency distribution of batch sizes solves a system of equations. A solution to this set of equations occurs if the batch size of arrivals at each time unit follows a Poisson distribution. Similar results hold for the Loss model with constant batch sizes and deterministic service requirements, and for the round-robin queue.
MATHEMATICAL BIOLOGY OF AUTOMOBILE DRIVING.I. THE SHAPE OF THE TRACKING CURVE ON AN EMPTY STRAIGHT ROAD.

The idea was suggested by the author previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,22, 257–262, 1962) that the keeping of the car close to the center of the lane is a problem of psychophysical discrimination between two conflicting stimuli, namely a stimulus to turn away from the left, resp. right edge of the lane. This is elaborated in the present paper. The effects of discrimination threshold and of the endogenous fluctuations which result in erroneous judgments are discussed. In order that driving should be possible at all, a relation, derived in this paper, must hold between the threshold of discriminationh, the sensitivity coefficientb of the driver to changes in the distance between the car and the edge of the lane, and the width of the lane. General expressions are derived which characterize the stochastic nature of the tracking curve.
Can Optical Second Harmonic Generation be Used as a Surface Probe for Non-centrosymmetric Media

In recent years, optical second harmonic generation (SHG) has proven to be a very effective and sensitive tool for studies of a large variety of surface and interface properties (1). However, experiments so far have been restricted to substrates with inversion symmetry. This is because in centrosymmetric media, SHG is forbidden in the bulk but allowed at the surface, giving the technique its unique surface specificity.
A Role for Catalase-Peroxidase Large Loop 2 Revealed by Deletion Mutagenesis: Control of Active Site Water and Ferric Enzyme Reactivity

Catalase-peroxidases (KatGs), the only catalase-active members of their superfamily, all possess a 35-residue interhelical loop called large loop 2 (LL2). It is essential for catalase activity, but little is known about its contribution to KatG function. LL2 shows weak sequence conservation; however, its length is nearly identical across KatGs, and its apex invariably makes contact with the KatG-unique C-terminal domain. We used site-directed and deletion mutagenesis to interrogate the role of LL2 and its interaction with the C-terminal domain in KatG structure and catalysis. Single and double substitutions of the LL2 apex had little impact on the active site heme [by magnetic circular dichroism or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)] and activity (catalase or peroxidase). Conversely, deletion of a single amino acid from the LL2 apex reduced catalase activity by 80%. Deletion of two or more apex amino acids or all of LL2 diminished catalase activity by 300-fold. Peroxide-dependent but not electron donor...
Glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivities co-exist in a population of rat islet cells

In mammalian pancreas, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide have been shown to be present in distinct cell types. The present communication reports that, in rat pancreas, in addition to glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide cell populations, there is a small population of cells which contain both glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactivities.
The DSM-III diagnosis of schizophrenic-like illness and the clinical pharmacology of psychosis

The classification of schizophrenia-related psychoses under DSM-III into five classes--schizophrenia itself, schizophreniform psychoses, schizoaffective disorders, brief reactive psychoses, and atypical psychoses--classifies groups of psychotic individuals with few distinct pharmacological characteristics. Although ideally established disease entities imply a specific pharmacological regimen, only broad guidelines can be provided in matching an efficacious drug regimen with a diagnostic category. For this reason individualization of pharmacotherapy by each practicing physician is encouraged.
Lack of Observed Association between Armadillo Contact and Leprosy in Humans

Abstract In 1971 it was discovered that the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) could be infected in the laboratory with Mycobacterium leprae, and would manifest disease similar to the lepromatous form of leprosy in man. In 1975 several wild armadillos captured in Louisiana were found to have a disease identical to the M. leprae infection in laboratory animals. To determine if there is a significant association between contact with armadillos and presence of leprosy in humans, the armadillo contact of persons with indigenous leprosy in Louisiana was compared to the contact of matched controls. No difference in the nature or frequency of contact was found. If this infection of wild armadillos is of recent onset, an association with human leprosy in enzootic areas may not be detectable for several years.
Fitting of relaxation modulus master curve for solid propellant and W. L. F. equation parameters

Based on the least square method, a fitting method of solid propellant relaxation modulus master curve and parameter of W.L.F. equation by using test data is put forward. A uniform fitting model is set up. The paper also discusses the method given in standard QJ 248793"Test method of composite solid propellant stress relaxation modulus and master curve using unilateral tension" and compares it with correlative methods. This method has yet to be confirmed in further application.
Improved Recovery of Vitamin E-Treated Lambs that have been Experimentally Infected with Intratracheal Chlamydia

SUMMARY In chlamydia-inoculated lambs, those supplemented with vitamin E had less extensive pneumonia, greater post-infection feed consumption and significantly ( P
Providing and monitoring quality service for smoking cessation in tuberculosis care.

Au cours du traitement de la tuberculose (TB), tous les fumeurs de tabac devraient etre identifies et beneficier d'une intervention en faveur de l'arret tabagique. Pour s'assurer qu'il existe, le processus d'intervention devrait etre enregistre et suivi. Le suivi est la meilleure garantie de la standardisation des soins et de leur offre equitable a tous les patients. Il permet l'evaluation des procedures et des resultats en sorte que l'on peut identifier les besoins de la population et ajouter ou mettre a jour des techniques appropriees. Dans cet article, nous proposons des etapes en faveur d'une intervention breve au sein du processus de suivi en utilisant des formulaires-modele et nous suggerons les procedures a suivre pour les remplir. Les formulaires suggeres sont une carte modifiee de traitement de la TB qui inclut l'information sur l'utilisation du tabac, une carte d'intervention d'arret du tabagisme (SCI) a ajouter aux depliants de traitement de la TB du patient, des registres de SCI et des formulaires de comptes-rendus trimestriels de SCI ainsi qu'un questionnaire sur l'utilisation du tabac pour l'evaluation des services.
Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: how effective is preoperative sestamibi scanning?

Minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP) guided by preoperative sestamibi scanning has been shown to reduce operative time, hospital stay, and cost in treating primary hyperparathyroidism. However, controversy exists over routine preoperative sestamibi scanning. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of sestamibi scanning at our institution as part of the MIP protocol and to analyze calcium and parathyroid hormone levels as possible predictors of successful sestamibi scanning. Charts of 37 consecutive patients undergoing MIP at our institution were reviewed, and age, sex, preoperative calcium, and parathyroid (PTH) levels, invasiveness of procedure, and pathologic diagnosis were recorded. Sestamibi scans were reviewed and scored by 4 nuclear medicine faculty based on the level of suspicion for parathyroid adenoma. Neither calcium nor PTH correlated significantly with sestamibi scan score (Spearman coefficient, r = 0.075, p = 0.67 and r = 0.277, p = 0.10, respectively). Receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis showed sestamibi scanning to have sensitivity and specificity in predicting MIP completion (87% and 68%). Logistic regression showed only sestamibi scan (p = 0.038), not calcium or PTH (p = 0.977 and p = 0.767) to be predictive of MIP completion. In conclusion, sestamibi scanning effectively predicted the ability to perform MIP. However, preoperative calcium and PTH predicted neither sestamibi scan results nor completion of MIP.
A note on Q -matrices

This paper concerns three classes of matrices that are relevant to the linear complementarity problem. We prove that within the class ofP 0-matrices, theQ-matrices are precisely the regular matrices.
Cryo-electron microscopy reveals human low density lipoprotein substructure

In the present study, we have examined the structure of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) using cryo-electron microscopy. Human LDL particles were analyzed in a vitrified frozen-hydrated condition, without chemical fixation or any form of staining. Hence, the lipoproteins were visualized close to their native state. Contrary to current spherical models, the overall shape of human LDL is indicated to be discoidal. The observed LDL disks have a diameter of 21.4 +/- 1.3 nm and a height of 12.1 +/- 1.1 nm (mean +/- standard deviation). The average volume of LDL particles in cryo-electron microscopic preparations is estimated to be 4352 nm3. This value corresponds well with the LDL volume that has been determined by sedimentation equilibrium studies [4130-4803 nm3; Kahlon et al., 1982. Lipids. 17: 323-330]. Details of LDL ultrastructure, visible as a result of local differences in mass density, are indicated to reflect the distribution of protein within the lipoprotein particle. Thus, apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) appears to form two ring-shaped structures that are organized around the perimeter of the LDL disk.
How Genes Modulate Patterns of Aging-Related Changes on the Way to 100: Biodemographic Models and Methods in Genetic Analyses of Longitudinal Data

In this article we clarify mechanisms of genetic regulation of human aging and longevity traits. The objective of this article is to address the issues in previous research of not reaching a genome-wide level of statistical significance and lack of replication in the studies of independent populations. We performed GWAS of human life span using different subsets of data from the original Framingham Heart Study cohort corresponding to different quality control procedures, and we used one subset of selected genetic variants for further analyses. We used a simulation study to show that this approach to combining data improves the quality of GWAS with FHS longitudinal data to compare average age trajectories of physiological variables in carriers and noncarriers of selected genetic variants. We used a stochastic process model of human mortality and aging to investigate genetic influence on hidden biomarkers of aging and on dynamic interaction between aging and longevity. We investigated properties of genes re...
A Review of Performance Bonding in Forest Policy Settings

Forest policies have typically relied on prescriptive standards to mitigate various nonpoint negative externalities, whereas more recent approaches have focused on the use of incentive-based policies, such as payments for environmental services (PES), to encourage activities associated with positive externalities. We provide a general review on the current state of knowledge concerning prescriptive standards and incentive-based policies in the context of nonpoint and point source externalities that are typical in industrial and nonindustrial forestry. Our specific focus is on reviewing and assessing the current and future applications of performance bonding in forest policy. We argue that bonds can be viewed either as an enforcement mechanism to achieve compliance with standards, or alternatively, as a deposit-refund instrument that imposes a tax on harmful activities while subsidizing beneficial ones in the form of a refund. Four forest policy settings are considered: best management practices (BMP) for protecting the integrity of water resources, reduced impact logging (RIL) standards in industrial concessions, fire-fuel mitigation in wildland-urban interface (WUI), and carbon sequestration in standing forests and soils. Unique challenges that the successful design of performance bonding present are used as motivation for future research.
COMPATIBILITY OF BIOCERAMICS WITH THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

When prosthetic materials are placed in the body, consideration must be given to (1) the effect of the physiological environment upon the prosthetic metal, medical polymer, or bioceramic, and (2) the effect of the prosthetic material and its corrosion or degradation products upon the fluids and tissues of the surrounding environment. The interaction which occurs between biomedical materials and the physiological environment is discussed with emphasis on the mechanism of biocorrosion, biodegradation, and wear as well as on the toxicology of implant materials. Since bone and soft tissue invade certain physiologically acceptable porous ceramic materials, there is reason for optimism that ceramics will become very useful materials of construction for orthopedic and oral appliances.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 and Hypophosphatemia: A Case of Hypophosphatemia along the Rickets-Osteomalacia Spectrum

Phosphorus is a key component of bone, and a deficiency results in poor mineralization along with other systemic symptoms of hypophosphatemia. Various causes of hypophosphatemia with renal wasting of
Neighborhood Qualification of the Association Between Parenting and Problem Behavior Trajectories Among Mexican-Origin Father-Adolescent Dyads.

To address the combined importance of fathers and neighborhoods for adolescent adjustment, we examined whether associations between fathers' parenting and adolescents' problem behaviors were qualified by neighborhood adversity. We captured both mainstream (e.g., authoritative) and alternative (e.g., no-nonsense, reduced involvement) parenting styles and examined parenting and neighborhood effects on changes over time in problem behaviors among a sample of Mexican-origin father–adolescent dyads (N = 462). Compared to their counterparts in low-adversity neighborhoods, adolescents in high-adversity neighborhoods experienced greater initial benefits from authoritative fathering, greater long-term benefits from no-nonsense fathering, and fewer costs associated with reduced involvement fathering. The combined influences of alternative paternal parenting styles and neighborhood adversity may set ethnic and racial minority adolescents on different developmental pathways to competence.
Congenital Absence of the Posterior Elements of the Axis

This is a condition of congenital absence of the pedicles, laminae, and spinous process of the axis associated with its instability and subluxation of C2-C3 leading to compression myelopathy. Occasionally, the defect is only in the spinous processes (spina bifida cervicalis).
Erythropoietin Levels in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease Not in Vaso-Occlusive Crisis

Abstract Abstract 3242 Background: Previous studies of erythropoietin production in sickle cell disease have shown that patients with sickle cell disease generally have an erythropoietin level in the lower end of the expected range. However, this finding was based on a relatively small number of patients including some who were in crisis when the erythropoietin level was drawn. A crisis might affect erythropoietin level by increasing inflammation beyond background and if the patient is transfused, the erythropoietin may not be well correlated with the apparent hemoglobin or hematocrit. In this study, we examine erythropoietin levels in patients with sickle cell disease seen in the outpatient clinic and not in crisis when the level was drawn. Methods: Patients receiving outpatient care at the Thomas Jefferson University Cardeza Sickle Center underwent laboratory evaluation as part of routine standard of care for their disease. Hemoglobin level, creatinine, erythropoietin level, lactate dehydrogenase, and reticulocyte count were extracted anonymously from patient charts for evaluation of erythropoietin in sickle patients in the outpatient setting without crisis and correlation of level with kidney function, hemoglobin level, and ongoing hemolysis. Results: Forty-eight measurements of erythropoietin from 39 unique patients were extracted. Two were not included as chart review suggested that the patient was in crisis when the values were obtained. Of the remaining 36 patients, three patients had SC disease, four sickle-thalassemia, the rest sickle cell anemia. Three patients received exogenous erythropoietin for hypoplastic anemia or chronic renal failure complicating sickle cell disease. Of the remaining 30 patients, creatinine ranged from 0.2–1.8. Erythropoietin was higher than the normal range for most patients, as would be expected in a chronic anemia. Erythropoietin level was roughly correlated with hemoglobin, but some patients had erythropoietin levels much lower than expected for their hemoglobin (figure). Erythropoietin was not well correlated with creatinine or with hemolysis. Hemoglobin was higher for patients with SC disease than for sickle cell anemia or sickle-thalassemia, but erythropoietin levels were not significantly different between disease types. Conclusions: Patients with sickle cell disease who are not in crisis have erythropoietin levels that are elevated, but lower than expected for a healthy patient with chronic anemia, with a greater lack in patients with sickle cell anemia as compared to SC disease. Erythropoietin did not correlate well with kidney function as measured by creatinine or calculated glomerular filtration rate, suggesting that current measures of kidney damage may not be entirely adequate to detect early kidney disease in sickle cell disease. Download : Download high-res image (16KB) Download : Download full-size image Figure: . Hemoglobin (g/dl) versus erythropoietin (mU/ml) in patients with sickle cell disease. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Donor-Derived T Cells Can Be Rendered Hyporesponsive to Alloantigen without Loss of Pathogen or Tumor Immune Responses.

The prevention of severe acute Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD) without impairment of immune reconstitution is the major challenge in HLA-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). One alternative to experimental strategies to selectively destroy or remove alloreactive T cells from the donor T cell pool is to induce hyporesponsiveness (anergy) in alloreactive T cells within the donor T cell pool and thus preserve the vast majority of T cell repertoire. We previously reported early clinical data of HLA-mismatched HSCT after alloanergization of donor bone marrow via ex vivo allostimulation in the presence of co-stimulatory blockade (CSB) with Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4 Immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig). Analysis of a larger cohort of such patients revealed a low rate of severe acute GvHD and very few clinically significant viral infections, with over 30% of patients (pts) surviving long-term without disease relapse. This suggested that CSB might indeed be controlling alloreactivity with preservation of pathogen-specific immunity and a graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect. We therefore sought to directly determine the effect of alloanergization of human donor T cells on alloreactivity, pathogen- and leukemia-antigen-specific immunity. After alloanergization via blockade of CD28-mediated co-stimulation with clinical-grade humanized anti-B7.1 and anti B7.2 antibodies, HLA-mismatched alloproliferative responses were reduced by 2 logs, a more efficient reduction in alloreactivity than previously reported with the use of CTLA4 Ig. Using CFSE-based labeling of human responder T cells we have demonstrated directly for the first time that alloanergization efficiently abrogates stimulator-specific alloproliferation in both CD4 and CD8 donor T cells, whereas third party responses are retained (Figure 1). Importantly, the strategy does not diminish the capacity of donor CD4 and CD8 T cells to mount a range of functional immune responses, including proliferation, cytokine production and cytotoxic responses, in response to stimulation with several human herpes viruses. We have also demonstrated that frequencies of WT1-specific IFN-g+ CD4 and CD8 T cells are not diminished after the process of alloanergization, showing that a T cell mediated GvL effect may be retained. Importantly we demonstrated retention of pathogen and leukemia antigen-specific responses to both MHC Class I- and II-restricted antigens and in both HLA-A2+ and non-HLA-A2+ responders. These data confirm that the technique of alloanergization can be used to provide non-alloreactive donor T cells without loss of beneficial CD4 and CD8 donor immunity. The optimal dose of HLA-mismatched alloanergized donor T cells that will improve immune reconstitution whilst controlling acute GvHD after HLA-mismatched HSCT remains to be defined. To answer this question, we have embarked on a dose-escalating clinical study of delayed alloanergized donor T cell infusion to improve immune reconstitution after haploidentical HSCT.
Increased low-temperature damping in yttrium iron garnet thin films

We report measurements of the frequency and temperature dependence of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) for a 15-nm-thick yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film grown by off-axis sputtering. Although the FMR linewidth is narrow at room temperature [corresponding to a damping coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}=(9.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}]$, comparable to previous results for high-quality YIG films of similar thickness, the linewidth increases strongly at low temperatures, by a factor of almost 30. This increase cannot be explained as due to two-magnon scattering from defects at the sample interfaces. We point out that the increased low-temperature linewidth can be explained by impurity relaxation mechanisms that were elucidated 50 years ago in bulk YIG samples. High-purity starting materials and careful optimization of growth protocols to avoid nonstoichiometries should therefore be employed for making low-temperature thin-film YIG devices.
Comparison of the strength endurance parameters for the Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment (BTE) Simulator II and the Jamar Handgrip Dynamometer.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to provide evidence regarding the Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment (BTE) Work Simulator II's recommended grip endurance protocol. The grip endurance protocol of the BTE Simulator II has never been validated, though it has been used often for the rehabilitation of work-related injuries and other occupational dysfunctions. Without validation, the grip endurance protocol may or may not be providing skilled clinicians with appropriate evaluation results. This study evaluated a protocol comparing the BTE Simulator II to the Jamar Dynamometer to determine how the BTE compares to the Jamar device. OBJECTIVE To establish whether the recommended grip endurance protocol for the BTE Simulator II is comparable to the parameters established for the Jamar handgrip dynamometer. METHODS Data were gathered from 140 participants ages 18 to 40 at the time of the study. Participants completed protocols established for the BTE Simulator II and compared to a performance of a grip strength endurance protocol for the Jamar Handgrip Dynamometer. After establishing baseline strength levels for the participants, they were timed to see how long they could sustain a 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on each device. Sample t-tests were calculated to compare the results of the BTE Simulator II to the previously validated Jamar device. RESULTS A dependent sample t-test found no statistically significant difference between the times a participant sustained 30% of their maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on the BTE Simulator II with attachment #162 versus the Jamar Dynamometer when comparing the differences of the means. This provides possible evidence of validity for the BTE endurance protocol. The independent sample t-test found no statistically significant difference between the grip endurance of the males versus the females, however, the means indicate men sustained 30% of their MVC longer than their female counterparts on the BTE. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the 30% MVC may be a reliable baseline for grip strength endurance testing following the BTE Simulator II protocol. This suggests that the BTE Simulator II's endurance protocol may be a useful tool to document client progression during rehabilitation after sustaining an upper extremity dysfunction. Further research is needed to validate this protocol using different populations.
Die Bedeutung des retikulo-endothelialen Systems für die Infektion und Immunität

Die Entwicklung der Immunitatswissensehaft seit ihren Anfangsgrunden ist nicht so sehr das Produkt gemeinsamer zentrierter Forschung gewesen, sondern sie ist in hohem Mase bestimmt worden durch den dominierenden Einflus individueller fuhrender Ideen. Bei der Unmoglichkeit das immun-biologische Geschehen auf eine einfache passende Formel zu reduzieren, ist es demnach auch nicht weiter verwunderlich, das die Lehre von der Infektion und Immunitat wie kaum ein anderer Wissenszweig zum eigentlichen Schlachtfeld der Ideen geworden ist. Ein muhevoller spasmodischer Evolutionsprozes kennzeichnet den Fortschritt unseres Wissens auf diesem Gebiet. Der Kampf zwischen den Anhangern der cellularen und humoralen Immunitatstheorien schien mit der Entdeckung der Opsonine auf mittlerer Linie entschieden. Der darauf folgende Zeitabschnitt ist im wesentlichen angefullt gewesen mit Diskussionen der Ehrlichschen und der Bordetschen Schule uber die wechselseitige Wirkung von Antigenen und Antikorpern, Streitfragen, die sich schlieslich im Methodischen erschopften. Eine neue fruchtbare Bewegung in der Immunitatswissenschaft trat erst ein durch engere Zusammenarbeit zwischen den Vertretern der Pathologie und der Bakteriologie.
How to beat the traffic

Traffic congestion is a leading quality-of-life issue in urban areas across the world. In response, governments have attempted to reduce traffic through an array of policies, including road capacity expansions, license plate–based driving restrictions, congestion charges, and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. Many of these policies, however, trigger unintended responses that may render them ineffective. HOV lanes, in particular, are often controversial because road lane capacity may go unused, lane enforcement may be lax, and vehicles may have extra occupants who would not otherwise travel. On page 89 of this issue, Hanna et al. show that despite these concerns, a long-term HOV policy in Jakarta—by some measures the most congested city in the world—was highly effective at reducing traffic delays ( 1 ).
Kinesiology in 360 Degrees

ABSTRACTKinesiology is a diverse field revolving around a core ideology of physical activity. Because of its multidisciplinary nature, kinesiology is an area that is made for interdisciplinary collaboration. This article evaluates kinesiology and the wide range of potential interdisciplinary collaborations, specifically through the lens of the areas of biology, technology, business, education, law, psychology, sociology, and recreation management. The evaluation further explores barriers to potential collaborations and proposes a model for success. Using the diffusion of innovations theory as a framework, this article outlines who needs to be involved and gives a recommended model of implementation. In the end, the rocky road of interdisciplinary collaboration within kinesiology can be successfully navigated. Furthermore, this evaluation finds that interdisciplinary collaboration is essential in the field of kinesiology and should be strategically implemented.
Not So Fast! An Investigation of Real-World Speeding Behaviors and Underlying Attitudes

Although speeding is a major contributor to traffic fatalities, attempts to address this problem have not led to significant reductions in speed-related crashes. In this paper, we describe an investigation of speeding behaviors that was intended to: (1) identify which drivers speed, (2) model the relative roles of situational, demographic, and personality factors in predicting travel speeds, and (3) classify drivers based on their speeding patterns. The speeding behaviors of 88 drivers were recorded over the course of approximately four weeks of naturalistic driving in Seattle WA. Data collected included 1-Hz recordings of vehicle position and speed using a GPS receiver, and responses to survey questions. Regression models were developed to identify predictors of 1) “any” speeding and 2) amount of speeding. Significant predictors included demographic variables such as age and gender, situational factors such as time-of-day and day-of-week, and key personality factors such as attitudes towards reckless driving.
Explaining unplanned online media behaviors: Dual system theory models of impulsive use and swearing on social networking sites:

Unplanned (i.e. spontaneous) online behaviors such as impulsive use of social networking sites (SNS) and swearing on SNS are prevalent and can adversely affect users and society. Drawing on dual sy...
The Inherent Tension Between Value Creation and Value Claiming During Bargaining Interactions

When individuals negotiate, they must initially use the Information Stage to create value by discussing the different issues to be addressed and by exploring the interests underlying those items. They must be willing to disclose their basic interests if progress is to be made, but they are usually not entirely candid for strategic purposes. They may over-state the degree to which they want items they think the other side values and under-state the degree to which they want items they believe the other side does not value. They then move into the Distributive Stage to decide how their joint surplus is to be divided. This is usually a highly competitive part of their interaction as each side endeavors to claim a greater share of the surplus. Once they have reached a tentative agreement, they should use the Cooperative Stage to see if they can still expand the overall pie and improve their respective positions. The inherent tension between value creation and value claiming results from the need for the participants to be sufficiently open during the Information Stage to let the parties know what they have to share, but not so open that they cannot use skilled techniques to let them claim a greater share of the surplus during the Distributive Stage.
‘Otherways’ into the Garden: Re-Visioning the Feminine in The Secret Garden

This article documents my interpretation of The Secret Garden. Re-visioning The Secret Garden as a Sleeping Beauty tale was the key that made it possible for me to recognize the story as Mary's quest tale and as a feminine, subversive text with covert, symbolic messages. To arrive at my interpretation, I explored a series of questions dealing with issues such as sight, speech, power, gender construction, and symbolism. My interpretation reveals the positive and potent ways women subvert the hegemony of patriarchal society and the celebration of the divine feminine within The Garden.
Human disturbance and trophic status changes in Crystal Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, USA

The paleolimnology (sediment chemistry, 210Pb dating, pollen, and diatoms) of Crystal Lake, McHenry County, Illinois, USA was studied to investigate the impact of European settlement on lake trophic status. Pollen clearly indicates a vegetational shift from Quercus dominance to Ambrosia. 210Pb dating suggests that the Ambrosia rise likely occurs around the 1840's, which is consistent with historical records on the European settlement in this area. Coincident with the vegetational shifts, several diatom species, Cyclotella meneghiniana, Fragilaria crotenensis, Asterionella formosa and Tabellaria fenestrata, all increase while C. comta decreases after the settlement. However, C. comta and Aulacoseira ambigua, two dominant species, remain abundant throughout the entire core. Their relative abundances at the surface sediments reach presettlement levels. It is hypothesized that Crystal Lake, a glacial lake rich in CaCO3, may have been able to assimilate increases of phosphorus by coprecipitating phosphorus with CaCO3. Such a 'buffering mechanism’ may be responsible for the lake's resistance to trophic changes or recovery following disturbance.
Early Influences on Gustatory Development

The morphological and functional development of the rat gustatory system occurs primarily postnatally. As such, stimulus-induced processes likely play a major role in organizing the sense of taste. However, some very important events that direct development occur long before the gustatory system becomes functional. In order to examine some of the very early organizational processes, it has been necessary to institute experimental manipulations prenatally and then examine the effects as the system develops. Thus, by relating the neurobiological effects with prenatal manipulations, it is the hope that we can get a picture of events that serve to shape the long-term organization of the system during normal development. Moreover, as with all other sensory systems, it is important to identify processes that may have long-term (or permanent) detrimental effects on sensory and brain development. It is my goal in this chapter to provide background information about normal gustatory development that provides the necessary standard by which experimentally induced alterations can be compared, and to then describe findings resulting from early environmental manipulations.
Application of Human Rights Due Diligence and the LeanIn Concept for Addressing Pregnancy-Related Discrimination in Cambodia’s Garment Sector

Workers in Cambodian garment factories often suffer from human rights and labor abuse issues. The gender income disparities were growing in most Asian developing countries over the past years (OECD in OECD due diligence guidance for responsible supply chains in the garment and footwear sector, 2017)and pregnancy-related human rights issues appear to have received little attention. Most female workers in Cambodian garment factories lack awareness to resist abuses and struggle against human rights issues. This paper considers how companies can implement the due diligence recommendations for responsible supply chains in the garment and footwear sector. We draw on guidance from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to propose ways to address pregnancy-related human rights and labor abuse issues for female workers in Cambodia’s garment industry. Also, we offer some suggestions related to LeanIn.org that could help raise worker awareness of the issues. For Cambodia, to stay at the forefront of the promise of improved human rights in the garment industry, it is vital for them to solve the pregnancy-related human rights and labor abuse issues.
Able Flight at Purdue University: Case Studies of Flight Training Strategies to Accommodate Student Pilots with Disabilities

This paper documents flight training strategies used to accommodate student pilots with disabilities in the Able Flight at Purdue program; this program benefits participants as well as the institutional sponsor and the aviation industry. All training aircraft, procedures, and operations are compliant with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, however, the program utilizes a tailored approach within the regulatory standards to meet the unique needs of each individual. The SHELL model (Software, Hardware, Environment and Liveware) is used as a theoretical framework to illustrate how flight training is adapted for individuals with limited dexterity or limited hearing. The Able Flight at Purdue program is explained, including the preparation before the students arrive on campus and the accelerated flight training program. Two case studies using the SHELL model illustrate training modifications for a pilot who uses a manual wheelchair and a Deaf pilot; both of these students successfully completed the program and earned an FAA Sport Pilot certificate. This Peer Review Practice paper also discusses the benefits of the program. There are direct benefits to the individual participants, both to the student pilots as well as to the certified flight instructors (CFIs), based on qualitative survey responses. The broader impacts of the program include support for diversity and inclusion realized by the institution, the aviation sector, and the community.
Abstract TP401: Dual Anti-platelet Therapy is Associated With Reduced Risk of Clinical Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Introduction: Clinical vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are devastating complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Several theories have been postulated as potential etiologies of clinical vasospasm and DCI, involving platelet activation. However, the effects of dual anti-platelet therapy (DAPT: aspirin and clopidogrel) on clinical vasospasm and DCI have not been previously investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of DAPT on clinical vasospasm and DCI in aSAH patients. Methods: Analysis of patients treated for aSAH during the period from July 2009 to April 2014 was performed in a single-institution retrospective study. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who underwent stent-assisted coiling or placement of flow diverters requiring DAPT (DAPT group) and patients who underwent coiling only without DAPT (control group). The frequency of symptomatic clinical vasospasm and DCI and of hemorrhagic complications was compared between the two gr...
Psychiatric Aspects of Perioperative Pain

Postoperative pain, defined as the acute pain experienced after a surgical procedure, is nearly universal after surgery. When not managed well, it contributes to delayed functional recovery and increased risk of postsurgical complications such as poor wound healing. Preoperative education about pain management, expectations, and available treatments has been shown to reduce postoperative anxiety, opioid requirement, sedative dose, and length of stay after surgery.
Variation in care practices across pediatric acute care cardiology units: Results of the Pediatric Acute Care Cardiology Collaborative (PAC 3 ) hospital survey

Background The Pediatric Acute Care Cardiology Collaborative (PAC3 ) was established in 2014 to improve the quality, value, and experience of hospital-based cardiac acute care outside of the intensive care unit. An initial PAC3 project was a comprehensive survey to understand unit structure, practices, and resource utilization across the collaborative. This report aims to describe the previously unknown degree of practice variation across member institutions. Methods A 126-stem question survey was developed with a total of 412 possible response fields across nine domains including demographics, staffing, available resources and therapies, and standard care practices. Five supplemental questions addressed surgical case volume and number of cardiac acute care unit (CACU) admissions. Responses were recorded and stored in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Results Surveys were completed by 31 out of 34 centers (91%) with minimal incomplete fields. A majority (61%) of centers have a single dedicated CACU, which is contiguous or adjacent to the intensive care unit in 48%. A nurse staffing ratio of 3:1 is most common (71%) and most (84%) centers employed a resource nurse. Centralized wireless rhythm monitoring is used in 84% of centers with 54% staffed continuously. There was significant variation in the use of noninvasive respiratory support, vasoactive infusions, and ventricular assist devices across the collaborative. Approximately half of the surveyed centers had lesion-specific postoperative pathways and approximately two-thirds had protocols for single-ventricle patients. Conclusions The PAC3 hospital survey is the most comprehensive description of systems and care practices unique to CACUs to date. There exists considerable heterogeneity among unit composition and variation in care practices. These variations may allow for identification of best practices and improved quality of care for patients.
The Trials of John Lilburne: Selected Links & Bibliography

This is a bibliography of links including selected text related to the trials of John Lilburne also known as Free-Born John, the first English Libertarian. John Lilburne and the Levellers were a group of English reformers mainly active during the period from 1645 through 1649, who originated many of the ideas that eventually became provisions of the U.S. Constitution, especially the Bill of Rights. This bibliography provides links to the journals of the House of Lords and Commons from the time of Lilburne's trials for bringing books into England critical of the government. Lilburne's refusal to kneel in submission to the Star Chamber is often credited as giving rise to the right of a public trial by jury and protection against self-incrimination. The full text of the Star Chamber's punishment and the House of Lords' Judgment is included as is Lilburne's statement in his own defense and other readings by and about John Lilburne.
Esophageal Third Space Endoscopy: Recent Advances

The novel concept of third space endoscopy was first applied to humans in 2008 for the management of achalasia through peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedure. Over the ensuing 10 years, this revolutionary procedure, which started in Japan, has been adopted and mastered by surgeons and gastroenterologists across the globe. In this article, we review the recent innovations and applications of third space endoscopy in the management of esophageal disorders. With experience and innovation, the application of third-space endoscopy has extended beyond achalasia, and currently, it is used in the management of other esophageal disorders including, spastic esophageal disorders, subepithelial tumors, complete esophageal obstruction, and esophageal diverticula. The recent advances in third space endoscopic procedures have not only permitted endoscopic access to places, previously thought impossible, but also enabled the precision of surgery along with reduced peri-operative morbidity due to its minimally invasive nature. While short- and mid-term outcome studies have shown excellent results, we eagerly await the long-term outcome studies before these procedures could be established as the procedures of choice.
In Recognition of Their Desperation: Sonic Relationality and the Work of Deep Listening

ABSTRACTThis essay places composer Pauline Oliveros’s philosophy and practice of Deep Listening in conversation with analytic theories of listening in a duet that explores one central question: Wha...
Endoscopic Peritrochanteric Space: Evaluation and Treatment

A thorough understanding of the anatomy and biomechanics of the hip will help in the evaluation and treatment of lateral-based hip pain. The peritrochanteric space involves all the osseous, musculotendinous, neurovascular, and kinematic chain of the hip joint. Peritrochanteric space disorders include patients with trochanteric bursitis, external coxa saltans (or external snapping hip), and gluteus medius and minimus tears. As part of a comprehensive standardized physical examination, a lateral-based hip pain evaluation will guide the examiner toward a differential diagnosis. Conservative therapy is the first line of treatment; however endoscopic surgical intervention can provide pain relief and a return to normal function in cases of recalcitrant peritrochanteric problems. Key aspects of the clinical examination, peritrochanteric space pathology, peritrochanteric space anatomy, and endoscopic navigation and treatment are described in this chapter.