cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Difference and Equality

The concept of “difference” forms the core of contemporary attacks on “liberal legalism” and is central to proposals for replacing it. Critics charge that liberal law quashes difference because it grounds political equality and individual rights in the assumption that all persons share certain “samenesses,” such as rationality or autonomy. In the words of the philosopher Iris Marion Young, “liberal individualism denies difference by positing the self as a solid, self-sufficient unity, not defined by or in need of anything or anyone other than itself.” The claim is that this “sameness”-based vision of equality is in fact an exercise of power, reflecting a highly specific model of personhood that was constructed by and for a white male elite and ensures its continued social dominance. Liberalism's critics conclude that the achievement of social justice will be possible only when sameness-based conceptions of equality are rejected.
Simulation and Analysis of Rigid/Foil Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) Systems for Grinding

The fluid flow problem in a traditional electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) system is analyzed and solved numerically. The predicted mean velocity profiles in the dressing zone show flow patterns that are in good agreement with the mean velocity distributions for plane laminar/turbulent Couette flows observed in the experiments. The computational results reveal that insufficient electrolyte supply rate is the cause of the failure of the traditional ELID system for high-speed grinding. Results also show that to obtain effective high-speed ELID grinding, a consistent high inlet electrolyte velocity or supply rate is required. For the foil ELID system, governing equations describing the fluid flow in the dressing zone and the foil elastic deformation are formulated. Analytical solution based on unidirectional flow model for the problem is presented and effects of wheel surface speed and foil tension on the performance of the dressing system are discussed. It is shown that the foil ELID system has the potential to be effective for high-speed grinding with low electrolyte supply rates. The results will be useful to the development of new machine systems and processes for high-speed grinding.
The triad of paradigms in globalization, ICT, and knowledge management interplay

Purpose – The paper aims to investigate the synergetic effects of knowledge management (KM) and information and communication technologies (ICT) on globalization progression. Then the article seeks to portray how this synergy can be employed in various KM activities and processes to transubstantiate a national company into an effective boundaryless global knowledge‐based enterprise (GKBE).Design/methodology/approach – The article reviews and interprets the relevant literature on both globalization and knowledge management technology. The resultant insights are used to reveal the synergy and to develop a butterfly model that shows the interconnectedness and the domino effects of KM activities on globalization advancement.Findings – Owing to the significant differences between the national and the global knowledge‐based enterprise (GKBE) the butterfly framework has been proposed, utilizing the benefits from the synergy of the major globalization components. The call for implementing KM practices to improve ...
Periodic Eyelid Opening Associated with Burst-Suppression Electroencephalography due to Hypoxic Ischemic Injury

We report four patients who developed periodic eyelid opening following hypoxic ischemic injury. This manuscript reviews the clinical course of our patients as well as previously published cases and discusses the neuroanatomical basis of eyelid opening. Data were collected from the patients’ electronic medical record and digital electroencephalography recordings. In all patients, periodic eyelid opening was associated with a burst-suppression pattern on electroencephalography (EEG). Rapid eyelid opening appeared with the onset of bursts, while slow eyelid closure coincided with periods of suppression. Progressive rostrocaudal deterioration in brainstem function ensued, in each case culminating in brain death. Our experience and prior reports suggest that periodic eyelid opening following cardiac arrest is associated with a burst-suppression pattern on EEG. Since burst-suppression is highly (though not invariably) predictive of a poor outcome in this patient population, intensivists should be familiar with this neurological sign. Prospective studies are needed to define the neurophysiology of this phenomena and clarify its clinical significance.
The influence of polyethylene glycol conjugation on bovine hemoglobin's intrinsic effect on the gastrointestinal system of the rat

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation on bovine hemoglobin's effect on gastrointestinal (GI) blood flow and motility in the Sprague Dawley rat. This study was divided into two parts: part one assessed blood flow, while the other evaluated bolus transit time through the GI. To examine blood flow, thirty-two rats were divided into four experimental groups (PEG-hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, Ringer's Lactate and autologous blood sham). Blood flow within the superior mesenteric artery was monitored during graduated isovolemic hemodilution. In the second part of the study, GI motility was estimated by bolus transit time. Thirty-six rats were assigned to four groups (PEG-hemoglobin, bovine hemoglobin, Ringer's Lactate and no treatment sham) and following an overnight fast, the rats were given a bolus injection (25 mL/kg) of test article. Three hours following injection, they received an oral 0.3 mL gavage of a charcoal/arabic gum mixture and were later sacrificed and their GI tract evaluated. Results indicated that the infusion of bovine hemoglobin reduced both baseline blood flow through the mesenteric artery and gastrointestinal transit time. In contrast, PEG-hemoglobin maintained baseline blood flow through the mesenteric artery and had no effect on GI transit time or morphology. Therefore, PEG conjugation of bovine hemoglobin significantly attenuated its intrinsic effect on the GI system of the rat.
Prior hrt use, ethnicity and mammographic density.

Abstract PURPOSE: Mammographic density has been strongly associated with breast cancer risk in several studies. To clarify possible pathogenic mechanisms underlying this relationship, we assessed factors affecting mammographic density in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Percent density (PD) was measured on pre-randomization mammograms from 425 participants in the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial; no women were currently using HRT. Trained observers used a previously validated computer-assisted thresholding technique to measure PD (ratio of dense areas to breast area) on craniocaudal films. Univariate relationships were assessed between PD and age, parity, education, history of HRT use, age at first birth, abortion history, alcohol use, serum cholesterol, physical activity, smoking, dietary fat intake, body-mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Multivariable regression was used to identify predictors of PD (log transformed), controlling for confounders. RESULTS: PD ranged from 0–60% with mean 8%. Age, gravidity, BMI, and WHR were negatively associated with PD. Mean PD in the highest tertiles of BMI and WHR was nearly half that in the lowest. Ethnicity (50% white, 28% black, and 19% Hispanic) and hysterectomy status (50% had intact uterus) were unassociated with PD. Controlling for age, BMI, WHR, smoking, hysterectomy status, prior HRT, and nulliparity, mean PD differed significantly by ethnicity, with black women having highest PD. However, the effect of prior HRT use differed by uterine status. In women with uteri intact, ethnicity, but not prior HRT use, was related to PD after controlling for age, BMI, and WHR. In hysterectomized women, ethnicity was unrelated to PD, while previous HRT was associated with lower PD. CONCLUSIONS: Gravidity, ethnicity and body shape and size are associated with mammographic density in postmenopausal women. Previous hormone use predicts lower PD, but only among hysterectomized women. This may be due to the higher frequency of oophorectomies in this group, which may lower PD and increase likelihood of HRT use. Planned analyses of entire sample of 1050 women will clarify the effect of these and other factors on density, and on density change in followup mammograms.
Cyclic multiaxial and shear finite deformation response of OFHC: Part I, experimental results

Abstract A series of experiments has been conducted on oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper hollow cylinders under cyclic free-end torsion and biaxial tension–torsion at large strains. In addition, equations are developed to account for the finite rotation and strains in electrical resistance strain gages. In free-end cyclic torsion experiments with shear strain range equal to 23%, a significant strain in the axial direction is observed and it accumulates with a constant rate cycle by cycle. In the biaxial tension–torsion (multiaxial ratchetting) experiments, in which the primary (constant) axial stress is larger than the initial yield stress of the material, the loading conditions are varied to determine the influence of primary axial stress, cyclic shear strain range, pre-cyclic hardening and loading sequence on multiaxial ratchetting. Some important experimental features are high-lighted and recommended to help modeling efforts later.
Current transport in copper indium gallium diselenide solar cells comparing mesa diodes to the full cell

Abstract Mesa diodes were formed on CdS/CIGS/stainless steel solar cells to investigate current transport when edge leakage and spot defects are avoided. Current conduction mechanisms in the device were determined from current–voltage (I–V) and current–voltage–temperature (I–V–T) characteristics. Space charge limited (SCL) current in the mobility regime with an exponential distribution of traps was found in the voltage range of V>0.6 V based on I∝Vm where m>2. In the voltage region of 0.2 V V V , recombination was the dominant mechanism based on the ideality factor, n, in the equation I=Ae(qV/nkT), close to 2. For −0.2 V V V , a combination of tunneling and SCL current in the ballistic regime was suggested because of the weak temperature dependency and approximation to I∝V1.5. For the reverse bias region where V
Effect of selenium on azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer in rats fed high fat diet

Abstract The effects of selenium supplementation on azoxymethane-induced intestinal cancer were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats given 8 weekly injections of azoxymethane (8 mg/kg body wt), and fed a 30% beef fat diet. Selenium-supplemented groups received 8 ppm H2SeO3 in drinking water. Blood selenium levels of supplemented rats increased rapidly the first 9 weeks of the experiment, followed by a plateau significantly higher than that for non-selenium controls. There was a significant increase in liver and intestinal selenium levels in supplemented groups. The average number of intestinal tumors was 6.5 in the control group, and 3.1 in the selenium-supplemented group. There was a significant reduction in tumor incidence in the proximal half of the colon of selenium-treated rats. There was also increased concentration of tissue selenium in the proximal half of the colon of these rats.
Chloride diffusion in ordinary, blended, and alkali-activated cement pastes and its relation to other properties

Chloride transport into cementitious materials is critical from the viewpoint of protection of reinforcement. This paper is part of a larger study of the characteristics and performance of alkali-activated cementitious materials (AAC) whose properties equal or exceed those of normal Portland cement-based materials. Steady state chloride diffusion studies have been made of pastes of Type I Portland cement, and its blends with different proportions of ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Very substantial reductions in diffusion rates have been found with increased proportion of slag. In addition, alkali activation has been shown to reduce the diffusion rate by at least a factor of two. Other properties determined include: density, porosity, pore size distribution (Hg), BET (N 2 ) surface area, shrinkage, compressive and flexural strength, leaching, alkali-aggregate reaction, and freezing and thawing resistance. Comparisons with results of previous studies and with other blending components are discussed.
Effect of Phentolamine and Tolazoline on Some Metabolic Processes of Heart Homogenates

The addition of phentolamine enhances oxygen uptake of rat heart homogenates respiring in the presence of added succinate, but evokes an inhibitory effect with pyruvate as the substrate. These effects are not observed when phentolamine is replaced by tolazoline. Oxidation of α-ketoglutarate is not affected by either drug nor is the activity of a purified malic dehydrogenase. The addition of oxaloacetate to homogenates inhibits oxygen uptake and the inhibitory effect is not abolished by the prior addition of phentolamine. The total α-keto acid content of homogenates respiring in the presence of succinate was found to be somewhat higher than in those homogenates to which both succinate and phentolamine were added at the beginning of the experiments.
The hydrothermal synthesis of new oxide materials

Abstract The development of advanced secondary lithium batteries depends on cathode structures that can reversibly intercalate lithium ions. The initial prototypical system Li/TiS 2 showed the feasibility of high energy density systems with extensive reversibility. However, with the advent of the safe lithium-carbon anodes by Sony there is a need for higher voltage cathodes. LiCoO 2 presently fulfills this need in small cells. However, for large systems where cost is an issue new oxides are needed. One approach to the formation of such oxide is low temperature hydrothermal synthesis. Mild hydrothermal reactions lead to the formation of new metastable transition metal oxide structures, not accessible by conventional high temperature methods, which have relatively open crystal structures. The nature of the cations present in solution (the “templating ion”) has a dramatic effect on the crystal structure of the phase formed, as also does the pH of the reaction medium and the particular transition metal. Thus, by appropriate choice of reaction medium new structures containing large tunnels or channels, similar to those found in aluminosilicate zeolites, can be formed that will offer unique properties for the Materials Scientist. In particular, it is expected to be possible to realize enhanced diffusion in such materials. Here, the hydrothermal synthesis of tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium oxides is considered. The role of the cation in the synthesis is described, as well as the key interfacial reactions that are taking place. Cases are described where the cation controls the structure formed and is retained in the structure, to instances where the cation critically controls the reactions occurring but is not retained in the lattice.
Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf

Through a variety of approaches, Sectarian Politics in the Persian Gulf explores the contemporary relationship between sectarian identity and politics in the Persian Gulf states. It consists of eig...
Free microvascular fibular transfer for idiopathic femoral head necrosis : long-term follow-up

Abstract The authors discuss free microvascular bone transfers in general, and propose a new classification for idiopathic femoral head necrosis. They then present a technique they have been using for 11 years, with the goals of providing both mechanical support and an improved blood supply to the femoral head. This technique involves clearing the necrotic area of the femoral head, filling the area with cancellous bone taken from the greater and lesser trochanters, and transferring a fibular microvascular graft. The approach is transtrochanteric and spares the capsule. Vascular anastomosis is done with the lateral branches of the deep femoral artery, sparing the anterior circumflex artery which is important to the blood supply of the femoral head. Forty-five cases have been surgically managed over 11 years. Eighteen cases with follow-up longer than five years were analyzed, providing an 84 percent successful outcome with both very good and good results.
Identification of residues in the WD-40 repeat motif of the F-box protein Met30p required for interaction with its substrate Met4p

The SCF family of ubiquitin-ligases consists of a common core machinery, namelySkp1p, Cdc53p, Hrt1p, and a variable component, the F-box protein that is responsible for substrate recognition. The F-box motif, which consists of ~40 amino acids, connects the F-box protein to the core ubiquitin-ligase machinery. Distinct SCF complexes, defined by distinct F-box proteins, target different substrate proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation. As part of the SCFMet30p complex, the F-box protein Met30p selects the substrate Met4p, a transcriptional activator for MET biosynthetic genes that mediate sulfur uptake and biosynthesis of sulfur containing compounds. When cells are grown in the absence of methionine, Met4p evades degradation by the SCFMet30p complex and activates the MET biosynthetic pathway. However, overproduction of Met30p represses MET gene expression and induces methionine auxotrophy in an otherwise methionine prototrophic strain. Here we demonstrate that overproduction of the C-terminal portion of Met30p, which is composed almost entirely of seven WD-40 repeat motifs, is necessary and sufficient to induce methionine auxotrophy and complement the temperature sensitive (ts) met30-6 mutation. Furthermore, we show that this region of Met30p is important for binding Met4p and that mutations that disrupt this interaction prevent both the induction of methionine auxotrophy and complementation of the met30-6 mutation. These assays have been exploited to identify residues that are important for the interaction of Met30p with its substrate. Since the C-terminal domain of Met30p lacks the F-box and cannot support the ubiquitination of Met4p, our results indicate that the recruitment of Met4p to the SCFMet30p complex itself results in inactivation of Met4p, independently of its ubiquitination.
The influence of carbon dioxide inhalation on ectopic tachycardias caused by veratrine.

Abstract Veratrine alkaloids, applied topically on the dog's ventricle or given intravenously, do not elicit extrasystoles with constant coupling. Such extrasystoles appeared, however, in twenty-one out of twenty-six experiments, when veratrine was applied topically to the ventricular surface of the dog's heart and the animal inhaled a mixture of 20 per cent carbon dioxide with 80 per cent oxygen. Before the appearance of the extrasystoles with fixed coupling a prolongation of the ectopic tachycardia, which typically follows application of veratrine, could be observed. In a similar way ectopic rhythms following topical application of sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and sodium oxalate were prolonged; bigeminal rhythms were common. Following the inhalation of carbon dioxide the phenomenon of exit block was seen in a few experiments and vagal stimulation elicited ectopic auricular and ventricular rhythms. An attempt is made to explain the described action of carbon dioxide on the basis of known neurophysiologic data.
A Design for a High Field Combined Function Superferric Magnet

A combined function superferric magnet option has been investigated for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The option requires the maximum value of the field in the magnet to be much higher than that achieved in any existing combined function accelerator magnet. A model is presented here in which a good field quality can be maintained up to 2T. It is done by carefully designing the yoke structure and positioning the coils in such a way that the iron poles tend to saturate evenly across the gap. A cold iron model might be necessary for this magnet.
Paquetes léxicos en textos de estudio universitario: Variación entre disciplinas académicas

Durante estas dos ultimas decadas los investigadores han estado crecientemente interesados en el estudio de expresiones prefabricadas de varias palabras. Un acercamiento productivo a esta area de pesquisa ha sido investigar las secuencias frasticas que realmente ocurren con mayor frecuencia en un registro dado, las que se denominan paquetes lexicos ( lexical bundles). Los paquetes lexicos tienen ciertas caracteristicas estructurales sistematicas y sirven para importantes funciones discursivas: al expresar posturas, senalar la organizacion discursiva o proveer marcos referenciales. Estudios anteriores han documentado el uso de paquetes lexicos en conversaciones, prosa academica, libros de textos universitarios, escritos de alumnos y en la ensenanza en el aula. El presente estudio extiende esta linea de investigacion, comparando el uso de paquetes lexicos en libros de textos de cinco principales disciplinas academicas: negocios, ingenieria, ciencias naturales, ciencias sociales y humanidades. Lo encontrado aqui muestra que existen importantes diferencias entre estas disciplinas, tanto en el uso que hacen de estos paquetes, como en las funciones que estos cumplen
Stabilization of a lipid bilayer membrane by polylysine.

Abstract Black lipid bilayer membranes have become increasingly useful as models of natural cell membranes. A method has been devised whereby the stability of the black lipid bilayer can be vastly improved by the addition of a synthetic polypeptide. Short chains of polylysine which have been crosslinked with glutaraldehyde have conferred upon an oxidized cholesterol bilayer a lifetime of greater than 48 hours, with a steady state D.C. resistance of 3.1 ± 1.2 × 10 7 Ω-cm 2 . Control membranes with no polylysine added had a mean lifetime of only 23 minutes. A significant improvement in membrane stability was noted when all solutions were first passed through Millipore filters.
Beyond the constant-mass Dirac physics: Solitons, charge fractionization, and the emergence of topological insulators in graphene rings

The doubly-connected polygonal geometry of planar graphene rings is found to bring forth topological configurations for accessing nontrivial relativistic quantum field (RQF) theory models that carry beyond the constant-mass Dirac-fermion theory. These include generation of sign-alternating masses, solitonic excitations, and charge fractionization. The work integrates a RQF Lagrangian formulation with numerical tight-binding Aharonov-Bohm electronic spectra and the generalized position-dependent-mass Dirac equation. In contrast to armchair graphene rings (aGRGs) with pure metallic arms, certain classes of aGRGs with semiconducting arms, as well as with mixed metallic-semiconducting ones, are shown to exhibit properties of one-dimensional nontrivial topological insulators. This further reveals an alternative direction for realizing a graphene-based nontrivial topological insulator through the manipulation of the honeycomb lattice geometry, without a spin-orbit contribution.
“Spontaneous Activity” of Mice

Resume Quand on fait tous les efforts possibles pour eliminer l'excitation pres d'une souris, il a lieu toujours des mouvements—les soi-disant “mouvements spontanes.” Ces mouvements ne se montrent pas par hasard, mais avec une forme definie, c'est-a-dire, dans des periodes rapides de mouvement repetees regulierement suivies de periodes de tranquillite; avec une temperature les periodes d'activite et de tranquillite sont d'une longueur constante, ayant une erreur probable mayenne, comme pourcentage, de la moyenne de 5% pour l'activite, de 10% pour la tranquillite (a 21° C.). Les souris sont toujours poikilothermiques a I'âge de deux jours; la fiequence des cycles d'activite s'accroit avec la temperature a la maniere d'une reaction chimique. Quand la frequence moyenne de l'occurrence des periodes d'activite est construite selon l'equation d'Arrhenius, la valeur de μ a ete de 25.300 calories. La duree des intervalles de tranquillite et d'activite change aussi cornme fonction de temperature; quand leurs recip...
The Sociology of Suicide Prevention: Policy Implications of Differences Between Suicidal Patients and Completed Suicides

In spite of hundreds of thousands of dollars in federal support, American suicide prevention centers have not succeeded in lowering the suicide rate. It is hypothesized that this failure to prevent suicide stems in large measure from the statistically significant differences between completed suicides and suicidal patients. American suicide prevention centers are simply not contacting those persons with high suicide potential. As a result of the present investigation it is concluded specifically that completed suicides are more likely to be male, old, married, to have come from fewer broken homes, to be more independent, less active socially, in poorer physical health, more successful vocationally, and to have made fewer, more lethal suicide attempts than the patients. Thus, if one wants to lower the suicide rate, the intervention services of the suicide prevention center must be redesigned to accommodate the life-style of the completed suicide.
Phencyclidine disrupts acquisition and retention performance within a spatial continuous recognition memory task

Rats with 1 or 2 mg/kg phencyclidine (PCP), 4 mg/kg PCP, or saline injections were tested for acquisition or retention performance of a spatial continuous recognition memory task. Results indicate that relative to controls and rats with injections of 1 and 2 mg/kg PCP rats with 4-mg/kg PCP injections were profoundly impaired in acquisition and somewhat impaired in retention of the task across all lags as measured by increases in latency for repeated items. Phencyclidine, through it presumed blocking action of the NMDA receptor, alters the consolidation of new spatial location information but does not have a major affect on short-term maintenance of previously learned information.
Artificial neural networks

Examines the following questions associated with artificial neural networks: why people are interested in artificial neural networks; what artificial neural networks are, from the point of view of electronic circuits, and how they work; how they can be programmed and made to solve particular problems; and whether interesting problems can actually be put on such networks. The author then describes the current state of artificial neural network technology and the resulting challenges to people working on electronic devices. >
A methodology for evaluating computer integrated manufacturing technologies

Abstract The decision to invest in advanced manufacturing technology is often made at the strategic level. The technique to be used to justify these decisions should have the ability to incorporate the non-quantifiable, intangible benefits associated with implementing these technologies. Among the methods introduced recently, the linear additive models have received considerable attention. This paper reviews a linear additive method which can be used to evaluate long-term and short-term automation manufacturing investment alternatives. The paper also concentrates on those cases in which some common characteristics of available alternatives are assumed to be independent.
Nucleophilic reactivity and oxo/sulfido substitution reactions of MVIO3 Groups (M = Mo, W).

The nucleophilic reactivity of oxo ligands in the groups MVIO3 in the trigonal complexes [(Me3tacn)MO3] (M = Mo (1), W (10)) and [(But3tach)MO3] (M = Mo (5), W (14)) has been investigated. Complexes 1/10 can be alkylated with MeOTf to give [(Me3tacn)MO2(OMe)]1+ (2/11), silylated with Pri3SiOTf to form [(Me3tacn)MO2(OSiPri3)]+ (3/12), and protonated with HOTf to yield [(Me3tacn)MoO2(OH)]+ (4). Similarly, complexes 5/14 can be silylated to [(But3tach)MO2(OSiPri3)]+ (6/15) and protonated to [(But3tach)MO2(OH)]+ (7/16). Products were isolated as triflate salts in yields exceeding 70%. When excess acid was used, the dinuclear μ-oxo species [(But3tach)2M2O5]2+ (8/17) were obtained. X-ray structures are reported for 2−4, 6−8, 12, and 15−17. All mononuclear complexes have dominant trigonal symmetry with a rhombic distortion owing to a MOR bond (R = Me, SiPri3, H), which is longer than MO oxo interactions; the latter exert a substantial trans influence on MN bond lengths. Oxo ligands in 5/14 undergo replacement wi...
NEAR-IR DIRECT DETECTION OF WATER VAPOR IN TAU BOÖTIS b

We use high dynamic range, high-resolution L-band spectroscopy to measure the radial velocity (RV) variations of the hot Jupiter in the τ Bootis planetary system. The detection of an exoplanet by the shift in the stellar spectrum alone provides a measure of the planet's minimum mass, with the true mass degenerate with the unknown orbital inclination. Treating the τ Boo system as a high flux ratio double-lined spectroscopic binary permits the direct measurement of the planet's true mass as well as its atmospheric properties. After removing telluric absorption and cross-correlating with a model planetary spectrum dominated by water opacity, we measure a 6σ detection of the planet at K_p = 111 ± 5 km s^(−1), with a 1σ upper limit on the spectroscopic flux ratio of 10^(−4). This RV leads to a planetary orbital inclination of i=45^(+3)_(-4)° and a mass of M_p = 5.90^(+0.35)_(-0.20)M_Jup. We report the first detection of water vapor in the atmosphere of a non-transiting hot Jupiter, τ Boo b.
Limitations of a histologic assay for syn-, allo-, and xenogeneic H-Y antigen

In view of the potential significance of the H-Y antigen in the etiology of cases of sexual ambiguity we have attempted to develop a clinically useful test for the presence of H-Y on the cells of such patients. The attempts were directed at the detection of accelerated or decelerated rejection of syngeneic skin grafts on H-Y-incompatible mice previously exposed to H-Y positive syngeneic, allogeneic, or xenogeneic cells. Using a simple and rapid histologic assay after exposure to syn- or allogeneic cells, acceleration (sensitization) as well as deceleration (tolerance) was readily demonstrable. However, the assay was not helpful with the use of xenogeneic (rabbit, human) cells.
Camouflage Traffic: Minimizing Message Delay for Smart Grid Applications under Jamming

Smart grid is a cyber-physical system that integrates power infrastructures with information technologies. To facilitate efficient information exchange, wireless networks have been proposed to be widely used in the smart grid. However, the jamming attack that constantly broadcasts radio interference is a primary security threat to prevent the deployment of wireless networks in the smart grid. Hence, spread spectrum systems, which provide jamming resilience via multiple frequency and code channels, must be adapted to the smart grid for secure wireless communications, while at the same time providing latency guarantee for control messages. An open question is how to minimize message delay for timely smart grid communication under any potential jamming attack. To address this issue, we provide a paradigm shift from the case-by-case methodology, which is widely used in existing works to investigate well-adopted attack models, to the worst-case methodology, which offers delay performance guarantee for smart grid applications under any attack. We first define a generic jamming process that characterizes a wide range of existing attack models. Then, we show that in all strategies under the generic process, the worst-case message delay is a U-shaped function of network traffic load. This indicates that, interestingly, increasing a fair amount of traffic can in fact improve the worst-case delay performance. As a result, we demonstrate a lightweight yet promising system, transmitting adaptive camouflage traffic (TACT), to combat jamming attacks. TACT minimizes the message delay by generating extra traffic called camouflage to balance the network load at the optimum. Experiments show that TACT can decrease the probability that a message is not delivered on time in order of magnitude.
Extent and kinetics of recovery of occult spinal cord injury.

Abstract Purpose: To obtain clinically useful quantitative data on the extent and kinetics of recovery of occult radiation injury in primate spinal cord, after a commonly administered elective radiation dose of 44 Gy, given in about 2 Gy per fraction. Methods and Materials: A group of 56 rhesus monkeys was assigned to receive two radiation courses to the cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord, given in 2.2 Gy per fraction. The dose of the initial course was 44 Gy in all monkeys. Reirradiation dose was 57.2 Gy, given after 1-year ( n = 16) or 2-year ( n = 20) intervals, or 66 Gy, given after 2-year ( n = 4) or 3-year ( n = 14) intervals. Two animals developed intramedullary tumors before reirradiation and, therefore, did not receive a second course. The study endpoint was myeloparesis, manifesting predominantly as lower extremity weakness and decrease in balance, occurring within 2.5 years after reirradiation, complemented by histologic examination of the spinal cord. The data obtained were analyzed along with data from a previous study addressing single-course tolerance, and data from a preliminary study of reirradiation tolerance. Results: Only 4 of 45 monkeys completing the required observation period (2–2.5 years after reirradiation, 3–5.5 years total) developed myeloparesis. The data revealed a substantial recovery of occult injury induced by 44 Gy within the first year, and suggested additional recovery between 1 and 3 years. Fitting the data with a model, assuming that all (single course and reirradiation) dose–response curves were parallel, yielded recovery estimates of 33.6 Gy (76%), 37.6 Gy (85%), and 44.6 Gy (101%) of the initial dose, after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, at the 5% incidence (D 5 ) level. The most conservative estimate, using a model in which it was assumed that there was no recovery between 1 and 3 years following initial irradiation and that the combined reirradiation curve was not necessarily parallel to the single-course curve, still showed an overall recovery equivalent to 26.8 Gy (61%). The spinal cords of symptomatic monkeys consistently revealed a mixture of white matter necrosis and vascular injury, but the majority of spinal cords of asymptomatic animals did not exhibit overt lesions detectable by light microscopy. Conclusion: Combined analysis with the data of the previous studies yielded firm evidence that the spinal cord has a large capacity to recover from occult radiation injury induced by a commonly prescribed elective dose. This finding strengthens the rationale for selective use of radiotherapy to treat second primary tumors arising in previously irradiated tissues or late recurrences. However, some caution should be exercised in applying quantitative experimental data, because the length of follow-up in these experiments was limited to 2–2.5 years after reirradiation, whereas human myelopathy cases occasionally occur after longer latency. Because there is a large variation in long-term recovery among tissues, the tolerance of other tissues at risk should also be taken into account in prescribing therapy.
Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Vaccine Efficacy in Older Adults

AB The most effective way of avoiding influenza is through influenza vaccination. However, the vaccine is ineffective in about 25% of the older population. Immunosenescence with advancing age results in inadequate protection from disease because of ineffective responses to vaccination. Recently, a number of strategies have been tested to improve the efficacy of a vaccine in older adults. An acute bout of moderate aerobic exercise may increase the efficacy of the vaccine in young individuals, but there are limited efficacy data in older adults who would benefit most. Purpose: This study sought to evaluate whether acute moderate-intensity endurance exercise immediately before influenza vaccination would increase the efficacy of the vaccine. Methods: Fifty-nine healthy volunteers between 55 and 75 yr of age were randomly allocated to an exercise or control group. Antibody titers were measured at baseline before exercise and 4 wk after vaccination. C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at 24 and 48 h after vaccination. Results: Delta CRP and IL-6 at 24 and 48 h were significantly higher after vaccination as compared to the sham injection. There were no differences in the levels of antibody titers against the H3N2 influenza strain between groups. However, women in the exercise group had a significantly higher antibody response against the H1N1 influenza strain as compared to the men, probably because of lower prevaccine titers. There were no significant differences in seroprotection between groups. Conclusions: Acute moderate aerobic exercise was not immunostimulatory in healthy older men but may serve as a vaccine adjuvant in older women
Transforming documentation from the XML doctypes used for the apache website to DITA

A primary factor behind the enormous interest in XML is the support it provides for transforming documents to meet the needs of information-processing applications as well as human readers working with HTML, print, and other presentation media. This case study reviews the issues we confronted, the tools we implemented, and the procedures we adopted to transform a documentation set from one XML document type to another, and from XML to HTML and Adobe PDF.The documentation set for Xalan, the Apache XSL transformer based largely on code donated by Lotus/IBM, is written in XML, using document types shared by the projects on the Apache XML website. To present Xalan reference releases to IBM project groups, the Cambridge Advanced Technology Group has set up build procedures to transform the Xalan XML documentation to DITA, an extensible XML information typing architecture currently under development in IBM. After verifying that the DITA output conforms to its declared document type, the build publishes the DITA documentation set as HTML and as PDF.
Photoluminescent europium-containing inner sphere conducting metallopolymer.

The oxidative electrochemical polymerization of a new Eu(III) complex that contains 3,4-ethylenedioxythenyl (EDOT) groups has been carried out, resulting in the formation of an inner sphere conducting metallopolymer. Preliminary photophysical measurements reveal energy transfer to the europium center and the corresponding stimulated red emission. Importantly, the europium-containing conducting metallopolymer displays only a europium-based emission profile leading to excellent color purity in this material.
The Role of Beliefs in the Relationship Between Health Problems and Posttraumatic Stress in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors

In addition to the potential for ongoing health concerns, adolescent and young adult (AYA) childhood cancer survivors frequently report posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). The current study examines whether beliefs about health moderate the relationship between the number of health problems and PTSS 2 months later in 140 survivors. Beliefs, as measured by scales of the Health Competence Beliefs Inventory (HCBI), negatively related to PTSS while health problems positively related to PTSS. Three scales of the HCBI-health perceptions, satisfaction with healthcare and cognitive competence—were significant moderators. The relationship between health problems and PTSS was stronger in the presence of less adaptive beliefs. These beliefs represent potentially malleable intervention targets for reducing PTSS in childhood cancer survivors.
Absence of the SRC-2 Coactivator Results in a Glycogenopathy Resembling Von Gierke's Disease

Hepatic glucose production is critical for basal brain function and survival when dietary glucose is unavailable. Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is an essential, rate-limiting enzyme that serves as a terminal gatekeeper for hepatic glucose release into the plasma. Mutations in G6Pase result in Von Gierke's disease (glycogen storage disease-1a), a potentially fatal genetic disorder. We have identified the transcriptional coactivator SRC-2 as a regulator of fasting hepatic glucose release, a function that SRC-2 performs by controlling the expression of hepatic G6Pase. SRC-2 modulates G6Pase expression directly by acting as a coactivator with the orphan nuclear receptor RORalpha. In addition, SRC-2 ablation, in both a whole-body and liver-specific manner, resulted in a Von Gierke's disease phenotype in mice. Our results position SRC-2 as a critical regulator of mammalian glucose production.
LIPID OXIDATION IN BOLOGNA CONTAINING MECHANICALLY DEBONED BEEF

Control bologna and bologna in which 20% of the lean beef was replaced with mechanically deboned meat (MDM) were manufactured. Bologna was evaluated for palatability characteristics and monitored for decreases in the fatty acids of the polar and nonpolar lipid fractions and for the production of monocarbonyls. The addition of MDM to bologna had no effect on fatty acid loss during storage and the production of monocarbonyls in MDM-containing bologna was similar to that of the control bologna. Control bologna and bologna with MDM included had similar flavor scores during storage at 1°C. Both control and MDM bologna showed a slight decrease in flavor scores with increases in storage up to 60 days.
Cutaneous malignant melanoma

Abstract Malignant melanoma is the leading cause of death as a result of skin disease in the United States. The incidence of melanoma has increased exponentially during the last two decades, and the disease is now the eighth most common cause of cancer in the United States, with an estimated annual incidence of approximately 13 per 100,000. Melanoma is curable if diagnosed and treated early in its course, but unfortunately, many patients are still diagnosed with invasive melanoma; the 5-year survival rate for those diagnosed with melanoma that has spread to. regional lymph nodes is 50%. Careful physical examination of pigmented lesions and attention to the clinical history guide the physician toward establishing a diagnosis. The early warning signs of melanoma are a change in the size, shape, or color of a lesion and symptoms associated with pigmented lesions, such as pruritus; ulceration and bleeding are generally late findings in primary melanoma. The ABCD guide for diagnosis of melanoma includes Asymmetry of the lesion, Border irregularity with notching, scalloping, or poorly defined margins, Color variegation, and Diameter greater than 6 mm. The diameter of a lesion should not be used to exclude otherwise suspicious lesions because small diameter melanomas are reported. The cause of melanoma is still unknown but is thought to involve exposure to ultraviolet radiation, possibly years before the tumor is apparent. The increase in incidence of malignant melanoma is probably related to many factors, including increased time spent in outdoor recreational activities, changes in employment trends, and clothing that exposes more skin. A familial form of melanoma exists in cases in which afflicted individuals have large numbers of nevi and melanoma is found in one or more first- or second-degree relatives. These individuals have an almost 100% lifetime risk of developing melanoma. For others, common risk factors include a fair skin type, large numbers of moles, and a history of excessive sun exposure, including sunburning, early in life. Treatment of melanoma is directed at surgical excision of the primary tumor. Adequate excision of thin primary melanoma results in an excellent prognosis. Treatment of melanoma that has metastasized regionally is primarily surgical, and treatment of widespread disease primarily includes chemotherapy-based regimens. The prognosis of advanced-stage disease is poor, and several experimental treatment protocols are being evaluated.
Hydrothermal pyrolysis of organic matter in Guaymas Basin: I. Comparison of hydrocarbon distributions in subsurface sediments and seabed petroleums

Abstract The bitumens of a selection of subsurface sediments from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, have been analyzed in order to assess the hydrothermal effects on the organic matter and to better delineate the processes influencing the generation, deposition, and alteration of the hydrothermal petroleums at the seabed. Although the thermally generated subsurface bitumens are generally rich in polar/asphaltic materials, as are the seabed oils, the hydrocarbon transformations parallel the extent of hydrothermal alteration as reflected in the downcore mineralogy at DSDP Sites 477 and 478. At Site 477, a progressive change from n-alkane- to aromatic hydrocarbon-dominated patterns in the high resolution gas chromatography-resolvable fractions of the bitumens accompanies decreases in organic carbon and bitumen yields with depth. These transformations are indicative of sequential hydrothermal alteration of the sediments with depth, due to increasing temperature and/or progressive passage of hydrothermal fluid through the sedimentary column. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions undergo extensive transformations (e.g. dealkylation) consistent with hydrothermal alterations, are dominant at depth, and have the broadest range as thermal maturation indices. The aliphatic and aromatic components of the seabed oils can be transported to the seabed independently as a result of their generation under different temperature or depth regimes and sequentially over time during pyrolysis. The concentrations of the parent PAH in the thermally altered subsurface bitumens are comparable to those in the seabed oils. The differential dissolution of the more soluble aromatics and selective solidification/condensation of the higher molecular weight PAH out of the high-temperature fluids exiting at the seabed (chimneys) result in aromatic distributions of the oils significantly skewed towards the larger components [e.g. benzo(ghi)perylene] relative to the subsurface bitumens. Comparison of the downcore hydrocarbon distributions with those in the seabed petroleums support the contention that the hydrothermal oils are mixtures of pyrolysates from different depths or thermal regimes and are significantly altered by differential solubilization during transport and at the seabed.
Catheter Ablation to Maintain Sinus Rhythm

Over the past 12 years, catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) has emerged from being a novel, largely unproven procedure to its role today as a very commonly performed procedure for treatment of patients with symptomatic AF.1–4 In fact, catheter ablation of AF has become one of the most commonly performed catheter ablation procedures at most large medical centers throughout the world. The objective of the present report is to provide a state-of-the-art review of the techniques, outcomes, and complications of catheter ablation of AF. Three main topic areas will be discussed. First, I will review the current approaches for and outcomes of AF ablation. Second, I will identify and briefly review areas in the field of AF ablation about which less is known and that remain active areas for research. Third, I will briefly review the current status of a number of emerging technologies, approaches, and tools that are being developed with the aim of improving the outcomes of AF ablation. Finally, I will conclude by sharing with you my perspective on the indications for AF ablation. It is now widely recognized that circumferential ablation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) with the goal of obtaining electric isolation of the PVs is the cornerstone for most AF ablation procedures.1 This ablation technique involves delivering a series of point-by-point radiofrequency lesions that encircle the 2 left and 2 right PVs either by creating a single circumferential lesion around the 2 right PVs and another around the 2 left PVs or by including lesions between the ipsilateral PVs, resulting in a figure 8 lesion set (Figures 1A and 1B). Electric isolation of the PVs is most commonly confirmed by use of a circular multipolar electrode catheter (Figure 2). Irrigated radiofrequency ablation catheters, used in conjunction with …