cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘Our Poore People in Tumults Arose’: Living in Poverty in Earls Colne, Essex, 1560–1640

Through the use of tax assessments, parish registers, and accounts of overseers of the poor we have learned such about the growing problem of the poor in early modern rural England. What remains difficult is to get at the circumstances and thoughts of the rural poor themselves and their relationships with their better-off neighbors. The search engine and the nominal linkage features of the electronic Earls Colne archive can be employed to learn more about the depth of the late-Tudor and early-Stuart crisis through construction of ‘pauper biographies’. Even without poor relief accounts, the investigation into probate, court, parish, estate and private records confirms the alarming increase in numbers of impoverished people in rural communities, particularly after 1590, and the extent to which acute poverty was the fate of many more than those receiving parish relief. The study also reveals the life-long and multi-generational nature of poverty at the time, the increasing incidence of disorder among the poor after 1620, and the effect of leniency by the elite toward the disorderly poor leading up to the political crisis of the 1640s.
1,2-Diiodo-4,5-dimethyl-benzene.

The structure of the title compound, C8H8I2, conforms closely to the mm2 symmetry expected for the free mol­ecule and is the first reported structure of a diiodo­dimethyl­benzene. Repulsion by neighboring I atoms and the neighboring methyl groups opposite to them results in a slight elongation of the mol­ecule along the approximate twofold rotation axis that bis­ects the ring between the two I atoms. In the extended structure, the mol­ecules form inversion-related pairs which are organized in approximately hexa­gonal close-packed layers and the layers then stacked so that mol­ecules in neighboring layers abut head-to-tail in a manner that optimizes dipole–dipole inter­actions.
ICP0 Inhibits the Decrease of HSV Amplicon-mediated Transgene Expression

The herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon vector produces an initial host response that limits transgene expression. In this study, we hypothesized that restoration of the HSV gene infected cell protein (ICP0) into the amplicon could circumvent this host response and thus overcome silencing of encoded transgenes. To test this, we constructed an amplicon vector that encodes the ICP0 under control of its native promoter (ICP0+ amplicon). Expression of ICP0 was transient and, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, did not significantly alter interferon (IFN)-based responses against the vector or cell kinetics/apoptosis of infected cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) PCR analysis revealed that conventional amplicon DNA became associated with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) immediately after infection, whereas ICP0+ amplicon DNA remained relatively unbound by HDAC1 for at least 72 hours after infection. Mice administered systemic ICP0+ amplicon exhibited significantly greater and more sustained transgene expression in their livers than did those receiving conventional amplicon, likely due to increased transcriptional or post-transcriptional activity rather than increased copy numbers of vector DNA. These findings indicate that restoration of ICP0 expression may be employed within HSV amplicon constructs to decrease transgene silencing in vitro and in vivo.
The ambiguity and alternative construals of the [X-ko iss-ta] construction in Korean

This article analyzes the Korean [X-ko iss-ta] construction from the perspective of construal-based semantics, where the speaker’s choice and the grammatical context play an important role. The [X-ko iss-ta] construction exhibits ambiguity between the Progressive and the Resultant meanings. I argue that the Progressive reading is associated with the accomplishment construal of the construction, while the Resultant reading is associated with the achievement construal. I further argue that this type of alternative construal is motivated by the granularity observed ubiquitously in our everyday language. In terms of the function of -ko iss-, I argue that it segments out a smaller portion of the profiled semantic contour for focused viewing — an advantageous perspective from which to analyze stative verbs. My construal-based semantic analysis overcomes difficulties left by the previous proposals on the same topic.
The effect of acute stress on subsequent neuropsychological test performance (2003).

Acute mental stressors have been implicated as variables that may deleteriously affect neuropsychological test performance by increasing distractibility and decreasing working memory function. This study examined 25 subjects with no known neurological or psychiatric impairment on a brief battery of neuropsychological measures on alternate days following either rest or induced mental stress in a counterbalanced design. The test battery consisted of the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, the Rey Complex Figure, and three Wechsler Memory Scale-III subtests (Logical Memory, Digit Span, and Visual Memory Span). The Ss average age was 24.8 years (S.D.=10.1) and average education was 15.0 years (S.D.=1.6). The mental stressor employed was a videotaped public-speaking exercise that has been shown in previous work to induce negative mood, cardiovascular reactivity, and perceived mental stress. Ss demonstrated statistically significant (P<.05) increases in negative mood, heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure as well as elevated cortisol concentration following induced stress, suggesting substantially increased adrenocortical reactivity and cardiovascular stress response. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in any of the neuropsychological measures when stress versus rest days were compared. The results suggest that acute mental stressors may have no measurable effect on subsequent performance on selected neuropsychological tests in a normal population. Further work is suggested to determine whether pre-existing anxiety-related psychopathology or pre-existing neurological compromise might interact with induced mental stress to cause decrements in neuropsychological test performance.
Assessing the effectiveness of a multimedia-based lab for upper division psychology students

The efficacy of multimedia-based training in producing increased learning was evaluated. Two multimedia software packages were compared with live or videotaped lectures on the same material. Results differed by type of student (low or high initial knowledge) and type of program. Multimedia training programs may need to provide more aid to students with less initial knowledge in the training domain. In addition, the effects of multimedia may be subtle and therefore require rigorous evaluation.
Benzodiazepine self-administration in rhesus monkeys: estazolam, flurazepam and lorazepam.

Abstract The ability of three benzodiazepines to maintain self-administration behavior was studied in rhesus monkeys using a substitution procedure. Lever-press responding was maintained in six monkeys under a fixed-ratio schedule of IV pentobarbital delivery in daily sessions of 3 hr duration. Each of several doses of flurazepam, lorazepam and estazolam as well as saline and vehicle was periodically substituted for 4–13 consecutive sessions. Between dose or vehicle substitutions, responding was maintained by pentobarbital. All six monkeys self-administered flurazepam above vehicle or saline levels. In addition four to five monkeys tested with lorazepam and four of six tested with estazolam self-administered at least one dose of drug above control levels. These results indicate that self-administration performance can be reliably maintained in rhesus monkeys by certain benzodiazepines under appropriate experimental conditions.
Contributions of IBM toward the development of laser sources - 1960 to the present

IBM's role in the discovery of new lasers and of other devices which strongly modify the characteristics of beams generated by lasers is described.
Complex Permittivity Detection of Organic Chemicals and Mixtures Using a 0.5–3-GHz Miniaturized Spectroscopy System

In this paper, a miniaturized broadband dielectric spectroscopy system is presented for complex permittivity detection of organic chemicals in the 0.5-3-GHz frequency range. A sensing capacitor exposed to a material under test exhibits changes in its capacitance and resistance according to the complex permittivity. The sensing capacitor is embedded inside a wideband impedance divider circuit excited by an external microwave signal at the sensing frequency. The amplitude and phase variation of the microwave signal across the impedance divider is a function of the complex permittivity. Wideband in-phase and quadrautre mixers are used to measure the resulting amplitude and phase variations. A unique calibration algorithm using reference liquids is applied to the fabricated sensor and sensor characteristics are extracted using 2-D surface fitting. Complex permittivity detection of pure organic chemicals is performed with an error less than 1.5% in the 0.5-3-GHz frequency range. The measured points of the permittivity versus frequency are used to estimate the static permittivity using extrapolation with an error less than 1.5% compared to theoretical values. The sensor is also applied to measure the permittivities of binary mixtures with a mixing ratio accuracy of 1%.
Heal pouch pressures after defecation in continent and incontinent patients

After ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, a pouch/anal canal pressure gradient is present such that mean pressures in the anal canal exceed pressures in the pouch facilitating fecal continence. Such a relationship was not present in incontinent patients. PURPOSE: Our aim was to evaluate characteristics of pouch pressures dynamically in continent and incontinent patients following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). METHODS: A multichannel microtransducer catheter was positioned in eight continent patients and nine incontinent patients after IPAA. Twenty-four-hour recordings of pouch pressures and large pressure wave contractions were recorded when patients were awake, asleep, and after evacuation. RESULTS: When patients were awake, pouch pressures were similar. However, nocturnal pouch pressures were higher in the incontinent group (P <0.05). Large pressure wave amplitude was higher in incontinent patients when awake and asleep (P <0.05). Moreover, pouch pressures failed to decline in the incontinent group after evacuation, unlike continent patients. CONCLUSION: Compared with continent patients, incontinent patients after IPAA had persistently high phasic and basal pouch pressures at night and following pouch evacuation.
Seasonal flux of isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates in roots, stems and leaves of Cardamine cordifolia

Concentrations of constituent isothiocyanate-yielding glucosinolates (IYG) declined seasonally in cauline leaves and stems of Cardamine cordifolia, sampled in montane Colorado. All five constituents (isopropyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, benzyl and 2-phenyl-ethyl glucosinolates) were correlated positively with total concentration over the growing season. In contrast, no seasonal decline was discerned for total and constitutent IYG concentrations in roots and basal leaves, and constituents showed a mixed pattern of positive and negative correlations with total amount. Vegetative organs thus constitute two compartments relative to glucosinolate metabolism. In above-ground stems and associated cauline leaves, IYG concentrations decline individually and in concert over the growing season. In below-ground rhizomes and associated roots and basal leaves, individual compounds fluctuate in concentration, but in the aggregate do not decline seasonally. Metabolic fluxes of individual glucosinolates within and between vegetative organs, as well as changes in total concentrations, may influence feeding by herbivores.
Native Yucatán and Spanish influence: The archaeology and history of chikinchel

Researchers interested in developing long-term social histories are faced with myriad difficulties rising from the biased and fragmentary nature of various available sources of information on the distant past. Understanding the crucial centuries surrounding the Spanish invasion of the northern Maya lowlands is hindered by uncritical mixing of the written and material records. This case study from the Chikinchel region in northeast Yucatan is focused on economic issues. Relevant data from each register first are considered separately in order to preserve the integrity of each source. The resulting synthesis offers a new, well-informed interpretation of late prehispanic economic organization and its alteration under Spanish authority.
CSI Usage over Parallel Fading Channels under Jamming Attacks: A Game Theory Study

Consider a parallel channel with M independent flat-fading subchannels. There exists a smart jammer which has possession of a copy of perfect channel state information (CSI) measured and sent back by a receiver to its transmitter. Under this model, a class of two-person zero-sum games is investigated where either achievable mutual information rate or Chernoff bound is taken as the underlying pay-off function with the strategy space of each player determined by respective power control and hopping functions. More specifically, we have tackled and answered the following three fundamental questions. The first one is about whether the transmitter and jammer should hop or fully use all degrees of freedom over the entire parallel channels given the full CSI available to both of them, i.e. to hop or not to hop. The second question is about the impact of sending back CSI on system performance considering that the smart jammer can exploit CSI to further enhance its interference effects, i.e. to feedback or not to feedback. The last question is about whether the amount of feedback information can be reduced given the mutual restrictions between transmitter and jammer, i.e. when to feedback and when not to.
Unplanned tracheal extubation outside the operating room: a quality improvement audit of hemodynamic and tracheal airway complications associated with emergency tracheal reintubation.

UNLABELLED The incidence of hemodynamic and airway complications associated with tracheal reintubation after an unplanned extubation has not been established. Patients whose tracheas were emergently intubated outside the operating room were reviewed over a 27-mo period via a quality improvement vehicle to evaluate hemodynamic and airway complications. Data from a subset of patients (n = 57) who underwent tracheal reintubation after unplanned (self-) extubation were collected for analysis. Of the reintubations, 93% took place within 2 h of self-extubation. Of the patients, 72% had hemodynamic alterations and/or airway-related complications, including hypotension (35%), tachycardia (30%), hypertension (14%), multiple laryngoscopic attempts (22%), difficult laryngoscopy (16%), difficult intubations (14%), hypoxemia (14%), and esophageal intubation (14%). In addition, one surgical airway and one case of "cannot ventilate, cannot intubate" leading to cardiac arrest and death were recorded. These findings suggest that patients requiring reintubation will likely do so soon after self-extubation and that reintubation can be fraught with significant hemodynamic and airway complications. Less than one third of patients undergo a mishap-free reintubation. Strategies to decrease the self-extubation rate in the intensive care unit are needed to improve patient safety and to lessen the potential impact of emergency airway management. IMPLICATIONS Self-extubation by patients requiring mechanical ventilation can be life-threatening, and replacing the breathing tube often leads to hemodynamic and airway complications. Using this quality improvement audit, 57 self-extubating patients and the complications associated with replacing the breathing tube, which are numerous and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality, were analyzed.
Accumulation of ferulic acid in cell cultures of Ajuga pyramidalis metallica crispa

Cell cultures of Ajuga pyramidalis Metallica Crispa accumulate ferulic acid, a potent antioxidant cinnamic acid. Most of the ferulic acid was found in a soluble form in the cultures. Maximum accumulation of ferulic acid was found in highly pigmented cultures (138 mg/100 g of fresh weight). The leaves from greenhouse-grown plants had lower levels of ferulic acid (24 mg/100 g of fresh weight) compared to the cultures. A close relationship was observed between anthocyanin and ferulic acid accumulation in the cultures. Supplementation with gibberellic acid, a specific anthocyanin inhibitor, at 10, 100, and 1000 μM reduced the levels of both anthocyanins and ferulic acid in the cultures. Keywords: Ajuga pyramidalis; cell culture; ferulic acid
The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials' human repeated insult patch test protocol.

With implementation of the dermal sensitization QRA approach for fragrance ingredients, IFRA/RIFM are recommending use of the RIFM standard human repeated insult patch test (HRIPT) protocol for generation of confirmatory human data for the induction of dermal sensitization in a normal human population. Details of this standard HRIPT protocol are provided in this paper. The study protocol consists of two phases--Induction and Challenge. In the Induction phase, patches treated with fragrance ingredients in 75% diethyl phthalate/25% ethanol are applied to backs of volunteers for 24h. Following patch removal there is a 24-h rest period and volunteers are patched again at the same site. This procedure is repeated to achieve 9 applications over a 3-week period. There is an approximate 2-week rest period followed by a Challenge phase of a single 24-h patch application of test article applied to a naive site on the back. Skin reactions at the naive site observed at Challenge may be suggestive of dermal sensitization, and a Rechallenge is performed to confirm the nature of the reactivity. This study is designed to confirm the No-Observed-Effect-Level for induction of dermal sensitization in a normal human population.
Pinwheel inclusions in morphogenesis: a possible alternative to induction by viruses.

Pinwheel inclusions (PWs) were found in cells of callus tissue derived from explants of secondary phloem parenchyma of carrot(Daucus carota) storage root and grown on a basal medium containing zeatin and indoleacetic acid or coconut milk, naphthalene acetic acid, or combinations of these. Preliminary attempts to demonstrate the presence of viruses in the callus tissue failed. The possibility that the tissues were infected by a low titer or unstable conventional virus or by a defective mutant has not been ruled out. However, two lines of evidence suggest that the PWs in these tissues may be a result of culture conditions and not of virus infection. First, no PWs or other cytoplasmic inclusions were found in cells of otherwise similar tissue cultured on basal medium alone, and multifibrillar bundles (MFBs) but not PWs were found when the tissues were cultured on a medium that stimulates differentiation and morphogenesis. Second, culture stimulated to differentiate and containing MFBs only were returned to the supplemented basal medium and subsequently found to contain both PWs and MFBs.
Ibandronate and Nonvertebral Fracture Efficacy: Results of a Recent Pooled Analysis

Practice PearlThe nonvertebral efficacy of ibandronate is demonstrated by a pooled analysis of all relevant clinical trials.
Pulsatile dielectric elastomer membrane sensors

Dielectric elastomer (DE) membranes are one of the most promising transducers for developing in situ sensors for the vasculature. It is widely accepted that diseased arteries at various stages have a unique constitutive response. This means that the output of an in situ artery sensor would have distinct profiles corresponding to various stages of unhealth. An in situ sensor can potentially allow access to information about the mechanical state of the artery that is not currently available. Furthermore, the potential to combine the functions of providing structural support (stent) and monitoring the mechanical state (sensor) is truly unique (multifunctionality). Traditional sensors such as strain gages and piezoelectric sensors are stiff and fail at low strains (<1%) whereas some dielectric elastomers are viable at strains up to and even surpassing 100%. Investigating the electromechanical response of a deformable tube sensor sandwiched between a pulsating pressure source and a nonlinear elastic distensible thick wall has not been attempted before now. The successful development of a multiphysics model that correlates the electrical output of a pulsatile membrane sensor to its state of strain would be a significant breakthrough in medical diagnostics. The artery is modeled numerically and represented theoretically as a fiber reinforced tubular membrane subject to a pulsating pressure signal. In this paper, the fundamental mechanics associated with electromechanical coupling during dynamic finite deformations of DEs is derived. A continuum model for the dynamic response of tubular dielectric elastomer membranes configured for sensing is presented.
SURFACE IMPEDANCE OF A CLEAN TWO-BAND SUPERCONDUCTOR NEAR H/sub c2/.

The surface impedance is calculated for two-band superconductors in the mixed state near ${H}_{c2}$. The electromagnetic response function for the two-band system is seen to be the sum of the electromagnetic response in the individual bands. The individual response functions are then evaluated using a technique developed by Caroli and Maki. The resulting two-band expression for the surface impedance in the mixed state near ${H}_{c2}$ is used to analyze surface-impedance measurements on niobium. Both the purity dependence and the anisotropy in the surface impedances observed by Hibler and Maxwell can be accounted for qualitatively by the two-band expression.
Profanity in Media Associated With Attitudes and Behavior Regarding Profanity Use and Aggression

We hypothesized that exposure to profanity in media would be directly related to beliefs and behavior regarding profanity and indirectly to aggressive behavior. METHODS: We examined these associations among 223 adolescents attending a large Midwestern middle school. Participants completed a number of questionnaires examining their exposure to media, atti- tudes and behavior regarding profanity, and aggressive behavior. RESULTS: Results revealed a positive association between exposure to profanity in multiple forms of media and beliefs about profanity, pro- fanity use, and engagement in physical and relational aggression. Spe- cifically, attitudes toward profanity use mediated the relationship be- tween exposure to profanity in media and subsequent behavior involving profanity use and aggression. CONCLUSIONS: The main hypothesis was confirmed, and implications for the rating industry and research field are discussed. Pediatrics 2011;128:000
Recurrent conjunctivitis as a presentation of munchausen syndrome by proxy.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy, which manifested as recurrent bilateral keratoconjunctivitis in an infant. Design Interventional case report. Intervention The patient underwent numerous diagnostic studies, including two endoscopies, skin biopsy, conjunctival pH measurement, and a skeletal survey. She underwent daily eye examinations until the corneal and conjunctival epithelial defects resolved. Main outcome measure Resolution of cutaneous, mucosal, corneal, and conjunctival epithelial defects. Results A punch biopsy of the right postauricular area was performed, and pathology subsequently determined that the findings seemed to be the result of an exogenous injury. The conjunctival pH was 8.0, consistent with exposure to an exogenous, caustic agent. The acute ocular lesions resolved. Conclusions Munchausen syndrome by proxy can be seen with ophthalmic manifestations and should be considered in the differential diagnosis when ocular abnormalities cannot be explained after a thorough and methodical evaluation.
Large eddy simulations of two-dimensional turbulent convection in a density-stratified fluid

Large eddy simulations (LES) of two-dimensional turbulent convection within the anelastic approximation are presented for Rayleigh number Ra = 109, Prandtl number Pr = 1 with free-slip boundary conditions. Various subgrid-scale (SGS) models are investigated such as a similarity model, a dynamic similarity model, a dynamic eddy-viscosity model, a hyperdiffusion model and a hybrid model (dynamic similarity hyperdiffusion model). To study the effects of density stratification on the models, we have also carried out simulations for a Boussinesq flow. The SGS models are compared to direct numerical simulation (DNS) data on the basis of kinetic energy and entropy variance spectra, mean entropy profiles, r.m.s. entropy profiles and r.m.s. kinetic energy density profiles. The results show that for the Boussinesq flow, all the SGS models agree fairly well with the high resolution DNS data. However, for the strongly density-stratified flow, only the hyperdiffusion and the hybrid model show good performance.
Ground Water Beneath Coastal Bays of the Delmarva Peninsula: Ages and Nutrients

To complement a large-scale geophysical investigation of occurrence and discharge of fresh water beneath Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (Delmarva) coastal bays, we measured (1) salinity and nutrient concentrations in ground water samples from several offshore coring sites and (2) a suite of chemical and isotopic parameters, including age tracers, in ground water samples from a Delaware site. Samples were collected in a variety of Holocene and Plio-Pleistocene sediments in nearshore and offshore areas of the bays. Ground waters that were significantly fresher than overlying waters were found in plumes up to at least 15 m thick extending to more than 500 m offshore in some areas. Steep salinity and nutrient gradients occur within a few meters of the sediment surface in most locations studied. The zone of transition from deeper fresher waters to shallower brackish waters is generally thin near shore, but thickens and becomes more gradual offshore. Ground water ages at the Delaware site were mostly < 50 yr in both fresh waters and brackish waters up to 22 m below the bay bottom. Water chemistry and age data indicate that fresh water plumes beneath the estuary are active extensions of the surficial aquifer carrying nitrate from recharge areas on land, whereas brackish ground water surrounding the fresh water plumes is recharged beneath the estuary and contains ammonium and phosphate released by diagenesis of shallow estuarine sediments. Denitrification affects some of the fresh water nitrate before it mixes with brackish ground water or discharges to surface water.
Working-Time Regimes, Flexibility, and Work-Life Balance: Gender Equality and Families

In this chapter I examine a central component of working-time regimes – the legal regulation of daily and weekly hours of paid employment – and how the Canadian federal working-time regime reinforces a gendered division of paid and unpaid labour and contributes to increased stress experienced by working mothers in particular. I begin by introducing the concept of working-time regime and describing its central elements and focusing on the legal rules that regulate daily and weekly working time. Next, I briefly describe the key elements of the hours-of-work rules of the federal working-time regime. This sketch is followed by a discussion of the distribution of paid and unpaid work, emphasizing the gendered nature of this distribution, in Canada. Having set out the conceptual, legal, and empirical aspects of the federal hours-of-work regime, I turn to public policy dimensions of the lack of fit between a working-time regime that was developed in the 1960s and contemporary working-time practices, focusing on how flexibility and work-life balance are defined, and how public policy trade-offs are identified, measured, and evaluated. Once again, the emphasis is on the gendered nature of these trade-offs, which is further explored in a summary of the findings of a major study of family-work conflict in Canada. One of the goals of this discussion is to re-examine the persistent ways in which the dichotomy of family and work is perpetuated by the assumption that paid work and life/family are independent. I conclude the chapter by offering proposals for reconciling work and family life in a manner that promotes gender equality, a caring society, and social solidarity, and in doing so seek to contribute to the feminist-informed discussion of how paid work, family, and life can be achieved.
Optical Tweezers-Based Probe of Charge Transfer in Organic Semiconductors at Microscopic Scales

We present a technique to study the (dis)charging of organic semiconductor lms at microscopic scales, and in various environments, using an optical tweezers-based method combined with uorescence spectroscopy. The 1 m silica spheres were coated with either pristine organic semiconductor or a donor-acceptor blend, trapped using optical tweezers, and their uorescence was measured concurrently with the eective surface charge. The eective surface charge in uncoated silica spheres suspended in water was a factor of 70 higher as compared to that from similar spheres in a nonpolar toluene. In contrast, the coated silica spheres exhibited low eective charge densities in both environments, which is indicative of minimal interaction of organic semiconductors under study with these environments. This serves as a proof-of-principle experiment towards systematic studies of nanoscale photoinduced charge-based interactions between organic semiconductor molecules, with a resolution down to an elementary charge, and depending on the dielectric environment.
Forecasting sales and generation of obsolete computers in the U.S.

Our goal is to characterize future trends in the generation of obsolete computers in the U.S. Our definition of obsolete is based on a user purchasing a replacement computer, after which the old one is stored, resold, or sent for waste management. Starting from historical sales data on new computers and assuming a plausible first life span distribution of desktop and laptop computers, the historical penetration rate is expressed in terms of the number of computers owned per capita. We then work to extrapolate the current trend to the future by using a logistic model, an S-shaped curve based on a rate constant and a carrying capacity, the latter expressing the asymptotic limit of adoption of the technology. The major challenge met is that the personal computer is still in an early stage of adoption from a technology life cycle perspective. It is thus still too early for statistical fits to yield a reasonable estimation of carrying capacity. Our approach is to use a bounding analysis, the guiding principle of which is characterization of a range of possibility as opposed to a best guess value. We determine plausible upper and lower bounds on the future carrying capacity to be 1.3 and 0.71 computers per capita respectively. Under our assumptions for computer lifetime, these bounds correspond to an equilibrium generation of 132 million obsolete computers as an upper bound and 76 million as a lower bound. Evolution towards these bounds is estimated using the logistic model. One result of the analysis is the generation of obsolete computers by 2020 will be at most 20% away from the long-term carrying capacity. At the lower bound of adoption, generation of obsolete computers will plateau in 2021 and in 2047 for the upper bound.
BUILDING THEORY ABOUT SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: SOME TOOLS FROM THE ORGANIZATIONAL SCIENCES

In recent years, the field of supply chain management has placed increasing emphasis on using theories to describe, explain and predict relationships among important concepts. One source of theory within this work has been the organizational sciences — an allied set of fields including management, strategic management, organizational behavior and organization theory whose overarching goal is to identify ways to improve the functioning of organizations. Several powerful tools for guiding the theory building process — and for evaluating others' theory building efforts — have been developed within the organizational sciences, but have not yet found widespread application within the field of supply chain management. Our goal is to describe several of these tools and to explain how the tools can be used to enhance theory building within supply chain management.
Rules and Strategies of Visual Narratives

A functional distinction was drawn between two sets of cinematic principles, grammatical rules and rhetorical strategies. Four different versions of visual narratives were constructed by either following or violating a cinematic rule and by following one of two cinematic strategies in a 2 by 2 design. Each narrative presented a simple interaction between two characters. Subjects viewed the narratives, evaluated the characters, and then reconstructed the depicted events. As predicted, violating a cinematic rule significantly weakened subjects' reconstruction of the stories but did not alter their evaluation of the characters. Conversely, changing the cinematic strategy influenced subjects' evaluation of the characters but not their reconstruction of the stories. General implications for comprehension of visual narratives are discussed.
Short-Term Effects of Thrust Versus Nonthrust Mobilization/Manipulation Directed at the Thoracic Spine in Patients With Neck Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and Purpose Evidence supports the use of manual physical therapy interventions directed at the thoracic spine in patients with neck pain. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of thoracic spine thrust mobilization/manipulation with that of nonthrust mobilization/manipulation in patients with a primary complaint of mechanical neck pain. The authors also sought to compare the frequencies, durations, and types of side effects between the groups. Subjects The subjects in this study were 60 patients who were 18 to 60 years of age and had a primary complaint of neck pain. Methods For all subjects, a standardized history and a physical examination were obtained. Self-report outcome measures included the Neck Disability Index (NDI), a pain diagram, the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire. After the baseline evaluation, the subjects were randomly assigned to receive either thoracic spine thrust or nonthrust mobilization/manipulation. The subjects were reexamined 2 to 4 days after the initial examination, and they again completed the NDI and the NPRS, as well as the Global Rating of Change (GROC) Scale. The primary aim was examined with a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), with intervention group (thrust versus nonthrust mobilization/manipulation) as the between-subjects variable and time (baseline and 48 hours) as the within-subject variable. Separate ANOVAs were performed for each dependent variable: disability (NDI) and pain (NPRS). For each ANOVA, the hypothesis of interest was the 2-way group × time interaction. Results Sixty patients with a mean age of 43.3 years (SD=12.7) (55% female) satisfied the eligibility criteria and agreed to participate in the study. Subjects who received thrust mobilization/manipulation experienced greater reductions in disability, with a between-group difference of 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]=5.3–14.7), and in pain, with a between-group difference of 2.0 (95% CI=1.4–2.7). Subjects in the thrust mobilization/manipulation group exhibited significantly higher scores on the GROC Scale at the time of follow-up. No differences in the frequencies, durations, and types of side effects existed between the groups. Discussion and Conclusion The results suggest that thoracic spine thrust mobilization/manipulation results in significantly greater short-term reductions in pain and disability than does thoracic nonthrust mobilization/manipulation in people with neck pain.
Carcass Characteristics of Channel and Hybrid Catfish, and Quality Changes during Refrigerated Storage

Channel (Ictalurus punctatus) and hybrid (channel, I. punctatus, female×blue, I. furcatus, male) catfish were harvested from the same pond. Fillets were overwrapped or vacuum-skin packaged and stored 13 days at 4 o C. Carcass characteristics, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities were compared. No significant differences in body weight and proximate composition between the two genotypes were found. However, the visceral fat of the hybrids was significantly higher than that of channel catfish. Vacuum-skin packaged fillets had significantly lower free fatty acid levels and psychrotrophic populations than did overwrapped fillets on the 13th day of refrigerated storage
Phosducin and PP33 are in vivo targets of PKA and type 1 or 2A phosphatases, regulators of cell elongation in teleost rod inner-outer segments

Teleost rod photoreceptors elongate in the light and shorten in darkness. We are investigating the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), phosphatases and target phosphoproteins in the regulation of photoreceptor cell shape. Preparations of rod fragments, consisting of the motile inner segment with attached photosensory outer segment (RIS-ROS), undergo light-stimulated elongation in culture. The PKA- selective inhibitor, H89, enhanced RIS-ROS elongation in both light and darkness, suggesting that elongation is associated with dephosphorylation of PKA substrates. Okadaic acid and calyculin A, inhibitors of type 1 and 2A phosphatases, blocked light-dependent and light-independent elongation with relative potencies suggesting that elongation requires dephosphorylation by type 1 phosphatase in light and type 2A phosphatase in darkness. To identify targets of PKA and phosphatases, RIS-ROS were isolated from retinas prelabeled with 32P- orthophosphate, and then incubated in the presence of kinase inhibitors or phosphatase inhibitors. Two phosphoproteins, PP33 and PP35, were phosphorylated by PKA and dephosphorylated by type 1 or 2A phosphatases in light- and dark-cultured RIS-ROS. PP35 (but not PP33) was immunoprecipitated by an antibody to phosducin, a PKA-regulated modulator of phototransduction (Lee et al., 1992); PP35 was also phosphorylated in vitro by a Ca2+ calmodulin-activated kinase. PP33 further differed from PP35 in its phosphopeptide maps and phosphorylation by PKC. We conclude that RIS-ROS elongation is correlated with the dephosphorylation of PKA substrates by type 1 or 2A phosphatases. Candidate mediator proteins include PP35, a fish phosducin homolog, and PP33, a newly described photoreceptor phosphoprotein.
MET receptor tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic anticancer target

Tyrosine kinases are frequently deregulated in cancer either by constitutive activation, mutation, or over-expression. Though they are often associated with an aggressive phenotype they are also proving to be a druggable target. Activation of the MET receptor tyrosine kinase promotes cell proliferation, scattering, invasion, survival, and angiogenesis. Deregulation of MET promotes tumor formation, growth, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Because MET is a player in so many aspects of cancer development and progression, it is a strong candidate for targeted therapy. Numerous agents have been developed that are able to target MET expression and/or function and are the focus of this review.
Complexity and rigour in assessing the health dimensions of sectoral policies and programmes

Societies benefit in numerous ways from new infrastructure and technological innovations in sectors such as agriculture energy and transportation. Systematic assessment of the magnitude and distribution of the health effects of sectoral policies and programmes provides a powerful tool for increasing their contributions to health and welfare of societies. Attention to mediated causal relations and multi-causality not only results in more rigorous health effect assessment but also would generate a larger menu of interventions across layers of causality. With increased awareness of the role of health in inducing economic and social development a window of opportunity exists to make such assessments a visible and permanent part of policy analysis and programme design. This can be successful only if our methods and tools are chosen based not on their titles but on their suitability for the analytical problems that we face. (excerpt)
High Performance Computing Systems for Multidimensional Digital Signal Processing

Application-specific computing systems are hardware and software systems designed specifically for a family of related applications. In contrast to developing algorithms to run on a general-purpose computer, application-specific system design techniques match the computing structure to the problem. Thus, application-specific computing systems can offer 100 to 1000 fold improvements in cost versus performance over general-purpose computers on applications such as signal processing, interactive graphics, heuristic search, numerical simulation, and many others. In this paper, we present a computational model for an application-specific multiprocessor system for multidimensional digital signal processing applications.
The Use of Visual and Verbal Means of Communication Across Psychological Distance

The current study investigated the effect of distance on medium preferences in interpersonal communication. Five experiments showed that people's preference for using pictures (vs. words) is increasingly higher when communicating with temporally, socially, or geographically proximal (vs. distal) others. In contrast, preference for words is increasingly higher when communicating with those who were distal. A sixth experiment showed that communication's medium influences distance preferences, such that people's preference for communicating a message to a distant (vs. proximal) target is greater for verbal compared with pictorial communications. A seventh experiment showed that recipients are more likely to heed a sender's suggestions when the medium and distance are congruent. These findings reflect the suitability of pictures for communication with proximal others and words with distal others. Implications of these findings for construal-level theory, perspective taking, embodied cognition, the development of language, and social skills with children are discussed.
Electrical Transport Properties of Rare Earth Doped Pentatellurides

The transition metal pentatellurides HfTe5 and ZrTe5 exhibit a broad resistive anomaly as a function of temperature. This behavior is also reflected in the thermopower as it changes from a large positive value below room temperature to a large negative value at lower temperatures with the zero crossing corresponding well with the peak temperature of the resistive anomaly. The large values of the thermopower at low temperatures (T ≈ 150 K) have made these materials attractive for investigation for potential low temperature thermoelectric applications. The magnitude of the resistive peak and the peak temperature are highly sensitive to doping as well as external influences such as magnetic field and pressure. In this study we examine the effect of doping with various rare earth elements (RE = Ce, Sm and Dy) and the subsequent effects on the electrical resistivity and the thermopower. These results will be discussed in relation to the thermoelectric performance of these materials.
In Search of an Authentic African American and/or Black Identity: Perspectives of First Generation U.S.-Born Africans Attending a Predominantly White Institution:

The discourse on African American/Black identity, as illustrated by the “Obama Phenomenon,” continues to evolve as current ways of nomenclature and identifying “what is African American and/or Black identity” are, in effect, challenged by a generation of U.S.-born Africans. This case study explored the perceptions about African American/Black identity of six First Generation U.S.-Born Africans attending a predominantly White institution. The resulting narratives highlighted their perceived tensions and harmonies with Continental Africans, Generational African Americans, and, in some cases, other cultural/racial groups. Their stories offer more support for recognizing the heterogeneity within the African American/Black community. The university context serves as one of the primary sites where they engaged these tensions and harmonies concerning their racial/cultural/linguistic identities.
Deterministic galois: on-demand, portable and parameterless

Non-determinism in program execution can make program development and debugging difficult. In this paper, we argue that solutions to this problem should be on-demand, portable and parameterless. On-demand means that the programming model should permit the writing of non-deterministic programs since these programs often perform better than deterministic ones for the same problem. Portable means that the program should produce the same answer even if it is run on different machines. Parameterless means that if there are machine-dependent scheduling parameters that must be tuned for good performance, they must not affect the output. Although many solutions for deterministic program execution have been proposed in the literature, they fall short along one or more of these dimensions. To remedy this, we propose a new approach, based on the Galois programming model, in which (i) the programming model permits the writing of non-deterministic programs and (ii) the runtime system executes these programs deterministically if needed. Evaluation of this approach on a collection of benchmarks from the PARSEC, PBBS, and Lonestar suites shows that it delivers deterministic execution with substantially less overhead than other systems in the literature.
Multi-allelic haplotype model based on genetic partition for genomic prediction and variance component estimation using SNP markers

The amount of functional genomic information has been growing rapidly but remains largely unused in genomic selection. Genomic prediction and estimation using haplotypes in genome regions with functional elements such as all genes of the genome can be an approach to integrate functional and structural genomic information for genomic selection. Towards this goal, this article develops a new haplotype approach for genomic prediction and estimation. A multi-allelic haplotype model treating each haplotype as an ‘allele’ was developed for genomic prediction and estimation based on the partition of a multi-allelic genotypic value into additive and dominance values. Each additive value is expressed as a function of h − 1 additive effects, where h = number of alleles or haplotypes, and each dominance value is expressed as a function of h(h − 1)/2 dominance effects. For a sample of q individuals, the limit number of effects is 2q − 1 for additive effects and is the number of heterozygous genotypes for dominance effects. Additive values are factorized as a product between the additive model matrix and the h − 1 additive effects, and dominance values are factorized as a product between the dominance model matrix and the h(h − 1)/2 dominance effects. Genomic additive relationship matrix is defined as a function of the haplotype model matrix for additive effects, and genomic dominance relationship matrix is defined as a function of the haplotype model matrix for dominance effects. Based on these results, a mixed model implementation for genomic prediction and variance component estimation that jointly use haplotypes and single markers is established, including two computing strategies for genomic prediction and variance component estimation with identical results. The multi-allelic genetic partition fills a theoretical gap in genetic partition by providing general formulations for partitioning multi-allelic genotypic values and provides a haplotype method based on the quantitative genetics model towards the utilization of functional and structural genomic information for genomic prediction and estimation.