cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermocouple Response in Fires, Part 2: Validation of Virtual Thermocouple Model for Fire Codes

A virtual thermocouple model for high fidelity multiphysics computer simulation is introduced in this article. Detailed thermocouple and gas temperature (Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering) measurements were performed using a well-controlled, adiabatic, flat-flame Hencken burner, which provided data for validating the thermocouple model in a Sandia National Laboratories fire code. Comparison of simulation results to test data indicated a mean error of 6% between the thermocouple reading and predicted temperature.
In vivo [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine binding in rat striatum: sensitivity to dopamine concentrations.

Abstract Introduction The sensitivity of the in vivo binding of [ 11 C]dihydrotetrabenazine ([ 11 C]DTBZ) and [ 11 C]methylphenidate ([ 11 C]MPH) to their respective targets — vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) and neuronal membrane dopamine transporter — after alterations in endogenous levels of dopamine was examined in the rat brain. Methods In vivo binding of [ 11 C]DTBZ and [ 11 C]MPH was determined using a bolus+infusion protocol. The in vitro number of VMAT2 binding sites was determined by autoradiography. Results Repeated dosing with α-methyl- p -tyrosine (AMPT) at doses that significantly (−75%) depleted brain tissue dopamine levels resulted in increased (+36%) in vivo [ 11 C]DTBZ binding to VMAT2 in the striatum. The increase in binding could be completely reversed via treatment with l-DOPA/benserazide to restore dopamine levels. There were no changes in the total number of VMAT2 binding sites, as measured using in vitro autoradiography. No changes were observed for in vivo [ 11 C]MPH binding to the dopamine transporter in the striatum following AMPT pretreatment. Conclusion These results indicate that large reductions in dopamine concentrations in the rat brain can produce modest but significant changes in the binding of radioligands to VMAT2, which can be reversed by replenishment of dopamine using exogenous l-DOPA.
Bleomycin pulmonary toxicity: production of fibrosis by bithiazole-terminal amine and terminal amine moieties of bleomycin A2.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that endotracheal administration of the terminal amines of several bleamycins, when administered as the free amines, produce pulmonary fibrosis of severity comparable to the intact drug. In the present report, bleamycin A2 and its sulfonium ion-containing terminal substituents, with and without the bithiazole rings, were administered to mice endotracheally. The incidence and severity of epithelial metaplasia was greater with the intact drug in comparison to the terminal substituents. In contrast, the terminal substituents and intact drug produced similar degrees of fibrosis. These results underscore the importance of the variable bleamycin terminal substituents in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
Direct observation of the precession of individual paramagnetic spins on oxidized silicon surfaces

The precession of individual spins on partially oxidized Si(111) surfaces has been detected using a scanning tunneling microscope. The spin precession in a constant magnetic field induces a modulation in the tunneling current at the Larmor frequency. This radio-frequency signal is shown to be localized over distances less than 10 A\r{} and follows the expected magnetic field dependence.
GIT—a heuristic program for testing pairs of directed line graphs for isomorphism

Given a pair of directed line graphs, the problem of ascertaining whether or not they are isomorphic is one for which no efficient algorithmic solution is known. Since a straightforward enumerative algorithm might require 40 years of running time on a very high speed computer in order to compare two 15-node graphs, a more sophisticated approach seems called for. The situation is similar to that prevailing in areas such as game-playing and theorem-proving, where practical algorithms are unknown (for the interesting cases), but where various practical though only partially successful techniques are available. GIT—Graph Isomorphism Tester—incorporates a variety of processes that attempt to narrow down the search for an isomorphism, or to demonstrate that none exists. No one scheme is relied upon exclusively for a solution, and the program is designed to avoid excessive computation along fruitless lines. GIT has been written in the COMIT language and successfully tested on the IBM 7090.
A framework for examining climate-driven changes to the seasonality and geographical range of coastal pathogens and harmful algae

Abstract Climate change is expected to alter coastal ecosystems in ways which may have predictable consequences for the seasonality and geographical distribution of human pathogens and harmful algae. Here we demonstrate relatively simple approaches for evaluating the risk of occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in the genus Vibrio and outbreaks of toxin-producing harmful algae in the genus Alexandrium, with estimates of uncertainty, in U.S. coastal waters under future climate change scenarios through the end of the 21st century. One approach forces empirical models of growth, abundance and the probability of occurrence of the pathogens and algae at specific locations in the Chesapeake Bay and Puget Sound with ensembles of statistically downscaled climate model projections to produce first order assessments of changes in seasonality. In all of the case studies examined, the seasonal window of occurrence for Vibrio and Alexandrium broadened, indicating longer annual periods of time when there is increased risk for outbreaks. A second approach uses climate model projections coupled with GIS to identify the potential for geographic range shifts for Vibrio spp. in the coastal waters of Alaska. These two approaches could be applied to other coastal pathogens that have climate sensitive drivers to investigate potential changes to the risk of outbreaks in both time (seasonality) and space (geographical distribution) under future climate change scenarios.
Neuronal synapse interaction reconstituted between live cells and supported lipid bilayers

In the nervous system, homophilic and heterophilic adhesion molecules participate in the induction and differentiation of presynaptic transmitter release sites. We focus on the heterophilic interaction between postsynaptic neuroligin-1 (Nlg) and presynaptic β-neurexin (Nrx). Nlg has previously been shown to trigger presynaptic differentiation in a Nrx-expressing axon even when presented on a non-neuronal cell or on beads coated with lipid bilayers. We have now developed a new method to measure single molecule and ensemble distribution of Nrx and Nlg at the contact site between a non-neuronal Nrx-expressing cell and a flat supported glycosylphosphoinositol–neuroligin-1 (GPI-Nlg) lipid bilayer and relate them to adhesion as measured by cell migration and gravity dissociation. We find that within minutes after cell-bilayer contact, Nrx accumulates at the contact site and the contact area is expanded. The strength of cell-bilayer adhesion depends on the morphology of Nrx accumulation, with the focal concentration strengthening adhesion. The results suggest that Nlg-Nrx interaction rapidly establishes a weak, but specific, adhesion between dynamic pre- and postsynaptic processes, which may ultimately require additional molecules for synapse stabilization.
The uptake of HNO3 onto ice, NAT, and frozen sulfuric acid

The uptake of HNO3 onto ice, HNO3-H2O layers, and solid H2SO4/H2O solutions were studied in a cylindrical flow tube in conjunction with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer detection system. An efficient loss of HNO3 from the gas-phase to these surfaces was observed and the uptake coefficient was ≥0.3. The HNO3-H2O layers formed, however, had HNO3 vapor pressures significantly in excess of the expected values for NAT (nitric acid trihydrate). Supersaturations in HNO3 of at least a factor of three and up to ten were observed suggesting a hindrance to the formation of NAT. These results imply that the condensation temperatures of Type I PSCs are 2–3 K colder than that expected for NAT.
Progress in GYRO validation studies of DIII-D H-mode plasmas

The need for a validated predictive capability of turbulent transport in ITER is now widely recognized. However, to date most validation studies of nonlinear codes such as GYRO (Candy and Waltz 2003 J. Comput. Phys. 186 545) have focused upon low power L-mode discharges, which have significant differences in key dimensionless parameters such as ρ* = ρs/a from more ITER-relevant H-mode discharges. In order to begin addressing this gap, comparisons of the turbulent transport and fluctuations predicted by nonlinear GYRO simulations for a number of DIII-D (Luxon 2002 Nucl. Fusion 42 614) H-mode discharges to power balance analyses and experimental measurements are presented. The results of two H-mode studies are presented in this paper, this first of which investigates the importance of nonlocality at typical DIII-D H-mode ρ* values. Electrostatic global GYRO simulations of H-mode discharges at low and high rotation are shown to predict turbulence and transport levels lower than corresponding local simulations, and which are consistent with or slightly above experimental measurements and power balance analyses, even at 'near-edge' radii where gyrofluid and gyrokinetic models systematically underpredict turbulence and transport levels. The second study addresses the stabilizing effect of a significant density of energetic particles on turbulent transport. The results of local GYRO simulations of low-density QH-mode plasmas are presented, which model the fast beam ion population as a separate, dynamic ion species. The simulations show a significant reduction of transport with this fast ion treatment, which helps to understand previously reported results (Holland et al 2011 Phys. Plasmas 18 056113) in which GYRO simulations without this treatment significantly overpredicted (by a factor of 10 or more) power balance calculations. These results are contrasted with simulations of a high-density, low fast ion fraction QH-mode discharge, which predict transport levels consistent with power balance, regardless of the fast ion treatment.
MR imaging of the adrenal glands

MR imaging is used commonly for imaging the adrenal glands. Its high-contrast resolution and multiplanar imaging capability enables the detection and characterization of many adrenal masses. The advent of chemical-shift imaging revolutionized the role of MR imaging in characterizing adrenal masses. In this article, the authors discuss the range of MR appearances of common and uncommon adrenal masses, focusing on the nonfunctioning incidentally discovered mass and its characterization methods. MR imaging is continuously improving. The increasing use of higher strength magnets and the introduction of newer coils, sequences, and techniques will help detect and characterize very small adrenal masses, quantify their fat content, and provide exquisite morphologic images of the gland and its vascular supply.
Full functionality of LSI gate arrays fabricated on 3-in-diameter, MOCVD-grown GaAs-on-silicon substrates

Fully functional, 504-gate arrays have been fabricated on an MOCVD (metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition)-grown, 3-in-diameter, GaAs-on-silicon substrate. Each ECL (emitter-coupled-logic)-compatible gate array consists of an eight-bit adder, a D flip-flop, a 214 divider (with a divide-by-four tap), and a 263-stage inverter string. These circuits represent 90% gate utilization, or approximately 6600 transistors. The wafer-level yield of fully functional gate arrays is 10.7%. This demonstrates total functionality and yield for a digital circuit with LSI-level complexity using MOCVD-grown GaAs-on-silicon material and shows that this material, even with defect densities greater than 108 cm/sup -2/, is viable for high-density LSI circuits. >
Resurrection, ascension and the developing portrait of the God of Israel in Acts

This article exemplifies a theological hermeneutic where the concerns of systematic theology shape the way a NT text is read. It intends to show that the unfolding testimony of Acts 1–2 (1) continues the process begun in Luke 24 of moving its audience towardan incipiently triune portrait of Yahweh; (2) provides public testimony to the truth of God's lordship by narrating its embodiment in a restored Israel; (3) enlarges a trinitarian reader's imagination with regard to the nature of the triune life of God when that imagination is stimulated by Luke's portrait of the embodied risen and ascended Son.
Assessing readiness to change among perpetrators of intimate partner violence: Analysis of two self-report measures.

Recent interest in the construct of motivation to change among male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) has led to development of two self-report measures of this construct: the University of Rhode Island Change Assessment for Domestic Violence (URICA-DV; Levesque et al. 2000) and the Safe at Home Inventory (SAH; Begun et al. 2003). We examined the internal structure of these instruments using confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses in a sample of 199 male IPV perpetrators waiting to begin court-mandated batterer intervention programs. Results indicated that the scales had adequate internal consistency. However, using confirmatory factor analyses, the hypothesized structural models of each instrument fit the data poorly. Subsequent models suggested by a series of exploratory factor analyses failed to improve model fit substantially for both scales. For the URICA-DV, a 3-factor model including items from the Precontemplation, Contemplation, and Action subscales fit the data adequately. No acceptable model fit could be found for the SAH. Intercorrelations among similar subscales across the two inventories suggested only a modest degree of intercorrelation (r’s = 0.16–0.52), and a factor structure more dependent on scale of origin than item latent content, suggesting that the scales assess different facets of the readiness to change construct. These results suggest that before the stages of change construct can be fully applied to the IPV area, more research and evaluation are needed on how to accurately assess abuser readiness to change.
Accurate mass determination: sensitive and volatile references for positive-ion chemical ionization and negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry

Accurate mass analysis at high resolution can be used to determine elemental compositions and is often essential for conclusive metabolite identification. Reference standards can play an important role in the success of the analysis. We have discovered that perfluorinated acid anhydride/fluorinated alkylalcohol (PF-anh/F-alc) derivatives of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid are sensitively analysed by negative-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and by positive-ion chemical ionization (CI). Based upon these results, PF-anh/F-alc derivatives of amino acids and PF-anh derivatives of primary amines were prepared, greatly expanding our collection of reference standards for accurate mass measurements. Sample ions are not suppressed since the reference standards can be selected based upon a narrow mass range of interest. They are volatile and, due to the degree of fluorination, have accurate masses favourably close to nominal mass. They are adequately soluble in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography solvents, making them particularly useful for ESI. Several examples of positive-ion CI and negative-ion electrospray MS accurate mass analyses of metabolites, obtained using the PF-anh/F-alc derivatives, are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Szilard-Chalmers reaction in ferrocene☆

Abstract The products of the Sziland-Chalmers reaction in ferrocene have been separated by solvent extraction and chromatography. For samples irradiated in the centre of the Brookhaven reactor about 12 per cent of the 59Fe activity is found in the form of the parent compound. The yield is increased to about 21 per cent by heating the irradiated samples. The yield of inorganic radioactive iron is decreased by thermally annealing the irradiated crystals; this effect appears to depend on the fast-neutron dose received by the sample during activation. The distribution of radioactive products is not altered by exposing the sample to large doses of γ-radiation after activation in the reactor. An explanation of the results is offered, which suggests that the following types of fragments are formed in the crystals during pile-irradiation: free iron atoms or ions and iron-monocyclopentadienyl radicals as primary disruption products in the (n, γ) processes; free cyclopentadienyl radicals, C5H5; and organic radicals formed by rupture of the C5H5 rings in ferrocene when fast neutrons are present.
Radiolabeled Affibody-Albumin Bioconjugates for HER2 Positive Cancer Targeting

Affibody molecules have received significant attention in the fields of molecular imaging and drug development. However, Affibody scaffolds display an extremely high renal uptake, especially when modified with chelators and then labeled with radiometals. This unfavorable property may impact their use as radiotherapeutic agents in general and as imaging probes for the detection of tumors adjacent to kidneys in particular. Herein, we present a simple and generalizable strategy for reducing the renal uptake of Affibody molecules while maintaining their tumor uptake. Human serum albumin (HSA) was consecutively modified by 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid mono-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (DOTA-NHS ester) and the bifunctional cross-linker sulfosuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (Sulfo-SMCC). The HER2 Affibody analogue, Ac-Cys-Z(HER2:342), was covalently conjugated with HSA, and the resulting bioconjugate DOTA-HSA-Z(HER2:342) was further radiolabeled with ⁶⁴Cu and ¹¹¹In and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Radiolabeled DOTA-HSA-Z(HER2:342) conjugates displayed a significant and specific cell uptake into SKOV3 cell cultures. Positron emission tomography (PET) investigations using ⁶⁴Cu-DOTA-HSA-Z(HER2:342) were performed in SKOV3 tumor-bearing nude mice. High tumor uptake values (>14% ID/g at 24 and 48 h) and high liver accumulations but low kidney accumulations were observed. Biodistribution studies and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) investigations using ¹¹¹In-DOTA-HSA-Z(HER2:342) validated these results. At 24 h post injection, the biodistribution data revealed high tumor (16.26% ID/g) and liver (14.11% ID/g) uptake but relatively low kidney uptake (6.06% ID/g). Blocking studies with coinjected, nonlabeled Ac-Cys-Z(HER2:342) confirmed the in vivo specificity of HER2. Radiolabeled DOTA-HSA-Z(HER2:342) Affibody conjugates are promising SPECT and PET-type probes for the imaging of HER2 positive cancer. More importantly, DOTA-HSA-Z(HER2:342) is suitable for labeling with therapeutic radionuclides (e.g., ⁹⁰Y or ¹⁷⁷Lu) for treatment studies. The approach of using HSA to optimize the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution profile of Affibodies may be extended to the design of many other targeting molecules.
An overview of anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity in children and adolescents.

The authors present a critical review of recent clinical literature on eating disorders in children and adolescents. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity appear to be reaching such epidemic proportions that up to 25% of teenagers will demonstrate one of these eating disorders, Long-term follow-up studies of these eating disorders document a fall of mortality rates but no improvement in morbidity rates. The authors critically review techniques of weight stabilization during short-term and long-term treatment, including individual psychodynamic, behavioral, somatic, and family therapies.
Finite element analysis of horizontal and branched subsurface cracks in brittle materials

Abstract Finite element analyses of a horizontal subsurface and branched crack in brittle materials, under repeated sliding contact, were performed. It was found that the horizontal crack experiences pure shear loading. Previous experimental investigation suggests that cracks in brittle materials such as monolithic ceramics propagate at angles close to 45° under pure shear loading. Thus, the horizontal subsurface crack is expected to branch at 45° to the horizontal. Finite element analysis of a branched subsurface crack at 45° to the horizontal, under sliding contact, suggests that such cracks typically experience both mode I and mode II type loading. A method has been proposed to predict the crack growth direction in brittle materials subject to mixed mode loading. The predicted direction of crack propagation agrees well with the values determined experimentally for low KI/KII ratio. Based on the proposed method, the leading tip of the horizontal subsurface crack is expected to reach the surface before the trailing edge.
Must quantal wave functions be single-valued?

It is shown that the usual requirement of single-valuedness for angular momentum eigenfunctions is not a necessary consequence of some basic physical principle, but rather a pure convention that prescribes the use of only the simplest mathematical representation that is available. Multi-valued wave functions arise in a natural way, when the discussion starts off from an abstract Hilbert-space approach. The relevance of these considerations for the theory of the Aharonov-Bohm effect is pointed out in the last section.
Stability of motions of moored ocean vehicles

The stability in the sense of Liapunov of the horizontal plane slow motions of Single Point Mooring (SPM) systems is studied. The mathematical model consists of the manoeuvering equations of the moored vessel and a nonlinear stress-strain relation for the mooring line. Steady excitation from current, wind and drift forces is included. Six first-order nonlinear coupled differential equations describe the system dynamics The system equilibria are first found and local analysis is performed in their vicinity. A SPM system, may asymptotically converge to a stable equilibrium, diverge from an unstable equilibrium or converge to a limit cycle. Due to the dependence of the eigenvalues of the system at each equilibrium on the system, parameters, the system may exhibit codimension-one bifurcations of pitchfork or Hopf type, or bifurcations of closed orbits. Based on the results of local analysis, the global system behaviour can be assessed, and design decisions can be made for selection of the principal SPM config...
Spin-gap and superconductivity in ladder compounds

Abstract The study of ladder materials is a relatively new but already well-established area of research within strongly correlated electrons. In this paper, a brief review of theoretical and experimental aspects of this family of compounds is presented. The main calculations that led to the theoretical prediction of a spin-gap in the undoped limit, as well as superconductivity upon doping, are discussed. Several real ladder materials with spin-gaps are mentioned. The famous compound Sr(14− x ) Ca( x ) Cu(24) O(41) (also known as ‘14-24-41’), with a superconducting phase at high pressure and small hole density, is described in detail. Similarities between the two-dimensional high- T c cuprates and the two-leg ladder compounds are also discussed, including regimes of linear resistivity vs. temperature in ladders. It is remarked that (14-24-41) is the first superconducting copper-oxide material with a non-square-lattice layered arrangement, and certainly much can be learned from a careful analysis of this compound. It is concluded that the recent enormous experimental effort on ladders has unveiled challenging and interesting physics that adds to the rich behavior of electrons in transition-metal-oxides, and in addition contributes to the understanding of the two-dimensional cuprates. However, considerable work still needs to be carried out to fully understand the interplay between charge and spin degrees of freedom in these materials.
Experimental autoimmune uveitis in the athymic nude rat

A single injection of the retinal soluble antigen (S-Ag, 30 micrograms) to the Lewis or the heterozygous (rnu/+) rats induces a severe bilateral uveitis, characterized initially by infiltration of the retina with inflammatory cells. The athymic nude rat (homozygous rnu/rnu), which lacks the thymus gland and T cell-mediated functions, does not develop ocular inflammatory disease, clinically of histologically, after repeated challenges with S-Ag. Circulating anti-S-Ag antibodies were found in S-Ag-immunized Lewis rats and in the heterozygous, but not the athymic nude rats. Good proliferative responses to concanavalin A, S-Ag and purified protein derivitive of tuberculin (PPD) were found in lymphocyte cultures prepared from the draining lymph nodes of immunized heterozygous rats, but not when lymphocytes from the athymic nude rats were used. Uveitis could be induced in the athymic nude rat when lymphocytes from S-Ag-immunized heterozygous rats were transferred to them. By stimulating the donor lymphocytes in vitro with S-Ag before transfer, the number of recipients that developed uveitis was increased. On the other hand, it was impossible to transfer disease with hyperimmune serum alone. The possible role of T lymphocytes in the induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis with S-Ag is discussed.
Bubble–wall interaction and two-phase flow parameters on a full-scale boat boundary layer

Abstract Full scale bubbly flow experiments were performed on a 6 m flat bottom survey boat, measuring the void fraction, bubble velocity and size distributions as the bubbles naturally entrained at the bow of the boat interact with the boat’s boundary layer. Double-tip sapphire optical probes capable of measuring bubbles down to 50 μm in diameter were specifically designed and built for this experiment. The probes were positioned under the hull at the bow near the bubble entrainment region and at the stern at the exit of the bottom flat plate. Motorized positioners were used to vary the probe distance to the wall from 0 to 50 mm. The experiments were performed in fresh water (Coralville Lake, IA) and salt water (Panama City Beach, FL), at varying velocities with most data analysis performed at 10, 14 and 18 knots. The results indicate that the bubbles interact significantly with the boundary layer. At low velocity in fresh water, bubble accumulation under the hull and coalescence are evident by the presence of large bubbles at the stern. At high speeds bubble breakup dominates and very small bubbles are produced near the wall. It is also observed that salt water inhibits coalescence, even at low boat speeds. The void fraction increases with speed beyond 10 knots and peaks near the wall. Bubble velocities show slip with the wall at all speeds and exhibit large RMS fluctuations, increasing near the wall.
Zu einer Hermeneutik naturwissenschaftlicher Entdeckung

A revisionist movement in Anglo-Saxon philosophy of science seeking to modulate the positivistic stress on formalized systems and to consider science as ongoing research in finite historical context strikes resonances with hermeneutical phenomenology (Heidegger and Gadamer), whose ontology likewise shifts the locus of truth from verification to discovery. Fusion of the two traditions is utilized to illuminate hitherto relatively unexplored facets of the logic and psychology of scientific discovery, as well as its ontology, here developed from the intentional intertwining of man and nature and finding its locus in the linguistic historicity of fundamental scientific concepts.
Signal-Mediated, AP-1/Clathrin-Dependent Sorting of Transmembrane Receptors to the Somatodendritic Domain of Hippocampal Neurons

Plasma membranes of the somatodendritic and axonal domains of neurons are known to have different protein compositions, but the molecular mechanisms that determine this polarized protein distribution remain poorly understood. Herein we show that somatodendritic sorting of various transmembrane receptors in rat hippocampal neurons is mediated by recognition of signals within the cytosolic domains of the proteins by the μ1A subunit of the adaptor protein-1 (AP-1) complex. This complex, in conjunction with clathrin, functions in the neuronal soma to exclude somatodendritic proteins from axonal transport carriers. Perturbation of this process affects dendritic spine morphology and decreases the number of synapses. These findings highlight the primary recognition event that underlies somatodendritic sorting and contribute to the evolving view of AP-1 as a global regulator of cell polarity.
Phenotypic differences in virulence and immune response in closely related clinical isolates of influenza A 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses in mice.

To capture the possible genotypic and phenotypic differences of the 2009 influenza A virus H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm) strains circulating in adult hospitalized patients, we isolated and sequenced nine H1N1pdm viruses from patients hospitalized during 2009–2010 with severe influenza pneumonia in Kentucky. Each viral isolate was characterized in mice along with two additional H1N1 pandemic strains and one seasonal strain to assess replication and virulence. All isolates showed similar levels of replication in nasal turbinates and lung, but varied in their ability to cause morbidity. Further differences were identified in cytokine and chemokine responses. IL-6 and KC were expressed early in mice infected with strains associated with higher virulence. Strains that showed lower pathogenicity in mice had greater IFNγ, MIG, and IL-10 responses. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the cytokine and chemokine profiles revealed 4 immune response phenotypes that correlated with the severity of disease. A/KY/180/10, which showed the greatest virulence with a rapid onset of disease progression, was compared in additional studies with A/KY/136/09, which showed low virulence in mice. Analyses comparing a low (KY/136) versus a high (KY/180) virulent isolate showed a significant difference in the kinetics of infection within the lower respiratory tract and immune responses. Notably by 4 DPI, virus titers within the lung, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf), and cells within the BAL (BALc) revealed that the KY/136 replicated in BALc, while KY/180 replication persisted in lungs and BALc. In summary, our studies suggest four phenotypic groups based on immune responses that result in different virulence outcomes in H1N1pdm isolates with a high degree of genetic similarity. In vitro studies with two of these isolates suggested that the more virulent isolate, KY/180, replicates productively in macrophages and this may be a key determinant in tipping the response toward a more severe disease progression.
Desorption of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from Contaminated St. Lawrence River Sediments with Supercritical Fluids

Laboratory- and bench-scale polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) desorption experiments using supercritical fluids are conducted on air-dried, contaminated St. Lawrence River sediments (SLRS) to demonstrate the remediation and scale-up potential of the process. Laboratory-scale desorption experiments reveal that PCB concentrations can be reduced from 2200 ppm to less than 5 ppm in 60 min (99.77% extraction efficiency) when supercritical CO 2 with 5 mol % methanol is used at 118 bar and 323 K. Similar or better results are achieved at a bench-scale size of 2 L volume (400 x scale-up) under similar conditions. It is found that the PCB concentration in the sediments can be reduced from 1840 ppm to less than 5 ppm in ∼40 min (>99.73% extraction efficiency). The final PCB concentrations after 60 min of extraction are around 3 ppm, which is comparable with the final PCB concentrations of ∼4 ppm for the laboratory-scale experiments (when the supercritical fluid is CO 2 /MeOH). These results suggest that the scale-up factors are not significant over this range on the desorption processes of PCBs from real-world SLRS. A two-step linear driving force model is shown to predict well the bench-scale desorption results when using a model obtained independently and the effective diffusion coefficients and mass-transfer coefficients determined from the laboratory-scale information.
Nitrogen transformations in flooded rice soils

A review is made of the recent literature pertaining to the reactions and processes that soil and fertilizer N undergo in lowland rice soils in relation to the improved N management and overal N economy of lowland rice soils. Topics discussed include: nitrogen leaching, ammonium fixation and release, ammonia volatilization, N2 fixation, mineralization-immobilization, nitrification-denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction, urea hydrolysis, critical pathways for control of nitrogen loss.
A space-variant differential operator for visual sensitivity

All the elements of a Fourier analysis can be derived from the experiments of Graham and Robson on contrast sensitivity. Once their experiment is posed as an eigenvalue problem, a complete orthonormal set of eigenfunctions results from solving the associated differential equation. Neither sine and cosine nor Gabor functions result. Instead, the Hermite functions arise as the eigenfunctions of a space-variant differential operator used to model the contrast sensitivity of human observers. These functions, up to a constant, are their own Fourier transforms, and in principle can be used to exactly represent the Fourier transform of naturally occuring visual images.
Stiffness Constants for Composite Beams Including Large Initial Twist and Curvature Effects

An asymptotically exact methodology, based on geometrically nonlinear, three-dimensional elasticity, is presented for cross-sectional analysis of initially curved and twisted, nonhomogeneous, anisotropic beams. The analysis is subject only to the restrictions that the strain is small relative to unity and that the maximum dimension of the cross section is small relative to the wave length of the deformation and to the minimum radius of curvature and/or twist. The final one-dimensional strain energy per unit length exhibits asymptotically correct secondorder dependence of the initial curvature and twist parameters. Cross-sectional constants of the one-dimensional theory are obtained via finite element discretization over the cross-sectional plane. Numerical results obtained for both isotropic and composite beams are compared with published results from special-purpose analyses for initially twisted, straight beams, as well as initially curved, untwisted beams. The agreement with previously published results is excellent.
Increased risk of infection and mortality in women after cardiac surgery related to allogeneic blood transfusion.

Background: Infection and mortality rates are greater in women than in men after cardiac surgery. This study was conducted to assess whether allogeneic blood transfusion could partially account for...
Molecular Modeling and Simulations of the Transmembrane Domain of Human Growth Hormone Receptor

How transmembrane (TM) domains of membrane proteins transmit the signal across the cell membrane has long been a subject of keen interest in biology. There is a recent paradigm shift in the mechanism of activation for the cytokine receptor superfamily. The role of cytokine hormone binding to the extracellular domain is now recognized as an “inducer” of the conformational change of pre-dimerized TM domains that triggers subsequent intracellular responses. This is drastically different from its traditional role as an “organizer” whose sole function was to initiate the receptor TM dimer formation. Toward quantitative understanding of the mechanisms and accompanying energetics of TM-induced signaling of various single-pass TM receptors, we have generated TM homodimer models of human growth hormone receptor (hGHR) from primary sequence information using the GBSW implicit membrane model and replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REX-MD) simulations. The conformational clustering shows that hGHR forms right-handed TM dimers with two different interfacial motifs, i.e., LFFQ and GxxG. To test such prediction, we first carried out TOXCAT experiments of two hGHR TM mutants: Gly256Ile and Gly259Ile. Mutation of either position to isoleucine disrupts dimer formation. These results suggest the involvement of the glycine residues in the TM helix interaction through the GxxG motif, although we need more extensive experiments to examine the involvement of other residues in the TM dimer interface, or the existence of an alternate dimerization point. In addition, we have performed MD simulations of various hGHR dimer models extracted from GBSW REX-MD in explicit POPC membranes. The stability and orientational changes of hGHR TM dimers as well as various helix-lipid interactions will be also presented and discussed.
Conjugated linoleic acid modulates phorbol ester–induced PPAR-δ and K-FABP mRNA expression in mouse skin

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) inhibits mouse skin carcinogenesis. Treatment of mouse skin with the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) significantly increased peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor δ (PPAR-δ) mRNA expression 6 hours after treatment. When mice were fed diet with 0.5% to 1.5% CLA, TPA-induced PPAR-δ mRNA expression decreased (P < .05). In contrast, 1.5% dietary CLA significantly increased TPA-modulated PPAR-δ mRNA expression compared with acetone-treated control (P < .05) when measured 18 hours after exposure. Keratinocyte fatty acid binding protein (K-FABP) mRNA was elevated in TPA-treated mouse epidermis compared with acetone treatment, and dietary CLA significantly decreased TPA-induced K-FABP mRNA expression (P < .05). Moreover, mRNA accumulation of PPAR-δ and K-FABP was higher in mouse skin papillomas than in normal mouse epidermis, regardless of whether mice were fed CLA or when skin was exposed to different PPAR ligand treatments during the promotion stage of mouse skin tumorigenesis. Because PPAR-δ and K-FABP are involved in skin tumor promotion, the fact that CLA regulates TPA-modulated PPAR-δ and K-FABP mRNA expression may begin to explain the mechanisms of CLA for inhibiting skin cancer.
Tornado folk science in Alabama and Mississippi in the 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak

In this paper, we collect, categorize, and discuss the existence of numerous ways of knowing about tornado threat that largely differ from the perspective taken by the meteorological community. These alternate ways of knowing became apparent during interviews with survivors of the 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak in the US southeast, particularly in Alabama and Mississippi. Phenomena discussed herein include perceptions of safety near waterways, vulnerability near a specific highway with a recently modified landscape, the protective nature of hills, relative optimism about home sites, and local observational weather knowledge. Theoretical explanations offered for these observed phenomena include ideas from risk perception and place attachment literatures.
Playing "The Ladybug Game": Parent Guidance of Young Children's Numeracy Activities.

Parent guidance for numeracy activities and preschoolers' numeracy performance were examined in the context of playing a board game in three sessions over a two-week period. Twenty-eight parent–child dyads were randomly assigned to a numeracy awareness group in which parents were provided with suggested numeracy activities to incorporate into the games, or a comparison group provided with no numeracy instructions. Parents in the numeracy awareness group provided guidance for basic and more complex numeracy skills at approximately twice the rate of parents in the comparison group. Children exposed to more numeracy questions during the games generated more correct responses. These results support the view that activities occurring in children's daily lives can be used by parents to enhance children's exposure to numeracy-related content and enrich socio-cultural interactions related to numeracy.
Medical Image Segmentation Based on Fast Region Connecting

An image segmentation approach is presented that merges watershed segmentation regions with the nearest neighbor connecting tree (NNCT). Firstly a dilation-erosion contrast enhancement processing is used as a preprocessing stage to obtain an accurate estimate of the image borders. Then the maker-controlled watershed transform is applied to produce an initial partitioning of the image into primitive regions. Lastly watershed regions are merged by constructing the NNCT to produce the last segmentation. In the latter process, the seed is introduced and the largest route connectedness is computed between the seed and every node in the route of the region adjacency graph (RAG). Simultaneously, a faster algorithm based on the prior principle of largest route connectedness is produced to create the NNCT, due to which processing steps are drastically reduced. The segmentation approach is applied to lung extraction in computerized tomography (CT) images. The results show the efficiency of the algorithm for medical image segmentation.
Student-Developed Simulations: An Innovative Approach to Teaching and Learning

Abstract This article describes a unique dual approach to simulation, with nursing students developing and implementing clinical scenarios using high fidelity mannequins for middle school students. Nursing students gained experience with simulation that prepared them for later nursing simulations. By working with middle school students they also gained knowledge of pediatric concepts related to growth and development, physical characteristics, attitudes, and communication styles of adolescents. Middle school students were introduced to the role of the nurse and possible health careers. Faculty, nursing, and middle school students reported this was a valuable learning experience.
Treatment options for small cell lung cancer.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) comprises 15% to 25% of all lung cancers. The leading cause of lung cancer remains smoking, and rates of smoking continue to rise in women, whereas rates in other subgroups have slowed. In this article we review recent advances in the treatment of limited-stage as well as extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. In limitedstage disease, the best survival results are observed when patients are treated with twice-daily thoracic radiotherapy given concurrently with chemotherapy. Patients who have been successful in smoking cessation during therapy for limited-stage disease may have a survival benefit over those who are unable to quit smoking during treatment. In extensive-stage disease, the most significant trial is one comparing irinotecan plus cisplatin and etoposide plus cisplatin, showing a survival advantage for the irinotecan arm. This trial may change the standard of care for patients with extensive-stage disease. A similar ongoing trial in the United States is attempting to confirm these results.
Aggregation and Adhesion of Rat Platelets

Aggregation of rat platelets caused by ADP is inhibited by adenosine in citrated but not in heparinized plasma. Rat platelets are less sensitive to aggregation by collagen than are human and rabbit platelets, which may be related to the in vivo formation and inhibition of platelet thrombi in rat vessels.
Th17 cells, Job's syndrome and HIV: opportunities for bacterial and fungal infections.

Purpose of reviewPatients with hyper IgE syndrome (HIES) share with HIV patients a predisposition to infections, including candidiasis in autosomal dominant HIES (AD-HIES) and molluscum contagiosum and other viral infections in other disorders of elevated IgE with infectious predilections. This revi
Aircraft laser infrared absorption spectrometer (ALIAS) for polar ozone studies

The ALIAS instrument is a very high resolution (0.0003/cm) scanning, tunable diode laser spectrometer designed to make direct, simultaneous measurements of NO2, HNO3, HCl, CH4, and either O3 or N2O (including vertical profiles of CH4 and N2O) in the polar stratosphere at sub-part-per-billion level sensitivities over integration times from 3 to 30 s. Unique features include a sample inlet/throttle system designed to achieve near-isokinetic sampling, in PSC events, an in-flight wavelength reference cell rack, mechanical fringe-spoilers, a four-laser/four-detector dewar with 24-hr hold-time operating at a fixed temperature without electrical regulation, and in-flight fast correlation routines for spectral drift compensation prior to spectral addition. Instrument design and test flight results are discussed in the light of ALIAS's role in the Winter 1991 Arctic aircraft stratospheric ozone campaigns out of Fairbanks, Alaska, and Bangor, Maine.
Flexible iterative learning control using a library based interpolation scheme

While learning frameworks, such as iterative learning control (ILC), offer excellent performance improvements for systems that execute a task repetitively; algorithm constraints have often limited the effectiveness of this approach for applications with non-repetitive system dynamics or trajectories. Systems with slowly varying parameters often behave like time-invariant systems for long periods. However, at a certain point, the drift state will shift enough to impact system performance and render the learned control input invalid. For these systems, the learning process must be reinitiated, leading to production losses in terms of time, money, and part fidelity while the learning controller reoptimizes the input signal. This paper presents a novel learning control strategy that utilizes an interpolated input signal derived from a library of converged signals to reinitiate the learning process for new drift states. In this manner, the controller uses training from a few critical states to inform the optimized initial inputs that span the space of the drift state. The proposed ILC framework is presented here, along with simulation results that illustrate savings in the convergence rate without a loss of performance.
Spatial and temporal changes in phosphorus partitioning within a freshwater cyanobacterial mat community

Spatial and temporal changes in phosphorus (P) distribution, partitioning and mobility in the benthic cyanobacterial mat (CBM) were evaluated using sequential chemical fractionation. Total P (TP) content was extremely low, ranging from 0.025 to 0.1 mg g−1 DW. Exchangeable and loosely bound P, which we consider to be mainly associated with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), constituted the most significant proportion of TP (up to 52%, 55 μg g−1 DW), followed by P associated with the authigenic apatites (up to 35% of TP or 18 μg g−1 DW). While we found virtually no exchange of P with the ambient environment, our results show that the partitioning of P forms within CBM is dependent on spatial and temporal fluctuations of physico-chemical parameters, mainly pH and dissolved oxygen. A conspicuous diurnal increase in the reactive, exchangeable and loosely bound P in the top CBM layers was observed. This observation has important ecological implications, as CBM microorganisms therefore have an increased possibility for P “luxury” uptake during the night. This hypothesis is further supported by the fact that P in the organic fraction rises by as much as 53% in the upper layers during the night, indicating some form of cellular uptake. The P-binding potential of EPS also has ecological or biogeochemical consequences and should be considered in stoichiometrical studies where it represents potential danger for great overestimates of cellular P values or the nutritional status of cells.