cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Space for the Trace Memorable eBay and Narrative Effect

eBay the firm and eBay as a set of everyday cultural practices together arise at a time of material excess combined with an intensified exteriorization of memory processes onto digital media devices. Exchange and use values on eBay are negotiated through elaborate, at times sensational, narrative histories contextualizing the object's past, ambiguous images, and fetishized practices. Individuals may pay a premium for a sense of imagined experience “exchanged” through buyers and sellers and other browsers through these narratives prior to the actual sale of any object. The indexicality of eBay—the sense that one is able somehow to experience a trace of the object or, just as important, its seller through online media—works to suggest that authenticity is transferable, an exchange value available to the highest bidder. The growing belief that Web sites such as eBay constitute the equivalent of material space contributes to this perception.
β‐catenin mediates alteration in cell proliferation, motility and invasion of prostate cancer cells by differential expression of E‐cadherin and protein kinase D1

We have previously demonstrated that Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) interacts with E-cadherin and is associated with altered cell aggregation and motility in prostate cancer (PC). Because both PKD1 and E-cadherin are known to be dysregulated in PC, in this study we investigated the functional consequences of combined dysregulation of PKD1 and E-cadherin using a panel of human PC cell lines. Gain and loss of function studies were carried out by either transfecting PC cells with full-length E-cadherin and/or PKD1 cDNA or by protein silencing by siRNAs, respectively. We studied major malignant phenotypic characteristics including cell proliferation, motility, and invasion at the cellular level, which were corroborated with appropriate changes in representative molecular markers. Down regulation or ectopic expression of either E-cadherin or PKD1 significantly increased or decreased cell proliferation, motility, and invasion, respectively, and combined down regulation cumulatively influenced the effects. Loss of PKD1 or E-cadherin expression was associated with increased expression of the pro-survival molecular markers survivin, beta-catenin, cyclin-D, and c-myc, whereas overexpression of PKD1 and/or E-cadherin resulted in an increase of caspases. The inhibitory effect of PKD1 and E-cadherin on cell proliferation was rescued by coexpression with beta-catenin, suggesting that beta-catenin mediates the effect of proliferation by PKD1 and E-cadherin. This study establishes the functional significance of combined dysregulation of PKD1 and E-cadherin in PC and that their effect on cell growth is mediated by beta-catenin.
Melting relationships in the system CaO-MgO-SiO2-H2O at 1 kilobar pressure

Solid-liquid-vapor phase relationships in the system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-H_2O have been determined at 1 kilobar pressure using the quench technique in cold-seal pressure vessels. The phase fields intersected by the composition joins Ca(OH)_2-Mg_2SiO_4 and Ca(OH)_2-MgSiO_3 have been delineated in the temperature range 700–950°C. From these results and from previous work in the bounding systems, a schematic diagram for the phase relationships on the vapor-saturated liquidus surface has been prepared. A thermal divide exists on this surface, corresponding to the melting of mixtures on the join Ca_2SiO_4-MgO in the presence of H_2O vapor. Original liquids with compositions on the SiO_2 side of the divide yield anhydrous crystalline phases and vapor on fractional crystallization, whereas original liquids with compositions on the CaO side of this divide yield hydrated crystalline phases (calciochondrodite and portlandite) plus vapor. The estimated compositions of isobaric invariant liquids at 1 kilobar pressure for the reactions: portlandite + calciochondrite + periclase + vapor ⇌ liquid, at 725°C calciocondrite + periclase + vapor ⇌ dicalcium silicate + liquid, at 875°C, are Ca(OH)_2−92.7%, Ca_2SiO_4−4.3%, MgO−2.5%, H_2O−0.5%, and Ca(OH)_2−62.1%, Ca_2SiO_4−25.6%, MgO−11.3%, H_2O−1.0%. These results provide a basis for interpretation of the phase relationships in the more complex system CaO-MgO-SiO_2-CO_2-H_2O which have bearing on the petrogenetic relationships between kimberlites and carbonatites.
New Measures of Teachers’ Work Hours and Implications for Wage Comparisons

Abstract Researchers have good data on teachers' annual salaries but a hazy understanding of teachers’ hours of work. This makes it difficult to calculate an accurate hourly wage and leads policy makers to default to anecdote rather than fact when debating teacher pay. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, I find that teachers work an average of 34.5 hours per week on an annual basis (38.0 hours per week during the school year and 21.5 hours per week during the summer months). I find that when hours per week are accurately accounted for high school teachers earn in the range of 7–14 percent less than demographically similar workers in other occupations. However, elementary, middle, and special education teachers earn higher wages than demographically similar workers in other occupations.
Second-order estimates for the large-deformation response of particle-reinforced rubbers

Abstract This paper presents the application of a recently proposed ‘second-order’ homogenization method (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 (2002) 737–757) to the estimation of the effective behavior of hyperelastic composites subjected to finite deformations. The main feature of the method is the use of ‘generalized’ secant moduli that depend not only on the phases averages of the fields, but also on the phase covariance tensors. The use of the method is illustrated in the context of particle-, or fiber-reinforced elastomers and estimates analogous to the well-known Hashin–Shtrikman estimates for linear-elastic composites are generated. The new estimates improve on earlier estimates (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 (2000) 1389–1411) neglecting the use of fluctuations. In particular, the new estimates, unlike the earlier ones, are capable of recovering the exact incompressibility constraint when the matrix is also taken to be incompressible. To cite this article: O. Lopez-Pamies, P. Ponte Castaneda, C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003).
An IEEE 488 Interface Bus Controller

An inexpensive IEEE 488 interface bus controller based on a Motorola MEK6800D2 kit is described. The controller provides ten user commands and requires minimum modification of the kit. Hardware and software are described, and an example is given demonstrating their interaction.
Three-dimensional flow past two cylinders mounted side by side on an endwall

This paper reports on the experimental description of flow past two cylinders that stand side by side on an endwall. Flow visualization performed in a water tunnel provides a qualitative understanding of the three-dimensional flow over a range of control variables. Limiting streamline flow visualization shows the location of the three-dimensional separation for a range of cylinder spacings. For a spacing of 1.5 diameters between centers, the flow is described using a five-hole probe and by cylinder and endwall surface static pressure measurements. At a cylinder diameter Reynolds number of 250,000 the measurements show a single primary vortex with a wide flat cross section. The velocity measurements show high shear on the endwall in the primary vortex region. A small counterrotating vortex is found between the primary vortex and the cylinder leading edge.
Adhesion and Wrapping in Colloid−Vesicle Complexes

We present a simple theoretical model for adsorption of colloidal particles onto vesicles. The contact energy of adhesion is balanced by the tension and curvature energies of the vesicle membrane under the constraint of fixed volume, with the geometry of the complex determined by a variational calculation. Physical observables, such as the degree of penetration or the membrane tension, are investigated as functions of colloidal size and adhesion, tension, and bending energies. We find various new (and discontinuous) transitions in the geometry of the complex compared to those from a description that neglects the curvature contribution. Particular emphasis is put on the transition from the partly to the fully wrapped state and on unbinding of the complex at weak adhesion energy or small colloidal size. The above model can be thought of as a phenomenological theory of the initial steps involved in biological endocytosis and aims toward an improved physical understanding of this process.
Real time imaging of two-dimensional charge on dielectric surfaces

A technique has been developed to measure two-dimensional (2D) charge distributions on dielectric surfaces in real time. A thin layer of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) placed between a dielectric substrate and a conducting plane undergoes a transition from an opaque to a transparent state due to the electric field of the surface charge. The cell is uniformly illuminated from the front and the transmitted light, which is proportional to the local charge density, is imaged using a charge coupled device camera. Due to the finite resistivity of the liquid crystal, however, the static field from the charges must be modulated in time in order to produce a sustained transition inside the PDLC. The modulation is produced by placing a rotating metal chopper near the surface. The magnitude and sign of the charge are measured by calibrating the response of the PDLC to a series of bias voltages. The technique has been used to image surfaces as large as 3 mm×5 mm with 30 μm spatial resolution in 333 ms.
Time-resolved fluorescence emission spectra of labeled phospholipid vesicles, as observed using multi-frequency phase-modulation fluorometry

Abstract Multi-frequency phase-modulation fluorometry was used to determine the time-resolved spectral parameters of two different fluorescent probes, 6-palmitoyl-2-[(2-trimethylammonium)ethyl[methylamino]naphthalene chloride (Patman) and 2-p-toluidinyl-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid (TNS) in lipid vesicles. The frequency-domain measurements permitted calculation of time-resolved emission spectra, the time-resolved decays of the emission center of gravity and of the emission spectral width. Nanosecond spectral relaxation was found using both probes, and these rates increased with temperature. The detailed time-domain information available using our method indicated that spectral relaxation of TNS is mainly a continuous process, whereas relaxation of Patman shows the characteristic features of a stepwise relaxation. Our results indicate that complex excited-state processes can be quantified using frequency-domain fluorometry.
Validity of Self‐reported Tooth Counts During a Telephone Screening Interview

Objectives: Telephone screening has become a common method used in health services research to identify efficiently persons in specific populations of interest. In this research, we used a large-scale telephone screening survey to assess: (1) the effectiveness of the telephone method in gathering tooth count information by measuring response rate (cooperation) to specific questions and (2) the validity of subjects' reports of the number of remaining natural teeth. Methods: We used a telephone screening methodology to identify dentate persons (at least one natural tooth remaining) who were 45 years old or older and resided in one of four counties of north Florida. At a second stage, a sample of the telephone screening participants was selected for further study, which consisted of a baseline in-person interview and a clinical examination. We compared the number of remaining teeth reported during the telephone interview with the number determined at baseline examination. Results: The telephone method was effective at gathering tooth count information, although response rates varied with the level of specificity required. Almost all subjects reported the number of teeth at least at the nominal and ordinal levels, but fewer than three-fourths reported the number at the interval level. When the unit of analysis was the overall sample, self-reported number of teeth was a valid measure of the true number. When the unit of analysis was the individual subject, validity was associated with certain clinical and sociodemographic factors. Conclusion: When the unit of analysis is the overall sample, these results suggest that self-reported tooth counts during a telephone interview are sufficiently valid to meet all but the most stringent data requirements. When the unit of analysis is the individual subject, these tooth counts may not be valid, depending upon the degree of specificity required and subject characteristics.
Relationship between Exposureto Class Size Reductionand Student Achievementin California

The CSR Research Consortium has been evaluating the implementation of the Class Size Reduction initiative in California since 1998. Initial reports documented the implementation of the program and its impact on the teacher workforce, the teaching of mathematics and Language Arts, parental involvement and student achievement. This study examines the relationship between student achievement and the number of years students have been exposed to CSR in grades K-3. The analysis was conducted at the grade level within schools using student achievement data collected in 1998-2001. Archival data collected by the state were used to establish CSR participation by grade for each school in the state. Most students had one of two patterns of exposure to CSR, which differed by only one year during grade K-3. The analysis found no strong association between achievement and exposure to CSR for these groups, after controlling for pre-existing differences in the groups.
Competency Mapping and Analysis for Public Health Preparedness Training Initiatives

Competency-based education and assessment initiatives have been completed in a number of health care and health management professions during the past decade. In addition, several competency specification endeavors have been similarly undertaken in relation to the field of public health, including the development of the Council on Linkages between Academia and Public Health Practice competency model and the initial competency modeling Delphi survey completed by the Association of Schools of Public Health. All of these organizations have subsequently had to address the many challenges and barriers to the dissemination and integration of their models into specific educational and professional development practices. As previously addressed by many researchers in the field of competency modeling and deployment, understanding and acceptance of competency-based systems are formidable goals, often rife with controversy. This article describes the processes undertaken by The University of Michigan Center for Publ...
Cloud statistics measured with the infrared cloud imager (ICI)

The Infrared Cloud Imager (ICI) is a ground-based thermal infrared imaging system that measures spatial cloud statistics with a 320/spl times/240-pixel uncooled microbolometer detector array. Clouds are identified from the residual radiance that remains after water vapor emission is removed from radiometrically calibrated sky images (the water vapor correction relies on measurements of precipitable water vapor and near-surface air temperature). Cloud amount, the percentage of an ICI image containing clouds, is presented for data from Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites at Barrow, AK in February-April 2002, Lamont, OK in February-April 2003, and Barrow, AK in March-April 2004. In Oklahoma, the percent cloud cover determined from full ICI images was slightly higher than that found from a single-pixel time series, suggesting that cloudiness may be under sampled by vertically viewing lidars or radars under highly variable conditions. Full-image and single-pixel statistics agreed more closely for Arctic clouds, which tend to be uniform for long periods of time. Good agreement is found in comparing cloud amount from ICI and active remote sensors during day and night, but much worse agreement is found between ICI and the ARM Whole Sky Imager during nighttime relative to daytime, indicating the importance of the diurnally consistent ICI measurements.
Chemical diversity approach for evaluating mechanistic relatedness among toxicological phenomena.

Abstract The CASE/MULTICASE structure-activity relationship (SAR) system was used to assess a new procedure to investigate the mechanistic relatedness of various toxicological endpoints. The method consisted of predicting the activity of 10,000 randomly selected chemicals using validated and characterized SAR models from a variety of biological and toxicological endpoints. The prevalence of chemicals predicted to possess the ability to induce two or more toxicological effects simultaneously should provide a measure of the mechanistic relatedness of these phenomena. Eight toxicological endpoints were predicted and the results were compared to predictions based on an eye irritation SAR model. Allergic contact dermatitis demonstrated a 29.6% greater than expected overlap between expected and observed results (p < 0.001). Similar results were seen for respiratory hypersensitivity (33.1%), sensory irritation (28.9%), cell toxicity (25.9%), and Ah receptor binding (19.8%). A lesser degree of overlap was seen be...
Supratherapeutic International Normalized Ratio Due to Reduced Vitamin K Intake Secondary to Prolonged Vomiting in a Patient on Warfarin

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of prolonged vomiting during warfarin therapy, leading to an elevated international normalized ratio (INR).CASE SUMMARY:A 32-year-old female with a history of cyclic vomiting syndrome since early childhood and bilateral pulmonary emboli diagnosed 4 months prior to this acute event presented to the clinic for routine monitoring of warfarin therapy. The warfarin dose had been maintained at 35 mg/wk for 3½ months (INR 2-3.5), but it was increased to 37.5 mg/wk because the INR had trended down to the low goal range over the preceding month. At presentation, the patient reported a 15-day history of vomiting with minimal oral intake that required intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration. The INR was 4.7; warfarin was withheld, and oral vitamin K 5 mg as well as subcutaneous vitamin K 10 mg was administered the following day. The INR then decreased to 1.3. Therapy was transitioned to subcutaneous enoxaparin 1 mg/kg every 12 hours for the duration of the patient's anticoagulation thera...
Psychology of Women and the Potential for Influencing Students' Lives: An Interview with Margaret W. Matlin.

Lori Van Wallendael is an associate professor of Psychology and coordinator of the Women's Studies program at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She teaches courses in psychology of women, general psychology, cognitive science, history and systems of psychology, research methods, and psychology and law, among others. Her research interests include human decision making, eyewitness and earwitness memory, and juror intuitions about memory issues.Margaret W. Matlin is a distinguished teaching professor at SUNY Geneseo. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Psychological Society, and the Canadian Psychological Association. During her teaching career, she has been the recipient of the SUNY Chancellor's Award for Excellence in Teaching, the Society for the Teaching of Psychology (Division 2) Award, and the American Psychological Foundation's Distinguished Teaching in Psychology Award. She is the author of Cognition (5th ed., 2001), The Psychology of Women (4th ed., ...
Do the size and landscape context of forest openings influence the abundance and breeding success of shrubland songbirds in southern New England

Abstract Early successional birds have declined in the northeastern United States due to the regeneration of forest on abandoned farm fields and the suppression of natural disturbances that once provided appropriate habitat. These species have become increasingly dependent on early successional habitats generated by such activities as timber harvesting. Recent approaches of timber harvesting, which range from single-tree harvesting to clearcutting, create forest openings of different sizes and configurations embedded in landscapes with different land use patterns. To assess the importance of forest openings created by timber harvesting for shrubland birds, we surveyed birds on 50 m radius plots in 34 harvest sites (0.5–21 ha). We collected data on multi-scaled habitat variables ranging from plot-level vegetation characteristics to land use patterns within 1 km of each study site. We also monitored mating and nesting success of Blue-winged Warblers ( Vermivora pinus ) in 10 forest openings. The abundance of most shrubland species was influenced by plot-level habitat variables, such as tree density and vegetation height, rather than shrubland area or the composition of land uses in the surrounding landscape. Only Eastern Towhees ( Pipilo erythrophthalmus ) were more frequent in survey plots in larger forest openings. In contrast, neither abundance nor reproductive activity of Blue-winged Warblers was correlated with the size of the forest opening. Their abundance was negatively related to vegetation height, however. Only 54% of the territorial male Blue-winged Warblers in forest openings were mated. We documented relatively low nest success rates of 21.1% during the egg laying and incubation nest stages, but increased success rates during the later stages of nesting. Our results indicate that even small forest openings with low vegetation provide habitat for Blue-winged Warblers and other shrubland birds. The overall reproductive rate of territorial male Blue-winged Warblers in forests openings was low during the 2 years of the study, however. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term value of this type of habitat for sustaining shrubland bird populations.
Assessment of Weak Si-Si Bond Breaking Mechanisms of the Staebler-Wronski Effect

The mechanisms of the Staebler-Wronski effect are investigated by examining the stability of computer-generated amorphous hydrogenated silicon networks with a molecular dynamics approach. Models with both monohydride and dihydride species are examined. A new Si-H interatomic potential is utilized for the simulations. A localized excitation is used to model the non-radiative transfer of photo-excited carrier energy to the lattice. The a-Si:H model with only monohydride species is stable to bond-breaking excitations. The a-Si:H model with both monohydride and dihydride species is less stable and exhibits, after local excitations, higher energy dangling bond states that can however be easily annealed away.
An Empirical Comparison of Metric and Nonmetric Analyses of Correlation Coefficients

Factor analyses and nonmetric multidimensional scaling analyses were carried out on the same matrices. For error free data, the solutions are identical under choice of a similarity transformation. For real data the solutions were similar with the similarity usually maximal when both solutions had the same number of dimensions. The effect of sample size was looked at using Monte Carlo methods. As sample size increased the sample solutions on the average more closely resembled the population solution. It was found that achieving monotonicity between sample and population correlations might require large samples.
SST Assimilation Experiments in a Tropical Pacific Ocean Model

With a simple 3DVar assimilation algorithm, a new scheme of assimilating sea surface temperature (SST) observations is proposed in this paper. In this new scheme, the linear relation between any two neighboring depths was derived using singular value decomposition technique and then was applied to estimate the temperatures at deeper levels using the temperature analyses at shallower levels. The estimated temperatures were assimilated into an ocean model, and the procedure was run iteratively at each time step from the surface to a depth of 250 m. The oceanic analyses show that the new scheme can more effectively adjust oceanic thermal and dynamical fields and lead to a more realistic subsurface thermal structure when compared with the control — — — — — — — — —
Variations in sporadic‐E ionization observed at Washington, D.C.

Variations of sporadic-E ionization observed at Washington, D.C., were investigated with respect to diurnal, seasonal, and both long-period and short-period solar-activity variations, as well as variation of fEs above a given frequency with the frequency.
On Drinfeld's universal formal group over the p -adic upper half plane

All of our results are stated for 2-dimensional modules with action by the quaternion division algebra overQ p . Drinfeld's results are true in much greater generality. We remark that our results generalize easily to the case of 2-dimensional modules with action by quaternion algebras over extensions ofQ p by applying the theory of formal $$\mathcal{O}$$ -modules. We suspect that Drinfeld's higher dimensional modules over $$W(\bar F_p )$$ are determined by formulae similar to that in Theorem 46, but with α and β generalized to moduli for higher dimensionalQ p -subspaces of $$\hat Q_{p}^{ur} $$ ; however, we have not investigated this in any detail. Although this work amplifies Drinfeld's original paper by supplying many details in certain cases, it is seriously limited in that it considers lifts of SFD modules to unramified rings only. The most interesting points in thep-adic upper half plane are the points defined over ramified rings, which reduce modp to the singular points on the special fiber. What happens there? We do not have a simple answer. Drinfeld's moduli for formal groups on thep-adic upper half plane is the basis for his proof that Shimura curves havep-adic uniformizations. In a later work, we hope to exploit improved versions of the techniques in this work to better understand the arithmetic of Shimura curves. In particular, in the course of work onp-adicL-functions, we have been led to construct certain “p-adic periods” associated to the cohomology of sheaves on Shimura curves which depend essentially on the existence of ap-adic uniformization. We hope to use Drinfeld's moduli to obtain a more natural construction of these periods in terms of the Gauss-Manin connection, and thereby to gain a better understanding of how they might come to appear in special values ofp-adicL-functions.
Analysis of the Roles of RGD-Binding Integrins, α4/α9 Integrins, α6 Integrins, and CD9 in the Interaction of the Fertilin β (ADAM2) Disintegrin Domain with the Mouse Egg Membrane

Abstract Fertilin β (also known as ADAM2), a mammalian sperm protein that mediates gamete cell adhesion during fertilization, is a member of the ADAM protein family whose members have disintegrin domains with homology to integrin ligands found in snake venoms. Fertilin β utilizes an ECD sequence within its disintegrin domain to interact with the egg plasma membrane; the Asp is especially critical. Based on what is known about different integrin subfamilies and their ligands, we sought to characterize fertilin β binding sites on mouse eggs, focusing on integrin subfamilies that recognize short peptide sequences that include an Asp residue: the α5/α8/αv/αIIb or RGD-binding subfamily (α5β1, α8β1, αVβ1, αVβ3, αVβ5, αVβ6, αVβ8, and αIIbβ3) and the α4/α9 subfamily (α4β1, α9β1, and α4β7). We tested peptide sequences known to perturb interactions mediated by these integrins in two different assays for fertilin β binding. Peptides with the sequence MLDG, which perturb α4/α9 integrin-mediated interactions, signific...
Ethnomethodological architectures: Information systems driven by cultural and community visions

As networked digital systems are rapidly created and deployed, social, cultural, and community-focused issues are often neglected. Indeed much research has focused on the “effects” these systems hold rather than viewing systems as tools to be designed given an understanding of sociocultural context. Acknowledging the cultural practices and belief systems of a set of users may allow systems to be more effectively created and deployed into particular contexts. Emerging research in community information systems and archives has highlighted possible interactions between system design and ethnographic research. These bridges include understanding how communities can begin (1) to create content for their own information systems, (2) to design the database architectures, and (3) to integrate systems within community infrastructures. In this article, I allude to several cultural criticisms that accompany the global proliferation of information technologies. These criticisms can be answered by research that focuses on developing systems based on ethnographic insights. Specifically, I present the research example of Tribal Peace, a cultural information system designed for and by community members of the 19 Native American reservations of San Diego County (California, United States). This case has demonstrated the potential for a community to create an information system that satisfies its own priorities. This precedent points to the need for further research that investigates this convergence. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cutaneous Manifestations of ESRD

A broad range of skin diseases occurs in patients with ESRD: from the benign and asymptomatic to the physically disabling and life-threatening. Many of them negatively impact on quality of life. Their early recognition and treatment are essential in reducing morbidity and mortality. The cutaneous manifestations can be divided into two main categories: nonspecific and specific. The nonspecific manifestations are commonly seen and include skin color changes, xerosis, half-and-half nails, and pruritus. The specific disorders include acquired perforating dermatosis, bullous dermatoses, metastatic calcification, and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. This review article describes these conditions and considers the underlying pathophysiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Elections, Partisanship and the Institutionalization of the Tennessee General Assembly

For the past half-century most scholarly attention has focused on the advent of two-party competition in the South. More recently scholars have examined the impact of redistricting and incumbency on the advancement of two-party competition. This redistricting and incumbency is producing a unique result in the Tennessee State Assembly. The Tennessee House has become a strongly partisan body ruled by Democrats, while the state Senate has become a bipartisan institution ruled by incumbents.
Contributions of muscles to mediolateral ground reaction force over a range of walking speeds

Impaired control of mediolateral body motion during walking is an important health concern. Developing treatments to improve mediolateral control is challenging, partly because the mechanisms by which muscles modulate mediolateral ground reaction force (and thereby modulate mediolateral acceleration of the body mass center) during unimpaired walking are poorly understood. To investigate this, we examined mediolateral ground reaction forces in eight unimpaired subjects walking at four speeds and determined the contributions of muscles, gravity, and velocity-related forces to the mediolateral ground reaction force by analyzing muscle-driven simulations of these subjects. During early stance (0–6% gait cycle), peak ground reaction force on the leading foot was directed laterally and increased significantly (po0.05) with walking speed. During early single support (14–30% gait cycle), peak ground reaction force on the stance foot was directed medially and increased significantly (po 0.01) with speed. Muscles accounted for more than 92% of the mediolateral ground reaction force over all walking speeds, whereas gravity and velocity-related forces made relatively small contributions. Muscles coordinate mediolateral acceleration via an interplay between the medial ground reaction force contributed by the abductors and the lateral ground reaction forces contributed by the knee extensors, plantarflexors, and adductors. Our findings show how muscles that contribute to forward progression and body-weight support also modulate mediolateral acceleration of the body mass center while weight is transferred from one leg to another during double support.
Calcaneal fracture with compartment syndrome of the foot

We report the unusual case of a compartment syndrome of the foot that developed after a calcaneal fracture in a 68-year-old man. The diagnosis was suspected clinically because of pain in excess of his injury and was confirmed with direct tissue pressure measurements. Surgical decompression of all the compartments was required with evacuation of a plantar hematoma.
Immediate reduction of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium viability via membrane destabilization following exposure to multiple-hurdle treatments with heated, acidified organic acid salt solutions.

The antimicrobial activity of organic acids in combination with nonchemical treatments was evaluated for inactivation of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium within 1 min. It was observed that the effectiveness of the multiple-hurdle treatments was temperature (P ≤ 0.05) and pH (P ≤ 0.05) dependent and corresponded to the degree of organic acid lipophilicity (sodium acetate being least effective and sodium propionate being the most effective). This led to the hypothesis that the loss in viability was due at least in part to cell membrane disruption. Evaluation of osmotic response, potassium ion leakage, and transmission electron micrographs confirmed treatment effects on the cell membrane. Interestingly, all treatments, even those with no effect on viability, such as with sodium acetate, resulted in measurable cellular stress. Microarray experiments explored the specific response of S. Typhimurium to sodium acetate and sodium propionate, the most similar of the tested treatments in terms of pKa and ionic strength, and found little difference in the changes in gene expression following exposure to either, despite their very different effects on viability. Taken together, the results reported support our hypothesis that treatment with heated, acidified, organic acid salt solutions for 1 min causes loss of S. Typhimurium viability at least in part by membrane damage and that the degree of effectiveness can be correlated with lipophilicity of the organic acid. Overall, the data presented here indicate that a combined thermal, acidified sodium propionate treatment can provide an effective antimicrobial treatment against Salmonella.
Two Centuries of Productivity Growth in Computing

The present study analyzes computer performance over the last century and a half. Three results stand out. First, there has been a phenomenal increase in computer power over the twentieth century. Depending upon the standard used, computer performance has improved since manual computing by a factor between 1.7 trillion and 76 trillion. Second, there was a major break in the trend around World War II. Third, this study develops estimates of the growth in computer power relying on performance rather than components; the price declines using performance-based measures are markedly larger than those reported in the official statistics.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Heterogeneity among Cultivable Pathogen-Related Oral Spirochetes and Treponema vincentii

Recent findings challenge the assumption that pathogen-related oral spirochetes (PROS) are related to Treponema pallidum. Treponema vincentii, grown in OMIZ-Pat media, cross-reacted with monoclonal antibody H9-2 against T. pallidum, and cultivable PROS had 16S rRNA gene sequences similar to those of T. vincentii (C.-B. Choi, C. Wyss, and U. B. Gobel. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:1922-1925, 1996). Aims of the present study were to determine whether antigen phenotypes of oral treponemas were influenced by growth conditions and to evaluate the genetic relatedness of cultivable PROS to T. pallidum and T. vincentii. Results show that three T. pallidum monoclonal antibodies (H9-1, H9-2, and F5) cross-reacted with whole cells from four Treponema species grown in modified OMIZ-Pat medium, but not with treponemas grown in NOS medium. Only H9-2 reacted in immunoblots with reduced proteins from cultivable PROS and T. vincentii. Three of five PROS isolates were amplified by T. vincentii-specific PCR, and one was amplified by Treponema medium-specific PCR. None were amplified by T. pallidum-specific PCR. Three of five PROS isolates had 16S ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns identical to that of T. vincentii, and the patterns of two isolates resembled that of T. medium. Arbitrarily primed-PCR profiles from whole genomic DNA were distinct among five PROS isolates and two T. vincentii strains. Thus, PROS isolates represent a heterogeneous group of treponemas that share some 16S rRNA gene sequences with T. vincentii and T. medium, but not with T. pallidum. It is proposed that the PROS nomenclature be dropped.
Approximate entropy as a measure of morphologic variability for ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia have very distinct characteristics including heart rate and morphologic differences. In addition, with ventricular fibrillation there are varying levels of organization of the signal. Despite obvious visual distinctions, no measure has been able to accurately quantify these differences or the level of variability. Approximate entropy is a nonlinear measure of complexity used in other physiologic applications. The purpose of this work was to evaluate this measure as a descriptor and/or classifier of ventricular tacharrhythmias for potential use in medical devices and for basic mechanistic research. From these results, approximate entropy was able to quantify the regularity of VT and VF, where VF had much higher entropy values due to its variability. However, no single threshold was able to completely separate VT and VF due to the patient variability.
Response Surface Energy Modeling of an Electric Vehicle over a Reduced Composite Drive Cycle

Response surface methodology (RSM) techniques were applied to develop a predictive model of electric vehicle (EV) energy consumption over the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) standardized drive cycles. The model is based on measurements from a synthetic composite drive cycle. The synthetic drive cycle is a minimized statistical composite of the standardized urban (UDDS), highway (HWFET), and US06 cycles. The composite synthetic drive cycle is 20 minutes in length thereby reducing testing time of the three standard EPA cycles by over 55%. Vehicle speed and acceleration were used as model inputs for a third order least squared regression model predicting vehicle battery power output as a function of the drive cycle. The approach reduced three cycles and 46 minutes of drive time to a single test of 20 minutes. Application of response surface modeling to the synthetic drive cycle is shown to predict energy consumption of the three EPA cycles within 2.6% of the actual measured values. Additionally, the response model may be used to predict energy consumption of any cycle within the speed/acceleration envelope of the synthetic cycle. This technique results in reducing test time, which additionally provides a model that may be used to expand the analysis and understandingmore » of the vehicle under consideration.« less
Natural Frequencies of Uniform and Non-Uniform Rectangular Cantilever Plates:

Various methods of calculating the natural frequencies of flat rectangular cantilever plates are discussed, and it is shown both analytically and experimentally that relatively simple expressions b...
Adolescents' smoking outcome expectancies and acute emotional responses following smoking.

Introduction: Magnitude of mood change following smoking may be an important reinforcing effect in smoking escalation in adolescent smokers. This study used ecological momentary assessments (EMA) of adolescent smokers' reports of mood during smoking events to examine (a) whether global reports of negative affect (NA) expectancies were associated with in-the-moment magnitude of negative and positive mood change following smoking, (b) the possibility of a reciprocal feedback loop between global NA expectancies and acute mood change following smoking, and (c) whether this relationship generalizes to other expectancies and mood change. Methods: Participants were 234 9 th and 10 th graders (54% female) who recorded at least one smoking event during 7 days of EMA data collection. Results: Global reports of NA expectancies were significantly associated with the in-the-moment magnitude of changes in mood following smoking. Specifically, higher NA expectancies were associated with greater decreases in negative and greater increases in positive mood. Additionally, mood change following smoking predicted changes in NA expectancies but only for adolescents who continued to smoke 6 months later. The reciprocal feedback loop between expectancies and mood change was only present in adolescent smokers who continued to smoke over time. Findings indicated that this relationship is specific to NA expectancies and negative and positive mood change. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of considering NA expectancies and mood changes following smoking in adolescent smokers. Assessing expectancies about NA relief may provide an opportunity for identifying and intervening on adolescents who may be most at risk for continuing to smoke.
Improving the Validity of the Impairment Evaluation Process: A Proposed Theoretical Framework

The American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment is the most widely used set of procedures for rating permanent medical impairment. Although the Guides authors intend that the impairment ratings not be used for disability determination, the ratings are routinely used in benefit entitlement systems for work disability. This has created problems with the validity of the Guides because the validity of a measure is affected by the context within which the measure is used. To maintain wide acceptance of the Guides, its authors need to address this problem. One approach that we recommend is to adopt a model of work disability to specify the context of the Guides so that the level of measurement of each chapter can be explicated. This will retain the validity of inferences from the measures and integrate with developing systems that determine work disability.
A Novel Mechanism of Self-Primed Reverse Transcription Defines a New Family of Retroelements

Retroviruses and long terminal repeat (LTR)-containing retrotransposons initiate reverse transcription by using a specific tRNA primer than anneals to the primer-binding site of the retroelement transcript. Sequences from a large number of retroviruses and LTR-containing retrotransposons had indicated that the role of tRNAs in priming reverse transcription is universal among these LTR-containing retroelements. Data presented here strongly support the surprising conclusion that Tf1, a highly active LTR-containing retrotransposon isolated from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, undergoes a novel self-priming process that requires hybridization between the primer-binding site and the first 11 bases of the Tf1 transcript. Single-base mutations in these regions block transposition and reverse transcription, while compensatory mutations that reestablish complementarily rescue both defects. In addition, the sequence of the minus-strand RNA primer of reverse transcription was consistent with its being derived from the 5' end of the Tf1 transcript. Evidence that this mechanism defines a new family of retroelements is presented.
Neurohormonal Aspects of Fibromyalgia Syndrome

There is a growing awareness that fibrositis/fibromyalgia syndrome is a systemic disorder for which a pathogenic mechanism must be sought. A generalized deficiency of the neurotransmitter, serotonin could explain many of fibromyalgia's typical manifestations. The serotonin deficiency hypothesis is appealing because it provides a number of experimental approaches that can now be used to further study the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Twitter and Political Theory

I became convinced, nearly a year ago, that Twitter might be integrated into the classroom experience in ways that would benefit students and contribute to the learning environment of a college campus. My concern, however, was to find a way to do so without distracting students from my lectures, our classroom discussions, and their own note-taking. After all, students with laptops already have so many ways to distract themselves: checking their email, surfing the Web, and chatting with their friends via instant message or Facebook.Thus, my first attempt at bringing Twitter into the classroom was a small-scale one: I used the service to broadcast questions and answers during exam review sessions. Since these sessions took place outside of our regularly-scheduled class period, there were students who were unable to attend due to scheduling conflict (like other classes or work schedules). Using Twitter in this way allowed students to keep up, in some small way, with the reviewing that their peers were doing. In addition, it made students aware that I was using Twitter and several began to follow my updates, further breaking down some of the barriers that exist between students and faculty. This past semester the project evolved: I created an account for my class on contemporary political theory. As part of the class, I asked students to use Twitter to follow the class account and to participate in a discussion outside of class via Twitter. I also encouraging other users from the broader Twitterverse to follow the discussion and to participate if they are so inclined. This paper looks back at the experiment and considers what worked, what didn't work, and whether Twitter is a technological advancement for teaching political theory.
Ultrafast Laser Studies of Two-Photon Excited Fluorescence Intermittency in Single CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots

Two-photon fluorescence microscopy of single quantum dots conditions has been reported by several groups,1−3 with contrasting observations regarding the kinetics and dynamics of fluorescence intermittency or “blinking”. Here, we investigate the power dependence, kinetics, and statistics of two photon-excited fluorescence intermittency from single CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in a solid PMMA film as a function of sub-bandgap laser intensity at 800 nm. Fluorescence intermittency is observed at all excitation powers and a quadratic (n = 1.97(3)) dependence of the shot noise-limited fluorescence intensity on the incident laser power is verified, confirming essentially zero background contribution from one-photon excitation processes. Such analyses permit two photon absorption cross sections for single quantum dots to be extracted quantitatively from the data, which reveal good agreement with those obtained from previous two-photon FCS measurements. Strictly inverse power law-distributed off-state dwell times are obs...