cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A robust attribution error in the personality domain

Abstract The error of inferring dispositional causes for constrained behavior was investigated in the domain of personality. Subjects were randomly assigned to write essays presenting themselves as strongly introverted or extraverted. Within groups, subjects exchanged essays and estimated the actual (self-rated) introversion/extraversion of the writer. The procedure minimized the likelihood of certain factors conducive to correspondent inference, e.g., the low salience of constraint or nonrepresentative sample of dispositions among essay writers. The experiment included an instructional set variable which involved accentuating the situational constraint or reinforcing the subjects' inclination to individuate the writer. In all conditions, a significant pattern of correspondent inference occurred, with attributions aligned to the directionality of the essays. The results, consistent with findings from attitude attribution research, suggest that the direction of the essay provides an initial hypothesis of correspondent inference. Subjects may then use their impression of the essay's extremity as a basis upon which to adjust their attribution in accord with the constraint of the position assignment.
Nasogastric tubes: hard to swallow.

Although patients and practitioners agree that nasogastric tube insertion is the most painful procedure commonly performed in the emergency department (ED), roughly 65% to 90% of emergency physicians do not use any form of anesthesia to reduce this discomfort. This practice has persisted for many years in the face of an accumulating body of evidence indicating that virtually any form of topical anesthesia, applied as jelly, atomized spray, or nebulized aerosol to the nose, pharynx, or both, decreases the discomfort of nasogastric tube passage. The article by Cullen et al in this month’s issue of Annals is consistent with earlier work on healthy volunteers showing that nebulized lidocaine delivered to the nose and pharynx by face mask is associated with a clinically and statistically significant reduction in the discomfort of nasogastric tube insertion. With the publication of this study, there are now at least 6 randomized clinical trials in the English-language literature supporting the use of topical anesthesia to decrease the discomfort of nasogastric tube passage. No trials with contrary results could be found. For readers interested mainly in how current evidence on this topic may affect their clinical practice, skip immediately to the end of this editorial and scan the 4 items listed under the section titled ‘‘Clinical Bottom Line’’ (this will take about 5 minutes). For those who wish to know a little (but not a lot) more about the evidence base supporting these bottom-line recommendations, refer to the Table (about 10 minutes). For clinical investigators interested in acute pain management, a list of considerations and questions pertinent to
Plant genomics: the third wave.

▪ Abstract Completing the primary genomic sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana was a major milestone, being the first plant genome and only the third high-quality finished eukaryotic genome sequence. Understanding how the genome sequence comprehensively encodes developmental programs and environmental responses is the next major challenge for all plant genome projects. This requires fully characterizing the genes, the regulatory sequences, and their functions. We discuss several functional genomics approaches to decode the linear sequence of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana, including full-length cDNA collections, microarrays, natural variation, knockout collections, and comparative sequence analysis. Genomics provides the essential tools to speed the work of the traditional molecular geneticist and is now a scientific discipline in its own right.
Rights, rules, and democracy

Democracy require protection of certain fundamental rights, but can we expect courts to follow rules? There seems little escape from the proposition that substantive constitutional review by an unelected judiciary is a presumptive abridgement of democratic decision-making. Once we have accepted the proposition that there exist human rights that ought to be protected, this should hardly surprise us. No one thinks courts are perfect translators of the rules invoked before them on every occasion. But it is equally clear that rules sometimes do decide cases. In modern legal systems the relative roles of courts and legislators with respect to the rules of the system is a commonplace. Legislatures make rules. Courts apply them in particular disputes. When we are talking about human rights, however, that assumption must be clarified in at least one way. The defense of the practice of constitutional review in this article assumes courts can and do enforce rules. This article also makes clear what is the meaning of �following rules�. Preference for judicial over legislative interpretation of rights, therefore, seems to hang on the question of whether or not judges are capable of subordinating their own judgment to that incorporated in the rules by their makers. This article maintains that, in general, entrenched constitutional rules (and not just constitutional courts) can and do constrain public conduct and protect human rights. The article concludes that the value judgments will depend on our estimate of the benefits we derive from the process of representative self-government. Against those benefits we will have to measure the importance we place on being able to live our lives with the security created by a regime of human rights protected by the rule of law.
Computer adaptive testing of liability to addiction: Identifying individuals at risk

Background Employed as a quantitative measure of substance use disorder (SUD) risk, the transmissible liability index (TLI) can be useful for detecting youths requiring prevention intervention. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate a computer adaptive test (CAT) version of the TLI to identifying individuals at risk for SUD.
Business Web: Discovering Corporate Links

Business education requires students to have knowledge about corporations and the relationships between them. Sometimes students, in particular non-traditional ones, may not have either this knowledge or the skills required to obtain it. The Business Web guides students in acquiring information about businesses and understanding their inter-connections. As they build Business Webs, students are also trained in knowledge management – acquiring, evaluating and using domain related information. The Business Web is a simple, powerful, flexible and student driven tool, with potential for general use.
The discovery of potent and selective 4-aminothienopyridines as B-Raf kinase inhibitors.

Abstract A series of novel, potent 4-aminothienopyridine B-Raf kinase inhibitors was designed and synthesized using knowledge-based design. Compounds 5f, and 6k exhibited not only excellent potency in both enzyme assay (IC50 = 5.1, 16.6 nM) and cellular assay (IC50 = 0.2, 0.2 μM), but also had an outstanding selectivity profile against other kinases.
Comparative Analysis of Physician Extender Curricular Requirements in Radiology: A Detailed View

Purpose This article provides a detailed analysis comparing the educational requirements for physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and radiologist assistants (RAs) working in radiology. The authors examine the curricular requirements as they pertain to radiology for each program and highlight the advantages and limitations of each within potential roles in radiology. Methods A literature review was performed using the following databases: CINAHL Plus, MEDLINE, and Academic Search Complete. The search parameters were English-language peer-reviewed articles published from 2002 through 2010. The search terms included “physician assistant,” “nurse practitioner,” “radiologist assistant,” “radiology practitioner assistant,” and “physician extender.” The inclusion term applied was “radiology” to further hone results. Results The RA curriculum includes a core education that is comparable with the physician assistant and nurse practitioner curricula, with the exception of prescriptive authority and health promotion and disease prevention. The RA curriculum adds instruction in radiobiology, radiation safety, radiologic procedures, fluoroscopic unit operation and safety, and radiopharmaceuticals. Conclusions The RA curriculum is specific for the radiologic imaging area and advantageous to radiologists, radiology managers, and patients undergoing diagnostic procedures.
Multiword Expression Identification with Tree Substitution Grammars: A Parsing tour de force with French

Multiword expressions (MWE), a known nuisance for both linguistics and NLP, blur the lines between syntax and semantics. Previous work on MWE identification has relied primarily on surface statistics, which perform poorly for longer MWEs and cannot model discontinuous expressions. To address these problems, we show that even the simplest parsing models can effectively identify MWEs of arbitrary length, and that Tree Substitution Grammars achieve the best results. Our experiments show a 36.4% F1 absolute improvement for French over an n-gram surface statistics baseline, currently the predominant method for MWE identification. Our models are useful for several NLP tasks in which MWE pre-grouping has improved accuracy.
NUTRITIONAL PROFILE AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL SOYMILK

Soymilk has become the most popular soy food in the U.S.A., and its retail sales have soared from two million dollars in 1980 to more than one billion dollars in recent years. A variety of soymilk products are available in the supermarket. However, there are no federal standards for soymilk products. The variability in product quality between products or brands has rarely been reported. Our objective was to analyze and compare nutritional profile and physicochemical properties among commercial soymilk products. A total of 39 commercial soymilk products of nine brands were collected at local supermarkets and analyzed for the total solid content, protein content, pH, viscosity and color. Based on product label information, calories, fat, sugar, total carbohydrate and fiber contents were also statistically analyzed. The results showed that the physicochemical properties and nutrient contents varied extensively among soymilk products. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study showed the wide variability in nutrient contents and physicochemical properties of commercial soymilk. Protein, fat, sugar, dietary fiber, total carbohydrate and caloric content are very important dietary constituents, and knowledge of their variance between products is important to both consumers and manufacturers. There is a need for establishing standards of identity for soymilk in the Code of Federal Regulation as the consumption of these products is increasing rapidly. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of physical and chemical attributes of soymilk products in the U.S. retail markets.
Interval Rough Mereology for Approximating Hierarchical Knowledge

The paper proposes an approach based on Rough Mereology to approximating hierarchical relationships between imprecise concepts in knowledge representation systems. The approach employs Interval Analysis to capture the imprecision caused by the granularity of knowledge. Interval rough inclusion functions are defined. It is demonstrated that they can be effectively used to compute the IS-A relationships by measuring the inclusion of one approximated concept into another. It is shown that the functions are superior to the previously suggested in literature.
Risk factors for occult nodal metastasis in clinical T1N0 lung cancer: a negative impact on survival

Background: The application of CT imaging has increased the identification of patients with clinical T1N0 (cT1N0) lung cancer. The optimal managementstrategyfor theseearlystagelungcancersremainsunclear. We analyzedtheimpact ofoccultnodalmetastasis oncT1N0lungcancer patients. Methods: We studied patients with cT1N0 lung cancer enrolled in our database from January 1995 to December 2002. Preoperative staging was confirmed by review of CT and PET scan studies. Pathology specimens were reviewed. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the risk of occult nodal involvement. Kaplan—Meier method was applied to analyze survival. Results: Two hundred and ninety-seven patients with cT1N0 disease were identified. Fifty-eight percent of patients were pathological T1N0. Overall, 15% of patients had occult nodal metastasis. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a three-fold increase in the risk of having pathologic stage II or stage III disease with every 1.0 cmincreaseintumorsize(oddsratio3.2;95%CI:2.3—4.6).Multivariateanalysisdemonstratedtumorsizetobeasignificantpredictorofnodal metastasis (adjusted odds ratio 3.5; 95% CI: 2.4—5.1). Median survival was different between pathological stage I (96.3 months), stage II (41.4 months),and stageIII (36.1 months)disease(p = 0.002).Conclusion:Clinical T1N0tumorsareoften understaged. Theriskof occultnodaldisease increases with tumor size, and this occult disease negatively impacts survival. Because of the limitations of clinical staging, we believe that lobectomy and lymph node analysis should be offered to cT1N0 lung cancer patients to provide accurate staging and to optimize multimodality adjuvant treatment of lung cancer. # 2007 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Parathyroid carcinoma, atypical parathyroid adenoma, or parathyromatosis?

BACKGROUND. Parathyroid carcinoma, atypical parathyroid adenoma, and parathyromatosis can be differentiated relatively easily from typical parathyroid adenomas, but distinguishing them from each other is more difficult. METHODS. A retrospective study of 28 consecutive patients with parathyroid carcinoma, 7 patients with atypical parathyroid adenoma, and 13 patients with parathyromatosis who were treated at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center between 1966 and 2005 was performed. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics, indication for surgery, intraoperative findings, histopathologic characteristics, disease recurrence or persistence, site of invasion/metastases, and survival were compared in the 3 groups. RESULTS. Parathyroid carcinoma (19 of 28 patients) and atypical adenoma (4 of 7 patients) were significantly more common in men, whereas parathyromatosis was more common in women (10 of 13 patients) (P = .02). A palpable neck mass and hoarseness were almost exclusively present in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Prior to the first parathyroid surgery, patients with parathyroid carcinoma were found to have higher blood calcium levels (≥14 mg/dL in 16 of 26 patients [62%]), whereas only 1 of 6 patients with atypical adenoma (17%) and no patients with parathyromatosis were found to have profound hypercalcemia (P < .01). Intraoperatively, patients with parathyroid carcinoma and atypical adenoma presented with single lesions, whereas patients with parathyromatosis had multiple small lesions. Histopathologic findings were well defined in parathyroid carcinoma, but some findings overlapped in the 3 tumors studied. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with parathyroid carcinoma often differ from those with atypical parathyroid adenoma or parathyromatosis at the time of presentation because patients with parathyroid carcinoma have more profound hypercalcemia as well as invasive tumors. However, at times it is difficult to distinguish between these conditions both clinically and by final histologic examination. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Consumption Styles and the Fluid Complexity of Punk Authenticity

Subcultures are distinguished in terms of what they are not, highlighting differences with broader cultural characteristics. From this perspective, authenticity is drawn from external contrasts. This ethnographic study of a local punk scene shows that internal comparisons among participants centered on consumption styles also construct authenticity. This activity was dominated by three indigenous cultural processes: the publicized possession of consumer goods, stylized presentations of self, and conversational display of acquaintance with punk esoterica. In contrast to previous studies, this article shows how the interpretive particulars of consumption in talk and interaction move beyond style alone to feature the fluid complexity of punk authenticity.
Integrity and Function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spindle Pole Body Depends on Connections Between the Membrane Proteins Ndc1, Rtn1, and Yop1

The nuclear envelope in Saccharomyces cerevisiae harbors two essential macromolecular protein assemblies: the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) that enable nucleocytoplasmic transport, and the spindle pole bodies (SPBs) that mediate chromosome segregation. Previously, based on metazoan and budding yeast studies, we reported that reticulons and Yop1/DP1 play a role in the early steps of de novo NPC assembly. Here, we examined if Rtn1 and Yop1 are required for SPB function in S. cerevisiae. Electron microscopy of rtn1Δ yop1Δ cells revealed lobular abnormalities in SPB structure. Using an assay that monitors lateral expansion of the SPB central layer, we found that rtn1Δ yop1Δ SPBs had decreased connections to the NE compared to wild type, suggesting that SPBs are less stable in the NE. Furthermore, large budded rtn1Δ yop1Δ cells exhibited a high incidence of short mitotic spindles, which were frequently misoriented with respect to the mother–daughter axis. This correlated with cytoplasmic microtubule defects. We found that overexpression of the SPB insertion factors NDC1, MPS2, or BBP1 rescued the SPB defects observed in rtn1Δ yop1Δ cells. However, only overexpression of NDC1, which is also required for NPC biogenesis, rescued both the SPB and NPC associated defects. Rtn1 and Yop1 also physically interacted with Ndc1 and other NPC membrane proteins. We propose that NPC and SPB biogenesis are altered in cells lacking Rtn1 and Yop1 due to competition between these complexes for Ndc1, an essential common component of both NPCs and SPBs.
Punishment and the Limits of Evolutionary Analysis

Review of: Morris B. Hoffman, The Punisher’s Brain: The Evolution of Judge and Jury (Cambridge 2014).
The occurrence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in certain tissues of the rabbit inoculated directly with the virus of herpes labialis

B. Lipschutz has described in experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits intranuclear, acidophilic bodies, staining readily with eosin, variable in size and shape but usually round or oval and separated from the nuclear membrane by a narrow clear space. They may appear homogeneous or faintly granular. He found these bodies constantly in the nuclei of the epithelial cells and considered them pathognomonic of this lesion. Rarely similar bodies were encountered in the nuclei of connective tissue cells of the lesion. He succeeded in demonstrating these bodies also in the conjunctiva of the inoculated rabbit's eye and in herpetic vesicles of human skin.We have attempted to determine in what tissues of the rabbit the virus of herpes labialis will take as determined by the presence of the above intranuclear bodies at or near the sit of inoculation. The procedure adopted was as follows: A virus obtained from a herpetic vesicle of the human lip was inoculated upon the scarified cornea of a rabbit and was transferr...
“Heritage” as alternative place and space: old-time music and roots- and routes-based tourism in Southern Appalachia

ABSTRACTAfter a decades-long exodus of industry and capital from Southern Appalachia, heritage tourism attempts to generate revenue by representing cultural authenticity in an area historically occupying the place of cultural backwater in American popular imaginations. This paper analyzes the representational terrain that such a tourism project traverses to present viable narratives of cultural authenticity. I suggest that valuations of authenticity in these representations, while exhibiting ambivalences about the values of the past and present, foreground iconic and indexical relationships among music, musicians, and Appalachian history and landscape, in turn drawing on the appeal of a different orientation to space and place. This appeal of and for a cultural and affective alternate route – an alternative to a high-speed, rootless, globalized landscape of mass consumption – is both opposed to and dependent on that landscape for its value and viability.
A Discontinuous Galerkin Chimera Scheme with Implicit Artificial Boundaries

The Chimera overset methods use of structured meshes has enabled engineers to utilize a number of high-order schemes, such as the WENO and compact di erencing schemes, for modeling uid ow associated with complex engineering problems. However, the large stencil of these high-order schemes leads to complications with establishing arti cial intergrid communication boundaries. This paper demonstrates a Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) scheme with a Chimera overset method that utilizes implicit arti cial boundaries to accelerate the convergence rate to a steady solution and reduces execution time for implicit time accurate calculations. The small stencil of the DG scheme makes it particularly suitable for Chimera meshes. The small stencil simpli es the hole cutting and partitioning of grids that contain holes. In addition, because the DG scheme represents the solution as cell local polynomials, it does not require an interpolation scheme with a large stencil to establish the inter-grid communication in overlapping regions. The convergence rate of the Chimera schemes is dramatically increased by including the linearization of the inter-grid communication in comparison with traditional Quasi-Newton Chimera schemes where only the right hand side vector is updated through the inter-grid communication.
Racial/ethnic differences in perceived need for mental health care and disparities in use of care among those with perceived need in 1990-1992 and 2001-2003.

ABSTRACTObjectives: This study examines whether there are racial/ethnic differences in perceived need for mental health care among those with a mood and/or anxiety disorder in 1990–1992 and 2001–2003 in the US. Then among those with perceived need, we examine whether racial/ethnic disparities in use of mental health care existed in both time periods.Design: Using data from the 1990–1992 National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and 2001–2003 National Comorbidity Survey – Replication (NCS-R), the study analyzes whether whites differed from blacks and Latinos in rates of perceived need among those with a mood and/or anxiety disorder in 1990–1992 and 2001–2003. Then among those with a disorder and perceived need, rates of mental health care use for whites are compared to black rates and Latino rates in within the 1990–1992 cohort and then within the 2001–2003 cohort.Results: There were no statistical racial/ethnic differences in perceived need in both time periods. Among those with perceived need in 1990–1992, there...
Stomach cancer disparity among Korean Americans by tumor characteristics: comparison with non-Hispanic whites, Japanese Americans, South Koreans, and Japanese

Background: Stomach cancer incidence shows substantial racial-ethnic disparity in the United States, with Korean Americans experiencing by far the highest incidence. We examined stomach cancer incidence trends in Korean Americans by tumor subsite, histology, and stage and compared them with incidence rates in racial-ethnic groups with the second highest rate (Japanese Americans) and the lowest rate (non-Hispanic whites; NHWs) as well as populations in South Korea and Japan.Methods: We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates by racial-ethnic groups, sex, and tumor characteristics, using the 1988-2012 California Cancer Registry data. Data on South Korea and Japan were obtained from the literature and other resources.Results: Between 1988 and 2012 in California, Korean Americans had about five times greater incidence than NHWs and twice that of Japanese Americans. Tumor characteristics differed by ethnic group and gender. The incidence in Korean Americans has declined during recent years, for both cardia and noncardia sites and for both intestinal- and diffuse-type histology. Although Korean Americans were diagnosed at an earlier stage than other Californians, the proportion with localized disease (43%) was much smaller than in South Korea (57%), where population-based screening is available.Conclusions: Stomach cancer incidence declined in the highest risk ethnic groups. However, the persistent disparity between Korean Americans and other racial-ethnic groups warrants additional strategies for prevention and earlier diagnosis.Impact: Analysis of California Cancer Registry data identified a racial-ethnic subgroup with stomach cancer disparity that may benefit from targeted prevention and screening efforts. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 587-96. ©2016 AACR.
A Simple Computational Proxy for Screening Magnetocaloric Compounds

Alternating cycles of isothermal magnetization and adiabatic demagnetization applied to a magnetocaloric material can drive refrigeration in very much the same manner as cycles of gas compression and expansion. The material property of interest in finding candidate magnetocaloric materials is ΔSM, their gravimetric entropy change upon application of a magnetic field under isothermal conditions. There is, however, no general method for screening materials for such an entropy change without actually performing the relevant, time- and effort-intensive magnetic measurements. Here we propose a simple computational proxy based on performing nonmagnetic and magnetic density functional theory calculations on magnetic materials. This proxy, which we term the magnetic deformation ΣM, is a measure of how much the unit cell deforms comparing with the relaxed structures with and without the inclusion of spin polarization. ΣM appears to correlate very well with experimentally measured magnetic entropy change values. Th...
Tympanostomy Tube Placement vs Medical Management for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in TRICARE-Insured Children:

Objective To compare number of infections and health care utilization in children insured by TRICARE with recurrent acute otitis media (RAOM) managed surgically with tympanostomy tube (TT) placement compared with those managed medically. Study Design Retrospective matched cohort study. Setting TRICARE claims database from 2006 to 2010. Subjects and Methods We matched TRICARE beneficiaries ≤5 years of age diagnosed with RAOM who underwent TT placement with those managed medically using 1:1 coarsened-exact matching on age, sex, race, sponsor rank, and region. We used multivariable negative binomial regression to compare number of infections and health care utilization at 1 and 2 years. Outcomes were adjusted for rate of infection before treatment for RAOM, season of either TT placement or establishment of candidacy for TT placement, and comorbidities. Results Among 6659 pairs identified at 1-year follow-up, the TT group had fewer infections (1.96 vs 2.18, P < .001) and oral antibiotic prescriptions (1.52 vs 1.67, P < .001) but more visits to primary care physicians (4.36 vs 4.06, P < .0001) and otolaryngologists (1.21 vs 0.44, P < .0001) compared with the medically managed group. At 2-year follow-up, the benefits of TT placement were no longer seen. Conclusion TT placement for RAOM is associated with fewer infections and oral antibiotic prescriptions in the first year after surgery but more doctor visits. Benefits of TT placement do not appear to extend through the second year. Future research should investigate costs associated with TT placement vs medical management, as well as real-time health care utilization with impact on patient symptoms and quality of life.
Neuroimaging Correlates of Cerebral Microbleeds: The ARIC Study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities).

Background and Purpose—Cerebral microbleed (CMB) location (deep versus strictly lobar) may elucidate underlying pathology with deep CMBs being more associated with hypertensive vascular disease and...
Low Temperature surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) from cytochromes

ABSTRACT Surface -enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) studies of cytochrome c (cyt c) and cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) as a function of laser irradiation time have demonstrated that the proteins are extremely sensitive to photodegradation. The results suggest that previous SERRSreports of hemoprotein denaturation on Ag surfaces may reflect photosensitivity rather than aneffect of the protein- surface interaction. Photodamage was eliminated by submersion of theelectrode into liquid nitrogen. This procedure resulted in stable SERRS spectra, even with prolonged irradiation. The use of a diode array detector also substantially reduces the laser exposure period ( <1 minute) required to observe SERRS spectra of the protein. The application of low temperature SERRS spectroscopy to the study of substrate binding in P450b provided evidence for spin state conversion in the presence of substrate.1. INTRODUCTIONElectrochemical methods have been used to study electron transfer reactions in redox proteins
The role of iron-oxide aerosols and sunlight in the atmospheric reduction of Hg(II) species: A DFT+U study

Abstract Experimental and field measurements have shown that, in the presence of both iron-containing aerosols and sunlight, oxidized mercury species such as HgCl2 and HgBr2 undergo reduction to elemental mercury (Hg°), which remains in the atmosphere longer than oxidized mercury species due to its higher volatility. We performed density functional theory (DFT, PW91+U) calculations to elucidate the reduction mechanism for atmospheric HgCl2 and HgBr2 to Hg° on several iron-oxide aerosol surfaces relevant in the troposphere. On the OH-Fe-R-terminated α-Fe2O3(0001) surface, predicted to be most prevalent under ambient conditions, we show that: (1) the first Hg-X bond is broken via either thermal or photolytic activation depending on the ambient temperature; (2) photons with an energy of 2.69 eV (461 nm) are required to break the second Hg-X bond; and (3) a photo-induced surface-to-adsorbate charge-transfer process can promote Hg° desorption with an excitation energy of 2.59 eV (479 nm). All the calculated excitation energies are below the threshold value of 3.9 eV (320 nm) for photons in the troposphere, suggesting that sunlight can facilitate mercury reduction on iron-oxide aerosol surfaces. In contrast, the gas-phase reduction of HgCl2 (HgBr2) involves photoexcitation requiring an energy of 4.98 (4.45) eV (249 (279) nm); therefore, the energy range of sunlight is not suitable for gas-phase reduction. Our computational results provide the first evidence on the detailed mechanism for the combined role of aerosols and photons in the reduction of HgCl2 and HgBr2. Our methodology can be adapted to study other photochemical heterogeneous processes in the atmosphere.
Metabolism of 125I-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone

ABSTRACT To measure the disappearance rates and distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH), 125I-monoiodo-LH-RH was produced by the lactoperoxidase technique and separated from noniodinated LH-RH and two oligomers of iodinated LH-RH by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 125I-LH-RH was injected iv into three normal men. Least-squares fitting by computer established that a three-term exponential equation was necessary and sufficient to describe the disappearance curves. The t½ of each component was: 2–4 min, 30–60 min, and 600–1300 min. The initial distribution space approximated plasma volume. Similar studies in the rat yielded disappearance curves best characterized by two exponentials ranging from 5 to 10 min for the first component and 150 to 600 min for the second. The initial distribution volume in the rat also approximated estimated plasma volume and 125I was concentrated in the pituitary gland and kidney. The disappearance curves and tissue distribution of two oligomers of iodina...
Bio-inspired Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring

Structural systems are susceptible to damage throughout their operational lifetime. Thus, structural health monitoring technologies and, in particular, sensors that could monitor structural performance and detect damage are needed. While there exist a variety of different sensing platforms, this continues to be an active area of research due to the many challenges associated with identifying and quantifying structural damage, which is inherently very complex. This chapter discusses an emerging area of sensors research in which sensor design or functionality is inspired by biological systems. By borrowing concepts from and learning how nature’s creations sense and interact with its environment, the goal is to create novel sensors with unparalleled performance as compared to the current state-of-art. This chapter is not meant to be an exhaustive literature review on this topic. Rather, only a small selection of published work is sampled and presented to showcase different ideas and the breadth of research. Topics ranging from bio-inspired algorithms, creature-like robots, and skin-like sensors are presented.
THE ADENYLATE ENERGY CHARGE IN METABOLIC REGULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of the adenylate energy charge in metabolic regulation. Metabolism consists of ordinary chemical reactions of simple compounds. Its complexity results from multiplicity. A similar generalization needs to be found to be true at the next higher level of interaction: homeostasis and metabolic control in general result from intricate interactions between regulatory effects that are individually simple in principle. The stoichiometric coupling that is the first prerequisite for metabolism requires a stoichiometric coupling agent, that is, adenosine triphosphate. Homeostasis requires a kinetic coupling agent, and it seems logically necessary that this agent must either be identical with the stoichiometric coupling agent or be closely linked. The results of appropriate experiments are consistent with these logical expectations and lead to the conclusion that the adenylate system supplies both the primary stoichiometric coupling and the primary kinetic coupling, which are necessary for the integration of a very large number of potentially chaotic individual reactions into the harmonious chemical.
Concurrent Polycythemia of Undetermined Etiology and Smouldering Plasma Cell Myeloma

The combination of polycythemia and plasma cell myeloma occurring concurrently is very rare and few cases have been reported in the literature. Further, the vast majority of these cases are cases of polycythemia vera and myeloma. Here, we present a case of polycythemia of undetermined etiology and myeloma. The patient is a 48-year-old Caucasian male who was originally diagnosed with polycythemia of undetermined etiology. Twelve years later, when a bone marrow biopsy was performed in an attempt to determine the etiology of the polycythemia, findings diagnostic of plasma cell myeloma were discovered. Subsequent serum studies were also consistent with a plasma cell neoplasm, while evaluation for end-organ damage was negative. A battery of genetic and biochemical tests ruled out various congenital polycythemias, leading to a final diagnosis of polycythemia of undetermined etiology and smouldering plasma cell myeloma. This case highlights that while being unusual, polycythemia and plasma cell myeloma can occur concurrently, and, in this report, we discuss both entities and potential mechanisms of the pathophysiology of the concurrent presentation.
Trends in and Predictors of Depression Among Participants in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS).

Purpose To characterize longitudinal trends and factors predictive of depressive symptoms following glaucoma diagnosis in Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS) participants. Design Cohort study using follow-up data from a clinical trial. Methods A total of 607 participants with newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma were enrolled at 14 clinical centers in the United States from October 1993 through April 1997, randomized to treatment with medication or surgery, and followed every 6 months through 2004. The 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered at baseline and follow-up visits. Three outcome measures were investigated: overall CES-D depression score, presence of mild or worse depression (CES-D score ≥ 7), and number of depressive symptoms endorsed. Results The average baseline CES-D score was 2.4 (SD = 3.8), 12.5% of subjects reported symptoms associated with mild or worse depression, and 55.3% reported at least 1 depressive symptom. By 1 year posttreatment, depression measures decreased (1.5, 6.7%, and 38.4%, respectively), with modest decreases thereafter. Baseline factors predictive of mild or worse depression included worse vision-related quality of life (VRQOL) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.41), female sex (OR = 1.42), younger age (OR per 10 years younger = 1.24), and less than high school education (OR = 2.93); other outcomes showed similar results. Conclusions Depressive symptoms decreased considerably during the first year after treatment initiation, but were elevated in those with impaired VRQOL. Given the potential of depression to reduce treatment adherence and thus increase the risk of glaucoma progression, eye care providers should ask patients about depressive symptoms, provide reassurance when appropriate, and make referrals as necessary.
Evaluating the performance of hydraulic-fractures in unconventional reservoirs using production data: Comprehensive review

Abstract Understanding the performance of the reservoir productivity in the post-stimulation conditions has recently gained an extensive emphasis from the specialist researchers and operators. Although there have been different tools used to evaluate the fracturing process and to predict the well performance, using production data as an indirect tool to calibrate the fracturing design and to forecast the reservoir performance has been considered the most potential technique. However, different methods with a high ambiguity have been used in this area of research over the last decade. Therefore; developing, screening, and specializing different methods and techniques to diagnose and evaluate the post-fracture reservoir performance by using flowback data has a significant priority. Determining the performance of hydraulic fractures from flowback data is considered the actual calibration to estimate the effective volume, length, height, conductivity, and width of hydraulic fractures. This paper presents a comprehensive review on most of the approaches, which have been recently introduced in this area of research, including their applicability, pros and cons. Furthermore, this study explains how each method can be valid at a specific time range. The potential tools, which could be more successful to be used in this direction of research, have been extensively discussed and recommended.
Pulsed high-dose erlotinib with gemcitabine as second-line therapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

421Background: The options for treatment of pancreatic cancer follow progression on first line therapy are limited and associated with significant toxicity. Erlotinib has been approved for treatmen...
Perfect Compliance: The 2018 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Well-Being Survey

Last year, a “well-being survey” was added to the annual faculty survey from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. In this commentary, a program director ponders the survey's pu...
Land Use Contributions to Adverse Biological Effects in a Complex Agricultural and Urban Watershed: A Case Study of the Maumee River.

Agricultural and urban contaminants are an environmental concern because runoff may contaminate aquatic ecosystems, resulting in stress for exposed fish. The objective of the present controlled, field-based study was to assess the impacts of high-intensity agriculture and urban land use on multiple life stages of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), using the Maumee River (Toledo, OH, USA) as a case study. Laboratory cultured adult and larval fathead minnows were exposed for 21 d, and embryos were exposed until hatching to site-specific water along the lower reach of the Maumee River. Adult minnows were analyzed for reproduction and alterations to hematologic characteristics (vitellogenin, glucose, estradiol, 11-ketotestosterone). Water and fish tissue samples were analyzed for a suite of multiresidue pesticides, hormones, and pharmaceuticals. Contaminants were detected in every water and tissue sample, with 6 pesticides and 8 pharmaceuticals detected in at least 82% of water samples and at least half of tissue samples. Effects differed by exposed life stage and year of exposure. Fecundity was the most sensitive endpoint measured and was altered by water from multiple sites in both years. Physiological parameters associated with fecundity, such as plasma vitellogenin and steroid hormone concentrations, were seldom impacted. Larval fathead minnows appeared to be unaffected. Embryonic morphological development was delayed in embryos exposed to site waters collected in 2016 but not in 2017. A distinction between agricultural and urban influences in the Maumee River was not realized due to the great overlap in contaminant presence and biological effects. Differences in precipitation patterns between study years likely contributed to the observed biological differences and highlight the need for environmental exposure studies to assess the environmental risk of contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;00:1-17. © 2019 SETAC.
Family Socioeconomic Position at Birth and School Bonding at Age 15; Blacks' Diminished Returns.

Life course epidemiological studies have documented the effects of family socioeconomic position (SEP) at birth on youth developmental processes and outcomes decades later. According to the minorities’ diminished returns (MDR) theory, however, family SEP at birth generates smaller returns for Black compared to White families. Using 15 years of follow up data of a national sample of American families, this study investigated racial differences in the effect of family income at birth on subsequent school bonding of the adolescent at age 15. The fragile families and child well-being study (FFCWS) is a 15-year prospective longitudinal study of 495 White and 1436 Black families from the birth of their child. Family SEP (income to needs ratio) at birth was the independent variable. Youth school bonding at age 15 was the main outcome. Linear regressions were applied for data analysis, with race as the focal moderator. In the pooled sample, in addition to each race, higher family SEP at birth was associated with higher school bonding of the youth at age 15. Race altered the effects of family SEP at birth on youth school bonding at age 15, indicating smaller protective effects for Black compared to White youth. Race stratified regressions also showed the effect of family SEP at birth on age 15 school bonding for White youth, but not Black youth. Tangible outcomes that follow economic resources at birth are disproportionately smaller for Black families compared to those for White families. Merely equalizing SEP is not enough for the elimination of racial inequalities in youth outcomes. Policies should reduce societal and structural barriers that commonly cause diminished returns of SEP for Black families. Policy evaluations should aim for most effective policies that have the potential to equalize Blacks’ and Whites’ chances for gaining tangible developmental and health outcomes from identical SEP resources.
Pharmaceutical Management of Ovarian Cancer: Current Status.

Over recent decades, truly impressive progress has been made in the outcome associated with the pharmacological antineoplastic management of women with advanced ovarian cancer. Following initial surgery, the large majority of patients with this malignancy will receive a chemotherapy regimen that includes a platinum drug (carboplatin or cisplatin) and a taxane (paclitaxel or docetaxel). Currently, objective responses are observed in approximately 60-80% of patients treated in the front-line setting, with documented improvements in overall survival compared with prior non-platinum and taxane programmes. Unfortunately, despite the high response rate to initial chemotherapy, the majority of women with advanced disease will experience recurrence of the malignant process and be candidates for a variety of possible second-line therapeutic options. It is well recognized that ovarian cancer patients who are documented to experience an initial response to platinum-based chemotherapy but where the disease recurs approximately 6 or more months following the completion of primary therapy, may have another clinically meaningful response (both objective and subjective) to a second platinum-based strategy. However, an optimal management approach in this setting remains to be defined. Furthermore, the malignant cell populations in all ovarian cancer patients who experience an initial relapse of the disease process will eventually be resistant to the platinum agents. In this setting, multiple drugs have been shown to be biologically active. Again, an optimal strategy to be employed in the platinum-resistant setting has yet to be demonstrated through the conduct of evidence-based trials. Reasonable goals of therapy in women with recurrent or resistant ovarian cancer are to improve overall survival, reduce the severity (and delay the occurrence) of symptoms and optimize overall quality of life.
Renyi Differential Privacy Mechanisms for Posterior Sampling

With the newly proposed privacy definition of Renyi Differential Privacy (RDP) in (Mironov, 2017), we re-examine the inherent privacy of releasing a single sample from a posterior distribution. We exploit the impact of the prior distribution in mitigating the influence of individual data points. In particular, we focus on sampling from an exponential family and specific generalized linear models, such as logistic regression. We propose novel RDP mechanisms as well as offering a new RDP analysis for an existing method in order to add value to the RDP framework. Each method is capable of achieving arbitrary RDP privacy guarantees, and we offer experimental results of their efficacy.
Response to "De-Conflating Religiosity/Spirituality".

To the Editor: We would like to thank Drs. Roane and Harirforoosh for their response to our brief, which appeared in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education .[1][1] In our article, we state that “Pharmacy schools should find ways to acknowledge and support religiosity and spirituality of
Coherent PM RF Photonic Link Achieving Record SFDR Performance

A new record spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) performance was achieved by a coherent PM RF photonic link that employed a newly developed optical phase locked loop (OPLL) photonic integrated circuit (PIC) chip. With help of the OPLL PIC, the PM RF photonic link demonstrated a $\sim 130 dB\cdot Hz^{2/3}$ SFDR and a 3dB bandwidth of $\sim 1$ GHz. The combined SFDR and bandwidth performance represents $\sim $ one order of magnitude improvement over the prior state-of-the-art PM RF photonic links.