cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STEREO Ground Segment, Science Operations, and Data Archive

Vitally important to the success of any mission is the ground support system used for commanding the spacecraft, receiving the telemetry, and processing the results. We describe the ground system used for the STEREO mission, consisting of the Mission Operations Center, the individual Payload Operations Centers for each instrument, and the STEREO Science Center, together with mission support from the Flight Dynamics Facility, Deep Space Mission System, and the Space Environment Center. The mission planning process is described, as is the data flow from spacecraft telemetry to processed science data to long-term archive. We describe the online resources that researchers will be able to use to access STEREO planning resources, science data, and analysis software. The STEREO Joint Observations Program system is described, with instructions on how observers can participate. Finally, we describe the near-real-time processing of the “space weather beacon” telemetry, which is a low telemetry rate quicklook product available close to 24 hours a day, with the intended use of space weather forecasting.
Diets of Lesser Scaup during Spring Migration throughout the Upper-Midwest are Consistent with the Spring Condition Hypothesis

Abstract The spring condition hypothesis (SCH) states that the current decline of the North American scaup population (Lesser [Aythya affinis] and Greater Scaup [A. marila] combined) is due to a decline in quality or availability of scaup foods on wintering, spring migration, or breeding areas that has caused a reduction in female body condition and subsequent reproductive success. Our previous research indicated that forage quality in diets of Lesser Scaup (hereafter scaup) at two sites in Northwestern Minnesota was lower in springs 2000-2001 than that reported for springs 1986-1988, consistent with the SCH. Accordingly, we further tested the SCH at a landscape scale, by comparing amounts of amphipods in diets (index of forage quality) of scaup (N = 263) collected in springs 2003-2005 from seven eco-physiographic regions in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota in relation to data from Northwestern Minnesota during springs 2000-2001. We found that aggregate percentages of Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azte...
Quantitative Measures for Design by Analogy

In this paper a quantitative measure for design-by-analogy is developed. This measure is based on the functional similarity of products. By using this product similarity measure, designers are able to formalize and quantify design-by-analogy techniques during concept and layout design. The similarity measure and its application is clarified and validated through a case study. The case study is the original design of a pickup winder.
Root Uptake of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Ingredients.

Crops irrigated with reclaimed wastewater or grown in biosolids-amended soils may take up pharmaceuticals and personal care product ingredients (PPCPs) through their roots. The uptake pathways followed by PPCPs and the propensity for these compounds to bioaccumulate in food crops are still not well understood. In this critical review, we discuss processes expected to influence root uptake of PPCPs, evaluate current literature on uptake of PPCPs, assess models for predicting plant uptake of these compounds, and provide recommendations for future research, highlighting processes warranting study that hold promise for improving mechanistic understanding of plant uptake of PPCPs. We find that many processes that are expected to influence PPCP uptake and accumulation have received little study, particularly rhizosphere interactions, in planta transformations, and physicochemical properties beyond lipophilicity (as measured by Kow). Data gaps and discrepancies in methodology and reporting have so far hindered d...
A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral chloral hydrate for sedated auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing.

SummaryBackground Dexmedetomidine is increasingly used by various routes for pediatric sedation. However, there are few randomized controlled trials comparing the efficacy of dexmedetomidine to other commonly used sedatives. Aim To compare the efficacy of sedation with intranasal dexmedetomidine to oral chloral hydrate for auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing. Methods In this double-blind, double-dummy study, children undergoing ABR testing were randomized to receive intranasal dexmedetomidine 3 mcg·kg−1 plus oral placebo (Group IN DEX) or oral chloral hydrate 50 mg·kg−1 plus intranasal saline placebo (Group CH). We recorded demographic data, times from sedative administration to start and completion of testing, quality of sedation, occurrence of predefined adverse events, discharge times, and return to baseline activity on the day of testing. Results Testing completion rates with a single dose of medication were higher in the IN DEX group (89% vs 66% for CH, odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals 4.04 [1.3–12.6], P = 0.018). The median [95% CI)] time to successful testing start was shorter (25 [20–29] min vs 30 [20–49] min for IN DEX and CH, respectively, log rank test P = 0.02) and the proportion of children whose parents reported a return to baseline activity on the day of testing was greater for the IN DEX than the CH group (89% vs 64%, OR [95% CI] 4.71 [1.34–16.6], P = 0.02). There were no major adverse events in either group and no significant differences in the incidence of minor events. Conclusion Intranasal dexmedetomidine is an effective alternative to oral chloral hydrate sedation for ABR testing, with the advantages of a higher incidence of testing completion with a single dose, shorter time to desired sedation level, and with significantly more patients reported to return to baseline activity on the same day.
A mechanism of viral immune evasion revealed by cryo-EM analysis of the TAP transporter

Cellular immunity against viral infection and tumour cells depends on antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules. Intracellular antigenic peptides are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) and then loaded onto the nascent MHC I molecules, which are exported to the cell surface and present peptides to the immune system. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize non-self peptides and program the infected or malignant cells for apoptosis. Defects in TAP account for immunodeficiency and tumour development. To escape immune surveillance, some viruses have evolved strategies either to downregulate TAP expression or directly inhibit TAP activity. So far, neither the architecture of TAP nor the mechanism of viral inhibition has been elucidated at the structural level. Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TAP in complex with its inhibitor ICP47, a small protein produced by the herpes simplex virus I. Here we show that the 12 transmembrane helices and 2 cytosolic nucleotide-binding domains of the transporter adopt an inward-facing conformation with the two nucleotide-binding domains separated. The viral inhibitor ICP47 forms a long helical hairpin, which plugs the translocation pathway of TAP from the cytoplasmic side. Association of ICP47 precludes substrate binding and prevents nucleotide-binding domain closure necessary for ATP hydrolysis. This work illustrates a striking example of immune evasion by persistent viruses. By blocking viral antigens from entering the endoplasmic reticulum, herpes simplex virus is hidden from cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which may contribute to establishing a lifelong infection in the host.
Charting the future of social psychology on stormy seas: Winners, losers, and recommendations

Social psychology's current crisis has prompted calls for larger samples and more replications. Building on Sakaluk's (in this issue) distinction between exploration and confirmation, I argue that this shift will increase correctness of findings, but at the expense of exploration and discovery. The likely effects on the field include aversion to risk, increased difficulty in building careers and hence more capricious hiring and promotion policies, loss of interdisciplinary influence, and rising interest in small, weak findings. Winners (who stand to gain from the mooted changes) include researchers with the patience and requisite resources to assemble large samples; incompetent experimenters; destructive iconoclasts; competing subfields of psychology; and lower-ranked journals, insofar as they publish creative work with small samples. The losers are young researchers; writers of literature reviews and textbooks; flamboyant, creative researchers with lesser levels of patience; and researchers at small colleges. My position is that the field has actually done quite well in recent decades, and improvement should be undertaken as further refinement of a successful approach, in contrast to the Cassandrian view that the field's body of knowledge is hopelessly flawed and radical, revolutionary change is needed. I recommend we retain the exploratory research approach alongside the new, large-sample confirmatory work.
Dynamic Stall Simulation of Flow Over NACA0012 Airfoil at 1 Million Reynolds Number

The paper is concerned with the prediction and analysis of dynamic stall of flow past a pitching NACA0012 airfoil at 1 million Reynolds number based on the chord length of the airfoil and at reduced frequency of 0.25 in a three dimensional flow field. The turbulence in the flow field is resolved using large eddy simulations with the dynamic Smagorinsky model at the sub grid scale. The development of dynamic stall vortex, shedding and reattachment as predicted by the present study are discussed in detail. This study has shown that the downstroke phase of the pitching motion is strongly three dimensional and is highly complex, whereas the flow is practically two dimensional during the upstroke. The lift coefficient agrees well with the measurements during the upstroke. However, there are differences during the downstroke. The computed lift coefficient undergoes a sharp drop during the start of the downstroke as the convected leading edge vortex moves away from the airfoil surface. This is followed by a recovery of the lift coefficient with the formation of a secondary trailing edge vortex. While these dynamics are clearly reflected in the predicted lift coefficient, the experimental evolution of lift during the downstroke maintains a fairly smooth and monotonic decrease in the lift coefficient with no lift recovery. The simulations also show that the reattachment process of the stalled airfoil is completed before the start of the upstroke in the subsequent cycle due to the high reduced frequency of the pitching cycle.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Notes on Neotropical Tabanidae: Genus Philipotabanus Fchld., Subgenus Mimotabanus Fchld,

Four new species of Philipotabanus (Mimotabanus) from Colombia and Peru are described, vulpinus n. sp., annectans n. sp., opimus n. sp., and porteri n. sp. The new species are figured and a key is provided for the known species of the subgenus.
Serum lysozyme and inflammatory bowel disease.

Thirty-five patients with Crohn’s disease and six patients with ulcerative colitis had elevated serum lysozyme levels compared with 47 normals, but there was no diagnostic difference in serum lysozyme levels between the two diseases. Patients with Crohn’s disease were grouped according to the location of the disease: the small intestine, ileocolon, and colon. The distribution of serum lysozyme levels for normals and the distribution of levels for the three groups of patients with Crohn’s disease and the group with mucosal ulcerative colitis overlapped by about one standard deviation. In addition, no substantial serum lysozyme differences were observed among the three groups of patients with Crohn’s disease. Human serum lysozyme was considerably more active than the standard egg white lysozyme, and the relationship between the activities of the two lysozymes and their concentrations was linear only between 0 μg/mL and 1 μg/mL. Differences between human serum and egg white lysozyme activity may explain some of the conflicting reports in the literature. Because the manufacturer has discontinued the lysozyme turbidimetric kit, the authors provide a detailed description of the method. There were significant correlations between two lysoplate methods and between the Worthington lysoplate method and one turbidimetric method, but not between the turbidimetric method and the Kallested radial diffusion assay method.
THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY ACTIVITY IN THE GAMMA-GLOBULINS GAMMA-A, GAMMA-B AND GAMMA-C OF HUMAN SERUM.

ConclusionsThe human γ-globulins, γ-A and γ-B, identified by monkey antisera, and γ-C, identified by both monkey and horse antisera, have antibody activity. In 3 sera from patients with chronic thyroiditis, the γ-A, γ-B and γ-C were shown to have anti-thyroglobulin activity by radioautography with I125 labeled thyroglobulin after immuno-electrophoresis.Addendum: After submission of this paper, an abstract has appeared which confirms the observations made here (Fed. Proc. 23:454, 1964—W. D. Terry and J. L. Fahey).Dr. Sheldon Dray provided monkey and horse anti-sera and Dr. Howard C. Goodman supplied thyroglobulin extract and thyroiditis sera.
P10.08 Prevalence of low- and high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions among female participants in private health plans in the united states, 2007–2013: ecologic evidence of population effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination

Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, which provides protection against oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18, was licensed in the United States (US) in late 2006. HPV 16 and 18 are associated with approximately 25% of low-grade and 50% of high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions worldwide. HPV vaccination is recommended for US girls aged 11–12 years, with catch-up vaccination through age 26; in 2013 coverage among girls aged 13–17 was 57% for 1 dose and 38% for 3 doses. Methods Using health care claims data from 9.7 million privately insured females aged 10–39 years, we estimated the annual prevalence of cytologically-detected cervical low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL, respectively), and of histologically-detected cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3 (high-grade lesions, collectively termed CIN2+), during 2007–2013. To account for changes in cervical cancer screening over time, analyses were restricted to females who were screened during the same calendar year. Age-stratified trend tests were conducted using binomial regression. Results Prevalence of LSIL, HSIL and CIN2+ decreased significantly during 2007–2013 for females aged 10–14 and 15–19. For those aged 15–19, prevalence of LSIL decreased by 50% (53.2 to 26.8 per 1000 person-years, P Conclusion This is the first US study to find decreased prevalence of cervical lesions in the age groups most likely to be impacted by HPV vaccination, while accounting for changes in cervical cancer screening. Decreases in low-grade and high-grade lesions reflected their relative associations with HPV types 16 and 18. These results provide ecologic evidence of population effectiveness of HPV vaccination among young, privately-insured US women. Disclosure of interest statement This work was funded by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.
Neuroergonomics of sleep and alertness

Sleepiness is a major problem in modern life. For example, more than a third of respondents to the National Sleep Foundation 2002 Sleep in America poll reported being so sleepy that it interfered with their daily activities at least a few days a month. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2004), about 15% of the US workforce works outside of the regular daytime work hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., and these shift workers have been shown to have shorter sleep durations and increased sleepiness during their major wake periods than those who regularly work during the day. Because chronic sleepiness is common and frequently associated with impaired cognition, it should come as no surprise that sleepy people will, at times, experience failures in critical aspects of daily functioning that may lead to catastrophic results. The crash of the Exxon Valdez and the Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Challenger disasters are dramatic and often-quoted examples of the dangers of sleepiness, but countless other, less-celebrated, examples are found in everyday life. Sleepiness is a public health and work policy issue that cannot be ignored.
Wildfire effects on road surface erosion, deposition, and road-stream connectivity

High and moderate severity wildfires should increase sediment production from unpaved roads due to the increased surface runoff from upslope, and increase road-stream connectivity due to the decrease in downslope surface roughness as well as the increase in surface runoff and erosion. Because no study has documented these effects, we surveyed road surface erosion features and quantified road-stream connectivity as a function of fire severity and road segment characteristics. The data were collected one year after the High Park wildfire from 141 hydrologically distinct road segments along 6.8 km of an unpaved road west of Fort Collins, Colorado. Road segments below areas burned at high and moderate severity had significantly more rills than road segments below areas that burned at low severity. Road segment slope was an important control on the proportion of segment length with rills, and the strength of the relationship between road segment slope and the amount of rilling increased with burn severity. Flatter road segments tended to capture the sediment eroded from upslope burned areas. In areas burned at high and moderate severity all of the road segments had drainage features extending to a stream, and 78% of the segments in areas burned at low severity also were connected. These exceptionally high rates of road-stream connectivity are attributed to the increased runoff from upslope, the segment-scale collection and funneling of hillslope and road surface runoff to a single drainage point, and the reduced infiltration and trapping capacity of the burned area below the road. The results show the need to either outslope the roads or increase the frequency of constructed drainage features after wildfires, particularly for steeper road segments in areas burned at high or moderate severity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Miracle of the Golden Arches: Race and Fast Food in Los Angeles

“The Miracle of the Golden Arches: Race and Fast Food in Los Angeles” examines the Los Angeles chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its advocacy on behalf of the city’s black McDonald’s franchisees. The franchisees believed that McDonald’s limited their ability to franchise restaurants outside of predominately black neighborhoods. Analyzing the rhetoric surrounding these disputes, the article argues that despite their economic prosperity as a group, African American McDonald’s franchisees often found themselves in an uneasy position as models of racial progress and victims of racial discrimination. The article covers the period between two urban uprisings—the aftermath of Martin Luther King’s assassination in 1968 and the days after police officers were acquitted of beating Rodney King in 1992—to expose the relationship between McDonald’s and black consumers in moments of economic, social, and racial crisis.
Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Levels in HIV Infected and Uninfected Pregnant Women with and without Preeclampsia.

Introduction Preeclampsia and HIV/AIDS are inflammatory conditions that contribute significantly to adverse maternal and foetal outcomes. The immune reconstitution effects of HAART on inflammatory mediators has not been adequately studied in pregnancy and may impact on the inflammatory cytokine network in women with co-morbid preeclampsia. Our study evaluated changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-6 in HIV infected preeclamptic women on HAART. Methods A prospective experimental study was conducted at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital between July 2013 and September 2014. One hundred and ninety three pregnant women were recruited into 4 groups: uninfected normotensive (50; 26%), infected normotensive (45; 23%), uninfected preeclamptic (53; 28%) and infected preeclamptic women (45; 23%). Serum levels of cytokines TNF-α, IFN- γ, IL-2 and IL-6 were determined using commercially available kits and a Cytometric Bead Array (CBA). Comparative data was recorded and analysed descriptively. Results In the control groups (normotensive), significantly lower values were found in IL-2 (p = 0.010), TNF-α (p = 0.045), and IL-6 (p = 0.005); and a non-significant decrease was observed in IFN-γ (p = 0.345) in HIV infected women on HAART compared to uninfected controls. In the experimental group (preeclamptic) women, significantly reduced levels were observed in IL-2 and TNF-α (p = 0.001; p = 0.000) and non-significant decreases were observed in IFN-γ and IL-6 (p = 0.023; p = 0.086) in HIV infected women on HAART compared with uninfected preeclamptic women. Non-significant differences were observed between uninfected preeclamptic and normotensive women. Conclusion In uncomplicated/normotensive pregnancies, HIV/HAART is associated with significant decreases in IL-2, TNF-α and IL-6, and in preeclamptic women significant decreases in IL-2 and TNF-α were observed. These findings suggest that HIV/HAART impacts on pro-inflammatory cytokines in women with co-morbid preeclampsia. This provides a platform for further research on immune reconstitution effects of HAART during pregnancy, and the development of potential immune modulation therapies for the management of preeclampsia.
Acceptance of the Mineralogical Society of America Award for 2001

Mr. President, Members of the Society, and guests. Thank you, Frank, for your kind citation. It is an honor to be chosen as the 2001 recipient of the Mineralogical Society of America Award, and I thank the society for selecting me. I grew up in rural northern New Brunswick, Canada, and embarked on my journey to a career in mineralogy 15 years ago. I have been extraordinarily fortunate—I am doing something I love and have been rewarded generously. The first half of my journey was in Canada, and I am grateful to the Canadian mineralogical community and funding agency. The Canadian system provided me with an excellent undergraduate education in the basics, and the means by which to take my education and research to the next level. The MSA Award recognizes my accomplishments in …
A worthy rhizome of wildlife conservation's historical possibilitiesWilderness Landscapes in South Africa: Nick Steele, Private Wildlife Conservancies and Saving Rhinos, Harry Wels : book review

Harry Wels' engaging book is a welcome contribution to the growing literature that aims to better understand the development and legacies of wildlife conservation in South Africa. Described not as a biography of Nick Steele, but as seeking to answer the question of "what Nick's contribution to the establishment of private wildlife conservancies in South Africa was", Wels draws together analyses of wilderness landscapes, the idea of the rhino, the logic of the camp, militarization and technology in the person and life of Nick Steele in productive ways. In his appendix Wels cites Deleuze and Guattari (1980) and the notion of the rhizome as signalling "the thousand plateaus" of people and influence that produced this book. In the same spirit, Wels realises his goal of this book serving as a rhizome itself, opening numerous lines of flight to be taken from cuts into the arguments he articulates.
The matter of pride: positioning one’s self in tourism inquiry

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a broader investigation of pride within tourism contexts, presenting it as an important concept for the enhancement of interpersonal understanding and cross-cultural e...
Electron microscopic study of galactose-induced cataract

Cataractous lenses induced by galactose feeding were studied electron microscopically. The early changes were increased reactivity of the epithelium, edema of the lens cells, and intercellular cyst formation in the bow and posterior zones. These changes continued with further feeding of galactose until the lens cells became irreversibly damaged. The reactive epithelial cells formed marked cell proliferations.
The Status of Music Education Conducting Curricula, Practices, and Values.

The purpose of this study was to determine the status of conducting courses completed by undergraduate music education majors. Questionnaire items addressed course structure and content, pedagogica...
Supervisory Control of a Drop on Demand Mini-manufacturing System for Pharmaceuticals

Abstract A mini-manufacturing process for the production of personalized pharmaceutical products has been developed using drop on demand printing technology. A supervisory control system including online monitoring has been implemented on the process to achieve the desired dosage amount and drug morphology, consistently. A PCE based surrogate model has been developed to predict the dissolution profiles.
Penalized co-inertia analysis with applications to -omics data

Motivation Co-inertia analysis (CIA) is a multivariate statistical analysis method that can assess relationships and trends in two sets of data. Recently CIA has been used for an integrative analysis of multiple high-dimensional omics data. However, for classical CIA, all elements in the loading vectors are nonzero, presenting a challenge for the interpretation when analyzing omics data. For other multivariate statistical methods such as canonical correlation analysis (CCA), penalized least squares (PLS), various approaches have been proposed to produce sparse loading vectors via l1-penalization/constraint. We propose a novel CIA method that uses l1-penalization to induce sparsity in estimators of loading vectors. Our method simultaneously conducts model fitting and variable selection. Also, we propose another CIA method that incorporates structure/network information such as those from functional genomics, besides using sparsity penalty so that one can get biologically meaningful and interpretable results. Results Extensive simulations demonstrate that our proposed penalized CIA methods achieve the best or close to the best performance compared to the existing CIA method in terms of feature selection and recovery of true loading vectors. Also, we apply our methods to the integrative analysis of gene expression data and protein abundance data from the NCI-60 cancer cell lines. Our analysis of the NCI-60 cancer cell line data reveals meaningful variables for cancer diseases and biologically meaningful results that are consistent with previous studies. Availability and implementation Our algorithms are implemented as an R package which is freely available at: https://www.med.upenn.edu/long-lab/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Long-Term Follow-up of Patients with Tourette's Syndrome.

Background Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is a childhood-onset movement disorder marked by the chronic presence of motor and vocal tics. Research shows that tics associated with TS tend to fade in severity for some (but not all) affected youth, though psychiatric comorbidities that commonly accompany TS may be more persistent. The long-term outcomes of individuals with TS have not been well characterized. Objective To characterize long-term clinical outcomes of individuals with TS. Method We conducted a long-term (25-32 years) follow-up study of 45 patients with TS who presented to the Tourette's and Tic Disorders Clinic within the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center, which was staffed by the first author (Thomas L. Lowe, MD [T.L.L.]), between 1983 and 1990. Baseline data were obtained via chart review, and follow-up data were obtained by self-report surveys. Results Participants generally reported good psychosocial functioning, attainment of significant social milestones (academic attainment, gainful employment, marriage), and high subjective quality of life. The vast majority of participants (82%) reported improvement in their tics over time, though a significant minority continued to experience at least mild tic-related impairment (26%-40%, depending on metric). Lifetime rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, were greater than in the general US population. Robust predictors of follow-up outcomes were not found. Conclusions These findings reflect a positive overall long-term prognosis for individuals with TS. Providing information about this prognosis at the time of diagnosis may decrease distress in affected individuals and their families. Future studies using planned longitudinal designs that address potential confounds of survey nonresponse are needed to detail long-term outcomes of individuals with TS more precisely.
Changes in intense rainfall events and dry periods across Africa in the twenty-first century

A statistical framework for evaluating changes in extreme events is proposed and applied to evaluate a 20-member, regional climate model ensemble simulation with 30-km resolution. The model is found to represent the statistics and distributions of extreme events, including observed wet day characteristics, wet/dry days, and wet/dry spell characteristics, reasonably across Africa. Simulations of the mid-twenty-first and late-twenty-first century project statistically-significant changes in these societally-relevant climate characteristics in three regions. Intensification of rainfall is projected for the Sahel rainy season, including large increases in wet spell frequency, wet spell duration, and wet spell intensity. These changes are statistically significant at mid-twenty-first century and become more spatially robust by the end of the century. A weaker intensified rainfall trend is also projected over East Africa, for northern Ethiopia in boreal summer, Tanzania in boreal winter, and southern Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Lake Victoria region in boreal fall. The changes are significant in scattered regions at mid-twenty-first century, but widespread and highly significant by the end of the century. In contrast, increased dry periods is projected for parts of southern Africa (Angola, Zambia, Malawi), including 50–100% reductions in wet spell frequency annually and increases in dry spell duration in austral spring. The spatial coherence and rigorous statistical analysis of the projected changes combined with their physical consistency with the findings of previous studies support confidence in these results.
Probing Membrane Association of α-Synuclein Domains with VDAC Nanopore Reveals Unexpected Binding Pattern

It is well established that α-synuclein (α-syn) binding from solution to the surface of membranes composed of negatively charged and/or non-lamellar lipids can be characterized by equilibrium dissociation constants of tens of micromolar. Previously, we have found that a naturally occurring nanopore of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), reconstituted into planar bilayers of a plant-derived lipid, responds to α-syn at nanomolar solution concentrations. Here, using lipid mixtures that mimic the composition of mitochondrial outer membranes, we show that functionally important binding does indeed take place in the nanomolar range. We demonstrate that the voltage-dependent rate at which a membrane-embedded VDAC nanopore captures α-syn is a strong function of membrane composition. Comparison of the nanopore results with those obtained by the bilayer overtone analysis of membrane binding demonstrates a pronounced correlation between the two datasets. The stronger the binding, the larger the on-rate, but with some notable exceptions. This leads to a tentative model of α-syn-membrane interactions, which assigns different lipid-dependent roles to the N- and C-terminal domains of α-syn accounting for both electrostatic and hydrophobic effects. As a result, the rate of α-syn capture by the nanopore is not simply proportional to the α-syn concentration on the membrane surface but found to be sensitive to the specific interactions of each domain with the membrane and nanopore.
Genetic correlations in the dental dimensions of Saguinus fuscicollis.

OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to describe genetic correlations between dental dimensions in a platyrrhine primate, to assess whether the brown-mantled tamarin dentition exhibits genetic modularity by tooth type, and to discuss the relationship between body size reduction and the genetic architecture of dental traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic correlations were estimated for linear dental measurements, estimated crown areas, and measures of relative premolar and molar size from 302 individuals, using a pedigree of 386 individuals, with maximum likelihood variance decomposition in SOLAR. RESULTS Genetic correlation estimates indicate strong genetic integration in the dentition of brown-mantled tamarins, with little evidence of modularity by tooth type, within and between the maxilla and mandible. The relative molar size variable hypothesized to be genetically patterned in baboons is not significantly heritable, and relative premolar size does not meet the criteria to be considered genetically patterned in this population. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate variation in the pattern of genetic correlations between dental dimensions in primates, providing evidence of evolution of the genetic architecture in the callitrichine lineage. Genetic integration of dental dimensions without modularity by tooth type, as demonstrated here, is expected to constrain dental evolution in ways that modularity would not. The role of body size reduction in the callitrichine lineage in the evolution of the genetic architecture of the dentition is discussed. Quantitative genetic analyses of dental dimensions in more primate populations will provide greater evidence of variation and evolution in the genetic architecture underlying primate dental morphology.
Associations between psychological symptoms and treatment outcomes of a massage therapy intervention: Secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial

Massage therapy (MT) may be more effective for certain subgroups of advanced cancer patients, but this is not well-studied. Psychological symptoms are one potential moderator of MT outcomes, as they occur frequently in MT patients. Therefore, we conducted a secondary analysis of data from a multi-site study which compared MT to simple touch in 380 adults with advanced cancer. We examined whether the presence of depression or baseline psychological symptom frequency moderated outcomes of change in pain, interference of pain, quality of life, 60-second heart and respiratory rates, and physical distress. We found significant main effects of depression and baseline psychological symptom frequency on changes in pain, 60-second heart and respiratory rates, quality of life, and physical distress for both MT and simple touch, but did not find differential responses between groups in moderator analyses. Results imply that psychological interventions could be targeted to patients with cancer who are receiving any type of touch therapy to improve outcomes.
Abstract B42: Mutant RAS represses CASZ1, a novel regulator of MYOD and MYOG, to inhibit embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma differentiation

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is a childhood cancer that expresses myogenic master regulatory factor MYOD but fails to differentiate. Zinc finger transcription factor CASZ1 is a tumor suppressor and orchestrates cell-fate specification, commitment, and differentiation in many cell types during development. CASZ1 is expressed during skeletal myogenesis; however, whether CASZ1 plays a role in skeletal muscle cell differentiation and RMS pathogenesis is unknown. Here we uncover that CASZ1 crosstalks with myogenic regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, and Myog to regulate myogenesis in C2C12 cells. Public transcriptome data show that CASZ1 mRNA levels are lower in ERMS compared to normal muscle (p Citation Format: Zhihui Liu, Xiyuan Zhang, Haiyan Lei, Norris Lam, Oliver Yockey, Max Xu, Arnulfo Mendoza, Jun S Wei, Javed Khan, Marielle E. Yohe, Jack F. Shern, Carol J. Thiele. Mutant RAS represses CASZ1, a novel regulator of MYOD and MYOG, to inhibit embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma differentiation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B42.
The Impact of Terbutaline As Adjuvant Therapy In The Treatment Of Severe Acute Asthma Exacerbation In The Pediatric Emergency Department

INTRODUCTION Recent pharmaceutical shortages in continuous inhaled β-agonist medications forced us to look at alternative uses of currently available medications for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. We elected to recommend a single dose of subcutaneous terbutaline as adjuvant therapy to our current treatment algorithm for severe acute asthma exacerbation at our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients were identified using a retrospective cohort analysis from a single quaternary urban children’s hospital. Patients age 2 to 18 years old were included …
Interference Identification for Time-Varying Polyhedra

Identification of when and where moving areas intersect is an important problem in maritime operations and air traffic control. This problem can become particularly complicated when considering large numbers of objects, and when taking into account the curvature of the earth. In this paper, we present an approach to conflict identification as a series of stages where the earlier stages are fast, but may result in a false detection of a conflict. These early stages are used to reduce the number of potential conflict pairs for the later stages, which are slower, but more precise. Our approach is generally applicable to objects moving in piece-wise straight lines on a 2D plane, and we present a specific case where the Mercator Projection is used to transform objects moving along rhumb lines on the earth into straight lines to fit in our approach. We present several examples to demonstrate our methods, as well as to quantify the empirical time complexity by using randomly generated areas.
Polynomials that preserve nonnegative matrices of order two

A known characterization for entire functions that preserve all nonnegative matrices of order two is shown to characterize polynomials that preserve nonnegative matrices of order two. Equivalent conditions are derived and used to prove that $\mathscr{P}_3 \subset \mathscr{P}_2$, which was previously unknown. A new characterization is given for polynomials that preserve nonnegative circulant matrices of order two.
Inhalation toxicity of peroxyacetyl nitrate. Depression of voluntary activity in mice.

Depression of voluntary wheel-running activity was determined in young adult C57BL male mice which inhaled the photochemical air pollutant peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) for a six-hour period at one of...
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura as a cause of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage; report of a case.

Summary The clinical and pathologic findings in a 45-year-old Negro man with massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to esophageal and gastric vascular lesions of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are presented. To the authors' knowledge this is the first recorded instance in which such an event has been attributed to this disorder, although minor episodes of intestinal bleeding in TTP are not infrequent. This case illustrates the necessity of considering TTP in the differential diagnosis of massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Viruses and renal carcinoma of Rana pipiens. XIV. Temperature-sensitive mutants of frog virus 3 with defective encapsidation.

Abstract The temperature-sensitive defects of six mutants of frog virus 3 were identified. Although each of the mutants synthesized comparable amounts of virus-specific DNA at permissive (25 C) and nonpermissive (30 C) temperatures, viral DNA was not encapsidated at 30 C. When infected cells were shifted to permissive temperature, the viral DNA made at 30 C was encapsidated. Encapsidation required RNA and protein synthesis at 25 C, and the 30 C DNA could act as template for the required RNA. The assembled virions containing 30 C DNA were infectious. Thus, the DNA synthesized at nonpermissive temperature is fully functional and the temperature-sensitive defects involve only encapsidation.
Differential microtubule requirements for transcytosis in MDCK cells.

Abstract Given the role of microtubules in directing the transport of many intracellular organelles, we investigated whether intact microtubules were also required for transcytosis across epithelia. Using polarized MDCK cells expressing receptors for the Fc domain of IgG (FcRII-B2) or polymeric immunoglobulin (pIg-R), we examined the involvement of microtubules in apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical transcytosis, respectively. While depolymerization of microtubules with nocodozole had no effect on apical to basolateral transcytosis via FcR, basolateral to apical transcytosis of dimeric IgA via pIg-R was almost completely blocked. Inhibition due to nocodozole was selective for basolateral to apical transcytosis, since neither endocytosis nor receptor recycling was significantly affected at either plasma membrane domain. As shown by confocal microscopy, the block in transcytosis was due to the inability of MDCK cells to translocate IgA-containing vesicles from the basolateral to the apical cytoplasm in the absence of an intact microtubule network. The nocodazole sensitive step could be partially by-passed, however, by allowing cells to internalize IgA at 17 degrees C prior to nocodazole treatment. Although incubation at 17 degrees C blocked release of IgA into the apical medium, it did not prevent translocation of IgA-containing vesicles to the apical cytoplasm. Thus, receptor-mediated transcytosis in opposite directions exhibits distinct requirements for microtubules, a feature which reflects the spatial organization of MDCK cells.
Nitrogen removal from waste treatment pond or activated sludge plant effluents with free-surface wetlands

Due to their dynamic mode of operation, waste treatment pond and activated sludge plant effluents always contain quite large amounts of nitrogen relative to those found in natural lakes, streams, and oceans. Typical activated sludge plant effluents contain 25 mgl -1 N, mostly as ammonia. In most aquatic milieux, concentrations of ammonia > 1 mgl -1 N are potentially toxic to fish and other wildlife. Nitrification and denitrification of activated sludge plant effluent alleviates the ammonia problem at a considerable cost but the discharges still usually contain over 10 mgl -1 NO 3 -N which exceeds the WHO standard for drinking water. A great advantage of waste treatment pond effluents is that nitrogen is normally already present as nitrate or particulate-N (algae and bacteria), and nitrate concentrations are -1 NO 3 -N. However, even 1 mgl -1 of nitrate-N is sufficient to cause eutrophication in unpolluted lakes, streams, and oceans and some of the particulate-N discharged will be recycled to give eutrophication downstream. Where sufficient diluting water is available, these higher effluent concentrations are not a problem. Unfortunately, clean diluting water is becoming a scarce commodity in many areas, particularly the 17 semi-arid states in the USA and in most developing countries where rainfall is needed for drinking water and wildlife support. One solution for nitrogen removal is new design for free surface constructed wetlands which have considerable potential for nitrogen polishing of waste treatment pond effluents. Particulate-N can be removed by using wetlands as large filters but the nitrogen often recycles and is released as ammonia in winter and spring. Denitrification of nitrate to N 2 gas removes the problem permanently. In particular, the relatively low BOD, high nitrate and low ammonia effluent from some stabilization ponds is ideal for nitrate removal (denitrification) by free surface wetlands. Rates of nitrate removal of 200 to over 5,000 mg N m -2 d -1 can be achieved with initial nitrate values of 2-14 mgl -1 NO 3 -N. These rates are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than occur in most natural lake, estuarine or wetlands sediments and can be mostly attributed to denitrification rather than growth of rooted plants. In two weeks 20 mgl -1 NO 3 -N can be reduced to less than 1 mgl -1 . After wetlands treatment the water is suitable for release into water-depleted live streams or lakes where a low eutrophication potential is vital for native biota. It is recommended that pond effluent be routed thorough constructed wetlands whenever possible since both better water quality and wildlife benefits occur.
Electrophysiological Motor Unit Function in SMNΔ7 Mice Following SMN Restoration (P7.114)

Objective: Using compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) as electrophysiological markers of motor unit function, our objective was to assess effects of early and delayed SMN restoration on motor unit function in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Background: SMA is devastating disorder of motor neuron loss related to SMN protein deficiency. Intracerebroventricular antisense oligonucleotide therapy (ASO) to restore SMN on postnatal day 0 (P0) in the SMNΔ7 mouse model of SMA (D7) extends survival from 2 weeks to >100 days. Design/Methods: Electrophysiological measures were obtained in untreated (untr-D7), D7 treated with ASO on P0 (early-ASO-D7), and control mice on P0. Similar measures were obtained in D7 and controls mice following ASO treatment on P6 (late-ASO-D7). Results: At P12 CMAP and MUNE are reduced in untr-D7 mice (n=8;17.0±1.6mV,44±6) compared with controls (n=8;21.6±0.9,241±33) (p Disclosure: Dr. Arnold has nothing to disclose. Dr. McGovern has nothing to disclose. Dr. Li has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burghes has nothing to disclose.
Head–Disk Lubricant Transfer and Deposition During Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Write Operations

Lubricant accumulation was found on the media surface the instant when the laser is turned OFF during heat-assisted magnetic recording write operations. By changing the write cycles, laser ON/OFF duration, media, and head temperatures, we find that this lubricant accumulation is related to the change in head–media temperatures. The observed lubricant deposition process is restricted to a short time window (1– $2~\mu \text{s}$ ) after the laser is turned OFF. An equilibrium model of thermal displacement due to evaporation and condensation processes is presented and used to discuss the effect of the head–media temperature changes on the lubricant accumulation. Possible solutions to minimize the lubricant transfer and deposition are discussed.
Maternal employment and children's academic achievement: Parenting styles as mediating variable.

Abstract This paper provides a review and an integration of findings on the effects of parenting styles and maternal employment on children′s academic achievement. A model is presented in which it is argued that maternal employment status has little, if any, direct effect on children′s academic achievement. Instead, maternal employment is hypothesized to affect parenting styles which in turn affect children′s academic achievement. Parenting style is thus seen as mediating the effect of maternal employment on children′s academic achievement. The parenting-styles-as-mediator approach can account for some of the inconsistencies in the maternal employment literature. It is concluded that researchers interested in the effect of maternal employment should pay more attention to parenting styles and employ multivariate designs to assess moderating variables.