cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Aα Mating-Type Transcripts of Schizophyllum commune

A alpha 1, A alpha 3, and A alpha 4 ds- and ss-DNA probes from the polymorphic A alpha mating-type locus of Schizophyllum commune were used to probe Northern blots of poly(A+) RNA extracted from strains of various A alpha mating types. The purpose of these experiments was to identify, map, and characterize the transcripts produced from the regions of the A alpha locus. The transcripts unique to A alpha mating type map colinear with the open reading frames identified from DNA sequence and are encoded within the fragments which activate the A developmental pathway in transformation. These data confirm the existence and structure of the previously hypothesized Y and Z A alpha mating-type genes. Transcripts from the Y and Z genes are present in vegetative cells of homokaryons and dikaryons and in cells of the fruiting bodies. The presence of the transcripts throughout the life cycle is consistent with the model of Y and Z proteins as "master switches" of A-regulated development.
Prebreakdown energy absorption from intense laser pulses at 532 nm in NaCl.

Details of the photoacoustic measurement and model calculations of prebreakdown energy deposition in NaCl at 532 nm [Jones, Shen, Braunlich, Kelly, and Epifanov, Phys. Rev. B 35, 894 (1987)] are provided. The primary absorption process is shown to be four-photon excitation of valence electrons to the conduction band. Calibration of the acoustic system by two-photon absorption of 266-nm laser light indicates focal point temperature increases over 300 K are attained for nondamaging pulses at 532 nm. Interpretation of the experimental data considering secondary energy absorption by free carriers and transient crystal defects yields the result that the generalized four-photon cross section lies in the range 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}114}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{8}$${\mathrm{sec}}^{3}$\ensuremath{\le}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{(4)}$\ensuremath{\le}20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}114}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{8}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{3}$. It is further shown that avalanche generation of free carriers is not evident even for these large temperature increases. The calibrated results were obtained from reactive-atmosphere-processed ultrapure NaCl crystals; the importance of sample purity is discussed.
In situ hybridization for the detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in human liver tissue

Summary In situ hybridization (ISH) enables visualization of specific nucleic acid in morphologically preserved cells and tissue sections. Detection of the HCV genomes in clinical specimens is useful for differential diagnosis, particularly between recurrent HCV infection and acute cellular rejection in transplant specimens. We optimized an ISH protocol that demonstrated sensitivity and specificity for detecting genomic and replicative form of HCV RNA in tissue biopsies. Digoxigenin (Dig)-labelled sense and anti-sense riboprobes were synthesized using a plasmid containing a fragment of the highly conserved HCV noncoding region as a template. The efficiency of the Dig-labelled riboprobes in detecting genomic and replicative-intermediate HCV RNA was analysed in 30 liver biopsies from patients infected or uninfected with HCV in a blinded study. A Huh7 cell line that stably replicates genome-length HCV RNA was developed to be used as a positive control. Negative control riboprobes were used in parallel to evaluate and control for background staining. The anti-sense probe detected HCV RNA in 20/21 specimens from HCV-infected liver tissues obtained from patients and in 0/9 samples from patients with non-HCV-related liver diseases, resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100%, respectively. HCV genomic RNA was variably distributed in tissue sections and was located primarily in the perinuclear regions in hepatocytes. Detection of HCV RNA by our optimized ISH protocol appears to be a sensitive and specific method when processing clinical specimens. It may also be revealing when exploring the pathophysiology of HCV infection by verifying the presence of viral genetic material within heptocytes and other cellular elements of diseased liver tissue. This methodology might also evaluate the response to antiviral therapies by demonstrating the absence or alteration of genetic material in clinical specimens from successfully treated patients.
α- and β-Mn precipitates in the spinodal Fe30Ni20Mn25Al25 alloy

Precipitates in the spinodal alloy Fe30Ni20Mn25Al25, produced by drop-casting followed by hot extrusion, have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy. The as-extruded microstructure consisted of alternating, coherent body-centred cubic and B2 (ordered body-centred cubic) rods aligned along ⟨100⟩ directions with a wavelength of ∼60 nm. Upon annealing at 550°C, precipitates were formed having two distinct morphologies: relatively spherical precipitates with the α-Mn crystal structure and more elongated precipitates with the β-Mn crystal structure. Both precipitates existed simultaneously after annealing at this temperature for up to at least 99 h. The compositions of the precipitates and the orientation relationships between the precipitates and the spinodal matrix were determined.
Comparison of methods for the detection of treponema pallidum in lesions of early syphilis.

Background The clinical diagnosis of primary and secondary syphilis can be difficult because of the wide variability of lesions. The available laboratory tests (dark-field microscopy and direct fluorescent antibody) require specialized microscopes and skilled technicians, and serologic tests are insensitive in early infection. Methods Dark-field microscopy and monoclonal antibody staining were compared to a new solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Visuwell test) for detection of T. pallidum in lesion exudate of 188 patients with genital lesions. Results Sixty-four patients (34%) had lesions of early syphilis diagnosed by either dark-field, monoclonal antibody staining, or both. The Visuwell test and dark-field examination were positive in 52 (81.3%) and 55 (85.9%) of the 64 patients, respectively, whereas the monoclonal antibody staining technique demonstrated the presence of T. pallidum in 59 (92.2%) of the 64 patients. The Visuwell test gave a negative result in 111 of 124 patients who had negative dark-field and direct fluorescent antibody test results (89.5% specificity). Conclusions The Visuwell test is an alternative method for evaluating genital ulcers but is less sensitive and specific than existing tests.
The combined use of spectroscopies in the study of reaction intermediates on surfaces

Abstract Vibrational Spectroscopy plays a key role in the identification of intermediates formed during chemical transformations on surfaces. In combination with temperature programmed methods and photoelectron spectroscopies a great deal has been learned about the identity and structure of such reaction intermediates. In this paper attention is focused on the combined use of temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), electron energy loss vibrational spectroscopy (EELS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis. Two systems are considered: (1) carbonate anion on Ag(110) and (2) -CH 2 CN on Ag(110). These systems illustrate, in turn, the combination needed to determine the orientation of the carbonate anion and the corrrect assignment of vibrational modes, the orientation and mode of bonding of the nitrile to silver.
Enhanced phosphorylation of caveolar PKC-α limits peptide internalization in lung endothelial cells

We previously reported that the vasoactive peptide 1 (P1, “SSWRRKRKESS”) modulates the tension of pulmonary artery vessels through caveolar endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation in intact lung endothelial cells (ECs). Since PKC-α is a caveolae resident protein and caveolae play a critical role in the peptide internalization process, we determined whether modulation of caveolae and/or caveolar PKC-α phosphorylation regulates internalization of P1 in lung ECs. Cell monolayers were incubated in culture medium containing Rhodamine red-labeled P1 (100 μM) for 0–120 min. Confocal examinations indicate that P1 internalization is time-dependent and reaches a plateau at 60 min. Caveolae disruption by methyl-β-cyclodextrin (CD) and filipin (FIL) inhibited the internalization of P1 in ECs suggesting that P1 internalizes via caveolae. P1-stimulation also enhances phosphorylation of caveolar PKC-α and increases intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release in intact cells suggesting that P1 internalization is regulated by PKC-α in ECs. To confirm the roles of increased phosphorylation of PKC-α and Ca2+ release in internalization of P1, PKC-α modulation by phorbol ester (PMA), PKC-α knockdown, and Ca2+ scavenger BAPTA-AM model systems were used. PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of caveolar PKC-α is associated with significant reduction in P1 internalization. In contrast, PKC-α deficiency and reduced phosphorylation of PKC-α enhanced P1 internalization. P1-mediated increased phosphorylation of PKC-α appears to be associated with increased intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release since the Ca2+ scavenger BAPTA-AM enhanced P1 internalization. These data indicate that caveolar integrity and P1-mediated increased phosphorylation of caveolar PKC-α play crucial roles in the regulation of P1 internalization in lung ECs.
Reversible Cortical Blindness (Anton's Syndrome) Associated with Bilateral Occipital EEG Abnormalities

A 50-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus was admitted in an obtunded state. An EEG recorded while she was unconscious demonstrated one episode of rhythmic sharp wave activity in the left occipital area that lasted for 5 minutes and was followed later in the same recording by an episode of high amplitude sharp wave discharges in the right posterior temporal and occipital areas. When the patient regained consciousness, she had an Anton's syndrome of cortical blindness with denial. When she recovered light perception only, the EEG demonstrated synchronous and independent right and left occipital-posterior temporal periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs). Cortical blindness (Anton's syndrome) associated with abnormal electrical activity in the occipital areas has only rarely been reported. Our case is significant for the following reasons: 1) PLEDs maximal right and left occipital areas associated with bilateral visual loss has not previously been observed; 2) abnormal electrical activity in the occipital lobes may be a reversible cause of Anton's syndrome.
The effect of temperature on photoprocesses in acetone solutions of Cr(NH3)2(NCS)4

The photolysis yields and emission lifetimes for solutions of Cr(NH3)2(NCS)4− in fluid acetone have been recorded as a function of temperature in the fange −93 to 10 °C. The 2E levels are quenched by O2 and the relative contributions of the fast and slow photoreactions have been determined by comparing the photolysis yields in deaerated and O2 saturated solutions. The quantum yield of the prompt process is 0.02 and is temperature independent. The thermal enhancement of the slow photolysis correlates with depopulation of 2E and the results are consistent with back-intersystem crossing as the pathway for this process.
Assessment of F-MuLV-induced tumorigenesis reveals new candidate tumor genes including Pecam1, St7, and Prim2.

Assessment of F-MuLV-induced tumorigenesis reveals new candidate tumor genes including Pecam1 , St7 , and Prim2
Radicinin: a metabolite from Stemphylium radicinum. I. Chemistry and action.

Abstract The conditions for the growth of Sterad and isolation of radicinin are described. The formula C12H12O5 was established for this compound by preparation and analyses of several derivatives. Degradation and spectrophotometric studies were employed to establish the molecular formula. Studies on the mode of action of radicinin revealed that it caused an increase in the rate of dehydrogenation of isopropyl alcohol by FIB, but that it had no effect on the quantity or degree of desaturation of the fat synthesized by FIB.
Culture and web communications

Abstract Various studies find that marketing communications reflect specific cultures. Most of these studies conceptualize culture in terms of one cultural framework, use a two-country sample, focus on print or television advertising, and do not statistically validate the measures used. This study addresses these issues by testing the applicability of the cultural frameworks of Hofstede [Hofstede G. Culture's consequences: international differences in work-related values. California: Sage Publications, 1980] and Schwartz [Schwartz S. Beyond individualism/collectivism: new cultural dimensions of values. In: Kim U, Triandis HC, Kagitcibasi C, Choi SC, Yoon G, editors. Individualism and collectivism: theory, method, and applications. California: Sage; 1994. p.85–119] to study the reflection of culture in web communications. The article includes the results of a content analysis of web content from 15 countries. The results suggest that a combination of both frameworks, not either alone, best conceptualizes culture's influence on marketing communications. The findings and the framework guide culturally adapting an existing Taiwanese website. An experiment finds that Taiwanese informants prefer websites adaptations reflecting Taiwanese culture.
Melatonin production in an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium: An evolutionarily early association with darkness

Tilden AR, Becker MA, Amma LL, Arciniega J, McGaw AK. Melatonin production in an aerobic photosynthetic bacterium: An evolutionarily early association with darkness. J. Pineal Res. 1997; 22:102–106. © Munksgaard, Copenhagen Abstract Melatonin was measured in a species of aerobic photosynthetic bacteria, Erythrobacter longus, grown in either constant light or constant dark. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantify melatonin levels and thin-layer chromatography to confirm the identity of melatonin immunoactivity. Melatonin levels were significantly higher (nearly 2.3-fold) in the dark-grown than in the light-grown samples. Also, the homogenates of the dark-grown bacteria retained melatonin-producing enzymatic activity, whereas the light-grown homogenates did not; melatonin levels extracted from the dark-grown homogenates increased with increasing extraction time, reaching as high as 29.2 ng-mg-1 protein at 120 min. Removal of membrane fragments from homogenates did not influence melatonin levels in light-grown homogenate, but this procedure increased melatonin levels in dark-grown homogenate, indicating that at least some of the enzymes in the pathway of melatonin production are not membrane-bound. This study is the second to demonstrate the presence of melatonin at the prokaryotic level, supporting the evidence that melatonin appeared very early in evolution. Its function in prokaryotes has not been determined, but may relate to its antioxidative actions.
Effect of Aphis spiraecola and A. pomi (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the growth of young apple trees

Abstract One-year-old ‘Redchief Delicious’ apple trees grown in pots in an unheated greenhouse with screened ends were inoculated during the summer with either spirea aphid, Aphis spiraecola Patch or apple aphid, A. pomi DeGeer. Photosynthesis and greenness (the extent of chlorophyll colour) of apple leaves were reduced by increasing accumulated aphid-days for both species. Accumulation of fresh and dry weights in leaves, lateral shoots, rootstock and roots during the first growing season were affected by both species. Differences in dry weight were still present when trees were harvested at the ten-leaf stage the following spring. The percentages of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in shoots, roots and leaves were reduced by both aphids; amounts of NSC were reduced in all tree partitions. At the ten-leaf stage of the second season, the percentage and amount of NSC were reduced in all tree partitions. Tree response to the two aphid species was generally similar.
Multiple scattering theory for wave propagation in discrete random media

Abstract A self consistent multiple scattering theory is reviewed for wave propagation in a solid or fluid host medium containing a statistical distribution of inhomogeneities, either pores or inclusions. The scattering properties of each inhomogeneity is characterized by the T-matrix which is represented in a convenient set of basis functions. The Quasi Crystalline Approximation is invoked to break the infinite hierarchy that results for the coherent field when averaged over the position of individual scatterers. However, the effects of pair correlation are included so that concentrations as high as 40% by volume can be considered. The formalism is well suited for numerical computations and can consider arbitrary scatterer shape, preferred or random orientation, high concentrations, wavelengths comparable to scatterer size and a size distribution of particles. The equations are equally applicable to acoustic, electromagnetic and elastic wave propagation in discrete random media with appropriate choice of vector basis functions for the representation of fields and the use of a proper T-matrix in the dispersion equation. Analytic forms of the complex effective wavenumber can be derived for sparse concentrations and long wavelengths and numerical results for the phase velocity, attenuation and effective elastic properties are presented for high concentrations and frequencies and compared with available experiments.
Potassium Lactate and Fresh-Pork-Sausage Formulation Effects on Shelf Life in Lighted and Unlighted Display

ABSTRACT: The objective was to examine the effects of potassium lactate (KL) and raw-meat blend on the shelf-life of fresh-pork-sausage patties in lighted and unlighted display. Four fresh-pork-sausage blends (70% prerigor meat, 30% fresh-pork trim; 80%/20%; 90%/10%; and 100%/0%) were formulated (n= 3) with 0% and 3% KL, and patties were displayed for 10 d at 4 °C in lighted display or for 7 d in unlighted display followed by 3 d in lighted display. Patties with KL had lower aerobic plate counts (APC), more stable color (greater a* and chroma, less visual discoloration), and less lipid oxidation (P 0.05) to patties without KL that were in the dark for the first 7 d. Adding KL resulted in similar color stability (P > 0.05) among patties made from 80, 90, and 100% prerigor meat and greater color stability (P < 0.05) than similarly formulated patties without KL. By using 3% KL, fresh-pork-sausage patty color stability was maximized, APC and lipid oxidation were minimized, and formulation costs can be decreased by using less-expensive fresh-pork trim for up to 20% of the blend. Adding KL also minimized the effects of display lighting on myoglobin and lipid oxidation.
New ultrastructural changes of the ependyma in experimental hydrocephalus.

New ultrastructural alterations of the ependymal cells in the altered container model of experimental feline hydrocephalus are described. These include half desmosomes and a basal lamina on the apical surface of the ependymal cells, punctate adhesion-like structures between intraventricular mononuclear cell and the apical surface of the ependymal cells and unusual distortion of the ependymal cells. The significance of these previously unreported morphological alterations is unknown.
Flavor Description of White Wine by “Expert” and Nonexpert Wine Consumers

Two groups of wine consumers described the flavor characteristics of six unlabeled white wines and attempted to match descriptions to wines in subsequent tastings. One group was experienced in describing wine flavor and another group had no experience. Experienced subjects used more terms describing odor qualities and more terms with concrete (vs abstract) references. Most of the terms were used by only one person for a given wine. Experts matched descriptions to wines better than nonexperts (mean correct = 2.6 for experts vs 1.8 for nonexperts). Composite descriptions assembled from the nonexpert group were more often matched correctly than their individual descriptions. Experts’ errors when matching descriptions were related to discriminability.
FoxO3 coordinates metabolic pathways to maintain redox balance in neural stem cells

Forkhead Box O (FoxO) transcription factors act in adult stem cells to preserve their regenerative potential. Previously, we reported that FoxO maintains the long-term proliferative capacity of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs), and that this occurs, in part, through the maintenance of redox homeostasis. Herein, we demonstrate that among the FoxO3-regulated genes in NPCs are a host of enzymes in central carbon metabolism that act to combat reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directing the flow of glucose and glutamine carbon into defined metabolic pathways. Characterization of the metabolic circuit observed upon loss of FoxO3 revealed a drop in glutaminolysis and filling of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Additionally, we found that glucose uptake, glucose metabolism and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway activity were similarly repressed in the absence of FoxO3. Finally, we demonstrate that impaired glucose and glutamine metabolism compromises the proliferative potential of NPCs and that this is exacerbated following FoxO3 loss. Collectively, our findings show that a FoxO3-dependent metabolic programme supports redox balance and the neurogenic potential of NPCs.
Volume and enthalpy recovery of polystyrene

Abstract Volume and enthalpy recovery measurements were used to study the physical aging behavior of a polystyrene. Isothermal aging at temperatures near Tg was studied with aging times ranging from several minutes to several days. The data are satisfactorily fit using the Tool–Narayanswamy–Moynihan model of structural recovery. The times required to reach equilibrium are the same for the two properties at temperatures where equilibrium was achieved. Extrapolation to lower temperatures using the model indicates that the times required to reach equilibrium may be different for the two properties at these lower temperatures. The recovery data were plotted as the departure from equilibrium and then were shifted horizontally to superpose at long times. The shift factors for volume and enthalpy recovery data agree with one another above 94°C but they diverge below this temperature. The shift factor data deviates from the WLF or VTFH equation for temperatures below Tg. In addition, we find that the normalized rate of approach is the same for volume and enthalpy recovery at 97°C in the limit of a linear temperature jump, but it differs between the two properties for a nonlinear jump even though the times required to reach equilibrium are the same.
Brimonidine .2% as a replacement for beta blockers in geriatric patients with glaucoma.

This 3-month multicenter, open-label study of 89 geriatric patients with glaucoma evaluated the substitution of brimonidine twice daily for topical beta blockers that had been used for at least 6 months. The primary outcome measures were reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) from baseline at 2 hours postdose, change in cardiac and respiratory function, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Patients were queried about adverse events at each visit and completed a quality-of-life questionnaire at the final evaluation. In this cohort with a mean age of 75.4 years, the average duration of topical beta-blocker therapy was 5 years. Brimonidine twice daily produced an additional mean reduction in IOP of 8.2% (1.4 mm Hg; P<.001). Eighty-eight percent of patients (60/68) reported being at least as satisfied with brimonidine as with their previous beta-blocker regimen, and 46% (31/68) reported greater satisfaction with brimonidine. Additionally, 40% of patients (27/68) noted increased energy after the switch, and 43% (29/68) described brimonidine as more soothing than topical beta blockers. In this elderly population, the replacement of topical beta blockers with brimonidine twice daily significantly decreased IOP, improved quality of life, and enhanced patient satisfaction.
Structure of ices on satellites

The pressure densification of ices, in combination with density changes induced by pore migration in a thermal gradient and the phase transitions of water due to meteoritic bombardment (into either high pressure polymorphs or an amorphous phase) create a complex situation, which is not easily evaluated in either satellites or cometary nuclei. Accordingly, the present findings concerning solar system satellites and comets cannot be rendered quantitative. In general, due to insolation, icy satellites may have slightly warmer surfaces than their interiors. If there are CO2 ice inclusions in satellite water ices, they would have diffused as vapor along pores toward the cold interiors or, if near the surface, would have evaporated. The presence of pores and amorphous ice in cometary nuclei has an important effect on their flare-up and the size of the comas and tails.
Water Balance in Incubating Turkey Eggs

Abstract The eggshell water vapor conductance capable of maintaining constant water content in incubating turkey eggs was determined for three different egg weight classifications. Metabolism of the developing turkey embryos was altered by increasing or decreasing eggshell permeability. Eggshell permeability accommodated metabolic water in large eggs very well. Both relative poult weights and relative water content of embryos in large eggs at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption decreased or increased allometrically to the permeability treatment. However, among small and medium eggs, if eggshell permeability was increased, relative poult weights at hatching were much less than expected. This occurred despite the fact that relative water content of the eggs at 25 days of incubation was not similarly affected. The data suggest a biological asynchrony for egg size, metabolism, and water content of turkey eggs.
Improving osteoporosis care in high-risk home health patients through a high-intensity intervention.

Purpose We developed and tested a multi-modal intervention, delivered in the home health care setting, aimed at increasing osteoporosis treatment rates to prevent fractures.
Language and Internalizing and Externalizing Behavioral Adjustment: Developmental Pathways from Childhood to Adolescence

Two independent prospective longitudinal studies that cumulatively spanned the age interval from 4 years to 14 years used multiwave designs to investigate developmental associations between language and behavioral adjustment (internalizing and externalizing behavior problems). Altogether 224 children, their mothers, and teachers provided data. Series of nested path analysis models were used to determine the most parsimonious and plausible paths among the three constructs over and above stability in each across age and their covariation at each age. In both studies, children with poorer language skills in early childhood had more internalizing behavior problems in later childhood and in early adolescence. These developmental paths between language and behavioral adjustment held after taking into consideration children's nonverbal intellectual functioning, maternal verbal intelligence, education, parenting knowledge, and social desirability bias, as well as family socioeconomic status, and they applied equally to girls and boys.
Infant rats: Hypothalamic unit activity

Abstract Single-unit recordings were made from lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) neurons of infant (8 through 21 days of age) male and female albino rats. Basal (or spontaneous) firing rates of LHA neurons were recorded for 20 min from rats 8 through 21 days of age, and mean basal firing rates did not differ across ages. Basal firing rates of LHA neurons in infant rats ranged from less than 1 spike/sec up to 27 spikes/sec, with 56% of the basal rates less than 1 spike/sec. Infant rats also received hypertonic saline injections (and control injections) to determine osmosensitivity characteristics of LHA neurons. Across ages, 56%–88% of LHA neurons were osmosensitive, with the highest percentages of osmosensitive units found in rats 14–21 days of age. Infant rats showed LHA unit electrophysiological characteristics that were quite similar to those obtained from LHA neurons in adult rats with respect to basal firing rates and osmosensitivity, however, LHA neuron activity in infants was not modulated by sensory stimuli as is frequently reported for adults. The results are discussed in terms of functional development of the LHA.
Deforestation and Sustainable Mixed-Use Landscapes: A View from the Eastern Himalaya1

Abstract The interrelationships between smallholder agriculture, forest cover, and biodiversity loss have received insufficient research and analytic attention, though they stand at the center of the ongoing biodiversity crisis in tropical landscapes. Despite important advances in conservation science, knowledge generation remains fragmentary, and the formal institutions concerned with agriculture, forestry, social change, and climate change continue to work to a large extent in isolation, especially in developing countries. Drawing on our research program in the montane Eastern Himalaya of India, for example, two questions are explored: What types of landscapes can provide livelihood security for growing populations while maintaining healthy ecosystems? What kinds of knowledge, institutions, and policies will help us move toward land-use patterns that support livelihoods and protect biodiversity, given a regional economy based on small-scale agriculture? Here, we advocate for a greater integration of kno...
Perceptions of police: an empirical study of Chinese college students

Purpose – This study aims to examine Chinese college students' perceptions of police.Design/methodology/approach – Using survey data collected from over 400 college students in two cities, the study empirically analyzes the global and specific perceptions of police among Chinese college students and factors that accounted for the variation in Chinese college students' evaluations of police. The study incorporates a broader range of explanatory variables to explain Chinese college students' attitudes toward the police, including demographic characteristics, crime and criminal justice experience, perceptions of quality of life, and locality. The study reviews research on public perceptions of police published in Chinese academic journals.Findings – College students' global satisfaction with police as well as their specific evaluations of police fairness, effectiveness, and integrity were significantly related to their crime and criminal justice experience, perceived quality of life, and locality. Students' ...
Physiatry, physical medicine, and rehabilitation: Historical development and military roles

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) has long been intimately associated with the military. In fact, the conflagrations of World War I and II provided the impetus for the development and growth of the field of rehabilitation. The medical specialty of PMR, physiatry, owes its birth to a great extent to the insightful military medical officers who pioneered this specialty during these two world wars. 14, 39 Indeed, the rehabilitative needs of war casualties were the primary stimulus for the extensive growth of PMR. The medical specialty of PMR (physiatry) was established as a medical specialty in 1947 26 and has enjoyed considerable growth since then. Experience with rehabilitation of the many warinjured soldiers illustrated for military medical officers the tremendous potential of rehabilitation to positively impact on the care of all patients, not just military soldiers. The basic tenets of rehabilitation—exercise, early range of motion, and early mobilization and training—which worked so well during wartime, hold true today. Other rehabilitation professionals such as physical therapists and occupational therapists, also trace their beginnings to the military.
Cellular microstructure of chill block melt spun Ni-Mo alloys

Chill block melt spun ribbons of Ni-Mo binary alloys containing 8.0 to 41.8 wt pct Mo have been prepared under carefully controlled processing conditions. The growth velocity has been determined as a function of distance from the quench surface from the observed ribbon thickness dependence on the melt puddle residence time. Primary arm spacings measured at the midribbon thickness locations show a dependence on growth velocity and alloy composition which is expected from dendritic growth models for binary alloys directionally solidified in a positive temperature gradient. Microsegregation across cells and its variation with distance from the quench surface and alloy composition have been examined and compared with theoretical predictions.
A complexity-based risk assessment of low-cost planetary missions: when is a mission too fast and too cheap?

Abstract Under constrained budgets and rigid schedules, NASA and industry have greatly increased their utilization of small satellites to conduct low-cost planetary investigations. Recent failed small planetary science spacecraft such as Mars Polar Lander (MPL) and Mars Climate Orbiter (MCO), and impaired missions such as Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) have fueled the ongoing debate on whether NASA's “Faster, Better, Cheaper” (FBC) approach is working. Several noteworthy failures of earth-orbiting missions have occurred as well including Lewis and the Wide-field Infrared Experiment (WIRE). While recent studies have observed that FBC has resulted in lower costs and shorter development times, these benefits may have been achieved at the expense of lowering probability of success. One question remaining to be answered is when is a mission “too fast and too cheap” that it is prone to failure? This paper assesses NASA FBC missions in terms of a complexity index measured against development time and spacecraft cost. A comparison of relative failure rates of recent planetary and earth-orbiting missions are presented, and conclusions regarding dependence on system complexity are drawn.
Fundamental approaches in molecular biology for communication sciences and disorders

Purpose This contemporary tutorial will introduce general principles of molecular biology, common deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein assays and their relevance in the ...
B3 0003+387: AGN-Marked Large-Scale Structure at Redshift 1.47?* **

We present evidence for a significant overdensity of red galaxies, as much as a factor of 14 over comparable field samples, in the field of the z = 1.47 radio galaxy B3 0003+387. The colors and luminosities of the brightest red galaxies are consistent with their being at z > 0.8. The radio galaxy and one of the red galaxies are separated by 5'' and show some evidence of a possible interaction. However, the red galaxies do not show any strong clustering around the radio galaxy or around any of the brighter red galaxies. The data suggest that we are looking at a wall or sheet of galaxies, possibly associated with the radio galaxy at z = 1.47. Spectroscopic redshifts of these red galaxies will be necessary to confirm this large-scale structure.
Partitions of multisets

A multiset is a set with repeated elements. There are four distinct partition numbers to consider, unlike the classical set partition case which involves only Stirling numbers of the second kind. Using inclusion-exclusion, we obtain generating functions when each element appears exactly r = 1, 2 or 3 times. The case r = 1 is classical and r = 2 was studied by Comtet and Baroti using other methods. Our approach also leads to asymptotic formulae for the total number of partitions of multisets in which the repetition of elements is bounded. Another approach to multiset enumeration, using de Brujin's theorem for group reduced distributions, is described.
Recent research on safflower, sunflower, and cotton

Research on safflower shows the following: a) levels of greater than 80% oleic acid and linoleic acid will be achieved with few effects by management of genes; b) oil content of 50% will be possible in extreme reduced hull types; c) resistance to several diseases has been identified in introductions of domesticated and wild safflower; and d) improvements can be made in ornamental types of safflower used in dried flower arrangements. In sunflower, major improvements are: a) resistance to all important diseases; b) some resistance to larvae of the sunflower moth through use of types with an armored layer in the hull of the seed; and c) development of superior hybrid varieties. In cotton, oil and meal have been improved by the genetic or mechanical removal of gossypol glands.
Reducing the number of radiology residents: Antitrust and action by the accreditation council for graduate medical education

D iagnostic radiology and its graduate medical education programs are experiencing unprecedented change and uncertainty. Radiologists completing residencies and/or fellowships find securing permanent employment increasingly difficult, and training programs face the prospect of significant reductions in financial support and growing pressure to train fewer specialists. Together, these realities have produced calls to reduce the number of residency positions. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and its Residency Review Committee in Diagnostic Radiology (RRC) are often mentioned as vehicles to accomplish such reductions. Any such action may carry potential antitrust liability under federal law as represented by the Sherman Act.
Mechanisms of surface wave energy dissipation over a high‐concentration sediment suspension

Field observations from the spring of 2008 on the Louisiana shelf were used to elucidate the mechanisms of wave energy dissipation over a muddy seafloor. After a period of high discharge from the Atchafalaya River, acoustic measurements showed the presence of 20 cm thick mobile fluid-mud layers during and after wave events. While total wave energy dissipation (D) was greatest during the high energy periods, these periods had relatively low normalized attenuation rates (κ = Dissipation/Energy Flux). During declining wave-energy conditions, as the fluid-mud layer settled, the attenuation process became more efficient with high κ and low D. The transition from high D and low κ to high κ and low D was caused by a transition from turbulent to laminar flow in the fluid-mud layer as measured by a Pulse-coherent Doppler profiler. Measurements of the oscillatory boundary layer velocity profile in the fluid-mud layer during laminar flow reveal a very thick wave boundary layer with curvature filling the entire fluid-mud layer, suggesting a kinematic viscosity 2–3 orders of magnitude greater than that of clear water. This high viscosity is also consistent with a high wave-attenuation rates measured by across-shelf energy flux differences. The transition to turbulence was forced by instabilities on the lutocline, with wavelengths consistent with the dispersion relation for this two-layer system. The measurements also provide new insight into the dynamics of wave-supported turbidity flows during the transition from a laminar to turbulent fluid-mud layer.
Atrial and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in genes coding for cardiac sarcomeres. HCM is the most common inherited heart disease, with a prevalence of 0.2%. There are multiple genetic variants that cause pleomorphic clinical attributes and disease characterized by myocardial disarray and myocardial hypertrophy. Patients are at an increased risk of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Management of these arrhythmias is complex. Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased mortality and thromboembolism. Ventricular arrhythmias are life threatening and best treated with an implantable defibrillator.
Chemical reactor stability and sensitivity

The purpose of this paper is to consider the well agitated continuous reactor from the standpoint of stability of the steady state. It has been shown in the past that chemical-reaction systems may be unstable in the sense that on slight perturbation they tend to move to a more stable state or that they are stable in their steady states, small perturbations being self-correcting so that the system possesses autoregulation. In this paper methods of developing criteria for the quantitative determination of stability or instability or presented and applied to some simple problems. In order that the effect of large perturbations on the system may be determined, complete solutions of the rigorous equations are obtained on the analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). A complete plot of reaction paths in the concentration-temperature plane may be obtained in this manner. Because of the nonlinearity of the system one cannot predict with certainty what steady state will be approached after a given large perturbation, multiple steady states being assumed possible. From the phase plot of reaction paths the regions in the plane which lead to certain steady states are delineated. Also it is shown that the natural behavior of a reactor is not to approach an unstable state. So far as the reactor is concenrned, the unstable state does not exist. The stability of the system is important to the engineer, as control will be easy or difficult and product quality will be satisfactory or not depending upon the relative stability of the steady state. An unstable state would require more elaborate control than a stable state.
Perceptions of Generational Differences in the Workplace

This paper is designed to examine the stereotypes that specific generational cohorts in the workplace have of other generational cohorts on issues of work ethic, desire for work-life balance and us...
Optimal Control of HIV-Virus Dynamics

In this paper we consider a mathematical model of HIV-virus dynamics and propose an efficient control strategy to keep the number of HIV virons under a pre-specified level and to reduce the total amount of medications that patients receive. The model considered is a nonlinear third-order model. The third-order model describes dynamics of three most dominant variables: number of healthy white blood cells (T-cells), number of infected T-cells, and number of virus particles. There are two control variables in this model corresponding to two categories of antiviral drugs: reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) and protease inhibitors (PI). The proposed strategy is based on linearization of the nonlinear model at the equilibrium point (steady state). The corresponding controller has two components: the first one that keeps the system state variables at the desired equilibrium (set-point controller) and the second-one that reduces in an optimal way deviations of the system state variables from their desired equilibrium values. The second controller is based on minimization of the square of the error between the actual and desired (equilibrium) values for the linearized system (linear-quadratic optimal controller). The obtained control strategy recommends to HIV researchers and experimentalists that the constant dosages of drugs have to be administrated at all times (set point controller, open-loop controller) and that the variable dosages of drugs have to be administrated on a daily basis (closed-loop controller, feedback controller).
Brassinosteroid actions in plants

pollen tube growth, leaf bending and epinasty, root inhibition, induction of ethylene biosynthesis, protonRecent studies on dwarf mutants of Arabidopsis, pump activation, xylem diVerentiation, and regulation of tomato and pea have provided convincing evidence gene expression (Mandava, 1988; Clouse and Sasse, that brassinosteroids are a unique class of plant hor- 1998). In addition, useful agricultural applications have mones that are essential for normal plant growth. been found such as increasing yield and improving stress Detailed metabolic analyses of these mutants, coupled resistance of several major crop plants (Cutler et al., with thorough molecular and biochemical studies of 1991). Despite this extensive research, a definitive proof their corresponding genes and gene products, are that these steroids are essential for normal plant growth essential for a better understanding of brassinosteroid has been lacking. biosynthesis and its regulation. Molecular and genetic A clear role for these steroids in plant growth and approaches have been undertaken to dissect the development came from an entirely diVerent field of brassinosteroid signalling pathway, leading to the studies: genetic analysis of plant photomorphogenesis. In identification of a putative brassinosteroid receptor plants, immediate post-germinative growth usually occurs and a few brassinosteroid-response genes. Further beneath the soil surface and newly germinated seedlings studies should expand our knowledge on how brassi- need to bring their leaves into full sunlight so that they nosteroids are perceived and transduced to regulate can start photosynthesis to provide the essential raw plant development. materials needed for long-term growth. An etiolated seedling, with an apical hook, closed cotyledons, and a
Referent Selection: How the Women in Sport Journalism Shape Their Perceptions of Job Satisfaction

Job satisfaction is an essential construct explaining human behavior in organizations. To fully understand the construct, however, it is necessary to recognize how employees establish satisfaction levels. One method has been to explore who employees use as a basis of comparison—referent others—when establishing their perceptions of equity, which influence satisfaction. This study expanded the body of knowledge associated with satisfaction and sport organizations by using nontraditional participants—members of the Association for Women in Sports Media. The referent-selection processes used by these women in determining their level of satisfaction in five specific areas of job satisfaction were compared. The Job Descriptive Index was used to establish satisfaction levels, and a Referent Selection Instrument identified whom the participants used as a basis of comparison. The findings indicate the extent to which the participants made referent comparisons, what comparisons were made, and the relationship betw...
A posteriori error bounds for reduced-basis approximations of parametrized parabolic partial differential equations

In this paper, we extend the reduced-basis methods and associated a posteriori error estimators developed earlier for elliptic partial differential equations to parabolic problems with affine parameter dependence. The essential new ingredient is the presence of time in the formulation and solution of the problem - we shall "simply" treat time as an additional, albeit special, parameter. First, we introduce the reduced-basis recipe - Galerkin projection onto a space WN spanned by solutions of the governing partial differential equation at N selected points in parameter-time space - and develop a new greedy adaptive procedure to "optimally" construct the parameter-time sample set. Second, we propose error estimation and adjoint procedures that provide rigorous and sharp bounds for the error in specific outputs of interest: the estimates serve ap riorito construct our samples, and a posteriori to confirm fidelity. Third, based on the assumption of affine parameter dependence, we develop offline- online computational procedures: in the offline stage, we generate the reduced-basis space; in the online stage, given a new parameter value, we calculate the reduced-basis output and associated error bound. The operation count for the online stage depends only on N (typically small) and the parametric complexity of the problem; the method is thus ideally suited for repeated, rapid, reliable evaluation of input-output relationships in the many-query or real-time contexts.