cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The z= 0.0777 C iii absorber towards PHL 1811 as a case study of a low‐redshift weak metal line absorber

We consider the physical conditions and origin of the z = 0.0777 absorption system observed in C III ,C II ,S i III ,C IV ,O VI and H I absorption along the line of sight towards the quasar PHL 1811. We analysed the Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer spectra of this quasar and compared the results to CLOUDY photoionization and collisional ionization models in order to derive densities, temperatures and metallicities of the absorbing gas. The absorption can be explained by two C III clouds, offset by 35 km s −1 in velocity, with metallicities of approximately one-tenth the solar value. One cloud has a density of the order of nH = 1.2 +0.9 −0.5 × 10 −3 cm −3 (thickness 0.4 +0.3 −0.2 kpc) and produces the observed C II and Si III absorption, while the other has a density of the order of nH = 1.2 +0.9 −0.5 × 10 −5 cm −3 (thickness 80 +70 −40 kpc) and gives rise to the observed weak C IV absorption. Cloud temperatures are ∼14 000 +3000 −2000 K and ∼34 000 +2000 −4000 K for photoionized models. Although collisionally ionized clouds with T ∼ 70 000 K are possible, they are less likely because of the short cooling time-scales involved. Previous studies revealed no luminous galaxy at the absorber’s redshift, so it is probably related to tidal debris, ejected material, a dwarf galaxy or other halo material in a galaxy group. Our models also indicate that one of the two clouds would produce detectable weak Mg II absorption if spectral coverage of that transition existed. We predict what the system would look like at z ∼ 1 when the ionizing background radiation was more intense. We find that at z ∼ 1 the denser component resembles aC IV absorber. The second C III cloud in this z = 0.0777 absorber may be analogous to a subset of the more diffuse O VI absorbers at higher redshift.
Are Bond ETF Investors Smart

Since their introduction in 2002, bond ETFs have grown dramatically, with more than $243 billion in assets by the end of 2012. Using data on gross flows from N-SAR filings, we provide the first comprehensive examination of bond ETF characteristics and cash flows. We find evidence of return chasing in the net flows of some fund styles; in particular, investment grade corporate, international, and TIPS funds. In addition to past returns, other factors related to fund flows are fund size, expense ratio, and premium/discounts. We also examine the relationship between short interest and fund flows, and find that lightly shorted funds have both lower inflows and net flows. Finally, we test if bond ETF investors optimally time their purchases and sales. We find evidence of smartness in the timing of ETF sales, with investors earning 30 basis points in alpha per month.
STORAGE DETERIORATION OF FREEZE-DRIED AVOCADO PUREE AND GUACAMOLE

SUMMARY— The effect of storage temperature, time and atmosphere on the chemical and organo-leptic characteristics of freeze-dried avocado puree and guacamole was studied using Waldin, Lula and Booth-8 varieties of avocado. Oxidation rates were slower at 21°C than at 38°% storage and nitrogen atmospheres reduced the peroxide formation. Significant differences existed in oxidation rates between avocado varieties and also between guacamole and avocado puree in some instances. A logarithmic relationship was found between peroxide values and storage time in air. Guacamole made with Lula avocados was unacceptable after 3 weeks of storage in air at 38°C. Samples stored in nitrogen at 38°C ware unacceptable at the end of 7 weeks. Samples stored in air at 21°Cwere acceptable after 12 weeks and those stored in nitrogen at 2l°C after 15 weeks. A commercial BHA antioxidant reduced the oxidation rate of Lula puree but did not increase shelf life in air storage at 38°C. Peroxide values were of no use in predicting acceptability, since organoleptic deterioration could occur without any peroxide increase.
Alkylation-induced colon tumorigenesis in mice deficient in the Mgmt and Msh6 proteins.

O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) suppresses mutations and cell death that result from alkylation damage. MGMT expression is lost by epigenetic silencing in a variety of human cancers including nearly half of sporadic colorectal cancers, suggesting that this loss maybe causal. Using mice with a targeted disruption of the Mgmt gene, we tested whether Mgmt protects against azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF), against AOM and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colorectal adenomas and against spontaneous intestinal adenomas in ApcMin mice. We also examined the genetic interaction of the Mgmt null gene with a DNA mismatch repair null gene, namely Msh6. Both Mgmt and Msh6 independently suppress AOM-induced ACF, and combination of the two mutant alleles had a multiplicative effect. This synergism can be explained entirely by the suppression of alkylation-induced apoptosis when Msh6 is absent. In addition, following AOM+DSS treatment Mgmt protected against adenoma formation to the same degree as it protected against AOM-induced ACF formation. Finally, Mgmt deficiency did not affect spontaneous intestinal adenoma development in ApcMin/+ mice, suggesting that Mgmt suppresses intestinal cancer associated with exogenous alkylating agents, and that endogenous alkylation does not contribute to the rapid tumor development seen in ApcMin/+ mice.
International Capital Mobility in Emerging Markets: New Evidence from Daily Data

This paper analyzes daily covered interbank interest differentials for three emerging markets before and after the 1997/98 financial crises, and compares them with those of four developed economies. It examines descriptive statistics of covered differentials and the long-run equilibrium (cointegrating) relationship between their interest rate and forward discount components. Mean differentials and their volatility were moderate before crises, but increased dramatically during crises. The main reasons are temporarily effective capital controls, large bank default risk premia, and capital market imperfections. The evidence for a cointegrating vector consistent with covered interest parity is strong, implying that, despite large short-term deviations, covered interest parity does hold as an equilibrium relationship.
The Planet as Homeland

The review essay outlines the relationship between the planet and homeland as sites of unfreedom and freedom for Filipinos everywhere. Using E. San Juan’s new collection of poems, the review essay argues that the logic of translation is crucial to understanding the connection between the planet and homeland. To understand this connection is to imagine the future of Filipinos who share the fate of slaves, refugees, detainees, and immigrants across the planet.
Provable Bounds for Learning Some Deep Representations

We give algorithms with provable guarantees that learn a class of deep nets in the generative model view popularized by Hinton and others. Our generative model is an n node multilayer network that has degree at most nγ for some γ < 1 and each edge has a random edge weight in [-1, 1]. Our algorithm learns almost all networks in this class with polynomial running time. The sample complexity is quadratic or cubic depending upon the details of the model. The algorithm uses layerwise learning. It is based upon a novel idea of observing correlations among features and using these to infer the underlying edge structure via a global graph recovery procedure. The analysis of the algorithm reveals interesting structure of neural nets with random edge weights.
Experiments on stability and transition at Mach 3

The results of an experimental study of stability, receptivity and transition of the flat-plate laminar boundary layer at Mach 3 are discussed. With a relatively low free-stream disturbance level (∼0.1%), spectra, growth rates and amplitude distributions of naturally occurring boundary layer waves were measured using hot wires. Physical (mass-flux) amplitudes in the boundary layer and free stream are reported and provide stability and receptivity results against which predictions can be directly compared. Comparisons are made between measurements of growth rates of unstable high-frequency waves and theoretical predictions based on a non-parallel, mode-averaging stability theory and receptivity assumptions; good agreement is found. In contrast, it was found that linear stability theory does not account for the measured growth of low-frequency disturbances. A detailed investigation of the disturbance fields in the free stream and on the nozzle walls provides the basis for a discussion of the source and the development of the measured boundary layer waves. Attention is drawn to the close matching in streamwise wavelengths for instability waves and the free-stream acoustic disturbances. It was also found that a calibration of the hot wire in the free stream yields a double-peak boundary layer disturbance amplitude distribution, as has been found by previous investigators, which is not consistent with the predictions of linear stability theory. This double peak was found to be an experimental anomaly which resulted from assumptions that are frequently made in the free-stream calibration procedure. A single-peak amplitude distribution across the boundary layer was established only when the hot-wire voltage was calibrated against the mean boundary layer profile. Finally, the late stages of transition, at a higher Reynolds number with a higher free-stream disturbance level, were explored. Calibrated amplitude levels are provided at locations where nonlinearities are first detected and where the mean boundary layer profile is first observed to depart from the laminar similarity solution. A qualitative discussion of the character of ensuing nonlinearities is also included.
Surface waves in deformed Bell materials

Small amplitude inhomogeneous plane waves are studied as they propagate on the free surface of a predeformed semi-infinite body made of Bell constrained material. The predeformation corresponds to a finite static pure homogeneous strain. The surface wave propagates in a principal direction of strain and is attenuated in another principal direction, orthogonal to the free surface. For these waves, the secular equation giving the speed of propagation is established by the method of first integrals. This equation is not the same as the secular equation for incompressible half-spaces, even though the Bell constraint and the incompressibility constraint coincide in the isotropic infinitesimal limit.
Cost-Effective Early Childhood Development Programs from Preschool to Third Grade

Although findings on the positive effects of early childhood development programs have been widely disseminated, less attention has been given to program impacts across the entire period of early childhood. This review summarizes evidence on the effects and cost-effectiveness of programs and services from ages 3 to 9. The major focus is preschool programs for 3- and 4-year-olds, full-day kindergarten, school-age programs including reduced class sizes, and preschool-to-third-grade interventions. Participation in preschool programs was found to have relatively large and enduring effects on school achievement and child well-being. High-quality programs for children at risk produce strong economic returns ranging from about $4 per dollar invested to over $10 per dollar invested. Relative to half-day kindergarten, the positive effects of full-day kindergarten have been found to be relatively small and generally do not last for more than a year. Although no formal economic analyses have been conducted, the economic return per dollar invested would be expected to be close to zero. Among early-school-age programs, preschool plus school-age interventions (PK-3) for children at risk are linked to higher levels of school performance into adolescence. The Child-Parent Center PK-3 Program shows a return of $6 to $9 per dollar invested. Class-size reductions show evidence of positive effects, with economic returns of roughly $3 per dollar invested. The causal mechanisms of long-term effects are discussed. Key principles to promote intervention effectiveness are offered.
Popular Conjectures Imply Strong Lower Bounds for Dynamic Problems

We consider several well-studied problems in dynamic algorithms and prove that sufficient progress on any of them would imply a breakthrough on one of five major open problems in the theory of algorithms: 1) Is the 3SUM problem on n numbers in O(n2 -- aepsi;) time for some aepsi; > 0? 2) Can one determine the satisfiability of a CNF formula on n variables and poly n clauses in O((2 -- aepsi;)npolyn) time for some aepsi; > 0? 3) Is the All Pairs Shortest Paths problem for graphs on n vertices in O(n3 -- aepsi;) time for some aepsi; > 0? 4) Is there a linear time algorithm that detects whether a given graph contains a triangle? 5) Is there an O(n3 -- aepsi;) time combinatorial algorithm for n × n Boolean matrix multiplication? The problems we consider include dynamic versions of bipartite perfect matching, bipartite maximum weight matching, single source reachability, single source shortest paths, strong connectivity, subgraph connectivity, diameter approximation and some nongraph problems such as Pagh's problem defined in a recent paper by pa#x0103;traa#x015F;cu [STOC 2010].
Atmospheric neutrino flux: a review of calculations

Abstract Interpretation and understanding of the evidence for neutrino oscillations depends on knowledge of the atmospheric neutrino beam. In this talk I assess how well various features are known. The goal is to determine to what extent uncertainties in the neutrino beam may limit the conclusions about neutrino properties and which features of the evidence for neutrino oscillations are most robust.
Does Widowhood Explain Gender Differences in Out-of-Pocket Medical Spending Among the Elderly?

Despite the presence of Medicare, out-of-pocket medical spending is a large expenditure risk facing the elderly. While women live longer than men, elderly women incur higher out-of-pocket medical spending than men at each age. In this paper, we examine whether differences in marital status and living arrangements can explain this difference. We find that out-of-pocket medical spending is approximately 24 percent higher when an individual becomes widowed, a large portion of which is spending on nursing homes. Our results suggest a substantial role of living arrangements in out-of-pocket medical spending. Our estimates combined with differences in rates of widowhood across gender suggest that marital status can explain about one third of the gender difference in total out-of-pocket medical spending, leaving a large portion unexplained. On the other hand, gender differences in widowhood more than explain the observed gender difference in out-of-pocket spending on nursing homes.
Substituted 6-phenyl-pyridin-2-ylamines: selective and potent inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase

The synthesis and nNOS and eNOS activity of 6-(4-(dimethylaminoalkyl)-/6-(4-(dimethylaminoalkoxy)-5-ethyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-pyridin-2-ylamines and 6-(4-(dimethylaminoalkyl)-/6-(4-(dimethylaminoalkoxy)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-pyridin-2-ylamines 1-8 are described. These compounds are potent inhibitors of the human nNOS isoform.
Improving ESPRIT via beamforming

Beamforming techniques are presented that improve the performance of the ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) algorithm for solving the narrowband multiple source location problem with uniform linear arrays. Using ESPRIT with these beamforming approaches maintains the computational advantage of the original ESPRIT while further exploiting the special structure of uniform linear arrays. Simulation results show that the use of ESPRIT with beamforming yields significantly improved performance compared with the original ESPRIT. >
Introduction of BiCMOS into a production CMOS facility

A unique set of circumstances is required for the rapid introduction of a 1- mu m BiCMOS capability from R&D into a CMOS production facility. Not only was the lead time very short, but the wafer size and equipment sets were not compatible and the main thrust/experience of the personnel was different. The authors review the proposed novel solution, organizational details, technical approach, and accomplishments of this process transfer. The solution was to redefine the process using much of the existing production CMOS technology as a baseline and add additional features as required to generate a BiCMOS process. The criterion for transfer was not to reproduce certain sheet resistances, etch profiles, and diffusion cycles, but rather to achieve the same device electrical parameters. This decision allowed the designers to begin their work in earnest because they had a firm of model parameters for circuit simulations. Because much of the process was already well-established CMOS technology and the module development experiments resolved key BiCMOS unknowns, the first full flow process integration lots resulted in good yields of 64K CMOS and BiCMOS SRAMs. >
A numerical study of scaling issues for Schottky-barrier carbon nanotube transistors

We performed a comprehensive scaling study of Schottky-barrier (SB) carbon nanotube transistors using self-consistent, atomistic scale simulations. We restrict our attention to SB carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (FETs) whose metal source-drain is attached to an intrinsic carbon nanotube channel. Ambipolar conduction is found to be an important factor that must be carefully considered in device design, especially when the gate oxide is thin. The channel length scaling limit imposed by source-drain tunneling is found to be between 5 nm and 10 nm, depending on the off-current specification. Using a large diameter tube increases the on-current, but it also increases the leakage current. Our study of gate dielectric scaling shows that the charge on the nanotube can play an important role above threshold.
The initial value problem for weakly nonlinear PDE

We discuss an extension of the pseudospectral method developed by Wineberg, McGrath, Gabl, Scott, and Southwell (1991) for the numerical integration of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) initial value problem. Our generalization of their algorithm can be used to solve initial value problems for a wide class of evolution equations that are “weakly nonlinear” in a sense we will make precise. This class includes in particular the other classical soliton equations, Sine-Gordon equation (SGE) and nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation (NLS). As well as being very simple to implement, this method exhibits remarkable speed and stability, making it ideal for use with visualization tools where it makes it possible to experiment in real time with soliton interactions and to see how a general solution decomposes into solitons. We analyze the structure of the algorithm, discuss some of the reasons behind its robust numerical behavior, and finally describe a fixed point theorem we have found that proves that the pseudospectral stepping algorithm converges.
Chemistry of the Hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles: configuration, conformation, reactivity, and applications in synthesis.

The stereoselective formation of 2-endo-substituted hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles from 2-substituted tryptamine derivatives, especially tryptophan, is discussed. Parallels are drawn with the formation of related heterocyclic systems, such as the hexahydrofurano[2,3-b]benzofurans, in which the thermodynamic preference of a substituent at the 2-position is also for the endo-configuration. Functionalization of tryptophan-derived hexahydropyrroloindoles at positions 2-, 3-, and 3a- is discussed with special emphasis on the 2-position, at which both radical and nucleophilic reactions take place preferentially on the endo-face of the diazabicyclo[3.3.0]octane system. The kinetic and thermodynamic preference for the 2-endo-position is considered in terms of the minimization of torsional strain, and parallels are drawn to the Woerpel model for the reactivity of analogous five-membered cyclic oxacarbenium ions. The use of the tryptophan-derived hexahydro[2,3-b]pyrroloindoles in the stereocontrolled synthesis of a...
CHINA'S RURAL HOUSEHOLD DEMAND FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES

A two-stage budgeting LES-LA/AIDS system is used to estimate rural household demand in China with special emphasis on changes in demand for fruit and vegetable commodities across different income groups. The own-price elasticity for food was found to be more elastic than that for clothing, housing, durable goods, and other items. Within the food group, price elasticities range from – 1.042 to –0.019. Grain, with an expenditure elasticity of almost unity, is an important staple food for the average rural household. Vegetables are important nonstaple foods relative to fruits. Lower value vegetables are the most price elastic in the vegetable group. Fruits are more price elastic than vegetables, with grapes being the most price elastic. Different income groups share a common demand function.
The Clairvoyant Demon Has a Hard Task

Consider the integer lattice L = Z2. For some m ≥ 4, let us colour each column of this lattice independently and uniformly with one of m colours. We do the same for the rows, independently of the columns. A point of L will be called blocked if its row and column have the same colour. We say that this random configuration percolates if there is a path in L starting at the origin, consisting of rightward and upward unit steps, avoiding the blocked points. As a problem arising in distributed computing, it has been conjectured that for m ≥ 4 the configuration percolates with positive probability. This question remains open, but we prove that the probability that there is percolation to distance n but not to infinity is not exponentially small in n. This narrows the range of methods available for proving the conjecture.
A stochastic probing problem with applications

We study a general stochastic probing problem defined on a universe V, where each element e∈V is "active" independently with probability pe. Elements have weights {we:e∈V} and the goal is to maximize the weight of a chosen subset S of active elements. However, we are given only the pe values--to determine whether or not an element e is active, our algorithm must probe e. If element e is probed and happens to be active, then e must irrevocably be added to the chosen set S; if e is not active then it is not included in S. Moreover, the following conditions must hold in every random instantiation: the set Q of probed elements satisfy an "outer" packing constraint, the set S of chosen elements satisfy an "inner" packing constraint. The kinds of packing constraints we consider are intersections of matroids and knapsacks. Our results provide a simple and unified view of results in stochastic matching [1, 2] and Bayesian mechanism design [3], and can also handle more general constraints. As an application, we obtain the first polynomial-time Ω(1/k)-approximate "Sequential Posted Price Mechanism" under k-matroid intersection feasibility constraints, improving on prior work [3-5].
Integrated Aeroservoelastic Design Optimization of Actively-Controlled Strain-Actuated Flight Vehicles

An integrated approach to the structure/actuator/control aeroservoelastic optimization of strain-actuated aircraft is presented. The approach is based on structural finite elements and industry-standard panel or linearized computational-fluid-dynamics-based aerodynamics together with modern control modeling and associated aeroservoelastic analyses in the time and frequency domains. It can be used for all types and sizes of aircraft, from small unmanned aerial vehicles to large transports. The paper presents the following: 1) comprehensive integrated design-oriented analysis and sensitivity analysis, 2) parametric studies to assess the behavior of various representative aeroservoelastic constraints in response to variations of aeroservoelastic design variables, 3) the accuracy of approximations and sensitivities used, 4) design synthesis by nonlinear programming/approximation concepts, and 5) demonstration optimization examples. The methodology presented has the potential to lead to best practices regardin...
Fixed Point Theorems with Applications to Economics and Game Theory

Preface 1. Introduction: models and mathematics 2. Convexity 3. Simplexes 4. Sperner's lemma 5. The Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz lemma 6. Brouwer's fixed point theorem 7. Maximization of binary relations 8. Variational inequalities, price equilibrium, and complementarity 9. Some interconnections 10. What good is a completely labelled subsimplex? 11. Continuity of correspondences 12. The maximum theorem 13. Approximation of correspondence 14. Selection theorems for correspondences 15. Fixed point theorems for correspondences 16. Sets with convex sections and a minimax theorem 17. The Fan-Browder theorem 18. Equilibrium of excess demand correspondences 19. Nash equilibrium of games and abstract economies 20. Walrasian equilibrium of an economy 21. More interconnections 22. The Knaster-Kuratowski-Mazurkiewicz-Shapley lemma 23. Cooperative equilibria of games References Index.
Synthetic studies on the ingenane diterpenes. Construction of an ABC tricycle exhibiting trans-intrabridgehead stereochemistry

Abstract Intramolecular, metal-promoted [6π+4π] cycloaddition followed by alkoxide accelerated 1,5-H sigmatropy affords a functionalized ingenane tricycle possessing the critical in,out-intrabridgehead stereochemical relationship.
Deterrence and Counterproliferation in an Age of Weapons of Mass Destruction

﻿Faced with America's conventional military superiority, many countries are turning to weapons of mass destruction as a means to deter U.S. intervention in their affairs. At the same time, 11 September 2001 awakened the United States to a degree of vulnerability it had never experienced before, making it increasingly unwilling to tolerate such weapons in the hands of unstable and unpredictable regimes, particularly those with connections to terrorist organizations. These twin fears of American encroachment and American vulnerability create a modern security dilemma, forming a vicious cycle of insecurity that challenge straditional notions of deterrence. It is unquestionable that the United States possesses the strategic capabilities to retaliate with devastating effect to any attack, but regional asymmetries of interest may tip the scales of brinksmanship in favor of potential adversaries, thereby dissuading American involvement in responding to global security threats. While this might be a welcome change to some, the United States is developing Counter proliferation options to prevent, protect against, or destroy threatening weapons reserving the right to use preemptive force in order to retain freedom of action abroad and protect the homeland. This is a worthwhile objective, but deterrence will never be guaranteed by American strength, and unprovoked wars of disarmament will inevitably spark yet further proliferation and hatred toward the United States. Ultimately, the only reliable road to peace lies in nurturing and broadening friendly relations with nations that share the goal of destroying the threat posed by catastrophic weapons of mass murder and terror.
Low temperature synthesis using modulated elemental reactants: a new metastable ternary compound, NixMoSe2

Abstract We report the synthesis of a new metastable ternary compound Ni x MoSe 2 , prepared from a modulated elemental reactant. The initially modulated elemental reactants containing alternating layers of Ni, Mo, and Se were prepared by high vacuum deposition onto an ambient temperature substrate. Annealing the initial reactant resulted in a crystalline product with a MoSe 2 type structure over a wide composition range. The c lattice parameter varied with x , suggesting that the Ni is located in van der Waals gap within the MoSe 2 structure. The Ni intercalated structure was confirmed by a least squares fit of X-ray diffraction intensities to the proposed structure. Magnetic susceptibility measurements demonstrate that the compound orders antiferromagnetically. X-ray diffraction studies reveal the decomposition of Ni x MoSe 2 and the formation of crystalline Ni on annealing above 300 °C.
Torsion of the uterine adnexa. Pathologic correlations and current management trends.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and pathologic correlates of specimens removed for the diagnosis of adnexal torsion and to evaluate trends in the management of torsion. STUDY DESIGN: Cases of ovarian or adnexal torsion (N = 104) were identified retrospectively over a period extending from January 1987 to March 1998 by the coding of ovarian, fallopian tube or adnexal torsion. Statistical evaluation was by X 2 analysis using the Bonferroni inequality correction when appropriate. RESULTS: Neoplastic and functional tumors of the ovary composed >90% of the diagnoses at microscopic evaluation, with cancer diagnosed in < 1% of cases. Laparoscopy was attempted in 47 (46%) cases, and adnexa-sparing procedures were performed in 20 (19%) patients. Patients treated in the latter half of the study were not less likely to undergo laparotomy than those treated in the first half; however, conversion from laparoscopy to laparotomy was significantly less common in the latter half. Patients in this study were more likely to receive an adnexa-sparing operation than historical controls, but there was no improvement in this rate from the first to the second half of this study. A history of previous abdominal surgery was the most common associated condition, but 47% of patients had no known risk factors. Ovarian hyperstimulation, previously omitted in series reports, was an antecedent factor in 9% of patients. CONCLUSION: Adnexal torsion is most commonly associated with a benign process. A more-conservative approach to the treatment of this process is becoming increasingly common, as seems warranted in light of the low incidence of malignancy. The need for conversion from a laparoscopic to an open approach appears to have been waning over the last decade; that may correlate with an increased comfort level in gynecologists with laparoscopic approaches.
A model of advertiser--portal contracts: Personalization strategies under privacy concerns

Online portals provide personalization for "free"since the information acquired from consumers' usage of these services is valuable for advertising and targeted marketing purposes. Consumers' usage of services is determined by the tradeoff between their marginal value for personalized services and the resulting information privacy concerns and is captured by their personalization for privacy (P4P) ratio. A portal's decision to offer personalized services is dependent upon its cost of offering the services and revenue due to advertisers' marginal value for information (MVI) acquired therein. Through three models, our paper examines the strategic interaction between a portal that determines the service level to be offered and advertisers who pay the portal for placing advertisements through which they acquire information. Our first model of an independent portal finds that while all profits are increasing in the advertiser's MVI, with increasing P4P ratio the advertiser's profits are increasing at a faster rate than the portal's profits. In our second model, we consider an information sharing regime between two advertisers and find that a high MVI advertiser has a distinct first-mover advantage in announcing the services rate for the entire market. Our final model considers a portal that has its own advertising capabilities and we find that while this case is superior to others in the high MVI advertiser's and portal's profits, the consumer welfare and overall social welfare is dependent on the relative valuations of the two advertisers.
AN ASSESSMENT OF WORKAROUNDS FOR SPATIAL EFFECTS IN THE CASE OF BINARY PROBIT

The consequences of spatial eects on discrete choice models have not been well established. Various ad hoc workarounds have been proposed to mitigate potential estimation problems. This paper employs Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the severity of the problems introduced by spatial eects and the eectiveness of the workarounds.
An enantioselective synthesis of loracarbef (LY163892/KT3777)

Abstract An enantioselective synthesis of the new, orally absorbable, totally synthetic β-lactam antibiotic, loracarbef (LY163892/KT3777) is described.
Unsupervised learning in noise

A new hybrid learning law, the differential competitive law, which uses the neuronal signal velocity as a local unsupervised reinforcement mechanism, is introduced, and its coding and stability behavior in feedforward and feedback networks is examined. This analysis is facilitated by the recent Gluck-Parker pulse-coding interpretation of signal functions in differential Hebbian learning systems. The second-order behavior of RABAM (random adaptive bidirectional associative memory) Brownian-diffusion systems is summarized by the RABAM noise suppression theorem: the mean-squared activation and synaptic velocities decrease exponentially quickly to their lower bounds, the instantaneous noise variances driving the system. This result is extended to the RABAM annealing model, which provides a unified framework from which to analyze Geman-Hwang combinatorial optimization dynamical systems and continuous Boltzmann machine learning. >
The impact of multicast layering on network fairness

Many definitions of fairness for multicast networks assume that sessions are single rate, requiring that each multicast session transmits data to all of its receivers at the same rate. These definitions do not account for multirate approaches, such as layering, that permit receiving rates within a session to be chosen independently. We identify four desirable fairness properties for multicast networks, derived from properties that hold within the max-min fair allocations of unicast networks. We extend the definition of multicast max-min fairness to networks that contain multirate sessions, and show that all four fairness properties hold in a multirate max-min fair allocation, but need not hold in a single-rate max-min fair allocation. We then show that multirate max-min fair rate allocations can be achieved via intra-session coordinated joins and leaves of multicast groups. However, in the absence of coordination, the resulting max-min fair rate allocation uses link bandwidth inefficiently, and does not exhibit some of the desirable fairness properties. We evaluate this inefficiency for several layered multirate congestion control schemes, and find that, in a protocol where the sender coordinates joins, this inefficiency has minimal impact on desirable fairness properties. Our results indicate that sender-coordinated layered protocols show promise for achieving desirable fairness properties for allocations in large-scale multicast networks.
Network Coding-Based Protection Strategy Against Node Failures

With the enormous increase in the usage of communication networks, protection against node and link failures became essential in the deployment of reliable networks. To manage loss of data due to node failures, we design a network protection strategy that aims to withstand such failures. In this paper we propose a protection strategy against any single node failure in the network. We deploy network coding and reduced capacity in this strategy without adding extra working paths to the readily available connection paths. The strategy is based on representing node failures by the failure of multiple links, and hence is transformed into a protection against multiple link failures. Consequently, the protection strategies proposed in [2], can also be applied for protection against node failures. In addition, we demonstrate the implementation aspects of the premeditated protection strategies.
The excess enthalpies of (carbon dioxide + cyclohexane) at 390.15, 413.15, 438.15, 498.15, and 508.15 K from 7.50 to 14.39 MPa

Abstract The excess molar enthalpies HmE{xCO2+(1 − x)c-C6H12} were measured in the vicinity of the critical locus. Large positive and negative HmEs were observed depending on the compositions, temperatures, and pressures. Two interpolating correlations used to describe the results are compared. A modified Soave equation of state was used to correlate HmEs from this study and two previous studies over a temperature range of 308.15 to 573.15 K and a pressure range of 7.50 to 14.39 MPa. The fit ranged from poor to excellent depending upon the pressures and temperatures of the mixtures. The average standard deviation over all pressures, temperatures, and compositions was 372 J·mol−1.
The Costs of Environmental Regulation in a Concentrated Industry

The typical cost analysis of an environmental regulation consists of an engineering estimate of the compliance costs. In industries where fixed costs are an important determinant of market structure this static analysis ignores the dynamic eects of the regulation on entry, investment, and market power. I evaluate the welfare costs of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act on the US Portland cement industry, accounting for these eects through a dynamic model of oligopoly in the tradition of Ericson and Pakes (1995). Using a recently developed two-step estimator, I recover the entire cost structure of the industry, including the distribution of sunk entry costs and adjustment costs of investment. I find that the Amendments have significantly increased the sunk cost of entry. I solve for the Markov perfect Nash equilibrium (MPNE) of the model and simulate the welfare eects of the Amendments. A static analysis misses the welfare penalty on consumers, and may even obtain the wrong sign of the welfare eects on incumbent firms.
Reconfigurable Processor for Energy-Efficient Computational Photography

This paper presents an on-chip implementation of a scalable reconfigurable bilateral filtering processor for computational photography applications such as HDR imaging, low-light enhancement, and glare reduction. Careful pipelining and scheduling has minimized the local storage requirement to tens of kB. The 40-nm CMOS test chip operates from 98 MHz at 0.9 V to 25 MHz at 0.5 V. The test chip processes 13 megapixels/s while consuming 17.8 mW at 98 MHz and 0.9 V, achieving significant energy reduction compared with software implementations on recent mobile processors.
Assessing the Complex Evolution of Norms: The Rise of International Election Monitoring

Given that states have long considered elections a purely domestic matter, the dramatic growth of international election monitoring in the 1990s was remarkable+ Why did states allow international organizations and nongovernmental organizations ~NGOs! to interfere and why did international election monitoring spread so quickly? Why did election monitoring become institutionalized in so many orga- nizations? Perhaps most puzzling, why do countries invite monitors and nevertheless cheat? This article develops a rigorous method for investigating the causal mecha- nisms underlying the rise of election monitoring, and "norm cascades" more gener- ally+ The evolution and spread of norms, as with many other social processes, are complex combinations of normative, instrumental, and other constraints and causes of action+ The rise of election monitoring has been driven by an interaction of instrumentalism, emergent norms, and fundamental power shifts in the international system+ By dissecting this larger theoretical complexity into specific subclaims that can be empirically investigated, this article examines the role of each of these causal factors, their mutual tensions, and their interactive contributions to the evolution of election monitoring+
The objective function of simulation estimators near the boundary of the unstable region of the parameter space

The paper examines the role of stability constraints in estimation by dynamic simulation. In particular, it analyzes the behavior of the objective function on either side of the boundary of the stability region of the parameter space. The main finding is that stability constraints may be ignored because the simulation-based objective function contains a built-in penalty to enforce stability. A key caveat, however, is that the dynamic stability of the auxiliary model that defines the moment conditions must be checked and enforced. An attempt to fit via simulation to moments defined by a dynamically unstable auxiliary model can be expected to lead to an ill-behaved objective function.
One-dimensional waveguide coupled to multiple qubits: photon-photon correlations

For a one-dimensional (1D) waveguide coupled to two or three qubits, we show that the photon-photon correlations have a wide variety of behavior, with structure that depends sensitively on the frequency and on the qubit-qubit separation L. We study the correlations by calculating the second-order correlation function in which the interference among the photons multiply scattered from the qubits causes rich structure. In one case, for example, transmitted and reflected photons are both bunched initially, but then become strongly anti-bunched for a long time interval. We first calculate the correlation function including non-Markovian effects and then show that a much simpler Markovian treatment, which can be solved analytically, is accurate for small qubit separation. As a result, the non-classical properties of microwaves in a 1D waveguide coupled to many superconducting qubits with experimentally accessible separation L could be readily explored with our approach.
OXIDATION OF BENZYL ETHERS VIA PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS

Abstract A convenient procedure for the oxidation of benzyl ethers to benzoate esters is reported. Potassium permanganate in dichloromethane with phase transfer catalysis by triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC) affords products regiospecifically in fair to excellent yields.
Analytic Theory for High-Inclination Orbits in the Restricted Three-Body Problem

DOI: 10.2514/1.41628 This paper explores the analytical solution properties surrounding a hypothetical orbit in an invariant plane perpendicular to the line joining the two primaries in the circular restricted three-body problem. Assuming motion can be maintained in the plane, Jacobi’s integral equation can be analytically integrated, yielding a closed-form expression for the period and path of the third body expressed with elliptic integral and elliptic function theory. In this case, the third body traverses a circular path with nonuniform speed. In a strict sense, the in-plane assumption cannot be maintained naturally. However, the hypothetical orbit is shown to satisfy Jacobi’s integral equation and thetangentialmotionequation exactlyandtheothertwomotionequationsapproximatelyin bounded-averagedand banded sense. More important, the hypothetical solution can be used as the basis for an iterative analytical solution procedure for the three-dimensional trajectory where corrections are computable in closed form. In addition, the in-plane assumption can be strictly enforced with the application of a modulated thrust acceleration which is expressible in closed form. Presented methodology is primarily concentrated on halo-class orbits. Nomenclature a = radius of circular orbit C = Jacobi’s constant G = universal gravitational constant J = Jacobi’s function m1 = mass of first primary m2 = mass of second primary,m2 � m1 r = position vector of third mass relative to center of mass r1 = position vector of first primary relative to center of mass r2 = position vector of second primary relative to center of mass r12 = distance between two primaries � 1 = position vector of third mass relative to first primary � 2 = position vector of third mass relative to second primary ! = angular velocity vector of rotating fame
The System CaO-MgO-FeO-SiO2: I, Preliminary Data on the Join CaSiO3—MgO—FeO

The join CaSiO3—MgO—FeO is a plane through the regular tetrahedron representing the system CaO—MgO—FeO—SiO2. This join cuts the primary phase-volumes of three interesting series of solid solutions, namely, the magnesio-wustites (MgO—FeO solid solution), the olivines [monticellite (CaMgSiO4)—iron-monticellite (CaFeSiO4], and the meliiltes [akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7)— iron-akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7)]. This join also cuts the primary phase-volumes of pseudowollaztonite (α-CaSiO3) and merwinite [Ca3Mg(Si04)2].
Directional Control of an Advanced Airship

Directional control of a relaxed static stability airship is considered by means of an active control law. The yaw control moments from rudder deflection, differential thrust of two vectorable cruise/lift thrusters and a bow thruster device are integrated to synthesize an active control law that can be implemented in a digital fly-by-wire/light flight control system configuration. It is shown that significant improvement in airship directional control and maneuverability can be realized, especially at low airspeeds below 20 kn, by using the proposed active control law. Results are illustrated by considering an example 2.8-millionft3 vehicle.
Effect of chronic inflammation on ileal short-chain fatty acid/bicarbonate exchange

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been demonstrated to at least partially ameliorate chronic intestinal inflammation. However, whether and how intestinal SCFA absorption may be altered during chronic intestinal inflammation is unknown. A rabbit model of chronic ileitis produced by coccidia was used to determine the effect of chronic inflammation on ileal SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange. SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange was present in the brush-border membrane (BBM) of villus but not crypt cells from normal rabbit ileum. An anion-exchange inhibitor, DIDS, significantly inhibited SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange. Extravesicular Cl(-) did not alter the uptake of SCFA, suggesting that SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange is a transport process distinct from Cl(-)/HCO(-)(3) exchange. In chronically inflamed ileum, SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange was also present only in BBM of villus cells. The exchanger was sensitive to DIDS and was unaffected by extravesicular Cl(-). However, SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange was significantly reduced in villus cell BBM vesicles (BBMV) from chronically inflamed ileum. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the maximal rate of uptake of SCFA, but not the affinity for SCFA, was reduced in chronically inflamed rabbit ileum. These data demonstrate that a distinct SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange is present on BBMV of villus but not crypt cells in normal rabbit ileum. SCFA/HCO(-)(3) exchange is inhibited in chronically inflamed rabbit ileum. The mechanism of inhibition is most likely secondary to a reduction in transporter numbers rather than altered affinity for SCFA.
Advances in radical conjugate additions

The field of radical conjugate additions, including both intramolecular and intermolecular examples, is reviewed. Stereoselective reactions, tin-free processes, cascade reactions, and applications in total synthesis are highlighted.
Dynamic Mixed Duopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows

This paper analyzes a dynamic mixed duopoly in which a profit-maximizing competitor interacts with a competitor that prices at zero (or marginal cost), with the cumulation of output affecting their relative positions over time. The modeling effort is motivated by interactions between Linux, an open source operating system, and Microsoft's Windows and consequently emphasizes demand-side learning effects that generate dynamic scale economies (or network externalities). Analytical characterizations of the equilibrium under such conditions are offered, and some comparative static and welfare effects are examined.
Estimating a class of triangular simultaneous equations models without exclusion restrictions

This paper provides a control function estimator to adjust for endogeneity in the triangular simultaneous equations model where there are no available exclusion restrictions to generate suitable instruments. Our approach is to exploit the dependence of the errors on exogenous variables (e.g. heteroscedasticity) to adjust the conventional control function estimator. The form of the error dependence on the exogenous variables is subject to restrictions, but is not parametrically specified. In addition to providing the estimator and deriving its large-sample properties, we present simulation evidence which indicates the estimator works well.