cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elections, State Coercive Capacity, and Violence in Burma/ Myanmar and Colombia

Burma/Myanmar and Colombia have two of the longest standing armed conflicts in the world. While Myanmar has been under a military dictatorship throughout most of the conflict (1962-2010), in Colombia, regular elections have been held amidst armed conflict. This paper assesses the relationship between elections and violence by comparing these two countries. We argue that elections (or the lack of) can shape the lethality of conflict and the prevailing source of violence through their impact on a state’s coercive capacity and ability to contain territorial contestation. We argue that authoritarian rule in Myanmar has made the conflict less lethal and state violence more prevalent whereas violence generated by non-state armed actors and the overall lethality of conflict in Colombia are higher. We analyze data on violence including indicators on battle deaths, state violence, and overall homicide rates, and present a comparative historical analysis of the long-term evolution of conflict in each country.
Most common pediatric skin conditions managed in outpatient dermatology clinics in the United States stratified by race and ethnicity.

A better understanding of what skin conditions are most commonly diagnosed in different pediatric racial and ethnic groups in outpatient dermatology clinics could help guide the development of pediatric dermatology educational initiatives for primary care providers and general dermatologists who have limited access to pediatric dermatologists. Using a nationally representative dataset, we evaluated the most common diagnoses in patients younger than 15 years of age (children) and 15-24 years of age (youth) who present to outpatient dermatology clinics, stratified by race and ethnicity. While acne and dermatitis were among the top ten most common diagnoses in all racial and ethnic groups studied, Black children were also commonly diagnosed with dermatophytosis and impetigo, and Black and Hispanic children were often diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis; pigmentary disorders were among the top three most common diagnoses in Black, Asian, and Hispanic youth. Training more physicians how to evaluate and treat common skin conditions in children and youth of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds may improve access to care for skin disease in the United States.
Eigene vergleichende Untersuchungen

Wie im vorhergehenden Teil dieser Arbeit dargestellt worden ist, bestehen auch in der neueren Literatur betrachtliche Meinungsverschiedenheiten uber den ganzen Symptomenkomplex Enkopresis
Sliding Wear Testing and Data Analysis Strategies for Advanced Engineering Ceramics

Thousands of wear tests are conducted each year on advanced engineering ceramics, and the number will undoubtedly continue to grow. The motivation for conducting most of these tests is to screen or evaluate ceramic-based materials for specific applications, though a smaller number are ostensibly conducted for more basic research purposes. Significantly, even the more generic testing is often justified by identifying potential applications for the results of that work. Most of the wear test methodology in use today is derived from wear tests developed for metals and alloys. Use of such traditional methods is often adequate, especially if the method was based on a close simulation of the intended application. Differences in response to environment, fracture, and fatigue-related factors embodied in wear testing ceramics may, however, require modifications in testing strategy and in interpreting the significance of the results. Long-period incubation times for catastrophic wear transitions in ceramics may make accelerated or short-term testing a risky matter. This paper outlines a strategy for designing sliding wear tests for ceramic materials using several examples for polycrystalline ceramics and ceramic composites, and describes one procedure in which wear transition diagram methodology, developed for lubricated metals, can be adapted for use with ceramics.
Effect of deformed states in the Ca isotopes: (II). Odd parity states of 40Ca

Abstract An attempt is made to explain the odd parity states of 40 Ca in a manner similar to that used earlier for the even parity states. In this model low-lying deformed states are mixed with shell-model states using the Hamada-Johnston nucleon-nucleon interaction. Of primary importance in this description is the fact that the particle-hole energy differences which are found by requiring consistency with the previous even parity work are significantly smaller than those usually used in shell model calculations in which the ground states of 39 Ca, 40 Ca and 41 Ca are assumed to be good shell-model states. Wave functions for the lowest odd parity states and some predicted transition rates are given.
Designs, analyses, and optimizations for attribute-shuffling obfuscation to protect information from malicious cloud administrators

We developed an attribute-shuffling obfuscation for database applications in cloud environment and studied its potential in preventing information leaks to malicious administrators at cloud providers, who have unlimited and non-censored accesses to any local resources, possibly including the system security logs. The proposed obfuscation allows database management systems at cloud servers to perform fundamental query operations while cloud users' information is protected against leaks to malicious administrators. We studied the performance of the proposed obfuscation to find that the inflation of obfuscated tables at cloud servers and the increase in the network traffic load will be the major overhead. We developed algorithms that mitigate the inflation of obfuscated tables using 'α' parameter and the increase in the network traffic load using the query constructor. The former achieved a linear relation between the obfuscated table size and the degree of obfuscation how hard for malicious administrators to understand the meaning of users' information. The latter achieved that the network traffic load nearly converged to that of no obfuscation for busy systems. We conclude that the proposed attribute-shuffling obfuscation will be feasible and efficient for busy and large database systems, while it adapts to database systems with diverse configurations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Counter-revolutionary agitation” in the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War

“L’agitation contre-revolutionnaire” en Union sovietique pendant la Grande Guerre patriotiqueLa politique des poursuites judiciairesCet article examine la politique des poursuites judiciaires engagees en 1941-1942 dans le but de sanctionner les propos politiquement subversifs qualifies de « propagande et d’agitation contre-revolutionnaire » par l’article 58.10 du code penal sovietique. Ces annees ont vu une augmentation significative du nombre des proces relevant de cet article, ce qui temoigne d’une opinion populaire negative sur les premieres pertes de guerre sovietiques. La severite accrue des peines etait dictee par la peur d’un soulevement populaire. Parallelement, les organes judiciaires supremes etaient conscients que l’application excessive de peines a l’encontre des civils pouvait saper le moral des soldats de l’Armee rouge dont la plupart avaient leur famille a l’arriere. Des lors, les cours de justice sovietiques durent man œuvrer delicatement afin d’assurer la securite de l’Etat tout en conservant la loyaute de la population. Pour ce faire, la Cour supreme fournit des instructions detaillees aux cours basses, les exhortant a juger les crimes, moins en fonction de la nature de l’offense qu’en fonction de leur danger social, determine par la « personnalite » de l’accuse. Cependant, l’auteur precise que cet accent mis sur la personnalite ne saurait etre interprete comme une tentative de refonte radicale de la societe. De fait, l’objectif principal de la repression judiciaire de l’« agitation contre-revolutionnaire » etait de maintenir le statu quo dans les relations entre la population sovietique et le regime stalinien. Il fut recommande aux cours de prendre en consideration la personnalite de l’inculpe en termes d’âge, de genre et de classe pour assurer le maintien des hierarchies sociales traditionnelles. Le systeme judiciaire n’avait pas pour priorite de transformer la conscience du peuple, il n’y a contribue que de facon indirecte en impliquant davantage de monde dans les proces en qualite de temoins et de public.
Deep brain stimulation: anatomical, physiological, and computational mechanisms.

INTRODUCTION—THE ALBIN AND DELONG MODELModern understanding of the basal ganglia (BG) dates to the Albin and DeLongmodel, which proposed a functional relationship between the nuclei of the BG[striatum, pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN)] (1,2). Inthis model, the BG controls the initiation and execution of motor programsthrough the interplay of the direct and indirect projection pathways, both ofwhich originate in the striatum (Fig. 1A). According to the model, activation F1of the direct pathway results in inhibition of pallidal output and consequentdisinhibition of thalamocortical projection neurons. Activation of the indirectpathway results in excitation of the internal segment of the globus pallidus
Alternative forms of the BCR-ABL oncogene have quantitatively different potencies for stimulation of immature lymphoid cells.

Abstract The Philadelphia chromosome (t9:22;q34:q11) is found in more than 90% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia, in 10 to 20% of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and in 1 to 2% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Alternative chimeric oncogenes are formed by splicing different sets of BCR gene exons on chromosome 22 across the translocation breakpoint to a common set of ABL oncogene sequences on chromosome 9. This results in an 8.7-kilobase mRNA that encodes the P210 BCR-ABL gene product commonly found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia or a 7.0-kilobase mRNA that produces the P185 BCR-ABL gene product found in most Philadelphia chromosome-positive patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. To compare the efficiency of growth stimulation by these two proteins, we derived cDNA clones for each with identical 5' and 3' untranslated regions and expressed them from retrovirus vectors. Matched stocks were compared for potency to transform immature B-lymphoid lineage precursors. The growth-stimulating effects of P185 for this cell type were found to be significantly greater than those of P210. Structural changes in BCR may regulate the effectiveness of the ABL tyrosine kinase function, as monitored by lymphocyte growth response. Changes in mitogenic potency may help to explain the more acute leukemic presentation usually associated with expression of the P185 BCR-ABL oncogene.
Fine Structure of Sarcina maxima and Sarcina ventriculi

The fine structure of Sarcina maxima and S. ventriculi was studied by electron and phase-contrast microscopy. The two organisms differ mainly with respect to their cell surface. A thick cellulose layer present on the cell wall of S. ventriculi was not observed on the surface of S. maxima. Carbon replication indicated that the outer surface of S. ventriculi is rough in contour, probably as the result of the fibrillar nature of the accumulated cellulose. The cytoplasm of both sarcinae contains inclusions similar to polysaccharide and polymetaphosphate granules. Mesosomes were observed in cells of S. maxima. Packets of S. ventriculi generally comprise a larger number of cells and are more irregularly constructed than those of S. maxima. Cells in large packets of S. ventriculi assume flattened or otherwise irregular shapes, whereas cells of S. maxima maintain a more uniform appearance.
Follicles were reconstituted from dissociated mouse fetal ovarian cellsin vitro

Early folliculogenesis involved in the interaction of germ cells and somatic cells is a complicated physiological event. Female germ cells are committed to differentiate into oocytes and finish complete development in the functional units of follicles. Thus there will be great significance in basal research and practices to evaluate the possibility of ovarian cells to reconstitute into folliclesin vitro. In the present research, 12–16 dpc (days post coitum) mouse fetal ovarian cells were respectively isolated using collagenase digestion and cultured in dropletsin vitro. The results revealed that the fetal ovarian cells of 12–16 dpc appeared to form multiple cell aggregates and tissue-like piecesin vitro. However, 12–13 dpc ovarian cells failed to form the follicles. 14–15 dpc ovarian cells were competent to form a few follicle-like complexes. Furthermore many small typical follicles were reconstituted from 16 dpc ovarian cellsin vitro. The results showed for the first time that mouse embryonic ovarian cells were able to form the folliclesin vitro. It was a gradual progression for the female germ cells to achieve the ability to induce somatic cells differentiation and reconstitution into follicles, which may directly lead to the success in reorganization and transplantation of genetically modified ovaryin vitro.
Toward point-of-care microchip profiling of proteins

Profiling of protein biomarkers is powerful for the analysis of complex proteomes altered during the progression of diseases. Lab-on-a-chip technologies can potentially provide the throughput and efficiency required for point-of-care and clinical applications. While initial studies utilized 1D microchip separation techniques, researchers have recently developed novel 2D microchip separation platforms with the ability to profile thousands of proteins more effectively. Despite advancements in lab-on-a-chip technologies, very few reports have demonstrated a point-of-care microchip-based profiling of proteins. In this review, recent progress in 1D and 2D microchip profiling of protein mixtures of a biological sample with potential point-of-care applications are discussed. A selection of recent microchip immunoassay-based techniques is also highlighted.
Call admission control schemes and ATM network topological design

Abstract Call admission control criteria are not only important for call admission control itself, but also can be an important input to network topological design. In this paper, we show the difference in terms of network cost incurred by adopting different call admission control schemes in network topological design. We compare two call admission control schemes. Scheme 1 uses equivalent bandwidth as its call admission control criterion and Scheme 2 is based on modeling the volatility of call traffic using Reflected Brownian Motion. Though Scheme 2 increases the complexity of network topological design, it can give lower network costs. Our experimental results show that for the same traffic mix, the network cost can be as little as 10% and as much as 35% lower when Scheme 2 is used instead of Scheme 1. The differences between the pair of resulting networks suggests that network topological design can be used as one of the criteria for choosing the call admission control scheme.
Limitations of paired comparisons of topical drugs.

SUMMARY The spread of a drug from the site of application to other areas of skin may give rise to false interpretations in paired comparison tests of efficacy. In infected dermatoses treated with topical neomycin the placebo treated site improved clinically and there was almost as great a reduction in the Staphylococcus aureus population. Applied to one axilla, topical penicillin engendered resistance among cocci in both axillae. Similarly, washing one axilla with a bacteriostatic soap greatly reduced the microflora in the opposite axilla. When potent antibacterial agents such as chloramphenicol or sodium pyridinethione were applied to a small area of forearm skin, there was sufficient translocation to the opposite side to prevent the great increase in the resident organisms which normally follows wrapping with impermeable plastic film. For highly potent substances, spread to distant untreated areas has to be considered as a source of error in therapeutic trials.
Identification of Suicidal Episodes with the MMPI

-Previous research has not identified MMPI scales, patterns or item sets capable of separating eventual suicide committers from noncommitters. Looking for MMPI scales associated with a short-term suicide state, we compared the scores of people who had committed suicide soon after taking the inventory with those of people who killed themselves more than three months later. The Suicide Episode group showed a significantly higher mean score than the Remote Suicide sample on Paranoia, and nearsignificant differences appeared on six other scales. These results suggest that it may be possible to identify a suicide state with the MMPI, but further research should precede clinical application of these findings.
Solubility changes of proteins in sea urchin eggs upon fertilization.

The results presented in this paper give evidence of changes in solubility occurring in a protein fraction of the eggs of Arbacia lixula upon fertilization. The electrophoretic analysis indicates that it is only one part of one of the components of the KCl fraction that undergoes the change. However, under some experimental conditions (freezing and thawing of the KCl fraction or extraction of the whole eggs with water at room temperature) a larger portion of the KCl fraction, namely the whole group of components a and b, may be involved and undergoes coagulation. Therefore assuming that the results obtained on the extracts of frozen-dried fertilized eggs do reflect what actually occurs under natural conditions, we must also assume the existence of mechanisms controlling the extent of this change in the living eggs. The fact that in many cases one part or the whole of the sensitive fraction has been found to undergo an increase in solubility may suggest that the process of coagulation discovered by Mirsky is a two-step process. In the first step the sensitive fraction undergoes a change that makes it more soluble and then, when certain conditions are fulfilled, coagulation occurs. An alternative explanation could also be that the coagulated or coagulating fraction is attacked by the proteolytic enzyme that, as shown by Lundblad (1949, 1950), is activated on fertilization. This, however, seems to be less probable, as extraction was always carried out at 0° C. and in as short a time as possible. However, further experiments are needed to decide whether the coagulation of the sensitive fraction is an actual occurrence under natural conditions. The results obtained with the eggs of Arbacia punctulata may cast some doubt on this assumption.
Effectiveness of Same Day Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Followed by Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis and Moderate Coronary Disease ("Hybrid Approach")

In 2005, the investigators described a "hybrid" cardiovascular interventional strategy combining percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary artery disease (CAD) followed by valve surgery for patients with urgent complex CAD and valve disease to reduce morbidity and mortality. This hybrid approach has been extended prospectively in elderly, high-risk patients with aortic stenosis scheduled for elective minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (MI-AVR) who, on preoperative coronary angiography, were found to have moderate CAD amenable to PCI. In this prospective, observational series, 18 patients (mean age 76 years) underwent elective hybrid MI-AVR with PCI from May 2003 to February 2006. Five patients had undergone previous coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients underwent coronary angiography the day of (n = 12) or evening before (n = 6) MI-AVR, and after identifying moderately severe CAD, all 18 underwent the implantation of drug-eluting stents to the affected coronary arteries, followed by MI-AVR. Although all patients received standard doses of antiplatelet medications, including acetylsalicylic acid (325 mg before PCI and 325 mg/day thereafter) and clopidogrel (300 mg after PCI, 75 mg/day thereafter for 90 days for the Cypher stent), there were no reoperations for bleeding; only 8 of 18 patients required postoperative blood transfusions. One patient died postoperatively from a colonic perforation, and there were no late mortalities after a mean follow-up of 19 months. In conclusion, this hybrid strategy has low morbidity and mortality and may be a new therapeutic option for older, high-risk patients with combined CAD and aortic valve disease.
The hsp56 immunophilin component of steroid receptor heterocomplexes: Could this be the elusive nuclear localization signal-binding protein?

In many cells, the glucocorticoid receptor undergoes rapid steroid-mediated translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and this receptor is an excellent model for studying the mechanism of targeted protein movement through the cytoplasm. For such unidirectional movement to occur, the receptor must attach to a retrograde movement system in a manner that involves the nuclear localization signal. It is improbable that such attachment occurs via a direct protein-protein interaction between the receptor and the movement system; rather, one or more linker proteins are likely to be involved. As with other steroid receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor is associated with several other proteins in a heterocomplex. Two of these receptor-associated proteins are the heat shock proteins hsp90 and hsp56, and a third heat shock protein, hsp70, is required for assembly of the receptor heterocomplex. The hormone binding domain of the steroid receptors determines the interaction with both hsp90 and hsp70. Hsp56 is known to bind to hsp90, but its potential site, or sites, of interaction with the receptor are undefined. Hsp56 has recently been cloned and demonstrated to be an immunophilin of the FK506/rapamycin binding class. The immunophilins have peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity but their cellular functions are unknown. Herein, we review the literature on the hsp56 immunophilin component of the receptor heterocomplex and present a rationale for hsp56 being the protein that determines the direction of receptor movement via a direct protein-protein interaction with the nuclear localization signal.
The partial reinforcement effect after minimal acquisition: Single pellet reward, spaced trials

Achievement of a PREE following a small number of trials has posed a problem for several explanations of the PREE. The use of single or multiple pellets is also important to some of the explanations. In the present study the usual PREE was achieved using a single pellet and spaced trials.
The Relationship between Slow Photoresponse Recovery Rate and Temporal Resolution of Vision

The rate at which photoreceptors recover from excitation is thought to be critical for setting the temporal resolution of vision. Indeed, mutations in RGS9 (regulator of G-protein signaling 9) and R9AP (RGS9 anchor protein) proteins mediating rapid photoresponse recovery impair patients' ability to see moving objects. In this study, we analyzed temporal properties of retinal sensitivity and spatiotemporal aspects of visual behavior in R9AP knock-out mice. Surprisingly, we have found that this knock-out does not affect dim-light vision mediated by rods acting as single-photon counters. Under these conditions, vision was also unaffected in mice overexpressing R9AP in rods, which causes accelerated photoresponse recovery. However, in brighter light, slow photoresponse recovery in rods and cones impaired visual responses to high temporal frequency stimuli, as reported for the daylight vision of human patients. Therefore, the speed of photoresponse recovery can affect temporal resolution and motion detection when photoreceptors integrate signals from multiple photons but not when they act as single-photon counters.
INFRA-RED ABSORPTION OF WATER OF HYDRATION IN LANTHANIDE TRICHLORIDES

The absorption spectra of the hydrated lanthanide trichlorides were examined in the region between 4000--400 cm/sup -1/ by the KBr disk technique. The major bands are assigned to vibrations characteristic of the water molecules on the basis of the consistent pattern of the observed spectra, and isotopic frequency shifts upon deuteration. (auth)
The effect of temperature on the rigidity modulus of fibrin gels produced by Bothrops atrox venom.

Abstract The effect of crude Bothrops atrox venom in gelating a solution of bovine prothrombin-free fibrinogen was examined by measuring the changes in the mechanical properties of the B. atrox venom fibrinogen system, using the Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The rigidity modulus of this system showed a lag phase, the duration of which decreased with increasing temperature (10–25°). This was followed by a linear rise (the slope of which was not temperature dependent up to 30°) to a short-lived maximum, with a subsequent fall. The maximum rigidity of the gel was approximately constant up to 25° and lower above 37°. The results emphasize that changes in temperature affect the structure of fibrin gels. The rheogoniometric method for the measurement of the rigidity modulus provides a new tool for studying the structure of fibrin gels.
A robustness study of a multi-echelon inventory model via simulation

Abstract This paper examines the robustness of a standard model of multi-echelon inventory systems, specifically the models discussed in Axsater (Oper. Res. 48(5) (2000) 686). A simulation model was developed to explore the model's ability to predict system performance for a two-echelon one-warehouse, multiple retailer system using (R,Q) inventory policies under conditions that violate the model's fundamental modeling assumptions. In particular, the impact of non-stationary demand on this stationary demand inventory model was examined. The model performs well at the low demand and large retailer order batch size situations, but our testing of the model indicated that care must be taken when applying this model to situations that violate its fundamental assumption. These results should help practitioners to better understand the assumptions of these models and to determine when or when not to apply these models in practice.
Probing the softest region of the nuclear equation of state

An attractive, energy-dependent mean-field potential for baryons is introduced in order to generate a soft region in the nuclear equation of state, as suggested by recent lattice QCD calculations of baryon-free matter at finite temperature. Based on a hadronic transport model, we find that although this equation of state has negligible effects on the inclusive hadronic spectra, it leads to a minimum in the energy dependence of the transverse collective flow and a delayed expansion of the compressed matter. In particular, the transverse flow changes its direction as the colliding system passes through the softest region in the equation of state.
Surveillance study of resistance in Haemophilus species in Greece

The results are presented of the first surveillance study in Greece on resistance in strains ofHaemophilus influenzae (n=61) andHaemophilus parainfluenzae (n=96) to six antibiotics. Strains were isolated in a three-month period in 1987 in most cases from sputum specimens from adult patients with lung infections. The overall rate of resistance to ampicillin was 28.3 %, to chloramphenicol 2.7 %, to cefaclor 2.7 %, to tetracycline 10.6 %, to erythromycin 38.1 % and to cotrimoxazole 5.3 %. It is evident that the resistance rate ofHaemophilus spp. is steadily increasing in Greece as in other European countries. Regular surveys of resistance patterns for both older and newer antimicrobial agents are therefore necessary.
INDUCTION OF REPLICATION BY THYMINE STARVATION AT THE CHROMOSOME ORIGIN IN ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The sequential replication of the DNA of Escherichia coli 15T− (557) observed during exponential growth was compared with that observed after thymine starvation. Thymine starvation was shown to alter the sequence, initiating replication prematurely at the chromosome origin, i.e. that point on the chromosome at which replication commences after a period of amino acid starvation. After thymine starvation most cells will replicate the chromosome simultaneously from two points—the origin and the growth point present prior to starvation. This abnormal situation per se is not lethal and the replication sequence returns to normal after about one generation. The mechanism of recovery has not been determined. The results show that amino acid starvation prevents premature initiation of DNA synthesis at the origin rather than a terminal step necessary to complete the chromosome.
Epithelial Carcinoma of the Ovary: Current Strategies

Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed late in its biologic course (70% of cases are diagnosed as stage III or IV). Recent advances in chemotherapy and radiation therapy offer the ...
Embedding of a pseudo-residual design into a Möbius plane☆

Abstract Let U be a class of subsets of a finite set X. Elements of U are called blocks. Let v, t and λ1, 0 ⩽ i ⩽ t, be nonnegative integers, and K be a subset of nonnegative integers such that every member of K is at most v. A pair (X, U) is called a (λ0, λ1,…, λt; K, υ)t-design if (1) |X| = υ, (2) every i-subset of X is contained in exactly λt blocks, 0 ⩽ i ⩽ t, and (3) for every block A in U , |A| ϵ K. It is well-known that if K consists of a singleton k, then λ0,…, λt − 1 can be determined from υ, t, k and λt. Hence, we shall denote a (λ0,…, λt; {k}, υ)t-design by Sλ(t, k, υ), where λ = λt. A Mobius plane M is an S1(3, q + 1, q2 + 1), where q is a positive integer. Let A be a fixed block in M. If A is deleted from M together with the points contained in A, then we obtain a residual design M′ with parameters λ0 = q3 + q − 1, λ1 = q2 + q, λ2 = q + 1, λ3 = 1, K = {q + 1, q, q − 1}, and υ = q2 − 1. We define a design to be a pseudo-block-residual design of order q (abbreviated by PBRD(q)) if it has these parameters. We consider the reconstruction problem of a Mobius plane from a given PBRD(q). Let B and B′ be two blocks in a residual design M′. If B and B′ are tangent to each other at a point x, and there exists a block C of size q + 1 such that C is tangent to B at x and is secant to B′, then we say B is r-tangent to B′ at x. A PBRD(q) is said to satisfy the r-tangency condition if for every block B of size q, and any two points x and y not in B, there exists at most one block which is r-tangent to B and contains x and y. We show that any PBRD(q)D can be uniquely embedded into a Mobius plane if and only if D satisfies the r-tangency condition.
On Measure Transformed Canonical Correlation Analysis

In this paper, linear canonical correlation analysis (LCCA) is generalized by applying a structured transform to the joint probability distribution of the considered pair of random vectors, i.e., a transformation of the joint probability measure defined on their joint observation space. This framework, called measure transformed canonical correlation analysis (MTCCA), applies LCCA to the data after transformation of the joint probability measure. We show that judicious choice of the transform leads to a modified canonical correlation analysis, which, in contrast to LCCA, is capable of detecting non-linear relationships between the considered pair of random vectors. Unlike kernel canonical correlation analysis, where the transformation is applied to the random vectors, in MTCCA the transformation is applied to their joint probability distribution. This results in performance advantages and reduced implementation complexity. The proposed approach is illustrated for graphical model selection in simulated data having non-linear dependencies, and for measuring long-term associations between companies traded in the NASDAQ and NYSE stock markets.
Effects of ergot alkaloids (hydergine) on cerebral hemodynamics and oxygen consumption in monkeys.

Abstract The cerebral venous outflow of monkeys (baboons) was monitored by means of electromagnetic flow probes before, during, and after the intravenous injection of Hydergine. Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral vascular resistance (CVR), arteriovenous oxygen differences, cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO 2 ), arterial blood pressure (MABP), end-tidal CO 2 , and the EEG were also monitored. Hydergine in doses of 0.06 mg/kg body weight produced statistically-significant but short-lasting increases in CBF and CMRO 2 accompanied by decreases in CVR and MABP. There were no changes in the EEG.
ONTOGENY OF THE PHYLLOXERA GALL OF GRAPE LEAF

TO THE INTRINSIC biological interest which attaches to the study of gall development, there is added, in the case of the grape phylloxera, an important economic consideration. Brief mention may be made of the extensive ravages of European vineyards in the latter part of the nineteenth century. The early identification of the agent as a root-infesting homopteran was attended by intensive research on its life history. Regarding this life history, one proposal of interest for the present work is that the "radicole" (root-infesting) and "gallicole" (leaf-galling) parasites are different forms of the same insect (Riley, 1874; Cornu, 1879) . In 1916, Dr. Harry Rosen described, in its broad essentials, the development of the gall of the grape leaf (Vitis vulpina L.) caused by Phylloxera vastatrix Planch. in the vicinity of Madison, Wisconsin. Using the same materials, a group of investigators currently is engaged in a more detailed study of the relationships surrounding gall formation. These materials are particularly suitable for gall study: throughout the normal growing season, new leaf primordia are produced continually; grape shoots may be kept growing the year round in a greenhouse; Phylloxera reproduction occurs through several generations during spring and summer and can go on indefinitely in a warm greenhouse; reproduction of the gall-former does not involve sexuality (some investigators have questioned the existence of a male gallicole) ; and the gall structure is relatively simple (i.e., it is a kataplasmatic gall in Kiister's [1911] sense of the term) . One investigation (Newcomb, 1951a) has dealt with respiratory relationships and terminal oxidase systems in the gall tissues as compared with normal leaf tissues. The present paper gives a detailed account of anatomical development of the phylloxera gall. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-Galled plants growing on the University of Wisconsin campus and in the entomological greenhouses were used for this study. Dr. N. C. Fassett identified the grape species as Vitis vulpina L. During 1949 and 1950, leaves of various ages were removed from near the growing ends of the shoots. Whole tips of shoots also were used for a determination of the relationship between leaf size and galling. The materials were killed in Navaschin's solution, dehydrated, and embedded following a modification of the technique of Rawlins and Takahashi (1947). Staining was accomplished with safranin and fast green. GROWTH OF THE NORMAL LEAF.-The early de-
Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system

The thermodynamic stability of clathrate hydrate is calculated under a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions applicable to solar system problems, using a statistical mechanical theory developed by van der Waals and Platteeuw (1959) and existing experimental data on properties of clathrate hydrates and their components. At low pressure, dissociation pressures and partition functions (Langmuir constants) for CO clathrate (hydrate) have been predicted, using the properties of clathrate containing, as guests, molecules similar to CO. The comparable or higher propensity of CO to incorporate in clathrate relative to N_2 is used to argue for high CO-to-N_2 ratios in primordial Titan if N_2 was accreted as clathrate. The relative incorporation of noble gases in clathrate from a solar composition gas at low temperatures is calculated and applied to the case of giant-planet atmospheres and icy satellites. It is argued that nonsolar but well-constrained noble gas abundances will be measured by Galileo in the Jovian atmosphere if the observed carbon enhancement is due to bombardment of the atmosphere by clathrate-bearing planetesimals sometime after planetary formation. The noble gas abundances in Titan's atmosphere are also predicted under the hypothesis that much of the satellite's methane accreted as clathrate. Double occupancy of clathrate cages by H_2 and CH_4 in contact with a solar composition gas is examined, and it is concluded that potentially important amounts of H_2 may have incorporated in satellites as clathrate. The kinetics of clathrate formation is also examined, and it is suggested that, under thermodynamically appropriate conditions, essentially complete clathration of water ice could have occurred in high-pressure nebulae around giant planets but probably not in the outer solar nebula; comets probably did not aggregate as clathrate. At moderate pressures, the phase diagram for methane clathrate hydrate in the presence of 15% ammonia (relative to water) is constructed, and application to the early Titan atmospheric composition is described. The high-pressure stability of CH_4, N_2, and mixed CH_4-N_2 clathrate hydrate is calculated; conversion back to water and CH_4 and/ or N_2 fluids or solids is predicted for pressures ≳ 12 kilobars (independent of temperature) and temperatures ≳ 320 K (independent of pressure). The effect of ammonia is to shrink the T-P stability field of clathrate with increasing ammonia concentration. These results imply that (1) clathrate is stable throughout the interior of Oberon- and Rhea-sized icy satellites, and (2) clathrate incorporated in the innermost icy regions of Titan would have decomposed, perhaps allowing buoyant methane to rise. Brief speculation on the implications of this conclusion for the origin of surficial methane on Titan is given. A list of suggested experiments and observations to test the theory and its predictions is presented.
Polyion-sensitive membrane-based electrodes for heparin-binding foldamer analysis

Abstract Polymer membrane-based electrodes sensitive to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) have been used to examine the binding between several preparations of LMWH and heparin-binding foldamers, which have recently been developed as potential inhibitors of the anticoagulant activity of LMWHs. It was found that the structure of the heparin-binding foldamer affects the equilibrium binding constant, K eq , determined by analysis of the titration curves of the foldamers with LMWHs monitored with these electrodes, and further, the strength of binding depends on the specific LMWH preparation. Additionally, polymer membrane-based electrodes utilizing dinonylnaphthalene sulfonate as the ion-exchanger were developed to measure the heparin-binding foldamers directly in whole blood, and the response was found to depend on the lipophilicity and charge density of the foldamer.
Stochastic simulation of power systems with integrated intermittent renewable resources

Abstract We report on the development of a comprehensive, stochastic simulation methodology that provides the capability to quantify the impacts of integrated renewable resources on the power system economics, emissions and reliability variable effects over longer periods with the various sources of uncertainty explicitly represented. We model the uncertainty in the demands, the available capacity of conventional generation resources and the time-varying, intermittent renewable resources, with their temporal and spatial correlations, as discrete-time random processes. We deploy Monte Carlo simulation techniques to systematically sample these random processes and emulate the side-by-side power system and transmission-constrained day-ahead market operations. We construct the market outcome sample paths for use in the approximation of the expected values of the various metrics of interest. Our efforts to address the implementational aspects of the methodology so as to ensure computational tractability for large-scale systems over longer periods include the use of representative simulation periods, parallelization and variance reduction techniques. Applications of the approach include planning and investment studies and the formulation and analysis of policy. We illustrate the capabilities and effectiveness of the simulation approach on representative study cases on a modified WECC 240-bus system. The results provide valuable insights into the impacts of deepening penetration of wind resources.
Re-contextualizing British Witchcraft

Since the seminal study of English witchcraft c. 1970, such developments as England's entry into the European Community and the revival of witchhunting episodes in postcolonial Africa have blurred parts of the picture. Recent publications present an opportunity to make revisions to the classic view of British witchcraft, setting the subject within its proper European context while pointing out some of its distinctive features.
The role of protein flexibility in molecular motor function: coupled diffusion in a tilted periodic potential

Biomolecular motors are tiny engines that transport material at the microscopic level within biological cells. It has been proposed that many such motors operate, at least in part, by a Brownian ratchet mechanism. Since biomolecular motors typically transport cargo that are much larger than themselves, one would expect the speed of such a motor to be severely limited by the small diffusion coefficient of its enormous cargo. It has been suggested by Berg and Kahn [Mobility and Recognition in Cell Biology, H. Suns and C. Veeger, eds., de Gruyter, Berlin, 1983, pp. 485--497] and Meister, Caplan, and Berg [ Biophys. J. 55 (1989), pp. 905--914] that this limitation can be overcome if the tether that connects the motor to its cargo is sufficiently elastic. This paper evaluates the influence of the elasticity of the tether on the speed of an imperfect Brownian ratchet. This is done in two limiting cases: (1) large diffusion coefficient of the motor and (2) large potential barrier against reverse motion at each r...
Continuous-time model identification for closed loop control performance assessment

Abstract The paper describes a system identification procedure for continuous-time transfer function models and demonstrates how it can be used for control performance assessment. Two normalized indices are derived for detecting oscillations and sluggish performance. The methods are designed for single-input single-output (SISO) control loops that experience periodic setpoint changes. An advantage of the system identification procedure is that it can operate on irregularly sampled data. The paper presents results from simulation tests and from tests on an heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system serving a large commercial office building.
Jewish-Christian relations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: The conception of the Messiah

At the end of the seventeenth century there was concern amongst some Christian theologians to refute the views that there were to be two messiahs or that the Messiah could be a non-Jew, l The need to refute such views, and to refute them at length, of course, suggests that somebody actually held them. And in the refutations mention is made of people advancing these views. When one traces back the consideration of these messianic possibilities, one finds an interesting picture of how such theories came to the fore in the circumstances of the time.
THE EFFECTS OF PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES ON THE ELECTORATE'S PREFERENCES FOR CANDIDATES:

Previous research on presidential debates indicates that these events often reinforce citizens' preferences for candidates, but only occasionally lead people to change their choice for president. Using three panel studies for the CBS/New York Times Poll, this article questions this view. While the results show that many individuals' preferences were reinforced, there also appeared to be sizable potential for debates to change citizens' preferences—especially among those respondents who were undecided or were weakly committed to one of the candidates. An implication of these findings is that debates may have a greater effect on the outcome of elections than previously thought.
List of Reviewers for Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 2010

W. Andrew Achenbaum Vincanne Adams Barbara Ainsworth Kristine Ajrouch Steven Albert Toni Antonucci Karen Aroian Judith Barker William Bauer Abir Bekhet Thomas Boggatz Doris Bohman Sherylyn Briller Cynthia Buckley Laura Camfield Lionel Caplan Maria Cattell Michael Cheang David Chiriboga Lyren Chiu Tassana Choowattanapakorn Sienna Craig Douglas Crews Kate de Medeiros Denise Dillard Rocio FernandezBallesteros F. Richard Ferraro Rachel Filinson Katherine Fiori Heather Fuller-Iglesias Judith Gibbons Man Guo Rachel Hall-Clifford Randah Hamadeh J. Neil Henderson Catherine Hennessy James Hinterlong Ladson Hinton Gillian Ice Charlotte Ikels Stanley Ingman Sunyoung Kim Wooksoo Kim Josea Kramer Hong-Kin Kwok Annette Leibing Hong Li Christine Loignon Susan Long Kyriakos Markides Shadi Sahami Martin Iveris Martinez Anil Mathur Athena McLean Carolyn Mendez-Luck Briana Mezuk Eric Miller Katrina Moore Scott North Jude Ohaeri Concepcio Patxot Miranda Lucia Ritterman Ann Roy Janet Salaff Sonia Salari Robert Schrauf Marjorie Schweitzer Jeanne Shea Sudha Shreeniwas Joanie Sims-Gould Paul Spicer LengLeng Thang Thanh Tran Sjaak Van der Geest Nancy van Winkle Sylvia Vatuk Jeni Warburton Dennis Wiedman Minna Zechner Heying Zhan Hong Zhang Zachary Zimmer
Computers and Clinical Judgment: The Role of Physician Networks

In order to study the relationship between physician networks and utilization of a computer-based hospital information system (HIS), blockmodel analysis and multidimensional scaling were used to analyze and spatially represent the network of professional relations among 24 physicians in a private group practice. A blockmodel analysis of patient referrals, consultations, discussions, and on-call coverage identified four groups of physicians who share common locations and perform similar roles within the network. Investigation of the shared attributes of these groups supports this relational structure. The results suggest that the center-periphery model of diffusion of new ideas among professionals may be too simplistic. Instead, the communication network may involve multiple central cohesive subgroups of physicians who differentially initiate patient referrals and consultations with physicians in other subgroups. Network location was found to have a significant effect on the adoption and utilization of the HIS independently of background and practice characteristics of physicians. The results also suggest that adoption of an innovation and its implementation or utilization may involve separate processes that need to be differentiated in future research.
Managing Dentin Hypersensitivity: What Treatment to Recommend to Patients

Dentin hypersensitivity affects nearly 40 million Americans at one time or another. The authors outline its causes and describe treatment agents and procedures.
Carbon‐Centered Radicals in Isolated Soy Proteins

ABSTRACT: Solid-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of commercial samples of isolated soy proteins (ISP) revealed a symmetrical free-radical signal typical of carbon-centered radicals (g= 2.005) ranging from 2.96 × 1014 to 6.42 × 1014 spins/g. The level of free radicals in ISP was 14 times greater than similar radicals in sodium caseinate, 29 times greater than egg albumin, and about 100 times greater levels than casein. Nine soy protein powdered drink mixes contained similar types of free radicals up to 4.10 × 1015 spins/g of drink mix, or up to 6.4 times greater than the highest free-radical content found in commercial ISP. ISP samples prepared in the laboratory contained trapped radicals similar to the levels in commercial ISP samples. When ISP was hydrated in 2.3 mM sodium erythorbate or 8.3 mM L-cysteine, frozen and dried, the level of trapped free radicals increased by about 17- and 19-fold, respectively. The ESR spectrum of defatted soybean flakes contained overlapping signals from the primary free-radical peak (g= 2.005) and a sextet pattern typical of manganese-II. The manganese signal was reduced in the laboratory ISP and very weak in the commercial ISP.