cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of diegetic and nondiegetic music on viewers’ interpretations of a film scene.

Previous studies have shown that pairing a film excerpt with different musical soundtracks can change the audience’s interpretation of the scene. This study examined the effects of mixing the same piece of music at different levels of loudness in a film soundtrack to suggest diegetic music (“source music,” presented as if arising from within the fictional world of the film characters) or to suggest nondiegetic music (a “dramatic score” accompanying the scene but not originating from within the fictional world). Adjusting the level of loudness significantly altered viewers’ perceptions of many elements that are fundamental to the storyline, including inferences about the relationship, intentions, and emotions of the film characters, their romantic interest toward each other, and the overall perceived tension of the scene. Surprisingly, varying the loudness (and resulting timbre) of the same piece of music produced greater differences in viewers’ interpretations of the film scene and characters than switching to a different music track. This finding is of theoretical and practical interest as changes in loudness and timbre are among the primary post-production modifications sound editors make to differentiate “source music” from “dramatic score” in motion pictures, and the effects on viewers have rarely been empirically investigated.
Immersive Virtual Reality and the Developing Child

Immersive virtual reality (IVR) pushes the limit of mediated experiences and digital representation by blocking out the physical world, and placing users directly into vivid and personal scenarios. This chapter provides an overview of IVR technology, and the way it relates to cognitive development, particularly during early childhood. We provide technological (i.e., tracking, rendering, embodiment of senses) and psychological (i.e., immersion vs. presence) definitions of IVR, and describe its unique attributes (i.e., the type of environments and the digital representation users can experience). We discuss how these unique attributes of IVR relate to topics of cognitive development such as executive functioning. Finally, we present trends in empirical research on children and IVR (i.e., areas of research, ages studied, sample sizes) and provide future research directions.
Transfer Functions and Frequency-Domain Analysis

This chapter describes frequency-domain representations of circuits, focusing on circuits having one input port and one output port, where the input port is driven by a source and the output port drives a load. The essential feature of any such circuit is the relation the circuit establishes between the available current or voltage from the source and the corresponding current or voltage impressed on the load. In the frequency domain, such relations are expressed using transfer functions, which are generalizations of the transfer ratios described in Chapter 6. The definitions and uses of transfer functions are among the most important things electronic circuit and system designers must know.
In-Situ Proton Irradiation-Corrosion Study of ATF Candidate Alloys in Simulated PWR Primary Water

Irradiation enhanced corrosion behavior of Accident Tolerant Fuel candidate alloys T91 and Fe15Cr4Al were evaluated using in-situ proton irradiation-corrosion experiments in hydrogenated pure water (at 320 °C, 3 wppm H2) with a 5.4 MeV proton beam. The thin sample acted as a “window” to allow protons to fully penetrate the sample while maintaining system pressure. The area of the samples exposed to the proton beam experienced effects from displacement damage and radiolysis products. The aim of the study was to characterize the effect of radiation on the kinetics and character of oxidation caused by accelerated waterside corrosion under irradiation. Samples irradiated with protons for total displacement damage of ~0.1 dpa (dose rate in water, 400 kGy/s) at an exposure time of 24 h were compared. Oxide morphology, phase structure, and composition of the oxide, metal and the metal/oxide interface were investigated using TEM and EDS and are related to the test conditions. The oxidation rate or resulting oxide thickness is dependent on the alloy Cr content; the oxidation rate increased as the Cr content decreased. The resulting oxide consists of an inner layer of Cr-rich spinel oxide and outer magnetite crystals in the unirradiated region; while the irradiated region consists of Cr-rich inner oxide spinel that was partially dissolved and coverage of outer non-faceted hematite precipitates.
Quantitative and synthetic biology approaches to combat bacterial pathogens.

Abstract Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to public health. The rapid emergence of resistant bacterial pathogens endangers the efficacy of current antibiotics and has led to increasing mortality and economic burden. This crisis calls for more rapid and accurate diagnosis to detect and identify pathogens, as well as to characterize their response to antibiotics. Building on this foundation, treatment options also need to be improved to use current antibiotics more effectively and develop alternative strategies that complement the use of antibiotics. We here review recent developments in diagnosis and treatment of bacterial pathogens with a focus on quantitative biology and synthetic biology approaches.
Linking emotion and place on Twitter at Disneyland

This study suggests a research framework for social network analytics and demonstrates the process of integrating data and applying methodologies to understand visitor experiences at a destination....
Event Detection and Summarization Using Phrase Network

Identifying events in real-time data streams such as Twitter is crucial for many occupations to make timely, actionable decisions. It is however extremely challenging because of the subtle difference between “events” and trending topics, the definitive rarity of these events, and the complexity of modern Internet’s text data. Existing approaches often utilize topic modeling technique and keywords frequency to detect events on Twitter, which have three main limitations: (1) supervised and semi-supervised methods run the risk of missing important, breaking news events; (2) existing topic/event detection models are base on words, while the correlations among phrases are ignored; (3) many previous methods identify trending topics as events. To address these limitations, we propose the model, PhraseNet, an algorithm to detect and summarize events from tweets. To begin, all topics are defined as a clustering of high-frequency phrases extracted from text. All trending topics are then identified based on temporal spikes of the phrase cluster frequencies. PhraseNet thus filters out high-confidence events from other trending topics using number of peaks and variance of peak intensity. We evaluate PhraseNet on a three month duration of Twitter data and show the both the efficiency and the effectiveness of our approach.
Controlled potential electro-oxidation of genomic DNA.

Exposure of mammalian cells to oxidative stress can result in DNA damage that adversely affects many cell processes. Lack of dependable DNA damage reference materials and standardized measurement methods, despite many case-control studies hampers the wider recognition of the link between oxidatively degraded DNA and disease risk. We used bulk electrolysis in an electrochemical system and gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis (GC/MS/MS) to control and measure, respectively, the effect of electrochemically produced reactive oxygen species on calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). DNA was electro-oxidized for 1 h at four fixed oxidizing potentials (E = 0.5 V, 1.0 V, 1.5 V and 2 V (vs Ag/AgCl)) using a high surface area boron-doped diamond (BDD) working electrode (WE) and the resulting DNA damage in the form of oxidatively-modified DNA lesions was measured using GC/MS/MS. We have shown that there are two distinct base lesion formation modes in the explored electrode potential range, corresponding to 0.5 V 1.5 V. Amounts of all four purine lesions were close to a negative control levels up to E = 1.5 V with evidence suggesting higher levels at the lowest potential of this range (E = 0.5 V). A rapid increase in all base lesion yields was measured when ct-DNA was exposed at E = 2 V, the potential at which hydroxyl radicals were efficiently produced by the BDD electrode. The present results demonstrate that controlled potential preparative electrooxidation of double-stranded DNA can be used to purposely increase the levels of oxidatively modified DNA lesions in discrete samples. It is envisioned that these DNA samples may potentially serve as analytical control or quality assurance reference materials for the determination of oxidatively induced DNA damage.
Sliding mode control of the modular multilevel converter

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become the most promising converter topology for medium-and high-power applications. In this paper, a sliding mode control (SMC)-based method is proposed for the MMC. Based on analysis of the system dynamics under the proposed control method, control parameter relations and their validity conditions are obtained, which provide guidance for systematic controller design. Compared to the conventional control methods, the proposed SMC-based method provides a faster dynamic response. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed control method are demonstrated based on simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment as well as experiments conducted on a laboratory prototype.
Using Floer’s exact triangle to compute Donaldson invariants

In Floer’s 1990 ICM talk ([F3]), he stated that «with luck, one may be able to analyse the change of the Donaldson polynomial under handle addition. The exact triangle for surgery on M may be considered as one step in this direction.» It is the purpose of this note to elaborate on this comment and to illustrate this circle of ideas by computing the 0-degree Donaldson invariant for the K3 surface. This invariant was first calculated by Donaldson [D3] using stable bundles. It was recently calculated by Kronheimer [K] who reduced the calculation to a count of representations of a related orbifold fundamental group. Our purpose here is to illustrate how Floer’s exact triangle can be implemented to compute Donaldson invariants without resorting to any underlying complex structure. Such cut and paste techniques were also utilized in [FS4] where we constructed irreducible 4-manifolds not homotopy equivalent to any complex surface. The methods in this note complement those of [FS3] where it is shown that, for any 4-manifold X homotopy equivalent to the K3 surface and containing the Brieskorn homology 3-sphere Σ(2,3,7), certain values of the degree 10 Donaldson polynomial invariant are odd.
Synovial Fluid Evaluation

Of the various fluids of the body, those found in the joints and articular surfaces of the bones, synovial fluid has the greatest impact in nourishing and in maintaining movement of the joints. A significant number of medical conditions involve the synovial fluids, where pain during movement, whether caused by infection or cartilage destruction, relates to involvement of this vital fluid. A small number of test procedures are available for determining any pathological conditions that may occur relative to the joints and the presence of synovial fluid.
The Decline of Judicial Decision Making: School Desegregation and District Court Judges

This article examines all published or electronically available federal district court opinions concerning school desegregation from June 1, 1992, to June 1, 2002, and their disposition on appeal. Based on the resulting analysis, the article argues that the commonly held perception of the all-powerful district court judge is outdated. Instead of controlling the process and outcome of the school desegregation cases, district court judges have ceded to the parties, particularly the defendants, a great deal of control over both the process and outcome of the litigation. In doing so, the judges have allayed, to no small degree, many of the criticisms of their role in school desegregation. Yet the price of the deference to defendants has been denial to school desegregation plaintiffs the fulfillment of their rights, even under the admittedly pro-defendant standards of the Supreme Court. This Article identifies two Alabama district court judges who are exceptions to the pattern of deference to defendants. Unlike their colleagues, these judges have taken an active role in overseeing their school desegregation cases. Through their efforts, school desegregation suits are being dismissed, but only after thorough and relatively successful desegregation efforts.
Fire in the páramo ecosystems of Central and South America

Fires periodically burn the grass and shrub-dominated pararno ecosystems found a bove the treeline in the Andean highlands of northern South America and in the Cordillera de Talamanca of southern Central America. Most modern fires are human-set, the result of purposeful or accidental ignition. Lightning and volcanism are also ignition sources. Paramo fires typically consume all aboveground biomass, leaving charred ground that is recolonized by sprouts from surviving root systems and by seeds that survive the fire or enter afterwards. Plant species in modern pararno communities include many that resprout vigorously following fires, though post-fire growth rates are relati vely slow at these high elevations.
The Binding of Acetylcholine to its Nicotinic Receptor

We would like to review two quite different aspects of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo species. The first is that of the various studies of affinities and cooperativities for ACh binding to this receptor which have been reported and their relation to physiological events; the second is information about the configuration of the receptor which has been obtained by the studies of ACh binding to it.
Scalable Energy Disaggregation Via Successive Submodular Approximation

Energy disaggregation is the task of decomposing the aggregated power consumption readings of a household into its constituent parts. In this paper, we propose a supervised, non-parametric framework for energy disaggregation. We demonstrate that the problem is equivalent to maximizing a set-function subject to combinatorial constraints, which is NP-hard in its general form. A simple polynomial-time successive approximation algorithm which exploits submodularity per set-block to iteratively maximize a sequence of global lower bounds of the objective function is proposed for obtaining approximate solutions. Experiments on real data indicate the superior disaggregation performance and scalability of our approach over a state-of-the-art parametric Factorial Hidden Markov Model based framework employing convex relaxation.
Site Application: The Archaeological Site of Pompeii (Italy)

The research carried out in the area of the Necropolis of Porta Nocera at Pompeii has led to the creation of an innovative system for the documentation, representation, and preservation of archaeological contexts. The scientific rigor and precision of traditional instrumental mapping, together with the use of NDT geophysical methods, have produced high-definition 3D models of the funerary monuments and necropolis as tools to store and manage scientific information. Conserve and preserve, also through the study and application of avant-garde technologies and methods in the field of restoration, means working not only for present generations, but also, and primarily, for future generations. New technologies and a multidisciplinary approach constitute a capital in which to invest in order to create a more responsible and aware society, capable of understanding how much of its future comes from growing up with respect for one’s historical roots and own distinctive past.
Resonant Cross-Commutated Point-of-Load Converter

Resonant current generated in one phase of two interleaved buck converters is injected into the switched node of the other phase to turn on the active switch at zero voltage within a wide load range, and to turn off the synchronous switch at near-zero current at rated load. This idea is applied in a point-of-load converter with 12 V input and 1.2 V at 20 A output, and compared to a two-phase synchronous buck converter with the same specifications. They employ same GaN switches and filter capacitors, and are designed to have same magnetic volume, so that the overall volumes are comparable. The resonant cross-commutated buck (rccBuck) converter achieved 1.1% higher efficiency at rated load by switching at 2 MHz, and 0.8% higher efficiency at medium load by switching at 2.5 MHz. All switches have low noise and clean waveforms even with zero gate resistances.
Moving the classroom to the computer lab: Can online learning with in-person support improve outcomes in community colleges?

Abstract Colleges are experimenting with integrating technology into the classroom to improve student learning and reduce costs. While fully online models appear to have negative effects on student learning compared to in-person instruction, there is less evidence about models that blend elements of online and in-person instruction. In this study, I estimate the effect of adopting a blended approach to teaching called the emporium model in which students complete online work in an on-campus lab with instructors onsite to assist. Using a triple difference identification strategy, I find that using the emporium model compared to traditional instruction in remedial math courses in a state community college system reduces course pass rates, retention, and degree attainment. Effects were generally consistent across all three levels of remediation, suggesting there was little variation by students’ incoming placement test score.
Ethnographic Findings Justifying the Relevance of Hospitality and Friendship as Tools for Interfaith Dialogue

In this chapter, I analyze the surveys and interviews conducted among Roman Catholics, Muslims, and Traditionalists in Ihievbe town. I shed light on the viability of hospitality and friendship as dialogical tools among religions. I critique the paradoxical elements in the Roman Catholic magisterial teachings on other religions and present the obstacles that such elements create with the intent to foster authentic interreligious encounters among religions. I delve into the history of dialogue with other religions and show how progress continues to be made, in order for all who read this work to appreciate the relevance of interreligious dialogue for our time.
Effect of Tree Shelters on Growth and Gas Exchange of Four Tree Species Under Field and Nursery Conditions

Abstract One-year-old seedlings of sawtooth oak, white oak, green ash and flowering dogwood were evaluated to determine the effect of tree shelters on survival, growth and gas exchange. Trees were grown under both field and container nursery conditions. Shelters had a significant impact on survival of field-grown trees, but not on containerized, nursery-grown seedlings. Overall survival was approximately 75 and 40% for sheltered and non-sheltered, field-grown trees, respectively. Sheltered plants had approximately a 90% survival rate and non-sheltered trees exhibited approximately 80% survival in a nursery situation. In the field, sheltered trees had greater height growth and biomass production than non-sheltered trees. However, sheltered plants exhibited a decrease in total biomass in the nursery study, the majority of which was reflected in an overall 62% reduction in root production in the sheltered trees. Photosynthesis of sheltered trees averaged 65% of non-sheltered trees and internal leaf CO2 was a...
The Measurement of Compressive Creep Deformation and Damage Mechanisms in a Single-Phase Alumina Part II Correlation of creep cavitation and grain boundary sliding

It has been theorized that stochastic grain boundary sliding (GBS) is the primary driving force for the nucleation, growth, and coalescence of cavities located on the grain boundaries of polycrystalline ceramics undergoing creep. This paper reports on the results of co-ordinated measurements of both GBS and creep cavitation during the creep of a single-phase alumina. Constant compressive stress creep experiments were performed at a temperature of 1600 °C, and stress levels of 70, 100, and 140 MPa. Small angle neutron scattering measurements (SANS) show that cavities nucleate continuously due to creep at all three stress levels, and that since negligible cavity growth was measured, creep cavitation appears to be ruled by a nucleation rather than a growth process. Also, at a constant creep temperature, the number and volume of cavities measured was observed to decrease with a decrease in the applied stress. GBS displacements reported in Part 1 of this paper [1] are related to the number of cavities nucleated per unit volume and shown to relate directly, thereby providing experimental evidence that GBS may act as the driving force for creep cavitation.
The ALAMO approach to machine learning

Abstract A central problem in modern computational science is that of learning an algebraic model from data obtained from simulations or experiments. We present a methodology that is designed to use a small number of data points to learn models that are as accurate and as simple as possible. The approach relies on integer programming techniques to build low-complexity models. The models are then improved systematically through the use of derivative-free optimization solvers to adaptively sample new simulation or experimental points. Physical constraints and insights are enforced to the model through the solution of semi-infinite optimization and global optimization subproblems. The proposed methodology has been implemented in the ALAMO software for automated learning of algebraic models. We present extensive computational results with ALAMO and comparisons between ALAMO and a variety of machine learning techniques, including Latin hypercube sampling, simple least-squares regression, and the lasso.
Ecological memory of daily carbon exchange across the globe and its importance in drylands.

How do antecedent (past) conditions influence land-carbon dynamics after those conditions no longer persist? In particular, quantifying such memory effects associated with the influence of past environmental (exogenous) and biological (endogenous) conditions is crucial for understanding and predicting the carbon cycle. Here we show, using data from 42 eddy covariance sites across six major biomes, that ecological memory-decomposed into environmental and biological memory components-of daily net carbon exchange (NEE) is critical for understanding the land-carbon metabolism, especially in drylands for which memory explains ~ 32% of the variation in NEE. The strong environmental memory in drylands was primarily driven by short- and long-term moisture status. Moreover, the strength of environmental memory scales with increasing water stress. This universal scaling relationship, emerging within and among major biomes, suggests a potential adaptive response to water limitation. Our findings underscore the necessity of considering ecological memory in experiments, observations and modelling.
The inner centromere is a biomolecular condensate scaffolded by the chromosomal passenger complex

The inner centromere is a region on every mitotic chromosome that enables specific biochemical reactions that underlie properties, such as the maintenance of cohesion, the regulation of kinetochores and the assembly of specialized chromatin, that can resist microtubule pulling forces. The chromosomal passenger complex (CPC) is abundantly localized to the inner centromeres and it is unclear whether it is involved in non-kinase activities that contribute to the generation of these unique chromatin properties. We find that the borealin subunit of the CPC drives phase separation of the CPC in vitro at concentrations that are below those found on the inner centromere. We also provide strong evidence that the CPC exists in a phase-separated state at the inner centromere. CPC phase separation is required for its inner-centromere localization and function during mitosis. We suggest that the CPC combines phase separation, kinase and histone code-reading activities to enable the formation of a chromatin body with unique biochemical activities at the inner centromere.
Preschool children's ideas about biological adaptation during a science camp

The U.S. Next Generation Science Standards treat biological adaptation as a disciplinary core idea, but various science educators recommend its introduction at different ages. The concept of biolog...
A Retrospective Study of the Clinical Capstone Experience on Perceptions of Practice Readiness in Associate Degree Student Nurses and Preceptors

Abstract This Student Transitional Experience into Practice (STEP) study explored differences in perceptions of practice readiness expectations between associate degree student nurses and their preceptors after a clinical capstone experience. The STEP study is a quantitative, retrospective design, secondary data analysis using a practice readiness survey delivered to associate degree nursing students and their nurse preceptors. Student and preceptor perceptions of practice readiness varied significantly across skill competency domains.
Acute Onset Atypical Severe Scoliosis: A Case Report.

Background Although most cases of scoliosis are idiopathic, scoliosis may also be congenital or associated with other diseases. Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) has been reported as a potential cause of non-structural scoliosis. HNP is unusual in adolescents and the clinical features are typically different from those in adults. Case presentation An 18-year-old Caucasian male was referred to our ambulatory service for evaluation of scoliosis after orthopedic evaluation at another center. He had noticed left-sided low back pain in the previous 6 months, which had worsened over the last two months with the development of limp and left lower extremity (LLE) paresthesias. After an accurate clinical evaluation, the acute onset of the curvature with mild back pain and associated neurological findings were suggestive of an intraspinal lesion. The MRI examination showed an L4-L5 HNP compressing L4 nerve root and displacing the distal L5 nerve root. An L4-L5 laminectomy and discectomy were performed. His left leg pain was completely relieved the day after surgery. At 3 months follow-up complete resolution of scoliosis deformity and return to full activity was achieved. Conclusions Every child who presents with atypical scoliosis should have a complete physical examination and appropriate imaging studies seeking an underlying cause.Level of Evidence: V.
Potent opioids and implications for national defense

Abstract Potent opioids are increasingly responsible for morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Fentanyl and fentanyl derivatives are increasingly prevalent as adulterants or substitutes for opioid drugs of abuse in Europe and in North America. Trafficking and distribution of these chemicals evolve continuously and are poorly characterized at this time. Rescue and emergency personnel are increasingly concerned with the possibility of unintentional environmental exposures that might occur in the course of their operational duties. There is evidence that opioid agonists have been broadcast or applied directly in an offensive manner as incapacitating agents. Defending against toxicity from such agents requires a thoughtful plan for protection, decontamination, and treatment.
Treatments of Periorbital Hyperpigmentation: A Systematic Review.

Background Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is an aesthetic concern for patients. Etiologies of the condition include pigmentary, structural, vascular, and mixed causes. Objective To systematically review the current literature for treatment of POH. Methods A systematic literature review was performed on PubMed. Search terms included "infraorbital dark circles," "dark circles," "periorbital hyperpigmentation," "idiopathic hyperchromia AND orbital," "under-eye circles," "ICHOR (idiopathic cutaneous hyperchromia of the orbital region)," "dark circles" AND "treatment," and "filler" AND "dark circles." Results A total of 39 studies were included. Effective treatments for POH include lasers, topical creams and serums, fillers, chemical peels, carboxytherapy, plasma-rich platelet injections, blepharoplasty, and normobaric oxygen. Conclusion Soft tissue fillers and autologous fat grafting are most effective in treating dark circles due to volume loss. Blepharoplasty surgery is best when excessive skin laxity is the underlying cause. Various topical creams and chemical peels are useful in treating pigment-based POH, whereas lasers are mildly to moderately beneficial for both vascular and pigment types. Given the scarcity of high-quality evidence supporting these results, recommendations should be interpreted selectively. Additional randomized clinical trials studying POH will be helpful.
Relationship of motor mechanisms to gastroparesis symptoms: toward individualized treatment.

Following a classical paper by Dr. Keith A. Kelly published in this journal, and over the past 40 years, there has been increased understanding of the functions of different regions of the stomach,...
mr-EBL: ultra-high sensitivity negative-tone electron beam resist for highly selective silicon etching and large-scale direct patterning of permanent structures.

Electron beam lithography (EBL) is the state-of-the-art technique for rapid prototyping of nanometer-scale devices. Even so, processing speeds remain limited for the highest resolution patterning. Here, we establish mr-EBL as the highest throughput negative tone electron-beam-sensitive resist. The 10µC/cm2 dose requirement enables fabricating a 100 mm2 photonic diffraction grating in a ten minute EBL process. Optimized processing conditions achieve a critical resolution of 75 nm with 3x faster write speeds than SU-8 and 1-2 orders of magnitude faster write speeds than maN-2400 and HSQ. Notably, these conditions significantly differ from the manufacturers' recommendations for the recently commercialized mr-EBL resist. We demonstrate mr-EBL to be a robust negative etch mask by etching silicon trenches with aspect ratios of 10 and near-vertical sidewalls. Furthermore, our optimized processing conditions are suitable to direct patterning on integrated circuits or delicate nanofabrication stacks, in contrast to other negative tone EBL resists. In conclusion, mr-EBL is a highly attractive EBL resist for rapid prototyping in nanophotonics, MEMS, and fluidics.
Bibliometric Analysis of Suicide Research Among Black Youth

Historically, Black youth have had lower rates of suicide attempts in comparison to their peers; however, in recent years this rate has changed, with self-reported suicide attempts for Black adoles...
Giving Back a Fraudulent Transfer: A Defense to Liability?

In Whitlock v. Lowe (In re Deberry) (5th Cir. 2019), the Fifth Circuit court of appeals found it obvious that if a transferee gives back fraudulently transferred funds (which the debtor then dissipates), the transferee has a complete defense to liability to the transferor’s bankruptcy trustee. This puts the Fifth Circuit at odds with the Sixth and Seventh Circuits, where the prepetition give-back counted as no defense. This article concludes that a more nuanced position should mediate between these extremes, based on an “innocent donee” defense retrieved from Nineteenth Century precedent. The article emphasizes that if bad faith transferees for value are accorded no defense, bad faith donees who give back voluntarily should have no defense either. The article also distinguishes fraudulent transfers from self-settled resulting trusts. If the facts show a resulting trust in which the transferor retains the beneficial interest, the give-back defense is absolute, since the transferee owes no duty to the creditors of the transferor. Many of the fraudulent transfer give-back cases are actually mis-diagnosed. They were really cases of resulting trusts.
Central Nervous System Malignancies

This chapter discusses the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and treatments of central nervous system malignancies. Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently encountered in children. Brain tumors are the second most common group of malignant tumors in childhood. Most childhood brain tumors arise from glial cells and do not tend to metastasize outside the CNS unless there is operative intervention. The relative frequency regarding specific tumor types are also discussed. There is an association between primary CNS tumors and the following conditions such as neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1), tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, children of families with Li–Fraumeni syndrome, turcot syndrome, and gorlin syndrome. The most useful pathologic classification for brain tumors is based on embryonic derivation and histologic cell of origin. Tumors are further classified by grading the degree of malignancy within a particular tumor type. This grading is useful in astrocytoma and ependymoma. Methods that are useful microscopically in grading the degree of malignancy include: cellular pleomorphism, mitotic index, anaplasia and necrosis, and MIB-1 index. The clinical manifestations of intracranial tumors and spinal tumors are also described along with their major signs and symptoms. The treatments given to the patient of CNS malignances are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.
Adaptation as a Morphing Process: A Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of Adaptive Organizational Structures

Changes in objectives, in resources, or in the environment may necessitate the adaptation of an organization from one form to another. However, in many cases, the organizations need to continue functioning while adaptation takes place, i.e., it is not possible to stop the organizational activity in order to reorganize, and then start again. In this case, adaptation can be expressed as a morphing process in which the organization transitions from one form with its attendant task allocation to a different one through a series of incremental steps that preserve overall functionality and performance. Coordination between organization members during adaptation is critical. A computational model for this type of organizational adaptation at the operational level is presented. The model is implemented using the Colored Petri Net formulation of discrete event dynamical systems. A design methodology that utilizes this model is outlined and a simple example is used to illustrate the approach.
Chemical Attractants in Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus, Eggs: The Potential for an Artificial Bait

Horseshoe crabs, Limulus polyphemus, are the preferred bait in the eel and conch fisheries along the east coast of the United States. However, recent management measures have restricted the availability of horseshoe crabs to commercial fisheries, creating the need for sustainable, alternative bait sources. In this study, we examined the chemistry underlying the predator– prey attraction to determine if specific, isolable attractant metabolites from the horseshoe crab could be identified and characterized for incorporation into an artifical bait. Initial assays with the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, suggested that the chemoattractants were concentrated in L. polyphemus eggs. Chemical analyses and biological assays of the egg extract indicated the primary cue was a heat-stable, proteinaceous compound (>10 kDa). A carbohydrate-rich fraction of low molecular mass (<10 kDa) also enhanced mud snail chemotaxis. Analysis of egg digests with SDS-PAGE confirmed the presence of glycoproteins or carbohydrate-binding proteins in the horseshoe crab egg extract. Because the attractant appears to be a complex protein or glycoprotein, conventional chemical synthesis is unlikely. However, the tools of modern biotechnology offer the potential to produce this attractant in a system independent of the horseshoe crab. Such an attractant could be incorporated into an artificial bait, providing an ecologically sound alternative for commercial eel and whelk fisheries.
Analysis of Multithreaded Programs

The field of program analysis has focused primarily on sequential programming languages. But multithreading is becoming increasingly important, both as a program structuring mechanism and to support efficient parallel computations. This paper surveys research in analysis for multithreaded programs, focusing on ways to improve the efficiency of analyzing interactions between threads, to detect data races, and to ameliorate the impact of weak memory consistency models. We identify two distinct classes of multithreaded programs, activity management programs and parallel computing programs, and discuss how the structure of these kinds of programs leads to different solutions to these problems. Specifically, we conclude that augmented type systems are the most promising approach for activity management programs, while targeted program analyses are the most promising approach for parallel computing programs.
Yeast glycogen synthetase in the glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form. II. The effect of proteolysis.

Abstract Purified preparations of yeast glycogen synthetase in the glucose-6-P-dependent form yield two bands upon acrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Treatment of the enzyme with either trypsin or subtilisin converted all the material into the faster band. Concomitantly, the activity measured in the absence of glucose-6-P increased rapidly, whereas the total activity determined in the presence of the phosphoric ester showed little change. Thus, the enzyme was converted into an apparent glucose-6-P-independent form. The protease-treated enzyme yielded a biphasic Lineweaver-Burk plot, as was previously observed with the native synthetase. As indicated by experiments with 32P-labeled enzyme, the protease specifically excises the portion of the molecule which contains the bound phosphate. The binding sites for the allosteric effectors ATP and glucose-6-P remain with the enzyme since inhibition by the former and reactivation by the latter can still be shown in the protease-degraded synthetase. Since the molecular weight of the enzyme decreased by less than 10% after proteolysis, it is concluded that the phosphate group which determines dependence of the enzyme on glucose-6-P must be located near one end of the polypeptide chain.
Dielectric properties of sol-gel derived ZnO thin films

Sol-gel derived ZnO thin films were prepared on platinized Si wafers and fired to temperatures ranging from 550C to 700C. Multiple spincoating was performed with an intermediate firing at 400C between coatings to obtain films up to 6000 A thick. Top Pt electrodes were sputtered to form monolithic capacitors. Dielectric characterization indicated dielectric constants as large as 24, twice the highest value reported previously. The leakage currents decreased with increasing firing temperature. XRD indicated that the films consisted of crystalline wurtzite films at firing temperatures as low as 400C and that the c-axis orientation increased with increasing firing temperature. Piezoelectric characterization indicated d/sub 33/ values as large as 17 pm/V, which is larger than any previously reported value for ZnO films.
24 – Organelle Studies: Mitochondria, Golgi, and Endoplasmic Reticulum

The mitochondria of human cells are descendants of ancient protobacteria that were engulfed by and drawn into a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells some 3 billion years ago. In humans, mitochondria are the major oxygen consumers and the predominant organelles of aerobic organs such as brain, heart, and red skeletal muscle (colored by the high concentration of mitochondrial cytochrome contents). In contrast, liver mitochondria may be mostly committed to biosynthesis, and neutrophils usually do not contain any. Mitochondria still retain a small fraction of their original genome and unique double-walled structure, testimony to the engulfment of the ancient protobacteria (the present-day inner membrane and matrix) and their entrapment within intracellular vacuoles (the outer mitochondrial membrane). The impermeable inner membrane contains special iron–sulfur and ancient heme-containing proteins that extrude H ions, creating a “charged halo” that distinguishes the symbionts biophysically.
Real Exchange Rates and Commodity Prices in a Neoclassical Model

This paper presents a neoclassical model that explains the observed empirical relationship between government spending and world commodity supplies and the real exchange rate and real commodity prices. It is shown that fiscal expansion and increasing world commodity supplies simultaneously lead to an appreciation of the real exchange rate and a decline in relative commodity prices. This structural model is estimated and its forecasting performance is compared to a variety of models. We find that theory and structure help in predicting commodity prices, although not the exchange rate, and that predictive ability increases as the forecast horizon is lengthened.
Hybrid Segmentation of Anatomical Data

We propose new hybrid methods for automated segmentation of radiological patient data and the Visible Human data. In this paper, we integrate boundary-based and region-based segmentation methods which amplifies the strength but reduces the weakness of both approaches. The novelty comes from combining a boundary-based method, the deformable model-based segmentation with region-based segmentation methods, the fuzzy connectedness and Voronoi Diagram-based segmentation, to develop hybrid methods that yield high precision, accuracy and efficiency. This work is a part of a NLM funded effort to provide a fully implemented and tested Visible Human Project Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (Insight).
Tunable 2.1-µm Ho Laser for DIAL Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Water Vapor

Recently there has been increased interest in the development of an all solid state Ho LIDAR system for the detection of wind shears in front of aircraft and for the remote sensing of water vapor in the atmosphere.1 The 2.1 μm Ho laser is considered to be well suited for these LIDAR application since it is eye-safe, can be pumped by diode lasers, and offers the potential for tunability. In this paper we report the precision tuning of the Ho:YSGG laser through the use of an intracavity etalon. The continous tuning coverage was measured from 2.080 μm to 2.089 μm (about 90 A) and near 2.11 μm. This wavelength range overlaps several absorption lines of water vapor in the atmosphere and thus makes the Ho LADAR a useful candidate for the remote sensing of water vapor.
Geminivirus protein structure and function

Summary Geminiviruses are a family of plant viruses that cause economically important plant diseases worldwide. These viruses have circular single-stranded DNA genomes and four to eight genes that are expressed from both strands of the double-stranded DNA replicative intermediate. The transcription of these genes occurs under the control of two bidirectional promoters and one monodirectional promoter. The viral proteins function to facilitate virus replication, virus movement, the assembly of virus-specific nucleoprotein particles, vector transmission and to counteract plant host defence responses. Recent research findings have provided new insights into the structure and function of these proteins and have identified numerous host interacting partners. Most of the viral proteins have been shown to be multifunctional, participating in multiple events during the infection cycle and have, indeed, evolved coordinated interactions with host proteins to ensure a successful infection. Here, an up-to-date review of viral protein structure and function is presented, and some areas requiring further research are identified.
Comparison of Two Methods for Radioassay of Vitamin B12 in Serum

A reference radioassay for vitamin B12 in serum, in which human serum is used as binder and DEAE-cellulose is used to separate free and bound B12, was compared (194 sera) with a packaged kit (" Phadebas B12 Test"), in which intrinsic factor is used as binder and polysaccharide for separation. The correlation coefficient was 0.949. With the kit, added B12 was identifiable, proportional dilution characteristics were excellent, and serial reproducibility was good. The normal range for the reference assay was 200-1000 pg/ml; all B12-deficient patients had values of <165 pg/ml. In a separate study, 38 patients with documented (clinical and laboratory) B12 deficiency had mean serum values of <150 pg/ml by the reference assay, 250 pg/ml by the kit. For the kit, the normal range was 250-1100 pg/ml. All patients with serum values of <150 pg/ml by kit assay were B12 deficient; false positives were seen in the 150-250 pg/mI range.
The Ethics Curriculum for Doctor of Nursing Practice Programs

Ethical questions dealt with by nurses who have Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degrees include traditional bioethical questions, but also business and legal ethics. Doctorally prepared nurses are increasingly in positions to make ethical decisions rather than to respond to decisions made by others. The traditional master's-degree advanced practice nursing curriculum does not address the extended expertise and decision-making skills needed by DNP practitioners as they face these new types of ethical dilemmas. We propose that a curricular framework that addresses clinical, research, business, and legal ethics is needed by all DNP students.
Low-energy Compton scattering by arbitrary-spin targets

The classic low-energy theorem for low-energy Compton scattering by spin-\textonehalf{} systems derived in 1954 by Low and by Gell-Mann and Goldberger is generalized to include targets of arbitrary spin. Low's method is used in conjunction with a multipole expansion of the electromagnetic current matrix elements. The multipole expansion is given in the Breit frame (total three-momentum=0) and transformed to the lab system. The result, obtained by replacing the Pauli matrix $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ in the Low-Gell-Mann-Goldberger result by 2S (where S is the target spin operator), has been derived by Lapidus and Kuang-Chao, but their method of obtaining the current matrix elements is less straightforward than the present one.
New substituted 4-azatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane derivatives

The synthesis of a series of new substituted 4-azatricyclo[4.3.1.13.8]undecane and 4-azatricyclo[4.3.1.13.8]-undecan-5-one derivatives is described. Compounds 4f and 4g displayed antiviral activity.
Resonant grounding of american power systems

THE LATEST AIEE Committee Report on Grounding Practices1 indicated a trend toward increased use of Petersen coils in high-voltage power systems in this country. A study was undertaken to analyze the application of resonant grounding and questionnaires were sent to all operators using Petersen coils.