cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CO2 As An Inverse Greenhouse Gas

It is a well-known fact that mankind's burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil has significantly increased the CO2 content of Earth's atmosphere, from something less than 300 ppm (parts per million by volume) in the pre-Industrial Revolution era to a con-centration which is currently somewhat over 340 ppm. It is also fairly well established that a concentration of 600 ppm will be reached sometime in the next century. Atmospheric scientists using complex computer models of the atmosphere have predicted that such a concentration doubling will lead to a calamatous climatic warming, due to the thermal infra-red "greenhouse" properties of CO2. However, my investigation of a large body of empirical evidence suggests just the opposite. Indeed, long-term records of surface air temperature and snow cover data indicate that increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may actually tend to cool the Earth and not warm it. These and other observations of the real world lead to the conclusion that, for the present composition of the Earth's atmosphere, CO2 appears to behave as an inverse greenhouse gas. A mechanism for this phenomenon is suggested; and it is then indicated how enhanced concentrations of atmospheric CO2 may be beneficial for the planet, particularly with respect to the ability of enhanced CO2 concentrations to stimulate plant growth and reduce water requirements.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Catalog of mRNA expression patterns for DNA methylating and demethylating genes in developing mouse lower urinary tract.

Abstract The mouse prostate develops from a component of the lower urinary tract (LUT) known as the urogenital sinus (UGS). This process requires androgens and signaling between mesenchyme and epithelium. Little is known about DNA methylation during prostate development, including which factors are expressed, whether their expression changes over time, and if DNA methylation contributes to androgen signaling or influences signaling between mesenchyme and epithelium. We used in situ hybridization to evaluate the spatial and temporal expression pattern of mRNAs which encode proteins responsible for establishing, maintaining or remodeling DNA methylation. These include DNA methyltrasferases, DNA deaminases, DNA glycosylases, base excision repair and mismatch repair pathway members. The mRNA expression patterns were compared between male and female LUT prior to prostatic bud formation (14.5 days post coitus (dpc)), during prostatic bud formation (17.5 dpc) and during prostatic branching morphogenesis (postnatal day (P) 5). We found dramatic changes in the patterns of these mRNAs over the course of prostate development and identified examples of sexually dimorphic mRNA expression. Future investigation into how DNA methylation patterns are established, maintained and remodeled during the course of embryonic prostatic bud formation may provide insight into prostate morphogenesis and disease.
Multiple anion binding by a zinc-containing tetratopic cyclen-resorcinarene

The synthesis and binding properties of a new tetratopic anion receptor are reported. The resorcinarene ligand bearing four cyclen moieties is able to bind four Zn2+ ions and subsequently bind anions. NMR titrations show proton shifts during the binding of the first one or two anions. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) titrations show that two or more anions bind to one tetramer. The tetratopic receptor in methanol has high affinity for dihydrogen phosphate, acetate, and halide ions and weak affinity for nitrate and perchlorate.
Endocrine changes induced by venipuncture in rhesus monkeys

An animal-worn, remotely activated blood collection device was used to obtain estimates of baseline levels of testosterone (T), growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) from unrestrained and active male rhesus monkeys. As soon as possible after this baseline period, the males were captured and a final venipuncture sample was obtained. Venipuncture produced elevated GH levels compared to values obtained using the blood collection device, but was without detectable effect upon levels of T and PRL. Cortisol values, available only from a single animal, displayed an increase in response to venipuncture, much like that seen for GH.
Using Enrichment Clusters for Performance Based Identification

One of the continuing problems facing programs and services for the gifted and talented is how to identify at risk students and students who ordinarily do not show up well on test scores and other traditional identification procedures. Although ‘performance based identification’ is frequently discussed in the literature, there is limited use of this practice, and very few systematic vehicles have been created to screen general populations for unidentified or under identified students who may benefit from the types of services ordinarily provided by special programs. The enrichment cluster approach described below was designed to create highly challenging learning opportunities that, in a certain sense, allow high potential students to identify themselves! This approach works well with traditionally identified students as well as those who may be overlooked through test oriented identification procedures. The key to successful use of this approach is that whenever a student shows remarkably high interest, ...
Persistent biologic actions of insulin on cultured fetal human fibroblasts

Monolayer cultures of fetal human fibroblasts, preincubated in serum-free culture medium overnight (about 18 hr), were incubated with insulin (0.1 to 100 mU per ml), then washed and incubated in an insulin-free medium. The effect of insulin on glucose utilization, uridine incorporation into RNA and leucine incorporation into protein was maintained after removal of insulin and washing. For both glucose utilization and uridine incorporation into RNA, this effect was demonstrated at physiologic levels of insulin (0.1 mU per ml). When anti-insulin serum was added to the cultures after the cell preincubated with insulin were washed, this effect was greatly attenuated. This lasting effect of insulin was probably not due to nonspecifically bound insulin becoming available to the cells. Binding of125I-monoiodoinsulin was examined in monolayer cultures of fetal human fibroblasts. When unlabeled insulin was present at about 1 mU per ml concentration, 50% displacement of monoiodoinsulin occured. When fibroblasts were incubated with monoiodoinsulin and then removed from the radioactive medium, initial dissociation of the bound hormone occurred rapidly but then reached a plateau. This prolonged insulin effect appears to result from persistent binding of insulin to its receptor.
Electroconvulsive treatment for nonepileptic seizure disorders

Because of its striking prevalence among females, the paroxysmal disorder presenting with nonepileptic seizures was termed hysteria in premodern times. In our time, the disorder has remained widely misunderstood and mistreated. The diagnostic early history of painful traumatic events as the source of the nonepileptic seizures is hidden by the shame of the victim and remains ignored. Early effective psychotherapeutic intervention is rarely carried out. Antiepileptic treatment is commonly initiated, and tends to worsen the seizure condition, which commonly becomes chronic. Key evidence from our treatment of patients with both epileptic and nonepileptic seizures had shown that low doses of antiepileptic drugs were required, because the patients markedly improved as some epileptic seizures were allowed to occur. This prompted our use of electroconvulsive treatment for a select series of 18 patients with the most severe chronic nonepileptic seizure condition. This treatment proved remarkably effective for 11 of the 15 patients who tolerated the treatment. Together with their seizures, the patients had had bodily pains, depressive moods, and often anxiety. Their disorder can be clearly distinguished from ordinary depression, and the remarkable effect of electroconvulsive treatment in its treatment seems to be in accordance with premodern views of a polarity between the two paroxysmal disorders epilepsy and hysteria. Further studies of our topic are called for.
Incidence, Patterns, and Prevention of Wrong-Site Surgery

Hypothesis We hypothesized that wrong-site surgery is infrequent and that a substantial proportion of such incidents are not preventable by current site-verification protocols. Design Case series and survey of site-verification protocols. Setting Hospitals and a malpractice liability insurer. Patients and Other Participants All wrong-site surgery cases reported to a large malpractice insurer between 1985 and 2004. Main Outcome Measures Incidence, characteristics, and causes of wrong-site surgery and characteristics of site-verification protocols. Results Among 2 826 367 operations at insured institutions during the study period, 25 nonspine wrong-site operations were identified, producing an incidence of 1 in 112 994 operations (95% confidence interval, 1 in 76 336 to 1 in 174 825). Medical records were available for review in 13 cases. Among reviewed claims, patient injury was permanent-significant in 1, temporary-major in 2, and temporary-minor or temporary-insignificant in 10. Under optimal conditions, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations Universal Protocol might have prevented 8 (62%) of 13 cases. Hospital protocol design varied significantly. The protocols mandated 2 to 4 personnel to perform 12 separate operative-site checks on average (range, 5-20). Five protocols required site marking in cases that involved nonmidline organs or structures; 6 required it in all cases. Conclusions Wrong-site surgery is unacceptable but exceedingly rare, and major injury from wrong-site surgery is even rarer. Current site-verification protocols could have prevented only two thirds of the examined cases. Many protocols involve considerable complexity without clear added benefit.
AB0621 The timing of urinary protein creatinine ratio normalization in patients with ln treated with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) as their first line therapy

Objectives Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)has become the primary induction therapy for lupus nephritis (LN). The purpose of this study was to look at the timing of the protein creatinine ratio reaching 500mg after starting Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) for class III, IV or V lupus nephritis. Methods 21 SLE patients began mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) shortly after a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of LN. The baseline urine protein ranged between 0.635 to 11.91grams, with only 1 patient being below 1 gram at baseline. They consisted of 18 females, 3 males, 9 African Americans, 8 Caucasians, and 4 other ethnicities. Ages ranged from 18 to 70 with a mean age of 37 (SD=15).The mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) dose ranged between 250 to 3000 mg per day. We estimated the survival function time until the urine protein reached 0.5 grams or less after starting mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) using an approach that accommodates interval censored data. Results The graph shows an estimate of the probability that patients would still have urine protein above 500 mg by various time points after starting mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). We estimate that 50% of patients will have reached 0.5 grams of protein with 51 days of starting mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and 77% will have reached 0.5 grams within 180 days. Conclusions This study demonstrates that the majority of patients with lupus nephritis (77%) can reach a urine protein creatinine ratio of 0.5 grams or less by 6 months after initiation of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). These data can be used to determine sample sizes for clinical trials in lupus nephritis; but also suggest that a more stringent goal should be considered. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Mysticism and science: the amalgam wars.

(1991). Mysticism and Science: The Amalgam Wars. Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. vii-xii.
Affective and behavioural reactions to positive and negative health-related social control in HIV+men.

We examined associations between the receipt of positive and negative health-related social control (i.e. influence) from a primary network member, affective and behavioural reactions (i.e. behaviour change) to social control, and psychosocial well-being in a cross-sectional study of 91 HIV+ men living with HIV (MLWH). Receiving positive control was associated with more self-care behaviours, more active coping efforts, and fewer depressive symptoms. In contrast, receiving negative control was associated with fewer self-care behaviours and more depressive symptoms. Negative affective reactions to control mediated the associations between positive and negative control and depressive symptoms, and between positive control and active coping efforts. Behaviour change only mediated the association between positive control and self-care behaviours. Post-hoc analyses further revealed that men who were not at risk for clinical depression engaged in more behaviour change as a result of receiving negative control. S...
A layered approach for identifying systematic faults of component-based software systems

Research on fault, fault tolerance, and fault-tolerant software systems has been done in a number of areas. Component-based software engineering, meanwhile, has emerged and been widely adopted in many application domains as software systems become more and more complex. However, conventional methods and techniques for fault tolerance are not directly applicable to the recent component-based software systems and faults have been defined within application-specific or domain-specific context. Furthermore, there has not been much attention to identify systematic faults, especially in the recent software systems. Thus, this paper presents a fault model that is useful for designing and analyzing component-based software systems. Using the cisst component model, the fault model is identified using a layered approach that decomposes a component-based software system into five different layers. With the fault model identified, an illustrative example is presented to show how this model is applied to a domain-specific application.
HYPERTROPHIC AND RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHIES THE ELDERLY

The prevalence of congestive heart failure (CHF) increases tenfold from the sixth to the ninth decade of life, and CHF remains the most common reason for hospital admission and readmission in the elderly. 87 Approximately 50% of heart failure in older patients is exclusively caused by diastolic dysfunction with preservation of left ventricular systolic function. 8,87 Although difficult to distinguish at the bedside, 26 the recognition of diastolic from systolic dysfunction has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. 10,89 Some degree of diastolic dysfunction results from normal aging changes of the cardiovascular system, 3,23,49,70 but severe compromise in left ventricular diastolic filling leading to congestive symptoms in older patients may be caused by hypertrophic or restrictive cardiomyopathies. 2
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a survey of prophylaxis patterns among gastroenterology providers.

BACKGROUND The use of combination immunosuppressive agents is associated with reports of pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP). The aim of this study was to determine practice patterns among gastroenterology providers for PJP prophylaxis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS An internet-based survey of 14 questions was sent through e-mail to a random sampling of 4000 gastroenterologists, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants between November 2011 and February 2012. Three reminder e-mails were sent to providers who had not completed the survey. RESULTS The invitation e-mail that contained the link to the survey was clicked by 504 providers and the completed surveys were returned by 123 of them (78% physicians, 11% nurse practitioners, 11% physician assistants). The response rate was 24.4%. Seventy-nine percent of the respondents had managed >25 patients with IBD in the past year, with as much as one-third of all respondents managing >100 patients. Eight percent of the respondents reported patients who had developed PJP on immunosuppressive therapy, 11% reported initiating PJP prophylaxis, mostly for patients on triple immunosuppressive therapy. Prescription of PJP prophylaxis was not significantly associated with the number of years in practice or the number of IBD patients treated. However, providers with patients that had developed PJP were 7.4 times more likely to prescribe prophylaxis (P = 0.01). In addition, providers in academic centers were 4 times more likely to initiate PJP prophylaxis than those in nonacademic centers (P = 0.03). The most common reasons for not prescribing PJP prophylaxis included the absence of guidelines on the benefits of prophylaxis, lack of personal experience with PJP, and the lack of knowledge on the need for prophylaxis in patients with IBD on combination immunosuppressive therapy. CONCLUSIONS The lack of guidelines seems to influence the decision on not to prescribe PJP prophylaxis in patients with IBD. Additional studies are needed to determine PJP risk factors and risks and benefits of prophylaxis.
Chemical Extraction of Glycogen from the Left Ventricle of the Turkey Heart

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE glycogen content of the heart of the developing chick embryo has been the subject of several studies (Lee, 1951; Szepsenwol and Partridge, 1952; Czarnecki and Carpenter, 1970). From these studies and from that of Allen (1919) it is known that deposition of glycogen occurs very early in the embryo and that considerable amounts of glycogen are present during the latter half of embryogenesis. During hatching this carbohydrate reserve is depleted and is apparently not fully restored as little or no glycogen can be demonstrated histochemically in the poult or adult bird. Presumably large amounts of glycogen are deposited similarly in the heart of the turkey during embryogenesis but are depleted during hatching. Ordinarily glycogen cannot be demonstrated by histochemical technics in the myocardium of the poult or adult bird indicating that glycogen is present only in very small amounts [probably less than 1.85 μg./mg. as suggested by Kugler…
Disappearance of Endogenous and Exogenous Luteinizing Hormone Activity from the Plasma of Previously Castrated, Acutely Hypophysectomized Rats: An Indirect Assessment of Synthesis and Release Rates1

In previously castrated, acutely hypophysectomized rats, the decline of plasma LH activity was followed, using a modified OAAD bioassay. From these measurements, the “half-life” for endogenous LH (in gonadectomized rats) was estimated to lie between 19 and 38 min. Injected (ovine) LH disappeared at rates which were indistinguishable from those observed for endogenous hormone in the same experiments. The studies with exogenous hormone suggest that acute hypophysectomy itself, essential for the study of endogenous LH disappearance, does not greatly alter the rate at which LH is removed from the plasma. Since pituitary and plasma LH concentrations do not appear to fluctuate appreciably in long-term castrates, it seems reasonable to assume that such rats are in secretory equilibrium, i.e., that the rates of LH synthesis and release are about equal to each other and to the rate at which LH activity disappears from the plasma. If such an equilibrium does exist, calculation of the rate of endogenous LH disappear...
Time-resolved FTS of the IR Emission Of A Pulsed Glow Discharge

At the University of Massachusetts we are applying the technique of time-resolved FTS to the study of the negative glow IR emission spectrum of a low pressure glow discharge. For a given pressure and peak excitation current, we have found that the infrared spectral Features of N2 emission vary markedly as a function of both pulse repetition rate and pulse width. In order to observe this behavior without erroneous spectral artifacts, real-time signal processing has been incorporated into the experiment, with special emphasis on D.C. restoration. The relaxation phenomena inherent in our source, coupled with low S/N ratios and high duty cycle, require unique signal processing that is facilitated by computerized techniques.
MuSES: Multilingual Sentiment Elicitation System for Social Media Data

A multilingual sentiment identification system (MuSES) implements three different sentiment identification algorithms. The first algorithm augments previous compositional semantic rules by adding rules specific to social media. The second algorithm defines a scoring function that measures the degree of a sentiment, instead of simply classifying a sentiment into binary polarities. All such scores are calculated based on a large volume of customer reviews. Due to the special characteristics of social media texts, a third algorithm takes emoticons, negation word position, and domain-specific words into account. In addition, a proposed label-free process transfers multilingual sentiment knowledge between different languages. The authors conduct their experiments on user comments from Facebook, tweets from Twitter, and multilingual product reviews from Amazon.
Contractile Activity Stimulates the c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Pathway in Rat Skeletal Muscle

Contractile activity plays a critical role in the regulation of gene transcription in skeletal muscle, which in turn determines muscle functional capabilities. However, little is known about the molecular signaling mechanisms that convert contractile activity into gene regulatory responses in skeletal muscle. In the current study we determined the effects of contractile activity in vivo on the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, a signaling cascade that has been implicated in the regulation of transcription. Electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve to produce contractions in anaesthetized rats increased JNK activity by up to 7-fold above basal. Maximal enzyme activity occurred at 15 min of contraction and remained elevated at 60 min of contraction. The upstream activators of JNK, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 followed a similar time course of activation in response to contractile activity. In contrast, contraction induced a rapid and transient activation of the extracellular-regulated kinase pathway, indicating that the regulation of JNK signaling is distinct from that of extracellular-regulated kinase. The activation of the JNK signaling cascade was temporally associated with an increased expression of c-jun mRNA. These results demonstrate that contractile activity regulates JNK activity in skeletal muscle and suggest that activation of JNK may regulate contraction-induced gene expression in skeletal muscle.
Genetic control of tumorigenicity in interspecific mammalian cell hybrids.

Abstract The nature of genetic control of cellular malignancy was investigated by examining the tumorigenicity of a series of interspecific mouse-human cell hybrids in the athymic nude mouse. Two highly malignant but genetically distinct mouse cell lines, A9 and PG19, were hybridized with three normal human diploid fibroblast strains, and 19 independently arising hybrid clones were isolated. Each of these clones was capable of forming progressive lethal tumors in the nude mouse, and thus resembled the malignant parental mouse cells rather than the nonmalignant parental human cells. We failed to obtain any evidence for complete suppression of tumorigenicity in these cell hybrids. The absence of suppression was observed regardless of the extent and composition of the human chromosome complements retained in the hybrid clones; the results of detailed cytological and isoenzyme analyses would make it highly improbable that the observed lack of suppression was due to cellular selection in vivo for a more tumorigenic subpopulation in the injected hybrid cells. These data demonstrate that at least for the parental cell combinations used in this study, no human chromosome, when present singly in the mouse-human cell hybrids, can suppress the tumorigenic phenotype of the mouse cells. Our results are consistent with the view that the suppression of cellular malignancy previously demonstrated in intraspecific (mouse × mouse) somatic cell hybrids does not occur in interspecific (mouse-human) cell hybrids, or alternatively, genetic determinants located on two or more human chromosomes are required simultaneously to suppress the malignancy of the mouse cells in cell hybrids derived from malignant mouse cell and nonmalignant human cells.
Impact effects of biped contact with the environment

A biped system is subjected to an instant velocity change at the moment of impact with the environment. This instant velocity change is derived as a function of the biped state and the contact speed. The effects of the impact on the state, as well as on the constraints, are studied in biped landing on heels and toes simultaneously or on toes first. The control strategy that is called for in this case is zero final velocities and a somewhat arbitrary final position. Rate feedback and nonlinear position feedback are used for stability. The action of plantar fascia during toe landing is represented by a spring and dashpot pair. The arch of the foot is prevented by this action from collapsing. Digital computer simulations of toe landing are presented.
An integrated approach to determine prior information for improved wide-field imaging models from computational interference microscopy

Knowledge of prior sample information, such as a refractive index (RI) map, can be used to improve image formation models enabling more accurate three-dimensional (3D) restoration in fluorescence microscopy. RI is an indicator of cell composition and structure that allows a more comprehensive representation of the 3D structure of a specimen than fluorescence alone. Due to the integral nature of sample phase, the challenge to compute the RI map is to decouple RI and thickness. Our work investigates the feasibility of determining RI of a specimen from differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy data acquired by using different wavelengths in illumination. This spectral diversity in the data is exploited to determine sample thickness and RI. Results from simulated and experimental data of polystyrene bead samples are presented to analyze this approach. Phase images were estimated from the DIC data using an alternating minimization algorithm. This study shows that the maximum estimated phase delay is accurate within approximately 7 percent error relative to the 2D phase model. The sensitivity of this integrated approach allows RI to be computed within approximately 0.4 percent error relative to values from the literature.
Robot mapping in unstructured environments

Mobile robots require knowledge of the environment to plan movements and accomplish tasks. Most path planning algorithms assume complete knowledge of the robot environment. But many situations exist where environment maps are not available to the robot, thereby making it impossible to implement and execute planned tasks. Such situations require that the robot either construct a map of the environment or operate in a local sensing mode with its concomitant absence of planning. This paper addresses the problem of map building. Map building involves robot motion, environment sensing, and sensor data integration. Most mapping algorithms described in the literature are based upon an environment in which objects and boundaries are made up of flat walls (polygons), and a sensor model that does not take into account the finite range and distortion encountered in real sensors. In this paper we present a mapping algorithm that imposes less restrictions on the environment and sensor. The algorithm described here uses a sensor with a limited sensing range to map an environment populated by objects of any shape and size. The mapping area can be controlled by defining an imaginary boundary or envelope around the region that is to be mapped. The algorithm proceeds by defining bounded regions enclosed by peripheral curves which subsequently become trajectories for further exploration of the environment, and includes procedures for circumnavigating objects using primitive robot motion and sensing operators such as MOVE, ROTATE, and SCAN. The algorithm has been tested in a simulated environment and the results of some of the mapping operations are described.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stakeholder-Sensitive Social Welfare–Oriented Benefit Analysis for Sustainable Infrastructure Project Development

AbstractThere is a need for better involving stakeholders in the development of sustainable civil infrastructure systems and for incorporating their input in the decision-making process. In this paper, we present a new model for analyzing the sustainability of infrastructure project alternatives from a stakeholder-centric perspective: the stakeholder-sensitive, social welfare–oriented sustainability benefit analysis model (S3 Model). The model evaluates infrastructure project alternatives based on a proposed sustainable construction social welfare function (SC-SWF). The SC-SWF is a measure of the collective social, environmental, and economic benefits to all stakeholders. It can help identify project solutions that offer social (group) welfare based on the social, environmental, and economic benefits to individual stakeholders. The theoretical foundation of the proposed SC-SWF is grounded in the areas of social choice theory and social welfare theory. The proposed model and its practical application are i...
Mechanistic Evaluation of the Ni(IPr)2-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Alkynes and Nitriles to Afford Pyridines: Evidence for the Formation of a Key η1-Ni(IPr)2(RCN) Intermediate.

A detailed mechanistic evaluation of the Ni(IPr)2-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition of diynes and nitriles was conducted. Through kinetic analysis of these reactions, observed regioselectivities of the products, and stoichiometric reactions, Ni(IPr)2-catalyzed cycloadditions of diynes and nitriles appear to proceed by a heterooxidative coupling mechanism, in contrast to other common cycloaddition catalysts. Reaction profiles demonstrated strong dependence on nitrile, resulting in variable nitrile-dependent resting states. The strong coordination and considerable steric bulk of the carbene ligands facilitate selective initial binding of nitrile, thereby forcing a heterocoupling pathway. In situ IR data suggest that the initial binding of the nitrile resides in a rare, η1-bound conformation. Following nitrile coordination are a rate-determining hapticity shift of the nitrile and subsequent loss of carbene. Alkyne coordination then leads to heterooxidative coupling, insertion of the pendant alkyne, and red...
Evaluating the Brand Extension Decision Using a Model of Reputation Building

Can a brand′s reputation be transferred successfully to other products? What is the importance of a firm′s reputation to the success or failure of its brands? What is the effect on the firm′s brands when a firm′s reputation, through either acquisition or restructuring, decays. How important is it for a firm to maintain or enhance its reputation? Describe a model of reputation creation and destruction and shows how the brand extension decision can be addressed using the model.
Adult paratesticular malignant fibrous histiocytoma treated with surgery, systemic chemotherapy and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy

Paratesticular malignant fibrous histiocytoma is an extremely rare malignancy of the scrotum. This malignancy has rarely been described in the literature and scant information exists on the optimal management of this cancer. We present here a case of a 57-year-old man with a diagnosis of high-grade malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the left intrascrotal region who underwent radical orchiectomy, systemic chemotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy.
Trends in science networks: understanding structures and statistics of scientific networks

The growing of availability of electronic resources over the Internet enables rapid dissemination of the ideas and changes in the trends and the interaction patterns. In this work, we focus on dynamic, evolving social networks which exhibit numerous features that are also of interest to many researchers in non-social fields such as statistical physics, biology, applied mathematics, and computer science. We investigate how a specific research area (high-energy physics) changes over time, by building complex, interlinked citation, publication, and co-publication networks that evolve and expand constantly through the emergence of new papers and authors. Following an interdisciplinary approach, we perform a wide-ranging analysis of the high-energy physics dataset using techniques such as social networks centrality analysis, topological analysis, investigation of power law characteristics, time series analysis of publication and collaboration frequencies, as well as spatiotemporal analysis to discuss relationships among involved countries.
A Study of Harting’s Criterion for Complete Achromatism*

If the glasses of an infinitely thin doublet obey Hartmann’s three-constant dispersion formula, complete achromatism can be attained on condition that the λ0 values of the two glasses be identical. This condition seems to have been first pointed out by Harting, and it is termed Harting’s criterion herein. It can rarely be even approximately fulfilled in practice because the ν-values of realizable glasses would not be sufficiently different; this is shown by a plot of many current glasses and some obsolete ones. The relation of Harting’s criterion to Konig’s partial-dispersion criterion is discussed with a plot, as also is Lee’s suggestion that a plot of c versus n0 segregates the barium flints. Slevogt’s conclusions for the more general case when a is different for the two glasses are considered briefly. Fused silica and some crystals of possible use in optical systems are also discussed; their Hartmann constants for the visible and the ultraviolet regions are tabulated. Some of these materials have favorable characteristics in the visible region, but all that were studied fail in the ultraviolet just as do glasses in the visible.
Abscesses of the hand associated with otopharyngeal infections in children

Abscesses of the hand associated with otopharyngeal infections are extremely rare in children. One case each of Hemophilus influenzae otitis media and beta hemolytic Streptococcus pharyngitis associated with infection of the thenar space and the extensor tenosynovium and dorsal subaponeurotic space, respectively, are reported. Surgical decompression is recommended if there is not marked improvement after a brief trial of intravenous antibiotics.
Detection of spermaceti in a hand cream

The presence of spermaceti, an embargoed item, was confirmed in a sample of hand cream detained by federal agents. The identification was based on chromatographic characteristics of the intact wax esters and of their component fatty acids and alcohols. These acids and alcohols were combined in a manner so closely resembling spermaceti that they undoubtedly came from this source.
The evolution of social norms in conflict resolution

In her classic essay ‘Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms’, Nobel laureate Elinor Ostrom (2000) made a major contribution to our understanding of human institutions. She developed t...
Single-Cell Voltage Measurements with a Set of Nanoprobes

Noninvasive single cell electrical measurements using carbon nanotubes as electrodes are reported here. The device consists of four nanotubes deposited in the corner of a 2 micron square. Using flow, single cells are places on top of the electrodes. Two of the probes are used to apply voltage pulses to the cell and the other two are used to measure the response as a function of time. As a control, measurements of water, cell medium, cells and biomolecules have been made with metallic plates, defined by 60nm holes in a 75nm insulating film. For proof of principle, yeast cells suspended in HEPES are measured. The results show that the nanotubes allow a contact with the ionic environment 100 times better than the metallic plates. The nanotubes also show a different response when the cell is nearby or touching a cell. Since the nanotubes are 1.2 nm in diameter, comparable in size with membrane proteins, we plan to use the nanotube array to perform some of the functions of patch clamps but with less perturbation to the cells due to the small dimension of carbon nanotubes.
Sink or Swim: Managing the Academic Transition to College for Students with Learning Disabilities

This article focuses on ways in which students with learning disabilities (LD) successfully self-manage the academic demands placed upon them when transitioning into college. Using a conceptual framework guided by Disability Studies in Education (DSE), the author analyzes experiences of 2 college students to: (1) identify student actions that contribute to academic success, and (2) capture to what degree students view disability being an integral part of their identity. The experiences of each participant are represented in story form, consisting of: an introduction, a narration of specific concerns in relation to college academics, and a description of ways the student strategizes to “stay afloat” and ultimately “survive” in the college environment. The subsequent discussion analyzes instances of student agency, the relationship between LD and identity, and the value of using a DSE approach in researching disability. Suggestions for further research are included.
TGF‐β Latency: Biological Significance and Mechanisms of Activation

Transforming growth factor (TGF-) beta is secreted as a latent complex in which the mature growth factor remains associated with its propeptide. In order to elicit a biological response, the cytokine must be released from the latent complex, a process termed latent TGF-beta activation or TGF-beta formation. Although latent TGF-beta activation is a critical step in the regulation of its activity, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that lead to the production of active TGF-beta. In this article, we present an overview of the data available on this topic, and we propose a tentative model for the mechanism of TGF-beta formation based upon the observations with different cell systems and on recent findings on the structure of the latent TGF-beta complex.
Heme and HO-1 Inhibition of HCV, HBV, and HIV

Hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis B virus are chronic viral infections that cause considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In the decades following the identification and sequencing of these viruses, in vitro experiments demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1, its oxidative products, and related compounds of the heme oxygenase system inhibit replication of all 3 viruses. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate and summarize the seminal studies that described and characterized this remarkable behavior. It will also discuss more recent work that discovered the antiviral mechanisms and target sites of these unique antiviral agents. In spite of the fact that these viruses are diverse pathogens with quite profound differences in structure and life cycle, it is significant that heme and related compounds show striking similarity for viral target sites across all three species. Collectively, these findings strongly indicate that we should move forward and develop heme and related tetrapyrroles into versatile antiviral agents that could be used therapeutically in patients with single or multiple viral infections.
Design of fully diverse multiple-antenna codes based on Sp(2)

Fully diverse constellations, i.e., sets of unitary matrices whose pairwise differences are nonsingular, are useful in multiple-antenna communications, especially in multiple-antenna differential modulation, since they have good pairwise error properties. Recently, group theoretic ideas, especially fixed-point-free (fpf) groups, have been used to design fully diverse constellations of unitary matrices. Here we construct four-transmit-antenna constellations appropriate for differential modulation based on the symplectic group Sp(2). They can be regarded as extensions of Alamouti's celebrated two-transmit-antenna orthogonal design which can be constructed from the group Sp(1). We further show that the structure of Sp(2) codes lends itself to efficient maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding via the sphere decoding algorithm. Finally, the performance of Sp(2) codes is compared with that of other existing codes including Alamouti's orthogonal design, a 4/spl times/4 complex orthogonal design, Cayley differential unitary space-time codes and group-based codes.
Shifting patterns of sex dimorphism in three Japanese populations

SummaryLevels of sex dimorphism among three related Japanese populations were calculated for 19 anthropometric variates. Two of the groups were born and raised contemporaneously in Japan; one remained there permanently (the sedentes) and the other migrated to Hawaii. The third group comprised the Hawaii-born offspring of the migrants. The results show a clear reduction in levels of sex dimorphism in the migrants as compared to both the sedentes and the Hawaii-born. Upon finding that the migrant females were generally larger than those of the other two groups, and after reviewing certain sociocultural phenomena related to the migration, it is hypothesized that the reduction in sex dimorphism was a transient change brought about by preferential choice of mates by the male migrants.
A Comparison of Comport and Tie-Chain Stalls,

Summary A comparison of Holstein cows kept in comfort and tie-chain stalls was made. Based on nine comparisons, eight produced more milk while in comfort stalls. This increase amounted to 12 to 97.2lb. of milk per week. Those kept in comfort stalls sustained fewer injuries, remained cleaner and spent significantly more time lying down. The difference in the amount of bedding used and cleaning time for each type stall was not statistically significant.
Technical note: Modeling flow features with user-guided streamline parameterization

Streamline-like, free-form features that ''flow'' on a base shape are often utilized in the design of products ranging from automobiles to everyday consumer products. Providing computational support for the design of such features is challenging, because of the open-endedness of the design explorations involved, and the necessity to rapidly and precisely capture the design intents expressed in very simple forms, such as free-form sketches. We present a novel approach for designing streamline-based, free-form surface features in the context of product design. Using our approach, the user first designs a network of streamlines on the base shape, by performing a stroke-constrained mesh parameterization. Then, the user utilizes these streamlines as a curvilinear scaffold for creating 3D free-form features that are bounded and parameterized by these streamlines. The user is able to apply fine-grained control of the outline, profile and extent of the resulting 3D features by manipulating the streamlines. We demonstrate the capability of this approach on several product models.
Development and Testing of an Improved High-Voltage, High-Capacity Impulse Circuit Breaker

In October 1947, F. A. Lane and B. W. Wyman1 described before the Institute the switchgear equipment developed for the Tidd High-Voltage Test Line. This equipment included a low oil content impulse-type circuit breaker rated 10,000,000 kva at 360 kv. The unit described at that time was part of an over-all development program of higher capacity switchgear equipments which will be needed to control and protect properly the rapidly expanding power systems of this country. This paper describes the development of the high-capacity impulse-type circuit breaker to be used in these equipments, both at existing transmission voltages and at the higher transmission voltages projected for the future. In addition, it presents substantiating laboratory and field test data indicating the ample margin of safety possessed by this circuit breaker to meet any requirements the future might dictate.
Measuring the impact of environmental regulations

Increasing public concern about environmental and health externalities associated with pesticides has brought forth increasing demand for environmental quality improvements and calls for additional regulatory limits on agricultural pesticide use (Tobey, Runge). Ironically, most developed countries indirectly encourage pesticide use through agricultural price supports. Although many researchers have examined the welfare effects of various environmental regulations on domestic markets, and some have used trade models to examine tradeoffs between environ-
Avoiding the bad and enhancing the good of soy supplements in breast cancer

Epidemiology teaches us that there is an inverse relationship between soy consumption in Asian countries and a decrease in breast cancer risk. Naturally, this observation sparked a sustained interest in a potential natural approach to the chemoprevention of breast cancer. However, there are many interconnected dimensions to the soy story, some of which are potentially bad. This is the focus of the study by Shike and colleagues (1) in this issue of the Journal.
Genetic evidence for landscape effects on dispersal in the army ant Eciton burchellii.

Inhibited dispersal, leading to reduced gene flow, threatens populations with inbreeding depression and local extinction. Fragmentation may be especially detrimental to social insects because inhibited gene flow has important consequences for cooperation and competition within and among colonies. Army ants have winged males and permanently wingless queens; these traits imply male-biased dispersal. However, army ant colonies are obligately nomadic and have the potential to traverse landscapes. Eciton burchellii, the most regularly nomadic army ant, is a forest interior species: colony raiding activities are limited in the absence of forest cover. To examine whether nomadism and landscape (forest clearing and elevation) affect population genetic structure in a montane E. burchellii population, we reconstructed queen and male genotypes from 25 colonies at seven polymorphic microsatellite loci. Pairwise genetic distances among individuals were compared to pairwise geographical and resistance distances using regressions with permutations, partial Mantel tests and random forests analyses. Although there was no significant spatial genetic structure in queens or males in montane forest, dispersal may be male-biased. We found significant isolation by landscape resistance for queens based on land cover (forest clearing), but not on elevation. Summed colony emigrations over the lifetime of the queen may contribute to gene flow in this species and forest clearing impedes these movements and subsequent gene dispersal. Further forest cover removal may increasingly inhibit Eciton burchellii colony dispersal. We recommend maintaining habitat connectivity in tropical forests to promote population persistence for this keystone species.