cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FLAGELLAR MOTION AND FINE STRUCTURE OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS IN CHLAMYDOMONAS

The biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardi was studied with the light and electron microscopes to determine the behavior of flagella in the living cell and the structure of the basal apparatus of the flagella. During normal forward swimming the flagella beat synchronously in the same plane, as in the human swimmer's breast stroke. The form of beat is like that of cilia. Occasionally cells swim backward with the flagella undulating and trailing the cell. Thus the same flagellar apparatus produces two types of motion. The central pair of fibers of both flagella appear to lie in the same plane, which coincides with the plane of beat. The two basal bodies lie in a V configuration and are joined at the top by a striated fiber and at the bottom by two smaller fibers. From the area between the basal bodies four bands of microtubules, each containing four tubules, radiate in an X-shaped pattern, diverge, and pass under the cell membrane. Details of the complex arrangement of tubules near the basal bodies are described. It seems probable that the connecting fibers and the microtubules play structural roles and thereby maintain the alignment of the flagellar apparatus. The relation of striated fibers and microtubules to cilia and flagella is reviewed, particularly in phytoflagellates and protozoa. Structures observed in the transitional region between the basal body and flagellar shaft are described and their occurrence is reviewed. Details of structure of the flagellar shaft and flagellar tip are described, and the latter is reviewed in detail.
Effects of striate and occipital cortical lesions on visual discrimination in the rabbit

Abstract Learning of brightness and pattern discrimination in normal rabbits and in rabbits with striate and occipital lesions was compared. Those with striate lesions did not differ from normal rabbits in learning brightness discriminations but took significantly longer to learn patterns consisting of striations differing by 90° and 45°. No rabbit with striate lesions learned to discriminate either striations differing by 22° or a cross/ circle discrimination. Those with occipital lesions did not differ from normal rabbits in learning brightness or pattern discriminations. The relationship between receptive field characteristics of neurons in striate cortex and the effects of striate lesions on visual discrimination is discussed.
The effect of rural population on homicide rates across the rural-urban continuum: A county level analysis

Using 3,130 counties and equivalents in the United States for 1980, this paper provides a test of the effects of rural population and its component parts, controlling for other factors, on homicide rates, across the rural-urban continuum. The results indicate that the percent rural population of a county continues to have an inhibitory effect upon homicide. However, this result is influenced by the rural-urban context of the county.
405 ZINC LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH GROWTH RETARDATION

Concentration of zinc in hair and serum of children with short stature (familial or constitutional) was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Some of them were treated with methyltestosterone (MT), 10 mg. daily. Our Zn values were similar to those reported for normal children. Nevertheless, children receiving MT had higher Zn levels than the children without medication. Since Zn deficiency is associated with growth retardation, these results raise the question of whether increased Zn retention may be one of the mechanisms by which androgens accelerate growth. We were unable to find any significant difference between the Zn levels from children with familial short stature and those from children with constitutional growth delay.
Methodology of a diabetes prevention translational research project utilizing a community-academic partnership for implementation in an underserved Latino community

Latinos comprise the largest racial/ethnic group in the United States and have 2–3 times the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus as Caucasians. The Lawrence Latino Diabetes Prevention Project (LLDPP) is a community-based translational research study which aims to reduce the risk of diabetes among Latinos who have a ≥ 30% probability of developing diabetes in the next 7.5 years per a predictive equation. The project was conducted in Lawrence, Massachusetts, a predominantly Caribbean-origin urban Latino community. Individuals were identified primarily from a community health center's patient panel, screened for study eligibility, randomized to either a usual care or a lifestyle intervention condition, and followed for one year. Like the efficacious Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), the LLDPP intervention targeted weight loss through dietary change and increased physical activity. However, unlike the DPP, the LLDPP intervention was less intensive, tailored to literacy needs and cultural preferences, and delivered in Spanish. The group format of the intervention (13 group sessions over 1 year) was complemented by 3 individual home visits and was implemented by individuals from the community with training and supervision by a clinical research nutritionist and a behavioral psychologist. Study measures included demographics, Stern predictive equation components (age, gender, ethnicity, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, body mass index, and family history of diabetes), glycosylated hemoglobin, dietary intake, physical activity, depressive symptoms, social support, quality of life, and medication use. Body weight was measured at baseline, 6-months, and one-year; all other measures were assessed at baseline and one-year. All surveys were orally administered in Spanish. A community-academic partnership enabled the successful recruitment, intervention, and assessment of Latinos at risk of diabetes with a one-year study retention rate of 93%. NCT00810290
Bilateral Angle-Closure Glaucoma in Association with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Two homosexual men, 35 and 42 years old, had bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma in association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In one patient, the angle-closure attack was the initial manifestation of AIDS. Choroidal effusion with secondary anterior rotation of the ciliary body at the scleral spur appeared to be the pathophysiologic mechanism. Pupillary block, angle crowding, and inflammatory synechial angle closure must be differentiated from anterior rotation of the ciliary body as the mechanism of the angle closure to provide optimal treatment. Whereas primary angle closures are treated with miotics and iridectomy, secondary angle closure may be worsened with this treatment. Cycloplegics and, if necessary, drainage of suprachoroidal fluid may be curative in AIDS-related angle closure associated with a choroidal detachment. Both patients died before the long-term efficacy of this treatment could be assessed.
Leukotriene B4 Augments Neutrophil Phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Neutrophils play a critical role in the clearance of bacteria from the lung and other organs by their capacity for phagocytosis and killing. Previously, we identified an important role for the leukotrienes in rat alveolar macrophage phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In this report, we explored the possibility that the leukotrienes play an important role in phagocytosis by neutrophils as well. Inhibition of endogenous leukotriene synthesis by 5-lipoxygenase knockout in mice or by pharmacologic means in human peripheral blood neutrophils attenuated phagocytosis of opsonized K. pneumoniae. Reduced phagocytosis was also observed in human neutrophils pretreated with a leukotriene B4 receptor but not a cysteinyl-leukotriene receptor antagonist. While leukotriene B4 reconstituted defective phagocytosis in leukotriene-deficient neutrophils and enhanced phagocytosis in neutrophils capable of leukotriene synthesis, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid were ineffective. To determine the opsonin dependence of the leukotriene B4 augmentation of phagocytosis, we assessed the ability of leukotriene B4 to modulate neutrophil phagocytosis and the adherence of sheep erythrocytes opsonized with immunoglobulin G or the complement fragment C3bi. While leukotriene B4 augmented both Fc receptor- and complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis, increased adherence to leukotriene B4-treated neutrophils was limited to complement opsonized targets. In conclusion, we have identified a novel role for leukotriene B4 in the augmentation of neutrophil phagocytosis mediated by either the Fc or complement receptor.
Influence of defects on electrical and optical characteristics of GaN/InGaN-based light-emitting diodes

The microstructural, electrical and optical properties of GaN/InGaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) with various material quality grown on sapphire have been studied. Burger's vector analyses showed that edge and mixed dislocations were the most common dislocations in these samples. In defective devices, a large number of surface pits and V-defects were present, which were found to be largely associated with mixed or screw dislocations. Tunneling behavior dominated throughout all injection regimes in these devices. The I-V characteristics at the moderate forward biases can be described by I = I0 exp (eV/E), where the energy parameter E has a temperature-independent value in the range of 70 -110 meV. Deep level states-associated emission has been observed, which is direct evidence of carrier tunneling to these states. Light output was found to be approximately current-squared dependent even at high currents, indicating nonradiative recombination through deep-lying states in the space-charge region. In contrast, dislocation bending was observed in a high quality device, which substantially reduced the density of the mixed and screw dislocations reaching the active layer. The defect-assisted tunneling was substantially suppressed in this LED device. Both forward and reverse I-V characteristics showed high temperature sensitivity, and current transport was diffusion-recombination limited. Light output of the LED became linear with the forward current at a current density as low as 1.4x10-2 A/cm2, where the nonradiative recombination centers in the InGaN active region were essentially saturated. This low saturation level suggests optical inactivity of the edge dislocations in this LED.
Effects of variety on food intake of underweight, normal-weight and overweight women.

Abstract The food intake of 27 underweight, normal-weight and overweight women was monitored during laboratory luncheon meals of solid food units (SFUs), bite-sized spirals of bread with different sandwich fillings. Simultaneous, but not sequential, presentation of three SFU flavors increased intake compared to presentation of a single flavor in normal-weight and overweight women. Neither variety manipulation enhanced intake in the underweight women, who are more than the other subjects in all conditions. The fact that the foods were so similar probably reduced the effectiveness of the variety manipulations. Overweight and normal-weight subjects had different patterns of intake, but only when eating a single flavor of SFU. Only overweight subjects ate less when three flavors of SFUs were hidden from view in the apparatus used to monitor intake. This procedure prevented subjects from selecting particular flavors of SFUs. Differences in cognitive restraint probably do not explain the differences in the eating behavior of normal-weight and overweight subjects in the present study. Lack of dietary restraint or a high level of hunger may account for the different eating behavior of the underweight subjects compared to the other subjects.
‘Delayed’ endocytosis is regulated by extracellular Ca2+ in snake motor boutons

When cooled below ≈7 °C, recently endocytosed vesicles in the motor terminals of the garter snake fail to shed their clathrin coats. Perhaps as a result, the terminals complete only about one-half of the compensatory endocytosis expected after a given period of stimulation. Upon return to room temperature (RT), endocytosis resumes immediately and is complete within minutes. This ‘delayed’ endocytosis following release from cold block provides an opportunity to study clathrin-dependent endocytotic mechanisms in temporal isolation from those events, such as Ca2+ entry and consequent exocytosis, that are normally associated with the activation of nerve terminals. We have taken advantage of clathrin decoating blockade to examine the rate, temperature dependence and extracellular Ca2+ dependence of endocytosis at the snake nerve-muscle synapse. Endocytosis was fast at RT (complete in < 1 min) and markedly faster still at 35 °C. Moreover, the rate of endocytosis varied significantly with change in [Ca2+]o; the rate at 7.2 mM (single exponential time constant, ≈3 s) was approximately double that at 0 mM (single exponential time constant, ≈7 s). Thus, membrane retrieval via clathrin is rapid and, due to its dependence on [Ca2+]o, potentially regulated by changes in the milieu of the synaptic cleft during neural activity.
Biological Properties of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Replication-Defective Mutant Strains in a Murine Nasal Infection Model

We used a mouse nasal model of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) infection to examine the biological properties of HSV-2 wild-type (wt), TK-negative, and replication-defective strains in vivo. Nasal septa tissue is the major site of wt viral replication post intranasal (i.n.) inoculation. The HSV-2 strain 186 syn(+)-1 wt virus caused lethal encephalitis at doses of 10(4) PFU and above per nostril, and at lower doses no neurons in the trigeminal ganglia were positive for the latency-associated transcript, indicating a lack of latent infection. The 186DeltaKpn TK-negative mutant virus replicated in nasal septa tissue but showed low-level replication in trigeminal ganglia at only one timepoint. In situ hybridization of trigeminal ganglia showed that the number of LAT-positive neurons was proportional to the inoculum dose from 10(3) to 10(6) PFU per nare. The replication-defective mutant virus 5BlacZ showed no replication in nasal septa tissue and no persistence of viral DNA at the inoculation site or the trigeminal ganglia. Nevertheless, inoculation of 5BlacZ or the double-mutant dl5-29 at distal sites reduced acute replication and latent infection of 186DeltaKpn following intranasal challenge. This infection model provides a biological system to test the properties of HSV-2 strains and shows that replication-defective mutant strains do not persist at sites of inoculation or in sensory ganglia but can induce immune protection that reduces the latent viral load of a challenge virus.
Reciprocal inhibition of the H-reflex in the forearm: methodological aspects

Reciprocal inhibition of the H-reflex in the wrist flexors elicited by stimulation of the radial nerve provides insight into the pathophysiology of different kinds of dystonia and may become a diagnostic tool for some movement disorders. Some of the results have been conflicting, however, owing presumably to differences in the technique. The present study in normal subjects shows that the amount of inhibition increases with decreasing amplitude of the unconditioned H-reflex and with increasing intensity of the radial nerve stimulus. Duration of the stimulus is important: stimuli of short duration are ineffective, and stimuli of long duration produce inconsistent inhibition.
Protective effect of pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in hamsters

Abstract Overdosage of acetaminophen (AA) is known to produce acute liver toxicity in both humans and laboratory animals. Hamsters are especially sensitive to the hepatotoxic effect of AA. In the present study, hamsters pretreated with pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN; 75 mg/kg, ip, daily for 4 days) were given a single dose of AA (350–1200 mg/kg, ip) and liver function was determined 24 hr later. Serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) as well as histopathology were used as indices of hepatotoxicity. PCN pretreatment decreased AA-induced mortality. PCN dramatically decreased ALT (93–97%) and SDH (63–98%) activities relative to control values from hamsters treated with AA alone, and remarkably decreased hepatic centrilobular necrosis produced by AA. To investigate the mechanism of this protective effect, the biliary and urinary excretion of AA metabolites were measured for 1 hr after administration of AA (150 mg/kg, iv) in bile-duct-cannulated hamsters. PCN pretreatment resulted in increased urinary and biliary excretion of AA-glucuronide and decreased biliary excretion of AA-glutathione. Microsomes from PCN-pretreated hamsters produced less benzoquinoneimine intermediate than controls, as determined by the formation of AA-glutathione. In addition, hepatic UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase were significantly increased in PCN-pretreated hamsters. In conclusion, PCN pretreatment protected against AA-induced hepatotoxicity. The mechanism of this protection appears to be due to decreased formation of the reactive metabolite by the cytochrome P450 pathway, and an increased detoxication by enhanced glucuronidation of AA.
DEGRADATION OF RAT CHONDROSARCOMA PROTEOGLYCANS BY A NEUTRAL METALLOPROTEASE FROM RABBIT CHONDROCYTES

Rat chondrosarcoma proteoglycan aggregate with radiolabeled core protein was digested with a chondrocyte metalloprotease (CMP) or clostripain (CP) at neutral pH. The rates of product formation and the sizes and antigenicities of the products were studied using column chromatography and monoclonal antibodies. Sixteen percent of [35S]methionine label and 17–18% of [3H]serine label in core protein were freed from glycosaminoglycan bound peptides by 50U/ml (760 μg/ml) of CP or 10 μg/ml (estimated) of CMP in 180 min. The CP reaction was almost complete at 5 minutes while the CMP reaction proceeded slowly from 5 to 180 min. The chondroitin-sulfate rich fragments were smaller after CP than CMP treatment. The 180 min CMP digest contained protein that migrated in 2 peaks on Sepharose CL6B. These two peaks corresponded to the peaks where hyaluronic acid binding region produced by CP and link protein migrate. Metalloenzyme inhibitors inhibited CMP with IC50s of 5 × 10−5 M, 1 X 10−3 M, and 80μg/ml for phenanthroline,...
The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility Campaigns on Public Opinion

An experiment was conducted to examine the influence of corporate social responsibility campaigns on public opinion. It was anticipated that corporate social responsibility campaigns, which communicate corporate good deeds, exert considerable positive influence on public opinion. Results supported this expectation. Corporate social responsibility campaigns enhanced people's perceptions of sponsors' image, reputation and credibility.
Development of optical equipment for ultrasonic guided wave structural health monitoring

This paper presents the development of optical equipment that is suitable for ultrasonic guided wave detection for active SHM in the hundreds of kHz range. In recent years, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been investigated by many researchers as an alternative to piezoelectric sensors for the detection of ultrasonic waves. FBG have the advantage of being durable, lightweight, and easily embeddable into composite structures as well as being immune to electromagnetic interference and optically multiplexed. However, there is no commercially available product that uses this promising technology for the detection of ultrasonic guided waves because: (a) the frequency is high (hundreds of kHz); (b) the strains are very small (nano-strain); (c) the operational loads may also induce very large quasi-static strains (the superposition of very small ultrasonic strains and very large quasi-static strain presents a very significant challenge). Although no turn-key optical system exists for ultrasonic guided wave detection, we developed optical ultrasonic guided wave equipment using a tunable laser device. The measurement resolution and sampling speed were considered as the most important criteria in our test. We achieved high sensitive (nano-strain) and high sampling rate. Comparative measurements of low-amplitude ultrasonic waves have been done including FBG, strain gauge, and piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS). Calibration and performance improvements for the optical interrogation system are also developed and discussed. The paper ends with conclusions and suggestions for further work.
Softening Instability: Part I—Localization Into a Planar Band

Distributed damage such as cracking in heterogeneous brittle materials may be ap­ proximately described by a strain-softening continuum. To make analytical solu­ tions feasible, the continuum is assumed to be local but localization of softening strain into a region of vanishing volume is precluded by requiring that the softening region, assumed to be in a state of homogeneous strain, must have a certain minimum thickness which is a material property. Exact conditions of stability of an initially uniform strain field against strain localization are obtained for the case of an infinite layer in which the strain localizes into an infinite planar band. First, the problem is solved for small strain. Then a linearized incremental solution is obtained taking into account geometrical nonlinearity of strain. The stability condition is shown to depend on the ratio of the layer thickness to the softening band thickness. It is found that if this ratio is not too large compared to J, the state of homogeneous strain may be stable well into the softening range. Part II of this study applies Eshelby's theorem to determine the conditions of localization into ellipsoidal regions in infinite space, and also solves localization into circular or spherical regions in finite bodies.
Measurement of Cl and N quadrupole coupling in ClCN

Abstract J = 1 ← 0 and J = 2 ← 1 transitions in 35ClCN and 37ClCN were measured using a C-band waveguide spectrometer and phase-locked sources. Parameters obtained from the data are: B( 35 ClCN) = 5 970.820 ± 0.010 MHz , B( 37 ClCN) = 5 847.246 ± 0.008 MHz , eqQ( 35 Cl) = −83.26 ± 0.04 MHz , eqQ( 37 Cl) = −65.61 ± 0.04 MHz and eqQ( 14 N) = −3.60 ± 0.08 MHz .
Betulinic acid suppresses constitutive and TNFα-induced NF-κB activation and induces apoptosis in human prostate carcinoma PC-3 cells

Development of chemoresistance in androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells is partly due to constitutive activation of Rel/NF-kappaB transcription factors that regulate several cell survival and anti-apoptotic genes. In this study we examined whether betulinic acid (BetA), a pentacyclic triterpene from the bark of white birch, is effective in inhibiting NF-kappaB expression in androgen-refractory human prostate cancer cells exhibiting high constitutive NF-kappaB expression. Treatment of PC-3 cells with BetA inhibited DNA binding and reduced nuclear levels of the NF-kappaB/p65. BetA-mediated NF-kappaB inhibition involved decreased IKK activity and phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha at serine 32/36 followed by its degradation. Reporter assays revealed that NF-kappaB inhibition by BetA is transcriptionally active. These effects were found to correlate with a shift in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and cleavage of poly(ADP)ribose polymerase more towards apoptosis. BetA also inhibited TNFalpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB via the IkappaBalpha pathway, thereby sensitizing the cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. Our studies demonstrate that BetA effectively inhibits constitutive NF-kappaB activation and supports the rationale for targeting NF-kappaB through combination protocols with BetA in androgen-refractory prostate cancer.
"What Is Called Savagery": Race, Visual Perception, and Bodily Contact in Moby-Dick

When we affect to contemn savages, we should remember that by so doing we asperse our own progenitors; for they were savages also. Who can swear that among the naked British barbarians sent to Rome to be stared at more than 1500 years ago, the ancestor of Bacon might not have been found?—Why, among the very Thugs of India, or the bloody Dyaks of Borneo, exists the germ of all that is intellectually elevated and grand. “Mr Parkman’s Tour”1 W riting two years before Moby-Dick’s publication, Melville interweaves in his review of “Mr Parkman’s Tour” several discourses underpinning race and colonialism. One see this in certain images and processes: the savage body (“naked British barbarians”); presumably uncivilized lands (“India” and “Borneo”); the savage mind (“intellectually elevated and grand”); and spectacle (“stared at”). As Josiah Nott, Samuel George Morton, and other nineteenth-century ethnologists proffered, analyzing the body of the “other” marked differences in character and intelligence in favor of whites and, in turn, buttressed racial hierarchies and colonialism. Melville’s fiction often examines—even questions—such systems of power, particularly their ways of focusing colonial and racial oppression on the bodies of nonwhites. “The savage is born a savage; and the civilized being but inherits his civilization, nothing more”—this language from the Parkman review anticipated Melville’s concerns in Moby-Dick and, to his mind, pointed toward the shortsightedness of seeing the “other” as little more than a physical spectacle (NN PT 232). Ever attuned to interracial and cultural dynamics, Melville was somewhat skeptical of “other”-ing those whom he called “our own progenitors.”
Generation of 3-ps pulses by spectral selection of the continuum generated by a 25-ps second harmonic Nd:YAG laser pulse in a liquid.

A method is demonstrated to generate 3-ps pulses in a neodymium laser using a 5-cm D/sub 2/O cell for self-phase-modulation and narrowband filters for spectral generation. (AIP)
Chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging and neurodegeneration: Lessons from α-synuclein

Different conditions, ranging from genetic mutation to post-translational modification, result in the intracellular presence of misfolded or conformationally altered proteins. These abnormal proteins tend to organize in toxic oligomeric structures often resulting in cellular death. Alterations in the function of the surveillance systems that normally repair or remove abnormal proteins are the basis of many neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on such protein conformational disorders and on the role that altered function of intracellular proteolytic systems, in particular autophagy, plays in the evolution of these diseases. Using Parkinson disease as a main example, we recapitulate the different stages of this protein conformational disorder at the cellular level and relate them with changes in the different types of autophagy. Finally, we also comment on the effect that aggravating conditions, such as oxidative stress and aging, have on the functioning of the autophagic system and its ability to cope with altered proteins.
ANOXIC GOLDFISH ARE DEPRESSED, NOT DRUNK

![Figure][1] The vertebrate brain is generally highly vulnerable to damage when deprived of oxygen (anoxia); without oxygen, mitochondrial energy production ceases, and ATP-dependent processes fail. Some vertebrates, however, including certain freshwater turtles, the goldfish and the Crucian
Elimination of Genital Vibriosis in Female Cattle by Systemic Immunization with Killed Cells or Cell-Free Extracts of Campylobacter fetus

Heifers infected in the genital tract with Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus were immunized twice with killed cells or cell-free extracts in Freund's incomplete adjuvant to compare the effectiveness of the vaccines in eliminating infection with homologous and heterologous strains, to determine the incidence of antigenic variation in C. fetus, and to assess the relation of antibodies in serum and vaginal mucus to termination of infection. Cell-free vaccines, composed of a water extract rich in the antiphagocytic antigen and a crude "ribosomal" extract, were as effective as whole cells. Infection was terminated in most animals, whether infected with the homologous or a heterologous strain, one to six weeks after the first immunization. Most isolates derived two or more weeks after initiation of infection varied antigenically from the infecting strains, as measured by agglutination, precipitation, and opsonization reactions. No remarkable differences existed between heifers that were cured and those that were not cured in content of agglutinins, precipitins, or opsonins in serum or vaginal mucus, or in the incidence of antigenic variants. These studies demonstrate the success of systemic immunization with subcellular fractions of bacteria in eliminating a localized genital infection. The emergence of antigenic variants has been confirmed as a general consequence of C. fetus infection. No relation could be established between cure of infection and qualitative or quantitative measures of local and systemic humoral immune responses.
Size variation of trichospores of Harpella melusinae in larval black flies.

Trichospores of Harpella melusinae in larval black flies from four streams in northwestern South Carolina were measured. The longest fresh trichospore was 242 μm, 38% longer than the reported maximum length of trichospores for this species. After staining with lactophenol cotton blue, trichospore length was significantly reduced by up to 24.4% in fresh larvae and up to 4.9% in fixed larvae. Mean trichospore length differed significantly between seasons and between sampling sites but did not differ significantly between middle and final instars. Trichospore length correlated significantly with host size. We suggest that taxonomic descriptions of trichomycetes should include measurements of fresh, fixed and stained trichospores.
Commentary on an article by Martha M. Murray, MD, et al.: "The effect of skeletal maturity on functional healing of the anterior cruciate ligament".

Dr. Murray and her colleagues have created an elegant, in vitro, animal study that helps to clarify some of the key questions regarding the effect of age and specific technique on repair of the anterior cruciate ligament. The porcine animal model, while not directly translatable to humans, allows us a more effective opportunity to evaluate histological and clinical healing of the ligament repair tissue. Historically, surgeons have all but discarded the use of primary repair in addressing anterior cruciate ligament injuries unless the ligament is …
Seasonal mean circulation on the Irish shelf—a model-generated climatology

Abstract Subtidal circulation over the shelf sea west of Ireland is computed diagnostically. The 3D circulation is driven by observed/analyzed density fields and standard mean seasonal wind fields; subject to spatially-variable vertical mixing fields from a detailed tidal model; and resolved on a bimonthly scale. The calculation extends from the Armorican Shelf to the Hebrides, in order to include large-scale effects. Three bimonthly “seasons” are presented: late winter (March–April) when commercially important marine fish are spawning; spring (May–June) when anadromous fish are in transit along the shelf northward; and summer (July–August) when harmful algae are observed in the region.
Design of a Multidirectional, High-Gain Compact Yagi Antenna

The design, prototyping, and testing of a multidirectional, closely spaced Yagi antenna is described. A driver is surrounded by eight directors. The directional radiation pattern is reconfigured using pin diode switches located at the bottom of the directors. All elements are placed closely together, and the entire array assembly is enclosed in a circle of radius 0.04lambda. The achievable realized gain in any azimuth direction is between 8.2 and 9.7 dB.
Frequency stability of a Zeeman-stabilized laser.

The frequency of a commercial hard-sealed He–Ne laser has been stabilized to the center of the discharge gain profile using the mode splitting caused by an axial magnetic field. The absolute frequency has been measured repeatedly during intermittent operation over 20 months. Its drift over most of this period has been 2.6 ± 0.7 MHz/yr. The lock point has been found to depend slightly on the laser tube's temperature.
Milne’s half-space problem: A numerical solution of the related integral equation

Abstract The one speed, isotropic scattering, planar Milne’s problem in neutron transport has been a test bed for many methods. We further explore here a numerical solution of the related integral equation. We find that with the use of singularity subtraction, high order quadratures, some interval transformations, and very high precision in all computations, it is possible to obtain results of benchmark accuracy in a straightforward manner.
Physiological Basis of Differential Strontium Accumulation in Two Barley Genotypes

Studies of rates of Sr transport from nutrient solutions containing 8 concentrations of Sr indicate a definite trend towards higher rates of Sr transport by roots of intact 12-day-old Regal barley ( Hordeum vulgare , L.) seedlings as compared with Tregal. Differences in rates of Sr transport between the 2 varieties were also indicated by higher concentrations of Sr in fluids exuding from decapitated Regal roots as compared to fluids exuding from decapitated Tregal roots. No differences between Regal and Tregal were found in the physical factors of distance from epidermis to endodermis, number of cortical cell layers, or transpiration rate. Furthermore, no relationship was observed between transpiration rate and rate of Sr accumulation. Dependence of Sr transport on metabolic processes was indicated by marked effects of temperature, cyanide, and dinitrophenol on rates of Sr transport. Q 10 values for Sr transport by Regal and Tregal approached 2, thereby indicating that metabolic reactions were associated with this process. Strontium transport by both Regal and Tregal was markedly depressed in the presence of either cyanide or dinitrophenol. These results led to the conclusion that the Sr transport process is dependent on metabolic energy derived from respiration.
Cell adhesion molecules are co-receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced T-cell activation and cytokine production

Enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are potent mitogens for human T cells and cause lethal toxic shock. These superantigens bind to major histocompatibility complex class II on antigen-presenting cells outside the conventional peptide-binding groove and stimulate T cells expressing certain T-cell receptor V beta gene products. We investigated other cell-surface molecules on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that can mediate staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. SEB-induced proliferation of T cells was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies to CD2, CD11a, CD18, CD28, CD44, CD58 and ICAM-1. Anti-ICAM-1 also blocked the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, TNF alpha and IFN gamma by SEB-stimulated T cells. These data suggest that the surface molecules, CD11a:CD18/ICAM-1, CD2/CD58, CD28 and CD44, are all important co-receptors for T-cell activation by superantigens. Thus, like conventional antigens, multiple stimulatory signals from the interactions of these receptors are required for superantigen-induced immune responses. Reducing toxic mediators such as TNF alpha and IFN gamma by anti-ICAM antibodies in SEB-induced T-cell responses may be a useful therapeutic strategy to circumvent SEB toxicity and pathogenesis.
Temperature and concentration quenching of mid-IR photoluminescence in iron doped ZnSe and ZnS laser crystals

Abstract Concentration dependences of the mid-IR kinetic of luminescence at 5 E ↔ 5 T 2 transition in Fe:ZnSe and Fe:ZnS laser samples were studied in 14–300 K temperature ranges. Radiation lifetime in Fe:ZnSe samples measured using low doped samples with iron concentration 0.1×10 18 cm −3 was estimated to be 57 μs. The magnetic susceptibility for higher doped ( C Fe =38 and 112×10 18 cm −3 ) Fe:ZnSe samples was found to consist of a paramagnetic Curie–Weiss behavior arising from the weakly interacting Fe 2+ ions and a diamagnetic ZnSe contribution plus a temperature-independent, field-dependent contribution possibly arising from very small amounts of aggregated Fe.
Nonlinear band-parameter variations in dilute bismuth-antimony alloys

Band-structure variations in dilute Bi-Sb alloys have been investigated by studying the Shubnikov-de Haas quantum oscillations at low temperatures in magnetic fields up to 10 kG. Changes in the electron Fermi energy and band overlap in the dilute Bi-Sb system were determined for Sb concentration varying from 0.68 to 2.90 at.%. It was found that all the important band parameters show a nonlinear variation with the Sb concentration $\ensuremath{\chi}$. In particular, the electron Fermi energy is a nonmonotonic function of $\ensuremath{\chi}$.
Using the Picture Exchange Communication System With Students With Visual Impairment

Students with visual impairment (VI) were taught to request using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and tangible symbols. Participants were four males with additional disabilities, 5 to 11 years old, who had little to no functional vision. A functional relation between PECS Phase 1 and requesting was established using a multiple baseline single subject design. All students learned to request independently within 7 to 14 sessions in Phase 1. Students maintained requesting above criterion for 1 to 5 months. All students generalized requesting to a new communication partner (CP); however, only two students reached criterion during generalization sessions. Two students learned to seek out a CP 5 feet away to request; however, no functional relation was established for Phase 2. More research is needed to establish PECS as an evidence-based practice for children with VI.
Performance-Based Data in the Study of STEM Ph.D. Education

Understanding the scholarly development of Ph.D. students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is vital to the preparation of the scientific workforce. During doctoral study, students learn to be professional scientists and acquire the competencies to succeed in those roles. However, this complex process is not well studied. Research to date suffers from overreliance on a narrow range of methods that cannot provide data appropriate for addressing questions of causality or effectiveness of specific practices in doctoral education. We advocate a shift in focus from student and instructor self-report toward the use of actual performance data as a remedy that can ultimately contribute to improved student outcomes.
A central limit property under a modified Ehrenfest urn design

We consider a stochastic process in a modified Ehrenfest urn model. The modification prescribes there to be a minimum number of balls in each urn, and the process records the differences between treatment assignments under a sampling scheme implemented with this modified Ehrenfest urn model. In contrast to the result that the difference process forms a Markov chain and converges to a stationary distribution under the Ehrenfest urn model, the corresponding process under this modified Ehrenfest urn design satisfies the central limit property. We prove this asymptotic normality property using a central limit theorem for dependent random variables, renewal theory, and two Kolmogorov-type maximal inequalities.
Spectral Characteristics and Meridional Variations of Energy Transformations during the First and Second Special Observation Periods of FGGE

The global features and meridional spectral energy transformation variations of the first and second special observation periods of the First Global GARP Experiment (FGGE) are investigated, together with the latitudinal distribution of the kinetic energy balance. Specific seasonal characteristics are shown by the spectral distributions of the global transformations between (1) zonal mean and eddy components of the available potential energy, (2) the zonal mean and eddy components of the kinetic energy, and (3) the available potential energy and the kinetic energy. Maximum kinetic energy production is found to occur at subtropical latitudes, with a secondary maximum at higher middle latitudes. Between these two regions, there is another region characterized by the adiabatic destruction of kinetic energy above the lower troposphere.
InP Based Monolithic Integrated HEMT Amplifiers and Their Material Sensitivity

Experimental results on InP based In0.53+xGa0.47-xAs/In0.52Al0.48As HEMT monolithic integrated amplifiers are reported demonstrating the feasibility of this technology. Strained heteroepitaxy (x?0.0) proved to enhance the device performance and upper frequency limits and was used for the MMIC-realization. More than 15 dB of gain were obtained from 6 to 9.5 GHz. The maximum gain was 22 dB and the return loss better than - 10 dB. In spite of the strained heteroepitaxy which can raise material control questions for MMIC realizations the experimental results for the samples (x=0.07 and x=0.22) showed good agreement with design objectives.
The Influence of Sucralose on Bacterial Metabolism

Sucralose (1',4',6' trideoxy-trichloro-galactosucrose) is a nontoxic, intensely sweet sucrose derivative that has been shown to be non-cariogenic in experimental animals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether certain oral bacteria could utilize sucralose. Sucralose, as a sole carbon source, was unable to support growth of ten strains of oral bacteria and dental plaque. When sucrolose was incorporated into a liquid medium containing glucose or sucrose, all organisms tested displayed similar pH falls, compared with controls. The incorporation of 126 mmol/L sucralose into glucose agar medium caused total inhibition of growth of Streptococcus sobrinus 6715-17, Streptococcus sanguis 10904, Streptococcus sanguis Challis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Actinomyces viscosus WVU627. Sucralose had no effect on IPS production. Sucralose was not bound to, nor taken up by, cells. Sucralose inhibited the formation of glucan and fructan polymers in proportion to the sucralose-to-enzyme ratio, but independent of the sucrose concentration in the assay mixture. No radioactive polymer was formed from 14C-U-sucralose added to mixtures containing glucosyltransferase (GTF) or fructosyl-transferase (FTF). Inhibition of GTF and FTF by sucralose was removed following dialysis of the enzyme/sucralose mixture. These results show that sucralose was not utilized by the oral bacteria tested and that the inhibitory effect of sucralose on GTF and FTF was non-competitive and reversible. The results further support the concept that sucralose is non-cariogenic.
Out-of-class Learning and Accountability in Higher Education

Abstract Massive student debt, poor performance by college graduates, and an overall questioning of the value of a four or more year commitment to an academic endeavour fuels societal and political demands for accountability in higher education. Drawing on a review of governmental studies, scholarly publications, professional association position papers, and popular works, the issue of addressing accountability through the development of universal learning outcomes and maximizing out-of-class learning experiences in colleges and universities is explored. Examples of holistic learning as well as sources for developing student learning outcomes for both in and out of class are provided. A case study of Ohio University brings to life a real world approach to developing an institutional commitment to holistic student learning. The power of all-inclusive learning is identified in the institution's foundational documents and accreditation. The development and implementation of projects associated with the University's accreditation process, through the Higher Learning Commission's Academic Quality Improvement Program (AQIP) and the results of data from three elements of a study on learning through student employment are provided for review. Finally, the institution's commitment to make its efforts operational is manifested through on-going and developing efforts and practices within the institution's Division of Student Affairs.
Mechanical Strength Degradation of Graphite Fiber Reinforced Thermoset Composites Due to Porosity

The mechanical strength of composite laminates is sensitive to the presence of porosity. Porosity in laminates is generally considered to be a random distribution of voids incurred during the manufacture process. Larger, interlaminar voids typically result from trapped air or moisture; smaller, intralaminar voids may occur between fibers due to improper wetting or the release of volatile gases during the cure cycle. Porosity has its greatest effects on matrix-dominated mechanical properties such as compressive strength, transverse tensile strength and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). Judd and Wright [1] have surveyed the existing data and made an appraisal of the effects of voids on the mechanical properties of composites. In a study of porosity in filament wound/CVD carbon-carbon composite [2], the transverse tensile strength was found to decrease exponentially with increasing porosity and followed an empirical equation often attributed to Ryshkewitch [3] and Duckworth [4]: σ = σmaxeBP (1) where σmax is the strength at zero porosity, P is the volume fraction of porosity, and B (a negative number) is an empirical constant that depends on pore size, shape, and orientation. More recently Yoshida et. al.
Some Notes on Coerced Labor

Though Social critics have often spoken of the “wage slavery” associated with modern capitalism, it is more common to believe that coerced labor was banished with the coming of modern standards of civilization. Thus the corvee of ancient China, the feudalism of Western Europe and Japan, and the New World enslavement of blacks in the 17th-19th centuries are seen as products of those earlier and less enlightened ages, mere way stations in the historical evolution of modern day economies.
Managing DICOM image metadata with desktop operating systems native user interface

Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) is commonly used in the hospital environment as the tool to manage radiological images which has standardized on the DICOM format. PACS usually consists of dedicated high performance server computers to provide functionalities of acquisition, storage, retrieval, editing (metadata), distribution and presentation. As the personal computers become more powerful, average desktop workstations can process large amount of data with performance comparable to the high cost dedicated systems. Recent desktop operating systems (OS) such as Microsoft Windows Vista have built-in indexing and search capability integrated with the graphic user interface (GUI) to allow fast retrieval and customized presentation for digital media and documents. Integrating DICOM image management into desktop OS GUI can reduce the cost of software acquisition, maintenance, and user training. We developed DicomProp as a Windows plug-in to provide an easy to use alternative for managing DICOM images on desktop computers.
Being there: cellular targeting of voltage-gated sodium channels in the heart.

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels in cardiomyocytes are localized in specialized membrane domains that optimize their functions in propagating action potentials across cell junctions and in stimulating voltage-gated calcium channels located in T tubules. Mutation of the ankyrin-binding site of Nav1.5, the principal Nav channel in the heart, was previously known to cause cardiac arrhythmia and the retention of Nav1.5 in an intracellular compartment in cardiomyocytes. Conclusive evidence is now provided that direct interaction between Nav1.5 and ankyrin-G is necessary for the expression of Nav1.5 at the cardiomyocyte cell surface.