cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volume regulation and alanine transport. Response of isolated axons of callinectes sapidus rathbun to hypo-osmotic conditions

Abstract 1. 1. When submitted to a hypo-osmotic stress, isolated axons show a spontaneous regulation of their volume which is Ca2+ and energy dependent (DNP inhited). Na+-free medium and ouabain do not affect the regulatory phase. 2. 2. In the steady state, alanine is characterized by an uphill sodium-dependent transport. 3. 3. The application of a hypo-osmotic stress induces an increase in passive efflux and a partial inhibition of the alanine active transport. 4. 4. The results are discussed in relation with the intracellular isosmotic regulation in euryhaline invertebrates.
Ultrastructure of the Eyespot and its Possible Significance in Phototaxis of Tetracystis excentrica

SYNOPSIS. The eyespot of the zoospore of Tetracystis excentrica (a green alga) has been studied by light and electron microscopy. In Tetracystis the eyespot consists of about 110 osmiophilic granules which form a plate in the anterior third of the cell. The granules are about 80 A in diameter and are found in the outermost portion of the chloroplast; they commonly show hexagonal close packing and a hexagonal shape. The granules are confined positionally by the chloroplast envelope and an inner thylakoid. The plasmalemma over the eyespot is thickened and is separated from the chloroplast envelope by a 50 mμ space. The eyespot of Tetracystis is compared with others reported in the literature and the possible functional significance of these studies is discussed. The possibility that the eyespot plate in Tetracystis serves as a shading device rather than the primary photoreceptor is considered.
Programming spatio-temporal data streaming applications with high-level specifications

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of PILOTS, a ProgrammIng Language for spatiO-Temporal data Streaming applications. Using PILOTS, application developers can easily program an application that handles spatio-temporal data streams by writing a high-level declarative program specification.Whereas spatio-temporal data is available with various spatial density and time frequency depending on data sources (e.g., weather forecast data can be given hourly/-daily for a vast geographic area, while GPS data can be given every second or at a higher frequency for a specific geographic location), applications often need to process data at a constant frequency. To view such heterogeneous data streams as homogeneous data streams, PILOTS specifically provides first-class support for data selection and interpolation so that applications can get data consistently regardless of the data's original spatio-temporal heterogeneity.To enable reasoning about errors in correlated spatio-temporal data streams, we introduce the notion of error signatures, patterns in output data streams that appear when input data is erroneous. These patterns are produced thanks to a mathematical model that explicitly specifies the redundancy exhibited in the input data. PILOTS applications readily produce error signatures, which can be an important tool to semi-automatically detect data error conditions and enable better decision support systems.As a motivating application, we illustrate a PILOTS program that receives as input data: the airspeed, the ground speed, and the wind speed for a flight. We then compute the error signatures exhibited by failing the airspeed data stream simulating a pitot tube icing scenario (such as the one occurring in Air France flight 447 in June 2009 ultimately killing all people onboard), and by failing the ground speed data stream simulating a GPS constellation shutdown.
Electromagnetic formation flight dynamics including reaction wheel gyroscopic stiffening effects

In this paper, we consider the equations of motion of a two-spacecraft formation flying array that uses electromagnets as relative position actuators. The relative positions of the spacecraft are controlled by the forces generated between the electromagnets on the two spacecraft, and the attitudes of the spacecraft are controlled using reaction wheels. The nonlinear equations of motion for this system are linearized about a nominal operating trajectory, taken to be a steady-state spin maneuver used for deep-space interferometric observation. The linearized equations are analyzed for stability and controllability. Although the open-loop system proves to be unstable, a controllability analysis indicates that the system is fully controllable with the given suite of actuators, and is therefore stabilizable. An optimal linear feedback controller is then designed, and the closed-loop dynamics are simulated. The simulations demonstrate that the closed-loop system is indeed stable, and that linear control is a very promising technique for electromagnetic formation flight systems, despite the nonlinearity of the dynamics.
Defining Dialect, Perceiving Dialect, and New Dialect Formation: Sarah Palin’s Speech

Nonlinguists prove surprisingly good at recognizing dialects, even as dialects rapidly evolve. During the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Republican vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin’s speech was intensely discussed among linguists, the media, and laypeople. Though Palin is from Alaska, her speech was often identified with the Upper Midwest.The authors explore what this mismatch can tell us about dialects and their perception, starting from a description of Palin’s speech as commented on in the media.They review some pragmatic features and provide quantitative treatment of her “g-dropping.” Then, they undertake acoustic analysis of Palin’s vowels and final /z/ devoicing, including Western features and features that create an impression of her speech as Upper Midwestern. Regional settlement history, research on “new dialect formation,” and research on perception of variation inform the authors’ finding that a few acoustic and other characteristics trigger a specific national perception of Palin’s ve...
Market Values Permeate Both Foreign Policies and Prison Policies

When the United States invaded Iraq, bumper stickers began appearing saying “How did our oil get under their sand?” The point was to question the real motivation for this huge investment of tax dol...
Membrane Fusion by VAMP3 and Plasma Membrane t-SNAREs

Pairing of SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) proteins on vesicles (v-SNAREs) and SNARE proteins on target membranes (t-SNAREs) mediates intracellular membrane fusion. VAMP3/cellubrevin is a v-SNARE that resides in recycling endosomes and endosome-derived transport vesicles. VAMP3 has been implicated in recycling of transferrin receptors, secretion of α-granules in platelets, and membrane trafficking during cell migration. Using a cell fusion assay, we examined membrane fusion capacity of the ternary complexes formed by VAMP3 and plasma membrane t-SNAREs syntaxin1, syntaxin4, SNAP-23 and SNAP-25. VAMP3 forms fusogenic pairing with t-SNARE complexes syntaxin1/SNAP-25, syntaxin1/SNAP-23 and syntaxin4/SNAP-25, but not with syntaxin4/SNAP-23. Deletion of the N-terminal domain of syntaxin4 enhanced membrane fusion more than two fold, indicating that the N-terminal domain negatively regulates membrane fusion. Differential membrane fusion capacities of the ternary v-/t-SNARE complexes suggest that transport vesicles containing VAMP3 have distinct membrane fusion kinetics with domains of the plasma membrane that present different t-SNARE proteins.
Observations on the pathologic diagnosis of selected unusual lesions in needle core biopsies of breast.

: Pathologic diagnoses rendered on needle core biopsies of mammary lesions are primary determinants of further intervention. Such biopsies are being performed for an ever-widening range of diseases in an attempt to reliably and efficiently render a diagnosis. This review is intended to provide practical guidance to pathologists in dealing with selected unusual lesions encountered in these biopsies. Herein we offer advice on avoiding common diagnostic errors and on considering the relevant differential diagnosis of mucocele-like lesions, spindle-cell metaplastic carcinoma, adenomyoepithelioma, pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH), collagenous spherulosis, myofibroblastoma, vascular lesions, and lymphoid infiltrates in the breast.
Clinical fMRI: Implementation and Experience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a new tool for understanding how the brain performs cognitive functions. Paradigms of increasing sophistication such as language comprehension (Just et al., 1996a), visuospatial processing (Just et al., 1996b), and working memory (Sweeney et al., 1996a,b,c) move beyond the simple visual and motor tasks that were used to establish the robustness of the technique (Thulborn et al., 1995, 1996a,b,c,d). Not only does this technique allow the location of cognitive functions to be mapped to discrete but distributed regions of the brain but it also examines how the brain copes with tasks of increasing demands by recruiting new resources from other regions and sequencing processes across multiple regions according to the task (Just et al., 1996b; Thulborn et al., 1996a,b,c,d). A complete historical introduction of fMRI is not the purpose of this report but rather it focuses on the extension of investigations on normal volunteers in which the basic cerebrovascular physiology is assumed to be constant across individuals to patients with pathology that arise from abnormal cerebrovascular physiology. Such clinical applications are challenging because of the need to perform the study as safely and as efficiently as possible in a subject who is often distracted and anxious about his or her illness. The interpretation of the results in the setting of altered physiology must be ambiguous unless the hemodynamic and metabolic status of the brain is characterized. Technical failures must be minimized and results must be available quickly if clinical utility is to be established. The design of equipment that meets these constraints of clinical fMRI and our initial experience with patients will be described.
Efficient system-level mapping from streaming applications to FPGAs (abstract only)

Streaming processing is an important computation model that represents many applications in various domains such as video processing, signal processing and wireless communication. FPGA is a natural platform for streaming applications because the task-level pipelined parallelism can be efficiently implemented on FPGA by its customizable communication and memory architecture. In this paper we propose an efficient design space exploration algorithm to map kernels of streaming applications onto FPGAs. We aim at finding the most area-efficient selections of hardware modules from the implementation library while satisfying the system performance requirement. In particular, we consider both module selection and replication techniques. Design metrics are formulated in our high-level model based on these two techniques. In addition, we extend the analytic formulations in previous work by supporting complex stream graph structures like feedback loops. The proposed iterative exploration algorithm is based on the system of difference constraint (SDC) and thus can be solved in polynomial time. Compared to previous mainstream ILP-based solutions, our proposed algorithm is scalable and practical in large systems. Both the ILP formulation and our proposed iterative exploration mechanism are applied to a set of streaming applications from StreamIt benchmarks and also to one real example MPEG-4 decoder. Experiments demonstrate that our design space exploration algorithm can efficiently find a feasible solution with an average 5.7% area overhead.
Financing watershed conservation: Lessons from Ecuador's evolving water trust funds

In early 2000, the city of Quito, Ecuador, established the Water Protection Fund (FONAG) to provide sustainable financing for the management and conservation of surrounding watersheds. FONAG was innovative in that it pioneered the use of trust funds in a voluntary, decentralized mechanism for financing watershed conservation. Since then, at least 15 water trust funds have been created or are under development in the Northern Andes, seven of which are in Ecuador. Ecuador's later water funds share many similarities with FONAG, but there are also important differences. This article analyzes the evolution of Ecuador's water trust funds since the creation of FONAG. It does so by comparing the development and effects-to-date of two of the most-recent Ecuadorian water funds: the Fund for Paramo Management and Fight Against Poverty in Tungurahua and the Regional Water Fund (FORAGUA). The article compares these newer water trust funds with FONAG and early payment for environmental services programs to identify four lessons regarding the financing of watershed conservation and related changes in community-level watershed management within Ecuador. The evolution of Ecuador's water trust funds highlights their ability to adapt to different socio-cultural and political conditions, including those that oppose the commodification of natural resources. As such, water funds provide an innovative model for providing sustainable financing for watershed conservation in countries like Ecuador where privatization is not possible for either legal or cultural reasons.
A succession of mechanisms stimulate efficient reconstituted HIV-1 minus strand strong stop DNA transfer.

Donor−acceptor template systems in vitro were designed to test mechanisms of minus strand transfer of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). Donor RNA D199, extending from the 5′ end of the HIV-1 genome to the primer binding site (PBS), promoted transfer to only 35% with an acceptor RNA representing the 3′ terminal 97 nucleotides, whereas donor RNA D520, including an additional 321 nucleotides 3′ of PBS, exhibited 75% transfer. Both donors transferred through an invasion-driven pathway, but transfer was stimulated by the folding structure resulting from the extra segment in D520. In this study, the significance of interaction between the tRNAlys3 primer and U3 was examined. Measurements utilizing acceptors having or lacking the U3 region complementary with tRNAlys3 indicated that a tRNAlys3−U3 interaction compensated for inefficient acceptor invasion observed with D199. Stimulation presumably occurred because binding to tRNAlys3 increased the proximity of the acceptor to elongated cDNA, improving transfe...
Higgs bosons in a minimal R -parity conserving left-right supersymmetric model

We revisit the Higgs sector of the left-right supersymmetric model. We study the scalar potential in a version of the model in which the minimum is the charge-conserving vacuum state, without $R$-parity violation or additional nonrenormalizable terms in the Lagrangian. We analyze the dependence of the potential and of the Higgs mass spectrum on the various parameters of the model, pinpointing the most sensitive ones. We also show that the model can predict light neutral flavor-conserving Higgs bosons, while the flavor-violating ones are heavy and within the limits from ${K}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{K}}^{0}$, ${D}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{D}}^{0}$, and ${B}_{d,s}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{B}}_{d,s}^{0}$ mixings. We study variants of the model in which at least one doubly charged Higgs boson is light and show that the parameter space for such Higgs masses and mixings is very restrictive, thus making the model more predictive.
Simple one-centre calculation of breathing force constants and equilibrium internuclear distances for NH3, H2O and HF

Total molecular energies, breathing force constants and equilibrium internuclear distances are determined for the NH3, H2O and HF molecules using a single determinant wave function of the simplified one-centre form s 2 s′2 p x 2 p y 2 p z 2, where each of the five Slater orbitals, s, s′, p x , p y , p z , is characterized by an effective orbital exponent ζ and an effective principal quantum number n. Five different calculations are performed for each molecule: in (a) the orbitals are centred on the heavy atom, the parameters n are taken to be integral, and the orbitals p x , p y and p z are given the same ζ values (the spherical approximation); in (b) the orbitals p x , p y and p z are allowed to have different ζ values (the ellipsoidal approximation); (c) and (d) are the same as (a) and (b) except that non-integral n values are allowed; (e) is the same as (d) except that the orbital centre also is taken to be a variational parameter. The values obtained are compared with experimental values (the agreemen...
Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory.

A large body of evidence indicates that women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. Five classes of explanations for these sex differences are examined and the evidence for each class is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differences in depression. Finally, a response set explanation for the sex differences in depression is proposed. According to this explanation, men are more likely to engage in distracting behaviors that dampen their mood when depressed, but women are more likely to amplify their moods by ruminating about their depressed states and the possible causes of these states. Regardless of the initial source of a depressive episode (i.e., biological or psychological) men's more active responses to their negative moods may be more adaptive on average than women's less active, more ruminative responses. The epidemiology of a disorder can provide important clues to its etiology. When a disorder only strikes persons from one geographical region, one social class, or one gender, we can ask what characteristics of the vulnerable group might be making its members vulnerable. A frequent finding in epidemiological studies of mental disorders is that women are more prone to unipolar affective disorders than are men (Boyd & Weissman, 1981; Weissman & Klerman, 1977). A number of different explanations have been proposed to account for women's greater vulnerability to depression. Previous reviews of these explanations (e.g., Weissman & Klerman, 1977) have been quite brief and uncritical. In this article, the evidence for sex differences in unipolar depression first is summarized, then the most prominent explanations proposed for these sex differences are discussed in detail. These explanations include those attributing the differences to the response biases of subjects, as well as biological, psychoanalytic, sex role, and learned helplessness explanations. Although most of the proposed explanations for sex differences in depression have received some empirical support, not one of them has been definitively supported and not one as yet accounts for the magnitude of sex differences in depression. In the final section of this article it is suggested that differences in the ways that men and women respond to their own depressive episodes, whatever the origin of these episodes, may be an important source of the sex differences observed in depression.
Long-term results of transanal excision after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for T2 and T3 adenocarcinomas of the rectum.

Introduction Traditionally, selected early distal rectal cancers have been considered for treatment by transanal excision (TAE) with acceptable oncologic results. With the frequent use of neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCR) for the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer, there is growing interest in the application of TAE for such lesions. We report our experience of TAE for T2 and T3 rectal cancers following NCR. Material and Methods Between July 1994 and August 2006, 44 patients were identified as having undergone full-thickness TAE of pretreatment ultrasound-staged T2 and T3 rectal cancers that were treated with NCR. Fifteen patients were deemed medically unfit for radical resection, and 29 would have required abdominoperineal resection but were opposed to colostomy. Results Our patient population consisted of 26 men and 18 women, with a median age of 69 (range, 43–89) and a median follow up of 64 months (6–153). Thirty-one patients had a clinical complete response (cCR) to NCR of which 19 (61%) had a pathologic CR (pCR). Seven (16%) of 44 patients sustained disease recurrence of which two were local only, two local and systemic, and three systemic only. Only four (9%) patients had died of disease at current follow up. Overall 5-year survival rates for T2/T3N0 and T2/T3N1 patients were 84% and 81%, respectively. Five patients underwent radical resection immediately following TAE for either positive margins or residual cancer. There was minimal morbidity with no perioperative mortality associated with TAE. Conclusions TAE of T2 and T3 rectal cancers following NCR is a safe alternative to radical resection in a highly select group of patients for which recurrence and survival rates comparable to radical resection can be achieved. This study supports ongoing efforts to assess this approach in prospective, multi-center trials.
Compact finite burn targeting and reconstruction algorithm

A method is presented for targeting a spacecraft through a rocket motor burn of finite duration to match a desired final state. Variational equations are numerically integrated to yield the Jacobian of the final state with respect to the finite burn model parameters. An innovative application of the Euler axis and angle parameterization of attitude is used to model the direction of thrust. This parameterization avoids the traditional singularities associated with right ascension and declination angles. Marquardt's method is used in the differential correction of the nonlinear model parameters. At each iteration singular value decomposition is used to solve the weighted normal equations for the finite burn model parameters, which minimize the weighted least squares error in the final state. The full-order finite burn model allows the thrust vector to rotate at a constant angular rate within a plane. A reducedorder model simulates an inertially fixed thrust vector. The compact size and speed of this algorithm has made it possible to implement on a laptop personal computer. An application of this algorithm to real-time telemetry antenna pointing for the Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft is presented.
Characterization of the thioether product formed from the thiolytic cleavage of the alkyl-nickel bond in methyl-coenzyme M reductase.

Methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) catalyzes the terminal step in methanogenesis by using N-7-mercaptoheptanolyl-threonine phosphate (CoBSH) as the two-electron donor to reduce 2-(methylthiol)-ethane sulfonate (methyl-SCoM) to methane, and producing the heterodisulfide, CoBS-SCoM. The active site of MCR includes a noncovalently bound Ni tetrapyrrolic cofactor called coenzyme F 430 , which is in the Ni(I) state in the active enzyme (McR red1 ). Bromopropanesulfonate (BPS) is a potent inhibitor and reversible redox inactivator that reacts with MCR red1 to form an EPR-active state called MCRps, which is an alkyl-nickel species. When MCRps is treated with free thiol containing compounds, the enzyme is reconverted to the active McR red1 state. In this paper, we demonstrate that the reactivation of MCRps to MCR red1 by thiols involves formation of a thioether product. MCRps also can be converted to active MCR red1 by treatment with sodium borohydride. Reactivation is highest with the smallest free thiol HS - . Interestingly, MCRps can also be reductively activated with analogues of CoBSH such as COB 8 SH and COB 9 SH, but not CoBSH itself. Unambiguous demonstration of the formation of a methylthioether product from thiolysis of an alkyl-Ni species provides support for a methyl-Ni intermediate in the MCR-catalyzed last step in methanogenesis and the first proposed step in anaerobic methane oxidation.
Synthesis and characterization of heat-stabilized albumin magnetic microspheres

Human serum albumin magnetic microspheres containing 30% iron oxide particles were synthesized by a heat-stabilization process. The average diameter, the size distribution and the morphology were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The distribution of the iron oxide nanoparticles within the microspheres was confirmed by the contrast obtained in the morphology by backscattered electron imaging in scanning electron microscopy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed the presence of iron in the microspheres. The cabbage like surface structure in some of the microspheres obtained in scanning electron microscopy can be better understood by atomic force microscopy. This peculiar surface structure in the microsphere may be due to the cross-linking in the protein molecule by heat. The amount of iron oxide in the microsphere was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of the particles were measured in a superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer.
Chemical Species Profiles of Laminar propane-Air Flames

Abstract The mole fractions of all CI-C4 hydrocarbons, CO, C02, Nz, and Oz have beenmeasured through the luminous zone and into the post-flame gases of laminar propane-airflames at one atmosphere pressure. The experiments were performed on a flat-flame burner, andsamples were withdrawn by an uncooled quartz probe for gas chromatographic analysis. Measure-ment of the perturbation of the species distributions by the probe sampling technique have beencarried out where possible. Concentration-distance profiles have been obtained at three fuel-airequivalence ratios (0.63, 1.0, and 1.46) and at two flame temperatures (1680 and 1880°K) for thefuel-rich equivalence ratio. These results are compared with predicted concentrations obtainedby flame model calculations which include extensive chemical reaction mechanism sets. Thereare deviations of up to a factor of 10 between the predicted and the measured concentrations ofcertain species. These measurements provide crucial data from which better reaction mechanismsan...
Ground based concept for time control of aircraft entering the terminal area

This paper summarizes current research for increasing the efficiency of traffic flow at hub airports by application of four dimensional (4D) guidance techniques. A method for generating 4D guidance commands to control the landing time of aircraft that are not equipped with on-board 4D guidance systems is described. In one possible implementation the commands are generated in an auxiliary processor linked to the ATC host computer and displayed on a controller's monitor in the form of profile descent advisories. Accurate time control is achieved by generating air traffic controller advisories in a ground-based algorithm that combines aerodynamic, thrust and atmospheric models with an efficient numerical integration method. The time accuracy and fuel efficiency achieved when the pilot responds to these advisories were evaluated in a piloted simulation of a transport aircraft.
Biochemical changes in rat brain associated with the development of the blood-brain barrier.

—Subcellular fractions from brains of 5, 10, 13, 16, 21, 30 day-old and adult rats were prepared. Protein content and various enzyme activities were assayed in all fractions and brain homogenates. γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase activity and 5′-nucleotidase were very low at 5 days of life but steadily increased, reaching adult concentrations at about 30 days after birth. Alkaline phosphatase, instead slowly decreased with maturation, while monoamine oxidase after an initial decrease, increased rapidly to adult levels. The relation between the appearance of enzymatic activity in brain and the blood-brain barrier function is discussed.
Intratubular Hemoglobin Casts in Hemolysis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury

Kidney injury is a complication of intravascular hemolysis associated with many forms of hemolytic disease. Reports of kidney biopsy findings in patients with hemolysis-related kidney injury have focused primarily on the accumulation of hemosiderin pigment within proximal tubular epithelial cells (hemosiderosis), a feature of chronic hemolysis. The nephrotoxic effects of hemoglobin include direct cytotoxicity to tubular cells, but hemoglobin also can precipitate in distal nephron segments, forming obstructive casts. We present a case of hemolysis-associated tubular injury, characterized by acute onset of intravascular hemolysis followed by acute kidney injury with acute tubular injury and abundant intratubular casts containing hemoglobin.
A test for a magnetic effect in irradiated seeds

Abstract A magnetic effect on radiation damage in seeds was sought. Dry dormant barley seeds were X-irradiated, and exposed to uniform permanent magnetic fields (4 to 10 kG) or to dummy magnets (no magnet) in dry air at room temperature. Seeds were exposed in three experiments to magnetic fields for ( a ) 1 day post irradiation, ( b ) during irradiation and for 4 days post irradiation and ( c ) during and for 4 days post irradiation and during the 2-hr period of water soaking to start germination. These are periods during which many other modifiers profoundly affect radiation damage, and when radiation-induced free radicals are present in the seeds. Seeds were grown for about 10 to 12 days, and height of the first leaf (the well-known seedling height) used as criterion of radiation damage. Seedling height was not affected by the magnetic treatments.
Comparison of Credible Patients of Very Low Intelligence and Non-Credible Patients on Neurocognitive Performance Validity Indicators

The purpose of this archival study was to identify performance validity tests (PVTs) and standard IQ and neurocognitive test scores, which singly or in combination, differentiate credible patients of low IQ (FSIQ ≤ 75; n = 55) from non-credible patients. We compared the credible participants against a sample of 74 non-credible patients who appeared to have been attempting to feign low intelligence specifically (FSIQ ≤ 75), as well as a larger non-credible sample (n = 383) unselected for IQ. The entire non-credible group scored significantly higher than the credible participants on measures of verbal crystallized intelligence/semantic memory and manipulation of overlearned information, while the credible group performed significantly better on many processing speed and memory tests. Additionally, credible women showed faster finger-tapping speeds than non-credible women. The credible group also scored significantly higher than the non-credible subgroup with low IQ scores on measures of attention, visual perceptual/spatial tasks, processing speed, verbal learning/list learning, and visual memory, and credible women continued to outperform non-credible women on finger tapping. When cut-offs were selected to maintain approximately 90% specificity in the credible group, sensitivity rates were highest for verbal and visual memory measures (i.e., TOMM trials 1 and 2; Warrington Words correct and time; Rey Word Recognition Test total; RAVLT Effort Equation, Trial 5, total across learning trials, short delay, recognition, and RAVLT/RO discriminant function; and Digit Symbol recognition), followed by select attentional PVT scores (i.e., b Test omissions and time to recite four digits forward). When failure rates were tabulated across seven most sensitive scores, a cut-off of ≥ 2 failures was associated with 85.4% specificity and 85.7% sensitivity, while a cut-off of ≥ 3 failures resulted in 95.1% specificity and 66.0% sensitivity. Results are discussed in light of extant literature and directions for future research.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ZEBRAFISH P2X RECEPTOR SUBUNIT GENE FAMILY

P2X receptors are non-selective cation channels gated by extracellular ATP and are encoded by a family of seven subunit genes in mammals. These receptors exhibit high permeabilities to calcium and in the mammalian nervous system they have been linked to modulation of neurotransmitter release. Previously, three complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding members of the zebrafish gene family have been described. We report here the cloning and characterization of an additional six genes of this family. Sequence analysis of all nine genes suggests that six are orthologs of mammalian genes, two are paralogs of previously described zebrafish subunits, and one remains unclassified. All nine subunits were physically mapped onto the zebrafish genome using radiation hybrid analysis. Of the nine gene products, seven give functional homo-oligomeric receptors when recombinantly expressed in human embryonic kidney cell line 293 cells. In addition, these subunits can form hetero-oligomeric receptors with phenotypes distinct from the parent subunits. Analysis of gene expression patterns was carried out using in situ hybridization, and seven of the nine genes were found to be expressed in embryos at 24 and 48 h post-fertilization. Of the seven that were expressed, six were present in the nervous system and four of these demonstrated considerable overlap in cells present in the sensory nervous system. These results suggest that P2X receptors might play a role in the early development and/or function of the sensory nervous system in vertebrates.
Tapering from methadone maintenance: attitudes of clients and staff.

Abstract To investigate the barriers to tapering from methadone and to generate ideas for clinical services, 60 clients on methadone maintenance and 30 staff members in five methadone maintenance clinics were interviewed. The interview format combined quantitative and qualitative response options and assessed subjects' experience with tapering from methadone, ideas about barriers to tapering, suggestions about services that would aid them in getting off methadone, and aftercare services that would help them to remain drug-free. Both staff and patients noted significant barriers to methadone detoxification, estimating the likehood of completing a successful taper at 10% and 14%, respectively. Patients reported psychological symptoms of withdrawal discomfort, but they emphasized physical problems of withdrawal much more than did staff. Both groups noted the need for counseling, role models of detoxified former addicts, and a wide array of available services.
Surface summertime radiative forcing by shallow cumuli at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site

[1] Although shallow cumuli are common over large areas of the globe, their impact on the surface cloud radiative forcing (CRF) has not been carefully evaluated. This study addresses this shortcoming by analyzing data collected during conditions with single-layer shallow cumuli over eight summers (2000 through 2007) at the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. During periods with clouds, the average shortwave and longwave CRF at the surface are −45.5 W m−2 (out of 612 W m−2 estimated for clear-sky conditions) and +15.9 W m−2 (out of −105.2 W m−2 estimated for clear-sky conditions), respectively. Instances of cloud-induced enhancement of the shortwave irradiance over that estimated for clear skies are observed approximately 20% of the time and are caused by spatial and temporal inhomogeneity of cumuli. Such enhancement is responsible for occurrences of positive shortwave CRF with instantaneous values as large as +75 W m−2. The total amount of shortwave and longwave energy deposited at the surface over a period of time depends nonlinearly on the fractional sky cover, and the largest values of the deposited energy occur for intermediate cloud amounts between 0.4 and 0.6.
Effects of good form and spatial frequency on global precedence.

Does the global precedence effect depend on the goodness of the global form and low spatial frequencies? In Experiments 1 and 2, under a variety of attentional and task conditions, a global advantage in response time (RT) occurred in “good,” many-element compound patterns but not in “poor,” few-element patterns (unless the local elements were too small to be easily recognized). Symmetric interference effects were found in all patterns, however, suggesting that global and local information were encoded in parallel and that the global advantage in RT involved some postperceptual processes. Experiments 3A and 3B showed that the global advantage in RT and perceived pattern goodness depend on low spatial frequencies: Lowpass-filtered patterns rated as “good” showed the usual global advantage in RT, but highpass-filtered, many-element forms rated as “poor” did not. These findings suggest that a global advantage in RT requires an unambiguous global form conveyed by low spatial frequencies.
Isotopic studies of the sulfur component of the stratospheric aerosol layer

A major fraction of the large-size population of the Junge aerosol layer is comprised of sulfates thought to be of terrestrial origin. In order to obtain direct evidence concerning the importance of various contributing sulfur sources, as well as the significance of in situ gas-to-particle reactions, we undertook an extensive study of the sulfur concentration and isotopic ratio of particles, collected from 1962 to 1971 in the lower stratosphere over a wide range of latitudes. The data show that the major perturbations to the low-level persistent aerosol layer result from a few explosive volcanic eruptions. The extent of the initial tephra contribution to the layer gradually subsides, but particles are continuously replenished by aerosols formed from the gaseous portion of the eruptions. Trends in ?S 34 enrichment following an event are consistent with a simple one-dimensional model accounting for both transport and chemical reaction. During periods of comparative volcanic quiescence, the isotopic ratios of stratospheric sulfates in both Hemispheres exhibit a similar value, suggesting continual input from a common equatorial source. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01970.x
Subunit structure of the major human erythrocyte glycoprotein: Depolymerization by heating ghosts with sodium dodecyl sulfate

Abstract Heating human erythrocyte ghosts with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 100° was found to cause depolymerization of the major membrane glycoprotein. The molecular weight of the heat-induced product was found to be about half that of the precursor and to have an identical surface charge density in SDS. These findings were obtained by analysis of Ferguson plots derived from SDS- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in which the retardation coefficients and free mobilities of the two glycoprotein forms were compared. Based on these findings, we propose that previous conflicts regarding the molecular weight of this glycoprotein can be resolved by reference to the isolation and/or solubilization conditions.
Inhibition of energy-linked reactions in chloroplasts by polygalacturonate.

Abstract Swelling and resuspension of spinach chloroplasts in 10 m n sodium polygalacturonate (NaPG) inhibits their light-induced proton uptake more than 99%. Complete inhibition occurs only at low osmotic and ionic strengths; addition of 10 m n salts having nonpermeating anions (succinate, benzoate, tricinate) or of 100 m m sugars (sucrose, mannitol) restores up to 40% of the proton uptake. Addition of salts containing permeant anions (Cl−, NO3−, SO4−) provides greater restoration, often up to 100% of the original value. Associated with the inhibition of proton uptake is a complete loss of photophosphorylation supported by either cyclic or noncyclic election flow, and of the light-induced light-scattering changes. Electron-transport rates are low but are stimulated to some extent by uncouplers. The absorbance change at 515 nm is inhibited about 40%, and the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity is unchanged. In the electron microscope chloroplasts swollen in NaPG demonstrated marked vesiculation of the thylakoid membranes. When proton uptake is restored by NaCl, photophosphorylation activities also return. Sodium chloride addition, however, completely fails to restore the original appearance of the thylakoid membranes in the electron microscope, the light-induced light-scattering changes, or the lost fraction of the 515-nm absorbance change.
Complex Patten Processing in Spatio-temporal Databases

The increasing complexity of spatio-temporal applications has caused the underlying queries to be more sophisticated and usually carry complex semantics. As a result, the traditional spatio-temporal query types, e.g., range, kNN, and aggregation queries, have become just building blocks in more complex query plans. In this paper, we present the STEPQ system, which is an extensible spatio-temporal query engine for complex pattern processing over spatio-temporal data. STEPQ enables full-fledged and optimized integration between spatiotemporal queries and complex event processing (CEP). This integration enables expressing complex queries that execute the desired application semantics without the need for indifferent middle-aware or application-level support. The system is implemented using TerraLib module on top of PostgreSQL DBMSs. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the feasibility and practicality of the STEPQ system, and the efficiency of the proposed optimizations.
Conducting intervention research among underserved populations: lessons learned and recommendations for researchers

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are considered the criterion standard in research design for establishing treatment efficacy. However, the rigorous and highly controlled conditions of RCTs can be difficult to attain when conducting research among individuals living with a confluence of disability, low socioeconomic status, and being a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, who may be more likely to have unstable life circumstances. Research on effective interventions for these groups is urgently needed, because evidence regarding approaches to reduce health disparities and improve health outcomes is lacking. In this methodologic article, we discuss the challenges and lessons learned in implementing the Lifestyle Redesign for Pressure Ulcer Prevention in Spinal Cord Injury study among a highly disadvantaged population. These issues are discussed in terms of strategies to enhance recruitment, retention, and intervention relevance to the target population. Recommendations for researchers seeking to conduct RCTs among socioeconomically disadvantaged, ethnically diverse populations are provided.
A Review of “Injustice and the Care of Souls: Taking Oppression Seriously in Pastoral Care”

Christian faith has priestly and prophetic dimensions. The priestly dimension focuses on the individual or pietistic aspects of faith. The prophetic dimension focuses on the social arena. Pastoral ...
Sensitivity of benefit-cost analysis of data programs to monotone misspecification

Abstract The sensitivity of a benefit-cost analysis of a data program to incorrect specifications of the cost function C and benefit function B is an important consideration for producers and consumers of the analyses. We consider the effects of misspecification of B or C on the optimal data expenditure and optimal data quality. Geometric and analytical results show when the analysis will be sensitive and when order of magnitude estimates for costs and benefits will suffice in practice. A benefit-cost analysis of the 1970 census illustrates these results. We also show why misspecification of benefits typically has a larger effect than comparable misspecification of costs. If the benefits and the costs are both large but their difference small, the optimal expenditure for data (or optimal data quality) will be highly sensitive to changes in specifications of costs, benefits, data use, etc. In other cases, the sensitivity of the prescribed optimal expenditure to scalemisspecification of costs or benefits depends on the sharpness of the bend of the graph of B versus C near the optimum. Although the prescribed optimal expenditure is the same when B is misspecified as when C is comparably misspecified, the levels of data quality attained can differ. When B is misspecified, the data quality attained decreases if benefits are understated. When C is misspecified, the data quality attained usually decreases if costs are overstated, but for some unusual decision problems it increases and in rare, ‘self-correcting’ problems, it remains unchanged.
Grain boundary precipitate free zones in Al-Li alloys

Abstract The growth kinetics of δ′ (Al 3 Li) precipitate free zones (PFZ) at the grain boundaries has been investigated in several Al-Li alloys at selected aging temperatures ranging from 168 to 225°C and aging times. The PFZs form by a solute depletion mechanism and the PFZ growth can be described as a diffusion controlled process. The activation energy for PFZ growth has been evaluated as 144 kj/mol, which agrees with the activation energy evaluated for the diffusion of Li in α-Al. The PFZ growth has been analyzed on the basis of a diffusion model with due consideration of δ (AlLi) formation at the grain boundaries. With increase in Li content in the alloys, the growth rate of PFZ increases. This observation is explained by a possible increase in the interdiffusion coefficient with the alloy composition. The effect of grain morphology on the PFZs has been studied by comparing the PFZs in recrystallized and unrecrystallized Al-Li alloys.
I. The Neurocognitive Profile of Williams Syndrome: A Complex Pattern of Strengths and Weaknesses

The rare, genetically based disorder, Williams syndrome (WMS), produces a constellation of distinctive cognitive, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological features which we explore through the series of studies reported here. In this paper, we focus primarily on the cognitive characteristics of WMS and begin to forge links among these characteristics, the brain, and the genetic basis of the disorder. The distinctive cognitive profile of individuals with WMS includes relative strengths in language and facial processing and profound impairment in spatial cognition. The cognitive profile of abilities, including what is ‘typical’ for individuals with WMS is discussed, but we also highlight areas of variability across the group of individuals with WMS that we have studied. Although the overall cognitive abilities (IQs) of individuals with WMS are typically in the mild-to-moderate range of mental retardation, the peaks and valleys within different cognitive domains make this syndrome especially intriguing to study across levels. Understanding the brain basis (and ultimately the genetic basis) for higher cognitive functioning is the goal we have begun to undertake with this line of interdisciplinary research.
Locomotory Activity of Orius tristicolor under Various Intensities of Flickering and Non-Flickering Light

The activity levels and turning ratios of starved females of the minute pirate bug, Orius tristicolor (White), (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) under DC-powered incandescent light differed significantly from the activity levels and turning ratios exhibited under AC-powered incandescent light. A simple glass arena was used. Light-intensity levels did not affect the activity levels or turning ratios of O. tristicolor under DC-powered incandescent light.
Textiles and Clothing In Thermal Energy Conservation

Rising energy costs have led people to lower indoor temperatures during cold weather. Thus, effective use of clothing could be important in maintaining thermal body comfort. A study was developed to determine the roles of clothing and nonclothing practices, textile knowledge, clothing priorities, and selected demographic variables relative to energy conservation indoors during cold weather. On the basis of the available data, profiles were constructed of energy conserving/nonconserving women consumers. A sample of 544 women re sponded to the questionnaire. Findings from the study indicated that comfort was the most important priority when selecting clothing and, in general, the women were somewhat knowledgeable about textiles in regard to thermal com fort (average score was 74 percent). Energy conserving/nonconserving women consumers were identified based on their marital status, age, residence, family age composition, education, textile knowledge, clothing priorities, and income; also included were extent of home insulation and who controls the thermostat for heat. Employment and heat source did not differentiate conservers from non- conservers.