cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A History of Pediatric Tracheal Surgery

Tracheal stenosis in children is primarily caused by congenital complete cartilage tracheal rings. These infants present with severe respiratory distress early in life. The purpose of this review is to examine the history of surgical intervention for infants and children with congenital tracheal stenosis. Most of the significant advances in the surgical treatment of patients with congenital tracheal stenosis have occurred over the past 50 years. The highlights of the historical events include the first pulmonary artery sling repair (1953), tracheal resection (1958), cartilage tracheoplasty (1981), pericardial tracheoplasty (1982), slide tracheoplasty (1989), homograft tracheoplasty (1994), and tracheal autograft (1996). The results of surgical intervention on patients with congenital tracheal stenosis have steadily improved, particularly during the past 20 years. Most successful centers are using cardiopulmonary bypass, simultaneous repair of associated pulmonary artery sling and cardiac anomalies, and the current procedure of choice-slide tracheoplasty. During the past 50 years, significant advances have been made in the care of infants with congenital tracheal stenosis. The outlook for these children is currently quite good, and successful outcomes are particularly evident at institutions with a careful multidisciplinary approach to these patients.
Quantifying the source area of macroscopic charcoal with a particle dispersal model

Abstract To aid interpreting the source area of charcoal in lake-sediment records, we compare charcoal deposition from an experimental fire to predictions from a particle dispersal model. This provides both a theoretical framework for understanding how lake sediments reflect fire history and a foundation for simulating sediment-charcoal records. The dispersal model captures the two-dimensional patterns in the empirical data (predicted vs. observed r2 = 0.67, p
Soil saccharide extraction and detection

Extraction of soil saccharides involves the use of reagents effective in breaking hydrogen and covalent bonds between soil constituents and the saccharides. Of the many extractants proposed for saccharide determination, water is commonly used for extraction of water-soluble mono- and polysaccharides in soil. Analysis of these water extracts by colorimetric assays (anthrone-sulfuric acid and phenol-sulfuric acid methods) often show color development indicating that saccharides are present. However, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography analyses have indicated that these colorimetric assays are prone to errors due to interferences from inorganic soil constituents such as Cl−, NO3 − and Fe+3. When water extracts (25° or 80°C) are put through deionization resins to remove interferences little to no saccharides are present when assayed by the phenol-sulfuric acid analysis. The inability of water to extract saccharides from soil or microbial polymers was confirmed by HPLC analysis. The phenol-sulfuric acid assay was found to be acceptable for saccharide analysis of soil extracts only after being subjected to resin deionization for interference removal. The anthrone-sulfuric acid method is not considered acceptable for determining saccharides in soil.
Tachyarrhythmias after the Norwood procedure: relationship and effect of vasoactive agents.

Tachyarrhythmias are common after the Norwood stage I palliation. The effects of vasoactive medications on the development of post-operative tachyarrhythmias have not been studied. The primary objective was to identify associations between postoperative tachyarrhythmias and vasoactive medication usage after Norwood stage 1 palliation. Secondary objectives included evaluation for morbidities of tachyarrhythmias and for associations with anatomical or surgical variables. Retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent the Norwood stage 1 palliation at Children’s Hospital Colorado between January 2008 and June 2012. Primary outcomes were development of postoperative tachyarrhythmias and the effects of vasoactive medications. Dopamine, epinephrine, milrinone, and vasopressin duration, cumulative dose, highest dose, and dose at onset of tachyarrhythmia were identified. The effects of surgical variables and anatomy were also studied. Sixty-six patients underwent the Norwood procedure, and 33 (50 %) of these patients had postoperative tachyarrhythmias. Patients with tachyarrhythmias had longer ICU stays (p = 0.02) and hospital stays (p < 0.01), but no change in mortality (p = 1.0). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt (p < 0.01), longer duration of epinephrine treatment (p = 0.02), and higher milrinone dose (p = 0.002) were associated with tachyarrhythmias. Postoperative tachyarrhythmias are common after the Norwood procedure and are associated with longer ICU and hospital stays. High doses of milrinone, longer duration of epinephrine treatment, and the right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt were associated with for the development of tachyarrhythmias. Further studies are required to determine the effects of anatomy on post-operative tachyarrhythmias.
Corrective Osteotomy for Deformity of the Distal Radius Using a Volar Locking Plate

Dorsally angulated malunions of the distal radius have historically been corrected with an opening wedge osteotomy fixed with a dorsal plate. Volar locking plates may facilitate a less morbid approach to corrective osteotomies of the wrist. Eight consecutive patients with an average age of 40 years (range, 15–52 years) underwent correction of a distal radius deformity through a volar approach. Clinical follow-up averaged 17.4 months (range, 7–41 months). Preoperative radiographs revealed an average of 24° of dorsal tilt in patients with dorsal deformity. Postoperatively, their average measurement was <3° of volar tilt. Patients were initially ulnar-positive with an average of 4 mm ulnar-positive variance (range, 2–7 mm). This corrected to less than 1 mm postoperatively. Postoperative disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH), SF-12, and Mayo Wrist scores averaged 10.8, 40.5, and 82.5, respectively. There were no nonunions, and no plates required removal. Distal radius deformity can be effectively addressed through a volar approach with the use of a locking plate.
Characterization of aerogels

Abstract Characterization of the pore size distribution in aerogels is complicated by their extreme compressibility. Techniques such as mercury porosimetry, thermoporometry, and even nitrogen adsorption apply capillary pressures on the aerogel network that can cause large volumetric compression, leading to false values for the pore volume and pore size. Since the bulk modulus of aerogels is known to exhibit a power-law dependence on density, it is possible to estimate the magnitude of the compression; however, it is not possible to calculate the true pore size distribution in cases where substantial compression has occurred. Even when the gel is rigid enough to withstand the capillary pressure during condensation of nitrogen, the standard interpretation of the adsorption isotherm can be seriously in error for networks with low density. When the spacing of the nodes of the network is large compared to the thickness of the links (i.e. polymers or chains of particles joining the nodes), then the adsorbate can adopt a surface of zero curvature while the pore space remains largely empty. Since the condensation stops when the negative curvature disappears, the isotherm would appear to indicate that the pores are large (>50 nm), even when all of the pores are actually in the mesopore range.
Power spectral density analysis of UV clutter

While visible and UV range sensors are frequently designed to see the ground, the short-wavelength region known as 'solar-blind' (below 320 nm wavelength) includes emissions originating at altitudes above 30-140 km. The solar-blind range is being investigated for remote sensing of the composition, dynamics, and energetics of the Earth atmosphere, as well as for use in passive sensor acquisition and tracking systems. An examination is presently conducted of the PSD of mid-UV images from a recently launched satellite.
Fermentation and Properties of Calcium-fortified Soy Milk Yogurt

Calcium-fortified soy milk yogurt containing 190 mg calcium/100g was produced and evaluated for textural and microstructural properties. The soy milk base contained 10% full fat soy flour, 2.25% soy protein isolate, 2.75% high fructose corn syrup, 1.55% calcium lactogluconate, and 1.25% potassium citrate. The mixture was heated 5 min at 80°C, cooled to 42°C, and inoculated with yogurt cultures. Calcium-fortified soy milk required a higher rate of inoculation (5%) than non-fortified soy milk (2.5%) and had higher titratable acidity and more syneresis. Calcium-fortified soy milk yogurts showed comparable gel strength with that of commercial regular yogurt. Gels from nonfortified soy milk yogurts were hard and brittle. Addition of calcium did not significantly affect microstructure of the yogurts.
Nerve-mast cell interaction in normal guinea pig urinary bladder.

Urinary bladders of normal adult female guinea pigs were analyzed for anatomical evidence of nerve-mast cell interaction using light microscopy and electron microscopy. Nerves, ganglia, and individual nerve fibers were visualized on paraffin sections using immunohistochemistry with antisera against the neural antigens neurofilament protein and protein gene product 9.5, and sections were also immunoreacted with antisera against the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Separate mast cell populations were identified by counterstain ing with toluidine blue and alcian blue; Mast cells of both types were found within nerves and intramural ganglia and were in close contact with individual nerve fibers displaying substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity. Moreover, serotonin-immunoreactive mast cells were innervated with nerve fibers that reacted with antiserum against vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. At the ultrastructural level, these fibers were almost exclusively identified as unmyelinated primary sensory afferents. Mast cells contacted these fibers with lamellipodia that wrapped around and enclosed the fibers deeply within the cell. Close association between mast cells, nerves, and vessels was common. Ultrastructural evidence suggests that bidirectional communication occurs between nerve fibers and mast cells. These structures may participate in axon reflexes that regulate normal vascular and detrusor smooth muscle function and cause vasodilation, edema, inflammation, and bladder hyperreactivity. In summary, a close relationship exists between mast cells and peptidergic nerve fibers, including primary sensory afferents. Results suggest that bidirectional interaction could occur between nerves and mast cells. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Autoradiographic localization of kappa opiate receptors to deep layers of the cerebral cortex may explain unique sedative and analgesic effects

The pharmacologically defined kappa drug 3H-ethylketazocine (3H-EKC) and 3H-bremazocine bind to unique sites, but also to mu and delta receptors. By displacing mu and delta interactions with morphine and D-Ala2, D-Leu5-enkephalin (DADL) respectively we have visualized selective receptors for 3H-EKC and 3H-bremazocine. These two kappa ligands are localized to sites different from mu and delta receptors labeled with 3H-dihydromorphine (3H-DHM) and 3H-DADL. The highest density and most selective localization of putative kappa receptors occurs in layers V and VI of the cerebral cortex. Cells in these layers project to the thalamus, regulating sensory input to the cortex. These deep cortical kappa receptors may account for the unique sedative and analgesic actions of kappa opiates.
Using a hybrid neuron in physiologically inspired models of the basal ganglia.

Our current understanding of the basal ganglia has facilitated the creation of computational models that have contributed novel theories, explored new functional anatomy and demonstrated results complementing physiological experiments. However, the utility of these models extends beyond these applications. Particularly in neuromorphic engineering, where the basal ganglia's role in computation is important for applications such as power efficient autonomous agents and model-based control strategies. The neurons used in existing computational models of the basal ganglia however, are not amenable for many low-power hardware implementations. Motivated by a need for more hardware accessible networks, we replicate four published models of the basal ganglia, spanning single neuron and small networks, replacing the more computationally expensive neuron models with an Izhikevich hybrid neuron. This begins with a network modeling action-selection, where the basal activity levels and the ability to appropriately select the most salient input is reproduced. A Parkinson's disease model is then explored under normal conditions, Parkinsonian conditions and during subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation. The resulting network is capable of replicating the loss of thalamic relay capabilities in the Parkinsonian state and its return under deep brain stimulation. This is also demonstrated using a network capable of action-selection. Finally, a study of correlation transfer under different patterns of Parkinsonian activity is presented. These networks successfully captured the significant results of the originals studies. This not only creates a foundation for neuromorphic hardware implementations but may also support the development of large-scale biophysical models. The former potentially providing a way of improving the efficacy of deep brain stimulation and the latter allowing for the efficient simulation of larger more comprehensive networks.
COMPLEXITY OF CONTEXT AND ORIENTATION OF FIGURE IN THE CORRIDOR ILLUSION

12 subjects judged the magnitude of the corridor illusion as two independent variables were manipulated, complexity of context and orientation of the target figures. The contexts included a complete corridor, one with vertical elements deleted, and one having but two converging lines. Figures embedded within these contexts were thin black lines oriented either vertically or horizontally. Although the context had a significant effect upon the magnitude of the illusion, orientation of the judged lines did not. These results suggest that it is legitimate to use the corridor illusion to illustrate size-distance relationships.
Aristotelian Rhetorical Theory as a Framework for Teaching Scientific and Technical Communication.

Classical rhetorical theory has been used for relatively discrete, practice-oriented purposes in its application to teaching Scientific and Technical Communication. However effective these appropriations are, they isolate these resources from a comprehensive framework and from that framework's role in shaping disciplinary practice. Because these theoretical assets are integral to each student's preparation to be an effective, responsible practitioner, I have developed and taught an upper level rhetorical theory course for STC majors that is grounded in Aristotle's On Rhetoric and in his understanding that effective communication is a systematic tekhne/art.
A neural model of basal ganglia-thalamocortical relations in normal and parkinsonian movement

Anatomical, neurophysiological, and neurochemical evidence supports the notion of parallel basal ganglia-thalamocortical motor systems. We developed a neural network model for the functioning of these systems during normal and parkinsonian movement. Parkinson's disease (PD), which results predominantly from nigrostriatal pathway damage, is used as a window to examine basal ganglia function. Simulations of dopamine depletion produce motor impairments consistent with motor deficits observed in PD that suggest the basal ganglia play a role in motor initiation and execution, and sequencing of motor programs. Stereotaxic lesions in the model's globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus suggest that these lesions, although reducing some PD symptoms, may constrain the repertoire of available movements. It is proposed that paradoxical observations of basal ganglia responses reported in the literature may result from regional functional neuronal specialization, and the non-uniform distributions of neurochemicals in the basal ganglia. It is hypothesized that dopamine depletion produces smaller-than-normal pallidothalamic gating signals that prevent rescalability of these signals to control variable movement speed, and that in PD can produce smaller-than-normal movement amplitudes.
Solid State Chemistry of New Perovskite and Ruddlesden-Popper Phases in the La2O3-CaO-CuO System at High Pressures

Abstract The crystal chemistry of the system LaO 1.5 -CaO-CuO at the 1:1:2 composition was studied at high pressures with the goal of stabilizing new perovskite cuprates with two-dimensional ordering of La, Ca cations and oxygen vacancies. Several phases, including the perovskites La 4 Ca 4 Cu 8 O 20 , La 4 Ca 4 Cu 88 O 18 and the Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase La 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8 , containing three copper oxide layers ( n = 3), were revealed for the first time. The results are very sensitive to experimental conditions, and a variety of reaction channels are observed at the 1:1:2 composition depending on the choice of total pressure, P o 2 , temperature, and annealing conditions. The perovskite-related phases at this composition exhibited A-site cation disorder and three-dimensional ordering of oxygen vacancies. The Ruddlesden-Popper phase required the substitution of Sr on the A-sites to be metastably retained at room temperature. Due to its thermal instability, the RP phase could not be doped to a carrier concentration at which superconductivity might be observed.
Demand for M2 in an emerging-market economy : an error-correction model for Malaysia

This paper analyses demand for M2 in Malaysia from August 1973 to December 1995 under both the closed- and open-economy framework. Based on the cointegration and weak-exogeneity test results, short-run dynamic error-correction models are specified and estimated. The results indicate that the demand is for real MZ. Both the long- and short-run models are well-specified and are fairly stable. The long-run income elasticity is close to one with the opportunity cost variables carrying the expected signs. The external events have some influence on the stability.
The prediction of hearing loss in persons with cerebral palsy using contralateral acoustic reflex threshold for broad-band noise.

The utility of R. Keith’s (1977) method of screening for hearing sensitivity using the contralateral acoustic-reflex threshold (ART) for broad-band noise (BBN) was tested in persons with cerebral p...
Solution structure of zinc- and calcium-bound rat S100B as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The EF-hand calcium-binding protein S100B also binds one zinc ion per subunit with a relatively high affinity (Kd ∼ 90 nM) [Wilder et al., (2003) Biochemistry 42, 13410−13421]. In this study, the structural characterization of zinc binding to calcium-loaded S100B was examined using high-resolution NMR techniques, including structural characterization of this complex in solution at atomic resolution. As with other S100 protein structures, the quaternary structure of Zn2+-Ca2+-bound S100B was found to be dimeric with helices H1, H1‘, H4, and H4‘ forming an X-type four-helix bundle at the dimer interface. NMR data together with mutational analyses are consistent with Zn2+ coordination arising from His-15 and His-25 of one S100B subunit and from His-85 and Glu-89 of the other subunit. The addition of Zn2+ was also found to extend helices H4 and H4‘ three to four residues similar to what was previously observed with the binding of target proteins to S100B. Furthermore, a kink in helix 4 was observed in Zn2+-Ca...
Radical vulvectomy and “sneak” superficial inguinal lymphadenectomy with a single elliptic incision

Abstract With a single elliptic radical vulvectomy incision, resection of the primary tumor and bilateral superficial inguinal lymphodenectomies were performed in 18 patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Twelve patients (67%) had no morbidity from the procedure, while five patients (28%) developed significant wound breakdown and one patient (5%) developed a groin hematoma. For select patients with invasive vulvar cancer, this modification of the standard “butterfly” incision offers an acceptable surgical approach to this disease, allowing removal of the primary lesion and adequate sampling of the groin lymphatics. Results of pathologic examinations allow selection of those patients requiring further therapy.
Modified Bilateral Filter for Illumination Equalization

Variation in illumination conditions through a scene is a common issue for classification, segmentation and recognition applications. Traffic monitoring and driver assistance systems have difficulty with the changing illumination conditions at night, throughout the day, with multiple sources (especially at night) and in the presence of shadows. The majority of existing algorithms for color constancy or shadow detection rely on multiple frames for comparison or to build a background model. The proposed approach uses a novel color space inspired by the Log-Chromaticity space and modifies the bilateral filter to equalize illumination across objects using a single frame. Neighboring pixels of the same color, but of different brightness, are assumed to be of the same object/material. The utility of our algorithm is studied over day and night simulated scenes of varying complexity. The objective is not to provide a product for visual inspection but rather an alternate image with fewer illumination related issues for other algorithms to process. The usefulness of the filter is demonstrated by applying two simple classifiers and comparing the class statistics. The hyper-log-chromaticity image and the filtered image both improve the quality of the classification relative to the un-processed image.
Rapid data acquisition procedures for cardiac MRI

The authors have developed techniques which may be performed on any standard clinical imager and produce complete data sets of 16 time frames in each of eight contiguous slices in a total acquisition time of 1024 heartbeats. The limits inherent in the acquisition procedure are outlined. The authors have found that 3.0 mm in-plane resolution is sufficient, and consequently, they need only perform 64 phase-encoding steps in a transaxial orientation and 128 in a coronal to produce a sufficiently large field of view to avoid aliasing in all but large patients. They have implemented these techniques using synchronous gating in both a spin echo (RF refocused) and a gradient reversal single pulse (gradient refocused) acquisition procedure. The former will suppress signal from flowing blood, thus producing a clean image of the cardiac anatomy, and that the latter will produce an image dominated by the inflowing blood due to flow related enhancement, possibly revealing variations in the flow due to abnormalities. >
Some properties of thin evaporated films on glass

Properties of thin evaporated films of MgF2 and of CaSiO3 on glass were studied. Thicknesses of the films were determined from measurements of reflected intensity as a function of wave-length, and indices of refraction computed. Density measurements were carried out for MgF2 films. All these properties were found to be different from those of the corresponding bulk materials, and furthermore, the properties of the films change with time. Results are given for indices of refraction, densities, and aging effects.
The flesh of all that is: Merleau-Ponty, Irigaray, and Julian’s ‘showings’

Julian of Norwich (b. 1342) anticipated the ontological and epistemological work on sexed embodiment pioneered in the work of Merleau-Ponty and Irigaray in the 20th century. Her epistemology of sensual ‘showings’ helped reconfigure women’s embodiment and speech acts (‘bodytalk’): by recognizing cognitive emotions and the knowledge-producing body; and by envisioning the intertwining of human flesh with All That Is. The paper next examines Merleau-Ponty’s somatic discourse on the chiasmic flesh, which leads to a discussion of Irigaray’s work on poetic mimesis.
Mechanisms and Models in Heart Failure A Combinatorial Approach

The people who bind themselves to systems are those who are unable to encompass the whole truth and try to catch it by the tail; a system is like the tail of truth, but the truth is like a lizard; it leaves its tail in your fingers and runs away knowing full well that it will grow a new one in a twinkling. –Ivan Turgenev to Leo Tolstoy Despite repeated attempts to develop a unifying hypothesis that explains the clinical syndrome of heart failure, no single conceptual paradigm for heart failure has withstood the test of time. One logical explanation for our inability to define the syndrome of heart failure in precise mechanistic and/or clinical terms is that the clinical syndrome of heart failure almost certainly represents the summation of multiple anatomic, functional, and biological alterations that interact together in an exceedingly complex manner and in different genetic and environmental backgrounds over a sustained (but variable) period of time. Thus, it is not surprising that clinicians and investigators have used a variety of increasingly complex model systems in an attempt to describe the syndrome of heart failure. Whereas clinicians initially viewed heart failure as a problem of excessive salt and water retention that was caused by abnormalities of renal blood flow (the “cardiorenal model”1 ), as physicians began to perform careful hemodynamic measurements, it also became apparent that heart failure was associated with a reduced cardiac output and excessive peripheral vasoconstriction. This latter realization led to the development of the cardiocirculatory or hemodynamic model for heart failure,1 wherein heart failure was thought to arise largely as a result of abnormalities of the pumping capacity of the heart and excessive peripheral vasoconstriction. However, although both the cardiorenal and cardiocirculatory models for heart failure explained the excessive salt and water …
Toward computational determination of peptide-receptor structure

We introduce a method for docking small flexible ligands of the size of dipeptides and phosphocholine and test it against crystallographic complexes. We then show how the method can be used as the basis for a strategy for solving the much more difficult problem of docking fully flexible peptides in the 8-10-residue size range. After developing the method we apply it to peptide-MHC class I systems and find that the predictions are in accord with biological and crystallographic data.
1000 NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS-ENDEMIC VS. EPIDEMIC FORM

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of undefined etiology affecting premature infants. A number of hypotheses have been suggested for NEC, and clusters of cases have been reported in nurseries. During Dec. 1974 and Jan. 1975, 14 cases of NEC occurred in patients admitted to the infant ICU. In the 12 months prior to this period a total of 11 cases of NEC occurred. Distinguishing features of the epidemic group vs. the endemic group are summarized: Results of a stool culture survey showed an association between Klebsiella colonization and illness. In a 2 month period in 1976 a 2nd clustering of NEC occurred with characteristics similar to those described in the epidemic group above. The awareness of an epidemic form of NEC is important in evaluating the effects of therapy and/or prophylaxis of NEC in premature infants.
Numerical Simulations and Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow Around Sand Core

This paper presents the results of experimental and numerical studies of the hot distortion phenomenon in the phenolic urethane cold box systems used in metal casting. Dual Pushrod Dilatometry has been used to measure a thermal expansion/contraction of phenolic urethane cold box sand core specimens at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 600°C. High temperature tensile tests showed that the tensile strength of the phenolic urethane cold box sand cores is significantly affected by the bench life, temperature and binders level. High temperature hot distortion furnace tests on cylindrical cores showed that some coatings increase the temperature limit when distortion starts, but application of coating cannot prevent distortion. The hot distortion test during metal casting showed that regardless of the application of coating, the type of coating, and anti-veining additives, all cores with density greater than the density of the molten metal (magnesium allay) were significantly distorted. Numerical simulations of the liquid metal flow around the cylindrical sand core and analysis of dynamic forces acting on the core during the fill process showed that a buoyancy force is the major contributor to the hot distortion. It is concluded that the one of the solutions in preventing the hot distortion of sand cores is optimizing their weight, which will balance the buoyancy force and will bring the resultant force to the minimum. The hot distortion test castings using optimized sand cores with density almost equal to the density of the molten magnesium proved our predictions, and hot distortion has been prevented.
Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis : A product of their environment

It has long been thought that astrocytes, like other glial cells, simply provide a support mechanism for neuronal function in the healthy and inflamed central nervous system (CNS). However, recent evidence suggests that astrocytes play an active and dual role in CNS inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Astrocytes not only have the ability to enhance immune responses and inhibit myelin repair, but they can also be protective and limit CNS inflammation while supporting oligodendrocyte and axonal regeneration. The particular impact of these cells on the pathogenesis and repair of an inflammatory demyelinating process is dependent upon a number of factors, including the stage of the disease, the type and microenvironment of the lesion, and the interactions with other cell types and factors that influence their activation. In this review, we summarize recent data supporting the idea that astrocytes play a complex role in the regulation of CNS autoimmunity.
IMPLEMENTING A NEW SELLING MIX

Many industrial firms are adopting new selling methods such as telemarketing, national account management, and the like. Unfortunately, there are few guidelines for division managers who pioneer the use of these techniques in their firms, particularly in terms of changes in appraisal, coordination, and planning systems that accompany the adoption of new selling methods. This article details the development and implementation of new selling methods at an industrial firm, and provides guidelines to managers for using these techniques in their own firms.
Fragrance material review on 16-hydroxy-7-hexadecenoic acid lactone.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 16-hydroxy-7-hexadecenoic acid lactone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. 16-Hydroxy-7-hexadecenoic acid lactone is a member of the fragrance structural group macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives. The fragrance ingredient described herein is one of 12 structurally diverse C14, C15 and C16 compounds that include (1) saturated mono-and (2) saturated di-ester lactones and (3) unsaturated lactones. For the latter, the double bond is not adjacent to (in conjugation with) the ester group. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to 16-hydroxy-7-hexadecenoic acid lactone and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data were evaluated, then summarized, and include physical properties data. A safety assessment of the entire macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives will be published simultaneously with this document. Please refer to Belsito et al., 2011 for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all macrocyclic lactone and lactide derivatives in fragrances. Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Hanifin, J.H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2011. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of macrocylic lactones and lactide derivatives when used as fragrance ingredients.
de Haas-van Alphen Effect in Platinum

The de Haas-van Alphen effect has been used to study the extremal areas, cyclotron masses, and spin-splitting zeros on all three sheets of the Fermi surface of platinum. For the T-centered electron surface and $X$-centered hole pocket, newly developed inversion techniques have been employed to obtain the Fermi radius and Fermi velocity at all points on these surfaces. By performing the appropriate integrations over these surfaces, we have been able to determine the number of carriers and the density of states for these surfaces. Our observations on the open-hole surface, when combined with band-structure calculations, confirm the shape and connectivity of this surface. By combining effective-mass data with spin-splitting zero data, we have obtained information on the magnitude and anisotropy of the $g$ factor on all surfaces. In general, we find the $g$ factor to be different from 2.0 and quite anisotropic. The effective-mass measurements, when compared with band-structure calculations, indicate an enhancement of approximately 30%.
The Bush Transition in Historical Context

t one level, George W. Bush's transition to the presidency was unique and without much precedent as a guide. Unlike the situation facing his predecessors, Bush's "official" postelection transition did not begin until December 14, the day after Al Gore's concession speech. Roughly half the time of a "normal" transition had been lost as the controversy over the Florida vote dragged on. The reality, of course, was that transition planning had been well underway in the Bush camp.1 But here, too, modern presidential history presented no guide. Throughout the period from November 8 to December 13, Bush and his advisors faced the unique challenge of preparing for a new presidency but within their own context of an unsettled election outcome; the nearest historical reference was the far
New data on the question of lipoperoxidation in carbon tetrachloride poisoning.

Abstract Administration of antioxidants to rats prior to carbon tetrachloride protects against lethality of the hepatotoxin. The protective effect implicates destructive peroxidations as a vector of the toxic action. However, when evidence for increased lipoperoxidation was sought through use of the thiobarbituric acid reaction, none could be found throughout the first 25 hours after intragastric carbon tetrachloride administration. However, it was shown that rat liver whole homogenates, prepared in saline-phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and containing EDTA, when incubated at 38° could induce disappearance of TBA-positive material generated by a prior incubation. Authentic malonic dialdehyde, added as substrate, was also metabolized. The enzyme system is localized in the mitochondrial fraction and was inactive in the absence of ATP, Mg ++ , and inorganic phosphate. The significance of the failure to find TBA-positive material in livers of carbon tetrachloride-poisoned rats is thus greatly lessened, since evidently the TBA-positive material can be further metabolized. It was also shown that the system in the whole homogenate, which generates TBA-positive material in mild acid media containing no EDTA, is inhibited by small amounts of carbon tetrachloride added in vitro . However, the loss of this capacity in whole homogenates prepared from livers of carbon tetrachloride-poisoned rats is probably a secondary phenomenon not due to a direct effect of the hepatotoxin.
Temperature Dependence of Radiative Association Rates

The formation of gas-phase complexes by radiative association is a strongly temperature-dependent process, whose modeling provides a good test of theoretical approaches to modeling the kinetics and whose predictability is useful for temperature extrapolations. The temperature dependence of the low-pressure association rate constants, measured in the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, was considered for four systems, acetone/(acetone)H+, acetone-d6/(acetone-d6)D+, butanone/(butanone)H+, and NO+/3-pentanone. For the first two systems, the experimentally measured temperature range was extended down to 245 K to complement data already available for room and higher temperatures. The data for the third system above room temperature are new, while data for the final system, already available from our earlier experiments, are reconsidered here. Modeling was done by variational transition-state theory (VTST), incorporating ab initio calculations of vibrational frequencies and infrared emi...
Go Underground or in Your Face: Queer Students’ Negotiation of All-Girls Catholic Schools

Single-sex Catholic schools are guided by inclusive messages regarding sexuality, homosexuality, and combating homophobia. However, it appears that these official messages have little effect on the heteronormative climates found in such schools. Using the perspective of queer theory, we investigated the experiences of three queer females who attended all-girls Catholic high schools. All three reported climates that stifled homosexuality and promoted a strict gender binary. In response, our participants engaged in two types of gender performance: “going underground” and “in your face.” The climate in these schools forced our participants to invest substantial energy in creating alternative personas.
Biology in the light of phylogeny

The importance of phylogeny to the understanding of patterns of diversity has long been appreciated (indeed, the only figure in Charles Darwin's Origin [1] was of a phylogenetic tree). However, only in the past several decades has understanding phylogeny and its consequences become essential across a broad range of evolutionary research topics. Following Felsenstein's prescient paper [2] demonstrating the non-independence of species in comparative biology and Harvey and Pagel's influential book on comparative methods [3], phylogenetic thinking has percolated into many biological disciplines; the recent development of community phylogenetics, for example, [4], being just one example.
Genetic architecture of growth curve parameters in chickens

Genetic improvement in growth of poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Due to increased maintenance costs and reproductive problems of adult broiler breeders, the potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest. Research of both male and female progeny of a three-way diallel cross was used to investigate the inheritance of growth curve parameters. The Laird form of the Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters, and was suited to the juvenile growth data frequently collected from meat-type chickens. Growth rate exhibited significant heterosis due to both autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Age at inflection point also exhibited significant average heterosis, though only among females. Growth rate was also influenced by average line effects, as was age at inflection point. Maternal effects had no influence on growth curve parameters, while additive sex linkage was observed for growth rate. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated among the growth curve parameters and suggest that specific breeding programs could alter the growth trajectory of the contemporary broiler chicken. Moderate heritabilities were observed for the growth curve parameters and support the hypothesis that the growth curve could be altered via genetic manipulation of early postnatal growth, especially during the first 14 days post-hatch.
CONVERSION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI TO THE L-PHASE: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

Seven strains representative of the five serotypes of group B streptococci were converted to the L-phase by means of penicillin in a liquid medium. The conversion and adaptation to growth in the L-phase of the group B, type III strain 76-043 were studied in detail. This L-phase has been subcultured serially 204 times in liquid medium containing penicillin. Stability of the L-phase was evident by 195 serial subcultures in the absence of penicillin without reversion to the parent bacterial phase. Studies of the kinetics of growth in the cell-wall-defective state showed a lack of correlation between the number of viable units and the turbidity of the culture, as well as a rapid decline in the number of colony-forming units once the minimum pH of the culture was reached. Addition of Na2HPO4 or K2HPO4 to the growth medium did not prevent the sharp decline in the number of viable units. Group B and type III antigens continued to be detected in culture supernatants but not in HCl extracts of cells of the L-phase of strain 76-043. These immunological markers confirmed the precise bacterial origin of the L-phase.
Pediatric laryngeal diadochokinetic rates: establishing a normative database.

Objective. Laryngeal diadochokinetic (L-DDK) rate is a measure of laryngeal neural integrity. The objectives for this study included the following: (1) establish the first comprehensive pediatric n...
Accelerating the Spectral Domain Moment Method for reflectarray's by two-orders of magnitude

The Spectral Domain Moment Method (SDMoM) as applied to reflectarray antennas is unique over that of the Space Domain Formulation in that the impedance matrix elements do not contain highly oscillatory exponential terms as they become absorbed in the transform definitions for the basis/testing functions when constructing the EFIE. Since a typical reflectarray contains thousands of elements and the design requires computation of a unique reflection phase curve for each, the computational demand is heavy. Understanding where these demands stem from allow development of methods to help alleviate, this paper both describes the root causes and provides remedies for each. When all remediation's are implemented, efficiency grows over two orders of magnitude as compared to that of the classical SDMoM.
Application of an asymmetrical four point bend shear test to solder joints

The asymmetrical four-point bend shear (AFPB) test method was used to measure the shear strength and creep properties through the stress relaxation experiments using three different Pb-free solder joint compositions in an assolidified condition. Since it was difficult to shear the uniform specimens and the local bending usually occurs at the inner loading points, the notches were introduced at the joint line to preferentially weaken this region. The stress analysis by finite element modeling showed that the straight notches transform the parabolic shear stress distribution in the uniform specimen into a relatively uniform shear distribution along the bond line in the notched specimens. Therefore, the shear strength results from the notched specimens are expected to be much more accurate. Experiments showed that both the Sn-3.6Ag-1Cu (wt.%) and Sn-3.6Ag-1Cu-0.45Co joints have superior strength and creep properties as compared to the Sn-3.5Ag joint. However, there was no statistical difference between the shear strength of the Sn-3.6Ag-1Cu and Sn-3.6Ag-1Cu-0.45 Co joints. Moreover, the difference between the creep resistance of these two types of joints was small.
Combined anti-microtubule therapy: a phase II study of weekly docetaxel plus estramustine in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Abstract Background Docetaxel and estramustine exert anti-tumor effects by inhibiting microtubule function. In vitro data suggest synergism with this combination. This phase II study evaluated the response rate and toxicity of docetaxel and estramustine in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Patients and methods Patients were treated with docetaxel 35 mg/m2 on day 2 and estramustine phosphate 280 mg p.o. tds days 1–3 weekly for 3 of 4 weeks, for a maximum of six treatment cycles. Results Thirty-nine patients were enrolled between August 1999 and March 2001; 36 were eligible. Of 31 evaluable patients, responses were observed in 15 patients (47%); two patients (6%) obtained a complete response. Median time to treatment failure was 6 months; median survival was 1 year. Thromboembolic toxicity occurred in 11% of patients: three experienced deep venous thromboses and one had a fatal pulmonary embolism. Myelosuppression was minimal with this regimen. Conclusions Despite modest activity in metastatic breast cancer, the toxicity observed with the combination of estramustine and docetaxel precludes the routine use of this combination in the treatment of breast cancer. Further studies using this compound in metastatic breast cancer are not warranted.
DC - 725 GHz sampling circuits and subpicosecond nonlinear transmission lines using elevated coplanar waveguide

Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL's) fabricated with Schottky diodes on GaAs were used to electrically generate 3.7-V step functions that had a measured 10%-90% fall time of 0.68 ps. These NLTL's were integrated on wafer with sampling circuits that had a measured 3-dB bandwidth of 725 GHz. Key to circuit performance are the use of low-loss, high-wave-velocity elevated coplanar waveguide transmission lines and the elimination of active device pad parasitics by contacting devices above the plane of the wafer. >
Integrating Mobile Collection Software with Health Applications

This paper describes and analyzes three approaches for integrating mobile data collection software and health applications. The first approach uses a domain-specific language module that is installed in a health application that communicates directly with the mobile data collection software. The second approach uses Mirth Connect to integrate the mobile collection software with a health application. The third approach is writing custom code required to integrate mobile data collection software with a health application. In the final section of this paper, we provide an analysis of the three approaches, and make recommendations on which approach should be used based on the resources available to a health facility.
Archaeologies of the Past and in the Present in 2014: Materialities of Human History

Research from the past year demonstrates archaeologists’ diverse contributions to the anthropological study of human experience and social relationships in time and space. I divide literature published from late 2013 to late 2014 into five themes. First, archaeological research on space focuses on the persistence and materiality of landscapes, the creation and dynamics of communities and cities, and the mobility and migration of people. Second, studies of climate change and environmental interaction stress that organizational relationships and their long-term legacies are fundamental to ecological sustainability. Third, archaeologists offer anthropology the ability to contextualize the causes and the manifestations of violence and conflict through longitudinal cases studies and material analysis. Fourth, work on objects, bodies, and identity emphasizes that social subjectivities are not only variable but are historically connected to material worlds. Finally, fifth, archaeologists engaged with the present offer critical understandings of heritage policies and promote an activism that seeks more ethical practices with descendent communities and within the discipline itself. Despite differences, the recent literature reveals archaeologists’ contributions to these significant anthropological topics by studying long-term, historical legacies and the materiality of human relationships. [archaeology, anthropology, materiality, history, year in review]