cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADIATIVELY INEFFICIENT ACCRETION IN NEARBY GALAXIES

We use new central stellar velocity dispersions and nuclear X-ray and H? luminosities for the Palomar survey of nearby galaxies to investigate the distribution of nuclear bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios for their central black holes (BHs). This information helps to constrain the nature of their accretion flows and the physical drivers that control the spectral diversity of nearby active galactic nuclei. The characteristic values of the bolometric luminosities and Eddington ratios, which span over 7-8 orders of magnitude, from L bol 1037 to 3 ? 1044 erg s?1 and L bol/L Edd 10?9 to 10?1, vary systematically with nuclear spectral classification, increasing along the sequence absorption-line nuclei ? transition objects ? low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions ? Seyferts. The Eddington ratio also increases from early-type to late-type galaxies. We show that the very modest accretion rates inferred from the nuclear luminosities can be readily supplied through local mass loss from evolved stars and Bondi accretion of hot gas, without appealing to additional fueling mechanisms such as angular momentum transport on larger scales. Indeed, we argue that the fuel reservoir generated by local processes should produce far more active nuclei than is actually observed. This generic luminosity-deficit problem suggests that the radiative efficiency in these systems is much less than the canonical value of 0.1 for traditional optically thick, geometrically thin accretion disks. The observed values of L bol/L Edd, all substantially below unity, further support the hypothesis that massive BHs in most nearby galaxies reside in a low or quiescent state, sustained by accretion through a radiatively inefficient mode.
Driving Saturn's magnetospheric periodicities from the upper atmosphere/ionosphere: Magnetotail response to dual sources

[1] Despite the high degree of axial symmetry of Saturn's internal magnetic field, rotation-associated periodicities are evident in Saturn's electromagnetic radiation, its magnetic perturbations and its particle populations. Although close to the mean rotation period of the cloud tops, the electromagnetic period drifts slightly over a time scale of years and, at high latitudes, differs for sources in the north and south. The source of the periodicity remains a mystery. The model investigated here places the momentum source in the upper atmosphere/ionosphere, with the wind patterns in the two hemispheres rotating about the spin axis at different rates typical of the 2005–2006 southern summer for which Cassini data have been extensively analyzed. A source at low altitudes would account for the persistence of phase following solar wind disruption of magnetospheric flow patterns but might not produce appropriate magnetospheric responses. However, a magnetohydrodynamic simulation in which vortical winds in the ionosphere drive field-aligned currents into the magnetosphere shows that the dual sources account nearly quantitatively for many measured magnetospheric responses. This paper focuses on the magnetotail where the model is shown to reproduce many well-documented results of data analysis including the features that appear distinctly at each of the two periods and those that appear as a carrier signal with amplitude modulation and phase shifts. In particular, the model accounts for current sheet flapping and modulation of the plasma sheet thickness and for the periodic structure of density enhancements at high latitudes at different periods in the north and the south.
Monoids that map onto the Thompson-Higman groups

A slight modification of the definition of the Thompson-Higman groups G k,1 and F k,1 leads to inverse monoids that map onto G k,1 (respectively F k,1), and that have interesting properties: they are finitely generated, and residually finite. These inverse monoids are closely related to the suffix expansion of G k,1 (respectively F k,1).
TRANSIENT FRAGMENTS IN OUTBURSTING COMET 17P/HOLMES* , **

We present results from a wide-field imaging campaign at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope to study the spectacular outburst of comet 17P/Holmes in late 2007. Using image-processing techniques we probe inside the spherical dust coma and find 16 fragments having both spatial distribution and kinematics consistent with isotropic ejection from the nucleus. Photometry of the fragments is inconsistent with scattering from monolithic, inert bodies. Instead, each detected fragment appears to be an active cometesimal producing its own dust coma. By scaling from the coma of the primary nucleus of 17P/Holmes, assumed to be 1.7 km in radius, we infer that the 16 fragments have maximum effective radii between {approx}10 m and {approx}100 m on UT 2007 November 6. The fragments subsequently fade at a common rate of {approx}0.2 mag day{sup -1}, consistent with steady depletion of ices from these bodies in the heat of the Sun. Our characterization of the fragments supports the hypothesis that a large piece of material broke away from the nucleus and crumbled, expelling smaller, icy shards into the larger dust coma around the nucleus.
Hybrid Linear Modeling via Local Best-Fit Flats

We present a simple and fast geometric method for modeling data by a union of affine subspaces. The method begins by forming a collection of local best-fit affine subspaces, i.e., subspaces approximating the data in local neighborhoods. The correct sizes of the local neighborhoods are determined automatically by the Jones' β 2 numbers (we prove under certain geometric conditions that our method finds the optimal local neighborhoods). The collection of subspaces is further processed by a greedy selection procedure or a spectral method to generate the final model. We discuss applications to tracking-based motion segmentation and clustering of faces under different illuminating conditions. We give extensive experimental evidence demonstrating the state of the art accuracy and speed of the suggested algorithms on these problems and also on synthetic hybrid linear data as well as the MNIST handwritten digits data; and we demonstrate how to use our algorithms for fast determination of the number of affine subspaces.
Unification of the models for types, classes and state machines

The static model, specified formally, and the dynamic model, represented by hierarchical state machines, are intimately related. By defining a mapping between the two, we are able to provide a definition of inheritance, multiple inheritance and behavioral subtyping for state machines based on that for formally specified types and classes, and provide a graphical representation for formal specifications in terms of state machines. The state machine notation is based on statecharts. It, however, supports both a declarative style, appropriate for types, and an imperative style, appropriate for classes. State machines may be parameterized and may be viewed from different perspectives, based on an arbitrary choice of state predicates. And states are interpreted not as an expression of concurrency, but result from a choice of independent state predicates.
Electrothermal Modeling and Design Strategies for Multibit Phase-Change Memory

Electrothermal transport and crystallization dynamics govern the speed and bit stability of multibit phase-change memory (PCM). This paper develops a transient simulation methodology incorporating electrical, thermal, and phase transition models to investigate multibit PCM cell structures and programming strategies. The simulations evaluate two standard PCM structures, namely, the mushroom cell and the confined pillar cell, with feature sizes smaller than 40 nm. The transient simulation captures the phase distribution and cell resistance profile, which are corroborated by transmission electron microscope imaging and the corresponding measured resistance values. This paper also explores a more compact architecture, i.e., the stacked vertical cell, with precise control of Joule heating and potentially more stable intermediate resistance levels. For an electrode area of 10 nm × 20 nm, a low programming current of 60-90 μA generates sufficient heating power to amorphize the phase-change elements sequentially, resulting in four distinct resistance levels distributed over a two-order-of-magnitude resistance range with promise for multibit storage.
THE HOMOGENEITY OF INTERSTELLAR OXYGEN IN THE GALACTIC DISK

We present an analysis of high-resolution Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) observations of Kr I λ1236 absorption in seven sight lines that probe a variety of interstellar environments. In combination with krypton and hydrogen column densities derived from current and archival STIS and Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer data, the number of sight lines with reliable Kr/H ISM abundance ratios has been increased by 50% to 26—including paths that sample a range of nearly 5 orders of magnitude in f(H2) and over 2 orders of magnitude in nH, and extend up to 4.8 kpc in length. For sight lines contained entirely within the local spiral arm (the Orion spur), the spread of Kr/H ratios about the mean of [N(Kr)/N(H)]ISM = -9.02 ± 0.02 is remarkably tight (0.06 dex), less than the typical data-point uncertainty. Intriguingly, the only two sight lines that extend through neighboring structures, in particular gas associated with the Carina/Sagittarius arm, exhibit relatively large, near-solar krypton abundances ([N(Kr)/N(H)]combined = -8.75). Although these deviations are only measured at the 2 σ level, they suggest the possibility that krypton abundances beyond the Orion spur may differ from the local value.
Climate-Induced Sea Level Rise and Sustainable Coastal Management: The Influence of Existing Policy Frameworks on Risk Perception

This article looks at the role of existing government policies on perceptions of risk and the impact they have on developing forward-looking sustainable policy instruments. Coastal flood insurance policy in the United States is examined as a way of exploring the relationship between policy instruments and risk perception. Insights include the importance of understanding the role of community risk perception in policy development, as well as the role of historical and existing policies in influencing community risk perception.
The likelihood of dubious election outcomes

A disturbing phenomenon in voting, which causes most of the problems as well as the interest in the field, is that election outcomes (for fixed preferences) can change with the way the ballots are tallied. This causes difficulties because with each possible choice, some set of voters can be dubious about whether it is the “correct” one. But, how likely are these settings allowing multiple election outcomes? By combining properties of the geometry of voting developed by Saari with a analytic-geometric technique created by Schlafli, we determine the likelihood that a three candidate election can cause these potentially dubious outcomes.
A role for the two-helix finger of the SecA ATPase in protein translocation

An important step in the biosynthesis of many proteins is their partial or complete translocation across the plasma membrane in prokaryotes or the endoplasmic reticulum membrane in eukaryotes. In bacteria, secretory proteins are generally translocated after completion of their synthesis by the interaction of the cytoplasmic ATPase SecA and a protein-conducting channel formed by the SecY complex. How SecA moves substrates through the SecY channel is unclear. However, a recent structure of a SecA-SecY complex raises the possibility that the polypeptide chain is moved by a two-helix finger domain of SecA that is inserted into the cytoplasmic opening of the SecY channel. Here we have used disulphide-bridge crosslinking to show that the loop at the tip of the two-helix finger of Escherichia coli SecA interacts with a polypeptide chain right at the entrance into the SecY pore. Mutagenesis demonstrates that a tyrosine in the loop is particularly important for translocation, but can be replaced by some other bulky, hydrophobic residues. We propose that the two-helix finger of SecA moves a polypeptide chain into the SecY channel with the tyrosine providing the major contact with the substrate, a mechanism analogous to that suggested for hexameric, protein-translocating ATPases.
Arakelov-Parshin rigidity of towers of curve fibrations

Arakelov–Parshin rigidity is concerned with varieties mapping rigidly to the moduli stack $$\mathfrak {M}_h$$ of canonically polarized manifolds. Affirmative answer for any class of maps implies finiteness of the given class. This article studies Arakelov–Parshin rigidity on an open subspace of $$\mathfrak {M}_h$$ , on the locus $$\mathfrak {K}\mathfrak {F}_h$$ of iterated Kodaira fibrations. First, we prove rigidity for all complete curves mapping finitely onto $$\mathfrak {K}\mathfrak {F}_h$$ . Then, for generic affine curves mapping into $$\mathfrak {K}\mathfrak {F}_h$$ , rigidity is shown when $$\deg h =2$$ . The method used in the latter part is showing that the iterated Kodaira–Spencer map is injective.
Constraints on cosmic-ray observation of Cygnus X-3

Two experimental groups1,2 working at different minimum energies have reported underground muons coming from the direction of Cygnus X-3 with rates that vary in synchrony with its binary period. The depths involved are such that the muons have energies of the order of 1 TeV for the shallower1 and several TeV for the deeper2 detector. Such observations, if verified, would require a new particle or a new physical process3. Here we explore our earlier suggestion4 that the new signal carrier could be a neutral bit of quark matter, condensed and stabilized by strange quarks. We also consider other, more general explanations and conclude that it is exceedingly difficult to find a self-consistent explanation of the observations.
Rotational Studies of Late-Type Stars. VII. M34 (NGC 1039) and the Evolution of Angular Momentum and Activity in Young Solar-Type Stars

We analyze Keck High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) observations of rotation and activity in F, G, and K dwarf members of the open cluster M34 (NGC 1039), which is 250 Myr old, and we compare them to the Pleiades, Hyades, and NGC 6475. The upper bound to rotation seen in M34 is about a factor of 2 lower than for the 100 Myr old Pleiades, but most M34 stars are well below this upper bound, and it is the overall convergence in rotation rates that is most striking. A few K dwarfs in M34 are still rapid rotators, suggesting that they have undergone core-envelope decoupling, followed by replenishment of surface angular momentum from an internal reservoir. Our comparison of rotation in these clusters indicates that the timescale for the coupling of the envelope to the core must be close to 100 Myr if decoupling does, in fact, occur.
Random Matrices: the Distribution of the Smallest Singular Values

Let ξ be a real-valued random variable of mean zero and variance 1. Let M n (ξ) denote the n × n random matrix whose entries are iid copies of ξ and σ n (M n (ξ)) denote the least singular value of M n (ξ). The quantity σ n (M n (ξ))2 is thus the least eigenvalue of the Wishart matrix $${M_nM_n^\ast}$$ . We show that (under a finite moment assumption) the probability distribution n σ n (M n (ξ))2 is universal in the sense that it does not depend on the distribution of ξ. In particular, it converges to the same limiting distribution as in the special case when ξ is real gaussian. (The limiting distribution was computed explicitly in this case by Edelman.) We also proved a similar result for complex-valued random variables of mean zero, with real and imaginary parts having variance 1/2 and covariance zero. Similar results are also obtained for the joint distribution of the bottom k singular values of M n (ξ) for any fixed k (or even for k growing as a small power of n) and for rectangular matrices. Our approach is motivated by the general idea of “property testing” from combinatorics and theoretical computer science. This seems to be a new approach in the study of spectra of random matrices and combines tools from various areas of mathematics.
LEGENDRIAN VERTICAL CIRCLES IN SMALL SEIFERT SPACES

We discuss the relations between the e0 invariant of a tight contact small Seifert space and the twisting numbers of Legendrian vertical circles in it, and apply these relations to classify up to isotopy tight contact structures on small Seifert spaces with e0 ≠ 0, -1, -2.
Mapping Large-Scale Gaseous Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies with Keck II ESI Spectra: Spatial Extent of the Outflow

The kinematics of neutral gas and warm ionized gas have been mapped across ultraluminous starburst galaxies using the Na I λλ5890, 5896 absorption-line and Hα emission-line profiles, respectively, in Keck II ESI spectra. Blueshifted, interstellar absorption is found over extended regions, exceeding 15 kpc in several systems. An outflow diverging from the nuclear starburst would have to reach large heights to cover this area in projection. The scale height of the absorbing material could be lower, however, if the outflow emanates from a larger region of the galaxy. The large velocity gradient discovered across several outflows is inconsistent with a flow diverging from the nuclear starburst. Widespread star formation, triggered by the merger, probably drives these extended outflows via mechanical feedback from supernovae, although shocks generated by the galaxy-galaxy merger may also contribute to the formation of a hot wind. In a typical ULIG, the mass carried by the cool phase of the outflow is ~108 M☉; i.e., a few percent of the dynamical mass in the starburst region. Assuming the starburst activity has persisted for 10 Myr, the kinetic energy of the cool outflows is a few percent of the supernova energy. The cool wind is expected to be accelerated by momentum deposition, possibly from radiation pressure as well as the ram pressure of the hot, supernova-induced wind. The turnaround radii of the cool outflows are at least ~30-90 kpc, which presents a significant Na I absorption cross section. If most L > 0.1L* galaxies pass through a luminous starburst phase, then relics of cool outflows will create a significant redshift-path density. Galaxy formation models should include this cool phase of the outflow in addition to a hot wind in feedback models.
Band Edge Electronic Structure of BiVO4: Elucidating the Role of the Bi s and V d Orbitals

We report the first-principles electronic structure of BiVO4, a promising photocatalyst for hydrogen generation. BiVO4 is found to be a direct band gap semiconductor, despite having band extrema away from the Brillouin zone center. Coupling between Bi 6s and O 2p forces an upward dispersion of the valence band at the zone boundary; however, a direct gap is maintained via coupling between V 3d, O 2p, and Bi 6p, which lowers the conduction band minimum. These interactions result in symmetric hole and electron masses. Implications for the design of ambipolar metal oxides are discussed.
Reactivity of Ceramic Superconductors with Palladium Alloys

Palladium alloy compositions were investigated for suitability as a nonreactive material for the processing of ceramic superconductors. Barium-based superconductors were tested on Pd-Au and Pd-Ag alloys for reactivity. Bismuth-based superconductors were tested on a Pd-Ag alloy. The least reactive was found to be 70% Pd-30% Ag for barium-based high-temperature superconductors (HTSC), whereas 30% Pd-70% Ag was found to be least reactive for bismuth-based HTSC.
Auctioning Böhm-Bawerk's horses

Auctions are a unique allocating device of great practical importance. They present situations that cannot easily be fit into the neat taxonomy of Neoclassical Economic Analysis. For instance, textbook theory tells us that a market with one seller and many buyers is a monopolistic market structure. But what if the seller is passive as he is in the Auction? Does this situation still qualify as a monopolistic situation with all of the typical connotations that that term implies? Obviously not. In addition, our textbooks tell us that price discrimination is the result of the profit maximizing behavior of monopolies. However, we have seen that buyers in a competitive bidding process can very naturally discriminate the price of the good they are bidding for on their own. Is a single price for a homogeneous good then still evidence of a “competitive” process?
Noncommutative interpolation and Poisson transforms

General results of interpolation (e.g., Nevanlinna-Pick) by elements in the noncommutative analytic Toeplitz algebraF ∞ (resp., noncommutative disc algebraA n) with consequences to the interpolation by bounded operator-valued analytic functions in the unit ball of ℂn are obtained. Noncommutative Poisson transforms are used to provide new von Neumann type inequalities. Completely isometric representations of the quotient algebraF ∞/J on Hilbert spaces whereJ is anyw *-closed, 2-sided ideal ofF ∞, are obtained and used to construct aw *-continuous,F ∞/J-functional calculus associated to row contractionsT=[T 1,…,T n] whenf(T1, …, Tn)=0 for anyf∈J. Other properties of the dual algebraF ∞/J are considered.
On the theory and simulation of multiple Coulomb scattering of heavy charged particles

The Moliere theory of multiple Coulomb scattering is modified to take into account difference between scattering off atomic nuclei and electron. A simple analytical expression for angular distribution of charged particles passing through a thick absorber is found. It does not assume any special form for a differential scattering cross section and has wider range of applicability than a Gaussian approximation. A well-known method to simulate multiple Coulomb scattering is based on the different treatment of ''soft'' and ''hard'' collisions. An angular deflection in a large number of ''soft'' collisions is sampled using the proposed distribution function, a small number of ''hard'' collision are simulated directly. A boundary between ''hard'' and ''soft'' collisions is defined providing a precise sampling of a scattering angle (1% level) and a small number of ''hard'' collisions. A corresponding simulating module takes into account projectile and nucleus charged distributions and exact kinematics of a projectile-electron interactions.
Analytic approximations for transit light curve observables, uncertainties, and covariances

The light curve of an exoplanetary transit can be used to estimate the planetary radius and other parameters of interest. Because accurate parameter estimation is a nonanalytic and computationally intensive problem, it is often useful to have analytic approximations for the parameters as well as their uncertainties and covariances. Here, we give such formulae, for the case of an exoplanet transiting a star with a uniform brightness distribution. We also assess the advantages of some relatively uncorrelated parameter sets for fitting actual data. When limb darkening is significant, our parameter sets are still useful, although our analytic formulae underpredict the covariances and uncertainties.
John-type theorems for generalized arithmetic progressions and iterated sumsets

A classical theorem of Fritz John allows one to describe a convex body, up to constants, as an ellipsoid. In this article we establish similar descriptions for generalized (i.e. multidimensional) arithmetic progressions in terms of proper (i.e. collision-free) generalized arithmetic progressions, in both torsion-free and torsion settings. We also obtain a similar characterization of iterated sumsets in arbitrary abelian groups in terms of progressions, thus strengthening and extending recent results of Szemeredi and Vu.
On the highest Lyubeznik number of a local ring

Let A be a d-dimensional local ring containing a field. We will prove that the highest Lyubeznik number λd,d(A) (defined in [5]) is equal to the number of connected components of the Hochster-Huneke graph (defined in [2]) associated to B, where B = Ash is the completion of the strict Henselization of the completion of A. This was proven by Lyubeznik in characteristic p > 0. Our statement and proof are characteristic-free.
Improving Jurors' Evaluations of Auditors in Negligence Cases*

Prior research indicates that individuals acting as jurors experience outcome effects in audit negligence litigation. That is, jurors evaluate auditors more harshly in light of negative outcomes, even when audit quality is constant. I posit that outcome effects in this setting are caused by jurors using their negative affect (i.e., feelings) resulting from learning about negative audit outcomes as information relevant to auditor blameworthiness. I tested this hypothesis in an experiment in which I manipulated audit quality, outcome information, and provision of an attribution instruction. The attribution instruction was designed to discredit negative affect as a cue to auditor blameworthiness. Consistent with expectations, attribution participants' evaluations of auditors exhibited less reliance on outcome information and more reliance on audit quality information than did evaluations made by control participants. In fact, outcome effects were eliminated for attribution participants. Courts may be able to improve the quality of jurors' decisions in such cases by employing an attribution instruction.
On the Superradiance of Spin-1 Waves in an Equatorial Wedge around a Kerr Hole.

Recently Van Putten has suggested that superradiance of magnetosonic waves in a toroidal magnetosphere around a Kerr black hole may play a role in the central engine of γ-ray bursts. In this context, he computed (in the WKB approximation) the superradiant amplification of scalar waves confined to a thin equatorial wedge around a Kerr hole and found that the superradiance is higher than for radiation incident over all angles. This Letter presents calculations of both spin-0 (scalar) superradiance (integrating the radial equation rather than using the WKB method) and spin-1 (electromagnetic/magnetosonic) superradiance in Van Putten's wedge geometry. In contrast to the scalar case, spin-1 superradiance decreases in the wedge geometry, decreasing the likelihood of its astrophysical importance.
Synthesis and Biochemical Studies of Phosphorus-Based “Tetrahedral Mimics” as Inhibitors of ATP-Dependent Ligases

The synthesis of several phosphapeptides and the biochemical evaluation of these compounds as inhibitors of glutathionylspermidine synthetase and folylpolyglutamate synthetase is described.
Numerical ranges of companion matrices: flat portions on the boundary

Criterion for a companion matrix to have a certain number of flat portions on the boundary of its numerical range is given. The criterion is specialized to the cases of 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 matrices. In the latter case, it is proved that a 4 × 4 unitarily irreducible companion matrix cannot have three flat portions on the boundary of its numerical range. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the main results.
Sesquiterpene alcohols from foliage of Fitzroya cupressoides

Abstract A new trans-fused himachal-4-en-1-ol was isolated from the foliage of the α-longipinene-producing chemotype of Fitzroya cupressoides. It was characterized by 1D and 2D NMR and by partial synthesis. cis-Bulgar-4-en-1-ol is the probable identity of a co-occurring minor component. Identification of (−)-trans-sesquipiperitol and two epimeric trans-muurol-5-en-4-ols from this species is also reported.
High-Order Multiderivative Time Integrators for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

Multiderivative time integrators have a long history of development for ordinary differential equations, and yet to date, only a small subset of these methods have been explored as a tool for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). This large class of time integrators include all popular (multistage) Runge---Kutta as well as single-step (multiderivative) Taylor methods. (The latter are commonly referred to as Lax---Wendroff methods when applied to PDEs). In this work, we offer explicit multistage multiderivative time integrators for hyperbolic conservation laws. Like Lax---Wendroff methods, multiderivative integrators permit the evaluation of higher derivatives of the unknown in order to decrease the memory footprint and communication overhead. Like traditional Runge---Kutta methods, multiderivative integrators admit the addition of extra stages, which introduce extra degrees of freedom that can be used to increase the order of accuracy or modify the region of absolute stability. We describe a general framework for how these methods can be applied to two separate spatial discretizations: the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method and the finite difference essentially non-oscillatory (FD-WENO) method. The two proposed implementations are substantially different: for DG we leverage techniques that are closely related to generalized Riemann solvers; for FD-WENO we construct higher spatial derivatives with central differences. Among multiderivative time integrators, we argue that multistage two-derivative methods have the greatest potential for multidimensional applications, because they only require the flux function and its Jacobian, which is readily available. Numerical results indicate that multiderivative methods are indeed competitive with popular strong stability preserving time integrators.
Sustaining visual attention in the face of distraction: a novel gradual-onset continuous performance task

Sustained attention is a fundamental aspect of hu- man cognition and has been widely studied in applied and clinical contexts. Despite a growing understanding of how attention varies throughout task performance, moment-to- moment fluctuations are often difficult to assess. In order to better characterize fluctuations in sustained visual attention, in the present study we employed a novel continuous perfor- mance task (CPT), the gradual-onset CPT (gradCPT). In the gradCPT, a central face stimulus gradually transitions between individuals at a constant rate (1,200 ms), and participants are instructed to respond to each male face but not to a rare target female face. In the distractor-present version, the background distractors consist of scene images, and in the distractor-absent condition, of phase-scrambled scene images. The results con- firmed that the gradCPT taxes sustained attention, as vigilance decrements were observed over the task's 12-min duration: Participants made more commission errors and showed in- creasingly variable response latencies (RTs) over time. Participants' attentional states also fluctuated from moment to moment, with periods of higher RT variability being asso- ciated with increased likelihood of errors and greater speed- accuracy trade-offs. In addition, task performance was related to self-reported mindfulness and the propensity for attention lapses in everyday life. The gradCPT is a useful tool for studying both low- and high-frequency fluctuations in sustained visual attention and is sensitive to individual differ- ences in attentional ability.
Abundances in a Large Sample of Stars in M3 and M13

We have carried out a detailed abundance analysis for 21 elements in a sample of 25 stars with a wide range in luminosity from luminous giants to stars near the main-sequence turnoff in the globular cluster M13 ([Fe/H] = -1.50 dex) and in a sample of 13 stars distributed from the tip to the base of the red giant branch (RGB) in the globular cluster M3 ([Fe/H] = -1.39 dex). The analyzed spectra, obtained with HIRES at the Keck Observatory, are of high dispersion (R = ?/?? = 35,000). Most elements, including Fe, show no trend with Teff and low scatter around the mean between the top of the RGB and near the main-sequence turnoff, suggesting that at this metallicity, non-LTE effects and gravitationally induced heavy-element diffusion are not important for this set of elements over the range of stellar parameters spanned by our sample. We have detected an anticorrelation between O and Na abundances, observed previously among the most luminous RGB stars in both of these clusters, in both M3 and in M13 over the full range of luminosity of our samples, i.e., in the case of M13 to near the main-sequence turnoff. M13 shows a larger range in both O and Na abundance than does M3 at all luminosities, in particular having a few stars at its RGB tip with unusually strongly depleted O. We detect a correlation between Mg abundance and O abundance among the stars in the M13 sample. We also find a decrease in the mean Mg abundance as one moves toward lower luminosity, which we tentatively suggest is due to our ignoring non-LTE effects in Mg. Although CN burning must be occurring in both M3 and in M13, and ON burning is required for M13, we combine our new O abundances with published C and N abundances to confirm with quite high precision that the sum of C+N+O is constant near the tip of the giant branch, and we extend this down to the bump in the luminosity function. The same holds true for a smaller sample in M3, with somewhat larger variance. Star I-5 in M13 has large excesses of Y and of Ba, with no strong enhancement of Eu, suggesting that an s-process event contributed to its heavy-element abundances. The mean abundance ratios for M3 and for M13 are identical to within the errors. They show the typical pattern for metal-poor globular clusters of scatter among the light elements, with the odd atomic number elements appearing in the mean enhanced. The Fe-peak elements, where the odd atomic number elements are excessively depleted, do not show any detectable star-to-star variations in either cluster. The abundance ratios for 13 Galactic globular clusters with recent detailed abundance analyses, obtained by combining our samples with published data, are compared with those of published large surveys of metal-poor halo field stars. For most elements, the agreement is very good, suggesting a common chemical history for the halo field and cluster stars.
Wavepacket dynamics on dynamically adapting grids: application of the equidistribution principle

A moving grid approach to wavepacket dynamics is described that enables grid points to be used efficiently in regions where high resolution of the wavepacket is required. The grid movement is based on the principle of equidistribution and by using a grid smoothing technique the grid points trace a path that continuously adapt to reflect the dynamics of the wavepacket. The technique is robust and allows accurate computations to be obtained for long wavepacket propagation times. Results are presented for two systems: tunnelling dynamics in a double well potential and scattering of a wavepacket from a repulsive Eckart barrier.
How do enzymes work

The principle of transition-state stabilization asserts that the occurrence of enzymic catalysis is equivalent to saying that an enzyme binds the transition state much more strongly than it binds the ground-state reactants. An outline of the origin and gradual acceptance of this idea is presented, and elementary transition-state theory is reviewed. It is pointed out that a misconception about the theory has led to oversimplification of the accepted expression relating catalysis and binding, and an amended expression is given. Some implications of the transition-state binding principle are then explored. The amended expression suggests that internal molecular dynamics may also play a role in enzymic catalysis. Although such effects probably do not make a major contribution, their magnitude is completely unknown. Two examples of recent advances due to application of the transition-state binding principle are reviewed, one pertaining to the zinc protease mechanism and the other to the generation of catalytic antibodies.
"Never-fail" audio response system

The Northwestern Bell Traffic Rating System is a real-time audio response dual computer system which must be on-line continuously. The system allows any Northwestern Bell long-distance operator to interrogate a remotely located computer system for a long-distance toll rate. The 3000 operators are widely scattered over an area covering 10% of the country. The toll message response consists of an amount, plus a word denoting whether the rate is for a "station-to-station" or "person-to-person" call. These conditions are ideal for using audio response for the remote display of information, rather than any of the commonly used hardware terminals.
The growth and characterization of GaInAsSb and AlGaAsSb on GaSb by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The growth conditions for GaInAsSb and AlGaAsSb using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition in an high speed rotating disk reactor are described. Trimethylindium, triethylgallium, arsine, and trimethylantimony were used as precursors for the growth of GaInAsSb. Triethylgallium, ethyldimethylamine alane, triethylantimony, and arsine were the precursors used for the growth of AlGaAsSb. These materials were doped both n- and p-type using a mixture of diethyltellurium and diethylzinc as sources. An optimum growth temperature of 520°C was determined for the growth of GaInAsSb. Growth at this temperature yielded a root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness of 0.142 nm. AlGaAsSb could be grown over the range of 500–600°C with somewhat rougher surfaces (rms>0.7 nm). The photoluminescence was found to correlate with surface roughness, increasing with smoother surfaces. AlGaAsSb mesa isolated diodes were prepared and characterized. These diodes showed good current-voltage characteristics with breakdown voltages greater than −6 V.
A Fourier Series Generalized Geometry-Based Analytical Model of Switched Reluctance Machines

A novel invertible generalized flux/current switched reluctance machine (SRM) model based on the Fourier series expansion is presented. This model, which is derived from machine geometry and materials properties, is accurate enough to be used for actual machine representation and can also be simplified for real-time controller applications. Simulation and experimental results illustrate that the proposed modeling approach provides better representation of the SRM than other existing techniques
A novel Fremy's salt-mediated oxidation and rearrangement of anilines into amino ortho-diketones. Applications to the synthesis of pyrrolobenzodiazepines

Abstract The reaction of anilines 1, 3, and 5 with 4.4 equivalents of Fremy's salt affords ortho-quinones in good yields via a one-pot five-step sequence.
New Regression Models with Egocentric Social Network Data An Analysis of Political Party Preference in Japan

This paper introduces some regression models for a categorical dependent variable with data from egocentric social networks as covariates to analyze the determinants of the outcome for the subject and the determinants of the extent of agreement in the outcome between the subject and the people socially connected to the subject. The merits of the models introduced in this paper are their wide applicability to surveys that collect data on egocentric social networks and their ability to identify the determinants of agreement between subjects’ and their friends’ attitudinal or behavioral outcomes, controlling for the tendency to agree because of homophily in the choice of friends. An illustrative application from the Japanese General Social Survey data shows that several substantively distinct characteristics of egocentric networks affect subjects’ political party preferences and the extent of agreement between the political party preferences of subjects and their significant others.
A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance

This essay attempts to develop a theory of imperial law that is able t o explain post-Cold War changes in the general process of Americanization in legal thinking. My claim is that “imperial law” is now a dominant layer of world-wide legal systems. Imperial law is produced, in the interest of international capital, by a variety of both public and private institutions, all sharing a gap in legitimacy, sometimes called the “democratic deficit.” Imperial law is shaped by a spectacular process of exaggeration, aimed at building consent for the purpose of hegemonic domination. Imperial law subordinates local legal arrangements world-wide, reproducing on the global scale the same phenomenon of legal dualism that thus far has characterized the law of developing countries. Predatory economic globalization is the vehicle, the all-mighty ally, and the beneficiary of imperial law. Ironically, despite its absolute lack of democratic legitimacy, imperial law imposes as a natural necessity, by means of discursive practices branded “democracy and the rule of law,” a reactive legal philosophy that outlaws redistribution of wealth based on
Fiscal and monetary rules for a currency union

Abstract This paper addresses the optimal joint conduct of fiscal and monetary policy in a two-country model of a currency union with staggered price setting and distortionary taxes. A tractable linear-quadratic approximation permits a representation of the optimal policy plan in terms of targeting rules. In the optimal equilibrium, monetary policy should achieve aggregate price stability following a flexible inflation targeting rule. Fiscal policy should stabilize idiosyncratic shocks allowing for permanent variations of government debt but should abstain from creating inflationary expectations at the union level. Simple policy rules can approximate the optimal commitment benchmark through a mix of strict inflation targeting and flexible budget rules. Conversely, the welfare costs of balanced budget rules are at least one order of magnitude higher than conventional estimates of the costs of business cycle fluctuactions.
A facile, high-yield synthesis of di-η5-cyclopentadienylhafnacyclopentadiene compounds

Abstract Hafnocene dichloride was reduced with amalgamated magnesium in the presence of alkynes giving high yields of di-η 5 -cyclopentadienylhafnacyclopentadienes. Reaction with hydrochloric acid yields exclusively the corresponding ( E,E )-butadiene derivatives.
Capital markets and dimension in neoclassical models of growth with trade

Abstract This paper explores the role of arbitrary assumptions regarding dimension and the tradeability of capital in neoclassical growth models. It is shown that international markets for physical and financial capital are required to reproduce the competitive world growth path only when the number of traded (non-capital) goods is less than the number of factors, provided that countries are diversified along their growth paths. Capital markets compensate for lacking consumption good markets in models with low dimension, thus reinforcing an earlier static argument that trade theory requires a sufficient number of markets, rather than particular dimensional attributes.
Vacuum Fluctuations as a Source of Adiabatic Perturbations in Power-Law Inflationary Cosmology

An analysis of the decoherence of quantum fluctuations shows that production of classical adiabatic density perturbations may not take place in models of power-law inflation, a(t)~tp, with 1<p≤ 3. Some consequences for models of extended inflation are pointed out. In general, the condition for decoherence places new constraint on inflationary models, which does not depend on often complicated subsequent evolution.
Medical Experiences in Peru

Abstract Please refer to Stanford Medical Bulletin 1960; 18(2):76-95 for a copy of this article.
Magnetic Scaling Laws for the Atmospheres of Hot Giant Exoplanets

We present scaling laws for advection, radiation, magnetic drag, and ohmic dissipation in the atmospheres of hot giant exoplanets. In the limit of weak thermal ionization, ohmic dissipation increases with the planetary equilibrium temperature (T eq 1000?K) faster than the insolation power does, eventually reaching values 1% of the insolation power, which may be sufficient to inflate the radii of hot Jupiters. At higher T eq values still magnetic drag rapidly brakes the atmospheric winds, which reduces the associated ohmic dissipation power. For example, for a planetary field strength B = 10?G, the fiducial scaling laws indicate that ohmic dissipation exceeds 1% of the insolation power over the equilibrium temperature range T eq ~ 1300-2000?K, with a peak contribution at T eq ~ 1600?K. Evidence for magnetically dragged winds at the planetary thermal photosphere could emerge in the form of reduced longitudinal offsets for the dayside infrared hotspot. This suggests the possibility of an anticorrelation between the amount of hotspot offset and the degree of radius inflation, linking the atmospheric and interior properties of hot giant exoplanets in an observationally testable way. While providing a useful framework to explore the magnetic scenario, the scaling laws also reveal strong parameter dependencies, in particular with respect to the unknown planetary magnetic field strength.
Possible infrared aurorae on Jupiter

Infrared brightenings near the poles of Jupiter at 8 microns were observed in early 1980 by the NASA 3-m Infrared Telescope Facility at Mauna Kea and the Mayall 4-m telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory. It is suggested that these brightenings are related to the auroral zones which are determined by the magnetic mapping of the magnetotail onto the atmosphere, rather than by the Io flux tube. They were present in both hemispheres in January, present only in the north in February, and probably absent in the south in March. When visible, they were only seen in the hemisphere where the auroral zone was oriented toward the earth and absent otherwise.
3-D resistivity forward modeling and inversion using conjugate gradients

We have developed rapid 3-D dc resistivity forward modeling and inversion algorithms that use conjugate gradient relaxation techniques. In the forward network modeling calculation, an incomplete Cholesky decomposition for preconditioning and sparse matrix routines combine to produce a fast and efficient algorithm (approximately 2 minutes CPU time on a Sun SPARCstation 2 for 50 X 50 X 20 blocks). The side and bottom boundary conditions are scaled impedance conditions that take into account the local current flow at the boundaries as a result of any configuration of current sources.For the inversion, conjugate gradient relaxation is used to solve the maximum likelihood inverse equations. Since conjugate gradient techniques only require the results of the sensitivity matrix A or its transpose A T multiplying a vector, we are able to bypass the actual computation of the sensitivity matrix and the inversion of A T A, thus greatly decreasing the time needed to do 3-D inversions.We demonstrate 3-D resistivity tomographic imaging using pole-pole resistivity data collected during an experiment for a leakage monitoring system near evaporation ponds at the Mojave Generating Station in Laughlin, Nevada.
Measurement and correction of magnetic fields in pulsed slotted-tube microwigglers

Abstract Pulsed electromagnetic microwigglers are capable of creating stronger fields with shorter periods than conventional wigglers. Wiggler field parameters of 1 T and 5-mm period are achieved by passing ∼ 25 kA down a slotted 3 mm outer diameter copper tube. The taut-wire technique is used to measure the wiggler magnetic field in a small aperture (∼ 1.7 mm) with the required spatial (0.1 mm) and temporal (∼ 5 μs) resolution. The absence of midplane symmetry, in contrast to permanent magnet wigglers, causes unique problems in our microwigglers. We have measured strong dipole (bending) and quadrupole (defocusing) field errors with both dc and time-dependent parts. The effects on the magnetic field of current redistribution caused by heating in the copper tube has been measured. We have identified causes for the various field errors and their sensitivities to fabrication tolerances. Improvements we have made towards meeting the required tolerances and our field-correction technique will be discussed.