cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic, needle, and carcass measurements for predicting chemical composition of lamb carcasses,

Three groups (n = 147) of New Zealand mixed breed lambs averaging 170 d of age and 31.7 kg in weight were killed after a diet of pasture to determine whether the total depth of soft tissues over the 12th rib 11 cm from the dorsal midline (GR) could be measured in live lambs with sufficient accuracy to warrant its use as a selection tool for breeding flock replacements. Relationships among live and carcass measurements and carcass chemical composition also were determined. An ultrasonic measurement of GR in the live lambs was a more accurate predictor of carcass GR (r = .87) and percentage carcass fat (r = .80) than was a measurement of GR made with a needle (r = .80 and .67, respectively). Both measurements were sufficiently accurate to permit culling of over-fat lambs from breeding flock replacement prospects. The best single indicator of percentage carcass fat (r = .87) was a shoulder fat measurement, followed closely by carcass GR (r = .85). Both were superior to USDA yield grade for estimating carcass chemical composition in these young, lightweight lambs. These two measurements also were most highly related to percentage carcass protein (r = -.78 and r = -.77, respectively). These results indicate possibilities for improving the method of evaluating the composition of U. S. lamb carcasses.
BRCA carriers have similar reproductive potential at baseline to noncarriers: comparisons in cancer and cancer-free cohorts undergoing fertility preservation.

Objective To investigate whether BRCA carriers with and without malignancy have decreased ovarian reserve at baseline compared with BRCA noncarriers. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Seven-hundred and ninety-five oocyte cryopreservation patients, comprising BRCA carriers with and without malignancy (n = 57) and BRCA noncarriers (n = 738). Intervention(s) Fertility preservation with oocyte cryopreservation. Main Outcome Measure(s) Antral follicle count (AFC), antimullerian hormone (AMH) concentration, day-3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, number of harvested oocytes, and number of mature/cryopreserved oocytes. Result(s) In the cancer cohort we compared BRCA-positive breast cancer (n = 38) with BRCA-negative breast cancer (n = 53) and with non-breast-cancer malignancies (n = 85). In the cancer-free cohort we compared BRCA carriers (n = 19) with women undergoing elective egg freezing (n = 600). We also compared the BRCA1 (n = 31) versus the BRCA2 carriers (n = 18). The patients’ mean ages were 32.4 ± 3.6 years and 35.5 ± 4.3 years in the BRCA carrier and noncarrier cohorts, respectively. BRCA status was associated with a higher day-3 FSH level in the cancer cohort, but we found no changes in the other outcomes compared with the BRCA-negative cancer groups. BRCA carriers without cancer exhibited a higher AFC and number of mature oocytes compared with the patients undergoing planned egg freezing. Overall (cancer and cancer-free cohorts), the BRCA carriers had an increased AFC (15.5 ± 4.6 vs. 12.6 ± 5.7) and number of mature/cryopreserved oocytes (14.0 ± 7.9 vs. 10.4 ± 6.9) compared with the BRCA noncarriers but had no differences in other outcomes. Conclusion(s) BRCA carriers with and without malignancy exhibit comparable ovarian reserve and responses to ovarian stimulation compared with women with BRCA-negative cancers and cancer-free controls.
Integrating Multiple Sources to Reconstruct the Pre- and Early Postcolonial Forests of the Chesapeake: 1588–1838

Multiple historic sources were used to reconstruct the forests of the Chesapeake at the time of European colonization. Early written records (1588–1699) show forests composed of hardwoods and conifers; the most commonly reported hardwoods are oak (100% occurrence in the texts), followed by walnut (93.3%), sassafras (86.7%), mulberry (80.0%), ash (60.0%), and chestnut (60.0%), and the most commonly reported conifers cedar (92.9%), pine (86.7%), and cypress (73.3%). It is likely that these reports focused on trees of economic value. John Smith’s 1612 map of the Chesapeake shows a forest composed of ca. 50:50 ratio of hardwoods to conifers. Hardwoods could not be identified further, while conifers could be grouped into what appear to be pine, cedar, and baldcypress. Advertisements of land for sale or lease (1751–1838) show a forest primarily composed of hardwoods (86.5%), predominantly oak, with a small conifer component (13.5%). Forest cover averaged 61.5% and ranged from 19.7 to 100%. There is no relationship between percentage of forest cover and date of advertisement, indicating little change over that time frame on settled land. Advertisements of wood for sale or wanted also indicate a forest dominated by oak. Oak was the primary material for ship construction and barrel making, as well as the major fuel source. Witness tree records from the seventeenth century (the earliest reported) on Maryland’s Eastern Shore show that a mature Oak–Pine forest dominated the pre-settlement forest, with white oak (Quercus alba) the most common hardwood. Currently a Pine–Oak–Maple forest dominates the landscape, with pines the dominant conifer and maple, particularly red maple (Acer rubrum), the dominant hardwood, mainly due to fire suppression in the twentieth century.
Comparison of Minimally Invasive Loop Drainage and Standard Incision and Drainage of Cutaneous Abscesses in Children Presenting to a Pediatric Emergency Department: A Prospective, Randomized, Noninferiority Trial.

Objective This study aimed to determine whether the treatment of skin abscesses with vessel loop drainage is noninferior to standard incision and drainage (ID risk difference, 0.2%; 95% confidence interval, -11.2% to 11.6%). Parent satisfaction rates with wound appearance at day 14 were similar (86.1% loop vs 88.2% standard were at least satisfied). Median cosmetic scores were similar at day 14 (6 [interquartile range {IQR}, 5-6] loop vs 6 [IQR, 5-6] standard, where 6 was optimal). Follow-up visit frequency was similar (2 [IQR, 2-3] loop vs 2 [IQR, 2-2.5] standard). Conclusions Abscess drainage with a vessel loop in the pediatric ED results in failure rates noninferior to those of the standard I&D. Satisfaction and cosmetic scores are favorable in both groups.
Disentangling the Thermofield-double state

In this note we will study the evolution of the thermofield-double state under a quantum quench made by double traced operators in the context of SYK model. We will compute the entanglement entropy of the resulting state to second order in the coupling using the replica method. The entanglement entropy will increase (decrease) depending on the sign of the coupling. We will also compute the two point function to leading order. The system will thermalize again after a time of order t ∼ β/2pΔ with a new temperature, where p and Δ are the number of left and right Majorana fermions in the interaction hamiltonian and the scaling dimension of the Majorana fermions, respectively. From bulk point of view the decrease (increase) in entanglement entropy corresponds to the shrinking (expansion) of the black hole's event horizon.
When expert recommendation contradicts peer opinion: Relative social influence of valence, group identity and artificial intelligence

Abstract Whom do we trust more, the recommendation of an expert or public opinion from a crowd of other users of the site? Does it matter if the expert belongs to our in-group? And, what, if anything, would change if an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system was the recommender rather than a human expert? In order to answer these research questions, we conducted a between-subjects online experiment, informed by MAIN Model (Sundar, 2008), which posits that interface cues signaling different types of sources can influence perceived credibility of content by triggering distinct cognitive heuristics. Participants were assigned to a scenario wherein the expert review contrasted the peer rating about recommending photos for business profiles, with systematic variations in expert review valence (negative vs. positive), expert identity (ingroup vs. outgroup vs. no identity), and agent type (human vs. AI). Results show that positive ratings are more influential on user judgements. However, for negative ratings, human ingroup members generated greater effects than no-identity experts. Moreover, AI systems were as influential as human experts, suggesting the potential for AI to substitute human experts for online recommendations.
Faith and Fashion in Turkey: Consumption, Politics and Islamic Identities

Faith and Fashion in Turkey is a study of three contemporary faith-based communities—Gulen, Suleymanli, and Menzil—and how their members communicate religious commitment through their bodies: throu...
Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Preliminary evidence suggests that climate may modulate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Yet it remains unclear whether seasonal and geographic variations in climate can substantially alter the pandemic trajectory, given high susceptibility is a core driver. Here, we use a climate-dependent epidemic model to simulate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic probing different scenarios of climate-dependence based on known coronavirus biology. We find that while variations in humidity may be important for endemic infections, during the pandemic stage of an emerging pathogen such as SARS-CoV-2 climate may drive only modest changes to pandemic size and duration. Our results suggest that, in the absence of effective control measures, significant cases in the coming months are likely to occur in more humid (warmer) climates, irrespective of the climate-dependence of transmission and that summer temperatures will not substantially limit pandemic growth.
Unfractionated heparin in acute chest syndrome: a pilot feasibility randomized controlled trial of unfractionated heparin vs. standard of care in acute chest syndrome

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is the leading cause of mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD). The pathogenesis of ACS is complex and not entirely understood with multiple etiologies likely contributing simultaneously. One particular etiology is pulmonary vascular occlusion due to thrombosis. Thus, anticoagulation is an attractive therapeutic modality. This was a single-center, randomized controlled, open-label, pilot study to determine the feasibility of performing a larger multicenter phase III trial to assess the effects of unfractionated heparin (UFH) in ACS. Subjects were randomized within 24 h of diagnosis of ACS to one of two treatment arms, UFH, and standard of care (SOC), or no UFH and SOC. UFH was given intravenously for 7 days, or until discharge, if discharge was shorter than 7 days. SOC consisted of intravenous fluids, antibiotics, supplemental oxygen, analgesia, red blood cell transfusion, and exchange transfusion. From July 2014 to June 2018, a total of 7 patients underwent randomization (four patients received UFH in addition to SOC and 3 patients received SOC only). Two of the prespecified feasibility criteria were not met: the capacity to consent eligible individuals and the timely notification of hospitalized patients with ACS necessary to permit randomization within 24 h of diagnosis; thus, as a result of poor enrollment, the study was terminated early. The duration of hospitalization was 279.43 (SD 267.98) and 127.31 (SD 137.70) h in the UFH and SOC arms, respectively. The duration of hypoxemia, leukocytosis, fever, and moderate to severe pain was 117.52 (SD 60.52), 24.90 (SD 29.69), 117.52 (SD 60.52), and 117.52 (SD 60.52) h, respectively, in the UFH group, and 51.49 (SD 44.79), 0, 53.11 (SD 25.06), and 88.68 (SD 72.77) h, respectively, in the SOC group. No major bleeding was noted in either group. Our study did not achieve prespecified feasibility criteria, resulting in poor enrollment and early termination, and serves to highlight some of the pitfalls experienced in clinical research in SCD. It did show the use of UFH without any major adverse events in 7 subjects. No future large-scale study is planned. Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT #02098993) on March 28, 2014.
Hydrogel‐Based Diffractive Optical Elements (hDOEs) Using Rapid Digital Photopatterning

Hydrogels, due to their optical transparency and biocompatibility, have emerged as an excellent alternative to conventional optical materials for biomedical applications. Advances in microfabrication techniques have helped convert conventional hydrogels into optically functional materials such as hydrogel-based diffraction optical elements (hDOEs). However, key challenges related to device customization and ease/speed of fabrication need to be addressed to enable widespread utility and acceptance of hDOEs in the field. Here, we report rapid printing of customized hDOEs on polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel using digital photopatterning; a novel method that combines simulated computer-generated hologram (SCGH) and projection photolithography. To showcase the versatility of this approach, a range of hDOEs are demonstrated, including 1D/2D diffraction gratings, Dammann grating, Fresnel zone plate (FZP) lens, fork-shaped grating and computer-generated hologram (CGH) of arbitrary pattern. Results demonstrate that printed hDOEs exhibit optical performance that is comparable with devices made with conventional materials. This versatile strategy can be potentially implemented with other photosensitive hydrogels to achieve user-defined hDOEs in a time-efficient and cost-effective fashion.
Increases in social support co-occur with decreases in depressive symptoms and substance use problems among adults in permanent supportive housing: an 18-month longitudinal study

Social support is a well-known protective factor against depressive symptoms and substance use problems, but very few studies have examined its protective effects among residents of permanent supportive housing (PSH), a housing program for people with a history of chronic homelessness. We utilized unconditional latent growth curve models (LGCMs) and parallel process growth models to describe univariate trajectories of social support, depressive symptoms, and substance use problems and to examine their longitudinal associations in a large sample of adults residing in PSH. Participants were 653 adult PSH residents in North Texas (56% female; 57% Black; mean age: 51 years) who participated in a monthly health coaching program from 2014 to 2017. Their health behaviors were assessed at baseline and tracked every six months at three follow-up visits. Unconditional LGCMs indicated that over time, social support increased, whereas depressive symptoms and substance use problems decreased. However, their rates of change slowed over time. Further, in parallel process growth models, we found that at baseline, individuals with greater social support tended to have less severe depressive symptoms and substance use problems (coefficients: − 0.67, p < 0.01; − 0.52, p < 0.01, respectively). Individuals with a faster increase in social support tended to have steeper rates of reduction in both depressive symptoms (coefficient: − 0.99, p < 0.01) and substance use problems (coefficient: − 0.98, p < 0.01), respectively. This study suggests that plausibly, increases in social support, though slowing over time, still positively impact depressive symptoms and substance use problems among PSH residents. Future PSH programs could emphasize social support as an early component as it may contribute to clients’ overall health.
Defining the index lesion for potential salvage partial or hemi-gland ablation after radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Background Salvage partial gland ablation (sPGA) has been proposed to treat some localized radiorecurrent prostate cancer. The role of prostate biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics to identify patients eligible for sPGA is unknown. Objective To evaluate the ability of MRI and prostate biopsy characteristics to identify an index lesion suitable for sPGA and validate this selection using detailed tumor maps created from whole-mount slides from salvage radical prostatectomy (sRP) specimens. Design, setting, and participants Men who underwent sRP for recurrent prostate cancer following primary radiotherapy with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and/or brachytherapy between 2000 and 2014 at a single high-volume cancer center were eligible. Those with tumor maps, MRI and biopsy data were included in analysis. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Primary outcome was the ability of clinicopathologic and imaging criteria to identify patients who may be eligible for sPGA based on detailed tumor map from whole-mount sRP slides. Results and limitations Of 216 men who underwent sRP following whole gland radiotherapy, tumor maps, MRI, and biopsy data were available for 77. Of these, 15 (19%) were determined to be eligible for sPGA based on biopsy-proven unilateral disease in contiguous sextant segments, a dominant lesion on MRI concordant with biopsy location or no focal region of interest, and no imaging evidence of extraprostatic disease. Review of tumor maps identified 6 additional men who would have met criteria for sPGA, resulting in sensitivity of 71% (95% C.I. 48%–89%) and specificity of 100% (lower bound of 95% C.I. 94%). None of the 15 men who met the criteria for sPGA on clinical data were identified incorrectly on tumor maps to require full gland surgery (upper bound of 95% C.I. 22%). Median tumor volume of the index lesion was 0.4 cc and recurrent cancer was noted in the apex, mid-gland, and base in 81%, 100%, and 29% of men. Conclusions In men with recurrent prostate cancer after radiotherapy, biopsy findings and MRI can be used to select index lesions potentially amenable for sPGA and can guide patient evaluation for inclusion in clinical trials of sPGA following radiation failure. Larger, prospective studies are required to evaluate both the role of MRI and clinical criteria in guiding focal salvage therapy and the effectiveness of this modality for radiorecurrent prostate cancer.
A Meditation on the Translation of Our America

This translation of Jose Marti's Nuestra America (Our America) and accompanying essay offer English-speaking readers a new version of his seminal text, situating it more firmly within the realm of literary and translation studies, and decentering it from the world of Latin American history or politics, where the extant English translations tend to live in North American libraries. The translator’s meditation focuses on some of the more poetic aspects of Marti's language and the logic he employs to create interconnected evolving metaphors and metonyms, while also explaining some of the lexical and syntactic choices made in key areas that have traditionally caused difficulty with previous translations of this essay.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Social Skills and Adolescent Depression: A Multivariate Latent Growth Approach.

Ample research has shown that the link between social skills and adolescent depression is significant. However, how the changes in different domains of social skills influence the change in depression from early to middle adolescence remains largely unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, the current research used longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1061) to examine the influences of the changes in cooperation, assertion, responsibility, and self-control on the change in depression from early to middle adolescence. Univariate latent growth modeling showed that, from early to middle adolescence, adolescents experience decreases in cooperation and assertion, increases in responsibility and depression, and stability in self-control. Multivariate latent growth modeling suggested that adolescents who had more increases in responsibility and self-control tended to experience a slower increase in depression from early to middle adolescence; while adolescents who had more decreases in cooperation and assertion tended to experience a faster increase in depression from early to middle adolescence. The results suggested that promoting adolescents social skills might be particularly salient for the prevention of adolescent depression.
The Regional Multinationals: MNEs and 'Global' Strategic Management

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Regional multinationals: the data 3. Two regional strategy frameworks 4. Regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises 5. Retail multinationals 6. Banking multinationals 7. Pharmaceutical and chemical multinationals 8. Automobile multinationals 9. Profits of leading multinational enterprises 10. Analysis of the regional and global strategies of large firms 11. Regional multinationals and government policy 12. Regional multinationals: the new research agenda Appendix. The 500 companies with the triad percent sales, alphabetical, 2001 Company notes Case references Academic references Author index General index.
Contesting the Postwar City: Working-Class and Growth Politics in 1940s Milwaukee

Introduction: contesting democracy: working-class and growth politics in the city 1. Milwaukee: a mid-twentieth-century working-class city 2. New Deal legacies and wartime urgencies: housing politics, private enterprise, and public authority 3. Wartime gambling, working-class leisure, and urban reform: 'why do our boys have to fight if we can't play bingo?' 4. A militant CIO vision for city democracy: power, security, and egalitarianism 5. Debt, growth, and democracy in the early postwar city 6. Housing the postwar city: crowding, race, and policy 7. Public housing, redevelopment, and urban citizenship: the 1951 referendum fight Epilogue: revising postwar democracy: a city with class.
Symptoms and Signs of ADHD

The symptoms of ADHD are outlined in the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria in two main subtypes or groups: (1) symptoms of inattentiveness and (2) hyperactivity-impulsivity. Signs of brain dysfunction and associated perceptual and learning disabilities are omitted from the current definition, as outlined by the American Psychiatric Association. The recognition of both symptoms and signs of ADHD is important, however, particularly in terms of defining the cause and treatment.
Multi-wavelength, optical code-division-multiplexing based on passive, linear, unitary, filters

The opportunity exists to apply spread spectrum concepts into the enormous bandwidth of optical fibers. We introduce a new optical CDMA network architecture based on passive linear unitary filtering of the optical carrier signals.
Testing Line Search Techniques for Finite Element Discretizations for Unsaturated Flow

Unsaturated flow in porous media is often modeled using the finite element (FE) method. When employing an implicit version of the computational equations resulting from the FE discretization, a nonlinear system of equations is generated that must then be solved by techniques such as Newton's method. This paper reveals results of the effectiveness of three line search techniques when employed within the framework of the approximate Newton method. The methods of a bisection line search, a quadratic variation of the norm of the residual line search, and a relaxation technique are considered, all in the context of a parallel computing environment.
The future of economics

Abstract In an attempt to forecast the shape of economics in the year 2001, a Delphi study was undertaken, involving over 200 professional economists from 18 different countries. The end result was a list of 28 breakthroughs thought likely to occur in the next 20 years. The paper describes each breakthrough in detail, the process by which consensus and dissent were communicated, and the method used to select the panel of experts surveyed. Although the overall outcome of the study can be interpreted from several perspectives, one inescapable impression that emerges is that the liberal tradition in economics is latent but not dead, or equivalently, that the present conservative drift in the discipline is likely to be shortlived.
Involvement of NAD(P)H oxidase in acrolein-induced oxidative stress (1106.14)

Acrolein toxicity has been linked to oxidative stress & inflammation. NAD(P)H oxidase plays an important role in oxidative stress. gp91phox, an essential component of NAD(P)H oxidase, maintains the functionality of the enzyme. The precise contribution of NAD(P)H in acrolein-induced toxicity is not fully explored. We investigated the involvement of NAD(P)H oxidase in acrolein toxicity using gp91phox knock-out (KO) mice. Male gp91 KO mice (20-25 g) or wild type (WT) control were treated with acrolein (0.5 μg/kg; 1 week). Animals were sacrificed and liver was used for biochemical analysis. KO mice generated low (1.43±.02 pg/μg protein) free radical as evident by 8-Isoprostane compare to the WT mice (2.19±0.1). Acrolein increased 8-Isoprostane in WT (P<0.05) but not in KO mice. Xanthine Oxidase (XO) activity was higher (p<0.05) in KO (0.56±0.06 μunit/μg protein). Acrolein reduced XO in KO mice while significantly increased it in WT. Cycloxygenase (COX) activity was not different between WT and KO mice althoug...
Origins of the French Welfare State: The Struggle for Social Reform in France, 1914–1947

Acknowledgements 1. An industrial model of family welfare 2. A mutual model for social insurance 3. Battle for control of social welfare: workers versus employers 4. Challenges from city and countryside, 1930-1939 5. Retrenchment and reform, 1939-1947 Bibliography Index.
Field and Online Experiments on Procrastination and Willpower

Self-control problems have recently received considerable attention from economic theorists. We conducted two studies to test the benefits of externally imposed deadlines and how willpower depletion affects behavior, providing some of the first data in these areas. Each study involved a behavioral intervention designed to affect performance. We find that for a lengthy task, regular deadlines neither reduce procrastination nor increase completion rates. Second, a willpower-depleting task reduces initial effort but increases overall task-completion rates. Our results help to inform ongoing efforts to understand and model procrastination, willpower and commitment mechanisms.
Similarities and differences between human cyclophilin A and other beta-barrel structures. Structural refinement at 1.63 A resolution.

The structure of the unligated recombinant human cyclophilin A (CyP A) has been refined to an R-factor of 0.18 at 1.63 A resolution. The root-mean-squared deviations of the refined structure are 0.013 A and 2.50 ° from ideal geometries of bond length and bond angle, respectively. Eight antiparallel β-strands of CyP A form a right-handed β-barrel. The structure of CyP A is compared with other members in the antiparallel eight-stranded β-barrel family and with the parallel eight-stranded αβ barrels. Although all known eight-stranded barrels are right-handed, the tilted angle of the strands against the barrel axis varies from 45 ° for retinol binding protein and 49 ° for CyP A to 70 ° for Superoxide dismutase. As a result, the β-barrel of CyP A is not completely superimposable with other members of β-barrels. The structure of CyP A has a unique topology, distinct from other members in the β-barrel family. In addition, CyP A is a closed β-barrel so that neither the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA) nor the proline-containing substrate can bind to the hydrophobic core of the CyP A barrel, while the hydrophobic core of most other barrels is open for ligation. These observations probably indicate that CyP A is neither functionally nor evolutionally related to other β-barrel structures. Details of interactions between solvent molecules and the active site residues of CyP A are illustrated. A water-co-operated mechanism, where the cis ⇌ trans isomerization might possibly consist of (1) transition of the prolyl bond and (2) release of N or C-terminal residues of substrate from CyP, is addressed. The refined structure reveals no disulfide bridges in CyP A. Cys115 is near the CsA site, but unlikely to be directly involved in CsA binding because of steric hindrance from Thr119 and Leu122. This geometry probably rules out any mechanisms involving a tetrahedral intermediate formed between cysteine and substrate during cis ⇌ trans isomerization.
Law and governance and virtual worlds

This panel will survey the virtual world phenomena, introduce the governance issues that arise there and suggests why the digital government community can both contribute to virtual worlds' success and benefit from the online laboratory these environments provide.
A method to federate a discrete event-based logistics simulator and a discrete time step-based traffic microsimulator: a transportation case study (WIP)

The primary focus of computer simulation in transportation engineering has been to model individual systems, using individual modeling software packages. However, this limits the ability to explore interactions between multiple disparate transportation systems in a dynamic modeling environment. To address this gap, this study develops and tests a technique to federate two transportation models, each constructed using different simulation software packages: (1) a discrete event-based simulation model of a freight trucking terminal, and (2) a discrete time step-based traffic microscopic simulation model of the network serving the terminal. The federation technique is tested to determine if feedback loops are established dynamically between the models during simultaneous simulation runtime. The findings suggest that this federated simulation technique captures the dynamic interaction of the two systems being modeled. A comparison of the observed versus expected time-based characteristics of the interactions are shown to yield statistically significant correlation.
Hierarchical scheduling of DSP programs onto multiprocessors for maximum throughput

A multiprocessor scheduling algorithm that simultaneously considers pipelining, retiming, parallel execution and hierarchical node decomposition to maximize performance throughput is presented. The algorithm is able to take into account interprocessor communication delays, and memory and processor availability constraints. The results on a set of benchmarks demonstrate the algorithm's ability to achieve near optimal speedups across a wide range of applications of various types of concurrency, with good scalability with respect to processor count. >
Photometric Procedure for Determining Esterase Activity

A procedure for determining the esterase content of biologic tissues and fluids has been presented. Fatty acid esters of 2-naphthol are employed as substrates. The 2-naphthol liberated by hydrolysis is coupled with a diazonium salt to form an azo dye, the concentration of which is estimated photometrically. Distinctive features of this method are (1) the use of Brij 35 to prepare nonopalescent solutions of substrate,(2) the adjustment of pH to ensure complete formation of the azo dye, and (3) the solubilizing of the azo dye by adding sodium hydroxide. This assay procedure is sensitive to very small amounts of esterase, and the stability of its color is excellent if proper precautions are taken.
Differentiation of Trypsin-Like Enzymes in Human Plasma

The arginine amidase and arginine esterase activity of human plasma is compared with that of trypsin, thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein by using the homologous synthetic amino acid substrates, benzoyl arginine amide (BAA) and benzoyl arginine ethyl ester (BAEE). Hydrolyses of BAA and BAEE in plasma are distinguished by several features: pH optimum, heat stability, storage stability, effect of dilution, surface contact activation, streptokinase activation, inhibition by proteolytic enzyme inhibitor, and range of normal variation. The differential sensitivity of trypsin, thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein toward these substrates and the similarity in reaction characteristics of plasma-BAA and trypsin-BAA provide evidence that the arginine amidase activity of plasma represents trypsin, while the arginine esterase activity of plasma is nonspecific.
Density Functional Theory Investigation of Cobalt Siting in Ferrierite

Cobalt-exchanged ferrierite is a selective catalyst for the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the presence of oxygen. The activity of each isolated cobalt cation has been suggested to depend on the local zeolite environment. Two of the three cobalt extraframework sites proposed in the literature were investigated with density functional theory calculations. The electronic structure, geometry, and infrared spectra of eight clusters were calculated and compared to experiment. Exchanged cobalt cations were most stable in the high-spin electronic configuration. The stability of cobalt in each site was evaluated by calculating the cobalt−zeolite binding energy. The calculations also show the important role of zeolite aluminum location in extraframework cobalt siting. Only one of the eight clusters was able to reproduce all of the experimental characteristics of the predominant cobalt species. A secondary cobalt species was predicted to most likely correspond to one of four possible candidate clusters.
Today's girls in tomorrow's labor force: projecting their participation and occupations.

Bureau of Labor Statistics data indicate dramatic changes in female employment over the last 25 years. In July 1984 44% of all American workers were women compared with 30% in 1950. The proportion of women in the labor force rose from 34% in 1950 to 54% in 1984; male participation rate during the same period dropped from 86% to 78%. Between 1950 and 1977 the worklife expectancy of a 20-year-old woman jumped from 14.5 years to 26 years while that of men declined from 41.4 years to 36.8 years. The greatest changes in female participation in the labor force occurred among women from 25 to 34 years old. In 1970 only 45% of this age group participated in the labor force; a moderate growth scenario projects that 80% of this group will be in the labor force in 1995. Gains for women in terms of higher paying employment and earnings have not been as rapid. Most women are still employed in low-paying occupations traditionally identified with women. While 20% of managerial and professional jobs are now occupied by women more than 42.5% of all working women are employed in traditionally low-paying sales or clerical and administrative support occupations. Women are 2.5 to 3 times more likely than men to work part-time. The ratio of womens full-time median weekly earnings to mens stood at 66% in 1983 reflecting only a small gain over 62% in 1973. Occupational projections indicate that service-producing industries will account for 75% of all new jobs before 1995. Manufacturing industries will account for another 17%. Opportunities for women are open in these areas but employment and salaries will depend on such factors as experience ability region firm or industry hours worked and unionization.
Roughage Content and Particle Size: Their Effects on Size Reduction and Fiber Composition of Particles Passing Through the Gastrointestinal Tract of Sheep fed Corncob-Concentrate Diets

Abstract Pelleted diets varying either in content of corncobs (45.1, 35.1, 25.1, or 15.1% of the diet) or in fineness of grind of the corncob fraction (6.5, 5.4, 1.4, or .8 mm mean particle size) were fed to ruminal-, duodenal-, and ileal-cannulated sheep to evaluate changes of digesta mean particle size and fiber composition with passage of diets through the gastrointestinal tract. As diets decreased in quantity of corncobs (Experiment 1) or in mean particle size of the corncob fraction (Experiment 2), mean particle size of diet also decreased. Percentage dietary corncobs influenced fecal mean particle size (higher percentage corncobs in diets resulted in larger fecal mean particle sizes). Fecal mean particle size was not affected by mean particle size of the corncob fraction of the diet (Experiment 2). In both experiments, fiber concentration decreased as feed, digesta, and fecal particles decreased in size. The only exception was acid detergent lignin content of digesta and fecal particles where concentration decreased and then increased as particle size decreased. Fiber concentration of separated particles tended to increase as digesta moved through the gastrointestinal tract. Reduction of particle size was greater when dietary corncob amount was high. Particle size of the dietary corncob fraction altered fiber composition of particles and reduction of particle size of the diet with passage through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep.
Compact filamentous bodies of nuclei and nucleoli of human prostate gland.

Abstract Nuclei of epithelial cells of human prostate glands frequently contain nuclear bodies and nucleoli with fibrillar centers. The nucleolar fibrillar centers were oval or round in shape, and 0.3–0.5 μ in diameter. They are composed of fibrils, fine filaments and small granules. Occasionally, chromatin clusters were found in their periphery. In addition to the nuclear bodies reported to be present in other types of cells, the nuclei of prostate epithelial cells contain very compact filamentous bodies, whose structure is very similar to that of nucleolar fibrillar centers. Nuclear bodies containing large numbers of dense granules and fibrils were observed in the proximity of nucleoli. A few of these bodies were characterized by a segregation of the granular and fibrillar components which are very similar to the nucleolar ribonucleoprotein components. However, the nuclear bodies with segregated fibrillar and granular dense components were always surrounded by peripheral filamentous cortex.
ON CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS FOR FLOW OF FLUID THROUGH AN ELASTIC SOLID.

Abstract Some thermodynamical aspects of a restricted class of nonlinear constitutive equations for a mixture of two continua are discussed. These results are then specialized and further developed for the flow of fluid through an elastic solid and are applicable to problems of flow in porous media. The linearized constitutive relations for porous media, together with a simple example, are also discussed.
A comparison of iterative methods for the determination of the interstitial potential distribution with the bidomain model

One reason the bidomain model has not seen more widespread use in propagation studies is the computational cost required to calculate the interstitial potentials. To augment this limitation, we examined a number of iterative solution schemes to determine interstitial potentials. A number of these methods had computational costs which were less than the computational cost to determine the transmembrane potentials.
From the other side

A nurse recounts her experience as a hysterectomy patient, an experience which gave her a different view of the nurses and doctors, the patients' problems, and the atmosphere of the hospital in which she works.
Field Quenching as Mechanism of Negative Differential Conductivity in Photoconducting CdS

It is shown that the observed steep decrease of the electron density in photoconducting CdS(Al, Ag) with field in the range between 20 and 70 kV/cm is caused by a redistribution of holes from slow to fast recombination centres (field quenching). This redistribution is produced by field-enhanced ionization of holes from Coulomb-attractive slow recombination centers. The abrupt onset of the field quenching occurs because of the slow recombination traffic masking the fast center traffic until it becomes predominant. Competing infrared quenching reduces the masking effect and uncovers the earlier phases of field quenching already near 1 kV/cm (at 200 °K). Impact ionization and Zener extraction of holes from slow centers cannot explain the observed behavior. However, quantitative agreement between experiment and field quenching via field-enhanced ionization can be reached. Es wird gezeigt, das der steile Abfall der Elektronenkonzentration in photoleitendem CdS(Al, Ag) mit dem elektrischen Feld zwischen 20 und 70 kV/cm durch eine Umverteilung von Lochern von langsamen zu schnellen Rekombinationszentren verursacht wird (Feldtilgung). Diese Umverteilung wird durch „field-enhanced ionization” von Lochern aus Coulomb-attraktiven langsamen Zentren verursacht. Der abrupte Einsatz der Feldtilgung tritt auf, weil die langsame Rekombination eine Rekombination uber schnelle Zentren ver-deckt, bis diese uberwiegt. Eine konkurrierende Infrarottilgung vermindert den Verdeckungseffekt und macht eine fruhere Phase der Feldtilgung bereits in der Nahe von 1 kV/cm sichtbar. Eine Stosionisation oder Feldemission von Lochern aus langsamen Zentren kann das experimentell beobachtete Verhalten nicht erklaren; jedoch kann eine quantitative Ubereinstimmungzwisehen Experiment und Feldtilgung durch „field-enhanced ionization” erreicht werden.
Review of Cutscores: A Manual for Setting Standards of Performance on Educational and Occupational Tests

Before the process of setting standards was the subject of books, special issues of journals, and entire conferences, there was essentially a single comprehensive resource on the subject—Livingston...
A statistical control chart for stationary process data

In the statistical process control environment, a primary method to deal with autocorrelated data is the use of a residual chart. Although this methodology has the advantage that it can be applied to any autocorrelated data, it needs some modeling effort in practice. In addition, the detection capability of the residual chart is not always great. This article proposes a statistical control chart for stationary process data. It is simple to implement, and no modeling effort is required. Comparisons are made among the proposed chart, the residual chart, and other charts. When the process autocorrelation is not very strong and the mean changes are not large, the new chart performs better than the residual chart and the other charts.
Kinetic schemes for post-synchronized single molecule dynamics

Recordings from single molecule experiments can be aggregated to determine average kinetic properties of the system under observation. The kinetics after a synchronized reaction step can be interpreted using all of the standard tools developed for ensemble perturbation experiments. The kinetics leading up to a synchronized event, determined by the lifetimes of the preceding states; however, are not as obvious if the reaction has reversible steps or branches. Here we describe a general procedure for dealing with these situations.
Immunoglobulin class and subclass-specific monoclonal antibody sandwich ELISA for the detection of antibodies against coxsackieviruses B, types 1-5.

Abstract Immunoglobulin subclass-specific ELISAs were developed for human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgAtotal, and IgM directed against Coxsackie B (CB) virus types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. In all the assays the solid phase was coated with immunoglobulin class/subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies, followed by an incubation with the serum specimens. Incubation with one of the CB viruses, as well as an incubation with biotinylated serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies to the same virus type provided the virus specificity. Finally, there were incubations with peroxidase labeled Extravidin and the substrate-chromogen system. This ELISA method eliminated the competition between the immunoglobulin classes and subclasses. IgG3 and/or IgG1 were seen most frequently of the IgG subclasses, but IgG2 and IgG4 were also present infrequently. The viral specificity of the antibody subclass assays seems to be predominantly at the enterovirus group level, but this remains to be evaluated in a larger study. IgA and IgM were seen almost exclusively in specimens from patients with acute enteroviral infections, except in the assays with the crude CB5 antigen. This indicates the possible suitability of the IgA and IgM assays as diagnostic tests for enteroviral infections. A larger study is necessary to confirm this finding.
Immigration and the state: The devolution and privatisation of immigration control in the EU

Abstract This article examines the theoretical framework of the debate over sovereignty in the European Union and the state's powers of immigration control, adopting a neo‐corporatist approach to assess the role of the state and its mterlocutors in migration regulation. It provides an overview of three sets of third party agents incorporated in migration regulation by EU member states: international, private and local actors. In focusing on the institutional structures and norms that have emerged ‐or rather been reinvented ‐ in the 1990s, the analysis connects with the broader questions raised in this special issue: namely, to what extent do these institutional forms open up new channels and opportunities for state regulation over migration? The dynamics behind these processes are briefly examined, particularly from the view of the state. What are the incentives/constraints and costs/benefits that keep these processes in motion? Finally, the conclusions draw implications for both state control and migrati...
Design concept and preliminary experimental demonstration of MEMS gyroscopes with 4-DOF master-slave architecture

This paper reports a design concept for MEMS gyroscopes that shifts the complexity of the design from control architecture to system dynamics, utilizing the passive disturbance rejection capability of the 4-DOF dynamical system. Specifically, a novel wide-bandwidth micromachined gyroscope design approach based on increasing the degrees-of-freedom of the oscillatory system by the use of two independently oscillating interconnected proof masses is presented along with preliminary experimental demonstration of implementation feasibility. With the concept of using a 4-DOF system, inherent disturbance rejection is achieved due to the wide operation frequency range of the dynamic system, providing reduced sensitivity to structural and thermal parameter fluctuations. Thus, less demanding active control strategies are required for operation under presence of perturbations. The fabricated prototype dual-mass gyroscopes successfully demonstrated a dramatically wide driving frequency range within where the drive direction oscillation amplitude varies insignificantly without any active control, in contrast to the conventional gyroscopes where the mass has to be sustained in constant amplitude oscillation in a very narrow frequency band. Mechanical amplification of driven mass oscillation by the sensing element was also experimentally demonstrated, providing large oscillation amplitudes, which is crucial for sensor performance.
In-network query processing in mobile P2P databases

The in-network query processing paradigm in sensor networks postulates that a query is routed among sensors and collects the answers from the sensors on its trajectory. It works for static and connected sensor networks. However, when the network consists of mobile sensors and is sparse, a different approach is necessary. In this paper we propose a query processing method that uses cooperative caching. It makes the data items satisfying a query flow to its originator. To cope with communication bandwidth and storage constraints, the method prioritizes the data-items in terms of their value, as reflected by supply and demand. Simulations based on real-life mobility traces identify the situations in which our approach outperforms a series of existing cooperative caching strategies and an existing mobile sensor network algorithm.