cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of distinctive visual information on false recognition

Using the false memory paradigm (Deese, 1959), recently revived by Roediger and McDermott (1995), we examined the effect on true and false recognition of presenting study items in unusual looking fonts. In one condition, each font was associated with a single study item. In a second condition, each font was presented 12 times per study list, randomly distributed across several themes. In a third condition, each font was presented 12 times in the study list, and was associated with a particular study theme. False recognition levels were lowest when there was a unique association between each font and a single study item, whereas false recognition levels were highest when all items from a theme were presented in the same font. Further, the effects of font condition on false recognition of lures maintained when font condition was manipulated within participants and lists. These results, taken together, are inconsistent with theories proposing that false recognition reduction is the product of global shifts in response strategies across conditions (e.g., Schacter, Israel, & Racine, 1999). However, perspectives highlighting the effects of memory based processes on true and false recognition provide an adequate account.
Kinetics and mechanism for the oxygen reduction reaction on polycrystalline cobalt-palladium electrocatalysts in acid media

Abstract Cobalt–palladium (CoPd x ) bimetallic electrocatalysts of various compositions were prepared and their physical and electrochemical properties were examined. The nominal composition of the polycrystalline electrocatalysts was estimated by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and the lattice parameters were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrocatalytic activity of the CoPd x electrodes for the oxygen reduction reaction was compared using cyclic voltammograms obtained in oxygen saturated, 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 . CoPd 3 was identified as having the highest activity, showing peak currents comparable to a polycrystalline Pt electrode under identical experimental conditions. The rotating disk electrode technique was used to collect kinetic data for the oxygen reduction on CoPd 3 and the activity of the binary electrocatalysts was evaluated. Kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the oxygen reduction reaction on CoPd 3 are discussed and specific ways in which the surface structures may be involved are proposed.
Fire by Wire: Optimal Control of Boiler Fuel Economy with Environmental and Safety Constraints

An optimal control problem for an industrial boiler with environmental and safety constraints is formulated. Both dynamic and steady state optimization of the boiler controls are investigated. The solution approaches used are the minimum principle, the geometric programing method, and the linear programming method. In each case, the nature of the optimum solution is described in detail.
Effects of orexin gene transfer in the dorsolateral pons in orexin knockout mice.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by loss of orexin neurons. Previously, our group demonstrated that transfer of the orexin gene into surrogate neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and the zona incerta significantly reduced cataplexy bouts in the orexin-ataxin-3 mice model of narcolepsy. The current study determined the effects of orexin gene transfer into the dorsolateral pontine neurons in the orexin knockout (KO) mice model of narcolepsy. The dorsolateral pons was chosen because it plays a critical role in regulating muscle tone and thus it is conceivable to be involved in cataplexy as well. Cataplexy is the pathognomonic symptom in narcolepsy. DESIGN Independent groups of orexin KO mice were given bilateral microinjections (0.75 μL each side) of either recombinant adenoassociated virus-orexin (rAAV-orexin; n = 7), or rAAV-green fluorescent protein (rAAV-GFP; n = 7) into the dorsolateral pons. A group of orexin KO mice that did not receive rAAV (n = 7) and a group of wild-type mice (C57BL/J6; n = 5) were used as controls. Three weeks after rAAV-mediated gene transfer narcolepsy symptoms were examined using sleep and behavioral recordings. Number, location of the orexin-immunoreactive neurons, and relative density of orexin immunoreactive fibers were determined. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Orexin gene transfer into the dorsolateral pons significantly decreased cataplexy and modestly improved wake maintenance compared to the orexin KO mice that did not receive rAAV. In contrast, GFP gene transfer worsened narcoleptic symptoms compared to the no-rAAV orexin KO group. CONCLUSION Orexin gene transfer into the dorsolateral pontine neurons can control cataplexy attacks and modestly improve wake maintenance.
Axions and SN 1987A: Axion trapping

If an axion of mass between about 10(exp -3) eV and 1 eV exists, axion emission would have significantly affected the cooling of the nascent neutron star associated with SN 1987A. For an axion of mass less than about 10(exp -2) eV, axions produced deep inside the neutron star simply stream out; in a previous paper this case has been addressed. Remarkably, for an axion of mass greater than about 10(exp -2) eV axions would, like neutrinos, have a mean-free path that is smaller than the size of a neutron star, and thus would become 'trapped' and radiated from an axion sphere. In this paper the trapping regime is treated by using numerical models of the initial cooling of a hot neutron star that incorporate a leakage approximation scheme for axion-energy transport. The axion opacity is computed due to inverse nucleon-nucleon, axion bremsstrahlung, and numerical models are used to calculate the integrated axion luminosity, the temperature of the axion sphere, and the effect of axion emission on the neutrino bursts detected by the Kamiokande 2 (K2) and Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (IMB) water-Cherenkov detectors. The larger the axion mass, the stronger the trapping and the smaller the axion luminosity. The earlier estimate is confirmed and refined of the axion mass above which trapping is so strong that axion emission does not significantly affect the neutrino burst. Based upon the neutrino-burst duration--the most sensitive barometer of axion cooling--it is concluded that for an axion mass of greater than about 0.3 eV, axion emission would not have had a significant effect on the neutrino bursts detected by K2 and IMB. The present work, together with the previous work, strongly suggests that an axion with mass in the interval 10(exp -3) eV to 0.3 eV is excluded by SN 1987A.
Positive selection of MHC class Ib-restricted CD8(+) T cells on hematopoietic cells.

Unlike conventional CD8+ T cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib–restricted CD8+ T cells show an activated phenotype in uninfected mice and respond rapidly to foreign invaders. The underlying factors that contribute to these differences are not well understood. We show here that the activated phenotype of MHC class Ib–restricted CD8+ T cells was partially acquired as a result of interactions in the thymus and reflected an increased capacity to be selected via interactions with MHC molecules on hematopoietic cells. Using bone marrow–chimeric mice, we have shown that MHC class Ib–restricted, but not MHC class Ia–restricted, CD8+ T cells specific for Listeria monocytogenes were efficiently selected when MHC class I was expressed only on hematopoietic cells. Thus, the distinct functional properties of MHC class Ib–restricted versus MHC class Ia–restricted CD8+ T cells may result, at least in part, from the different ways in which they are positively selected in the thymus.
Platelet size distribution measurements as indicators of shear stress-induced platelet aggregation

The mechanisms underlying shear stress-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA) were investigated by measuring changes in the platelet size distributions resulting from the exposure of human platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to well-defined shear stresses in a modified viscometer. Exposure of PRP to a shear stress of 100 dyne/cm2 for 1 min at 37 degrees C resulted in the loss of single platelets, an overall shift in the distribution to larger particle sizes, and the generation of platelet fragments. Treatment of PRP prior to shearing with a monoclonal antibody directed against platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa (integrin alpha IIb beta 3) at a concentration that completely inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation also inhibited SIPA. Furthermore, incubation of PRP with a recombinant fragment of von Willebrand factor (vWF) that abolishes ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination significantly inhibited but did not eliminate SIPA. Pretreatment of PRP with the tetrapeptides RGDS or RGDV, which constitute the GP IIb-IIIa peptide recognition sequences on fibrinogen and vWF, almost completely blocked platelet aggregation at 100 dyne/cm2, whereas the negative control peptide RGES had no discernible effect. Finally, incubation of PRP with a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet vitronectin receptor (integrin alpha v beta 3) did not affect SIPA. These results indicate that both GP IIb-IIIa and GP Ib, the latter through its interaction with vWF, are required for SIPA at 100 dyne/cm2; that the interaction of GP IIb-IIIa with its adhesive ligands under shear stress can be inhibited by RGD-containing peptides; and that the vitronectin receptor on platelets, which shares the same beta 3 subunit as GP IIb-IIIa, plays no role in SIPA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Relative roles of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the control of inhibin secretion in normal men.

The glycoprotein hormone inhibin is produced by the Sertoli cells of the testis under the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and is postulated in turn to inhibit FSH secretion. Luteinizing hormone (LH) is not recognized to have an important role in the control of inhibin secretion in any species. To determine the relative roles of FSH and LH in the control of inhibin secretion in man, we examined the effects of selective FSH and LH replacement on serum inhibin levels in normal men whose endogenous gonadotropins were suppressed by testosterone (T). After a 3-mo control period, nine men received 200 mg T enanthate i.m. weekly for 3-9 mo. During T treatment, serum LH and FSH levels were markedly suppressed and serum inhibin levels fell to 40% of control values. While continuing T, 3-5 mo of treatment with purified hFSH (n = 4) or hLH (n = 4) increased the respective serum gonadotropin level into the upper normal range and significantly increased inhibin levels back to 64 and 55% of control values, respectively. Supraphysiological LH replacement with high doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (n = 3) returned serum inhibin levels to 63% of control values. In no case did inhibin levels return fully to control levels. In conclusion, serum inhibin levels fell during gonadotropin suppression and were partially and approximately equally restored by either FSH or LH treatment. FSH presumably acts directly on the Sertoli cell to increase inhibin secretion whereas LH may act via increases in intratesticular T levels and/or other factor(s).
The use of advertising in managing destination image

Abstract Tourism is a major world industry and many countries rely on tourism revenues in their balance of payments. It is therefore imperative that a country convey a positive image to tourists. Preferences for tourism destinations are largely dependent on the favourableness of perceptions of those destinations and advertising is one of the most efficient means of conveying images. This study examines travellers' attitudes towards a country in Southern Europe based on the amount of advertising to which they have been exposed. The results indicate that advertising is an effective means by which to improve image; however, it is uncertain whether this is a cognitive process or a mere exposure effect.
A communications model for marketing decisions

The purpose of this paper is to report the development of a communications model which could be helpful in making marketing decisions. The proposed model shows relationships between persuasibility, self-esteem, source credibility, and communication discrepancy. The importance of these variables is explained in the context of a general marketing situation. Because a major goal of marketing activities is to influence buyer attitudes, it is important to know how the buyer's self-esteem, the seller's credibility, and attitude discrepant communications may influence the effectiveness of persuasive efforts. Knowledge of these relationships can aid decision making on the part of manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and other channel members. The proposed model can be used to optimize efforts in choosing target markets, selecting advertising media, selecting price levels, developing advertising formats, and in making a multitude of additional marketing decisions.
Ultrastructural localization of L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase in rat liver perioxisomes.

The localization of L-α-hydroxy acid oxidase activity in rat liver peroxisomes was studied using slight modifications of the Shnitka and Talibi (1971) method. Best results were obtained with formaldehyde fixation and incubation with glycolate as substrate. Following incubation the copper ferrocyanide reaction product was amplified with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine according to Hanker et al. (1972a, b). Dense reaction product was visible in hepatocyte peroxisomes by light and electron microscopy. Some diffusion of enzyme and/or reaction product into the adjacent cytoplasm occurred around the peroxisomes. Apparent non-specific deposits occurred on the plasmalemma, in the nucleus, and occasionally over mitochondria. Glutaraldehyde fixation severely inhibited enzymatic activity, and the enzyme showed less activity toward L-lactate and DL-α-hydroxybutyrate.
Development of high pressure proportional counters

We have begun to investigate the possibility of operating gas counters at high pressures. In a first step we were able to operate cylindrical chambers up to 430 atm with a gas gain of about 300 using a mixture of 92% Ar and 8% CH4.
Statistical analysis of microgravity experiment performance using the degrees of success scale

This paper describes an approach to identify factors that significantly influence microgravity experiment performance. Investigators developed the 'degrees of success' scale to provide a numerical representation of success. A degree of success was assigned to 293 microgravity experiments. Experiment information including the degree of success rankings and factors for analysis was compiled into a database. Through an analysis of variance, nine significant factors in microgravity experiment performance were identified. The frequencies of these factors are presented along with the average degree of success at each level. A preliminary discussion of the relationship between the significant factors and the degree of success is presented.
Effects of radiation, antibiotics and alkylating agents on cell division and growth in the ciliate Spathidium spathula.

SYNOPSIS. Spathidium spathula is very sensitive to division inhibition after X-irradiation. Five kr delivered to animals 1 hr into the cell cycle prolong the period until the next division to about 2 times the normal length. The next 2 cell cycles, however, are shorter than normal, and by the 4th division irradiated cells have recovered the normal division rate. During this division delay, scanning interference microscopy shows that growth in dry mass continues; at the 1st post-irradiation division the cells average 3 times the normal dry mass. After the 2nd post-irradiation division, dry mass is 1.5 times the normal amount. Dry mass measurements were not made beyond the 2nd division. Giant cells produced by X-rays have enlarged macronuclei, indicating that DNA synthesis is not inhibited by a dose of X-rays that blocks division. Mitomycin C and triethylene melamine, agents which attack or damage DNA, also produce division blockage and giantism in Spathidium. This suggests that damage to DNA in either the macronucleus, the micronucleus or other organelles may be much more effective in delaying cell division than cell growth.
Tat, a human immunodeficiency virus-1-derived protein, augments excitotoxic hippocampal injury in neonatal rats.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that the human immunodeficiency virus-1-derived Tat protein may cause neuronal damage in the CNS, we evaluated the neurotoxicity of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus-1-derived Tat in vivo in seven-day-old rats. The intrinsic neurotoxicity of Tat (250 ng–1 μg) and the effects of direct intra-hippocampal co-infusion of Tat with N-methyl- d -aspartate were assessed. Extent of injury in the lesioned hippocampus was evaluated five days later, based on histopathology and morphometric measurements of hippocampal volume. To confirm that any observed neurotoxic effects were attributable to Tat bioactivity, all experiments included controls that received equal amounts of heat-treated (boiled) Tat. Intra-hippocampal injection of Tat, alone, elicited minimal focal tissue damage immediately adjacent to the injection track, and no hippocampal atrophy. Co-injection of Tat (500 ng) with N-methyl- d -aspartate (5 nmol, threshold excitotoxic dose) doubled the severity of hippocampal injury, quantified by comparison of bilateral hippocampal volumes, in comparison with animals that received heat-treated Tat or saline co-injections; in animals that received injections of N-methyl- d -aspartate (5 nmol) in combination with saline, heat-treated Tat, or Tat [mean(±S.E.M.) % volume loss values in the lesioned hippocampus were: 11(±3), 11(±3), and 26(±3), respectively, (P d -aspartate exacerbated the severity of excitotoxic injury to a similar extent, whereas co-injection of 20 ng Tat had no effect on N-methyl- d -aspartate-mediated injury. Treatment with the N-methyl- d -aspartate antagonist 3-((RS)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (20 mg/kg) markedly attenuated hippocampal injury resulting from co-injection of 100 ng Tat with N-methyl- d -aspartate. [mean(±S.E.M.) % volume loss in lesioned hippocampus: 0.1(±2) in 3-((RS)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid-treated vs 19(±3) in controls, P d -aspartate-mediated striatal damage or on α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate-mediated hippocampal damage. These data support the hypothesis that locally released Tat could exert neurotoxic effects, mediated by N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor activation, in vivo in the immature brain.
Increased sensitivity to epinephrine stimulated lipolysis during starvation: Tighter coupling of the adenylate cyclase complex

Abstract Adipocytes of rats starved for 72 hr showed three-fold increase in sensitivity of the lipolytic response to epinephrine. Adenylate cyclase sensitivity in adipocyte membranes from starved rats was increased almost seven-fold over control rats. Binding studies using [ 3 H]-dihydroalprenolol showed that the number of β-adrenergic receptors per fat cell (1.1 × 10 5 and 1.1 × 10 5 receptors/cell, starved vs control) and the dissociation constant (5 vs 4 nM) of the receptor for the antagonist did not change following starvation. Increased sensitivity of adenylate cyclase activity in response to epinephrine without changes in the β-adrenergic binding parameters suggests that tighter coupling of adenylate cyclase with the receptor may mediate the more sensitive lipolytic response of starved rat adipocytes to epinephrine.
Factorization of the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence

In (Adv. Math. 174(2) (2003) 236), a bijection between collections of reduced factorizations of elements of the symmetric group was described. Initially, this bijection was used to show the Schur positivity of the Stanley symmetric functions. Further investigations have revealed that our bijection has strong connections to other more familiar combinatorial algorithms. In this paper we will show how the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence can be decomposed into a sequence of applications of this bijection.
Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs.

Background Depression is common among patients with chronic medical illness. We explored the impact of depressive symptoms in primary care patients with diabetes on diabetes self-care, adherence to medication regimens, functioning, and health care costs. Methods We administered a questionnaire to 367 patients with types 1 and 2 diabetes from 2 health maintenance organization primary care clinics to obtain data on demographics, depressive symptoms, diabetes knowledge, functioning, and diabetes self-care. On the basis of automated data, we measured medical comorbidity, health care costs, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) levels, and oral hypoglycemic prescription refills. Using depressive symptom severity tertiles (low, medium, or high), we performed regression analyses to determine the impact of depressive symptoms on adherence to diabetes self-care and oral hypoglycemic regimens, HbA 1c levels, functional impairment, and health care costs. Results Compared with patients in the low-severity depression symptom tertile, those in the medium- and high-severity tertiles were significantly less adherent to dietary recommendations. Patients in the high-severity tertile were significantly distinct from those in the low-severity tertile by having a higher percentage of days in nonadherence to oral hypoglycemic regimens (15% vs 7%); poorer physical and mental functioning; greater probability of having any emergency department, primary care, specialty care, medical inpatient, and mental health costs; and among users of health care within categories, higher primary (51% higher), ambulatory (75% higher), and total health care costs (86% higher). Conclusions Depressive symptom severity is associated with poorer diet and medication regimen adherence, functional impairment, and higher health care costs in primary care diabetic patients. Further studies testing the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of enhanced models of care of diabetic patients with depression are needed.
Readability assessment of questionnaires frequently used in sex and marital therapy.

Abstract The present investigation evaluated the readability of a selected group of inventories frequently employed in assessing various aspects of sexual and marital functioning. The nine inventories selected are: the Bern Sex Role Inventory, the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Relationship Belief Inventory, the Sexual Arousability Inventory, the Sexual Behavior Inventories (female, male, and couple versions), and the Sexual Interaction Inventory. The approach of Forbes and Cottle was utilized to assess reading level because it uses vocabulary difficulty and does not require complete sentences. The results indicated that a college-level reading ability was necessary to comprehend many of the items contained in most of the inventories. Thus, caution must be exercised when administering such inventories to individuals with a low level of educational attainment in order to avoid unreliable and invalid test results.
Isomeric macrocyclic tetramine complexes of cobalt(III). Some problems of stereochemistry and chemical reactivity

Abstract Cis-trans and ligand configurational equilibria have been investigated in several Co III (N 4 )X 2 complexes, where (N 4 ) designates a Curtis-type macrocyclic tetraamine ligand. Ligand configurational isomers are assumed to result from changes in the configuration of atoms around asymmetric coordinated nitrogen atoms. Several new isomers have been detected and tentatively assigned structures. Interconversion between isomers has been found to be relatively rapid in dilute acid. Several ligand configurations of trans -Co(N 4 )(OH 2 ) 2 3+ appear to have about the same energy as the most stable cis -diaquo isomer, whereas cis -Co(N 4 )Cl 2 + has been shown to be far less stable than trans -Co(N 4 )Cl 2 + .
Intrasubject variability of objective voice measures

Summary Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders necessitate the need for accurate and reliable objective voice measurements. There are many instruments commonly used to analyze voice data. Many, if not most, of these instruments have not been adequately tested for reliability or consistency. This study evaluates the intrasubject variability of the objective voice measurements from two commonly used voice analysis instruments. The study also presents data correlating subjective mood states, room temperatures, sleep times of the subject, time since last meal, and hydration levels to the various acoustic measures. Several weak but significant correlations were obtained and are discussed. Guidelines for the appropriate use of these instruments are described.
The implementation of linear programming algorithms based on homotopies

A fundamental homotopy-based linear programming algorithm, which utilizes Euler-predictor and Newton-corrector steps with restarts, is formulated and investigated numerically on problems representative of linear programs that arise in practice. A rich array of refinements of this basic algorithm are possible within the homotopy framework. Such refinements are needed in any practical implementation and are discussed in detail. Implications for the design of integrated large-scale mathematical programming software are also briefly considered.
Representation of color in the modeling of color imaging sensors

Modeling color imaging sensors requires the computation of the amount of electric potential collected within each well of the sensor. This amount is proportional to the integral of the product of the quantum efficiencies of the sensor and the spectral representation of the color of the incident light. Although the quantum efficiencies of any color imaging sensor are available from the data sheets as a function of wavelength, the spectrum of light is generally expressed through a small number of its components along the color matching functions. Since an exact reconstruction of the spectrum of light is not possible from these components, various approximations are used for its reconstruction. In the simplest case, the color matching functions are taken as constants over nonoverlapping regions of the spectrum and as zero outside these regions. The widely used color matching functions are used in the second approach where the components of the spectrum of light along these functions are available. There components are computed in the third approach taking the nonorthogonality of the color matching functions into account. The effects of these approximations are demonstrated with results from the simulation model of a color imaging sensor.
Seasonal variations in activity, aerobic energetic capacities, and plasma thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in an iguanid lizard

Dipsosaurus dorsalis were collected at approximately monthly intervals over 2 years for measurements of plasma concentrations of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in field-active lizards. Additionally, lizards were collected at four times of the year for an assessment of seasonal variations in standard (SMR) and maximal (\(\dot V_{O_2 }\)max) rates of O2 consumption, tissue oxidative capacity, and locomotor endurance capacity. All measured variables were lowest in animals retrieved from hibernation. During the active season, plasma T4 was highest in the spring and late summer and was significantly lower in early and middle summer. Plasma T3 underwent similar seasonal variations, but the late summer resurgence was less pronounced than for T4. There was a significant correlation between plasma T4 and T3 on an individual basis during the active season. Standard metabolic rate was highest in newly emerged animals and decreased progressively during the active season. There was no association between plasma thyroid hormones and standard metabolism in field-active lizards, contrary to expectations based on previous experimental studies. Maximal\(\dot V_{O_2 }\), hepatic and mixed hind-limb muscle mass-specific citrate synthase activity, and endurance underwent patterns of seasonal variation similar to the pattern of variation in thyroid hormones. These data suggest that thyroid hormones may be involved in the regulation of aerobic energetic capacities in field-active lizards, consistent with previous experimental reports. High endurance capacity may have been important in selection for metabolic responses to thyroid hormones.
Crystallographic dependence of the work function and volatility of LaB6

Abstract The crystallographic dependence of the work function as measured by thermionic and retarding methods has been determined for the (100), (110), (111), (346) and (321) crystal planes of LaB6. According to the thermionic results the work function for the LaB6 crystal increases in the sequence (346)
Social Mobilization and Political Development

Social mobilization is a name given to an overall process of change, which happens to substantial parts of the population in countries which are moving from traditional to modern ways of life. It denotes a concept which brackets together a number of more specific processes of change, such as changes of residence, of occupation, of social setting, of face-to-face associates, of institutions, roles, and ways of acting, of experiences and expectations, and finally of personal memories, habits and needs, including the need for new patterns of group affiliation and new images of personal identity. Singly, and even more in their cumulative impact, these changes tend to influence and sometimes to transform political behavior.The concept of social mobilization is not merely a short way of referring to the collection of changes just listed, including any extensions of this list. It implies that these processes tend to go together in certain historical situations and stages of economic development; that these situations are identifiable and recurrent, in their essentials, from one country to another; and that they are relevant for politics. Each of these points will be taken up in the course of this paper.Social mobilization, let us repeat, is something that happens to large numbers of people in areas which undergo modernization, i.e., where advanced, non-traditional practices in culture, technology and economic life are introduced and accepted on a considerable scale. It is not identical, therefore, with this process of modernization as a whole, but it deals with one of its major aspects, or better, with a recurrent cluster among its consequences.
Developing the Museum Experience: Retailing in American Museums 1945–91

Museum shops in America were created immediately after World War II (WWII) from what previously were termed museum sales or information desks. Museum retail occurred as a response to increased museum attendance and consumer spending by Americans in the post-war economy. Distinct changes such as mass consumption, the rise of individualism and cultural pluralism, and the modern consumer’s search for novelty, nostalgia, and later high culture, all affected museum responses to visitor needs and museum shop development. As a result, shops were popular and successful throughout the era even in times of general decline in the national economy. Museums, however, did not focus on shops as revenue generators until the 1980s when public support and governmental funding for museums retracted. The manner in which shops contributed to the total museum experience was an important component of museum development.
Transitioning Between Endothelin Receptor Blockers: Monitoring to Ensure a Smooth Transition

The World Health Organization (WHO) divides pulmonary hypertension (PH) into 5 subcategories based on aetiology and pathophysiology: (1) pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), (2) PH secondary to left heart disease, (3) PH secondary to hypoxia or lung disease, (4) chronic thromboembolic PH, and (5) PH from unclear aetiology, including diagnoses such as sarcoidosis. Group 1 PH (PAH) represents a diverse group of diseases unified by an elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure 25 mm Hg at rest and an elevated pulmonary vascular resistance 3 Wood units, indicating that the PH reflects disease and obstruction of small pulmonary arteries. Despite advances in treatment, the natural history remains bleak with death rates of approximately 15% at 1 year from diagnosis and patients often succumbing to right ventricular failure. Multiple pathways drive pulmonary vascular disease progression in PAH. The abnormality that is currently therapeutically exploited is an imbalance of vasoactive mediators characterized by reduced levels of vasodilators, such as prostaglandin-I2 and nitric oxide. 3 Prostacyclin replacement therapy and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors effectively target these deficiencies. Conversely, levels of potent vasoconstrictors, thromboxane, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and endothelin-1 are reciprocally increased. Dysfunction within the endothelin system is implicated in the pulmonary vasculature remodelling process of PH from any cause. Additional pathogenic abnormalities in Group 1 PH include excessive cell proliferation, impaired apoptosis, increased inflammation, and thrombosis, as well as altered pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell metabolism, favouring glycolysis. These changes promote abnormal vascular remodelling that reduces the cross-sectional area of pulmonary vasculature, leading to increased right ventricular afterload. Although therapeutic advances over the past 2 decades have dramatically changed the natural history of PAH, drug delivery of short half-life compounds like prostanoids remains expen-
Nonalloyed Pd/Ge/Ti/Pt ohmic contact for the high-power optical switch

A non-alloyed Pd/GeTFi/Pt ohmic contact for an n-GaAs has been investigated. The specific contact resistance was 4.7x10-7Ω.cm2 for an n-GaAs film which was doped to 2x1018 -3.Auger depth profile showed that the interface between the contact and n-GaAs was abrupt. There was almost no change of Auger depth profiles before and after the sample was put in the furnace for 20 hours at 300 °C in an N2 ambient Scanning electron microscopy showed that the contact surface was very smooth after a 400 °C , 15 second anneal. Auger depth profiles and contact resistance measurements showed that the contacts begin to deteriorate when the rapid thermal annealing time exceeds 35seconds.
A multi-level simulation approach for the crude oil loading/unloading scheduling problem

An integrated approach for refinery production scheduling and unit operation optimization problems is presented. Each problem is at a different decision making layer and has an independent objective function and model. The objective function at the operational level is an on-line maximization of the difference between the product revenue and the energy and environmental costs of the main refinery units. It is modeled as an NLP and is constrained by ranges on the unit's operating condition as well as product quality constraints. The production scheduling layer is modeled as an MILP with the objective of minimizing the logistical costs of unloading the crude oil over a day-to-week time horizon. The objective function is a linear sum of the unloading, sea waiting, inventory, and setup costs. The nonlinear simulation model for the process units is used to find optimized refining costs and revenue for a blend of two crudes. Multiple linear regression of the individual crude oil flow rates within the crude oil percentage range allowed by the facility is then used to derive linear refining cost and revenue functions. Along with logistics costs, the refining costs or revenue are considered in the MILP scheduling objective function. Results show that this integrated approach can lead to a decrease of production and logistics costs or increased profit, provide a more intelligent crude schedule, and identify production level scheduling decisions which have a tradeoff benefit with the operational mode of the refinery.
Tracking control of nonaffine systems: A self-organizing approximation approach

This paper considers the tracking control of a nonaffine system. A performance-dependent self-organizing approximation approach is proposed. The designer specifies a positive tracking error criteria. The self-organizing approximation based controller then monitors the tracking performance and adds basis elements only as needed to achieve the tracking specification.
RATS: Rapid Automatic Tissue Segmentation in rodent brain MRI

Abstract Background High-field MRI is a popular technique for the study of rodent brains. These datasets, while similar to human brain MRI in many aspects, present unique image processing challenges. We address a very common preprocessing step, skull-stripping, which refers to the segmentation of the brain tissue from the image for further processing. While several methods exist for addressing this problem, they are computationally expensive and often require interactive post-processing by an expert to clean up poorly segmented areas. This further increases total processing time per subject. New method We propose a novel algorithm, based on grayscale mathematical morphology and LOGISMOS-based graph segmentation, which is rapid, robust and highly accurate. Results Comparative results obtained on two challenging in vivo datasets, consisting of 22 T1-weighted rat brain images and 10 T2-weighted mouse brain images illustrate the robustness and excellent performance of the proposed algorithm, in a fraction of the computational time needed by existing algorithms. Comparison with existing methods In comparison to current state-of-the-art methods, our approach achieved average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.92 ± 0.02 and average Hausdorff distance of 13.6 ± 5.2 voxels (vs. 0.85 ± 0.20, p Conclusions RATS is a robust and computationally efficient method for accurate rodent brain skull-stripping even in challenging data.
Identification of Mosquito Bloodmeals Using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) With Order-Specific Primers

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol was developed to identify host bloodmeals from mosquitoes. Primers for the cytochrome b gene were designed to distinguish between mammalian and avian bloodmeals and further differentiate among four avian orders: passeriformes, falconiformes, columbiformes, and galliformes. The assay was validated by testing tissues from 18 species of passeriformes, three species of falconiformes, three species of columbiformes, and two species of galliformes. American crows were distinguished from other passeriformes by restriction enzyme digestion. Host bloodmeals from engorged mosquitoes collected in New York State were identified to avian order level. PCR was able to detect the mosquito bloodmeal for up to 3 d after feeding on a quail. Significantly, these studies use order-specific primers in a single PCR test to identify mosquito bloodmeals.
Formation of higher alcohols and phenol by strains of zymomonas sp.

Strains of the bacteria Zymomonas sp. were studied for their ability to form higher alcohols. In a complex growth medium, six strains were shown to produce significant amounts of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, pentanols, secondary hexyl-alcohols, and trace amounts of n-hexanol. When resting cells of these organisms were placed into a fermentation medium containing glucose and Tris-buffer, Z. mobilis 8938 produced increased levels of 1-butanol, and secondary hexyl-alcohols at concentrations of 13.5 mg/liter and 5.8 mg/liter, respectively. Another strain, Z. mobilis subsp. mobilis B 806, stimulated the formation of 1-propanol and 1-butanol at concentrations of 14.9 mg/liter and 23.52 mg/liter, respectively. Amino acids or amino acid precursors were then added to the fermentation medium. The presence of threonine and α-ketobutyric acid stimulated Z. mobilis 8938 to produce 82.6 mg/liter secondary hexyl-alcohols and 8.0 mg/liter n-hexanol, respectively. Isoleucine and valine increased the production of 2-methyl-1-butanol (394.0 mg/liter) and 3-methyl-1-butanol (113.4 mg/liter), respectively, by Z. mobilis subsp. mobilis B 806. Glutamine enhanced the formation of 2-methyl-2-butanol production to concentrations 38.8 mg/liter in Zymomonas strain B 806. Additional experiments suggested that higher alcohol production could also be accomplished in the absence of glucose when cells were allowed to metabolize the precursors only. The effect of aromatic amino acids on phenol production was determined using resting cells of Zymomonas sp. The maximum yield of phenol (111.6 mg/liter) was found by Zymomonas strain 8938 in the presence of tyrosine. The addition of phenylalanine also stimulated this strain to form 71.4 mg/liter of phenol.
Serum response factor, its cofactors, and epithelial-mesenchymal signaling in urinary bladder smooth muscle formation.

Little is known about the mechanism of bladder smooth muscle differentiation. We hypothesize that epithelial–mesenchymal signaling induces the expression of smooth muscle proteins in bladder mesenchyme resulting in smooth muscle differentiation. We confirmed that smooth muscle differentiation in the mouse urinary bladder occurs first at gestational day 14 (E14) based upon immunohistochemical localization of smooth muscle α-actin (SMAA). To investigate murine bladder smooth muscle differentiation and epithlelial–mesenchymal signaling in the developing bladder, we analyzed gene expression profiles of intact embryonic murine bladders and separated epithelial and mesenchymal components at embryonic days E13, E14, E15, E16, and postnatal day 1 (P1). Using cDNA microarray, we identified regulators of vascular smooth muscle differentiation in bladder mesenchyme, including serum response factor (SRF) and its cofactors, ELK1 and SRF accessory protein (SAP)1, as well as two SRF-associated pathways, angiotension receptor II and transforming growth factor- β2. Immunohistochemistry showed diffuse expression of SRF in the bladder at E12 with localization of expression to the peripheral mesenchyme at E13 and E14. Our results suggest that bladder smooth muscle differentiation may share a similar gene expression program as occurs during vascular smooth muscle differentiation. The unique structure of the urinary bladder makes it an ideal model for studies of smooth muscle differentiation and epithelial–mesenchymal signaling.
Fifty Years of Surgery for Single Ventricle: Now What?

A lthough congenital heart defects that can be considered single ventricle lesions are relatively uncommon, they have been a major focus of pediatric cardiac research over the past 20 years. The fascination and struggle surrounding these patients with this condition relates to the unsatisfactory long-term outcomes that many practicing clinicians are observing. As a higher proportion of these patients survive to adolescence and adulthood, we are in the midst of a new wave of important cross-sectional data that demands a critical reappraisal of our conventional management strategies and may require a novel paradigm to translate the early surgical successes into a more sustainable success.
Angiotensin analogues that selectively augment the force of contraction of the isolated heart.

Angiotensin II (Ang II) produces a positive inotropic effect on the heart; however, its usefulness as an inotropic agent is limited because of its inherent vasoconstrictor action. We therefore designed Ang II analogues that are potent, positive inotropic agents with minimal myotropic properties. Replacement of the proline residue in position 7 with alanine reduced the pressor and vascular contractile response to less than 1% of Ang II. In spite of negligible vascular actions, however, [7-alanine]Ang II produced 50% of the inotropic activity of Ang II in the cat papillary muscle. The results of pharmacological evaluation of various position 7-substituted analogues were as follows: 1) Replacement of proline in position 7 of angiotensin I (Ang I) and Ang II with primary amino acids produced cardiac-specific, positive inotropic properties. 2) The selectivity of positive cardiac inotropic activity of position 7-substituted analogues of Ang II was dependent upon the nature of the amino acid in position 1. Replacement of aspartic acid in position 1 with sarcosine increased vasoconstrictor activity, thereby diminishing cardiac selectivity. However, this change did not affect cardiac selectivity in Ang I analogues. 3) Introduction of any type of steric hindrance in position 7 (e.g., replacement of alanine with N-methyl- or alpha-methylalanine) led to a considerable loss in inotropic activity. In conclusion, contrary to rigid, structural requirements (solution conformation) for the pressor action of Ang II, a less organized structure or a random conformation at the carboxyl terminus appears to favor cardiac-selective contractile response (or positive inotropic response).
Fecundity of Wild-Caught Gravid Culiseta morsitans (Diptera: Culicidae)

Culiseta morsitans (Theobald) is a mosquito vector of eastern equine encephalitis virus. Gravid Cs. morsitans were collected from resting shelters during June-September of 2004 and 2005 associated with a natural breeding area known as Toad Harbor-Big Bay Wildlife Management Unit in Oswego County, New York. Specimens were held individually in water-filled containers to encourage egg laying. Conditions in captivity provided three site options for oviposition, as follows: on a paper filter above the water line, on the filter at the water line, or on the water surface. Oviposited eggs were counted, as were eggs found retained in abdomens of dissected females. Fecundity for 181 female Cs. morsitans was based on the total egg count for each female. There were 89 females that oviposited > or = 1 egg and produced an average of 158.4 eggs +/- 4.9 eggs with a range of 51-318 eggs. Of the 89, there were 63 captive females that oviposited all their eggs, producing a mean of 160.4 +/- 4.9 eggs, range 81-254 eggs. There were 62 egg masses oviposited above the water line within a range of 2-68 mm (average = 24 mm), 12 egg rafts or oviposition of scattered eggs directly on the water surface, and no rafts oviposited on filter paper directly at the water line. Wing length was used as a measure of mosquito size. The mean wing length for 154 females was 4.37 +/- 0.02 mm (range, 3.8-4.9 mm).
Discriminating Quality of Hospital Care in the United States

Background and objective. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) report quality of care for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with the intention of rewarding superior performing hospitals. The aim of the study was to compare identification of superior hospitals for providing financial rewards using 2 different scoring systems: a latent score that weights individual clinical performance measures according to how well each discriminated hospital quality and a raw sum score (the system adopted by CMS). Methods. This observational cohort study used 2761 acute care hospitals in the United States reporting AMI clinical performance measures, 3271 reporting CHF measures, and 3714 hospitals reporting CAP measures. For each clinical condition, the main outcome measures included the average raw sum score, the latent score estimated from an item response theory (IRT) model, and the percentage of false nega...