cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Image Authentication and Tampering Localization using Distributed Source Coding

Media authentication is important in content delivery via untrusted intermediaries, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. Many differently encoded versions of a media file might exist. Our previous work applied distributed source coding to distinguish the legitimate diversity of encoded images from tampering. An authentication decoder was supplied with a Slepian-Wolf encoded lossy version of the image as authentication data. Distributed source coding provided the desired robustness against legitimate encoding variations, while detecting illegitimate modification. We augment the decoder to localize tampering in an image already deemed to be unauthentic. The localization decoder requires only incremental localization data beyond the authentication data since we use rate-adaptive distributed source codes. Both decoders perform joint bitplane decoding, rather than conditional bitplane decoding. Our results demonstrate that tampered image blocks can be identified with high probability using authentication plus localization data of only a few hundred bytes for a 512times512 image.
Absorption Coefficients for Exciton Absorption Lines

The absorption coefficient for excitons is calculated in the effective-mass approximation. The coefficient is shown to be decreased over what one would expect for a collection of free atoms by the factor ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(\frac{{a}_{0}}{{a}_{B}})}^{3}$, where $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the dielectric constant and $\frac{{a}_{0}}{{a}_{B}}$ is the ratio of the lattice constant to the exciton radius. This result seems not inconsistent with the identification of the observed absorption lines in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O, CdS, Hg${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$, Pb${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$, and Cd${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ as exciton lines.
Labeling Instances in Evolving Data Streams with MapReduce

Unlike traditional data mining where data is static, mining algorithms for data streams must process the data "on the fly" and update the class decision boundaries as the stream progresses to address the challenges of concept drift and feature evolution. In our current work, we have proposed a multi-tiered ensemble based fast and robust method, which rapidly learns the concepts in a data stream, predicts labels for new data with strong accuracy, and agilely tracks the dynamic changes in the evolving concepts and feature space. Bottleneck of our current work is, it needs to build ADABOOST ensemble for each numeric feature. This can face scalability issue as number of features can be very large at times in data stream. In this paper we propose a method to parallelize the independent parts of that work using a MapReduce framework. This increases scalability and achieves a significant speedup without compromising classification accuracy. We demonstrate the performance of our approach in terms of speedup, scale up and classification accuracy.
Hyper-recombination in dam mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

F-prime heterogenotes of dam-3 bacteria segregate F-prime homogenotes at a frequency 30–200 times higher than the isogenic dam+ strain. A hyperrecombination mutant which shows increased recombination between chromosomal duplications was characterized as a dam mutant. The dam-3 allele causes a reduction in linkage of proximal unselected markers in transconjugants and increases the recombination frequency between a pair of closely linked markers. It is concluded that dam mutations confer a hyperrecombination phenotype to the cell.
Relation of heart rate to percent VO2 peak during submaximal exercise in the heat.

We tested the hypothesis that elevation in heart rate (HR) during submaximal exercise in the heat is related, in part, to increased percentage of maximal O2 uptake (%V˙o 2 max) utilized due to redu...
Lifetime of solar flare particles in coronal storage regions

Most discussions of lifetime of flare particles in the solar corona have assumed that collision loss is the dominant means of slowing and stopping these particles. The customary formulas used to estimate the rate of collision loss assume individual fast particles interacting with relatively cold matter. However, it is quite possible that the solar cosmic rays are not imbedded in 106 K coronal material but rather all particles in the storage region are energetic. Collision times are sufficiently short so that the energy spectrum may approach a maxwellian distribution with kT on the order of 30 keV. If this is the case, the rate of collision loss will be greatly reduced. Bremsstrahlung and magnetobremsstrahlung then will be the important energy losses. To account for the presence of appreciable numbers of MeV particles, it is probably necessary to postulate the existence of a non-thermal tail in the stored particle distribution.
Musculoskeletal Model During Treadmill Gait

Detailed knowledge of joint kinematics and loading is essential for improving the design and surgical outcomes of total knee replacements as well as tissue engineering applications. Dynamic loading is a contributing factor in the development of joint osteoarthritis and in total knee replacement wear. Dynamic computational models in which muscle, ligament, and joint loads are predicted concurrently would be ideal clinical tools for surgery planning and for implant design. An important obstacle in clinical applications of computational models is validation of the estimated in-vivo loads.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Cardiorespiratory Studies in Hamman-Rich Syndrome

SUMMARY Two cases of Hamman-Rich Syndrome, representing extremes of the clinical spectrum, are presented. Special emphasis has been directed to the results of the simultaneous studies of alveolo-respiratory and hemodynamic function which were carried out. The first patient, his diagnosis having been established by lung biopsy, was studied initially shortly after clinical onset of the disease. He was found to have a normal pulmonary artery pressure at rest, but pulmonary hypertension during exercise. Coincident with the development of pulmonary hypertension, a diffusion insufficiency for oxygen appeared. This latter state was defined by development of an abnormally wide alveolararterial oxygen tension gradient, in the absence of any fixed intrapulmonary right to left shunt. The same patient was restudied after six months of steroid therapy, at which time he had attained improvement both in subjective clinical symptoms and the radiologic extent of the pulmonary infiltrate. Despite such apparent amelioration of the process, the repeat cardiopulmonary evaluation revealed no alteration of the initial physiologic deficits. The second patient, whose diagnosis was established at autopsy, was studied in the terminal phase of her illness, one month prior to death. In this instance, pulmonary hypertension and a severe diffusion insufficiency for oxygen were present in the resting state. Both defects were improved when pulmonary blood flow was decreased by the carefully-monitored infusion of a ganglionic blocking agent, hexamethonium. In both cases, the pulmonary vascular resistance was found to be fixed and elevated. These findings have led to the conclusion that pulmonary hypertension and diffusion insufficiency for oxygen are a consequence of the same primary disorder; namely, extensive destruction of the pulmonary capillaries, which is reflected by the elevated and fixed pulmonary vascular resistance. In the face of this abnormality, the degree of pulmonary hypertension and diffusion insufficiency for oxygen are directly related to the pulmonary blood flow which the diminished vascular bed is called upon to accept. Both of these functional defects are heightened by increased blood flow and ameliorated when flow is lowered.
Operational air traffic control requirements for the new Voice Switching and Control System

Final user requirements defined for the Voice Switching and Control System (VSCS) to be implemented for ATC functions as part of the Area Control Facility (ACF) concept for the National Airspace System (NAS) are described. The VSCS will be communications equipment at operational stations, supervisory positions, and support systems, the switching system itself, and interfaces between the VSCS and other systems. Supervisory users will include the Area Manager, Traffic Management Coordinator, a Military Operations Specialists, a Weather Coordinator, a NAS manager, Maintenance, and a flight Data Communications Specialist. The VSCS will supply computerized communications capability within and among ATC centers. Details of the efforts used to define the system requirements are recounted, noting the heavy reliance on recommendations from active ATC personnel.
Reinnervation of hair cells by auditory neurons after selective removal of spiral ganglion neurons

Hearing loss can be caused by primary degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons or by secondary degeneration of these neurons after hair cell loss. The replacement of auditory neurons would be an important step in any attempt to restore auditory function in patients with damaged inner ear neurons or hair cells. Application of β-bungarotoxin, a toxin derived from snake venom, to an explant of the cochlea eradicates spiral ganglion neurons while sparing the other cochlear cell types. The toxin was found to bind to the neurons and to cause apoptotic cell death without affecting hair cells or other inner ear cell types as indicated by TUNEL staining, and, thus, the toxin provides a highly specific means of deafferentation of hair cells. We therefore used the denervated organ of Corti for the study of neuronal regeneration and synaptogenesis with hair cells and found that spiral ganglion neurons obtained from the cochlea of an untreated newborn mouse reinnervated hair cells in the toxin-treated organ of Corti and expressed synaptic vesicle markers at points of contact with hair cells. These findings suggest that it may be possible to replace degenerated neurons by grafting new cells into the organ of Corti.
Crazing in Glassy Block Copolymer Thin Films

We investigate the crazing process (craze initiation, growth, and failure) in symmetric polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) glassy thin films. PS-b-P2VP is a model material for this study due to its ability to self-assemble into well-aligned lamellar microdomains and the similar mechanical properties for each block (glass transition temperature, crazing stress, entanglement molecular weight, and elastic modulus). These attributes allow us to focus on two primary effects: the effect of an ordered microstructure and the effect of surface terraces on the crazing process in thin glassy polymer films. We find that an ordered lamellar microstructure leads to a higher ratio of craze depth to film thickness in the micronecking process and a lower craze growth rate compared with polystyrene homopolymer. Additionally, surface terracing, or nanoscale steps in the surface topography, impedes craze initiation and significantly decreases the failure strain compared with polystyrene and PS-b-P2VP thin films...
Association of nucleic acids with complexes of N-methyl isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone and copper

Abstract N-methyl isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone (M-IBT) and cupric ions form a stable complex with which nucleic acids associate firmly. A 50 μM M-IBT-Cu complex can bind 3-3 μM nucleic acid as nucleotide (1. 1 μg/ml). The thiosemicarbazide side chain possesses full activity. Substitution of phenyl groups at the N-l or N-4 positions of thiosemicarbazide does not interfere with nucleic acid binding ability. Of those cations tested, cupric ions are the most effective in complex formation, but ferrous ions are also active at high concentrations. Single- and double-stranded DNA and single- and double-stranded RNA are equally susceptible; there is no nucleotide base specificity. Aurin tricarboxylic acid is the most efficient agent which interferes with the association of the M-IBT copper complex with DNA. Other chelating agents such as EDTA, Tris-hydroxyaminomethane. 2-mercaptoethanol, histidine and diphenyl thiocarbazonc inhibit the association also. The reaction between the chelate complex and the DNA occurs rapidly, is insensitive to ionic strength and temperature, and is optimal at pH 8.0. Nucleic acid association is reversed in the presence of organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. dimethyl formamide and dioxane.
Synthesis of 2′,5′-Dideoxy-adenosine-3′-monophosphate Derivatives as Allosteric Inhibitors of Adenylyl Cyclase

Abstract The synthesis of a fluorescent and a lipophilic conjugate of 2′,5′-dideoxy-3′-AMP, an allosteric inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase, has been devised.
A case study of gait compensations for hip muscle weakness in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy

Abstract Background The purpose of this case series was to quantify different strategies used to compensate in gait for hip muscle weakness. Methods An instrumented gait analysis was performed of three females diagnosed with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and compared to a healthy unimpaired subject. Lower extremity joint moments obtained from the gait analysis were used to drive an induced acceleration model which determined each moment’s contribution to upright support, forward progression, and hip joint acceleration. Findings Results showed that after midstance, the ankle plantar flexors normally provide upright support and forward progression while producing hip extension acceleration. In normal gait, the hip flexors eccentrically resist hip extension, but the hip flexor muscles of the impaired subjects (S1–3) were too weak to control extension. Instead S1–3 altered joint positions and muscle function to produce forward progression while minimizing hip extension acceleration. S1 increased knee flexion angle to decrease the hip extension effect of the ankle plantar flexors. S2 and S3 used either a knee flexor moment or gravity to produce forward progression, which had the advantage of accelerating the hip into flexion rather than extension, and decreased the demand on the hip flexors. Interpretation Results showed how gait compensations for hip muscle weakness can produce independent (i.e. successful) ambulation, although at a reduced speed as compared to normal gait. Knowledge of these successful strategies can assist the rehabilitation of patients with hip muscle weakness who are unable to ambulate and potentially be used to reduce their disability.
The Distribution of Reciprocal Pairs Modulo Polynomials over a Finite Field

Given a finite field Fq of order q, a fixed polynomial g in –Fq[X] of positive degree, and two elements u and v in the ring of polynomials in R = Fq [X]/gFq[X], the question arises: How many pairs (a, 6) are there in R × R so that ab 1 mod g and so that a is close to u while b is close to v ? The answer is, about as many as one would expect. That is, there are no favored regions in R × R where inverse pairs cluster. The error term is quite sharp in most cases, being comparable to what would happen with random distribution of pairs. The proof uses Kloosterman sums and counting arguments. The exceptional cases involve fields of characteristic 2 and composite values of g. Even then the error term obtained is nontrivial. There is no computational evidence that inverses are in fact less evenly distributed in this case, however.
Cinematographic recording of Paranaplasma caudata and Plasmodium gallinaceum: In vitro kinetics☆

Abstract Cinematography was used to record and measure movements of Paranaplasma caudata and Plasmodium gallinaceum . Both phase contrast (Zernicke) and interference constrast (Nomarski) systems were used, since ordinary bright field microscopy was inadequate for visualization of the parasites in the living state. Extended observations confirmed the theory that P. caudata is a truly tailed organism and not merely Anaplasma marginale with an artifact type of “tail.” Rotating, gliding and undulating movements within and without the erythrocyte were recorded. New observations on the motility of P. gallinaceum within and free of the host erythrocyte were recorded. These movements included a rapid rotation of the cytoplasm during feeding and battering of the erythrocyte by internal motions of the parasites, which led to exit of merozoites. The entrance of merozoites into new erythrocytes was also recorded. At stages in the erythrocytic cycle, schizonts as well as gametocytes of P. gallinaceum formed long, motile filaments.
Uphill sodium transport driven by an inward calcium gradient in heart muscle

Heart cells were loaded with sodium by treatment with toxic doses of acetyl strophanthidin. After this treatment, an increase in extracellular calcium resulted in a transient net outward sodium flux against its electrochemical gradient and in net cellular uptake of calcium. It is concluded that the free energy for the net outward sodium movement was derived from the increased calcium gradient and that these ion movements took place through the sodium-calcium exchange. While in the normal physiological state the sodium-calcium exchange produces calcium extrusion from the cell, these experiments demonstrate its reversibility.
Tacticity as a Factor Contributing to the Thermal Stability of Polystyrene

TGA has been used to study the thermal degradation of PS in atactic (aPS), syndiotactic (sPS), and isotactic (iPS) forms. Thermal stability of sPS is similar to that of aPS, whereas iPS degrades at a notably higher temperature. TGA-FT-IR data do not show any obvious difference in the degradation products of the three materials. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of nonisothermal TGA data yields somewhat higher activation energy for degradation of iPS than for aPS that is found to result in a smaller rate constant for iPS. Another important factor contributing to slower degradation rate of iPS is found to be the reaction model that has been experimentally determined from isothermal TGA measurements. The enhanced thermal stability of iPS correlates with its hindered molecular mobility that appears to originate from intramolecular confinement. The hindered mobility has been detected by comparing the glass transition dynamics in amorphous iPS and aPS samples. By using multi-frequency temperature modulated DSC (TOPEM 1 ) it has been demonstrated that the activation energy of the glass transition is noticeably larger for iPS than for aPS that supports the hypothesis of the slowed down molecular mobility.
A comparison of dance interventions in people with Parkinson disease and older adults

It is important for our aging population to remain active, particularly those with chronic diseases, like Parkinson disease (PD), which limit mobility. Recent studies in older adults and people with PD suggest dance interventions provide various motor benefits. The literature for dance in PD is growing, but many knowledge gaps remain, relative to what is known in older adults. The purpose of this review is to: (1) detail results of dance intervention studies in older adults and in PD, (2) describe limitations of dance research in these populations, and (3) identify directions for future study. Generally, a wide variety of dance styles have been investigated in older adults, while a more limited subset has been evaluated in PD. Measures vary widely across studies and a lack of standardized outcomes measures hinders cross-studies comparisons. Compared to the dance literature in older adults, there is a notable absence of evidence in the PD literature in outcome domains related to cardiovascular health, muscle strength, body composition, flexibility, and proprioception. As a whole, the dance literature supports substantial and wide-ranging benefits in both populations, but additional effort should be dedicated to well-designed comparative studies using standardized outcome measures to identify optimal treatment programs.
Quantization Effect on the Log-Likelihood Ratio and Its Application to Decentralized Sequential Detection

It is well known that quantization cannot increase the Kullback-Leibler divergence which can be thought of as the expected value or first moment of the log-likelihood ratio. In this paper, we investigate the quantization effects on the second moment of the log-likelihood ratio. It is shown via the convex domination technique that quantization may result in an increase in the case of the second moment, but the increase is bounded above by 2/e. The result is then applied to decentralized sequential detection problems not only to provide simpler sufficient conditions for asymptotic optimality theories in the simplest models, but also to shed new light on more complicated models. In addition, some brief remarks on other higher-order moments of the log-likelihood ratio are also provided.
Factors affecting Cook Gunther Tulip and Cook Celect inferior vena cava filter retrieval success

Objective Success rates vary for the retrieval of inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs). The optimal retrieval time and factors influencing retrieval success remain unproven. This study aims to determine optimal time and evaluate factors related to successful IVCF retrieval. Methods An institutional prospectively maintained database was reviewed for all IVCF retrieval attempts from 2006 to 2012. Patient demographics, comorbidities, indications for procedure, placement technique, IVCF type, presence of angulation, and time to retrieval were evaluated with respect to success or failure of retrieval. Statistical analyses ( t -test, χ 2 , correlations, and Kaplan-Meier plots) were performed comparing successful and unsuccessful retrievals. Results Of 121 attempted IVCF retrievals, 92 (76%) were successful and 29 (24%) were unsuccessful. There were no significant differences between the successful and unsuccessful attempts in terms of patient demographics, comorbidities, indications for procedure, placement technique, or IVCF type, which included 93 Celect (77%) and 28 Gunther Tulip (23%). Time since IVCF placement was significantly different ( P = .025) between the successful and unsuccessful retrieval groups (medians were 105 [7-368] and 162 [43-379] days, respectively). Time since IVCF placement greater than 117 days correlated significantly with unsuccessful IVCF retrieval (R = 0.218; P = .017; odds ratio, 2.88; P = .02). Angulation greater than 20 degrees on anteroposterior radiograph was noted in seven of 29 (24%) unsuccessful retrievals compared with seven of 92 (8%) successful retrievals and was significant ( P = .012). Conclusions Cook Gunther Tulip and Celect IVCF retrieval is most likely to be successful within 3 to 4 months of placement. Unsuccessful retrieval attempts are more likely to occur when IVCF position is angulated.
Transient flowmeter test: semi-analytic crossflow model

Abstract The transient flowmeter test (TFMT) provides more information about the well–aquifer system than the traditional quasi-steady-state flowmeter test (QFMT). The TFMT duration may be much shorter than that of a QFMT, which is desirable at highly contaminated sites where the extracted water has to be treated as hazardous waste. Here we present the TFMT model that accounts for inter-layer crossflow, a thick skin surrounding the well, and wellbore storage. The model is derived under the simplifying assumptions of the pseudo-steady-state inter-layer crossflow and the uniform wellface flux within each layer. The semi-analytic solution is inverted numerically from the Laplace domain to the time domain. Layer and skin parameters are estimated from the TFMT data via the modified Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The estimation is robust when the initial parameter guesses are close to their true values. Otherwise, a computationally expensive search among the local minima of the objective function is necessary to find the parameter estimates. The modeling errors and the associated parameter estimation errors are evaluated in a number of synthetic TFMTs and compared to the corresponding results obtained with a general numerical model that relaxes the two simplifying assumptions. The TFMT provides reasonably accurate estimates of hydraulic conductivities for the aquifer layers and the damaged skins and order-of-magnitude estimates of layer specific storativities and hydraulic conductivities for the normal skin. The skin specific storativities should not be estimated from a TFMT. Multi-rate TFMTs with a step-variable pumping rate yield significantly more accurate parameters than constant-pumping-rate TFMTs. The calculated modeling errors may be useful in estimating the magnitude of parameter estimation errors from the TFMT. Our field tests in a coastal aquifer at the Lizzie Site in North Carolina (USA) demonstrate the feasibility of a TFMT for aquifer characterization. The downhole hydraulic conductivity profiles from our field and synthetic TFMTs are consistent with the corresponding profiles from QFMTs.
DIFFERENTIAL DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROCAMBARUS CLARKII (GIRARD) JUVENILES AND ADULTS AND POSSIBLE ADAPTIVE VALUE OF COLOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THEM (DECAPODA, ASTACIDEA)

[Los especimens del langostin Procambarus clarkii son verdes cuando jovenes, pero rojos ya como adultos. Es mas probable que los jovenes de color verde se encuentren en las areas expuestas de los arroyos durante las horas de luz matutina, aunque, en el laboratorio, los jovenes exhibieron una preferencia por la sombra tan fuerte como la de los adultos. Experimentos en el laboratorio sugieren que los jovenes son relegados a esas areas del arroyo menos preferidas cuando pierden encuentros agresivos contra adultos de areas protegidas. Consistente con sus puestos mas expuestos, los jovenes generan respuestas de escape que consisten de una sacudida de la cola cuando se les impone un estimulo de norma. El color verde y su propensidad a esta sacudida se discuten como adaptaciones probables al riesgo creciente que imponen los animales de rapina diurna., Los especimens del langostin Procambarus clarkii son verdes cuando jovenes, pero rojos ya como adultos. Es mas probable que los jovenes de color verde se encuentren en las areas expuestas de los arroyos durante las horas de luz matutina, aunque, en el laboratorio, los jovenes exhibieron una preferencia por la sombra tan fuerte como la de los adultos. Experimentos en el laboratorio sugieren que los jovenes son relegados a esas areas del arroyo menos preferidas cuando pierden encuentros agresivos contra adultos de areas protegidas. Consistente con sus puestos mas expuestos, los jovenes generan respuestas de escape que consisten de una sacudida de la cola cuando se les impone un estimulo de norma. El color verde y su propensidad a esta sacudida se discuten como adaptaciones probables al riesgo creciente que imponen los animales de rapina diurna.]
Size Selectivity and Bias in Estimates of Population Statistics of Smallmouth Bass, Walleye, and Northern Squawfish in a Columbia River Reservoir

Abstract We describe size selectivity of five types of gear, size selectivity in combined gear samples, and potential bias in estimates of population statistics of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieui, walleye Stizostedion vitreum, and northern squawfish Ptychocheilus oregonensis in John Day Reservoir on the Columbia River. We sampled from 1983 to 1986 with two types of gill nets, boat electrofishers, trap nets, and rod and reel. Different gears selectively sampled different sizes of each species. Recapture rates indicated that different sizes of fish remained differentially vulnerable to capture even when samples from all gears were pooled. Vulnerability of smallmouth bass declined with increasing size. Vulnerability of walleye was not related to size. Vulnerability of northern squawfish increased with size. Size selectivity of gear resulted in estimates of abundance potentially biased by 2–16%, estimates of proportional stock density (size structure) biased by 11–46%, and estimates of annual rate of mo...
Quantum measurement eigenkets for continuous-time direct detection

The eigenkets of continuous-time direct detection are derived, thus establishing an explicit representation of this quantum measurement as a continuous-time observable. The utility of this representation is illustrated by applying it to single-mode photon counting, and by demonstrating its Fourier duality to the quantum basis for frequency-spectrum measurement.
African-American odyssey : the Stewarts, 1853-1963

J. McCants Stewart was a prominent African-American in his day, a lawyer during the Reconstruction who later became a minister, politician, and racial activist and was regarded by his peers as one of the most significant black leaders of his generation. This book illuminates the professional career and private lives of Stewart and his descendants over three generations, providing an epic account of an African-American family in America.
Participant teaching of psychotherapy by senior physicians: a hospital program and clinical illustrations.

The writers have attempted to report the methods, centered in “rounds,” which are utilized by them to care for patients directly and through the resident staff, and utilized to train the staff in the art and techniques of psychotherapy. Special instances have been reported. They, perhaps, give a somewhat false impression, in that they are selected to illustrate some rather dramatic themes. They are not the general routine of daily experience.
Persistent noncytopathic infection of normal human T lymphocytes with AIDS-associated retrovirus

Infection of normal peripheral blood T cells by the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated retrovirus (ARV) was evaluated in long-term cultures of helper-inducer T cells (T4 cells). Cells that were inoculated with ARV and maintained in medium supplemented with interleukin-2 remained productively infected with this virus for more than 4 months in culture, although they showed no cytopathic effects characteristic of acute ARV infection. The presence of replicating virus was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase activity of culture fluids and by viral antigens and budding particles detected on cells by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Virus produced in these cultures remained infectious and could induce cytopathic effects and viral antigens in uninfected lymphoid cells. The finding that normal lymphocytes may be productively infected by an AIDS retrovirus in the absence of cell death suggests that a range of biologic effects may occur after infection in vivo.
Historical GIS and Visualization

Historic hotel guest registers are used to extract data to map and analyze visitation patterns for commercial hotels in three small places in Central Pennsylvania during the late 19th century. In an era before the automobile, guestsheds reflect both the slow travel of the horse and wagon era and linkages via railroad networks to more distant places. Hotel registers in places off a railroad line generate different guestsheds than those on rail lines; those in county seats often show the influence of seasonal court sessions and county fairs. Although the application of a geographic information system (GIS) is useful for teasing out spatial variations in the data, temporal patterns are not so easily distinguished. This research reports on the use of Hotelviz, an integrated software for visual data analysis, to help confront the complex spatiotemporal trends that are to be found in the data.
Probabilistic modeling of fatigue crack growth in Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract This paper proposes an approximate approach to efficient estimation of some variabilities caused by the material microstructural inhomogeneities. The approach is based on the results of a combined experimental and analytical study of the probabilistic nature of fatigue crack growth in Ti–6Al–4V. A simplified experimental fracture mechanics framework is presented for the determination of statistical fatigue crack growth parameters from two fatigue tests. The experimental studies suggest that the variabilities in long fatigue crack growth rate data and the Paris coefficient are well described by the log-normal distributions. The variabilities in the Paris exponent are also shown to be well characterized by a normal distribution. The measured statistical distributions are incorporated into a probabilistic fracture mechanics framework for the estimation of material reliability. The implications of the results are discussed for the probabilistic analysis of fatigue crack growth.
The Thomistic Revival and the Relationship between the Jesuits and the Papacy, 1878–1914

The revival of Scholasticism by Pope Leo XIII with his encyclical Aeterni Patris (1879) had been in preparation for at least half a century. He hoped that Thomism would not only give the Church a c...
Evidence for bivariate systems: An empirical test of appetition and aversion across domains

Research in diverse domains of psychology has independently identified two behavioral systems, one concerned with obtaining positive outcomes, the other concerned with avoiding negative outcomes. This basic distinction, described in different domains of inquiry with varying terminology, may be integrated within a single appetitive–aversive systems model. The present research was designed to examine the viability of the appetitive–aversive distinction as an organizational construct underlying various particular measures and concepts. In four studies, individual difference measures from different domains were examined with exploratory (Study 1) and confirmatory (Studies 2–4) factor analyses. We expected and found that measures tapping sensitivity to rewards or positive outcomes would load on a common appetitive latent factor, whereas, measures tapping individual differences in sensitivity to punishment or negative outcomes would load a common aversive latent factor. Results strongly supported the hypothesized two-factor structure over alternative models and indicated that the latent appetitive and aversive variables accounted for about half the variance in the observed variables.
Research on organization and financing of care for individuals with severe mental illness

Recent developments in research on the organization and f inancing of care for individuals with severe menta l illness suggest that there is much to be optimistic about in terms of developing a knowledge base that will support policy decisions aimed at improving the delivery of public menta l health care. There are three reasons for my optimism. (1) A n u m b e r of new theories regarding how best to organize public mental health systems. These theories draw on: (a) the experience of delivering other public and human services; (b) observations on which menta l heal th systems seem to "work best"; and (c) applications of techniques used for supplying privately financed heal th care. (2) A new spirit of innovat ion by many public menta l heal th systems. This is perhaps the most exciting development for both researchers and consumers of public mental
Post-processing of vehicle emission test data for use in exhaust after-treatment modelling and analysis

The accurate measurement of transient engine-out exhaust compositions, flow rate and temperature is critical for analysing and understanding the performance of exhaust system after-treatment compon...
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy.

Objective Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is an effective tool for the correction of fixed sagittal plane deformity. However, there is potentially significant perioperative morbidity associated with this technique. We report our perioperative morbidity rate in recently performed PSO cases treated with our present surgical, anesthetic, and monitoring techniques and discuss complication-avoidance strategies. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of 10 patients (mean age, 56 yr; range, 7-77 yr) undergoing thoracolumbar PSO at a single institution in the past 3 years. Two patients underwent PSO at T12, seven patients underwent PSO at L3, and one patient underwent PSO at L2. Eight of the patients had undergone at least one previous spine surgery in the region of the PSO, and nine of the patients had comorbidities that increased their surgical risk stratification. We identified all causes of perioperative morbidity. Results We classified perioperative complications into two categories: intraoperative and early postoperative. Intraoperative complications included dural tears in two patients, cardiovascular instability in one patient, and coagulopathy in two patients. Early postoperative complications included neurological deficit (one patient), wound infection (two patients), urinary tract infection (one patient), and delirium (two patients). All patients recovered fully from these complications. There was no mortality in this series. Conclusion In this series, most patients undergoing PSO had multiple previous spine surgeries and comorbidities. The risk of perioperative morbidity for revision cases undergoing PSO was in excess of 50%. We discuss complication-avoidance strategies.
Teaching a web security course to practice information assurance

This paper presents a hybrid teaching approach, a new Web Security course as well as how to use the hybrid approach to teach the Web Security course to practice information assurance. The hybrid teaching approach contains three key issues that are keeping the lecture materials up-to-date, assigning former research projects as comprehensive team projects, and connecting classroom knowledge with real world web applications. We have applied this approach to the teaching a Web Security course and achieved excellent results. Our experience exhibits that integrating education, research and web applications into the Web Security course to practice information assurance are essential for a sound security education. Using this approach instructors connect knowledge in the classroom to real world applications, attract students to the security area, and train students to become information assurance professionals.
Sensitivity studies on sensor selection for crack growth investigation

This work focuses on an unsupervised, data driven, modified k-nearest neighborhood technique to detect and monitor fatigue crack growth in lug joint samples using a surface mounted piezoelectric sensor network. A lug joint is an important structural hotspot in which damage initiates and progresses under fatigue loading. Early detection of fatigue cracks in a lug joint can help in taking preventive measures, thus avoiding any possible structural failure. The lug joint samples used in this study are prepared from an Al 6061 T6 plate with 0.25 inch thickness and are instrumented with a surface mounted piezoelectric actuator/sensor network. Experiments are conducted on lug samples with a single notch and multiple notches that are symmetrically placed. For early initiation of cracks, samples are notched at the shoulders. Under the influence of fatigue loading, the crack growth rate is different even when the notches are symmetrically placed. It is found that although cracks propagate from both the notches, the sample fails from one of the shoulders once the critical crack length is reached. For the given sensor architecture, which is symmetric, the objective of this study is to detect, isolate and monitor fatigue crack growth in each zone. The methodology presented helps in identifying sensors that are most sensitive to the presence of single and multiple cracks. Thus, the computational expense for damage localization studies can be reduced by not making use of redundant sensors.
CxxS: fold-independent redox motif revealed by genome-wide searches for thiol/disulfide oxidoreductase function.

Redox reactions involving thiol groups in proteins are major participants in cellular redox regulation and antioxidant defense. Although mechanistically similar, thiol-dependent redox processes are catalyzed by structurally distinct families of enzymes, which are difficult to identify by available protein function prediction programs. Herein, we identified a functional motif, CxxS (cysteine separated from serine by two other residues), that was often conserved in redox enzymes, but rarely in other proteins. Analyses of complete Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Methanococcus jannaschii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes revealed a high proportion of proteins known to use the CxxS motif for redox function. This allowed us to make predictions in regard to redox function and identity of redox groups for several proteins whose function previously was not known. Many proteins containing the CxxS motif had a thioredoxin fold, but other structural folds were also present, and CxxS was often located in these proteins upstream of an α-helix. Thus, a conserved CxxS sequence followed by an α-helix is typically indicative of a redox function and corresponds to thiol-dependent redox sites in proteins. The data also indicate a general approach of genome-wide identification of redox proteins by searching for simple conserved motifs within secondary structure patterns.
Evaluation of pre-analytical and analytical factors that contribute to variability in CSF biomarker levels

development for tau that shows a marked improvement in precision, linearity and reproducibility when compared to currently available tests. Methods: An in vitro diagnostic test for tau is being developed for the VITROS Immunodiagnostic Systems, and analytical performance was evaluated following CLSI guidelines using two VITROS Tau assay reagent lots, 3 CSF pools, and 3 controls. Linearity was tested with 11 admixtures of endogenous tau in CSF and recombinant tau 441 in buffer. Interference testing included commonly prescribed drugs, recombinant tau, Ab peptides, and endogenous substances. Limit of detection (LoD) and lower limit of quantitation were confirmed with 20 replicates per day on 3 days. Results: The median within-laboratory coefficient of variation (CV) for the 3 CSF pools was 3.3% with a range of 2.4% 4.2%. The controls’ within-laboratory CV was 1.2%. Repeatability CVs were 1.9% for CSF pools and 1.2% for controls. The assay showed good linearity across themeasuring range (08,000pg/mL) with the admixture of endogenous and synthetic peptide. Bias introduced by commonly prescribed drugs at high levels was <610%. The interference from Ab peptides at greater than known physiological concentrations as well as from endogenous substances was <5%. The limit of detection was 9.5pg/mL; the lower limit of quantitation was 40pg/mL. Conclusions: VITROS Immunodiagnostic Products Tau Assay 1 demonstrates excellent analytical performance: it is precise, linear and the tested interferences cause no significant bias. The fully automated format and ability to perform these assays in a clinical laboratory should make testing for these important markers more reliable and routine.
Body perception in relation to anxiety among women.

College women were administered instruments to measure their body awareness, body focus, pressure sensitivity thresholds, anxiety and clothing fabric choices. The results demonstrated that levels o...
Temperature-magnitude superposition of the dynamic mechanical response of tire stocks

The frequency and temperature dependence of shear compliance and modulus for two tire tread stocks resembles very closely the corresponding results for a sample of carbon black in process oil (FITZGERALD, 1982); in particular, as for the carbon black in oil, superposition of compliance or modulus vs frequency curves at different temperatures is not possible by horizontal shifts along the frequency axis. Good superposition of elastic compliance or modulus curves to a common reference temperature is obtained, however, by vertical, magnitude shifts.
Linkages — an individual-based forest ecosystem model

Carbon storage and flow through forest ecosystems are major components of the global carbon cycle. The cycle of carbon is intimately coupled with the cycle of nitrogen and the flow of water through forests. The supply of water for tree growth is determined by climate and soil physical properties. The rate at which nitrogen mineralization occurs depends on climate and the type of carbon compounds with which the nitrogen is associated. Species composition, which is also affected by climate, can greatly influence the composition of carbon compounds and subsequently nitrogen availability. Climate change can therefore have a direct effect on forest ecosystem production and carbon storage through temperature and water limitations, and an indirect effect through the nitrogen cycle by affecting species composition. Model simulations of these interactions show that climate change initiates a complex set of direct and indirect responses that are sensitive to the exact nature of the project climate changes. We show results using four different climate-change projections for a location in northeastern Minnesota. Modeled forest responses to each of these climate projections is different indicating that uncertainties in the climate projections may be amplified further as a result of shifts in balance between positive and negative ecosystem feedbacks.
Effect of alcohol ingestion on breathing and oxygenation during sleep. Analysis of the influence of age and sex

Abstract Breathing and oxygenation were monitored in 78 asymptomatic volunteers on two successive nights of sleep. Four groups of subjects were recruited: (1) 20 young men, (2) 20 young women, (3) 20 men older than 40 years, and (4) 18 postmenopausal women. In random order, subjects ingested either 2 ml/kg (body weight) of 100-proof vodka in orange juice or a similar amount of water in orange juice before bedtime. Alcohol ingestion shortened sleep in the older men and in the postmenopausal women. No effect of alcohol ingestion on breathing or oxygenation during sleep was seen in any group of women. In men, alcohol ingestion increased the numbers of desaturation episodes and caused more severe oxygen desaturation during sleep. The effect of alcohol ingestion on breathing and oxygenation during the sleep of asymptomatic volunteers appears to be limited to men.
Can Rising Rates of Church Participation be a Consequence of Secularization

An influential theory in the sociology of religion holds that the separation of church and state forces religious organizations to compete with one another for adherents. This competitive climate heightens levels of church participation. This paper examines two cases where rates of individual religious activity increased following the differentiaon of political and ecclesiastical stuctures as the competition theory predicts. However, the facts surrounding these increases are riot wholly consistent with the theory's propositions. Rather, I show that a heretofore neglected variant of secularization theory suggests a mechanism that better links the process of social differentiation to changes in individual religious participation.
Assay of algal nitrogen fixation in the marine subtropics by acetylene reduction.

WHILE SCUBA diving in the Tongue of the Ocean (Bahamas) and off the coast of south-eastern Florida near Miami, we found extensive benthic growths of blue-green, algae, which are especially prolific between depths of 20 and 50 m, and considerably more abundant in summer than winter. At their peak, the algae produce continuous, and sometimes almost unialgal felts at the surface of calcareous sediments between and beyond the limit of the coral heads of the offshore reef. During the winter they persist in isolated patches in sheltered positions beneath overhanging coral.
FOUNDATION FOR A CYBERNETIC MODEL OF PSYCHOBIOLOGY

The mind‐brain duality has engendered fundamental problems integral to both neurocybernetics and psychobiology. Although Greek thought did not, in general, separate mind from nature, by the time of Descartes in Western civilization, a division had been made between mind (or soul) and brain. Descartes formalized this concept in the construction of the reflex which is basic to almost all disciplines relating to the nervous system. Thus, the dualities of mind‐brain, stimulus‐response and environment‐organism entered into the scientific constructs of our time. An attempt is developed here to demonstrate analytical and experimental approaches for a new concept of the nervous system in which the existence of these dualities is no longer necessary.