cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic diagnosis of a biliary neuroendocrine tumor.

A 71-year-old man with diabetes and coronary artery disease was transferred to our medical center with intermittent right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fever, and chills. He had no personal or family history of GI malignancy; his surgical history consisted of a coronary artery bypass graft, an appendectomy, and an inguinal hernia repair. He was found to have mildly elevated transaminase levels, an alkaline phosphatase of approximately 450 U/L (normal 38-126 U/L), and a total bilirubin of 3.0 mg/dL (0.4-1.5 mg/dL). Abdominal US at the outside hospital revealed choledocholithiasis and biliary dilatation; the patient was treated with moxifloxacin and underwent ERCP with sphincterotomy and stenting. A fixed, round, filling defect was detected in the common hepatic duct; it was unclear whether this was an adherent stone versus a polypoid mass. The patient was transferred to our institution, where he was found to have a total bilirubin of 7.5 mg/dL and leukocytosis of 16.1 K/mcL (4.5-11.0 K/mcL). Repeat ERCP revealed a patent sphincterotomy, a nondilated distal common bile duct, and a polypoid mass at the proximal common hepatic duct. The mass was brushed, biopsy was performed, and the duct was restented (Fig. 1). Because of these findings, magnetic resonance imaging and MRCP were obtained for operative planning. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.5 1.6 cm mass at the confluence of the hepatic ducts and a 4.5 4 cm mass in hepatic segment 4B, with extension to the superior aspect of the gallbladder (Fig. 2). Cytologic examination of the brushing showed atypical cells, and pathology of the biopsy specimen obtained with cold forceps showed a well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (Fig. 3) positive for synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, cytokeratin CAM 5.2, and cytokeratin 7. It was negative for chromogranin, CD56, S-100 protein, cytokeratin 20, and HEPAR 1. A positron emission tomography CT did not detect metastatic disease. Alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen, and chromogranin A
Vscape V1.1.0. An interactive tool for metastable vacua

Vscape is an interactive tool for studying the one-loop effective potential of an ungauged supersymmetric model of chiral multiplets. The program allows the user to define a supersymmetric model by specifying the superpotential. The F-terms and the scalar and fermionic mass matrices are calculated symbolically. The program then allows you to search numerically for (meta)stable minima of the one-loop effective potential. Additional commands enable you to further study specific minima, by, e.g., computing the mass spectrum for those vacua. Vscape combines the flexibility of symbolic software, with the speed of a numerical package.
Utility Subsidies as Social Transfers: An Empirical Evaluation of Targeting Performance

Subsidies to residential utility customers are important in-kind transfer mechanisms in developing countries. Do these subsidies reach the poor? This article finds the average targeting performance of water and electricity subsidies to be similar to that of other social-transfer mechanisms using the same targeting method. The most common form – a quantity-based consumption subsidy aiming to subsidise low-volume customers – is highly regressive. Many geographically-targeted and most means-tested utility subsidies are progressive, but still exclude many poor households. Connection subsidies are an attractive alternative in low coverage areas, but they will only reach the poor if utilities extend network access to poor households and if households choose to connect.
Beyond files: programming with multiple source views

Modern IDEs like Eclipse promote a file-centric view of programs that makes juxtaposing disjoint pieces of code cumbersome. Yet juxtaposition is crucial to common tasks like refactoring. In this paper we introduce MView, a plugin for Eclipse that broadens the notion of an editable document to embrace collections of code fragments enabling easy juxtapositions.
Newly synthesized proteins are degraded by an ATP-stimulated proteolytic process in isolated pea chloroplasts

Abstract Up to 22% of the [ 3 H]leucine-labeled proteins synthesized chloroplasts in the light was degraded during subsequent incubation for 20–40 min. The degradation of these radioactive proteins was more rapid in the light than in the dark and was at least 2-fold greater in the presence of 5 mM ATP in light or darkness. Exogenous amino acids did not influence degradation rates, although they promoted protein synthesis. Overall, proteins from thylakoid and stromal fractions were degraded at comparable rates. Analysis by electrophoresis in denaturing polyacrylamide gels revealed that many proteins decreased in both fractions. Certain low molecular mass stromal proteins were lost almost completely during a 90 min incubation in the presence of ATP, while others were unaffected or decreased only slightly. Thus Chloroplasts, like eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and mithochondria, contain an ATP-stimulated proteolytic system.
Modeling the Process of Drying Biomass in a Fixed Bed

Abstract An alternative to a rotary dryer for biomass is a bed dryer. In this type of dryer, the wood particles are stationary, and the air passes upward through them. Compared with rotary dryers, ...
Major Differences between Tumor and Normal Human Cell Fates after Exposure to Chemotherapeutic Monofunctional Alkylator

The major dilemma of cancer chemotherapy has always been a double-edged sword, producing resistance in tumor cells and life-threatening destruction of nontumorigenic tissue. Glioblastoma is the most common form of primary brain tumor, with median survival at 14 months after surgery, radiation and temozolomide (monofunctional alkylator) therapy. Treatment failure is most often due to temozolomide-resistant tumor growth. The underlying basis for development of tumor cell resistance to temozolomide instead of death is not understood. Our current results demonstrate that both cervical carcinoma (HeLa MR) and glioblastoma (U251) tumor cells exposed to an equivalent chemotherapeutic concentration of a monofunctional alkylator undergo multiple cell cycles, maintenance of metabolic activity, and a prolonged time to death that involves accumulation of Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) within the nucleus. A minority of the tumor cell population undergoes senescence, with minimal caspase cleavage. Surviving tumor cells are comprised of a very small subpopulation of individual cells that eventually resume proliferation, out of which resistant cells emerge. In contrast, normal human cells (MCF12A) exposed to a monofunctional alkylator undergo an immediate decrease in metabolic activity and subsequent senescence. A minority of the normal cell population undergoes cell death by the caspase cleavage pathway. All cytotoxic events occur within the first cell cycle in nontumorigenic cells. In summation, we have demonstrated that two different highly malignant tumor cell lines slowly undergo very altered cellular and temporal responses to chemotherapeutic monofunctional alkylation, as compared to rapid responses of normal cells. In the clinic, this produces resistance and growth of tumor cells, cytotoxicity of normal cells, and death of the patient.
Measurements of mean and fluctuating temperature in an underexpanded jet using electrostrictive laser-induced gratings

Instantaneous temperature measurements were obtained in an underexpanded jet using electrostrictive laser-induced gratings. Evaluation of the technique under static, low-pressure conditions provided a baseline uncertainty or precision for single-shot temperature measurements of 4.4% of the local mean temperature, which represents the minimum detectable temperature fluctuation. The underexpanded jet was operated at a nozzle pressure ratio of 2.39 and a fully expanded jet Mach number of 1.19. Data were acquired along the centerline and over two radial traverses through the shear layer. Mean temperature data agree well with expectations, describing the shock-cell structure and the compressible shear layer. The growth in shear-layer width with downstream distance can be identified in the mean and fluctuating temperature measurements. Temperature fluctuations are near the baseline detection limit in the jet core and surrounding ambient air, and reach a maximum in the shear layer. The temperature fluctuation measurements compare well with previous computational and experimental work, confirming the application of the technique to a turbulent, supersonic flow.
Effect of a herpes group virus (EBV) on growth of peripheral leukocyte cultures

from Burkitt's lymphomas (1, 3-9), from leukocytes of patients with various diseases (10-15), or from leukocytes of healthy donors (16, 17). This virus is referred to as Epstein-Barr or EB virus after the Burkitt tumor cell lines in which it was first discovered (1). All efforts have failed to transmit the virus to usual types of cell cultures and it appears that it depends for its replication on cells of the lymphoreticular system (18, 19). Only a small percentage of cultured blastoid cells synthesizes virus, and most of the viral progeny is structurally defective (1, 20). The virus seems to have a global distribution because it was found in cultures es-
WSU-MAP: a microcomputer-based reconnaissance mapping system for Kansas subsurface data

Abstract A mapping system, implemented on a ZENITH Z-100 microcomputer, uses as a basis commercially and publicly available software. Requisite data either can be input interactively from the keyboard using any compatible word-processing or text-editing program or extracted from a dBASE II archival file. X-Y coordinates are computed using a published program written originally in FORTRAN II. The gridding program, published as a FORTRAN IV program, uses a minimum curvature algorithm to interpolate values for contouring. The screen graphics contouring algorithm, written in BASIC was published in BYTE magazine in 1983. The system is menu-driven, will produce and display structure contour maps, and incorporates the capability to generate and map trend-surface and residual values up to fourth degree. Future developments include the generation of commands to drive a standard X—Y plotter.
Construction of orthogonal subspaces

An orthogonalization procedure is presented that allows construction of at least (n−m) vectors orthogonal to {Xj}, j equals; 1, m, by linear combinations solely among {ηi}, i equals; 1, n, n>m, and 〈Xj/ηi〉=0. An important application of the procedure is in effective core potential methods for which valence orbitals can be constructed that are orthogonal to the core orbitals and yet involve no component of the core. Thus, a separate calculation for only the valence electrons can be performed without any explicit reference to the core electrons (orbitals).
The pursuit of ES cell lines of domesticated ungulates.

In contrast to differentiated cells, embryonic stem cells (ESC) maintain an undifferentiated state, have the ability to self-renew, and exhibit pluripotency, i.e., they can give rise to most if not all somatic cell types and to the germ cells, egg and sperm. These characteristics make ES cell lines important resources for the advancement of human regenerative medicine, and, if established for domesticated ungulates, would help make possible the improvement of farm animals through their contribution to genetic engineering technology. Combining other genetic engineering technologies, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer with ESC technology may result in synergistic gains in the ability to precisely make and study genetic alterations in mammals. Unfortunately, despite significant advances in our understanding of human and mouse ESC, the derivation of ES cell lines from ungulate species has been unsuccessful. This may result from a lack of understanding of species-specific mechanisms that promote or influence cell pluripotency. Thorough molecular characterizations, including the elucidation of stem cell “marker” signaling cascade hierarchy, species-appropriate pluripotency markers, and pluripotency-associated chromatin alterations in the genomes of ungulate species, should improve the chances of developing efficient, reproducible technologies for the establishment of ES cell lines of economically important species like the pig, cow, goat, sheep and horse.
Structurally-Tuned Nitrogen-Doped Cerium Oxide Exhibits Exceptional Regenerative Free Radical Scavenging Activity in Polymer Electrolytes

The regenerative free radical scavenging activity of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles was improved by tuning its microstructure via nitrogen doping (N-doping). Commercially available CeO2 (60 m2/g) and high-surface-area CeO2 (synthesized in-house; 220 m2/g) were doped with nitrogen by annealing in a nitrogen rich atmosphere. The evolution of CeO2 microstructure in Nitrogen doped (N-doped) commercial CeO2 (20 m2/g) and N-doped high-surface-area CeO2 (90 m2/g) was studied. XPS and Raman measurements revealed that N-doping of CeO2 enhanced Ce3+ surface concentration and concomitantly increased surface non-stoichiometry (surface oxygen vacancy concentration). XRD analysis of the doped samples confirmed that the nitrogen atom replaced the oxygen atom in the CeO2 lattice, yielding a lower electron density region around the N-doped sites. The high-surface-area CeO2 and its N-doped version had significantly larger lattice parameters than that of commercial CeO2 and its doped version. XAS studies revealed that the N-doped high-surface-area CeO2 had more Ce3+ active clusters than its counterparts, and effectively retained its active Ce3+ active clusters upon exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). To confirm, the regenerative ROS (hydroxyl radical) scavenging ability of N-doped CeO2 nanoparticles within the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) of an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) was evaluated using in-situ fluorescence spectroscopy. The N-doped high-surface-area CeO2 showed at least 100 hours of efficient and quantitative ROS scavenging under harsh conditions a 15-fold improvement over previous reports. This study unequivocally demonstrates that N-doping increases both the number of Ce3+ active clusters in the lattice and the Ce-O bond distance; these structural attributes enhance regenerative ROS scavenging activity of CeO2. © 2013 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.004401jes] All rights reserved.
Graphene field-effect transistors with self-aligned spin-on-doping of source/drain access regions

The exceptional electronic properties of graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) make them a promising replacement for conventional Si CMOS transistors for high frequency analog applications. Radio frequency GFETs with intrinsic cut-off frequencies as high as 300GHz have been reported [1], with theoretically predicted THz frequencies only being limited by fabrication challenges. A major factor responsible for degradation of GFET performance is high series resistance of the access regions between the source/drain contacts and the top-gated graphene channel, which reduces maximum possible drive currents. A back-gate bias can be used to modulate this resistance, but this approach does not provide for independent control of multiple GFETs on the same substrate and for GFETs on insulating substrates. GFETs with self-aligned gates overcome this problem by reducing the access region resistance, but their fabrication is not straightforward [1, 2]. Here, we propose a simple scheme of improving GFET performance by reducing the source/drain access resistance using self-aligned charge-transfer doping. A novel and controllable way of “spin-on-doping” of the access regions with chemical dopants is demonstrated.
Reversed synaptic effects of hypocretin and NPY mediated by excitatory GABA-dependent synaptic activity in developing MCH neurons

In mature neurons, GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter. In contrast, in developing neurons, GABA exerts excitatory actions, and in some neurons GABA-mediated excitatory synaptic activity is more prevalent than glutamate-mediated excitation. Hypothalamic neuropeptides that modulate cognitive arousal and energy homeostasis, hypocretin/orexin and neuropeptide Y (NPY), evoked reversed effects on synaptic actions that were dependent on presynaptic GABA release onto melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons. MCH neurons were identified by selective green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in transgenic mice. In adults, hypocretin increased GABA release leading to reduced excitation. In contrast, in the developing brain as studied here with analysis of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, paired-pulse ratios, and evoked potentials, hypocretin acted presynaptically to enhance the excitatory actions of GABA. The ability of hypocretin to enhance GABA release increases inhibition in adult neurons but paradoxically enhances excitation in developing MCH neurons. In contrast, NPY attenuation of GABA release reduced inhibition in mature neurons but enhanced inhibition during development by attenuating GABA excitation. Both hypocretin and NPY also evoked direct actions on developing MCH neurons. Hypocretin excited MCH cells by activating a sodium-calcium exchanger and by reducing potassium currents; NPY reduced activity by increasing an inwardly rectifying potassium current. These data for the first time show that both hypocretin and NPY receptors are functional presynaptically during early postnatal hypothalamic development and that both neuropeptides modulate GABA actions during development with a valence of enhanced excitation or inhibition opposite to that of the adult state, potentially allowing neuropeptide modulation of use-dependent synapse stabilization.
Clath rates in Analytical Separations

Abstract Recent advances in clathrate chemistry and their use for analytical and preparative chemistry are discussed. The effect of molecular geometry and sub-stituent groups of guest species on the capabilities of various clathrating compounds is reviewed.
Note on the Smith-Stone Theory of Fish Propulsion

The present note extends the theory of fish propulsion by E. H. Smith & D. E. Stone, taking into account the wake effect which was not discussed in the original paper. The motion of a fish is simulated by a flexible plate of infinitesimal thickness, infinite span, and constant chord length, moving in the two-dimensional flow field of an ideal incompressible liquid. The perturbation velocity potential for the flexible plate is obtained by solving the Laplace equation in an elliptic cylindrical co-ordinate system, while the wake velocity potential follows from the application of a method which is due to Theodorsen. The results are shown to be identical with those derived previously by Siekmann. A simple example is given for illustration and results predicted by theory are compared with experimental data.
Social Structure and Civil Rights Involvement: A Case Study of Protestant Ministers

A group of 48 Protestant clergymen from seven denominations attending an urban training program in a northern metropolis were given an opportunity to participate in a civil rights demonstration. Most of them did participate and 25 chose to be arrested. Arrestees tended to be younger, occupied positions that were not directly responsible to all-white congregations, came from denominations that had taken a strong stand in favor of integration, and tended to have roommates who also chose arrest. Several theoretical perspectives for interpreting the results are explored.
Role of androgen receptor in the progression of human prostate tumor cells to androgen independence and insensitivity

BACKGROUND Various studies have implicated the androgen receptor (AR) in the progression of androgen-dependent human prostate cancer cells to androgen-independent and androgen-insensitive phenotypes, but the exact role of AR in progression is unclear. METHODS To mimic the clinical situation and test the role of AR in progression, we cultured androgen-dependent LNCaP 104-S prostate tumor cells in the presence of the antiandrogen Casodex (bicalutamide) to derive resistant (CDXR) clones. In a second step, we cultured CDXR cells in the presence of the androgen R1881, which generated androgen- and Casodex-insensitive (IS) cells. These cells were then characterized with regard to AR function and the effect of ectopic AR expression or AR knockdown on androgen sensitivity. RESULTS CDXR cells showed increased AR expression and transcriptional activity. CDXR cell proliferation was unaffected by Casodex but was repressed by androgen in vitro and in vivo. IS cells, on the other hand, had greatly reduced AR expression and activity compared to CDXR cells. Knockdown of AR expression in CDXR cells produced cells that were insensitive to androgen. Conversely, re-expression of AR in IS cells regenerated cells that were repressed by androgen. Knockdown of AR expression in 104-S cells produced cells that remained stimulated by androgen, while overexpression of AR in 104-S cells generated an androgen-repressed phenotype but did not confer androgen-independent growth. CONCLUSIONS Increased AR expression determines whether prostate cancer cells are repressed by androgen, but is not required for androgen independence. These results may have implications for anti-AR therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Delineation of Magnesium-rich Ultramafic Rocks Available for Mineral Carbon Sequestration in the United States

Abstract The 2005 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage suggested that a major gap in mineral carbon sequestration is locating the magnesium-silicate bedrock available to sequester CO2. It is generally known that silicate minerals with high concentrations of magnesium are suitable for mineral carbonation. However, no assessment has been made covering the entire United States detailing their geographical distribution and extent, or evaluating their potential for use in mineral carbonation. Researchers at Columbia University and the U.S. Geological Survey have developed a digital geologic database of ultramafic rocks in the continental United States. Data were compiled from varied-scale geologic maps of magnesium-silicate ultramafic rocks. These rock types are potentially suitable as source material for mineral carbon-dioxide sequestration. The focus of the national-scale map is entirely on suitable ultramafic rock types, which typically consist primarily of olivine and serpentine minerals. By combining the map with digital datasets that show non-mineable lands (such as urban areas and National Parks), estimates on potential depth of a surface mine, and the predicted reactivities of the mineral deposits, one can begin to estimate the capacity for CO2 mineral sequestration within the United States.
Technological Forecasting of Supercomputer Development: The March to Exascale Computing

Abstract Advances in supercomputers have come at a steady pace over the past 20 years. The next milestone is to build an Exascale computer however this requires not only speed improvement but also significant enhancements for energy efficiency and massive parallelism. This paper examines technological progress of supercomputer development to identify the innovative potential of three leading technology paths toward Exascale development: hybrid system, multicore system and manycore system. Performance measurement and rate of change calculation were made by technology forecasting using data envelopment analysis (TFDEA.) The results indicate that the current level of technology and rate of progress can achieve Exascale performance between early 2021 and late 2022 as either hybrid systems or manycore systems.
Hepatic oval cell activation in response to injury following chemically induced periportal or pericentral damage in rats

Administration of 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF) given before partial hepatectomy (PHx) results in suppression of hepatocyte proliferation and stimulation of oval cell proliferation. Our objective in this study was to examine the oval cell response and associated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene expression by combining 2-AAF with selective damage of centrilobular regions (carbon tetrachloride [CCl4]) or periportal regions (allyl alcohol [AA]). Centrilobular damage results in a more enhanced oval cell response and AFP gene expression than periportal damage. Conversely, more intense proliferation of intraportal bile duct epithelia was seen with 2-AAF/AA than with 2-AAF/CCl4. The oval cell response and AFP gene expression was ranked as 2-AAF/ CCl4 > or = 2-AAF/PHx > 2-AAF/AA. AFP mRNA expression was also examined in an acute AA and CCl4 injury. We found very little AFP gene expression compared with the 2-AAF/hepatic injury models. To see a true oval cell response, the hepatocytes must be inhibited from proliferating. In addition, the results presented with the 2-AA/AA model suggest that the periportal matrix may be as important as the cells that populate the area.
Power-efficient operation of wireless heterogeneous networks using Smart Grids

In this paper, we consider the power efficient operation of a wireless Heterogeneous Network (HetNet). Reducing the energy consumption is crucial for a successful HetNet deployment, as the increasing number of distributed base stations (BSs) leads to significant economical and environmental concerns. For traditional wireless networks, power efficiency is achieved by designing the transmit strategies in a way that minimal amount of transmit power is achieved within the BS. However, the rapid penetration of renewable energy sources as well as the recent trend of powering the HetNet using smart grids require a fresh look at the well-studied problem. Meanwhile, increasing demand for powering wireless networks also introduces additional operational concerns for the power grid. In this paper, we show how to jointly model these two systems for power efficient operation. We formulate the problem as one that jointly minimizes the power loss of the distribution network as well as the total transmit power in the HetNet. We also show that the resulting problem can be implemented in a distributed manner when the network is divided into multiple zones. Numerical results corroborate several advantageous features of the proposed joint design as compared with the existing HetNet operation method.
Lead-lag relationships of soybean complex cash prices

This article explores lead-lag relationships among daily cash prices of soybeans, soybean oil, and soybean meal. The article seeks to determine the impact of a change in one of these prices on the others. Results show changes in the cash price of soybeans have a greater effect on product prices than changes in product prices have on soybeans. Consequently, changes in soybean supply are the major cause of price fluctuations within the soybean complex.
MALCOLM EDWIN JEWELL

Malcolm “Mac” Jewell was a mainstay of the Political Science Department at the University of Kentucky (UK) for 36 years. For that same period and even longer, he was one of the profession's leading researchers in explaining legislative behavior (particularly in the states) and how state political parties worked. Mac retired from UK in 1994 but continued being active in our profession. Around 2004, he began suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He died on February 24, 2010, in Fairfield, Connecticut.
Pasteurella haemolytica cytotoxin-dependent killing of neutrophils from bighorn and domestic sheep.

Peripheral blood neutrophils from Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and domestic sheep were exposed to culture supernatants from Pasteurella haemolytica isolates recovered from these two sheep species. Six culture supernatants from bighorn sheep isolates and two from domestic sheep isolates were tested for cytotoxicity as determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase. Two of the bacterial culture supernatants from bighorn sheep were not cytotoxic, while the other four bighorn sheep culture supernatants were effective cytotoxins on both bighorn (>95% cell death at 150 μg of cytotoxin) and domestic sheep neutrophils (55 to 95% cell death at 150 μg of cytotoxin). Two culture supernatants of P. haemolytica from domestic sheep were effective cytotoxins on both bighorn (>95% cell death at 150 μg of cytotoxin) and domestic sheep (70 to 75% cell death at 150 μg of cytotoxin) neutrophils. Potency of cytotoxins derived from P. haemolytica isolates from bighorn sheep was three to seven-f...
Cell proliferation of cultured human cancer cells are affected by the elevated tumor pressures that exist in vivo.

Elevated interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is observed in most solid tumors. However, the study of the cellular processes of tumors and the development of chemotherapy are routinely studied using in vitro culture systems at atmospheric pressure. Using a new pressurized cell culture system, we investigated the influence of hydrostatic pressure on population dynamics of three primary osteosarcoma (HOS, U2OS, SaOS2) and two metastatic tumor cell lines (MCF7 breast, H1299 lung) that invade bone. Values of IFP in normal human bone and muscle, and in osteosarcoma tumors obtained during their surgical biopsy established the hydrostatic pressure range for the in vitro cell studies. The IFP values were obtained from a retrospective review of patient records. IFP from confirmed osteosarcoma was 35.9± 16.2 mmHg. Tumor IFP was significantly higher than muscle IFP (p < 0.001) and bone IFP (p < 0.003). The in vitro study measured the cell-line proliferation using hydrostatic pressures of 0, 20, 50 and 100 mmHg. The findings suggest that hydrostatic pressure either increases or decreases tumor proliferation rates depending on cell type. Furthermore, cell death was not associated with apoptosis.
A new approach for evaluating thin film interface fracture toughness

A material configuration of central importance in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and thermal barrier coating technology is a thin film of one material deposited onto a substrate of a different material. Fabrication of such a structure inevitably gives rise to stress in the film due to lattice mismatch, differing coefficient of thermal expansion, chemical reactions, or other physical effects. Therefore, in general, the weakest link in this composite system often resides at the interface between the thin film and substrate. In order to make multi-layered electronic devices and structural composites with long-term reliability, the fracture behavior of the material interfaces must be known. This project is intended to address the problems associated with the deficiency of the existing methods, which show severe scatter in the existing data and the procedure dependence in thin film/coating evaluation methods, and offers an innovative testing procedure for the determination of interface fracture toughness applicable to thin coating materials in general.
Template Construction Grammar: From Visual Scene Description to Language Comprehension and Agrammatism

How does the language system coordinate with our visual system to yield flexible integration of linguistic, perceptual, and world-knowledge information when we communicate about the world we perceive? Schema theory is a computational framework that allows the simulation of perceptuo-motor coordination programs on the basis of known brain operating principles such as cooperative computation and distributed processing. We present first its application to a model of language production, SemRep/TCG, which combines a semantic representation of visual scenes (SemRep) with Template Construction Grammar (TCG) as a means to generate verbal descriptions of a scene from its associated SemRep graph. SemRep/TCG combines the neurocomputational framework of schema theory with the representational format of construction grammar in a model linking eye-tracking data to visual scene descriptions. We then offer a conceptual extension of TCG to include language comprehension and address data on the role of both world knowledge and grammatical semantics in the comprehension performances of agrammatic aphasic patients. This extension introduces a distinction between heavy and light semantics. The TCG model of language comprehension offers a computational framework to quantitatively analyze the distributed dynamics of language processes, focusing on the interactions between grammatical, world knowledge, and visual information. In particular, it reveals interesting implications for the understanding of the various patterns of comprehension performances of agrammatic aphasics measured using sentence-picture matching tasks. This new step in the life cycle of the model serves as a basis for exploring the specific challenges that neurolinguistic computational modeling poses to the neuroinformatics community.
Fatigue crack growth rates in a porous metal

Abstract Fatigue crack growth rates were studied in A1S1 4600 alloy steel containing various levels of porosity. The materials used for the study were prepared using powder metallurgical techniques, with porosity content controlled by hot press-forging of sintered billets. Growth rates of fatigue cracks were found, when fitted to a simple power law in stress intensity range, to exhibit two distinct response patterns. When the cyclic plastic zone size was less than, or roughly equal to, the average pore diameter, growth rates were governed by relatively large exponents. For larger values of the stress intensity range, and correspondingly larger plastic zones, the growth rate exponent was reduced. The larger zone sizes were found to be equivalent to the average interpore spacing. The implications of varying crack growth rates on design and failure analysis of porosity-prone structures are discussed.
Murder mysteries in type 1 diabetes.

Nervous system cells surrounding insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed early in the development type 1 diabetes, reveals a new study. The findings broaden our ideas of the disease process and may lead to new prediagnostic markers and therapies ( pages 198–205 ).
Privatization of rural industry and de facto urbanization from below in southern Jiangsu, China

At the heart of China’s economic transformation from plan to market is the institutional rearrangement of the ownership of property rights. Privatization of collectively owned township and village enterprises (TVEs) in recent years has significantly changed the rural economy and affected small town development in China. Located mainly in villages and small towns and producing 62% of the total industrial output in Jiangsu in 1994, TVEs played a crucial role in southern Jiangsu (Sunan)’s economic development and urbanization, giving rise to the well-known “Sunan model” of regional development during the 1980s. Since the mid-1990s, ownership transition (zhuanzhi) of the TVEs from collective to private in Sunan has altered the nature of the regional economy and the pattern of small town development. The privatization of TVEs in Sunan has been so pervasive that it can be seen as the “second industrial divide” in the region’s economy. This paper traces the evolution of ownership reform in Sunan’s rural industries leading to the current phase of privatization and analyzes the effects of privatization on de facto urbanization from below in Sunan. Given the importance of privatization, continuous scholarly monitoring of its relationship to regional economic development and urbanization from below is necessary.
Helping families get through the holidays after the death of a child.

The Thanksgiving turkey is about to be carved when the mother starts crying. On the way home, after the Thanksgiving dinner, the parents wonder how they are ever going to make it through Christmas or Hanukkah and the New Year. They are grieving for the child who died this past year, and the family traditions of the holiday season just accentuate the pain and emptiness left by the loss of their child. Holidays and anniversaries of significant dates for the family (eg, the child's birthday, christening, confirmation, etc) are especially difficult times for the surviving family members. 1 It is at these times that the child's absence is especially marked. The first year is the hardest; during each subsequent year, it gets a little easier for the family to handle the holidays. They must learn to take one day at a time. The anticipation of the holiday/anniversary is actually worse
Flow about a Propeller-Driven Body in Temperature-Stratified Fluid

An experimental study of the turbulent flowfield produced by a slender, stern-propeller-driven body in a temperature-stratified fluid is presented. The testing was conducted in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute 2 rn x 2 m subsonic wind tunnel at ReD ~ 2 x 10 5. The temperature stratification was produced by upstream injection of heated air in a manner such that a uniform approach velocity field was retained. The temperature variation provided a means of tracing flow development in the near-body region. Mean flow velocities, static pressure, flow angularity, and mean temperature distributions are reported at five downstream stations: Z/D = 0.33, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0. Turbulence data, including temperature fluctuations, are reported at Z/D = 0.33 and Z/Z) = 4.0. The principal effect of the propeller was to induce a more or less rigid rotation immediately downstream of the body. No significant increase in mixing rate was observed to be produced by the propeller in the region up to 4.0 body diameters downstream. Temperature fluctuation was low across the wake, except in the vicinity of the propeller tips where it became relatively large. The high-temperature fluctuation often occurred in regions of low mean temperature gradients, which indicates that current turbulence modeling techniques might have to be re-examined.
Historical development of gallery forests in northeast Kansas

Woody vegetation, soils, age-diameter relationships and historical development are described for 18 gallery forest stands on Konza Prairie, a tallgrass prairie reserve in northeast Kansas. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) coupled with the importance values of dominant species was used to identify four stand types in these forests: Quercus muehlenbergii, Q. muehlenbergii-Q. macrocarpa, Q. macrocarpa-Q. muehlenbergii, and Celtis occidentalis-Q. macrocarpa. Location of these groups on the first DCA axis was correlated with decreasing slope and increasing percent silt (i.e. a moisture gradient from xeric to mesic). Shrub cover increased with droughtiness and decreased with both stand basal area and total reproduction. Original Land Office Survey suggest a dramatic expansion of gallery forests along the stream channels and ravines during the period from 1859–1939. Further expansion occurred through 1978. Increases in woody vegetation were attributed to decreased fire intensity and frequency since European settlement. Q. macrocarpa and/or Q. muehlenbergii were the oldest and largest trees in each stand, but were poorly represented as young trees and seedlings. In contrast, Celtis occidentalis, Cercis canadensis and Ulmus spp. were well represented as young trees and were vigorously reproducing singly or in combination in all stands. The growth of these species into trees occurred 10 to 30 years after the major recruitment of Q. macrocarpa and Q. muehlenbergii into the tree size class. It is suggested that the oaks will be replaced by C. occidentalis on the more mesic sites and by C. canadensis on the more xeric sites. The potential of Ulmus spp. as an overstory dominant is probably limited by the Dutch Elm Disease.
Measurement-Level Integration of Carrier-Phase GPS and Laser-Scanner for Outdoor Ground Vehicle Navigation

This paper introduces a navigation system based on combined global positioning system (GPS) and laser-scanner measurements for outdoor ground vehicles. Using carrier-phase differential GPS, centimeter-level positioning is achievable when cycle ambiguities are resolved. However, GPS signals are easily attenuated or blocked, so their use is generally restricted to open-sky areas. In response, in this work we augment GPS with two-dimensional laser-scanner measurements. The latter is available when GPS is not and further enables obstacle detection. The two sensors are integrated in the range domain for optimal navigation performance. Nonlinear laser observations and time-correlated code and carrier-phase GPS signals are processed in a unified and compact measurement-differencing extended Kalman filter. The resulting algorithm performs real-time carrier-phase cycle ambiguity estimation and provides absolute vehicle positioning throughout GPS outages, without a priori knowledge of the surrounding landmark locations. Covariance analysis, Monte Carlo simulations, and experimental testing in the streets of Chicago demonstrate that the performance of the range-domain integrated system far exceeds that of a simpler position-domain implementation, in that it not only achieves meter-level precision over extended GPS-obstructed areas, but also improves the robustness of laser-based simultaneous localization and mapping.
Diphenylhydantoin inhibits calcification of bovine pericardial implants and myocardium: a preliminary study.

Calcification is a major cause of glutaraldehyde-fixed bioprosthetic valve failure. Recent studies have shown that dystrophic calcification shares basic features with normal bone mineralization, including crystal initiation through the mediation of cell membranes, usually in the form of extracellular vesicles. In this study, we observed that calcification of the myocardium of DBA/2J mice was inhibited or reversed by diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg diet diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) for 70 days, with a calcification incidence of 25% in the dilantin group versus 58% in control. We further studied the effects of dilantin on bioprosthetic valve calcification. Three groups of young male Sprague-Dawley rats (100 g, 9/group) were implanted subcutaneously with 1-cm2 pieces of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium. Controls were fed a ground chow for 45 or 90 days postimplantation; experimentals received the same chow for the first 45 days postimplantation and then were fed the same diet supplemented with 1000 mg dilantin/kg for the succeeding 45 days. Calcium content (μg/mg dry weight) of the implants in the dilantin group was 137 ± 18.6 versus 214 ± 34.3 in 90 days control and 79.9 ± 41.5 in 45 days control (means ± SD, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively, t test). The tibia calcium content of the dilantin group was not significantly different from 90 days control. We conclude that orally administered dilantin inhibits calcification of glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardial implants preferentially. It does not cause decalcification either of implants that have already calcified or of the bones. The anti-calcification effect of dilantin may be associated with its anti-vitamin D effect.
Superconducting and mixed state specific heat of V3Si

Abstract The superconducting specific heat of V 3 Si shows a pronounced increase in lattice contribution below T c and an anomalous electronic contribution. The mixed state specific heat for T ⪡ T c contains terms linear and cubic in temperature, both of which are closely proportional to applied field.
Growth Rate and Feed Efficiency of Rats Fed Yogurt and Other Fermented Milks

Abstract Fermented milks including yogurt, three types of acidophilus milk, lactic buttermilk, Bulgarian buttermilk, and directly acidified milk were compared to unfermented milk in rat feeding trials to determine if they offered any nutritional advantage to healthy, growing rats. Fresh product was fed daily, and daily feed consumption and weekly weights were used to calculate mean weight gains and feed efficiency. Starter viability was maintained in all diets. In six different trials yogurt gave greater weight gains than uninoculated control and other fermented milks. Its feed efficiency ratio was greater than the control in low fat milks but not in full fat milks. Rats fed directly-acidified milk had less growth than rats on regular milk diets. Although additional vitamins stimulated growth in both yogurt and the control, the superiority of the yogurt was maintained. None of the other fermented milks gave improved growth or feed efficiency. Although Lactobacillus bulgaricus was frequently in the intestinal tract (small intestine, cecum, colon) during feed trials, it disappeared after 3 days when no longer fed. Streptococcus thermophilus never was isolated below the upper small intestine. Lactobacillus acidophilus was usually present and persisted when no longer in the diet.
HIF Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors Prevent Neuronal Death Induced by Mitochondrial Toxins: Therapeutic Implications for Huntington's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central feature of a number of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions, but clinically approved therapeutic interventions are only just emerging. Here we demonstrate the potential clinical utility of low molecular weight inhibitors of the hypoxia inducible factor prolyl-4-hydroxylases (HIF PHDs) in preventing mitochondrial toxin-induced cell death in mouse striatal neurons that express a “knock-in” mutant Huntingtin allele. Protection from 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP, a complex II inhibitor)-induced toxicity by HIF PHD inhibition occurs without rescue of succinate dehydrogenase activity. Although HIF-1α mRNA is dramatically induced by mutant huntingtin, HIF-1α depletion by short interfering RNAs (siRNA) does not affect steady-state viability or protection from 3-NP-induced death by HIF PHD inhibitors in these cells. Moreover, 3-NP-induced complex II inhibition in control or mutant striatal neurons does not lead to activation of HIF-dependent transcription. HIF PHD inhibition also protects cortical neurons from 3-NP-induced cytotoxicity. Protection of cortical neurons by HIF PHD inhibition correlates with enhanced VEGF but not PGC-1α gene expression. Together, these findings suggest that HIF PHD inhibitors are promising candidates for preventing cell death in conditions such as Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease that are associated with metabolic stress in the central nervous system. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 12, 435–443.
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in US-Born Latin and Caribbean Youth

Background Little is knows about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) among overweight first or second generation United States immigrant children/adolescents from Central/South America and the Caribbean basin. Methods Analysis of anthropometric and laboratory data (N = 224) in overweight children ages 3–18 (64% Hispanic, 25% AfroCaribbean/black, 8% white, 3% multiracial) was conducted. The main outcome measure was the prevalence of individual parameters of MS and the MS (defined as ≥3 abnormal components). Results The prevalence of the MS was 29% for the overall sample; an additional 28% had two MS components. Boys were significantly more likely than girls to have abnormal systolic blood pressure (P < 0.05). Hispanics were significantly more likely than blacks to have abnormal triglyceride and HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01 for both comparisons). Conclusions Our results indicate that both sub-groups of, and major ethnic groups (Mexican- and African American) are at equal risk for cardiometabolic disease. Early identification of MS in recent immigrant children may improve their future cardiometabolic health.