cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fear of Outdoor Falling Among Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Older Adults: The Role of Neighborhood Environments.

Background and objectives Fear of falling is a substantial barrier to walking and has been associated with increased fall risks. This study examines neighborhood environmental risk factors related to fear of outdoor falling in middle-aged and older adults. Research design and methods A total of 394 participants aged 50 years or older living independently in the community were recruited between 2013 and 2014 from an integrated health care network serving Central Texas. Fear of outdoor falling and perceived neighborhood environmental variables were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. Logistic regression identified perceived neighborhood environmental variables associated with fear of outdoor falling. Results Sixty-nine (17.9%) of 385 participants reported having a fear of outdoor falling. Compared to those who did not report a fear of outdoor falling, those who reported having a fear of outdoor falling were more likely to be adults aged 65 years or older (odds ratio [OR] = 2.974, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.247-7.094), be female (OR = 4.423, 95% CI = 1.830-10.689), have difficulty with walking for a quarter of a mile (OR = 2.761, 95% CI = 1.124-6.782), and have had a fall in the past year (OR = 4.720, 95% CI = 1.472-15.137). Among the neighborhood environmental characteristics examined, low traffic speed on streets (OR = 0.420, 95% CI = 0.188-0.935), drainage ditches (OR = 2.383, 95% CI = 1.136-5.000), and broken sidewalks (OR = 3.800, 95% CI = 1.742-8.288) were associated with the odds of having a fear of outdoor falling. Discussion and implications In addition to the individual factors, findings from this study suggest the importance of addressing the environmental risk factors in identifying and reducing fear of outdoor falling among middle-aged and older adults.
An Introduction to Partial Differential Equations

This book is an introduction to methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). After the introduction of the main four PDEs that could be considered the cornerstone of Applied Mathematics, the reader is introduced to a variety of PDEs that come from a variety of fields in the Natural Sciences and Engineering and is a springboard into this wonderful subject. The chapters include the following topics: First-order PDEs, Second-order PDEs, Fourier Series, Separation of Variables, and the Fourier Transform. The reader is guided through these chapters where techniques for solving first- and second-order PDEs are introduced. Each chapter ends with a series of exercises illustrating the material presented in each chapter. The book can be used as a textbook for any introductory course in PDEs typically found in both science and engineering programs and has been used at the University of Central Arkansas for over ten years.
Atomic structure of the eukaryotic intramembrane RAS methyltransferase ICMT.

The X-ray structure of the integral membrane protein isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase suggests mechanisms by which it recognizes both water-soluble and membrane-bound reactants to catalyze the methylation of RAS and other CAAX proteins at the membrane-cytosol interface. Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) is a eukaryotic membrane-embedded enzyme. ICMT methylates the exposed prenylcysteine residue of RAS GTPases and other CAAX proteins during their processing in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Stephen Long and colleagues determine the crystal structure of ICMT in an environment akin to a lipid membrane and in complex with a monobody inhibitor, a cofactor and a lipid molecule that mimics the prenylated substrate. The active site of ICMT spans cytosolic and membrane regions, and the structure indicates how the enzyme brings together the cytosolic methyl donor and the membrane-associated substrate. Inhibition of ICMT is a potential therapeutic strategy against progeria and cancer, and these structural findings should inform the rational design of small-molecule modulators. The maturation of RAS GTPases and approximately 200 other cellular CAAX proteins involves three enzymatic steps: addition of a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl prenyl lipid to the cysteine (C) in the C-terminal CAAX motif, proteolytic cleavage of the AAX residues and methylation of the exposed prenylcysteine residue at its terminal carboxylate1. This final step is catalysed by isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), a eukaryote-specific integral membrane enzyme that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum2. ICMT is the only cellular enzyme that is known to methylate prenylcysteine substrates; methylation is important for the biological functions of these substrates, such as the membrane localization and subsequent activity of RAS1, prelamin A3 and RAB4. Inhibition of ICMT has potential for combating progeria3 and cancer5,6,7,8. Here we present an X-ray structure of ICMT, in complex with its cofactor, an ordered lipid molecule and a monobody inhibitor, at 2.3 A resolution. The active site spans cytosolic and membrane-exposed regions, indicating distinct entry routes for the cytosolic methyl donor, S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and for prenylcysteine substrates, which are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The structure suggests how ICMT overcomes the topographical challenge and unfavourable energetics of bringing two reactants that have different cellular localizations together in a membrane environment—a relatively uncharacterized but defining feature of many integral membrane enzymes.
Dynamical Scaling of the Island-Size Distribution and Percolation in Submonolayer Molecular Beam Epitaxy

The results of a detailed study of the evolution, scaling and percolation of islands in a model of submonolayer molecular-beam epitaxy appropriate for the case of dendritic island growth are presented. The scaling of the island density, monomer density, island-size distribution, structure factor, and pair-correlation function are studied as a function of the coverage θ and the ratio R = D/F of the diffusion rate D to the deposition rate F. Our results span the full range of coverage starting from very low coverage all the way through the coalescence and percolation regimes. For small coverage the islands are fractal while at higher coverages they become compact, similar to what has been observed in Au/Ru(0001). For large R, four distinct scaling regimes are found: a low-coverage nucleation regime, an intermediate-coverage regime, an aggregation regime, and a coalescence and percolation regime. The scaling behavior in the first three regimes is compared with results obtained using a generalised rate equation approach. A novel “fractal” scaling form for the structure factor in the aggregation regime is derived. The dependence of the percolation threshold on R is also studied and found to show interesting non-monotonic behavior.
Multiple myeloma incidence in metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia: racial and seasonal variations.

Between 1963 and 1967, 120 cases of multiple myeloma were diagnosed in residents of metropolitan Atlanta, Ga. These cases represent an incidence of 4.0/100,000 per yr for black people and 2.1 for white people. While the rate for black people is the highest yet identified for any population, it is probably an underestimate because of underreporting for older age groups. More cases were diagnosed in winter than in summer months. Retrospective data regarding symptoms at onset suggest that this seasonal variation may at least in part reflect the winter occurrence of acute respiratory infections, which may bring existing neoplasia to medical attention.
Female Video Game Players and the Protective Effect of Feminist Identity Against Internalized Misogyny

Video games often contain sexist content that may be connected to negative consequences for female video game players, such as internalizing negative attitudes and beliefs about women. However, aspects of feminist identification may prevent such negative outcomes from occurring. The present study investigated the relationships among time spent playing video games, internalized misogyny, and the synthesis dimension of feminist identity, which is characterized by embracing the positive aspects of being a woman and incorporating feminine attributes into one’s own unique personality. A total of 319 U.S. female video game players completed measures of media usage, internalized misogyny, and feminist identity. The authors tested a moderation model in which gaming predicted internalized misogyny and synthesis moderated this relationship. Gaming was positively associated with internalized misogyny at lower, but not higher, levels of synthesis. Thus, those who value the positive aspects of womanhood and have thoughtful and realistic perceptions of gender may be resistant to internalizing some harmful beliefs about women perpetuated in games. The present study provides evidence for the potential negative influence of cumulative video game exposure for some women and the protective effect of feminist identity synthesis. Counselors and activists should do work aimed at critically evaluating and challenging gendered messages in video games and affirming women’s gender identities and feminine attributes. Game developers must consider the impact of their content on players and strive to create female characters that are agentic, complex, and competent. Conversely, gamers should avoid supporting games with depthless depictions of women.
Impact of Diabetes on the Symptoms of Breast Cancer Survivors.

Objectives To examine the impact of diabetes on the symptoms of women with breast cancer. Sample & setting 121 women with breast cancer who self-identified as having a diabetes diagnosis and 1,006 women with breast cancer without diabetes from 97 sites across the United States. Methods & variables Symptom scores for depression, anxiety, sexual function, peripheral neuropathy, physical function, attention function, sleep disturbance, and fatigue were compared between women with breast cancer and diabetes and women with breast cancer without diabetes, controlling for age, education, income, marital status, and body mass index (BMI). Results Women with breast cancer and diabetes who were three to eight years postdiagnosis reported poorer physical and attention function, more sleep disturbance, and greater fatigue than women with breast cancer without diabetes. Age, education, income, and BMI were independent predictors of symptoms experienced by women with breast cancer. Implications for nursing Oncology nurses can assess and monitor women with breast cancer and diabetes for increased post-treatment sequelae. If problematic symptoms are identified, implementing treatment plans can decrease symptom burden and increase quality of life for women with breast cancer and diabetes.
ENIGMA and PURPLE: How the Allies Broke German and Japanese Codes During the War

Cryptology consists of two aspects: Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), which seeks to exploit the encrypted communications of enemies or potential enemies, and Information Systems Security, which seeks to protect American communications from those who might wish to exploit them. Americans utilized cryptology even before the foundation of the United States, particularly in the American Revolution and the Civil War. However, it was not until the Twentieth Century that the United States began sustained Communications Intelligence (COMINT) activities.
Number theoretic applications of a class of Cantor series fractal functions, II

It is well known that all numbers that are normal of order k in base b are also normal of all orders less than k. Another basic fact is that every real number is normal in base b if and only if it is simply normal in base bk for all k. This may be interpreted to mean that a number is normal in base b if and only if all blocks of digits occur with the desired relative frequency along every infinite arithmetic progression. We reinterpret these theorems for the Q-Cantor series expansions and show that they are no longer true in a particularly strong way. The main theoretical result of this paper will be to reduce the problem of constructing normal numbers with certain pathological properties to the problem of solving a system of Diophantine relations.
Pain Assessment From Facial Expression: Neonatal Convolutional Neural Network (N-CNN)

The current standard for assessing neonatal pain is discontinuous and suffers from inter-observer variations, which can result in delayed intervention and inconsistent treatment of pain. Therefore, it is critical to address the shortcomings of the current standard and develop continuous and less subjective pain assessment tools. Convolutional Neural Networks have gained much popularity in the last decades due to the wide range of its successful applications in medical image analysis, object recognition, and emotion recognition. In this paper, we propose a Neonatal Convolutional Neural Network, designed and trained end-to-end to detect neonatal pain. We evaluated the proposed network in two data sets of neonates and compared its performance to the performance of ResNet architecture in the same data sets. Our proposed method outperformed ResNet in recognizing neonates’ pain and achieved around 91.00% accuracy. While further research is needed, our preliminary results suggest that the presented network can be used for automatic pain assessment, and possibly similar applications. It also suggests that the automatic recognition of neonatal pain provides a viable and more efficient alternative to the current standard of pain assessment.
Toward an Effective Requirement Engineering Approach for Cloud Applications

Cloud applications, also known as software as a service (SaaS), provide advantageous features that increase software adoption, accelerate upgrades, reduce the initial capital costs of software development, and provide less strenuous scalability and supportability. Developing software with these features adds new dimensions of complexity to software development that conventional software development methodologies often overlook. These complexities necessitate additional efforts in the software development process to fully utilize cloud qualities (e.g., on-demand, pay-per-use, and auto-scalability). Cloud applications can utilize one or more of these qualities based on software and business requirements. It is noteworthy that present software methodologies (traditional and agile) are deficient to a certain extent in supporting cloud application qualities. In this chapter, therefore, we propose a systematic requirement engineering approach to address this deficiency and facilitate building SaaS with cloud qualities in mind. The proposed cloud requirements engineering approach relies on identifying the number of cloud qualities to be utilized in SaaS and consequently addresses any existing shortcomings. First, we examine different deployment approaches of a cloud application. We then identify the cloud applications’ qualities and highlight their importance in the cloud application development process. These qualities are used to derive additional considerations in the form of questions to guide software engineers throughout the requirement engineering process. We demonstrate how these considerations can be used in the requirement engineering process and how the proposed approach effectively produces high-quality cloud applications. This work advocates the need for a systematic approach to support cloud applications requirements engineering.
Detection of False Data Injection Attacks in AC State Estimation Using Phasor Measurements

This paper investigates the detection of False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs) in AC state estimation where attackers cannot obtain the accurate transmission line admittances and the accurate estimated system state variables. Unlike previous works that assume attackers can get accurate values, the scenario studied in this paper represents a more practical and generalized situation. Sufficient conditions for launching FDIAs without being detected by the traditional residual-based bad data detector are derived. In order to detect these FDIAs effectively, a robust detection method using secure PMU measured data is proposed. In the proposed detection method, secure PMU measured data and the Bisquare estimator are used to estimate system state variables. Then, the expected SCADA measurements are calculated based on these estimated state variables. Finally, the statistical consistency between the received SCADA measurements and the expected SCADA measurements is utilized to detect FDIAs. Simulations on the IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus, and IEEE 300-bus systems are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed robust detection method.
Do Expanded Donor Criteria Impact Outcomes in Pediatric Heart Transplantation? A UNOS Registry Analysis

Purpose Donor utilization rates continue to be low for pediatric heart transplantation (pHT) however efforts to expand the donor acceptance criteria have shown mixed results in single institution studies in pediatric and adult transplantation. Methods We analyzed pHT UNOS data (2008-2018) to compare the recipient characteristics, donor characteristics and outcomes, based on donor ejection fraction of less than 50% (low EF) and or ischemic time of greater than 4 hours (prolonged IT). Results A total of 4345 pHT were performed of which 1309 (30.1%) were with prolonged IT and 122 (2.8%) in low EF. Additionally, 58 (1.3%) were performed with both low EF and prolonged IT (combined risk). Recipients of combined risk were more likely to be younger, have post-surgical congenital heart disease, be on ECMO or ventilator but less likely on VAD (all p l 0.01). Figure 1. There was no significant difference in donor characteristics such as mode of death, gender mismatch, race mismatch or inotrope use. Waitlist time was significantly lower for low EF (mean 39 days, range 15-109) or combined risk group (36 days, 15-80) compared to other groups (60 days, 23-125) (p=0.01). 1 year mortality was 8% in low risk group, 12% in prolonged IT, 14% in reduced EF and 28% in combined risk patients (p l 0.01). Additionally, 9% of low risk patients had episode of treated rejection, while 15% of prolonged IT, 5% of low EF and 15% in combined group had rejection (pl0.01).The KM survival analysis performed is shown in the figure 1. Conclusion Lower EF donors performed similar to prolonged IT donor, but were uncommonly used. Acceptance of risk was common in recipients deemed higher risk for waitlist mortality and led to shorter wait times. However, episodes of treated rejection as well as 1 year mortality was higher with the higher risk transplants, specifically with combined risk donors. Caution should be used in accepting combined risk transplants and further analysis will help balance the waitlist mortality with post-transplant outcomes.
Increased Output Corruption and Structural Attack Resilience for SAT Attack Secure Logic Locking

Current out-of-cone logic locking methodologies provide resilience against the satisfiability (SAT) attack with minimal corruption of the outputs when comparing an activated and locked integrated circuit (IC). In addition, the structure of the modifications to the original logic leaks functional information of the circuit, which allows an adversary to determine the correct key. A novel logic locking methodology, CORruption adaptable logic locking (CORALL), is introduced in this article that provides increased security against the SAT attack for modified logic cones that require a large corruption of the primary outputs of the circuit, where the corruption is quantified by comparing between an activated and locked state of the IC. In addition, the modifications to the logic cone utilized by CORALL provide increased resilience against structural attacks. The CORALL architecture increases the number of iterations required to successfully execute a SAT attack for a flip function with 20 inputs by $34.41\!{\times }$ over SFLL-HD n/4 and $82.36\!{\times }$ over SFLL-Flex. In addition, a protected-cube selection process based on iterative cofactors is introduced, which provides varying logical functions of the perturb unit and maps portions of the logic of the perturb unit into the look-up tables (LUTs) of the CORALL architecture. The variation in the logical functions implemented by the perturb unit and the mapped functionality of the perturb unit into a LUT provide resistance to all current structural attacks on out-of-cone logic locking techniques.
Pruning-wound protectants for trunk-disease management in California table grapes

Abstract In California's Mediterranean climate, management of grapevine trunk diseases (Botryosphaeria dieback, Eutypa dieback, Phomopsis dieback, Esca) focuses on protecting vines during the dormant season, when pruning coincides with rain-induced spore dispersal of the causal fungi (‘trunk pathogens’). Applying protectants (fungicides, toxic barriers, sealants, biocontrol agents) after pruning can minimize infection of pruning wounds. For the dormant seasons of 2017–2019, in a 2-year-old Vitis vinifera ‘Scarlet Royal’ vineyard in the southern San Joaquin Valley, we evaluated tractor-spray applications of the following protectants labeled for table grapes: fluopyram + tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, thiophanate-methyl + myclobutanil, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. A comprehensive set of virulent and widespread trunk pathogens, including Diaporthe ampelina, Eutypa lata, Neofusicoccum parvum, and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, were inoculated to pruning wounds post-application, with detection attempts after a 3 to 4-week incubation period (before budbreak). Consistently high efficacies of pyraclostrobin + boscalid (68–100% and 56–100%, respectively) and thiophanate-methyl + myclobutanil (64–77% and 91–100%, respectively) against Botryosphaeria-dieback pathogen N. parvum and Phomopsis-dieback pathogen D. ampelina suggest spray applications of these protectants could minimize infection by these common trunk pathogens. Low and variable detection rates of slow-growing Eutypa-dieback pathogen E. lata and Esca pathogen P. chlamydospora suggest that the incubation period should be longer or that more replication is needed. Low efficacy of B. amyloliquefaciens, especially with only 4 days in 2017 before pathogen inoculation, suggests this biological-control agent may need more time and/or repeated applications to become established on pruning wounds before being challenged by a pathogen.
Dual Retrieval of Cinematic Craziness: A Coda

This chapter uses two cinematic retrievals of craziness, one by Huang Bo in 2018 with his mini film Crazy Twins and the other by Ning Hao in 2019 with his film Crazy Alien, to both indicate the twelve-plus-year duration of this episode of cinematic craziness and use the discussion of the two films to summarize some common artistic features of the films produced in this episode. The first retrieval allows one to understand the character type created by Huang in the episode and the retrieval illustrates how an established actor feels the need to be crazy to remove the doldrums in his career. To be crazy is to rejuvenate. The second retrieval leads one to see how Ning Hao works on his story and script, how he retains his earlier “low-budget” styles of craziness in this expensive film, how he emphasizes his film being “postmodern,” and how the monkey image becomes important in his filmmaking.
Accruing whiteness: power and resistance in prerequisite citizenship cases of immigrants from the ‘Middle East’

In this paper, I explore the role that immigrants from the ‘Middle East’ (Southwest Asia) and their applications for citizenship played in the construction of whiteness in the United States in the ...
Veterans' Use of Veterans Health Administration Primary Care in an Era of Expanding Choice.

BACKGROUND The Veterans Choice Program (VCP), aimed at improving access to care, included expanded options for Veterans to receive primary care through community providers. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to characterize and compare Veterans use of Veterans Health Administration (VA) primary care services at VA facilities and through a VA community care network (VA-CCN) provider. RESEARCH DESIGN This was a retrospective, observational over fiscal years (FY) 2015-2018. SUBJECTS Veterans receiving primary care services paid for by the VA. MEASURES Veteran demographic, socioeconomic and clinical factors and use of VA primary care services under the VCP each year. RESULTS There were 6.3 million Veterans with >54 million VA primary care visits, predominantly (98.5% of visits) at VA facility. The proportion of VA-CCN visits increased in absolute terms from 0.7% in 2015 to 2.6% in 2018. Among Veterans with any VA-CCN primary care, the proportion of VA-CCN visits increased from 22.6% to 55.3%. Logistic regression indicated that Veterans who were female, lived in rural areas, had a driving distance >40 miles, had health insurance or had a psychiatric/depression condition were more likely to receive VA-CCN primary care. Veterans who were older, identified as Black race, required to pay VA copayments, or had a higher Nosos score, were less likely to receive VA-CCN primary care. CONCLUSION As the VA transitions from the VCP to MISSION and VA facilities gain experience under the new contracts, attention to factors that impact Veterans' use of primary care services in different settings are important to monitor to identify access barriers and to ensure Veterans' health care needs are met.
Hyaluronan heterogeneity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, primary tumors, and sites of metastasis.

e16231Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive cancers with an estimated five-year survival rate of 10%. The dense desmoplastic stroma in PDAC contributes t...
High-speed Spectroholographic Parallel Digital Optical Memory

Page-oriented optical memories have shown promising potential for fast data transfer rate and short data access time. Parallel optical storage and retrieval has been performed in photorefractive and persistent spectral hole burning materials.1,2
Anomalous refraction of shock waves

We present the results of our numerical work on anomalous shock refraction at air/C02 and air/SF6 interfaces. The numerical method was a second-order multi-fluid Godunov code. The results indicate that anomalous refraction is not one phenomena but a group of them, and their natures depend on whether the wave impedance increases or decreases during refraction.
Signal Integrity: Fault Modeling and Testing in High-Speed SoCs

As we approach 100 nm technology the interconnect issues are becoming one of the main concerns in the testing of gigahertz system-on-chips. Voltage distortion (noise) and delay violations (skew) contribute to the signal integrity loss and ultimately functional error, performance degradation and reliability problems. In this paper, we first define a model for integrity faults on the high-speed interconnects. Then, we present a BIST-based test methodology that includes two special cells to detect and measure noise and skew occurring on the interconnects of the gigahertz system-on-chips. Using an inexpensive test architecture the integrity information accumulated by these special cells can be scanned out for final test and reliability analysis.
The Department of Energy’s Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Research and Development Program

The Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for the United States Government’s (USG) research and development functions for monitoring nuclear explosions in the context of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). This responsibility includes research and development for detecting, locating, identifying, and characterizing nuclear explosions in all environments.
Syntheses and spectrophotometric studies of 2-(2-thiazolylazo)- and 2-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminobenzoic acids as analytical reagents

Abstract 2-(2-ThiazolyIazo)-5-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (TAMB) and 2-(2-benzothiazolylazo)-5-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (BTAMB) have been synthesized, and their potential for determinations of metals has been studied spectrophotometrically. Both are extremely sensitive chromogenic reagents for the determination of nickel. Molar absorptivities in aqueous methanol are 0.95 × 105 (TAMB) and 1.2 × 105 (BTAMB). In aqueous methanol, at apparent pH 5–9.5, the system conforms to Beer's law for 0.05–0.5 ppm nickel; Cu, Cr, Co, Pd and Fe interfere, but they can easily be masked.
Antiobesity medication use across the veterans health administration: Patient-level predictors of receipt

Objective Pharmacotherapy is an effective adjunct to behavioral interventions to treat obesity; although it is unclear how often medications are integrated into obesity treatment plans and for which patients in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted that examined variation in and predictors of antiobesity medication receipt (orlistat) among > 2 million obese Veterans within 140 facilities nationwide. Results One-percent of all obese patients using VHA services filled a prescription for orlistat. Veterans were more likely to be treated with orlistat if they had a higher BMI, were female, unmarried, younger, a minority, had home instability, prescribed obesogenic psychiatric medications, had a psychiatric or obesity-related comorbidity, and used MOVE! weight management services. Among those who likely met the criteria for use, 2.5% had at least one orlistat prescription. Facility-level prescription rates varied from 0 to 1% of all obese patients in a VA facility receiving a prescription and 0 to 21% among those who met the criteria for use. Conclusions Consistent with guidelines recommending that obesity pharmacotherapy be prescribed in conjunction with behavioral therapy, the strongest predictor of receiving orlistat was being enrolled in the MOVE! weight-loss management program.
Motion Analysis of the Right Ventricle From MRI Images

Both normal and abnormal right ventricular (RV) wall motion is not well understood. In this paper, we use data from tagged MRI images to perform the first 3D motion study of the entire right ventricle to date. Our technique is an adaptation of a physics-based deformable modeling methodology that was successfully used on the left ventricle(LV). As opposed to the previous approach, currently we use segmented contours to generate the geometry, 1D tags for our input data (due to the thinner RV), and localized degrees of freedom (DOFs) with finite elements. Although we build a biventricular model, our results focus on method validation and visualizing clinically useful parameters that describe RV wall motion.
Chemical Boundaries in the Mantle

The seismic discontinuities at depths near 400 and 650 km are primarily due to phase changes, but they are not necessarily equilibrium phase boundaries in a homogeneous mantle. The jump in velocity near 400 km is too small to be the result of phase changes in an olivine or olivine-orthopyroxene rich material such as pyrolite. If this is an equilibrium phase boundary there must be substantially less olivine and orthopyroxene than is typical of mantle lherzolites or peridotites. The alternative is that the shallow mantle is olivine-rich, and the transition region is more eclogitic, with a high clinopyroxene/garnet ratio. Olivine-rich material, such as harzburgite, is buoyant relative to other mantle assemblages and may have accumulated in the shallow mantle during the various processes of mantle differentiation The seismic velocities in the transition region are less than calculated for the high-pressure phases of olivine, β - or γ-spinel. The transition region therefore is olivine-poor, less than about 50% olivine. The properties of the lower mantle are consistent with a “chondritic” Earth, with high FeO and SiO2-contents compared to peridotites. Thus, there is evidence that the shallow mantle, the transition region and the lower mantle may differ in composition, in intrinsic density and in the depths of phase changes. In order to allow for this possibility, I propose that the shallow mantle (<400 km depth) be called the “perisphere” (peri- for around or nearby). This can also be called the peridotite shell. The transition region, or mesosphere, appears to be a garnetite, primarily garnet and majorite. There is no geophysical or geochemical evidence that there is any interchange of material between the mesosphere and the lower mantle, although it is likely that they are thermally coupled.
RF MEMS and their applications in NASA's space communication systems

Radio frequency (RF) and microwave communication systems rely on frequency, amplitude, and phase control circuits to efficiently use the available spectrum. Phase control circuits are required for electronically scanning phase array antennas that enable radiation pattern shaping, scanning, and hopping. Two types of phase shifters, which are the phase control circuits, are most often used. The first is comprised of two circuits with different phase characteristics such as two transmission lines of different lengths or a high pass and low pass filter and a switch that directs the RF power through one of the two circuits. Alternatively, a variable capacitor, or varactor, is used to change the effective electrical path length of a transmission line, which changes the phase characteristics. Filter banks are required for the diplexer at the front end of wide band communication satellites. These filters greatly increase the size and mass of the RF/microwave systems, but smaller diplexers may be made with a low loss varactor or a group of capacitors, a switch and an inductor.
Natality and the blackout.

Abstract Daily birth records in New York City discloses a 30 per cent increase in live births at five Manhattan hospitals on Aug. 7, 1966, 270 days after the blackout of Nov. 9–10, 1965.
Localized Tissue Surrogate Deformation due to Controlled Single Bubble Cavitation

Cavitation-induced shock wave, as might occur in the head during exposure to blast waves, was investigated as a possible damage mechanism for soft brain tissues. A novel experimental technique was developed to visualize and control single bubble cavitation and its collapse, and the influence of this process on a nearby tissue surrogate was investigated. The experiment utilized a Hopkinson pressure bar system which transmits a simulated blast pressure wave (with over-pressure and under-pressure components) to a fluid-filled test chamber implanted with a seed gas bubble. Growth and collapse of this bubble was recorded during passage of the blast wave with a high speed camera. To investigate the potential for cavitation damage to a tissue surrogate, local changes in strain were measured in hydrogel slices placed in various configurations next to the bubble. The strain measurements were made using digital image correlation (DIC) technique by monitoring the motion of material points on the tissue surrogate. In one configuration, bubble contact dynamics resulted in compression contact (>60 μs) followed by inertially-driven tension (>140 μs). In another configuration, the influence of local shock waves emanating from collapsed bubbles was captured. Large compressive strains (0.25 to 0.5) that were highly localized (0.18 mm2) were measured over a short time period (<24 μs) after bubble collapse. High bubble collapse pressures 29 to 125 times that of peak blast overpressure are predicted to be the source of these large strains. Consistent with theoretical predictions, these cavitation-based strains are far larger than the strains imposed by passage of the simulated blast wave alone. Finally, the value of this experimental platform to investigate the single bubble cavitation-induced damage in a biological tissue is illustrated with an example test on rat brain slices.
P1 and P1′ para-fluoro phenyl groups show enhanced binding and favorable predicted pharmacological properties: Structure-based virtual screening of extended lopinavir analogs against multi-drug resistant HIV-1 protease

Crystal structure of multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolate 769, human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) protease in complex with lopinavir (LPV) (PDB ID: 1RV7) showed altered binding orientation of LPV in the expanded active site cavity, causing loss of contacts and decrease in potency. In the current study, with a goal to restore the lost contacts, three libraries of LPV analogs containing extended P1 and/or P1' phenyl groups were designed and docked into the expanded active site cavity of the MDR769 HIV-1 protease. The compounds were then ranked based on three criteria: binding affinity, overall binding profile and predicted pharmacological properties. Among the twelve proposed extensions in different combinations, compound 14 (consists of para-fluoro phenyl group as both P1 and P1' moieties) was identified as a lead with improved binding profile, binding affinity against the MDR protease and favorable predicted pharmacological properties comparable to those of LPV. The binding affinity of 14 against wild type (NL4-3) HIV-1 protease was comparable to that of LPV and was better than LPV against an ensemble of MDR HIV-1 protease variants. Thus, 14 shows enhanced binding affinity by restoring lost contacts in the expanded active site cavity of MDR769 HIV-1 protease variants suggesting that it may have higher potency compared to that of LPV and hence should be further synthesized and evaluated against NL4-3 as well as MDR variants of HIV-1.
Towards a General Theory of Induced Electrical Polarization in Geophysical Exploration

We exploit the concept that the resistivity of earth materials is a complex frequency-dependent quantity. We then present a general macroscopic formulation for the voltage response at two ?potential? electrodes when a current is suddenly applied to two additional electrodes. It is indicated, in a general way, how the transient and the frequency domain results are related. Using a function approach, the apparent complex resistivity is related to the complex resistivities of the constituent media. Hitherto neglected second-order effects are accounted for and their significance is pointed out. Finally, we consider a unified dynamic formulation that allows both induced polarization and electromagnetic coupling to be accounted for. We believe this points the way for a much needed general analytical approach to the macroscopic description of the phenomenon.
Education as a subversive activity: a proposal

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a case for a change of educational system, rather than a change in the current system. A rudimentary framework for an alternative educational system is proposed. Design/methodology/approach – Cybernetic and educational literature supports an alternative approach to education. Design principles are identified for an alternative system. Findings – For the desirable integration of curricular and pedagogical principles to be realized in an educational system, a non-hierarchical organizational structure is required. The icosahedral structure that embeds Stafford Beer's syntegration process provides such a default structure. Such a structure would be subversive in the current society. Social implications – The implementation of the proposed system of schools could transform society by offering an alternative way of thinking about the structure of organizations like schools, as well as political and economic organizations. In so doing, fully participative democra...
Can the Complete Graph with 2n+1 Vertices be Packed with Copies of an Arbitrary Tree having n Edges?

(1969). Can the Complete Graph with 2n+1 Vertices be Packed with Copies of an Arbitrary Tree having n Edges? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 10, pp. 1128-1130.
K-Moments of distances between centers of Ford circles

Abstract In this paper, we investigate a problem on the distribution of Ford circles, which concerns moments of distances between centers of these circles that lie above a given horizontal line.
Fostering creative behavior among university women

Limited research concerning creativity in women suggests areas of concern for people in leadership positions. Providing for early detection of creativity and for same sex role models is critical if women are to develop creative expression within the context of education. This study was designed to ascertain the potential influence of training activities among university women and between experimental and control groups. Creativity was measured by the Something About Myself (SAM) inventory. Findings of this study indicated the need for university women to be encouraged to become more resourceful, more versatile, and more willing to take risks.
Increase in acid phosphatase activity during fertilization of a teleost egg

Acid phosphatase activity was localized at the periphery of the yolk globules in the egg of the teleost,Catostomus commersoni. In addition, a 3-fold increase in acid phosphatase activity was associated with fertilization and pronucleus formation.
Personal observation of skin disorders in malnutrition

This is a description of some unknown skin disorders found by a physician inmate in a concentration camp, 1958 to 1962. After prolonged semistarvation and ultraheavy physical labor, skin lesions developed among the inmates including cutaneous pigmentation overlying bony prominence, buccal membrane pigmentation, palmoplantar keratoderma with fissures, palmar crease clefts, nail layering, intra-nail hemorrhage, and so on. These lesions responded dramatically to nutrition therapy, including dietary improvement, yeast administration, or thiamin injection. Thiamin deficiency was confirmed to be one of major etiologic factors, whereas the deficiency of niacin or riboflavin also played a part. In the pediatric case with palmar crease clefts, both thiamin and niacin were dramatically effective. No laboratory data could be provided.
Plastic surgeon compliance with national safety initiatives: clinical outcomes and "never events".

Background: Venous thromboembolism and surgical-site infection have been identified as preventable complications that are addressed by the National Quality Forum and the Surgical Care Improvement Project. The authors examined compliance of faculty with venous thromboembolism and surgical-site infection prophylaxis and incidence of adverse outcomes in patients at risk. Methods: The authors performed retrospective chart reviews on 243 patients who underwent abdominoplasty or panniculectomy from 2000 to 2007 and documented demographics and adverse outcomes. Analysis was completed using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Significance was set at p Results: Of 243 patients, 144 (59 percent) were obese. Seventeen patients (7 percent) suffered complications. All 243 patients received at least one form of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. One patient had a deep venous thrombosis, and two had pulmonary embolism. These three patients were morbidly obese. Seventy-four percent of patients received appropriate antibiotics. Thirteen patients (5.3 percent) developed significant postoperative infection requiring hospitalization, 12 (92 percent) of whom received appropriate antibiotics. Eleven of these 13 patients (85 percent) were obese, and seven (54 percent) were morbidly obese. Obesity proved to be the only significant risk factor (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Despite very good compliance with safe practice initiatives, significant adverse outcomes occurred. Obesity was the only pervasive risk factor. This study highlights the potential need for compliance with quality measures and demonstrates that adverse outcomes may result despite adherence to best surgical practices.
α-Enolase, a Novel Strong Plasmin(ogen) Binding Protein on the Surface of Pathogenic Streptococci

Abstract The plasmin(ogen) binding property of group A streptococci is incriminated in tissue invasion processes. We have characterized a novel 45-kDa protein displaying strong plasmin(ogen) binding activity from the streptococcal surface. Based on its biochemical properties, we confirmed the identity of this protein as α-enolase, a key glycolytic enzyme. Dose-dependent α-enolase activity, immune electron microscopy of whole streptococci using specific antibodies, and the opsonic nature of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies concluded the presence of this protein on the streptococcal surface. We, henceforth, termed the 45-kDa protein, SEN (streptococcal surface enolase). SEN is found ubiquitously on the surface of most streptococcal groups and serotypes and showed significantly greater plasmin(ogen) binding affinity compared with previously reported streptococcal plasminogen binding proteins. Both the C-terminal lysine residue of SEN and a region N-terminal to it play a critical role in plasminogen binding. Results from competitive plasminogen binding inhibition assays and cross-linking studies with intact streptococci indicate that SEN contributes significantly to the overall streptococcal ability to bind plasmin(ogen). Our findings, showing both the protected protease activity of SEN-bound plasmin and SEN-specific immune responses, provide evidence for an important role of SEN in the disease process and post-streptococcal autoimmune diseases.
The CD59 antigen is a structural homologue of murine Ly‐6 antigens but lacks interferon inducibility

A cDNA encoding the human leukocyte antigen CD59 has been isolated from the erythroid cell line K-562 and its identity confirmed through expression in COS cells. Northern blotting reveals three message species of approximately 800, 1400 and 2000 bases in size, which are constitutively expressed in all lymphoid, erythroid, myeloid, and neural cell types tested thus far. Southern blotting of human DNA indicates a pattern consistent with the presence of a single gene, which has been mapped to chromosome 11 by somatic cell hybrids. Also, the finding of a transcriptionally active cross-hybridizing gene in monkey cells suggests conservation of CD59 sequences among primates. Comparison of the CD59 protein sequence with those of the Ly-6E and Ly-6C antigens discloses a similarity in overall structure, including the alignment of abundant cysteine residues, hydrophobic carboxy termini and conservation of amino acids surrounding the proposed phosphatidylinositol-glycan modification site for Ly-6 molecules. Unlike Ly-6, however, CD59 expression does not appear to be inducible with interferons. This, along with its limited homology and different tissue distribution, cast doubt upon the functional equivalence of CD59 and either of the well-characterized mouse Ly-6 proteins.
An application of a Kaldorian export-led model of growth to the United States

A Kaldorian export-led model of growth is analysed using post-Second World War United States data. The structural parameter restrictions of the model are confirmed by the estimates. Kaldor's model, which was originally conceived to be illuminating for describing a region or a small open economy, is able to describe the annual fluctuations in the growth rate of a large open economy like that of the United States with only minor adjustments.
Effect of (-)-trans-PAT, a novel 5-HT2C receptor agonist, on intake of palatable food in mice.

Abstract (1 R ,3 S )-(−)- trans -1- p henyl-3-dimethyl a mino-1,2,3,4- t etrahydronaphthalene (PAT) is a novel compound that has full-efficacy agonist activity at human 5-HT 2C receptors and inverse agonist/antagonist activity at 5HT 2A and 5HT 2B receptors. In the present paper we describe its effects on food intake in non-deprived C57BL/6 mice adapted to eating a palatable dessert meal each day. PAT showed a dose-related inhibition of food intake with a 50% inhibitory dose of 4.2 mg/kg. The dose–effect curve was similar to that obtained using WAY-161503. Abnormal behaviors were not observed by casual inspection following administration of PAT. The anorectic effect of PAT was additive with that of amphetamine. When PAT, or PAT + amphetamine, were injected 2 h before access to food, most of the anorectic activity had dissipated, indicating that PAT has a biologically effective period of about 1 h. Four daily injections of PAT were associated with some, but not complete loss of the initial anorectic effect; this differs from the rapid tolerance that has been reported to fenfluramine anorexia and suggests that different mechanism(s) are involved in the loss of anorexia.