cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regulatory fit effects on stimulus identification

This article examines the effects of a fit between a person’s global regulatory focus and the local task reward structure on perceptual processing and judgment. On each trial, participants were presented with one of two briefly presented stimuli and were asked to identify it. Participants were placed in a promotion focus (a situationally induced sensitivity to gains) or a prevention focus (a situationally induced sensitivity to losses) and were asked to maximize gains or minimize losses. An asymmetric payoff ratio biased the overall reward toward one identification response over the other. Two experiments tested the role of regulatory fit when internal familiarity and perceptual sensitivity were low or high. When familiarity and sensitivity were low, participants in a regulatory fit (promotion focus with gains or a prevention focus with losses) showed greater perceptual sensitivity but no response bias differences, relative to participants in a regulatory mismatch. When familiarity and sensitivity were high, participants in a regulatory fit showed a response bias toward the high-payoff stimulus but no differences in perceptual sensitivity. Speculations are offered on the neurobiological basis of this effect, as well as implications of this work for clinical disorders such as depression.
The determination of the heats of formation of carbonyl and nitrile ylides by photoacoustic calorimetry

Abstract Using photoacoustic calorimetry, the heats of formation of the ylides 1 and 2, formed from the reaction of methylene and acetone and acetonitrile, respectively, are 4.5 and 70.8 kcal mol . The heats of reaction for fragmentation of the ylides 1 and 2 are estimated to be 45 and 49 kcal mol .
Pathogenesis and management of septic shock.

DEFINITION T he word sepsis denotes the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the bloodstream. Septic shock or the sepsis syndrome describes the systemic response to sepsis, which is manifested by hypotension (systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg in most studies), hyperthermia or hypothermia, impaired organ perfusion, metabolic abnormalities, and in many patients, progression to multiple organ failure. This article reviews the etiology; epidemiology, pathophysiology, cardiovascular effects, pulmonary effects, effects on other organ systems, diagnosis and monitoring, management, and prevention of septic shock.
Teaching the pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty: The sticky note method

Abstract Objective To demonstrate a cost-effective, quick, and easily reproducible three-dimensional sticky note model to enhance the understanding and conceptualization of the geometry and steps of the pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty. Methods The method involves making specified incisions and rearrangements of readily available components, including disposable clear plastic cups, yellow and pink sticky notes, and white paper. Once assembly is complete, further incisions and remodeling are performed to simulate a pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty. Results The cost of the materials to make one model was $0.94. Average construction time was less than 10 min. Conclusion This three-dimensional model is an efficient, interactive, and simple visual aid to teach surgical trainees the geometry and steps of the pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty.
Concurrent layered learning

Hierarchies are powerful tools for decomposing complex control tasks into manageable subtasks. Several hierarchical approaches have been proposed for creating agents that can execute these tasks. Layered learning is such a hierarchical paradigm that relies on learning the various subtasks necessary for achieving the complete high-level goal. Layered learning prescribes training low-level behaviors (those closer to the environmental inputs) prior to high-level behaviors. In past implementations these lower-level behaviors were always frozen before advancing to the next layer. In this paper, we hypothesize that there are situations where layered learning would work better were the lower layers allowed to keep learning concurrently with the training of subsequent layers, an approach we call concurrent layered learning. We identify a situation where concurrent layered learning is beneficial and present detailed empirical results verifying our hypothesis. In particular, we use neuro-evolution to concurrently learn two layers of a layered learning approach to a simulated robotic soccer keepaway task. The main contribution of this paper is evidence that there exist situations where concurrent layered learning outperforms traditional layered learning. Thus, we establish that, when using layered learning, the concurrent training of layers can be an effective option.
Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth.

Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth
Value of waist circumference in metabolic diseases

Obesity is a global health problem affecting adults, adolescents, and children alike. It has reached epidemic proportions in the United States with approximately 34% of adults classified as clinically obese and additional 34% overweight. Abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat, is associated with an increased risk for several metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Imaging modalities are the best measures for abdominal obesity, but are not always feasible in clinical settings. Waist circumference is an anthropometric measurement that is easy, cost effective, informative, and well suited for assessment in nearly all clinical settings. It is strongly correlated with, and used as a surrogate marker for, abdominal fat mass and has been associated with all-cause mortality. Increased waist circumference is closely associated with alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as inflammation and atherosclerosis. Other metabolic diseases such as asthma, sleep apnea, and certain types of cancer have also been associated with an increase in waist circumference. In addition, a larger waistline is generally associated with an overall decrease in cardio-respiratory and general physical fitness and health-related quality of life. In conclusion, waist circumference is an easily obtainable measure that can be used to quickly assess an individual’s susceptibility to cardiometabolic disease risk.
Evolution of Mitral Valve Prolapse: Insights From the Framingham Heart Study.

Background—Longitudinal studies of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) progression among unselected individuals in the community, including those with nondiagnostic MVP morphologies (NDMs), are lacking. Me...
ABLEDATA: a database of products for the disabled.

ABLEDATA (ABLE), a database funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) of the U.S. Department of Education and produced by the Adaptive Equipment Center of Newington Children's Hospital, Newington, Connecticut, provides information on more than 17,000 rehabilitation products from over 2,000 manufacturers in the U.S. and Canada. ABLE, which is available through BRS Search Service, BRS Colleague, and BRS After Dark, is a useful resource for rehabilitation professionals and others who wish to locate appropriate assistive devices for all categories of disabled persons.
Phosphatidic acid stimulates cardiac KATP channels like phosphatidylinositols, but with novel gating kinetics.

Membrane-bound anionic phospholipids such as phosphatidylinositols have the capacity to modulate ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels through a mechanism involving long-range electrostatic interaction between the lipid headgroup and channel. However, it has not yet been determined whether the multiple effects of phosphatidylinositols reported in the literature all result from this general electrostatic interaction or require a specific headgroup structure. The present study investigated whether phosphatidic acid (PA), an anionic phospholipid substantially different in structure from phosphatidylinositols, evokes effects similar to phosphatidylinositols on native KATP channels of rat heart and heterogeneous Kir6.2/SUR2A channels. Channels treated with PA (0.2–1 mg/ml applied to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane) exhibited higher activity, lower sensitivity to ATP inhibition, less Mg2+-dependent nucleotide stimulation, and poor sulfonylurea inhibition. These effects match the spectrum of phosphatidyli...
Overlap of Opinion Leadership across Consumer Product Categories

The contradiction is between the first two statements. If opinion leadership over across product categories is high, this would limit the number of opinion leaders. However, the results presented seem to strongly confirm the first conclusion. It is the second that is unsupported by data, and the third statement may explain why. If the 6.6% of the respondents who reported they were opinion leaders in 5 or 6 of the 6 product categories are set aside, then the leadership overlap across product categories is substantially reduced. The table gives the actual and expected percentages for pairwise overlap of opinion leadership based on the revised data from Table 3 of the King-Summers article, omitting this group. While there are still strong pairwise correlations between packaged food products and household cleansers and detergents, between women's clothing fashions and cosmetics and personal grooming aids, and between large and small appliances, most of the other differences, even if significant, are not very impressive. Another quick way to see this is in the correlation matrix in Table 4 of the King-Summers article. There, omitting the 6.6% of the respondents in 5 or 6 categories would reduce the explained variance R2 by .066 and r by .26. Thus, subtracting .26 from the figures in Table 4 gives an estimate of the remaining pairwise correlations. From these results, it is difficult to deduce any strong evidence for high opinion leadership overlap across products. Any evidence of such general opinion leaders must then depend on the 6.6% of the respondents who reported they were opinion leaders in 5 or 6 categories.
Geotechnical Design and Instrumentation of an Anchored Cofferdam, Point Marion Lock, Pennsylvania

Point Marion Lock was designed to replace an existing navigation lock that has been in service on the Monongahela River near the Pennsylvania-West Virginia border for some 67 years. As a result of the close proximity of the planned excavation for the new lock, the land wall of the existing lock required extensive stabilization to permit it to be utilized as the river arm of the project cofferdam. Installation of 471 prestressed rock anchors was closely linked with each progressive stage of soil and rock excavation required to build the new lock. Adverse geologic conditions affected cofferdam stability in that the land wall of the existing operating lock was founded on weak sedimentary rocks exhibiting very low shear strength. Critical to the successful performance of the cofferdam was the design and installation of an extensive instrumentation program. A vast array of movement detection systems including inclinometers, alignment pins, shear strips, tilt plates and load cells were interfaced with both on-site and off-site computers to provide real-time monitoring of cofferdam performance throughout the excavation process. Data from instrumentation yielded invaluable information needed to make necessary adjustments in on-going construction activities including excavation and rock anchor installation.
Teaching the “Geo” in Geography with the Next Generation Science Standards

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS; Achieve 2014, 532; Figure 1A) represent a new approach to K–12 science education that involves the interweaving of three educational dimensions: Science...
Banks and shadow banks: Competitors or complements?

Abstract Bank managers can buy risky assets through a regulated bank and through an off-balance sheet special purpose vehicle (SPV). The choice of the preferred entity depends on whether bank managers can lower the cost of SPV funding by guaranteeing SPV returns with bank proceeds. When there are no guarantees, using the SPV is more profitable for high levels of the minimum capital requirement, in which case the SPV crowds out the bank. Contrary, when bank managers guarantee SPV returns, the bank needs to operate for the SPV to take advantage of recourse to the bank’s balance sheet also when the capital requirement is high. The bank and the SPV intermediation become complements.
Effects of human S100A6 on β-catenin in two human osteosarcoma cell lines

Objective To investigate the effects of human S100A6 on β-catenin in human osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and U2OS.Methods Cell lines MG63 and U2OS were infected by recombinant adenoviruses carrying human S100A6 and its siRNA gene,AdS100A6 and AdSiS100A6 respectively,to up-regulate and down-regulate the expression of S100A6. Then RT-PCR,Western blot and immunocytochemistry were used to detect mRNA and protein (level and/or distribution) of β-catenin.Results In both cell lines,with up-regulated S100A6,expression of β-catenin mRNA and protein increased(P0.05)and β-catenin protein increase was more obvious in nuclear than in cytoplasma; while down-regulating S100A6,both the mRNA and protein level of β-catenin decreased(P0.05); β-catenin protein decrease was more obvious in nuclear than in cytoplasma,too.Conclusion Increasing Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity may be a mechanism that S100A6 involves in tumor development.
The Design of the Optimal Contract——Agency Theory vs. Managerial Power Theory

This paper is based on principal-agency theory which is the basic principles of informa-tion economics and managerial power theory,the popular theory of the firm now.We study how to design the optimal contract when the manager's contract comprises a stock-based pay and a fixed salary.This paper uses the basic framework of Holmstrom-Milgrom model and the concept of certainty equivalent.When the managerial contract satisfies the manager's incentive compatibility(IC),individual rationality(IR),and limited liability(LL) constraints,we design the optimal contract in the principal-agent theory and managerial power theory.
Organoid model shows effect of BPA on prostate development.

Studies using rodent and adult human prostate stem-progenitor cell models indicate that exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) during development increases susceptibility of the prostate gland to premalignancy later in life. A novel human organoid model has now been generated to study the effects of BPA on embryonic human prostate development.
Open Tibial Fracture with Immediate Fixation and Early Soft Tissue Coverage

This is a 35-year-old male involved in a motorcycle collision. The patient was brought in as a trauma alert where he was noted to have injuries isolated to his right lower extremity, including an open distal tibia fracture, distal fibular fracture, and medial malleolar fracture. Exposed bone and soft tissue including tendonous structures, were noted. His wounds were dressed sterilely and he was given appropriate prophylactic IV antibiotics. A short leg splint was applied.
Tibiofemoral Dislocation After Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Tibiofemoral dislocation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a rare complication. Published case reports describe fewer than 6 patients, making conclusions about the etiology, epidemiology, complications, and treatment of tibiofemoral dislocation difficult. This case series highlights common demographic features, potential causes, and difficulties during the management of tibiofemoral dislocations after TKA. Methods Between 2005 and 2014, 14 patients presented to our institution with a tibiofemoral dislocation. Patients were excluded if they had patellofemoral dislocation or subluxation without a tibiofemoral dislocation. We retrospectively reviewed patient demographics, time to first dislocation, number of dislocations, time to surgical intervention, complications, and potential etiologies of tibiofemoral dislocation. Results Twelve of 14 patients were female. Their mean body mass index was 33 ± 10 kg/m 2 . Thirteen of 14 patients had a mean of 2.0 ± 1.4 dislocations. Four patients dislocated due to polyethylene damage and 5 due to ligamentous incompetence. Twelve of 14 patients required open surgical intervention. Complications in this patient population were common with 3 cases of infection, 7 cases of multiple dislocation, 2 cases of popliteal artery laceration, 1 case receiving a fusion, and 1 case receiving an amputation. Conclusion Patients with tibiofemoral dislocation after TKA are predominantly obese, female, and have a high risk for complications. They dislocate predominantly because of polyethylene damage or ligamentous incompetence. Re-dislocation is common if treated with closed reduction alone.
Air‐sea exchange of carbon dioxide in the Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal ice zone

Direct carbon dioxide flux measurements using eddy covariance from an icebreaker in the high-latitude Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal ice zone are reported. Fluxes were combined with the measured water-air carbon dioxide partial pressure difference (ΔpCO2) to compute the air-sea gas transfer velocity (k, normalized to Schmidt number 660). The open water data showed a quadratic relationship between k (cm h−1) and the neutral 10 m wind speed (U10n, m s−1), kopen = 0.245 U10n2 + 1.3, in close agreement with decades old tracer-based results and much lower than cubic relationships inferred from previous open ocean eddy covariance studies. In the marginal ice zone, the effective gas transfer velocity decreased in proportion to sea ice cover, in contrast with predictions of enhanced gas exchange in the presence of sea ice. The combined open water and marginal ice zone results affect the calculated magnitude and spatial distribution of Southern Ocean carbon flux.
Conserving energy during hibernation

![Figure][1] Fritz Geiser discusses the impact of Barbara Snapp and Craig Heller's classic paper ‘Suppression of metabolism during hibernation in ground squirrels ( Citellus lateralis )’, published in Physiological Zoology in 1981. How hibernators manage to reduce their high
The safety of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy among diabetic patients.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is a commonly performed bariatric procedure. Although bariatric surgery is becoming increasingly recognized as a treatment option for diabetes, there remain concerns about the operative risks faced by diabetic patients. This study’s objective was to determine the safety of bariatric surgery in diabetic patients, specifically the type 2 diabetic (T2DM) population. Patients over 18 years of age with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2 who underwent LSG in 2012 in the ACS-NSQIP database were identified. Emergency cases were excluded from analysis. Data included patient demographics, comorbidities, length of stay, and 30-day complications. The primary outcome was 30-day overall complication rate, and secondary outcomes included major complications and reoperation rates. There were 6399 LSG in the NSQIP database in 2012. Three hundred and twenty-two patients were excluded for BMI < 35, and 15 cases were deemed emergencies and excluded. Of the 6062 LSG who met the study criteria, 4726 (78 %) of patients were non-diabetic, 941 (15.5 %) had T2DM, and 395 (6.5 %) had T1DM. T2DM patients were more likely to be male (28.9 vs. 19.3 %, p < 0.001), were older (47.6 years vs. 42.5 years, p < 0.001), and had a higher BMI (46.4 vs. 45.7 kg/m2, p = 0.027) compared with non-diabetics. The overall 30-day complication rate did not differ between groups (6.5 % T2DM vs. 5.6 % non-diabetic, p = 0.292). After controlling for possible confounders, T2DM remained at no increased risk of 30-day complications (OR 1.16, 95 % CI 0.87–1.55, p = 0.301). In sub-analyses of specific complications, T2DM had a slightly higher rate of blood transfusions (1.8 vs. 1.0 %, p = 0.037). Other postoperative complications did not differ between groups. The 30-day complication rate for type 1 diabetics was greater than for T2DM (9.9 vs. 6.5 %, p = 0.031) and non-diabetics (9.9 vs. 5.6 %, p < 0.001). Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a safe procedure for type 2 diabetics with regard to early postoperative complications.
Competing Concerns: Balancing Human Rights and National Security in US Economic Aid Allocation

This paper theorizes that the effect of human rights violations on US economic aid is conditioned by the salience of US national security concerns. National security concerns will be more salient in situations where recipients contribute to maintaining US security and in temporal eras when the USA is perceived as being under increased external threat. As the relational and temporal salience of national security increases, any negative effect of human rights violations on US economic aid should decrease. I test this hypothesis by examining US economic aid allocations to states from 1977 to 2005. The results show that the salience of national security concerns present in the US-recipient relationship does condition the relationship between human rights violations and US economic aid. There are also significant differences between different temporal eras of US foreign aid allocation. Future work should address how conflicts between interests and values in US foreign policy are negotiated.
State Corporate Income Taxes: The Illogical Deduction for Income Taxes Paid to Other States

This Article argues that a deduction for state income taxes, paid to a sister state violates the normative principles of income taxation by allowing a cost of generating tax-exempt income. Forty-five states and the District of Columbia tax corporations on their net income, and forty percent of these jurisdictions allow a deduction for income taxes paid to other states in calculating net income. Tax analysts agree that a properly designed tax on net income allows deductions for costs of generating that income, or else a taxpayer would be taxed partially on its gross income. Analysts also agree that the costs incurred in generating tax-exempt income should be nondeductible. Under federal corporate income tax law, corporations are taxable on all of their worldwide income and the entire amount of costs in generating that revenue, including state and local taxes paid, are properly deductible. State corporate income taxes differ, however, because they are only imposed on the corporation’s income generated in that state. This territorial limitation requires that state income taxes paid to another state should be denied a deduction. Opponents of this view have argued that these taxes paid to other states are a cost of doing business and should remain deducible. However, the relevant question is whether the income taxes paid to sister states are a cost of generating income that is subject to the jurisdiction of the taxing state. This Article examines how states apportion income through the use of a three-factor formula, in which case the correct treatment of a corporation’s costs will occur automatically in most cases, and shows how horizontal inequities can result from the allowance of a deduction for state corporate income taxes paid to sister states. The Article concludes by examining New York’s allowance of a deduction for income taxes paid to sister states and suggests that New York’s experience presents a plausible scenario for why a jurisdiction may allow these deductions in calculating net income.
Associations of cardiovascular disease risk factors with abdominal aortic calcium volume and density: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).

Abstract Background and aims Abdominal aortic calcium (AAC) predicts future cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and all-cause mortality independent of CVD risk factors. The standard AAC score, the Agatston, up-weights for greater calcium density, and thus models higher calcium density as associated with increased CVD risk. We determined associations of CVD risk factors with AAC volume and density (separately). Methods In a multi-ethnic cohort of community living adults, we used abdominal computed tomography scans to measure AAC volume and density. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the period cross-sectional independent associations of CVD risk factors with AAC volume and AAC density in participants with prevalent AAC. Results Among 1413 participants with non-zero AAC scores, the mean age was 65 ± 9 years, 52% were men, 44% were European-, 24% were Hispanic-, 18% were African-, and 14% were Chinese Americans (EA, HA, AA, and CA respectively). Median (interquartile range, IQR) for AAC volume was 628 mm 3 (157–1939 mm 3 ), and mean AAC density was 3.0 ± 0.6. Compared to EA, each of HA, AA, and CA had lower natural log ( ln ) AAC volume, but higher AAC density. After adjustments for AAC density, older age, ever smoking history, higher systolic blood pressure, elevated total cholesterol, reduced HDL cholesterol, statin and anti-hypertensive medication use, family history of myocardial infarction, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with higher ln (AAC volume). In contrast, after adjustments for ln (AAC volume), older age, ever smoking history, higher BMI, and lower HDL cholesterol were significantly associated with lower AAC density. Conclusions Several CVD risk factors were associated with higher AAC volume, but lower AAC density. Future studies should investigate the impact of calcium density of aortic plaques in CVD.
Successful Treatment of Postdural Puncture Headache Using Epidural Fibrin Glue Patch after Persistent Failure of Epidural Blood Patches.

Objectives Epidural blood patch is the gold standard for the treatment of post-dural puncture headache (PDPH) when conservative treatments have failed to provide any relief. However, alternative therapies are lacking when epidural blood patch persistently fails to improve symptoms. Failure to treat PDPH may lead to significant functional impairment of daily living. Alternative therapies should be sought to accelerate recovery from PDPH. Case Report This case describes a woman who developed PDPH secondary to accidental dural puncture during a spinal cord stimulator trial. She was successfully treated with epidural fibrin glue patch after multiple trials of epidural blood patches. Conclusion Percutaneous injection of fibrin glue to seal the dural defect demonstrated promising outcomes for both immediate and long-lasting resolution of persistent PDPH in our patient. In the event of epidural blood patch failure, epidural fibrin glue patch may be a reasonable alternative for treatment of persistent PDPH. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Casting and Splinting Management for Hand Injuries in the In-Season Contact Sport Athlete.

Context:Upper extremity injuries are extremely common in contact sports such as football, soccer, and lacrosse. The culture of competitive athletics provides an environment where hand injuries are frequently downplayed in an effort to prevent loss of game time. However, studies have shown that many sport-induced hand injuries do not actually require immediate surgical attention and can be safely treated through immobilization so that the athlete may complete the athletic season. In these cases, appropriate casting and splinting measures should be taken to ensure protection of the injured player and the other competitors without causing loss of game time.Evidence Acquisition:Articles published between 1976 and 2015 were reviewed to capture historical and current views on the treatment of hand injuries in the in-season athlete.Study Design:Clinical review.Level of Evidence:Level 5.Results:Although traditionally many sports-induced traumatic injuries to the hand held the potential to be season-ending injurie...
Neuromorphic Technologies for Next-Generation Cognitive Computing

With the end of Dennard scaling and the consequent slow-down of Moore's law, researchers are looking to exploit new device, circuit and architectural concepts to build future systems that are exponentially more capable than the systems of today. One promising approach is Neuromorphic computing based on Non-Von Neumann architectures, that could achieve orders of magnitude performance improvements over conventional systems on certain neural network training tasks. In this paper we review our recent work on implementing such a neuromorphic system on arrays of Phase- Change-Memory (PCM) devices. We present both experimental and simulation results that explore the impact of device non-idealities such as non-linearity, asymmetry, drift and variability on neural network performance. We also highlight circuit design approaches to enable speedup vs. conventional systems.
Probing VCMA in MTJs with in-plane magnetization

Voltage controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) is a novel method to switch magnetizations in low-power and ultra-fast applications based on magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). Here we explore the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique to probe VCMA in situations where other methods cannot be applied. We quantify VCMA in CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB MTJ nanopillars with in-plane magnetizations where our FMR method is unique in providing direct information about VCMA. We observe a quadratic shift of the FMR resonance field when a voltage bias is applied across the MTJ. The VCMA energy corresponding to the quadratic shift varies with an energy factor of 8.2μJ/m2 for 1 V2/nm2. These results are important for understanding magnetodynamics in MTJ-based applications with in-plane magnetizations.
Fetal Breathing Movements

It has been documented both in animals and in humans that fetal breathing movements (FBM) exist in utero and that they may reflect the well-being or compromise of the fetus.
Management Supervision and Quality Control: Information, Efficiency, and Privacy

Controlling bureaucratic discretion by strengthening client resources can be viewed as an attempt to reform the system from the bottom up. This chapter discusses attempts to control official discretion from the other end, firom the vantage point of the policymakers and the upper-level managers. At the practical level, however, there are severe problems in devising and implementing effective management and quality control systems within the social service context, and these problems pose significant dangers to clients. There are problems of devising accurate standards by which to measure the performance of an agency, and there are problems of gathering the information necessary to find out whether the standards are being met. The two sets of problems are interrelated but are discussed separately. The problems of information gathering are not simple. Both HEW and the states have an interest in monitoring the expenditures of funds, controlling client fraud, and making sure that tax dollars are spent for legitimate purposes. To accomplish these objectives, they must have access to a certain amount of information. Even though HEW may have been temporarily sidetracked in its efforts to obtain the information, there are strong incentives at the state level to keep on top of Title XX funds.
Expanding the Capacity of Otolaryngologists in Kenya through Mobile Technology

ObjectiveTo determine if reliable, objective audiologic data can be obtained by nonotolaryngology and nonaudiology practitioners using novel mobile technology in an effort to expand the capacity fo...
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THE COMBO BIO-ENGINEERED STENT IN PATIENTS AT HIGH BLEEDING RISK: RESULTS FROM THE MASCOT POST-MARKETING REGISTRY

The Combo stent is a drug eluting stent with abluminal sirolimus in a bioabsorbable polymer and luminal anti-CD34 for endothelial progenitor capture and rapid endothelialization. This property may permit shorter period of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients at high bleeding risk (HBR). We
Isolation and propagation of primary human and rodent embryonic neural progenitor cells and cortical neurons.

The research on human neural progenitor cells holds great potential for the understanding of the molecular programs that control differentiation of cells of glial and neuronal lineages, as well as pathogenetic mechanisms of neurological diseases. Stem cell technologies also provide opportunities for the pharmaceutical industry to develop new approaches for regenerative medicine. Here, we describe the protocol for the isolation and maintenance of neural progenitor cells and cortical neurons using human fetal brain tissue. This protocol can be successfully adapted for the preparation of rodent neural and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. While several methods for isolating neural and oligodendrocyte progenitors from rodent brain tissue have been described, including techniques utilizing gene transfer and magnetic resonance beads, few methods are specifically focused on deriving human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Development of the human cultures provides the most physiologically relevant system for investigating mechanisms which regulate the function of oligodendrocytes, specifically of human origin.
Invariant Manifold Representations of Nonlinear Modes of Vibration

This chapter describes the definition and use of modes of vibration in terms of invariant manifolds. The goal of this chapter is to provide some basic background in terms of the terminology, ideas, and constructive methods for nonlinear modes using invariant manifolds. A range of formulations and applications are summarized and an example is presented that demonstrates the main ideas for a system with nonsychronous modes.
GENETIC RELATEDNESS OF EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS SEROTYPE 2 FROM 2012 OUTBREAK IN THE USA

During summer and early fall of 2012, the US experienced the largest outbreak of hemorrhagic disease (HD) on record; deer (both Odocoileus virginianus and Odocoileus hemionus) in 35 states were affected, including many northern states where HD typically does not occur. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was the predominant virus isolated, with serotype 2 (EHDV-2) representing 66% (135/205) of all isolated viruses. Viruses within the EHDV serogroup are genetically similar, but we hypothesized that subtle genetic distinctions between viruses would exist across the geographic range of the outbreak if multiple EHDV-2 strains were responsible. We examined viral relatedness and molecular epidemiology of the outbreak by sequencing the mammalian binding protein (VP2) gene and the insect vector binding protein (VP7) gene of 34 EHDV-2 isolates from 2012 across 21 states. Nucleotide sequences of VP2 had 99.0% pairwise identity; VP7 nucleotide sequences had 99.1% pairwise identity. Very few changes were observed in either protein at the amino acid level. Despite the high genetic similarity between isolates, subtle nucleotide differences existed. Both VP2 and VP7 gene sequences separated into two distinct clades based on patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms after phylogenetic analysis. The clades were divided geographically into eastern and western clades, although those divisions were not identical between VP2 and VP7. There was also an association between percent sequence identity and geographic distance between isolates. We concluded that multiple EHDV-2 strains contributed to this outbreak.
Overlapping anthropogenic effects on hydrologic and seasonal trends in DOC in a surface water dependent water utility

Abstract Drinking water supplies are increasingly affected by overlapping anthropogenic global change processes. As a key currency of ecosystem function in aquatic ecosystems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and composition is sensitive to many global change processes. However, DOC must also be removed to avoid the production of harmful disinfection byproducts as water is processed. Thus, understanding the effects of global change processes on the seasonal and long-term dynamics of DOC composition and concentration is critical for ensuring the sustainability of drinking water supplies. To understand these dynamics, we analyzed a novel 11-year time series of stream water DOC concentration and composition using Weighted Regressions on Time Discharge and Season (WRTDS) to understand the influences of co-occurring changes in climate and atmospheric deposition. We also discuss the implications for water supply provision and management. We found that, during our study period, overlapping global change processes in the watershed had the net effect of increasing the DOC aromaticity, as measured by SUVA254, at moderate to high discharge levels during the late spring and early summer and the autumn and early winter. However, changes in DOC concentration were more dynamic and we observed both increasing and decreasing trends depending on season and hydrologic state. During summer, at low to moderate flow levels we observed a significant (p
Pathogenesis of Haemophilus parasuis infection in swine

Haemophilus parasuis is a common cause of polyserositis and polyarthritis in swine. Little is known about the mucosal and systemic sites of replication and lesions following aerosol exposure to H. parasuis. In this experiment, 5 week old cesarean derived, colostrum deprived (CDCD) pigs were inoculated intranasally with an inoculum containing 2X10® colony forming units of H. parasuis. Two principals and one control pig were necropsied at 12, 36, 84, or 108 hours postinoculation (Pi) and samples obtained for bacterioiogic culture and microscopic examination. Inoculated pigs developed clinical signs of inappetence, reluctance to move, lameness, and a serous nasal discharge. Macroscopic findings included a fibrinous polyserositis and polyarthritis 36 hours PI which became progressively more severe at 84 and 108 hours PI. No lung lesions were grossly visible. Microscopic lesions included a mild purulent rhinitis at each post inoculation interval and fibrinous to fibrinopurulent synovitis and serositis at 36, 35 84, and 108 hours PI. A focal suppurative bronchopneumonia was observed in one pig examined at 36 hours PI. The nasal cavity and trachea were the only mucosal sites from which H. parasuis was reisolated. H. parasuis was isolated from the blood and systemic sites at 36, 84, and 108 hours PI. Findings presented indicate that intranasal inoculation of 5 week old CDCD pigs with H. parasuis results in clinical signs and lesions of polyserositis and polyarthritis typical of field cases and is a useful model for the study of H. parasuis pathogenesis. The results also suggest that H. parasuis initially colonizes the nasal mucosa.
A Vault-Encapsulated Enzyme Approach for Efficient Degradation and Detoxification of Bisphenol A and Its Analogues

We report an effective and environmentally sustainable water treatment approach using enzymes encapsulated in biogenic vault nanoparticles. Manganese peroxidase (MnP), whose stability was remarkably extended by encapsulating into vaults, rapidly catalyzed the biotransformation of endocrine-disrupting compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol AP (BPAP). The vault-encapsulated MnP (vMnP) treatment removed 80–95% of each of the tested bisphenols (BPs) at lower enzyme dosage, while free native MnP (nMnP) only resulted in a 19–36% removal, over a 24-h period. Treatment by vMnP and nMnP resulted in considerable disparities in product species and abundance, which were consistent with the observed changes in the estrogenic activities of BPs. To test if vMnP-catalyzed transformations generated toxic intermediates, we assessed biological hallmarks of BP toxicity, namely, the ability to disrupt reproductive processes. The toxicity of vMnP-treated samples, as measured in the model organ...
Learning from Dissimilarity

A stochastic multi-armed bandit problem with side information on the similarity and dissimilarity across different arms is considered. The action space of the problem can be represented by a unit interval graph (UIG) where each node represents an arm and the presence (absence) of an edge between two nodes indicates similarity (dissimilarity) between their mean rewards. It is assumed that the UIG is partially revealed by side information, which is encoded by a multigraph with two types of edges indicating the presence and the absence of the corresponding UIG edges. A two-step learning structure consisting of an offline reduction of the action space and online aggregation of reward observations from similar arms is proposed. The computation efficiency of the proposed learning policy is established, and its order optimality is proven under certain probabilistic assumptions on the side information.
“To Be Strict on Your Own”: Black and Latinx Parents Evaluate Discipline in Urban Choice Schools:

The proliferation of urban “no-excuses” charter schools has been justified by arguing that Black and Latinx parents want strict discipline. In this article, we examine what discipline means to Blac...
Abstract LB-252: Group-based smoking cessation treatment for incarcerated men: A pilot study

Introduction. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality that contributes to over six million deaths worldwide and is projected to cause more than eight million deaths per year by 2030. Overall cigarette smoking rates in the United States (U.S.) is estimated at 14%, but this number increases to 50-83% of smokers within correctional populations. Methods. Using a cohort study design, sixteen incarcerated male smokers from a Northeastern state maximum prison facility in the U.S. participated in a 4-week group-based smoking cessation treatment program with nicotine replacement therapy and a one-month follow-up period to determine quit behaviors and abstinence. The goal of this pilot study was to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of a smoking cessation group treatment intervention for incarcerated smokers where tobacco products are permitted. Results. In this feasibility study, the average age of participants enrolled was 43 (SD = 13.69), and their first incarceration was at 19 (SD = 7.30). The majority of the participants identified as African American/Black (62.5%), 31.3% identified as Caucasian/White, and 6.3% identified as Hispanic/Latino as their race/ethnicity. The average age where individuals started smoking was 13.8 (SD = 3.2) and the total number of years smoked is 25.6 (SD = 14.9). The mean of cigarettes smoked each day was 13.0 (SD = 9.8). More than half of the people in the study indicated that they relight their cigarettes. Additionally, the two brands that participants indicated as their favorite were Kite (18.8%) and Newport (68.8%). Of all the participants, 87.5% indicated that they smoked menthol cigarettes. Majority of the participants indicated the importance of quitting tobacco (8.80 ± 1.82) and that they had a very difficult time during their previous quit attempts (43.8%). Previous quit attempts included forced abstinence while in solitary confinement or administrative segregation. At the 4-week follow up period, half of the participants that were enrolled in the group-based smoking cessation treatment and completed the program indicated that they did not smoke or use tobacco in the past 7-days or since their initial quit date (50.0%). Conclusion. Group-based smoking cessation treatment should be prioritized as an effective intervention to aid incarcerated smokers to quit smoking. This study builds upon our growing knowledge of tobacco dependence and smoking cessation treatment, with a focus on individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Citation Format: Pamela Valera, Nicholas Acuna. Group-based smoking cessation treatment for incarcerated men: A pilot study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-252.
Hygrothermal Modeling of Polymers and Polymer Matrix Composites

The theory of irreversible thermodynamics is applied to derive governing equations for history-dependent diffusion in polymers and polymer matrix composites from first principles. A special form for Gibbs free energy is introduced using stress, temperatures, and moisture concentration as independent state variables. The resulting governing equations are capable of modeling the effect of interactions between complex stress, temperature, and moisture histories on the diffusion process within an orthotropic material. Since the mathematically complex nature of the governing equations precludes a closed-form solution, a variational formulation is used to derive the weak form of the nonlinear governing equations which are then solved using the finite element method. For model validation, the model predictions are compared with published experimental data for the special case of isothermal diffusion in an unstressed Graphite-Epoxy symmetric angle-ply laminate.
Knowledge in the Anthropocene

Can science save humanity? In the face of runaway climate change and massive species extinction, some say that we already know all we need to know to fix these problems: Further research is a distraction and what we need now is action. Others anticipate a feat of technical ingenuity that will catapult us out of our current crisis. Into this fray comes Jurgen Renn, a polymath historian of science, whose research has careened from ancient Chinese mechanics to Einstein9s theory of gravitation to contemporary energy systems. What links these projects is Renn9s fascination with the dynamics by which science changes and changes hands. His new tour de force, The Evolution of Knowledge, addresses all those concerned with science9s fate.
Traumatic Rib Fracture in the Absence of Flail Chest: Conservative Therapy or Surgical Fixation?

Rib fractures are common injuries in blunt thoracic trauma and contribute significantly to post-traumatic morbidity and mortality. Severe complications may arise in patients with multiple rib fractures due to changes in their respiratory mechanics, such as pneumonia, prolonged ventilator time, and need for tracheostomy. Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) is an emerging practice with increasingly supportive data; however, indications and patient selection vary greatly in the literature and in clinical practice. The current data regarding outcomes of SSRF for patients with non-flail segment pathology is sparse, however suggests the benefit of fewer ventilator days, decreased chronic pain scores, and decreased mortality in older patients. We recommend consideration of SSRF use in patients with multiple severe rib fractures with altered pulmonary mechanics, or in those with high likelihood of chronic pain.
Context-dependent memory effects in two immersive virtual reality environments: On Mars and underwater

The context-dependent memory effect, in which memory for an item is better when the retrieval context matches the original learning context, has proved to be difficult to reproduce in a laboratory setting. In an effort to identify a set of features that generate a robust context-dependent memory effect, we developed a paradigm in virtual reality using two semantically distinct virtual contexts: underwater and Mars environments, each with a separate body of knowledge (schema) associated with it. We show that items are better recalled when retrieved in the same context as the study context; we also show that the size of the effect is larger for items deemed context-relevant at encoding, suggesting that context-dependent memory effects may depend on items being integrated into an active schema.