cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LONG-TERM STABILITY OF VERY PREMATURE INFANT'S MENTAL AND ADAPTIVE DEVELOPMENT. † 1170

Predicting developmental outcome from infancy is problematic, with low correlations usually reported between developmental scores in infancy and later IQ or achievement. Further, little is known about the stability of developmental measures of very premature infants over time. Rosenbaum et al.(Devel. Med. Child Neurol., 1995) suggested that adaptive behavior, or growth toward personal self-sufficiency, may be more descriptive of outcome than other conventional measures. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the stability of mental and adaptive development in a cohort of very low birth weight (VLBW) children. The subjects were 50 VLBWchildren born between 1986 and 1988. Mean gestation was 27.5 weeks; mean birth weight was 940 gm. As part of a longitudinal follow-up study, each child was evaluated at approximately 1, 4,and 8 years of age. At 1 year (adjusted for gestation age), children were evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. At 4 years, the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Revised (WPPSI-R) and the Vineland were used. At 8 years, each child was administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third Ed. (WISC-III) and the Vineland. Repeated measures ANOVAs found significant effects for subject age when comparing scores of cognitive(Bayley, WPPSI-R, WISC-III; F= 22.0, p= <.001) and adaptive development(Vineland; F= 11.78, p= <.001). Post-hoc analyses revealed cognitive scores at each age to differ significantly from one another. Vineland scores at age 1 were higher than both 4 and 8 years, which did not differ. Correlations between cognitive measures at each age were moderate to very high (r 1,4=.45; 1,8=.55; 4,8=.83, p= <.001), as were correlations between adaptive measures at each age (r 1,4=.48; 1,8=.60; 4,8=.68,p= <.001). While parent report of children's adaptive development was consistent across time, scores reflecting cognitive development, while somewhat predictive in terms of correlations, differed significantly in mean values across ages. One implication of these findings is that clinicians need to put increased emphasis on reporting of adaptive development when evaluating at-risk children.
New Arguments Concerning the Effective He 3 Quasiparticle Interaction in Superfluid He 4

By using the Woo\char22{}Tan\char22{}Massey theory of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ solutions, an expression is derived for ${V}_{0}$, the long-wavelength limit of the effective ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ quasiparticle interaction in dilute ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ solutions. The expression supports the calculation of Eckstein, Eckstein, Kuper, and Ron, and indicates that the Baym, Bardeen, Pines result for ${V}_{0}$ is incorrect. Arguments are also given to suggest that ${V}_{0}$ may be positive definite at all pressures.
Long versus short duration fibrillation: what's the difference?

r m When your heart goes into ventricular fibrillation, it stops umping blood. The resulting lack of oxygen causes ischmia, which becomes progressively more severe until you ie (or, if you are lucky, until someone defibrillates you). he electrical properties of the heart change during the inutes of worsening ischemia, so that ventricular fibrillaion in the first seconds after its onset is not the same rrhythmia as fibrillation several minutes later. The optium technique for defibrillation may also vary depending n how long the heart has been ischemic. Defibrillation by n implantable cardioverter-defibrillator occurs soon after brillation begins, so the shock is applied when ischemia as been present for only a short time. On the other hand, efibrillation by an external defibrillator often happens mintes after fibrillation starts. These two devices (internal and xternal defibrillators) differ not only in their electrode eometry and placement but also in the state of the heart at he time of the shock. Experiments and computer simulations often ignore the hange in fibrillation during these crucial minutes. For intance, when experimentalists place the heart on a Langenorff apparatus, the feedback loop connecting the mechancal pumping of the heart to the electrical state of the cardiac issue is broken: fibrillation no longer leads to ischemia ecause the heart is artificially perfused. Many mathematial models simulate the heart’s electrical behavior using quations whose parameters do not change with time. These odels may be appropriate for analyzing Langendorff exeriments but are less useful for studying fibrillation in an ntact heart. In this issue of Heart Rhythm, Allred et al examine efibrillation in pigs that are not artificially perfused, both mmediately (20 seconds) and much later (7 minutes) after he onset of fibrillation. This paper adds significantly to our nowledge of how fibrillation and defibrillation change with ime. Their study addresses three questions. First, does the electric field (that is, the potential gradint) applied during the shock change with time? The answer o this, the easiest of the three questions, is no. The electric eld is nearly identical if given during the first seconds of brillation or after several minutes. This result is not sur-
Temperature Fluctuation and Evaporative Loss Rate in an Algae Biofilm Photobioreactor

This study describes the thermal modeling of a novel algal biofilm photobioreactor aimed at cultivating algae for biofuel production. The thermal model is developed to assess the photobioreactor’s thermal profile and evaporative water loss rate for a range of environmental parameters, including ambient air temperature, solar irradiation, relative humidity, and wind speed. First, a week-long simulation of the system has been performed using environmental data for Memphis, TN, on a typical week during the spring, summer, fall, and winter. Then, a sensitivity analysis was performed to assess the effect of each weather parameter on the temperature and evaporative loss rate of the photobioreactor. The range of the daily algae temperature variation was observed to be 12.2 C, 13.2 C, 11.7 C, and 8.2 C in the spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. Furthermore, without active cooling, the characteristic evaporative water loss from the system is approximately 6.0 L/m day, 7.3 L/m day, 3.4 L/m day, and 1.0 L/m day in the spring, summer, fall, and winter, respectively. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4005088]
Variability in soil heat flux from a mesquite dune site.

For many natural and agricultural landscapes, vegetation partially covers the ground surface, resulting in significant variations in soil heat flux between interspace areas and underneath vegetation. This is particularly apparent in arid and semiarid regions where vegetation cover is low and clustered or ‘clumped’ with large areas of exposed soil. Surface heterogeneity presents significant challenges to the use of standard micro-meteorological measurement techniques for estimating surface energy balance components. The objective of this study was to use an array of 20 soil heat flux plates and soil temperature sensors to characterize the spatial and temporal variability in soil heat flux as affected by vegetation and micro-topographic effects of mesquite dunes in the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico. Maximum differences in soil heat flux among sensors were nearly 300 W m 2 . Maximum differences among individual sensors under similar cover conditions (i.e. no cover or interdune, partial or open canopy cover and full canopy cover) were significant, reaching values of 200‐250 W m 2 . The ‘area-average’ soil heat flux from the array was compared with an estimate using three sensors from a nearby micro-meteorological station. These sensors were positioned to obtain soil heat flux estimates representative of the three main cover conditions: namely, no cover or interdune, partial or open canopy cover, and full canopy cover. Comparisons between the array-average soil heat flux and the three-sensor system indicate that maximum differences on the order of 50 to nearly 100 W m 2 are obtained in the early morning and mid-afternoon periods, respectively. These discrepancies are caused by shading from the vegetation and micro-topography. The array-derived soil heat flux also produced a significantly higher temporal varying soil heat flux/net radiation ratio than what has been observed in other studies under more uniform cover conditions. Results from this study suggest that, to determine the number and location of sensors needed for estimating area-average soil heat flux in this type of landscape, one needs to account not only for the clustering of the vegetation cover but also micro-topography. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Semi-monthly mean sea-level pressure maps for the Mediterranean area

Semi-monthly mean sea-level pressure maps for the Mediterranean and adjacent areas are presented. Isobars have been drawn at 1-millibar intervals. The most significant features on the maps and the advantages of the mode of presentation are discussed briefly.
A unified approach to a class of number systems

A unified approach to a broad class of number systems is proposed in this paper. This class contains all positive and negative radix systems and other well-known number systems. The proposed approach enables us to develop a single set of algorithms for arithmetic operations and conversion methods between number systems.
Understanding spatio-temporal uncertainty in medium access with ALOHA protocols

The goal of this paper is understand how location-dependent propagation latency affects medium access control (MAC) by using ALOHA as a case study. MAC protocols in underwater acoustic networks suffer from latency that is five orders-of-magnitude larger than that in radio networks. Existing work on analyzing MAC throughput in RF networks, where the propagation latency is negligible, generally makes assumptions that render propagation latency irrelevant. As a result, only transmit time is considered as being uncertain in contention-based protocols. In this paper, we investigate the spatial dimension of uncertainty that is inherent to varying locations of transmitters, resulting in unequal propagation latency to a receiver. We show through simulation that the benefit of synchronization in slotted ALOHA is completely lost due to such latency. To handle spatial uncertainty, we propose a modification that adds guard bands to transmission slots. We then perform simulation and first-order analysis on this modified MAC to find its optimal operating parameters. Our simulation and analytic results suggest that shorter hops improve throughput.
The Economics Of Lotteries: A Survey Of The Literature

Lotteries represent an important source of government revenues in many states and countries, so they are of interest to public finance economists. In addition, lotteries provide researchers interested in microeconomic theory and consumer behavior with a type of experimental lab that allows economists to explore these topics. This paper surveys the existing literature on lotteries organized around these two central themes. The first section examines the microeconomic aspects of lotteries including consumer decision-making under uncertainty, price and income elasticities of demand for lottery tickets, cross-price elasticities of lottery ticket to each other and to other gambling products, consumer rationality and gambling, and the efficiency of lottery markets. The second section covers topics related to public finance and public choice including the revenue potential of lotteries, the tax efficiency and dead-weight loss of lottery games, the horizontal and vertical equity of lotteries, earmarking and the fungibility of lottery revenues, and individual state decisions to participate in participate in public lotteries.
Inactivation of Spores of Bacillus anthracis Sterne, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by Chlorination

Three species of Bacillus were evaluated as potential surrogates for Bacillus anthracis for determining the sporicidal activity of chlorination as commonly used in drinking water treatment. Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis were found to be an appropriate surrogate for spores of B. anthracis for use in chlorine inactivation studies.
On The Use Of The Litton Magneto-Optic Device In Optical Processors

Image correlation experiments are described using the magneto-optic spatial light modulator as an input device and as a spatial filter on which a computer generatedfFourier transform holograms are recorded. Algorithms for processing optically digitized images using the same device are also discussed.
Synthesis and properties of 1-(3′-dihydroxyboryl-2′,3′-dideoxyribosyl)pyrimidines

Nucleoside analogues having a boronic acid in place of the 3-hydroxyl group of deoxyribose have been synthesized. The synthesis of 3'-dihydroxyboryl-2',3'-dideoxyribose was based on asymmetric homologation of boronic esters with (dihalomethyl)lithium, beginning from a (silyloxymethyl)boronic ester. A change of chiral director is required before introduction of the second stereocenter, and the direct displacement of (S,S)-1,2-dicyclohexyl-1,2-ethanediol by (1S,2S,3R,5S)-pinanediol was used for this purpose. Coupling of the pinanediol ester of the 1-acetoxy-3-dioxyboryl-5-tert-butylsilyloxy deoxyribose analogue with silylated pyrimidine bases was accomplished with trimethylsilyl bromide. The boronic acid nucleoside analogues were not cytotoxic toward Hep G2 (human hepatocarcinoma) cells. Decomposition occurred over a period of several hours at 37 °C, pH 7.4, with liberation of free pyrimidine base.
An efficient method for obtaining element values of ladder filters whose transfer functions possess complex zeros and whose reactive components have freely assignable losses

An efficient method for designing doubly terminated ladder filters in which reactive components have freely assignable losses is described. The method uses partial knowledge of the driving-point impedance of such filters to generate a set of algebraic equations which are easily solved using a computer program. An example of the application of the method to the design of an active filter is included.
Isotopic fractionation between Fe(III) and Fe(II) in aqueous solutions

Abstract Large equilibrium isotope fractionation occurs between Fe(III) and Fe(II) in very dilute (≤22 mM Cl − ) aqueous solutions, reflecting significant differences in bonding environments. Separation of Fe(III) and Fe(II) is attained by rapid and complete precipitation of Fe(III) through carbonate addition, followed by separation of supernatant and ferric precipitate; experiments reported here produce an equilibrium Δ Fe(III)–Fe(II) =+2.75±0.15‰ for 56 Fe/ 54 Fe at room temperature (22±2°C). The timescales required for attainment of isotopic equilibrium have been determined by parallel isotope tracer experiments using 57 Fe-enriched iron, which are best fitted by a second-order rate law, with K =0.18±0.03 s −1 . Based on this rate constant, ∼15–20% isotopic exchange is estimated to have occurred during Fe(III)–Fe(II) separation, which contributes Fe(III)–Fe(II) . Under the experimental conditions used in this study, >97% Fe(II) exists as [Fe II (H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ , and >82% Fe(III) exists as [Fe III (H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ and [Fe III (H 2 O) 6− n (OH) n ] 3− n ; assuming these are the dominant species, the measured Fe isotope fractionation is approximately half that predicted by Schauble et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 (2001) 2487–2497] at 20–25°C. Although this discrepancy may be due in part to the experimentally unknown isotopic effects of chloride interacting with Fe-hexaquo or Fe-hydroxide complexes, or directly bonded to Fe, there still appears to be at this stage a >1‰ difference between prediction and experiment.
The feasibility and cost of neonatal screening for prenatal alcohol exposure by measuring phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spots.

Background Accurate confirmation of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is required as a diagnostic criterion for the majority of children adversely affected by PAE who do not manifest the physical features associated with fetal alcohol syndrome. A number of ethanol biomarkers have been used to assess PAE, often with suboptimal results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and cost of PAE screening in newborns by measuring phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in dried blood spot (DBS) cards. Methods The feasibility of collecting an additional DBS card during routine newborn screening and the background prevalence of PAE were evaluated in a de-identified sample of newborn children delivered at the University of New Mexico Hospital. Electronic orders to collect DBS cards from newborns who continue to bleed after the routine newborn screen, glucose, or hematocrit testing were initiated for all infants delivered during a 4-week time frame. Specimens were sent to a contract laboratory for PEth analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A cost analysis was conducted to compare the cost of PAE screening by PEth in DBS versus PEth in conventional blood specimens and by meconium fatty acid ethyl esters. Results From 230 collected cards, 201 (87.4%) had at least 1 full blood spot (amount sufficient for PEth analysis), and 6.5% had PEth >20 ng/ml indicative of potential PAE in late pregnancy. PAE screening by PEth in DBS is logistically simpler and less expensive compared with 2 other screening approaches. Conclusions These results indicate that screening for PAE in DBS cards is a feasible procedure and that a majority of infants have enough blood after the routine heel prick to fill an additional card. Moreover, screening by PEth analysis from DBS cards is cost-efficient. The acceptability of such screening by parents and corresponding ethical issues remain to be investigated.
Teaching Southeast Asia through fiction and memoirs

Since few undergraduates intend to major in anthropology, let alone go on to professional careers as anthropologists, I ask students to read materials that I think will most compellingly address the curiosity they have about Southeast Asians’ lives. This means drawing on the increasingly rich store of Southeast Asian fiction and memoirs available in English. These materials can be used to illuminate important topics in the study of Southeast Asia. Although my own field is anthropology, a similar strategy could be used to teach courses in other fields, such as history and sociology.
Long-term human vein graft contractility and morphology: A functional and histopathological study of retrieved coronary vein grafts

Vasoreactivity of 11 coronary artery vein bypass grafts and 13 human saphenous veins was examined. Isometric tension studies were performed in response to potassium chloride (110 mmol/l), noradrenaline (10−9–10−4 mol/l), serotonin (10−9–10−4 mol/l) and histamine (10−8–10−2 mol/l). After precontraction with noradrenaline (10−5 mol/l), the response to acetylcholine (10−8–10−4 mol/l) and the calcium ionophore A23187 (10−8–10−4 mol/l) was also assessed. Results are given as mean(s.e.m.). Compared with saphenous veins, vein grafts showed decreased sensitivity to noradrenaline (1·7(0·5) versus 04(0·1) μmol/l, P = 0·01), no change in sensitivity to serotonin (55(18) versus 37(15) μmol/l, P>0·05) and supersensitivity to histamine (3·2(0·9) versus 30·1(13·2) μmol/l, P=0·01). Vein grafts had a decreased maximal contraction to potassium chloride (1·1(0·3) versus 5·5(0·8)g, P = 0·0001), noradrenaline (1·2(0·3) versus 4·1(0·8)g, P = 0·005), histamine (1·2(0·3) versus 4·5(0·8)g, P = 0·003) and serotonin (0·7(0·2) versus 5·7(0·6)g, P = 0·0002) compared with saphenous vein. Precontracted vein grafts did not relax in response to acetylcholine; in contrast, saphenous vein relaxed in a done-dependent manner to a maximal relaxation of 22(3) per cent. Both saphenous vein and vein graft relaxed in response to A23187. Vein graft intimal thickness was approximately fourfold greater than that of saphenous vein (540(110) versus 136(30)μm). Scanning electron microscopy of vein and vein graft revealed an intact endothelium. Coronary artery vein grafts are capable of responding to various contractile agonists; these responses are notably different from those of saphenous vein and there is a loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation. Even at a late stage vein grafts are not inert but are functional conduits with an abnormally responsive endothelium and a less potent, but significantly altered, smooth muscle contractile profile.
Duality in combinatorial auctions

A combinatorial auction is a way of allocating multiple indivisible units of heterogeneous objects from a single seller to two or more buyers. Ecient combinatorial auctions can be described in terms of the duality theory of linear programming. In fact, there may exist several LP formulations of the same problem that dier with respect to whether or not the prices in the dual vary with the buyer (nonanonymous) and/or the collection of objects purchased (non-linear). Because of its well-known incentive properties, we focus on the Vickrey auction. These are ecient auctions in which buyers pay the social opportunity cost of their purchases and consequently are rewarded with their marginal product (i.e., the increase in the gains from trade from their participation in the auction). The ecient allocation of objects may be obtained as a solution to an LP problem without any qualifications on buyers’ utilities. The dual problem yields the set of pricing equilibria. At any pricing equilibrium in the underlying exchange economy, the seller (auctioneer) and the buyers maximize with respect to prices and markets clear. These prices may be nonlinear and non-anonymous: this is the key dierence between a pricing equilibrium and the linear anonymous pricing of Walrasian equilibrium. It is important to observe that Vickrey payments are typically nonlinear and non-anonymous even when the auction permits an LP formulation with Walrasian pricing. There exists a pricing equilibrium at which buyers obtain their marginal products—and, therefore, are rewarded according to a Vickrey auction—if and only if buyers are substitutes (see Bikhchandani and Ostroy [2002]). The buyers are substitutes condition states that the marginal product of buyers is superadditive: the marginal product of a subset of buyers is at least as large as the sum of the marginal products of the buyers in that subset. Buyers are substitutes is a synthetic condition involving all buyers. It holds if each buyer’s utility function satisfies a generalization of Kelso and Crawford [1982]’s gross substitutes condition. Murota [2003] has demonstrated that the generalized gross substitutes condition is a characterization of discrete concavity. The dual characterization of a discretely concave function, to be noted below, is that its subdierential has the lattice property. Because gross substitutes is almost necessary for the buyers are substitutes condition, the conclusion that Vickrey payments can be implemented as a pricing equilibrium practically requires that each buyer’s utility is discretely concave.
Musically Untrained College Students' Interpretations of Musical Notation: Sound, Silence, Loudness, Duration, and Temporal Order.

Fifty participants who had never learned how to read music completed a questionnaire about their interpretations of standard western musical notation. Some common assumptions were that a note must consist of a circle plus a line, symbols with unfilled spaces denote silence, the value of notes and rests increases with the size and number of features of a symbol, pitch is denoted by both note-head and stem, and tempo is determined by horizontal spacing. These assumptions are not consistent with the conventions of standard musical notation, thus the findings of the study suggest that many fundamental aspects of notation are not intuitive to beginners. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to music pedagogy.
Integration of Multi-Level Copper Metallization into a High Performance Sub-0.25μM Technology

We report the integration of six levels of Cu interconnects using dual inlaid patterning in a 0.2 μm logic technology. A review of process technology as well as device performance shortcomings using conventional aluminum metallization has been presented. Two tantalum based barriers, TaNx and Ta-Si-N as well as a titanium based barrier, CVD TiN, have been evaluated for their applicability. The use of embedded barriers wherein the barrier is formed below the surface of the dielectric has also been discussed as a potential option. No degradation to the device front-end parametrics were found with the choice of an appropriate barrier. Planarization by Cu CMP introduces surface topography that needs to be minimized in order to process multiple levels of interconnects within specified sheet resistance distributions for a range of line widths. Excellent results with highly planarized levels of metallization have consistently been achieved through an optimization of the unit processes and device integration.
Big-tipping, left-leaning, show-biz celebs flee mountain hideaway: A tale of two constitutions

This is a short piece about Colorado constitutional Amendment 2, which prohibited any branch, subdivision, agency, or department of Colorado state or local government from enacting or enforcing any preferences or protections to persons on the basis of their sexual orientation. The article explores various constitutional rights that the amendment might have violated, focusing on a constitutional right or equal opportunity to achieve legislative goals. If it is constitutional for a city to pass an ordinance to protect individuals against discrimination on the basis of their status as members of the KKK, the SPCA, or the BSA, if it is constitutional for the state to grant preferences to farmers, veterans, or over-the-road truckers, how can it be constitutional for the state’s Constitution to deny to persons the opportunity for reformation-at-the-ballot box based on their sexual-orientation status? This - Amendment 2 - is the amendment the United States Supreme Court struck down on other grounds in Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
Incidence of adnexal and lymph node metastases in endometrial stromal sarcoma

5589 Background: To determine the incidence of adnexal and lymph node (LN) metastases in endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS). Methods: We identified all cases evaluated at our institution with a diag...
Beyond adjustment: complex roles of personality and health-related strains in expatriate performance

We proposed and investigated the complex roles of higher order personality dimensions and health-related strains in relation to expatriate adjustment and performance using comparable cross-sectional (n = 170) and longitudinal (n = 77) samples of software engineers posted from India to North America, Western Europe and East Asia. Results indicate that social desirability personality is negatively related to heath-related strains and positively related to task performance, while superiority striving personality is positively associated with cultural adjustment. Using longitudinal data, we also clarified the temporal sequence of health-related strains relative to adjustment and performance. The results suggest that health-related strains are an important antecedent of adjustment, rather than a consequence. Also, expatriate task and relationship performance is a function of health strains and not a predictor. Overall, our findings support a multifaceted influence of dispositions and a pivotal role of health problems on international assignments.
Forensic analysis of windows user space applications through heap allocations

Memory analysis is now used routinely for incident response and forensic applications. Current memory analysis techniques are very effective in finding kernel artifacts of significance to the forensic investigator. However, the analysis of user space applications has not received enough attention so far. We identify the lack of pagefile support in analysis and acquisition as a major hurdle in the analysis of user space applications. We present a set of patches to the Rekall Memory Forensic platform that enable the analysis of pagefiles on all operating systems. We then continue by studying the process heaps, and in particular the Windows userspace heap allocator. We present a set of plugins to enumerate heap allocations and discover internal references. We demonstrate that using the heap allocations as a guide, it is easier to reverse engineer user space private data structure simply by observation. Finally, we apply the heap analysis technique to study the allocations made by the windows DNS client cache.
Post-traumatic stress disorder risk and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which regulates neuronal survival, growth differentiation, and synapse formation, is known to be associated with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the molecular mechanism for those mental disorders remains unknown. Studies have shown that BDNF is associated with PTSD risk and exaggerated startle reaction (a major arousal manifestation of PTSD) in United States military service members who were deployed during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The frequency of the Met/Met in BDNF gene was greater among those with PTSD than those without PTSD. Among individuals who experienced fewer lifetime stressful events, the Met carriers have significantly higher total and startle scores on the PTSD Checklist than the Val/Val carriers. In addition, subjects with PTSD showed higher levels of BDNF in their peripheral blood plasma than the non-probable-PTSD controls. Increased BDNF levels and startle response were observed in both blood plasma and brain hippocampus by inescapable tail shock in rats. In this paper, we reviewed these data to discuss BDNF as a potential biomarker for PTSD risk and its possible roles in the onset of PTSD.
Coccidioidomycosis: Changes in Clinical Expression, Serological Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Options

Coccidioidomycosis occurs in greater than 50,000 persons each year. As concurrent infections with the human immunodeficiency virus become more frequent, the spectrum of coccidioidal illness has shifted toward more extensive and life-threatening disease. This trend has intensified interest in developing more-sensitive methods for diagnosis of coccidioidal infection early in its course. ELISA procedures that detect fungal antigen and antibodies in patient sera have been devised but require more-purified antigens for clinically useful specificity. Clinical trials of new drugs have been initiated that may offer advantages in safety, efficacy, or ease of administration. Itraconazole and fluconazole show promise, especially in the treatment of coccidioidal meningitis. However, it has not yet been determined whether either antifungal agent is more effective than established agents, such as amphotericin B or ketoconazole. These changes in the clinical spectrum, methods of diagnosis, and therapeutic options will likely influence the medical approach to coccidioidal infections in coming years.
THE USE OF PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION METHOD IN THE STUDY OF HIGH SPEED JET NOISE

The Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method and the Polar Correlation Technique (PCT) are applied to the analysis of far-field acoustic measurements from a high temperature Mj=1.38 axisymmetric jet issuing from a 50.8 mm converging nozzle. The acoustic data is decomposed in eigenfunctions and eigenvalues using POD for a subsequent application of the PCT to determine noise source locations. The far field acoustic data obtained from a normal jet and with microjet injection at the nozzle exit are examined. For the normal jet, the POD method shows that a single dominant eigenfunction with 61% of the energy. With the application of microjet injection, the dominant mode energy is significantly reduced. The PCT further reveal that the extent and the strength of the source region are reduced by the use of microjet injection.
What is the origin of the prepeak in the X-ray scattering of imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids?

The observation of a first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) at low frequency in the X-ray and neutron scattering spectra of different imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) (the so-called prepeak) has often been experimentally interpreted as indicative of mesoscopic organization leading to nanoscale segregation and the formation of domains of different morphologies. This interpretation that has permeated the analysis of many recently published articles deserves an in depth theoretical analysis. In this article, we use several different computational techniques to thoroughly dissect the atomistic components giving rise to the low-frequency FSDP as well as other features in the structure function (S(q)). By understanding how S(q) changes as imidazolium-based ionic systems undergo solid−liquid phase transition, and by artificially perturbing the liquid structure in a way that directly couples to the intensity of the FSDP, we are able to identify in a rigorous way its geometric origin. Similar ...
The Product of Two Measures

(1962). The Product of Two Measures. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 69, No. 10, pp. 961-968.
The use of valve prostheses in childhood

Summary The use of valve prostheses for the treatment of congenital valve deformities in children has been discouraging because of the need to replace these prostheses later in life due to their small flow area as well as the unsettled question of the need for prolonged anticoagulant therapy. Two cases of aortic valve replacement in children with prostheses of our design, incorporating a full-orifice flow characteristic, are presented. They demonstrate the feasibility of providing children with a prosthetic valve adequate to sustain adult activity and of such a design that anticoagulant therapy is less likely to be indicated. The availability of these new prostheses allows these children with irreparable congenital valve deformities an opportunity to have total repair of their hemodynamic defects.
Analysis on Detection Principle of Electromagnetic Core Imperfection Detector Method for Generator Stator Core

In order to research the effectiveness of electromagnetic core imperfection detector(ELCID) method in the detection of insulation damages in generator stators, on the basis of the basic principle of ELCID method, we analyzed the structure and the application of ELCID testing devices. Meanwhile, we used the Ansoft Maxwell to establish an finite element model of generator stator, and analyzed whether ELCID method is capable of conducting comparatively accurate measurements according to faults of different severities at different locations. It is obtained that the ELCID method can measure the currents of surface faults with high precision and high efficiency. Meanwhile, the ELCID method is not able to accurately measure the currents of faults located in stator core, though it can determine the locations and severities of faults approximately. The conclusions can be used as references for further applications of ELCID method.
Analysis on the efficacy comparison of mosquito coil among different laboratory

Objective To compare the efficacy of mosquito coil tested by different laboratory with qualification for registration of public insecticide efficacy,and to prove the detection ability of them.Methods KT50 value was tested according to the method from GB/T13917.4-2009,and the results was analyzed by the method of globalized robust statistic method(z-score).Results For sample A,there were 17 labs with the satisfied test results among the total of 18 labs,accounting for 94.44%,and only one lab had little problem(5.56%).For sample B,the test results from 16 labs were satisfied(88.89%),one lab with problem(5.56%) and one lab without satisfied result(5.56%).Conclusion Most of the labs have higher detection level for efficacy of mosquito coil,and few labs still exit a little problem.So labs with problem need to be found the reason and to be improved further.Comparison among different labs contributes to the improvement of detection ability.
Study on Chemical Component of PM_(2.5) in the Atmosphere of Shanghai

[Objective]To study the chemical component of element,soluble ion and organic carbon(OC)/elemental carbon(EC) in PM_(2.5) in the atmosphere of Shanghai.[Methods] The chemical component in PM_(2.5) of 5 sampling sites in Shanghai was.analyzed. Major soluble ion was tested by ion chromatogram,16 elements were tested by engery dispersive x-ray fluorescence(EDXRF),EC and OC were tested by thermal decomposition and soluble organic components were tested by full spectral analysis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).[Results] Major soluble ion occupies 35% of PM_(2.5) sample,TC occupies 40%,element matter occupies less than 10%,others are unknown matter.[Conclusion] The chemical component of PM_(2.5) in Shanghai has been identified.
Grand Finality: Post-Conviction Prosecutors and Capital Punishment

In the years since the United States Supreme Court permitted reinstatement of the death penalty, scholars have paid close attention to the question of why prosecutors charge a crime as a capital offense. But the scholarly community has largely ignored some related questions. Why do many prosecutors assigned to handle the appellate and post-conviction phases of a capital case — those entrusted with the task of defending death — fight tooth-and-nail to preserve the trial outcome? Even more, why might those prosecutors reject defense overtures to join in a request for an evidentiary hearing or new trial in situations where they had nothing to do with the original charging decision and have misgivings about the propriety of the trial proceedings? As this author has discussed in depth elsewhere, these reactions may be influenced by a range of professional, political, and psychological factors. This Chapter asserts that another explanation should be added to the mix in the capital context: how the value of “finality” plays a key role in prompting prosecutors to neglect to reexamine convictions. A prosecutor’s customary belief in the need for finality in the litigation process is heightened in the capital punishment context, generating what the author deems a search for “grand finality.” The idea that disputes must at some point reach a final resolution in order to achieve peace for litigants, victims, and witnesses, and to make room in the system for new disputes, takes on added significance in a death penalty case because the prospect of true finality is attainable. As others have famously noted, there is no appeal from the grave. A post-conviction prosecutor striving for finality may ignore a defendant’s legitimate demand to re-open a capital case. This can prolong injustices — and help produce wrongful executions.
Daniel DeLeon: The Odyssey of an American Marxist

(1980). Daniel DeLeon: The Odyssey of an American Marxist. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 804-808.
Administrative Leadership and Social Change

Although the history of public administration has not received the attention it deserves, leadership is a topic that bas enjoyed periodic bursts of attention among those who are concerned with issues related to governance, management, and adminis­tration. Most often these treatments of leadership focus on leadership within an organizational structure, within a corpo­ration or a bureaucracy. This article adds to the literature on administrative leadership by examining examples of the lead­ership of public administrators in a larger context, in social movements. Public administrators focused on in this article include: John Wesley Powell, Gifford Pinchot, Aldo Leopold.
‘Reflections from the Margins’ - Working Class White Boys, Educational Underachievement and Uncertain Futures

This article explores the perceptions of a group of working class white boys living in the West Midlands area of the United Kingdom. Using original data generated from a series of in-depth personal interviews matters of educational underachievement, future job prospects and ambitions are explored. In capturing the ‘voice’ of the young people concerned specific attention is given to how a variety of social, economic and class-based factors shape their personal and collective perceptions. It is argued that the dominant social construction of the period of youth, commonly represented through the young people’s views, is underpinned by notions of marginalisation, problematisation, social exclusion and discrimination. The case is made for re-orientating the nature of school relationships and adjusting the curriculum to reflect the needs and experiences of the young people involved.
Unexpected population response to increasing temperature in the context of a strong species interaction.

Climate change is driving large changes in the spatial and temporal distributions of species, with significant consequences for individual populations. Community- and ecosystem-level implications of altered species distributions may be complex and challenging to anticipate due to the cascading effects of disrupted interactions among species, which may exhibit threshold responses to extreme climatic events. Toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacteria like Microcystis are expected to increase worldwide with climate change, due in part to their high temperature optima for growth. In addition, invasive zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) have caused an increase in Microcystis aeruginosa, a species typically associated with eutrophication, in low-nutrient lakes. We conducted a 13-yr study of a M. aeruginosa population in a low-nutrient lake invaded by zebra mussels. In 10 of the 13 years, there was a significant positive relationship between M. aeruginosa biomass and accumulated degree days, which are projected to increase with climate change. In contrast, Microcystis biomass was up to an order of magnitude lower than predicted by the above relationship during the other three years, including the warmest in the data set, following repeated heat-induced mass mortality of D. polymorpha. Thus, the positive relationship between Microcystis biomass and temperature was negated when its facilitating species was suppressed during a series of exceptionally warm summers. Predicting the net response of a species to climate change may therefore require, at minimum, quantification of responses of both the focal species and species that strongly interact with it over sufficiently long time periods to encompass the full range of climatic variability. Our results could not have been predicted from existing data on the short-term responses of these two interacting species to increased temperature.
Paleozoic shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin, China

The Sichuan Basin, China, is commonly considered to contain the world’s most abundant shale gas resources. Although its Paleozoic marine shales share many basic characteristics with successful United States gas shales, numerous geologic uncertainties exist, and Sichuan Basin shale gas production is nascent. Gas retention was likely compromised by the age of the shale reservoirs, multiple uplifts and orogenies, and migration pathways along unconformities. High thermal maturities raise questions about gas storage potential in lower Paleozoic shales. Given these uncertainties, a new look at Sichuan Basin shale gas resources is advantageous. As part of a systematic effort to quantitatively assess continuous oil and gas resources in priority basins worldwide, the US Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment of Paleozoic shale gas in the Sichuan Basin in 2015. Three organic-rich marine Paleozoic shale intervals meet the USGS geologic criteria for quantitative assessment of shale gas resources: the lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation, the uppermost Ordovician Wufeng through lowermost Silurian Longmaxi Formations (currently producing shale gas), and the upper Permian Longtan and Dalong Formations. This study defined geologically based assessment units and calculated probabilistic distributions of technically recoverable shale gas resources using the USGS well productivity–based method. For six assessment units evaluated in 2015, the USGS estimated a mean value of 23.9 tcf (677 billion cubic meters) of undiscovered, technically recoverable shale gas. This result is considerably lower than volumes calculated in previous shale gas assessments of the Sichuan Basin, highlighting a need for caution in this geologically challenging setting.
Echtyma contagiosum compliqué d’érythème polymorphe : à propos d’un cas

Ecthyma contagiosum, or Orf, is a specific infection of small ruminants accidentally reaching humans. Few cases have been reported in the literature to date. We report here a case of ecthyma contagiosum occurred in a 9-year-old girl after contact with a flock of ecthyma sheep. This Orf was then complicated by superinfection and then by erythema multiforme. Orf is often underdiagnosed, probably because of small ruminant breeders' knowledge of this disease and its benignity in humans. It is caused by a very resistant Parapoxvirus in the environment. The diagnosis is clinical and anamnestic. Orf is therefore a benign pathology, the course of which is spontaneously favorable outside any specific treatment. However, it is important to prevent certain complications such as superinfections with appropriate local care. Other complications cannot be prevented and require appropriate care.
High resolution retinal scanning reveals regional structural differences between MS and NMOSD optic neuritis regardless of antibody status.

Abstract Background There is a need for biomarkers that can classify optic neuritis (ON) attacks as belonging to either neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with optic neuritis (NMOSD-ON) or relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis with optic neuritis (MS-ON). This study uses spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) data to perform a preliminary contrast between NMOSD-ON and MS-ON by analyzing peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and intra-macular layer patterns of injury. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we used SD-OCT to obtain peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer and intra-macular layer data for 26 NMOSD-ON, 25 MS-ON, and 26 healthy control (HC) age-matched eyes. Additionally, sub-comparisons compared 11 NMOSD-ON eyes that were seronegative for IgG antibodies against aquaporin 4 (NMOSD-ON (−)) and 16 NMOSD-ON eyes that were seropositive (NMOSD-ON (+)) to age-matched MS-ON eyes. Layer thicknesses were assessed using an automated algorithm and were then statistically compared using generalized estimating equations to account for inter-eye correlations. Results Selective thinning was found in the pRNFL, mRNFL, and GCL in NMOSD-ON compared to MS-ON. Thinning in the pRNFL nasal sector was found to persist in both NMOSD-ON (−) (P = 0.017) and NMOSD-ON (+) (P = 0.021) compared to MS-ON. Thinning in the mRNFL temporal sector was found to persist in NMOSD-ON (+) compared to MS-ON. Diffuse thinning was found in the pRNFL, mRNFL, GCL and IPL in NMOSD-ON compared to HC, and while diffuse thinning was also found in the GCL and IPL in MS-ON compared to HC, selective thinning was found in the pRNFL and mRNFL. Conclusion The nasal region of the pRNFL may be capable of distinguishing between NMOSD-ON and MS-ON regardless of antibody status. Additionally, NMOSD-ON may cause more profound nasal axonal and inferior arcuate neuronal degeneration compared to MS-ON.
High-Frequency Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Increases Anabolic Signaling.

ABSTRACTPurposeNeuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is commonly used in rehabilitation settings to increase muscle mass and strength. However, the effects of NMES on muscle growth are not clear and no human studies have compared anabolic signaling between low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency
Three-Variance Approach for Updating Earned Value Management

AbstractThe project management triad consists of scope, time, and cost. In this study, the schedule variance and schedule performance index, in traditional two-variance earned value management (EVM...