cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary significance of the thoracic duct.

IN mammals lymph vessels draining the abdominal viscera and lower half of the body converge just below the diaphragm to form the thoracic duct, a single major channel which ascends through the chest and enters the venous system on the left side of the neck. Although it is recognized that the lymphatic system collects plasma protein, absorbed lipid and immunologically active cells and protein, the physiological advantage of transporting these substances from below the diaphragm through the chest to the neck is still obscure. It is usually conceded, for example, that surgical ligature of the duct at any point in its course is harmless and entirely without sequelae. This report clarifies the functional significance of the thoracic duct by tracing its evolutionary development to selection of a mechanism which pumps lymph into blood.
Limitations of non-minimum-phase feedback systems†

Abstract This paper is devoted to the stable linear time-invariant plant whose transfer function P{s) has right half-plane (RHP) zeros, denoted as a non-minimum-phase (NMP) plant. We can always write P(s) = Pm(s)A(s), | A(jw)| = 1, arg A(jm) raonotonically decreasing from zero at W = 0, and Pm minimum-phase (MP). In the traditional design, the plant loop transmission L(s) has |L(jw) | > 1 for w in [0, wc), wc, the cross-over frequency. The benefits of feedback are then restricted to [0, wc) with wc, < wc. If P(s) is MP, wc may theoretically be arbitrarily large but in the NMP ease wc < Wa, given approximately by arg A(JW )= — 60°. It is shown that other options are available in NMP systems, by having several cross-over frequencies. If A (s) has finite degree, it is even theoretically possible to achieve arbitrarily large | L(jw) | over an arbitrarily large-frequency range (w1, w2). However, the price is paid with one or more ‘holes’ (finite-frequency ranges) in [0, w1, ]in which |L(jw)<1. The ...
The conceptual analysis of turbulent flow and convection

Abstract The complexity and intractability of the mathematical description of turbulent flow forced early investigators to utilize conceptual analysis of various types. The accumulative results of such analyses by the giants of our field over the past century are shown in retrospect to provide a complete and essentially exact structure for the correlation of experimental data and recent results from direct numerical simulations. This approach is found to be less successful for turbulent convection because of its greater intrinsic complexity but the limited integral formulations for specific values of the Prandtl number do provide invaluable theoretical guideposts.
A low cost transplanting procedure for sediment stabilization and habitat development using eelgrass (Zostera marina)

Eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) has long been recognized for its role in sediment stability and in biological productivity. Therefore seagrass transplanting has gained increasing attention as a method of reducing detrimental impacts on subtidal habitats in the coastal zone. Our transplanting technique consists of attaching whole, vegetative shoots, ’rinsed free of sediment, to 25 cm L-shaped steel rods, which are then inserted into the sediment. Harvest rate from high current areas equals 18,000 shoots per man hour (mh). Whole shoots from high current areas yield a superior shoot generation rate in comparison to shoots from low current areas. Planting units (PU) can be fabricated by hand with a recommended 15 shoots/PU at 100 PU/mh and planted at 150/PU mh. Planting should be done during October in the Beaufort, North Carolina, area. Total labor requirements are 250 and 493 mh/ha in low and high current areas, respectively. Sediment stabilization is dependent on current velocity reduction and wave dampening, which are functions of meadow size and ambient current and wave regimes. Colonization is more susceptible to sediment erosion before root mat development has begun.Z. marina is capable of trapping and maintaining at least 90 m3 of sand/ha of bottom covered.
Use of ethyl vinyl ether for general and thoracic surgery

1. Ethyl vinyl ether is a useful anaesthetic drug in all ages and for all operative procedures not requiring muscle relaxabon or the use of the cautery. 2. It is an adequate and safe analgesic agent by the open drop technique or as an adjunct to nitrous oxide and ethylene. 3. It can be employed m the non-rebreathing, semi-closed, or closed carbon dioxide absorption techniques. 4. Its advantages are rapid induction, emergence, and shift of level of anaesthesia. 5. Its disadvantages are hypotension in the deeper planes of anaesthesia and lack of reliability of muscle relaxation. 6. It has proven to be a satisfactory agent for thoracic procedures if one is very careful to prevent the hypotension which may develop.
Early discontinuation of treatment in patients with orthostatic hypotension

Background Midodrine and fludrocortisone are considered the first-line pharmacologic treatments for orthostatic hypotension (OH). Although OH is thought to require long-term therapy, it is unknown how long patients remain on treatment (“persistence”).
Early participation of CS students in research

Research experiences are widely available to upper-division computer science students during the academic year and during summer. Co-op and internship opportunities are available to this group as well. Due to the fact that freshman and sophomore students do not have sufficient background, they are often left behind and are not involved in research activities. This paper shares some experiences with a program that was put in place through an NSF STEP grant that provides research opportunities to freshman, sophomore, and first year transfer students. The paper presents examples of projects in which computer science scholars were involved. We have learned that lower-division computer science students are excited about the opportunity to participate in research. Early participation in research helps build a strong community among the freshman and sophomore students, keeps these students engaged, and results in a higher retention rate.
Modification of responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system in rats.

Abstract 1 Angiotensin I (AI) and AII elicited a dose-dependent potentiation of contractions by rat vas deferens produced by low frequency nerve stimulation without enhancing the contraction produced by exogenous noradrenaline. The AII-induced presynaptic potentiation was blocked by the specific antagonist cysteine8-AII. 2 The vasoconstrictor response to periarterial stimulation of rat isolated perfused kidney was potentiated by AII and there was a lesser enhancement of the effect of exogenous noradrenaline. 3 The response to stimulation of complete sympathetic outflow from the spinal cord to blood vessels in the pithed rat was enhanced by angiotensin or vasopressin in direct proportion to the increase in prestimulus muscular tone. The blood pressure in the pithed rats is primarily maintained by the renin-angiotensin system since the converting-enzyme inhibitor (SQ-20881) or bilateral nephrectomy caused further substantial lowering of systemic blood pressure after spinal cord destruction and after treatment with curare and atropine.
LARGE‐AMPLITUDE CURRENT OSCILLATIONS IN n‐TYPE Ge

Threshold average electric fields of approximately 1 kV/cm are experimentally observed for large‐amplitude sinusoidal current oscillations at 77°K. These oscillations are different from previously reported oscillations in n‐type Ge. The 0.25–1.0 A (rms) oscillations occur at frequencies near 1 GHz. The frequency is found to decrease with increasing electric field and to be relatively independent of magnetic field.
Axisymmetric response of a cracked fiber in matrix

Abstract Solved is the problem of a penny-shaped crack in a fiber surrounded by a finite radius matrix subjected to uniform axial strain. The stress intensity factor at the crack edge and the maximum stresses at the interface are examined. These quantities depend on the elastic moduli of the fiber and the matrix, the interface properties, the fiber volume fraction and the crack length. The axisymmetric results are compared with those in plane extension. They are discussed in relation to possible crack growth directions depending on assumed interface strength.
I-FGM: information retrieval in highly dynamic search spaces

Intelligent foraging, gathering and matching (I-FGM) has been shown to be an effective tool for intelligence analysts who have to deal with large and dynamic search spaces. I-FGM introduced a unique resource allocation strategy based on a partial information processing paradigm which, along with a modular system architecture, makes it a truly novel and comprehensive solution to information retrieval in such search spaces. This paper provides further validation of its performance by studying its behavior while working with highly dynamic databases. Results from earlier experiments were analyzed and important changes have been made in the system parameters to deal with dynamism in the search space. These changes also help in our goal of providing relevant search results quickly and with minimum wastage of computational resources. Experiments have been conducted on I-FGM in a realistic and dynamic simulation environment, and its results are compared with two other control systems. I-FGM clearly outperforms the control systems.
The effect of fluid loading on radiation efficiency

The metric “radiation efficiency,” used to estimate a panel’s radiated acoustic power from a measure of its normal velocity, is typically derived under the condition of very light fluid loading. This paper shows that efficiencies calculated in this manner can significantly overestimate the radiated power when the condition of light fluid loading is not met, as can be the case for steel plates in water. It is also shown that, when fluid loading is not light, a baffled semi-infinite plate is not a good model for an interior support. Numerical results are presented for radiation efficiencies calculated for steel plates in water, and are compared to those calculated under the assumption of vanishing fluid loading.
Developing expert system to evaluate leave/funding request for faculty professional enhancement at Central Missouri State University

Central Missouri State University has a university wide Professional Enhancement Committee (PEC) that evaluates all funding/leave requests that directly relate to faculty professional enhancement and makes proper recommendation to the provost. There are eight members in the PEC. The average appointment period for each member in the committee is two years. The PEC meets every two weeks during regular academic year and whenever necessary during summer. During the 1986-1987 academic year the PEC has processed 25 funding/leave requests and approximately 160 professional travel requests. Fig-1 shows some of the considerations that go into evaluating such requests. Considerations that go into request for funding professional travel are too many to list here and are not included. Confidence Factor indicate the member's confidence (scale 0 - 100) in a stated fact by the applicant.The general guidelines of eligibility to apply for professional enhancement funding/leave are given in the faculty guide. However, the process of evaluation is much more complicated than the eligibility requirements. There are hundreds of pieces of information that the PEC has to consider to make a decision. For example, PEC has to consider what effect would such a leave have on the overall effectiveness and budget of the department. Some of these information come from experience as a professional and as a faculty member and many others come from being a member of the committee. It takes quite some time for the new members to acquire all skills and know-how that are necessary. Some of the rules of evaluation are precise and quantitative. Others require qualitative judgement that must be translated to quantitative numbers. This means putting confidence factor (0 - 100) to the inference. This type of situation is quite critical in a large profit oriented organization where the management may want to know the overall effect, if any, of a person going on leave at the particular time of the year would have on the organization.Research is being conducted at CMSU to formalize all the human expertise that go into evaluating the funding/leave request for professional enhancement, place those in a knowledge base and built an expert system. Such an expert system would be able to provide valuable help to the organizations' decision making process. Initial work is now underway to built a prototype system that would address the following:Process faculty request for professional travel funding only.Built a knowledge base that would include:Rules specified in faculty guideRules that reflect university policyRules reflecting departmental and college policy.Heuristic rulesInteractively input confidence factor for certain facts and inferences.The inference from the system may be the following:— NO for funding — explain why — show inference chain — YES for funding — explain why — show inference chain — AMOUNT — why The prototype is being developed using expert system development shell and would eventually be delivered on IBM PC or compatible machines.
Measured and predicted air flow in a small classroom

Local/State building codes mandate the supply of fresh air to classrooms. Most designs adhere to these requirements through mechanical HVAC systems. For buildings that depend upon natural ventilation in which fresh air is supplied through windows, care must be taken to account for ambient conditions, i.e., air temperature, humidity, and wind velocity and direction, that can strongly affect the amount of fresh air. For classroom with multiple windows the question is which windows to open at any given time. This paper describes the measurement of air flow in a simple classroom and the use of CFD simulation to predict the circulation of air with an aim of determining if such a simulation may be used to define optimal window opening schedules.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Primary Structure and Relative Potency of an Analog of β-PDH (Pigment-Dispersing Hormone) From the Crayfish Procambarus clarkii

A pigment-dispersing hormone (PDH) from eyestalks of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii was purified by gel filtration, cation-exchange chromatography, partition chromatography, and reversed-phase HPLC. Based on automated sequencing and by the identical chromatographic behavior of the native PDH and the synthetic amidated form of the deduced sequence, the primary structure of Procambarus PDH has been established as: Asn-Ser-Glu-Leu-Ile-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Gly-Leu-Pro-Lys-Val-Met-Asn-Glu-Ala- NH2. This peptide differs from beta-PDH of the fiddler crab Uca pugilator at a single position, Glu17 in place of Asp17. Because of this substitution, Procambarus PDH was 4 to 7-fold less potent than beta-PDH in causing pigment dispersion in the erythrophores, leucophores, and melanophores of Uca. In contrast, Procambarus PDH was 4-fold more potent than beta-PDH in eliciting pigment dispersion in the erythrophores of Procambarus. These peptides displayed less marked differences in potency in triggering leucophore pigment dispersion and light-adaptational distal eye pigment movement in Procambarus. These findings indicate that the structural requirements for PDH-receptor interactions vary with the species and with the target cell type within a given species.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for the Treatment of Depression and Adherence in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: Pilot Data and Feasibility

Objective: Depression is one of the most common psychological problems affecting individuals with type 1 diabetes, and it is associated with treatment nonadherence and worse clinical outcomes. The research on treating depression or nonadherence in adults with type 1 diabetes is limited. We adapted an evidence-supported treatment, individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD), for type 1 diabetes and examined its feasibility, acceptability, and potential for an effect. Method: The pilot study included 9 patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression, dysthymia, or residual depressive symptoms despite treatment with an antidepressant; a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes per patient self-report; and a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 8.0% or greater. Patients were referred by their diabetes care providers to a behavioral medicine specialty setting and received 10 to 12 sessions of CBT-AD. Main outcome measures included percent of eligible participants who enrolled in the study, session attendance, independently-rated Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score, self-reported adherence to diabetes care activities, and adherence to self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. Data were collected from June 27, 2008, through March 31, 2010. Results: There was a clinically meaningful decrease in depression severity (mean [SD] MADRS score decrease from 26.0 [4.73] to 12.3 [7.37], Cohen d = 2.90), demonstrated improvements in diabetes self-care (increase in blood glucose monitoring from 65.0 [26.72] to 82.7 [22.75], Cohen d = –0.66, and a difference in self-reported percent insulin doses in the past 2 weeks from 77.1 [29.84] to 87.1 [23.6], Cohen d = –0.34), and possible improvement in glycemic control (decrease in HbA1c levels from 9.6 [1.32] to 9.0 [1.04], Cohen d = 0.45). Conclusions: These preliminary results provide evidence for the acceptability, feasibility, and potential utility of CBT-AD for patients with type 1 diabetes and depression. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01527981","term_id":"NCT01527981"}}NCT01527981
Hepatitis C virus 3′UTR regulates viral translation through direct interactions with the host translation machinery

The 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) messenger RNA stimulates viral translation by an undetermined mechanism. We identified a high affinity interaction, conserved among different HCV genotypes, between the HCV 3'UTR and the host ribosome. The 3'UTR interacts with 40S ribosomal subunit proteins residing primarily in a localized region on the 40S solvent-accessible surface near the messenger RNA entry and exit sites. This region partially overlaps with the site where the HCV internal ribosome entry site was found to bind, with the internal ribosome entry site-40S subunit interaction being dominant. Despite its ability to bind to 40S subunits independently, the HCV 3'UTR only stimulates translation in cis, without affecting the first round translation rate. These observations support a model in which the HCV 3'UTR retains ribosome complexes during translation termination to facilitate efficient initiation of subsequent rounds of translation.
Digitization of Microwave Signals with Spatial Spectral Holography

A new optical approach to broadband analog-to-digital conversion is discussed, which directly records signals in the frequency domain. This frequency-domain stretch processor can achieve 10-bit performance at 20 GSPS and is extendable to signals over 100 GHz.
Charge-pump assisted low-power/low-voltage CMOS op amp design

Low-voltage/low-power requirements have become essential considerations in modern mixed-signal designs. In this paper, we present a 1.8 V multi-stage opamp designed using a standard 0.6 /spl mu/m n-well CMOS process. The op amp designs include a new high efficiency DC-DC converter used in a low-voltage frequency compensation configuration that tracks process, temperature, and supply voltage variations and enables accurate pole-zero cancellation. Low-power operation is compared in passive and active g/sub m/ feedforward compensation techniques. An automatic threshold calibration scheme is also described.
RNA tumor virus phosphoproteins: phosphorylation of precursor and processed polypeptides.

Abstract Monospecific antisera made against the 30,000 molecular weight major internal polypeptide (p30) and the 12,000 molecular weight phosphorylated polypeptide (pp12) of a wild mouse type C oncovirus were used to immunoprecipitate precursor polypeptides from extracts of isotopically labeled cells infected with the oncovirus. Analysis of the immunoprecipitates by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis led to the detection of several precursor polypeptide (Pr) species containing the determinants of both p30 and pp12. These species, namely Pr>100, Pr100, Pr77, Pr62, and Pr50, were all found to be phosphorylated in pulse experiments. The polypeptide pp12 was, however, the major phosphorylated species immunoprecipitated by anti-pp12 sera in pulse and chase experiments. These data and a relatively high degree of phosphorylation in the processed pp12 suggested that phosphorylation of oncovirus protein is initiated at the polyprotein level and the phosphoprotein moiety is further phosphorylated subsequent to processing.
Differential Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay of Cyclin Dl Gene Amplification in Esophageal Carcinoma

The cyclin Dl gene, located on chromosome llql3, is frequently rea%anged in parathyroid neoplasms and amplified in some carcinomas of other organs. Recent studies have detected amplification of cyclin Dl and other markers on chromosome 1 lql3 (evaluated by Southern or slot blot assays) in ∼25–50% of
Metabolic and signaling properties of an Itpk gene family in Glycine max.

We have cloned and characterized four Itpk genes from soybean. All four recombinant Itpk proteins showed canonical Ins(1,3,4)P3 5/6-kinase activity, but a kinetic analysis raised questions about its biological significance. Instead, we provide evidence that one alternative biological role for soybean Itpks is to interconvert the Cl− channel inhibitor, Ins(3,4,5,6)P4, and its metabolic precursor, Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5, within a substrate cycle. The soybean Itpks also phosphorylated Ins(3,4,6)P3 to Ins(1,3,4,6)P4 which was further phosphorylated to Ins(1,3,4,5,6)P5 by soybean Ipk2. Thus, soybean Itpks may participate in an inositol lipid-independent pathway of InsP6 synthesis.
Informed dissent regarding hypnosis and its not-so-hidden observers: comment on Lynn.

Dr. Lynn reports some second thoughts about an article he published in 1994, in which he described the use of a high hypnotizable/simulator design to study hypnotic dream and hidden observer reports. He found that despite some overlap between highand lowhypnotizable simulators, high hypnotizables reported more primary process material in hypnotic dream reports. He also describes two highly effective interventions involving a hypnotic suggestion of a hidden observer, one in the clinical, one in the forensic setting. These cases are particularly compelling because of their sophisticated use of hypnosis in conjunction with sound psychotherapeutic principles, and their positive outcome.
Organometallic catalysts for intramolecular hydroamination of alkenes

Amines are invaluable precursors and necessary chemical components in industrial settings as well as pharmaceutical industries, making methods for efficient formation of C-N bonds a vital chemical process. Of these methods, the hydroamination of alkenes and alkynes, specifically the addition of an N-H bond across a carbon-carbon π-bond, is especially relevant. The hydroamination reaction is theoretically 100% atom-economical, making it a desirable synthetic route for the formation of C-N bonds. Common synthetic methods for amines are cumbersome and require multiple steps that produce waste products. However, the hydroamination reaction itself has a large negative entropy, requiring the assistance of a catalyst to promote the reaction. As such, current research focuses on the development of organometallic catalysts that can increase the efficacy of hydroamination reactions. Herein, research towards the development of an efficient catalyst for intramolecular hydroamination of alkene is reviewed.
Pedestrian pelvic fractures: 5-year experience of a major urban trauma center.

Background: Pedestrian injury accounts for approximately 14% of all vehicular-associated mortality. We performed a retrospective review of 1,014 injured pedestrians admitted to our statewide trauma center between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1994, to determine the pattern and severity of pelvic injury in injured pedestrians, the types of associated injuries relative to those pelvic injury patterns, and the relationship between pelvic fracture treatment modalities and patient outcome. Methods: Approximately 11% (111 of 1,014) of the patients had high-energy pelvic ring disruptions. The average age of these 57 men and 54 women was 39.4 years. The average admission Injury Severity Score and Glasgow Coma Scale values were 29.2 and 11.7, respectively. Pelvic injuries were classified according to the mechanism of injury: lateral compression, anteroposterior compression, vertical shear, and combined mechanical injury fractures. We compared the mean Glasgow Coma Scale scores, blood utilization, number of associated injuries, and mortality rate for each classification. Results: Associated trauma included neurologic (30 of 111, 27.0%), thoracic (29 of 111, 26.1%), and abdominal injury (16 of 111, 14.4%). Overall blood product utilization averaged 1,971 mL within the first 24 hours and overall mortality was 26 of 111 (23.4%). There were 79 (71.2%) lateral compression, 23 (20.7%) anteroposterior compression, six (5.4%) vertical shear, and three (2.7%) combined mechanical injury fractures. As the severity of lateral compression and anteroposterior compression pelvic fractures increased, Glasgow Coma Scale scores decreased and Injury Severity Score values, blood utilization, number of associated injuries, and mortality rate increased. The highest mortality rate (50%) was associated with the most severe (grade III) lateral compression and anteroposterior compression injuries. Of particular interest, was the difference in the 24-hour blood utilization and mortality rates for patients with lateral compression type II pelvic fractures treated before (nonoperative management) and after (early external fixation) 1993: 4,760 versus 1,375 mL of blood and 36.4 versus 12.5% mortality rate, respectively. Conclusions: In conclusion, pelvic fracture appears to be a substantial factor in pedestrian morbidity and mortality. Although most pedestrian morbidity and mortality is not caused by the intrinsic nature of the pelvic fracture, the severity of these injuries is correlated with the degree of destructive energy imparted to the body as a whole, as manifested by the number and severity of associated injuries and the mortality rate.
Response to treatment of hepatitis C in individuals with a recent history of intravenous drug abuse

Response to treatment of hepatitis C in individuals with a recent history of intravenous drug abuse
High-speed solid state camera imaging systems at LLNL-NTES

Strong interest exists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in studying the physics of transient, high density, high temperature, hydrogen plasmas. Because sequenced imaging is a major part of the diagnostics of these plasmas a continuous effort is made to improve the components of our imaging system and their calibration and to review operating procedures and techniques. The major components of our transient data, optical imaging systems are gated microchannel plate intensifiers (MCPI), solid-state array cameras, and fiberoptic data acquisition systems. Gated MCPIs are currently used with our solid-state cameras to provide sub-nanosecond snapshots of an optical pulse from a radiation-to-light converter. Efforts are made (1) to characterize photocathode response, modulation transfer function, luminous gain, and gating speed of each MCPI during the gating period, and (2) to improve pertinent MCPI parameters such as extinction ratio, gate pulse shape, resolution, and uniformity. A review of our high-speed imaging systems and components and their developments and calibrations is also presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optical rogue waves

Recent observations show that the probability of encountering an extremely large rogue wave in the open ocean is much larger than expected from ordinary wave-amplitude statistics. Although considerable effort has been directed towards understanding the physics behind these mysterious and potentially destructive events, the complete picture remains uncertain. Furthermore, rogue waves have not yet been observed in other physical systems. Here, we introduce the concept of optical rogue waves, a counterpart of the infamous rare water waves. Using a new real-time detection technique, we study a system that exposes extremely steep, large waves as rare outcomes from an almost identically prepared initial population of waves. Specifically, we report the observation of rogue waves in an optical system, based on a microstructured optical fibre, near the threshold of soliton-fission supercontinuum generation--a noise-sensitive nonlinear process in which extremely broadband radiation is generated from a narrowband input. We model the generation of these rogue waves using the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation and demonstrate that they arise infrequently from initially smooth pulses owing to power transfer seeded by a small noise perturbation.
Obstacle detection in smooth high curvature terrain

Detection of obstacles for autonomous vehicles is more difficult when the terrain is not locally planar and remains an open problem. We have developed an approach suited for obstacle detection in those cases where the terrain has significant curvature but is smooth enough that the obstacles are discrete. Our system consists of a low-cost scanning laser rangefinder and a novel algorithm that can reliably detect obstacles as small as 15 cm in curving terrain. This paper presents an analysis of the effectiveness of our system and a summary of experimental results from an outdoor mobile robot.
Merging valid inequalities over the multiple knapsack polyhedron

This paper provides the theoretical foundations for generating a new class of valid inequalities for integer programming problems through inequality merging. The inequality merging technique combines two low dimensional inequalities of a multiple knapsack problem, potentially yielding a valid inequality of higher dimension. The paper describes theoretical conditions for validity of the merged inequality and shows that the validity of a merged cover inequality may be verified in quadratic time. Conditions under which a valid merged inequality is facet defining are also presented. The technique is demonstrated through a multiple knapsack example. The example also demonstrates that inequality merging yields a new class of valid inequalities that are fundamentally different from other known techniques.
A Critique of the DSM-5 Field Trials

This article provides an overview and critique of the field trials for the current revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). The purpose of the DSM-5 field trials was to evaluate the use, feasibility, safety, reliability, and validity of the DSM-5 proposals. In this article, the procedures for evaluating these properties of the DSM-5 are reviewed, and several concerns-such as delays, disorganization, missed deadlines, field trial cancellations, lack of adequate validity testing, and high clinician attrition rates-and their likely impact on the field trial results are presented.
Morphological characterization of patterns in reaction-diffusion systems

~Received 24 October 1995! Morphological measures for spatial patterns occuring as dissipative structures in systems driven far from equilibrium are introduced. They characterize the geometry and topology of the patterns and are capable to distinguish irregular structures with respect to the morphology. In particular, we analyze turbulent and regular patterns ~Turing patterns! in chemical reaction-diffusion systems observed in a two-dimensional open gel reactor with a chlorite-iodide-malonic acid reaction. Introducing the concept of level contours, the measures turn out to be polynomials of low order ~cubic and fourth degree! in the grey-scale level of the images. Thus the dependence on the experimental conditions is reflected only in a finite number of coefficients, which can be used as order parameters for the morphology of patterns. We observe a symmetry breaking of the polynomials when the type of the pattern changes from hexagons to turbulence or stripes. Therefore it is possible to describe the pattern transitions quantitatively and it may be possible to classify them in a similar way like thermodynamic phase transitions.
Vascular perfusion of a flexor carpi ulnaris muscle turnover pedicle flap for posterior elbow soft tissue reconstruction: a cadaveric study.

Purpose The use of a pedicled flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscle proximal turnover flap has been described previously for soft tissue reconstruction at the posterior elbow. Whereas consistent arterial supply to the FCU has been reported, the reliability of distal flap perfusion has not been confirmed. This study evaluated the vascular perfusion of an FCU turnover flap, based on the most proximal primary vascular pedicle that would permit a proximal turnover flap reconstruction to include the olecranon tip. Methods In 12 fresh-frozen, proximal humeral human amputation specimens, the FCU flap was elevated from distal to proximal, preserving the most proximal primary vascular pedicle to the muscle belly that would permit flap coverage of the olecranon tip. The axillary artery was injected with India ink after ligation of radial and ulnar arteries at the wrist. After injection, each specimen was sectioned transversely at 0.5-cm increments to assess vascular perfusion of the muscle using loupe magnification. Results The distance from the olecranon tip to the distal FCU muscle belly was 25.9 cm. The primary vascular pedicle that would facilitate creation of a proximal turnover flap was, on average, 5.9 cm distal to the olecranon tip. Perfusion of FCU muscle as measured distal to this primary pedicle was present in 50% to 100% of the muscle belly at an average of 8.9 cm beyond the pedicle. Perfusion of 25% to 50% of the FCU muscle belly was present at an average of 11.1 cm beyond the pedicle. Perfusion became less consistent ( Conclusions Use of a proximally based, pedicled FCU muscle turnover flap provides a reliable option for soft tissue reconstruction at the posterior elbow. We observed consistent arterial perfusion of the muscle flap when preserving a proximal vascular pedicle 5.9 cm distal to the olecranon tip.
The community as a classroom

In recent years student affairs professionals have had well-documented success in organizing valuable learning experiences in the community for college students. An in-depth review of a community-based student leadership program at Northern Michigan University provides a model that benefits students and the surrounding community.
The aggregate level simulation protocol: an evolving system

The aggregate level simulation protocol (ALSP) concept was initiated by ARPA in January 1990, the first laboratory demonstration took place in January 1991, and the first fielding in support of a major military exercise took place in July 1992. Since then, the ALSP confederation of models has grown from the original two members to six. In support of this growing confederation, the ALSP Infrastructure Software (AIS) has evolved from its fundamental functionality to the current focus on improved confederation management and performance. This paper describes the evolution of the AIS from the initial prototype to the present, emphasizing the discovery of new requirements and how they were accommodated.
Government-opposition dynamics in the European Union: The Santer Commission resignation crisis

This article seeks to shed light on the sources of government-opposition dynamics in the European Union (EU). It considers the ideological left-right divide and the sovereignty-integration dimension as potential sources of a government-opposition cleav- age in the EU, as well as a 'representation dimension'. The empirical evaluation of these propositions is based on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the political crisis leading to the collective resignation of the Santer Commission. The article finds that government- opposition dynamics in the EU are related to the sovereignty-integration dimension of EU politics and to representation in EU executive institutions, rather than a left-right divide. Both political beliefs and opportunistic motivations determine government-support and opposition in the EU.
Interorganizational Cooperation and Decision Making Autonomy in a Consortium Multihospital System

This paper discusses interorganizational relationships within one type of multihospital system, a consortium. Reasons for the development of this type of system are presented. Hypotheses are proposed explaining how the general strategic-level decisions of hospitals may be influenced as a result of consortium affiliation.
Animal Models of Psychopathology

Considerable debate surrounds the question of whether psychopathology can be meaningfully studied in animals. On one side of the debate is the argument that psychopathological syndromes such as anxiety and depression are uniquely human, i.e., that animals cannot experience such states. A corollary to this argument is that systematic study of emotional or disturbed behavior in animals will not be of use in understanding human psychopathology. On the other side of the debate is the argument that there are naturally occurring syndromes in some higher animals that closely parallel those observed in human psychopathology. The corollary to this argument is that there is much to be learned from the systematic study of emotional or disturbed behavior in those animals. Proponents of the later argument would contend that any problems created by potential differences between the species are more than offset by the advantages stemming from the ability to study the animals in highly controlled conditions over prolonged periods of time (cf. Abramson & Seligman, 1977).
Design of A Polymeric Insulin Infusion System For Blood Glucose Control

A polymeric device that is able to reversibly swell and deswell in response to an environmental stimulus has great potential in the application of tight blood glucose control without the necessity of process equipment. The release of insulin from spherical particles has been simulated to show the effects of the number of particles injected, the mass transfer coefficient, the initial insulin loading, and the collapsed particle radius on the time to exhaust all the insulin from within the gel and on the profile of the infusion rate from the device. An analysis was performed in order to determine reasonable ranges for all parameters in order to determine the effects on the release behavior. The work shows that all four parameters affect the infusion profile, but only the particle size and the mass transfer coefficient affect the insulin exhaustion time. Therefore, the device should first be designed based on these parameters, and adjustments in the number of particles injected and the initial loading should be adjusted to give the desired infusion rate profile.
Induction of concepts in the predicate calculus

Positive and negative instances of a concept are assumed to be described by a conjunction of literals in the predicate calculus, with terms limited to constants and universally quantified variables. A graph representation of a conjunction of literals, called a "product graph", is introduced. It is desirable to merge positive instances by generalization, while maintaining discrimination against negative instances. This is accomplished by an induction procedure which operates on the product graph form of these positive and negative instances. The correctness of the procedure is proven, together with several related results of direct practical significance. This work is directed to the goal of providing a formal model for the inductive processes which are observed in artificial intelligence studies in specialized areas.
Distal slit valve and clinically relevant CSF overdrainage in children with hydrocephalus.

Introduction: Distal slit valve (DSV) is a system designed for the treatment of hydrocephalus. It has been assumed that, by dispensing with an anti-siphon (AS) mechanism, the DSV induces a set of clinical symptoms associated with fluid overdrainage in patients. Nonetheless, there is no published evidence to support this assumption. Materials and methods: Thus, to determine whether such an association is valid, we reviewed the records of 101 hydrocephalic patients (150 procedures) who had DSVs placed at our institution. The records of 40 hydrocephalic patients (69 procedures) in whom anti-siphon devices (AS) were placed were also reviewed. Results: One DSV patient presented with slit ventricle syndrome (SVS) and low intracranial pressure (ICP). No DSV patients had postoperative subdural collection. One AS patient had a postoperative subdural collection. Thirty-one DSV patients (31%) each required one revision, and 8 (8%) required more than one revision. Twelve AS patients (30%) required one revision and 8 AS patients (20%) required more than one revision. No significant differences were found between the DSV and AS groups in number of revisions, infections or overdrainage. Conclusion: We did not find a direct correlation between clinically relevant CSF overdrainage and DSV.
RiskExpert: an expert STEP metrics analyzer

We present RiskExpert, an expert system tool that can be used by management for analyzing metrics data and predicting fixture results based on past trends and expert knowledge. The expert advice generated by RiskExpert from metric data analysis can greatly aid in reducing various risks involved in a software project life cycle, such as cost overruns and schedule delays. RiskExpert also allows the manager to pose questions on expected results for hypothetical projects that can be dynamically created, enabling him to pose What If? questions and analyze the results if he had done things a different way. >
Michell trusses in the presence of microscale material randomness: limitation of optimality

The classical problem of a Michell (optimal) truss concerns a minimum-weight design of a planar truss that transmits a given load to a given rigid foundation with the requirement that the axial stresses in the bars of the truss stay within an allowable range σ ≤ σ ≤ σ. The present study considers this problem when the truss is made of a material with random microstructure, that is, when σ is a random field. The trusses tending to the optimal state can be determined through a net of characteristics generalized to a stochastic setting. While in the classical case of a homogeneous material this net gives the minimum weight as its spacing tends to zero, the presence of a random microstructure prevents the attainment of this state. Basically, the finer the net, the stronger the scatter of characteristics, which forces one to use more structural material to compensate for these fluctuations. In effect, there is a limitation to the attainment of the optimality of the Michell truss made of a hypothetical perfectly homogeneous material.
Design of ring resonator mode spacing and bandwidth using the phase response of composite right/left handed transmission lines

The adjustable phase response of composite right/left-handed transmission lines is used in the design of two ring resonators. The first design demonstrates the increase of higher order modes beyond the third harmonic of the fundamental frequency. The second design demonstrates the decrease of the bandwidth to about half that of a conventional microstrip ring resonator.
Resonant ring fiber filters

We have studied structures where a concentric ring with an index higher than that of the cladding index is added to a conventional fiber core. The structure supports at least one additional symmetric mode with substantial power in the ring, besides the normal mode in the core. Within certain designed parameter regimes, the propagation constants of the lowest two symmetric modes cross at a certain wavelength. This is equivalent to saying that the LP01 mode can change from having more power in core to having more power in ring at a certain wavelength or vice versa. At this resonance, each of the two modes has substantial power in the core and the ring. This resonant nature of the structure creates a strong wavelength dependent mode field for LP01 and LP02 modes near the resonance wavelength. Filters based on this principle are demonstrated for the first time.
Japan in 2011: Cataclysmic Crisis and Chronic Deflation

Japan's government under the Democratic Party of Japan has limped along for another year, hampered by a divided legislature and an aging population reluctant to pay for the pensions and services it requires. The natural disasters of March 2011 were a tragic sideshow to the deep political problems that continue to plague Japan.
Visual monitoring of civil infrastructure systems via camera-equipped Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): a review of related works

Over the past few years, the application of camera-equipped Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for visually monitoring construction and operation of buildings, bridges, and other types of civil infrastructure systems has exponentially grown. These platforms can frequently survey construction sites, monitor work-in-progress, create documents for safety, and inspect existing structures, particularly for hard-to-reach areas. The purpose of this paper is to provide a concise review of the most recent methods that streamline collection, analysis, visualization, and communication of the visual data captured from these platforms, with and without using Building Information Models (BIM) as a priori information. Specifically, the most relevant works from Civil Engineering, Computer Vision, and Robotics communities are presented and compared in terms of their potential to lead to automatic construction monitoring and civil infrastructure condition assessment.
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy precipitated by delirium tremens.

A 57-year-old woman presented with alcohol withdrawal symptoms, which later progressed to delirium tremens. During hospitalization, she developed respiratory distress with acute pulmonary edema. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed diffuse ST elevation with elevated cardiac enzymes. Echocardiogram showed estimated ejection fraction of 20–25% with characteristic apical ballooning. After several days of supportive care, the patient showed significant clinical improvement with normalization of ECG, cardiac enzymes, and echocardiographic findings. Coronary angiogram revealed no coronary abnormalities. Although Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has been associated with diverse forms of physical or emotional stress, only a few cases have been described with delirium tremens in the medical literature.
Design Principles for a Family of Direct-Drive Legged Robots

This letter introduces Minitaur, a dynamically running and leaping quadruped, which represents a novel class of direct-drive (DD) legged robots. We present a methodology that achieves the well-known benefits of DD robot design (transparency, mechanical robustness/efficiency, high-actuation bandwidth, and increased specific power), affording highly energetic behaviors across our family of machines despite severe limitations in specific force. We quantify DD drivetrain benefits using a variety of metrics, compare our machines' performance to previously reported legged platforms, and speculate on the potential broad-reaching value of “transparency” for legged locomotion.