cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ arising within lichen planus of the vulva

BACKGROUND. Lichen planus is a common dermatologic disorder involving the glabrous skin, hair-bearing skin and scalp, nails, and mucous membranes of the oral cavity, penis, and vulva. There have been multiple case reports of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) developing within lesions of hypertrophic cutaneous lichen planus and erosive oral lichen planus. Recently, there have been several case reports of SCC arising within lesions of the genital mucosa : one case of penile lichen planus, and two cases of vulvar lichen planus. OBJECTIVE. To report a case of SCC in situ developing within erosive vulvar lichen planus. To heighten the awareness, and facilitate the recognition of vulvar lichen planus. RESULTS. We present SCC in situ developing within a lesion of erosive vulvar lichen planus. The patient was treated with simple total vulvectomy by gynecologic surgery. Her vulva remain disease-free 2 years postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS. Vulvar lesions of lichen planus should be recognized and followed closely. In long-standing erosive lesions of the vulva, periodic sampling biopsies should be examined to rule out malignant degeneration.
Elemental imbalances in the olfactory pathway in Alzheimer's disease

Concentrations of 11 trace elements were determined in 56 control and 98 Alzheimer's disease (AD) olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory trigone, piriform cortex and amygdala specimens by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Iron and zinc were significantly elevated and bromine was significantly depleted in olfactory regions of AD patients, compared with normal age-matched control subjects. Elevated iron could possibly play a role in neuronal degeneration in AD by enhancing reactive free radical formation.
The origin of black spherules found in Pacific islands, deep-sea sediments, and Antarctic ice

Abstract Black magnetic spherules from various sources have been analysed with an electron microprobe. Some earlier work on cosmic spherules is discussed, as it seems that such particles have been confused, not only with industrial contaminations, but also with spherules of volcanic origin.
An Examination of Referrals to the School Counselor by Race, Gender, and Family Structure

This article reports on a study addressing student referral differences based on family structure, gender, and race in teacher-initiated contact to school counselors. Researchers used secondary data from the National Education Longitudinal Study. They used logit log linear analyses in this data analysis. Significant differences existed for all three variables--race, gender, and family structure--with teachers more likely to contact the school counselor when the student was male, African American, or living in a non-intact family structure.
Processing speed, laterality patterns, and memory encoding as a function of hemispheric dominance

Hemispheric dominance is a cognitive style based on the differential ability to use the capabilities of the right or the left hemisphere. Subjects, classified as either right or left dominant, performed a discriminative reaction time task that involved a memory component. The two groups were shown to differ on processing speed and encoding strategies.
Aquifer restoration at uranium in situ leach sites

In situ mining of uranium involves injection of a leaching solution (lixiviant) into an ore-bearing aquifer. Frequently, the ground water in the mined aquifer is a domestic or livestock water supply. As the lixiviant migrates through the ore body, uranium and various associated elements such as arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium and radium-226 are mobilized in the ground water. Aquifer restoration after in situ mining is not fully understood. Several methods have been developed to restore mined aquifers to pre-mining (baseline) quality. Commonly used methods include ground water sweeping, clean water injection, and treatment by ion exchange and reverse osmosis technologies. Ammonium carbonate lixiviant was used at one R&D in situ mine. Attempts were made to restore the aquifer using a variety of methods. Efforts were successful in reducing concentrations of the majority of contaminants to baseline levels. Concentrations of certain parameters, however, remained at levels above baseline six months after restoration ceased. Relatively large quantitites of ground water were processed in the restoration attempt considering the small size of the project (1.25 acre). More thorough characterization of the hydrogeology of the site may have enhanced the effectiveness of restoration and reduced potential environmental impacts associated with the project. This paper presents some of the findings of a research project conducted by the Mineral Resources Waste Management Team at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Views contained herein do not reflect U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission policy.
Amplification of prostaglandin E2 stimulation of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release from median eminence explants: a metal(II)-specific effect of chelated copper.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that extracellular copper amplifies prostaglandin (PG) E2 stimulation of the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) from explants of the median eminence area(MEA)1. Two questions were addressed: what is the active form of copper and the metal(II) specificity for copper action? MEA explants were incubated for 5 min in the presence of CuCl2 (ionic) or copper complexed to histidine (CuHis) at a concentration of 200 μM each and then for 15 min in the presence of 10 μM PGE2. It was found that chelated copper but not ionic amplified PGE2 action, and that the magnitude of PGE2 stimulation of LH-RH release was 3–4 fold in copper-treated than untreated tissue. Moreover, PGE2-stimulated release was directly related to the dose of CuHis. To test the metal specificity, MEA explants were incubated for 5 min with one of the following metal(II) complexes: CuHis, NiHis, FeHis, ZnHis, CdHis, MnHis, or BaHis (200 μM each) and then for 15 min with 10 μM PGE2. Controls were incubated with metal(II) complex or PGE2. Of these complexes, only CuHis and to a lesser extent NiHis stimulated LH-RH release. However, CuHis was the only complex that amplified PGE2 stimulation of LH-RH release. Thus, amplification is specific for copper. The finding that chelated copper but not ionic copper amplifies PGE2 is suggestive that the copper-interactive sites on the LH-RH neurons are not exposed to the extracellular space but that they are either embedded in the plasma membrane, facing the intracellular space, or in the cytoplasm. Such an orientation is consistent with copper modulation of the functional state of a postreceptor component involved in the cascade of events initiated by PGE2 and leading to LH-RH release.
An Inner-City Asthma Disease Management Initiative

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a recently implemented disease management programme [Asthma Control and Education Program (ACE)] on patient outcomes (clinical and functional) and on resource utilisation in socio-economically disadvantaged (and largely Hispanic) individuals with asthma treated at Hartford Hospital.
Parental knowledge and youth risky behavior: a person oriented approach

Most studies isolate the effects of one knowledge-related behavior on youth outcomes. This study explores the relationship between subgroups of mother–youth dyads that use specific combinations of parental knowledge-related behaviors and youth risky behavior. Using a sample of 796 rural 6th graders (53 % female), we assessed mother and youth reports of maternal knowledge, active parent monitoring efforts, youth disclosure, parental supervision, and the amount of parent–youth communication to identify five knowledge latent classes: High-Monitors, Maternal Over-Estimators, Low-Monitors, Communication-Focused, and Supervision-Focused. Delinquency, antisocial peers, and substance use were associated with increased odds of membership in the Supervision-Focused class, relative to the High Monitors. Membership in the Low Monitors and Maternal Over-Estimators classes was associated with unhealthy attitudes towards substances and for Low Monitors, substance use. The discussion focuses on the value of using a person-oriented approach to understand parental knowledge and risky behavior during early adolescence and intervention implications.
Foster Children at Risk for Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Past studies have documented multiple health problems among foster children. However, one potential problem seldom addressed is that of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) . The author discusses the risk of foster children having or contracting STDs and presents general information on the incidence, consequences, and symptoms, especially for females, of five of the most common sexually transmitted diseases-syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital herpes, and genital human papillomavirus. Recommendations for intervention by social workers in health care and child-welfare settings are presented.
Constraint languages for computer aided design

In a typical algorithmic language such as Fortran or Pascal a program is a sequence of steps for the language interpreter to follow to achieve a desired result. In a constraint language a program is a set of relationships, called constraints, that describe the desired result. It is up to the language interpreter to determine the steps required to satisfy the constraints and achieve the result.
Knee lesion in a 62-year-old woman.

A 62-year-old woman presented for evaluation of a knee contusion sustained approximately 2 weeks previously. Her pain had decreased considerably since the injury, and at the time of presentation, she had neither pain nor swelling. Several years earlier, she had sustained a traumatic fracture of the right pubic and ischial rami, which resulted in intermittent radicular pain to her right leg. She denied any constitutional symptoms and her medical history was noncontributory. The general physical examination was unremarkable. Point tenderness with no discrete palpable mass was noticed on the posterior aspect of her knee, adjacent to the medial femoral epicondyle. Neither warmth nor erythema was detected, and there was no palpable inguinal or popliteal lymphadenopathy. Examination of the knee showed no effusion. There was full painless range of motion with no ligamentous instability or joint line tenderness. The rest of her musculoskeletal examination was normal. The laboratory workup was unremarkable. Because of the concerning radiographic features (Fig. 1), computed tomography (CT) scans (Fig. 2) and magnetic resonance (MR) images (Figs. 3, 4) were obtained. Based on clinical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies, what is the differential diagnosis?
Recombination Line versus Forbidden Line Abundances in Planetary Nebulae

Recombination lines (RLs) of C II, N II, and O II in planetary nebulae (PNs) have been found to give abundances that are much larger in some cases than abundances from collisionally excited forbidden lines (CELs). The origins of this abundance discrepancy are highly debated. We present new spectroscopic observations of O II and C II recombination lines for six planetary nebulae. With these data we compare the abundances derived from the optical recombination lines with those determined from collisionally excited lines. Combining our new data with published results on RLs in other PNs, we examine the discrepancy in abundances derived from RLs and CELs. We find that there is a wide range in the measured abundance discrepancy Δ(O+2) = log O+2(RL) - log O+2(CEL), ranging from approximately 0.1 dex (within the 1 σ measurement errors) up to 1.4 dex. This tends to rule out errors in the recombination coefficients as a source of the discrepancy. Most RLs yield similar abundances, with the notable exception of O II multiplet V15, known to arise primarily from dielectronic recombination, which gives abundances averaging 0.6 dex higher than other O II RLs. We compare Δ(O+2) against a variety of physical properties of the PNs to look for clues as to the mechanism responsible for the abundance discrepancy. The strongest correlations are found with the nebula diameter and the Balmer surface brightness; high surface brightness, compact PNs show small values of Δ(O+2), while large low surface brightness PNs show the largest discrepancies. An inverse correlation of Δ(O+2) with nebular density is also seen. A marginal correlation of Δ(O+2) is found with expansion velocity. No correlations are seen with electron temperature, He+2/He+, central star effective temperature and luminosity, stellar mass-loss rate, or nebular morphology. Similar results are found for carbon in comparing C II RL abundances with ultraviolet measurements of C III].
Child sexual abuse: Who is to blame?☆

Abstract This study utilized written descriptions of sexual activity between an adult and a child to examine the impact of victim sex, perpetrator sex, respondent sex, and victim response (i.e., encouraging, passive, resisting) on the attribution of responsibility to the child and the adult perpetrator. A total of 360 college undergraduates (male = 180: female = 180) participated in the study. A main effect for victim response indicated that respondents attributed significantly more responsibility to the child and significantly less responsibility to the perpetrator when the child was described as encouraging the encounter. Children who remained passive were also held significantly more responsible than those who resisted, but there was not a significant difference between resisting and passive conditions in ratings of responsibility to the perpetrator. Several significant interactions affected ratings of responsibility to the perpetrator. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the need for educational programs to raise public awareness about the helplessness felt by sexual abuse victims and the needs of male victims in particular.
Morphotypic transition during synchronous growth of Cryptothecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii.

The duration of various morphologically distinct phases in the division cycle of the marine heterotroph Cryptothecodinium cohnii was measured in cultures initiated with synchronously excysted swarmer cells. Parent cysts were selectively isolated on plastic surfaces and progeny of a narrow age distribution harvested in a specifically conditioned medium. The swarmer phase, an interval of predivisional encystment, daughter cell formation and excystment were 5.0, 3.0 and 2.0 h respectively. Two major kinds of cytokinesis (production of 2 and 4 daughter cells) were observed resulting in a mean daughter cell number of 2.7 under these conditions. Other growth parameters for this dinoflagellate are described.
Increased risk of mucinous neoplasm of the appendix in adults undergoing interval appendectomy.

Importance The role of interval appendectomy after conservative management of perforated appendicitis remains controversial. Determining the etiology of perforated appendicitis is one reason to perform interval appendectomies. Objective To determine whether adult patients undergoing interval appendectomy experience an increased rate of neoplasms. Design Retrospective study. Setting A single tertiary care institution. Participants All patients 18 years or older who underwent appendectomy for presumed appendicitis from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2010. Exposures Appendectomy for presumed appendicitis. Main Outcomes and Measures Underlying neoplasm as the cause of presentation for presumed appendicitis. Demographic data, clinicopathologic characteristics, interval resection rate, and complication data were collected and analyzed. Results During the study period, 376 patients underwent appendectomies. Interval appendectomy was performed in 17 patients (4.5%). Neoplasms were identified in 14 patients (3.7%); 5 of those tumors occurred in patients who had undergone interval appendectomy (29.4%). Nine neoplasms were mucinous tumors (64.3%), including all neoplasms associated with interval appendectomies. The mean age of all patients with appendiceal tumors was 49 years (range, 35-74 years). Conclusions and Relevance Mucinous neoplasms of the appendix were found in 5 of 17 patients (29.4%) undergoing interval appendectomy. Interval appendectomies should be considered in all adult patients, especially those 40 years or older, to determine the underlying cause of appendicitis. A multi-institutional study to determine the generalizability of these findings is warranted.
Does changing paternity contribute to the risk of intrauterine growth retardation

Summary. An immune reaction initiated by paternal antigens may be necessary for healthy placental development, pregnancy maintenance and infant growth. An inadequate immune response may result in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). We hypothesised that a change in paternity may interfere with the immune response and cause poor placentation with resultant IUGR. In this paper we examine the risk of IUGR associated with changes in paternity. We used the Utah Successive Pregnancies Data Set that contains information on women across their pregnancies. We restricted the analysis to 141 817 women with two or three pregnancies. Women who did not have an IUGR infant in the previous pregnancy were at a 20‐30% greater risk of developing IUGR if they had changed partners. Women who had a previous IUGR infant were at no increased risk for IUGR after a change in paternity. These results may point to an immune mechanism or may be as a result of residual confounding of unmeasured risk factors for IUGR. Further studies with data that contain more sociodemographic and biological risk factors for IUGR are necessary to exclude residual confounding.
A kinetic study of bacteriochlorophyll pheophytinization in the protein complex from a green photosynthetic bacterium.

Abstract The rate of magnesium removal from bacteriochlorophyll in a chlorophyll-protein complex containing 20 chlorophyll molecules was directly proportional to [H + ]. HCl first converted the native blue-green complex to a blue intermediate (1790) in which some bacteriochlorophyll molecules were exposed to the solvent. The spectrum of the intermediate was determined from the ratio of the initial to the final absorbance values recorded in the kinetic runs. The course of the reaction was then followed in a spectrophotometer by observing either the absorbance decrease at 783 mμ or the absorbance increase at 535 mμ. The difference in the apparent rates observed at the two wavelengths suggested that a second intermediate (1770) was formed from the first intermediate. An increase in ionic strength decreased the rate of pheophytinization and accentuated the difference between 783-mμ and 535-mμ data. The kinetic data at several values of [H + ], ionic strength and temperature showed that the 20 molecules of bacteriochlorophyll in the protein differ with respect to reactivity towards H + . The apparent activation energy increased with the course of the reaction and approached the value for chlorophylls in solution. The quantitative differences between the present study and previous observations of the pheophytinization of chlorophylls dissolved in polar solvents are attributed to the protein environment of bacteriochlorophyll in the complex.
494: What is the prognostic value of a normal adenosine myocardial perfusion imaging in cardiac transplant patients?

epicardial CAV. For these 24 patients, 5-year survival after re-transplantation was 70.8%, which is comparable to survival of the 7 re-transplant patients with severe systolic dysfunction. Conclusions: Retransplantation in patients with severe heart failure symptoms but preserved systolic function (similar to restrictive cardiomyopathic patients) appears acceptable. These patients have comparable survival to patients re-transplanted due to systolic dysfunction and therefore, should be considered candidates for re-transplantation. 494
The synthesis of pyridine nucleotides in fresh and stored human erythrocytes.

The concentrations of total oxidized pyridine nucleotides and of DPN did not decrease significantly in normal human erythrocytes during storage at 4C in acid-citrate-dextrose solution for periods up to 47 days. The capacity of washed erythrocytes which had survived storage to incorporate radioactive nicotinic acid and nico-tinamide into DPN and TPN during a four-hour period of incubation at 37 C declined progressively with aging in vitro. The net synthesis of total oxidized pyridine nucleotides and of DPN from nicotinic acid and of total oxidized pyridine nucleotides from nicotinamide also was decreased in these erythrocytes. Addition of inosine to the incubation medium inhibited both incorporation and synthesis by erythrocytes stored for less than three to four weeks. The purine nudeoside enhanced incorporation and synthesis by cells stored for more than about 30 days. It was suggested that the availability of substrates, such as ATP or phosphoribosylpyrophosphate, influenced the extent of pyridine nudeotide synthesis.
Federal performance budgeting and the US system of separation of powers: an examination of the program assessment rating tool

This paper offers insight into how the US system of separation of power may have interfered with the implementation of the Office of Management and Budget's Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART), by examining the extent to which Congress was exposed to PART and how legislators' overall sentiment toward the tool changed during the six years it was utilised. Two sets of analyses were conducted including an aggregate level analysis and a more disaggregated level content analysis of references to PART. The findings of the aggregate analysis suggest that congressional PART exposure was moderate with exposure to PART increasing over time. The more disaggregated level analysis revealed that sentiment toward PART was initially negative, but turned more positive over time; and that legislators' direct involvement in discussions about PART increased over time, particularly among Republican members of Congress. This suggests that continuous exposure to an executive performance tool such as PART may have contributed positively toward removing barriers to implementation.
Inhibition of the development of Eimeria tenella in cultured bovine kidney cells by a soluble factor produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes from immune chickens

The intracellular development of Eimeria tenella sporozoites in in vitro cultured Madin–Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cells was inhibited when parasite-infected MDBK cells were incubated with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from infected chickens. The inhibition mediated by PBL was quantified by [ 3 H]uracil uptake and increased during the course of a series of oral infections of chickens with E. tenella . This was mirrored by the development of immunity in these birds, as assessed by counting the oocyst output following each re-infection. Similar levels of inhibition were observed using PBL from 3 inbred lines of chickens which differ in their relative susceptibility to infection with E. tenella , indicating that the genetic background of the host does not influence the production of this inhibitory activity. The inhibition could be transferred to freshly infected MDBK cells using supernatants prepared from parasite-infected monolayers incubated for 48 h with PBL from immune chickens. However, there was no inhibition using either supernatants from infected MDBK cells incubated with PBL from uninfected chickens, or supernatants from uninfected MDBK cells incubated with PBL from immune chickens. Experiments using Transwell plates showed that direct contact of PBL from immune birds with infected MDBK monolayers was not required to produce supernatants with inhibitory activity. Thus production of soluble inhibitory factor(s) by PBL from immune chickens can be specifically induced by soluble antigens present in the culture media of parasite-infected MDBK cells. These factors inhibit the intracellular development of sporozoites in in vitro culture.
Comparing efficiency of gain generation in Li III 13.5-nm laser with 0.25-μm and 1-μm subpicosecond pumping pulses

The experimental results on generation of high gain-length product for 13.5 nm radiation from 2 - 1 transition in hydrogen-like Li III ions are presented for 1 micrometers subpicosecond pumping laser. The comparison with earlier results, obtained with 0.25 micrometers subpicosecond pumping laser, is discussed in terms of gain generation efficiency. The results for discharge created pre-plasma in L equals 4 mm and L equals 14 mm microcapillaries are also presented.
METRIZAMIDE MYELOGRAPHY IN FIVE DOGS AND TWO CATS WITH SUSPECTED SPINAL CORD NEOPLASMS

Metrizamide myelography was used in five dogs and two cats with signs of spinal cord disease. The history, clinical signs, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and myelography supported a presumptive diagnosis of spinal cord neoplasia in all seven animals. Myelography demonstrated a deviation of the subarachnoid space in each of them. Five of the animals had an expansile intramedullary spinal cord lesion causing thinning and peripheral deviation of the subarachnoid space. Two had extramedullary lesions causing a central deviation of the subarachnoid space. Spinal cord tumors in six of the seven animals were confirmed by necropsy or surgical excision and histopathologic examination. In the seventh animal, a spinal cord fungal grapuloma was diagnosed by necropsy.
APPLYING CONVENTIONAL UNIT TESTING TECHNIQUES TO ABSTRACT DATA TYPE OPERATIONS

Abstract data types (ADTs) represent the fundamental building blocks of object-oriented software development. There have been a variety of techniques in the literature for testing ADT modules. Virtually all of the proposed techniques have involved testing sequences of ADT operations (e.g., for a stack ADT, test the sequence PUSH; PUSH; POP) to discover defects in their interactions. However, the operations inside an ADT module are really nothing more than conventional procedures and functions. Consequently, it is conceivable that conventional subprogram unit testing techniques can be adapted to test ADT operations. To support such testing techniques, test cases are best designed and expressed in terms of data values. When test cases are integers, for example, expressing a test case is trivial (e.g., ‘253’). However, when test cases are data abstractions (such as stacks), this problem is much more difficult due to the variety of different formats in which a single data abstraction can be legitimately viewed. In this paper, we provide a conceptual framework for applying classical white-box and black-box unit testing techniques to ADT operations. We then use this framework to develop a collection of guidelines for determining the best format for test case design, given different module characteristics and testing techniques.
From Popular to Personal Democracy

American democracy was once the creation of its citizens. They enabled a relatively small government to rule a big nation. As citizen soldiers, they secured their country’s autonomy, cleared it for European settlement, and preserved its unity against secession. As citizen administrators—what are now disparaged as patronage appointees—they extended the government’s authority across a continent and energized the political parties that transformed a complex, disjointed institutional design into a workable government. As taxpayers and bondholders, they financed wars, paid for the purchase of new territories, and underwrote economic development projects such as the Erie Canal. In return, they received a variety of benefits, among them legal rights, pensions, and perhaps most important the right to vote. Popular sovereignty was directly related to the government’s reliance upon the active support and cooperation of its citizens. Today that reliance has diminished, and the era of the citizen is coming to an end. The contemporary means for raising armies, collecting taxes, public finance, and government administration do not demand as much citizen cooperation and consent as they once did. Government has made other arrangements. The supposed lesson of Vietnam, for example, was that the nation could not wage war without the overwhelming support of the people. In fact, however, Vietnam taught our government that it had to reinvent war so that it could be fought even when the public was cool to hostilities. Professional soldiers, smart weapons, and drone aircraft have all diminished the role of citizens in military security and foreign policy. American democracy is not dead, but it has undergone a transfiguration, and so has American citizenship. These changes are not the results of some vast conspiracy to deprive the general public of its place in politics. In fact, twentieth-century political reforms have given citizens unprecedented access
13C-labeled bilirubin: synthesis of 31(32),171(172)-di-[13C]-mesobilirubin-XIIIα

The title compound, labeled with 13C in the ethyl groups was synthesized from K13CN and low-molecular-weight components. The synthetic relay compound was 31(32)[13C]-xanthobilirubinic acid methyl ester in a synthetic route that leads to a label in the ethyl β-substituent of a dipyrrinone model for bilirubin. This labeled dipyrrinone was oxidatively coupled to the dimethyl ester of mesobiliverdin-XIIIα, thereby providing a route to a 13C-labeled mesobiliverdin and mesobilirubin, with one carbon of each ethyl being 98% 13C-enriched.
Low-Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Solids

The thermal conductivities of five samples of commercial glasses and glass ceramics were measured at liquid helium temperatures. It was found that the conductivity data could be accounted for by an intrinsic structure scattering of phonons as proposed by Klemens combined with an internal boundary scattering. The intrinsic structure scattering of these specimens was less than that calculated by Klemens using Berman's data for vitreous quartz. The mean free path calculated for scattering at internal boundaries was of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ to ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cm.
To buy or not to buy: Indian consumers' choice of online versus offline channels for air travel purchase.

The Indian aviation industry has seen significant developments since the deregulation in 1994. The industry now has several major airline firms operating in both full-service and limited service (low cost) segments. By 2014, it is projected that India's airline sector will service nearly 100 million passengers spread over 200 million flight tickets. The Internet has also accentuated the growth and evolution of the market by facilitating greater transparency of prices combined with ubiquitous reach. However, little is known about this evolving domain of purchase behavior in the Indian context where multiple channels (both offline and online) prevail. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that determine offline versus online purchase behaviors of air travel tickets. Findings indicate that age, education, nature of Internet usage orientation, and the time spent online serve as key differentiators between offline and online options in the purchase of air travel tickets. Conceptual and practic...
Hypocitricemic effect of surgical stress.

Abstract Plasma citrate changes in response to surgical stress were studied in 30 patients. A marked hypocitricemia was apparent by 1 day postoperative and persisted over the recovery period (7–14 days in these studies). Plasma cortisol levels were markedly increased within 6 hr postoperatively, and by 1 day postoperatively the cortisol levels declined toward the preoperative level. Only a slight, transient decrease in plasma calcium was observed postoperatively, and the citrate changes were independent of any corresponding calcium effects. No increased urinary citrate excretion was observed which would account for the removal of citrate from circulation. Studies with dogs indicated that general anesthesia was not a contributing factor to hypocitricemic response to surgical stress.
Differential Alcohol Expectancies Based on Type of Alcoholic Beverage Consumed

Objective:Expectancies regarding the global effects of alcohol are influential aspects of drinking behavior that can vary by type of beverage consumed. Lacking in the research literature is a thorough investigation of how expected effects and subjective evaluations of specific positive (e.g., increased sociability, relaxation) and specific negative (e.g., impairment, aggression) expectancy effects vary by different types of alcoholic beverages.Method:The present between-subjects study used a sample of 498 young adults randomized to complete a measure of alcohol expectancies based on one of three alcohol-type conditions (beer, wine, distilled spirits). Participants also indicated the typical amount consumed of the beverage. Separate multivariate analysis of variance tests were run to determine if differences existed among the three conditions for positive and negative expected effects and subjective evaluations.Results:Findings suggested that individuals may expect different effects from consuming differen...
Central nervous system metastases.

Objectives : To provide an overview and up-to-date information on the presentation and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) metastases, including brain metastases, spinal cord compression, and leptomeningeal metastases. Data sources : Published articles, research reports, and book chapters pertaining to CNS metastases. Conclusions : Most patients with CNS metastases have a limited life expectancy. Therapies are palliative, except in select patients who have improved chances for long-term control or occasional cures. In general, early detection and treatment of CNS metastases prevents devastating neurological disabilities. Implications for nursing practice : Nurses across all health care settings can play an important role in early recognition of signs and symptoms of CNS metastases, and assist patients and families in preventing devastating neurological disabilities. Nurses are also frontline care providers for patients requiring various treatments and rehabilitation for metastatic CNS disease.
Measurement of the pp charge-exchange cross section below 1 GeV/c

No definite evidence for structure is found in the $\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\overline{n}n$ cross section between 276 and 963 MeV/c. From these results limits are deduced on properties of the narrow enhancement reported in the $\overline{p}p$ total cross section at 475 MeV/c.
The effects of estrogen and progesterone on copulation in female quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) housed in continuous dark

Twenty female quail were housed in continuous dark for 8 weeks. Fourteen females stopped laying eggs and were injected daily with estrogen (N = 5), estrogen plus progesterone (N = 5), or oil (N = 4) for 8 days and tested for copulatory behavior on Days 3, 5, and 7 after the first injection. Hormone-treated Ss squatted and participated in successful coitus. Oil-injected females vigorously avoided the males' copulatory attempts. Hormone-treated Ss permitted fewer successful copulations than untreated egg-laying females. Body weight and the size of the cloacal opening increased in hormone-treated Ss. At autopsy the Ss in all treatment groups had a maximum ovarian follicle diameter < 0.1 cm, while all the egg-laying females had a maximum follicle diameter ⩾ 1.4 cm.
Decelerative Cutting of 6061-T9 Aluminum, 65-35 Brass, and TPE Copper With Constant Impact Energy

The chip formation process during metal cutting in which the cutting velocity is permitted to decrease freely is examined from an experimental standpoint. Metal cutting data are obtained from a specially constructed decelerative cutting apparatus for 6061-T9 aluminum, 65-35 brass, and TPE copper under the test conditions of constant energy input and variable initial momentum, velocity, and rake angle. The overall mechanics of chip formation are found to be essentially identical to that for the steady state, including a similarity of the dynamic velocity dependence of cutting forces to their velocity dependence in steady state tests. A complex velocity dependence is noted for 6061-T9 Aluminum. Further evidence of the constancy of the dynamic shear stress is presented. Kinetic energy and momentum are found to have no significant effects upon the chip formation process.
Acid deposition: unraveling a regional phenomenon

Because sources of sulfur and nitrogen oxides distributed broadly across eastern North America have greatly overlapping zones of influence, it is difficult to determine detailed relations between emissions and the resulting acid deposition. Although substantial progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the pertinent atmospheric processes and in describing them in numerical models, because of the complexities of these processes and the wide range of the time and space scales involved, credible source-receptor relations for regional-scale acid deposition are not yet at hand. Consequently, near-term strategies for reducing acid deposition should be based on considerations other than detailed atmospheric source-receptor relations, but with confidence that regional deposition will be reduced equivalently to any reduction in regional emissions.
Temporal Constancy of Zodiacal Light

Measurements over a 4-year period from the satellite OSO-5 have failed to show any temporal variations in the surface brightness and polarization of zodiacal light.
Electroencephalography of the olfactory bulb in relation to prespawn homing

It is evident that the bulbar EEG is a complex response which can be influenced by several methodological and stimulant variables. What EEG patterns tell us about actual behavior remains obscure. The bulbar EEG which is evoked by homestream water is not necessarily a reflection of olfactory memory. The evoked bulbar EEG also does not necessarily demonstrate the salmon has distinguished the home-water from another water in terms of migrational orientation. Despite lack of absolute specificity, a correlation between bulbar EEG and actual behavioral performance has been observed even though some non-home waters evoke responses similar to that of the home water. In general it has been found that the home water response can be distinguished from the response to other natural waters. Failure to obtain complete specificity may be due to a variety of variables which have been alluded to earlier in this section. Thus considering that the evoked EEG is a reflection of the integration of a diverse afferent input, further electrical and computer analyses may eventually permit the decoding of the EEG in terms of behavior. However, if the EEG proves to be more a quantitative rather than qualitative reflection of brain activity, relating EEG to behavior will prove to be of limited value. Since afferent responses in the olfactory bulb are influenced by impulses from higher brain centers, studies on centrifugal aspects during olfactory stimulation may be useful in gaining some qualitative understanding of the home water evoked EEG of the olfactory bulb.
Incorporating photon recycling into the analytical drift-diffusion model of high efficiency solar cells

The analytical drift-diffusion formalism is able to accurately simulate a wide range of solar cell architectures and was recently extended to include those with back surface reflectors. However, as solar cells approach the limits of material quality, photon recycling effects become increasingly important in predicting the behavior of these cells. In particular, the minority carrier diffusion length is significantly affected by the photon recycling, with consequences for the solar cell performance. In this paper, we outline an approach to account for photon recycling in the analytical Hovel model and compare analytical model predictions to GaAs-based experimental devices operating close to the fundamental efficiency limit.
Endarterectomy of the intradural vertebral artery via the far lateral approach.

Abstract Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) of the posterior circulation are associated with a significant risk of subsequent infarction, particularly when caused by stenotic lesions in the intracranial portion of the vertebral artery (VA). Eight patients who had persistent posterior circulation TIAs despite receiving maximal medical therapy (including anticoagulation) and who had angiographic evidence of severe stenosis of the proximal intracranial VA with poor collateral flow were treated by endarterectomy of the intradural VA. Their ages ranged from 52 to 65 years. Five of these operations were performed via the far lateral approach. In all patients, the contralateral VA was hypoplastic or occluded, or ended in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Postoperative angiograms showed that the arteries of five of the patients were widely patent, one was improved but still stenotic, and two were occluded. The latter two patients subsequently underwent thrombectomy, after which the artery was patent in one patient and remained occluded in the other. After surgery, the TIAs of seven patients were relieved completely, and the patients were neurologically intact. The patient with persistent occlusion ultimately had moderate disability. Complications included the two cases of thrombotic occlusion that required a second operation, three cases of communicating hydrocephalus that required lumboperitoneal shunts, and two cases of transient dysfunction of the 9th and 10th cranial nerves. Suitable patients with persistent posterior circulation TIAs refractory to medical therapy who have appropriate angiographic evidence of proximal VA stenosis and poor collateral flow may benefit from endarterectomy of the intradural VA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Development and Evaluation of Search Tasks for IIR Experiments using a Cognitive Complexity Framework

One of the most challenging aspects of designing interactive information retrieval (IIR) experiments with users is the development of search tasks. We describe an evaluation of 20 search tasks that were designed for use in IIR experiments and developed using a cognitive complexity framework from educational theory. The search tasks represent five levels of cognitive complexity and four topical domains. The tasks were evaluated in the context of a laboratory IIR experiment with 48 participants. Behavioral and self-report data were used to characterize and understand differences among tasks. Results showed more cognitively complex tasks required significantly more search activity from participants (e.g., more queries, clicks, and time to complete). However, participants did not evaluate more cognitively complex tasks as more difficult and were equally satisfied with their performances across tasks. Our work makes four contributions: (1) it adds to what is known about the relationship among task, search behaviors and user experience; (2) it presents a framework for task creation and evaluation; (3) it provides tasks and questionnaires that can be reused by others and (4) it raises questions about findings and assumptions of many recent studies that only use behavioral signals from search logs as evidence for task difficulty and searcher satisfaction, as many of our results directly contradict these findings.
Acute Alcohol Consumption, Alcohol Outlets, and Gun Suicide

A case–control study of 149 intentionally self-inflicted gun injury cases (including completed gun suicides) and 302 population-based controls was conducted from 2003 to 2006 in a major US city. Two focal independent variables, acute alcohol consumption and alcohol outlet availability, were measured. Conditional logistic regression was adjusted for confounding variables. Gun suicide risk to individuals in areas of high alcohol outlet availability was less than the gun suicide risk they incurred from acute alcohol consumption, especially to excess. This corroborates prior work but also uncovers new information about the relationships between acute alcohol consumption, alcohol outlets, and gun suicide. Study limitations and implications are discussed.
Regional Changes in Amino Acid Levels of the Neonate Rat Brain During Anoxia and Recovery

The aim of this study was to compare the changes in amino acids (alanine, aspartate, GABA, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, serine taurine) that are produced in different regions of the neonate brain (telencephalon, diencephalon cerebellum, brain stem) following a survivable period of anoxia and after the re-establishment of air respiration. Anoxia provoked different responses in the different regions. The changes during the anoxic period were as follows. In the brain stem there was a decrease in aspartate, in the telencephalon there was a significant increase in GABA and alanine and a decrease in aspartate, in the diencephalon, glutamate and GABA increased, and in the cerebellum, glycine and alanine levels were enhanced. The changes during recovery were even more dissimilar. Here the greatest shifts were seen in the brain stem with increases in glutamine, GABA, aspartate, glycine, serine, alanine, and taurine. In the telencephalon glutamate fell and alanine increased, in the diencephalon GABA increased, and in the cerebellum, glutamate fell while glycine and alanine increased. In none of the major brain regions did the pattern of changes in neurotransmitters correspond to that seen in anoxic tolerant species.
Fixing Einstein's equations

Einstein's equations are not a well-posed system of evolution equations for the spatial metric, except in special coordinates. A remarkable first-order symmetrizable hyperbolic formulation is found that is surprisingly close to Einstein's original equations yet does not require such coordinates. This system has only physical characteristic directions, the light cone and the normal to the spacelike foliation, and serves to unify all the physical hyperbolic formulations.
Geometrical effects on the beamlet optics of a two‐stage ion accelerator

The effects of geometrical parameters (aspect ratio, aperture size, gaps) and electrical parameters (voltage distribution, beam energy) on single‐beamlet profiles are investigated theoretically and experimentally on a two‐stage ion accelerator over both a broad range of beam conditions and a wide range of angles (0 to ±11.5°). In general, the intensity distribution is non‐Gaussian. Under optimum conditions, divergence angles half‐width at half maximum less than 0.5° could be achieved even with large holes (0.9 mm). Shaping the plasma grid reduced the non‐Gaussian wings and improved the beam transmission efficiency.
The details in the distributions: why and how to study phenotypic variability

Phenotypic variability is present even when genetic and environmental differences between cells are reduced to the greatest possible extent. For example, genetically identical bacteria display differing levels of resistance to antibiotics, clonal yeast populations demonstrate morphological and growth-rate heterogeneity, and mouse blastomeres from the same embryo have stochastic differences in gene expression. However, the distributions of phenotypes present among isogenic organisms are often overlooked; instead, many studies focus on population aggregates such as the mean. The details of these distributions are relevant to major questions in diverse fields, including the evolution of antimicrobial-drug and chemotherapy resistance. We review emerging experimental and statistical techniques that allow rigorous analysis of phenotypic variability and thereby may lead to advances across the biological sciences.