cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First Mission to Pluto: Policy, Politics, Science, and Technology in the Origins of New Horizons, 1989–2003

The complex and contested origins of the New Horizons mission to Pluto, launched by NASA in 2006, provides a window on how space science policy has been formulated in the United States before and after the turn of the twenty-first century, and how the shifting network of institutions that support and shape space science have changed since 1989. Those decades have so far been little studied except by policy scholars seeking lessons from the NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin’s attempt to force a small-spacecraft technological revolution on space science in the 1990s. The New Horizons case study reveals a shift in the balance of power around 2000 among the important players in the field, increasing the influence of non-NASA actors—notably Congress, science groups, and planetary-exploration lobbies. In addition, the origins of New Horizons reveal how contingent the emergence of a particular space science mission can be.
Dodecyl Methyl Sulfide

[3698-89-3] C13H28S (MW 216.43) InChI = 1S/C13H28S/c1-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-2/h3-13H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = KJWHJDGMOQJLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as odorless sulfide in a variety of reactions) Alternate Names: 1-(methylthio)dodecane, Dod-S-Me. Physical Data: bp 90 °C at 5 mmHg.1 Preparative Method: prepared by reductive alkylation of dimethyl disulfide, using aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid (thiourea dioxide) 1, under cetyltrimethylammonium bromide or cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, phase-transfer conditions (PTC) (eq 1).1 (1)
Visual attention and perception in patients with Huntington's disease: Comparisons with other subcortical and cortical dementias

Shifts in attention were examined in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) using a divided attention paradigm that involved the presentation of global-local stimuli. The HD patients' pattern of performance was compared to the previously reported results of groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; Filoteo et al., 1992) or Parkinson's disease (PD; Filoteo et al., 1994). Across consecutive trials of the divided attention task, a visual target could appear at either the same global-local level or at a different level. When the target changed levels across consecutive trials, the AD patients demonstrated an impairment in disengaging attention from the level at which the last target appeared, whereas the PD patients were impaired in maintaining their attention at the previously attended level. In contrast to these patterns of performances, the HD patients did not demonstrate a significant impairment in shifting attention between hierarchical levels. Both the AD and the PD patients' abnormal shifting ability was significantly related to the number of errors they made in identifying target stimuli; however, the pattern of the relationship was qualitatively distinct. These results suggest that different attentional mechanisms may underlie AD and PD patients' visual-perceptual deficits. The HD patients' shifting ability was not related to the number of errors they made in identifying target stimuli, suggesting that a different mechanism may account for the visual-perceptual impairments exhibited by these patients.
RECONSTRUCTION OF A STRIP GEOMETRY CALORIMETER USING STEPWISE REGRESSION

Abstract An algorithm used to reconstruct events in a 2.44 m by 4.88 m three view electromagnetic calorimeter is presented. The least-squares fitting technique, stepwise regression, was adapted to this pattern recognition problem so that many possible combinations of particle candidates could be considered quickly. The result is an optimal set of particle candidates along with their positions and energy deposits.
Type of Contest, Candidate Strategy, and Turnout in Presidential Primaries

This article adds to the understanding of participation in presidential primaries by: (1) incorporating the differences in the nature of the nomination contest between the party controlling the presidency and the opposition party, and (2) positing candidate strategy as an important intervening variable through which many of the legal and scheduling factors affect primary turnout. As more rules affect candidate strategy in the in-party while the earliness of the primary influences candidate actions in the out-party, the indirect influences on turnout differ between the two types of contest. The aspects of candidate strategy influencing turnout directly also vary by the types of contest with the number of candidates being important to the out-party and the intensity of campaigning being important to the in-party model.
Acute Blood Flow Changes in Rapidly Expanded and Adjacent Skin

• Random flaps raised in expanded skin demonstrate increased survival lengths when compared with flaps raised on an acute basis. Nutritive blood flow studies performed after skin expansion and elevation show augmented blood flows similar to those seen in conventionally delayed skin flaps. We utilized dermofluorometric analysis to study acute blood flow changes in sequentially, rapidly expanded porcine skin. Four subcutaneous pockets were developed in each of six pigs. The pockets were divided into the following three groups: (1) those with placement of a tissue expander inflated sequentially to 300 mL over four days and then totally deflated on day 6, (2) those with placement of a tissue expander that was not inflated, and (3) those with no tissue expander placed. Measurements were taken immediately before and after tissue expander manipulation in group 1 and daily in groups 2 and 3. Fluorescence was determined at points over and 4, 7, and 10 cm distal to the expander. Blood flow decreased immediately after skin expansion in areas over the tissue expander on days 0 and 1 and returned to baseline levels within 24 hours. Blood flow increased after tissue expander deflation on day 6 but returned to predeflation levels within 24 hours. Capillary blood flow increased over the duration of the study in all three groups. There was no significant difference in blood flow between and among the three groups on day 8, nor was there a significant difference in blood flow between and among sites over and distal to the tissue expander. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1989;115:182-186)
Soy‐based polyols from oxirane ring opening by alcoholysis reaction

A screening study was conducted to identify a catalyst that promotes epoxy ring opening of full epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) avoiding side reactions at low concentration and temperature. Six catalysts different catalyst: formic acid, phosphoric acid, POLYCAT® 5, p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, POLYCAT® SA-1, and DABCO® BL17 were evaluated in terms of acid number, oxirane oxygen content, and color analyses. p-Toluenesulfonic acid shows a particular behavior that promotes the reaction resulting in a maximum oxirane oxygen content reduction; low acid number and color index compare to the others catalyst. To create an alkoxy hydroxy ESBO molecule, ESBO was combined with methanol and ethylene glycol using 0.5% by wt of p-toluenesulfonic acid at 130, 150, and 170°C for different reaction times. Optimal conditions for oxirane ring opening by alcoholysis reaction were determined varying temperatures and reaction times. FTIR spectrum confirmed the emergence of hydroxyl groups in the alkoxy hydroxy ESBO polyol sample. The polyol sample G was characterized in terms of its hydroxyl number and its potential of replacing up from 50–100% of the petroleum-based polyol in waterborne rigid polyurethane foam application. All polyurethanes foams were evaluated to determine their thermal conductivity, density, and compressive strength properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Impurity Dependence of Defect Introduction and Annealing in Electron Irradiated n-Type Germanium

Electron irradiation experiments on Si and Ge have indicated the creation of highly mobile interstitial atoms that in turn displace substitutional chemical impurity atoms (S) from the lattice; hence, the primary products of irradiation may be lattice vacancies (V) and interstitial chemical impurities (I). Subsequent annealing may then involve some type of interaction between (V) and (I). The relative amount of radiation damage, or ratio of (I) to the remaining substitutional chemical impurity atom concentration (SR), is also expected to be of importance since there may be competition during annealing between (I) and (SR) for the mobile (V). Samples of P, As, Sb, Sb-Ag, and Sb-Au doped n-type Ge of different initial carrier concentrations were irradiated at ~ 295°K with ~ 1.7 Mev electrons to different ratios of (I) to (SR), and electrical property measurements were made at 77°K immediately after irradiation. The results indicate (1) an increase in the apparent rate of removal of conduction electrons for material of higher initial carrier concentration, (2) a difference in the apparent rate of removal for different dopants, (3) a small dependence of the apparent removal rate on the total amount of disorder introduced, and (4) the amount of annealing was not a sensitive function of the ratio of (I) to (SR) for P or Sb-doped material, but was for As-doped material.
Effect of salinity and temperature on survival and development of young zebra (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga (Dreissena bugensis) mussels

We reared larval zebra mussels,Dreissena polymorpha, and quagga mussels,D. bugensis, through and beyond metamorphosis (settlement) at salinities of 0–8‰. Juvenile zebra mussels gradually acclimated to 8‰ and 10‰ have been reared at these salinities for over 8 mo. Tolerance to both higher temperatures and higher salinities increases with larval age in both species (though zebra mussel embryos and larvae have a greater degree of salinity tolerance than quagga mussel embryos and larvae). Thus, only 6% of 3-day-old zebra mussel veligers survived after exposure to 4‰ for 8 additional days, whereas there was 22% survival of veligers placed in 4‰ at day 13 and grown to settlement 11 d later. Zebra mussel pediveligers, acclimated to increasing salinity in 2‰ increments beginning at day 23, continued to survive and grow in 8‰ after 5-mo exposure, though the growth rates of these juveniles were significantly less than those of juveniles reared in lower salinities. Quagga mussels did not metamorphose and settle as quickly as zebra mussel pediveligers. No quagga mussel pediveligers had settled before exposure to artificial fresh water (AFW), 2‰ 4‰, 6‰, and 8‰ on day 30. Percent settlement of these quagga mussel juveniles (based on 100% survival at the start of experiments on day 30) was 90% in AFW, 67% at 2‰, 69% at 4‰, 46% at 6‰, and 0.1% at 8‰.
Lens mounting system for cryogenic applications

Lens mounts for cryogenic service have many requirements: mitigation of thermal shock on the lens, maintenance of lens centering and spacing, control of mechanical stress on the lens from the cell, reliable connection of the lens to the cell, and applicability to a wide variety of lens materials. This paper describes in detail a lens mounting system successfully used in several cryogenic instruments.
14‐3‐3γ binds to MDMX that is phosphorylated by UV‐activated Chk1, resulting in p53 activation

It has been shown that MDMX inhibits the activity of the tumor suppressor p53 by primarily cooperating with the p53 feedback regulator MDM2. Here, our study shows that this inhibition can be overcome by 14-3-3γ and Chk1. 14-3-3γ was identified as an MDMX-associated protein via an immuno-affinity purification-coupled mass spectrometry. Consistently, 14-3-3γ directly interacted with MDMX in vitro, and this interaction was stimulated by MDMX phosphorylation in vitro and in cells. Interestingly, in response to UV irradiation, the wild-type, but not the kinase-dead mutant, Chk1 phosphorylated MDMX at serine 367, enhanced the 14-3-3γ-MDMX binding and the cytoplasmic retaining of MDMX. The Chk1 specific inhibitor UCN-01 repressed all of these effects. Moreover, overexpression of 14-3-3γ, but not its mutant K50E, which did not bind to MDMX, suppressed MDMX-enhanced p53 ubiquitination, leading to p53 stabilization and activation. Finally, ablation of 14-3-3γ by siRNA reduced UV-induced p53 level and G1 arrest. Thus, these results demonstrate 14-3-3γ and Chk1 as two novel regulators of MDMX in response to UV irradiation.
The Last Mathematician from Hilbert's Göttingen: Saunders Mac Lane as Philosopher of Mathematics

While Saunders Mac Lane studied for his D.Phil in Gottingen, he heard David Hilbert's weekly lectures on philosophy, talked philosophy with Hermann Weyl, and studied it with Moritz Geiger. Their philosophies and Emmy Noether's algebra all influenced his conception of category theory, which has become the working structure theory of mathematics. His practice has constantly affirmed that a proper large-scale organization for mathematics is the most efficient path to valuable specific results-while he sees that the question of which results are valuable has an ineliminable philosophic aspect. His philosophy relies on the ideas of truth and existence he studied in Gottingen. His career is a case study relating naturalism in philosophy of mathematics to philosophy as it naturally arises in mathematics.
Ring-expanded analogues of natural oxetanocin

Abstract Synthesis of ring-expanded analogs of the natural compound, oxetanocin is described. The starting material for the synthesis of the series, 4 – 7 , was d -glucosamine and introduction of the base moiety was done through the stereochemically appropriate epoxide. For the enantiomeric series, 8 – 11 , the starting material was d -glucose and preparation of the key intermediate involved a rearrangement reaction. The structures of the target molecules were established by NMR, HRMS, optical rotation and UV data. Single-crystal X-ray data confirmed the enantiomeric structural assignments.
Simultaneous dynamic stiffness and extension profiles of single titin molecules: Nanomechanical evidence for unfolding intermediates

Striated muscle is the primary source of biomechanical force in organisms from worms to man, and is organized as a composite material from nanometer to meter scales. At nanometer scale, an array of cytoskeletal proteins are required to regulate the size, assembly and function of the sarcomere, as well as transmit force and provide elasticity for restoring the structure. One such protein is the giant protein titin (Mr 3–4×106), which spans half of the muscle sarcomere length. The passive elasticity of muscle at a physiological range of stretch arises primarily from the extension of titin. We have measured both the extension force and the dynamic stiffness of native titin with the atomic force microscope. We found that the stiffness of a single molecule of titin varied between 1 and 4 pN/nm over an extension of >1 μm. Regions showing globular domains unfolding in the sawtooth pattern of force versus extension curve exhibit periodic spikes in the stiffness. The results of this study show that simultaneous st...
Effect of mathematics experience on hemisphere activation.

Research on brain activation (4) indicates that the cwo hemispheres of the cerebral cortex respond differently to different types of problems. While the left hemisphere is more involved in processing verbal and mathematical problems, the right is more involved in processing spatial relations and musical problems. These conclusions come from work on individuals with split brains (3) as well as comparisons of the average evoked potentials of the two hemispheres in response to different types of questions (5). Additional, yet less direct, evidence has come from research on eye movements (6, 9). This research has shown that eyes move predominantly to the left in response to questions about musical and spatial relations and predominantly to the right in response to verbal and mathematical questions. Kinsbourne (7) suggested chat activation of either hemisphere elicits a "spill over" effect which moves eyes in the contralateral direction. Activation of the right hemisphere therefore, yields left-directed movements, while activation of the left hemisphere yields right-directed movements. While the major conclusion from these diverse methods of study seems to be that people use the left hemisphere for analytic tasks and the right for integrative or Gestalt tasks (a), other work has uncovered group differences which seem to qualify this generalization. For example, Bakan (2) has found that males are more likely than females to move their eyes to the right (use the left hemisphere) regardless of type of question. Bakan (1) found the same pattern of differences when comparing majors in the hard sciences and humanities; the former produced proportionally more lefthemispheric responses regardless of type of question. Such studies indicate, not surprisingly, that groups which differ in their past intellectual experiences and personality traits also differ in their patterns of hemispheric activation. The present study was designed to test whether a specific type of intellectual experience would give rise to changes in cerebral activation. The study investigated whether completion of a basic course in mathematics would increase the use of the left hemisphere in response to basic mathematical questions. Subjects were 20 right-handed undergraduates; in each group were 5 males and 5 females. Only right-handed subjects were used because of the lateralization inconsistencies observed in left-handed individuals (8). The 10 subjects in the trained group were enrolled in a beginning course in mathematics, while the 10 control subjects were not and had not taken any such course for at least two years. Both groups of subjects answered 15 numerical questions (5 x 13
Observation of Classroom Performance Using Therapy Balls as a Substitute for Chairs in Elementary School Children.

Many classrooms are beginning to substitute standard chairs with therapy balls, which help to improve students’ focus and classroom performance, according to teacher and student reports. Researchers conducted an observational study in a classroom at a local elementary school that implemented therapy balls. For each hour-long observation, three independent researchers marked seated behaviors of students (N=19). The first observation was conducted when students were using standard chairs, and two more were conducted when students used therapy balls during classroom activities. Researchers observed the behaviors of students on the given seating device, including academic task (on/off task), effort level, attitude, interactions, seated behavior (bouncing/rocking/stationary/other), and intensity level of participation in classroom activities. Analysis of the collected data demonstrates that 50% of observations when students were seated on standard chairs indicated on task behavior, while 85% of observations when students were seated on therapy balls were recorded as on task behavior. In addition, movement while seated increased on the therapy balls (35% of observations indicated stationary seated behavior) compared to the standard chairs (47% observations indicated stationary seated behavior). The increased rocking and bouncing seated behavior on the therapy balls suggests that the seating device helps to engage the vestibular system. In addition, stationary behavior on therapy balls was often classified as proprioceptive. The results from the observational study will allow researchers to further investigate whether or not engaging the vestibular system can help to improve performance on functional school skills.
Fiction and metaphysics

This challenging study places fiction squarely at the centre of the discussion of metaphysics. Philosophers have traditionally treated fiction as involving a set of narrow problems in logic or the philosophy of language. By contrast Amie Thomasson argues that fiction has far-reaching implications for central problems of metaphysics. The book develops an 'artifactual' theory of fiction, whereby fictional characters are abstract artifacts as ordinary as laws or symphonies or works of literature. By understanding fictional characters we come to understand how other cultural and social objects are established on the basis of the independent physical world and the mental states of human beings.
Optimal management of infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease is becoming a major health problem in Western societies as the population continues to age. In addition to risk of limb loss, the complexity of the disease is magnified by its intimate association with medical comorbidity, especially cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Risk factor modification and antiplatelet therapy are essential to improve long-term survival. Surgical intervention is indicated for intermittent claudication when a patient’s quality of life remains unacceptable after a trial of conservative therapy. Open reconstruction and endovascular revascularization are cornerstone for limb salvage in patients with critical limb ischemia. Recent advances in catheter-based technology have made endovascular intervention the preferred treatment approach for infrainguinal disease in many cases. Nevertheless, lower extremity bypass remains an important treatment strategy, especially for reasonable risk patients with a suitable bypass conduit. In this review, we present a summary of current knowledge about peripheral arterial disease followed by a review of current, evidence-based medical and surgical therapy for infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease.
Pricing Environmental Amenities: An Assessment of the Contingent Valuation Method:

Mettre un prix sur les agrements environnementaux, une evaluation de la methode de valuation contingente : .Les auteurs preparent actuellement un rapport pour presenter la methode de valuation contingente (CV) aux non-economistes. La CV est une methdode par enquete par questionnaire developpee par des economistes pour estimer la valeur monetaire des agrements environnementaux. Ici, les auteurs presentent la methode CV avec des references dans la litterature scientifique qui decrivent son developpement et son evolution.
δ-Lactones of polyhydroxy-C26 acids in Eupatorium pilosum

Abstract Isolation and structure determination of the δ-lactones of Z-5,7,9,11-tetrahydroxy- and Z-5,7,9,11,15-pentahydroxyhexacos-2-enoic acids from Eupatorium pilosum is reported. The flavones salvigenin and cirsimaritin were also found.
LAND ALLOCATION AND TRANSPORTATION PRICING IN A MIXED URBAN ECONOMY

A SIMPLE TWO SECTOR MODEL, CONTAINING A TRANSPORTATION SECTOR AND A PRODUCTIVE SECTOR, IS USED TO DEVELOP A PUBLIC POLICY WHICH RECOGNIZES TWO ASPECTS OF URBAN SPATIAL ECONOMIES. IN THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR, THE DECISION UNIT IS A PUBLIC AGENCY OR GOVERNMENT, WHICH SEEKS TO OPTIMIZE A SOCIAL GOAL COMPOSED OF TRANSPORTATION COSTS AND CAPITAL COSTS. IN THE PRODUCTIVE SECTOR, ENTREPRENEURS ATTEMPT INDIVIDUALLY TO OPTIMIZE A PRIVATE GOAL BY SUBSTITUTIONG LAND AND CAPITAL. THE MODEL POINTS TO THE RELATIONSHIP THAT OPTIMALITY REQUIRES BETWEEN TRANSPORT PRICES AND LAND PRICES, AND IMPLIES THAT INCORRECT TRANSPORTATION PRICES WILL LEAD ENTREPRENEURS IN THE PRODUCTIVE SECTOR TO MAKE DECISIONS RESULTING IN HIGHER SOCIAL COSTS IN MOVEMENTS AND CAPITAL IN THE CITY. /AUTHOR/
Socio-economic characteristics of an Amazon urban healer's clientele.

Abstract After a decade of analysis of urban Amazonian folk healing, the author conducted a field study in the city of Pucallpa, Peru, by interviewing the total client population of one folk healer during a month's period. The author examines data on socio-economic and ideological characteristics of this population, and documents close correspondence of patients and healer with regard to their general view of etiology of illness and treatment, using the results of the questionnaire data.
Microphysical modeling of cirrus 2. Sensitivity studies

The one-dimensional cirrus model described in part 1 of this issue has been used to study the sensitivity of simulated cirrus microphysical and radiative properties to poorly known model parameters, poorly understood physical processes, and environmental conditions. Model parameters and physical processes investigated include nucleation rate, mode of nucleation (e.g., homogeneous freezing of aerosols and liquid droplets or heterogeneous deposition), ice crystal shape, and coagulation. These studies suggest that the leading sources of uncertainty in the model are the phase change (liquid-solid) energy barrier and the ice-water surface energy which dominate the homogeneous freezing nucleation rate and the coagulation sticking efficiency at low temperatures which controls the production of large ice crystals (radii greater than 100 mcirons). Environmental conditions considered in sensitivity tests were CN size distribution, vertical wind speed, and cloud height. We found that (unlike stratus clouds) variations in the total number of condensation nuclei (NC) have little effect on cirrus microphysical and radiative properties, since nucleation occurs only on the largest CN at the tail of the size distribution. The total number of ice crystals which nucleate has little or no relationship to the number of CN present and depends primarily on the temperature and the cooling rate. Stronger updrafts (more rapid cooling) generate higher ice number densities, ice water content, cloud optical depth, and net radiative forcing. Increasing the height of the clouds in the model leads to an increase in ice number density, a decrease in effective radius, and a decrease in ice water content. The most prominent effect of increasing cloud height was a rapid increase in the net cloud radiative forcing which can be attributed to the change in cloud temperature as well as change in cloud ice size distributions. It has long been recognized that changes in cloud height or cloud area have the greatest potential for causing feedbacks on climate change. Our results suggest that variations in vertical velocity or cloud microphysical changes associatd with cloud height changes may also be important.
Retinal image formation: review, summary, and discussion.

In this field the focus of attention has shifted from the optical image formed by the refracting surfaces of the eye to the optics of the retina. Retinal optics includes the Stiles–Crawford effects of the first and second kind, macular pigment, forward scatter, entoptic effects, and reflection by the pigment epithelium, choroid, and sclera. Three kinds of measurements of blur need to be compared: (1) blur of the optical image measured by cutting a hole through the coats of the eye to expose the vitreous, (2) blur of the image formed by light reflected from the retina, and (3) blur of the image transmitted by way of the optic nerve to the brain. The coarseness of the retinal mosaic and micronystagmus must be taken into account in dealing with resolving power. The motor mechanisms that have to be considered include those which control fixation and accommodation.
Local action of intrahypophyseal implants of estrogen as revealed by staining with peroxidase-labeled antibody.

The direct action of 17 β-estradiol and cholesterol on cells of the pituitary pars distalis, as revealed by staining with peroxidase-labeled antibody, was studied in female rats. Pellets of pure cholesterol and of estradiol mixed with cholesterol were implanted into the left lobe of the pars distalis 14–32 days after ovariectomy and left in place for 7–16 days. Rabbit antisera to rat prolactin, human growth hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (for gonadotropes — presumably luteinizing hormone cells), and porcine corticotropin were used. In no case were cells altered in the contralateral lobe of the pars distalis; cholesterol likewise had no significant effect on the ipsilateral lobe. However, in the ipsilateral lobe containing an estrogen pellet, prolactin cells were hypertrophied and hyperplastic; cells assumed to be responsible for luteinizing hormone secretion were reduced in size and stained more intensely; and growth hormone cells were reduced in size. Corticotropin cells remained unaffected. For the most part estrogenic effects were distributed ventrally, caudally and laterally from the pellet and not far medially, never reaching the midline. It was concluded that estrogen acts directly on the hypophysis, the spread of the effects reflecting the direction of blood flow within the gland. These observations support the hypothesis that the pituitary gland serves as a site for feedback action by estrogen.
A function of form: Terror management and structuring the social world

Drawing on lay epistemology theory, the authors assessed a terror management analysis of the psychological function of structuring social information. Seven studies tested variations of the hypothesis that simple, benign interpretations of social information function, in part, to manage death-related anxiety. In Studies 1-4, mortality salience (MS) exaggerated primacy effects and reliance on representative information, decreased preference for a behaviorally inconsistent target among those high in personal need for structure (PNS), and increased high-PNS participants' preference for interpersonal balance. In Studies 5-7, MS increased high-PNS participants' preference for interpretations that suggest a just world and a benevolent causal order of events in the social world.
Deep etched porous Si decorated with Au nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)

Abstract Au nanoparticles decorated porous Si was fabricated following a two-step process for SERS applications. First, a Si wafer coated with predefined Au nanoisland arrays (∼15 nm in average island size and ∼15 nm in average inter-island spacing) was etched into porous structure by metal-assisted wet etching with etching time ranging from 0.5 to 40 min. Second, Au with thickness ranging from 30 to 300 nm was sputtered onto porous Si to activate the SERS effects. By testing 1,2-benzenedithiol with these SERS-active substrates, the influences of etching time and sputtered Au coating thickness on SERS enhancement factor were systematically investigated. Our analysis indicated that deep etching (etching time ≥ 10 min) raised SERS enhancement factor by an order of magnitude over shallow etching (etching time ≤ 2 min), while the thickness of sputtered Au coating, in the range of 30–300 nm, only changed SERS enhancement factor by a factor of 3. The optimal parameters for etching time and sputtered Au coating thickness were experimentally determined to be 40 min and 200 nm, respectively. At the end of the study, the rationale of using predefined Au nanoisland arrays, instead of plain sputtered Au, to achieve better SERS performance was also experimentally justified.
Effective pion-nucleon interaction in nuclear matter

We discuss the modification of the interaction between a pion and a nucleon in the presence of an infinite medium of nucleons (nuclear matter). The theory presented here is covariant and is relevant to the calculation of the pion--nucleus optical potential. The specific effects considered are the modifications of the nucleon propagator due to the Pauli principle and the modification of the pion and nucleon propagators due to collisions with nucleons of the medium. We also discuss in detail the pion self-energy in the medium, paying close attention to off-shell effects. These latter effects are particularly important because of the rapid variation with energy of the fundamental pion--nucleon interaction. Numerical results are presented, the main feature being the appearance of a significant damping width for the (3, 3) resonance. (AIP)
Improvement of spatial tactile acuity by transcranial direct current stimulation.

Objective Non-invasive brain stimulation such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been successfully used to induce polarity-specific excitability changes in the brain. However, it is still unknown if anodal tDCS (tDCSanodal) applied to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) can lead to behavioral changes in performance of tactile discriminative tasks.
Transesophageal echocardiography interpretation: a comparative analysis between cardiac anesthesiologists and primary echocardiographers.

UNLABELLED Diagnostic interpretation of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations may vary, particularly when the echocardiographer is also the anesthesiologist. We therefore evaluated the concordance of TEE interpretation as part of a process of continuous quality improvement (CQI). Ten cardiac anesthesiologists participating in a CQI program conducted 154 comprehensive TEE examinations, each consisting of 16 major fields describing cardiac anatomy and function. These examinations were subsequently interpreted off-line by two primary echocardiographers (a radiologist and a cardiologist). Agreement was assessed using the kappa coefficient and percent agreement. Overall kappa and percent agreement were 0.58 and 83% for anesthesiologists versus radiologist, 0.57 and 80% for anesthesiologists versus cardiologist, and 0.60 and 82% for radiologist versus cardiologist. Anesthesiologists with longer than 5 yr of TEE experience had higher levels of agreement with the radiologist when assessing the aorta, right atrium, pulmonary vein flow, transmitral flow, and fractional area change. Cardiac anesthesiologists supported by a CQI program interpret TEE examinations at a level comparable with physicians whose primary practice is echocardiography. Thus, the anesthesiologist and the intraoperative echocardiographer need not be mutually exclusive. IMPLICATIONS Interpretation of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiograms can be reliably performed by cardiac anesthesiologists.
Studies on the idiosomal and leg chaetotaxy of the Cheyletidae (acari) with descriptions of a new genus and four new species

Abstract Camincheyletus glaucomys, n. gen., n. sp., Acaropsellina sumwersi, n. sp., and Eucheyletia oregonensis, n. sp., are described from specimens collected from the nest of northern flying squirrels in Wallowa County, Oregon. Cheletopkyes indiacus, n. sp. is described from specimens collected from a carpenter bee in Kerala, India. A key to the species is provided for Acaropsellina summers, Cheletopkyes Oudemans, and Eucheyletia Baker. A redescription of Laeliocheyletia teretis Summers and Price is presented. A comparison of the leg setae of all available stages indicates changes during development.
Carbonyls in oxidizing fat. VIII. Effect of the Pool and Klose method on monocarbonyl precursors in autoxidized lard

Monocarbonyl compounds isolated by the Pool and Klose method greatly exceeded those obtained by a mild quantitative vacuum distillation method. As indicated by amounts of individual aldehydes, the Pool and Klose method of reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine on hydrated alumina partially decomposed hydroperoxides of unsaturated fatty acid glycerides and appeared to shift the normal balance of isomeric hydroperoxides. High proportions of unsaturated aldehydes were separated, and a new, highly unsaturated class in substantial amounts was present. Evidence, based on yield and type of aldehyde, suggests that in polyunsaturated fatty acids the hydroperoxide may preferentially form at the appropriate carbon furthest removed from the carboxyl group in the pentadiene system. This might partially explain the low proportions of alk-2,4-dienals in the free aldehydes of lard oxidized under mild conditions.
Analysis of cell death and cell proliferation in embryonic stages, normal adult, and aging prostates in human and animals

Homeostasis in the prostate is recognized to be maintained by a complex interplay between the opposing actions of cell proliferation and cell death. Growth regulatory factors that promote or inhibit cell proliferation and promote cellular death have been identified in the prostate. The integration of these forces involves cellular cooperation between the prostatic stroma and epithelium. Hormone-regulated production of growth regulatory factors by one cell type may determine growth stimulation, inhibition, or cell death in a reciprocal cell partner. Imbalance between net cell proliferation and net cell death rates may result in abnormal growth leading to BPH. Additional study of the growth regulatory factors associated with distal vs. proximal epithelial cells and stroma and comparison of growth factor expression by the neonatal, postnatal growing, adult quiescent, and aging prostates will likely provide further insight into the regulation of prostate cell division and death.
Effect of coagulant/flocculants on bioproducts from microalgae.

The potential of microalgae as a source of sustainable energy, nutritional supplements and specialized chemicals necessitates a thorough evaluation of the methods of harvesting microalgae with regards to the bioproduct(s) desired. This research assessed the effect of coagulation, flocculation, and centrifugation on the wet lipid extraction procedure, which fractionated microalgae into hydrolyzed biomass for fermentation into acetone, butanol, and ethanol, an aqueous phase as growth media for genetically engineered Escherichia coli, and a lipid fraction for the production of biodiesel. Biomass harvested by cationic starches, alum, and centrifugation produced 30, 19, and 22.5 mg/g of dry wt. algae of total combined acetone, butanol, and ethanol, respectively. Higher biodiesel production was also observed for the cationic starches (9.6 mg/g of dry wt. algae) than alum (0.6 mg/g of dry wt. algae) harvested biomass. The results suggested significant effect of the harvesting methods on the yields of bioproducts.
355. A Platform for Gene Delivery to Embryonic Stem Cells Using HSV

Embryonic development is a complex process involving integrated pathways directing the ordered proliferation, migration, and differentiation of stem cells into a developing embryo. Murine embryonic stem (mES) lines are immortal and homogeneous, and provide a relevant model of embryogenesis via embryoid body formation. An efficient gene delivery system for mES cells will facilitate investigations into the molecular events of embryonic differentiation. Here we describe the engineering and characterization of a replication-defective Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) vector, JD|[beta]||[beta]|, as a platform gene delivery vehicle. In this vector, the immediate early (IE, |[alpha]|) genes ICP4 and ICP22, and one full genomic joint element have been deleted. IE genes ICP27 and ICP0, whose low-level expression is necessary for transgene expression, have been converted into early (E, |[beta]|) genes in order to constrain their expression to ICP4-complementing cells, effectively eliminating their expression in normal cells. JD|[beta]||[beta]| does not express toxic viral genes in non-complementing cells including mES cells. JD|[beta]||[beta]| contains a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene under the control of the HCMV IE promoter and transduces mES cells with high efficiency. Transduction with JD|[beta]||[beta]|, even at elevated MOI, does not alter subsequent embryoid body formation nor the expression of endogenous germ layer markers during embryoid body formation, as determined by quantitative-PCR analysis. JD|[beta]||[beta]| will be further engineered to express developmentally relevant genes individually or in combination. This vector may be a useful tool for the experimental stem cell and regenerative medicine fields due to the attributes of non-toxicity, large transgene capacity, robust transgene expression, and non-integrating genome.
Arthroscopic Repair of Triangular Fibrocartilage Tears: A Biomechanical Comparison of a Knotless Suture Anchor and the Traditional Outside-In Repairs

Purpose To compare the biomechanical strength of a knotless suture anchor repair and the traditional outside-in repair of peripheral triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears in a cadaveric model. Methods We dissected the distal ulna and TFCC from 6 matched cadaveric wrist pairs and made iatrogenic complete peripheral TFCC tears in each wrist. In 6 wrists, the TFCC tears were repaired using the standard outside-in technique using 2 2-0 polydioxane sutures placed in a vertical mattress fashion. In the other 6 wrists, we repaired the TFCC tears using mini-pushlock suture anchors to the fovea. The strength of the repairs was then determined using a materials testing machine with the load placed across the repair site. We loaded the repairs until a gap of 2 mm formed across the repair site, and then subsequently loaded them to failure. Thus, for each repair we obtained the load at 2-mm gap formation, load to failure, and mode of failure. Results At the 2-mm gap formation, the suture anchor repairs were statistically stronger than the outside-in repairs. For load to failure, the suture anchor repairs were also statistically stronger than the outside-in repairs. Failure in both techniques occurred most commonly as suture pull-out from the soft tissues. Conclusions The all-arthroscopic suture anchor TFCC repair was biomechanically stronger than an outside-in repair. Clinical relevance The suture anchor technique allows for repair of both the superficial and deep layers of the articular disk directly to bone, restoring the native TFCC anatomy. By being knotless, the suture anchor repair avoids irritation to the surrounding soft tissues by suture knots.
Anthrpometric changes of a female bodybuilder on a high-protein, hypocaloric diet

Results Analysis of four day food records following each testing session revealed average values of 1588 ± 116.7 kcal/day, 43.6 ± 7.3% protein, 35 ± 5.4% carbohydrates, 17.8 ± 7.98% fat throughout the testing period. Additionally, the participant lost 6.09 kg (13.4lb) and 2.5 BMI units. Furthermore both HHBIA (.935; p = .006) and JP7 (.954; p = 0.003) were significantly and positively correlated to DEXA (CI = 99%). Finally, only HHBIA BF% values were statistically different from DEXA BF% values (p = .001).
Assessing the context of health care utilization in Ecuador: A spatial and multilevel analysis

There are few studies that have analyzed the context of health care utilization, particularly in Latin America. This study examines the context of utilization of health services in Ecuador; focusing on the relationship between provision of services and use of both preventive and curative services. This study is cross-sectional and analyzes data from the 2004 National Demographic and Maternal & Child Health dataset. Provider variables come from the Ecuadorian System of Social Indicators (SIISE). Global Moran's I statistic is used to assess spatial autocorrelation of the provider variables. Multilevel modeling is used for the simultaneous analysis of provision of services at the province-level with use of services at the individual level. Spatial analysis indicates no significant differences in the density of health care providers among Ecuadorian provinces. After adjusting for various predisposing, enabling, need factors and interaction terms, density of public practice health personnel was positively associated with use of preventive care, particularly among rural households. On the other hand, density of private practice physicians was positively associated with use of curative care, particularly among urban households. There are significant public/private, urban/rural gaps in provision of services in Ecuador; which in turn affect people's use of services. It is necessary to strengthen the public health care delivery system (which includes addressing distribution of health workers) and national health information systems. These efforts could improve access to health care, and inform the civil society and policymakers on the advances of health care reform.
Temporal Variation of the Seismic Moment Tensor and the Evidence of Precursive Compression for Two Deep Earthquakes

For two deep earthquakes, about 80 s before the abrupt onset of each, the hypocentral region begins to experience compression.
The imaging diagnosis of renovascular hypertension.

Hypertension is among the most ubiquitous diseases in the world. In the U.S., up to sixty million individuals may be affected by hypertension and be prone to associated renal, cardiac, and CNS damage. This morbidity is mediated by changes in the microcirculation of these organs, resultant of blood pressure elevation.
A customizable platform for classroom collaboration using mobile devices (abstract only)

One of the major perceived barriers to the adoption of Classroom Response Systems, a.k.a. "clickers", is limited interactivity. Students using dedicated clicker hardware are often only able to provide basic multiple choice or simple numeric responses. The accessibility and flexibility of smartphones make them an intriguing platform for managing some of the shortfalls of traditional classroom response systems. This approach not only leverages a resource that a growing number of students already own, but also aims to enhance the effectiveness of the system by tapping into the robust interaction capabilities that these devices afford. This poster will describe a smartphone implementation of a classroom response system and discuss efforts to extend the basic clicker interaction model.
Building developmental gene regulatory networks

Animal development is an elaborate process programmed by genomic regulatory instructions. Regulatory genes encode transcription factors and signal molecules, and their expression is under the control of cis-regulatory modules that define the logic of transcriptional responses to the inputs of other regulatory genes. The functional linkages among regulatory genes constitute the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that govern cell specification and patterning in development. Constructing such networks requires identification of the regulatory genes involved and characterization of their temporal and spatial expression patterns. Interactions (activation/repression) among transcription factors or signals can be investigated by large-scale perturbation analysis, in which the function of each gene is specifically blocked. Resultant expression changes are then integrated to identify direct linkages, and to reveal the structure of the GRN. Predicted GRN linkages can be tested and verified by cis-regulatory analysis. The explanatory power of the GRN was shown in the lineage specification of sea urchin endomesoderm. Acquiring such networks is essential for a systematic and mechanistic understanding of the developmental process.
Designing an Engineering System for Sustainability

How does one design an engineering system for sustainability? Sustainability engineering design is a discipline that has become increasingly important as systems become more complex, life cycle costs increase, and long run endurance becomes an elusive goal. To assist in mitigating this elusiveness, this paper introduces the concept of a System Sustainability Architecture (SSA) to organize the activities in an enterprise for designing an engineering system to be sustainable. The architecture is the application of systems engineering and information technology methods to design, develop, produce, construct, integrate, validate, and implement a sustainable engineering design. SSA is a framework used to align the people, operations, projects, and information technology assets in an enterprise with its sustainability characteristics. The architecting process incorporates lean manufacturing values as sustainable design requirements in creating the product. The application of the SSA is predicted to be less resource intensive and disruptive to the enterprise in the system’s life cycle than previous sustainability methods and practices. It is also essential that the merits of the SSA approach are communicated to the stakeholders to encourage its acceptance.
Sound modes and density wave instabilities in hot Fermi systems

Abstract We present a generalization to finite temperature of Landau's kinetic equation for quasiparticles, and describe its application to the nuclear fragmentation process. With a simple form for the behavior of the interaction function ƒ pp ′ , the kinetic equation is solved in the relaxation time approximation. The dispersion relation for sound waves in hot Fermi liquids is derived and explored in regimes of interest: in the hydrodynamic, collisionless and the low temperature limits. Results for the fragmentation of an A = 200 droplet are presented as a function of its initial temperature and density.