cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of Wall Roughness and Electroosmotic Flows Inside Nanochannels

We are reporting electroosmotic flows in nanochannels having different surface roughness. Molecular dynamics simulation technique has been applied to understand microscopic or molecular aspects of solid-liquid interactions. The surface roughness in this study was modeled as a succession of expanding and contracting steps along the flow direction, determined by the electric field direction. Water and sodium ion density profiles for the smooth wall show strong layering of water molecules near the solid wall. For rough walls, the density profiles are very similar for all cases except where the steps are located. We observed that this disturbance grows with the amplitude of the roughness and decreases with the period of the roughness. To further investigate strong layering of the water molecules, the net electric dipole moment was computed for the smooth and rough walls. It shows ordering of water molecules near the wall. The rough wall result show water molecules are ordered more in the expanded region. The velocity profiles and the flow rate were calculated for all cases. From these, electric double layers are found to overlap. The maximum velocities and the flow rate decreased for the lower period and the higher amplitude of surface roughness.© 2005 ASME
Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA kit for quantifying imidacloprid residues in Erthrina sandwicensis leaves for management of the Erythrina gall wasp, Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim.

The erythrina gall wasp (EGW), Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim 2004, was first detected in Hawaii in 2005 and has been infesting and killing Erythrina trees throughout the island chain since. It is believed EGW originated from Africa (Messing et al. 2009). Its host range appears to be limited to Erythrina; its geographic range already includes much of Asia and the Pacific. In North America, EGW has recently become established in south Florida and it is expected that introductions will occur to southern California (Smith et al. 2007). Observations indicate that a highly favored host is E. variegate L., but numerous species, including the Hawaiian endemic, E. sandwicensis O. Deg are severely injured and killed. Erythrina are warm-loving plants with about 115 species in the genus. It is expected that EGW will expand its geographic range to meet that of its host Erythrina with some restrictions due to climate (Li et al. 2006).
Dissociation and Reassembly of the Dihydrolipoyl Transacetylase Component of the Bovine Heart Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Abstract The catalytic activity and the state of aggregation of the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase–lipoamide dehydrogenase binding protein (E 2 –E 3 BP) subcomplex of the bovine heart pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex were investigated. Treatment of E 2 –E 3 BP with the chaotropic salts GndnCl or KSCN led to a rapid decrease in transacetylase activity which was accompanied by a loss of the native quaternary structure, as indicated by changes in the sedimentation properties of the E 2 –E 3 BP subcomplex. Reassembly or refolding of dissociated E 2 –E 3 BP was achieved for the GndnCl-treated subcomplex using a defined protocol. This reassembly procedure effectively excluded all E 3 BP from the reassembled oligomeric transacetylase. The reassembled oligomeric E 2 , free of E 3 BP, was unable to reconstitute the overall activity of the complex following incubation with pyruvate dehydrogenase (E 1 ) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E 3 ). In binding studies using radiolabeled components it was demonstrated that the reassembled transacetylase, while retaining its capacity for reductive acetylation and its ability to bind E 1 , lost its ability to bind E 3 . The evidence presented in this study indicates that the strong association of E 3 BP with E 2 facilitates the binding of E 3 , the lipoamide dehydrogenase component, and therefore may have an important role in the assembly and ultimately the catalytic activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex.
Problems Related to Charge Collection Variations in Ge(Li) Detectors with Special Reference to Timing

Ge(Li) detectors used for gamma rays detection deliver signals with random parameters in noise. Timing studies with such pulses must take into account the two sources of errors; random shape and noise. This has not been made until now. In this paper, we use the "maximum likelihood method" which has been widely studied in communication theory. It mainly consists in the search of a set of parameters which maximizes the "likelihood function". This condition gives the minimum values of variances of estimated parameters. With the likelihood method we have determined, in the case of Ge(Li) detectors for a random shape (but sinqle interaction) and noise, the expression of the likelihood functions. If an electronic system could give this function as response to Ge(Li) pulses it would be the best pulse Forocessor, but it is obviously impossible to realize. However the method qives the bounds of accuracy of measurements theoretically possible : For planar pulses, this bound is found to be proportional to the inverse of the expectation of the energy of the delivered current. For coaxial pulses, one derives bounds in low and high electric field regions. Results are not so simple as in the previous case and additive terms appear in the formulas with the expectation of the energy of the current. Rather surprising results are obtained : timing nearly as good for planar pulses could be approached.
Technical Note: Aeolian dust proxies produce visible luminescence upon intense laser-illumination that results from incandescence of internally mixed carbon

Abstract. Mineral dust mimics dispersed in air produced visible luminescence between 550–800 nm when illuminated with a high peak power (MW range) Nd:YAG laser beam at 532 or 1064 nm. The luminescence persists for a few microseconds after the laser pulse and the measured emission spectrum is roughly consistent with a blackbody emitter at ≈4300 K. Both observations are consistent with assigning laser-induced incandescence (LII) as the source of the luminescence. However, light emission intensity from the mineral dust proxies is 240–4600 less intense than incandescence from fresh kerosene soot on a per-mass basis at laser pulse energies 90% on average. Heating to 350 °C reduced emission by 45–72%. Since black carbon soot and char (BC) oxidizes at elevated temperatures and BC is known to be present in soils, we conclude emission of light from the mineral dust aerosol proxies is likely a result of black carbon or char internally mixed within the soil dust sample. The reduction in LII response for samples heated to temperatures of 250–350 °C may result from partial oxidation of BC, but alternatively, could implicate a role for carbon present within organic molecules. The study suggests laser-induced incandescence measurements may allow quantitation of black carbon in soils and that soil dust is not truly an interferent in BC analysis by LII, but rather, a BC containing material.
Analysis and Optimization of Partial Constrained Damping Layers

Topology optimization has been used to maximize the damping performance of constrained damping layer structures with viscoelastic core [1-3]. Studies show that using nanotubes as reinforcements in polymer material might improve the damping and stiffness properties [4,5]. Experimental investigations using nanotube reinforcements in constrained damping layers showed a significant improvement in damping properties of the structure [6]. Optimizing the topology of structures involving nanotube reinforcements can further enhance the damping properties by making optimal use of the nanotubes as reinforcements. In preliminary studies performed with volume fraction of nanotubes as a design variable in the optimization [7,8] substantial improvements in the damping properties were observed. In this work, the topology of a cantilever beam structure involving nanotube reinforced polymer layers is optimized with the objective of maximizing the system loss factor for the first resonance frequency of the base beam. The volume fractions and orientations of the nanotubes in each finite element and the material fraction of the nanotube reinforced polymer (NRP) and the elastic material are the design variables in the optimization process. ABAQUS is used for the finite element modeling and an optimization code NLPQL which uses a sequential quadratic programming algorithm is used for the optimization.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Marketing library instruction services: changes and trends

Marketing involves designing products based on user needs and wants. At the thirteenth annual LOEX Conference in 1984, the application of marketing principles to library instruction programs was investigated. This article examines the role of marketing, promotional activities, and public relations in library instructional services, and discusses some reactions to using these techniques to improve instruction programs.
The diamond double-opposing V-Y flap: a reliable, simple, and versatile technique for nipple reconstruction.

The nipple is an essential defining component to restore the semblance and appearance of a natural breast. There is significant variation in dimension, texture, and color across ethnic groups and among individuals. The authors discuss the technique of the diamond double-opposing V–Y flap. 4% of patients had early complications of partial flap loss. About 80% of projection is maintained after 1 year.
An Automatic Recorder of Spectral Sensitivity of Photoelectric Surfaces

A method of recording automatically spectral sensitivity of photoelectric surfaces has been developed. It consists of a Hardy spectrophotometer supplied with attachments for 60-cycle modulation of two glow discharge lamps. One of the lamps, serving as light intensity reference source, is supplied with an iris whose aperture is controlled mechanically by the analyzer cam. The other lamp is controlled photoelectrically so that its light intensity is proportional to the relative spectral sensitivity of the investigated photoelectrical surface. Light emitted by both lamps is received by the detector photo-tube which by means of thyratrons controls the recording mechanism.
U.S. policy in the UN environmental arena: powerful laggard or constructive leader?

As the world’s one remaining superpower, the United States stands forth as a hegemon in international politics. Within the traditional realist perspective, this means that the U.S. is decisive for the ambition and scope of international cooperation. However, research has shown that there is limited empirical support for this assumption when it comes to environmental cooperation. After a brief look at the U.S. general attitude and perception of the UN, this paper will then review general trends in U.S. foreign environmental policy within the United Nations context, including several key domestic factors that have influenced the U.S. in this area. I will then look more specifically at three UN institutions that are responsible for different aspects of environmental governance: United Nations global conferences (Stockholm in 1972, Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and Johannesburg in 2002), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). The main focus will be how U.S. policies and influence in these arenas, and their relationship to UN reform, have evolved over time. Finally, the paper will attempt to analyze the American policies and answer the question posed in the title: is the U.S. a powerful laggard or a constructive leader?
II. Regulation of gastrointestinal function by multiple opioid receptors

Abstract Agonist and antagonist drugs possessing selectivity for individual types of opioid receptors have been employed in vitro and in vivo to determine the mechanisms by which opioids regulate gastrointestinal functions. Selective muopioid opioid agonists given by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection, by intrathecal (i.t.) injection, or by peripheral (s.c. or i.v.) injection in rats or mice decreased gastrointestinal transit and motility, inhibited gastric secretion, and suppressed experimentally-induced diarrhea. Selective delta agonists, by contrast, inhibited gastrointestinal transit after i.t., but not after i.c.v. or s.c. administration. Delta agonists also did not alter gastric secretion after i.c.v. or s.c. injection. However, delta agonists exhibited antidiarrheal effects after i.c.v., i.t., or s.c. administration. Kappa agonists given i.c.v. had no effect on gastrointestinal transit in rats or mice or on gastric secretion in rats, but exhibited antidiarrheal effects in mice. The kappa agonist U-50, 488H given peripherally increased gastric acid secretion. Different types of opioid receptors in different anatomical sites influence differently gastrointestinal motility and propulsion, gastric secretion, and mucosal transport. Brain, spinal cord, enteric neural and smooth muscle opioid receptors represent chemosensitive sites for regulation of gastrointestinal function.
Acid mucopolysaccharides and proteins of bovine whole brain, white matter and myelin.

Abstract 1. 1. In a study of the acid mucopolysaccharides of bovine brain, only hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates A and C were detected, with approximately equal concentrations of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate both in whole brain and in white matter. The ratio of chondrotin sulfate A to chrondroitin sulfate C is, however, considerably higher in grey matter than in white matter. The concentration of total acid mucopolysaccharides in bovine whole brain was found to be 0.03%, with one-half that amount in white matter. However, on a lipid-free dry weight basis the concentration is identical (0.27%) in white matter and whole brain. 2. 2. The molecular weight of a preparation of purified brain hyaluronic acid was calculated to be 140 000 on the basis of intrinsic viscosity. The hyaluronic acid contained less than 0.2% arabinose. 3. 3. No collagen-like material was found in a lipid-free residue from whole brain, suggesting that a large part of the brain acid mucopolysaccharides are of nonconnective tissue origin. 4. 4. Four protein fractions from a preparation of purified bovine myelin were studied and compared with two similar fractions from white matter with respect to the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides, amino acid composition and phosphorus content. Although acid mucopolysaccharides were not found in brain myelin, three of the four myelin protein fractions contained approx. 1% glucosamine, probably as a component of glycoproteins.
Closing the gap: automated screening of tax returns to identify egregious tax shelters

According to the most recent strategic plan for the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS), high-income individuals are a primary contributor to the "tax gap," the difference between the amount of tax that should be collected and the amount of tax that actually is collected [1]. This case study addresses the use of machine learning and statistical analysis for the purpose of helping the IRS target high-income individuals engaging in abusive tax shelters. Kernel-based analysis of known abuse allows targeting individual taxpayers, while associative analysis allows targeting groups of taxpayers who appear to be participating in a tax shelter being promoted by a common financial advisor. Unlike many KDD applications that focus on classification or density estimation, this analysis task requires estimating risk, a weighted combination of both the likelihood of abuse and the potential revenue losses.
Vision-based material recognition for automated monitoring of construction progress and generating building information modeling from unordered site image collections

Automatically monitoring construction progress or generating Building Information Models using site images collections - beyond point cloud data - requires semantic information such as construction materials and inter-connectivity to be recognized for building elements. In the case of materials such information can only be derived from appearance-based data contained in 2D imagery. Currently, the state-of-the-art texture recognition algorithms which are often used for recognizing materials are very promising (reaching over 95% average accuracy), yet they have mainly been tested in strictly controlled conditions and often do not perform well with images collected from construction sites (dropping to 70% accuracy and lower). In addition, there is no benchmark that validates their performance under real-world construction site conditions. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new vision-based method for material classification from single images taken under unknown viewpoint and site illumination conditions. In the proposed algorithm, material appearance is modeled by a joint probability distribution of responses from a filter bank and principal Hue-Saturation-Value color values and classified using a multiple one-vs.-all @g^2 kernel Support Vector Machine classifier. Classification performance is compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms both in computer vision and AEC communities. For experimental studies, a new database containing 20 typical construction materials with more than 150 images per category is assembled and used for validation. Overall, for material classification an average accuracy of 97.1% for 200x200 pixel image patches are reported. In cases where image patches are smaller, our method can synthetically generate additional pixels and maintain a competitive accuracy to those reported above (90.8% for 30x30 pixel patches). The results show the promise of the applicability of the proposed method and expose the limitations of the state-of-the-art classification algorithms under real world conditions. It further defines a new benchmark that could be used to measure the performance of future algorithms.
Comparative studies of the endogenous phospholipids and their in vitro hydrolysis by endogenous phospholipases of various tissues from 7-day-old chicks: a thin layer chromatographic and densitometric analysis.

The phospholipid profiles of heart, kidney, and pectoral muscle of 7-day-old chicks and their in vitro response to the endogenous lipolytic enzymes (mainly in the phospholipase group) at pH 7.4 and 38°C for 60 min were analysed by TLC technology and densitometry. The noticeable preferential deacylation of cardiolipin (CL) as detected by the formation of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) and concurrent reduction of CL level were the most prevalent lipolytic events of chick cardiac muscle, but the least prevalent in chick pectoral muscle. Deacylation of ethanolamine plasmalogen (PE) as revealed by the formation of the corresponding lyso alkenyl derivative was also prominent in cardiac muscle, but much less so in kidney and none at all was detected in pectoral muscle. The level of sphingomyelin (SM) was much higher in kidney than heart and pectoral muscle. Following in vitro incubation, the reduction in the level of SM and the high level of ceramide (Cer) production were most conspicuous in kidney, less in cardiac muscle and least in pectoral muscle. The hydrolysis of PE and SM confirm the action of endogenous PLA2 and endogenous sphingomyelinase on PE and SM respectively. These data clearly illustrate the differential response of the endogenous substrates (phospholipids) to the endogenous phospholipases of the tissues studied and are probably related to their physiological activities in vivo. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
If looks could kill

A withering glance can change the dynamic of a conversation, but imagine just such a glance having the capability to frighten or stun another. Astroscopus (Latin “star seer”) can do just that. The northern stargazer lives off the east coast of North America and has evolved extraordinary and shocking uses for its extraocular muscles. Electric fish are found in at least five orders, including Torpediniformes (electrogenic rays and skates) Gymnotiformes (electric eel and others), Siluriformes (electric catfish), Osteoglossiformes (knifefishes) and Perciformes. Perciformes has but one, albeit interesting, creature to contribute to this strange menage. Most electric fish generate their charge from electroplaxes, which are collections of modified, stacked, and flattened muscle cells with a nerve leading to one side of this complex. The muscle cells are polarised in the same direction and generate their charge through the serial stacking and summation of these cells. They function more like a capacitor than a battery. With nervous stimulus, an electric discharge of these muscles cells can be generated. Some, such as the electric eel ( Electorphorus ), can generate up to 500 V, …
Finite element Lagrange multiplier formulation for size-dependent skew-symmetric couple-stress planar elasticity

We develop a variational principle based on recent advances in couple-stress theory and the introduction of an engineering mean curvature vector as energy conjugate to the couple stresses. This new variational formulation provides a base for developing a couple-stress finite element approach. By considering the total potential energy functional to be not only a function of displacement, but of an independent rotation as well, we avoid the necessity to maintain C1 continuity in the finite element method that we develop here. The result is a mixed formulation, which uses Lagrange multipliers to constrain the rotation field to be compatible with the displacement field. Interestingly, this formulation has the noteworthy advantage that the Lagrange multipliers can be shown to be equal to the skew-symmetric part of the force-stress, which otherwise would be cumbersome to calculate. Creating a new consistent couple-stress finite element formulation from this variational principle is then a matter of discretizing the variational statement and using appropriate mixed isoparametric elements to represent the domain of interest. Finally, problems of a hole in a plate with finite dimensions, the planar deformation of a ring, and the transverse deflection of a cantilever are explored using this finite element formulation to show some of the interesting effects of couple stress. Where possible, results are compared to existing solutions to validate the formulation developed here.
Scaling of hypercapnic ventilatory responsiveness in birds and mammals

The possible relationship between CO2 responsiveness and body mass in birds was explored using newly acquired ventilatory data from the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica, and the pigeon, Columbia livia, and that from the literature on four other species. Ventilatory responsiveness (% delta V) of birds to 5% inspired CO2 is scaled to body mass to the 0.145 power (% delta V alpha Mb 0.145). A similar allometric relationship exists for data on 7 species of eutherian mammals taken from the literature (% delta V alpha Mb0.130). The The reduced responsiveness to CO2 in small birds and mammals may be related to an elevated hypoxic ventilatory sensitivity, as demonstrated in mammals (Boggs and Tenney, Respir. Physiol. 58: 245-251, 1984). These scaling relationships may reflect a mechanism for minimizing the inhibition of ventilation resulting from excessive loss of CO2 which thereby permits a higher hypoxic ventilatory response in small species. Other mechanisms, however, could include size related differences in mechanics or alveolar ventilation.
Nonlinear compensation of quadratic behavior in a magnetostrictor material

The constitutive behavior of magnetostrictive materials exhibits many nonlinearities. One of the dominate nonlinearities is the quadratic dependence between the drive current and the transducer displacement. While the transducer can be operated at low drive levels with little distortion, at high drive levels the square law distortion is evident. In this paper we propose a nonlinear feedback loop for the drive amplifier such that the amplifier provides a compensation for this transducer nonlinearity. Thus the combination of the amplifier and the magnetostrictive transducer presents a linear input output relationship to the user. The effectiveness of this nonlinear control is demonstrated in simulation.
Ignorance in Agency Problems

Abstract We extend the standard agency model of adverse selection to incorporate the possibility that the agent may be ignorant, i.e., know no more about a critical parameter than does the principal. Ignorance introduces a discontinuity, pooling, and particularly severe output distortions into the optimal incentive contract. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C79, D82.
Consumer shoplifting: Orientations and deterrents

Abstract Consumer shoplifting poses a problem of social and economic significance. This study investigates such aberrant behavior from an attitudinal- and psychological-profile approach. Differences between shoplifters and nonshoplifters are examined, and managerial implications for retail store deterrence/ surveillance activities are presented.
640 x 480 Pace HgCdTe FPA

A hybrid HgCdTe 640 X 480 infrared (IR) focal plane array (FPA) that meets the sensitivity, resolution, and field-of-view requirements of high-performance medium wavelength infrared (MWIR) imaging systems has been developed. The key technology making this large, high sensitivity device producible is the epitaxial growth of HgCdTe on a CdTe-buffered, sapphire substrate (referred to as PACE, for Producible Alternative to CdTe for Epitaxy; PACE-I refers to sapphire). The device offers TV resolution with excellent sensitivity at temperatures below 120 K. Mean NE(Delta) T as low as 13 mK has been achieved at operating temperatures < 130 K, which is about an order of magnitude better than has been achieved with PtSi 640 X 480 FPAs. In addition, the latter require cooling to <EQ 77 K. Mean PACE-I FPA D* at 78 K and background of 1014 photons/cm2-sec is BLIP-limited at 1 X 1012 cm-Hz1/2/W for the typical mean quantum efficiency of 60 - 70%. Imagery having excellent quality has been obtained using simple two-point nonuniformity compensation.
Sebaceous gland activity in breast cancer.

A NUMBER of observations suggest that human breast cancer develops under hormonal influence. Several such observations include: (a) breast cancer is predominantly a disease of women; (b) the administration of oestrogenic materials produces breast tumours in experimental animals1; (c) the course of breast cancer is influenced by ablative endocrine procedures or by the administration of exogenous hormones in both humans and experimental animals2–4; and (d) the length of the menstruating years and the number of pregnancies affect the frequency of the disease in any given population5,6.
The kinetics of the succinoxidase

Rate equations for the enzymatic oxidation of succinic acid are derived on the assumption that when a single molecule of substrate combines with an enzyme molecule, it can do so with either one or two sites on the enzyme, and that oxidation occurs only in the second case. In addition it is assumed that the product of the reaction, fumaric acid, combines reversibly with the enzyme. With certain enzyme preparations the data fitted such an equation satisfactorily. In others the rate was that of a first-order reaction, but addition of cytochrome changed it to the former type. It was concluded that the transfer of hydrogen to oxygen was a first-order reaction and dominated the whole rate when enzyme preparations were used which had been washed relatively free of cytochrome. When the limiting factor was succino-dehydrogenase the rates followed the new equation. Criteria for recognizing noncompetitive inhibition are given, and inhibition by di-tertiary butyl peroxide was shown to be of this type.
Mechanical properties of cord-rubber composites

Abstract Concepts concerning the mechanical properties of cord-rubber composites are examined. The role of boundary conditions in the calculation of the effective composite properties is discussed. It is shown that certain effective properties are significantly dependent on the applied boundary, conditions on the model and on the test specimen. Properties calculated from models, ranging from one dimensional analysis to the three dimensional finite element approach, are compared with some published experimental data.
Predominantly indurated reactions to sensitizers may not cause keratinocytes to express HLA-DR☆

Dermal reactions to primary intradermal or appendageal sensitization are compared to predominantly dermal reactions to standard patch tests and to intradermal antigen tests. In contrast to epicutaneous spongiotic contact dermatitis, HLA-DR was only seen on skin appendages and nearby basal keratinocytes in indurated tissue reactions with the exception of the reactions with focal basal cell layer disruption and an indurated patch test performed one week post angry back syndrome. Other intradermal skin tests showed only minimal epidermal HLA-DR expression despite spongiotic epidermal changes. Predominantly dermal hypersensitivity reactions can be induced by intradermal or epicutaneous routes. They can evoke hypersensitivity responses which do not cause most epidermal keratinocytes to express HLA-DR.
MetroNet: Case Study for Collaborative Data Sharing on the World Wide Web

We demonstrate MetroNet, which is an application that illustrates collaborative data sharing on the Wide Wide Web. MetroNet has two parts. First, our sensors gather data about pedestrian foot traffic in front of and into stores, which is made available online to shopkeepers. Second, this sensor data can be made public, at the discretion of the shopkeeper, for use by city planners, other shopkeepers, or residents of the city. MetroNet is an application through which we study fundamental problems of sharing data on the Web, such as search, data fusion, and privacy.
Hydrolytic Breakdown of Casein by a Proteinase of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens

Abstract An extracellular proteinase of a strain of Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens (SFL-811) was isolated and purified 193-fold through ammonium sulfate fractionation and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. The proteinase hydrolyzed casein with the liberation of dialyzable and nondialyzable breakdown products that were soluble in 12% trichloroacetic acid. Approximately 80% of the hydrolytic products were lost upon exhaustive dialysis. The products of casein hydrolysis were partially resolved by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and by paper electrophoresis. The proteinase of SFL-811 was much less active againts two other milk proteins, lactoglobulin and lactalbumin, than it was against casein.
Synthesis of a 2,3‘;6‘,3‘ ‘-Terpyridine Scaffold as an α-Helix Mimetic

A terpyridine scaffold has been designed as an α-helix mimetic. A facile synthesis of the ortho-functionalized 2,3‘-oligopyridine has been accomplished using sequential Bohlmann−Rahtz heteroannulation reactions.
Time‐resolved measurements of supersonic fuel sprays using synchrotron X‐rays

A time-resolved radiographic technique has been developed for probing the fuel distribution close to the nozzle of a high-pressure single-hole diesel injector. The measurement was made using X-ray absorption of monochromatic synchrotron-generated radiation, allowing quantitative determination of the fuel distribution in this optically impenetrable region with a time resolution of better than 1 µs. These quantitative measurements constitute the most detailed near-nozzle study of a fuel spray to date.
Cerebellar Binding of Avian Pancreatic Polypeptide

Studies were carried out to determine the regional central nervous system and species specificity of the previously observed [125I]iodoavian pancreatic polypeptide ([125I] iodo-APP) specific binding to chick brain membranes. The avian species examined were chicken, pigeon, duck, quail, chukar, and pheasant. In all species, the vast majority (>90%) of APP binding was localized to the area of the cerebellum; other brain regions specifically bound small amounts of APP. Cerebellar hemisphere (folia) regions may have greater specific binding capacities than deep cerebellar nuclei, although all avian cerebellar preparations exhibited affinities for APP on the order of 10−10m and binding capacities from approximately 0.2–1.5 pmol/mg protein for the high affinity sites. The measured affinity for binding of APP to these cerebellar binding sites is consistent with normal plasma concentrations (3–6 ng/ml) of APP in all Aves examined. Mammalian (rat and beef) brain membranes, regardless of topographical region, showe...
Multiple functions of MRN in end-joining pathways during isotype class switching.

The MRN complex is known to have a role in the cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks in mammals, particularly in damage signaling, checkpoint responses and homologous recombination. Now MRN is found to function in nonhomologous end joining during mouse class switch recombination.
Living the life: Explanations of infertility.

This paper addresses the paradoxes of infertility and the explanatory models infertile couples construct to resolve them. The analysis is based on multiple interviews with 53 infertile couples and a comparison group of 10 couples with no fertility impairments in the process of achieving parenthood through pregnancy and adoption, and single interviews with three infertile couples one to two years after having their last child. Couples defined infertility functionally, behaviourally, empirically and phenomenologically to create explanatory models that had one of five organising principles at their core: a) once infertile, always infertile; b) once fertile, always fertile: c) fertile but infertile by prescription; d) pregnancy as cure for infertility; and d) infertile enough but not proven infertile. These models served to integrate and give purpose to infertile couples' experiences of pain and triumph.
A7 structure: A family of photonic crystals.

We found that a whole class of structures with rhombohedral symmetry possesses sizable photonic gaps. These structures can be generated by connecting lattice points in an A7 structure by cylinders and a few structures that are known to possess photonic band gaps are in fact members of this ``parent'' structure. This class of structures also allows us to explore more systematically the criteria favorable for gap formation.
Three species of Formosan copepods parasitic on fishes

[Von drei Arten parasitischer Copepoden der Formosa-Fische, welche seit ihrer Sammlung in den Jahren 1956 und 1958 im U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., deponiert wurden, ist Caligus polycanthi Gnanamuthu (aus Aleuterus scriptus (Forster)) neu fur Formosa und Ophiolernaea formosana nov. sp. (aus Diogenichthys laternatus (Garman) ) neu fur die Wissenschaft; die dritte Art, Gloiopotes longicaudatus (Marukawa), wurde auf Makaira mazara (J'ordan & Snyder) gefunden und reprasentiert eine neue Wirtsaufzeichnung fur Formosa. Auf grund der Entdeckung einiger vermittelnder Merkmale bei C. polycanthi aus Formosa wird C. canthidermis Yamaguti & Yamasu (1959) als Synonym von C. polycanthi Gnanamuthu (1950) betrachtet., Von drei Arten parasitischer Copepoden der Formosa-Fische, welche seit ihrer Sammlung in den Jahren 1956 und 1958 im U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., deponiert wurden, ist Caligus polycanthi Gnanamuthu (aus Aleuterus scriptus (Forster)) neu fur Formosa und Ophiolernaea formosana nov. sp. (aus Diogenichthys laternatus (Garman) ) neu fur die Wissenschaft; die dritte Art, Gloiopotes longicaudatus (Marukawa), wurde auf Makaira mazara (J'ordan & Snyder) gefunden und reprasentiert eine neue Wirtsaufzeichnung fur Formosa. Auf grund der Entdeckung einiger vermittelnder Merkmale bei C. polycanthi aus Formosa wird C. canthidermis Yamaguti & Yamasu (1959) als Synonym von C. polycanthi Gnanamuthu (1950) betrachtet.]
The influence of structure and processing conditions on engineering mechanical properties in bulk crystallized isotactic polypropylene

A study of the influence of processing conditions and structure on engineering mechanical properties was conducted in bulk isotactic polypropylene. The influence of one processing parameter, undercooling, defined so as to account for both pressure and temperature effects, was particularly studied. Improved mechanical properties were found with increased undercooling. At low undercoolings, brittle failure without yield occurred, presumably the result of a sparsity of intercrystalline links under these conditions. As undercooling was increased, failure occurred after yielding as failure stress elevated dramatically, apparently because of greater link density. A modest improvement in yield stress with increased undercooling was attributed to the increasingly crosshatched lamellar structure produced at higher undercoolings, a structural trend confirmed by electron microscopy. Spherulite size, varied by altering melt history (melt temperature and time at melt temperature) at constant undercooling, was found to have no effect on engineering yield stress. This result indicates that apparent yield stress–spherulite size effects found by several earlier investigators were probably caused by structural variations other than spherulite size.
Organocobalt cluster complexes IX. A new general route to alkylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes

Abstract Alkylidynetricobalt nonacarbonyl complexes, RCH 2 CCo 3 (CO) 9 , where R is alkyl or aryl, were prepared in high yield by the reduction of the appropriate ketones, RC(O)CCo 3 (CO) 9 , with triethylsilane/trifluoroacetic acid in refluxing tetrahydrofuran.
Infering from text: Some factors influencing which inferences will be made∗

Two studies are reported in which the importance of an event in a story was systematically varied to test whether this would affect the likelihood that inferences about the event would be made. Eight versions of each of six 500‐word stories, identical except for the sections varied in order to manipulate the importance of the event and the salience of material which cued the target inference, shared the same target inference. Importance was varied without changing the plausibility of the inference. In half of the passage versions, the “inference” was explicitly stated in the text. High school students served as subjects. In the first experiment, inference was tested using multiple‐choice recognition, while a cued recall test was employed in the second experiment. The results of both studies confirmed that people are more likely to make an important rather than unimportant inference. Highly salient premises were also found to increase the probability that an inference would be made.
Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensors: An Overview

This paper reviews recent developments in distributed fiber optic sensing systems (DFOSS) employing optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), polarization optical time domain reflectometry (POTDR), and frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) techniques. Such systems can time - and/or frequency multiplex a large number of sensors distributed along an optical fiber, and offer unique advantages over conventional multiplexed sensing technology.
Temporal pattern and spectral complexity as stimulus parameters for eliciting a cardiacorienting reflex inhuman fetuses

The purpose of this study was to determine whether temporal pattern and/or spectral complexity were important stimulus parameters for eliciting a cardiac orienting reflex (OR) in low-risk human fetuses. Each of 28 term fetuses was exposed to four sounds formed from the four different combinations of temporal pattern (pulsed, continuous) and spectral complexity (sine wave, IsJ). The fetal cardiac electrical signal was captured transabdominally at a rate of 1024 Hz, and fetal R-waves were extracted by using adaptive signal-processing techniques. We found that pulsed sounds elicited a significantly greater decrease in heart rate (HR) than did continuous sounds. However, the HR response was relatively unaffected by spectral complexity. For the pure tone and the phoneme used in this study, our results indicate that temporal characteristics were more effective at eliciting a cardiac OR in human fetuses than was spectral complexity.
Reversible motor paralysis in rats after repeated electroconvulsive shock

Repeated electroconvulsive shocks (ECS) delivered at brief (10 to 15 min) intervals through earclip electrodes, induced a reversible motor paralysis in 35% of treated rats. Paralysis was characterized by loss of locomotor activity without apparent loss of sensory functions. It occurred after 10 to 13 shocks regardless of whether stimulation was of subthreshold (40 to 60 mA) or suprathreshold (65 mA) intensity. This phenomenon may provide a useful animal model for the investigation of reversible injury to the spinal cord.
A homogeneous industry model of resource allocation to basic research and its policy implications

In a recent paper we showed that unaided industry allocation to basic inappropriable research is suboptimal and that in stimulating this allocation, provision of government seed money is generally counterproductive, while the provision of matching subsidies is not cost-efficient. Here we consider a special case of the model developed in the earlier paper i.e., we now consider a homogeneous industry and investigate the effects of several relevant factors upon an industry's allocation of resources to basic research. An extensive numerical example is presented that helps to verify and to interpret the model in realistic terms. Our findings question the validity of a number of popular beliefs about the need for government support of basic research in various types of industries. For example, contrary to popular belief, the greater the risk aversion displayed by member firms in an industry, the lesser may be the need for government support of its basic research. Also, the larger the number of firms in an industry the greater may be the need for government support of that industry's basic research.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION : III. STUDIES OF BACTERIAL CELLS TAKEN FROM SMOOTH, MUCOID, AND ROUGH COLONIES.

1. During early stages of multiplication, single cells from smooth-, mucoid-, and rough-susceptible and variant colonies show no differences in morphology or growth rate. 2. Cells from 18 to 24 hour single cell cultures of these various colony types possess similar oxygen absorption and cataphoretic migratory rates. In staining property, the cells from mucoid colonies appear larger, and those from rough colonies smaller, than the typical cells from smooth-susceptible colonies. 3. Cells from bacteriophage-resistant colonies differ from those of bacteriophage-susceptible colonies in their ability to multiply luxuriantly in the presence of bacteriophage, and in their tendency to flocculate in acid solutions at pH 3.8 to 4.1, as well as in their low degree of virulence. 4. Cells from smooth bacteriophage-susceptible colonies in contact with bacteriophage under conditions where multiplication is restrained may be altered so as to resemble the cells from the bacteriophage-resistant colonies. 5. These facts furnish evidence that bacteriophage adheres to the surface of the bacterial cell and that the various cell changes and colony alterations are of an environmental rather than genetic nature.
Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur on Ni(111): formation of complex structures and consequences for molecular decomposition

Abstract The decomposition of simple amines on Ni(111) produces a c(5√3 × 9)rect LEED pattern similar to the one reported earlier after reaction of H 2 S, C 2 H 4 , CO, NO and CH 3 CN on a Ni(111) surface. We have measured LEED IV curves of the structure obtained after deposition of carbon and nitrogen on a Ni(111) surface. The similarity between these IV curves shows that carbon and nitrogen have similar local geometries. The most intense spots of the c(5√3 × 9)rect LEED pattern are explained by the formation of a (100) orientation nickel monolayer, with the carbon or nitrogen atoms in the 4-fold hollow sites. This is supported by the qualitative similarity of the IV curves with those of the Ni(100)-(2 × 2)-2C structure. We have also produced a (2 × 6) nitrogen induced structure on Ni(111) and compared it to the very similar (5√3 × 2)rect structure obtained by adsorption of sulfur on Ni(111) that has also been interpreted as due to a (100) reconstruction of the Ni(111) crystal surface.
Neurokinin release produced by capsaicin acting on the central terminals and axons of primary afferents: relationship with n-methyl-d-aspartate and gabab receptors

Abstract Capsaicin stimulates neurokinin release in the spinal cord when applied both centrally and peripherally. To determine whether these two actions have different mechanisms, we measured neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) internalization in rat spinal cord slices elicited by incubating the whole slice or just the dorsal root with capsaicin. NK1R internalization produced by incubating the slices with capsaicin was abolished by the NK1R antagonist RP-67580, by the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) antagonist capsazepine, and by eliminating Ca 2+ from the medium, but was not affected by the Na + channel blocker lidocaine. Therefore, the internalization was due to neurokinin release mediated by Ca 2+ entry through VR1 receptors, but did not require the firing of action potentials. Incubating the root with capsaicin produced NK1R internalization in the ipsilateral dorsal horn that was abolished when capsazepine or lidocaine was included in, or when Ca 2+ was omitted from, the medium surrounding the root. Therefore, the internalization was mediated by Ca 2+ entry in the axons through VR1, and required firing of action potentials. The efficacy of capsaicin when applied to the root (36±3%) was lower than when applied to the slice (91±3%), but its potency was the same (0.49 μM and 0.37 μM, respectively). We also investigated whether presynaptic N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and GABA B receptors modulate these two actions of capsaicin. Neither the NMDA receptor blocker MK-801 nor the GABA B agonist baclofen decreased NK1R internalization produced by 1 μM capsaicin applied to the slices, but they inhibited the internalization produced by 0.3 μM capsaicin applied to the slices or 1 μM capsaicin applied to the root. Therefore, capsaicin can produce neurokinin release from primary afferents 1) by a direct action on their central terminals and 2) by increasing the firing of action potentials on their axons. The first effect largely bypasses other modulatory mechanism, but the second does not.
An early introduction to android app development for CS1 using sofia

An engaging context has been shown to improve student motivation and performance in introductory programming courses (CS1). Therefore, we incorporated a self-contained, one-week learning module on mobile app development into a CS1 course using Eclipse and Sofia (the Simplified Open Framework for Innovative Android Applications). The module was conducted in 2 CS1 sections for a total of 44 students. Overall, students responded positively, with all successfully modifying the provided app and running it on an emulator. In future semesters, the authors plan to repeat the study, conducting surveys to gather student perspectives on Eclipse and the Sofia module. The poster will describe the module, initial results, and future plans.
Inmate responses to prison-based drug treatment: A repeated measures analysis

Using a sample of 347 prison inmates and general linear modeling (GLM) repeated measures analyses, this paper examined during-treatment responses (e.g., changes in psychological and social functioning) to prison-based TC drug treatment. These effects have rarely been examined in previous studies, and never with a fully multivariate model accounting for within-subjects effects (changes over time), between-subjects effects (e.g., levels of risk and motivation), and within/between-subjects interactions (timexriskxmotivation). The results provide evidence of positive inmate change in response to prison TC treatment, but the patterns of results varied depending upon: (a) specific indicators of psychological and social functioning, motivation, and treatment process; (b) the time periods examined (1, 6, and 12 months during treatment); and (c) baseline levels of risk and motivation. Significant interactions between time and type of inmate suggest important new directions for research, theory, and practice in offender-based substance abuse treatment.