cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The American Red Cross: Awareness and Attitude towards its Programs

The American Red Cross must raise adequate funds to provide various community services. Fund raising involves convincing the potential donors that the Red Cross is a vital community organization and needs sufficient funding to carry out various activities efficiently. The Marquette County Chapter of the American Red Cross faced problems to generate adequate funds to meet programming needs. This study was, therefore, designed primarily to determine whether the residents were aware of the programs offered and attitudes toward Red Cross and its programs. Analysis of data provided by 231 households located in Marquette County during 1981 winter showed that the awareness of programs was poor. Attitudes toward Red Cross as a community organization and most of its programs were favorable. Effective communication with emotional appeals and the elimination of programs offered by other organizations may not only improve awareness but also help generate adequate funds to meet the programming needs.
Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa. Report of 38 new cases with immunohistochemical observations

Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa (traumatic eosinophilic granuloma) mimics oral cancer clinically and is occasionally misdiagnosed as lymphoma on microscopic examination. Trauma is believed to play a role in its development, but its exact pathogenesis is not known. The demographic, clinical, and histologic features of 38 previously unreported cases of eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa are reviewed. Nine representative cases were studied immunohistochemically. Microscopically, the lesions contained a polymorphic inflammatory infiltrate extending deep into the submucosa, underlying muscle, and salivary glands. Numerous eosinophils and large mononuclear cells with pale nuclei and frequent mitoses were seen in all lesions. Lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, granulocytes, and mast cells were also present. Immunohistochemical stains showed that the lymphocytic infiltrate was composed predominantly of T cells. T-cell-specific antigen-presenting cells were more numerous than the non-antigen-presenting cell type. The large cells with pale nuclei stained positively only for vimentin; the possible myofibroblastic nature of these cells is discussed. Although trauma might have an etiologic role, the pathogenesis of eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa is probably T cell mediated.
Molecular simulations indicate marked differences in the structure of amylin mutants, correlated with known aggregation propensity.

Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a 37-residue protein cosecreted with insulin by β-cells in the pancreas, is known to form amyloid fibrils in type II diabetes patients. This fibril formation is also associated with β-cell death. However, rat IAPP (rIAPP) does not aggregate into fibrils, nor is it associated with β-cell toxicity. Determining solution properties of hIAPP experimentally is difficult because it aggregates quickly. Our study uses molecular dynamics simulation to explore and compare in-solution characteristics of hIAPP and rIAPP, as well as two single-point hIAPP mutants, hIAPP I26P and hIAPP S20G, which exhibit observed differences from hIAPP in aggregation propensities. We find that all four polypeptide monomers sample structured states in solution. More importantly, differences in the helicity over residues 7–16 may play an important role in early aggregation, although this region is outside of commonly assumed amyloidogenic region 20–29. The long-range contacts, though unexpected of...
161 LIFESTYLE OUTCOME STUDY FOLLOWING BODY CONTOURING IN MASSIVE WEIGHT LOSS PATIENTS.

Introduction Body contouring operations following massive weight loss are being performed at an exponentially increasing rate. Although highly effective for reshaping the body, these operations are associated with a high cost incurred by the patient. Traditionally, body contouring procedures have been considered an aesthetic procedure. However, due to disproportionate excess skin distribution, massive weight loss (MWL) patients often have a functional disability, which adversely affects their quality of life. Whereas some insurance companies are reimbursing for these procedures, most continue to consider body contouring as strictly cosmetic and ineligible as a covered benefit. The purpose of our study was to analyze the outcome benefit in patients undergoing body contouring following massive weight loss. Methods This single-center, multisurgeon body contouring outcome study was designed to assess the overall outcome and life-changing events that took place following the surgery. Twenty-five consecutive patients with an average age of 38 years (range 18-65 years) who underwent body contouring surgery were followed for 8 months. Postoperative evaluations were standardized and quantified with a validated series of short questionnaires (30 questions) that assessed measures in an objective and subjective manner. Questionnaires were designed to address specific lifestyle benefits attributed to body contouring. Results Of 25 patients who completed the survey, 84% were female. The mean BMI was 45. The majority of patients experienced positive lifestyle outcomes as a result of having had the procedure: 100% reported increases confidence and noted an increase in self-esteem; 100% felt more comfortable in clothes. A number of patients had changed careers and increased their annual income. In addition, 100% of patients indicated that their overall health had improved due to their ability to be more involved in society, improved ability to ambulate, and exercise. Discussion These data provide an assessment of some outcomes associated with weight loss procedures commonly performed in the United States. Although most health care insurance companies are hesitant to recognize body contouring as an essential procedure for MWL patients, we believe that our study demonstrates both objective and subjective improvements in quality of life and health. Body contouring in MWL patients represents the final stage in the surgical transformation of obese patients. There is little doubt that these procedures are invaluable and should be made more readily available to those patients who cannot afford the out-of-pocket expense.
Use of Postexposure Prophylaxis After Occupational Exposure to Zaire ebolavirus

From September 2014 to April 2015, 6 persons who had occupational exposures to Zaire ebolavirus in West Africa received investigational agent rVSV-ZEBOV or TKM-100802 for postexposure prophylaxis and were monitored in the United States. All patients experienced self-limited symptoms after postexposure prophylaxis; none developed Ebola virus disease.
Stresses in Pediatric Hospital Medicine

One of the most difficult questions facing a hospitalist is when to transition to oral antibiotics. Osteoarticular infections continue to be one of the diagnoses that pit infectious disease (ID) , hospitalists, and surgeons against each other, with varying degrees of comfort with duration of oral versus intravenous antibiotics. A group out of Singapore has been using C-reactive proteins (CRPs) to help make the decision and have some exciting findings. 1 #### The study This was a retrospective case series of all pediatric patients aged 6 weeks to 18 years admitted to the KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital from 2007 to 2013 with a diagnosis of osteoarticular infection. Intravenous antibiotics were used until clinical improvement was noted, and the CRP level decreased by half over a period of 4 days, at which time they switched to oral antibiotics. Patient follow-up was conducted via chart review for a period of 18 months to assess for complications. #### The key findings A total of 37 patients were included, 24 with osteomyelitis only, 11 with septic arthritis only, and 2 with both. Of these, 34 patients transitioned to oral antibiotics after a 50% decline in CRP over 4 days. One of these patients developed complications (2.94%). The …
Cinna’s Political Ambition

Cinna’s political ambition has received curiously little attention in the extensive critical examination of Pierre Corneille’s Cinna (1641) over the years. While critics focus on whether Cinna is heroic or not and debate his sincerity when he counsels Auguste to remain emperor (II.1), “ambition” is almost never mentioned in relation to him; rather it is regularly ascribed to Auguste. In this article I trace how signs of Cinna’s political ambition are embedded in the text and consider the degree to which it is recognized by the other characters and even by himself. Cinna’s ambition is not a constant in the play, but rather decreases in the second half, as the onstage space is dominated more and more by Auguste. Of central interest is the question of the critical blind spot: what in this tragedy makes Cinna’s political ambition both present and yet difficult to perceive, and why would Corneille have wanted it so?
Optimization of Pulsed Eddy Current Probes

The objective of the ongoing work reported here is to optimize pulsed eddy current instrumentation for the detection of small flaws, specifically 250 × 125 pm crack-like defects in low conductivity materials such as titanium 6-4. Our approach parallels that employed in the optimization of continuous wave eddy current systems1,2 in that we seek first to develop a mathematical model of a typical flaw detection system, and then use the model as a guide in the design of probe instrumentation and in the selection of signal processing methods to enhance flaw detectability.
The Cl− Requirement for Oxygen Evolution by Photosystem II Explored Using Enzyme Kinetics and EPR Spectroscopy

Chloride is a well-known activator of oxygen evolution activity in photosystem II. Its effects have been characterized over several decades of research, as methods have developed and improved. By replacing chloride with other small anions with a range of chemical properties, a picture of the requirements of a successful anion activator can be formulated. In this review, the results of experiments on the chloride effect using enzyme kinetics methods and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy are described, with summaries for the major anion activators and inhibitors that have been studied.
Critical Care Capacity Management: Understanding the Role of a Step Down Unit

In hospitals, Step Down Units (SDUs) provide an intermediate level of care between the Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and the general medicalâ€ surgical wards. Because SDUs are less richly staffed than ICUs, they are less costly to operate; however, they also are unable to provide the level of care required by the sickest patients. There is an ongoing debate in the medical community as to whether and how SDUs should be used. On one hand, an SDU alleviates ICU congestion by providing a safe environment for postâ€ ICU patients before they are stable enough to be transferred to the general wards. On the other hand, an SDU can take capacity away from the already overâ€ congested ICU. In this work, we propose a queueing model of patient flow through the ICU and SDU in order to determine when an SDU is needed, what size it should be, and what are the main drivers influencing these decisions. Using firstâ€ and secondâ€ order analysis, we examine the tradeoff between reserving capacity in the ICU for the most critical patients and gaining additional capacity achieved by allocating nurses to the SDU due to the lower staffing requirement. We find that under some circumstances the optimal size of the SDU is zero, while in other cases, having a sizable SDU may be beneficial. Moreover, we identify two parameters which play a prominent role in the SDU sizing decision: p, which captures the demand for SDU beds, and I½, which captures the supply gains by moving nurses to the SDU. The insights from our work provide rigorous justification for the variation in SDU use seen in practice as well as highlight which factors should be considered when making such sizing decisions for critical care.
A study of the effects of fabric pretreatment on color gamut from inkjet printing on polyester

This paper pertains to characterizing the effects of a commercial pretreatment agent formulated specifically for digital printing on polyester (PET) fabric using pigment-based inks. Emphasis was pl...
On models for predicting thermodynamic regimes in high-pressure turbulent mixing and combustion of multispecies mixtures

The thermodynamic regime of a complex mixture depends on the composition, the pressure and the temperature; the spinodal locus separates the regime of thermodynamic instability from the remainder of the phase space. Since diffusion is one of the phenomena affecting the local chemical composition, the first focus is here on evaluating diffusion models in the context of high-pressure (high-p) multispecies mixing and combustion. It is shown that the diffusion model equations previously used to create two high-p direct numerical simulation (DNS) databases can reproduce classical experimental observations of uphill diffusion in an accurate spatiotemporal manner, whereas the popular model which has a diagonal diffusion matrix and uses a velocity correction lacks spatiotemporal accuracy. Further, a mathematical formalism is used to compute the spinodal locus for mixtures for which either experimental data or previous computations from the literature are available, and it is shown that the agreement of the present calculations with that previously existing information is excellent. Using the spinodal-calculation mathematical formalism, the aforementioned DNS databases are then examined to determine the thermodynamic regime of the mixture at important stages of the simulations. In the first subset of the DNS databases that portrays mixing of five species under high-p conditions, this stage is that of the transitional state representing the individual time station at which each simulation, having been initiated in a laminar state, transitions to a state having turbulent characteristics. In the second subset of the DNS databases that portrays high-p turbulent combustion, this stage represents the individual time station at the peak achieved during the calculations. In both databases, the influence of the initial Reynolds number, the free-stream composition and the free-stream p is studied. The results show that in all cases the mixture is in the single-phase regime. The present DNS databases have only five species, but it is shown that the methodology for computing the spinodal locus can be applied to very complex mixtures, with examples given for a twelve-species mixture and surrogate diesel fuels, thereby boding well for determining the thermodynamic regime of practical mixtures in high-p turbulent flow simulations for engineering applications. According to these calculations, diesel-fuel surrogates are always in the single-phase regime at injection-conditions p and temperatures existing in diesel-engine combustion chambers.
The Next Generation of World Trade Policy Development

Over the past 50 years, Europe and North America have worked together to dismantle trade and investment barriers, and have reaped the benefits of extraordinary economic growth, prosperity, and peace. The ultimate testament to the success of these policies has come from the countries to the East and to the South. These countries have decided to abandon their communist and socialist dogmas, and their opposition to open, market-oriented economic policies. This has brought about an end to both the Cold War with the East and the Cold Peace with the South. For the first time in world history it now seems possible to unite the countries of the Earth under truly global economic institutions, founded on principles of economic freedom. And while democracy has not triumphed everywhere, it is more widespread today than ever before.
Archaeal imaging: leading the hunt for new discoveries.

Since the identification of the archaeal domain in the mid-1970s, we have collected a great deal of metagenomic, biochemical, and structural information from archaeal species. However, there is sti...
Noncontact Measurement of the Deformation of Sternal Skin During Shoulder Movements and Upper Extremity Activities Restricted by Sternal Precautions.

Background Existing variation has been identified in the rehabilitation programs for patients following cardiac surgery. Sternal precautions are believed to be overly restrictive and detrimental to patient recovery both physically and psychologically. Objective The objective of this study was to determine the deformation of sternal skin during shoulder movements and upper extremity activities using a noncontact approach. Design This was a cross-sectional, nonexperimental observational study. Methods Two black dots were marked on participants' skin overlying sternoclavicular joints using an erasable marker. The coordinates of the dots were recorded using a digital camera and obtained using ImageJ, a public domain image processing program. Skin deformation between the 2 dots was quantified as biomechanical strain. Results The sternal skin strain was - 15.3% (SD = 5.6) and - 12.0% (SD = 7.0) at 90 and 180 degrees of flexion; 0.0% (SD=0.0) and-12.8% (SD=5.8) at 90 and 180 degrees of abduction; and - 6.4% (SD=2.8), - 8.9% (SD=3.8), and - 9.8% (SD=4.6) when lifting the 0-, 5-, and 10-lb weights, respectively. The sternal skin strain was 7.9% (SD=3.9) for extension to the end range and-2.5% (SD=5.8) for pushing up from a chair. There is a trend of strain magnitude decrease with the increase of rhomboid strength, but no statistically significant association was found between them (R=0.12). Limitations Limitations included convenience sampling, small sample size, and using skin deformation as a proxy for mechanical loading of the bony structures. Conclusions The data do not support the restriction on most of the shoulder movements and upper extremity activities following cardiac surgery. The approach has the advantage of measuring skin deformation in the entire sternal region.
Using CT texture analysis to differentiate between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and age-matched adenoid controls

Abstract Objectives To investigate the use of texture analysis to quantitatively distinguish nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from normal adenoid on CT. Methods In this IRB-approved, retrospective study, nasopharyngeal tissues in 13 patients with NPC and 13 control patients were manually contoured, segmented, and imported to an in-house developed texture analysis program, which extracted 41 texture features. Basic descriptive statistics were performed to evaluate for differences in texture parameters between NPC and controls. Results Statistically significant differences between NPC and controls were seen in 32 of 41 texture features. These significant differences were present in 11 of 12 histogram features, 4 of 5 gray-level co-occurrence matrix features, 7 of 11 gray-level run length features, 4 of 4 gray-level gradient matrix features, and 6 of 9 Laws features. Conclusion Significant differences in many texture features were seen between NPC and normal adenoids. CT texture analysis may aid in differentiating NPC from normal adenoid tissue.
A tip-based metrology framework for real-time process feedback of roll-to-roll fabricated nanopatterned structures

Abstract This paper presents the development of a metrology framework and proof-of-concept tool to perform direct, nanometer-scale topography measurements for real-time process control in the roll-to-roll manufacturing of nanopatterened materials, films, and flexible electronic devices. The system leverages a uniquely compact single chip atomic force microscope (sc-AFM) based on a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) architecture with custom approach mechanism positioned on a gantry which is actuated by two vertical, double parallelogram flexure mechanism guided two-axis nanopositioners. This probe is situated over a stainless-steel, air bearing supported idler roller and its position dynamically compensated for curvature, eccentricity and surface topography of the roller during web movement through the system from an offline map. The proof-of-concept tool performs a single, 400 μm2, non-contact tapping mode scan with nm height resolution on a flexible, 150 μm × 350 mm polycarbonate substrate every 60 s in a step-and-scan fashion where web movement occurs during each step. The performance of the sc-AFM gantry nanopositioning system is evaluated and a representative nanofeatured flexible material, the wing of a Queen Butterfly, is used as a test artifact to demonstrate the efficacy of the nanometrology data acquired. This capability represents a wholly new method for in-line metrology in roll-to-roll nanomanufacturing.
Statin use protective for chronic rhinosinusitis in a nationally representative sample of the United States

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Statins have long been used in the management of cardiovascular disease for their lipid-lowering properties. However, recent research suggests that statins may also have anti-inflammatory effects via modulation of lipid-containing enzymes and mediators, and therefore may have therapeutic value in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective database review. METHODS The 2006 to 2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) data were queried to analyze the relationship between statin use and rates of CRS. CRS was indicated by the presence of an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code for CRS in one of the five diagnosis variables. Statin use was indicated by the presence of a statin medication in any of the 30 medication variables using the Multum Lexicon Drug Database, with newly prescribed medications excluded. Relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid factors were included in a multivariate logistic regression model, which accounted for the complex, stratified, multistage survey design of the NAMCS. RESULTS There were 390,538 unweighted visit records used in the weighted analysis dataset, corresponding to 9,612,613,668 weighted visits. Statin use was associated with a decreased rate of CRS in both a univariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, P < .001) and the multivariate logistic regression accounting for comorbid, socioeconomic, and demographic factors (OR = 0.79, P = .030). CONCLUSIONS Statin use is associated with decreased rates of CRS based on a nationally representative sample of outpatient visits in the United States. This supports research that suggests statin medications may have protective properties against CRS, and further research is warranted into their potential therapeutic value for this indication. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 130:848-851, 2020.
CHAPTER 19:Nutrition and Breast Cancer Prevention

Diet is considered a key lifestyle factor in influencing breast cancer risk, and thus a promising tool to attempt to prevent this disease. However, the exact food groups we should consume and those we should avoid to prevent breast cancer continue to remain unclear. Focusing on the 3rd Expert Report by the WCRF/AICR, in this chapter we discuss the current knowledge about limiting fat intake to 25% of total energy intake, and consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables, especially those that contain β-carotenoids. No specific fatty acid (saturated or unsaturated) seems to be better or worse than any other. We also will provide evidence in support of incorporating legumes high in isoflavone genistein to the diet to prevent breast cancer and its recurrence, and after breast cancer diagnosis, supplementing diet with vitamin D if a patient’s vitamin D levels are not sufficient.
Age validation of four rockfishes (genera Sebastes and Sebastolobus) with bomb-produced radiocarbon

In rockfish (Family Scorpaenidae), age determination is difficult and the annual nature of otolith growth zones must be validated independently. We applied routine age determination to four species of Gulf of Alaska rockfish: two shallower-water species, namely harlequin rockfish (Sebastes variegatus) and redstripe rockfish (Sebastes proriger), and two deep-water species, namely shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) and shortraker rockfish (Sebastes borealis). The estimated ages (counts of presumed annual growth zones in the otoliths) were then evaluated with bomb-produced radiocarbon (14C) and Bayesian modelling with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations. This study successfully demonstrated the level of accuracy in estimated ages of redstripe rockfish (a 35% probability of underageing, and ~5% probability of overageing) and harlequin rockfish (a 100% probability that they were underaged by ~3 or 4 years). Measured Δ14C in shortspine thornyhead and shortraker rockfish otoliths was lower and increased later than expected. Hence, incorrect age determination could not be evaluated. This is likely caused by dissimilar environmental and biological availability of 14C between these two species and the Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) reference chronology, or underageing of these two species.
Hydrothermal degradation of β-estradiol and oxytetracycline at selective reaction severities

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process that produces biofuels and carbon-based materials from wastes; the solid product is commonly known as hydrochar. However, the fate of common pharmaceutical products during HTC has not been explored extensively. Knowledge on degradation pathways for emerging contaminants is important for further application of hydrochar, especially for water purification and soil amendment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the degradation of two emerging pollutants (i.e., oxytetracycline and 17β-estradiol) with HTC temperature, residence time, and initial chemical states. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GCMS) were used to analyze the levels of degradation of oxytetracycline and β-estradiol and the secondary products generated due to their primary degradations, respectively. The results showed that the degradation of oxytetracycline and β-estradiol did not depend significantly on the HTC temperature and residence time. However, their degradation depends significantly on the initial pH of the solution. The maximum degradation of oxytetracycline and β-estradiol was observed at 84.1 ± 2.9% and 100% at initial pH 8 and pH 3, respectively. GCMS results showed that stable acidic compounds (such as benzoic acid and furoic acids) were produced due to the degradation of both oxytetracycline and β-estradiol in most of the experimental conditions. Synopsis: Degradation of both oxytetracycline and β-estradiol mainly produced benzoic acid and other functionalized monocyclic aromatics
Emergency Department Vacuum Extraction of an Obstructing Tracheal Foreign Body Using a Meconium Aspirator and Modified Endotracheal Tube

Abstract Background A meconium aspirator is a simple plastic adapter that allows for rapid suctioning of the trachea when attached to an endotracheal tube and a source of continuous negative pressure, as was historically done for suspected neonatal meconium aspiration. Adaptation of this technique for the emergent vacuum extraction of an obstructing tracheal foreign body in an adult has not been previously described. Case Report We report the case of a 33-year-old woman with cardiorespiratory arrest after choking on food. Complete tracheal obstruction precluding oxygenation and ventilation due to aspirated chicken was diagnosed by emergency physicians and managed immediately with vacuum extraction using the technique described in this report. No additional airway interventions were necessary and the patient made a full neurologic recovery. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Vacuum extraction using a meconium aspirator and modified endotracheal tube is a novel and potentially life-saving approach to the emergency management of airway obstruction after choking, especially if the foreign material is below the vocal cords and not amenable to manual extraction with a Magill forceps.
Zigbee as a candidate standard for use in anomaly detection in IoT LANs

Zigbee is a popular specification for Internet of Things (IoT) mesh networking that provides a suite of protocols built on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for radio communication. The Zigbee protocol stack is designed as series of layers each with a specific set of functions for communicating data throughout the network. These protocols provide a comprehensive functionality for performing various network tasks, including commissioning new networks and devices, performing broadcasting, unicasting, groupcasting with end-to-end acknowledgement, securing network traffic through AES-128 encryption, and full-packet message authentication. Security features of the Zigbee protocol alone may not be a complete solution for deploying secure IoT networks. It has some vulnerabilities and real-world attacks as discussed in this paper. Zigbee may be improved upon or added to for the purpose of securing it using real-time anomaly detection in IoT Local Area Networks (LANs).
Mammon in the Market; or, How Ben Jonson Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Capitalism

I will argue that the “middle comedies” of Ben Jonson, specifically The Alchemist and Bartholomew Fair, address concerns that are not only social and economic but also political in nature. Or, to p...
Can Multistep Nonparametric Regressions Beat Historical Average in Predicting Excess Stock Returns

Several economic and financial variables are said to have predictive power over excess stock returns. Empirically there is little consensus among academics, whether these variables have predictive power or not. Results are often sensitive to the econometric model of choice. The econometric models can produce biased results due to the high degree of persistence in predictive variables. Apart from high persistence, the relationship between stock return and the predictive variable may also be misspecified in the model. In order to address possible non-linearities and endogeneity between the residuals and persistent independent variables in predictive regressions, multi-step non-parametric and semiparametric regressions are explored in this paper. In these regressions, the conditional mean and the residuals are estimated separately and then added to obtain the predicted excess stock returns. Goyal and Welch's (2008) predictive variables are used to predict excess S&P 500 returns. The predictive performance of both in-sample and out-of-sample of the two proposed models are compared with the historical average, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and non-parametric regressions. The performance of the models is evaluated using Root Mean Squared Errors (RMSEs). The explored models, particularly the two-step nonparametric model, outperform the compared models in-sample. Out-of-sample several variables are found to have predictive ability.
Implementation of International Disclosure Standards

The International Organization of Securities Commissions ("IOSCO") is a voluntary association of securities commissions from around the world that was formed in 1974.1 It has an international membership, with securities commissions and other organizations from many countries participating as members. IOSCO is not an organization of countries and was not formed on the basis of a treaty, unlike the European Union ("EU"), which is constituted upon the basis of the Treaty of Rome.2 IOSCO has no law-making authority under international law and cannot bind its members. Still, it is probably the most important organization in the world currently working on securities regulation from a global perspective.3 As of May 2000, there were 165 members, although in some cases this includes more than one member for a country. In September 1998, IOSCO adopted new disclosure standards entitled International Disclosure Standards for Cross-Border Offerings and Initial Listings by Foreign Issuers ("IDSs" or "Disdo-
Nonarithmetic Combinational Logic Devices

This chapter provides that it is the purpose of combinational logic design to build larger, more sophisticated logic circuits by using the most adaptable and versatile building blocks available. The choice of discrete gates as the building blocks is not always a good one, owing to the complex nature of the circuits that must be designed, and to the fact that there are integrated circuit (IC) packages available that are much more adaptable. The chapter also describes the plan to develop these building blocks and demonstrate their use in the construction of larger combinational logic systems. The chapter provides brief discussions of the various device performance characteristics and a design procedure, in advance of the logic device development.
An Overview of the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana Subduction Factory

The Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) arc system extends 2800km from near Tokyo, Japan to Guam and is an outstanding example of an intraoceanic convergent margin (IOCM). Inputs from sub-arc crust are minimized at IOCMs and output fluxes from the Subduction Factory can be more confidently assessed than for arcs built on continental crust. The history of the IBM IOCM since subduction began about 43 Ma may be better understood than for any other convergent margin. IBM subducts the oldest seafloor on the planet and is under strong extension. The stratigraphy of the western Pacific plate being subducted beneath IBM varies simply parallel to the arc, with abundant off-ridge volcanics and volcaniclastics in the south which diminish northward, and this seafloor is completely subducted. The Wadati-Benioff Zone varies simply along strike, from dipping gently and failing to penetrate the 660 km discontinuity in the north to plunging vertically into the deep mantle in the south. The northern IBM arc is about 22km thick, with a felsic middle crust; this middle crust is exposed in the collision zone at the northern end of the IBM IOCM. There are four Subduction Factory outputs across the IBM IOCM: (1) serpentinite mud volcanoes in the forearc, and as lavas erupted from along (2) the volcanic front of the arc and (3) back-arc basin and (4) from arc cross-chains. This contribution summarizes our present understanding of matter fed into and produced by the IBM Subduction Factory, with the intention of motivating scientific efforts to understand this outstanding example of one of earth's most dynamic, mysterious, and important geosystems.
A Most Magnificent Machine: America Adopts the Railroad, 1825–1862 – By Craig Miner

It is with considerable sadness that I write a review of a book whose author never had an opportunity to see in print. Craig Miner died in 2010, shortly before the publication of A Most Magnificent...
Developing consistently reproducible intervertebral disc degeneration at rat caudal spine by using needle puncture.

Object The goal in this study was to develop a convenient, less-invasive animal model to monitor progression of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration for future testing of new treatments for disc degeneration. Methods Level 5/6 and 7/8 IVDs of rat caudal spine were stabbed laterally with 18- or 21-gauge hypodermic needles to a depth of 5 mm from the subcutaneous surface with the aid of fluoroscopy. In vivo MR imaging studies were performed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postsurgery to monitor progression of IVD degeneration. Histological analysis including H & E and safranin O staining, and immunohistochemical studies of collagen type II and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPRII) were assessed at 12 weeks postsurgery. Results The 18- and 21-gauge needle–stabbed discs illustrated decreases in both the T2 density and MR imaging index starting at 4 weeks, with no evidence of spontaneous recovery by 12 weeks. Histological staining demonstrated a decreased nucleus pulposus (NP) area, and the NP–anulus fi...
Frequency dependence of sonophoresis.

Purpose. Application of low-frequency ultrasound has been shown to increase skin permeability, thereby facilitating delivery of macromolecules (low-frequency sonophoresis). In this study, we sought to determine the dependence of low-frequency sonophoresis on ultrasound frequency, intensity and energy density.
MULTIPLICITY REACTIVATION OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS

Drake, John W. (University of Illinois, Urbana). Multiplicity reactivation of Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol. 84: 352–356. 1962.—A very weak multiplicity reactivation occurs among Newcastle disease virus particles inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation. The preliminary steps in the infection of embryonic chicken fibroblasts are complex, and their relation to multiplicity reactivation is discussed.
Glutamate 2000: old dog, new tricks.

Glutamate continues to surprise us. Today's graduate students will find it hard to believe that a mere 25 to 30 years ago proponents of a neurotransmitter role of glutamate were decidedly avant-garde and that the suggestion that glutamate might play a specific role in the pathophysiology of
Properties of whey protein–maltodextrin conjugates as impacted by powder acidity during the Maillard reaction

Abstract Heating the powder of whey protein isolate (WPI)-maltodextrin (MD) mixture, the Maillard reaction, improves thermal stability of WPI, but the effects of powder acidity have not been studied. In this work, solutions with WPI and MD were adjusted to pH 4–7 (m-pH) to obtain spray-dried powder that was glycated at 80 °C and 65% relative humidity for 1–4 h. The conjugates were evaluated for physicochemical properties. A higher m-pH and a longer glycation resulted in a darker color. The m-pH 6 treatment had the highest degree of glycation, lowest surface hydrophobicity, lowest isoelectric point, and highest denaturation temperature, which contributed to the best heat stability evaluated at 5% protein, pH 4–7 and 0–150 mM NaCl by heating at 138 °C for 1 min. The results indicate that adjusting WPI-MD mixture solution to pH 6.0 to prepare powder for glycation can reduce the color of protein ingredients while providing heat stability for transparent beverage applications.
A new algorithm for the detection of tool breakage in milling

Abstract In this paper a novel signal processing algorithm is presented for the detection of tool breakage using the displacement signal (RORPA). The algorithm extracts information from consecutive revolutions to decrease dependencies on runout conditions and idle noise, creating a much more robust signal for the automatic determination of tool breakage conditions. The algorithm is explained as well as the determination of dynamic thresholds. The thresholds are set using the information regarding the cutting conditions (mean displacement signal and its slope during transient milling). Examples with real data are also presented. A critique of the overall performance and future work incorporating information from x and y channels completes the discussion.
Informed decision making in advance care planning: concordance of patient self-reported diagnosis with physician diagnosis.

This study aimed to determine the extent to which patients with advanced cancer agree with their physicians regarding their cancer diagnoses prior to engaging in advance care planning (ACP) and whether variables such as age and level of education correlate with the degree of patient–physician concordance. One hundred and fifty patients with a diagnosis of cancer and an estimated life expectancy of 18 months or less completed questionnaires about their cancer diagnoses prior to creating an advance directive. A review of the patients’ medical records was performed and the physician-designated diagnosis was identified for each patient. Patient–physician agreement on diagnosis was coded based on predetermined study criteria. Concordance rates were expressed in percentages. The majority of patients (62.2 %) were in exact agreement with their physicians; 24.3 % were in partial agreement with the patient missing part of the diagnosis, and 9.5 % were in partial agreement with the physician missing part of the diagnosis; 4.1 % did not agree with their physicians on diagnosis. Age and education level did not correlate with patient–physician concordance rates. The majority of patients with advanced cancer correctly identified their cancer diagnosis. However, almost 40 % were not in full agreement with their physicians regarding diagnosis, a situation that has bearing on efforts to engage in meaningful shared decision making as well as advance care planning.
Value of Travel Time Savings: Evidence from I-85 Express Lanes in Atlanta, Georgia

The I-85 express lanes in the Atlanta, Georgia, metropolitan region are among the newest high-occupancy-toll (HOT) facilities in the United States. This paper examines travelers' value of time and their willingness to pay for the I-85 express lanes, compares travel times and travel time reliability in the general purpose and HOT lanes, and discusses the benefits users gain from the facility. The study examined 9 months of toll and travel time data for drivers who traversed the entire length of the express lane corridor during the morning and afternoon peak periods. Median values of travel time savings were $36/h in the southbound morning peak period and $26/h in the northbound afternoon peak period. The express lanes exhibited reliability benefits relative to the general-purpose lanes, but this study does not quantify the value of those benefits because of the lack of stated-preference data. The value that HOT lane users attributed to their time saved exceeded the time value obtained by using the average ...
The Role of Renin and Angiotensin in Salt-Losing, 21- Hydroxylase-Deficient Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia*

Seven children with salt-losing, 21-hydroxylasedeficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) who had been off mineralocorticoids for several years were studied before and after reinstitution of mineralocorticoid therapy. Ten children with nonsalt-losing CAH were controls. Initially, the seven subjects showed clinical evidence of poor control despite suppressive doses of hydrocortisone; five exhibited coincidental signs of glucocorticoid excess. After treatment with Florinef (0.1 mg orally twice daily) for 3 months, they reported decreased fatigue and salt craving, and four had decreased hydrocortisone requirements. There was no hypertension. Reinstitution of mineralocorticoid therapy resulted in a marked improvement in all chemical parameters measured. Serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone fell from 19,134 ± 1134 ng/dl (mean ± SEM) before treatment to 239 ± 49 ng/dl at 3 months of therapy; the control group had a level of 902 ± 318 ng/dl. PRA fell from 21.7 ± 1.9 to 2.5 ± 0.8 ng/mlh, indistinguishable ...
Sister chromatid exchange induction and cell cycle inhibition by aniline and its metabolites in human fibroblasts

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell cycle analyses in human fibroblasts were used to ascertain the relative genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of aniline and its metabolites. Fibroblasts were allowed to attach to plastic petri dishes for 4 hr and exposed in serum-free medium for 2 hr to the following: aniline HCl (0.05–10.0 mM), acetanilide (0.1–10.0 mM), o-hydroxyacetanilide (0.01–2.0 mM), p-hydroxyacetanilide (0.1–10.0 mM), o-aminophenol (0.01–0.3 mM), p-aminophenol (0.005–0.2 mM), N-phenylhydroxylamine (0.001–0.5 mM). Triethylenemelamine (TEM; 0.25 and 0.49 μM) was used as a positive control. The treatment medium was replaced with complete medium containing 5-bromo-deoxyuridine (10 μM), and cells were allowed to grow for 48 hr with Colcemid present for the final 4.5 hr. Cell cycle analyses (percentage of cells in first, second, or third division) revealed that p-hydroxyacetanilide (10mM), p-aminophenol (≥0.1 mM), o-aminophenol (≥0.1 mM), N-phenylhydroxylamine (≥ mM), and TEM (0.49 μM) inhibited cell proliferation. Cell death was seen at doses of 0.5 mM N-phenylhydroxylamine, 0.2 mM p-aminophenol, and 0.3 mM o-aminophenol. Significant increases (P0.05) in SCE frequencies were found with aniline HCl, o-aminophenol, N-phenylhydroxylamine, and TEM. On an SCE/mmole basis at the highest concentrations examined, o-aminophenol was 270 times more potent than aniline in inducing SCE, whereas TEM was about 390 times more potent than o-aminophenol. Furthermore, fibroblasts treated with o-aminophenol responded in a dose-dependent fashion and exhibited a 2-fold increase in SCE frequency. N-phenylhydroxylamine induced a less clear-cut, dose-related increase in SCE frequency with a 1.4-fold elevation. Only marginal increases in SCE were observed with aniline at the highest doses. Using these data, we propose that aniline may exert its tumorigenic potential in rats through the production of both genotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites.
Extension of the Modified Associate Species Thermochemical Model for High-Level Nuclear Waste: Inclusion of Chromia

The successful thermochemical model based on the modified associate species approach for the Na2O-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 base glass system has been extended to include a critical constituent, Cr2O3. This includes the Cr2O3-Al2O3 solid solution. For the liquid, and potentially glass phase when undercooling is allowed to occur, the model uses the relative simple, modified associate species method to allow accurate determination of phase relations, including liquidus surfaces. It also allows prediction of chemical activities and vapor pressures, which can be important in both processing and in modeling long-term waste form stability.
Aggregation of lysozyme and of poly(ethylene glycol)-modified lysozyme after adsorption to silica.

Abstract Surface-induced aggregation is a common instability during protein storage, delivery and purification. This aggregation can lead to the formation of fibrils rich in intermolecular β-sheet structure. Techniques to probe surface-clustering are limited. Here we use protein intrinsic fluorescence and thioflavin T probe fluorescence in a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) sampling geometry to simultaneously monitor the kinetics of adsorption and aggregation for chicken egg lysozyme on a silica surface. We observe a slow surface-induced aggregation process that continues well after the lysozyme adsorption kinetics have plateaued. The rate of surface-induced aggregation is independent of the lysozyme concentration in solution. Consistent with the clustering observed via thioflavin T fluorescence, infrared amide I band spectra also show a 1.5-fold increase in intermolecular β-sheet content upon lysozyme adsorption. Tryptophan emission spectra show no evidence for any tertiary structural change upon adsorption. Furthermore, we observe that the covalent modification of lysozyme with a single poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafted chain does not inhibit aggregation on the surface, but a second PEG graft significantly inhibits the intermolecular β-sheet formation.
Factors Associated with Perceived Cognitive Problems in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease

The objective of the present study was to assess demographic and disease-specific factors associated with perceived cognitive problems in children and adolescents with heart disease. 246 children with congenital heart disease ages 8–18 years and their parents completed the Cognitive Problems Scale of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Cardiac Module. The 5-item Cognitive Problems Scale assesses school-related cognitive problems including attention and memory from the perspective of the child and parent. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted with demographic variables and disease-specific factors entered as independent variables and perceived cognitive problems as the dependent variable. Socioeconomic status (SES) and cardiac disease severity were significantly associated with parent proxy-reported cognitive problems (p < .05). None of the demographic or disease-specific variables were significantly associated with child self-reported cognitive problems. In conclusion, our data suggest that assessment of perceived cognitive problems in children and adolescents with greater disease severity and from lower SES homes may facilitate early identification of children who need formal evaluation and interventions to address cognitive impairments.