cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen bonding in polymer systems

The importance of hydrogen bonding interactions in promoting polymer miscibility has been the subject of much recent investigation. In this study, we address the question of the effect of molecular size and geometry on the intensity of the hydrogen bonding interaction. To this end, the interaction of the functional group in various molecules with a variety of acid and base polymer matrices has been monitored using infrared spectroscopy. The “probes” used in this study each contained only one functional group per molecule to prevent intra-molecular association. The probes were acetone, di-n-hexyl ketone, 10-nonadecanone, cyclohexanone, cyclododecanone, isopropanol, 4-decanol, 10-nonadecanol, cyclohexanol, and cyclododecanol. The interactions of the base probes with poly-(vinyl chloride), poly(vinylidine fluoride), phenoxy, poly(styrene-co-allyl alcohol), and a variety of cellulosic polymers were studied. Acid probe interactions were measured in poly(pivalolactone), poly(butanediol-1,4-terephthalate), poly-(acetal), poly(ϵ-caprolactone), poly(vinyl methyl ether), poly(4-methoxy styrene) and poly(ethylene oxide). The effect of the presumably inert poly(styrene) and ethylene-propylene rubber matrices on the probe's functional group was studied for comparison.
Polar Auxin Transport: New Support for an Old Model

In 1880, Charles Darwin noted that “some influence,” later shown to be indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), moves from the tip of an oat coleoptile to the region below the tip, where it controls elongation ([Darwin, 1880][1]). Darwin's statement was probably the first description of polar auxin transport
Low-Loss 4–6-GHz Tunable Filter With 3-Bit High- $Q$ Orthogonal Bias RF-MEMS Capacitance Network

This paper presents a low-loss 4-6-GHz 3-bit tunable filter on a quartz substrate using a high-Q 3-bit orthogonal bias RF microelectromechanical systems capacitance network. Detailed design equations for the capacitively loaded coupled lambda/2 resonators and with capacitive external coupling and source-load impedance loading are discussed. Measurements show an unloaded Q of 85-170, an insertion loss of 1.5-2.8 dB, and a 1-dB bandwidth of 4.35plusmn0.35% at 4-6 GHz. The measured third-order intermodulation intercept point and 1-dB power compression point at 5.91 GHz are > 40 and 27.5 dBm, respectively. The unloaded Q can be improved to 125-210 with the use of a thicker bottom electrode. To our knowledge, this is the highest Q tunable planar filter to date at this frequency range.
Self-Serving Bias Effects on Job Analysis Ratings

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether worker-oriented job analysis importance ratings were influenced by subject matter experts' (SME) standing (as measured by self-rated performance) on a competency. This type of relationship (whereby SMEs indicate that the traits they have are important for successful job performance) is an example of the self-serving bias (which is widely described in the social cognition literature and rarely described in the industrial/organizational psychology literature). An archival dataset covering 57 clerical and technical occupations with 26,682 participants was used. Support was found for the relationship between self-rated performance and importance ratings. Significant relationships (typically in the .30s) were observed for all 31 competencies that were studied. Controls were taken to account for common method bias and differences in the competencies required for each of the 57 occupations. Past research has demonstrated the effects of the self-serving bias on personality-based job analysis ratings. This study was the first to extend these findings to traditional job analysis, which covers other competencies in addition to personality. In addition, this study is the first to use operational field data instead of laboratory data.
S100A4 in esophageal cancer: is this the one to blame?

Metastasis is the main reason for cancer-related death. S100A4 is one of the key molecules involved in this event. Several studies have shown that overexpression of S100A4 in non-metastatic cancer cells can make them become metastatic, and knockdown of S100A4 in metastatic cancer cells can curtail their invasive nature. A study by Chen et al[2] published in the World J Gastroenterol 18(9): 915-922, 2012 is a typical example. This study showed in vitro and in vivo evidence that S100A4 expression level determines the invasiveness of esophageal squamous carcinoma. Considering the fact that more than half of the cancer-related deaths are caused by malignancies derived from the digestive system and esophageal cancer is the 4th top contributor to this fraction, this study warrants more attention.
Quality of stored water available for use in the lower basin of the Pecos River, Texas

Storage of water in reservoir s may be for (1) irrigation, (2) power-generation sometimes in connection with releases for irrigation, (3) flood-control, (4) recreation, or combinations of these four uses. The control of releases of the stored water may involve conflicts of interests as to the best use of the available supply.
Pitfalls in Oncologic Diagnosis with FDG PET Imaging: Physiologic and Benign Variants

A rapidly emerging clinical application of positron emission tomography (PET) is the detection and staging of cancer with the glucose analogue tracer 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG). Proper interpretation of FDG PET images requires knowledge of the normal physiologic distribution of the tracer, frequently encountered physiologic variants, and benign pathologic causes of FDG uptake that can be confused with a malignant neoplasm. One hour after intravenous administration, high FDG activity is present in the brain, the myocardium, and--due to the excretory route--the urinary tract. Elsewhere, tracer activity is typically low, a fact that allows sensitive demonstration of tracer accumulation in many malignant neoplasms. Interpretive pitfalls commonly encountered on FDG PET images of the body obtained 1 hour after tracer administration can be mistaken for cancer. Such pitfalls include variable physiologic FDG uptake in the digestive tract, thyroid gland, skeletal muscle, myocardium, bone marrow, and genitourinary tract and benign pathologic FDG uptake in healing bone, lymph nodes, joints, sites of infection, and cases of regional response to infection and aseptic inflammatory response. In many instances, these physiologic variants and benign pathologic causes of FDG uptake can be specifically recognized and properly categorized; in other instances, such as the lymph node response to inflammation or infection, focal FDG uptake is nonspecific.
A Complex Transcription Network Controls the Early Stages of Biofilm Development by Escherichia coli

Historically, researchers have studied bacterial signaling as if it functioned as a set of isolated, linear pathways. More recent studies, however, have demonstrated that many signaling pathways interact and that these interacting pathways should be construed as an intricate network. This network
(536) A cognitive-behavioral based self-management approach to physical therapy: improving surgical spine outcomes

The purpose was to determine the efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral based physical therapy (CBPT) intervention in patients having surgery for a lumbar degenerative condition. Out of 249 eligible patients, 132 patients were consented preoperatively and screened for high fear of movement (Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia > 39) between March 2012 and February 2013. Eighty-six patients, 22 to 81 years, were randomized into either the CBPT intervention group (n=43) or an education group (n=43). Surgical procedures included laminectomywith arthrodesis (71%) andwithout arthrodesis (29%). Patient assessments occurred preoperatively and at 6 weeks (baseline), 3 months (treatment completion), and 6months after surgery. Assessorswereunawareof thepatient treatment condition. Outcomes were pain (Brief Pain Inventory), disability (Oswestry Disability Index), gait speed (4-Meter Walk), and functional mobility (TimedUpandGo). Patientswere randomizedusinga stratifieddesignbasedon screeningTSK scores and typeof surgery. Treatment sessionsweredeliveredby a physical therapist. The first sessionwas conducted in-person and the remaining 5 sessions were conducted over the phone. The manual-based CBPT intervention focused on goal-setting, problem-solving, cognitive restructuring strategies, and behavioral self-management. Analyses were intent-to-treat using mixed-effects models that adjusted for the baseline measurement of the outcomevariable.No significantgroupdifferenceswere foundforpatient characteristics and baseline variables. The CBPT group demonstrated larger reductions in disability at 6 months and improvement in gait speed and functional mobility at 3 and 6 months compared to the education group (p < .05). No significant differences in pain were noted. A CBT-based self-management approach has the potential to improve surgical spine outcomes in patients atrisk for poor recovery. The CBPT intervention broadens the availability of effective pain self-management and behavior change strategies by expanding implementation tophysical therapists and througha telephonedeliverymodel.
Convexly constrained linear inverse problems: iterative least-squares and regularization

We consider robust inversion of linear operators with convex constraints. We present an iteration that converges to the minimum norm least squares solution; a stopping rule is shown to regularize the constrained inversion. A constrained Laplace inversion is computed to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
The peracetic acid-Schiff stain.

The organic peracids, such as perbenzoic, performic and peracetic acids, are strong oxidizing agents. It may be considered that they are derived by the inter­ action of hydrogen peroxide and an organic acid with the formation of an acid peroxide. Thus, the production of peracetic acid may be illustrated as follows: CH.COOH + H2O2 * CH3COOOH + H 20 glacial acetic peracetic acid acid The present paper deals first with the known chemical reactions of organic peracids with organic compounds. This provides one with a background for understanding the chemical basis of the peracetic acid-Schiff reaction in tissue sections. This histochemical method then is described, followed by the results of the method in staining selectively various tissue elements. The use of block­ ing and extraction procedures and of additional staining reactions are presented in order to substantiate the chemical basis of the peracetic acid-Schiff staining in tissue sections.
Transformation of a pedunculated colonic polyp to adenocarcinoma? Report of a case.

A 2-cm colonic polyp on a substantial stalk was clearly visible on barium-enema examination in 1964. In 1966, follow-up examination showed no change. Two years later, a small sessile carcinoma was demonstrated at the same site and resected. No residual stalk or benign adenomatous tissue was seen within the small, superficial, sharply demarcated carcinoma. A brief summary of the benign adenoma-carcinoma controversy is presented, along with a discussion of how the present case might be interpreted.
Race and the Myth of the Liberal Consensus

For thirty years, the idea of liberal consensus has governed interpretations of post1945 history. Coined by John Higham in the 1950s, it appeared at a time when older ideologies of the Left and Right seemed to have vanished, leaving broad agreement on the proper political contours of American society. The consensus was thought to pertain primarily to questions of political economy and class relations: Everyone agreed that the productivity of American capitalism and its capacity to spread affluence throughout the social order had made questions of class inequality meaningless and that political conflict would be limited to well-regulated and institutionalized struggles among interest groups over how much affluence would come their way. 1 By the early 1960s, civil rights had become a central plank of that liberal consensus. These were the years when the nation-state undertook a second Reconstruction to complete the work left unfinished by the first. Popular support for this renewed commitment to racial equality seemed overwhelming. A deep and widespread revulsion against segregation spread through the nation as millions watched Sheriff Bull Connor unleash his dogs and high-pressure hoses on peaceful civil rights protesters in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963. Hundreds of thousands-Black and white-joined the March on Washington in August 1963 while millions endorsed their efforts. In 1964 and 1965, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, the most significant pieces of civil rights legislation in a hundred years. And Lyndon B. Johnson won a landslide victory over Barry Goldwater in 1964, in no small measure because of his outspoken support for civil rights. White southerners, of course, did not share this determination to end discrimination against African Americans. But the fact that the South stood outside the "consensus" did not damage the notion of consensus, for the South was regarded as a backward region that did not truly represent the United States. Once the South was forced to become part of the nation-and the civil rights laws of 1964 and 1965 were meant to accomplish just that the liberal consensus would prevail there too.
Active Flow Control Using Sweeping Jet Actuators on a Semi-Span Wing Model

Wind tunnel experiments were performed using active flow control on an unswept semispan wing model with a 30% chord trailing edge flap to aid in the selection of actuators for a planned high Reynolds number experiment. Two sweeping jet actuator sizes were investigated to determine the influence of actuator size on the active flow control system efficiency. Sweeping jet actuators with orifice sizes of 1 mm x 2 mm and 2 mm x 4 mm were selected because of the differences in actuator jet sweep angle. The parameters that were varied include actuator momentum, freestream velocity, and trailing edge flap deflection angle. Steady and unsteady pressure data, Particle Image Velocimetry data, and force and moment data were acquired to assess the performance of the two actuators. In addition to the wind tunnel experiments, benchtop studies of the actuators were performed to characterize the jets produced by each actuator. Benchtop investigations of the smaller actuator reveal that the jet exiting the actuator has a reduced sweep angle compared to published data for larger versions of this type of actuator. The larger actuator produces an oscillating jet that attaches to the external di↵user walls at low supply pressures and produces the expected sweep angles. The AFC results using the smaller actuators show that while the actuators can control flow separation, the selected spacing of 3.3 cm may be too large due to the reduced sweep angle. In comparison, the spacing for the larger actuators, 6.6 cm, appears to be optimal for the Mach numbers investigated. Particle Image Velocimetry results are presented and show how the wall jets produced by the actuators cause the flow to attach to the flap surface.
The role of allergy in chronic rhinosinusitis

Issues surrounding the cause and pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remain controversial. Various models involving physiologic factors and anatomic obstruction have been offered to explain the pathogenesis of this common disease. More recently, the role of chronic inflammatory processes has been demonstrated. These findings may modify the current paradigm of this disease and transform the diagnosis and management of patients with CRS. This review focuses on the role of allergy and inflammation in the pathogenesis of CRS.
The Politics of Adaptation: Contemporary African Drama and Greek Tragedy, Astrid van Weyenberg : reviews

Van Weyenberg (Literary Studies, University of Amsterdam), in an introduction and four chapters examines contemporary African adaptations of Greek tragedies in context. Wisely asking at the beginning, how a scholar can 'examine critically a tradition from a position within that tradition' (p. xviii), she considers the complex relationship between a work of art and the sociopolitical context in which it is created. In particular, she is interested in examining how these adaptations demonstrate 'Greek tragedy's potential to inspire and dramatize political change' by dramatising resistance and revolution, and how other adaptations 'reflect on the after-math of such transitional moments' (p. 1).
Abstract P012: Mycophenolate Mofetil Prevents Cerebrovascular Injury in Stroke-prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

The stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat strain (SHR-A3) develops hypertensive end-organ injury, including strokes and progressive kidney disease, as a result of naturally occurring genetic variations. Our recent work identifies genetic variants in immune signaling pathways that contribute to susceptibility to end organ injury. These variants are present in SHR-A3 animals, but absent in SHR lines that resist end organ injury. To test the hypothesis that a dysregulated immune response promotes stroke susceptibility, 20-week old male SHR-A3 rats were salt loaded (1% NaCl in drinking water) and treated daily with the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil (MMF, 25 mg/kg/day, p.o.) (n=8) or vehicle (saline) (n=9) for 8 weeks. Blood pressure was measured weekly by telemetry for the duration of the study. Compared to untreated controls, MMF-treated SHR-A3 had improved survival and significantly lower neurological deficit scores (1.44 vs 0.125; p<0.02). Salt loading resulted in a progressive increase in blood pressure, which was prevented in rats receiving MMF. At the time of euthanasia, mean systolic BP in the untreated group was 243.0 ± 5.6 mmHg compared to 213.6 ± 7.1 mmHg (p<0.005) in the MMF-treated SHR-A3 group. Gross morphology of the brain revealed cerebrovascular lesions including cerebral edema in 90% (8 out of 9) and microbleeds and hemorrhages in about 50% (5 out of 9) of the untreated SHR-A3 rats. These lesions were absent in the MMF-treated cohort. The expression of CD68, a marker of activated microglia/macrophages, was up-regulated in the brain sections from vehicle-treated rats with microbleeds and hemorrhages, but was not detectable in the brains of rats receiving MMF. MMF also prevented renal injury in SHR-A3 rats, evidenced by reduced proteinuria (albumin to creatinine ratio) from 7.52 to 1.05 mg/mg (p<0.03) and lower tubulointerstitial injury scores (2.46 vs 1.43; p<0.01). Our findings provide evidence that suppression of immune activation prevents the occurrence of cerebrovascular and renal injury in salt-loaded SHR-A3 rats.
Analytic calculation of voltage and transient stability for 160 Mvar reactive power generators of 500 kV substations

To demonstrate the possibility of replacing the existing reactive power generator with the capacitor-reactor bank,the voltage and transient stability of various schemes are calculated and analyzed.It is concluded that the reactive power reserve in Tianjin Beijiao area is sufficient so that the reactive power generator in that area can be replaced by the capacitor-reactor set,and the distributed compensation method is the best one to adopt.
The changing nature of managerial skills, mindsets and roles: Advancing theory and relevancy for contemporary managers

Management research has been challenged by the altering realities of organization life, job roles, and individual motivations that have long guided traditional theoretical thinking. The classical frameworks regarding managerial performance requirements have been largely based upon organizationally driven underpinnings. We propose a cognitive shift suggesting that individually driven roles and desires are impacting the relevancy of conventional job requirements. Our study analyzes the utilization of managerial skills, mindsets, and roles as perceived by 259 executives representing nine industries and ~200 organizations. The results reveal that the interpretation and application of managerial roles are primarily influenced by the individual’s intentions rather than adherence to the current organizationally based theoretical taxonomy as taught by many business schools. These findings illuminate the gap between the vast amount of effort researchers and educators have expended on taxonomic precision and its questionable relationship to organizational and individual learning and effectiveness. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed along with recommendations to extend the current research.
Vacuolated Lymphocytes on Peripheral Blood Film Examination in the Diagnosis of GM1 Gangliosidosis: Case Report

GM1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by mutation of the GLB1 gene (3p22.3) encoding for β-galactosidase and characterized by accumulation of ganglioside substrates in lysosomes. Its prevalence is estimated to be approximately 1 in 100,000 to 200,000 live births. Prognosis is very poor, with life expectancy rarely exceeding two years. The examination of peripheral …
Chapter 16 – The Influence of Diet and the Gut Microbiota in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia describes a complex cluster of social, clinical, biological, and genetic signs and symptoms that have a complex effect on patients, with a severity as variable as the presentation. The goal of this chapter is to describe the current literature as it pertains to one particular aspect of this syndrome—the complex interplay between the gut and the brain. By exploring this relationship, the bidirectional pathway from nurture, here in the form of diet, to nature, and eventually to the brain and behavior, is elucidated. A great deal of progress has been made in shedding light on this pathway, which includes diet content, gut microbiota composition, food antigen sensitivity, inflammation, gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction, and chemical and neural signaling. Characterizing such pathways allows for the exploration of beneficial interventions by manipulating the gut environment with dietary changes, prebiotics, and probiotics.
T CELL REGULATION: THE “SECOND LAW OF THYMODYNAMICS”

Five examples in which T cells act as “thymostats” are presented. In all instances a regulatory T cell population has been shown to alter the response of another T cell population. When the responding T cell population is highly active, the regulator acts to suppress the response; when the activity of the responding cells is low, the regulatory cells act to augment it.
Making In-class Groups Work

Since the Tulane conference [42], substantial amounts of time and resources have been put towards developing materials for non-lecturing, student-centered classroom techniques. Some techniques that are used by many instructors are cooperative learning activities, student presentations, laboratory activities, discovery learning, and the Moore method. In our classrooms we extensively use the technique of having students work in cooperative groups on mathematical problems. In this chapter we focus on developing the instructors' facility with implementing and managing in-class cooperative activities. If your program includes student- centered teaching methodologies not addressed by one of the meetings in this book, Chapter 16 provides support for developing new training meetings. Cooperative learning is a popular pedagogical device in elementary collegiate mathematics classrooms. There are many reports that suggest that when cooperative learning is implemented effectively in a mathematics class, there can be dramatic gains in what students are able to accomplish in terms of solving non-routine problems, in students' appreciation of and enjoyment in mathematics, and in students' willing- ness to persist in their attempts to solve and develop meaningful understanding of mathematical concepts that go beyond simple imitation of “worked examples” from the textbook. Although some investigators have reported some gains in terms of students' scores on standardized tests, the reports are not usually of dramatic gains [35]. A typical report is of the form “The students in the cooperative learning group performed at least as well as students in a control group.”
Adaptive Inverse Control Based on Nonlinear Adaptive Filtering

Abstract Many problems in adaptive control can be divided into two parts; the first part is the control of plant dynamics, and the second is the control of plant disturbance. Very often, a single system is utilized to achieve both of these control objectives. The approach of this paper treats each problem separately. Control of plant dynamics can be achieved by preceding the plant with an adaptive controller whose transfer function is the inverse of that of the plant. Control plant disturbance can be achieved by an adaptive feedback process that minimizes plant output disturbance without altering plant dynamics. The adaptive controller is implemented using adaptive filters.
Oral Cholic Acid Is Efficacious and Well Tolerated in Patients With Bile Acid Synthesis and Zellweger Spectrum Disorders.

OBJECTIVES Patients with bile acid synthesis disorders (BASDs) due to single enzyme defects (SEDs) or Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs) accumulate hepatotoxic atypical bile acids resulting in potentially fatal progressive liver disease. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of oral cholic acid in patients with BASD. METHODS In this phase 3, open-label, single-arm, nonrandomized, noncomparative study conducted over 18 years, patients were administered cholic acid orally 10 to 15 mg · kg · day. The primary efficacy variables were changes from pre- to post-treatment in atypical urinary bile acids, liver chemistries (serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase), and height and weight. Additional efficacy variables included changes in serum bilirubin and liver histology. RESULTS Of the 85 enrolled patients (63 with SED and 22 with ZSD), 79 received at least 1 dose of study medication; 70 patients (50 with SED and 20 with ZSD) were included in the modified intent-to-treat dataset. Cholic acid significantly improved urine bile acid metabolite scores (P < 0.0001) and serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.0001) in patients with SED and ZSD. Cholic acid also improved height and weight percentiles in both groups, but only the change in weight was significant (P < 0.05). Serum direct bilirubin decreased significantly post-treatment (P < 0.001) in the intent-to-treat population, and liver biopsies showed either stable findings or histologic improvement in all parameters except bridging fibrosis. The overall safety profile of cholic acid was favorable, with no study drug-related serious adverse events or drug-related deaths reported. CONCLUSIONS Oral cholic acid is a safe, efficacious, and well-tolerated treatment for BASD due to SED and ZSD.
Natural Language Processing Methods for Enhancing Geographic Metadata for Phylogeography of Zoonotic Viruses

Zoonotic viruses, viruses that are transmittable between animals and humans, represent emerging or re-emerging pathogens that pose significant public health threats throughout the world. It is therefore crucial to advance current surveillance mechanisms for these viruses through outlets such as phylogeography. Phylogeographic techniques may be applied to trace the origins and geographical distribution of these viruses using sequence and location data, which are often obtained from publicly available databases such as GenBank. Despite the abundance of zoonotic viral sequence data in GenBank records, phylogeographic analysis of these viruses is greatly limited by the lack of adequate geographic metadata. Although more detailed information may often be found in the related articles referenced in these records, manual extraction of this information presents a severe bottleneck. In this work, we propose an automated system for extracting this information using Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods. In order to validate the need for such a system, we first determine the percentage of GenBank records with “insufficient” geographic metadata for seven well-studied zoonotic viruses. We then evaluate four different named entity recognition (NER) systems which may help in the automatic extraction of information from related articles that can be used to improve the GenBank geographic metadata. This includes a novel dictionary-based location tagging system that we introduce in this paper.
Intergenerational social mobility and religious ecology: Disaggregating the conservative Protestant bloc

We extend research on the effects of religious ecologies by examining the role of religious ecologies in intergenerational socioeconomic mobility. We do so first by providing a theoretical framework addressing the diverse cultural influences of religious traditions and their impact on intergenerational mobility. We argue that certain otherworldly orientations among conservative Protestants suppress mechanisms of upward mobility, and that there are meaningful distinctions between sub-groups of conservative Protestants (evangelicals, fundamentalists, and Pentecostals). An analysis of county-level data from the recently released Equality of Opportunity Project and the Churches and Church Membership Survey is used to empirically examine the relationship between religious ecologies and intergenerational mobility. Findings suggest distinct effects of different religious groups on intergenerational mobility. These results demonstrate the importance of accounting for the ecological impact of religion on social mobility in the United States and challenge the conceptualization of conservative Protestants as a monolithic group.
Polyclonal origin of parathyroid tumors is common and is associated with multiple gland disease in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Background Parathyroid tumors are mostly considered monoclonal neoplasms, the rationale for focused parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism. We reported that flow sorting parathyroid tumor cells and methylation-sensitive polymerase chain reaction (me-PCR) of polymorphic human androgen receptor gene and phosphoglycerate kinase gene alleles in deoxyribonucleic acid reveals that ≤35% of parathyroid tumors are polyclonal. We sought to confirm these findings and assess for clinical relevance. Methods Parathyroid tumors from 286 female primary hyperparathyroidism patients were analyzed for clonal status. Tumor clonal status was compared with clinical variables and operative findings. Statistical analysis was performed and significance was established at P Results In the study, 176 (62%) patients were informative for human androgen receptor gene and/or phosphoglycerate kinase gene. Assignment of clonal status was made in 119 (68%) tumors, of which 64 (54%) were monoclonal and 55 (46%) were polyclonal. Comparison of tumor clonal status to clinical variables in patients with complete operative data (N = 82) showed that while clinical features were the same between tumor types, patients with polyclonal tumors more often had multiple gland disease (risk ratio 4.066, confidence interval, 1.016–16.26; P = .039) potentially missed at unilateral neck exploration. Conclusion This work confirms that primary hyperparathyroidism is often the result of polyclonal tumors and that parathyroid tumor clonal status may be associated with multiple gland disease.
The kids aren't alright: school attachment, depressive symptoms, and gun carrying at school

Social science has frequently examined the relationships between school environment and delinquency, mental health and delinquency, and school environment and mental health. However, little to no research to date has examined the interrelationship between these variables simultaneously, especially at it relates specifically to delinquent acts committed at school. The current study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) to look at the interrelationship between these variables. What is found in this data is that the relationship between negative mental health states and delinquency at school, specifically measured as depressive symptoms and gun carrying at school, respectively, is possibly a spurious one, wherein both of these variables are partly shaped by school attachment, which accounts for their correlation. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
Predicting migration and opinion adoption patterns in agent communities

This paper presents an analytical model of a more realistic version of migration behavior and opinion adoption in communities, experimentally evaluated in {Hafizoglu:migration}. The formal model is developed to predict the variation of community sizes over time and the final opinion distributions of agents having binary opinions distributed in communities. We derive and verify predictions from the formal model about the population dynamics using different combinations of each of three migration and adoption tendencies: eager, moderate, and conservative.
Physical activity and weight maintenance: the utility of wearable devices and mobile health technology in research and clinical settings.

Purpose of reviewThe integration of wearable devices and mobile health (mHealth) technology to facilitate behavior change has the potential to transform the efficacy of interventions and implementation programs for weight maintenance. The purpose of this review was to provide a comprehensive analysi
Changes in the distribution of Michigan crayfishes and the influence of invasive rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) on native crayfish substrate associations

Invasive crayfishes have a strong negative effect on multiple trophic levels, including other crayfishes. However, documentation of the spread of non-native crayfish species and their impact on native crayfishes could be improved, particularly over large spatial scales in stream ecosystems. We collected crayfish and quantified habitat at 461 stream sites throughout Michigan in 2014–2016 and compared our collections to a historical account of crayfish collections published in 1975. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the change in non-native rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) and native species distributions from 1975 to 2014–2016; (2) quantify how rusty crayfish affect the habitat associations of native species in Michigan streams; and (3) determine the effectiveness of dipnets, our primary sampling method. We found all species in more watersheds compared to 1975, likely due in part to increased sampling. However, we found rusty crayfish in 22 more HUC-8 watersheds than in 1975, a larger increase than all other species. Habitat associations of native species also shift in the presence of rusty crayfish. In instances where native species co-occurred with rusty crayfish, most obligate aquatic native species were found in less-preferred habitat such as sand or macrophytes compared to cobble substrate when the species is in isolation. Our results indicate a broad range expansion by rusty crayfish over the last 40 years, suggesting that surveys of crayfish diversity and habitat occupancy should be more routine to inform management of native crayfish species.
Valuing Protection against Health-Related Financial Risks.

There is strong interest in both developing and developed countries toward expanding health insurance coverage. How should the benefits, and costs, of expanded coverage be measured? While the value of reducing the financial risks that result from insurance coverage have long been recognized, there has been less attention in how best to measure such benefits. In this paper, we first provide a framework for assessing the financial value from health insurance. We focus on three distinct potential benefits: Pooling the risk of unexpected medical expenditures between healthy and sick households, redistributing resources from high- to low-income recipients and smoothing consumption over time. We then use this theoretical framework and an illustrative example to provide practical guidelines for benefit-cost analysis in capturing the full benefits (and costs) of expanding health insurance coverage. We conclude by considering other potential financial effects of broad insurance coverage, such as the ability to consolidate purchases and thus lower input prices.
218 ADENOVIRUS IS PROFIBROTIC IN BLEOMYCIN-INDUCED LUNG INJURY IN MICE THROUGH EFFECTS ON ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Recent clinical observations suggest that viral infection/reactivation may contribute to the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in susceptible hosts. Viral gene therapy using adenoviral vectors in the lung is limited by immune response directed against the viral vector and/or its foreign gene. We therefore examined the effects of adenoviral vector (E1, E3 deleted) on the course of bleomycin-induced lung injury/fibrosis in mice. Methods Adenoviral vectors (native and UV-inactivated) expressing luciferase, β-galactosidase, or a human gene were administered intratracheally (IT; 109 PFU/animal) to mice 2 days after bleomycin (4 U/kg IT). Animals were assessed for mortality, lung inflammation (bronchoalveolar lavage [BAL] cell counts and differential), vascular permeability (BAL protein levels) and fibrosis (lung hydroxyproline) over the next 28 days. Results Combined bleomycin/adenoviral vector administration caused a 3-fold increase in 28 day mortality compared with bleomycin alone (20% to 60%; n = 20/group). The excess mortality was completely abrogated by substituting a UV-inactivated vector and partially abrogated with a null-expressing adenoviral vector. Similarly, combined bleomycin/adenoviral vector administration caused a 2-fold increase in the increment of lung collagen (hydroxyproline) compared with bleomycin alone (150 ± 18 μg/animal vs 300 ± 22 μg/animal; n = 5/group), which was abrogated by substituting a UV-inactivated, or a null-expressing adenoviral vector. Neither IT adenoviral vectors alone nor IT saline alone induced lung fibrosis (by hydroxyproline and trichrome stain). Combined bleomycin/adenoviral vector administration also resulted in increased inflammation (2-fold increment in total BAL cells), and alveolar protein levels compared with bleomycin alone, at 10 days after IT bleomycin. Adenoviral vectors alone had no effect on BAL cell counts or protein levels compared with IT saline-administered controls. The alveolar lymphocytosis was also 2-fold higher in the bleomycin/adenovirally administered group compared with the bleomycin alone group. These data indicate that adenoviral vectors are proinflammatory, enhance lymphocytic recruitment into the alveolar compartment and profibrotic. Further, the dependence of these effects on viral/foreign gene expression implicate antiviral adaptive immunity. Viral-induced adaptive immunity may be one mechanism whereby viral infection will induce a fibrotic response in susceptible hosts with underlying lung inflammation.
Multidimensional estimation of cardiac arrhythmia potential across space and time

All medications have adverse effects. Among the most serious of these are cardiac arrhythmias1. The current safety evaluation for cardiac toxicity involves interrogating effects of the drug on the delayed rectifier potassium current in single cells2 and the QT interval in healthy volunteers3. However, this paradigm for drug safety evaluation is costly4, lengthy5, conservative3, and impede efficient drug development6. Here we combine multiscale experiment and simulation, high-performance computing, and machine learning to create a multidimensional risk estimator to quickly and reliably stratify new and existing drugs according to their pro-arrhythmic potential. We capitalize on recent developments in machine learning and integrate information across ten orders of magnitude in space and time to provide a holistic picture of the effects of drugs, either individually or in combination with other drugs. We show, both experimentally and computationally, that drug-induced arrhythmias are dominated by the interplay between two currents with opposing effects: the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current and the L-type calcium current. Using Gaussian process classification, we create a classifier that stratifies drugs into safe and arrhythmic domains for any combinations of these two currents. We demonstrate that our classifier correctly identifies the risk categories of 23 common drugs, exclusively on the basis of their concentrations at 50% current block. Our new risk estimator explains under which conditions blocking the L-type calcium current can delay or even entirely suppress arrhythmogenic events. Using machine learning in drug safety evaluation can provide a more accurate and comprehensive mechanistic assessment of the pro-arrhythmic potential of new drugs. Our study paves the way towards establishing science-based criteria to accelerate drug development, design safer drugs, and reduce heart rhythm disorders.
Modeling analysis of grain morphologies in Directed energy deposition (DED) coating with different laser scanning patterns

Abstract Directed energy deposition (DED) is often utilized to coat metallic part with complex geometries in a variety of anti-corrosion materials or high-temperature materials. Computer-controlled scanning patterns always affect the grain morphology in coating, which can further influence coating’s mechanical properties. In this study, a Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Potts model is applied to predict the grain morphology under two different frequently-used laser scanning patterns: unidirectional and bidirectional raster patterns. Then the predicted grain morphologies in coatings with these two scanning patters were quantified and analyzed respectively. The simulated results were verified with an electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) image of SS304 DED part reported by a literature. It was found that the primary grain morphology in coating was columnar shape. Some fine equiaxed grains appeared near the center line of scanning path. However, the columnar grains had crescentic shapes under unidirectional pattern, which was different from the linear shape of columnar grains under bidirectional pattern.
Assessment of muscle oxygenation in children with congenital heart disease.

Background Adaptive responses to congenital heart disease result in altered muscle perfusion and muscle metabolism. Such changes may be detectable using noninvasive spectroscopic monitors. Aims In this study we aimed to determine if resting muscle oxygen saturation (MOx) is lower in children with acyanotic or cyanotic congenital heart disease than in healthy children and to identify differences in muscle oxygen consumption in children with cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. Methods Using a custom fiber optic spectrometer system, optical measurements were obtained from the calf or forearm of 49 patients (17 with acyanotic congenital heart disease, 18 with cyanotic congenital heart disease, and 14 control). Twenty additional control patients were used to develop the analytic model. Spectra were used to determine MOx at baseline, during arterial occlusion, and during reperfusion. The rate of muscle desaturation during arterial occlusion was also evaluated. Two-sample t-tests were used to compare each heart disease group with the controls. Results Patients with acyanotic and cyanotic congenital heart disease had lower baseline MOx than controls. Baseline MOx was 91.3% (CI 85.9%, 96.7%) for acyanotic patients, 91.1% (CI 86.3%, 95.9%) for cyanotic patients, and 98.9% (CI 96.7%, 101.1%) for controls. Similarly, MOx was lower in the acyanotic and cyanotic groups than the controls after reperfusion (84.6% [CI 74.1%, 95.1%] and 82.1% [CI 74.5%, 89.7%] vs 98.9% [96.5%, 101.3%]). The rate of decline in oxygenation was significantly greater in cyanotic patients versus controls (0.46%/s (CI 0.30%, 0.62%/s) vs 0.17%/s (0.13%, 0.21%/s)). Conclusion This study demonstrates that muscle oxygenation is abnormal in children with both cyanotic and acyanotic congenital heart disease. This suggests that noninvasive monitoring of muscle oxygenation may provide valuable information in situations where children with congenital heart disease may be at risk of hemodynamic compromise.
The Patient Care Ownership Scale: Development of an Instrument to Measure Patient Care Ownership Among Internal Medicine Trainees

Patient care ownership is essential to delivering high-quality medical care but appears to be eroding among trainees. The lack of an objective measure has limited the study of ownership in physicians. To develop an instrument to measure psychological ownership of patient care. Cross-sectional study. Internal medicine trainees in a large, academic hospital completing an inpatient rotation. Our scale prototype adapted an existing ownership scale (developed in the non-medical setting) based on themes identified in qualitative studies of patient care ownership. We conducted cognitive interviews to determine face validity of the scale items. Our finalized scale measures ownership’s key constructs: advocacy, responsibility, accountability, follow-through, knowledge, communication, initiative, continuity of care, autonomy, and perceived ownership. We distributed an online, anonymous, 46-question survey to 219 residents; 192 residents completed the survey; and 166 responses were included in the analysis. We calculated Cronbach’s α to determine the scale’s internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore possible subscales. We examined construct validity using bivariate and correlational analysis. The 15-item ownership scale demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.89). We identified three possible subscales corresponding to assertiveness, being the “go-to” person, and diligence. Training level and prior intensive care unit experience significantly predicted ownership (p < 0.01). There was no significant relationship between ownership and age, gender, inpatient service type, call schedule, patient turnover, or supervisory experience of the attending physician. We found a significant negative correlation between ownership and perceived degree of burnout (r = − 0.33), depression (r = − 0.24), detachment (r = − 0.35), and frustration (r = − 0.31) and a significant positive association between ownership and fulfillment (r = 0.37) and happiness (r = 0.36). We developed an instrument to quantify patient care ownership in residents. Our scale demonstrates good internal consistency and preliminary evidence of validity. With further validation, we expect this to be a valuable tool to evaluate interventions aimed at improving ownership.
The Microstructure of Experience

I argue that experiences can have microphenomenal structures, where the macrophenomenal properties we introspect are realized by non-introspectible microphenomenal properties. After explaining what it means to ascribe a microstructure to experience, I defend the thesis against its principal philosophical challenge, discuss how the thesis interacts with other philosophical issues about experience, and consider our prospects for investigating the microphenomenal realm.
Bidirectional Relationship Between Language Skills and Behavior Problems in Preschool Children From Low-Income Families:

The purpose of this study was to examine the longitudinal, bidirectional relationship between language skills and behavior problems in a sample of 194 preschool children enrolled in Head Start prog...
Bioconjugatable synthetic chlorins rendered water-soluble with three PEG-12 groups via click chemistry

Chlorins provide many ideal features for use as red-region fluorophores but require molecular tailoring for solubilization in aqueous solution. A chlorin building-block bearing 18,18-dimethyl, 15-b...