cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Copper(I)-Mediated Borofluorination of Alkynes

The electrophilic fluorination of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) vinyls results in fluoroalkene formation. Alkynes can be converted to cis-(β-fluorovinyl)boronates by a reaction with an (NHC)copper(I) boryl generated in situ, followed by N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI). This sequence gives rise to anti-Markovnikov fluorination products from terminal alkynes. Oxidation of a cis-(β-fluorovinyl)trifluoroboronate yields an α-fluoroketone, whereas a palladium-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling yields a tetrasubstituted monofluoroalkene.
Adoptive T cell therapy: engineering and biomanufacturing chimeric antigen receptor-T cell

Development of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cells is revolutionizing the field of cell therapy. Since its inception, research has been focused on improving the effectiveness, accessibility, and safety of CAR-T cell therapy. To achieve this, the biomanufacturing process must be scaled and optimized to match increasing demand. The current processes of engineering, activating, expanding, and purifying CAR-T cells have improved in recent years, but significant challenges in process scaleup and consistency remain. Additionally, engineering efforts now aim to enhance CAR-T cell therapy with ‘armored’ CAR-T cells to improve solid tumor penetration and immune system response to cancer. This review highlights the current processes and challenges in biomanufacturing and engineering CAR-T cells to improve its success in cancer treatment.
MUC5B is expressed by bronchoalveolar epithelia and is associated with ER stress in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease

Introduction: Given phenotypic similarities between rheumatoid arthritis–associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and our recent findings demonstrating that the MUC5B rs35705950 minor allele is a risk factor for both IPF and RA-ILD, we hypothesized that IPF and RA-ILD lung tissue would demonstrate similar localization of MUC5B and that MUC5B expression would be associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a mechanism of cell injury and repair. Methods: We analyzed lung tissue from patients with IPF and RA-ILD for concordant expression of MUC5B nd other relevant markers of pulmonary fibrosis. Results: Similar to our findings in IPF, we found that MUC5B is expressed in lung tissue from patients with RA-ILD (Figures A, B) and MUC5B mRNA co-localizes with surfactant protein C (SPC) mRNA, a marker of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (Figure C). Furthermore, using fluorescent mRNA in situ hybridization, we found that epithelial cells expressing MUC5B are also undergoing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (Figure D). Conclusion: We conclude that MUC5B is expressed by the bronchoalveolar epithelia and MUC5B mRNA is co-expressed by cells expressing surfactant protein C in both IPF and RA-ILD. Importantly, cells that express MUC5B in both disease states are undergoing ER stress.
ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings: dispensing and administration--2002

Results of the 2002 ASHP national survey of pharmacy practice in hospital settings that pertain to dispensing and administration are presented. A stratified random sample of pharmacy directors at 1101 general and children's medical-surgical hospitals in the United States were surveyed by mail. SMG Marketing Group, Inc., supplied data on hospital characteristics; the survey sample was drawn from SMG's hospital database. The response rate was 46.7%. During 2002, both inpatient and outpatient hours of service increased compared with 2001. Paradoxically, there was an 8.5% decrease in pharmacy staffing and a 7% vacancy rate, suggesting that pharmacists are busier. Most hospitals (80%) had a centralized inpatient dispensing system, but 44% were planning to become more decentralized. Automated dispensing cabinets were used by 58% of hospitals with decentralized drug distribution systems. Most hospitals (81.4%) dispensed more than three quarters of oral doses as unit doses and 63.3% of injectable doses to non-critical care patients, increases from 1999. A large percentage of hospitals (89%) repackaged both oral and injectable medications. More hospitals were repackaging medications than three years ago, primarily because of lack of commercial availability. Approximately 20% of pharmacies either partially or completely outsourced drug preparation activities. Nurses administered medications in virtually all hospitals (99.7%). Despite widespread recommendations to use bar-code technology to check and document doses administered, only 1.5% of hospitals used this technology, an increase from 1.1% in 1999. Nearly two thirds of hospitals used computer-generated medication administration records. While pharmaceutical services are expanding, workforce issues continue to challenge pharmacists trying to maintain and enhance safe medication systems. Safe systems continue to be in place in most hospitals, but the adoption of new technology to improve safety is slow.
Automated logic synthesis for electro-optic computing in integrated photonics

As a tremendous amount of data is being created exponentially day by day, integrated optical computing starts to attract lots of attention recently due to the bottleneck in the continuation of Moore’s law. With the rapid development of micro/nano-scale optical devices, integrated photonics has shown its potential to satisfy the demand of computation with an ultracompact size, ultrafast speed, and ultralow power consumption. As one of the paradigms in optical computing, the electro-optic logic that combines the merits of photonics and electronics has made considerable progress in various fundamental logic gates. It therefore becomes very critical to develop an automated design method to synthesize these logic devices for large-scale optical computing circuits. In this paper, we propose a new automated logic synthesis algorithm based on And-Inverter Graphs (AIGs) for electro-optic computing. A comprehensive component library of electro-optic logic is summarized with several new proposed logic gates. As an example, a large-scale ripple-carry full adder which serves as the core part of the arithmetic logical unit (ALU) is presented. In the design, all the electrical signals could be applied simultaneously at every clock cycle and then the light could process the signals through every bit at the speed of light without any delay accumulated. High-speed experiment demonstrations are carried out, which show its potential in future high-speed and low-power-consumption optical computing.
1,1′,3,3′-Tetra­mesitylquinobis(imidazole)-2,2′-di­thione

The solid-state structural analysis of the title compound [systematic name: 5,11-disulfanylidene-4,6,10,12-tetrakis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-4,6,10,12-tetraazatricyclo[7.3.0.03,7]dodeca-1(9),3(7)-diene-2,8-dione], C44H44N4O2S2 [+solvent], reveals that the mol­ecule crystallizes in a highly symmetric cubic space group so that one quarter of the mol­ecule is crystallographically unique, the mol­ecule lying on special positions (two mirror planes, two twofold axes and a center of inversion). The crystal structure exhibits large cavities of 193 A3 accounting for 7.3% of the total unit-cell volume. These cavities contain residual density peaks but it was not possible to unambiguously identify the solvent therein. The contribution of the disordered solvent mol­ecules to the scattering was removed using a solvent mask and is not included in the reported mol­ecular weight. No classical hydrogen bonds are observed between the main mol­ecules.
Targeting BRD/BET proteins inhibits adaptive kinome upregulation and enhances the effects of BRAF/MEK inhibitors in melanoma

BRAF-mutant melanoma patients respond to BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors (BRAFi/MEKi), but drug-tolerant cells persist, which may seed disease progression. Adaptive activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) has been associated with melanoma cell drug tolerance following targeted therapy. While co-targeting individual RTKs can enhance the efficacy of BRAFi/MEKi effects, it remains unclear how to broadly target multiple RTKs to achieve more durable tumour growth inhibition. The blockage of adaptive RTK responses by the new BET inhibitor (BETi), PLX51107, was measured by RPPA and Western blot. Melanoma growth was evaluated in vitro by colony assay and EdU staining, as well as in skin reconstructs, xenografts and PDX models following BRAFi, MEKi and/or PLX51107 treatment. Treatment with PLX51107 limited BRAFi/MEKi upregulation of ErbB3 and PDGFR-β expression levels. Similar effects were observed following BRD2/4 depletion. In stage III melanoma patients, expression of BRD2/4 was strongly correlated with ErbB3. PLX51107 enhanced the effects of BRAFi/MEKi on inhibiting melanoma growth in vitro, in human skin reconstructs and in xenografts in vivo. Continuous triple drug combination treatment resulted in significant weight loss in mice, but intermittent BETi combined with continuous BRAFi/MEKi treatment was tolerable and improved durable tumour inhibition outcomes. Together, our data suggest that intermittent inhibition of BET proteins may improve the duration of responses following BRAFi/MEKi treatment in BRAF-mutant melanoma.
End effect correction for orthogonal small strain oscillatory shear in a rotational shear rheometer

The orthogonal superposition (OSP) technique is advantageous for measuring structural dynamics in complex fluids subjected to a primary shear flow. This technique superimposes a small-amplitude oscillation orthogonal to a primary shear flow to measure the real and imaginary components of the complex shear modulus. The commercial availability of OSP geometries and bi-axial transducers is expected to increase its adoption as a more routine rheological technique. It is important to understand calibration procedures and the influence of intrinsic inhomogeneous flow fields, residual pumping flow effects, and boundary forces at the leading edges of the geometry components on experimental error and measurement uncertainty. In this work, we perform calibration measurements of viscosity standards on a commercial shear rheometer using a double-wall concentric cylinder geometry. Newtonian calibration fluids with viscosities that range from 0.01 to 331 Pa s are used to obtain the end-effect factors in primary steady shear and orthogonal oscillatory shear directions. The corrections needed for the viscosity measured in steady shear range from 16 to 21%; whereas for the orthogonal complex viscosity, the errors range from 19 to 25%. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to understand the relationship between the end-effect corrections, OSP flow cell, and the imposed shear flow fields. We show that approximate linear shear deformation profiles are attained, in the double gap, for both primary rotational shear and orthogonal oscillatory shear deformation, with only a slight deviation for the fluid in the vicinity of the bob ends. We also present information on the velocity, pressure, and shear rate distributions for fluid within the entire flow cell. The overestimation of the orthogonal viscosity is attributed to the pressure forces exerted on the bob end surfaces (9%) and a higher shear rate in the double gap that leads to higher viscous stresses on the bob cylindrical surfaces (8%). The Newtonian fluid field information provides a benchmark for future simulations involving non-Newtonian fluids. Additionally, the operational knowledge (i.e., consistent sample filling) and measurement window (i.e., viscosity and frequency) described within are critical for proper use of the instrument and measurement accuracy.
Global Learning for Local Serving: Establishing the Links Between Study Abroad and Post-college Volunteering

This study contributes new evidence on the factors associated with undergraduate study abroad participation and post-college volunteering. Drawing on Education Longitudinal Study 2002–2012 data, this study analyzes how students’ ascribed characteristics, academic achievement, college environment, and participation in study abroad are associated with students’ likelihood to volunteer after college. Grounded in human capital and status attainment theories, this study employs Astin’s Inputs-Environment-Outcomes framework to isolate study abroad as a high-impact education practice associated with post-college volunteering. Controlling for service-learning, previous volunteering experience, and selection bias for study abroad using inverse propensity of treatment weighting (IPTW), this study provides some of the clearest evidence that study abroad is an educational experience that promotes democratic outcomes. For study abroad program providers, these results suggest that more intentional methods of engendering a desire to improve the local situation upon returning home can further promote civic engagement. On a larger scale, these results provide some relief to the worry that American higher education is not adequately preparing students for democratic citizenship while drawing attention to the fact that only a small subset of the undergraduate population participates in study abroad to receive these benefits.
Counterfactual regret minimization for integrated cyber and air defense resource allocation

Abstract This research presents a new application of optimal and approximate solution techniques to solve resource allocation problems with imperfect information in the cyber and air-defense domains. We develop a two-player, zero-sum, extensive-form game to model attacker and defender roles in both physical and cyber space. We reformulate the problem to find a Nash equilibrium using an efficient, sequence-form linear program. Solving this linear program produces optimal defender strategies for the multi-domain security game. We address large problem instances with an application of the approximate counterfactual regret minimization algorithm. This approximation reduces computation time by 95% while maintaining an optimality gap of less than 3%. Our application of discounted counterfactual regret results in a further 36% reduction in computation time from the base algorithm. We develop domain insights through a designed experiment to explore the parameter space of the problem and algorithm. We also address robust opponent exploitation by combining existing techniques to extend the counterfactual regret algorithm to include a discounted, constrained variant. A comparison of robust linear programming, data-biased response, and constrained counterfactual regret approaches clarifies trade-offs between exploitation and exploitability for each method. The robust linear programming approach is the most effective, producing an exploitation to exploitability ratio of 10.8 to 1.
Definition and Analysis of Textbook Outcome: A Novel Quality Measure in Kidney Transplantation.

“Textbook outcome” (TO) is a novel composite quality measure that encompasses multiple postoperative endpoints, representing the ideal “textbook” hospitalization for complex surgical procedures. We defined TO for kidney transplantation using a cohort from a high-volume institution. Adult patients who underwent isolated kidney transplantation at our institution between 2016 and 2019 were included. TO was defined by clinician consensus at our institution to include freedom from intraoperative complication, postoperative reintervention, 30-day intensive care unit or hospital readmission, length of stay > 75th percentile of kidney transplant patients, 90-day mortality, 30-day acute rejection, delayed graft function, and discharge with a Foley catheter. Recipient, operative, financial characteristics, and post-transplant patient, graft, and rejection-free survival were compared between patients who achieved and failed to achieve TO. A total of 557 kidney transplant patients were included. Of those, 245 (44%) achieved TO. The most common reasons for TO failure were delayed graft function (N = 157, 50%) and hospital readmission within 30 days (N = 155, 50%); the least common was mortality within 90 days (N = 6, 2%). Patient, graft, and rejection-free survival were significantly improved among patients who achieved TO. On average, patients who achieved TO incurred approximately $50,000 less in total inpatient charges compared to those who failed TO. TO in kidney transplantation was associated with favorable post-transplant outcomes and significant cost-savings. TO may offer transplant centers a detailed performance breakdown to identify aspects of perioperative care in need of process improvement.
Regulatory focus and the p factor: Evidence for self-regulatory dysfunction as a transdiagnostic feature of general psychopathology.

Abstract A general psychopathology (‘p’) factor captures transdiagnostic features of mental illness; however, the meaning of the p factor remains unclear. Regulatory focus theory postulates that individuals regulate goal pursuit either by maximizing gains (promotion) or minimizing losses (prevention). As maladaptive goal pursuit has been associated with multiple categorical disorders, we examined whether individual differences in promotion and prevention goal pursuit are associated with p as well as internalizing- and externalizing-specific factors using structural equation modeling of data from 1330 volunteers aged 18–22. Unsuccessful attainment of promotion and prevention goals was related to increased levels of p. Over and above relations with the p factor, unsuccessful attainment of promotion goals was associated with higher internalizing-specific psychopathology, whereas unsuccessful attainment of prevention goals was related to higher externalizing-specific psychopathology. These associations also were separable from related personality traits. After controlling for sex differences in the composition of the psychopathology factors, there were no sex differences in the relations between promotion and prevention goal pursuit and p and specific internalizing and externalizing factors. These findings suggest higher general psychopathology reflects poorer overall self-regulation of goal pursuit and that maladaptive promotion and prevention orientations also are associated with internalizing- and externalizing-specific psychopathology, respectively.
A Closer Look at Risk Factors Associated with Airway Complications in Lung Transplantation

Purpose Airway complications can cause significant morbidity in lung transplantation; prevalence varies between 8-20%. In 2018, the ISHLT created a new grading system for airway complications. This study's aim was to grade airway complications using the new system and identify associated risk factors including the use of ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP). Methods This was a retrospective, single-center study of 188 lung transplants done between Feb 2016 and Mar 2020. Clinically significant airway ischemia (CSAI) was defined as ischemia severity equal to or worse than grade B2, > 50% stenosis, or dehiscence. EVLP was performed using the Organ Care System (OCS) Lung, in the setting of extended criteria donors (ECD) which included any combination of the following: age >55 yrs, > 6-hr ischemia, death from circulatory arrest, >20 pack-yr smoke history, or PF ratio Results 188 recipients or 339 lung allografts were transplanted within the study period. The average age was 52.4 years; 58% were male. Out of 339 lung allografts, 116 (34%) met criteria for CSAI. 15.3% of allografts were preserved using EVLP and of these, 88.5% were ECD. Recipients with diabetes mellitus were more likely to have CSAI than those without (OR 2.46, p value = 0.04). CSAI was associated with several factors in the unadjusted analysis including EVLP (OR 1.65, 95% CI 0.90-3.01), continuous running suture technique versus interrupted suture technique (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.05-3.33), right versus left allograft (OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.90-2.21), right versus left side of first anastomosis (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.45-1.11) and extracorporeal life support (ECLS) versus off-pump (OR 1.77, 95% CI 0.93-3.41). In particular, 23 of the 52 (44%) of the lung allografts performed with EVLP had CSAI compared to 93 of the 287 (32%) allografts procured traditionally. CSAI was significantly associated with EVLP (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.05-3.76) and continuous running suture technique (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.05-3.94) after adjusting for recipient, donor and intraoperative factors. Conclusion A high burden of CSAI was detected in our study. Analysis suggests that ECD lungs preserved with EVLP may be at higher risk of CSAI than donor lungs preserved on ice, but use of interrupted suture technique and avoidance of ECLS may reduce this risk.
Titers, Prevalence, and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in a Local COVID-19 Outbreak and Following Vaccination

Information concerning the development of neutralizing antibodies and their duration will be critical to establishing herd immunity for COVID-19. We sought to evaluate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies, their duration, and capacity for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in volunteers while the pandemic spread within our community starting in March 2020. Those participants with the highest starting titers had the longest-lasting response, up to 12 months post-diagnosis. SARS-CoV-2 neutralization capacity was correlated with anti-RBD antibody levels. The majority of our participants with confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis had very mild or asymptomatic infections. We also detected low and largely non-neutralizing anti-RBD IgG titers in a few participants with no known COVID-19 diagnosis. Finally, we found that antibody responses induced by vaccination were significantly higher than those induced by natural infection. Thus, our study suggests that vaccination is still critical even for those naturally infected or diagnosed with COVID-19.
Emergence and Evolution of Network Structures in Complex Interorganizational Project Teams

AbstractNetworks in complex interorganizational engineering project teams are shaped by individuals’ actions to perform specific project functions. These networks are dynamic; they change based on ...
A market-driven methodology for improving servicability through an integrated customer/supplier partnership (CSP)

Summary form only given. The customer/supply partnership (CSP), an innovative market-driven supply/commit process which integrates customer and supplier business operations, is discussed. CSP provides quick turn-around in a dynamic market, and produces accurate, detailed delivery projections which optimize customer production schedules and supplier servicability. CSP's all-encompassing approach to the supply/commit process resulted in systems integration, enhanced work-in-progress (WIP) prioritization, six-sigma defect reductions and significant cycle time reductions across process steps, resulting in a 60% reduction in the overall order/commit cycle. The business process can be credited with delivering 100% customer serviceability since its recent implementation. >
Morphogen gradients, positional information, and Xenopus: interplay of theory and experiment.

The idea of morphogen gradients has long been an important one in developmental biology. Studies with amphibians and with Xenopus in particular have made significant contributions to demonstrating the existence, identity, and mechanisms of action of morphogens. Mesoderm induction and patterning by activin, nodals, bone morphogenetic proteins, and fibroblast growth factors have been analyzed thoroughly and reveal recurrent and combinatorial roles for these protein growth factor morphogens and their antagonists. The dynamics of nodal-type signaling and the intersection of VegT and β-catenin intracellular gradients reveal detailed steps in early long-range patterning. Interpretation of gradients requires sophisticated mechanisms for sharpening thresholds, and the activin-Xbra-Gsc system provides an example of this. The understanding of growth factor signal transduction has elucidated growth factor morphogen action and provided tools for dissecting their direct long-range action and distribution. The physical mechanisms of morphogen gradient establishment are the focus of new interest at both the experimental and theoretical level. General themes and emerging trends in morphogen gradient studies are discussed. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The FCC Under Attack

The Federal Communications Commission voted in a contentious three-two split to relax rules limiting ownership of TV stations, radio stations, and newspapers. Among its critics are members of Congress who may pass legislation reinstating the old rules. Others will likely file suit against the FCC in the hopes of overturning the decision. This article will discuss the current debate over media deregulation in light of the recent FCC order. Specifically, this ibrief focuses on concerns over media consolidation in the wake of the ‘Clear Channelization’ of American radio, and addresses the contrasting depictions of the current media landscape by advocates and opponents of deregulation.
PM3: An Orthogonal Persistent Systems Programming Language - Design, Implementation, Performance

PM3 is an orthogonally persistent extension of the Modula-3 systems programming language, supporting persistence by reachability from named persistent roots. We describe the design and implementation of the PM3 prototype, and show that its performance is competitive with its nonorthogonal counterparts by direct comparison with the SHORE/C++ language binding to the SHORE object store. Experimental results, using the traversal portions of the OO7 benchmark, reveal that the overheads of orthogonal persistence are not inherently more expensive than for nonorthogonal persistence, and justify our claim that orthogonal persistence deserves a level of acceptance similar to that now emerging for automatic memory management (i.e., “garbage collection”), even in performance-conscious settings. The consequence will be safer and more flexible persistent systems that do not compromise performance.
Grand Strategy in Theory and Practice: The Need for an Effective American Foreign Policy

This book explores fundamental questions about grand strategy, as it has evolved across generations and countries. It provides an overview of the ancient era of grand strategy and a detailed discussion of its philosophical, military, and economic foundations in the modern era. The author investigates these aspects through the lenses of four approaches - those of historians, social scientists, practitioners, and military strategists. The main goal is to provide contemporary policy makers and scholars with a historic and analytic framework in which to evaluate and conduct grand strategy. By providing greater analytical clarity about grand strategy and describing its nature and its utility for the state, this book presents a comprehensive theory on the practice of grand strategy in order to articulate the United States' past, present, and future purpose and position on the world stage.
Estimating probabilities of peptide database identifications to LC-FTICR-MS observations

Background The field of proteomics involves the characterization of the peptides and proteins expressed in a cell under specific conditions. Proteomics has made rapid advances in recent years following the sequencing of the genomes of an increasing number of organisms. A prominent technology for high throughput proteomics analysis is the use of liquid chromatography coupled to Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LC-FTICR-MS). Meaningful biological conclusions can best be made when the peptide identities returned by this technique are accompanied by measures of accuracy and confidence.
Thermopower in Quantum Dots

At relatively high temperatures the electron transport in single electron transistors in the Coulomb blockade regime is dominated by the processes of sequential tunneling. However, as the temperature is lowered the cotunneling of electrons becomes the most important mechanism of transport. This does not affect significantly the general behavior of the conductance as a function of the gate voltage, which always shows a periodic sequence of sharp peaks. However, the shape of the Coulomb blockade oscillations of the thermopower changes qualitatively. Although the thermopower at any fixed gate voltage vanishes in the limit of zero temperature, the amplitude of the oscillations remains of the order of 1/e.
Detecting and defending against malicious attacks in the iTrust information retrieval network

This paper presents novel statistical algorithms for detecting and defending against malicious attacks in the iTrust information retrieval network. The novel detection algorithm determines empirically the probabilities of the exact numbers of matches based on the number of responses that the requesting node receives. It calculates analytically the probabilities of the exact numbers of matches and the probabilities of one or more matches when some proportion of the nodes have been subverted or are non-operational. It compares the empirical and analytical probabilities to estimate the proportion of subverted or non-operational nodes. The novel defensive adaptation algorithm then increases the number of nodes to which the metadata and the requests are distributed to maintain the same probability of a match when some of the nodes are subverted or non-operational as when all of the nodes are operational. Experimental results substantiate the effectiveness of the statistical algorithms for detecting and defending against malicious attacks.
Generation of confined-spectrum pulses using an absorption p-i-n diode modulator

Using a digital computer the spectrum of a Gaussian envelope pulse can be evaluated to accuracies of better than 0.01 dB over a dynamic range of 100 dB. This technique was used to investigate the problems in existing microwave transmitters. From such a study a low-level absorption-type modulator followed by linear power amplification is a logical method. A commercially available p-i-n diode modulator was then measured on a microwave network analyzer, and, from the resulting amplitude and phase data, the spectrum was computed. The computed prediction of the spectrum was then compared to the measured spectrum and found to agree within 1 dB to -50 dB.
Factors Influencing Juror Verdict in a Case Involving Repressed Memories of Abuse

Mental health professionals acting as expert witnesses are expected to testify about the prevalence of sexual abuse, and also about the veracity of memory. In cases involving adult survivors of sexual abuse, this testimony is typically about repressed and false memory syndromes. Many professionals have noted concerns about the lack of definitive data to support either syndrome. This study examined the following variables: juror knowledge and experience with repressed and false memory syndromes, juror attitudes about sexual abuse and memory recovery techniques, and gender of juror on verdict. Results include effects for repressed memory knowledge/experience and gender. Gender differences were found regarding attitudes about abuse and memory. Concluding comments include practical and research implications of the study results.
CAR dry etching technology to produce 0.13-μm reticle

ABSTRACT Process optimizations have been done to carried out on "O.l3um " reticle manufacturing with feature sizes of under 520nm. Micro-loading<lOnm and CD uniformity (3S)<lOmn process for binary Cr reticle can be achieved with dry etching process using chemical amplifj resist (CAR) blanks. HL-950 writer with resist films of400nm and dry etching with Centura system were adopted for the purpose. It has shown that by optimizing selectivity window in Centura system without assistant gas addition, one could improve the process capability significantly. Design of experiment was applied to investigating the effects of source power, bias power and total pressure on CD uniformity, Micro-loading, Linearity and Process bias. With the DOE results, the process conditions could be finetuned to an optimal set of variables, which allow us to manufacture O.l3um masks. 1. INTRODUCTION While technology enters O.l3um generation, smaller feature
Inupiat Naming and Community History: The Tapqaq and Saniniq Coasts near Shishmaref, Alaska

Land in the Tapqaq-Saniniq region of northwest Alaskafunctions as a text for Inupiat Eskimo people. Information about place is transmitted orally and includes toponyms, which comprise a critical body of traditional Inupiat knowledge. Patterns associated with place-naming are tied to geography, subsistence hunting and gathering, kinship and social structure, local history, personal experience, and belief. This essay focuses on toponyms as a vehicle of Inupiat ideology, and as cultural artifacts. Toponym types identified include descriptive-geographic toponyms , generic descriptive names, activity toponyms, family texts, creation texts, cautionary toponym-tales, and memory names. Data for this study were collected through standard methods of folklore and cultural geography. The results update many early place-name studies by deepening the definition of what “place” is for the Inupiat, supplying context for toponyms, and amassing considerable data in the form of Native texts.
Polygyny and women's health in sub-Saharan Africa

In this paper we review the literature on the association between polygyny and women’s health in sub-Saharan Africa. We argue that polygyny is an example of ‘‘co-operative conflict’’ within households, with likely implications for the vulnerability of polygynous women to illness, and for their access to treatment. We begin with a review of polygyny and then examine vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STIs, including HIV) and differential reproductive outcomes. Polygyny is associated with an accelerated transmission of STIs, both because it permits a multiplication of sexual partners and because it correlates with low rates of condom use, poor communication between spouses, and age and power imbalances among other factors. Female fertility is affected by the interplay between marital rank, household status, and cultural norms in polygynous marriages. Finally, we present areas which have received only cursory attention: mental health and a premature, ‘‘social’’ menopause. Although data are scarce, polygyny seems to be associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression, particularly around stressful life events. It is our hope that the examples reviewed here will help build a framework for mixed method quality research, which in turn can inform decision makers on more appropriate, context-dependent health policies.
AIDS as a consequence of la antigen recognition: a closer look

It is now evident that the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a retrovirus or a series of retroviruses ~ 5 termed lymphadenopathy virus (LAV) (Ref. 1) or human T lymphotropic virus-Ill (HTLV-III) (Refs 2-4). Furthermore, the primary target of this virus during the early stages of the syndrome appears to be CD4 ÷ lymphocytes 6-8 (see footnote). The defects in T-lymphocyte function characteristic of AIDS pa- tients support the concept that the CD4 + popula- tion of T cells is abnormal 1°-19. Graft-versus-host reactions have a variety of effects on the mouse immune system, including the induction of auto-immunity 2° and immune deficiency 21'22. When parental T ceils are injected into healthy, immunologically competent F~ mice the resultant graft-versus-host recognition induces an immune deficiency (GVHID) 22 which parallels, immunologically23 2s and histopathologically 26, the abnormalities seen in AIDS patients. We sug- gested that recognition of allogeneic la or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigenic determinants was responsible for initiation of the immune defects in AIDS and GVHID 23. We also suggested that increased levels of self-la antigens or modified self-la resulting from the AIDS infectious agent could contribute to the immune-deficient state 23. The contribution of allogeneic lymphocytes may be accessory to the virus, and might involve transfer of virus by infected allogeneic leukocytes in semen or blood
The oriented C2Cl6− radical in irradiated hexachloroethane single crystals: An EPR and molecular-orbital study

Abstract The C 2 Cl 6 − radical has been detected by EPR methods in X-ray irradiated C 2 Cl 6 crystals at 77 K. The radical, which decays rapidly upon exposure to visible light at 77 K, retains the staggered configuration of C 2 Cl 6 and exhibits a structure in which the directions of the largest chlorine hyperfine tensor component and smallest component of the g -tensor occur close to the CC bond direction. In contrast, an INDO calculation predicts that the largest unpaired electron density occurs along the CCl bond direction and the CCl bond length increases by 0.4 A upon electron addition.
WKB method, susy quantum mechanics and the index theorem

Abstract A WKB expression for the kernel valid for quantum mechanical systems with bosonic and fermionic degrees of freedom is presented. This expression is used to compute the index for the twisted spin complex.
The Political Origins of the New Constitutionalism

Over the past two decades the world has witnessed an astonishingly rapid transition to what may be called juristocracy. Around the globe, in numerous countries and in several supranational entities, fundamental constitutional reform has transferred an unprecedented amount of power from representative institutions to judiciaries. Most of these polities have a recently adopted constitution or constitutional revision that contains a bill of rights and establishes some form of active judicial review. National high courts and supranational tribunals meanwhile have become increasingly important, even crucial, policy-making bodies. To paraphrase Alexis de Tocqueville’s observation regarding the United States, there is now hardly any moral, political, or public policy controversy in the new constitutionalism world that does not sooner or later become a judicial one. This global trend toward the expansion of the judicial domain is arguably one of the most significant developments in late twentieth and early twenty-first century government. The global trend toward judicial empowerment through constitutionalization has been accompanied and reinforced by an almost unequivocal endorsement of the notion of constitutionalism and judicial review by scholars, jurists, and activists alike. As Ronald Dworkin—perhaps the most prominent constitutional
Hepatitis C virus core protein represses p21WAF1/Cip1/Sid1 promoter activity

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often causes a prolonged and persistent infection, and an association between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HCV infection has been noted. Recent experimental evidence using a cloned genomic region suggests that the putative core protein of HCV has numerous biological properties and is implicated as a viral factor for HCV mediated pathogenesis. WAF1/Cip1/Sid1 (p21) is the prototype of a family of proteins that inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and regulate cell cycle progression in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we have observed that the HCV core protein represses the transcriptional activity of the p21 promoter when tested separately by an in-vitro transient expression assay using murine fibroblasts (NIH3T3), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), and human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells. A deletion analysis of the p21 promoter suggested that the HCV core responsive region is located downstream of the p53 binding site. A gel mobility shift analysis showed that the HCV core protein does not bind directly to p21 regulatory sequences. Thus, the HCV core protein appears to act as an effector in the promotion of cell growth by repressing p21 transcription through unknown cellular factor(s).
Chemistry of Sulfur Oxides on Transition Metals I: Configurations, Energetics, Orbital Analyses, and Surface Coverage Effects of SO2 on Pt(111)

An extensive search for stable chemisorbed SO2 configurations on the Pt(111) surface has been performed using first-principles DFT−GGA calculations. The most energetically stable configurations, η2...
Effect of the Metal on Electron Transfer across Self-Assembled Monolayers

Electron-transfer kinetic measurements are made on one type of self-assembled monolayer {HS(CH2)15COOH with attached [RuII(NH3)5(4-aminomethylpyridine)]} on gold, platinum, and silver polycrystalline electrodes in one electrolyte at room temperature. Cyclic voltammograms over a wide range of scan rates are analyzed to extract the rate constants as a function of overpotential. Tafel plots are fitted to theoretical curves based on the Marcus DOS theory to obtain the standard rate constants and the reorganization energies. A reorganization energy of 0.8 ± 0.1 eV is obtained on all three metals. The standard rate constants for Au, Pt, and Ag are 1.0 ± 0.3, 1.7 ± 0.4, and 0.6 ± 0.2 s-1. The results confirm the theoretical prediction that the electronic coupling of “d” band states in the metal to remote redox centers is weak.
Red Wine in Moderation: Potential Health Benefits Independent of Alcohol

Moderate drinking of alcoholic beverages is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease. It is generally accepted that the ethanol itself is at least partially responsible for this association. However, whether red wine has any additional benefits is unclear since the epidemiologic studies addressing the additional effects of wine did not distinguish red from white. This review focuses on the differences between red wine and white wine with regard to their chemical components and biologic effects. Red wine contains considerably more flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins, than white wine. Red wine, as well as its flavonoid constituents, has been shown to have antioxidant activities, to inhibit platelet aggregation, and to relax blood vessels. The data suggest that a moderate intake of red wine (1–2 drinks per day) may have potential health benefits independent of alcohol, and this warrants further clinical studies and epidemiologic investigations. In light of the dangers associated with alcohol consumption, it may be wise for some people to obtain the red wine flavonoids through consumption of fruits and vegetables that also contain these phytochemicals.
Effects of high-temperature annealing on ultra-thin CdTe solar cells

Abstract High-temperature annealing (HTA), a process step prior to vapor cadmium chloride (VCC) treatment, has been found to be useful for improving the crystallinity of CdTe films and the efficiency of ultra-thin CdTe solar cells. Scanning electron microscopy, optical absorption, photoluminescence measurements and analyses on photoluminescence results using spectral deconvolution reveal that the additional HTA step produces substantial grain growth and reduces grain boundary defects. It also reduces excessive sulfur diffusion across the junction that can occur during the VCC treatment. The HTA step helps to produce pinhole-free CdTe films and reduce electrical shorts in ultra-thin CdTe solar cells. An efficiency of about 11.6% has been demonstrated for ultra-thin CdS/CdTe solar cells processed with HTA step.
Identification of Leishmania spp. by Molecular Amplification and DNA Sequencing Analysis of a Fragment of rRNA Internal Transcribed Spacer 2

Isoenzyme analysis of cultured parasites is the conventional approach for Leishmania species identification. Molecular approaches have the potential to be more sensitive and rapid. We designed PCR generic primers to amplify a segment of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) from multiple Leishmania species. To validate the selected ITS2 fragment, we tested clinical specimens and compared the species results obtained by the molecular approach (PCR followed by DNA sequencing analysis) with those from the parasitologic approach (in vitro culture followed by isoenzyme analysis). Among the 159 patients with clinical specimens positive by both approaches, a total of eight Leishmania species were identified. The species results were concordant for all but two patients: for one patient, the results were Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis by the molecular approach versus L. (V.) braziliensis by the parasitologic approach; for the other patient, the results were L. (Leishmania) tropica versus L. (L.) major, respectively. ITS2 PCR, followed by sequencing analysis, can be used to detect and discriminate among Leishmania species. The results confirmed our hypothesis that a region of the ITS2 gene can complement the characterization of Leishmania parasites at the species level. The approach we developed can be used as a diagnostic tool in reference laboratories with adequate infrastructure to perform molecular characterization of pathogens.
The Role of Treatment Setting and High Acuity in the Overdiagnosis of Schizophrenia in African Americans

Multiple studies have shown that significant disparities exist in the diagnosis of schizophrenia between African Americans (AAs) and Whites with severe mental illness. This phenomenon has been a topic in the literature for nearly three decades, yet it remains unclear what factors contribute most conclusively to the overdiagnosis of schizophrenia in AAs. The purpose of this article was to collectively examine the contributing factors identified in the literature and to discuss the role of acuity and treatment setting in overdiagnosis as well. A variety of client-level (higher rates of use of psychotomimetic substances in AAs) and care process-level (misinterpretation of cultural mistrust as paranoia, under detection of depression, similarities in diagnostic criteria between mood and psychotic disorders, provider bias, miscommunication between patient and provider, changes in diagnostic criteria, differences in diagnostic practice between providers, and a lack of sufficient data obtained) factors emerged as influential in overdiagnosis. However, in this review, it also emerged that AAs tendency to use emergency and acute care services, a systems level factor, could be related as well. It is possible that assessment at a time when symptom acuity is severe might increase the likelihood of a schizophrenia diagnosis in AAs.