cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ocular comparative anatomy of the family Rodentia.

There is little information regarding ocular anatomy and histology in many of the rodent species. Histological analyses for morphologic features were performed in 31 globes from 18 rodent species submitted to and archived at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin. The following measurements were taken: thickness of the cornea, corneal epithelium, corneal stroma, Descemet's membrane, and retina. HE however, they had vessels within the optic nerve head. Ground squirrels have an optic nerve head, which is linear in the horizontal plane and an asymmetric retina. The tree-dwelling squirrels have a rounded but still elongated optic nerve, and the flying squirrel has a round optic nerve head like all the other rodents.
Regulation of nitrate assimilation by ammonium in soils and in isolated soil microorganisms

The regulation of NO−3 assimilation by NH+4 and amino acids was studied to better define the conditions under which raicrobial NO−3 assimilation could be expected to take place in nature. The assay system was microbial isolates from soil and slurries of two soils enhanced in NO−3 assimilating capacity by previous exposure to glucose for 18–24 h. The NO−3 assimilation rate was monitored by a NO−3 electrode and the inhibition determined by the change in rate following addition of NH+4 or amino acids. NH+4 inhibited (by 60%) NO−3 assimilation immediately (< 1 min) and at very low NH+4 concentrations (O.1 μg N g−1 soil). At higher NH+4 concentrations (10 μg N g− soil) a second state of inhibition (80%) occurred after 5 min. The speed of the first inhibition stage suggests that the site of inhibition is the transport of NO−3 into the cell. Asparagine was the only amino acid to act as rapidly and effectively as NH+4 in the soil, and thus the amino acids are unlikely to be important regulators of NO−3 assimilation in soils. Of the three soil isolates studied, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas fluorescens responded to NH+4 and amino acids in a manner similar to the soil but NO−3 assimilation in the third organism, Azotobacter vinelandii, was generally insensitive to these N substrates in this short-term assay. Only high concentrations of NH+4 caused a partial inhibition of NO−3 assimilation in A. vinelandii. Due to the effectiveness of low NH+4 concentrations in inhibiting NO−3 assimilation in soils, microbial immobilization is not expected to be an important fate of NO−3 unless there are NH+4-free microsites in the soil.
A high-resolution, adaptive beam-shaping system for high-power lasers

A high-resolution, high-precision beam-shaping system for high-power-laser systems is demonstrated. A liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator is run in closed-loop to shape laser-beam amplitude and wavefront. An unprecedented degree of convergence is demonstrated, and important practical issues are discussed. Wavefront shaping for the applications in OMEGA EP laser is demonstrated, and other interesting examples are presented.
A Common Framework for Restriction Semigroups and Regular *-Semigroups

Abstract Left restriction semigroups have appeared at the convergence of several flows of research, including the theories of abstract semigroups, of partial mappings, of closure operations and even in logic. For instance, they model unary semigroups of partial mappings on a set, where the unary operation takes a map to the identity map on its domain. This perspective leads naturally to dual and two-sided versions of the restriction property. From a varietal perspective, these classes of semigroups–more generally, the corresponding classes of Ehresmann semigroups–derive from reducts of inverse semigroups, now taking a to a + = a a − 1 (or, dually, to a ∗ = a − 1 a , or in the two-sided version, to both). In this paper the notion of restriction semigroup is generalized to P -restriction semigroup, derived instead from reducts of regular ∗-semigroups (semigroups with a regular involution). Similarly, [left, right] Ehresmann semigroups are generalized to [left, right] P -Ehresmann semigroups. The first main theorem is an abstract characterization of the posets P of projections of each type of such semigroup as ‘projection algebras’. The second main theorem, at least in the two-sided case, is that for every P -restriction semigroup S there is a P -separating representation into a regular ∗-semigroup, namely the ‘Munn’ semigroup on its projection algebra, consisting of the isomorphisms between the algebra’s principal ideals under a modified composition. This theorem specializes to known results for restriction semigroups and for regular ∗-semigroups. A consequence of this representation is that projection algebras also characterize the posets of projections of regular ∗-semigroups. By further characterizing the sets of projections ‘internally’, we connect our universal algebraic approach with the classical approach of the so-called ‘York school’. The representation theorem will be used in a sequel to show how the structure of the free members in some natural varieties of ( P -)restriction semigroups may easily be deduced from the known structure of associated free inverse semigroups.
Decoding LDPC convolutional codes on Markov channels

This paper describes a pipelined iterative technique for joint decoding and channel state estimation of LDPC convolutional codes over Markov channels. Example designs are presented for the Gilbert-Elliott discrete channel model. We also compare the performance and complexity of our algorithm against joint decoding and state estimation of conventional LDPC block codes. Complexity analysis reveals that our pipelined algorithm reduces the number of operations per time step compared to LDPC block codes, at the expense of increased memory and latency. This tradeoff is favorable for low-power applications.
Reduction of iron (Fe3+ to Fe2+) by tumorous crown gall cells of sunflower.

Abstract Tumorous crown gall tissue induced on the stems of sunflower (Helianthus annus L. cv. Mammoth Russian) plants by the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens strongly reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ as evidenced by the formation of Fe2+ BPDS complex compared to surrounding “normal” stem tissue. Tumorous tissue contained significantly more Fe, Cu, K, and P, and less Zn and Mg than the nontumorous stem tissue. The reducing environment of the tumorous tissue appears to affect the general nutrition and growth of this tissue.
Cardiocirculatory responses to exercise - Physiologic study by noninvasive techniques.

The changes from rest to exercise were determined for certain phases of the cardiac cycle in ten healthy male subjects who underwent submaximal, physiologically paced bicycle ergometry. ECGs, phonocardiograms, and carotid pu lse tracings were recorded. The preejection period and isovolumic contraction time decreased with exercise. Changes in left ventricular ejection time appeared to depend on the severity or the duration of stress. Pulse transmission time did not change significantly. The data obtained in the study and comparison of these results to those obtained by invasive methods indicate that noninvasive techniques, when used in the manner suggested, are appropriate means for detecting a variety of cardiocirculatory changes during exercise.
A New Technique for Auger Analysis of Surface Species Subject to Electron‐Induced Desorption

A method is presented to observe surface species subject to electron‐induced desorption by Auger electron spectroscopy. The surface to be examined is moved under the electron beam at constant velocity, establishing a time‐independent condition and eliminating the time response of the electron spectrometer as a limiting factor. The dependence of the Auger signal on the sample velocity, incident electron current, beam diameter, and desorption cross section is analyzed. It is shown that it is advantageous to analyze the moving sample with a high beam current, in contrast to the usual practice of using a low beam current to minimize desorption from a stationary sample. The method is illustrated by the analysis of a friction transfer film of PTFE, in which the fluorine is removed by electron‐induced desorption. The method is relevant to surface studies in the field of lubrication and catalysis.
Margin requirements and stock market volatility

Abstract It has long been recognized that margin requirements, through leverage, affect the volume of speculative activity. Controlling speculative behavior is one approach to inhibiting overvaluation in stocks and reducing the potential for a precipitate price decline fueled by the involuntary selling that stems, for example, from margin calls.
Implications of Agrarian Structures upon the Agricultural Supply in Romania

Abstract The main objective of the paper is to identify the structural factors that led to a chronic insufficiency of the Romanian agri-food domestic supply in the last decades. The paper makes an update and re-evaluation of problems related to Romania's agriculture production potential, in the context of the current evolutions of the agrarian and production structures and of the possible effects of the Common Agricultural Policy Reform. The changes produced in the last decade are investigated with regard to farm consolidation, increase of farm area, agricultural land operation modality and land market problems. At the same time, the production structures are also analyzed in relation to farm size. The main conclusion of the study is that the current agrarian structures contribute by different modalities to ensuring the domestic agricultural supply and food security. The calculation of certain statistical indicators on production variability and its diversification on the large, medium and small-sized farms revealed the strong specialization of production on the large farms and production diversification on the small farms.
Removal of fatty soil from glass by surfactants and surfactant-builder compositions

Previous papers have reported radiotagged fatty soil removal from glass either by solvents or by aqueous solutions of sodium tripolyphosphate and other builders. This paper provies soil-removal data for aqueous systems of both pure and built surfactant compositions of the nonionic and alkylbenzene sulfonate types. In general, nonionics are the most effective detergents for the system fatty soil/glass; the 10-mole ethylene oxide adduct products show peak soil-removal. Nonionic surfactants appear most effective for soil removal when used in baths closely approaching their cloud-points. Though modification of hydrophobe by EO addition can affect cloud point, peak soil-removal effectiveness seems to be controlled by hydrophobe selection. Highest soil removal for the alkylbenzene series occurred with the longer alkyl chain (pentadecyl). Admixture of surfactant and sodium tripolyphosphate provided synergistic compositions with certain 10-EO surfactants. Building of anionics markedly improved soil removal over the pure material but seldom exceeded the removal by STP alone.
Wagging Wikipedia's long tail

In 2005, Wikipedia surpassed Encarta as the Internet's most popular reference site. Wikipedia calls itself "the free encyclopedia that anyone can edit," and it has grown rapidly since its founding in 2001. Wikipedia differs from other encyclopedias partly in its governance. Donations more than cover all administrative, hardware, and software costs. Beyond that, all work is voluntary, done under an open- source arrangement in which all content is shared.
Aerodynamic Force and Moment on Oscillating Airfoils in Cascade

A systematic theory is developed for airfoils in cascade oscillating about their mean position with constant interblade phase angle in a uniform incompressible flow. The theory fully accounts for the effect of angle of attack of the mean flow, the airfoils’ thickness and camber, and the cascade solidity and stagger. The formulation leads to two singular integral equations in the complex plane which are solved numerically by collocation. The results show that for certain values of the interblade phase angle, the airfoils’ thickness and incidence have a significant influence on the unsteady lift and moment particularly for staggered cascades.Copyright © 1978 by ASME
The internet-based arthritis self-management program: a one-year randomized trial for patients with arthritis or fibromyalgia.

Objective To determine the efficacy of an Internet-based Arthritis Self-Management Program (ASMP) as a resource for arthritis patients unable or unwilling to attend small-group ASMPs, which have proven effective in changing health-related behaviors and improving health status measures. Methods Randomized intervention participants were compared with usual care controls at 6 months and 1 year using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or fibromyalgia and Internet and e-mail access (n = 855) were randomized to an intervention (n = 433) or usual care control (n = 422) group. Measures included 6 health status variables (pain, fatigue, activity limitation, health distress, disability, and self-reported global health), 4 health behaviors (aerobic exercise, stretching and strengthening exercise, practice of stress management, and communication with physicians), 5 utilization variables (physician visits, emergency room visits, chiropractic visits, physical therapist visits, and nights in hospital), and self-efficacy. Results At 1 year, the intervention group significantly improved in 4 of 6 health status measures and self-efficacy. No significant differences in health behaviors or health care utilization were found. Conclusion The Internet-based ASMP proved effective in improving health status measures at 1 year and is a viable alternative to the small-group ASMP.
Theoretical lifetimes, transition energies, fluorescence yields, and nonradiative branching ratios for highly excited states of lithium-like argon

Abstract We have calculated theoretical transition rates and transition energies for the states of the excited electron configurations, 1s 2s nl and 1s 2p nl, of lithium-like argon. The values of n considered range from n=2 to n=4 with all allowed values of l included, l=0 to l=n-1. We present numerical results for the theoretical lifetimes, transition energies, fluorescence yields, and nonradiative branching ratios. These quantities are related to the dielectronic recombination rates and cross sections of helium-like argon.
Displacement of fibrinogen from the air/aqueous interface by dilauroylphosphatidylcholine lipid.

Fibrinogen (FB) and other serum proteins leak into the aqueous alveolar lining layer due to lung injuries. The adsorption of these serum proteins at the air/aqueous interface can produce higher surface tensions than the pulmonary lipids, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can ensue. By having a molecular adsorption mechanism, as compared to a particulate adsorption mechanism of other longer chain lipids, dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) lipid can expel FB from the air/aqueous interface at 25 °C, in water or in phosphate-buffered saline, as proven by tensiometry (also at 37 °C), ellipsometry, and infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, before FB is displaced by DLPC at the interface, there is a substantial initial enhancement in the FB adsorption, consistent with some interaction or binding of DLPC with FB to produce a more hydrophobic protein surface. After the FB molecules have been displaced by DLPC, or when DLPC has already adsorbed at the interface, FB molecules are less ...
Temperature dependence of the amorphization of NiTi irradiated with Ni ions

NiTi was irradiated with Ni ions at various temperatures in order to study the temperature dependence of the irradiation-induced crystalline-to-amorphous transition. The irradiations were conducted above the Asf temperature, and thus the specimens contained only the ordered B2 (CsC1) phase. The irradiations to similar doses at 150, 200, and 250°C showed that the amorphization kinetics slow down appreciably as the temperature is increased in this range. No amorphization was detected at irradiation temperatures of 350°C or higher, even after doses of 4 dpa. The small volume fraction of amorphous material observed after irradiation to 0.67 dpa at 250°C indicates that the cutoff temperature for amorphization is in the vicinity of this temperature. The amorphous regions of partly amorphous samples are distributed in a nonuniform manner and exhibit a morphology similar to the martensitic microstructure that existed in the specimens before heating to the irradiation temperature. Large amorphous regions in these samples exhibit some very fine crystalline debris which tends to disappear with increasing irradiation dose. Post-irradiation annealing experiments indicated that no thermally activated crystallization occurred during irradiation at temperatures up to 250°C.
Born small for gestational age: relation to future allergy and asthma.

Aim: To evaluate whether intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) protects against the development of allergy. Methods: A case-control study of 1515 subjects (15–25 y), of whom 430 were cases (birthweight/length below – 2 SD for gestational age). Birth data were from the national birth register. The frequencies of allergic diseases were evaluated by questionnaire. Results: For the 950 who replied, the frequencies of allergic diseases were similar in cases and controls. Conclusion: IUGR does not protect against the development of allergy.
Corrigendum to ''Design and synthesis of potent amido- and benzyl-substituted cis-3-amino-4-(2- cyanopyrrolidide)pyrrolidinyl DPP-IV inhibitors'' (Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (2007) 6707-6713)

Corrigendum Corrigendum to ‘‘Design and synthesis of potent amidoand benzyl-substituted cis-3-amino-4-(2cyanopyrrolidide)pyrrolidinyl DPP-IV inhibitors’’ [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 17 (2007) 6707–6713] J. W. Corbett,* K. Dirico, W. Song, B. P. Boscoe, S. D. Doran, D. Boyer, X. Qiu, M. Ammirati, M. A. VanVolkenburg, R. K. McPherson, J. C. Parker and E. D. Cox Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
Free amino acids of the Virginia pine sawfly, Neodiprion pratti Dyar: Their chromatographic determination and biosynthesis

Abstract Fifteen amino acids and four unknown, ninhydrin-positive compounds were detected in the sawfly haemolymph. Their occurrence was independent of instar and of three host plants. Seven amino acids and one unknown, ninhydrin-positive material were synthesized in vivo and are apparently non-essential. The use of thin-layer chromatography for separating amino acids is discussed.
Pastoral farming in south‐east England in the fifteenth century

In many parts of fifteenth-century England landlords cut down on their labour costs by turning from arable to pastoral farming. But this pastoral expansion did not occur uniformly throughout the century or throughout the nation. In parts of east Devon, the rural economy had become almost exclusively pastoral during the course of the fourteenth century, and this process was merely accentuated in the fifteenth century.' In Warwickshire, on the other hand, the move away from arable farming did not really begin until the mid-fifteenth century, when graziers began to respond to an increasing demand for meat, especially beef.2 In the north-west Derbyshire uplands pastoral expansion began as late as I485, after a pronounced mid-century slump.3 No general picture, therefore, can emerge until more regional studies have been undertaken. South-east England is a particularly interesting region to study, since it includes both rich arable lands and excellent pasture within the coastal marshes. The success or failure of the pastoral economy, however, within any particular region, depends only partly on the kinds of pasture available and the use that farmers chose to make of them. Sheep in particular were very susceptible to murrain and their profitability depended on immunity to disease as well as the fluctuating demand for wool and cloth. But sheep, like cattle and pigs, were also valued as meat and in each case their sale depended on the number and the taste of the consumers. Thus the most important factor leading to a successful pastoral economy was the health of both domestic and foreign markets.
On single-sample robust detection of known signals with additive unknown-mean amplitude-bounded random interference--II: The randomized decision rule solution (Corresp.)

A randomized decision rule is derived and proved to be the saddlepoint solution of the robust detection problem for known signals in independent unknown-mean amplitude-bounded noise. The saddlepoint solution \phi^{0} uses an equaUy likely mixed strategy to chose one of N Bayesian single-threshold decision rules \phi_{i}^{0}, i = 1,\cdots , N having been obtained previously by the author. These decision rules are also all optimal against the maximin (least-favorable) nonrandomized noise probability density f_{0} , where f_{0} is a picket fence function with N pickets on its domain. Thee pair (\phi^{0}, f_{0}) is shown to satisfy the saddlepoint condition for probability of error, i.e., P_{e}(\phi^{0} , f) \leq P_{e}(\phi^{0} , f_{0}) \leq P_{e}(\phi, f_{0}) holds for all f and \phi . The decision rule \phi^{0} is also shown to be an eqoaliir rule, i.e., P_{e}(\phi^{0}, f ) = P_{e}(\phi^{0},f_{0}) , for all f , with 4^{-1} \leq P_{e}(\phi^{0},f_{0})=2^{-1}(1-N^{-1})\leq2^{-1} , N \geq 2 . Thus nature can force the communicator to use an {\em optimal} randomized decision rule that generates a large probability of error and does not improve when less pernicious conditions prevail.
Completeness of a prover for dense linear orders

A completeness proof for an inequality prover for dense linear orders without endpoints is presented. The prover employs chaining restricted to shielding terms and mandatory variable elimination. The implementation reported in [3] has proved the continuity of the sum of two continuous functions and an extension of the prover has proved similar continuity theorems for product and quotient as well as the Intermediate Value Theorem of real analysis.
Iterative maps for bistable excitation of two-level systems.

Iterative maps on SO (3) with two stable fixed points are described. These generate bistable spectroscopic excitation sequences for isolated two-level systems. From such sequences, tailored population inversion over specific ranges of parameters such as the resonance frequency or radiation amplitude can be obtained. The ideas developed here suggest ways of designing tailored excitation sequences useful in spatially selective NMR, spin decoupling, $\mathrm{nk}$-quantum selective multiple-quantum NMR, and isotope-selective zero-field NMR.
Design and Student Use of World Wide Web-Based Prelab Exercises

This paper describes the design, use, and evaluation of World Wide Web-based prelab exercises in senior-level Instrumental Analysis. On-time completion of the prelab assignments was 75%, but use of other on-line resources such as a question-and-answer page was minimal. A midsemester assessment of the prelabs found that the multiple-choice questions were better for increasing conceptual understanding, rather than preparing the students for the actual lab work.
An analysis of modeling flaws in HL7 and JAHIS

Health Level 7 (HL7), one of the ANSI standards organizations has a mission to provide standards for the execution, management, and integration of data to support clinical patient care. HL7 will play an important role in the implementation of the HIPAA regulations. HL7 has developed a Reference Information Model (RIM), an object-oriented model of clinical data. JAHIS is a Japanese organization that has developed extensions to this RIM. Instead of using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), the standard notation for object-oriented software development, these two organizations have developed specialized object-oriented models. This has resulted in languages which are incompatible with the current use of UML. The consequences of this choice are the loss of the possible use of a large variety of existing models and patterns. What is worse, it will be difficult to add security specifications in their models, a critical aspect in the electronic interchange of medical records. We discuss here the shortcomings of HL7 and JAHIS as modeling languages and as languages in which to add security specifications. We also propose some solutions to this situation.
Understanding and controlling the effect of lossy raw data compression on CT images

The requirements for raw data transmission through a CT scanner slip ring, through the computation system, and for storage of raw CT data can be quite challenging as scanners continue to increase in speed and to collect more data per rotation. Although lossy compression greatly mitigates this problem, users must be cautious about how errors introduced manifest themselves in the reconstructed images. This paper describes two simple yet effective methods for controlling the effect of errors in raw data compression and describe the impact of each stage on the image errors. A CT system simulator (CATSIM, GE Global Research Center, Niskayuna, NY) was used to generate raw CT datasets that simulate different regions of human anatomy. The raw data are digitized by a 20-bit ADC and companded by a log compander. Lossy compression is performed by quantization and is followed by JPEG-LS (lossless), which takes advantage of the correlations between neighboring measurements in the sinogram. Error feedback, a previously proposed method that controls the spatial distribution of reconstructed image errors, and projection filtering, a newly proposed method that takes advantage of the filtered backprojection reconstruction process, are applied independently (and combined) to study their intended impact on the control and behavior of the additional noise due to the compression methods used. The log compander and the projection filtering method considerably reduce image error levels, while error feedback pushes image errors toward the periphery of the field of view. The results for the images are a compression ratio (CR) of 3 that keeps peak compression errors under 1 HU and a CR of 9 that increases image noise by only 1 HU in common CT applications. Lossy compression can substantially reduce raw CT data size at low computational cost. The proposed methods have the flexibility to operate at a wide range of compression ratios and produce predictable, object-independent, and often imperceptible image artifacts.
Reassessment of a Slip Budget along the Parkfield Segment of the San Andreas Fault

Historically, the Parkfield segment has represented a transition in fault behavior along the San Andreas fault (saf). Despite a ∼33 mm/yr long-term slip rate along the saf, slip has not been observed on the Cholame segment since the great 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. During that time, the Parkfield segment has experienced slip from at least six ∼ M 6.0 earthquakes, aseismic fault creep, and from minor earthquakes. Data from aseismic slip-rate studies and historical earthquake studies allow us to estimate the total slip released along this portion of the saf since 1857. Assuming the saf should slip at the long-term slip rate, a slip deficit of ∼5 m exists along the Cholame segment since 1857. The slip deficit is approximately equivalent to 1857 offsets measured on the Cholame and the southeast portion of the Parkfield segment. Thus, the slip deficit in southeast Parkfield and Cholame may be as great as the slip accommodated along these segments in 1857. The slip deficit abruptly decreases to the northwest across the Parkfield segment. It is < 2 m near the town of Parkfield and ∼0 m northwest of Middle Mountain. An ∼ M 7 event rupturing all or part of the Cholame segment and the southeastern Parkfield segment (slip decreasing to the northwest) would release the accumulated slip and is plausible. Importantly, this study also shows that the change in the pattern of strain release occurs in the middle of the Parkfield segment, rather than at its ends. Online material : Tables showing aseismic and coseismic slip estimations and calculations.
Determination of Osteopenia in Children on Digital Radiography Compared with a DEXA Reference Standard

Rationale and Objectives The aim of this study was to explore the reliability of osteopenia diagnosis based on digital radiographs of appendicular skeleton obtained as part of routine clinical practice as compared with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) gold standard (Z-score Materials and Methods The study was an institutional review board‒approved retrospective study of 58 children (mean age 12 years [4–18]). Digital radiographs of appendicular skeleton obtained within 6 months of DEXA scanning were presented in a blinded fashion to two musculoskeletal radiologists who were instructed to grade the level of mineralization. Sensitivity and specificity of each reviewer’s osteopenia grading were calculated in comparison to lumbar DEXA Z-score values. Interobserver agreement was also calculated and significance evaluated with Bowker’s test. Results The reviewers correctly identified 28% of all patients with severe osteopenia (Z-score ≤−2.0) as well as 26% of all patients with mild osteopenia (−2 −1) to 0 and 25% for mild and severe osteopenia respectively. Conclusions Visual diagnosis of osteopenia based on digital radiographs of appendicular skeleton has poor sensitivity and interobserver agreement. Clinical features and risk factors of pediatric patients should therefore guide DEXA evaluation and treatment recommendations.
Variability in pigment particulate fluorescence and absorption spectra in the northeastern Pacific Ocean

Abstract Variability in concentration and type of marine particles is the dominant source of optical variability in the oceans. As part of the Optical Dynamics Experiment (ODEX) spectral absorption coefficients and fluorescence excitation were measured for marine particles sampled at stations in the California Current and the Eastern edge of the North Central Pacific Gyre. Chlorophyll a normalized fluorescence spectra [ F ∗ (λ) ] or chlorophyll a plus phacopigment normalized absorption coefficients [ a p ∗ (λ) ] were analysed with regard to their spectral shapes and magnitudes. Comparison of absorption samples indicates large variability vertically (mixed layer vs deep euphotic zone), horizontally (nearshore vs central gyre) and seasonally (autumn vs spring). When compared to spectra for detritus and for healthy cultures, it is apparent that a variable fraction of the particulate absorption in he ocean is due to detrital components. The effects of absorption by discrete particles may also result in variations in the magnitude and spectral shape of a p ∗ (λ) . F ∗ (λ) exhibited less variability than a p ∗ (λ) . Because F ∗ (λ) appears to be a property of phytoplankton only, the principle causes of variability are photoadaptation and possible taxonomic changes in the phytoplankton crop. Because the origin of particulate organic material (POM) for these regions can be assumed to be derived from in situ biogenic processes, the deviation of field spectra from those observed for cultures must in large part bee to the previous history of biolgical dynamics within a particular water mass. Data presented here indicate that in situ or remote optical sensors may be capable of supplying information on algal physiology and ecosystem characterization including the extent of photoadaptation and the accumulation of small detrital particles derived from grazing.
Composition and characterization of the lipids of garfish (Lepisosteus osseus) olfactory nerve, a tissue rich in axonal membrane.

The garfish olfactory and trigeminal nerves were studied for their lipid composition. Cholesterol was the only neutral lipid found in both nerves. The phospholipids constituted about 73, and 64%, respectively, of the olfactory and trigeminal nerve total lipids. Cerebrosides and sulfatide were found only in the myelinated trigeminal nerve. An unidentified glycolipid was found in the olfactory nerve lipid extract. The phospholipid fraction in both nerves was composed mainly of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. Minor components were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid and diphosphatidylglycerol. As compared with the phospholipid composition of the myelinated trigeminal nerve, the olfactory nerve had less phosphatidylethanolamine and more phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol. The phosphatidylethanolamine fraction was rich in plasmalogen but only small amounts of plasmalogen were found in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine. Substantial amounts of alkyl glyceryl ether types were found in both phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. A distinctive characteristic of the lipids of the olfactory nerve was the presence of large proportions of long chain, highly unsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids, namely C20:4 and C22:6, were preferentially located in phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol.
Comparison measurements of DQE for two flat panel detectors: fluoroscopic detector vs. cone beam CT detector

The physical performance of two flat panel detectors (FPD) has been evaluated using a standard x-ray beam quality set by IEC, namely RQA5. The FPDs evaluated in this study are based on an amorphous silicon photodiode array that is coupled to a thallium-doped Cesium Iodide scintillator and to a thin film transistor (TFT) array. One detector is the PaxScan 2520 that is designed for fluoro imaging, and has a small dynamic range and a large image lag. The other detector is the PaxScan 4030CB that is designed for cone beam CT, and has a large dynamic range (>16-bit), a reduced image lag and many imaging modes. Varian Medical Systems manufactured both detectors. The linearity of the FPDs was investigated by using an ionization chamber and aluminum filtration in order to obtain the beam quality. Since the FPDs are used in fluoroscopic mode, image lag of the FPD was measured in order to investigate its effect on this study, especially its effect on DQE. The spatial resolution of the FPDs was determined by obtaining the pre-sampling modulation transfer function for each detector. A sharp edge was used in accordance to IEC 62220-1. Next, the Normalized Noise Power Spectrum (NNPS) was calculated for various exposures levels at RQA5 radiation quality. Finally, the DQE of each FPD was obtained with a modified version of the international standard set by IEC 62220-1. The results show that the physical performance in DQE and MTF of the PaxScan 4030CB is superior to that of PaxScan2520.
Diurnal variations in the thermosphere, 2. Temperature, composition, and winds

The fundamental diurnal component of temperature, composition and wind fields is discussed for the thermosphere, the results delineated in terms of energy sources in the lower atmosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere, illustrating their relative significance. The diurnal component in the composition of H, He, O, O2 and Ar has been analyzed in terms of effects from thermal expansion in diffusive equilibrium and transport processes associated with chemistry, wind circulation, exospheric flow and escape. Next to thermal expansion, wind-induced diffusion is the single most important process; it dominates the diurnal variations of He and prevails in the variations of O, O2 and Ar below 200 km.
The use of beta-adrenergic blocking agents in anxiety disorders and schizophrenia

In the 1960s, several studies reported that propranolol and other beta-blocking drugs appeared especially useful in patients with physical symptoms of anxiety. However, subsequent reports produced conflicting findings, and at this time the efficacy of propranolol in anxiety disorders is not clearly established. Propranolol's utility in anxiety states may be entirely restricted to those anxiety patients whose physical symptoms have not adequately responded to benzodiazepine therapy. This places the beta-blockers among the least useful drugs in treating anxiety disorders. A major problem in assessing propranolol's antianxiety properties has been a virtual lack of well-designed studies addressing the issue; the studies reviewed here contained a surprising number of study design problems. Several guidelines regarding study design are included to assist the reader in evaluating studies of antianxiety agents. High dose (e.g., 2,000 mg) propranolol may have a role as an alternative to traditional antipsychotic therapy in neuroleptic-resistant patients. During the last decade a number of studies have demonstrated symptomatic improvement in schizophrenic patients using propranolol alone or combined with neuroleptics. However, four recent double-blind reports have failed to replicate this finding. Future research should focus on possible identification of propranolol-responsive patients and their characteristics. The use of propranolol and other beta-blockers in schizophrenia should remain in the research or medical center setting.
Integration of hybrid silicon DFB laser and electro-absorption modulator using quantum well intermixing

We demonstrate an integrated 1310 nm DFB-EAM transponder on the hybrid silicon platform using ion implantation induced quantum well intermixing. CW laser operation up to 60 °C is achieved along with 2 GHz modulator bandwidth.
Priming prepositional phrase attachment: Evidence from eye-tracking and event-related potentials

Three syntactic-priming experiments investigated the effect of structurally similar or dissimilar prime sentences on the processing of target sentences, using eye tracking (Experiment 1) and event-related potentials (ERPs) (Experiments 2 and 3) All three experiments tested readers' response to sentences containing a temporary syntactic ambiguity. The ambiguity occurred because a prepositional phrase modifier (PP-modifier) could attach either to a preceding verb or to a preceding noun. Previous experiments have established that (a) noun-modifying expressions are harder to process than verb-modifying expressions (when test sentences are presented in isolation); and (b) for other kinds of sentences, processing a structurally similar prime sentence can facilitate processing a target sentence. The experiments reported here were designed to determine whether a structurally similar prime could facilitate processing of noun-attached modifiers and whether such facilitation reflected syntactic-structure-building or semantic processes. These findings have implications for accounts of structural priming during online comprehension and for accounts of syntactic representation and processing in comprehension.
MEASURING SOCIAL SECURITY PROPOSALS BY MORE THAN SOLVENCY: IMPACTS ON POVERTY, PROGRESSIVITY, HORIZONTAL EQUITY, AND WORK INCENTIVES

As interest in proposals to restore Social Security solvency rises, it’s timely to examine whether current policy analyses provide adequate information on important distributional questions. This project explores measures of changes in Social Security benefits’ adequacy, horizontal equity, and efficiency under different proposals. We apply the measures to simulation output from the Urban Institute’s Dynamic Simulation of Income Model under the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform Social Security proposal. A series of exhibits illustrates how they work and could inform policymakers about the relative merits of varied options to restore the program’s long-run solvency and meet other objectives.
Multilevel parallel optimization using massively parallel structural dynamics

A large-scale structural optimization of an electronics package has been completed using a massively parallel structural dynamics code. The optimization goals were to maximize safety margins for stress and acceleration resulting from transient impulse loads, while remaining within strict mass limits. The optimization process utilized nongradient, gradient, and approximate optimization methods in succession to modify shell thickness and foam density values within the electronics package. This combination of optimization methods was successful in improving the performance from an infeasible design that violated response allowables by a factor of two to a completely feasible design with positive design margins, while remaining within the mass limits. In addition, a tradeoff curve of mass versus safety margin was developed to facilitate the design decision process. These studies employed the ASCI Red supercomputer and used multiple levels of parallelism on up to 2560 processors. In total, a series of calculations were performed on ASCI Red in five days, where an equivalent calculation on a single desktop computer would have taken greater than 12 years to complete. This paper conveys the approaches, results, and lessons learnt from this large-scale production design application.
Shrinkage behavior of oriented PVC by thermomechanical analysis

This paper describes a novel application of thermomechanical analysis. Observation and measurement of the thermal recovery of stresses induced in oriented PVC by stretching at elevated temperature is achieved by the modification of a commercial TMA instrument. Employment of an electronic signal differentiation system, in combination with this instrument, permits the simultaneous recording of the rate of shrinkage as a function of temperature. Specific examples are given which demonstrate the performance of the instrument and illustrate its application to problems of practical interest, such as effects of stretching and annealing conditions on shrinkage behavior.
Human Cytomegalovirus TR Strain Glycoprotein O Acts as a Chaperone Promoting gH/gL Incorporation into Virions but Is Not Present in Virions

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) produces the following two gH/gL complexes: gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/UL128-131. Entry into epithelial and endothelial cells requires gH/gL/UL128-131, and we have provided evidence that gH/gL/UL128-131 binds saturable epithelial cell receptors to mediate entry. HCMV does not require gH/gL/UL128-131 to enter fibroblasts, and laboratory adaptation to fibroblasts results in mutations in the UL128-131 genes, abolishing infection of epithelial and endothelial cells. HCMV gO-null mutants produce very small plaques on fibroblasts yet can spread on endothelial cells. Thus, one prevailing model suggests that gH/gL/gO mediates infection of fibroblasts, while gH/gL/UL128-131 mediates entry into epithelial/endothelial cells. Most biochemical studies of gO have involved the HCMV lab strain AD169, which does not assemble gH/gL/UL128-131 complexes. We examined gO produced by the low-passage clinical HCMV strain TR. Surprisingly, TR gO was not detected in purified extracellular virus particles. In TR-infected cells, gO remained sensitive to endoglycosidase H, suggesting that the protein was not exported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, TR gO interacted with gH/gL in the ER and promoted export of gH/gL from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. Pulse-chase experiments showed that a fraction of gO remained bound to gH/gL for relatively long periods, but gO eventually dissociated or was degraded and was not found in extracellular virions or secreted from cells. The accompanying report by P. T. Wille et al. (J. Virol., 84:2585-2596, 2010) showed that a TR gO-null mutant failed to incorporate gH/gL into virions and that the mutant was unable to enter fibroblasts and epithelial and endothelial cells. We concluded that gO acts as a molecular chaperone, increasing gH/gL ER export and incorporation into virions. It appears that gO competes with UL128-131 for binding onto gH/gL but is released from gH/gL, so that gH/gL (lacking UL128-131) is incorporated into virions. Thus, our revised model suggests that both gH/gL and gH/gL/UL128-131 are required for entry into epithelial and endothelial cells.
On the theory of advective effects on biological dynamics in the sea

A general theoretical approach to the study of advective effects on biological oceanographic dynamics is formulated and some simple examples are presented. The theory of characteristics provides a model which rigorously combines aspects of local biological dynamics with consideration of fluid particle flow along Lagrangian trajectories. A local kinematical analysis is carried out for gradients both of velocity and of biological state variables. This is followed by a study of the effects of a stretching deformation, which contains a frontogenetic effect, on one‐ to three‐component biological systems. Problems include the approach to local biological equilibria and the stabilities of the equilibrium states; the competition between biological and advective equilibria; and nonlinear grazing processes and nutrient utilization.
Differential Expression of MMP-2 and -9 and their Inhibitors in Fetal Lung Cells Exposed to Mechanical Stretch: Regulation by IL-10

Study Objectives Abnormal remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. However, the contribution of lung parenchymal cells to ECM remodeling after mechanical injury is not well defined. The objective of these studies was to investigate in vitro the release of MMP-2 and -9 and their respective inhibitors TIMP-2 and -1, and to explore potential regulation by IL-10.
A Service-Oriented Framework for Hybrid Immersive Web Applications

Immersive Web (IW for short) applications such as Second Life and SimCity are increasingly popular among individual users and companies. However, it is difficult to build a hybrid Immersive Web application, because of the different architectures used for building such IW applications. In this paper, we propose a service-oriented framework to support the mashup of heterogeneous IW applications for hybrid IW applications. We first model each object in IW (e.g., a virtual album or a virtual room) as an IW Object Service (IWOS) located by a unique URL with standardized service interfaces. As such, one IW application can use an IWOS instance in another IW application. Moreover, non-IW applications (e.g., an online album system) can also access an IWOS instance via its service interface. We further propose a service-oriented framework to manipulate these IWOS instances, to support the transition of these objects mainly between different IW applications, and to enable the transition between IW applications and non-IW applications. Our framework also includes the fundamental services to build hybrid IW applications. Finally, we provide examples to demonstrate the advantages of our framework, and conduct a qualitative analysis to show the effectiveness.