cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA

We used an extensive network of more than 170 radio receiving stations to document fine-scale passage efficiency of adult anadromous Pacific lamprey at Bonneville and The Dalles Dams in the lower Columbia River in the northwestern U.S.A. Each spring from 1997 to 2000, we released 197–299 lamprey with surgically implanted radio transmitters. Unique transmitter codes and the date and time of reception at each antenna site were downloaded electronically, and initial processing was conducted to eliminate false positive signals. The resulting large Oracle database was analyzed using an ArcView-based coding protocol. Underwater antennas positioned outside the fishway entrances detected lamprey approaches, and antennas positioned immediately inside the entrances indicated successful entries. Entrance efficiency (the number of lamprey that successfully entered a fishway divided by the number that approached that fishway) was compared for different types of entrances (main entrances versus orifice entrances) and entrance locations (powerhouse versus spillway). Lamprey used orifice-type entrances less frequently than main entrances, and passage success was generally low (< 50%) at all entrances to fishways at Bonneville Dam (the lowest dam in the system). Lamprey activity at the entrances was highest at night, and entrance success was significantly higher at The Dalles Dam (the next dam upstream from Bonneville Dam) than at Bonneville Dam. In 1999 and 2000, construction modifications were made to Bonneville Dam spillway entrances, and water velocity at these entrances was reduced at night. Modifications to increase lamprey attachment at the entrances improved lamprey entrance efficiency, but entrance efficiency during reduced velocity tests was not significantly higher than during control conditions.
A Course Integrating Analysis, Design, And Production: Computer-assisted Product Realization

In order to provide engineering students with the opportunity to integrate engineering science principles, use computer-based analysis and design tools and computer-controlled machine tools, and strengthen their design and synthesis skills, we have developed a course in computer-assisted product realization. In the course the students are assigned a product production task and they are required to develop a product concept, engineer the product using computer-based design and analysis tools, select a material, design the manufacturing process using numerical simulations, design and make the tools, and produce sample products. This course is meeting the goals of integrating design, analysis, and production and is providing students with experience in the practice of engineering.
An Unusual Hematologic Malignancy Derived from Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells

Recently reported cases of CD4+ CD56+ hematologic malignancies with a strong predilection for the skin correspond to the neoplastic counterpart of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. This rare, aggressive malignancy lacks pan-myeloid and pan-lymphoid markers and often presents with cutaneous lesions, splenomegaly, and involvement of lymph nodes and bone marrow. It has a poor prognosis, and many patients progress to acute myeloid leukemia. The proposed cellular origin is a CD56+ precursor cell related to plasmacytoid monocytes, which strongly expresses CD123 (IL-3Ra). We describe a 70 year-old man who presented with gray-brown truncal nodules and plaques, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. His bone marrow demonstrated malignant CD4+ CD56+ mononuclear cells. Histologic sections of skin lesions showed an atypical infiltrate extending into the deep reticular dermis. Immunohistochemical staining of these cells for CD4 was diffusely positive. Moreover, the infiltrate strongly expressed CD56 and CD123 but showed only patchy or negative staining for other T and B cell markers. The combination of the patient’s clinical presentation and biopsy results best fits the diagnosis of this newly characterized, distinct clinicopathologic entity described in recent literature as agranular CD4+ CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm, plasmacytoid dendritic cell acute leukemia, and tumor-forming accumulations of plasmacytoid monocytes associated with myeloid disorders.
Acute Onset of Guillain-Barré Syndrome After Elective Spinal Surgery

Background Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acute peripheral neuropathy caused by an autoimmune response against myelin of peripheral nerves. GBS has been reported after surgery, in general, and after spinal surgery, in particular. In most cases, GBS developed 1–3 weeks after surgery. Methods Report of 2 cases of GBS after elective spine surgery that developed in the immediate postoperative period. Results Within 1 and 3 hours after surgery, respectively, both patients developed ascending loss of motor and sensory function. They were taken back urgently to the operating room for wound exploration to ensure that an epidural hematoma had not developed. Cerebrospinal fluid studies and electromyography/nerve conduction velocity were then rapidly obtained and were compatible with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Therapy was initiated with administration of intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis. Both patients made substantial motor recovery during the course of 1–2 years but have residual sensory abnormalities. Conclusions GBS developing acutely after spinal surgery is a rare occurrence but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of neurological deterioration after surgery. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential for recovery of neurological function.
Development of a 3 T–250 mm Bore $\hbox{MgB}_{2}$ Magnet System

The authors had reported components' development of 3 T-250 mm bore MgB 2 magnet system. Pre-reacted MgB 2 tape wire with copper lamination had n-value related problem due to raw Boron particle size inequality, but it had been corrected. Long MgB 2 wires over 3 km had been supplied. All six component coils were made with a wet winding procedure. They were tested individually with the same cooling scheme of conduction cooling as the actual magnet assembly. Though all coils could be ramped to some extent, some coils showed fairly large remnant voltage. Since the voltage distribution over the coil was not even, the uniformity along the wire length may not be good enough. The stability of the coil was verified by its no training performance even with fast ramping. The magnet assembly and its test with conduction cooling were planned. I c of the superconducting joint with this pre-reacted wire was doubled during past one year's development.
Biological implications of gap junction structure, distribution and composition: A review

Traditionally, all gap junctions have been considered to be identical in structure and function throughout the animal kingdom. Functions ascribed to these membrane specializations have been fundamental and have not been thought to differ significantly with respect to their mechanism of action. More recent studies support the view, however, that structural and compositional diversity may reflect significant functional differences between gap junctions in different classes of tissue but no clear and definitive patterns have yet emerged. This review does not attempt to comprehensively analyze the totality of the vast gap junction and coupling literature but focuses instead upon those recent observations which raise new questions related to the biological activities of gap junctions in different tissues.
Interferon‐mediated fatigue

Fatigue is a common side effect of interferon (IFN) therapy, reported in 70-100% of patients treated with IFN. The etiology of IFN-mediated fatigue (IMF) is multifactorial, with endocrine failure, neuropsychiatric disturbance, autoimmunity, and cytokine dysregulation potentially being contributors. Thyroid dysfunction, associated with the development of autoantibodies, is seen in 8-20% of patients receiving IFN-alpha. IFN-alpha also suppresses the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In addition, IFN-alpha therapy leads to depression and cognitive slowing, and depressed patients are predisposed to develop fatigue. Clinical management of IMF is challenging because the syndrome is variable in onset and severity and the pathophysiology is poorly understood. Current management typically centers on dose reduction, but ancillary nonpharmacologic measures may help improve symptoms. Other strategies include antidepressant or anxiolytic therapy and treatment of coexisting hypothyroidism. Future studies utilizing IFN should include quantitative guidelines for grading and managing IMF.
Are second-trimester minor sonographic markers for Down syndrome useful in patients who have undergone first-trimester combined screening?

Objective We sought to determine efficacy of minor markers for detection of Down syndrome (DS) in a population prescreened with first-trimester combined screening (FTS). Study Design FTS was modified using established likelihood ratios to generate a new composite risk (NCR). Results Of 3845 women, 390 had ≥1 marker. There were 10/3845 cases of DS; 3 were among patients with low-risk FTS (n = 3727). In 55 patients, NCR adjusted the risk from low to high without increasing detection rate. NCR did not modify risk to allow for detection of the 3 DS among patients with low-risk FTS even though 2 of these fetuses had 1 minor marker each. There were 7 DS among patients with high-risk FTS (n = 118). Use of NCR increased positive predictive value from 7/118 (5.1%) to 7/53 (13.2%). Conclusion Screening for minor markers is useful in patients with high-risk FTS. It is of questionable benefit in patients with low-risk FTS.
Sharing News Articles Using 140 Characters: A Diffusion Analysis on Twitter

Is it possible to effectively spread news articles to a large audience using 140 characters? How does the microblogging website Twitter get used as a platform for the news media agencies to create awareness about the articles they publish on a daily basis? Our study of the diffusion patterns of news articles from 12 popular news sources, including BBC, New York Times, and Mash able on Twitter reveals that a large number of users not only consume and comment on these news articles but also share them in different ways. Combining the methods of network and temporal analyses, we examine and report on how news articles diffuse on Twitter, and how different propagation mechanisms result in different life spans for news articles.
Error and repair catastrophes: A two-dimensional phase diagram in the quasispecies model.

This paper develops a two-gene, single fitness peak model for determining the equilibrium distribution of genotypes in a unicellular population which is capable of genetic damage repair. The first gene, denoted by ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{via}},$ yields a viable organism with first-order growth rate constant $kg1$ if it is equal to some target ``master'' sequence ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{via,0}.$ The second gene, denoted by ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{rep}},$ yields an organism capable of genetic repair if it is equal to some target ``master'' sequence ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{rep,0}.$ This model is analytically solvable in the limit of infinite sequence length, and gives an equilibrium distribution which depends on $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\equiv}L\ensuremath{\epsilon},$ the product of sequence length and per base pair replication error probability, and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{r},$ the probability of repair failure per base pair. The equilibrium distribution is shown to exist in one of the three possible ``phases.'' In the first phase, the population is localized about the viability and repairing master sequences. As ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{r}$ exceeds the fraction of deleterious mutations, the population undergoes a ``repair'' catastrophe, in which the equilibrium distribution is still localized about the viability master sequence, but is spread ergodically over the sequence subspace defined by the repair gene. Below the repair catastrophe, the distribution undergoes the error catastrophe when $\ensuremath{\mu}$ exceeds $\mathrm{ln}k/{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{r},$ while above the repair catastrophe, the distribution undergoes the error catastrophe when $\ensuremath{\mu}$ exceeds $\mathrm{ln}{k/f}_{\mathrm{del}},$ where ${f}_{\mathrm{del}}$ denotes the fraction of deleterious mutations.
Of Children, Princesses, Dreams and Isomorphisms: Text‐Music Transformation in Ravel's Vocal Works

M. Ravel, the composer of the Histoires naturelles, dark, rich, and elegant, urges me to go and hear his songs tonight. I told him I know nothing about music, and asked him what he had been able to add to the Histoires naturelles. He replied: I did not intend to add anything, only to interpret them. But in what way? I have tried to say in music what you say with words, when you are in front of a tree, for example. I think and feel in music, and should like to think and feel the same things as you.1
Children's reports of the sources of self-knowledge

Nursery schoolers and first- and third-graders participated in an interview which assessed recall, comprehension, and perceived importance of three sources of self-knowledge: social feedback, self-observation, and social comparison. For recall measures, these sources were embedded in stories about a child making a self-discovery. Recall of all three sources improved with grade level, and feedback was the best remembered self-validational process. Comprehension was defined as the ability to identify the sources as depicted in line drawings, and it, too, increased with grade level. All three sources were well understood by older children, but preschoolers had difficulty with the concept of social comparison. Ratings of importance, also assessed using line drawings, were independent of grade level. When selecting their own “very best” source of self-knowledge, children cited self-observation most frequently. A supplementary sample of preschoolers nominated the best source of self-knowledge for other children rather than for themselves; under these instructions, feedback from others emerged as the preferred source.
BaS analysis: a new cephalometric study for craniofacial malformations

Patients submitted to surgical advancement of the upper and middle facial third might have a relapse of the skeletal retraction after the removal of the distractor devices. Clinical signs related to this process are usually represented by exophthalmos, Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) or prognathism; however, the analytic definition of the relapse is very difficult , conventional cephalometric methods being influenced by the spatial movement of “N” (nasion) or “Or” (orbital) points. The authors present a new cephalometric technique that could be used as a more objective mean of follow-up evaluation of patients undergoing craniofacial advancement. The cephalometric analysis proposed is based on angles, lines, areas and distances between BaS (Basion-Sella) axis and other craniofacial landmark points. We have defined this cephalometric technique as “BaS Analysis”. The “BaS analysis” is not influenced by splanchnocranium movements in the space; for this reason, it can be considered a useful method for cephalometric analysis in the follow-up of patients with craniofacial malformations.
IT employment prospects: beyond the dotcom bubble

In the 1990s, enrollments grew rapidly in information systems (IS) and computer science. Then, beginning in 2000 and 2001, enrollments declined precipitously. This paper looks at the enrollment bubble and the dotcom bubble that drove IT enrollments. Although the enrollment bubble occurred worldwide, this paper focuses primarily on U.S. data, which is widely available, and secondarily on Western Europe data. The paper notes that the dotcom bubble was an investment disaster but that U.S. IT employment fell surprisingly little and soon surpassed the bubble's peak IT employment. In addition, U.S. IT unemployment rose to almost the level of total unemployment in 2003, then fell to traditional low levels by 2005. Job prospects in the U.S. and most other countries are good for the short term, and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics employment projections for 2006–2016 indicate that job prospects in the U.S. will continue to be good for most IT jobs. However, offshoring is a persistent concern for students in Western Europe and the United States. The data on offshoring are of poor quality, but several studies indicate that IT job losses from offshoring are small and may be counterbalanced by gains in IT inshoring jobs. At the same time, offshoring and productivity gains appear to be making low-level jobs such as programming and user support less attractive. This means that IS and computer science programs will have to focus on producing higher-level job skills among graduates. In addition, students may have to stop considering the undergraduate degree to be a terminal degree in IS and computer science.
SHP-2 Phosphatase Regulates DNA Damage-induced Apoptosis and G2/M Arrest in Catalytically Dependent and Independent Manners, Respectively

SHP-2, a tyrosine phosphatase implicated in diverse signaling pathways induced by growth factors and cytokines, is also involved in DNA damage-triggered signaling and cellular responses. We previously demonstrated that SHP-2 played an important role in DNA damage-induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. In the present studies, we have provided evidence that SHP-2 functions in DNA damage apoptosis and G2/M arrest in catalytically dependent and independent manners, respectively. Mutant embryonic fibroblasts with the Exon 3 deletion mutation in SHP-2 showed decreased apoptosis and diminished G2/M arrest in response to cisplatin treatment. Wild type (WT), but not catalytically inactive mutant SHP-2 (SHP-2 C459S), rescued the apoptotic response of the mutant cells. Interestingly, both WT and SHP-2 C459S efficiently restored the G2/M arrest response. Furthermore, inhibition of the catalytic activity of endogenous SHP-2 in WT cells by overexpression of SHP-2 C459S greatly decreased cell death but not G2/M arrest induced by cisplatin. Biochemical analyses revealed that activation of c-Abl kinase was decreased in SHP-2 C459S-overexpressing cells. However, DNA damage-induced translocation of Cdc25C from the nucleus to the cytoplasm was fully restored in both WT and SHP-2 C459S "rescued" cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that the role of SHP-2 in DNA damage-induced cellular responses was independent of the tumor suppressor p53. Embryonic stem cells with the SHP-2 deletion mutation showed markedly decreased sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, attributed to impaired induction of p73 but not p53. In agreement with these results, DNA damage-induced apoptosis and G2/M arrest were also decreased in SHP-2/p53 double mutant embryonic fibroblasts. Collectively, these studies have further defined the mechanisms by which SHP-2 phosphatase regulates DNA damage responses.
Climate-growth relationships for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) across three southeastern USA states

The role of climate variability in the ecology of freshwater fishes is of increasing interest. However, there are relatively few tools available for examining how freshwater fish populations respond to climate variations. Here, I apply tree-ring techniques to incremental growth patterns in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepede) otoliths to explore relationships between annual bass growth and various climate metrics in the southeastern USA. Among six rivers and seven reservoirs in Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, strong correlations between annual bass growth indices and climate were detected (73 of 96 possible correlations were significant at a < 0.05). All but two ecosystems exhibited the following pattern: annual bass growth was significantly negatively correlated with annual precipitation metrics, and significantly positively correlated with annual temperature metrics. Based on multiple regressions, climate, on average, accounted for 50% of variability (R 2 )i n bass growth, although these values ranged from 28% to 65% depending on the ecosystem. Furthermore, every population showed significant correlations with at least one of the following global climate factors: El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). Largemouth bass growth in the southeast is apparently influenced by climate in major ways. Fish ecologists and managers in the region should be aware of the strong links between annual climate conditions and annual fish growth.
Whole-coal versus ash basis in coal geochemistry: A mathematical approach to consistent interpretations

Abstract Several standard methods require coal to be ashed prior to geochemical analysis. Researchers, however, are commonly interested in the compositional nature of the whole-coal, not its ash. Coal geochemical data for any given sample can, therefore, be reported in the ash basis on which it is analyzed or the whole-coal basis to which the ash basis data are back calculated. Basic univariate (mean, variance, distribution, etc.) and bivariate (correlation coefficients, etc.) measures of the same suite of samples can be very different depending which reporting basis the researcher uses. These differences are not real, but an artifact resulting from the compositional nature of most geochemical data. The technical term for this artifact is subcompositional incoherence. Since compositional data are forced to a constant sum, such as 100% or 1,000,000 ppm, they possess curvilinear properties which make the Euclidean principles on which most statistical tests rely inappropriate, leading to erroneous results. Applying the isometric logratio (ilr) transformation to compositional data allows them to be represented in Euclidean space and evaluated using traditional tests without fear of producing mathematically inconsistent results. When applied to coal geochemical data, the issues related to differences between the two reporting bases are resolved as demonstrated in this paper using major oxide and trace metal data from the Pennsylvanian-age Pond Creek coal of eastern Kentucky, USA. Following ilr transformation, univariate statistics, such as mean and variance, still differ between the ash basis and whole-coal basis, but in predictable and calculated manners. Further, the stability between two different components, a bivariate measure, is identical, regardless of the reporting basis. The application of ilr transformations addresses both the erroneous results of Euclidean-based measurements on compositional data as well as the inconsistencies observed on coal geochemical data reported on different bases.
Susceptibility of pseudomonas and staphylococcus wound isolates to topical antimicrobial agents: a 10-year review and clinical evaluation

Abstract A 10-year review of Ps. aeruginosa and Staph. aureus susceptibility to various topical agents is presented. Susceptibility testing was performed using the agar well diffusion (AWD) method. A reduction in microbial growth to numbers less than 105 per gram of tissue in the wound, measured by quantitative biopsy, was compared with predicted susceptibility test results. In this measurement of clinical efficacy, silver sulphadiazine and mafenide acetate compared most favourably with AWD results, 83 per cent and 82 per cent respectively. However, nitrofurazone only reduced bacterial counts to less than 105 per gram 42 per cent of the time when an inhibition zone was present. Hydrogen peroxide solution (1 per cent) was 100 per cent effective by the AWD test, but no relationship to clinical efficacy could be shown. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) data for gentamicin sulphate was compared to AWD and showed a positive relationship of greater than 80 per cent for both organisms. The AWD test has been a useful aid in the decision-making process for the choice of topical agent by providing data which eliminates agents inappropriate for use.
Impact of a heterogeneous liquid droplet on a dry surface: application to the pharmaceutical industry.

Abstract Droplet impact has been studied for over a hundred years dating back to the pioneering work of Worthington [ 1 ]. In fact, much of his ingenuity contributed to modern day high speed photography. Over the past 40 years significant contributions in theoretical, numerical, and experimental work have been made. Droplet impact is a problem of fundamental importance due to the wealth of applications involved, namely, spray coating, spray painting, delivery of agricultural chemicals, spray cooling, inkjet printing, soil erosion due to rain drop impact, and turbine wear. Here we highlight one specific application, spray coating. Although most studies have focused their efforts on low viscosity Newtonian fluids, many industrial applications such as spray coating utilize more viscous and complex rheology liquids. Determining dominant effects and quantifying their behavior for colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions remains a challenge and thus has eluded much effort. In the last decade, it has been shown that introducing polymers to Newtonian solutions inhibits the rebounding of a drop upon impact, Bergeron et al. [2] . Furthermore Bartolo et al. [3] concluded that the normal stress component of the elongational viscosity was responsible for the rebounding inhibition of polymer based non-Newtonian solutions. We aim to uncover the drop impact dynamics of highly viscous Newtonian and complex rheology liquids used in pharmaceutical coating processes. The generation and impact of drops of mm and μm size drops of coating liquids and glycerol/water mixtures on tablet surfaces are systematically studied over a range of We ∼ O (1–300), Oh ∼ O (10− 2–1), and Re ∼ O (1–700). We extend the range of Oh to values above 1, which are not available to previous studies of droplet impacts. Outcomes reveal that splashing and rebounding are completely inhibited and the role of wettability is negligible in the early stages of impact. The maximum spreading diameter of the drop is compared with three models demonstrating reasonable agreement.
Parametric optical magnetism and the complex Mathieu equation

The motion of a bound electron driven by moderately intense light is shown experimentally to give rise to intense parametric magnetism and theoretically to undergo ultrafast growth of nonlinear magnetic susceptibility governed by a complex Mathieu equation.
Analysis of Mutual Circadian Pacemaker Coupling between the Two Eyes of Bulla

The eyes of Bulla, a marine snail, express a circadian rhythm in the frequency of optic nerve compound action potentials (CAPs). The two ocular pacemakers are mutually coupled, and their interaction can be observed in vitro. The evidence for mutual coupling, as demonstrated in the present experiments, was as follows: (1) When intact Bulla were placed into darkness for up to 72 days, the two pacemakers did not desynchronize. (2) The free-running period of the ocular rhythm in the intact system (24.4 hr) was longer than the free-running period of the rhythm recorded from isolated eyes (23.7 hr). (3) When the two ocular pacemakers were experimentally desynchronized in vitro, resynchronization occurred if the pacemakers were allowed to interact for 48 hr. The coupling signals are most likely the CAPs. These impulses are conducted through the central ganglia and emerge as efferent impulses in the opposite optic nerve. Ocular-derived efferent impulse activity affects spontaneous impulse production in the target eye and alters the waveform of the circadian rhythm. The coupling pathway mediating syncrhonization consists of the two optic nerves, the cerebral ganglia, and the cerebral commissure. The demonstration of coupling in vitro provides a new opportunity for studying the cellular mechanisms underlying mutual pacemaker entrainment.
Enacting networks: The feasibility of fairness

Abstract Network analysis has ignored the process of network enactment. Yet there are many fairness norms, such as reciprocity, that are oriented toward the timing of encounters as much as toward their structure. The difficulties involved in enacting a network within the bounds of such fairness norms can constrain what kinds of network structures are sustainable. In this paper, these difficulties are assessed across networks varying in size, density and differentiation using a computer program that searches for fair network enactments. In one application, the results help explain actual fairness properties of National Football League season schedules (1960–1987), such as the decrease in home-away game alternation after the 1969 merger between AFL and NFL and the threshold that was reached in 1977 and not substantially exceeded since. In another application, null expectations for short-run exchange imbalances (between giving and taking) are generated for networks where a long-run generalized norm of reciprocity strictly holds. A strong faith in the long run is needed in large, moderately dense, undifferentiated networks because eliminating the short-run imbalances can be infeasible. The pursuit of fairness is limited as much by the means of network designers as by their intentions.
Cerebral oedema following EVD insertion for delayed hydrocephalus after foramen magnum decompression in Chiari I malformation.

Abstract Case report. A case of Chiari I malformation is reported, in which foramen magnum decompression was followed by delayed onset of acute hydrocephalus after a week. Initial treatment of the hydrocephalus was further complicated by severe cerebral oedema. Discussion. A short survey of the literature suggests that both complications are extremely uncommon. The possible mechanism of development of cerebral oedema through stretch of the cerebral vasculature before ventricular decompression is discussed. This report further adds to the list of complications following surgery for Chiari malformations.
Measurement and interpretation of space-time correlation functions and derivative statistics from a rotating hot wire in a grid turbulence

A family of autocorrelation functions and derivative statistics are measured by a rotating hot wire in a grid turbulence. The autocorrelation functions, at various probe radii and speeds, can be rescaled with the probe effective velocity suggesting that Taylor's hypothesis is satisfied. The effects of the random convecting speed and the temporal change which would violate the hypothesis are however effectively removed in computing the autocorrelation functions. For the derivative statistics, it is shown that the eulerian temporal derivative statistics can be determined from the time derivative statistics measured by the moving probe at two different speeds based on the principle of Galilean invariance. The Reynolds number dependence of the eulerian temporal derivative mean square values suggests that the main contribution comes from the nonlinear acceleration terms in the limit of high Reynolds number.
Orthodontic Treatment and Orthognathic Surgery for Patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of conditions affecting bone mass and fragility. It is a highly variable disease that is usually secondary to an abnormality in type I collagen synthesis or extracellular secretion. However, some OI patients with normal type I collagen apparently have mutations affecting other bone proteins. The hallmark sign of OI ("brittle bone disease") is an increased incidence of bone fracture, usually resulting from minimal if any trauma. In addition to a variable decrease in bone mass, there is abnormal tissue organization and aberrant morphology (size and shape) of bones. There are associated craniofacial and dental manifestations that may include dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), a hypoplastic maxilla, and hypodontia, among others. Variable expression of dentin developmental defects has been documented, with approximately one-fourth to three-fourths of the cases showing some manifestation of DI, depending to some degree on the type of OI. To control the elevated rate of bone remodeling, some OI patients are treated with bisphosphonates, drugs that inhibit osteoclastic resorption. Bisphosphonate treatment may introduce additional problems, which have been observed in other patients, such as decreased rates of tooth movement, problems maintaining dental implant integration, or osteonecrosis following dental extractions. A review of the literature reveals that there is very little published about OI patients having orthodontic treatment. There are no reports for OI patients being treated with bisphosphonates and orthodontics, nor are there controlled studies of the outcomes of orthognathic surgery and/or orthodontic treatment in these patients. This article will present two case reports of OI patients with different manifestations of the disease that were treated with comprehensive orthodontic therapy with and without orthognathic surgery. Diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical procedures will be reviewed to alert orthodontists about the variability of the OI disease process and the special needs of affected patients. Clinical recommendations must be tempered by the particular characteristics and condition of the affected individual. Unique collagen or other bone protein mutation(s) may influence the expression of the OI and the response to treatment as well.
Lightning Rods in the Local Moral Economy: Debating Unauthorized Migrants' Deservingness in Israel

Localized debates about who unauthorized migrants are and what they do, or do not, deserve unfold in a culturally specific register that is deeply charged with emotion and moral valuation. Structuring such debates are vernacular discursive frames that emerge from, and reflect, a common “local moral economy.” Taking Israel as case study, this article examines six elements of the country's local moral economy – biopolitical logic, historical memory, political emotion, popularized religion, an ideology of “fruitful multiplication,” and hasbara (“public diplomacy”/propaganda) – and explores their impact on public debates about unauthorized and irregular forms of migration. Here, as elsewhere, conventionalized distinctions that frame much migration scholarship – e.g. “economic” vs. “political” migrants, “migrant workers” vs. “refugees,” even the terms “authorized” and “unauthorized” themselves – bear but limited salience. Migration researchers who hope to influence local policy debates must recognize the weight and influence of local moral economies, and the chasms that divide vernacular from conventionalized frames. Achieving this sort of nuanced understanding is, at root, an ethnographic challenge.
Library-aware resonant clock synthesis (LARCS)

Clock grids are often used in high-performance ASIC designs because of their low skew and robustness to variations. Resonant clock grids have the potential to reduce the power consumption of these high-performance clocks without sacrificing the skew and robustness of a clock grid. We present the first methodology to synthesize high-performance distributed resonant LC tank clock grids that utilize a pre-characterized inductor library. The use of a library reduces designer effort and total inductor area when compared with previous resonant clock grids while still attaining 59% power reduction and competitive skew when compared to traditional buffered clock grids.
Predicting Juvenile Recidivism with the PCL:YV, MAYSI, and YLS/CMI

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate juvenile recidivism prediction as a function of the static and dynamic risk factors identified in the literature on juvenile recidivism by integrating the Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version (PCL:YV), the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument (MAYSI), and the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) into a prediction model. The results suggested a predictive relationship between a 9-factor model consisting of MAYSI subscale scores and recidivism. The accuracy of the model improved with the addition of the Prior and Current Offenses/Dispositions subscale of the YLS/CMI. These findings suggest that emotional distress, offense history, and current criminal involvement may be important factors to consider when addressing recidivism potential.
Optical burst switching: a new area in optical networking research

In this tutorial, we give an introduction to optical burst switching and compare it with other existing optical switching paradigms. Basic burst assembly algorithms and their effect on assembled burst traffic characteristics are described first. Then a brief review of the early work on burst transmission is provided, followed by a description of a prevailing protocol for OBS networks called just-enough-time (JET). Algorithms used as an OBS core node for burst scheduling as well as contention resolution strategies are presented next. Trade-offs between their performance and implementation complexities are discussed. Recent work on QoS support, IP/WDM multicast, TCP performance in OBS networks, and labeled OBS is also described, and several open issues are mentioned.
Market behavior towards brand choice-multidimensional scaling approach

A two-factor model of market behavior towards brand choice is developed and empirically tested. Even though the study is only exploratory in nature, the results are encouraging in that the model seems to perform satisfactorily in understanding and prediceint the market behavior towards brand choice.
Sirolimus, tacrolimus and low-dose methotrexate as graft versus host disease prophylaxis in related and unrelated donor reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

Abstract We assessed the combination of sirolimus, tacrolimus, and low-dose methotrexate as acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis after reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation from matched related (MRD, n=46) and unrelated (URD, n=45) donors. All patients received fludarabine and intravenous busulfan conditioning followed by transplantation of mobilized PBSC. The median time to neutrophil engraftment was 13 days. The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV and III-IV aGVHD were 16% and 7%, respectively. There was no difference in the incidence of aGVHD between MRD and URD cohorts. Two-year cumulative incidence of extensive chronic GVHD (cGVHD) was 40%. Relapse-free survival (RFS) at 2 years was 34%: 21% in MRD and 45% in URD. Overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 59%: 47% in MRD and 67% in URD. High levels (>90%) of donor derived hematopoiesis were achieved in 59% of patients early after transplantation. The addition of sirolimus to tacrolimus and low-dose methotrexate as GVHD prophylaxis following RIC with fludarabine and low-dose intravenous busulfan is associated with rapid engraftment, low rates of aGVHD, and achievement of high levels of donor chimerism.
Functionalizing porous aromatic frameworks with polar organic groups for high-capacity and selective CO2 separation: a molecular simulation study.

Porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs) were recently synthesized with the highest surface area to date; one such PAF (PAF-1) has diamond-like structure with biphenyl building blocks and exhibits exceptional thermal and hydrothermal stabilities. Herein, we computationally design new PAFs by introducing polar organic groups to the biphenyl unit and then investigate their separating power toward CO2 by using grand-canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. Among these functional PAFs, we found that tetrahydrofuran-like ether-functionalized PAF-1 shows higher adsorption capacity for CO2 at 1 bar and 298 K (10 mol per kilogram of adsorbent) and also much higher selectivities for CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, and CO2/H2 mixtures when compared with the amine functionality. The electrostatic interactions are found to play a dominant role in the high CO2 selectivities of functional PAFs, as switching off atomic charges would decrease the selectivity by an order of magnitude. This work suggests that functionalizing porous frameworks ...
2b-RAD: a simple and flexible method for genome-wide genotyping

Genotyping based on restriction site7ndash;associated (RAD) sequencing around type IIB enzyme recognition sites is reported. The streamlined reduced-representation approach features even and tunable genome coverage and enables large-scale genotyping studies by maximizing the amount of genotypic information that can be obtained from individuals for a given amount of sequencing. We describe 2b-RAD, a streamlined restriction site–associated DNA (RAD) genotyping method based on sequencing the uniform fragments produced by type IIB restriction endonucleases. Well-studied accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were genotyped to validate the method's accuracy and to demonstrate fine-tuning of marker density as needed. The simplicity of the 2b-RAD protocol makes it particularly suitable for high-throughput genotyping as required for linkage mapping and profiling genetic variation in natural populations.
Interictal, unifocal spikes in refractory extratemporal epilepsy predict ictal origin and postsurgical outcome.

Abstract Objectives : To evaluate the significance of exclusively unifocal, unilateral, interictal epileptiform patterns on scalp electroencephalography (EEG) in surgical candidates with medically intractable extratemporal epilepsy. Methods : We reviewed 126 patients with refractory extratemporal partial seizures who underwent epilepsy surgery at our center. All were followed for at least 2 years after resections. Surgery was based on ictal EEG recordings. We examined ictal onsets and surgical outcome in subjects whose preoperative, interictal scalp EEGs during long-term monitoring (LTM) demonstrated only unilateral, well-defined focal discharges, and outcome in patients whose interictal EEGs during LTM showed bilateral, non-localized, or multifocal epileptiform patterns. Results : We found that 26 subjects exhibited only unilateral, unifocal, interictal epileptiform patterns. In all 26 cases (100%) clinical seizures arose from the regions expected by the interictal findings ( P 75% reduction in seizures. This compares to the remaining patients, of whom 34% (34/100) were seizure-free, 41% (41/100) had >75% reduction in seizures, and 25% (25/100) had P =0.0001, Fisher's Exact test). Conclusions : Strictly unifocal, interictal epileptiform patterns on scalp EEG, though seen in a minority of subjects, may be an important, independent factor in evaluating subjects with intractable extratemporal, localization-related epilepsy for surgical therapy. This finding is highly predictive of both ictal onsets and successful postsurgical outcome.
The impact of bridge-to-transplant ventricular assist device support on survival after cardiac transplantation

Objective To determine the impact of bridge-to-transplant ventricular assist device support on survival after cardiac transplantation. Methods From January 1, 1993, to April 30, 2009, a total of 525 cardiac transplants were performed. Ventricular assist devices were placed as a bridge to transplant in 110 patients. We focused our analysis on the 2 most common causes of end-stage heart failure requiring transplantation: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 201) and coronary artery disease (n = 213). Data including gender, age, date of transplant, cause of heart failure, prior heart transplant, placement of a ventricular assist device, type of ventricular assist device, and panel-reactive antibody sensitization were analyzed to derive Kaplan–Meier survival probabilities and multivariable Cox regression models. Results In patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who received a ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplant, survival was decreased at 1 year ( P = .008) and 5 years ( P = .019), but not at 10 years, posttransplant. In patients with coronary artery disease, the use of a ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplant did not influence survival at 1, 5, and 10 tears posttransplant. In patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who received a Heartmate I (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, Calif) ventricular assist device as a bridge to a cardiac transplant, elevation in the pretransplant panel-reactive antibody correlated with a decrease in long-term survival. Conclusion In patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, placement of a Heartmate I ventricular assist device as a bridge to a cardiac transplant is associated with an elevation in the pretransplant panel-reactive antibody and a decrease in 1- and 5 - year survivals after cardiac transplantation.
Adult perineal sarcomas.

Background and Objectives Primary perineal sarcoma in adults is a rare disease that has only been documented to occur in isolated case reports. Methods To better characterize and define the natural history of perineal sarcoma in adults (≥ 18 years), we reviewed our experience with treatment of perineal sarcoma between 1982 and 1999 (nine cases). Results Epithelioid sarcoma (n = 4) was the most common histologic subtype. Seven cases (78%) were histologically high grade, and lesions were most commonly < 5 cm. All patients were treated with wide local excision. External beam radiation was the most commonly used form of adjuvant therapy (n = 6). Recurrences were noted in five patients, and the recurrences were most commonly local (60%). Median time to first recurrence was 21 months. Six of nine patients are alive with a median follow-up of 54 months. Three died of recurrent/metastatic disease at 16, 51, and 54 months after initial surgery. Conclusions Aggressive therapy and follow-up beginning with wide excision can be associated with long-term survival in adults with primary perineal sarcoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001; 77:101–104. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2α Is Critical for Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension and Associated Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

Angiotensin II activates cytosolic phospholipase A(2)α (cPLA2α) and releases arachidonic acid from tissue phospholipids, which mediate or modulate ≥1 cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II and has been implicated in hypertension. Because arachidonic acid release is the rate limiting step in eicosanoid production, cPLA2α might play a central role in the development of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of angiotensin II infusion for 13 days by micro-osmotic pumps on systolic blood pressure and associated pathogenesis in wild type (cPLA2α(+/+)) and cPLA2α(-/-) mice. Angiotensin II-induced increase in systolic blood pressure in cPLA2α(+/+) mice was abolished in cPLA2α(-/-) mice; increased systolic blood pressure was also abolished by the arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitor, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid in cPLA2α(+/+) mice. Angiotensin II in cPLA2α(+/+) mice increased cardiac cPLA2 activity and urinary eicosanoid excretion, decreased cardiac output, caused cardiovascular remodeling with endothelial dysfunction, and increased vascular reactivity in cPLA2α(+/+) mice; these changes were diminished in cPLA2α(-/-) mice. Angiotensin II also increased cardiac infiltration of F4/80(+) macrophages and CD3(+) T lymphocytes, cardiovascular oxidative stress, expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers p58(IPK), and CHOP in cPLA2α(+/+) but not cPLA2α(-/-) mice. Angiotensin II increased cardiac activity of ERK1/2 and cSrc in cPLA2α(+/+) but not cPLA2α(-/-) mice. These data suggest that angiotensin II-induced hypertension and associated cardiovascular pathophysiological changes are mediated by cPLA2α activation, most likely through the release of arachidonic acid and generation of eicosanoids with predominant prohypertensive effects and activation of ≥1 signaling molecules, including ERK1/2 and cSrc.