cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ablation Of Polymers With Pairs Of Ultraviolet Laser Pulses With Controlled Temporal Separation

In our dynamic model 1 for the interaction of ultraviolet laser pulses with condensed organic matter, it was proposed that successive absorption of two or more UV photons by the chromophores in the solid resulted in excitation to high electronic excited states and was followed by decomposition and ablation. Since the population of the upper excited states would depend on the power density of the radiation at the surface of the polymer, the width of the laser pulse is emphasized in this model. In earlier work,2 the success of this model in fitting data which were obtained at one laser pulse width was realized. In the present work, the width of the laser pulse was varied from 4Ons to 100ns by using pairs of identical laser pulses (each of FWHM = 4Ons) which were separated by a set time interval. The response of PMMA to etching by pairs of pulses suggests that short-lived species which may be electronic states (e.g., triplets) and/or radicals play an important part in polymer ablation. The etching of polyimide by these extended pulses shows trends that are opposite to those observed in PMMA. In this instance, the shielding of the latter portion of the incoming pulse by the products that are ablated by the front portion is probably a serious effect.
Tensor norms and the classical communication complexity of nonlocal quantum measurement

Nonlocality is at the heart of quantum information processing. In this paper we investigate the minimum amount of classical communication required to simulate a nonlocal quantum measurement. We derive general upper bounds, which in turn translate to systematic classical simulations of quantum communication protocols.As a concrete application, we prove that any quantum communication protocol with shared entanglement for computing a Boolean function can be simulated by a classical protocol whose cost does not depend on the amount of the shared entanglement. This implies that if the cost of communication is a constant, quantum and classical protocols, with shared entanglement and shared coins, respectively, compute the same class of functions.Furthermore, we describe a new class of efficient quantum communication protocols based on fast quantum algorithms. While some of them have efficient classical simulations by our method, others appear to be good candidates for separating quantum v.s. classical protocols, and quantum protocols with v.s. without shared entanglement.Yet another application is in the context of simulating quantum correlations using local hidden variable models augmented with classical communications. We give a constant cost, approximate simulation of quantum correlations when the number of correlated variables is a constant, while the dimension of the entanglement and the number of possible measurements can be arbitrary.Our upper bounds are expressed in terms of some tensor norms on the measurement operator. Those norms capture the nonlocality of bipartite operators in their own way and may be of independent interest and further applications.
Emotional stability and goal-related stress

Abstract The experience of anticipatory and reactive stress associated with goals was examined as a function of the trait of emotional stability. During the first few weeks of the academic year, first-year college students completed a measure of emotional stability, provided a set of their goals, rated these goals on anticipated stress, and 6 months later, re-evaluated the same set of goals on reactive stress. Results indicate that emotional stability relates to reactive stress but not anticipatory stress. While this general finding held for the academic, social, pleasure, independence, and moral/religious goal domains, three other content domains required substantive qualifications. Emotional stability related to both anticipatory and reactive stress in the health domain, and to neither kind of stress in the organization and material wealth domains. Potential explanations of these differences and implications for using trait and goal units conjointly are discussed.
Bcl-xL Inhibits Cytochrome c Release but Not Mitochondrial Depolarization during the Activation of Multiple Death Pathways by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Cells can respond differently to anti-CD95 antibody treatment. Type I cells show strong activation of caspase-8 and directly activate caspase-3. Type II cells weakly activate caspase-8 and must amplify their death signal through the mitochondria. These cells can be rescued by Bcl-xL. Here we show that tumor necrosis factor-α induces both Type I and II pathways, which can be inhibited by benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD-fmk) and Bcl-xL in a cooperative fashion. Death induced in the presence of Z-VAD-fmk was associated with a partial inhibition of caspase-8, whereas no effects on cytochrome c release, DEVDase activity, and intranucleosomal DNA cleavage were observed. Thus, Z-VAD-fmk is likely weakening the death-inducing signaling complex-mediated activation of caspase-8 and diverting cells to a Type II pathway. Bcl-xL cooperates with Z-VAD-fmk by blocking the Type II pathway at the level of cytochrome c release. Surprisingly, although Bcl-xL was able to block cytochromec release, it was unable to block mitochondrial depolarization, suggesting that these are separate events. This suggests that mitochondria occupy two places in apoptotic signaling, as initiators of apoptosis through the release of cytochrome cas well as a target for effector caspases.
Early Digital Computer Art at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated

This article is a history of the digital computer art and animation developed and created at Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, 1962–1968. Still and animated images in two dimensions and in stereographic pairs were created and used in investigations of aesthetic preferences, in film titles, in choreography, and in experimental artistic movies. Interactive digital computer music software was extended to the visual domain, including a real-time interactive system. Some of the artworks generated were exhibited publicly in various art venues. This article emphasizes work in digital programming. This pioneering work at Bell Labs was a significant contribution to digital art.
Dynamic cache cleaning on Android

Android developers cache data to improve the performance of their applications. Caching is the technique of transparently storing data such that future requests can be accessed more quickly. At times when a mobile device is not under heavy use the cached data, including sensitive data, can remain on the device for an extensive period of time. This poses a security risk, especially when developers do not take the necessary security measures to protect their users' sensitive information. While there does exist ways to clear application caches built within the Android operating system and third-party applications, these approaches require the user to manually perform these tasks. This paper presents a dynamic cache cleaner that more aggressively pushes out unused cache data. We also present other possible solutions to more effectively manage the cache.
5‐Methyl‐5bβ,6,7,8,9,11aα‐hexa­hydro‐5H‐indolizino[1,2‐b]indol‐11(5aαH)‐one

The title compound, C5H18N2O, reveals a cis–trans stereochemistry for this rare example of the 5H-indolizino[1,2-b]indole ring system.
Positive solutions of nonlinear functional difference equations

Abstract In this paper, we apply a cone theoretic fixed-point theorem and obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of positive solutions to some boundary value problems for a class of functional difference equations. We consider analogues of sublinear or superlinear growth in the nonlinear terms.
The maternal and fetal physiologic effects of nicotine

The effects of nicotine are seen in every trimester of pregnancy, from increased spontaneous abortions in the first trimester, to increased premature delivery rates and decreased birth weights in the final trimester. The birth weight of a baby is dependent on two factors: the gestational age of the fetus at the time of delivery and the rate of fetal growth. Nicotine has been shown to affect both of these factors. Carbon monoxide, also found in tobacco, forms carboxyhemoglobin, which inhibits the release of oxygen into fetal tissues. Nicotine readily gains access to the fetal compartment via the placenta, with fetal concentrations generally 15% higher than maternal levels. The primary metabolite of nicotine, cotinine, has a half-life of 15 to 20 hours and serum concentrations that are 10-fold higher than nicotine; thus, cotinine provides a better index of nicotine exposure because of its longer half-life. Nicotine concentrates in fetal blood, amniotic fluid, and breastmilk. The fetus and neonate may also have environmental tobacco exposure that may be significant. In animal models and humans, nicotine increases maternal blood pressure and heart rate, with a concomitant reduction in uterine blood flow. An increase in fetal heart rate is also seen, which is thought to be caused by catecholamine release. The impact of nicotine on the respiratory and central nervous system is also reviewed. In conclusion, the physiological effect of tobacco on fetal growth seems to be a culmination of both the vasoconstrictive effects of nicotine on the uterine and potentially the umbilical artery and the effects on oxygenation by carboxyhemoglobin.
Reliability of hybrid III-V on Si distributed feedback lasers

The hybrid silicon (Si) device platform based on a low-temperature O 2 plasma-assisted wafer bonding technique [1] has recently stood out as one of the most promising solutions for Si photonic integrated circuits [2]. Demonstrated key components, e.g., lasers, amplifiers, modulators, photodetectors, have shown excellent performance [2], while high-quality epitaxial transfer up to 150 mm in diameter also paves the way toward large scale manufacturing [3]. One remaining question is whether those hybrid devices are able to show similar reliability as conventional pure III-V counterparts. In this work we report for the first time a reliability study on fabricated hybrid Si distributed feedback (DFB) laser with a quarter-wave shifted cavity design. We investigate the influence on reliability of a superlattice between the lasing region and the bonded interface.
An idea garden for end-user programmers

Research in end-user programming has seen many techniques aimed at making it easier for ordinary users to program. However, empirical studies continue to report barriers end users face. In my work, I propose an Idea Garden approach to help end users overcome barriers. Rooted in the Minimalist Learning Theory and theories in problem-solving and creativity, the Idea Garden aims to facilitate end-user programmers to generate and work with their own ideas. Expected benefits of this work include both a theory-based understanding of barriers and the Idea Garden approach itself, which is intended to be generalizable across different end-user programming environments.
Experimental Investigation of Radiative Transfer Between Metallic Surfaces at Cryogenic Temperatures

Radiative heat flux between two parallel copper disks at cryogenic temperature, showing dependence on emitter temperature and spacing
The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976

The Interface: IBM and the Transformation of Corporate Design, 1945–1976 By John Harwood Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2011ISBN 978-0-8166-7039-0pp. 288, 97 b&w photographs, 11 colour...
Chronic musculoskeletal pain in childhood

We studied 73 children with chronic or recurrent musculoskeletal pain of > or = 6 weeks' duration. Thirty-six children had no identifiable organic etiology for their pain, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years for ongoing symptoms. Thirty-seven children had an organic etiology for their pain. Use of an Inappropriate Symptom Checklist was helpful in distinguishing between children with chronic pain who were found to have an organic disease and those without an identifiable organic disease. Seventy-seven percent of children with no inappropriate symptoms had an organic diagnosis ultimately made. Conversely, 79% of children with two or more inappropriate symptoms ultimately had no organic diagnosis to explain their pain. Behavioral self-report measures testing could not differentiate between children with chronic pain with or without organic disease. Intervention by a psychologist skilled in pain management was helpful.
Rhinoclemmysnema n. g. and three new species of nematodes of the family Atractidae (Cosmocercoidea), with notes on the helminth fauna of Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima (Testudines: Bataguridae) in Costa Rica

Rhinoclemmysnema n. g. and three new species of atractid nematodes, namely, Atractis costaricaensis n. sp., Orientatractis asymmetrica n. sp. and Rhinoclemmysnema multilabiatum were recovered from the small and large intestine of Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima, the painted wood turtle in the Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica. The genera and three species are characterized by the features of the cephalic region and male tail. Neopolystoma fentoni (conjuctival sac) and Heronimus mollis (lungs) were also collected.
Nikolay Basov--nobel prize for lasers and masers.

F e a Institute, Boston, MA (D.P.S.). T he 1964 Nobel Prize for physics was shared by 3 physicists—2 Russians, Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922-2001) and his teacher Aleksandr M. Prokhorov (1916-2002), and 1 American, Charles H. Townes (1915)—for basic research in the field of experimental physics. Their research led to the discovery of the laser and maser. Townes worked independently of the 2 Russian physicists. From these achievements, the new field of quantum electronics emerged. Lasers and masers have been used in radio astronomy, radar, satellite communication, medicine, and other fields. In medicine, lasers have been used in a wide range of tasks, including delicate operations in which it is necessary to burn tissue. Both lasers and masers collect energy waves, amplify them hundreds of times, and produce a beam with waves that are almost perfectly parallel with little or no interference. Basov, the son of a professor at the Voronezh Forest Institute, was born on December 14, 1922, in Usman, a village near the city of Voronezh in central Russia (about 160 miles northeast of Kharkov). After graduating from high school in 1941, Basov entered the Russian army and trained as a doctor’s assistant at the Kuibyshev Military Medical Academy. He served near the First Ukranian Front during World War II (1939-1945). After being discharged from the army in December 1945, Basov entered the Moscow Institute of Physical Engineers, from which he graduated in 1950. Two years before graduation, he became a laboratory assistant in the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow. In 1952, while studying the interaction between incident electromagnetic waves and matter, Basov
cis-terpenones as an effective chemopreventive agent against aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity and TCDD-induced P450 1A/B activity in HepG2 cells

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent carcinogen, which can significantly increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development through food contamination. In past decades, chemopreventive agents, such as oltipraz and chlorophyllins, have demonstrated that chemo-intervention is an effective approach to reduce hepatotoxicity by AFB1. However, because of the potential adverse effects of these agents, alternative novel mechanism-based chemopreventive agents are needed. We report here that novel cis-terpenones 1-3, which were synthesized as the precursors of natural product analogues in our laboratory, showed promising protective effects against AFB1-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Chemo-protection was observed with increasing concentrations of cis-terpenones in the co-treatment of AFB1, and no cytotoxicity was observed with cis-terpenones alone. In addition, cis-terpenones 1-3 at 10 and microM effectively inhibited induced cytochrome P450 1A/1B activity by 50% in HepG2 cells, as indicated by an EROD assay. P450 1A/B is involved in the activation of many pre-carcinogens and is highly inducible in liver cells. These results suggested that novel terpenones 1-3 are candidates for the development of novel mechanism-based chemopreventive agents against AFB1 and other carcinogenic stimuli.
On the concept of coenergy

Abstract The concept of coenergy which appears in the study of electromechanical transducers is discussed from the point of view of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. It is shown in this paper that either of the two approaches leads to the result that tha coenergy is the Lagrangian for a system containing magnetic and/or dielectric material.
Bio- and Photo-degradation of Natural Fiber Reinforced Starch-based Biocomposites

Biocomposites of starch and natural fibers were produced by compression molding. Potato, sweet potato, and corn starch were used as matrices of the biocomposites. Natural fibers including jute, sisal, and cabuya were used as discrete reinforcement. Water, glycerol, glycols, and a chitosan solution were used as plasticizers. Biodegradation was studied using both a compost chamber and a spore solution in an agar-based culture medium. Weight loss was recorded at specific time intervals for the tests of biodegradation in a compost chamber. Microscopical analysis was used to assess biodegradation in agar medium. Photodegradation was studied in a UV degradation chamber. Weight loss was also recorded at specific time intervals. All the biocomposites displayed similar degradation patterns under compost. During the first seven days a marked water absorption tendency was dominant in the weight variation curves. After that period, weight loss became more evident. In the case of UV degradation, a large part of the re...
Interoperability: the key to the future health care system.

ABSTRACT: The United States is building a point-of-care health information system to rival the worldwide network of electronic banking. Through health care information exchange and interoperability...
Low-order empirical modeling of distributed parameter systems using temporal and spatial eigenfunctions

Abstract We provide a methodology for retrieving spatial and temporal eigenfunctions from an ensemble of data, using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). Focusing on a Newtonian fluid flow problem, we illustrate that the efficiency of these two families of eigenfunctions can be different when used in model reduction projections. The above observation can be of critical importance for low-order modeling of Distributed Parameter Systems (DPS) in on-line control applications, due to the computational savings that are introduced. Additionally, for the particular fluid flow problem, we introduce the use of the entropy of the data ensemble as the criterion for choosing the appropriate eigenfunction family.
Molecular dynamics simulations of Arp2/3 complex activation.

Actin-related protein 2 and 3 (Arp2/3) complex forms a dendritic network of actin filaments during endocytosis and cellular locomotion by nucleating branches on the sides of preexisting actin filaments. Reconstructions of electron tomograms of branch junctions show how Arp2/3 complex anchors the branch, with Arp2 and Arp3 serving as the first two subunits of the branch. Our aim was to characterize the massive conformational change that moves Arp2 ∼30 A from its position in crystal structures of inactive Arp2/3 complex to its position in branch junctions. Starting with the inactive crystal structure, we used atomistic-scale molecular dynamics simulations to drive Arp2 toward the position observed in branch junctions. When we applied forces to Arp2 while restraining Arp3, one block of structure (Arp2, subunit ARPC1, the globular domain of ARPC4 and ARPC5) rotated counterclockwise by 30° around a pivot point in an α-helix of ARPC4 (Glu81-Asn100) to align Arp2 next to Arp3 in a second block of structure including ARPC3 and the globular domains of ARPC2. This active structure buried more surface area than the inactive conformation. The complex was stable in all simulations. In most simulations, collisions of subdomain 2 of Arp2 with Arp3 impeded the movement of Arp2.
Leech therapy in the management of acute venous congestion of an infant's lower limb

We report the successful use of leech therapy in the postsurgical management of an infant with acute venous congestion of an entire lower limb. Two days of constant leech therapy, followed by 5 days of intermittent application, decongested the affected tissues. There were no complications related to the leech therapy, and mild cutaneous hyperpigmentation was the only long-term complication of the acute venous congestion. The volume of the affected tissue may limit the success of leech therapy in cases of acute venous congestion in the limbs of adults. Nevertheless, the use of leeches to manage acute venous congestion of large portions of infants' bodies should be considered when surgical therapies are not feasible.
Biomechanical porcine model of median sternotomy closure.

Background. Healing complications following median sternotomy commonly include instability, nonunion, and infection. They are associated with a high mortality rate if mediastinitis supervenes. Closure complications are best avoided by improving stability at the union, but there has thus far been no widespread agreement among surgeons about relative superiority among the available closure techniques. Materials and methods. A biological sternotomy closure model was developed utilizing whole porcine sterna. A special stainless-steel clamp with multiple spikes was created to reliably attach the sterna to a biomechanical testing device. Results. Two wiring techniques, single peristernal and pericostal figure-eight, were used in 14 fresh cadaveric porcine sterna. The more rigid closure utilized single peristernal wires (P < 0.0001). There was no tissue associated with clamp spikes penetrating the specimen's layers, and there was no clamp displacement even at closure failure loads. Conclusions. The porcine sternotomy model is a valuable tool for comparing closure techniques based on geometrical and mechanical wiring patterns. The model's low cost and easy reproducibility make it a promising first step in sternotomy closure research. The stainless-steel clamp used in the porcine model provided reliable repeat specimen fixation.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation into the Hydrolysis of Dichloro(Ethylenediamine)Platinum(II) Via Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Density Functional Theory

Dichloro(ethylenediamine)platinum(II), Pt(en)Cl2, was dissolved in H2O and D2O, and the resulting aqueous solutions were electrosprayed into a quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometer. A series of major and minor ionic hydrolysis products were detected. These ions were then subjected to collision-induced dissociation. As an aid in interpreting the experimental results, density functional theory calculations were carried out. These computations permitted the structures and energetics associated with the hydrolysis products to be determined. An understanding of the hydrolysis of PtenCl2 and related coordination complexes is essential in the rational design of metal-based drugs.
A Simple and Effective Way of Achieving Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Bulk-Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cells Using Amorphous Fullerene Derivatives as Electron Acceptor

Two amorphous fullerenes, TPA-PCBM and MF-PCBM, have been developed as efficient electron acceptors to induce a highly stable morphology of active layer in polymer photovoltaic devices. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of devices using both materials show no degradation, even after 10 h annealing at 150 °C.
Evidence for linkage of carbonic anhydrase isozyme genes in the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina.

THE mammalian carbonic anhydrase isozymes, CA I (or CA B) and CA II (or CA C), are single polypeptide chain molecules of about 260 amino-acid residues each1 which have been postulated to have arisen by a process of gene duplication between 120 and 300 million years ago2. The possibility that the two structural autosomal loci for these carbonic anhydrases are linked in primates has been discussed previously3 and Carter4 has recently reported genetic evidence for linkage between the CA I and CA II loci in the rodent genus Cavia. Here, we present genetic and biochemical evidence which indicates that the CA I and CA II loci are linked in the pig-tailed macaque, Macaca nemestrina.
Computation of and λ1 with lattice QCD

Abstract We pursue a new method, based on lattice QCD, for determining the quantities Λ , λ1, and λ2 of heavy-quark effective theory. We combine Monte Carlo data for the meson mass spectrum with perturbative calculations of the short-distance behavior, to extract Λ and λ1 from a formula from HQET. Taking into account uncertainties from fitting the mass dependence and from taking the continuum limit, we find Λ =0.68 +0.02 −0.12 GeV and λ 1 =−(0.45±0.12) GeV 2 in the quenched approximation.
The distribution of some noble metals in meteorites and natural materials

Abstract Abundances of gold, iridium and platinum have been determined in a wide range of meteoritic and terrestrial materials. The technique of thermal neutron activation analysis, as used in this study, couples the advantages of high sensitivity and freedom from reagent and laboratory contamination. Abundances of these elements in the chondrites are used to derive values for their “cosmic” atomic abundances. Implications of the data to theories of nucleosynthesis and the chemical history of meteorites and tektites are discussed.
An approach for exploring interaction between two proteins in vivo

We describe a strategy for exploring the function of protein-protein interactions in striated muscle in vivo. We describe our experience using this strategy to study the interaction of UNC-112 (kindlin) with PAT-4 (integrin linked kinase). Random mutagenesis is used to generate a collection of mutants that are screened for lack of binding or gain of binding using a yeast 2-hybrid assay. The mutant proteins are then expressed in transgenic C. elegans to determine their ability to localize in the sarcomere. We emphasize two advantages of this strategy: (1) for studying the interaction of protein A with protein B, when protein A can interact with multiple proteins, and (2) it explores the function of an interaction rather than the absence of, or reduced level of, a protein as can be obtained with null mutants or knockdown by RNAi. We propose that this method can be generalized for studying the meaning of a protein-protein interaction in muscle for any system in which transgenic animals can be generated and their muscles can be imaged.
Distinguishing characteristics of ahuman economics

What are the requirements for an economics that is compatible with, and affirmative of, a meaninful image of human nature? Where does conventional economic theory show its most glaring deficiencies in this respect? What are the core human values that need to inform economic thought capable of guiding us in the design and construction of a more humane economic system? Why is the bulk of contemporary heterodox economic thinking antagonistic to the project of a human-centered economics? These are the basic questions addressed and explored in this article.
Nutrient flux in the Rhode River: Tidal exchange of nutrients by brackish marshes

Abstract Tidal exchanges of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon by a high and a low elevation marsh in the Rhode River estuary were measured throughout the year. Both marshes tended to import particulate matter and export dissolved matter, although they differed in the fluxes of certain nutrients. Compared with tidal exchanges, bulk precipitation was a major source of ammonia and nitrate and a minor source of other nutrients. There was a net retention of nutrients by the portion of the Rhode River that included both marshes and a mudflat. However, the marshes accounted for only 10% of the phosphorus retention and 1% of the nitrogen retention while they released organic carbon amounting to 20% of the retention. This suggests that the mudflat acted as a sink for nutrients. The primary role of the marshes seems to be transformation of particulate to dissolved nutrients rather than nutrient retention or release.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for the quantification of multiple minor and trace elements in forsterite–fayalite

Abstract Matrix effects in the olivine binary series are known to affect the determination of minor and trace elements by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). We use seven well-characterized, compositionally divergent reference materials (Fo100–Fo0.5) to calibrate these effects for accurate analyses of the forsterite (Fo) content and a suite of petrologically important minor and trace elements (Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) using SIMS. The forsterite (Fo) content and, concurrently, the concentrations of MgO, FeO, and SiO2 of an unknown sample are extracted from a calibration of R25Mg+/(R25Mg+ + R57Fe+) (RMX+ is the intensity ratio of an analyte ion to 30Si+ measured by SIMS) against accepted values for Fo for the seven reference materials, as originally determined by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA). Traditional working lines (RMX+ versus accepted values for atomic weight ratio) for Ca, Ti, V, and Cr display near-linear relationships, whereas plots of Relative Sensitivity Factor (RSF) versus Fo content for Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn revealed significant non-linear variations with olivine composition (‘matrix effect’). RSF-based working lines for these elements yield polynomial regressions with strong correlations (R2 ∼ 0.99). This consequently enables a precise quantification of the matrix effect-biased elements over the complete range of natural olivine compositions. Comparison of SIMS vs. EPMA was performed using highly homogeneous mantle olivine (Fo90) from a garnet-peridotite (Western Gneiss Region, Norway) and more compositionally variable olivine (Fo74–89) from a volcanic ash deposit (2010 Eyjafjallajokull eruption, Iceland). SIMS determinations of Fo, Ni, and Mn compared accurately with those by EPMA – with the added advantage of ∼5 ppm detection limit for Ni and Mn, and the analysis of Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn in the same sample volume. The capability of SIMS for precise quantification of Fo, Ni, Mn, and multiple trace elements is particularly valuable in petrogenetic and mineral deposit studies where olivine Fo compositions vary over a large range. For example, those pertaining to melt evolution in magmatic Ni–Cu–Co deposits.
Studies of 13C13C coupling constants. IV. The isopropenyl system

Abstract 13 C 13 C coupling constants were obtained on ten monolabeled or dilabeled isopropenyl compounds, using repetitive cw methods. The single-bond and double-bond couplings were found to vary over 10 and 14 Hz, respectively, throughout the series. The results were analyzed in terms of INDO calculations, which indicate a relationship between J cc values and −I + substituent character. Both experimental and INDO results are considered in comparison to previously reported data on ethyl and acetyl compounds.
Testing the effectiveness of converting patients to long-acting antianginal medications: The Quality of Life in Angina Research Trial (QUART).

Abstract Objective Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that converting patients with stable angina to long-acting antianginal medications would improve their functional status, symptom control, treatment satisfaction, and quality of life. Methods and Results A single-blind randomized trial of 100 patients with stable coronary artery disease was performed in the outpatient clinic of a Veterans Affairs Health System. Outpatients with chronic stable angina taking at least 2 antianginal medications were studied. Patients were randomized to one of two treatments: optimal adjustment of their usual antianginal medications or conversion to solely long-acting medications (long-acting diltiazem ± nitroglycerin patches ± atenolol) with subsequent optimization. The primary outcome was the 3-month change in Seattle Angina Questionnaire scores. Although no differences in physical limitation scores were noted, patients randomized to receive long-acting medications had improved symptom control (3-month improvement in anginal stability [19.1 vs 5.6, P =.02] and anginal frequency [17.8 vs 5.5, P =.006]), more treatment satisfaction (3-month improvement of 8.2 vs 3.0, P =.057), and better quality of life (3-month improvement of 11.2 vs 5.6, P =.09) compared with patients whose pretrial medications were optimized. The improvement in symptom control was statistically significant. Conclusion Converting patients with chronic, stable angina to long-acting antianginal medications resulted in substantial improvements in symptom control with a trend toward better treatment satisfaction and quality of life. (Am Heart J 2001;141:550-8.)
An English to Korean transliteration model of extended Markov window

Automatic transliteration problem is to transcribe foreign words in one's own alphabet. Machine generated transliteration can be useful in various applications such as indexing in an information retrieval system and pronunciation synthesis in a text-to-speech system. In this paper we present a model for statistical English-to-Korean transliteration that generates transliteration candidates with probability. The model is designed to utilize various information sources by extending a conventional Markov window. Also, an efficient and accurate method for alignment and syllabification of pronunciation units is described. The experimental results show a recall of 0.939 for trained words and 0.875 for untrained words when the best 10 candidates are considered.
Tubes and the single C. elegans excretory cell

The formation and regulation of tubule shape and size is fundamental to the development and function of many tissues and organs in metazoan organisms. The excretory canals of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are a fascinating example of cell morphogenesis, as the tiny worm manages to create a complicated set of tubular epithelia within a single cell. In addition to the inherent attraction of studying this cytoengineering feat, the excretory cell provides a simple genetically tractable model for studying tubule formation and regulation of tubule diameter. Mutations in the exc genes alter the diameter of the lumenal surface of these tubules. Cloning of these genes reveals a set of proteins that both control tubule diameter and regulate the comparative growth of the apical and basal tubular surfaces.
Morphology of bone development and bone remodeling in embryonic chick limbs.

Abstract Staged embryos from White Leghorn chicken eggs were used to assemble a detailed morphological sequence of events occurring in long bone development from Hamburger-Hamilton stage 32 through stage 44 and 2 days post hatching. The detailed patterning of osteoblasts, osteoid, mineral, and vasculature were observed at the mid-diaphysis of the tibia. At stage 32, the cartilage core is composed of hypertrophie chondrocytes and is surrounded by a continuous ring of mineralized osteoid on which osteoblasts and vasculature reside. At stage 35, the vasculature and associated cell types invade the cartilage core region. By stage 37, marrow occupies the entire cartilage core region at the mid-diaphysis. Anastamosing channels, containing vasculature, interconnect with each other and the marrow region to the inside and the periosteal region to the outside. Clearly, the cartilage is replaced by marrow, not bone. Mineral deposition at the periosteal surface continues through stage 44 as does mineral resorption on the endosteal surface, although the rate of mineral deposition and resorption varies at different developmental stages. Vasculature plays an important role in the pattern formation of the trabeculae and their channels as can be seen in the developmental sequence within one bone (the tibia) or comparisons between two bones (the tibia and fibula). A model is presented which considers the possibility that osteoprogenitor cells are formed as early as the chondroprogenitor cells. This model also emphasizes the observation that cartilage is not replaced by bone but is replaced by marrow.
Synergism between anti-rhinovirus antivirals: various human interferons and a number of synthetic compounds.

DCF (dichloroflavan), enviroxime, chalcone Ro-09-0410 and HuIFN (Human interferon)-α2, HuIFN-β, HuIFN-β × 401 and HuIFN-γ, showed antiviral activity in vitro against RV2 (rhinovirus type 2) and RV9. Binary combinations of these drugs showed synergistic activity of which the combinations of HuIFN-γ or HuIFN-α and enviroxime were of most interest. They were studied in more detail in tissue culture by virus yield experiments and in organ culture of human embryonic nasal epithelium and human embryonic tracheal culture in which there was a potent antiviral synergy. These results indicate that such combinations of drugs may be worthy of clinical study.
Effect of Wilting on Carbohydrates during Incubation of Excised Bean Leaves in the Dark.

Excised bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves were used to compare the changes in various carbohydrates during dark incubation in a wilted and turgid condition. After a rapid (less than 1 hour) wilt, leaves were incubated at a constant water content (75% of original fresh weight).The starch content of the wilted leaves decreased faster than it did in the turgid leaves. This accelerated starch loss was accompanied by an increase in free (alcohol-soluble) sugars, while no similar increase was observed in the turgid leaves. The increase in free sugars in the wilted leaves during accelerated starch loss was sufficient to account for the decreased starch content in wilted leaves compared to turgid leaves. Thus, total carbohydrate decreased at the same rate in both wilted and turgid leaves during dark incubation.The free sugar which accumulated in the wilted leaves was mainly sucrose. There was no increase in sucrose content of turgid leaves during incubation, although there was a rapid loss of starch. Glucose and fructose also increased during incubation, but there was no difference between the wilted and turgid leaves. These results suggest that wilting of detached leaves caused a conversion of starch to sucrose in the dark.
Sodium acetylsalicylate effectiveness against fever induced by leukocytic pyrogen and prostaglandin E1 in the cat

Fieber wurde durch die intraventrikulare Injektion gleich wirksamer Dosen von Leukozyten-Pyrogen (LP) und Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) hervorgerufen. Das Fieber entwickelte sich nach Beginn mit einer fur beide Substanzen genau gleichen Anstiegsrate der Temperatur, die Latenzzeit bis zum Fieberbeginn war fur LP jedoch langer als fur PGE1. Die i.v. Gabe von Natriumsalicylat verzogerte den Beginn, verlangsamte die Anstiegsgeschwindigkeit und setzte das Ausmass des LP-Fiebers herab, es war jedoch ohne Einfluss beim PGE1-Fieber.
Ca/Sr and Sr isotope systematics of a Himalayan glacial chronosequence: carbonate versus silicate weathering rates as a function of landscape surface age

We explored changes in the relative importance of carbonate vs. silicate weathering as a function of landscape surface age by examining the Ca/Sr and Sr isotope systematics of a glacial soil chronosequence located in the Raikhot watershed within the Himalaya of northern Pakistan. Bedrock in the Raikhot watershed primarily consists of silicate rock (Ca/Sr 0.20 mol/nmol, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 0.77 to 1.2) with minor amounts of disseminated calcite (Ca/Sr 0.98 to 5.3 mol/nmol, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 0.79 to 0.93) and metasedimentary carbonate (Ca/Sr 1.0 to 2.8 mol/nmol, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr 0.72 to 0.82). Analysis of the exchangeable, carbonate, and silicate fractions of seven soil profiles ranging in age from 0.5 to 55 kyr revealed that carbonate dissolution provides more than 90% of the weathering-derived Ca and Sr for at least 55 kyr after the exposure of rock surfaces, even though carbonate represents only 1.0 wt% of fresh glacial till. The accumulation of carbonate-bearing dust deposited on the surfaces of older landforms partly sustains the longevity of the carbonate weathering flux. As the average landscape surface age in the Raikhot watershed increases, the Ca/Sr and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios released by carbonate weathering decrease from 3.6 to 0.20 mol/nmol and 0.84 to 0.72, respectively. The transition from high to low Ca/Sr ratios during weathering appears to reflect the greater solubility of high Ca/Sr ratio carbonate relative to low Ca/Sr ratio carbonate. These findings suggest that carbonate weathering controls the dissolved flux of Sr emanating from stable Himalayan landforms comprising mixed silicate and carbonate rock for tens of thousands of years after the mechanical exposure of rock surfaces to the weathering environment. Copyright © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd
Effect of luminance in probability learning

Three groups of 40 Ss predicted the occurrence of reinforcing lights differing in luminance in an Estes & Straughan (1954) probability-learning situation. Little effect of luminance difference was found. It was concluded that the luminance effect reported by Nazzaro & Todorov (1966) is, at most, a weak effect in this situation.
Nitric Oxide Inhibits ACTH-Induced Cortisol Production in Near-Term, Long-Term Hypoxic Ovine Fetal Adrenocortical Cells

We previously reported that in the sheep fetus, long-term hypoxia (LTH) resulted in elevated basal plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH(1- 39)) whereas the cortisol levels were not different from normoxic controls. We also showed that LTH enhances endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in the fetal adrenal. This study was designed to determine the effect of NO on cortisol production in adrenocortical cells from LTH fetal sheep. Ewes were maintained at high altitude (3820 m) from ∼40 days' gestation (dG) to near term. Between 138 and 141 dG, fetal adrenal glands were collected from LTH and age-matched normoxic control fetuses. Adrenal cortical cells were pretreated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), L-arginine, or diethyleneamine NO (DETA-NO) and then challenged with 10 nmol/L ACTH. Cortisol responses were compared after 1 hour. Adrenocorticotropic hormone -induced cortisol secretion was significantly higher in LTH versus control (P < .01). Enhancement of NO with L-arginine resulted in a significant reduction of ACTH-mediated cortisol production in the LTH group. DETA-NO also caused a significant decrease in ACTH-mediated cortisol production (P < .05). Inhibition of NOS with L-NAME significantly increased cortisol production in the LTH group (P < .05 compared to ACTH alone), whereas the effect on the control group was not significant. Nitric oxide synthase activity was significantly higher in the LTH group compared to control, but this difference was eliminated following ACTH treatment. These data indicate that LTH enhances adrenal cortical sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of NO on cortisol production. Nitric oxide may, therefore, play an important role in regulating ACTH-induced cortisol production in the LTH fetal adrenal.
SOLO: A Linear Ordering Approach to Path Analysis of Web Site Traffic

Abstract Web usage mining analyzes web site traffic patterns in order to provide feedback on how they are being used. In this paper we present a new tool for web usage mining that is based on a linear ordering of the page transition matrix created from web server access logs. The ordering provides a measure allowing web pages to be categorized as origins, hubs or destinations according to their position in the ordering. It also provides a measure of the orderliness of web site traffic. This approach is applied to a university’s web site traffic over time and results are discussed. Comparing web site traffic immediately after a major change to the web site design and then two years later, the traffic is more ordered. Results from the linear ordering approach are also compared to a Markov steady-state analysis of the page transition matrix. The mathematical formulation of the problem and the pseudocode used for its solution is presented and its application for bandwidth or size-limited devices is presented.
Dopamine and food reward: back to the elements.

brain dopamine has been linked to reward function by its importance first for the habit-forming actions of addictive drugs, then for direct electrical stimulation of the brain, and finally for more natural rewards such as food and sexual contact. Whereas addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward
Silk-based resorbable electronic devices for remotely controlled therapy and in vivo infection abatement

A paradigm shift for implantable medical devices lies at the confluence between regenerative medicine, where materials remodel and integrate in the biological milieu, and technology, through the use of recently developed material platforms based on biomaterials and bioresorbable technologies such as optics and electronics. The union of materials and technology in this context enables a class of biomedical devices that can be optically or electronically functional and yet harmlessly degrade once their use is complete. We present here a fully degradable, remotely controlled, implantable therapeutic device operating in vivo to counter a Staphylococcus aureus infection that disappears once its function is complete. This class of device provides fully resorbable packaging and electronics that can be turned on remotely, after implantation, to provide the necessary thermal therapy or trigger drug delivery. Such externally controllable, resorbable devices not only obviate the need for secondary surgeries and retrieval, but also have extended utility as therapeutic devices that can be left behind at a surgical or suturing site, following intervention, and can be externally controlled to allow for infection management by either thermal treatment or by remote triggering of drug release when there is retardation of antibiotic diffusion, deep infections are present, or when systemic antibiotic treatment alone is insufficient due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. After completion of function, the device is safely resorbed into the body, within a programmable period.
Process Highlighters in a Computer Simulation: Facilitation of Theory-Oriented Problem Solving

This experiment investigates whether or not process highlighters, incorporated in a computer simulation, facilitate the knowledge representation of early adolescent children. Process highlighters are perceptual cues (usually visual) that are designed to focus attention toward critical features of events and processes occurring in a problem domain. The two questions addressed in this study are: a) do process highlighters increase the percentage of subjects who employ theory-oriented explanation?, and b) do process highlighters increase the percentage of subjects who demonstrate an understanding of the concept presented in the simulation? Thirty-two twelve-year-old children from two middle schools played a computer game about light reflecting off flat mirrors, presenting the physical law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Each child played either the game with process highlighters or the game without process highlighters for forty minutes. Three independent evaluators analyzed each ...
Renal protection with recombinant b-type natriuretic peptide in a burn patient with rhabdomyolysis.

Rhabdomyolysis is a complication of injury to muscle, which may lead to acute renal failure (ARF) [1]. Although most commonly associated with crush injury [2], rhabdomyolysis is a common sequela to the direct and inflammatory injuries seen in burn patients [3]. Multiple fluid regimens and pharmaceutical agents have been used to attempt to reduce the very high risk of renal failure in patients with rhabdomyolysis [4–11], with limited success. The application of an endogenous homeostatic peptide, recombinant b-natriuretic peptide (rBNP) as a renoprotective agent is physiologically and therapeutically attractive strategy in this setting because it is a renal vasodilator, natriuretic, and inhibitor of renin secretion. We present a case in which rBNP was used as adjunctive therapy in the successful prevention of ARF in a patient with rhabdomyolysis and acute renal decompensation.