cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic functionalities of supported sulfides. I: Effect of support and additives on the CoMo catalyst

C-S hydrogenolysis (HDS) of thiophene, hydrogenation (HYD) of 1-hexene, and hydrocracking (HCG) of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, were used as separate model test reactions to differentiate and assess the catalytic functionalities of sulfided CoMo catalysts, and their dependence on the nature of the support and incorporation of additives. Rate constants and relative catalyst activities for these three reaction types were determined. HDS and HYD activities of CoMo supported on different types of Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ were higher, while the HCG activity was lower compared with CoMo supported on SiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, SiO/sub 2/-MgO, or TiO/sub 2/. For SiO/sub 2/-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ supports both HDS and HYD activities decreased with increase in SiO/sub 2/ content from 10 to 75%, while HCG activity showed the opposite trend. Additives to a finished CoMo catalyst at 0.5% level caused variations in HDS and HCG activities, while HYD was essentially unaffected. HDS was promoted by NH/sub 4/HF/sub 2/ and NH/sub 4/Cl, but depressed by NaNO/sub 3/, Ca(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/, and H/sub 3/BO/sub 3/. HCG was promoted by NH/sub 4/HF/sub 2/, NH/sub 4/Cl, and H/sub 3/BO/sub 3/. Additives at 5% level, prior to or after CoMo impregnation, showed a strong depressing effect on HDS and a lesser effectmore » on HYD, while HCG was strongly promoted by NH/sub 4/HF/sub 2/, Ti isopropoxide, and H/sub 3/BO/sub 3/. The changes in catalytic functionalities are rationalized in terms of different interactions between CoMo phase, support, and additives. 3 tables, 1 figure.« less
Comparing time to onset of response in antidepressant clinical trials using the cure model and the Cramer-von Mises test.

Currently available antidepressants have a delayed onset of action and there is considerable interest in developing new products which exhibit a shorter time to response. Previous authors have suggested using a cure model to characterize the time to response for the combination of the patients who respond and the patients who do not respond. In this paper, we use the cure model and propose a Cramer-von Mises statistic to compare the time to response distributions for patients who respond to therapy. The asymptotic null distribution of the statistic is derived. A bootstap procedure is also proposed for sample sizes typical in antidepressant clinical trials. Results of the simulation study suggest that for common designs and sample sizes used in such trials, the statistic has reasonable size and power properties as long as censoring is moderate.
A slow tritium exchange study of the solution structure of Escherichia coli 5 S ribosomal RNA.

Abstract The structure of Escherichia coli 5 S ribosomal RNA has been investigated by slow tritium exchange. 5 S rRNA was incubated in a 3 H 2 O-containing buffer at 37 °C and the incorporation of tritium from the solvent into specific sites was determined by enzymatic digestion and measurement of the specific activity of the isolated fragments. The labeling rate is markedly sensitive to the microenvironment and permits mapping the conformation of the molecule. The exchange rate into sites distributed throughout the molecule permits a critical evaluation of all proposed 5 S rRNA models. While the data support the four basic helices in the Fox & Woese (1975) model, additional regions of interaction are indicated. An improved dual-label approach to the tritium exchange method is described.
Logical equivalence of optical symbolic substitution and shadow-casting schemes

Abstract The logical equivalence between two powerful optical computing techniques, namely, optical symbolic substitution and optical shadow-casting is investigated. A common basis for both schemes is developed and their roots are traced back to fundamental principles of logic design. Both shadow-casting and symbolic substitution based optical computing operations are shown to be equivalent to logical sum of product operations.
Interocular transfer of color aversion in pigeons

An experiment was conducted to investigate the possible interocular transfer of a color aversion. Three groups of eight experimentally naive feral pigeons were exposed to either red- or blue-colored water. One-half of these birds wore patches either on the right or on the left eye. Following water consumption, two groups were injected with cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The remaining group was injected with distilled water in the same manner. One-half of the birds’ patches were switched to the unexposed eye on the day following treatment. Birds were given 15 min access to 70 ml of plain water for 2 subsequent days and then were tested for aversion on the 3rd day. Treated birds demonstrated a reduction in colored water consumption, and controls did not. Eye-patch condition did not affect the degree of aversion obtained. Data indicate that an aversion to color learned monocularly transfers passively to the untrained eye. Results are discussed with regard to other interocular transfer literature and the aversion literature.
The Effects of Disturbance Architecture on Landscape-Level Population Dynamics

Phenomena such as disturbance play a major role in structuring ecological systems by producing a spatiotemporal mosaic of patches at different successional states. The distribution of species within the resulting mosaic depends upon an interaction between species' life history traits and the spatial and temporal structure of the ecological processes controlling species' distributions. We have used a spatially explicit simulation model (JAS- PER) of a serpentine grassland to examine the importance of some of these relationships, focusing primarily on the role of disturbance. The model JASPER is hierarchical in design and was developed to simulate the population dynamics of three interacting plant species: Bromus mollis, Calycadenia multiglandulosa, and Plantago erecta. Population dynamics were modeled as occurring within local sites, which were then arranged in a square array to form a landscape. Connections among sites within a landscape were made primarily through seed dispersal. Several components of disturbance architecture were varied systematically among model runs to determine their impact on population dynamics at the scale of the landscape. We considered three levels of organization in modeling disturbance: (1) overall rate of distur- bance, (2) size of individual disturbances, and (3) temporal and spatial autocorrelation among individual disturbances. The results demonstrate that the impact of disturbance depends upon a complex interaction between the life history characteristics of the species making up the community and the spatial and temporal structure of the disturbance regime. For example, we found that the biggest impact on species abundance occurred in response to a shift in the temporal autocorrelation structure of the disturbance regime. Also, species diversity was found to increase at intermediate levels of disturbance (as has been shown in several other studies). However, what can be considered an intermediate level of dis- turbance depends as much upon the temporal autocorrelation structure of the disturbance regime as it does upon the absolute rate of disturbance. These results suggest that predicting the impact of disturbance on ecological communities will require an explicit understanding of at least some aspects of the spatial and temporal architecture of the disturbance regime.
Generalized orthogonal arrays: Constructions and related graphs

Generalized orthogonal arrays were first defined to provide a combinatorial characterization of (t, m, s)-nets. In this article we describe three new constructions for generalized orthogonal arrays. Two of these constructions are straightforward generalizations of constructions for orthogonal arrays and one employs new techniques. We construct families of generalized orthogonal arrays using orthogonal arrays and provide net parameters obtained from our constructions. In addition, we define a set of graphs associated with a generalized orthogonal array which provide information about the structure of the array. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 7: 31–39, 1999
FASTBUS Software Review

Current developments in software elements for FASTBUS systems are reviewed. Particular attention is given to resources for system management, system initialization, database management, standards for access routines, and system checkout and diagnostic facilities.
Consequences of Making Weight: A Review of Eating Disorder Symptoms and Diagnoses in the United States Military

Eating disorders are serious psychiatric illnesses associated with health problems. Such problems may compromise military performance, highlighting the need to establish the level of eating pathology that exists in military samples. This article qualitatively reviews prevalence estimates of eating disorder symptoms and diagnoses in military samples, providing nonmilitary estimates for context. Findings suggest that eating disorder symptoms are prevalent in cadets and active duty service members, especially when using self-report measures. The increased salience of weight in the military and increased exposure to trauma may influence risk for eating disorders. Alternatively, individuals at risk for eating disorders may self-select into the military. Overall, this review suggests that eating disorder symptoms are common in military samples and that further research is warranted.
A FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE PICTURE COMPLETION ITEMS OF THE WAIS12

Factor analysis is applied to a matrix of item intercorrelations for items of the WAIS Picture Completion subtest, using a sample of 228 college-oriented males. Three factors are found, and identified in terms of the three principal causes of failure on PC described by Rapaport. The factors are examined in relation to the overall framework of the WAIS reported by Saunders, and found not to require any new dimension. The multidimensional character of PC explains why the items of this subtest have been particularly resistant to scaling for difficulty. Factor I is most appropriately labelled “Maintenance of Contact” versus “Loss of Contact” or withdrawal, is best measured by items 16 and 18, and is not linearly related to any other subtest. This factor, which apparently embodies the unique contribution of PC to the Wechsler battery, might also be called “Recognition of Incongruity.” Factor II is most appropriately labelled “Maintenance of Perspective” versus “Loss of Distance,” is best measured by items 8 and 9, and is related to certain items in the Comprehension subtest. Factor III is related to the effect of “uncertainty” on the subject, is best measured by items 2 and 14, and is related to total scores on the Object Assembly subtest.
METABOLIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF CUCURBITACINS BY DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE AND D. UNDECIMPUNCTATA HOWARDI BARBER

Four glucosidic products of the metabolism of dietary cucurbitacins were isolated from whole body extracts of field collected Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber by preparative HPLC. These were identified on the basis of mass and 13C NMR spectral data as 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin I-2-O-d-glucoside (1), 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin 2-O-d-glucoside (2), 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin B-2-O-d-glucoside (3), and 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin E-2-O-d-glucoside (4). The identification of (4) was based on mass spectral data alone, and must be treated as tentative. The nature of metabolic transformations in vivo was examined by feeding highly purified cucurbitacin D to adults of D. u. howardi, and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte that had been reared on a cucurbitacin-free diet. After 24 hr, acetylated and non-acetylated glucosidic metabolites were detected in whole body extracts of both beetle species. After 6 days of feeding, it was apparent that all four metabolites found in field collected beetles were present, indicating that glucosylation, hydrogenation, desaturation, and acetylation reactions take place in vivo. At this time, the total quantities of glucosidic metabolites ranged from a maximum of 327.5 μg/individual in D. v. virgifera to 631.6 μg/individual in D. u. howardi, with metabolite (2) always being the most abundant. Groups of D. v. virgifera extracted 8 days after last exposure to the cucurbitacin-containing diet contained nearly identical quantities and proportions of metabolites as those extracted 1 day post-feeding. This verifies previous reports of sequestration of cucurbitacin metabolites by Diabrotica spp.
Bioconversion of corn stover derived pentose and hexose to ethanol using cascade simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (CSSF).

A cascade type of fermentation, designated the cascade simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (CSSF), was studied to convert corn stover derived pentose and hexose to ethanol with reduced enzyme input. In detail, each step of CSSF utilizes two sequential SSF phases operating on pentose and hexose, i.e., pentose conversion using xylanase, endo-glucanase, and recombinant Escherichia coli (KO11) with minimal glucose conversion in the first phase SSF, and hexose conversion in the second phase SSF using cellulase, β-glucosidase, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (D5A). In this cascade scheme, multiple stages of 1st and 2nd phase SSF were performed in series; enzymes are recycled from the fermentation broth of the last stage for the use of the next stage. This bioconversion process yielded up to 60% of the theoretical maximum ethanol yield based on the total sugars in untreated corn stover, while enzyme loadings were reduced by 50% (v/v) and the final ethanol concentration reached 27 g/l.
Genetic and environmental effects on early growth and performance in purebred Holstein, Jersey, and reciprocal crossbred calves.

Abstract For this designed experiment, Holstein × Holstein (n=28), Jersey × Jersey (n=10), Holstein × Jersey (n=15), and Jersey × Holstein (n=15) bull and heifer calves were compared for body weight (BW), dry matter intake, feed efficiency, hip height, BW gain to 42 and 56d, and days to weaning from birth to 8 wk. All traits were examined for purebred, maternal, and heterotic genetic effects. Purebred genetic effects significantly favored the Holstein breed for BW, dry matter intake, hip height, and BW gain to 42 and 56d. Heterotic genetic effects were present for dry matter intake and hip height. Calf sex affected BW and BW gain to 56d. Our results indicate that early calf growth is influenced primarily by purebred effects favoring the Holstein breed and to a lesser extent heterosis.
Effects of ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation on pacing threshold in the anesthetized dog

AbstractThe effects of transthoracic and internal defibrillation on the bipolar ventricular pacing threshold in 20 anesthetized dogs were examined. Ventricular pacing was accomplished with a comput...
Large urban freight traffic generators: Opportunities for city logistics initiatives

This paper develops procedures to identify and quantify the role played by large urban freight traffic generators as contributors of truck traffic in metropolitan areas. Although ports, container terminals, and other industrial sites are usually associated with large generations of truck trips, they only represent a small proportion of the total trips produced and attracted in large metropolitan areas. This paper analyzes the importance of other facilities such as ordinary businesses or buildings that individually or collectively (clusters) generate a large proportion of truck traffic. The paper discusses the opportunities of these large traffic generators for city logistics initiatives. In addition, the paper introduces two effective and complementary procedures to identify these generators using freight trip generation models estimated by the authors.
Ab Initio Protein Structure Prediction Using Chunk-TASSER

We have developed an ab initio protein structure prediction method called chunk-TASSER that uses ab initio folded supersecondary structure chunks of a given target as well as threading templates for obtaining contact potentials and distance restraints. The predicted chunks, selected on the basis of a new fragment comparison method, are folded by a fragment insertion method. Full-length models are built and refined by the TASSER methodology, which searches conformational space via parallel hyperbolic Monte Carlo. We employ an optimized reduced force field that includes knowledge-based statistical potentials and restraints derived from the chunks as well as threading templates. The method is tested on a dataset of 425 hard target proteins ≤250 amino acids in length. The average TM-scores of the best of top five models per target are 0.266, 0.336, and 0.362 by the threading algorithm SP3, original TASSER and chunk-TASSER, respectively. For a subset of 80 proteins with predicted α-helix content ≥50%, these averages are 0.284, 0.356, and 0.403, respectively. The percentages of proteins with the best of top five models having TM-score ≥0.4 (a statistically significant threshold for structural similarity) are 3.76, 20.94, and 28.94% by SP3, TASSER, and chunk-TASSER, respectively, overall, while for the subset of 80 predominantly helical proteins, these percentages are 2.50, 23.75, and 41.25%. Thus, chunk-TASSER shows a significant improvement over TASSER for modeling hard targets where no good template can be identified. We also tested chunk-TASSER on 21 medium/hard targets <200 amino-acids-long from CASP7. Chunk-TASSER is ∼11% (10%) better than TASSER for the total TM-score of the first (best of top five) models. Chunk-TASSER is fully automated and can be used in proteome scale protein structure prediction.
Projections, reconstructions and orthogonal functions

Abstract The techniques used for reconstructing an object from its projections are set up within a general mathematical framework. We show that the simplest version of the problem involves choosing a generator for two sets of orthogonal functions, and we also give the general theory. We illustrate the power of the method by considering in detail four examples of special projections. We have done these calculations to tie together with a general theory the many different choices of orthogonal polynomial that have been used by various investigators in the problem of projection and reconstruction and to show, by specific illustration, the interconnection of these various functions.
Weighted-density approximation in metals and semiconductors

We present an efficient and general formulation of the weighted-density approximation (WDA) applicable to periodic systems. A range of forms of the homogeneous pair-correlation hole have been investigated for metals and semiconductors and the differences between local density approximation results and WDA results are discussed. By considering the exact exchange-correlation potential, ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$, for atoms, we demonstrate that the fixed shape of the WDA hole results in a worsening of ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$ near atoms, while the known failing due to the asymmetry of the WDA hole, affects ${\mathit{V}}_{\mathrm{xc}}$ at large distances. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Methodology for Accurate Shear Characterization of Unidirectional Composites

A combined experimental-analytical methodology is presented for accurate determina tion of the intralaminar shear modulus G 12 of unidirectional composites using the off-axis tension test and/or the Iosipescu test. It is demonstrated that consistent values of G 12 can be obtained with the two methods provided that: (1) specimen geometry is optimized for the off-axis test, (2) correction factors are employed to account for the shear stress nonuni formity in the test section of Iosipescu specimens. The problem of measuring the shear strength with these specimens is discussed. The 45-deg off-axis tensile coupon is recom mended for determination of the shear modulus. The 0-deg Iosipescu specimen is recom mended for determining an upper lower bound on the shear strength.
An alternative method for boundary value problems with large nonlinearities

where g: R”+’ -+ R” is continuously differentiable and B and D are nonsingular 12 X n matrices. Historically, Lyapunov-Schmidt and the Alternative Method are able to reduce the problem to a finite-dimensional one, provided the norm of the nonlinear term is sufficiently small in the region of interest; that is, the weakly nonlinear case. Recently, the finite-dimensional reduction for ordinary differential equations with periodic boundary conditions was accomplished [ 161. In this paper a constructive technique is developed that allows us to reduce (1.1) to a finite-dimensional problem.
Regionally distinctive sources of depleted MORB: Evidence from trace elements and H2O

Abstract The sources of depleted mid-ocean ridge basalts (N-MORB) worldwide are regionally distinctive in that they share incompatible element ratios with spatially associated, enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORB). The ratio of H 2 O Ce is uniform for N-MORB and E-MORB within a region, suggesting that the order of incompatibility during the evolution of MORB sources is La > H2O ≈ Ce > Nd. However, there are significant regional variations in H 2 O Ce . N-MORB and E-MORB from the American-Antarctic Ridge (AAR), Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge (SMAR), Pacific-Nazca Ridge 27–34° S (PNR), East Pacific Rise 10–12° N (EPR), Explorer Ridge, Mid-Cayman Rise Spreading Center (MCR) and Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC), as well as basalts from Loihi Seamount, have H 2 O Ce ratios that average about 155–213 (±40 for each region). N-MORB through E-MORB from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge north of about 22° N (NMAR) have higher H 2 O Ce ratios, averaging 240–280 (±50 for each region). There are no correlations of H 2 O Ce with spreading rate or extent or depth of melting, indicating that variations in H 2 O Ce are not related to MORB melting but are a characteristic of the source. K Nb ratios are also regionally variable but interpretation is complicated by a slight dependence of K Nb on source enrichment. H 2 O Ce is not correlated with K Nb , 3 He 4 He or Pb isotopic parameters but may be correlated with high 87 Sr 86 Sr at a given 143 Nd 144 Nd . Data from other regions are needed before a correlation between H 2 O Ce and 87 Sr 86 Sr can be established. The poor correlation of H 2 O Ce with 3 He 4 He makes it unlikely that H 2 O Ce variations are related to variations in juvenile H2O in the source. It is more likely that H2O in MORB is derived from recycled, subducted, altered oceanic crust. High H 2 O Ce in MORB from the NMAR might be related to a period of rapid subduction in the past that resulted in depressed isotherms and less dehydration in the slab. The constancy of H 2 O Ce within regions despite differences between regions indicates that N-MORB and E-MORB sources may share a common heritage. This constraint on the evolution of the depleted mantle is not easily reconciled with most conventional models of mantle evolution. A model in which the sources of N-MORB have been influenced by inputs of regionally distinctive plume material that has been previously depleted by small extents of melting could account for the trace element variations but is physically implausible. It is possible that high H 2 O Ce may be a regional characteristic of the mantle that is unrelated to plumes.
Estrogen receptor inhibits interleukin-6 gene expression by disruption of nuclear factor κB transactivation

Abstract The estrogen receptor (ER) suppresses interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression through interaction with nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in a hormone-dependent manner. Classic ER binding to DNA is not required and the mechanism of repression is unclear. Previously reported studies suggest that the interference of NF-κB binding to DNA by ER may play an important role. An alternative model for repression would be the disruption of NF-κB transactivation. In the present study, gel shift assays were used to examine the binding of RelA and p50 dimers to the IL-6 promoter in the presence of ER. The effect of ER on NF-κB transactivation was studied independent of NF-κB binding to DNA using the mammalian one-hybrid system. ER had little effect on the binding of homodimers or heterodimers of RelA and p50 to the IL-6 promoter. In transfection experiments, both ERα and ERβ inhibited NF-κB-mediated expression in a hormone dependent manner with repression also dependent upon dimerization of RelA with p50. Mutant ER that is unable to transactivate failed to repress NF-κB expression, but deletion of the N-terminal portion of the receptor had no effect. Taken together, these results suggest that the disruption of NF-κB-mediated transactivation plays a significant role in ER inhibition of IL-6 gene expression.
"Nature's workshop": the work environment and workers' bodies in California's citrus industry, 1900-1940.

Not content merely to try to feed the physical bodies of the one-third of a nation that he saw as ill-nourished, Franklin Delano Roosevelt also offered up images designed to nourish local communities and thereby fortify the body politic at large. The director of the Fine Arts Section of the Treasury Department, which commissioned over eleven hundred murals in post offices across the country between 1934 and 1943, wanted "to keep away from official art and to develop local cultural interests throughout the country.", The images would be rooted in the countryside, in the hope that this would help connect the people to each other and to the land. When the postmaster in Seneca, Kansas, objected that the mural design for his town's office (a portrayal of a wheat harvest on a flat landscape) was more appropriate for parts further west, the artist readily revised his work. He wanted his audience-"the working people, the people producing useful things with their hands" to be able to see themselves in his landscape. When muralist Paul Julian saw his space on the wall of the Fullerton post office in the California county of Orange, he did not have to look far to find his subject: "Orange Pickers." Though painted with the brush strokes of realism, Julian's mural depicted a scene that did not correspond to any actual grove. All of the elements were real enough, but his picture was a composite. It brought together a range of representative figures, all of whom might have picked oranges at a particular time, though not likely at the same time: a white male high-schooler wearing a sweater embroidered with an "F" for Fullerton; a young white woman with bobbed hair and a
Are Central Bankers Currency Manipulators

The term “currency manipulator” has been used by the United States to describe the monetary practices of nations such as China and Japan and by Germany to describe U.S. monetary policy. This charge transcends monetary regimes and includes both traditional monetary policy and that in the service of industrial or developmental strategies that center on export led growth. While the latter clearly has a negative effect on employment and economic growth in the rest of the world, the increased international mobility of capital, combined with the wide-spread use of flexible exchange rates, has led to the same external effects from the normal conduct of monetary policy. Acknowledging and dealing with these negative external effects will lead to improved and less tension-filled international economic relations than calling nations “currency manipulators.”.
To Err Is Human, But May Not Be Necessary

Novice administrators will find many pitfalls on the road to success. These hints may help them achieve success for themselves and their school.
A pre-target monitor for the intensity and time distribution of a proton beam

Abstract A relative proton beam monitor is described which measures the intensity and time distribution of a proton beam from the flux of protons scattered from a thin mylar film using an ionization chamber and a plastic scintillator detector.
Interaction of Rad51 with ATP and Mg2+ Induces a Conformational Change in Rad51†

The presumptive first step in the Rad51-promoted formation of joint molecules is binding of the protein to ssDNA in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. In this paper, we report that Rad51's ability to bind DNA is rapidly inactivated when incubated at 30-37 degrees C but is stabilized by the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Although unable to promote binding to DNA, ATP-gamma-S also prevents inactivation of Rad51 at 37 degrees C. AMP-P-N-P lacks this property, while ADP protects partially but only at 5-10 times higher concentrations than ATP. These observations correlate with the dissociation constant of those nucleotides for Rad51 determined by equilibrium dialysis. Rad51 binds ATP and ATP-gamma-S with a 1:1 stoichiometry and Kds of 21 and 19 microM, respectively. The presence of DNA significantly increases the affinity of Rad51 for ATP, while DNA has a smaller effect on the affinity of ATP-gamma-S. Competition binding studies show that ADP and AMP-P-N-P bind with a 5- and 55-fold lower affinity, respectively, than ATP. The CD spectrum of Rad51 with negative double minima at around 210 and 222 nm is characteristic of an alpha-helical protein. Upon binding ATP and Mg2+, the CD spectrum is altered in the regions 194-208 and 208-235 nm, changes that are indicative of a more structured state; this change does not occur with Rad51 that has been inactivated at 37 degrees C. We surmise that the active conformation is more resistant to inactivation at elevated temperature. Our data suggest that one of the roles of ATP and Mg2+ in Rad51-mediated strand exchange is to induce the proper protein structure for binding the two DNA substrates.
Expert Commentary on New Daily Persistent Headache

Background.—According to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)-2, primary daily headaches unremitting from onset are classified as new daily persistent headache (NDPH) only if migraine features are absent. When migraine features are present, classification is problematic. Methods.—We developed a revised NDPH definition not excluding migraine features (NDPH-R), and applied it to consecutive patients seen at the Montefiore Headache Center. We divided this group into patients meeting ICHD-2 criteria (NDPH-ICHD) and those with too many migraine features for ICHD-2 (NDPH-mf). We compared clinical and demographic features in these groups, identifying 3 prognostic subgroups: persisting, remitting, and relapsing-remitting. Remitting and relapsing-remitting patients were combined into a nonpersisting group. Results.—Of 71 NDPH-R patients, 31 (43.7%) also met NDPH-ICHD-2 criteria. The NDPH-mf and the NDPH-ICHD-2 groups were similar in most clinical features although the NDPH-mf group was younger, included more women, and had a higher frequency of depression. The groups were similar in the prevalence of allodynia, triptan responsiveness, and prognosis. NDPH-R prognostic subforms were also very similar, although the persisting subform was more likely to be of white race, to have anxiety or depression, and to have a younger onset age. Conclusions.-Current ICHD-2 criteria exclude the majority of patients with primary headache unremitting from onset. The proposed criteria for revised NDPH definition not excluding migraine features (NDPH-R) classify these patients into a relatively homogeneous group based on demographics, clinical features, and prognosis. Both NDPH with too many migraine features for ICHD-2 and NDPH meeting ICHD-2 criteria include patients in equal proportions that fall into the persisting, remitting, and relapsing-remitting subgroups. Our criteria for NDPH-R should be considered for inclusion in ICHD-3.
6. The Current Status of Poultry Chilling in Europe

Abstract The symposium clearly showed that the objections to in-line immersion chilling of poultry can not be supported by carefully conducted research on properly operated equipment. In a few reports showing transfer of microorganisms from carcass to carcass, initial carcass contamination levels were extremely high, water overflow rates were low, chlorination was not used, or some combination of the three. As with most equipment and processes in-line immersion chilling and chillers are subject to abuse. Carefully drawn regulations adequately monitored are essential for satisfactory utilization of this procedure. All alternative chilling procedures so far proposed are less efficient, do not improve the sanitary quality of the carcasses without extravagant use of water or require greater capital outlay. Poultry chilling as well as all aspects of poultry processing will undoubtedly undergo many changes in the next few years. Environmental considerations such as water usage require this to be so. Hopefully, these changes can be made on the basis of adopting improved processes and equipment rather than be forced to drop current methods because of regulations not supportable by scientific data.
Chimeras vs X inactivation mosaics: significance of differences in pigment distribution.

Abstract X chromosome inactivation mosaic mice have been shown to differ from chimeric mice in certain aspects of pigment distribution. The differences have been interpreted to mean that X chromosome inactivation occurs much later in development than had previously been thought. In fact, however; these differences can readily be reconciled to early X inactivation if one considers the very likely possibility of limited coherent clonal growth in the developing mouse embryo.
Variation and systematics of frogs of the genus cycloramphus (amphibia, leptodactylidae)

Variation is analyzed among members of the Neotropical frog genus Cycloramphus. The results of the analyses of variation are used in part to delimit species. Twenty one species are recognized, nine of them are described as new. The genus Craspedoglossa is considered a synonym of Cycloramphus. The genus Scythrophrys is not closely related to Cycloramphus, but the genus Zachaenus is. A definition for the genus Cycloramphus is provided, as are taxonomic summaries for each species. The species accounts include a skeletal synonymy, diagnosis of adults, a morphological definition of adults and larvae where known, an advertising call description and a distributional summary with localities and maps. A detailed description of the holotype is provided for each new species. A key to the species distinguishes adult specimens of Cycloramphus. Much of the interspecific variation is of about the same magnitude as intraspecific variation. Natural selection has resulted in changes of both size and shape among species of the genus Cycloramphus. There are no universal patterns of species differentiation and sympatric occurrence. The kinds and degrees of differences among species appear to be geographically specific.
Cuadro de costumbre: Vicente Grez, crítico de arte

Este estudio aborda la produccion escritural de Vicente Grez relacionada con las bellas artes chilenas del siglo XIX. En el marco de una investigacion sobre la critica de arte en las artes visuales chilenas, la seleccion de obra de Grez tiene como contexto de recepcion el taller, el Salon y su puesta en circulacion en los medios de la epoca en una investigacion en una interpretacion fronteriza de las relaciones de las artes y la literatura, siendo uno de los primeros escritores chilenos que desarrolla la critica de arte.
Modelling angler behaviour as a part of the management system: synthesizing a multi‐disciplinary literature

It is often said that managing fisheries is managing people. This truism implies that fisheries science inherently involves disciplines that focus on fish and their population dynamics, humans and their behaviour, and policy and decision making. This is particularly true for recreational fisheries, where the human behavioural motivation and human response to management actions may be more difficult to predict than in commercial fisheries. We provide a synthesis of the multi-disciplinary literature on modelling recreational angler behaviour to inform management of recreational fisheries. We begin by defining the recreational fisheries system in an interdisciplinary manner. We then assess the literature for empirical evidence of disciplinary crossover. Using bibliometric data, we provide evidence that there is little disciplinary crossover, particularly between fisheries biology, including applied ecology, and quantitative social science, including economics. We identify critical barriers to disciplinary crossover, such as database indexing issues and nomenclature. Next, we provide a review of critical contributions to the literature, and locate these contributions within our interdisciplinary conceptualization of the recreational fisheries system. This synthesis is intended to be a cross-disciplinary bridge to facilitate access to the broader literature on modelling angler behaviour, with the ultimate goal of improving recreational fisheries management.
Encephalopathy as a predictor of magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in asphyxiated newborns

Abstract Basal ganglia abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging predict neurodevelopmental impairment in newborns with perinatal depression. We determined the value of a clinical encephalopathy score as a predictor of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging results in newborns with perinatal depression. We assigned a neonatal encephalopathy score to 101 newborns. The encephalopathy score, based on alertness, feeding, tone, respiratory status, reflexes, and seizure activity, was assigned once daily. The maximum score from the first 3 days of life was compared with abnormal magnetic resonance imaging results present globally or solely in the basal ganglia. Eighty-one percent of patients manifested abnormalities on any magnetic resonance imaging sequence, and 37% manifested abnormalities in the basal ganglia alone. The encephalopathy score correlated well with magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities in the basal ganglia (Spearman Rho=0.335, P Severe clinical encephalopathy correlates with abnormal basal ganglia magnetic resonance imaging results, and mild encephalopathy correlates with a normal magnetic resonance imaging result. However, standard clinical criteria do not alter the prior risk of abnormal basal ganglia magnetic resonance imaging results for newborns with moderate encephalopathy.
Efficient chain-code encoding for segmentation-based image compression

Summary form only given. This paper presents a new and efficient method of encoding uniform image regions and lines. Regions and lines are obtained as the result of image segmentation, split and merge image compression, or as the output of line and polygon drawing algorithms. Lines and contours of uniform regions are encoded using chain-code. The chain-code is obtained in a way that is efficient with respect to bit-rate and produces lossless contour and line encoding. A lossy method for contour encoding is also presented. A set of experiments to compare the performance of traditional chain-code contour encoding with the improved contour encoding is presented. The results show a reduction of about 50% in the bit-rate with no reconstruction error.
Optimal control sequence for underactuated manipulators

Considers the problem of controlling an underactuated manipulator with less actuators than passive joints. The control methodology consists of dividing the passive joints in several groups, and of controlling one group at a time via its dynamic coupling with the actuators. Among the many possible control sequences for a given robot, we choose the optimal one based on the dynamic programming method. The optimization is based on a control cost defined as the reciprocal of the coupling index, a measure of the dynamic coupling available between the active and the passive joints of the manipulator. The detailed theory, computational procedures, simulation results, and experimental results are presented.
Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children A Retrospective Survey of 119 Patients

The clinical pattern of 119 children with recurrent abdominal pain, located most commonly in the periumbilical region, revealed no distinct features. The most common associated symptoms were pallor, tiredness and anorexia. The most important socioenvironmental and behavioral factors were marital turmoil in 44%, school activity in 32%, and perfectionism in 30%. Laboratory and radiologic and fiberoptic endoscopic studies were uniformly unremarkable. Counseling on a continuing basis helped 105 of these children.
Electronic health records in small physician practices: availability, use, and perceived benefits

Objective To examine variation in the adoption of electronic health record (EHR) functionalities and their use patterns, barriers to adoption, and perceived benefits by physician practice size. Design Mailed survey of a nationally representative random sample of practicing physicians identified from the Physician Masterfile of the American Medical Association. Measurements We measured, stratified by practice size: (1) availability of EHR functionalities, (2) functionality use, (3) barriers to the adoption and use of EHR, and (4) impact of the EHR on the practice and quality of patient care. Results With a response rate of 62%, we found that <2% of physicians in solo or two-physician (small) practices reported a fully functional EHR and 5% reported a basic EHR compared with 13% of physicians from 11+ group (largest group) practices with a fully functional system and 26% with a basic system. Between groups, a 21–46% difference in specific functionalities available was reported. Among adopters there were moderate to large differences in the use of the EHR systems. Financial barriers were more likely to be reported by smaller practices, along with concerns about future obsolescence. These differences were sizable (13–16%) and statistically significant (p<0.001). All adopters reported similar benefits. Limitations Although we have adjusted for response bias, influences may still exist. Conclusion Our study found that physicians in small practices have lower levels of EHR adoption and that these providers were less likely to use these systems. Ensuring that unique barriers are addressed will be critical to the widespread meaningful use of EHR systems among small practices.
Major Components of the Direct Medical Costs of α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency

Study objectives: To examine the sources of the direct medical costs of α 1 -antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency based on survey data from affected individuals. Background: Prior research has reported the total cost of AAT deficiency but has not examined the specific components of the direct medical costs of affected individuals. Methods: In order to detail the sources of the direct medical costs, we sent surveys to 688 respondents of a previous survey. We estimated the costs in three ways, which differed in the method of managing missing values. With method 1, the group mean value of cost per unit of utilization, multiplied by the occurrences of utilization, was used to replace the missing value. Two sensitivity analyses ( ie , methods 2 and 3) were conducted to test the robustness of our estimate. With method 2, values of zero were entered for all missing values. With method 3, the missing values were replaced by the group mean value. The Wilcoxon test was used to test the cost differences between patients of different phenotypes. All cost data were expressed in 1998 US dollars. Results and conclusions: Two hundred ninety-two individuals responded to the survey. The annual total health-care costs were high (mean range, $36,471 to $46,114; median range, $12,485 to $37,100 [according to the method for managing missing data]) for AAT deficiency. The total costs for individuals with the PI*ZZ phenotype exceeded those for individuals with a non-PI*ZZ phenotype. The use of IV augmentation therapy accounted for more than half of all direct medical costs for the respondents. Besides the costs for therapy with α 1 -proteinase inhibitor (Prolastin; Bayer; West Haven, CT), other major cost sources were prescription drugs other than α 1 -proteinase inhibitor, hospitalization, health insurance, and physician visits.
Amap: A technology mapper for selector-based field-programmable gate arrays

This paper presents two algorithms for doing mapping from multi-level logic to selector-based field-programmable gate arrays, such as the Actel chip. The gate counts and CPU time are compared with two previous mappers for these architectures: misI1 and mis-pga. The Amap algorithm use 6% fewer cells than mid1 and only about 8% more cells than the best achieved by mis-pga, and is at least 25 times as fast as mid1 and at least 586 times as fast as mis-pga. The XAmap algorithm is slightly slower, and not quite as effective.
Peptide Fragments of Fibronectin and Laminin: Role in Cell Adhesion and Inhibition of Experimental Tumor Metastasis

Metastasis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. This process is extremely complicated and involves numerous cell biological and biochemical reactions. For convenience, the spread of tumor cells via a hematogenous route can be discussed in terms of a number of discrete, yet related steps. Metastasizing tumor cells must interact with and spread through extracellular matrices consisting of a number of molecular constituents. The cells must enter the capillaries or vessels at the primary site, get into the blood stream, travel to a distant site, adhere to endothelial or subendothelial structures, migrate through the basement membrane, and move and grow at this secondary locus (see reviews 1–4).
Differentiating between Fluorescence-Quenching Metal Ions with Polyfluorophore Sensors Built on a DNA Backbone

A common problem in detecting metal ions with fluorescentchemosensors is the emission-suppressing effects of fluorescence-quenching metal ions. This quenching tendency makes it difficult to design sensors with turn-on signal, and differentiate between several metal ions that may yield a strong quenching response. To address these challenges, we investigate a new sensor design strategy, incorporating fluorophores and metal ligands as DNA base replacements in DNA-like oligomers, for generating a broader range of responses for quenching metal ions. The modular molecular design enabled rapid synthesis and discovery of sensors from libraries on PEG-polystyrene beads. Using this approach, water-soluble sensors 1−5 were identified as strong responders to a set of eight typically quenching metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Pb2+, Ag+, Cr3+, and Fe3+). They were synthesized and characterized for sensing responses in solution. Cross-screening with the full set of metal ions showed that they have a wide variety of ...
Asymptotical keep-best Cache Replacement Policy for Wireless Data Access

Cache can be used for mobile devices to reduce the usage of scarce wireless channels in wireless networks. Ideally, only frequently accessed and infrequently updated data items should be cached and infrequently accessed and frequently updated data items should be evicted or not cached at all. Existing cache replacement policies which use only access information may cause frequently updated data items to be cached. As a remedy, we propose a cache replacement policy, called asymptotical keep-best (AKB), that uses both data access and update information. The proposed AKB is evaluated and compared with the least recently used replacement policy (LFU) through extensive simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed replacement policy outperforms LFU in terms of both effective hit ratio and communication cost.
Activity-dependent regulation of N-cadherin in DRG neurons: Differential regulation of N-cadherin, NCAM, and L1 by distinct patterns of action potentials

than L1 (1 vs. 5 days), and L1 mRNA returned to ABSTRACT: Cell adhesion molecule (CAM) ex- higher levels after terminating the stimulus. The pression is highly regulated during nervous system RSLE splice variant of L1 was not regulated by action development to control cell migration, neurite out-