cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raman scattering by optical phonons and polaritons in CuCl

Abstract We present data on forward and backward scattering in CuCl at liquid N2 temperature. Peaks at 146 and 172 cm-1 which appear in both forward and backward scattering spectra are attributed to other than first order scattering by optical phonons. The data on polarition scattering indicate that the atomic displacement contribution to the scattering by TO phonons is rather small. From the experimentally determined polarition dispersion curve we obtain a value of 174 ±2.5 cm-1 for ωT and a value of 5.3 for ϵS.
Generalized Theory of Relaxation

This paper represents a further generalization, beyond that given recently, of an earlier theory by Wangsness and the author. In common with this theory, it is assumed that the spin system is weakly coupled to its molecular surroundings and that the latter can be considered as a heat reservoir which remains in thermal equilibrium at the absolute temperature $T$. The condition that the coupling is weak demands that its effects upon the spin system, calculated in first and second approximation and measured in a frequency scale, are small compared to the inverse of the correlation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$ as well as of the time $\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{\mathrm{kT}}$. The principal progress over the earlier work consists in the fact that it imposes no additional conditions upon the energy of the spin system; in particular, it dispenses with the necessity that the dominant part of this energy is independent of the time. A linear differential equation of the first order for the distribution matrix is derived which is valid in this very general case and which contains the earlier results as special cases. The derivation of this Boltzmann equation is carried out in a form which is independent of any particular representation, used for the spin system, and which leads directly to a system of differential equations for the expectation values of spin functions. Beyond the earlier results, it is shown that the coupling with the molecular surroundings leads in second approximation not only to relaxation terms but also to a correction of the spin energy which has the nature of a "self-energy." As a considerably more restricted case, the situation is investigated where the dominant part of the spin energy varies little during a time of order ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$. It is shown that, in this case, relaxation causes the distribution matrix to tend towards the form, corresponding to thermal equilibrium at the instantaneous value of the dominant part of the energy. The case where the frequencies of the spin system as well as their relative rate of variation are small compared to $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c}}$ but arbitrary compared to $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\beta}}$, is likewise discussed and shown to lead to a simple form of the Boltzmann equation. The general formalism is finally applied to a spin system with a single spin of value \textonehalf{}, exposed to a rotating field. One obtains in this case a phenomenological equation for the expectation value of the spin vector which is far more general than the one derived earlier; instead of requiring merely the knowledge of the longitudinal and the transverse relaxation time, relaxation is here characterized by five time constants which may all be different. The stationary solution is derived and applied to a number of familiar special cases.
A new computer program for the analysis of pediatric scalar electrocardiograms

Abstract The authors report the development and evaluation of a computer program for analysis of pediatric scalar electrocardiograms. The program is an extension of the existing IBM 5890 ECG Analysis Program. It includes extensive age-dependent criteria and tables of limits for ECG parameters. Special pediatric correlative statements are incorporated to direct physician attention to combinations of electrocardiographic findings which may indicate congenital abnormality. The program permits the use of alternate precordial leads V4R, V3R, and V7 in addition to the standard V1 to V6. The evaluation shows the program to be 96.8% sensitive and 88.3% specific in detecting abnormal rhythms; a sensitivity of 99.8% and specificity of 96.0% were obtained for detection of abnormalities affecting ECG contour. Program performance is apparently insensitive to choice of precordial leads, but dependent on patient age, improving as age increases.
New cost function for motion estimation in MPEG encoding using LNS

The Logarithmic Number System (LNS) has lower power and larger dynamic range than fixed point, which makes LNS suitable for designing low-power, portable devices. Motion estimation is a key part of the MPEG encoding system. This paper introduces LNS into motion estimation for the MPEG encoding system. The block matching technique is the most commonly used motion-estimation method in MPEG encoding. The Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) is an inexpensive fixed-point cost function, which uses the sum of the absolute difference of the pixel values in the reference and encoded frames. Since LNS addition and subtraction are expensive, we propose the quotient of the two pixels' values instead of the difference. LNS division only needs a fixed-point subtractor. Similar to the absolute difference, we take the quotient of the larger value over the smaller value. We call this new cost function Mean Larger Ratio (MLR). The product of such ratios is calculated for each of the macroblocks in MPEG frames. Using MLR, LNS has approximately the same hardware as MAD for fixed point. Example videos show MLR provides a practical cost function to perform motion estimation with LNS.
A Pascal function for presenting MacPaint files on the Macintosh

. Psycho~ogical experiments often require the presentanon of pictures or other complex graphics as stimuli, and also require control over the time and order of their presentation. If a Macintosh computer is used as a laborato~ d~vice, construction of virtually any graphic or pictO~lallmage, as well as text, can be accomplished easily With an.y of several programs that create paint files (e.g., MacPamt, HyperCard, FuIlPaint). If one can then write a computer program that will select a given paint file and present it on the computer screen, the basic ingredients for laboratory use and control of graphic stimuli become available. In this paper, we describe a Pascal function useful for presenting any paint image on the screen, and illustrate its possible use. GETMACPAINT (see Appendix, Lines 15-68) is a boolean function with two arguments: the name of a paint file and the memory location of a bitmap area to which the file contents are to be transferred. It uses the local function GoodFile (Lines 29-37) to test if the file to be opened is a paint file, and the local function FileError (Lines 23-28) to handle errors that may occur when various file-handling procedures are called. Ifany errors occur, GETMACPAINT is exited with a value of "false." GETMACPAINT's statement part uses a set of nested "if' statements that perform the following tasks unless a file-handling or a memory-allocation error occurs. I. Use GoodFile to verify that the file name (parameter fNAME) to be opened is a paint file (Line 40); 2. Open the paint file fName using FSOPEN (Line 41); 3. Find the end of the file (using GETEOF, Line 43) and establish a starting position (MacPaint's first allocation block, 512 bytes, does not contain any part of the picture); 4. Use SETFPOS to locate the point in the file at which reading begins and allocate a data structure to hold the data and a pointer to it (Lines 46-49); 5. Read the file row by row into the bitmap using UNP~CKBITS (Lines 50-60; MacPaint bytes are packed but bitmap bytes are not, so unpacking is necessary); 6. Set the value of the function to "true" and dispose of the file-reading pointer using DISPOSPTR (Lines 61-62); 7. Close the file using FSCLOSE (Line 66).
A Failure to Find Evidence of the Estrus Cycle in the Rat's Activity Level

maintained on nd lib. food and water. Ss were observed for two weeks every evening from about 7:30 to 1:00 using a time sampling procedure (Bolles, 1960) that yielded 96 observations of each S each evening. All behavior was classified as sleeping, lying, grooming, sniffing, eating, drinking, locomotion, rearing, or manipulating objects. Additionally, the classical estrus signs, lordosis, ear twitching, etc. were watched for, but were never observed. After 14 days observation there appeared to be some indication in some Ss of heightened activity with some cyclicity approximating 5 days, so the general activity phase of the experiment was terminated and direct tests of sexual receptivity were begun. Here S was individually placed in an arena with a pair of males of proven aggressiveness until she could be scored as receptive or not. These tests were run for each S every evening for 5 days and provided quite unambiguous anchoring of the estrus cycle for all Ss. The experimental question here may be put in two ways: (1 ) can the general activity records be analyzed to yield predictions of which day a given S would be receptive, and (2) knowing when S was receptive can some cyclic pattern be discovered in the general activity protocols? The first was attempted prior to seeing the receptivity data; prediction was a little poorer than chance ( 1 out of 16 to the day, and 4 out of 16 to within one day). Evidently, what looked like a 5-day activity cycle in some Ss was just coincidental. Exhaustive analysis of the activity records also failed to indicate any ad hoc correlation between activity in the homecage and sexual receptivity. It seems likely that the estrus cyclicity in activity wheels reported by Wang (1923) and others, of which so much has been made, is a phenomenon specific to activity wheels, and tells us more about wheels than it does about motivation.
Comparison between the electron transfer reactions from free radicals and their corresponding peroxy radicals to quinones.

The fast reaction technique of pulse radiolysis was used to produce free radicals in aqueous solution from alcohols, deoxyribose, cytosine, uracil, thymine, dihydrothymine and histidine. The electron transfer reactions from these radicals to p-benzoquinone was observed from the formation kinetics of the semiquinone anion ·BQ− at 430 nm and the efficiency was found to be as high as 90% or more, with k∼5×109 M−1sec−1. In acid or neutral solutions in the presence of oxygen the peroxy radicals ·O2RH formed do not essentially transfer an electron to BQ, and the efficiency is <10%. The significance of these results in the fixation of radiation damage in photobiology and radiation biology are indicated. The reactions of the superoxide ·O2− radical with BQ are also presented and discussed.
ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING : BACK TO THE FUTURE

Advanced practice nursing has evolved during the last 25 years in important ways to become a central component of the new health care system. The quality of care and cost effectiveness of practice for various advanced practice roles has been well documented. New roles are being created as the demand-driven health care system presents opportunities for innovative practice models. It is incumbent on nursing to prove its ability to assume full accountability and responsibility so that full freedom to practice may be achieved.
Intracellular Voltammetry at Ultrasmall Platinum Electrodes

Abstract Ultrasmall platinum ring electrodes have been constructed by electrodeposition of platinum Onto carbon ring electrodes. Electrodes thus formed show similar adsorption! desorption peaks for hydrogen and oxygen in 0.50 M H2SO4 solution compared to those obtained at conventional-sized electrodes. These electrodes have been used in conjunction with a technique involving linear scan voltammetry and subsequent cleaning pulses. In this technique, the applied potential is ramped anodically from an initial potential to a final potential, then to a large positive potential to clean oxidatively the electrode and a large negative potential for electrode activation. Intracellular measurements of dopamine at platinum ring electrodes have then been studied by integrated pulse linear scan voltammetry. In all experiments, minimal electrode fouling allows repeatable quantitative measurements to be carried out.
Attenuated retinoblastoma gene product and associated E2F/retinoblastoma imbalance in anastomotic intimal hyperplasia

Abstract Objective: The retinoblastoma gene product is a cell cycle control protein that when inhibited allows cell proliferation to progress by releasing E2F. Retinoblastoma manipulation has been attempted to prevent intimal hyperplasia (IH) in injured native vessels by arresting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. However, no studies have identified the role, if any, of retinoblastoma in anastomotic IH formation after prosthetic arterial grafting. The goal of this study was to describe the relation of retinoblastoma and E2F to anastomotic IH with analyzing retinoblastoma/E2F levels, retinoblastoma phosphorylation, and transcription of retinoblastoma and E2F in prosthetic arterial grafting. Methods: Six-mm-diameter expanded polytetrafluoroethylene carotid interposition grafts (n = 12) were implanted in 25-kg mongrel dogs. The intervening arterial segments were harvested as controls. The distal anastomoses were harvested at 14 and 30 days after implantation for immunoblot, messenger RNA (mRNA), and immunohistochemistry analyses. Tissue homogenate was separated with sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and probed with antibody to total retinoblastoma, phosphorylated retinoblastoma at serine 795, serine 780, and serine 807/811, and E2F-1. Bands at each time point were quantitated and compared with control artery (n = 12). Each lane was standardized with reprobing with antibody to β-tubulin. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibody to retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma and E2F mRNA expression levels in anastomotic IH and control artery were analyzed with an oligonucleotide microarray. Results: Total retinoblastoma, from immunoblot analysis, was decreased at the 14-day and 30-day distal anastomoses by 35.7% and 33.6%, respectively, compared with control ( P Conclusion: This study showed that total retinoblastoma levels are decreased and E2F-1 levels remain unchanged in anastomotic IH. Attenuated retinoblastoma is a novel concept to anastomotic IH after prosthetic arterial grafting. Retinoblastoma/E2F imbalance may not be the result of transcriptional regulation and may increase unbound E2F to promote cell proliferation. Hypophosphorylation of remaining retinoblastoma may minimize uncontrolled proliferation by preventing further increases in unbound E2F. Therefore, retinoblastoma/E2F imbalance may lead to the early but limited increase in cell proliferation seen after prosthetic arterial grafting and appears to contribute to the development and progression of anastomotic IH. (J Vasc Surg 2002;35:1233-41.)
Einstein Observatory results on active galactic nuclei

The results of Einstein Observatory surveys of active galactic nuclei (AGN) are reviewed. The ubiquity of X-ray emission from AGNs was confirmed. The relations between X-ray and optical luminosities, between X-ray and radio properties, and between X-ray and optical-UV line emission found by the surveys are summarized and briefly discussed. The possible causes of observed X-ray emission from jets in Cen-A, 3C273, and M87 are considered. The active nucleus discovered in the optically 'dull' galaxy NGC 4156 is covered, and a model for NGC 4151 based on detailed spectral studies is briefly discussed. This model establishes the global symmetry of the AGN clouds, their approximate sizes, and their ionization state. Difficulties encountered in attempting to explain the cosmic X-ray background in terms of AGN contributions are addressed.
The Description of Coloured Noise in Dynamical Systems

ABSTRACT The paper considers the description via covtariance matrices of noise which can appear at measurement points of lumped physical systems, themselves excited by sources of white gaussian noise, with the possibility of direct input to output coupling allowed. The relevance is examined of the assumptions made in modelling the problem, and necessary and sufficient conditions are presented which mathematically characterize the covariance matrix of the measured noise.
Getting to the source: aeolian influx to the Permian Delaware basin region

Abstract Although an aeolian origin for the siliciclastics of the Permian (Guadalupian) Delaware and adjacent basins and shelf has been recognized, their source has remained elusive. An Ancestral Rockies source to the west and northwest has been traditionally favored. We propose instead that these sediments were derived from aeolian systems to the northeast and represented by the Whitehorse Group in the Anadarko Basin. This hypothesis is based upon (1) recognition of the aeolian nature of the Whitehorse, (2) regional correlation of the Whitehorse Group with portions of the Artesia Group, (3) paleoclimatic model-predicted and measured southwestward sediment transport for the Whitehorse, and (4) a proposed transport corridor over emergent mudflats along the northern margins of basisins in the Texas Panhandle and onto the New Mexico shelf. Potentially, a Whitehorse-Artesia link could show the formation of this mixed carbonate/siliciclastic system as the result of the interactions of diverse and distant environmental systems under eustatic and climatic forcing factors.
The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity and Ethics Along the Color Line

The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity. By Bruce Baum. New York: New York University Press, 2006. 352p. $45.00.Ethics Along the Color Line. By Anna Stubblefield. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005. 216 p. $16.95.There is a tendency in political science to see identities as given and fixed. They are placed in equations and used to predict things, but the content of those identities and our normative understanding of them remain a mystery. For that reason, Ethics Along the Color Line and The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity are essential books both for political theorists and those working in other fields of political science. Both add analytical rigor to our use of race as social scientists and implore us to keep in mind normative questions as we explore the contours and meanings of race as a sociopolitical construct.
Mitral valve reconstruction in elderly, ischemic patients

The role of mitral valve reconstruction is controversial in elderly patients with concurrent ischemic heart disease owing to technical difficulty, prolonged operative times, high mortality, and possible residual mitral regurgitation. However, mitral reconstruction could be most beneficial in this age group due to preservation of left ventricular function, avoidance of anticoagulation, or repeat operation for bioprosthetic degeneration. We studied the outcome of mitral valve reconstruction in 100 consecutive elderly ischemic patients 65 years or older (mean=73 years; range, 65 to 86 years) operated on between October 1990 and May 1995. Preoperatively all patients were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III or IV with an ejection fraction of 32±2%. All patients underwent primary coronary bypass grafting (2.7±0.2 grafts) and had a flexible mitral annuloplasty ring inserted. Additionally, 54 patients required further complex mitral repairs. All patients had 4+ mitral regurgitation by transesophageal echocardiography prior to operation. After mitral reconstruction, no patient had more than 1+ regurgitation, while most had none and no systolic anterior leaflet motion was noted. There were 4 early (30 day) deaths (4%) and 6 late deaths (6%) at a mean follow-up of 25 months. Patient morbidity has included episodes of mild congestive heart failure (nine), transient ischemic attack (one), endocarditis (one), and respiratory failure (five). There have been one early and two late reoperations for mitral valve replacement. All remaining patients are in NYHA class I or II. While longer-term follow-up is mandatory, coronary bypass grafting and mitral valve reconstruction in the elderly can be accomplished with acceptable surgical mortality and morbidity, yielding rehable improvement in symptoms and quality of life.
A sleep state during C. elegans development

Caenorhabditis elegans is the simplest animal shown to sleep. It sleeps during lethargus, a larval transition stage. Behavior during lethargus has the sleep properties of a specific quiescent posture and elevated arousal threshold that are reversible to strong stimulation and of increased sleep drive following sleep deprivation. Genetic similarities between sleep regulation during C. elegans lethargus and sleep regulation in other animals point to a sleep state that was an evolutionarily ancestor to sleep both in C. elegans and other animals. Recent publications have shed light on key questions in sleep biology: First, How is sleep regulated? Second, How is sensory information gated during sleep? Third, How is sleep homeostasis mediated? Fourth, What is the core function of sleep?
The use of rec-bacteria for testing of carcinogenic substances.

Abstract A series of rec − Escherichia coli strains were tested for their sensitivity to for known carcinogenic compounds by examination of a zone of inhibited bacterial growth around a central well containing the test chemical. The mutants recA − , recB − recC − , and recA − recB − recC − were all more sensitive to the mutagens than the parental strain AB1157. The recB − recC − strain was examined with a larger series of compounds and was found to respond to many of the substances in a similar way as the Salmonella typhimurium strains of Ames but with some notable exceptions. Nitrosamines, with rat liver microsomal activation, could be detected at lower levels and a group of aromatic amino compounds failed to react with these rec − E. coli. An unusual feature of these rec − mutants is their sensitivity to mixtures of nitrosamines and 2-acetyl aminofluorene in the absence of microsomal activation.
Polymer inaccessible volume changes during opening and closing of a voltage-dependent ionic channel.

Osmotic stress can be used to estimate the internal volume change during the opening and closing of a voltage gated ionic channel. Mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels, from rat liver and from Neurospora, reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers show a change of 2 to 4×104 A3 in internal volume, a large change inconsistent with a blocking or local gating model but supporting models with major closure of the channel space.
Jordan chains of h-cyclic matrices

Abstract Arising from the classification of the matrix-roots of a nonnegative imprimitive irreducible matrix, we present results concerning the Jordan chains of an h -cyclic matrix. We also present ancillary results applicable to nonnegative imprimitive irreducible matrices and demonstrate these results via examples.
Listian political economy: Social capitalism conceptualised?

(1998). Listian political economy: Social capitalism conceptualised? New Political Economy: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 301-316.
Vibration of a beaded string analyzed topologically

Of concern are the transverse vibrations of a finite string of beads. It is shown that a periodic vibration can result when the beads are released from an initial configuration. Moreover a norm on the initial configuration can be given a prescribed value. The proof uses the Brouwer fixed point theorem.
Prognostic Value of Cell-Cycle Regulation Biomarkers in Bladder Cancer

The determination of prognosis in bladder cancer is currently based on staging methods that rely primarily on the pathological stage of a tumor with limited objective correlates. The development and progression of bladder cancer involve alterations in several cellular pathways. Dysregulation in markers associated with cell-cycle regulation has been the most extensively examined molecular aberration in this cancer. Individual alterations of these markers have been associated with disease outcome, with several observations suggesting that their prognostic potential is independent of pathological stage. While many individual molecules in the cell growth receptor signaling, p53, and retinoblastoma (Rb) pathways have been identified, there is a general lack of consensus on which markers can be adopted in the clinical setting. More recent studies have suggested that the combination of markers as concise panels may be more beneficial in determining the degree of aggressiveness of a given tumor and its impending outcome than individual markers alone. This review will discuss alterations in molecules within pathways controlling cell-cycle regulation in the context of bladder cancer, and their impact on patient outcome when examined individually and in combination.
R3D Align web server for global nucleotide to nucleotide alignments of RNA 3D structures

The R3D Align web server provides online access to ‘RNA 3D Align’ (R3D Align), a method for producing accurate nucleotide-level structural alignments of RNA 3D structures. The web server provides a streamlined and intuitive interface, input data validation and output that is more extensive and easier to read and interpret than related servers. The R3D Align web server offers a unique Gallery of Featured Alignments, providing immediate access to pre-computed alignments of large RNA 3D structures, including all ribosomal RNAs, as well as guidance on effective use of the server and interpretation of the output. By accessing the non-redundant lists of RNA 3D structures provided by the Bowling Green State University RNA group, R3D Align connects users to structure files in the same equivalence class and the best-modeled representative structure from each group. The R3D Align web server is freely accessible at http://rna.bgsu.edu/r3dalign/.
Loss of Olfactory Function in Dementing Disease

Abstract Alzheimer’s (AD) patients show neuropathological changes in areas of the brain central to olfactory processing, suggesting the theoretical importance and potential diagnostic utility of investigating functional changes in olfaction in these patients. Persons with Down’s Syndrome who live to the fourth decade develop neuropathological changes in the brain similar to those found in AD. A series of investigations have been conducted to assess olfaction function in both patients with Alzheimer’s disease and persons with Down’s Syndrome. Functional testing included olfactory threshold, odor identification, odor similarity judgements, odor recognition memory, odor recall, odor fluency. Both Alzheimer’s patients and persons with Down’s Syndrome showed significant impairment in olfactory function, with some measures showing more impairment than others in the early stages of the disease process. Longitudinal investigation of several of the measures indicated decreased function over time consonant with falling DRS scores. Normal controls who tested positive for the APOE4 allele showed impaired odor identification compared to those who were allele negative. Patients with Huntington’s Disease showed olfactory functional impairments, although the degree of impairment differed from the cortical dementias for some of these tasks. The sensitvity and specificity of these assessments will be discussed in relation to analogous assessments in other sensory modalities.
Discrete Regional Distributions Suggest Diverse Functional Roles of Calcium Channel α1 Subunits in Sperm

Abstract The Ca channels of male germ-line cells are partially characterized, but the molecular properties and subcellular localization of the Ca channels of mature sperm are unknown. Here, we probe rodent sperm with anti-peptide antibodies directed to cytosolic domains of cloned rat brain α1A, α1C, and α1E Ca channel subunits. Each recognizes a 200- to 245-kDa band on immunoblots of whole rat sperm extracts. A smaller (∼110-kDa) α1C band also is detected. Confocal fluorescence images of mouse sperm show characteristic patterns of punctate α1A-, α1C-, and α1E-immunoreactivity. For α1A, the puncta are larger, less numerous, and more variable in distribution than for α1C and α1E. They are absent from the acrosomal crescent, but are present elsewhere over the sperm head, often at the apical tip and equatorial segment. They also are found at irregular intervals along both the midpiece and the principal piece of the flagellum. For α1C and α1E, puncta are dense along dorsal and ventral aspects of the acrosomal cap. For α1E but not α1C, the remainder of the acrosomal region also is labeled. Neither is found in the postacrosomal region or on the midpiece. Puncta of α1C and α1E occur at regular intervals each in two parallel rows, at the dorsal and ventral aspects of the proximal segment of the flagellar principal piece. The puncta in these arrays become less abundant and intense in the distal flagellum. These results demonstrate that multiple Ca channel proteins are present in mature sperm and are regionally localized in ways that may give them different regulatory roles.
Effects of surface conditions on nucleate pool boiling of sodium.

Commercial grade sodium boiling from horizontal disk at various pressures and temperatures attaining high heat fluxes, noting surface finish effects
Slowing of voluntary and involuntary saccades: An early sign in spinocerebellar ataxia type 7

We describe quantitative oculomotor findings in a patient with subclinical spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) and a borderline mutation of 38 CAG repeats and her daughter with SCA7 and 46 repeats. Both subjects demonstrated significant slowing of voluntary and involuntary saccades, but retinal examination was normal. Smooth pursuit and fixation suppression of VOR were mildly impaired. Slow saccades may be the earliest neurologic finding even in asymptomatic SCA7 patients with normal ocular fundi. The SCA7 mutation probably has an early impact on brainstem fast eye movement centers.
Translocation of labeled photosynthate from the bloom node leaf to the fruit ofPisum sativum

Es wurde eine starke Verschiebung des C14-Anteils des Achselblattes vonPisum sativum zur Frucht hin, die in der Achsel dieses Blattes entspringt, beobachtet. Bis zu 90% des C14 (80 % Alkoholfraktion) der Pflanze befand sich nach 3 h in der Frucht. Der hauptanteil des C14 dieses Blattes, der Hulse und der Samenanlagen wurde im Rohrzucker festgestellt.
Recent developments in multivariate calibration

With the goal of understanding global chemical processes, environmental chemists have some of the most complex sample analysis problems. Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully in many situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot. The purpose of this paper is to review multivariate calibration, with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years. The inverse and classical models are discussed briefly, with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods. Principal component regression (PCR) and partial least squares (PLS) are discussed, along with methods for quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models. Non-linear PCR, non-linear PLS and locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data. Finally, calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample (second-order calibration) are discussed briefly.
Menopause and African-American women: Clinical and research issues

Abstract There are currently 3.7 million African-American women aged 35–54 years, and over the next 20 years virtually all of them will experience menopause. Although menopause itself is generally thought of as a naturally occurring biological phenomenon, undergoing the process can increase a woman's risk of disease. This phenomenon is common to women in all racial and ethnic groups. Across these groups, however, the process may be subject to great variability. This article does not include issues related to all minority women, but instead focuses on menopause in African-American women. It is important to note that there may be issues among Asian and Hispanic women that are very different from those of whites and blacks. Unfortunately, there is very little epidemiologic data on menopause or its antecedents in African-American women or in women of other minority groups. To stimulate epidemiologic research into the process of menopause among African-American women, this report will examine data from clinical and government sources. A common problem is that these sources overlook aspects of menopause important for the health of black women in mid and later life, such as menopause-associated symptoms, potentially beneficial hormonal therapies, and potentially debilitating skeletal disease.
Differential Requirement for Protein Synthesis in Presynaptic Unmuting and Muting in Hippocampal Glutamate Terminals

Synaptic function and plasticity are crucial for information processing within the nervous system. In glutamatergic hippocampal neurons, presynaptic function is silenced, or muted, after strong or prolonged depolarization. This muting is neuroprotective, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for muting and its reversal, unmuting, remain to be clarified. Using cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we found that muting induction did not require protein synthesis; however, slow forms of unmuting that depend on protein kinase A (PKA), including reversal of depolarization-induced muting and forskolin-induced unmuting of basally mute synapses, required protein synthesis. In contrast, fast unmuting of basally mute synapses by phorbol esters was protein synthesis-independent. Further studies of recovery from depolarization-induced muting revealed that protein levels of Rim1 and Munc13-1, which mediate vesicle priming, correlated with the functional status of presynaptic terminals. Additionally, this form of unmuting was prevented by both transcription and translation inhibitors, so proteins are likely synthesized de novo after removal of depolarization. Phosphorylated cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (pCREB), a nuclear transcription factor, was elevated after recovery from depolarization-induced muting, consistent with a model in which PKA-dependent mechanisms, possibly including pCREB-activated transcription, mediate slow unmuting. In summary, we found that protein synthesis was required for slower, PKA-dependent unmuting of presynaptic terminals, but it was not required for muting or a fast form of unmuting. These results clarify some of the molecular mechanisms responsible for synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons and emphasize the multiple mechanisms by which presynaptic function is modulated.
The LT1280 for through-the-pins testing of the thermal conduction module

Testing the thermal conduction module (TCM), the high-density field-replaceable unit (FRU) used in the IBM 3081 processor models, and diagnosing the faults encountered to a minimal repairable set of entities posed a new problem for the IBM engineers. The requirement and the economic necessity of thoroughly exercising the entire TCM logic and random access memory (RAM) array structure through the input/output pins of the TCM are discussed. This is followed by a description of the test system alternatives and the LT1280 [logic tester having 1280 input/output (I/O) pins] as the selected TCM manufacturing test system. The TCM logic density and high I/O count required new concepts of test system organization, size, and complexity to achieve a test and diagnostic system with high Flexibility and high throughput capability.
Long-term outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: 10- to 13-year data

Abstract Background Short- and mid-term data on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) indicate sustained weight loss and improvement in co-morbidities. Few long-term studies exist, some of which are outdated, based on open procedures or different techniques. Objectives To investigate long-term weight loss, co-morbidity remission, nutritional status, and complication rates among patients undergoing RYGB. Setting An academic, university hospital in the United States. Methods Between October 2000 and January 2004, patients who underwent RYGB≥10 years before study onset were eligible for chart review, office visits, and telephone interviews. Revisional surgery was an endpoint, ceasing eligibility for study follow-up. Outcomes included weight loss measures and rates of co-morbidity remission, complications, and nutritional deficiencies. Results RYGB was performed in 328 patients with a mean preoperative body mass index of 47.5 kg/m 2 . Of 294 eligible patients, 134 (46%) were contacted for follow-up at≥10 years (10+Year follow-up). Mean percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) was 58.9% at 10+Year. Higher %EWL was achieved by non–super-obese versus super-obese (61.3% versus 52.9%, P = .034). Blood pressure, lipid panel, and hemoglobin A 1c improved significantly. At 10 years, remission of co-morbidities was 46% for hypertension and hyperlipidemia and 58% for diabetes mellitus. Thirty patients (9%) had revisional surgery for weight regain. Sixty-four patients (19.5%) had long-term complications requiring surgery. All-cause mortality was 2.7%. Nutritional deficiencies were seen in 87% of patients. Conclusions Weight loss after RYGB appears to be significant and sustainable, especially in the non–super-obese. Co-morbidities are improved, with a substantial number in remission a decade later. Nutritional deficiencies are almost universal.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Papaya (Carica papaya L.)

Papaya belongs to the Caricaceae, a family of dicotyledonous, tree-like plants that is made up of four genera, three of which, Carica, Jacaratia, and Jarilla are native to tropical America, while Cylicomorpha is native to Africa (Badillo 1967, 1971). The genus Carica consists of about 21 species, but only C. papaya is of economic importance (Litz 1986a). The ripe fruits of other species are edible, for example, C. pubescens Lenne et Koch (“candamarcensis”), C. monoica Desf., C. erythrocarpa Heilborn., C. × heilbornii nm. pentagona (babaco), C. quercifolia St. Hil (Heiron.), and C. goudotiana Solms-Lauback, but they are more often consumed in preserves (Purseglove 1968; Jordan et al. 1982; Litz 1984).
Adaptive interference suppression in multiuser OFDM

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with multiple access has been proposed for future wireless networks because of its resistance to channel multipath effects and narrowband interference. In a multiuser OFDM (MU-OFDM) network employing frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA), users of a base station operate on different subcarriers. As the number of users increases in such a network, the cochannel interference caused by users from other base stations also increases, and thus the receiver might require multiple antennas to reject this interference. We present a blind interference suppression system for MU-OFDM that is based on the blind constant modulus (CM) array. The subcarriers of each antenna element have independent weights, so that nulls can be placed in the directions of the interference affecting each subcarrier. Thus, using an M-element CM array, the receiver can null more than M-1 partially overlapping cochannel interferers of different power levels and modulation formats. A constrained CM array that keeps the blind algorithm from capturing an interferer instead of the signal of interest is also described.
Tissue-specific expression of B7x protects from CD4 T cell–mediated autoimmunity

B7x, an inhibitory member of the B7/CD28 superfamily, is highly expressed in a broad range of nonhematopoietic organs, suggesting a role in maintaining peripheral tolerance. As endogenous B7x protein is expressed in pancreatic islets, we investigated whether the molecule inhibits diabetogenic responses. Transfer of disease-inducing BDC2.5 T cells into B7x-deficient mice resulted in a more aggressive form of diabetes than in wild-type animals. This exacerbation of disease correlated with higher frequencies of islet-infiltrating Th1 and Th17 cells. Conversely, local B7x overexpression inhibited the development of autoimmunity, as crossing diabetes-susceptible BDC2.5/B6g7 mice to animals overexpressing B7x in pancreatic islets abrogated disease induction. This protection was caused by the inhibition of IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells and not to a skewing or expansion of Th2 or regulatory T cells. The suppressive function of B7x was also supported by observations from another autoimmune model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, in which B7x-deficient mice developed exacerbated disease in comparison with wild-type animals. Analysis of central nervous system–infiltrating immune cells revealed that the loss of endogenous B7x resulted in expanded Th1 and Th17 responses. Data from these two autoimmune models provide evidence that B7x expression in the periphery acts as an immune checkpoint to prevent tissue-specific autoimmunity.
The Effects of Coefficient Correlation Structure in Two-Dimensional Knapsack Problems on Solution Procedure Performance

This paper presents the results of an empirical study of the effects of coefficient correlation structure and constraint slackness settings on the performance of solution procedures on synthetic two-dimensional knapsack problems (2KP). The population correlation structure among 2KP coefficients, the level of constraint slackness, and the type of correlation (product moment or rank) are varied in this study. Representative branch-and-bound and heuristic solution procedures are used to investigate the influence of these problem parameters on solution procedure performance. Population correlation structure, and in particular the interconstraint component of the correlation structure, is found to be a significant factor influencing the performance of both the algorithm and the heuristic. In addition, the interaction between constraint slackness and population correlation structure is found to influence solution procedure performance.
Cramer-Rao Lower Bound Calculations for Registration of Linearly-Filtered Images

I have developed covariance matrix expressions for the registration Cramer-Rao lower bound for images processed with a linear filter. These results also generalize a previous registration CRLB by accounting for Poisson noise as well as read noise. Expressions shown here have been translated into a Fortran 90 code currently being tested.
The Computational Crystallography Toolbox: crystallographic algorithms in a reusable software framework

The advent of structural genomics initiatives has led to a pressing need for high-throughput macromolecular structure determination. To accomplish this, new methods and inevitably new software must be developed to accelerate the process of structure solution. To minimize duplication of effort and to generate maintainable code efficiently, a toolbox of basic crystallographic software components is required. The development of the Computational Crystallography Toolbox (cctbx) has been undertaken for this purpose. In this paper, the fundamental requirements for the cctbx are outlined and the decisions that have lead to its implementation are explained. The cctbx currently contains algorithms for the handling of unit cells, space groups and atomic scatterers, and is released under an Open Source license to allow unrestricted use and continued development. It will be developed further to become a comprehensive library of crystallographic tools useful to the entire community of software developers.
Radial transport of salt and water in roots of the common reed (Phragmites australis Trin. ex Steudel)

To understand the root function in salt tolerance, radial salt and water transport were studied using reed plants growing in brackish habitat water with an osmotic pressure (πM ) of 0.63 MPa. Roots bathed in this medium exuded a xylem sap with NaCl as the major osmolyte and did so even at higher salt concentration (πM up to 1.3 MPa). Exudation was stopped after a small increase of πM (0.26 MPa) using polyethylene glycol 600 as osmolyte. The endodermis of fine lateral roots was found to be the main barrier to radial solute diffusion on an apoplastic path. Apoplastic salt transfer was proven by rapid replacement of stelar Na(+) by Li(+) in an isomolar LiCl medium. Water fluxes did not exert a true solvent drag on NaCl. Xylem sap concentrations of NaCl in basal internodes of transpiring culms were more than five times higher than in medial and upper ones. It was concluded that the radial NaCl flux was mainly diffusion through the apoplast, and radial water transport, because of the resistance of the cell wall matrix to convective mass flow, was confined to the symplast. Radial salt permeation in roots reduced the water stress exerted by the brackish medium.
Thermal analysis of a substrate with power dissipation in the vias

As power dissipation at the chip level increases, current levels through power distribution wires increase correspondingly. This current flow results in Joule heating in the package, which must be included in any sizing of the package cooling requirements. An analysis of the temperature field resulting from the Joule heating in a metal wire surrounded by a nonheat generating (electrically insulating) material is presented. Exact analytical solutions are given for when the heat generation rate is constant (independent of temperature) and linearly dependent on the temperature. Asymptotic solutions are given for arbitrarily temperature-dependent heat generation, when the insulating material thermal conductivity is much less than the thermal conductivity of the wire. A numerical example of practical interest is then considered. It is shown that neglecting the Joule heating in the wires can result in significant under-prediction of the temperature. The effect of temperature on the electrical resistivity of the wire is shown to be negligible. The phenomenon of thermal runaway is also examined using stability theory and is shown to be unimportant in practical circumstances. >
Clinical and biochemical studies support smokeless tobacco's carcinogenic potential in the human oral cavity.

In 2007, International Agency for Cancer Research presented compelling evidence that linked smokeless tobacco use to the development of human oral cancer. While these findings imply vigorous local carcinogen metabolism, little is known regarding levels and distribution of Phase I, II and drug egress enzymes in human oral mucosa. In the study presented here, we integrated clinical data, imaging and histopathologic analyses of an oral squamous cell carcinoma that arose at the site of smokeless tobacco quid placement in a patient. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were employed to identify tumor and normal human oral mucosal smokeless tobacco-associated metabolic activation and detoxification enzymes. Human oral epithelium contains every known Phase I enzyme associated with nitrosamine oxidative bioactivation with ~2 fold inter-donor differences in protein levels. Previous studies have confirmed ~3.5 fold inter-donor variations in intraepithelial Phase II enzymes. Unlike the superficially located enzymes in non-replicating esophageal surface epithelium, IHC studies confirmed oral mucosal nitrosamine metabolizing enzymes reside in the basilar and suprabasilar region which notably is the site of ongoing keratinocyte DNA replication. Clearly, variations in product composition, nitrosamine metabolism and exposure duration will modulate clinical outcomes. The data presented here form a coherent picture consistent with the abundant experimental data that links tobacco-specific nitrosamines to human oral cancer.