cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
“Culture Is the Way They Live Here”: Young Latin@s and Parents Navigate Linguistic and Cultural Borderlands in U.S. Schools

Throughout the United States, deficit perspectives contribute to Latino students' failure in terms of school success. This happens because many educators still regard bilingualism as a deficit. We examined the discourse of one family to better understand how deficit, assimilationist discourse affected them and their two children. We came to understand that, influenced by deficit messages, parents celebrated accelerated English acquisition. Implications for teachers include the recognition and support of linguistic and cultural diversity in the classroom. We suggest a sociocultural perspective that embraces the culture and humanity of every student and helps support the maintenance of multiple cultures.
Structural estimation of discrete-choice games of incomplete information with multiple equilibria

Estimation of games with multiple equilibria has received much attention in the recent econometrics literature. Unlike other estimation problems such as single-agent dynamic decision models or demand estimation, in which there is a unique solution in the underlying structural models, games usually admit multiple equilibria and the number of equilibria in a game can vary for different structural parameters. This fact makes the estimation of games far more challenging because the likelihood function or other criterion function defined in the space of structural parameters can be discontinuous or non-differentiable. Two-step estimators by Bajari et al. (2007) and Pesendorfer and Schmidt-Dengler (2008) and Nested Pusedo Likelihood (NPL) estimators by Aguirregabiria and Mira (2007) are proposed to address this problem. We recast the estimation problem as a constrained optimization problem with the Bayesian-Nash equilibrium condition being the constraints. The advantage of our formulation is that the likelihood function, now defined in the equilibrium probability space, is continuous and smooth. This allows researchers to use state-of-the-art optimization software to solve the estimation problem. In a Monte Carlo study, we compare the performance of a two-step estimator, NLP estimator, and our constrained optimization estimator.
Superiority of free recall to cued recall with “strong” cues

Subjects encoded homographs (e.g., iron) in one of two contexts, produced by preceding them with words from two different categories to which the item belonged (e.g., items that were metals or utensils). Later, subjects were tested either under free-recall conditions, or with one or the other of the category names that were either congruous or incongruous with the original encoding of the targets. Recall with cues that were congruous with the encoding of the target produced performance superior to free recall, but free recall was superior to cued recall when the cues were not congruous with the original encoding. The results were interpreted within the encoding specificity framework, in particular as confirming the debated proposition that a cue strongly associated to a target item may be ineffective in promoting retrieval of the target if the relation was not encoded when the target was studied. Previous failures to confirm this prediction may have been due to inadequate manipulation of the encoding context in order to provide distinctive encodings.
The mini-Wright expiratory peak flow meter

The purpose of this study was to compare the recently modified mini-Wright peak flow meter with the Wright peak flow meter. One hundred adult patients were arbitrarily divided into two groups, based on their average peak flow on the mini-Wright device. A strong positive correlation in excess of 0.90 was shown. We believe that the smaller, cheaper device is as accurate as the Wright peak flow meter.
Russian Artistic Modernism and the West: Collectors, Collections, Exhibitions, and Artists

Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum. The George Riabov Collection of Rutssian Art. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 1994. Alla Rosenfeld and Norton T. Dodge, eds., From Gulag to Glasnost. NonconformnistArt from the Soviet Union. New York: Thames and Hudson, in association with the Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, 1995. Christina Burrus. Art Collectors ofRussia.The Private Treasures Revealed. London and New York: Tauris Parke Books, 1994. Morosow undSchtschukin.MonetbisPicasso-Die russischen Salnmler. Cologne: DuMont Buchverlag, 1993. Nicoletta Misler and John E. Bowlt. Die Physiologie der Malerei. Pawel Filonov in den 1920er Jahren. Ravel Filonov in the 1920s. The Physiology of Painting. Cologne: Galerie Gmurzynska, 1992. Musee d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris. Jean Pougny. Paris: Musees, 1993. Naum Gabo and the Competition for the Palace of Soviets, Moscow 1931-1933. An exhibition organized by the Berlin Gallery Museum for Modern Art, Photography and Architecture, in collaboration with the A. V. Shchusev State Research Museum of Architecture, Moscow. Berlin: Berlinische Galerie, 1993.
PSEUDOEPIDEMICS IN HOSPITAL

20 (11%) of 181 nosocomial epidemics investigated by the Center for Disease Control during 1956-75 were actually false outbreaks. In each pseudoepidemic, on-site investigation showed that errors in specimen processing (11), surveillance artefacts (6), or clinical misdiagnosis (3) had resulted in real clusters of false infections or artefactual clusters of real infections. Specimen-processing errors included contamination during collection or transport, cross-contamination in the laboratory, and incorrect identification of organisms. Prevention of pseudoepidemics depends on quality control aimed at avoiding such errors and on close cooperation between laboratory workers and clinicians, to ensure systematic review of incongruous laboratory results.
Recruitment of Spinal Cord Injury Patients to Clinical Trials: Challenges and Solutions

Clinical trials are the cornerstone of scientific evidence. Participant identification and recruitment is one of the most important challenges to any clinical trial. This article will review the whole recruitment process, with its method and strategy, and the problems faced during consecutive steps of recruitment. It then will give recommendations for those problems according to the scientific evidence and the authors' experience with clinical trials of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).
Understanding attitudes toward adoption of green infrastructure: A case study of US municipal officials

Abstract The objective of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model grounded in technology acceptance, diffusion of innovation and organizational theories to identify factors that influence attitudes of local jurisdiction officials toward adoption of green infrastructure for stormwater management. The hypotheses are tested using survey data on green infrastructure collected from 256 local governments’ engineers, planners and other municipal officials across the US. Findings of structural equation modeling analyses partially support a hypothesis regarding the link between innovation characteristics and attitudes toward adoption, revealing that perceived usefulness has a significant direct influence on attitudes. They also confirm significant indirect effects of perceived compatibility, perceived internal readiness and perceived ease of use of green infrastructure on respondents’ attitudes toward adoption. The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, this study assesses the applicability of a model combining elements of technology acceptance, diffusion of innovation and organizational theory to predict municipal officials’ attitudes toward green infrastructure. Second, it uncovers relevant innovation attributes explaining attitudes toward green stormwater infrastructure adoption.
Ten-year comparison of estimates of overweight and obesity, diagnosed diabetes and use of office-based physician services for treatment of diabetes in the United States.

Abstract Objective To compare trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, diagnosed diabetes and numbers of visits to office-based physicians for diabetes care. Research design and methods Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1995–2004) were used to compare trends among adults aged 18 years and older for overweight, obesity and visits made to office-based physicians where diabetes was the primary diagnosis. Estimates for overweight and obesity and office visits were made for each year. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased by nearly 24%. The prevalence of diabetes increased by approximately 76%. The numbers of visits to office-based physicians where diabetes was the primary diagnosis have more than doubled. The average age among adults, who were overweight or obese, was 46.9 years compared to 60.1 years for those seeking care for a diabetes-related issue from an office-based physician. Conclusions As the prevalence of overweight and obesity increases, the incidence of diabetes will increase along with the demand for treatment of diabetes later in life. It is imperative to promote population-based programs for reducing overweight and obesity at younger ages in order to reduce the morbidity, mortality and economic cost of the disease as the population ages.
X-ray Structure of Racemic Glycerol 1,2-(Di-11-bromoundecanoate)-3-(-p-Toluenesulfonate)

The single crystal x-ray structure of racemic glycerol 1,2-(di-11bromoundecanoate)-3-(p-toluenesulfonate), a sulfolipid analogous to the membrane phospholipids, reveals a folded conformation.
Influence of Expectations for Parental Support on Intergenerational Coresidence Behavior

Abstract Using the 1988 and 1992 waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), this study examines whether the expectation of support by young adults is widely held and if such a belief predicts if young adults will at some point live with their parents before their final launch. At issue is whether or not the increase in young adults in the parental home represents a normative shift in the expectations that children have of their parents or perhaps is indicative of some other process. The findings suggest that expectation of support does in fact predict living at home but only 31% of the respondents felt that parents were obligated to let their adult children live with them. Findings are placed within a broader context of how shifts in age at first marriage and educational attainment influence young adults' transitions out of the home.
K channels in T lymphocytes: a patch clamp study using monoclonal antibody adhesion.

Ionic fluxes are thought to he involved in mediating the prolifer-ation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in response to mitogenic substances1,2. Among the earliest events occurring after the addition of mitogen to cultured lympocytes are changes in rates of cation transport3–9. We were interested, therefore, in the possible role of ion channels in mediating the lymphocyte proliferative response. The development of patch clamp tech-niques by Neher and colleagues10–12 has made it possible to study membrane conductances in a variety of small cell types12. We have developed a method which uses monoclonal antibodies to make cells adhere to solid surfaces for two major reasons: (1) it is much easier to patch clamp stationary cells, and (2) the method can be used to selectively adhere a particular cell type from a heterogeneous population. We have used these techniques here to identify whole-cell potassium currents, in lymphocytes recognized by OKT11 monoclonal antibody, which are increased 1.9-fold by mitogenic stimulation.
Methode der kontinuierlichen Variation: Verwendung von Job-Plots zur Untersuchung molekularer Assoziationen in der metallorganischen Chemie

Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt Anwendungen der Methode der kontinuierlichen Variation (MCV oder Job-Plots) auf Fragen der metallorganischen Chemie. Die MCV bietet qualitative und quantitative Einblicke in die Stochiometrien, die der Assoziation von m Molekulen A und n Molekulen B zur Bildung von AmBn zugrunde liegen. Auch komplexere Falle von Metallclustern und Aggregaten sind beschreibbar. Job-Plots, in denen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten verfolgt werden, liefern relative Stochiometrien geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Ubergangsstrukturen. In einer speziellen Variante werden von den Liganden oder dem Losungsmittel abhangige Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten in Grundzustands- und Ubergangszustandsbeitrage aufgegliedert, was einen Einblick in die vollstandige Reaktionskoordinate mithilfe eines einzigen Job-Plots ermoglicht. Die Lucken in der Literatur werden aufgezeigt und besprochen.
A limit on the neutrino-neutrino scattering cross section from the supernova☆

Abstract The supernova explosion observed recently in the Large Magellanic Cloud can be used to place the limit σ −35 cm 2 on the neutrino-neutrino scattering cross section. This limit does not depend on any of the details of the theory of supernovae. If v-v scattering is due to the exchange of a scalar particle with mass smaller than the neutrino temperature T v , then the limit on the scalar-neutrino coupling constant is g cc 2 −6 ( T V /10 MeV).
The Hidden Job Requirements for a Software Engineer

In a world increasingly operated by computers, where innovation depends on software, the software engineer's role is changing continuously and gaining new dimensions. In commercial software development as well as scientific research environments, the way software developers are perceived is changing, because they are more important to the business than ever before. Nowadays, their job requires skills extending beyond the regular job description posted by HR, and more is expected. To advance and thrive in their new roles, the software engineers must embrace change, and practice the themes of the new era (integration, collaboration and optimization). The challenges may be somehow intimidating for freshly graduated software engineers. Through this paper the authors hope to set them on a path for success, by helping them relinquish their fear of the unknown.
Effect of Nitrous Oxide on Neurologic and Neuropsychological Function after Intracranial Aneurysm Surgery

Background Laboratory studies suggest that nitrous oxide augments brain injury after ischemia or hypoxia. The authors examined the relation between nitrous oxide use and outcomes using data from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial. Methods The Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial was a prospective randomized study of the impact of intraoperative hypothermia (temperature = 33 degrees C) versus normothermia (temperature = 36.5 degrees C) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping. Anesthesia was dictated by a limited-options protocol with the use of nitrous oxide determined by individual anesthesiologists. All patients were assessed daily for 14 days after surgery or until hospital discharge. Neurologic and neuropsychological testing were conducted at 3 months after surgery. Outcome data were analyzed via both univariate tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis correcting for factors thought to influence outcome. An odds ratio (OR) greater than 1.0 denotes a worse outcome in patients receiving nitrous oxide. Results Outcome data were available for 1,000 patients, of which 373 received nitrous oxide. There was no difference between groups in the development of delayed ischemic neurologic deficit. At 3 months after surgery, there were no significant differences between groups in any outcome variable: Glasgow Outcome Score (OR, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-1.14; P = 0.268), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.96-1.73; P = 0.087), Rankin Disability Score (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.61-1.15; P = 0.284), Barthel Activities of Daily Living Index (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.68-1.51; P = 0.961), or neuropsychological testing (OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.85-1.87; P = 0.252). Conclusions In a population of patients at risk for ischemic brain injury, nitrous oxide use had no overall beneficial or detrimental impact on neurologic or neuropsychological outcomes.
Change in content, incorporation and lipoxygenation of docosahexaenoic acid in retina and retinal pigment epithelium in canine ceroid lipofuscinosis.

Abstract We have examined the metabolism of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, n − 3) in retina and retinal pigment epithelium of normal dogs and those affected with canine ceroid lipofuscinosis (CCL), a hereditary degenerative neurological disorder. In the CCL retina, there was a decrease in 22:6 content in phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylethanolamine. This decrease in 22:6 was compensated by an increase in arachidonic acid (20:4, n − 6). In contrast, CCL retinal pigment epithelium had higher levels of 22:6 and lower levels of 20:4 in phosphatidylethanolamine. The in vitro incorporation of radiolabeled 22:6 into glycerolipids of CCL retina and retinal pigment epithelium was increased as compared to control. The major lipoxygenase reaction product of 22:6, (11-hydroxy-4,7,9( trans )13,16,19)-22:6, increased 31% in CCL retina, but not in the retinal pigment epithelium. This is the first report describing alterations in content, incorporation and lipoxygenation of 22:6 in an animal model of a human disease (Batten's disease).
Note Variations in Hypericin Concentrations in Hypericum perforatum L. and Commercial Products

Twelve samples of Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort) were collected throughout Oregon and assayed for hypericin concentrations which ranged from 0.03 to 0.38%. Eight commercially available dietary supplements were also assayed using the same methods and the hypericin concentrations varied from 47 to 165% of their labeled concentrations.
Identification of the cysteine in the steroid-binding site of human corticosteroid binding globulin by site-directed mutagenesis and site-specific chemical modification

Binding of corticosteroids by human corticosteroid binding globulin (hCBG) is thought to involve interaction with one of its two cysteine residues (Cys60 and Cys228). To identify which of the two cysteine residues mediates steroid binding, we have produced mutant hCBGs containing serine or alanine in place of Cys228 by site-directed mutagenesis. Alteration of Cys228 to serine or alanine does not change the steroid binding affinity of hCBG, demonstrating that Cys228 is not involved in the binding interaction. This finding strongly suggests that Cys60 is the functionally important cysteine. By modifying the wild-type and mutant hCBGs with the sulfhydryl-specific reagents N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and sodium tetrathionate, we have demonstrated that Cys60 is present at the steroid binding site, and that it may be directly involved in steroid binding. This result also identifies Cys60 as the accessible cysteine reported in previous studies.
MIXED LAND-USES AND COMMUTING: EVIDENCE FROM THE AMERICAN HOUSING SURVEY

Past research suggests that mixed land-uses encourage non-auto commuting; however, the evidence remains sketchy. This paper explores this question by investigating how the presence of retail activities in neighborhoods influences the commuting choices of residents using data from the 1985 American Housing Survey. Having grocery stores and other consumer services within 300 feet of one's residence is found to encourage commuting by mass transit, walking and bicycling, controlling for such factors as residential densities and vehicle ownership levels. When retail shops are beyond 300 feet yet within 1 mile of residences, however, they tend to encourage auto-commuting, ostensibly because of the ability to efficiently link work and shop trips by car. The presence of nearby commercial land-uses is also associated with relatively low vehicle ownership rates and short commuting distances among residents of a mixed-use neighborhood. Overall, residential densities exerted a stronger influence on commuting mode choices than levels of land-use mixture, except for walking and bicycle commutes. For non-motorized commuting, the presence or absence of neighborhood shops is a better predictor of mode choice than residential densities.
Macaque Model for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were challenged with 107 PFU of a clinical isolate of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Some of the animals developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans with SARS. The macaque model as it currently exists will have limited utility in the study of SARS and the evaluation of therapies.
Multi-object Tracking via Constrained Sequential Labeling

This paper presents a new approach to tracking people in crowded scenes, where people are subject to long-term (partial) occlusions and may assume varying postures and articulations. In such videos, detection-based trackers give poor performance since detecting people occurrences is not reliable, and common assumptions about locally smooth trajectories do not hold. Rather, we use temporal mid-level features (e.g., supervoxels or dense point trajectories) as a more coherent spatiotemporal basis for handling occlusion and pose variations. Thus, we formulate tracking as labeling mid-level features by object identifiers, and specify a new approach, called constrained sequential labeling (CSL), for performing this labeling. CSL uses a cost function to sequentially assign labels while respecting the implications of hard constraints computed via constraint propagation. A key feature of this approach is that it allows for the use of flexible cost functions and constraints that capture complex dependencies that cannot be represented in standard network-flow formulations. To exploit this flexibility we describe how to learn constraints and give a provably correct learning algorithms for cost functions that achieves finitetime convergence at a rate that improves with the strength of the constraints. Our experimental results indicate that CSL outperforms the state-of-the-art on challenging real-world videos of volleyball, basketball, and pedestrians walking.
Outgassing models for Landsat-4 thematic mapper short wave infrared bands

Detector responses to the Internal Calibrator (IC) pulses in the Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper (TM) have been observed to follow an oscillatory behavior. This phenomenon is present only in the Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands and has been observed throughout the lifetime of the instrument, which was launched in July 1982 and imaged the Earth's surface until late 1993. These periodic changes in amplitude, which can be as large as 7.5 percent, are known as outgassing effects and are believed to be due to optical interference caused by a gradual buildup of an ice-like material on the window of the cryogenically cooled dewar containing the SWIR detectors. Similar outgassing effects in the Landsat-5 TM have been characterized using an optical thin-film model that relates detector behavior to the ice film growth rate, which was found to gradually decrease with time. A similar approach, which takes into consideration the different operational history of the instrument, has been applied in this study to three closely sampled data sets acquired throughout the lifetime of the Landsat-4 TM. Although Landsat-4 and Landsat-5 Thematic Mappers are essentially identical instruments, data generated from analyses of outgassing effects indicate subtle, but important, differences between the two. The estimated lifetime model could improve radiometric accuracy by as much as five percent.
Oxygen permeability of low density polyethylene as a function of limonene absorption: an approach to modeling flavor "scalping".

A procedure was developed to measure adsorption (scalping) of limonene by low density polyethylene. The polymer was mounted on an oxygen electrode. Limonene absorption produced an increase in oxygen permeability which appeared proportional to limonene concentration. Diffusion coefficients calculated from permeation curves were similar to diffusion coefficients calculated on a weight change basis.
Methods for Probabilistic Analysis of Noncoherent Fault Trees

Four methods for the probabilistic analysis of s-coherent fault trees are investigated concerning their applicability to noncoherent fault trees. The inclusion-exclusion and min-max bounds can be extended to noncoherent fault trees, while the minimal cut (path) set bounds cannot. When a fault tree is modularized, the application of the min-max bounds or the inclusion-exclusion upper bound to both the modules and the organizing structure function yields the same bounds that are obtained without modular decomposition. If the organizing structure function or the modules are simple enough, exact calculations can be performed at either level to give an improved bound.
Aspect vs. relative tense: the case reopened

Klein (1994) points out that within the treatment of the temporal semantics of English that he proposes, there is no need to maintain the traditional distinction between perfect aspect and anterior tense. An analysis of the semantics of perfect aspect in terms of placing the topic time in the post-time of the event under description can account for the anterior tense readings of the pluperfect as well. In this article, I argue that “Klein’s Conjecture” appears more problematic once extended to other languages, drawing on evidence from Japanese, Kituba, Kalaallisut, Korean, and Yucatec Maya. Languages such as Japanese have expressions of anterior tense that do not fit Klein’s analysis of perfect aspect (topic time after event time), while others—e.g., Yucatec Maya—have expressions that fit Klein’s analysis, but do not have anterior tense readings. The additions to Klein’s theory necessary so it can accommodate the new evidence comprise a revised viewpoint aspect component that distinguishes not only relations between topic and event time, but also relations between topic time and the runtimes of states preceding and following the event in a causal chain, as well as an updated tense module that distinguishes relations between topic time and perspective times in addition to relations between topic time and utterance time.
The State of Rehabilitation Research: Art or Science?

Abstract Tate DG. The state of rehabilitation research: art or science? Rehabilitation research has been criticized as not standing up enough to the rigors of scientific method to be called "science." The field has been portrayed as slow to promote its scientific achievements and to include them under the rubric of evidence-based rehabilitation. Following in the footsteps of psychology, rehabilitation as a broad-based discipline has faced many similar obstacles in achieving scientific status. Controversy exists about what exactly constitutes rehabilitation science versus its art and its respective multidisciplinary domains. The conception of these domains is directly related to current methods available to assess the state of the discipline and its research accomplishments. I used quantitative methods, such as randomized clinical and/or controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, to assess the status of rehabilitation research. Findings suggest that, as a field, rehabilitation makes significant contributions to science, measurable by the number and quality of RCTs and systematic reviews conducted so far on topics of critical importance for clinical care. In "artful" complement, qualitative approaches can be used as research tools to aid investigators in seeking knowledge beyond that obtained by quantitative methods, assessing many complexities associated with the various contexts of rehabilitation research. Other requirements to develop a common vision of rehabilitation science are also discussed.
Intra-thoracic cytoreduction of stage IV peritoneal malignancy: A case series

Abstract Background Women with ovarian cancer primarily present with advanced intra-abdominal disease, frequently involving the diaphragm. Cases We present 2 cases of combined planned intra-thoracic and abdominopelvic radical cytoreduction for stage IV peritoneal malignancy. Conclusions Our case report indicates the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach in treating patients with advanced-stage peritoneal disease. Multi-disciplinary surgical procedures can achieve optimal cytoreduction and possibly improve overall survival.
Particulate Air Pollution as a Risk Factor for ST-segment Depression in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Background— The association of particulate matter (PM) with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is well documented. PM-induced ischemia is considered a potential mechanism linking PM to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Methods and Results— In a repeated-measures study including 5979 observations on 48 patients 43 to 75 years of age, we investigated associations of ambient pollution with ST-segment level changes averaged over half-hour periods measured in the modified V5 position by 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring. Each patient was observed up to 4 times within 1 year after a percutaneous intervention for myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome without infarction, or stable coronary artery disease without acute coronary syndrome. Elevation in fine particles (PM2.5) and black carbon levels predicted depression of half-hour–averaged ST-segment levels. An interquartile increase in the previous 24-hour mean black carbon level was associated with a 1.50-fold increased risk of ST-segment depression ≥0.1 ...
Development of high-repetition rate CH PLIF imaging in turbulent nonpremixed flames

Abstract We report on the development of high-repetition rate planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of the CH radical in turbulent flames. This paper presents what the authors believe to be the first multi-frame, high-speed CH PLIF image sequences captured in a turbulent nonpremixed jet-flame. The high-repetition rate CH PLIF measurements were made using a combination of a custom pulse burst laser system operating at a 10-kHz repetition rate, an in-house optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with frequency mixing for 390-nm laser pulse generation, and a high-framing rate ICCD camera for high-speed image capture. The 1064-nm output of the pulse burst laser is frequency-tripled (355 nm) and used to pump the OPO, which can be operated in a narrow bandwidth (300 MHz) or broadband (4 cm−1) mode. The OPO system produces a burst of laser pulses near 615 nm, which can be subsequently mixed with residual 1064-nm output from the pulse burst laser to generate a series of 390-nm pulses separated by less than 100 μs. The tunable ultraviolet output around 390 nm is then used to excite the B–X (0, 0) band allowing high-speed image sequences of the CH radical to be acquired from the B–X(0, 1), A–X(1, 1), and A–X(0, 0) bands near 430 nm. In this paper, we present results using the narrow bandwidth mode of the laser. By injection seeding the OPO with a single-frequency diode laser, we can obtain spectrally-narrow output at 390-nm, which allows imaging of CH with only 0.4 mJ/pulse of laser energy. Ten-kilohertz-CH PLIF image sequences from a turbulent nonpremixed flame are reported as an example of the potential of this diagnostic system. Although, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is marginal, we discuss future improvements to the system to increase the SNR to levels comparable to that achieved with traditional low-repetition rate systems.
Opening technology's door: perils and possibilities

While waiting for class two years ago one of my students looked at the back of the room where two unused slide projectors stood. ‘But’, he wondered out loud – having no history of comparative slide projection – ‘how come you have two of them?’ His remark speaks directly to the rapid change from print to pixel and about the transformation of the lecture room, the place where this change has been most sharply felt: pixels are our daily habit, our night-time curse, and our weekend distraction.
Transverse patterning in pigeons

Pigeons were trained to choose between colored lights (A, B, C, and D), first in a two-pair ambiguouscue problem (A+B−, B+C−), and then, with all colors nondifferentially reinforced, in a three-pair loop problem (A+B−, B+C−, C+A−) followed by a four-pair loop problem (A+B−, B+D−, D+C−, C+A−). Systematic efforts were made to simulate the data with a variety of models incorporating one or another of three conceptions of stimulus compounding prominent in the literature on compound conditioning. One conception is that the components of a compound stimulus are altered by interaction; the second is that they are not altered, but only supplemented with a new (compound-unique) component generated in the interaction; and the third is that the components entirely disappear in a configurational transformation. The ambiguous-cue data could be simulated accurately with each of the models, but the loop data with none of them. A convincing explanation of performance in loop problems remains to be found.
Temporal and spatial dependence of hydrodynamic correlations: Simulation and experiment.

Time-dependent hydrodynamic interactions in a colloidal suspension of hard spheres are studied, both experimentally and through computer simulation. The focus is on the behavior at small wave vectors, which directly probes the temporal evolution of hydrodynamic interactions between nearby particles. The computer simulations show that the time-dependent diffusion coefficient has the same functional form for all wave vectors, with a single characteristic scaling time for each length scale and for each volume fraction. Wave-vector-averaged effective diffusion coefficients, measured experimentally using diffusing wave spectroscopy, also scale to the same functional form. In this case, the scaling time is dependent on both volume fraction and particle size; it decreases sharply with decreasing particle radius, reflecting the greater contribution from smaller wave vectors that is contained in the scattering from the smaller particles. For a direct comparison of simulation and experiment, we simulate the experimentally observed correlation functions, by averaging the wave-vector-dependent computer-simulation data with the weighting appropriate to the experimental technique. Although the overall scaling is similar, there are quantitative differences in the simulated and measured relaxation times. We suggest these differences are due to the compressibility of the suspension, and that the resultant pressure waves make an unexpectedly significant contribution tomore » the hydrodynamic interactions. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society« less
Legacy sectors: barriers to global innovation in agriculture and energy

The US national innovation system has a dual structure: part suited to rapid innovation, and part stubbornly resistant to change. The complex, established ‘Legacy sectors’ that resist change, particularly disruptive innovation, share common features that obstruct the market launch of innovations, over and above the ‘valley of death’ and other obstacles that have been the traditional focus of innovation policy. Innovations in Legacy sectors must penetrate a well-established and well-defended technological/economic/political/social paradigm that favours existing technology, characterised by (1) ‘perverse’ subsidies and price structures that create a mismatch between the incentives of producers and broader social goals, such as environmental sustainability, public health and safety, and geopolitical security; (2) established infrastructure and institutional architecture that imposes regulatory hurdles or other disadvantages to new entrants (3) market imperfections beyond those faced by other innovations: net...
The importance of atmospheric input of terrestrial organic material to deep sea sediments

The concentrations of lipids were determined in atmospheric particle, gas and rain samples collected from the tropical North Pacific to assess lipid sources, transport mechanisms and fluxes to the ocean surface. Four lipid compound classes (aliphatic hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, and salts) all unequivocally show a terrestrial vascular plant source. These aerosol lipids originate from wind erosion of Asian and American soils and direct emission from vegetation. The major fluxes result from rain rather than dry deposition. These fluxes are large enough to have a major potential impact on the inventory of terrestrially derived lipid material found in deep-sea sediments. This has been showm for n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, total lipids and for organic carbon. By comparing atmospheric and sediment trap fluxes with sediment accumulation rates, it is suggested that some biogenic terrestrial material is more protected from degradation than marine-derived material.
SnapShot: Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by a heterogeneous clinical presentation. Genetic abnormalities are not only key events in the origin and progression of the disease but are also useful tools for prognosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic decision making. Although still incurable, a revolution in the treatment of MM is currently ongoing, leading to a significant improvement of clinical outcome and survival. To view this SnapShot, open or download the PDF.
Hybrid Electric Power Generation with Wind and Diesel

Wind/hybrid operation data were collected using an independent hybrid test grid consisting of three diesel generator sets, AOC 15/50 and Enertech 44/40 wind turbines, two resistive load banks, pre-commercial controls, with a simulated village load. Two configurations were tested, one using a synchronous condenser that included no storage and one with 110 kW of battery storage with a rotary converter. The fuel efficiency increased from 2.63 kWh per liter for diesel only to 4.01 kWh per liter with hybrid system without storage and to 10.09 kWh per liter with battery storage. The potential run time in wind only was greatly increased when the battery storage was added. When wind power was sufficient to curtail the diesel generator sets, control was smooth and stable providing for the entire village load without having to burn fuel.
Cost-effectiveness of ADHD treatments : Findings from the multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD

OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a costly public health problem. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study on the cost-effectiveness of the major forms of ADHD treatments used in NIMH’s Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA Study). METHOD: Five hundred seventy-nine children with ADHD, combined type, ages 7 to 9.9, were assigned to 14 months of medication management, behavioral treatment, both combined, or community care. Services were tallied throughout the study, including medication, health care visits, behavioral treatments, and rental costs. Provider specialty, total time, and number of visits with providers were used to calculate costs, adjusted to FY 2000 dollars with the consumer price index. RESULTS: Treatment costs varied fourfold, with medication management being the least expensive, followed by behavioral treatment, and then combined treatment. Lower costs of medication treatment were found in the community care group, reflecting the less in...
Simulation of Infrared Spectra for β-Hairpin Peptides Stabilized by an Aib-Gly Turn Sequence: Correlation between Conformational Fluctuation and Vibrational Coupling

Vibrational spectra of a 12-residue ‚-hairpin peptide, RYVEVBGKKILQ (HBG), stabilized by an Aib-Gly turn sequence (B ) Aib) were investigated theoretically using a combination of molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Selected conformations of HBG were extracted from a classical MD trajectory and used for spectral simulations. DFT calculations, based on the Cartesian coordinate spectral property transfer protocol, were carried out for peptide structures in which all residues are replaced with Ala, except for the Aib and Gly residues, but the backbone (,a,ˆ) structure of the original configuration is retained. The simulations provide a basis for interpretation of the HBG amide I infrared spectra in terms of structural variables such as detailed secondary structure and thermal conformational fluctuation as well as vibrational coupling as indicated by spectra of 13 C isotope-labeled variants. The characteristic amide I band shape of such small ‚-hairpin peptides appears to arise from the structure of the short antiparallel ‚-sheet strands. The role of structural parameter fluctuation in vibrational coupling is evaluated by comparison of DFT-derived amide coupling constants for selected configurations and from transition dipole coupling calculations of coupling parameters between 13 C isotopically labeled residues for a MD-derived ensemble of configurations. Calculated results were compared with the experimentally obtained spectra for several 13 C
Nuclear medicine and the surgeon

Summary Nuclear medicine provides the surgeon with important diagnostic and functional information on specific organs and with therapy for a limited set of diseases. Clinical applications of nuclear medicine are beginning to guide surgeons to specific locations, notably to sentinel lymph nodes in patients with cancer. The role of radionuclide diagnosis in oncology has been covered earlier in this Lancet series, 1 so here is a surgeon's perspective on sentinel node and other oncological applications and on the surgical value of nuclear medicine in non-malignant diseases.
Non risk assessment information security assurance model

This article is present information assurance model based on Non risk assessment model. The model based on diligence model where assurance is achieved by using threat and vulnerability reviews and countermeasures based on tangible best practices. An information security program can be initiated based on one of three models: bench marks, risk assessment and diligence model. The article presents the three modules then adopts the last one to build information assurance security model based on layering levels.
Screening for Prostate Cancer: An Update of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This systematic review supports the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force's position on screening for prostate cancer.
From they are Japs to we are Returnees

Schools in the United States have historically served large numbers of immigrant students, and the population continues to grow today. Much research literature in education focuses on linguistic, academic and social issues around immigrant students from working-class families (e.g. Bettie, 2002; Flores-Gonzales, 1999); however, it is equally important to examine the experiences of upper/middle-class immigrant families in order to understand the dynamics of immigrants’ impact on schooling in the global context.
Circulating smallpox knowledge: Guatemalan doctors, Maya Indians and designing Spain's smallpox Vaccination Expedition, 1780-1803

Drawing on the rich but mostly overlooked history of Guatemala's anti-smallpox campaigns in the 1780s and 1790s, this paper interweaves an analysis of the contribution of colonial medical knowledges and practical experiences with the construction and implementation of imperial science. The history of the anti-smallpox campaigns is traced from the introduction of inoculation in Guatemala in 1780 to the eve of the Spanish Crown-sponsored Royal Maritime Vaccination Expedition in 1803. The paper first analyses the development of what Guatemalan medical physician Jose Flores called his 'local method' of inoculation, tailored to material and cultural conditions of highland Maya communities, and based on his more than twenty years of experience in anti-smallpox campaigns among multiethnic populations in Guatemala. Then the paper probes the accompanying transformations in discourses about health through the anti-smallpox campaigns as they became explicitly linked to new discourses of moral responsibility towards indigenous peoples. With the launch of the Spanish Vaccination Expedition in 1803, anti-smallpox efforts bridged the New World, Europe and Asia, and circulated on a global scale via the enactment of imperial Spanish health policy informed, in no small part, by New World and specifically colonial Guatemalan experiences with inoculation in multiethnic cities and highland Maya towns.
A lack of nuclear DNA content variability among wheat near isolines differing in aluminium response

Abstract Nucleotypic variation has been speculated to play a role in the adaptation of crop species to environmental stress. The objective of this study was to determine if nuclear DNA content variability was associated with aluminium (Al) tolerance in wheat. Six wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) near isolines (differing in Al response), two recurrent parents (Al sensitive), and one donor parent (Al tolerant) were all analysed for nuclear DNA content using flow cytometry. A 1.7% variation in nuclear DNA content was observed among the nine wheat lines. No association between Al response and nuclear DNA content was observed. All of the wheat near isolines had a nuclear DNA content similar to their recurrent parent. The wheat genome appears to be stable with no unusual inheritance of nuclear DNA content observed. Flow cytometric analysis proved to be sensitive enough to detect nuclear DNA content variability at the level of 0.5% variation among wheat lines.
Outcomes of femoropopliteal interventions for critical ischemia in the hemodialysis-dependent patient.

Background The number of patients maintained on hemodialysis is rising. There are limited data on the outcomes of femoropopliteal interventions, both open and endovascular, in this population. This report examines the anatomic and clinical outcomes in this population. Methods A database of patients undergoing open (OPEN) and endoluminal (ENDO) intervention for femoropopliteal disease (2000 to 2010) was retrospectively queried. Patients on hemodialysis with critical ischemia at the time of surgery or intervention were selected. Patients who underwent tibial bypass or had concomitant tibial interventions were excluded. Kaplan–Meier analyses were performed to assess time-dependent outcomes. Factor analyses were performed for time-dependent variables. Results One hundred sixty-one hemodialysis-dependent patients underwent either OPEN or ENDO procedures for critical ischemia. Of these, 70 patients were treated with OPEN procedures and 91 with ENDO procedures. ENDO patients were more likely to present with a higher cardiac risk index ( P = 0.0001), metabolic syndrome ( P = 0.02), cerebrovascular disease ( P = 0.01), and a dependent living status preoperatively ( P = 0.04). ENDO patients presented with more rest pain and tissue loss ( P = 0.03). OPEN patients presented with more advanced lesions ( P = 0.04). Combined morbidity was higher in the OPEN group ( P = 0.05). Cumulative patency ( P = 0.04) and clinical efficacy ( P = 0.05) were higher in the OPEN group compared to those in the ENDO group. Conclusions Hemodialysis patients undergoing femoral–popliteal endovascular interventions for symptomatic disease have a low cumulative patency and clinical efficacy. Although open surgical revascularization has higher perioperative morbidity and a trend toward higher perioperative mortality, it provides a superior 5-year cumulative patency and clinical efficacy and should be considered in this population subgroup.
Why Napster matters to writing: Filesharing as a new ethic of digital delivery

This article discusses the Napster phenomenon and its cultural significance, traces some of the threads of the current “copyright crisis,” and connects these cultural and legal dynamics to show how the current filesharing context of digital environments pertains to issues affecting writing teachers. The article (1) urges writing teachers to view the Napster moment—and the writing practice at the center of it, filesharing—in terms of the rhetorical and economic dynamics of digital publishing and in the context of public battles about copyright and intellectual property and (2) argues that digital filesharing forms the basis for an emergent ethic of digital delivery, an ethic that should lead composition teachers to rethink pedagogical approaches and to revise plagiarism policies to recognize the value of filesharing and to acknowledge Fair Use as an ethic for digital composition.