cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Update on neonatal hypoglycemia.

Purpose of review Neonatal hypoglycemia is one of the most common biochemical abnormalities encountered in the newborn. However, controversy remains surrounding its definition and management especially in asymptomatic patients. Recent findings New information has been published that describes the incidence and timing of low glucose concentrations in the groups most at risk for asymptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia. Furthermore, one large prospective study failed to find an association between repetitive low glucose concentrations and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. But hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism, especially genetic causes, continued to be associated with brain injury. New advances were made in the diagnosis and management of hyperinsulinism, including acquired hyperinsulinism in small for gestational age infants and others. Continuous glucose monitoring remains an attractive strategy for future research in this area. Summary The fundamental question of how best to manage asymptomatic newborns with low glucose concentrations remains unanswered. Balancing the risks of overtreating newborns with low glucose concentrations who are undergoing a normal transition following birth against the risks of undertreating those in whom low glucose concentrations are pathological, dangerous, and/or a harbinger of serious metabolic disease remains a challenge.
The Effects of Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbons on Certain Soil Bacteria

Summary. Some common soil bacteria have been shown to tolerate the presence of chlorinated hydrocarbon fumigants. Several of these bacteria indicated an ability to utilize the chemicals as carbon or energy sources. The breakdown of these fumigants may yield compounds either beneficial or detrimental to plants grown in treated soil. Such information is critical to plant disease control since these chemicals are used for the control of plant pathogens, primarily nematodes. It is suggested that the side effects of soil treatment by which plants are stimulated in their growth is a direct consequence of enhanced beneficial microbial activity.
Comparison of Near-Surface Air Temperature Variability in 11 Coupled Global Climate Models

Abstract The common variance between 100-yr-long control runs from 11 coupled global climate models (CGCMs) has been studied by use of common empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The results suggest that there is a considerable disparity between the CGCMs estimates of internal variability. About one-half of this difference can be attributed to model drift or other low-frequency variations in several of the models. However, even after accounting for this effect, it was found that the models can easily differ by a factor of 2 or more for the energy levels in different EOF mode (wave) numbers. Comparison with observations showed that no one model consistently reproduced the observed partial eigenvalue spectrum. Again, differences between observed and model energy levels were commonly a factor of 2 or more. It is speculated that at least some of the disagreement is due to the relative coarse resolution of the models used in this study. Separate analysis of a 1000-yr control run of the Geophysical Fluid Dyna...
Continuous Versus Cyclic Estrogen Administration: Mammary Carcinoma in C3H Mice

Mammary carcinoma incidence in male or castrated male C3H mice was lower when diethylstilbestrol (DES) was given in the diet in intermittent cycles of 2 7 14 or 28 days than when given on a continuous basis. Generally the latent period of tumor formation was shortened by treatments which produced high tumor incidence. Continuous treatment with DES also significantly reduced testis seminal vesicle and body weights (but not pituitary weight) when compared with cyclic treatment with DES in which equivalent doses were used. Castrated males had significantly higher tumor incidence and shorter latent period than did intact males. Of the cyclic regimens the shortest (2 days) produced the highest tumor incidence in intact males whereas it produced the lowest tumor incidence in castrated males. (authors)
Accretion of n-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina of chicks fed a low-linolenic acid diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid.

Diets low in a-linolenic acid may not support normal brain accretion of n-3 fatty acids. An n-3 fatty acid- deficient diet was fed to laying hens and the resulting deficient chicks were fed a low-linolenic acid diet based on corn oil, or the same diet supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid. Control chicks from soybean oil-fed hens were fed a soybean oil-based diet. The fatty acid composition of the chick brains, retinas, liv- ers, and serum was determined after 0-4 wk. The corn oil diet did not reverse the deficiency but the combination of corn oil and docosahexaenoic acid rapidly restored brain and retinal concen- trations of docosahexaenoic acid. Supplemented chicks, how- ever, showed a slight lowering of arachidonic acid in the brain and serum. This study demonstrates that a low-linolenic acid diet without docosahexaenoic acid fails to support accretion of n-3 fatty acids in the nervous tissue of chicks. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59: 1338-46. like premature human infants, must obtain the bulk of their n-3 fatty acids from the diet. The accretion of 22:6n-3 in the brains of these chicks is compared with that in other n-3 fatty acid- deficient chicks fed the same diet supplemented with 22:6n-3. Materials and methods Design and diets n-3 Fatty acid-deficient chicks were produced by feeding an n-3 fatty acid-deficient diet to laying White Leghorn hens. The diet consisted of a casein-dextrose fat-free basal mix (Teklad, Madison, WI) made with 10% fat by weight, the fat consisting of hydrogenated coconut oil and safflower oil to supply 5% of energy as 18:2n-6 and 0.007% of energy as 18:3n-3. Control chicks came from hens fed the same basal mix, substituting soy- bean oil for safflower oil in an amount to give 5% of energy from 18:2n-6 and 0.24% of energy from 18:3n-3. Chicks were also fed casein-dextrose diets, with 10% fat by weight and 22% total energy from fat. These diets exceeded the National Research Council recommendations (22), except for potassium, for which the requirement was increased from 0.2% (1977 recommenda- tions) to 0.4% (1984 recommendations). All diets supplied 0.3% potassium. The experimental fat blends were chosen to simulate the 18:2n-6 and l8:3n-3 content of a commercial human infant formula based on corn oil and coconut oil. The Corn diet thus contained corn oil and hydrogenated coconut oil in a mixture that supplied 10% ofenergy from 18:2n-6 and only 0.13% of energy from l8:3n-3. The Corn + 22:6n-3 diet, designed to supple- ment the Corn diet with docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3), con- tamed corn oil, ethyl docosahexaenoate, and hydrogenated co- conut oil. The control diet was based on soybean oil and hydro- genated coconut oil, and contained ample l8:3n-3. This Soybean diet likewise supplied 10% of energy as 18:2n-6, with
Graph Classification Using Signal-Subgraphs: Applications in Statistical Connectomics

This manuscript considers the following “graph classification” question: Given a collection of graphs and associated classes, how can one predict the class of a newly observed graph? To address this question, we propose a statistical model for graph/class pairs. This model naturally leads to a set of estimators to identify the class-conditional signal, or “signal-subgraph,” defined as the collection of edges that are probabilistically different between the classes. The estimators admit classifiers which are asymptotically optimal and efficient, but which differ by their assumption about the “coherency” of the signal-subgraph (coherency is the extent to which the signal-edges “stick together” around a common subset of vertices). Via simulation, the best estimator is shown to be not just a function of the coherency of the model, but also the number of training samples. These estimators are employed to address a contemporary neuroscience question: Can we classify “connectomes” (brain-graphs) according to sex? The answer is yes, and significantly better than all benchmark algorithms considered. Synthetic data analysis demonstrates that even when the model is correct, given the relatively small number of training samples, the estimated signal-subgraph should be taken with a grain of salt. We conclude by discussing several possible extensions.
The role of calcium in the acrosome reaction: An analysis using ionophore A23187

The role of Ca+2 in the acrosome reaction of echinoid and mammalian sperm was investigated using the Ca+2 transporting ionophore A23187. The ionophore induced morphologically normal acrosome reactions in both types of sperm (as assessed by electron microscopic observation of echinoid sperm and phase contrast microscopic observation of mammalian sperm). In echinoids, these reactions were immediate. In the guinea pig and hamster, ionophore significantly decreased the capacitation interval; early reactions were accompanied by activation of motility. Ionophore induced reactions were affected by sperm, ionophore and Ca+2 concentrations. Since both ionophore induced and natural reactions require extracellular Ca+2, it is suggested that an influx of Ca+2 represents the initial step of the acrosome reaction. Under natural conditions, the permeability change which results in Ca+2 influx may be induced in echinoid sperm by egg jelly and may occur in mammalian sperm during capacitation. Ionophore A23187 should prove an experimentally useful drug for further study of the acrosome reaction since its effect on cells is understood, it induces synchronous reactions in a high percentage of sperm, and it conveniently reduces the capacitation interval in mammalian sperm.
Germline TGF‐β receptor mutations and skeletal fragility: A report on two patients with Loeys–Dietz syndrome

Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS, OMIM # 609192) caused by heterozygous mutations in TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 has recently been described as an important cause of familial aortic aneurysms. These patients have craniofacial and skeletal features that overlap with the Marfan syndrome (MFS), and more importantly, have significant vascular fragility as is seen in MFS and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Type IV (EDS-IV). The skeletal phenotype with respect to low bone mineral density and skeletal fragility is not clear. We present two patients with LDS with significant skeletal fragility. The first is a 17-year-old male who had talipes equinovarus, diaphragmatic and inguinal and herniae, aortic root dilatation necessitating surgical repair, craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphism consistent with LDS, and a history of numerous fragility fractures leading to significant skeletal deformity. He was found to be heterozygous for a c.923T > C transition in exon 4 of TGFBR2. The second is a 26-year-old male with submucous cleft palate, talipes equinovarus, pectus excavatum requiring surgery, inguinal hernia, and aneurysms in the ascending aorta, abdominal aorta, carotid, subclavian, vertebral and brachial arteries requiring surgical repairs. He also had craniofacial and skeletal dysmorphism consistent with LDS, multiple fractures in childhood, low bone mineral density, and was found to be heterozygous for a c.1561 T > C transition in exon 7 of TGFBR2. These case studies highlight the importance of paying close attention to fractures and bone density in patients with LDS. Osteopenia or osteoporosis may become increasingly important issues as earlier detection and treatment of the vascular complications of LDS improves life expectancy in these patients.
PCR primers for trinucleotide and tetranucleotide microsatellites in greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili

Eighteen nuclear-encoded microsatellites from a genomic DNA library of greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili , were isolated and characterized. The microsatellites include 13 perfect (five tetranucleotide and eight trinucleotide) and five imperfect (three tetranucleotide, one trinucleotide and one combination dinucleotide/trinucleotide) repeat motifs. The number of alleles at the 18 microsatellites among a sample of 29 fish ranged from two to 20; gene diversity (expected heterozygosity) ranged from 0.068 to 0.950, whereas observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.069 to 0.966. Following Bonferroni correction, genotypes at all 18 microsatellites fit expectations of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, and all pairwise comparisons of microsatellites did not deviate significantly from genotypic equilibrium. Greater amberjack support commercial and recreational fisheries along both the Atlantic and the Gulf coasts of the USA and represent a species with potential for worldwide aquaculture. The microsatellites developed will be useful for population genetic studies of ‘wild’ populations and breeding studies of domesticated populations.
Toward metamorphic multijunction GaAsP/Si photovoltaics grown on optimized GaP/Si virtual substrates using anion-graded GaAs y P 1-y buffers

Using migration enhanced epitaxy nucleation followed by molecular beam epitaxy bulk growth on pristine, intentionally offcut Si(001) substrates, we have produced high-quality GaP/Si virtual substrates, successfully demonstrating full control and elimination of heterovalent nucleation-related defects (antiphase domains, stacking faults, and microtwins). These virtual substrates provide a pathway to direct integration of III–V photovoltaic materials and devices on Si substrates. Prototype GaAsP solar cell test devices grown on anion-sublattice step-graded GaAs y P 1-y buffers on early-stage GaP/Si substrates show good preliminary performance characteristics and offer great promise for future devices integrated with the newly-developed defect-free GaP/Si virtual substrates.
FDA drug approval summaries: fulvestrant.

Patients with hormone-sensitive breast cancer who have responded to tamoxifen may receive additional benefit from a second endocrine agent following progression or relapse after tamoxifen therapy. Fulvestrant (Faslodex((R)), ICI 182780, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals; Wilmington, Delaware) is a selective antagonist of estrogen designed to have no estrogenic effects. Lack of aqueous solubility led to the development of a parenteral formulation for monthly intramuscular administration. Fulvestrant has been shown to inhibit the proliferative effects of estrogen on sensitive tissues in vitro and in vivo, and is without apparent measurable estrogenic activity. The data upon which marketing approval for fulvestrant was based are summarized below. Eight hundred fifty-one postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer were enrolled in two phase III studies, 400 in a North American double-blind study and 451 in a European open-label study, comparing the efficacy and safety of fulvestrant with anastrozole. Four hundred twenty-eight patients were randomized to receive fulvestrant 250 mg monthly by intramuscular injection and 423 patients were to receive anastrozole 1 mg daily. Patients were considered hormone sensitive either by receptor status or previous response to endocrine therapy. Over 96% of patients had previously received tamoxifen, either in the adjuvant setting or as treatment for metastatic disease. The primary study end points were response rate and time to progression. Response rates for patients treated with fulvestrant were 17% and 20% in the North American and European trials, respectively, compared with 17% and 15% in the anastrozole treatment arms. There were no statistically significant differences in response rates, time to progression, or survival between treatment arms in either study. The most common adverse events attributed to the treatment (>10%) were injection-site reactions and hot flashes. Common events (1%-10%) included asthenia, headache, and gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea), as well as rash and urinary tract infections. A small increase in joint disorders was reported in the anastrozole-treated patients. On April 25, 2002, fulvestrant 250 mg by monthly intramuscular injection was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following antiestrogen therapy. Approval was based on similarity of response rates and time to progression between fulvestrant and anastrozole.
Carrier frequency of CYP1B1 mutations in the United States (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis).

Purpose: CYP1B1 mutations cause autosomal recessive congenital glaucoma. Disease risk assessment for families with CYP1B1 mutations requires knowledge of the population mutation carrier frequency. The purpose of this study is to determine the CYP1B1 mutation carrier frequency in clinically normal individuals residing in the United States. Because CYP1B1 mutations can exhibit variable expressivity, we hypothesize that the mutation carrier frequency is higher than expected.
Blaming Victims in Cases of Interpersonal Violence: Attitudes Associated With Assigning Blame to Female Victims

Research on blaming victims of female interpersonal violence (IPV) has evolved over the past 25 to 30 years, though often in a piecemeal fashion. Studies often blend attitudes toward women, justification for IPV, and blame in various ways depending on the instrument and/or scale being used. The current study isolates these variables more specifically to determine the unique effects attitudes toward women and justification have on blaming female victims of IPV. It also adds a new dimension by exploring general victim-blaming views that are not specifically related to IPV to determine whether this variable plays a role in assigning blame to victims of IPV. Implications for educational programming also are discussed.
Cellular Immunity to Murine Sarcoma Virus-Induced Tumors as Measured by Macrophage Migration Inhibition Assays

C57BL/6N mice immunized with regressor murine sarcoma virus (MuSV) were studied at different times after inoculation for their cellular immune responses as measured by migration inhibition assays. We used both the direct capillary and indirect agarose dropiet methods and, as the source of antigens, viable tumor cells and 3 M KCl-solubilized extracts. Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production coulctivity becoming undetectable after 21 days. However, the level of activity and the kinetics of production of this lymphokine were strongly influenced by the source of the antigen and the form in which it was presented to the immune spleen cells (ISC). Using RBL-5 ct 9-10 days, a decrease to low levels at 14 days, and a second peak of activity between 17 and 21 days. However, uith MBL-2 cells or with 3 M KCl-solubilized antigen from fresh RBL-5 ascites cells, MIF production was observed as early as 9-10 days after tumor induction, peaked at 14 days, and decreased substantially by 21 days. T-cells appeared to be required for migration inhibition reactivity, since ISC depleted of T-lymphocytes by treatment with antibody plus complement were unable to produce MIF after antigen stimulation. The results obtained from specificity studies on the response of ISC in migration inhibition to 11 different tumor lines agreed with the results previously obtained from cytotoxicity studies. With the use of RBL-5 cells as the antigen, there appeared to be an inverse relationship between the development of specific cytotoxic effector cells in 51Cr-release assay and the development of specific effector cells needed for MIF production. However, after removal of adherent cells, the level of cytotoxicity observed correlated with MIF release by immune lymphocytes.
The Social-Ecological Resilience of an Eastern Urban-Suburban Watershed: The Anacostia River Basin

This article develops a new framework -- the institutional-social-ecological dynamics framework (ISED) -- to assess the relationships among institutional change, societal change, and ecological change in evaluating the current and likely future resilience of a small, Eastern, urban-suburban watershed: the Anacostia River watershed in DC and Maryland. A historical case study of the watershed explores the transformations of the watershed across key thresholds, including how legal, governance, and social institutions changed since European colonization and how these changes have affected the ecosystem functioning and social dynamics in the basin. Major drivers of change are identified, including the potential for climate change impact on the watershed and 3 possible futures for the watershed, ranging from hydro-ecological collapse to a greening of the watershed. Finally, watershed governance in the basin is evaluated to determine whether it is adaptive to change. The necessary features of adaptive governance in this particular basin, include watershed-focused governance, restoration and green infrastructure, land use regulation, public engagement, social justice, and monitoring and feedback loops. Law and planning play critical roles in all of these features. Whether the basin will continue to develop and improve its emerging elements of adaptive governance remains to be seen, but several key variables to watch are identified.
Sequence mapping of transfer RNA chemical modifications by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a powerful analytical tool for identifying and characterizing structural modifications to the four canonical bases in RNA, information that is lost when using techniques such as PCR for RNA analysis. Here we described an updated method for sequence mapping of modified nucleosides in transfer RNA. This modification mapping approach utilizes knowledge of the modified nucleosides present in the sample along with the genome-derived tRNA sequence to readily locate modifications site-specifically in the tRNA sequence. The experimental approach involves isolation of the tRNA of interest followed by separate enzymatic digestion to nucleosides and oligonucleotides. Both samples are analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the data sets are then combined to yield the modification profile of the tRNA. Data analysis is facilitated by the use of unmodified sequence exclusion lists and new developments in software that can automate MS/MS spectral annotation. The method is illustrated using tRNA-Asn isolated from Thermus thermophilus.
Institutional/Image Advertising and Idea/Issue Advertising as Marketing Tools: Some Public Policy Issues:

Corporations have been increasingly resorting to institutional advertising campaigns to express managements’ viewpoints on controversial social issues where their vital economic interests are at st...
Failure to Isolate Microorganisms from within Mosquito Eggs

By means of standard bacteriological methods, attempts were made to isolate microorganisms from eggs of the following species of mosquitoes: Culex tarsalis Coquillett, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, Aedes sierrensis (Ludlow), and Aedes aegypti (L.). No microorganisms were recovered from eggs that were sterilized under the dissecting microscrope to insure complete surface contact with the sterilizing agent. Contamination in some experiments with large numbers of eggs was attributed to incomplete surface sterilization and/or to possible invasion of bacteria through damaged egg shell of some of the eggs. Larvae emerged from the uncontaminated eggs continued to live in the sterile medium for many clays.
The problem of forced fittings

The technique of fitting with interference has long been adopted in manufacturing to prevent leaks in boilers and condensers and to avoid cracks in gun barrels [16]. Recently it was found that fitting with proper interference used in the structure of aircraft wings not only prevents possible cracks but also prolongs the fatigue life almost indefinitely [1, 7, 8, 10, 11]. Our study of this problem is based on deformation theory for elastic-plastic materials. More specifically, we shall apply the following constitutive relations [5, 13]:
Investigation of Physical and Electrochemical Properties of β-TaxNb1–xPO5 as an Electrode Material for Lithium Batteries

The effect of intrinsic phase transitions and substitutions on the structural and electrochemical properties of monoclinic β-NbPO5 as an electrode material for lithium or lithium-ion batteries is explored for the first time. Isolation of lower voltage phase transitions of the pure β-NbPO5 was found to be highly effective in improving the long-term cycling stability of the material. An analogous impact to cycling stability was identified through the use of effective solid solutions based on cations such as Ta5+. Resulting materials exhibited excellent cycling stability, exceptionally low first cycle irreversible loss, and excellent 20C rate capability without the need for carbonaceous nanocomposites.
In War Time: Whittier's Civil War Address and The Quaker Periodical Press

Fought, at least in part, for a cause in which many Quakers ostensibly believed and had previously risked a great deal for, the American Civil War was a time of great trial for American Quakers. Extending ongoing efforts to understand this complex period, the following essay considers John G. Whittier’s mid-war poem, ‘In War Time’, and the peculiarity of its simultaneous appearance in the major Hicksite, Gurneyite and Wilburite periodicals of the nineteenth century. Consequent of the singularity of its shared printing, Whittier’s poem renders more legible the dilemma Friends faced when attempting to position their peace principles in ethical relation to the mass suffering of the war. Reflecting, while also contributing to, a major transformation in American Quakerism, ‘In War Time’ questioned the ethics of dissociative pacifism, exhorting members of the Society to assist the Union war effort, if only in noncombatant roles, as nurses in hospitals and as teachers among the freedmen.
A Blossoming of Oranges Dueling Houses of Criticism and the Creative Writing Workshop Model—An Existential Phenomenological Response

“A Blossoming of Oranges” is a phenomenological response to two houses of criticism of the creative writing workshop model, the first of which positions the workshop model as a force for cultural h...
Fibromuscular Dysplasia: The “Pulsation-Induced Mechanical Trauma” Theory (P04.077)

OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence that vascular changes seen in FMD are a direct result of recurrent mechanical trauma in weakened and susceptible vessels and reflect a protective, compensatory response to recurrent pulsation-induced mechanical trauma. BACKGROUND: Fibromuscular Dysplasia (FMD) is a relatively uncommon, non-inflammatory, non-atherosclerotic vascular condition of unknown etiology. There have been no major advancements in understanding FMD in the past 30-40 years. DESIGN/METHODS: Radiology records at a large tertiary care medical center were queried for cases of cervical carotid FMD. Cases with viewable sequential angiographic evidence of FMD were selected and analyzed for degree of vessel tortuosity (none, mild, moderate or severe), FMD Type (Type I, II or III), degree of vessel movement or pulsation (none, some or significant), and the association with the FMD lesion. Images were independently analyzed by 1 neurologist and 2 neuroradiologists. RESULTS: Twenty-four carotid vessels in fourteen patients were identified to have FMD, 100% of patients were female, average age was 58.43 ± 8.72yrs (range 45-73), 35.7% were black, 35.7% had HTN, 7.14% had CKD and 7.14% used tobacco in the past year. Two patients had family history of aneurysms, but no family history of FMD. There were 2 patients with associated aneurysms, 5 had distal aneurysms, and 2 dissections. All but 1 patient had at least mild vessel tortuosity, and 28.57% were mod-severe. All but 1 patient had “some” pulsation-like vessel movement, 16.67% had “significant” movement, and all movement was focally associated with the FMD abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: Pulsation-like vascular movements were observed in high frequency and in high association with FMD. We propose a theoretical connection between the pulsation-induced movement and a process of reactive vascular hyperplasia and fibrosis responsible for the FMD phenotype and is consistent with previous findings. Disclosure: Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Aho has nothing to disclose.
FINITE ELEMENT APPROXIMATIONS TO COMPRESSIBLE FLOW PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of results on the finite element approximation to flow problems. It discusses the finite element methods based on least squares formulations. These have the special advantage of working equally well with subsonic and supersonic flows. As a result, they are quickly becoming the most popular finite element approach in the compressible case. The chapter also discusses phoenix effect. This is illustrated for a problem of modeling high frequency underwater acoustic waves. Because of the high frequencies very fine grids are needed for resolution. On coarser grids very ragged solutions are obtained with for example, very large phase errors. However, when certain key functionals of the solution are taken, extraordinarily accurate approximations emerge. In this case, it is the attenuation of the wave with radial distance that is distinguished. Finite element approximations based on least squares have proven to be popular alternatives to Galerkin-based schemes.
Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health: A Commentary

ABSTRACTFacing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health is a historic document that comprehensively addresses substance use. It presents information on the neurobiological theories of substance use, early intervention, treatment, and recovery. It places substance use in the context of medical illness that will hopefully diminish the stigma associated with it, encourage treatment-seeking behaviors, and engage more health professionals in the treatment and management of substance use disorders. The report is written with the general public as the intended readers; and to this end, the concepts were presented concisely and clearly. Further, the management strategies in the report can serve as an excellent reference for patients and health professionals and as a basis for public health policies.
Amoxicillin and omeprazole for duodenal ulcer disease

Source Citation Labenz J, Gyenes E, Ruhl GH, Borsch G. Amoxicillin plus omeprazole versus triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease: a prospective, randomized,...
Nuclear Export Through Nuclear Envelope Remodeling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In eukaryotes, subsets of exported mRNAs are organized into large ribonucleoprotein (megaRNP) granules. How megaRNPs exit the nucleus is unclear, as their diameters are much larger than the nuclear pore complex (NPC) central channel. We previously identified a non-canonical nuclear export mechanism in Drosophila (Speese et al., Cell 2012) and mammals (Ding et al., in preparation), in which megaRNPs exit the nucleus by budding across nuclear envelope (NE) membranes. Here, we present evidence for a similar pathway in the nucleus of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae, which contain morphologically similar granules bearing mRNAs. Wild-type yeast displayed these granules at very low frequency, but this frequency was dramatically increased when the non-essential NPC protein Nup116 was deleted. These granules were not artifacts of defective NPCs; a mutation in the exportin XPO1 (CRM1), in which NPCs are normal, induced similar megaRNP upregulation. We hypothesize that a non-canonical nuclear export pathway, analogous to those observed in Drosophila and in mammalian cells, exists in yeast, and that this pathway is upregulated for use when NPCs or nuclear export are impaired.
Neuronal dynamics on patterned substrates measured by fluorescence microscopy

Geometrical features are known to be very important in neuronal growth and the formation of neuronal networks. We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of axonal growth and dynamics for neurons cultured on patterned polydimethylsiloxane surfaces. We utilize fluorescence microscopy to image the axonal dynamics and show that these substrates impart a strong directional bias to neuronal growth. We model axonal dynamics using a general stochastic model and use this framework to extract key dynamical parameters. These results provide novel insight into how geometrical cues influence neuronal growth and represent important advances toward bioengineering neuronal growth platforms.
Responding to disruptive behaviors in nursing: A longitudinal, quasi-experimental investigation of training for nursing students

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a cognitive rehearsal intervention on nursing students' self-efficacy to respond effectively to disruptive behaviors. Design This quantitative study was part of a longitudinal, quasi-experimental program of research. Setting Interventions were conducted on site at facilities provided by participating pre-licensure nursing programs. Participants A total of 129 nursing students enrolled in their final academic year in three traditional format, pre-licensure nursing programs in the Midwestern United States were recruited to participate in this study. Methods A cognitive rehearsal intervention was delivered to increase self-efficacy to respond to disruptive behaviors in the nursing workplace. Data were collected in writing immediately prior to and following the intervention. Three months later, data were collected in electronic format through a link sent by text message to their mobile phones. Study data were collected on the Self-efficacy to Respond to Disruptive Behaviors Survey, a 10-point Likert scale measuring self-efficacy and its dimensions: knowledge, previous behavioral engagement, affect, and motivation toward responding effectively to disruptive behaviors. Results 129 students completed the surveys at pre and post-test; 109 completed the survey three months later. Measures of overall self-efficacy and knowledge (p Conclusion Cognitive rehearsal interventions can increase self-efficacy to respond to disruptive behaviors with sustained effects up to three months later. Further research is needed to determine the effects of self-efficacy to respond once participants have entered the nursing workplace.
CONJUNCIONES Y DISYUNCIONES: LA RIVALIDAD ENTRE VUELTA Y NEXOS

Este articulo tiene como proposito demostrar que la vision imperante de que el mundo intelectual mexicano a partir de la segunda mitad de los anos setenta se divide en dos grupos antagonicos, uno asociado con la revista 'Nexos', el otro con la revista 'Vuelta', necesita ser modificada. Una lectura detallada de los primeros anos de publicacion de las dos revistas permite identificar una serie de diferencias politicas e ideologicas. Pero tambien se observa una convergencia en cuanto al modo de acercarse a la literatura. Ademas, en 1994, a raiz del alzamiento zapatista, se produce un fuerte consenso en torno al valor de la democracia.
A Network Model of Organization Formation

This paper presents a network model of organization formation and builds upon theories of social and socioeconomic exchange. The model explains the transformation of exchange relationships from a s...
Zooplankton nutrition: recent progress and a reality check

Evidence suggests that marine and freshwater zooplankton generally experience food levels above subsistence values in terms of carbon. However, the quality of this food may be poor due to an insufficiency of other essential nutrients. In this review, we examine recent progress in three main areas of food quality research: (1) elemental (especially P) limitation, (2) digestion resistance, and (3) biochemical (especially fatty acids) limitation. We evaluate laboratory and field evidence in each of these areas, look at new evidence about the life history implications of the elemental limitation hypothesis, and suggest future avenues for research. From a rather large number of seemingly heterogeneous studies, a single consistent picture of food quality emerges: both P and essential fatty acids are predicted to be important dietary factors, but at different places and times. Nevertheless, despite an abundance of valuable laboratory studies, our knowledge of food quality limitation in the field is still poor.
Geophysical investigations of the cratonic margin in the Pacific Northwest (USA)

The cratonic margin of North America in west-central Idaho has abeen delineated by strontium isotope and field studies. Outboard is the Blue Mountains Province, a complex amalgamation of arc-related terranes. Gravity studies indicate a classic suture-style paired anomaly with a gradient into a low over North America and isolated maxima within and just outboard of the Mesozoic suture. The latter appear to be due to mafic and ultramafic pods. Magnetic anomalies change from relatively quiet over the continent to noisy over the Blue Mountains Province. These geophysical features change character along the length of the suture and do not trend exactly parallel to it. Near Orofino, Idaho, the suture changes from a N-S-trend to due west and extends under the Miocene Columbia River Basalts into southeastern Washington. The geophysical signature parallels this trend. Near Pomeroy, Washington, this signature again turns northward, but the anomalies split. The magnetic boundary and the minor gravity maxima trend northward into the western edge of the Kootenai Arc — the surface boundary between miogeoclinal North American lithologies and accreted terranes. The gravity gradient trends northeastward and extends far into the craton in northern Idaho, where it corresponds to a change in lower crustal character as observed on COCORP reflection seismic data. In northeastern Washington and southeastern British Columbia, the gravity and magnetic signatures appear to follow the suture, but the gravity effects of local geologic features are overprinted on them.
Changing Discharge Patterns of High-Latitude Rivers

This chapter discusses the hydrology of rivers at high latitudes, which includes all freshwater flows to the Arctic Ocean and northern seas. We begin by looking at the extent and quality of monitoring river discharge in these cold regions. This has a significant impact on the ability for scientists to understand the hydrological changes taking place. These changes are then assessed over interannual and seasonal time scales for both large and small rivers. We also look at extremes in flow, an important component for humans living in these areas. The local human impact on streamflow through engineered constructions of dams and reservoirs is taken into account in our analysis to provide a clear picture of climate-induced hydrological changes.
Conformational Isomerism of N 2 H 4 and Derivatives. The Stereochemical Consequences of “Forbiddenness” Removal

According to Molecular Orbital-Valence Bond (MOVB) theory,1 the vast majority of organic molecules in a reference geometry can be viewed as the result of a “forbidden” union of a core(C) and a ligand(L) fragment.1–3 The transition from the reference geometry to the lowest energy geometry of the molecule is accompanied by an energy reduction which is a reflection of “forbiddeness” removal.4 The purpose of this paper is to focus on one and only one type of system, namely, A2X4 with fourteen valence electrons, in order to demonstrate how radically MOVB theory has changed our view of molecular stereochemistry.
Current research trends in mountain biodiversity in NW Europe

Sintetizamos aqui las investigaciones actuales que se desarrollan en las zonas de montana de Escandinavia, Islandia y Escocia. Recientemente, los avances destacados en el estudio de la vegetacion que clasifican los habitats de montana, junto con los mapas de distribucion de las especies, permiten nuevos enfoques cientificos. Se hace necesario comparar la ecologia y la ecofisiologia de las plantas entre diferentes areas montanosas y luego extraer generalizaciones. Igualmente resultan urgentes nuevos estudios sobre los impactos de los herbivoros principales, teniendo en cuenta la rapida degradacion de los habitats de montana. Los temas tratados para el N de Escandinavia son (1) el efecto del sobrepastoreo de los renos en la, cobertura de los liquenes foliaceos y en la regeneracion del abedul, (2) las interacciones ecologicas entre la polilla de otono y el abedul, y (3) el efecto de los roedores en la vegetacion. Parece indispensable desarrollar estudios a largo plazo sobre procesos lentos con el fin de aprehender fenomenos raros pero importantes y atisbar el funcionamiento de los ecosistemas de montana. Comentamos algunos ejemplos de tales estudios para: 1) el musgo Racomitrium lanuginosum como indicador de la contaminacion del aire por nitrogeno; 2) investigaciones sobre las oscilaciones periodicas del numero de topillos, y 3) aplicacion de las aves nidificantes a la evaluacion ambiental. Es muy importante la conservacion de determinadas areas para la biodiversidad de la montana. En este sentido, cabe considerar que los habitats de montana se han conservado ampliamente en el N de Europa. Sin embargo, la evaluacion de la representatividad de esas zonas protegidas y su consiguiente uso para la investigacion necesita una coordinacion internacional.
Sensitivity Analysis for Uncertainty Quantification in Mathematical Models

All mathematical models are approximate and their usefulness depends on our understanding the uncertainty inherent in the predictions. Uncertainties can affect the reliability of the results at every stage of computation; they may grow or even shrink as the solution of the model evolves. Often these inherent uncertainties cannot be made arbitrarily small by a more complex model or additional computation and we must understand how the uncertainty in the model parameters, the initial conditions, and the model itself, lead to uncertainties in the model predictions. This chapter is an introductory survey of sensitivity analysis and illustrates how to define the derivative of the model solution as a function of the model input and determine the relative importance of the model parameters on the model predictions.
Spaces of emergent memory: Detroit’s 8 Mile wall and public memories of civil rights injustice

This article introduces emergent memory, a conceptual extension to rhetorics of public memory, to describe memory’s genesis in sites built without commemorative commitments. Examining Detroit’s “8 ...
Historical evolution of magnetic data storage devices and related conferences

Telegraphic invention by Danish engineer Valdemar Poulson in 1898 was the first demonstration that a magnetic recording medium could be used to record information and for playback. It was not until 1947, that 3 M shipped the first commercial oxide tape coated on paper backing, and in 1953, IBM shipped the first magnetic tape drive, IBM 727, for data storage. IBM invented the first hard disk drive, IBM 305, called the random access method of accounting and control (RAMAC) for data storage. The RAMAC stored 5 MB of data and used fifty 24-in. diameter disks. The drive could be housed in a room of about 9 m × 15 m. It weighed over a ton and had to be moved around by forklifts. The cost was USD $250,000 at the time (a whopping $50,000 per MB!). In 2018, one could buy a 30 TB tape cartridge or 1 TB portable hard disk drives (with a 2.5-in. diameter disk), for about USD $100. Since the late 1970s, the tribology of head-medium interface has been considered a limiting technology for development of reliable drives with ever increasing recording densities. Given the importance of tribology, a first ever symposium on Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Systems was held in 1984 at the ASME/STLE Tribology Conference, co-organized by B. Bhushan, D. Bogy, N. Eiss and F. Talke, and annually thereafter by Bhushan and Eiss. Many electromechanical, materials science, design and manufacturing issues also became important. In order to broaden the scope to include mechanical issues, the first International Symposium on Advances in Information Storage Systems was organized at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting in 1989 by B. Bhushan, and annually thereafter. B. Bhushan led the founding of Information Storage and Processing Systems (ISPS) Sub-division in ASME in 1992 which was elevated to a Division level in 1996. In 1993, the conference was renamed as the Annual Conference on ISPS. In 2018, the 27th Annual Conference on ISPS was held after 30th year of its inception, and the ISPS division celebrated its silver jubilee in 2017. The research papers continue to be published in a dedicated journal. This paper provides an overview of historical evolution of magnetic data storage devices and related conferences and publications with a focus on tribology and electromechanical, materials science, design and manufacturing issues.
Focus Groups for the Social Science Researcher

What is a focus group? Why do we use them? When should we use them? When should we not? Focus Groups for the Social Science Researcher provides a step-by-step guide to undertaking focus groups, whether as a stand-alone method or alongside other qualitative or quantitative methods. It recognizes the challenges that focus groups encounter and provides tips to address them. The book highlights three unique, inter-related characteristics of focus groups. First, they are inherently social in form. Second, the data emerge organically through conversation; they are emic in nature. Finally, focus groups generate data at three levels of analysis: the individual, group, and interactive level. The book builds from these three characteristics to explain when focus groups can usefully be employed in different research designs. This is an essential text for students and researchers looking for a concise and accessible introduction to this important approach to data collection.
Investigation of Bioplastics for Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) has been growing in interest due to its non-traditional approach to producing objects by which components are fabricated directly from computer models by selectively depositing and consolidating or curing raw materials in successive layers. Currently, most polymer AM processes are limited by a narrow field of available and compatible materials. Typical thermoplastics common to the injection molding industry are created from petroleum, a limited and nonrenewable resource and have been widely adopted for use in AM. Recently plastics that are more sustainable, such as polylactic acid (PLA), have started to gain traction as a competitor to these traditional plastics. For this study, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), nylon 11, and polycaprolactone (PCL) were formulated and tested for AM. In addition, ABS and PLA were tested as control materials. Results showed the technical feasibility of some bioplastics for AM.