cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE FORMATION OF GLYCOLALDEHYDE (HCOCH2OH) AND METHYL FORMATE (HCOOCH3) IN INTERSTELLAR ICE ANALOGS

Binary mixtures of methanol (CH3OH) and carbon monoxide (CO) ices were irradiated at 10 K with energetic electrons to mimic the energy transfer processes that occur in the track of the trajectories of MeV cosmic-ray particles. The formation of glycolaldehyde (HCOCH2OH) was established through the appearance of new bands in the infrared spectrum at 1757, 1700, 1690, 1367, 1267, and 1067 cm-1. A second C2H4O2 isomer, methyl formate (HCOOCH3), was also identified by absorptions appearing at 1718, 1159, and 914 cm-1. Mass spectrometer signals during the warm-up of the ice sample showed sublimation of both the glycolaldehyde and methyl formate; these species were monitored via the C2H4O2+ molecular ion at mass-to-charge ratio, m/e, of 60 originating from both glycolaldehyde and the methyl formate isomer. The latter was distinguishable by the presence of a second signal at m/e = 45, i.e., the HCO2+ ion. Kinetic fits of the column densities of the reactants and products suggest the initial step of the formation process is the cleavage of a C–H bond in the methanol molecule to generate either the hydroxymethyl (CH2OH) or methoxy (CH3O) radical plus atomic hydrogen. The hydrogen atom holds excess kinetic energy, allowing it to overcome entrance barriers required; therefore, a hydrogen could add to a CO molecule, generating the formyl radical (HCO). This can recombine with the hydroxymethyl radical to form glycolaldehyde or with the methoxy radical to yield methyl formate. Similar processes are expected to form glycolaldehyde and methyl formate in the interstellar medium on grains and possibly on cometary ices, thus providing alternatives to gas-phase processes for the generation of complex species whose fractional abundances compared with H2 of typically a few times 10-9 cannot be accounted for solely by gas-phase chemistry.
On Cooperation in Energy Limited Wireless Networks

This paper considers wireless networks with energy limited nodes. In this scenario, multi-hop forwarding is needed to minimize the network energy consumption. In many practical scenarios, however, nodes' selfishness raises doubts on whether each node will be willing to forward packets in order to minimize the overall energy expenditure. To analyze this problem, a non-cooperative game theoretic approach is adopted in our work. Using this framework, the critical role of altruistic nodes in encouraging cooperation is established. More specifically, we show that it is sufficient to have a vanishingly small fraction of the nodes to be altruistic, i.e., relay nodes, in order to ensure full cooperation from all the nodes in the network. This result hinges on using the appropriate forwarding policies by the altruistic nodes, as detailed in the sequel. An important aspect of our work is that only reward/punishment policies that can be realized on the physical layer are used, and hence, our results establish the achievability of full cooperation without requiring additional incentive mechanisms at the higher layer.
Cognitive and neural components of the phenomenology of agency

A primary aspect of the self is the sense of agency – the sense that one is causing an action. In the spirit of recent reductionistic approaches to other complex, multifaceted phenomena (e.g., working memory; cf. Johnson & Johnson, 2009), we attempt to unravel the sense of agency by investigating its most basic components, without invoking high-level conceptual or ‘central executive’ processes. After considering the high-level components of agency, we examine the cognitive and neural underpinnings of its low-level components, which include basic consciousness and subjective urges (e.g., the urge to breathe when holding one's breath). Regarding urges, a quantitative review revealed that certain inter-representational dynamics (conflicts between action plans, as when holding one's breath) reliably engender fundamental aspects both of the phenomenology of agency and of ‘something countering the will of the self’. The neural correlates of such dynamics, for both primordial urges (e.g., air hunger) and urges e...
IL-21 promotes differentiation of naive CD8 T cells to a unique effector phenotype.

IL-21, the most recently described member of the common γ-chain cytokine family, is produced by activated CD4 T cells, whereas CD8 T cells express the IL-21 receptor. To investigate a possible role for IL-21 in the priming of naive CD8 T cells, we examined responses of highly purified naive OT-I CD8 T cells to artificial APCs displaying Ag and B7-1 on their surface. We found that IL-21 enhanced OT-I clonal expansion and supported development of cytotoxic effector function. High levels of IL-2 did not support development of effector functions, but IL-2 was required for optimal responses in the presence of IL-21. IL-12 and IFN-α have previously been shown to support naive CD8 T cell differentiation and acquisition of effector functions through a STAT4-dependent mechanism. Here, we show that IL-21 does not require STAT4 to stimulate development of cytolytic activity. Furthermore, IL-21 fails to induce IFN-γ or IL-4 production and can partially block IL-12 induction of IFN-γ production. CD8 T cells that differentiate in response to IL-21 have a distinct surface marker expression pattern and are characterized as CD44high, PD-1low, CD25low, CD134low, and CD137low. Thus, IL-21 can provide a signal required by naive CD8 T cells to differentiate in response to Ag and costimulation, and the resulting effector cells represent a unique effector phenotype with highly effective cytolytic activity, but deficient capacity to secrete IFN-γ.
The ocean’s role in the transient response of climate to abrupt greenhouse gas forcing

We study the role of the ocean in setting the patterns and timescale of the transient response of the climate to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. A novel framework is set out which involves integration of an ocean-only model in which the anthropogenic temperature signal is forced from the surface by anomalous downwelling heat fluxes and damped at a rate controlled by a ‘climate feedback’ parameter. We observe a broad correspondence between the evolution of the anthropogenic temperature (\(T_{anthro}\)) in our simplified ocean-only model and that of coupled climate models perturbed by a quadrupling of \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\). This suggests that many of the mechanisms at work in fully coupled models are captured by our idealized ocean-only system. The framework allows us to probe the role of the ocean in delaying warming signals in the Southern Ocean and in the northern North Atlantic, and in amplifying the warming signal in the Arctic. By comparing active and passive temperature-like tracers we assess the degree to which changes in ocean circulation play a role in setting the distribution and evolution of \(T_{anthro}\). The background ocean circulation strongly influences the large-scale patterns of ocean heat uptake and storage, such that \(T_{anthro}\) is governed by an advection/diffusion equation and weakly damped to the atmosphere at a rate set by climate feedbacks. Where warming is sufficiently small, for example in the Southern Ocean, changes in ocean circulation play a secondary role. In other regions, most noticeably in the North Atlantic, changes in ocean circulation induced by \(T_{anthro}\) are central in shaping the response.
Tumor vascular proteins: groundbreaking as potential new ovarian cancer biomarkers

Evaluation of: Buckanovich RJ, Sasaroli D, O’Brien-Jenkins A et al. Tumor vascular proteins as biomarkers in ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 25(7), 852–861 (2007).Genome-wide transcriptional profiling has been widely used to identify differentially expressed genes and molecular signatures in many diseases states, including ovarian cancer, in comparison with normal tissues. However, the characteristic expression profile of vascular cells in ovarian cancer has only been minimally investigated. Using immunohistochemistry-guided laser-capture microdissection and tumor vascular cell arrays, Buckanovich and colleagues identified tumor vascular cell profiles in ovarian cancer and validated 12 novel tumor vascular markers (TVMs) by quantitative real-time-PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Moreover, they demonstrated that selected TVMs were specifically expressed in tumor vasculature and absent in physiologic angiogenesis. Overexpression of any one of three specific ovarian...
Using semantic web rules to reason on an ontology of pseudogenes

Motivation: Recent years have seen the development of a wide range of biomedical ontologies. Notable among these is Sequence Ontology (SO) which offers a rich hierarchy of terms and relationships that can be used to annotate genomic data. Well-designed formal ontologies allow data to be reasoned upon in a consistent and logically sound way and can lead to the discovery of new relationships. The Semantic Web Rules Language (SWRL) augments the capabilities of a reasoner by allowing the creation of conditional rules. To date, however, formal reasoning, especially the use of SWRL rules, has not been widely used in biomedicine. Results: We have built a knowledge base of human pseudogenes, extending the existing SO framework to incorporate additional attributes. In particular, we have defined the relationships between pseudogenes and segmental duplications. We then created a series of logical rules using SWRL to answer research questions and to annotate our pseudogenes appropriately. Finally, we were left with a knowledge base which could be queried to discover information about human pseudogene evolution. Availability: The fully populated knowledge base described in this document is available for download from http://ontology.pseudogene.org. A SPARQL endpoint from which to query the dataset is also available at this location. Contact:matthew.holford@yale.edu; mark.gerstein@yale.edu
Influence of luminal nutrient composition on hemodynamics and oxygenation in developing intestine

Age-related differences in the intestinal hemodynamic and oxygenation responses to carbohydrate, protein, and lipid were studied in 1-day-, 3-day-, 2-wk-, and 1-mo-old piglets. A branch of the mesenteric vein draining an isolated loop of jejunoileum was used to measure intestinal blood flow, arteriovenous oxygen content difference, and venous and capillary pressure and to calculate oxygen uptake and vascular resistance. Fractionated intestinal flow was measured with radiolabeled microspheres. Measurements were made before and after luminal placement of either 5% glucose, 2.3% casec, or 5% corn oil. In 1-day-old animals, unlike all older age groups, total intestinal blood flow and vascular resistance were unchanged by any nutrient. Fractionated flow to the mucosa/submucosa levels did, however, increase in the intestine of 1-day-old piglets to a similar extent as that in older age groups. Placement of lipid or protein into the lumen led to increased oxygen uptake in all age groups, whereas carbohydrate absorption resulted in no increase in intestinal oxygen consumption in 1- and 3-day-old animals. In 1-day-olds, the increased oxygen consumption was achieved by enhanced oxygen extraction with no change in total blood flow, whereas all other groups demonstrated increases in blood flow and/or oxygen extraction. Compared with a mixed meal, oxygen consumption was not significantly greater for an individual nutrient component.
Fracture Mechanisms in Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Micro-Bumps for 3D Microelectronic Packages

Solder micro-bumps, which serve as interconnects between stacked dies in 3D electronic packages, are typically very thin (25μm or less) and contain a high proportion of intermetallic compounds (IMCs). This makes micro-bumps brittle, and prone to fracture, particularly under drop conditions. In this paper, the fracture mechanics and mechanisms of SAC305 solder micro-bumps attached to Cu metallizations are studied as functions of the proportion of IMC in the joint. The effects of IMC content, IMC composition (i.e., the relative amounts of Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5), strain rate, and mode mixity on both fracture toughness and fracture mechanism were investigated. The fracture mechanisms were studied via quantitative fractography. It was found that fracture toughness decreases dramatically (∼80%) with increase in IMC content (from ∼22% to 100%IMC). In all samples, the majority of the fracture surface comprised IMC/Sn interface failure, which constitutes the predominant fracture mechanism. With increasing aging, the proportion of ductile fracture of Sn decreases, fracture through Cu6Sn5 cleavage increases, and more Cu3Sn/Cu6Sn5 interface failure is observed. In general, bulk fracture properties of Cu3Sn plays little role in the fracture process. Thin joints also frequently display an alternating crack path between the two solder-substrate interfaces with the crack transitioning from one interface to the other, through the intervening Sn. Such crack transition between two surfaces increases with increase in IMC content, as long as there is intervening Sn, and may be utilized to improve the fracture toughness of thin joints. Finally, joint fracture toughness decreased with increase in both strain rate and mode mixity.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Suicidal Patients and the Therapist-in- Training

Treating a suicidal patient is especially challenging to the beginning clinician. The uncertainties of a relationship with a self-destructive individual may complicate the young therapist’s development. The trainee may feel the need to be immediately proficient in the development of various skills, including evaluation techniques, knowledge of predictors of risk, crisis intervention, and long-term psychotherapy. At the same time, he must struggle with a range of intense feelings elicited by these difficult patients. This chapter will review the beginning therapist’s response to the stress of treating suicidal individuals and will describe approaches toward effective supervision and training.
Child with De Novo t(1;6)(p22.1;p22.1) translocation and features of ectodermal dysplasia with hypodontia and developmental delay.

We report on a 6.5-year-old girl with a balanced translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 1 and 6. She was referred for genetics evaluation because of developmental speech delay and congenital absence of several deciduous and permanent teeth. She was very sensitive to noise (hyperacusis), had poor hair and nail growth, decreased sweating, and turned very red with high fever. She had microcephaly (head circumference at the second centile; weight and height were at 25th centile), short palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, sparse eyelashes, large ears, partial anodontia, short finger and toenails, and dry skin. She had mild developmental delay. Family history was significant for learning problems in two paternal uncles, one paternal aunt, and several paternal cousins. Thyroid studies, calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels were normal. Her karyotype was 46,XX,t(1;6)(p22.1;p22.2), and parental karyotypes were normal. This apparently balanced translocation may have resulted in either a submicroscopic loss or disruption of a gene or genes involved in ectodermal dysplasia. There are no reported cases of ectodermal dysplasia associated with this chromosome rearrangement. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
RECOMBINATION AND COMPLEMENTATION OF ALBINO MUTANTS IN NEUROSPORA.

On the basis of recombination and complementation studies, 27 albino mutants of Neurospora crassa can be tentatively grouped into one or the other of two closely linked units. One of the units, represented by aur, consists of several recombinational subunlts. The other, represented by al-2, contains only four mutants and also seems to be divisible. Many inter- as well as intra-unit combinations did not show complementation for the carotenoid pigments, but growth was observed in these forced heterokaryons. Such noncomplementarity is attributed to unbalanced nuclear ratio and functional incompatibility. Moreover, while the albino mutants contain only the colorless polyenes, complementing pairs produce in their heterokaryons a full spectrum of colorless and pigmented carotenoids that are ordinarily present in the wild types. The suggestion is made that these closely linked units are functionally heterocatalytic and the present material may be used to obtain a greater understanding of genic control of carotenogenesis. While the present result is not inconsistent with there being only one complex gene, in which two units resemble separate cistrons, the relevancy of interpretation at this level must rest on further understanding of the nature of complementation and noncomplementation and of the biochemistry of carotenogenesis. (auth)
Detection of cone photoreceptors in adaptive optics retinal images using topographical features and machine learning

We present a new automatic method to detect cones in AO retinal images using topographical image features and machine learning. The detection performances of several feature classifiers are quantified and compared to currently existing techniques.
Asymptotic Representation of Solutions of Perturbed Systems of Linear Difference Equations

Our purpose is to asymptotically represent solutions of linear difference equations x(k + 1) = [A0 + A(k)]x(k) when k + ∞ and A(k) is “small” by transforming them into so-called L-diagonal form. Two properties are then responsible for the asymptotic equivalence of an L-diagonal form to a diagonal one: a dichotomy condition on the diagonal part, and a growth condition on the perturbation term. In this manner, we derive some known asymptotic results from a central point of view and also several new extensions and generalizations of them. Some examples are constructed which demonstrate the need for a dichotomy-type condition, which shows incidentally that results of M. A. Evgrafov are incorrect, since they omit such a condition.
Green polymer chemistry: living dithiol polymerization via cyclic intermediates.

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of disulfide polymers obtained by oxidation of 2-[2-(2-sulfanylethoxy)ethoxy]ethanethiol (DODT) using a benign, synergistic system comprised of...
Effect of a Resistant Soybean Genotype on the Development of the Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and an Introduced Parasitoid, Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., plant introduction ‘PI 227687’ and the susceptible cultivar ‘Davis’ were grown in a greenhouse and evaluated in the laboratory for leaf-feeding resistance to the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker). The effects of an exotic parasitoid, Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson, on the development of the looper were also tested. Larvae reared on the plant introduction had longer developmental times, reduced larval weights, and lower consumption of leaves compared with those reared on ‘Davis’. Parasitism by M. demolitor greatly reduced larval weight and leaf consumption for loopers reared on both cultivars. Although both parasitized and non-parasitized larvae reared on ‘PI 227687’ suffered mortality, the larvae did survive long enough for parasitoid development.
Oncogenic mutant of Gα12 stimulates cell proliferation through cycloxygenase-2 signaling pathway

Expression of the GTPase-deficient, activated mutant α-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein G12 (Gα12QL) leads to the neoplastic transformation of fibroblast cell lines. The mitogenic pathway regulated by Gα12QL includes an extensive signaling network involving several small GTPases and various kinases. In addition, Gα12QL has been shown to potentiate the serum-induced phospholipase-A2 activity in NIH3T3 cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway is involved in the mitogenic pathway activated by Gα12QL. Expression of Gα12QL and not Gα13QL, stimulates the serum-induced release of arachidonic acid in NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, expression of Gα12QL or the stimulation of wild-type Gα12 induces the expression of COX-2. Our results also indicate that the COX-2 inhibitor acutely disrupts the DNA-synthesis stimulated by Gα12QL in NIH3T3 cells. These studies, for the first time, identify the crucial role of COX-2 in Gα12-mediated regulation of cell proliferation and suggest a role for prostaglandin-derived autocrine loop in Gα12-mediated signaling pathways.
Taxation of the Farming Business

When systems of tax levy were formulated in this country, visible property—land, improvements, chattels—was the chief source of wealth. A tax on tangible property seemed fairest, and the general property tax was accordingly developed. But today persons best able to pay taxes may have most of their wealth in intangible assets—stocks, bonds, bank accounts, notes, mortgages—hard to reach and to tax. Tangible property is no longer necessarily a criterion of tax-paying capacity. The standard of ability to pay has shifted from property to income. The income tax has become popular, because in our time it seems to come closer than the general property tax to the ideal of taxation according to ability to pay.
SU-F-T-148: Are the Approximations in Analytic Semi-Empirical Dose Calculation Algorithms for Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy for Complex Heterogeneities of Head and Neck Clinically Significant?

Purpose: Evaluate the differences in dose distributions between the proton analytic semi-empirical dose calculation algorithm used in the clinic and Monte Carlo calculations for a sample of 50 head-and-neck (H&N) patients and estimate the potential clinical significance of the differences. Methods: A cohort of 50 H&N patients, treated at the University of Texas Cancer Center with Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT), were selected for evaluation of clinical significance of approximations in computed dose distributions. H&N site was selected because of the highly inhomogeneous nature of the anatomy. The Fast Dose Calculator (FDC), a fast track-repeating accelerated Monte Carlo algorithm for proton therapy, was utilized for the calculation of dose distributions delivered during treatment plans. Because of its short processing time, FDC allows for the processing of large cohorts of patients. FDC has been validated versus GEANT4, a full Monte Carlo system and measurements in water and for inhomogeneous phantoms. A gamma-index analysis, DVHs, EUDs, and TCP and NTCPs computed using published models were utilized to evaluate the differences between the Treatment Plan System (TPS) and FDC. Results: The Monte Carlo results systematically predict lower dose delivered in the target. The observed differences can be as large as 8 Gy, and should have a clinical impact. Gamma analysis also showed significant differences between both approaches, especially for the target volumes. Conclusion: Monte Carlo calculations with fast algorithms is practical and should be considered for the clinic, at least as a treatment plan verification tool.
Short Bowel Syndrome: Physiologic Considerations and Nutritional Management

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) refers to a malabsorptive state resulting from loss of intestinal structure and/or function due to congenitally absent, extensively resected, and/or diseased bowel. SBS is typically defined by the presence of <200 cm of functional small intestine, and its management can be divided into phases, some or all of which may require the provision of parenteral nutrition and/or intravenous fluid support to maintain adequate nutrition and hydration. The condition is linked with multiple complications, high utilization of healthcare resources, reduced quality of life, and significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical implications of SBS are influenced by the extent and location of resected bowel, viable length and absorptive capacity of remnant bowel, and small intestinal continuity with the colon. Primary management objectives in SBS include establishing adequate fluid and electrolyte balance, promoting intestinal adaptation, and providing adequate hydration and nutritional (macro- and micro-nutrient) support. Pharmacotherapeutic optimization with frequent reassessments over time can mitigate clinical consequences and maximize intestinal rehabilitation potential. A multidisciplinary approach, involving nutritional, pharmacotherapeutic, psychological, and surgical facets, is paramount in SBS. Healthcare goals include restoring nutritional autonomy, preventing complications, and enhancing quality of life. This chapter addresses the etiology, epidemiology, relevant anatomy and pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and potential complications of SBS. Hydration and nutritional (macro- and micro-nutrient) management, along with associated care maintenance and quality of life issues, are also reviewed. Pharmacologic therapy will be discussed in the subsequent chapter.
Can we satisfactorily gauge the socio-political trends of our own age? Mark Bevir’s views on governance and changing democracy

ABSTRACTAssessing the socio-political trends as they unfold is an art, and it needs to be approached from various angles. Bevir’s anti-foundationalist approach hinges upon the belief (not fact) that governance and networks have replaced government and hierarchies. His analysis is constructed around several strawmen (expert civil servants, street-level bureaucrats, judges, Keynesians, social welfare officials, and the wicked, modernist social sciences) rather than based in careful and balanced empirical evidence. To ‘cherry-pick’ some non-representative cases in support of an ideological perspective is academically unsatisfying.
Comparison of Positive Youth Development for Youth With Chronic Conditions With Healthy Peers.

Abstract Purpose Adolescents with childhood-onset chronic condition (COCC) are at increased risk for physical and psychological problems. Despite being at greater risk and having to deal with traumatic experiences and uncertainty, most adolescents with COCC do well across many domains. The Positive Youth Development (PYD) perspective provides a framework for examining thriving in youth and has been useful in understanding positive outcomes for general populations of youth as well as at-risk youth. This study aimed to compare levels of PYD assets between youth with COCC and youth without illness. Methods Participants with COCC were recruited from specialty pediatric clinics while healthy participants were recruited from a large pediatric primary care practice. Inclusion criteria for participants included being (1) English speaking, (2) no documented intellectual disability in electronic medical record, and (3) aged between 13 and 18 years during the recruitment period. Univariate and bivariate analyses on key variables were conducted for adolescents with and without COCC. Finally, we performed multivariable linear regressions for PYD and its subdomains. Results There were no significant differences between overall PYD or any of the subdomains between the two groups. Multivariable linear regression models showed no statistically significant relationship between chronic condition status and PYD or the subdomains. Conclusions The findings from this study support the application of the PYD perspective to this population of youth. The results of this study suggest that approaches shown to benefit healthy youth, could be used to promote positive outcomes for youth with COCC.
Ring-resonant cavity for the harmonic auto-resonant peniotron (HARP)

The need to eliminate the backward traveling wave in HARP (harmonic auto-resonant peniotron) interactions is demonstrated. The theory and design of a ring-type resonant cavity to achieve this are described. It is shown that this cavity can support high-efficiency HARP interactions. >
Spatially-aware adaptive error correcting codes for flash memory

Motivated by new storage technologies where the errors in data writing and retention tend to be of limited magnitude and localized, we present new code constructions capable of correcting limited-magnitude asymmetric errors that are within pairwise bounded distance of each other. To account for the dynamic nature of the errors across a Flash device's lifetime, another construction is given that corrects unidirectional errors. The proposed constructions offer substantial savings in rate over the conventional error correction schemes, and are particularly amenable for emerging dense storage technologies such as Flash.
Two New Nearctic Species of Erioptera Meigen Crane Flies1

Two new Nearctic species of Erioptera Meigen crane flies were discovered in Michigan. Erioptera gracila Taber and Erioptera robusta Taber are closely related to Erioptera chlorophylloides Alexander, but the three species can be distinguished from one another by the gonapophyses and dististyles of the male terminalia. Adult females and juveniles of the two new species are unknown.
Room temperature GaN-based edge-emitting spin-polarized light emitting diode

Room temperature circularly polarized electroluminescence is observed from bulk GaN-based double-heterostructure edge-emitting light emitting diodes operated with continuous-wave spin-polarized electrical injection. The measured in-plane magnetizing field-dependent output circular polarization in the quasi-Voigt geometry is coincident with the hysteresis characteristics of the spin-injector confirming electron spin injection in remanence from the n-type FeCo/MgO tunnel spin contacts. A peak output circular polarization of ~6 ± 1% is measured at 300 K.
Ka-Band Characterization of Binder Jetting for 3-D Printing of Metallic Rectangular Waveguide Circuits and Antennas

The performance of additive manufactured (AM) RF circuits and antennas is continuously improving, and in some cases these AM components are comparable to state-of-the-art circuits made with traditional manufacturing techniques. Medium to high-power waveguides made with AM methods such as copper-plated plastics, selective laser melting (SLM), and copper additive manufacturing (3-D CAM) have shown good performance up to terahertz frequencies. In this paper, binder jetting (BJ) metal printing is characterized using electron beam microscopy [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The RF performance of the 3-D-printed circuits is benchmarked with Ka-band cavity resonators, waveguide sections, and a filter. An unloaded resonator $Q$ of 616 is achieved, and the average attenuation of the WR-28 waveguide section is 4.3 dB/m. The BJ technology is tested with a meshed parabolic reflector antenna, where the illuminating horn, waveguide feed, and a filter are printed in a single piece. The antenna shows a peak gain of 24.56 dBi at 35 GHz.
FDG-PET in tau-negative amnestic dementia resembles that of autopsy-proven hippocampal sclerosis

See Gordon (doi:10.1093/brain/awy052) for a scientific commentary on this article.Predicting underlying pathology based on clinical presentation has historically proven difficult, especially in older cohorts. Age-related hippocampal sclerosis may account for a significant proportion of elderly participants with amnestic dementia. Advances in molecular neuroimaging have allowed for detailed biomarker-based phenotyping, but in the absence of antemortem markers of hippocampal sclerosis, cases of mixed pathology remain problematic. We evaluated the utility of 18F-FDG-PET to differentiate flortaucipir tau PET negative from flortaucipir positive amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia and used an autopsy confirmed cohort to test the hypothesis that hippocampal sclerosis might account for the observed pattern. We identified impaired participants (Clinical Dementia Rating > 0) with amnestic presentations ≥ 75 years who had MRI and PET imaging with 18F-FDG (glucose metabolism), Pittsburgh compound B (amyloid) and flortaucipir (tau) performed within a year of cognitive assessment. These were stratified into amyloid positive/negative and tau positive/negative according to the A/T/N classification scheme. Our sample included 15 amyloid and tau-positive participants, and nine tau-negative participants (five of whom were amyloid-positive). For the autopsy cohort, sequential cases with antemortem 18F-FDG-PET were screened and those with TDP-43-negative Alzheimer's disease (10 cases) and TDP-43-positive hippocampal sclerosis (eight cases) were included. We compared each group to controls and to each other in a voxel-based analysis, and supplemented this with a region of interest-based analysis comparing medial to inferior temporal metabolism. Tau-positive and negative cases did not differ on neuropsychological testing or structural magnetic resonance biomarkers. Tau-negative cases had focal medial temporal and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial hypometabolism regardless of amyloid status, whereas tau-positive cases had additional lateral parietal and inferior temporal involvement. The inferior/medial temporal metabolism ratio was significantly different between the groups with the tau-negative group having a higher ratio. In the autopsy series, hippocampal sclerosis cases had greater medial temporal hypometabolism than Alzheimer's disease cases, who had more parietal and lateral/inferior temporal hypometabolism. Again, the ratio between temporal regions of interest differed significantly between groups. Two of the tau-negative patients, both of whom had an elevated inferior/medial temporal ratio, came to autopsy during the study and were found to have hippocampal sclerosis. Our finding that tau-negative amnestic mild cognitive impairment and dementia is associated with focal medial temporal and posterior cingulate hypometabolism extends prior reports in amyloid-negative cases. The inferior/medial temporal metabolism ratio can help identify tau-negative cases of amnestic dementia and may serve as a biomarker for hippocampal sclerosis.
Political Theories of Migration

The topic of migration raises important and challenging normative questions about the legitimacy of state power, the boundaries of political membership, and justice within and across state borders. States exercise power over borders, but what, if anything, justifies this power? Is it morally permissible for liberal democratic states to prevent their citizens from exiting the country and exclude prospective migrants from entering? If liberal democratic states are justified in excluding some and accepting others, how should they decide whom to admit? This review examines how contemporary political theorists and philosophers have answered these questions. First, I examine the conventional view that says states have the right to control immigration; second, I discuss arguments for open borders. The third section examines critique of open borders, and the fourth section considers more recent arguments that have been advanced in favor of the conventional view. I conclude with some suggestions for future research.
Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia

Key Clinical Points Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Chronic limb-threatening ischemia typically manifests as ischemic pain in the distal leg or foot while the patient is at rest, as tissue loss, ...
Predictive Model for Extreme Electromagnetic Compatibility on CMOS Inverters

This paper presents an analytical model to predict and characterize the impact of Extreme Electromagnetic Interference (EEMI) on Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC) of CMOS inverters as a function of device scale. The predictive model determines the slope of VTC based on only a few primitive technology parameters. The developed analytical model is successfully compared against measurement data from a CMOS inverter fabricated using TSMC's 350nm standard CMOS process. Based on the predictive model the tolerance to EEMI injected power in a CMOS inverter reduces by technology scaling, starting from 14dBm at 350nm down to 3.5dBm at 65nm technology node.
Turn up the volume: Speech perception in noise for bilingual listeners

Bilinguals, compared to monolinguals, have been reported to have stronger neural representation of the fundamental frequency (F0) of speech, as measured by the frequency-following response (FFR). In monolinguals, stronger FFRs to F0 have been associated with better speech perception in noise (SPIN), suggesting that bilinguals should outperform monolinguals on SPIN tests. However, the opposite is the case: bilinguals generally underperform monolinguals. To explain such findings, Krizman et al. (2017), proposed that the bilingual brain might turn up the volume on the neural representation of sound to compensate for reduced SPIN. The current work considers this possibility using a combination of FFR and SPIN data. The Revised Speech in Noise test was administered at signal to noise ratios (SNRs) of 0 and 3 dB to young adult monolinguals (n = 17) and early bilinguals (n = 26). Unlike the monolinguals, the bilinguals showed a drop in performance when the SNR dropped. Within the bilingual group, poorer SPIN performance correlated with stronger neural responses to F0, suggesting that sensorineural areas are recruited to increase the neural gain of the acoustic representation in a manner that inversely correlates with speech comprehension. These findings give new insight into the brain-behavioral relationships for the neural encoding of sound.
Three-dimensional frequency- and phase-multiplexed magneto-optical microscopy

We describe a new approach to scanning magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy in which two opto-mechanical choppers modulate the spatial profile of a probe laser beam to separately encode all three magnetization components at different frequencies and phases in one signal. We demonstrate this multiplexed technique in two representative regimes: the equilibrium and non-equilibrium response of a magnetic vortex to a changing magnetic field. We observe the translation of the vortex state in equilibrium and the spiraling gyrotropic trajectory of the vortex position out of equilibrium. We compare the results to a traditional MOKE measurement and to micromagnetic simulations. We find that the multiplexed method presented here provides better agreement with simulation than previous methods and equal or better signal-to-noise ratio.
μ Opioid Receptor Stimulates a Growth Promoting and Pro-Angiogenic Tumor Microenvironment by Transactivating VEGF Receptor-2/Flk-1.

Like VEGF, morphine stimulates MAPK/ERK and Akt, leading to the promotion of angiogenesis via NO dependent signaling (Cancer Res62: 4491, 2002). Morphine acts via pertussis toxin (PT)-dependent G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRS), while VEGF acts via receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We showed that PT-dependent GPCRs transactivate VEGF receptor-2/Flk1 via small GTPase RhoA (JBC277: 4679, 2002; JBC278:20738, 2003). Therefore, we hypothesized that morphine via the mu opioid receptor (MOR) transactivates Flk1 and promotes a pro-angiogenic microenvironment. Morphine-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was completely abrogated by Y-27632 (100 μM), a highly selective and potent inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinases, suggesting the activation of Rho signaling by morphine. Addition of 1 μM morphine potentiated VEGF-induced (10 ng/ml) proliferation of HUVEC by 25%. We observed a 30% increase in intracellular calcium release after VEGF stimulation of HUVEC pre-incubated with morphine as compared to HUVEC pre-incubated with PBS, detected by a change in the fluorescence ratio of the Fura-2 AM dye. These findings show that morphine, via MOR and Rho signaling, transactivates Flk1 leading to the stimulation of calcium signaling and endothelial cell proliferation. To functionally corroborate our hypothesis, we used MOR knockout (MOR-KO) mice and injected them with MOR-replete T241 fibrosarcoma cells. T241 fibrosarcoma tumor growth in vivo showed appearance of palpable and measurable tumors 2 days earlier in wild type (wt) as compared to MOR-KO mice. Tumor growth and angiogenesis were decreased by 20–35% in MOR-KO mice as compared to wt littermates during 3 weeks of tumor growth. None of the MOR-KO showed signs of lung metastasis versus 40% wt mice with metastasis. Morphine (1.42 for the first 2 wks and 2.14 mg/Kg/day later, respectively) stimulated 20–35% tumor growth in wt, but not in MOR-KO mice. Western immunoblotting showed a 10-fold increase in the expression of phospho-Flk1 in morphine treated wt tumors as compared to PBS-treated wt mice. Morphine did not stimulate phospho-Flk1 expression in MOR-KO mice. Western analysis of immunoprecipitates obtained with α-MOR antibody showed the expression of Flk1 and phospho-Flk1 in wt, but were not expressed in MOR-KO tumors. Thus, MOR stimulates the transactivation of Flk1 in wt mice but not in MOR-KO. These in vitro and in vivo data using MOR-KO mice and the MOR agonist, morphine, show that MOR stimulates endothelial proliferation, angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and metastasis directly as well as by transactivating Flk1 phosphorylation. We speculate that MOR is a critical component of the ‘angiogenic switch’, which regulates the pro-angiogenic and growth promoting tumor microenvironment. Thus, MOR provides a novel target for developing anti-angiogenic therapies.
Liking and Acceptability of Whole Grains Increases with a 6-Week Exposure but Preferences for Foods Varying in Taste and Fat Content Are Not Altered: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background Since 2005, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans have recommended consuming at least half of total grains as whole grains (WGs) for optimal health benefits; however, consumption of WGs falls far short of recommended amounts. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mere exposure to WGs on liking, acceptability, and consumption of WG foods and to determine if exposure to WG would influence liking and wanting for other foods varying in fat content and sweet taste. Methods Healthy, self-identified low WG consumers (n = 45) were randomly assigned to either a 6-wk WG intervention or a refined grain (RG) control condition during which they received a weekly market basket of grain products to incorporate into daily meals and snacks. Consumption of grain products was measured by weekly logs and weigh-backs. A sensory evaluation protocol was conducted at baseline and week 6 to evaluate changes in perception of grain products. Computer tasks designed to measure liking and wanting for other foods varying in high/low-fat content and sweet/savory taste were also completed at baseline and week 6. Results Participants in the WG group significantly increased WG consumption. Exposure to WG products resulted in improved ratings of liking, flavor, texture, and willingness to include WG in the regular diet. No significant changes in liking or wanting for foods representing high-fat sweet (HFSW), low-fat sweet (LFSW), high-fat savory (HFSA), or low-fat savory (LFSA) categories were found in the WG group. In contrast, exposure to RG foods resulted in an increased explicit wanting for HFSW and LFSW and a decreased wanting for HFSA foods. Conclusions Mere exposure to WG foods represents a feasible and easily applied behavioral strategy for increasing consumption of WGs. Encouraging consumers to focus on enjoyment of the taste may be more effective than emphasizing the health benefits of WG consumption. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01403857.
Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer: An S-Parameter Approach

With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT), inductive coupling is gaining recognition as a promising technique for efficient short and middle-distance wireless power transfer. In this paper, a practical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system using inductive coupling is considered. The conventional circuit solving approach quickly becomes intractable when MIMO transmission is considered. To overcome this problem, we propose a "black-box" framework in which the characteristics of coils and inductive channels are represented by a small set of scattering parameters. The optimal transmit excitations are derived for maximum capacity, maximum delivered power, and SWIPT optimization objectives. We compute the rate-energy region and magnetic fields for a 2×2 MIMO SWIPT model by simulation.
Ideologies and Competition: Student Reflections on Their Statecraft Experience

This article utilizes the online world politics simulation Statecraft to examine how students perceive the influence of simulations on their political ideologies as well as their expectations about...
Inequities along the Depression Care Cascade in African American Women: An Integrative Review.

Depression represents a growing health problem and African American women (AAW) disproportionally experience increased risk and broad disparities in health care. This integrative review examines wh...
POLITY AND ECONOMY IN PLATO’S REPUBLIC

Although the architectonic of Plato’s best city is dazzling, some critics find its detailed prescriptions inimical to human freedom and well-being. Most notably, Karl Popper in The Open Society and its Enemies sees it as a proto-totalitarian recipe, choking all initiative and variety out of the citizenry. This essay does not directly respond to Popper’s critique but instead spotlights a strand in the dialogue that positions Plato as an advocate of regulatory relaxation and economic liberty to an extent otherwise unknown in the ancient world and by no means unopposed in ours. His contribution to liberal political economy thereby merits greater attention and respect.
The Effect of World Fuel Price Fluctuations on Biomass Fuel Use and Child Respiratory Health: Evidence from Guatemala

Objectives – We examined the effect of world oil price fluctuations on household fuel use and child respiratory health in Guatemala.Methods – We regressed measures of household fuel use and child respiratory health on the average world oil price and a rich set of covariates. We leveraged variation in oil prices over the six month period of the survey to identify the association between the fuel prices, fuel choice, and child respiratory outcomes.Results – A $1 (3.4 percentage point) increase in world fuel prices was associated with a 2.8 percentage point decrease in liquid propane gasoline (LPG) use (pConclusions - These results indicate that fluctuations in world fuel prices affected household fuel use and, consequently, child health. Policies to help households tide over fuel price shocks and/or reduce pollution from biomass sources would confer positive health benefits. Such policies would be most effective if they targeted both poor and middle-income households.
Alimentos Ciencia e Ingeniería 21-1

La extrema diligencia que pusieron en su trabajo los grandes investigadores hasta el fin de sus dias respondio, en buena medida, a su decidido afan de hacer el bien a la humanidad. La revista de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenieria en Alimentos de la Universidad Tecnica de Ambato ha ido recogiendo a lo largo del tiempo el espiritu investigador de sus docentes y alumnos en bien de nuestra Alma Mater. Algunos de los temas que aparecen en este numero dicen a las claras la preocupacion permanente de nuestros investigadores por el bienestar del ser humano: mejorar la productividad del maiz; incorporar harina de papa a la panificacion con harina de trigo; incorporar harinas de productos nativos como: harinas de cebada, de maiz, de quinua, de trigo nacional, a la de trigo importado en la elaboracion de fideos; sustitucion parcial de harina de trigo por harina de zanahoria blanca en la elaboracion de pastas; y otros originales y novedosos temas. Nuestros investigadores se pasan la vida en el laboratorio. El sustantivo laboratorio procede del termino latino labor (trabajo, tarea, fatiga). De ahi el adjetivo laborioso (dificil, esforzado, complejo). Para asumir una tarea laboriosa se necesita un ser humano con valentia, coraje, te¬nacidad. El ser humano tenaz retiene la direccion tomada y no la deja hasta terminarla. De estas reflexiones en tomo a la investigacion, surgen virtudes que deben adornar a todo Miembro de la Comunidad Educativa de la Facultad de Ciencia e Ingenieria en Alimentos, que debe ser: laborioso, tenaz, constante, perseverante y paciente. El investigador de Alimentos, con las virtudes citadas, convierte su estudio y trabajo enjuego creador y lo colma de sentido plenamente humano, porque quiere descubrir algo en favor del ser humano.