cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in the bullfrog: role of neurokinin-1 and μ-opioid receptors

Location of the lung respiratory rhythm generator (RRG) in the bullfrog brainstem was investigated by examining neurokinin-1 and μ-opioid receptor (NK1R, μOR) colocalization by immunohistochemistry and characterizing the role of these receptors in lung rhythm and episodic pattern generation. NK1R and μOR occurred in brainstems from all developmental stages. In juvenile bullfrogs a distinct area of colocalization was coincident with high-intensity fluorescent labeling of μOR; high-intensity labeling of μOR was not distinctly and consistently localized in tadpole brainstems. NK1R labeling intensity did not change with development. Similarity in colocalization is consistent with similarity in responses to substance P (SP, NK1R agonist) and DAMGO (μOR agonist) when bath applied to bullfrog brainstems of different developmental stages. In early stage tadpoles and juvenile bullfrogs, SP increased and DAMGO decreased lung burst frequency. In juvenile bullfrogs, SP increased lung burst frequency, episode frequency, but decreased number of lung bursts per episode and lung burst duration. In contrast, DAMGO decreased lung burst frequency and burst cycle frequency, episode frequency, and number of lung bursts per episode but increased all other lung burst parameters. Based on these results, we hypothesize that NK1R and μOR colocalization together with a metamorphosis-related increase in μOR intensity marks the location of the lung RRG but not necessarily the lung episodic pattern generator.
Turbines and Trained Crews

Equipment knowledgeable operators and maintenance personnel are a valuable asset that will increase Gas Turbine availability and minimize outages and repair costs. A continuing training program is essential to maintain proficiency levels and upgrade new employees. The training program must be properly planned and constructed to accomplish this most effectively.Copyright © 1974 by ASME
Si-YBaCuO intermixing and reactive patterning technique

A novel Si-YBaCuO intermixing technique has been developed for patterning YBaCuO superconducting thin films on both insulating oxide substrates (MgO) and semiconductor substrates (Si). The electrical, structural, and interfacial properties of the Si-YBaCuO intermixed system have been studied using resistivity, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger depth profiling measurements. The study showed that the reaction of Si with YBaCuO and formation of silicon oxides during a high temperature process destroyed superconductivity of the film and created an insulating film. On a MgO substrate, the patterning process was carried out by first patterning a silicon layer using photolithography or laser-direct-writing, followed by the deposition of YBaCuO film and annealing. For a silicon substrate, thin metal layers of Ag and Au were patterned as a buffer mask which defines the YBaCuO structures fabricated thereafter. Micron-sized (2-10 Μm) superconducting structures with zero resistance temperature above 77 K have been demonstrated. This technique has been used to fabricate current controlled HTS switches and interconnects.
Transnational Judicial Dialogue and the Rwandan Genocide: Aspects of Antagonism and Complementarity

The Rwandan genocide remains one of the most horrific atrocities of the Twentieth Century, resulting in the death of an estimated 500-800,000 human beings, massacred over a one hundred day period. In the fourteen years since the genocide, attempts at justice and reconciliation in Rwanda have involved a delicate interplay between national legal systems and the international legal order. This article examines three fora in which Rwandans have been tried for involvement in the genocide: the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Rwandan courts including Gacaca Tribunals, and French attempts to exercise universal jurisdiction. Using Rwanda as a case study, the article illustrates the issues, concerns, and difficulties that arise when multiple jurisdictions assert a right to exercise criminal jurisdiction over the perpetrators of serious atrocity crimes. Beginning with a discussion of the political context, this article considers what the competing narratives and litigation in various fora have meant for the project of international and transnational criminal justice. Cases involving the commission of atrocities pose unique challenges for the international legal order. As the normative structure of international criminal law has arguably been strengthened, political constraints increasingly come to the fore. As illustrated in Rwanda, universal jurisdiction or other bases of jurisdiction may remain necessary vehicles for justice and reconciliation, or, at the very least, they may serve as catalyst for change in Rwanda itself.
The health system and the polity: A contemporary American dialectic

Abstract Historically, and by contrast with most nations, the American polity has been only marginally concerned with health matters, particularly the delivery of personal medical care. There is, as yet, no national commitment to guarantee such care. A variety of constitutional, ideological and other issues have contributed to that distancing between the polity and the private health care system, particularly the medical profession and the non-governmental hospitals. This is also in contrast with elementary and secondary education which has been held in the U.S. for more than a century as a right for all children, and has been “socialized” with schools built from taxes and teachers employed on a salary paid by the communities. The recent emergence of a “health crisis," epitomized in its manifest aspect by the increased proportion of the GNP spent in health care, suggests a greater role for the federal polity in all aspects of health matters, and particularly in the area of funding the private health system and regulating that system. The purpose of this discussion paper is to project available options for American society and its polity in structuring, or rather re-structuring a health system more appropriate to the needs of the population and better tailored to the economic resources available in the light of alternative investment possibilities. The dialectic mentioned in the title of this paper refers to the attempt on the part of the polity to regulate, rationalize, re-structure and utilize an already existing (private) health system with a long tradition, and a vested interest, in a relatively free hand, and the manner in which that system will resist and/or cooperate, or try to direct the polity in its effort to turn the situation around. At a more theoretical level, it is hoped that this study might contribute to a further testing of the hypothesis of the convergence of industrial societies and of their health systems, and of the “political” nature of the relationship between government and the health system.
Homocysteine and lipid metabolism in atherogenesis: effect of the homocysteine thiolactonyl derivatives, thioretinaco and thioretinamide

In order to study the relation of homocysteine and lipid metabolism to atherogenesis, rabbits were fed a synthetic atherogenic diet and treated with parenteral thioretinaco (N-homocysteine thiolactonyl retinamido cobalamin), thioretinamide (N-homocysteine thiolactonyl retinamide) or homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride. All three substances were found to increase dietary atherogenesis. Thioretinaco and thioretinamide increase total homocysteine of serum, but there is no effect of parenteral homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride on serum homocysteine. The synthetic diet with corn oil significantly lowers serum homocysteine, compared either to baseline chow diet or to the synthetic diet with butter. Atherogenesis is correlated with total homocysteine, total cholesterol and LDL + VLDL cholesterol, and serum homocysteine is correlated with total cholesterol, LDL + VLDL, and HDL cholesterol in the total sample. Both synthetic diets elevate serum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL + VLDL, but not HDL, compared to baseline values. Thioretinamide causes significant elevation of cholesterol and LDL + VLDL, compared to controls. The results show that increased dietary saturated fat and cholesterol cause deposition of lipids within the arteriosclerotic plaques produced by homocysteine, converting fibrous to fibrolipid plaques. Facilitation of atherogenesis is attributed to the effect of homocysteine on artery wall, either from parenteral homocysteine or from the increased synthesis of homocysteine from methionine, produced by thioretinaco and thioretinamide.
A Primer on Copyright Law and the DMCA

Abstract Presents the basics of modern copyright law and ways in which the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) changed the law. Focuses on the DMCA's prohibition of circumvention and file sharing and how this has impacted libraries. Discusses efforts to re-establish a copyright balance between creators, publishers and consumers, especially through proposed legislation and the open access movement. The impact of the DMCA on libraries is weighed, and calls for librarians to be more vigilant in opposing efforts to legalize digital rights management software.
The Role of Intimate Exchange in the Link Between Reactive Aggression and Child Depressive Symptoms

Although the link between reactively aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms in childhood has been demonstrated in previous work, few studies have examined how peer factors may influence this association. Examining the role of peers in the link between reactive aggression and depressive symptoms is necessary, as peers have been found to buffer the impact of factors that contribute to depressive symptoms in childhood. Accordingly, we examined whether intimate exchange with a best friend moderated the association between reactive aggression and depression in childhood in a sample of 115 children (aged 5–14; M = 8.88; 87 % minority; 53 % male) who attended a community based summer program. Consistent with expectation, reactive aggression was positively associated with child depressive symptoms whereas proactive aggression was negatively associated with depressive symptoms. Further, the interaction between intimate exchange and reactive aggression was associated with child depressive symptoms. Specifically, the association between reactive aggression and depressive symptoms was weaker when levels of intimate exchange were high. Thus, the current study suggests that close peer relationships may help to buffer the link between reactively aggressive behavior and depressive symptoms. Implications for findings include the need to target friendships to help prevent depressive symptoms for reactively aggressive youth.
Steady state hormonal secretion in traumatic quadriplegia.

Physiologically complete cervical spinal cord transection results in motor and sensory quadriplegia and interruption of the sympathetic neural pathways; this condition leads to metabolic deficiencies suggestive of abnormal endocrine function. An investigation of the non-stimulated secretion of some of the hormones influencing metabolism was undertaken by evaluating thyroxine, iodothyronine binding index, testosterone, growth hormone, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone in venous blood of fasting healthy subjects and quadriplegic patients. The effect of the duration of the paralysis was examined by repeating the evaluations at different periods after onset. The results show that 1) thyroxine was low for 2 months after onset in 21 patients and normal thereafter in 53 patients, 2) testosterone was low throughout the study in 62 patients; the decrease is greatest during die first 2 months, 3) growth hormone was often increased in 46 patients for 8 months after onset, and nearly normal afterward in 25 patients...
Impact of topology on interference networks with no CSIT

We study the symmetric degrees-of-freedom (DoF) of partially connected K-user interference networks in which the transmitters are unaware of the actual channel gain values. Several linear algebraic and graph theoretic concepts are introduced to derive new outer and inner bounds on the symmetric DoF for arbitrary network topologies. We evaluate the bounds for a class of networks, showing that the bounds are tight for most topologies in that class, and we also quantify the gains obtained over benchmark schemes.
1,1-Di(9-fluorenyl)ethyl acetate, a by-product from the acetylation of 9-fluorenyllithium.

The preparation of sp-9-acetyl­fluorene from the reaction of 9-­fluorenyl­lithium with acetyl chloride also provided 9-(1-acetoxy­ethyl­idene)­fluorene (`di­acetyl­fluorene') and 1,1-di(9-fluorenyl)­ethanol, (II), as by-products recently characterized by X-ray analysis. A third by-product, 1,1-di(9-fluorenyl)­ethyl acetate, (III), C30H24O2, has now been unequivocally identified for the first time, and emanates from the acetyl­ation of the oxy­anion of (II). In the asymmetric unit, compound (III) exists as two almost identical structures which differ slightly, but significantly, in conformation. Neither possesses the significant fluorene-ring bowing or the perpendicularity of the two ring planes exhibited by (II). The angle between the least-squares planes of the two fluorene rings of (III) is 58.45 (9) and 60.95 (10)°, respectively, for the two conformations, and their corresponding bonding parameters also differ slightly in a number of instances.
Patient-Reported Assessment of Functional Gait Outcomes following Superior Gluteal Artery Perforator Reconstruction.

Many options are available for postmastectomy breast reconstruction. One option for autologous tissue reconstruction is the superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) free flap (Fig. 1) first described in 1995.1 The advent of perforator-based flaps has led to significantly decreased donor-site morbidity in the gluteal region.2,3 The SGAP flap has been described in the literature as a successful adipocutaneous flap for over a decade,4 and modifications of flap design to capture septocutaneous perforators to avoid donor-site deformity have been reported.5 This form of autologous breast reconstruction provides an alternative to implant- or latissimus dorsi flap-based reconstruction otherwise required in patients who lack appropriate abdominal tissue to support the standard deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) (Fig. 2) or transverse rectus abdominis muscle flaps.6 Fig. 1. Illustration of SGAP surgery. (Copyright Johns Hopkins Department of Plastic Surgery, used with permission.) Fig. 2. Illustration of DIEP surgery. (Copyright Johns Hopkins Department of Plastic Surgery, used with permission.) However, SGAP surgery remains a relatively uncommon procedure worldwide due to the technical difficulty of the operation. Few centers perform a large enough number of these surgeries to investigate the outcomes of these patients. Donor-site complications such as seromas have been reported,4,7 but to the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the long-term functional outcomes. Anecdotally, we have had SGAP patients report postoperative pain and functional deficits in the lower extremity. These reports are plausible given that the gluteus muscle is dissected during the exploration for the perforating vessels. At present, evidence-based information about the potential for, and prevalence of, gait compromise is not available to surgeons or patients making investigation of this issue particularly important. We hypothesized that the prevalence of lower extremity functional deficits would be significantly greater after SGAP reconstruction compared to DIEP reconstruction. The goal of our study was to compare the short- and long-term lower extremity function, gait, balance, fatigue, and pain between bilateral SGAP and DIEP reconstructions using patient-reported outcomes. We studied demographics, comorbidities, length of follow-up, and complications to elucidate any potentially confounding factors. In addition, we developed a questionnaire to specifically address the potential symptoms and functional deficits of gluteal dissection to compliment the Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS).
Interaction of nitric oxide with prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1: Implications for Fe-His bond cleavage in heme proteins

We have investigated the cleavage of the bond between the heme iron and the proximal heme ligand, His388, in ferrous ovine prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 (oPGHS-1) on nitric oxide (NO) bin...
The extinction coefficient of multicomponent aerosols

The general problem of visibility reduction by aerosols is explored in order to identify the conditions necessary for determination of the roles of individual chemical species. The particle extinction coefficient depends on the distribution of chemical species with respect to particle size and from particle to particle within each size range. Single particle measurements of composition and optical properties would be required to determine directly the chemical species contributions to the extinction coefficient. Several special cases are identified which would allow exact calculations based on available data. The composition and optical properties of particles must be uniform within each size interval if composition distribution data are to be used. Corroborative data are necessary to ensure that important contributors are not neglected since many chemical species are not readily measured. Estimation of the species mass extinction efficiencies by statistical analysis of chemical data obtained from total filler samples also requires that the normalized species mass distribution be invariant. The results of two field studies of visibility reduction in arid regions of the southwestern United States are used to explore the validity of these assumptions. The two methods, estimation from size-composition distribution data and from total filter data, yield similar estimates of species contributions to the extinction coefficient.
The perpetuation of entrained behavior during computer-mediated communication

The present investigation examined the development and persistence of mutual entrainment during dyadic computer-mediated interactions. Entrainment refers to the synchronization and/or modification of endogenous temporal rhythms by external forces (Ancona & Chong, 1996; Kelly, 1988; McGrath, Kelly, & Machatka, 1984). Our findings indicate that entrainment readily occurs during computer-mediated communication, as our participants altered their rates of communication to match those of a confederate who was responding at a consistently slow pace. Subsequently, when participants were paired during a second computer-mediated interaction session, their initial rates of entrainment transferred to these new groups and served to mutually influence each other's communication rates.
Structural and functional analysis of promoter from gliadin, an endosperm-specific storage protein gene of Triticum aestivum L.

To identify cis-regulatory elements of the gliadin gene, a study of the gliadin gene promoter was conducted by transient expression analysis of plasmid DNAs which were introduced into plant protoplasts by electroporation. The promoter region (−592 bp to +18 by from the translational start) of this developmentally regulated gene, when fused upstream to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter cassette was unable to direct significant CAT expression in wheat or tobacco suspension cells. Because this monocot gene promoter appeared to be under stringent tissue-specific control, a hybrid promoter approach using a nopaline synthase (nos) promoter was employed. A series of 3′ deletions of the gliadin promoter were placed upstream of either a nonfunctional −101 nos or a nearly wild-type −155 nos promoter fused in turn to a CAT reporter gene cassette. Transient expression analysis of these plasmid DNAs in tobacco cells showed that the gliadin fragment could either restore the activity of the non-functional nos promoter (series 1) or enhance the activity of the functional nos promoter (series II). The degree of restoration of the promoter function conferred by gliadin fragments of the first series was proportional to the enhancing effect of the same fragments in the second series of constructs. The transcriptional activity of the gliadin (−592 by to −77 bp) -nos hybrid promoter was reduced by 26% upon 3′ deletion of sequences in the region −141 by to −77 bp, which contains both the TATA and CCAAT boxes. A marked decline in the promoter function of these hybrid constructs, however, was observed when an additional upstream region was removed, suggesting the presence of regulatory sequences in the −218 by to −141 by region of the gliadin promoter. Deletion of the −300 by element, which is similar to the SV40 core enhancer, did not affect hybrid promoter function, although additional upstream activating sequences (−592 by to −448 bp) were also observed.
Romeo and Julius: A Narrative Therapy Intervention for Sexual-Minority Couples

Sexual-minority couples often form intimate relationships within a culture that proscribes, or is silent about, their romantic behaviors. Consequently, these couples often emerge in the course of a...
A new implementation of an algorithm for the optimal assignment problem: An improved version of Munkres' algorithm

Existing implementations of Munkres' algorithm for the optimal assignment problem are shown to requireO(n 4) time in the worstn×n case. A new implementation is presented which runs in worst-case timeO(n 3) and compares favorably in performance with the algorithm of Edmonds and Karp for this problem.
Determination of enantiomers in human serum by direct injection onto a β-cyclodextrin HPLC bonded phase

Abstract A method is proposed for the direct enantiomeric analysis of chiral drugs in human serum by HPLC. The method is based on a commercially available β-cyclodextrin bonded phase which incorporates diol as well as cyclodextrin moieties. The proteinaceous components of the serum, which are shown to elute with the void volume, are well separated from the enantiomeric analytes. This allows for the rapid determination of the enantiomeric composition of the drugs.
Values and speculations: The stock exchange paradigm

Abstract Some time before deconstruction theoretically destabilized the founding oppositions of Western metaphysics, Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon noted their everyday, practical unravelling in the Bourse Stock Exchange in nineteenth‐century Paris. In his Broker's Handbook (1857), Proudhon considered the profound implications of the speculative model of value introduced by the stock market and recommended that modern reformers and revolutionaries seek their instruction there. The mobilization of value exemplified in the operations of the Bourse propelled capitalism through the twentieth century towards its present global dominance, bringing in its train all the features of supermodernity that currently confound the thinking of cultural values today. For it is not just economic questions that are posed from within the logic of the financial (in)security of the mobile values of share prices, but also questions of ethics, aesthetics, semantics and metaphysics. This essay historicizes and interrogates the new paradi...
Formaldehyde Vapor Levels in a Gross Anatomy Laboratory During Dissection of the Dog

Summary Breathing zone formaldehyde vapor levels were measured in a veterinary gross anatomy laboratory during dissection of greyhound dogs. Measurements were conducted throughout the academic quarter during which dissection took place. Measurement was accomplished using 3 M Company formaldehyde monitors (# 3720). The overall mean time weighed average was 0.197ppm to which students and faculty were exposed a total of 72 hours.
Reporting on Two Presidencies: News Coverage of George W. Bush's First Year in Office

Personal coverage of President Bush during 2001 on network television and in six U.S. newspapers became far more positive after September 11, 2001, with the largest gains found in network television coverage. Coverage of the rest of the Bush administration, in contrast, became distinctly more negative after the terrorist attacks. The vast majority of the executive branch coverage both before and after the terrorist attacks in all media outlets focused on job performance, not the questions of character, ethics and political conduct that often dominate presidential campaign coverage.
Oxygen incorporation and precipitation in Czochralski-grown silicon

Oxygen incorporation is examined for growth of large-diameter (80-130 mm) silicon single crystals by the Czochralski method. The primary growth parameters affecting the oxygen concentration in the crystals are shown to be the crystal-melt interface position within the hot zone and the rate of crucible rotation used. Tight control of the oxygen concentration [±1.5 parts per million atomic (ppma) in the range of 25-40 ppma (ASTM)] has been reproducibly attained by programmed variation of these growth parameters. The attainable oxygenc oncentrations may be extended over a wider range (20-45ppma) through slight modifications of the hot zones. Wafers from the uniform-oxygen-concentration crystals are subjected to single-step and two-step annealing procedures (700-1100°C) for oxygen precipitation studies. The rate of precipitation is shown to depend on the initial oxygen content and on the number of initially unpopulated nucleation sites present.
The ‘definitive’ (and ‘primitive’) guide to zebrafish hematopoiesis

Progressive advances using zebrafish as a model organism have provided hematologists with an additional genetic system to study blood cell formation and hematological malignancies. Despite extensive evolutionary divergence between bony fish (teleosts) and mammals, the molecular pathways governing hematopoiesis have been highly conserved. As a result, most (if not all) of the critical hematopoietic transcription factor genes identified in mammals have orthologues in zebrafish. As in other vertebrates, all of the teleost blood lineages are believed to originate from a pool of pluripotent, self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells. Here, we provide a detailed review of the timing, anatomical location, and transcriptional regulation of zebrafish 'primitive' and 'definitive' hematopoiesis as well as discuss a model of T-cell leukemia and recent advances in blood cell transplantation. Given that many of the regulatory genes that control embryonic hematopoiesis have been implicated in oncogenic pathways in adults, an understanding of blood cell ontogeny is likely to provide insights into the pathophysiology of human leukemias.
Linearity of ring resonator-based electro-optic polymer modulator

The linearity of a ring resonator-based electro-optic polymer modulator is experimentally studied. The modulator shows a suppression of third-order distortion near a half transmission bias point. From the experimental transfer function and typical link parameters, the inter-modulation-free dynamic range is predicted to be 123 dBHz 4/5 .
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrate Accumulation in Roots of Annual Lespedeza

Total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) stored in roots are thought to be an important energy source for growth following herbage removal in many forage legumes. This study was conducted to determine if root TNC levels fluctuate during harvest and regrowth cycles of annual lespedeza (Kummerowia spp.). Annual lespedeza management treatments consisted of harvesting at a 6- or 12-cm stubble height at the end of july and a nonharvested control. Seeding-year «Nitro» alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and «Norcen» birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) were included for comparison. Alfalfa was harvested four times at early bloom and birdsfoot trefoil three times at early bloom. Alfalfa exhibited a cyclic pattern of TNC utilization and storage in response to herbage removal and regrowth, respectively. Seedling alfalfa accumulated >150 g kg -1 TNC in the roots by 10 June, and >450 g kg -1 by first harvest. Seedling birdsfoot trefoil maintained <70 G KG -1 TNC in the roots through mid-September and did not exhibit as much TNC cycling as did alfalfa. Annual lespedeza averaged 20 g kg -1 TNC in the roots prior to harvest and maintained <40 G KG -1 throughout the growing season. Harvesting annual lespedeza at 6 cm decreased root TNC levels for 5 wk compared with harvesting at 12 cm and the nonharvested controls; however, the total amount of reduction was small. Root TNC levels decreased by 6.1 g kg -1 with cutting at 6 cm. As annual lespedeza maintains relatively small amounts of root TNC, leaving residual leaf area at harvest may be important for regrowth
Interfaces: in fluid mechanics and across disciplines

The dynamics of fluid–fluid interfaces are important in diverse problems that span many disciplines in science and engineering. A series of snapshots is used to illustrate the breadth of applications that can occur in viscous low-Reynolds-number flows and I highlight theoretical and modelling ideas that are broadly useful for these, as well as other, problems. By way of illustration of unifying quantitative ideas we discuss briefly (i) the use of the Reciprocal Theorem in low-Reynolds-number flows, (ii) the use of the lubrication approximation for characterizing thin-film coating flows sometimes referred to as Landau–Levich–Derjaguin–Bretherton problems and (iii) nearly two-dimensional viscously dominated flows.
Reduction of eotaxin production and eosinophil recruitment by pulmonary autologous macrophage transfer in a cockroach allergen-induced asthma model.

We sought to investigate the effects of cockroach allergen (CRA) exposure on the lung macrophage population to determine how different macrophage phenotypes influence exacerbation of disease. CRA e...
Social functions of individual vasopressin-oxytocin cell groups in vertebrates: what do we really know?

Abstract Vasopressin–oxytocin (VP–OT) nonapeptides modulate numerous social and stress-related behaviors, yet these peptides are made in multiple nuclei and brain regions (e.g., >20 in some mammals), and VP–OT cells in these areas often exhibit overlapping axonal projections. Furthermore, the magnocellular cell groups release peptide volumetrically from dendrites and soma, which gives rise to paracrine modulation in distal brain areas. Nonapeptide receptors also tend to be promiscuous. Hence, behavioral effects that are mediated by any given receptor type (e.g., the OT receptor) in a target brain region cannot be conclusively attributed to either VP or OT, nor to a specific cell group. We here review what is actually known about the social behavior functions of nonapeptide cell groups, with a focus on aggression, affiliation, bonding, social stress, and parental behavior, and discuss recent studies that demonstrate a diversity of sex-specific contributions of VP–OT cell groups to gregariousness and pair bonding.
Linking global histone acetylation to the transcription enhancement of X-chromosomal genes in Drosophila males.

It has become well established for several genes that targeting of histone acetylation to promoters is required for the activation of transcription. In contrast, global patterns of acetylation have not been ascribed to any particular regulatory function. In Drosophila, a specific modification of H4, acetylation at lysine 16, is enriched at hundreds of sites on the male X chromosome due to the activity of the male-specific lethal (MSL) dosage compensation complex. Utilizing chromatin immunoprecipitation, we have determined that H4Ac16 is present along the entire length of X-linked genes targeted by the MSL complex with relatively modest levels of acetylation at the promoter regions and high levels in the middle and/or 3′ end of the transcription units. We propose that global acetylation by the MSL complex increases the expression of X-linked genes by facilitating transcription elongation rather than by enhancing promoter accessibility. We have also determined that H4Ac16 is absent from a region of the X chromosome that includes a gene known to be dosage-compensated by a MSL-independent mechanism. This study represents the first biochemical interpretation of the very large body of cytological observations on the chromosomal distribution of the MSL complex.
Lattice Boltzmann method for multi-component, non-continuum mass diffusion

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in extending the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to model transport phenomena in the non-continuum regime. Most of these studies have focused on single-component flows through simple geometries. This work examines an ad hoc extension of a recently developed LBM model for multi-component mass diffusion (Joshi et al 2007 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 2961) to model mass diffusion in the non-continuum regime. In order to validate the method, LBM results for ternary diffusion in a two-dimensional channel are compared with predictions of the dusty gas model (DGM) over a range of Knudsen numbers. A calibration factor based on the DGM is used in the LBM to correlate Knudsen diffusivity to pore size. Results indicate that the LBM can be a useful tool for predicting non-continuum mass diffusion (Kn > 0.001), but additional research is needed to extend the range of applicability of the algorithm for a larger parameter space. Guidelines are given on using the methodology described in this work to model non-continuum mass transport in more complex geometries where the DGM is not easily applicable. In addition, the non-continuum LBM methodology can be extended to three-dimensions. An envisioned application of this technique is to model non-continuum mass transport in porous solid oxide fuel cell electrodes.
Resolving Environmental Disputes: a Framework Incorporating Decision Analysis and Dispute Resolution Techniques

Abstract Resolution of public policy disputes can be enhanced both by qualitative techniques for conflict resolution and by quantitative analyses of decisions under uncertainty. We interweave the two methodologies into a framework that helps communicate and analyze existing alternatives, generate new alternatives and forge consensus plans. Decision analysis provides: (1) techniques for eliciting subjective inputs from the disputing parties; (2) a structure for clarifying and communicating all facets of the decision environment; and (3) a common decision rule (such as maximizing expected utility). Sensitivity analysis of the decision problem serves the consensus process by directing conflict resolution procedures to those aspect of the problem offering the best potential for reaching overall agreement, whether through persuasion and compromise or through gathering and incorporating additional information. The communication tools of conflict resolution enhance the decision analysis by promoting creative thinking, ensuring that the formal analysis captures the underlying interest of the parties involved, and facilitating systematic development of new alternative based on those underlying interests. We illustrate the framework by analyzing an environmental dispute in Zaire over the best policy for management of an endangered species. Using inputs that are hypothetical, but typical of actual party positions, we analyze the dispute between captive breeding advocates and the government of Zaire over management of the northern white rhino. The framework transforms unfocused party gridlock over two original policy options into a focused discussion on a few key inputs. We employ the decision-making procedure to develop several new alternative: (1) a distributive bargaining compromise between the original positions; (2) a contingency plan that exploits the parties' different beliefs about the likelihood of future events; and (3) a synthesis that takes advantage of differences in institutional objectives and capabilities to dovetail different preferences and create joint gains.
Oxygen depletion and carbon dioxide and methane production in waters of the Pantanal wetland of Brazil

This study examines dissolved O2, CO2 and CH4 in waters of the Pantanal, a vast savanna floodplain in Brazil. Measurements are presented for 540 samples from throughout the region, ranging from areas of sheet flooding to sluggish marsh streams to the major rivers of the region. Dissolved O2 is often strongly depleted, particularly in waters filled with emergent vascular plants, which are the most extensive aquatic environment of the region. Median O2 concentrations were 35 μM for vegetated waters, 116 μM for the Paraguay River, 95 μM for tributary rivers, and 165 μM for open lakes (atmospheric equilibrium, 230–290 μM). Airwater diffusive fluxes were calculated from dissolved gas concentrations for representative vegetated floodplain waters, based on data collected over the course of an annual cycle. These fluxes reveal about twice as much CO2 evasion as can be accounted for by invasion of O2 (overall means in nmol cm-2 s-1: O2 0.18, CO2 0.34, and CH4 0.017). Methanogenesis is estimated to account for ca. 20% of the total heterotrophic metabolism in the water column and sediments, with the remainder likely due mostly to aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration is limited by the low concentrations of alternate electron acceptors. We hypothesize that O2 transported through the stems of emergent plants is consumed in aerobic respiration by plant tissues or microorganisms, producing CO2 that preferentially dissolves into the water, and thus explaining most of the excess CO2 evasion. This hypothesis is supported by measurements of gases in submersed stems of emergent plants.
A knowledge-based system to assist university administrators in meeting disability act requirements

Abstract This paper describes the implementation of a knowledge-based system to support the work processes required to administer ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) policies and procedures. The system helps staff at an institution of higher learning rapidly, accurately, and consistently determine the appropriate accommodations for students with disabilities and to generate the necessary documents. The system was designed to automate tasks previously performed manually, train new staff members, and capture knowledge to enable the university organization to improve services. In a rank-order analysis of benefits, the system was rated 70% higher than prior practice, particularly in decision quality and task performance. The net present value of the project was positive. The knowledge engineers and the domain expert validated the benefits of the system with actual and hypothetical student data. The system was found to improve task performance and save time, resulting in increased employee and client satisfaction. The system also provided a measure of competitive advantage to the organization.
A critical investigation of the factors controlling the long-life fatigue properties of aluminum alloys

Abstract In an attempt to understand which factors control the fatigue properties of aluminum alloys, Al-4% Cu and Al-15% Ag alloys have been thermo-mechanically treated so as to produce a variety of micro-structures: (1) solution-treated material both cold-worked and annealed, (2) conventionally aged material containing metastable precipitates, (3) material containing uniform dispersions of stable precipitates, unlikely to be subject to reversion, and (4) material containing different kinds of aging inhomogeneities. The fatigue properties of these materials (the structures of which were monitored by transmission electron microscopy) were established by tension-compression testing. The annealed solution-treated alloy has fatigue properties, in the range of life investigated, virtually equivalent to those of the conventionally aged alloy. The properties of the cold-worked solution-treated alloy and that containing stable precipitates are also equivalent but about 30% better than those of the conventionally aged alloy. When the density of dislocations in the material containing stable precipitates is reduced by a longer time of anneal, the fatigue properties decrease towards those of the conventionally aged. This indicates that the reversion of precipitates has little influence on fatigue and that, instead, the total amount of solute present, rather than its distribution, if this is on a fine scale, is more important. Aging inhomogeneities were observed to play a role in decreasing fatigue lives in some circumstances, e.g. in the AlAg alloy the cellular reaction provided weak sites for crack nucleation and growth.
Thermochemical properties of gas phase mixed clusters: Water and sulfur dioxide with Na+ and Cl−

Abstract Standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy data are presented for association reactions of the mixed cluster systems: Na + (H 2 O) n (SO 2 ) m and Cl − -(H 2 O) n (SO 2 ) m with n + m ranging up to a value of four. Thermodynamic cycles show the self-consistency of the data, or alternately allow calculation of additional legs of the cycle. These support previous work in this laboratory which suggested a charge delocalization in the [Cl-SO 2 ] − complex. Qualitative evidence is presented to show cooperative, and hindered bonding effects in the mixed clusters.
Reflections on American Racism

In response to Kinder's critique of our assessment of the symbolic racism research program, we cite both the research procedures and actual writings of symbolic racism researchers, paying particular attention to contradictions between positions previously taken by Kinder and those he now takes in response to our paper. We also maintain the following: (a) there is no persuasive evidence that symbolic racism represents a new, qualitatively different form of racism—one cannot, after all, establish that there is a new kind of racism without demonstrating that it is in fact different from the old; (b) the term “symbolic racism” is logically defensible only if one adopts a definition of the construct that Kinder eschews; and (c) symbolic racism research systematically blurs the distinction between racist and nonracist sources of white opposition to policies to assist minorities and, in the process, politicizes both the concept of racism and the social science research process. We conclude by sketching a constructive agenda for research on racial policy reasoning.
Application of Modified Sunflower Oil as an Emulsifier of Lubricating-Cooling Liquids

New emulsifiers with corrosion-inhibition function are synthesized as a result of modification of sunflower oil with monoethanolamine and ethylenediamine. The most probable structural formulas of these emulsifiers are presented. The model lubricating-cooling liquids prepared on the basis of distilled water are stable and possess corrosion inhibition properties. These properties can be evaluated by the method of contact couples according to GOST 6243-75. The dispersity of direct and reverse emulsions is demonstrated. The presented experimental results can be used for the development of new formulas of lubricating-cooling liquids, which would allow us to reduce the pollution of the environment.
Approximating the Invariant Measures of Randomly Perturbed Dissipative Maps

Abstract We present a method for approximating the invariant measure of a randomly perturbed mappingSofRd. Cases where the unperturbed mapping is singular are considered, as are cases where the sizes of random jumps are unbounded. Existence of an invariant measure and convergence of the scheme are proved when the mapping has strong contraction properties. The implementation is designed to be useful in experimental situations where the map is known only approximately and the distribution of the noise is unknown. Under the same contraction conditions, we also prove that the invariant measure, the stationary measure of the associated Markov chain, is approached exponentially under iteration of the perturbed map, independent of the starting point.
Sustained endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation requires capacitative Ca2+ entry.

Endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent enzyme, is critical for vascular homeostasis. While eNOS is membrane-associated through itsN-myristoylation, the significance of membrane association in locating eNOS near sources of Ca2+ entry is uncertain. To assess the Ca2+ source required for eNOS activation, chimera containing the full-length eNOS cDNA and HA-tagged aequorin sequence (EHA), and MHA (myristoylation-deficient EHA) were generated and transfected into COS-7 cells. The EHA chimera was primarily targeted to the plasma membrane while MHA was located intracellularly. Both constructs retained enzymatic eNOS activity and aequorin-mediated Ca2+ sensitivity. The plasma membrane-associated EHA and intracellular MHA were compared in their ability to sense changes in local Ca2+ concentration, demonstrating preferential sensitivity to Ca2+ originating from intracellular pools (MHA) or from capacitative Ca2+ entry (EHA). Measurements of eNOS activation in intact cells revealed that the eNOS enzymatic activity of EHA was more sensitive to Ca2+ influx via capacitative Ca2+ entry than intracellular release, whereas MHA eNOS activity was more responsive to intracellular Ca2+release. When eNOS activation by CCE was compared with that generated by an equal rise in [Ca2+]i due to the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin, a 10-fold greater increase in NO production was found in the former condition. These results demonstrate that EHA and MHA chimera are properly targeted and retain full functions of eNOS and aequorin, and that capacitative Ca2+influx is the principle stimulus for sustained activation of eNOS on the plasma membrane in intact cells.
IFI16 Acts as a Nuclear Pathogen Sensor to Induce the Inflammasome in Response to Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection

Inflammasomes are cytoplasmic sensors of foreign molecules, including pathogens, and function to induce caspase-1 activation and IL-1β cytokine maturation. Whether such a mechanism exists in the nucleus and is effective against nuclear replicating pathogens is unknown. Nuclear replicating herpesvirus KSHV is associated with Kaposi Sarcoma, an angioproliferative tumor characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment including IL-1β. We demonstrate that during KSHV infection of endothelial cells, interferon gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) interacts with the adaptor molecule ASC and procaspase-1 to form a functional inflammasome. This complex was initially detected in the nucleus and subsequently in the perinuclear area. KSHV gene expression and/or latent KSHV genome is required for inflammasome activation and IFI16 colocalizes with the KSHV genome in the infected cell nucleus. Caspase-1 activation by KSHV was reduced by IFI16 and ASC silencing. Our studies reveal IFI16 as a nuclear pathogen sensor and demonstrate that the inflammasome also functions in the nucleus.
Intravenous tolerance modulates macrophage classical activation and antigen presentation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Macrophages act as the first line of self defense by mounting an inflammatory response to antigen and as antigen presenting cells to initiate the adaptive immune response. Inhibition of macrophage activation is one of the possible approaches to modulate inflammation. Intravenous (i.v.) tolerance has proved to be an effective method for ameliorating experimental autoimmune diseases. Whether macrophages are involved in tolerance induction is still largely undefined. In the present study we found that i.v. tolerance induction resulted in lower B7.1, B7.2 and MHC class II molecules, and reduced phagocytosis by both peritoneal macrophages and adherent splenocytes. Macrophages from tolerized mice were associated with a significantly impaired response of MOG-sensitized T cells to MOG. Macrophages from tolerized mice produced low levels of pro-inflammatory molecules IL-12, TNF-α, IL-1β, RANTES and MCP-1 and high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Administration of anti-TGF-β led to a reduction of IL-10 in tolerized mice. Thus, i.v. tolerance inhibits macrophage classical activation and APC function, increases macrophage alternative activation and IL-10 and TGF-β production. These cytokines, in turn, induce enhanced production of IL-10 in macrophages in MOG i.v. mice.