cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comment choosing a monetary instrument the case of supply-side shocks

Abstract In a recent paper Craine and Havenner (1981) claim that ‘an additional advantage of the linear-quadratic framework (which is not well known) is that the basic forces affecting the instrument choice decision can be analyzed without an explicit specification for price expectations since the distribution of the error terms in a linear model is independent of the predetermined variables’ (p. 219). The aim of this note is to demonstrate that Craine and Havenner's claim does not generalize to models with expectations of future variables conditioned on present information, such as Turnovsky's (1980) model.
“What makes you think you have special privileges because you are a police officer?” A qualitative exploration of police's role in the risk environment of female sex workers

Worldwide, female sex workers (FSWs) have high rates of HIV. Many factors that escalate their risk lay outside of their control, primarily in the environments in which they practice sex. An understudied yet powerful risk environment is that of police. We qualitatively explored sex workers' interactions with police in their personal and professional lives. Thirty-five FSWs were purposively sampled in Baltimore, MD, in 2012. Women discussed experiences of police verbal harassment, sexual exploitation, extortion, and a lack of police responsiveness to 911 calls in emergencies, largely partner violence. Women's mistrust of police was often developed at an early age and further reinforced by interactions in their personal and professional lives. The study underscores the need for targeting police in reducing sex workers' HIV and other risks. The case for police's role in generating risk is evident, which could be addressed through structural interventions targeting both police practices and policies.
The vasoregulatory role of endothelium derived nitric oxide during pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass

The role of pulsatile flow as a physiologic stimulus for endothelium mediated vasoregulation is poorly understood. Furthermore, non pulsatile flow, which is associated with increased vascular resistance and end-organ failure, has been demonstrated to lead to a decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production in vitro. Anesthetized pigs (23.4 +/- 0.3 kg) were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass using either non pulsatile or pulsatile perfusion for 60 min. In both groups, animals were maintained with a constant mean aortic flow (1.0-1.3 L/min). Serum samples obtained during bypass were assayed for the stable end-products of NO (nitrate [NO3-] and nitrite [NO2-]) by a method based on the Greiss reaction. Systemic vascular resistance was higher after 60 min in the non pulsatile (3712.5 +/- 481.2 dyne sec cm(-5)) vs the pulsatile group (2672.6 +/- 427.0 dyne sec cm(-5)), but not statistically significant (p > .05). However, NO production was decreased in the non pulsatile flow group (27 +/- 6%) vs the pulsatile flow group (14 +/- 5%) at a statistically significant level (p < .005). The results suggest that non pulsatile flow is associated with diminished endothelial shear stress and a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide production. This may contribute to the detrimental physiologic effects observed in prolonged non pulsatile flow states.
Algebraic field descriptions in three-dimensional Euclidean space

In this paper, we use the differential forms of three-dimensional Euclidean space to realize a Clifford algebra which is isomorphic to the algebra of the Pauli matrices or the complex quaternions. This is an associative vector-antisymmetric tensor algebra with division: We provide the algebraic inverse of an eight-component spinor field which is the sum of a scalar + vector + pseudovector + pseudoscalar. A surface of singularities is defined naturally by the inverse of an eight-component spinor and corresponds to a generalized Minkowski “double” light cone in the parameter space. A general description of finite spatial rotations, which utilizes the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula, generalizes the usual infinitesimal treatments of the rotation group. We derive an explicit expression for the angle corresponding to two successive finite rotations in any direction. We also discuss Lorentz transformations and duality rotations of the electromagnetic field and exhibit a relationship between the algebraic inverse and a duality rotated field. Using a combined transformation, one can always transform an arbitrary electromagnetic field (E≠0) into a pure electric field, but never into a pure magnetic field.
GSEA-SNP identifies genes associated with Johne’s disease in cattle

SNP-based gene-set enrichment analysis from single nucleotide polymorphisms, or GSEA-SNP, is a tool to identify candidate genes based on enrichment analysis of sets of genes rather than single SNP associations. The objective of this study was to identify modest-effect genes associated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) tissue infection or fecal shedding using GSEA-SNP applied to KEGG pathways or Gene Ontology (GO) gene sets. The Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip was used to genotype 209 Holstein cows for the GSEA-SNP analyses. For each of 13,744 annotated genes genome-wide located within 50 kb of a Bovine SNP50 SNP, the single SNP with the highest Cochran-Armitage Max statistic was used as a proxy statistic for that gene’s strength of affiliation with Map. Gene-set enrichment was tested using a weighted Kolmogorov-Smirnov-like running sum statistic with data permutation to adjust for multiple testing. For tissue infection and fecal shedding, no gene sets in KEGG pathways or in GO sets for molecular function or cellular component were enriched for signal. The GO biological process gene set for positive regulation of cell motion (GO:0051272, q = 0.039, 5/11 genes contributing to the core enrichment) was enriched for Map tissue infection, while no GO biological process gene sets were enriched for fecal shedding. GSEA-SNP complements traditional SNP association approaches to identify genes of modest effects as well as genes with larger effects as demonstrated by the identification of one locus that we previously found to be associated with Map tissue infection using a SNP-by-SNP genome-wide association study.
Genetic, functional and molecular features of glucocorticoid receptor binding

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are key mediators of stress response and are widely used as pharmacological agents to treat immune diseases, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, and certain types of cancer. GCs act mainly by activating the GC receptor (GR), which interacts with other transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Here, we combined different functional genomics approaches to gain molecular insights into the mechanisms of action of GC. By profiling the transcriptional response to GC over time in 4 Yoruba (YRI) and 4 Tuscans (TSI) lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs), we suggest that the transcriptional response to GC is variable not only in time, but also in direction (positive or negative) depending on the presence of specific interacting transcription factors. Accordingly, when we performed ChIP-seq for GR and NF-κB in two YRI LCLs treated with GC or with vehicle control, we observed that features of GR binding sites differ for up- and down-regulated genes. Finally, we show that eQTLs that affect expression patterns only in the presence of GC are 1.9-fold more likely to occur in GR binding sites, compared to eQTLs that affect expression only in its absence. Our results indicate that genetic variation at GR and interacting transcription factors binding sites influences variability in gene expression, and attest to the power of combining different functional genomic approaches.
Speciation: Down the bottleneck?

Abstract Experiments in which laboratory populations of fruitflies have been repeatedly passed through bottlenecks fail to support ‘founder-effect' models of speciation.
A robust approach to battery fuel gauging, part II: Real time capacity estimation

Abstract In this paper, the second of a series on battery fuel gauging, we present an approach for real time capacity estimation. In part I of this series, we presented a real time parameter estimation approach for various battery equivalent models. The proposed capacity estimation scheme has the following novel features: it employes total least squares (TLS) estimation in order to account for uncertainties in both model and the observations in capacity estimation. The TLS method can adaptively track changes in battery capacity. We propose a second approach to estimate battery capacity by exploiting rest states in the battery. This approach is devised to minimize the effect of hysteresis in capacity estimation. Finally, we propose a novel approach for optimally fusing capacity estimates obtained through different methods. Then, the proposed algorithm was validated using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) data collected from commercially available Li-ion batteries. The proposed approach performs within 1% or better accuracy in terms of capacity estimation based on both simulated as well as HIL evaluations.
Performance of a wavelength-diversified FSO tracking algorithm for real-time battlefield communications

Free-space optical (FSO) communications links are envisioned as a viable option for the provision of temporary high-bandwidth communication links between moving platforms, especially for deployment in battlefield situations. For successful deployment in such real-time environments, fast and accurate alignment and tracking of the FSO equipment is essential. In this paper, a two-wavelength diversity scheme using 1.55 μm and 10 μm is investigated in conjunction with a previously described tracking algorithm to maintain line-of-sight connectivity battlefield scenarios. An analytical model of a mobile FSO communications link is described. Following the analytical model, simulation results are presented for an FSO link between an unmanned aerial surveillance vehicle, the Global Hawk, with a mobile ground vehicle, an M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. The scenario is analyzed under varying weather conditions to verify continuous connectivity is available through the tracking algorithm. Simulation results are generated to describe the performance of the tracking algorithm with respect to both received optical power levels and variations in beam divergence. Advances to any proposed tracking algorithm due to these power and divergence variations are described for future tracking algorithm development.
Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions: A longitudinal investigation.

In this longitudinal investigation, we examined the emotional content of 17 white middle-class parents' conversations about past events with their children at 40 and 70 months of age. Parents' use of emotion language did not differ depending upon parent gender, but strong differences were found in parents' use of emotion terms depending upon child gender. Parents' references to emotion were more frequent and varied with daughters than with sons. They also mentioned sadness and disliking more often with daughters than with sons. While no differences were found between girls and boys at 40 months of age, by 70 months, girls mentioned more unique emotion terms than did boys. Children more frequently used emotion terms with their fathers than with their mothers. Age-related changes in parents' and children's use of emotion language were also documented. The role of conversations about the past in the differential emotion socialization of girls and boys is discussed.
Metabolism of [Des-Gly10,D-Trp6]LHRH ethylamide in rabbit nasal tissue.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether [Des-Gly10, D-Trp6]LHRH ethylamide, a nonapeptide LHRH agonist known as deslorelin, is degraded by the rabbit nasal tissue. Deslorelin was incubated with nasal tissue either alone or in the presence of 0.1 mM ouabain, 0.1% 2,4-dinitrophenol, 0.1 mM phosphoramidon, 0.1 mM N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK) or 2% EDTA at 37 °C. Furthermore, deslorelin alone was incubated with nasal tissue at 4 °C. All incubation solutions were adjusted to isotonicity and pH 5.0. At the end of 90 min, the supernatants were analyzed using a reversed-phase HPLC. Metabolite peaks could be detected in all the above experiments except the low temperature study, suggesting inhibition of metabolism at low temperature. Intact drug remaining in the supernatant was elevated by about 32% by ouabain and dinitrophenol, suggesting that energydependent cellular uptake is likely for deslorelin. Phosphoramidon and TPCK failed to alter deslorelin levels, suggesting that phosphoramidon and TPCK sensitive endopeptidases did not contribute to the observed deslorelin metabolism. However, EDTA significantly elevated the intact deslorelin levels in a dose-dependent manner, with an elevation of 113% with 2% EDTA. With 2% EDTA, the metabolite peaks almost completely disappeared, indicating a possible role for either metal-activated peptidases or metallo-endopeptidases in the nasal metabolism of deslorelin.
A historical hypothesis on the origin of the norton grape

During the early nineteenth century, the state of Virginia, USA, had several indigenous varieties of hybrid wine grapes. These appeared naturally as attempts at growing European Vitis vinifera provided a European pollen source for nearby wild American grapes while the vinifera survived. Grapes such as red bland, cunningham, woodson, ronk's blue grape, and beaverdam were once found across Virginia. Today, Virginia producers grow only one representative from that time – the norton variety. Fragmented historical evidence provides for an incomplete, yet compelling argument for the origin of this important variety with only a few reasoned inferences. The resulting hypothesis provides a guide to a robust viticulture for Virginia (and eastern North America) that, if revived, would be the foundation for a truly sustainable viticulture. Norton analog grapes could be grown to produce fruit with high enough quality for excellent wine with a fraction (at most 1/5–1/4 current rates) of the pesticides used to grow Euro...
Alexandria digital library: user evaluation studies and system design

The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) is one of the six digital library projects funded by NSF, DARPA, and NASA. ADL's collection and services focus on information containing georeferences: maps, images, data sets, text, and other information sources with links to geographic locations. During this study period, three different user interfaces were developed and tested by user groups. User feedback was collected through various formal and informal approaches and the results fed back into the design and implementation cycle. This article describes the evolution of the ADL system and the effect of user evaluation on that evolution. ADL is an ongoing project; user feedback and evaluation plans for the remainder of the project are described.
Cluster Formation in Grafted Polymers with Interactive End-Groups

Abstract We performed a Monte Carlo simulation to model the behavior of grafted polymers that contain functional groups on the “free” ends of the chains. When the attraction between these end-groups is sufficiently strong to overcome the stretching energy of the chains, the end-groups aggregate and the system thereby undergoes a micro-phase separation. Our results indicate how to tailor the end-group interactions, the chain length and the grafting density in order to control the lateral properties of the grafted layer.
Institutional Breakdown and International Cooperation: the European Agreement to Recognize Croatia and Slovenia:

Using the logic of a two-phase cooperation framework (first bargaining to reach an agreement, then enforcement of the negotiated agreement), this article examines how the risk of institutional brea...
STOCK MARKET PERCEPTION OF INDUSTRIAL FIRM BANKRUPTCY

The objectives of this study are to determine (1) when the stock market first perceives the impending bankruptcy of a potentially bankrupt firm and (2) what firm-specific factors explain the interval between the perception time and the eventual date of bankruptcy (i.e., market lead time). A computational methodology based on the Hillmer-Yu technique is used to determine the month in which a structural change in the mean and variance of monthly stock return occurs for a potentially bankrupt firm. This parametric change month or the “market perception time” is computed for a sample of 47 industrial firms. The range of market lead times cautions against the common assumption of a uniform event period in event studies. The lead time interval (for both the mean and variance of monthly market return) of poteintially bankrupt firms is found to be positively related to the firm's earnings per share at the time of stock market perception of eventual bankruptcy. Neither the firm's asset size nor systematic risk appear to be significant indicators of lead time interval. Also, change in investment at market perception time is positively related to percentage change in the market lead times. This suggests that innovations in the investment variable are a source of new information to the security market in assesing the probability of future bankruptcy of a firm.
Occupational stress and failures of social support: when helping hurts.

Research, theory, and practice generally assume that contact with others, often characterized as social support, is beneficial to the recipient. The current study, however, explores the possibility that workplace social interactions, even if intended to be helpful, can sometimes be harmful. University employees (N 403) completed an online survey examining three types of potentially supportive interactions with other people in the workplace that might be harmful: Interactions that make the person focus on how stressful the workplace is, help that makes the recipient feel inadequate or incompetent, and help that is unwanted. Results suggest that these types of social interactions at work were indeed likely to be related to worse rather than to improved psychological and physical health. The most potentially harmful forms of these three social interactions were those that drew the person’s attention to stress in the workplace. These results indicate that in some instances social interactions, even if ostensibly helpful, may be harmful.
The Horny Membrane of Neohelia porcellana

Two years ago. Miss Edith Pratt published in vol. v. of Willey's “Zoological Results” a paper on the anatomy of Neohelia porcellana. In this paper attention was directed to a horny membrane lining the hollow tube which forms the axis of the colony, and the suggestion was made that this horny membrane is secreted by the Neohelia itself. The single specimen which Miss Pratt had to investigate was, unfortunately, a small one, and in the criticisms which appeared some doubts were expressed as to whether this horny membrane was not secreted by some tubicolous worm which formerly inhabited the hollow tube of the corallum, and not by the Neohelia itself. I have recently had the opportunity of examining specimens of two species of the closely related genus Amphihelia, one (A. oculata) from a depth of 240 fathoms off the coast of Florida, the other (A. ramea) obtained by H.M.S. Porcupine in the Faeroe Channel, 363 fathoms. In both of them there is a horny membrane similar in character and position to that described for Neohelia. Now it is difficult to believe that a worm forming the same kind of tube, with the same habit of mysteriously disappearing when the corals are preserved, occurs in such widely separated districts as Florida, deep water. New Britain, shallow water, and the Faeroe Channel, deep water. The only reasonable conclusion is that these madrepores do actually secrete this horny membrane themselves.
Nonexperimental Designs and Program Evaluation

Abstract Sometimes implementing evaluation designs that involve random assignment or strong nonrandomized comparison group designs is not feasible. When this is the case, several other types of comparisons may offer credible, though not conclusive, evidence on program effects. This article describes three approaches—comparisons of the outcomes of the treatment group with a national sample, comparisons of the outcomes of program participants and nonparticipants, and dose-response analyses—and illustrates their use in the evaluation of the School-Based Adolescent Health Care Program. The findings suggest that if outcomes are measured before and after the intervention, comparisons of the treatment group outcomes to outcomes for a national sample may provide valid estimates of program effects. The other two types of comparisons produced implausible and unstable estimates of program effects. Because of the selection bias inherent in these two methods, researchers cannot count on being able to produce plausible estimates of program effects with such comparisons.
Middle- and long-wavelength discrimination declines with rod photopigment regeneration.

Hue-discrimination functions were derived from hue-naming data (480–620 nm, 20 nm steps) obtained in 4 min intervals from 4 min to 28 min postbleach at 10° temporal retinal eccentricity. Hue-naming data were also obtained in the fovea. Hue-discrimination functions derived at the 4, 8, and 12 min intervals were very similar to those derived in the fovea. As time postbleach exceeded 12 min and rod sensitivity increased, the shape of the hue-discrimination functions changed. Most notably, the minimum between 560–580 nm disappeared and the just noticeable differences (JNDs) for the longer wavelength stimuli increased. The long-wavelength suppression in hue discrimination may be due to rod input in the magnocellular pathway interacting and affecting the long-wavelength sensitivity of the parvocellular pathway.
Inhomogeneity study of alanine-doped TGS crystal using micro-probe raman spectroscopy

Abstract Micro-probe Raman spectroscopy is used for studying positional inhomogeneity in alanine-doped TGS crystals. 20 data points are measured along the c- and a-axes. Several known Raman peaks are observed unchanged, but most other peaks are found to be changed remarkably. The major difference in spectra are found to be related to SO4 vibrations. The vibrational frequencies are found to be lowered near the seed position. The most unstable spectra are detected in the vicinity of the seed region.
Quantum dynamics, the RHIC HBT puzzle, and the chiral phase transition

We use a relativistic optical model formalism to describe the emission of pions produced within a dense, strongly-interacting system of matter in the presence of strong radial flow and absorption. The attenuated or unattenuated plane waves of earlier emission function approaches are replaced with “distorted wave” solutions to a relativistic wave equation including a complex optical potential. The resulting distorted-wave emission function model (DWEF) is used in numerical calculations to describe HBT correlations and the resonance-corrected pion spectrum from central-collision STAR Au+Au pion data at s = 200 GeV . The parameters of the emission function are constrained by adopting a pion formation temperature taken from lattice gauge calculations and a chemical potential equal to the pion mass suggested by chiral symmetry restoration. The optical has strong attraction as well as absorption. Excellent agreement with the STAR data are obtained. The applications are extended by applying linear participant scaling to the space-time parameters of the model, so that we predict HBT radii over a range of centralities for both Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions. Good agreement is found with STAR HBT data for all but the most peripheral collisions. For outgoing pion momenta less than about 500 MeV/c, our pionic distorted wave functions are very different than the corresponding functions obtained by using the familiar eikonal approximation. All of the results presented in the talk are in Refs. [J.G. Cramer, G.A. Miller, J.M.S. Wu and J.H.S. Yoon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 (2005) 102302 arXiv:nucl-th/0411031 ], [G.A. Miller and J.G. Cramer, Polishing the lens. I: Pionic final state interactions and HBT correlations. Distorted wave emission function (DWEF) formalism and examples, arXiv:nucl-th/0507004 , submitted to Phys. Rev. C].
Behavioural observations in gunn rats

The Gunn rat is a hooded mutant of albino rat with various biochemical defects, including a low UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase activity. As a consequence, about half of their offspring are jaundiced from birth, due to high free bilirubin levels, and develop widespread brain damage. The behaviour of both jaundiced and nonjaundiced Gunn rats was studied in four different tests in a shuttle-box and in a stepthrough passive avoidance situation, and compared with that of normal hooded rats. No differences among groups were found in performance of shuttle responses to a tone in a pseudoconditioning paradigm in which tones and shocks were given at random. However, rats from the two Gunn groups made less shuttlings to the tone in two tests that involved an avoidance contingency (each response cancelled one shock). In addition, nonicteric Gunn rats also performed poorly in a classical conditioning test in the shuttle-box (tones and shocks paired on every trial regardless of responses). This last deficiency of non-icteric Gunn rats may be explained by their higher tendency to freeze in situations involving stimulus-stimulus interactions. They also showed a higher latency than that of the two other groups to enter the dark side of the step-through apparatus on their first exposure to it. All animals seemed to learn the passive-avoidance task to the same extent, however, as shown in a retest carried out 48 h later. Both Gunn groups were hypersensitive to the stereotyped-behaviour-inducing action of apomorphine (0.125–1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), but all groups were about equally sensitive to that of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.5–4.0 mg/kg). Since apomorphine is disposed of by glucuronidation, this might be explained by the low UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase activity known to exist in the Gunn animals. The present results show that additional genetic defects have developed by in-breeding in the Gunn population, which are unrelated to brain damage caused by bilirubin, and which can be well characterized from a behavioural standpoint.
Inhibition of K/HCO(3) cotransport in squid axons by quaternary ammonium ions.

Previous squid-axon studies identified a novel K/HCO3 cotransporter that is insensitive to disulfonic stilbene derivatives. This cotransporter presumably responds to intracellular alkali loads by moving K+ and HCO− 3 out of the cell, tending to lower intracellular pH (pHi). With an inwardly directed K/HCO3 gradient, the cotransporter mediates a net uptake of alkali (i.e., K+ and HCO− 3 influx). Here we test the hypothesis that intracellular quaternary ammonium ions (QA+) inhibit the inwardly directed cotransporter by interacting at the intracellular K+ site. We computed the equivalent HCO− 3 influx (J HCO3) mediated by the cotransporter from the rate of pHi increase, as measured with pH-sensitive microelectrodes. We dialyzed axons to pHi 8.0, using a dialysis fluid (DF) free of K+, Na+ and Cl−. Our standard artificial seawater (ASW) also lacked Na+, K+ and Cl−. After halting dialysis, we introduced an ASW containing 437 mm K+ and 0.5% CO2/12 mm HCO− 3, which (i) caused membrane potential to become transiently very positive, and (ii) caused a rapid pHi decrease, due to CO2 influx, followed by a slower plateau-phase pHi increase, due to inward cotransport of K+ and HCO− 3. With no QA+ in the DF, J HCO3 was ∼58 pmole cm−2 sec−1. With 400 mm tetraethylammonium (TEA+) in the DF, J HCO3 was virtually zero. The apparent K i for intracellular TEA+ was ∼78 mm, more than two orders of magnitude greater than that obtained by others for inhibition of K+ channels. Introducing 100 mm inhibitor into the DF reduced J HCO3 to ∼20 pmole cm−2 sec−1 for tetramethylammonium (TMA+), ∼24 for TEA+, ∼10 for tetrapropylammonium (TPA+), and virtually zero for tetrabutylammonium (TBA+). The apparent K i value for TBA+ is ∼0.86 mm. The most potent inhibitor was phenyl-propyltetraethylammonium (PPTEA+), with an apparent K i of ∼91 μm. Thus, trans-side quaternary ammonium ions inhibit K/HCO3 influx in the potency sequence PPTEA+ > TBA+ > TPA+ > TEA+≅ TMA+. The identification of inhibitors of the K/HCO3 cotransporter, for which no inhibitors previously existed, will facilitate the study of this transporter.
Friction Stir Processing (FSP) of As-Cast AA5083 for Grain Refinement and Superplasticity

Multi-pass FSP was conducted on continuously-cast (CC) AA5083 materials in the as-cast condition. Stir zone grains were refined to ~1.0 – 3.5μm in size and highly superplastic response was obtained during tension testing of the as-processed materials at 450°C (>1200 pct. elongation at 10-1 s-1). Current models of recrystallization do not predict adequately the highly refined grains and predominantly random textures that are observed in stir zones. Grain refinement during FSP is accompanied by refinement and redistribution of non-deforming constituents in the absence of particle fracture. The mechanics of the homogenization process remain to be established and requirements for redistribution mechanisms will be summarized. Comparison reveals that results from FSP of the as-cast material are superior to those attained in conventional processing.
Male Transfer Student Athletes and Schlossberg’s Transition Theory

The purpose of this study was to examine transfer student athletes’ perceptions of their transition experience. Studies of student athletes typically focus on “traditional” student athletes who matriculate to college directly from high school. This study sought to fill the void in the research literature. Schlossberg’s Transition Theory was used as the conceptual framework for this study. Twelve male transfer student athletes from a Midwestern Division I university were interviewed regarding their transition experience. The findings would suggest that Schlossberg’s Transition Theory provides a relevant framework within which to examine the transition experience of transfer student athletes. The findings indicate that transfer student athletes are relatively self-reliant relying on a narrow support network consisting of family and members of the athletic department including teammates. These athletes reported that they had a limited amount of engagement with the broader university community. All of the ath...
Situational Construction of Masculinity among Male Street Thieves

Increasingly, theorists recognize that the influence of masculinity on decision making is situationally contingent and embedded in interactions. Using interviews with ninety-four male street thieves, the authors describe the situations that bring constructions of masculinity into the foreground of street crime. In certain situations, men are likely to engage in criminal behavior as a mechanism for constructing their masculinity. The authors find that hanging with criminally capable associates and partying are critically significant for understanding when masculine concerns bear on criminal decision making. In these situations, copresent others interpret inappropriate actions or responses as definitive signs of weakness, passivity, and failure in the struggle to be a man. They also examine how age and criminal experience shape conceptions of masculinity and the style of their enactment.
Sensitivity of mean canopy stomatal conductance to vapor pressure deficit in a flooded Taxodium distichum L. forest: hydraulic and non-hydraulic effects

We measured the xylem sap flux in 64-year- old Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard trees growing in a flooded forest using Granier-type sensors to estimate mean canopy stomatal conductance of the stand (GS). Temporal variations in G S were investigated in relation to variation in vapor pressure deficit ( D), photosynthetic photon flux density (Qo), and the transpiration rate per unit of leaf area ( E L ), the latter variable serving as a proxy for plant water potential. We found that G S was only weakly related to Qo below 500 µmol m -2 s -1 (r 2 =0.29), but unrelated to Q o above this value. Above Q o =500 µmol m-2 s-1 and D=0.6 kPa, G S decreased lin- early with increasing EL with a poor fit (r 2 =0.31), and linearly with lnD with a much better fit ( r 2 =0.81). The decrease of G S with lnD was at a rate predicted based on a simple hydraulic model in which stomata regulate the minimum leaf water potential. Based on the hydraulic model, stomatal sensitivity to D is proportional to stoma- tal conductance at low D. A hurricane caused an ~41% reduction in leaf area. This resulted in a 28% increase in G S at D=1 kPa (G Sref ), indicating only partial compen- sation. As predicted, the increase in GSref after the hurricane was accompanied by a similar increase in stomatal sensitivity to D (29%). At night, G Sref was ~20% of the daytime value under non-limiting light (Q o >500 µmol m-2 s-1). However, stomatal sensitivity to D decreased only to ~46% (both reductions referenced to prehurricane daytime values), thus having more than twice the sensitivity expected based on hydraulic consid- erations alone. Therefore, non-hydraulic processes must cause heightened nighttime stomatal sensitivity to D.
Chocolate consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the NHLBI Family Heart Study.

Summary Background & aims Previous studies have suggested that cocoa products, which are rich sources of flavonoids, may lower blood pressure, serum cholesterol, fasting blood glucose and improve endothelial function. However, it is unclear whether consumption of cocoa products including chocolate influences the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In a cross-sectional design, we sought to examine the association between chocolate consumption and the prevalence of MetS. Methods We studied 4098 participants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study aged 25–93 years. Chocolate consumption was assessed using a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. MetS was defined using the NCEP III criteria. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate prevalence odds ratios of MetS according to frequency of chocolate intake. Results Of the 4098 participants (mean age 51.7 y) included in the analyses, 2206 (53.8%) were female. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in our population was 30.2%. Compared with those who did not consume any chocolate, multivariate adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) for MetS were 1.26 (0.94, 1.69), 1.15 (0.85, 1.55), and 0.99 (0.66, 1.51) among women who reported chocolate consumption of 1–3 times/month, 1–4 times/week, and 5+ times/week, respectively. Corresponding values for men were: 1.13 (0.82, 1.57), 1.02 (0.74, 1.39), and 1.21 (0.79, 1.85). Conclusion These data do not support an association between chocolate intake and the prevalence of MetS in US adult men and women.
Effect of maropitant, a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, on anesthetic requirements during noxious visceral stimulation of the ovary in dogs

Objective—To determine the anesthetic-sparing effect of maropitant, a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist, during noxious visceral stimulation of the ovary and ovarian ligament in dogs. Animals—Eight 1-year-old female dogs. Procedures—Dogs were anesthetized with sevoflurane. Following instrumentation and stabilization, the right ovary and ovarian ligament were accessed by use of laparoscopy. The ovary was stimulated with a traction force of 6.61 N. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) was determined before and after 2 doses of maropitant. Results—The sevoflurane MAC value was 2.12 ± 0.4% during stimulation without treatment (control). Administration of maropitant (1 mg/kg, IV, followed by 30 μg/kg/h, IV) decreased the sevoflurane MAC to 1.61 ± 0.4% (24% decrease). A higher maropitant dose (5 mg/kg, IV, followed by 150 μg/kg/h, IV) decreased the MAC to 1.48 ± 0.4% (30% decrease). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Maropitant decreased the anesthetic requirements during visceral stimulation of the ovary an...
Free-form deformations via sketching and manipulating scalar fields

This paper presents a novel Scalar-field based Free-Form Deformation (SFFD) technique founded upon general flow constraints and implicit functions. In contrast to the traditional lattice-based FFD driven by parametric geometry and spline theory, we employ scalar fields as embedding spaces instead. Upon the deformation of the scalar field, the vertices will move accordingly, which result in free-form deformations of the embedded object. The scalar field construction, sketching, and manipulation are both natural and intuitive. By tightly coupling self-adaptive subdivision and mesh optimization with SFFD, versatile multi-resolution free-form deformations can be achieved because our algorithm can adaptively refine and improve the model on the fly to improve the mesh quality. We can also enforce various constraints on embedded models, which enable our technique to preserve the shape features and facilitate more sophisticated design. Our system demonstrates that SFFD is very powerful and intuitive for shape modeling. It significantly enhances traditional FFD techniques and facilitates a larger number of shape deformations.
Relational Process Ontology: A Grounding for Global Governance

This article presents a Governance Typology comprising philosophical and practical theoretical elements which compose four ideal-types found in dominant Western political theory, what we label Inst...
Electroabsorption of zinc telluride films

Abstract The effect of strong electric fields on the optical absorption edge of polycrystalline thin films of ZnTe has been investigated at room temperature, resulting in a quantitative determination of the reduced effective mass. Using the hole effective mass deduced from Hall measurements a value of approximately 0·16 m 0 is obtained for the electron effective mass in ZnTe.
The relationship between large cavum septum pellucidum and antisocial behavior, callous‐unemotional traits and psychopathy in adolescents

Background: The presence of a large cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) has been previously associated with antisocial behavior/psychopathic traits in an adult community sample. Aims: The current study investigated the relationship between a large CSP and symptom severity in disruptive behavior disorders (DBD; conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder). Method: Structural MRI scans of youth with DBDs (N = 32) and healthy comparison youth (N = 27) were examined for the presence of a large CSP and if this was related to symptom severity. Results: Replicating previous results, a large CSP was associated with DBD diagnosis, proactive aggression, and level of psychopathic traits in youth. However, the presence of a large CSP was unrelated to aggression or psychopathic traits within the DBD sample. Conclusions: Early brain mal-development may increase the risk of a DBD diagnosis, but does not mark a particularly severe form of DBD within patients receiving these diagnoses. Language: en
Pediatrics and the dollar sign: charges, costs, and striving towards value.

coordination, overtreatment, administrative complexity, pricing failures, and fraud and abuse, what is the involvement of the child healthcare delivery system? How should pediatricians think about saving money when child health accounts for less than one tenth of total spending on one quarter of the American population – and when total waste on “administrative complexity” may exceed every dollar devoted to efforts to improve the well-being of children? Itisinteresting,therefore,that twostudiesinthis issue of AcademicPediatricscallattentionto thedollarsign:Teufel et al 3 evaluate the costs ofinpatient pediatric care related to health information technology and Lu and Zuo 4 estimate hospital charges associated with potentially preventable pediatric hospitalizations. These seemingly unrelated articles highlight the challenges we face with financial issues and raise several additional questions related to identifying waste and improving value. Tobegin,wehaveanimprecisenotionof“cost”inhealth care. We rarely consider direct versus indirect, fixed versus variable, marginal, or opportunity costs. We often use charges as a proxy for cost, with Lu and Zuo 4 using them directly and Teufel et al 3 using them indirectly by way of cost-to-charge ratios. Charges, however, are artificial figures that imprecisely express relative utilization of resources. A charge of $500 for a laboratory test tells us nothing about the actual costs of performing that service, let alone about doing one more of those tests (marginal cost) or about the appropriate price for it. To truly advance theirefficiencyof care,healthsystemsneed robustand reliable cost accounting systems and greater transparency around costs and prices. 5
Cross-National Patterns of Labor Force Withdrawal*

In this paper, we compare the patterns of labor force withdrawal of older workers in seven OECD countries. We find wide variation in retirement patterns and recent trends. In Sweden and the United States, for example, it is relatively common for workers to combine retirement benefits and earnings (i.e., to continue working while "retired"), while in Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and (West) Germany, this is much less common. These countries have also had very different experiences in arresting the postwar trend toward earlier retirement. After significant declines prior to 1985, the labor force participation rates of older men in Australia, West Germany and the United States have been almost unchanged, while the pre-1985 trends have continued unabated in Sweden and Canada. The challenge to researchers is to correlate the diverse public policies in these countries with the very different labor market experiences observed.
Quantification of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in the Turkey Uterovaginal Junction

Abstract Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were quantified in the uterovaginal junction (UVJ) and sperm-storage tubule (SST) epithelia in virgin hens 22 wk and inseminated hens 2 to 4, 10, and 22 wk after the onset of photostimulation. The UVJ epithelium of virgin and all inseminated hens possessed about 1 to 2 IEL/100 luminal epithelial cells. There were no significant interactions between hen fertility 22 wk postphotostimulation and the percentage of IEL in the UVJ or SST epithelia nor did the presence or absence of luminal sperm influence the percentage of IEL in the SST of inseminated hens. However, the percentage of IEL in the SST (with or without luminal sperm) was significantly higher 22 wk postphotostimulation than in the similar tissue at 2 to 4 and 10 wk. It is suggested that IEL at the SST may act to sequester sperm antigens or represent an autoimmune response to some factor(s) associated with the SST.
FOLLOWERS OF BLACK JESUS ON ALERT: THOUGHTS ON THE STORY OF TUPAC SHAKUR'S LIFE/DEATH/LIFE

There has been a great deal of attention given to Tupac Shakur in recent years. Much of this has involved speculation concerning his life and death—with some of his fans arguing that he will return. In this essay, the authors explore and unpack this discussion of Tupac's "second coming," relating it to notions of the trickster figure and Jesus Christ.
Developmental Screening Among Children Born Preterm in a High-Risk Follow-Up Clinic

OBJECTIVE The psychometric properties of two formats of developmental screening tools that may be used in follow-up clinics providing primary care to children born preterm are presented. METHODS 28 children born extremely preterm (<27 weeks) attending a high-risk clinic at the time of their 18-24 month visit were administered the Child Development Review, Brigance Early Head Start Screen II, and Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition. RESULTS Both screeners identified the majority of the sample as at-risk. The Brigance Screen II more accurately identified children at-risk compared with the Child Developmental Review (sensitivity: 1.00 and 0.44; specificity: 0.60 and 0.80; positive predictive value: 79% and 80%; negative predictive value: 100% and 44%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Screening assessments using direct skills assessment may be an efficient and effective method of identifying children with developmental delays, particularly high-frequency but lower severity difficulties, in high-risk follow-up care settings.
SCHUR MULTIPLICATIVE MAPS ON MATRICES

The structure of Schur multiplicative maps on matrices over a field is studied. The result is then used to characterize Schur multiplicative maps f satisfying for different subsets S of matrices including the set of rank k matrices, the set of singular matrices, and the set of invertible matrices. Characterizations are also obtained for maps on matrices such that Γ(f(A))=Γ(A) for various functions Γ including the rank function, the determinant function, and the elementary symmetric functions of the eigenvalues. These results include analogs of the theorems of Frobenius and Dieudonne on linear maps preserving the determinant functions and linear maps preserving the set of singular matrices, respectively.
Random walk modeling of mobility in wireless networks

The evaluation of quality of service (QoS) parameters in wireless cellular networks is different from that in fixed networks due to user mobility and the user confinement to cells within the coverage area. Simulation models and simplified analytical models approximating the source mobility in a cell or a multiplicity of cells have largely served as the means to study the performance of mobile cellular systems. Although these efforts may have been sufficient for the design and architecture of the first and early second generation mobile networks, more exact analytical models are needed to guide the design and assist in evaluation of architectural alternatives and selection of parameters for the next generation of mobile computing and communications networks. In this paper, we introduce more versatile models based on random walk which can capture the effect of source mobility. We develop mobility models by a two-dimensional random walk and the underlying Markov chain property of this random walk to derive the CDF for dwell time. We present preliminary results for the cases of rectangle and circular cell shapes. Our approach in this paper provides modeling mainly for distance-based criterion of boundary crossing. However, the models can be extended to take into account the radio link propagation effects.
Gap reduction techniques for online stochastic project scheduling

Anticipatory algorithms for online stochastic optimization have been shown very effective in a variety of areas, including logistics, reservation systems, and scheduling. For such applications which typically feature purely exogenous uncertainty, the one-step anticipatory algorithm was shown theoretically to be close to optimal when the stochasticity of the problem, measured by the anticipatory gap, is small. This paper studies the behavior of one-step anticipatory algorithms on applications in which the uncertainty is exogenous but the observations are endogenous. It shows that one-step anticipatory algorithms exhibit a much larger anticipatory gap and proposes a number of gap-reduction techniques to address this limitation. The resulting one-step anticipatory algorithms are shown to outperform significantly the state-of-the-art dynamic-programming approach on an online stochastic resource-constrained project scheduling application.