cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On a Variation of the Huberman-Lumer Adaptive Scheme

In this letter, we present a variation of the Huberman-Lumer scheme for adaptive systems. We show that this scheme has the advantage that for nonlinear systems with linear parameters, the synchronization error can be proven to approach zero. We also present an adaptive scheme for nonlinear systems with multiplicative parameters. Examples using Chua's oscillators are presented.
TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF COTTONSEED PROTEINS

Methods of texturing and gelling cottonseed protein isolates without extrusion were investigated as a means of extending the use of cottonseed derivatives as food ingredients. Water suspensions of storage protein isolates with a pH of 4.5–9.0 heated to 90°C while being stirred had the mouthfeel and chewiness of cooked meat; suspensions at pH values above and below this range formed self-sustaining gels. Isolates containing both nonstorage and storage proteins required suspension in 0.3% NaCl solutions between pH 4.0 and 9.0 for texturing. The textured products can be dehydrated for storage and rehydrated as needed. Meat products containing 10–20% textured cottonseed proteins had acceptable texture, color, flavor, and chemical properties; blandness was a problem with 30% products. Gel electrophoretic techniques elucidated some of the interactions of meat and cottonseed proteins during processing and also showed the usefulness of these procedures in identifying vegetable proteins in food systems.
BJ Spitler: geriatric care management pioneer.

ABSTRACT The late BJ Curry Spitler pioneered a new geriatric care management business model that combined care management with home health services and emphasized high levels of training and professionalism for all members of the caregiving team. After working with B J to write a marketing plan emphasizing quality, I learned to appreciate what she did when my mother needed “assisted living at home” services from the firm. Thanks to BJ Curry Spitler and her vision of helping seniors age in place, more elders are able to remain independent in their own homes with dignity and safety, and peace of mind for their families.
Inducing autophagy harmlessly.

An important role of autophagy in the clearance of misfolded proteins in neurons has been demonstrated. The challenge now is to see if we can develop small molecules that can induce autophagy without causing cellular damage. Addendum to: Zhang L, Yu J, Pan H, Hu P, Hao Y, Cai W, Zhu H, Yu AD, Xie X, Ma D, Yuan J. Small molecule regulators of autophagy identified by an image-based high-throughput screen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:19023–8.
The Role of Supervising Judges in the Granting of Parole in France: A Critical Evaluation

Since World War II, France has sought to decentralize and individualize its correctional system. The major change in the process was the creation of a new judicial role, that of Supervising Judge, who would incorporate both judicial and correctional roles. Until 1972, paroles were granted solely by the Ministry of Justice in Paris. But following legislative reforms in 1970 and 1972, Supervising Judges were given increased responsibilities in these matters. As a result there has been an increase in the total number of paroles awarded since 1972. The hoped-for reforms met with strong opposition from correctional authorities, who perceived Supervising Judges as usurping their authority. The reforms were also opposed by some trial judges who saw them as interfering with the traditional role of courts, particularly in the sentencing of offenders. The ambiguous nature of the role itself, neither clearly administrative nor clearly judicial, has contributed to the problem in the development of the institution. A ...
Separate, But How Unequal? Ethnic Residential Stratification, 1980 to 1990:

Much recent scholarship has focused on inequality in the socioeconomic status of neighborhoods in which different racial and ethnic groups are concentrated. However, the most widely used measures o...
Thomas Malthus and maternal bodies politic: gender, race, and empire

Abstract This essay explores the uneasy fit of representations of the Victorian monarchy and maternal metaphors of state with Malthusian doctrine and the debates over colonial initiatives and population pressures. Malthus's work on the principle of population authorized a potent mid-Victorian narrative which viewed the exalted body of the mother – and, by metaphoric homology, that of the state – as diseased, corrupt, and in imminent danger of putrefaction and decay. In Malthusian discourse, the colonies became the absolute sign of the pathology eating its way to the heart of the body politic. Malthusian discourse re-gendered the early nineteenth-century social body so that it became a silent, passive space upon which discursive expressions of the masculine could act. In the process, it also brought together troublesome conceptions of both race and gender to make a case for imperial progress and expansion
Paramagnetic defect centers of SiO2GeO2 gels and gel glasses

Gamma-ray induced paramagnetic centers were detected at 9.5 GHz and 300 K in supercritically dried 94 SiO26 GeO2 gels after heat treatment at 462°C. The ESR-spectrum of the gel consisted of a narrow (Hpp = 1.6 G, geff = 2.003) and an asymmetric (g1 = 2.001, g2 = 1.995, and g3 = 1.994) line. The asymmetric line was attributed to the Ge-E1′-center. The defect center generating the narrow line has not been identified yet. The supercritically dried gels after heat treatment (TH) at 1000, 1150, and 1280°C were also exposed to γ-ray irradiation. In the gel with TH = 1000°C, the Ge-E1′-center and the Ge(1)-center were detected. An increase in the densification temperature of 150°C (from 1000°C to 1150°C) causes the disappearance of the Ge-E1′-center. At TH = 1150 and 1280°C the signal of the Ge(1)-defect center dominated the ESR-spectra of these samples. The Ge(1)-defect center was described by an electron trapped by a germanium atom co-ordinated through bridging oxygens to two silicon and one germanium atoms.
Anaerobic uptake and utilization of glycine-2-14C by the estuarine bivalve Rangia cuneata at three salinities

Abstract 1. 1. During facultative anaerobiosis Rangia cuneata acclimated at 5, 10 and 15‰ were injected with 0.1 μCi glycine-2- 14 C into the pallial fluid and incubated for 3, 12, 24 and 72 h. 2. 2. Rangia rapidly accumulated glycine from the pallial fluid. 3. 3. Accumulation was not significantly different at 5, 10 and 15‰. 4. 4. Glycine was only metabolized into proteins, and at a slow rate which increased as salinity decreased. 5. 5. Glycine was not involved in production of ATP during facultative anaerobiosis. 6. 6. Results suggest both a general decrease in ATP utilization and selective inhibition of certain pathways in order to conserve ATP for the more essential pathways.
No fifth force

Hopes that geophysicists might be able to document a fifth force of nature have diminished, as new measurements and analyses of earlier geodetic experiments have yielded no solid evidence of a non-Newtonian component of gravity. Modern physics recognizes four fundamental forces with distinct spheres of influence: The strong and weak nuclear forces operate over the range of one atom, while gravity and electromagnetism have an infinite range. Gravity measurements over a few centimeters in laboratories and over millions of kilometers in space continue to buttress Issac Newton's conclusion that the gravitational force between two objects decreases as the square of the distance between them.
Measurement and temperature dependence of the electro-optic coefficient of a range of cross-linked DR-19 doped polyester films

The optical and electro-optic properties and the temperature stability of those properties has been measured for DR-19 doped polymer films with a range of cross-linking agents. The films show good transmission in the optical communication range due to the lack of OH and NH bonds in the material. The refractive index and field dependent indices are comparable with those previously reported. However, the temperature stability of the films is high. It is this temperature stability that makes the material attractive for electro-optic switching applications.
On the Ni5Al3 phase and related phenomena in a NiAlFe alloy

The Ni5Al3 Phase and related phenomena have been systematically studied using a Ni-25Al-15Fe alloy, with conventional and in situ optical microscopy and electrical resistance measurements. The present experimental results are comprehensively discussed in comparison with previous reports in order to clarify the complex characteristics of the Ni5Al3 phase and its formation mechanism.
OPTICAL DESIGN OF WFIRST-AFTA WIDE-FIELD INSTRUMENT

The WFIRSTAFTA Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope TMA optical design provides 0.28-sq FOV at 0.11 pixel scale, operating between 0.6 2.4m, including a spectrograph mode (1.3-1.95m.) An IFU provides a discrete 3x3.15 field at 0.15 sampling.
Scanning electron microscopy of the equine oviduct and observations on ciliary currents in vitro at day 2 after ovulation

There are considerable differences between mammalian species in the distribution and activity of ciliated cells within the oviduct, and limited information is available concerning either the distribution or activity of cilia within the equine oviduct. Patterns of ciliary activity were characterized in the ampulla and isthmus of oviducts recovered at 2 d after ovulation from 10 mares, and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine regional differences in the distribution of cilia in oviducts from 3 of these mares. Based upon the motility of 15 microm latex microspheres, ciliary activity was significantly (P < 0.001) greater in the ampullar oviduct compared with that of the isthmic oviduct. The direction of ciliary beat was consistently toward the uterus in all regions of the oviduct. Scanning electron microscopy revealed ciliated and secretory cells in both regions of the oviduct at 2 d after ovulation, with no apparent differences in the proportion of ciliated versus secretory cells.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin) immunocytochemistry as a labeling index in mouse lung tissues

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen is expressed in cells from late G1 through the S-phase of the cell cycle. Therefore, antibodies directed against this molecule should provide a probe for labeling immunocytochemically the nuclei of proliferating cells. Herein we demonstrate the feasibility and reliability of this technique by quantifying immunostained pulmonary nuclei. We applied polyclonal and monoclonal antisera to alveolar and bronchiolar pulmonary epithelial cells in various proliferative states in tissue-sections and in vitro. A/J mice had a slightly higher labeling index than C57BL/6J mice, and proliferation in both strains increased dramatically after butylated hydroxytoluene treatment produced compensatory hyperplasia of Type-II pneumocytes. Immunostaining in fetal and neonatal lung samples from mice was higher than in adults. Spontaneous lung adenomas had a higher labeling index than the surrounding normal lung tissue. In addition, new data contained herein demonstrate a strain difference in proliferation of bronchiolar epithelial cells, and quantify the extent to which BHT-induced lung damage increases these proliferative rates. This mammalian nuclear antigen did not cross-react with antiserum to a functionally related bacterial protein, the beta subunit of E. coli DNA polymerase-III holoenzyme.
Direct detection of variable tropospheric clouds near Titan's south pole

Atmospheric conditions on Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, allow the possibility that it could possess a methane condensation and precipitation cycle with many similarities to Earth's hydrological cycle. Detailed imaging studies of Titan have hitherto shown no direct evidence for tropospheric condensation clouds, although there has been indirect spectroscopic evidence for transient clouds. Here we report images and spectra of Titan that show clearly transient clouds, concentrated near the south pole, which is currently near the point of maximum solar heating. The discovery of these clouds demonstrates the existence of condensation and localized moist convection in Titan's atmosphere. Their location suggests that methane cloud formation is controlled seasonally by small variations in surface temperature, and that the clouds will move from the south to the north pole on a 15-year timescale.
The Microhematocrit Test as a Method for Evaluating Deferment by Copper Sulfate

Over 40,000 prospective blood donors were tested by the standard copper sulfate screening test for hemoglobin and 4.9% were found not to be acceptable. A repeat copper sulfate determination performed after a short waiting period resulted in the acceptance of 10% of the donors thus retested. Microhematocrit determinations on those donors deferred by the first copper sulfate test indicated that 63.7% of males and 44.1% of females would be acceptable using a microhematocrit standard of 40% or above for males and 38% or above for females. If a microhematocrit of 37% is used as the acceptance level for females, 59.8% of the deferred females would be acceptable. Microhematocrits performed on 1,157 donors accepted by the first standard copper sulfate test indicated that very few donors were being accepted who had unacceptable microhematocrits. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity determinations indicated that those blood donors failing the copper sulfate test but passing the microhematocrit differed from those passing the copper sulfate test, in that more low and high serum iron values were encountered in the former group. The author concludes that the copper sulfate test should be retained as the primary screening test by mobile blood collecting teams. Donors rejected by copper sulfate should be retested by the microhematocrit technic and a definite recommendation given to the donor concerning the need for medical treatment if the microhematocrit value is low.
Spirituality as a Protective Factor Against Female Gang Membership

This research analyzed the relationship between spirituality and gang membership. Spirituality can mediate the effect of negative characteristics within an individual's life including gang membership. For this study, incarcerated females were asked to self report gang membership and level of spirituality and religiosity to determine if spirituality served as a protective factor against gang membership.
Let's Gang Up on Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying has emerged as a major problem in recent years, afflicting both children and young adults. Tragic stories in the news about suicides of bullied teens have drawn public attention to the issue, and statistics indicate that its prevalence is growing. A 2006 survey commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council showed that more than 43 percent of US teens were subjected to cyberbullying at some point in the previous year (www.ncpc.org/ cyberbullying), while a 2008 survey by UCLA researchers reported that nearly three-quarters of teens had been bullied online at least once in the past 12 months (www.safeinyourspace. org/2008juvonengross.pdf). This paper discuss the novel design of social network software that can help prevent and manage the growing problem of cyberbullying.
Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in Haemophilus ducreyi infections.

† Ulcerative genital disease in the United States is commonly due to herpes simplex or syphilis. Until recently, chancroid, an infection caused by the gram-negative streptobacillusHaemophilus ducreyi, was infrequently diagnosed. Continuing immigration, however, has reintroduced the disease into this country, and urban outbreaks have been associated with contact with infected prostitutes. Extensive resistance has made previous antimicrobial agents ineffective. Evaluations of multiple antibiotics and varied dosing schedules have been undertaken in an effort to circumvent this resistance. Clinicians treating patients with genital ulcerations must be aware of this disease and its geographically variable antibiotic sensitivities. Recent evidence demonstrating an association between seropositivity for the human immunodeficiency virus and ulcerative genital disease places additional importance on the timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of chancroidal ulcers. (Arch Dermatol. 1989;125:1399-1405)
Reversible association of the cytokines MIP-1α and MIP-1β with the endothelia of the blood-brain barrier

Abstract Macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP)-1α and -1β have been postulated to exert their pyrogenic effects by acting directly at sites within the brain. Such activity would require circulating MIP-1s to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We examined the ability of the monomer and polymer of MIP-1α and the polymer of MIP-1β radioactively labeled with 125 iodine (I-MIP-1) to cross the BBB. These I-MIP-1s behaved very similarly to each other but in a manner not previously seen for other cytokines. The I-MIP-Is immediately associated to a high degree and in a reversible manner with the vascular space of the brain. This association did not increase over time nor was it self-inhibitable. These results make it unlikely that the MIP-Is are transported into the brain by saturable transport systems in the manner found for some of the other cytokines. Other mechanisms, such as interactions with brain endothelia, leakage into brain through extracellular pathways, and binding at circumventricular organs, are more likely to provide the mechanisms through which blood-borne MIP-1 s affect the central nervous system.
Shoulder, hip, and knee arthrography needle placement using fluoroscopic guidance: practice patterns of musculoskeletal radiologists in North America

The aim of this study was to evaluate the range of techniques used by radiologists performing shoulder, hip, and knee arthrography using fluoroscopic guidance. Questionnaires on shoulder, hip, and knee arthrography were distributed to radiologists at a national radiology meeting. We enquired regarding years of experience, preferred approaches, needle gauge, gadolinium dilution, and volume injected. For each approach, the radiologist was asked their starting and end needle position based on a numbered and lettered grid superimposed on a radiograph. Sixty-eight questionnaires were returned. Sixty-eight radiologists performed shoulder and hip arthrography, and 65 performed knee arthrograms. Mean experience was 13.5 and 12.8 years, respectively. For magnetic resonance arthrography, a gadolinium dilution of 1/200 was used by 69–71%. For shoulder arthrography, an anterior approach was preferred by 65/68 (96%). The most common site of needle end position, for anterior and posterior approaches, was immediately lateral to the humeral cortex. A 22-gauge needle was used by 46/66 (70%). Mean injected volume was 12.7 ml (5–30). For hip arthrography, an anterior approach was preferred by 51/68 (75%). The most common site of needle end position, for anterior and lateral approaches, was along the lateral femoral head/neck junction. A 22-gauge needle was used by 53/68 (78%). Mean injected volume was 11.5 ml (5–20). For knee arthrography, a lateral approach was preferred by 41/64 (64%). The most common site of needle end position, for lateral and medial approaches, was mid-patellofemoral joint level. A 22-gauge needle was used by 36/65 (56%). Mean injected volume was 28.2 ml (5–60). Arthrographic approaches for the shoulder, hip, and knee vary among radiologists over a wide range of experience levels.
Similarities between the thick-skinned Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline

The Blue Ridge anticlinorium in northern Virginia is a part of an integrated deformational system spanning the area from the Piedmont to the Appalachian Plateaus. Deformation intensity within the system decreases from east to west. Differences of opinion have emerged concerning the central Appalachians as to whether the basement rocks exposed in the core of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium are rooted or are allochthonous. Available surface and subsurface stratigraphic and structural data suggest that the anticlinorium may be a rootless thick-skinned analogue to the rootless thin-skinned Powell Valley anticline in the Valley and Ridge. Both structures were produced during the Alleghenian orogeny by similar deformational processes. The form of the Powell Valley anticline is attributed to duplication of about 4,575 m (15,000 ft) of sedimentary rock during approximately 16 km (10 mi) of northwest movement above a subhorizontal decollement. Similarly, the form of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium is attributed to duplication of about 9,150 m (30,000 ft) of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock during a minimum of 59 km (37 mi) of northwest movement above an eastward continuation of a subhorizontal decollement within Cambrian sedimentary rocks beneath the Valley and Ridge. Thus, in northern Virginia there is a mixing of structural styles: the thick-skinned rootless Blue Ridge anticlinorium sits above a thin-skinned detachment. This relationship implies that thin- and thick-skinned styles are simply end members of a complex deformational process that includes a transition zone, where characteristics of both styles commingle.
New compactons, solitons and periodic solutions for nonlinear variants of the KdV and the KP equations

Abstract In this paper we study nonlinear variants of the KdV and the KP equations with positive and negative exponents. The sine–cosine algorithm is employed to back up the proposed analysis. The work reveals new exact solutions with compactons, solitons, solitary patterns and periodic structures for these variants.
Preaching morality and metaphysics

With political and media interest in religion increasing, the academic study of religion is undergoing a renaissance. Nowhere is this more apparent than in evolutionary circles, as is evidenced by a recent salvo of books and articles aimed at understanding the selective pressures that have shaped religious behaviors and beliefs (reviewed in [1,2]). Into this barrage, Donald Broom has fired The Evolution of Morality and Religion, one of the few recent additions to the literature that examines the relationship between religion and morality.
Estudio sociofonético de los tonemas de las interrogativas absolutas en el castellano de Galicia

From a corpus of absolute interrogatives produced by 24 speakers, the present study analyzes the suprasegmental effects of the contact between Spanish and Galician. It applies a socio-phonetic methodology and the Autosegmental-Metrical theoretical framework to examine interrogative tonemes according to pragmatic context, task formality, and the participants’ exposure to Galician. Results reveal stylistic variation, indicative of the stigmatization of vernacular features, and a contact-induced change in prosodicpragmatic relationships.
Effects of static and cyclic loading in regulating extracellular matrix synthesis by cardiovascular cells

Extracellular matrix (ECM) provides several structural and functional characteristics to tissues including cell support, mechanical integrity and biological signaling. In cardiovascular tissues, cells produce various ECM components such as collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, matrix metalloproteinases, growth factors and signaling molecules. The cardiovascular cells (cardiac fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells) sense the changes in mechanical strains applied to them, through cell-surface receptors such as integrins and ion channels, and adjust their expression and synthesis of ECM molecules in order to adapt their environment to these changes. ECM changes due to altered mechanics are evident in numerous pathological situations including hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, myxomatous heart valve disease, and atherosclerosis. In hypertrophic conditions, for example, increased mechanical loading is involved with enhanced collagen synthesis, whereas in myxomatous and atherosclerotic conditions reduced mechanical strains are accompanied by an accumulation of proteoglycans. Therefore, investigating the effects of various strain patterns on cardiovascular cells can enhance our understanding of ECM regulation and pathologies. This review focuses on the in vitro modulation of the synthesis of various ECM molecules through static or cyclic stretching of cardiovascular cells.
Changing Landscapes: The Construction of Meaning and Value in a New Market Category—Modern Indian Art

Stable category meanings act as institutions that facilitate market exchange by providing bases for comparison and valuation. Yet little is known about meaning construction in new categories or how meaning translates into valuation criteria. We address this gap in a descriptive study of these processes in an emerging category: modern Indian art. Discourse analysis revealed how market actors shaped the construction of meaning in the new category by reinterpreting historical constructs in ways that enhanced commensurability and enabled aesthetic comparisons and valuation. Analysis of auction transactions indicated greater intersubjective agreement about valuation over time as the new category institutionalized.
Research Note---Testing File Sharing's Impact on Music Album Sales in Cities

Using a data set including album sales, Internet penetration, and various demographic measures for 99 American cities over the period 1998--2003, this paper empirically examines the extent to which file sharing has caused the U.S. decline in sound-recording sales over that period. Also examined is the impact of the Internet on entertainment activities so as to help cleanse the Internet penetration coefficient of that impact. The conclusion from this analysis is that file sharing appears to have caused the entire decline in record sales and appears to have vitiated what otherwise would have been growth in the industry.
Microvascular plasticity in aging

Understanding the bases of aging-related cognitive decline remains a central challenge in neurobiology. Quantitative studies reveal little change in the number of neurons or synapses in most of the brain but their ongoing replacement is reduced, resulting in a significant loss of neuronal plasticity with senescence. Aging also may alter neuronal function and plasticity in ways that are not evident from anatomical studies of neurons and their connections. Since the nervous system is dependent upon a consistent blood supply, any aging-related changes in the microvasculature could affect neuronal function. Several studies suggest that, as the nervous system ages, there is a rarefaction of the microvasculature in some regions of the brain, as well as changes in the structure of the remaining vessels. These changes contribute to a decline in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that reduces metabolic support for neural signaling, particularly when levels of neuronal activity are high. In addition to direct effects on the microvasculature, aging reduces microvascular plasticity and the ability of the vessels to respond appropriately to changes in metabolic demand. This loss of microvascular plasticity has significance beyond metabolic support for neuronal signaling, since neurogenesis in the adult brain is regulated coordinately with capillary growth.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Absorbed Power as Functions of Main Magnetic Field Strength, and Definition of "90°" RF Pulse for the Head in the Birdcage Coil

Calculations of the RF magnetic (B(1)) field as a function of frequency between 64 and 345 MHz were performed for a head model in an idealized birdcage coil. Absorbed power (P(abs)) and SNR were calculated at each frequency with three different methods of defining excitation pulse amplitude: maintaining 90 degrees flip angle at the coil center (center alpha = pi/2), maximizing FID amplitude (Max. A(FID)), and maximizing total signal amplitude in a reconstructed image (Max. A(image)). For center alpha = pi/2 and Max. A(image), SNR increases linearly with increasing field strength until 260 MHz, where it begins to increase at a greater rate. For these two methods, P(abs) increases continually, but at a lower rate at higher field strengths. Above 215 MHz in MRI of the human head, the use of FID amplitude to set B(1) excitation pulses may result in apparent decreases in SNR and power requirements with increasing static field strength. Magn Reson Med 45:684-691, 2001.
Progress in high-power fiber lasers

We review current work on fiber laser systems at Corning. In particular, we describe design and performance of all-glass double-clad laser fibers, broad-area laser pumps, and pump coupling optics. We discuss our approaches using single-polarization fiber and low-nonlinearity photonic band gap fiber as technologies for developing the next generation of high-power fiber lasers.
Efficient generation of ARMA cross convariance sequences

The generation of ARMA auto and cross covariance sequences has found much interest due to its many applications. The autoregressive system part leads to purely autoregressive behavior on the tails of these sequences. Here the provision of a minimal initial set of covariances is treated, so that the recursion can be started. It turns out that this minimal order for the linear system equals the maximal autoregressive order. As it is not transparent that the associated matrix structure facilitates efficient computation, the ARMA structures are decomposed into their AR and MA cascade parts, which leads to an efficient initialization procedure using the scalar backward Levinson algorithm and FFT'S.
Cavity Mode Excitation by Vortex Shedding from a Cross-Beam

An analysis is made of the tonal acoustic radiation produced by nominally steady, low Mach number flow past a shallow, rectangular wall cavity in the presence of a cross-beam in the flow adjacent to the cavity. At 'lock-on' the frequency of vortex shedding from the beam is equal to one of the resonant frequencies of the cavity. The sound produced by this vorticity is augmented by the presence of the cavity and is calculated for the lowest order resonance frequency of the cavity by using a Green's function derived by Howe (International Journal of Aeroacoustics2, 347 - 365, 2003). Except for beams of very small cross-section, the efficiency of the aeroacoustic coupling between the beam and the cavity depends on the position of the beam above the cavity. Our results indicate that the coupling is strongest when the beam lies above the cavity mouth between the cavity leading edge and the centre of the mouth. The analysis makes use of two alternative models of vortex shedding, involving either an array of disc...
Using online social media, Facebook, in screening for major depressive disorder among college students

This study explored the feasibility of using Internet social networking media in an online program for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) screening and psychoeducation targeting college students. A Facebook advertisement targeted students at five colleges in the United States to complete a mental health research survey that screened for MDD using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Students who screened positive for MDD were offered an eight- week follow-up survey. Of the 259 students who consented to participate in the study, 26.7% screened positive for MDD, while only 14.2% were receiving treatment. The use of Facebook to advertise for online screening for MDD required very little start-up time, and the average cost was $11.45 per subject recruited. It is feasible to use online, commercially available social networking media such as Facebook for online screening for MDD among college students. However, conducting online screening and offering treatment resources alone did not increase treatment rate in this population.
Teaching about Women in World History.

This article addresses the subject of teaching about women in world history in K–12 schools and in programs of social studies teacher education. It includes a review of the place of gender in teaching about world history to current and future teachers at Teachers College, Columbia University. This informal research serves as the platform for a set of recommendations concerning necessary steps for “gender-balancing” the world history curriculum in social studies teacher education.
Effects of temperature-dependent material properties on welding simulation

Abstract Detailed three-dimensional nonlinear thermal and thermo-mechanical analyses are carried out using the finite element welding simulation code––WELDSIM [Chao et al., In: Advances in Computational & Engineering Science, vol. II, Tech Science Press: Paledale, USA: 2000. pp. 1206–1211]. The objective is to investigate the effect of each temperature-dependent material property on the transient temperature, residual stress and distortion in computational simulation of welding process. Welding of an aluminum plate using three sets of material properties, namely, properties that are functions of temperature, room temperature values, and average values over the entire temperature history in welding, are considered in the simulation. Results show that (a) the thermal conductivity has certain effect on the distribution of transient temperature fields during welding, (b) the yield stress and Young's Modulus have significant and small effects, respectively, on the residual stress and distortion, after welding, and (c) except for the yield stress, using material properties at the room temperature gives reasonable predictions for the transient temperature fields, residual stress and distortion. Since high temperature material properties are either difficult to obtain or do not exist for many materials, an engineering approach is proposed based on the results in this study. The engineering approach suggests using simplified properties constituted by a piece-wise linear function with temperature for the yield stress and constant room-temperature values of all other properties for computational weld simulation.
A process model of make-vs.-buy decision-making. The case of manufacturing software

The decision to develop (make) a product or process internally or to purchase the relevant technology (buy), an issue facing many organizations, is discussed. What has been written about make-vs.-buy decisions usually consists of generic checklists of dubious relevancy to the decision maker's specific situation. Development of a process model based on a class of such decisions is therefore desirable. In-depth cases studies in seven organizations were conducted, guided by a series of key issues pertaining to the process of strategic decision making. Experience gained at eight other sites added to the analysis and development of a model. The study has found that make-vs.-buy decisions are treated in various ways. Of special interest is the recognition, in some organizations, of make-vs.-buy decisions as opportunities to develop or support competitive advantage. In such firms, the entire approach and decision-making style are oriented towards achieving such an advantage. >
Full chip false timing path identification: applications to the PowerPC/sup TM/ microprocessors

Static timing anaylsis sets the industry standard in the design methodology of high speed/performance microprocessors to determine whether timing requirements have been met. Unfortunately, not all the paths identified using such analysis can be sensitized. This leads to a pessimistic estimation of the processor speed. Also, no amount of engineering effort spent on optimizing such paths can improve the timing performance of the chip. In the past we demonstrated initial results of how ATPG techniques can be used to identify false paths efficiently. Due to the gap between the physical design on which the static timing analysis of the chip is bused and the test view on which the ATPG techniques are applied to identify false paths, in many cases only sections of some of the paths in the full-chip were analyzed in our initial results. In this paper, we will fully analyze all the timing paths using the ATPG techniques, thus overcoming the gap between the testing and timing analysis techniques. This enables us to do false path identification at the full-chip level of the circuit. Results of applying our technique to the second generation G4 PowerPC/sup TM/ will be presented.
Fundamental Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hydrogen Oxidation in Supercritical Water

The kinetics of hydrogen oxidation in supercritical water were determined in an hermal, ug-flow reactor at temperatures between 495 and 600°C and at a pressure of 246 bars. Inlet hydrogen and oxygen concentrations ranged from 0.4 × 10−6to 4.6 × 10−6 mol/cm3, with fuel equivalence ratios varying from 0.04 to 4.0. Over the range of conditions studied, the kinetics were independent of oxygen concentration and exhibited a first-order dependence on hydrogen concentration, with an activation energy of 372±34 kJ/mol and a pronounced induction time. An elementary reaction model, based on existing gas-phase models and modified to account for the high-pressure environment, was able to reproduce closely the experimental results. including the overall concentration dependencies (reaction orders) and activation energy. Based on the model. important elementary reactions were identified and details of the oxidation mechanism were inferred.
On the importance of fiber curvature to the elastic moduli of electrospun nonwoven fiber meshes

Abstract Adequate mechanical integrity of nonwoven fabrics is generally a prerequisite for their practical usage. Nonwoven fiber mats of poly(trimethyl hexamethylene terephthalamide) (PA 6(3)T) with average fiber diameters from 0.1 to 3.6 microns were electrospun from solutions in dimethylformamide and formic acid and their in-plane mechanical response characterized. Two quantitative microstructure-based models that relate the Young’s moduli of these fabrics to those of the fibers are considered, one assuming straight fibers and the other allowing for curved fibers. It is found that the model allowing for curved fibers provides a quantitative relationship between the Young’s moduli of the mats and those of the fibers themselves. The governing factors that affect the mechanical properties of nonwoven mats are the porosity of the mats, the intrinsic fiber modulus, and the average fiber diameter, curvature (or “curl”) and distance between fiber-to-fiber junctions. Especially for submicron diameter fibers, both the intrinsic fiber properties and fiber curvature make important contributions to the mechanical behavior of their nonwoven fabrics.
Social Rewards and Social Networks in the Human Brain

The rapid development of social media and social networking sites in human society within the past decade has brought about an increased focus on the value of social relationships and being connected with others. Research suggests that we pursue socially valued or rewarding outcomes—approval, acceptance, reciprocity—as a means toward learning about others and fulfilling social needs of forming meaningful relationships. Focusing largely on recent advances in the human neuroimaging literature, we review findings highlighting the neural circuitry and processes that underlie pursuit of valued rewarding outcomes across non-social and social domains. We additionally discuss emerging human neuroimaging evidence supporting the idea that social rewards provide a gateway to establishing relationships and forming social networks. Characterizing the link between social network, brain, and behavior can potentially identify contributing factors to maladaptive influences on decision making within social situations.
Emi2-mediated Inhibition of E2-substrate Ubiquitin Transfer by the Anaphase-promoting Complex/Cyclosome through a D-Box–independent Mechanism

Vertebrate eggs are arrested at Metaphase II by Emi2, the meiotic anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) inhibitor. Although the importance of Emi2 during oocyte maturation has been widely recognized and its regulation extensively studied, its mechanism of action remained elusive. Many APC/C inhibitors have been reported to act as pseudosubstrates, inhibiting the APC/C by preventing substrate binding. Here we show that a previously identified zinc-binding region is critical for the function of Emi2, whereas the D-box is largely dispensable. We further demonstrate that instead of acting through a “pseudosubstrate” mechanism as previously hypothesized, Emi2 can inhibit Cdc20-dependent activation of the APC/C substoichiometrically, blocking ubiquitin transfer from the ubiquitin-charged E2 to the substrate. These findings provide a novel mechanism of APC/C inhibition wherein the final step of ubiquitin transfer is targeted and raise the interesting possibility that APC/C is inhibited by Emi2 in a catalytic manner.
The emerging role of metabolomics in the development of biomarkers for pulmonary hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases (2013 Grover Conference series)

The functional and prognostic significance of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is well established, yet our understanding of circulating peptides and metabolites that might mark or contribute to various forms of PH remains limited. Metabolites are the end result of all the regulatory complexity present in a cell, tissue, or organism and therefore serve as the most proximal reporters of the body's response to a disease process or drug therapy. This review presents the rationale, methodology, and preliminary findings from studies that apply comprehensive metabolite profiling to gain knowledge of new circulating markers of PH.
Role of CuZn superoxide dismutase on carotid body function in heart failure rabbits

Aims Peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity is potentiated in both clinical and experimental chronic heart failure (CHF). NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide mediates angiotensin II (Ang II)-enhanced carotid body (CB) chemoreceptor sensitivity in CHF rabbits, and tempol, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic, inhibits this Ang II- and CHF-enhanced superoxide anion effect. Here we investigated the role of cytoplasmic SOD [CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD)] in the CB on chemoreceptor activity and function in CHF rabbits. Methods and results CuZnSOD protein expression was decreased in CBs from CHF rabbits vs. sham ( P < 0.05). Adenoviral CuZnSOD (Ad CuZnSOD) gene transfer to the CBs increased CuZnSOD protein expression and significantly reduced the baseline renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and the response of RSNA to hypoxia in the CHF rabbits ( P < 0.05). Single-fibre discharge from CB chemoafferents during normoxia (baseline, at ∼100 mmHg PO2) and in response to hypoxia were enhanced in CHF vs. sham rabbits ( P < 0.05). Ad CuZnSOD decreased the baseline discharge (7.6 ± 1.3 vs. 12.6 ± 1.7 imp/s at ∼100 mmHg PO2) and the response to hypoxia (22.4 ± 1.6 vs. 32.3 ± 1.2 imp/s at ∼40 mmHg PO2, P < 0.05) in CHF rabbits. Ad CuZnSOD also normalized the blunted outward K+ current ( I K) in CB glomus cells from CHF rabbits (369 ± 14 vs. 565 ± 31 pA/pF at +70 mV, P < 0.05). In addition, Ad CuZnSOD reduced the elevation of superoxide level in CBs from CHF rabbits. Conclusion Downregulation of CuZnSOD in the CB contributes to the enhanced activity of CB chemoreceptors and chemoreflex function in CHF rabbits.
Variation in Hospital Episode Costs With Bariatric Surgery.

Importance Under bundled payment programs, hospitals receive a single payment for all services provided surrounding an episode of care. Because health care providers, such as hospitals and physicians, accept more financial risk under these programs, they will need a better understanding of episode costs to identify areas to target improvements in quality and cost-efficiency. Objective To examine hospital variation in episode costs for a common high-risk procedure that is a prime candidate for bundled payment programs (ie, bariatric surgery). Design, Setting, and Participants In this retrospective cohort study, we used national Medicare claims data and identified patients undergoing bariatric procedures in 2011-2012 (N = 24 647 patients; 463 hospitals). We calculated risk-adjusted Medicare payments from the date of admission for the index procedure to 30 days following discharge. We then divided hospitals into equally sized quartiles and examined variation in payments for services around episodes of care. Medicare payments were examined by service payment type (ie, payments to hospitals, payments to physicians, and payments for postacute care services) across hospital quartiles. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospital variation in episode costs for services around an episode of bariatric surgery. Results Mean total payments for bariatric procedures varied from $11 086 to $13 073 per episode of care, resulting in a mean difference of $1987 (16.5% difference) per episode of care between the lowest and highest hospital quartiles. The index hospitalization was responsible for the largest portion of total payments (75%), followed by physician services (21%) and postacute care services (2.8%). Payments for index hospitalization accounted for the greatest variation in payments. Conclusions and Relevance There are variations in hospital episode payments among Medicare patients undergoing bariatric surgery procedures. As hospitals enter bundled payment programs, they will need to target areas with the largest variation in costs for quality- and efficiency-improvement activities.
STANDARDS OF EQUALITY AND HUME'S VIEW OF GEOMETRY

It has been argued that there is a genuine conflict between the views of geometry defended by Hume in the Treatise and in the Enquiry: while the former work attributes to geometry a different status from that of arithmetic and algebra, the latter attempts to restore its status as an exact and certain science. A closer reading of Hume shows that, in fact, there is no conflict between the two works with respect to geometry. The key to understanding Hume's view of geometry is the distinction he draws between two standards of equality in extension.
Global Displacement of Canine Parvovirus by a Host-Adapted Variant: Structural Comparison between Pandemic Viruses with Distinct Host Ranges

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) emerged in 1978 and spread worldwide within 2 years. Subsequently, CPV-2 was completely replaced by the variant CPV-2a, which is characterized by four specific capsid (VP2) mutations. The X-ray crystal structure of the CPV-2a capsid shows that each mutation confers small local changes. The loss of a hydrogen bond and introduction of a glycine residue likely introduce flexibility to sites that control interactions with the host receptor, antibodies, and sialic acids.
Bilateral distal upper limb amyotrophy and watershed infarcts from vertebral dissection.

Vertebral artery disease may give rise to lower motor neuron deficits, but the pathogenesis is unknown. I describe a man with a right vertebral artery dissection who developed bilateral distal upper extremity amyotrophy. He had symmetrical bilateral focal hyperintensites of the anterior cervical spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging, compatible with watershed infarction.A 39-year-old man developed sudden vertigo, chest and bilateral arm pain, bilateral arm weakness, and wasting involving muscles innervated by the sixth cervical to the first thoracic spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an extensive right vertebral artery dissection and a right posterior inferior cerebellar infarct. Magnetic resonance scans showed a small focal hyperintensity in the region of each anterior horn, extending from the mid to lower cervical spinal cord. Minimal recovery of function was present after 3 months.Unilateral vertebral artery dissection may give rise to disabling bilateral upper extremity amyotr...