cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the reaction of aqueous iron(vi) (FeVIO42-) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

The reaction of aqueous iron(VI) (FeVIO42−, Fe(VI)) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was studied kinetically as a function of pH (1.98–12.40) and temperature (15–45 °C) using a stopped flow kinetic technique. The rate law for the reaction of Fe(VI) with EDTA was found to be first-order with respect to each reactant over the entire studied pH range. The observed rate constants, k, decrease with an increase in pH, varying from 4.19 × 104 to 8.60 × 10−2 M−1 s−1 over the pH range. The speciation of Fe(VI) (H3FeO4+, H2FeO4, HFeO4−, and FeO42−) and EDTA (H4Y, H3Y−, H2Y2−, HY3−, and Y4−, Y = EDTA) species was used to explain the pH dependence of the k values. From the temperature effect on k at pH 5.4, 7.1, and 9.2, activation parameters, ΔS‡ and ΔH‡, were obtained for the reactions of Fe(VI) with EDTA. The values of ΔS‡ for the reactions were found to be negative, implying a highly ordered transition state in the reaction. The ΔH‡ for the reaction at pH 7.1 and 9.2 showed similar values within experimental error. Using the observed enthalpy parameters and the enthalpy of deprotonation of HFeO4− and EDTA species (HEDTA3− and H2EDTA2−), the enthalpy of deprotonation of H2FeO4 (ΔH0H2FeO4) was determined as 5.7 ± 3.0 kJ mol−1. The reactivity of Fe(VI) with aminopolycarboxylates (APCs) was also studied in alkaline medium. The order of reactivity was determined as primary > secondary > tertiary, which suggests that FeVIO42− attacks at the nitrogen atom sites of APCs.
Transparent Network Protocol Testing and Evaluation

Network protocol developers typically go through a tedious and error-prone process of testing and debugging their protocol implementation for various settings. They perform a number of tasks manually such as configuration of numerous network settings, controlled reproduction of unexpected protocol behavior, and traffic capture and analysis. We present a Protocol Testing and Evaluation System (PTES) to assist developers in transparently testing their protocol implementations. PTES enables a protocol developer to construct and execute various controlled and repeatable testing scenarios. The developer can use simple iptables- like rules to specify various local and distributed network events and actions. During protocol execution, PTES triggers these events and actions in a coordinated manner and records the protocol responses to these events which can later be examined by the developer. We present the design and implementation of three variants of PTES for native, simulated, and emulated platforms for both wired and wireless networks. We demonstrate the utility of PTES by automating the testing of TCP/IP and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocols.
An information guided framework for simulated annealing

A framework for information-guided simulated annealing is presented in this paper. Information gathered during randomized exploration of the optimization domain is used as feedback with progressively increasing gain to drive the optimization procedure. Modeling of “information” can be performed in a variety of ways, with the ultimate objective of keeping track of the performance of the stochastic search procedure. A guided-annealing temperature is defined that incorporates information into the cooling schedule. The resulting algorithm has two phases: phase I performs (nearly) unrestricted exploration as a reconnaissance to survey the optimization domain, while phase II “re-heats” the optimization procedure and exploits information gathered during phase I. Phase I flows seamlessly into phase II via an information effectiveness parameter without need for user input. The algorithm presented in this paper improves the performance and success rate of the existing simulated annealing algorithms significantly. Results of are presented for a problem that is traditionally used in the literature to illustrate the shortcomings of simulated annealing and significant improvement is illustrated.
Chest CT Window Settings with Multiscale Adaptive Histogram Equalization: Pilot Study

Multiscale adaptive histogram equalization (MAHE), a wavelet-based algorithm, was investigated as a method of automatic simultaneous display of the full dynamic contrast range of a computed tomographic image. Interpretation times were significantly lower for MAHE-enhanced images compared with those for conventionally displayed images. Diagnostic accuracy, however, was insufficient in this pilot study to allow recommendation of MAHE as a replacement for conventional window display.
Detrital thermochronologic record of burial heating and sediment recycling in the Magallanes foreland basin, Patagonian Andes

The Patagonian Magallanes retroarc foreland basin affords an excellent case study of sediment burial recycling within a thrust belt setting. We report combined detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and (U–Th)/He thermochronology data and thermal modelling results that confirm delivery of both rapidly cooled, first-cycle volcanogenic sediments from the Patagonian magmatic arc and recycled sediment from deeply buried and exhumed Cretaceous foredeep strata to the Cenozoic depocentre of the Patagonian Magallanes basin. We have quantified the magnitude of Eocene heating with thermal models that simultaneously forward model detrital zircon (U–Th)/He dates for best-fit thermal histories. Our results indicate that 54–45 Ma burial of the Maastrichtian Dorotea Formation produced 164–180 °C conditions and heating to within the zircon He partial retention zone. Such deep burial is unusual for Andean foreland basins and may have resulted from combined effects of high basal heat flow and high sediment accumulation within a rapidly subsiding foredeep that was floored by basement weakened by previous Late Jurassic rifting. In this interpretation, Cenozoic thrust-related deformation deeply eroded the Dorotea Formation from ca. 5 km burial depths and may be responsible for the development of a basin-wide Palaeogene unconformity. Results from the Cenozoic Rio Turbio and Santa Cruz formations confirm that they contain both Cenozoic first-cycle zircon from the Patagonian magmatic arc and highly outgassed zircon recycled from older basin strata that experienced burial histories similar to those of the Dorotea Formation.
The Effects of Issue Investigation and Action Training on Environmental Behavior in Seventh Grade Students

Abstract This study reports the instructional effects of a formal environmental education methodology, issue investigation and action training (IIAT) on middle school students. Can issue investigation and action training improve responsible environmental behavior of middle school students? Can variables identified as critical contributors to responsible adult environmental behavior be enhanced in middle school students as a function of issue investigation and action training? If middle school students demonstrate increased environmental behavior as a result of issue investigation and action training, will there be a parallel increase in those variables contributing to responsible environmental behavior? These questions are the focus of the discussion that follows.
Culture of Insect Salivary Glands in a Chemically Defined Medium

A method for culturing the salivary glands of Sciara coprophila in a chemically defined medium has been developed. During a 24-hour period, the polytene chromosomes from six larval stages undergo normal developmental mental changes, including puff formation, puff condensation, and DNA synthesis.
Geometric modelling: a survey

Abstract Computer programs are being developed to aid the design of physical systems ranging from individual mechanical parts to entire buildings or ships. These efforts highlight the importance of computer models of three dimensional objects. Issues and alternatives in geometric modelling are discussed and illustrated with comparisons of 11 existing modelling systems, in particular coherently-structured models of polyhedral solids where the faces may be either planar or curved. Four categories of representation are distinguished: data representations that store full, explicit shape information; definition languages with which the user can enter descriptions of shapes into the system, and which can constitute procedural representations; special subsets of the information produced by application programs; and conceptual models that define the logical structure of the data representation and/or definition language.
What lexical decision and naming tell us about reading

The lexical decision (LD) and naming (NAM) tasks are ubiquitous paradigms that employ printed word identification. They are major tools for investigating how factors like morphology, semantic information, lexical neighborhood and others affect identification. Although use of the tasks is widespread, there has been little research into how performance in LD or NAM relates to reading ability, a deficiency that limits the translation of research with these tasks to the understanding of individual differences in reading. The present research was designed to provide a link from LD and NAM to the specific variables that characterize reading ability (e.g., decoding, sight word recognition, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension) as well as to important reading-related abilities (phonological awareness and rapid naming). We studied 99 adults with a wide range of reading abilities. LD and NAM strongly predicted individual differences in word identification, less strongly predicted vocabulary size and did not predict comprehension. Fluency was predicted but with differences that depended on the way fluency was defined. Finally, although the tasks did not predict individual differences in rapid naming or phonological awareness, the failures nevertheless assisted in understanding the cognitive mechanisms behind these reading-related abilities. The results demonstrate that LD and NAM are important tools for the study of individual differences in reading.
Limb–Girdle and Congenital Muscular Dystrophies: Current Diagnostics, Management, and Emerging Technologies

The muscular dystrophies show muscle degeneration and regeneration (necrotizing myopathy) on muscle biopsy, typically associated with elevated serum creatine kinase, and muscle weakness. In 1986, the first causative gene was identified for the most prevalent and best-characterized form of muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Over the past 25 years, the number of other genes determined to cause different subtypes has grown rapidly. This review gives a synopsis of the 45 genetically defined types of muscular dystrophies and describes the clinical, pathologic, and molecular aspects of each disease. DNA diagnosis remains the most sensitive and specific method for differential diagnosis, but molecular diagnostics can be expensive and complex (because of multiple genes at multiple testing facilities) and reimbursement may be challenging to obtain. However, emerging DNA sequencing technologies (eg, single-molecule third-generation sequencing units) promise to dramatically reduce the complexity and costs of DNA diagnostics. Treatment for nearly all forms remains supportive and is aimed at preventing complications. However, several promising approaches have entered clinical trials, providing tangible hope that quality of life will improve for many patients in the near future.
Modified immersed finite element method for fully-coupled fluid-structure interactions

In this paper, we develop a "modified" immersed finite element method (mIFEM), a non-boundary-fitted numerical technique, to study fluid-structure interactions. Using this method, we can more precisely capture the solid dynamics by solving the solid governing equation instead of imposing it based on the fluid velocity field as in the original immersed finite element (IFEM). Using the IFEM may lead to severe solid mesh distortion because the solid deformation is been over-estimated, especially for high Reynolds number flows. In the mIFEM, the solid dynamics is solved using appropriate boundary conditions generated from the surrounding fluid, therefore produces more accurate and realistic coupled solutions. We show several 2-D and 3-D testing cases where the mIFEM has a noticeable advantage in handling complicated fluid-structure interactions when the solid behavior dominates the fluid flow.
Skeletal manifestations of Gaucher's disease

G AUCHER’S DISEASE is a rare metabolic disorder that was originally described in 1882 as a primary epithelioma of the spleen.‘It is now known to be the result of a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which leads to an accumulation of glucocerebroside in the reticuloendothelial system.2*3 The mode of inheritance is autosomal recessive, although early case reports suggested an autosomal dominant transmission.4 The chronic form of the disease has a predilection for Ashkenazi Jews. There is no sex predominance. Several clinical subgroups have been described. Type I, also known as the adult form and as the chronic ronneuropathic type, commonly presents with hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone abnormalities. The age of onset is highly variable. Type II, the infantile form or acute neuropathic type, presents in the first 6 months of life and is usually fatal within 2 years. In addition to hepatosplenomegaly, patients develop neurological complications, including mental retardation, strabismus, and rigidity. Bone changes are rarely seen, probably owing to the early death. Type III,
Interior first order derivative estimates for solutions of nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations with constant coefficients

(1993). Interior first order derivative estimates for solutions of nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations with constant coefficients. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 18, No. 1-2, pp. 1-40.
EIRP Variations due to Uplink Power Control in Small-Aperture Satellite Communication Links

Power control techniques that compensate for rain fading in the uplink have been used extensively in the past. In the case of small-aperture terminals, because they are usually transmitting at their maximum allowed equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) spectral density level, uplink power control may increase interference to adjacent satellites. Therefore, uplink power control requires special consideration when it is applied to small-aperture terminals. In this paper we examine several different techniques available for uplink power control in the context of resulting variations in the EIRP of the terminal. Specifically, we provide techniques for estimating the rain fades, carry out a statistical analysis of these estimates, and analyze the variations of the EIRP resulting from uplink power control.
Regulators of G Protein Signaling Proteins as Determinants of the Rate of Desensitization of Presynaptic Calcium Channels

Abstract Norepinephrine inhibits ω-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive presynaptic Ca2+ channels in chick dorsal root ganglion neurons through two pathways, one mediated by Go and the other by Gi. These pathways desensitize at different rates. We have found that recombinant Gα interacting protein (GAIP) and regulators of G protein signaling (RGS)4 selectively accelerate the rate of desensitization of Go- and Gi-mediated pathways, respectively. Blockade of endogenous RGS proteins using antibodies raised against Gα interacting protein and RGS4 slows the rate of desensitization of these pathways in a selective manner. These results demonstrate that different RGS proteins may interact with Gi and Go selectively, giving rise to distinct time courses of transmitter-mediated effects.
Thoracoscopic pericardiectomy for effusive pericardial disease

Thoracoscopic techniques were used to perform a pericardiectomy in 35 patients with purely effusive pericardial disease after medical management and pericardiocentesis had failed to be effective. There were no intraoperative complications and postoperative complications were few. Two cases of dysrhythmia and 2 cases of pneumonia occurred postoperatively. Malignancy was identified as the cause in 18 patients and there were benign causes in the remaining 17. The hospital stay in the group with benign effusions was 4.6 days. There were no recurrences of pericardial effusions and no constrictive changes developed during a mean follow-up of 9 months. Fourteen (40%) patients had pleural or pulmonary abnormalities that were managed simultaneously thoracoscopically. These abnormalities included 2 pleural masses, 2 pulmonary nodules, and 12 pleural effusions. In 8 instances, the pericardiectomy was performed from the right pleural cavity in order to address the pleural or pulmonary problem. Thoracoscopic pericardial resection has proved safe and effective. It allows a wider pericardial resection than that usually permitted by the subxiphoid route, and should lessen the pain and the number of pulmonary complications, compared with open thoracotomy. An additional advantage is that it allows the visualization and management of simultaneous pleural and pulmonary abnormalities.
Gap junction gating sensitivity to physiological internal calcium regardless of pH in Novikoff hepatoma cells.

Gap junction conductance (Gj) and channel gating sensitivity to voltage, Ca2+, H+, and heptanol were studied by double whole-cell clamp in Novikoff hepatoma cell pairs. Channel gating was observed at transjunctional voltages (Vj) > +/- 50 mV. The cells readily uncoupled with 1 mM 1-heptanol. With heptanol, single (gap junctional) channel events with unitary conductances (gamma j) of 46 and 97 pS were detected. Both Ca(2+)-loading (EGTA.Ca) and acidifying (100% CO2) solutions caused uncoupling. However, CO2 was effective when Ca2+i was buffered with EGTA (a H(+)-sensitive Ca-buffer) but not with BAPTA (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid) (a H(+)-insensitive Ca-buffer), suggesting a Ca(2+)-mediated H+ effect on gap junctions. This was tested by monitoring the Gj decay at different pCai values (9, 6.9, 6.3, 6, and 5.5; 1 mM BAPTA) and pHi values (7.2 or 6.1, 10 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid and 2-(N-morpholino)ethansulphonic acid, respectively). With pCai > or=6.9 (pH 7.2 or 6.1), Gj decreased to 10–70% of initial values in approximately 40min, following single exponential decays (tau = approximately 28 min). With pCai 6–6.3 (pH 7.2 or 6.1), Gj decreased to 10–25% of initial values in 15min (tau = approximately 5 min); the Student t gave a P=0.0178. With pCa 5.5 the cells uncoupled in less than 1min (tau = approximately 20 s). Low pHi affected neither time course nor shape of Gj decay at any pCai tested. The data indicate that these gap junctions are sensitive to [Ca2+]i in the physiological range (
Death and dying: reflections of an intensivist.

The prolonged life support of individuals with no hope for recovery has been an unfortunate consequence of recent advances in medical technology. The use of intensive therapy in such patients is contrary to the physician's obligation to relieve suffering and also creates an enormous economic burden for society. Once the physician has determined that there is no hope for a meaningful recovery, it becomes ethically correct for him to withhold or withdraw intensive therapy from that patient provided that such an action will not increase the patient's suffering.
Coaching Scales: A Review of the Literature and Comparative Analysis

The ProblemGiven the relevance of scales for selecting managers, Peterson and Little called for an examination of scales used to measure coaching. However, there are few options from which to selec...
Retrospective Analysis of the Rate and Interval to Union for Joint Arthrodesis of the Foot and Ankle

Arthrodesis is a common procedure indicated for surgical treatment of end-stage degenerative joint disease of the foot and ankle. Many published studies have reviewed the union rate, focusing on specific technique or fixation. However, studies reporting on the average period required to achieve fusion, irrespective of the type of fixation or surgical method used, have been lacking. We report on the union rate and interval to fusion in patients who had undergone primary arthrodesis of various joints of the foot and ankle. A retrospective review of the medical records of 135 patients was performed. The specific joints studied were ankle, and the subtalar, triple, first tarsometatarsal, first metatarsophalangeal, and hallux interphalangeal joints. Our results showed that the average interval for complete fusion was significantly less for the joints in the forefoot, with the subtalar joint, ankle, and triple arthrodesis requiring a longer period to achieve complete fusion. The nonunion rate was also greater when the fusion involved the joints of the rearfoot. Our results have refuted the idea that 6 weeks is the minimum period required to achieve fusion in the foot and ankle. The results of our study support the need for additional education of the patients and surgeons that the interval required for recovery after foot and ankle fusion depends on the location and surface area that has been fused.
Monitoring hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis following acute venous Thromboembolism in children: application of the CloFAL assay in a prospective inception cohort study

Although individual thrombophilia tests are frequently performed in children with venous thromboembolism (VTE), global assays provide the opportunity to fill the gap in knowledge regarding their net impact on overall coagulative (and in some cases fibrinolytic) function. We first evaluated analytic sensitivity of the Clot Formation and Lysis (CloFAL) global assay to hypercoagulability and alterations in fibrinolysis, and then characterized changes in plasma coagulative and fibrinolytic capacities over time in children with acute VTE. In plasma ex vivo and in vitro experiments, the CloFAL assay area-under-the-curve (AUC) was analytically sensitive to hypercoagulable states, and its modified fibrinolytic index (FI2) was sensitive to both hyper- and hypofibrinolytic conditions. Clinical data and plasma samples for assay were collected during follow-up of 50 children enrolled in a prospective inception cohort study of VTE from May 2006 to June 2010. Follow-up periods were designated as follows: acute ( 12 months). Since most children were sampled at fewer than three pre-defined follow-up periods, study population findings were grouped by timepoint. AUC was significantly increased, and FI(2) significantly decreased, in the acute period of VTE when compared to healthy controls, indicating hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolysis, respectively. One-third of patients were hypercoagulable, and 23% were hypofibrinolytic, in the late chronic phase. AUC and FI(2) were strongly correlated with functional fibrinogen levels. These findings indicate the utility of the CloFAL assay in monitoring plasma coagulative and fibrinolytic capacities in children with VTE. Studies of its potential role in outcome prediction are ongoing.
The effect of survey attrition in longitudinal surveys: evidence from Peru, Côte d'Ivoire and Vietnam

Abstract The World Bank has been conducting household surveys in several developing countries. In several countries, follow-up surveys have been conducted in which the same dwellings that were visited in an earlier survey are visited again, and if the same people live there and agree to be interviewed, they yield longitudinal information. The surveys lose over time some of their samples (survey attrition). I test whether the same regressions apply to people who are interviewed repeatedly as to those who are interviewed once. I assess the effect of survey attrition in the Living Standards Measurement Surveys of Peru (1991–1994 and 1985/1986–1990), Cote d'Ivoire (1985–1988) and Vietnam (1992/1993–1997/1998). The preponderance of the evidence indicates that survey attrition does not have a major impact on the estimates of equations of schooling attainment, labor force participation, self-employment, wages and fertility.
A review of advances in optically pumped far-infrared lasers

Abstract This paper reviews the general operating principles and techniques that have evolved from research during the past several years on pulsed and CW optically pumped rotational transition lasers. State-of-the-art performance is summarized and discussed in terms of output expectations estimated from simple rate equation modeling. The impact of molecular dynamics on laser design and geometric configuration is considered along with speculation on future trends.
Advances in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension

Purpose of reviewPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Approved medications for the treatment of adult PAH have been used to treat children, but evidence-based treatment algorithms for children are lacking.Recent findingsPediatric PAH reg
How to succeed in graduate school: a guide for students and advisors, part I of II

This paper attempts to raise some issues that are important for graduate students to be successful and to get as much out of the process as possible, and for advisors who wish to help their students be successful. The intent is not to provide prescriptive advice -- no formulas for finishing a thesis or twelve-step programs for becoming a better advisor are given -- but to raise awareness on both sides of the advisor-student relationship as to what the expectations are and should be for this relationship, what a graduate student should expect to accomplish, common problems, and where to go if the advisor is not forthcoming.
Maximum‐likelihood procedures and the inattentive observer

In most experimental situations, it is expected that observers will achieve perfect detection at extremely high signal levels. Technically, it is assumed that the asymptote of the psychometric function is unity. In many practical psychophysical tests, such as those involving children, patients, or nonhuman animals, the observers are occasionally inattentive. Using computer simulations, it was assumed that inattention can be modeled as a stationary stochastic process whose major effect is to produce a psychometric function having an asymptote less than unity. A maximum‐likelihood procedure was used to estimate threshold, because it has been shown to provide reasonably stable threshold estimates using very few observations. Inattention increases the variability of the threshold estimate, as would be expected, because inattention reduces the slope of the psychometric function. The simulations also show that the maximum‐likelihood procedure poorly estimates the amount of inattention, and can, thereby, produce a strong bias in the threshold estimates, overestimating or underestimating the true values under different circumstances. Inattention appears to affect the two‐alternative forced‐choice procedure more strongly than the yes–no (go/nogo) procedure.
Pharmacokinetics of Antiretrovirals in Genital Secretions and Anatomic Sites of HIV Transmission: Implications for HIV Prevention

The incidence of HIV remains alarmingly high in many parts of the world. Prophylactic use of antiretrovirals, capable of concentrating in the anatomical sites of transmission, may reduce the risk of infection after an unprotected sexual exposure. To date, orally and topically administered antiretrovirals have exhibited variable success in preventing HIV transmission in large-scale clinical trials. Antiretroviral mucosal pharmacokinetics may help explain the outcomes of these investigations. Penetration and accumulation of antiretrovirals into sites of transmission can influence dosing strategies and pre-exposure prophylaxis clinical trial design. Antiretroviral tissue distribution varies widely within and between drug classes, attributed in part to their physicochemical properties and tissue-specific drug transporter expression. Nucleoside(-tide) reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc, and the integrase inhibitor raltegravir demonstrate the highest penetration into the male and female reproductive tracts and colorectal tissue relative to blood. This review describes antiretroviral exposure in anatomic sites of transmission, and places these findings in context with the prevention of HIV and the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylactic strategies.
Models of jovian vortices

The Great Red Spot of Jupiter is a huge circulating mass of fluid. It is probably more than 300 years old, which is remarkable because the atmosphere in which it sits changes its appearance at smaller scales every few days.
Sequential mechanisms underlying concentration invariance in biological olfaction.

Concentration invariance – the capacity to recognize a given odorant (analyte) across a range of concentrations – is an unusually difficult problem in the olfactory modality. Nevertheless, humans and other animals are able to recognize known odors across substantial concentration ranges, and this concentration invariance is a highly desirable property for artificial systems as well. Several properties of olfactory systems have been proposed to contribute to concentration invariance, but none of these alone can plausibly achieve full concentration invariance. We here propose that the mammalian olfactory system uses at least six computational mechanisms in series to reduce the concentration-dependent variance in odor representations to a level where different concentrations of odors evoke reasonably similar representations, while preserving variance arising from differences in odor quality. We suggest that the residual variance then is treated like any other source of stimulus variance, and categorized appropriately into “odors” via perceptual learning. We further show that naive mice respond to different concentrations of an odorant just as if they were differences in quality, suggesting that, prior to odor categorization, the learning-independent compensatory mechanisms are limited in their capacity to achieve concentration invariance.
The Political Effectiveness of Non-State Violence: A Two-Level Framework to Transform a Deceptive Debate

The most striking aspect of the current scholarly debate over the political effectiveness of non-state violence is that, upon careful examination, there is not much of a debate to be found. Despite seemingly irreconcilable positions claiming that terrorism and insurgency “work” or “do not work,” varying case selection and thresholds for success lie at the root of these debates, not disagreements over the empirical record. Although this previously unrecognized empirical consensus helps to resolve existing disputes, it relies on single-level strategic frameworks that fail to capture the effectiveness of violence from the perspective of those who employ it. This article presents an alternative concept of political effectiveness based on a two-level framework that accounts for the fact that insurgencies are not unitary actors, but are instead marked by armed groups that pursue strategic objectives that benefit their larger social movements (such as the overthrow of a regime or the withdrawal of enemy troops),...
Speech in the theatre: The importance of voice science to director and actor

(1963). Speech in the theatre: The importance of voice science to director and actor. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 289-298.
Embolic complications in streptococcus viridansendocarditis

In their editorial, entitled “Toward reducing embolic complications from endocarditis,” Drs. Homma and Grahame-Clarke indicated that the type of the organism may increase the likelihood of embolization and that Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis are associated with
Capacity Building: Reshaping Urban Community College Resources in Response to Emerging Challenges.

Urban community colleges face a myriad of convergent challenges, including the loss of state funding and local property tax support, increased demands for better performance and greater accountability, and record-high enrollment by the most underprepared students in higher education. Sometimes to make sense of it all, it helps to think of an onion.
Role of intracellular symbionts in the fatbody of cockroaches: influence of hemolymph proteins.

Zur Herabsetzung der Anzahl von Symbionten in einem Fettkorper der KuchnschabeBlaberus craniifer wurde eine Penicillin-G-Behandlung durchgefuhrt, was eine Reduktion bei 2 Hamolymphe-Proteinen verursachte. Diese mit der Symbionten-Aktivitat und Fortpflanzung verknupften Proteine treten am Ende der Behandlung wieder in Erscheinung.
MtDNA COI barcodes reveal cryptic diversity in the Baetis vernus group (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae)

Partial mitochondrial COI sequences (barcoding fragment) were explored for the understanding of the species boundaries of Baetis vernus group taxa (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) in northern Europe. We sampled all species of this group occurring in Finland, but focused on taxa for which morphological and taxonomical confusion have been most apparent. The sequence matrix comprised 627 nucleotides for 96 specimens, and was analysed using parsimony. Results provided strong evidence that Baetis macani Kimmins and B. vernus Curtis comprise morphologically cryptic but molecularly distinct taxa, as intraspecific uncorrected divergences within haplogroups ranged between 0.3% and 1.4% and interspecific divergences were from 13.1% to 16.5%. These interesting findings prompt for further taxonomic studies of B. vernus taxa using more extensive specimen sampling from the known distributional areas in the Palaearctic/Holarctic region for better understanding of haplotype distributions. We stress the importance of integration of morphological and molecular data, and the necessity to employ additional nuclear DNA sequence data.
Determination of aerosol kinetics of thermal ZnO dissociation by thermogravimetry

Abstract The thermal decomposition of ZnO is the high temperature solar step in a two-step water splitting process for sustainable H 2 production. To optimize aerosol solar reactor design, it is desired to understand the forward kinetics of this reaction in an aerosol configuration. Non-isothermal thermogravimetric (TG) experiments were conducted to determine the applicability of TG kinetic data to aerosol reactor environments. It was found that the differentiating heat and mass transfer factors—initial loaded mass, particle size, and heating rate—had no statistically significant effect on the activation energy or pre-exponential factor. This allowed TG data to be applied to the aerosol case. Isothermal TG experiments were subsequently performed to determine the kinetic rate parameters. Using the model expression d α d t = k * e E a / R ( 1 / T - 1 / T 0 ) ( 1 - α ) 2 / 3 , with T 0 = 1895 K , E a was found to be 353 ± 25.9 kJ / mol , and k * was found to vary inversely with diffusion distance in the TG crucible. The specific rate constant for a diffusion distance of 1 in was k 0 = 3.15 × 10 6 ± 5.54 × 10 5 s - 1 . Both of these results are in agreement with L’vov theory, and a simple electrostatic dissociation mechanism was proposed.
Compression of MgS TO 54 GPa

Abstract MgS (B1 or NaCl structure) was compressed in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature up to a pressure of 54 GPa. Diffraction experiments were performed using X-rays from both a rotating anode generator and synchrotron beam line. The B1 phase of MgS is stable to 54 GPa. A third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state fitted to the data yields a bulk modulus of 78.9 ± 3.7 GPa with a pressure derivative of 3.71 ± 0.34. Universal equation of state parameters are virtually identical. The thermodynamic parameters obtained are consistent with most of the existing theoretical predictions. For comparison, a bulk modulus of 56.0 ± 1.4 GPa, with a pressure derivative of 5.3 ± 1.0, is calculated for CaS using previously published data. Finally, the pressure-volume data and elastic parameters of several alkali halides and alkaline-earth sulfides and oxides are used to evaluate the applicability of the Born model for these compounds.
A Two-Source Energy Balance Approach Using Directional Radiometric Temperature Observations for Sparse Canopy Covered Surfaces

A two-source energy balance model developed to use directional radiometric surface temperature for estimating component heat fluxes from soil and vegetation has had several recent modifications to account for some of the unique properties associated with sparse canopies. Two of these changes involve the algorithms predicting the divergence of net radiation inside the canopy and how to account for clumped vegetation, which affects both the wind and radiation penetration inside the canopy and radiative temperature partitioning between soil and vegetation components. Model results with and without these modifications are compared using data collected from a sparsely vegetated row crop of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Delta Pine 77). It is suggested that these two new algorithms be incorporated in any two-source model applied to sparse canopies.
Are there implications for morphological changes in neck muscles after whiplash injury

Study Design. Literature review.Objective. To review the evidence related to the morphological changes (atrophy and fatty degeneration) of neck muscles in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) and to highlight emerging evidence for the pathophysiological mechanisms behind muscle degeneration and their potential role in the transition from acute to chronic pain following whiplash injury from a motor vehicle crash (MVC).Summary of Background Data. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be regarded as the gold standard for muscle imaging. There is emerging evidence to highlight in-vivo features of neck muscle degeneration in patients with chronic WAD as well as the temporal development of such acute changes following MVC. However, the precise underlying mechanisms for such changes and their influence on functional recovery following whiplash remain largely unknown.Methods. Literature review of available evidence from both the authors' previous studies and other similar bodies of work.Results. Studies have quantified degenerative changes in the neck muscles of patients with acute and chronic whiplash with structural MRI applications.Conclusion. Current evidence from structural MRI based studies demonstrates the widespread presence of fatty infiltrates in neck muscles of patients with chronic whiplash. Such findings have not shown to feature in patients with chronic insidious onset neck pain, suggesting traumatic factors play a role in their development. Recent studies have revealed that muscle fatty infiltrates manifest soon following whiplash but only in those with higher pain and disability and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The possibility that such muscle changes are associated with a more severe injury including poor functional recovery remains the focus of current research efforts. Language: en
Ageing in the honey-bee, Apis mellifera, as related to brain ATPases and their DDT sensitivity

Abstract The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) system in worker honey-bee brains showed an increased activity of 57 per cent in Na + K + ATPase and 63 per cent in Mg 2+ ATPase from adult emergence to 7 days post-emergence. Mg 2+ ATPase activity remained about the same throughout the remainder of adult life, while Na + K + ATPase remained the same until the sixth week, when a decline occurred. The percentage mortality of the bees exceeded 90 per cent at the time of decline of Na + K + ATPase. The in vitro inhibition of Mg 2+ ATPase and Na + K + ATPase by 10 μM DDT was between 40 and 50 per cent and about 20 per cent, respectively. A somewhat greater sensitivity to DDT was determined in brains of older honey-bees.
Change in Marine Recruits' Attitudes Related to Recruit Characteristics and Drill Instructors' Attitudes

Mariαe recruits' attitudes toward the toughness of Marines, spirit among Marines, affiliation with the Marine Corps, and authority in the Marine Corps were assessed on four occasions during basic t...
Mapping Oil for the Destroyed Taylor Energy Site in the Gulf of Mexico

The Marine Pollution Program of NOAA/NESDIS's Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB) consists of manual detection and mapping of oil slicks through the use of available moderate to high resolution visible...
Innovating with Infrastructure: How India's Largest Carmaker Copes with Poor Electricity Supply

Abstract Conventional wisdom suggests that self-generation is a high-cost and inefficient—but often unavoidable—solution to unreliable public power supply in developing countries. This article examines the power problem from the perspective of a large industrial user and its upstream supplier firms in India. It analyzes the innovative generation and power-sharing system that this firm has devised to solve both its own power problems as well as those facing some of its suppliers. This research finds not only that self-generation is economical but also that self-generation combined with power-sharing serves as a “model” that policy makers can replicate to ameliorate the power problems plaguing firms in developing countries.
Viewing 3D MRI data in perspective

In medical imaging applications, 3D morphological data set is often presented in 2D format without considering visual perspective. Without perspective, the resulting image can be counterintuitive to natural human visual perception, specially in a setting of MR guided neurosurgical procedure where depth perception is crucial. To address this problem we have developed a new projection scheme that incorporates linear perspective transformation in various image reconstructions, including MR angiographical projection. In the scheme, an imaginary picture plane (PP) can be placed within or immediately in front of a 3D object, and the stand point (SP) of an observer is fixed at a normal viewing distance os 25 cm in front of the picture plane. A clinical 3D angiography data set (TR/TF/Flipequals30/5.4/15) was obtained from a patient head on a 1.5T MR scanner in 4 min 10 sec (87.5% rectangular, 52% scan). The length, width and height of the image volume were 200mm, 200mm and 72.4mm respectively, corresponding to an effective matrix size of 236x512x44 in transverse orientation (512x512x88 after interpolation). Maximum intensity project (MaxIP) algorithm was used along the viewing trace of perspective projection than rather the parallel projection. Consecutive 36 views were obtained at a 10 degree interval azimuthally. When displayed in cine-mode, the new MaxIP images appeared realistic with an improved depth perception.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of report message scheduling (RMS) in 1G/10G EPON and GPON

A wide array of dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) mechanisms have recently been proposed for improving bandwidth utilization and reducing idle times and packet delays in passive optical networks (PONs). The DBA evaluation studies commonly assumed that the report message for communicating the bandwidth demands of the distributed optical network units (ONUs) to the central optical line terminal (OLT) is scheduled for the end of an ONU's upstream transmission, after the ONU's payload data transmissions. In this paper, we conduct a detailed investigation of the impact of the report message scheduling (RMS), either at the beginning (i.e., before the pay load data) or the end of an ONU upstream transmission on PON performance. We analytically characterize the reduction in channel idle time with reporting at the beginning of an upstream transmission compared to reporting at the end. Our extensive simulation experiments consider both the Ethernet Passive Optical Networking (EPON) standard and the Gigabit PON (GPON) standard. We find that for DBAs with offline sizing and scheduling of ONU upstream transmission grants at the end of a polling cycle, which processes requests from all ONUs, reporting at the beginning gives substantial reductions of mean packet delay at high loads. For high-performing DBAs with online grant sizing and scheduling, which immediately processes individual ONU requests, or interleaving of ONUs groups, both reporting at the beginning or end give essentially the same average packet delays.
Reconnaissance Geologic Map of the Sonoyta Quadrangle, Northwest Sonora, Mexico

The Sonoyta quadrangle is characterized by northwest-trending ranges of pre-Cretaceous(?) igneous and metamorphic rocks and less abundant Cretaceous(?) granitic plutons. Tertiary (?) volcanic rocks overlie, and locally are in fault contact with, the older crystalline rocks. Most of the western half of the quadrangle is covered by alluvium, sand dunes, and Holocene basalt. The area is cut by northwest-striking faults, one of which exhibits evidence of right-lateral displacement.
Systematic Comparison of a Two-dimensional Ion Trap and a Three-dimensional Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer in Proteomics

The utility and advantages of the recently introduced two-dimensional quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer in proteomics over the traditional three-dimensional ion trap mass spectrometer have not been systematically characterized. Here we rigorously compared the performance of these two platforms by using over 100,000 tandem mass spectra acquired with identical complex peptide mixtures and acquisition parameters. Specifically we compared four factors that are critical for a successful proteomic study: 1) the number of proteins identified, 2) sequence coverage or the number of peptides identified for every protein, 3) the data base matching SEQUEST Xcorr and Sp score, and 4) the quality of the fragment ion series of peptides. We found a 4–6-fold increase in the number of peptides and proteins identified on the two-dimensional ion trap mass spectrometer as a direct result of improvement in all the other parameters examined. Interestingly more than 70% of the doubly and triply charged peptides, but not the singly charged peptides, showed better quality of fragmentation spectra on the two-dimensional ion trap. These results highlight specific advantages of the two-dimensional ion trap over the conventional three-dimensional ion traps for protein identification in proteomic experiments.
Language disparities between patients and dermatologists in describing acne lesions

Background There are no studies evaluating the comprehension of terms used by dermatologists to describe acne lesions. Objective The goal is to evaluate the comprehension of terms and pictures representing various acne lesions. Methods Patients were asked to describe terms and pictures of various acne lesions. Responses were graded as nonspecific, consistent, or inconsistent with physicians' description of the same lesion. Results For 5 of 9 terms and for 2 of 6 pictures, the majority of responses were inconsistent or nonspecific. Limitations Our sample size was limited and did not represent all ethnic groups, educational levels, and geographic regions. We did not record which patients had acne versus which patients did not. Finally, the wording of the question "What words would you use to describe what you see in the picture?" may be misleading. Conclusions Patients have limited understanding of terminology commonly used by dermatologists to describe acne lesions.
New turbo-ARQ techniques based on estimated reliabilities

We propose a new form of incremental-redundancy hybrid ARQ for use with codes that use soft-input, soft-output decoders, such as turbo codes. The new ARQ scheme determines the reliability of bits in the iterative decoding process based on the magnitude of the soft outputs of the decoder, which are the a posteriori log-likelihood ratios. We show that the bits with the smallest magnitudes are not only likely to be in error, but are linked to a set of weak bits that limit the convergence of the iterative decoding algorithm. The new ARQ scheme requests additional information for some subset of these weak bits. We note that the hybrid ARQ scheme we propose is particularly appropriate for use on channels in which there is some asymmetry, as the negative acknowledgements are considerably larger than those used in conventional ARQ schemes. The hybrid-ARQ schemes presented in this paper provide significant performance gains and can be used to achieve performance close to the channel capacity.