cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Core Reference Competencies from an Employers’ Perspective: Implications for Instruction

Reference services are in transition. Impacted by advances in technology, changing user expectations, and the migration to greater provision of online and distance service, reference in academic libraries today is not the same service it was even just a decade ago. Most literature looks at reference competencies either for a specific service model such as virtual reference, or a specific type of library like an academic health or law library. Despite the changing nature of the job, few studies have considered reference competencies more broadly from the employer’s point of view. This study reports the preliminary results of a survey of current reference librarians and hiring managers to answer the following questions: What knowledge, skills, and competencies do current practitioners and hiring managers believe to be valuable for the provision of reference services now and into the future? What areas do managers find lacking or underdeveloped in their new hires? How well do current library science programs prepare students to meet employer expectations for reference positions?
Study of the atmospheric general circulation as an initial value problem with the NCAR community climate model

The essential elements of the transition of a model atmosphere to the equilibrium state from two extreme rest states, a cold (240 K) state and a warm (310 K) state, were examined using the NCAR Community Climate Model. It is shown that the same equilibrium state was reached in the two spinup conditions, which was also the same that was reported for this model by Williamson and Williamson (1984), who started from still a different initial condition. The spinup from the cold initial condition was faster than that from the warm condition, although the final stages of the approach to equilibrium were very simular in both cases. It was also found that the spinup of the barotropic flow lagged behind that of the baroclinic flow and the thermal field, and the model tropics spinup was faster than that of the mid-latitudes.
Raltegravir in HIV-1 Infection: Safety and Efficacy in Treatment-Naïve Patients

The hunt for a compound which inhibits the HIV-1 integrase had been painstakingly difficult. Integrase is essential for viral replication as it mediates the integration of the viral DNA genome into the host DNA resulting in the establishment of the permanent provirus. Persistent efforts have resulted in the discovery of Raltegravir (Isentress, MK-0518), the first integrase inhibitor approved by US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment in HIV-1 infected patients. Numerous clinical studies with raltegravir have found it to be safe and effective in treatment naive as well as treatment experienced patients. Adverse events associated with raltegravir based therapy are milder compared to previously available regimens. Raltegravir is metabolized primarily via glucuronidation mediated by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase and has a favorable pharmacokinetics independent of age, gender, race, food, and drug-drug interactions. Within a short period of time of its introduction, raltegravir has been included as one of DHHS recommended preferred regimen for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in treatment naive patients.
Performance characteristics of location‐based group membership and data consistency algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks

Purpose – Many applications of mobile ad hoc networks require real‐time data consistency among moving nodes within a geographical area of interest to function correctly, such as those that support disaster recovery and battlefield command and control. While it is operationally desirable to maintain data consistency among nodes within a large geographical area, the time and network resources required to propagate state changes to all nodes place practical limits on network size. This paper aims to investigate this issue.Design/methodology/approach – This paper investigates the notion of location‐based data consistency in mobile ad hoc networks, and analyzes the tradeoff between data consistency and timeliness of data exchange among nodes within a location‐based group in a geographical area of interest.Findings – Using a Petri net performance model, performance characteristics of location‐based data consistency maintenance algorithms are analyzed and design conditions under which the system can tradeoff con...
Effect of Extrasystoles on Idioventricular Rhythm Clinical and Electrophysiologic Correlation

When premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) occur in the idioventricular rhythm of patients with complete heart block (CHB), one of several rhythm alterations may occur: the postextrasystolic or returning cycle (RC) may be prolonged, unaltered, or even shortened without any apparent reason. To elucidate the mechanisms by which these alterations occur, the effect of spontaneous and of electrically induced PVCs was studied in five patients with CHB. Over 500 observations were obtained. PVCs occurring late in the basic cycle, i.e., after the T wave of the last spontaneous idioventricular beat, almost uniformly resulted in lengthening of the first RC. In sharp contrast, PVCs elicited early in the cycle, i.e., during the T wave, were followed by a shortened RC in 95% of instances. The underlying electrophysiologic mechanisms responsible for the relationship of RC length to degree of prematurity of the PVC are discussed.
A minicomputer method for generating dichotic word pairs

A computer method is described for generating dichotic word pairs. The Purdue Laboratory system is implemented with a DEC PDP-12 computer.
Prospective characterization of pathological features of Prostatic Carcinomas Detected Via Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Based Screening

AbstractPurpose: Many small (less than 0.5 cc), well differentiated, organ-confined prostate carcinomas remain clinically undetected during the life of the patient and are identified only at postmortem examination. Thus, these cancers are often called latent or autopsy cancer. There is concern that serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) based screening may preferentially detect these cancers. There are limited prospective data concerning the pathological features of carcinomas of the prostate detected in a screening program. We determined if prostatic carcinomas detected via PSA based screening resembled autopsy cancers.Materials and Methods: We assessed the pathological features of carcinomas in 100 consecutive, completely embedded radical prostatectomy specimens from men whose cancer was detected in a PSA based screening program. The tumors were evaluated for pathological stage, surgical margin status, Gleason histological grade and intraglandular tumor extent (morphometrically quantified as percentage c...
Gut Microbes Make for Fattier Fish

The mammalian gut microbiota influences both sides of the energy balance equation, salvaging energy from undigested nutrients and directing the host to accumulate adipose tissue. Semova et al. (2012) use zebrafish to demonstrate that the gut microbiota also promotes dietary lipid absorption, emphasizing the many host-microbial interactions contributing to adiposity.
Structure and Kinetics Study of MOCVD Lead Oxide (PbO) from Lead BIS-Tetramethylheptadionate (Pb(thd)2)

Lead bis-tetramethylheptadionate (Pb(thd)2) is an extremely useful precursor for the preparation of lead-based thin films such as PZT, lead titanate, etc. In this paper, lead oxide was deposited from Pb(thd)2 in a hot-walled CVD reactor using oxygen as a reactive species and diluent gas. XRD and SEM were used to determine the structure of the material deposited by the CVD process. The CVD process consistently produced the monoxide of lead which was found to consist of a mixture of orthorhombic PbO with small tetragonal PbO platelets. TEM was used to determine the orientation of the individual platelets which was found to be consistently normal to the family of zone axes. Deposition rates were determined and simulated using an FEM computer model to determine the rate constants for the overall deposition process.
Sequenced treatment alternatives to relieve depression (STAR * D): rationale and design

STAR*D is a multisite, prospective, randomized, multistep clinical trial of outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder. The study compares various treatment options for those who do not attain a satisfactory response with citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant. The study enrolls 4000 adults (ages 18-75) from both primary and specialty care practices who have not had either a prior inadequate response or clear-cut intolerance to a robust trial of protocol treatments during the current major depressive episode. After receiving citalopram (level 1), participants without sufficient symptomatic benefit are eligible for randomization to level 2 treatments, which entail four switch options (sertraline, bupropion, venlafaxine, cognitive therapy) and three citalopram augment options (bupropion, buspirone, cognitive therapy). Those who receive cognitive therapy (switch or augment options) at level 2 without sufficient improvement are eligible for randomization to one of two level 2A switch options (venlafaxine or bupropion). Level 2 and 2A participants are eligible for random assignment to two switch options (mirtazapine or nortriptyline) and to two augment options (lithium or thyroid hormone) added to the primary antidepressant (citalopram, bupropion, sertraline, or venlafaxine) (level 3). Those without sufficient improvement at level 3 are eligible for level 4 random assignment to one of two switch options (tranylcypromine or the combination of mirtazapine and venlafaxine). The primary outcome is the clinician-rated, 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, administered at entry and exit from each treatment level through telephone interviews by assessors masked to treatment assignments. Secondary outcomes include self-reported depressive symptoms, physical and mental function, side-effect burden, client satisfaction, and health care utilization and cost. Participants with an adequate symptomatic response may enter the 12-month naturalistic follow-up phase with brief monthly and more complete quarterly assessments.
Acute hepatitis. clinical observations in 63 cases

(1) A group of 63 cases of acute hepatitis was analyzed. (2) The age incidence varied from 18 months to 80 years. (3) Sulfanilamide drugs should be used with great caution in the presence of chronic liver disease. (4) The clinical course of hepatitis is benign in children and varies in adults. (5) Intra-hepatic obstruction often simulates extrahepatic mechanical jaundice, and surgery may have to be resorted to for differential diagnosis.
Nirvana as the Last Thing? The Iconic End of the Narrative Imagination

The essay argues that the life of the world to come, the hoped-for final end of the individual Christian, cannot be characterized or represented narratively; that it can be represented both formally and ironically; and that what Buddhists have said about Nirvana may serve Christian theologians in the development of more adequate formal and iconic representations of the life of the world to come. This is, then an essay in Christian theology concerned primarily to elucidate, at a relatively high degree of abstraction, some syntactical elements in the Christian master text; and secondarily, to comment upon some semantic elements therein.
Voluntary health agencies as target populations for epidemiologic research

The ability of two voluntary health agencies to provide suitable target populations for epidemiologic research was explored in a pilot study of epilepsy. The results suggest that, properly approached, voluntary agencies offer advantage for this purpose. In the first agency (Group A), subjects were recruited by mail, producing a response rate of 15%. In the second agency (Group B), subjects were recruited by telephone, producing a response rate of 87%. A structured, precoded telephone interview about personal and family history of seizure disorders was administered to both groups of subjects. Subjects in Group A gave permission to contact a higher proportion of their eligible relatives than did those in Group B (73 vs 57%). Permission was obtained more often for relatives reported to have had seizures (Group A 86%, Group B 78%) than for other relatives. 89% of relatives contacted directly agreed to be interviewed. Consent forms for medical record review were signed and returned by 95% of Group A and 77% of Group B subjects. Diagnoses of etiology and seizure type of epilepsy based on the interview data agreed with diagnosis based on the medical records in most cases. In first-degree relatives of subjects with epilepsy, reported rates of epilepsy did not appear to be seriously biased.
The Key Is Gone … The Card Is Going … and The Touch Is Coming

Marketing in the next millennium is likely to take on a whole new meaning as the macro forces of globalization, technology and re-engineered behavior redefine the customer, their needs and the purc...
Ticarcillin plus clavulanic acid in the treatment of patients with cancer.

Abstract Since the combination of ticarcillin with clavulanic acid is active against many otherwise resistant organisms that commonly affect patients with cancer, a therapeutic trial with ticarcillin disodium plus clavulanate potassium for treating infections in cancer patients was conducted. A total of 127 evaluable patients were treated with this antibiotic. Of these, 63 percent were women with breast carcinoma, 28 percent were patients with leukemia, and the remainder were patients with sarcomas and lung cancer. The median duration of therapy was 7.7 days. There were 63 documented infections, with bacteriologic documentation in 39 episodes. Because of the high incidence of gram-positive infections and after the failure of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium in two of these episodes, vancomycin was added to the regimen. The overall response rate was 75 percent. In microbiologically proved infections, the response rate was 79 percent. Thirteen of 17 gram-negative infections responded (76 percent), including four of four episodes caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The only failures in this group were two episodes with Klebsiella species, one episode with Escherichia coli, and one episode with Enterobacter species. Of the gram-positive infections treated without vancomycin, five of eight (63 percent) responded and only two episodes due to Staphylococcus aureus and one due to JK diphtheroid bacteria failed. All episodes treated with the combination of ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium and vancomycin responded. Seven of eight (88 percent) polymicrobial infections and 73 percent of those infections without identified organisms responded as well. The overall response rates for septicemia, pneumonia, soft tissue infections, and urinary tract infections were 71, 50, 71, and 83 percent, respectively. Of five microbiologically proved superinfections, three were fungal, and one each was due to Klebsiella species and S. aureus. No toxicity was observed. For 12 organisms, the minimal inhibitory concentration was lower for ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium than for ticaracillin alone; in six it was identical. Five organisms were resistant to both, and three that were resistant to ticarcillin were sensitive to ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium. Ticarcillin plus clavulanate potassium is a safe drug with an expanded spectrum of activity. More therapeutic trials need to be conducted to better define its role in the therapy of serious infections in cancer patients.
A psychiatric rehabilitation treatment program: Can i recognize one if i see one?

Over the last several decades there has been a tremendous growth in the number of community-based settings that indicate that they provide rehabilitation programming to persons with severe psychiatric disabilities. Questions can be raised, however, as to the extent to which these settings are actually providing programs that are rehabilitative in nature. Ten essential ingredients of rehabilitation programming are presented for use in discriminating between programs that are rehabilitation oriented and programs which are rehabilitation in name only. The articulation of these ten essential ingredients can serve as a guide for the continued development of community-based settings which attempt to provide comprehensive rehabilitation programming.
What is quality

Abstract Quality is a term that is frequently used in postharvest studies but rarely defined. What is more disturbing is that most researchers, producers, users, consultants and decision makers interested in fruit and vegetable quality have a reasonably clear concept of the term, but there are as many different concepts as there are different perspectives in postharvest handling and distribution. A lack of appreciation for different perspectives on quality may be the most limiting factor in improving the quality of fresh fruits and vegetables as delivered to the consumer. The primary dividing line between differing concepts of quality is orientation. Most postharvest researchers, producers and handlers are product-oriented in that quality is described by specific attributes of the fruit or vegetable itself such as sugar content, color or firmness. Consumers, marketers and economists are more likely to be consumer-oriented in that quality is described by consumer wants and needs. A continuation of the product orientation to quality will lead to continued advances in postharvest technology in academic research. It is likely that when major producers/distributors start to adopt a consumer orientation to quality of fresh fruits and vegetables, competitors will either follow or suffer the economic consequences. At this point then research scientists may need to reorient to remain relevant to commercial needs.
Systematic Optimization of Multiplex Zymography Protocol to Detect Active Cathepsins K, L, S, and V in Healthy and Diseased Tissue: Compromise Among Limits of Detection, Reduced Time, and Resources

Cysteine cathepsins are a family of proteases identified in cancer, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, arthritis, and a number of other diseases. As this number continues to rise, so does the need for low cost, broad use quantitative assays to detect their activity and can be translated to the clinic in the hospital or in low resource settings. Multiplex cathepsin zymography is one such assay that detects subnanomolar levels of active cathepsins K, L, S, and V in cell or tissue preparations observed as clear bands of proteolytic activity after gelatin substrate SDS-PAGE with conditions optimal for cathepsin renaturing and activity. Densitometric analysis of the zymogram provides quantitative information from this low cost assay. After systematic modifications to optimize cathepsin zymography, we describe reduced electrophoresis time from 2 h to 10 min, incubation assay time from overnight to 4 h, and reduced minimal tissue protein necessary while maintaining sensitive detection limits; an evaluation of the pros and cons of each modification is also included. We further describe image acquisition by Smartphone camera, export to Matlab, and densitometric analysis code to quantify and report cathepsin activity, adding portability and replacing large scale, darkbox imaging equipment that could be cost prohibitive in limited resource settings.
Design and development of a power takeoff shaft

The X-29 forward-swept wing aircraft required a power takeoff shaft to transmit power from the starter to the engine during engine starting and to transmit power from the engine to the remote gearbox during ground and flight operations of aircraft accessories. Shaft design requirements of high speed and great length could not be met with off-the-shelf designs. Meeting adequate critical speed margin posed a significant design problem. Various shaft concepts were studied. The final selection was a graphite/epoxy center shaft utilizing metal flexible end assemblies. Extensive testing at unit, subsystem, and system levels proved the adequacy of the design.
MRI of pediatric growth plate injury: correlation with plain film radiographs and clinical outcome.

Purpose. To evaluate pediatric growth plate injuries with conventional radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To review potential clinical impact of MRI on subsequent patient management and outcome. Methods. Fourteen patients with known or suspected growth plate injury were studied. Each patient underwent imaging by conventional radiography and MRI within 2 weeks of injury. Findings on conventional radiographs and on MR images were compared and then correlated with subsequent management and outcome at a mean of 12 months. Results. Direct visualization of cartilage afforded by MRI improved evaluation of growth plate injury in each case. MRI changed Salter Harris classification or staging in 2 of 9 patients with fractures visualized on conventional radiographs, allowed the detection of radiographically occult fractures in 5 of 14 cases, and resulted in a physical change in management in 5 of the 14 patients studied. Conclusion. MRI has an important role in the evaluation of acute pediatric growth plate injury, particularly when diagnostic uncertainty persists following the evaluation of conventional radiographs. MRI allows detection of occult fractures, may alter Salter Harris staging, and in the reported study it frequently resulted in a change in patient management.
Integrated strong cation-exchange hybrid monolith coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis and simultaneous dynamic pH junction for large-volume proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry.

Abstract A sulfonate–silica hybrid strong cation-exchange (SCX) monolith was synthesized at the proximal end of a capillary zone electrophoresis column and used for on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) sample preconcentration. Sample was prepared in an acidic buffer and deposited onto the SCX-SPE monolith and eluted using a basic buffer. Electrophoresis was performed in an acidic buffer. This combination of buffers results in formation of a dynamic pH junction, which allows use of relatively large elution buffer volume while maintaining peak efficiency and resolution. All experiments were performed with a 50 µm ID capillary, a 1 cm long SCX-SPE monolith, a 60 cm long separation capillary, and a electrokinetically pumped nanospray interface. The volume of the capillary is 1.1 µL. By loading 21 µL of a 1×10 −7 M angiotensin II solution, an enrichment factor of 3000 compared to standard electrokinetic injection was achieved on this platform while retaining efficient electrophoretic performance ( N =44,000 plates). The loading capacity of the sulfonate SCX hybrid monolith was determined to be ~15 pmol by frontal analysis with 10 −5 M angiotensin II. The system was also applied to the analysis of a 10 −4 mg/mL bovine serum albumin tryptic digest; the protein coverage was 12% and 11 peptides were identified. Finally, by loading 5.5 µL of a 10 −3 mg/mL E. coli digest, 109 proteins and 271 peptides were identified in a 20 min separation; the median separation efficiency generated by these peptides was 25,000 theoretical plates.
Doped semiconductors and other solar energy materials

A review is presented of recent applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy that focus on determining the fate of doped impurities in semiconductors, primarily GaAs, Ga1−xAlxAs and Si. Other solar energy materials and processes which are discussed include amorphous Si∶H-based alloys, chalcopyrites, transparent conducting oxides, photochemical processing via semiconductor powders in electrolytes, mirror making, and plant photosynthesis.
Admissibility of goodness of fit tests for discrete exponential families

Abstract Consider testing the composite hypothesis that a population is a particular discrete exponential family. For example, a Poisson distribution with unknown parameter. We find a sufficient condition for the admissibility of goodness of fit tests. Included in the class of admissible tests is the usual chi — square test of goodness of fit.
The profile of a patient with contact dermatitis and a suspicion of contact allergy (History, physical characteristics, and dermatology-specific quality of life)

Abstract According to the National Center for Health Statistics Survey, a large proportion of patients with contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, or eczema visit nondermatologists, and only approximately 40% visit dermatologists. Therefore, the prompt, proper diagnosis of the cause and prescription of precise treatment can be delayed. We wanted to create a clear understanding of the nuances of the allergic contact dermatitis and its effect on the economics and life quality of the patients for not only the dermatologists but also the primary care physicians. In an observational multicenter study planned for a span of 1 year with approximately 570 patients suspected of allergic contact dermatitis, data were collected at enrollment on their history, physical characteristics, and quality of life and were analyzed using routine statistical procedures. The “quality of life” data on these patients, most of whom have a history of long-standing disease, show a high correlation between the clinical factors such as symptom activity and frequency of episodes and the subscales of quality of life. These patients had a lesser score on mental and vital subscales (SF-36) than US population norms, showing a moderate impact of the disease on their mental health and vitality. There is an urgent need for a simpler and quicker method that could lead to an earlier and more precise diagnosis so the causal substance can be identified and avoided and the disease treated in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Nature of the `dark' state in diphenylacetylene and related molecules: state switch from the linear ππ ∗ state to the bent πσ ∗ state

Abstract Time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), CIS, and CASSCF calculations of the excited singlet states of diphenylacetylene demonstrate the existence of a low energy crossing between the initially excited ππ ∗ state (1 1B1u in D2h) and the dark πσ ∗ state (1 1Au in C2h). The state switch from the linear ππ ∗ state to the bent πσ ∗ state accounts for all the unusual photophysical and spectroscopic properties of DPA, including an abrupt fluorescence break-off, and the appearance of the temperature/viscosity dependent transient absorption at 700 nm. The calculations also yield the ππ ∗ / πσ ∗ intersection for phenylacetylene and benzonitrile, suggesting that the state switch may be a phenomenon of common occurrence in aromatic molecules containing CC and CN groups.
Anticipation of anomalous effects in differential sorption experiments

The concept of a diffusion Deborah number is used to anticipate the presence of anomalous effects in differential sorption experiments. The method is illustrated using sorption data for five experiments involving polymer-solvent mixtures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2007–2013, 1997
Self-Similarity in Harmonic Analysis

This is a survey of recent work involving concepts of self-similarity that relate to harmonic analysis. Perhaps the main theme is the question: how does the fractal or self-similar nature of an object express itself on the Fourier transform side? A wide range of related topics are discussed, including self-similar measures and distributions, fractal Plancherel theorems, Lp dimensions and densities of measures, multiperiodic functions and their asymptotic behavior, convolution equations with self-similar measures, self-similar tilings, and the development of self-similar analysis on stratified nilpotent Lie groups.
Mercerization of Ramie: Comparisons with Flax and Cotton Part I: Effects on Physical, Mechanical, and Accessibility Characteristics

The effects of slack and tension mercerization on selected physical and accessibility characteristics of ramie were compared to the effects of the same treatments on flax and cotton. Slack mercerization of ramie and flax resulted in considerable losses in yam strength, while tension mercerization resulted in increased strength. Increased yarn strength was seen in both slack and tension mercerized cotton yarn. The effects of mercerization on ramie fiber cross-sectional parameters included increases in pe rimeter and area with no change in circularity. Little apparent change in fiber size or shape occurred in flax fibers, while the primary effect on cotton was increased circu larity. Increases in fiber accessibility were seen in all mercerized fibers, but the mag nitude of change in flax was approximately half of that in ramie and cotton. For all three fibers, the extent of swelling and modification in accessibility was greater under slack conditions.
Development and psychometric properties of the brief test of attention

Abstract The development and preliminary psychometric properties of a new instrument called the Brief Test of Attention (BTA) are described. In terms of the conceptual model proposed by Cooley and Morris (1990), the BTA is best described as a measure of auditory divided attention. The test consists of two parallel forms that require less than 5 minutes each to administer and score. The results of testing 926 patients and normal control subjects support the BTA's reliability, equivalence of forms, and construct validity. Coefficients alpha for the entire test range from .82 to .91, while between-form correlations range from .69 to .81. Neither practice nor interference effects were found to influence performance from the first to second form administered. Correlation and principal components analyses showed that the BTA correlates more strongly with widely accepted measures of attention than with other cognitive tasks, and more strongly with complex than simple attention tasks.
A Novel Fixation Procedure to Eliminate Covered Self-Expanding Metal Stent Migration

Leakage from esophageal and gastric perforation carries a high morbidity rate and requires surgical or endoscopic intervention. When stenting is utilized, migration of the stent is a common complication. A novel technique to prevent migration of the stent is described. Fourteen patients presenting with leakage from the foregut underwent stent fixation with this technique. A bridle is created by delivering umbilical tape through each nostril securing the stent for 4 days. None of the 14 patients' X-rays showed migration of the stent. This new technique is both safe and effective when treating leaks and perforations from the foregut. Until nonmigrating stents can be developed, such techniques will be an important resource for treatment.
Studies of learning to learn. I. Transfer as a function of method of practice and class of verbal materials

Summary This study investigated interlist transfer as a function of the method of practice and the class of verbal materials used in successive tasks. Each of eight groups learned a training list (List 1) and a test list (List 2). Four kinds of tasks were used for List 1: paired-associate adjectives, serial adjectives, paired-associate trigrams, and serial trigrams. List 2 consisted either of paired adjectives or serial adjectives. All combinations of first and second tasks were used. Intralist and interlist similarity were minimized throughout. All conditions of training produced substantial improvements in performance on List 2 as compared with first-list learning of the same task. In addition, transfer effects specific to the conditions of prior learning were demonstrated. Such differential transfer effects were more extensive in the acquisition of the paired-associate than the serial test list. The method of practice used in the first task consistently influenced subsequent learning more than did the class of verbal materials. The results support the conclusion that interlist practice effects are based in part on specific instrumental habits which are carried over from one task to the next.
A Goldbach 3-primes theorem for polynomials of low degree over finite fields of characteristic 2

Abstract A monic polynomial M in one variable x over the finite field kq of q elements is called even if q = 2 and if x or x + 1 divides M, otherwise M is called odd. We prove: Theorem . Every odd monic polynomial M of degree 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 over every finite field kq of characteristic 2 can be written a sum of 3 irreducible monic polynomials except for the case of M = x2 + α (α ϵ kq). Together with previous results, this theorem reduces the following conjecture to a finite, tractible calculation: The Polynomial 3-Primes Conjecture . Every odd monic polynomial M of degree ≥ 2 over every finite field kq can be written as a sum of 3 irreducible monic polynomials except for the case of M = x2 + α, α ϵ kq, q even.
The specific heat of a degenerate electron gas

The internal energy of a degenerate electron gas is evaluated for finite temperature to first order ine2 by applying the Sommerfeld method to the grand partition function. The specific heat is obtained correctly by temperature differentiation in which the shift of the Fermi momentum from the ideal gas value is taken into consideration. Thus, this theory differs from those given previously by Pines, Gell-Mann and others. In fact, there appears no divergence such as encountered by Gell-Mann in his approximate approach. The specific heat thus evaluated increases slightly withrs in agreement with recent experimental data on alkali metals.
Influence of mitochondrial enzyme deficiency on adult neurogenesis in mouse models of neurodegenerative diseases

Mitochondrial defects including reduction of a key mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme α-ketoglutarate–dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) are characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. KGDHC consists of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl succinyltransferase (E2k), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (Dld) subunits. We investigated whether Dld or E2k deficiency influences adult brain neurogenesis using immunohistochemistry for the immature neuron markers, doublecortin (Dcx) and polysialic acid–neural cell adhesion molecule, as well as a marker for proliferation, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Both Dld- and E2k-deficient mice showed reduced Dcx-positive neuroblasts in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus compared with wild-type mice. In the E2k knockout mice, increased immunoreactivity for the lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde occurred in the SGZ. These alterations did not occur in the subventricular zone (SVZ). PCNA staining revealed decreased proliferation in the SGZ of E2k-deficient mice. In a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, Dcx-positive cells in the SGZ were also reduced compared with wild type, but Dld deficiency did not exacerbate the reduction. In the malonate lesion model of Huntington's disease, Dld deficiency did not alter the lesion-induced increase and migration of Dcx-positive cells from the SVZ into the ipsilateral striatum. Thus, the KGDHC subunit deficiencies associated with elevated lipid peroxidation selectively reduced the number of neuroblasts and proliferating cells in the hippocampal neurogenic zone. However, these mitochondrial defects neither exacerbated certain pathological conditions, such as amyloid precursor protein (APP) mutation-induced reduction of SGZ neuroblasts, nor inhibited malonate-induced migration of SVZ neuroblasts. Our findings support the view that mitochondrial dysfunction can influence the number of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus of adult mice.
The Application of Equilibrium Dialysis to the Determination of Drug-Cyclodextrin Stability Constants

The equilibrium dialysis method was applied to the determination of drug-cyclodextrin stability constants using diflunisal and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as a model system. Analysis of data showed the existence of a linear Scatchard plot, which is indicative of the formation of a 1:1 diflunisal:HPBCD complex. The stoichiometry of the complex was verified using the appropriate mass action law equation. The complexation constant (Kc was 3801 ± 541 M−1. The Kc obtained using the equilibrium dialysis method was comparable to that obtained using a potentiometric method (5564 ± 56 M−1)
Concentration and biotransformation of arsenic by Prosopis sp. grown in soil treated with chelating agents and phytohormones

Environmental context. Arsenic (As) is a metalloid found throughout the environment. Although As can be released from natural phenomena, anthropogenic activities account for most As contamination worldwide. The toxicity of As depends on the form (inorganic or organic) and species (AsIII or AsV), among others. Plants have the ability to absorb and bioreduce As, cleaning the soil and reducing the toxicity of As to some extent. The aim of the present research was to study the effects of cysteine, the chelating agents cyclohexylenedinitrotetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid, and the phytohormone kinetin on the As concentration and speciation in mesquite (Prosopis sp.). The results give an insight about how a desert plant absorbs, bioreduces, distributes and stores this toxic metalloid. Abstract. The aim of the present research was to study the effects of cysteine (Cys), cyclohexylenedinitrotetraacetic acid (CDTA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and kinetin (KN) on the arsenic (As) concentration and speciation in mesquite (Prosopis sp.) grown in soil containing 30 ppm (parts per million) of AsIII or 50 ppm of AsV. Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) determinations revealed that, compared with As alone, roots of plants treated with 2.5 mM CDTA or 0.5 mM of Cys + 100 μM KN increased total As concentration from AsIII by ~20 and 36% and from AsV by 100 and 65%, respectively. Liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) studies revealed that in roots, AsIII remained without change, whereas both AsIII and AsV were found in plants grown with AsV. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies revealed that As within plants was mainly coordinated to three sulfur atoms, with interatomic distances of 2.26 A. Results suggests that Cys + KN increased the mesquite tolerance to AsV, because plants grown in AsV had roots of similar size to plants grown without As.
Amplification of the Murine mdr2 Gene and a Reconsideration of the Structure of the Murine mdr Gene Locus

ABSTRACT A common feature of cells selected in vitro for the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is the amplification and concomitant overexpression of the mdr genes. In murine macrophage-like J77...
Facilitation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflexes by locus coeruleus stimulation

Abstract A conditioning train of stimuli delivered in the vicinity of the locus coeruleus elicited a marked (average 104%) facilitation of the lumbar monosynaptic reflex in decerebrated cats. Placement of the electrode in periaqueductal gray resulted in a biphasic facilitatory action in the MSR. Phenoxybenzamine (2 mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (1–2 mg/kg) caused marked reductions in LC-induced augmentations. Haloperidol appeared to potentiate LC-elicited facilitation. These data further verify the noradrenergic nature of fibers originating from the locus coeruleus and assign a physiological role to coeruleo-spinal projection in the regulation of lumbar MSR.
Density independent fluctuations of population size

Under constant environmental conditions, a population whose size remains bounded usually has some kind of density dependent regulation. The population size may approach a constant equilibrium level, undergo regular oscillations in size, or exhibit some more complex form of fluctuation depending on the particular type of density dependence. However, there is no guarantee that all populations remain within finite bounds or that density dependent factors predominate. Environmental conditions vary in time, and the organism involved may be sufftciently sensitive to environmental changes so that the population size is determined largely by extrinsic factors. Such factors could.lead to periodic local extinctions with subsequent increases due to propagules from the outside. The purpose of this paper is to investigate various aspects of the dynamics of a population for which density independent factors are predominant. While our theory cannot directly determine the relative importance of density dependent and density independent factors in natural populations (see Lack (1966, Appendix) for a summary of the controversy), it does lead to testable predictions for a large class of density independent factors. We will analyze a class of population growth laws which have explicitly determined autocorrelated environmental fluctuations, and we will find the moments of the persistence times and population sizes. We will also identify those features of environmental perturbations that are most important for the dynamics of a population controlled by such density independent factors. An important feature of our model is the re-establishing of local populations after local extinction. In natural systems, the population could 37 0040.5809/81/010037-21SO2.OOjO
Reading Allegory in a Secular Age: Mid-Century Theology and the Allegoresis of Frye and Jameson

This essay treats the division between hermeneutic models that emphasize surface and depth by examining two of the most influential twentieth century theoreticians of allegory: Northrop Frye and Fredric Jameson. It argues that the sense of depth in Frye and Jameson can be fully appreciated only if we recover the impact of a discipline not usually considered to be a major influence on their projects, namely, that of the mid-twentieth century Protestant theology of Karl Barth and Rudolph Bultmann. This influence is centered on three different categories: the shape of temporality, the significance of myth, and the construction of literary theory as a science.
Decay and properties of the yrast superdeformed band in 192 Pb

The {sup 173}Yb({sup 24}Mg,5n) reaction at E({sup 24}Mg) = 134.5 MeV with a gold-backed target was used to populate high-angular momentum states in {sup 192}Pb. Resulting {gamma} rays were detected with Gammasphere located at the 88-Inch Cyclotron. A discrete transition of energy E{sub {gamma}} = 2057.7(6) keV has been identified in the depopulation the yrast superdeformed (SD) band in {sup 192}Pb. This transition has been tentatively placed in the level scheme based on coincidence relationships. Thus, the excitation energy of the SD level populated by the 262-keV in-band transition is tentatively assigned E{sub x} = 4.572(1) MeV. Confidence limits are discussed. Other transitions in coincidence with the SD band and general features of the band and its decay are also presented. In particular, we confirm that the J{sup (2)} of the SD band decreases by {approx}13{percent} at the lowest frequency. Also, by comparing the masses of the SD ground states in {sup 192,194}Pb to liquid drop model expectations and to each other we have been able to confirm enhanced stability for N=112 at superdeformation. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Review of Selected Chinese Herbal Medicines in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose The purpose of this article is to examine how Chinese herbal medicines are used in the treatment of diabetes, focusing on potential benefits and risks. Methods Medline, expert interviews, and Internet searches were used to identify Chinese herbal medicines with antidiabetic properties and their diabetes-related health claim, proposed antidiabetic effect, adverse effects, contraindications, and drug interactions. Results Twenty-three herbs and 5 herbal formulas were selected for review. Antidiabetic health claims included increasing serum insulin, decreasing blood glucose, increasing glucose metabolism, and/or stimulating pancreatic function. Side effects were few or not reported. Conclusions The use of Chinese herbal medicines in diabetes is promising but still far from proven. Diabetes educators need to be aware of the risks and benefits of herbal medicines. Patients should be asked about the use and source of herbal medicines and carefully monitored for drug interactions and adverse effects.
A new TCP/AQM for stable operation in fast networks

This paper is aimed at designing a congestion control system that scales gracefully with network capacity, providing high utilization, low queueing delay, dynamic stability, and fairness among users. In earlier work we had developed fluid-level control laws that achieve the first three objectives for arbitrary networks and delays, but were forced to constrain the resource allocation policy. In this paper we extend the theory to include dynamics at TCP sources, preserving the earlier features at fast time-scales, but permitting sources to match their steady-state preferences, provided a bound on round-trip-times is known. We develop two packet-level implementations of this protocol, using (i) ECN marking, and (ii) queueing delay, as means of communicating the congestion measure from links to sources. We discuss parameter choices and demonstrate using ns-2 simulations the stability of the protocol and its equilibrium features in terms of utilization, queueing and fairness. We also demonstrate the scalability of these features to increases in capacity, delay, and load, in comparison with other deployed and proposed protocols.
Reliability Aspects of Plastic Encapsulated Integrated Circuits

The introduction of plastic encapsulated integrated circuits was one of the most significant changes in the semiconductor industry since the development of the integrated circuit itself. While the plastic encapsulation made available low cost-high volume integrated circuits for the industrial and consumer markets, it also introduced a wide range of potential reliability problems. Some of these reliability limitations were recognized and solved early in the development of plastic I/C's while others were of a more subtle nature and took longer to detect and correct. This paper considers the failure modes of plastic encapsulated integrated circuits; the stress tests utilized to detect their presence; the design and process improvements made to eliminate them and presents the results of extensive reliability tests conducted to assess their current reliability status.
Polarization and surface roughness effects on equilibrium temperature for interacting surfaces

An analysis is developed to examine polarization and surface roughness effects on equilibrium temperature for interacting adiabatic surfaces uniformly irradiated by a solar flux. A semigray spectral model is employed to account for radiation property differences between the solar spectral interval and wavelengths of surface or thermal emission. The surfaces are composed of V-shaped roughness elements with randomly distributed included angles as specified by root-mean-square slope. Element walls are optically smooth with directional specular reflectance given by electromagnetic theory for the parallel and perpendicular polarized components. For surface emission, the surfaces are diffusely emitting and specularly reflecting with a constant specular reflectance. Comparisons of results from the various property models show that polarization effects can be neglected and that it is more important to account for the directional variation of the properties.