cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of rating agencies in the market for charitable contributions: An empirical test

Abstract Rating agencies play the role of information intermediaries in the market for donations. These watchdog organizations obtain and interpret accounting data and other information about charitable organizations and report ratings to help donors select among the many organizations soliciting contributions. In the age of the internet, information from Internal Revenue Service Form 990 returns prepared by tax-exempt organizations is more readily accessible than ever before. This study examines whether the zero- to four-star ratings provided by Charity Navigator have additional information content for donors. Charity Navigator was selected because its rating system relies almost exclusively on the 990 returns and presumably adds value by incorporating peer-group expectations for various ratios and by presenting straightforward and concise data. Using a random sample of 405 charities rated by Charity Navigator, our results suggest that rating changes do impact contributions. Positive rating changes were associated with an increase in contributions and organizations with a decline in rating were associated with decreased contributions. These effects were in addition to what would be predicted using an efficiency ratio commonly computed from Form 990 accounting data and other control variables.
SU‐FF‐T‐110: Evaluating Head and Neck IMRT Plans with a Computational Tool for Spatial Dose‐Volume Histograms

Purpose: To evaluate head and neck IMRT plans with spatialdose‐volume histograms (DVHs) that have been calculated with a computational tool for DVH analysis.Method and Materials: A computational tool called HART (Histogram Analysis in Radiation Therapy) was developed for the efficient analysis of treatment plan DVHs. Notable functions include user‐defined DVH endpoints, an outcome analysis toolbox for biological endpoints such as tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and a user‐friendly graphical interface. A recent addition to the HART package is the ability to calculate spatial DVHs in all three dimensions (xDVH, yDVH and zDVH). In this study, spatial DVHs in all three directions were extracted for ten head and neck IMRT plans and compared to conventional DVHs. Dose‐volume data was examined for all targets and 26 critical structures. Results: The attraction of the conventional DVH has been that it can summarize a 3‐D isodose distribution onto a 2‐D plot. Unfortunately, the cost of this transformation is the loss of spatial information. Spatial DVHs have been shown to provide information on the position of “hot” and “cold” spots in the dose distribution while still maintaining the simplicity of a 2‐D plot. This additional spatial data can then be used for correlation to complications in normal tissues. By automating the extraction and computation of all DVH data, it was shown that HART is a useful tool for the evaluation of IMRTtreatment plans with spatial and conventional DVHs. Conclusion:Spatial DVHs can be used as a complementary tool to conventional DVHs in the evaluation of head and neck IMRT plans. Automating these computations with software such as HART allows for the routine clinical use of spatial DVHs.
Tropocollagen: significance of protease-induced alterations.

Interaction properties of tropocollagen are markedly altered by treatment with pepsin. This treatment liberates terminal or near-terminal covalently bonded peptides whose amino acid composition is strikingly different from the composition of the pepsin-resistant triple-helix body of the macromolecule. Pepsin also converts most of the β-chains to α-chains. This fact indicates that the interchain link is also external to the body of the macromolecule and probably involves peptides. The role of these properties in bioregulative mechanisms is briefly discussed.
Geosurf: a computer program for modeling adsorption on mineral surfaces from aqueous solution

Abstract A new program, GEOSURF, has been developed for calculating aqueous and surface speciation consistent with the triple-layer model of surface complexation. GEOSURF is an extension of the original programs MINEQL, MICROQL and HYDRAQL. We present, here, the basic algorithm of GEOSURF along with a description of the new features implemented. GEOSURF is linked to internally consistent data bases for surface species (SURFK.DAT) and for aqueous species (AQSOL.DAT). SURFK.DAT contains properties of minerals such as site densities, and equilibrium constants for adsorption of aqueous protons and electrolyte ions on a variety of oxides and hydroxides. The Helgeson, Kirkham and Flowers version of the extended Debye-Huckel Equation for 1:1 electrolytes is implemented for calculating aqueous activity coefficients. This permits the calculation of speciation at ionic strengths greater than 0.5 M. The activity of water is computed explicitly from the osmotic coefficient of the solution, and the total amount of electrolyte cation (or anion) is adjusted to satisfy the electroneutrality condition. Finally, the use of standard symbols for chemical species rather than species identification numbers is included to facilitate use of the program. One of the main limitations of GEOSURF is that aqueous and surface speciation can only be calculated at fixed pH and at fixed concentration of total adsorbate. Thus, the program cannot perform reaction-path calculations: it cannot determine whether or not a solution is over- or under-saturated with respect to one or more solid phases. To check the proper running of GEOSURF, we have compared results generated by GEOSURF with those from two other programs, HYDRAQL and EQ3. The Davies equation and the “bdot” equation, respectively, are used in the latter two programs for calculating aqueous activity coefficients. An example of the model fit to experimental data for rutile in 0.001 M–2.0 M NaNO3 is included.
Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algae Scenedesmus obliquus

Lipids were extracted from a protein concentrate of green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus), using a one-step supercritical carbon dioxide extraction procedure in presence of ethanol as an entrainer, and were characterized. The compositions of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids, separated into individual components by column, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography procedures, are presented. Fatty acid composition patterns indicated that the major fatty acids were 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3. The lipids of S. obliquus were found to contain relatively high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids.
The Galileo Heavy Element Monitor

The Heavy Ion Counter on the Galileo spacecraft will monitor energetic heavy nuclei of the elements from C to Ni, with energies from ∼ 6 to ∼ 200 MeV nucl-1. The instrument will provide measurements of trapped heavy ions in the Jovian magnetosphere, including those high-energy heavy ions with the potential for affecting the operation of the spacecraft electronic circuitry. We describe the instrument, which is a modified version of the Voyager CRS instrument.
Fuzzy additive hybrid operators for network-based decision making

Evidence Aggregation Networks based on multiplicative fuzzy hybrid operators were introduced by Krishnapuram and Lee. They have been used for image segmentation, pattern recognition, and general multicriteria decision making. One of the drawbacks to these networks is that the training is complex and quite time consuming. In this article, we modify these aggregation networks to implement additive fuzzy hybrid connectives. We study the theoretical properties of two classes of such aggregation operators, one where the union and intersection components are based on multiplication, and the other where these components are derived from Yager connectives. These new networks have similar excellent properties such as backpropagation training and node interpretability for decision making under uncertainty as do their multiplicative precursors. They also have the advantage that training is easier since the derivatives of the additive hybrid operators are not as complex in form. the appropriate training algorithms are derived, and several examples given to illustrate the properties of the networks. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Partnerships and coalitions for community-based research.

Address correspondence to Dr. Green, Office on Smoking and Health, CDC, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS K-50, Atlanta GA 30341-3717; tel. 770-488-5701; fax 770-488-5767; e-mail . WHAT HAVE SEVERAL DECADES OF HEALTH EDUCATION, PROMOTION, and engagement with community and academic partners taught us about community-based research in public health? We know that some lessons derive from specific studies,1,2 others from reviews of international research literature,3,4 and still others from guides that help practitioners apply their apparent lessons.5 This commentary blends the findings of these various studies, reviews, and guides with general principles and guidelines that have emerged from our combined experience and observa tions in academic, foundation, federal, state, and local situations in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. Our comments center on community-based partnerships, coalitions, and infrastructure building, but we emphasize that horizontal commu nity coalitions and partnerships must be based on strong vertical rela tionships between local entities and their state and national counter parts or headquarter organizations. We assume that university-based researchers are often, but not necessarily or always, part of community based partnership. In order to answer our first question, we pose additional questions: Why is some partnering essential to community-based research? How much partnering is needed to facilitate the research, community planning, and execution of programs? What are the principles and components of good community partnerships, and how do they fit with the principles of participatory research and the particular demands of academic-community partnerships? What are some cautions for partnerships that become large coalitions? Finally, what lessons have the large community trials in chronic disease prevention taught us?
Dielectric susceptibility measurements of the primary and secondary relaxation in polybutadiene.

We present data on the dielectric relaxation in the random copolymer polybutadiene. There are two distinct peaks in the imaginary part of the dielectric susceptibility, one of which is attributable to an \ensuremath{\alpha} relaxation and the other to a Johari-Goldstein \ensuremath{\beta} relaxation. The bifurcation of these two relaxations explains the previously reported decoupling of microscopic and macroscopic time scales in polybutadiene. We show that the spectral shape of the Johari-Goldstein relaxation is consistent with a log-normal response function.
Excitation of the n=2 levels of hydrogen by proton impact for hydrogen beam diagnostics

The atomic orbital close coupling approach has been used to compute a comprehensive data set for proton-impact excitation of atomic hydrogen owing to the need for complete data for motional Stark effect spectroscopy of fusion plasmas enabled by neutral beam injection.
Transient focal conduction block following experimental occlusion of the vasa nervorum

Injection of low-dose arachidonic acid into the rat femoral artery occludes the vasa nervorum of the tibial nerve and produces focal and generalized ischemia with transient effects on nerve conduction. Across a severely ischemic segment of the proximal tibial nerve there is a marked fall in amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP), indicating focal conduction block. There is also significant slowing of maximal motor conduction velocity (MCV) through this nerve segment, but no dispersion of the proximally elicited response. Distally, in a region of less severe ischemia, there is mild slowing of MCV, but no further decrement in the CMAP amplitude. The conduction block begins 5-15 minutes after injection, reaches a nadir at 30 minutes, and persists in more severe cases for at least 2 hours. Despite these prolonged electrophysiologic abnormalities, there is no evidence of axonal degeneration or segmental demyelination.
Bayesian estimation of the complete sample size from an incomplete poisson sample

For the Poisson a posterior distribution for the complete sample size, N, is derived from an incomplete sample when any specified subset of the classes are missing.Means as well as other posterior characteristics of N are obtained for two examples with various classes removed. For the special case of a truncated ‘missing zero class’ Poisson sample a simulation experiment is performed for the small ‘N=25’ sample situation applying both Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods of estimation.
Hospital-Associated Infection from Leeches

Excerpt A 3 year old patient's right ear was bitten off by her family dog, leaving only the lobule in place. In the operating room, several vessels 0.2-0.5 mm in diameter were identified in the ear...
Fine tuning cycle day 3 hormonal assessment of ovarian reserve improves in vitro fertilization outcome in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles.

Abstract Objective To identify the cut-off values of the baseline (cycle day 3) levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E 2 ) for improving the outcome prediction of GnRH antagonist in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles and to determine whether the predictive accuracy of these values is affected by the patient's clinical prognosis. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting An IVF clinic in a tertiary medical center. Patient(s) Women undergoing 230 consecutive IVF cycles using a GnRH antagonist protocol. Intervention(s) None. Main outcome measure(s) Outcome of IVF, measured by ovarian response and pregnancy rates. Result(s) Lower baseline levels of FSH and E 2 , but not LH, correlated with improved ovarian response and pregnancy rates in IVF cycles using a GnRH antagonist. Compared with our currently used criteria, the cut-off values of FSH 2 Conclusion(s) The outcome of IVF may be improved by modifying the hormonal starting criteria to take into account individual patient characteristics such as clinical prognosis.
Decisions of timing in experimental probabilistic duels

The paradigm of the 2-person, zerosum, infinite game as a model of bipolarized conflicts in real time is extended to the probabilistic duel, where a player does not know with certainty whether or not this opponent is armed, but only knows the probability of such armament. Twenty dyads participated in a computer-controlled probabilistic duel experiment, ten of them playing a noisy version (where all bullets fired are public knowledge) and ten playing a silent version (where unsuccessful fire is unknown to the opponent). Several game-theoretic implications were tested, some of which demonstrate the efficacy of the theory of games of timing as an explicatory mechanism for decision behavior in experimental duels.
Medication adherence mediates the relationship between marital status and cardiac event-free survival in patients with heart failure

Abstract Objective Prognosis is worse in unmarried patients compared with married patients with heart failure (HF). The reasons for differences in outcomes are unclear, but variations in medication adherence may play a role, because medication adherence is essential to achieving better outcomes. The study objective was to determine whether medication adherence mediated the relationship between marital status and cardiac event-free survival in patients with HF. Methods Demographic, clinical, and psychosocial data were collected by questionnaires and medical record review for 136 patients with HF (aged 61 ± 11 years, 70% were male, 60% were in New York Heart Association class III/IV). Medication adherence was monitored objectively for 3 months using the Medication Event Monitoring System. Cardiac event-free survival data were obtained by patient/family interview, hospital database, and death certificate review. A series of regression and Cox survival analyses were performed to determine whether medication adherence mediated the relationship between marital status and event-free survival. Results Cardiac event-free survival was worse in unmarried patients than in married patients. Unmarried patients were more likely to be nonadherent and 2 times more likely to experience an event than married patients (P = .017). Marital status was not a significant predictor of event-free survival after entering medication adherence in the model, demonstrating a mediation effect of adherence on the relationship of marital status to survival. Conclusion Medication adherence mediated the relationship between marital status and event-free survival. It is important to design interventions to increase medication adherence that take into account subgroups, such as unmarried patients, who are at higher risk for nonadherence.
A model for Joule heating-induced dispersion in microchip electrophoresis.

This paper presents an analytical and parameterized model for analyzing the effects of Joule heating on analyte dispersion in electrophoretic separation microchannels. We first obtain non-uniform temperature distributions in the channel resulting from Joule heating, and then determine variations in electrophoretic velocity, based on the fact that the analyte's electrophoretic mobility depends on the buffer viscosity and hence temperature. The convection–diffusion equation is then formulated and solved in terms of spatial moments of the analyte concentration. The resulting model is validated by both numerical simulations and experimental data, and holds for all mass transfer regimes, including unsteady dispersion processes that commonly occur in microchip electrophoresis. This model, which is given in terms of analytical expressions and fully parameterized with channel dimensions and material properties, applies to dispersion of analyte bands of general initial shape in straight and constant-radius-turn channels. As such, the model can be used to represent analyte dispersion in microchannels of more general shape, such as serpentine- or spiral-shaped channels.
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II

From the bestselling author of "The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys" and "Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream" comes a compelling chronicle of a nation and its leaders during the period when modern America was created. Presenting an aspect of American history that has never been fully told, Doris Kearns Goodwin describes how the isolationist and divided United States of 1940 was unified under the extraordinary leadership of Franklin Roosevelt to become, only five years later, the preeminent economic and military power in the world. Using diaries, interviews, and White House records of the president's and first lady's comings and goings, Goodwin paints a detailed, intimate portrait not only of the daily conduct of the presidency during wartime but of the Roosevelts themselves and their extraordinary constellation of friends, advisers, and family, many of whom lived with them in the White House. Bringing to bear the tools of both history and biography, "No Ordinary Time" relates the unique story of how Franklin Roosevelt led the nation to victory against seemingly insurmountable odds and, with Eleanor's essential help, forever changed the fabric of American society.
Sex differences in the relationship of height to children's actual and attributed social and cognitive competencies

In three studies, the relationship of children's height to both (a) adults' attributions regarding the children and (b) preschoolers' social and cognitive competencies were examined. Sex differences were consistent with stereotypic conceptions. In the first two studies, mothers of preschool children rated photographs of toddlers varying in height on a variety of social and cognitive abilities. The mothers also assigned punishment to the children for hypothetical transgressions. In Experiment 1, mothers rated the large boys as more competent than the average-sized and small boys (even when effects of mothers' perceptions of the children's ages were covaried). In Experiment 2, involving female stimuli, mothers rated small girls as being less able (especially less independent) than average-sized or tall girls. While the effect of height on mothers' attributions was still evident when the effects of perceived age of the children were covaried, the pattern of results was less clear. Mothers assigned more punishment to tall girls (but not tall boys) than to small girls regardless of perceptions of age. In Experiment 3, height was associated with boys', but not girls', competence on tasks of logical ability and boys' sociometric nominations of whom they prefer to play with (significant for girls, marginally significant for boys). Height was not highly correlated with peers' perceptions of competence. The implications of the research for the socialization process are discussed.
Behavioral determination of critical flicker fusion in dogs

Steady-state critical flicker-fusion frequencies (CFFs) were determined for four beagle dogs using the psychophysical technique of conditioned suppression. The CFFs obtained demonstrated that the dog can discriminate flicker at much faster rates than has been suggested by ERG data. In addition, dog rods may support the discrimination of flicker at much higher rates than can human rods. An indication of a psychophysical rod-cone break occurred at a luminance level intermediate to those previously reported in ERG CFF studies. This level is similar to that in the cat, but much higher than that in man. The high CFFs provide the first psychophysical evidence of a well-developed functioning cone system in the dog.
Energy production per circulatory cycle: a constant in resting land vertebrates?

Abstract 1. 1. Correcting for differences in blood flow, resting alligators, caimans, lizards, turtles, rats and dogs deaminated amino acids at the same rate. 2. 2. Each produced about 21 calories/kg during one complete circulatory revolution, irrespective of body temperature, size or species. 3. 3. Uniform O2 and substrate A-V differences are responsible for the phenomenon.
Transcutaneous securing technique for nasal onlay grafts.

Introduction Themanipulationof nasal tip cartilages, dorsal cartilages, andnasal bones during rhinoplasty surgery can frequently leave contour irregularities that can be difficult tomanage. In these cases of dorsal or sidewall contour issues, onlay grafting may be required to achieve the ideal contour and shape.Ultimatepatient andsurgeonsatisfaction is frequentlydependentonanaesthetically pleasingdorsal contour.Crookednoses,dorsal sidewall,middle-thirdconcavity deformities, open roof deformities, saddle nosedeformities, and upper lateral cartilage inverted-V deformities can all result in a suboptimal outcome. Mild to moderate contour irregularities can be camouflaged witha thin,pliablepieceof cartilageplaced inanonlay fashion.More substantial deficiencyproblems (ie, saddlenosedeformity)may requirea thickerpieceofgraftmaterial.While firmgraftsorgraftswith sharpedgesmaybenoticeable,visiblyand/orpalpably,eventhemost perfectly carvedgraftswill fail to achieve theoptimal aesthetic outcome if theyarenotpositionedandsecured inapredictableandprecise fashion. The most common complication associated with cartilage grafting is malposition.1 There have been several methods for securing onlay grafts presented in the literature, but there are limited reports regarding their outcomes.2-4 We present herein an effective technique for easy and secure positioning of nasal onlay grafts.
Physiological abnormalities in duodenal ulcer: a brief review.

Abstract Patients with duodenal ulcer may have one or more of the following abnormalities: 1. (1) larger than normal volume of gastric mucosa containing correspondingly more acid and pepsin secreting cells which is reflected in 2. (2) increased mean concentration of pepsinogen-I in plasma, and 3. (3) increased maximal rates of secretion of acid and pepsin in response to stimuli such as histamine, gastrin, insulin, or food; 4. (4) increased sensitivy to stimulation by gastrin as reflected by decreased dose of gastrin needed to evoke half maximal response; 5. (5) increased gastrin response to meals; 6. (6) decreased inhibition of gastrin release and of acid secretion in response to acidification of the gastric contents; and 7. (7) increased rapidity of gastric emptying. Items 2, 5, and 7 are heritable autosomal dominant traits in at least some patients. Although mean values of each of these 7 items are significantly different from normal, the range is wide and most individual duodenal ulcer patients fall within the normal range. The diversity of physiological abnormalities found in patients with duodenal ulcer shows that it is a heterogeneous disease with many different factors operating in its pathogenesis.
A novel function for the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk in activation of β1 integrins by the T-cell receptor

Stimulation of T cells via the CD3–T-cell receptor (TCR) complex results in rapid increases in β1 integrin-mediated adhesion via poorly defined intracellular signaling events. We demonstrate that TCR-mediated activation of β1 integrins requires activation of the Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-K)-dependent recruitment of Itk to detergent-insoluble glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains (DIGs) via binding of the pleckstrin homology domain of Itk to the PI 3-K product PI(3,4,5)-P3. Activation of PI 3-K and the src family kinase Lck, via stimulation of the CD4 co-receptor, can initiate β1 integrin activation that is dependent on Itk function. Targeting of Itk specifically to DIGs, coupled with CD4 stimulation, can also activate β1 integrin function independently of TCR stimulation. Changes in β1 integrin function mediated by TCR activation of Itk are also accompanied by Itk-dependent modulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Thus, TCR-mediated activation of β1 integrins involves membrane relocalization and activation of Itk via coordinate action of PI 3-K and a src family tyrosine kinase.
Possible similarity solutions for free convection boundary layers adjacent to flat plates in porous media

Abstract The necessary and sufficient conditions under which similarity solutions exist for free convection boundary layers adjacent to flat plates in porous media are examined in this paper. For steady free convection it was determined that similarity solutions exist for vertical plates when the temperature difference between the wall and the environment varies according to power-law and exponential forms and for horizontal plates according to power-law forms. Also, several very specific solutions exist for unsteady free convection about flat plates in a porous medium. For a stable thermally stratified environment, similarity solutions exist only for steady free convection about vertical plates.
Species differences in the response of mammalian myocardial fatty acid metabolism to quinidine and disopyramide.

SummaryThe effects of quinidine and disopyramide on oxygen consumption (Qo2) and palmitate uptake by heart slices of rats, rabbits, and dogs were measured. The drugs did not diminish Qo2 in three animal species studied with the exception of some depression seen at the highest concentration of quinidine in rat hearts. The disappearance of palmitate from the incubation medium was depressed by quinidine and disopyramide at higher concentrations in dogs. Similar depression but of a smaller magnitude was seen in rat myocardium at a lower drug concentration. Rabbit tissue, on the other hand, showed a marked increase in palmitate disappearance from the incubation medium when 1 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-4M concentration of quinidine or disopyramide were tested.
Most primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphomas occurring in immunocompetent individuals belong to the nongerminal center subtype: a retrospective analysis of 31 cases

Primary central nervous system lymphomas are rare neoplasms characterized by a dismal prognosis relative to other extranodal lymphomas. Approximately 98% of primary central nervous system lymphomas are of B-cell origin, and most belong to the diffuse large B-cell type. Recently, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas have been subcategorized into germinal center and nongerminal center types based on gene expression profiles and immunohistochemical expression of CD10, Bcl-6, and MUM1. Studies have shown that the overall survival rate of the germinal center group is better than that of the nongerminal center lymphomas. In this study, 31 cases of primary central nervous system lymphomas of the diffuse large B-cell type were retrieved, reviewed, and immunostained for CD10, Bcl-6, MUM1, and Ki-67. Subclassification was carried out as described earlier, where CD10 and/or Bcl-6 positivity and negativity for MUM1 were considered characteristic of germinal center subtype and the opposite expression of nongerminal center subtype. Furthermore, the proliferative activity was semiquantitatively assessed using percent positive cells staining with Ki-67. Of the 31 cases examined, 26 (84%) were found to belong to the nongerminal center type. The Ki-67 index in these 26 cases ranged from 30 to 90% (mean, 69%). Five cases were categorized as the germinal center subtype. They had an Ki-67 index between 70 and 90% (mean, 78%). Interestingly, none of our patients were known to be HIV positive. One patient had a 10-year history of orthotopic liver transplant. We also performed fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis on formalin-fixed material and found that 38% of the cases where tissue was available had abnormalities of MYC/IGH and/or IGH/BCL2. We conclude that most primary central nervous system diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are of the nongerminal center origin. Regardless of the germinal center status, all cases showed a high proliferative rate. A statistically significant difference in the overall survival between the two groups was not seen.
Folate analogues: 27. syntheses of 14carbon‐labeled 10‐deazaaminopterin and 10‐ethyl‐10‐deazaaminopterin

10-Deazaaminopterin (1) and 10-Ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (2) labeled uniformly with 14C at the glutamate moiety were prepared by the following procedure. Uniformly labeled L-glutamic acid was converted to its dimethyl ester (3). 4-Amino-4-deoxy-10-deazapteroic acid (4) and 4-amino-4-deoxy-10-ethyl-10-deazapteroic acid (5) were converted to their respective mixed anhydrides 6 and 7 with isobutylchloroformate. Reaction of 6 and 7 with labeled dimethyl-L-glutamate gave dimethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (8) and dimethyl 10-ethyl-10-deazaaminopterin (9) respectively, which on mild alkaline hydrolysis gave the target compounds 1 and 2 in 22-25% yield, based on the amount of radiolabeled glutamic acid used.
Searching for the Presence and Absence of Features in Vigilance: The Decrement Persists

The present study was designed to reexamine the ability of individuals to look for the presence or absence of stimulus features in a vigilance setting. Forty individuals participated in a 40-min vigil where they were asked to monitor a display comprised of either two or five circles. Half of the participants were asked to respond when a 4 mm line was present in one of the circles, and the other half responded when the line was absent from one of the circles. The participants were given ample time to search the display and make their responses. The results showed that response times were longer for the larger displays and for the feature-absent search conditions. Also, response times increased over the course of the vigil irrespective of search condition. In addition, participants reported higher levels of subjective workload after the vigil, but there were no differences among conditions. These results are discussed with respect to the feature-integration theory and its applicability to vigilance.
A Topographic Drag Closure Built on an Analytical Base Flux

Abstract Topographic drag schemes depend on grid-scale representations of the average height, width, and orientation of the subgrid topography. Until now, these representations have been based on a combination of statistics and dimensional analysis. However, under certain physical assumptions, linear analysis provides the exact amplitude and orientation of the drag for arbitrary topography. The author proposes a computationally practical closure based on this analysis. Also proposed is a nonlinear correction for nonpropagating base flux. This is patterned after existing schemes but is better constrained to match the linear solution because it assumes a correlation between mountain height and width. When the correction is interpreted as a formula for the transition to saturation in the wave train, it also provides a way of estimating the vertical distribution of the momentum forcing. The explicit subgrid height distribution causes a natural broadening of the layers experiencing the forcing. Linear drag due...
Lymphoceles after laparoscopic pelvic node dissection

Abstract Objective. Lymphocele formation has been infrequently reported as a complication of laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND). We determined the incidence of clinical and subclinical lymphocele formation in patients undergoing transperitoneal LPLND. Methods. Charts and radiological records of 111 patients undergoing transperitoneal LPLND at this institution between January 1991 and December 1995 were reviewed to determine the incidence of lymphocele formation. Results. Of 111 patients undergoing LPLND, 12.6% had positive lymph nodes and received hormonal therapy. Radical retropubic (12) or perineal (28) prostatectomy was performed either simultaneously or within 2 weeks in 41% of the node-negative patients. Radiation therapy was the treatment modality in the remaining node negative patients (N = 57). Twenty-three patients undergoing radiation therapy had preplanning pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans 2 to 16 weeks (mean 8.2 weeks) after LPLND. These were reviewed by a single radiologist to determine the presence of subclinical lymphoceles. Seven patients (30.4%) had lymphoceles of varying sizes (3 large and 4 small). Although most were identified on CT scans 4 weeks after the procedure, two were identified on scans 12 and 16 weeks after the procedure (mean 6.5 weeks). None of these patients developed symptoms referable to or had treatment for the lymphocele during a 2 to 37 month follow-up (mean 20 months). Only two patients (3.5%) undergoing LPLND as an isolated procedure had clinical evidence of lymphocele formation, both of which were subsequently confirmed with CT scans (1 large, 1 small). One was treated with CT-guided drainage and sclerosis and the other resolved spontaneously. Conclusion. The clinical incidence of lymphocele formation following LPLND remains relatively low. Only a portion of these patients requires intervention. Subclinical lymphoceles, as detected on follow-up CT scans, occur with a much greater frequency. These seldom become symptomatic requiring treatment. Rather, they appear to resolve spontaneously. Nevertheless, clinical suspicion should remain high in order to detect and properly treat symptomatic lymphoceles when they occur.
Separate elution by ion-exchange chromatography of some biologically important selenoamino acids.

Abstract Ion-exchange chromatographic procedures have been described which permit the separate elution of selenocystine, selenomethionine, selenocystathionine, Se -methylselenocysteine and selenohomocystine from their sulfur analogs and from other amino acids in a mixture. These procedures have been used to characterize the selenoamino acids present in the seeds of certain selenium accumulator plants.
Some fundamentals of steam-plateau behavior in combustion oil recovery

Much experimental work has been done in the field and in the laboratory on the forward-combustion oil recovery process. Yet very little information is available concerning the associated steam plateau. The combustion- tube experiments described demonstrated that the steam plateau does exist and that it moves ahead of the burning front. An analytical heat model was developed to describe the axial movement of the steam plateau in a cylindrical system and the temperature distribution along the leading edge of the plateau. The solution of the model provided a means of further studying the steam plateau and permitted the estimation of the effective thermal diffusivity in this region. There was favorable agreement between measured experimental time-temperature-distance profiles and those generated by the heat model. (34 refs.)
Increased genotype frequency of N-acetyltransferase 2 slow acetylation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives Acetylation polymorphism can alter therapeutic responses and toxicity to certain xenobiotics and may also be a factor that influences a patient's susceptibility to certain diseases. We investigated whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) differed from healthy individuals with regard to genotype of the polymorphic enzyme N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). Methods NAT2 polymorphism was compared in 118 healthy subjects and 82 patients with RA. NAT2 alleles (*4, *5, *6, and *7) were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods with deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from peripheral blood. Results A statistically significant increase in the proportion of homozygous slow acetylators with 2 mutated alleles (84.1%) was found among patients with RA in comparison with healthy subjects (52.5%; P < .0001). The risk of development of RA was almost 5-fold greater in slow acetylators than in fast acetylators (odds ratio, 4.79; 95% confidence interval, 2.28–10.21). There was no correlation between NAT2 polymorphism and presence of rheumatoid factor, extra-articular manifestations, and age at first occurrence of disease symptoms. Conclusions NAT2 slow acetylation genotype may be a risk factor of individual susceptibility to RA. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 72, 319–325; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.126740
Diel variation in summer habitat use, feeding periodicity, and diet of subyearling Atlantic salmon in the Salmon River Basin, New York

Abstract The habitat use, diet composition, and feeding periodicity of subyearling Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) was examined during both day and night periods during summer in tributaries of Lake Ontario. The amount of cover used was the major habitat variable that differed between day and night periods in both streams. At night subyearling Atlantic salmon were associated with significantly less cover than during the day. Principal Component Analysis showed that habitat selection of subyearling Atlantic salmon was more pronounced during the day in both streams and that salmon in Orwell Brook exhibited more diel variability in habitat use than salmon in Trout Brook. Subyearling salmon fed primarily from the benthic substrate on baetids, chironomids, and leptocerids. There was a substantial amount of diel variation in diet composition with peak feeding occurring from 0400 h to 0800 h on July 21–22, 2008.
Geography's difficult engagement with the psychological therapies

The consideration of psychoanalytic issues presents geography and geographers with a number of difficulties; this paper examines those difficulties from within a humanistic perspective. The most common geographical engagements with the psychological therapies have been with their psychodynamic and, to a lesser extent, humanist methodological forms. A humanist perspective on this engagement suggests that it has led to two associated problems. At a disciplinary level it has resulted in an approach that has tended to privilege intellectual knowledge at the expense of emotion, and at a personal level it has not encouraged an approach that is sensitive to difference. This essay proposes that a commitment to an engaged, 'congruent' listening might help temper these difficulties.
When figured worlds collide: Improvisation in an inquiry classroom

Students and teachers inevitably enter classrooms with differing expectations and experiences; those differences provide opportunities for both conflict and growth. This article examines this phenomenon in an undergraduate teacher education course on reading instruction at the middle‐school level, presents case studies of students’ improvisations in the face of this tension, and makes implications for teachers and for teacher education regarding these types of conflicts. Students in the course were middle‐school education majors and speech pathology majors; the educational backgrounds and identities of these students presented lack of fit with each other and, for some, with the inquiry‐based nature of the course pedagogy. Using Holland, Lachicotte, Skinner, and Cain’s (1998) concept of figured worlds, our case studies present one speech pathology major – Kathryn – and one middle school major – Allie – both of whom were successful in improvising their own ways through the conflict between their backgrounds...
Machine Translation Errors: English and Iraqi Arabic

Errors in machine translations of English-Iraqi Arabic dialogues were analyzed using the methods developed for the Human Translation Error Rate measure (HTER). Human annotations were used to refine the Translation Error Rate (TER) annotations. The analyses were performed on approximately 100 translations into each language from four translation systems. Results include high frequencies of pronoun errors and errors involving the copula in translations to English. High frequencies of errors in subject/person inflection and closed-word classes characterized translations to Iraqi Arabic. There were similar frequencies of word order errors in both translation directions and low frequencies of polarity errors. The problems associated with many errors can be predicted from structural differences between the two languages. Also problematic is the need to insert lexemes not present in the source or vice versa. Some problems associated with deictic elements like pronouns will require knowledge of the discourse context to resolve.
Comparison of calculated and measured ion densities on the dayside of Venus

Data from the Pioneer Venus ion mass spectrometers are compared with model calculations of the ion density distributions appropriate for daytime conditions. The model assumes diffusive equilibrium upper boundary conditions for the major ions (O2(+), O(+), CO2(+), He(+), and H(+)); the agreement between the calculated and measured gross behavior of these ions is reasonably good except for H(+), which may be influenced strongly by convective transport processes. The distributions of five minor ions (C(+), N(+), NO(+), CO(+), and N2(+)) are also calculated for the chemically controlled region (less than approximately 200 km); the agreements are, in general, poor, an indication that the present understanding of the Venus minor ion chemistry is still incomplete.
Targeting the trimolecular complex: the pathway towards type 1 diabetes prevention.

Abstract George Eisenbarth devoted his life to understanding the basic immunology of the autoimmune polyglandular syndromes and type 1 diabetes, while providing exceptional clinical care to individuals afflicted with these disorders. Over the last 5 years, I was privileged to know George Eisenbarth as a mentor, colleague, and friend. His enthusiasm for science and specifically understanding the basic immunology of type 1 diabetes was infectious. George was the first to initially hypothesize that type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder. He made diabetes a predictable disease by developing biochemical assays to measure islet autoantibodies and provided this technology worldwide to researchers and the medical community. His work identifying and detecting islet autoantibodies allowed for clinical intervention trials aimed at preventing type 1 diabetes. George worked fervently to prevent the disease. During my time as a fellow in George's laboratory and faculty member at the Barbara Davis Center for D...
Competitive balance as a predictor of season attendance among North American non-major sports leagues

Models that predict attendance at sporting events rely on samples from a major professional sports league. These models include different approaches to capture competitive balance. This paper draws on a sample of non-major professional sports leagues to further isolate the role of competitive balance in predicting attendance. The linear model includes independent variables that attempt to capture competitive balance and the supply of games. An interaction effect based on competitive balance and the supply of games is introduced. League attendance appears as the dependent variable. The model is tested using regression. The interaction effect is shown to have a greater impact on attendance than competitive balance and the supply of games in isolation.
A New 7,8-Euphadien-Type Triterpenoid from Brackenridgea nitida and Bleasdalea bleasdalei That Inhibits DNA Polymerase β

Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts prepared from Brackenridgea nitida and Bleasdalea bleasdalei, using an assay to detect DNA polymerase β inhibition, resulted in the isolation of the inhibitory principle, (24E)-3β-hydroxy-7,24-euphadien-26-oic acid (1), a new euphane triterpenoid. The structure of 1 was established on the basis of HRMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods and was confirmed further by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compound 1 inhibited rat DNA polymerase β with an IC50 value of 23 μM in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 9.7 μM in the absence of BSA, consistent with the possibility that 1 may be of utility in vivo. This possibility was further supported by the finding that 1 potentiated the inhibitory action of the anticancer drug bleomycin in cultured P-388D1 cells, reducing the number of viable cells by 48% when employed at a concentration of 25 μM in the presence of an otherwise nontoxic (75 nM) concentration of bleomycin. Compound 1 is the first euphane-type tr...
Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor of the Testis: Contemporary Clinical Management and Pathological Diagnosis

ABSTRACTPurpose: Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) of the testis is a rarely diagnosed subset of testicular stromal tumors. Although this variant of testicular stromal tumor is predominantly a benign entity in prepubertal patients, limited experience precludes a complete understanding of its clinical presentation and pathological diagnosis.Materials and Methods: We reviewed all cases of testicular tumors at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia between 1976 and 2002 in males younger than 18 years. We specifically reviewed our experience with JGCT in terms of presentation, surgical treatment and long-term outcome. We also reviewed the microscopic findings and histochemical techniques used to confirm the diagnosis.Results: We identified 77 tumors during the defined interval, of which 3 (3.9%) were JGCTs. All 3 patients with JGCT were first noted to have a testis mass soon after birth. All presented with a firm, unilateral testicular mass. Ultrasonographic findings were consistent with a complex, multisepta...
The World Wide Web and multimedia in the 1996 presidential election

The media in the 1990s is variously described as the interactive media or the so-called multimedia era. Cable television, laptop computers, fiber-optics, direct broadcast satellites, cellular telephones, and facsimile technology is being joined by the latest in interactive television, desktop video conferencing, and cable television modems, all of which bring together the streams of computer-based information of the World Wide Web with the visual images of cable television and broadcast television to create a stream of information into the nation's households and workplaces. The work of political campaigns in the 1990s is tapping into this dizzying array of multimedia. In the 1996 election, the latest in multimedia technologies were evident throughout the election season. This article is a review of the application of these new technologies in political campaign, with particular attention to the use of the World Wide Web in the 1996 presidential election campaign.