cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Uniform Law Movement in Australia

Perhaps the most difficult problem in federal systems, where power is divided among units of government, is that of achieving uniform action where it is necessary while maintaining the degree of diversity which is felt to be desirable in a free society. It did not matter so much in years gone by because there were fewer people then and transportation and communication facilities were still primitive enough to prevent integrated communities from developing. In such circumstances, virtually independent governmental operation within the separate units of federal systems did not greatly handicap national progress. But as populations increased and as they began to be drawn more closely together by more efficient and rapid means of transportation and communication, the lack of uniform action in a number of critical problem areas among the diverse units of all federal systems began to become serious. Without uniformity in commercial law, for example, the security of business transactions and the free flow of goods from one jurisdiction to another were both constantly threatened. Without uniformity in criminal law, delays, if not miscarriages, of justice became all too frequent. And without uniformity in certain areas of social legislation, it was impossible to set and achieve meaningful national goals in important fields of health and welfare. As single, interdependent national societies, pervaded with a national consciousness and marked by common national interests, emerged in virtually every federal system, the need to develop devices to facilitate uniform legislative action became ever more pressing. And there is little doubt that it will remain an urgent need in the years ahead. Such a need was recognized early in the United States, where the number of separate units of government was large and where the area held by the Supreme Court to be reserved for state action-and thus foreclosed to action by the national government-was, especially in the years just after the Civil War, extensive to say the least. The American Bar Association, which was formed in 1878, dedicated itself in part to securing "uniformity of legislation . . . throughout the nation"' and so helped pave the way for action. Largely as a result of
The Phenomenology of Body-Mind: The Contrasting Cases of Flow in Sports and Contemplation

The demise of Cartesianism as an animating force in conceptualizing mind and body relations has opened up the field to a wider variety of perspectives, like the "embodiment" of phenomenological thinkers. However, because of Cartesianism's deeply rooted psychic legacy it still makes its presence felt in various places in everyday life. This paper will explore two facets of everyday life, sports and contemplation, which lend themselves to a mind-body cognitive dissonance affected by latent Cartesian thinking. As an alternative, we will propose a more phenomenologically oriented interpretation based on what has been revealed by historical precedents as well as our empirical investigations. Keywords: Flow, Contemplation, Phenomenofogy, Sports
Measurement of ACTH and prolactin in the dexamethasone suppression test.

ABSTRACT— Plasma concentrations of ACTH and prolactin were measured in psychiatric inpatients at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m. before and after the standard 1 mg overnight Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST). Plasma concentrations of cortisol were measured at 8 a.m. and 4 p.m., and 11 p.m. before and after 1 mg dexamethasone. Dexamethasone suppressed plasma concentrations of ACTH, prolactin and cortisol in the subject group as a whole. “Cut Points” obtained using Fisher's Exact Test identified plasma ACTH values at 8 a.m. baseline, 4 p.m. baseline and 8 a.m. post-dexamethasone and plasma prolactin values at all four times that significantly differentiated patients with bipolar depressive disorder and major depressive disorder from other psychiatric patients. There were no cut points found at any of the six times for plasma levels of cortisol that significantly differentiated between these two diagnostic groups. Of interest in this subject population, basal (pre-dexamethasone) plasma concentrations were of more diagnostic information than post-dexamethasone values. These pilot findings suggest that monitoring plasma prolactin and ACTH concentrations before and after dexamethasone might increase the sensitivity and specificity of this laboratory test for depression.
Psychotropic Drug Treatment Among Learning- Disabled, Educable Mentally Retarded, and Seriously Emotionally Disturbed Students

Psychotropic drug treatment in learning-disabled (LD), educable mentally retarded (EMR), and seriously emotionally disturbed (ED) children and adolescents receiving public school special education services was examined. The findings indicated that while treatment prevalence rates for EMR and ED groups were comparable, the rate for LD students was much lower. In the LD sample, pharmacotherapy was associated with higher ratings of behavioral deviance, longer placement in special education, less social integration, and greater peer rejection, which suggests that symptom severity is an important determiner of pharmacotherapy in this population.
Hypothetical bias and willingness to accept

Abstract We design and implement simple laboratory experiments to measure the bias in willingness to pay settings. Once identified, this bias can be corrected or compared to the bias found in comparable willingness to pay settings.
Alzheimer's disease presenting as corticobasal syndrome

A 60-year-old man presented with slowly progressive left hemi-Parkinsonism, left hand apraxia, myoclonus, dystonia, visuospatial disturbances, and alien limb phenomenon, resembling corticobasal syndrome. Eight years later, neuropathology revealed features of Alzheimer's disease, with asymmetrical (right more than left) cortical tau burden with image analysis. The videotaped clinical features, neuropsychological aspects, and neuropathological correlates are presented and discussed.
Pressure-time history of pylon wake signature on a pusher propeller in flight

Miniature, high-frequency, pressure transducers were mounted on a pusher propeller at 3/4 and 90-percent radii. Time-history of fluctuating surface pressure over 700 revolutions and 26 flight conditions reveal intriguing phenomena. The anticipated pylon wake signature manifests itself as a negative pressure pulse over extended portions of the suction surface. The phenomenon further develops into a primarily random turbulence signature at 80-percent chord and interestingly may reevolve as a coherent wake signature further downstream. A new type of periodic disturbance of long time-scale, compared to propeller period-of-revolution, is discovered at positions beyond 0.6 chord on the suction surface in the transonic regime.
Binding energy and monolayer capacity of Xe on single-wall carbon nanotube bundles

We have determined the adsorptive capacity of Xe on the different groups of binding sites available to this atom on a sample of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles. The SWNT's used were not treated after production: hence, the caps at the ends of each of the tubes remain intact. By comparing these experimental values to the values computed for the different portions of the bundles obtained from geometrical considerations, we conclude that Xe adsorption takes place only on the outer surfaces of the SWNT bundles. We have also measured Xe adsorption isotherms on the same SWNT sample at a low coverages for nine different temperatures (between 210 and 295 K) to determine the isosteric heat of adsorption of Xe on the SWNT's; this quantity is directly related to the binding energy of the adsorbate to the substrate. We determined that the binding energy of Xe on the SWNT's is 282{+-}11meV. This value is 74% larger than that for Xe on planar graphite.
Cost of medical/surgical pediatric hospital days preventable by psychiatric treatment.

A random sample of 572 inpatient charts from 14 selected diagnostic categories in a large children's hospital was reviewed for admissions and length of stay potentially preventable by psychiatric treatment (assuming efficacy of psychiatric treatment). Conservative guidelines classified 12.4% of the charts as suggesting some preventable days. Calculation showed that 9.9% of the total days for the entire sample were considered preventable. This represented a potentially preventable 2-year cost of $580,000 for the 14 diagnostic categories.
Gaussian-effective-potential studies of fermion-scalar theories

We study some rather general 1+1 dimensional fermion-scalar models containing fourfermion terms, using the Gaussian-effective-potential (GEP) approach. Model I has a Yukawa\(\left( {\phi \bar \psi \psi } \right)\) coupling, and possesses a continuous chiral symmetry. Model II has a\(\phi ^2 \bar \psi \psi \) coupling, preserving theO(N) symmetry of the scalar sector. For each model two distinct kinds of renormalization are possible: in “case A” the fermion-scalar and four-fermion bare coupling constants may remain finite; in “case B” the bare couplings take on particular infinitesimal forms. For model I, the chiral symmetry is unbroken in case A, but spontaneously broken in case B. There are parallels with GEP studies of (λφ4)4 theory, where two distinct renormalizations (“autonomous” and “precarious”) are also found.
How Can Language Minority Parents Help Their Children Become Bilingual In Familial Context? A Case Study of a Language Minority Mother and Her Daughter

Abstract Language Minority (LM) parents who communicate on a daily basis with their children have a crucial influence on the development of their children’s bilingualism. It is better for them to take initial actions to enable their children to develop both their first language (L1) and second language (L2), and to get together with the two respective cultures, rather than wait passively for schools and communities to reach out to them. The present case study illustrated this topic by presenting the author’s personal observations of her 12-year-old daughter in Hawaii over a five-month period. It addressed the issue from two perspectives: (1) LM parents’ attitudes toward L1/L2 and the cultures (valuing the heritage and respecting the new), and (2) Parent-child interactions (family talk aiming at keeping up L1 and bridging the generation gap; academic study confirming the interdependent hypothesis of L1 and L2; two-language nurturing home environment including parents’ own involvement in learning by means o...
Optimization of multiaxis passive isolation systems

Passive isolation design is often done in a single axis fashion, while most applications have performance requirements in multiple degrees of freedom. Optimization of six by six transmissibility requires a thorough understanding of base disturbances, payload performance needs, envelope constraints, and mass/cost weighting. Singular value analysis of the disturbance to performance transfer function matrix in the frequency domain is shown to be effective in creating a single curve for multi-axis isolation performance. The various limitations to passive isolation are enumerated as constraints on the optimization process. Analysis and design optimization results are presented for the kinematic hexapod (six strut) mounting of a hypothetical commercial laser communication terminal payload.
Azimuthal and pseudo-rapidity correlations with strange particles at intermediate-pT at RHIC

We present results on two-particle azimuthal correlations with strange trigger particles (K0S, Λ, Ξ, Ω) associated with unidentified charged particles in d+Au and Au+Au collisions at . We investigate, in detail, the near-side associated yield as a function of centrality, pT and strangeness content in the trigger particle to look for possible flavour and baryon/meson differences. We compare our results to a fragmentation and recombination model, where the study of Ω-triggered correlations is used as a critical test of the validity of the recombination picture.
User's responses to assistive devices for physical disability

A mailed survey of scientists and engineers with disabilities was conducted to investigate how assistive devices for disability utilized in various social settings were perceived by persons with disabilities who also maintained valuable occupational positions. The respondents (N = 595) reported assistive-device utilization in social settings and user attitudes toward using assistive mechanical aids. The minority-group conceptual framework guided analysis of assistive technology as a symbol of disability. Variations in device use within public and private settings and differences in attitudes according to demographic and disability characteristics also are described. Findings show general user satisfaction with devices. Utilization varies among social settings and also varies by disability type, especially between persons with sensory impairment and those with nonsensory impairment. Public responses were not perceived to be problematic, although users do indicate that the actual application of devices may be unsatisfactory. Users' suggestions for further research chiefly propose examination of the systems that develop and distribute assistive devices. Results encourage examination of socioeconomic arrangements that reinforce the minority position of people with disabilities by restricting access to aids perceived as beneficial to social roles.
Abstract 3768: Autophagy: a mechanism of resistance to therapy in breast cancer.

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway for degradation of cytoplasmic proteins, macromolecules, and organelles. It is defined as a cell survival pathway which allows cells to survive nutrient and environmental stress. Tumor initiating cells (TICs) survive radiation, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy, making them the primary cause of relapse in breast cancer patients. Our previous studies have identified autophagy as the mechanism of survival in these treatment-resistant populations in letrozole- as well as chemotherapy-treated patient samples. In this study we confirmed our previous finding by using a real time PCR low density array of 84 genes related to autophagy in 9 paired pre- vs. post-letrozole treated clinical samples, where 60 out of 84 genes demonstrated a statically significant change (p Citation Format: Bhuvanesh Dave, Sucharita Mitra. Autophagy: a mechanism of resistance to therapy in breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3768. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3768
Analysis of Abrasive Blasting of DOP-26 Iridium Alloy

Abstract The effects of abrasive blasting on the surface geometry and microstructure of DOP-26 iridium alloy (Ir—0.3% W—0.006% Th—0.005% Al) have been investigated. Abrasive blasting has been used to control emissivity of components operating at elevated temperature. The effects of abrasive blasting conditions on surface morphology were investigated experimentally using surface profilometry. A simplified model was used to estimate the effects of process parameters on surface deformation and residual strain distribution. The surface geometry is found to be insensitive to the abrasive blast process conditions of nozzle pressure and standoff distance considered in this study. Modeling results suggest that the angularity of the abrasive particle has an important role in determining surface geometry and residual strains. Abrasive blasting causes localized surface strains and localized recrystallization, but it does not affect grain size following extended exposure at elevated temperature. The dependence of emissivity of the DOP-26 alloy on mean surface slope follows a similar trend to that reported for pure iridium.
Accurate assessment of the bioactivities of redox-active polyphenolics in cell culture.

Phenolic compounds are widely known for their roles as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents, as well as for their epidemiological association with reduced risks for certain types of diseases. In the present study, we used rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to evaluate possible artifacts that result from the reactivity of polyphenolics. We evaluated several common methods for cytotoxicity tests using nine polyphenolics, representing several major classes of tannins and their subunits. For three of those phenolics, we investigated whether or not the bioactivities of the phenolics were altered by spontaneous oxidation. Our study showed that many of the nine tested tannins interfered with the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which is commonly used to measure cell viability. A better method for determining cell viability is the luciferin/luciferase ATP assay, and using that method, we found that several tannins are toxic to PBMCs. We measured TNF-α ...
A review of Patti Lather’s ‘Engaging science policy from the side of the messy’

In Engaging Science Policy from the Side of the Messy, Patti Lather explores the relationship between science and policy. In this review Rosser explores how Lather argues for the use of all forms of research to make policy that is democratic, complex and messy.
Restriction of a sperm surface antigen's mobility during capacitation☆

Abstract Fluorescent Fab 1 [immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragment with antigen binding capacity from papain digestion of IgG] antibody fragments and globulin from antisera prepared against a single rabbit sperm surface membrane glycoprotein antigen (MGP) were used to study surface antigen mobility. Epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa exhibited a redistribution of MGP surface antigen over the acrosomal region when labeled at 4°C and warmed to 37°C. Following in vivo capacitation, spermatozoa did not exhibit MGP surface antigen redistribution over the acrosome. The restricted mobility of this surface antigen implies a physiological change in plasma membrane fluidity, which may be a necessary preliminary to the acrosome reaction. Furthermore, it is suggested that the presence or absence of specific peripheral membrane proteins may control the positional relationship between mobile and nonmobile integral membrane components.
Prediabetes and blood pressure effects on heart rate variability, QT-interval duration, and left ventricular hypertrophy in overweight-obese adolescents.

This ancillary, descriptive correlational study examined the effect of glucose regulation, blood pressure (BP), and their combined effects on cardiac autonomic function in 128 overweight-obese 11–18-year-olds. Measures included body mass index, resting BP, fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, and cardiac autonomic function (heart rate variability, QT, and Cornell voltage). After adjusting for age and gender, multivariate analysis of covariance revealed no differences in cardiac autonomic measures based on glucose regulation ( p = .319), BP ( p = .286), or the interaction between glucose regulation and BP ( p = .132). The additive effect of prediabetes and elevated BP did not impact cardiac autonomic function in overweight-obese youth.
Determination of aqueous dimethyl sulfide using isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Abstract A method for determining the dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentration in seawater by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is reported. A purge and trap technique was used to remove and preconcentrate DMS from aqueous solutions. Perdeuterated DMS (d 6 -DMS), prepared as ethylene glycol solutions, served as an internal standard, resulting in a precision of better than 2% at 0.1 nM concentration. The standard solutions were titrated with Br 2 to determine the DMS concentration. The capability of this method for determination of true solution-phase DMS was demonstrated by extrapolating h 6 -DMS/d 6 -DMS signal ratios for serially extracted aqueous solutions to zero extraction volume, thereby determining accurate aqueous-phase DMS concentrations in the presence of DMS generated by rupture of algal cell walls and other precursors during sampling. DMS was determined in seawater samples collected from the North Atlantic Ocean between the eastern coast of the USA and Bermuda during spring 1988. Concentrations ranging from 1.26 to 3.95 nmol l −1 are reported.
Adapting materials use to physical and psychological changes in older learners

Aging is accompanied by changes in receiving, processing, and responding to information and thus requires special considerations for effective materials use.
Dead Cells Don’t Form Tumors: HIF-Dependent Cytotoxins

Elimination or reduction of tumor burden is the primary goal of cancer therapy. Strategies to achieve this goal with the fewest adverse effects to the patient are an area of intense investigation. Elevated protein levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) are commonly found in solid tumors, while rarely found in healthy tissue. Numerous studies have suggested that HIF activity is essential for the development of solid tumors. Thus, inhibition of HIF represents an attractive therapeutic target for eradicating tumors. The search for small molecules that target and inhibit HIF activity is currently underway. We propose an alternate approach: to directly target and kill HIF-activated tumor cells. This approach is advantageous in that cells with activated HIF will be eliminated directly. Specific elimination of HIF-activated cells represents a potential mechanism for inhibiting tumor growth, with the potential advantage of sparing the patient of the normal tissue toxicity associated with current treatment options.
Incident beam shape effects on thick-film laser induced forward transfer

We use finite element modeling to investigate the effects of incident beam shape on stress and temperature evolution in the dynamic release layer during thick-film laser-induced forward transfer. Emphasis is on Gaussian versus donut-shaped beams.
Exchangeable ammonium and nitrate from different nitrogen fertilizer preparations in polyacrylamide-treated and untreated agricultural soils.

High molecular weight, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is currently being used as an irrigation water additive to significantly reduce soil erosion associated with furrow irrigation. PAM contains amide-N, and PAM application to soils has been correlated with increased activity of soil enzymes, such as urease and amidase, involved in N cycling. Therefore we investigated potential impacts of PAM treatment on the rate at which fertilizer N is transformed into NH4+ and NO3– in soil. PAM-treated and untreated soil microcosms were amended with a variety of fertilizers, ranging from common rapid-release forms, such as ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] and urea, to a variety of slow-release formulations, including polymerized urea and polymer-encapsulated urea. Ammonium sulfate was also tested together with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD). The fertilizers were applied at a concentration of 1.0 mg g–1, which is comparable to 100 lb acre–l, or 112 kg ha–1. Potassium chloride-extractable NH4+-N and NO3–-N were quantified periodically during 2–4 week incubations. PAM treatment had no significant effect on NH4+ release rates for any of the fertilizers tested and did not alter the efficacy of DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. However, the nitrification rate of urea and encapsulated urea-derived NH4+-N was slightly accelerated in the PAM-treated soil.
Spreads and packings for a class of ((2n + 1)(2n − 1 − 1) + 1, 2n − 1, 1)-designs

Abstract Resolvable designs, especially those that are multiply resolvable, have been of interest for many years. This paper takes a class of BIBD's found by Denniston and constructs several spreads and packings of these designs. Interesting ties with inversive geometry are exhibited and utilized along the way.
The Positioning of Adult Learners: Appropriating Learner Experience on the Continuum of Empowerment to Emancipation

This article offers a critical analysis of discourses and power structures and the ways they operate in two instructors’ adult education and ESOL classrooms. The instructors defined learner experience in specific ways and subsequently used those definitions and drew on their learners’ experiences to define their curricula and pedagogy. They conceptualized learner experiences in ways that potentially empowered or emancipated learners from existing power structures. The data presented are part of a two‐year study of different lifelong learning and adult education contexts in the north‐eastern and mid‐western USA. Data sources included survey, interview, artifact collection, and observation methods. Data analysis was guided by a sociocultural theory of literacy development (The New London Group 1996, Gee 1996, 2003, Barton and Hamilton 1998), Holland et al.'s (1998) theories of figured worlds and identity development, Bakhtin’s (1963, 1975, 1979, 1986) theory of dialogism, and Foucault’s (1963, 1980) concept...
Projectile Fragmentation Accompanied by Incomplete Fusion

A two-step-reaction model calculation based on projectile fragmentation (first step), preequilibrium emission, and evaporation emission (second step) is formulated to describe the particle-particle angular correlations and particle-$\ensuremath{\gamma}$ correlations in complex-projectile-induced reactions. The model gives a good description of the production of fast projectilelike $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles accompanied by incomplete fusion for reactions $^{160}\mathrm{Gd}$${(^{12}\mathrm{C},\ensuremath{\alpha}xn)}^{168\ensuremath{-}x}$ Er at four incident energies.
The dendritic and T cell responses to herpes simplex virus-1 are modulated by dietary vitamin E.

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that dietary α-tocopherol (vitamin E, or VE) is essential for regulating the cytokine and chemokine response in the brain to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection. The timing of T cell infiltration is critical to the resolution of central nervous system HSV-1 infections. Specifically, the appearance of “neuroprotective” CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells is crucial. During CNS infection, CD8+ T cell priming and expansion in the draining lymph node, followed by recruitment and expansion, occurs in the spleen with subsequent accumulation in the brain. Weanling male BALB/cByJ mice were placed on VE-deficient (Def) or -adequate diets for 4 weeks followed by intranasal infection with HSV-1. VE-Def mice had fewer CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells trafficking to the brain despite increased CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells and activated dendritic cells in the periphery. VE-Def mice had increased T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the periphery and brain, and the increase in Tregs decreased CD8+ T cell numbers in the brain. Our results demonstrate that adequate levels of VE are important for trafficking antigen-specific T cells to the brain, and dietary VE levels modulate T regulatory and dendritic cells in the periphery.
Geographic Distribution of Ophthalmologists and Optometrists

There are about twice as many optometrists as ophthalmologists in the United States, and about twice as many optometrists as ophthalmologists are being produced each year. The number of optometrists has remained essentially constant since 1950, resulting in a drop from 14 to 10 optometrists per 100,000 population. During this period there has been a 69% increase in the number of ophthalmologists, resulting in a rise from 3.6 to 4.5 ophthalmologists per 100,000. The concentration of ophthalmologists and optometrists varies widely from state to state. There is no apparent correlation between the number of ophthalmologists and optometrists in a given state.
Understanding the cortex of crawling cells: insights from Dictyostelium

All animal cells are believed to use the same basic molecular mechanisms for locomotion when crawling on a surface. Study of a wide range of crawling cells has tended to confirm this belief but has also led to a diversity of hypotheses for locomotion and a bewildering list of candidate effector proteins. The emergence of a powerful model system, Dictyostelium discoideum, for the study of crawling of cells makes definitive tests of hypotheses for locomotion a reality.
A phase 1 trial of donor lymphocyte infusions expanded and activated ex vivo via CD3/CD28 costimulation.

Donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) induce potent graft versus tumor (GVT) effects for relapsed chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) but are disappointing for other diseases. Disease resistance can occur if donor T cells are not appropriately activated in vivo. Ex vivo T-cell activation might overcome disease-induced anergy and augment GVT activity. We performed a phase 1 trial of ex vivo–activated DLI (aDLI) for 18 patients with relapse after SCT. Activated donor T cells are produced through costimulation with anti-CD3– and anti-CD28–coated beads. Patients with aggressive malignancies received induction chemotherapy, and all patients received conventional DLI (median, 1.5 × 108 mononuclear cells/kg) followed 12 days later by aDLI. Activated DLI was dose escalated from 1 × 106 to 1 × 108 CD3+ cells per kilogram in 5 levels. Seven patients developed acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) (5 grade I-II, 2 grade III), and 4 developed chronic GVHD. Eight patients achieved complete remission, including 4 of 7 with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 2 of 4 with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 1 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 1 of 2 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Four complete responders relapsed while 4 remain alive in remission a median 23 months after aDLI. Overall, 10 of 18 remain alive 11 to 53 months after aDLI. Adoptive transfer of costimulated activated allogeneic T cells is feasible, does not result in excessive GVHD, and may contribute to durable remissions in diseases where conventional DLI has been disappointing.
Prevention and Treatment of Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia

Several drugs are now available for the treatment and prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. These include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine isethionate as first-line drugs and dapsone-trimethoprim, trimetrexate, piritrexim, fansidar, difluoromethylornithine, and clindamycin plus primaquine as drugs in later stages of clinical development. A hydroxynaphthoquinone, called 566C80, offers promise in preclinical studies. The use of corticosteroids in the supportive management of P. carinii pneumonitis is undergoing clinical study.
Anthony Collins on the Emergence of Consciousness and Personal Identity

The correspondence between Samuel Clarke and Anthony Collins of 1706–8, while not well known, is a spectacularly good debate between a dualist and a materialist over the possibility of giving a materialist account of consciousness and personal identity. This article puts the Clarke Collins Correspondence in a broader context in which it can be better appreciated, noting that it is really a debate between John Locke and Anthony Collins on one hand, and Samuel Clarke and Joseph Butler on the other. Anthony Collins argues on behalf of John Locke's claim that it would be as easy for God to superadd the power of thinking to matter as for him to connect a soul to a body. Locke did not believe that matter could naturally produce thought or consciousness, but it was in God's power to make matter think. To defend Locke's claim Collins must defend the claim that there are emergent properties in the world – properties of a whole that are not possessed by the parts. Collins also defends a materialist version of Locke's account of personal identity against a variety of charges. Because the topics of debate in the correspondence are of such great interest to us, it deserves to be rescued from the neglect into which it fell and from which intellectual historians and philosophers have only recently and partially removed it.
Clinical and economic considerations in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis

Limited data exist to guide physicians in the cost-effective treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial efficacy and related costs for patients with AECB. A retrospective review of 60 outpatient medical records with a diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic bronchitis episodes from a pulmonary clinic of a teaching institution was undertaken. The participating patients had a total of 224 episodes of AECB requiring antibiotic treatment. Before review, empirical antibiotic choices were divided into first-line (amoxycillin, co-trimoxazole, tetracyclines, erythromycin), second-line (cephradine, cefuroxime, cefaclor, cefprozil) and third-line (co-amoxiclav, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin) agents. Patients receiving first-line agents failed significantly more frequently than third-line agents (19% vs 7%, P < 0.05). Additionally, patients prescribed first-line agents were hospitalized significantly more often for AECB within 2 weeks of outpatient treatment as compared with patients prescribed third-line agents (18.0% vs 5.3% third-line agents; P < 0.02). Time between subsequent AECB episodes requiring treatment was significantly longer for patients receiving third-line agents compared with first-line and second-line agents (P < 0.005). Pharmacy costs were lowest with first-line agents (first-line US$10.30 +/- 8.76; second-line US$24.45 +/- 25.65; third-line US$45.40 +/- 11.11; P < 0.0001), but third-line agents showed a trend towards lower mean total costs of AECB treatment (first-line US$942 +/- 2173; second-line, US$563 +/- 2296; third-line, US$542 +/- 1946). The use of third-line antimicrobials, co-amoxiclav, ciprofloxacin or azithromycin, significantly reduced the failure rate and need for hospitalization, prolonged the time between AECB episodes, and showed a lower total cost for the management of AECB. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Pan‐national identities: representations of the Philippine diaspora on the world wide web

This paper shows how the world wide web can facilitate the transformation of a trans-national identity into a global, or pan-national identity. Specific to the Philippines diaspora is the concept of tahanang, or home as a metaphor for a pan-national Philippine identity. Not only does the web facilitate the spatial interactions of diasporic communities but it also fosters the representation of national identity. In the case of the Philippine diaspora we find that social networking, via the web, operates at and through a variety of spatial scales, including intra-diasporic, inter-diasporic, diaspora-host, and diaspora-homeland.
Ranking in R/sup p/ and its use in multivariate image estimation

The extension of ranking a set of elements in R to ranking a set of vectors in a p'th dimensional space R/sup p/ is considered. In the approach presented here vector ranking reduces to ordering vectors according to a sorted list of vector distances. A statistical analysis of this vector ranking is presented, and these vector ranking concepts are then used to develop ranked-order type estimators for multivariate image fields. A class of vector filters is developed, which are efficient smoothers in additive noise and can be designed to have detail-preserving characteristics. A statistical analysis is developed for the class of filters and a number of simulations were performed in order to quantitatively evaluate their performance. These simulations involve the estimation of both stationary multivariate random signals and color images in additive noise. >
Laser spot welding and real time evaluation

The high-repetition-rate pulsed-YAG-laser welding of insulated copper wires to terminal posts and their real-time evaluation with stress-wave emission (SWE) are discussed. It is shown that to minimize damage to the wire from the incident radiation a shoulder terminal, wherein the shoulder covers the wire, is desirable. The experimental and the analytical results show that for the geometry a terminal made out of higher melting-point material than copper is desirable. SWE techniques have been used to predict the quality of a laser weld in real time. An experimental criterion has been established for such a prediction. This criterion has been verified by resistance measurement, visual observation, and, to a limited extent, mechanical-pull testing. It is shown that an almost linear relation exists between the threshold crossings of an SWE signal and the quality of the weld.
Network portal: a database for storage, analysis and visualization of biological networks

The ease of generating high-throughput data has enabled investigations into organismal complexity at the systems level through the inference of networks of interactions among the various cellular components (genes, RNAs, proteins and metabolites). The wider scientific community, however, currently has limited access to tools for network inference, visualization and analysis because these tasks often require advanced computational knowledge and expensive computing resources. We have designed the network portal (http://networks.systemsbiology.net) to serve as a modular database for the integration of user uploaded and public data, with inference algorithms and tools for the storage, visualization and analysis of biological networks. The portal is fully integrated into the Gaggle framework to seamlessly exchange data with desktop and web applications and to allow the user to create, save and modify workspaces, and it includes social networking capabilities for collaborative projects. While the current release of the database contains networks for 13 prokaryotic organisms from diverse phylogenetic clades (4678 co-regulated gene modules, 3466 regulators and 9291 cis-regulatory motifs), it will be rapidly populated with prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms as relevant data become available in public repositories and through user input. The modular architecture, simple data formats and open API support community development of the portal.
Variability in relative importance of determinants of reef fish recruitment

Multiple processes can act together to determine abundance of organisms and structure of communities. Recently, appreciation of this fact has motivated development of conceptual and statistical frameworks that quantitatively assess the relative importance of multiple causal factors. However, little consideration has been given to variability in the “importance” of processes through space and time (i.e. robustness), which represents another facet of a process’s importance. Here, I focused on populations of a coral reef fish (Thalassoma hardwicke) and used an existing analytical method to assess the relative importance of initial population inputs (larval supply) and subsequent juvenile mortality in determining the average abundances of juvenile fish populations in different locations and times. The relative importance of processes varied significantly both temporally and spatially across a range of scales, and indicate a need for future assessments of relative importance to incorporate this variability.
Regulation of TCRβ Allelic Exclusion by Gene Segment Proximity and Accessibility

Ag receptor loci are regulated to promote allelic exclusion, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Assembly of a functional TCR β-chain gene triggers feedback inhibition of Vβ-to-DJβ recombination in double-positive (DP) thymocytes, which correlates with reduced Vβ chromatin accessibility and a locus conformational change that separates Vβ from DJβ gene segments. We previously generated a Tcrb allele that maintained Vβ accessibility but was still subject to feedback inhibition in DP thymocytes. We have now further analyzed the contributions of chromatin accessibility and locus conformation to feedback inhibition using two novel TCR alleles. We show that reduced Vβ accessibility and increased distance between Vβ and DJβ gene segments both enforce feedback inhibition in DP thymocytes.
Optimizing Online Situation Awareness Probes in Air Traffic Management Tasks

We examined the effectiveness of situation awareness probe questions in predicting sector performance and behavior in a human-in-the-loop simulation air traffic management (ATM) simulation with low (50%) and high (75%) traffic densities. Probes were presented online during the performance of the air traffic management task, and the accuracy and response latencies were measured. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the predictive power of each category type. Response latencies for conflict probe questions predicted performance metrics associated with separation assurance.
Extending myoelectric prosthesis control with shapable automation: a first assessment

For many users of myoelectric prostheses there is a set of functionality which remains out of reach with current technology. In this work, we provide a first assessment of an extension to classical myoelectric prostheses control approaches that introduces simple automation that is shapable, using EMG signals. The idea is not to replace classical techniques, but to introduce automation for tasks, like those which require the coordination of multiple degrees of freedom, for which automation is well-suited. A prototype system is developed in simulation and an exploratory user study is performed to provide a first assessment, that evaluates our proposed approach and provides guidance for future development. A comparison is made between different formulations for the shaping controls, as well as to a classical control paradigm. Results from the user study are promising: showing significant performance improvements when using the automated controllers, and also unanimous preference for the use of automated controllers on this task. Additionally, some questions about the optimal user interaction with the system are revealed. All of these results support the case for continued development of the proposed approach, including more extensive user studies.
Electrochemical Properties of Organic Disulfide/Thiolate Redox Couples

The redox behavior, kinetic reversibility, chemical reversibility, and stability, and the specific adsorption or chemisorption at electrode surfaces of a diverse group of organodisulfide cathode materials have been studied by potential-sweep and potential-step methods. The number of electrons involved in the redox reaction and the diffusion coefficients of the organodisulfide species in electrolyte solutions were determined with a rotating disk electrode in conjunction with chronocoulometry/chronoamperometry. Observations indicate that the overall, stoichiometric reaction of those redox couples is RSSR + {r reversible} where R represents an organic moiety. These reactions are chemically reversible, yet kinetically hindered, especially at ambient temperatures. The microscopic reversibility of the redox couples promises the possibility of constructing secondary energy conversion systems based on these materials. The slow electrode kinetics, however, indicates that the introduction of electrocatalysts to assist the electrode reaction may be effective in improving battery performance. The negligible adsorption of these materials at platinum electrodes, in addition, implies that the electrode kinetics can be formulated by simple electrodic equations without consideration of surface coverage.
Pulmonary ventilation teaching aid

[Reprinted with permission from HAPS-EDucator, a publication of the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society ( )] The biomechanical properties of the lungs and chest wall play an important role in ventilation. The biomechanical properties of compliance, elasticity, and recoil
Research on the Self-localization of Wireless Sensor Networks

Self-localization is a key function in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Many applications and internal mechanisms require nodes to know their location. Based on two different application environments and from the view of anchor nodes density, this paper proposes two new algorithms for distributed cooperative localization: Centroid-based with Preplaced Beacon Localization and Centroid-based with Scalable Node Localization. Both of them are simulated and analyzed in a two-dimensional (2-D) space simulation model of Matlab.
Integrating robustness, optimality and constraints in control of nonlinear processes

Abstract This work focuses on the development of a unified practical framework for control of single-input–single-output nonlinear processes with uncertainty and actuator constraints. Using a general state-space Lyapunov-based approach, the developed framework yields a direct nonlinear controller design method that integrates robustness, optimality, and explicit constraint-handling capabilities, and provides, at the same time, an explicit and intuitive characterization of the state-space regions of guaranteed closed-loop stability. This characterization captures, quantitatively, the limitations imposed by uncertainty and input constraints on our ability to steer the process dynamics in a desired direction. The proposed control method leads to the derivation of explicit analytical formulas for bounded robust optimal state feedback control laws that enforce stability and robust asymptotic reference-input tracking in the presence of active input constraints. The performance of the control laws is illustrated through the use of a chemical reactor example and compared with existing process control strategies.
Abstract TP269: Reduction of Human Brain Adenosine Levels Following Remote Ischemic Preconditioning

Introduction: Prior studies demonstrate that ischemic preconditioning (IP) alters adenosine metabolism. The significance of this effect is not fully understood, but evidence suggests that reduction...
Resilient Interface Shear Modulus from Short-Strip, Cyclic Pullout Tests

The national movement to develop a mechanistic-empirical design guide for pavements requires that the fundamental material properties for all components of the design be quantified. When geosynthetics are used to reinforce the base course layers of flexible pavements, one of the two main design parameters is the interaction between the geosynthetic and the surrounding aggregates. Interaction at this interface can be quantified in terms of a stiffness parameter, Gi, the resilient interface shear modulus. The most relevant interaction tests use cyclic loads like those experienced in transportation applications. Currently, however, there is no standard test to quantify soil/geosynthetic interaction using cyclic loads. This research effort modified the standard pullout test protocol to resemble the resilient modulus tests for unbound aggregates which utilizes cyclic loads at various levels of normal confinement. The resilient modulus for unbound aggregates (MR) closely resembles Gi, since they are both simultaneously dependent on shear load and confinement. Overall, the results from the cyclic pullout tests conducted on six geosynthetics showed that cyclic pullout testing has great potential for describing a stress dependent interface shear modulus. A three-parameter, log-log equation developed in the NCHRP Project 1-28a (NCHRP, 2000) was used to predict Gi. Correlations between predicted and measured values were somewhat erratic. Additional research is planned to improve the test equipment and establish specific test protocols.
Food Marketing in Western Europe Today

Food trade in Europe is undergoing many changes; and both retailers and investors seem to be getting confidence in self-service supermarkets, prepackaging, frozen foods, and similar developments.Bu...