cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary ion mass spectrometry with C60+ and Au4004+ projectiles: Depth and nature of secondary ion emission from multilayer assemblies

Abstract Alternating nanometric thin layer films made from poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), poly(styrene sulfonate) and montmorillonite clay were analyzed with 26 keV C 60 + (433 eV/atom) and 136 keV Au 400 4+ (340 eV/atom). Secondary ion (SI) emission depth from such thin films was determined to be ∼6–9 nm with C 60 + bombardment. Similar depth of emission was also reported with Au 400 4+ projectile impacts [Z. Li, S.V. Verkhoturov, E.A. Schweikert, Anal. Chem. 78 (2006) 7410]. The SI spectra contain recoiled C 60 projectile constituents ( m / z = 12, 13, 36). They track the compositional variation of the assembled thin layers except for C − and CH − whose abundances appear to correlate with the presence of metal atoms in the topmost layer.
Performance of pre-commercial release formulations of spinosad against five stored-product insect species on four stored commodities

Two liquid and one dry pre-commercial release spinosad formulations were evaluated at the labeled rate of 1 ppm against five stored-grain insect species on wheat, short-grain rice, long-grain rice, and maize. Except on maize, efficacy of spinosad was compared with a currently registered grain protectant, chlorpyrifos-methyl (3 ppm) plus deltamethrin (0.5 ppm). The 7- and 14-day mortalities of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, were 99.0–100.0% on spinosad and chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin-treated wheat, short-grain rice, and long-grain rice. Adult progeny of R. dominica after 42 days on these commodities decreased by 99.7–100.0% relative to progeny production on untreated wheat. Mortality and reduction in adult progeny of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, on the three commodities, and that of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, on maize and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, on wheat were 100.0% only with chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin. The liquid spinosad formulations were most effective against the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, on maize and wheat. Except for R. dominica, the effectiveness of spinosad on the other species varied with the formulation, exposure time, and commodity. Chlorpyrifos-methyl plus deltamethrin was effective against insect species on the commodities tested.
Thoracic outlet syndrome.

Abstract A careful history and through physical examination are the most important components in establishing the diagnosis of TOS. The use of radiographic and laboratory tests, when indicated, can improve the diagnostic yield. Provocative positional maneuvers must be evaluated for their vascular and, more important, for their neurologic response. These maneuvers do not “make” the diagnosis, but they can be a useful adjunct for confirming the diagnosis. Vascular TOS is less common and often requires surgical treatment. Neurologic TOS is very common but less frequently requires surgical treatment. The surgical approach and procedure selection should be determined by the nature of the pathologic condition and site of compression.
Ripple: Improved Architecture and Programming Model for Bulk Synchronous Parallel Style of Analytics

We present Ripple, an architecture and a programming model for a broad set of data analytics. Ripple builds on the ideas of iterated MapReduce and adds two innovations. First it has a richer programming model, including more ideas from the Bulk Synchronous Parallel (BSP) model of computation and others. By doing so, Ripple creates a flexible and higher-level platform that is easier for both application programmers and platform implementors. Second, Ripple is based on a limited interface for key/value storage making it portable among many different key/value store implementations. By building on these two ideas Ripple improves the scope, performance, and openness of the data analytics platform. We evaluate Ripple using three representative, and non-trivial, data analysis scenarios requiring iterative computation. Using these examples, we show how Ripple achieves clear performance advantages over iterated MapReduce.
Illness behaviour: a selective review and synthesis

Sociologists have researched the subject of illness behaviour for more than five decades. Recently the discussion has taken on new importance because of changes in the delivery of health care and the emergence of patients' rights and increased patient knowledge of medicine. Through a selective review of the literature on illness behaviour, the paper aims to show that singular and segmented approaches to illness behaviour have not clearly elucidated the complexity of the phenomenon. A more comprehensive and structured analysis of illness behaviour can be accomplished with mixed qualitative and hierarchical/structural quantitative techniques. Following a discussion of prior research in social psychology, demography, economics, social networks and geographic systems, this paper offers a template for future analysis of illness behaviour.
Axial-vector meson mixing in orthocharmonium decays

In the light of the recent measurement by the BES Collaboration, the two-body decays of $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${\ensuremath{\psi}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ into an axial-vector meson and a pseudoscalar meson are analyzed in the framework of the ${K}_{A}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{B}$ mixing including substantial SU(3) and $G$ parity violations due to one-photon annihilation. A somewhat puzzling pattern of the ${K}_{1}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decay channel can be understood with no tight constraint on the mixing angle. The ratio of ${K}_{1}^{0}(1400){\overline{K}}^{0}$ to ${K}_{1}^{0}(1270){\overline{K}}^{0}$ will be the cleanest source of information to determine the mixing angle from the ${1}^{+}{0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decays in the presence of one-photon annihilation.
Literary Scholars Processing Poetry and Constructing Arguments.

Previous studies of the professional discourse of literary studies have focused solely on published scholarly articles and have produced contradictory evidence regarding the knowledge-building func...
Hydrogen isotope exchange on Pd/NaY and Pd/HY zeolites

Mass spectrometry and FTIR were employed to monitor the isotopic exchange of various types of zeolite protons with D2 at 21 °C. Discrete groups of protons are differentiated by their exchange kinetics. Protons in close vicinity to Pd particles are exchanged as rapidly as H atoms, adsorbed on Pd. For more remote protons, the interchange of O-H and O-D groups follows first order kinetics, but the rate constant is lower for protons in sodalite cages than for those in supercages; the rates are higher for Pd/HY than for Pd/NaHY. Proton exchange is virtually absent for samples which were reduced at 500 °C for several hours, suggesting that the location of Pd inside zeolite cages is essential and that hydrogen spillover is irrelevant.
Cs2PdSe8: A Unique Open Framework Structure with Double Helical Assemblies of [Pd(Se4)2]2−**☆

Cs{sub 2}PdSe{sub 8}(1), a novel palladium polyselenide with a three-dimensional open framework structure, has been synthesized via a solvothermal reaction using ethylenediamine as solvent. Its crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure belongs to the tetragonal space group I4{sub 1}/acd (No. 142), a = 14.935(2), c = 12.907(3) {angstrom}, V = 2897.0(8) {angstrom}{sup 3}, Z = 8, R{sub 1} = 0.044, and wR{sub 2} = 0.063, for 640 unique reflections. The unique three-dimensional network is composed of two {sub {infinity}}{sup 3}[Pd(Se{sub 4}){sub 2}]{sup 2{minus}} frameworks that are topologically identical and mutually insertional. Each framework is built upon by connecting the neighboring square-planar [Pd(Se{sub 4}){sub 2}]{sup 2{minus}} units to generate an infinite assembly resembling alternating right- and left-handed helices running along the c-axis. Thermal analysis (TGA) showed that compound 1 is stable up to 320 C. Optical studies performed on the powder sample of 1 suggested that the compound is a semiconductor and a band gap of 1.5 eV was estimated from the diffuse reflectance data.
The interplay of transport, kinetics, and thermal interactions in the stability of premixed hydrogen/air flames near surfaces

The stability of premixed hydrogen/air flames near surfaces is studied using numerical bifurcation theory and detailed kinetics. Two-parameter continuation diagrams are constructed to determine the effects of inlet composition and pressure on flame stability. Sensitivity analysis is used to elucidate the roles of transport mechanisms, chemical heat, and chain-branching in ignition and extinction. We have found that flame instabilities can be caused by chemical autocatalysis (kinetic runaway) or thermal autocatalysis (thermal runaway) when three multiple solutions coexist, and by both mechanisms when five multiple solutions coexist. Low pressures favor the kinetic feedback mechanism and high pressures the thermal one. Loss of H atoms out of the reaction zone by diffusion or by heterogeneous reactions can strongly affect flame stability at low pressures, and diffusion and convection of H2O2 affects flame stability at high pressures. Energy conduction and convection can influence ignition and extinction, especially at low pressures. At high pressures flame instabilities are mainly driven by reaction heat generation and are strongly affected by transport effects and the enhanced third body efficiency of H2O in the reaction H + O2 + M → HO2 + M.
The changing picture of hepatitis A in the United States.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatitis A causes approximately half of the cases of viral hepatitis in the United States. Since 1999, routine hepatitis A immunization of children in areas of the United States with high rates of hepatitis A has been recommended. RECENT FINDINGS There has been an increasing appreciation of the role of young children with asymptomatic or inapparent infection as the community reservoir of hepatitis A virus. Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated striking geographic variations in the incidence of hepatitis A in the United States. On the basis of this understanding, recommendations for control of hepatitis A were updated in 1999 to include routine vaccination of children living in states, counties, and communities with high rates of hepatitis A. Routine hepatitis A vaccination of children in areas with high rates of hepatitis A is a cost-effective strategy to reduce the incidence of hepatitis A. SUMMARY Improved understanding of the epidemiology and transmission of hepatitis A combined with the availability of effective hepatitis A vaccines have dramatically reduced the burden of hepatitis A in the United States.
Mutational analysis of the cysteines in the extracellular domain of the human Ca2+ receptor: Effects on cell surface expression, dimerization and signal transduction

Mammalian calcium receptors (CaRs) share with the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) the relative positions of 16 cysteine residues in the amino-terminal extracellular domain. To investigate the role of these cysteines, a series of mutants in the extracellular domain of the human CaR was prepared in which each of these 16 cysteine residues and three others not conserved in the mGluRs were replaced by serines. Wild-type and mutant CaR cDNAs were expressed in HEK-293 cells, and evaluated for expression and response to extracellular calcium. Mutation of three non-conserved cysteines and of two conserved cysteines produced proteins with near wild-type phenotype. In contrast, mutation of the other conserved cysteines gave proteins that showed drastic reduction in cell surface expression and/or failed to respond to calcium. We identified 14 cysteines essential for proper trafficking and function of the receptor, two of which may be involved in formation of a disulfide-linked dimer.
Ant larvae of the subfamily Formicinae: second supplement

The authors' earlier studies on the larvae of the Ponerinae were published in 1952, 1957, and 1964. The present supplement contains descriptions of the larvae of 38 additional species in the genera Amblyopone , Anochetus , * Brachyponera , Cryptopone , * Discothyrea , * Eubothroponera , Euponera , Gnamptogenys , * Hagensia , * Heteroponera , * Hypoponera , Leptogenys , Mesoponera , * Myopias , Neoponera , Odontomachus , Onychomyrmex , * Ophthalmopone , Platythyrea , Ponera , Prionopelta , Proceratium , and Rhytidoponera . Genera marked with an asterisk are new to the authors' collection and are characterized here for the 1st time. Necessary revisions are made in earlier descriptions and additional references to the literature are cited. Tribes are recharacterized. The earlier classifications of body profiles, mandible shapes, and tubercles are revised. The key to genera is also revised. Since the removal of the genus Myrmecia from the Ponerinae, Paraponera is regarded as the least specialized larva in the subfamily. The following New Combinations, from Trachymesopus to Mesoponera , are based on larval characters: M. clarki (Wheeler) (= T. clarki (Wheeler)); M. gilberti (Kempf) (= T. gilberti Kempf); M. stigma (F.) (= T. stigma (F.)).
Osteoarthritis: OA guidelines: improving care or merely codifying practice?

Updated guidelines from the Osteoarthritis Research Society International and the UK's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence provide a clear summary of the evidence supporting current therapeutic strategies in osteoarthritis (OA), but in reality they serve to highlight the inability of modern medicine to fully relieve OA pain and dysfunction.
Tomboy as Protective Identity

The tomboy in contemporary U.S. culture is a complex identity, providing meaning to many girls and women. In this article, we argue tomboy as a gendered social identity also provides temporary "protections" to girls and women in three main ways. First, tomboy identity can excuse masculine-typed behavior in girls and women and, in doing so, protect women from presumptions about sexual reputation and sexual orientation. Second, tomboy identities can provide some protection for lesbian girls and women who prefer to not divulge their sexual orientation. And, third, tomboy identity can gain women limited privilege to spaces for which masculinity is an unspoken requirement. The temporary nature of the protections provided to tomboys undermines the ability of tomboys to truly transcend the binary gender system.
Subcutaneous emphysema--beyond the pneumoperitoneum.

Background Subcutaneous emphysema and gas extravasation outside of the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopy has consequences. Knowledge of the circumstances that increase the potential for subcutaneous emphysema is necessary for safe laparoscopy. Methods A literature review and a PubMed search are the basis for this review. Conclusions The known risk factors leading to subcutaneous emphysema during laparoscopy are multiple attempts at abdominal entry, improper cannula placement, loose fitting cannula/skin and fascial entry points, use of >5 cannulas, use of cannulas as fulcrums, torque of the laparoscope, increased intra-abdominal pressure, procedures lasting >3.5 hours, and attention to details. New additional risk factors acting as direct factors leading to subcutaneous emphysema risk and occurrence are total gas volume, gas flow rate, valveless trocar systems, and robotic fulcrum forces. Recognizing this spectrum of factors that leads to subcutaneous emphysema will yield greater patient safety during laparoscopic procedures.
Brief report of affective state and depression status after traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between affective state (positive and negative affect) and depression status among adults with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). RESEARCH METHOD This is a cross-sectional cohort study of community-dwelling adults with chronic TBI (n = 64) that assesses the relationship between affective state (positive and negative affect), using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and depression status, categorized as no depression, history of depressive episode, and current depressive episode, using the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD). RESULTS Affective state differed significantly across depression status groups for both positive affect (F (2, 61) = 5.10, p = .009) and negative affect (F ( 2, 61) = 8.19, p = .001). Participants with no depression reported higher positive affect (M = 35.67, SD = 9.08) than those with a current depressive episode (M = 27.64, SD = 8.59, p = .007) and lower negative affect (M = 14.52, SD = 5.08) than those with a history of a depressive episode (M = 20.21, SD = 5.08, p = .006) and those with a current depressive episode (M = 22.29, SD = 6.21, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Poor affective state, including both low positive affect and high negative affect, is associated with depression diagnosis. High negative affect is present, even in the absence of a current depressive episode, after TBI. These data highlight the need to assess affective state in addition to screening for mood disorders among adults with chronic TBI.
Colorectal Surgical Specimen Lymph Node Harvest: Improvement of Lymph Node Yield with a Pathology Assistant

Introduction Adequate lymph node harvest from colorectal cancer specimens has become a standard of care, influencing both staging and survival. To improve lymph node harvests at our hospital, a pathology assistant was trained to meticulously harvest lymph nodes from colorectal cancer specimens. An analysis of trends in lymph node harvests over time is presented. Methods The number of harvested lymph nodes from 391 consecutive colorectal cancer pathology reports was retrospectively reviewed from a single community hospital over 8 years (1999–2006). This spanned 4 years prior to the training of the pathology assistant and 4 years after. Results From 1999–2002, the mean number of harvested lymph nodes varied from 12.2 to 14.4. The percentage of specimens achieving 12 lymph nodes was 50–67%. From 2003–2006, the mean number of harvested lymph nodes increased to 18.4–20.7, while the percentage of specimens achieving 12 lymph nodes was 83–87%. Both of these improvements achieved statistical significance with p values of <0.00001. Conclusions Over time, lymph node harvests at our hospital dramatically improved. The training of a pathology assistant to harvest the lymph nodes from colorectal cancer specimens dramatically affected lymph node harvests and can be a crucial component of pathologic analysis of these specimens.
Efficient minimum distance estimator for quantile regression fixed effects panel data

This paper develops a new minimum distance quantile regression (MD-QR) estimator for panel data models with fixed effects. The proposed estimator is efficient in the class of minimum distance estimators. In addition, the MD-QR estimator is computationally fast, especially for large cross-sections. We establish consistency and explicitly derive the limiting distribution of the MD-QR estimator for panels with large number of cross-sections and time-series. The limit theory allows for both sequential and joint limits. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the estimator. The simulation results confirm that the MD-QR approach produces approximately unbiased estimators with small variances, and is computationally advantageous. Finally, we illustrate the use of the estimator with a simple application to the investment equation model.
High muscle lipid content in obesity is not due to enhanced activation of key triglyceride esterification enzymes or the suppression of lipolytic proteins

The mechanisms underlying alterations in muscle lipid metabolism in obesity are poorly understood. The primary aim of this study was to compare the abundance and/or activities of key proteins that ...
Pancreatic adaptive responses in alcohol abuse: Role of the unfolded protein response

The majority of those who drink excessive amounts of alcohol do not develop pancreatic disease. One overarching hypothesis is that alcohol abuse requires additional risk factors, either environmental or genetic, for disease to occur. However, another reason be a result of alcohol-induced activation of adaptive systems that protect the pancreas from the toxic effects of alcohol. We show that mechanisms within the unfolded protein response (UPR) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that can lead to protection of the pancreas from pancreatic diseases with alcohol abuse. The remarkable ability of the pancreas to adapt its machinery to alcohol abuse using UPR systems and continue functioning is the likely reason that pancreatitis from alcohol abuse does not occur in the majority of heavy drinkers. These findings indicate that methods to enhance the protective responses of the UPR can provide opportunities for prevention and treatment of pancreatic diseases.
Sex-race differences in the relationship between obesity and asthma: the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2000.

Abstract Purpose Although prospective data are limited, recent cross-sectional studies support obesity as a cause of asthma. They also suggest that the association is present only among women. Our analysis examines possible sex-race differences in the relationship between obesity and asthma. Methods We examined data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. To minimize diagnostic bias, the sample was limited to adults aged 18 to 34 years. All cases had doctor-diagnosis of asthma and ongoing symptoms. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine risk factors for current asthma vs. never having asthma. Results Obesity and asthma were more strongly related among women than men (test for interaction, p Conclusions Although the obesity–asthma association is stronger among women than men, our analysis demonstrates a strong positive association among men from minority groups. These race-specific results may help explain some of the “inconsistencies” in prior studies.
Development of chalcogenide glasses for use in near-infrared planar waveguide applications

Summary form only given. Glasses exhibiting large, nonresonant nonlinearity are desirable for use in a range of optical systems based on fibers or planar films. Past efforts to understand the effect of compositional and processing-induced impurity variation, physical and optical property behavior of glasses in this ternary system have identified a series of glasses readily adaptable for use in planar geometry devices. Components based on our glasses have been shown to possess low absorption, high nonlinear index and photosensitivity when irradiated with near bandgap light. By tailoring the thermal, mechanical and optical properties of the bulk glasses used in the preparation of such multilayer components, robust, low loss devices can be realized. Further enhancement to the possible devices will result when a greater understanding exists as to what role the bulk glass/thin film structure plays on ultimate material performance.
Ocular Syphilis among HIV-Infected Individuals

We describe a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individual with ocular manifestations of secondary syphilis. Twelve other cases of HIV-associated ocular syphilis are also presented. Six of 12 individuals had normal cerebrospinal fluid study results, and 3 patients required retreatment within 1.5 years. In patients with HIV infection, clinicians should be vigilant for ocular syphilis despite normal cerebrospinal fluid measures and for syphilis reinfection.
Molecular Basis for the Anchoring of Proto-Oncoprotein Nup98 to the Cytoplasmic Face of the Nuclear Pore Complex

The cytoplasmic filament nucleoporins of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) are critically involved in nuclear export and remodeling of mRNA ribonucleoprotein particles and are associated with various human malignancies. Here, we report the crystal structure of the Nup98 C-terminal autoproteolytic domain, frequently missing from leukemogenic forms of the protein, in complex with the N-terminal domain of Nup82 and the C-terminal tail fragment of Nup159. The Nup82 β propeller serves as a noncooperative binding platform for both binding partners. Interaction of Nup98 with Nup82 occurs through a reciprocal exchange of loop structures. Strikingly, the same Nup98 groove promiscuously interacts with Nup82 and Nup96 in a mutually excusive fashion. Simultaneous disruption of both Nup82 interactions in yeast causes severe defects in mRNA export, while the severing of a single interaction is tolerated. Thus, the cytoplasmic filament network of the NPC is robust, consistent with its essential function in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
A three-step method for the de-embedding of high-frequency S-parameter measurements

The authors propose a general method of deembedding S-parameter measurements of the device-under-test (DUT) for which typical parasitics associated with probe pads and interconnect-metal lines can be deembedded from the measurement. The DUT is the analog silicon bipolar junction transistor including the pad and interconnects. This method includes the subtraction of the parasitic shunt y-parameters of the on-wafer open calibration pattern as well as the subtraction of the parasitic series z-parameters on the on-wafer open circuit which are taken from measurements of the short and through circuits. It is demonstrated that the calculated power loss for the pad and interconnect parasitics can be comparable to the power consumption of the advanced bipolar transistor at high frequencies (>or=10 GHz). A knowledge of the magnitude and type of parasitic deembedding circuit elements can aid the device engineer in the analysis of the error associated with deembedding. >
Perspectives in diabetes. Is protein kinase C required for physiologic insulin release

Extant data suggest that a Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) exists (as a single enzyme or possibly a family of related enzymes) in rodent beta-cells. PKC activators probably induce secretion primarily through phosphorylation of key proteins, thereby sensitizing the exocytotic apparatus to Ca2+. PKC can be activated by several pharmacologic probes and by endogenous diacylglycerol (and possibly arachidonic acid) released by nutrient-activated phospholipases. Several nonspecific pharmacologic agents inhibit both PKC and physiologic insulin release. However, when a more specific inhibitor of PKC, H7 [1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine], was studied, it did not reduce glucose-induced insulin secretion. Moreover, prolonged preexposure of islets to a phorbol ester (believed to induce selective depletion of PKC) also failed to substantially reduce the subsequent secretory response to glucose. Thus, indisputable evidence for an obligatory physiological role of PKC in the islet is still missing, and the enzyme's status as a critical coupling signal should be viewed as putative only.
The Myotomal diwanka (lh3) Glycosyltransferase and Type XVIII Collagen Are Critical for Motor Growth Cone Migration

The initial migration of motor growth cones from the spinal cord into the periphery requires extrinsic cues, yet their identities are largely unknown. In zebrafish diwanka mutants, motor growth cones are motile but fail to pioneer into the periphery. Here, we report on the positional cloning of diwanka and show that it encodes LH3, a myotomally expressed multifunctional enzyme with lysyl hydroxylase and glycosyltransferase domains. Cloning, expression analysis, and ubiquitous overexpression of other LH family members reveals that only diwanka (lh3) possesses a critical role in growth cone migration. We show that this unique role depends critically on the LH3 glycosyltransferase domain, and provide compelling evidence that diwanka (lh3) acts through myotomal type XVIII collagen, a ligand for neural-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases that guide motor axons. Together, our results provide the first genetic evidence that glycosyltransferase modifications of the ECM play a critical role during vertebrate motor axon migration.
Cost consequences of elimination of the routine group B streptococcus culture at a teaching hospital.

Objective: To evaluate the cost consequence of the elimination of routine Group B streptococcus (GBS) cultures in pregnancy utilizing risk factor assessment management recommendations of the Center for Disease Control.Methods: This retrospective study cohort population included all delivering patients from June 1, 1996, to May 31, 1997, managed by the Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) guidelines May 31, 1996, for GBS in pregnancy compared to the previous 29 months cohort from January 1, 1994, to May 31, 1996, managed with routine GBS cultures done at 35-37 weeks.Results: Of the 7,681 culture management control cohort patients, there were four neonates with culture-positive GBS sepsis (1/1,900). The cost for detection of a single positive culture in an affected neonate was $8,627 ($34,509/4) and there were 2,875 personnel hours expended. In contrast, of the 2,011 patients in the risk factor management cohort, there were two cases of neonatal GBS sepsis ($111,005). The cost for detection of a positiv...
Maximum likelihood reconstruction for pinhole SPECT with a displaced center-of-rotation

The authors describe the implementation of a maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm using expectation maximization (EM) for pinhole SPECT with a displaced center-of-rotation. A ray-tracing technique is used in implementing the ML-EM algorithm. The proposed ML-EM algorithm is able to correct the center of rotation displacement which can be characterized by two orthogonal components. The algorithm is tested using experimentally acquired data, and the results demonstrate that the pinhole ML-EM algorithm is able to correct artifacts associated with the center-of-rotation displacement. >
Disadvantaged Neighborhoods and Adolescent Aggression: Behavioral Genetic Evidence of Contextual Effects

This study used behavioral genetic methods to examine differences in genetic and environmental influences on adolescent aggression across adequate and disadvantaged neighborhoods. Analyses used National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health data from 2,342 monozygotic twin, dizygotic twin, full-sibling, and half-sibling pairs classified into structurally adequate and disadvantaged neighborhoods according to Census data on the proportion of single-parent households with children, proportion of families in poverty, and unemployment levels in sibling pairs’ block groups. Separately estimating genetic and environmental influences across adequate and disadvantaged neighborhoods revealed that although genetic influences are significant in both adequate and disadvantaged neighborhoods, shared environmental influences (e.g., family influences shared by siblings) were significant only among adolescents from disadvantaged neighborhoods. These results provide insight into differences in individual-level influences that contribute to adolescent aggression within these different types of neighborhoods. Significant shared environmental influences in disadvantaged neighborhoods suggest the importance of family processes is increased by neighborhood disadvantage. Adolescent aggression tends to concentrate in disadvantaged neighborhoods (Sampson, 1997). This concentration is very costly. High levels of adolescent aggression can cause neighborhood businesses to struggle and
Modern neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders.

OBJECTIVE: The evolution, rationale, and results of modern functional neurosurgery to treat psychiatric disorders are documented. The potential benefits of neurosurgical treatment for selected, critically ill, psychiatric patients are considered. METHODS: The history, anatomic features, and evolution of and contemporary indications for the four currently used procedures (cingulotomy, subcaudate tractotomy, limbic leukotomy, and capsulotomy) are reviewed. Available outcome, neuropsychological assessment, and functional imaging data are presented. RESULTS: Recently, there has been a renaissance of interest in the surgical treatment of psychiatric disease. Modern psychiatric neurosurgical procedures are quite safe, with extremely low surgical mortality rates and transient postoperative morbidity. In selected cases, patients with conditions that had previously been completely refractory to comprehensive medical and behavioral intervention demonstrated significant improvement. This improvement was usually observed in the absence of long-term adverse neuropsychological consequences. CONCLUSION: Recent outcome studies, together with advances in neurobiology, psychiatry, functional imaging, and stereotaxy, support the further investigation of modern functional neurosurgical procedures to treat psychiatric disorders and their application for a subset of psychiatric patients with conditions refractory to all other therapies. (Neurosurgery 47:9‐23, 2000)
A Simple Stick-Slip and Creep-Slip Model for Repeating Earthquakes and its Implication for Microearthquakes at Parkfield

If repeating earthquakes are represented by circular ruptures, have constant stress drops, and experience no aseismic slip, then their recurrence times should vary with seismic moment as \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(t\_{\mathrm{r}}{\propto}M\_{0}^{1{/}3}\) \end{document}. In contrast, the observed variation for small, characteristic repeating earthquakes along a creeping segment of the San Andreas fault at Parkfield (Nadeau and Johnson, 1998) is much weaker. Also, the Parkfield repeating earthquakes have much longer recurrence intervals than expected if the static stress drop is 10 MPa and if the loading velocity V L is assumed equal to the geodetically inferred slip rate of the fault V f. To resolve these discrepancies, previous studies have assumed no aseismic slip during the interseismic period, implying either high stress drop or V L ≠ V f. In this study, we show that a model that includes aseismic slip provides a plausible alternative explanation for the Parkfield repeating earthquakes. Our model of a repeating earthquake is a fixed-area fault patch that is allowed to continuously creep and strain harden until reaching a failure threshold stress. The strain hardening is represented by a linear coefficient C , which when much greater than the elastic loading stiffness k leads to relatively small interseismic slip (stick-slip). When C and k are of similar size creep-slip occurs, in which relatively large aseismic slip accrues prior to failure. Because fault-patch stiffness varies with patch radius, if C is independent of radius, then the model predicts that the relative amount of seismic to total slip increases with increasing radius or M , consistent with variations in slip required to explain the Parkfield data. The model predicts a weak variation in t r with M similar to the Parkfield data.
Work in progress - energy education and energy literacy: Benefits of rigor and relevance

Energy education programs are making their way into today's K-12 classroom. Effective programs that improve energy literacy will help draw students toward further studies and careers in the growing fields of energy-related engineering, science, and technology, and will prepare all students to interpret energy issues and make sound choices as they become adults. This work evaluates different types of educational experiences in terms of their ability to improve students' energy literacy. Study participants are exposed to a variety of classroom experiences, with respect to rigorous and relevant teaching strategies and the approach to covering energy issues. The analysis uses a triangulated, mixed-methods design, including a pre/post quantitative survey in addition to post-program questionnaires that provide a deeper understanding of the students' perceptions of the impact their education has had on their energy-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.
The American Mythos

This essay examines the notion of an American narrative, looking at a variety of myths that have been prominent and that have, in various ways, shaped the concept of a nation devoted to Enlightenment and Anglo-Saxon ideals. These include liberty, equality, and justice, which can be traced to thinkers such as Montesquieu, as well as ideals laid out in the Magna Carta. These lofty ideals took the place of more traditional narratives and tribal alliances, and they helped establish a nation that had been formed by so many different immigrant strands. That these stories – going back to the Puritans landing on Plymouth Rock, for example – have been influential seems beyond question. Yet it remains difficult to assess their broader value in determining the course of a nation. How might these founding myths prove useful in refashioning the American stories in ways that, in the future, could be productive?
Queue-Stability-Based Transmission Power Control in Wireless Multihop Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of transmission power control and its effects on the link-scheduling performance when a set of end-to-end flows established in the network are given. This problem is approached by means of the stability region of the link-scheduling policy. The stability region is defined for link-scheduling policies as the set of input-packet rates under which the queues in the network are stable (i.e., positive recurrent). Specifically, the link-scheduling's stability region is adapted to the paths of the flows such that the flows are able to support higher levels of data traffic under lower levels of end-to-end delay. To the best of our knowledge, the approach of transmission power control based on queue stability has not been studied before. Based on this approach, we propose a transmission-power-control algorithm. It is shown, by means of simulation, that the algorithm outperforms the transmission power control based on spatial reuse.
BRCA1 Forks Over New Roles in DNA-Damage Response– Before and Beyond the Breaks

In this issue, Pathania et al. (2011) report the involvement of BRCA1 in ultraviolet (UV)-damage response at stalled replication forks, which extends the function of BRCA1 beyond its established role in the repair of DNA- double-strand breaks (DSBs), raising the complexity of how this tumor suppressor maintains genomic stability.
Genetics on the Fly: A Primer on the Drosophila Model System.

Fruit flies of the genus Drosophila have been an attractive and effective genetic model organism since Thomas Hunt Morgan and colleagues made seminal discoveries with them a century ago. Work with Drosophila has enabled dramatic advances in cell and developmental biology, neurobiology and behavior, molecular biology, evolutionary and population genetics, and other fields. With more tissue types and observable behaviors than in other short-generation model organisms, and with vast genome data available for many species within the genus, the fly’s tractable complexity will continue to enable exciting opportunities to explore mechanisms of complex developmental programs, behaviors, and broader evolutionary questions. This primer describes the organism’s natural history, the features of sequenced genomes within the genus, the wide range of available genetic tools and online resources, the types of biological questions Drosophila can help address, and historical milestones.
Emergence of Queer Vietnamese America

This paper is based on data from my five years (1996 to 2001) of ethnographic research (participant-observation and interviews) on a social support network of Vietnamese lesbians, bisexual women, and female-to-male transgenders in California called "O-Moi." I use data from my study of O-Moi to show how sexuality interplays with race, class, and gender to configure different patterns of immigrant adaptation for queer Vietnamese, as the group provides an interesting example of how queer immigrants organize our own queer-ethnic networks for social support in the process of psychological and interpersonal development and adjustment. This support network differs from the support in the U.S. queer mainstream and in the Vietnamese American mainstream. I explore how O-Moi facilitates queer Vietnamese in the process of becoming not just queer Americans or ethnic Americans but queer ethnic Americans. By discussing different adaptation patterns of O-Moi members, the environment which led to the formation of O-Moi, a...
FLOCCULATION IN ELASTOMERIC POLYMERS CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES: JAMMING AND THE NEW CONCEPT OF FICTIVE DYNAMIC STRAIN

ABSTRACT Understanding the physics of the particle network in filled rubber is key to developing reduced energy loss compounds for automobile tires and other applications. Progress toward that goal is evident in the recent literature, which reveals some fascinating parallels between the effect of temperature on traditional glassy materials and the role of deformation on the behavior of granular materials, foams, and particle-filled polymers and pastes. The phenomenological treatment of structural relaxation (physical aging) in the nonequilibrium state of glasses, which includes the characteristic features of nonexponentiality and nonlinearity, is extended in the present work to model the progressive structural arrest (jamming) that occurs during the filler flocculation process in uncrosslinked elastomers. A new concept of fictive dynamic strain is developed for nanoparticle-reinforced rubbery polymers by drawing an analogy to the use of fictive temperature in nonequilibrium glasses. The fictive strain con...
Sea Bottom Pressure Fields Produced by Yawed Vessels

An understanding of the flow pattern about an ellipsoid immersed at rest in a parallel stream is often of value in aerodynamic and hydrodynamic studies. The steady flow, without circulation, about an ellipsoid immersed at rest in an infinite half-space of perfect fluid is discussed. A uniform stream flow is considered in which the centroid of the ellipsoid remains at a finite distance h from the plane boundary of the half-space. The major axis of the ellipsoid is taken to be parallel to the plane boundary and to make an angle θ with the direction of the undisturbed flow. Approximation equations are given for the velocity and pressure distributions on the plane boundary. These equations are based upon the method of images and the well-known theory of the flow pattern about a stationary ellipsoid in an infinite fluid medium. A procedure for obtaining the lines of equipressure change on the boundary is also described. The sea bottom pressure distribution produced by slowly moved yawed surface vessels in advance of the upstream hull-line may be approximated from computations based on formulae developed for the ellipsoid model. These approximations should hold when the ship proceeds through calm water of moderate depth at an angle of yaw sufficiently large to produce a wake, say θ greater than 20○. As an illustration of the application of the theory certain results of calculations of sea bottom pressure distributions and lines of equipressure change are given for a representative case.
Cavity Optomechanics with Cold Atoms

The mechanical influence on objects due to their interaction with light has been a central topic in atomic physics for decades. Thus, not surprisingly, one finds that many concepts developed to describe cavity optomechanical systems with solid-state mechanical oscillators have also been developed in a parallel stream of scientific literature pertaining to cold atomic physics. In this chapter, I describe several of these ideas from atomic physics, including optical methods for detecting quantum states of single cold atoms and atomic ensembles, motional effects within single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics, and collective optical effects such as superradiant Rayleigh scattering and cavity cooling of atomic ensembles. Against this background, I present several experimental realizations of cavity optomechanics in which an atomic ensemble serves as the mechanical element. These are divided between systems driven either by sending light onto the cavity input mirrors (“cavity pumped”), or by sending light onto the atomic ensemble (“side pumped”). The cavity-pumped systems clearly exhibit the key phenomena of cavity optomechanical systems, including cavity-aided position sensing, coherent back action effects such as the optical spring and cavity cooling, and optomechanical bistability; several of these effects have been detected not only for linear but also for quadratic optomechanical coupling. The extreme isolation of the atomic ensemble from mechanical disturbances, and its strong polarizability near the atomic resonance frequency, allow these optomechanical systems to be highly sensitive to quantum radiation pressure fluctuations. I describe several ways in which these fluctuations are observed experimentally. I conclude by considering the side-pumped cavity experiments in terms of cavity optomechanics, complementing recent treatments of these systems in terms of condensed-matter physics concepts such as quantum phase transitions and supersolidity.
Sisyphus and 30-Day Heart Failure Readmissions: Futility in Predicting a Flawed Outcome Metric∗

And I saw Sisyphus in agonizing torment trying to roll a huge stone to the top of a hill. He would brace himself, and push it towards the summit with both hands, but just as he was about to heave it over the crest its weight overcame him, and then down again to the plain came bounding that pitiless
Impact of a Surgeon-Led Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter Team on Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheter-Related Complications and Costs.

Abstract Background: Peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICCs) are popular for a broad range of indications. As with other forms of central access, PICC use can be associated with serious and potentially costly complications. In 2000, in response to the rising popularity of PICC use, a surgeon-led team was created to steward their placement. All requests were screened rigorously to ensure rational use. Our hypothesis was that creation of a dedicated PICC team would decrease inappropriate PICC placement, overall complication rates, and cost. Methods: The study was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data captured in the PICC team-maintained database between 2000 and 2013. The database was reviewed for PICC indications, reasons PICC requests were denied, and septic or thrombotic complications after PICC placement. To estimate cost savings, PICC supplies and each occurrence of blood stream infection (BSI) and thrombotic complication was assigned a cost on the basis of the available...
An Automated Continuous-Flow Platform for the Estimation of Multistep Reaction Kinetics

Automated continuous flow systems coupled with online analysis and feedback have been previously demonstrated to model and optimize chemical syntheses with little a priori reaction information. However, these methods have yet to address the challenge of modeling and optimizing for product yield or selectivity in a multistep reaction network, where low selectivity toward desired product formation can be encountered. Here we demonstrate an automated system capable of rapidly estimating accurate kinetic parameters for a given reaction network using maximum likelihood estimation and a D-optimal design of experiments. The network studied is the series–parallel nucleophilic aromatic substitution of morpholine onto 2,4-dichloropyrimidine. To improve the precision of the estimated parameters, we demonstrate the use of the automated platform first in optimization of the yield of the less kinetically favorable 2-substituted product. Then, upon isolation of the intermediates, we use the automated system with maximum...