cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential manifestation of seed mortality induced by seed-specific expression of the gene for diphtheria toxin A chain in Arabidopsis and tobacco

A pea vicilin promoter-diphtheria toxin A (DTx-A) chain gene fusion was introduced into Arabidopsis and tobacco. The chimeric Dtx-A gene behaves as a dominant, seed-lethal, Mendelian factor, and the segregation ratios are consistent with the numbers of integrated copies as revealed by Southern blotting. Germination deficiency results from distinct developmental abnormalities, thus allowing genetic dissection of seed development. The endosperm is affected first in both species. In Arabidopsis, full cellularization of the initially syncytial endosperm does not take place, which results in shrinkage and a shriveled appearance of the mature dry seed. The embryo, which appears structurally normal and lacks visible lesions, ceases to develop at the partially recurved cotyledon stage and does not use the remaining endosperm. In tobacco, peripheral degeneration and premature termination of cellular endosperm development occurs at the cotyledon initiation stage. Lesions appear in the cotyledons at the advanced cotyledon stage, but the embryo continues to grow and attains nearly the same size and level of differentiation as mature wild-type embryos before degeneration and intracellular disintegration take place throughout. Accumulation of protein bodies and other cytoplasmic inclusions is very limited and occurs only in few cells. The timing and distribution of lesions follow a pattern typical for accumulation of protein bodies in wild-type seeds. These observations are consistent with expression of the vicilin promoter in the enlargement phase of cell differentiation. A novel tissue interaction arises, when the embryo uses up all the arrested endosperm: the embryo proves to be capable of absorbing the parenchyma layers of the integument, which are normally obliterated by, and incorporated into, the endosperm. The mature seed thus consists of a seed coat of one rigid cell layer, and a degenerated embryo. The genetic ablation technique has thus contributed to the establishment of the sequence of events and elucidation of the role of different cell lineages and tissues in seed development.
Systemically treating spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is a debilitating condition. Axons of nerve cells are severed, resulting in a range of deficits, including the loss of voluntary movements and sensation. Failure of axonal regeneration after such an injury may be partly explained by a decreased intrinsic capacity for neuron growth, especially at the lesion site ( 1 ). On page 347 in this issue, Ruschel et al. ( 2 ) show that this inhibition can be overcome with a small molecule that can be injected into the body cavity, cross the bloodbrain barrier, and reach the central nervous system. The drug, epothilone B, stabilizes microtubules in extending axons, thereby promoting spinal cord regeneration.
Implicit function theorems for mathematical programming and for systems of inequalities

Implicit function formulas for differentiating the solutions of mathematical programming problems satisfying the conditions of the Kuhn--Tucker theorem are motivated and rigorously demonstrated. The special case of a convex objective function with linear constraints is also treated with emphasis on computational details. An example, an application to chemical equililibrium problems, is given. Implicit function formulas for differentiating the unique solution of a system of simultaneous inequalities are also derived.
Long-term survival after chemotherapy for advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma☆

Four hundred twenty-nine patients were entered into four prospective randomized clinical studies between January 1, 1973, and July 1, 1979. The records of 395 of these were analyzed to determine the proportion of patients surviving 48 months after therapy initiation. Ninety-six patients (24%) were living at 48 months, 89 of whom had second-look laparotomies. Of the 96 living patients, 53 (55%) were clinically free of disease and 43 (45%) had disease. Combination-agent chemotherapy produced a larger proportion of 48-month survivors than single-agent therapy (P = 0.001); 70% of these survivors were clinically free of disease. Patient characteristics, such as age, International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histologic grade of tumor, and amount of residual tumor present prior to chemotherapy exerted a strong influence on length of survival. Long-term survival was not totally dependent on a complete response to chemotherapy; in fact, persistent treatment with drug regimens induced bone marrow disorders and death due to toxicity in five patients. The continued fall in survival curves after 48 months suggests that current therapy regimens are not dramatically changing long-term survival rates.
Lift off of bouyant gas initially on the ground

Abstract A laboratory model study of the behavior of buoyant plumes when released at ground level in a turbulent shear layer reveals that significant shear flow velocities may delay significant lofting of the plume. The distance to lift off for line, area, or point source released correlates with a buoyancy length scale and the modified Froude number.
Spreading of liquid perfluorinated hydrocarbons on water

Abstract An investigation has been made of the spreading pressures on water of pure-liquid perfluoro-n-alkanes and hexafluorobenzene using the piston monolayer method. From the spreading pressure and measured surface tension, the interfacial tension and the reversible work of adhesion per square centimeter and per mole are calculated for each compound. Perfluorination of the alkanes increases their spreading pressures on water as a result of the lower intermolecular cohesion between adsorbed perfluoroalkane molecules. Perfluorination lowers the surface tension of each alkane by about 7 dyn/cm, and correspondingly raises the interfacial tension to water. Interfacial tension is essentially constant with increasing chain length. The critical surface tension y c for perfluoro-n-alkanes spread on water was determined to be 16.8 dyn/cm, compared to 21.7 dyn/cm for the n-alkanes. The difference is discussed briefly in terms of molecular properties.
Game theoretic approach to multiobjective designs: Focus on inherent safety

A method for designing processes that are inherently safer—with the primary focus on disturbances having the potential for unbounded hazardous responses—is introduced. In cases where safety is not threatened (as in isothermal fermentation reactors), but product quality can rapidly degrade, this method provides designs that ensure high product quality (as in pharmaceutical processes). Using game theory, the method accounts for the trade-offs in profitability, controllability, safety and/or product quality, and flexibility. For nonlinear processes that are hard to control; that is, have an unstable and/or nonminimum-phase steady state, over a wide range of operating conditions, extended bifurcation diagrams are introduced. When a steady state is nonminimum phase, the process may exhibit inverse response. The steady states of processes are classified on the basis of instability and nonminimum-phase behavior to segregate the operating regimes into distinct zones. Locally optimal designs, one corresponding to each zone, are obtained first. These are compared with other locally optimal designs at alternate operating conditions, and/or process reconfigurations, to obtain the globally optimal design using game theory. Four indices—profitability, controllability, safety and/or product quality, and flexibility—characterize the optimality of a design. A novel index for safe operation and/or product quality at a steady state is formulated as a function of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian of the process model and the Jacobian of the process zero dynamics, providing a quantitative measure of instability and nonminimum-phase behavior. The application of the proposed method to an isothermal, continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) with van der Vusse reactions, an exothermic CSTR, and an anaerobic fermentor with substrate and product inhibition is presented. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Initiation of Platelet Adhesion by Arrest onto Fibrinogen or Translocation on von Willebrand Factor

Abstract We have identified two distinct mechanisms initiating the adhesion of flowing platelets to thrombogenic surfaces. The integrin α IIb β 3 promotes immediate arrest onto fibrinogen but is fully efficient only at wall shear rates below 600–900 s −1 , perhaps because of a relatively slow rate of bond formation or low resistance to tensile stress. In contrast, glycoprotein Ibα binding to immobilized von Willebrand factor (vWF) appears to have fast association and dissociation rates as well as high resistance to tensile stress, supporting slow movement of platelets in continuous contact with the surface even at shear rates in excess of 6000 s −1 . This eventually allows activated α IIb β 3 to arrest platelets onto vWF under conditions not permissive of direct binding to fibrinogen. The coupling of these different functions may be crucial for thrombogenesis.
Positioning Your Library in an Open-Access Environment

This paper is a summary of the project that the author completed at Florida Gulf Coast Unviersity (FGCU) library for providing online access to 80 open access E-journals and digital collections. Although FGCU uses SerialsSolutions products to establish online access, any one can provide access to these collections as they are free for all. Paper includes a hyperlink to Google docs for a list of these collections and their URLs. Along with proper instructions and guidelines for setting up access, author also discusses the actual status of full text, copyright requirements, license issues, collection peculiarities and user interfaces of these collections.
Sociodemographic, family, and environmental factors associated with active commuting to school among US adolescents

Active commuting (non-motorized transport) to school can be an important source of physical activity for children and adolescents. This research examined sociodemographic, family, and environmental characteristics associated with active commuting to or from school among 3,451 US adolescents aged 12–17 years, who responded to the 2005 California Health Interview Survey. Logistic regression results indicated that those more likely to actively commute were males, Latinos, from lower-income families, attending public school, living in urban areas, and living closer to school. Adolescents without an adult present after school and those whose parents know little about their whereabouts after school were also more likely to actively commute. Parental walking for transportation and perceptions of neighborhood safety were not associated with adolescent active commuting. Important family and individual correlates of walking or biking to school among adolescents were identified, even after adjusting for distance to school and urbanicity.
Color of Daylight from North Sky

The color of daylight from a near-north sky at Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, was measured visually on a six-primary Donaldson colorimeter during most of March 1962. The results are given graphically in terms of the CIE standard observer and coordinate system and are compared with relevant data reported by other authors. The agreement between colors of natural daylight with those of artificial daylight is also discussed.
Stem cell homing: Rolling, crawling, and nesting

Hematopoiesis is the best-studied stem cell system; the progenitor hierarchy has been defined along with the cytokine requirements and transcriptional regulators. The lymphohematopoietic stem cell also has been characterized morphologically, and cell surface antigens have been identified. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is one of the major advances in cancer therapy that gave rise to a Nobel prize.
Extensions to the Sherif-Dear Simple (SDS) theorem in number theory

Abstract We put forward extensions to the Sherif-Dear Simple (SDS) Theorem, prove these extensions by enumeration, and cite some relevant applications. “The essence of research is its freedom.”
Advanced metals for aerospace and automotive use

Abstract Aerospace systems and automobiles with improved performance require materials with enhanced characteristics compared to conventional state-of-the-art materials. For automobiles, this is particularly true for power-train use as opposed to body use. These improvements will come from advances in synthesis/processing rather than from the traditional frenzy to define microstructure-property relationships. For both types of applications, characteristics such as strength, temperature capability, ductility and “forgiveness” (fracture toughness, fatigue crack growth rate, etc.) must be as high as possible, while parameters such as density and cost must be minimized; the latter is of general concern for automobile use and relatively inexpensive light aircraft. Because of their low density, the light metals based on aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and the intermetallic titanium aluminides are particularly attractive for both types of applications. In this paper, advanced materials in general are discussed, followed by a consideration of advanced materials specifically in aerospace and automobile applications. Various methods of synthesizing and processing the lightweight metals with enhanced physical and mechanical properties are then presented. The processes discussed include ingots and castings; rapid solidification; mechanical alloying; production and use of nanostructured materials; spray deposition; vapor deposition processes; thermochemical processing; metal matrix composites; and fusion joining.
Minimum wage restrictions and employee effort in incomplete labor markets: An experimental investigation

Abstract A minimum wage raises average wages along with modest increases in employees’ average effort levels, generating a Pareto improvement in social welfare. The minimum wage reduces effort in the neighborhood of the minimum, but has no systematic effect on effort levels at higher wages. As a consequence average effort increases modestly with a minimum wage as it raises average wages. Similar results are reported within groups, both when introducing and eliminating a minimum wage, although the within group effects of introducing a minimum wage are stronger than dropping it.
Validity extension of the Course-Faculty Instrument (CFI)

The Course-Faculty Instrument (CFI) demonstrates similar measurement properties with student populations at four diverse institutions. These students agree about the nature and extent to which course and instructor attributes relate to their learning. The results suggest that: (1) a perceived learning criterion may have general relevance to students, and (2) validity extension research is an economically feasible alternative to full-scale instrument development and validation efforts. Since validity extension is practical and facilitates cross-institutional comparisons, it appears to be a more viable strategy for researching and instituting student evaluation systems than is suggested by its current usage.
The effects of racial discrimination on the HIV-risk cognitions and behaviors of Black adolescents and young adults.

Although African Americans (Blacks) make up around 13% of the U.S. population, they account for 50% of all new HIV cases (CDC, 2010), and 68% of recent HIV diagnoses among 13-24 year-olds (CDC, 2011). The main transmission route for HIV in this population is high-risk sexual contact (e.g., multiple partners and unprotected sex)—behavior that is exacerbated by alcohol and drug use (CDC, 2010; NIMH, 2010). Although Black adolescents are less likely to engage in substance use than White adolescents, substance use rates “cross-over” among young adults, and substance use problems become more prevalent, proportionally, among Black young adults (French, Finkbiner, & Duhamel, 2002; Watt, 2008). Researchers have recently begun to focus on psychosocial factors that may contribute to these racial health disparities (Thomas, Price, & Lybrand, in press; Williams & Jackson, 2005). In particular, racial discrimination (discrimination) has been suggested as an important factor contributing to health risk behaviors and physical health inequities, including HIV infection (Pachter & Garcia Coll, 2009; Pascoe & Smart Richman, 2009; Williams & Mohammed, 2009). This paper uses prospective and experimental methods to examine the association between discrimination and health-risk behaviors. We rely upon two social-psychological theories, social exclusion and the prototype/willingness model, to expand on current research, as it applies to HIV-risk among young Blacks.
Dynamic modeling of ph electrodes

A mathematical model for the dynamic behavior of the pH glass electrode is presented. The model results from a description of ionic transport in an assumed stagnant boundary layer around the electrode surface. Documented information regarding the characteristics and operation of the glass electrode and the mechanism of pH measurements is combined with dynamic mass balances in an attempt to describe its transient response. New experimental results are presented which indicate both the validity of the model and that double layer effects are also contributors to the dynamic response. One of the interesting features of the model is that it predicts that if an electrode is subjected to a step change from a solution of a strong acid at a given pH to another solution of the same acid at the same pH but containing a salt of that acid, a transient response will result. This effect has been observed experimentally and is due to the differences in the diffusivities of the various ionic species present in the solutions. On presente un modele mathematique du comportement dynamique d'une electrode en verre pour la mesure du pH; il resulte d'une description du transport d'ions dans une couche-limite supposee inactive autour de la surface de l'electrode. On combine des informations detaillees sur les caracteristiques et le fonctionnement de l'electrode en verre, ainsi que sur les mesures du pH, avec les equilibres dynamiques de masse dans le but de chercher a decrire sa reponse transitoire. On presente de nouveaux resultats qui indiquent que le modele est valable et que les effets de doubles couches contribuent aussi a la reponse dynamique. Une des particularites interessantes du modele est qu'il permet de prevoir que, si une electrode est soumise a un changement dans lequel il y a remplacement d'une solution d'un acide fort a un pH donne par une autre solution du měme acide au měme pH, mais contenant un sel de cet acide, il en resultera une reponse transitoire. On a observe l'effet en question experimentalement et il est dǔ aux differences dans les diffusivites des diverses substances ioniques presentes dans les solutions.
A document corpus browser for in-depth reading

Software tools, including Web browsers, e-books, electronic document formats, search engines, and digital libraries are changing the way people read, making it easier for them to find and view documents. However, while these tools provide significant help with short-term reading projects involving small numbers of documents, they provide less help with longer-term reading projects, in which a topic is to be understood in depth by reading many documents. For such projects, readers must find and manage many documents and citations, remember what has been read, and prioritize what to read next. This paper describes three integrated software tools that facilitate in-depth reading. A first tool extracts citation information from documents. A second finds on-line documents from their citations. The last is a document corpus browser that uses a zoomable user interface to show a corpus at multiple granularities while supporting reading tasks that take days, weeks, or longer. We describe these tools and the design principles that motivated them.
Automatic suggestion of query-rewrite rules for enterprise search

Enterprise search is challenging for several reasons, notably the dynamic terminology and jargon that are specific to the enterprise domain. This challenge is partly addressed by having domain experts maintaining the enterprise search engine and adapting it to the domain specifics. Those administrators commonly address user complaints about relevant documents missing from the top matches. For that, it has been proposed to allow administrators to influence search results by crafting query-rewrite rules, each specifying how queries of a certain pattern should be modified or augmented with additional queries. Upon a complaint, the administrator seeks a semantically coherent rule that is capable of pushing the desired documents up to the top matches. However, the creation and maintenance of rewrite rules is highly tedious and time consuming. Our goal in this work is to ease the burden on search administrators by automatically suggesting rewrite rules. This automation entails several challenges. One major challenge is to select, among many options, rules that are ``natural'' from a semantic perspective (e.g., corresponding to closely related and syntactically complete concepts). Towards that, we study a machine-learning classification approach. The second challenge is to accommodate the cross-query effect of rules---a rule introduced in the context of one query can eliminate the desired results for other queries and the desired effects of other rules. We present a formalization of this challenge as a generic computational problem. As we show that this problem is highly intractable in terms of complexity theory, we present heuristic approaches and optimization thereof. In an experimental study within IBM intranet search, those heuristics achieve near-optimal quality and well scale to large data sets.
A Tunable Biquad Switched-Capacitor Amplifier-Filter for Neural Recording

With the emerging interest in local field potentials (LFPs) as input signals for brain-machine interfaces, there is a need for integrated circuits capable of amplifying spikes and LFPs. A two-stage complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) amplifier-filter has been implemented with 0.18-μm CMOS for simultaneous, multimodal recording of extracellular unit spikes and LFPs. For the frequency tuning and the reduction of the 1/f noise, it employs a switched-capacitor technique. The filter bandwidth is reconfigurable by using a different sampling clock frequency. The prototype amplifier has gains of 19.1 dB and 37.5 dB for low-pass only filter and cascaded filter, respectively. With a 100-kHz sampling frequency, the equivalent input noise spectral density is 38.8 nV/√Hz while the total power consumption is 69 μW with a 1.6-V supply, including clock generation and biasing occupying an area of 44 × 148 μm2.
Emergence of the Severe Syndrome and Mortality Associated with Dengue and Dengue-Like Illness: Historical Records (1890 to 1950) and Their Compatibility with Current Hypotheses on the Shift of Disease Manifestation

Outbreaks of the severe dengue syndrome, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), emerged beginning in the 1950s, marking a dramatic change in the dengue syndrome. While intense investigations in multiple directions have been conducted for many years to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms conducive to the development of DHF, no consensus has yet emerged. Meanwhile, relatively little attention has been paid to the occurrence of severe dengue and death prior to the 1950s. This comprehensive review was designed to evaluate outbreak records in the early dengue history to better understand the epidemiologic background and other factors that existed before the emergence of DHF outbreaks. By applying a set of stringent criteria to remove unreliable data as much as possible and by interpreting the results conservatively, a short list of etiologically more reliable outbreaks with high mortality was obtained. The results show that severe dengue syndrome, clinically very much compatible with DHF, occurred far more frequently in multiple locations than it had been assumed before; that the magnitudes of mortality in several outbreaks were not negligible; and that the epidemiologic background features shared among these outbreaks in the early period were, with the exceptions of more limited demographic changes, generally similar to the post-1950 conditions.
Probabilistic Approach for Budgeting in Portfolio of Projects

This paper presents a mathematical model for calculating the budgetary impact of increasing the required confidence level in a probabilistic risk assessment for a portfolio of projects. The model provides a rational approach for establishing a probabilistic budget for an individual project in such a way that the budget for a portfolio of projects will meet a required confidence level. The use of probabilistic risk assessment in major infrastructure projects is increasing to cope with major cost overruns and schedule delays. The outcome of the probabilistic risk assessment is often a distribution for project costs. The question is at what level of confidence (i.e., the probability that budget would be sufficient given the cost distribution) should be used for establishing the budget. The proposed method looks at a portfolio of such projects being funded by the same owner. The owner can establish a target probability with respect to its annual budget. The model can help the owner establish confidence level ...
Methyl Fluoride–Antimony(V) Fluoride

(MeF) [593-53-3] CH3F (MW 34.04) InChI = 1S/CH3F/c1-2/h1H3 InChIKey = NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (SbF5) [7783-70-2] F5Sb (MW 216.75) InChI = 1S/5FH.Sb/h5*1H;/q;;;;;+5/p-5 InChIKey = VBVBHWZYQGJZLR-UHFFFAOYSA-I (reactive methylating agent;1 Friedel–Crafts type electrophilic methylations; preparation of onium salts) Physical Data: MeF: bp −78.2 °C; SbF5: bp 149.5 °C. Form Supplied in: MeF: gas; SbF5: viscous liquid. Both are commercially available. Preparative Methods: prepared by mixing equimolar amounts of freshly distilled MeF and Antimony(V) Fluoride in SO2F2 solution at low temperature.2 The reagent can also be prepared in situ in the reaction flask. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: corrosive, moisture sensitive, and potentially carcinogenic. Thus, caution should be exercised accordingly. Use in a fume hood.
Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700

Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700 was first published in 1984. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions.Spanish and Portuguese expansion substantially altered the social, political, and economic contours of the modern world. In his book, Lyle McAlister provides a narrative and interpretive history of the exploration and settlement of the Americas by Spain and Portugal.McAlister divides this period (and the book) into three parts. First, he describes the formation of Old World societies with particular attention to those features that influenced the directions and forms of overseas expansion. Second, he traces the dynamic processes of conquest and colonization that between 1492 and about 1570 firmly established Spanish and Portuguese dominion in the New World. The third part deals with colonial growth and consolidation down to about 1700. McAlister's main themes are: the post-conquest territorial expansion that established the limits of what later came to be called Latin America, the emergence of distinctively Spanish and Portuguese American societies and economies, the formation of systems of imperial control and exploitation, and the ways in which conflicts between imperial and American interests were reconciled.This comprehensive history, with its extensive bibliographic essay and attention to historiographic issues, will be a standard reference for students and scholars of the period.
Supporting Professional Development in Special Education with Web-Based Professional Learning Communities: New Possibilities with Web 2.0

This article describes the challenges in organizing professional learning communities (PLCs) in special education, identifies the teacher and student benefits of using a PLC approach to professional development, and discusses the promise and pitfalls of organizing web-based PLCs to engage distributed stakeholders in the practice of special education. The author used two Web 2.0 applications, a wiki and a Ning, to provide the infrastructure and support community-building efforts. Although the PLC membership has grown to about 200 members during the past four years, data collected via Web 2.0 show that most of the members participate as observers only, relying almost entirely on the network administrator to direct and manage all facets of community work. The development of web-based PLCs to support the practice of special education may be dependent upon the building of school-based leadership in addition to the meaningful participation of school administrators and teacher educators in community work.
Higher dose cervical 2% lidocaine gel for IUD insertion: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objective To determine the effectiveness of 6 mL of 2% lidocaine cervical gel for pain during intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. Study Design This is a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial of 6 mL of 2% lidocaine gel for IUD insertion pain among first-time IUD users. No other analgesia other than the study intervention was provided. The study was conducted at a university-based obstetrics and gynecology clinic. The primary outcome, pain during IUD insertion on a 0 to 100-mm visual analog scale, was analyzed using the t test. Results Seventy-three women received placebo gel, and 72 women received 2% lidocaine gel. The groups had similar sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Baseline pain scores with speculum insertion were no different between the two groups. The lidocaine group reported a mean pain score with tenaculum placement of 37.5 (median: 39) compared to the placebo group of 41.6 (median: 37) (p=.4). Similarly, pain with IUD insertion was no different with a mean pain score of 35.2 (median: 34) in the lidocaine group and 36.7 (median 36) in the placebo group (p=.8). Conclusions Two percent lidocaine gel placed on the anterior lip of the cervix and at the internal os did not reduce pain with tenaculum placement and IUD insertion compared to placebo gel. Implications Among first-time IUD users, including both nulliparous and multiparous women, 6 mL of 2% lidocaine gel placed on the anterior lip of the cervix and at the internal os for 3 min did not reduce pain with tenaculum placement and IUD insertion compared to placebo gel.
Consideration of the mechanism of pulmonary adenogenesis in urethane-treated Swiss mice.

Abstract A number of investigators have observed a quadratic relationship between acute urethane dose and cumulative pulmonary adenoma incidence in mice. The hypothesis was tested that this dose-effect relationship may be explained by consideration of the elimination kinetics of urethane. Single doses of 0.4 to 1.8 mg urethane per g body weight were given ip to 6-week-old Swiss-Cox mice. The measure of internal exposure to the intact urethane molecule for a given external urethane dose was taken to be the area under the curve (AUC α ) of a blood urethane concentration versus time plot. AUC α was linearly related to tumor prevalence. When urethane elimination was induced by pretreatment of the mice with p,p′ -DDT, the linear relationship of AUC α to tumor prevalence was shifted. Reduction of tumor prevalence by p,p′ -DDT pretreatment was more marked than that predicted on the basis of exposure to urethane. Thus, the kinetic evidence is consistent with biochemical evidence from other investigators supporting the premise that activation of urethane to a reactive metabolite is required for adenoma formation in the mouse lung. While exposure to the adenogenic moiety is evidently closely proportional to internal exposure to urethane in both pretreated and non-pretreated mice, p,p′ -DDT pretreatment causes a shift in this proportionality.
Substituent effects in the addition of carboxylic acids to arylcarbodiimides

Rates of addition in aqueous solution of RCOOH (R = CH3–, CH3OCH2–, ClCH2–, Cl2CH–) to ArNCNCH2CH2CH2N+(CH3)3 [Ar = C6H5–, 3-ClC6H4–, 4-CH3OC6H4–, 3,4-Cl2C6H3–, 2,4-(CH3O)2C6H3–] yielding a transient O-acylisourea, have been measured as a function of pH. Relative activities indicate a reaction mechanism in which a carboxylate anion adds to a mono- or di-protonated arylcarbodiimide, available in minor amounts. Only a weak dependence of reaction velocity upon basicity of carboxylate nucleophile is noted (Bronsted β value of ∼0.2). Ease of prefatory protonation of aryl-attached nitrogen within ArNCNR′ (as estimated from the basicity of correspondingly substituted quinolines) appears to dominate reactivity, so that the presence of electron-donating ring substituents renders such an arylcarbodiimide significantly more susceptible to addition by carboxylates.
Small Angle Approximation for Non-parallel Plate Capacitors with Applications in Experimental Gravitation

An approximate analytical formula for the capacitance of a non-parallel plate capacitor with small values of inclination angles and distance separations of the plates is presented. Most applications involving position sensing or stabilizing the proof masses of precision gravity experiments (for example, testing the equivalence principle) often use a parallel plate approximation for modeling the capacitance, which in turn, is used for estimating the noise. The analytical approximation presented here is based on the more general, but hard to implement, formalism for small angles given in Xiang (2005). Our approximation is accurate and reliable in the small-angle limit because it does not involve elliptic integrals of the rst kind that has an indeterminate value at unity. Our formalism is very useful for computing the forces acting on the proof masses simply by taking the derivative of the capacitance. Eects of varying the inclination angle, plate dimension, and distance separation on the value of the capacitance per unit length are analyzed in detail. We use the formula derived in this paper to compute the acceleration of the proof mass due to the presence of sensing electrodes (used for positioning the proof masses) with an assumed tilt of 10 6 rad as applicable to SR-POEM: an experiment aiming to test the weak
The metabolic fate of the products of citrate cleavage. Adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked malate dehydrogenase in foetal and adult liver from ruminants and non-ruminants.

Abstract 1. Foetal rat liver slices incorporate the C-3 of aspartate and C-2 of glutamate into fatty acids at rates equal to those observed with adult rat liver slices. Incorporation of either of these labelled carbon atoms into fatty acids would require a functioning citrate-cleavage pathway which consists of the enzymes ATP–citrate lyase, NAD–malate dehydrogenase and NADP–malate dehydrogenase. However, NADP–malate dehydrogenase is present in foetal rat liver at only 5% of the activity detectable in adult rat liver. 2. From these findings and the effect of cofactors on the formation of 14CO2 from [1,5-14C2]citrate in liver supernatant fractions (100000g), it is suggested that NADP–malate dehydrogenase limits the citrate-cleavage sequence. 3. Measurement of the citrate-cleavage pathway by incorporation studies with [3-14C]aspartate and [U-14C]glucose and by determining the activities of ATP–citrate lyase and NADP–malate dehydrogenase have shown that this sequence of reactions is present in the liver of the bovine foetus but not in the adult. However, C-2 of glutamate is not incorporated into fatty acids or non-saponifiable lipid by bovine liver slices. This finding as well as those presented above for the adult and foetal rat liver are interpreted on the basis of a competition between phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and NAD–malate dehydrogenase for oxaloacetate produced by the cleavage of citrate in the cytosol.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Single Wall Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites: A First-Principles Study

The physics of HRTEM image formation and electron diffraction of SWCNT in a polymer matrix were investigated theoretically on the basis of the multislice method, and the optics of a FEG Super TWIN Philips CM 200 TEM operated at 80 kV. The effect of nanocomposite thickness on both image contrast and typical electron diffraction reflections of nanofillers were explored. The implications of the results on the experimental applicability to study dispersion, chirality and diameter of nanofillers are discussed.
Wildland fire effects on understory plant communities in two fire-prone forests

Our understanding of wildland fire effects on understory plant communities is limited because of a lack of re- peated measurements before and after lightning-ignited fires. We examined vegetation responses to a surface fire in a pon- derosa pine forest and a mixed-severity fire in a spruce-fir-aspen forest using before-after, control-impact (BACI) study designs. We hypothesized that the surface fire would stimulate plant species richness and minimally alter community com- position, but that the mixed-severity fire would decrease richness and significantly alter composition. In ponderosa pine forests, total species richness and plant cover increased slightly because of annual and biennial forb and grass establish- ment in soils where duff layers were reduced by the surface fire. In spruce-fir-aspen forests, total species richness and plant cover were similar in burned and unburned forests after 2 years, although annual and biennial forbs and graminoids increased significantly in the burned area. Plant community composition was altered by both fires. Wildfires may indi- rectly influence the understory plant community through the mediating effects of overstory basal area and litter depth. Fire effects on plant species richness and cover were weaker than effects due to environmental factors. Managers should antici- pate increases in both native and non-native ruderal species following landscape-scale fires.
A note on the complexity of the concurrent open shop problem

The concurrent open shop problem is a relaxation of the well known open job shop problem, where the components of a job can be processed in parallel by dedicated, component specific machines. Recently, the problem has attracted the attention of a number of researchers. In particular, Leung et al. (2005) show, contrary to the assertion in Wagneur and Sriskandarajah (1993), that the problem of minimizing the average job completion time is not necessarily strongly NP-hard. Their finding has thus once again opened up the question of the problem's complexity. This paper re-establishes that, even for two machines, the problem is NP-hard in the strong sense.
Synthesis of crystallization–distillation hybrid separation processes

A systematic method to synthesize crystallization-distillation hybrid separation processes is presented. Two classes of hybrids are identified for binary mixtures. The first bypasses azeotropes and tangent pinches, while the second bypasses eutectics. Guidelines for flow-sheet selection are proposed based on an analysis of simple eutectic, constant relative volatility systems. In addition, the hybrids are compared to both extractive and adductive crystallization in order to determine the conditions under which solvent-based crystallization techniques outperform the proposed hybrid configurations. The method is extended to ternary mixture. The use of stream combination and complex distillation columns is also considered.
Is the Science of Comparative Politics Possible

Many research problems in comparative politics involve assessing the causal impact of institutions, policies, or events on some performance, outcome, or result. While such evaluations are relatively unproblematic when data can be generated by the researcher, they are subject to several biases when data are produced by history. The chapter is an overview of issues entailed in causal inference and an
Spuyten Duyvil: Turning Entrepreneurial Momentum into Future Growth

Two young entrepreneurs tap into the rising popularity of microbreweries by opening a specialty beer bar in Brooklyn focusing on rare European brews. Now the success of their startup business is driving them to expand. How? And where? They have plenty of options: a retail store, another bar, a beer book. Should they franchise the bar or start a food line under the bar brand name? At the same time, their rapid success is garnering national media attention and drawing competition. Suddenly the young business owners are facing some big questions about strategy and competition.
Toward the Selective Inhibition of G Proteins: Total Synthesis of a Simplified YM-254890 Analog

A simplified analog (WU-07047) of the selective Gαq/11 inhibitor YM-254890 has been synthesized, and an initial probe of its activity conducted. In the analog, the two peptide-based linkers in the cyclic YM-254890 have been replaced with hydrocarbon chains. This enables a convergent approach to the synthesis of the analog. Biochemical assays showed that while the simplified analog is not as potent as YM-254890, it does still inhibit Gq.
Verbal makes it positive, spatial makes it negative: Working memory biases judgments, attention, and moods.

Prior research has suggested that emotion and working memory domains are integrated, such that positive affect enhances verbal working memory, whereas negative affect enhances spatial working memory (Gray, 2004; Storbeck, 2012). Simon (1967) postulated that one feature of emotion and cognition integration would be reciprocal connectedness (i.e., emotion influences cognition and cognition influences emotion). We explored whether affective judgments and attention to affective qualities are biased by the activation of verbal and spatial working memory mind-sets. For all experiments, participants completed a 2-back verbal or spatial working memory task followed by an endorsement task (Experiments 1 & 2), word-pair selection task (Exp. 3), or attentional dot-probe task (Exp. 4). Participants who had an activated verbal, compared with spatial, working memory mind-set were more likely to endorse pictures (Exp. 1) and words (Exp. 2) as being more positive and to select the more positive word pair out of a set of word pairs that went ‘together best’ (Exp. 3). Additionally, people who completed the verbal working memory task took longer to disengage from positive stimuli, whereas those who completed the spatial working memory task took longer to disengage from negative stimuli (Exp. 4). Interestingly, across the 4 experiments, we observed higher levels of self-reported negative affect for people who completed the spatial working memory task, which was consistent with their endorsement and attentional bias toward negative stimuli. Therefore, emotion and working memory may have a reciprocal connectedness allowing for bidirectional influence.
Progress in research of germ mycoplasmosis

Germ mycoplasma(Mg) is a pathogenic microorganism found after 1980s.It may be the important pathogen which can cause Non-Gonococcal Urethritis(NGU) and Cervicitis and has the relation with reoccurrence of NGU.Mg,Ferment Mycoplasma,Piercing Mycoplasma and Pear Mycoplasma are considered as the correlative mycoplasmas of AIDS.The article made a succinct summary in the following aspects according to the update information: the discovery of Mg,incidence and reoccurrence of male with NGU,Cervicitis,drug-resistance and treatment of Mg infection.
Purification of Chlorogenic Acid from Sunflower Seed Meal with Macroporous Resin

The purification of chlorogenic acid(CA) from sunflower seed meal with four kinds of commercial macroporous resins was studied.Results showed that HPD400 is the optimal resin owing to its bigger adsorption ratio and bigger desorption ratio. The adsorption characteristics of HPD400 resin were studied. It was found that the best conditions are adjusting CA concentration 2 mg/ml in sample at pH 3.0 and taking 40% ethanol at pH 6 as eluent.
Relaxation Therapy in Hypertension

An ongoing study demonstrates that systematic training in relaxation can produce prolonged reductions in clinically significant hypertension. The results support the theory that hypertension often has a large functional component.
Using cost-effectiveness/cost-benefit analysis to allocate health resources: a level playing field for prevention?

Introduction Prevention is being promoted as a means to improve health status and to save health care costs. Economic evaluations of prevention (i.e., cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses) indicate that some prevention activities, like many treatments, do not save money, although many are relatively cost-effective. It has been suggested, however, that prevention is held to a higher standard than treatment because prevention programs are expected to demonstrate cost savings, and that the methods of economic evaluation understate the cost- effectiveness of prevention. Although the converse assertion is less commonly made, economic evaluations may also overstate the cost-effectiveness of prevention. The purpose of this article is to examine how the methods of economic evaluation may systematically understate, or overstate, the cost-effectiveness (or net benefits) of prevention. Methods We examine three key methods: (1) how future costs and benefits are valued (“discounting”), (2) how costs and benefits to people beyond those who are the users of prevention are valued (“externalities”), and (3) how nonmonetary costs and benefits to individuals are valued (“intangibles”). Results We discuss several recommendations for each key method, and we use a hypothetical example of the cost- effectiveness of a vaccine to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to illustrate our points. Conclusions We conclude that the methods of economic evaluation may both understate and overstate the cost-effectiveness of prevention.
Monophyly and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Pelecaniformes: A Numerical Cladistic Analysis

A phylogenetic analysis was undertaken to evaluate the monophyly of the Pelecaniformes and to determine interfamilial relationships within the order. A total of 52 characters was subjected to a numerical cladistic analysis. Pelecaniform monophyly was highly corroborated, with 12 postulated synapomorphies supporting that hypothesis. Within the pelecaniforms, the phaethontids are the sister-group of the remaining families, which are divided into two lineages, the fregatids on the one hand and the pelecanids, sulids, and phalacrocoracids (including anhingids) on the other. Within the latter clade, sulids and phalacrocoracids are each other's closest relatives. This pattern of interfamilial relationships was strongly corroborated by the data, and alternative hypotheses, especially those postu- lating a close relationship between phaethontids and fregatids, are much less parsimonious. The study also presents corroborating evidence that pelecaniforms and procellariiforms are sister-taxa, although this hypothesis requires further analysis. Evidence supporting a relationship between pelecaniforms and ciconiiforms is evaluated and considered insuffi- cient to warrant acceptance of that hypothesis at this time. The hypothesis that the Whale-headed Stork (Balaeniceps rex) has a relationship to one or more pelecaniform taxa was investigated and rejected. The characters said to indicate a close relationship are interpreted here to be convergences that arose as mechanical responses to similarities in feeding behavior. Received 10 January 1985, accepted 16 May 1985.