cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-burn hepatic insulin resistance is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.

Insulin resistance with its associated hyperglycemias represents one significant contributor to mortality in burned patients. A variety of cellular stress-signaling pathways are activated as a consequence of burn. A key player in the cellular stress response is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we investigated a possible role for ER-stress pathways in the progression of insulin function dysregulation post-burn. Rats received a 60% TBSA thermal injury and a laparotomy was performed at 24, 72 and 192 h post-burn. Liver was harvested before and 1 min after insulin injection (1 IU/kg) into the portal vein and expression patterns of various proteins known to be involved in insulin and ER-stress signaling were determined by Western blotting. mRNA expression of Glucose-6-Phosphatase (G-6-P) and Glucokinase (GK) were determined by RT-PCR and fasting serum glucose and insulin levels by standard enzymatic and ELISA techniques, respectively. Insulin resistance indicated by increased glucose and insulin levels occurred starting 24 h post-burn. Burn injury resulted in activation of ER stress pathways, reflected by significantly increased accumulation of phospho-PERK and phosphor-IRE-1 leading to an elevation of phospho-JNK and serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 post-burn. Insulin administration caused a significant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 leading to activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in normal liver. Post-burn tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 was significantly impaired associated with an inactivation of signaling molecules acting downstream of IRS-1 leading to significantly elevated transcription of G-6-P and significantly decreased mRNA expression of GK. Activation of ER-stress signaling cascades may explain metabolic abnormalities involving insulin action following burn.
Reverse microdialysis of a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist alters extracellular glutamate levels in the striatum of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease

Clinical observations have suggested that antagonism of 5-HT2A receptors may benefit patients with parkinsonian symptomatology. The mechanism of the antiparkinsonian effects of 5-HT2A receptor antagonists has not been fully elucidated. We have shown that the selective 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 [R-(+)-alpha-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenethyl)]-4-piperidinemethanol] improved motor impairments in mice treated with the parkinsonian neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and animal models of parkinsonism dopamine denervation is associated with increased cortico-striatal glutamatergic transmission. We hypothesized that 5-HT2A receptor antagonists may exert their antiparkinsonian effects by decreasing striatal glutamate. Here, using in vivo microdialysis, we have shown an increased basal level of extracellular striatal glutamate when measured 3weeks after MPTP administration. The local administration of M100907 to the striatum significantly decreased striatal extracellular glutamate levels in MPTP-treated and saline treated mice. Basal extracellular serotonin (5-HT) levels were also elevated, whereas dopamine (DA) levels were significantly reduced in the striatum of MPTP-treated mice. Infusion of M100907 into the striatum produced no effect on dopamine or 5-HT levels. Local application of tetrodotoxin suppressed glutamate, 5-HT and DA concentrations in striatal dialysates in the presence or absence of M100907. The striatal expression of the glutamate transporter GLT1 was unchanged. However, there was an upregulation of the expression of 5-HT2A receptors in the striatum of MPTP-treated animals. Our data provide further evidence of enhanced glutamatergic neurotransmission in parkinsonism and demonstrate that blocking 5-HT2A receptors in the striatum will normalize glutamatergic neurotransmission.
Intraoral grafting of a canine full-thickness oral mucosal equivalent produced in vitro

A canine full-thickness oral mucosal equivalent (FTOME) was produced in vitro and used in intraoral grafting. The FTOME consisted of an autologous stratified epithelial surface layer overlying an acellular bilaminar collagenous matrix. The material was grafted on the periosteum of deepithelialized edentulous alveolar ridges in dogs. Biopsies of the grafted FTOME showed that the epithelium remained viable, migrated over the surrounding tissue, and aided in wound healing.
Increased activity of rat liver N2-guanine tRNA methyltransferase II in response to liver damage.

Abstract Alterations in rat liver transfer RNA (tRNA) methyltransferase activities have been observed after liver damage by various chemicals or by partial hepatectomy. The qualitative and quantitative nature of these activity changes and the time course for their induction have been studied. Since homologous tRNAs are essentially fully modified in vivo, E. coli tRNAs were used as in vitro substrates for the rat liver enzymes in these studies. Each of the liver-damaging agents tested rapidly caused increases in activities of the enzyme(s) catalyzing methyl group transfer to tRNAs that have an unmodified guanine at position 26 from the 5′ end of the molecule. This group of tRNAs includes E. coli tRNA Nfmet , tRNA Ala 1 , tRNA Leu 1 , or Leu 2 , and tRNA Ser 3 (Group 1). In each case N 2 -methylguanine and N 2 , N 2 -dimethylguanine represented 90% or more of the products of these in vitro methylations. The product and substrate specificity observed are characteristic of N 2 -guanine methyltransferase II ( S- adenosyl - L - methionine:tRNA (guanine-2)-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.32). In crude and partially purified preparations derived from livers of both control and treated animals this enzyme activity was not diminished significantly by exposure to 50°C for 10 min. The same liver-damaging agents induced little or no change in the activities of enzymes that catalyze methyl group transfer to various other E. coli tRNAs that do not have guanine at position 26 (Group 2). The results of mixing experiments appear to rule out the likelihood that the observed enzyme activity changes are due to stimulatory or inhibitory materials present in the enzyme preperations from control or treated animals. Thus, our experiments indicate that liver damage by each of several different methods, including surgery or administration of chemicals that are strong carcinogens, hepatotoxins, or cancer-promoting substances, all produce changes in liver tRNA methyltransferase activity that represent a selective increase in activity of N 2 -guanine tRNA methyltransferase II. It is proposed that the specificity of this change is not fortuitous, but is the manifestation of an as yet unidentified regulatory process.
INTERACTIONS OF CULTURED RAT SYNOVIAL AND OCULAR CILIARY BODY CELLS WITH TWO STRAINS OF MYCOPLASMA ARTHRITIDIS

Strains ofMycoplasma arthritidis differ in their ability to cause joint and ocular inflammations. Although the reasons for this difference are not fully understood, pathogenic mycoplasmas commonly require close associations with the cells they damage. Using3H-uridine labeled mycoplasma, we compared cellular interactions of in vitro cultivated rat synovial and ocular ciliary body epithelial cells with two American Type Culture Collection strains ofM. arthritidis shown to differ in their virulence. Radiolabeling assays gave evidence of a stronger retention capability on cultured cells by the more pathogenic strain, 14152. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated cellular associations with the two strains of mycoplasma, with more of the 14152 adhering to both cell types. Examination by transmission electron microscopy showed evidence of contact between the more virulent 14152 strain and both cell types, but no similar evidence with the comparatively less virulent strain, 19611. The pathogenicity of different strains ofM. arthritidis may vary according to their ability to closely associate with specific target cells involved in the disease process.
Late Results of Triple Valve Replacement: A 14-Year Review

Forty-eight patients have undergone simultaneous triple valve replacement at our institution over the past 14 years. This series was reviewed as a baseline for comparison with more recent tricuspid valve reparative procedures and to assess the natural history of advanced rheumatic heart disease with surgically corrected valvular lesions. Survival was 81% at one month and 32% at 14 years, not significantly different from results with double valve replacement during the same period, and not related to whether the tricuspid involvement was organic or functional. Forty-three percent of the late deaths were clearly valve related, a percentage which would undoubtedly be lowered with currently available prostheses. Functional class was determined in 13 of the 17 current survivors (mean follow-up, 10.3 years), and was improved over preoperative functional class in all but 3 patients. Three patients died of progressive congestive heart failure despite normally functioning prostheses; the reasons for these deaths are open to speculation.
Calculation of group indices and group heights at low frequencies

A formula is derived from which the group index for normal incidence, including collision effects, can be easily computed as a function of μ and χ for frequencies below one megacycle. A set of curves can then be prepared from which the group height to be expected from a given electron density profile can be quickly determined by graphical methods.
Mining the Apollo and Amor Asteroids

Earth-approaching asteroids could provide raw materials for space manufacturing. For certain asteroids the total energy per unit mass for the transfer of asteroidal resources to a manufacturing site in high Earth orbit is comparable to that for lunar materials. For logistical reasons the cost may be many times less. Optical studies suggest that these asteroids have compositions corresponding to those of carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites, with some containing large quantities of iron and nickel; others are thought to contain carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen, elements that appear to be lacking on the moon. The prospect that several new candidate asteroids will be discovered over the next few years increases the likelihood that a variety of asteroidal resource materials can be retrieved on low-energy missions.
Recall of stimulus-items arranged in a square matrix: Japanese study.

A study is reported of recall by Japanese Ss of a variety of Japanese stimulus words arranged in a 5 × 5 matrix. Effects of stimulus presentation location were studied for the different materials as shown by recall accuracy.
Measuring the Emissions of Passing Cars

Here, in situ sensing of the emissions from motor vehicles is reviewed. The role of thermodynamics, chemical reaction kinetics, stoichiometry of reactions, heat transfer, and fluid flow are considered. 27 refs., 5 figs.
Lunar nomenclature: A dissenting note

Abstract This note reviews the nature of the traditional (Madler) lunar nomenclature and the recent developments based on the use of more than 2000 named provinces. It appears that the new nomenclature is less efficient than the old in many cases and may lead to an impossible publication situation. The unnecessary break with the past is especially critized.
Scenarios in Corporate Planning

Scenarios are viewed as a desirable input to planning because they address two key trends in the planning environment:
Technology-related factors as determinants of export potential of Nigerian manufacturing firms

Abstract A critical input that enables capacity for export is investment in technology at the firm-level. Using a survey data, this study investigates technology investments by firms in Southwest Nigeria and how technology investment related factors affect the export potential of firms. Results demonstrate that investments in technology are dominated by imported technologies, investments in ICTs are becoming widespread, and technology investments are not directly targeted at improving the export potential of firms. The results also showed that firm size has a strong positive relationship with export potential, and it is the most important factor that affects the export potential of firms. The coefficient of firm size is the only parameter estimate that is consistently statistically significant at 1% level for all four export models estimated. Other technology investment related factors that impact positively on export potential include skills intensity, investment in skills upgrading, and investment in quality management.
Segmentation and representation of lesions in MRI brain images

In this paper, we address the NSPS (a Neurological Surgery Planning System developed at the Neurological Surgery Department of Wayne State University) approaches for segmenting and representing lesions in MRI brain images. Initially, the 2D segmentation algorithm requires the input of a seed (an individual pixel or a small region) and a threshold to control the formation of a lesion region. The 3D segmentation algorithm requires the input of a seed, along with the threshold computed automatically from the corresponding three sample thresholds of lesion regions in sagittal, coronal, and axial views, to form a lesion volume. Then, a novel method is developed to represent the segmented lesion regions with feature point histograms, obtained by discretizing and counting the angles produced from the resulting Delaunay triangulation of a set of feature points which characterize the shape of the lesion region. The proposed shape representation technique is translation, scale, and rotation independent. Through various experiment results, we demonstrate the efficacy of the NSPS methodologies. Finally, based on the lesion representation scheme, we present a prototype system architecture for neurological surgery training. The implemented system will work in a Web-based environment, allowing neurosurgeons to query and browse various patients-related medical records in an effective and efficient way.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Crystalline and Amorphous Phases in the Poly(ethylene oxide)−LiCF3SO3 System

A detailed vibrational spectroscopic study of the ionic species present in the (PEO)xLiTf system (x = 3−100) indicates that “free” ions and ion pairs are the dominant species present in the dilute salt region at room temperature. When the salt concentration is increased to an O:M ratio of about 40:1, a band due to an aggregate species first appears and is assigned to the triflate ion vibrating in the (PEO)3LiCF3SO3 compound. The amorphous phase of (PEO)3LiCF3SO3 was studied by examining the temperature dependence of the spectra as the compound was heated through the melting transition at about 176 °C. Spectral behavior of the CH2 rocking modes and the COC stretching mode indicated that disordering above the melting temperature resulted in a broad distribution of −O−C−C−O− torsional angles. However the basic lithium-polyether backbone interaction was not been significantly changed for at least 15 °C above the transition temperature. Additional effects of thermal disordering were noted in the CF3 symmetric ...
Energy estimates for a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model of semiconductors

Abstract Energy functions are introduced for the weak solutions to a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model for semiconductors, and are shown to be continous and nonincreasing in time.
Immunomodulating therapy in liver transplantation: principles and practice.

Liver transplantation has enjoyed dramatic success as a treatment option for patients suffering from chronic end-stage liver diseases. It also serves as a definitive treatment for certain genetic conditions such as familial amyloidosis and primary oxalosis, and as a potential curative therapy in selected cases of primary liver cancer. Currently, over 50,000 patients are alive with functioning liver transplants. Liver transplantation owes its success to advances in surgical technique, improvements in anesthesia and critical care, and advances in treatment of post-transplant complications including improved therapies for cytomegalovirus infections. But perhaps the most important advances in liver transplantation arise in the context of improvements in our understanding of the molecular biology of transplant immunology and the development of new agents that allow for manipulation of immunological signaling pathways. These improvements in immunosuppressive therapy have dramatically increased both graft and pa...
Measurement Equivalency of Web Service Quality Instruments: A Test on Chinese and African American Consumers

ABSTRACT In this study, we reviewed the quality of customer service (E-S-QUAL) model and the quality of service recovery (E-RecS-QUAL) model and applied them to the African American and Chinese cultural settings. Utilizing the LISREL 8.72 program, we conducted measurement equivalence tests and found that the e-service quality measurement can be generalized to different cultures, and the equivalence of measurement between two cultures considered here is partially supported. In addition, t-tests were conducted on each dimension of Web service quality in order to compare the mean differences between the perceptions of Chinese and African American consumers. It was found that Chinese consumers rate Web service quality at a significantly lower level than African American consumers on all seven dimensions. Methodological and practical implications of the study are discussed.
An extended LR parsing algorithm for grammars using feature-based syntactic categories

This paper proposes an LR parsing algorithm modified for grammars with feature-based categories. The proposed algorithm does not instantiate categories during preprocessing of a grammar as proposed elsewhere. As a result, it constructs a minimal size of GOTO/ACTION table and eliminates the necessity of search for GOTO table entries during parsing.
Retooling an image: Chrysler corporation's rhetoric of redemption

In this essay, the “bailout”; of Chrysler Corporation by the federal government is analyzed as a rhetorical act that symbolized Chrysler's failures and revealed possible sources of guilt for Chrysler as well. An analysis of Chrysler's advertising suggests that it was motivated by an effort to expunge its guilt and to create a new public identity. The strategies Chrysler selected, however, failed in part because of the strength of the symbolism of the bailout itself.
Assessing the Efficacy of Educational Programs for Musculoskeletal Work Injury Prevention

The efficacy of educational programming to reduce musculoskeletal work injury is poorly defined in the literature. This study investigated current programming offered by ten nationally based companies to determine evaluation methods, the parameters being measured, and measurement frequency. Using a telephone survey approach, researchers used open-ended questions to collect descriptive data from the respondents. Information was collated and categorized into four parameter groupings: descriptive, surveillance, educational program mechanics, and work practices and behavior. The parameters measured and the methods of data collection varied for each company surveyed. Overall, there was a profound lack of comparison of parameters measured over time. In particular, behavior, which has been identified as the key to continuous injury prevention, was not evaluated over time by any of the respondents. Even if current programming has incorporated good prevention strategies, their efficacy cannot be demonstrated without more clearly defined parameters and methods of data collection and analysis.
Introduction to analysis of errors inherent in multispectral imaging through the sea surface 2: sensor and interfacial effects

Multispectral and hyperspectral sensing are key techniques in the airborne detection of submerged objects such as jettisoned contraband, unexploded ordnance, and sea mines. Unfortunately, the errors incurred by imaging through the sea surface (also called imaging trans-MBL or through the marine boundary layer) include spatial, spectral, and temporal distortions. In Part I of this two-part series, we showed that spatial distortions derive primarily from projection errors resulting from refraction at the air-sea interface. In practice, the variability and uncertainty of in situ measurements of aqueous refractive index pose a problem for accurate prediction of such projection errors. We also discussed problems that arise due to target variability, surface contamination, and target surface corruption due to corrosion. In this paper, we summarize spatial distortions due to imaging with intensified cameras, as well as spectral errors that result from interaction of sensor optics with the environment (e.g., thermal drift in spectral filter frequency response). We discuss the spatial effects of detector noise and error, and summarize anomalies observed in our recent study of intensified multispectral camera circuitry. We briefly review the effects of interfacial refraction and in-water scattering upon the spatial clarity and resolution of submerged target imagery. We conclude our development with an error budget that is configured for several common sensing scenarios (e.g., staring-array and pushbroom sensors), then discuss effects of decorrelation between spectral, spatial, and temporal variables on target detection accuracy.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fabrication of thick silicon dioxide layers for thermal isolation

This paper reports a method of fabricating very thick (10–100 µm) silicon dioxide layers for thermal isolation without the need for very long deposition or oxidation. Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is used to create high-aspect-ratio trenches and silicon pillars, which are then oxidized and/or refilled with LPCVD oxide to create oxide layers as thick as the DRIE allows. Stiffeners are used to provide support for the pillars during oxidation. Thermal tests show that such thick silicon dioxide layers can effectively thermally isolate heated structures from neighboring structures within a distance of hundreds of microns. The thermal conductivity of the thick SiO2 is measured to be ~1.1 W (m K)−1. Such SiO2 diaphragms of thickness 50–60 µm can sustain an extrinsic shear stress up to 3–5 MPa.
Measurement of parity admixtures in nuclear forces in 180Hf and 159Tb

Abstract The circular polarization of the 501 keV strongly hindered γ ray of 180Hf has been measured which yields a value Pγ = (−2.3 ± 0.6) × 10−3 and establishes the presence of a parity non-conserving nuclear force. A similar experiment for the 363 keV γ ray in 159Tb yielded Pγ = (−1 ± 5) × 10−4. The results were obtained with a fast-switching Compton polarimeter and phase-sensitive detection system.
Introspections on the Semantic Gap

An essential goal of virtual machine introspection is security policy enforcement in the presence of an untrustworthy OS. One obstacle to this goal is the difficulty in accurately extracting semantic meaning from the hypervisor's hardware-level view of a guest OS.
Basic readings in consultation psychiatry

Dr. Mohl is an associate professor ofpsychiatry at the University ofTexas Health Science Center. and Dr. Cohen-Cole is an associate professor ofpsychiatry at Emory University. Reprint requests to Dr. Mohl in the Department ofPsychiatry. University ofTexas Health Science Center at San Antonio. 7703 Floyd Curl Drive. San Antonio. TX. 78284. As tertiary care medicine has grown more specialized, the clinical need for and cost-effectiveness of psychiatric and psychosocial care for medical patients have increasingly been recognized. Similarly, the growth of primary care programs in medicine and family practice has led to parallel needs for psychiatric and psychosocial services for general medical patients, and for psychiatric training of medical housestaff. In recognition of these relatively new demands and opportunities for psychiatric services and training, the Consultation-Liaison (C-L) Section of the Association for Academic Psychiatry (AAP) has been working to develop a more thorough and intellectually coherent basis for C-L psychiatry. Under the chairmanship of Don Lipsitt, M.D., the C-L section has encouraged required C-L rotations in general psychiatry residencies and it has proposed a set of basic objectives for provision of competent consultation to medical colleagues. I These objectives, developed by a task force chaired by one of the authors (SC-C), were derived from recommendations of leading academic C-L psychiatrists concerning the basic knowledge and skills needed by general psychiatrists in consultation psychiatry. To increase the usefulness of these objectives, the Section then sought to develop a set of readings tied to each of them. It was thought that such a reading list would help the field of C-L psychiatry, as a relatively new area of practice and training, and would further define its distinct educational content and clinical approaches. In order to create this reading list, a task force, chaired by the two authors, solicited readings from AAP members as well as from several additional nationally prominent C-L programs (eg. at UCLA). In all, 617 different readings from 18 different programs were proposed for the final list. Evaluation forms were developed to rate each article's comprehensiveness, relevance, clarity. brevity, current content, and overall suitability for a basic reading list. All recommended readings were evaluated by at least one of 27 reviewers as well as by one of II task force members (see Appendix). Task force members then made final recommendations for the list based on these evaluations. When there was disagreement or lack of certainty, the two co-authors collaboratively made final decisions concerning which readings should be recommended for each objective. A draft reading list was presented to the C-L section of the AAP at its annual meeting in March 1984. This presentation led to additional modifications. The final choice of 86 recommended readings tied to 46 specific objectives is listed below. These are suggested as basic readings on material that the Section believed should be mastered by psychiatrists.
Isogenic venous graft supported with bone marrow stromal cells as a natural conduit for bridging a 20 mm nerve gap

In this study, we introduce a technique for bridging large neural gaps, using an isogenic vein graft supported with isogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). In three groups a nerve defect of 20 mm was bridged with a vein graft. Our first experimental group comprized an empty venous graft, in group II the venous nerve graft was filled with saline where as in group III the venous nerve graft was filled with BMSC. The animals were tested for functional recovery up to 3 months post repair. Our results show that the BMSC filled venous graft resulted in significantly better regeneration of the nerve defect compared to controls, as confirmed by the functional recovery measured by somatosensory evoked potentials, toe spread, pin prick, and gastrocnemius muscle index. Conclusively, the results confirm that the vein graft supported with BMSC is associated with better functional nerve regeneration.
Anabolic function of the type II isozyme of hexokinase in hepatic lipid synthesis

The mRNA encoding the Type II isozyme of hexokinase was markedly elevated in livers of transgenic mice overexpressing the transcriptionally active nuclear form of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1a (nSREBP-1a), but not in transgenic mice overexpressing the nSREBP-1c or nSREBP-2 isoforms. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis and immunoblotting results confirmed selective increase of the Type II isozyme in livers of transgenic mice expressing nSREBP-1a. SREBP-1a has previously been shown to activate transcription of genes encoding enzymes involved in biosynthesis of fatty acids and glycerolipids and to a lesser extent the enzymes of cholesterol biosynthesis. Thus, these results are consistent with the view that the Type II isozyme serves an anabolic function, providing precursors and reducing equivalents required for increased rates of hepatic lipid synthesis.
ELL binding regulates U19/Eaf2 intracellular localization, stability, and transactivation.

BACKGROUND U19/Eaf2, an androgen-response gene, is downregulated in advanced human prostate cancer specimens and its overexpression can markedly induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Eleven-nineteen Lysine-rich Leukemia (ELL) is an RNA polymerase II transcription elongation factor, initially identified as a fusion partner gene of MLL in the t(11; 19) (q23; p13.1) chromosomal translocation in acute myeloid leukemia. U19/Eaf2 was previously reported as an ELL-associated factor, a potential transcription factor binds to ELL, forming nuclear speckles in vivo. These findings suggest that ELL–U19/Eaf2 interaction is potentially important in prostate cancer progression and/or acute myeloid leukemia. However, the functional significance of U19/Eaf2 interaction with ELL remains unclear. METHODS Using co-transfection, co-immunoprecipitation, protein stability assay and transactivation assay, we characterized the consequence of ELL binding to U19/Eaf2. RESULTS We provide further evidence for U19/Eaf2 as a transcription factor and show that ELL binding is required for nuclear speckle formation of human U19/Eaf2, stabilizes U19/Eaf2 and enhances its transactivation activity. CONCLUSIONS The above observations indicate ELL may be an important factor required for U19/Eaf2 function because U19/Eaf2 nuclear localization and transactivation activity are essential for its function as a transcription factor. Published 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An ethnography of nonverbal communication in an Appalachian community

(1987). An ethnography of nonverbal communication in an Appalachian community. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 21, Multichannel Communication Codes: Part II, pp. 171-188.
Justice at the Confluence of Law and Economics

Law has long been combined with economic thought, but only recently has law been combined with economic theory. This article explores the implications of this development for theories of justice and interdisciplinary research. Value in economics is usually measured by price (the market tradition) or by satisfaction (the utilitarian tradition). The relationship of these concepts to equity in law is explored. Also explored is the relationship between bargaining theory and contractarian theories of justice. The article examines the possibility that methods and concepts developed in the economic analysis of law will prove useful to sociologists and social psychologists by contrasting the study of rational choice and the study of attitudes.
Fate of Naturally Occurring Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Other Zoonotic Pathogens during Minimally Managed Bovine Feedlot Manure Composting Processes†

Reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in livestock manures before application to cropland is critical for reducing the risk of foodborne illness associated with produce. Our objective was to determine the fate of naturally occurring E. coli O157:H7 and other pathogens during minimally managed on-farm bovine manure composting processes. Feedlot pen samples were screened to identify E. coli O157:H7–positive manure. Using this manure, four piles of each of three different composting formats were constructed in each of two replicate trials. Composting formats were (i) turned piles of manure plus hay and straw, (ii) static stockpiles of manure, and (iii) static piles of covered manure plus hay and straw. Temperatures in the tops, toes, and centers of the conical piles (ca. 6.0 m3 each) were monitored. Compost piles that were turned every 2 weeks achieved higher temperatures for longer periods in the tops and centers than did piles that were left static. E. coli O157:H7 was not recovered from top samples of turned ...
Connective Tissues from Normal and PSE Porcine Muscle. 1. Chemical Characterization

SUMMARY– The epimysial connective tissue from normal and PSE (pale, soft and exudative) porcine muscle was chemically characterized. Samples from PSE muscles exhibited markedly lower turbidity values (P < 0.01) than those from normal muscles. No significant differences were found in ultimate pH values. The epimysium from PSE muscles contained significantly higher (P < 0.05) quantities of salt soluble tropocollagen and a greater amount of heat labile collagen (P < 0.01) than that from normal tissues. No significant differences in α- and β-subunit composition, plasma hydroxy-proline levels or amino acid composition were evident between the two sources of epimysial connective tissues.
Binding sites for cluster atoms: Ir On Ir(111)☆

Abstract Clusters of iridium atoms on iridium (111) have been examined with the field ion microscope. From observations on highly symmetrical trimers, tetramers, and heptamers it appears that in larger clusters the atoms prefer to sit in bulk (fcc) sites, even though single adatoms favor surface (hcp) sites. These larger clusters thus serve to continue the normal fcc structure.
Virtual prototyping of die-design: determination of die-open directions for near-net-shape manufactured parts with extruded or rotational features

Abstract In near-net-shape manufacturing processes, an important phase of die design is the determination of die-open directions that allow a part to be successfully ejected from a die. Current research shows that possible die-open directions can be derived directly from the geometric information of a part, and that the ejectability of a part is restricted only by its concavity features. The approach to die-open direction determination described in this paper is applicable when a concavity feature has one of the following characteristics: (1) it is created by the intersection of one or several non-parallel extrusions along a straight line; or (2) it is created by the rotation of two-dimensional cross-sections. A cross-sectional plane may be used to separate the elements of the concavity feature, thereby making a transition into two-dimensional space. Within this two-dimensional space, the known principles of die-open direction determination are applied, resulting in a two-dimensional set of possible die-open directions. The two-dimensional results can then be expanded back into the three-dimensional space according to the known creation characteristics of the concavity feature. This procedure is applicable for concavity features that are blind concavities (i.e. not through-holes). The die-open direction determination of through-holes is performed on the complementing solid of the through-hole. This complementing solid's set of die-open directions is then transformed back to the set of die-open directions for the given through hole.
Reinforced responding of the 11-day-old rat pup: Synergistic interaction of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors

Reinforced responding of 11-day-old rat pups was assessed after blockade of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Initially, rat pups were trained to traverse a straight alley for nipple attachment reward. Rat pups were than injected IP with either the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 (0.01, 0.015, 0.03, or 0.1 mg/kg), the D2 antagonist sulpiride (15 or 50 mg/kg), or a combination of SCH 23390 (0.015 mg/kg) and sulpiride (15 mg/kg). The approach performance of drug-treated pups was then compared to vehicle-treated pups on both reinforcement and extinction trials. Sulpiride (15 mg/kg) did not affect either the extinction or reinforced responding of 11-day-old rat pups. In contrast, SCH 23390-treated pups showed significantly longer response latencies than the vehicle controls in both extinction and reinforcement conditions. Combined treatment with SCH 23390 and sulpiride produced the longest response latencies. Analyses of "best score" and frequency data indicated that the drug-induced decline in responding was due to effects on both reward processes and motor capability. The combined results indicate that D1 and D2 receptors interact complexly to affect reinforced responding.
Early Transcription of the SRY Gene by Bovine Preimplantation Embryos

We have examined mRNA expression of two genes located on the Y chromosome, the sex-determining region Y gene (SRY) and the linked zinc finger gene (ZFY), using in vitro fertilized-in vitro cultured bovine embryos. Expression of the SRY gene, implicated in sex determination in mammals, has been reported to occur both for a short time at the sex-determining stage of development around the period of the primitive undifferentiated gonad and in the adult testis. In this study, using a sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, we detected SRY but not ZFY mRNA expression as early as the 4- to 8-cell stage and through to the blastocyst stage in bovine embryos. The expression of SRY at these early stages and the previous observation that in vitro-produced male bovine embryos develop faster in culture than female embryos suggest that sex differences are evident prior to gonadal differentiation and that preimplantation bovine embryos have sexually dimorphic gene expression at least with respect to SRY transcripts.
Comment on steven ruggles’s “the rise of divorce and separation in the United States, 1880–1990”

ing divorced or separated and several areal labor-force indicators. He also shows that these cross-sectional associations do a reasonably good job of accounting for trends and for racial differences in the prevalence of disrupted marriages. These significant achievements are made possible by the series of public-use census samples that Ruggles has played a major role in producing and coordinating. These samples open a valuable window on the past that should be particularly useful in understanding sources of social change. That labor-force and family measures are closely connected is not surprising. These two domains dominate adult lives, and important changes in one domain should reverberate in the other. In fact, connections between some familyrelated variables and work-related variables have been demonstrated hundreds and probably thousands of times. They have become a leading research focus in the empirical social sciences, but this research is usually based on contemporary data. Ruggles reminds us that these variables are closely connected in the past as well, although the parameters to which behavior responded may have different values. His major operational decisions-to restrict the analysis to younger people, to restrict labor-force participation measures to married people, to emphasize areal indicators, and to focus on a handful of measures-all seem sensible.
Interaction of Lake Michigan with a Layered Aquifer Stressed by Drainage

Ground-water interaction with lakes is often difficult to document because of both its diffusiveness and its spatial and temporal variability; reproducible measurements can be difficult to obtain. This paper takes advantage of the construction of a major drain stress in an aquifer system proximal to Lake Michigan to examine ground-water/lake interactions in a complex hydrogeological setting. At the time of the measurements, the tunnel (4 to 8 m in diameter, 13 km in length, 1 to 3 km inland, and constructed in a low conductivity unit within a layered, fractured dolomite aquifer) had produced drawdowns of up to 50 m in the aquifer. In turn, the resulting trough of depression was inducing over 1600 m3/day (425,000 gpd) of water to flow from the lake to the tunnel. Seepage meters have been deployed over 40 km2 of the lake bed to define the extent of the tunnel's impact. The results show that seepage through the lake bed is a combination of downward flow toward the tunnel and lateral inflow generated by recharge events in shallow unconsolidated sediments. Downward seepage is detectable to more than 2 km offshore, so an average of over 20 m of clay-rich glacial deposits and 10 m of dolomitic shale (both with hydraulic conductivities < 3 × 10-8 m/sec) does not isolate the lake from the aquifer. Seepage meters have proven to be a viable and cost-effective means to provide an accurate spatial distribution of ground-water/lake exchanges over a large area.
The presence of Ia antigen on human peripheral blood T cells and T-cell subsets: Analysis with monoclonal antibodies and the fluorescence-activated cell sorter

Abstract Peripheral blood T cells from normal donors, from newborns, and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed for the presence of surface Ia antigens using monoclonal anti-Ia reagents and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Two out of four monoclonal anti-Ia antibodies detected Ia antigen on 2–22% (mean 7.4 ± 5.9%) of normal E rosette (+) cells. A subpopulation of E rosette (+) cells thus expresses an Ia molecule with antigenic determinants similar to the Ia on B cells. The staining is weak in comparison to the staining with anti-Ia of B cells, but could not be blocked by preincubation of the T cells with aggregated human IgG. Confirming a previous report by Yu et al. (D. T. Y. Yu, R. J. Winchester, S. M. Fu, A. Gibefsky, H. S. Ko, and H. G. Kunkel, J. Exp. Med., 151, 91, 1980) in rheumatoid arthritis more Ia-positive T cells were detected (mean 17.4 ± 12.5%) that also express a higher number of Ia molecules on their surface. On the contrary, the number of Ia(+) T cells was decreased in cord blood. Both helper T cells [OKT4(+)] and suppressor T cells [OKT8(+)] contain a subfraction that is Ia(+), as evidenced by additive staining and two-color immunofluorescence experiments. In RA, an increase in Ia(+) cytotoxic/suppressor cells is mainly responsible for the higher proportion of Ia(+) T cells. We have previously identified a subpopulation of T cells staining with both OKT8 and OKM1, a marker thought to be specific for cells of myelomonocytic lineage. We now report that this OKT8(+) OKM1(+) overlap population is almost entirely Ia(+) and therefore could represent an activated cell type. However, Ia antigen was also detected on OKT3(+) cells after removing OKM1(+) E rosette (+) cells.
Increased dietary sodium alters Fos expression in the lamina terminalis during intravenous angiotensin II infusion.

Abstract These studies examined the effects of increased dietary sodium on expression of Fos, the protein product of c-fos, in forebrain structures in the rat following intravenous infusion with angiotensin II (AngII). Animals were provided with either tap water (Tap) or isotonic saline solution (Iso) as their sole drinking fluid for 3–5 weeks prior to testing. Rats were then implanted with catheters in a femoral artery and vein. The following day, the conscious, unrestrained animals received iv infusion of either isotonic saline (Veh), AngII, or phenylephrine (Phen) for 2 h. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously throughout the procedure. Brains were subsequently processed for evaluation of Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-Li IR) in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), the subfornical organ (SFO), and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Fos-Li IR was significantly increased in the SFO and OVLT of animals consuming both Tap and Iso following AngII, but not Phen, compared to Veh infusions. Furthermore, Fos-Li IR in the MnPO was increased following AngII infusion in rats consuming a high sodium diet, but not in animals drinking Tap. These data suggest that increased dietary sodium sensitizes the MnPO neurons to excitatory input from brain areas responding to circulating AngII.
VORTICITY TRANSFER AS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GENERAL CIRCULATION

Abstract The mechanism of the development and maintenance of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere is discussed from the point of view of vorticity transfer by atmospheric disturbances. Because the disturbances with vorticity concentrations are unable to stay in equilibrium in a non-uniform field of absolute vorticity, they are displaced by masses of air from other latitudes. These disturbances seek the latitudes where the absolute vorticity equals their own, resulting in a transfer of vorticity against the absolute vorticity gradient. The meridional gradient of vorticity is increased within the region where the disturbances are active and decreased beyond, respectively creating westerly and easterly currents in these regions. The process is also discussed by using harmonic solutions of the vorticity equation. The time required for the creation of strong zonal currents is estimated, and it is found to be of the order of three weeks, agreeing with statistical results. Simple expressions for the distribut...
Diagnosing heart failure among acutely dyspneic patients with cardiac, inferior vena cava, and lung ultrasonography

Abstract Background Rapid diagnosis (dx) of acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) may be challenging in the emergency department (ED). Point-of-care ultrasonography (US) allows rapid determination of cardiac function, intravascular volume status, and presence of pulmonary edema. We test the diagnostic test characteristics of these 3 parameters in making the dx of ADHF among acutely dyspneic patients in the ED. Methods This was a prospective observational cohort study at an urban academic ED. Inclusion criteria were as follows: dyspneic patients, at least 18 years old and able to consent, whose differential dx included ADHF. Ultrasonography performed by emergency sonologists evaluated the heart for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the inferior vena cava for collapsibility index (IVC-CI), and the pleura sampled in each of 8 thoracic regions for presence of B-lines. Cutoff values for ADHF were LVEF less than 45%, IVC-CI less than 20%, and at least 10 B-lines. The US findings were compared with the final dx determined by 2 emergency physicians blinded to the US results. Results One hundred one participants were enrolled: 52% male, median age 62 (25%-75% interquartile, 53-91). Forty-four (44%) had a final dx of ADHF. Sensitivity and specificity (including 95% confidence interval) for the presence of ADHF were as follows: 74 (65-90) and 74 (62-85) using LVEF less than 45%, 52 (38-67) and 86 (77-95) using IVC-CI less than 20%, and 70 (52-80) and 75 (64-87) using B-lines at least 10. Using all 3 modalities together, the sensitivity and specificity were 36 (22-51) and 100 (95-100). As a comparison, the sensitivity and specificity of brain natriuretic peptide greater than 500 were 75 (55-89) and 83 (67-92). Conclusion In this study, US was 100% specific for the dx of ADHF.
A procedure to select and train persons for narrow phonetic transcription by consensus

This report describes a study of procedures to select and train persons for research positions as phonetic transcribers. A two-hour, job-sample procedure included repeated trials on transcription tasks with interim feedback on performance. In addition to the quantitative data on transcription potential, the procedure allowed examiners to observe and rate subjects' cognitive and affective responses during simulated training conditions. A total of eight subjects were tested and two transcribers were subsequently selected and trained for narrow phonetic transcription by consensus (Shriberg, Kwiatkowski and Hoffmann, 1984). Discussion of the quantitative data and anecdotal observations during both phases of the study focuses on applied implications of a three-factor view of the competent transcriber.