cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonfood uses of plants in Usambara

The attempt here has been to discuss Shambaa use of wild nonfood plants primarily in terms of utility, but also with some attention to principles of classification and of the effects of human use of plants on the wider environment. The local system of classification emphasizes those plants which are useful to people. There are many of these, which may be surprising in an area that has been undergoing commercialization and socio-economic change since the early years of this century (P. Fleuret, 1979). Natural systems still provide the Shambaa with many useful, even essential products. But those plants that are useful are also being used up, and continued exploitation has ramifications for the other components of the ecosystem: fish vanished from the streams, wild date palms and tree ferns vanishing, deforestation, erosion, fuelwood shortages, increasing prices for many natural products. By all indications, the most crucial effects of human exploitation have occurred within the last 100 years. Contemporary accounts by missionaries and explorers describe the area as “... abound[ing] in forests of fine timber ...” (Krapf, 1860) or cite oral traditions indicating that the most seriously deforested areas of today were under forest just prior to the turn of the century. (Data obtained from Lushoto District files lodged at the Tanzania National Archives, Dar es Salaam.) As recently as 1975, one author, in writing of Usambara, suggested that a solution to agricultural crisis (especially land shortage) was to open the remaining forest reserve to human settlement and cultivation (Cliffe, 1975, pp. 149–150). This suggestion does not take into account the fact that the natural vegetation of Usambara continues to provide its residents with a great many vital materials and implements, even though human use of these resources is approaching, or has even reached, a critical point in terms of ecological consequences. Efforts should be made to preseve, not destroy, this vital natural resource.
Accountability and Collaboration: Institutional Barriers and Strategic Pathways for Place-based Education

This article makes the case that place-based and environmental education theory and practice must be responsive to, while attempting to transform, the institutional dynamics of schooling. In the present climate of education in the USA two dynamics of schooling deserve particular attention with respect to the possibilities for place-based and environmental education: the discourse of accountability and the discourse of collaboration. Drawing especially on Foucault's analyses of disciplinary power and governmentality, I show how practices associated with accountability and collaboration limit or preclude the deepening and spreading of place-based and environmental education. However, I also argue that even given the serious limitations imposed by current trends of collaboration and accountability, these trends offer place-based and environmental educators powerful entry points through which to initiate change within the formal school setting. The conclusion of the paper outlines three models of collaboratio...
The Savings and Credit Management of Low-Income, Low-Wealth Black and White Families:

The greater reluctance of low-income, low-wealth Black families to use checking and savings accounts than of low-income, low-wealth White families is only partially explained by regression models that consider a wide array of demographic variables. The greater reluctance impedes Black families from getting the benefits of participating in financial markets. Moreover, the success of low-income, low-wealth Black families in managing credit is not found to differ from that of low-income, low-wealth White families. But the Black families owe less credit card and other noncollateralized debt than do the White families, implying either that Black families have a lower demand for such debt or that lenders are biased against them. Black families are less likely to achieve wealth increases than are White families because of differences in labor income and, to a lesser degree, gifts and inheritances. This has implications for the continued wealth disparity between Black Americans and White Americans.
Feeding Rates of Simulium Larvae on Particulates in Natural Streams (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Larval feeding rates of Simulium tescorum Stone and Boreham, S. vittatum Zetterstedt, and S. argus Williston in streamlets and that of S. vittatum in the Colorado River were studied by releasing a water suspension of a fluorescent water disperable particulate dye. The dye particles were readily ingested, forming a discrete plug in the gut visible to the naked eye. The displacement of the dye plug posteriorly provided an easy assessment of the feeding rate in these filter feeding larvae. Feeding rate in younger larvae was greater than in older larvae. Younger larvae of S. tescorum voided the dye plug in anywhere from 10 min (water temp 86°F) to 35 min (water temp 55°F), while the older larvae (4–6th instars) voided the dye plug in 20–30 min at the high temperature and 55 min at the lower temperature. Larvae of S. vittatum and S. argus voided the plug more slowly than the larvae of S. tescorum . Larvae of S. tescorum and S. vittatum showed no rhythmic feeding activity. They fed at essentially the same rates at all hours of the day. The S. vittatum larval feeding rate in the Colorado River was essentially the same as that found in small streamlets.
Mapping of nodal disease in locally advanced prostate cancer: rethinking the clinical target volume for pelvic nodal irradiation based on vascular rather than bony anatomy.

Purpose: Toxicity from pelvic irradiation could be reduced if fields were limited to likely areas of nodal involvement rather than using the standard “four-field box.” We employed a novel magnetic resonance lymphangiographic technique to highlight the likely sites of occult nodal metastasis from prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Eighteen prostate cancer patients with pathologically confirmed node-positive disease had a total of 69 pathologic nodes identifiable by lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced MRI and semiquantitative nodal analysis. Fourteen of these nodes were in the para-aortic region, and 55 were in the pelvis. The position of each of these malignant nodes was mapped to a common template based on its relation to skeletal or vascular anatomy. Results: Relative to skeletal anatomy, nodes covered a diffuse volume from the mid lumbar spine to the superior pubic ramus and along the sacrum and pelvic side walls. In contrast, the nodal metastases mapped much more tightly relative to the large pelvic vessels. A proposed pelvic clinical target volume to encompass the region at greatest risk of containing occult nodal metastases would include a 2.0-cm radial expansion volume around the distal common iliac and proximal external and internal iliac vessels that would encompass 94.5% of the pelvic nodes at risk as defined by our node-positive prostate cancer patient cohort. Conclusions: Nodal metastases from prostate cancer are largely localized along the major pelvic vasculature. Defining nodal radiation treatment portals based on vascular rather than bony anatomy may allow for a significant decrease in normal pelvic tissue irradiation and its associated toxicities.
Osmoregulation in larvae of the striped hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) (Decapoda: Anomura; diogenidae)

Abstract Osmoregulatory capabilities were determined for the larval stages of the striped hermit crab, Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc). For changes of 5 ‰ salinity, larvae were able to re-establish osmotic equilibrium after 1 2 - h exposure to the new medium. Basically, the osmoconcentration response patterns were very similar for all larval stages. The hemolymph from all larval stages, Zoea I–V and Megalopa, hyperosmoconformed to external osmocencentrations over the entire salinity range tested, from 5 to 35‰. Larvae never showed the adult response of being able to hyperosmoregulate at low salinities.
Virus Detection on a Planar Optofluidic chip

We present the first detection of fluorescently labeled Qbeta phage viruses on a planar integrated optofluidic chip. Detection sensitivities on the order of 1000 viruses within an 85 femtoliter excitation volume have been achieved.
H− ion source and LEBT activities at SSCL

Abstract The Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) ion source and low energy beam transport (LEBT) system will provide a matched 35 kV, 30 mAH − beam with normalized rms emittance of less than 0.2 π mm mrad into the SSC radio frequency quadropole (RFQ). The ion source candidates are rf-driven volume source and magnetron source. Electrostatic LEBTs, more specifically HESQ and einzel lens, are the candidate LEBTs for SSC. An extensive experimental program is under way to characterize the SSC ion sources and LEBT concepts to identify the best ion source and LEBT configuration for SSC. The available experimental results pertinent to the performance of the SSC ion sources and LEBTs will be discussed.
Low-temperature organometallic synthesis of crystalline and glassy ternary semiconductors MIIMIVP2 where MII Zn and Cd, and MIV Ge and Sn

Abstract The first organometallic syntheses of the ternary phosphides M II M IV P 2 (M II  Zn, Cd; M IV  Ge, Sn) are described. Reactions between the precursors {M II [P(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 } 2 and M IV X 4 (X  OMe, Cl) afford the intermediates [M II M IV P 2 (X) x (SiMe 3 ) x ] with x = 0.3–0.8, which are converted to amorphous M II M IV P 2 compounds by annealing at 250–350°C in vacuo . The amorphous compounds crystallize to the corresponding chalcopyrite phases at low temperatures, providing the lowest synthesis temperatures yet reported by any synthetic method: ZnGep 2 , 700–800°C; CdGeP 2 , 500–650°C; ZnSnP 2 , 350–600°C; CdSnP 2 , 250–450°C. The solid-state MAS 31 P NMR spectrum of the amorphous CdGeP 2 contains a single feature centered at − 104 ppm relative to H 3 PO 4 (full width at half maximum, 160 ppm). Spin-echo experiments on a nonspinning sample determine that T 2 = 350 μs. These data are indistinguishable from data for glassy CdGeP 2 obtained from conventional melt quenching, suggesting that the amorphous CdGeP 2 phases prepared by the two techniques have very similar or identical structures. Analogies between the new organometallic syntheses and the sol-gel process for oxides are discussed.
A statistical mechanics approach to the separation of methane and nitrogen using capillary condensation in a microporous membrane

Abstract A statistical mechanics model (Local Density Approximation, LDA) is introduced and used to study the separation of a nitrogen and methane gas mixture by permeation through a microporous membrane. The essential mechanism for the separation is that one gas preferentially condenses. The LDA was used to determine the conditions of capillary condensation because it provides a more accurate description of capillary condensation than the classical Kelvin equation, especially for very small (
Intergenerational Perceptions of Attachment and Prosocial Behavior

SUMMARY Intergenerational differences in perceptions of attachment, prosocial behavior, and social support were examined from an ecological perspective. One hundred seventeen family triads made up of female adolescents, their mothers, and maternal grandmothers served as the sample for this study. Perceptions of maternal attachment were greater for adolescents than mothers and greater for grandmothers than mothers. Mothers reported greater prosocial behavior than adolescents and grandmothers. No significant generational differences were found for perceptions of attachment to fathers or social support. Findings were discussed in relation to intergenerational implications for family socialization.
Canopy height, crown cover, and aboveground biomass maps for the southwestern United States from MISR, 2000 and 2009

Red band reflectance factor data from NASA's Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) were used to create maps of woody plant canopy cover, fractional height, and aboveground biomass for the southwestern United States, via inversion of a geometric-optical (GO) model provided with reflectance magnitude and anisotropy via a Li-Ross bidirectional reflectance distribution model. Crown cover, canopy height, and biomass distributions are compatible with those seen in other data sets, although there are anomalies associated with the use of the same set of background prediction coefficients over the 10-year period
Educational arrears: Addressing the underenrollment of Hispanics in Illinois higher education

Nationally and in Illinois, underenrollment is one of the greatest challenges facing Hispanics in education. Characterized by the extremely low rates of participation in postsecondary education, despite the unprecedented increases in the numbers of college-age Hispanics, underenrollment exists at all levels of American education, beginning early with the higher rates of delayed education at the elementary educational level. In Illinois, reports describing staggering Hispanic high school dropout rates in excess of 60% caused creation of the Illinois General Assembly State Task Force on Hispanic Student Dropouts, which issued its report in March 1985. Recommendations for policy changes are drawn from analysis of the published and unpublished testimony heard by the Task Force, as well as data from a variety of other sources. These recommendations should assist educational decision makers to devise solutions that will be comprehensive, and attend to both the qualitative and distributive dimensions of the problem.
Jurors' Responses to Victims' Behavior and Legal Issues in Sexual Assault Trials

Feminists argue that rape laws and their application are explained by social rules requiring women to conform to conservative sex-role norms and defining them as the sexual property of men. We operationalized and tested some of these arguments with data on 360 jurors who served in rape trials. Courtroom observations led us to distinguish trials in which the major issue was whether a sexual assault occurred (consent or "no sex" cases) from trials in which the occurrence of a sexual assault was not disputed (identification and diminished responsibility cases). Consistent with feminist views, we found that in the consent and no sex cases, any evidence of victims' drinking, drug use, or sexual activity outside of marriage 6Id jurors to doubt the defendant's guilt. However, our measures of victim's sex-role behavior had little effect on jurors' judgments in the identification-responsibility cases. Moreover, measures of evidence did not affect jurors' reactions in the consent-no sex cases, but were paramount in the identificationresponsibility cases. By taking into account the specific legal issue disputed in sexual assault trials, our research specifies recent feminist arguments about rape.
The iPad in Library Instruction: Collaborative Inquiry for Information Retrieval

While iPads have grown in use for reference or circulation in academic libraries, the author investigates the potential for using iPads to teach information retrieval. A review of the technical logistics and classroom management strategies accompanies an appraisal of the pros and cons of teaching information literacy with tablets. In a collaborative, inquiry-based classroom, the iPads foster increased student engagement and mastery of search techniques.
I/O-Efficient Algorithms for Problems on Grid-Based Terrains

The potential and use of Geographic Information Systems is rapidly increasing due to the increasing availability of massive amounts of geospatial data from projects like NASA's Mission to Planet Earth. However, the use of these massive datasets also exposes scalability problems with existing GIS algorithms. These scalability problems are mainly due to the fact that most GIS algorithms have been designed to minimize internal computation time, while I/O communication often is the bottleneck when processing massive amounts of data. In this paper, we consider I/O-efficient algorithms for problems on grid-based terrains.Detailed grid-based terrain data is rapidly becoming available for much of the earth's surface. We describe [EQUATION] I/O algorithms for several problems on [EQUATION] grids for which only O(N) algorithms were previously known. Here M denotes the size of the main memory and B the size of a disk block.We demonstrate the practical merits of our work by comparing the empirical performance of our new algorithm for the flow accumulation problem with that of the previously best known algorithm. Flow accumulation, which models flow of water through a terrain, is one of the most basic hydrologic attributes of a terrain. We present the results of an extensive set of experiments on real-life terrain datasets of different sizes and characteristics. Our experiments show that while our new algorithm scales nicely with dataset size, the previously known algorithm "breaks down" once the size of the dataset becomes bigger than the available main memory. For example, while our algorithm computes the flow accumulation for the Appalachian Mountains in about three hours, the previously known algorithm takes several weeks.
Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Sudden Death Syndrome Caused by Fusarium virguliforme in Hartwig Soybean

Host resistance is the most effective strategy for soybean (Glycine max) sudden death syndrome (SDS) management. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of resistance to SDS in soybean cv. Hartwig under greenhouse conditions. One-hundred and fifty F2:3 lines derived from the cross of the SDS-resistant cultivar ‘Hartwig’ with the SDS-susceptible cultivar ‘Camp’ were inoculated with sorghum seeds colonized with a F. virguliforme reference isolate from Arkansas (AR-171). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete-block design with two replications. Each block included a pot of each F2:3 line and two pots of each parent with eight plants per pot. The experiment was repeated to give a total of four replications. Disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) were rated on a pot basis at 21 and 28 days post-inoculation. A disease index (DX) was calculated as ((DI x DS)/11). The 95% confidence intervals (CI) for DX of the parents were calculated and used to classify the F2:3 line...
Regulation of Arrestin Binding by Rhodopsin Phosphorylation Level

Arrestins ensure the timely termination of receptor signaling. The role of rhodopsin phosphorylation in visual arrestin binding was established more than 20 years ago, but the effects of the number of receptor-attached phosphates on this interaction remain controversial. Here we use purified rhodopsin fractions with carefully quantified content of individual phosphorylated rhodopsin species to elucidate the impact of phosphorylation level on arrestin interaction with three biologically relevant functional forms of rhodopsin: light-activated and dark phosphorhodopsin and phospho-opsin. We found that a single receptor-attached phosphate does not facilitate arrestin binding, two are necessary to induce high affinity interaction, and three phosphates fully activate arrestin. Higher phosphorylation levels do not increase the stability of arrestin complex with light-activated rhodopsin but enhance its binding to the dark phosphorhodopsin and phospho-opsin. The complex of arrestin with hyperphosphorylated light-activated rhodopsin is less sensitive to high salt and appears to release retinal faster. These data suggest that arrestin likely quenches rhodopsin signaling after the third phosphate is added by rhodopsin kinase. The complex of arrestin with heavily phosphorylated rhodopsin, which appears to form in certain disease states, has distinct characteristics that may contribute to the phenotype of these visual disorders.
Ethnicity and determinants of quality of life after prostate cancer treatment.

Abstract Objectives To examine the quality of life (QOL) in a sample of men recently treated for localized prostate cancer to determine whether minority men are at greater risk of decrements in QOL and to identify factors that might explain disparities in QOL outcomes. Methods The relationship between ethnicity and QOL was evaluated in a diverse sample of 204 men (85 non-Hispanic white, 37 African-American, and 82 Hispanic men). We also assessed associations with other factors known to be related to QOL (ie, sociodemographic, medical, and health behavior factors). Hierarchical regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between ethnicity and QOL. Factors that were anticipated to explain the ethnic differences in QOL were then added in stepwise analyses. Results Ethnic group membership was related to QOL such that minority men had lower QOL than non-Hispanic white men. In subsequent steps, the association between ethnic group membership and QOL was partially mediated by sociodemographic, medical, and health behavior factors, with each factor adding significant incremental variance (5%, 5%, and 17%, respectively). Three variables remained significant in the final model, which explained 37% of the variance in QOL scores: medical comorbidity, physical activity, and sleep functioning. Conclusions Health behaviors appear to be strongly related to men’s QOL after prostate cancer treatment. Intervention studies aimed at improving QOL should include a brief assessment of health behaviors and may want to incorporate intervention components designed to address physical activity and sleep functioning.
Aerothermochemical studies of energetic liquid materials. 2. Combustion and microexplosion of droplets of organic azides

Abstract An experimental investigation has been conducted on the vaporization, combustion, and microexplosion characteristics of freely falling droplets of organic azides in hot oxidizing or inert environments. The droplet gasification rate and the state of microexplosion have been measured. Results show that, compared with the conventional hydrocarbon fuels, droplets of azido fuels gasify faster and microexplode earlier in the droplet lifetime. The effect is especially strong for n-alkyl diazides whose gasification rates can exceed those of the corresponding n-alkanes by several hundred percent. Such strong responses are believed to be caused by the exothermic decomposition of the azides either in the liquid phase or upon gasification. Other important and interesting effects studied include molecular branching, OH-substitution, the proximity and number of the azide groups, and alcohol and halide blending.
High-resolution spectral fingerprinting with a stabilized femtosecond laser frequency comb

We demonstrate a novel optical spectroscopy technique combining a stabilized femtosecond frequency comb with a spectrometer that resolves individual comb elements. Rapid parallel data acquisition over many terahertz with hertz-level resolution can be achieved.
Work environment in relation to employee job satisfaction in group homes for youths

Group home programs for youths were investigated in order to: (a) measure employment longevity in four occupational groups employed in group home treatment settings, (b) report current working conditions and job satisfaction levels, and (c) compare relationships between the group home work environment and employee job satisfaction. Subjects included 57 current and 51 former administrative/treatment employees from 26 participating group homes in Kansas. Several differences were found among four different occupational groups in employee longevity, work environment and satisfaction levels. Length of employment was longest for teaching-parents, followed respectively by houseparents, directors, and other employees. Eight significant work environment differences and five job satisfaction differences were reported among the four groups. Fourteen significant correlations were reported between work environment variables and job satisfaction ratings. A regression analysis reported significant predictors of two “overall” job satisfaction ratings. The research suggested that (1) group home employees have short tenures, (2) the different occupational groups have differing job satisfaction levels, (3) better working conditions are related to higher job satisfaction ratings, and (4) employee contact with the youths is related inversely to improvements in job satisfaction.
Mesquite recruitment in the Chihuahuan Desert: historic and prehistoric patterns with long-term impacts

Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) has increased in dominance over large areas of the Chihuahuan Desert, chiefly at the expense of once expansive desert grasslands. Excessive grazing and seed dissemination by livestock are often cited as the cause of this transition. We propose an alternate hypothesis that expansion of mesquite is not simply due to cause and effect relationships during recent history; rather, mesquite expansion is a result of a series of cause and effect relationships that transpired over a much longer timeframe (millennia). We assert that mesquite expansion may have ultimately occurred in the absence of widespread livestock grazing during the last 130 years because of removal of barriers to mesquite expansion created by indigenous peoples. We explore factors that attenuate or intensify mesquite expansion, and examine how a series of fine scale, but temporally seminal, events can propagate across multiple scales. Furthermore, we examine the relevance of this hypothesis for present day remediation of shrub-dominated grasslands and conclude that knowledge of historic and prehistoric events and processes are critical to effectively manage landscapes.
Incorporating Unstructured Socializing Into the Study of Secondary Exposure to Community Violence: Etiological and Empirical Implications

Secondary exposure to community violence, defined as witnessing or hearing violence in the community, has the potential to profoundly impact long-term development, health, happiness, and security. While research has explored pathways to community violence exposure at the individual, family, and neighborhood levels, prior work has largely neglected situational factors conducive to secondary violence exposure. The present study evaluates "unstructured socializing with peers in the absence of authority figures" as a situational process that has implications for secondary exposure to violence. Results indicate that a measure of unstructured socializing was significantly associated with exposure to violence, net of an array of theoretically relevant covariates of violence exposure. Moreover, the relationships between exposure to violence and three of the most well-established correlates of violence exposure in the literature-age, male, and prior violence-were mediated to varying degrees by unstructured socializing. The results suggest a more nuanced approach to the study of secondary violence exposure that expands the focus of attention beyond individual and neighborhood background factors to include situational opportunities presented by patterns of everyday activities.
Cross-National Identity Transformation: Becoming a Gay ‘Asian-American’ Man

Prior to moving to the U.S., the author, a gay Japanese man, was secure in his multiple identities. After the cross-national transition to the U.S., however, he confronted unique and particular challenges in negotiating his multiple identities. As a foreigner, adopting the cultural discourse of the gay Asian-American identity as a way of life shocked and surprised him—especially because of the ways in which others communicated with him. In particular, others generally viewed his identity expression as reinforcing the stereotypical image of gay men and failing to conform with the social perception of Asian-Americans. Also, the racialized and gendered image of gay Asian-American men became a conflict in his interactions with gay and bisexual men because its image did not fully represent who he is. Being trapped by his dual-identity conflict, he faced difficulty in negotiating performative aspects of gay Asian-American male identity construction. At the same time, this contradiction became an opportunity for him to (de)construct his dual identity conflict and to finally name himself with such labeling. This analysis employs autoethnography to explore the author’s cross-national transformation process of becoming a gay Asian-American man. Finally, this analysis intends to link his personal experience and the cultural and social experiences of gay Asian-American male identity.
Data Triage: an adaptive architecture for load shedding in TelegraphCQ

Many of the data sources used in stream query processing are known to exhibit bursty behavior. Data in a burst often has different characteristics than steady-state data, and therefore may be of particular interest. In this paper, we describe the Data Triage architecture that we are adding to TelegraphCQ to provide low latency results with good accuracy under such bursts.
Target-selective delivery and activation of platinum-based anticancer agents

2015 Platinum-based agents continue to be a mainstay as components of many standard chemotherapy regimens. To improve the tolerability and efficacy of these important oncology drugs, several prodrug concepts as well as targeted forms of delivery are currently being pursued. Coordination chemistry provides unique and often not fully appreciated opportunities for improving the safety profiles and tumor selectivity of platinum-containing drugs. Herein, we review strategies aimed at tuning the pharmacological properties of clinical platinum drugs and proof-of-concept studies of novel preclinical entities. These include delivery of platinum by donor-modified polymers and materials, release and activation of drug in acidic microenvironments, light-activated and bioreductively activated platinum(IV) prodrugs and formulations and platinum-mediated cleavage of caged ester derivatives in a chloride-ion concentration dependent manner.
Accent Modification for Speakers With Indian Accents: Speech Characteristics and an Assessment Framework

In this paper, I present accent-related variations unique to Asian-Indian speakers of English in the United States and identify specific speech and language features that contribute to an “Indian a...
Molecular Analysis of Carbon Monoxide-Oxidizing Bacteria Associated with Recent Hawaiian Volcanic Deposits

Genomic DNA extracts from four sites at Kilauea Volcano were used as templates for PCR amplification of the large subunit (coxL) of aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. The sites included a 42-year-old tephra deposit, a 108-year-old lava flow, a 212-year-old partially vegetated ash-and-tephra deposit, and an approximately 300-year-old forest. PCR primers amplified coxL sequences from the OMP clade of CO oxidizers, which includes isolates such as Oligotropha carboxidovorans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas thermocarboxydovorans. PCR products were used to create clone libraries that provide the first insights into the diversity and phylogenetic affiliations of CO oxidizers in situ. On the basis of phylogenetic and statistical analyses, clone libraries for each site were distinct. Although some clone sequences were similar to coxL sequences from known organisms, many sequences appeared to represent phylogenetic lineages not previously known to harbor CO oxidizers. On the basis of average nucleotide diversity and average pairwise difference, a forested site supported the most diverse CO-oxidizing populations, while an 1894 lava flow supported the least diverse populations. Neither parameter correlated with previous estimates of atmospheric CO uptake rates, but both parameters correlated positively with estimates of microbial biomass and respiration. Collectively, the results indicate that the CO oxidizer functional group associated with recent volcanic deposits of the remote Hawaiian Islands contains substantial and previously unsuspected diversity.
Academic Freedom: A Realistic Appraisal

Problems concerning academic freedom exist almost everywherecreated by changing academic realities, political pressures, growing commercialization and marketization of higher education, or legal pressures. The purpose of this article is to argue that academic freedom needs to be carefully defined so that it can be defended in the global climate of complexity. A new, and probably more delimited, understanding of academic freedom is needed in the age of the Internet and the global knowledge economy.
Blockade and Recovery of Spontaneous Rhythmic Activity after Application of Neurotransmitter Antagonists to Spinal Networks of the Chick Embryo

We studied the regulation of spontaneous activity in the embryonic (day 10–11) chick spinal cord. After bath application of either an excitatory amino acid (AP-5 or CNQX) and a nicotinic cholinergic (DHβE or mecamylamine) antagonist, or glycine and GABA receptor (bicuculline, 2-hydroxysaclofen, and strychnine) antagonists, spontaneous activity was blocked for a period (30–90 min) but then reappeared in the presence of the drugs. The efficacy of the antagonists was assessed by their continued ability to block spinal reflex pathways during the reappearance of spontaneous activity. Spontaneous activity ceased over the 4–5 hour monitoring period when both sets of antagonists were applied together. After application of glycine and GABA receptor antagonists, the frequency of occurrence of spontaneous episodes slowed and became highly variable. By contrast, during glutamatergic and nicotinic cholinergic blockade, the frequency of occurrence of spontaneous episodes initially slowed and then recovered to stabilize near the predrug level of activity. Whole-cell recordings made from ventral spinal neurons revealed that this recovery was accompanied by an increase in the amplitude of spontaneously occurring synaptic events. We also measured changes in the apparent equilibrium potential of the rhythmic, synaptic drive of ventral spinal neurons using voltage or discontinuous current clamp. After excitatory blockade, the apparent equilibrium potential of the rhythmic synaptic drive shifted ∼10 mV more negative to approximately −30 mV. In the presence of bicuculline, the apparent equilibrium potential of the synaptic drive shifted toward the glutamate equilibrium potential. Considered with other evidence, these findings suggest that spontaneous rhythmic output is a general property of developing spinal networks, and that GABA and glycinergic networks alter their function to compensate for the blockade of excitatory transmission.
Realistic synaptic inputs applied to coupled oscillator model of the dopamine neuron

Midbrain dopamine neurons are involved in motivation and the control of movement, and have been implicated in various pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and drug abuse. Dopamine neurons in the presence of their afferent inputs in vivo can exhibit one of several firing modes: silence, regular single-spike firing, irregular single-spike firing, and bursting. Bursts in dopamine neurons are thought to convey the reward prediction and salience signals. Dopamine neurons in a slice preparation fire spontaneously in a regular, pacemaker-like manner at a low frequency (~2–3 Hz). This regular firing appears to be driven by a subthreshold oscillation caused by interaction of a low voltage threshold, noninactivating Ca2+ current and a Ca2+-activated small conductance K+ current. Somatic injection of depolarizing bias current can increase the frequency of sustained firing only up to 10 Hz before the neurons go into depolarization block. Bursts observed in vivo have higher instantaneous frequencies. Two theories have been advanced for how higher frequencies are achieved in vivo. One is that during pacemaking, the natural frequencies of the soma and proximal dendrites drive the subthreshold oscillation, whereas during bursting the NMDA input to the dendrites amplifies the current associated with the distal dendritic oscillation, and drives the soma, resulting in high-frequency spiking. The other hypothesis is that the rapidly varying synaptic input (particularly the AMPA component) is not equivalent to a constant depolarizing pulse but this rapid variation can drive faster spiking that can be observed in response to a constant pulse. We have constructed a realistic multicompartmental model to test the contribution of intrinsic and synaptic currents in the dendrites to the firing pattern. The oscillatory dendrites regularize the firing pattern, decrease the frequency compared to a model in which the subthreshold oscillation is confined to the soma, and contribute to grouping of spikes into bursts.
Illness and Satisfaction With Medical Care

Patients who have worse physical or mental health are less satisfied with their medical care than patients in better health. This article describes research that explores the causal underpinnings of this correlation. Does poor health cause dissatisfaction, or does dissatisfaction cause poor health? And is the dissatisfaction of sicker patients attributable to their own state of mind, or rather to how they are treated by their doctors? It appears that, predominantly, dissatisfaction follows from poorer health rather than vice versa, and moreover that sicker patients negative outlook is a pervasive cause of their lower satisfaction. However, there is also evidence that physicians reactions to sicker patients, in the form of curtailed social conversation, also play a role in the reduced satisfaction of these patients.
Science to Practice: Molecular Targeting with SPECT/CT and MR Imaging in Oncology—Integration of Functional and Structural Imaging

Integration of SPECT/CT and MR imaging provided high sensitivity with molecular targeting and anatomic specificity with excellent tissue resolution.
Coping Motives for Drinking Affect Stress Reactivity but Not Alcohol Consumption in a Clinical Laboratory Setting

Objective:Stress evokes thoughts about alcohol and enhances alcohol’s rewarding value in drinkers who use alcohol to cope with negative affect. The present study extends prior research by examining whether this effect applies to actual alcohol consumption following a stressor and whether individuals with high and low coping motives for drinking differ in stress reactivity.Method:Nondependent drinkers with high scores ( > 1 SD above national norms) on the coping motives subscale on the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (n = 41; 46% women) were enrolled along with age- and gender-matched nondependent drinkers with low coping motives (n = 41). Participants were randomized to receive the Trier Social Stress Test or a no-stress control condition. Following the stress manipulation, participants could consume up to 473 ml of beer in a “taste test,” a covert measure of alcohol consumption. Stress reactivity was measured with both objective and subjective indices, and milliliters of beer consumed was the alcohol-rele...
Reversal of chronic ventricular dilation in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy by prolonged mechanical unloading.

Background Ventricular dilation, indexed by marked shifts toward larger volumes of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation (EDPVR), has been considered to represent an irreversible aspect of ventricular remodeling in end-stage heart failure. However, we hypothesized that such dilation could be reversed with sufficient hemodynamic unloading, such as can be provided by a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Methods and Results The EDPVRs of hearts from seven patients with end-stage idiopathic cardiomyopathy and comparable baseline hemodynamics were measured ex vivo at the time of cardiac transplantation; these were compared with EDPVRs from three normal human hearts that were technically unsuitable for transplantation. Four of the patients received optimal medical therapy; three of the patients, who deteriorated on optimal therapy, underwent LVAD support for ≈4 months. Compared with the normal hearts, EDPVRs of hearts from medically treated patients were shifted toward markedly larger volumes. In contr...
A Visual Arts Program for Enhancement of the Body Image

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a visual arts program related to the human figure would enhance the body-image of children with learning disabilities. Body-image was defined as the integrated mental image one has of one's own body. Four measures of body-image were used: The Human Figure Drawing Test, the Imitation of Postures Test, the Arthur Manikin Test, and the Self-Identification of Body Parts Test in Response to Verbal Instructions.Sixteen boys and four girls from learning disabilities classes participated in the study. The paired subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group. The experimental group received training in a program designed to improve the body image. The art program focused on aspects of awareness: body schema, body image, and spatial awareness. A wide variety of media, materials, and techniques were utilized in the production of two- and three-dimensional art forms. Classes met three times a week for one-hour sessions for 24 session...
Better Leadership through Effective Communication of Board Policies, Procedures.

Administrators can avoid legal and personnel problems by en suring that staff, students, and parents clearly understand school board policies and procedures.
Ground-based water vapor raman lidar measurements up to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere for long-term monitoring

Abstract. Recognizing the importance of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) and the scarcity of high-quality, long-term measurements, JPL began the development of a powerful Raman lidar in 2005 to try to meet these needs. This development was endorsed by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the validation program for the EOS-Aura satellite. In this paper we review the stages in the instrumental development, data acquisition and analysis, profile retrieval and calibration procedures of the lidar, as well as selected results from three validation campaigns: MOHAVE (Measurements of Humidity in the Atmosphere and Validation Experiments), MOHAVE-II, and MOHAVE 2009. In particular, one critical result from this latest campaign is the very good agreement (well below the reported uncertainties) observed between the lidar and the Cryogenic Frost-Point Hygrometer in the entire lidar range 3–20 km, with a mean bias not exceeding 2% (lidar dry) in the lower troposphere, and 3% (lidar moist) in the UTLS. Ultimately the lidar has demonstrated capability to measure water vapor profiles from ∼1 km above the ground to the lower stratosphere with a precision of 10% or better near 13 km and below, and an estimated accuracy of 5%. Since 2005, nearly 1000 profiles have been routinely measured, and since 2009, the profiles have typically reached 14 km for one-hour integration times and 1.5 km vertical resolution, and can reach 21 km for 6-h integration times using degraded vertical resolutions. These performance figures show that, with our present target of routinely running our lidar two hours per night, 4 nights per week, we can achieve measurements with a precision in the UTLS equivalent to that achieved if launching one CFH per month.
On Application of Output Masking to Undetectable Faults in Synchronous Sequential Circuits with Design-for-Testability Logic

Design-for-testability (DFT) for synchronous sequential circuits causes redundant faults in the original circuit to be detectable in the circuit with DFT logic. It has been argued that such faults should not be detected in order to avoid reducing the yield unnecessarily. One way to deal with such faults is to mask (or ignore) their fault effects when they appear on the circuit outputs, without masking the detection of faults that need to be detected. To investigate the extent to which this can be accomplished, we describe a procedure for masking the effects of redundant faults of the original circuit under a given test set generated for the circuit with DFT logic. The procedure attempts to maximize the number of redundant faults that are masked while minimizing (or holding to zero) the number of other masked faults.
Radical Perineal Prostatectomy without Pelvic Lymphadenectomy: Selection Criteria and Early Results

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the surgical efficacy of radical perineal prostatectomy and determined preoperative parameters to identify patients at low risk for nodal metastasis.Materials and Methods: Of 155 men evaluated for radical perineal prostatectomy, 74 were assigned to a low risk category (prostate specific antigen less than 10 ng./ml., Gleason score less than 7). Of the patients 40 underwent laparoscopic lymph node dissection and 34 did not. This group was compared to 81 patients who underwent surgical staging and did not fit the low risk criteria.Results: None of 74 patients in the low risk group had nodal metastasis, while metastasis was present in 5 of 81 (6.1 percent) who did not meet such parameters. Organ-confined disease was present in 71.6 percent of men with low risk criteria, which was a significantly different rate than the 51.9 percent found in the other 81 men.Conclusions: Radical perineal prostatectomy confers adequate cancer control and can be performed without pelvic node dissect...
US Metropolitan-area Variation in Environmental Inequality Outcomes.

Over the past 20 years a steadily increasing number of researchers have investigated the relationship between neighbourhood demographic composition and environmental hazard presence. However, relatively few researchers have attempted to determine why the distribution of social groups around environmental hazards takes the form that it does or why some studies find strong evidence of environmental racial inequality while others do not. One possible explanation for this is that environmental racial inequality levels vary from one location to another. In order to see if this is the case, the article compares environmental racial inequality levels in the 61 largest metropolitan areas in the continental US, holding the unit of analysis, type of hazard, type of region and comparison population constant across metropolitan areas. Analyses demonstrate that environmental racial inequality levels do vary across metropolitan areas. Thus, after presenting these analyses, hypotheses are tested that make predictions ab...