cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retardation of surface velocities by surfactants

Abstract The effect of surface-active agents on the flow properties at a plane gas—liquid interface has been studied. This interaction was postulated to be controlled by a mechanism of dynamic adsorption of the surface-active agent controlled by diffusion. Numerical calculations, combining the mechanisms of adsorption and viscous flow by appropriately altering the boundary conditions, were performed and excellent agreement between the observed surface velocities and those computed was found. An equilibrium surface adsorption factor, defined as the ratio of the surface pressure to the bulk concentration in the dilute concentration region, was found to be the most significant variable in determining the magnitude of the effect of a surface-active agent on the surface velocities.
A dual digital integrator for EEG studies.

Abstract An instrument is described which can reliably compute the time integral of an EEG and display its value on the primary trace. It is combined with control and calibration circuits which make it useful in a wide range of experimental and clinical situations.
The effects of ionizing radiation on the longevity of ploidy types in the wasp Mormoniella vitripennis

Abstract 1. 1. The adult life span of Mormoniella vitripennis was influenced by the kinds of genes present rather than by the number of sets of chromosomes. 2. 2. Diploid males were more resistant than haploid males to ionizing radiation. Diploid and triploid females are equal in radiation sensitivity. 3. 3. These data do not support the somatic mutation theory of aging and indicate further that the types of injury leading to natural aging are different from those leading to radiation-induced decrease in life span. 4. 4. Although the data indicate that some type of nuclear injury is induced by ionizing radiation, the precise nature of the injury is still obscure.
Introduction to the Symposium.

In June 1995, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism sponsored a symposium on "Alcohol and Osteoporosis" at the Research Society on Alcoholism in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The goals of the symposium were to: (a) disseminate current information on the effects of alcohol on osteoporosis, both deleterious and beneficial; (b) discuss the mechanisms, direct and indirect, by which alcohol affects bone remodeling; and (c) encourage research in the area of alcohol and osteoporosis. This report provides an introduction to the problem, as well as to the three scientific presentations. Key Words: Alcohol, Osteoporosis, Bone.
Visual anthropology's contribution to the field of anthropology

This is an account of the movement of photography as art into the objectivity of the camera image as scientific evidence. On arrival at Cornell University, Collier did not appreciate the extreme fl...
Segmental Reconstruction of the Face

Background. Aesthetic facial reconstruction requires understanding regional anatomy and tissue movement and the ability to use innovatively the tissue adjacent to the defect to create a reconstruction that preserves the function of the area and the cosmetic facial units. Objective. Facial reconstruction after Mohs micrographic resection of nonmelanoma skin cancer confined to one cosmetic unit was compared with reconstruction of two or more units using techniques to place scars at the junction of cosmetic units with combinations of local flaps and grafts. Acute complications, function, and final appearance of the reconstruction were evaluated. Methods. During a 10-year period, 500 cases acquired prospectively had facial surgical defects repaired. Tissue was removed to place the closure line at the junction of cosmetic units and was mobilized from within one cosmetic unit with primary closure or local advancement, rotation, or transposition flaps. When the defect bridged cosmetic units, segmental repair was performed with combinations of flaps and grafts placing scars at the junction of cosmetic units. Segmental repair often combined advancement flaps to restore contours with full-thickness skin grafts to prevent distortion in areas with minimal loss of contour. Scars were more often unfavorably placed with single flap repair within a cosmetic unit. There was more flap loss with single flap repair of a single unit than with segmental facial repair using a combination of flaps and/or grafts. Conclusion. Segmenting the wound into smaller units reflecting the underlying cosmetic units of the face was useful to develop a reconstruction plan to replace tissue with similar tissue and to provide consistently satisfying aesthetic results. Facial contours were restored without distorting surrounding structures.
Selective excitation in kaon-nucleus inelastic scattering

Abstract The K + meson (kaon) inelastic excitation of low-lying ( E x = 0–15 MeV) T = 0 collective states in 16 O is theoretically studied as a function of energy and momentum transfer. The distorted wave impulse approximation is used to calculate angular distributions and total inelastic cross sections for exciting the first J π = 2 + , 3 − , 4 + and 5 − states at lab energies from threshold to 400 MeV. The distortions are represented in a Kisslinger-type optical potential constructed from elementary K + -nucleon amplitudes. Total nuclear elastic and reaction K + -nucleus cross sections are computed to demonstrate sensitivity to choice in K + -nucleon amplitudes. Fermi motion effects are also assessed using a simple averaging procedure. The weak absorption character of the kaon is reflected in the inelastic calculations which predict selective excitation of low spin states at low momentum transfer and high spin states at high momentum transfer.
An Approach to Measuring Psychological Tensions by Means of Dream Associations

The paper describes an approach to measuring areas of psychological tension, which utilizes certain types of associations to dreams as basic data. These are incidents in Ss' past which were suggest...
Orange-colored Russell bodies by Papanicolaou stain.

![Figure][1] A 57-year-old man, treated 3 years earlier with chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplant for immunoglobulin A/λ multiple myeloma, presented with right facial numbness, left lower extremity numbness, and a palpable right preauricular mass. Brain magnetic resonance
The American Universities Which Published Most Often in Journals for Business & Finance, Law, Education, and Social Sciences Librarians, 2000–2010

The authors adapt the methods and ranking system of the 5-year study by Wiberley, Hurd, and Weller (2006) to report the number and affiliations of papers published by subject-specialist librarians in four journals from 2000 to 2010: the Journal of Business & Finance Librarianship, Law Library Journal, Legal Reference Services Quarterly, and Behavioral and Social Sciences Librarian. While both approaches demonstrated high output from many of the same highly ranked universities, our modified approach identified a significant number of unranked schools that may have deep specialty strengths among their subject expert librarian authors.
Comparative biosequence metrics.

The sequence alignment algorithms of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) and Sellers (1974) are compared. Although the former maximizes similarity and the latter minimizes differences, the two procedures are proven to be equivalent. The equivalence relations necessary for each procedure to give the same result are: 1, the weight assigned to gaps in the Sellers algorithm exceed that in the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm by exactly half the length of the gap times the maximum match value; and 2, for any pair of aligned elements, the degree of similarity assigned by the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm plus the degree of dissimilarity assigned by the Sellers algorithm equal a constant. The utility of the algorithms is independent of the nature of the elements in the sequence and could include anything from geological sequences to the amino acid sequences of proteins. Examples are provided using known nucleotide sequences, one of which shows two sequences to be analogous rather than homologous.
How Should the Clinician Evaluate and Manage the Cardiovascular Complications of Anorexia Nervosa

Five to twenty percent of patients with anorexia nervosa die from their illness. One half of those patients die of medical complications (Steinhavsen, 2002). Malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities may precipitate death by inducing heart failure or fatal arrhythmias. Patients and their families commonly call upon physicians to evaluate acute and ongoing risks of malnutrition and purging behaviors. Concerns about medical compromise currently tend to determine or influence insurance coverage of medical and psychiatric treatment of patients with eating disorders. There is very limited published data to guide clinicians in the evaluation, ongoing monitoring, or treatment. Surprisingly, no consensus exists regarding recommendations for either the ongoing evaluation of cardiac parameters or the clinical implications of common findings.
Reversible Ureteral Obstruction due to Polyomavirus Infection after Percutaneous Nephrostomy Catheter Placement

BK virus (BKV) is a human polyomavirus that remains latent in the urinary tract epithelium in most individuals. However, in immunocompromised states, including after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), BKV may reactivate and cause infection predominantly affecting the bladder, commonly manifested as hemorrhagic cystitis. Renal insufficiency, occasionally requiring hemodialysis, is not uncommon and was previously attributed to medications or the development of tubulointestitial nephritis. We report a series of 6 HSCT recipients who developed obstructive uropathy of the upper urinary tract system secondary to inflammation and hemorrhage involving the upper uroepithelium, causing ureteral stenosis. Temporary placement of a percutaneous nephrostomy catheter relieved the obstruction and significantly improved kidney function, successfully preventing progression to more advanced renal disease in these patients.
Output and employment in a macro model with discrete transaction costs

Abstract The paper develops a macro model for determining output and employment when discrete transaction costs exist for paying wages and for purchasing commodities. Household labor supply is a function of an effective real wage, which modifies the apparent real wage to take account of the length of the payment period and the costs associated with buying and holding commodities. Firm labor demand is derived in a model where there are lumpy payroll costs associated with making wage payments. The behavior of households and firms is brought together in a market-clearing framework to determine the values of the real wage, employment and output, as well as the time intervals between wage payments and purchases of commodities. The effects of changes in the transaction and holding cost parameters are then examined by comparative-static techniques. An increase in any of these cost parameters turns out to reduce output and the amount of labor employed in production, but also tends to raise the amount of labor absorbed by the process of transacting. The tendency of transaction labor to move in the opposite direction from production labor implies that the net effects on total work are ambiguous.
Pattern generators of the moth flight motor

Abstract 1. 1. A.C. stimulation of the thoracic ganglia of the moth Hyalophora cecropia, elicited the warmup pattern of contraction in the flight muscles, whereas d.c. stimulation elicited the flight pattern. 2. 2. Both flight and warmup can be generated in the absence of normal sensory input. 3. 3. The two different patterns of contraction can be most easily described as a function of interneurons or pacemaker cells rather than resulting from interactions between synergistic motor neurons.
Longitudinal evaluation of a World Wide Web–based antimicrobial stewardship program: Assessing factors associated with approval patterns and trends over time

Background The Johns Hopkins Children's Medical and Surgery Center developed a Web-based Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) in 2005. The present study aimed to assess longitudinal antimicrobial request and approval patterns for this ASP. Methods We analyzed a total of 16,229 antimicrobial requests for 3,542 patients between June 1, 2005, and June 30, 2009. Antimicrobial approval was the outcome of interest. We assessed gaming by studying trends in automatically approved requests. Nonparametric tests for trend were performed to detect changes in approval patterns. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with approval. Results The vast majority (91.3%) of antimicrobial requests were approved, with an increase of 6.1% over time ( P Conclusions The Web-based ASP allows management of a large number of antimicrobial requests, without apparent gaming. Observed differences in approval patterns based on patient, requestor, and antimicrobial factors may inform the development of ASPs and evaluation of provider education and training.
Aerosol beclomethasone dipropionate spray compared with theophylline as primary treatment for chronic mild-to-moderate asthma

Abstract Background: Inhaled corticosteroids and oral theophylline are effective treatments for moderate asthma. Objective: We sought to compare the benefits and adverse reactions of theophylline and aerosol beclomethasone spray. Methods: A multicenter, double-blind, double-placebo, randomized, controlled trial of 1-year duration was performed. Seven hundred forty-seven patients with asthma received either beclomethasone dipropionate aerosol spray (84 μg four times per day) or sustained-release theophylline twice per day in doses adjusted for optimum control of the disease. The main outcome measures were daily diary of symptoms and peak flow rates (recorded on a mark-sense computer-readable form); supplemental bronchodilator use; doctor's office or hospital visits and absence from work or school; spirometry; methacholine testing; adverse experiences; and cortisol blood measurements. Results: Both treatment strategies reduced symptoms promptly and achieved low absenteeism from work or school and low rates of emergency treatment for asthma. Both maintained nearly normal pulmonary function. Beclomethasone was statistically significantly more effective in reducing symptoms, supplemental bronchodilator and systemic glucocorticoid doses, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and eosinophilia. However, the magnitude of these differences was small. Theophylline caused more headache, nervousness, insomnia, and gastrointestinal distress, and more patients discontinued treatment because of side effects. Beclomethasone caused more oropharyngeal candidiases and hoarseness and reduced morning plasma cortisol levels before and after cosyntropin. It reduced the rate of growth in children. No new cataracts or glaucoma developed. Conclusion: Theophylline effectively controlled symptoms at lower than the customarily recommended blood level. The risk/benefit profiles of these agents suggest that inhaled corticosteroids may be the preferred agent for most adult patients and for some children. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:14-23.)
Challenges with linezolid therapy and reversible pancytopenia.

Linezolid is currently holding an important place in the antimicrobial armamentarium; however, not enough attention has focused on its hematotoxicity and its pathogenesis .We report here a case of reversible pancytopenia that appeared after 1 month of linezolid therapy. A 60-year-old female had undergone back surgery and developed an abscess on the left paraspinal region, adjacent to vertebral fixation. The patient developed recurrent methicillin-resistant staphylococcus bacteremia (MRSA). She received linezolid 600 mg orally twice daily. Four weeks later, her hemoglobin (Hb) level decreased from 10.7 to 6.9 g/dl (mean corpuscular volume 86.5 fl). Her reticulocyte count dropped from 2.5 to 0.00/ml. Her WBC count dropped from 7.8 to 2.9 cells/ml. The platelet count dropped from 253,000 to 61,000/ml. Vitamin B12 levels and folate levels were normal. Serum iron level was reduced to 143 mg/dl. Total iron binding capacity was 124 mg/dl and transferrin level was reduced to 99 mg/dl. Our patient required transfusion with two units of blood. She was treated with linezolid and esomeprazole. Linezolid was the drug suspected of inducing the patient’s pancytopenia. Esomeprazole was not known to be associated with myelosuppression. In our patient a marked increase in WBC, Hb, and platelet count occurred immediately after linezolid was stopped. Within the next 2 weeks, the pancytopenia completely disappeared and the blood parameters were normal. This potentiates the theory that linezolid induced a reversible pancytopenia. Our case depicts a triad of linezolid use, hematotoxicity, and recovery [1, 2, 3]. Linezolid is currently holding an important place in the antimicrobial armamentarium; hence, greater attention should focus on its hematotoxicity and its pathogenesis. Many key questions regarding relationship between structure, mechanism of action, and toxicity remain unanswered. Many reports have compared linezolid with chloramphenicol toxicity [2]. It seems that in both the hematotoxicity is dosage-time dependant. There are some similarities in structure as well as function. Both share a nitro group, assumed to play a role in chloramphenicol myelosuppression. In addition, both act to inhibit protein synthesis at the ribosomal level. There is well-established evidence that reversible bone marrow suppression from chloramphenicol toxicity occurs from mitochondrial injury [4, 5]. The chloramphenicol concept for myelosuppression proved to be an excellent framework to study new potential myelotoxins. Whether this same concept will act for linezolid itself is a question that remains to be answered. It is apparent that hematotoxicity remains the utmost challenge encountered with linezolid therapy [2, 3]. As with our case, the choice of antimicrobial therapy remains limited for most patients liable to recurrent chronic, multidrug-resistant gram-positive infections. Given that linezolid remains the drug of choice, we need to reintroduce and rechallenge smaller doses of linezolid in patients prone to repeated multidrug-resistant gram-positive infections in the face of its reversible myelosuppression.
Rare-Earth Ions in the Alkali Halides. II. Pseudolocalized Vibrational Frequencies

Vibronic structure observed in the emission and absorption spectra of alkali halides containing either ${\mathrm{Sm}}^{2+}$, ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}$, or ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{2+}$ is reported, and shown to result from pseudolocalized vibrations occurring at the rare-earth defect. A model for the defect is defined, and an analysis of its vibrational frequencies is given for the sample case of a RbCl host lattice. A Green's function formalism is used in the analysis. The calculation, in which a number of approximations are made, yields the qualitative features of the experimental results.
A multi-robot system for unconfined video-conferencing

Telepresence or tele-immersion technologies allow people to attend a shared meeting without being physically present in the same location. Commercial telepresence solutions available in the market today have significant drawbacks - they are very expensive, and confine people to the area covered by stationary cameras. In this paper, we present a mobile tele-immersion platform that addresses these issues by using robots with embedded cameras. In our system, the users can move around freely because robots autonomously adjust their locations. We provide a geometric definition of what it means to get a good view of the user, and present control algorithms to maintain a good view. The algorithms are validated both in simulation and in real experiments.
GENETIC ALTERATION OF NEUROSPORA MALATE DEHYDROGENASE.

Abstract Purified malate dehydrogenases of wild-type Neurospora and two genetically nonlinked malate mutants of Neurospora were compared. The mutant enzymes differed significantly from those of the wild-type in stability, turnover number, pH optima, sedimentation constant, molecular weight, amino acid composition, and electrophoretic mobility. A model of gene action in this system is proposed which involves the association of dissimilar polypeptides whose primary structure is encoded by the two genes.
Use of Leflunomide in the Treatment of Polyomavirus BK-Associated Nephropathy

Objective:To review the available literature describing the use of leflunomide for the treatment of Polyomavirus BK-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) in renal transplant recipients.Data Sources:Relevant literature was obtained through MEDLINE (1950–May 2008) and Science Citation Index Expanded (1900–May 2008) by using search terms leflunomide, Arava, Polyomavirus, polyoma, BK virus, and transplant. Additional articles were identified through a manual search of the reference lists of the articles obtained.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles that were written in English and discussed leflunomide use for BKVAN In renal transplant recipients were evaluated. Case reports and in vitro studies were included in this review.Data Synthesis:BKVAN has emerged as a problematic infectious complication with limited treatment options in renal transplant recipients. Leflunomide, used off-label for refractory BKVAN, is postulated to possess both antiviral and immunosuppressive properties. Two in vitro culture stu...
Pedestrian navigation systems: a showcase for deep personalization theory

There has been a rapid growth in navigation aids recently. However, no meaningful personalization exists in these devices. Theories and pilot studies show the importance of individual differences in designing pedestrian navigation assistants. I take a Requirements Engineering (RE) perspective to approach the personalization problem. Different from viewing users as a general consumer group, I propose a "deep personalization" method that pays attention to knowledge of an individual user's skills and limitations. In some cases, these skills and limitations might not be self- aware, i.e., a user cannot accurately self- reflect on his or her skills and weaknesses. In this paper, I will demonstrate the notion of deep personalization in the domain of personal navigation systems. I find this an interesting domain for several reasons: (1) There is a domain theory of navigation skills that draws from both Cartography and Psychology. (2) There are individual differences in navigation skills. (3) An individual user may not be self- aware of his or her skills. (4) If a system is delivered that does not match the skills of the user, it may be less than effective, and at worst, abandoned.
How do parents perceive their adolescent's diabetes: a qualitative study.

Background/aims The developmental tasks of adolescence, combined with physical changes, can interfere with self-management behaviour. Yet little is known about how parents view these challenges as they attempt to help their children cope with diabetes. Our objective was to understand how living with an adolescent with diabetes influences parents’ perceptions of their child’s well-being, their relationship with their child, and how they perceive the influence of peers and school on their child’s diabetes. Methods Twenty-eight parents of adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, aged 13–18 years, participated in focus groups. Transcripts were analysed using qualitative methods to determine dominant themes and incidence density. Results Themes included how diabetes negatively influences their adolescent’s lifestyle, how diabetes makes it difficult for parents to understand developmental challenges experienced by their child, concerns regarding the potential to develop long-term complications, perceptions on how diabetes impacts on their relationship with their child and relationships with peers and how their children’s school impacts on their diabetes self-management Conclusions This qualitative focus group study provides insight into parental perceptions of adolescents living with Type 1 diabetes, specifically as it relates to lifestyle implications, relationships with parents, peers and physicians, and school experiences. Diabet. Med. 23, 1222–1224 (2006)
Method and timing of tumor volume measurement for outcome prediction in cervical cancer using magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract Purpose: Recently, imaging-based tumor volume before, during, and after radiation therapy (RT) has been shown to predict tumor response in cervical cancer. However, the effectiveness of different methods and timing of imaging-based tumor size assessment have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive value for treatment outcome derived from simple diameter-based ellipsoid tumor volume measurement using orthogonal diameters (with ellipsoid computation) with that derived from more complex contour tracing/region-of-interest (ROI) analysis 3D tumor volumetry. Methods and Materials: Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations were prospectively performed in 60 patients with advanced cervical cancer (Stages IB 2 -IVB/recurrent) at the start of RT, during early RT (20–25 Gy), mid-RT (45–50 Gy), and at follow-up (1–2 months after RT completion). ROI-based volumetry was derived by tracing the entire tumor region in each MR slice on the computer work station. For the diameter-based surrogate "ellipsoid volume," the three orthogonal diameters (d 1 , d 2 , d 3 ) were measured on film hard copies to calculate volume as an ellipsoid (d 1 × d 2 × d 3 × π/6). Serial tumor volumes and regression rates determined by each method were correlated with local control, disease-free and overall survival, and the results were compared between the two measuring methods. Median post-therapy follow-up was 4.9 years (range, 2.0–8.2 years). Results: The best method and time point of tumor size measurement for the prediction of outcome was the tumor regression rate in the mid-therapy MRI examination (at 45–50 Gy) using 3D ROI volumetry. For the pre-RT measurement both the diameter-based method and ROI volumetry provided similar predictive accuracy, particularly for patients with small ( 3 ) and large (≥100 cm 3 ) pre-RT tumor size. However, the pre-RT tumor size measured by either method had much less predictive value for the intermediate-size (40–99 cm 3 ) tumors, which accounted for the majority of patients (55%). Tumor regression rate (fast vs. slow) obtained during mid-RT (45–50 Gy), which could only be appreciated by 3D ROI volumetry, had the best outcome prediction rate for local control (84% vs. 22%, p p = 0.0005). Within the difficult to classify intermediate pre-RT size group, slow ROI-based regression rate predicted all treatment failures (local control rate: 0% vs. 91%, p p Conclusion: Our preliminary data suggest that for the prediction of treatment outcome in cervical cancer, initial tumor volume can be estimated by simple diameter-based measurement obtained from film hard copies. When initial tumor volume is in the intermediate size range, ROI volumetry and an additional MRI during RT are needed to quantitatively analyze tumor regression rate for the prediction of treatment outcome.
Is microsurgical treatment of brachial plexus palsy better than conventional treatment

There are some plexus injuries for which microneural plexus reconstruction provides the only good possibility of achieving useful limb function. These injuries include complete plexus palsies in the adult and baby, and incomplete upper plexus lesions in the adult. There are plexus injuries for which there is little to no role for microneurosurgery, such as the isolated C8, T1 injury in the adult (this is an extremely rare injury in babies). This article explores conventional versus microneurosurgical reconstruction for adult traumatic and birth-related brachial plexus palsies.
Recognition and Knowledge of Medications with Black Box Warnings Among Pediatricians and Emergency Physicians.

“Boxed warnings” (BW), sometimes referred to as “black box warnings,” are the most serious level of warning provided by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We aimed to assess physician awareness and knowledge of BW, and to gain a better understanding of where physicians obtain information about serious adverse drug reactions for commonly prescribed medications. A cross-sectional survey instrument was administered to emergency medicine (EM) and pediatrician (Peds) attending and resident physicians. The main outcome measures were physician performance in identifying medications with and without black box warnings and the content of the warnings. The survey response rate was 81/198 (41 %). Respondents correctly identified medications with BW only 36.3 % of the time, but were able to correctly identify medications without such warnings 83.8 % of the time. Attending physicians were better able to identify medications with or without BW when compared with residents (p < 0.05). Among residents, there was a statistically significant increase in the ability to identify medications with or without BW with increasing year of training (p < 0.01). Correct identification of the content of BW was low in both groups (13.3 %). Only 19/50 (37 %) EM physicians and 16/31 (52 %) Peds reported that they consider BW when prescribing medications. 23/81 (29 %) respondents indicated that they did not stay current or had no method of staying current with black box information. EM and Peds attending and resident physicians at a single institution had limited ability to identify medications containing BW or the content of such warnings. A significant number reported that they did not stay current or had no consistent method for staying current with BW.
Optimal static assignment and routing policies for service centers with correlated traffic

A service center is a facility with multiple heterogeneous servers providing specialized service to multiple types of customers. An assignment policy specifies which server is enabled to serve which types of customer, and a routing policy specifies which server a customer will be routed to for service. Thus, a server can be enabled to serve many types of customer, and a customer may have many alternate servers who can serve him. This paper aims to provide decision models to determine optimal static assignment and routing policies, explicitly taking into account the stochastic fluctuations of demand along with the autocorrelations and cross-correlations of the different traffic streams. We consider several possible performance measures and formulate the optimization problem as a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem. We also develop an efficient heuristic algorithm to enhance scalability. Finally, we compare the different policies using the heuristic algorithms. We observe numerically that the routing policy tries to combine the negatively correlated traffic streams, and separate the positively correlated traffic streams.
Differences in plastic responses to defoliation due to variation in the timing of treatments for two species of Sesbania (Fabaceae).

• Background and Aims Plastic responses to stress in components of reproduction can have important effects on plant fitness and can vary both within and between species. Responses may also depend on when in the life cycle stress occurs. Here, it is predicted that the timing of initiation of a stress, defoliation, would affect the pattern of plastic responses. These differences should occur because some components of reproduction, such as flower number, are determined earlier in a plant's life than others, such as individual seed mass. • Methods To test this prediction, 50 % artificial defoliation treatments were initiated at four different times for Sesbania macrocarpa and S. vesicaria. Responses were measured in plant size, number of flowers, number of flowers/plant size, fruit set, number of seeds per fruit, individual seed mass and total seed mass per plant. • Key Results For S. vesicaria, changes in the timing of stress changed the severity, but not the pattern of response. For S. macrocarpa, plastic responses to defoliation varied strikingly between early and late treatments. Late treatments resulted in over-compensation in this species. Sesbania macrocarpa was generally more plastic than S. vesicaria and the species showed opposite responses for most components of reproduction. • Conclusions While there were effects of timing of defoliation and differences between species, the nature of these effects did not precisely fit our predictions. Our results suggest that differences in the length and flexibility of the life cycles of the two species allowed for unexpected variation in responses. For example, because flower production continued after the last treatment in S. vesicaria, responses were not constrained to reductions in individual seed mass.
Protein misfolding and aggregation in cataract disease and prospects for prevention

The transparency of the eye lens depends on maintaining the native tertiary structures and solubility of the lens crystallin proteins over a lifetime. Cataract, the leading cause of blindness worldwide, is caused by protein aggregation within the protected lens environment. With age, covalent protein damage accumulates through pathways thought to include UV radiation, oxidation, deamidation, and truncations. Experiments suggest that the resulting protein destabilization leads to partially unfolded, aggregation-prone intermediates and the formation of insoluble, light-scattering protein aggregates. These aggregates either include or overwhelm the protein chaperone content of the lens. Here, we review the causes of cataract and nonsurgical methods being investigated to inhibit or delay cataract development, including natural product-based therapies, modulators of oxidation, and protein aggregation inhibitors.
A Circuit Simulation Model of a Novel Silicon Lateral Trench Power MOSFET for High Frequency Switching Applications

In this paper, we present a novel integrable 80 V silicon lateral trench power MOSFET together with its circuit simulation model. The lateral trench power MOSFET exhibits a low figure of merit (Ron times Qg) proving very attractive for high frequency switching applications. The lateral trench power MOSFET was initially simulated using the 2-D device simulator MEDICI, and an analytical model was developed and implemented in MAST HDL for use in circuit simulators such as SABER. Circuit simulations were performed using the model developed and high frequency switching performance of the proposed device is compared against a commercial device
Electric Field Guided Self-Assembly of Molecules

Adsorbate molecules usually carry electric dipole moments, and the magnitude can be engineered by adding polar groups. This paper investigates the dynamic domain pattern formation of multilayer dipolar molecules on a substrate under the guidance of external electric fields. The simulations reveal self-alignment, pattern conformation and the reduction of feature size in multilayer systems. A novel approach of transporting molecules on a substrate surface by reconfigurable molecular vehicles and embedded electrodes is proposed.
A Comparison of Skin and Chest Wall Dose Delivered With Multicatheter, Contura Multilumen Balloon, and MammoSite Breast Brachytherapy

Purpose Skin and chest wall doses have been correlated with toxicity in patients treated with breast brachytherapy . This investigation compared the ability to control skin and chest wall doses between patients treated with multicatheter (MC), Contura multilumen balloon (CMLB), and MammoSite (MS) brachytherapy. Methods and Materials 43 patients treated with the MC technique, 45 patients treated with the CMLB, and 83 patients treated with the MS were reviewed. The maximum doses delivered to the skin and chest wall were calculated for all patients. Results The mean maximum skin doses for the MC, CMLB, and MS were 2.3 Gy (67% of prescription dose), 2.8 Gy (82% of prescription dose), and 3.2 Gy per fraction (94% of prescription dose), respectively. Although the skin distances were similar (p = 0.23) for the two balloon techniques, the mean skin dose with the CMLB was significantly lower than with the MS (p = 0.05). The mean maximum rib doses for the MC, CMLB, and MS were 2.3 Gy (67% of prescription dose), 2.8 Gy (82% of prescription dose), and 3.6 Gy per fraction (105% of prescription dose), respectively. Again, the mean rib dose with the CMLB was significantly lower than with the MS (p = 0.002). Conclusion The MC and CMLB techniques are associated with significantly lower mean skin and rib doses than is the MS. Treatment with the MS was associated with significantly more patients receiving doses to the skin or rib in excess of 125% of the prescription. Treatment with the CMLB may prove to yield less normal tissue toxicity than treatment with the MS.
Impact of diet and exercise intervention on breast ductal fluid among overweight postmenopausal women

Obesity and adulthood weight gain, operating through production of estrone in adipose tissue, inflammation, and obesity-related growth factors, increase breast cancer risk after menopause. Many studies have determined the systemic effects of excess adipose tissue on plasma and serum-based biomarkers, but few studies have determined the localized impact on biomarkers contained in breast ductal fluid. We are currently conducting a pilot 12-week diet and exercise weight-loss intervention among overweight postmenopausal women to evaluate changes in ductal fluid as a result of the intervention. To date, five women completed the study. We successfully obtained breast ductal fluid both before and after the intervention from four of the five women. Fluid was transferred into tubes and frozen in a -80° freezer. We are currently conducting assay measurements of hormones and biomarkers contained in ductal fluid. We observed changes in body composition and exercise parameters as a function of the intervention. Specifically, a 12% decrease in BMI (body-mass index), a 14% decrease in body fat mass, a 28% increase in aerobic fitness and 28% increase in muscle-strength occurred compared to baseline intervention measurements, among the women who completed the study. Our plans are to enroll five additional women, finish analyzing the ductal fluid biomarkers, and apply for a larger grant to expand the study.
Nanoscale engineering of LDL-retentive substrates

Atherosclerosis, the hardening of arteries due to build-up of lipoproteins, is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Conventional therapies as well as purely pharmacological treatments have not been consistently effective and can entail severe side effects. Encouraging preliminary results from a novel approach have shown that design of nanocarriers with varying surface charge and geometry can lead to effective sequestration of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) before it gets extensively oxidized and subsequent controlled LDL presentation to macrophages for enhanced uptake and clearance from the intima.
Parallelization primitives for dynamic sparse computations

We characterize a general class of algorithms common in machine learning, scientific computing, and signal processing, whose computational dependencies are both sparse, and dynamically defined throughout execution. Existing parallel computing runtimes, like MapReduce and GraphLab, are a poor fit for this class because they assume statically defined dependencies for resource allocation and scheduling decisions. As a result, changing load characteristics and straggling compute units degrade performance significantly. However, we show that the sparsity of computational dependencies and these algorithms' natural error tolerance can be exploited to implement a flexible execution model with large efficiency gains, using two simple primitives: selective push-pull and statistical barriers. With reconstruction for compressive time-lapse MRI as a motivating application, we deploy a large Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) computation on Amazon's EC2 cluster to demonstrate a 19x speedup over current static execution models.
Naming in children: Individual differences?

Conrad (1972) presented data supporting his argument that the equivocal results from studies investigating vocalizing in children could be explained by the existence of individual differences in the tendency to name pictures, as measured by differential performance on homophone and nonhomophone lists. It was shown, however, that his results can be very easily explained by assuming that there were no differences between the children in his experiment, and that his procedures for classifying children may have been inadequate. The type of experiment needed to justify his conclusions was outlined.
The Association between High Neuroticism-Low Extraversion and Dual-Task Performance during Walking While Talking in Non-demented Older Adults

The Walking While Talking (WWT) dual-task paradigm is a mobility stress test that predicts major outcomes, including falls, frailty, disability, and mortality in aging. Certain personality traits, such as neuroticism, extraversion, and their combination, have been linked to both cognitive and motor outcomes. We examined whether individual differences in personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion predicted dual-task performance decrements (both motor and cognitive) on a WWT task in non-demented older adults. We hypothesized that the combined effect of high neuroticism-low extraversion would be related to greater dual-task costs in gait velocity and cognitive performance in non-demented older adults. Participants (N=295; age range,=65-95 years; female=164) completed the Big Five Inventory and WWT task involving concurrent gait and a serial 7's subtraction task. Gait velocity was obtained using an instrumented walkway. The high neuroticism-low extraversion group incurred greater dual-task costs (i.e., worse performance) in both gait velocity {95% confidence interval (CI) [-17.68 to -3.07]} and cognitive performance (95% CI [-19.34 to -2.44]) compared to the low neuroticism-high extraversion group, suggesting that high neuroticism-low extraversion interferes with the allocation of attentional resources to competing task demands during the WWT task. Older individuals with high neuroticism-low extraversion may be at higher risk for falls, mobility decline and other adverse outcomes in aging.
Compensation Discrimination for Defensive Players: Applying Quantile Regression to the National Football League Market for Linebackers

Using data from 2001 to 2009, quantile regression techniques are used to analyze the presence of discrimination in the National Football League (NFL) market for linebackers. This article uses both ...
Material Relations: Domestic Interiors and Middle-Class Families in England, 1850–1910; Courtship and Marriage in Victorian England

Material Relations: Domestic Interiors and Middle-Class Families in England, 1850-1910 Jane Hamlett Manchester: Manchester UP, 2010 xvi +264, 50 illustrations. ISBN 0-719-01863-7. Courtship and Mar...
Methoxychlor metabolites may cause ovarian toxicity through estrogen-regulated pathways.

The pesticide methoxychlor (MXC) is a reproductive toxicant that targets antral follicles of the mammalian ovary. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize MXC to mono-OH MXC (1,1,1-trichloro2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethane [mono-OH]) and bis-OH MXC (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane [HPTE]), two compounds that are proposed to be more toxic than the parent compound, can interact with the estrogen receptor (ER), and are proposed to be responsible for ovarian toxicity. Thus, this work tested the hypothesis that MXC metabolites may be responsible for inducing antral follicle–specific toxicities in the ovary and that this toxicity may be mediated through ER-regulated pathways. Mouse antral follicles were isolated and exposed to mono-OH (0.01–10 mg/ml), HPTE (0.01–10 mg/ml), or MXC (100 mg/ml) alone or in combination with ICI 182,780 (ICI; 1mM) or 17b-estradiol (E2; 10 and 50nM) for 96 h. Follicle diameters were measured at 24-h intervals. After culture, follicles were morphologically evaluated for atresia. Both mono-OH and HPTE (10 mg/ml) inhibited follicle growth and increased follicle atresia. The antiestrogen, ICI, did not protect antral follicles from MXC or metabolite toxicity in regard to follicle growth or atresia, but E2 decreased MXC- and mono-OH–induced atresia in small antral follicles. These data suggest that MXC metabolites inhibit follicle growth and induce atresia and that ER-regulated pathways may mediate the ovarian toxicity of MXC and its metabolites.
Sustainability of groundwater in Mali, West Africa

The following paper describes the goals and some preliminary work in the Bani sustainability study, an ongoing project in Mali, West Africa. Rural communities in Mali are increasingly relying on hand-pumps, which tap groundwater resources, as a means of obtaining potable water. The long-term sustainable yield of groundwater resources is not known but can be evaluated in sustainability study. In 2005, a groundwater sustainability study was established along the Bani River of Mali. The Bani study collected groundwater levels that were used in a conceptual groundwater flow model—the Bani model—to develop an understanding of current aquifer conditions and to make limited predictions of sustainability under various future scenarios. The Bani model showed the climatic parameters of recharge (derived from precipitation) and evapotranspiration to influence simulated groundwater levels and groundwater volume available, while increased pumping rates, due to population growth, showed little effect. When considered in the context of the actual Bani sustainability study area, the change in groundwater levels resulting from climatic parameters may have negative implications, especially during several consecutive years of decreased precipitation, such as drought, or if downward trends anticipated for precipitation continue.
The influence of ammonia and carbon dioxide on the sorption of a basic organic pollutant to a mineral surface.

Indoor surfaces have a sorptive capacity for organic pollutants which may be significantly influenced by other gases and the pH of the surface. In this research, we examine the influence of a common indoor gaseous acid, CO2, and base, NH3, on the adsorption of a volatile organic base, trimethyl- amine (TMA), to a mineral surface, zirconium silicate beads. Varying ammonia and CO2 within concentration ranges of indoor relevance substantially influences the sorptive capacity of this mineral surface. Increasing the CO2 mixing ratio to 1000 p.p.m. enhances surface capacity of TMA by 40-50%; increasing the NH3 mixing ratio to 10 p.p.m. decreases the TMA surface capacity by � 5-80% depending on relative humidity. The phenomena of dissolution of TMA into bulk surface water and acid-base chemistry in the surface water do not ade- quately describe equilibrium adsorption on this surface. Instead, adsorption to the dry solid or to adsorbed water layers appears to dominate. Reduction in the equilibrium partition coefficient, ke, in the presence of NH3 is due to a compe- tition between TMA and ammonia molecules for adsorption sites. Site compe- tition appears to follow the Langmuir competitive model and most ke values range from 0.003-0.045 m.