cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using CFD to understand chaotic mixing in laminar stirred tanks

High-accuracy CFD results for laminar flow in a stirred tank agitated by three Rushton turbines are used as a starting point for an in-depth analysis of mixing. Asymptotic mixing performance is investigated as a function of the Reynolds number by means of Poincare sections, which reveal large segregated regions with sizes and shapes that vary greatly over a relatively small range of Reynolds numbers. The spatial distribution of mixing intensities is also examined by computing the stretching field, which can be used to optimally choose injection locations for dispersing additives in the tank. When mixing dynamics is examined by particle tracking, the structures observed at short times expose the mechanism of laminar mixing by Rushton turbines. The computed mixing structures are compared with experimental images of dye concentration using planar laser-induced fluorescence. A remarkable agreement is observed for the short-term, as well as the asymptotic evolution, of mixing patterns. Simulations of dye concentration fields as a function of Re confirm large differences in mixing behavior for the four different flow conditions. Strong axial segregation revealed by the stretching field, as well as the location of poorly mixing regions, are accurately predicted.
FOMC Forward Guidance and Investor Beliefs

Abstract This paper considers the effect of different dimensions of the FOMC's forward guidance on ex ante investor expectations about future changes in US Treasury yields. Options and Futures data for 2- and 10-year Treasuries is used to extract State-Price Densities of investor beliefs, and the corresponding standard deviation, skewness, and excess kurtosis of these densities are computed. Announcements about extension of the zero-lower bound in 2012-13 are found to reduce the expectations about crash risk, but increase the uncertainty about future yields for the 10-year. Policies about long-security purchases lead investors to place greater weight on no change in future yields.
Preventing the Risk of Foreign Reinsurer Insolvency in a Global World: Developments Toward Transnational Recognition and Cooperation in the E.U. and the U.S.

This paper researches a developing issue in regulatory cross-border reinsurance law: What is the approach taken by the European Union and the United States toward foreign reinsurers? National regulatory bodies are under pressure, caused by the reality of a state-less global market, to design adapted regulatory solutions. Several solutions are conceivable: national isolation, mere informal cooperation, mutual recognition of foreign equivalent regulation or internationally binding uniform standards on reinsurance solvency rules. In order to address the first, broader question, the paper presents the actual state of solvency regulation of reinsurers in the EU and in the US. The paper shows that over the last two decades, transnational prudential regulation of insurers and reinsurers has developed differently than by international agreement. A transnational governmental network, the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS), an association that operates as a voluntary membership of insurance supervisors of several jurisdictions, has silently advocated for cross-border equivalence assessments and mutual recognition. For instance, when the paper presents EU law – the Solvency II Directive – the practical impact of the technical guidelines developed by the IAIS becomes clear. The informal, cross-border “regulation” or soft law developed by the IAIS is transforming into formal rules. The EU Solvency II directive, taking effect in October 2012, has opted to perform mutual equivalence assessments, which implies that its solvency concept is to some extent exported, as a condition to allowing foreign reinsurers to the EU market. As a consequence, foreign regulatory bodies or foreign solvency regulation are faced with the need to find a mutually acceptable form of solvency regulation. In the U.S. the effect of cross-border reinsurance services has led to a new development in insurance law: A carefully defined area of insurance law, the area of “international insurance” or the negotiation of bilateral and multilateral agreements concerning recognition of prudential measures has been expressly federalized by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Accordingly, the federal government will newly be represented in the IAIS, in addition to its separate states that are already member of the IAIS.
SMART Wind Turbine Rotor: Design and Field Test

The Wind Energy Technologies department at Sandia National Laboratories has developed and field tested a wind turbine rotor with integrated trailing-edge flaps designed for active control of rotor aerodynamics. The SMART Rotor project was funded by the Wind and Water Power Technologies Office of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and was conducted to demonstrate active rotor control and evaluate simulation tools available for active control research. This report documents the design, fabrication, and testing of the SMART Rotor. This report begins with an overview of active control research at Sandia and the objectives of this project. The SMART blade, based on the DOE / SNL 9-meter CX-100 blade design, is then documented including all modifications necessary to integrate the trailing edge flaps, sensors incorporated into the system, and the fabrication processes that were utilized. Finally the test site and test campaign are described.
The effect of in-vitro ageing on mouse sperm chromosomes

In-vitro ageing has long been suspected to affect adversely the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize and produce viable zygotes. A comparison of the first cleavage chromosome complement of 824 mouse embryos fertilized with fresh spermatozoa and 656 embryos fertilized with spermatozoa aged for 12, 24 or 48 h is reported herein. The chromosome analysis of first-cleavage embryos allows us to study directly the paternal and maternal chromosome complements which contribute to the embryo. Both chromosome clusters remain separate when an antimitotic agent is used to prevent metaphase synchronization, allowing identification of maternal and paternal chromosomes. We show that after sperm ageing, there is a decrease in the fertilization rate from 75% in the controls to 57.5% (12 h of ageing), 63.5% (24h of ageing) and 4.4% (48 h of ageing). Simultaneously, the level of chromosome structural abnormalities increase from 1.3% in the controls to 16.5% after 12 h of ageing, 18.8% after 24 h of ageing and 59% after 48 h of ageing. The incidence of aneuploidy and polyploidy is not affected by ageing of the spermatozoa. Most of the structural abnormalities are paternal in origin and are presumably induced by the ageing of spermatozoa.
Mechanics of Diffusion-Induced Fractures in Lithium-ion Battery Materials

Our study is motivated by the need for development and deployment of reliable and efficient energy storage devices, such as lithium-ion batteries. However, the rate-capacity loss is the key obstacle faced by current lithium-ion battery technology, hindering many potential large-scale engineering applications, such as future transportation modalities, grid stabilization and storage systems for renewable energy. During electrochemical processes, diffusion-induced stress is an important factor causing electrode material capacity loss and failure. In this study, we present models that are capable for describing diffusion mechanisms and stress formation in LiFePO4 nanoparticles, a lithium-ion battery cathode material which promises an alternative, with the potential for reduced cost and improved safety. To evaluate mechanics of diffusion-induced fractures, a plate-like model is adopted with anisotropic materials properties and volume misfits during the phase transformation are considered. Stress distribution at phase boundaries and fracture mechanics information (energy release rates and stress intensity factors) are provided to further understand the stress development due to lithium-ion diffusion during discharging. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of kinetics of materials in lithium-ion batteries, and results from our stress analysis provides better electrode materials design rules for future lithium-ion batteries.
Micro-CT evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis mouse model disease progression: Manual tracings versus semi-automated routines.

Abstract Purpose The primary goal of this study was to demonstrate the value of micro-CT imaging in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mouse model. The secondary goal was to assess whether manual correction of the articular surface regions of interest (ROI) identification of the semi-automated methods may result in more effective assessment of bone volume and density loss. Materials and methods Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was induced in six DBA/1J mice at 12 weeks of age and three other DBA/1J identical mice served as controls. Micro-CT images were acquired at baseline and at four, seven, and nine weeks post-induction. Disease was monitored via ROI analysis, and ROIs were first generated using semi-automated techniques. These ROIs were manually manipulated so that a variety of edge irregularities were corrected. Effort was focused on the proximal and distal humerus and the distal femur. ROI volume and density were calculated, and data were compared. A histologic analysis of the study mice was also performed after the last time frame. Results There was a significant difference between the volume data comparison between the manually manipulated data and the semi-automated routine data across all time frames and across both humeri and femurs. There was no significant difference in densities calculated in Hounsfield units across any of the time frames, humeri or femurs, except for one time frame. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the manual correction technique of semi-automated data can be used to quantify and evaluate bone volume, density, and joint surface architecture changes in a RA mouse model.
Nonlinear Optimal Guidance

Even though certain equivalence between optimal interceptor guidance and conventional proportional-navigation guidance is well known in some linear cases, little is understood on what difference will arise in a nonlinear setting. This paper makes an attempt in understanding the similarity and difference between the two guidance laws when applied in a nonlinear world. We first develop the closed-form optimal guidance law subject to nonlinear kinematics. Then we proceed to answer the questions of when it compares closely to proportional-navigation guidance law, and when the two will be very different.
A Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose

(1997). A Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose … The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 55-56.
The Impact of the Graphite Nanofiber Structure on the Behavior of Supported Nickel

In the current investigation we have used the hydrogenation of ethylene and crotonaldehyde as probe reactions in an attempt to follow any changes in catalytic behavior induced by supporting nickel on different types of graphite nanofiber support materials. The hydrogenation of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde to the desired product, crotyl alcohol, is a particularly difficult task since there is a strong tendency to hydrogenate both the C=C and C=O in the reactant molecule. This study is designed to compare the catalytic behavior of the metal particles when dispersed on three types of nanofibers, where the orientation of the graphite platelets within the structures is significantly different in each case. The metal crystallites are located in such a manner that the majority of particles are in direct contact with graphite edge regions. For comparison purposes, the same set of hydrogenation reactions were carried out under similar conditions over γ-Al2O3 supported nickel particles.
Quantifying Sustainability: Methodology for and Determinants of an Environmental Sustainability Index

ABSTRACT We consider new methods of component extraction and identification for the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) – an aggregation of environmental variables created as a measure of overall progress towards environmental sustainability. Principally, we propose and illustrate a parametric version of Independent Component Analysis via Copulas (CICA). The CICA procedure yields a more coherent picture of the determinants of environmental sustainability.
Cognitive enhancement on the (Pokémon) go

The Pokemon Go craze highlights how digital devices grab hold of our minds-and don't let go. Images of well-dressed people hunched over smartphones, staggering dangerously along city streets, riveted by the appearance onscreen of imaginary characters set in their visible terrain, epitomize what's gone wrong with our computer-mediated world.
Bringing the Beast Back In: The Rehabilitation of Pet Keeping in Soviet Russia

When the Bolsheviks came to power in 1917, they condemned the practice of keeping pets as part of the bourgeois order they intended to overthrow. Yet within 30 years, pet keeping re-emerged as an integral part of urban, everyday socialism. This study charts shifting attitudes toward dogs in the Soviet period to reveal some of the paradoxes underlying practices of pet keeping and offers new insight into the contours of the private sphere in Soviet Russia. While pet keeping as a personal or familial activity constituted an important component of the private sphere, the pet fancy involved the public and the official realm of state authority as well. The celebrity of “space dogs” such as Laika presents an interesting avenue for exploring the connections between attitudes toward dogs as (private) pets and the celebration of (public) Soviet achievements.
A Deep Dive into Extreme Television Media Selection

This chapter examines the reasons behind extreme media selection under an “information search” condition. Using mainstream and extreme media content, subjects were prompted to select the media choice they believed would give them the “best information to make their political choices.” Predictors of media selection are replicated here, but Taylor turns to qualitative process tracing to study why people make their media choices and how they feel about those choices afterward. Taylor finds that people selecting into extreme media are entertainment seeking, and that subjects who viewed extreme media found it more entertaining than people who selected into mainstream television news. This chapter deepens our understanding of extreme media selection, and shows that extreme media are an extension of the “infotainment” format television.
RECURRENCE IN DISLOCATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE

Continuous hyperextension and longitudinal traction may be maintained after reduction of a fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine by the application of a plaster jacket with a head piece and by wedging with turnbuckles. This method is efficacious in the prevention of recurrences as well as in the reduction of certain fractures.
A metastable modular structural system for adaptive nonreciprocal wave propagation

In this research, we present a novel approach to achieve adaptive nonreciprocal wave propagation by exploiting the concept of metastable modular metastructures or metamaterials. Numerical studies on a 1D metastable chain provide clear evidence that such unconventional wave transmission characteristics is facilitated through both nonlinearity and spatial asymmetry of strategically configured constituents. Due to a synergistic product of assembling together metastable modules, modules that exhibit coexisting stable states for the same topology, recent investigations have demonstrated remarkable programmability of properties afforded via transitioning amongst these metastable states. In the context of wave transmission, such massive property adaptation provides unprecedented bandgap tuning opportunities and therefore enables the adaptivity of nonreciprocal wave propagation. In addition to metastable states, influence of wave amplitude and frequency on the existence and adaptation of nonreciprocal wave transmission is also parametrically explored. Overall, this investigation elucidates the rich dynamics achievable by nonlinearity and metastabilities, and creates a new class of adaptive structural and material systems capable of achieving tunable bandgaps and nonreciprocal wave transmissions.
Avoiding Preventable Complications in Hospitalized Patients with CKD.

The health care delivery system in developed countries provides increasingly advanced treatment to individuals with complex medical problems and comorbid conditions. Complex treatment often requires hospitalization. The combination of complex treatment and complex patients sometimes results in
Investigating Alignment Between Elementary Mathematics Teacher Education and Graduates' Teaching of Mathematics for Conceptual Understanding

In this article, Amanda Jansen, Dawn Berk, and Erin Meikle investigate the impact of mathematics teacher education on teaching practices. In their study they interviewed six first-year teachers who graduated from the same elementary teacher education program and who were oriented toward teaching mathematics conceptually. They observed each teacher teaching two lessons: one on a mathematics topic that was developed in their teacher education program (target topic) and one on a mathematics topic that was not addressed in their program (control topic). Based on their observations, the authors identified four instructional practices for teaching mathematics conceptually that the participants used in their classroom practice and found that these teachers were more likely to enact two of these instructional practices when teaching target topics: use of mathematical language to support students' sense making and use of visual representations. They also found that the teachers enacted two other instructional prac...
Spectral Affine-Kernel Embeddings

In this paper, we propose a controllable embedding method for high- and low-dimensional geometry processing through sparse matrix eigenanalysis. Our approach is equally suitable to perform non-linear dimensionality reduction on big data, or to offer non-linear shape editing of 3D meshes and pointsets. At the core of our approach is the construction of a multi-Laplacian quadratic form that is assembled from local operators whose kernels only contain locally-affine functions. Minimizing this quadratic form provides an embedding that best preserves all relative coordinates of points within their local neighborhoods. We demonstrate the improvements that our approach brings over existing nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods on a number of datasets, and formulate the first eigen-based as-rigid-as-possible shape deformation technique by applying our affine-kernel embedding approach to 3D data augmented with user-imposed constraints on select vertices.
An Introduction to EI Therapy with Adolescents

The introductory chapter provides readers a brief history of existential theory and therapy, touching upon its therapeutic implications. The discussion will focus mostly on Schneider’s (2008, Existential-integrative psychotherapy: Guideposts to the core of practice, New York, NY, US, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.) existential-integrative therapy(EI), including his consideration of experiential liberation and the polarities of human existence that should be contemplated in therapy. Other views discussed include those of May, Tillich, and Rank. The chapter closes with a broad overview of the process of conducting EI, with the author expanding on Schneider’s conceptualization of the therapy process.
MobiCore: An adaptive hybrid approach for power-efficient CPU management on Android devices

Smartphones are becoming essential devices used for various types of applications in our daily life. To satisfy the ever-increasing performance requirement, the number of CPU cores in a phone keeps growing, which imposes a great impact on its power consumption. This work presents a series of analysis to understand how the current Android resource management policy adjusts CPU features. Our results indicate a significant improvement margin for CPU power efficiency in modern Android smartphones. We then propose MobiCore — a power-efficient CPU management scheme that can optimize the use of Dynamic and Frequency Voltage Scaling (DVFS) and the Dynamic Core Scaling (DCS) techniques with a sensitive control on CPU bandwidth. The measurements on the real systems prove that MobiCore can achieve substantial CPU power reduction compared to state-of-the-art architectures.
The geochemistry of Don Juan Pond: Evidence for a deep groundwater flow system in Wright Valley, Antarctica

Abstract Don Juan Pond (DJP), Antarctica, is one of the most unusual surface waters on Earth because of its CaCl 2 -rich composition. To investigate the evolution of pond waters during closed-basin evaporation and to understand the source of brines responsible for the chemistry of DJP, we apply a newly developed low-temperature aqueous model in the Na–K–Ca–Mg–Cl system to DJP. By modeling the closed-basin evaporation of DJP and comparing ionic ratios between DJP surface water, deep groundwater, shallow groundwater, and other surface chemistries in Wright Valley, we find that DJP is best explained by upwelling deep groundwater, as opposed to recent hypotheses proposing shallow groundwater sources. The early closed-basin evolution of brines in our model accurately predicts observed chemistries in DJP; however, late-stage closed-basin evaporation produces Mg–K-rich brines and salts that do not match the CaCl 2 -rich brine in DJP. Based on groundwater inflow rates to DJP, we estimate that even the most concentrated brines in DJP have undergone closed-basin evaporation for less than a year. To explain the observed lack of Mg 2+ and K + accumulation in DJP over time, and the surprisingly young age for the brines, we deduce that DJP is a localized upwelling from a regional groundwater flow-through system in which evaporated DJP brines are recycled back into the subsurface over yearly timescales. The existence of a regional groundwater flow system beneath DJP has implications for water and solute budgets in cold desert ecosystems, and may provide clues for the formation of groundwater and aqueous flows on Mars.
The Counterplan as Argument in Non-Policy Debate

The counterplan argument, customarily associated with policy debate, is a legitimate argument strategy in many non-policy debates. This essay offers a rationale for including counterplan arguments ...
CPR in medical TV shows: non-health care student perspective

Introduction There are over a dozen medical shows airing on television, many of which are during prime time. Researchers have recently become more interested in the role of these shows, and the awareness on cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Several cases have been reported where a lay person resuscitated a family member using medical TV shows as a reference. The purpose of this study is to examine and evaluate college students' perception on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and when to shock using an automated external defibrillator based on their experience of watching medical TV shows. Methods A total of 170 students (nonmedical major) were surveyed in four different colleges in the United States. The survey consisted of questions that reflect their perception and knowledge acquired from watching medical TV shows. A stepwise regression was used to determine the significant predictors of "How often do you watch medical drama TV shows" in addition to chi-square analysis for nominal variables. Results Regression model showed significant effect that TV shows did change students' perception positively (p<0.001), and they would select shock on asystole as the frequency of watching increases (p=0.023). Conclusion The findings of this study show that high percentage of nonmedical college students are influenced significantly by medical shows. One particular influence is the false belief about when a shock using the automated external defibrillator (AED) is appropriate as it is portrayed falsely in most medical shows. This finding raises a concern about how these shows portray basic life support, especially when not following American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines. We recommend the medical advisors in these shows to use AHA guidelines and AHA to expand its expenditures to include medical shows to educate the public on the appropriate action to rescue an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patient.
Regional Infrastructure Investment Allocation for Sustainability

In this chapter, we present a computable theory of multi-region optimal economic growth that may be used to determine tax policy and public infrastructure investment plans that facilitate financial, labor force, and environmental sustainability. A numerical example is presented to illustrate use of our theory.
The obesity gene in swine: sequence and expression of porcine leptin.

Leptin is a 16-kDa protein secreted by adipocytes that has been proposed to regulate feed intake in mice, rats, and humans. The present study was designed to characterize porcine leptin structure and expression. Successful RT-PCR resulted in development of a cDNA clone to the full length coding region of porcine leptin. Sequence data demonstrate 85% base homology to rodent, 88% to human, and a 92% homology to the bovine sequence. For assessment of porcine leptin gene expression, total RNA was extracted from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of genetically selected high backfat pigs and from contemporary crossbred swine. Total RNA derived from genetically selected high fat pigs contained 113% higher (P < .05) concentrations of porcine leptin mRNA than total RNA derived from contemporary crossbred pigs. Western blotting was used to evaluate serum levels of porcine leptin in genetically selected high backfat and contemporary, crossbred pigs. Relative levels of porcine leptin in sera from obese swine were approximately 306% higher (P < .05) than levels present in sera from contemporary, crossbred swine. These data indicate that leptin is expressed in pigs, the expressed protein is secreted into the bloodstream, and obese swine express higher levels of leptin mRNA and protein than nonobese swine at similar body weight.
Clustering and the Weekend Effect: Recommendations for the Use of Top Domain Lists in Security Research.

Top domain rankings (e.g., Alexa) are commonly used in security research, such as to survey security features or vulnerabilities of “relevant” websites. Due to their central role in selecting a sample of sites to study, an inappropriate choice or use of such domain rankings can introduce unwanted biases into research results. We quantify various characteristics of three top domain lists that have not been reported before. For example, the weekend effect in Alexa and Umbrella causes these rankings to change their geographical diversity between the workweek and the weekend. Furthermore, up to 91% of ranked domains appear in alphabetically sorted clusters containing up to 87k domains of presumably equivalent popularity. We discuss the practical implications of these findings, and propose novel best practices regarding the use of top domain lists in the security community.
Epidural Blood Patch in a Nine-year-old Boy

The authors describe a case of a 9-year-old boy with evidence of a post-lumbar puncture who was successfully treated with an epidural blood patch using 5 ml of autologous blood.
Long-Term Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HCV Patients Treated With Direct Acting Antiviral Agents.

Sustained virologic response (SVR) after direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) holds promise for reducing hepatocellular cancer (HCC). DAAs have recently been available long enough to estimate the long-term risk. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients who achieved SVR with DAAs from 129 Veterans Health Administration hospitals between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2015, with follow-up through September 30, 2018. We calculated the overall and quarterly HCC incidence rates. We examined the effect of demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors and the decline or increase of FIB-4 and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) on HCC risk. Among the 18,076 patients with SVR, 544 incident cases of HCC were diagnosed during the mean 2.9 years of follow-up. The cumulative 1, 2, and 3-year risks of HCC were 1.1%, 1.9% and 2.8%, respectively. Cirrhosis was strongly associated with HCC risk (adjusted hazard ratio = 4.13, 95% confidence interval = 3.34-5.11). The quarterly incidence rate of HCC remained stable between 1.00 and 1.23/100 person-years (PY) and 1.5 to 2.3/100 PY in patients with cirrhosis. The risk of HCC was the highest in patients who had persistently high FIB-4/APRI and both with and without cirrhosis. HCC risk fell in patients with cirrhosis who experienced a decrease of FIB-4/APRI scores yet remained higher than the accepted threshold for HCC surveillance. HCC risk was also higher in patients with alcohol use, older age, and infection with HCV genotype 3. Most patients treated at an early stage of liver fibrosis had a stable low risk. Conclusion: Patients successfully treated with DAAs and at risk of HCC did not regress after 3.6 years of follow-up. HCC risk remained above the accepted thresholds for surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. These data have important implications for HCC surveillance in cured HCV patients.
2002 - EX VIVO ACTIVATION OF HEAT SHOCK FACTOR 1 (HSF1) PROMOTES SUSTAINED HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL SELF-RENEWAL

The inability to maintain and expand hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in culture represents a major barrier to their expanded use in cell-based therapies. We recently discovered that HSCs exhibit low protein synthesis in vivo, regardless of whether they are quiescent or undergoing self-renewing divisions. In the present study, we determined that cultured HSCs rapidly upregulated genes that promote translation and exhibited a ∼2000% increase in protein synthesis. Increased protein synthesis overwhelmed protein quality control systems within HSCs, caused an imbalance in protein homeostasis, and was associated with nuclear translocation of Hsf1. Hsf1 is the master regulator of the heat shock pathway, and induces transcription of heat shock proteins that coordinate proteotoxic stress response to maintain protein homeostasis. Inactive Hsf1 is typically sequestered in the cytoplasm, and is rarely seen in the nucleus of HSCs in vivo. Genetic deletion of Hsf1 exacerbated HSC depletion in vitro, but had little effect on HSC function in vivo. These data indicated that Hsf1 promotes ex vivo HSC maintenance, and raised the possibility that increasing Hsf1 activation could enhance HSC self-renewal. To test this, we developed a new serum- and stroma-free platform to culture purified HSCs. In 10-day cultures initiated with just 10 purified HSCs, small molecules that promoted Hsf1 nuclear translocation supported extensive proliferation and complete retention of long-term multilineage reconstituting activity in serial transplantation assays. The positive effect of these small molecules on HSC growth was completely ablated in the absence of Hsf1. At the molecular level, Hsf1 activation reduced the unfolded protein load and partially rebalanced protein homeostasis in HSCs. These findings indicate that maintaining protein homeostasis is a key factor in promoting ex vivo HSC self-renewal.
Exposure to surgery under general anaesthesia and brain magnetic resonance imaging changes in older adults.

Abstract Background Preclinical studies suggest that exposure to general anaesthesia (GA) could cause neurodegeneration consistent with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful to study structural brain changes. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to surgery with GA (surgery/GA) is associated with greater cortical thinning and increased frequency of white matter lesions. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of 70–91-yr-old participants enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging who had baseline MRI. The thickness of selected cortical regions, the volume of white matter hyperintensities, and the frequency of cortical infarctions were compared in participants who were and were not exposed to surgery/GA within 20 yr before the first MRI obtained after enrolment. Results Of 1410 participants with MRI scans, 932 were exposed to surgery/GA before scanning. In adjusted analyses, cortical thickness in regions vulnerable to AD was significantly less in those exposed to surgery/GA in the prior 20 yr (difference −0.023 mm, [95% confidence interval (CI) −0.041 to −0.005], P=0.014). Those with surgery in the prior 20 yr were more likely to have ‘abnormal thickness' compared with those without surgery (odds ratio=1.45, [95% CI 1.10–1.90], P=0.009). Exposure was not associated with white matter hyperintensities or the presence of brain infarcts. Conclusions This study suggests that exposure of older adults to surgical anaesthesia is associated with thinning in cortical regions implicated in AD. The pathogenesis and mechanisms driving these neurodegenerative changes, and the potential clinical significance of these findings, require further study.
Harnessing γδ T Cells as Natural Immune Modulators

Abstract There has been renewed interest in harnessing the power of the immune system as a countermeasure against infectious pathogens and cancers. One immune cell target in the development of these approaches is the γδ T cell. These cells are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses against infectious agents and cancers, and they migrate to, and reside in, mucosal tissues. γδ T cells exhibit a broad array of natural (or constitutive) and induced effector functions, including antigen presentation, that can be fine-tuned depending on their stimulation. They express unique antigen receptors as well as nonantigen, innate immune type surface receptors that can be targeted. In this chapter, we will review the biology and the basis for use of γδ T cells as a therapeutic target. We will then summarize novel plant- and microbe-derived materials that enhance γδ T cell activity in animal models and humans that can be used as a new strategy for mucosal vaccine development.
Keys to successful implementation of a professional development program: Insights from UC Irvine's GPS-BIOMED

Abstract Development as well as sustenance of career and professional development programming is a dynamic and ever evolving process. Ph.D. students and postdocs require appropriate training mechanisms in order to be innovative researchers of the future, as well as polished professionals who can be employed in diverse job sectors. UC Irvine's Graduate Professional Success in the Biomedical Sciences (GPS-BIOMED) initiative prepares our trainees for both academic and non-academic careers via programming in four categories: exploration, training, experiential learning, and transition. Program development involved utilization of existing career resources on-campus, building valuable new partnerships, and initiating collaborations within and outside campus. A key element is science communication training for students to share their research to a wide variety of audiences. Additionally, keeping alumni engaged in programming to serve as speakers and mentors has helped not only in career exploration but also in career transitions.
Large Data Flow Graphs in Limited GPU Memory

The size of a GPU’s memory imposes strict limits both on the complexity of neural networks and the size of the data samples that can be processed. This paper presents methods to efficiently use GPU memory by the TensorFlow1 machine learning framework for processing large data flow graphs of neural networks. The proposed techniques make use of swapping data stored in GPU memory to and from CPU memory, data compression, and serialization of computation. The data flow graph is modified by inserting nodes for data transfer and compression, and by defining control dependencies for serializing the execution of graph nodes. The locations for additional nodes and control dependencies are determined algorithmically by the analysis of the graph’s topology and the complexity of operations implemented by the graph’s nodes. Our experiments show the capability to process 3D-Unet [1] on 1923-sized images with batch size 4 and ResNet [2] models with more than 7 fold the maximum batch size.
The Consequences of the Consequences of the Principles for the Theory of the Principles

Berkeley’s philosophy of science is often assumed to be tangential to the theory laid out in the Principles, for which he is best known, and to be found instead only in minor works. It is undeniable however that Berkeley dedicates a large section of the Principles to a discussion of natural science or philosophy. I argue that this section is central to Berkeley’s conception of his goals in the Principles. Here, Berkeley is showing that a theory based on his own limited ontology of spirits and ideas can do a better job of providing knowledge of natural phenomena than its chief rival, that holds that natural phenomena are to be understood as flowing from inward, but unknown essences. Berkeley’s project is ultimately epistemological. An account based on essences leads to skepticism, while instead we have certain knowledge of phenomena when we understand them to be deduced from laws of increasing generality. Berkeley takes his approach to be in line with that of Newton, with one exception. Newton supposes that his theory requires appeal to absolute space, place and motion. Berkeley argues that philosophers actually achieve their results by tacitly appealing only to space relative to some framework, and concludes that the only coherent account of space is relative, in line with the constructive account he had developed earlier in The New Theory of Vision.
Faster chemistry at surfaces

The physical properties of a liquid at an interface differ from bulk solution limits, but how this affects chemical reactivity is unclear. Now, ultrafast, surface-sensitive vibrational spectroscopy has revealed that the light-induced reaction of phenol with water is four orders of magnitude faster at the water surface than in bulk.
Genetic Network Architecture and Environmental Cues Drive Spatial Organization of Phenotypic Division of Labor in Streptomyces coelicolor.

A number of bacteria are known to differentiate into cells with distinct phenotypic traits during processes such as biofilm formation or the development of reproductive structures. These cell types, by virtue of their specialized functions, embody a division of labor. However, how bacteria build spatial patterns of differentiated cells is not well understood. Here, we examine the factors that drive spatial patterns in divisions of labor in colonies of Streptomyces coelicolor, a multicellular bacterium capable of synthesizing an array of antibiotics and forming complex reproductive structures (e.g., aerial hyphae and spores). Using fluorescent reporters, we demonstrate that the pathways for antibiotic biosynthesis and aerial hypha formation are activated in distinct waves of gene expression that radiate outwards in S. coelicolor colonies. We also show that the spatiotemporal separation of these cell types depends on a key activator in the developmental pathway, AdpA. Importantly, when we manipulated local gradients by growing competing microbes nearby, or through physical disruption, expression in these pathways could be decoupled and/or disordered, respectively. Finally, the normal spatial organization of these cell types was partially restored with the addition of a siderophore, a public good made by these organisms, to the growth medium. Together, these results indicate that spatial divisions of labor in S. coelicolor colonies are determined by a combination of physiological gradients and regulatory network architecture, key factors that also drive patterns of cellular differentiation in multicellular eukaryotic organisms.IMPORTANCE Streptomyces coelicolor is a multicellular bacterium that differentiates into specialized cell types and produces a diverse array of natural products. While much is known about the genetic networks that regulate development and antibiotic biosynthesis in S. coelicolor, what drives the spatial organization of these activities within a colony remains to be explored. By using time-lapse microscopy to monitor gene expression in developmental and antibiotic biosynthesis pathways, we found that expression in these pathways occurs in spatiotemporally separated waves. Normally, expression of the antibiotic biosynthesis pathway preceded expression in the developmental pathway; however, this order was compromised in a mutant lacking a key developmental regulator. Furthermore, when we disrupted the local gradients during S. coelicolor growth, we observed disordered patterns of gene expression within colonies. Together, these results indicate that spatial divisions of labor in S. coelicolor colonies are determined by a combination of regulatory network architecture and physiological gradients.
Insight into the Shortage of Food Animal Veterinarians

A survey of Nebraska veterinarians was conducted to study factors that influence veterinarians in their choice of practice type and location, e.g. food animal or small animal veterinary practice, and the type of community where they practice, i.e. urban or rural. Objectives of the study were to determine if possible veterinary college admission criteria could be identified to improve selection of students that will ultimately pursue food animal and rural practices, and whether programs in veterinary medical colleges significantly influenced food animal and rural veterinary practice decisions of these graduates. Background characteristics significantly associated with food animal practice included: male, grew up on a working farm or ranch, parents had livestock, hometown population of 10,000 or less, and interest in food animal practice at time of admission to veterinary medical college.
Regular Expressions 101

A regular expression (or “regex”) is a search pattern used by applications to allow versatile find or find/replace operations on data. Because regexes use patterns rather than variables or specific...
‘Beri aku Air Hidup, Tuhan!’: Seru Perempuan Samaria dan Gen-Z (Suatu Tafsir Kontrapuntal Yohanes 4:14 sebagai Laku Spiritualitas Generasi Z Indonesia Era Postmodern)

Spiritualitas generasi muda pada era postmodern cenderung pluralis dan relatif. Alih-alih memandangnya sebagai corak berpikir yang negatif, keadaan tersebut dapat menjadi kekuatan tersendiri dalam internalisasi nilai spiritualitas Kristen kepada generasi Z khususnya. Artikel ini akan menawarkan suatu pendekatan kontekstual akan Yohanes 4:14 sebagai suatu laku spiritualitas Generasi Z di Indonesia. Generasi Z mempunyai tiga karakteristik utama yakni realistis, pluralistis, dan aktivis. Berbagai karakteristik tersebut akan dipadukan dengan kisah dialog antara perempuan Samaria dengan Yesus di Yohanes 4 dalam ayat 14 penjelasan akan air hidup menjadi suatu laku spiritualitas yang perlu dimiliki seseorang. Pembacaan kontrapuntal menjadi suatu pendekatan yang dipakai dalam menganalisis antara karakteristik Generasi Z dengan teks Yohanes 4:14 beserta keutuhan ceritanya. Perspektif penulis sebagai Gen-Z Indonesia pun juga akan dilibatkan dalam proses penafsiran. Artikel ini pada akhirnya berimplikasi bahwa makna air hidup pada teks Yohanes 4:14 memuat suatu spiritualitas-fisik, yakni bagaimana spiritualitas dapat mendayagunakan kehidupan Gen-Z dalam mendobrak segala batasan demi berkontribusi untuk kemajuan bangsa, Asia, dan dunia yang lebih baik.
Conquer by cryo-EM without physically dividing.

This mini-review provides an update regarding the substantial progress that has been made in using single-particle cryo-EM to obtain high-resolution structures for proteins and other macromolecules whose particle sizes are smaller than 100 kDa. We point out that establishing the limits of what can be accomplished, both in terms of particle size and attainable resolution, serves as a guide for what might be expected when attempting to improve the resolution of small flexible portions of a larger structure using focused refinement approaches. These approaches, which involve computationally ignoring all but a specific, targeted region of interest on the macromolecules, is known as 'masking and refining,' and it thus is the computational equivalent of the 'divide and conquer' approach that has been used so successfully in X-ray crystallography. The benefit of masked refinement, however, is that one is able to determine structures in their native architectural context, without physically separating them from the biological connections that they require for their function. This mini-review also compares where experimental achievements currently stand relative to various theoretical estimates for the smallest particle size that can be successfully reconstructed to high resolution. Since it is clear that a substantial gap still remains between the two, we briefly recap the areas in which further improvement seems possible, both in equipment and in methods.
Natural Language Processing in Mental Health Research and Practice

Information relevant to mental health is commonly recorded as unstructured narrative text. This text may be part of a clinical record, a social media post, a diary, or a transcribed conversation between two or more people. Although the quantity and richness of this unstructured narrative text is vast, it is inaccessible to traditional computer systems which rely on structured data. Natural language processing (NLP) is a technology that solves the problem of making this information accessible to computer systems. NLP is a technology for converting unstructured narrative texts into a format that is more easily accessible to computerized systems. NLP is also a scientific field—the field concerned with developing and applying methods for making unstructured narrative texts computable. NLP is a field in computer science that combines artificial intelligence, statistics, and linguistics to process unstructured text and make it more easily accessible by computerized systems. In this chapter, we provide an overview of NLP within the mental health domain. We discuss different data sources, including electronic health records and social media text, and describe how to collect, process, and analyze these texts for mental health research and practice. Finally, we provide an overview of applications, challenges, limitations, and ethical considerations.
Dysgerminoma of the ovary.

Abstract Despite the patient's involuntary sterility, there were no physical findings to substantiate a condition of hypoplasia of the gonads as the early case reports attempted to stress. This case, however, serves to emphasize that dysgerminoma does occur in the olderage groups and can behave in a biologically highly malignant fashion. Although a rare condition, metastatic lesions in the lung should not be disregarded as a possible complication, and the x-ray therapy should include the mediastinal field in cases at all doubtful.
Intra- to Multidecadal Climate Variability over the Continental United States: 1932–99

Abstract Trend analysis is used frequently in climate studies, but it is vulnerable to a number of conceptual shortcomings. This analysis of U.S. climate division data uses an alternate approach. The method used here subjects time series of annual average temperature and total precipitation to tests of Mann–Whitney U statistics over moving sampling windows of intra- to multidecadal (IMD) duration. In applying this method to time series of nationally averaged annual rainfall, a highly significant incidence of wet years is found after the early 1970s. When applied to individual climate divisions this test provides the basis for a climate survey method that is more robust than linear trend analysis, and capable of objectively isolating the timing and location of major IMD climate events over the United States. From this survey, four such periods emerge between 1932 and 1999: the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s, a cool 1964–79 period, and wet–warm time windows at the end of the century. More circumstantial co...