cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of Arizona Paracolon 7: 1,7,8 in Feed and Water

Abstract One of the prominent characteristics of Arizona paracolon is its persistence without a host. The Arizona group of organisms can survive in shady yards for at least six months (Worcester, 1965) and can remain infective contaminants for over six months in turkey yards (Rosenwald, 1965). Contaminated feed and water are among the routes of transmission of Arizona infection listed by Williams (1965). Since references to the persistence of Arizona paracolon in feed and water were not found in the literature, the following observations were considered worthy of reporting. PROCEDURES The culture of Arizona paracolon 7: 1,7,8 used in these studies was originally isolated from the shell of a soiled turkey egg. The inoculum for the feed and water was prepared by washing the growth from a 24-hr. tryptose agar culture with a sterile solution of 0.1% proteose peptone no. 3 and diluting the suspension to a reading of 55% light . . .
A clonal study of the reversible inhibition of muscle differentiation by the halogenated thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine☆

Abstract The thymidine analog 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) is well known for its mutagenic effects when incorporated in DNA. Similarly, BUdR has been reported by several workers to inhibit cytodifferentiation when applied during the cell proliferative phase. We have observed that relatively low levels (ca 10−6M) of BUdR, IUdR, ClUdR, and BCdR all cause a gradual change in cell morphology, and inhibit the fusion of cells to form syncytia in muscle clones, but do not interfere with proliferation of mononuclear cells. The inhibition of differentiation can be reversed by further cell division in the absence of the analog. After several days, this results in clonal cultures which are indistinguishable from untreated controls both in terms of total number of clones and of the proportion of clones which are myogenic; thus the drugs are not acting either by cell selection or mutagenesis. BUdR is incorporated into DNA in place of thymine, its effect on differentiation can be competitively prevented by simultaneous inclusion in the medium of TdR or compounds readily convertible to TdR, and it has no detectable effect on postmitotic cells (muscle fibers). Although this suggests that BUdR exerts its effect on differentiation from a site in the DNA, an effect on cell metabolism at some other level cannot be ruled out.
Adenoviral-mediated Gene Transfer in Newborn Piglet Pulmonary Conduit and Resistance Vessels Ex Vivo • 1601

Adenoviral-mediated Gene Transfer in Newborn Piglet Pulmonary Conduit and Resistance Vessels Ex Vivo • 1601
Characterization of the thermal decomposition products of the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron

Abstract Gas chromatography injection port thermal decomposition of chlorsulfuron resulted in two volatile decomposition products (2-amino-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine and 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide) which were characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantitation of chlorsulfuron as its volatile thermal decomposition product 2-amino-4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazine was accomplished by gas chromatography-nitrogen-phosphorus detection analysis and the linearity of standard curves so obtained was independent of injection volume (0.5–3 μl) and injection port temperature (230–270°C) for the concentration range examined (62.5–1000 ng/ml).
Failure of spatial selectivity in vision

In a modified Stroop word-color paradigm, subjects were instructed to identify the color of a target patch in the center of a briefly exposed visual display and to ignore color names printed above and below the patch at distances of 1, 3, and 5 deg of visual angle. Earlier studies of selective attention to a specified location in the visual field have shown that the focus of attention subtends approximately 1 deg of angle. That is, when distractors associated with an incompatible response are spaced within about 1 deg of the target, reaction time to the target is slower than when the distractors are not associated with an incompatible response. Our results show interference with a 5-deg separation between target and noise elements. This finding casts doubt on the utility of the notion of attentional selectivity.
Model-based surface classification

A suite of model-driven techniques for identification of 3-D quadric surfaces (cones, cylinders, and spheres) in segmented range imagery is presented. These techniques use range data, surface normal calculated on that data, knowledge of geometric characteristics of the various surfaces, and known model parameters to perform the classification. Second derivative quantities such as curvature, which are unreliable in the presence of noise, are avoided. Model information such as radii and vertex angles are used to guide the classification. Hough-based techniques are employed for extraction of spherical and cylindrical parameters, while conic parameters are presented for numerous scenes of both real and synthetic objects including part jumbles, objects in many poses, and noiseless and noisy synthetic objects. Empirical tests reveal that these methods have advantages (e.g. they appear to be very accurate) over previous methods.
Effect of Temporary Shoring Location on Horizontally Curved Steel I-Girder Bridges during Construction

Temporary shoring supports are used in construction of horizontally curved bridges to help ensure that the final constructed geometry is maintained by mitigating excessive girder deformations. Limited guidance currently exists in available design specifications and guidelines with respect to optimal placement of shoring towers because the number and locations of these supports are often site specific. However, if preliminary information could be provided to bridge designers and constructors with respect to shoring tower placement as a function of global curved bridge parameters, such as number of spans and radius of curvature, the amount of time required to specifically locate and proportion the towers could be reduced. This research aimed to examine the effects of shoring tower positioning on curved bridge behavior at different stages of construction. Sequential analyses of multiple idealized double-span curved bridges with varying radii were conducted using nonlinear finite-element models and vertical deformations and rotations of the girders, and shoring tower reactions were compared for different shoring support locations and different erection sequences. On the basis of the results, optimal shoring locations were obtained for the curved girders at different construction stages.
Effects of Interest Rate and Exchange Rate on Volatility of Market Index at Dhaka Stock Exchange

The paper investigates the effects of the exchange rates and interest rates on stock market performance by using monthly time series data for the economy of Bangladesh, over the period of 1997 to 2010. This study uses econometric techniques of measuring the long and short term relationship between variables using the concept of Cointegration and Error Correction Model and analysis of Variance Decomposition. Causal relationships have been investigated using Granger causality test. By employing Cointegration technique it is observed that in the long run, a one percent increase in exchange rate and in interest rate contributes1.04% increase and 1.71 % decrease in market index respectively. The estimated error correction coefficient indicates that 7.8 percent deviation of stock returns are corrected in the short run. Finally, Granger causality analysis suggests the existence of a unidirectional causality from market index to exchange rate and from interest rate to market index. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbt.v7i2.16451 Journal of Business and Technology Vol.7(2) 2012: 1-18
Low-speed investigation of the maneuver capability of supersonic fighter wings

A low-speed investigation of wings suitable for supersonic fighter application was undertaken to understand the flow regions developed by these wings through flow visualization and to evaluate areas in which low-speed testing could provide information for extrapolation to higher Mach numbers and Reynolds numbers. This study involved cranked wings of highly-swept inboard panels and outboard panel of various sweeps with leading- and trailing-edge devices. Both theoretical and experimental results with flow visualization are presented. Flow visualization results show that a mixed flow condition (vortex flow on the highly-swept inboard section and attached flow on the cranked outboard section) is possible for wings with low sweep (20 deg) outboard cranked sections. Lift and drag measurements on the planar (no flap deflection) wings show good agreement with theoretical results for leading-edge vortex flow. There is little or no change in planar wing performance at maneuver conditions due to outboard sweep effects. Results also show that for cambered wings (flap deflected) only small improvements in performance over flat wings were obtained at high-lift maneuver conditions.
Sirtuins and calorie restriction.

Studies in mice have indicated that sirtuins do have a role in mediating the effects of CR.
Jet studies for 5.5TeV Pb+Pb collisions via di-hadron correlations

Understanding the energy loss mechanisms in hot and dense QCD matter is an important aspect of phase diagram exploration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). A wide variety of experimental studies are devoted to this subject. With the start of the experimental program at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) such studies will be taken to a new energy domain lending to crucial new insights on the properties of the new state of matter. We investigate the possibility of utilizing di-hadron correlation techniques for probing the medium created in heavy ion collisions at the 5.5 TeV with a generic hadron detector. We discuss characterization of the jet yields, fragmentation functions, and energy estimates on near- and away- sides in triggered di-hadron correlations.
Modeling behavioral design patterns of concurrent objects

Object-oriented software development practices are being rapidly adopted within increasingly complex systems, including reactive, real-time and concurrent system applications. While data modeling is performed very well under current object-oriented development practices, behavioral modeling necessary to capture critical information in real-time, reactive, and concurrent systems is often lacking. Addressing this deficiency, we offer an approach for modeling and analyzing concurrent object-oriented software designs through the use of behavioral design patterns, allowing us to map stereotyped UML objects to colored Petri net (CPN) representations in the form of reusable templates. The resulting CPNs are then used to model and analyze behavioral properties of the software architecture, applying the results of the analysis to the original software design.
Scaling behavior in interference lithography

Interference lithography is an emerging, technology that provides a means for achieving high resolution over large exposure areas (approximately 1 m{sup 2}) with virtually unlimited depth of field. One- and two-dimensional arrays of deep submicron structures can be created using near i-line wavelengths and standard resist processing. In this paper, we report on recent advances in the development of this technology, focusing, in particular, on how exposure latitude and resist profile scale with interference period We present structure width vs dose curves for periods ranging from 200 nm to 1 um, demonstrating that deep submicron structures can be generated with exposure latitudes exceeding 30%. Our experimental results are compared to simulations based on PROLITIV2.
Linear subspaces for illumination robust face recognition

In this paper, we present a segmented linear subspace model for face recognition that is robust under varying illumination conditions. The algorithm generalizes the 3D illumination subspace model by segmenting the image into regions that have surface normals whose directions are close to each other. This segmentation is performed using a K-means clustering algorithm and requires only a few training images under different illuminations. When the linear subspace model is applied to the segmented image, recognition is robust to attached and cast shadows, and the recognition rate is equal to that of computationally more complex systems that require constructing the 3D surface of the face.
Demographics, Assessment and Management of Pain in the Elderly

The prevalence of pain increases with each decade of life. Pain in the elderly is distinctly different from pain experienced by younger individuals. Cancer is a leading cause of pain; however, other conditions that cause pain such as facet joint arthritis (causing low back pain), polymyalgia rheumatica, Paget's disease, neuropathies, peripheral vascular disease and coronary disease most commonly occur in patients over the age of 50 years. Poorly controlled pain in the elderly leads to cognitive failure, depression and mood disturbance and reduces activities of daily living. Barriers to pain management include a sense of fatalism, denial, the desire to be 'the good patient', geographical barriers and financial limitations. Aging causes physiological changes that alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of analgesics, narrowing their therapeutic index and increasing the risk of toxicity and drug-drug interactions. CNS changes lead to an increased risk of delirium. Assessment among the verbal but cognitively impaired elderly is satisfactorily accomplished with the help of unidimensional and multidimensional pain scales. A comprehensive physical examination and pain history is essential, as well as a review of cognitive function and activities of daily living. The goal of pain management among the elderly is improvement in pain and optimisation of activities of daily living, not complete eradication of pain nor the lowest possible drug dosages. Most successful management strategies combine pharmacological and nonpharmacological (home remedies, massage, topical agents, heat and cold packs and informal cognitive strategies) therapies. A basic principle of the pharmacological approach in the elderly is to start analgesics at low dosages and titrate slowly. The WHO's three-step guideline to pain management should guide prescribing. Opioid choices necessitate an understanding of pharmacology to ensure safe administration in end-organ failure and avoidance of drug interactions. Adjuvant analgesics are used to reduce opioid adverse effects or improve poorly controlled pain. Adjuvant analgesics (NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs) are initiated prior to opioids for nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Preferred adjuvants for nociceptive pain are short-acting paracetamol (acetaminophen), NSAIDs, cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and corticosteroids (short-term). Preferred drugs for neuropathic pain include desipramine, nortriptyline, gabapentin and valproic acid. Drugs to avoid are pentazocine, pethidine (meperidine), dextropropoxyphene and opioids that are both an agonist and antagonist, ketorolac, indomethacin, piroxicam, mefenamic acid, amitriptyline and doxepin. The type of pain, and renal and hepatic function, alter the preferred adjuvant and opioid choices. Selection of the appropriate analgesics is also influenced by versatility, polypharmacy, severity and type of pain, drug availability, associated symptoms and cost.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment.

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are lymphoid malignant neoplasms with diverse biological and clinical behavior. Patients typically present with persistent painless lymphadenopathy, but some patients may present with constitutional symptoms or with involvement of organs other than the lymphoid and hematopoietic system. An accurate diagnosis, careful staging of the disease, and identification of adverse prognostic factors form the basis of treatment selection. Patients commonly receive chemoimmunotherapy as initial treatment, and radiation therapy may be added if patients have early-stage disease. Most patients respond well to treatment, but relapses are frequent and additional therapies including stem cell transplant are often needed. Because many subtypes of lymphoma remain incurable with current management strategies, clinical trials are in progress to identify novel therapies with promising activity in this disease.
Sustaining Programs of School, Family, and Community Partnerships A Qualitative Longitudinal Study of Two Districts

This study draws from 4 years of qualitative case study data to describe how programmatic and district factors interacted to affect reform sustainability in two school districts—one urban and the other suburban. These districts have been implementing a reform developed by the National Network of Partnership Schools (NNPS) for over a decade. NNPS assists schools, districts, and state departments of education to develop comprehensive programs of school, family, and community partnerships. Findings suggest that reform characteristics, specifically the evidence base, costs, and flexibility of the NNPS reform, and district leadership, specifically district leaders’ reform knowledge, professional influence, and reform focus converged to explain, in part, the case districts’ success in sustaining the reform. Implications of these findings for reform developers and leaders are discussed.
Effect of 17beta-estradiol on hypothalamic GnRH-II gene expression in the female rhesus macaque.

The hypothalamus of rhesus macaques expresses two molecular forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I and GnRH-II). However, it is unclear whether these two neuropeptides play similar roles in the control of reproductive neuroendocrine function, especially in the context of positive and negative estrogen feedback. To address this issue, in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to compare the effect of 17-estradiol (E) on the expression of GnRH-I and GnRH-II mRNA in the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) of adult female macaques. GnRH-I mRNA expression was found to be significantly (P,0·01) more abundant in ovariectomized (ovx) animals compared with ovariectomized E-treated (ovx+E) animals. In marked contrast, GnRH-II mRNA expression was found to be significantly (P,0·05) more abundant in ovx+E animals than in the ovx animals. To help elucidate how E exerts this stimulatory action on GnRH-II gene expression, hypothalamic sections were subsequently double labeled using a combination of immunohistochemisty for estrogen receptor (ER) - or - and in situ hybridization histochemistry for GnRH-II. Approximately 50% of the GnRH-II positive cells in the MBH were found to express ER, but none expressed ER. Taken together, these data give credence to a novel pathway by which E may control the primate neuroendocrine reproductive axis, one that involves stimulation of GnRH-II release via an ER-mediated mechanism.
On distance-based permutation tests for between-group comparisons.

Summary: Permutation tests based on distances among multivariate observations have found many applications in the biological sciences. Two major testing frameworks of this kind are multiresponse permutation procedures and pseudo-F tests arising from a distance-based extension of multivariate analysis of variance. In this paper we derive conditions under which these two frameworks are equivalent. The methods and equivalence results are illustrated by reanalyzing an ecological data set and by a novel application to functional magnetic resonance imaging data.
Texture of injection‐molded polypropylene

Injection-molded specimens of polypropylene were examined by x-ray diffraction for texture and orientation patterns as a function of the distance from the surface and of molding conditions. At least three distinct layers in the surface region whose texture patterns differ and an isotropic core of the moldings have been identified. These layers show preferred orientations; the axes of symmetry of the oriented textures lie in a plane passing through the direction of flow and perpendicular to the mold surface, but are inclined to the mold surface at a small angle. Some of these layers may be missing in conditions of either very high or very low shear during the injection-molding flow. A tentative explanation of the formation of the texture patterns is proposed.
Shallow-water analysis of gravity-current flows past isolated obstacles

The flow of a partial-depth lock-exchange gravity current past an isolated bottom-mounted obstacle is studied by means of two-dimensional direct numerical simulations and steady shallow-water theory. The simulations indicate that the flux of the current downstream of the obstacle is approximately constant in space and time. This information is employed to extend the shallow-water models of Rottman et al. (J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 11, 1985, pp. 325-340) and Lane-Serff, Beal & Hadfield (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 292, 1995, pp. 39-53), in order to predict the height and front speed of the downstream current as functions of the upstream Froude number and the ratio of obstacle to current height. The model predictions are found to agree closely with the simulation results. In addition, the shallow-water model provides an estimate for the maximum drag that lies within 10 % of the simulation results for obstacles much larger than the boundary-layer thickness.
Applications of Genetics to Studies of Bacterial Virulence

Classical genetic techniques have made it possible in many instances to discern which bacterial factors are directly involved in causation of infection, as opposed to those that are associated with but do not directly contribute to virulence. By use of these methods as well as monoclonal antibodies, recombinant DNA, and other new techniques it has been shown that bacterial virulence is complicated, with involvement of many different bacterial factors at each step of infection; bacterial factors that facilitate one step of infection may actually impede a subsequent step. Interestingly, a large number of genes involved in toxin production or bacterial cell-surface structure are carried on unstable elements (phage, plasmids). In addition, many chromosomal genes affecting surface antigens or appendages involved in pathogenesis are subject to high-frequency variation, enabling the bacterium to adapt rapidly to different ecological niches or to evade host immunological defences. Genetic approaches have greatly increased our appreciation for the sophistication of successful bacterial pathogens, and are rapidly being used to create exciting new vaccines.
An intervention for multiethnic obese parents and overweight children

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effects of the addition of coping skills training for obese multiethnic parents whose overweight children were attending a weight management program. At 6 months, parents in the experimental group had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BFP) and higher numbers of pedometer steps compared with those in the control group. Parents in the experimental group also demonstrated significant improvement in interpersonal relationships, behavior control, and stress management compared with those in the control group. Children in the experimental group demonstrated trends toward decreased BMI and BFP and increased pedometer steps.
High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection for the rapid analysis of pheophytins and pyropheophytins in virgin olive oil

Pheophytins and pyropheophytin are degradation products of chlorophyll pigments, and their ratios can be used as a sensitive indicator of stress during the manufacturing and storage of olive oil. They increase over time depending on the storage condition and if the oil is exposed to heat treatments during the refining process. The traditional analysis method includes solvent- and time-consuming steps of solid-phase extraction followed by analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. We developed an improved dilute/fluorescence method where multi-step sample preparation was replaced by a simple isopropanol dilution before the high-performance liquid chromatography injection. A quaternary solvent gradient method was used to include a fourth strong solvent wash on a quaternary gradient pump, which avoided the need to premix any solvents and greatly reduced the oil residues on the column from previous analysis. This new method not only reduces analysis cost and time but shows reliability, repeatability, and improved sensitivity, especially important for low-level samples.
Post-operative guidelines following hip arthroscopy

Rehabilitation following hip arthroscopy can vary significantly. Existing programs have been developed as a collaborative effort between physicians and rehabilitation specialists. The evolution of protocol advancement has relied upon feedback from patients, therapists and observable outcomes. Although reports of the first femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) surgeries were reported in the 1930’s, it was not until recently that more structured, physiologically based guidelines have been developed and executed. Four phases have been developed in this guideline based on functional and healing milestones achieved which allow the patient to progress to the next level of activity. The goal of Phase I, the protective phase, is to progressively regain 75% of full range of motion (ROM) and normalize gait while respecting the healing process. The primary goal of Phase II is for the patient to gain function and independence in daily activities without discomfort. Rehabilitation goals include uncompensated step up/down on an 8 inch box, as well as, adequate pelvic control during low demand exercises. Phase III goals strive to accomplish pain free, non-compensated recreational activities and higher demand work functions. Manual muscle testing (MMT) grading of 5/5 should be achieved for all hip girdle musculature and an ability to dynamically control body weight in space. Phase IV requires the patient be independent with home and gym programs and be asymptomatic and pain free following workouts. Return to running may be commenced at the 12 week mark, but the proceeding requirements must be achieved. Athletes undergoing the procedure may have an accelerated timetable, based on the underlying pathology. Recognizing the patient’s pre-operative health status and post-operative physical demands will direct both the program design and the program timetable.
Regression containment through source change isolation

Effective regression containment is an important factor in the design of development and testing processes for large software projects, especially when many developers are doing concurrent work on a common set of sources. Source change isolation provides an inexpensive, alternative to mechanical analytical methods for identifying the cause of software regressions. It also provides the advantage of enabling regressions to be eliminated by reversing the effect of source changes that introduced errant behavior, without the need to write new code, and without halting other development work on the same software. Deliverability is also improved.
Dexamethasone Induces Hypertrophy of Developing Medial Septum Cholinergic Neurons: Potential Role of Nerve Growth Factor

Glucocorticoid hormones influence neuronal plasticity during development; however little is known about the mechanisms of this trophic activity. Because glucocorticoids increase nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis in selected brain areas and NGF plays a role in the development of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, we tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids may foster maturation of the cholinergic phenotype during postnatal development via the induction of NGF biosynthesis. The synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) was injected systemically (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) once a day for 1 week in 7-d-old (P7) rats. DEX elicited an increase in NGF mRNA and protein levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as specific NGF responses, such as TrkA tyrosine phosphorylation in the septum, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) immunoreactivity, and a relative number of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum. To examine whether the effect of DEX is age-related, we treated 1- and 14-d-old rats with DEX for 1 week. DEX increased NGF expression in rats treated from P1 to P8 but not in those treated from P14 to P21. The age-related increased expression of NGF correlated with the induction of ChAT immunoreactivity in the medial septum. Moreover, in the spinal cord, neither NGF nor ChAT levels were increased by DEX, suggesting that the glucocorticoid-mediated changes seen in the basal forebrain are associated with specific NGF responses. Our data suggest that by increasing NGF levels, glucocorticoids may play a role in the maturation of postnatal cholinergic neurons.
Holistic environmental soil-landscape modeling of soil organic carbon

Abstract In environmental soil-landscape modeling (ESLM), the selection of predictive variables is commonly contingent on the researchers' domain expertise on soil–environment processes. This variable selection strategy may suffer bias or even fail in regions where the process knowledge is insufficient. To overcome this problem, this study demonstrates a holistic ESLM framework which consists of five components: model conceptualization, data compilation, process identification, parsimonious model calibration, and model validation. Based on the STEP-AWBH conceptual model, a comprehensive pool of 210 potential environmental variables that exhaustively cover pedogenic and environmental factors was constructed. This was followed by strategic variable selection and development of parsimonious prediction models using machine learning techniques. The all-relevant variable selection successfully identified the major and minor factors relevant to the SOC variation, showing that the major factors important for explaining SOC variation in Florida were vegetation and soil water gradient. Topography and climate showed moderate effects on SOC variation. Parsimonious SOC models developed using four minimal-optimal variable selection techniques and simulated annealing yielded optimal predictive performance with minimal model complexity. The holistic ESLM framework not only provides a new view of selecting and utilizing variables for predicting soil properties but can also assist in identifying the underlying processes of soil-environment systems of interest. Due to the flexibility of the framework to incorporate various types of variable selection and modeling techniques, the holistic environmental modeling strategy can be generalized to other environmental modeling domains for both prediction and process identification.
Ultimate power limits of optical fibers

The fundamental power scaling limits for diffraction limited fiber lasers are reviewed. Relationships between the limits show there is an upper bound for single aperture power of conventional fiber lasers of 10-40kW.
Bankrupting the jammer

The high vulnerability of nodes in a WSN to jamming arises from the low resilience to jamming signals, easy differentiability of packet types and high predictability of wakeup schedules. In this paper, we propose Jam-Buster — a jam-resistant solution for a single channel WSN that increases resilience by using multi-block payload, eliminates differentiation by using equal size packets and reduces predictability by randomizing the wakeup times of the sensors. While each of these individual components is quite simple, the combination of the three components results in a jam-resilient system that forces the jammer to spend more energy to be effective and so reduce its own lifetime.
Energy-aware scheduling with quality of surveillance guarantee in wireless sensor networks

We propose and evaluate an energy-efficient scheduling algorithm for detection of mobile targets in wireless sensor networks. We consider a setting where the sensors are deployed for both road surveillance and mobile target tracking. A typical example would be where some sensors are deployed along the entrance roads of a city to detect the vehicles entering the city and other sensors can wake up and track the vehicles after detection. We show an important relationship between the overall energy consumed by the sensors and the average detection time of a target, both of which are very critical aspects in our problem. To this end, we define the quality of surveillance (QoSv)as the reciprocal value of the average detection time for vehicles. We propose an optimal scheduling algorithm that guarantees the detection of every target with specified QoSv and at the same time minimizes the overall energy consumed by the sensor nodes. By minimizing the energy consumed, we maximize the lifetime of the sensor network. Also, along with the quality of surveillance guarantee, we ensure that no target goes undetected. We theoretically derive the upper bound on the lifetime of the sensor network for a given QoSv guarantee and prove that our method can always achieve this upper bound. Our simulation results validate the claims made on the algorithm optimality and QoSv guarantee.
Equilibrium resurfacing of Venus: Results from new Monte Carlo modeling and implications for Venus surface histories

Abstract Venus’ impact crater population imposes two observational constraints that must be met by possible model surface histories: (1) near random spatial distribution of ∼975 craters, and (2) few obviously modified impact craters. Catastrophic resurfacing obviously meets these constraints, but equilibrium resurfacing histories require a balance between crater distribution and modification to be viable. Equilibrium resurfacing scenarios with small incremental resurfacing areas meet constraint 1 but not 2, whereas those with large incremental resurfacing areas meet constraint 2 but not 1. Results of Monte Carlo modeling of equilibrium resurfacing ( Strom et al., 1994 ) is widely cited as support for catastrophic resurfacing hypotheses and as evidence against hypotheses of equilibrium resurfacing. However, the Monte Carlo models did not consider intermediate-size incremental resurfacing areas, nor did they consider histories in which the era of impact crater formation outlasts an era of equilibrium resurfacing. We construct three suites of Monte Carlo experiments that examine incremental resurfacing areas not previously considered (5%, 1%, 0.7%, and 0.1%), and that vary the duration of resurfacing relative to impact crater formation time (1:1 [suite A], 5:6 [suite B], and 2:3 [suite C]). We test the model results against the two impact crater constraints. Several experiments met both constraints. The shorter the time period of equilibrium resurfacing, or the longer the time of crater formation following the cessation of equilibrium resurfacing, the larger the possible areas of incremental resurfacing that satisfy both constraints. Equilibrium resurfacing is statistically viable for suite A at 0.1%, suite B at 0.1%, and suite C for 1%, 0.7%, and 0.1% areas of incremental resurfacing.
The CERES‐Rice Model‐Based Estimates of Potential Monsoon Season Rainfed Rice Productivity in Bangladesh*

Abstract Agricultural practices in Bangladesh are largely dependent on the monsoonal rainfall. Historically, Bangladesh often experiences severe droughts and floods during the monsoon months, with significant crop losses during both extreme conditions. This article provides a quantitative assessment of potential monsoon-season aman rice for four transplanting dates: 1 June, 1 July, 15 July, and 15 August. A crop-growth simulation model, the CERES-Rice, is applied to sixteen locations representing major rice-growing regions of Bangladesh to determine baseline yield estimates for four transplanting dates. The applications were conducted for 1975 through 1987. Average potential yield in Bangladesh is 6,907, 5,039, 3,637, and 1,762 kg ha−1 for the above transplanting dates, respectively. In other words, Bangladesh would obtain 27 percent, 48 percent, and 75 percent less yield for 1 July, 15 July, and 15 August transplanting, respectively, than for 1 June transplanting. Potential yield vulnerability is the lea...
High-Flux Hemodialysis without Hemoperfusion is Effective in Acute Valproic Acid Overdose

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of valproic acid overdose treated successfully with high-flux hemodialysis without the addition of charcoal hemoperfusion.CASE SUMMARY: A 25-year-old white woman with a history of multiple suicide attempts and schizophrenia presented after ingesting an unknown amount of valproic acid. She became comatose and developed hypotension and lactic acidosis as valproic acid concentrations increased to >1200 μg/mL (therapeutic concentration 50–100). High-flux hemodialysis was performed for four hours; the calculated elimination rate constant (kel) during the procedure was 0.2522 h−1 with a half-life (t1/2) of 2.74 hours compared with posthemodialysis kel of 0.0296 h−1 and t1/2 of 23.41 hours, suggesting that high-flux hemodialysis effectively eliminates valproic acid. The patient's hemodynamic status and mental function improved in conjunction with the acute reduction in valproic acid concentrations. Her subsequent hospital course was complicated only by transient thrombocytopenia.DISCUS...
All-Star Polymer Multilayers as pH-Responsive Nanofilms

Star polymers with globular architecture and multiple arms are among the simplest forms of polymers with branched topologies. The combination of their unique architecture and high local densities of active functional groups makes star polymers unique candidates for a diverse range of applications. In this article, we describe the synthesis of star polymers with precisely controlled structures via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using the one-pot arm-first method. Specifically, two types of highly defined, high charge density star polymers with oppositely charged arm structures were prepared: poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) star and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) star polymers with cross-linked cores. By exploiting the electrostatic interactions between the polyelectrolyte arms, we have integrated the PDMAEMA star and PAA star polymers within alternating multilayer thin films using layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly to generate all-star polyelectrolyte LbL films. The prepared star/star...
Mesonephric carcinoma of the cervix uteri: a clinical and pathologic study.

Summary A review was made of cases of mesonephric carcinoma of the uterine cervix, and 81 acceptable cases were found. These cases came from three sources: (1) reported cases of this neoplasm which were accepted by us; (2) reported cases of adenocarcinoma of the cervix in young females accepted by us as mesonephric carcinomas; and (3) cases from the files of the Mayo Clinic.
Interactions of Opioid Peptides and Adrenergic Agents in the Regulation of Blood Pressure

A positive correlation between hypertension and sympathetic overactivity has been increasingly apparent in animal models as well as in epidemiological human studies (Engelman et al. 1970; De Quattro and Chan 1972; De Champlain et al. 1976; Folkow et al. 1983; Sullivan et al. 1986), although the etiology and mechanisms that increase sympathetic activity are not clear. Evidence of sympathetic overactivity in hypertension is supported by 1. elevated sympathetic nerve activity; 2. elevated plasma concentrations of catecholamines; 3. exaggerated responses to pressor stimuli, and 4. altered hemodynamic pattern (Conway 1984).
On Connectedness of Discretized Objects

A major problem in computer graphics, image processing, numerical analysis and other applied areas is constructing a relevant object discretization. In a recent work [1] we investigated an approach for constructing a connected discretization of a set A⊆ℝ n by taking the integer points within an offset of A of a certain radius, and determined the minimal value of the offset radius which guarantees connectedness of the discretization, provided that A is path-connected. In the present paper we prove that the same results hold when A is connected but not necessarily path-connected. We also demonstrate similar facts about Hausdorff discretization, thus generalizing a theorem from [18]. The proofs combine approaches and techniques from [1] and [18].
Fate of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-plant systems

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons which are thermally and chemically very stable. The PCBs represent a mixture of specific biphenyl hydrocarbons with varying degrees of chlorination. Substitution for hydrogen on the ring structure of biphenyl by chlorine gives rise to a number of compounds and isomers with 209 possible combinations (HUTZINGER et al.1974). The nomenclature of chlorobiphenyls is based on the position and extent of substitution on the biphenyl ring structure as shown in Figure 1. The available sites for chlorination are 2 to 6 in ring A and 2′ to 6′ in ring B. Thus, chlorobiphenyls may carry 1 to 10 chlorine atoms, depending on the degree of chlorination. Usually in commercial preparations, different mixtures of chlorobiphenyls are produced rather than a single pure compound. Typical characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are high thermal and chemical stability, low vapor pressure, high dielectric constant, high electric resistivity, high density, substantially hydrophobic, and high lipophilicity. With increasing chlorination from 18.6% to 80% these properties are accentuated. Molecular weights of PCBs range from 188 for monochlorobiphenyl to 494 for decachlorobiphenyl. Their melting points range from 34° to 198°C and boiling points are usually 267°C. Appearances of PCBs range from clear mobile oils to light yellow, sticky, solid resins. PCBs are quite soluble in nonionic surfactants such as ethylene oxide, Tween 201 and Tween 80.
Quantitative imaging in cancer clinical trials

As anticancer therapies designed to target specific molecular pathways have been developed, it has become critical to develop methods to assess the response induced by such agents. Although traditional, anatomic CT, and MRI examinations are useful in many settings, increasing evidence suggests that these methods cannot answer the fundamental biologic and physiologic questions essential for assessment and, eventually, prediction of treatment response in the clinical trial setting, especially in the critical period soon after treatment is initiated. To optimally apply advances in quantitative imaging methods to trials of targeted cancer therapy, new infrastructure improvements are needed that incorporate these emerging techniques into the settings where they are most likely to have impact. In this review, we first elucidate the needs for therapeutic response assessment in the era of molecularly targeted therapy and describe how quantitative imaging can most effectively provide scientifically and clinically relevant data. We then describe the tools and methods required to apply quantitative imaging and provide concrete examples of work making these advances practically available for routine application in clinical trials. We conclude by proposing strategies to surmount barriers to wider incorporation of these quantitative imaging methods into clinical trials and, eventually, clinical practice. Our goal is to encourage and guide the oncology community to deploy standardized quantitative imaging techniques in clinical trials to further personalize care for cancer patients and to provide a more efficient path for the development of improved targeted therapies.
Spending Time on Art

Conventional wisdom among museum professionals is that art museum visitors do not spend much time viewing works of art. The purpose of this study was to empirically investigate that question as well as to look at the relationship that age, gender, and group size have on viewing times. Visitors to The Metropolitan Museum of Art were observed as they looked at six masterpieces in the Museum's collection. A total of 150 individuals looking at six paintings comprised the sample for the study. The observations were of naturally occurring stops at the works of art. The gender, group size, estimated age, and time spent at the work of art were recorded for each encounter. The mean time spent viewing a work of art was found to be 27.2 seconds, with a median time of 17.0 seconds. Viewing time was not related to gender or age, but was strongly related to group size, with larger groups spending more time. There were also significant differences among paintings. Results are discussed in terms of how different types of...
Bronchodilator Activity of Tyramine and its N-Methyl Derivatives.

There are few reported quantitative comparisons of the relative pressor and bronchodilator effects of chemicals in the epinephrine series, and it is an open question whether certain structural changes in such compounds may result in a relative increase of bronchodilator activity without a corresponding increase in pressor activity.Tyramine, an extensively studied compound of this type, is a comparatively good pressor agent, but Jackson1 reports that it does not exert any bronchodilator activity. He found, however, that horde-nine, the N-dimethyl derivative of tyramine, dilates the bronchi, although it exerts considerably less pressor activity. Thus, with these compounds there seems to be a differentiation between pressor and bronchodilator effects which is compatible with the evidence of Cannon and Rosenblueth2 that the chemical mediators involved in the transmission of sympathetic stimulation to the bronchi and the blood vessels are not the same.In the present work, a comparative study of the pressor and...
Polyamphoteric flocculants for the enhanced separation of cellular suspensions.

Abstract The efficient concentration and separation of microorganisms from dilute culture suspensions is crucial to the success and productivity of many biotechnological processes. This article presents the design and characterization of polyamphoteric flocculants with a tunable, zwitterionic character for the enhanced separation of biocolloidal suspensions of yeast, wastewater, microalgae, and potentially other cellular systems. The polyamphoteric flocculants have overall molecular charges dependent upon the system pH, thereby providing a strong electrostatic attraction to the diverse but predominantly negatively-charged cellular surfaces of the biological suspensions. The polyamphoteric flocculants with tailored charge character are shown to have higher flocculation efficiencies than comparable cationic polyelectrolytes, and have an enhanced ability to 1) adsorb to the diverse range of charge character in cellular suspensions, 2) operate over an extended range of suspension pHs, and 3) operate at lower flocculant concentrations. These enhanced flocculation properties are shown to arise, perhaps counterintuitively, due to interactions between the negatively-charged functionality on the flocculant and the predominantly negatively-charged biocolloids. Statement of Significance This article presents the design and characterization of polyamphoteric flocculants for the separations of biocolloidal suspensions of importance in the production of biopharmaceuticals, microalgal cultures for nutraceuticals and biofuels, and wastewater treatment. The polyamphoteric flocculants consist of tunable, mixed charges dependent upon system pH, thereby providing strong electrostatic attraction to the diversely-charged surfaces of cellular suspensions. Enhanced flocculation efficiencies are achieved, as compared to cationic polyelectrolyte flocculants, and result from the ability of polyampholytes to adsorb to a diverse range of charge character and operate over an extended range of pH conditions.