cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of vasopressin with area postrema during volume expansion

Effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on inhibition of renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during activation of cardiopulmonary reflexes by volume expansion were examined in conscious sinoaortic-denervated rabbits. The role of the area postrema in mediating these effects was also evaluated in rabbits subjected to area postrema lesion. Animals were subjected to 12% volume expansion with whole blood alone or during infusion of AVP (0.6 mU . kg-1 . min-1). Volume expansion in area postrema-intact animals caused a progressive reflex inhibition of RSNA (maximum = -36.5 +/- 3.3% delta RSNA). Vasopressin infusion did not significantly alter resting arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, heart rate, or RSNA. However, maximum inhibition of RSNA during volume expansion (-62.6 +/- 3.2% delta RSNA) was significantly augmented during AVP infusion, and the augmentation was reversed by a specific vascular (V1) AVP receptor antagonist. Vagotomy eliminated RSNA responses to volume expansion with or without AVP. In area postrema-lesioned animals, the RSNA response to volume expansion was similar to that of intact animals (-31.8 +/- 2.3% delta RSNA). However, AVP did not augment the RSNA response to volume expansion in lesioned animals (-30.4 +/- 2.5% delta RSNA). Thus exogenous AVP augmented cardiopulmonary reflex-mediated inhibition of RSNA due to volume expansion. This effect appeared to be mediated by the V1 AVP receptor and to require the presence of an intact area postrema.
Chemical changes associated with upper mantle structure

Abstract Several petrological models have been proposed in recent years to explain the low velocity zone in the earth's upper mantle. In addition to high thermal gradients, these models rely on chemical changes or variations in physical state, which in turn require a density minimum in the upper mantle. It is suggested in this paper that the low velocity zone coincides with a region of increasing iron content. Ultrabasic inclusions with olivine compositions close to 10% fayalite are considered representative of mantle composition at the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Both theoretical investigations of density-velocity relations and shock-wave data for dunites indicate that the intermediate region of the mantle contains rock with a total iron content equivalent to olivine with a composition in the range of 20–40% fayalite. Thus a simple model is proposed for the upper mantle in which the iron-magnesium ratio increases with depth. Consideration of velocity-density relations for compressional and shear waves leads to the conclusion that a change in fayalite content of olivine from 10 to 25% would produce decreases in seismic velocities of 0.25–0.35 km/sec and an increase in density of 0.20 g/cm 3 .
Cost of rNTP/dNTP pool imbalance at the replication fork.

The concentration of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) in cells is far greater than the concentration of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), and this pool imbalance presents a challenge for DNA polymerases (Pols) to select their proper substrate. This report examines the effect of nucleotide pool imbalance on the rate and fidelity of the Escherichia coli replisome. We find that rNTPs decrease replication fork rate by competing with dNTPs at the active site of the C-family Pol III replicase at a step that does not require correct base-pairing. The effect of rNTPs on Pol rate generalizes to B-family eukaryotic replicases, Pols δ and e. Imbalance of the dNTP pool also slows the replisome and thus is not specific to rNTPs. We observe a measurable frequency of rNMP incorporation that predicts one rNTP incorporated every 2.3 kb during chromosome replication. Given the frequency of rNMP incorporation, the repair of rNMPs is likely rapid. RNase HII nicks DNA at single rNMP residues to initiate replacement with dNMP. Considering that rNMPs will mark the new strand, RNase HII may direct strand-specificity for mismatch repair (MMR). How the newly synthesized strand is recognized for MMR is uncertain in eukaryotes and most bacteria, which lack a methyl-directed nicking system. Here we demonstrate that Bacillus subtilis incorporates rNMPs in vivo, that RNase HII plays a role in their removal, and the RNase HII gene deletion enhances mutagenesis, suggesting a possible role of incorporated rNMPs in MMR.
Transcriptome profiles of livers and kidneys from three rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) clonal lines distinguish stocks from three allopatric populations

Transcriptome profiling is a powerful means of simultaneously identifying large numbers of genes that respond transcriptionally to stimuli of any sort. Whereas individuality at the level of genomic sequence is readily revealed and can be expected to influence transcriptional responses, knowledge of the global transcriptomic consequences of genomic individuality is in its infancy. Appreciation of the inherent variability of biological systems gives us confidence in predicting that no two individuals in any outbred population will respond identically to a stimulus. More critical for comparative studies, even unstimulated transcriptomes will be distinctive for each individual. To assess the confidence with which inferences may be drawn from transcriptome profiling when genetically identical samples can be assured, we examined the unprovoked transcriptomes of hepatic and pronephric (head kidney) tissues in three clonal lines of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Clonal individuals derived from three allopatric populations presented transcriptional profiles for both liver and pronephros that were not statistically significantly different within each clonal line; however each clonal line was distinguished by a subset of genes with constitutively different transcript abundance. Among these, immunologically-relevant genes were over-represented, possibly reflecting evolutionarily recent, pathogen-driven genetic sweeps.
Automatic prototype generating via optimized object model

Computer-aided prototyping shows promise that one system under development frees designers from implementation details by executing specifications via reusable components. Ada is first choice for constructing such reusable object-oriented components because Ada95 is the only international standard programming language that supports object-oriented real-time distributed systems. But Ada has diversified object forms that are so intricate that people feel it difficult to find an equivalence of a class between Java (C++) and Ada95. In computer-aided prototyping, automatic prototype generating is facing one of key problems on how to map a well-defined prototyping specification to an executable prototype with different OOPLs. This paper addresses several key problems in automatic prototype generating with reusable object foundation based on an optimized object model. These problems include transformation of a PSDL specification to the executable system composed from componential object entities, compositional pattern enforcing interactions among components, generalized role wrappers from which physical components can be derived and an optimized object model used to unify different object forms in popular OOPLs.
The Impact of Histologic Variants on FSGS Outcomes

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common glomerular disease leading to end-stage renal disease. The clinical course is highly variable with disparate responses to therapeutic intervention and rates of progression. Histologic variant subtype has been commonly used as a prognostic and therapeutic guide in the clinical management of FSGS. The tip lesion is widely considered to portend the most favorable prognosis and to be the most responsive to steroid therapy. Conversely, the collapsing lesion, more prevalent in patients of African descent, is associated with steroid resistance and higher risk of disease progression. In the 10 years since the Columbia classification system for FSGS was published, some retrospective and one prospective study explored the impact of histologic variants at the time of biopsy on FSGS outcomes. The results largely validate its clinical predictive value with respect to treatment response, though its utility in cases recurring after kidney transplantation is still unknown. Sampling and interpretation errors are additional sources of caution. More research is needed to fully define reproducible prognostic and therapeutic markers for this polymorphic disorder.
A simple digital integrator for real-time display of spectral areas.

Abstract Methods for determining spectrum areas range in sophistication from the “cutting and weighing” technique to computer analysis. We describe here a simple digital circuit designed for a ratiometric spectrofluorometer which permits the real-time determination and display of spectral areas. This inexpensive circuit facilitates the subtraction of background signal and the calculation of relative quantum yields. A brief study concerning the quenching of fluorescein emission upon binding to antifluorescein IgG antibody demonstrates the utility of the system.
Experimental verification of a fatigue wear equation

Abstract It is demonstrated that the wear equation based on the concept of repetitive loading of surface asperities in sliding can be used to estimate the wear of polymeric materials. Wear and surface topography data for poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride) and high density polyethylene pins sliding against a hardened and ground AISI 4340 steel disk are reported. The fatigue data for these polymers were obtained by using notched cylindrical specimens in a rotating beam fatigue-testing machine and were fitted to the Wohlers equation N = ( S 0 / S ) t . The wear equation was solved by assuming the gaussian distribution for asperity heights and involves a parabolic cylinder function in its solution. The procedure to compute the wear rate from the fatigue wear equation is described and the wear rates computed from the fatigue and surface topography data are reported. It is found that the computed steady state wear rates are in excellent agreement with the experimental wear rates for the three polymers tested.
An economic analysis of the ruble overhang

(1991). An economic analysis of the ruble overhang. Communist Economies and Economic Transformation: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 467-479.
Duality and radiative corrections to leptonic widths in heavy quark systems

Abstract We use a duality argument to estimate the gluonic radiative corrections of orders α s and α s 2 to the leptonic widths for heavy quark systems.
Is there more to enamel matrix proteins than biomineralization

Enamel proteins are proteins synthesized by ameloblast cells. These proteins are secreted into the enamel extracellular matrix where they nucleate and regulate the growth of hydroxyapatite crystals to form the mineralized enamel covering the crown of the teeth. Although the exact role of these proteins in enamel mineralization is just beginning to be elucidated, new studies suggest that these proteins might have functions outside enamel formation. Furthermore, extracts of enamel proteins are currently being used to regenerate periodontal tissues destroyed by periodontal disease and new studies suggest that they might have chondrogenic and osteogenic properties. These new functions of enamel proteins will be the focus of this review.
Genetically engineered bacteria: electrochemical sensing systems for antimonite and arsenite.

A bacterial sensing system that responds selectively to antimonite and arsenite has been investigated. The bacteria used in these studies have been genetically engineered to produce the enzyme β-galactosidase in response to these ions. This is accomplished by using a plasmid that incorporates the gene for β-galactosidase (reporter gene) under the control of the promoter of the ars operon. This plasmid also encodes for the ArsR protein, a regulatory protein of the ars operon, which, in the absence of antimonite or arsenite, restricts the expression of β-galactosidase. In the presence of antimonite or arsenite the ArsR protein is released from the operator/promoter region of the ars operon and β-galactosidase is expressed. The activity of this enzyme was monitored electrochemically using p-aminophenyl β-d-galactopyranoside as the substrate. The bacterial sensing system responds selectively to arsenite and antimonite (and to a lesser extent arsenate) and shows no significant response to phosphate, sulfate, n...
Effect of Wave Propagation in Feed Lines on Low-Frequency Rocket Instability

A s imple rocket s y s t e m has been analyzed for low-frequency instabil i ty, taking into account the compressibil ity of the fluid in the propellant l ines . A numerical example has been given. The example i l lustrates tha t the effect of compressibility m a y become important for practical cases. It shows also tha t l engthening of the l ines m a y not always be beneficial and that , for a given t i m e lag, the frequency of operation m a y no t change greatly wi th l ine l ength .
In silico identification of potential therapeutic targets in the TGF-β signal transduction pathway

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines controls fundamental cellular processes, such as proliferation, motility, differentiation, and apoptosis. This fundamental role is emphasized by the widespread presence of mutations of the core components of the TGF-β signal transduction pathway in a number of human diseases. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the development of therapies to specifically target this pathway. Here we develop a computational approach to identify potential intervention points that are capable of restoring the normal signaling dynamics to the mutated system while maintaining the behavior of normal cells substantially unperturbed. We apply this approach explicitly to the TGF-β pathway to study the signaling dynamics of mutated and normal cells treated with inhibitory drugs and identify the processes in the pathway that are most susceptible to therapeutic intervention.
Serial thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy euthyroid dogs, dogs with hypothyroidism, and euthyroid dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Serum thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined every 3 h for 12 h beginning at 8 a.m. in 20 healthy euthyroid dogs, 19 dogs with hypothyroidism, and 18 euthyroid dogs with atopic dermatitis. Status of thyroid function was based on history, physical findings, results of thyrotropin response testing, and requirement for thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Mean serum T4 and T3 concentrations did not vary significantly between blood samplings within each of the three groups of dogs. Between groups of dogs, mean serum T4 concentration was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher at each blood sampling time in healthy euthyroid dogs and euthyroid dogs with atopic dermatitis when compared to dogs with hypothyroidism. There was no significant difference in mean serum T4 concentration at any blood sampling time between healthy euthyroid dogs and euthyroid dogs with atopic dermatitis or in mean serum T3 concentrations at any blood sampling time between any of the three groups of dogs. Random fluctuation in serum T4 and T3 concentrations was found in dogs in all three groups. Random fluctuations were more common with serum T3 versus T4 concentrations. Consequently, sensitivity (0.88 versus 0.52), specificity (0.73 versus 0.45), predictive value for a positive test (0.75 versus 0.32), predictive value for a negative test (0.87 versus 0.65), and accuracy (0.80 versus 0.47) were better for serum T4 concentration than serum T3 concentration, respectively, when all blood samples were analysed. Measurement of serum T4 concentration was more accurate than serum T3 concentration in assessing the status of thyroid gland function.
Behavioral development in two genetically heterogeneous mouse stocks: Swiss-Webster and Binghamton-HET

Two genetically heterogeneous mouse stocks, Swiss-Webster and Binghamton-HET, were tested. Several measures assessing behavioral development revealed differences in rates of development between the stocks. Thus neither stock can be exclusively used to generalize about “typical” mouse behavior.
Signal transduction pathways coupled to a P2U receptor in neuroblastoma × glioma (NG108-15) cells

Extracellular ATP has neurotransmitter-like properties in the CNS and PNS that are mediated by a cell-surface P2 purinergic receptor. In the present study, we have extensively characterized the signal transduction pathways that are associated with activation of a P2U receptor in a cultured neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell line (NG108-15 cells). The addition of > or = 1 microM ATP to NG108-15 cells caused a transient increase in [Ca2+]i that was inhibited by 40% when extracellular calcium was chelated by EGTA. ATP concentrations > or = 500 microM also elicited a sustained increase in [Ca2+]i that was inhibited when extracellular calcium was chelated by EGTA. The increase in [Ca2+]i elicited by ATP occurred concomitantly with the hydrolysis of [32P]-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphates and an increase in the level of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. ATP also caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in levels of [3H]inositol monophosphates in lithium-treated cells. Separation of the inositol monophosphate isomers by ion chromatography revealed a specific increase in the level of inositol 4-monophosphate. The magnitude of the increase in [Ca2+]i elicited by ATP correlated with the concentration of the fully ionized form of ATP (ATP4-) in the medium and not with the concentration of magnesium-ATP (MgATP2-). Similar to ATP, UTP also induced polyphosphoinositide breakdown, inositol phosphate formation, and an increase in [Ca2+]i. ADP, ITP, TTP, GTP, ATP gamma S, 2-methylthio ATP, beta, gamma-imidoATP or 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoylATP, but not CTP, AMP, beta, gamma-methylene ATP, or adenosine, also caused an increase in [Ca2+]i. In cells labeled with [32P]P(i) or [14C]-arachidonic acid, ATP caused a transient increase in levels of labeled phosphatidic acids, but had no effect on levels of arachidonic acid. The increase in phosphatidic acid levels elicited by ATP apparently was not due to activation of a phospholipase D because ATP did not induce the formation of phosphatidylethanol in [14C]myristic acid-labeled cells incubated in the presence of ethanol. These findings support the hypothesis that a P2 nucleotide receptor in NG108-15 cells is coupled to a signal transduction pathway involving the activation of a phospholipase C and a plasma membrane calcium channel, but not the activation of phospholipases A2 and D.
Systems thinking about acquisitions and serials issues and trends

Abstract The Charleston Conference, under the guiding light of Katina Strauch, now looks back upon a rich tradition of information-packed sessions. This report attempts to synthesize the massive data gathered at the 1993 conference in a way that will organize the issues for both those attending and those not there. The author chose the theme, systems thinking, to illustrate how interrelated many scholarly communications issues really are. Topics covered ranged from document delivery to collection assessment, from electronic data interchange to current trends in publishing. The article is presented with a thematic approach, looking at the talks from four angles: perspective, context, evaluation, and communication.
Metastability in epitaxial magnetic metal films

A brief review is provided which assesses the current status of the study of metastable phases of magnetic 3-d metals as epitaxial films on single crystal substrates. Three systems which have the largest literature are discussed in detail: fcc γ-Fe on Cu, fcc β-Co on Cu and bcc Co on GaAs.
Regional Allocation of Investment An Aggregative Study in the Theory of Development Programming

Introduction, 26. — The problem defined, 28. — The solution, 30. — Summary, 37. — Conclusion, 39.
Formation of inner gorges

Abstract Under certain conditions, a distinctive type of landform, the inner gorge, evolves in drainage basins undergoing persistent base level lowering. Inner gorges are typical of basins in north coastal California, U.S.A., and one such basin was selected for detailed study. Based on analysis of along-channel distribution of rock types, streamside land-sliding, and stored sediment, as well as computation of stream power, the following set of conditions appears to accompany the formation of an inner gorge: 1. inner gorge parent materials are relatively competent, homogenous rock types; 2. in inner gorge reaches, there is an absence of any base level control that would prevent downcutting; 3. continued downcutting occurs due to continued base level fall, and this fall is most likely induced by tectonic uplift; 4. mass slope failures that form steep straight slopes (debris slides) are the main denudational hillslope process in the inner gorge; 5. sufficient stream power is available to transport landslide-derived material out of the inner gorge reach such that alluvial sediment does accumulate in the reach over time; and 6. the initial condition of the landscape is a low relief, erosionally mature land surface into which the inner gorge is cut. This initial condition implies that inner gorges develop in tectonically rejuvenated landscapes. The processes of denudation on inner gorge slopes, acting over a time scale of 105 years, result in a style of landform evolution that approximates parallel slope retreat. This type of slope retreat maintains the distinct inner gorge morphology during sustained downcutting. Though the analysis is confined to one basin in northern California, so as to provide a detailed framework to understand inner gorge landform, inner gorges appear to be commonplace in areas of moderate to high uplift where lithologic and tectonic conditions are appropriate for their formation. A global search for this landform, yet to be undertaken, is needed to confirm whether it indeed occurs where the above conditions are met.
Hypotheses and facts.

The book, The river , is based on assumptions and not facts. Oral polio vaccine was produced entirely in rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures. Allegations that it was produced in chimpanzee kidneys at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia or, alternatively, that the vaccine was made in the then Belgian Congo in chimpanzee kidney has no basis in fact. As the only witness to the historical events leading to the development of oral polio vaccine, I have demonstrated in this paper the truthful facts excluding any link between oral polio vaccine and human immunodeficiency virus.
On the plasticization of poly(2,6‐dimethyl phenylene oxide) by CO2

Change in the glass transition temperature, Tg, of poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide), PPO, due to the dissolved CO2 has been measured as a function of the gas pressure, p, using a high-pressure DSC cell. At 61.2 atm, the highest pressure studied, Tg is depressed by 31.6°C. The depression in Tg is found to be linear with pressure, with dTg/dp of −0.5°C atm−1. The experimental results are in fair agreement with those calculated from a quasilattice solid-solution model for polymer-diluent systems. The present results, however, differ markedly from a recent investigation on PPO-CO2 system which reported a depression in Tg of 226°C at 60 atm and a dTg/dp of −3.8°C atm−. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Linking satellite images and hand-held infrared thermography to observed neighborhood climate conditions

Abstract While satellite images effectively show surface urban heat islands in urbanized areas, linking surface temperatures to actual ambient temperatures remains a research challenge. Microclimates in urbanized settings can vary tremendously in very short distances, making adequate climate interpolations across a large metropolitan area difficult, at best. This study links the coarse scale of satellite (ASTER) images to the fine scale of hand-held thermography as part of an in-depth suburban neighborhood climate study to determine if ASTER imaging can be used to adequately estimate neighborhood climate conditions in an urbanized area. The study utilizes day and night remotely-sensed and ground data from June, 2004 for Phoenix, Arizona. Microclimate conditions of three urban fringe neighborhoods with varying amounts of natural vegetation and development density were studied, along with ASTER remote sensing data, mobile climate transects, and spot infrared thermographic images. These neighborhoods, though variable, showed only minor differences, and the study indicates that daytime images (11:20 am) do not adequately rank observed conditions within these neighborhoods — the highest ASTER surface temperatures were recorded for the least-dense neighborhood with a natural desert landscaping, though lowest ambient temperatures were measured there. Daytime mean surface temperatures versus air temperatures were 50.4 °C (30.8 °C air temp); 53.5 °C (29.7 °C); and 50.6 °C (31.9 °C). It was found that nighttime (10:40 pm LST) differences among neighborhoods of surface and air temperatures were relatively consistent, with the most densely developed neighborhood having the highest ASTER surface temperatures (29.0 °C) and transect-derived air temperatures (30.0 °C). Issues of view angle, shadowing, emissivity, resolution, and wind conditions for daytime results with their relatively small mean differences observed across the neighborhoods may explain why the rank of ASTER thermal conditions versus observed ambient conditions was poor. However, following sunset, these issues of view angle, etc., are much less problematic.
Pressure distribution on articular surfaces: application to joint stability evaluation.

Abstract A generalized method, based on the rigid body spring model, is developed to determine the two-dimensional joint contact pressure of any shape of articular surface and loading condition. The formulation of the model and procedures for the determination of parameters used in the model are presented. The model was used first to analyze the pressure distribution of an ideal hinge joint for comparison with reported results in the literature, and with those using the conventional finite element method. Implications of the results based on the calculated ‘virtual displacement’ to the joint stability are hypothesized and discussed. The problem of joint pressure distribution of the elbow joint is then analyzed, along with the discussion of agonistic and antagonistic muscle activities.
The inhibition of enzymes related to pulmonary fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis by dietary deprivation in the rat.

Abstract Acute nutritional deprivation results in significant reduction in the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase, microsomal fatty acid elongation and choline phosphotransferase in rat lung. This data establishes the enzymatic basis for the known inhibition of pulmonary surfactant production by acute starvation.
Effects of ionizing radiations on fats. II. Accumulation of peroxides and other chemical changes

The accumulation of peroxides, carbonyl com-pounds and reducing substances during irradia-tion and post-irradiation storage of pure fatty acid methyl esters has been studied.
Dansyl Hydrazine Labeling of Polysaccharide Bodies in Human Brain

A method is described for selective fluorescent staining of polysaccharide bodies, such as those found in Alzheimer's disease, Lafora's disease and adult polyglucosan disease. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded sections of human autopsied brain tissue were stained with the fluorescent compound dansyl hydrazine. It specifically stained polysaccharide bodies in tissue sections with great sensitivity and little background. The dansyl hydrazine staining technique also reveals a high degree of structural detail in the stained tissues.
Improving Cylindrical Pin Cage Bearing Performance in Mill Applications Using Dynamic Modeling and Space Filling Design

A dynamic cylindrical bearing model was modified to analyze large bore cylindrical mill bearings with pin cages. A factor-response methodology was coupled to the dynamic modeling input and output variables in order to generate a suitable transfer function for predicting bearing performance. Response optimization of the transfer function indicated that a traction-based parameter was determined to have the greatest effect on reducing roller slip and improving bearing performance.© 2007 ASME
Development of an electric energy literacy survey

The phrase “scientific literacy” is commonly used to describe what professional scientists think the general public should know about science to support a variety of aims: informed decision making, contributions to dialogue on public policy, recognition of the importance of science education and research, and enhancement of national security and economic development amongst others. Although no exact definition exists, a scientifically literate person can be thought of as one who possesses an understanding of the nature of science and its role in society and can apply this understanding to answer questions and solve challenges. Such literacy is especially germane to the electric power industry, as radical changes are currently taking place that can be significantly influenced by public opinion. This paper explores in depth the issue of electric energy literacy, i.e. the application of the concept of scientific literacy specifically to the electric power industry, including: basic physics, energy sources, transduction methods, efficiency, and end-use. Published literature in scientific and energy literacy is surveyed and synthesized to present a thorough understanding of the factors that contribute to and measurement of scientific literacy. Based on this review, the initial development of an electric energy literacy survey is presented as a measure of electric energy related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, with thorough justification for both the choice and range of survey questions. Additionally, we present a feedback form, by which conference attendees will serve as an expert validity panel, helping to review the survey and provide feedback. Through such a collaborative method, the survey can be utilized as the gold standard in assessment methodologies, establishing a formal set of criteria against which electric energy literacy can be objectively measured. Once developed, the survey will be distributed via a Human Intelligence Tasks service to measure electric energy literacy of the U.S. population aged 18+. The goal is to assess the sophistication of energy literacy in the U.S. as a gauge of how well our society is positioned to make informed decisions about the future of our electrical infrastructure
Turn the Molecule This Way for a Faster Reaction

Observed under normal conditions, chemical reaction rates and the relative ratios of products formed are highly averaged properties. These values sum over elementary events that sample wide ranges of collision energy, internal energies of the reactants, relative orientations, and collision strengths (e.g., glancing to headon). It has been a long-standing challenge to look inside this statistical averaging to discern the intimate details of reaction dynamics ( 1 ). Many techniques have been developed that permit partial selection and control of the physical states of reactants before their encounters. As the averaging is stripped away, a deeper understanding of chemical reaction mechanisms begins to emerge. On page 98 of this issue, Chang et al. ( 2 ) describe a new approach to studies of bimolecular reactions using conformer-selected molecules and a target of ultracold atoms.
Centriole biogenesis: a tale of two pathways.

Two recent studies in Drosophila demonstrate that overexpression of proteins required for centriole duplication can not only induce centriole over-duplication in cells containing centrioles, but can also drive de novo centriole assembly in unfertilized eggs that initially lack centrioles. These studies offer a new perspective on the mechanisms that control centriole duplication.
Thermoelectric power of the narrow-band Hubbard chain at arbitrary electron density: Atomic limit

We study the thermoelectric power of a narrow-band Hubbard chain with an arbitrary number of electrons per site. The calculations are carried out to the lowest order in the transfer integral. We find a characteristic electron density ($\ensuremath{\rho}=\frac{2}{3}$) below which the thermoelectric power is negative at all temperatures. In contrast, for $\ensuremath{\rho}g\frac{2}{3}$, the thermoelectric power is small and negative only above a characteristic temperature, below which there is a change of sign and slope. We comment on the applicability of these results to the charge-transfer salts of tetracyanoquinodimethan (TCNQ).
From Leaded to Lead Free Assembly and New Packaging Technology Challenges

The migration to lead free connections in the microelectronic industry has brought forth many technical challenges, especially in the packaging technology area with respect to materials and processes. The two major drivers to these challenges are the higher melting point and the thermo-mechanical behaviour (less creep than SnPb alloy) of the replacement alloy. The higher melting point drives higher reflow temperatures during the packaging assembly as well as the card assembly and this requires the use of new materials. Higher stresses in the package can result in a reliability impact for the product. The challenge of these lead free related changes is exacerbated by other trends in leading edge organic packaging such as chip low K dielectric materials, larger package and larger chip dimensions and, reduced chip bump pitch. This paper provides the reliability results obtained through various lead free organic package test matrices and qualifications. The principal failure mechanisms are presented and are explained through material properties and finite element modeling studies. Details of the package technology qualification process and results are presented.
Habitat selection by helminths: a hypothesis

How do liver worms find the liver? Why are heartworms always found in the heart? Attempts to answer these questions have invariably yielded inconclusive results. A major problem has been the use of models or hypotheses derived from studies of free-living organisms. The parasite's environment is distinct from free-living environments in several fundamental ways and these differences will impact on the evolution of parasite behaviours. In this article, Michael Sukhdeo outlines a hypothesis for habitat selection behavior of helminths that is based on the specific environmental conditions within the host.
Some models of response uncertainty for panel analysis

Abstract Data of L. M. Wiggins from three-wave panels, each with a single dichotomous response, illustrate the use of models with response probabilities that vary over occasions or over individuals, or neither, or both, with a “no interaction” combination of the two being specified for the last case, which can also be derived from the Rasch measurement model. Models more complicated than these, allowing for changes in individual parameters (interaction of occasions and persons) or serial dependence of responses are considered when the Rasch-type model does not adequately describe the data.
Neutron-proton final state interaction in p-d breakup at Ep = 585 MeV

Abstract The first observation of the neutron-proton final-state interaction above E p = 200 MeV is reported. The cross section is larger than expected from lower-energy data and pole graph considerations.
Landscape planning education in America: retrospect and prospect

Abstract Landscape planning is defined as an activity concerned with reconciling competing land uses while protecting natural processes and significant cultural and natural resources. A conceptual model is presented of the relationship of landscape planning within a policy and management context and with other planning and design activities. Historical antecedents are identified, events leading to the development of landscape planning in America are summarized, and the development of landscape planing education is discussed. The evolution of 10 academic programs from 1940 to 1985 is analyzed, and landscape planning is identified as an area of specialization in graduate education. Two representative educational models are identified and discussed based on a review of 18 current programs. The models are evaluated in reference to the historical antecedents. Suggestions for enhancing curricula are presented.
Dissection of the pathway required for generation of vitamin A and for Drosophila phototransduction

Dietary carotenoids are precursors for the production of retinoids, which participate in many essential processes, including the formation of the photopigment rhodopsin. Despite the importance of conversion of carotenoids to vitamin A (all-trans-retinol), many questions remain concerning the mechanisms that promote this process, including the uptake of carotenoids. We use the Drosophila visual system as a genetic model to study retinoid formation from β-carotene. In a screen for mutations that affect the biosynthesis of rhodopsin, we identified a class B scavenger receptor, SANTA MARIA. We demonstrate that SANTA MARIA functions upstream of vitamin A formation in neurons and glia, which are outside of the retina. The protein is coexpressed and functionally coupled with the β, β-carotene-15, 15′-monooxygenase, NINAB, which converts β-carotene to all-trans-retinal. Another class B scavenger receptor, NINAD, functions upstream of SANTA MARIA in the uptake of carotenoids, enabling us to propose a pathway involving multiple extraretinal cell types and proteins essential for the formation of rhodopsin.
Incompressible flow network calculations

A general method for the calculation of flows and pressures in fluid flow networks is presented. The method is applicable to computer use.
Ascorbic acid antagonizes the behavioural effects of LSD in cats.

Pretreatment with ascorbic acid (500 mg kg-1 i.p.) antagonized the behavioural effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and apomorphine, but not 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, in cats. The data support the hypothesis that these behavioural effects in cats are due to drug action at both 5-HT and dopamine receptors, and that the action of LSD at dopamine receptors is modulated by ascorbic acid.
Cone signals in the cat's retina

1. The discharges of ganglion cells in the cat's retina were recorded under conditions intended to isolate the cone system. 2. Stiles' two-colour threshold technique permitted the photopic system to be studied when at its highest sensitivity. The absolute sensitivity of a ganglion cell, expressed in equivalent photons of λmax at the cornea per impulse discharged, was about 2500 times less when driven by cones than when driven by rods. This ratio improves to around 200 when allowance is made for the much smaller fraction absorbed by cones of photons incident on the cornea. 3. The number of extra impulses discharged in response to a brief flash was approximately proportional to the number of photons in the flash, up to a limit. 4. There was a region in the middle of the receptive field within which the area of a test spot and its illumination for threshold varied inversely. A flash extending over the peripheral part of the receptive field raised threshold above its minimum, presumably as a result of surround antagonism. Assessed from area—threshold curves, the balance of centre-surround antagonism in the photopic receptive field did not seem to depend upon background illumination. 5. The threshold for a small (0·2°) flash confined to the middle of the receptive field was independent of background illumination until the background exceeded a particular level, the ‘dark light’ (Io). In different units this ranged about a mean of 7·89 log photons (560 nm equivalent) deg−2 sec−1. For backgrounds that exceeded Io, threshold followed approximately Weber's law up to the highest illuminations that could be produced. 6. With test flashes that filled the centre of the receptive field, the Weber fraction (test flash illumination/background illumination) in some units fell below 1%. 7. Changes in the time course and latency of response accompanied the changes in sensitivity caused by alterations in background illumination. Responses of both X- and Y-cells became more transient and faster. 8. The loss of sensitivity to a test flash brought about by a steady background light depended upon the size of that light. Sensitivity varied inversely with background area within a central region that matched closely the summing area for test flashes.
A microcomputer-based software interface for automatic acquisition of fetal monitoring data.

At University Hospital, interfaces are being designed to link-stand-alone patient care devices to Hospital Information System (HIS). The objective is to have an integrated HIS comprising of data from bedside patient monitors and from stand-alone devices such as infusion pumps, fetal monitors, and pulse oximeters. Interfaces are implemented with standard hardware and software design tools.
Estimation of average times of residence, recycle and interconversion of blood-borne compounds using tracer methods.

Average times corresponding to various processes of distribution and metabolism of circulating compounds are denned: mean time of residence during one or all passages of the compound through the vascular system, mean time required for the compound to reenter the circulation after leaving it, and mean time involved in the conversion of 1 blood-borne compound to another. Formulae are derived to calculate these parameters from data obtained in experiments which tracers are injected intravenously and specific activities are measured. Examples of average times for hormones have been computed using published data.
Cardiorespiratory responses to chemical stimulation of the caudalmost ventrolateral medulla in the cat

Chemical stimulation of caudal ventrolateral medulla evoked both pressor and depressor responses. The pressor sites were generally located caudal to depressor sites. Effects on heart rate were variable. Significant increases in minute ventilation were also observed, which were primarily due to changes in respiratory frequency.
Reports of “Satisfactory Relief” by IBS Patients Receiving Usual Medical Care Are Confounded by Baseline Symptom Severity and Do Not Accurately Reflect Symptom Improvement

Reports of “Satisfactory Relief” by IBS Patients Receiving Usual Medical Care Are Confounded by Baseline Symptom Severity and Do Not Accurately Reflect Symptom Improvement
The crystal structure of promethium

Abstract The crystal structure of promethium was determined to be double hexagonal close packed with a = 3.65 ± 0.01 A and c = 11.65 ± 0.09 A . This leads to a calculated density of 7.26 g/cm3. No systematic effect of the ingrowth of the daughter samarium was noted on the cell parameters up to 15 % Sm. The hardness of as-cast promethium metal was found to be 63 kg/mm2.
Physicochemical Characterization of Photoaffinity-Labeled Angiotensin II Receptors

Specific receptor sites for angiotensin II (All) were analyzed in the adrenal cortex and other target tissues including liver, anterior pituitary gland, and smooth muscle, after covalent labeling with the radioactive photoaffinity analog 125l-[Sar1,(4-N3)Phe8]-All. The photoreactive All derivative retained high affinity for adrenal receptors and full steroidogenic activity in adrenal glomerulosa cells. In bovine adrenal cortex, covalent labeling of All receptors by the photoreactive analog was specifically inhibited by [Sar1]All with an IC50 of about 5 nm. The Mr of the covalent All-receptor complex during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the labeled protein under reducing conditions was 58,000. Under nonreducing conditions, a minor band with Mr of 105,000 was also observed. Two labeled species were also found during gel permeation chromatography of the detergent-solubilized complex, with Mrs of 64,000 and 86,000. The pl of the solubilized photolabeled complex was absorbed to wheat germ lectin Sephar...
Chemical etch studies of Ag/n-Si metal–semiconductor composite films

The 2.5-μm-thick Ag/n-Si composite films were prepared by magnetron co-sputtering Ag and n-type Silicon targets on Si(111) substrates that were held at 400 °C during deposition. They were then treated with chemical etchants to remove the film of segregated Ag particles in the surface layer. This process was required in order to measure the electronic transport properties of the unsegregated portion of the film for use in photoelectronic applications. Surface resistivity measurements in conjunction with chemical etch treatments were used to characterize the progress of the etch treatments. Small resistivity changes between successive etches indicated that the segregated Ag layer had been successfully removed. Hall measurements were made on films before and after the complete removal of this layer.
The EPIC-MOS particle-induced background spectra

We have developed a method for constructing a spectrum of the particle-induced instrumental background of the XMM-Newton EPIC MOS detectors that can be used for observations of the diffuse background and extended sources that fill a significant fraction of the instrument field of view. The strength and spectrum of the particle-induced background, that is, the background due to the interaction of particles with the detector and the detector surroundings, is temporally variable as well as spatially variable over individual chips. Our method uses a combination of the filter-wheel-closed data and a database of unexposed-region data to construct a spectrum of the "quiescent" background. We show that, using this method of background subtraction, the differences between independent observations of the same region of "blank sky" are consistent with the statistical uncertainties except when there is clear evidence of solar wind charge exchange emission. We use the blank sky observations to show that contamination by SWCX emission is a strong function of the solar wind proton flux, and that observations through the flanks of the magnetosheath appear to be contaminated only at much higher solar wind fluxes. We have also developed a spectral model of the residual soft proton flares, which allows their effects to be removed to a substantial degree during spectral fitting.
Fibrogenic potential of slags used as substitutes for sand in abrasive blasting operations

The fibrogenic potentials of coal and copper slags used as substitutes for silica sand in abrasive blasting operations were assessed in rats. The test animals were given a single pulmonary intralobar instillation of 20 mg of test material and were sacrificed 10 months after dosing. Pulmonary fibrosis was seen in the coal slag-treated rats while no fibrosis was seen in the copper slag-treated animals. Granulomas were seen in the lungs from all treatment groups. The results of the study emphasize the need for bioassay of silica sand replacements for fibrogenic potential in spite of the low free silica contents of these materials.
Ultrastructure of the flagellar apparatus of the gametes of Gongrosira papuasica (Chlorophyta)

Gongrosira papuasica is the only known filamentous, branching chlorophycean alga to produce biflagellate gametes. The flagellar apparatus of the gametes exhibits 180° rotational symmetry and clockwise absolute orientation. In addition, the gametes have a distal fibre and proximal sheaths similar to those of Chlorosarcinopsis. Other features include a double-banded, striated distal fibre, a 4-2-4-2 pattern of the microtubular rootlets with associated electron-dense material, two rhizoplasts, a mating structure, and a pyrenoid penetrated by thylakoid membranes. The 2s rootlet extends near to the eyespot in the chloroplast. The characteristics of trentepohlialean vegetative filaments and motile cells, including the pits and transverse walls of vegetative cells, and the multi-layered structures, overlap of basal bodies, and keeled flagella of motile cells were not observed. Although the vegetative morphologies of Gongrosira and Chlorosarcinopsis are dissimilar, the ultrastructure of G. papuasica gametes and t...