cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Swelling and fibronectin accumulation in articular cartilage explants after cyclical impact

The objective of this study was to determine if repeated impact could damage living cartilage and lead to osteoarthritis-like changes in its biology. Canine cartilage explants were subjected to impacts of as much as 50 MPa once every 5 seconds for 30 minutes. On each impact cycle, the loading rate was 100 MPa/sec to the assigned peak stress, which was held for 1 second. After impact testing, the cartilage was kept in defined culture for as long as 10 days. Radiosulfate incorporation in the region that received direct impact varied with load 0-4 hours after impact, but it did not vary with load at 20-24 hours after impact. Even so, most explants were visibly damaged by 20 or 50 MPa, and there was subtle evidence of damage from impacts of 5 or 10 MPa. For example, ion-induced swelling in 0.01 M NaCl was increased, suggesting that the physical integrity of the matrix was reduced relative to controls. Self-diffusion of water, measured by proton magnetic resonance imaging was also increased in the deeper zones of the explant, consistent with changes in structure at the molecular level. Ten days after impact, the water content and the fibronectin content of the loaded region of the explant were both increased. In combination, these osteoarthritis-like changes suggested that the physical strength of normal cartilage limits its ability to withstand cyclical impact.
Solubilization in aqueous solutions of amphiphiles

Solubilization of organic molecules in aqueous amphiphilar solutions containing surfactant micelles, mixed micelles, vesicles and block copolymer micelles has been actively investigated in recent years. From experimental measurements of the amount solubilized, thermodynamic parameters have been calculated. Theories of solubilization have been developed to predict a priori the aggregate shape, the number of surfactant and solubilizate molecules in the aggregates, and also the location of solubilizates in the aggregates. The thermodynamic studies in conjunction with the theory provide greater molecular insight and improved quantitative understanding of the solubilization phenomenon.
Colloidal Synthesis of Germanium Nanocrystals Using Room-Temperature Benchtop Chemistry

Germanium nanoparticles with an average size of 5 ± 1 nm were synthesized by the room-temperature reduction of GeCl4 in ethylene glycol using a solution of NaBH4 in triglyme. By modifying the reaction conditions, other morphologies can also be accessed, including larger spherical particles and nanocubes.
The role of human agency in the creation of normative influences within individuals and groups

Abstract This article suggests that human agency affects the formation of social norms far more significantly than previously recognized. The article traces the history of normative influence and provides an historical overview of the theoretical foundations and research literature on the study of norms. Traditionally, social scientists viewed norms in linear and deterministic ways. Current researchers generally believe that norms are derived from micro and macro sources and that norms emerge on localized levels through culturally determined, informal hierarchical status relations between and among individuals within groups. This article contends that current theories of normative influence do not adequately account for the role of human agency in the creation of norms. Social scientists have long recognized the effects that norms have on individual and group behavior. Nonetheless, with a new or revised theoretical structure, they might also better understand the role of human agency in the development of...
Investigation Of Other Operating Points For The RCA Streak Tube In The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Streak Camera

The RCA streak tube can be operated satisfactorily at voltages other than those we have been using for nearly ten years. Our soft x-ray streak camera uses the RCA C73435 streak tube body fitted with a removable x-ray cathode. The front of the streak tube is exposed to the vacuum of an experimental chamber, which is not entirely under the control of a streak camera operator. Occasionally, the vacuum becomes poor enough to cause corona and arcing from the cathode to the chamber wall. The corona problem is more difficult because the dimensions of the x-ray camera body are smaller than for the optical camera body. Therefore, we investigated the effects on camera performance of decreasing the accelerating voltage at the cathode from the customary 17 kV. Several operating points were evaluated and 12 kV cathode-to-anode with 5 kV cathode-to-grid were selected for more detailed investigation. Transverse spatial resolution and dynamic range were found to be essentially the same as at our normal operating point of 17 kV for the cathode and 2500 V on the grid. Magnification, sweep linearity and absolute sensitivity changed as expected. In the course of the investigation, we measured the dynamic range with our CCD readout system. The effect of coulomb repulsion at the crossover point was also measured and found not to affect dynamic range.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Increasing CNS noradrenaline reduces EAE severity.

The endogenous neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) is known to exert potent anti-inflammatory effects in glial cells, as well as provide neuroprotection against excitatory and inflammatory stimuli. These properties raise the possibility that increasing levels of NA in the central nervous system (CNS) could provide benefit in neurological diseases and conditions containing an inflammatory component. In the current study, we tested this possibility by examining the consequences of selectively modulating CNS NA levels on the development of clinical signs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide to develop a chronic disease, pretreatment to selectively deplete CNS NA levels exacerbated clinical scores. Elevation of NA levels using the selective NA reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine did not affect clinical scores, while treatment of immunized mice with the synthetic NA precursor l-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine (l-DOPS) prevented further worsening. In contrast, treatment of mice with a combination of atomoxetine and l-DOPS led to significant improvement in clinical scores as compared to the control group. The combined treatment reduced astrocyte activation in the molecular layer of the cerebellum as assessed by staining for glial fibrillary protein but did not affect Th1 or Th17 type cytokine production from splenic T cells. These data suggest that selective elevation of CNS NA levels could provide benefit in EAE and multiple sclerosis without influencing peripheral immune responses.
Hippophagy in the UK: a failed dietary revolution

This study explores the history of horseflesh consumption in modern Britain and France. It examines why horsemeat became relatively popular in France, but not Britain. These reasons include the active role of scientists, philanthropists, journalists and butchers. These figures did not actively promote horsemeat in Britain. These factors are as important as cultural and economic ones in explaining dietary transformation.
Economic Conversion as a Set of Organizing Ideas

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses economic conversion, which is most frequently thought of as a set of essentially technical projects, implying associated problems of institutional means and of mobilizing the political will essential to implement solutions. In the modern welfare-warfare state, the connection between political and economic power is mediated very directly through military spending. Economic conversion is properly thought of as a political movement, not simply a set of technical or practical problems to be addressed. There have been a number of efforts to convert particular firms from military to civilian production. A contrasting approach looks not at the multiple firms and activities, but rather at their single source of funding, and proposes to change the Federal budget so as to reduce spending on the military. It is by no means easy to manage the difficult politics of alliance between labor and peace groups on the Left, and with management and government on the Right, in local economic planning.
Quadripartite version of the Hajnal-Szemerédi theorem

Let G be a quadripartite graph with N vertices in each vertex class and each vertex is adjacent to at least (34)N vertices in each of the other classes. There exists an N"0 such that, if N>=N"0, then G contains a subgraph that consists of N vertex-disjoint copies of K"4.
Confronting the failure of behavioral and dietary treatments for obesity

Abstract This review questions the appropriateness of behavioral and dietary treatments of obesity in light of overwhelming evidence that they are ineffective in producing lasting weight loss. The stigmatization of obesity, the overstatement of health risks, and the pervasive influence of the lucrative diet industry have maintained public demand for dietary treatment. However, decades of research on the biology of weight regulation make clear the unlikelihood of success with dietary treatment, information which the health professions have been slow to integrate. Recommendations are made for improving lifestyle, health risk factors, body image, and the self-esteem of the obese without requiring weight loss.
CAN AN APPEAL TO CONSTITUTION SOLVE THE EXCLUSION PROBLEM

: Jaegwon Kim has argued that unless mental events are reducible to subvening physical events, they are at best overdeterminers of their effects. Recently, nonreductive physicalists have endorsed this consequence claiming that the relationship between mental events and their physical bases is tight enough to render any such overdetermination nonredundant, and hence benign. I focus on instances of this strategy that appeal to the notion of constitution. Ultimately, I argue that there is no way to understand the relationship between irreducible mental events and their physical bases such as to both eliminate causal redundancy and preserve the efficacy of mental events.
Commentary Where Does the Border Start? Identity, Biculturalism, and the Practice of Anthropology

The last twenty years of anthropology have been ones of doubt and epistemic crisis. We have generally shrunk away from grand theories to explore the specific in all sorts of experimental and diverse ways. But the crisis of representation did not seem to cross over into the appropriation of terms and concepts that became icons of discourse representing other places and their peoples. This is true of the metaphor of the Border, which has served a number of intellectual, political and cultural purposes, none of them particularly helpful to the Border region itself. In this case, Border is not meant metaphorically, but is a very real, and greatly imagined place, the edge of the nation-state.
Endothelin-1 does not alter Ca2+ responsiveness in saponin-skinned ferret papillary muscles

Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor and a positive inotropic agent in myocardium. Endothelin has been reported to increase myocardial contractility with little or no increase in intracellular Ca2+, thus apparently enhancing myofilament responsiveness to Ca2+. We investigated the effects of endothelin on tension development and Ca2+ responsiveness in both intact and saponin-skinned ferret right ventricular papillary muscles. Isolated ferret papillary muscles were stimulated for 2 h in the presence or absence of endothelin (100 nM). The muscles were then chemically skinned with saponin and exposed to relaxing and contracting solutions containing varying amounts of Ca2+, and the developed force of contraction was measured. The [Ca2+] required for half-maximal activation (pCa50) was determined by fitting force versus Ca2+ data to the Hill equation. In isometrically contracting muscles, endothelin (100 nM) caused a mean percent increase in developed tension of 34.7% +/- 11.3% (mean +/- S.E.). In muscles that were exposed to endothelin for 2 h and then skinned, neither the pCa50 nor the maximal Ca(2+)-activated force (Fmax) were significantly different from control skinned papillary muscles. After skinning, when endothelin (100 nM) was added to the Ca2+ buffers, both pCa50 and Fmax were significantly decreased. When papillary muscles were pretreated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and then skinned, there was a significant increase in the pCa50. These results indicate that endothelin acts directly on the myofilaments to impair force development by directly decreasing the Ca2+ responsiveness of myofilaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diagenetic models of interstitial nitrate profiles in deep sea suboxic sediments1

Quantitative models are developed to describe three different profiles of nitrate observed in the porewater of pelagic sediments: nitrification only is observed; a surficial zone of nitrification is underlain by a zone of denitrification; the zone of nitrification is underlain by a zone of no reaction and then a zone of denitrification. Oxygen consumption and nitrate reduction are assumed to be first-order processes. By fitting the models to observed [NO,-] profiles, we have estimated benthic nitrate and oxygen fluxes, denitrification rates, first-order rates constants for 02, organic matter, and NO,- consumption, and the stoichiometric ratio
Scanning of nucleic acids by in vitro amplification: New developments and applications

Nucleic acids can be characterized using a variety of "fingerprinting" techniques usually based on nucleic acid hybridization or enzymatic amplification. The scanning of nucleic acids by amplification with arbitrary oligonucleotide primers has become popular because it can generate simple-to-complex patterns from anonymous DNA or RNA templates without requiring prior knowledge of nucleic acid sequence or cloned or characterized probes. Discrete loci are amplified within genomic DNA, DNA complementary to mRNA populations (cDNA), cloned DNA fragments, and even PCR products. The potential and limitations of the various genome scanning techniques, novel improvements, and their recent use in comparative and experimental biology applications, including the analysis of plant and bacterial genomes are discussed.
Differential effect of intrauterine hypoxia on caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation in fetal guinea pig hearts and brains.

The aim of this study is to quantify the effect of intrauterine hypoxia (HPX) and the role of nitric oxide (NO) on the apoptotic enzyme, caspase 3, and DNA fragmentation in fetal heart and brain. Hypoxia and NO are important regulators of apoptosis, although this has been little studied in the fetal organs. We investigated the effect of intrauterine HPX on apoptosis and the role of NO in both fetal hearts and brains. Pregnant guinea pigs were exposed to room temperature (N = 14) or 10.5% O2 (N = 12) for 14 days prior to term (term = 65 days) and administered water or l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (LNIL), an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, for 10 days. Fetal hearts and brains were excised from anesthetized near-term fetuses for study. Chronic HPX decreased pro- and active caspase 3, caspase 3 activity, and DNA fragmentation levels in fetal hearts compared with normoxic controls. l-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine prevented the HPX-induced decrease in caspase 3 activity but did not alter DNA fragmentation levels. In contrast, chronic HPX increased both apoptotic indices in fetal brains, which were inhibited by LNIL. Thus, the effect of HPX on apoptosis differs between fetal organs, and NO may play an important role in modulating these effects.
Calcitonin inhibition of vitamin D-induced intestinal calcium absorption.

Isolated vascularly perfused rat small intestines were maintained for a 4 hr period during which intestinal calcium absorption was measured. Using this system it was demonstrated that intestines from vitamin D-deficient rats exhibit a low rate of calcium absorption. This rate is approximately doubled in intestines from rats which had received vitamin D. An acute infusion of 10 mMRC U of purified porcine calcitonin (CT) into the arterial perfusate produces an immediate drop in calcium absorption in intestines from rats given vitamin D, but has no effect on calcium absorption of intestines from vitamin D-deficient rats. A chronic infusion of 1.25 mMRC U of CT/hr steadily lowers calcium absorption of intestine from rats given vitamin D until the vitamin D deficient level is reached. In contrast to the effect of low levels of CT, an acute infusion of 500 mMRC U of CT produces a large increase in the calcium absorption of intestines from rats which had received vitamin D. This pharmacological effect of large a...
Atomic rearrangements in ordered fcc alloys during neutron irradiation

We describe three sets of experiments performed at Argonne National Laboratory over the past few years. These experiments deal with atomic rearrangements in the ordered alloys Ni3Mn and Cu3Au during fast and thermal neutron bombardment. The unique mag-netic properties of ordered Ni3Mn are utilized to investigate radiation damage produc-tion mechanisms at low temperature (5 K) where defect migration is not possible and only disordering is observed. In the case of thermal neutron bombardment, the average recoil energy is about 450 eV and significant disordering due to (110) replacement col-lision sequences is observed. For fast neutron bombardment where typical recoil ener-gies are 20 keV, significant random disordering is observed but no evidence for sizable replacement sequences is found. The bombardment of ordered Cu3Au by fast and thermal neutrons at higher temperature (∼150°C) is studied by electrical resistance techniques. Both ordering and disordering are observed and related to the number of migrating vacan-cies escaping from the high energy collision cascade.
O-alkyl-O-methylglycerophosphocholine, an antineoplastic lipid, undergoes spontaneous redistribution between biological membranes prepared from HL-60 cells.

Cytotoxic actions of the unnatural phospholipid 1- O -alkyl-2- O -methyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylmethyl-GPC) appear to be targeted to the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. We analyzed the distribution of [ 3 H]alkylmethoxy-GPC in subcellular membranes isolated from human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. [ 3 H]Alkylmethyl-GPC added to intact cells selectively labels plasma membrane-enriched fractions of the postnuclear supernatant, but the labeling profile is independent of the temperature and duration of the incubation, and concentration of the molecule. Also, an identical distribution pattern is obtained when [ 3 H]alkylmethyl-GPC is directly added to postnuclear supernatants. Moreover, [ 3 H]alkylmethyl-GPC translocates between subcellular membranes in a manner that does not depend on membrane-adsorbed or cytosolic transfer proteins. These results indicate that the subcellular localization studies reported for alkylmethyl-PC and structurally-related molecules must be interpreted with caution.
Effect of serum proteins on estrogen-mediated receptor translocation in the superfused rat uterus.

In order to examine the effects of serum proteins on the biologic activity of estrogens, we superfused uteri from ovariectomized rats with Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRP), 4% human serum albumin (HSA) in KR or charcoal-stripped human plasma (HP), alone or with estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) or estriol (E3), 5 × 10−10, 10−9 and 10−8M. Following superfusion, the uteri were homogenized and the cytosol and nuclear receptors were measured by an exchange technique. Since we could detect no significant difference in the percent of receptors in the nucleus when the time of superfusion was varied from 30–120 min, all studies were done using a 30 min superfusion at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. In control studies using KRP alone (n = 12) 23.8 ± 1.8 (mean ± SEM) of the receptors were present in the nucleus at the end of the 30 min superfusion. Addition of E1, E2 or E3, 5 × 10−10 M resulted in a significant increase compared to controls in the percent of receptors in the nucleus. The percent of nuclear receptors was significantly greater for E2 and E3 (46.5 ± 3.2% and 43.6 ± 1.8%) compared to E1 (34.0 ± 0.9%). Superfusions of uteri with either E2 or E3 at 10−9 M or 10−8 M resulted in a significantly greater percent of nuclear receptors compared to equimolar infusions of E1. When uteri were superfused with E1 at 5 × 10−10, 10−9 or 10−8M or with E3 at 5 × 10−10 or 10−9M in HSA or HP the percent of nuclear receptors was not different compared to the respective infusion of equimolar concentrations of E1 or E3 in KR. However, superfusions of E2 5 × 10−10, 10−9 or 10−8M in HSA or HP resulted in a significant decrease in the percent nuclear receptors compared to the percent after equimolar superfusions of E2 in KR. Superfusions of E2 in HSA or HP resulted in the same percent of receptors in the nucleus. The percent of receptors in the nucleus increased with increasing concentrations of E2, but at each concentration the percent of receptors was the same with HA as with HP. Using the percent of nuclear receptors as an index of biological activity, E1 has less activity than either E2 or E3. Interaction with serum proteins does not modulate the activities of either E1 or E3, except at the concentration of 10−8M for E3. However, the activity of E2 is modulated by its interaction with HSA either in buffer or plasma resulting in a decrease in activity which is not further altered by any interaction with other serum proteins.
Income Creation by Means of Income Taxation

I. Conditions under which taxation is income creating, 265. — Influence of expenditures, 268. — II. Under-employment equilibrium with consumption 100 per cent of income, 269. — III. Under-employment equilibrium with net investment and the average propensity to consume less than 100 per cent, 275. — IV. Full employment and a sudden closing of investment outlets, 280. — V. Application of the foregoing analysis in a practical program, 285. — Effectiveness of the income tax as an instrument of policy, 286.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE LOAD RATIO DEPENDENCE OF FATIGUE THRESHOLDS IN PRESSURE VESSEL STEEL

Abstract A study has been made of the influence of load ratio R on fatigue crack propagation behavior and specifically on the value of the fatigue crack growth threshold, Δ K 0 , in a bainitic 2.25 Cr-1Mo pressure vessel steel tested at 50 Hz in aqueous, and moist and dry gaseous environments. Data are obtained for crack growth in a distilled water environment and are compared to previously published results in air and hydrogen. It is found that in distilled water the dependence of thresholds Δ K 0 values on R is far less marked than in moist air and dry hydrogen atmospheres where Δ K 0 values decrease sharply with increasing R . Furthermore, whereas in air and hydrogen, the threshold condition is characterized by a constant maximum stress intensity at low load ratios, and a constant alternating stress intensity at high load ratios, no such behavior is observed in water. Based on extensive measurements of crack face oxidation products using scanning Auger speetroscopy and on previous crack closure measurements using ultrasonics techniques, the role of load ratio in influencing near-threshold fatigue behavior is ascribed to mechanisms of crack closure specifically plasticity-induced closure and closure arising from crack face oxide debris. The implications of such plasticity-induced and oxide-induced closure to the load ratio-dependence of near-threshold fatigue behavior in various environments are discussed in detail.
Modulation in three dimensions

Resume des resultats theoriques et numeriques obtenus depuis une trentaine d'annees d'observations de l'interaction du vent solaire avec le rayonnement cosmique. On met en avant l'influence de la modulation cyclique de l'activite du Soleil et l'importance des observations par sondes spatiales
The impact of price discrimination on consumer surplus at popular music concerts

Abstract We estimate consumer surplus gains and losses from concert ticket price discrimination. Fans purchasing low-priced tickets enjoy a surplus gain of about $9.26 per ticket while high-priced ticket buyers suffer a loss of about $17.63 per ticket.
Educating for Commitment: Insights from Postmodernity

Abstract Secular pluralism in contemporary culture and current theological divisions within churches have important implications for Christian education. This paper addresses the question of how religious commitments can be made and convictions held outside of polarizing and exclusionary understandings of truth, and without the presence of uncontested doctrines. What habits, practices and dispositions should Christians cultivate in this context? It brings resources from postmodern theology and philosophy into conversation with the Anglican tradition, in order to propose ways that Christian education can foster faith commitment in the midst of pluralism and disagreement. The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity.—W. B. Yeats, The Second Coming Out beyond ideas of wrongdoing and rightdoing, there is a field. I'll meet you there.—Rumi
Synthesis of beta-substituted cyclopentenones via carbon alkylation of metalated gamma-methoxycyclopentenyl phenylsulfonyl anion

Metalation of γ-methoxyallyl sulfone 13 provides phenylsulfonyl anion 2a which undergoes alkylation followed by hydrolysis to afford β-substituted cyclopentenones.
Discriminative Object Class Models of Appearance and Shape by Correlatons

This paper presents a new model of object classes which incorporates appearance and shape information jointly. Modeling objects appearance by distributions of visual words has recently proven successful. Here appearancebased models are augmented by capturing the spatial arrangement of visual words. Compact spatial modeling without loss of discrimination is achieved through the introduction of adaptive vector quantized correlograms, which we call correlatons. Efficiency is further improved by means of integral images. The robustness of our new models to geometric transformations, severe occlusions and missing information is also demonstrated. The accuracy of discrimination of the proposed models is assessed with respect to existing databases with large numbers of object classes viewed under general conditions, and shown to outperform appearance-only models.
A Bayesian Method of Estimating Kappa Coefficient with Application to a Rheumatoid Arthritis Study

We provide estimates of the kappa coefficient using multivariate probit models from a Bayesian perspective and investigate the performance of our method by assuming different prior distributions for the correlations of the underlying normal variables from multivariate probit models. We compare our method with the Fleiss' method and the weighted moment method through two simulation studies. We further show that our method can be easily extended to detect treatment effects and estimate the kappa coefficients by treatment groups for clustered binary data using an example from an immunotherapy study in rheumatoid arthritis. C-code for our program is available on request.1
Geomorphology and American dams: The scientific, social, and economic context

American geomorphologic research related to dams is embedded in a complicated context of science, policy, economics, and culture. Research into the downstream effects of large dams has progressed to the point of theory-building, but generalization and theory-building are from this research because (1) it is highly focused on a few locations, (2) it concerns mostly very large dams rather than a representative sample of sizes, (3) the available record of effects is too short to inform us on long-term changes, (4) the reversibility of changes imposed by dam installation and operation is unknown, and (5) coordinated funding for the needed research is scarce. In the scientific context, present research is embedded in a history of geomorphology in government service, with indistinct boundaries between bbasic and appliedQ research. The federal policy that most strongly influences present geomorphological investigations connected with dams is related to habitat for endangered species, because the biological aspects of ecosystems are directly dependent on the substrate formed by the sediments and landforms that are influenced by dams. The economic context for research includes large amounts of public funds for river restoration, along with substantial private investments in dams; and geomorphology is central to these expensive issues. The cultural context for research is highly contentious and dominated by advocacy procedures that include intense scrutiny of any geomorphologic research related to dams. Advocates are likely to use the products of geomorphological research to make cases for their own positions. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bedforms and Depositional Sedimentary Structures of a Barred Nearshore System, Eastern Long Island, New York

Abstract The depositional sedimentary structures and textures of a single-barred nearshore system on the Atlantic coast of eastern Long Island, New York, were studied along seven shore-normal transects. Data along these transects consisted of textural analysis of 160 sediment samples, temporal bedform observations, and 42 can cores for the analysis of sedimentary structures. Six sedimentary subenvironments were observed, based on distinct combinations of sediment color and texture, bedforms, physical, and biogenic sedimentary structures, and benthic infaunal communities. The shoreface environment is divided into the upper shoreface, the longshore trough, and the longshore bar. The divisions of the inner shelf environment are the shoreface-inner shelf transition, the offshore, and the coarse-grained deposit. The first five subenvironments are arranged in bands parallel to the shoreline, whereas the coarse-grained deposit occurs in patches across the inner shelf. The location of fair-weather wave base, coinciding with a reduction in slope (3.0–0.3°) from the shoreface to the inner shelf, is characterized by the cessation of debris surge in the troughs of ripples, the formation of a “rust layer” of microorganisms over the bedform surface, and a sediment color change caused by an increase in organic detritus. The sequence of bedforms and physical sedimentary structures observed in this system fits well with existing wave-generated (oscillatory) flow regime models. These models explain the observed sequences as a response to the degree of asymmetric flow created by shoaling waves. Distribution of biogenic structures and assemblages of infaunal organisms is influenced by the distance landward or seaward of fair-weather wave base. The overall relationships of this nearshore system can then be summarized as a hypothetical prograding stratigraphic sequence. The entire sequence is underlain by organic-rich, bioturbated, offshore deposits. Overlying the offshore is the planar-laminated sediments of the transition. Grading upward from the transition are the cleaner, planar-laminated, seaward slope deposits of the longshore bar. Above this, is a distinct erosional surface indicating the base of the massive to cross-laminated coarse sediments of the longshore trough. Capping the sequence are the cross- to planar-laminated, clean sands of the upper shoreface and foreshore.
Tissue Sensitivity of Rat Nasal Turbinate Epithelium to CdSO,: Correlation of Tissue Cadmium Levels and Energy Charge

AbstractThe toxicity of cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) aerosol was investigated using rat nasal turbinate epithelium to provide in vivo tissue sensitivity data for comparison with data obtained previously for rat and human nasal turbinate epithelial cells exposed to CdSO4 in vitro (Morgan et al., 1990). Fischer 344 rats were exposed to CdSO4 aerosol (0, 5, or 10 mglm3) by nose-only inhalation for 2 h, or by intranasal instillation of a CdSO4 solution (0.7 mglml) for 1 h. Tissue sensitivity was determined by measuring Cd levels and adenine nucleotide levels in the same tissues. The end point for CdSO4 toxicity, tissue energy charge (EC), was calculated from adenine nucleotide levels. Nose-only inhalation exposure of male F344 rats to 5 or 10 mg CdSO4/m3 produced only slight, nonsignificant decreases in the EC of nasal epithelium. Tissue doses of 2.56 and 3.12 ng Cd/mg wet weight were obtained by exposure to 5 or 70 mg/m3, respectively, for 2 h. The tissue dose was increased to 5.37 ng Cd/mg wet weight by intranas...
One for all and all for one? A new generation of co-operatives emerges

Abstract Business owners who traditionally organised their marketing and supply activities through co-operatives are changing their strategic orientation with increased frequency. The result is a “new generation” of co-operatives sweeping through several industries. This article examines how traditional co-operatives differ from the typical investor-owned firm and some of the motivating factors leading to the emergence of the new generation of co-operatives. These new generation co-operatives (NGCs) appear to be organisational hybrids combining aspects of investor ownership and co-operative ownership structures. The article describes differences between the traditional and new generation co-operatives with the objective of providing implications for managers who are faced with the movement toward more entrepreneurial organisations in their industries.
Comparative Enzymology in the Alkaline Phosphatase Superfamily to Determine the Catalytic Role of an Active Site Metal Ion

Mechanistic models for biochemical systems are frequently proposed from structural data. Site-directed mutagenesis can be used to test the importance of proposed functional sites, but these data do not necessarily indicate how these sites contribute to function. In this study, we applied an alternative approach to the catalytic mechanism of alkaline phosphatase (AP), a widely studied prototypical bimetallo enzyme. A third metal ion site in AP has been suggested to provide general base catalysis, but comparison of AP with an evolutionarily related enzyme casts doubt on this model. Removal of this metal site from AP has large differential effects on reactions of cognate and promiscuous substrates, and the results are inconsistent with general base catalysis. Instead, these and additional results suggest that the third metal ion stabilizes the transferred phosphoryl group in the transition state. These results establish a new mechanistic model for this prototypical bimetallo enzyme and demonstrate the power of a comparative approach for probing biochemical function.
Three-dimensional integration: technology, use, and issues for mixed-signal applications

Three-dimensional (3-D) integration provides opportunities in large-scale integration of mixed-signal and general system-on-chip applications with improved performance, through increased density and mixing of different active and passive technologies. This paper reports a novel low-thermal-budget 3-D fabrication technique-multilayers with buried structures (MLBS) and an analysis of its applicability to mixed-signal integration. The MLBS technique uses a low temperature of 450/spl deg/C to transfer a single-crystal silicon layer over a processed wafer consisting of buried in-plane and out-of-plane interconnects obtained through a dual Damascene process. Devices can continue to be processed on this transferred layer. Electrical characteristics of MOS capacitors (D/sub it/=4.7/spl times/10/sup 10/ cm/sup -2/ eV/sup -1/) and 3-D integrated planar CMOS transistors (3-D CMOS), fabricated using MLBS, are consistent with integration requirements. Our analog analysis includes an investigation of thermal effects important to analog applications with continuous operation of transistors in forward active bias, as well as of the coupling isolation derived from use of a ground-plane. Use of high density local interconnectivity improves the thermal properties of 3-D CMOS over that of silicon-on-insulator, and use of a ground plane is shown to lead to an improvement of better than 8 dB in coupling isolation.
Clocking strategies and scannable latches for low power appliacations

This paper covers a range of issues in the design of clocking schemes for low-power applications. First we revisit, extend and improve the power-performance optimization methodology for latches, attempting to make it more formal and comprehensive. The data switching factor and the glitching activity are taken into consideration, using a formal analytical approach, then a notion of energy-efficient family of configurations is introduced to make the comparison of different latch styles in the power-performance space more fair, also the power of the clock distribution is taken into account. Practical issues of building a low overhead scan mechanism are considered, and the power overhead of the scannable design is analyzed. A low-power LSSD extension to single-phase latches is proposed, and results of a comparative study of LSSD-scannable latches are shown, supported by experimental data measured on a 0.18 /spl mu/m test chip.
Switchgrass Establishment Influenced by Cover Crop, Tillage Systems, and Weed Control

Successful establishment of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is often challenging. The objective of this study was to improve switchgrass stand establishment through integrated management practices that included cover crops, tillage systems and herbicide application. The study was conducted at the University of Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station in Deerfield during the growing seasons of 2012 and 2013. A split split-plot design with three replications was used in both years. The main plots consisted of three cover crop treatments (fallow, oat [Avena sativa L.], and rye [Secale cereale L.]). The sub-plots were two seeding methods (no-till drill, and cultipacker seeder [Brillion]). The sub sub-plots were herbicide treatments that consisted (1) pre-emergence (PRE) application of atrazine (A) and quinclorac (Q) and (2) a Broad Spectrum application of PRE A + Q that was supplemented with post-emergence (POST) application of 2,4-D and dicamba. The no-till seeding method in both years resulted in higher stand density and biomass. Weed control was improved with the Broad Spectrum herbicide (0.90 Mg ha−1) compared with A + Q treatment (1.3 Mg ha−1). No-till seeding produced considerably higher tiller numbers (190 tiller m−2) than that of cultipacker seeder which in turn resulted in significant weed suppression. In general, when planted after rye, switchgrass produced fewer tillers than after oat or fallow. No-till seeding into oat mulch with the application of Broad Spectrum herbicides resulted in highest switchgrass yield (2,098 kg ha−1) in the establishment year.
Using LiDAR‐derived vegetation metrics for high‐resolution, species distribution models for conservation planning

Advances in remotely sensed data for characterizing habitat have enabled development of spatially explicit predictive species distribution models (SDM) that can be essential tools for management. SDMs commonly use coarse-grain metrics, such as forest patch size or patch connectivity, over broad spatial extents. However, species distributions are likely driven in part by local, fine-grained habitat conditions. Conservation and management are often planned and applied locally, where coarse predictions may be uninformative or not sufficiently precise. We investigated the integration of high-resolution LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) with avian point sampling data to develop a detection-corrected occupancy model to quantify habitat-occurrence relationships for two species with different habitats: the endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia) and black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) on a military installation in central Texas. We compared occupancy models that used only the more conventional, coarse remotely sensed metrics to models that also incorporated high-resolution LiDAR-derived metrics for vegetation height and canopy cover, to assess their use for predicting distributions. Models including LiDAR-derived vegetation height and canopy cover metrics were competitive for both species, and models without LiDAR-derived vegetation height had substantially lower model weights and explanatory strength. Area under curve estimates for the highest ranked models were high for warblers (0.864) and moderate for vireos (0.746). Using the best supported models for each species, we predicted the occurrence distribution for both species. The resulting predictions provide a decision support tool that enables assessment of the status, impacts, and mitigation of impacts to endangered species habitat on the installation due to land management and military training activities that is more standardized and accurate than current assessment approaches based on visual gestalt of habitat and expert opinion. Additionally, although previous species distribution models have been created for our focal species, most fail to match the grain and extent of most management actions or include local, fine-grained metrics that influence distributions. In contrast, we demonstrate that use of LiDAR with species occurrence data can provide precision and resolution at a scale that is relevant ecologically and to the operational scale of most conservation and management actions.
Jitter control and scraping in the 12-view AHF HEBT

The HEBT of the proposed Advanced Hydrotest Facility (AHF) is designed to deliver 50-GeV protons to an object from 12 directions, 15/spl deg/ apart. Individual beam bunches extracted from a synchrotron are split with 11 sets of septa such that, nominally, the same number of particles arrives from each direction. Extraction-kicker jitter can be expected, and can result in beam-intensity fluctuations in the 12 lines to the object. The HEBT tune is chosen to minimize this effect, with interesting consequences for the beam-splitting process. Beam splitting in each set of septa is initiated by a wire septum, with some particles hitting the wires. Particle-tracking simulations predict that activation of beamline components due to these affected particles can be kept low with sets of scrapers. They also predict that the scraping scheme is not sensitive to beam-position jitter from extraction-kicker jitter, or to average-energy jitter. Details of the jitter study and the scraping study are discussed.
β-Catenin Up-regulates Atoh1 Expression in Neural Progenitor Cells by Interaction with an Atoh1 3′ Enhancer

Atoh1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, plays a critical role in the differentiation of several epithelial and neural cell types. We found that β-catenin, the key mediator of the canonical Wnt pathway, increased expression of Atoh1 in mouse neuroblastoma cells and neural progenitor cells, and baseline Atoh1 expression was decreased by siRNA directed at β-catenin. The up-regulation of Atoh1 was caused by an interaction of β-catenin with the Atoh1 enhancer that could be demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that two putative Tcf-Lef sites in the 3′ enhancer of the Atoh1 gene displayed an affinity for β-catenin and were critical for the activation of Atoh1 transcription because mutation of either site decreased expression of a reporter gene downstream of the enhancer. Tcf-Lef co-activators were found in the complex that bound to these sites in the DNA together with β-catenin. Inhibition of Notch signaling, which has previously been shown to induce bHLH transcription factor expression, increased β-catenin expression in progenitor cells of the nervous system. Because this could be a mechanism for up-regulation of Atoh1 after inhibition of Notch, we tested whether siRNA to β-catenin prevented the increase in Atoh1 and found that β-catenin expression was required for increased expression of Atoh1 after Notch inhibition.
New Destinations and Immigrant Incorporation

Does the academic literature on U.S. immigration adequately capture the experiences of immigrants outside their traditional areas of concentration? This article reviews the three major fields of research in immigrant incorporation—economic, sociocultural, and political. It emphasizes the two most prominent conceptual frameworks in each: the human capital frame and the more recent sociological frame, which highlights “modes of incorporation” and “contexts of reception.” Although research in immigrants' political incorporation is less developed than its economic and sociological counterparts, I pay close attention to the ways in which structural and contextual factors shape participation. Immigrants' geographic dispersal complements this trend toward contextualism by providing greater variation in their places of destination; that variation can help advance the comparative research agenda.Helen B. Marrow is a doctoral candidate in sociology and social policy at Harvard University (marrow@wjh.harvard.edu). Preparation of this article was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, a National Science Foundation Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT grant 98070661), a David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies Summer Research Grant, a Center for American Political Studies Dissertation Fellowship in American Politics, and a partial Rural Poverty Research Institute Rural Poverty Dissertation Fellowship. Opinions expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of any of the supporting sources. Thanks to Mary Waters, Luisa Heredia, Jennifer Hochschild, Katherine Newman, William J. Wilson, and three anonymous reviewers for valuable feedback on previous drafts.
Hyperhidrosis: current management

Hyperhidrosis can be a distressing problem for the afflicted patient and is commonly encountered by both primary care and hospital physicians. This article reviews the essentials of diagnosis and current treatment modalities available for various forms of hyperhidrosis.
Air charge estimation for turbocharged diesel engines

The paper presents adaptive observers for in-cylinder air charge estimation for turbocharged diesel engines based on a mean value engine model. We assess the observability from various engine measurements. The performance of the observers is compared to existing schemes analytically and in simulations. Specifically, it is shown that the designed observers perform better than the conventional schemes during fast step changes in engine fuelling level. Furthermore, the estimate is less sensitive to changes in engine parameters than the existing schemes.
We Are the World, We Are the Quake: the Redefinition of Fans as Interpretive Community in Sportswriting About the 1989 Bay Area World Series and Earthquake Disaster

This study provides a unique look at the confrontation of societal priorities about sport and life The study examines how the meaning of a sporting superevent changes in a community when it is confronted by a natural disaster such as a major earthquake. Press coverage of the 1989 baseball World Series played between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics is used as a case study to understand how sport is variantly placed into the context of everyday life as social conditions and interpretations of a disaster change A reader-oriented critique of press coverage focuses on the changing construction of the interpretive community ofsports fans during four phases (1) the pre-series period, (2) the pre-quake playing period, (3) the moratorium period, and the (4) the post-quake playing period. The often unrecognized struggles of the press to create interpretive communities of fans are most clearly seen in the context of this intervention of a natural disaster into the workings o f a n ongoing process ...