cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online selective training for faster neural network learning

Training neural networks is a computationally challenging problem that requires significant time efforts. In this paper, we propose two approaches that improve efficiency of this task by actively selecting most relevant points from a training data set. The first approach forms a batch that maximizes the reduction of the estimator’s entropy, while the second approach only trains on datapoints whose predicted probability is below a predetermined threshold. Both techniques rely on data metrics to speed up training while retaining the epoch-based neural network training framework. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods enable significant reduction of training time in experiments on the CIFAR10 dataset without compromising the accuracy.
Permanent Magnets Produced by Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing for Electric Engines

With the global trend towards electrification of transport, the interest for various configurations of electric motors is growing. Unfortunately, the low versatility of the motor magnet fabrication technologies limits the development of new motor geometries. Cold spray additive manufacturing was used for shaping permanent magnets for the direct fabrication of electric motor parts without the need for additional assembly steps. This novel technique allows an increase in the design flexibility of electrical machine geometries targeting improved performance. The permanent magnets were deposited from a NdFeB-Al composite powder mix featuring high raw theoretical remanence and coercivity. The role of the process parameters such as powder mix composition, binder granulometry and gas temperature on the magnetic volume fraction and the resulting magnetic properties will be investigated and compared with data from the literature. The use of complex robot toolpath programming necessary to spray on motor parts will be illustrated through an example of the fabrication of a complex shape rotor. The obtained magnetic properties demonstrate the feasibility of using cold spray additive manufacturing as an effective technology to fabricate motor parts without additional assembly steps.
Self-mode-locked Cr3+:LiCaAlF6 laser.

A cw-pumped Cr3+:LiCaAlF6 laser has been configured to produce chirp-free, self-mode-locked pulses of 170-fs duration. The prism-dispersion-compensated cavity contained no active or passive mode-locking device. Mode locking was accomplished through self-focusing in the LiCaAlF6 crystal with 2.5 W of red light from a cw krypton laser. Rocking of the output coupler initiated the ultrashort-pulse formation.
Micromechanical modeling of thermo-mechanical properties of high volume fraction particle-reinforced refractory composites using 3D Finite Element analysis

Abstract Previously, we have developed several particle-reinforced castable ceramic composites for refractory applications with exposure to thermal shock and measured their effective thermo-elastic properties experimentally. These composites contained silicon-carbide (SiC) solid particles, zirconia (ZrO2) bubbles, and ZrO2 solid particles, dispersed in an alumina (Al2O3) matrix. The present work aims to implement representative volume element (RVE) approach and periodic boundary condition (PBC) to accurately predict those properties, namely elastic and shear modulus, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), using three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) simulations while accounting for the effect of porosity. In comparison to established micromechanical schemes and two-dimensional (2D) FE predictions, 3D FE simulations specifically show more accuracy in prediction of elastic properties and thermal conductivity. This novel and thorough comparison across various thermo-mechanical properties for complex microstructures (with up to three types of inclusions) can be valuable for designing comparable high volume fraction (VF) composites.
Antimicrobial Light-Activated Polypropylene Modified with Chitosan: Characterization and Reusability.

Chitosan is a polycationic structure and an inherent antimicrobial compound. Through reactive blending, a robust and stable light-activated antimicrobial plastic that is also reusable was prepared....
Evaluation of the effects of anthelmintic administration on the fecal microbiome of healthy dogs with and without subclinical Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium canis infections.

Background The gastrointestinal microbiome plays an important role in host health and there is increasing concern regarding the deleterious effects of pharmaceuticals on the fecal microbiome. The effect of anthelmintic therapy on the fecal microbiome in dogs has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of anthelmintic administration on the fecal microbiome of dogs with and without subclinical Giardia species and Cryptosporidium canis infections. Methodology/Principal findings Part 1: 6 healthy adult research beagles with subclinical giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis were administered a commercially available preparation of febantel combined with pyrantel and praziquantel (FPP) orally daily for three days. Part 2: 19 healthy staff-owned dogs without giardiasis or cryptosporidiosis were divided into a treatment group (n = 9) that was administered fenbendazole orally daily for five days and an untreated control group (n = 10). For both parts of the study, feces were collected at multiple time points before and after anthelmintic (FPP or fenbendazole) administration. Fecal DNA was extracted for Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and qPCR assays. Neither FPP nor fenbendazole treatment caused a significant change in alpha or beta diversity or the relative abundance of bacterial species. Upon univariate statistical analysis neither FPP or fenbendazole caused minimal changes in the fecal microbiota. Conclusion FPP administration was associated with minimal alterations of the fecal microbiome of healthy research beagles with subclinical giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Fenbendazole administration was associated with minimal alterations of the fecal microbiome of healthy staff owned dogs.
Combination Therapy With Canagliflozin Plus Liraglutide Exerts Additive Effect on Weight Loss, but Not on HbA1c, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of combination therapy with canagliflozin plus liraglutide on HbA1c, endogenous glucose production (EGP), and body weight versus each therapy alone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Forty-five patients with poorly controlled (HbA1c 7–11%) type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on metformin with or without sulfonylurea received a 9-h measurement of EGP with [3-3H]glucose infusion, after which they were randomized to receive 1) liraglutide 1.2 mg/day (LIRA); 2) canagliflozin 100 mg/day (CANA); or 3) liraglutide 1.2 mg plus canagliflozin 100 mg (CANA/LIRA) for 16 weeks. At 16 weeks, the EGP measurement was repeated. RESULTS The mean decrease from baseline to 16 weeks in HbA1c was −1.67 ± 0.29% (P = 0.0001), −0.89 ± 0.24% (P = 0.002), and −1.44 ± 0.39% (P = 0.004) in patients receiving CANA/LIRA, CANA, and LIRA, respectively. The decrease in body weight was −6.0 ± 0.8 kg (P CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that liraglutide failed to block the increase in EGP caused by canagliflozin despite blocking the rise in plasma glucagon and preventing the decrease in plasma insulin concentration caused by canagliflozin. The failure of liraglutide to prevent the increase in EGP caused by canagliflozin explains the lack of additive effect of these two agents on HbA1c.
Modifiers of Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Gene Expression in Implication for Serotype-Universal Neutralizing Antibody Assay

Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy is undergoing major expansion into clinical practice, with two treatments currently being granted Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. However, the presence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies (NAB) is one of the significant hurdles for the clinical application of AAV vectors that significantly limits the patient population, which benefits from the treatment. A reliable diagnostic to evaluate the patient's seropositivity is required to ensure the effectiveness of the AAV-mediated therapeutic. Here, we describe a simple method for the determination of AAV NAB activity based on our finding that Compound C makes HEK293 cell highly permissive for infection by 10 commonly used AAV serotypes.
Toward understanding thrombus fracture: Dissipative phenomena of whole blood clots

When thrombus fractures and breaks off it can occlude vital vessels such as those of the heart, lung, or brain. These thromboembolic conditions are responsible for 1 in 4 deaths world-wide. This problem is also of significant current interest as 1 in 3 COVID-19 intensive care patients exhibit thromboembolic complications. Thrombus resistance to fracture is driven by its intrinsic fracture toughness as well as other, non-surface-creating dissipative mechanisms. In our current work, we identify and quantify these latter mechanisms toward future studies that aim to delineate fracture from other forms of dissipation. To this end, we use an in vitro thrombus mimic system to produce whole blood clots and explore their dissipative mechanics under simple uniaxial extension, cyclic loading, and stress-relaxation. We found that whole blood clots exhibit Mullins effect, hysteresis, permanent set, strain-rate dependence, and nonlinear stress-relaxation. Interestingly, we found that performing these tests under dry or submerged conditions did not change our results. However, performing these tests under room temperature or body temperature conditions yielded differences. Overall, we have demonstrated that whole blood clots show several dissipative phenomena - similarly to hydrogels - that will be critical to our understanding of thrombus fracture.
Beyond Deficit and Determinism to Address the Latinx Attainment Gap

Despite recent gains, Latinx students still lag behind other subgroups on measures of academic attainment. Explanations for this gap have ranged from pernicious deficit ideologies to deterministic ...
Correlating Dementia Severity Rating Scale and Schonberg Index Mortality Risk Scores to Aid Caregiver Medical Decision-Making

Background/Hypothesis: The 16 million unpaid caregivers serving individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) are more likely to participate in medical decision-making than caregivers of older adults with other chronic conditions. Their decisions may reflect the patient’s severity of cognitive impairment and life expectancy. Analysis of the relationship between these two factors is needed to improve the prognostic information provided to caregivers. ADRD severity can be measured using the Dementia Severity Rating Scale (DSRS), a validated, informant-based multiple-choice questionnaire that assesses functional and cognitive abilities. Life expectancy can be estimated using the Schonberg Index (SI), a validated, predictive mortality index. We hypothesize that DSRS and SI scores will be correlated. Methods: A retrospective analysis of data from 230 dyads enrolled in the Decisions about Cancer Screening in Alzheimer’s Disease (DECAD) study was performed. The DECAD study is an ongoing randomized controlled trial enrolling dyads of older women with ADRD and their caregivers to test the benefits of a mammography decision aid. In the study, caregivers completed the DSRS and SI questions. DSRS and SI scores were compared using linear regression analysis. Additionally, 20 DECAD interviews were qualitatively evaluated to explore themes of medical decision-making among ADRD caregivers. Results: DSRS scores and SI scores were weakly correlated, yielding an R2 value of 0.1. Interviews revealed that caregivers most frequently considered physician advice, comorbidity status, and patient preferences in decision-making. 67% of moderate ADRD caregivers and 36% of mild ADRD caregivers cited cognitive impairment severity as an influential factor. Conclusions/Implications: Further analysis controlling for time since diagnosis will better establish the relationship between DSRS and SI scores. The resulting increase in accuracy of ADRD prognostic information will aid physicians and caregivers in medical decision-making. Furthermore, understanding what influences caregiver decisions will allow for the provision of improved guidance from physicians.
Gender, emocje i praktyki życia codziennego Żydów na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945–1972. Narracja biograficzna Aliny M.

W artykule analizie poddano jeden poglebiony wywiad stanowiący cześc projektu opartego na historii mowionej (oral history) o zydowskim osadnictwie na Dolnym Śląsku, zatytulowany „Milośc na ruinach: historia zydowskiego osadnictwa na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945–1972”. Zarowno analizowany wywiad, jak i pozostale rozmowy skupiają sie na zagadnieniach zycia codziennego, dorastania, uczuc i związkow budowanych przez Żydow polskich na Dolnym Śląsku po II wojnie światowej. Kluczową role odgrywa tutaj perspektywa plci kulturowej (gender). Historia mowiona to medium, dzieki ktoremu mozliwe jest poznanie doświadczen spoleczności zydowskiej nieopisanych w innych źrodlach, jak na przyklad dokumentach tworzonych przez komitety zydowskie, sprawozdaniach z zydowskich klubow czy nawet w pamietnikach.
Spatial-Dynamic Externalities and Coordination in Invasive Species Control

Abstract This paper investigates the coordination problem in transboundary species invasions. When invasions impact commodity markets and control decisions are made by many producers, a spatial externality arises due to market-level impacts and delaying the invasion on neighboring parcels. We illustrate how the intrinsic spread rate and the spatial configuration of producers interact to determine the public benefits of private control decisions and the ultimate outcome of species invasions on private property. To coordinate responses to invasions at the market level, a corrective mechanism is suggested in which invaded producers are compensated by all other producers for control actions that alleviate impacts to other producers.
Distributed Prediction Markets Modeled by Weighted Bayesian Graphical Games

We consider a novel, yet practical setting of prediction markets called distributed prediction markets, where the aggregated price of a security of an event in one prediction market is affected dynamically by the prices of securities of similar events in other, simultaneously running prediction markets. We focus on the problem of decision making facing a market maker to determine the price of a security within such a setting. We propose a formal framework based on graphical games called a weighted Bayesian graphical game (WBGG) to model the distributed prediction market setting and to capture the local interactions between multiple market makers. We then describe a distributed message passing algorithm based on NashProp algorithm to calculate the Bayes-Nash equilibrium in a WBGG. We provide analytical results including convergence and incentivizing truthful revelation among market makers. Our experimental results show that market makers that consider the influence of other market makers in a distributed prediction market setting while using our proposed WBGG-based algorithm obtain higher utilities and set prices more accurately in comparison to market makers using a greedy strategy to set prices or those that do not consider the influence of other market makers. We also observe that extreme sizes of the neighborhood of a market maker have an adverse impact on its utilities.
Real-Time Applications of Computer-Aided Design

Abstract This report discusses software designed for interactive experimentation with real instruments and controllers as well as with simulated control systems. After a review of equation- and block-diagram languages for small digital computers, we introduce MICRODARE, a new high-level language system for laboratory automation, signal processing, control, and simulation.MICRODARE combines high computing speed with direct execution, i.e., no external compiler, linker, or loader is needed. MICRODARE is imbedded in an advanced BASIC dialect which serves for interactive program entry, editing, file manipulation, job control, and for programming multi-run experiments. MICRODARE subprograms, invoked by BASIC, implement successive mathematical and real-time operations (e.g. MULTIPLY, STORE IN ARRAY, INTEGRATE, READ ADC) directly as very fast pre-programmed, reentrant threaded code or microprograms. These MICRODARE primitives are simple high-1evel-1anguage statements which are entered and edited like the BASIC statements and can freely access the same named variables. Applications to data acquisition, statistics, periodic-signal enhancement, and servo optimization are shown. MICRODARE runs on any Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 and will, in particular, lend dramatic speed to the new microprogrammed LSI-11 models. The report closes with a discussion of MICRODARE EXTENSIONS TO NEW, VERY FAST MULTI-MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS.
Ranking attack graphs

A majority of attacks on computer systems result from a combination of vulnerabilities exploited by an intruder to break into the system. An Attack Graph is a general formalism used to model security vulnerabilities of a system and all possible sequences of exploits which an intruder can use to achieve a specific goal. Attack Graphs can be constructed automatically using off-the-shelf model-checking tools. However, for real systems, the size and complexity of Attack Graphs greatly exceeds human ability to visualize, understand and analyze. Therefore, it is useful to identify relevant portions of an Attack Graph. To achieve this, we propose a ranking scheme for the states of an Attack Graph. Rank of a state shows its importance based on factors like the probability of an intruder reaching that state. Given a Ranked Attack Graph, the system administrator can concentrate on relevant subgraphs to figure out how to start deploying security measures. We also define a metric of security of the system based on ranks which the system administrator can use to compare Attack Graphs and determine the effectiveness of various defense measures. We present two algorithms to rank states of an Attack Graph based on the probability of an attacker reaching those states. The first algorithm is similar to the PageRank algorithm used by Google to measure importance of web pages on the World Wide Web. It is flexible enough to model a variety of situations, efficiently computable for large sized graphs and offers the possibility of approximations using graph partitioning. The second algorithm ranks individual states based on the reachability probability of an attacker in a random simulation. Finally, we give examples of an application of ranking techniques to multi-stage cyber attacks.
The relationship of running to osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine: a 9 year longitudinal study.

Objective. To determine the associations between running and radiographic hip osteoarthritis (OA), the progression of radiographic knee OA, and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) after 9 year followup in 28 members of a running club now aged 60-77 years and 27 nonrunner controls. Methods. Running subjects and non running controls were matched for age (± 2 years), years of education, and occupation. All subjects underwent rheumatologic examination, completed annual questionnaires, and had radiographs taken of the knees in 1984, 1986, 1989, and 1993 and of the hips in 1993. BMD of the first lumbar spine vertebrae was obtained in 36 subjects by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in 1984, 1986, 1989. and 1993. In 1993, knee radiographs were assessed in pairs (1984 and 1993), and hip radiographs were scored by 2 readers individually without knowledge of running status. Results. Nine year radiographic results for both runners and nonrunners for the knees showed significant within-group progression of both osteophytes and total knee radiographic scores (p = 0.01 for runners and p = 0.05 for nonrunners) and joint space narrowing in nonrunners (p = 0.01). Runners tended to have higher radiographic scores, but no significant differences in between-group differences were seen in 1984 or 1993. Radiographic OA of the hip was not different between the groups. QCT of the first lumbar vertebrae for BMD in 1984, 1986, 1989, and 1993 was greater in runners than nonrunners (p = 0.01 ), but rates of change in QCT values were similar between the 2 groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion. The presence of radiographic hip OA and the progression of radiographic knee OA was similar for older runners and nonrunners. Lumbar spine BMD remained higher in runners, but changes in lumbar BMD were similar for runners and nonrunners over a 9 year period.
GREAT: GRaphlet Edge-based network AlignmenT

Network alignment aims to find regions of topological or functional similarities between networks. In computational biology, it can be used to transfer biological knowledge from a well-studied species to a poorly-studied species between aligned network regions. Typically, existing network aligners first compute similarities between nodes in different networks (via a node cost function) and then aim to find a high-scoring alignment (node mapping between the networks) with respect to “node conservation”, typically the total node cost function over all aligned nodes. Only after an alignment is constructed, the existing methods evaluate its quality with respect to an alternative measure, such as “edge conservation”. Thus, we recently aimed to directly optimize edge conservation while constructing an alignment, which improved alignment quality. Here, we approach a different idea of maximizing both node and edge conservation, and we also approach this idea from a novel perspective, by aligning optimally edges between networks first in order to improve node cost function needed to then align well nodes between the networks. In the process, unlike the existing measures of edge conservation that treat each conserved edge the same, we favor conserved edges that are topologically similar over conserved edges that are topologically dissimilar. We show that our proposed method, which we call GRaphlet Edge AlignmenT (GREAT), improves upon state-of-the-art methods that aim to optimize node conservation only or edge conservation only. Visit http://nd.edu/~cone/GREAT to access GREAT's implementation.
RADAR | Synthetic Aperture Radar (Land Surface Applications)

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 5, pp 1851–1858, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
The reality of negative refraction

One of the most fundamental phenomena in optics is refraction. When a beam of light crosses the interface between two different materials, its path is altered depending on the difference in the refractive indices of the materials. The greater the difference, the greater the refraction of the beam. For all known naturally occurring materials the refractive index assumes only positive values. But does this have to be the case?
Physically observable cryptography

Complexity-theoretic cryptography considers only abstract notions of computation, and hence cannot protect against attacks that exploit the information leakage (via electromagnetic fields, power consumption, etc.) inherent in the physical execution of any cryptographic algorithm. Such “physical observation attacks” bypass the impressive barrier of mathematical security erected so far, and successfully break mathematically impregnable systems. The great practicality and the inherent availability of physical attacks threaten the very relevance of complexity-theoretic security.
No agent left behind: dynamic fair division of multiple resources

Recently fair division theory has emerged as a promising approach for allocation of multiple computational resources among agents. While in reality agents are not all present in the system simultaneously, previous work has studied static settings where all relevant information is known upfront. Our goal is to better understand the dynamic setting. On the conceptual level, we develop a dynamic model of fair division, and propose desirable axiomatic properties for dynamic resource allocation mechanisms. On the technical level, we construct two novel mechanisms that provably satisfy some of these properties, and analyze their performance using real data. We believe that our work informs the design of superior multiagent systems, and at the same time expands the scope of fair division theory by initiating the study of dynamic and fair resource allocation mechanisms.
Evaluation of the impact of Village Savings and Loan Associations using a novel survey instrument

ABSTRACTFormal microfinance institutions have been an important tool in the fight against poverty in developing countries, but their reach is necessarily limited. Village Savings and Loan Associations (VSLAs) are an alternative, informal mechanism for saving and borrowing that do not require external capital or ongoing financial or administrative support from a founding organisation. This article evaluates the impact of VSLAs on their members and finds that long-term members fare better along multiple economic, nutritional, and health dimensions compared with a control group of recent joiners.
RIQ: Fast processing of SPARQL queries on RDF quadruples

Abstract In this paper, we address the problem of fast processing of SPARQL queries on a large RDF dataset, where the RDF statements are quadruples (or quads). Quads can capture provenance or other relevant information about facts. This is especially powerful in modeling knowledge graphs, which are becoming increasingly important on the Web to provide high quality search results to users. We propose a new approach called RIQ that employs a decrease-and-conquer strategy for fast SPARQL query processing. Rather than indexing the entire RDF dataset, RIQ identifies groups of similar RDF graphs and creates indexes on each group separately. It employs a new vector representation for RDF graphs and locality sensitive hashing to construct the groups efficiently. It constructs a novel filtering index on the groups and compactly represents the index as a combination of Bloom and Counting Bloom Filters. During query processing, RIQ employs a streamlined approach. It constructs a query plan for a SPARQL query (containing one or more graph patterns), searches the filtering index to quickly identify candidate groups that may contain matches for the query, and rewrites the original query to produce an optimized query for each candidate. The optimized queries are then executed using an existing SPARQL processor that supports quads to produce the final results. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of RIQ using a real and synthetic dataset, each containing about 1.4 billion quads. Our results show that RIQ can outperform its competitors designed to support named graph queries on RDF quads (e.g., Jena TDB and Virtuoso) for a variety of queries.
BUS-CARPOOL FWY LANES IN SAN FRANCISCO AREA

The California Department of Transportation is studying ways to increase the use of the urban freeway systems that will accommodate the maximum number of people with the least delay and the maximum possible safety in a cost-effective way. This paper describes operational features of four different projects under way, namely: a contraflow bus lane; a part-time bus lane in the same direction and unseparated from normal traffic; a bus-carpool lane also in the same direction and unseparated from normal traffic; and a preferential access to a metered freeway. (MCW)
Financial Intermediation, Leverage, and Macroeconomic Instability

This paper investigates how financial sector leverage affects macroeconomic instability and welfare. In the model, banks borrow (use leverage) to allocate resources to productive projects and provide liquidity. When banks do not actively issue new equity, aggregate outcomes depend on the level of equity in the financial sector. Equilibrium is inefficient because agents do not internalize how their decisions affect volatility, aggregate leverage, and the returns on assets. Leverage creates systemic risk, which increases the frequency and duration of crises. Limiting leverage decreases asset price volatility and increases expected returns, which decrease the likelihood that the financial sector is undercapitalized.
Indistinguishability Obfuscation from Compact Functional Encryption

The arrival of indistinguishability obfuscation (\(i\mathrm {O}\)) has transformed the cryptographic landscape by enabling several security goals that were previously beyond our reach. Consequently, one of the pressing goals currently is to construct \(i\mathrm {O}\) from well-studied standard cryptographic assumptions.
Milk Pricing Matters for the Sustainability of Dairy Farmers in the Northeast

For dairy farming the core of the sustainability issue is regional differences in cost of production and prices received for raw milk. Consumers are always going to drink milk. The critical question is where is it going to come from? This paper will not address regional cost of production differences.1 Here the focus is on regional price differences, which are often ignored and assumed to be unimportant for the survival of the Northeast dairy industry. Nothing could be further from the truth. The organization and the performance of the farm to retail milk marketing channel and the role of state and federal policy nationally as well as in regions, are critical determinants of the prices that Northeast farmers receive.
Cryogenic Fuel Tank Draining Analysis Model

One of the technological challenges in designing advanced hypersonic aircraft and the next generation of spacecraft is developing reusable flight-weight cryogenic fuel tanks. As an aid in the design and analysis of these cryogenic tanks, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed specifically for the analysis of flow in a cryogenic fuel tank. This model employs the full set of Navier-Stokes equations, except that viscous dissipation is neglected in the energy equation. An explicit finite difference technique in two-dimensional generalized coordinates, approximated to second-order accuracy in both space and time is used. The stiffness resulting from the low Mach number is resolved by using artificial compressibility. The model simulates the transient, two-dimensional draining of a fuel tank cross section. To calculate the slosh wave dynamics the interface between the ullage gas and liquid fuel is modeled as a free surface. Then, experimental data for free convection inside a horizontal cylinder are compared with model results. Finally, cryogenic tank draining calculations are performed with three different wall heat fluxes to demonstrate the effect of wall heat flux on the internal tank flow field.
The Design and Implementation of Protocol-Based Hidden Key Recovery

We show how to add key recovery to existing security protocols such as SSL/TLS and SSH without changing the protocol. Our key recovery designs possess the following novel features: (1) The Key recovery channels are “unfilterable” — the key recovery channels cannot be removed without also breaking correct operation of the protocol. (2) Protocol implementations containing our key recovery designs can inter-operate with standard (uncompromised) protocol implementations — the network traffic produced is indistinguishable from that produced by legitimate protocol implementations. (3) Keys are recovered in real time, hence most or all application data is recovered. (4) The key recovery channels exploit protocol features, rather than covert channels in encryption or signature algorithms.
Why do States Pursue Nuclear Weapons (or Not)

This essay traces the evolution of the literature on the rationale behind states' pursuit of nuclear weapons, from classical neorealist explanations focusing on relative power to neoliberal institutionalist ones underlining the deterrent power of institutions and constructivist work on the impact of norms, status, and identities. We call attention to their contributions as well as their conceptual and empirical deficiencies and introduce an approach that links both nuclear ambition and nuclear restraint to models of domestic political survival. The inclusion of this previously overlooked independent variable harnesses the utility of extant approaches, allowing more effective weighing of the impact of other causal variables, while accounting for variation over time, across and within states. We take stock of more recent work employing quantitative and qualitative approaches and identify an agenda for advancing causal theories explaining why some states pursue nuclear weapons whereas others do not.
Assessing the Economic Impact of Sports Facilities on Residential Property Values: A Spatial Hedonic Approach

We estimate the effect of proximity to two sports facilities in Columbus, OH, on residential property values. Results from a spatial hedonic model indicate that the presence of sports facilities in Columbus have a significant, positive, and distance-decaying effect on surrounding residential housing values, supporting the idea that professional sports facilities generate intangible benefits in the local economy. Ordinary least square (OLS) overestimates the hedonic model parameters compared with maximum likelihood and spatial two-stage least squares, suggesting that spatial autocorrelation plays an important role in this setting.
On a secant Dirichlet series and Eichler integrals of Eisenstein series

We consider the secant Dirichlet series $$\psi _s (\tau ) = \sum _{n = 1}^{\infty } \frac{\sec (\pi n \tau )}{n^s}$$ , recently introduced and studied by Lalin, Rodrigue and Rogers. In particular, we show, as conjectured and partially proven by Lalin, Rodrigue and Rogers, that the values $$\psi _{2 m} (\sqrt{r})$$ , with $$r > 0$$ rational, are rational multiples of $$\pi ^{2 m}$$ . We then put the properties of the secant Dirichlet series into context by showing that, for even s, they are Eichler integrals of odd weight Eisenstein series of level 4. This leads us to consider Eichler integrals of general Eisenstein series and to determine their period polynomials. In the level 1 case, these polynomials were recently shown by Murty, Smyth and Wang to have most of their roots on the unit circle. We provide evidence that this phenomenon extends to the higher level case. This observation complements recent results by Conrey, Farmer and Imamoglu as well as El-Guindy and Raji on zeros of period polynomials of Hecke eigenforms in the level 1 case. Finally, we briefly revisit results of a similar type in the works of Ramanujan.
The “MIND” scalable PIM architecture

MIND (Memory, Intelligence, and Network Device) is an advanced parallel computer architecture for high performance computing and scalable embedded processing. It is a Processor-in-Memory (PIM) architecture integrating both DRAM bit cells and CMOS logic devices on the same silicon die. MIND is multicore with multiple memory/processor nodes on each chip and supports global shared memory across systems of MIND components. MIND is distinguished from other PIM architectures in that it incorporates mechanisms for efficient support of a global parallel execution model based on the semantics of message-driven multithreaded split-transaction processing. MIND is designed to operate either in conjunction with other conventional microprocessors or in standalone arrays of like devices. It also incorporates mechanisms for fault tolerance, real time execution, and active power management. This paper describes the major elements and operational methods of the MIND architecture.
Mirror reflectivity and doping considerations for high-performance oxide-confined vertical-cavity lasers

Summary form only given. We report a systematic study of the effects of doping concentration and reflectivity of the mirror and the oxidation fabrication on the efficiency of 850- and 780-nm oxide-confined VCSELs, the results of which are important for design of high-efficiency VCSELs.
Fighting redundancy in SQL

Many SQL queries with aggregated subqueries exhibit redundancy (overlap in FROM and WHERE clauses). We propose a method, called the for-loop, to optimize such queries by ensuring that redundant computations are done only once. We specify a procedure to build a query plan implementing our method, give an example of its use and argue that it offers performance advantages over traditional approaches.
Enabling the chemistry of life

Enzymes are the subset of proteins that catalyse the chemistry of life, transforming both macromolecular substrates and small molecules. The precise three-dimensional architecture of enzymes permits almost unerring selectivity in physical and chemical steps to impose remarkable rate accelerations and specificity in product-determining reactions. Many enzymes are members of families that carry out related chemical transformations and offer opportunities for directed in vitro evolution, to tailor catalytic properties to particular functions.
Foreign Direct Investment Relationship and Plant Exit: Evidence from the United States

Previous research has shown that U.S. manufacturing plants belonging to U.S. multinational companies (MNCs) are more likely to shut down than other manufacturing plants, once plant and industry attributes have been controlled for (Bernard A. and Jensen B., 2007). This research has concentrated on the importance of plant characteristics and the role of the firm structure, while largely ignoring the impact of the U.S. MNCs’ foreign operations. This study extends that research in two ways. First, this study looks at inward direct investment-that is, the U.S. manufacturing plants of foreign MNCs and not just the U.S. manufacturing plants of U.S. MNCs. It uses enterprise data from BEA’s survey of inward direct investment on the U.S. operations of foreign-owned MNCs combined with establishment data from the Census Bureau’s 1997 and 2002 Census of Manufacturing (CMF). The data are used to demonstrate that U.S. manufacturing plants of foreign MNCs are more likely to shut down than non-MNC plants and less likely to shut down than U.S. MNC plants, thereby providing the first empirical evidence for the United States.
Combustion Temperature, Pressure, and Products at Chemical Equilibrium

Eighteen reaction products at chemical equilibrium resulting from the combustion process of hydrocarbon fuel in air were computed. Results of computation of the combustion products at specified equilibrium temperatures and pressures are plotted in graphs.
Distributed Energy Resources for Carbon Emissions Mitigation

The era of publicly mandated GHG emissions restrictions in the United States has begun with recent legislation in California and seven northeastern states. Commercial and industrial buildings can improve the carbon-efficiency of end-use energy consumption by installing technologies such as on-site cogeneration of electricity and useful heat in combined heat and power systems, thermally-activated cooling, solar electric and thermal equipment, and energy storage -- collectively termed distributed energy resources (DER). This research examines a collection of buildings in California, the Northeast, and the southern United States to demonstrate the effects of regional characteristics such as the carbon intensity of central electricity grid, the climate-driven demand for space heating and cooling, and the availability of solar insolation. The results illustrate that the magnitude of a realistic carbon tax ($100/tC) is too small to incent significant carbon-reducing effects on economically optimal DER adoption. In large part, this is because cost reduction and carbon reduction objectives are roughly aligned, even in the absence of a carbon tax.
The Mechanics and Regulation of Variable Payout Annuities

This paper discusses the mechanics and regulation of participating and unit-linked variable payout annuities. These annuities offer benefits that are not fixed in either nominal or real terms but depend on the performance of the fund or funds in which the underlying reserve assets are invested, their profit sharing features, and the treatment of longevity risk. The paper focuses on the treatment of investment and longevity risks by different types of these annuities and underscores the challenge of establishing a robust and effective framework of regulation and supervision for these products. The paper also addresses the exposure of annuitants to integrity risk and places special emphasis on the need for a high level of meaningful transparency.
Building a parser that can afford to interact with semantics

Natural language understanding programs get bogged down by the multiplicity of possible syntactic structures while processing real world texts that human understanders do not have much difficulty with. In this work, I analyze the relationships between parsing strategies, the degree of local ambiguity encountered by them, and semantic feedback to syntax, and propose a parsing algorithm called {\em Head-Signaled Left Corner Parsing} (HSLC) that minimizes local ambiguities while supporting interactive syntactic and semantic analysis. Such a parser has been implemented in a sentence understanding program called COMPERE.
Potential Applications of Conditional Cash Transfers for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa

A growing number of developing countries have introduced conditional cash transfer programs that provide money to poor families with certain contingencies attached - such as requiring school attendance or regular immunization and health check-ups. As the popularity of conditional cash transfer programs has grown, experimentation with potential applications in other areas of health, such as sexual and reproductive health, and HIV prevention, in particular, has also increased. Evaluations of conditional cash transfer programs have focused almost exclusively on uptake of health and educational services, which make relatively low demands of participants compared with more complex interventions, which require the cessation of risky behaviors, such as smoking, obesity, and substance abuse. The literature on contingency management - based on the principle that behavioral change occurs when appropriate behaviors are reinforced and rewarded - provides a richer picture of the complexity of the use of conditionality to encourage healthy behavioral change. This paper examines developing countries' experiences with conditional cash transfer programs and the results of trials in clinical settings on the efficacy of contingency management, and addresses their relevance for designing conditional cash transfer programs to address risky sexual behavior and promote the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Episodes of Collective Invention

The process of developing a new technology through open discussion has been called collective invention. This paper documents two episodes of collective invention and proposes a general model based on search theory. The first episode deals with the development of mass production steel in the U.S. (1866-1885), and the second with early personal computers (1975-1985). In both cases technical people openly discussed and sometimes shared technology they were developing. Both technologies advanced to the point that they supported substantial economic growth. Open source software development is partway through a similar process now. The episodes have common features. The process begins with an invention or a change in legal restrictions. Hobbyists and startup firms experiment with practical methods of production and share their results through a social network. The members of the network form a new industry or change an existing one. The network then disappears if the new firms keep their research and development secret. A model of the search for innovations can describe this process if it is expanded to include independent hobbyists and consultants as well as profit-seeking firms.
IN-SITU MAGNETIC GAUGE MEASUREMENTS IN KEL-F†

In-situ gauge measurements have been made in Kel-F using multiple, embedded Lagrangian particle velocity and impulse gauges to measure shock attributes. Shock stresses attained were between 0.9 and 11 GPa. At the lower stresses, we were looking for the effects of a subtle phase transformation to be manifested in the form of a multiple wave structure. Clear evidence of this transformation was not observed but the shape of the transmitted waves indicated the viscoplastic nature of this material. This effect was nearly gone at 2.6 GPa. At the highest stress condition (11 GPa), the waveforms suggest that the single-crystal sapphire impactor was starting to yield, indicating that sapphire is not elastic all the way to 12 GPa, as had been previously thought. Rarefaction speed measurements at shock conditions were obtained from each experiment but it was not possible to obtain accurate estimates of the Gruneisen parameter.
Debugging Distributed Implementations of Modal Process Systems

From the perspective of performance and parts cost, distributed architectures are often superior to single processor architectures for embedded systems designs. Despite this, embedded system designers still tend to use single processors whenever possible. One of the main reasons for this is that the additional costs in design and maintenance of distributed systems can far outweigh the lower parts cost and lower power consumption that might result from a distributed implementation. This is largely because most distributed models are limited in the system level abstraction that can be derived.
Real World Knowledge for Databases

A number of expert systems have been developed recently that attempt to automate the database design process. One of the well-known problems with these and other types of expert systems is that, although they possess a high degree of expertise in their specific application areas, they usually know very little about anything outside those areas or about how the real world functions. This results in the need to ask the user many questions that a human expert would not need to ask about an application. It has been suggested that it would be beneficial for a database design system to be able to acquire general, or real world, knowledge over time as it is applied from one design session to another. Before this can be happen, however, an understanding is required of what constitutes real world knowledge as well as how it can benefit database design systems. In this paper, various types of knowledge are examined and organized into a framework. The framework is then used to show how real world knowledge can be incorporated into database design expert systems.
Parenteral iron therapy in anemia of pregnancy

Abstract A study designed to compare the effectiveness of parenteral iron dextran with oral ferrous sulfate in the treatment of anemia of pregnancy has been carried out on 246 patients. The results indicate that the iron dextran can be expected to give a more rapid response but if treatment can be continued for as long as 4 to 6 weeks the ferrous sulfate will give an over-all improvement similar to that with the parenteral preparation.
A new verification procedure for partially clairvoyant scheduling

In this paper, we describe a new algorithm for the problem of checking whether a real-time system has a Partially Clairvoyant schedule (PCS). Existing algorithms for the PCS problem are predicated on sequential quantifier elimination, i.e., the innermost quantifier is eliminated first, followed by the next one and so on. Our technique is radically different in that the quantifiers in the schedulability specification are eliminated in arbitrary fashion. We demonstrate the usefulness of this technique by achieving significant performance improvement over a wide range of inputs. Additionally, the analysis developed for the new procedure may find applications in domains such as finite model theory and classical logic.
Chiral Perturbation Theory and Nucleon Polarizabilities

Compton scattering offers in principle an intriguing new window on nucleon structure. Existing experiments and future programs are discussed and the state of theoretical understanding of such measurements is explored.