cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultra-High Temperature Steam Corrosion of Complex Silicates for Nuclear Applications: A Computational Study

Abstract Stability of materials under extreme conditions is an important issue for safety of nuclear reactors. Presently, silicon carbide (SiC) is being studied as a cladding material candidate for fuel rods in boiling-water and pressurized water-cooled reactors (BWRs and PWRs) that would substitute or modify traditional zircaloy materials. The rate of corrosion of the SiC ceramics in hot vapor environment (up to 2200 °C) simulating emergency conditions of light water reactor (LWR) depends on many environmental factors such as pressure, temperature, viscosity, and surface quality. Using the paralinear oxidation theory developed for ceramics in the combustion reactor environment, we estimated the corrosion rate of SiC ceramics under the conditions representing a significant power excursion in a LWR. It was established that a significant time – at least 100 h – is required for a typical SiC braiding to significantly degrade even in the most aggressive vapor environment (with temperatures up to 2200 °C) which is possible in a LWR at emergency condition. This provides evidence in favor of using the SiC coatings/braidings for additional protection of nuclear reactor rods against off-normal material degradation during power excursions or LOCA incidents. Additionally, we discuss possibilities of using other silica based ceramics in order to find materials with even higher corrosion resistance than SiC. In particular, we found that zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) is also a very promising material for nuclear applications. Thermodynamic and first-principles atomic-scale calculations provide evidence of zircon thermodynamic stability in aggressive environments at least up to 1535 °C.
Axial rotation of the lumbar spinal motion segments correlated with concordant pain on discography: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE. One possible cause of back pain in patients with intervertebral disk degeneration is decreased stability of the motion segment. Axial rotations between lumbar spinal vertebrae can be measured noninvasively with CT. We tested the hypothesis that larger axial rotations are found in motion segments with disks that test positive for concordant pain, which is considered by some investigators to be a reasonable, accurate predictor of spinal instability.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Between October 2002 and March 2004, all patients undergoing discography were evaluated for inclusion in the study, with the approval of the institutional review board. All patients in whom concordant pain was detected at discography were enrolled in the study. The patients were placed supine in the CT scanner on a table that rotated the pelvis 8° clockwise and then counterclockwise with respect to the thorax. CT images were obtained with the patient in the two positions of rotation. An automated program calculated the amount of r...
Longitudinal sound velocities of granular compacts of ammonium perchlorate and potassium chloride

Measurements of longitudinal sound velocity in columns of granular ammonium perchlorate and potassium chloride were made in connection with a study of chemical reaction in shocks in heterogeneous solid propellants and explosives. For ammonium perchlorate sound velocity varied from 0·6 mm/μsec for a pressing at 1·0 g/cm 3 to 3·9 mm/μsec for a solid crystal. Measurements for three grain-size distributions with means at 13.76 and 500μ showed a definite particle size effect, but the velocities were less dependent on grain size than on density. Similar measurements on potassium chloride lay in the same range. The results at 1·0 g cm 3 indicated that shocks intense enough to initiate detonation in ammonium perchlorate were simple in both materials. Thus from the point of view of the mechanics of the pressing, potassium chloride is a good non-reactive comparison material for ammonium perchlorate at this density.
The Youngest Victims of Violence: Examining the Mental Health Needs of Young Children Who Are Involved in the Child Welfare and Juvenile Justice Systems

Children placed in the state’s custody due to neglect, abuse or maltreatment are one of America’s most vulnerable populations. Seventy-five percent of child victims of maltreatment are under the age of 12. Not only is their suffering a problem, these children are also at increased risk for delinquent behavior later in life. While research has documented the potential long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect, the mental health needs of young children involved in the foster care and juvenile justice systems have been largely overlooked. This study examined the social, emotional and behavioral difficulties of 670 children, age 3–11, who were involved in the child welfare and juvenile justice systems. Children in this study were living in residential treatment facilities, group homes, foster care homes or were receiving intensive home-based services. To assess the children’s mental health needs caregivers completed the parent form of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 38:581–586, 1997). The findings indicated a high prevalence of mental health problems, with 81 % of the children in the sample having a total difficulties score in the borderline or abnormal range and 90 % of the children having borderline or abnormal scores on at least one of the subscales (conduct, emotional, peer or attention problems). When characteristics such as gender, race and age were considered significant differences were found among boys and girls, Caucasian and minority children, and age groups. The findings highlight the importance of mental health assessment and interventions that are gender and culturally sensitive and developmentally appropriate.
Factors related to the distribution and prevalence of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Rana cascadae and other amphibians in the Klamath Mountains

The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), which causes the disease chytridiomycosis, has been associated with declines and extinctions of montane amphibians worldwide. To gain insight into factors affecting its distribution and prevalence we focus on the amphibian community of the Klamath Mountains in northwest California. The Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), one of the most common amphibians in these mountains, experienced increased mortality as a result of Bd exposure in laboratory trials and has experienced recent, dramatic declines in other parts of California. We surveyed 112 sites in the Klamaths, all of which supported R. cascadae between 1999 and 2002, for amphibians and Bd to (1) determine the distribution of Bd, (2) evaluate changes in the distribution of R. cascadae, and (3) assess associations between potential biotic and abiotic drivers and Bd infection. Bd was widely distributed in the Klamath Mountains – we detected the pathogen at 64% of sites. R. cascadae was found at 79% of sites, and was often infected with Bd. These results suggest that Bd has not caused dramatic declines in R. cascadae in the Klamaths in recent years. Subadult R. cascadae had a higher Bd prevalence than other R. cascadae life stages (subadults: 36%, adults: 25%, metamorphs: 4%, larvae: 1%), and while the probability of infection decreased over the season for adults, it did not for subadults, suggesting that subadults may be more vulnerable to chytridiomycosis than other R. cascadae life stages. Bd prevalence in R. cascadae was highest early in the season at high-elevation sites, which may indicate that populations inhabiting high elevation sites may have a greater risk of being affected by chytridiomycosis. Three other common amphibian species also tested positive for Bd: Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla), western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa).
Flow perfusion effects on three-dimensional culture and drug sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma

Three-dimensional tumor models accurately describe different aspects of the tumor microenvironment and are readily available for mechanistic studies of tumor biology and for drug screening. Nevertheless, these systems often overlook biomechanical stimulation, another fundamental driver of tumor progression. To address this issue, we cultured Ewing sarcoma (ES) cells on electrospun poly(e-caprolactone) 3D scaffolds within a flow perfusion bioreactor. Flow-derived shear stress provided a physiologically relevant mechanical stimulation that significantly promoted insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) production and elicited a superadditive release in the presence of exogenous IGF1. This finding is particularly relevant, given the central role of the IGF1/IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) pathway in ES tumorigenesis and as a promising clinical target. Additionally, flow perfusion enhanced in a rate-dependent manner the sensitivity of ES cells to IGF-1R inhibitor dalotuzumab (MK-0646) and showed shear stress-dependent resistance to the IGF-1R blockade. This study demonstrates shear stress-dependent ES cell sensitivity to dalotuzumab, highlighting the importance of biomechanical stimulation on ES-acquired drug resistance to IGF-1R inhibition. Furthermore, flow perfusion increased nutrient supply throughout the scaffold, enriching ES culture over static conditions. Our use of a tissue-engineered model, rather than human tumors or xenografts, enabled precise control of the forces experienced by ES cells, and therefore provided at least one explanation for the remarkable antineoplastic effects observed by some ES tumor patients from IGF-1R targeted therapies, in contrast to the lackluster effect observed in cells grown in conventional monolayer culture.
Physiological roles and diseases of Tmem16/Anoctamin proteins: are they all chloride channels?

The Tmem16 gene family was first identified by bioinformatic analysis in 2004. In 2008, it was shown independently by 3 laboratories that the first two members (Tmem16A and Tmem16B) of this 10-gene family are Ca2+-activated Cl− channels. Because these proteins are thought to have 8 transmembrane domains and be anion-selective channels, the alternative name, Anoctamin (anion and octa=8), has been proposed. However, it remains unclear whether all members of this family are, in fact, anion channels or have the same 8-transmembrane domain topology. Since 2008, there have been nearly 100 papers published on this gene family. The excitement about Tmem16 proteins has been enhanced by the finding that Ano1 has been linked to cancer, mutations in Ano5 are linked to several forms of muscular dystrophy (LGMDL2 and MMD-3), mutations in Ano10 are linked to autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia, and mutations in Ano6 are linked to Scott syndrome, a rare bleeding disorder. Here we review some of the recent developments in understanding the physiology and structure-function of the Tmem16 gene family.
Fixed flexion deformity and total knee arthroplasty

Fixed flexion deformities are common in osteoarthritic knees that are indicated for total knee arthroplasty. The lack of full extension at the knee results in a greater force of quadriceps contracture and energy expenditure. It also results in slower walking velocity and abnormal gait mechanics, overloading the contralateral limb. Residual flexion contractures after TKA have been associated with poorer functional scores and outcomes. Although some flexion contractures may resolve with time after surgery, a substantial percentage will become permanent. Therefore, it is essential to correct fixed flexion deformities at the time of TKA, and be vigilant in the post-operative course to maintain the correction. Surgical techniques to address pre-operative flexion contractures include: adequate bone resection, ligament releases, removal of posterior osteophytes, and posterior capsular releases. Post-operatively, extension can be maintained with focused physiotherapy, a specially modified continuous passive motion machine, a contralateral heel lift, and splinting.
Smoking-related correlates of psychomotor restlessness and agitation in a community sample of daily cigarette smokers.

Background and Objectives Psychomotor restlessness and agitation (PMA) is a putatively important, yet understudied, psychopathologic correlate of smoking. The scant smoking research on PMA previously conducted has been narrow in scope and conducted among psychiatric patients. To examine the generalizability and relevance of PMA to smoking, this cross-sectional study investigated associations between PMA and a variety of smoking processes in a community sample. Methods Participants in this study were non-treatment-seeking smokers (N = 254, ≥10 cig/day, M age = 44 years) from the community without an active mood disorder. At baseline, they completed a PMA symptom checklist, a composite depressive symptom index, and a battery of smoking questionnaires. Results Linear regression models adjusting for depressive symptoms and demographics indicated that PMA level was positively associated with severity of nicotine withdrawal symptoms during prior quit attempts (β = .18, p < .05), anticipated likelihood of withdrawal in a future quit attempt (β = .19, p < .05), motivation to smoke for negative reinforcement (β = .14, p < .05), and smoking expectancies for negative reinforcement (β = .17, p < .05), negative consequences (β = .22, p < .01), and positive reinforcement (β = .14, p < .05). PMA was not significantly associated with smoking chronicity, frequency, or dependence severity. Conclusion and Scientific Significance Smokers with elevated PMA appear to experience greater smoking-induced affect modulation and nicotine withdrawal than the average smoker, regardless of other depressive symptoms. Given that PMA differentiates a qualitatively unique profile of smoking characteristics, PMA warrants consideration in tobacco addiction research and practice. (Am J Addict 2015;24:166–172)
Stochastic modeling and generation of partially polarized or partially coherent electromagnetic waves

Many new Earth remote-sensing instruments are embracing both the advantages and added complexity that result from interferometric or fully polarimetric operation. To increase instrument understanding and functionality a model of the signals these instruments measure is presented. A stochastic model is used as it recognizes the non-deterministic nature of any real-world measurements while also providing a tractable mathematical framework. A stationary, Gaussian-distributed model structure is proposed. Temporal and spectral correlation measures provide a statistical description of the physical properties of coherence and polarization-state. From this relationship the model is mathematically defined. The model is shown to be unique for any set of physical parameters. A method of realizing the model (necessary for applications such as synthetic calibration-signal generation) is given and computer simulation results are presented. The signals are constructed using the output of a multi-input multi-output linear filter system, driven with white noise.
On the choice of the prior distribution in hypergeometric sampling

Information in a statistical procedure arising from sources other than sampling is called prior information, and its incorporation into the procedure forms the basis of the Bayesian approach to statistics. Under hypergeometric sampling, methodology is developed which quantifies the amount of information provided by the sample data relative to that provided by the prior distribution and allows for a ranking of prior distributions with respect to conservativeness, where conservatism refers to restraint of extraneous information embedded in any prior distribution. The most conservative prior distribution from a specified class (each member of which carries the available prior information) is that prior distribution within the class over which the likelihood function has the greatest average domination. Four different families of prior distributions are developed by considering a Bayesian approach to the formation of lots. The most conservative prior distribution from each of the four families of prior distri...
Randomized variable practice appears to be effective in the acquisition and generalization of speech sounds in childhood apraxia of speech

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Skelton, S. L., & Hagopian, A. L. (2014). Using randomized variable practice in the treatment of childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 23, 599–611.Source of funding: No reported.
Critical Thinking in Gifted Children's Offline and Online Peer Feedback

This comparative study identified the differences between gifted children’s offline and online peer feedback within a summer talented writer’s workshop. Researchers analyzed ten students’ writings for degrees of critical thinking evident in their feedback. Online feedback included students’ writings in social writing sites Storybird.com and KidBlog. Offline feedback was submitted on a teacher designed rubric, and then incorporated into a revised manuscript using Microsoft Word. Critical thinking was defined as the three upper tiers of Bloom’s Taxonomy: analysis, and evaluation, and synthesis. Each comment in students' online and offline feedback was coded according to one of the levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. In addition, interpretative summaries were written describing how students used feedback within each category. Results indicated that critical thinking (specifically analysis and evaluation) was more evident in the responses that were structured opposed to those that were in the social media contexts. There was also evidence of an increased amount of informal dialogue in the online feedback opposed to the structured feedback. Online writing technologies are seen to be most successful when teachers' expectations for critical thinking and students' desire for informal positive feedback are combined; this success depends on the presence of a skilled teacher and supportive peers, rather than on the presence of a specific technology tool.
Permanent Supportive Housing for Transition-Age Youths: Service Costs and Fidelity to the Housing First Model.

Objective:Permanent supportive housing (PSH) programs are being implemented nationally and on a large scale. However, little is known about PSH for transition-age youths (ages 18 to 24). This study estimated health services costs associated with participation in PSH among youths and examined the relationship between fidelity to the Housing First model and health service outcomes.Methods:Administrative data were used in a quasi-experimental, difference-in-differences design with a propensity score–matched contemporaneous control group to compare health service costs among 2,609 youths in PSH and 2,609 youths with serious mental illness receiving public mental health services in California from January 1, 2004, through June 30, 2010. Data from a survey of PSH program practices were merged with the administrative data to examine changes in service use among 1,299 youths in 63 PSH programs by level of fidelity to the Housing First model.Results:Total service costs increased by $13,337 among youths in PSH comp...
The HIV-Positive Patient

In the summer of 1981, a group of physicians in Los Angeles reported 15 cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in young homosexual men. About the same time, physicians in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles reported 26 cases of Kaposi’s sarcoma, again in young homosexual men. Both of these illnesses were highly unusual in healthy individuals and up to that time had been associated only with patients who had severely compromised immune systems. In 1982 the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta recognized a complex disease in which a defect in cell-mediated immunity occurred. For this reason, it was given the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The etiological agent, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), was identified in 1983, and serological tests were subsequently developed. Of the first cases reported in 1981, 90 percent have died.1–3
How low should you go? Determining the optimal cutoff for exhaled carbon monoxide to confirm smoking abstinence when using cotinine as reference.

Introduction Confirming abstinence during smoking cessation clinical trials is critical for determining treatment effectiveness. Several biological methods exist for verifying abstinence (e.g., exhaled carbon monoxide [CO], cotinine), and while cotinine provides a longer window of detection, it is not easily used in trials involving nicotine replacement therapy. The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco's Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification cite 8-10 parts per million (ppm) for CO as a viable cutoff to determine abstinence; however, recent literature suggests this cutoff is likely too high and may overestimate the efficacy of treatment. Methods This study examined the relationship between CO and cotinine in a sample of 662 individuals participating in a smoking cessation clinical trial. A receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated to determine the percentage of false positives and false negatives at given CO levels when using cotinine as confirmation of abstinence. Differences were also examined across race and gender. Results A CO cutoff of 3 ppm (97.1% correct classification) most accurately distinguished smokers from nonsmokers. This same cutoff was accurate for both racial and gender groups. The standard cutoffs of 8 ppm (14.0% misclassification of smokers as abstainers) and 10 ppm (20.6% misclassification of smokers as abstainers) produced very high false-negative rates and inaccurately identified a large part of the sample as being abstinent when their cotinine test identified them as still smoking. Conclusions It is recommended that researchers and clinicians adopt a more stringent CO cutoff in the range of 3-4 ppm when complete abstinence from smoking is the goal.
Nomenclatural Notes. IV. The Generic Name Plicaria

(1960). Nomenclatural Notes. IV. The Generic Name Plicaria. Mycologia: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 648-651.
Research on Military Formulae of Warfare Simulation System

Military formulae are those structured military principles according to which simulated command entities in warfare simulation systems make reasonable decisions, and the simulated operational force entities control there own behaviors reasonably during the course of the execution of specific operational tasks. This paper introduces a methodology on how to establish a set of military formulae, according to which those simulated command entities and operational force entities would react to particular synthetic situations in the simulation as their corresponding simulands do in real world under the same situations, thus producing credible simulation behaviors and results, and discusses the necessity of resolving this problem and some features the set of military formulae should have as well.
Environmental Implications of Pigments from Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria in Sediments

Dense populations of photosynthetic bacteria were discovered not only in water, but also in lacustrine and littoral sediments. The pigments of phototrophic bacteria have been becoming a hot topic of scientific interest since the 1940s. Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria live in chemocline of meromictic lakes and sea, which is the interface between oxic and anoxic mixolimnion. Depth of the H2S chemocline, which is related to paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental changes sensitively, is reflected by bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) in the sediment core. This paper illuminates distribution and evolution of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria together with their pigments. HPLC is a popular measurement for pigments. Finally, the environmental implications of fossil pigments are discussed: (1) BChls can indicate the existence of photosynthetic prokaryote; (2) As the biomarker, BChls in sediments represent the depth changes of the H2S chemocline; (3) Anoxygenic photosynthetic pigments in sediments also can be used to reconstruct the historical record of anoxygenic primary production.
Improving scalability of CMPs with dense ACCs coverage

Utilizing Hardware Accelerators (ACCs) is a promising solution to improve performance and power efficiency of Chip Multi-Processors (CMPs). However, new challenges arise with the trend of shifting from few ACCs (with sparse ACCs coverage) to many ACCs (denser ACCs coverage) on a chip. The primary challenges are a lack of clear semantics in ACC communication as well as a processor-centric view for orchestrating the entire system. This paper opens a path toward efficient integration of many ACCs on a single chip. To this end, the paper at first identifies 4 major semantic aspects when two ACCs communicate with each other: data access model, data granularity, marshalling, and synchronization. Based on the identified semantics, the paper then proposes an efficient architecture solution, Transparent Self-Synchronizing (TSS), to realize the identified semantics in the underlying architecture. In principle, TSS proposes a shift from the current processor-centric view to a more equal, peer view between ACCs and the host processors. TSS minimizes the interaction with the host processor and reduces the volume of ACC-to-ACC communication traffic exposed to the system fabric. Our results using 8 streaming applications with a varying ACC coverage density demonstrate significant benefits of TSS, including a 3x speedup over the current ACC-based architectures.
Recovery of Cutting Slurry Waste of Solar-grade Silicon

Cutting slurry waste of solar-grade silicon mainly consists of high purity silicon about 30wt%,silicon carbide about 35wt%,polyethylene glycol and water about 28wt%,and a small amount of iron.The methods of recycling cutting slurry waste in China are reviewed.During the cutting process of solar-grade silicon,about 50wt% of which is lost since it is cut into high-purified silicon powder and becomes a part of slurry.Most of solar-grade silicon in China needs to be imported.If high-purified silicon powder in slurry can be recycled and used as raw materials for preparing solar-grade silicon,it will has an important significance for both resource recycling and reducing solar-grade silicon imports.The recovery methods of high purity silicon from slurry in other countries are also introduced.
Pío baroja’s parascientific epistemology

Having been a medical student, then a physician for a short while, Pio Baroja was familiar with the nonsocial sciences of his time. He certainly found his way around the theories of Lamarck, of Linnaeus, and of Darwin, and had no qualms about making pronouncements about heredity, environment, and human behavior obeying some simple biological laws such as the survival of the fittest. But Baroja was also a moralist and chronicler of his epoch, as well as a curious spirit, so he incorporated disciplines such as history and anthropology into his cultural baggage, and certainly took from them what he could when creating his characters.
Influence of Molecular Structure on the In Vivo Performance of Flexible Rod Polyrotaxanes

Polyrotaxanes, a family of rod-shaped nanomaterials comprised of noncovalent polymer/macrocycle assemblies, are being used in a growing number of materials and biomedical applications. Their physiochemical properties can vary widely as a function of composition, potentially leading to different in vivo performance outcomes. We sought to characterize the pharmacokinetic profiles, toxicities, and protein corona compositions of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin polyrotaxanes as a function of variations in macrocycle threading efficiency, molecular weight, and triblock copolymer core structure. We show that polyrotaxane fate in vivo is governed by the structure and dynamics of their rodlike morphologies, such that highly threaded polyrotaxanes are long circulating and deposit in the liver, whereas lung deposition and rapid clearance is observed for species bearing lower 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin threading percentages. Architecture differences also promote recruitment of different serum protein classes and p...
Data classification and sensitivity estimation for critical asset discovery

Many large-scale data breaches are due to inadequate perimeter protection measures. One way companies can reduce their risk is to build fine-grained perimeters to protect critical assets. To achieve this vision, all assets need to be assigned a sensitivity value that properly indicates their business value and criticality to the organization. Existing classification schemes based on confidentiality, integrity, and availability are not sufficient. To address this need, we have developed Enterprise Information Security Management (EISM), which aims to semi-automatically measure the sensitivity levels of enterprise assets including both data and non-data assets. For the assets for which we can access the data content, we measure the sensitivity of an asset based on the sensitivity of the data by applying content analysis and data classification technologies. For the assets for which we cannot access data content, we score and rank the assets using external information such as the attributes of users and their usage patterns. We have piloted our solutions with a number of real-world cases, including the scanning of employees' laptops, classification of business documents, and sensitivity ranking of servers without relying on data content. The experiments showed promising results, confirming that highly accurate and scalable automatic sensitivity estimation is feasible.
Darwin, Hume, Morgan, and the verae causae of psychology.

Abstract Charles Darwin and C. Lloyd Morgan forward two influential principles of cognitive ethological inference that yield conflicting results about the extent of continuity in the cognitive traits of humans and other animals. While these principles have been interpreted as reflecting commitments to different senses of parsimony, in fact, both principles result from the same vera causa inferential strategy, according to which “We ought to admit no more causes of natural things, than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances”. Instead, the conflict stems from Darwin's and Morgan's views about the true causes of human psychology. Darwin holds a thoroughly Humean philosophy of the human mind, from which he infers significant continuity between human and animal minds. In contrast, Morgan argues that Humean cognitive mechanisms cannot account for a class of uniquely human behaviors, and therefore, he concludes that there is a significant discontinuity between human and animal cognition. This historical debate is informative for current controversies in comparative psychology.
Enhancing Mobile Malware Detection with Social Collaboration

Resource-constrained mobile devices pose a challenge to the design of security mechanisms. Existing host-based malware detection solutions are often resource-intensive. We present a decentralized and resource-aware malware detection architecture for mobile devices. Our approach leverages two key ideas: social collaboration and the concept of a hot set. The hot set concept states that not all malware signatures are equally important. At any given time, some signatures (the hot set) are more likely to be matched than the others. We leverage this concept by only keeping the hot set of signatures in the main memory of a mobile device, and distributing the whole signature database among devices belonging to the social group of the device owner. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by implementing a proof-of-concept (Social-AV) based on an open source anti-malware software, Clam AV. Experiments show that Social-AV reduces the memory consumption to about 55% of the amount consumed by Clam AV, while retaining the same detection capability.
Speaking of Grief and the Grief of Speaking: Martyrs' Speech and the Perils of Translation

In Derrida’s Monolinguism of the Other, a theory about the universal and constitutive alienation of the speaking subject from language finds its exemplary grounding in Derrida’s own experience as an Algerian Jew, one whose relationship to the French language is both totalizing and exiled (‘I have only one language, it is not mine.’). He equates speaking not only with contingent citizenship and a divestment of what one never really had in the first place, but also with the extreme experiences of torture, threat and physical violence. He indeed uses the words ‘passion’ and ‘martyr’ to describe his experience. In this paper, I will read Derrida ‘backwards,’ and against the universalizing move Derrida and those following him make in order to suggest a way of reading some scenes of violent death as scenes about diasporic cultural divestment. I’ll specifically attend to martyrs’ speech, and do so reading them as archives of the perils and inescapable expenses of entering dominant cultural ‘languages.’
Urban Sensing: Toward a New Form of Collective Consciousness?

Cities have always been placed where the senses are constantly solicited. If as historian of art Michael Baxandall writes, “living in a culture, growing and learning to survive in it, involves us in a special perceptive training,” cities figure among the primary educators of civilizations. But this education presents negative counterparts. On streets and squares, sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste have a lot to process, too much sometimes. The amount of information with which the senses are confronted can prove overwhelming.
Low-cost and cleanroom-free fabrication of microneedles

We present a facile, low-cost and cleanroom-free technique for the fabrication of microneedles using molds created by laser ablation. Microneedle mold with high aspect ratios is achieved on acrylic sheet by engraving a specific pattern of crossover lines (COL) using CO2 laser cutter. Ablating COL pattern on the acrylic sheet creates a sharp conical shape in the center of the design. We have shown that a variety of microneedle shapes with different heights and tip angles can be easily achieved by changing the number and the length of the COL. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microneedles were fabricated by casting the PDMS on the mold. The resulted PDMS microneedles are oxygen plasma treated and then silanized. Another PDMS layer is casted on PDMS microneedles and detached after curing. The silanization prevents those two layers of PDMS from bonding to each other and makes them easily detachable. After detachment of the PDMS mold of microneedles, the mold is used to fabricate degradable polyvinyl alcohol microneedle patch suitable for transdermal drug delivery. The release kinetics of the needles are also shown and discussed in order to prove the applicability of the needles. A low-cost method to make microneedles for non-invasive drug delivery across the skin has been devised by a team in the United States. By forming microchannels in the skin, microneedles allow drugs such as insulin to be administered without a painful injection and with improved efficacy. However, conventional methods for fabricating microneedles are expensive, requiring cleanroom facilities. Sameer Sonkusale and co-workers at Tufts University have developed a method that does not require a cleanroom. They use a laser cutter to fabricate molds for microneedles in an acrylic sheet. The cone-shaped molds are created by passing the laser beam through the same point but by different paths, resulting in the greatest amount of material being removed from the central point. The researchers demonstrate their mold by making degradable microneedle patch from various polymers.
An iterative normal-score ensemble smoother for dealing with non-Gaussianity in data assimilation.

Abstract The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) has been widely applied to assimilate dynamic data such as hydraulic head in geologic models for improved predictions over the past decade. It has various advantages such as the capability of handling multiple sources of uncertainty and ease of coupling with forward simulators involving complex physics; however, it is not reliable for updating models that are characterized by curvilinear structures such as in fluvial deposits where high-permeability conduits play a dominant role for solute transport. Several methods have been proposed to handle non-Gaussian aspects in the EnKF. For instance, the EnKF has been coupled with the normal-score transform (NS-EnKF) for data assimilation in non-multi-Gaussian distributed conductivity fields, and this approach has been applied in a number of studies. As an alternative to the EnKF, the iterative ensemble smoother (ES) has been proposed for data assimilation, where all the data at all time steps are integrated into geologic models together, instead of the sequential data integration of the EnKF. The ES therefore has much less computational cost than the EnKF. This work coupled the normal-score transform and ensemble smoother (NS-ES) for data assimilation in non-multi-Gaussian distributed conductivity fields. The algorithm is compared to the NS-EnKF and evaluated in a synthetic bimodal aquifer. The results show that (1) the NS-ES is able to reproduce the curvilinear structures of the reference field, and the performance of updated models using the NS-ES is improved in terms of flow and transport predictions; and (2) the NS-ES can obtain results comparable to the NS-EnKF for characterization of non-multi-Gaussian conductivities, and has the advantage of less computational cost.
Random Affine Iterated Function Systems: Mixing and Encoding

This paper is concerned with a probabilistic algorithm for image generation. The simplest form of the algorithm is illustrated in Fig. 1. The leaf is generated as follows. Pick any point X 0 ∈ ℝ2. There are four affine transformations T : x → A x + b listed on top of this Fig., and four probabilities p i underneath them. Choose one of these transformations at random, according to the probabilities p i — say T k is chosen, and apply it to X 0, thereby obtaining X 1 = T k X 0. Then choose a transformation again at random, independent of the previous choice, and apply it to X 1, thereby obtaining X 2. Continue in this fashion, and plot the orbit {X n }. The result is the leaf shown. By tabulating the frequencies with which the points X n fall into the various pixels of the graphics window, one can actually plot the empirical distribution \({1 \over {n + 1}}\sum\nolimits_{k = 0}^n {{\delta _{{X_k}}}} \), using a grey scale to convert statistical frequency to color. The darker portions of the leaf correspond to high probability density.
Studies of Nutrients and Their Relationship to Cancer in the Multiethnic Population of Hawaii

Because of the many ethnic cultures in Hawaii, there is great dietary variation in the population, even within individual ethnic groups. Epidemiologic studies in this setting are providing useful information on the role of macro- and micronutrients in the risk for certain cancers. The results of several recent and ongoing case-control studies are described, especially with regard to the influence of dietary fat, vitamin A, and vitamin C. The degree of consistency of the findings with other reports in the literature is discussed.
Random Walks on Some Basic Classes of Digraphs

Reingold has shown that L=SL, that s-t connectivity in a poly-mixing digraph is complete for promise-RL, and that s-t connectivity for a poly-mixing out-regular digraph with known stationary distribution is in L. However, little work has been done on identifying structural properties of digraphs that effect cover times. We examine the complexity of random walks on a basic parameterized family of unbalanced digraphs called Strong Chains (which model weakly symmetric computation), and a special family of Strong Chains called Harps. We show that the worst case hitting times of Strong Chain families vary smoothly with the number of asymmetric vertices and identify the necessary condition for non-polynomial cover time. This analysis also yields bounds on the cover times of general digraphs. Our goal is to use these structural properties to develop space efficient digraph modification for randomized search and to develop derandomized search strategies for digraph families.
A case of polymely in the Indian bull-frog,Rana tigrina Daud

In the present study, observations have been made on a polymelous specimen ofRana tigrina Daud., the first abnormality of this type recorded for this species. Not only is a complete description of the external features given, but an examination of the correlated abnormalities in the muscular, skeletal and nervous systems has also been made. Apparently, the supernumerary right fore-limb shows a reversed condition to that found in a normal right fore-limb in this species.
Innovation as Emergent Collective Cognition: An Agent-Based Nested Radii View

This paper conceptualizes innovation teams as complex adaptive systems and innovation as emergent collective cognition. To analyze the process by which collective cognition emerges from innovation ...
Held in the Vestibule

Abstract: This article takes up the figure of the black choir director as a way of exploring what I call the ‘otherwise possibilities’ and practices of ‘blackqueer’ sociality that are manifest in ‘...
Implementing Web-Based Interventions in HIV Primary Care Clinics: Pilot Implementation Evaluation of Positive Health Check.

Background Web-based interventions can help people living with HIV achieve better clinical outcomes and behaviors, but integrating them into clinical practice remains challenging. There is a gap in understanding the feasibility of implementing these interventions in HIV clinic settings from the clinicians' perspective. Objective The goal of the research was to determine whether Positive Health Check (PHC)-a Web-based, tailored video counseling tool focused on increasing patient adherence and retention in care and reducing HIV risk among HIV-positive patients-was acceptable, appropriate, and feasible for HIV primary care clinic staff to implement in clinic workflows. Methods A multiple-case study design was used to evaluate the pilot implementation. Four primary care clinics located in the southeastern United States implemented PHC over a 1-month period. Nine clinic staff across the clinics participated in structured interviews before, during, and after the implementation. In total, 54 interviews were conducted. We used a framework analysis approach to code the data and identify themes related to implementation outcomes, including acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. We also analyzed patient intervention use metrics (n=104) to quantify patient intervention completion rates (n=68). Results Overall, clinicians viewed PHC as acceptable and appropriate. Themes that emerged related to these implementation outcomes include the ability for PHC to increase provider-patient communication and its ability to engage patients due to the tailored and interactive design. While generally feasible to implement, challenges to the clinic workflow and physical environment were areas that clinics needed to manage to make PHC work in their clinics. Conclusions Findings from this pilot implementation suggest that clinical staff viewed PHC as acceptable and appropriate, especially as more patients used the intervention over the pilot period. Feasibility of implementation was challenging in some cases, and lessons learned from this pilot implementation can provide information for larger scale tests of the intervention that include assessment of both implementation outcomes and clinical outcomes.
A definition-driven theorem prover

This paper describes a theorem prover, running on a PDP-10-TENEX system, that can prove some theorems whose statements Involve a relatively large number of definitions. Such theorems require special methods because (1) their statements contain a large number of clauses and (2) their proofs are quite long although straight-forward. A theorem is proven by first subdividing it into "simple" subgoals and then using a standard resolution theorem prover to prove the subgoals. The first part of this process Involves the substitution of definitions for defined quantities and the use of logical simplification. This process which is more similar to a natural deduction system than a resolution system, is shown to be complete when restricted to first-order logic. However, the theorem prover can deal with some interesting higher-order theorems as is shown by an example.
Contamination status and risk assessment of lead in the foods and drinking water in Shaanxi Province

Objective To understand the contamination level of lead in foods and drinking water, and to assess the daily intake of lead and the possible adverse health impact. Methods The concentrations of lead in 4612 samples of foods and 58 samples of drinking water were measured. National standard were used to evaluate the degree of pollution, and provisional tolerable weekly intake( PTWI) and margin of exposure( MOE)were used to estimate lead reveals amounts, and carcinogenic risks was used to evaluate the health risk, respectively. Results The average content of foods and drinking water were0. 0461 mg/kg and 0. 0005 mg/L, respectively, while the violation rates were 2. 18% and0%. The average weekly exposed levels of lead of Shaanxi Province residents were4. 45μg/( kg BW), which accounted for 17. 80% of provisional tolerable weekly intake( PTWI). And the mean MOE value of lead was 1. 89. The main sources of dietary lead were cereals, vegetables and condiment, which covering 88. 32% of total lead. The individual health risk of lead was 6. 49×10~(-5)( a~(-1)), which higher than the standard of ICRP( 5×10~(-5)a~(-1)). Conclusion There is certain degree lead pollution in foods in Shaanxi Province. The exposed levels of lead through foods of Shaanxi Province residentsare safety, but the health risk is high.
Treatment of Childhood-Onset Lupus Erythematosus Panniculitis With Rituximab

Importance Childhood-onset lupus erythematosus panniculitis (LEP) is a rare and chronic disfiguring disease. A paucity of literature exists on the clinical manifestations of this disease and how best to treat it. Objectives To describe the clinical features of childhood-onset LEP and report on the use of rituximab in treatment-refractory childhood-onset LEP. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective, observational case series study was conducted of 4 patients with childhood-onset LEP who presented to a single-center, tertiary care clinic with pediatric dermatology and pediatric rheumatology clinics between July 1, 2014, and July 1, 2018, and were treated with rituximab. A literature review was conducted of the clinical features and treatment of childhood-onset LEP. Exposure Rituximab therapy for childhood-onset LEP. Main Outcomes and Measures Reduction in the number and size of erythematous and tender subcutaneous nodules (both visually and by palpation), reduction of facial atrophy (documented with serial photography), and tolerability of rituximab at 2 to 22 months after initiation of therapy. Results Four patients (3 male; mean [SD] age at treatment, 15 [5.9] years) with refractory childhood-onset LEP were successfully treated with rituximab. All patients had a rapid and sustained response to therapy with rituximab. One patient (25%) had minor infusion reactions; otherwise, treatment was well tolerated. Conclusions and Relevance This case series suggests that rituximab may hold promise as a treatment for refractory, childhood-onset LEP. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate these findings; however, given the rarity of disease, large studies may be difficult to conduct.