cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shifting ontological boundaries: how Japanese‐ and English‐speaking children generalize names for animals and artifacts

Past research shows that young language learners know something about the different category organizations of animals, objects and substances. The three experiments reported here compare Japanese-speaking and English-speaking children’s novel name generalizations for two kinds of objects: clear instances of artifacts and objects with ambiguous features suggestive of animates. This comparison was motivated by the very different nature of individuation in the two languages and by the boundary shift hypothesis that proposes that entities that straddle the individuation boundary of a language are assimilated toward the individuated side. The results of the three experiments support the hypothesis. An explanation in terms of mutually reinforcing correlations among language, perceptual properties and category structure is proposed. Our perceptions and our interactions with objects tell us that there are different kinds of things in the world. There are animate things that react and intentionally move; there are discrete things with stable forms that we move; and there are substances, masses with less regular and more variable forms. This partition of things into animals, objects and substances is sometimes considered an ontological partition, in two senses: in the Aristotelian sense that these are three different kinds of existence and in the psychological sense that these are distinct psychological kinds that provide a foundation for human category learning. In this paper, we propose that the language one learns influences ‐ perturbs slightly but measurably ‐ the boundaries between the psychological categories of animal, object and substance. We present evidence for this idea in three studies of how young children learning Japanese and young children learning English generalize names for things with ambiguous perceptual properties. We concentrate on ambiguous forms not because there are many such entities in the world, but because children’s conceptualizations of ambiguous forms provide insight into their expectations about categories and the mechanisms that create these expectations. Similarly, we study children acquiring two different languages, not solely because of an interest in cross-cultural effects, but primarily as a window onto the mechanisms of development. The larger idea behind this work is that ontological kinds may be the product of statistical regularities among perceptual properties and among these properties and language. We specifically consider this idea in the General discussion. Two issues that have generated much interest and evidence in the literature motivate the experimental hypotheses: (1) the different ways various languages mark individuals and (2) children’s expectations about lexical categories.
Switched capacitor quasi-adiabatic clocks

Clock Distribution Networks (CDNs) in high speed designs can consume 30–50% of the total chip dynamic power. Adiabatic clock circuits can save some of this power, but these depend on a time varying power supply which is difficult to implement in practice. In this paper, we present the first quasi-adiabatic clock circuit with a constant supply voltage at high speeds. Our proposed adiabatic clocks attain an average 23% clock power savings with better slew rate and the same skew compared to traditional buffered clocks.
Error Control Techniques Using Binary Symbol Burst Codes

Much has been written on the theoretical description of error correcting codes but, due to a lack of actual channel error patterns, little has been said of practical performance. In this paper the performance of three types of error control is evaluated for the case of independent random errors and for an actual channel exhibiting dense bursts. The selected codes are burst codes with high probabilities of error detection and correction.
Chaotic advection in a steady, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven eddy

We investigate and quantify stirring due to chaotic advection within a steady, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven, rotating cylinder flow. The flow field has vertical overturning and horizontal swirling motion, and is an idealization of motion observed in some ocean eddies. The flow is characterized by strong background rotation, and we explore variations in Ekman and Rossby numbers, and , over ranges appropriate for the ocean mesoscale and submesoscale. A high-resolution spectral element model is used in conjunction with linear analytical theory, weakly nonlinear resonance analysis and a kinematic model in order to map out the barriers, manifolds, resonance layers and other objects that provide a template for chaotic stirring. As expected, chaos arises when a radially symmetric background state is perturbed by a symmetry-breaking disturbance. In the background state, each trajectory lives on a torus and some of the latter survive the perturbation and act as barriers to chaotic transport, a result consistent with an extension of the KAM theorem for three-dimensional, volume-preserving flow. For shallow eddies, where is , the flow is dominated by thin resonant layers sandwiched between KAM-type barriers, and the stirring rate is weak. On the other hand, eddies with moderately small experience thicker resonant layers, wider-spread chaos and much more rapid stirring. This trend reverses for sufficiently small , corresponding to deep eddies, where the vertical rigidity imposed by strong rotation limits the stirring. The bulk stirring rate, estimated from a passive tracer release, confirms the non-monotonic variation in stirring rate with . This result is shown to be consistent with linear Ekman layer theory in conjunction with a resonant width calculation and the Taylor–Proudman theorem. The theory is able to roughly predict the value of at which stirring is maximum. For large disturbances, the stirring rate becomes monotonic over the range of Ekman numbers explored. We also explore variation in the eddy aspect ratio.
Variation in the Levels of Sodium and Other Minerals of Nutritional Importance in Louisiana Oysters (Crassostrea Virginica)

The concentrations of nine individual minerals were determined in oysters harvested over a 10-month period. Significant (p > 0.01) monthly variations were observed in the levels of all the minerals determined. Salinity of the growing waters was significantly (p > 0.01) correlated to levels of sodium, magnesium, iron, chromium, and nickel in the oysters. Levels of potassium, copper and chromium were related to pH. Zinc and iron levels were correlated (p > 0.05) to water temperature. In this study, variations in the mineral content of oysters were often directly influenced by the growing water. This variation must be taken into consideration, should sodium labeling be required for fresh oysters.
Atypical CT and MR appearance of a Rathke cleft cyst.

Although rare, Rathke cleft cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sellar and juxtasellar masses in children. We report atypical appearances on CT and MR of a Rathke cleft cyst in a 10-year-old child
Eigensolution of Large Structural Systems with Small Bandwidth

The basic technique for the accurate calculation of the smallest (largest) eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors in large generalized eigenvalue problems arising in dynamic and buckling analysis are considered. This leads to the design of a very efficient practical algorithm when the system has small bandwidth. The solution technique combines an accelerated secant iteration in which the Sturm sequence of the leading principal minors is used with vector inverse iteration. Example analyses are presented to show typical convergence characteristics and solution times.
Darmfunktion bei Frauen: die wahre Geschichte

Uber das normale weibliche Stuhlverhalten gibt es bisher nur ganz wenige Studien. Der Umstand, dass wir gar nicht wissen, was normal ist, beeintrachtigt unsere Patientenberatung und Forschung. Ziel dieser Studie war es, eine Erhebung unter Frauen ohne Verdauungsstorungen durchzufuhren, um einen gemeinsamen Nenner fur eine normale Darmfunktion zu erhalten und alle normalen Veranderungen zu untersuchen, die im Leben einer Frau stattfinden. Frauen, die Patienten in unsere Klinik begleiteten, wurden gebeten, einen IRB-genehmigten Fragebogen auszufullen; zuvor waren Frauen mit aktuellen Verdauungsbeschwerden, Depression, einem Stoma oder Rollstuhlpflicht ausgeschlossen worden. 425 von 528 Fragebogen von Frauen, die eine normale Darmtatigkeit berichteten, wurden ausgewertet. Die Altersspanne lag zwischen 18 und 80 Jahren, und verglichen wurde nach Alter, ethnischer Zugehorigkeit und Anzahl der Geburten. 51% hatten eine Darmentleerung taglich, wahrend 30% eine geringere Frequenz berichteten. Insgesamt berichteten 15% eine Obstipation; diese Rate lag bei afroamerikanischen Frauen hoher (26%) als bei kaukasischen Frauen (14%; p = 0,08). Die durchschnittliche Dauer einer Darmentleerung betrug 5–6 min und war bei Afroamerikanerinnen langer (7,7 min) als bei Kaukasierinnen (5,0 min; p = 0,002). Jungere Frauen berichteten Veranderungen in ihrem Entleerungsmuster mit weichem Stuhl in Assoziation mit ihrem Menstruationszyklus; dies wurde meist bei alleinstehenden Frauen beobachtet. Die Menopause hatte keine Auswirkung auf den Darm. 36% der Frauen, die entbunden hatten, berichteten eine gelegentliche Stuhlinkontinenz. Bei > 50% der Frauen wurde eine gelegentliche Windinkontinenz beobachtet, haufiger bei den > 35-Jahrigen. 74% der Frauen, die entbunden hatten, berichteten eine Windinkontinenz. Ein Drittel der Frauen las auf der Toilette, die Mehrheit, um sich zu entspannen oder abzulenken; davon lasen die Afroamerikanerinnen haufiger (54%) als die Kaukasierinnen (32%; p = 0,004). Interessanterweise lasen die Kaukasierinnen (26%) eher als die Afroamerikanerinnen (4%), um Zeit zu sparen (p = 0,02). Ballaststoffe zur Nahrungserganzung wurden nur von 8% eingenommen. Die Nahrung beeinflusste die Darmfunktion bei allen Altersgruppen, wahrend dies durch Reisen und sportliche Betatigung nicht der Fall war. Stress bewirkte eine Veranderung bei 35% in der Gruppe der 18- bis 50-Jahrigen. Es existieren hochst unterschiedliche Beurteilungen dessen, was als normale weibliche Darmtatigkeit angesehen wird. Eine tagliche Darmentleerung ist nicht die Norm. Im Durchschnitt berichten altere Frauen und solche, die Kinder geboren haben, haufiger eine Windinkontinenz. Ein Drittel verspurt Anzeichen von Stuhlinkontinenz. Am haufigsten verursachte die Nahrung eine Veranderung im Entleerungsmuster, gefolgt von Menstruation, Stress sowie Entbindung. Die grose Mehrheit der Frauen nimmt keine Ballaststoffe als Nahrungserganzung.
E.J. Curran, M.D., D. Ophth. An historical vignette.

An historical vignette recounting the life of E.J. Curran, M.D., from his beginnings in Australia to his medical education at some of the most prestigious institutions of that era. His significant contributions as chairman of the University of Kansas Department of Ophthalmology are discussed. He became a national figure in ophthalmology when he elucidated the pathophysiology behind pupillary block glaucoma and the reason peripheral iridotomy would permanently relieve this condition.
S16.2 Recurrent BV

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common cause of vaginitis and increases women’s risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and risk of STD/HIV acquisition. The aetiology of BV is unclear, though it is believed to involve loss of vaginal hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacilli and acquisition of complex bacterial communities that include many fastidious BV-associated bacteria (BVAB) that have recently been detected using PCR methods. Treatment failure (persistence) is common, and may be facilitated by unprotected sex. Potential contributions to BV and BV persistence include (1) sexual partners as a reservoir for BVAB; (2) specific sexual practises, including male partners’ condom use; and (3) the composition of the vaginal microbiota involved in BV. Specific BVAB in the Clostridiales Order may predict BV persistence when detected pre-treatment, and have been detected in men whose female partners have BV. BVAB may be associated with unprotected sexual behaviour and failure of BV to resolve in women, supporting the hypothesis that BVAB colonisation of male genitalia may serve as a reservoir for re-infection of female partners. Moreover, specific sexual practises may favour vaginal colonisation with certain BVAB that have been associated with persistence. This session will provide background on BV, and discuss the epidemiologic and microbiologic data to support a role for acquisition of BVAB and how this process might differ among subsets of women.
Aureomycin in experimental polyarthritis with preliminary trials in clinical arthritis.

Summary1. The addition of aureomycin to the diet, subcutaneous administration, and gastric intubation of the antibiotic prevented and cured experimental polyarthritis of rats due to the L4 strain of pleuropneumonia-like organism.2. in vitro aureomycin prevented growth of the microbe in broth.3. In preliminary clinical trials, several patients with chronic rheumatoid arthritis who responded unsatisfactorily to several therapeutic agents also failed to respond to aureomycin.
FREQUENCY AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF FUNCTIONAL TRICUSPID REGURGITATION IN PATIENTS WITH ISOLATED CHRONIC ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

Chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) may cause functional tricuspid regurgitation (FTR). The present transthoracic echocardiography study aimed to investigate the frequency of FTR in AF and to define its echocardiographic features. From our echocardiography database, we searched for and reviewed
THE CHILD WITH SCHOOL PHOBIA.

In a “classic” case of school phobia the child is not primarily afraid to go to school but is afraid to leave home, unconsciously fearing that her mother will be injured or will die in her absence. The potential injuring agent is the child herself. “Magical thinking” is normal in childhood and means that if one wishes something to happen it will happen. Because of a strong resentment toward her mother and because she has wished her “not here” (in the child's mind, the same as wishing her dead), the best way to allay the anxiety engendered by her unconscious destructive impulses is for the child to stay as close to the mother as possible.
Comment on “Reconstructing surface wave profiles from reflected acoustic pulses” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133(5), 2597–2611 (2013)]

A computationally efficient, time-domain Helmholtz-Kirchhoff (H-K) integral was derived and applied to reconstructing surface wave profiles from reflected acoustic pulses [Walstead and Deane, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 2597–2611 (2013)]. However, the final form of the integral equation incorporating a stationary phase approximation contained a complex phase term exp(iπ/4), which cannot be treated as a simple time delay. In this work, a real time-domain H-K integral is presented that includes an additional Hilbert transform of the time-derivative of the transmitted pulse. Numerical simulation with a sinusoidal surface shows good agreement between the real time-domain formulation and exact H-K integral, while achieving a significant improvement in computational speed (e.g., 2 orders of magnitude).
Practice and Suggestion on the Intervention Model of AIDS Prevention and Control for Migrant Workers

Objective To explore the model of AIDS prevention and control for migrant worker and stop AIDS epidemic. Method To develop the intervention model of AIDS prevention and control based on the community with the government organizing and guiding, to clarify multi-sectors′ responsibility, to formulate the mechanism of checking and encouraging, and to mobilize all staffs of the community and social workers with all society participating conducted the intervention of AIDS prevention and control for different kinds of migrant workers. Result The practices reflected that the staffs′ capacity improved obviously, migrant workers′ cognition and awareness about AIDS raised, the mechanism of multi-sectors taking responsibility formulated, the targets′ awareness to seek HIV counseling and testing enhanced. The effect of the intervention has been reflected gradually. Conclusion The intervention model is feasible and propagable. In the meantime, there are some challenges such as the shortage of human resource, the scarcity of the fund, the activeness of multi-sectors participating AIDS campaign.
Positive-sequence Polarized Voltage of Distance Relay

Positive-sequence polarized voltage of distance relay is discussed with voltage phasor diagram method.The phase angle variation of bus voltage and bus positive-sequence voltage before and after the various asymmetrical faults for long-distance and heavy-load lines are analyzed and compared.The bus positive-sequence voltage is adopted as polarized voltage of distance relay,which can effectively reduce and avoid overreach of distance relay when the grounding fault via fault resistance occurs near the setting point of the distance relay.
Pharmacist-managed drug therapy helps meet requirements for drug-use evaluation

Pharmacist-managed drug therapy at a 205-bed nonprofit, general medical and surgical hospital is described. The pharmacy department provides a drug therapy management service in which clinical pharmacists initiate and adjust drug therapy and order laboratory tests according to criterion-based protocols. A physician requests initiation of the protocol and cosigns all orders written by pharmacists. The protocols for pharmacy-managed drug therapy are developed primarily by the clinical pharmacists and approved by the hospital's pharmacy and therapeutics and executive committees. They delineate specific indicators of the process (e.g., timely initiation of therapy) and outcome (e.g., clinical efficacy) of drug therapy management. These indicators are included in the record kept by the pharmacist for each patient treated in this program, and this documentation is reviewed daily. The same documentation is used in the drug-use evaluation (DUE) process. (Drugs for which drug therapy management protocols have been developed are among those selected for DUE.) In 1990, pharmacists managed 3616 courses of drug therapy by using approximately 100 drug protocols. The criterion-based drug therapy management service helps to fulfill the hospital's drug-use evaluation responsibilities by establishing specific process and outcome indicators, proposing drugs for DUE inclusion, and collecting data.
Pen-Based Problem-Solving Environment for Computational Science

The paper discusses an introductory computer science course that reflects the current shift in technology toward digital note taking and, in particular, pen-based and touch technology. The concept of digital ink has the potential to dramatically transform and enhance the teaching and learning process by becoming widely used in classrooms—replacing the use of desktops or laptops. One of the potential advantages of the new technology is that it allows the expression and exchange of ideas in an interactive environment using sketch-based interfaces. The cornerstone of the course is the concept of geometrical sketching dynamically combined with an underlying mathematical model with a greater focus on student’s ability to produce rigorous and soundproof arguments.
Meatspace is Cyberspace: The Pynchonian Posthuman in Bleeding Edge

This article examines Thomas Pynchon’s indirect critique of utopian posthumanism in Bleeding Edge by analyzing the deleterious effects that an emerging Internet culture has on the novel’s characters. By seeping into every aspect of their lives, embedding itself in their minds, and becoming a prosthetic consciousness, the Internet has transformed the characters into posthumans and altered their subject positions within a technological global capitalist culture. Contrasting the novel’s take on the posthuman with the posthuman theories of Donna Harraway, N. Katherine Hayles, Robert Pepperell, Rosi Braidotti, David Roden and Seb Franklin, I argue that, while the dominant utopian strain in posthuman theory imagines the advent of posthumanism as an opportunity for liberation from the sexism, racism, and colonial oppression that are enabled by the positing of the classical humanist subject, Pynchon demonstrates that because the Internet technology that brought about the posthuman condition is controlled by governments and corporations, it has become just one more lost chance at freedom that was converted into an instrument of increased control and surveillance. Reading Bleeding Edge against William Gibson’s prototypical posthuman novel Neuromancer, I also contend that while Gibson, despite challenging the ontological primacy of meatspace over cyberspace, keeps the two realms separate, Pynchon, who borrows Gibson’s terms, shows that cyberspace has already merged with meatspace. As a result, Maxine Tarnow, the protagonist of Bleeding Edge, has nowhere to run in her attempt to find a provisional refuge for herself and her family.
Auto-calibration of mathematical asset models: Refflecting change of behavior of energy assets

Companies in field of electricity distribution and transmission recently deal with the need for decreasing cost of operation in terms of both capital and operational expenditures. They start to use statistically driven approaches of asset management to support these requirements in a way that reliability of the grid is being kept on the same level or even improved. However, the behavior of the assets is not the same in all times as both internal and external conditions change. This means that auto-calibration of models has to be applied to get the best results possible.
Deadbeat-Direct Torque and Flux Control for Wound Field Synchronous Machines

This paper presents a deadbeat-direct torque and flux controller for wound field synchronous machines (WFSMs) without damper/amortisseur windings. Compared to induction machines (IMs) or interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs), WFSMs have an additional degree of freedom through variable field excitation. Discrete time current and flux linkage observers are derived, which model the dynamics and cross coupling introduced by the variable field excitation. The variable field excitation also allows the torque line for the desired change in torque to be shifted on a sample by sample basis compared to IMs or IPMSMs where the torque line is static. This provides the opportunity to actively distribute the transient torque between the rotor and stator windings. A field flux linkage command is derived to achieve unity displacement power factor in the steady state. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate decoupled torque and flux linkage control.
The Old Ethics and the New Economics of Health Care

A number of advocates for major reform of the U.S. health care system, most recently and prominently Richard D. Lamm, a former governor of Colorado, have begun to argue vociferously that the prevailing medical ethics that is taught in academic medical centers in this country is antithetical to the reform that must take place if the cost of care is to be reduced and access to care more equitably distributed among the population. In a recent issue of The Hastings Center Report, Mr. Lamm, who is a member of the Board of Directors of the Hastings Center, insists that the time is ripe for “redrawing the ethics map.” Lamm’s chief complaint, which he has repeatedly expressed on the lecture circuit, at conferences, and on commissions, is that medical ethics as it has been traditionally presented, by admonishing the physician to consider always and only the welfare of each individual patient, ignores the realities of budgets and of the limited financial resources available to meet the health care needs of the population.
Plant Functional Diversity and Resource Control of Primary Production in Alaskan Arctic Tundras

The arctic tundra is an ecosystem type in which both vegetation composition and primary production are strongly limited by an extreme physical environment, including limitation by low temperatures, low light, a short growing season, and extremes of soil moisture (Billings and Mooney 1968; Bliss et al. 1981; Chapin and Shaver 1985; Chapin et al. 1992). In this physically stressful environment, both nutritional and biotic resources like soil-available nutrients or pollinators are also in short supply and thus contribute to its overall stressfulness. Finally, arctic tundras are frequently and extensively disturbed by freeze and thaw processes, and thus both the environment and the vegetation are continually changing on a fine scale even though on a coarse scale they may appear to be relatively stable (Sigafoos 1952; Churchill and Hanson 1958; Bliss and Peterson 1992).
Iran Auto: Building a Global Industry in an Islamic State

Since the revolution of 1979, scholars have portrayed the Islamic State's industrial development capacity in a negative light. Global isolation, incoherent economic planning, and predatory Islamic institutions are often cited as the reasons for lackluster development. In Iran Auto: Building a Global Industry in an Islamic State, Darius Mehri shows how this characterization is misguided. Today, Iran has one of the world's largest automobile industries with national technical capacity. Previous studies ignore the consequences of three decades of Iran's capacity for successful industrialization and changes in global technology transfer that allow countries, even ones isolated from formal global institutions, to build an automobile industry. Mehri shows how industrial nationalists in Iran constructed a network of politically effective relationships to open up space for successful local industrial development, and then tapped into a set of important global linkages to create an industry with high local manufacturing content. This book will open up a new line of inquiry into how countries in the global south can develop a successful national automobile industry without the need to conform to global economic institutions.
Structural network differences in chronic muskuloskeletal pain: Beyond fractional anisotropy.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a condition that influences central nervous system structure. In this study, we combined novel structural neuroimaging techniques, using well-validated software packages including FSL, Mrtrix3, and DSI Studio, to characterize brain grey (GM) and white matter (WM) differences in chronic musculoskeletal pain participants (n = 74), compared to age-matched pain-free controls (n = 31). In participants with chronic pain, we identified significantly higher volume in subcortical GM structures using voxel-based morphometry (FSLVBM). These differences were most prominent in the caudate, amygdala, and the hippocampus. At the same time, volume was lower in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as well as the primary motor and sensory regions in patients with chronic pain. To delineate WM microstructural differences of neuronal (e.g., activity-dependent myelin remodeling) and non-neuronal (e.g., neuroinflammation) origins, we utilized Mrtrix3 software pipelines to investigate WM fiber complexity, density, and cross-section. Whole-brain analyses revealed lower WM fiber complexity within the corpus callosum and the anterior limb of the left internal capsule. Whole brain and region of interest analyses revealed fiber complexity differences within the salience and the sensorimotor networks. In contrast, we detected non-neuronal white matter density differences within the dorsal attention network: density was lower in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the splenium of the corpus callosum in chronic musculoskeletal pain. Consistent with the involvement of the dorsal attention network, WM tractography analysis, conducted with DSI Studio and Network Based Statistics, revealed higher connectivity from the superior parietal lobule to the hippocampus in patients with chronic pain. No differences were detected in measures of fiber cross-section, suggesting the absence of neuronal degeneration in chronic pain. The combination of multiple neuroimaging techniques in this study offers a unique window into the structural differences within the chronic pain brain and provides the first evidence of microstructural variations in fiber complexity and density.
Design of fast charging technique for electrical vehicle charging stations with grid-tied cascaded H-bridge multilevel converters

To compete with gas stations, electrical vehicle charging stations should be able to charge batteries as fast as possible. In this paper, a fast charging technique for a grid-tied, cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter based charging station is developed. A controller is designed to achieve constant current-constant voltage (CC-CV) charging for all of the cells of the CHB converter. As proven in this paper, to achieve fast charging, the effects of internal resistance and polarization parameters of battery should be compensated. To reach this goal, the internal resistance and polarization parameters of battery are estimated based on the initial fast measurements before formal battery charging. The estimated parameters can increase the constant current charging duration for Li-Ion batteries so the charging speed is improved. Experiments are conducted on a charging station which is based on a 7-level grid-tied CHB converter to validate the proposed fast charging technique.
Melting and solidification behavior of Cu/Al and Ti/Al bimetallic core/shell nanoparticles during additive manufacturing by molecular dynamics simulation

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the role of core volume fraction and number of fusing nanoparticles (NPs) on the melting and solidification of Cu/Al and Ti/Al bimetallic core/shell NPs during a superfast heating and slow cooling process, roughly mimicking the conditions of selective laser melting (SLM). One recent trend in the SLM process is the rapid prototyping of nanoscopically heterogeneous alloys, wherein the precious core metal maintains its particulate nature in the final manufactured part. With this potential application in focus, the current work reveals the fundamental role of the interface in the two-stage melting of the core/shell alloy NPs. For a two-NP system, the melting zone gets broader as the core volume fraction increases. This effect is more pronounced for the Ti/Al system than the Cu/Al system because of a larger difference between the melting temperatures of the shell and core metals in the former than the latter. In a larger six-NP system (more nanoscopically heterogeneous), the melting and solidification temperatures of the shell Al roughly coincide, irrespective of the heating or cooling rate, implying that in the SLM process, the part manufacturing time can be reduced due to solidification taking place at higher temperatures. The nanostructure evolution during the cooling of six-NP systems is further investigated.
Chilaiditi Syndrome: A Case Report Highlighting the Intermittent Nature of the Disease

Background. Chilaiditi syndrome is a phenomenon where there is an interposition of the colon between the liver and the abdominal wall leading to clinical symptoms. This is distinct from Chilaiditi sign for which there is radiographic evidence of the interposition, but is asymptomatic. Case Presentation. Here, we present the case of a patient who, despite having clinical symptoms for a decade, had a delayed diagnosis presumably due to the interposition being intermittent and episodic. Conclusions. This case highlights the fact that Chilaiditi syndrome may be intermittent and episodic in nature. This raises an interesting question of whether previous case reports, which describe complete resolution of the syndrome after nonsurgical intervention, are perhaps just capturing periods of resolution that may have occurred spontaneously. Because the syndrome may be intermittent with spontaneous resolution and then recurrence, patients should have episodic follow-up after nonsurgical intervention.
Sporicidal testing of commercial germicides using a chemical standard and a calibrated bioindicator.

The AOAC sporicidal method uses as a standard the resistance of spores on carriers to 2.5N HCl. This resistance is variable at exposure times ranging from 2 to 20 min. The method described in this paper uses a glutaraldehyde standard and distinguishes various levels of sporicidal activity in the presence of 1-5% glutaraldehyde by using appropriate spore strains, spore preparations, and spore levels. The resistances of 2 Bacillus subtilis 19659 spore preparations cultured in 10% Columbia broth plus manganese and nutrient agar plus minerals, as well as that of B. subtilis var. niger cultured on Lab-Lemco agar, were tested. T-soy broth was a better recovery medium than fluid thioglycollate or modified fluid thioglycollate for B. subtilis 19659 spores exposed to HCI. Sporicidal tests were done on B. subtilis 19659 spores with 2 types of spore preparations. A commercial glutaraldehyde germicide was used for comparison of the sporicidal activity of the glutaraldehyde standard. Two strains of B. subtilis spores and 4 levels of spores (20 000-80 000, 100 000-400 000, 500 000-800 000, and 1 000 000 and up) were removed from check penicylinders from the same batches used for sporicidal tests. B. subtilis var. niger spores were the most resistant to HCl, while B. subtilis 19659 spores were more resistant to glutaraldehyde. Sporicidal activities of a commercial germicide containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde with additives and another containing 5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer were similar. Both totally destroyed high levels of B. subtilis 19659 spores cultured in 10% Columbia broth plus manganese. Results indicate that use of a glutaraldehyde standard, calibrated numbers of spores on penicylinders (bioindicators), and appropriate spore strains and preparations can reduce the variability of sporicidal testing of commercial germicides.
Decoration of packaging

The power of packaging to influence judgement is great. In the developed world more than 2500 packages are purchased by every family every year, around 50 every week. Retail selling is a complex business and probably the greatest increases in the decoration of packages lie in the markets for food, household products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries.
Long-term changes in biopsychosocial characteristics related to temporomandibular disorder: findings from the OPPERA study

Painful temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are both consequence and cause of change in multiple clinical, psychosocial, and biological factors. Although longitudinal studies have identified antecedent biopsychosocial factors that increase risk of the TMD onset and persistence, little is known about long-term change in those factors after TMD develops or remits. During a 7.6-year median follow-up period, we measured change in psychosocial characteristics, pain sensitivity, cardiovascular indicators of autonomic function, and clinical jaw function among 189 participants whose baseline chronic TMD status either persisted or remitted and 505 initially TMD-free participants, 83 of whom developed TMD. Among initially TMD-free participants who developed TMD, symptoms and pain sensitivity increased, whereas psychological function worsened. By contrast, participants with chronic TMD at baseline tended to show improved TMD symptoms, improved jaw function, reduced somatic symptoms, and increased positive affect. In general, clinical and psychosocial variables more frequently changed in parallel with TMD status compared with pain sensitivity and autonomic measures. These findings demonstrate a complex pattern of considerable changes in biopsychosocial function associated with changes in TMD status. In particular, several biopsychosocial parameters improved among participants with chronic TMD despite pain persisting for years, suggesting considerable potential for ongoing coping and adaptation in response to persistent pain.
Sexual Orientation Stigmatization and Identity Work for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals in the U.S. Military.

This study examines communicative stigmatization processes and their influence on self-concept clarity for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals (GLB) in the United States military. In-depth interviews wer...
Water’s Role in a Sustainable Future

This chapter describes water’s role in sustainable development. Featured are water supplies and the organizations that collect, process and distribute water for homes, farms and industries make up the systems that supply water in adequate quantity and quality that meets appropriate needs. The chapter introduces seven of what are among the major barriers to achieving and sustaining stable and secure water supplies around the globe.
Longitudinal Study of Peripapillary Thinning in Sickle Cell Hemoglobinopathies.

Purpose To determine the rate of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. Design This was a prospective cohort study. Methods Sixty-seven patients averaging 35.8 ± 11.5 years of age at enrollment with electrophoretically confirmed sickle cell hemoglobinopathies followed by the University of Illinois at Chicago retina clinic for ≥1 year were included. Exclusion criteria included a history of diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension, glaucoma, ocular opacities, other retinopathies, and previous retinal procedures. The optic nerve head RNFL thicknesses were measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Heidelberg Engineering, Inc) at enrollment and subsequent follow-ups. Linear mixed models were used to estimate rates of thinning. Results A total of 122 eyes were followed for 3.8 ± 2.0 years (range 1–8 years). Mean global peripapillary RNFL thickness was 100.9 ± 13.0 μm at baseline. Global peripapillary RNFL thickness decreased at a rate of 0.98 μm per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–1.19 μm/year). A history of stroke was associated with a faster rate of global RNFL thinning (1.72 ± 0.20 vs 0.79 ± 0.12 μm/year, P Conclusions Peripapillary RNFL thinning in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies occurred faster in patients with a history of stroke and slower in patients with controlled hypertension. Future studies will compare these rates to those of healthy age- and race-matched individuals.
Penetrating collisions in hydrogen spectral line broadening by plasmas

Abstract Spectral line Stark broadening calculations in the “standard theory” typically retain only the long-ranged dipole term in the interaction between the perturbing plasma and emitting or absorbing atom. Thus, penetrating collisions as well as higher multipoles are neglected. The full Coulomb interaction is applied to hydrogen lines using a quantum mechanical treatment. It is found that the line widths from the quantum mechanical approach moderately disagree with earlier semi-classical treatment of penetrating collisions.
An Assessment of the Glyconutrient Ambrotose™ on Immunity, Gut Health, and Safety in Men and Women: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Certain dietary fibers have been reported to improve gut health and cellular immunity. Ambrotose is a glyconutrient supplement that contains mannose-rich polysaccharides (acemannan), reported to improve immune function. A more nutrient-dense version of this dietary supplement has been developed recently, with added aloe leaf gel powder (acemannan). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of the traditional and newly developed Ambrotose products on immunity, gut health, and psychological well-being in healthy men and women. Methods: Seventy-five men and women were randomly assigned in double-blind manner to one of five treatments, as follows: Ambrotose Advanced (AA) at 2 or 4 g daily, Ambrotose LIFE (AL) at 2 or 4 g daily, or placebo. Subjects ingested their assigned treatment daily for eight weeks. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and measures of psychological well-being were analyzed before and after four and eight weeks of supplementation. Blood samples were collected at the same times and analyzed for zonulin, hematology measures, and cytokines—IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α (analyzed both with and without stimulation via lipopolysaccharide [LPS]). Results: All Ambrotose treatments were well-tolerated. There were no differences among treatments in heart rate or blood pressure across time. Self-reported well-being scores were generally higher for the Ambrotose treatments but there were no changes of statistical significance across time (p > 0.05). Differences of statistical significance were noted for select biochemical variables, the most notable being a dramatic decrease in monocytes in the Ambrotose groups. No change was noted in the cytokine response to LPS stimulation in all groups, indicating a maintenance of a healthy immune response. Conclusion:Regular supplementation with Ambrotose is safe and can improve subclinical cellular adversity (as evidenced by a decrease in monocytes), without unnecessary activation of an immune response.
Developing a pediatric ophthalmology telemedicine program in the COVID-19 crisis.

Purpose To describe our methodology for implementing synchronous telemedicine during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods A retrospective review of outpatient records at a single children's hospital from March 21 to April 10, 2020, was carried out to determine the outcome of already-scheduled face-to-face outpatient appointments. The week leading up to the March 21, all appointments in the study period were categorized as follows: (1) requiring an in-person visit, (2) face-to-face visit that could be postponed, and (3) consultation required but could be virtual. Teams of administrators, schedulers, and ophthalmic technicians used defined scripts and standardized emails to communicate results of categorization to patients. Flowcharts were devised to schedule and implement telemedicine visits. Informational videos were made accessible on social media to prepare patients for the telemedicine experience. Simultaneously our children's hospital launched a pediatric on-demand e-consult service, the data analytics of which could be used to determine how many visits were eye related. Results A total of 237 virtual ophthalmology consult visits were offered during the study period: 212 were scheduled, and 206 were completed, of which 43 were with new patients and 163 with returning patients. Following the initial virtual visit, another was required on average in 4 weeks by 21 patients; in-person follow-up was required for 170 patients on average 4.6 months after the initial virtual visit. None needed review within 72 hours. The pediatric on-demand service completed 290 visits, of which 25 had eye complaints. Conclusions With proper materials, technology, and staffing, a telemedicine strategy based on three patient categories can be rapidly implemented to provide continued patient care during pandemic conditions. In our study cohort, the scheduled clinic e-visits had a low no-show rate (3%), and 8% of the on-demand virtual access for pediatric care was eye related.
Herbicidal Activity and Chemical Composition of Two Essential Oils on Seed Germinations and Seedling Growths of Three Weed Species

The present study aimed to measure the herbicidal effect of Rue (Ruta graveolens L.) and Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oils against (Amaranthus retroflexus L., Convolvulus a...
Validity and measurement invariance of the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment incentive salience domain among treatment-seekers with alcohol use disorder

Abstract Incentive salience, or the attribution of motivational value to stimuli, is a biopsychological process that is disrupted in alcohol use disorder (AUD). The Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) is a framework to characterize heterogeneity in addiction and establish a common assessment battery for research and clinical use. The ANA framework hypothesizes three constructs that correspond to processes in the etiology, course, and treatment of addiction: incentive salience, negative emotionality, and executive function. The current study extends prior findings on the ANA by validating the incentive salience construct among participants (n = 563) in a multisite prospective study of individuals entering treatment for AUD. We used confirmatory factor analysis to test a one-factor model of incentive salience. Indicators included items assessing perception of urges to drink from the Alcohol Dependence Scale, Impaired Control Scale, and Marlatt Relapse Interview. Results indicated the one-factor model fit the data well (χ2 (12) = 19.42, p = .08; RMSEA = 0.034 [90% CI: 0.000, 0.060], CFI = 0.992) and was measurement invariant across sex. Incentive salience was associated with drinking patterns (e.g., drinks per day, r = 0.447 [95% CI: 0.379, 0.514]); reasons for drinking (urges/temptation r = 0.529 [95% CI: 0.460, 0.599]); testing personal control, r = 0.384 (95% CI: 0.308, 0.461); social pressure, r = 0.549 (95% CI: 0.481, 0.617); and family history of AUD, r = 0.134. The incentive salience factor demonstrated greater predictive validity for drinking outcomes compared to alternative preexisting scales. Overall, this study provides support for the construct validity and measurement invariance of the ANA incentive salience construct in a sample of individuals seeking AUD treatment.
Kościół katolicki a zagłada Żydów: Perspektywy instytucjonalne

The article presents and analyses the Vatican’s official position on the Holocaust, from the declaration “We Remember” of 1998 to Benedict XVI’s speeches. The author indicates a certain ambiguity of the Catholic Church’s attitude to anti-Semitic and Holocaust issues, as well as the reluctance to recognize the role of the Catholics’ in the Holocaust. The contentious issue of the beatification of Pius XII is also discussed.
Randomized controlled trials evaluating adolescent dating violence prevention programs with an outcome of reduced perpetration and/or victimization: A meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Adolescent dating violence (ADV), including psychological, physical, threatening, and/or sexual abuse between adolescent romantic partners, is an epidemic in the United States, with youth report rates ranging from 15 to 77% for perpetration and 14–73% for victimization. ADV victimization is associated with multiple adverse outcomes in both adolescence and adulthood (e.g., suicidal ideation, substance use, bullying), as is ADV perpetration (e.g., sexually transmitted infections, intimate partner violence in adulthood). Given the high prevalence and profound impact of ADV on youth in the US, many prevention efforts have emerged in the past 20 years. Previous reviews of these efforts have focused primarily on school-based interventions or have broadly reviewed programs including all research design types and outcomes. This review is the first to provide a comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of all existing ADV prevention programs tested using randomized controlled trial designs with a control group, specifically measuring ADV perpetration and/or victimization as outcomes. Methods Employing a systematic literature search and screening protocol, nine studies were identified for meta-analysis. Results Results indicate that ADV prevention programs may decrease the risk of emotional, physical, and sexual perpetration, as well as emotional and physical victimization. Conclusions This is the first review to uncover significant intervention effects on the actual occurrence of ADV, with previous reviews only finding effects on outcomes such as ADV knowledge and attitude. Findings suggest that ADV prevention programs are promising and may warrant implementation more broadly with youth, and this review provides methodological suggestions for future research evaluating new ADV prevention programs.
Toward the Roux: Explaining the Adoption of Inclusionary Practices in Local Governments:

Local governments are turning to a set of practices designed to support a more inclusive workforce. Yet, less is known as to why localities opt to provide such services. Recognizing this gap, this ...
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Sasaki J, Khalil PA, Chegondi M, Raszynski A, Meyer KG, Totapally BR: Coral snake bites and envenomation in children: a case series. Ped Emerg Care 2014; 30(4): 262–265.