cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Force-Temperature Behavior of Nylon Filaments at Fixed Extensions

By use of the thermodynamic equations for elasticity, force-temperature measurements on nylon filaments at fixed extensions in water have been related to the molecular mechanism of elasticity. Drawn fibers at low extensions were found to have an entropy force component larger than the total force. This effect was less pronounced in undrawn fibers, but persisted over a wider range of extensions. For undrawn nylon, a transition in the force-temperature behavior has been found which differs markedly from the second-order transition in rubber; rubberlike elasticity was found below rather than above the transition temperature. The transition temperature was ca. 47°C for 5% extension, and increased rapidly with increasing extension. Both nylon 6-6 and nylon 6 were found to have the same force-temperature be havior, except that the former showed evidence of impending glasslike elasticity near 0°C.
MADS-box genes of maize: frequent targets of selection during domestication

MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that are key regulators of plant inflorescence and flower development. We examined DNA sequence variation in 32 maize MADS-box genes and 32 randomly chosen maize loci and investigated their involvement in maize domestication and improvement. Using neutrality tests and a test based on coalescent simulation of a bottleneck model, we identified eight MADS-box genes as putative targets of the artificial selection associated with domestication. According to neutrality tests, one additional MADS-box gene appears to have been under selection during modern agricultural improvement of maize. For random loci, two genes were indicated as targets of selection during domestication and four additional genes were indicated to be candidate-selected loci for maize improvement. These results suggest that MADS-box genes were more frequent targets of selection during domestication than genes chosen at random from the genome.
Speech, ink, and slides: the interaction of content channels

In this paper, we report on an empirical exploration of digital ink and speech usage in lecture presentation. We studied the video archives of five Master's level Computer Science courses to understand how instructors use ink and speech together while lecturing, and to evaluate techniques for analyzing digital ink. Our interest in understanding how ink and speech are used together is to inform the development of future tools for supporting classroom presentation, distance education, and viewing of archived lectures. We want to make it easier to interact with electronic materials and to extract information from them. We want to provide an empirical basis for addressing challenging problems such as automatically generating full text transcripts of lectures, matching speaker audio with slide content, and recognizing the meaning of the instructor's ink. Our results include an evaluation of handwritten word recognition in the lecture domain, an approach for associating attentional marks with content, an analysis of linkage between speech and ink, and an application of recognition techniques to infer speaker actions.
Getting Students to Think About How Agile Processes can be Made More Secure

Agile processes play an important role in the authorpsilas undergraduate course in software engineering. The course is a required course for undergraduate majors in Computer Science. Agile processes, like eXtreme Programming (XP), have been criticized for not providing a good framework for building secure software. The course begins by covering what some people have called ldquothe warrdquo between the traditional waterfall process folks and the agile process folks. After students are given an introduction to various processes on both sides of ldquothe warrdquo (with an emphasis on PSP, CMMI and XP) and after students are introduced to basic concepts about how to make software systems more secure (drawing heavily on Viega and McGrawpsilas book Building Secure Software), the course turns its attention to how XP (in particular) can be made more secure. This topic generates a lot of enthusiasm among the students. The students seem to enjoy the challenge of creating new ideas to improve the manner in which XP addresses security issues. Students have come up with many creative and stimulating ideas about how eXtreme Programming can be made more secure without the necessity for what some have called ldquobig up front designrdquo. This paper presents some of the creative ideas students have come up with regarding this issue and discusses the team projects that give students the opportunity to explore security issues for agile processes in some depth.
A Laboratory Simulation of Wood Pyrolysis Under Field Conditions

Abstract The disposal of logging slash by burning is an important forest management tool. Selection of optimal burning methods involves a trade between considerations of economics and fire control and those of air pollution potential. Among controllable variables are the intensity of burning and various chemical treatments of the fuel, such as the addition of flame retardants. Deduction of optimal strategies on the basis of field burning experience alone is hampered by inability to independently vary those parameters which control the pyrolysis of the fuel, and through this the formation of air pollutants. This paper describes a laboratory simulation of wood pyrolysis under field burning conditions, in which the thermal environment experienced by burning fuel elements can be arbitrarily controlled. This apparatus is capable of imposing ranges of incident radiant flux and ambient air flow rate for a cylindrical wood specimen. Outputs are the specimen weight loss rate and particulate air pollutant productio...
Redesigning teaching approaches for undergraduate engineering classrooms

Teaching pedagogies are continuously evolving as technology transforms education practices by empowering students not only in the classrooms but also in research laboratories. This paper focuses on the implementation of a constructivist educational approach in engineering classrooms. In addition to engineering approaches, we will also discuss pedagogies of engagement, such as problem-based (inquiry-based) learning and team projects. Recommendations for implementing a problem-based learning (PBL) approach for electrical engineering classrooms provide for active student learning. An example of hands-on lab experiments that could be integrated in microwave and antenna design courses is provided to demonstrate the application of real-life applications for inquiry-based learning.
Critical Social Theory: A Portrait.

‘I don’t believe that we can change moral intuitions except as educators – that is, not as theoreticians and not as writers’. (Jurgen Habermas 1992, 202) ‘The thinker as lifestyle, as vision, as ex...
Relationship between Psychiatric Nurse Work Environments and Nurse Burnout in Acute Care General Hospitals

Following deinstitutionalization, inpatient psychiatric services moved from state institutions to general hospitals. Despite the magnitude of these changes, evaluations of the quality of inpatient ...
Aktywność i jej etnograficzne konteksty: starzenie się, pamięć i podmiotowość w Polsce

The increasing popularity of programs promoting aktywnośc (activity) in old age in contemporary Poland is part of regional and global attempts to encourage health and economic productivity in old age. In order to understand this interest in aktywnośc in old age, such practices must be seen within broader sociocultural and political-economic contexts. This drive for aktywnośc cannot be fully explained without understanding its status as an unquestioned moral good in opposition to illness, disability, and frailty in old age. Seeking commonalities across such seemingly opposite experiences can reduce marginalization in old age. Side-stepping binary constructions of health and illness in old age creates a more holistic perspective that demonstrates how older Poles in a range of contexts create moral lives.
In-situ Monitoring of Flow-Permeable Surface Area of High Explosive Powder using Small Sample Masses

To ensure good performance of high explosive devices over long periods of time, initiating powders need to maintain their specific surface area within allowed margins during the entire duration of deployment. A common diagnostic used in this context is the Fisher sub-sieve surface area (FSSA). Furthermore, commercial permeametry instruments measuring the FSSA requires the utilization of a sample mass equal to the crystal density of the sample material, an amount that is often one or two orders of magnitude larger than the typical masses found in standard detonator applications. Here we develop a customization of the standard device that can utilize just tens of milligram samples, and with simple calibration yield FSSA values at ac curacy levels comparable to the standard apparatus. This necessitated a newly designed sample holder, made from a material of low coefficient of thermal expansion, which is conveniently transferred between an aging chamber and a re-designed permeametry tube. This improves the fidelity of accelerated aging studies by allowing measurement on the same physical sample at various time - instants during the aging process, and by obviating the need for a potentially FSSA-altering powder re-compaction step. We used the customized apparatus to monitor the FSSA evolution ofmore » a number of undoped and homolog-doped PETN powder samples that were subjected to artificial aging for several months at elevated temperatures. These results, in conjunction with an Arrhenius-based aging model were used to assess powder-coarsening - rates under long-term storage.« less
Measuring net-centricity

Net-centricity is a property of a system-of-systems which relates to information availability and is central to network-centric operations. Quantifying the level of net-centricity, however, has not been fully accomplished. This paper proposes a method for explicitly quantifying net-centricity in terms of openness, adaptability, and cost dimensions. The method draws from the fields of complexity and network theory as well as Petri Nets to develop a repeatable, objective measure.
I/O analysis and optimization for an AMR cosmology application

In this paper we investigate the data access patterns and file I/O behaviors of a production cosmology application that uses the adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) technique for its domain decomposition. This application was originally developed using Hierarchical Data Format (HDF version 4) I/O library and since HDF4 does not provide parallel I/O facilities, the global file I/O operations were carried out by one of the allocated processors. When the number of processors becomes large, the I/O performance of this design degrades significantly due to the high communication cost and sequential file access. In this work, we present two additional I/O implementations, using MPI-IO and parallel HDF version 5, and analyze their impacts to the I/O performance for this typical AMR application. Based on the I/O patterns discovered in this application, we also discuss the interaction between user level parallel I/O operations and different parallel file systems and point out the advantages and disadvantages. The performance results presented in this work are obtained from an SGI Origin2000 using XFS, an IBM SP using GPFS, and a Linux cluster using PVFS.
Personal and Interpersonal Correlates of Bullying Behaviors Among Korean Middle School Students

This study simultaneously investigates personal and interpersonal traits that were found to be important factors of bullying behavior using data collected from 1,238 randomly selected Korean middle school students. Using a modified and expanded definition of bullying based on a more culturally sensitive approach to bullying, this study categorizes bullies into three groups: Type I (minor-covert-nonchronic bullying), Type II (moderate-covert-chronic or severe-overt-nonchronic bullying), and Type III (severe-overt-chronic bullying). In addition, this study empirically tests several factors for the first time. Those factors are fun-seeking tendency, teachers' attitude toward bullying, teachers' effectiveness of intervention, teachers' moral authority, power dynamic, and pseudofriendship. The comparison across three groups provided unique findings that different factors were differently related to different groups of bullies. Specifically, teachers have influence on bullying only for the moderate group (Type II), and parents have influence on bullying only for the minor group (Type I). The most important and constant factors across all different groups were prior bullying victimization experience and fun-seeking tendency.
Creation of Molecules in the Interstellar Medium

Most of the information we have about the cosmos has come to us in the form of electromagnetic radiation—photons—ranging in energy from the very energetic gamma rays through visible light and extending to radio waves. Only a small fraction of the photons in the electromagnetic spectrum can actually penetrate the Earth’s atmosphere, and this dictates the basic features of the “telescopes” used to detect them. Thus, the telescopes used to detect the photons over much of the electromagnetic spectrum must be put into space. This chapter describes the basics of the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the devices that are used to detect the photons of all energies. It also describes the critically important biomolecular information that has been obtained from meteorites that have come to Earth, as well as the anticipated further information at it is hoped will be obtained from future from space missions to comets. Finally, the Drake equation, which characterizes the possibility that we will receive signals from another civilization, is discussed.
Complex beam sculpting with tunable acoustic gradient index lenses

Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) have been successfully used for beam sculpting in the area of optical manipulation, however in some applications their associated pixelation, slow switching speeds, and incident power limitations can be undesirable. An alternative device that overcomes these problems is the Tunable Acoustic Gradient index (TAG) lens. This device uses acoustically induced density and refractive index variations within a fluid to spatially phase modulate a transmitted laser beam. The acoustic waves within the fluid are generated via a piezoelectric transducer. When driven with a frequency-modulated signal, arbitrary optical phase modulation patterns can be generated at regular time intervals. The resulting sculpted beam is best observed using a pulsed laser synchronized to the frequency-modulated signal of the TAG lens. As this device is purely analog, there is no pixelation in the phase modulation pattern. Also, because the only major requirement on the fluid is that it be transparent, it is possible to select fluids with high damage thresholds and high viscosities. High damage thresholds allow the TAG lens to be used in high power applications that would be unsuitable for an SLM. High viscosities provide fast damping of transient density variations and increase switching speeds between patterns. Discussion here will be limited to axially symmetric beam sculpting, however the results can be generalized to asymmetric cases.
Vibrio cholerae Exploits Sub-Lethal Concentrations of a Competitor-Produced Antibiotic to Avoid Toxic Interactions

Vibrio cholerae is a human pathogenic marine bacterium inhabiting coastal regions and is vectored into human food and water supplies via attachment to particles including detritus, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. Particle colonization by the pathogen is inhibited by an antagonistic interaction with the particle-associated Vibrionales bacterium SWAT3, a producer of the antibiotic andrimid. By analyzing the individual movement behaviors of V. cholerae exposed to a gradient of andrimid in a microfluidics device, we show that the pathogen has a concentration dependent avoidance response to sub-lethal concentrations of the pure antibiotic and to the metabolites produced by a growing colony of SWAT3wild-type. This avoidance behavior includes a 25% increase in swimming speeds, 30% increase in run lengths, and a shift in the direction of the bacteria away from the andrimid source. Consequently, these behavioral shifts at low concentrations of andrimid would lead to higher diffusivity and result in the dispersion of bacteria away from the competitor and source of the antibiotic. Such alterations in motility were not elicited in response to a non-andrimid-producing SWAT3 mutant, suggesting andrimid may be a negative effector of chemotaxis forV. cholerae. The behavioral response of colonizing bacteria to sub-inhibitory concentrations of competitor-produced antibiotics is one mechanism that can influence microbial diversity and interspecific competition on particles, potentially affecting human health in coastal communities and element cycling in the ocean.
Comparative Effectiveness of Screening Strategies for Lynch Syndrome

Background: Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Approximately 3% of colorectal cancers are associated with Lynch Syndrome. Controversy exists regarding the optimal screening strategy for Lynch Syndrome.
Understanding “Sports Hernia” (Athletic Pubalgia): The Anatomic and Pathophysiologic Basis for Abdominal and Groin Pain in Athletes

Recent publicity and some scientific reports suggest increasing success in treating an entity called “sports hernia,” more accurately named athletic pubalgia. The primary purpose of this article is to portray what we believe to be the key concepts for understanding this wide variety of abdominal and groin injuries that afflict high-performance athletes. These injuries have been plaguing athletes for a long time, and past treatments, based on concepts of occult hernia or simple strains, have generally failed. The former concepts do not take into account the likely mechanisms of injury or various patterns of pain that these athletes exhibit. The authors believe that the concept of a “pubic joint” or “pubic dynamic complex” is fundamental to understanding the anatomy and pertinent pathophysiology in these patients. Many injuries can now be treated successfully. Some of the injuries require surgery, and others do not. In most cases, decisions regarding treatment and timing for return to full play require proper identification of the problems and consideration of a wide variety of medical, social, and business factors.
Kirkman systems and their application in perpendicular magnetic recording

A novel class of a very high-rate low-density parity check codes is introduced, and investigated in the context of its application in a perpendicular magnetic recording system. New codes are well structured and, unlike random codes, can lead to a very low-complexity implementation. A systematic way of constructing codes is based on Kirkman systems. A hardware efficient encoding algorithm is proposed. The bit-error-rate characteristics are characterized by simulation of the soft iterative decoding in perpendicular magnetic read channel with different partial response targets and types of noise.
Arctic Environmental Quality

The Arctic environment is characterized by reduced incoming solar radiation and great annual variation in length of day. Vast areas of land remain permanently frozen below the surface, and seas are never completely free of ice. Native Arctic life—plant, animal, and Inuit—is distinctively adapted to the extreme climate. This unique and fragile biota is threatened by many activities; foremost among these are activities associated with energy production. Opportunities exist to minimize these threats. This chapter explores the nature of the Arctic environment, the principal threats now before it, and several opportunities to minimize those threats.
A Medical Student’s Perspective on Informed Consent

Background Although having versatile roles on the health care team, medical students are not qualified to perform certain tasks such as obtaining informed consent. Despite this, medical students are sometimes faced with requests made by their superiors that push the boundaries of their responsibilities.
Three. The Status of Moral Emotions in Consequentialist Moral Reasoning

The philosopher Bernard Williams describes an example in which a botanist wanders into a village in the jungle where ten innocent people are about to be shot. He is told that nine of them will be spared if he himself will shoot the tenth. What should the botanist do? Although most people would prefer to see only one innocent person die rather than ten, Williams argues that it would be wrong as a matter of principle for the botanist to shoot the innocent villager. And most people seem to agree. The force of the example is its appeal to a widely shared moral intuition. Yet some philosophers counter that it is the presumed validity of moral intuitions that such examples call into question. These consequentialists insist that whether an action is morally right depends only on its consequences. The right choice, they argue, is always the one that leads to the best overall consequences. I will argue that consequentialists make a persuasive case that moral intuitions are best ignored in at least some specific cases. But many consequentialists appear to take the stronger position that moral intuitions should play no role in moral choice. I will argue against that position on the grounds that should appeal to their way of thinking. As I will attempt to explain, ignoring moral intuitions would lead to undesirable consequences. My broader aim is to expand the consequentialist framework to take explicit account of moral sentiments.
Assuring quality in high-consequence engineering

In high-consequence engineering organizations, such as Sandia, quality assurance may be heavily dependent on staff competency. Competency-dependent quality assurance models are at risk when the environment changes, as it has with increasing attrition rates, budget and schedule cuts, and competing program priorities. Risks in Sandia's competency-dependent culture can be mitigated through changes to hiring, training, and customer engagement approaches to manage people, partners, and products. Sandia's technical quality engineering organization has been able to mitigate corporate-level risks by driving changes that benefit all departments, and in doing so has assured Sandia's commitment to excellence in high-consequence engineering and national service.
Serum Protein Fractions in the Normal Turkey

Abstract DEUTSCH and Goodloe (1946) have established values for plasma protein fractions for the various animal species, including the turkey. Values for turkey serum fractions have been reported by Lynch and Stafseth (1953), and by Clarkson (1966). Sturkie (1965) has noted that methods utilizing centrifugation, or free, or paper electrophoresis to isolate protein fractions were inferior to gel electrophoresis methods. Disc electrophoresis (Hansl, 1968) or cellulose acetate electrophoresis (Anonymous, 1966; Meltzer, 1968) have received wide acceptance during recent years as refined and rapid methods of electrophoresis analysis. This present work was undertaken to establish normal values for blood serum fractions in turkeys, utilizing rapid cellulose acetate electrophoresis, so a base could be established for comparison to blood serum fraction changes in turkeys artificially infected with fowl cholera disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty normal Broad Breasted White female turkeys were maintained in a floor pen. At 10 weeks of age 10 ml.…
“No Time for Messin’ Around!” Understanding Black Educator Urgency: Implications for the Preparation of Urban Educators:

Studies of effective Black educators describe the teacher’s sense of urgency as the guiding perspective that manifests in their authoritative, insistent manner. Although the bulk of this work offers snapshots of insistence in practice, less is known about the perspectives that undergird Black educator urgency. Using collaborative inquiry methodology framed within an emancipatory theoretical perspective, this article describes the sociocultural factors that give rise to the sense of urgency perceived by Black educators. Findings revealed that the factors that contributed to Black educator urgency were rooted in the educators’ culture-specific perspectives. Discussion and implications for teacher educators conclude the article.
Electrical Fast Transient/Burst in Mine

The mechanism and frequency-spectra of electrical fast transient/burst(EFT/B) were analyzed,and the major lobe frequency was determined in the range of 100MHz.On the basis of the propagation characteristics of electromagnetic wave in mine,this paper calculated the attenuation rate of EFT/B radiation.It shows that the electromagnetic disturbance of radiation is not the main propagation mode of EFT/B in mine.Based on transmission line theory,a lump-element circuit model of mine cables was established,and the attenuation characteristic of the EFT/B conduction disturbance was gained.The result indicates that the electromagnetic disturbance of conduction is the main propagation mode of EFT/B in mine.The anti-jamming measure of EFT/B for the electrical equipments in mine was also discussed.At the same time,the immunity test grade of the electrical equipments in mine was confirmed as Rank 3.
Operation condition analysis of amorphous alloy transformer in Ningxia Power Grid

In order to spread the distribution transformer with the characteristic of energy saving and environmental protection,analyzes the characteristic,spread background,development outline and the operation of amorphous alloy transformer in Ningxia Power Grid in recent years,brings forward us ing suggestions.The analysis result shows that based on synthesizing for the technique and economy,according to load performance and operation characteristic of transformer,controlling the quality,strengthening the checkup of the manufacturer's qualification and the product test before it connected into the power grid,the amorphous alloy transformer may spread and apply in Ningxia Power Grid.
Delayed blastulation, multinucleation, and expansion grade are independently associated with live-birth rates in frozen blastocyst transfer cycles

Objective To identify blastocyst features independently predictive of successful pregnancy and live births with vitrified-warmed blastocysts. Design Retrospective study. Setting Academic hospital. Patient(s) Women undergoing a cycle with transfer of blastocysts vitrified using the Rapid-i closed carrier (n = 358). Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Clinical pregnancy and live-birth rates analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Result(s) A total of 669 vitrified-warmed blastocysts were assessed. The survival rate was 95%. A mean of 1.7 ± 0.5 embryos were transferred. The clinical pregnancy, live-birth, and implantation rates were 55%, 46%, and 43%, respectively. The odds of clinical pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.88–5.12) and live birth (OR 2.93; 95% CI, 1.79–4.85) were three times higher with day-5 blastocysts versus slower-growing day-6 vitrified blastocysts, irrespective of patient age at cryopreservation. Blastocysts from multinucleated embryos were half as likely to result in a live birth (OR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.22–0.91). A four -fold increase in live birth was observed if an expanded blastocyst was available for transfer. The inner cell mass–trophectoderm score correlated to positive outcomes in the univariate analysis. The implantation rate was statistically significantly higher for day-5 versus day-6 vitrified blastocysts (50% vs. 29%, respectively). Conclusion(s) The blastocyst expansion grade after warming was predictive of successful outcomes independent of the inner cell mass or trophectoderm score. Delayed blastulation and multinucleation were independently associated with lower live-birth rates in frozen cycles. Implantation potential of the frozen blastocysts available should be included in the decision-making process regarding embryo number for transfer.
Oscillatory dynamics of investment and capacity utilization

Abstract Capitalist economic systems display a wide variety of oscillatory phenomena whose underlying causes are often not well understood. In this paper, I consider a very simple model of the reciprocal interaction between investment, capacity utilization, and their time derivatives. The model, which gives rise periodic oscillations, predicts qualitatively the phase relations between these variables. These predictions are observed to be consistent in a statistical sense with econometric data from the US economy.
Test-Retest Reliability of Two Consecutive Mean Sleep Latency Tests in Patients with Hypersomnia.

Reliability of mean sleep latency testing (MSLT) over consecutive days in patients with hypersomnia is unknown. We reviewed MSLTs of patients with hypersomnia without cataplexy who underwent our two consecutive MSLT protocol (N = 29). Average MSLs were 10.9 and 10.9 min for day 1 and 2, respectively. Agreement for pathological hypersomnia (defined as MSL ≤8 min) between MSLT days showed k = 0.85 for all (N = 29) and k = 0.76 for those without sleep apnea (N = 20). In patients with subjective complaints of hypersomnia, a single MSLT is sufficient (vs. addition of second day MSLT) in the setting of carefully implemented protocol controlling for potential confounding variables.
Teaching ‘Literature+’: Digital Humanities Hybrid Courses in the Era of MOOCs

One of the debilitating aspects of recent discussions about the use of digital technologies in higher education—whether these discussions occur in university planning contexts or in the wider theatre of media reports and national policy—is that attention to the quality of learning and teaching comes at the very end of a long train of broader topics. This essay takes the opposite tack and explores what would happen if we start with attending to the quality of the learning and teaching experience in a small-scale hybrid digital humanities course and only then widen the gyre of discussion to the larger national and international contexts where it might make sense to talk of all-digital or mostly-digital MOOCs. Doing so means that we must first consider quality in the non-comparative light of the ‘qualities’—the specific properties and attributes—of the mixed classroom/digital experience. Only with some directly observable sense of the educational qualities afforded by innovative digital technologies—‘micro-disruptions’, they might be called—can we then scale up the discussion to the wider institutional and socioeconomic contexts of online instruction with awareness of the equivalent qualities that will be needed.
Precision of Classification of Odorant Value by the Power of Olfactory Bulb Oscillations Is Altered by Optogenetic Silencing of Local Adrenergic Innervation

Neuromodulators such as noradrenaline appear to play a crucial role in learning and memory. The goal of this study was to determine the role of norepinephrine in representation of odorant identity and value by olfactory bulb oscillations in an olfactory learning task. We wanted to determine whether the different bandwidths of olfactory bulb oscillations encode information involved in associating the odor with the value, and whether norepinephrine is involved in modulating this association. To this end mice expressing halorhodopsin under the dopamine-beta-hydrolase (DBH) promoter received an optetrode implant targeted to the olfactory bulb. Mice learned to differentiate odorants in a go-no-go task. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that there was development of a broadband differential rewarded vs. unrewarded odorant-induced change in the power of local field potential oscillations as the mice became proficient in discriminating between two odorants. In addition, the change in power reflected the value of the odorant rather than the identity. Furthermore, optogenetic silencing of local noradrenergic axons in the olfactory bulb altered the differential oscillatory power response to the odorants for the theta, beta, and gamma bandwidths.
Phosphorus and species regulate N2 fixation by herbaceous legumes in longleaf pine savannas

Longleaf pine savannas house a diverse community of herbaceous N2-fixing legume species that have the potential to replenish nitrogen (N) losses from fire. Whether legumes fill this role depends on the factors that regulate symbiotic fixation, including soil nutrients such as phosphorus (P) and molybdenum (Mo) and the growth and fixation strategies of different species. In greenhouse experiments, we determined how these factors influence fixation for seven species of legumes grown in pure field soil from two different regions of the southeastern US longleaf pine ecosystem. We first added P and Mo individually and in combination, and found that P alone constrained fixation. Phosphorus primarily influenced fixation by regulating legume growth. Second, we added N to plants and found that species either downregulated fixation (facultative strategy) or maintained fixation at a constant rate (obligate strategy). Species varied nearly fourfold in fixation rate, reflecting differences in growth rate, taxonomy and fixation strategy. However, fixation responded strongly to P addition across all species in our study, suggesting that the P cycle regulates N inputs by herbaceous legumes.
Punishment and Welfare revisited

First published in 1985, Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies develops a number of themes that continue to animate the research agenda of today’s sociology of punishment. This essa...
Tutorial: Determination of thermal boundary resistance by molecular dynamics simulations

Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructured components in microelectronics and other advanced devices, the thermal resistance at material interfaces can strongly affect the overall thermal behavior in these devices. Therefore, the thermal boundary resistance, R, must be taken into account in the thermal analysis of nanoscale structures and devices. This article is a tutorial on the determination of R and the analysis of interfacial thermal transport via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In addition to reviewing the commonly used equilibrium and non-equilibrium MD models for the determination of R, we also discuss several MD simulation methods which can be used to understand interfacial thermal transport behavior. To illustrate how these MD models work for various interfaces, we will show several examples of MD simulation results on thermal transport across solid-solid, solid-liquid, and solid-gas interfaces. The advantages and drawbacks of a few other MD models such as approach-to-equilibrium MD and first-principles MD are also discussed.
Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from the Ocean

The basic principles and analytical methods in scattering theory that treat the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves with the ocean surface are reviewed. An exact solution of this boundary-value problem is not feasible at this time, because the ocean surface is a complex dynamical and spatial nonlinear (statistical) rough surface still under investigation. In these circumstances, the high-frequency scattering methods (geometrical and physical optics) and the low-frequency scattering methods (perturbation) yield tractable analytical solutions (models) useful for remote sensing applications of the ocean surface. The state of the art and recent advances in radio-oceanography are described.
Mineral Elements in Human Nutrition

An exciting new innovation to the study of minerals is the realization that mineral elements can either be components of rocks and structures of the earth and moon of ash or pumice or be a part of the structures of living cells in bone, muscle, and brain. They can be combined with protein, carbohydrates, or lipids to produce needed metabolic catalysts and they can function as electrolytes in body fluids. Only 4% of the human body weight is composed of mineral elements, which indicates the minute amount of the 14 different inorganic nutrients that have been identified as necessary to function in the body for health and growth. Many mineral elements are needed for human nutrition. For the normal adult, a state of equilibrium or zero balance where the intake equals the amount excreted is desirable. During growth, pregnancy, and lactation and other special stress situations, a positive balance of mineral elements is needed to allow the body to build new tissue. Mineral elements are interrelated to each other and to the organic compounds, and the deficiency of one element will affect the functioning of others. The amount of an element present in the body does not designate its importance; a minute quantity of one is as essential as greater quantities of others. The chapter presents an approach of presenting the interrelated functions of the different mineral elements.
Indicators of Drinking Water Quality in the Americas

To describe the status and trend of the drinking water quality in the Americas, one needs indicators which describe the present status, the trend, and the rate of progress or the lack thereof; when one tries to summarize the status, one is hampered by the lack of statistics. This is nothing new. Before the turn of the century, Lord Kelvin lamented: “When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you can not measure it, when you can not express it in numbers, your knowledge is of meager and unsatisfactory kind.” Lord Kelvin, 1889
A Journey to Understand Enjoyment in Academic Writing.

To assist academic writers in finding enjoyment in writing, this paper draws a distinction between enjoying the process of writing and enjoying the nature of writing. Based on an examination of academic writing literature, analysis of personal experiences, and a review of the positive psychology literature, conditions that support writing enjoyment are posited. Readers are invited to examine their personal experience with writing enjoyment relative to these levers. Concrete actions for authors to improve enjoyment in writing are suggested based on the theories discussed, including actions to support flow, creativity, curiosity, courage, mindset, purpose, and humility. Article Type: Commentary
Measuring Principals’ Data-Informed Decision-Making on High-Impact Strategies: Validating an Instrument Used by Teachers

We collected data from 691 teachers from 139 schools in Michigan to validate the instrument titled Data-informed Decision-making on High-impact Strategies, designed based on Marzano's (2003) 11 hig...
Measuring Effectiveness of Video Advertisements.

Advertisements are unavoidable in modern society. Times Square is notorious for its incessant display of advertisements. Its popularity is worldwide and smaller cities possess miniature versions of the display, such as Pittsburgh and its digital works in Oakland on Forbes Avenue. Tokyo's Ginza district recently rose to popularity due to its upscale shops and constant onslaught of advertisements to pedestrians. Advertisements arise in other mediums as well. For example, they help popular streaming services, such as Spotify, Hulu, and Youtube TV gather significant streams of revenue to reduce the cost of monthly subscriptions for consumers. Ads provide an additional source of money for companies and entire industries to allocate resources toward alternative business motives. They are attractive to companies and nearly unavoidable for consumers. One challenge for advertisers is examining a advertisement's effectiveness or usefulness in conveying a message to their targeted demographics. Rather than constructing a single, static image of content, a video advertisement possesses hundreds of frames of data with varying scenes, actors, objects, and complexity. Therefore, measuring effectiveness of video advertisements is important to impacting a billion-dollar industry. This paper explores the combination of human-annotated features and common video processing techniques to predict effectiveness ratings of advertisements collected from Youtube. This task is seen as a binary (effective vs. non-effective), four-way, and five-way machine learning classification task. The first findings in terms of accuracy and inference on this dataset, as well as some of the first ad research, on a small dataset are presented. Accuracies of 84\%, 65\%, and 55\% are reached on the binary, four-way, and five-way tasks respectively.
Octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in nanoscale lithium niobate waveguides.

We demonstrate octave-spanning supercontinuum generation in unpoled lithium niobate waveguides, which are engineered to possess anomalous dispersion and pumped by a turn-key femtosecond laser centered at 1560 nm. Tunable dispersive waves and strong phase-matched second-harmonic generation are both observed by controlling the widths of the waveguides. The major features of the experimental spectra are reproduced by numerical modeling of the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation, which can be used to guide waveguide designs for tailoring the supercontinuum spectrum. Our results identify a path to a simple and integrable supercontinuum source in lithium niobate nanophotonic platform and will enable new capabilities in precision frequency metrology.
Why the Continuing Resistance to the Use of Counting Sticks

Certainly the use of manipulatives has been amply examined and strongly advocated in teacher-training classrooms and in current literature. And certainly the idea of manipulatives in teaching is not a new one. Deatsman (1976), for example, pointed out that the use of manipulatives was not a new topic in 1893, and that the value has been understood ever since then. Why, then, are so few teachers using counting sticks and place-value boxes in their classrooms?
Non-singular pronouns in Tibeto-Burman (Trans-Himalayan)

Abstract This paper surveys the forms of dual and plural pronouns across the Tibeto-Burman languages, and offers a reconstruction of the non-singular pronouns, and a general account of how various branches and languages have diverged from this original system. We can certainly reconstruct two, perhaps three, person-number portmanteaus: #i 1pl, or perhaps 1pl.inc, #ni 2pl, and, less certainly, #ka 1pl.exc. We also reconstruct #tsidual which combined with singular pronouns to make dual forms. This construction was the model on which most daughter languages have innovated an analytic system of person and number marking, with distinct person and dual and/or plural morphemes combining to make the morphologically complex but semantically transparent compositional forms found in the majority of languages.
Global Infrastructure: Potential, Perils, and a Framework for Distinction

This paper evaluates the literature that claims poor countries have an infrastructure investment gap of roughly 1 trillion dollars per year and therefore possess widespread opportunities for productive spending on infrastructure. The evaluation introduces and employs a simple framework that concludes this claim is invalid. The framework compares a poor country’s social rate of return on infrastructure investment with: (a) the poor country’s return on private capital, and (b) the average rich country’s return on private capital. The dual comparison reveals that additional investment in a poor country’s infrastructure is: (1) efficient only if the return on poor-country infrastructure exceeds the return on poor-country private capital; and (2) financeable through private rich-country savings only if the return on poor-country infrastructure exceeds the return on rich-country private capital. This dual-hurdle rate framework suggests a two-by-two classification that sorts countries into quadrants according to their potential for efficient investment in infrastructure. The paper then applies the classification to the only existing, comprehensive cross-country estimates of the social rate of return on infrastructure (electricity and paved roads). The conventional wisdom is that there are ubiquitous opportunities for infrastructure investment that meet the two criteria. In fact, only 7 of 53 developing countries clear the dual-hurdle rate in both electricity and paved roads. Where it is efficient to invest, however, the potential for excess returns on infrastructure is quite large—five times larger, in fact, than the excess returns that existed, but have long since been arbitraged away, in emerging-market stocks when foreigners were first permitted to own shares. The framework thus implies a new definition of the infrastructure gap as the amount of investment required to close the difference between the return on infrastructure in poor countries and the return on private capital elsewhere. More importantly, the framework moves the discussion away from alarmism and exaggeration toward the clarity that economics can and should bring to any policy discussion.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis in an immunocompetent host after complicated cataract surgery.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of an immunocompetent patient who developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis after complicated cataract surgery resulting in aphakia. Observations A 67-year-old man with type 2 diabetes developed retinitis six months after cataract surgery that resulted in aphakia. Anterior chamber DNA testing was positive for CMV. Comprehensive systemic work-up revealed no immune insufficiency. The retinitis was successfully treated with intravitreal foscarnet and extended oral valgancyclovir treatment, however, he subsequently developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Conclusion and importance CMV retinitis may occur in immunocompetent patients in the setting of aphakia and prolonged topical steroid use.
Evolving genetic heterogeneity of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common form of muscular dystrophy. The disease is named by the initial pattern of weakness, with patients developing facial weakness, scapular winging, and foot drop. As the disorder progresses, other muscles, particularly truncal muscles, are affected and may lead to loss of ambulation. The genetic mechanism has been more clearly elucidated in the past decade. It is clear that the central pathogenic mechanism is epigenetic derepression. A downstream consequence of depression of the D4Z4 units on the long arm of chromosome 4 is expression of DUX4 , which is known to only be naturally expressed early in embryogenesis. In FSHD, expression of DUX4 is the key and leads to muscle damage and fibrosis. The most common mechanism resulting in DUX4 derepression is a deletion of multiple integral copies of the D4Z4 repetitive element on chromosome 4.1 What has been evolving is the discovery of other less common causes of the epigenetic derepression, including those in other genes that have a role in chromatin repression ( SMCHD1 and DNMT3B ).2,3
Two-way coupled particle-turbulence interaction: Effect of numerics and resolution on fluid and particle statistics

We show that statistics from simulations of particle-laden turbulent flows modeled by the point-particle Euler-Lagrange methodology diverge with mesh refinement when the undisturbed fluid velocity used in the drag force that couples the dispersed and continuous phases is not properly modeled. For decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence, fluid and particle energies, particle acceleration, and energy dissipation rates are found to be grid insensitive only when the undisturbed fluid velocity is robustly modelled. Ultimately, this work provides insight into what types of questions are answerable using two-way coupled point-particle methods.