cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of the series inductance of a nerve axon upon its conduction velocity

Abstract The reformulation of the Hodgkin-Huxley equations to include the effect of series inductance that has recently been suggested by Lieberstein is examined. An axon model that includes series inductance is employed to obtain an analytic expression for the conduction velocity of an action potential. A recently developed exact transmission line equivalent circuit is then used to estimate the series inductance for a squid axon. It is found to be about five orders of magnitude too small to influence the conduction velocity.
Pragmatism, realism, and psychology: Understanding theory selection criteria

Abstract This paper examines some practical implications of philosophy for psychological scientists. A number of methodologists have emphasized the importance of philosophical assumptions in organizing scientific activity. Contextual Behavioral Science (CBS), for example, has been explicitly organized around a form of pragmatism. Beginning with the role of conceptual standards in guiding the theory development, this paper introduces readers to realism and pragmatism as divergent views of scientific progress. The concept of theory-selection criteria is proposed as a useful way of understanding the practical implications stemming from realism and pragmatism. Psychometric construct validity, and inter-theory construct coherency are examined as examples. It is proposed that while realists tend to treat construct validity and theory unification as necessary and sufficient indicators of progress, pragmatists tend to treat these qualities as only potentially progressive. Directions for future philosophical writing are suggested.
Semistability of switched dynamical systems, Part II: Non-linear system theory

Abstract This paper develops semistability and uniform semistability analysis results for switched linear systems. Semistability is the property whereby the solutions of a dynamical system converge to Lyapunov stable equilibrium points determined by the system’s initial conditions. Since solutions to switched systems are a function of the system’s initial conditions as well as the switching signals, uniformity here refers to the convergence rate of the multiple solutions as the switching signal evolves over a given switching set. The main results of the paper involve sufficient conditions for semistability and uniform semistability using multiple Lyapunov functions and sufficient regularity assumptions on the class of switching signals considered.
Mutations in Phosphoinositide Metabolizing Enzymes and Human Disease

Phosphoinositides are implicated in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular functions. Their importance in cellular and organismal physiology is underscored by the growing number of human diseases linked to perturbation of kinases and phosphatases that catalyze interconversion from one phosphoinositide to another. Many such enzymes are attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. Here, we review diseases linked to inheritable or somatic mutations of these enzymes.
Investigating electrical field-affected skeletal myogenesis using a microfabricated electrode array

Abstract This paper reports the use of a microchip containing an array of microfabricated electrodes for the investigation of in vitro proliferation and differentiation of skeletal myoblasts (C2C12) under controllable AC electrical fields. The cell growth, proliferation and differentiation were in situ monitored during the entire culture. The results showed that the AC electrical stimulation with low intensity and high frequency has the capability of regulating the differentiation of skeletal myoblasts into multinucleated, and myosin heavy chain (MHC)-positive skeletal myotubes. The dependency of myotube formation and cytoskeleton organization on the electrical stimulation was examined. This work holds the promise to facilitate the use of electrical stimulation for skeletal muscle repair and replacement. It is also expected to provide a powerful tool for the investigation of mechanisms that govern the intercellular and intracellular events responsible for biological–electrical coupling at cellular levels.
Automatisation of a localising technique in aphasia based upon averaged evoked potentials

Averaged evoked potentials were utilised as a localising technique in aphasia. Based on a set of measurements extracted from various evoked potentials, subjects from four diagnostic categories were correctly classified in more than 70% of the cases. The measurements were derived from amplitudes and latencies of significant peaks which were selected by human judgement from plots of the recorded evoked potentials. An algorithm has been developed which simulates the manual procedure and reduces the processing time per patient by several magnitudes. The automated method yields results which are more consistent with expected results than those from the manual method. The percentage of correct classification is in both cases essentially the same.
Changes in friends' and parental influences on cigarette smoking from early through late adolescence.

Purpose This study examined the changes in friends’ and parental influences on cigarette smoking across two developmentally distinct social environments for adolescents: junior high school and high school.
Measuring pattern outcomes in an agent-based model of edge-effect externalities using spatial metrics

Abstract This paper presents an agent-based model of land use designed to explore the impacts of edge-effect externalities—distance-dependent spatial externalities—on land-use pattern. While the impacts of externalities on aspatial economics measures such as equilibrium land rents and the distribution of economic activity are well explored, links between externalities and landscape pattern are not well understood. This gap reflects a more general gap between aspatial theoretical land-use models and descriptive, pattern-based empirical analysis. The model presented in this paper, designed to link changes in socioeconomic parameters to changes in macroscale measures of landscape pattern, was developed with the specific goal of formally bridging this gap. The model simulates land-use decisions of parcel managers in an environment where potential conflicts between urban and agricultural land uses affect the payoffs to particular land uses. In the model, spatial and aspatial macroscale outcomes emerge from the independent, but dynamically linked, decisions of individual parcel managers. Land-use composition, land-use pattern, and the location of land uses are jointly determined, and interactions between composition and pattern feedback to microlevel landowner decisions through endogenous land rents. The paper demonstrates a series of results. First, the paper demonstrates the economic inefficiency of landscape fragmentation when edge-effect externalities are present and illustrates a series of landscape metrics appropriate to measure this fragmentation. Second, the agent-based model is used to demonstrate links between externality impacts and landscape pattern: that conflicts between urban and residential land users lead to a more compact urban form, that when the profitability of agricultural production is reduced by proximity to urban land, the urban–rural fringe expands to a socially inefficient degree, and that conflicts between urban land users can lead to fragmented patterns of urban development consistent with existing definitions of urban sprawl. Finally, the paper concludes by proposing a methodology for establishing the robustness of the model’s conclusions over a wide range of parameter values.
Striking reduction of amyloid plaque burden in an Alzheimer's mouse model after chronic administration of carmustine

Background Currently available therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) do not treat the underlying cause of AD. Anecdotal observations in nursing homes from multiple studies strongly suggest an inverse relationship between cancer and AD. Therefore, we reasoned that oncology drugs may be effective against AD.
System development for aqueous gel permeation chromatography

To devise an improved gel permeation chromatography system for the analysis of macromolecules, with a strongly alkaline solution as eluent, three Fractogel TSK gels were investigated. Because primary standards are usually unavailable, calibration was achieved by using Benoit's universal procedure and polystyrene sulfonates, polyethylene glycols, and dextrans as secondary calibrants. Continuous monitoring of intrinsic viscosity resulted from coupling a viscodetector with a classical differential refractometer. It was found that column efficiency and fractionation range could be extended well beyond those of previously studied systems on a reasonably short period of analysis.
Poultry Products Technology and Marketing

ABSTRACT OVER the years, there have been major changes in the marketing of poultry and eggs. The altering of consumer buying habits and preferences, the technological developments in the marketing systems, and many other things have brought about these changes. Today, both the meat and egg phases of our poultry industry are highly specialized and commercialized. In this article, we will not deal with any particular research work that has brought about some of these developments, but will discuss some of the actual transformations and trends that have occurred over the years in the marketing phase of the poultry industry. The poultry meat industry has made phenomenal growth since 1934, particularly in the broiler industry. There was a time when our chicken meat came as a byproduct of the egg industry. In 1934, more than 90 percent of the chickens we ate came from farm flocks that produced our eggs. Now, . . .
Risk factors for osteoporosis in a subgroup of elderly men in a Veterans Administration nursing home.

Background General risk factors for osteoporosis in men include cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and diseases known to affect calcium or bone turnover. The aim of this study was to determine the specific incidence and major risk factors for osteoporosis in those at high risk for falling in a Veterans Administration nursing home that included a high proportion of psychiatric patients. Methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of Veterans Administration Medical Center nursing home residents with high fall risk. Thirty-nine men with a previous episode of falling or who were considered to be at high fall risk were enrolled. A review of the medical histories and pertinent hormonal and biochemical laboratory values was performed. Bone mineral density was measured by performing dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for all participants. Results We reviewed the medical records of 39 male nursing home residents with high fall risk. The patients9 mean age was 74.7±6.8 years. A significant (p=0.00045) association was found between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and osteoporosis independent of oral corticosteroid use. Additional risk factors found to be associated with osteoporosis included hypogonadism, lower body weight, antipsychotic medication use, and smoking. Conclusion In a Veterans Administration nursing home population at high risk for falls, including psychiatric patients, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease independent of the use of corticosteroids, lower body weight, hypogonadism, use of antipsychotic medications, and smoking was found to be associated with osteoporosis.
Escherichia coli in the Environment: Implications for Water Quality and Human Health

Escherichia coli is naturally present in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals. Since E. coli is released into the environment through deposition of fecal material, this bacterium is widely used as an indicator of fecal contamination of waterways. Recently, research efforts have been directed towards the identification of potential sources of fecal contamination impacting waterways and beaches. This is often referred to as microbial source tracking. However, recent studies have reported that E. coli can become "naturalized" to soil, sand, sediments, and algae in tropical, subtropical, and temperate environments. This phenomenon raises issues concerning the continued use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination. In this review, we discuss the relationship between E. coli and fecal pollution and the use of this bacterium as an indicator of fecal contamination in freshwater systems. We also discuss recent studies showing that E. coli can become an active member of natural microbial communities in the environment, and how this bacterium is being used for microbial source tracking. We also discuss the impact of environmentally-"naturalized" E. coli populations on water quality.
Intervention research: Integrating practice guidelines with dissemination strategies—A rejoinder to Paul, Stuve, and Cross

Abstract Paul, Stuve, and Cross (this issue) misunderstood the importance of the token economy described by Morisse et al. (1996) because they evaluated it solely from a clinical research perspective. Intervention research is a broader paradigm that describes the development of effective interventions via a series of research activities including basic psychological research, clinical research, and dissemination research. Given the wisdom of intervention research, we address three points made by our colleagues: (a) mental health staff should not adapt empirically validated practice guidelines to meet the needs of their program; (b) total-quality-management strategies like Interactive Staff Training should not drive dissemination efforts because they have little empirical support; and (c) user-friendly programs are inappropriate and unethical because they ignore consumer interests.
Potent antifibrillatory effects of intrapericardial nitroglycerin in the ischemic porcine heart.

Abstract Objectives We investigated the antiarrhythmic effects of intrapericardial nitroglycerin (NTG) during acute myocardial ischemia in the porcine heart. Background Nitroglycerin is a nitric oxide donor that exerts potent effects on the cardiovascular system. Intrapericardial administration allows investigation of pharmacologic actions on cardiac tissue in an in vivo system while minimizing the confounding influences of systemic effects. Methods In 29 closed-chest pigs, myocardial ischemia was induced by intraluminal balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Arrhythmia incidence was monitored during 5-min balloon inflations performed without drug and at 15, 45, 75, and 105 min after NTG (4,000 μg bolus) administered by percutaneous transatrial access into the pericardial space. Electrocardiograms were monitored for ischemia-induced T-wave alternans (TWA), a marker of electrical instability. The antiadrenergic potential of NTG was investigated by examining the drug’s suppression of dobutamine-induced increase in myocardial contractility. Results Control coronary artery occlusion provoked ventricular fibrillation (VF) in all animals. Intrapericardial NTG suppressed VF at 45 min in all six pigs (p Conclusions Intrapericardial NTG exerts a robust antifibrillatory action. Potential mechanisms include reduction in electrical instability and blunting of adrenergic effects.
Drinking induced by parenteral injections of pilocarpine

Parenteral (IP) injections of pilocarpine, in doses from 3.75 - 30 mg/kg, reliably produced drinking in water-satiated rats. This effect was not diminished by pretreatment with either centrally active (scopolaime, atropine) or peripherally active (methyl scopolamine, methyl atropine) cholinergic blocking agents, suggesting that pilocarpine does not induce drinking via a cholingergic meachnism. Repated injections of low doses, but not high doses, of pilocarpine augments drinking over trials.
Environmental Remediation and Restoration: Hydrological and Geophysical Processing Methods

Remediation and restoration of sites contaminated by hazardous organic chemicals has become an increasingly critical problem as the dissolution and transport of these compounds by groundwater threatens many aquifers providing drinking water to populations worldwide. The characterization of these sites prior to remediation and the monitoring of the restoration progress rely on the processing of data provided by geophysical sensing technology and direct groundwater measurements collected over sparsely distributed wells. Many of the tools and techniques developed within the context of geophysical signal processing (GSP) have a role to play in this domain. In this article, we discuss environmental restoration and remediation (ERR) problems and review the state of the art in the modeling and inversion of geoelectrical and groundwater concentration data, including a discussion of recent work in the area of joint inversion. While methods such as electrical impedance (EI) tomography are well known within the GSP community, the models and inverse methods associated with subsurface flow and transport of contaminants represent a relatively new area. We conclude with an overview of opportunities for collaborative activities among signal processors, geophysicists, and environmental engineers.
The isotope systematics of a juvenile intraplate volcano: Pb, Nd, and Sr isotope ratios of basalts from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii

Abstract Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios for a representative suite of 15 basanites, alkali basalts, transitional basalts and tholeiites from Loihi Seamount, Hawaii, display unusually large variations for a single volcano, but lie within known ranges for Hawaiian basalts. Nd isotope ratios in alkali basalts show the largest relative variation (0.51291–0.51305), and include the nearly constant tholeiite value ( ∼ 0.51297). Pb isotope ratios show similarly large ranges for tholeiites and alkali basalts and continue Tatsumoto's [31] “Loa” trend towards higher 206Pb/204Pb ratios, resulting in a substantial overlap with the “Kea” trend. 206Pb/204Pb ratios for Loihi and other volcanoes along the Loa and Kea trends [31] are observed to correlate with the age of the underlying lithosphere suggesting lithosphere involvement in the formation of Hawaiian tholeiites. Loihi lavas display no correlation of Nd, Sr, or Pb isotope ratios with major element compositions or eruptive age, in contrast with observations of some other Hawaiian volcanoes [38]. Isotope data for Loihi, as well as average values for Hawaiian volcanoes, are not adequately explained by previously proposed two-end-member models; new models for the origin and the development of Hawaiian volcanoes must include mixing of at least three geochemically distinct source regions and allow for the involvement of heterogeneous oceanic lithosphere.
Sorption of vinclozolin and atrazine on four geosorbents

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the magnitude and kinetics of vinclozolin and atrazine sorption on one surface soil and three freshwater sediments using batch and column techniques. Data from miscible displacement column studies were analyzed using a two-domain, first-order mass transfer model to obtain the equilibrium sorption constant (K) and the first-order desorption rate coefficient (k 2 ). In the two-domain conceptualization and mathematical model, sorption is assumed to be instantaneous (and therefore at equilibrium) in the first domain, and kinetically controlled (modeled as a first-order reaction) in the second domain. 3 H 2 O used as a conservative tracer to characterize column hydrodynamics yielded breakthrough curves (BTCs) that were all symmetric and the data were described well by the advective-dispersive local equilibrium solute-transport model, thus indicating hydrodynamic equilibrium during transport for the column systems. However, vinclozolin and atrazine BTCs exhibited the 'tailing' that is characteristic of non-equilibrium sorption during solute transport. The equilibrium model provided poor fits for all of the vinclozolin and atrazine data except for the least-sorbing geosorbent and atrazine where BTC symmetry was high. However, when slow sorption kinetics were accounted for, the two-domain model simulations provided good descriptions of the experimental data.
The Human Placenta—A Rich Source of β-Adrenergic Receptors: Characterization of the Receptors in Particulate and Solubilized Preparations

A crude particulate fraction of human placenta possesses a high concentration of β-adrenergic receptors, as determined by (—)-]3H[dihydroalprenolol binding (∼240 fmol/ mg protein; Kd∼2 nM). The sites display all the typical characteristics of β-adrenergic receptors, including rapid and reversible kinetics, saturability, and appropriate specificity and stereospecificity. Computer modelling of ligand binding data indicate that the binding of (—)-[3)H]dihydroalprenolol to these sites conforms closely to the pattern anticipated for interactions of the ligand with a homogeneous class of receptors according to the law of mass action. The receptors are readily solubilized with digitonin, retaining their typical β-adrenergic characteristics. The human placenta is likely to be a particularly useful source of β-adrenergic receptors for purification because of its high receptor content and its ready availability in substantial quantities.
A new property of atom energies

A proof is given that the total nuclear-electron attraction energy should be constant for all the light atoms, when calculated by various trial wave functions. If hydrogenic wave functions for effective nuclear charges are picked as standards, it is easy to calculate the value of this energy. This constraint should be added to the usual constraints (minimum energy and the virial theorem) of the variation method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Multiple attractors and resonance in periodically forced population models

Oscillating discrete autonomous dynamical systems admit multiple oscillatory solutions in the advent of periodic forcing. The multiple cycles are out of phase, and some of their averages may resonate with the forcing amplitude while others attenuate. In application to population biology, populations with stable inherent oscillations in constant habitats are predicted to develop multiple attracting oscillatory final states in the presence of habitat periodicity. The average total population size may resonate or attenuate with the amplitude of the environmental fluctuation depending on the initial population size. The theory has been tested successfully in the laboratory by subjecting cultures of the flour beetle Tribolium to habitat periodicity of various amplitudes.
Accurate delay-based convolution macromodel using delayed least-squares convolution

Existing delay-based convolution macromodels for S-parameters of electrical interconnects can compromise accuracy. This paper solves this problem by extending the recently-proposed convolution-based macromodeling method called least-squares convolution (LSC) to model propagation delays. The new method is referred to as the delayed LSC (DLSC) method.
The form of the frequency distribution curve of cell and nuclear sizes.

Abstract If in a population of cells or nuclei, their size is plotted against their frequency, differently shaped curves can be obtained if the size is expressed in terms of a linear dimension, surface area, volume, or the logarithm of these functions. It was shown that only under very special conditions, when there is a wealth of details known about the growth characteristics of the individual cells or nuclei, can there be any “correct” or “logical” way of plotting the data. These conditions are, in fact, so stringent that they have never been met and therefore it is recommended simply that the data be presented in the clearest and most direct manner.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in HIV Infection: A Meta-Analysis

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals who are colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have increased risk for MRSA infection. We conducted a meta-analysis of published studies to estimate the prevalence of MRSA colonization in this population. Methods. We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched and studies reporting prevalence of MRSA colonization among HIV-infected individuals were included. Results. Among 7940 citations, 32 studies reporting data on 6558 HIV-infected individuals were considered eligible for our meta-analysis. We found that 6.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.8–9.3) of individuals with HIV infection are MRSA carriers, with the corresponding figure across North American studies being 8.8% (95% CI, 6.0–12.2). History of hospitalization during the previous 12 months was associated with a 3.1 times higher risk of MRSA colonization (risk ratio [RR], 3.11 [95% CI, 1.62–5.98]). Previous or current incarceration was also associated with a higher risk for carriage (RR, 1.77 [95% CI, 1.26–2.48]). Current antiretroviral therapy or use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole did not impact the risk of MRSA carriage (RR, 1.02 [95% CI, .64–1.63] and 1.45 [95% CI, .69–3.03], respectively). Extranasal screening increased the detection of MRSA colonization by at least 31.6% (95% CI, 15.8–50.0). The added yield from groin screening was 19.3% (95% CI, 11.5–28.5), from perirectal screening 18.5% (95% CI, 7.4–33.2), and from throat cultures 17.5% (95% CI, 12.0–24). Conclusions. Individuals with HIV infection constitute a highly vulnerable population for MRSA colonization, and prior exposure to hospital or incarceration are significant factors. Nasal screening alone will underestimate the rate of colonization by at least one-third.
Perceptions and reflections on the role of the teaching assistant in the classroom environment

This literature‐based article examines a range of factors directly influencing and shaping perceptions of the role of the teaching assistant within UK classrooms. Drawing directly on research gathered and analysed through three systematic literature reviews into ‘pupils’ support and academic engagement’ and other contemporary literature, the article explores the roles, relationships, expectations and training needs of those engaged in classroom support. Consideration is given to how sometimes complimentary and sometimes differing views of school managers, teachers, teaching assistants, parents and children impact on matters of role definition curriculum contribution and home/school liaison. The development of the teaching assistant role is examined through the lens of workforce reform. A framework is provided to increase understanding of the range and nature of the factors that serve to influence how classroom support is conceived and understood, and the impact this has on matters of identity construction...
Tyrosine Phosphorylation Enhances the SH2 Domain-Binding Activity of Bcr and Inhibits Bcr Interaction with 14-3-3 Proteins

The cellular Bcr protein consists of an N-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain, a central guanine nucleotide exchange factor homology region and a C-terminal GTPase-activating protein domain. Previous work in our laboratory established that Bcr is a major transformation-related substrate for the v-Fps tyrosine kinase, and tyrosine phosphorylation of Bcr induces Bcr-Grb-2/SOS association in vivo through the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Grb-2. In the present study, we mapped the region of Bcr tyrosine phosphorylation by c-Fes, the human homologue of v-Fps, to Bcr N-terminal amino acids 162-413 by using a baculovirus/Sf-9 cell co-expression system. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Bcr by Fes greatly enhanced the binding of Bcr to the SH2 domains of multiple signalling molecules in vitro, including Grb-2, Ras GTPase activating protein, phospholipase C-gamma, the 85,000 M(r) subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, and the Abl tyrosine kinase. In contrast with SH2 binding, tyrosine phosphorylation of Bcr reduced its ability to associate with the 14-3-3 protein Bap-1 (Bcr-associated protein-1), a Bcr substrate and member of a family of phosphoserine-binding adaptor proteins. These experiments provide in vitro evidence that tyrosine phosphorylation may modulate the interaction of Bcr with multiple growth-regulatory signalling pathways.
A Simplified TLC System for Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Analysis Of Pharmaceuticals

Abstract There is a need at pharmacies, ports of entry, etc. for inexpensive rapid screening methods which could be used to determine if the right drug is present in the right amounts. These areas usually do not have ready access to full laboratory services for compendial testing. Such a method has been developed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) making it possible to analyze drugs in areas without laboratory services. Solutions of the drug sample are spotted along with reference materials and the intensities visually compared. Since most drugs are colorless in white light, it is necessary to treat the developed chromatogram with some visualizing agent. Several different categories of pharmaceuticals have been made visible in white light by dipping the plate into a solution of iodine-KI. The stained spots make it possible to determine the drug content qualitatively and quantitatively within the range of specifications. The iodine staining method has been found to be a general method.
Using Ternary Diagrams to Characterize Transport and Attenuation of BTX

During the past decade or longer, large amounts of data on the concentrations of dissolved aromatic hydrocarbons have been obtained from routine monitoring of leaky underground storage tanks (USTs). Commonly, aromatic hydrocarbon concentration data is interpreted only within the context of regulatory maximum allowable concentration levels. We show in this paper how ternary diagrams can clearly characterize the physical and chemical controls governing the fate and transport of aromatic hydrocarbons in ground water from routine monitoring data. The results of type mathematical modeling experiments for BTX solute transport show that changes in BTX concentrations, when plotted as proportions on ternary diagrams, form clear “trajectories” documenting major attenuation or transport processes. For example, BTX concentrations affected by biodegradation form a trajectory from the source BTX location on the ternary diagram to the benzene apex. In contrast, BTX concentrations affected by volatilization form a trajectory trending from the source to the xylene apex. Ternary diagrams are easy and effective tools to determine from routine monitoring data (1) whether proposed natural attentuation processes are in fact present, and (2) the efficiency of different remediation efforts used to clean up UST sites.
Microstructure and thermophysical characterization of mixed oxide fuels

Pre-irradiated thermodynamic and microstructural properties of nuclear fuels form the necessary set of data against which to gauge fuel performance and irradiation damage evolution. This paper summarizes recent efforts in mixed-oxide and minor actinide-bearing mixed-oxide ceramic fuels fabrication and characterization at Los Alamos National Laboratory. Ceramic fuels (U{sub 1-x-y-z}u{sub x}Am{sub y}Np{sub z})O{sub 2} fabricated in the compositional ranges of 0.19 {le} x {le} 0.3 Pu, 0 {le} y {le} 0.05 Am, and O {le} z {le} O.03 Np exhibited a uniform crystalline face-centered cubic phase with an average grain size of 14{micro}m; however, electron microprobe analysis revealed segregation of NpO{sub 2} in minor actinide-bearing fuels. Immersion density and porosity analysis demonstrated an average density of 92.4% theoretical for mixed-oxide fuels and an average density of 89.5 % theoretical density for minor actinide-bearing mixed-oxide fuels. Examined fuels exhibited mean thermal expansion value of 12.56 x 10{sup -6} C{sup -1} for temperature range (100 C < T < 1500 C) and ambient temperature Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of 169 GPa and of 0.327, respectively. Internal dissipation as determined from mechanical resonances of these ceramic fuels has shown promise as a tool to gauge microstructural integrity and to interrogate fundamental properties.
Perspectives on legal interviewing and counseling

(1988). Perspectives on legal interviewing and counseling. Southern Speech Communication Journal: Vol. 53, Relational Communication in Applied Contexts, pp. 360-384.
Numerical and experimental study of mechanisms responsible for turbulent secondary flows in boundary layer flows over spanwise heterogeneous roughness

We study the dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flow over a heterogeneous topography composed of roughness patches exhibiting relatively high and low correlation in the streamwise and spanwise directions, respectively (i.e. the roughness appears as streamwise-aligned ‘strips’). It has been reported that such roughness induces a spanwise-wall normal mean secondary flow in the form of mean streamwise vorticity associated with counter-rotating boundary-layer-scale circulations. Here, we demonstrate that this mean secondary flow is Prandtl’s secondary flow of the second kind, both driven and sustained by spatial gradients in the Reynolds-stress components, which cause a subsequent imbalance between production and dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy that necessitates secondary advective velocities. In reaching this conclusion, we study (i) secondary circulations due to spatial gradients of turbulent kinetic energy, and (ii) the production budgets of mean streamwise vorticity by gradients of the Reynolds stresses. We attribute the secondary flow phenomena to extreme peaks of surface stress on the relatively high-roughness regions and associated elevated turbulence production in the fluid immediately above. An optimized state is attained by entrainment of fluid exhibiting the lowest turbulent stresses – from above – and subsequent lateral ejection in order to preserve conservation of mass.
Patient self-report of disability of the upper extremity following osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap harvest.

Background: The authors critically analyzed long-term upper extremity outcome after harvest of an osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap by correlating any restrictions in range of motion and strength with patient self-report of disability. Methods: Twelve patients who had at least 1 year since surgery were evaluated with a functional examination and with the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire. Functional capacity was quantified by comparing range of motion of the thumbs, digits, and wrists along with pronation and supination of bilateral forearms. Pinch and grip strength measurements were obtained. Results: Range of motion in full active wrist extension, wrist flexion, forearm supination, and thumb interphalangeal flexion averaged 83 percent (p = 0.01), 82 percent (p = 0.01), 83 percent (p = 0.03), and 88 percent (p = 0.03), respectively, that of the nonflap arm. Three patients demonstrated thumb opposition limited to the ring finger. Increasing scores on the questionnaire (mean, 16.6; range, 0 to 69), indicating a worsening disability, were correlated with decreasing wrist flexion (p < 0.01; Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.77) and decreasing wrist extension (p = 0.09; Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.51) of the flap arm. Radiographs revealed one malunion secondary to a postoperative pathologic fracture in the patient with the worst questionnaire score. Three patients (25 percent) stated explicitly that harvest of the osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap had created a disability. Conclusions: Objective reductions in wrist, forearm, and/or thumb range of motion are frequent after harvest of an osteocutaneous radial forearm free flap. Wrist range of motion has the greatest impact on patient self-report of disability and may in a minority of patients be perceived as causing a clinically significant disability.
A predictive model of early mortality in trauma patients

Abstract Background Rapid thrombelastography (rTEG) is a real-time whole-blood viscoelastic coagulation assay. We hypothesized that admission rTEG and clinical data are independent predictors of trauma-related mortality. Methods Prospective observational data (patient demographics, admission vital signs, laboratory studies, and injury characteristics) from trauma patients enrolled within 6 hours of injury were collected. Mann–Whitney U test and analysis of variance test assessed significance (P ≤ .05). Logistic regression analyses determined the association of the studied variables with 24-hour mortality. Results Seven hundred ninety-five trauma patients were enrolled, of which 55 died within 24 hours of admission. Admission variables which independently predicted 24-hour mortality were as follows: Glasgow Coma Scale ≤8, hemoglobin 1.5, Ly30 >8%, and penetrating injury (P Conclusions This 5-variable model provides a rapid prediction of 24-hour mortality. The inclusion of rTEG Ly30 demonstrates the association of fibrinolysis with outcome and may support the early use of antifibrinolytic therapies.
IMPROVEMENTS IN XRF SPECIMEN PREPARATION USING THE DRIED RESIDUE METHOD: GALLIUM IN PLUTONIUM METAL

Preparing dry specimens from liquid samples for XRF analysis avoids introducing caustic or hazardous liquids into the instrument. Several modifications were made to a dried residue specimen preparation method for quantifying gallium in plutonium metal in order to improve the method accuracy and precision. Ion exchange chromatography was utilized to remove the plutonium prior to casting the dried residue specimens. This coupled with several other changes improved the method relative error from ~5% to less than 1%. These results are sufficient for routine sample analysis and are almost comparable to results from the established process using liquid specimens. However, the analysis of radioactive liquid specimens is unnecessary for quantifying the plutonium gallium content using this dried residue approach.
High resolution radar target modeling using a modified Prony estimator

A method for characterizing radar signatures using a Prony model is developed based on the concept of scattering centers. A parameterization of the Prony model specific to the radar target identification problem is chosen and several key components to the algorithm, including the use of singular value decomposition and the removal of spurious scattering centers, are presented. The resulting algorithm is tested with data taken from a compact range. These tests include comparison of different targets, different aspect angles and frequency ranges, as well as robustness tests on the algorithm and evaluation of performance in noise. >
Usual Source of Care as a Health Insurance Substitute for U.S. Adults With Diabetes

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of health insurance and/or a usual source of care (USC) on receipt of diabetic-specific services and health care barriers for U.S. adults with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Secondary analyses of data from 6,562 diabetic individuals aged ≥18 years from the nationally representative Medical Expenditure Panel Survey from 2002 to 2005 were performed. Outcome measures included receipt of seven diabetic services plus five barriers to care. RESULTS More than 84% of diabetic individuals in the U.S. had full-year coverage and a USC; 2.3% had neither one. In multivariate analyses, the uninsured with no USC had one-fifth the odds of receiving A1C screening (odds ratio 0.23 [95% CI 0.14–0.38]) and one-tenth the odds of a blood pressure check (0.08 [0.05–0.15]), compared with insured diabetic individuals with a USC. Similarly, being uninsured without a USC was associated with 5.5 times the likelihood of unmet medical needs (5.51 [3.49–8.70]) and three times more delayed urgent care (3.13 [1.53–6.38]) compared with being insured with a USC. Among the two groups with either insurance or a USC, diabetic individuals with only a USC had rates of diabetes-specific care more similar to those of insured individuals with a USC. In contrast, those with only insurance were closer to the reference group with fewer barriers to care. CONCLUSIONS Insured diabetic individuals with a USC were better off than those with only a USC, only insurance, or neither one. Policy reforms must target both the financing and the delivery systems to achieve increased receipt of diabetes services and decreased barriers to care.
Video of laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

/10.10 15 A ence: L 336 1. @he We report here a case of a 54-year-old woman who underwent a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery for clinically significant obesity. The operation was undertaken laparoscopically, and a hiatal hernia was encountered intraoperatively. We describe the technique of repairing a hiatal hernia during a gastric bypass and in the presence of extensive adhesions between the liver and the stomach. The adhesions were divided first to elucidate the anatomy, retract the liver, and expose the hiatal defect. Repair of the hiatal defect was followed by gastric bypass without incident. The surgery was well tolerated without any complications. Four weeks postoperatively, her body mass index (BMI) decreased from
Measurements of Static Loading Versus Eccentricity in a Flexure-Pivot Tilting Pad Journal Bearing

An experimental investigation examining the static loading characteristics of a four-pad, flexure-pivot tilting pad bearing is presented. Tests are conducted on a Fluid Film Bearing Element Test Rig for journal speeds ranging from 1800 to 4500 rpm, and applied static loads between pads to 1400 N. Results obtained from measurements of bearing eccentricities and bearing pad temperatures were compared to numerical predictions. Bearing power losses were also estimated using a simple thermal model for the bearing assembly. Comparisons between theory and experimental results indicate good correlation for measured eccentricities over the tested range of applied static loads and journal speeds. Negligible displacements in the direction orthogonal to the applied load verified the expected behavior of the test bearing over the range of operating conditions. Thermal analysis of the bearing system lead to good prediction of the bearing power losses, and indicated that the majority of the mechanical energy is transferred via convection.
Gain-optimized CO 2 waveguide laser

The gain of CO 2 waveguide lasers was measured for a wide range of He:CO 2 ratios and total gas pressures. It was found that maximum gain occurs at relatively low pressures. To minimize laser discharge length it is advantageous to operate in this high gain, low pressure regime even at the expense of a reduction in saturation intensity which falls off quadratically with gas pressure.
Evidence-Based Practice: Critical Appraisal of Qualitative Evidence

One of the key steps of evidence-based practice is to critically appraise evidence to best answer a clinical question. Mental health clinicians need to understand the importance of qualitative evidence to their practice, including levels of qualitative evidence, qualitative inquiry methods, and criteria used to appraise qualitative evidence to determine how implementing the best qualitative evidence into their practice will influence mental health outcomes. The goal of qualitative research is to develop a complete understanding of reality as it is perceived by the individual and to uncover the truths that exist. These important aspects of mental health require clinicians to engage this evidence.
Calcium currents in human and canine jejunal circular smooth muscle cells.

Abstract Background & Aims: Although calcium plays an essential role in intestinal smooth muscle contractile activity, calcium entry pathways in canine and human small intestine are largely unknown. The goal of this study was to characterize calcium channels, a potential entry pathway for calcium, in isolated circular smooth muscle cells of canine and human jejunum. Methods: Single freshly dissociated human and canine jejunal circular smooth muscle cells were studied using single-channel and perforated whole-cell patch clamp recordings as well as fluorescence dual wavelength ratio imaging. Results: An inward whole-cell current was identified that was carried by a 17 pS (80 mmol/L Ba 2+ ) dihydropyridine-sensitive, barium-permeable channel. The current was potentiated by BayK 8644 (1 μmol/L; n=3; 82% ± 34%), acetylcholine (1 μmol/L; n=8; 42% ± 5%), and erythromycin (1 μmol/L; n=9; 70% ± 11%) and was completely blocked by nifedipine (1 μmol/L; n=6) or diltiazem (200 μmol/L; n=4). Application of BayK 8644 (1 μmol/L), acetylcholine (1 μmol/L), or erythromycin (1 μmol/L) to Fura-2-loaded smooth muscle cells bathed in Krebs' solution containing 2.54 mmol/L calcium increased intracellular calcium levels. Conclusions: A calcium entry pathway was identified in canine and human jejunal circular smooth muscle cells. The pathway was mediated by a dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channel. The channel allowed the entry of significant amounts of calcium at physiological extracellular calcium concentrations.
Dual Y chromosome painting and in situ cell-specific immunofluorescence staining in lung tissue: an improved method of identifying donor marrow cells in lung following bone marrow transplantation

Several recent studies have demonstrated localization of donor bone marrow-derived cells in recipient lungs following transplantation from male to female mice or patients. Donor cells are identified by detection of the Y chromosome by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, protein digestion pretreatments usually required for tissue FISH significantly limit the ability to detect cell type-specific markers by immunohistochemistry. We have used an alternative protein digest approach that entails heating the slides in 10 mM sodium citrate rather than utilizing a protease digestion. This approach preserves cell proteins following FISH, and allows lung tissue to remain intact for subsequent detection of cell-specific markers by immunohistochemistry. We have examined this technique in mouse lungs using a Y chromosome paint and three cell-specific markers, a pan-cytokeratin for epithelial cells, PECAM-1 for endothelial cells, and CD45 for leukocytes. Excellent visualization of both the Y chromosome and cell-specific surface protein markers was obtained on a single slide. This approach will significantly enhance the ability to detect and identify donor bone marrow cells in recipient mouse lungs following male to female transplantation.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Gag Is a Nuclear Shuttling Protein

Lentiviral genomic RNAs are encapsidated by the viral Gag protein during virion assembly. The intracellular location of the initial Gag-RNA interaction is unknown. We previously observed feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Gag accumulating at the nuclear envelope during live-cell imaging, which suggested that trafficking of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and FIV Gag may differ. Here we analyzed the nucleocytoplasmic transport properties of both Gag proteins. We discovered that inhibition of the CRM1 nuclear export pathway with leptomycin B causes FIV Gag but not HIV-1 Gag to accumulate in the nucleus. Virtually all FIV Gag rapidly became intranuclear when the CRM1 export pathway was blocked, implying that most if not all FIV Gag normally undergoes nuclear cycling. In FIV-infected feline cells, some intranuclear Gag was detected in the steady state without leptomycin B treatment. When expressed individually, the FIV matrix (MA), capsid (CA), and nucleocapsid-p2 (NC-p2) domains were not capable of mediating leptomycin B-sensitive nuclear export of a fluorescent protein. In contrast, CA-NC-p2 did mediate nuclear export, with MA being dispensable. We conclude that HIV-1 and FIV Gag differ strikingly in a key intracellular trafficking property. FIV Gag is a nuclear shuttling protein that utilizes the CRM1 nuclear export pathway, while HIV-1 Gag is excluded from the nucleus. These findings expand the spectrum of lentiviral Gag behaviors and raise the possibility that FIV genome encapsidation may initiate in the nucleus.