cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Financial Statement Fraud Using Evolutionary Algorithms

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we use a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and MARLEDA—a modern Estimation of Distribution Algorithm (EDA)—to evolve and train several fuzzy rule-based classifiers (FRBCs) to detect patterns of financial statement fraud. We find that both GA and MARLEDA demonstrate a better ability to classify unseen corporate data observations than those of a traditional logistic regression model, and provide validity for detecting financial statement fraud with Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) and FRBCs. Using ten-fold cross-validation, the GA and MARLEDA yield average training classification accuracy rates of 75.47 percent and 74.26 percent, respectively, and average validation accuracy rates of 63.75 percent and 64.46 percent, respectively.
Intermittent Functional Closure of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Ten-Month-Old Infant; Hemodynamic Documentation

We describe a ten-month-old patient in whom intermittent patency and closure of the ductus arteriosus was observed clinically, and in whom this observation was uniquely demonstrated at the time of cardiac catheterization. The hemodynamics of this patient and the physiology of ductal closure are discussed.
Improved Seismic Design Procedure for Concrete Bridge Joints

Experimental investigation and subsequent analytical studies have shown that the external strut force transfer method of design is insufficient for reinforced concrete bridge joints and overly conservative for prestressed joints, particularly under in-plane seismic loading. Despite these findings, this design method is widely endorsed for use in seismic design practice in the United States. In consideration of the shortcomings of the currently used force transfer model for bridge joints, an improved design model, referred to hereafter as the modified external strut force transfer model, is introduced in this paper. Use of the modified model for bridge tee and knee joints, design equations, a set of prescriptive design steps in a readily applicable form, and reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge joint design examples are also presented.
OPTIMAL DESIGN OF BEAMS AGAINST BUCKLING: A POTENTIAL ENERGY APPROACH

Abstract A rather general development of the optimum design of structures against buckling is extended to include a broader class of structures and loadings. The development is specialized to the problem of optimal design of thin-walled beams against lateral buckling. The optimum design for simply supported, cantilever, and fixed-fixed rectangular beams in pure bending is found to be a uniform one. For simply supported rectangular beams of variable height the savings in weight compared to a uniform beam is insignificant. Significant savings can be realized for a constrained design of a class of I-beams of variable depth.
Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethene DNAPLs by a culture enriched from contaminated groundwater.

A microbial culture enriched from a trichloroethene-contaminated groundwater aquifer reductively dechlorinated trichloroethene (TCE) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) to ethene. Initial PCE dechlorination rate studies indicated a first-order dependence with respect to substrate at low PCE concentrations, and a zero-order dependence at high concentrations. Studies of TCE and vinyl chloride (VC) dechlorination indicated a first-order dependence at all substrate concentrations. VC had little or no effect on the initial rate of TCE dechlorination. With subsaturating concentrations of chlorinated ethenes, nearly stoichiometric amounts of the toxic intermediate vinyl chloride accumulated prior to its dechlorination to ethene. In contrast, under saturating conditions, in which a dense, nonaqueous-phase liquid existed in equilibrium with the aqueous phase, the chlorinated ethene was dechlorinated to ethene, at a rapid rate, with the accumulation of relatively small amounts of chlorinated intermediates.
Radiative Relaxation and Isomeric Branching of Highly Excited H/C/N: The Importance of Delocalized Vibrational States

We report full dimensional ab initio calculations of the radiative relaxation of H/C/N at energies above and below the barrier to isomerization between hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen isocyanide. This relaxation process is believed to be central to understanding the formation of HCN and HNC in cold interstellar clouds, star-forming regions, and comets, where observed HCN/HNC abundance ratios vary between 80 : 1 and 1 : 5. We find that the radiative branching between the isomers is highly dependent on the identity of the initial vibrational state. Vibrational states can be classified into three categories: HCN-local, HNC-local, and delocalized. Delocalized states relax radiatively to both isomers, while local states radiate within one structure. We find many states above the barrier to isomerization which branch predominantly to HNC. This work demonstrates the methodology and presents initial results for an accurate ab initio treatment of isomeric radiative branching in H/C/N, and reveals that an accurate quantum treatment of radiative relaxation is consistent with the wide range of observed isomeric branching ratios.
The Emergence of Haemophilus influenzae Types e and f as Significant Pathogens

Non-type b encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae meningitis (two cases due to H. influenzae type e, two due to H. influenzae type f) was diagnosed in four children in a 6-month period at the University of Virginia. H. influenzae type b was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States before the introduction of an effective vaccine, whereas the other five encapsulated serotypes of H. influenzae rarely caused invasive disease. The clinical features of non-type b H. influenzae meningitis and the therapy for this infection are the same as those for type b H. influenzae disease. We report these four cases to document an increase in infection due to non-type b serotypes of H. influenzae, and we postulate that this change may result from the well-documented decrease in H. influenzae type b oropharyngeal carriage and disease that has occurred because of universal vaccination for H. influenzae type b.
Age-related Changes in the Tiger Salamander Retina ☆

Abstract Tiger salamanders have been used in visual science because of the large size of their cells and the ease of preparation and maintenance of in vitro retinal preparations. We have found that salamanders over 27 cm in length show a variety of visual abnormalities. Compared to smaller animals (15–23 cm), large animals exhibited a decrease in visual responses determined by tests of the optomotor reflex. Small animals responded correctly an average of 84.5% of the time in visual testing at three light levels compared to an average of 68.4% for the large animals with the poorest visual performance at the lowest level of illumination. In addition, large animals contained (i) histological degeneration of the outer retina, in particular, loss and disruption of outer segments and abnormalities of the retinal pigmented epithelium, (ii) loss of cells, including photoreceptors, by apoptosis as evaluated with the TUNEL technique, and (iii) an increase in the number of macrophages and lymphocytes within the retina as determined by morphological examination. These histological changes were present in all large animals and all quadrants of their retinas. In contrast, small animals showed virtually no retinal degeneration, no TUNEL-positive cells, and few immune-like cells in the retina. Since large animals are also older animals, the visual changes are age-related. Loss of visual function and histological degeneration in the outer retina also typify aged human eyes. Thus, we propose that large salamanders serve as an animal model for age-related retinal degeneration. In addition to providing a source of aging retina that is readily accessible to experimental manipulation, the salamander provides a pigmented retina with a mixed (2:1, rod:cone) population of photoreceptors, similar to the degeneration-prone parafoveal region of the human eye.
Effects of Social Environment on Mortality to Whole Body X-Irradiation in the Rat

Group- and individually-reared rats were exposed to 750 r of whole body x-irradiation and then subdivided into group- and individually-housed samples. There were no differential effects of housing on mortality rate among males. Among females there was an apparent interaction between the pre- and post-irradiation conditions of housing such that for the group-reared females there was a significantly greater mortality rate in the animals housed in groups than in those housed individually.
Remote Monitoring for Atrial Fibrillation

The diagnostic yield of remote monitoring for atrial fibrillation (AF) improves with longer periods of monitoring, being greatest with monitored telemetry and least with short-term (24–48 hour) Holters. The burden of AF required to incur an increased risk of thromboembolic complications may range from 5 minutes to 24 hours. There is poor symptom-rhythm correlation in AF, and identifying episodes of AF is better with the use of monitoring rather than patient-reported symptoms alone. Monitoring to manage patients after prior AF ablation is useful to identify clinically significant arrhythmia recurrence, and implantable loop recorders (ILRs) may prove more useful than external monitoring strategies, such as transtelephonic monitors (TTMs) or monitored telemetry.
Chemical hydrophobicity and uptake by plant roots.

The transpiration stream concentration factor (TSCF), the ratio between a compound’s concentration in the xylem to that in the solution adjacent to the roots, is commonly used to describe the relative ability of an organic compound to be passively transported from root to shoot. Widely cited bell-shaped curves relating TSCF to the octanol/water partition coefficient (log KOW) imply that significant root uptake and transfer into shoot tissues occurs only for compounds falling within an intermediate hydrophobicity range. However, recent laboratory and field data for relatively water soluble compounds such as sulfolane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), and 1,4-dioxane suggest that these relationships are not universally applicable, especially for nonionizable, highly polar, water soluble organics. To re-evaluate the relationship between root uptake and chemical hydrophobicity, TSCFs were measured for 25 organic chemicals ranging in log KOW from −0.8 to 5 using a pressure chamber technique. Using the TSCF valu...
Thermal modeling for an optical refrigerator

Optical refrigeration is currently the only completely solid state cooling method capable of reaching cryogenic temperatures from room temperature. Optical cooling utilizing Yb:YLF as the refrigerant crystal has resulted in temperatures lower than 123K measured via a fluorescence thermometry technique. However, to be useful as a refrigerator this cooling crystal must be attached to a sensor or other payload. The phenomenology behind laser cooling, known as anti-Stokes fluorescence, has a relatively low efficiency which makes the system level optimization and limitation of parasitic losses imperative. We propose a variety of potential designs for a final optical refrigerator, enclosure and thermal link; calculate conductive and radiative losses, and estimate direct fluorescence reabsorption. Our simulated designs show losses between 60 and 255 mW, depending on geometry and enclosure choice, with a lower bound as low as 23 mW.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from nonrenal urological malignancies

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were isolated from 15 of 20 surgical specimens of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, Wilms tumor and adrenal cancer. Expansion was carried out in four different culture conditions, each containing 1000 U/ml interleukin-2: RPMI medium with or without 20% (by volume) of lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) supernatant and AIM V medium with or without 20% LAK supernatant. The resultant cell populations were then assayed for cytotoxicity against a variety of autologous and allogeneic tumor targets and phenotypic analysis was performed with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies. TIL growth was unrelated to the initial percentage of lymphocytes or tumor cells present in the enzymatically dispersed specimens or whether fresh or cryopreserved tissue was utilized. Better growth was seen in AIM V than in RPMI medium (P = 0.013); the beneficial effect of the addition of LAK supernatant to RPMI was indicated (P = 0.065), and the addition of LAK supernatant to AIM V did not improve the ability to culture TIL (P = 0.5) from these cancers. TIL in long-term culture were predominantly CD3+. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells varied with time in culture and culture medium, but most cultures eventually became CD4+. Cells bearing B cell, natural killer cell, and macrophage markers disappeared early in culture. Overall 14/15 TIL samples were lytic against one of the autologous and allogeneic targets tested, but specific lysis against the autologous tumor from which it was derived was seen in only one TIL culture originating from a bladder cancer. Our results suggest that TIL can be expanded to therapeutic levels from a variety of urological malignancies and that their potential role in future therapy should be further explored.
Stabilizing hybrid perovskites against moisture and temperature via non-hydrolytic atomic layer deposited overlayers

A novel non-hydrolytic (nh) surface chemistry is utilized to allow the direct synthesis of pinhole-fee oxide overlayers directly on conventional hybrid perovskite halide absorbers without damage. Utilizing water-free ALD Al2O3 passivation, a minimum of ten-fold increase in stability against relative humidity (RH) 85% was achieved along with a dramatically improved thermal resistance (up to 250 °C). Moreover, we extend this approach to synthesize nh-TiO2 directly on hybrid perovskites to establish its potential in inverted photovoltaic devices as a dual stabilizing and electron accepting layer, as evidenced by photoluminescence (PL) quenching.
Learning Dynamic Event Descriptions in Image Sequences

Automatic detection of dynamic events in video sequences has a variety of applications including visual surveillance and monitoring, video highlight extraction, intelligent transportation systems, video summarization, and many more. Learning an accurate description of the various events in real-world scenes is challenging owing to the limited user-labeled data as well as the large variations in the pattern of the events. Pattern differences arise either due to the nature of the events themselves such as the spatio-temporal events or due to missing or ambiguous data interpretation using computer vision methods. In this work, we introduce a novel method for representing and classifying events in video sequences using reversible context-free grammars. The grammars are learned using a semi-supervised learning method. More concretely, by using the classification entropy as a heuristic cost function, the grammars are iteratively learned using a search method. Experimental results demonstrating the efficacy of the learning algorithm and the event detection method applied to traffic video sequences are presented.
Airline Pilots' Experiences in and Reactions to their Check Rides: Results from a Nationwide, Representative Survey

While a substantial body of research has explored the effectiveness of airline pilot training programs, few studies have examined the check rides that occur at the end of training. To address this critical gap, we conducted a nationwide, representative survey of commercial airline pilots. In this paper, we explore their reactions to maneuver validations (MVs) and Line Operational Evaluations (LOEs). On average, the respondents rated both types of checking procedures favorably. Moreover, despite having a representative sample, reliable scales, and a high degree of statistical power, we found no practically or statistically significant differences between the perceived effectiveness of MVs and LOEs. The data suggest that airline pilots perceive both types of check rides as being equally effective. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
A CpG-loaded tumor cell vaccine induces antitumor CD4 + T cells that are effective in adoptive therapy for large and established tumors

We designed a whole tumor cell vaccine by “loading” lymphoma tumor cells with CG-enriched oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG), a ligand for the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). CpG-loaded tumor cells were phagocytosed, delivering both tumor antigen(s) and the immunostimulatory CpG molecule to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These APCs then expressed increased levels of costimulatory molecules and induced T-cell immunity. TLR9 was required in the APCs but not in the CpG-loaded tumor cell. We demonstrate that T cells induced by this vaccine are effective in adoptive cellular therapy for lymphoma. T cells from vaccinated mice transferred into irradiated, syngeneic recipients protected against subsequent lymphoma challenge and, remarkably, led to regression of large and established tumors. This therapeutic effect could be transferred by CD4+ but not by CD8+ T cells. A CpG-loaded whole-cell vaccination is practical and has strong potential for translation to the clinical setting. It is currently being tested in a clinical trial of adoptive immunotherapy for mantle-cell lymphoma.
MARC II and COBOL

A description of the machine processing of MARC II records using COBOL for an application on the Library of Congress System 360/30. Emphasis is on the manipulation by COBOL of highly complex variable length MARC records containing variable length fields.
Railroad Over-Capitalization

Over-capitalization in (1) construction, 602. — (2) Replacement of property as inviting stock-watering, 602. — Incompetence or fraud, 603. — The Rock Island and Boston & Maine affairs, 604. — (3) Division of an accumulated surplus, 606. — Indirect devices therefor, 607.— Magnitude of railway surpluses, 608. — Equitable interest of the public therein, 609. — The opposing views stated, 610. — The just intermediate opinion, 611. — The Massachusetts gas companies, 613. — Difficult to apply in practice, 614. — (4) Refunding as a concomitant of inflation, 616. — (5) Stock-watering incidental to consolidation, 617. — Financial advantage of mergers, 618. — The New Haven collapse, 619. — Connecticut trolley finance, 620. — The Rhode Island companies, 621. — The Boston & Maine road and the Westchester Co., 622. — (6) Reorganization and stock-watering, 624. — The Third Avenue Railroad case, 626. — Conclusion, 628.
SENSORY TRADE-OFFS PREDICT SIGNAL DIVERGENCE IN SURFPERCH

Unidirectional elaboration of male trait evolution (e.g., larger, brighter males) has been predicted by receiver bias models of sexual selection and empirically tested in a number of different taxa. This study identifies a bidirectional pattern of male trait evolution and suggests that a sensory constraint is driving this divergence. In this system, the inherent trade-off in dichromatic visual detection places limits on the direction that sensory biases may take and thus provides a quantitative test of the sensory drive model. Here I show that sensory systems with trade-offs in detection abilities produce bidirectional biases and that signal design properties match these biases. I combine species-specific measurements and ancestral estimates with visual detection modeling to examine biases in sensory and signaling traits across five fish species occupying optically diverse habitats in the Californian kelp forest. Species-specific divergence in visual pigments correlates with changes in environment and produces different sensory biases— favoring luminance (brightness) detection for some species and chromatic (color) detection for others. Divergence in male signals (spectral reflectance of orange, blue, and silver color elements) is predicted by each species’ sensory bias: color divergence favors chromatic detection for species with chromatically biased visual systems, whereas species with luminance sensory biases have signals favoring luminance detection. This quantitative example of coevolution of communication traits varying in a bidirectional pattern governed by the environment is the first demonstration of sensory trade-offs driving signal evolution.
Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of total and cardiovascular disease mortality

Background: Asian populations habitually consume a large amount of cruciferous vegetables and other plant-based foods. Few epidemiologic investigations have evaluated the potential health effects of these foods in Asian populations. Objective: We aimed to examine the associations of cruciferous vegetables, noncruciferous vegetables, total vegetables, and total fruit intake with risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Design: The analysis included 134,796 Chinese adults who participated in 2 population-based, prospective cohort studies: the Shanghai Women’s Health Study and the Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Dietary intakes were assessed at baseline through in-person interviews by using validated food-frequency questionnaires. Deaths were ascertained by biennial home visits and linkage with vital statistics registries. Results: We identified 3442 deaths among women during a mean follow-up of 10.2 y and 1951 deaths among men during a mean follow-up of 4.6 y. Overall, fruit and vegetable intake was inversely associated with risk of total mortality in both women and men, and a dose-response pattern was particularly evident for cruciferous vegetable intake. The pooled multivariate hazard ratios (95% CIs) for total mortality across increasing quintiles of intake were 1 (reference), 0.91 (0.84, 0.98), 0.88 (0.77, 1.00), 0.85 (0.76, 0.96), and 0.78 (0.71, 0.85) for cruciferous vegetables (P , 0.0001 for trend) and 0.88 (0.79, 0.97), 0.88 (0.79, 0.98), 0.76 (0.62, 0.92), and 0.84 (0.69, 1.00) for total vegetables (P = 0.03 for trend). The inverse associations were primarily related to cardiovascular disease mortality but not to cancer mortality. Conclusion: Our findings support recommendations to increase consumptionofvegetables,particularlycruciferousvegetables,andfruitto promote cardiovascular health and overall longevity. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:240‐6.
NEOSTIGMINE AND EDROPHONIUM ANTAGONISM OF MODERATE NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCK INDUCED BY PANCURONIUM OR TUBOCURARINE

Edrophonium and neostigmine are anticholin-esterase drugs used commonly to antagonize competitive neuromuscular block. Although it has a faster onset of action than neostigmine, edrophonium is unreliable when used to antagonize deep neuromuscular block. We have compared the antagonist characteristics of these two drugs when used to antagonize a moderate degree of pancuronium- or tubocurarine-induced neuromuscular block. Forty ASA I or II patients undergoing surgical procedures were allocated randomly to receive either pancuronium 70 kg-1 or tubo-curarine 0.5 mg kg-1, and to receive either edrophonium 0.5 mg kg-1 or neostigmine 0.05 mg kgr-1. Antagonism was attempted when the first response to train-of-four (TOF) stimulation recovered spontaneously to 25% of the control height. Neuromuscular function was monitored using the evoked integrated electromyogram of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand. Adequate recovery was defined as the achievement of a TOF ratio of 0.70 or greater. Only seven of 20 patients who received edrophonium demonstrated adequate recovery 30 min after antagonism. Under the conditions described in this study, edrophonium 0.5 mg kg7 was less effective as an antagonist than neostigmine 0.05 mg kg-1. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1993; 70: 160–162)
How Can Philosophy Be a True Cognitive Science Discipline

Although philosophy has been only a minor contributor to cognitive science to date, this paper describes two projects in naturalistic philosophy of mind and one in naturalistic philosophy of science that have been pursued during the past 30 years and that can make theoretical and methodological contributions to cognitive science. First, stances on the mind-body problem (identity theory, functionalism, and heuristic identity theory) are relevant to cognitive science as it negotiates its relation to neuroscience and cognitive neuroscience. Second, analyses of mental representations address both their vehicles and their contents; new approaches to characterizing how representations have content are particularly relevant to understanding the relation of cognitive agents to their environments. Third, the recently formulated accounts of mechanistic explanation in philosophy of science both provide perspective on the explanatory project of cognitive science and may offer normative guidance to cognitive science (e.g., by providing perspective on how multiple disciplinary perspectives can be integrated in understanding a given mechanism).
COMPARISON OF EEG CHANGES IN LEARNING AND OVERLEARNING OF NONSENSE SYLLABLES.

A comparison between EEG changes occurring during learning and overlearning of nonsense syllables was made, with emphasis on activity related to occasional errors of well-learned material. Seventeen college students learned 12 nonsense syllables by the serial anticipation method, followed by 20 trials of overlearning. EEGs were recorded simultaneously and analyzed by a Burch Period Analyzer. Increased fast and decreased alpha activity were observed during learning. During overlearning, tracings returned toward control levels. Activity associated with errors during overlearning showed a marked increase in fast and decrease in alpha comparable to the changes noted in earlier stages of learning. The data are discussed in terms of the functional significance of the reticular system.
Childhood Family Structure and Romantic Relationships During the Transition to Adulthood

We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) to examine whether childhood family structure experiences influence the development of romantic relationships during adolescence and whether adolescent relationships, in turn, help to shape long-term relationship trajectories. Young people who live in “nontraditional” families during their childhood are more likely than their peers to engage in romantic relationships during adolescence. Family-related mechanisms are significant mediators of this association. Individuals who were raised in stepparent and single-parent families are also more likely to cohabit during adulthood, and those who were raised in single-parent families are less likely to have ever married. Childhood family structure is not associated with serious relationship conflict during adolescence or adulthood, however. Moreover, although adolescent relationship experiences have long-term effects on relationship trajectories, they do not significantly mediate the associa...
Density-dependent mortality and the latitudinal gradient in species diversity

Ecologists have long postulated that density-dependent mortality maintains high tree diversity in the tropics1,2,3,4,5,6. If species experience greater mortality when abundant, then more rare species can persist1,2,7,8,9. Agents of density-dependent mortality (such as host-specific predators, and pathogens) may be more prevalent or have stronger effects in tropical forests, because they are not limited by climatic factors1,2,3,4,5. If so, decreasing density-dependent mortality with increasing latitude could partially explain the observed latitudinal gradient in tree diversity4,5,6. This hypothesis has never been tested with latitudinal data. Here we show that several temperate tree species experience density-dependent mortality between seed dispersal and seedling establishment. The proportion of species affected is equivalent to that in tropical forests6,10,11,12,13,14,15,16, failing to support the hypothesis that this mechanism is more prevalent at tropical latitudes. We further show that density-dependent mortality is misinterpreted in previous studies. Our results and evidence from other studies suggest that density-dependent mortality is important in many forests. Thus, unless the strength of density-dependent mortality varies with latitude, this mechanism is not likely to explain the high diversity of tropical forests.
Integrating networks and memory hierarchies in a multicomputer node architecture

We propose a new multicomputer node architecture, the DI-multicomputer, which can provide higher memory and communication performance than existing multicomputer architectures. By integrating a router onto each processor chip and eliminating the memory bus interface, each processor uses packet routing for both local memory access and internode communication. Multi-packet handling mechanisms are used to implement a high performance memory interface based on packet routing. The DI-multicomputer network interface directs different types of messages to an appropriate level of the memory hierarchy, providing efficient communication for both short and long messages. Trace-driven simulations show that the communication mechanisms of the DI-multicomputer can achieve up to four times speedup when compared to existing architectures. >
Black Oystercatchers and Campsites in Western Prince William Sound, Alaska

Abstract. Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) have been identified as a species of concern by government agencies and conservation organizations because they have small populations and are sensitive to disturbance caused by shoreline and near-shore human activity. Expanding human recreation in Prince William Sound (PWS) may have potential negative consequences on Black Oystercatcher reproduction and on the population as a whole. Almost 2000 km of shoreline in western PWS was inventoried to assess density, distribution and habitat use of breeding Black Oystercatchers each June and July from 2001 to 2004. These efforts identified 94 territories (density 0.030.38 pairs/km). Black Oystercatcher territories were preferentially located on wave-cut platforms and rocky islets as well as gravel beaches but they avoided salt marsh, tide flats and sheltered rocky shores. Within western PWS 186 shoreline campsites were documented and people preferred to camp on gravel beaches. The association between campsites...
Whole grains, refined grains and fortified refined grains: What’s the difference?

Dietary guidance universally supports the importance of grains in the diet. The United States Department of Agriculture pyramid suggests that Americans consume from six to 11 servings of grains per day, with three of these servings being whole grain products. Whole grain contains the bran, germ and endosperm, while refined grain includes only endosperm. Both refined and whole grains can be fortified with nutrients to improve the nutrient profile of the product. Most grains consumed in developed countries are subjected to some type of processing to optimize flavor and provide shelf-stable products. Grains provide important sources of dietary fibre, plant protein, phytochemicals and needed vitamins and minerals. Additionally, in the United States grains have been chosen as the best vehicle to fortify our diets with vitamins and minerals that are typically in short supply. These nutrients include iron, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin and, more recently, folic acid and calcium. Grains contain antioxidants, including vitamins, trace minerals and non-nutrients such as phenolic acids, lignans and phytic acid, which are thought to protect against cardiovascular disease and cancer. Additionally, grains are our most dependable source of phytoestrogens, plant compounds known to protect against cancers such as breast and prostate. Grains are rich sources of oligosaccharides and resistant starch, carbohydrates that function like dietary fibre and enhance the intestinal environment and help improve immune function. Epidemiological studies find that whole grains are more protective than refined grains in the prevention of chronic disease, although instruments to define intake of refined, whole and fortified grains are limited. Nutritional guidance should support whole grain products over refined, with fortification of nutrients improving the nutrient profile of both refined and whole grain products.
Elevation in Exhaled Nitric Oxide Predicts for Radiation Pneumonitis

Purpose Radiation pneumonitis is a major toxicity after thoracic radiotherapy (RT), with no method available to accurately predict the individual risk. This was a prospective study to evaluate exhaled nitric oxide as a predictive biomarker for radiation pneumonitis in esophageal cancer patients. Patients and Methods A total of 34 patients prescribed neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer were enrolled in the present trial. Each patient underwent respiratory surveys and exhaled nitric oxide (NO) measurements before, at the end of, and 1 to 2 months after completing RT. Pneumonitis toxicity was scored using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. The demographics, dosimetric factors, and exhaled NO levels were evaluated for correlation with symptomatic patients (scores ≥2). Results Of the 34 patients, 28 were evaluable. All had received 50.4 Gy RT with concurrent chemotherapy. The pneumonitis toxicity score was Grade 3 for 1, Grade 2 for 3, Grade 1 for 7, and Grade 0 for 17. The dosimetric factors were not predictive of symptoms. The mean exhaled NO level measured before, at completion, and at restaging was 17.3 ± 8.5 (range, 5.5–36.7), 16.0 ± 14.2 (range, 5.8–67.7), and 14.7 ± 6.2 (range, 5.5–28.0) parts per billion, respectively. The ratio of exhaled NO at the end of RT vs. before treatment was 3.4 (range, 1.7–6.7) for the symptomatic and 0.8 (range, 0.3–1.3) for the asymptomatic ( p = .0017) patients. The elevation in exhaled NO preceded the peak symptoms by 33 days (range, 21–50). The interval to peak symptoms was inversely related to the exhaled NO elevation. Conclusions Elevations in exhaled NO at the end of RT was found to predict for radiation pneumonitis symptoms.
Reflection in action: using inquiry groups to explore critical digital literacy with pre-service teachers

AbstractThe challenge of preparing teachers and their eventual students to be successful, full participants in today’s digital society is one that faces all teacher preparation programs. However, in the United States our current system of technology instruction in pre-service education focuses primarily on functional technology skills, and critical and reflective components are largely absent. The present study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using inquiry groups as a site for critical digital literacy work with pre-service teachers at a mid-size university in the Mid-Atlantic United States. The purpose of the inquiry was to engage in a critique of our own digital literacy practices within our wider socio-cultural context (i.e. the digital society). This article describes the inquiry group process and outcomes, and provides implications for using inquiry groups to develop critical digital literacy with pre-service teachers.
Infrared measurements of droplets in the dense region of diesel fuel sprays

The dense spray region (the high droplet number density area near the injector outlet) is exceptionally important to practical combustion devices since this is where the fuel transitions from an intact liquid stream at the nozzle exit into droplets, vapor, and a combustible mixture. Unfortunately, properties and processes within the dense spray are exceptionally difficult to monitor due to the high obscuration levels produced by the large droplet number densities. This paper reports results from extinction measurements at 1.06 um and 10.6 urn for single orifice, diesel sprays. Results indicate droplet sizes in the 3 um to greater than 9 um size range with significant spatial and temporal variations. Diameters and apparent droplet size fluctuation frequencies appear to increase with distance from the spray centerline (starting at 2.5 mm from the centerline) and spray tip (starting 25 mm from the tip). In addition, infrared scattering measurements which extend the useful sizing range for the measurements are presented.
CytoSys: a tool for extracting cell-cycle-related expression dynamics from static data

Computational models of biological processes are important building blocks in Systems Biology studies. Calibration and validation are two important steps for moving a mathematical model to a computational model. While calibration refers to finding numerical value of the coefficients such as rate constants in a mathematical model, validation refers to verifying that the calibrated model behaves the same as the biological system under previously unseen conditions such as environmental changes (e.g., drug treatment) or mutations. In lieu of direct measurements of rate constants, modeling of the molecular mechanisms that govern biological behaviors may be able to use dynamic expression profiles of reactant biomolecules for calibration. For validation, similar data, obtained under new conditions, are probably better than direct measurements of rate constants. In any case, direct measurement of rate constants is almost always impractical and difficult or impossible. Here, we show a computer-assisted methodology to extract embedded dynamic profiles of cell-cycle proteins from statically sampled, multivariate cytometry data guided by heuristics assembled from canonical cell-cycle knowledge. The methodology is implemented using standard "list mode" cytometry data-processing software followed by CytoSys - a software tool with an easy-to-use graphical interface. We demonstrate the use of CytoSys with a case study of exponentially growing, human erythroleukemia cells and extract the dynamic expression profiles of cyclin A for calibrating an existing deterministic mathematical model of the cell cycle.
Analysis of 0 − ↔ 0 + beta decay and muon capture in the A = 16 nuclei

The muon capture ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$+$^{16}\mathrm{O}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$^{16}\mathrm{N}$*(${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$)+${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and the beta decay $^{16}\mathrm{N}$*(${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}$^{16}\mathrm{O}$+${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ are analyzed in the elementary particle approach supplemented by some minimal dynamical assumptions. Predictions are found to be consistent with experiment without the need for substantial meson excahnge contributions.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{16}\mathrm{O}$($\ensuremath{\mu}$,${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$)$^{16}\mathrm{N}$*(${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), calculated capture rate; $^{16}\mathrm{N}$*(${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$), calculated beta decay rate.
Validation of a Side-Scan Sonar Method for Quantifying Walleye Spawning Habitat Availability in the Littoral Zone of Northern Wisconsin Lakes

AbstractPrevious research has generally ignored the potential effects of spawning habitat availability and quality on recruitment of Walleye Sander vitreus, largely because information on spawning habitat is lacking for many lakes. Furthermore, traditional transect-based methods used to describe habitat are time and labor intensive. Our objectives were to determine if side-scan sonar could be used to accurately classify Walleye spawning habitat in the nearshore littoral zone and provide lakewide estimates of spawning habitat availability similar to estimates obtained from a transect–quadrat-based method. Based on assessments completed on 16 northern Wisconsin lakes, interpretation of side-scan sonar images resulted in correct identification of substrate size-class for 93% (177 of 191) of selected locations and all incorrect classifications were within ± 1 class of the correct substrate size-class. Gravel, cobble, and rubble substrates were incorrectly identified from side-scan images in only two instances...
Search for the Higgs boson in the ZH to llbb channel at CDF Run II

The Standard Model of particle physics is in excellent agreement with the observed phenomena of particle physics. Within the Standard Model, the weak and electromagnetic forces are successfully combined. However, this combination is only valid if the masses of the force carriers of the weak force, the Z and W bosons, are massless. In fact, these two particles are the second and third most massive observed elementary particles. Within the minimal Standard Model, the Higgs mechanism is introduced to reconcile this contradiction. Conclusive proof of this theory would come with the discovery of the Higgs boson.
Psychometric properties of the Violent Experiences Questionnaire

The Violent Experiences Questionnaire-Revised (VEQ-R) is a brief retrospective self-report inventory which provides estimates of annual frequencies of childhood physical abuse, sibling physical abuse, exposure to parental violence, peer bullying, and corporal punishment as they were experienced from ages 5 to 16. The VEQ-R indices rely on a frequency metric that estimates the number of days on average per year a specified class of behavior occurred over a 12year retrospective period. All scores range from a frequency of 0 to a high of 104. Scale normative data was generated from both a college (N=1266) and national (N=1290) sample to expand the research applicability of this relatively new inventory. Subscales were added to estimate the frequency of victimization during childhood, the pre-teen years, and adolescence. Four "hostility" component indices were derived from perpetrator source (parent, sibling, peer, or domestic). Thresholds were established to for High, Moderate, Low, and No Risk classifications. Subscales dimensions were found to have both adequate internal and temporal consistency. Evidence of concurrent and discriminant validity was generated using the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale-Short-Form©, LONGSCAN Physical Abuse Self-Report scale, and Physical Punishment scale of the Assessing Environments III inventory.
A Human-Centered Approach to One-Shot Gesture Learning

This paper discusses the problem of one-shot gesture recognition using a human-centered approach and its potential application to fields such as human-robot interaction where the user’s intentions are indicated through spontaneous gesturing (one-shot). Casual users have limited time to learn the gestures interface, which makes one-shot recognition an attractive alternative to interface customization. In the aim of natural interaction with machines, a framework must be developed to include the ability of humans to understand gestures from a single observation. Previous approaches to one-shot gesture recognition have relied heavily on statistical and data-mining-based solutions, and have ignored the mechanisms that are used by humans to perceive and execute gestures and that can provide valuable context information. This omission has led to suboptimal solutions. The focus of this work is on the process that leads to the realization of a gesture, rather than on the gesture itself. In this case, context involves the way in which humans produce gestures—the kinematic and anthropometric characteristics. In the method presented here, the strategy is to generate a data set of realistic samples based on features extracted from a single gesture sample. These features, called the “gist of a gesture,” are considered to represent what humans remember when seeing a gesture and, later, the cognitive process involved when trying to replicate it. By adding meaningful variability to these features, a large training data set is created while preserving the fundamental structure of the original gesture. The availability of a large data set of realistic samples allows the use of training classifiers for future recognition. The performance of the method is evaluated using different lexicons, and its efficiency is compared with that of traditional N-shot learning approaches. The strength of the approach is further illustrated through human and machine recognition of gestures performed by a dual arm-robotic platform.
Block-Graft Copolymers by Grafting Pivalolactone to Polyisoprene and Polyisobutylene

Block and graft copolymers composed of unlike polymeric segments that separate into continuous and discontinuous phases often have unusual and useful properties. Styrene/diene triblock copolymers are familiar examples. These are thermoplastic elastomers in which a network structure is formed by separation of polystyrene blocks into glassy domains that tie together the continuous rubbery phase. Other examples are the (AB)n or segmented block polymers in which crystalline hard segments are interspersed with soft segments in a polymer chain. Examples are the polyurethane and polyether ester elastomers.
S1P-dependent interorgan trafficking of group 2 innate lymphoid cells supports host defense.

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate counterparts of adaptive T lymphocytes, contributing to host defense, tissue repair, metabolic homeostasis, and inflammatory diseases. ILCs have been considered to be tissue-resident cells, but whether ILCs move between tissue sites during infection has been unclear. We show here that interleukin-25– or helminth-induced inflammatory ILC2s are circulating cells that arise from resting ILC2s residing in intestinal lamina propria. They migrate to diverse tissues based on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)–mediated chemotaxis that promotes lymphatic entry, blood circulation, and accumulation in peripheral sites, including the lung, where they contribute to anti-helminth defense and tissue repair. This ILC2 expansion and migration is a behavioral parallel to the antigen-driven proliferation and migration of adaptive lymphocytes to effector sites and indicates that ILCs complement adaptive immunity by providing both local and distant tissue protection during infection.
Pseudorandom Number Generation

Chapter 8 reveals that every algorithm that generates a sequence of i.i.d. random samples from a probability distribution as output requires a sequence of i.i.d. random samples from u(0, 1) as input. To meet this need, every discrete-event simulation programming language provides a pseudorandom number generator that produces a sequence of nonnegative integers Z 1, Z 2,... with integer upper bound M > Z i ∀i and then uses U 1, U 2,..., where U i := Z i /M, as an approximation to an i.i.d. sequence from u(0, 1).
Antibacterial properties and clinical potential of pleuromutilins

Covering: up to 2018Pleuromutilins are a clinically validated class of antibiotics derived from the fungal diterpene (+)-pleuromutilin (1). Pleuromutilins inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of the ribosome. In this review we summarize the biosynthesis and recent total syntheses of (+)-pleuromutilin (1). We review the mode of interaction of pleuromutilins with the bacterial ribosome, which involves binding of the C14 extension and the tricyclic core to the P and A sites of the PTC, respectively. We provide an overview of existing clinical agents, and discuss the three primary modes of bacterial resistance (mutations in ribosomal protein L3, Cfr methylation, and efflux). Finally we collect structure-activity relationships from publicly available reports, and close with some forward looking statements regarding future development.