cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen activation by magnesia catalysts

Hydrogen activation by magnesia catalysts was investigated by studying H{sub 2}-D{sub 2} exchange. The number of active sites, surface composition, rate, and mechanism of the reaction were investigated as a function of the activation temperature. Behavior of a commercial magnesia and a catalyst synthesized from Mg(OH){sub 2} were similar, although the latter catalyst had a much larger surface area. The upper limit for the number of active sites was determined in the classical manner by using selective poisoning by CO. A novel technique involving monitoring the stoichiometric reaction between magnesia and D{sub 2}(g) enabled the very unusual determination of the lower limit for the number of active sites. Thus, the true number of active sites is bracketed within the upper and lower limits. Maximal activity occurred after activation at 700 C. The number of active sites is about 10{sup 12}/cm{sup 2}, which is 10{sup 3}-fold higher than formerly reported on the basis of EPR data. The turnover frequency at 273 K and a partial pressure of 20 Torr of an equimolar mixture of H{sub 2}-D{sub 2} is 4 s{sup {minus}1}, roughly 10{sup 3}-fold less than previously reported. The site density and activity are now consistent with expected values, rather thanmore » the anomalous values previously reported. The hydroxyl coverage of the surface was determined in a novel manner using thermogravimetric analysis over the temperature range of 300 to 1,400 K. The catalysts are of low activity when the surface is either of very high or very low hydroxyl content. A mechanism in which the active site includes an ensemble consisting of a Mg{sup 2+} center and neighboring surface OH and O{sup 2{minus}} is proposed.« less
Effects of glucocorticoids on nucleic acid synthesis in mouse lymphoma cells growing in vitro and on nuclei isolated from these cells

Abstract Mouse lymphoma 388 cells, growing in vitro , are inhibited in their growth rate by glucocorticoids. Studies with whole cells incorporating thymidine into DNA, uridine into RNA and leucine into protein suggested an early (12 hr) depression of thymidine incorporation, with less effect on uridine or leucine. DNA and RNA polymerase activities in these cells were studied more directly by examining a broken cell system. Washed nuclei isolated from ML-388 cells incorporate nucleoside and deoxynucleoside triphosphates into RNA and DNA. Using a washed nuclear system, we have shown that glucocorticoids have no direct effect on either RNA or DNA polymerase activity. Nuclei taken from cells exposed to glucocorticoids for 12 or 24 hr show no consistent differences when compared to control preparations with respect to their ability to synthesize DNA. RNA synthesis is depressed about 30 per cent in nuclei taken from steroid-treated cells.
Severe hypocalcemia: a rare cause of reversible heart failure.

Despite the crucial role of calcium in myocardial contractility, hypocalcemia has been rarely reported as a cause of heart failure. In this article, the authors describe a case of severe hypocalcemia caused by idiopathic hypoparathyroidism and worsened by concomitant hypomagnesemia. The patient presented with congestive heart failure that improved dramatically with amelioration of plasma calcium levels. This case and other similar cases in the literature revealed that hypocalcemic heart failure is reversible. Measurement of plasma calcium should be included in the initial work-up of all patients with heart failure, and plasma magnesium must also be checked and corrected if hypocalcemia is demonstrated.
It Is Not Just a Matter of Taste: 19th-Century Psychophysics and 21st-Century Sensory Evaluation Surveys of Food and Beverages: A Brief Review with Illustrative Readings

ABSTRACT Virtually all major food and beverage processing companies employ professional taste-testing panels or conduct consumer preference surveys for appearance, aroma, and texture as well as taste. The literature and procedures underlying this sensory evaluation of foods have a strong basis in the specialty within experimental psychology called psychophysics. Founded in the late 1800s in Germany, psychophysics continues to flourish today in university departments of psychology and teaching hospital departments of neurology and psychiatry. While greatly aided by advances in chemical detection and medical imaging, sensory evaluation is actually still based mostly on eliciting human subject responses to physical and chemical sensations from novel food and beverage products, or from new formulations of familiar products, and then statistically analyzing the respondent's reactions as entered on questionnaires. This article reviews some of the terminology and concepts of psychophysics as applied to the conte...
Dynamics of DNA-Bending in Binding Site Recognition by IHF

We present recent progress in monitoring the DNA bending dynamics in site-specific recognition by IHF, an architectural protein from E. coli that recognizes several sites on phage λ DNA, primarily by indirect readout. IHF bends the DNA at its cognate site by nearly 180° over ∼35 bp, creating two kinks in DNA stabilized by intercalation of conserved proline residues located on two β-ribbon arms that wrap around the DNA.Previous stopped-flow and laser T-jump measurements on IHF binding to its cognate H’site revealed that DNA bending in the complex occurs on ∼1-10 ms, similar to the time-scales for thermal disruption of a single base pair in B-DNA. Here we find that inserted mismatches that increase the DNA flexibility at the site of the kinks accelerate the bending rates by nearly the same factor as the corresponding increase in binding affinity. On the other hand, modifications in DNA away from the site of the kink, as well as mutations in IHF, designed to perturb specific protein-DNA contacts, leave the bending rates unchanged despite a ∼60-100-fold decrease in the binding affinity. These results support our earlier conclusion that in the transition state ensemble separating the nonspecific from the specific complex the DNA is bent/kinked, but protein-DNA interactions that stabilize the complex have not yet been made.Our measurements also reveal a rapid (∼100 microseconds) phase in the bending kinetics. In contrast to the relaxation rates for the slow phase, which are affected by modifications in the DNA at the site of the kinks, the relaxation rates for the fast phase appear to be unaffected. This rapid phase may correspond to the wrapping/unwrapping of the β-arms of the protein in a nonspecific binding mode, as IHF scans potential binding sites on genomic DNA.
Conformational differences of the C8-deoxyguanosine adduct of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) within the NarI recognition sequence.

2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) is a highly mutagenic heterocyclic amine found in cooked meats. The major DNA adduct of IQ is at the C8-position of dGuo. We have previously reported the incorporation of the C8-IQ adduct into oligonucleotides, namely, the G1-position of codon 12 of the N-ras oncogene sequence (G1G2T) and the G3-position of the NarI recognition sequence (G1G2CG3CC) (Elmquist et al. (2004) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 11189−11201). Ultraviolet spectroscopy and circular dichroism studies indicated that the conformation of the adduct in the two oligonucleotides was different, and they were assigned as groove-bound and base-displaced intercalated, respectively. The conformation of the latter was subsequently confirmed through NMR and restrained molecular dynamics studies (Wang et al. (2006) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 10085−10095). We report here the incorporation of the C8-IQ adduct into the G1- and G2-positions of the NarI sequence. A complete analysis of the UV, CD, and NMR chemical shift ...
Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

Background. Significant advances in the understanding of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) have occurred in the past two decades, resulting in changes in terminology and classification practices, which may affect the analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) data. Methods. The incidence rates for each subgroup of NHL in the Working Formulation were reviewed from the National Cancer Institute's SEER data during three time periods: 1973-1977, 1978-1982, and 1983-1987. Results. NHL has significantly increased by 50% from 1973 to 1988. The most frequently occurring NHL is diffuse large cell lymphoma, constituting nearly 30% of all lymphomas. Increased incidence rates for large cell immunoblastic and small noncleaved cell NHL observed during the 1980s are attributable largely to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic. Exposure to environmental agents such as herbicides and hair coloring dyes have recently been identified as factors that increase the risk of NHL, but the overall contribution of these factors remains to be identified. The increase in extranodal lymphomas is in part a consequence of the application of modern immunophenotypic and genotypic methods, which lead to the reclassification of pseudolymphomas as monoclonal B-cell neoplasms. The apparent dramatic decline in the incidence of diffuse small cleaved NHL appears to be artifactual, as well, secondary to changes in classification of NHL. Conclusions. With the enhanced ability of pathologists to delineate new clinicopathologic entities by immunophenotypic and molecular biologic studies, future modifications to the collection of SEER data may be appropriate. Such an approach will address the limitations of the Working Formulation and lead to a more accurate data base for the evaluation of epidemiologic trends.
Studies of a thermolabile repressor

Abstract From physiological and genetic evidence, it is concluded that the repressor for β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) synthesis in a mutant bacterium, E-103, is thermolabile. The apparent inactivation of repressor is first order and irreversible; however, paradoxically, only a characteristic fraction can be inactivated at a given temperature, suggesting some heterogeneity of repressor in this strain. Following inactivation of repressor, there is a delay in reappearance of repression that is believed to be caused by the time required to establish synthesis of repressor.
Interactive Proof Systems with Public Coin: Lower Space Bounds and Hierarchies of Complexity Classes

This paper studies small space-bounded interactive proof systems (IPSs) using public coin tosses, respectively Turing machines with both nondeterministic and probabilistic states, that works with bounded number of rounds of interactions. For this model of computations new impossibility results are shown. As a consequence we prove that for sublogarithmic space bounds, IPSs working in k rounds are less powerful than systems of 2kk−1 rounds of interactions. It is well known that such a property does not hold for polynomial time bounds. Babai showed that in this case any constant number of rounds can be reduced to 2 rounds.
On-board vision-based spacecraft estimation algorithm for small body exploration

A methodology is summarized for designing on-board state estimators in support of spacecraft exploration of small bodies such as asteroids and comets. This paper focuses on an estimation algorithm that incorporates two basic computer-vision measurement types: a landmark table (LMT) and a paired feature table (PFT). Several innovations are developed to incorporate these measurement types into the on-board state estimation algorithm. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
GLYCOLIPID ANCHORING OF PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEINS

CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOLIPID ANCHORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Indications of a Glycolipid Anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 5 Chemical Analysis . 5 The Ethanolamine-Glycan-Inositol Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Variations on the Core Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The Hydrophobic Constituents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Serological Cross-Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
In-Context Evaluation of Unsupervised Dialogue Act Models for Tutorial Dialogue

Unsupervised dialogue act modeling holds great promise for decreasing the development time to build dialogue systems. Work to date has utilized manual annotation or a synthetic task to evaluate unsupervised dialogue act models, but each of these evaluation approaches has substantial limitations. This paper presents an incontext evaluation framework for an unsupervised dialogue act model within tutorial dialogue. The clusters generated by the model are mapped to tutor responses by a handcrafted policy, which is applied to unseen test data and evaluated by human judges. The results suggest that incontext evaluation may better reflect the performance of a model than comparing against manual dialogue act labels.
Using Benthic Indicator Species and Community Gradients to Optimize Restoration in the Arid, Endorheic Walker River Watershed, Western USA

The challenge of restoring watersheds in arid regions often requires the development of novel scientific tools to guide management. The Walker Basin Program was created to reverse ecological decline in an arid, endorheic watershed through scientifically guided restoration. As part of this programme, 3 years of benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected seasonally at 10 sites that represent the diversity of river environments from the high-mountain headwaters to a desert terminal lake. Samples were analysed to quantify baseline conditions in reference and degraded reaches of river and identify opportunities and constraints for aquatic community restoration. Naturally harsh environments in the lower river characterized by high temperatures and low base flow combined with a weak understanding of reference conditions to limit the utility of commonly used indices for quantifying biotic integrity. A flexible approach was employed using a combination of indicator species analysis, cluster analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, and community tolerance indices to evaluate the variation of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition across a set of environmental gradients. Results demonstrate that benthic communities in the watershed are primarily influenced by a longitudinal gradient related to elevation. A strong secondary community gradient caused by anthropogenic nutrient loading may constrain restoration effectiveness in some parts of the watershed. Restoration activities should improve water quality conditions and initially target areas of the watershed less affected by nutrient loading. Results also demonstrate that benthic communities shift longitudinally. These shifts should be monitored to inform adaptive management of restoration actions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spermatogenic columns, somatic cells, and the microenvironment of germinal cells in the testes of asteroids

Sixty-seven specimens of the common North Atlantic asteroid, Asterias vulgaris, were collected at seasonal intervals over a 2-year period and their testes observed with both light and electron microscopy. In the germinal epithelium, a predictable series of interactions between versatile somatic cells and germinal cells is repeated annually in relation to sequential events in spermatogenesis. For example, massive proliferation and differentiation of spermatogenic cells depend on the elaboration of thousands of spermatogenic columns, which are distinct cellular subdivisions of the germinal epithelium. Each fully developed column is composed of at least one somatic cell surrounded by ≈ 400 germinal cells. Such columns form only after intensive spermatogonial mitosis begins in the germinal epithelium. Single annual periods of spermatogenic proliferation and differentiation are initiated from 1 to 3 months out of phase in different individuals and overlap incompletely. Therefore, it is possible to observe testes that are entirely in the proliferative phase, entirely in the differentiative phase, or in both phases simultaneously. Detailed ultrastructural observations and preliminary autoradiographic data demonstrate that columns maintain their height for a variable period of time as germinal cells are generated near their bases, pass along their lengths, and differentiate near their tips; therefore, simultaneous proliferation and differentiation of more than one generation of germinal cells occur in the same column. Finally, formation of primary spermatocytes ceases basally, (terminating proliferation), and remaining columns degrade completely as germinal cells composing them differentiate or are phagocytized (terminating differentiation and spermatogenesis); resulting spermatozoa ultimately accumulate in the expandable lumen. It is proposed that spermatogenic columns provide the structural basis for organization of the microenvironment of small groups of spermatogenic cells (≈ 400 at a time) during proliferation and differentiation. Preliminary evidence from A. vulgaris and other species also suggests that somatic cells are temporally pluripotent and are variously involved in the formation, structure, and activities of columns, in extensive phagocytosis, and probably in contributing intrinsic (e.g., 1-methyl adenine and steroids) and mediating extrinsic (e.g., gamete shedding substance and nutrients) microenvironmental factors influential during spermatogenesis in asteroids. The prodigious spermatogenic capabilities of asteroids apparently depend on the generation of spermatogenic columns, on the progressive interaction of germinal and somatic cells before, during, and after columns form, and on the predictable effects of microenvironmental factors received and interpreted at the structural level of the spermatogenic column.
Developing Reading Specialists as Leaders: New Directions for Program Development.

This article reports on the results of a survey examining the perceptions of university faculty regarding the importance of graduate programs preparing reading specialists for a leadership role. The results of the survey indicate that slightly more that half of the programs require a leadership course and less than half of the reading specialist candidates in those courses are required to complete a practicum where they actually work with classroom teachers in a school setting. Respondents indicated that reading specialists should serve as leaders in schools, indicating a need to examine what we are currently offering and what we should be offering.
Photodissociation dynamics of H2S isolated in krypton matrices

Photodissociation of HrS in krypton matrices is followed by monitoring laser-induced fluorescence from the SH photofragment. No evidence of an energy threshold for dissociation is observed. Quantum yields of dissociation, referenced to gas-phase absorption cross sections, increase nearly linearly from 0.04+ 0.01 to 0.25 f. 0.08, in the spectral range between 266 and 193 nm (excess energies of 0.75-2.5 eV) . In addition to the SH + H direct dissociation channel, production of S atoms is observed. The latter channel is ascribed to secondary, in-cage collisions between the SH and H fragments to produce S+H*.
Sensing polarization with variable coherence tomography

Variable coherence tomography (VCT) was recently developed by Baleine and Dogariu for the purpose of directly sensing the second-order statistical properties of a randomly scattering volume [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A21, 1917 (2004)]. In this paper we generalize the theory of VCT to include polarized inputs and anisotropic scatterers. In general the measurement of the scattered coherency matrix or Stokes vector is not adequate to describe the scattering, as these quantities depend on the coherence state of the incident beam. However, by controlling the polarized coherence properties of the source beam, VCT can be generalized to probe the polarimetric scattering properties of objects from a single-point Stokes vector or coherency matrix measurements. With polarized VCT, we are able to design a method that can measure analogous information to the polarimetric bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF), but do it from monostatic data. This capability would allow the BRDF to be measured remotely without having to adjust either the incident or observation angle with respect to the target.
A Systems Approach to Organizational Effectiveness: The Alignment of Critical Organizational Dimensions with Selected Business/Competitive Strategies

As indicated by the literature, leader behaviors, salient management practices (management by objectives and compensation practices), organizational structure, and organizational culture were chosen as the dimensions with the greatest impact on business/competitive strategy implementation. So as not to over-generalize, business level strategies were collapsed into two Ð retrenchment and growth. For similar reasons, the competitive strategy schema was simplified in such a way that competition only on the basis of price and innovation was retained. Informed by relevant literature and case studies, implementation guidelines were crafted that appear to have considerable practical utility.
Influence of ecosystem engineers on ecosystem processes is mediated by lake sediment properties

Invasive species may impact biotic community structure, ecosystem processes, and associated goods and services. Their impact may be especially strong when they also serve as ecosystem engineers (i.e. organisms affecting the physical habitat and resources for other species). Dreissenid mussels fill both these roles, having invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes in the late 1980s, and also serve as ecosystem engineers by altering nutrient fluxes and influencing the microbial food web through direct nutrient release and excretion of feces and pseudo-feces at the water–sediment interface. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate how the different functional traits of invasive quagga mussels (filtering activity and direct nutrient release) and native chironomid larvae (tube building and bioirrigation) interact with lake sediment of differing organic matter content to influence biogeochemical fluxes and water quality. Our results showed that sediment reworking and ventilation activities by chironomid larvae increased oxygen penetration in the sediment, affecting primarily pore water chemistry, whereas invasive mussels enhanced nutrient releases in the surface water. However, sediment organic matter modulated the effects of ecosystem engineers on system-level processes; chironomids had a greater influence on sediment reworking and microbial-mediated processes in organic-rich sediments, whereas quagga mussels enhanced nutrient concentrations in the overlying water of organic-poor sediments. These results have management implications, as the effects of invasive mussels on the biogeochemical functioning in the Great Lakes region and elsewhere can alter system bioenergetics and promote harmful algal blooms.
Normal nuchal thickness in the midtrimester indicates reduced risk of Down syndrome in pregnancies with abnormal triple-screen results

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether nuchal thickness measurement can identify the euploid fetuses in midtrimester pregnancies at increased risk for Down syndrome on the basis of maternal age and serum screening. STUDY DESIGN: Nuchal thickness was obtained prospectively in 651 consecutive fetuses at 14 to 21 weeks' gestation and at ≥1:270 risk for Down syndrome on the basis of unconjugated estriol, α-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotropin levels. The risk of Down syndrome with a normal nuchal thickness was determined. A receiver-operator characteristic curve was used to determine a serum-based risk threshold below which the risk of Down syndrome was low. The prevalence of Down syndrome in fetuses with both a normal nuchal thickness and a below-serum-risk threshold was compared with prevalence in either those above threshold risk or with an abnormal nuchal thickness. RESULTS: There were eight cases of trisomy 21 and one case each of 46,XX47,XXX, 46,XY47,XY, + 7, and 46,XX,11q−. The sensitivity of an abnormal nuchal thickness (≥6 mm) for detecting Down syndrome was four ineight (50%) (95% confidence interval 15.3% to 84.6%). The risk of Down syndrome was significantly increased with an abnormal compared with a normal nuchal thickness, four in 13 (30.8%) versus four in 638 (0.6%), p CONCLUSION: Normal nuchal thickness significantly reduces the risk of Down syndrome and may help reduce the number of amniocenteses done for abnormal triple screen results.
The functional matrix hypothesis revisited. 4. The epigenetic antithesis and the resolving synthesis

In two interrelated articles, the current revision of the functional matrix hypothesis extends to a reconsideration of the relative roles of genomic and of epigenetic processes and mechanisms in the regulation (control, causation) of craniofacial growth and development. The dialectical method was chosen to analyze this matter, because it explicitly provides for the fuller presentation of a genomic thesis, an epigenetic antithesis, and a resolving synthesis. The later two are presented here, where the synthesis suggests that both genomic and epigenetic factors are necessary causes, that neither alone is also a sufficient cause, and that only the two, interacting together, furnish both the necessary and sufficient cause(s) of ontogenesis. This article also provides a comprehensive bibliography that introduces the several new, and still evolving, disciplines that may provide alternative viewpoints capable of resolving this continuing controversy; repetition of the present theoretical bases for the arguments on both sides of these questions seems nonproductive. In their place, it is suggested that the group of disciplines, broadly termed Complexity, would most likely amply repay deeper consideration and application in the study of ontogenesis.
AJAX application server performance

An experimental study of the comparative performance of a real-life HTML application and an AJAX application that implement the same user interface was done. Data was collected on the performance of each when presented with the same tasks. Response size and service time performance measures were computed for the applications. AJAX provided significant performance improvements in response size (56%), thereby reducing bandwidth requirements. AJAX provided a mean service time improvement of approximately 16%.
NI-21CONTRAST ENHANCED T1 SUBTRACTION MAPS IMPROVE DETECTION OF RESIDUAL TUMOR FOLLOWING RESECTION, REDUCES MEASUREMENT VARIABILITY, AND PREDICTS SURVIVAL AFTER ANTI-ANGIOGENIC THERAPY IN GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND: Estimation of contrast enhancing tumor burden on contrast-enhanced post-contrast T1-weighted images (CE-MRI) has significant limitations due to T1 shortening from blood products or gliosis and T1 lengthening from changes in extracellular fluid concentration. As a consequence, estimation of residual tumor burden after surgical resection is often inaccurate, measurements of tumor volume vary significantly across readers, and tumor burden after anti-angiogenic therapies is often undetected. We hypothesize that contrast-enhanced T1 subtraction maps can be used to improve detection of residual tumor following surgery or anti-angiogenic therapy, reduce measurement variability, and predict response and survival. METHODS: The extent of resection was evaluated in 80 GBM patients using traditional CE-MRI and T1 subtraction after surgical resection by radiologists, imaging scientists, and neuro-oncologists. To assess measurement variability, enhancing tumor volumes were evaluated in 20 randomly-selected GBM patients before and after anti-angiogenic therapy by 3 imaging scientists in 3 multicenter trials. Lastly, response evaluation was performed using CE-MRI and T1 subtraction in a single center cohort : The extent of resection was changed from GTR to STR for almost all patients and all reviewers when comparing CE-MRI to T1 subtraction maps. Additionally, the confidence in this determination was significantly improved (t-test, P < 0.01). The coefficient of variability (COV) was significantly reduced when using T1 subtraction to define lesion volumes in all settings (paired t-test, P < 0.01), with the largest improvement after anti-angiogenic therapy. Volumetric response on T1 subtraction maps after bevacizumab predicted PFS and OS in both single-center and multicenter trials (Cox regression, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: T1 subtraction maps improve measurement accuracy and confidence of contrast enhancing tumor burden and should be used for determining extent of resection and response to therapy.
Linking design and energy performance in U.S. military hospitals

Hospital buildings have one of the highest energy intensities of all commercial building types. The design of the building envelope is the most lasting feature affecting the energy use of a hospital, due to its service-life typically equaling the life of the facility. Recent developments in sustainability and evidence-based design (EBD) have created additional requirements for the design and construction of facilities. This study investigates the impact that design interventions supported by EBD and energy code compliance may have on the building envelope, and their consequence for the energy consumption of Military Health System facilities. Energy simulations were conducted using eQUEST software on two case-study facilities. The analysis demonstrates that various EBD design measures, such as increased use of views and daylighting, appear to be in conflict with certain goals of energy design. Yet, their impact on energy consumption may be limited compared to the potential savings that can be achieved from...
Reflection Principles and Bounds for Class Group Torsion

We introduce a new method to bound -torsion in class groups, combining analytic ideas with reflection principles. This gives, in particular, new bounds for the 3-torsion part of class groups in quadratic, cubic and quartic number fields, as well as bounds for certain families of higher degree fields and for higher . Conditionally on GRH, we obtain a nontrivial bound for -torsion in the class group of a general number field.
Influence of Heparin Chemical Modifications on its Antiproliferative Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the mechanisms contributing to heparin inhibition of smooth muscle cell growth. Chronic pulmonary hypertension is characterized by structural changes in the pulmonary vasculature, which along with variable degrees of vasoconstriction, are responsible for the high pulmonary vascular resistance and associated right heart failure. Circulating HP binds to endothelial cells and is taken up by the reticuloendothelial system where it enters a cellular pool to be released at a later stage. Fully sulfated HP and other glycosaminoglycan (GAGS) are prepared by treating tributylammonium salt of these with sulfur trioxide. Sulfo groups in HP appear to play an important role in the growth inhibitory effect on smooth muscle cell proliferation. Removal of N-sulfo groups from HP reportedly negates its growth inhibitory effect on smooth muscle cells (SMCs). No appreciable difference was found between heparin and fully sulfated heparin on the growth of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Chondroitin and dermatan sulfates stimulated the pulmonary artery SMCs. Hyaluronan was not antiproliferative but full sulfation made HA strongly antiproliferative against pulmonary SMCs.
A Theoretical Study of Primary Migration of Oil and Gas

According to the theory of mechanics and physical chemistry,a quantitative study is conducted on the mechanism of primary migration of oil and gas.It shows that oil and gas moves from source rock to reservoir rock in continuous phase.The motivating force of primary migration is the coalition of buoyancy and capillary pressure.The hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of source rockprimary migration is usually high because of its property of natural drive.However,the hydrocarbon accumulation or reservoir formation requires some thickness of source rock.
Epidemiological analysis of respiratory virus infection in Fengtai district of Beijing

Objective: To investigate the virus infected patients with acute respiratory infection in Fengtai district of Beijing.Methods: The adenoviruses,human coronary virus and metapneumovirus were detected using RT-PCR.The respiratory syncytial virus,parainfluenza virus(PIV),rhinovirus,enterovirus and human bocavirus were detected using nested-PCR.The influenza A virus(IVA,including A1,A3 and swine flu type) and influenza B virus were detected using Realtime-PCR.Results: Among 227 specimens,111 specimens with postive virus were detected,the postive detection rate was 48.90%.The influenza virus detection rate was 61.26% in postive virus specimens,which was the highest,IVB was given priority to,followed by influenza A3.The PIV detection rate was the second,PIV1 was given priority to,followed by PIV4,all virus infection were clustering.The positive rate in winter was higher than other seasons,the positive rate in patients with upper respiratory infection was higher than other patients.Conclusions: IVB is the main pathogeny of respiratory infection in 2011 and 2012 winter.Winter is high season of respiratory virus,the main route of virus infection is upper respiratory infection.
Analysis and Treatment of Generator Slip-ring Burning Accident in the Power Plant

The slip-ring brush generator was burned in the 300MW power plant,the actual loss condition analysis prove that air duct of collector ring was blocked and the dissipate leat was not good and the spring characteristics was changed,pressure and current distribution was not uniformed.The carbon brush and spring was beaten frequently and alarm information was not found in time and so on.The slip-ring and carbon brush temperature were rosen rapidly so that the ring of fire was formed under the high-speed rotation of slip-ring.The ring of fire made carbon brush and copper trestle burned softly and melted so that was caused generator slip-ring burned,for the se tradition the corresponding measures were taken.The generator is running normally now.
Predictors of discordance among Chilean families.

Parent-youth agreement on parental behaviors can characterize effective parenting. Although discordance in families may be developmentally salient and harmful to youth outcomes, predictors of discordance have been understudied, and existing research in this field has been mostly limited to North American samples. This paper addressed this literature gap by using data from a community-based study of Chilean adolescents. Analysis was based on 1,068 adolescents in Santiago, Chile. The dependent variable was discordance which was measured by the difference between parent and youth’s assessment of parental monitoring. Major independent variables for this study were selected based on previous research findings that underscore youth’s developmental factors, positive parental and familial factors and demographic factors. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the prevalence and associations between youth, parental and familial measures with parent-youth discordance. There was a sizable level of discordance between parent and youth’s report of parental monitoring. Youth’s gender and externalizing behavior were significant predictors of discordance. Warm parenting and family involvement were met with decreases in discordance. The negative interaction coefficients between parental warmth and youth’s gender indicated that positive parental and familial measures have a greater effect on reducing parent-youth discordance among male youths. Results support the significance of positive family interactions in healthy family dynamics. Findings from this study inform the importance of services and interventions for families that aim to reduce youth’s problem behavior and to create a warm and interactive family environment.
Low Intensity Epicardial Pacing During the Absolute Refractory Period Augments Left Ventricular Function Mediated by Local Catecholamine Release.

BACKGROUND Biventricular epicardial (Epi) pacing can augment left ventricular (LV) function in heart failure. We postulated that these effects might involve catecholamine release from local autonomic nerve activation. To evaluate this hypothesis we applied low intensity Epi electrical stimuli during the absolute refractory period (ARP), thus avoiding altered activation sequence. METHODS Anesthetized pigs (n = 6) were instrumented with an LV pressure (LVP) transducer, left atrial (LA) and LV Epi pacing electrodes, and sonomicrometer segment length (SL) gauges placed proximal and remote to the LV stimulation site. A catheter was placed into the great cardiac vein adjacent to the LV pacing site for norepinephrine (NE) analysis. During LA pacing at constant rate, 3 pulses (0.8 milliseconds, 2-3x threshold) were applied to the LV Epi electrodes during the ARP. An experimental run consisted of baseline, stimulation (10 minutes), and recovery (5 minutes), repeated 3 times before and after β1 - receptor blockade (BB, metoprolol). RESULTS ARP stimulation produced significant increases in cardiac function reflected by elevated LVP, LV, dP/dtmax , and reduced time to LV dP/dtmax . This was accompanied by increased coronary NE levels and increases in LVP versus SL loop area in the remote myocardial segment. In contrast, the proximal segment exhibited early shortening and decreased loop area. BB abolished the changes in SL and LV function despite continued NE release. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that ARP EPI stimulation induces NE release mediating augmented global LV function. This effect may contribute to the beneficial effect of biventricular Epi pacing in heart failure in some patients.
SU-G-TeP4-08: Automating the Verification of Patient Treatment Parameters.

Purpose: To automate the daily verification of each patient's treatment by utilizing the trajectory log files (TLs) written by the Varian TrueBeam linear accelerator while reducing the number of false positives including jaw and gantry positioning errors, that are displayed in the Treatment History tab of Varian's Chart QA module. Methods: Small deviations in treatment parameters are difficult to detect in weekly chart checks, but may be significant in reducing delivery errors, and would be critical if detected daily. Software was developed in house to read TLs. Multiple functions were implemented within the software that allow it to operate via a GUI to analyze TLs, or as a script to run on a regular basis. In order to determine tolerance levels for the scripted analysis, 15,241 TLs from seven TrueBeams were analyzed. The maximum error of each axis for each TL was written to a CSV file and statistically analyzed to determine the tolerance for each axis accessible in the TLs to flag for manual review. The software/scripts developed were tested by varying the tolerance values to ensure veracity. After tolerances were determined, multiple weeks of manual chart checks were performed simultaneously with the automated analysis to ensure validity. Results: The tolerance values for the major axis were determined to be, 0.025 degrees for the collimator, 1.0 degree for the gantry, 0.002cm for the y-jaws, 0.01cm for the x-jaws, and 0.5MU for the MU. The automated verification of treatment parameters has been in clinical use for 4 months. During that time, no errors in machine delivery of the patient treatments were found. Conclusion: The process detailed here is a viable and effective alternative to manually checking treatment parameters during weekly chart checks.
APOC: An Architecture Framework for Complex Agents

In this chapter, we introduce an architecture framework called APOC (for “ActivatingProcessing-Observing-Components”) for the analysis, evaluation, and design of complex agents. APOC provides a unified framework for the specification of agent architectures at different levels of abstraction. As such it permits intermediary levels of architectural specification between high-level functional descriptions and low-level mechanistic descriptions that can be used to connect these two levels in a systematic way.
An Examination of Secondary Wind Instrument Methods Courses.

The purpose of this study was to investigate current secondary woodwind, brass, and combined wind instrument methods courses for preservice music teachers across the United States. Two-hundred elev...
Values in Rhythmics

(1931). Values in Rhythmics. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 8-46.
Deriving a unique reference frame for GPS measurements

Two strategies for deriving a unique reference frame for GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements are discussed. The first strategy utilizes the precise relative positions which have been predetermined by VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) to fix the frame orientation and the absolute scaling, while the offset from geocenter is determined from GPS measurements. Three different cases are presented under this strategy. The second strategy establishes a reference frame by holding only the longitudinal of one of the tracking sites fixed. The absolute scaling is determined by the adopted gravitational constant (GM) of the Earth; and the latitude is inferred from the time signature of the Earth's rotation in the GPS measurements. The coordinate system thus defined will be a geocentric Earth fixed coordinate system. A covariance analysis shows that geometric positioning to an accuracy of a few centimeters can be achieved with just one day of precise GPS pseudorange and carrier phase data. >
Imaging button battery ingestions and insertions in children: a 15-year single-center review

Recent studies have shown an increase in morbidity associated with button battery ingestions in children. To perform a comprehensive, imaging-focused review of all patients with confirmed button battery ingestions/insertions imaged at our institution in the last 15 years. Radiology reports from Jan. 1, 2000, to July 12, 2015, were searched for the terms “battery” and “batteries.” Confirmed cases of battery ingestion/insertion for which images were available were reviewed. Cases were reviewed for imaging studies performed, imaging findings, patient demographics, clinical history and management. Two pediatric gastroenterologists reviewed endoscopic images and graded mucosal injuries in selected cases. Two hundred seventy-six cases were reviewed. All patients were imaged with radiography, 19 with fluoroscopy (6.8%), and 4 with CT (1.4%). Batteries retained in the esophagus (n = 27, 9.8%) were larger in diameter on average than those that had passed distally (22.1 ± 3.3 mm vs. 13.7 ± 1.6 mm, P 20mm in diameter warrant increased clinical scrutiny due to higher likelihood and severity of injury. Implementation of recent pediatric gastroenterology societal guidelines will likely lead to a substantial increase in the number of CT and MRI examinations.
Potential Health Hazards Associated with Reusable Foodservice Utensils

Health hazards of reusable foodservice utensils are reviewed, beginning with Crumbine's studies in Kansas City in 1907. Reports of transmission of communicable diseases through improperly sanitized utensils are included. Despite determined efforts by public health personnel and foodservice managers, utensil washing practices in public eating places continue to be unsatisfactory, with many utensils exceeding bacterial limits.
Short communication: Evaluation of a sol-gel–based stainless steel surface modification to reduce fouling and biofilm formation during pasteurization of milk

Milk fouling and biofilms are common problems in the dairy industry across many types of processing equipment. One way to reduce milk fouling and biofilms is to modify the characteristics of milk contact surfaces. This study examines the viability of using Thermolon (Porcelain Industries Inc., Dickson, TN), a sol-gel-based surface modification of stainless steel, during thermal processing of milk. We used stainless steel 316L (control) and sol-gel-modified coupons in this study to evaluate fouling behavior and bacterial adhesion. The surface roughness as measured by an optical profiler indicated that the control coupons had a slightly smoother finish. Contact angle measurements showed that the modified surface led to a higher water contact angle, suggesting a more hydrophobic surface. The modified surface also had a lower surface energy (32.4 ± 1.4 mN/m) than the control surface (41.36 ± 2.7 mN/m). We evaluated the susceptibility of control and modified stainless steel coupons to fouling in a benchtop plate heat exchanger. We observed a significant reduction in the amount of fouled layer on modified surfaces. We found an average fouling weight of 19.21 mg/cm2 and 0.37 mg/cm2 on the control and modified stainless steel coupons, respectively. We also examined the adhesion of Bacillus and biofilm formation, and observed that the modified stainless steel surface offered greater resistance to biofilm formation. Overall, the Thermolon-modified surface showed potential in the thermal processing of milk, offering significantly lower fouling and bacterial attachment than the control surface.
OPEN-CYCLE SOLAR ABSORPTION COOLING

In this study, a complete open-cycle absorption cooling system was assembled and tested. The subsystems included a packed bed regenerator and a modified Carrier Corporation absorber/evaporator. Successful coupled operation of the entire system was achieved, utilizing the CSU Solar House II air collectors. Chilled water (10°C) has been produced in this system at a rate equivalent to 2.7 refrigeration tons (9.5 kW).
Neutron residual stress measurement and numerical modeling in a curved thin-walled structure by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Severe residual stresses in metal parts made by laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing processes (LPBFAM) can cause both distortion and cracking during the fabrication processes. Limited data is currently available for both iterating through process conditions and design, and in particular, for validating numerical models to accelerate process certification. In this work, residual stresses of a curved thin-walled structure, made of Ni-based superalloy Inconel 625™ and fabricated by LPBFAM, were resolved by neutron diffraction without measuring the stress-free lattices along both the build and the transverse directions. The stresses of the entire part during fabrication and after cooling down were predicted by a simplified layer-by-layer finite element based numerical model. The simulated and measured stresses were found in good quantitative agreement. The validated simplified simulation methodology will allow to assess residual stresses in more complex structures and to significantly reduce manufacturing cycle time.
Mapping ecosystem service value in Germany

Currently, a national TEEB study is being conducted in Germany. However, it lacks an overall estimation of ecosystem service value (ESV) at the national level. In this paper, we estimate the ESV in...
Abstract Interpolation Problem and Some Applications. II: Coefficient Matrices

The main content of this paper is Lectures 5 and 6 that continue lecture notes [20]. Content of Lectures 1–4 of [20] is reviewed for the reader’s convenience in Sections 1–4, respectively. It is shown in Lecture 5 how residual parts of the minimal unitary extensions, that correspond to solutions of the problem, yield some boundary properties of the coefficient matrix-function. These results generalize the classical Nevanlinna–Adamjan–Arov–Kreĭn theorem. Lecture 6 discusses how further properties of the coefficient matrices follow from denseness of certain sets in the associated function model spaces. The structure of the dense set reflects the structure of the problem data.