cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contributions of Alexander Thomas Niven and John Ballantine Niven to the international history of modern public accountancy

Abstract This study examines the historical contributions to public accountancy of two Scottish Chartered Accountants. Alexander Thomas Niven was a charter member of the Society of Accountants in Edinburgh in 1854. and founded the Scottish public accountancy firm of A T Niven and Company in 1859. His son, John Ballantine Niven, became a Society member in 1893, co-founded the American public accountancy firm of Touche, Niven and Company in 1900, and was elected President of the American Institute of Accountants in 1924. The professional careers of both men are analysed in the context of a researched genealogy of the Niven family over two centuries in Scotland and the US. The analysis reveals the potential impact of successive generations of the Niven family in Scotland on the professional careers of Alexander Thomas Niven and John Ballantine Niven, and the significance of the latter's emigration to the development of the American profession. The historical contributions of both men are discussed within the...
Exchange rate exposures of US banks: A cash flow-based methodology

Abstract Using a cash flow-based framework, we decompose exchange rate into short-term and long-term elements for 105 individual US banks over 1988–1998. We show that significant long-term exposure is more prevalent than significant short-term exposure, reflecting the difficulty in recognizing, modeling, and managing the longer-term effects of exchange rate risk. Our analyses reveal that 72% of internationally oriented and 88% of domestically oriented banks in the sample have significant exposure to at least one of five currency pairs. This result supports the theory that domestic banks are exposed and should be concerned about the indirect impact of exchange rate risk. Furthermore, we provide some evidence that economies of scale may exist for institutions with extensive international operations.
Production of [Asn1,Val5]angiotensin II and [Asp1,Val5]angiotensin II in kallikrein-treated trout plasma (T60K)

Abstract Incubation of heat-denatured plasma from the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss with porcine pancreatic kallikrein generates, in addition to bradykinin-related peptides, previously uncharacterized peptides that contract mammalian and amphibian vascular smooth muscle. Using rings of vascular smooth muscle from the bullfrog systemic arch as bioassay, we have isolated two myotropic peptides whose primary structures were established as: Asn-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe ([Asn 1 ,Val 5 ]angiotensin II) and Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Val-His-Pro-Phe ([Asp 1 ,Val 5 ]angiotensin II). These peptides are the same as those generated in salmon plasma by an extract of kidney. The data raise the possibility that activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in trout generates both bradykinin-related and angiotensin II-related peptides that may act synergistically in the regulation of blood pressure.
Effects of psychodysleptic drug psilocybin on visual perception. Changes in brightness preference.

Die in gesunden, jungen Volontaren durch Psilocybin hervorgerufene, reversible Veranderung der bevorzugten Helligkeit kann mit der Stabilitat der Wahrnehmungspersonlichkeitsstruktur, nicht aber mit der mydriatischen Wirkung der Droge in Beziehung gebracht werden.
Single-Item Recognition following Verbal Discrimination Study And/Or Test Trials:

Summary.-This experiment assessed further single-item recognition following verbal discrimination learning by varying the number of study and test trials presented during the initial verbal discrimination task. Two study periods (1 and 2 study trials) and three test periods (0, 1, and 2 trials) were factorially combined to yield six experimental groups. Increasing the test periods increased recognition of the prior words to be verbally discriminated as old items. Although subjects could identify the prior function of the old items, the variables did not increase or decrease this ability. Kausler, Pavur, and Yadrick (1975) proposed a model for investigating verbal discrimination learning which combines hypotheses derived from signal detection theory and frequency theory (Ekstrand, Wallace, & Underwood, 1966). Basically the model suggests that following a study phase of a verbal discrimination task, there should be two distributions of verbal items, those previously right and those previously wrong. Because these distributions are based on frequencies, the distribution of prior right items should have a greater mean value. If the subject is now presented with a single-item recognition task which includes the prior right and wrong, and new control items, the model suggests that the subject establishes two criteria: C 1, to discriminate between old and new items, and a more stringent criterion, C 2, to discriminate prior right from wrong items. This model predicts that following a study trial, more prior right items than wrong items will be correctly identified as old since more of these items exceed the lenient C 1 criterion. However, the model suggests that more prior wrong items will be correctly identified as to function. To be identified correctly as a right item, the frequency must exceed C 2; very few items have this frequency. By default, the subject identifies .items as wrong resulting in a higher hit rate for wrong items. Both predictions have been substantiated by Kausler, et al. ( 1975). This model predicts that as the number of study trials increases, the discriminability of prior right and wrong items as old items should also increase. Furthermore, since most prior right items have been correctly identified following one study trial, most of this increase would be a function of the in
The effect of CT technical factors on quantification of lung fissure integrity

A new emphysema treatment uses endobronchial valves to perform lobar volume reduction. The degree of fissure completeness may predict treatment efficacy. This study investigated the behavior of a semiautomated algorithm for quantifying lung fissure integrity in CT with respect to reconstruction kernel and dose. Raw CT data was obtained for six asymptomatic patients from a high-risk population for lung cancer. The patients were scanned on either a Siemens Sensation 16 or 64, using a low-dose protocol of 120 kVp, 25 mAs. Images were reconstructed using kernels ranging from smooth to sharp (B10f, B30f, B50f, B70f). Research software was used to simulate an even lower-dose acquisition of 15 mAs, and images were generated at the same kernels resulting in 8 series per patient. The left major fissure was manually contoured axially at regular intervals, yielding 37 contours across all patients. These contours were read into an image analysis and pattern classification system which computed a Fissure Integrity Score (FIS) for each kernel and dose. FIS values were analyzed using a mixed-effects model with kernel and dose as fixed effects and patient as random effect to test for difference due to kernel and dose. Analysis revealed no difference in FIS between the smooth kernels (B10f, B30f) nor between sharp kernels (B50f, B70f), but there was a significant difference between the sharp and smooth groups (p = 0.020). There was no significant difference in FIS between the two low-dose reconstructions (p = 0.882). Using a cutoff of 90%, the number of incomplete fissures increased from 5 to 10 when the imaging protocol changed from B50f to B30f. Reconstruction kernel has a significant effect on quantification of fissure integrity in CT. This has potential implications when selecting patients for endobronchial valve therapy.
All-MOS analog/digital conversion techniques — An overview

MOS LSI technologies have recently shown their potential for use in precision analog to digital and digital to analog converters. This paper will attempt to assess the impact of MOS technology on the cost and performance of the different classes of A/D converter over the next several years.
The transmission of turbulent boundary layer unsteady pressure and shear stress through a viscoelastic layer

The transmission of unsteady pressure and shear stress, generated by a turbulent boundary layer in water, through a viscoelastic layer backed by a rigid plate is investigated. Analytical models are used to estimate the unsteady pressure and shear stress from 10 to 1000 Hz for a flat plate boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. Additionally, models for the transfer of the unsteady pressures and shear stress through the viscoelastic layer are developed. The models are used to predict the unsteady pressure fluctuations, or flow noise, which would be seen by a finite size sensor embedded under the elastomer layer. The unsteady pressure levels are found to be 20 dB greater than the unsteady shear stress levels across all frequency ranges computed, in agreement with recent measurements. The unsteady pressure transfer functions have a peak at the shear wavenumber and are larger than the shear stress transfer magnitudes from 10 to 50 Hz. The unsteady shear stress transfer functions have a peak at the acoustic wavenumber and are larger than the pressure transfer magnitudes from 50 to 1000 Hz. Over the frequency range examined, the unsteady pressures were found to be the dominant contributor to the sensor flow noise due to the considerably larger magnitude of the unsteady pressures on the top of the viscoelastic layer.
Morphogenesis of Fer-de-Lance virus (FDLV) cultured at sub- (23°C) and supra- (36°C) optimal cell growth temperatures

Abstract FDLV, a recently isolated reptilian myxovirus, replicates at suboptimal cell growth temperature in one mammalian and four reptilian cell lines. At supraoptimal temperature only rattlesnake fibroma cells produced virus. Virion size, cytoplasmic nucleocapsid strands, and specific virus-related inclusion bodies are considered on a comparative basis with respect to host cell and temperature differentials.
Conclusion: Homage to I. William Zartman

This special issue of International Negotiation includes a range of studies and essays on the analysis of negotiation of contemporary conflicts that reflects the influence of I. William Zartman and his leadership of the Conflict Management Program at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies. He introduced some of the most significant and enduring concepts that have guided theory building and empirical analysis of negotiations for at least the past four decades. In this issue, eight of his colleagues and former students have contributed their research ‐ applying many of Zartman’s concepts and frameworks.
Relationship between H1 histone phosphorylation and genome replication in a mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid.

Abstract The relationship between stable genome replication and the presence of species-specific H1 and H2b histones was studied in a mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrid (LMC-1). LMC-1 contained the complete chromosome complements of the mouse ( LM TK − , 46 chromosomes) and Chinese hamster (CHW-1102, 22 chromosomes) parents. No chromosome loss occurred in over a year in continuous culture, and both mouse and Chinese hamster enzymes were expressed. Chromatographic resolution of H1 histone subtypes showed that only mouse H1 genes were expressed. Resolution of chromatographically purified H2b histone variants using Triton X-100-containing gels also demonstrated that LMC-1 cells made mouse, not Chinese hamster, H2b histones. Species-specific tryptic phosphopeptides were resolved from purified H1 histones using high voltage paper electrophoresis. These studies demonstrated that characteristic mouse, but not Chinese hamster, phosphopeptides were formed in H1 histones in actively-growing LMC-1 cells. We conclude that the Chinese hamster genome may replicate in a stable manner in the presence of mouse H1 (and H2b) histones, and that there is no obligatory relationship between species-specific phosphorylation of H1 histones and stable genome replication.
A Grain‐Boundary‐Type Maxwell‐Wagner Peak in the Thermally‐Stimulated Depolarization of Doped Ceria Ceramics

A large peak in the thermally-stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) is observed for CeO2 ceramics doped with cations of lower valence. The peak is shown to be a Maxwell-Wagner effect due to the presence of a high resistivity layer about grain boundaries, the same mechanism that gives rise to the “grain boundary effect” in the ac conductivity. This peak may be utilized to obtain values of the lattice ionic conductivity at temperatures well below those at which ac measurements can conveniently be made. It is also shown how to eliminate this peak in order to be able to study the much smaller peaks due to reorientation of dipolar defects. Ein groses Maximum in dem thermisch stimulierten Depolarisationsstrom (TSDC) wird fur CeO2-Keramik, dotiert mit Kationen niedriger Valenz, beobachtet. Es wird gezeigt. das das Maximum ein Maxwell-Wagner Effekt ist, der von einer Hochwiderstandsschicht, welche die Korngrenzen umgibt, verursacht wird. Dieses ist derselbe Mechanismus der den „Korngrenzen-Effekt” in Wechselstromexperimenten ergibt. Dieses Maximum kann benutzt werden, um die ionische Gitter-leitfahigkeit zu erhalten bei Temperaturen viel niedriger als solche bei denen Wechselstromessungen leicht durchgefuhrt werden konnen. Es wird auch gezeigt, wie dieses Maximum eliminiert werden kann, um die kleineren Maxima, die durch Reorientierung von Dipolfehlern verursacht sind, zu studieren.
Statistical design theory for strictly digital sampled-data systems

THIS PAPER presents a synthesis procedure for designing optimum sampled-data systems on a statistical basis. It deals with a strictly digital system, in which case the desired output is undefined except at sampling instants. Consequently such consideration as error between sampling instants is meaningless. In the past few years, a number of excellent papers have been published on the subject of z-transform theory for the analysis and synthesis of sampled-data systems. However, as most of these papers deal with known inputs such as step, ramp, sinusoidal, etc., there appears still to be room for a theory which is applicable when correlation functions concerning the input signals are the only known factors outside the plant to be controlled.
LIGHT‐INDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS BETWEEN CHLOROPHYLL AND QUINONE IN LIPOSOMES: RADICAL FORMATION AND DECAY IN NEGATIVELY AND POSITIVELY CHARGED VESICLES*

— The incorporation of relatively small amounts (≤ 20 mol%) of a negatively charged surfactant into otherwise electrically neutral phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing chlorophyll in the presence of benzoquinone has been shown to produce large effects on radical formation and decay as measured by laser flash photolysis. When salt ions are present in the aqueous phase, increasing the level of negative surfactant leads to a small increase in radical yield, followed by a larger decrease in radical yield. When the salt concentration is low, increasing the negative surfactant concentration leads to a suppression of the fast radical recombination process, an increase in slow radical decay and, at the highest surfactant concentration, an approximately 35% increase in total radical yield. An analysis of these effects is given in terms of the influence of a negative electrostatic field on radical pair stabilization and recombination, radical pair separation and expulsion of the acceptor radical anion from the vesicle. The incorporation of relatively small amounts (≤ 20 mol%) of a positively charged surfactant into egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC) vesicles containing chlorophyll and benzoquinone also produces large effects on radical formation and decay. When the electrolyte concentration in the suspending aqueous medium is high, radical yields are decreased as the surfactant concentration is increased, without any appreciable effect on decay kinetics. When deionized water is used, the slow recombination component of the decay is specifically suppressed by the presence of the positive surfactant, whereas the fast decay component decreased and then increased in amount as the surfactant concentration is increased. In all cases, however, the total radical yield is less than in pure EPC vesicles. These results can be understood in terms of the influence of a positive electrostatic field on radical pair separation and acceptor radical anion mobility. When equimolar amounts of both positively and negatively charged surfactants are incorporated into EPC vesicles, the radical yields and decay kinetics are relatively unaffected, but a large effect is observed on the radical difference spectrum. This may be a consequence of clustering of oppositely charged molecules within the bilayer surface.
Comparing the Stewart-Sprinthall Management Survey and the Defining Issues Test-2 as Measures of Moral Reasoning in Public Administration

Studies of moral reasoning in public administration have used James Rest's Defining Issues Test (DIT) and the Stewart-Sprinthall Management Survey (SSMS), both derived from Lawrence Kohlberg's work, to assess the moral reasoning of government managers and personnel with disparate results. For example, in previous research with public administrators the SSMS has found higher levels of law and order or maintaining norms moral reasoning than the DIT. The purposes of this article are to (1) summarize the results of published research in public administration using the SSMS and the DIT, (2) compare the results of the SSMS and DIT in the same sample of public administrators, and (3) make recommendations for the use of these instruments in research and practice. In a sample of members of the American Society for Public Administration's Section on Ethics, a comparison of DIT-2 and SSMS moral reasoning scores demonstrated no significant differences between postconventional moral reasoning scores; however, there was a significant difference between maintaining norms percentage scores. This suggests that the two instruments may tap into different dimensions of moral reasoning. Liberals and moderates scored significantly higher than conservatives did in postconventional reasoning on the DIT-2 but not on the SSMS. These results support findings of previous research demonstrating the political dimensions of the DIT, as well as reinforce the multidimensional nature of moral behavior and moral judgment. Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for the use of both instruments.
Nonlinear control of a high-purity distillation column by the use of partially linearized control variables

Abstract High-purity distillation columns are known to be difficult to control using linear control techniques. A new modeling/control approach is proposed here
Optimizing under abstraction: Using prefetching to improve FPGA performance

In an effort to speed the development of FPGA-based accelerators, recent research has focused on providing FPGA developers with memory and communications abstractions. Because abstraction decouples the function of these interfaces from their implementation, these new interfaces present an enormous opportunity for optimization. In this paper we examine stride prefetching as a means of improving the performance of an automatically synthesized, abstract memory hierarchy. We demonstrate, by applying our technique to several large benchmarks, that prefetching can improve preexisting application runtime by 15% on average, and up to 40%, without requiring program modification.
"El Homero español": translation and shipwreck

This essay interprets aspects of Luis de Gongora's Soledad primera (1613) in light of sixteenth-century translations of the Odyssey by Andreas Divus and Gonzalo Perez, as well as topoi concerning Odysseus and shipwreck. It argues that these translations, together with versions of the hero sketched by Villalon, Covarrubias, and others, made an exemplary figure available to Gongora, whose poem of errancy ambivalently represents the Spanish voyages of discovery.
A Collaborative Intelligent Hypermedia Model Based on Advanced Petri Nets

In order to describe and analyze complicated problems that should be resolved cooperatively by several experts, Advanced Petri Nets, included Extended Object Composite Petri Net model, Fuzzy Petri Net, Dynamic Fuzzy Petri Net are introduced in this paper and the system structure of collaborative intelligent hypermedia are established, as well. A Collaborative Intelligent Hypermedia Model based on Advanced Petri Net is proposed. This work is an innovative application of Fuzzy Petri Net and Dynamic Fuzzy Petri Net models, and a collaborative hypermedia system that combines multimedia features into a collaborative intelligent system. The result is a powerful tool for describing the behavior of a complex system, such as a realized diagnose system for children's dermatosis.
The role of transcription factors in the developing Drosophila eye

In the developing Drosophila compound eye, multipotent precursor cells are induced to develop into particular cell types through sequential induction. In the target cells, transcription factors may be modulated by the inductive signals to execute their instructions. Four recently isolated genes may encode such developmentally modulated transcription factors.
Creep rupture behavior of polypropylene suture material and its applications as a time-release mechanism

The controlled failure of polypropylene (PP) sutures is studied via creep rupture tests. From plots of log time (tB) vs. stress (sigma), linear relationships are generated over the failure times of 1-1000 h. Results show that as a function of stress, the time dependence varies with irradiation dose (15, 20, 25, and 50 Mrad), irradiation atmosphere (air and vacuum), suture diameter (7-0, 6-0, 5-0, and 4-0), and test temperature (26 and 37 degrees C). For a given stress, the time to failure is least for the greatest dose in the presence of air and at the highest temperature. When suture loops are wrapped around a small wire sheave, however, failure occurs in the largest suture as much as two decades sooner than the smallest suture studied. Within the limitations stated herein, they are independent of test method, loop diameter, aging, and humidity. Consequently, after irradiation in vacuum and postirradiation heat treatment, the processed material may be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. Such materials are advocated when the time release of a dental or medical device is required, for example, in the self-activating cleft palate appliance.
TEM microstructural analysis of ceramic powders derived from the pyrolysis of polyvinylmethylsilazane

Abstract Polymers from a cyclo-trivinylsilazane were prepared by free-radical initiation. The cross-linked polymers were pyrolyzed in nitrogen and argon at temperatures up to 1750°C. The powders obtained were analyzed by TEM. The microstructure and composition of the ceramic powders varied as a function of pyrolysis temperature and atmosphere. Crystalline phases identified were α- and β-SiC, and α- and β-Si 3 N 4 . They were present as equiaxed crystals up to 0.3 μm diameter and/or whiskers of diameters under 0.3 μm and aspect ratios up to 60. Subsequent exposure to oxygen at high temperatures was also studied.
A computational tool for evaluation of seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings

Abstract A special-purpose computational tool is developed to evaluate the inelastic seismic response of reinforced concrete buildings. A macromodel approach is used to analyze a discretized building composed of parallel frame-wall systems interconnected by transverse elements. The macro-behavioral models include the essential hysteretic characteristics of reinforced concrete sections and also account for the effects of distributed plasticity. All developments are incorporated into a computer code, IDARC. The program performs a series of tasks to enable a complete evaluation of the structural system: (a) monotonic analysis to establish the collapse mechanism and base shear capacity of the structure; (b) quasi-static cyclic analysis under force or deformation control; (c) transient dynamic analysis under horizontal and vertical seismic excitations; (d) reduction of the response quantities to damage indices so that a physical interpretation of the response is possible. The program is built around two graphical interfaces: one for preprocessing of structural and loading data; and the other for visualization of structural damage following the seismic analysis. The program can serve as an invaluable tool in estimating the seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete buildings and for designing new structures within acceptable levels of damage.
Explaining Public Support for Fisheries Management Alternatives

Abstract Angler preferences for fisheries management alternatives were evaluated with probit and ordered probit regression techniques. The information provided by these models was sufficient to identify angler characteristics that influence support for various management alternatives. Older anglers preferred regulations that are uniform across reservoirs, whereas more highly educated and active anglers preferred individual reservoir regulations. More active anglers favored implementation of publicly popular regulations, even if the management agency believes the regulations to be nonbeneficial. Members of fishing clubs did not favor implementing popular regulations over agency objections. Educational level, club membership, and income were correlated with angler perceptions of regulatory complexity. These results suggest that agencies may engage in activities designed to efficiently target informational material to particular segments of the angling population.
Structure and Mechanism of 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-Phosphate Synthase

Abstract 3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate 8-phosphate (KDO8P) synthase catalyzes the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with arabinose 5-phosphate (A5P) to form KDO8P and inorganic phosphate. KDO8P is the phosphorylated precursor of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonate, an essential sugar of the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria. The crystal structure of the Escherichia coli KDO8P synthase has been determined by multiple wavelength anomalous diffraction and the model has been refined to 2.4 A (R-factor, 19.9%;R-free, 23.9%). KDO8P synthase is a homotetramer in which each monomer has the fold of a (β/α)8 barrel. On the basis of the features of the active site, PEP and A5P are predicted to bind with their phosphate moieties 13 A apart such that KDO8P synthesis would proceed via a linear intermediate. A reaction similar to KDO8P synthesis, the condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose 4-phosphate to form 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAH7P), is catalyzed by DAH7P synthase. In the active site of DAH7P synthase the two substrates PEP and erythrose 4-phosphate appear to bind in a configuration similar to that proposed for PEP and A5P in the active site of KDO8P synthase. This observation suggests that KDO8P synthase and DAH7P synthase evolved from a common ancestor and that they adopt the same catalytic strategy.
Observing Halley from Venus

During the 3 mo of perihelion passage of Comet Halley in 1985 and 1986, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter was diverted from its normal role of collecting Venus science, and operated as a platform for ultraviolet and solar-wind observations of the comet. This paper describes the unusal features of the planning, and the special problems encountered in order to observe the comet.
Tunneling High-Resolution Color Content through 4:2:0 HEVC and AVC Video Coding Systems

We present a method to convey high-resolution color (4:4:4) video content through a video coding system designed for chroma-sub sampled (4:2:0) operation. The method operates by packing the samples of a 4:4:4 frame into two frames that are then encoded as if they were ordinary 4:2:0 content. After being received and decoded, the packing process is reversed to recover a 4:4:4 video frame. As 4:2:0 is the most widely supported digital color format, the described scheme provides an effective way of transporting 4:4:4 content through existing mass-market encoders and decoders, for applications such as coding of screen content. The described packing arrangement is designed such that the spatial correspondence and motion vector displacement relationships between the nominally-luma and nominally-chroma components are preserved. The use of this scheme can be indicated by a metadata tag such as the frame packing arrangement supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message defined in the HEVC and AVC (Rec. ITU-T H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10) video coding standards. In this context the scheme would operate in a similar manner as is commonly used for packing the two views of stereoscopic 3D video for compatible encoding. The technique can also be extended to transport 4:2:2 video through 4:2:0 systems or 4:4:4 video through 4:2:2 systems.
Changes in osmol gap in chronic kidney disease: an exploratory study

AbstractAim: There is no data on osmol gap (OG) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) by stage and limited data on OG in adults on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). We aimed to examine the OG between different stages of CKD and to compare the OG pre- and post-HD in those on maintenance HD. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 67 patients. The participants were divided into six groups: Group 1—reference group (normal renal function), Group 2—CKD stage 2; Group 3—CKD stage 3; Group 4—CKD stage 4; Group 5—CKD stage 5 and not on dialysis. Group 6 were subjects on maintenance HD. Results: The means of OG ± standard deviation of Groups 1–6 were 15.25 ± 3.0, 20.73 ± 2.68, 22.85 ± 6.99, 24.11 ± 3.64, 25.15 ± 5.06, and 28.88 ± 3.45, respectively (p < 0.001). In the HD group, the difference between the pre-HD and post-HD OG was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There is a statistically significant upward trend for OG as CKD stage increases. The OG is elevated in patients on maintenance HD and is...
Absence of bacterially induced RELMβ reduces injury in the dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis

Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the result of a dysregulated immune response to commensal gut bacteria in genetically predisposed individuals, the mechanism(s) by which bacteria lead to the development of IBD are unknown. Interestingly, deletion of intestinal goblet cells protects against intestinal injury, suggesting that this epithelial cell lineage may produce molecules that exacerbate IBD. We previously reported that resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ; also known as FIZZ2) is an intestinal goblet cell–specific protein that is induced upon bacterial colonization whereupon it is expressed in the ileum and colon, regions of the gut most often involved in IBD. Herein, we show that disruption of this gene reduces the severity of colitis in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of murine colonic injury. Although RELMβ does not alter colonic epithelial proliferation or barrier function, we show that recombinant protein activates macrophages to produce TNF-α both in vitro and in vivo. RELMβ expression is also strongly induced in the terminal ileum of the SAMP1/Fc model of IBD. These results suggest a model whereby the loss of epithelial barrier function by DSS results in the activation of the innate mucosal response by RELMβ located in the lumen, supporting the hypothesis that this protein is a link among goblet cells, commensal bacteria, and the pathogenesis of IBD.
Revisiting Crohn's disease as a primary immunodeficiency of macrophages

Despite two decades of mouse immunology and human genetics studies, the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) remains elusive. New clinical investigations suggest that CD may be caused by inborn errors of macrophages. These errors may result in impaired attraction of granulocytes to the gut wall, causing impaired clearance of intruding bacteria, thereby precipitating the formation of granulomas. This theory paves the way for a macrophage-based Mendelian genetic dissection of CD.
Liberal Studies and Professional Preparation: The Evolution of the Child and Family Studies Program at Portland State University

Drawing on the conception of liberal education as fundamentally about connection, this paper describes an undergraduate Child and Family Studies Program that is both a liberal studies major and a program to prepare students for professional roles. Program development was faculty-driven and derived from understandings of what it means to have connected learning in a liberal studies major as well as what it means to be a professional. The program was initially designed using a multidisciplinary model where students took courses in liberal studies that were coupled but not necessarily integrated with professional course and service work. Only as we examined student outcomes over time did the program become truly interdisciplinary using mechanisms such as a practicum seminar and a professional portfolio to help students make connections between the various parts of the curriculum.
Estimated and Measured Roughness Parameters for a Pine Forest

Abstract A topographic map of the upper surface of the canopy of a red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantation was drawn from 275 canopy heights measured on a grid of 0.9 × 1.5 m. The distribution of heights was approximately normal, with a mean of 11.6 m; and a standard deviation of 1.6 m; this is an improved method of designating stand height. The roughness parameter s0 and zero-plane displacement of the stand were estimated from the canopy map data, using both Kung's logarithmic formula and Lettau's equation for obstacle size and shape. These values were compared with measured s0 and d from wind and temperature profiles in near-neutral conditions. Lettau's formula, assuming the obstacles were uniform square-packed paraboloids, gave s0=138cm and d10.6 m. Kung's formula gave s0=75 cm and d=9.7 m. Measured profiles gave a median s0=100 cm after d was fixed at its median value of 9.6 m.
Cadmium-113 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cadmium(II)ligand binding in aqueous solutions. I. The effect of diverse ligands on the cadmium-113 chemical shift

Abstract The nuclear magnetic resonance signal of cadmium-113 in solutions of cadmium salts has been observed at 13.31 MHz. In all cases, the chemical shift of cadmium varies with salt concentration in the range 0.1 M to saturated solution. Addition of small amounts of metal liganding agents also causes shifts and in some cases broadening. Shifts, which can occur to lower or higher field, are attributed to the formation of cadmium-ligand complexes, while the broadening is attributed to exchange slower than the extreme narrowing limit.
Thermal terpolymerization of alphamethylstyrene, acrylonitrile and styrene

Abstract The ceiling temperature constraint encountered in the homopolymerization of alphamethylstyrene, AMS, can be circumvented by copolymerization with acrylonitrile to prepare multicomponent random microstructures that offer higher heat resistance than SAN. The feasibility of a thermal initiation of free radical chain polymerization is evaluated by the study of the terpolymerization kinetics of AMS–AN–Styrene. Process considerations such as polyrates, molecular weight of the copolymer formed, sensitivity of molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and kinetics to temperature are measured. The range of weight fractions of monomers of styrene, acrylonitrile and alphamethylstyrene varied in the study are f sty =0.1–0.45 , f an =0.1–0.4 , f ams =0.2–0.75 , respectively. Empirical correlations are provided for the polyrate, weight average molecular weight, Mw, in the temperature range 398–418 K.
Uncalibrated trajectory following with magnetically controlled microrobots

Microrobot systems have demonstrated potential in the areas of manipulation, assembly, and therapeutic tasks at the microscale. This paper investigates uncalibrated visual servoing of microrobot devices in a fluidic environment. Planar actuation is achieved with four electromagnets, and both point-to-point motion and trajectory following are demonstrated. The unique contribution of this paper is the implementation of a dynamic recursive least squares estimation algorithm that is used to control the device as it follows a desired path without any calibration or training steps. Tracking accuracy on the order of 1.6 pixels (10.5μm) is demonstrated for a 200μm diameter microrobot. Initial trials successfully achieved micromanipulation of both 50 and 200μm glass beads.
On the calculation of rate constants by approximating the Fermi–Dirac distribution with a step function

Abstract Replacing the Fermi–Dirac distribution with a step function for the purpose of calculating electron-transfer rate constants has been documented in a range of electrochemical systems. However, a misleading view of the actual electron-transfer process might result because of this substitution. While the calculations of the rate constant for the forward process (i.e. positive applied overpotential for oxidation or negative applied overpotential for reduction) agree closely with results obtained using the Fermi–Dirac distribution, the magnitudes of the reverse-reaction rate constants show a substantial discrepancy. A small improvement on the error-function expression is attained by including a secondary term in the approximation.
A model-based approach to the imputation of missing data: home injury incidences

Missing or incomplete data cases are a problem in all types of statistical analyses. In disease surveillance, this problem inhibits determining the actual incidence of a disease event and monitoring the disease occurrence. Several statistical techniques have been developed to impute values for incomplete data cases. We present a model-based approach to the imputation of missing data elements as applied to determining the incidence of home injury deaths.
Computer aided detection of epidural masses on computed tomography scans

The widespread use of CT imaging and the critical importance of early detection of epidural masses of the spinal canal generate a scenario ideal for the implementation of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system. Epidural masses can lead to paralysis, incontinence and loss of neurological function if not promptly detected. We present, to our knowledge, the first CAD system to detect epidural masses on CT scans. In this paper, spatially constrained Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and supervoxel-based method are proposed for epidural mass detection. The detection is performed on the Gaussian level or the supervoxel level rather than the voxel level. Cross-validation on 40 patients with epidural masses on body CT showed that the supervoxel-based method yielded a significant improvement of performance (82% at 3 false positives per patient) over the spatially constrained GMM method (55% at 3 false positives per patient).
Depressive Symptoms Moderate the Influence of the ApolipoproteinE ɛ4 Allele on Cognitive Decline in a Sample of Community Dwelling Older Adults

Objectives: The apolipoproteinE ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) allele and a history of depression are each separate risk factors for cognitive decline (CD). However, little research has investigated whether a history of depression influences the relationship between APOE ɛ4 and CD. The present study examined whether depressive symptoms had greater influence on subsequent CD among participants with APOE ɛ4 than those without the allele. Design: Prospective 6-year longitudinal study. Setting: Community in-home interviews. Participants: A biracial sample of community dwelling older adults (N = 1,992) from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). Measurements: Data were drawn from Waves 1 to 3 of the EPESE, which were conducted 6 years apart. Cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms were assessed at both waves, and APOE genotyping was completed during the Wave 3 assessment. Results: Regression analyses revealed that depressive symptoms and the APOE ɛ4 allele independently predicted CD. Importantly, the influence of depressive symptoms on CD was greater for individuals with the APOE ɛ4 allele compared with those without the allele. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms and the APOE ɛ4 allele are independent contributors to CD. Moreover, the influence of depressive symptoms on CD is greater among individuals with the APOE ɛ4 allele. Depression and the APOE ɛ4 allele may act together in disrupting neurological functioning, which may in turn lower an individual's cognitive reserve capacity. Given the efficacious treatments currently available for depression, future research should investigate the extent to which interventions for depression may reduce the risk for subsequent CD.
Sesquiterpene alcohols and triterpenoids from Liatris microcephala

Abstract Liatris microcephala gave the sesquiterpene alcohols (+)-T-cadinol,α-cadinol, oplopanol and oplodiol, the benzofuran euparin and the triterpenes lupeyl acetate, taraxasteryl acetate, and 30-nor-taraxaster-20-en-3β-yl acetate.
Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus: Role of Obesity and Diet

BACKGROUND In the United States, the incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, including the esophagogastric junction, has been increasing rapidly over the past two decades. Except for an association with Barrett's esophagus, little is known about the etiology of these cancers. PURPOSE Our purpose was to investigate dietary and nutritional risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. METHODS A population-based, case-control interview study of 174 white men with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and 750 control subjects living in three areas of the United States was conducted during 1986 through 1989. RESULTS Risk was significantly elevated for subjects in the heaviest quartile compared with the lightest quartile of body mass index (odds ratio [OR] = 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.8-5.3). No significant associations were seen with total calories from food, number of meals eaten per day, level of fat intake, or consumption of coffee and tea. Risks were highest for those consuming the least amount of vegetables, with some evidence of a dose response for the subcategories of cruciferous vegetables (P for trend < .001) and vegetables consumed raw (P for trend = .10). A significantly elevated risk was also seen for those consuming the least amount of raw fruit (P for trend = .05). No clear associations were reported for intake of particular micronutrients overall or in supplements, but a significant protective effect was associated with increasing intake of dietary fiber (P for trend = .004). CONCLUSIONS The findings of an increased risk with obesity and decreased risks with intake of raw fruits and vegetables and dietary fiber provide useful directions to pursue in further investigations of this malignancy. IMPLICATIONS The finding with respect to obesity is particularly noteworthy, since it may explain at least a portion of the recent epidemic increases reported in the incidence of this tumor.
Laboring People in Eighteenth-Century England

These three books are important contributions to 18th century English social and labor history. They conveniently summarize a large amount of material, and each in its own way provides something of an interpretation of the period. Let us discuss each in turn. The single greatest strength of Dobson's study is that it has chronicled to an extent not done before the record of disturbances and disputes between employees and employers in 18th century England. Against those older historians such as the Hammonds, the Webbs, and G.D.H. Cole as well as the more recent tendency which stresses the harmony of paternalist relations between the social classes, Dob son's chronical is a useful corrective. It should be enlightening to all of those who regard the wage struggle as belonging only to the period of factory production. Dobson is a numerologist. His chronicle is most succinctly presented in the Appendix which lists all the labor disputes that he's discovered between 1717 and 1800. The list is a summary of his reading of the London press available in the Burney collection of the British Library. The list should not be taken to be compre hensive, suggestive though it is, because Dobson does not tell us how he read the press (what newspapers? what periods? how systematically?) nor if he searched many of the provincial newspapers such as Berrow's Worcester Journal, The Sher borne Mercury, or Jackson*s Oxford Journal, all of which often contained news of strikes not mentioned in the London press. Exhaustive quantifiers may moan about this and then go and add to his list. Perhaps they will add to it significantly. Let us hope that they do. Meanwhile, some of his findings may be mentioned. In tables interfoliated with his text he analyzes the disputes by occupation, by twenty-year periods, by the primary issue at dispute, and by region. A table of
Current status of the R-Matrix code SAMMY, with emphasis on the relationship to ENDF formats

During the last decade, advances in evaluations of neutron-induced cross sections in the resolved resonance region have surpassed the ability of the Evaluated Nuclear Data Files (ENDF) to make use of those evaluations. At the higher energies used in new evaluations, effects that in the past were deemed to be negligible are now important. There is also a great demand for including uncertainty information in ENDF files. In this paper, we describe recently approved ENDF formats to accommodate new evaluations and their implementation in SAMMY. Other new features of the SAMMY code, available in the 2006 Revision 7 release, are also described.
Event Extraction as Dependency Parsing

Nested event structures are a common occurrence in both open domain and domain specific extraction tasks, e.g., a "crime" event can cause a "investigation" event, which can lead to an "arrest" event. However, most current approaches address event extraction with highly local models that extract each event and argument independently. We propose a simple approach for the extraction of such structures by taking the tree of event-argument relations and using it directly as the representation in a reranking dependency parser. This provides a simple framework that captures global properties of both nested and flat event structures. We explore a rich feature space that models both the events to be parsed and context from the original supporting text. Our approach obtains competitive results in the extraction of biomedical events from the BioNLP'09 shared task with a F1 score of 53.5% in development and 48.6% in testing.
The Impact of Sexual Enhancement Alcohol Expectancies and Risky Behavior on Alcohol- Involved Rape Among College Women

A structural equation model examined sexual enhancement alcohol expectancies, heavy episodic drinking (HED), and risky sexual behavior as correlates of alcohol-involved rape in a sample of 353 college women. Prevalence of alcohol-involved rape was 15.6%. Sexual enhancement alcohol expectancies were indirectly associated with alcohol-involved rape via increased levels of HED, greater likelihood of sex while intoxicated, and number of sex partners. All forms of risky behavior were associated with alcohol-involved rape although HED had the strongest relationship. Findings suggest continued focus on women’s positive alcohol expectancies and HED as risk factors for alcohol-involved rape. Implications for intervention will be discussed.
Government public relations during Herbert Hoover's presidency

Abstract While historians generally credit President Franklin Roosevelt with the establishment of robust public information activities in the federal government, this case study reviews those activities during the administration of Roosevelt's predecessor, Herbert Hoover. During Hoover's term, agency PR was conducted extensively and openly enough to trigger media and partisan attacks. This suggests that public relations emerged gradually in federal departments and agencies during the 20th century, well before FDR's inauguration in 1933, and was already a natural element of the emerging profession of public administration.