cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uptake of zinc from zinc sulfate and zinc proteinate by ovine ruminal and omasal epithelia

Uptake and transport of Zn from (65)Zn-labeled ZnSO(4) and Zn proteinate (ZnProt) by ruminal and omasal epithelia were examined by using a parabiotic chamber system. Uptake was measured during a 4-h incubation with 10, 20, or 200 microM Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt in the mucosal buffer (pH 6.0, Krebs-Ringer phosphate). Zinc uptake and transport were also evaluated after simulated ruminal digestion. Buffered ruminal fluid contained a feed substrate and 10 or 200 microM added Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt. In a preliminary experiment, uptake of Zn by omasal tissue was low; thus, the remaining experiments were conducted solely with ruminal epithelium. Incubations to determine the effect of time on Zn uptake from mucosal buffer containing 20 microM added Zn as ZnSO(4) or ZnProt resulted in increased (P < 0.01) Zn uptake as incubation time increased from 30 to 240 min. Zinc uptake was also greater (P = 0.02) from mucosal buffer containing ZnProt compared with ZnSO(4). Zinc uptake from incubations containing 10 or 200 microM was affected by source x concentration (P = 0.05) and concentration x time (P < 0.01) interactions. With 10 microM Zn, uptake was not influenced by Zn source, whereas when 200 microM Zn was added, Zn uptake from ZnProt was greater than from ZnSO(4). Increasing incubation time resulted in increased Zn uptake with 200 microM Zn in the mucosal buffer; however, with 10 microM Zn, uptake did not change after 30 min. After simulated ruminal fermentation, the proportion of Zn in a soluble form was influenced by a source x concentration interaction (P = 0.03). After 18 h of incubation, the proportion of Zn that was soluble was not different between ZnProt and ZnSO(4) in buffered ruminal fluid that contained 10 microM added Zn, but was greater for ZnProt compared with ZnSO(4) with 200 microM Zn in the incubation. Zinc uptake from the aqueous fractions of simulated ruminal digestions containing 200 microM added Zn was greater (P < 0.01) than from those containing 10 microM added Zn. Zinc transport, based on detection of (65)Zn in serosal buffer, did not occur in any of the experiments. The results of the current experiments suggest that absorption of Zn into the bloodstream does not occur from the ruminant foresto-mach; however, Zn uptake occurs in ruminal tissue and is greater from ZnProt than from ZnSO(4).
Optimal color image restoration: Wiener filter and quaternion Fourier transform

In this paper, we consider the model of quaternion signal degradation when the signal is convoluted and an additive noise is added. The classical model of such a model leads to the solution of the optimal Wiener filter, where the optimality with respect to the mean square error. The characteristic of this filter can be found in the frequency domain by using the Fourier transform. For quaternion signals, the inverse problem is complicated by the fact that the quaternion arithmetic is not commutative. The quaternion Fourier transform does not map the convolution to the operation of multiplication. In this paper, we analyze the linear model of the signal and image degradation with an additive independent noise and the optimal filtration of the signal and images in the frequency domain and in the quaternion space.
Electrical actuation and detection of mechanical oscillations in cantilevered multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A novel detection scheme, called the Harmonic Detection of Resonance (HDR) method, is described for measuring mechanical oscillations in nano-sized cantilevers under ambient conditions. HDR overcomes the problem of parasitic capacitance, which in the past has significantly limited the performance of capacitive sensors, by measuring resonances at higher harmonics (integer multiples) of the driving frequency. Individual multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were manipulated to serve as single-end clamped (diving board geometry) cantilevers and driven into resonance using a sharpened tungsten probe tip as the counter electrode. Two geometries between the MWNT and the probe tip were tested and HDR was found to work equally well for both geometries. Importantly, the HDR method has the advantage of being entirely electrical, both in actuation and detection, and thus is straightforward to integrate into standard CMOS technology.
Cost relationships and challenges in the Spanish apparel industry

In the twenty-first century, the Spanish textile and apparel industries have faced substantial challenges, resulting in declining sales and employment. This study concentrates on the apparel industry, since its economic challenges and opportunities differ from those of the textile industry. The analysis employs a transcendental logarithmic cost function to investigate the presence of scale economies and the interrelationships among inputs of domestic capital, labour and intermediate goods as well as outsourced intermediate products for the Spanish apparel industry and discusses the implications for its future competitiveness and the demand for domestic inputs. The results are consistent with diseconomies of scale or, in the case of one model, possibly constant returns to scale, indicating that some contraction of the industry due to international competition will not raise unit costs. All of the inputs except for capital and intermediate goods were found to be substitutes. An important finding is that the...
Structures for nonhierarchical organizations

Nonhierarchical organizations avoid the disadvantages in traditional organizations arising from the superior-subordinate relationship and from the unequal distribution of information in the group. They are discussed from the point of view of: (1) coordination of some members by others, (2) efficient communication, (3) rational assignment of subtasks to parts of the organization, and (4) possibilities for organizational growth. Tree-shaped (hierarchical) organizations are popular because they allow these functions to be performed by a single structure, so that each function promotes the effectiveness of the others. A nonhierarchical organization with this advantage can be designed based on finite geometrical spaces. This paper deals with decision making at the level of the organization.
Assessing Spirituality: The Relationship Between Spirituality and Mental Health

This research study investigated the possible relationship between two spirituality variables (religious coping styles and spiritual well-being) and two psychological variables (anxiety and depression). Also studied were differences between those who self-disclosed a spiritual/religious identify and those who did not. Although a relationship was not noted between religious coping styles and the psychological variables, significance was reported in the relationship between spiritual well-being and both psychological variables. Overall, this study finds that individuals reporting higher levels of religiosity and spiritual well-being may also experience a reduction in mental and emotional illness.
Obturator neuropathy after laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy

A case of obturator nerve injury with delayed manifestation following laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy is presented. While the incidence of obturator nerve injury does not appear to differ between open surgical and laparoscopic approaches, the laparoscopic approach demands unequivocal visualization of the nerve when utilizing electrocautery because of the risk of nerve injury from thermal conduction through apposed tissues.
Lysophosphatidic acid and autotaxin: emerging roles in innate and adaptive immunity

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) can affect the growth, migration, and activation of many different cell types. Research in this field has recently accelerated due to the molecular cloning of LPA receptors as well as advances in our understanding of LPA metabolism. A major pathway for LPA generation is the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine by the enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Although most research to-date has been conducted in other disciplines (e.g., neurobiology and cardiovascular diseases), emerging data point to an important role for LPA and ATX in regulating immune responses. Here we review current understanding of LPA and ATX in immunity with an emphasis on migration and activation of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. New gene-targeted and transgenic mice, receptor-specific antibodies, and pathway antagonists should rapidly enhance our understanding of this versatile lysolipid in immune responses in the near future.
GE-03GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SURVIVAL OUTLIERS IN GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME

Despite the general poor prognosis for patients with GBM, a proportion survives well beyond the median survival of 12-14 months following diagnosis. To elucidate molecular features associated with disproportionately protracted survival, we conducted deep genomic comparative analysis of a cohort of patients receiving standard therapy (surgery plus concurrent radiation and temozolomide) wherein "GBM outliers" were identified: patients who responded (long-term survivor, LTS) versus those who failed rapidly (short-term survivor, STS). The datasets enabled interrogation for signatures indicative of tumor vulnerability. Whole genomic, epigenetic and transcriptomic analyses of 18 patients, including 8 LTS with an average 30 months overall survival (OS) and 10 STS with an average of 7 months OS were performed to capture single nucleotide variants (SNVs), indels, translocations, intra-chromosomal rearrangements, copy number variants, along with DNA methylation and mRNA expression. LTS and STS cases showed equal proportion of 7p11.2 (EGFR) amplification and 9p21.3 (CDKN2A) deletion. However, LTS GBM showed frequent chromosomal gains in 4q12 (PDGFRA and KIT) and 12q14.1 (CDK4) and deletion in 19q13.33 (BAX, BCAT2 and CD33), whereas, STS GBM showed frequent deletion in 9p11.2 (FOXD4L2 and AQP7P3) and 22q11.21 (HIC2). In addition, LTS GBM showed a 2-fold increased chromosomal instability as compared to STS GBM. By gene expression analysis, supervised clustering using the CIN70 chromosomal instability signature showed a decreased expression of these markers in LTS GBM, corroborating the genomic analysis. Finally, integrating DNA methylation data with gene expression revealed in STS GBM hypermethylation and downregulation of EPHA3, MEG, and PPP1R9A, linked to defective cell migration and adhesion. In contrast, LTS GBM showed hypomethylation and an increased gene expression of KIT. We posit that genomic instability predicts vulnerability of GBM to standard therapy and coupled with genetic and epigenetic signatures may identify patients where front-line entry into alternative, targeted regimens would be a preferred, more-efficacious management.
Dynamics of an ice continent on Titan

[1] If the large, high-albedo surface feature on Titan's leading hemisphere is an elevated “continent” composed mainly of water ice, it will deform under its own weight. We present a model for the axisymmetric spreading of this hypothesized continent based on the similarity solution of Halfar [1983] and the approach of Nye [2000]. We find that the thickness of the model continent is dictated by the spreading time, whereas topographic relief is controlled primarily by isostatic effects. For a mantle density of 1000 kg m−3, the relief of an isostatically supported continent on Titan is not likely to exceed ∼3–7 km.
JUSTICE BRENNAN AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT, 1956–1984

(1983). JUSTICE BRENNAN AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT, 1956–1984. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 33-42.
Detection of MMP-13 Activity on Intentionally Strain-Released Type-II Collagen Network in Bovine Articular Cartilage

Articular cartilage is a specialized avascular connective tissue found at the contact regions of diarthrodial joints. Cartilage has few cells (< 5% of the volume), though these cells can maintain the balance of turnover in healthy tissue, when the tissue is damaged, they are not able to repair the defects [1–3]. Extra cellular matrix (ECM) in cartilage comprises water, collagen (principally type II), proteoglycans and noncollagenous proteins. The type II collagen network, which is the dominant structural protein in cartilage ECM, constrains the expansion of the resident PGs and is generally held in mechanical tension. In osteoarthritis (OA), the balance of cartilage tissue production/degradation is thought to be affected by abnormal mechanical stimuli leading to net matrix resorption through production of excess degradative enzymes (e.g. matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and aggrecanases) [4–8]. In OA tissue the amount of MMP-13 is thought to be increased relative to healthy tissue. OA typically occurs in older adults where, as cartilage ages, there is a marked decrease in the fixed charge density (FCD), the hydration and, consequently, mechanical tension on the collagen type II network [9–11]. We have hypothesized that loss of tension on the collagen network accelerates degradation by MMP. Detection of the effect of MMP on loaded, native cartilage could lead to insight about cartilage degradation kinetics in OA. However, it is quite difficult to controllably deliver MMP to cartilage, to activate the MMP during detensioning of the collagen network and to detect the effect on the cartilage mechanics (because cost limits the amount of MMP used). We have developed a transpirational enzyme loading method which is capable of precisely dosing bovine cartilage explants with a small, known quantity of MMP-13. Following enzyme insertion, we are able to detect the activity of the MMP on osmotically compressed cartilage (i.e. cartilage with a detensioned collagen network) via a simple hydration measurement.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
VHL Inactivation: A New Road to Senescence

Loss of the VHL tumor suppressor gene promotes cancer in several ways, including activation of the HIF transcription factors. HIF overexpression is associated with increased malignancy in many tumor types. So why is the spectrum of tumors associated with VHL loss restricted only to a few specific organs? In a recent paper in the March issue of Nature Cell Biology, Kaelin and colleagues provide a possible explanation, suggesting that VHL loss can also trigger senescence, a potent tumor suppressor mechanism.
Kappa, but not mu or delta, opioids attenuate responses to distention of afferent fibers innervating the rat colon

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Discomfort and pain are the principal conscious sensations that arise from the viscera, and both are increased in frequency and intensity in patients with a functional bowel disorder. Visceral receptors, perhaps sensitized, may contribute to these altered sensations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of opioid receptor-selective agonists on afferent fibers innervating the colon. METHODS: Mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers were recorded from the decentralized S1 dorsal root in anesthetized rats. The effects of opioid agonists, given intra-arterially, were studied based on the fiber's responses to noxious colorectal distention (CRD) (80 mm Hg, 30 seconds). RESULTS: A total of 115 distention-sensitive fibers innervating the colon were studied, including 32 that were studied after colonic inflammation with 2.5% acetic acid. Neither mu-(morphine and fentanyl) nor delta- ([D-Pen2, D-Pen5]enkephalin- and SNC-80) opioid receptor agonists affected responses to CRD. In contrast, kappa- (U-50,488 and fedotozine) opioid receptor agonists dose-dependently attenuated responses to CRD. Acetic acid sensitized about half of the fibers studied, but neither the potency nor the efficacy of U-50, 488 or FDZ were changed after colonic inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest a role for peripheral kappa-opioid receptors in the modulation of visceral nociception. (Gastroenterology 1996 Oct;111(4):968-80)
Principles of clinical pharmacology in postexposure prophylaxis

Deciding on postexposure prophylaxis for any infection requires that the patient and healthcare provider understand the magnitude of infection risk and the adverse consequences of therapeutic intervention or nonintervention. Principles of epidemiology and microbiology allow us to estimate the risk of infection. Principles of clinical pharmacology allow us to estimate the risk and benefit of therapy. The dose-response-time relationships for antiviral activity and toxicity of a drug can be used to develop regimens that maximize benefit and minimize risk. Other important pharmacologic considerations include the role of active and toxic drug metabolites, combination chemotherapy, drug interactions, and medication compliance.
A detailed study of Sn2EDTA . 2H2O and related compounds by 119Sn Mössbauer effect spectroscopy

Abstract A detailed study of the 119Sn Mossbauer parameters of Sn2EDTA . 2H2O has been carried out over the temperature range 78
Hispanics and inflammatory bowel disease.

BACKGROUND Historically, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was considered a disease, which predominately affects whites. As such, the majority of research in IBD has been conducted in this population. However, more research on this suggests that IBD affects other ethnic groups. Rapidly shifting demographics in the United States necessitates a better understanding of how IBD may affect Hispanics. We reviewed the current literature on IBD in Hispanics. METHODS A PubMed search was conducted using keywords inflammatory bowel disease, Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn's disease, Hispanics, Latinos, ethnicity, to identify existing literature with a focus on adult populations. Non-English language articles were excluded. RESULTS The existing data and literature on Hispanic patients with IBD remains sparse. Limited studies on prevalence suggest IBD may be more common in Hispanics in the United States compared with those in Latin America. Conflicting data exist as to whether Hispanics patients with IBD are more likely to have ulcerative colitis compared with Crohn's disease. One study explored difference in IBD between foreign-born and U.S.-born Hispanics and found that ulcerative colitis was more common only in foreign-born Hispanics, whereas within 1 generation, U.S.-born Hispanics resemble their non-Hispanic white counterparts about development of Crohn's disease. Such a rapid change in the proportion of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease points strongly to environmental factors driving the change in proportion of disease subtypes. Additionally, a trend towards less use of biologic and immunomodulators in Hispanics was noted in several studies. CONCLUSIONS Additional research is needed to better understand how diversity within the Hispanic population (U.S.-born and foreign-born) may be driving difference in disease manifestations. More investigations should focus on determining the cause of a potential disparity in the use of biologic and immunomodulators in Hispanics.
Application of the automated interpretation of electron density maps to Bence-Jones protein Rhe.

The automated system for interpreting electron density maps of proteins has been applied to a newly calculated map of Bence-Jones protein Rhe. In order to test the methods and criteria incorporated in the program system, interpretation of Rhe was performed independently of the interpretation by Wang et al. (1974, 1975a,b†), who have used classical Richards box techniques. The automated system produced a single polypeptide chain which accounts for the whole molecule. Much of the secondary structure is detected and atomic co-ordinates are built for most of the main-chain atoms. The results indicate that the program system is able to interpret and build provisional main-chain co-ordinates for an electron density map of reasonable quality.
Opportunities in business model research

The business model concept is widely used by practicing entrepreneurs and scholarly research on the business model concept has made contributions to the management literature. This essay links the business model literature to the growing work on the individual�opportunity nexus�which is a developing scholarly framework in entrepreneurship. Three potential linkages of overlapping research are discussed including research on the development of entrepreneurial taxonomies and conjecture formation.
Chromium, Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes

Within the last 5 years chromium (Cr) has been shown to play a role in glucose intolerance, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Type 2 DM), and gestational diabetes. In addition, diabetes and the neuropathy of a patient on home parenteral nutrition were alleviated when supplemental Cr was added to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. In a study conducted in China that has been supported by studies in the United States, supplemental Cr as Cr picolinate improved the blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1C in people with Type 2 DM in a dose dependent manner. Follow-up studies of > 1 year have confirmed these studies. The requirement for Cr is related to the degree of glucose intolerance: 200 microg/day of supplemental Cr is adequate to improve glucose variables of those who are mildly glucose intolerant. However, people with more overt impairments in glucose tolerance and diabetes usually require more than 200 microg/day. Daily intake of 8 microg of Cr per kg body weight was also more effective than 4 microg/kg in women with gestational diabetes. The mechanism of action of Cr involves increased insulin binding, increased insulin receptor number, and increased insulin receptor phosphorylation. In summary, supplemental Cr has been shown to have beneficial effects without any documented side effects on people with varying degrees of glucose intolerance ranging from mild glucose intolerance to overt Type 2 DM.
A wireless sensor network for precision agriculture and its performance

The use of wireless sensor networks is essential for implementation of information and control technologies in precision agriculture. We present our design of network stack for such an application where sensor nodes periodically collect data from fixed locations in a field. Our design of the physical layer consists of multiple power modes in both the receive and transmit operations for the purpose of achieving energy savings. In addition, we design our MAC layer to use these multiple power modes to improve the energy efficiency of wake-up synchronization phase. Our MAC protocol also organizes all the sender nodes to be synchronized with the receiver simultaneously and transmit their data in a time scheduled manner. Next, we design our energy aware routing strategy that balances the energy consumption over the nodes in the entire field and minimizes the number of wake-up synchronization overheads by scheduling the nodes for transmission in accordance with the structure of the routing tree. We develop analytical models and simulation studies to compare the energy consumption of our MAC protocol with that of the popular S-MAC protocol for a typical network topology used in our application under our routing strategy. Our MAC protocol is shown to have better energy efficiency as well as latency in a periodic data collection application. We also show the improvements resulting from the use of our routing strategy, in simulations, compared with the case when the next hop is chosen randomly from the set of neighbors that are closer to the sink node. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (We denote the probability that the ping signal is not detected by q)
The evolution of the SR language

As a result of our experience, the SR distributed programming language has evolved. One change is that resources and processes are now dynamic rather than static. Another change is that operations and processes are now integrated in a novel way: all the mechanisms for process interaction — remote and local procedure call, rendezvous, dynamic process creation, and asynchronous message passing — are expressed in similar ways. This paper explains the rationale for these and other changes. We examine the fundamental issues faced by the designers of any distributed programming language and consider the ways in which these issues could be addressed. Special attention is given to the design objectives of expressiveness, simplicity, and efficiency.
Religious Activity, Alcohol Use, and Depression in a Sample of Elderly Baptists:

Recent research has shown the beneficial effects of religious activity for individual health and well-being among older adults. The purpose of this article is to determine whether breaking the norm...
Leveraging resources in a library gateway

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to describe a new use of technology to improve users' access to electronic resources.Design/methodology/approach – Describes the use of guided searches in a library gateway to shorten the pathway to information for library users.Findings – Guided search forms can be constructed for both databases and catalogs using HTML and JavaScript. They are a useful alternative to vendor‐provided search interfaces, especially for inexperienced users.Research limitations/implications – This paper focuses on the technical issues involved in creating guided searches. It does not address usability testing and a detailed comparison of effectiveness with vendor‐provided interfaces.Practical implications – Working with tools already in hand libraries can improve the accessibility of electronic resources by crafting simpler user interfaces.Originality/value – The paper shows libraries how they can leverage their investment in databases and the catalog not only to make them more useful ...
GRADUATION FROM A POLICE TRAINING ACADEMY: DEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES

Lester (1979) found that sex and race were correlated with whether a police recruit graduated from a state police training academy. Age was not related to whether the officer recruits graduated or not. In the present study, 21 recruits who resigned from a state police training program because of injury or illness were first compared with 61 recruits who resigned or who were dismissed from the program for other reasons. The two groups did not differ in race (x2 = 1.04, df = 1) or sex (x2 = 2.26, df = 1). These two groups were combined and compared with the 127 recruits who graduated. Those who graduated were more likely to be white (84% versus 65%; x2 = 9.62, df = 1, p < 0.01) and male (100% versus 84%; x2 = 18.84, df = 1, p < 0.001). The three groups did not differ in age. For those graduating, resigning/dismissed, and injured M,,,, = 22.4 yr., 23.0, and 23.0 yr.; SDs = 2.83, 3.38, and 3.16 (F = 0.94, df = 2/206). These data confirm those of the earlier study. Whites and males were more likely to graduate from a police academy training program than were nonwhites and females.
Nitrosourea and nitrosocarbamate derivatives of the antiestrogen tamoxifen as potential estrogen receptor-mediated cytotoxic agents in human breast cancer cells.

We have prepared two analogs of the antiestrogen tamoxifen that incorporate known DNA-crosslinking functions, a chloroethyl nitrosourea and a nitrosocarbamate moiety, and we have tested their bioactivities in cultures of human breast cancer cells. Both compounds bind to the estrogen receptor from MCF-7 cells, with relative binding affinities of 0.18% for the nitrosocarbamate derivative and 0.35% for the nitrosourea derivative, while the affinity of tamoxifen is 1.8%, and that of estradiol is set at 100%. The tamoxifen-nitrosocarbamate compound demonstrated a dose-related cytotoxicity by the colony formation and cell proliferation assays that was not blocked by estradiol in either estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells or estrogen receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 cells, and thus, was not studied further. Tamoxifen-nitrosourea (TAM-NU) showed dose-related cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells that was blocked by estradiol, whereas its activity in MDA-MB-231 cells was unaffected by estradiol. N-2-(4-t-butylphenoxy)ethyl-N′-chloroethyl-N′-nitrosourea (BPE-NU), a control compound which contains the nitrosourea moiety but does not bind to the estrogen receptor, had no effect on cell proliferation or colony formation in MCF-7 cells, but was very inhibitory in the receptor-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, TAM-NU was more active in the receptor-positive MCF-7 cells than in the MDA-MB-231 line. Thus, because TAM-NU appears to be active selectively against the receptor-positive cell line, and because this activity is suppressible by estradiol, its cytotoxic effect seems to be mediated via the estrogen receptor. However, since TAM-NU is active only in prolonged treatment protocols, it appears likely that its cytotoxic activity results from the hormone antagonistic effect of the hydrolysis product of TAM-NU (bis-desmethyltamoxifen), rather than from a direct receptor-mediated, DNA-directed cytotoxic action of TAM-NU itself. This study stresses the need for the use of appropriate control compounds and cell systems in order to assess whether the toxic activity displayed by hormone-cytotoxic conjugates is mediated by receptor interactions and whether it operates through the intended toxic mechanism.
Fractures in the Under-3-Year-Old Age Cohort

One hundred twenty-four urban children under 3 years of age admitted for fractures were retrospectively reviewed to determine the frequency of accidental and nonaccidental causes in this population. The fractures were categorized according to their mechanisms: motor-vehicle passenger or pedestrian accident, other accidents, or child abuse. There were no differences in the frequency of fractures by race, date of birth, or season in which the injury occurred. Skull fractures were most frequent (62%), followed by femur fractures (11%). There was a 26% increase in fractures between 1987 and 1989, especially in the non-motor vehicle cohort. Caretaker ignorance and/or carelessness was a common cause of fractures in the infant and toddler age group. Injuries were still occurring in spite of infant care seat use. The American public must be educated in preventive medicine and safety to decrease the senseless morbidity of our greatest resource.
GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF PERIPHYTIC BACTERIA: METHODOLOGY

Procedures for determining the growth rate and studying the metabolism of periphytic bacteria are presented. The number of unicellular bacteria or the aggregate length of bacterial filaments appearing on microscope slides after immersion in the habitat for varying lengths of time was determined by direct microscopy. To distinguish on the slides between in situ growth and passive attachment of organisms from the environment, germicidal ultraviolet radiation was used. A semimicro-assay for amount of protein on colonized glass surfaces was developed. Growth curves based on protein determinations closely resembled those based on direct microscopic counts. Growth rates were determined in the Jordan River, Indiana, and in the effluent of Trinity Springs, a large cold-water sulfur spring. Results obtained by direct microscopic counting and by protein assay were similar, Colonized glass surfaces were also used to demonstrate uptake of radioactive substrates by the periphytic flora.
An Exercise In Linking Ethics In The Classroom To The Real World

As academics we are faced with a series of challenges in teaching about ethics in the classroom. We are expected to engage our students and help them become more proactive in the process of learning; link the classroom with the “real world”; and provide them the opportunity to develop both career-related skills and the opportunity to explore potential careers if they are to have a successful professional future. The following exercise addresses these challenges. The exercise involves the student identifying significant, discipline-based ethical issues; and contacting and discussing these issues with a professional in their career field. The exercise also includes a reflective component and an opportunity for the students to share their findings with their peers. This exercise helps to increase the relevance of the ethical material presented in class by putting this knowledge in the specific professional context to which the student aspires, and results in bridging the “classroom” with the “real world.” A description and rationale for the exercise; materials; student feedback and benefits; and suggestions for faculty are included.
Reframing placebo in research and practice

The terms ‘placebo’ and ‘placebo effects’ cause confusion among patients, practitioners and scientists. This confusion results in both the adoption of practices that have no evidence of specificity yet considerable risk (such as surgery for low back pain) or the elimination of clinical practices proven to facilitate healing because they are not ‘better than placebo’ (such as acupuncture for low back pain). In this article, I discuss these issues and introduce the concept of optimal healing environment as a framework for disentangling what is useful from placebo research for adopting into clinical practice in a manner that is ethical and evidence-based.
Treating a man with needle phobia who requires daily injections of medication.

Introduction from Dr. Perry: As this month's case from Dr. Jacobsen shows, he is an expert at applying theory to practice when confronted with psychiatric problems of patients who are medically ill.
Solar disinfection (SODIS): simulation of solar radiation for global assessment and application for point-of-use water treatment in Haiti

Haiti and other developingcountries do not have sufficient meteorolog ical data to evaluate if they meet the solar disinfection (SODIS) threshold of 3–5 h of solar radiation above 500 W/m 2 , which is required for adequate microbial inactivation in drinkingwater. We have developed a mathematical model based on satellite-derived daily total energies to simulate monthly mean, minimum, and maximum 5-h averaged peak solar radiation intensities. This model can be used to assess if SODIS technology would be applicable anywhere in the world. Field measurements were made in Haiti duringJanuary 2001 to evaluate the model and test SODIS efficacy as a point-of-use treatment option. Usingthe total energy from a measured solar radiation intensity profile, the model recreated the intensity profile with 99% agreement. NASA satellite data were then used to simulate the mean, minimum, and maximum 5-h averaged peak intensities for Haiti in January, which were within 98.5%, 62.5%, and 86.0% agreement with the measured values, respectively. Most of the discrepancy was attributed to the heterogeneous nature of Haiti’s terrain and the spatial resolution of the NASA data. Additional model simulations suggest that SODIS should be effective year-round in Haiti. Actual SODIS efficacy in January was tested by the inactivation of total coliform, E. coli, and H2S-producingbacteria. Exposure period proved critical. One-day exposure achieved complete bacterial inactivation 52% of the time, while a 2-day exposure period achieved complete microbial inactivation 100% of the time. A practical way of providingpeople with cold water every morning that has undergone a 2-day exposure would be to rotate three groups of bottles every morning, so two groups are out in the sun and one is being used for consumption. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Seat forces as function of wheelchair back angle and foot rest height

Normal and shear forces were measured using a force plate mounted in the seat as a wheelchair back was reclined and returned to the upright and the foot rest height was changed. Ischial tuberosity (ISCH) pressure was also measured during the foot rest height change. Measurements were taken for five subjects sitting directly on the force plate and on ROHO and Jay cushions placed on the force plate. After the back was reclined 58 degrees and returned to the upright position, the normal force increased by 5.5, 9.4 and 10.1 kg and the shear force increased to 5.1, 11.6 and 12.3 kg for the HS, Jay and ROHO cushions, respectively. Leaning forward after reclining returned the forces to near the starting values. ISCH pressure measurements show that with firm thigh support, lowering the foot rests will reduce ischial tuberosity pressure. >
Internal Anger and External Expressions of Aggression in OEF/OIF Veterans

National Guard/Reserve service members (n = 143) deployed to Operations Enduring/Iraqi Freedom completed measures of anger/aggression, coping, and PTSD. Regressions and path analyses revealed that ...
Separation of bacterial capsular and lipopolysaccharides by preparative electrophoresis

Preparative gel electrophoresis was used to separate and purify extracellular, capsular and lipopolysaccharides (EPSs, CPSs, and LPSs, respectively) from crude bacterial extracts. The procedure effectively separates CPS from LPSs. In addition discreet size ranges of these various polysaccharides can be isolated. The 'rough' (R-type), 'smooth' (S-type), and 'semi-smooth' LPSs were separated from one another. In addition different size classes of 'semi-smooth', or S-type LPS, can be separated. This procedure was demonstrated for diverse bacterial species, including the soil bacteria Rhizobium fredii, and the enteric bacterial species, Salmonella enteritidis and Proteus mirabilis. In the latter case, it was also possible to separate capsular polysaccharide from its lipid-bound form.
A highly sensitive millimetre wave quasi-optical FM noise measurement system

A highly sensitive, tunable, low-loss quasi-optical millimeter wave FM noise measurement system has been constructed. It utilizes a matched, easily tunable quasi-optical cavity in reflection, acting as a carrier suppression filter. It can operate with matched cavity Qs of several hundred thousand with almost zero insertion loss to provide an extremely high discriminator slope at low power levels. The FM noise measurement system can allow direct measurement of phase locked sources at low input power levels over ultrawideband frequency ranges. >
Semiempirical local spin: Theory and implementation of the ZILSH method for predicting Heisenberg exchange constants of polynuclear transition metal complexes

The local spin formalism (Clark, A. E.; Davidson, E. R. J Chem Phys 2001, 115, 7382–7392) for computing expectation values 〈SA· SB〉 that appear in the Heisenberg spin model has been extended to semiempirical single determinant wave functions. An alternative derivation of expectation values in restricted and unrestricted cases is given that takes advantage of the zero differential overlap (ZDO) approximation. A formal connection between single determinant wave functions (which are not in general spin eigenfunctions) and the Heisenberg spin model was established by demonstrating that energies of single determinants that are eigenfunctions of the local spin operators with eigenvalues corresponding to high-spin radical centers are given by the same Heisenberg coupling constants {JAB} that describe the true spin states of the system. Unrestricted single determinant wave functions for transition metal complexes are good approximations of local spin eigenfunctions when the metal d orbitals are local in character and all unpaired electrons on each metal have the same spin (although spins on different metals might be reversed). Good approximations of the coupling constants can then be extracted from local spin expectation values 〈SA· SB〉 energies of the single determinant wave functions. Once the coupling constants are obtained, diagonalization of the Heisenberg spin Hamiltonian provides predictions of the energies and compositions of the spin states. A computational method is presented for obtaining coupling constants and spin-state energies in this way for polynuclear transition metal complexes using the intermediate neglect of differential overlap Hamiltonian parameterized for optical spectroscopy (INDO/S) in the ZINDO program. This method is referred to as ZILSH, derived from ZINDO, Davidson's local spin formalism, and the Heisenberg spin model. Coupling constants and spin ground states obtained for 10 iron complexes containing from 2 to 6 metals are found to agree well with experimental results in most cases. In the case of the complex [Fe6O3(OAc)9(OEt)2(bpy)2]+, a priori predictions of the coupling constants yield a ground-state spin of zero, in agreement with variable-temperature magnetization data, and corroborate spin alignments proposed earlier on the basis of structural considerations. This demonstrates the potential of the ZILSH method to aid in understanding magnetic interactions in polynuclear transition metal complexes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2003
Injection-locked 1.55 [micro sign]m VCSELs with enhanced spur-free dynamic range

Injection locking is demonstrated to improve the analogue performance of long wavelength VCSELs. The third-harmonic spur-free dynamic range was improved by 9 dB/Hz/sup 2/3/ to be 93 dB/Hz/sup 2/3/, and the modulation bandwidth was increased twofold.
Classification with waiting times

In this work we seek extensions of a previous study by Wyner and Ziv (1996) to the classification problem with finite memory. The task, broadly, is to decide if observations X are from a known stochastic source Q or from a stochastic source P/spl ne/Q. We introduce an algorithm based upon a simple theorem that quantifies the relationship between waiting times and the probability laws P and Q. We introduce a simple /spl alpha/-significance test of the hypothesis P=Q against the alternative that P/spl ne/Q. We show that this test is not only more simple, but it is more powerful and much more practical.
Dynamic regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate homeostasis during development of mouse metanephric kidney.

Branching morphogenesis of the metanephric kidney is critically dependent on the delicate orchestration of diverse cellular processes including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and differentiat...
Research and Implementation of Temperature-Rise Test System for Electric Vehicle Charging Coupler

The safety performance of Electric Vehicle (EV) charging equipments during the charging process will be the critical factor to the development of EVs Industry. Because of the high investment costs and the low accuracy of temperature-rise test system for EV charging coupler, a new remote test system including virtual instrument LabVIEW technology and communication transformation technology is applied to practical work. One temperature-rise test system designed for EV charging coupler is shown in this paper. With the advantages of LabVIEW as graphic programming and multithreading, real-time data acquisition, on-line monitoring and dynamic data preservation can be achieved by this temperature-rise test system. This test system simulates the change status of current data and makes a comprehensive research and evaluation temperature-rise characteristics of the charging coupler by analyzing the collected parameters and historical data when charging for EV.
Identification, localization, and regulation of passerine GnRH-I messenger RNA

The neuropeptide GnRH-I is critical for the regulation of reproduction in all vertebrates. Study of the regulation of GnRH-I in passerine songbirds has been the focus of studies on subjects as diverse as photoperiodism, puberty, stress, nutrition, processing of auditory information, migration, global climate change, and evolutionary biology. Until now, analysis of GnRH-I in songbirds has been limited to measurement of immunoreactive peptide. Measurement of mRNA regulation has been impossible because of lack of knowledge of the GnRH gene sequence, despite many attempts in the last 20 years to identify it. Thus, the relative roles of environmental, social, physiological, and evolutionary influences upon passerine GnRH regulation have remained enigmatic. Here, we report the first cloning of GnRH-I cDNA from a songbird, Taeniopygia guttata, its localization and regulation. Although the homology of its translated precursor polypeptide between chicken GnRH-I precursor polypeptide was only 54%, zebra finch GnRH-I precursor contained an amino acid sequence that can be processed into chicken GnRH-I peptide (pEHWSYGLQPG-amide). In situ hybridization combined with immunocytochemistry showed co-localization of GnRH-I mRNA and immunoreactive peptide in the preoptic area of sexually mature birds. GnRH-I mRNA signal was greatly reduced in sexually immature birds. Ovary mass of female birds was positively correlated with GnRH-I mRNA level in the brain. These data will now permit molecular analysis of the regulation of songbird reproduction by physical, social, and physiological cues, along with fine scale analysis of selection pressures acting upon the reproductive system of songbirds. (244/250).
Sa1621 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Placement: Do We Need to Stop the Antiplatelet Therapy?

Conclusion: The AIM65 score was found to be highly predictive of mortality in upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients and is more accurate than the modified Blatchford score. The AIMS65 score also predicts in-hospital rebleeding with higher accuracy than the modified Blatchford score. The AIMS65 score is an easily applied, validated risk stratification score for patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Phosphorylation of CREB and Mechanical Hyperalgesia Is Reversed by Blockade of the cAMP Pathway in a Time-Dependent Manner after Repeated Intramuscular Acid Injections

Spinal activation of the cAMP pathway produces mechanical hyperalgesia, sensitizes nociceptive spinal neurons, and phosphorylates the transcription factor cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB), which initiates gene transcription. This study examined the role of the cAMP pathway in a model of chronic muscle pain by assessing associated behavioral changes and phosphorylation of CREB. Bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia of the paw was induced by administering two injections of acidic saline, 5 d apart, into the gastrocnemius muscle of male Sprague Dawley rats. Interestingly, the increases in immunoreactivity for CREB and phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB) in the spinal dorsal horn occur 24 hr, but not 1 week, after the second injection of acidic saline compared with pH 7.2 intramuscular injections. Spinal blockade of adenylate cyclase prevents the expected increase in p-CREB that occurs after intramuscular acid injection. The reversal of mechanical hyperalgesia by adenylate cyclase or protein kinase A inhibitors spinally follows a similar pattern with reversal at 24 hr, but not 1 week, compared with the vehicle controls. The p-CREB immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horn correlates with the mechanical withdrawal threshold such that increases in p-CREB are associated with decreases in threshold. Therefore, activation of the cAMP pathway in the spinal cord phosphorylates CREB and produces mechanical hyperalgesia associated with intramuscular acid injections. The mechanical hyperalgesia and phosphorylation of CREB depend on early activation of the cAMP pathway during the first 24 hr but are independent of the cAMP pathway by 1 week after intramuscular injection of acid.
Field Demonstration Test on Construction and Strength of Flexible Pipe Drainage System Using Flowable Fill

A team at Ohio University recently completed a research project related to flowable fill. The main objective of the project was to evaluate the feasibility of constructing an economical drainage pipe system using a flexible thermoplastic pipe and flowable fill. The project tasks were divided into three phases (laboratory characterization tests, field demonstration tests, and engineering analysis). This technical paper summarizes mainly data obtained during one of the Phase 2 field demonstration tests conducted at the load frame site, utilizing a corrugated HDPE pipe, flowable fill, and a variety of sensors. The test results confirmed many previously cited advantages of using flowable fill as pipe backfill material and also showed that some potential problems could be overcome easily. Finite element analysis simulated the field performance of the flexible pipe-flowable fill system reasonably well. In summary, it was concluded that it was quite feasible to construct a sound subsurface drainage system using flexible pipe and flowable fill.