cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of VPL/VPM DBS combined PAG/PVG DBS for treatment of neuropathic pain

Objective To discuss the treatment of neuropathic pain with ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus/ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL/VPM) DBS combined periventricular/ periaqueductal grey matter (PAG/PVG) DBS. Methods A retrospective analysis of 24 patients with neuropathic pain was performed. At the early time,two patients just accepted PVG - DBS.The other patients were treated by VPL/VPM DBS combined PAG/PVG DBS.The effects of stimulation were studied right after electrode insertion or the stimulation trials was done after 5 - 7days after surgery.Patients with a greater than 50％ reduction in pain visual analogue score (VAS) were implanted with a pulse generator (IPG).VAS was also recorded before operation and three months after the operation.Results All the patients tolerated the procedure very well.17 of them received good outcome.The instrument had to be removed in the other 7 patients because of infection ( n =1 ) or invalid efficacy ( n =6 ).The average VAS score before surgery was 8.04 ±0.86 and the average VAS score after surgery was 3.13 ± 1.44.There was significant difference.All effective patients had good outcomes when the VPL - DBS was on and 12 patients received good outcomes when the PVG - DBS was on.7 patients with PVG - DBS had severe side effects.There was no significant side effect in patients with VPL - DBS. Conclusions Many doctors prefer to combine VPL and PVG DBS to treat chronic neuropathic pain.But the efficacy and side effects of PVG target are not so satisfied.VPL DBS used alone may be accepted by more and more doctors. Key words: Neuropathic pain; Deep brain stimulator (DBS) ; Treatment outcome
A probabilistic model-based diagnostic framework for nuclear engineering systems

Abstract A fault diagnostic framework was investigated in this study for applications in thermal–hydraulic systems of nuclear power plants. The proposed framework consists of quantitative model-based diagnosis, statistical change detection and probabilistic reasoning. The use of physics-based diagnostic models provides high detection sensitivity and allows noise and measurement uncertainty to be incorporated robustly. Performance-related parametric models for each component are constructed based on first principles. Numerical model residuals are generated using the concept of analytical redundancy. Statistical change detection methods are employed to detect non-zero residuals in the presence of uncertainty. The diagnosis task is performed using Bayesian inference to detect and localize possible faults. Application to a single-phase heat exchanger for demonstration showed that the proposed probabilistic framework can provide improved results in comparison with traditional approaches while remaining less sensitive to false alarms in the presence of measurement and modeling uncertainty.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Lamotrigine in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) have a high prevalence of mood disorders. Lamotrigine (LAM) is often used as an off-label therapeutic option for BPD. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and tolerability of LAM for the treatment of BPD. Methods We comprehensively searched electronic databases for eligible studies from the inception of databases to September 2019. Outcomes investigated were BPD dimensions, tolerability, and adverse events. Quality assessments were completed for the included studies. Data were summarized using random-effects model. Results Of the 619 records, five studies, including three randomized controlled trials (RCT; N = 330) were included for the qualitative analysis. A meta-analysis conducted on two RCTs measuring LAM efficacy at 12 weeks, showed no statistically significant difference at 12 weeks (SMD: -0.04; 95% CI: -0.49, 0.41; p = 0.87; I2 = 38%) and at study endpoints (SMD: 0.18, 95%CI: -0.89, 1.26; p = 0.74; I2 = 86%) as compared to placebo. Sensitivity analysis on three RCTs measuring impulsivity/aggression showed no statistically significant difference between LAM and placebo (SMD: -1.84, 95% CI: -3.94, 0.23; p = 0.08; I2 = 95%). LAM was well tolerated, and quality assessment of the included trials was good. Conclusions Our results suggest there is limited data regarding efficacy of lamotrigine in BPD. There was no consistent evidence of lamotrigine's efficacy for the core symptom domains of BPD. Future studies should focus on examining targeted domains of BPD to clarify sub-phenotypes and individualized treatment for patients with BPD.
A finite element iterative solver for a PNP ion channel model with Neumann boundary condition and membrane surface charge

Abstract In this paper, an effective finite element iterative algorithm is presented for solving a Poisson-Nernst-Planck ion channel (PNPic) model with Neumann boundary value condition and a membrane surface charge density. It is constructed by a solution decomposition scheme to avoid singularity problems caused by atomic charges, an alternating block iterative scheme to sharply reduce computation complexity and computer memory requirement, and a Slotboom variable transformation scheme to significantly enhance numerical stability, as well as a modified Newton iterative scheme to efficiently solve each related nonlinear finite element equation. This PNPic finite element solver is then implemented as a software package that works for an ion channel protein with a crystallographic structure in a mixture solution of multiple ionic species. Furthermore, a finite element scheme is presented to compute a volume integral of a potential/concentration function over a block of a solvent region. This work can greatly improve the accuracy of a visualization tool for depicting the distribution pattern of a three-dimensional potential/concentration function across membrane in a simple two-dimensional curve. Numerical results for a mouse voltage-dependent anion-channel isoform (mVDAC1) in a solution of up to four ionic species are reported. They demonstrate the convergence of the PNPic iterative solver, the performance of the software package, and the valuable usage of the visualization tool in the comparison study of different potential and concentration functions. They also validate that this PNPic model can well retain the anion selectivity property of mVDAC1.
Evidence-Based Assessment in Routine Mental Health Services for Youths.

Objective:Evidence-based assessment (EBA) plays a critical role in the delivery of effective treatments. However, little is known about the assessment practices of mental health clinicians who trea...
Virtues-Based Policies for Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancement

In “Public Opinion on Cognitive Enhancement Varies across Different Situations,” Dinh et al. (2020) study indicates that opinions about use of pharmacological cognitive enhancement (CE) are malleab...
Interferometric measurements of the resonant nonlinearity of CO and CO2 gas in the 9 – 11 µm range

We report interferometric measurements of the resonant nonlinearity of CO and CO2 gas using a continuously tunable, multiatmosphere CO2 laser. The implications of these measurements to atmospheric nonlinear optics will be discussed.
Eat Your TeaTM: the unexpected and unfinished intercultural history of fermented tea leaf salad (laphet thoke)

“Who would have thought that out of all the dishes on our menu, Americans would go nuts for a salad mixed with a dark savory paste of fermented tea?” The demand for Burma Superstar’s laphet thoke (...
A uniqueness result for a class of infinite semipositone problems with nonlinear boundary conditions

We study positive solutions to the two-point boundary value problem: $$\begin{aligned} \begin{matrix} -u''=\lambda h(t) f(u)~;~(0,1) \\ u(0)=0\\ u'(1)+c(u(1))u(1)=0,\end{matrix} \end{aligned}$$ where $$\lambda >0$$ is a parameter, $$h \in C^1((0,1],(0,\infty ))$$ is a decreasing function, $$f \in C^1((0,\infty ),\mathbb {R}) $$ is an increasing concave function such that $$\lim \limits _{s \rightarrow \infty }f(s)=\infty $$ , $$\lim \limits _{s \rightarrow \infty }\frac{f(s)}{s}=0$$ , $$\lim \limits _{s \rightarrow 0^+}f(s)=-\infty $$ (infinite semipositone) and $$c \in C([0,\infty ),(0,\infty ))$$ is an increasing function. For classes of such h and f, we establish the uniqueness of positive solutions for $$\lambda \gg 1$$ .
Principles of Alternating Access in Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion (MATE) Transporters

The multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters catalyze active efflux of a broad range of chemically- and structurally-diverse compounds including antimicrobials and chemotherapeutics, thus contributing to multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and cancers. Multiple methodological approaches have been taken to investigate the structural basis of energy transduction and substrate translocation in MATE transporters. Crystal structures representing members from all three MATE subfamilies have been interpreted within the context of an alternating access mechanism that postulates occupation of distinct structural intermediates in a conformational cycle powered by electrochemical ion gradients. Here we review the structural biology of MATE transporters, integrating the crystallographic models with biophysical and computational studies to define the molecular determinants that shape the transport energy landscape. This holistic analysis highlights both shared and disparate structural and functional features within the MATE family, which underpin an emerging theme of mechanistic diversity within the framework of a conserved structural scaffold.
EP2 Antagonists (2011-2021): A Decade's Journey from Discovery to Therapeutics

In the wake of health disasters associated with the chronic use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs, it has been widely proposed that modulation of downstream prostanoid synthases or receptors might provide more specificity than simply shutting down the entire COX cascade for anti-inflammatory benefits. The pathogenic actions of COX-2 have long been thought attributable to the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling through its Gαs-coupled EP2 receptor subtype; however, the truly selective EP2 antagonists did not emerge until 2011. These small molecules provide game-changing tools to better understand the EP2 receptor in inflammation-associated conditions. Their applications in preclinical models also reshape our knowledge of PGE2/EP2 signaling as a node of inflammation in health and disease. As we celebrate the 10-year anniversary of this breakthrough, the exploration of their potential as drug candidates for next-generation anti-inflammatory therapies has just begun. The first decade of EP2 antagonists passes, while their future looks brighter than ever.
High temperatures reduce song production and alter signal salience in songbirds

Global climate change is causing heatwaves to increase in number, length and intensity. These extreme temperatures can reduce fitness when mating behaviours are affected. An important mating behaviour for many organisms is sexual signalling. For example, songbirds, such as the zebra finch, Taeniopyggia guttata, use song to attract mates. Here, we test how an acute period of extreme heat affects song production in male zebra finches. We then ask whether female zebra finches discriminate between songs produced at different temperatures. We find that males significantly reduce song output at temperatures that induce heat dissipation behaviours. We also find that males produce song bouts with shorter syllables when thermally challenged. Furthermore, the relative acoustic and structural consistency of songs changes with temperature. Finally, we find that female zebra finches discriminate between songs produced at different temperatures, and the strength of discrimination is associated with changes in syllable duration. Altogether, we demonstrate that heatwave-like conditions can impact communication via alterations in signaller behaviour and the signal itself. We also discuss the potential compounding effects of reduced song production and other physiological declines on fitness in free-living zebra finches, which increasingly experience these high temperatures.
Prognostic Implications of Progressive Systemic Ventricular Dysfunction in Congenitally Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for and prognostic implications of progressive right ventricular systolic dysfunction (RVD) in adults with congenital...
Larger clutches of chemically defended butterflies reduce egg mortality: evidence from Battus philenor

Many toxic butterflies lay eggs in clusters and their eggs are aposematically coloured to warn predators. The pipevine swallowtail, Battus philenor (L.) (Papilionidae), is a specialist herbivore on plants in the genus Aristolochia, from which it sequesters toxic alkaloids (aristolochic acids, AAs). Eggs of this group of butterflies are laid singly or in clusters of different sizes, are aposematic and can possess AAs. A field study was conducted during three consecutive summers in Tennessee where we manipulated the exposure of B. philenor eggs of different clutch sizes to predators to assess the defensive role of egg clustering. It was found that larger egg clutches suffer less predation compared with small clutches. No relationship between clutch size and AA content in the eggs was detected. Crawling predators seem to play the most important role in egg mortality. This study suggests that for toxic eggs there is a clear benefit in laying eggs in large clusters in areas where there are high levels of predator threat.
The value of soybean hulls as a replacement for corn in beef cattle diets formulated with or without added fat.

One hundred twenty crossbred yearling steers (average weight = 445 +/- 32 kg) were used in an 84-d randomized complete block design experiment to determine the value of soybean hulls (SH) as a replacement for corn in concentrate diets formulated with or without added fat (lard). The steers were blocked by weight and alloted to one of eight treatments in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The main factors were amount of SH (0, 20, 40, or 60% of diet DM) and amount of added fat (0 or 5% of diet DM). The basal diet without added fat or SH contained cracked corn (80%), a urea-based protein supplement (15%), and ground corn cobs (5%). Replacing corn with SH linearly (P = .03) decreased ADG, increased DMI (linear, P = .003; quadratic, P = .06), and linearly (P .05) by fat addition. Similar diets were fed to 16 wethers (average weight = 47 +/- 2.3 kg) in a randomized complete block design experiment to determine digestibility of NDF and dietary concentration of DE. Replacing corn with SH linearly increased DMI (P = .001) and NDF (P .05) on DMI or intake of NDF or digestibilities of these nutrients. The addition of fat tended (P = .07) to improve the intake of DE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Trade sophistication in a transition economy : Poland 1980-2009

Poland has historically demonstrated exceptional resiliency in the face of change. This paper examines how Poland coped with huge structural realignments from the rise of Solidarity until the present, seeking to provide an objective analysis of Poland’s evolution of trade structures while it developed into a competitive member of the European Union. Employing four methodologically unrelated measures, this study looks at how the degree of sophistication of Poland’s manufactures responded and contributed to these changes. The result is that each distinct index reveals a common trend of rapid adaptation within the competitive environment of the European Union.
The consumption of protein and fiber-matched beef vs. soy lunch meals on appetite control, satiety, and subsequent food intake in healthy adults (381.3)

Background: Although the satiety effects of protein quantity are well-documented, the effects of protein quality (source) on satiety are limited. Purpose: To examine the effects of consuming beef v...
Policing Change in the Gulf States: The Effect of the Gulf Conflict 1

The Gulf States are what many comparativists call traditional societies and as such have a number of unique features (Lerner, 1964). Yet these countries experience the forces of modernization, including economic growth, increases in population, a rise in crime and educational attainment, technology, and the presence of foreigners. In fact, according to Norton (1993; 216), "the best opportunity to create a vibrant civil society may come in those states widely viewed as 'traditional' or 'backward.' In cases where the state has not erected elaborate mechanisms for control and intimidation, nor fostered an enormous bureaucracy or a big state elite, political development may follow different paths." The Gulf crisis and war of 1990, hereafter referred to as the Gulf Conflict, left in its wake the potential for major western style democratic reforms, many of which can effect policing.Although a number of books (e.g., Graz, 1992) and articles (e.g., Khalidi, 1991) have examined, in whole or in part, the general impact of the Conflict, this chapter specifically explores how the municipal police in three dominant Gulf countries -- namely, the former Republic of Yemen, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia -- were affected by the Conflict. In particular, it analyzes the change process itself and how the police responded to calls for reform. In order to achieve this objective, the chapter briefly reviews the legal structures, history, organization, challenges, and changes that have been implemented in the municipal police forces of the three countries before, during, and since theConflict.
Paranormal psychic believers and skeptics: a large-scale test of the cognitive differences hypothesis

Belief in paranormal psychic phenomena is widespread in the United States, with over a third of the population believing in extrasensory perception (ESP). Why do some people believe, while others are skeptical? According to the cognitive differences hypothesis, individual differences in the way people process information about the world can contribute to the creation of psychic beliefs, such as differences in memory accuracy (e.g., selectively remembering a fortune teller's correct predictions) or analytical thinking (e.g., relying on intuition rather than scrutinizing evidence). While this hypothesis is prevalent in the literature, few have attempted to empirically test it. Here, we provided the most comprehensive test of the cognitive differences hypothesis to date. In 3 studies, we used online screening to recruit groups of strong believers and strong skeptics, matched on key demographics (age, sex, and years of education). These groups were then tested in laboratory and online settings using multiple cognitive tasks and other measures. Our cognitive testing showed that there were no consistent group differences on tasks of episodic memory distortion, autobiographical memory distortion, or working memory capacity, but skeptics consistently outperformed believers on several tasks tapping analytical or logical thinking as well as vocabulary. These findings demonstrate cognitive similarities and differences between these groups and suggest that differences in analytical thinking and conceptual knowledge might contribute to the development of psychic beliefs. We also found that psychic belief was associated with greater life satisfaction, demonstrating benefits associated with psychic beliefs and highlighting the role of both cognitive and noncognitive factors in understanding these individual differences.
Wavefront dependent behavior of a point-to-plane gap in SF/sub 6/

The wavefront-dependent behavior of a 5-mm point-to-plane gap in SF/sub 6/ was investigated. Some of its characteristics were determined and are explained in terms of the underlying physics. The experimental setup consists of a specially designed 60- Omega test cell which forms part of a generator capable of producing fast pulses with risetimes of a few nanoseconds and voltages up to 80 kV. Slow pulses with risetimes for a few microseconds are generated conventionally for comparison purposes. Experiments were conducted with both waveforms to determine both the effect of risetime and the impact of imposed gamma -radiation. Collimated photomultiplier measurements have permitted spatial resolution of the prebreakdown light emissions. The optical findings provide evidence that critical transitions occur in the propagation of prebreakdown events. This has been determined from spatially resolved time-lag measurements to which statistical methods have been applied. The differences and anomalies which are evident in comparing the behavior of the two waveshapes are highlighted, and the implications are discussed in terms of initiation and propagation mechanisms. Calculations are presented to indicate the role played by the critical volume in front of the point anode. >
Complete or partial reduction of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase in distinct circuits differentially impacts mouse behavior

Our laboratory discovered that the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase, MET, contributes to autism risk. Expression of MET is reduced in human postmortem temporal lobe in autism and Rett Syndrome. Subsequent studies revealed a role for MET in human and mouse functional and structural cortical connectivity. To further understand the contribution of Met to brain development and its impact on behavior, we generated two conditional mouse lines in which Met is deleted from select populations of central nervous system neurons. Mice were then tested to determine the consequences of disrupting Met expression. Mating of Emx1 cre and Met fx/fx mice eliminates receptor signaling from all cells arising from the dorsal pallium. Met fx/fx and Nestin cre crosses result in receptor signaling elimination from all neural cells. Behavioral tests were performed to assess cognitive, emotional, and social impairments that are observed in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders and that are in part subserved by circuits that express Met. Met fx/fx /Emx1 cre null mice displayed significant hypoactivity in the activity chamber and in the T-maze despite superior performance on the rotarod. Additionally, these animals showed a deficit in spontaneous alternation. Surprisingly, Met fx/fx; fx/+ /Nestin cre null and heterozygous mice exhibited deficits in contextual fear conditioning, and Met fx/+ /Nestin cre heterozygous mice spent less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze. These data suggest a complex contribution of Met in the development of circuits mediating social, emotional, and cognitive behavior. The impact of disrupting developmental Met expression is dependent upon circuit-specific deletion patterns and levels of receptor activity.
ACCESS CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR COORDINATING TEAMS OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERS

The difficult-to-achieve goal of a software project manager's access control policy is to help coordinate the work of the team members — to maximize cooperative access to project artifacts such as source code while preventing interfering and destructive forms of access. Solutions to two problems that arise from current approaches to access control are discussed: • How much information about the software being built is needed to develop and support effective access control strategies? • How can access control strategies be applied not just to the work of programmers and designers, but to all members of the software project team? A key element in answering these questions is a model of software in which each component has separate specification and implementation. This model further distinguishes structural from behavioral aspects of a specification. An access control framework which exploits these distinctions and relies on the structural (but not the behavioral) facet of specification is explored. The framework supports a number of different access control policies. The specific policy selected depends upon management's objectives in coordinating programmers and other members of the team such as technical writers. The combination of the software model, a developments environment that is based on it, and a flexible access control tool that supports many feasible policies can result in a greater degree of team members' concurrent access to components without the problems often associated with such access.
Ensuring excellence and competence in surgery: the imperative of mentorship from historical and philosophical perspectives.

Abstract Purpose How can the surgical disciplines (1) attract and recruit students of the highest capabilities and ideals; (2) ensure professional competency; and (3) maximize efficacy and safety of biotechnology translated to patient care? Methods Critique of the occidental humanistic literature. Results The imperative of mentorship is grounded in the philosophical traditions of occidental society dating from antiquity. Conclusion This essay affirms that imperative in relationship to the surgical disciplines from an historical perspective.
Preparation and characterization of cerium oxide templated from activated carbon

The application of carbon templating to the preparation of cerium oxide and cerium-zirconium mixed oxide was investigated. Impregnation of a highly mesoporous activated carbon (Darco KB-B) with aqueous cerium nitrate, followed by calcination to remove the template, afforded nanocrystalline ceria with a surface area of up to 148 m 2 /g. Ceria-zirconia with surface area of 148 m 2 /g was similarly prepared. TEM studies on the ceria product revealed the presence of a polycrystalline phase, comprised of irregular aggregates of ceria crystallites of ca. 6.5 nm diameter. Use of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as templates afforded ceria with a gross morphology resembling that of the fiber template. The lower surface areas (3-59 m 2 /g) of the resulting ceria reflect the mainly microporous nature of the ACFs; evidently the Ce nitrate solution is largely unable to penetrate the micropores. TEM showed the ceria fibers to be comprised of crystallites possessing a morphology similar to the Darco KB-B templated ceria.
Retention of two-band superconductivity in highly carbon-doped MgB 2

Tunneling data on ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{1.8}{\mathrm{C}}_{0.2}$ show a reduction in the energy gap of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ bands by nearly a factor of 2 from undoped ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ that is consistent with the ${T}_{c}$ reduction, but inconsistent with the expectations of the dirty limit. Dirty-limit theory for undoped ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ predicts a single gap about three times larger than measured and a reduced ${T}_{c}$ comparable to that measured. Our heavily doped samples exhibit a uniform dispersion of C suggestive of significantly enhanced scattering, and we conclude that the retention of two-band superconductivity in these samples is caused by a selective suppression of interband scattering.
A simple method of examining retroviral species produced by infected cells

A simple and rapid method to examine the retroviral species present in the culture supernatant of productively infected cells is described. The method involves purification of viral genomic RNA directly from the culture supernatant and examination of that RNA by Northern or dot blot analysis. The method provides qualitative and quantitative information about the RNA species present and is particularly valuable for the detection of genetic variants in the population.
Escape from transforming growth factor beta control and oncogene cooperation in skin tumor development.

Abstract Control of tumor development by surrounding normal cells has been suggested by a number of in vitro studies. In vivo, tumorigenicity of ras-transformed primary keratinocytes can be suppressed by addition of normal dermal fibroblasts. Here, we report that dermal fibroblasts produce a diffusible inhibitory factor belonging to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family and possibly corresponding to TGF-beta 3. This factor can suppress growth of ras-transformed primary keratinocytes in culture and after injection into mice. As with primary cells, tumorigenicity of a ras-transformed, TGF-beta-sensitive keratinocyte line is substantially inhibited by adding dermal fibroblasts, leading to the formation of much smaller and differentiated tumors. Introduction of an intact E1a oncogene into these cells induces concomitant resistance to TGF-beta, to the effect of dermal-fibroblast inhibitory factor, and to dermal-fibroblast tumor suppression. Similar results are obtained with a transformation-deficient truncated E1a mutant, which binds to a reduced subset of cellular proteins (including the retinoblastoma gene product). Thus, genetic events such as those elicited by E1a transformation enable keratinocytes to escape from the inhibitory influences of a normal cellular environment and lead, together with ras transformation, to skin tumor development.
Targeting Dishevelled, a mediator of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway, in Human Non—Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause among cancer-related deaths worldwide. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been proven to be activated in non—small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have previously reported that Dishevelled-3 (Dvl-3), interacting with the intracellular domain of Wnt signal receptor Frizzled (Fz) and functioning as a key mediator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, is over-expressed in NSCLC tissue samples. We also found that knocking down Dvl-3 by siRNA suppressed NSCLC cell growth through downregulating cytosolic β-catenin level and TCF-dependent transcriptional activity, hallmarks of activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, knocking down Dvl-3 induced cell-cycle arrest and sensitized NSCLC cells to cisplatin treatment. More recently, we rationally designed a small-molecule inhibitor that interrupted the interaction between the intracellular domain of Fz receptor and the PDZ domain of Dvl. We found that this compound downregulated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, these data suggest that small-molecular inhibition of the oncogenic Dvl function might have potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of patients with NSCLC.
Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and prevention

Hepatitis E is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), the major etiologic agent of enterically transmitted non-A hepatitis worldwide. HEV is responsible for major outbreaks of acute hepatitis in developing countries, especially in many parts of Africa and Asia. The HEV is a spherical, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus that is approximately 32 nm to 34 nm in diameter and is the only member in the family Hepeviridae and genus Hepevirus. There are four distinct genotypes of HEV (genotypes 1-4). While genotype 1 is predominantly associated with large epidemics in developing countries, genotype 3 has recently emerged as a significant pathogen in developed countries. The clinical manifestations and the laboratory abnormalities of hepatitis E are not distinguishable from that caused by other hepatitis viruses. However, high mortality among pregnant women particularly during the third trimester distinguishes HEV from other causes of acute viral hepatitis. Specific etiologic diagnosis among infected cases can be made by serological testing or detection of viral nucleic acid by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Although there are vaccine candidates that had been shown to be safe and efficacious in clinical trials, none are approved currently for use. There is no specific therapy for acute hepatitis E as treatment remains supportive.
Interleukin 1-induced cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase gene expression in the rat dorsal root ganglia is modulated by antioxidants

Abstract Interleukin 1β induced both nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS-2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) gene expression in dorsal root ganglion explant culture with increased NOS-2 and COX-2 activities, and corresponding increases in the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. The proinflammatory cytokine also increased 8-isoprostaglandin F2α concentration, an index of oxidant stress-mediated production of lipid hydroperoxides/reactive oxygen species. The signaling mechanisms by which interleukin 1β regulates NOS-2 and COX-2 genes remain obscure. Reactive oxygen species play an important role in inflammatory processes as mediators of injury, and potentially as intracellular signaling molecules in interleukin 1β-mediated regulation of gene expression. The effects of antioxidants that act by different mechanisms on interleukin 1β-mediated NOS-2 and COX-2 gene expression were studied in rat dorsal root ganglion explants. The oxidant scavenger pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate abolished interleukin 1β-induced NOS-2 mRNA accumulation and decreased nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner, thus indicating that this antioxidant decreased either the transcription of NOS-2 gene or the stability of NOS-2 mRNA. In contrast, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate significantly inhibited COX-2 gene expression at the posttranscriptional level, since pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate did not affect interleukin 1β-induced COX-2 mRNA transcripts but inhibited COX-2 protein expression and prostaglandin E2 production. Rotenone, another antioxidant that attenuates reactive oxygen species production by inhibiting the mitochondrial electron transport system, failed to inhibit interleukin 1β-induced NOS-2 and COX-2 mRNA-encoding transcripts. However, rotenone inhibited NOS-2 and COX-2 proteins and associated nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production, respectively, suggesting a posttranscriptional target for interleukin 1β-mediated regulation of NOS-2 and COX-2 gene expression. Furthermore, both pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and rotenone also decreased interleukin 1β-induced 8-isoprostaglandin F2α production. These results indicate that not only transcriptional regulation, but also posttranscriptional events are involved in a redox-sensitive regulation of interleukin 1β-induced NOS-2 and COX-2 gene expression in the dorsal root ganglia. Overall, interleukin 1β-induced oxidant stress appears to regulate NOS-2 and COX-2 gene expression primarily at the level of protein translation. By implicating reactive oxygen species production in interleukin-1β receptor-activated molecular signaling in the dorsal root ganglia, our data suggest a possible novel target for intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes.
Retrospective Conversion: Issues and Perspectives

Automation planners need to view retrospective conversion from an informed and balanced perspective. They must consider: 1) the technical dimensions of retrospective conversion, 2) the appropriate standards to employ, 3) the proper relationship of conversion activities to the entire automation project, and 4) options available for converting a bibliographic database into machine‐readable format. Six prominent consultants provide important advice on this topic.
Opioids in the nucleus accumbens stimulate ethanol intake

Abstract The nucleus accumbens (NAc) participates in the control of both motivation and addiction. To test the possibility that opioids in the NAc can cause rats to select ethanol in preference to food, Sprague–Dawley rats with ethanol, food, and water available, were injected with two doses each of morphine, the μ-receptor agonist [D-Ala 2 ,N-Me-Phe 4 ,Gly 5 -ol]-Enkephalin (DAMGO), the δ -receptor agonist D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Met-NH2 (DALA), the k-receptor agonist (±)- trans -U-50488 methanesulfonate (U-50,488H), or the opioid antagonist naloxone methiodide (m-naloxone). As an anatomical control for drug reflux, injections were also made 2 mm above the NAc. The main result was that morphine in the NAc significantly increased ethanol and food intake, whereas m-naloxone reduced ethanol intake without affecting food or water intake. Of the selective receptor agonists, DALA in the NAc increased ethanol intake in preference to food. This is in contrast to DAMGO, which stimulated food but not ethanol intake, and the k-agonist U-50,488H, which had no effect on intake. When injected in the anatomical control site 2 mm dorsal to the NAc, the opioids had no effects on ethanol intake. These results demonstrate that ethanol intake produced by morphine in the NAc is driven in large part by the δ -receptor. In light of other studies showing ethanol intake to increase enkephalin expression in the NAc, the present finding of enkephalin-induced ethanol intake suggests the existence of a positive feedback loop that fosters alcohol abuse. Naltrexone therapy for alcohol abuse may then act, in part, in the NAc by blocking this opioid-triggered cycle of alcohol intake.
Gravity Tectonics Near Passo Della Cisa, Northern Apennines, Italy

A selected area was studied to evaluate the hypothesis of far-traveled gravity slides in a part of the Northern Apennines. The backbone of the Northern Apennines south of Passo della Cisa consists of strong, autochthonous macigno sandstone (Oligocene); it is a horst, devoid of structural cover. Adjoining on the west, a lower macigno block is structurally overlain by allochthonous remnants. North and east of the horst, widespread allochthonous materials form a thick cover which presumably once mantled the entire area prior to block faulting. The complex allochthon comprises argille scagliose and dispersed masses of competent limestone, sandstone, and sandy siltstone. The shale matrix and the enclosed competent masses are remnants of Cretaceous, Eocene, and Oligocene formations of various penecontemporaneous facies. One extensive mass of black shale in the argille scagliose represents a single semi-coherent formation. This shale shows appreciable structural homogeneity, and small overturned folds within it indicate movement of the allochthon toward the north, east, and southeast. The writer is convinced that gravity is the only agent that could have moved the allochthon. One plate of rock more than 4 by 7 km is apparently separated from its sources by intervening weak shale, so that it could hardly have been pushed laterally. Most of the competent blocks in the allochthon are not in contact with one another and have drifted apart rather than forming a train capable of transmitting a lateral “push from the rear.” This seemingly eliminates any alternative to gravity as the propulsive agent.
Experimental root apexification in primates

Abstract The rhesus monkey appears to be a suitable experimental animal for investigations aimed at establishing a rational basis for Ca(OH) 2 -induced root apexification. The radiopaque material bridging the foramen in this study satisfied the usual histologic criteria for identification as cementum.
Artificial viral envelopes containing recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp160.

Abstract An artificial viral envelope was constructed, resembling the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope with respect to ultrastructure, size, phospholipid profile and lipid: cholesterol ratio. Recombinant HIV surface protein gp160 was anchored in the outer surface of the envelope membrane using a double detergent dialysis. The envelopes remained physically stable for several months. Immuno-labeling with anti-gp160/41 monoclonal antibody revealed surface insertion and availability of gp160 for binding. Cell fusion and cytosolic transfer of the encapsulated fluorescent marker FITC-dextran was demonstrated. Flow cytometry indicated more efficient transfer of the fluorescent marker to cells which were ≈60% CD4+ (REX-1B), relative to cells which were only ≈18% CD4+ (KG-1). However, plain lipid envelopes without gp160 fused very efficiently with both cell types, indicating their potential usefulness as “fusogenic liposomes”. Complete artificial viral envelopes may serve as subunit vaccines, and receptor- targeted delivery systems for drugs, toxins and genetic constructs.
Latino politics—class struggles: Reflections on the future of Latino politics

Abstract This paper is a set of reflections about the future of Latino politics in the United States. All politics built around an identity presuppose the reality of that identity. In this paper, I examine the structural and ideological barriers to Latino identity formation and the structural commonalities that shape the experiences conducive to Latino identity formation. After I outline the major divisions in the “Hispanic"/Latino population, I present a theoretical analysis of identity formation and the functions of identity politics, theorizing the ways in which the characteristics of this population foster or hinder the development of Latino identity. The main argument of this paper is that preferences for and debates about ethnic labels/identities and ethnic claims often mask class divisions and class‐based grievances within this population, and that recognition of the relationship between class location, identity formation and identity politics might be a necessary step for the development of succes...
Structural Determination of High Density, ATRP Grown Polystyrene Brushes by Neutron Reflectivity

The development of well-controlled synthetic schemes for growing polymer brushes directly from surfaces has recently enabled very high polymer grafting densities to be explored. Here, we report on the structure of polystyrene brushes as a function of molecular weight. The brushes were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at a high grafting density of 0.44 chains/nm2. The dry film thickness scaled linearly with chain molecular weight. Under good solvent conditions, strongly stretched brushes of moderate molecular weight were found to maintain a parabolic density distribution consistent with theoretical predictions. Anomalous behavior was observed for higher molecular weights, suggesting that entanglements are much more pronounced in “grafted from” systems.
NOD1 and NOD2 regulation of pulmonary innate immunity to Legionella pneumophila.

The role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-1 (NOD1) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-2 (NOD2), cytoplasmic receptors which detect bacterial cell wall molecules, in pulmonary innate immune responses is poorly understood. We determined that both NOD1 and NOD2 detect heat-killed Legionella and stimulate NF-κb and IFN-β promoter activity using an in vitro luciferase reporter system. We next infected NOD1- and NOD2-deficient animals with aerosolized Legionella pneumophila. At 3 days post infection, Nod1−/− mice had impaired bacterial clearance compared to WT controls. In addition, at 4 h and 24 h, Nod1−/− mice had impaired neutrophil recruitment to the alveolar space. In contrast, increased lung neutrophils were seen in the Nod2−/− animals at 24 h. Analysis of cytokine production at 4 h post infection revealed a significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines in the Nod1−/− animals when compared to WT animals. In contrast, increased 4-h proinflammatory cytokines were seen in the Nod2−/− animals. Furthermore, the lungs of both Nod1−/− and Nod2−/− mice had significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels at 24 h, suggesting possible suppressive roles for later stages of infection. Together, our data suggest that although both NOD1 and NOD2 can detect Legionella, these receptors modulate the in vivo pulmonary immune response differently.
Holding length: effect on digital fibrograph span length.

Fibers scanned for length by most instruments must be held in position for the scan. The holding length has been determined mathematically as being of the order of 4.06 mm ( 0.16 in.). Since the start of scan begins at 3.81 mm (0.15 in.) from the holding edge, the average start of scan actually begins at a length of 7.87 mm (0.31 in.). A general holding length is shown with a photomicrograph. Applying this concept to data presented in the literature gives acceptable results in all but one case. The holding length appears to be a function of fiber rigidity, which means that it varies.
Effectiveness of corporate responses to brand crises: The role of crisis type and response strategies

Brand crises are adverse events that threaten brand reputations. Research indicates that corporate responses to crises play a role in restoring brand equity. However, there is confusion as to the best type of response. On the one hand, there is a strong advocacy for a singular type of response strategy, corrective action, regardless of the crisis type, while on the other, there is support for a contingency-based view suggesting that the relative efficacy of responses depends on other factors. We contribute to this contingency-based view by comparing the efficacy of three major response strategies (denial, reduction-of-offensiveness and corrective action) in restoring post-crisis brand confidence and choice likelihood. We find that the relative effectiveness of response strategies depends on the nature of the brand crisis. Consequently, a “one type fits all” strategy for post-crisis responses can be suboptimal. We discuss the implications of our findings and provide directions for future research.
Local Antagonism of Intertrigeminal Region Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Exacerbates Apneic Responses to Intravenous Serotonin

Abstract Injections of a broad spectrum glutamate receptor antagonist into the pontine intertrigeminal region (ITR) exacerbate vagal reflex apnea produced by intravenous serotonin infusion. This effect is not reproduced by ITR injections with either NMDA or AMPA receptor antagonists. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ITR injection with a metabotropic glutamate antagonist would alter respiratory responses to serotonin (5-HT) intravenous infusions. In anesthetized adult male rats (N = 20; Sprague–Dawley) AIDA (1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid), a specific antagonist of the type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu1R), was microinjected unilaterally into the ITR to block 5-HT evoked apnea. Respiratory pattern changes evoked by ITR-glutamate injection and by intravenous serotonin (5-HT) infusion (0.5 μl, 0.05 M; or 2.5 × 10−8 mol) were characterized according to apnea expression and duration, as well as coefficients of variation for breath duration (CVTT) and amplitude (CVVT) before and after ITR AIDA injection. Unilateral AIDA blockade of the ITR significantly increased the duration of apnea evoked by 5-HT infusion (p
Modulation measurements of YBa2Cu3O7 − x optical reflectivity using a thermal wave technique

Abstract We have measured the differential optical reflectivity ( λ = 0.78 mm) of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x single crystals in the temperature range of 20–300 K using a thermal wave technique. A sharp signal maximum with a temperature width ∼ 10 K was observed below T c , and was attributed to the electronic contribution of the optical reflectivity. It is concluded that the two components of the differential reflectivity signal are related to accumulation of the superconducting phase and temperature variation of the electron-scattering time.