cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tonoplast ATPase proton pumps in wheat roots

Abstract A crude membrane preparation isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Winalta) roots was separated by differential and sucrose density gradient centrifugation into three fractions which were analysed using sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). One of these fractions is enriched in nitrate-sensitive ATP ase activity and contains nitrate-sensitive and vanadate-insensitive, ATP-dependent proton-translocating activity. This presumptive tonoplast(TP)-enriched fraction also contains a 68–70-kDa polypeptide which strongly cross-reacts with antiserum developed against an amino-terminus peptide of the 70-kDa subunit of the carrot (Daucus carota) L. vacuolar ATPase. We have also found that AlF 4 − (fluoroaluminate), a reputed G protein activator, strongly inhibits vanadate-sensitive ATPase activity, but has relatively little effect on the nitrate-sensitive ATPase activity in wheat root membranes.
Pantoprazole: a new proton pump inhibitor.

Abstract Objective: This paper reviews the pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of pantoprazole in comparison with those of other available proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). Methods: Relevant English-language research and review articles were identified by database searches of MEDLINE®, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts®, and UnCover, and by examining the reference lists of the articles so identified. In selecting data for inclusion, the author gave preference to full-length articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Results: Like other PPIs, pantoprazole exerts its pharmacodynamic actions by binding to the proton pump (H + ,K + -adenosine triphosphatase) in the parietal cells, but, compared with other PPIs, its binding may be more specific for the proton pump. Pantoprazole is well absorbed when administered as an enteric-coated, delayed-release tablet, with an oral bioavailability of ∼77%. It is hepatically metabolized via cytochrome P2C19 to hydroxy-pantoprazole, an inactive metabolite that subsequently undergoes sulfate conjugation. The elimination half-life ranges from 0.9 to 1.9 hours and is independent of dose. Pantoprazole has similar efficacy to other PPIs in the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers, as well as erosive esophagitis, and as part of triple-drug regimens for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori from the gastric mucosa. It is well tolerated, with the most common adverse effects being headache, diarrhea, flatulence, and abdominal pain. In clinical studies, it has been shown to have no interactions with various other agents, including carbamazepine, cisapride, cyclosporine, digoxin, phenytoin, theophylline, and warfarin. Conclusions: Pantoprazole appears to be as effective as other PPIs. Its low potential for drug interactions may give it an advantage in patients taking other drugs.
Intended Consequences: Challenging White Teachers' Habitus and Its Influence in Urban Schools Implementing an Arts-Based Educational Reform.

Reform efforts like the urban, arts-based initiative Project ARTS are designed to provide intentional, equitable methods of improving students’ learning, yet few urban educators have been sufficiently trained to recognize differences in habitus between themselves and their students. For equitable reform to occur teachers must understand their own habitus and the habitus-forming experiences of their students. In this paper, we analyze qualitative project data using Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts of cultural capital, field, habitus, symbolic violence and misrecognition to explore teachers’ and students’ experiences in order to determine the extent to which power and privilege begin to be challenged within participating schools. We explore the ways in which teacher habitus has shifted to recognize, include or become empathetic to student habitus as a result of Project ARTS curricula, co-teaching and professional development while also considering the possibility the program produces unintended consequences at odds with the project’s mission: reproducing the status quo by advancing the cultural capital of teachers rather than that of students. Finding markedly fewer teacher narratives confirming the social reproduction of inequitable power relationships than when the project began, we conclude by discussing the transformation of teacher habitus, student outcomes, and school climate after 5 years of Project ARTS participation, proposing implications for urban teachers and leaders, their communities, and policymakers intent upon implementing equitable educational reform and the social transformation reform intends.
Fine-tuning of utterance length to preverbal infants: effects on later language development

The purpose of this study was to determine (1) whether mothers simplify their speech during the second half of the first year of development when infants begin to comprehend words and use gestures to communicate intentionally, and (2) whether individual differences in mothers' speech adjustments influence their infants' later language acquisition. The subjects for the study were 14 mother-infant pairs from a medically low risk sample who were followed longitudinally. Mothers' mean length of utterance (MLU) was calculated from transcripts of face-to-face interaction when the infants were 0:3, 0:6, and 0:9 in age. Mothers who provided responsive and stimulating environments, as indicated by HOME scores, also reduced their MLU over the age range studied. Moreover, mothers' MLU adjustments during the first year were more predictive than the HOME scale in forecasting receptive language development at 1:6. In contrast, expressive language abilities at 1:6 were unrelated to the environmental variables measured but were predicted by child characteristics such as the infant's sex. These results suggest that a mother's ability to 'fine-tune' her early linguistic input may be predictive of her child's later receptive language functioning. Precursors of fine-tuning, such as maternal beliefs in reciprocity and infant object orientation, are discussed.
Anesthesia for the Dermatologic Surgeon

Article portant sur les differents types d'anesthesie et les types d'anesthesiques locaux utilises en chirurgie esthetique de la face
The Divergence Theorem

We have already seen something of the role of the divergence theorem and of Stokes’ theorem in the study of fields of force and other vector fields; we shall also find them indispensable tools in later work. Our first task will be to prove them under rather restrictive assumptions, so that the proofs will not have their essential features buried in the minutiae which are unescapable if general results are to be attained.
Cell Cycle Status Affects Coxsackievirus Replication, Persistence, and Reactivation In Vitro

Enteroviral persistence has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic human diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory myopathy. However, these viruses are considered highly cytolytic, and it is unclear what mechanisms might permit their long-term survival. Here, we describe the generation of a recombinant coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), which we used to mark and track infected cells in vitro. Following exposure of quiescent tissue culture cells to either wild-type CVB3 or eGFP-CVB3, virus production was very limited but increased dramatically after cells were permitted to divide. Studies with cell cycle inhibitors revealed that cells arrested at the G(1) or G(1)/S phase could express high levels of viral polyprotein and produced abundant infectious virus. In contrast, both protein expression and virus yield were markedly reduced in quiescent cells (i.e., cells in G(0)) and in cells blocked at the G(2)/M phase. Following infection with eGFP-CVB3, quiescent cells retained viral RNA for several days in the absence of infectious virus production. Furthermore, RNA extracted from nonproductive quiescent cells was infectious when transfected into dividing cells, indicating that CVB3 appears to be capable of establishing a latent infection in G(0) cells, at least in tissue culture. Finally, wounding of infected quiescent cells resulted in viral protein expression limited to cells in and adjacent to the lesion. We suggest that (i) cell cycle status determines the distribution of CVB3 during acute infection and (ii) the persistence of CVB3 in vivo may rely on infection of quiescent (G(0)) cells incapable of supporting viral replication; a subsequent change in the cell cycle status may lead to virus reactivation, triggering chronic viral and/or immune-mediated pathology in the host.
Optical symbolic computing

Experiments originating from Gestalt psychology have shown that representing information in a symbolic form provides a more effective means to understanding. Computer scientists have been struggling for the last two decades to determine how best to create, manipulate, and store collections of symbolic structures. In the past, much of this struggling led to software innovations because that was the path of least resistance. For example, the development of heuristics for organizing the searching through knowledge bases was much less expensive than building massively parallel machines that could search in parallel. That is now beginning to change with the emergence of parallel architectures which are showing the potential for handling symbolic structures. This paper will review the relationships between symbolic computing and parallel computing architectures, and will identify opportunities for optics to significantly impact the performance of such computing machines. Although neural networks are an exciting subset of massively parallel computing structures, this paper will not touch on this area since it is receiving a great deal of attention in the literature. That is, the concepts presented herein do not consider the distributed representation of knowledge.
Model selection during sample-standard-bracketing using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo

For instrument calibration where interpolation between reference materials is required, there exists a need for a generally applicable technique to determine: (1) the value of the calibration (e.g., the mass bias at an arbitrary time); (2) the uncertainty of this value; and, (3) the degree to which the uncertainties in the reference material analyses account for their scatter about the calibration. Here, we show that an implementation of the reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rj-MCMC) technique can provide all three values for a reasonable range of complexity. Using this algorithm we treat a drifting calibration value as a function of time by a series of straight line segments. The benefit of the rj-MCMC technique is that the number of straight line segments does not need to be specified a priori, but is a parameter that is estimated. This technique is also able to simultaneously determine the presence and magnitude of overdispersion (the amount of scatter in the data not accounted for by estimated uncertainties) even in the presence of complex, non-linear drift. The result of this data treatment is a probability distribution in calibration-time space that, despite having an origin in line segments, smoothly follows the data and therefore yields the calibration value and its uncertainty. We validate this technique using synthetic data from prescribed distributions, and demonstrate its utility and flexibility by applying it to data collected by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry that display complex non-linear drift.
Reducing Homicide Risk in Indianapolis between 1997 and 2000

Rates of homicide risk are not evenly distributed across the US population. Prior research indicates that young males in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods are particularly vulnerable to lethal violence. The traditional criminal justice response to violent crime in the urban context has the potential to exacerbate problems, particularly when broad-based arrest sweeps and general deterrence initiatives are the standard models used by law enforcement. Recent studies suggest that alternative intervention approaches that use both specific deterrence combined with improving pro-social opportunities has shown promise in reducing violent crime in these high-risk contexts. This paper examines the changes in homicide patterns for the highest-risk populations in Indianapolis after a “pulling levers” intervention was implemented in the late 1990s to address youth, gang, and gun violence. Multilevel growth curve regression models controlling for a linear trend over time, important structural correlates of homicide across urban neighborhoods, and between-neighborhood variance estimates showed that homicide rates involving the highest-risk populations (i.e., actors 15 to 24 years old) were most likely to experience a statistically significant and substantive reduction after the intervention was implemented (IRR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29 – 0.78). Among male actors in this age range, Black male homicide rates (IRR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.25 – 0.70) and White male rates (IRR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.15 – 0.79) declined substantially more than homicide rates involving actors outside the 15 to 24 years age range (IRR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.54 – 1.69). In addition, neighborhoods where specific, community-level strategies were implemented had statistically significant and substantive high-risk homicide rate declines. We conclude that further extension of the pulling levers framework appears warranted in light of the recent findings. Alternative justice strategies that rely on the threat of sanctions coupled with strengthening social service provisions, as well as risk communication aimed at high-risk individuals, appears to hold significant promise as a means to reduce lethal violence.
Conditions for Vigorous Growth on Sulfide and Reactor-Scale Cultivation Protocols for the Thermophilic Green Sulfur Bacterium Chlorobium tepidum

We describe a reactor-scale cultivation protocol for the fastest-growing and only known thermophilic member of the family Chlorobiaceae, Chlorobium tepidum. We discovered that C. tepidum would grow with sulfide as the sole electron source at rates and with final cell yields comparable to those found with thiosulfate only if the sulfide concentration was maintained below 0.1 mM and the culture redox potential was at −300 ± 20 mV. Such was also the requirement for growth in a photobioreactor when thiosulfate (optimum level, 12 mM) was used as the preferred electron source. For cultivation of C. tepidum on a 5- to 500-ml scale, we used the system of Balch and Wolfe (Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32:781–791, 1976) using stopper-sealed serum tubes and bottles as an alternative to the methods commonly used for the cultivation of phototrophic anaerobes and obtained consistent results.
Three essays on environmental incentives: dynamics, asymmetric information, and dual policy goals

We develop a dynamic model to investigate the optimal time paths of carbon emis­ sions, sequestration and the carbon stock. We show that carbon sinks should be utilized as early as possible, and carbon flow into sinks should last until the atmospheric carbon concentration is stabilized. We rule out any cyclical patterns of carbon sequestration and release. We propose and assess three mechanisms to efficiently introduce sequestration into a carbon permit trading market: a pay-as-you-go system, a variable-length-contract system and a carbon annuity account system. Although the three mechanisms may not be equally feasible to implement, they are all efficient.
Liquidity Level or Liquidity Risk? Evidence from the Financial Crisis

This paper distinguishes between a stock's liquidity (liquidity level), as measured by the average cost of trading it, and its liquidity beta (liquidity risk), as measured by the covariation of its return with unexpected changes in aggregate liquidity. Although considered safe assets in general, liquid stocks underperformed illiquid stocks during the financial crisis of 2008--2009. The performance of stocks during the crisis can be better explained by their historical liquidity betas. These findings therefore highlight the importance of accounting for both liquidity level and liquidity risk in risk-management applications.
Maitland's Peripheral Manipulation, ed 4

Hengeveld E, Banks K, eds. Philadelphia PA 19103, Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2005, paperback, 636 pp, illus, ISBN: 0-7506-5598-4, $79.95. [Minimum system requirements for CD-ROM: Windows: Windows 98, 2000, NT, ME, or XP operating system or the Mac OS 9.1+ operating system, 126 MB RAM, 1024 × 768 pixel screen resolution, millions of colors. Quick Time 6 is required to view the video clips.] This is the fourth edition of the classic text. This edition contains numerous changes from previous editions. Besides including current, up-to-date references, the format of the text has been completely revised. Each chapter begins with bulleted highlights, key words, and a glossary of terms unique to that chapter. Key concepts of each chapter appear in highlighted boxes for easier visibility and quick reference. The first 9 chapters are dedicated to the basic principles of the Maitland concept. The introductory chapter presents Maitland's “permeable brick wall,” which discusses the relationships between clinical signs and symptoms and the theories of diagnosis, evidence, pathology, and anatomy. This provides the framework for the open, flexible clinical decision making that has become the hallmark of the Maitland concept. Chapter 2, “Mobilization and Manipulation—Definitions, Desired Effects, Role in Rehabilitation and Evidence Base,” has been significantly updated. Neurodynamics, which is the influence of the peripheral nerves and their influence on pathology and treatment, is also introduced in this chapter. This is not new from previous editions, but has been expanded for this edition. Chapter 3, “Communication and the Therapeutic Relationship,” covers all elements of communication between the therapist and the patient in detail. Maitland's approach to communication is very thorough and forms the foundation of his approach. Verbatim examples of the patient–therapist interaction from initial contact, “assessment, treatment, and …
RolandHT [as|and] Corpus Study

The ancient French legend of Roland, which originated sometime between the eighth and eleventh centuries, has inspired a substantial body of work all over Europe and the Americas. The resulting artifacts span many genres and forms of artistic expression. By virtue of their common elements, they form a corpus (defined by content, not form) that has not yet been studied as a whole. Roland HT delimits this corpus and treats it as a dataset, electronically tracing the themes, motifs, and imagery common to its constituent works. The XML semantic encoding scheme, currently in development based on the digitized artifacts, allows for indexing, semantic searching, and the creation of visualization tools for the corpus. Roland HT is aimed at an audience of Roland scholars, medievalists, students of literary corpora, and students of humanities computing. Once the project is completed and published, the corpus will be opened for discussion to the scholarly community, its electronic . form allowing easy dissemination and inclusive participation by interested parties.
A Review of Psychology of Women Textbooks: Focus on the Afro-American Woman

A review was conducted of 28 psychology of women textbooks selected from university libraries and utilizing a psychological approach. The question of whether authors of psychology of women books in their treatment of Afro-American women had replicated the errors of authors of introductory psychology books in their treatment of women was raised. Of the 28 books reviewed, 18 offered either token or no references to Afro-American women. It is concluded that race and class biases underlie the exclusion, limited inclusion, and biased treatment of Afro-American women in these works.
How Important Are Intergenerational Transfers for Baby Boomers

Due to a changing retirement landscape, many baby boomers are likely to have insufficient resources for a secure retirement. One potential source that could improve their situation is inheritances. Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances and the Health and Retirement Study, this study quantifies how much boomers can expect to inherit. Our best estimate is that boomers’ will inherit $8.4 trillion. Of this amount, $2.4 trillion has already been received, while the remaining $6.0 trillion is anticipated. We estimate that two-thirds of boomer households will receive some inheritance over their lifetime, with a median amount of $64,'003 The estimates are based on data obtained before the economic crisis, so our analysis explores how the collapse in the stock and housing markets might affect the picture. Evidence from the previous economic crisis in the early 2000s suggests only a temporary reduction in prospective inheritances, which will be reversed as the economy recovers. However, given the severity of the recent crisis, we also considered a scenario in which inheritances fall proportionately with the decline in housing and stock values between 2007 and 201'3 In this case, anticipated inheritances would fall 13 percent – from 6.0 trillion to $5.2 trillion. In any case, any prospective inheritance is uncertain. Parents or grandparents who expect to leave a bequest may revise their plans based on fluctuations in their asset values. Or they may exhaust their wealth due to medical costs or long lifespans. In short, boomers should not count on an anticipated inheritance to eliminate the need for increased retirement saving.
Depletion of latent HIV-1 infection in vivo: a proof-of-concept study

Summary Background Persistent infection in resting CD4+ T cells prevents eradication of HIV-1. Since the chromatin remodeling enzyme histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) maintains latency of integrated HIV, we tested the ability of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid to deplete persistent, latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells. Procedures We did a proof-of-concept study in four volunteers infected with HIV and on highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). After intensifying the effect of HAART with subcutaneous enfuvirtide 90 μg twice daily for 4–6 weeks to prevent the spread of HIV, we added oral valproic acid 500–750 mg twice daily to their treatment regimen for 3 months. We quantified latent infection of resting CD4+ T cells before and after augmented treatment by limiting-dilution culture of resting CD4+ T cells after ex-vivo activation. Findings The frequency of resting cell infection was stable before addition of enfuvirtide and valproic acid, but declined thereafter. This decline was significant in three of four patients (mean reduction 75%, range 68% to >84%). Patients had slight reactions to enfuvirtide at the injection site, but otherwise tolerated treatment well. Interpretation Combination therapy with an HDAC inhibitor and intensified HAART safely accelerates clearance of HIV from resting CD4+ T cells in vivo, suggesting a new and practical approach to eliminate HIV infection in this persistent reservoir. This finding, though not definitive, suggests that new approaches will allow the cure of HIV in the future.
Guaranteeing High Availability Goals for Virtual Machine Placement

The placement of virtual machines (VMs) on a cluster of hosts under multiple constraints, including administrative (security, regulations) resource-oriented (capacity, energy), and QoS-oriented (performance) is a highly complex task. We define a new high-availability property for a VM, when a VM is marked as k-resilient, as long as there are up to k host failures, it should be guaranteed that it can be relocated to a non-failed host without relocating other VMs. Together with Hardware Predictive Failure Analysis and live migration, which enable VMs to be evacuated from a host before it fails, this property allows the continuous running of VMs on the cluster despite host failures. The complexity of the constraints associated with k-resiliency, which are naturally expressed by Second Order logic statements, prevented their integration into the placement computation until now. We present a novel algorithm which enables this integration by transforming the k-resiliency constraints to rules consumable by a generic Constraint Programming engine, prove that it guarantees the required resiliency and describe the implementation. We provide some preliminary results and compare our high availability support with naive solutions.
Equilibration of Baroclinic Meanders and Deep Eddies in a Gulf Stream–type Jet over a Sloping Bottom

Abstract Spatiotemporal evolution of a small localized meander on a Gulf Stream–type baroclinically unstable jet over a topographic slope is investigated numerically using a three-dimensional, primitive equation model. An unperturbed jet is prescribed by a potential vorticity front in the upper thermocline overlaying intermediate layers with weak isentropic potential vorticity gradients and a quiscent bottom layer over a positive (same sense as isopycnal tilt) cross-stream continental slope. A series of numerical experiments with the same initial conditions over a slope and flat bottom on the β plane and on the f plane has been carried out. An initially localized meander evolves into a wave packet and generates deep eddies that provide a positive feedback for the meander growth. Meanders found growing over a flat bottom are able to pinch off resembling warm and cold core rings, while in the presence of a weak bottom slope such as 0.002, the maximum amplitudes of meanders and associated deep eddies saturat...
Social Justice in Application: Counselor Training in a Legal Context

A paradigm shift in counseling toward a social justice framework indicates the need for corresponding change in counselor education practices. In this article, the authors present a unique, interdisciplinary training program at one university, whereby counseling students aid clientele through social justice counseling in collaboration with students from the Law School and Modern Language Department. Program development and challenges unique to this collaborative venture are described. Three cases will illustrate the counselors’ role in the context of legal practice.
New Insights Into Mechanisms Associated With Angiotensin II-Induced Vascular Hypertrophy and Remodeling.

See related article, pp 623–629 Vascular structure plays an important role in maintaining vessel integrity and tissue perfusion in the face of changes in arterial pressure, such as that associated with chronic hypertension. Vascular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling are often used interchangeably, yet erroneously, to describe the morphological changes that occur in blood vessels in response to vascular injury or disease. Vascular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling are 2 very distinct yet related processes.1 Vascular hypertrophy is defined as an increase in vessel wall thickness measured as an increase in medial cross-sectional area (CSA), often most reflective of increases in smooth muscle cell size. Hyperplasia (increases in cell number) can also result in increases in CSA of blood vessels; however, hyperplasia is more commonly associated with proliferative diseases, such as atherosclerosis and vascular injury. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia should also not be used interchangeably as these cellular processes are also distinct. Vascular remodeling, however, is defined as a change in inner and external diameter of a maximally dilated blood vessel measured under physiological pressure. Vascular remodeling is reported as the ratio of medial wall thickness to luminal diameter. Remodeling of blood vessels can be further classified as either inward or outward depending on the encroachment or withdrawal of vascular tissue on or from the vascular lumen, respectively. For example, inward hypertrophic remodeling is observed in resistance vessels in hypertension. It is important to note that remodeling of blood vessels does not always involve hypertrophy. For example, remodeling of blood vessels (ie, migration of vascular muscle and extensive restructuring of the extracellular matrix) can occur without changes in vascular content in what is referred to as inward eutrophic remodeling. This example highlights the importance of why the terms vascular …
Cushing Memorial Library : A new face for an old building

Reconstruction et renovation de la bibliotheque Cushing de l'Universite A&M, Texas: securite, services, activites de formation, archives...
Campus pertal strategies

This chapter is designed to assist campuses and their leaders in determining whether to pursue a portal project. For those universities that choose to create portals, a series of strategies and approaches are presented to guide and assist in the success of the effort. This material is provided from the perspective that campus portals can provide a new way to connect with students, faculty, alumni and the community. Strategies are presented to determine whether to undertake a portal project, and the campus readiness for this effort. Nine different approaches to campus portals are presented, together with suggestions on project organization. Project success factors are developed together with potential planning pitfalls for campus portal projects. Finally future approaches for portals are discussed with thoughts for portal acceptance on campus.
Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles: Report of three cases

Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles are a rare anomaly that had previously been described only by Hrdlicka in material from skull collections. We present here three cases of bilateral bifid mandibular condyles in patients who sought treatment for other reasons. The radiographic appearance of this anomaly and its embryology are discussed.
Sin práctica no hay discurso, sin cuerpo no hay saber: Sobre legitimidades en las teorías de la descolonización

In every step of the epistemic revolution, as important as the assertion of epistemological and practical autonomy, is to acknowledge the locus of enunciation from which this is produced. A theory of decolonization drawn up from the observation of social movements is not similar to one produced from the social movement itself. In the first case, the de-colonial theory is not derived from or born to a practice. Walter Mignolo, for example, who defines his theoretical proposal as the “intervention of a de-colonial thinker,” writes precisely from that position. Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui –for whom proposals such as Mignolo’s have to do with another form of colonialism– considers that one cannot imagine the epistemic revolution without decolonizing practices. In this internal-external context, if one studiesthe Plurinational State through interventions such as Mignolo’s, one will tend to draw an ideal binarism not useful to the epistemic revolution, but rather to the rearticulation of Western thought. In turn, this idealization is denied by internal discourses that perceive in the Morales administration inconsistencies between discourse and practice. This article explores all cases acknowledging the mainstays of the Plurinational State in those theories born from the struggle and, in the tensions that exist among the powerful, that which obscures the importance of social movements.
Abstract 3767: Nicotine promotes acquisition of stem cell and epithelial-to-mesenchymal properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

The ability of nicotine to enhance the malignancy of cancer cells is known; however, the possibility that nicotine could regulate a cancer stem cell phenotype remains to be well-established. In this study we sought to determine whether long-term exposure to nicotine could promote cancer stem cell-like properties in two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, UMSCC-10B and HN-1. Nicotine treatment induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in both cell lines by repressing E-cadherin expression, and led to the induction of stem cell markers Oct-4, Nanog, CD44 and BMI-1, which was reversed upon ectopic re-expression of E-cadherin. Nicotine-treated cells formed spheres at a higher efficiency than non-treated cells, formed larger tumors when injected into mice, and formed tumors with 4-fold greater efficiency compared to control cells when injected at limiting doses. Consistent with previous literature, nicotine-treated cells demonstrated a greater capacity for survival and also a higher tendency to invade. Comparison of microRNA profiles between nicotine and control cells revealed the upregulation of miR-9, a repressor of E-cadherin, and the downregulation of miR-101, a repressor of EZH2. Taken together, these results suggest that nicotine may play a critical role in the development of tobacco-induced cancers by regulating cancer stem cell characteristics, and that these effects are likely mediated through EMT-promoting, microRNA-mediated pathways. Further characterization of such pathways remains a promising avenue for the understanding and treatment of tobacco-related cancers. Citation Format: Michael A. Yu, Alan Kiang, Jessica Wang-Rodriguez, Elham Rahimy, Martin Haas, Vicky Yu, Lesley G. Ellies, Jian-Bing Fan, Kevin T. Brumund, Robert A. Weisman, Weg M. Ongkeko. Nicotine promotes acquisition of stem cell and epithelial-to-mesenchymal properties in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3767. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3767
Oxygen-Related Defects in In0.5(AlxGa1-x)0.5P Grown by MOVPE

Oxygen related defects in Al-containing semiconductors have been determined to degrade luminescence efficiency and reduce free carrier lifetime, affecting the performance of light emitting diodes and laser diodes. We have used the oxygen doping source, diethylaluminum ethoxide, (C 2 H 5 ) 2 A1OC 2 H 5 , to intentionally incorporate oxygen-related defects during growth of In 0.5 (Al x Ga 1−x ) 0.5 P by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). Our investigations have identified several defects which are ‘intrinsic’ or present in non-intentionally oxygen-doped n-type In 0.5 (Al x Ga 1−x ) 0.5 P as well as those due to oxygen, which introduces defect states near the middle of the conduction band. Deep level transient spectroscopy and photoluminescence data obtained for these defects over a range of composition, are presented illustrating the trends in defect structure with alloy composition. The impact of oxygen contamination on the visible emission spectrum is presented and discussed in terms of the defect structure.
Complementary Feeding Practices of Mothers and Their Perceived Impacts on Young Children: Findings from KEEA District of Ghana.

Objective Appropriate and timely complementary feeding practices are fundamental to a child's growth, health, and development during the first 2 years of life. This study aimed to understand (1) Ghanaian mother's complementary feeding practices, and (2) their perceived and observed impacts of complementary feeding on their children. Methods Ghanaian mothers with children 4-24 months of age were recruited from four communities in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abrem district in the Central Region of Ghana (n = 99). A qualitative methodological approach with focus group interview discussions was used. Eleven focus group interviews were conducted, and were audio recorded and transcribed. The audio transcriptions were coded and analyzed into pertinent themes, meta-themes, and theoretical concepts. Results Over 80 % (85) of mothers reported poor knowledge about the effects of complementary feeding on their children and 45 % (45) of the children were undernourished, indicating inappropriate complementary feeding practices. Some mothers held misconceptions about the effect of food on children's health. Four overarching themes were identified: (1) mothers' background knowledge about food, child health and growth outcomes, (2) mothers' motivation in feeding their children, (3) barriers to feeding, (4) foods mothers offered their children. Conclusion for Practice Nutrition education on complementary feeding is needed for Ghanaian mothers. Health facilities and community outreach programs could be a venue to provide education to mothers regarding infant and young child feeding practices in Ghana.
Abnormal right ventricular-pulmonary artery coupling with exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Background Exercise intolerance is common in people with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction has been shown at rest in HFpEF but little data are available regarding dynamic RV-pulmonary artery (PA) coupling during exercise. Methods and results Subjects with HFpEF ( n = 50) and controls ( n = 24) prospectively underwent invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing using high-fidelity micromanometer catheters along with simultaneous assessment of RV and left ventricular (LV) mechanics by echocardiography. Compared with controls at rest, subjects with HFpEF displayed preserved RV systolic and diastolic mechanics (RV s ′ and e ′), impaired LV s ′ and e ′, higher biventricular filling pressures, and higher pulmonary artery pressures. On exercise, subjects with HFpEF displayed less increase in stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac output (CO), with blunted increase in CO relative to O2 consumption (VO2). Enhancement in RV systolic and diastolic function on exercise was impaired in HFpEF compared with controls. Exercise-induced PA vasodilation was reduced in HFpEF in correlation with greater venous hypoxia. Elevations in biventricular filling pressures and limitations in CO reserve were strongly correlated with abnormal enhancement in ventricular mechanics in the RV and LV during stress. Conclusions In addition to limited LV reserve, patients with HFpEF display impaired RV reserve during exercise that is associated with high filling pressures and inadequate CO responses. These findings highlight the importance of biventricular dysfunction in HFpEF and suggest that novel therapies targeting myocardial reserve in both the left and right heart may be effective to improve clinical status.
Diamagnetism of $\beta$-Nickel Phthalocyanine (C$_{32}$H $_{16}$N$_{8}$ Ni) and Effects of Impurities

Results from detailed measurements of the magnetization M of a commercial β-nickel phthalocyanine (β-NiPc) powder sample characterized by X-ray diffraction are reported from 2 K to 300 K and in magnetic fields H up to 90 kOe. From the isothermal M vs. H data at several temperatures T, the diamagnetic nature of β-NiPc is established with temperature-independent susceptibility X D = -3.4 x 10 -7 emu/g·Oe, consistent with the spin S = 0 state for Ni 2+ , in violation of violating Hund's rules. However, both the M vs. H and M vs. T data at the lower temperatures show a ferromagnetic component superposed on X D which is interpreted as resulting from a ferromagnetic impurity in the sample. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray microanalysis of the sample show the presence of Fe impurity with a concentration of 0.0434% (434 ppm) determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). It is argued that α-FePc is the likely source of the ferromagnetic component. The procedures described here can be used to determine ppm-level magnetic impurities in other diamagnetic semiconductor materials.
A Study of Crack-Dislocations Interaction with 3D Discrete Dislocation Dynamics

Although in recent years there has been an attempt to model crack — dislocation interactions [1, 2], the work has been limited to two dimensions and for certain special cases. In this work we address the problem within a three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics frame-work coupled with a dislocation density model for cracks.
Promises and perceptions in the Guianas: The making of an artisanal and small-scale mining reserve

Abstract In sparsely populated areas of the interior of the Guianas, artisanal and small-scale gold mining has become the primary economic activity for local and migrant populations over the last three decades. Because of the adverse environmental and social impacts often associated with artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), these activities can be a source of unease for governments, and the question of how to confront the growing challenges of ASM has become a global concern. Formalization of the sector is increasingly being put forward as one strategy to mitigate the impacts associated with ASM, and there is a growing consensus that large-scale mining (LSM) companies have a role to play in this process. This article examines the perspectives of artisanal and small-scale miners on an initiative to formalize the ASM sector in a rural region in the interior of the Guianas. Through an analysis of a collaboration between a national government and a LSM company to create a reserve for artisanal and small-scale gold miners, we identify the major opportunities and limitations of this strategy. These opportunities and limitations demonstrate that although an artisanal and small-scale mining reserve could be one way to formalize the sector and support rural livelihoods, there are clear barriers to overcome to improve the interactions among governments, companies, artisanal and small-scale miners, and local communities.
Risk factors for complicated grief (CG) and utilization of a hospice bereavement program.

e19588 Background: The Medicare hospice benefit mandates that bereavement services be provided to a surviving caregiver for a period of one year following a patient’s (pt) death. Identifying caregi...
Practical issues regarding implementing a randomized clinical trial in a homeless population: strategies and lessons learned

There is a critical need for objective data to guide effective health promotion and care for homeless populations. However, many investigators exclude homeless populations from clinical trials due to practical concerns about conducting research with this population. This report is based on our experience and lessons learned while conducting two large NIH-funded randomized controlled trials targeting smoking cessation among persons who are homeless. The current report also addresses challenges when conducting clinical trials among homeless populations and offers potential solutions. Homeless individuals face several challenges including the need to negotiate daily access to food, clothing, and shelter. Some of the critical issues investigators encounter include recruitment and retention obstacles; cognitive impairment, mental health and substance abuse disorders; transportation and scheduling challenges; issues pertaining to adequate study compensation; the need for safety protocols for study staff; and issues related to protecting the wellbeing of these potentially vulnerable adults. Anticipating realistic conditions in which to conduct studies with participants who are homeless will help investigators to design efficient protocols and may improve the feasibility of conducting clinical trials involving homeless populations and the quality of the data collected by the researchers. ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT00786149 . Registered on 5 November 2008; ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT01932996 . Registered on 20 November 2014.
Endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration and biopsy of pancreatic cysts

Abstract Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are often incidentally found on cross-sectional imaging. Long strides have been made in the past decade with improved quality and optics of cross-sectional imaging and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), but a singular reliable test to appropriately characterize and risk-stratify PCLs has still eluded us. EUS allows high-resolution imaging of the pancreatic parenchyma and the ductal system, for assessment of PCL characteristics, with features concerning for malignancy and additionally provides an opportunity to sample the cyst to obtain fluid or cells for further diagnostic testing. This presents new sets of challenges, which include devising suitable equipment or needles and techniques for reliable and safe tissue acquisition, as well as provision of an adequate cytology or tissue sample to the pathologist, in order to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. This article will review the current role of EUS in the diagnosis and characterization of PCLs, with a focus on available strategies and pitfalls of cytology, cyst-fluid biomarkers, and biopsy acquisition techniques; and future directions to increase the yield and accuracy.
Querying Transaction–Time Databases under Branched Schema Evolution

Transaction-time databases have been proposed for storing and querying the history of a database. While past work concentrated on managing the data evolution assuming a static schema, recent research has considered data changes under a linearly evolving schema. An ordered sequence of schema versions is maintained and the database can restore/query its data under the appropriate past schema. There are however many applications leading to a branched schema evolution where data can evolve in parallel, under different concurrent schemas. In this work, we consider the issues involved in managing the history of a database that follows a branched schema evolution. To maintain easy access to any past schema, we use an XML-based approach with an optimized sharing strategy. As for accessing the data, we explore branched temporal indexing techniques and present efficient algorithms for evaluating two important queries made possible by our novel branching environment: the vertical historical query and the horizontal historical query. Moreover, we show that our methods can support branched schema evolution which allows version merging. Experimental evaluations show the efficiency of our storing, indexing, and query processing methodologies.
The Evolving Landscape of Acute Pain Management in the Era of the Opioid Crisis

The purpose of the study is to evaluate and analyze the role of both opioid and non-opioid analgesics in the emergency department (ED). Studies have shown that the implementation of opioid-prescribing policies in the ED has the potential to reduce the opioid addiction burden. Clinical studies point to inconsistencies in providers’ approach to pain treatment. In this review, we discuss specific aspects of opioid utilization and explore alternative non-opioid approaches to pain management. Pain is the most common reason patients present to the ED. As such, emergency medicine (EM) providers must be well versed in treating pain. EM providers must be comfortable using a wide variety of analgesic medications. Opioid analgesics, while effective for some indications, are associated with significant adverse effects and abuse potential. EM providers should utilize opioid analgesics in a safe and rational manner in an effort to combat the opioid epidemic and to avoid therapeutic misadventures. EM providers should be aware of all of their therapeutic options, e.g., opioid and non-opioid, in order to provide effective analgesia for their patients, while avoiding adverse effects and minimizing the potential for misuse.