cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women's and Men's Willingness to Self-Disclose to Therapists and Friends: The Moderating Influence of Instrumental, Expressive, Masculine, and Feminine Topics.

The present study used the Masculine and Feminine Self-Disclosure Scale to investigate women's and men's willingness to self-disclose about the instrumental, expressive, masculine, and feminine aspects of themselves to four target persons: female and male therapists and friends. The data revealed that women's and men's willingness to self-disclose to therapists and friends was tempered by the gender of the target person and the particular “masculine” and “feminine” content of the disclosure topic. Men were more willing than women to discuss the global masculine aspects of themselves with a male friend. In contrast, women were more willing than men to discuss (1) their expressive behaviors with both female and male friends and (2) their global feminity with female and male therapists and friends. The discussion emphasizes gender role phenomena as an important dimension of women's and men's willingness to disclose personal information about their masculinity and femininity to therapists and friends.
Is It Time To Reexamine The Patent System’s Role In Spending Growth?

Containing health care spending growth will require changing the amount and form of new health care technology. But even if new technology lowers real resource costs by reducing the use of medical care (as through personalized medicine or by producing cost offsets), it might not lower the rate of growth of spending when patents are present: higher net value may translate into a higher price for patented products. To lower long-run spending growth, it may be necessary to change patent policy by reducing the term of patent life or linking spending growth targets to net benefits from patented products.
SU-FF-T-50: Clinical Implementation of New Endometrial Cylinder Applicator for Electronic Brachytherapy

Introduction: Cylindrical applicators for vaginal cuff irradiation are now commercially available for use with a 50 kV electronic brachytherapy (EB) source and are similar in size and shape to cylinders that have been long employed with iridium‐192 brachytherapy (IB). Although the insertion of the new applicator is relatively the same, the implementation from simulation to treatment can be quite different than conventional IB. This study describes the clinical implementation process of the first ever treatment of a patient using this applicator. Methods: The EB endometrial cylinder applicator (Axxent Vaginal Applicator) was supplied and manufactured by Xoft Inc., Sunnyvale, CA. Prior to treatment, a detailed analysis was performed to verify the position of dwell positions, dose distribution verification using gafchromic film and applicator geometry measurements to verify length and diameter. Finally, treatment plans were generated using PLATO software (Nucletron Corp., Columbia, MD) on CT scan data and verified using TLD data. Results: The results of the dwell position verification show that the dummy seed insert agree with the gafchromic film measurements. The distance from dwell position 1 and the surface of the apex of the applicator vary with cylinder size. The dose distribution can be verified at the point of prescription. Discussion: The results of this study show that the EB endometrial cylinder applicator can and has been implemented safely. It should be noted that this applicator has some differences from the traditional IB applicators and need to be accounted for.
Perfluorinated Cyclic and Acyclic Keto−Enol Systems: A Remarkable Contrast

Recent reports from this laboratory have revealed that highly fluorinated 4- and 5-membered-ring enols are comparable in stability to, or more stable thermodynamically than, the corresponding ketones, even in non-Lewis-basic media. Work on perfluorinated keto−enol systems has now been extended to 2H-perfluorocyclohexanone plus its enol and to a series of acyclic analogues. In carbon tetrachloride, KE/K = 0.33 (22 °C) for the six-ring system, but only enol is detectable in Lewis-basic solvents. This shift is attributable to strong hydrogen-bond formation between the enol and Lewis base. A perfluoroenol has been shown to form significantly stronger hydrogen bonds than the potent hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol. Acyclic systems (e.g., 3H-perfluoro-2-butanone and its enol) contrast sharply with the cyclic, as no enol is detectable at equilibrium even in powerfully Lewis-basic media. Ab initio quantum mechanical calculations indicate that it is principally the enols, not the ketones, that are responsible for the d...
Use of the combination of myoglobin and CK-MB mass for the rapid diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction

Early identification of patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) is necessary for rapid initiation of treatment. Currently, MI has been diagnosed using the combination of the history, electrocardiogram (ECG), and biochemical markers of myocardial necrosis. Unfortunately, all lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to confidently identify most patients with MI in a timely enough fashion to influence early intervention. Development of newer immunochemical assays for CK-MB mass and myoglobin have allowed for earlier, more rapid diagnosis; however, each has important limitations. The diagnostic sensitivity of CK-MB mass, myoglobin, and the combination of both were analyzed at the time of presentation (0 hours) and again 4 hours later in 101 patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) with possible MI. Twenty patients were subsequently diagnosed as having MI. The sensitivity of the initial ECG was 60%, compared with the sensitivities of the initial myoglobin and CK-MB mass of 70% and 30%, respectively. By 4 hours the sensitivity of myoglobin had increased to 85% and CK-MB mass to 90%. The combination of the initial myoglobin and CK-MB mass had a sensitivity of 85%. Combining these two markers, using both the initial and 4-hour samples, raised the sensitivity to 100%, with a specificity of 100% and negative predictive value of 100%. When patients with diagnostic ECGs were excluded, the sensitivity of the combination at 0 hours was 80% with a specificity of 84%, while the use of the 0- and 4-hour markers had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. We conclude that the combination of CK-MB mass and myoglobin can rapidly diagnose or exclude MI in as short as 4 hours after ED presentation, and accuracy is not different in patients without diagnostic ECGs. Application of this strategy could potentially lead to more rapid intervention in patients with MI, while also allowing early identification of lower risk patients.
A General Data-Based Approach for Developing Reduced-Order Models of Nonlinear MDOF Systems

A general procedure is presented for analyzing dynamic response measurements from complex multi-degree-of-freedom nonlinear systems incorporating arbitrary types of nonlinear elements. The analysis procedure develops a reduced-order, nonlinear model whose format is convenient for numerical simulation studies. No information about the system’s mass properties is needed, and only the applied excitations and corresponding response are needed to develop the model whose dimension is compatible with the number of available sensors. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by means of a three-degree-of-freedom system incorporating polynomial-type nonlinear features with hardening as well as softening characteristics.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulation of Kv1.3 channel is disregulated by adaptor proteins Grb10 and nShc

Neurotrophins are important regulators of growth and regeneration, and acutely, they can modulate the activity of voltage-gated ion channels. Previously we have shown that acute brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activation of neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) suppresses the Shaker voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv1.3) via phosphorylation of multiple tyrosine residues in the N and C terminal aspects of the channel protein. It is not known how adaptor proteins, which lack catalytic activity, but interact with members of the neurotrophic signaling pathway, might scaffold with ion channels or modulate channel activity. We report the co-localization of two adaptor proteins, neuronal Src homology and collagen (nShc) and growth factor receptor-binding protein 10 (Grb10), with Kv1.3 channel as demonstrated through immunocytochemical approaches in the olfactory bulb (OB) neural lamina. To further explore the specificity and functional ramification of adaptor/channel co-localization, we performed immunoprecipitation and Western analysis of channel, kinase, and adaptor transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK 293). nShc formed a direct protein-protein interaction with Kv1.3 that was independent of BDNF-induced phosphorylation of Kv1.3, whereas Grb10 did not complex with Kv1.3 in HEK 293 cells. Both adaptors, however, co-immunoprecipitated with Kv1.3 in native OB. Grb10 was interestingly able to decrease the total expression of Kv1.3, particularly at the membrane surface, and subsequently eliminated the BDNF-induced phosphorylation of Kv1.3. To examine the possibility that the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of Grb10 were directly binding to basally phosphorylated tyrosines in Kv1.3, we utilized point mutations to substitute multiple tyrosine residues with phenylalanine. Removal of the tyrosines 111–113 and 449 prevented Grb10 from decreasing Kv1.3 expression. In the absence of either adaptor protein, channel co-expression reciprocally down-regulated expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB kinase and related insulin receptor kinase. Finally, through patch-clamp electrophysiology, we found that the BDNF-induced current suppression of the channel was prevented by both nShc and Grb10. We report that adaptor protein alteration of kinase-induced Kv1.3 channel modulation is related to the degree of direct protein-protein association and that the channel itself can reciprocally modulate receptor-linked tyrosine kinase expression and activity.
Discrimination of γ‐irradiated and nonirradiated Vibrio vulnificus by using real‐time polymerase chain reaction

AIMS To develop a PCR strategy for Vibrio vulnificus in irradiated foods. METHODS AND RESULTS Real-time PCR was used to discriminate between DNA from gamma-irradiated and nonirradiated cells. gamma-Irradiation at 1.08 KGy and above of cell suspensions containing 1 x 10(6) CFU ml(-1) resulted in 0 CFU ml(-1). Real-time PCR was able to detect 86.6% destruction by 1.08 KGy, while ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) real-time PCR was able to detect 93.2% destruction at this dose. With 3.0 and 5.0 KGy, EMA real-time PCR was able to detect 99.3% and 100% destruction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The inability to detect via PCR extensively degraded DNA resulting from gamma-irradiation can be taken as evidence of cell death. The increased ability of EMA to further reduce the detectable number of target sequences via PCR, with DNA from cells exposed to increased doses of gamma-irradiation, can be considered to reflect the accompanying increase in membrane damage which allows EMA to penetrate the cells. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study that has made use of the PCR to discriminate between gamma-irradiated and nonirradiated bacterial cells and has led to insights regarding the ability of the PCR to discriminate between nonirradiated and gamma-irradiation destroyed cells.
A preliminary examination of the effect of massage on state body image

Evidence suggests positive effects of massage on psychological health; however, little is known about the effects of massage on body image. This research examined the effect of massage on state body image as well as relations between trait body image and attitudes toward massage. Forty-nine female university students were randomly assigned to either a massage condition or a control condition. It was hypothesized that participants in the massage condition would report improved state body image following the intervention when compared to participants in the control condition. As predicted, participants in the massage condition reported a more favorable state body image than participants in the control condition post-manipulation. Certain body image evaluations were moderately associated with views that massage is pleasurable, with the link between Body Areas Satisfaction and viewing massage as pleasurable reaching significance. Research is needed to determine the mechanism/s through which massage improves body image.
Spectral Snapshots of Bacterial Cell-Wall Composition and the Influence of Antibiotics by Whole-Cell NMR

Gram-positive bacteria surround themselves with a thick cell wall that is essential to cell survival and is a major target of antibiotics. Quantifying alterations in cell-wall composition are crucial to evaluating drug modes of action, particularly important for human pathogens that are now resistant to multiple antibiotics such as Staphylococcus aureus. Macromolecular and whole-cell NMR spectroscopy allowed us to observe the full panel of carbon and nitrogen pools in S. aureus cell walls and intact whole cells. We discovered that one-dimensional 13C and 15N NMR spectra, together with spectroscopic selections based on dipolar couplings as well as two-dimensional spin-diffusion measurements, revealed the dramatic compositional differences between intact cells and cell walls and allowed the identification of cell-wall signatures in whole-cell samples. Furthermore, the whole-cell NMR approach exhibited the sensitivity to detect distinct compositional changes due to treatment with the antibiotics fosfomycin (a cell-wall biosynthesis inhibitor) and chloramphenicol (a protein synthesis inhibitor). Whole cells treated with fosfomycin exhibited decreased peptidoglycan contributions while those treated with chloramphenicol contained a higher percentage of peptidoglycan as cytoplasmic protein content was reduced. Thus, general antibiotic modes of action can be identified by profiling the total carbon pools in intact whole cells.
Comparing predeparture expectations and post-sojourn reports: A longitudinal study of U.S. students abroad

Abstract This article reports the results of a longitudinal investigation, based on a modified expectancy violations model, of expectations of students studying abroad. Two hundred forty-eight student sojourners described their predeparture expectations concerning 13 aspects of overseas living. Upon their return, these same students completed a similar postreturn survey reporting the degree to which their expectations were met or violated. Pre- and postdeparture data were submitted to regression and correlational analyses. There were three major findings. First, an unexpected finding that sojourners consistently reported that expectations were met or positively violated. Second, the fulfillment/ violation of expectations was related to location of sojourn and somewhat to gender, but not to prior intercultural experience. Finally, there was a positive relationship between the violation of expectations and the overall evaluation of the sojourn experience, supporting the expectancy violations model. Implications for future research are presented.
Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered indomethacin in premature infants

We studied the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin (0.3 mg/kg) given intravenously in 17 premature infants to promote closure of persistent ductus arteriosus. The decay of indomethacin generally showed an initial rapid distribution (α) phase followed by a slower elimination (β) phase. The mean half-life of elimination (20.7±8 hours) was three times longer, and the mean clearance rate (13±9.5 ml/kg/hour) was seven times less than that reported in adults. The indomethacin clearance rate was linearly correlated with postnatal age (r=0.71, P P
Reoperative Temporomandibular Joint Surgery

TMJ surgeries are not always successful. Many potential pitfalls can occur during any phase of the treatment and can lead to complications, less than desirable results, and short- or long-term failures. Unsatisfactory results can occur for multiple reasons, including misdiagnosis of the original pathologic condition, incorrect selection of surgical technique, technical failures, complications, systemic disease, and unrealistic expectations. This article focuses on the reoperation of the TMJ primarily in cases of internal derangement and discusses TMJ arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, modified condylotomy, and open joint procedures.
A New Architecture for the U.S. National Accounts

The purpose of this Grand Challenge is to accelerate the development of new economic data for the resolution of policy issues involving long-term growth. Significant examples include public and private provision for retirement income and the outlook for health care expenditures and public programs to cover health care costs. The public programs for retirement income and health care are critical components of the long-term development of the federal budget. Other important examples include broadening the concept of investment to include investment in human capital through health care and education and investment in intangibles, such as research and development.
Development of extension-parallel corrugations in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex, west-central Arizona

Extension-parallel detachment fault corrugations are one of the defining features of metamorphic core complexes, yet the origin of these corrugations remains disputed. Structural data from the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex in west-central Arizona demonstrate that prominent NE-trending detachment fault corrugations are folds produced by extension-perpendicular (NW-SE) shortening during the middle to late stages of core complex extension (ca. 18–10 Ma). Kinematic data indicate that dominant NE-directed slip on the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault was locally overprinted by NW- and SE-directed slip associated with corrugation folding. The last motion recorded along several NW- and SE-dipping flanks of the detachment fault is reverse slip directed toward the corrugation antiform hinges. Orientation patterns of upper-plate bedding across the corrugations are compatible with folding about a NE-trending axis. Extension-perpendicular shortening in the lower plate is recorded by synmylonitic constriction and folding. Constriction and grain-scale y -axis shortening were most important during the later stages of mylonitization in the synextensional Swansea Plutonic Suite, which typically form L > S tectonites. Upright meter- and kilometer-scale lower plate folds parallel the detachment fault corrugations and are best developed in well-layered pre-Tertiary rocks. Most lower plate folding occurred by postmylonitic flexural slip that was coeval with detachment faulting. The total amount of NW-SE shortening across the lower plate is ∼10%, but the amount of NW-SE shortening recorded by the younger detachment fault is only ∼1%. The relatively late-stage development of corrugations in the Buckskin-Rawhide metamorphic core complex suggests that the constriction and corrugation folding developed primarily in response to crustal thinning and tectonic denudation.
Simulation of capacity loss in carbon electrode for lithium-ion cells during storage

A mathematical model was developed which simulates the self-discharge capacity losses in the carbon anode for a SONY 18650 lithium-ion battery. The model determines the capacity loss during storage on the basis of a continuous reduction of organic solvent and de-intercalation of lithium at the carbon/electrolyte interface. The state of charge, open circuit potential, capacity loss and film resistance on the carbon electrode were calculated as a function of storage time using different values of rate constant governing the solvent reduction reaction.
The formation of SOA and chemical tracer compounds from the photooxidation of naphthalene and its methyl analogs in the presence and absence of nitrogen oxides

Abstract. Laboratory smog chamber experiments have been carried out to investigate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from the photooxidation of naphthalene and its methyl analogs, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene (1-MN and 2-MN, respectively). Laboratory smog chamber irradiations were conducted in a flow mode to ensure adequate collection of the aerosol at reasonably low reactant concentrations and in the presence and absence of nitrogen oxides. Phthalic acid and methyl analogs were identified following BSTFA derivatization of the aerosol extract. These compounds were examined to determine whether they could serve as reasonable molecular tracers to estimate the contributions of these precursors to ambient PM2.5. Measurements were also made to determine aerosol parameters from secondary organic aerosol from naphthalene, 1-MN, and 2-MN. A mass fraction approach was used to establish factors which could be applied to phthalic acid concentrations in ambient aerosols, assuming a negligible contribution from primary sources. Phthalic anhydride uptake (and hydrolysis) was tested and found to represent a moderate filter artifact in filter measurements with and without in-line denuders. This study provided the opportunity to examine differences using authentic standards for phthalic acid compared to surrogate standards. While the mass fraction based on a surrogate compounds was somewhat lower, the differences are largely unimportant. For naphthalene, mass fractions of 0.0199 (recommended for ambient samples) and 0.0206 were determined in the presence and absence of nitrogen oxides, respectively, based on phthalic acid standards. The mass fractions determined from the laboratory data were applied to ambient samples where phthalic acid was found and expressed "as naphthalene" since phthalic acid was found to be produced in the particle phase from other methylnaphthalenes. The mass fraction values were applied to samples taken during the 2005 SOAR Study in Riverside, CA and 2010 CalNex Study in Pasadena. In both studies an undetermined isomer of methylphthalic acid was detected in addition to phthalic acid. Laboratory experiment retention times and mass spectra suggest that the major precursor for this compound is 2-MN. For the CalNex Study, SOC values for the 2-ring precursor PAHs (as naphthalene) were found to range from below the detection limit to 20 ngC m−3 which with the laboratory mass fraction data suggests an upper limit of approximately 1 μg m−3 for SOA due to 2-ring PAHs. Temporal data over the course of the one-month CalNex study suggest that primary sources of phthalic acid were probably negligible during this study period. However, the values must still be considered upper limits given a potential hydrolysis reaction or uptake of phthalic anhydride (subsequently hydrolyzed) onto the collection media.
The Natural History of Nonobstructing Asymptomatic Renal Stones Managed with Active Surveillance

Purpose: We documented the natural history of asymptomatic nonobstructing renal calculi managed with active surveillance and explored factors predicting stone related events to better inform shared decision making.Materials and Methods: Patients with asymptomatic nonobstructing renal calculi electing active surveillance of their stone(s) were retrospectively reviewed. Stone characteristics, patient characteristics, and stone related events were collected. We evaluated the effects of stone size and location on development of symptoms, spontaneous passage, requirement for surgical intervention, and stone growth.Results: We identified 160 stones with an average size of 7.0 ± 4.2 mm among 110 patients with average followup of 41 ± 19 months. Forty-five (28% of total) stones caused symptoms during followup. Notably 3 stones (3% of asymptomatic subgroup, 2% of total stones) caused painless silent obstruction necessitating intervention after an average of 37 ± 17 months. The only significant predictor of spontan...
Within-season Nest-site Fidelity in Eastern Bluebirds: Disentangling Effects of Nest Success and Parasite Avoidance

Abstract We manipulated nestbox choices in Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) to assess (1) whether the presence of a previously used (and presumably parasite-ridden) nest cavity increases or decreases the likelihood of within-season nestbox reuse and (2) whether birds prefer previously successful cavities. Initially, birds were presented with two clean identical nestboxes erected 1 m apart. After the first nesting, we removed nest material from half of the successful box pairs and recorded subsequent nesting choices. Given a choice between a used and an unused box, bluebirds chose the unused but parasite-free cavity significantly more often. Presented with a cleaned successful box and an identical unused one, bluebirds opted to reuse the former significantly more often. Those results suggest that (1) bluebirds recognize a cost of within-season nest reuse and are willing to switch nest sites to minimize parasitism, (2) bluebirds prefer successful cavities, but only if they are clean, and (3) in our populat...
Two Dimensional Aspects of Regenerative BBU in Two-Pass Recirculating Accelerators

In this paper, I present the formula, describing a threshold of the regenerative multi-pass Beam Breakup (BBU) for a single dipole higher order mode with arbitrary polarization in a two-pass accelerator with a general-form, 4×4 recirculation matrix. Then, I present a mathematical relation between transfer matrices between cavities of the accelerating structure and recirculation matrices for each cavity, which must be satisfied in order to successfully suppress the BBU by reflection or rotation in several cavities.
Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by γ-Herpesvirus in Aged Mice Is Associated With Increased Fibroblast Responsiveness to Transforming Growth Factor-β

Young (4 month) and aged (15–18 months) mice were given intranasal saline or γ--herpesvirus-68 infection. After 21 days, aged, but not young mice, showed significant increases in collagen content and fibrosis. There were no differences in viral clearance or inflammatory cells (including fibrocytes) between infected aged and young mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed increased transforming growth factor-β in whole lung homogenates of infected aged mice compared with young mice. When fibroblasts from aged and young mice were infected in vitro, aged, but not young, fibroblasts upregulate alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen I protein. Infection with virus in vivo also demonstrates increased alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen I protein and collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin messenger RNA in aged fibroblasts. Furthermore, evaluation revealed that aged fibroblasts at baseline have increased transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 and 2 levels compared with young fibroblasts and are resistant to apoptosis. Increased responsiveness to transforming growth factor-β was verified by increased collagen III and fibronectin messenger RNA after treatment in vitro with transforming growth factor-β.
Deletion Mutants Which Affect The Nuclease-Sensitive Site In Simian Virus 40 Chromatin

A short segment of simian virus 40 (SV40) chromatin on the late side of the origin of replication is hypersensitive to nuclease cleavage. The role of DNA sequence information in this nuclease-sensitive feature was examined by constructing deletion mutations in this region. Deletions were introduced into the inserted segment of in(Or)-1411 (a viable, partially duplicated variant of SV40), and nuclease sensitivity of the inserted segment was compared with that of the unaltered sequences in their normal location in the viral genome. Extended deletions (118 to 161 base pairs) essentially abolished nuclease sensitivity within the inserted segment. Shorter deletions (21 to 52 base pairs) at separate locations retained the nuclease-sensitive feature. In some short-deletion mutants nuclease susceptibility was substantially reduced. The authors conclude that more than one genetic element in this region contributes to the organization of the nuclease-sensitive feature and that the SV40 72-base repeat is not, in itself, sufficient signal for this feature.
Hemiparesis apparently due to central pontine myelinolysis following hyponatremia

A 63-year-old woman was in an acute confusional state accompanied by rapidly progressive left hemiparesis, dysphagia, and dysarthria two weeks after an episode of diuretic-induced hyponatremia. High-resolution computed tomographic scanning disclosed a circumferential hypodense pontine lesion compatible with the diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis. Although the patient improved clinically within six weeks, the computed tomographic abnormalities remained unchanged.
Detection of Novel (Swine Origin) H1N1 Influenza A Virus by Quantitative Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR

A novel H1N1 subtype influenza A virus, derived by reassortment between two known circulating swine influenza strains, has now been declared a human pandemic influenza A virus ([8][1]). The pandemic virus, centered initially in Mexico and the United States, has now spread to 74 countries with the
The Caenorhabditis elegans Dopaminergic System: Opportunities for Insights into Dopamine Transport and Neurodegeneration

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the coordination of movement, attention, and the recognition of reward. Loss of DA from the basal ganglia, as a consequence of degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, triggers postural instability and Parkinson's disease (PD). DA transporters (DATs) regulate synaptic DA availability and provide a conduit for the uptake of DA mimetic neurotoxins, which can be used to evoke neuronal death and Parkinson-like syndrome. Recently, we have explored the sensitivity of DA neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to the Parkinsonian-inducing neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and found striking similarities, including DAT dependence, to neurodegeneration observed in mammalian models. In this review, we present our findings in the context of molecular and behavioral dimensions of DA signaling in C. elegans with an eye toward opportunities for uncovering DAT mutants, DAT regulators, and components of toxin-mediated cell death.
Ladies of Warcraft: changing perceptions of women and technology through productive play

Women are frequently underrepresented and misrepresented in gaming culture. Stereotypes of "female gamers" often contribute to the abysmally low engagement of women in information and communication technologies (ICTs). This pilot ethnographic study considers how a female-gamer community employs positive perceptions of women and their relationships with ICTs through "productive play" in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) World of Warcraft. Women utilize the game's online community as a mode for both game practicality and everyday sociality. Preliminary findings suggest how the production of player connections impact user identity both "inside" and "outside" of game spaces; these interactions are potentially significant because of the known link between community, participation, and retention for ICT-related careers. Further research is needed to understand the potential for gaming culture to attract underrepresented groups into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.
Empirical oral antibiotic therapy for low risk febrile cancer patients with neutropenia.

For over 30 years, fever and neutropenia in cancer patients has been treated with the utmost urgency, necessitating inpatient evaluation and immediate initiation of empirical broad-spectrum parenteral (i.v.) antibiotics. This practice is based on the recognition that delays in starting antibiotic therapy in febrile neutropenic patients have been associated with life-threatening infections and sometimes fatal consequences. Over the past decade, it has become evident that neutropenic cancer patients are not a homogeneous group and that practice guidelines may vary on their risk status. In fact, attempts have been made to stratify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups and differentiate treatment options respectively. Recent studies suggest that those neutropenic cancer patients who are at low risk may even be successfully treated with oral therapy, thus opening the possibility for ambulatory or home-based management. Oral antibiotic therapy, especially if safely delivered at home, offers a number of advantages including lower cost, improved quality of life (although the impact of shifting the burden of care from the hospital to the home setting on the patient, parent or care provider needs careful assessment) and a decreased risk for nosocomial infection.
Heterozygosity and extra‐pair paternity: biased tests result from the use of shared markers

Recent studies of extra-pair paternity have found support for the idea that heterozygous males have an advantage in siring offspring. Most studies use DNA microsatellite loci to determine paternity and then use the same loci to estimate individual heterozygosity. However, because the likelihood of detecting extra-pair offspring depends on the combinations of parental alleles, it is possible that biases arise from particular allele combinations. This might produce false support for the influence of heterozygosity on mating behaviour. We used a simulation model to assess how large this bias might be. We found two sources of bias. First, we found a bias in the null hypothesis of a simple statistical test commonly used to test several predictions of the heterozygosity hypothesis. The use of randomization tests could eliminate this bias. Second, we found that using the same loci for both paternity and heterozygosity can cause an increase in results supporting the heterozygosity hypothesis when no effect of heterozygosity actually exists. This bias is reduced through the use of more markers with higher levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity, but can be eliminated entirely by using a separate set of markers to determine paternity and assess heterozygosity. The two sources of bias reduce evidence favouring the heterozygosity hypothesis, but do not negate all of the studies that support it. We suggest that further studies of heterozygosity and extra-pair paternity are important and likely to be informative, but our recommendations should be incorporated by researchers to improve the reliability of their conclusions.
Integral transport approach for molecular processes in inertial electrostatic devices

An inertial electrostatic device (IEC) consists of a chamber containing nearly transparent, concentric wire grids with a high voltage difference between them. Typical UW IEC experiments run at moderate pressures, ∼0.3 Pa (∼2 mtorr), so atomic and molecular processes can be important. Ions created in a source region pass through the anode grid primarily as an arbitrary mixture of D+, D 2 +, and D 3 + ions and, while being accelerated radially by the electrostatic potential, interact with the background gas to produce a source of cold ions (D+ and D 2 +) through interactions with the background D2 gas. These cold ions are accelerated by the potential and produce additional cold ions through interactions with the background gas.
Enhanced detection of paramagnetic contrast agents in magnetic resonance images via phase image cross-correlation analysis

Metal-ion based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents can be used to non-invasively track cells, target specific molecules, and watch gene expression in vivo. However, it is often difficult to detect and interpret the subtle image contrast changes produced by these agents if the biodistribution is not known a priori. Sensitive post-processing methods are needed to help identify localized accumulations of contrast agent and to minimize false positives and negatives. Towards these goals, we apply image cross-correlation methods to MRI phase images to highlight the characteristic magnetic susceptibility pattern created by magnetic dipoles in a magnetic field. We show that this method is very effective in highlighting localized paramagnetic deposits. We investigate the detection limits of this cross-correlation method, and we find that it can be used even for images with a very low signal-to-noise ratio (< 4). This method can be used alongside existing magnitude MRI methods, requires no extra scan time, and can be applied retrospectively to previously acquired data.
Treatment of instability of the shoulder with an exercise program

One hundred and forty shoulders in 115 patients that had a diagnosis of traumatic or atraumatic recurrent anterior, posterior, or multidirectional subluxation were treated with a specific set of muscle-strengthening exercises. Only twelve (16 per cent) of the seventy-four shoulders (sixty-eight patients) that had traumatic subluxation had a good or excellent result from the exercises, compared with fifty-three (80 per cent) of the sixty-six shoulders that had atraumatic subluxation. For this reason, each patient who has instability of the shoulder should be thoroughly evaluated if a successful result from conservative treatment is to be expected. Every effort must be made to identify the etiology of the instability through careful history-taking, physical examination, and radiographic evaluation.
Dynamic contact mechanics of the medial meniscus as a function of radial tear, repair, and partial meniscectomy.

Background: The menisci are integral to normal knee function. The purpose of this study was to measure the contact pressures transmitted to the medial tibial plateau under physiological loads as a function of the percentage of the meniscus involved by the radial tear or repair. Our hypotheses were that (1) there is a threshold size of radial tears above which contact mechanics are adversely affected, and (2) partial meniscectomy results in increased contact pressure compared with that found after meniscal repair. Methods: A knee simulator was used to apply physiological multidirectional dynamic gait loads across human cadaver knees. A sensor inserted below the medial meniscus recorded contact pressures in association with (1) an intact meniscus, (2) a radial tear involving 30% of the meniscal rim width, (3) a radial tear involving 60% of the width, (4) a radial tear involving 90% of the width, (5) an inside-out repair with horizontal mattress sutures, and (6) a partial meniscectomy. The effects of these different types of meniscal manipulation on the magnitude and location of the peak contact pressure were assessed at 14% and 45% of the gait cycle. Results: The peak tibial contact pressure in the intact knees was 6 ± 0.5 MPa and 7.4 ± 0.6 MPa at 14% and 45% of the gait cycle, respectively. The magnitude and location of the peak contact pressure were not affected by radial tears involving up to 60% of the meniscal rim width. Radial tears involving 90% resulted in a posterocentral shift in peak-pressure location manifested by an increase in pressure in that quadrant of 1.3 ± 0.5 MPa at 14% of the gait cycle relative to the intact condition. Inside-out mattress suture repair of a 90% tear did not restore the location of the pressure peak to that of the intact knee. Partial meniscectomy led to a further increase in contact pressure in the posterocentral quadrant of 1.4 ± 0.7 MPa at 14% of the gait cycle. Conclusions: Large radial tears of the medial meniscus are not functionally equivalent to meniscectomies; the residual meniscus continues to provide some load transmission and distribution functions across the joint. Clinical Relevance: The results of this study support meniscal preservation and repair of medial radial tears.
Experimental Study of Gas Turbine Combustion With Elevated Fuel Temperatures

The effects of elevated fuel temperatures on the performance and emissions of a Rolls-Royce 501K combustor with a modified fuel injector designed to handle two-phase flow is investigated in this study. A series of tests were run using Jet-A fuel at ambient, 250°F, 450°F, and 600°F fuel temperatures. The influence of the new fuel injector design was compared with previous collected test data using a legacy 501K fuel injector. In order to mitigate autoxidative coking, nitrogen sparging was employed to remove dissolved oxygen from the fuel during high temperature tests. Oxygen levels in the fuel prior to heating were on average less than 0.2% of fully saturated values. At the highest fuel temperatures, test conditions with combustion pressures below the vaporization pressure of the fuel led to lower combustion efficiencies most likely due to flashing in the injector. During all test conditions, high frequency pressure measurements and emissions samples including unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and NOx were recorded in addition to conventional pressure and temperature measurements. The trends in combustion efficiency and levels of emissions due to increasing fuel temperatures are discussed in this paper.
From Rochdale Principles to Llcs: The Ongoing Evolution of the Cooperative Structure

In a world where large corporations were all subject to two levels of tax, the passthrough treatment of cooperatives was anomalous. As a result, commentators and the IRS often subjected cooperatives to attack. This article traces the development of the taxation of cooperatives and reviews some of the attacks that have been leveled at cooperatives. In the current world of LLCs, the tax treatment of cooperatives no longer seems as strange as it once did, and the benefits of the cooperative form are less clear. Cooperatives have responded with revised structures (New Generation Cooperatives) and a push for more flexibility in state laws governing cooperatives (allowing cooperatives to form as LLCs). The article describes these changes and suggests how the tax law may react to them.
Cloud Networking to Support Data Intensive Applications

Cloud computing requires a complex networking subsystem in order to offer on-demand access to a pool of computing resources. Communication among resources (physical or virtual servers, storage, network, instruments, services, and applications) needs to be dynamically adapted to constantly changing cloud environments. This chapter looks into the available network infrastructure and technologies, the use of public and private networks in clouds, methods to simplify management of those networks to support data intensive applications, and employment of such methods in practical use cases.
Inherited abnormalities in platelet organelles and platelet formation and associated altered expression of low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins in the mouse pigment mutant gunmetal

Gunmetal (gm/gm) is a recessively inherited mouse pigment dilution mutant that has high mortality and poor reproductive rates. In these studies, several hematologic defects were found associated with the mutation, including prolonged bleeding times, together with thrombocytopenia and increased platelet size. A unique feature is the presence of simultaneous abnormalities in two platelet organelles, dense granules and alpha-granules. The dense granule component serotonin is present at about half the normal concentration, as are visible dense granules. Three alpha-granule components (fibrinogen, platelet factor 4, and von Willebrand factor) are also significantly reduced. Thus, in several respects the gunmetal mutant resembles the human gray platelet syndrome. A novel abnormality in expression of low molecular weight guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins occurs in platelets of gunmetal. In Western blot assays, two additional GTP-binding proteins of 28.5 and 25 Kd were detected. The abnormal expression of GTP-binding proteins is, like the hematologic defects, genetically recessive and is tissue specific. Liver, kidney, brain, spleen, macrophages, and neutrophils have normal GTP-binding protein expression. The additional GTP-binding proteins are soluble. The data indicate that platelet formation and platelet organelle biogenesis are under common genetic control and that abnormal regulation of GTP-binding proteins may affect one or both processes.
Legal Speech and Implicit Content in the Law

Interpreting the content of the law is not limited to what a relevant lawmaker utters. This paper examines the extent to which implied and implicit content is part of the law, and specifically whether the Gricean concept of conversational implicature is relevant in determining the content of law. Recent work has focused on how this question relates to acts of legislation. This paper extends the analysis to case law and departs from the literature on several key issues. The paper's argument is based upon two points: (1) Precedent-setting judicial opinions may consist of multiple conversations, of which some entail opposing implicata, and (2) if a particular precedent-setting judicial opinion consists of multiple conversations, of which some entail opposing implicata, then no meaningful conversational implicatum is part of the content of that particular precedent-setting opinion. Nevertheless, the paper's conclusion leaves open the prospect of gleaning something in between conversational implicature and what is literally said, namely, conversational impliciture.
Cassini Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem Fault Protection Challenges During Saturn Proximal Orbits

NASA's Cassini Spacecraft, launched on October 15th, 1997 arrived at Saturn on June 30th, 2004, is the largest and most ambitious interplanetary spacecraft in history. As the first spacecraft to achieve orbit at Saturn, Cassini has collected science data throughout its four-year prime mission (2004-08), and has since been approved for a first and second extended mission through 2017. As part of the final extended mission, Cassini will begin an aggressive and exciting campaign of high inclination low altitude flybys within the inner most rings of Saturn, skimming Saturn's outer atmosphere, until the spacecraft is finally disposed of via planned impact with the planet. This final campaign, known as the proximal orbits, presents unique fault protection related challenges, the details of which are discussed in this paper.
Adsorption of Formamide on Kaolinite Surfaces: A Combined Infrared Experimental and Theoretical Study

The interaction of formamide with kaolinite has been studied using transmission Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The theoretical harmonic infrared frequencies have been calculated using M05-2X/6-31G(d), 6-31G(d,p), and 6-31+G(d,p) levels of density functional theory, and general agreement with experiment has been found for condensed formamide and the formamide–kaolinite surface complexes. The kaolinite OH band positions change as a function of temperature, which have been previously correlated with surface reconstructions and changes in interlayer bond distances in the kaolinite. The temperature dependence of the kaolinite–OH and formamide vibrational frequencies can be sensitive probes of formamide interactions with the exposed and interlayer surfaces of kaolinite. Samples dosed directly with formamide show that the C═O stretching feature is broadened and shifts to lower frequency at low temperatures (67–90 K)....
Hepatie Cytopathology in Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (α1,-AT) Deficiency

Liver cell washings from a patient with known alpha-1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) deficiency were obtained at autopsy. The washings were processed on a Millipore filter2 and stained by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction,11 both before and after digestion with diastase, and the Papanicolaou multichromatic stain. With the Papanicolaou stain, individual cells and small fragments of liver tissue were observed to contain intracellular granules approximately 1 to 20 µ, in size. These were orange, with some showing a fine blue rim or halo around them. These granules stained with PAS and were diastase-resistant. Intact extracellular granules, identical to those seen within the hepatocytes, were observed with these stains. Study of the hepatocytes with α1-AT deficiency by Papanicolaou stain has not been previously reported. It is believed that liver cell washings processed and stained with Papanicolaou stain can help establish the diagnosis of alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, especially in cases of cirrhosis where adequate tissue samples may be difficult to obtain.