cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for domestic child sex trafficking in the United States

Despite increased effort to respond to human trafficking at national and state levels, very little empirical research has been conducted on domestic child sex trafficking. This study retrospectively examines associations between multiple risk factors and domestic child sex trafficking (i.e., entry into the commercial sex industry under the age of 18) in a sample of individuals aged 16 and older currently involved in the commercial sex industry ( N = 273). Two primary research questions are addressed: (1) What set of risk factors, prior to entering the commercial sex industry, are associated with domestic child sex trafficking and (2) what group differences, if any, exist in risk factors between current or former domestic child sex-trafficking victims and non-trafficked adults engaged in the commercial sex industry? A cross-sectional survey was administered using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) in five cities in one Midwestern state. Overall, 115 participants (48.3%) were identified as current or former domestic child sex-trafficking victims. Bivariate results suggest that childhood emotional and sexual abuse, rape, ever running away from home, having family members in sex work, and having friends who purchased sex were significantly associated with domestic child sex trafficking. Multivariate results indicate that domestic child sex trafficking victims were significantly more likely to have ever run away and to be a racial/ethnic minority than non-trafficked adults engaged in the commercial sex industry. Findings can inform state-level policies on human trafficking and assist child protection and juvenile justice agencies in developing prevention and intervention responses to commercial sexual exploitation.
Social networks and neurological illness.

Drawing on data from social network studies, Dhand and colleagues suggest that focusing on a patient's personal network can help identify individuals at risk of poor health outcomes. The authors provide an overview of the terminology used in social network studies, discuss social network structures that put patients at risk, and suggest how social network research might be applied in the neurology clinic.
Should a Trainee Be Allowed to Return to Anesthesiology After Narcotic Diversion and Presumed Addiction

Strong rumors quickly solidified when a resident who was suspected of diverting narcotics was caught in the men’s locker room by his co-residents, injecting a drug in a “hep lock” intravenous line that was placed in his left saphenous vein. The resident confessed that he was injecting fentanyl and begged the residents not to “rat him out.” Although the residents agreed to his face, 2 went to the Chair’s office to report this issue immediately. The Chair grabbed a senior attending to serve as a witness in confronting the resident. Apparently, the Chair had experience with this ongoing issue. I was also asked to witness the event. Although I had been a program director for many years in the Deep South, this issue had never come up before in my career.
Integrin α v β 8 Adopts a High Affinity State for Soluble Ligands Under Physiological Conditions.

It has been proposed that integrins adopt a low affinity conformation under physiological conditions. Integrin can either be activated through cytoplasm or by binding of cations such as Mn2+ to the head domain. The cytoplasmic activation pathway, i.e. inside-out signaling has been regarded as the physiological pathway for integrin activation. Integrin β8 is important for neuron vascular development. However, due to the highly divergent cytoplasmic domain, this integrin probably does not rely on inside-out signaling for affinity regulation. We therefore hypothesized that the β8 integrin uniquely assumes a constitutively high affinity state under physiological conditions. We discovered that β8 indeed exhibited high binding to soluble vitronectin in the presence of Ca2+ and the ligand binding could not be further enhanced by addition of Mn2+. The lower ectodomain stalk of the integrin, which is comprised by the integrin epidermal growth factor-like (I-EGF) domains and βTD domain, is critical for this high affinity conformation. In addition, we found that unlike other integrins, Mg2+ at low concentration inhibited β8 ligand binding. Mutagenesis studies indicated that β8 integrin possesses a unique cation binding site which might contribute to the ligand binding affinity. Our study showed that both the β8 lower ectodomain stalk and the head domain play an important role in its high affinity state under physiological conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Inhibition by cycloheximide of protein and RNA synthesis in Mucor rouxii

Abstract Cycloheximide (actidione) has been shown to inhibit protein synthesis and to a variable extent, RNA synthesis in various fungi, as well as mammalian cells, but not in bacteria, ( Fiala and Davis, 1965 ; Fukuhara, 1965 ; de Kloet, 1965 ; Siegel and Sissler, 1965 ; Sussman, 1965 ; Wettstein et al. , 1964 ). In an atmosphere of CO2 and N2, cells of Mucor rouxii are spherical, yeast-like and reproduce by budding. However, after exposure to air for a few hours, they are converted to hyphae ( Bartnicki-Garcia, 1963 ). It was shown (Haidle and Storck, in manuscript) that this conversion is accompanied by protein and RNA synthesis. In the present paper, it is demonstrated that cycloheximide inhibits protein and RNA synthesis, as well as the morphological change.
GENETIC BASIS OF BIOLOGICAL GROWTH

An increase in the number of cells is one of the fundamental characteristics of biological growth. An increase in cell number depends on cell division and this, in turn, on the ability of the cell to replicate its genetic material. We have therefore studied the Go → S transition in the cell cycle, which is the phase of the cell cycle that determines whether or not a cell will replicate DNA and its chromosomal proteins. We have assumed that the key to our understanding of cell proliferation lies in the identification of genes and gene products that control it. Using cell cycle-specific temperature sensitive mutants and virally-coded proteins from DNA oncogenic viruses, we have tentatively identified five genes that control the Go → S transition of mammalian cells in culture. The experiments demonstrating that ribosomal RNA genes are one set of controlling genes are discussed in detail.
Feasting our eyes: food films and cultural identity in the United States

Food is everywhere. Along with its proliferation throughout media, popular culture, and everyday life—as well as the establishment of food studies as a robust, interdisciplinary field—media and com...
SP/A Theory: Introduction

This chapter introduces SP/A theory, a psychologically based theory of choice among risky alternatives. SP/A theory was proposed by Lola Lopes (1987), and further developed in Lopes and Oden (1999). SP/A theory shares many important features with cumulative prospect theory, such as an inverse S-shaped weighting function and a reference point. Three concepts lie at the heart of SP/A theory: security S, potential P, and the probability A of meeting or exceeding an aspiration level ρ. In SP/A theory, a decision maker's choice is based upon an evaluation function SP, which reflects the emotions of fear and hope, along with an aspiration probability A. SP/A theory also has features in common with the safety-first portfolio model in the finance literature. In SP/A theory, the objective function is a weighted sum of consumption, akin to the expected value of consumption. Lopes' notion of “security” is analogous to “safety” in “safety-first,” in that it addresses a general concern about avoiding low levels of wealth. This has the effect of reducing the degree to which the investor chooses zero consumption in states where she will experience losses.
Supercloud: A Library Cloud for Exploiting Cloud Diversity

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud providers hide available interfaces for virtual machine (VM) placement and migration, CPU capping, memory ballooning, page sharing, and I/O throttling, limiting the ways in which applications can optimally configure resources or respond to dynamically shifting workloads. Given these interfaces, applications could migrate VMs in response to diurnal workloads or changing prices, adjust resources in response to load changes, and so on. This article proposes a new abstraction that we call a Library Cloud and that allows users to customize the diverse available cloud resources to best serve their applications.We built a prototype of a Library Cloud that we call the Supercloud. The Supercloud encapsulates applications in a virtual cloud under users’ full control and can incorporate one or more availability zones within a cloud provider or across different providers. The Supercloud provides virtual machine, storage, and networking complete with a full set of management operations, allowing applications to optimize performance. In this article, we demonstrate various innovations enabled by the Library Cloud.
Sovereignty and Belief: Thoughts on H.L.A. Hart, the Rule of Recognition, and the Crisis in Iraq

This paper has two principal concerns. The first is a close look at H.L.A. Hart’s Rule of Recognition and the notion of “acceptance” upon which it is premised. Hart argues, rightly I think, that the Rule of Recognition must be either accepted or rejected. It cannot be criticized or otherwise found wanting on the basis of other laws. On the other, he leaves the question of “why we accept” the Rule of Recognition unclear. I propose that the Rule of Recognition is either accepted or rejected on the basis of shared belief in the rightness of its values. The second section paper considers this thesis in relationship to several societies, historical and contemporary. I look to the role filled by state religion in ancient Rome; by the “Ancient Constitution” in early modern Britain; and the American system and the ways in which the Declaration of Independence’s values have come to shape America’s “propositional” or “creedal” democracy. I close with an analysis of the question, why has Iraq fragmented? And there I propose that central to the failure of the Iraqi project is a breakdown in shared values. The three main contending parties – Sunnis, Shiites, and Kurds – no longer share faith in a unified Iraqi state. And without a shared system of values, without a coherent belief system, efforts at unified sovereignty fail.
HFJV, PS, IRV, MMV, APRV, “New” Ventilatory Modes

Positive pressure ventilation has been a mainstay in the treatment of respiratory failure since the 1950’s. However, conventional mechanical ventilation has been associated with a number of problems including cardiovascular depression, barotrauma, increased work of breathing, inadequate gas exchange and interference with weaning. A number of investigators have attempted to develop new forms of mechanical ventilation that address these problems. In this review we will briefly discuss the progress of four modes of mechanical ventilation.
Educating Inequality: Beyond the Political Myths of Higher Education and the Job Market

Politicians and school officials often argue that higher education is the solution to many of our social, and economic problems. Educating Inequality argues that in order to reduce inequality and enhance social mobility, public policies are needed to revamp the financial aid system and increase the number of good jobs. Exploring topics such as the fairness of the current social system, the focus on individual competition in an unequal society, and democracy and capitalism in higher education, this important book seeks to uncover the major myths that shape how people view higher education and its relation to the economy. Looking to models that generate economic mobility and social equality, this book advocates a broader vision for public higher education to promote universal equality and global awareness.
Resolving the van Dam-Veltman-Zakharov and strong coupling problems in massive gravity and bigravity

As is well known, both massive gravity and bigravity exhibit the linear van Dam-Veltman-Zakharov (vDVZ) discontinuity that is cured classically by the nonlinear Vainshtein mechanism due to certain low scale strongly coupled interactions. Here we show how both the vDVZ and strong coupling problems can be removed by embedding 4D covariant massive gravity into a certain 5D warped geometry. The 4D theory is a nonlinear strongly coupled massive gravity, that is being coupled to a 5D bulk theory that generates a bulk graviton mass via a one loop diagram. This induced mass leads to an additional 4D kinetic term for the 4D longitudinal mode, even on flat space. Due to this kinetic term the 4D massive theory becomes weakly coupled all the way up to a high energy scale set by the bulk cosmological constant. The same effect leads to a suppression of the interactions of the 4D longitudinal mode with a 4D matter stress-tensor, thus removing the vDVZ discontinuity. The proposed mechanism has a pure 4D holographic interpretation: a 4D nonlinear massive gravity mixes to a nonconserved symmetric tensor of a 4D CFT that has a cutoff; the latter mixing generates a large kinetic term for the longitudinal mode, and this makes the longitudinal mode be weakly coupled to a matter stress-tensor, and weakly self-coupled, all the way up to the scale of the 4D CFT cutoff.
Advances in Intraoperative Optics: A Brief Review of Current Exoscope Platforms

Background The advent of the operating microscope (OM) revolutionized the field of neurosurgery. It allowed surgeons to operate on and effectively treat diseases previously inaccessible with conventional eyesight because of magnification and illumination. Improvements in the essential methods of visualization and the quality of the optics have plateaued. Another main limitation of the OM remains its ergonomics because of the need of the surgeon and assistant to directly interface with the OM objective. Recently, exoscopes have been introduced to overcome some shortcomings of the conventional OM. Objective To subjectively review the individual authors experience with the current exoscope platforms in an attempt to provide a resource to the neurosurgeon when considering imaging options. Methods Experts with previous use of each individual platform were contacted and asked to contribute their experiences. Results In total, 4 systems are discussed. They include the VITOM (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany), the Olympus ORBEYE (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), the Synaptive Modus V (Synaptive Medical, Toronto, Canada), and the Zeiss KINEVO (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany). Conclusion The advent of exoscopes has the potential to begin to allow surgeons to move beyond solely the microscope for intraoperative visualization while improving upon its ergonomic disadvantages.
A novel calcium-binding protein is expressed in Brassica pistils and anthers late in flower development.

We describe the cloning and characterization of PCP, a novel calcium-binding protein that is expressed predominantly in the pistils and anthers of Brassica flowers late in flower development. A PCP cDNA – isolated from a subtracted cDNA library enriched in transcripts present in the pistil late in flower development – potentially encodes a 175 amino acid protein with a calculated molecular weight of 19.1 kDa. Other than limited homology to a repetitive C-terminal polyacidic region of PCP, none of the sequences in the GenBank database shares identity to PCP. This unique protein was purified from an Escherichia coli expression system and shown to bind calcium in a specific manner, both in a protein blot assay and by equilibrium dialysis. PCP binds 29 mol of calcium per mol of PCP protein with an apparent affinity constant of 3.2×102/M, values consistent with the presence of a high capacity/low-affinity calcium-binding domain. PCP-specific mRNAs are detected predominantly in the stigma and style of pistils excised from open flowers; much lower levels of expression are seen in anthers of open flowers and in root and leaf tissue. Expression in the pistil steadily increases during flower development and peaks at flower opening. A PCP-specific antibody first detects the protein in pistils at one day prior to flowering, with higher levels of the protein seen in the pistils of open flowers. A low level of the protein is present in anthers of open flowers; however, PCP is not detected in either root or leaf extracts. The pattern of PCP expression is consistent with a possible role for PCP in pollen-pistil interactions or in pistil development. The results are also discussed in light of the central role calcium maintains in pollen tube growth and fertilization.
Ethnic differences in the risk assessment of chronic violence review of the literature

Abstract Youth violence is a phenomenon that plagues our way of life both locally and internationally, leading to costly consequences. Youth violence ranks among the top five causes of death among youth. Risk assessment tools that measure the future risk of violence have been developed to identify at-risk youth, allowing risk-reduction measures to be implemented to reduce the risk of chronic violence. Some researchers interested in determining the level of risk in certain individuals concern themselves solely with the assessment of risk, while others attempt to determine possible solutions to the issues. However, the development and evolution of risk assessment for future violence among youth should not become stagnate, as there are both gender and ethnicity differences that must be considered when approaching risk assessment and the reduction of future risk of violence.
Vulnerable road users' crash hotspot identification on multi-lane arterial roads using estimated exposure and considering context classification.

Abstract This research develops safety performance functions and identifies the crash hotspots based on estimated vulnerable road users’ exposure at intersections and along the roadway segments. The study utilized big data including Automated Traffic Signal Performance Measures (ATSPM) data, crowdsourced data (Strava), Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) surveillance camera videos, crash data, traffic information, roadway features, land use attributes, and socio-demographic characteristics. It comprises an extensive comparison between a wide array of statistical and machine learning models that were developed to estimate pedestrian and bike exposure. The results indicated that the XGBoost approach was the best to estimate vulnerable road users’ exposure at intersections as well as bike exposure along the roadway segments. Afterwards, the estimated exposure was utilized as input variables to develop crash prediction models that relate different crash types to potential explanatory variables. Negative Binomial approach was followed to develop crash prediction models to be consistent with the Highway Safety Manual. The results show that the exposure variables (i.e., AADT, bike exposure, and the interaction between them) have significant influences on the two types of crashes (i.e., crashes of vulnerable road users at intersections and bike crashes along the segments). Further, the results indicated that the context classification is significantly related to crashes. Based on the developed models, the PSIs were calculated and the hotspots were identified for the two crash types. It was found that hotspots were more likely to be located near the city of Orlando. Coastal roadways were classified as cold categories regarding bike crashes. Further, C4 roadway segments were found to be significantly related to the increase of vulnerable road users’ crashes at intersections and bike crashes along the segments.
CliffDelineaTool v1.1.0: an algorithm for identifying coastal cliff base and top positions

Abstract. Correct quantification of coastal cliff erosion requires accurate delineation of the cliff face bounded by the cliff top and base lines. Manual mapping is time consuming and relies on mapper's decisions and skills. Existing algorithms are generally site specific and may be less suitable for areas with diverse cross-shore cliff geometry. Here we describe CliffDelineaTool (v1.1.0), a MATLAB-based algorithm that identifies cliff base and top positions on complex cliffs using cross-shore transects extracted from digital elevation models. Testing on four 750–1200 m cliffed coastlines shows that the model performance is comparable to manual mapping and provides some advantages over existing models but provides poor results for cliff sections with ambiguous cliff top edges. The results can form the basis for a range of analyses including coastal inventories, erosion measurements, spatio-temporal erosion trends, and coastline evolution modelling.
Internal fixation versus endoprosthetic replacement of the proximal femur for metastatic bone disease: Single institutional outcomes

Abstract Purpose This study compared internal fixation (IF) to proximal femur replacement (PFR) for proximal femoral metastasis. Methods Between 2005 and 2019, 113 lesions underwent IF (n = 94) or PFR (n = 19). Revision risk was calculated with mortality as a competing event. Results The 5-year revision risk after IF was 17.6% (95% CI, 9.8%–27.3%) compared to 7.6% (95% CI, 0.3%–28.9%) after PFR (p = 0.59). PFR had longer operative times (p Conclusions IF may be considered for patients with poor health and a limited prognosis given the less-invasive procedure and shorter hospital stay. Level of evidence III. Retrospective Study;
MILTON'S AESTHETIC OF PLAINNESS, 1659–1673

(1997). MILTON'S AESTHETIC OF PLAINNESS, 1659–1673. The Seventeenth Century: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 57-80.
Longitudinal association of sleep-disordered breathing and nondipping of nocturnal blood pressure in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study.

BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) NORMALLY VARIES DURING DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGIC STATES AND DECLINES BY 10% TO 20% AT NIGHTTIME DURING SLEEP, compared with BP at daytime during wakefulness.1,2 A nocturnal BP decrease less than 10% of daytime BP is defined as “nondipping.”1,2 Nondipping has been described in patients with refractory or malignant hypertension, pheochromocytoma, cardiac transplantation, congestive heart failure and, chronic renal insufficiency.3–8 Nondipping has also been shown in patients with clinically symptomatic obstructive sleep apnea, regardless of hypertension status.9 This nondipping has been described as a marker for future development of hypertension in those who are normotensive at baseline. In patients with hypertension, nondipping has been associated with worse cardiovascular prognosis and increased target organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy, microalbuminuria, myocardial infarction, angina, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death.10–20 Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has been associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in several population-based studies.21–24 Researchers postulate that nocturnal BP elevations during apneic episodes, possibly secondary to increased sympathetic activity from arousals or hypoxia, may result in a higher occurrence of nondipping in those with SDB. Since nondipping has been implicated in increased CVD and end-organ disease, the increased prevalence of nondipping in SDB has been postulated as one of the mechanisms by which SDB contributes to increased CVD.25 Currently, data on the association of SDB and nocturnal nondipping are limited mostly to cross-sectional studies of patients with sleep apnea syndrome.5,26–28 Cross-sectional associations of SDB and nondipping suggest, but cannot provide conclusive evidence for, a causal role of SDB in nondipping. Therefore, we performed longitudinal analyses of 24-hour ambulatory BP recordings on a sample of Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study participants to investigate whether SDB is prospectively associated with the development of nocturnal nondipping over a 7.2 years average follow-up period. We also examined the effects of potential confounding or interacting factors including age, sex, body mass index (BMI) at baseline and at follow-up; current smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, habitual sleep time, reported sleepiness from the baseline visit; time interval between baseline SDB and follow-up 24-hour BP measurements; self-reported continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use, history of physician-diagnosed CVD (myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or cerebrovascular accidents) at baseline and follow-up; and antihypertensive medication use at any time during the follow-up time period.
Ultra-high tritium decontamination of simulated fusion fuel exhaust using a 2-stage palladium membrane reactor

A 2-stage cold (non-tritium) PMR system was tested with the ITER mix* in 61 days of continuous operation. No decrease in performance was observed over the duration of the test. Decontamination fact...
Building new bridges: Linking organization theory with other educational literatures

Purpose – This paper provides an example of how organization theory can be linked with other literatures in a complementary and productive manner. Establishing a bridge between the organization theory and learning environment literatures, the authors seek to provide an example of how such literature‐bridging can enrich our understanding of the school‐classroom relationship.Design/methodology/approach – After providing a set of working criteria with which to assess the developmental maturity of a field, this paper provides a general review of the learning environments literature. This is followed by an examination of an important yet under‐explored relationship in this literature: the school‐classroom relationship. Using concepts from organizational theory, the authors seek to establish the utility these concepts have for understanding the relationship that exists between classroom‐ and school‐level learning environments.Findings – Given the importance of organization theory to our understanding of educati...
Leucostoma peptidase A. Isolation and physical properties.

Abstract A proteolytic enzyme was isolated from the venom of Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma (western cottonmouth moccasin) by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Examination by moving boundary electrophoresis, by zone electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, and by sedimentation velocity indicated a high degree of homogeneity for the preparations; enzymatic assays revealed that the final products were free of detectable amounts of the enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of benzoyl-l-arginine ethyl ester and l-leucyl-β-naphthylamide by the crude venom. The purified venom protease had a sedimentation coefficient of 2.78 S, a D20,w of 10.66 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1, and a molecular weight of 22,500 by sedimentation velocity and approach to equilibrium. It was isoelectric near pH 6.5 and contained approximately 205 amino acid residues.
Synthesis of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes on patterned silicon wafers

Recent progress1,2,3 in the synthesis of high-quality single-walled carbon nanotubes4 (SWNTs) has enabled the measurement of their physical and materials properties5,6,7,8. The idea that nanotubes might be integrated with conventional microstructures to obtain new types of nanoscale devices, however, requires an ability to synthesize, isolate, manipulate and connect individual nanotubes. Here we describe a strategy for making high-quality individual SWNTs on silicon wafers patterned with micrometre-scale islands of catalytic material. We synthesize SWNTs by chemical vapour deposition of methane on the patterned substrates. Many of the synthesized nanotubes are perfect, individual SWNTs with diameters of 1–3 nm and lengths of up to tens of micrometres. The nanotubes are rooted in the islands, and are easily located, characterized and manipulated with the scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Some of the SWNTs bridge two metallic islands, offering the prospect of using this approach to develop ultrafine electrical interconnects and other devices.
A formal model for SIMD computation

A formal model for single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) computation is presented that captures the essential operating features of current SIMD computers, yet allows for extensions and variations of existing architectures. The fundamental components of the model are a host computer, a set of processing elements, a set of control units, a set of input/output controllers, and a set of external devices. Each component sends or receives data or instructions to/from other components are described by six networks, each of which governs the communication between a single pair of components. The networks are represented as functions or collections of functions with formally specified mathematical properties that have natural interpretations in the context of SIMD computation. Using the functional approach, a set of four assumptions for SIMD computers is proposed, and consequences of these assumptions are explored. >
Submodular Optimization for Efficient Semi-supervised Support Vector Machines

In this work we present a quadratic programming approximation of the Semi-Supervised Support Vector Machine (S3VM) problem, namely approximate QP-S3VM, that can be efficiently solved using off the shelf optimization packages. We prove that this approximate formulation establishes a relation between the low density separation and the graph-based models of semi-supervised learning (SSL) which is important to develop a unifying framework for semi-supervised learning methods. Furthermore, we propose the novel idea of representing SSL problems as submodular set functions and use efficient submodular optimization algorithms to solve them. Using this new idea we develop a representation of the approximate QP-S3VM as a maximization of a submodular set function which makes it possible to optimize using efficient greedy algorithms. We demonstrate that the proposed methods are accurate and provide significant improvement in time complexity over the state of the art in the literature.
Open-ended problem solving via punctuated dialogue

Concern over developing students' engineering-design skills prompted the authors to start teaching a foundation of problem formulation-and-modeling skills prior to the senior capstone design project. A description is given of an approach in use that involves the use of expanded problem statements in two classes (applications of operations research for civil and mineral engineering juniors, and formulation, modeling, and analysis for engineering problems for engineering and science freshman). First the problem statement is handed out and then, as the students progress through the problem, additional written material is provided by the instructors. Students are required to ask questions, make assumptions, build models, and propose solutions at regular intervals. Upon review, and sometimes revision of their responses, the instructor provides additional information. The process is punctuated by students reporting and instructors commenting on and discussing their progress. >
Monarchy in the Hebrew Bible

This article continues the analysis of political theory in the Hebrew Bible. The books of Samuel and Kings recount the history of the monarchy in ancient Israel. This setup allows the author to conclude his analysis of confederacy and also to examine two other forms of government: theocracy and monarchy. The author argues that confederacy is too weak to provide reliable protections to the people. He endorses the ideal of theocratic rule but views theocracy as unsuitable for practical governance. He identifies weaknesses in monarchy but endorses it as the best form of government provided that the king is constrained by appropriate checks and balances. Contrary to the view of many biblical scholars, no text from Genesis to Second Kings fundamentally disapproves of monarchy as a form of government.
Hydrostatic and oncotic determinants of microvascular fluid balance in normal canine joints

Water moves between plasma (p) and synovial fluid (SF) in response to gradients in the balance of opposing hydrostatic pressures (HP) and oncotic pressures (OP). At the vascular site where proximal filtration ceases and distal reabsorption begins, all forces are theoretically in balance. At this point, the transitional microvascular pressure (TMP) may be estimated from the equation TMP = HPSF + OPp − OPSF. We measured these forces in the shoulders, wrists, and knees of 10 normal dogs, ages 2–10 years. The mean HPSF in the knee was lower than that in the shoulders and significantly lower than that in the wrist. Conversely, the OPSF in the wrist was significantly lower than that in the shoulder or the knee. These factors combined indicate that the microvascular bed in the normal knee has a remarkably low mean TMP (7.9 mm Hg). We also found a strong positive correlation between the age of each dog and the mean oncotic pressure of its SF.
Nanosecond Relaxation Dynamics of Hydrated Proteins: Water versus Protein Contributions

We have studied picosecond to nanosecond dynamics of hydrated protein powders using dielectric spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our analysis of hydrogen-atom single particle dynamics from MD simulations focused on “main” (τmain ≈ tens of picoseconds) and “slow” (τslow ≈ nanosecond) relaxation processes that were observed in dielectric spectra of similar hydrated protein samples. Traditionally, the interpretation of these processes observed in dielectric spectra has been ascribed to the relaxation behavior of hydration water tightly bounded to a protein and not to protein atoms. Detailed analysis of the MD simulations and comparison to dielectric data indicate that the observed relaxation process in the nanosecond time range of hydrated protein spectra is mainly due to protein atoms. The relaxation processes involve the entire structure of protein including atoms in the protein backbone, side chains, and turns. Both surface and buried protein atoms contribute to the slow processes; how...
The pK1* for the dissociation of H2S in various ionic media

The stoichiometric pK{sub 1}* for the dissociation of H{sub 2}S has been determined from emf measurements in NaCl from 0.1 m to saturation at 5, 25 and 45{degree}C and in KCl solutions at 5 and 25{degree}C. The values of pK{sub 1}* were also measured in NaCl with small amounts of added MgCl{sub 2} and CaCl{sub 2} to I = 6.0 m at 25{degree}C. The results were used to determine Pitzer coefficients for the interactions of HS{sup {minus}} ions with Na{sup +}, K{sup +}, Mg{sup 2+} and Ca{sup 2+}. Values of the pK{sub 1}*, estimated using these coefficients, were found to be in excellent agreement with the measured values. Estimates of pK{sub 1}* in seawater and Dead Sea water calculated from the Pitzer coefficients were in excellent agreement with measured values from 5 to 25{degree}C. Thus, it is possible to characterize the thermodynamics of the first dissociation of H{sub 2}S in most natural waters from 0 to 50{degree}C and I = 0 to 6 m.
The Marks Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire: further validation and examination of responsiveness to change.

We performed analyses to examine the structure, validity, and responsiveness to change of the Marks Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), originally validated in Australia in a self-administered format, among 539 U.S. subjects with asthma. Subjects were interviewed twice by telephone over an 18-month period. Based on factor analyses, the subscale structure of the AQLQ was modified slightly to eliminate item overlap among subscale scores. Cross-sectionally, total AQLQ scores were significantly correlated in expected directions with baseline asthma severity scores (r = 0.58), SF-36 physical (r = -0.66) and mental (r = -0.40) health status scores, and pulmonary function (FEV1% predicted, r = -0.14). Longitudinally, changes in AQLQ total and subscale scores were significantly (P<0.01) associated with changes in asthma severity and both physical and mental status. The AQLQ, administered by telephone, appears to be useful for assessing changes in the impact of adult asthma.
Feature-aligned T-meshes

High-order and regularly sampled surface representations are more efficient and compact than general meshes and considerably simplify many geometric modeling and processing algorithms. A number of recent algorithms for conversion of arbitrary meshes to regularly sampled form (typically quadrangulation) aim to align the resulting mesh with feature lines of the geometry. While resulting in a substantial improvement in mesh quality, feature alignment makes it difficult to obtain coarse regular patch partitions of the mesh.In this paper, we propose an approach to constructing patch layouts consisting of small numbers of quadrilateral patches while maintaining good feature alignment. To achieve this, we use quadrilateral T-meshes, for which the intersection of two faces may not be the whole edge or vertex, but a part of an edge. T-meshes offer more flexibility for reduction of the number of patches and vertices in a base domain while maintaining alignment with geometric features. At the same time, T-meshes retain many desirable features of quadrangulations, allowing construction of high-order representations, easy packing of regularly sampled geometric data into textures, as well as supporting different types of discretizations for physical simulation.
Layering Transitions and Dynamics of Confined Liquid Films

Using grand-canonical molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations of spherical molecular confined films, we investigate the internal energy and entropic origins of density layering and solvation force oscillations. We show that these properties, as well as diffusion and rheological characteristics of such films, depend on interfacial commensurability, with commensurate films exhibiting abrupt solidification for relatively thick, 5 or 6 layer, films. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Structural measurements of perylene clusters with cyclopropane via rotational coherence spectroscopy

Abstract Rotational coherence experiments using picosecond time-correlated single-photon counting spectroscopy have measured the polarized fluorescence time profiles of van der Waals aggregates of perylene with up to three cyclopropane molecules. Three structural isomers have been confirmed at the 2:1 level of aggregation, one of which contains a contacted cyclopropane dimer. The other two are symmetrically distinct isomers of a (1|1) species. The 3:1 aggregate also exhibits two resolvable structures. The structures of all complexes studied are shown to be generated by the off-center adsorption site of the cyclopropane molecule, evidently dictated by short-range repulsive forces.
Proteolysis of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins -4 and -5 in bovine follicular fluid: implications for ovarian follicular selection and dominance.

Dominant follicles are characterized by low levels of low molecular weight IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and by proteolytic activity against IGFBP-4 and -5. To examine the hypothesis that proteolysis of IGFBP-4 and -5 plays a critical role in selection of the dominant follicle, we isolated follicles at various stages during the first wave of follicular development during the bovine estrous cycle, using ultrasonography to follow follicular growth. Ovariectomies were performed before divergence in follicular size (group 1; largest follicle, ∼7 mm in diameter), at about the expected time of size divergence (group 2; largest follicle, ∼8 mm) or after a dominant follicle was clearly present (group 3; largest follicle, ≥9 mm). The four largest follicles (F1–F4) were dissected and concentrations of steroids, IGFBPs and free IGF-I and levels of proteolytic activity for IGFBP-4 and -5 in the follicular fluid were determined. Follicles in group 1 did not differ significantly in size or estradiol concentrations, but...
Labor’s inequality of bargaining power: myth or reality?

This article responds to Morgan O. Reynolds’ paper which questions the inequality of labor’s bargaining power by addressing four issues: (1) the economic case for collective bargaining, (2) the concept of an inequality of bargaining power, (3) the extent of employer market power, and (4) the role of public policy.
A Rapid Progression of Disease After Surgical Excision of a Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor of the Bladder

Extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are rare tumors with a poor prognosis. Five-year overall survival for patients with MRTs is poor at approximately 20%. 1 There are 5 case reports of histologically confirmed primary MRT of the bladder in pediatric patients. Herein, we report a case of an MRT of the bladder in a 14-year-old boy and discuss the preoperative evaluation, treatment options, and possible etiologies of metastasis after radical surgery.
Implementation of 40-ps high-speed-gated microchannel-plate-based x-ray framing cameras on reentrant SIMs for Nova

We have implemented two different types of 40 ps framing camera configurations on the Nova laser system. We will describe the configurations of both systems as well as discuss the advantages of each.
Developmental Outcomes after Early Prefrontal Cortex Damage.

Abstract The neuropsychological bases of cognitive, social, and moral development are minimally understood, with a seemingly wide chasm between developmental theories and brain maturation models. As one approach to bridging ideas in these areas, we review 10 cases of early prefrontal cortex damage from the clinical literature, highlighting overall clinical profiles and real life developmental outcomes. Based on these cases, there is preliminary evidence to support distinctive developmental differences after: (1) dorsolateral, (2) mesial, and (3) orbital-polar prefrontal lesions, for more profound impairments after bilateral damage, and possibly for recovery differences after very early vs. later childhood lesion onset. Further case and group studies are needed to confirm reliable effects of specific lesion locations, the influence of age of lesion onset, and related experiential and treatment variables in determining adult outcomes. Rather than a single underlying deficit associated with early prefrontal cortex damage, we interpret the findings to suggest that it is the altered integration and interplay of cognitive, emotional, self-regulatory, and executive/metacognitive deficits that contribute to diverse developmental frontal lobe syndromes. The findings support the fundamental importance of prefrontal cortex maturation in protracted cognitive, social–emotional, and moral development.
A New Trigger Circuit For Closing a Switch

An electronic device is described for controlling the closing of a relay or switch at a predetermined point on the wave form of an a-c source. Current For closing the relay is controlled by a gas filled triode, the firing of which is obtained by the distorted wave of a multivibrator. The output of the multivibrator is made to change phase with reference to the a-c voltage wave. The device is useful for the study of transients.
Lipid Synthesis in the Presence of Nitrogenous Compounds in Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Acetate was incorporated by Chlorella pyrenoidosa into nonvolatile water-soluble compounds (amino acids, organic acids and carbohydrates) with pH optimum between 4 and 5. Incorporation into lipid was maximal at pH 7.5. The proportion of incorporated acetate in lipid was not significantly affected by acetate concentration and chlorophyll concentration in the ranges tested. Illumination of Chlorella during acetate metabolism increased the synthesis of lipid with concomitant decrease in the synthesis of water-soluble compounds. Nitrate and ammonium ions had essentially no effect on acetate metabolism. Inhibition by nitrite was greater on the synthesis of lipid. Illumination reversed the gross inhibition by nitrite, but altered the distribution of incorporated label in favor of the water-soluble compounds.
The effect of physical and chemical agents on the oocyst of Eimeria zurnii (Protozoa, Coccidia).

SYNOPSIS. A study was made of the effects of solar radiation, temperature, relative humidity, centrifugation, oxygen, pH, and certain chemical agents on the sporulation of oocysts of Eimeria zurnii of cattle. Of various chemical agents and bactericides tested, only HgCl2 exhibited a high level of activity against unsporulated oocysts. Extreme pH values of 1 and 13 did not alter sporulation. Oocysts required at least 10% of the normal amount of oxygen to sporulate at a normal rate. Physical factors found to be lethal for E. zurnii were: sunlight for as short a time as 4 hours, drying at 25% or less relative humidity, and freezing below about -7° C. Survival was directly proportional to relative humidity, but within the limits of the observations reported here, there was no correlation with time or temperature. Normal sporulation occurred from about 8° up to 32.5° C. Below 12° the time required for sporulation was exceedingly long, and at 35° sporulation was morphologically abnormal. The optimal temperature for sporulation was about 30° at which temperature some organisms completed the process in 23 hours. Fifty % of the oocysts required 65 hours to begin sporulating at 20° and 36 hours at 25° C.
Metrically homogeneous sets: Corrigendum

A flaw in Lemma 2 is corrected and other parts of the paper changed a accordingly so as to preserve all the theorems.
ADH1, 2 and 3: genes whose times have come

The human class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family consists of ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3, which are sequentially activated in early fetal, late fetal, and postnatal liver, respectively. Analysis of ADH promoters revealed differential activation by several factors previously shown to control liver transcription. In cotransfection assays, the ADH1 promoter, but not the ADH2 or ADH3 promoter, was shown to respond to hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF-1), which has previously been shown to regulate transcription in early liver development. The ADH2 promoter, but not the ADH1 or ADH3 promoter, was shown to respond to CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), a transcription factor particularly active during late fetal liver and early postnatal liver development. The ADH1, ADH2, and ADH3 promoters all responded to the liver transcription factors liver activator protein (LAP) and D-element-binding protein (DBP), which are most active in postnatal liver. For all three promoters, the activation by LAP or DBP was higher than that seen by HNF-1 or C/EBPα, and a significant synergism between C/EBPα and LAP was noticed for the ADH2 and ADH3 promoters when both factors were simultaneously cotransfected. A hierarchy of ADH promoter responsiveness to C/EBPα and LAP homo- and heterodimers is suggested. In all three ADH genes, LAP bound to the same four sites previously reported for C/EBPα (i.e., —160, — 120, — 40, and — 20 bp), but DBP bound strongly only to the site located at —40 bp relative to the transcriptional start. Mutational analysis of ADH2 indicated that the —40 bp element accounts for most of the promoter regulation by the bZIP factors analyzed. These studies suggest that HNF-1 and C/EBPα help establish ADH gene family transcription in fetal liver and that LAP and DBP help maintain high-level ADH gene family transcription in postnatal liver.