cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cortisol production rate in newborn babies, older infants, and children.

The rates of cortisol production by 22 newborn infants were estimated. Vaginally delivered full-term and premature infants had rates, which when corrected for surface area, were comparable to those for adults. Babies delivered by cesarean section, when studied under 38 hours of age, had low rates. Two babies with salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia had the lowest values. In the newborns the urinary 17-OHCS were low, and represented a small, variable fraction of the cortisol production. In a group of 14 older infants and children, the lowest production rates were observed in patients with adrenal calcification, moniliasis, hydrocephalus, and hypopituitarism. Administration of Wilhelmi growth hormone did not affect the production rates of the hypopituitary, or of the nonhypopituitary dwarfs.
The use of egg shells to infer the historical presence of copepods in alpine lakes

Copepods (Class Crustacea, Order Copepoda) are rarely included in paleoecological studies of lakes because they lack long-lasting exoskeletal remains. We describe the remains of eggs (egg shells) from Hesperodiaptomus copepods that are well preserved and abundant in alpine lake sediments. We demonstrate that the egg shells are the remains of Hesperodiaptomus eggs based on (i) the similar size and morphology of egg shells collected from sediments and those produced from the hatching of eggs obtained from laboratory-maintained Hesperodiaptomus, and (ii) the finding that diapausing eggs collected from lake sediments and hatched in the laboratory produced copepod nauplii that were morphologically indistinguishable from those hatched from eggs produced by laboratory-maintained Hesperodiaptomus. Egg shells were approximately two orders of magnitude more abundant in sediment cores than were viable diapausing eggs, making egg shells superior to viable diapausing eggs for quantifying the historical presence and abundance of Hesperodiaptomus. These results have important implications for alpine lake restoration as egg shells can be used to identify lakes in which Hesperodiaptomus was eliminated by fish introductions but has failed to return after fish eradication, lakes in which the pre-disturbance conditions are likely to be restored only by reintroductions of this important taxon.
In vitro construction of gshB::kan in Escherichia coli and use of gshB::kan in mapping the gshB locus.

Abstract The Escherichia coli structural gene for glutathione synthetase, gshB, was cloned into pBR322. Plasmids containing gshB were able to complement the glutathione requirement of a trxA gshB double mutant, and cells containing the plasmids were found to have elevated levels of glutathione synthetase. A mutant gshB allele was constructed by inserting the kan gene from pUC4K into a unique HpaI site located within gshB. The resulting plasmid-encoded allele was used to replace a genomic gshB+ by homologous recombination. The resulting strain had no detectable glutathione synthetase activity. The gshB allele containing the kan insertion was used to map gshB on the E. coli chromosome by P1 transduction. The results indicated that gshB is located at 63.4 min, between metK and speC. The allele was further localized to a region of 3,100 to 3,120 kilobase pairs on the physical map (restriction map) of E. coli by DNA-DNA hybridization to a series of lambda bacteriophages (Y. Kohara, K. Akiyama, and K. Isono, Cell 50:495-508, 1987).
Wikipedia's Success and the Rise of the Amateur-Expert

The Free Online Encyclopedia, as Wikipedia calls itself, is a radical departure from traditional encyclopedias and traditional methods of knowledge creation. This chapter is an examination of how a community of amateurs on Wikipedia has challenged notions of expertise in the 21st century. It does so by first looking at the roots of Wikipedia in a phenomenon known as the “wisdom of the crowds” and in the open source software movement. The reliability of Wikipedia is examined as are the claims made by major critics of the project. Throughout, epistemological questions raised by Wikipedia are addressed.
Early T Stage Salivary Duct Carcinoma Outcomes and Implications for Patient Counseling

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a rare salivary malignancy that often presents at advanced stage. Outcomes of low T stage patients with SDC have not been previously examined in detail. We queried our institution's cancer database and identified 28 patients with SDC in situ or T1/T2 SDC. A retrospective chart review was performed, followed by comparison of clinicopathologic features with N stage, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Patients tended to be male, in their sixties, with a high incidence of regional metastases, as in prior reports. Five-year disease-free and overall survival were 49%. Median disease-free survival was 3.24 years, and overall survival was 4.65 years. Parotid location, vascular invasion, facial nerve sacrifice, and extracapsular extension were associated with worse survival. This study provides practical information for counseling of patients who undergo surgery for a parotid mass and are found to have this aggressive malignancy.
Hoofbeats From the Currituck Outer Banks: A Study of the Corolla Wild Horse Fund Adoption Program

Research on the adoption and relinquishment of horses, both domestic and wild, remains limited. As a result, little is known about adopters, their adopted horses, and their adoption experience. This study surveyed and interviewed 17 adopters of Colonial Spanish mustangs through the Corolla Wild Horse Fund (CWHF). Together, they adopted 22 horses of varying ages and genders from 2002 to 2012. The participants, who had a range of previous experience with and knowledge of horses, were generally very satisfied with their horses and their adoption experience. Being able to adopt a gentled/trained mustang and receiving support from the CWHF during the adoption process played key roles in adoption success. Additionally, participants' strong desire to preserve a perceived endangered species or national treasure appeared to be a major reason for adopting a Colonial Spanish mustang and served as motivation for making the adoption successful. The results of the study provide insights into ways to improve the number and success of adoptions through other equine programs, especially the Bureau of Land Management's wild horse and burro program.
Shear wave splitting at the Hawaiian hot spot from the PLUME land and ocean bottom seismometer deployments

[1] We examine upper mantle anisotropy across the Hawaiian Swell by analyzing shear wave splitting of teleseismic SKSwaves recorded by the PLUME broadband land and ocean bottom seismometer deployments. Mantle anisotropy beneath the oceans is often attributed to flow-induced lattice-preferred orientation of olivine. Splitting observations may reflect a combination of both fossil lithospheric anisotropy and anisotropy due to present-day asthenospheric flow, and here we address the question whether splitting provides diagnostic information on possible asthenospheric plume flow at Hawaii. We find that the splitting fast directions are coherent and predominantly parallel to the fossil spreading direction, suggesting that shear wave splitting dominantly reflects fossil lithospheric anisotropy. The signature of anisotropy from asthenospheric flow is more subtle, although it could add some perturbation to lithospheric splitting. The measured delay times are typically 1 s or less, although a few stations display larger splitting delays of 1–2 s. The variability in the delay times across the different stations indicates differences in the degree of anisotropy or in the thickness of the anisotropic layer or in the effect of multilayer anisotropy. Regions with smaller splitting times may have experienced processes that modified the lithosphere and partially erased the fossil anisotropy; alternatively, asthenospheric splitting may either constructively add to or destructively subtract from lithospheric splitting to produce the observed variability in delay times.
Evaluation of a 15-week CHOP protocol for the treatment of canine multicentric lymphoma

Dose intense CHOP protocols have been shown to improve outcome for people with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but evaluation of dose intense CHOP protocols for canine lymphoma is currently limited. The hypothesis of this retrospective study was that a 15-week dose intense CHOP protocol would have shorter treatment duration with similar efficacy to other doxorubicin-based multidrug protocols. Thirty-one client owned dogs with multicentric lymphoma were treated with a 15-week CHOP chemotherapy protocol with an overall response rate of 100% and a median progression-free interval (PFI) of 140 days [95% confidence interval (CI) 91-335 days]. Dogs that had two or more treatment delays had significantly prolonged PFI and overall survival in multivariate analysis. Dose intensity did not correlate with patient outcome. Dogs experiencing multiple treatment delays secondary to adverse events may receive their individual maximally tolerated dose while dogs with no adverse events may be underdosed. Future studies should focus on individual patient dose optimization.
The synthesis of d-glyceraldehyde-3,3-d2 3-phosphate☆

Abstract The synthesis of d -glyceraldehyde- 3,3-d 2 3-phosphate starting from 2- O -benzyl- d -arabinose was accomplished by a route that involved the reduction of 2- O -benzyl- d -arabinono-1,4-lactone by sodium borodeuteride. The resulting 2- O -benzyl- d -arabinitol- 1,1-d 2 was cleaved with sodium metaperiodate to yield 2-O-benzyl-3- O -formyl- d -glyceraldehyde- 3,3-d 2 , which was converted into the corresponding diethyl dithioacetal. After removal of the formyl group, the dithioacetal was converted into 2- O -benzyl- d -glyceraldehyde- 3,3-d 2 dimethyl acetal. Phosphorylation of the latter with diphenyl phosphorochloridate and removal of the protecting groups afforded d -glyceraldehyde- 3,3-d 2 3-phosphate. The reaction sequence is also suitable for the synthesis of d -glyceraldehyde- 3-t 3-phosphate. Use of d -glyceraldehyde- 3,3-d 2 3-phosphate for the synthesis of d -fructose- 6,6-d 2 1,6-diphosphate is also described.
Chemical composition of subcellular particles from cultured cells of human tissue.

Chemical composition of subcellular components of HeLa, KB, human heart and liver tissue-culture cell lines have been studied.
Portfolio Choice and Saving in an Optimal Consumption-Leisure Plan

Economists have for some time been interested in analysis of a consumer's choice of savings rate and portfolio composition in the presence of uncertain returns. Theorems have been proved for a large number of cases involving utility functions with various special functional forms.3 There are no papers in the literature which prove theorems which hold for the class of all continuous, increasing, strictly quasi-concave utility of consumption and leisure functions.4 This is in marked contrast to the situation in the theory of consumer demand under certainty where the general case,5 as well as various special cases,6 has received considerable attention. The paucity of theorems which hold for the general case is somewhat surprising since strict quasi-concavity of utility functions has a particularly appealing interpretation in models which admit uncertain outcomes. This interpretation is that of the weakest form of risk-aversion [5, p. 101]. The present paper is concerned with the implications of the strict quasi-concavity hypothesis for the consumer's choice of savings rate and portfolio composition.7 The only results in the uncertainty literature which do not require hypotheses about the form of a consumer's utility function 8 which are stronger than strict quasi-concavity are general equilibrium theorems, such as those of Arrow and Debreu.9 The authors who use the Arrow-Debreu contingent commodity approach in the analysis of a consumer's
The Significance of Race in the Private Sphere: Asian Americans and Spousal Preferences

Using qualitative analysis of narratives of United States-born Asians, this article examines how spousal preferences and views on interracial couples are affected by racial status inequalities. It argues that racial inequality affects those who prefer Whites, those who prefer Asians, those indicating no racial preferences, and those whose preferences changed through the life course. The dynamics of racialized preferences are explained by introducing the concept of racialized relationship capital, specifically the appeal of Euro-American vs. ethnic-racial relationship capital. The paper concludes by questioning the popular notion that high rates of interracial marriage indicate successful assimilation for groups such as Asian Americans.
Inhibition of excitatory amino acid-activated currents by trichloroethanol and trifluoroethanol in mouse hippocampal neurones

1. The effects of the active metabolite of chloral derivative sedative-hypnotic agents, 2,2,2-trichloroethanol (trichloroethanol), and its analog 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (trifluoroethanol), were studied on ion current activated by the excitatory amino acids N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and kainate in mouse hippocampal neurones in culture using whole-cell patch-clamp recording. 2. Both trichloroethanol and trifluoroethanol inhibited excitatory amino acid-activated currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Trichloroethanol inhibited NMDA- and kainate-activated currents with IC50 values of 6.4 and 12 mM, respectively, while trifluoroethanol inhibited NMDA- and kainate-activated currents with IC50 values of 28 and 35 mM, respectively. 3. Both trichloroethanol and trifluoroethanol appeared to be able to inhibit excitatory amino acid-activated currents by 100 per cent. 4.Concentration-response analysis of NMDA- and kainate-activated current revealed that trichloroethanol decreased the maximal response to both agonists without significantly affecting their EC50 values. 5. Both trichloroethanol and trifluoroethanol inhibited excitatory amino acid-activated currents more potently than did ethanol. The inhibitory potency of trichloroethanol and trifluoroethanol appears to be associated with their increased hydrophobicity. 6. The observation that trichloroethanol inhibits excitatory amino acid-activated currents at anaesthetic concentrations suggests that inhibition of excitatory amino acid receptors may contribute to the CNS depressant effects of chloral derivative sedative-hypnotic agents.
Measurements and modelling of recuperator for superfluid Stirling refrigerator

Abstract Measurements and several methods of modelling of a recuperator for use in a dual superfluid Stirling refrigerator are discussed. The models are also applicable to non-superfluid machines. The heat capacity of the fluid entrained in the recuperator is essential for its efficient operation if the piston motions are sinusoidal.
Full-field stimulus testing (FST) to quantify visual perception in severely blind candidates for treatment trials

Incurable genetic retinal blindness is in readiness for clinical trials to attempt restoration of vision. Early trials will involve those patients with the most severe visual losses, but there are no standard methods to quantify extremely abnormal visual perception. Full-field stimulus testing (FST) has been devised to fill this need. The current work advances FST to assay vision in the most severely blind patients using achromatic and chromatic stimuli in an LED-based visual stimulator. Our studies of this new FST in a cohort of retinal degeneration patients show the feasibility of the technique in a clinical setting. Results and variability of the new FST were comparable to our earlier FST device when vision was measurable with both. The extension of the dynamic range of chromatic and achromatic stimuli in the new FST by 2 log units allowed vision that was previously not measurable to be quantified. With this advance, inclusion and exclusion criteria can be developed and safety as well as efficacy outcomes measured in upcoming treatment trials of severe retinal blindness.
Decommodification and Homicide Rates in the 20th-Century United States:

This study uses time-series regression techniques to examine the impact of decommodification on homicide rates in the United States from the institutional anomie perspective. Although recent studies have examined the impact of decommodification on cross-national variations in homicide rates, little attention has been paid to historical trends in this relationship. Our findings support institutional anomie theory when decommodification is conceptualized as a historically variant and contextual variable. No support was found for more intricate specifications measuring annual variation in the level of decommodification, and no support was found for alternative modes of periodization. Finally, the results also point to a temporal shift in the correlates of homicide rates between the two distinct historical periods, and the results have methodological implications for conducting time-series analyses.
Endogenous respiration of yeast. I. The endogenous substrate

Abstract 1. 1. Kinetic and chemical data suggest the presence of three endogenous substrates in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . These consist of two metabolically distinct glycogen pools and the disaccharide, trehalose. Lipides do not serve as a substrate for endogenous respiration. 2. 2. Utilization of one glycogen pool requires the presence of oxygen, while the other can be metabolized either aerobically or anaerobically. Trehalose is used only anaerobically. 3. 3. Anaerobically ethanol accumulates in amounts equal to the CO 2 produced. In addition, there is a slow anaerobic disappearance of the “oxidizable” glycogen pool with an equivalent accumulation of a TCA-soluble carbohydrate that is utilizable only aerobically. 4. 4. It is suggested that the rapid oxygen uptake observed after periods of anaerobiosis is due to oxidation of ethanol and the TCA-soluble carbohydrate and that the low R.Q.'s reported previously are the result of ethanol oxidation.
Evidence for an association of a ribonucleic acid with the purified, unactivated glucocorticoid receptor.

Abstract The unactivated glucocorticoid-receptor complex (GRC) was purified from rat hepatic cytosol (approximately 4000-fold by specific activity) by a procedure developed in our laboratory. Following elution of unactivated GRC from DEAE-cellulose with a 0.05–0.5 M potassium phosphate gradient, a second gradient of 0.5–1.0 M potassium chloride was started. This gradient eluted material at 0.6 M potassium chloride that incorporated [ 32 P] in vivo and stained with ethidium bromide. A predominant ethidium bromide stained band of 100–110 nucleotides was observed. The presence of this material was dependent on the presence of highly purified GRC since presaturation of cytosol with 50 μM unlabeled triamcinolone acetonide (TA) precluded the appearance of this material. Experiments with partially purified GRC from CEM-C7 cells incubated in vivo with [14C]uridine indicated that the material eluted at 0.6 M potassium chloride incorporated [14C]-uridine. Collectively, these data suggest that a RNA is associated with the purified, unactivated form of the GRC.
A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of a novel formulation of 5% minoxidil topical foam versus placebo in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in men

Background An alternative to currently marketed topical minoxidil solutions is desirable. Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of a new 5% minoxidil topical formulation in a propylene glycol–free foam vehicle in men with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Methods This was a 16-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 5% minoxidil topical foam (MTF) in 352 men, 18 to 49 years old. At week 16, 143 subjects continued on an open-label phase to collect 52 weeks of safety information on 5% MTF. Results At week 16 compared with baseline, there was a statistically significant increase in (1) hair counts in the 5% MTF group versus placebo ( P P Limitations There was no collection of efficacy data beyond 16 weeks. Conclusions We believe that 5% MTF is a safe and effective treatment for men with AGA.
A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Cellular Convection in Rotating Fluids

The stabilizing and cell-shape changing influence of a basic rotation upon thermally produced cellular circulations are developed in a first order, perturbation theory. The theoretical possibility of a special “overstable” oscillating mode in certain fluids under the influence of rotation is recognized. In this preliminary report, the theory obtained for ordinary convection is compared to results obtained in laboratory experiments with rotating cylinders of water, and the existence of the overstable oscillating mode is demonstrated experimentally. Several possible applications of the theoretical results to atmospheric convection are developed by means of numerical examples, including models that are consistent with the observed association of deep convection with cyclonic relative vorticity and the distribution of clouds in regularly spaced clear and cloudy areas. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1955.tb01137.x
Abstract 1400: Mitigation of radiation-induced injury with the nitric oxide synthase co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of modulation of the nitric oxide (NO) and the cGMP/PKG signaling pathway on radiation-induced myofibroblast differentiation and radiation-induced injury in mice. Nitric oxide (NO) is a diverse second messenger critical for a variety of cell functions produced by nitric oxide synthases (NOS). NOS activity is regulated in part by the availability of co-factors including tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). In the absence of BH4, NOS can become ‘uncoupled’ to produce superoxide anion which upon reaction with NO can form peroxynitrite, a highly reactive molecule known to contribute to protein tyrosine nitration. BH4 is approved for human consumption and therefore may represent a safe, viable strategy to reduce tissue injury from radiation. We show here that BH4 administration to mice prior to whole body irradiation with 9.5 Gy significantly increases mouse survival. In contrast, inhibition of NOS activity either before or after irradiation significantly reduced survival. We also show that the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, sildenafil, inhibits the radiation-induced differentiation of human myofibroblasts. The mechanisms underlying the protective effects of BH4 and the role of NOS in radiation-induced tissue injury will be discussed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1400.
Commentary: Disease control and crash injury-modifying host risk factors.

[Runge JW. NHTSA Notes Commentary: Disease control and crash injury-modifying host risk factors. Ann Emerg Med. August 2000;36:165-166.].
Stirring: The Eckart paradigm revisited

Abstract This report provides a topical review of transport in geophysical scale fluids. Rather than presenting an extensive synopsis of the literature, we attempt to connect some recent developments with an incisive 1948 paper by Eckart [1] in which three phases in the evolution of a tracer in turbulent flows were outlined and discussed. The interest here is on the intermediate or stirring phase, which is dominated by the fluid deformation rate. We relate Eckart’s concept of stirring with recent efforts to identify ephemeral spatio-temporal channels that provide a template for transport in geophysical fluid flows. Heretofore such studies have been restricted to a few selected surfaces in the ocean or atmosphere. An application to a large ocean eddy in the Gulf of Mexico illustrates the methodology and shows that the eddy exchanges mass with its environment through material channels identified in the Lagrangian frame by finite-time dynamical systems techniques. We extend previous studies by determining the vertical extent of these transport pathways. The key finding is that the time-dependent geometric structures, which lead to formation of these pathways, retain their coherence well into the water column. Finally, we comment on the significance of these findings on parameterizations of transport processes in predictive models and on the life cycle of ocean mesoscale eddies.
Cerebral hemometabolism: from isolated measurements to monitoring and therapy

An overview is presented on historical and multivariate aspects of cerebral hemometabolism. This involves a full multivariate approach, from blood pressure to cerebral metabolism. From isolated measurements, to monitoring and management, a comprehensive overview of cerebral hemometabolism is addressed, from its inception to current days, up to a new concept, the cerebral hemodynamic reserve. A multivariate functional diagram is proposed, to summarize the multivariate interrelationships of cerebral hemometabolism. A generic proposition is made for studies of truly normal cerebral hemometabolism in children, for subsequent clinical applications. Another proposition is made for multivariate cerebral hemometabolic monitoring, in a broad variety of circumstances of predominantly global changes in intracranial dynamics, both in animal and clinical research.
Food Habits of Four Species of Rodents on a Short-Grass Prairie in Colorado

Food habits of four rodents ( Dipodomys ordii, Onychomys leucogaster, Peromyscus maniculatus , and Spermophilus tridecemlineatus ) of a short-grass prairie ecosystem in northeastern Colorado were studied in 1969 and 1970 through microscopic analysis of stomach contents. Mean per cent volumes of animal matter in diets of these rodents over the entire study were: D. ordii , 4.4 per cent; O. leucogaster , 73.9 per cent; P. maniculatus , 39.0 per cent; and S. tridecemlineatus , 44.0 per cent. The greatest amount of seasonal variation in per cent volume animal matter in the diet was in P. maniculatus . Animal matter in diets of all four species was composed almost entirely of arthropods and a few parts of vertebrates. The most common arthropods included adult and larval Coleoptera, larval Lepidoptera, and grasshoppers (except in D. ordii ). Plant matter in the diets of all species included leaves, stems, and flowering parts of various species of grasses, sedges, forbs, and shrubs, seeds (unidentified), and tissues of mosses, lichens, and fungi. Seeds were the most common type of plant matter in diets of D. ordii and P. maniculatus , whereas plant matter in S. tridecemlineatus and O. leucogaster was more equally divided between seeds and nonseed parts of grasses (and sedges) and forbs. Much seasonal variation in types and relative amounts of different kinds of plant and animal matter was noted.
Aortic remodeling after endografting of thoracoabdominal aortic dissection.

Purpose This study assessed the clinical outcome, morphologic changes, and behavior of acute and chronic type B aortic dissections after endovascular repair and evaluated the extent of dissection and diameter changes in the true (TL), false (FL), and whole lumen (WL) during follow-up. Methods From May 2000 to September 2006, preprocedural and follow-up computed tomography scans were evaluated in 106 patients. Indices of the TL (TLi) and FL (FLi) were calculated at the proximal (p), middle (m), and distal (d) third of the descending thoracic aorta by dividing the TL or FL diameter by the WL. Analyses were by paired t test and χ 2 . Results Stent grafts were used to treat 106 patients (mean age, 55 years, 70% men) with acute 59 (55.7%) and chronic 47 (44.3%) lesions. The entry site was successfully covered in 100 patients. The incidences of paraplegia and paresis were 2.8% and 1.0%. Mortality was 7.5% (8 patients), including two intraoperative deaths of contained ruptures. Seven (6.6%) early endoleaks occurred. At a mean follow-up of 15.6 months, TLi improved from 0.45 to 0.88 in the proximal third (p/3), from 0.42 to 0.81 in the middle third (m/3), and from 0.44 to 0.74 in the distal third (d/3), demonstrating expansion of the TL. Two patients had decrease in TL due to endoleak needing reintervention. The FLi decreased from 0.41 to 0.06 in p/3, from 0.44 to 0.10 in the m/3, and from 0.42 to 0.21 in the d/3, indicating FL shrinkage. Changes in the TLi and FLi were statistically significant. The decrease in the WL after repair was statistically significant in the proximal and middle aorta. Fourteen patients (13.2%) had increase in WL; seven required a second intervention. FL thrombosis occurred in 69 (65.1%). During follow-up, 36 (36.9%) patients had no retrograde flow, with complete shrinkage of the FL. The FL completely shrank in 28 patients (26.4%) despite retrograde flow. The FL increased in eight patients (7.5%); five needed reintervention. Thrombosis of FL was statistically significant with acute dissections and when dissection remained above the diaphragm (type IIIA; P = .001 and P = .0133). Conclusion Remodeling changes were seen when the entry tear was covered. The fate of the FL was determined by persistent antegrade flow and the level of the retrograde flow. Endografting for thoracic type B dissection was successful and promoted positive aortic remodeling changes.
Performance characteristics of the Advanced Stokes Polarimeter

Recently Zirin (1995) published a response to our paper of last year (Lites, Martinez Pillet, and Skumanich, 1994), in which we quantified some limitations of vector magnetometry by the use of a generic filter magnetograph. Zirin's Letter makes specific reference to the Advanced Stokes Polarimeter (ASP), and in so doing he makes incorrect statements regarding the performance characteristics of the ASP. The intent of this paper is to rectify those erroneous representations and to clarify several other issues raised by Zirin which might give the reader of his Letter an incorrect picture of the ASP.
Preservation of GLUT 2 expression in islet beta cells of Kilham rat virus (KRV)-infected diabetes-resistant BB/Wor rats.

Loss of GLUT 2, the glucose transporter isoform of pancreatic beta cells, has been reported to accompany the onset and perhaps contribute to the pathogenesis, of insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in BB/Wor and Zucker fatty rats. In this study we investigated the effect of Kilham Rat Virus infection on GLUT 2 expression in diabetes-resistant BB/Wor rats. Viral antibodyfree diabetes-resistant rats do not develop spontaneous diabetes, but inoculation with Kilham Rat Virus induces autoimmune beta-cell destruction and hyperglycaemia. Pancreas sections from normoglycaemic diabetes-resistant BB/Wor rats were obtained 5, 7 and 25 days after inoculation with Kilham Rat Virus and stained for GLUT 2 using a rabbit polyclonal antibody. At all time points, beta cells displayed GLUT 2 expression comparable to uninfected diabetes-resistant controls. Immunostained insulin content of the beta cells also remained unchanged. Sections were also examined from Kilham Rat Virus inoculated diabetes-resistant rats with lymphocytic insulitis or diabetes. GLUT 2 and insulin immunostaining were unchanged in non-diabetic rats with early insulitis. GLUT 2 beta-cell staining was variably reduced in diabetic rats with established insulitis and reduced beta-cell insulin immunostaining. Hence, the initial stages of Kilham Rat Virus-induced diabetes in diabetes-resistant rats are not accompanied by a significant reduction in GLUT 2 expression. These results suggest that the loss of GLUT 2 does not play a significant role in the aetiology of diabetes in the Kilham Rat Virus-infected diabetes-resistant BB/Wor rat.
Seismicity as a guide to global tectonics and earthquake prediction

From seismicity studies, evidence is presented for several aspects of plate-tectonic theory, including ideas of sea-floor spreading, transform faulting and underthrusting of the lithosphere in island arcs. Recent advances in seismic instrumentation, the use of computers in earthquake location, and the installation of local networks of instruments are shown to have vastly increased the data available for seismicity studies. It is pointed out that most of the world's earthquakes are located in very narrow zones along active plate margins and are intimately related to global processes in an extremely coherent manner. Important areas of uncertainty calling for further studies are also pointed out.
Coherent interference in convergent-beam electron diffraction and shadow imaging

When electron waves converging on a specimen are coherent for a sufficiently large range of angles, interference effects are visible in shadow images of high magnification and in convergent beam electron diffraction patterns. A simple waveoptics theory provides explanations for the observed effects and shows the relationship to the transfer function of the probe-forming lens. For nonperiodic objects the theory reproduces the characteristic rings seen in underfocussed images which converge to circular patches as the axial in-focus, infinite magnification setting is approached. Periodic objects show patterns of fringes with well defined patches of nearly uniform intensity where the fringe spacing becomes large, corresponding to stable phase relationships between diffracted beams. These fringe patterns reflect the relative phases of the diffracted beams and so are very sensitive to the diffraction conditions in the specimen, to the instrumental parameters such as defocus and lens aberrations and to the position of the incident beam relative to the lattice planes of crystals. Calculated fringe patterns are compared with patterns observed using a scanning transmission electron microscope with a field emission gun.
Modulation of estrogen causes disruption of craniofacial chondrogenesis in Danio rerio.

Abstract Estrogen is a steroid hormone that is ubiquitous in vertebrates, but its role in cartilage formation has not been extensively studied. Abnormalities of craniofacial cartilage and bone account for a large portion of birth defects in the United States. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have been used as models of human disease, and their transparency in the embryonic period affords additional advantages in studying craniofacial development. In this study, zebrafish embryos were treated with 17-β estradiol (E2) or with an aromatase inhibitor and observed for defects in craniofacial cartilage. Concentrations of E2 greater than 2 μM caused major disruptions in cartilage formation. Concentrations below 2 μM caused subtle changed in cartilage morphology that were only revealed by measurement. The angles formed by cartilage elements in fish treated with 1.5 and 2 μM E2 were increasingly wide, while the length of the primary anterior–posterior cartilage element in these fish decreased significantly from controls. These treatments resulted in fish with shorter, flatter faces as estrogen concentration increased. Inhibition of aromatase activity also resulted in similar craniofacial disruption indicating that careful control of estrogen signaling is required for appropriate development. Further investigation of the phenomena described in this study could lead to a better understanding of the etiology of craniofacial birth defects and endocrine disruption of cartilage formation.
Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Assays for Detecting Shiga Toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Ground Beef and Human Stools

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), encompassing E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC, is a significant cause of food-borne illnesses and deaths in the United States and worldwide. Shiga toxins (encoded by stx) and intimin (encoded by eae) are important virulence factors for STEC strains linked to severe human illnesses such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In this study, the stx1, stx2, and eae genes were chosen as targets to design loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays for the rapid, specific, sensitive, and quantitative detection of STEC strains. The assay performances in pure culture and spiked ground beef and human stools were evaluated and compared with those of quantitative PCR (qPCR). No false-positive or false-negative results were observed among 90 bacterial strains used to evaluate assay specificity. The limits of detection for seven STEC strains of various serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) were approximately 1 to 20 CFU/reaction in pure culture and 103 to 104 CFU/g in spiked ground beef, which were comparable to the results of qPCR. Standard curves generated suggested good linear relationships between STEC cell numbers and LAMP turbidity signals. When applied in ground beef samples spiked with two low levels (1 to 2 and 10 to 20 CFU/25 g) of STEC cultures, the LAMP assays achieved accurate detection after 6 to 8 h enrichment. The assays also consistently detected STEC in human stool specimens spiked with 103 or 104 CFU/0.5 g stool after 4 h enrichment, while qPCR required 4 to 6 h. In conclusion, the LAMP assays developed in this study may facilitate rapid and reliable identification of STEC contaminations in high-risk food commodities and also facilitate prompt diagnosis of STEC infections in clinical laboratories.
Modeling the major-element evolution of olivine-hosted melt inclusions

Abstract This paper presents a detailed description of an approach for modeling the major element evolution of olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Numerical simulations constrained by experimental data on olivine/melt equilibrium and interdiffusion rates of Fe and Mg in olivine quantify the post-entrapment processes (crystallization, dissolution, Fe–Mg exchange with the host) that influence the major element compositions of included melts. Equilibrium at the olivine/melt interface is described by expressions for FeO and MgO partitioning calibrated using olivine–liquid pairs from the literature spanning temperatures of 1064 to 1950 °C and pressures of 1 bar to 70 kbar. The liquidus temperature and equilibrium olivine composition are calculated simultaneously for melt of a given composition using the partitioning expressions and olivine stoichiometry. Diffusion in the host olivine is modeled by the explicit finite-difference method. The main inputs for a simulation are the initial composition and size of the melt inclusion, the size of the host olivine, and the desired cooling path expressed as a constant cooling rate. The rate of olivine crystallization (d F /d T ) within an inclusion is dynamically adjusted with each time step so that the observed Fe–Mg exchange coefficient ( K D Fe–Mg ) at the inclusion/host interface matches the equilibrium value predicted by the partitioning equations. Application of the approach to model the major element evolution of an inclusion formed within the melting regime beneath an oceanic spreading center indicates that the composition of the included melt is significantly modified during transport to the surface along the mantle geotherm. Further, the compositional path followed by the included melt is dependent upon the capacity of the host olivine to maintain the inclusion at the pressure of entrapment.
Circulating Corticosterone Response of Wild-Type Japanese Quail to Albino Quail Intrusion

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the ability of albino Japanese quail intruders to elicit serum corticosterone responses in established populations of wild-type (W-T) quail. In Experiment 1, W-T quail were mixed with albino strangers and blood sampled prior to (T0) and 2 hr after (T2) mixing. A second W-T group, serving as a control, was bled at these same times but was not subjected to albino intrusion. In Experiment 2, a similar protocol was followed, except albino treated and control quail were not bled at T0. Blood samples were assayed for their serum corticosterone content by radioimmunoassay. The incidence of headbanging behavior by W-T quail from T0 to T2 was also determined. Both control and albino treated W-T quail exhibited significantly elevated mean serum corticosterone levels at T2 when compared to their T0 hormone levels. However, when the quail were not bled at T0, a significantly higher mean plasma corticosterone level was found at T2 in albino treated wild types in comparison to control treated quail at this time. Although percent of individuals headbanging was similar in both control and albino treated W-T quail handled at T0, albino quail intrusion produced a significant doubling in the incidence of headbanging by W-T quail not previously handled. Serum corticosterone and headbanging behavior were not correlated. Collectively, these data would appear to indicate that albino quail intruders serve as effective nonspecific systemic stressors to W-T quail, provided the latter are not handled beforehand.
Trochanteric Slide Osteotomy on Previously Osteotomized Greater Trochanters

The sliding trochanteric osteotomy is a useful and safe technique facilitating exposure of the hip in a complex arthroplasty. The modified sliding trochanteric osteotomy preserves the posterior capsule and short external rotators, allows anterior dislocation of the hip, and is associated with a lower dislocation rate. With the increased incidence of failed THAs and need for revision, there is an increased need for better exposure of challenging hips. Therefore, trochanteric osteotomies in hips that previously had osteotomies are not uncommon and likely will become frequent in the future. We evaluated use of the modified trochanteric slide osteotomy on greater trochanters that previously had osteotomies and were healed. We reviewed 38 patients with repeated osteotomies and 38 matched control patients with osteotomies on greater trochanters that did not have previous osteotomies. The minimum followup was 13 months (mean, 37 months; range, 13–73 months). Thirty-three osteotomies (87%) healed with bony union, four (11%) had fibrous union, and one (3%) had nonunion. Two (5%) patients had a new onset abductor lurch develop. Two (5%) patients had persistent trochanteric pain and two (5%) had dislocations. The bony union, fibrous union, and nonunion rates, and the abductor lurch, persistent trochanteric pain, and dislocation rates, were similar to those of the control patients. Repeated osteotomy on a previously healed greater trochanter osteotomy is a reliable procedure with similar clinical outcome and complication rates as a primary osteotomy. Level of Evidence: Level III, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Responses of loblolly pine (mesophyte) and swamp tupelo (hydrophyte) seedlings to soil flooding and phosphorus

In a pot study, flooding reduced growth of loblolly pine (LP) seedlings and caused an imbalance of nutrients, particularly Fe, in the tops. Swamp tupelo (ST) suffered none of these problems. Also under anaerobiosis, LP roots leaked 85 percent of total ethanol production into solution whereas ST leaked only 55 percent. Application of phosphorus increased LP growth under flooded and drained conditions but ST only under drained conditions. The differential response of the two species to flooding suggests that poor energetics and the leaky nature of LP roots under anaerobiosis restricts its growth in such habitats. Application of phosphorus (P) appears to amend these conditions in LP by reducing moisture stress, reducing nutrient imbalances, and improving energetics in older seedlings. Our results confirm that ST, the hydrophyte, avoids the problems of soil flooding via adaptations in anaerobic metabolism and oxidation of the rhizosphere.
The enzymatic synthesis of 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-diimino-d-talitol and 1-deoxygalactostatin using fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase

Abstract A new polyhydroxylated piperidine derivative of d - talo configuration, 1,5-dideoxy-1,5-imino- d -talitol (2) , and 1-deoxygalactostatin 1 have been prepared using fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.17). The 6-azido-1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexan-2-one, formed by the enzyme-catalyzed condensation of 3-azido-2-hydroxypropanal and dihydroxyacetonephosphate, is reduced stereospecifically to the corresponding polyhydroxylated piperidine derivative with hydrogen.
Regeneration of plants from cultured guard cell protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca (Graham)

Experiments were performed to optimize conditions for culturing guard cell protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca and to determine whether cultured guard cell protoplasts were totipotent. Guard cell protoplasts were isolated from adaxial epidermal tissue of leaves of Nicotiana glauca grown under fluorescent light (800–900 μmol m−2 s−1 of photons of photosynthetically active radiation). To increase the probability that guard cells were of uniform osmotic potential at the time leaves were harvested, leaves were collected in darkness, just before the beginning of each light period. Protoplasts were cultured in liquid media similar to those used for culturing mesophyll cell protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum but of modified pH and KCl, CaCl2, sucrose and glycine concentrations. Concentrations of growth regulators were 0.3 mg 1−1 α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 0.075 mg 1−1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Protoplasts were incubated in darkness at 25°C in 8-well microchamber slides at a density of 1.25 × 105 cells ml−1. Cell divisions began within 72–96 h of initiation of cultures. After 96 h, cell survival averaged 57% of the initial number of cells (n, 20; range, 36–84%). After 8–10 weeks of culture, cell colonies were transferred to a callus initiation medium containing agar and incubated under continuous white fluorescent light (25 μmol m−2 s−1 of photons of photosynthetically active radiation) for another 8–10 weeks. Green callus tissue was then transferred to a commercial callus growth medium and incubated under similar conditions. After 8–10 weeks of further growth, callus was transferred to a commercial shoot differentiation medium and incubated similarly. Multiple shoots appeared within 2 weeks. Shoots were transferred to a root differentiation medium and cultured under the conditions described above. When roots were sufficiently developed (6–8 weeks), plants were transplanted to soil and grown in a growth chamber. We conclude that guard cell protoplasts can be made to survive in culture at high percentages and that cultured guard cell protoplasts of Nicotiana glauca are totipotent.
Employee job response as a function of ethical context and perceived organization support

Abstract Examination of the corporate support and ethical context literatures provided the basis for this assessment of the relationships among corporate ethical values, perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. It was specifically proposed that perceived organization support would mediate the relationships between an ethical context and the two work responses, and mediated regression analysis using data from 460 accounting and finance professionals was utilized to test these relationships. Results identified partially mediated relationships among the study variables, which suggested that the effects of corporate ethical values on individual work attitudes operate partly through perceived organization support. This study makes a contribution to the literature by showing that companies might better manage employee job response with programs that build support for employees and their ethical development, and the various prospects of achieving ancillary benefits from such programs are discussed.
On the interpretation of the observed cometary scintillations

A previous interpretation of strong fluctuations in the intensity of a radio source observed during its occultation by the plasma tail and head of Comet Kohoutek a few days after the latter's perihelion passage is examined to explain the consequence of this interpretation that plasma irregularities moved toward the cometary nucleus with speeds of between 66 and 94 km/sec. It is shown that this reversed velocity may be associated with a nonlinear wave coupled to the turbulent plasma and propagating toward the nucleus with a typical Alfven speed. The reported abrupt cessation of the radio intensity fluctuations at a distance of 80,000 km from the nucleus is shown to be due to a rather abrupt change in the plasma density.