cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ternary Computing to Strengthen Cybersecurity

In this key exchange scheme for a public key infrastructure, the initialization step or “personalization” is based on the secure exchange of addressable cryptographic tables between the communicating parties. The content of these tables is generated either with ternary random numbers, or with arrays of addressable physical unclonable functions having ternary states, which we are generating with memristors. Private keys are generated independently with the shared public keys by all communicating parties, with their ternary cryptographic tables. Public and private key pairs, which are used for authentication and cryptography, are binary streams while the core of the scheme is based on ternary logic. The communication between parties can occur over untrusted channels, by exchanging dynamically generated public keys, and using legacy binary codes. The ternary computing environment largely enhances entropy, and creates additional levels of cybersecurity.
Homogenized halides and alkali cation segregation in alloyed organic-inorganic perovskites

The role of the alkali metal cations in halide perovskite solar cells is not well understood. Using synchrotron-based nano-x-ray fluorescence and complementary measurements, we found that the halide distribution becomes homogenized upon addition of cesium iodide, either alone or with rubidium iodide, for substoichiometric, stoichiometric, and overstoichiometric preparations, where the lead halide is varied with respect to organic halide precursors. Halide homogenization coincides with long-lived charge carrier decays, spatially homogeneous carrier dynamics (as visualized by ultrafast microscopy), and improved photovoltaic device performance. We found that rubidium and potassium phase-segregate in highly concentrated clusters. Alkali metals are beneficial at low concentrations, where they homogenize the halide distribution, but at higher concentrations, they form recombination-active second-phase clusters.
High-Deductible Health Plans and Cancer Survivorship: What Is the Association With Access to Care and Hospital Emergency Department Use?

PURPOSE:To examine the associations among high-deductible health plan (HDHP) enrollment, cancer survivorship, and access to care and utilization.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The 2010 to 2017 National Heal...
Abstract 874: Role of Ginsenoside Rb1 in Resistin-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction

Background: Acetyl-LDL and resistin have been proved to play a critical role in inducing VSMC malfunction in the process of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside Rb1, a major consitituent of Ginseng that ha...
Income instability and child maltreatment: Exploring associations and mechanisms

Abstract Income instability is an aspect of having a low-income that likely has unique implications for child maltreatment. The unpredictable nature of frequent changes in economic resources may add additional stress and strain to families already experiencing significant financial stress, which could increase risk for abuse and neglect. Work has begun to examine the relationship between income instability and child and family outcomes, but limited work has focused on the association between frequent income instability and child maltreatment. The current study begins to address this gap in the literature by examining the association of income instability and child maltreatment in a sample of low-income families deflected from Child Protective Services. Mediation analyses are conducted to investigate potential mechanisms of this association (e.g., stress, parenting, maladaptive behaviors). Findings indicate income instability significantly increases risk for child maltreatment, beyond the influence of income level. Substance abuse partially mediates this relationship. Implications of findings are discussed.
Online Grocery Shopping Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Among SNAP Participants.

Abstract Objective To inform policy proposals to allow online grocery shopping with Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits by examining relevant behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes of SNAP recipients. Methods This qualitative study used a purposive recruitment strategy to conduct 4 1-hour focus groups in Las Cruces, NM. Participants were SNAP recipients who do the grocery shopping for their families. Focus groups were video and audio recorded, transcribed, and coded. Results Few participants had shopped for groceries online, and participants were generally uninterested in grocery shopping online. Identified barriers were cost, quality control for perishable foods in particular, and distrust of the overall process. Participants expressed interest in suggested services aimed at increasing the benefits of shopping online. Conclusions and Implications SNAP recipients in this study have not adopted online grocery shopping for various reasons. Additional research could inform policy by investigating which participants would benefit from using SNAP benefits online and strategies for facilitating use.
Learning with Resistive Switching Neural Networks

With the slowdown of Moore’s law and the intensification of memory wall as well as von-Neumann bottleneck, processing-in-memory with emerging non-volatile analog devices, such as RRAMs or memristors, is a potential solution to accelerate machine learning in hardware neural networks, which may drastically improve the energy-area efficiency. In this paper, we discuss three major types of learning, namely the supervised, reinforcement, and unsupervised learning that are implemented with various 1-transistor-1-memristor (1T1R) based neural networks.
Structure and activity of mixed VOx-CeO2 domains supported on alumina in cyclohexane oxidative dehydrogenation

Abstract Alumina-supported VOx-CeO2 materials are synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and evaluated in cyclohexane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH). The order of deposition of the two metal oxides by ALD influences the size, geometry and oxidation state of the resulting surface species as indicated by Raman spectroscopy coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and XPS. The individual contributions of VOx and CeO2 surface sites to the cyclohexane ODH reaction mechanism are investigated through a comparison of the catalytic activity of the supported mixed metal oxide materials, VOx/Al2O3, VOx/CeO2 and a bare CeO2 support. The highest activity is observed for CeO2, and different surface active sites are distinguished by introducing cyclohexane and cyclohexene in the reactant feed mixture. The catalytic behavior is dependent on the nature of V O S (S, Support) bonds, and small clusters of CeO2 on Al2O3 favor total oxidation, similar to exposed CeO2 sites in VOx/CeO2.
Effects of feed rates on temperature profiles and feed forces in material extrusion additive manufacturing

Abstract This study explores the effects of feed rates on temperature profiles and feed forces in material extrusion additive manufacturing of polymers. The relations between temperature distributions and feed rates are first derived, for both the solid and melted portions of a polymer during its extrusion. The derived relations are then applied to find the temperature profile for the case of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). Finally, an existing relation between feed force and feed rate is considered. Its applicable range is determined, validated by experimental tests on ABS.
Analysis of the monitoring results for soil-transmitted nematode infections in Hainan Province during 2006-2010

Objective To observe and understand the epidemic dynamics and influence factors of soil-transmitted nematode infections,thus to predict the epidemic trend and provide scientific basis for the development of control strategies and measures.Methods During 2006-2010,the number of annual monitoring persons was not less than 1000 in the Mao Yang,Wuzhishan City.The improved Kato thick smear method was applied to detect the eggs of soil-transmitted nematodes and transparent tape anus wiping method to check ova of pinworm in 3-12 years old children.Ascaris eggs in soil were tested by modified saturated sodium nitrate floatation method.The monitoring data were statistically analyzed.Results The total rate of infection with soil-transmitted nematodes decreased from 51.02％ in 2006 to 27.97％ in 2010.The total rate of decline was 45.18％ while the infection rates of hookworm,roundworm and whipworm decreased from 43.81％,3.88％ and 10.54％ in 2006 to 25.94％,0.19％ and 2.03％ in 2010,decreased by 40.79％,95.10％,80.74％,respectively.The eggs arithmetic mean and geometric mean in infected individuals and populations were decreased year by year.Severe and multiple infection of all species of nematodes also decrease year by year.But the infection rates in elderly people,farmers and illiteracy were 62.77％,33.24％,and 63.64％respectively,still at a higher level.There was no difference in pinworm infection in children with the average infection rate 39.79％.Conclusion The soil-transmitted nematode infection rate was decreased year by year.But the infection rate of hookworm in farmers was still high,so the comprehensive prevention and control measures must be implemented. Key words: Nematode infection; Soil-transmitted nematode; Infection rate; Decline rate; Infectiosity
Endoscopic mucosal incision and muscle interruption (MIMI) for the treatment of Zenker’s diverticulum

In peroral endoscopic myotomy for Zenker’s diverticulum (Z-POEM), the cricopharyngeus muscle is divided within a submucosal tunnel started in the hypopharynx. We aimed to evaluate the safety and preliminary outcomes in patients who underwent a modified version of the Z-POEM where the tunnel is made directly overlying the cricopharyngeus, the mucosal incision and muscular interruption (MIMI) approach, and to compare these with patients who underwent a non-tunneled flexible endoscopic approach. All patients with ZD who were treated by flexible endoscopy at our institution between January 2015 and February 2020 were identified by a retrospective chart review. Dysphagia symptoms were assessed using a validated scoring system. Nineteen patients with ZD underwent MIMI (mean age 76.1 years, 68.1% male) and seven patients underwent non-tunneled flexible endoscopic approach (mean age 64.4 years, 85.7% male) during the study period. Mean ZD size was 2.8 cm in the MIMI group and 1.9 cm in the non-tunneled group (p = 0.03). Clinical success was achieved in 17/19(89.5%) MIMI patients and 7/7(100%) of non-tunneled flexible endoscopic patients (p = 0.101). Dysphagia scores improved in both groups, although this difference was only significant in the MIMI group (p ≤ 0.001). Recurrence occurred in 2/17(11.7%) MIMI patients and 3/7(42.9%) non-tunneled flexible endoscopic patients (p = 0.096). There were 4 complications, including one pharyngeal perforation requiring open surgical repair in a patient with a small ZD with an associated cricopharyngeal bar in the MIMI group. Median length of follow-up was 290 [142; 465] days in the MIMI group and 1056 [258; 1206] days in the non-tunneled group (p = 0.094). MIMI is a technically feasible and effective treatment for ZD. Care should be taken in patients with a cricopharyngeal bar and small ZD, as this may increase the risk of perforation. Larger studies with long-term follow-up are needed to determine if MIMI reduces the risk of symptom recurrence when compared to non-tunneled flexible endoscopic approaches.
Development of Clostridium tyrobutyricum as a Microbial Cell Factory for the Production of Fuel and Chemical Intermediates From Lignocellulosic Feedstocks

Microbial conversion of renewable, lignocellulosic substrates to fuel and platform chemical intermediates offers a sustainable route to establish a viable bioeconomy. However, such approaches face a series of key technical, economic, and sustainability hurdles, including: incomplete substrate utilization, lignocellulosic hydrolysate and/or end-product toxicity, inefficient product recovery, incompatible cultivation requirements, and insufficient productivity metrics. Development of a production host with native traits suitable for high productivity conversion of lignocellulosic substrates under process-relevant conditions offers a means to bypass the above-described hurdles and accelerate the development of microbial biocatalyst deployment. Clostridium tyrobutyricum, a native producer of short chain fatty acids, displays a series of characteristics that make it an ideal candidate for conversion of lignocellulosic substrates and thus represents a promising host for microbial production of diverse carboxylate-derived product suites. Herein, we review recent progress and future directions in the development of this bacterium as an industrial microbial cell factory, with emphases on the utilization of lignocellulosic substrates and metabolic engineering approaches.
The family voucher program: A 50‐year simulation

Cooper et al report on a 50-year simulation of the National Kidney Registry's (NKR) family voucher program1 . The article is timely since there are concerns that this program will lead to future problems in the NKR's supply and allocation of living donor kidneys.
PIN124 Analysis of Race and Ethnicity of COVID-19 Deaths in the United States

Objectives: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic in certain populations and regions in the United States Understanding the health disparities associated with COVID-19 deaths can help determine the populations in most need of COVID-19 preventive care and treatment The aim of this study was to assess statistical differences between race/ethnicity distribution and their possible association with COVID-19-related mortality rates Methods: A cross-sectional study used Centers of Disease Control (CDC) COVID Data Tracker (March-July2020) Demographic trends such as ethnicity counts reported by the CDC were analyzed for possible health disparities among individuals who died from COVID-19 Included individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the U S A and reported demographic information provided by the CDC Statistical analysis using Chi Square and MANOVA was conducted using SPSS and R Results: Analyzed 100,653 Americans who died from COVID-19 based on CDC (March-July6) COVID Data Tracker Mostly Whites (49 5%), Blacks (22 8%), and Hispanics (14 5%) died from COVID-related complications Bivariate analysis shows that Whites had 3 45 times more odds [OR-3 45,95%CI:3 40-3 50] of dying from COVID-19 compared to non-White races Bivariate analysis among all the ethnicities identified that Hispanics [OR:0 345,95% CI:0 338-0 352] and Native Americans [OR:0 310,95% CI:0 283-0 338] had the lowest risk of dying from COVID-19 compared to Whites Conclusions: Using a snapshot of population-level data in an ongoing pandemic, White Americans currently have a higher odds of mortality Seemingly, Whites are more likely to get tested and diagnosed with COVID-19, which may confound case reporting and subsequent analysis Future research will focus on other significant factors and underlying health conditions that may correlate or confound with COVID-19 mortality among the different ethnicities Payers, providers, and decision makers should be aware of COVID-19 health disparities to better identify at-risk populations and create targeted interventions to reduce hospitalizations and mortality Policy makers and clinicians can create synergy to address COVID-19-related health disparities
Dziecko jako podmiot usług medycznych z punktu widzenia zgody małoletniego na interwencję medyczną

Every child has the right to special healthcare, which is guaranteed by art. 68 paragraph 3 of the Constitution, as well as art. 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child ratified by Poland.The child, as a dependent subject, not having sufficient knowledge and experience, does not have all the statutory rights guaranteed in the course of treatment. The legislator established the age limit with the co-decision of a minor patient regarding subjecting him to medical intervention and using medical services.The criterion of minor patient age adopted in medical law is rigid, established from above and as such often criticized by doctrine.The purpose of this study is to systematize concepts such as medical service, patient, child and to familiarize the reader with the definition of a minor patient. The author also presents individual provisions of medical law pointing out the inconsistency of the legislator in the adopted criterion of age (16 or 13 years) depending on the casuistic cases indicated in individual acts.The analyzed provisions indicate not only the inconsistency of Polish medical law but also the illogicality of certain solutions, such as granting the patient with mental disabilities but with sufficient insight, the right to express binding objection to planned medical procedures, denying this right to a minor patient under 16 years of age. The de lege ferenda conclusion is that the legislator adopts the possibility of deciding about his life and health by the criterion of the actual ability of the minor patient to consciously express a binding opinion.
Challenges in Providing Care for Parents of Transgender Youth during the Coronavirus Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been stressful for many, increasing levels of anxiety, depression and other mental health concerns worldwide. With the spread of the virus, many youth found themselves phy...
International Law as a Tool of Constitutional Interpretation in the Early Immigration Power Cases

The Supreme Court has recently caused controversy by citing international legal authorities in decisions that interpret the United States Constitution. Many commentators have claimed that this is a new development, but they overlook a significant precedent. International law played an important role in the late-nineteenth-century cases in which the Supreme Court established the federal power to regulate immigration. Those cases looked to something very similar to what we now call "customary international law" as support for its interpretation of Constitution. Reliance on international law in constitutional cases may be a good idea or a bad idea, but it is not a new one.
The STAT5-IRF4-BATF pathway drives heightened epigenetic remodeling in naïve CD4+ T cell responses of older adults

Summary T cell aging is a complex process combining the emergence of cellular defects with activation of adaptive mechanisms. Generation of T cell memory is impaired, while a low-inflammatory state is induced, in part due to effector T cells. To determine whether age-associated changes in T cell fate decisions occur early after T cell activation, we profiled the longitudinal transcriptional and epigenetic landscape induced by TCR stimulation comparing naive CD4+ T cells from young and older adults. In spite of attenuated TCR signaling, activation-induced remodeling of the epigenome increased with age, culminating in heightened BATF and BLIMP1 activity. Single cell studies, integrating ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data, identified increases in dysfunctional and in effector T cells and a decrease in BACH2-expressing memory cell precursors. STAT5 activation, in part due to a decline in HELIOS and aberrant IL-2 receptor expression, accounted for the induction of transcription factor networks favoring effector cell differentiation.
Cracked Brazilian Tests of Lamellar Tial

A disc specimen containing a center-crack and subjected to a compressive load has also been used frequently for mixed mode fracture tests in brittle materials since first introduced [1]. This is often called the cracked Brazilian disc specimen. Brazilian disc specimen containing a center-crack and subjected to a compressive load has also been used frequently for fracture tests in brittle materials e.g. [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Brazilian tests are performed for the purpose of investigating the mixed mode crack propagation characteristics in lamellar TiAl with the grain size of ∼450μm. Circular disks of about 1mm in thickness and 3.5mm to 9mm in diameter are manufactured. Slits of 0.15mm in width are cut into the central part of the disks with length being 1/3 of the diameter. A multi-scale speckle method [9] is employed to measure the full field strain distributions at both macro and micro scales. Specimens with different slot orientations are tested in order to control the crack initiation. Crack orientations have chosen according to work done by Fett, et al[10]. Micro scale tests are performed inside the chamber of Hitachi S2460-N scanning electron microscope. Results indicate that the highest strain occurs at the point where the surface of the straight line edge of the slot meets the curved edge, regardless of the slot orientation. The crack propagation speed slows down when the crack approaches a grain boundary. It then either stops or jumps to the next grain depending on the grain orientation. A technique is proposed to evaluate the mode mixity from two representative displacement vectors on either side of the crack, an example can be seen in Fig. 1. The aim of this paper is an effort to understand the crack propagation behavior of TiAl under different loading modes.
Diffusion of Probability Mass and First Passage Probability

The probability that the structural response will pass out of the safety bounds for the first time within a specified time interval is called first passage or first excursion probability. The Fokker-Planck equation for the transition probability of a Markov process which is a continuity equation for the flow of probability mass is studied in relation to the first passage probability. The thresholds or barriers considered are that both the displacement response, X(t), and the velocity response, Y(t), should be less than some specified values, i.e., the safe domain is a rectangle in the phase plane. An upper bound to the first passage probability is obtained by computing the total stationary flow of probability mass across the thresholds into the unsafe domain. An approximation to the first passage probability is derived based on the assumption that the probability flux across the thresholds into the unsafe domain is proportional to the total probability mass remaining in the safe domain, which is a reasonable assumption for high level thresholds.
Organic Meat Operations in the United States

Sales of organic meat in the United States have increased more than tenfold in the past 5 years. Consumers concerned about mad cow disease and other health concerns are demanding more organic, natural, and grain-fed alternatives to conventional beef, pork, poultry, and other protein products.
Measurement and SPICE prediction of sub-picosecond clock jitter in A/D converters

We propose an innovative characterization technique that allows us to discriminate noise contributions due to jitter from other phenomena (voltage reference and substrate noise, high-amplitude effects) in A-to-D converters. The jitter estimated with this method closely matches that inferred from the signal-to-noise ratio at high input frequencies, where noise is dominated by the aperture uncertainty. At the sub-picosecond level required for the 14-b high-IF ADC under test, any off-chip disturbances substantially affect the accuracy of the measurement. In order to characterize the uncertainty, first the phase noise spectrum of the external clock source is measured and converted into jitter by way of a rigorous formula. Then, the timing ambiguity associated with the on-chip clock pre-amplification and distribution circuitry is simulated via standard Spice techniques, providing results in agreement with experimental evidence. The paper provides tools to isolate the main noise sources in the clock circuit, and optimize it for low jitter in the early simulation phase. Moreover, it arms the designer with a robust yet easy experimental method to assess the jitter value, and interpret the SNR data gathered from test silicon.
The centrosome-associated Aurora/Ipl-like kinase family.

Publisher Summary Because of the role of the centrosome and mitotic apparatus in genome partitioning in normal cells, defects in pathways essential for mitotic regulation are likely implicated in the cascade of events leading to aneuploidy and neoplasia. This chapter discusses the developments in kinase functions of the aurora (aur)/Ipl kinase family and related proteins. It also reviews studies suggesting that various serine/threonine (ser/thr) kinase activities regulate key functions of centrosomes, and other components of the mitotic spindle. The status of an emerging family of ser/thr kinases is generally identified as the aur/Ipl-like kinase family that appears to affect centrosome activity, including duplication, maturation, and movement necessary for the proper segregation of the genome into daughter cells. The same kinases are often overexpressed in human tumors and function as oncogenes that ultimately lead to chromosome instability and aneuploidy. Many of the kinases are colocalized with the centrosome/spindle pole where they appear to regulate activities in situ. The structure, regulation, and substrates of the aur and IPl-like family are also discussed. Aur/IPl–like kinases are linked to kinetochores and their role in cytokinesis, centrosome function, amplification, and cancer is also described.
Modeling security and cooperation in wireless networks using game theory

This research involves the design, development, and theoretical demonstration of models resulting in integrated misbehavior resolution protocols for ad hoc networked devices. Game theory was used to analyze strategic interaction among independent devices with conflicting interests. Packet forwarding at the routing layer of autonomous ad hoc networks was investigated. Unlike existing reputation based or payment schemes, this model is based on repeated interactions. To enforce cooperation, a community enforcement mechanism was used, whereby selfish nodes that drop packets were punished not only by the victim, but also by all nodes in the network. Then, a stochastic packet forwarding game strategy was introduced. Our solution relaxed the uniform traffic demand that was pervasive in other works. To address the concerns of imperfect private monitoring in resource aware ad hoc networks, a belief-free equilibrium scheme was developed that reduces the impact of noise in cooperation. This scheme also eliminated the need to infer the private history of other nodes. Moreover, it simplified the computation of an optimal strategy. The belief-free approach reduced the node overhead and was easily tractable. Hence it made the system operation feasible. Motivated by the versatile nature of evolutionary game theory, the assumption of a rational node is relaxed, leading to the development of a framework for mitigating routing selfishness and misbehavior in Multi hop networks. This is accomplished by setting nodes to play a fixed strategy rather than independently choosing a rational strategy. A range of simulations was carried out that showed improved cooperation between selfish nodes when compared to older results. Cooperation among ad hoc nodes can also protect a network from malicious attacks. In the absence of a central trusted entity, many security mechanisms and privacy protections require cooperation among ad hoc nodes to protect a network from malicious attacks. Therefore, using game theory and evolutionary game theory, a mathematical framework has been developed that explores trust mechanisms to achieve security in the network. This framework is one of the first steps towards the synthesis of an integrated solution that demonstrates that security solely depends on the initial trust level that nodes have for each other.
Short-chain fatty acid absorption in rabbit colon in vitro.

Abstract Short-chain fatty acids are the predominant luminal anion in the colon and are generally absorbed rapidly in vivo. However, the mechanisms of in vitro transport of short-chain fatty acids have not been fully delineated. Therefore, we examined [ 14 C]propionate fluxes in rabbit proximal colon under shortcircuit conditions. There was minimal metabolism of propionate ( −2 · h −1 ). Decreasing pH to 6.8 by decreasing bicarbonate concentration in the bathing medium resulted in increases in unidirectional fluxes but no change in net transport. Reversal of propionate secretion to propionate absorption was elicited by HEPES substitution for bicarbonate at pH 6.8 or by serosal addition of epinephrine, which increases apical Na + -H + exchange in this epithelium. Propionate absorption was blocked by both amiloride, an Na + -H + exchange inhibitor, and ouabain. Under basal conditions, there was a concentration-dependent increase in basal unidirectional propionate fluxes with no change in net transport as the concentration of propionate increased from 10 to 60 mmol/L. In contrast, a concentration-dependent saturation of epinephrine-stimulated propionate absorption was apparent. Transepithelial propionate gradients did not yield a significant diffusion potential. These results suggest that, in rabbit proximal colon, (a) there is bidirectional diffusion of propionate, most probably in the protonated rather than the ionized form; (b) a component of propionate transport is active and linked to electroneutral Na + absorption through apical Na + -H + exchange; and (c) changes in composition of the fluid bathing the proximal colon in vitro may significantly alter both rates and direction of short-chain fatty acid transport. Regulation of transcellular active transport may play an important role in colonic short-chain fatty acid conservation.
Propagation protocol for early blue violet (Viola adunca Sm. [Violaceae])

Early blue violet ( Viola adunca Sm. [Violaceae]) is the key larval host plant of threatened fritillary butterflies found along the western coast of North America. This small-statured species has not been readily available in restoration seed mixes because of the time and cost investments required for collecting seeds and the irregular flower and fruit development that occurs over the course of the growing season. We have developed an efficient method for seed production that facilitates the recovery of the butterfly taxa, and it supplies seeds for grassland restoration projects. Using greenhouse produced seedling plugs and weed barrier fabric in seed production fields allows for the increase and ease of seed collection during multiple years of seed production.
Blood glucose turnover during high- and low-intensity exercise.

We hypothesized that whole body glucose uptake (Rd) during exercise is not related in a simple, linear manner to O2 uptake (VO2). To test this, seven healthy male subjects (age range 23-34 yr) were studied in the postabsorptive but not glycogen-depleted state. Three conditions were examined: 1) rest, 2) 40 min of constant exercise in which the work rates were carefully chosen to consist of low-intensity exercise (no elevated blood lactate, a mean of 40% maximal VO2), and 3) 40 min of high-intensity exercise (markedly elevated blood lactate, 79% maximal VO2). Gas exchange was measured breath by breath, and glucose uptake and production were measured using [6,6-2H2]glucose. Low-intensity exercise (n = 7) resulted in a small but not statistically significant increase in mean Rd [3.06 +/- 0.37 (SE) mg.min-1.kg-1] compared with resting values (2.87 +/- 0.39 mg.min-1.kg-1) despite a fourfold increase in the production of CO2 and VO2. By contrast, the high-intensity exercise Rd (n = 5, 6.98 +/- 0.67 mg.min-1.kg-1) was significantly greater than the resting value (3.03 +/- 0.56 mg.min-1.kg-1). Results of glucose production were virtually the same. Similarly, mean levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly above resting values during high- but not low-intensity exercise. Our data demonstrate that whole body glucose dynamics and regulation during 40 min of exercise do not change in a simple linear manner with respect to metabolic rate.
Disassembly complexity and recyclability analysis of new designs from CAD file data

It is well known that most decisions that effect the end-of-life disposal and recycling of a product are made during the product design phase. The premise of a design for environment (DfE) approach is that product designers will evaluate and improve their designs from an environmental perspective. The authors' survey of designers indicates they are typically overburdened with product functionality and cost reduction objectives. This more or less eliminates any serious DfE analysis, particularly in small and medium sized companies. There is therefore a need for DfE tools that require minimal user input and hence can be run automatically in the shadow of the design process. At MERC, the authors are involved in the development of such a suite of tools, which evaluate several life-cycle analysis dimensions simultaneously. In this paper, they present DfD-Compact, a design tool that evaluates disassembly complexity and material recyclability. The only input data required by this tool is readily extracted from common CAD programs. Specifically, this data includes a part relationship tree, part weight and part material composition. All other data is stored in standardized libraries. The CAD file data does not typically include all the data required to make a detailed analysis. The authors have developed a procedure that is able to use this core data to estimate other product data and then combine this with the library data to generate a reliable DfD-Ratio. This ratio evaluates the product in three dimensions: (i) material separation and recyclability; (ii) unfastening difficulty; and (iii) disassembly accessibility. The DfD-Ratio is measured on an open-ended scale starting from zero, with zero indicating the worst case. The higher the ratio the better the design. This ratio can be used by the designer to compare design alternatives, improve the design, and/or meet minimum DfE objectives. The procedure is illustrated by an example.
Biophysical Characterization of Iron in Mitochondria Isolated from Respiring and Fermenting Yeast

The distributions of Fe in mitochondria isolated from respiring, respiro-fermenting, and fermenting yeast cells were determined with an integrative biophysical approach involving Mossbauer and electronic absorption spectroscopies, electron paramagnetic resonance, and inductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry. Approximately 40% of the Fe in mitochondria from respiring cells was present in respiration-related proteins. The concentration and distribution of Fe in respiro-fermenting mitochondria, where both respiration and fermentation occur concurrently, were similar to those of respiring mitochondria. The concentration of Fe in fermenting mitochondria was also similar, but the distribution differed dramatically. Here, levels of respiration-related Fe-containing proteins were diminished approximately 3-fold, while non-heme HS Fe(II) species, non-heme mononuclear HS Fe(III), and Fe(III) nanoparticles dominated. These changes were rationalized by a model in which the pool of non-heme HS Fe(II) ions serves as feedstock for Fe-S cluster and heme biosynthesis. The integrative approach enabled us to estimate the concentration of respiration-related proteins.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with levamisole

Levamisole, an anthelminthic agent with immuno-stimulatory properties, was used in a double-blind, controlled therapeutic trial in rheumatoid arthritis. Patients received either levamisole 100 mg 4 days a week, or placebo, for a period of 4 months. Significant improvement in the treated group, as compared with the control group, was found in the number of tender and swollen joints, grip strength, range of joint motion, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein. On double-blind global evaluation by the examining physicians, 9 of 14 patients on levamisole and none of 13 on placebo were considered to have improved. Adverse effects did not differ in frequency between the two groups except for mild alteration in taste, which was more common with levamisole.
Gallium nitride based micro-cavity light emitting diodes emitting at 498 nm

A gallium nitride based micro-cavity light emitting diode emitting at a peak wavelength of 498 nm has been fabricated. The epitaxial structure was grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and the device was fabricated using a laser lift-off process. Cavity thinning was carried out using reactive ion etching until a cavity length of roughly 830 nm (corresponding to a cavity order of ∼8 for λ = 498 nm in GaN) was achieved. Electroluminescence measurements of the micro-cavity device show a narrowed spectral width compared to the un-thinned device, and angularly resolved spectral measurements yielded a spectral shift, evincive of micro-cavity effects.
Using Global Positioning System Data to Understand Variations in Path Choice

A comprehensive set of Global Positioning System (GPS) vehicle location data from Lexington, Kentucky, households was analyzed to determine if such data can be helpful in improving path choice assumptions in traffic assignment models. The portion of the data used consisted primarily of a reconstruction of the street network and the lists of street segments in each path. Analysis was based on matches of trips (e.g., pairs of trips with similar origins and destinations). Matches were obtained for trips within households and for trips across households. Statistics used to compare trips in matches were a path deviation index and the percentage of identical links. It was found that the path chosen on a trip was quite sensitive to the location of the origin and destination and that the chosen path most often differed considerably from the shortest time path across the network. Paths for trips made by the same driver were very consistent over time; paths by different drivers showed more deviations even when the trip ends were the same or very similar. As a result of this research, recommendations are made as to how GPS data on path choice can be better collected in the future for improvement of traffic assignment models.
The use of locally dense basis sets in correlated NMR chemical shielding calculations

Abstract Locally dense basis sets employ large sets of functions on a particular atom or small molecular region, and smaller or attenuated sets elsewhere. This approach has been shown to be very useful in calculating NMR chemical shieldings at the Hartree-Fock level on systems otherwise computationally expensive. In the present work it is shown that such mixed basis sets can also be successfully employed at the second order many-body perturbation theory level (MBPT[2], or MP2). Shielding calculations have been carried out on a variety of carbon-, nitrogen-, oxygen-, and phosphorus-containing molecules and the locally dense shielding results analyzed at Hartree-Fock and MP2 levels, and with our recently introduced estimated infinite order Moller-Plesset (EMPI) approach.
Thermal Modeling for Finish Hard Turning Using a New Tool

This study develops an analytical thermal model for temperature predictions in finish hard turning by a new tool. Tool life in finish hard turning is limited by part surface quality, e.g., white layer formations (microstructural alterations). Thermal damage due to temperature rise at machined surfaces is the primary source of such surface degradation. Thus, a thermal model capable of machined surface temperature predictions will enable part surface damage assessment as well as thermal management strategy for process optimization. A mechanistic model that accounts for nonuniform uncut chip thickness across the cutting edge is employed to estimate three-component machining forces. Machining forces and cutting characteristics, i.e., shear angle and chip-tool contact, approximate the heat intensity and geometry of shear plane and rake face heat sources. Due to tool nose radius, the two heat sources are three dimensional in nature and are further discretized into small segments, each treated as an individual rectangular heat source. Individual small heat-source segments are then used to study temperature rise in machining, using modified moving oblique heat source (shear plane) and modified moving and stationary heat sources (rake face) developed by Komanduri and Hou [1,2]. Temperature rise due to all small heat-source segments is superimposed, with proper coordinate transformation, to obtain final temperature distributions due to overall heat sources. The thermal model can be applied to study machining parameter effects on machining temperatures. It is indicated that maximum machined-surface temperatures are adversely affected by increasing feed rate and cutting speed, but favorably by increasing depth of cut. Tool rake face temperatures increase with cutting speed and feed rate as well. However, rake face temperatures decrease with increased depth of cut at high feed rates, but, reversely at low feed. The model has also been tested to evaluate white layer formations in finish hard turning. Tool nose radius effects have been analyzed and the results show that the smaller the tool nose radius, the deeper the white layer under identical machining conditions. Experimental results show good agreement with analytical predictions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A large scale rooming‐in program in a developing country: The Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital Experience

This paper describes the successful expansion of a pilot rooming-in project to rooming-in for all mothers, whether they gave birth vaginally or by cesarean section. Babies in Intensive Care are also given breast milk as much as possible. This policy has resulted in reduced bleeding and hospital stays, and decreased costs, among other things. Objective indicators for different aspects of the program are currently being assessed. Four reasons are given for success: strong political will; persistent administrative determination; trained personnel; and an informed public.
Mechanical tissue optical clearing devices: evaluation of enhanced light penetration in skin using optical coherence tomography

We report results of a study to evaluate effectiveness of a mechanical tissue optical clearing device (TOCD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT). The TOCD uses a pin array and vacuum pressure source to compress localized regions of the skin surface. OCT images (850 and 1310 nm) of in vivo human skin indicate application of the TOCD provides an up to threefold increased light penetration depth at spatial positions correlated with pin indentations. Increased contrast of the epidermal-dermal junction in OCT images spatially correlates with indented zones. OCT M-scans recorded while applying the TOCD indicate optical penetration depth monotonically increased, with most improvement at early times (5 to 10 s) of TOCD vacuum application. OCT M-scans of ex vivo porcine skin compressed using the TOCD suggest average group refractive index of the tissue increased, corresponding to a decrease in water concentration. Results of our study indicate that mechanical optical clearing of skin may provide an effective and efficient means to deliver increased light fluence to dermal and subdermal regions.
Future Trends of Software Technology and Applications Model-Based Development

The productivity and dependability challenges we face in software engineering remain significant. Software has become the pacing item and an unexpectedly large expense in the development of many engineered systems. Dealing with this situation will require a radical change in the way we build software, and one candidate to form the basis of that change is model-based development. Model-based development relies on the creation by application experts of models of the required systems and synthesis of the software from the model. This approach brings many benefits but also a surprising number of challenges. Success to date with model-based development has been considerable
Echocardiography of the Mitral Valve

Echocardiography is the primary imaging modality for assessment of the mitral valve (MV). It provides an accurate and non-invasive tool to assess the morphology, geometry and function of the MV apparatus, which form the basis of the mechanisms and classification of MV disease. This review highlights the mechanistic insights into MV dysfunction by echocardiography and the critical role of echocardiography in the quantitative assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis.
DERIVATION OF DELAYS BASED ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

Abstract In a recent paper Michalpoulos and Pisharody (1981) contend that traditional input-output analysis results in substantial overestimation of delays, and they develop an alternate, more laborious, calculation method. This premise is incorrect since input-output analysis is nothing more than a simple accounting method, which by definition gives exact results. It should give results consistent with the more laborious method proposed by those authors.
Electric Machinery: Analysis and Details of the Subject [Book Review]

The third edition of this text on electric machinery has reference-frame theory at its core, the reviewer states, and is recommended for "those with a need for electric machinery modeling and simulation." Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive Systems, Third Edition by Paul Krause, Oleg Wasynczuk, Scott Sudhoff, and Steven Pekarek. Analysis is a word that means a scrutiny, enquiry, explanation, or dissection. Analysis is the perfect word to describe this book. This work gets to the details of modeling electric machines, motors and generators, and drives systems. As stated in the preface, "...reference-frame theory is at the core of this book."
Mental disorders associated with hyperthyroidism

Abstract Hyperthyroidism is not specifically associated with one type of psychosis. Toxic exhaustive reactions and acute delirium are probably the most common mental disturbances complicating thyroid hyperfunction. The content of the psychoses does not differ essentially from that of similar types of psychoses in individuals without hyperthyroidism. When a psychosis occurs in the presence of hyperthyroidism it should not be considered a definite contraindication to surgery. The prognosis of the psychosis probably depends upon the ratio of thyroid toxicity to the underlying mental instability of the patient.
Flat output beam profile from an unstable resonator with a VRM of arbitrary central reflectivity

Unstable optical resonators have been found very useful in applications where large fundamental mode volume and good higher-order mode discrimination are required.
Indirect ultraviolet determination of cyanide with mercury complexes

Abstract Cyanide ion can be determined in the range of 0.50 to 10 parts per million by the decrease in ultraviolet absorption of the mercury complexes HgBr 4 2− , HgCl 4 2− , HgI 4 2− , Hg(SCN) 4 2− , and Hg(SO 3 ) 2 2− . The decrease in absorbance is linear with cyanide concentration. Reaction of cyanide with the complexes is rapid in pH 6.86 and 9.01 buffers and in water. Solutions of the complexes are reasonably stable.
The Mathematics of Pulsatile Flow in Small Vessels: I. Casson Theory.

Abstract Recent experiments in vivo confirm the existence of pulsatile flow in the microcirculation. This paper is primarily a mathematical analysis of a particular model of blood rheology, the Casson fluid, which possesses finite yield stress and shear-dependent viscosity when it is subjected to a periodic pressure gradient in a long rigid tube. The coupled nonlinear implicit equations of motion and constitutive relations are nondimensionalized, and approximate solutions valid for small values of the Womersley frequency parameter are derived. It is shown that the inertial or unsteady terms in the solutions for pressure, flow, and wall shear are negligible for conditions of physiological relevance. Thus, the flow behavior in arterioles and venules can be accurately approximated by the quasi-steady solution.