cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facial Versus Skeletal Landmarks for Anterior-Posterior Diagnosis in Orthognathic Surgery and Orthodontics: Are They the Same?

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate diagnostic agreement in anterior-posterior (AP) categorization of the maxilla and mandible between a skeletal-landmark analysis and a facial-landmark analysis for treatment planning of orthognathic surgery and orthodontics. Materials and Methods This retrospective, consecutive case series of adult patients who presented to the Mayo Clinic orthodontic department compared maxillary and mandibular AP diagnoses. Steiner's analysis of the sella–nasion–A point angle and sella–nasion–B point angle was used for a skeletal-landmark diagnosis. Element II of Andrews' 6 elements of orofacial harmony was used for a facial-landmark diagnosis. Both diagnoses were categorized as either deficient, optimal, or excessive for each jaw. Categorization of the skeletal landmark was determined by normative data, whereas the facial landmark provides a customized categorization unique to each individual. Results Weighted κ statistics were completed to test agreement between the categories determined by the skeletal and facial landmarks. The maxilla showed poor agreement, and the mandible showed slight agreement. Conclusions No agreement was found for AP categorization of the maxilla and mandible between skeletal-landmark and facial-landmark analyses. Most mandibles were diagnosed as retrognathic by the facial landmark, whereas most were diagnosed as optimal by the skeletal landmark. When the 2 landmarks disagreed, the facial landmark defined the optimal position farther anterior. The landmark chosen for diagnosis will impact the optimal jaw position and can affect orthognathic and orthodontic outcomes.
Fill in the Blanks: Imputing Missing Sentences for Larger-Context Neural Machine Translation.

Most neural machine translation systems still translate sentences in isolation. To make further progress, a promising line of research additionally considers the surrounding context in order to provide the model potentially missing source-side information, as well as to maintain a coherent output. One difficulty in training such larger-context (i.e. document-level) machine translation systems is that context may be missing from many parallel examples. To circumvent this issue, two-stage approaches, in which sentence-level translations are post-edited in context, have recently been proposed. In this paper, we instead consider the viability of filling in the missing context. In particular, we consider three distinct approaches to generate the missing context: using random contexts, applying a copy heuristic or generating it with a language model. In particular, the copy heuristic significantly helps with lexical coherence, while using completely random contexts hurts performance on many long-distance linguistic phenomena. We also validate the usefulness of tagged back-translation. In addition to improving BLEU scores as expected, using back-translated data helps larger-context machine translation systems to better capture long-range phenomena.
Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein Function in Yeast

All eukaryotic cells contain a set of cytosolic proteins that act as diffusible carriers for the energy-independent transport of phospholipid monomers between membrane bilayers in vitro (Rueckert and Schmidt, 1990; Wirtz, 1991). These phospholipid transfer proteins (PL-TPs) are classified into three general categories on the basis of their ligand specificity; i.e. which phospholipids (PLs) serve as substrates for these proteins in the cell-free PL-transfer reaction. These categories include the nonspecific PL-TPs, the phosphatidylcholine transfer proteins, and the phosphatidylinositol (PI)/phosphatidylcholine (PC) transfer proteins. Members of the last class of PL-TPs are frequently referred to as the phosphatidylinositol (PI) transfer proteins in recognition of the fact that PI is clearly the preferred ligand of these PI-TPs in vitro. The mechanisms by which PL-TPs catalyze phospholipid transfer in vitro have been the subject of detailed biochemical analysis. Although there has been much discussion about the possible involvement of PL-TPs in various aspects of intracellular trafficking of lipids in cells, very little information has been forthcoming with respect to the question of what precise cellular functions PL-TPs fulfill in vivo. The primary reasons for this lack of progress have been several-fold. First, it is essentially impossible, even with today’s technology, to measure phospholipid transfer in vivo. Thus, one is left with an in vitro assay that sets the general premise from which models for in vivo function have been extrapolated. While this conceptual arrangement is reasonable in cases where one is analyzing authentic enzymatic activities, there has been considerable discussion as to whether PL-TPs truly fit the criteria for consideration as enzymes that catalyze PL transfer in vitro.
Multiaxial deformations of ionic polymer metal composites

Abstract Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are a promising class of soft active materials. Their high compliance, low actuation voltage, and ability to operate in wet environments have motivated two decades of intensive research on IPMC actuators. While we have witnessed several breakthroughs in the technology of IPMCs, from additive manufacturing to IPMC-based robots, our understanding of the physical underpinnings of their actuation remains elusive. There is a paucity of continuum physically-based models to investigate IPMC actuation, where the literature relies on structural models that postulate admissible mechanical deformations from classical beam or plate theories. In this sense, we know little about multiaxial deformations elicited by counterions’ diffusion and electromigration through the ionomer. Here, we demonstrate that macroscopic actuation of IPMCs is accompanied by localized mechanical deformations in the vicinity of the electrodes, caused by osmotic pressure and Maxwell stress. Toward this aim, we put forward a comprehensive nonlinear finite element analysis, conducted in Abaqus™ through a newly developed user element that allows for testing hypotheses on the inner workings of IPMC actuation and exploring complex configurations. Alongside with computational advances, we establish an exact solution for the two-dimensional Saint-Venant problem of plane-strain actuation of an IPMC, based on linear elasticity and nonlinear electrochemistry. Verified against finite element results, the exact solution offers a mathematically-tractable treatment of localized phenomena in the vicinity of the electrodes. Our results unveil a rich dependence of through-the-thickness deformation on the electric double layers that are formed in the vicinity of the electrodes. Due to the asymmetry of the boundary layers in the vicinity of the cathode and the anode, the ionomer deforms asymmetrically with respect to its mid-axis that also experiences an axial stretch. The Poisson ratio of the ionomer is found to have a critical role in shaping the response of the IPMC, from the onset of actuation to its back-relaxation. This study constitutes a first modeling step toward illuminating complex, multiaxial deformations of IPMCs, whose understanding is critical toward the design and manufacturing of high performance IPMC actuators.
Electronic behavior of native oxide films on Ti and TiN during 90-day immersion in electrolytes with different pH levels

This work presents the electronic behavior of Ti and TiN thin films when exposed to electrolytes with pH levels of 2, 7 and 13 for 90 days. Staircase potentio-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were performed on the 100-nm Ti and TiN monolithic films, and Mott–Schottky analysis of these tests was used to determine the films’ semiconductive behavior and changes in the donor/acceptor density. In addition, the flat-band potential of each film’s surface oxide was also characterized. No attempt was made to control oxide formation, and therefore, these tests reflected the native surfaces of these films. While the TiN films exhibited n-type semiconductivity in all electrolytes, the Ti films only showed n-type behavior in the acidic (pH = 2) and neutral (pH = 7) electrolytes. The semiconductivity of the Ti films transitioned to p-type during exposure to the basic electrolyte (pH = 13) after reaching 60 days. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in the donor densities for both Ti and TiN films when immersed in the basic electrolyte relative to the acidic and neutral electrolytes.
15 – Roofing Materials

Publisher Summary The use of polymers as a roofing material is continuously increasing. The function of a roof is to protect the building from environmental factors such as light, wind, rain, snow loads, temperature changes, hail, and storms. Therefore, the material used on a roof must withstand those factors for many years. It discusses that the performance of a material or system depends on the environment and the degrading effects to which it is exposed. Until the early 1990s, methods of measuring the properties and predicting the durability of products were not well known, hence, much of the knowledge about building materials was based on experience from long-time use. In recent years, changes in building practices have produced roofs of unusual design that used unsuitable materials. This led to the development of new rubber and plastic roofing material, which, in turn, led to the development of rubber-and-plastic modified bitumen and bitumen-modified rubbers and plastics.
A New ADI Scheme for Solving Three-Dimensional Parabolic Equations with First-Order Derivatives and Variable Coefficients

An ADI scheme for solving three-dimensional parabolic equations withfirst-order derivatives and variable coefficients has been developed basedon our previous papers and the idea of the modified upwind differencescheme. This ADI scheme is second-order accurate and unconditionallystable. Further, a small parameter can be chosen which makes it suitablefor simulating fast-transient phenomena or for computations on fine spatialmeshes. The method is illustrated with numerical examples.
Sarcolipin haploinsufficiency prevents dystrophic cardiomyopathy in mdx mice

Sarcolipin (SLN) is an inhibitor of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and expressed at high levels in the ventricles of animal models for and patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The goal of this study was to determine whether the germline ablation of SLN expression improves cardiac SERCA function and intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) handling and prevents cardiomyopathy in the mdx mouse model of DMD. Wild-type, mdx, SLN-haploinsufficient mdx (mdx:sln+/-), and SLN-deficient mdx (mdx:sln-/-) mice were used for this study. SERCA function and Ca2+i handling were determined by Ca2+ uptake assays and by measuring single-cell Ca2+ transients, respectively. Age-dependent disease progression was determined by histopathological examinations and by echocardiography in 6-, 12-, and 20-mo-old mice. Gene expression changes in the ventricles of mdx:sln+/- mice were determined by RNA-Seq analysis. SERCA function and Ca2+i cycling were improved in the ventricles of mdx:sln+/- mice. Fibrosis and necrosis were significantly decreased, and cardiac function was enhanced in the mdx:sln+/- mice until the study endpoint. The mdx:sln-/- mice also exhibited similar beneficial effects. RNA-Seq analysis identified distinct gene expression changes including the activation of the apelin pathway in the ventricles of mdx:sln+/- mice. Our findings suggest that reducing SLN expression is sufficient to improve cardiac SERCA function and Ca2+i cycling and prevent cardiomyopathy in mdx mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY First, reducing sarcopolin (SLN) expression improves sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake and intracellular Ca2+ handling and prevents cardiomyopathy in mdx mice. Second, reducing SLN expression prevents diastolic dysfunction and improves cardiac contractility in mdx mice Third, reducing SLN expression activates apelin-mediated cardioprotective signaling pathways in mdx heart.
Radiomics and Radiogenomics with Deep Learning in Neuro-oncology.

The clinical utility of predictive and/or prognostic machine learning models using routinely acquired imaging has resulted in a surge of radiomics and radiogenomics research. Using these methods, large numbers of quantitative imaging features can be extracted in a high-throughput manner, with subsequent feature selection strategies used to systematically find a subset with high predictive power toward a specific task (e.g. survival prediction). While these approaches have traditionally relied upon the use of handcrafted imaging features, automatic feature learning via convolutional neural networks has become increasingly common due to the recent success of deep learning based methods in image-related tasks. In this review, we first present an overview of both the traditional and newer deep learning based radiomics methodologies. Further, we highlight some recent applications of these methods to neuro-oncology.
Thermal robustness of biomechanical processes.

ABSTRACT Temperature influences many physiological processes that govern life as a result of the thermal sensitivity of chemical reactions. The repeated evolution of endothermy and widespread behavioral thermoregulation in animals highlight the importance of elevating tissue temperature to increase the rate of chemical processes. Yet, movement performance that is robust to changes in body temperature has been observed in numerous species. This thermally robust performance appears exceptional in light of the well-documented effects of temperature on muscle contractile properties, including shortening velocity, force, power and work. Here, we propose that the thermal robustness of movements in which mechanical processes replace or augment chemical processes is a general feature of any organismal system, spanning kingdoms. The use of recoiling elastic structures to power movement in place of direct muscle shortening is one of the most thoroughly studied mechanical processes; using these studies as a basis, we outline an analytical framework for detecting thermal robustness, relying on the comparison of temperature coefficients (Q10 values) between chemical and mechanical processes. We then highlight other biomechanical systems in which thermally robust performance that arises from mechanical processes may be identified using this framework. Studying diverse movements in the context of temperature will both reveal mechanisms underlying performance and allow the prediction of changes in performance in response to a changing thermal environment, thus deepening our understanding of the thermal ecology of many organisms.
The Art of Building in the Classical World: Analysis of the Dimensions of the Blueprint for Entasis at Didyma

See Chapter 3 and Figures 60, 62. Measured from its central axis, the total radius of the blueprint's shaft ( f - i ) is ca. 1.01 m, with differences of only 1.5 mm between the widths of the top and bottom measurements. The top of the shaft where the arc intersects the chord measures 84.3 cm +/−0.1 cm (this portion of the drawing is not preserved, hence the uncertainty of .8429–8431 m for the restoration). Vertically, the drawing divides into the .3128 m base shown at 1:1 scale, and the 1.1857 m distance to the top of the drawing at d65 shown at 1:16 scale, resulting in a total height of 1.4985 m. The reduced-scale portion above the base measures 1.1232 m up to the level of the intersection of the arc and chord at d61a. At this level, the horizontal line does not conform to the regular intervals of dactyls of 1.85 cm, appearing instead 1.25 cm above d61, which Haselberger suggests may represent 2/3 of a single dactyl. As Haselberger concludes, the drawn shaft's total height to this point is therefore 60 2/3 dactyls, roughly corresponding to the built shaft's height of 60 3/4 feet. The significance of this dimension becomes apparent in relation to the other dimensions within the drawing. As b , its relationship to e as the total height of the drawing from the bottom of the base to d65 is an integral 3:4 ratio: (1.123 m/3) × 4 = 1.4973 m, a negligible difference of −1.2 mm from 1.4985 m as measured in the drawing.
Behavioral Assessment of Social Skills

There has been considerable controversy over the definition of “behavior therapy” (cf. Bellack & Hersen, 1977a, chap. 1). While there is no consensus on precisely what behavior therapy is, there is general agreement that behavioral assessment is a hallmark of the field. Behavior therapists uniformly stress the need for detailed, objective assessment, in which the idiosyncratic behavior pattern of the individual patient (or subject) is systematically and comprehensively analyzed. However, such an assessment is rarely, if ever, achieved. In contrast to the sound methodological basis of much of behavior therapy, a large portion of our assessment methodology has “feet of clay.” With a few notable exceptions (e.g., Goldfried & D’Zurilla, 1969; Patterson, Ray, Shaw, & Cobb, 1969), behavioral assessment strategies have been developed on an ad hoc rather than on an empirical basis. Generally, insufficient attention has been paid to fundamental psychometric requirements (Cone, 1977; Hersen & Bellack, 1977; Jones, 1977). Many assessment procedures are supported more by face validity and consensual agreement than by sound empirical analysis (Bellack, Hersen, & Turner, 1978; Lick & Unger, 1977). In addition, situational factors in the assessment process (such as demand characteristics), and the importance of tailoring an assessment to each individual, typically have received much less attention in practice than they have in the abstract.
The International Union of Psychological Science

(1966). The International Union of Psychological Science. International Journal of Psychology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 65-72.
Wood and Wood Chars

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Whole Wood and its Major Components 3 Wood Chars 4 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Phosphorus dynamics in some coastal plain estuaries

ABSTRACT Data from the literature and from our studies reveal an annual phosphorus cycle in some coastal plain estuaries with maximum concentrations in summer. In the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system phytoplankton biomass seems to be regulated by phosphorus availability in spring but not in summer when inorganic nitrogen availability appears to be a major biomass regulating factor. These conclusions are supported by phytoplankton nitrogen to phosphorus ratios and by alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity which is an indicator of the state of cell inorganic phosphate nutrition. No conclusions can be reached concerning phosphorus regulation of primary productivity during spring from our data because phosphorus monoesters are available in low concentrations to support sustained primary productivity.
Charge current control for LLC resonant converter

This paper proposes a charge current control method for LLC resonant converter where the total charge of the switch current is compared with the control voltage to modulate the switching frequency. Since the proposed control method uses resonant current for only a half switching cycle together with duty cycle balancing circuit, the circuit can be implemented easily with analog circuit. The charge control makes the system single pole system allowing easy compensation design. Since the charge of the switch current is proportional to the average input current over each switching cycle, it also allows constant power limit. The proposed method has been implemented and tested on a 225W LLC resonant converter.
Program Design With Abstract Data Types

Abstract : This paper explores the use of abstract data types as a modularization and structuring technique in the design of programs, particularly larger programs including compilers and operating systems. The concepts of type and type definition are discussed. Some data structuring mechanisms are generalized and several simple examples are presented. The examples increase in complexity and conclude with the design of a directory system, illustrating the power of data types as a design tool.
Culture Preservation, Bacteria, Fungi, Yeast, and Cell Lines

Introduction Culture and Preservation of Bacteria Short-Term Preservation Long-Term Methods Culture and Preservation of Fungi and Yeast Short-Term Preservation Long-Term Methods Culture and Preservation of Cell Cultures Long-Term Preservation Bibliography Keywords: commercial freeze-drying; component freeze-drying; control freeze; dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); freeze-drying; glycerol; lyophilization; manifold freeze-drying; sublimation; ultrafreezing; manifold freeze-drying
Intermolecular zero quantum coherences enable accurate temperature imaging in red bone marrow.

Purpose Red bone marrow metastases are common in breast and prostate cancer patients, but those metastases are currently incurable. Recent developments show that hyperthermia could be a successful treatment for bone metastasis, but thermometry remains difficult or inaccurate in red marrow. Method The technique evaluated in this study measures the evolution frequency of intermolecular zero quantum coherences (iZQCs) between fat and water. The iZQC evolution frequency was mapped linearly to temperature. The temperature accuracy and coherence lifetime of the iZQC method were evaluated against other thermometry methods that are based on localized spectroscopy and multiple gradient echo imaging. Results The temperature coefficient (α) was 9.8 ± 0.7 ppb/°C with the iZQC method and 2 ± 7 ppb/°C with traditional localized spectroscopy. Conclusion Because the accuracy of thermometry is limited by the reproducibility of α between samples, iZQCs provide nearly a 10-fold accuracy improvement in red marrow (0.7 ppb/°C for iZQCs versus 7 ppb/°C for localized spectroscopy.) The iZQC technique in this study will for the first time allow accurate and quantitative thermal imaging of red marrow. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Magn Reson Med 74:63–70, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Better visualization and photodocumentation of zone of inhibition by staining cells and background agar differently.

Better visualization and photodocumentation of zone of inhibition by staining cells and background agar differently
Transcatheter removal of atrial septal stent placed to decompress left atrium with VA ECMO

Left atrial (LA) decompression in infants with thick atrial septum placed on veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be reliably achieved with transcatheter atrial septal (AS) stent placement. However, with myocardial recovery and ECMO decannulation the stent causes a permanent left to right shunt and surgical removal of the AS stent is usually accomplished. Transcatheter removal of AS stent is an attractive option as the advantages of LA decompression would then be coupled with the advantage of avoiding a sternotomy for surgical removal of the stent. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful transcatheter retrieval of AS stent used for LA decompression in a 13-month-old child.
Plotting Gothic: A Paradox

The paradox of the title is that while most historians of medieval architecture agree that a combination of geometric and arithmetic methods was generally used to lay out a medieval church, there has been little consensus on the specifics of the process in relation to the design of any particular edifice. I begin by identifying four premises which underlie the debate. I then ask whether the new technologies — laser scanning and computer assisted design/drafting applications — can help. A case study uses newly generated point cloud data from a laser scan of the choir of Beauvais Cathedral. Finally, the notion of ‘plotting’ introduces essential sociological, anthropological and rhetorical dimensions. In the spirit of Roland Barthes ( Le plaisir du texte ) and Peter Brooks ( Reading for the Plot ), we can understand the urgency with which the architectural historian may seek to unscramble the hidden codes of the building as compulsive ‘reading for the plot’.
Dermal extracellular lipid in birds

A light and electron microscopic study of the skin of domestic chickens, seagulls, and antarctic penguins revealed abundant extracellular dermal lipid and intracellular epidermal lipid. Dermal lipid appeared ultrastructurally as extracellular droplets varying from less than 1 micron to more than 25 microns in diameter. The droplets were often irregularly contoured, sometimes round, and of relatively low electron density. Processes of fibrocytes were often seen in contact with extracellular lipid droplets. Sometimes a portion of such a droplet was missing, and this missing part appeared to have been "digested away" by the cell process. In places where cells or cell processes are in contact with fact droplets, there are sometimes extracellular membranous whorls or fragments which have been associated with the presence of fatty acids. Occasionally (in the comb) free fat particles were seen in intimate contact with extravasated erythrocytes. Fat droplets were seen in the lumen of small dermal blood and lymph vessels. We suggest that the dermal extracellular lipid originates in the adipocyte layer and following hydrolysis the free fatty acids diffuse into the epidermis. Here they become the raw material for forming the abundant neutral lipid contained in many of the epidermal cells of both birds and dolphins. The heretofore unreported presence and apparently normal utilization of abundant extracellular lipid in birds, as well as the presence of relatively large droplets of neutral lipid in dermal vessels, pose questions which require a thorough reappraisal of present concepts of the ways in which fat is distributed and utilized in the body.
Interactions between mecamylamine and alcohol in Long–Evans rats: Flash-evoked potentials, body temperature, behavior, and blood alcohol concentration

Mecamylamine, a noncompetitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, has many potential clinical applications, including treating alcohol dependency. However, little is known about the combined effects of mecamylamine and alcohol on visual system electrophysiology. We examined the separate and combined effects of mecamylamine (4.0mg/kg, ip) and alcohol (2.0 g/kg, ip) on flash-evoked potentials (FEPs) recorded from the visual cortex (VC) and superior colliculus (SC) of chronically implanted adult male Long-Evans rats. On separate days, either saline or mecamylamine was given 10 min prior to either saline or ethanol. FEPs were recorded 15 and 30 min after the second injection. In the VC, alcohol significantly decreased the amplitudes of components P23, N29, N39, P89, N143, and P237, but increased P46. N63 amplitude was not significantly altered. In contrast, mecamylamine increased the amplitude of P23, P46, and N63, but reduced the amplitude of N29 and P237. The combination of mecamylamine and alcohol resulted in amplitudes very similar to alcohol alone for components P23, N29, N63, P89, N143, and P237. However, mecamylamine pretreatment reduced the effects of alcohol on components N39 and P46. In the SC, FEP component amplitudes were generally decreased by alcohol but not significantly altered by mecamylamine. Mecamylamine pretreatment did not significantly alter the effects of alcohol on SC amplitudes. Latencies of nearly all components in both structures were significantly increased by all drug treatments, with the greatest increase produced by the combination treatment. Hypothermia was also produced by all drug treatments, with the greatest hypothermia (2.25 °C) produced by the combination treatment, most likely accounting for much of the drug-induced increase in latencies. All drug treatments reduced movement during FEP testing, but later in an open field alcohol increased ambulation while mecamylamine reduced movement. Separate groups of experimentally naive adult male Holtzman albino and Long-Evans hooded rats were given (ip) either alcohol or mecamylamine plus alcohol. Tail vein samples were taken 30 min later. For both rat strains, blood alcohol concentration in the mecamylamine pretreatment group was significantly less at this time interval by about 50-60 mg/dL, suggesting a mechanism whereby mecamylamine can mitigate some of the acute effects of alcohol (e.g., on VC components N39 and P46).
Investigation of natural convection heat transfer from uniformly heated (isoflux), thin, stationary circular disks at arbitrary angles of inclination

Experimental data are presented for the convective heat transfer from thermistors of circular disk geometry and with an imposed heat flux. Some studies have been done for isothermal disks but not for the imposed heat flux case which is more practical for many applications including electronic component cooling. The use of self-heated thermistors to indirectly measure convective heat transfer coefficients is unique and quite different from the classical method of mounting multiple heat patches and several temperature sensors on the surface of a heat transfer model. From this experimental data, a dimensionless correlation is obtained for this important geometry at any arbitrary angle of inclination for several orders of magnitude of the modified Rayleigh number.
White Racial Identity: Science, Faith, and Pseudoscience

J. E. Helms's (1995b) White racial identity theory is said to resemble a pseudoscience in certain respects because its empirical support is based on the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (J. E. Helms & R. T. Carter, 1990) in spite of consistent evidence that the instrument does not measure the constructs that the theory proposes. J. E. Helms's (1995b) la teoria racial blanca de la identidad se dice para asemejarse a un seudociencia en ciertos respeto porque su apoyo empirico se basa en la Escala Racial Blanca de la Actitud de la Identidad (J. E. Helms & R. T. Carter, 1990) a pesar de la constante evidencia que el instrumento no mide el constructo que la teoria propone.
ALL-EQUITY FIRMS AND THE BALANCING THEORY OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE

Despite the benefits of leverage, many firms exist that at some point in their corporate history had no debt. This study provides evidence that the balancing theory of capital structure can predict the behavior of such firms. All-equity firms allow a more precise measurement of firm market value and risk, and provide a less ambiguous relationship between independent variables and dependent variables than the firms used in previous studies. Using a logit function to avoid spurious correlation between the dependent and independent variables, we find that for most years during 1964–88 all-equity firms listed in the Compustat industrial file exhibited a consistently significant negative relationship between the Myers growth option variable and the probability of borrowing. Positively significant but less consistent relationships exist between the risk measures and the nondebt tax shields, and the probability of borrowing. These results do not qualitatively change when the data are aggregated over twenty years or over five-year subperiods. The tests are also conducted by industry according to the one-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code. Significant relationships are found in the 2000 and 3000 SIC code manufacturing industries.
Functional antigen binding by the defective B cells of CBA/N x C3H/HeN F1 male mice.

Summary CBA/N mice have an X-linked B cell defect which prevents them from responding to non-mitogenic thymic independent (TI-II) antigens such as dinitrophenylated (DNP-AGG) Ficoll. The F1 male progeny of CBA/N female mice express the same defect. Spleen cell suspensions from such defective mice (CBA/N X C3H/HeN F1 males) could not respond to DNP-AGG-Ficoll following in vitro immunization and subsequent transfer into irradiated, syngeneic, F1 male recipients as expected. In contrast, normal CBA/N X C3H/HeN F1 female spleen cells could respond and effect a ‘rescue'; they mounted strong plaque-foriming cell 7 days after in vitro exposure to DNP-AGG-Ficoll and subsequent transfer into irradiated F1 male recipients. Defective F1 male spleen cells could bind significant quantities of DNP-AGG-Ficoll, however, after, in vitro exposure. Extensive washing of these spleen cells could not reverse this binding. Such DNP-AGG-Ficoll-exposed and washed F1 male spleen cells could, after transfer, aid normal untreated F1 female cells in their rescue function. The defective F1 male spleen cells could convey immunogenic quantities of DNP-AGG-Ficoll to the ‘rescuing’ F1 female cells. Mitomycin treatment of F1 male cells did not interfere with their conveyor function. Goat anti-mouse μ serum impeded the passive antigen conveyor function of defective F1 male cells as did prior exposure to high concentrations of free DNP-AGG hapten. Our data support the view that the B cell defect of CBA/N X C3H/HeN F1 male mice does not relate to antigen binding, but rather to an inability to be effectively triggered by certain cell-bound polymeric antigens.
Major Procedural Discrepancies in Soil Extracted Nitrate Levels and Nitrogen Isotopic Values

Preliminary vadose zone nitrate extraction experiments have revealed the extractant (2N KCl) volume affects the determination of nitrate and its nitrogen isotope ratio. In five cores, extractable NO3-N concentrations increased an average of 1.7 times after the soil-to-extractant ratio was increased from 1:1 to 1:10. An increased extractant volume resulted in a large positive shift of stable nitrogen values (δ15N), which averaged +6.2%. An underestimation of available NO3-N for leaching and transport through the vadose zone and a biased source interpretation from the δ15N values probably would occur if a procedure which leads to incomplete extraction of nitrate is used.
Synthesis of 5,9-hexacosadienoic acid phospholipids. 11. Phospholipid studies of marine organisms.

Abstract The synthesis of phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and phosphatidylserines (PS) containing two acyl chains of the naturally occurring sponge fatty acid (5Z,9Z)-5,9- hexacosadienoic acid as well as its hitherto unknown geometrical isomers is described. The PCs were prepared by deacylation of natural lecithins, followed by reacylation with fatty acid anhydrides. The synthesis of mixed-acid PCs is also reported: a diacyl product was converted to the lyso-PC by treatment with phospholipase A2 and subsequent acylation of the secondary hydroxyl group to give the desired mixed-acid PCs. The PEs and the PSs were prepared from the corresponding PCs by enzymatic transphosphatidylation catalyzed by phospholipase D. Structural assignments of the compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy (1H-NMR and MS). Ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry provided molecular ion and significant fragment peaks for PCs and PEs.
Postfire Sediment Deposition in Geographically Restricted Steelhead Habitat

Abstract In November 1993, fire burned the southeast portion of the Malibu Creek watershed, Los Angeles County, California. There was concern that sediment produced during the first postfire wet season would degrade pool habitat, thereby adversely affecting the population of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss confined to the 4.8-km reach between Rindge Dam and the Pacific Ocean. We tested the null hypothesis that first-year postfire sediment deposition had no effect on pool channel characteristics (depth, area, shape, and surficial sediment particle types) by monitoring pools after the fire but before and after the first postfire wet season. We added field observations of channel morphology to extend the results of the pool measurements. Our findings did not support a suggestion that pool habitat would degrade following the first-year wet season because pool-channel characteristics were generally unaffected by postfire sediment deposition. Consequently, no management action was needed to mitigate the effect of...
Sea Otters: Their Role in Structuring Nearshore Communities

A comparison of western Aleutian Islands with and without sea otter populations shows that this species is important in determining littoral and sublittoral community structure. Sea otters control herbivorous invertebrate populations. Removal of sea otters causes increased herbivory and ultimately results in the destruction of macrophyte associations. The observations suggest that sea otter reestablishment indirectly affects island fauna associated with macrophyte primary productivity.
Urinary purines and pyrimidines in normal and leukemic subjects

Abstract Methods of separation, identification, and quantitation of urinary pyrimidines and purines have been described. The presence in human urine of cytidine, 2′-O-methylcytidine, 3-methylcytosine, adenosine, 1-methyladenine, N 6 -methyladenine, 1-methyladenosine, N 6 -methyladenosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methylinosine and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside are reported for the first time. The possible significance of the methylated compounds is discussed with particular emphasis on the 1-methyl and N 6 -methyl derivatives of adenosine.
New developments in CCD imaging devices for low-level confocal light imaging

Charge coupled devices (CCD) have several advantages over tube camera imaging devices. These advantages include: geometric stability, high dynamic range (12, 14, or 16 bits) and photometric linearity. In order to achieve low-readout noise the readout is usually limited to 50 kpixels per second. The readout time is several times longer than video rates; the slow readout at less than video rates is the major disadvantage. A new CCD imager has been coupled to a Nipkow disk, confocal light microscope and its performance is evaluated using both reflected light and low-light-level fluorescence imaging. The CCD imager is a TK515, silicon CCD which is sensitiveequalsve from the UV to the near-IR. The sensor is a full frame area imager, with CCDs fabricated using a buried channel, three-level polysilicon gate process with very high charge-transfer efficiency (>0.9999) and low dark current. Low noise on-chip amplifiers provide and interface to external preamplifiers with readout noise typically 80% at 400 nm and >90% at 600 nm. To determine its performance the Tektronix CCD was mounted in a Photometrics liquid cooled camera, attached to a Technical Instruments K2Bio confocal microscope.
JNK Activity in Somatic Stem Cells Causes Loss of Tissue Homeostasis in the Aging Drosophila Gut

Metazoans employ cytoprotective and regenerative strategies to maintain tissue homeostasis. Understanding the coordination of these strategies is critical to developing accurate models for aging and associated diseases. Here we show that cytoprotective Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling influences regeneration in the Drosophila gut by directing proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Interestingly, this function of JNK contributes to the loss of tissue homeostasis in old and stressed intestines by promoting the accumulation of misdifferentiated ISC daughter cells. Ectopic Delta/Notch signaling in these cells causes their abnormal differentiation but also limits JNK-induced proliferation. Protective JNK signaling and control of cell proliferation and differentiation by Delta/Notch signaling thus have to be carefully balanced to ensure tissue homeostasis. Our findings suggest that this balance is lost in old animals, increasing the potential for neoplastic transformation.
Renal transplant complications

Clinical monitoring and appropriate imaging have played an important role to ensure a successful outcome for renal transplant patients. A variety of imaging options now exist, and they are routinely used in these patients. Ultrasound is the most frequent first-line imaging method in the post-operative period and for long-term follow-up. For specific indications, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and nuclear medicine examinations are often helpful. This article will review the imaging findings of the most commonly encountered complications of renal transplantation.
The Human Placenta Remodels the Uterus by Using a Combination of Molecules That Govern Vasculogenesis or Leukocyte Extravasation

After fertilization, the next major hurdle for human reproduction is trophoblast differentiation, which is required for implantation, followed in lockstep by rapid assembly of these embryonic cells into a functional placenta. During this process, cytotrophoblast stem cells invade the uterus, anchoring the conceptus to the mother and establishing blood flow to the placenta. Cytotrophoblast invasion is actually a differentiation process that yields cells with many unusual attributes, that is, their tumor-like ability to invade the uterus and engraft maternal blood vessels. We discovered that once cytotrophoblasts commit to invasion they turn on expression of adhesion receptors characteristic of endothelium. They also begin to express and activate matrix metalloproteinase-9. Together, these phenotypic changes facilitate invasion while enabling cytotrophoblasts to present an endothelium-like surface to maternal blood. Currently, we are trying to understand the factors that play a role in cytotrophoblast differentiation/invasion. In keeping with the vascular characteristics that differentiated cytotrophoblasts assume, our recent data suggest that the key regulators include an unusual subset of vascular endothelial growth factor family members that play important roles in conventional vasculogenesis/angiogenesis. Surprisingly, we also discovered that these cells express functional l-selectin, which mediates neutrophil rolling and tethering, under shear stress, on inflamed endothelium. Trophoblast l-selectin likely interacts with carbohydrate selectin ligands that are upregulated on uterine glandular epithelium during the window of receptivity. Together, these data suggest that differentiating cytotrophoblasts have co-opted portions not only of vasculogenesis, but also of the process that facilitates leukocyte emigration from the blood into tissues, additional evidence of these cells' amazing plasticity.
Research and development of H− ion sources

Abstract Multicusp plasma generators have been used to produce H − beams. Two distinct types of H − source — surface conversion type and volume production type — have been developed. Experimental results demonstrate that H − current exceeding 1 A can be obtained from both types of sources. Because of the lower H − ion temperature and the fact that they can be operated without cesium, volume H − sources are preferable. Most recently, it has been found that the H − output of a volume source can be greatly enhanced if a small amount of cesium is added to the hydrogen discharge.
Increased Expression of CD23 (Fcε Receptor II) by Peripheral Blood Monocytes of AIDS Patients

Monocytes expressing the Fce receptor II (CD23) play important roles in inflammatory and allergic immune responses. We found that peripheral blood monocytes of AIDS patients express increased levels of CD23, compared with monocytes of healthy HIV-1-seronegative individuals (controls) (p < 0.05). We compared expression of monocyte CD23 with expression of monocyte Fcγ receptors (CD16, CD32, CD64), plasma/serum levels of IgE (also IgM, IgG, IgA), and Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines. We found that monocyte CD23 expression directly correlated with monocyte CD16 expression (p < 0.01, R = 0.58), which was also increased in AIDS patients; there was no correlation with CD32 or CD64 or with soluble factors in plasma/serum (i.e., IgE, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ). Interestingly, despite the known ability of IL-10 to downregulate monocyte CD23 expression, plasma IL-10 levels were increased in these AIDS patients compared with controls (p < 0.05). We thus evaluated the effect of AIDS and control plasma or rhIL-...
Electrohydrostatically driven flow and instability in a vertical hele-shaw cell.

The electrohydrostatic capillary-driven flow of a viscous poorly conducting Newtonian fluid rising between conducting parallel plates is studied both theoretically and experimentally. By scaling the problem with a pressure and time derived by considering Maxwell stresses along the interface, it is determined that the dimensionless parameters governing the flow are the hydrostatic bond (Bo(H)), electrostatic bond (Bo(E)) and electrostatic Reynolds (Re(E)) numbers. A lubrication theory analysis, in the limit Re(E) --> 0, of the momentum balance leads to an analytical solution for the elapsed time versus interface position that is analogous to one derived by Washburn (1921) for the capillary pressure-driven flow of a fluid in cylindrical capillaries (Washburn, E. W. Phys. Rev. 1921, 17 (3), 273-283). Experiments are performed using silicone and castor oil at gap spacing less than the capillary length for two ranges of electrostatic Reynolds numbers 0.001 1), a convective instability is observed in plots of the interface position as a function of time. The propagating front also reveals an interfacial instability for large electrostatic Reynolds numbers coupled with large fluid displacements. The theory and experiments for the static rise height show good agreement with theory while the flow dynamics show good qualitative agreement in the applicable limits at low electrostatic Reynolds numbers.
Analysis of results in early versus late midface fracture repair.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the complication rate in relation to the timing of surgical repair of midface fractures.Study Design and SubjectsRetrospective chart review at a level 1 trauma center.ResultsThirty-four patients were evaluated. Overall complication rate was 23.5% with no significant difference between the early repair (21.1%) and late repair (26.7%) groups. The scope of facial fracture repair was similar between the two groups as measured by the number of screws used and through an injury quantifying system. The only variable that tended toward significance was intraoperative blood loss, which was greater in the early repair group (P = 0.06).ConclusionsThere is no clear consensus with respect to timing of midface trauma repair. Early repair may result in greater blood loss. Further study is needed to help establish a more precise recommendation for the timing of midface trauma repair.
Source-receptor study of volatile organic compounds and particulate matter in the Kanawha Valley, WV—II. Analysis of factors contributing to VOC and particle exposures

Abstract The Kanawha Valley region of West Virginia includes a deep river valley with a large population living in close proximity to many potential sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The valley runs approximately 100 km from Alloy to Nitro and is between 100 and 200 m deep. Nearly 250,000 people live in this section of the valley, which includes the state capital of Charleston. Many large chemical manufacturing, transportation, and storage facilities are also located within the valley's walls. The topography, population density, and locations of sources dictate the possibility of high population exposures. To investigate exposures to VOCs emitted by the local industry, simultaneous measurements of 19 VOCs, particle pH, particle elemental composition, inorganic gases, and meteorological parameters were collected over an entire year. With the use of a mobile van, sampling was performed in the valley at three sites. Samples were collected for 15 days per month for 4 months at each site. Both unvariate and multivariate analyses were performed in an effort to resolve source contributions. Results of factor analyses suggest auto-related, transported aerosol, chlorinated organic sources as well as site-specific sources and a single incident source—a forest fire. The techniques employed suggest that inclusion of VOC measurements increase the ability of such studies to identify pollutant sources.