cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deep-water depositional systems supplied by shelf-incising submarine canyons: Recognition and significance in the geologic record

Abstract It is well established that sedimentary margins grow by sediments bypassing through shelf- and slope-incising canyons onto the basin floor and by sediments being deposited incrementally across clinoforming and prograding margins. However, we argue that these two distinctive types of deep-water sediment supply to the basin floor and to the margin are generally not operating at the same time and should not be seen as integral parts of a single model. When shelf-incising canyons were actively bypassing sediments across the margin, the margin itself was not prograding, and vice versa. We present stratigraphic data for some 111 global examples of shelf- and slope-incising canyons and their linked basin-floor sediments, and we provide criteria to distinguish them from prograding margins fed by shelf-edge deltas and their linked slope channels and toe-of-slope fans. The defining character of the canyon feeding system is basin-floor sediment aggradation and the onlapping of this stratigraphy against an eroded basin margin. For many of our examples this onlap persists for millions to tens of millions of years and is especially prolonged in periods of persistent high eustatic sea level. This is in clear contrast to the downlapping stratigraphy that dominates during intervals of high sediment supply from the shelf, and active margin accretion. Some 60% of the ancient canyon/basin-floor fan systems are inferred to have been sourced by canyons tapping longshore drift in littoral cells; they are inferred because with canyon capture, tapped littoral cells are generally depleted and not preserved. In other cases, shelf-incising canyons tapped documented deltas on the inner or middle shelf, but in some other cases, a deltaic or riverine source was inferred. Canyon cutting and initial sediment bypass through the canyons are chiefly associated with initially ‘out-of-grade’ margins—for example, where a carbonate margin has foundered and oversteepened or where large-scale collapse of aggradational and oversteepened clastic shelf edges occurred. Canyon feeding onto the basin floor is linked with runout of basin-floor fans to the basin center, in contrast to direct-fed prograding margins, where sediment is continuously partitioned onto and across the entire shelf-edge, slope, and toe-of-slope areas.
MarkIt: A Collaborative Artificial Intelligence Annotation Platform Leveraging Blockchain For Medical Imaging Research

Current research on medical image processing relies heavily on the amount and quality of input data. Specifically, supervised machine learning methods require well-annotated datasets. A lack of annotation tools limits the potential to achieve high-volume processing and scaled systems with a proper reward mechanism. We developed MarkIt, a web-based tool, for collaborative annotation of medical imaging data with artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies. Our platform handles both Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) and non-DICOM images, and allows users to annotate them for classification and object detection tasks in an efficient manner. MarkIt can accelerate the annotation process and keep track of user activities to calculate a fair reward. A proof-of-concept experiment was conducted with three fellowship-trained radiologists, each of whom annotated 1,000 chest X-ray studies for multi-label classification. We calculated the inter-rater agreement and estimated the value of the dataset to distribute the reward for annotators using a crypto currency. We hypothesize that MarkIt allows the typically arduous annotation task to become more efficient. In addition, MarkIt can serve as a platform to evaluate the value of data and trade the annotation results in a more scalable manner in the future. The platform is publicly available for testing on https://markit.mgh.harvard.edu.
Validation of a building energy model of a hydroponic container farm and its application in urban design

Abstract Plant factories have developed within urban contexts following efforts to expand local food production, create local jobs, and provide alternatives to conventional agriculture with lower greenhouse gas emissions. One plant factory system, container farms, consists of artificially lit, vertically stacked hydroponic farms inside retrofitted shipping containers and support crop production in otherwise unused locations regardless of climate and daylight availability. Given their high energy intensity, municipalities considering container farms require reliable models to study their overall environmental performance and feasibility. While previous studies have used co-simulators to consider plant-air interactions within building performance simulation (BPS) tools, energy validation studies are lacking for such models. This research presents the validation of an EnergyPlus model of a hydroponic container farm in Boston, Massachusetts based on nine months of measured data. Despite shortcomings in predicting of hourly conditioning energy, the resulting calibrated energy model achieves a Normalized Mean Bias Error of 3% and a Coefficient of Variation of the Root-Mean-Square Error of 11%. Results show that through representing plant-air interactions within EnergyPlus and modeling cooling coefficient of performance as a function of outdoor air temperature, stakeholders can reliably predict annual container farm energy use.
Predictors of Kidney Disease in Diabetic, Hypertensive Patients

The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance that contribute to the development of overt type 2 diabetes mellitus also contribute to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension that are related to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The hyperinsulinemic state is associated with inappropriate activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system that leads to sodium and extracellular fluid expansion as well as increased tissue inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, mounting evidence in recent years supports that insulin resistance is independently associated with proteinuria and the development of CKD. Elevations in circulating insulin and impairments in insulin-dependent metabolic signaling pathways are associated with upregulation of angiotensinogen expression contributing to the maladaptive effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone on the kidneys. Thereby, aggressive management of risk factors, using both pharmacologic and non-pharmacological strategies, is essential to diminish loss of kidney function. Thereby we will review the mechanisms leading to kidney disease in insulin-resistant individuals.
Consumer perceptions and knowledge of genetically modified organisms in Belgium: a case study of the potato event

It is widely known that Europeans have the strongest resistance to genetically modified organisms (GMO). Despite biotechnology advancements in the United States and other countries, European Union (EU) policymakers continue to argue over market-driven GMO regulations. Because humans depend on agriculture for survival, they tend to be concerned with the fundamental risk of combining agricultural production and scientific/technological advancements. In 2011, scientists at a large research institution in Belgium planted a field trial of GM potatoes (during this time GM foods were not in the market). On May 29, an activist group arrived at the field and uprooted the potatoes. The event resulted in scientific damage, media coverage, a court trial for defacing government property, and mixed perceptions among the public. This study examined the perceptions, knowledge, and awareness of GMOs among a purposive sample of Belgian public to determine the need for various educational programs concerning GMOs. Ten emergent themes occurred: 1) variation in GMO definitions; 2) concerns about potential economic risks; 3) concerns about potential environmental risks; 4) media influence; 5) government involvement; 6) public perceptions/opinions; 7) potato event impact; 8) perception of medical biotechnology; 9) awareness of GM food; and 10) concerns about potential health risks. All respondents recognized that a GMO was genetically engineered for a specific purpose such as higher yield, lower costs, and less negative environmental impact. Many respondents noted the main reason behind the activist actions was fear of monopolistic corporations. Respondents were more concerned with economic effects of GMOs than environmental or health risks. Respondents also expressed the need for more scientific
Snow or Straw—We Ski!

(1940). Snow or Straw—We Ski! The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 27-53.
FORMATION OF MONOTHETIC GROUPS IN QUANTITATIVE BACTERIAL TAXONOMY

Lockhart, W. R. (Department of Bacteriology, Iowa State University, Ames) and P. A. Hartman. Formation of monothetic groups in quantitative bacterial taxonomy. J. Bacteriol. 85:68–77. 1963.—Previous applications of quantitative methods to bacterial classification have resulted in polythetic groupings in which no organism necessarily has all the features characteristic of its group, and no single property is necessarily possessed by every member of a group. Such classifications are not altogether analogous to present taxonomies, and (since the possible groups are not mutually exclusive) hence cannot be evaluated completely by computer methods. A technique is presented for formation of hierarchical monothetic groups in which the criterion for addition of each new member is the possession of an array of properties common to all organisms already in the group. These monothetic relationships among individuals are expressed in terms of cumulative difference, which is linearly related to the taxonomic distance (a function of similarity ratio) of polythetic classifications. Monothetic groupings obtained for 50 representative microorganisms were essentially similar to the polythetic groups evaluated by earlier methods. The necessary computation is suitable for analyzing relationships among large numbers of organisms.
Cultivating and Challenging the Common: Lockean Property, Indigenous Traditionalisms, and the Problem of Exclusion

The article takes up and challenges the Lockean conception of common sense and common right to property in two ways: first, through a critical investigation of Locke's historical connection to colonialism, and second, by turning to contemporary indigenous conceptions of common sense. Locke's practical experiences in the founding of Carolina, I argue, serve not simply to explain the problematical colonial impulses of the Second Treatise, but indeed to help undo the credibility of that text's ideological claim to acquire and assimilate. Next, I turn from an internal historicized critique of the Second Treatise to a contemporary external challenge, examining current indigenous perspectives de-legitimized by the Second Treatise. I contend that traditionalized conceptions of indigenous knowledge and understanding provide a strategic revitalization of common sense in ways that re-define and re-characterize the word's roots not only in the common but also in the senses themselves. The article concludes by questioning whether these revitalized ‘traditionalisms’ — as much as they challenge exclusionary Lockean conceptions of the ‘common’ and common sense — also carry the risk of denying aspects of indigenous modernity and excluding alternative indigenous conceptions of land and resource use.
Datalog Queries of Set Constraint Databases

Extension of the relational database model to represent complex data has been a focus of much research in recent years. At the same time, an alternative extension of the relational database model has proposed using constraint databases that finitely describe infinite relations. This paper attempts to combine these two divergent approaches. In particular a query language called Datalog with set order constraints, or Datalog⊂P(Z), is proposed. This language can express many natural problems with sets, including reasoning about inheritance hierarchies. Datalog⊂P(Z) queries over set constraint databases are shown to be evaluable bottom-up in closed form and to have DEXPTIME-complete data complexity.
Electronic Journal Publishing Seven Years On: Is the Revolution Over or Just Beginning?

The revolution that began with the first journals delivered via the Web in 1995 is now seven years old. Drawing on the experience at the University of Chicago Press in working with the American Astronomical Society, this paper examines technological developments in all aspects of the publishing process from author to reader looking at what has changed and what has not changed in last decade. It concludes by speculating as to whether this publishing revolution is over or just beginning.
The Analog of t’Hooft Pions with Adjoint Fermions

In this paper we discuss and solve a class of 1 + 1 dimensional matrix field theories in the light-cone Hamiltonian approach that are obtained from a dimensional reduction of 3 +1 dimensional Yang-Mills theory. Recently a similar procedure has been used to formulate a conjectured for M theory [1].
Neoadjuvant therapy for localized prostate cancer: Examining mechanism of action and efficacy within the tumor.

Objectives Efforts to improve the clinical outcome for patients with localized high-risk prostate cancer have led to the development of neoadjuvant systemic therapies. We review the different modalities of neoadjuvant therapies for localized prostate cancer and highlight emerging treatment approaches including immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
A Piezoelectric PZT Ceramic Multilayer Stack for Energy Harvesting Under Dynamic Forces

In this paper, we report the study of a “33” longitudinal mode, piezoelectric PZT ceramic multilayer stack (PZT-Stack) with high effective piezoelectric coefficient for broader bandwidth high-performance piezoelectric energy harvesting transducers (PEHTs). The PZT-Stack is composed of 300 layers of 0.1 mm thick PZT plates, with overall dimensions of 32.4 mm × 7.0 mm × 7.0 mm. Experiments were carried out with dynamic forces in a broad bandwidth ranging from 0.5 Hz to 25 kHz. The measured results show that the effective piezoelectric coefficients (EPC, deff ) of the PZT-stack is about 1 × 105 pC/N at off-resonance frequencies and 1.39 × 106 pC/N at resonance, which is order of magnitude larger than that of traditional PEHTs. The EPC do not change significantly with applied dynamic forces having root mean square (RMS) values ranging from 1 N to 40 N. In resonance mode, 231 mW of electrical power was harvested at 2,479 Hz with a dynamic force of 11.6 Nrms , and 7.6 mW of electrical power was generated at a frequency of 2,114 Hz with 1 Nrms dynamic force. In off-resonance mode, an electrical power of 18.7 mW was obtained at 680 Hz with a 40 Nrms dynamic force. A theoretical model of energy harvesting for the PZT-Stack was established. The modeled results matched well with experimental measurements. This study demonstrated that structures with high EPC enable PEHTs to harvest more electrical energy from mechanical vibrations or motions, suggesting an effective design for high-performance low-profile PEHTs with potential applications in military, aerospace, and portable electronics. In addition, this study provides a route for using piezoelectric multilayer stacks for active or semi-active adaptive control to damp, harvest or transform unwanted vibrations into useful electrical energy.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Relationship between Molecular and Cellular Dissociation Rates for VLA-4/VCAM-1 Interaction in the Absence of Shear Stress

The rate of leukocyte recruitment to and detachment from the vasculature contributes to cellular tethering, rolling, firm adherence, and migration across an endothelium layer. The molecular rates depend on the type and number of bound integrin or selectin adhesion molecules, shear force acting on the bound adhesion molecules, and affinity state of integrins. Although little is known of the effect that the number of adhesion molecules has on leukocyte recruitment, it has been shown that firm adhesion for cells in suspension may be mediated by small numbers of bound adhesion molecules. We studied the disaggregation of aggregates composed of B78H1 cells transfected with human vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and human monoblastoid U937 cells expressing Very Late Antigen-4 (VLA-4). Aggregate disaggregation rates were obtained and compared to dissociation rates for soluble rhVCAM-1 ligand and monoblastoid U937 cells. Under conditions without shear stress, it was found that average cellular disaggregation rates were a factor of 1.3 ± 0.4 times slower than molecular dissociation rates for the 1 mM Mn2+ and 1 mM Mn2+ + 1 mM Ca2+ conditions. A simple mathematical model was used to predict how much smaller the dissociation constant would be if the number of bonds holding an aggregate varied from one bond to N bonds under conditions without shear stress. The average number of adhesion bonds holding the cell aggregates together was found to be 1.5 ± 0.7. This suggests that a few bonds were needed to form cellular aggregates and that increased aggregation was related to integrin affinity changes and not due to clustering or increased bond numbers.
Pharmacy students' attitudes toward death and end-of-life care.

Objectives. To assess pharmacy students' attitudes toward death and end-of-life care. Methods. Third-year pharmacy students enrolled in the Ethics in Christianity and Health Care course were administered a survey instrument prior to introduction of the topic of end-of-life care. Students' attitudes toward different professions' roles in end-of-life care and their comfort in discussing end-of-life issues were assessed. The survey instrument was readministered to the same students at the end of their fourth year. Results. On most survey items, female students responded more favorably toward death and end-of-life care than male students. One exception was the perceived emotional ability to be in the room of a dying patient or loved one. Post-experiential survey responses were generally more favorable toward death and end-of-life care than were pre-discussion responses. Conclusions. In general, when surveyed concerning death and end-of-life care, female students responded more favorably than male students, an...
Current issues in graduate student research

This panel proposal outlines the need, and significance of evaluating formal presentations of an graduate student's current research for the ACM International Student Research Poster Contest.
THE WOMAN WHO MISTOOK HER ART FOR A HAT

Berthe Morisot's Images of Women by Anne Higonnet, Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1992, 311 pp., 12 col. plates, 111 b. & w. illus., £35.95
Chiari malformation and tonsillar ectopia in twin brothers and father with autosomal dominant spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda

We describe twin brothers and father with autosomal dominant spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia (SED) tarda. The proband presented at 17 years with nystagmus and esotropia due to a severe Chiari malformation. A milder, asymptomatic Chiari I malformation was seen in his brother and tonsillar ectopia in his father. Although these malformations have not been described in patients with SED, they are relatively common in other bony abnormalities, particularly those involving the cranio-cervical junction. The concordance of the Chiari malformations or tonsillar ectopia in all three family members with SED suggests that this association is not coincidental. It seems possible that the downward displacement of the cerebellum occurs secondary to primary osseous abnormality, rather than due to a primary disturbance of embryological development. The lack of additional brain malformations in our patients is consistent with this theory.
Inmate Classification as a Transaction

A problem with classification in prisons is that of disjunctures between recommendations based on classification data and the process whereby inmate assignments are made. This problem is aggravated by crowding, which limits differential assignment to extreme cases, such as inmates who have trouble surviving. Forging classification-assignment links presupposes communication among staff who successively deal with each inmate; classification recommendations must also be program-relevant and flexibly updated to take adjustment data into account. Nonclassification staff and inmates must have input into classification decisions. If possible, this input should be collaborative. Information exchange among staff runs into a concern with "confidentiality." Where classifiers protect confidentiality, they risk having recommendations ignored or circumvented. They also run this risk if they view classification as an autonomous process or function.
Orientation Disruption of Male Forest Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), by Air Permeation with Sex Pheromone Components

Disruption of Malacosoma disstria (Hubner) male moth orientation to female-baited traps by chemical permeation of the air in small field plots has been demonstrated: (5Z,7E)-5,7-dodecadienal, (5Z,7Z)-5,7-dodecadienal, and (Z)-7-dodecenal individually were effective. (5E,7E)-5,7-dodecadienal did not disrupt. An isomeric mixture of 5,7-dodecadienals, such as might be the crude product of Wittig-type synthesis, also disrupted effectively.
Identification of P2Y purinoceptors associated with voltage‐activated cation channels in cardiac ventricular myocytes of the rat

Extracellular ATP has vasodilatory and inotropic effects in the heart. We have demonstrated that extracellular ATP, in a concentration-dependent manner (10 nM-0.1 mM), increased [Ca2+]i in suspensions of isolated fura-2-loaded rat cardiac ventricular myocytes (maximum 96 +/- 10% increase over basal levels, SEM, n = 12, P less than 0.01). The increase in [Ca2+]i was often biphasic, with an initial fast phase (less than 1 s) of low amplitude, followed by a slower phase of higher amplitude. A second application of ATP had little effect, and ATP abolished the effect of subsequent electrical stimulations, even through the cells were still able to respond with an increase in [Ca2+]i to KCl-induced depolarization or stimulation by caffeine. Pretreatment of cells with nifedipine, verapamil, caffeine, ryanodine, or 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride attenuated the effect of extracellular ATP on [Ca2+]i, and binding of extracellular free calcium by excess EGTA completely abolished the effects of extracellular ATP and electrical stimulation. Extracellular ATP increased bisoxonol fluorescence in ventricular myocytes, indicating depolarization of the sarcolemma. Pretreatment of the myocytes with tetrodotoxin (50 microM), or replacement of NaCl in the incubation buffer with the impermeant cation N-methyl-D-glucamine, suppressed the extracellular ATP effect on [Ca2+]i. ADP and AMP had smaller effects on [Ca2+]i than ATP; adenosine had no effect. ATP analogues showed the following rank order of potency in increasing [Ca2+]i or bisoxonol fluorescence: ATP greater than or equal to 2-methylthioATP much greater than adenosine 5'-O-[3-thio]triphosphate greater than adenosine 5'-[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate approximately adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate approximately adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imino]triphosphate greater than adenosine. These data are consistent with the presence of purinoceptors (P2Y subtype) on the sarcolemma of cardiac ventricular myocytes of the rat, which upon activation lead to depolarization and activation of cation channels of the sarcolemma and flux of extracellular Ca2+ into the cells. This may result in further flux of Ca2+ into the cytosol from intracellular stores. The effects of extracellular ATP on [Ca2+]i in rat cardiac ventricular myocytes may, in part, explain the direct inotropic effects of extracellular ATP on the mammalian heart.
CXCR4/CCR5 down-modulation and chemotaxis are regulated by the proteasome pathway.

Chemokines and their receptors play a critical role in host immune surveillance and are important mediators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis and inflammatory response. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4, which act as co-receptors along with CD4 for HIV docking and entry, are down-modulated by their respective ligands, MIP-1β/SDF-1α or by the HIV envelope protein, gp120. We have studied the role of the proteasome pathway in the down-regulation of these receptors. Using the yeast and mammalian two-hybrid systems, we observed that the CCR5 receptor is constitutively associated with the ζ subunit of proteasome. Immunoprecipitation studies in CCR5 L1.2 cells revealed that this association was increased with MIP-1β stimulation. The proteasome inhibitors, lactacystin and epoxomicin, attenuated MIP-1β induced CCR5 down-modulation as detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis and confocal microscopy. The proteasome inhibitors also inhibited the SDF-1α and gp120 protein-induced down-modulation of the CXCR4 receptor in Jurkat cells. However, the inhibitors had no significant effect on the gp120-induced internalization of the CD4 receptor. These inhibitors also blocked cognate ligand-mediated chemotaxis but had no effect on SDF-1α-induced p44/42 MAP kinase or MIP-1β-induced p38 kinase activities, thus indicating differential effects of the inhibitors on signaling mediated by these receptors. These results indicate that the CCR5 and CXCR4 receptor down-modulation mechanism and chemotaxis mediated by these receptors are dependent upon proteasome activity.
Terror and Greatness: Ivan and Peter as Russian Myths. By Kevin M. F. Platt. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011. Pp. xi, 294. $45.00.)

This new book, a cultural historiography of Ivan the Terrible and Peter the Great, analyzes a fundamental paradox of Russian history: why have Russia's rulers frequently employed terror to achieve ...
Polyurethane-urea elastomers as working substances in rubber heat engines

The possibility of using synthetic elastomers as working substances in a rubber heat engine was investigated at the laboratory and pilot scale. Two polyurethane–urea elastomers were subjected to expermental heat engine cycles at a variety of strains and temperature differences. It was found that optimum power and thermal efficiency were obtained at small strain perturbations where the elastomers were close to mechanical equilibrium. Crystallization of the rubbery phase during large strain perturbations is a nonequilibrium process which should be avoided. Quasi-ideal rubber behavior is approached in the pilot-scale heat engine which supports these conclusions.
Nucleic acid hybridization in viral diagnosis

Since 1982, numerous studies have been published utilizing a variety of hybridization techniques to detect viral nucleic acid directly in clinical specimens and in tissue sections. However, hybridization techniques are still not widely used in the clinical laboratory. Other recent advances, such as the development of monoclonal antibodies for virus identification and ELISA kits for virus detection, and the introduction of centrifugation cultures for rapid diagnosis, have postponed the clinical application of hybridization techniques. Furthermore, the use of hybridization for diagnosis has been limited by its insensitivity when compared to cell culture, the need for radioisotopes to increase sensitivity, and the difficulties inherent in transferring a basic research tool to the clinical laboratory. Nevertheless, with recently developed amplification techniques and further advances in nonradioactive labelling of probes, it can be expected that nucleic acid hybridization will be an established technique in diagnostic laboratories in the near future.
Response to Letter by Hart

Response: We are grateful to Dr Hart for his comments. The Stroke Council Scientific Statements Oversight Committee (SOC) fully concurs that guidelines are improved by having a variety of perspectives represented on writing panels. Stroke Council Guidelines …
The Continuing Education Customer: Key to Effective Programme Development 1:

Le service clientele ne se reduit pas a un but, a un ideal, et moins encore a un terme du jargon des annees 90. C'est pour l'essentiel une pratique commerciale salutaire. Qu'une entreprise soit a but lucratif ou non, que les biens qu'elle produit soient tangibles ou pas, le service clientele constitue le pivot autour duquel toutes les outres operations doivent s'articuler. C'est la priorite accordee au service clientele qui doit presider a la conception des programmes de formation continue, aussi bien ceux d'aujourd'hui que ceux du XXIe siecle; la place ainsi reconnue a l'usager conditionnera de maniere determinante la survie (et le developpement) de la formation professionnelle continue des bibliothecaires (et donc des bibliotheques) au prochain millenaire.
Thermal Stability of Cathepsin D

The effect of pH and temperature on Cathepsin D stability was examined using a hemoglobin assay following preincubation of the enzyme at various pH and temperature combinations. The results of the study showed that the enzyme retained 87% of its activity at 45°C (pH 3.5) when compared to a control at 37°C (pH 3.5). Further increases in temperature and pH resulted in decreased enzyme activity and approximately 43% remained at 55°C (pH 5.5). The amount of activity remaining at higher temperatures decreased but suggests that the enzyme could contribute to textural changes in meat at temperatures up to 60°C.
Processing Techniques For Infrared Astronomical Surveys

The USAF Satellite Infrared Experiment (SIRE) will offer the opportunity to conduct space-based astronomical measurements. Experiments include formation of star catalogs, the determination of the color temperature of stars and asteroids, and the measurement of extended radiation. In this paper some of the data processing techniques required for these experiments are discussed and evaluated. In particular, tradeoffs in the design of efficient star cataloging algorithms, and a methodology for extracted extended background are discussed. These algorithms are evaluated using simulated data. Performance results for both the cataloging algorithm and the background estimation algorithm are discussed.
Synchronization of coupled stochastic limit cycle oscillators

For a class of coupled limit cycle oscillators, we give a condition on a linear coupling operator that is necessary and sufficient for exponential stability of the synchronous solution. We show that with certain modifications our method of analysis applies to networks with partial, time-dependent, and nonlinear coupling schemes, as well as to ensembles of local systems with nonperiodic attractors. We also study robustness of synchrony to noise. To this end, we analytically estimate the degree of coherence of the network oscillations in the presence of noise. Our estimate of coherence highlights the main ingredients of stochastic stability of the synchronous regime. In particular, it quantifies the contribution of the network topology. The estimate of coherence for the randomly perturbed network can be used as means for analytic inference of degree of stability of the synchronous solution of the unperturbed deterministic network. Furthermore, we show that in large networks, the effects of noise on the dynamics of each oscillator can be effectively controlled by varying the strength of coupling, which provides a powerful mechanism of denoising. This suggests that the organization of oscillators in a coupled network may play an important role in maintaining robust oscillations in random environment. The analysis is complemented with the results of numerical simulations of a neuronal network.
Infusion-related reaction following daptomycin two-minute rapid intravenous administration.

BackgroundErythroderma, or red man's syndrome, is a common infusion-related reaction following vancomycin administration. Erythroderma following daptomycin rapid infusion has not been documented.Ob...
Motion Segmentation at Any Speed

We present an incremental approach to motion segmentation. Feature points are detected and tracked throughout an image sequence, and the features are grouped using a region-growing algorithm with an affine moti on model. The primary parameter used by the algorithm is the amount of evidence that must accumulate before features are grouped. Contrasted with previous work, the algorithm allows for a variable number of image frames to affect the decision process, thus enabling objects to be detected independently of their velocity in the image. Procedures are presented for grouping features, measuring the consistency of the resulting groups, assimilating new feat ures into existing groups, and splitting groups over time. Experimental results on a number of challenging image sequences demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique.
Multi-electrode probe for statistical evaluation of microbiologically influenced corrosion

Abstract Microbial biofilms increase the complexity and spatial variation of the interfacial chemistry occurring at metal surfaces and can facilitate corrosion. A multi-electrode probe was designed to replicate interfacial chemistry by providing multiple interfaces on a single probe. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to examine the electrochemical properties of four-electrode probes containing 430 (USN430000) stainless steel coupons in test solutions. The EIS results obtained with the probe were compared to the ASTM G-106 standard method, and the probe was determined to be accurate. In addition, no interference or crosstalk between electrode channels was observed. In order to demonstrate the utility of the probe, four-electrode probes were used to investigate microbiologically influenced corrosion of C1020 carbon steel. Enrichments of aerobic, fermentative, and sulfate reducing bacteria from a corrosion tubercle were inoculated into the bulk phase of a corrosion cell and formed biofilms on the carbon steel electrodes. A five fold increase in the polarization admittance of carbon steel coupons exposed to biofilms relative to sterile medium was observed. The four-electrode probe provided the necessary degrees of freedom to show the statistically significant differences.
Clinical update on the use of niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia.

Purpose To provide nurse practitioners (NPs) with clinical and practical information about the use of niacin in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Data Sources Research-based and review articles in the medical literature and National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. Conclusions Niacin provides beneficial effects on all major lipid fractions, particularly high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. Niacin also reduces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; lipoprotein (a); and the number of highly atherogenic small, dense LDL particles. Niacin promotes angiographic regression when used in combination with other drugs that lower LDL cholesterol and can reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary heart disease. Several niacin formulations are available, but the safety (i.e., from hepato-toxicity) and tolerability (i.e., severity of flushing) of these niacin formulations may differ. Implications for Practice Niacin therapy is appropriate for many types of lipid abnormalities, including complex dyslipidemias. NPs can take several steps to minimize potential side effects of niacin therapy and to ensure that patients adhere to this important intervention.
Modelling firm heterogeneity with spatial ‘trends’

The hypothesis underlying this article is that firm heterogeneity can be captured by spatial characteristics of the firm (similar to the inclusion of a time trend in time series models). The hypothesis is examined in the context of modelling electric generation by coal powered plants in the presence of firm heterogeneity.
SUBPRIMAL CUTABILITY AND CARCASS VALUE AS AFFECTED BY CATTLE TYPE

Thirty-six steers of Brown Swiss (BrSw), British type U.S. No. 1 “Okie” (Okie), Mexican #1 (Mx #1), and Mexican #2 (Mx #2) types were slaughtered to determine yields and values of closely trimmed (0.6 cm) subprimals. The BrSw steers were heavier (P 0.05) were detected in dressing percentage, maturity, marbling score, and USDA quality and yield grades across cattle types. Percentage carcass bone of Okie steers was lower than the BrSw and Mx #2 steers. However, the yield of total lean cuts, total carcass fat, lean to bone ratio and lean to fat ratio did not differ among groups. Differences in subprimal cut yields resulted in a similar difference in carcass value among biological types. BrSw steers had the highest total value of subprimal cuts, but this advantage disappeared when value was expressed on a live or carcass weight basis.
Non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Effects of Ti I in M Dwarfs and Giants

We present detailed NLTE Ti I calculations in model atmospheres of cool dwarf and giant stars. A fully self-consistent NLTE treatment for a Ti I model atom with 395 levels and 5279 primary bound-bound transitions is included, and we discuss the implication of departures from LTE in this atom for the strengths of Ti I lines and TiO molecular bands in cool star spectra. We show that in the atmospheric parameter range investigated, LTE is a poor approximation to Ti I line formation, as expected from the low collisional rates in cool stars. The secondary effects of Ti I overionization on the TiO number density and the TiO molecular opacities, however, are found to be negligible in the molecular line-forming region for the relatively small parameter range studied in this paper.
50 Years Ago in CORR: Dural and Intradural Compression as a Cause of Clubfoot NJ Giannestras MD CORR 1953;1:28–32 Calcaneovalgus Foot in the Newborn and Its Relationship to Developmental Flatfoot CF Ferciot MD CORR 1953;1:22–27

This month’s issue of CORR highlights the astonishing advancements in the causes and treatment of clubfoot. It is now well recognized that while most cases of clubfoot are considered “idiopathic,” others arise from or are associated with spinal anomalies. This was not always the case although the association with other specific conditions such as cerebral palsy, arthrogryposis, various syndromes—e.g., prune belly, Freeman-Sheldon syndrome, Larsen syndrome—was better recognized given the other obvious abnormalities. Giannestras, in 1953, reported two patients with spinal anomalies associated with clubfoot and stated, “The possibility of intrathecal nerve root compression due to a tumor or a transverse constricting band has not been given much mention in the American literature” [9]. (I was able to find only one earlier paper [13] in the literature in my searches of PubMed and Google Scholar and that paper was in Turkish.) In the two cases Giannestras reported, neither had spontaneous correction of the clubfoot when the spinal cause was removed surgically. Doctors examining patients with clubfoot now well know to search for other causes, although they remain relatively uncommon. The studies of Ruth Wynne-Davies documented the substantially higher risk of occurrence of clubfoot when first and even second degree relatives had clubfoot [14–16]; she proposed a dominant inheritance pattern with either reduced penetrance or multifactorial genetic predisposition. The recent search for causative genes has revealed some interesting associations, but no definitive causes [3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 17]. This is perhaps not unexpected since clubfoot appears to occur in utero: fetal ultrasound studies suggest the deformity likely does not occur before 12 weeks of gestational age [1, 2, 11]. Therefore, there is likely some environmental influence in addition to the genetic. While most patients with clubfoot have equinovarus deformities, a small percentage have other sorts, including calcaneovalgus (so-called, “reverse clubfoot”). Ferciot, in 1953, called attention to this other variety [8], although he thought it not particularly uncommon, finding it in about 14% of 356 newborns. The deformity is typically “positional” and either corrects spontaneously or with early splinting. Kasser stated, “Surgical correction of calcaneovalgus foot is not required” [10]. Ferciot also recognized these patients’ deformities could be corrected by proper splinting, and recommended treatment in the more severe forms. This deformity, however, can be clinically confused with congenital vertical talus, an important distinction given the natural history and treatment of the two entities are different. Many patients with vertical talus eventually undergo surgery, although recently the use of a modified Ponseti method has been used with promising corrections in most patients [5].
Spatial Correlation of Probabilistic Earthquake Ground Motion and Loss

Spatial correlation of annual earthquake ground motions and losses can be used to estimate the variance of annual losses to a portfolio of properties exposed to earthquakes. A direct method is described for the calculation of the spatial correlation of earthquake ground motions and losses. Calculations for the direct method can be carried out using either numerical quadrature or a discrete, matrix-based approach. Numerical results for this method are compared with those calculated from a simple Monte Carlo simulation. Spatial correlation of ground motion and loss is induced by the systematic attenuation of ground motion with distance from the source, by common site conditions, and by the finite length of fault ruptures. Spatial correlation is also strongly dependent on the partitioning of the variability, given an event, into interevent and intraevent components. Intraevent variability reduces the spatial correlation of losses. Interevent variability increases spatial correlation of losses. The higher the spatial correlation, the larger the variance in losses to a portfolio, and the more likely extreme values become. This result underscores the importance of accurately determining the relative magnitudes of intraevent and interevent variability in ground-motion studies, because of the strong impact in estimating earthquake losses to a portfolio. The direct method offers an alternative to simulation for calculating the variance of losses to a portfolio, which may reduce the amount of calculation required.
Continental shelf wave scattering by a semi-infinite coastline; partial removal of the “rigid lid”

Abstract By relaxing the rigid-lid approximation in the ocean, significant improvements are made to the mathematical and physical aspects of a previously presented model. The difficulties associated with |κ| in wavenumber space are eliminated and the velocities remain bounded at the coastal tip. The method of solution has significant changes but the well-known shelf waves are essentially unaltered and the overall conclusions are similar.
Optical microstructure in the thermohaline staircase east of Barbados

Abstract Images of optical microstructure from the ocean thermocline east of Barbados are presented, including examples of turbulence, a shear billow and a diffusively unstable interface. While much of the water column was favorable to salt fingering, particularly the high gradient interfaces in the staircase, the few centimeters wide vertical banding reported in other fingering-favorable parts of the ocean were not observed. Instead, almost horizontal banding appeared wherever conditions were conducive to fingering. The role that vertical shear plays in modifying salt fingers may have to be reconsidered.
Microbial Flora and Storage Quality of Partially Processed Lettuce

Storage of partially processed lettuce resulted in an increase in microbial population, pH, and change in package atmosphere composition (increasing CO2 and decreasing O2). Microbial populations varied in size with variations in processing and packaging. Typical initial log10 counts per g were: bacteria 3.4–5.1, yeasts 2.5–3.2; molds were infrequent. Commercial packaging inhibited bacterial growth and retarded browning. Although Gram-negative bacteria were numerically dominant, a large yeast population was also found. Species in the genera Pseudomonas, Erwinia, and Serratia were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Cryptococcus, Pichia, Torulaspora and Trichosporon spp. were the most common yeasts.
NEW TOOLS TO MEASURE LONG-TERM PAPER STABILITY

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has completed a five-year program of research into the aging of printing and writing papers. From studies at five internationally respected research institutions have come three methods to accelerate paper aging. The methods use elevated temperature, elevated light flux and elevated concentration of the common atmospheric pollutant gas, nitrogen dioxide, to accelerate aging. Because of the careful scientific inquiry involved, the research professionals can provide assurance that the methods are scientifically sound. They generate physical and chemical changes in paper that are essentially the same as those that occur after long-term natural aging. Use of the test methods permits evaluation of the stability of papers to long-term natural aging effects and allows for their classification into stable, moderately stable and unstable categories. The test methods can be used for both new and old papers to assess their stability to future aging.
The reverse logic of multivesicular endosomes

Fifty years after the first description of curious “multivesicular bodies” in micrographs of rat oocytes (Sotelo & Porter, 1959), it might seem odd that the precise mechanistic basis for the formation of these ubiquitous intracellular organelles remains as perplexing as their morphology. The biogenesis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs)—also known as late multivesicular endosomes—represents a subset of the remarkable endosomal transformations that occur in eukaryotic cells. Situated between early peripheral rab5 GTPase‐positive endosomes and the terminal lysosome compartment, MVBs are characterized by the presence of intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) and sometimes also onion‐like whorls of internal membrane (Fig 1). The internal packaging of the limiting membrane to generate ILVs is widely accepted to partition certain transmembrane molecules that were present originally at the cell surface into the MVB lumen. The spatial remodelling isolates receptors from the surrounding cytosol and can terminate signal propagation as a prelude to preparing receptors for destruction by the lysosomal compartment. In fact, stimulation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) increases the number and size of MVBs (White et al , 2006), whereas incapacitating the core MVB biogenesis machinery leads to excessive and prolonged signal propagation (Vaccari & Bilder, 2005). However, before becoming fully committed to ILV production, nascent MVBs sort transmembrane proteins and lipids within emanating tubules to other intracellular destinations, such as the trans ‐Golgi network, recycling endosomes, or back to the plasma membrane (Fig 1). Figure 1. Endocytic sorting structures and pathways. Schematic of the main types of sorting endosome and the trans ‐Golgi network. The arrows indicate the temporal relationship of the different sorting trajectories. ESCRTs, endosomal complexes required for transport; ILV, intralumenal vesicle; LBPA, lysobisphosphatidic acid; MVB, multovesicular body. At the recent EMBO Conference on Endocytic Machineries in Control of Cell Signalling and Tissue Morphogenesis, held in Chania, Crete and organized by Harald Stenmark and Gillian …