cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and regulation of folate uptake by pancreatic acinar cells: effect of chronic alcohol consumption

Folate plays an essential role in one-carbon metabolism, and a relationship exists between methyl group metabolism and pancreatic exocrine function. Little, however, is known about the mechanism(s)...
Game Theoretic Modeling and Evolution of Trust in Autonomous Multi-Hop Networks: Application to Network Security and Privacy

Future applications will require autonomous devices to be interconnected to form a network. Such networks will not have a central manager; each node will manage itself and will be free to decide participation in any network function. As with traditional networks, these networks need to be secured to authenticate the nodes, prevent misuse, detect anomalies and protect user privacy. Network security and privacy protection without a central manager will be challenging. Several security mechanisms and privacy protections will require the cooperation of several nodes to defend the network from malicious attacks. We particularly investigate when for each node it is cost-effective to freely participate in the security mechanism or protect its privacy depending if that node believes or trusts that all other nodes or at least a minimum number of other nodes will do the same. In this case, each node will be involved in a trust dilemma that we will model using the mathematical framework of game theory and evolutionary game theory. The well known stag hunt game will be our basic game model. This paper will clearly present the interconnection between cooperation, trust, privacy and security in a network.
Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Social Structure

The Moving to Opportunity (MTO) housing experiment has proven to be an important intervention not just in the lives of the poor, but in social science theories of neighborhood effects. Competing causal claims have been the subject of considerable disagreement, culminating in the debate between Clampet-Lundquist and Massey and Ludwig et al. in this issue. This article assesses the debate by clarifying analytically distinct questions posed by neighborhood-level theories, reconceptualizing selection bias as a fundamental social process worthy of study in its own right rather than a statistical nuisance, and reconsidering the scientific method of experimentation, and hence causality, in the social world of the city. The author also analyzes MTO and independent survey data from Chicago to examine trajectories of residential attainment. Although MTO provides crucial leverage for estimating neighborhood effects on individuals, as proponents rightly claim, this study demonstrates the implications imposed by a stratified urban structure and how MTO simultaneously provides a new window on the social reproduction of concentrated inequality.
Red blood cell thyroxine in nonthyroid illness and in heparin-treated patients.

Red blood cell T4 concentrations (RBC T4) weremeasured in 15 normal subjects, 13 patients with hypo- or hyperthyroidism, and 10patients with elevated or decreased serum thyroid hormone binding. In each case, RBC T4 was compared with the serum concentration of free T4measured by equilibrium dialysis (FT4D). RBC T4 correlated significantly with FT4D in these subjects (r = 0.90; P 〈 0.001). The normal range for RBC T4 was 0.27–0.83 ng/ml. RBC T4 was below the normal range in all 8 patients with hypothyroidism and above the normal rangein all 5 patients with hyperthyroidism. It was within the normal range inall 4 subjects with absent or low T4- binding globulin (TBG) and in 5 of the 6 subjects with elevated TBG or familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia.The sixth subject (increased TBG) had elevated RBC T4 and FT4D. RBC T4 was similarly measured in 10 patients with severe nonthyroidillness (NTI), 5 of whom had decreased serum concentrations of total T4. RBC T4 was normal in 8 of these patients, elevated in ...
Multiscale modeling of elasticity and fracture in organic nanotubes

AbstractCyclic peptide nanotubes (CPNs) have unique chemical and mechanical features that squarely position them to tackle persistent challenges in sensor technologies, tissue scaffolds, templates for organic and hybrid electronics, and ultrasmall electromechanical systems. These self-assembled hierarchical nanostructures are highly organized at the nanoscale and feature exceptional thermodynamical stability arising from the collective action of secondary interactions, in particular intersubunit hydrogen-bond networks. Understanding the elasticity and fracture behavior of CPNs through a multiscale analysis is crucially important for developing science-based approaches for designing the molecular subunits and hierarchical assemblies of these materials. In pursuit of addressing this need, a methodology is proposed for linking atomistic simulation results into coarser descriptions of these self-assembling soft nanostructures. This approach involves estimation of the free-energy landscape of the system along ...
(RF)^2 -- Random Forest Random Field

We combine random forest (RF) and conditional random field (CRF) into a new computational framework, called random forest random field (RF)2. Inference of (RF)2 uses the Swendsen-Wang cut algorithm, characterized by Metropolis-Hastings jumps. A jump from one state to another depends on the ratio of the proposal distributions, and on the ratio of the posterior distributions of the two states. Prior work typically resorts to a parametric estimation of these four distributions, and then computes their ratio. Our key idea is to instead directly estimate these ratios using RF. RF collects in leaf nodes of each decision tree the class histograms of training examples. We use these class histograms for a non-parametric estimation of the distribution ratios. We derive the theoretical error bounds of a two-class (RF)2. (RF)2 is applied to a challenging task of multiclass object recognition and segmentation over a random field of input image regions. In our empirical evaluation, we use only the visual information provided by image regions (e.g., color, texture, spatial layout), whereas the competing methods additionally use higher-level cues about the horizon location and 3D layout of surfaces in the scene. Nevertheless, (RF)2 outperforms the state of the art on benchmark datasets, in terms of accuracy and computation time.
Modeling the social and technical processes of interorganizational information integration

Integrating and sharing information in multi-organizational government settings involves complex interactions within social and technological contexts. These integration processes often involve new work processes and significant organizational change. They are also embedded in larger political and institutional environments, which shape their goals and circumscribe their choices. The purpose of this research is to develop and test dynamic models of information integration in these settings.
Effect of irradiation on DNA-synthesis in the regenerating livers of rats.

SummaryCells of regenerating livers require at least two steps preparatory to entering S stage to start the DNA-synthesis. One of the steps is synthesis of enzymes involved in DNA-synthesis, and the other is an alteration of the structure of deoxyribonucleoprotein, which is reflected by the priming ability in vitro. Irradiation interferes with these two processes, thus preventing the cells from synthesizing the DNA.The rate of DNA-synthesis in the S stage cell in vivo is related to the level of DNA-synthesizing enzymes estimated in in vitro studies. However, the priming ability of nuclei, estimated in vitro, had little relationship to the rate of DNA-synthesis in vivo.
Novel Sulfur Vulcanization Accelerators Based on Mercapto-Pyridine, -Pyrazine, and -Pyrimidine

Abstract Sulfur vulcanization accelerators derived from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) have been a staple for the rubber processing industry for over 65 years. Most noteworthy are the sulfenamide derivatives, which provide various combinations of scorch delay and cure rate, depending upon the basicity and steric nature of the sulfenamide N-substituent(s). While the effect of the amine moiety on benzothiazole sulfenamide accelerator performance has been well documented, the effect of the S-linked heterocyclic moiety of the sulfenamide has been investigated to a much lesser extent. Thus, to gain a better understanding of the role of the heterocycle, a variety of novel disulfides and sulfenamides based on pyridine have been synthesized and tested. The performance of the pyridine based accelerators have been compared to each other and to the various benzothiazole analogues. Until recently, the corresponding sulfenimides (compounds containing two divalent thiol moieties attached to an amine nitrogen ) seem to h...
Inpatient Cardiology Consultation: Lessons Learned During Fellowship

Inpatient consultation in the academic setting can be an exasperating experience for the cardiology trainee. Perception of unnecessary consultation, suboptimal triaging of calls on the basis of acuity, and variable interactions with requesting services and providers are some of the challenges
Prediction of Springback in Long Channels

Sheet metal forming is one of the most preferred manufacturing processes in automotive and aerospace industries. However, due to increase in fuel prices and more stringent environmental regulation, these industries are facing many challenges to meet the criteria. Due to this, many efforts in design and manufacturing were considered and presented. Those efforts were implementing lighter-weight materials like aluminum and magnesium (but they have higher elasticity as compared to steel) and implementing higher-strength steel with lower thickness. The main challenge found in both cases is springback after deformation. Springback is the elastic recovery after the part is unloaded. In this paper, the 3D channels with large length were deformed numerically and springback at different section was predicted. For this purpose, tailor-welded blank was considered. The geometric change along the long axis was also discussed. In addition, the effect of flange springback on wall springback was also analyzed. It was found that different section produced different springback and greater influence of flange springback. To validate the numerical simulation approach, the experiments on one case were performed and compared.
On-Site Renewable Energy and Green Buildings: A System-Level Analysis

Adopting a green building rating system (GBRSs) that strongly considers use of renewable energy can have important environmental consequences, particularly in developing countries. In this paper, we studied on-site renewable energy and GBRSs at the system level to explore potential benefits and challenges. While we have focused on GBRSs, the findings can offer additional insight for renewable incentives across sectors. An energy model was built for 25 sites to compute the potential solar and wind power production on-site and available within the building footprint and regional climate. A life-cycle approach and cost analysis were then completed to analyze the environmental and economic impacts. Environmental impacts of renewable energy varied dramatically between sites, in some cases, the environmental benefits were limited despite the significant economic burden of those renewable systems on-site and vice versa. Our recommendation for GBRSs, and broader policies and regulations, is to require buildings w...
Emergency Treatment of Tachyarrhythmias

The diagnosis, clinical aspects, and emergency treatment of the most common cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial flutter and fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, and torsades de pointes, are discussed. The use of the antiarrhythmic drugs most frequently utilized in clinical practice is described.
Magnetic structure in epitaxially strained Sr 2 CrReO 6 thin films by element-specific XAS and XMCD

We have analyzed the magnetic configuration for highly ordered ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CrReO}}_{6}$ films as a function of epitaxial strain using magnetometry and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements of Cr, Re, and O sites. The in-plane magnetic moments change significantly when tensile strain is applied. O $K$-edge XMCD indicates that O sites carry at least a portion of the bulk magnetization. Spin moment values measured for Cr match calculations incorporating spin-orbit effects, while both spin and orbital moments measured for Re sites are slightly higher than previously predicted. Finally, we discuss large changes in the x-ray absorption near-edge structure that are observed at the Cr and Re $L$ edges due to epitaxial strain.
Estimation of Expected Working Life of Lightning Arrester for Distribution Network

Expected working life estimation of electrical equipment is important for power grid reliability and safety assessment.However,there is not a standard relevant to working life of electrical equipment in China.Lightning arrester is a main lightning protection equipment of distribution network.The lightning in Guangdong Province is very strong,which results in many problems in arresters' design,process,manufacture,selection,installation,operation,maintenance and inspection processes,leading to high failure rate.In this paper,the fault mode and decisive damage inducing factors of the lightning arrester for distribution network are analyzed,the computing route of expected working life of lightning arrester is proposed,and the concrete estimation method,estimation process and calculation example are discussed to provide a reference for life expectancy assessment of electrical equipment.
Prevalence and related factors associating with hypertension in Haizhu district of Guangzhou

Objective To explore the prevalence rates of hypertension and its related factors among resident in Haizhu district,in order to provide basis for prevent hypertension.Methods multi-stage stratified and systematic-random sampling combined in application,1 667 residents elder than 45 years were selected to be investigated by means of Cross-sectional study.Investigative items as following:general conditions,risk factors of hypertension,physical examination.Data were analysized with SPSS,such as age,sex,occupa tion,smoking,alcohol consumption,history of heredity,BMI,WHR.Results The prevalence rates of hypertension was 36.4% in residents elder than 45 years.The relative risks of hypertension to those who was older,lower education,hypertension heredity,overweight/ fat,hyperlipidemia and diabetes were much more than the general.Conclusion The strategy for preventing hypertension in Haizhu district should be adopted,which is prevention to all people combining measure to high-risk groups.Public health education should be strengthen for medial-elder age,low-degree education,overweight and fat,light-media hypertension groups.It’s very important to prevent hypertension and disease of blood-vessel heart-brain by means of containing weight,restraining fat,rational diet,strengthen exercises.
Modulation of K channels by coexpressed human alpha1C-adrenoceptor in Xenopus oocytes

alpha1-Adrenoceptors participate in the regulation of inotropy and chronotropy in the heart. Modulation of cardiac K-channel function plays an important role in these alpha1-adrenergic functions. Studies of the mechanisms of K-channel modulation by alpha1-adrenoceptors are hampered by the coexistence of multiple receptor and channel subtypes in the heart. We therefore used a model system of coexpressing a specific receptor (human alpha1c-adrenoceptor) and a K-channel clone (hIsK, rKv1.2, or rKv1.4) in oocytes. alpha1c-Adrenoceptor stimulation caused a rapid upregulation of hIsK by elevating the intracellular Ca concentration. At least part of this effect was due to an activation of calmodulin and Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. On the other hand, alpha1c-adrenoceptor stimulation caused a slow downregulation of rKv1.2 and rKvl.4 by activating protein kinase C. The differential modulation of K channels by alpha1c-adrenoceptors demonstrated in our experiments corroborates the complexity of alpha1-adrenergic functions in the heart. Our results indicate that the oocyte model system can be a useful approach in studying alpha1-adrenergic modulation of ion-channel function and signal transduction.
The effect of insulin on the growth and metabolism of the human diploid cell, WI-38.

In a confluent culture of WI -38 cells the membrane area available for nutrient uptake is greatly reduced and the possibility exists that this reduction in uptake capacity of the cell is a contributory factor in contact inhibition. Insulin has been reported by many authors to facilitate glucose uptake and also to stimulate protein, DNA and RNA synthesis, glycolysis, pino-cytosis and growth in cultured cells. The effect of insulin on WI -38 cells was determined, therefore, to find out whether it enabled the cell to escape from contact inhibition of growth. The action of insulin was found to be dependent upon medium composition. Growth and protein synthesis were stimulated in Eagle's minimal essential medium, but not when this medium was supplemented with glucose and glutamine. Apparently insulin is only effective when high-energy compounds become limiting. Whilst insulin did not induce any post-confluent division, the protein content of cells was increased by 30%, and this was correlated with an increased rate of protein synthesis. Despite this increased activity in protein metabolism, the utilization of amino acids was less in the presence of insulin indicating that a control mechanism for more economical utilization of amino acids for protein synthesis was activated by insulin. Insulin had no effect on RNA synthesis, and only a slight inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis. Evidence was produced suggesting that insulin blocked cell division and encouraged differentiation. Glucose uptake and incorporation into the cell was stimulated by insulin, and this was especially noticeable after the cell sheet became confluent. The turnover of labelled glucose and derivatives was also enhanced by insulin and this was accompanied by a much higher rate of lactic acid production. It is concluded that insulin does not overcome contact inhibition and permit post-confluent division, but that it does enable the cell to take up and utilize nutrients more efficiently in confluent cultures with a resultant increase in metabolic activity and cell size.
Recommendations and Future Work

The recommendations and possible future work are suggested (Phase II) to further identify and understand the fire hazards of Li-ion ESSs. Research studying first responder tactics and suppression for Li-ion ESS fires. Research studying post fire incident response and recovery (i.e., overhaul) procedures. Heat release rate testing of ESSs.
SURFACE SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO METALLIZED PLASTICS

To ultimately understand macroscopic adhesion in metallized plastics, fundamental metal-organic bonding chemistry at metal-polymer interfaces must be probed. Experimental surface spectroscopies have generally produced information for well-defined systems in surface chemistry. New applications of surface techniques to complex systems such as metal-polymer interfaces have recently produced exciting new developments in studies related to adhesion technology. Recent studies of electronic and vibrational structure and the morphology of metal-polymer interfaces are reviewed. Due to the high degree of interest in the particular system, we concentrate upon the metal-polyimide interface as a means to describe the scientific approach. The general applicability of these techniques and future directions are discussed.
Interpretive Exercises and The Scoring Rationale for Evaluating Levels of Thinking

We have produced and collected data on two interpretive exercises, The Holocaust and the Bomb Factories. Each of these exercises presents students with a complex situation and asks for their written interpretations.
Phone coaching in Dialectical Behavior Therapy: frequency and relationship to client variables

Telephone coaching is a treatment mode in Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) that is designed to help clients generalize skills, prevent suicidal behaviors, and repair therapeutic ruptures. To date, phone coaching has received scant empirical investigation. The aims of this study were to (1) describe patterns in frequency of telephone calls and text messaging in DBT and (2) investigate whether demographic factors, baseline severity, suicidal behaviors, and therapeutic alliance are associated with phone and text frequency. Participants were 51 adults (35 treatment completers) with borderline personality disorder (BPD) in a six-month comprehensive DBT treatment program. Phone coaching frequency was documented by therapist weekly session notes. The average number of contacts per month was 2.55 (SD = 4.49). Four of the 35 treatment completers comprised 56% of the contacts. Having a recent history of suicidal behaviors, degree of severity at baseline, or the strength of the therapeutic alliance was not associated with phone coaching use. However, lower income was significantly associated with a higher frequency of phone coaching use. These preliminary results can help clinicians and administrators make informed decisions on how to better provide phone coaching and clarify the degree of effort involved in providing this service to clients with BPD.
The Development of Bilingual Narrative Retelling Among Spanish-English Dual Language Learners Over Two Years.

Purpose This exploratory study investigates the development of oral narrative retell proficiency among Spanish–English emergent bilingual children longitudinally from kindergarten to second grade i...
Online MAP Enforcement: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment

This paper investigates a manufacturer’s ability to influence compliance rates among its authorized online retailers by exploiting changes in the minimum advertised price (MAP) policy and in dealer agreements. MAP is a pricing policy widely used by manufacturers to influence prices set by their downstream partners. A MAP policy imposes a lower bound on advertised prices, subjecting violating retailers to punishments such as termination of distribution agreements. Despite this threat, violations are common. I uncover two key elements to improve compliance: customization to the online environment and credible monitoring and punishments. I analyze the pricing, enforcement, and channel management policies of a manufacturer over several years. During this period, new channel policies take effect, providing a quasi-experiment. The new policies lead to substantially fewer violations. With improved compliance, channel prices increase by 2% without loss in volume. The reduction in violations is particularly stark ...
Modulation of Multidrug Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Over the past decade, delineation of the prognostic relevance of P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) provided convincing evidence that expression of this multidrug transporter contributes to anthracycline resistance in AML. Trials testing competitive inhibitors of the export protein showed that such clinical strategies possess sufficient activity to eliminate MDRI expressing clones, and fostered phase III trials and the development of modulators with greater potency and Pgp affinity. Randomized trials in adult and pediatric AML have shown major improvement in treatment outcome with cyclosporin-A (CsA), whereas similar studies using the second generation cyclosporin-D analogue, PSC-833, are negative. Two randomized trials tested the benefit of CsA inhibition of Pgp in adult patients with highrisk AML. The Medical Research Council (MRC) trial evaluated the addition of CsA to standard- and timed-sequential ADE induction (araC, daunorubicin [DNR], and etoposide), however, patients received a modulator dosage (5 mg/kg/day) insufficient for Pgp blockade. In the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 9126 trial, participants assigned to treatment with CsA received 16mg/kg/day, yielding blood concentrations sufficient for reversal of anthracycline resistance in a biological assay. Patients received sequential treatment with high dose ara-C and infusional DNR, with or without CsA during induction and consolidation. Addition of CsA significantly reduced the frequency of induction resistance (47% vs. 31%; p=0.0077) and improved the rate of CR (33% vs. 40%; p=0.14), without altering induction mortality. Two-year relapse-free (RFS 37% vs 5%; p=0.035) and overall survival (OS 22% vs 12% p=0.046) was significantly improved in CsA-treated patients. Importantly, median survival in patients with Pgp+ leukemia increased in 3-fold with CsA treatment (12 months vs. 4 months). CsA delayed excretion of bilirubin and increased the steady state blood concentrations of DNR and DNR-ol. Althou>gh CR rate increased and induction resistance decreased with increasing steady state (SS) DNR serum concentration in the CsA cohort, a similar relationship was not apparent in the control group. An analogous relationship was observed between SS-DNR concentration and RFS and OS, supporting a targeted interaction by CsA to enhance anthracycline sensitivity. The SWOG study has important implications for anthracycline pharmaco-therapy in AML. SS DNR concentration may be a critical determinant of treatment outcome when administered with a cell defense inhibitor such as CsA, whereas in its absence, greater systemic DNR exposure may increase non-hematologic toxicities. The success of CsA and failure of the more specific Pgp antagonist, PSC 833, suggests that CsA targets biological targets in addition to Pgp that are essential to cell defense. Recognition that the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) arises from the interaction of numerous cellular events, indicates that successful MDR modulation requires interruption of redundant mechanisms of leukemia cell defense.
Starvation: Anorexia Nervosa, Marasmus, and Kwashiorkor

Mild malnutrition results in weight loss. The characteristics of weight loss and its nutritional assessment are described in Chapter 5. The loss of weight in the hospitalized patient or in association with mild chronic disease is often not severe, but it is significant. The weight loss that is seen with starvation in such clinical entities as anorexia nervosa and childhood marasmus and kwashiorkor is described in more detail in this chapter.
The Influence of Growth Hormone on Bone and Adipose Programming

In utero growth hormone exposure is associated with distinct immediate growth responses and long term impacts on adult physiological parameters that include obesity, insulin resistance, and bone function. Growth hormone accelerates cellular proliferation in many tissues but is exemplified by increases in the number of cells within the cartilaginous growth plate of bone. In some cases growth hormone also potentiates differentiation as seen in the differentiation of adipocytes that rapidly fill upon withdrawal of growth hormone. Growth hormone provokes these changes either by direct action or through intermediaries such as insulin-like growth factor-I and other downstream effector molecules. The specific mechanism used by growth hormone in programming tissues is not yet fully characterized and likely represents a multipronged approach involving DNA modification, altered adult hormonal milieu, and the development of an augmented stem cell pool capable of future engagement as is seen in adipose accrual. This review summarizes findings of growth hormone’s influence on in utero and neonatal cellular and metabolic profiles related to bone and adipose tissue.
A model for the evolution of polyubiquitin genes from the study of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes

Polyubiquitin genes encode the highly conserved 76-amino acid protein ubiquitin that is covalently attached to substrate proteins targeting most for degradation. Polyubiquitin genes are characterized by the presence of tandem repeats of the 228 bp that encode a ubiquitin monomer. Five polyubiquitin genes UBQ3, UBQ4, UBQ10, UBQ11, and UBQ14, previously isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia [10] encode identical mature ubiquitin proteins, but differ in synonymous substitutions, nature of amino acids terminating the open reading frame, and in the number of ubiquitin repeats. The presence of these five genes in nine other Arabidopsis ecotypes was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Size differences in UBQ3 and UBQ11 amplified products from several ecotypes were observed, suggesting that alleles differ in ubiquitin repeat number. DNA sequence of UBQ11 alleles from each size class (ecotypes Be-0, Ler, and Rld-0) verified that PCR product size differences resulted from changes in the number of ubiquitin repeats. Nucleotide sequence between two UBQ11 alleles containing the same number of repeats was identical. Transcript size differences for UBQ3 and UBQ11 mRNAs between ecotypes Columbia and Landsberg indicated that repeat number changes did not inactivate these genes. Nucleotide sequence comparisons between UBQ11 repeats from different ecotypes suggest that first repeats are related to each other and last repeats are related to each other. We hypothesize that changes in UBQ11 ubiquitin repeat number occurred via the contraction and/or expansion of specific internal repeats or portions thereof by misalignment of alleles and recombination, most likely via unequal crossing-over events.
Abstract P129: Racial Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes after Myocardial Infarction: A REGARDS Study

Introduction: Although prognosis following myocardial infarction (MI) has improved overall, it is unclear whether improvements are similar for blacks and whites. Methods: We followed black and whit...
Signal Processing on PV Time-Series Data: Robust Degradation Analysis Without Physical Models

A novel unsupervised machine learning approach for analyzing time-series data is applied to the topic of photovoltaic system degradation rate estimation, sometimes referred to as energy-yield degradation analysis. This approach only requires a measured power signal as an input—no irradiance data, temperature data, or system configuration information are required. We present results on a dataset that was previously analyzed and presented by National Renewable Energy Laboratory using RdTools , validating the accuracy of the new approach and showing increased robustness to data anomalies while reducing the data requirements to carry out the analysis.
The role of the immune system during regeneration of the central nervous system.

Abstract Central nervous system damage in mammals leads to neuronal cell death, axonal degeneration, and formation of a glial scar resulting in functional and behavioral defects. Other vertebrates, like fish and salamanders, have retained the ability to functionally regenerate after central nervous system injury. To date research from many research organisms has led to a more concise understanding of the response of local neural cells to injury. However, it has become clear that non-neural cells of the immune system play an important role in determining the tissue response to injury. In this review we briefly consider the mammalian response to injury compared to organisms with the natural ability to regenerate. We then discuss similarities and differences in how cells of the innate and adaptive immune system respond and contribute to tissue repair in various species.
Accuracy of CAD/CAM Digital Impressions with Different Intraoral Scanner Parameters.

The advancement of intraoral scanners has allowed for more efficient workflow in the dental clinical setting. However, limited data exist regarding the accuracy of the digital impressions produced with various scanner settings and scanning approaches. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of digital impressions at the crown preparation margin using different scanning resolutions of a specific intraoral scanner system. An all-ceramic crown preparation of a mandibular first molar was constructed in a typodont, and a scan (n = 3) was created with an industrial-grade laboratory scanner (3Shape D2000) as the control. Digital impressions were obtained with an intraoral scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) under three settings—high resolution (HR), standard resolution (SR), and combined resolution (SHR). Comparative 3D analysis of scans was performed with Geomagic Control X software to measure the discrepancy between intraoral scans and the control scan along the preparation finish line. The scan time and number of images captured per scan were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and Dunnett’s T3 test (α = 0.05). Significant differences were observed for scan time and for number of images captured among scan resolution settings (α < 0.05). The scan time for the SR group was, on average, 34.2 s less than the SHR group and 46.5 s less than the HR group. For discrepancy on the finish line, no significant differences were observed among scanning resolutions (HR: 31.5 ± 5.5 μm, SHR: 33.2 ± 3.7 μm, SR: 33.6 ± 3.1 μm). Significant differences in discrepancy were observed among tooth surfaces, with the distal surface showing the highest discrepancies. In conclusion, the resolution of the intra-oral scanner is primarily defined by the system hardware and optimized for default scans. A software high-resolution mode that obtains more data over a longer time may not necessarily benefit the scan accuracy, while the tooth preparation and surface parameters do affect the accuracy.
Chapter 28 – The Enemy (The Intruder’s Genesis)

It is estimated that global IP traffic on the Internet will reach an annual rate of 1.3 zettabytes by 2016 as more people connect to the Internet by mobile devices. Global IP traffic in 2011 was about 369 exabytes, or 0.369 zettabytes. Furthermore, the number of devices that will be connected to the Internet would reach around 19 billion. The reality of threat to the Internet security will be extremely critical to all individual, corporate, and government users. The Internet was envisioned to support primarily educational and research activities to share information and knowledge. Over the last ten years, the social media network such as Facebook has overshadowed the Dotcom on the Internet. Hence the nature of Internet security has now become synonymous with cybersecurity. Government agencies are currently in the process of creating a formal set of governance to define cybersecurity and courses of actions to be taken to defend against cyberattacks.
Resource stress and subsistence diversification across societies

While climate change is accelerating, its consequences are not entirely new. Many societies in the ethnographic or anthropological record have experienced climate instability, natural hazards and resource shortages in their histories. Examining indigenous practices may help suggest practical sustainable solutions for food insecurity in response to climate change. Two bodies of research have suggested that subsistence diversification may increase sustainability. International development experts today commonly recommend diversification for subsistence economies. Ecological scientists suggest that generalist species adapt better to unpredictable environmental events, whereas specialists adapt better to more stable environments. We assume that societies that survive to be recorded in the ethnographic record exhibit ecologically relevant cultural adaptations and test whether subsistence diversification is more likely in societies experiencing climate unpredictability and more resource stress. We use a worldwide and cross-cultural sample of 91 societies. We find that chronic scarcity and climate instability both predicted more subsistence diversity, controlling for intra-annual temperature variability, subsistence strategy and phylogeny. Other resource stressors, such as natural hazards and famine, are not predictive. Thus, our results provide partial support for the idea that subsistence diversity provides resilience to societies facing heightened environmental unpredictability and resource stress. Ethnographic and anthropological records of 91 societies show that chronic resource scarcity and environmental unpredictability are linked to higher subsistence diversity and resilience.
Coarse-grained Force Fields from the Perspective of Statistical Mechanics: Better Understanding the Origins of a MARTINI Hangover

The popular MARTINI coarse-grained model is used as a test case to analyze the adherence of top-down coarse-grained molecular dynamics models (i.e., models primarily parameterized to match experimental results) to the known features of statistical mechanics for the underlying all-atom representations. Specifically, the temperature dependence of various pair distribution functions, and hence their underlying potentials of mean force via the reversible work theorem, are compared between MARTINI 2.0, Dry MARTINI, and all-atom simulations mapped onto equivalent coarse-grained sites for certain lipid bilayers. It is found that the MARTINI models do not completely capture the lipid structure seen in atomistic simulations as projected onto the coarse-grained mappings and that issues of accuracy and temperature transferability arise due to an incorrect enthalpy & entropy decomposition of these potentials of mean force. The potential of mean force for the association of two amphipathic helices in a lipid bilayer is also calculated and, especially at shorter ranges, the MARTINI and all-atom projection results differ substantially. The former is much less repulsive and hence will lead to a higher probability of MARTINI helix association in the MARTINI bilayer than occurs in the actual all-atom case. Additionally, the bilayer height fluctuation spectra are calculated for the MARTINI model and-compared to the all-atom results-it is found that the magnitude of thermally averaged amplitudes at intermediate length scales is quite different, pointing to a number of possible consequences for realistic modeling of membrane processes. Taken as a whole, the results presented here can point the way for future coarse-grained model parameterization efforts that might bring top-down coarse-grained models into better agreement with the statistical mechanics of the actual all-atom systems they aspire to represent.
The Political Complexity of Coastal Flood Risk Reduction: Lessons for Climate Adaptation Public Works in the U.S.

Coastal climate adaptation public works, such as storm surge barriers and levees, are central elements of several current proposals to limit damages from coastal storms and sea-level rise in the U....
A Developmental Eye Tracking Investigation of Cued Task Switching Performance.

Children perform worse than adults on tests of cognitive flexibility, which is a component of executive function. To assess what aspects of a cognitive flexibility task (cued switching) children have difficulty with, investigators tested where eye gaze diverged over age. Eye-tracking was used as a proxy for attention during the preparatory period of each trial in 48 children ages 8-16 years and 51 adults ages 18-27 years. Children fixated more often and longer on the cued rule, and made more saccades between rule and response options. Behavioral performance correlated with gaze location and saccades. Mid-adolescents were similar to adults, supporting the slow maturation of cognitive flexibility. Lower preparatory control and associated lower cognitive flexibility task performance in development may particularly relate to rule processing.
Pornography and the Developing Brain: Protecting the Children

The brain’s reward system balances rational thinking and wanting, what Thomas Aquinas called the rational and the animal appetites. Addictive behaviors can include substances like cocaine or behaviors like viewing pornography, and youth are particularly vulnerable to the harms of pornography. Five considerations are discussed: the immaturity of the frontal judgment areas, the sensitivity of the developing reward center, cultural conditioning of youth, imprinting of the mirror neuron system in forming sexual scripts and templates, and the exposure of vulnerable and impressionable minds to the powerful supranormal stimulus of pornography. It is imperative that we effect a cultural and legal change to protect children from pornography and secure their future.
Lanthanum Inhibition of 45Ca Efflux from the Squid Giant Axon

LETTVIN et al.1 predicted that lanthanum ions, because of their relatively small size and high charge density, should have a much greater electrostatic attraction for any negative calcium binding site than calcium ions themselves. This was borne out for the membranes of the barnacle muscle fibres2 and the lobster axon3. If negatively charged sites located in the membrane also serve to transport calcium ions across it, then lanthanum ions would be expected to displace calcium from these sites, and thereby inhibit the calcium ion flux. It has been shown that this is true for an artificial membrane with negative groups of phospholipids lining aqueous pores4. Data obtained by Weiss and Goodman5 and Van Breemen6 indicate that lanthanum ions also block the calcium transport across smooth muscle membranes. In smooth muscle physiology there is much uncertainty about the relative contribution of calcium influx to the initiation of contraction, and a calcium transport blocking agent would be very useful. In addition, information regarding the nature of the lanthanum blockade should contribute to the understanding of the cell membrane calcium transport system itself.
China's space commercialization effort: Organization, policy and strategies

Abstract This article explains how and why China is commercializing space products. It focuses on the effort's organizational structure, policy orientation and managerial strategies for supporting space commercialization activities, at both industry and government levels. It also examines political issues, such as technology transfer; legal issues, such as international treaties; and international business issues, such as comparative activities in other world space product suppliers. It concludes by examining future prospects for Chinese space commercialization.
Centibots: very large scale distributed robotic teams

We describe the development of Centibots, a framework for very large teams of robots that are able to perceive, explore, plan and collaborate in unknown environments.
Regulation of the RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Expression in Macrophages: Blocking the RON Gene Transcription by Endotoxin-Induced Nitric Oxide

Previous studies have shown that activation of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase inhibits inducible NO production in murine peritoneal macrophages. The purpose of this study is to determine whether inflammatory mediators such as LPS, IFN-γ, and TNF-α regulate RON expression. Western blot analysis showed that RON expression is reduced in peritoneal macrophages collected from mice injected with a low dose of LPS. The inhibition was seen as early as 8 h after LPS challenge. Experiments in vitro also demonstrated that the levels of the RON mRNA and protein are diminished in cultured peritoneal macrophages following LPS stimulation. TNF-α plus IFN-γ abrogated macrophage RON expression, although individual cytokines had no significant effect. Because LPS and TNF-α plus IFN-γ induce NO production, we reasoned that NO might be involved in the RON inhibition. Two NO donors, S -nitroglutathione (GSNO) and (±)- S -nitroso- N -acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), directly inhibited macrophage RON expression when added to the cell cultures. Blocking NO production by NO inhibitors like TGF-β prevented the LPS-mediated inhibitory effect. In Raw264.7 cells transiently transfected with a report vector, GSNO or SNAP inhibited the luciferase activities driven by the RON gene promoter. Moreover, GSNO or SNAP inhibited the macrophage-stimulating protein-induced RON phosphorylation and macrophage migration. We concluded from these data that RON expression in macrophages is regulated during inflammation. LPS and TNF-α plus IFN-γ are capable of down-regulating RON expression through induction of NO production. The inhibitory effect of NO is mediated by suppression of the RON gene promoter activities.
A New Concordance on Discordant Canons: Harold Berman on Law and Religion

This Chapter analyzes the sources, themes, and challenges to Harold J. Berman’s life-long work in law and religion. The sources of this work lie, in part in Berman’s desire to integrate law schools and colleges, to integrate theories of natural law, legal positivism, and historical jurisprudence, and to apply to legal studies his theological beliefs about time and reconciliation. Berman calls for greater study of the legal dimensions of religion, the religious dimensions of law, and the interaction of legal and religious ideas, institutions, methods, and practices. He calls ultimately for the creation and reconciliation of a global faith and world legal system in the next century – no small challenge for a world beset by strong conflict and crisis.
Latent profile analysis of neuropsychological measures to determine preschoolers' risk for ADHD.

Background Hyperactive/Inattentive preschool children show clear evidence of neuropsychological dysfunction. We examined whether patterns and severity of test scores could reliably identify subgroups of preschoolers with differential risk for ADHD during school-age. Method Typically developing (TD: n = 76) and Hyperactive/Inattentive (HI: n = 138) 3–4 year olds were assessed annually for 6 years (T1–T6). Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to form subgroups among the HI group based on objective/neuropsychological measures (NEPSY, Actigraph and Continuous Performance Test). Logistic regression assessed the predictive validity of empirically formed subgroups at risk for ADHD diagnosis relative to the TD group and to each other from T2 to T6. Results Latent profile analysis yielded two subgroups of HI preschoolers: (a) selectively weak Attention/Executive functions, and (b) pervasive neuropsychological dysfunction across all measures. Both subgroups were more likely to have ADHD at all follow-up time-points relative to the TD group (OR range: 11.29–86.32), but there were no significant differences between the LPA-formed subgroups of HI children at any time-point. Conclusions Objective/neuropsychological measures distinguish HI preschoolers from their TD peers, but patterns and severity of neuropsychological dysfunction do not predict risk for ADHD during school-age. We hypothesize that trajectories in at-risk children are influenced by subsequent environmental and neurodevelopmental factors, raising the possibility that they are amenable to early intervention.
Vesicular glutamate transporter - Shooting blanks

Brain activity depends on the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. In their Perspective, Schuske and Jorgensen comment on two studies ( Fremeau et al ., Wocjik et al .) that find that mice with the main vesicular glutamate transporter knocked out survive for several months. However, the two studies present different models for subcellular localization of the vesicular transporter and for vesicle loading.