cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape Memory Behavior and Mechanical Properties of NiMn and Ni(Mn,X) Alloys

Potential high transition temperature shape memory alloys based on NiMn have been studied with emphasis on the shape recovery, transformation temperatures and mechanical properties. Binary NiMn, which has been reported to be brittle, has a low shape recovery, but this can be increased with Al or Ti additions. Also, the transformation temperature can be changed and the room temperature ductility improved by ternary element additions. The various substitutional solute characteristics affecting the shape recovery, the transformation temperatures, and the ductility have been examined.
Minireview: lipid metabolism, metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

Lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis in higher organisms is under the control of an integrated system that has the capacity to rapidly respond to metabolic changes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear fatty acid receptors that have been implicated to play an important role in obesity-related metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease. The three PPAR subtypes, , , and , have distinct expression patterns and evolved to sense components of different lipoproteins and regulate lipid homeostasis based on the need of a specific tissue. Recent advances in identifying selective ligands in conjunction with microarray analyses and gene targeting studies have helped delineate the subtype-specific functions and the therapeutic potential of these receptors. PPAR potentiates fatty acid catabolism in the liver and is the molecular target of the lipid-lowering fibrates (e.g. fenofibrate and gemfibrozil), whereas PPAR is essential for adipocyte differentiation and mediates the activity of the insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinediones (e.g. rosiglitazone and pioglitazone). Recent evidence suggests that PPAR may be important in controlling triglyceride levels by sensing very low-density lipoprotein. Thus, uncovering the regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional targets of the PPARs will continue to provide insight into the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and, at the same time, offer valuable information for rational drug design. (Endocrinology 144: 2201–2207, 2003)
The Humanity of Man in Karl Barth's Thought

One purpose of this article is to explicate what Karl Barth means by the man-to-man relationship, or, in his terms, ‘humanity’, and to discuss the variety of forms involved in this basic dynamic-form. Another purpose is to make the reader aware of the way dialectical-dialogical thought functions in describing the relationship between God and man, and man and man.
Basis set requirements for interactions in ionic systems: LiCl

We have examined the basis set requirements to describe the properties of a prototype ionic molecule, LiCl. We relate, for the first time, the basis set requirements for this molecule to the demanding requirements for the accurate description of the dipole polarizability of the Cl anion. However, we are able to demonstrate that the basis set requirements in the molecule are ameliorated by a positive kind of basis set superposition effect from the basis functions on the counterion.
Absorption of Sound in Air versus Humidity and Temperature

Sound absorption in air at 1/3-octave frequency intervals as function of humidity and temperature at normal atmospheric pressure for studies in room acoustics
Versatility at the nuclear pore complex: lessons learned from the nucleoporin Nup153

The vertebrate pore protein Nup153 plays pivotal roles in nuclear pore function. In addition to being important to pore architecture, Nup153 is a key participant in both import and export. The scope of Nup153 function also extends beyond the canonical view of the pore as a trafficking gateway. During the transition into mitosis, Nup153 directs proteins involved in membrane remodeling to the nuclear envelope. As cells exit mitosis, Nup153 is recruited to the chromosomal surface, where nuclear pores are formed anew in a complicated process still under much experimental scrutiny. In addition, Nup153 is targeted for protease cleavage during apoptosis and in response to certain viral infections, providing molecular insight into pore reconfiguration during cell response. Overall, the versatile nature of Nup153 underscores an emerging view of the nuclear pore at the nexus of many key cellular processes.
The perception of form and motion

Although form and motion are two distinct aspects of visual processing, they do not start as separate entities in the visual system. Early analyses extract discontinuities in various image attributes and these can trace the outline of a form. When displaced, the same image features can give rise to impressions of motion. Recent work has overturned many of the assumptions about the contributions of different stimulus attributes to motion processing, and reorganized the classification of motion systems. The results have revealed unexpected interactions between attention and motion. Paralleling this research is work on the early stages of form learning and on the nature of the stored representations.
ASYMPTOTIC EFFICIENCY OF ANALYSIS OF RAO'S QUADRATIC ENTROPY

Since Rao introduced the Quadratic Entropy (QE) in 1982, results on mathematical and statistical properties of the QE and its applications in data analysis and population indices have been published in the literature. In this paper, we study the asymptotic efficiency of the analysis of Rao's quadratic entropy (ANOQE) which is a generalization of the classical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the results of Liu and Rao [1]and Liu [2]on asymptotic distribution and the bootstrap of the ANOQE, we derive the Bahadur's asymptotic efficiency of the ANOQE and compare efficiency of ANOQE tests based on different QE's.
A low power DC/DC booster circuit designed for microbial fuel cells

Abstract A DC/DC booster circuit was fabricated and tested for use with microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to increase the typical operational voltage (100–300 mV) to a maximum power of >3 V. In steady state, the low power DC/DC voltage booster circuit was sustainable, i.e., powered by the MFCs alone, but required an external power source to start (but not needed to maintain) the oscillator. The operating principle and function of each part of the circuit is described. A procedure for determining the optimal set of values for each component in the circuit was established. The performance of the circuit was demonstrated using three Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 based MFCs connected in parallel. The power consumption of the booster circuit was less than 20 μW, which was less than the output from the three MFCs. After the output capacitor was charged to 5 V, the booster circuit can be powered by the MFCs alone. Under normal operation, the MFCs were able to power the booster circuit and a light emitting diode.
Enthalpy-Entropy Compensation and Isoequilbria Implicate Solvation as the Driving Force for Amino Acid Conformational Propensity

The existence of residual structure in intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) raise questions regarding how disorder/order preferences are encoded in the peptide sequence. In addition to formation of local secondary structure, individual amino acids sample unique and restricted conformational space, contrary to the predictions of the random coil model. To understand the thermodynamic driving forces underlying these newly discovered amino acid conformational biases, we have examined the thermodynamics governing these intrinsic conformational propensities in a series of host-guest experiments on model “GxG” peptides in aqueous solution. Global two-state pPII/β thermodynamic analysis of UVCD and HNMR data revealed the existence of a nearly exact enthalpy-entropy compensation for the pPII-β equilibrium for all residues. The obtained ΔH/ΔS values exhibit a nearly perfect linear relationship reflecting compensation temperature of 295K ± 2 K. We identified iso-equilibria for two subsets of the investigated peptides, indicating that pPII and β propensities of most residues become similar at physiological temperature, in spite of rather large differences between respective enthalpic and entropic differences. Interestingly, alanine, aspartic acid, and threonine, which have largely biased intrinsic conformational propensities, are the only amino acid residues that do not share iso-equilibria. We assign the isoequilibria to a common enthalpy-entropy compensation which occurs in the hydration shell of side chains with considerable hydrophobic content. Aspartic acid and threonine deviate from this behavior owing to their capability to form hydrogen bonds with the backbone even in extended structures, whereas the solvation energy of alanine is dominated by backbone - solvent interactions.
Cloning and Characterization of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gene Encoding the Low Molecular Weight Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase

The low molecular weight protein-tyrosine phosphatase (low M(r) PTPase) is an 18-kDa cytoplasmic enzyme of unknown function that has been previously found in several vertebrates. Using an oligonucleotide probe derived from the active site sequence of the mammalian low M(r) PTPases, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene that encodes a homolog of this enzyme was cloned by low stringency hybridization. This gene, LTP1, together with a neighboring gene, TKL1, is shown to be located on the right arm of chromosome XVI. The deduced amino acid sequence of its 161-amino acid residue product shows a 39% average identity with that of the mammalian enzymes. The yeast Ltp1 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity, and shown to possess PTPase activity. The recombinant Ltp1 efficiently hydrolyzes phosphotyrosine and a phosphotyrosine-containing peptide, Tyr531-fyn, but it shows low activity toward phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. The catalytic activity of Ltp1 toward a number of substrates was approximately 30-fold lower than the corresponding values measured for the bovine low M(r) PTPase. However, the yeast enzyme was markedly activated by adenine and some purine nucleosides and nucleotides, including cAMP and cGMP. In the case of adenine, the activity of Ltp1 was increased by approximately 30-fold. The high degree of evolutionary conservation of the low M(r) PTPases implies a significant role for this enzyme. However, neither the disruption of the LTP1 gene nor an approximately 10-fold overexpression of its product in S. cerevisiae caused any apparent phenotypic changes under the conditions tested. No proteins related to Ltp1 could be detected in extracts of the ltp1 null mutant, either by immunoblotting or by gel-filtration analysis accompanied by extended kinetic assays, consistent with the conclusion that LTP1 is the only low M(r) PTPase-encoding gene in S. cerevisiae.
On Body Snatching: How the Rhetoric of Globalization Elides Cultural Difference in ‘Bodies… The Exhibition’

Rhetorical practices warrant analysis amid contemporary globalization, as discourses frame international museum and science-styled exhibit display practices by drawing attention toward idealized human global unity and away from concern for respecting differences between westerners and Chinese persons. Among such international practices, recent displays of deceased human bodies, cleaned and entertainingly posed, have appeared in museums and other exhibition centers in major cities around the world. These displays have given rise to significant ethical questions regarding the use of undocumented Chinese bodies. In this analysis of ‘Bodies… The Exhibition’, which has been central to those ethical questions, we examine how rhetorical strategies of realist discourse and identification through commonality invoke a rhetoric of globalization that reinforces western international privilege by situating plasticized Chinese bodies within truth claims about human similarity that eschew intercultural understandings an...
Two cases of orbital lymphangioma associated with vascular abnormalities of the retina and iris.

Abstract Purpose To report 2 patients with combined intraocular and orbital vascular abnormalities. Design Two interventional case reports. Main outcome measures Clinical and pathologic findings. Intervention/testing Orbitotomy, fluorescein angiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and radiation therapy. Results Two patients presented with vision loss, intermittent proptosis, and cosmetic deformity. These patients had orbital lymphangioma, ipsilateral retinal and iris vascular malformations, and smaller corneal diameter on the affected side. Conclusions The coexistence of these diverse vascular anomalies supports the established hypothesis of pluripotential orbital vascular anlagen. Disruptive influences of various types during embryogenesis or development may produce a variety of congenital orbital and intraocular vascular malformations.
Using models and measurements to describe ultrawideband radar-scattering phenomena

The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has been developing ultra wideband (UWB), ultra wide angle radar technology to meet warfighter requirements to detect concealed targets (such as tactical vehicles under foliage). Experiments undertaken by ARL and others using testbed radar's (such as ARL's BoomSAR) have shown significant potential for detecting hidden targets. Initial evaluations have concentrated on identifying the 'contrast' ratios for desired targets versus average background. In more recent work, we have begun to evaluate specific angle, frequency, and/or polarization-based scattering properties of targets and clutter to isolate discrimination features for use in automatic target detection and cuing (ATD/C) algorithms (see reference 1). Though promising, much of this work has been ad hoc and based on small data sets that have only recently become available. To complement the measurements and analysis effort under way at ARL, our team is also developing high-fidelity electromagnetic models of targets and certain classes of clutter to gain a physics-based insight into robust discrimination techniques. We discuss recent analysis of both EM model results as well as a unique inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) collection undertaken at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG). By creating a phenomenological framework for explaining and/or describing target and/or clutter backscatter behavior and comparing it with measured field data, we can develop detection strategies inspired by the unique physics of low-frequency radar. Finally, we suggest one such detection paradigm.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum from Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Of the several morphological and physiological criteria that have been proposed to identifyTrichophyton rubrum andTrichophyton mentagrophytes differentially, only the hair invasion test agrees with the immunological results reported here. A typical strain ofT. rubrum andT. mentagrophytes was obtained from the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Netherlands) and was used as reference strain. All isolates that did not invade hair shafts (in vitro) and that produced three precipitate lines in agargel diffusion tests against anti-T. rubrum serum (refence strain, Tr-1) were placed in one group. These isolates all also produced a red undersurface pigment and macroconidia with long parallel sides. They were labledT. rubrum. Other isolates that did invade hair shafts, and produced only two precipitate lines against anti-T. rubrum serum were placed in another group and were labeledT. mentagrophytes. These isolates had variable characteristics of pigment production, colony and conidial morphology. The antigenic studies thus corroborate the validity of the hair invasion test. The hair invasion test will probably remain in wider use because of its simplicity.
An integrated system for building enterprise taxonomies

Although considerable research has been conducted in the field of hierarchical text categorization, little has been done on automatically collecting labeled corpus for building hierarchical taxonomies. In this paper, we propose an automatic method of collecting training samples to build hierarchical taxonomies. In our method, the category node is initially defined by some keywords, the web search engine is then used to construct a small set of labeled documents, and a topic tracking algorithm with keyword-based content normalization is applied to enlarge the training corpus on the basis of the seed documents. We also design a method to check the consistency of the collected corpus. The above steps produce a flat category structure which contains all the categories for building the hierarchical taxonomy. Next, linear discriminant projection approach is utilized to construct more meaningful intermediate levels of hierarchies in the generated flat set of categories. Experimental results show that the training corpus is good enough for statistical classification methods.
Formalities, Good Faith, and Tissue Donation

After a patient died in a Veterans Administration hospital, a resident physician asked the next of kin to sign two identical autopsy forms, one of which was stamped "Eye Donor." The family signed, despite orally objecting to donation of tissue. Nevertheless, the patient's eyes were removed because other hospital staff were unaware of the objection. The family sued the hospital and eye bank. The Federal District Court in Minnesota dismissed the case before trial on the basis that both defendants were immune from liability because of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act. Clear policies communicated to staff and separate autopsy and donation forms can help to avoid confusion and legal difficulties.
HIGH BEAM QUALITY AND EFFICIENCY IN PLASMA-BASED ACCELERATORS

The question of what beam quality and efficiency are ultimately achievable in plasma-based accelerators is addressed analytically and through self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations. A strategy for phasing and beam loading to minimize energy spread while at the same time achieving high energy extraction efficiency is proposed. Preservation of beam emittance is facilitated by the use of a hollow channel. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society }
Emulsifying Properties of Food Proteins: Development of a Standardized Emulsification Method

A recirculating valve-homogenizer was used to compare the emulsifying properties of bovine serum albumin and milk proteins. The energy input per unit volume was directly obtained from the mean maximum valve head pressure per stroke. The mean maximum velocity of the emulsion in the valve head was 83m sec−1 during a valve opening time of 150 × 10 −3 sec reflecting a large velocity gradient per stroke of 4.2 × 10−6 m3 The method detected changes in the emulsifying activity of proteins resulting from chemical modification, and from process or environmental factors, e.g., ionic strength. The valve-head pressure profile was used to compare the fluidity of the emulsions at different levels of energy input per unit volume (E) and an apparent viscosity index (AVI) has been proposed.
Light and heat in the bleaching of chloroplastin Euglena

1. 1. Chlorophyll in Euglena can be bleached by darkness as well as in light at temperatures above 32°C with an activation energy of 67 kcal/mole. 2. 2. (a) Chloroplastin can be bleached by light, heat, and a combination of both light and heat. (b) The rate of bleaching of chloroplastin in white light is independent of temperature; the rate of bleaching in darkness becomes temperature-dependent above 30°C. (c) There is a critical wave length (560 mμ) beyond which bleaching by light becomes temperature-dependent. (d) The total energy needed to bleach chloroplastin in light and in darkness is a constant, 48.3 kcal/mole. 3. 3. The light and heat bleaching of chloroplastin, the photosynthetic complex, has some similarities to that of rhodopsin, the visual pigment complex.
Angiotensin II type 1 receptor polymorphisms in the cardiovascular health study: relation to blood pressure, ethnicity, and cardiovascular events

Abstract Background The angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C polymorphism has been associated with increased risks of hypertension and myocardial infarction in several small studies. We examined the association between this polymorphism and new-onset hypertension, blood pressure (BP) control, and incident cardiovascular events in a large population-based cohort of older adults. Methods Eight hundred self-identified African Americans and 1371 randomly selected white participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study were genotyped. The median duration of follow-up was 8.1 years. Results The A1166C polymorphism was not associated with new-onset hypertension, with BP control, or with incident cardiovascular events in the overall population. In white participants, the CC genotype was associated with higher baseline systolic BP and pulse pressure, compared to the AC or AA genotype. In whites with treated hypertension at baseline, compared to the AA genotype, the CC genotype was associated with increased risks of incident congestive heart failure (hazard ratio = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–4.9) and incident ischemic stroke (hazard ratio = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1–6.0). These associations were not observed among white participants without treated hypertension, but the interaction of genotype with treated hypertension on ischemic stroke and heart failure was only marginally significant. Conclusions On the whole, in this large cohort of older adults, the A1166C polymorphism was not associated with BP control or incident cardiovascular events. The subgroup findings in treated hypertensives need to be confirmed in additional studies.
Movement of fibroblasts in a spatially confined system.

CELL movement in vitro is influenced by several mechanisms including chemotaxis, contact guidance, contact inhibition and associative movement1,2. In an effort to assess these mechanisms, the movement of chick fibroblasts isolated within capillary tubes was investigated using the techniques of Twitty and Niu3. Cells isolated within capillary tubes had a unique experimental environment, for movement was confined primarily to one spatial dimension, convection currents were avoided, and diffusion of cellular products was minimized.
What does galvanic vestibular stimulation actually activate: response.

2010; Hammam et al., 2011, 2012; Grewal et al., 2012). The sense of roll is consist-ent with a host of other studies using GVS (Fitzpatrick et al., 1994; Inglis et al., 1995; Day et al., 1997; Zink et al., 1997; Day and Cole, 2002; Scinicariello et al., 2002/2003; Wardman et al., 2003a,b; see Fitzpatrick and Day, 2004 for review). Modeled on this research, we used 2–3 mA currents in lightly anesthetized rats and found strong activation of the sympathetic nervous sys-tem and vasovagal responses, but not tonic deviations of the eyes (Cohen et al., 2011). We have also stimulated the vestibular nerve with trains of pulses to activate MSNA in humans (Voustianiouk et al., 2006), some-times utilizing currents of 5 mA. MSNA was facilitated, but ocular deviations were never induced.The semicircular canals can exert a powerful influence on eye movements through the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Head turns induce eye movements with veloci-ties of up to 400/s (Atkin and Bender, °1968), and with response characteristics up to 20 Hz ( Grossman et al., 1988; Tabak and Collewijn, 1994; Armand and Minor, 2001). Furthermore, a change in body temperature of only 7C during caloric °stimulation with either air or water read-ily induces nystagmus with slow phase velocities of 30–40/s in monkeys (° Arai et al., 2002) and 10–20°/s in humans (M. Dai, personal communication). Thus, at best, the semicircular canal activation induced using strong GVS by Curthoys and MacDougall, which produced average slow phase eye velocities of 5° /s, was weak and functionally inconsequential.The question of function is particularly relevant in this regard. The semicircular canals stabilize gaze in space during head
Click Structure in the Porpoise, Phocoena Phocoena

The phonation of Phocoena phocoena consists of low intensity, narrow-band clicks usually near 2 kilohertz, produced singly or in bursts at repetition-rates as great as about 1000 per second. the higher repetition-rates show as harmonic bands in spectral analysis when relatively narrow analyzing filters are used. Many clicks contain variable emphasis at discrete higher frequencies. the correct name of this species is discussed. We found no evidence of regional variation in phonation (“local accent”) in either P . phocoena or any of several other cetacean species.
Calculation of signals for oceanographic lidar

This paper calculates signal levels that would be obtained from oceanographic lidar by solving the one-dimensional transient radiative transfer equation for remote sensing. As an example, detection of fish schools is considered. In this technique a pulsed laser is directed into the ocean, and the time-dependent back-scattered flux is measured at different locations. A large number of parameters such as the spatial and temporal variability of optical properties within the ocean, ocean depth, type of ocean water, and presence of biological matters can significantly affect the radiative transport through oceans. But since the emphasis of the work is on the scattering phenomenon, important parameters associated with it, namely the scattering albedo and scattering phase function distribution, are considered in detail.
Change to AXB phenotype in genetic A2B following carcinoma of the cervix.

In a woman of A2B genotype, phenotypic change from A2B to AxB is documented five yean after a successful operation for carcinoma of the cervix. Serum anti-A activity developed in addition to previously noted anti-A1. There appears to be an absolute decrease in conversion of H to A substance, occurring independently of hematologic or other malignant disease.
Redevelopment of Prestressing Force in Severed Prestressed Strands

The flexural capacity rating of prestressed girders having severed or corroded strands often progresses by simply neglecting the contribution of the affected strands from the girder section and assessing the capacity. While this is an adequate approach at the affected section, it is conservative elsewhere along the span, assuming that fully bonded strands are used. Once it reenters sound concrete, the severed or corroded strand continues to be bonded to the concrete; thus stress transfer between the concrete and strand is possible and the strand prestress force may be “redeveloped” (in the sense of transfer length) by bond transfer at a distance from the damage location. This paper reports an experimental study that clearly shows that prestress force is redeveloped at a distance from the location at which a strand is severed. Furthermore, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and American Concrete Institute (ACI) code-prescribed transfer-length calculations appear to ...
An Indian Adventure: Derrick Vail's Shikarpur Fragments

Shortly after completing his residency training at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Derrick Vail,Jr, MD (1898-1973) (Figure 1), traveled to India to work at a missionary hospital and perfect his surgical skills. His father, Derrick Vail, Sr, MD (1864-1930) (Figure 2), also a highly respected ophthalmologist, accompanied him, as did their wives. Vail's description of the expedition, which has not been published previously, gives an interesting perspective on eye care during the early years of the 20th century by a man who was to become one of the most influential ophthalmologists in the world.
Sexual Predator Law or Preventive Detention? Call It for What It Is

The constitutionality of the sexual predator law has been recognized by the United States Supreme Court. Nevertheless, the law in question has been criticized by many forensic psychiatric and legal scholars as being basically a form of preventive detention in answer to the possibility of recidivism by sex offenders and to allay community fears (Palermo & Farkas, 2001). The law, as I have written before, empowers those states that have enacted it to civilly commit sexual offenders at the termination of their legal sentences for an indefinite period of treatment because, owing to a mental disorder, they have been found more likely than not to reoffend.
Holography under adverse conditions

ABSTRACT Three dimensional images have been formed through a pair of single mode fibers, using monochromatic light of reduced spatial coherence. Two fibers are required; one carries the objectbeam, the other the reference beam. Light comes out of the exiting end of the two fibers, interferes toform a hologram, which then forms a fully 3-dimensional image. Also, we have pursued the problemof imaging through highly scattering media, such as biological tissue. We recover both the amplitudeand the phase of the uncorrupted wavefield from the scattered light. This is accomplished withconsiderable effort; we record up to 8000 electronic holograms and read them all into a computer, theresulting computer processing is quite intensive, requiring many hours of computing. With the phase thus recovered, we can get significantly improved image resolution. keywords: fibers, spatial incoherence, electronic holography, scattering media1. INTRODUCTIONDisplay holography has developed into a mature science in the past 30 years, and theholograms that one sees today axe dramatic, useful and commercially viable. Display holographyis truly a here and now technology. With the recent perfection of color, display holography hastaken another major step forward.We work with holographic displays at the far edge. We want to form images throughextremely small apertures and through highly scattering media that ordinarily scatter the light socompletely that no images can be seen. We have worked in these areas for a number of years and
Growth mechanisms of GaAsP/GaAs heterostructures by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition

The growth mechanisms for GaAs1-xPx/GaAs heterostructures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) have been studied by changing the P composition, which changes the extent of lattice mismatch. Two-dimensional layer growth is found to be dominant with no three-dimensional island growth in evidence, up to a lattice mismatch of 1.4%. The early stages of the epitaxial growth have been studied by conventional transmission electron microscopy and high resolution electron microscopy. Mechanisms for the generation of misfit dislocations and microtwins are described.
Threat displays and combat aggression in Betta splendens following visual exposure to conspecifics and one-way mirrors

Sixteen pairs of adult male Betta splendens were tested for waning of threat displays during 124 hr of exposure to either conspecifics or to one-way mirrors. In the one-way mirror condition, eight fish viewed their own mirror images while their respective pair members viewed them through the transparent, nonreflective sides of the one-way mirrors. Mirror viewers displayed much more persistently than fish which viewed them through the one-way mirrors, and somewhat more than conspecifics which viewed each other through clear partitions. When the visually preexposed pairs were later permitted to fight, viewing mirrors or other conspecifics prior to combat had not reduced attack readiness. In fact, visually isolated control pairs fought less than visually preexposed fish; subsequent visual exposure to opponents reversed the effects of visual isolation. Results suggest that threat displays in restrained Betta wane when fish withhold threat-sustaining visual feedback from each other. And while threat displays may be reduced by viewing mirrors or conspecifics, actual attack readiness is not, suggesting that threat and attack components of aggression may vary independently of each other.
The tetraspan protein EMP2 modulates the surface expression of caveolins and glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-linked proteins.

Caveolae are a subset of lipid rafts enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol-rich domains, but selectively lacking glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). Caveolin proteins are the organizing component of caveolae, but the corresponding proteins for other classes of lipid rafts are poorly defined. Epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2), a member of the four-transmembrane superfamily, facilitates plasma membrane delivery of certain integrins. In this study, we found by laser confocal microscopy that EMP2 was associated with GPI-APs (detected by the GPI-AP binding bacterial toxin proaerolysin). Biochemical membrane fractionation and methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment demonstrated that this association occurred within lipid rafts. EMP2 did not associate with caveolin-bearing membrane structures, and recombinant overexpression of EMP2 in NIH3T3 cells decreased caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 protein levels while increasing the surface expression of GPI-APs. Conversely, a ribozyme construct that specifically cleaves the EMP2 transcript reduced surface GPI-APs and increased caveolin protein expression. These findings suggest that EMP2 facilitates the formation and surface trafficking of lipid rafts bearing GPI-APs, and reduces caveolin expression, resulting in impaired formation of caveolae.
A model for knickpoint migration in first- and second-order streams

We introduce a new theoretical framework for knickpoint migration in unventilated flows prevalent in channelized semicohesive first- and second-order streams characterized by a sequence of constrictions and expansions in the channel cross section. A key feature of the framework is the inclusion of shear-induced fluvial erosion due to flow suction at the nappe as the key mechanism driving migration. Channel surveys, water stage, time-lapse photography, and laser scans from Mud Creek, Iowa, USA, confirm this unventilated erosive mechanism and reveal a dual advective-diffusive mode of retreat. We treat the fluvial bed shear stress as being similar to the flow on the lee side of a submerged obstacle and derive a governing equation which is a generalized Burgers' equation. The equation is solved to successfully simulate knickpoints monitored in two sites (Iowa and Mississippi), and a modified Peclet number is used to analyze the advective-diffusive nature of the knickpoint migration.
Case 115: Aortic Pseudoaneurysm from Penetrating Superior Vena Cava Stent

A 35-year-old man presented with acute substernal chest pain. He described the pain as dull and constant, with occasional episodes of knifelike pain that radiated to his back and neck. These episodes were exacerbated by dialy-sis that was performed through a, right upper extremity brachiocephalic fistula. His medical history included un controlled hypertension, end-stage renal disease. and cocaine abuse. He had been hospitalized multiple times in the past year and a half for chest pain, but-no evidence of pulmonary embolism or cardiac ischemia was found. Serial transthoracic echocardiograms demonstrated nonconstrictive pericardial effusion. The present episode differed somewhat from prior episodes in that it was associated with hemodialysis Two months prior to the current episode. this patient experienced poor venous outflow during dialysis. Shunt venography depicted a tight stenosis at the junction of the right brachiocephalic vein and the superior vena cava (SVC). This area was successfully opened with a 15 X 50-mm Gianturco stent (Cook. Bloomington, Ind) and dilated to 12 mm. Subsequently, the patient was hospitalized two additional times for chest pain. At the time of the current episode, he had a blood pressure of 164/101 mm Hg, a pulse of 112 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 18 breaths per minute, and 100% oxygen saturation on room air. Physical examination revealed a thin man in no distress; the only notable finding was engorged upper extremity veins due to the dialysis shunt. Conventional chest radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) images of the chest the chest were obtained.
Explaining the Size of the Public Sector: Responsive and Excessive Government Interpretations

Numerous plausible explanations have been offered in an attempt to account for the changing size of government in the United States, but no consistent support exists for any. We believe the failure is due to the fact that the variable being explained--total size of government--is conceptualized at too high a level of aggregation. In this paper, we distinguish between two components of government size: the scope of transfer payments to individuals, and the scope of domestic purchasing activity. Furthermore, the many accounts of public sector expansion are often characterized as either "responsive" or "excessive" government explanations. The former view government as reacting to external demands for expansion, while the latter view government itself as a major cause of growth. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence for judging which, if either, of these interpretations is correct. Thus, we develop models of the scopes of government transfers and purchases reflecting both these interpretations. We...
Receiver anonymity via incomparable public keys

We describe a new method for protecting the anonymity of message receivers in an untrusted network. Surprisingly, existing methods fail to provide the required level of anonymity for receivers (although those methods do protect sender anonymity). Our method relies on the use of multicast, along with a novel cryptographic primitive that we call an Incomparable Public Key cryptosystem, which allows a receiver to efficiently create many anonymous "identities" for itself without divulging that these separate "identities" actually refer to the same receiver, and without increasing the receiver's workload as the number of identities increases. We describe the details of our method, along with a prototype implementation.
Cooling fan reliability: failure criteria, accelerated life testing, modeling and qualification

Based on field return and test data, the major failure mechanisms and failure modes of cooling fan system are presented in this paper. Then, the failure criteria and the reliability metrics for cooling fan systems are discussed. By critically comparing the accelerated life testing methods from various vendors, a practical accelerated life testing methodology is presented. The acceleration testing models and acceleration factor are also discussed. In the last section, a comprehensive reliability qualification procedure is proposed
PRESENCE OF PHYCOERYTHRIN IN TWO STRAINS OF PROCHLOROCOCCUS (CYANOBACTERIA) ISOLATED FROM THE SUBTROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN .

Prochlorococcus is a ubiquitous marine oxyphotobacterium characterized by the presence of DV-chl a and b. In addition, the type strain Prochlorococcus marinus Chisholm et al. CCMP 1375 (or SS120), an isolate from the Sargasso Sea, contains low levels of an unusual phycoerythrin. Until now, it has been unclear if phycoerythrin occurs randomly within this systematic group and if the molecular characteristics of this phycoerythrin are restricted to this single strain. Here, we show that two additional Prochlorococcus strains from the Pacific Ocean also contain similar low levels of phycoerythrin. DNA sequence and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that this phycoerythrin is very similar to the phycoerythrin of P. marinus SS120 and differs from the classic cyanobacterial phycoerythrins. In contrast, a third isolate from the Arabian Sea lacks phycoerythrin. Based on the DV-chl b:a ratio and 16S rRNA sequence data, we classify the two Pacific phycoerythrin-containing isolates as low-light-adapted strains and the Arabian Sea isolate as a high-light-adapted strain. Thus, we provide further evidence to link the physiology of an individual genotype and the presence or absence of functional phycoerythrin genes within the genus Prochlorococcus.
Electroencephalographic and autonomic predictors of relapse in alcohol-dependent patients

Measures of electroencephalographic and autonomic activity were recorded from 17 alcohol-dependent patients (after 7-10 and 14-17 days of abstinence) and 14 age-matched non-drug-dependent controls (after comparable intervals). The alcohol-dependent group was divided into subgroups of abstinence-prone or relapse-prone patients, based on their 3-month posttreatment outcome. Data analyses revealed that relapse-prone patients evidenced more electroencephalographic beta-activity at the vertex lead, and a larger amplitude carotid pulse than abstinence-prone patients and controls. The implications of these preliminary findings for relapse prediction and typological development are discussed.
The Impact of Leadership Modes on Team Dynamics and Performance in Undergraduate Management Classes

In business school environments, teamwork often factors into discussions about effective pedagogy. However, leadership of classroom teams has attracted virtually no attention from scholars. How teams should be led in the classroom and what kinds of outcomes different types of team leaders produce remain underdeveloped areas of inquiry. In this article, the authors present findings from a study of the relationships between leadership modes and the performance and dynamics of classroom teams. The authors found that emerging leaders are least effective, while designated and rotating leaders are most effective for fostering differing types of team dynamics. The authors also discuss pedagogical and future research implications.
Deposition and emplacement of Permian reefs in Sierra Plomosa,Chihuahua, Mexico

Permian reefs in Sierra Plomosa, Chihuahua are well exposed and contain shallow-water faunas similar to the better-studied rocks of the Permian Reef Complex in Texas and New Mexico. The reefs are dominantly mudstones with subordinate algal boundstones, packstones, and grainstones. Fusulinids indicate the reefs are Late Wolfcampian through at least Early Leonardian. The reefs are found in complicated juxtaposition to basinal clastic rocks of the Plomosas Formation. Thrusting is clearly responsible for the structural association in the Sierra Santo Domingo at the east end of the range. Sliding of reefal blocks into adjacent deep water may have occurred. Reefal olistoliths of shallow water origin are embedded in deep marine terrigenous clastics.
Understanding Families as Systems

In this article, we discuss recent research that has arisen from theoretical and conceptual models that use a systems metaphor for understanding families. We suggest that research stimulated by such models leads social scientists in new and important directions in understanding the social and emotional development of children in their families. These models view development as resulting from the dynamic transactions across multiple levels of family systems, which regulate a child's behavior. Thus, these models are important in considering multiple influences on development and adaptation.
Aerodynamics of tip-reversal upstroke in a revolving pigeon wing

During slow flight, bird species vary in their upstroke kinematics using either a 'flexed wing' or a distally supinated 'tip-reversal' upstroke. Two hypotheses have been presented concerning the function of the tip-reversal upstroke. The first is that this behavior is aerodynamically inactive and serves to minimize drag. The second is that the tip-reversal upstroke is capable of producing significant aerodynamic forces. Here, we explored the aerodynamic capabilities of the tip-reversal upstroke using a well-established propeller method. Rock dove (Columba livia, N=3) wings were spread and dried in postures characteristic of either mid-upstroke or mid-downstroke and spun at in vivo Reynolds numbers to simulate forces experienced during slow flight. We compared 3D wing shape for the propeller and in vivo kinematics, and found reasonable kinematic agreement between methods (mean differences 6.4% of wing length). We found that the wing in the upstroke posture is capable of producing substantial aerodynamic forces. At in vivo angles of attack (66 deg at mid-upstroke, 46 deg at mid-downstroke), the upstroke wings averaged for three birds produced a lift-to-drag ratio of 0.91, and the downstroke wings produced a lift-to-drag ratio of 3.33. Peak lift-to-drag ratio was 2.5 for upstroke and 6.3 for downstroke. Our estimates of total force production during each half-stroke suggest that downstroke produces a force that supports 115% of bodyweight, and during upstroke a forward-directed force (thrust) is produced at 36% of body weight.
New developments in the diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome: Say goodbye to tender points?

The Symptom Intensity Scale score can be used to identify and quantify fibromyalgia syndrome from information supplied by a simple questionnaire. In this paper, the author describes how this test was developed and argues in favor of its use in clinical practice in diagnosing fibromyalgia syndrome.
June Manning Thomas, Redevelopment and Race: Planning a Finer City in Postwar Detroit (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2013).John Gallagher, Revolution Detroit: Strategies for Urban Reinvention (Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2013).

In recent years, a cavalcade of books has sought to reflect and speculate on the post‐industrial fate of Detroit. The city and its body politic have stirred a seemingly endless stream of inquiry fr...
Safety profiles of tamoxifen and the aromatase inhibitors in adjuvant therapy of hormone-responsive early breast cancer

Adjuvant endocrine therapy plays an important role in the management of hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer, and has increased life expectancy for millions of women. Many patients receive adjuvant treatment for at least 5 years following tumor resection, hence good long-term safety is important for endocrine agents to gain widespread acceptance. Tamoxifen has been used as adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer for many years, and safety data have been well documented, but a poor risk:benefit profile limits treatment duration to 5 years. Increased efficacy over tamoxifen and good tolerability have recently made the third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs) the first-choice agents for adjuvant endocrine therapy; however, it is currently not known whether AI therapy, like tamoxifen, will be limited to 5 years. Many side effects of endocrine therapy, such as hot flushes and mood disturbances, are related to estrogen deprivation and are common to tamoxifen and AIs, reflecting the mechanism of action of these drugs. In addition, tamoxifen has estrogenic effects that are beneficial in some tissues: tamoxifen lowers serum cholesterol levels and protects against bone loss and cardiovascular disease, but is also associated with potentially life-threatening side effects, such as endometrial cancer and thromboembolic disease. As AIs lack estrogenic activity, they are not associated with these serious adverse events. Clinical trials comparing AIs with tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting have shown that AIs are well tolerated and are associated with a lower incidence of gynecological symptoms and hot flushes than tamoxifen. However, AIs are associated with musculoskeletal side effects, such as arthralgia, myalgia and bone loss, but these events are preventable or manageable. The effects of AIs on lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system are still debatable, but placebo-controlled trials provide no evidence to suggest that AIs adversely affect these systems. Furthermore, the AIs allow women to maintain a good quality of life, comparable with women receiving tamoxifen or placebo, and are a cost-effective therapeutic option. Ongoing trials will provide more information regarding the long-term effects of AI therapy and will provide comparative data on the efficacy and safety of the different AIs, thereby helping to determine the optimal treatment strategy for these highly effective and well-tolerated drugs.