cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Simulation in Hospitality as an Analytic Tool and Instructional System: A Review of the Literature:

This review of the literature presents in-depth research pertaining to simulation modeling in the hospitality industry. The authors’intent is to expand the readers’knowledge about simulation modeling and to provide a more complete discussion of what is known about simulation theory in the hospitality literature. Furthermore, information is provided to assist decision makers, training professionals, and hospitality educators with theoretical and methodological suggestions specific to evaluating simulation’s effectiveness and to provide a framework for understanding the enormous contributions to the simulation literature that have been made during the past four decades. A chart of simulation, indicating definitions and applications, is provided. Two comprehensive tables describing and categorizing articles in this area are also provided. The research shows substantial use of simulation modeling in both hospitality operations and education. It further shows some major methodological shortcomings.
Treatment outcomes and morbidity following definitive brachytherapy with or without external beam radiation for the treatment of localized prostate cancer: 20-year experience at Mount Sinai Medical Center.

Abstract Objectives To present our treatment algorithm and 20-year experience in treating prostate cancer with brachytherapy since 1990, with focus on cancer-control outcomes and treatment-related morbidity. Methods and materials We selected patients treated for localized prostate cancer with brachytherapy, combination therapy with external beam radiotherapy, and adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy as prescribed by our Mount Sinai risk stratification and treatment algorithm. Outcomes were analyzed with respect to biochemical failure, distant metastases, prostate cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. Morbidity was assessed with respect to urinary, sexual, and rectal outcomes. Results In total, 2,495 patients met inclusion criteria. The 12-year actuarial freedom from biochemical failure was 83% (low risk: 90%, intermediate risk: 84%, and high risk: 64%); freedom from distant metastasis was 95%; prostate cancer-specific survival was 95%; and overall survival was 70%. On multivariate analysis, significant associations were found between cancer control and risk group, total biologically effective dose, and androgen deprivation therapy. With regard to morbidity, potency was preserved in 61%, and urinary symptoms improved in 35%. The 12-year actuarial freedom from urinary retention events was 90% and from severe rectal bleed was 93%. Conclusions Brachytherapy, as administered via the Mount Sinai algorithm, remains an efficacious and benign treatment option for patients with localized prostate cancer of all risk groups.
Tables for Obtaining Weibull Confidence Bounds and Tolerance Bounds Based on Best Linear Invariant Estimates of Parameters of the Extreme-Value Distribution

Tables are given for obtaining confidence bounds for the two parameters and the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of the two-parameter Weibull or extreme-value distribut.ions. The tables are based on best linear invariant estimlators of extreme-value location and scale parameters and apply to samples of size n, n = 3(1)16, which may be censored at the mth smallest sample observation, m = 3(1)%. More extensive tables for samples of size n, n = 3(1)25, with censoring from m = 3(1)n, may be found in [12]. Discussion is given concerning other methods of obtaining confidence and tolerance bounds for these distributions, properties of the estimators on which the bounds are based and computational procedures used.
The suitability of the von Karman spectrum for the structure of turbulence in a complex terrain wind farm

Abstract Turbulence measurements in the vicinity of a wind farm on the island of Andros (Greece), combining strong winds and ground complexity, are presented. The computed mean turbulence parameters are shown to be influenced by both topography and wake effects. Power spectra are derived and compared with the von Karman formulation during free stream and wake conditions and the corresponding turbulence length scales are determined. The analysis reveals that the von Karman spectrum is suitable for the structure of the turbulence measured at some locations in free stream conditions. However, intense topography effects like flow separation and wake effects are not adequately modelled by this formulation. The turbulent length scales exhibit a considerable variation with direction. During wake conditions and at around 1.8 D separation distance, length scales are higher compared to those of free stream, whereas at separation distances greater than 6.7 D topography effects have a stronger influence on the spectra and the length scale values than the wake effects.
A community initiative to support family financial well-being

Many community initiatives focus on workforce participation. Research indicates that affordable childcare is key to maintaining employment for low-income parents in the USA. These parents may also benefit from instruction to build financial literacy skills. The United Way of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA implemented a program to support family economic status that linked summer childcare for school-age children with financial literacy classes. Results from the evaluation of the initiative indicate that it enabled parents to participate more fully in work or school than would have been possible otherwise. Parents welcomed choices of free, innovative childcare programs that promoted social, academic, and cultural skills and provided safe care for their children. Parents reported that their money management knowledge and skills improved due to the course they took to qualify for childcare. Initiatives such as this show promise for promoting family financial well-being and an engaged workforce.
Cadmium: inability to induce hypertension in the rat.

Abstract Cadmium has been suggested as a potential etiologic agent in human hypertension and has been reported to induce hypertension in experimenta animals. Cadmium acetate was administered ip to Sprague-Dawley derived and hooded Long-Evans rats at several dose levels and under a variety of treatment schedules and conditions. Under none of these circumstances was hypertension produced. These findings indicate that cadmium does not act as a proximate hypertension-inducing agent under all experimental conditions.
Evaluation of amiodarone free radical toxicity in rat hepatocytes

Abstract The possible roles of free radicals and lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of toxicity of amiodarone (AD) [2-butyl-3-(3', 5'-diiodo-4'α-diethylaminoethoxybenzoyl)benzofuran] and its principle metabolite, desethylamiodarone (DE), were examined in primary cultured Sprague-Dawley male rat hepatocytes. AD (20 and 40 μg ml ) and DE (10 and 25 μg ml ) killed hepatocytes in concentration- and time-dependent fashions. Several antioxidants [Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (200 U ml ), catalase (200 U ml ), N,N′-di-phenylphenylenediamine (DPPD; 25 μM), butylated hydroxytoluene (0.1 mM), and N-acetylcysteine (5 mM)] were incapable of preventing AD and DE hepatocyte toxicity. Only vitamin E (VE, d,l-α-tocopherol acetate; 20–200 μM) prevented AD and DE toxicity. No correlation between the onset of hepatocyte death by AD and DE and hepatocyte lipid peroxidation was seen. Both drugs inhibited NADPH-dependent rat liver microsomal superoxide production. These results, excluding the preventive effects of VE, do not support a free radical/lipid peroxidation mechanism of hepatocyte toxicity by AD and DE. VE may have prevented hepatocyte toxicity through non-antioxidant effects.
Some correlates of attitudes towards old people.

A group of 103 undergraduate students responded to a semantic differential measure of the attitude toward old men, and to a number of measures assessing potential correlates of this attitude. Attempts were also made to assess the validity of an indirect measure of the attitude toward elderly. Older men were evaluated less positively; they were judged less decisive, and instrumental as compared with younger men. Of all the variables studied only two were significantly related to attitudes toward older men, i.e., socioeconomic status of parents and frequency of contact with elderly. The outcomes with regard to the validity of the indirect measure of attitudes were ambiguous at best.
Photoinduced electron transfer between donors and acceptors on micelle surfaces

Abstract Fluorescence time-dependence and fluorescence yield data are used to examine photoinduced electron transfer between N,N-dimethylaniline and octadecylrhodamine B on the surfaces of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and Triton X-100 micelles. The data are analyzed with a detailed theory that includes diffusion of the chromophores over the micelle surface and models the reaction rate by a distance-dependent Marcus form. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for reasonable choices of the transfer parameters for DTAB. However, for Triton X-100, there is reasonable agreement between theory and experiment only for values of the parameters that verge on unphysical. Possible explanations are discussed.
Shift-Share Analysis in Tourism: Examination of Tourism Employment Change in a Region

The purpose of this paper is to present and demonstrate the usefulness of the dynamic shift-share method in examining the performance of the tourism industry using time-series employment data for the State of Texas and the USA, and to compare its results with those of the traditional accounting based shift-share analysis. The findings show that, compared to the US average, the change in employment in Texas was mainly due to the strong national economy and not to the region's competitiveness or sectoral make-up. According to the findings, the use of a dynamic shift-share model eliminated one theoretical problem inherent in the classical static method.
Assignment of the Gene for NADH Diaphorase Dia- 1 to Mouse Chromosome 15

We have examined 14 Chinese hamster x mouse somatic cell hybrids segregating mouse chromosomes for the expression of NADH-dependent diaphorase (Dia-1, cytochrome b 5 reductase, EC 1.6.2.2). Isoelectric focusing allowed the discrimination of mouse Dia-1 isozymes from those of the Chinese hamster in the hybrids. Correlation of the loss or retention of individual mouse chromosomes with expression of mouse diaphorase isozymes resulted in the assignment of the gene for Dia-1 to chromosome 15. Dia-1is the first biochemical gene that can be detected in cultured cells assigned to this chromosome and will therefore provide a convenient marker for future somatic cell genetic studies.
Leadership Pedagogy: Putting Theory to Practice.

This chapter will discuss the foundations of effective pedagogy and content, and how to apply these to leadership education. International Leadership Association overarching Content Guiding Question: “What is the content of the leadership education program and how was it derived?”
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Exogenous oleate reduces the inhibitory effect of 5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one on the growth of CHO-K1 cells

Summary 5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one, a hypocholesterolemic agent and a potent inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, inhibited the growth of CHO-K1 cells incubated in medium containing fetal calf serum. The concentration of the oxysterol required to inhibit growth by 50% was 13 μM. Sodium oleate (82 μM) reduced the inhibitory effects of the sterol, and increased the concentration of the 15-ketosterol required to cause a 50% inhibition of growth to 25 μM. The ACAT inhibitor N′-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-N-[[4-(2,2-dimethylpropy)-phenyl]-methyl])-N-heptylurea (5 μM) abolished the effect of sodium oleate, and reduced the concentration of the 15-ketosterol required to inhibit growth by 50% to 5 μM.
A Multilevel Analysis of Gender Differences in Psychological Distress Over Time

Females have higher rates of depression than males, a disparity that emerges in adolescence and persists into adulthood. This study uses hierarchical linear modeling to assess the effects of school context on gender differences in depressive symptoms among adolescents based on two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 9,709 teens, 127 schools). Analysis indicates significant school-level variation in both overall symptom levels and the average gender gap in depression net of prior symptoms and individual-level covariates. Aggregate levels of depressive symptomatology were positively associated with contextual-level socioeconomic status (SES) disadvantage. A cross-level contingency emerged for the relationship between gender and depressive symptoms with school SES and aggregate perceived community safety such that the gender “gap” was most apparent in contexts characterized by low SES disadvantage and high levels of perceived safety. These results highlight the importance of context to understanding the development of mental health disparities.
A 2000-year record of Caribbean and tropical North Atlantic hydrographic variability

[1] Here we present near-annually resolved oxygen isotope records from two species of planktic foraminifera from the Cariaco Basin that reflect sea surface temperature (SST) and Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) precipitation-related salinity variations over the Caribbean and tropical North Atlantic spanning the last 2000 years. A strong, broad spatial pattern of correlation exists between foraminiferal δ18O and SSTs over the period of instrumental overlap, but the correlations weaken as they are extended back in time and instrumental SST records become discontinuous. A long-term trend in the Globigerinoides ruber δ18O record can be explained by two different but equally plausible scenarios. First, the increase in δ18O may indicate that tropical summer-fall SSTs have cooled by as much as 2°C over the last 2000 years, possibly as a result of a long-term increase in upwelling intensity. Alternately, comparisons to other studies of ITCZ and regional evaporation/precipitation variability suggest that much of the δ18O record is influenced by decadal- to centennial-scale variations in the mean annual position of the ITCZ and associated rainfall patterns. Similarities between the G. bulloides δ18O record and the 11-year sunspot cycle support prior studies that suggest solar variability plays a role in influencing the hydrologic balance of the circum-Caribbean.
Detection and localization of hidden radioactive sources with spatial statistical method

The detection of radioactive materials has become a critical issue for environmental services, public health, and national security. This paper proposes a spatial statistical method to detect and localize a hidden radioactive source. Based on a detection system of multiple radiation detectors, the statistical model assumes that the counts of radiation particles received by those detectors are spatially distributed of Poisson distribution, and each comprises a signal and a background. By considering the physical law of signal degradation with distance, the paper provides a numerical method to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of the strength and location of the source. Based on these estimates, a likelihood ratio statistic is used to test the existence of the source. Because of the special properties of the model, the test statistic does not converge asymptotically to the standard chi-square distribution. Thus a bootstrap method is proposed to compute the p-value in the test. The simulation results show that the proposed method is efficient for detecting and localizing the hidden radioactive source.
A coupled implicit method for chemical non-equilibrium flows at all speeds

A time-accurate, coupled solution procedure is described for the chemical nonequilibrium Navier-Stokes equations over a wide range of Mach numbers. This method employs the strong conservation form of the governing equations, but uses primitive variables (p"g, u, v, h, Y"i) as unknowns. Real gas properties and nonequilibrium chemistry are considered. Numerical tests include steady convergent-divergent nozzle flows with air dissociation/recombination chemistry, dump combustor flows withn-pentane-air chemistry, and nonreacting unsteady driven cavity flows. Numerical results for both the steady and unsteady flows demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the present algorithm for Mach numbers ranging from the incompressible limit to supersonic speeds.C 1993 Academic Press, Inc.
An evaluation of alternative methods for constructing phylogenies from whole genome sequence data: a case study with Salmonella

Comparative genomics based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly being applied to investigate questions within evolutionary and molecular biology, as well as questions concerning public health (e.g., pathogen outbreaks). Given the impact that conclusions derived from such analyses may have, we have evaluated the robustness of clustering individuals based on WGS data to three key factors: (1) next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform (HiSeq, MiSeq, IonTorrent, 454, and SOLiD), (2) algorithms used to construct a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) matrix (reference-based and reference-free), and (3) phylogenetic inference method (FastTreeMP, GARLI, and RAxML). We carried out these analyses on 194 whole genome sequences representing 107 unique Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. Montevideo strains. Reference-based approaches for identifying SNPs produced trees that were significantly more similar to one another than those produced under the reference-free approach. Topologies inferred using a core matrix (i.e., no missing data) were significantly more discordant than those inferred using a non-core matrix that allows for some missing data. However, allowing for too much missing data likely results in a high false discovery rate of SNPs. When analyzing the same SNP matrix, we observed that the more thorough inference methods implemented in GARLI and RAxML produced more similar topologies than FastTreeMP. Our results also confirm that reproducibility varies among NGS platforms where the MiSeq had the lowest number of pairwise differences among replicate runs. Our investigation into the robustness of clustering patterns illustrates the importance of carefully considering how data from different platforms are combined and analyzed. We found clear differences in the topologies inferred, and certain methods performed significantly better than others for discriminating between the highly clonal organisms investigated here. The methods supported by our results represent a preliminary set of guidelines and a step towards developing validated standards for clustering based on whole genome sequence data.
Multiple Quasi Equilibria of the ITCZ and the Origin of Monsoon Onset. Part II: Rotational ITCZ Attractors

Abstract Chao's numerical and theoretical work on multiple quasi equilibria of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the origin of monsoon onset is extended to solve two additional puzzles. One is the highly nonlinear dependence on latitude of the “force” acting on the ITCZ due to the earth's rotation, which makes the multiple quasi equilibria of the ITCZ and monsoon onset possible. The other is the dramatic difference in such dependence when different cumulus parameterization schemes are used in a model. Such a difference can lead to a switch between a single ITCZ at the equator and a double ITCZ, when a different cumulus parameterization scheme is used. Sometimes one of the double ITCZ can diminish and only the other remains strong, but still this can mean different latitudinal locations for the single ITCZ. A single idea based on two off-equator attractors for the ITCZ symmetric with respect to the equator, due to the earth's rotation, and the dependence of the strength and size of these attrac...
Warrant is unique

Warrant is what fills the gap between mere true belief and knowledge. But a problem arises. Is there just one condition that satisfies this description? Suppose there isn't: can anything interesting be said about warrant after all? Call this the uniqueness problem. In this paper, I solve the problem. I examine one plausible argument that there is no one condition filling the gap between mere true belief and knowledge. I then motivate and formulate revisions of the standard analysis of warrant. Given these revisions, I argue that there is, after all, exactly one warrant condition.
Influence of body size on lithium levels in rats.

Lithium chloride was injected into rats by the intraperitoneal or intravenous route. The dose was proportional to body weight, in the conventional manner. Lithium levels in blood serum and organs were determined after 3–24 h. Within a given strain, large rats had higher levels than small rats. The size of the rats, and not their age, was the determining factor. The large rats had more adipose tissue than the small rats. Inasmuch as lithium distributes in body water, the excess fat in large rats reduces its volume of distribution, which may be responsible for raising the lithium levels in aqueous compartments, including serum. Male and female rats of equal body size developed equal lithium levels in serum.
Endotracheal tube occlusion following blind oral intubation with the Endotrol (trigger) endotracheal tube: a case report.

Abstract Some cases of difficult airway intubation can be managed by using the Endotrol (trigger) endotracheal tube. This report describes such a case, in which the management of a difficult airway was facilitated initially by using the Endotrol tube; however, significant occlusion occurred approximately 16 hours later when the tube "kinked," leading to its partial collapse. The Endotrol tube has been used to maintain airways in critical and difficult situations, but its use for longer periods of intubation may need to be further studied.
Iron translocation I. Plant culture, exudate sampling, iron-citrate analysis.

Plant culture, exudate sampling, and analytical methods designed to ascertain the form of iron translocated are presented. Restoration of iron to sunflower plants precultured at different Fe levels resulted in exudate iron concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 31 × 10 −5 m. Citrate was from 3 to 89 × 10 −5 m. Iron and citrate were highest in exudates from iron-deficient plants. Citrate/Fe ratios were between 1 and 3 for exudates of deficient plants. Exudate from normal plants gave a citrate/Fe ratio of 15. Malate, iron, and a fraction of the citrate in stem exudates migrated electrophoretically to similar positions in acetate buffer. Extracts of narrow bands from the iron-containing areas gave curves suggesting that citrate bound the iron. Citrate that was not combined with iron migrated in a slower band. The effect of iron on citrate migration was confirmed in several related experiments. The stability of Fe-citrate was demonstrated electrophoretically in malate buffer. Citrate retained iron against malate. Data given in this paper indicate that citrate binds iron in sunflower exudate. The data suggest that citrate carries iron in intact plants.
Democracia: transformações passadas, desafios presentes e perspectivas futuras

O campo conceitual das analises sobre a democracia, de um modo geral, tem sido delimitado territorialmente. Para a democracia antiga, o territorio foi aquele da cidade-estado; para a democracia moderna, um estado nacional. Ainda que, a partir do final do seculo 18, a democracia tenha se constituido em um conjunto de instituicoes e de praticas muito diferentes daquelas da democracia antiga, e embora a democracia moderna venha sofrendo continuas e significativas mudancas, a nocao de territorialidade delimitada persistiu como pressuposto central. No inicio do seculo 21, no entanto, ha muitas razoes para prever uma profunda mudanca conceitual. A rede de conexoes transnacionais, o desenvolvimento de estruturas transnacionais de tomada de decisao (da UE ao FMI) e a enorme disparidade de riqueza e poder entre os paises estao colocando em questao a democracia dos estados nacionais. Embora a onda multicontinental de democratizacao do final do seculo 20 tenha produzido, em termos geograficos, a mais disseminada instituicao de governos nacionais democraticos de toda a historia, pesquisas de opiniao em muitos paises revelam uma grande insatisfacao com a democracia praticada atualmente, nao so nos paises recentemente democratizados, mas tambem naqueles de maior tradicao democratica. Ha quem venha sugerindo a necessidade de democratizacao das estruturas transnacionais. Mas, faz sentido a existencia de democracia em uma escala que ultrapasse a dos estados nacionais? Na esfera conceitual, ha muitas razoes para ceticismo. Entre as questoes suscitadas estao: se a fraqueza das solidariedades e identidades transfronteiricas impediria uma democracia transfronteirica; se estruturas administrativas de vasto alcance geografico poderiam ser efetivamente submetidas ao escrutinio e controle cidadaos; e se os estados ricos e poderosos aceitariam estruturas maiores que limitassem sua autonomia.
Correlation between laser fluorescence readings and volume of tooth preparation in incipient occlusal caries in vitro.

Objective: This study evaluated the correlation between laser fluorescence readings and the extent of incipient occlusal caries as measured by the volume of tooth preparation in vitro. Materials and Methods: One hundred and three permanent molars and premolars containing incipient occlusal pit-and-fissure caries and sound occlusal surfaces (1/4 of the sample, control) were selected. DIAGNOdent (KaVo Dental Corporation, Lake Zurich, IL, USA) readings were obtained according to manufacturer instructions. Caries was removed with 1/4 round burs in high speed. The volume of tooth preparation was measured using a surrogate measure based on the amount of composite needed to fill the preparations. Sensitivity and specificity using different cutoff values were calculated for lesions/preparations extending into dentin. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: The Pearson correlation for preparation volume and DIAGNOdent reading measurements was low (r = 0.285). Sensitivity and specificity of DIAGNOdent for detection of dentinal lesions were 0.83 and 0.60, and 0.66 and 0.73 for the cutoff values of 20 and 30, respectively. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, laser fluorescence measured with DIAGNOdent does not correlate well with extent of carious tooth structure in incipient occlusal caries. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should not rely only on DIAGNOdent readings to determine the extension of incipient occlusal caries. (J Esthet Restor Dent 22:31–41, 2010)
Numerical Simulations of Longitudinal Elastic Behavior of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites

AbstractThe longitudinal elastic behavior of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and SWCNT reinforced polymer nanocomposites are investigated. Finite-element (FE) models of SWCNTs and SWCNT reinforced polymer nanocomposites are developed utilizing a multiscale modeling technique along with molecular structural mechanics (MSM), which provides material properties at a molecular scale and establishes relations between the steric potential energy and classic structural mechanics. The mechanical behavior of SWCNT reinforced polymer nanocomposites is dictated by the mechanical behavior of the SWCNTs embedded in the polymer matrix. Furthermore, varying the radius and length of the SWCNTs affects the longitudinal elastic properties of the SWCNT reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Specifically, the simulation results demonstrated that longitudinal elastic properties of SWCNT reinforced polymer nanocomposites would vary due to different applied loading conditions, i.e., discrete and continuous.
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 by dichloroacetic acid in human fibroblasts from normal peritoneum and adhesions

Abstract Objective To examine the role of stimulation of aerobic metabolism on the differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase–1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), which are differentially regulated in fibroblasts isolated from normal human peritoneum and adhesions. Design Tissue culture study. Setting University research laboratory. Patient(s) Human fibroblasts cultures from normal peritoneum and adhesions that were exposed to dichloroacetic acid (DCA; 0 and 100 μg/mL) for 24 hours under normal and hypoxic conditions. Intervention(s) Main outcome measure(s) Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of MMP-1, TIMP-1, and β-actin. Result(s) Dichloroacetic acid stimulated peritoneal fibroblast MMP-1 mRNA expression under normoxic conditions; this stimulation was lost during hypoxia. In adhesion fibroblasts, DCA increased MMP-1 mRNA expression; this effect was reversed by hypoxia. Expression of TIMP-1 mRNA was insignificantly increased by DCA in normal peritoneal and adhesion fibroblasts under normoxic conditions; however under hypoxic conditions, DCA reduced TIMP-1 mRNA expression from both. Conclusion(s) Regulation of metabolic activity of peritoneal cells may provide a target for future interventions for reduction of development of postoperative adhesions, particularly as it relates to healing of peritoneal sites that did not previously have adhesions as opposed to sites that underwent lysis of preexistent adhesions.
Oxidation of odorous and nonodorous algal metabolites by permanganate, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide

The six algal metabolites, at concentrations of 20-225 μg/l, were oxidized with potassium permanganate, chlorine, or chlorine dioxide at doses of 0.25-3 mg/l. Flavor profile analysis (FPA) was used to determine the odors of the solutions before and after oxidation. Linoleic and palmitic acids, which are odorless compounds, were oxidized to odorous products by all three oxidants. The odor intensity of β-cyclocitral (grape, sweet tobacco) and phenethyl alcohol (rose, floral) was only slightly decreased by any of the oxidants. Oxidation by permanganate or chlorine either eliminated or greatly reduced the odors associated with linolenic acid (watermelon) and 2t,6c-nonadienal (cucumber); chlorine dioxide was ineffective at reducing the cucumber odor of 2t,6c-nonadienal. Oxidation, at doses typically applied for drinking water treatment, can result in the destruction of certain algae-related odors but in the formation of other odors.
Lobar atelectasis in cystic fibrosis and treatment with recombinant human DNase I

Lobar atelectasis occurs in 411% of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (1,2). A large proportion of these do not resolve despite intensive medical treatment. A 31-year-old patient with CF developed a right upper lobe atelectasis which was resistant to conventional medical treatment. Two months later he was started on recombinant human DNase I (rhDNase) which was associated with partial resolution of the atelectasis and reduction in sputum viscoelasticity.
Methodology for teaching introductory computer science

In the last few years it has been generally recognized that teaching programming involves more than describing a new FORTRAN statement each day and providing programming problems to be coded. The concepts of disciplined programming and the accompanying interest in the problem solving process, coupled with the increasing economic desirability of constructing correct and maintainable software has resulted in significant attention being focused on what should be taught, and, to a lesser extent, on how this is best accomplished.In order to discuss how an introductory programming course is taught, it is essential to first establish a set of objectives for such a course. Some of these objectives are obvious and generally agreed upon, others are engendered by the academic environment in which this particular course exists. We first state the objectives and then comment on their appropriateness and interrelation.
Measurement of temporal regularity of spike train responses in auditory nerve fibers of the green treefrog

Abstract This paper describes a method which we have developed for quantifying the temporal regularity of neural spike trains in the sensory nervous system. Our method relies on the use of a modified correlation approach for identifying response firing patterns. We apply the concept of an ambiguity function and related coefficients to measure the tonic/phasic character and statistical variability of spike patterns. We tested this method in recordings from auditory nerve fibers of the green treefrog ( Hyla cinerea ) in response to pure tone, multi-tone, and gaussian white noise. Our results indicate that there is a great deal of variability in the trains of spike times generated by any given fiber in response to identically repeated stimulus presentations. Nevertheless, despite this statistical jitter of the pattern to repetitive stimulation, the spike response trains from a single fiber maintain a high degree of individual detectability in signal metric space. The procedures in our method can be implemented in a relatively simple way on a Macintosh computer and the speed is fast enough for real-time spike analysis. This kind of quantification may especially be useful in studying habituation and plasticity in neural spike train data, as well as in judging the selectivity within the neural code of an individual fiber for particular stimulus features.
An evolutionary strategy for isobutanol production strain development in Escherichia coli

Higher alcohols such as isobutanol possess several physical characteristics that make them attractive as biofuels such as higher energy densities and infrastructure compatibility. Here we have developed a rapid evolutionary strategy for isolating strains of Escherichia coli that effectively produce isobutanol from glucose utilizing random mutagenesis and a growth selection scheme. By selecting for mutants with the ability to grow in the presence of the valine analog norvaline, we obtained E. coli NV3; a strain with improved 24-h isobutanol production (8.0 g/L) in comparison with a productivity of 5.3g/L isobutanol obtained with the parental wild type strain. Genomic sequencing of NV3 identified the insertion of a stop codon in the C-terminus of the RNA polymerase σ(s)-factor, RpoS. Upon repair of this inhibitory mutation (strain NV3r1), a final isobutanol titer of 21.2g/L isobutanol was achieved in 99 h with a yield of 0.31 g isobutanol/g glucose or 76% of theoretical maximum. Furthermore, a mutation in ldhA, encoding d-lactate dehydrogenase, was identified in NV3; however, repair of LdhA in NV3r1 had no affect on LdhA activity detected from cell extracts or on isobutanol productivity. Further study of NV3r1 may identify novel genotypes that confer improved isobutanol production.
Multidisciplinary Simulation of the Maneuvering of an Aircraft

A computational methodology for the simulation of the transient aeroelastic response of an unrestrained and flexible aircraft during high-G maneuvers is presented. The key components of this methodology are: (a) a three-field formulation for coupled fluid/structure interaction problems; (b) a second-order time-accurate and geometrically conserva- tive flow solver for CFD computations on unstructured dynamic meshes; (c) a corotational finite element method for the solution of geometrically nonlinear and unrestrained structural dynamics problems; (d) a robust method for updat- ing an unrestrained and unstructured moving fluid mesh; and (e) a second-order time-accurate staggered algorithm for time-integrating the coupled fluid/structure semi-discrete equations of motion. This computational methodology is illus- trated with the simulation on a parallel processor of several three-dimensional high-G pullup maneuvers of the Langley Fighter in the transonic regime, using a detailed finite element aeroelastic model.
Are Social Ties Always Valuable to Knowledge Search? Contextualizing Knowledge Search by Foreign Subsidiary Executives in an Emerging Economy

The extant research of cross-border knowledge acquisition by multinational enterprises often assumes away the role of local contexts within which knowledge acquisition occurs. To extend this line of research, this study contextualizes the knowledge search by foreign subsidiary executives to examine the contingency value of social ties. The results based on the multilevel analyses of both micro (433 dyad ties) and macro effects of the regional knowledge environment (26 provinces) provide support for the hypotheses that, though close social ties facilitated knowledge search as predicted by social capital theory, the utility value of social ties for knowledge search tends to be attenuated in the regions with high level of social capital and FDI density.
Difficulties, Disagreements, and Disappointments in Late-Life Marriages.

Although research has examined marital satisfaction in later life, little is known about the specific relationship challenges that older couples experience. Thus, the objective of the study was to explore the challenges older couples face. Data came from the USC Longitudinal Study of Generations. Qualitative analysis was conducted on 105 older couples, with an average age of 69, who responded in 1997 to an open-ended question about difficulties, disagreements, and disappointments in their marriage. Ten themes emerged from the data. In order of frequency, they were leisure activities, intimacy, finances, no problems, personality, intergenerational relations, household concerns, personal habits, health issues, and work/retirement. Comparisons in responses were made for age, gender, marital quality, length of marriage, and health. In addition, the dyadic data were examined for patterns within the relationship.
Timing Effects of Postevent Information on Infant Memory

The role of the timing of postevent information on retention was assessed with 124 6-month-olds. In four experiments, infants learned to kick to move a particular crib mobile (the original target), were passively exposed to a discriminably different mobile (the postevent information), and were tested for recognition of the original mobile, the postevent-exposure mobile, or a completely novel mobile 24 h later. All interpolated exposures occurred after delays when infants' retention of the training mobile is excellent. In Experiment 1, the interpolated information precluded recognition of the training mobile (memory impairment) after all exposure delays. In Experiment 2, when the interpolated information was exposed within a week of training, infants treated the exposure mobile as if they had actually been trained with it (memory facilitation). Despite the recognition failures in Experiments 1-2, both original and exposure mobiles later reactivated the training memory, but only if the interpolated exposure was early in the retention interval; if it was later, only the exposure mobile was an effective reminder (Experiments 3A-3B). In Experiment 4, exposing postevent information after longer delays led infants to respond to a completely novel mobile (categorization). These findings demonstrate that postevent information has different qualitative effects depending on its timing and provides a basis for understanding discrepant reports of postevent-information effects with children and adults.
Institutes, research groups, study centers

(1986). Institutes, research groups, study centers. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 61-82.
Adult onset lung disease following transient disruption of fetal stretch-induced differentiation

One of the mechanisms by which adult disease can arise from a fetal origin is by in utero disruption of organogenesis. These studies were designed to examine respiratory function changes in aging rats following transient disruption of lung growth at 16 days gestation. Fetuses were treated in utero with a replication deficient adenovirus containing the cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene fragment cloned in the anti-sense direction. The in utero-treated rats demonstrated abnormal lung function beginning as early as 30 days of age and the pathology progressed as the animals aged. The pulmonary function abnormalities included decreased static compliance as well as increased conducting airway resistance, tissue damping, and elastance. Pressure volume (PV) curves demonstrated a slower early rise to volume and air trapping at end-expiration. The alterations of pulmonary function correlated with lung structural changes determined by morphometric analysis. These studies demonstrate how transient disruption of lung organogensis by single gene interference can result in progressive change in lung function and structure. They illustrate how an adult onset disease can arise from subtle changes in gene expression during fetal development.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy for injury of an ectopic duplicated ureter following robotic prostatectomy.

We report the feasibility and the safety of a robot-assisted laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy in a patient who had previously undergone a robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and was found postoperatively to have complete right sided ureteral duplication with apparent injury to the distal ectopic ureter. Robot-assisted laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy was performed transperitoneally using the same six port sites that had previously been used for the robotic prostatectomy. Rigid cystoscopy was performed at the time of the procedure to identify the normal ureter, perform a retrograde pyelogram, and place a double pigtail ureteral stent. The ureteroureterostomy anastamosis was performed using interrupted 4-0 polyglactin sutures. The operation was performed successfully and without complications. Total operating room time was 117 min. Robot time was 73 min. Estimated blood loss was 50 ml. Other than a brief episode of renal colic on postoperative day 2, the patient recovered uneventfully and was discharged home on postoperative day 4. Preoperative serum creatinine was 1.05 mg/dl and on the day of discharge was 0.85 mg/dl. Prostate pathology showed adenocarcinoma of the prostate, Gleason 3 + 4 = 7 with negative margins pathologic stage T2c.Robot-assisted laparoscopic ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy is safe and effective for the treatment of ureteral injury in a duplicated system.
Lymphogranuloma venereum in the female

YMPHOGRANULOMA venereum now L seems to be the acceptabIe name for a disease with so many appelIations as to confuse even workers in the fieId of venerea1 disease. Four years ago we described some urethral Iesions as“Iymphopathia venereum,“l a term originated by WoIf and SuIzberger.” This seemed to be a superior term. However, since the CumuIative Index now Iists this as IymphogranuIoma venereum, the future Iiterature should be correlated under this titIe. Among many other names this disease was caIIed tropical or climatic bubo. The most wideIy known name in recent years has been IymphogranuIoma inguinaIe. It was 0riginaIIy appIied by Durand, NicoIas and Favre3 in 1913 to chronic inguina1 adenitis with muItipIe draining sinuses. The term was applied because of an apparent microscopic simiIarity with Hodgkin’s disease I,,“ Iymphogranuloma “), The study of this condition progressed littIe or none unti1 1923, when Frei4 discovered the diagnostic properties of an antigen prepared from the bacteriologically sterile pus removed from buboes. This important skin test gave impetus to worId wide studies and a tremendous Iiterature has deveIoped. Many obscure Iesions quite unconnected with the inguina1 adenitis have now been brought together. The disease has been transferred to monkeys and to mice (HeIIerstriim and Wass!m,5 and others), producing characteristic meningitis after intracerebrar inocuIation; to guinea pigs (Meyer, RosenfeId and Ander$) producing a typica inguina1 adenitis after inocuIation in the groin; and to other animals. The fiIterabIe virus nature of the causative agent has been made cIear by a number of investigators. It has been cultured on tissue-Tyrode media by Tamura.7 The entity of this virus disease is undisputed at the present time.
Model-based elastography: a survey of approaches to the inverse elasticity problem

Elastography is emerging as an imaging modality that can distinguish normal versus diseased tissues via their biomechanical properties. This paper reviews current approaches to elastography in three areas—quasi-static, harmonic and transient—and describes inversion schemes for each elastographic imaging approach. Approaches include first-order approximation methods; direct and iterative inversion schemes for linear elastic; isotropic materials and advanced reconstruction methods for recovering parameters that characterize complex mechanical behavior. The paper's objective is to document efforts to develop elastography within the framework of solving an inverse problem, so that elastography may provide reliable estimates of shear modulus and other mechanical parameters. We discuss issues that must be addressed if model-based elastography is to become the prevailing approach to quasi-static, harmonic and transient elastography: (1) developing practical techniques to transform the ill-posed problem with a well-posed one; (2) devising better forward models to capture the complex mechanical behavior of soft tissues and (3) developing better test procedures to evaluate the performance of modulus elastograms.
‘A Country on Wheels’: A Mobile Ethnography of Portuguese Lorry Drivers

This paper revolves around the intersections of mobility and identity. In Europe mobility is often regarded as a producer of cultural proximity amongst European citizens and member states, bearing ...
Education goes the distance with IPTV

The University of Maine System was looking for a way to increase the number of high school students going to college by offering a live, distance education solution that would keep the student in their hometown. Through the years, UMS Distance Education has continued to grow from over the air television courses to offering live IP delivered instruction. This paper will focus more on the history of the UMS system, while the presentation will discuss the current setup.
Denial of Chronic Illness and Disability: Part II. Research Findings, Measurement Considerations, and Clinical Aspects:

The concept of denial has been an integral part of the psychological and disability studies bodies of literature for over 100 years.Yet, denial is a highly elusive concept and has been associated with mixed, indeed conflicting theoretical perspectives, clinical strategies, and empirical findings. In part II the author reviews empirical findings, measurement strategies, and clinical approaches associated with denial, with particular emphasis on rehabilitation-specific findings and implications. It focuses on empirical findings linking the use of denial to a number of psychosocial outcomes, measures that have been employed in the assessment of denial and, intervention strategies to manage denial. Part II concludes with a brief discussion of the implications generated by the current understanding of denial to rehabilitation practitioners and researchers.
Economic Performance And Survival In New Democracies Is There a Honeymoon Effect

In the literature on democratic survival, theories of democratic consolidation assume that new democracies are more vulnerable to breakdown. Theories of democratic honeymoons, however, claim that n...