cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soft x-ray reflectometry program at the National Insitute of Standards and Technology

ABSTRACT In response to the metrology needs of the soft X-ray community, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (N1ST) has initiated a program devoted to the characterization of multilayer coated optics in the4 -40 nm wavelength region. In this paper, we describe the synchrotron based XUV reflectometers in use and under construction at NIST. We review the characteristics of the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility storage ring (SURF II), discuss the capabilities of the existing reflectometry facility, and present thefinal design parameters, expected performance, and construction status of a new reflectometry beam line. 1. INTRODUCTION 4 —"'I ____________________ I ____________________ ..72T.:.. q — -z-..-. The production of highly reflecting, normal incidence, multilayer coated mirrors for use between 4 and 40 nm (the extremeultraviolet, XUV, or soft X-ray) is an enabling technology that has had a significant impact on many areas of technological and scientific interest.1 Research groups across the country continue to improve the performance of XUV multilayer mirrors,
BLACK SWANS IN POLITICS

ABSTRACT We like to believe that our world is regular, that we can predict it fairly well, and that we can control the risks we run. Nassim Taleb argues that we are fooling ourselves and that the course of history is driven by rare and extreme events, which he calls Black Swans. There is much to this, but scholars—at least in political science—are less oblivious to the problem than he believes. More thought needs to be given to hard issues of whether key events were anticipated, whether there were functional substitutes for events that are seen as turning points, the role of beliefs and expectations in Black Swans, and the dynamics that might explain unpredictability.
Emulation of neural networks on a nanoscale architecture

In this paper, we propose using a nanoscale spin-wave-based architecture for implementing neural networks. We show that this architecture can efficiently realize highly interconnected neural network models such as the Hopfield model. In our proposed architecture, no point-to-point interconnection is required, so unlike standard VLSI design, no fan-in/fan-out constraint limits the interconnectivity. Using spin-waves, each neuron could broadcast to all other neurons simultaneously and similarly a neuron could concurrently receive and process multiple data. Therefore in this architecture, the total weighted sum to each neuron can be computed by the sum of the values from all the incoming waves to that neuron. In addition, using the superposition property of waves, this computation can be done in O(1) time, and neurons can update their states quite rapidly.
Souvenir-purchase behavior of women tourists

Abstract Women tourists were interviewed to see if they fit the liberal or the cultural gender ideology, how they varied in souvenir purchases, and if they bought authentic souvenirs. The women represented the range of ages of early adulthood (EA) and middle adulthood (MA), and were frequent travelers who purchased many souvenirs. They exhibited characteristics of both ideologies and purchased authentic souvenirs. EA women made unplanned purchases in malls with their children. MA women made planned purchases in specialty stores and tourist shops with friends or husbands. Retailers should develop promotional messages that appeal to EA nonplanners, MA planners, and seekers of authenticity.
A Clique Tree Algorithm for Partitioning A Chordal Graph into Transitive Subgraphs

A partitioning problem on chordal graphs that arises in the solution of sparse triangular systems of equations on parallel computers is considered. Roughly the problem is to partition a chordal graph $G$ into the fewest transitively orientable subgraphs over all perfect elimination orderings of $G$, subject to a certain precedence relationship on its vertices. In earlier work, a greedy scheme that solved the problem by eliminating a largest subset of vertices at each step was described, and an algorithm implementing the scheme in time and space linear in the number of edges of the graph was provided. Here a more efficient greedy scheme, obtained by representing the chordal graph in terms of its maximal cliques, which eliminates a subset of the leaf cliques % of the current graph at each step is described. Several new results about minimal vertex separators in chordal graphs, and in particular the concept of a {\em critical separator\/} of a leaf clique, are employed to prove that the new scheme solves the partitioning problem. We provide an algorithm implementing the scheme in time and space linear in the size of the clique tree.
Consumer ethics: An empirical investigation of the ethical beliefs of Austrian consumers

Business and Marketing ethics have come to the forefront in recent years. While consumers have been surveyed regarding their perceptions of ethical business and marketing practices, research has been minimal with regard to their ethical beliefs and ideologies. In addition, no study has examined the ethical beliefs of Austrian consumers even though Austria maintains a unique status of political neutrality, nonalignment, stability, economic prosperity and geographical proximity to the East- and West-European countries. This research investigates the relationship between Machiavellianism, ethical ideology and ethical beliefs of Austrian consumers. The results indicate that Austrian consumers are mostly “situationists” who, while rejecting moral rules, judge the ethics of a behavior by the consequences and outcomes of the situation.
Calculation of the thermodynamic and transport properties of aqueous species at high pressures and temperatures: Correlation algorithms for ionic species and equation of state predictions to 5 kb and 1000°C

Correlation algorithms permit prediction of species-dependent parameters in revised equations of state (tanger and Helgeson, 1988) for aqueous ions and electrolytes which can be used together with values at 25°C and 1 bar of the standard partial molal entropies (S0), volumes (V0), and heat capacities (C0p) of the ions to calculate their standard partial molal thermodynamic properties at pressures and temperatures to 5 kb and 1000°C. Values of V0 and C0p at 25°C and 1 bar have been calculated for 128 aqueous ions from analysis of published experimental data or from correlations of these properties with S0. Equation of state parameters have also been generated for these ions and examples are given of predicted standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of representative cations and anions at high pressures and temperatures. Close agreement between independently predicted and experimentally determined equilibrium constants for acid anion dissociation reactions at high temperatures supports the validity and generality of the predictive algorithms.
Literature Searches by Computer

This article informs nurse researchers of the advantages of learning to perform their own computerized literature searches. Hardware and software requirements for long-distance data retrieval are discussed. A variety of financially feasible means of accessing health-related databases are presented along with technologic trends related to online retrieval systems.
STATE, CAPITAL AND LEGITIMATION CRISIS: LAND AND WATER IN CALIFORNIA'S IMPERIAL VALLEY

Agribusiness in California's Imperial Valley faces a legal challenge to its very existence. For almost four decades the large growers in the Valley have relied upon irrigation water from the All American Canal built by the federal government as a part of the Boulder Canyon Project. Federal reclamation law states clearly that no individual is to receive water from federal projects for more than 160 acres of land. Yet average farm size in Imperial County approaches 700 acres and more than 75 percent of county farmland is in holdings of 1,000 acres or more [1]. Today court suits brought both by Valley residents and by land reform groups elsewhere in California have forced the Department of the Interior to take steps towards the enforcement of reclamation law. Effective enforcement of the law would fundamentally alter the social relations of agrarian production both in the Valley and throughout much of the rest of western agriculture. The roots of this crisis lie within the nature of capitalism as a mode of production whose internal development is driven by the twin forces of competition and class struggle. Politically these twin forces generate two contradictory class imperatives, the need to reproduce the social relations necessary for continued capital accumulation and the need to legitimate capitalism as a form of social organization. Because the capitalist state, as a crystallization of class relations [2], is structured by these societal contradictions, state policy reflects the contradictory demands of accumulation and legitimation [ 3 ]. On the one hand, then, social policy must aid capitalists in their search for profits, for accumulation of capital is the basis of prosperity and growing state tax revenues. On the other hand, social policy must also justify this aid in the name of the public good. The legal challenge to the agricultural capitalists of the Valley has placed these imperatives in antagonism to each other
Comparing polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in a food web in Grand Traverse Bay, Lake Michigan.

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) in Great Lakes salmonids and ambient air have been recently reported, but few studies worldwide have examined the accumulation of BDEs within aquatic food webs. Here we report some of the first measurements of six BDE congeners that are common components of the pentaBDE commercial mixture within an entire Lake Michigan food web. BDEs were detected in all samples and the dominant BDE congener was 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 47). BDE 47 levels were consistently greater than those of the 2,2′,4,4′,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 99), despite similar levels of these two compounds in commercial mixtures, suggesting differences in the bioavailability of the BDE congeners or differences in their ability to be metabolized. Additionally, congener composition was significantly different among deepwater sculpin, bloater chub, and lake trout, indicating differences in exposure or differences in biotransformation capacities. Total BDE concentrations in this food web were positively correlated (r = 0.94) with levels of PCBs previously measured in these samples (Stapleton et al. 2001a). Levels of BDE 47 and PCB 153, compounds with similar physicochemical properties, were compared to examine the relative exposure and bioaccumulation of these two classes of chemicals that have different environmental loading histories. Food web magnification factors calculated for these two congeners were 3.2 and 4.0 for BDE 47 and PCB 153, respectively, indicating a comparable potential for biomagnification in food webs.
The effect of ion implantation on epitaxial magnetic garnet thin films

Abstract Recently investigators have reported that ion implantation of magnetic garnet films causes magnetostrictive effects related to stress as well as effects not directly related to stress, such as the suppression of growth-induced anisotropy [1]. This suppression occurs especially in the case of heavy dose implantations, such as 2×10 14 at/cm 2 Ne for example. We report here on the measurement of the stress contribution to implantation-induced anisotropy field change and the total anisotropy field change in films which have compositions suitable for 1 μm and 0.5 μm diameter bubbles. We also report on the measurement of the crystalline anisotropy field in the implanted layer. Films were implanted with deuterium and oxygen ions. Motivation for this choice is discussed.
Bayesian Design and Analysis for Superensemble-Based Climate Forecasting

Abstract The authors develop statistical data models to combine ensembles from multiple climate models in a fashion that accounts for uncertainty. This formulation enables treatment of model specific means, biases, and covariance matrices of the ensembles. In addition, the authors model the uncertainty in using computer model results to estimate true states of nature. Based on these models and principles of decision making in the presence of uncertainty, this paper poses the problem of superensemble experimental design in a quantitative fashion. Simple examples of the resulting optimal designs are presented. The authors also provide a Bayesian climate modeling and forecasting analysis. The climate variables of interest are Northern and Southern Hemispheric monthly averaged surface temperatures. A Bayesian hierarchical model for these quantities is constructed, including time-varying parameters that are modeled as random variables with distributions depending in part on atmospheric CO2 levels. This allows ...
Description of the Larva of Lophodiplosis trifida, an Australian Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and Biocontrol Agent of Paperbark in Florida, USA

ABSTRACT Lophodiplosis trifida Gagne, an Australian gall midge on paperbark, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae), is a recent release in southern Florida for the biological control of that host. The larval stage is described for the first time and compared to that of other Lophodiplosis species. Photos of galls and illustrations of larvae are provided. Second and third instars of L. trifida are unusual among Cecidomyiidae for the lack of setae on most papillae.
Vibration Confinement by Minimum Modal Energy Eigenstructure Assignment

A novel Eigenstructure Assignment (ESA) method for vibration confinement of flexible structures has been developed. This method is an output feedback control and determines the closed-loop systems that their eigenvectors are orthogonalized to the open-loop eigenvectors. This method is a numerical method and used Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to find the null space of the closed-loop eigenvectors. The matrix that spans the null space can be used to regenerate the open-loop system as well as the systems that have orthogonal eigenvectors to the regenerated open-loop system. As a result the isolation of vibration is independent of the type of the disturbance. Also in this method, the energy of the closed-loop system is minimized. As an important outcome, the proposed method needs neither to specify the closed-loop eigenvalues nor to define a desired set of eigenvectors.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Do smiles have a face value? Panel evidence from Amazonian Indians

Abstract Research suggests that physical attractiveness pays off. We estimate the returns to one dimension of attractiveness: smiling. Across cultures, genuine smiles produce a halo effect that correlate with friendliness, kindness, and altruism. In experimental and observational studies in industrial economies, the frequency of smiling correlates with greater trust, cooperation, and earnings. Do results hold up in other cultures after controlling for the role of unobserved third variables? Drawing on five-quarter panel data from 329 women and 350 men over 16 years of age in a foraging and farming society of the Bolivian Amazon, we estimate the returns to smiling using body-mass index (BMI; kg/m2) as a proxy for income. Subjects who smiled, smiled and laughed, and laughed openly during interviews had 2.4%, 3.1%, and 5.4% higher BMI than subjects who neither smiled nor laughed. The mirth premium is robust to many econometric specifications, but not to the use of a person-fixed effect model, suggesting that the positive correlation between smiling and desirable outcomes found in industrial economies and in this study picks up the role of unobserved and unmeasured fixed attributes of subjects (e.g., stable physiological and psychological attributes). Subjects who smiled had more social capital and better self-perceived health than those who did not smile; these intermediary variables might explain the positive correlation between smiling and BMI. Smiling did not correlate with wages nor access to credit.
New fossils of the oldest North American euprimate Teilhardina brandti (Omomyidae) from the paleocene-eocene thermal maximum.

More than 25 new specimens of Teilhardina brandti, one of the oldest known euprimates, are reported from earliest Eocene strata of the southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The new fossils include the first upper dentitions, a dentary showing the lower dental formula for the first time, and the first postcrania ascribed to T. brandti (tarsals and terminal phalanges). The elongated navicular and long talar neck suggest that T. brandti was an active arboreal quadruped, and the terminal phalanges constitute the oldest evidence for nails in Euprimates. Phylogenetic analysis incorporating the new data indicates that T. brandti is more derived than T. belgica but less so than T. americana. The hypothesis that Teilhardina originated in Asia (T. asiatica) and dispersed westward to Europe (T. belgica) and then to North America (T. brandti and T. magnoliana) during the earliest Eocene Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is most consistent with available evidence, including the relative age of fossil samples and their stage of evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Oxidation resistance of fused TiC-C compositions containing chromium

The effect of the addition of chromium on the oxidation resistance, in air, of fused TiC-C compositions has been studied as a function of temperature, up to 1550° C. It is shown that chromium retards the oxidation principally by modifying the fused microstructure through (a) suppression of the formation of fine eutectic graphite, and (b) formation of a Cr-rich carbide case around the primary TiC. The composition and the morphology of the oxide film formed on the carbide has been characterized. It is found to consist of several regions: first, there is a dense Cr-depleted surface next to the scalegas interfacE. Next, there is a porous seam with high chromium levels beneath which, and also adjacent to the bulk carbide, is another Cr-impoverished zone. The various features and their relation to the observed oxidation resistance is discussed.
Mobility and Perceptions of a Hazardous Environment

This article focuses on the first stage of the mobility decision-making process-the consideration of moving. A social-ecological model has been developed to analyze the relationship between a state...
Beyond Political Claims: Women's Interest In and Emotional Response to Viewing Their Ultrasound Image in Abortion Care

CONTEXT In the United States, abortion opponents have supported legislation requiring that abortion patients be offered the opportunity to view their preprocedure ultrasound. Little research has examined women's interest in and emotional response to such viewing. METHODS Data from 702 women who received abortions at 30 facilities throughout the United States between 2008 and 2010 were analyzed. Mixed-effects multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine which characteristics were associated with being offered and choosing to view ultrasounds, and with reporting positive or negative emotional responses to viewing. Grounded theory analytic techniques were used to qualitatively describe women's reports of their emotional responses. RESULTS Forty-eight percent of participants were offered the opportunity to view their ultrasound, and nulliparous women were more likely than others to receive an offer (odds ratio, 2.3). Sixty-five percent of these women (31% overall) chose to view the image; nulliparous women and those living in a state that regulates viewing were more likely than their counterparts to do so (1.7 and 2.5, respectively). Some 213 women reported emotional responses to viewing; neutral emotions (fine, nothing) were the most commonly reported ones, followed by negative emotions (sad, guilty, upset) and then positive emotions (happy, excited). Women who visited clinics with a policy of offering viewing had increased odds of reporting a negative emotion (2.6). CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound viewing appears not to have a singular emotional effect. The presence of state regulation and facility policies matters for women's interest in and responses to viewing.
Synthesis of an N-butylpyrrolidine Phase using the Allyl Bonded Stationary Phase as an Intermediate

The versatility of the allyl phase is exploited by using it as an intermediate in the production of a weak anion exchange material that would be difficult to synthesize directly using organochlorosilane reagents. The stability of the allyl phase under the severe reaction conditions (170° and 140 atm of CO) of aminomethylation also is demonstrated. The product N-butylpyrrolidine phase is characterized spectroscopically by ESCA and DRIFT which also indicate a high conversion (greater than 90 %) of the allyl phase. In addition, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the product phase supports a high yield. Chromatographic characterization is done by the retention indices of the alkylarylketone homologous series and by capacity factor (k′) determinations for inorganic anions and amino acids.
Principal foods versus preferred foods and their relations to stocking rate and range condition

Abstract The principal foods of an animal population are those which it eats in greatest quantities. These foods, however, may or may not be those which are preferred. Preferred foods are those which are proportionately more frequent in the diet than in the available environment. Several indexes to food preferences are discussed but there are special values in the rating which results when the percentage in the diet is divided by the percentage availability. The importance of food preference ratings in range management, habitat evaluation and otherwise is reviewed.
Ruscodibenzoruran, a new dibenzofuran from Ruscus aculeatus l. (liliaceae)

The structure of ruscodibenzofuran, a new naturally occurring dibenzofuran from the roots of Ruscus aculeatus L. (Farn. Liliaceae), was determined by spectral means, the synthesis of model compounds and was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.
The instructions to authors section as an aid in serials collection development

Les «consignes de la reduction aux auteurs» que l'on trouve dans les pages de garde des revues scientifiques, peuvent etre utilisees pour cerner le style et la politique editoriale et un periodique ainsi que ses projets de recherche. Elles constituent donc une source d'informations non negligeable pour le developpement des collections de periodiques et l'acquisition de nouveaux titres. Cet article examine ces «consignes» dans des periodiques scientifiques de plusieurs disciplines: medecine, sciences de l'information, sociologie, geologie et education
COHORT AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EXTRACURRICULAR PARTICIPATION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACTIVITIES, MATH ACHIEVEMENT, AND COLLEGE EXPECTATIONS

Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 and the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002, I analyze the association that students' extracurricular activities have with two academic outcomes: mathematics achievement test scores and college expectations. I consider changes between cohorts and gender differences within each cohort. While prior achievement and expectations have the strongest associations with the dependent variables, relationships do appear between extracurricular participation and the dependent variables. There is only one cohort difference in the association between activities and math achievement test scores; computer use was positively associated with students' scores in the 1990s, but had no association with students' scores in the 2000s. School-sponsored activities were associated with higher scores for all students, while television-watching and hanging out with friends were negatively associated with them. School activities were positively associated with the c...
Training Primary Care Psychologists: A Model for Predoctoral Programs.

This article focuses on blueprints for developing primary care psychology training in graduate psychology programs. The rationale and the foundations for establishing primary care psychology as a generalist model in clinical programs are identified. An outline of a core curriculum for multiprofessional training and an introductory knowledge base for primary care psychology is presented. Finally, a developmental model for primary care practicum training and supervision is described and exemplified. Funding issues, faculty development, and student evaluations of this training are discussed. This article represents the ever-evolving model and lessons learned through 10 years of experience in collaborative programs among Wright State University's School of Professional Psychology, the School of Medicine, the College of Nursing and Health. and a set of urban community health centers.
AC/DC Power System Modeling and Analysis for Shipboard Applications

This presentation will discuss Mississippi State University's (MSU) efforts over the last five years to develop models and simulations for different applications of shipboard AC/DC power systems. The MSU research team is part of the Electric Ship Research Development and Consortium (ESRDC) and has been involved with research work related to modeling and simulation, protection, reconfiguration, stability, and power electronics of AC/DC shipboard power systems (SPS).
Dynamic distortion in a magnetic domain wall containg loosely spaced 2/spl pi/ VBL's

The dynamics of a magnetic domain wall containing vertical Bloch line winding pairs (2 pi VBL) are numerically investigated. The wall is of the kind found in thin film materials with a large anisotropy perpendicular to the plane of the film. The 2 pi VBLs are all of the same chirality and are periodically repeated along the wall at equal spacing. The wall is driven by an applied field perpendicular to the film plane, and the VBLs move gyrotropically. Starting from an equilibrium shape, the 2 pi VBLs distort. If the field is low enough, a new dynamic shape is established that is quite stable. Above a threshold, the distortion pulls the 2 pi VBLs apart into a pi VBL chain before the dynamic equilibrium structure is established. This breakup is accompanied by a discontinuous jump in both wall and VBL mobility. >
A pragmatic approach to formalizing object-oriented modeling and development

Despite recent developments in formal methods, these methods have yet to enter the mainstream of the software industry. We first examine the pragmatic obstacles to making formal methods practical and usable. Then we present a pragmatic approach to integrate a popular object oriented modeling notation UML and a popular formal notation Z. Our approach is distinctive in its emphasis on overcoming the practical obstacles. We also present a light weight supporting tool for our approach. A prototype of the supporting tool is completed. It allows us to demonstrate the feasibility and capability of our approach.
CONTOUR-CRAFTING-CARTESIAN-CABLE ROBOT SYSTEM: DYNAMICS AND CONTROLLER DESIGN

This paper presents dynamics equations and controller simulation for the Contour-Crafting-Cartesian-Cable (C 4 ) Robot. The C 4 robot was previously introduced for large-scale contour crafting construction. The pseudostatic and dynamics equations are presented, including how to maintain positive cable tensions. A controller design is also proposed for the C 4 robot, based on the computed-torque method. MATLAB simulation is presented for controller simulation with different trajectories and controller gains.
Expression of LIM kinase 1 is associated with reversible G1/S phase arrest, chromosomal instability and prostate cancer

Background: LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), a LIM domain containing serine/threonine kinase, modulates actin dynamics through inactivation of the actin depolymerizing protein cofilin. Recent studies have indicated an important role of LIMK1 in growth and invasion of prostate and breast cancer cells; however, the molecular mechanism whereby LIMK1 induces tumor progression is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of ectopic expression of LIMK1 on cellular morphology, cell cycle progression and expression profile of LIMK1 in prostate tumors. Results: Ectopic expression of LIMK1 in benign prostatic hyperplasia cells (BPH), which naturally express low levels of LIMK1, resulted in appearance of abnormal mitotic spindles, multiple centrosomes and smaller chromosomal masses. Furthermore, a transient G1/S phase arrest and delayed G2/M progression was observed in BPH cells expressing LIMK1. When treated with chemotherapeutic agent Taxol, no metaphase arrest was noted in these cells. We have also noted increased nuclear staining of LIMK1 in tumors with higher Gleason Scores and incidence of metastasis. Conclusion: Our results show that increased expression of LIMK1 results in chromosomal abnormalities, aberrant cell cycle progression and alteration of normal cellular response to microtubule stabilizing agent Taxol; and that LIMK1 expression may be associated with cancerous phenotype of the prostate.
Compressive genomics for protein databases

Motivation: The exponential growth of protein sequence databases has increasingly made the fundamental question of searching for homologs a computational bottleneck. The amount of unique data, however, is not growing nearly as fast; we can exploit this fact to greatly accelerate homology search. Acceleration of programs in the popular PSI/DELTA-BLAST family of tools will not only speed-up homology search directly but also the huge collection of other current programs that primarily interact with large protein databases via precisely these tools. Results: We introduce a suite of homology search tools, powered by compressively accelerated protein BLAST (CaBLASTP), which are significantly faster than and comparably accurate with all known state-of-the-art tools, including HHblits, DELTA-BLAST and PSI-BLAST. Further, our tools are implemented in a manner that allows direct substitution into existing analysis pipelines. The key idea is that we introduce a local similarity-based compression scheme that allows us to operate directly on the compressed data. Importantly, CaBLASTP’s runtime scales almost linearly in the amount of unique data, as opposed to current BLASTP variants, which scale linearly in the size of the full protein database being searched. Our compressive algorithms will speed-up many tasks, such as protein structure prediction and orthology mapping, which rely heavily on homology search. Availability: CaBLASTP is available under the GNU Public License at http://cablastp.csail.mit.edu/ Contact: ude.tim@bab
Detection of Continuous Spinwaves Along Magnetic Nanostripes Using Magnetoresistive Devices

In this study, we have theoretically investigated the scheme to detect continuous spinwaves using magnetoresistive devices. First, the spinwaves along a magnetic nanostripe related to this detection scheme have been characterized using a linearization approach on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. Then, the frequency (wavelength) responses of the magnetoresistive devices have been derived from the giant- or tunneling-magnetoresistive effect. The frequency (wavelength) responses have been compared with those of the conventional detection methods using microstrip lines or coplanar waveguides. Finally, we have qualitatively analyzed the impact of noise in spinwave detection, from which this detection scheme can be improved.
The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Selenium Are Mediated through 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in Macrophages

Selenium is an essential micronutrient that suppresses the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-κB-dependent pro-inflammatory gene expression. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory property of selenium, we examined the activity of a key kinase of the NF-κB cascade, IκB-kinase β (IKKβ) subunit, as a function of cellular selenium status in murine primary bone marrow-derived macrophages and RAW264.7 macrophage-like cell line. In vitro kinase assays revealed that selenium supplementation decreased the activity of IKKβ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages. Stimulation by LPS of selenium-supplemented macrophages resulted in a time-dependent increase in 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) formation, an endogenous inhibitor of IKKβ activity. Further analysis revealed that inhibition of IKKβ activity in selenium-supplemented cells correlated with the Michael addition product of 15d-PGJ2 with Cys-179 of IKKβ, while the formation of such an adduct was significantly decreased in the selenium-deficient macrophages. In addition, anti-inflammatory activities of selenium were also mediated by the 15d-PGJ2-dependent activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor-γ in macrophages. Experiments using specific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors and genetic knockdown approaches indicated that COX-1, and not the COX-2 pathway, was responsible for the increased synthesis of 15d-PGJ2 in selenium-supplemented macrophages. Taken together, our results suggest that selenium supplementation increases the production of 15d-PGJ2 as an adaptive response to protect cells against oxidative stress-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression. More specifically, modification of protein thiols by 15d-PGJ2 represents a previously undescribed code for redox regulation of gene expression by selenium.
CONSTRUCTING CHAINS OF PRIMES IN POWER SERIES RINGS, II

For an integral domain D of dimension n, the dimension of the polynomial ring D[x] is known to be bounded by n + 1 and 2n + 1. While n + 1 is a lower bound for the dimension of the power series ring D[[x]], it often happens that D[[x]] has infinite chains of primes. For example, such chains exist if D is either an almost Dedekind domain that is not Dedekind or a one-dimensional nondiscrete valuation domain. The main concern here is in developing a scheme by which such chains can be constructed in the gap between MV[[x]] and M[[x]] when V is a one-dimensional nondiscrete valuation domain with maximal ideal M. A consequence of these constructions is that there are chains of primes similar to the set of ω1 transfinite sequences of 0's and 1's ordered lexicographically.
SLAM for ship hull inspection using exactly sparse extended information filters

Many important missions for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), such as undersea inspection of ship hulls, require integrated navigation, control, and motion planning in complex, 3D environments. This paper describes a SLAM implementation using forward-looking sonar (FLS) data from a highly maneuverable, hovering AUV performing a ship hull inspection mission. The exactly sparse extended information filter (ESEIF) algorithm is applied to perform SLAM based upon features manually selected within FLS images. The results demonstrate the ability to effectively map a ship hull in a challenging marine environment. This provides a foundation for future work in which real-time SLAM will be integrated with motion planning and control to achieve autonomous coverage of a complete ship hull.
An engineered glutamate-gated chloride (GluCl) channel for sensitive, consistent neuronal silencing by ivermectin.

A modified invertebrate glutamate-gated Cl− channel (GluCl αβ) was previously employed to allow pharmacologically induced silencing of electrical activity in CNS neurons upon exposure to the anthelmintic drug ivermectin (IVM). Usefulness of the previous receptor was limited by 1) the high concentration of IVM necessary to elicit a consistent silencing phenotype, raising concern about potential side effects, and 2) the variable extent of neuronal spike suppression, due to variations in the co-expression levels of the fluorescent protein-tagged α and β subunits. To address these issues, mutant receptors generated via rational protein engineering strategies were examined for improvement. Introduction of a gain-of-function mutation (L9′F) in the second transmembrane domain of the α subunit appears to facilitate β subunit incorporation and substantially increase heteromeric GluCl αβ sensitivity to IVM. Removal of an arginine-based endoplasmic reticulum retention motif (RSR mutated to AAA) from the intracellular loop of the β subunit further promotes heteromeric expression at the plasma membrane possibly by preventing endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the β subunit rather than simply reducing endoplasmic reticulum retention. A monomeric XFP (mXFP) mutation that prevents fluorescent protein dimerization complements the mutant channel effects. Expression of the newly engineered GluCl opt α-mXFP L9′F + opt β-mXFP Y182F RSR_AAA receptor in dissociated neuronal cultures markedly increases conductance and reduces variability in spike suppression at 1 nm IVM. This receptor, named “GluClv2.0,” is an improved tool for IVM-induced silencing.
How reliable are empirical genomic scans for selective sweeps

The beneficial substitution of an allele shapes patterns of genetic variation at linked sites. Thus, in principle, adaptations can be mapped by looking for the signature of directional selection in polymorphism data. In practice, such efforts are hampered by the need for an accurate characterization of the demographic history of the species and of the effects of positive selection. In an attempt to circumvent these difficulties, researchers are increasingly taking a purely empirical approach, in which a large number of genomic regions are ordered by summaries of the polymorphism data, and loci with extreme values are considered to be likely targets of positive selection. We evaluated the reliability of the "empirical" approach, focusing on applications to human data and to maize. To do so, we considered a coalescent model of directional selection in a sensible demographic setting, allowing for selection on standing variation as well as on a new mutation. Our simulations suggest that while empirical approaches will identify several interesting candidates, they will also miss many--in some cases, most--loci of interest. The extent of the trade-off depends on the mode of positive selection and the demographic history of the population. Specifically, the false-discovery rate is higher when directional selection involves a recessive rather than a co-dominant allele, when it acts on a previously neutral rather than a new allele, and when the population has experienced a population bottleneck rather than maintained a constant size. One implication of these results is that, insofar as attributes of the beneficial mutation (e.g., the dominance coefficient) affect the power to detect targets of selection, genomic scans will yield an unrepresentative subset of loci that contribute to adaptations.
Multiple scattering model for the penetration depth of low-coherence enhanced backscattering

Low-coherence enhanced backscattering (LEBS) is a depth-selective self-interference phenomenon that originates from light traveling time-reversed paths in a scattering medium. The depth selectivity of LEBS and its sensitivity to optical properties of the scattering medium has made it a promising technique for probing the structure of biological tissue with applications to disease diagnosis and, in particular, precancerous conditions. The ability to accurately predict the penetration depth of the LEBS signal is important in targeting an optimal tissue depth for detecting precancerous cells. This prediction is further complicated by the variation in optical properties of different tissue types. In this paper, the effects of the reduced scattering coefficient (μs'), the phase function and the instrument spatial coherence length (Lsc) on the LEBS penetration depth are quantified. It is determined that the LEBS penetration depth is primarily dependent on Lsc, μs', and the anisotropy factor (g), but has minimal de- pendence on higher moments of the phase function. An empirical expression, having a similar form as the double scattering approximation for LEBS, is found to accurately predict the average penetration depth in the multiple scattering regime. The expression is shown to be accurate for a broad range of experimentally relevant optical properties and spatial coherence lengths. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10.1117/1.3625402)
Improved prediction of meat and bone meal metabolizable energy content for ducks through in vitro methods

Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of meat and bone meal (MBM) for poultry is highly variable, but impractical to measure routinely. Previous efforts at developing an in vitro method for predicting AME have had limited success. The present study uses data from a previous publication on the AME of 12 MBM samples, determined using 288 White Pekin ducks, as well as composition data on these samples. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that 2 noncompositional attributes of MBM, particle size and protease resistance, will have utility in improving predictions of AME based on in vitro measurements. Using the same MBM samples as the previous study, 2 measurements of particle size were recorded and protease resistance was determined using a modified pepsin digestibility assay. Analysis of the results using a stepwise construction of multiple linear regression models revealed that the measurements of particle size were useful in building models for AME, but the measure of protease resistance was not. Relatively simple (4-term) and complex (7-term) models for both AME and nitrogen-corrected AME were constructed, with R-squared values ranging from 0.959 to 0.996. The rather minor analytical effort required to conduct the measurements involved is discussed. Although the generality of the results are limited by the number of samples involved and the species used, they suggest that AME for poultry can be accurately predicted through simple and inexpensive in vitro methods.
Non-Visit-Based Cancer Screening Using a Novel Population Management System

Background: Advances in information technology (IT) now permit population-based preventive screening, but the best methods remain uncertain. We evaluated whether involving primary care providers (PCPs) in a visit-independent population management IT application led to more effective cancer screening. Methods: We conducted a cluster-randomized trial involving 18 primary care practice sites and 169 PCPs from June 15, 2011, to June 14, 2012. Participants included adults eligible for breast, cervical, and/or colorectal cancer screening. In practices randomized to the intervention group, PCPs reviewed real-time rosters of their patients overdue for screening and provided individualized contact (via a letter, practice delegate, or patient navigator) or deferred screening (temporarily or permanently). In practices randomized to the comparison group, overdue patients were automatically sent reminder letters and transferred to practice delegate lists for follow-up. Intervention patients without PCP action within 8 weeks defaulted to the automated control version. The primary outcome was adjusted average cancer screening completion rates over 1-year follow-up, accounting for clustering by physician or practice. Results: Baseline cancer screening rates (80.8% vs 80.3%) were similar among patients in the intervention (n = 51,071) and comparison group (n = 52,799). Most intervention providers used the IT application (88 of 101, 87%) and users reviewed 7984 patients overdue for at least 1 cancer screening (73% sent reminder letter, 6% referred directly to a practice delegate or patient navigator, and 21% deferred screening). In addition, 6128 letters were automatically sent to patients in the intervention group (total of 12,002 letters vs 16,378 letters in comparison practices; P Conclusions: Involving PCPs in a visit-independent population management IT application resulted in similar cancer screening rates compared with an automated reminder system, but fewer patients were sent reminder letters. This suggests that PCPs were able to identify and exclude from contact patients who would have received automated reminder letters but not undergone screening.
Proximate Constraints on Intruder Detection in the Dragonfly Perithemis tenera (Odonata: Libellulidae): Effects of Angle of Approach and Background

The implications of insects' vision for territorial defense have been relatively little studied in the field. In the dragonfly Perithemis tenera Say we investigated whether either the angle at which an intruder was viewed by a territorial resident or the background against which it was viewed affected the detection of that intruder. Residents detected intruders at a greater distance if the intruders were directly in front of them; they also detected more intruders in front of them than from other angles. Intruders viewed against distant vegetation were detected more readily than were intruders against near vegetation. Residents detected more intruders viewed against distant vege- tation than viewed against near vegetation; however, more intruders than expected were detected against near vegetation. The probability of detecting intruders depends on the angle at which they are viewed and the background behind them. Hence, there may be selection on territorial residents to adjust their orientation and space use to enhance their view of their territory and intruders. ALTHOUGH INSECT VISION has been studied extensively in the laboratory (Wehner 1981; Land 1989, 1997), rel- atively little work has been done on insect vision in the field. As a result, we do not generally know how the activities of insects are influenced by their vision. To begin investigating how visual capabilities might affect behavior in the field, we studied territorial behavior in the Eastern amberwing dragonfly Perithemis tenera Say. We focused on territorial behavior for 3 reasons. First, studies of territorial behavior have generally focused on examining the ultimate benefits of having a territory and have relatively rarely examined the proximate factors such as visual capacity. Second, such proximate factors are known to limit the conditions
A History of Modern Iran: The nationalist interregnum

The Majles is a den of thieves. Mossadeq NOTABLES REEMERGE The 1941 Anglo-Soviet invasion destroyed Reza Shah – but not the Pahlavi state. The two Allies – joined by the United States in December 1941 – realized that the Iranian state could be useful in achieving the two goals for which they had invaded the country: physical control over oil – the British nightmare in World War II, even more so than in World War I, was loss of these vital supplies; and a land “corridor” to the Soviet Union since the alternate route through Archangel was frozen much of the year. Ironically, the Trans-Iranian Railway as well as the new roads made Iran a more tempting “corridor.” To facilitate the flow of both oil to Britain and supplies to the Soviet Union, the Allies found it expedient to remove Reza Shah but to preserve his state. As Sir Reader Bullard – the British minister who was soon elevated to the rank of ambassador – made clear in his typically blunt and frank reports, the Allies kept his state but engineered his removal in part to curry much-needed favor among Iranians. “The Persians,” he wrote, “expect that we should at least save them from the Shah's tyranny as compensation for invading their country.” On September 15, three weeks after the initial onslaught, Reza Shah abdicated in favor of his twenty-one-year-old son, Crown Prince Muhammad Reza, and went into exile, first to British Mauritius and then to South Africa, where he died in 1944.
Formation of giant Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in dynamic magma conduits

Key factors for the formation of world-class magmatic Ni-Cu deposits include sulfide saturation in magma, large magma/sulfide ratio and accumulation of sufficient quantity of immiscible sulfide liquid in limited localities. Results from two well-known Ni-Cu deposits in the world, the Talnakh deposits in Siberia, Russia and the Voisey’s Bay Deposit in Labrador, Canada, indicate that a dynamic magma conduit in the upper crust is an ideal environment in which these factors can prevail.