cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Postoperative Slit-Lamp Optical Coherence Tomography to Predict Primary Failure in Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty

Purpose To determine if central donor lenticle thickness as measured by slit-lamp optical coherence tomography (SL OCT; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) is predictive of primary donor failure in patients undergoing Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK). Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods Eighty-four patients who underwent DSAEK surgery by 2 surgeons (D.C.R. and J.A.S.) were enrolled. At each postoperative visit (postoperative day 1, week 1, month 1, and month 2), an SL OCT scan was obtained. Statistical differences in SL OCT measurements of successful and failed DSAEK procedures were measured using the Student t test. A successful DSAEK surgery was defined as having an anatomically attached, clear recipient corneal stroma and donor lenticle compatible with good vision 2 months after surgery. A failed DSAEK surgery was defined as an attached donor lenticle with SL evidence of corneal edema and thickening visible at 2 months or more. Results Ninety-three eyes of 84 consecutive patients who underwent DSAEK surgery also underwent postoperative SL OCT. After 2 months of follow-up, 82 (88%) procedures were successful and 11 (12%) procedures were failures. The average donor lenticle thickness in successful DSAEK eyes was 314 ± 128 μm on postoperative day 1 as compared with failed DSAEK eyes, which averaged 532 ± 259 μm (P = .0013). This was independent regardless of whether the lenticle was attached on the first postoperative visit. Seventy-nine (98%) successful DSAEK eyes had a lenticle thickness of ≤ 350 μm at the 1-week visit. All of the failed DSAEK eyes (11 eyes) had a lenticle thickness ≥ 350 μm at the 1-week postoperative visit. Statistically significant differences in SL OCT thickness measurements were seen between successful and failed DSAEK cases at all examinations after postoperative week 1. Conclusions Corneal thickness measurements made with SL OCT are an important predictor of DSAEK failure in both attached and detached lenticles within the first week of surgery. DSAEK lenticle thickness of 350 μm or less at 1 week had a predictability of success of more than 98%.
Middle- and late-Wisconsin paleobotanic and paleoclimatic records from the southern Colorado Plateau, USA

The Colorado Plateau is a distinct physiographic province in western North America, which presently straddles the transition between summer-wet and summer-dry climatic regimes to the south and northwest, respectively. In addition to climate, the diversity of environments and plant communities on the Colorado Plateau has resulted from extreme topographic diversity. Desert lowlands as low as 360 m elevation are surrounded by forested plateaus, and even higher peaks greater than 3800 m elevation. This environmental diversity provides a unique opportunity to study the history of biotic communities in an arid region of North America. Although the Colorado Plateau harbours numerous potential sites, the paleoecological record of the Plateau is poorly known. Potential deposits for analysis include packrat middens, alluvial and cave sites at lower elevations, and lake, bog and wetland sites at higher elevations. Forty-six sites have been analysed across the nearly 337,000 km2 region, of which 27 contain records that span Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (IS) 2 data, with IS 3 information coming from only 12 sites. Most IS 2 and 3 sites are clustered along the lowland regions of the Colorado River corridor and the uplands of the Mogollon Rim area. We compiled selected data from long paleoecological records to examine patterns of vegetation and climate change across the southern Colorado Plateau for the middle and late Wisconsin. During the middle Wisconsin, mixed conifers covered middle-elevations presently dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and juniper (Juniperus) woodland grew at elevations today covered by blackbrush (Coleogyne) and sagebrush (Artemisia) desert. During the late Wisconsin, boreal conifers, primarily Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), replaced the mixed conifer association. Estimates of mean annual temperatures (MAT) during IS 3 were at least 3–4°C cooler than today, whereas IS 2 MAT estimates are at least 5°C colder. Our investigation of millennial-scale climatic variability within the region provided equivocal results. The packrat midden sequence could not distinguish vegetation changes that might be associated with Heinrich events in the North Atlantic. From the lake records, however, many Heinrich events were associated with generally drier intervals, often with elevated sagebrush pollen concentrations. Future paleoecological investigations should concentrate on the northern Colorado Plateau, as well as the eastern and western margins. Additional sites, along with closer-spaced sampling in regions already studied, will be important in determining the history of important climatic phenomena such as the timing of the Arizona monsoon.
Liposomal aerosols in the management of pulmonary infections.

ABSTRACT The combination of liposomes and aerosols has been utilized to directly target the lungs with chemotherapeutic agents that might not have been used because of low solubility or toxicity. There are a variety of antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals that have good in vitro activity, but are not effective because of their systemic toxicity and/or poor penetration into the lungs. Incorporation of many lipophilic drugs into liposomes decreases their toxicity without affecting effectiveness, thus increasing the therapeutic index. We have focused on aerosol delivery of amphotericin B (ampB) for the treatment of pulmonary and systemic fungal diseases. We have tested a variety of ampB-lipid formulations for the optimal treatment regimen for Cryptococcus and Candida infections in mouse models. The AeroTech II nebulizer (MMADs of 1.8–2.2 μm) produced aerosols with the highest concentrations in the breathable range. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that pulmonary drug was present for hours to weeks. Am...
Smokers’ misperceptions of light and ultra-light cigarettes may keep them smoking

Abstract Introduction: This study examined smokers’ understanding of the relative tar deliveries of Ultra-light, Light, and Regular cigarettes, reasons for smoking Ultra-light/Light cigarettes, and the likelihood of both quitting smoking and switching to Regular cigarettes if they came to learn that one Ultra-light/Light cigarette gave the same amount of tar as one Regular cigarette. Design: Ten- to fifteen-minute random-digit-dialed, computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) were conducted with both a national probability sample (n = 788) and a state random sample (n = 266) of daily smokers over the age of 18. Results: Less than 10% of smokers in the national sample and only 14% of smokers in the state sample knew that one Light cigarette could give the same amount of tar as one Regular cigarette. Less than 10% of smokers in the state sample knew that one Ultra-light cigarette could give the same amount of tar as one Regular cigarette. Thirty-two percent of the Light and 26% of the Ultra-light smokers in the national sample, and 27% of Light and 25% of Ultra-light smokers in the state sample, said they would be likely to quit smoking if they learned one Light/Ultra-light equaled one Regular. Conclusion: Many Light and Ultra-light smokers are smoking these cigarettes to reduce the risks of smoking and/or as a step toward quitting. However, these smokers are unaware that one Ultra-light/Light cigarette can give them the same amount of tar and nicotine as one Regular cigarette. Many of the Ultra-light/Light smokers sampled in this study stated that they would be likely to quit if they knew this information. Mistaken beliefs about low-yield brands are reducing intentions to quit smoking.
Cuffed endotracheal tubes in infants and children: A technique to continuously measure the intracuff pressure

Abstract Objectives Various devices have been used to measure the intracuff pressure (CP) of an endotracheal tube at the time of inflation; however, no device has found widespread acceptance for the continuous monitoring of CP. We devised a simple method to continuously measure the CP using an invasive pressure monitoring setup (IPMS), which is used routinely in the operating room to monitor arterial or central venous pressures. The accuracy of the device was compared to those obtained from a commercially available and clinically used manometer (MM). Methods Size 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mm ID cETTs were placed into one of 3 sizes of polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubes. The cuff of the cETT was inflated after inserting the cETT into the PVC pipes. After inflation, the CP was simultaneously checked using the MM and the IPMS. A total of 100 simultaneous (IPMS and MM) readings were obtained from each of the 3 sizes of cETT with the intracuff pressure randomly varying between 10 and 40 cmH2O. Statistical analysis included a Bland–Altman comparison to determine the bias, mean, and 95% levels of agreement (LOA), and a linear regression analysis. Results Linear regression analysis demonstrated an R2 value of 0.988, 0.9899, and 0.9879 when comparing the pressure from the IPMS and MM from the 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 mm cETT, respectively. Conclusions A standard IPMS can be used to continuously monitor intracuff pressure with the use of a cETT. Although various techniques can be used safely to avoid hyperinflation of the cuff, they provide only an instantaneous measure of the CP. The current technique allows for continuous monitoring of CP during prolonged cases or in other clinical scenarios when such monitoring is required.
Intermarriage and Jewish identity: The implications for pluralism and assimilation in American society*

(1979). Intermarriage and Jewish identity: The implications for pluralism and assimilation in American society. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 222-230.
Progress in the evaluation of solid-core high-voltage bushings

A HIGH-VOLTAGE bushing which successfully sustains repeated application of 60-cycle and impulse test voltages may not be adequate for prolonged operation at rated line-to-ground voltage. Methods to evaluate bushings at voltages slightly in excess of operating voltages have therefore been devised. The techniques developed have been used to evaluate the life characteristics of the solid compound core type of bushing and to provide a routine quality control of bushing production.
WHAT DID YOU CALL ME? SLURS AS PROHIBITED WORDS

Recent literature in the philosophy of language and linguistics divides the explanatory landscape into two broad camps: content-based and non-contentbased, with the consensus being that (uses of) slurs express negative attitudes toward their targets. Content-based theorists adopt different strategies for implementing this view, but all agree that slurs (or their uses) communicate offensive content. In this essay, we will challenge the consensus and defend a non-contentbased view. According to us, slurs are prohibited not on account of offensive content they manage to get across, but rather because of relevant edicts surrounding their prohibition. We will argue that Prohibitionism, a term we coined, accounts for all the relevant data, namely, both variation in degrees of offense among slurs and their nonoffensive uses, better than the content-based competitors. We will proceed as follows: First, we will present our positive view and address specific issues that arise for it. Next, we will defend our view from objections, possible and actual. And finally, we will compare Prohibitionism with certain alternatives and show why we believe it to be superior. Before we dive in, several clarifications are in order. bs_bs_banner
Induction and Restriction of Lifts of π-Partial Characters

In this paper, we study lattices of subgroups that can be used to obtain lifts of π-partial characters. In particular, we find a condition on the lattices so that the associated lifts will be well-behaved regarding induction and restriction on normal subgroups. We show that the lattices obtained from all subnormal subgroups have this property, but the lattices obtained from all normal subgroups do not.
Cation-exchange chromatography of bismuth(III), cadmium(II), indium(III) and zinc(II) ions with hydrochloric acid in aqueous acetone solution

Abstract Trace amounts of bismuth(III), indium(III), cadmium(II) and zinc(II) were separated from each other by stepwise elution chromatography and detected by continuous flow spectromery. A macroreticular cation-exchange resin was used to achieve rapid separation in hydrochloric acid-acetone covering the acid and acetone concentration ranges 0.1–0.64 M and 18–80%, respectively.
Action of triethanolamine trinitrate in angina pectoris

Abstract 1. 1. Triethanolamine trinitrate in a dose of 2.0 mg., four times a day by mouth, is no better than a placebo in the treatment of angina pectoris. 2. 2. Nitroglycerin, 2.0 mg., four times a day by mouth, was no better than placebo therapy. 3. 3. Both triethanolamine trinitrate and nitroglycerin were well tolerated. 4. 4. No toxic reactions were observed following both triethanolamine trinitrate and nitroglycerin given in a dose of 2.0 mg., four times a day by mouth, for periods of from two to four weeks.
Lymphocyte ATP immune cell function assay in pediatric renal transplants: is it useful?

Abstract The ultimate goal for an allograft is a balanced immunosuppression to provide the longest graft survival with minimal side effects. In this retrospective study, we correlate the immunosuppresion level as determined using the Cylex assay (Immu know, Columbia, MD) with clinical events. Demographic data such as age at the time of transplant, gender, ethnicity, time posttransplantation, tacrolimus level, and induction therapy were correlated with Cylex levels. Cylex from children with an infection or acute rejection were compared to those from stable patients. All children received induction with basiliximab or thymoglobulin followed by a standard regimen with tacrolimus, steroids, and mycophenolate mofetil. Fifty-nine Cylex results were obtained in 44 pediatric renal transplant recipients. Cylex values ranged from 20 ng/mL to 728 ng/mL. We did not find significant correlation between any of the demographic characteristics studied (tacrolimus level, induction therapy, acute rejection, and cylex levels). Fifteen patients had severe infections requiring hospitalization: 11 of 15 (73%) had Cylex
Quenching of molecular fluorescence near the surface of a semiconductor

Abstract The fluorescence efficiency of thin evaporated films of tetracene has been investigated as a function of distance from the surface of Si and GaAs utilizing LiF as a spacer. The non-radiative decay rate decreases exponentially with spacer thickness below ≈400 A. These results differ from theoretical predictions based on a dipole-dipole interaction between a single molecule and the semiconductor.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, coactivators, and downstream targets.

Peroxisomes in liver parenchymal cells proliferate in response to structurally diverse nonmutagenic compounds designated as peroxisome proliferators (PP). Sustained induction of peroxisome proliferation and peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation system in rats and mice leads to the development of liver tumors. Two mechanistic issues are important for consideration: elucidation of the upstream events responsible for the tissue and species specific induction of the characteristic pleiotropic responses by PPs; and delineation of the downstream events associated with peroxisome proliferation, and their role in the development of liver tumors in species that are sensitive to the induction of peroxisome proliferation. The induction of peroxisome proliferation is mediated by PP-activated receptor α (PPARα), a member of a group of transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Three isotypes of this family of nuclear receptors, namely PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ (also called β), have been identified as products of separate genes. Although PPARα is responsible for the PP-induced pleiotropic responses, PPARγ seems to be involved in adipogenesis and differentiation, but the events associated with PPARγ do not directly involve peroxisomes and peroxisome proliferation. PPARs heterodimerize with 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR), and bind to PP response element(s) (PPREs) on the target gene promoter to initiate inducible transcriptional activity. Tissue and species responses to PPs depend on pharmacokinetics, relative abundance of PPAR isotypes, nature of PPRE in the upstream regions of target genes, the extent of competition or cross-talk among nuclear transcription factors for PPAR heterodimerization partner retinoid X receptor and the modulating role of coactivators and corepressors on ligand-dependent transcription of PPARs. Using PPAR as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system, the authors recently cloned mouse steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) and PPAR-binding protein (PBP), and identified them as PPAR coactivators. Both SRC-1 and PBP contain LXXLL signature motifs, considered necessary and sufficient for the binding of coactivators to nuclear receptors. A multifaceted approach, which includes the identification of additional coactivators that may be responsible for cell specific transcriptional activation of PPAR-mediated target genes, and generation of genetically modified animals (transgenic and gene disrupted), will be necessary to gain more insight into the upstream and downstream targets responsible for the induction of early and delayed PP-induced pleiotropic responses. In this context, it is important to note that mice deficient in fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal β-oxidation system, revealed that this enzyme is indispensable for the physiological regulation of PPARα, and the absence of this enzyme leads to sustained transcriptional activation of genes regulated by this receptor.
10 to 12 μm Spectral Emissivity of a Cirrus Cloud

Abstract A balloon flight made 4 February 1970 with an infrared spectral radiometer system scanning from 10 to 13 μm ascended through an extensive cirrus cloud. This allowed measurements to be made of the spectral radiance of the cloud both underneath and in the cloud as the balloon ascended. The spectra obtained are presented and the data were used to determine the emissivity of the cloud at 11 μm. The value ∈=0.38 is in reasonable agreement with values found by Kuhn and Weickmann.
Systemic thrombolysis: cure for prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis in the comorbid, non-surgical candidate.

Severe haemolytic anaemia is a rare complication of prosthetic valve thrombosis (PVT). Emergent surgical replacement of the affected valve is normally the treatment of choice unless contraindicated, such as in high surgical risk patients. Systemic thrombolysis is the alternative to surgical valve replacement. The purpose of this report is to highlight the unique case of an elderly man with New York Heart Association class IV heart failure, history of extensive cardiopulmonary surgeries and haemorrhagic stroke, who presented with severe haemolytic anaemia secondary to prosthetic mitral valve thrombosis. After weighing the risks and benefits, our decision was to use systemic thrombolytic therapy, even in light of the patient9s previous intracranial haemorrhage. Pretreatment and post-treatment Doppler echocardiography showed markedly reduced regurgitant jetting that ultimately resolved completely, thereby eliminating the underlying cause of haemolysis and achieving symptom resolution.
Transportation, Communication, and the Movement of Peoples in the Frankish Kingdom, ca. 500–900 C.E

As historians and archeologists continue to debate the volume of commercial traffic in Western Europe following the disappearance of Roman imperial rule, it has become increasingly clear that an infrastructure of transportation and communication continued to facilitate travel and the movement of people in this period. This is particularly apparent in the Frankish Kingdom between the sixth and tenth centuries. Relying to a substantial degree on technology and routes inherited from the Roman past, the Franks employed this communication infrastructure for purposes dictated by entirely contemporary concerns. Recent scholarship has demonstrated conclusively that commerce was far from the only motivation for travel in the Frankish Kingdom, and that the diversity of means and motives for communication is indicative of a mobile society.
Validation of reduced-scale reactions for the Quantifiler Human DNA kit.

Accurate quantification of DNA samples is an important step in obtaining accurate and reproducible short tandem repeat (STR) profiles. Quantitative real-time-PCR has improved the speed and accuracy of DNA quantification over earlier methods, albeit at significantly greater cost per reaction. Here, the performance of reduced volume (10 lL) DNA quantification assays using the Quantifiler TM Human DNA Quantification Kit was evaluated using commercial standards and single source biological stains (e.g., venous blood, saliva, and semen). In addition, casework-type samples including those subjected to environmental contaminants containing PCR inhibitors and samples having undergone extensive DNA degrada- tion were also quantified. The concentration of DNA in various forensic samples ranged from 0 to 2.9 ng ⁄lL depending on sample source and ⁄ or environmental insult. Compared to full-scale reactions, reduced volume assays displayed equivalent to improved amplification efficiency and sample- to-sample reproducibility (€0.01-0.17 C TF AM ). Furthermore, the use of data from reduced-scale Quantifiler TM reactions facilitated the accurate deter- mination of the amount of sample DNA extract needed to generate quality STR profiles. The use of 10 lL-scale Quantifiler TM reaction volumes has the practical benefit of increasing the effective number of reactions per kit by 250%; thereby reducing the cost per assay by 60% while consuming less sample. This is particularly advantageous in cases of consumptive testing.
Monoparticulate Layers of Silanized Glass Spheres at the Water−Air Interface: Particle−Particle and Particle−Subphase Interactions

Silanization has rendered spherical (75 ± 5 μm diameter) glass particles to be weakly (sample A, ϑ = 55°), moderately (sample B, ϑ = 72°), and highly (sample C, ϑ = 90°) hydrophobic. Nonequilibrium surface pressure (Π) vs surface area (A) isotherms have been determined for monoparticulate layers which were prepared from samples A, B, and C at water−air interfaces in a Langmuir film balance. The effect of hydrophobicity on the particle−particle interaction and on the energy (Er) which is necessary for the removal of a particle from the water−air interface (particle−subphase interaction) has been elucidated. Contact cross-sectional areas (CCSA), surface coverages (SC), and collapse energies (Ec), evaluated from Π vs A isotherms, provided semiquantitative information on the structural strength. Monoparticulate layers which were formed from the most hydrophobic glass spheres (sample C) had a structural strength which was almost 5 times greater than that of those which were formed from the least hydrophobic sa...
The relationship between autism spectrum disorders and symptoms of conduct problems: The moderating effect of communication

Objective: To examine the relationship between ASD diagnosis (i.e. Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorder–Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) and atypical developing control) and tantrum/conduct symptoms in infants and toddlers. Then examine the moderating role of communication.Design: Analysis of Covariance was conducted for study 1 followed by hierarchical regression analyses for study 2.Methods: The Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits, Part 2 was administered to the caregivers of 774 infants and toddlers.Results: Those with autism exhibited the greatest tantrum/conduct symptoms followed by those with PDD-NOS and then atypical controls, F(3, 771) = 94.42, p = 0.003. Communication was not a significant moderator.Conclusions: Those with Autistic Disorder exhibited greater symptoms of tantrum/conduct problems, which is consistent with previous research. It seems that the relationship with communication as a moderator may differ in young children as their language skills are still in the ...
Local Axon Guidance in Cerebral Cortex and Thalamus: Are We There Yet?

Normal brain function requires the development of precise connections between thalamus and cerebral cortex. In this issue of Neuron, Cang et al. and Tori and Levitt argue that EphA/ephrin-A signaling in the target tissue guides sensory thalamic axons to the correct cortical area, and sensory cortical axons to precise thalamic targets. Although EphA/ephrin-A signaling organizes sensory maps within areas, and thalamocortical axons in the internal capsule, both papers argue that each developmental event is dissociable from the others.
Photothermal evaluation of the influence of nicotine, antitumor drugs, and radiation on cellular absorbing structures

This short review presents findings from a recent evaluation of the diagnostic capabilities of a new experimental design of the advanced photothermal (PT) imaging system; specifically, its performance in studying the impact of nicotine, a combination of antitumor drugs, and radiation on the absorbing structures of various cells. We used this imaging system to test our hypothesis that low doses of chemicals or drugs lead to changes in cell metabolism, that these changes are accompanied by the shrinking of cellular absorbing zones (e.g. organelles), and that these reactions cause increased local absorption. Conversely, high (toxic) doses may lead to swelling of organelles or release of chromophores into the intracellular space, causing decreased local absorption. In this study, we compared PT images and PT responses of the pancreatic exocrine tumor cell line AR42J resulting from exposure to various concentrations of nicotine versus those of control cells. We found that responses were almost proportional to the drug concentration in concentrations ranging from 1 nM-100 μM, reached saturation at a maximum of approximately 100 μM-1 mM, and then fell rapidly at concentrations ranging from 1-50 mM. We also examined the influence of antitumor drugs (vinblastine and paclitaxel) on KB3 carcinoma cells, with drug concentrations ranging from 10 -10 nM to 10 nM. In this instance, exposure initially led to slight cell activation, which was then followed by decreased cellular PT response. Drug administration led to corresponding changes in the amplitude and spatial intracellular localization of PT responses, including bubble formation, as an indicator of local absorption level. Additionally, it was shown that, depending on cell type, x-ray radiation may produce effects similar to those resulting from exposure to drugs. Independent verification with a combined PT-fluorescence assay and conventional staining kits (trypan blue, Annexin V-propidium iodide [PI]) revealed that this new PT assay has the potential to detect different stages of environmental impact, including changes in cell metabolism and apoptotic- and toxic-related phenomena, at a concentration threshold sensitivity at least three orders of magnitude better than existing assays. This assay may also help optimize combined cancer therapies.
Simulation of complex turbulent flows: recent advances and prospects in wind engineering

Publisher Summary Turbulent flows are found everywhere and are of interest to engineers and scientists working in many fields. There is a great variation in the physics of the flows and the required predictive capability among the fields. This might lead to difficulties. Researchers in one field might believe that their field is so unique that they need not borrow from others or they might adopt methods and concepts from other fields without sufficient critical thought. Either approach might lead to difficulties. Accuracy requirements vary greatly among the fields. Turbulence is strongly affected by “extra strains” including stratification, buoyancy, rotation, chemical reaction, and compression. To some, these are essential issues; to others, they are of no interest. In some fields, temporal fluctuations are of great importance; others are satisfied with time-averaged quantities. The accuracy demanded in some high technology areas is a few percent; other fields, including the geophysical and astrophysical sciences, might be satisfied with the order of magnitude results.
Alternative Medicine: Definition, Scope and Challenges

This article reveals the rational Definition of Alternative medicine by knowing its challenges and scopes.
Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanowires: synthesis by cyclic electrodeposition/stripping, thinning by electrooxidation, and electrical power generation.

Nanowires composed of the thermoelectric material Bi2Te3 were synthesized on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes using the electrochemical step edge decoration (ESED) method. Nanowire synthesis was initiated by applying a voltage pulse of −0.75 V versus SCE for 5 ms to an HOPG electrode in an aqueous solution containing both Bi3+ and TeO22-, thereby producing nuclei at the step edges. Bi2Te3 was electrodeposited onto these nuclei using a cyclic electrodeposition−stripping scheme that involved the electrodeposition of bismuth-rich Bi2Te3 on a negative-going voltammetric scan (to −0.05 V) and the subsequent anodic stripping of excess bismuth from these nanowires during a positive-going scan (to +0.35 V). When this cycle was repeated 10−50 times, Bi2Te3 nanowires in the 100−300-nm-diameter range were obtained. These nanowires were narrowly dispersed in diameter (RSDdia = 10−20%), were more than 100 μm in length, and were organized into parallel arrays containing hundreds of wires. Smaller na...
Patrolling the peaks and the plains: an examination of big sky game wardens

Policing is a dangerous and sometimes deadly occupation. Given the remote areas patrolled as well as the presence of fewer officers, rural law enforcement officers face unique dangers on the job. Conservation law enforcement is one type of rural and specialized policing. The purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of the game warden occupation. Little research has been directed toward the study of game wardens and the dangers they encounter on the job. This research took a qualitative approach to data collection and examined dangers and occupational hazards faced by state game wardens in Montana. Causes of game warden deaths in the state were also identified. The findings suggest game wardens in Montana encounter several distinct dangers when performing their jobs, including humans, motor vehicles, and environmental factors. Game wardens receive training that helps them minimize the risk of assault on the job.
Steady potential gradients in experimental cerebral vascular occlusion.

Resting pia-ventricular steady potential in the cat is ordinarily surface positive by values ranging from less than one to as much as 7 mV. Occlusion of one middle cerebral artery is usually followed by a prominent sustained surface negative steady potential shift in the middle of the cortical surface area of distribution of this vessel. This change may be recorded with either pia-ventricular or cortico-cortical electrode placement but not from transcortical leads alone. It is therefore presumably developed across white matter, i.e., between injured and uninjured portions of subcortical axons. The role of the cerebral white matter in the steady potential shift of such restricted cerebral vascular occlusion is shown by the subcortex to ventricle leads. When steady potential is recorded from each of several cortical loci simultaneously it is found that the magnitude of this shift decrements toward the periphery of the ischemic region. The surface negative steady potential shift produced by such vascular occlusion attains an amplitude of 5 to 11 mV. in the center of the surface area of distribution of the middle cerebral artery. This change is qualitatively identical in the cat and monkey. With permanent occlusion of the vessel the steady potential shift may be transient, lasting only a few minutes or may continue at maximal value for as long as one hour. These findings are independent of the effects of Nembutal anesthesia. The ECG changes accompanying this steady potential shift are similar to those of sudden cerebral anoxia. A steady potential shift qualitatively indistinguishable from that of restricted vascular occlusion is produced by application of a small piece of solid carbon dioxide to the cortical surface. It is concluded that the steady potential shift of vascular occlusion is not peculiar to the latter but that it is a basic property of focal injury of the mammalian brain. The origin of steady potential gradients resulting from the focal cerebral injury is explainable in terms of the algebraically summated effects of injury of individual anatomical units. It is suggested that the term “cerebral injury potential” aptly characterizes the sustained steady potential shift of focal brain injury. When a brief steady potential shift follows occlusion of one middle cerebral artery the sequence of events at a given locus bears a striking similarity to that of a spreading depression.
Indirect band gaps in quantum dots made from direct-gap bulk materials

The conditions under which the band gaps of free standing and embedded semiconductor quantum dots are direct or indirect are discussed. Semiconductor quantum dots are classified into three categories; (i) free standing dots, (ii) dots embedded in a direct gap matrix, and (iii) dots embedded in an indirect gap matrix. For each category, qualitative predictions are first discussed, followed by the results of both recent experiments and state of the art pseudopotential calculations. We show that: Free standing dots of InP, InAs, and CdSe will remain direct for all sizes, while dots made of GaAs and InSb will turn indirect below a critical size. Dots embedded within a direct gap matrix material will either stay direct (InAs/GaAs at zero pressure) or will become indirect at a critical size (InSb/InP). Dots embedded within an indirect gap matrix material will exhibit a transition to indirect gap for sufficiently small dots (GaAs/AlAs and InP/GaP quantum well) or will be always indirect (InP/GaP dots, InAs/GaAs above 43 k bar pressure and GeSi/Si dots).
New population estimates for the endemic Kloss's gibbon Hylobates klossii on the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia

The Vulnerable endemic Kloss's gibbon was surveyed throughout the Mentawai Islands, Sumatra, Indonesia, using a call-based method. Populations were estimated by extrapolating from local densities using recent assessments of remaining forest cover. About 20,000–25,000 Kloss's gibbons remain in nearly 3,000 km2 of forest (about 40% of the islands' total area). This number is markedly lower than a 1980 estimate of 36,000 on the northernmost island of Siberut. Conservation action to preserve the remaining populations should focus on strengthening the enforcement of regulations in Siberut National Park, formally protecting the Peleonan forest in north Siberut, and cooperating with a logging company in North and South Pagai to protect the populations in the company's self-established conservation and buffer areas.
Alterations in neuromuscular function and perceptual responses following acute eccentric cycling exercise

Previous investigators have reported velocity-dependent strength loss for single-joint actions following acute eccentric exercise. The extent to which velocity influences recovery of multi-joint function is not well documented. Our main purpose was to compare alterations in maximal cycling power produced across a range of pedaling rates following eccentric exercise. An additional purpose was to determine the extent to which changes in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) associated with submaximal cycling reflect changes in maximal cycling power. Eighteen cyclists performed baseline trials of maximal and submaximal single-leg concentric cycling immediately before and 24 and 48 h after acute submaximal single-leg eccentric (151 ± 32 W, 487 ± 107 s) and concentric (148 ± 21 W, 488 ± 79 s) cycling trials. Maximum cycling power (apex of power–pedaling rate relationship; P max) was assessed using inertial-load cycling, and powers produced at 65, 110 and 155 rpm were also analyzed. Compared to baseline, P max was reduced (11–13%) at 24–48 h in the eccentric leg (P < 0.001). Power produced at 65, 110 and 155 rpm was reduced by similar relative magnitudes (11–15%) at 24–48 h in the eccentric leg. RPE increased (15–18%) at 24–48 h in the eccentric leg (P < 0.001). Magnitudes of relative changes in RPE did not differ from those for P max. There were no alterations in the concentric leg. Our results indicated a global, rather than velocity-specific, reduction in neuromuscular function. Such a global reduction does not support the notion of fiber-type specific damage from eccentric exercise. The similar relative changes in RPE and P max suggest that increased exertion may reflect the need to recruit additional motor units to produce the same submaximal power.
Tensions between academic cardiology and internal medicine.

Relations between departments of internal medicine and their cardiovascular divisions are strained in many U.S. medical schools at this time, sometimes to the serious detriment of all concerned patients, trainees, and faculty. The editor of this Journal has invited me to comment on this problem, and to offer suggestions as to how a solution might be approached. It is necessary first, particularly for the non-American readers of this Journal, to review briefly the organization of departments of internal medicine in the U.S. These departments are large always the largest in the hospital and medical school and often the largest in the university as well. Their size is commensurate with their broad missions and responsibilities, which consist of: (1) the transmission of knowledge (education) to (a) undergraduate medical students (preclinical and clinical); (b) postgraduate trainees (residents in internal medicine and subspecialty fellows); (c) practicing physicians (continuing education); (2) the generation of new knowledge, i.e., the conduct of basic and clinical research; and (3) the application of medical knowledge, i.e., clinical practice. While these responsibilities are shared by other clinical departments in medical schools and teaching hospitals the breadth of internal medicine. encompassing virtually all non-surgical, non-obstetrical conditions of adults accounts for the large size of departments of medicine. The departments are organized into a number (generally 10 to 20) of divisions, which constitute the working units of the department; these divisions correspond to the organ-system oriented subspecialties of internal medicine, such as cardiology, nephrology, gastroenterology, etc., as well as diseaseor discipline-oriented divisions such as oncology, immunology, infectious diseases, human genetics, gerontology, primary care, clinical pharmacology, etc.
Sepragel sinus (hylan B) as a postsurgical dressing for endoscopic sinus surgery

Abstract Objective: To assess the safety and efficacy of Sepragel sinus, a hylan B gel (cross-linked hyaluronic acid molecule), when used as a postoperative dressing after endoscopic sinus surgery as a facilitator of healing and a preventative for scarring and stenosis. Study Design: Ten patients undergoing bilateral endoscopic ethmoidectomy in an outpatient specialty hospital operating room underwent complete filling of a randomly selected right or left ethmoidectomy cavity with Sepragel sinus. Outcome measures were synechiae, middle meatal stenosis, mucosal status, mucosal regeneration, transparency of Sepragel sinus, and subjective pain and congestion. Results: Sepragel sinus significantly improved all outcome measures by week 2 and remained statistically significant for reduction of synechiae and stenosis. Conclusion: Sepragel sinus is useful as a space-occupying gel stent to separate sinus mucosal surfaces. The data strongly support the superiority of Sepragel sinus over no treatment in the control of postethmoidectomy synechiae and middle meatal stenosis, as well as early improvement in mucosal healing and postoperative pain. Significance: Because of its biocompatibility, lack of inflammatory response, transparency, and ability to fill any complex volume, Sepragel sinus offers distinct advantages over currently used stenting materials. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:603-8.)
Pulse Transit Time and Blood Pressure: An Intensive Analysis

Relationships between pulse transit time (PTT) and intra-arterial systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were examined in 4 subjects under three conditions: rest, paced respiration, and mental arithmetic. PTT was measured from the EKG R-wave to two peripheral pulses (brachial and radial) and from one pulse to the other. Three points on each pulse wave were used (peak, foot, slope) in the measurements, yielding nine different measures of PTT. The nine PTT measures were not consistently intercorrelated. PTTs initiated by the R-wave were moderately correlated with SBP, but not with DBP or MAP. Brachial to radial PTTs were not correlated with any measures of BP. Relationships between PTT and BP also varied from subject to subject. The limited magnitude of the correlations and their inconsistency suggest caution in the simple substitution of PTT for beat-to-beat measures of BP.
Detection of achilles tendon xanthomas in familial hypercholesterolemia: sonography vs. radiography

Abstract Objective: To compare high frequency linear array sonography and radiography for the detection of Achilles tendon xanthomas. Methods: Same-day high frequency linear array sonography and radiography were prospectively performed upon 42 Achilles tendons in 21 individuals with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Xanthomas were detected by the presence of intratendinous hypoechoic regions sonographically and by tendon enlargement radiographically. Results: Radiography detected xanthomas in 24 of 40 (60%) tendons, and was technically inadequate in two tendons. Sonography was superior to radiography, detecting xanthomas in 38 of 42 tendons (90%), and in all radiographically abnormal tendons. Conclusion: Sonography is superior to radiography for detecting Achilles tendon xanthomas. Radiography should only be considered for xanthoma detection if sonography is unavailable or if costs are so constrained that sonography cannot be justified.
Client Choice and Bureaucratic Accountability: Possibilities for Responsiveness in a Social Welfare Bureaucracy

In a period of increasing concern about the effectiveness and the cost of social welfare services, this paper discusses two strategies which might be thought to improve the relationship between the expected and the actual outcome of encounters with social service bureaucracies. They are client choice and bureaucratic accounting procedures. The discussion is based on data from a research project in the field of child welfare. The discussion about choice illustrates the issues of the conditions necessary for authentic choice, the limits of choice, and the corruptibility of choice. The discussion of accountability includes a description of the factors which thwart effective accounting and some suggestions for improving the process.
Enzymic oxidation of the indole nucleus of 5-hydroxytryptamine: properties of an enzyme in human serum and of the products of oxidation.

Abstract 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) consumes oxygen in the presence of pooled serum from pregnant humans and ceruloplasmin concentrates. The properties of the catalyst in serum were those of an enzyme. 5-HT oxidase may be identical with the enzyme which oxidizes p -phenylenediamine. Chromatography of incubation mixtures containing 5-HT and serum or 5-HT and ceruloplasmin concentrates revealed several indolic products as well as a pigment having properties similar to the melanins. These products appear to be identical with those resulting from 5-HT oxidation by air in the presence of copper or by AgNO 3 ; the major product of the latter reaction has been identified as a dimer resulting from dehydrogenative coupling of the indole nuclei of two molecules of 5-HT (1).
INFLUENCE OF SOLID SURFACE ENERGY ON PROTEIN ADSORPTION

Surface energy characteristics of a solid surface influence the extent and rate of protein adsorption. However, critical surface tension determined by contact angle measurements, cannot be used to predict the extent or rate of milk whey protein fouling onto a particular surface. Radioisotopic iodination of α-la and β-lg was used to show that protein adsorption onto a surface is dependent on protein concentration and temperature. Multilayer adsorption was observed with a single protein solution and with sequential exposure to the two whey proteins.
A generic recursion toolbox for Haskell or: scrap your boilerplate systematically

Haskell programmers who deal with complex data types often need to apply functions to specific nodes deeply nested inside of terms. Typically, implementations for those applications require so-called boilerplate code, which recursively visits the nodes and carries the functions to the places where they need to be applied. The scrap-your-boilerplate approach proposed by Lammel and Peyton Jones tries to solve this problem by defining a general traversal design pattern that performs the traversal automatically so that the programmers can focus on the code that performs the actual transformation.In practice we often encounter applications that require variations of the recursion schema and call for more sophisticated generic traversals. Defining such traversals from scratch requires a profound understanding of the underlying mechanism and is everything but trivial.In this paper we analyze the problem domain of recursive traversal strategies, by integrating and extending previous approaches. We then extend the scrap-your-boilerplate approach by rich traversal strategies and by a combination of transformations and accumulations, which leads to a comprehensive recursive traversal library Reclib in a statically typed framework.We define a two-layer library targeted at general programmers and programmers with knowledge in traversal strategies. The highlevel interface defines a universal combinator that can be customized to different one-pass traversal strategies with different coverage and different traversal order. The lower-layer interface provides a set of primitives that can be used for defining more sophisticated traversal strategies such as fixpoint traversals. The interfaceis simple and succinct. Like the original scrap-your-boilerplate approach, it makes use of rank-2 polymorphism and functional dependencies, implemented in GHC.
An exploratory investigation of the relationship between roommates’ first impressions and subsequent communication patterns

This study used Predicted Outcome Value theory as a general framework to understand why some roommate relationships persist and others do not. Data from this study indicate that roommates who had more positive initial interactions were more likely to continue living together and indicated that they would live together in the future. Additionally, positive initial impressions were linked to more satisfying subsequent interactions. Roommates who indicated more positive initial impressions were also more likely to use constructive, or solution oriented conflict management strategies and avoid antisocial or unproductive strategies. For those roommates whose initial impressions were less positive, subsequent interactions were less satisfying and they were less likely to use productive methods of resolving conflict. Study applications and limitations are addressed in the final sections of the paper.