cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HOIL-1L Interacting Protein (HOIP) Is Essential for CD40 Signaling

CD40 is a cell surface receptor important in the activation of antigen-presenting cells during immune responses. In macrophages and dendritic cells, engagement of CD40 by its ligand CD154 provides signals critical for anti-microbial and T cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. In B cells, CD40 signaling has a major role in regulating cell proliferation, antibody production, and memory B cell development. CD40 engagement results in the formation of a receptor-associated complex that mediates activation of NF-κB, stress-activated protein kinases, and other signaling molecules. However, the mechanisms that link CD40 to these signaling events have been only partially characterized. Known components of the CD40 signaling complex include members of the TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of proteins. We previously showed that the TRAF family member TRAF2 mediates recruitment of HOIL-1L-interacting protein (HOIP) to the cytoplasmic domain of CD40, suggesting that HOIP has a role in the CD40 signaling pathway. To determine the role of HOIP in CD40 signaling, we used somatic cell gene targeting to generate mouse B cell lines deficient in HOIP. We found that the CD40-induced upregulation of CD80 and activation of germline immunoglobulin epsilon transcription were defective in HOIP-deficient cells. We also found that the CD40-mediated activation of NF-κB and c-Jun kinase was impaired. Recruitment of IκB kinase proteins to the CD40 signaling complex was undetectable in HOIP-deficient cells, potentially explaining the defect in NF-κB activation. Restoration of HOIP expression reversed the defects in cellular activation and signaling. These results reveal HOIP as a key component of the CD40 signaling pathway.
Does Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training Work in Health Care

Due to the success of CRM training in aviation at improving the knowledge, attitudes, and skills of trainees, CRM training has been adapted and implemented in a number of domains beyond aviation. In this paper, we chose to focus on the health care community's efforts because of the high risk and frequency of errors in this domain. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is threefold. First, we turned to the literature to identify and gather the training evaluation efforts being conducted in the health care community. Fifteen studies were identified. Next, we analyzed the research to determine the effectiveness of the CRM training efforts. As the effectiveness of training was not as positive as hoped, we conclude with several observations that may be hindering the effectiveness of their training efforts.
Compact beam splitters with deep gratings for miniature photonic integrated circuits: design and implementation aspects

We present an extensive study of an ultracompact grating-based beam splitter suitable for photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that have stringent density requirements. The 10 μm long beam splitter exhibits equal splitting, low insertion loss, and also provides a high extinction ratio in an integrated coherent balanced receiver. We further present the design strategies for avoiding mode distortion in the beam splitter and discuss optimization of the widths of the detectors to improve insertion loss and extinction ratio of the coherent receiver circuit. In our study, we show that the grating-based beam splitter is a competitive technology having low fabrication complexity for ultracompact PICs.
Radial Distribution Functions in Binary Gas Mixtures

The equations of Born and Green are generalized to the two component case. An approximate solution is formally obtained by a linearization procedure and is found to contain a singularity which is tentatively identified with the gas‐liquid branch point of the radial distribution function. Temperature‐density relations are found in the critical region by roughly locating this singular point. The results lend weight to the hypothesis that the singularity corresponds to the branch point.
The 20-year history of the evolution of air pollution control legislation in the U.S.A.☆

Abstract Over the past 20 years, the U.S. Congress has passed four acts relating to clean air. The 1970 act set out a comprehensive plan for federal-state partnership to require all areas in the country to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In 1977, the act was amended and expanded, both to address many of the problems encountered in the 1970 act and to reorient the law to limit significantly emissions of any sort, even if there were no currently identified health-related reasons. In 1986, the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act was passed, as an amendment to a solid waste law, in response to the desire to prevent chemical release tragedies. After 10 years of effort, Congress finally passed the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments which require a number of new programs aimed at curbing urban ozone, rural acid rain, stratospheric ozone, toxic air pollutant emissions and vehicle emissions, and establishing a new, uniform national permit system. This paper discusses some of the consequences of the various acts and suggests ways that others might learn from our 20 years of experience. Certain programs have worked quite well, while some alternatives could have improved other programs.
Therapeutic vaccination against chronic viral infection: the importance of cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells

The goal of therapeutic vaccination is to elicit an antiviral immune response within persistently infected individuals and consequently eradicate the infection. CD8+ T cells are potent mediators of viral clearance; however, during chronic infections CD4+ T cell help is required to sustain antiviral CD8+ T cell activity. Therapeutic vaccination should be targeted towards enhancing both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell virus-specific responses.
Toward exploratory analysis of diversity unified across fields of study: an information visualization approach

The study of the diversity of multivariate objects shares common characteristics and goals across disciplines, including ecology and organizational management. Nevertheless, subject-matter experts have adopted somewhat separate diversity concepts and analysis techniques, limiting the potential for sharing and comparing across disciplines. Moreover, while large and complex diversity data may benefit from exploratory data analysis, most of the existing techniques emphasize confirmatory analysis based on statistical metrics and models. This work aims to bridge these gaps. First, by cross comparing the analyses of species diversity, microbial diversity, and workgroup diversity, we introduce a framework of diversity concerns aligned across the three areas. The alignment framework is validated and refined by feedback from subject-matter experts. Then, guided by the framework and theoretical information visualization and visual analytics principles (as distinguished from scientific visualization), we propose a unified taxonomy of common analytical tasks for exploration of diversity.
Market Distribution of Potato Products in the United States

Abstract Potatoes are the most important vegetable crop in the United States, accounting for 16 percent of all vegetable and melon farm cash receipts in 1998. However, little is known about the distribution of potato consumption across different marketing sectors, geographic regions, or population groups. Using data from USDA's 1994-96 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, this study examines the consumption distribution of six potato products in the United States. The analysis indicates that fast-food establishments and restaurants dominate the french fries market. There are distinct regional variations in the use of potato use. African Americans consume more potato chips and french fries, on a per capita basis, than other Americans. Senior Americans favor consumption of fresh and canned potatoes, while teenagers consume more chips and french fries than others.
The Effect of Affective States on Selective Exposure to Televised Entertainment Fare1

Subjects were placed into a negative, neutral, or positive affective state and then, ostensibly in a waiting period, provided with an opportunity to watch television. They were free to choose among situation comedy, game show, action drama, and not watching. Time of selective exposure was measured unobtrusively. Compared to other affect-conditions, subjects in the condition of negative affect avoided comedy. Time of exposure in this condition was significantly below that in the condition of neutral affect. The tendency to avoid comedy was stable over the 10-minute test period. Compared to other affect conditions, subjects in the condition of positive affect preferred action drama. Time of exposure in this condition was significantly above that in the condition of neutral affect. Subjects experiencing negative affect watched less action drama over time; in contrast, subjects experiencing positive affect watched more action drama, but less game show. A subsequent investigation showed that hostile comedy tended to be avoided by provoked subjects specifically. Merely frustrated subjects were found to actually prefer such comedy. Furthermore, neither provoked nor frustrated subjects avoided nonhostile comedy. The findings were considered consistent with the proposal that persons select exposure to those materials that hold the greatest promise of providing prompt relief from negative affective experiences.
Broadband 13C-13C adiabatic mixing in solution optimized for high fields.

Abstract Experiments which require mixing among spins with large frequency differences are generally performed with sequences based on composite pulses or computer-optimized cycles. Adiabatic pulses generally offer several advantages over other approaches, including greater single spin inversion bandwidths and tolerance to RF inhomogeneity. Here, a novel theoretical framework is presented in order to understand how spin–spin interactions are influenced by adiabatic inversion pulses, and insights from this approach are used to design more efficient adiabatic coherence exchange experiments. For very large frequency differences, this new approach generally offers improved results over previously applied mixing sequences, as applied to 13C–13C experiments which are the basis of modern sidechain assignment techniques in proteins. It is also anticipated that the approach presented here will be applicable to the analysis of various alternative approaches to adiabatic mixing.
Relating Financial and Energy Return on Investment

For many reasons, including environmental impacts and the peaking and depletion of the highest grades of fossil energy, it is very important to have sound methods for the evaluation of energy technologies and the profitability of the businesses that utilize them. In this paper we derive relations among the biophysical characteristic of an energy resource in relation to the businesses and technologies that exploit them. These relations include the energy return on energy investment (EROI), the price of energy, and the profit of an energy business. Our analyses show that EROI and the price of energy are inherently inversely related such that as EROI decreases for depleting fossil fuel production, the corresponding energy prices increase dramatically. Using energy and financial data for the oil and gas production sector, we demonstrate that the equations sufficiently describe the fundamental trends between profit, price, and EROI. For example, in 2002 an EROI of 11:1 for US oil and gas translates to an oil price of 24 $2005/barrel at a typical profit of 10%. This work sets the stage for proper EROI and price comparisons of individual fossil and renewable energy businesses as well as the electricity sector as a whole. Additionally, it presents a framework for incorporating EROI into larger economic systems models.
Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase decrease with age in longitudinal analysis.

Background & Aims An increased level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a marker of liver injury. The mean ALT level has been reported to decrease with age; we performed a longitudinal analysis to determine whether serum levels of ALT changes with age among community-dwelling, older adults in the US. Methods We analyzed clinical data from 2 cohorts of individuals who participated in the Rancho Bernardo Study, in Southern CA. The first cohort comprised 1073 community-dwelling participants (59% women); clinical data was collected from 1984–1987 and 1992–1997. The second cohort comprised 416 participants (64% women); data was collected from 1984–1987, 1992–1997, and 1997–1999. Demographic, metabolic covariates, ALT, bilirubin, and albumin were measured. Changes in individual ALT over time were examined in unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted linear and logistic regression analyses. Results At the baseline visit, the patients' mean age was 65.7 years and body mass index was 24.9 kg/m2. In cohort 1, the mean levels of ALT decreased with age by 10% (from 21 to 19 IU/L) between the time periods of 1984–1987 and 1992–1997 (P Conclusions In a longitudinal analysis, we observed that levels of ALT decrease with age, independent of sex, metabolic factors, alcohol use, and results from commonly used liver function tests (bilirubin and albumin). When interpreting serum levels of ALT, physicians should consider patients' age especially in the elderly.
The interactions between biogenic amines and pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, and pyridoxal kinase.

Abstract The effect of biogenic amines on pyridoxal kinase activity has been investigated in vitro . Experiments with a purified beef brain pyridoxal kinase indicate that 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa), dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin inhibit the reaction, while tyrosine, tryptophan, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) have no effect. However, nonenzymatio studies under conditions similar to those of the enzymatic studies reveal that most of the inhibition by dopa, dopamine and norepinephrine is due to reaction of these compounds with pyridoxal phosphate while reaction between pyridoxal phosphate and the tryptophan derivatives, 5-HTP and serotonin, does not occur under the conditions employed. Additional nonenzymatic experiments indicate that the inhibition by serotonin is not due to removal of substrate (ATP, Zn 2+ , or pyridoxal). This evidence suggests that serotonin exerts its inhibitory effect by interacting with pyridoxal kinase. The enzyme inhibition observed with serotonin may represent a form of metabolic regulation.
Comment on ``Importance of electron time-of-flight measurements in momentum imaging of saddle-point electron emission''

A recent paper by Irby [Phys. Rev. A 60, 1135 (1999)] analyzes the effect of using calculated, rather than measured, values of the electron time-of-flight in soft electron imaging. This paper creates the impression that the analysis used by Abdallah et al. [Phys. Rev. A 56, 2000 (1997)] might be suspect and that the saddle-point shifts observed in that paper might be in error. In fact, the analysis used by Abdallah et al. is almost exact, as is shown in this comment, and the conclusions reached in that paper were correct.
High mobility n-type Pb0.83Sn0.17 Te single crystals

Abstract A record high electron mobility of 8.2 × 106 cm2/Vsec at 4.2°K has been observed in n-type Pb0.83Sn0.17 Te single crystals of thickness 1 mm, by annealing for a total time of 14 days. Excellent n-type crystals have also been prepared by zinc and cadmium diffusion.
Self-repairing, interferometric waveguide sensor with a large strain range.

We demonstrate a polymer waveguide, Fabry–Perot interferometer strain sensor fabricated through a self-writing process in a photopolymerizable resin bath between two silica optical fibers. The measurable strain range is extended through sensor self-repair and strain measurements are demonstrated up to 150% applied tensile strain. The sensor fabrication and repair is performed in the ultraviolet wavelength range, while the sensor interrogation is performed in the near-infrared wavelength range. A hybrid sensor is fabricated by splicing a short segment of multimode optical fiber to the input single-mode optical fiber. The hybrid sensor provides the high quality of waveguide fabrication previously demonstrated through self-writing between multimode optical fibers with the high fringe visibility of single-mode propagation. The peak frequency shift of the reflected spectrum Fabry–Perot sensor is extremely linear with applied strain for the hybrid sensor, with a sensitivity of 2.3×10−3 per nanometer per percent strain. The calibrated peak frequency shift with applied strain is the same for both the original sensor and the repaired sensor; therefore, the fact that the sensor has self-repaired does not need to be known. Additionally, this calibration is the same between multiple sensor fabrications. In contrast to a conventional air gap Fabry–Perot cavity sensor, no decrease in the fringe visibility is observed over the measurable strain range.
Flame structure in small-scale liquid film combustors

Abstract Recent advances in technology for commercial, medical, military, and governmental applications have increased the demand for portable power systems. One solution is to design a small-scale liquid-fueled combustion system, which takes advantage of volumetric reactions for quick energy release and a nonvolatile fuel that provides high specific energy. To make use of the high surface-to-volume ratios with decreasing size that generally increase heat loss, an innovative concept is to inject the fuel as a liquid film on the inner combustor surface, effectively reducing losses by redirecting heat towards film vaporization. This film is generated and stabilized in a tubular chamber by introducing swirling airflow, and investigation of the resulting flames has demonstrated that flame ignition and stability are dependent upon wall temperature and film location, and do not require recirculation or a physical flameholder. Attempts to investigate flame structures in a low thermal conductivity quartz chamber have revealed that poor wall heat transfer compromises the stability of the flame. Chemiluminescence measurements of the OH∗, CH∗, and C2∗ intensities, and an Abel transform of the integrated images to obtain the radial distribution of these radical species within a sapphire chamber supports the theory that the fuel-film flame is composed of two structures: a double flame at the exit rim and a central triple flame within the chamber.
Exact propagation of uncertainties in multiplicative models

Abstract Propagation of uncertainties has been widely accepted as an integral component in health risk assessments. Historically, the approximations based on Taylor series expansions have been applied, but they are valid only when the model is linear or the coefficients of variation are small. Another approximation approach is Monte Carlo analysis. It is simpler and more practical for risk management but may become cumbersome if the model involves many variables containing large uncertainties. Recently, the exact log transform technique has been proposed for multiplicative models with lognormal uncertainties. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel exact analytical method as a complementary approach to simulation for general multiplicative models with independent variables, without a constraint on the types of uncertainty distributions. It also provides good estimates of the mean and variance of highly skewed distributions, determination of their existence, and verification of sufficient simulatio...
Radio metric direction finding - A new approach to deep space navigation

The paper explores an alternate technique for the determination of the angular position and velocity of deep-space probes, wherein the two-way range and Doppler measurements are abandoned for large portions of the mission in favor of differential one-way measurements. The spacecraft employs a wideband beacon rather than a coherent transponder, and differential measurements of one-way range and perhaps range rate are made between the spacecraft and each of three tracking stations. Advantages include the following: (1) Range measurements do not require the long horizon-to-horizon Doppler passes, so that the tracking stations can be released to support other functions of the deep space network. (2) Improved accuracy in the angular coordinates of the spacecraft can be obtained. (3) The need for an uplink is eliminated. A system implementation of the concept is developed that appears economically feasible and achieves a 0.05 microrad baseline accuracy
Integrative review of research on general health status and prevalence of common physical health conditions of women after childbirth.

Purpose Postpartum mothers experience certain physical health conditions that may affect their quality of life, future health, and health of their children. Yet, the physical health of postpartum mothers is relatively neglected in both research and practice. The purpose of this review is to describe the general health status and prevalence of common physical health conditions of postpartum mothers. Methods The review followed standard procedures for integrative literature reviews. Twenty-two articles were reviewed from searches in scientific databases, reference lists, and an up-to-date survey. Three tables were designed to answer review questions. Findings In general, postpartum mothers self-rate their health as good. They experience certain physical conditions such as fatigue/physical exhaustion, sleep-related problems, pain, sex-related concerns, hemorrhoids/constipation, and breast problems. Conclusions Despite a limited number of studies, the findings provide a glimpse of the presence of a number of physical health conditions experienced by women in the 2 years postpartum. In the articles reviewed, physical health conditions and postpartum period were poorly defined, no standard scales existed, and the administration of surveys varied widely in time. Those disparities prevented systematic comparisons of results and made it difficult to gain a coherent understanding of the physical health conditions of postpartum mothers. More longitudinal research is needed that focuses on the etiology, predictors, and management of the health conditions most prevalent among postpartum mothers. Instruments are needed that target a broader range of physical conditions in respect to type and severity.
Querying KEGG pathways in logic

Understanding the interaction patterns among biological entities in a pathway can potentially reveal the role of the entities in biological systems. Although considerable effort has been contributed to this direction, querying biological pathways remained relatively unexplored. Querying is principally different in which we retrieve pathways satisfying a given property in terms of its topology, or constituents. One such property is subnetwork matching using various constituent parameters. In this paper, we introduce a logic based framework for querying biological pathways using a novel and generic subgraph isomorphism computation technique. We develop a graphical interface called IsoKEGG to facilitate flexible querying of KEGG pathways based on isomorphic pathway topologies as well as matching any combination of node names, types, and edges. It allows editing KGML represented query pathways and returns all isomorphic patterns in KEGG pathways satisfying a given query condition for further analysis.
Glomus tumor of the thigh: confluent with the periosteum of the femur

True glomus tumor is rare. In the majority of cases it involves the hand, preferring the fingertips or nail beds. We report a patient with glomus tumor of the mid-thigh who presented with severe localized pain and limp. The imaging features are discussed and the English literature reviewed.
Gene control of hematopoiesis. I. Erythrocyte mosaicism and permanent immunological tolerance in allophenic mice.

Erythropoietic cells of two unrelated strains, C3H (or C3Hf) and C57BL/6, can coexist throughout hematopoiesis in allophenic mice experimentally produced from aggregated, undifferentiated blastomeres of separate genotypes. The presence of two red cell genotypes in these circumstances signifies that the erythroid population must normally be multiclonal, i.e., derived mitotically from at least two genetically determined cells. The two strains were detected by hemagglutination and absorption tests of erythrocytes for the specific histocompatibility antigens dictated by the H-2k and H-2b alleles. Of 34 C3H(f) ↔ C57BL/6 allophenics tested, 16 had both red cell types; the remaining 18 showed only C3H or C57 red cells and included 12 mice with both cell strains present in some other tissues. All animals with evidence of two H-2 phenotypes among circulating erythrocytes were permanently immunologically tolerant of both antigenic types and remained free of runt disease. They lived a full lifespan, up to 2 yr 7½ months of age. The data suggest a possible specific selective advantage of C57BL/6 over C3H erythropoietic tissue. There is considerable individual variability, not only in proportions of antigenically distinct erythrocytes, but also in strain composition of other tissues in the same animals. A broad spectrum of distinctive situations is found, in which parameters are varied within or outside of the circulatory system. Allophenic mice can therefore serve as investigative tools for entirely new kinds of experimental studies of gene control mechanisms and blood physiology in normal hematopoiesis and in a number of hereditary blood diseases.
Chemical composition of residue from cereal crops and cultivars in dryland ecosystems.

Cropping systems in the dryland farming region of eastern Washington State are dominated by winter and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Excessive levels of residue may be an obstacle in the adoption of conservation farming systems. Decomposition of cereal crop residues is associated with fiber and nutrient content, and growers have observed differences in decomposition among cultivars; however, little information exists on their residue characteristics. Cultivars of spring barley (SB), spring wheat (SW), and winter wheat (WW) grown at four locations over two crop years were analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), C, and N contents, and win- ter wheat decomposition was tested in a laboratory incubation study. Acid detergent lignin was highest in spring barley (9.9%), and least in winter wheat (9.2%) and hard white spring wheat (9.5%). Fiber components and nutrient content varied by location, precipitation zone, and cultivar. Residue in the drier year of the study had lower NDF, ADF, ADL, C, and C/N ratio. Foot rot (Fusarium spp.)-resistant winter wheat cultivars had higher NDF, ADF, and ADL than susceptible cultivars. Laboratory incubation studies showed decomposition of winter wheat straw in soil was correlated with ADF (R 2 > 0.66, P = 0.002) and total N (R 2 > 0.67, P = 0.04). Fiber and nutrient characteristics of residue from wheat and barley cultivars currently produced in the Pacific Northwest can be used to predict residue decomposition in cropping systems that conserve soil and water, and enhance build-up of organic matter.
On the stability of Kelvin cell foams under compressive loads

It has been previously shown that the nonlinearity exhibited in the compressive response of open cell foams is governed by cell ligament buckling. Significant insight into this behavior can be gained by idealizing such foams as periodic, space-filling Kelvin cells assigned several of the geometric characteristics of actual foams. The cells are elongated in the rise direction; the ligaments are assumed to be straight, to have Plateau border cross sections, and nonuniform cross sectional area distribution. The mechanical response of such foams can be established using models of a characteristic cell assigned appropriate periodicity conditions. The ligaments are modeled as shear deformable beams. The periodicity of this microstructure allows the use of Bloch wave theory to conduct the search for the critical state efficiently. The method tailored to the present microstructure is outlined. It is subsequently used to establish the critical states for uniaxial and a set of triaxial loadings. A rich variety of buckling modes are identified which are affected by the anisotropy and the mutliaxiality of the applied loads. Under some loadings the critical modes have long wavelengths which are shown to lead to unstable postbuckling behavior involving localization. Under other loading conditions the modes are either local to the characteristic cell or involve an assemblage of a few such cells. For the cases analyzed local modes were found to have a stable postbuckling response.
Fuzzy ART: Fast stable learning and categorization of analog patterns by an adaptive resonance system

A Fuzzy Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) model capable of rapid stable learning of recognition categories in response to arbitrary sequences of analog or binary input patterns is described. Fuzzy ART incorporates computations from fuzzy set theory into the ART 1 neural network, which learns to categorize only binary input patterns. The generalization to learning both analog and binary input patterns is achieved by replacing appearances of the intersection operator ( N ) in ART 1 by the MIN operator ( /~ ) of fuzzy set theory. The MIN operator reduces to the intersection operator in the binarv case. Category proliferation is prevented by, normalizing input vectors at a preprocessing stage. A normalization procedure called complement coding leads to a symmetric theory in which the M1N operator (/\) and the MAX operator (V) of fuzzy set theory play complementary roles. Complement coding uses on-cells and of cells to represent the input pattern, and preserves individual feature amplitudes while normalizing the total on-cell/off-cell vector. Learning is stable because all adaptive weights can only decrease in time. Decreasing weights correspond to increasing sizes of categorv "boxes." Smaller vigilance values lead to larger category boxes. Learning stops when the input space is covered by boxes. With fast learning and a finite input set of arbitrary size and composition, learning stabilizes after just one presentation of each input pattern. A fast-commit slow-recode option combines fast learning with a forgetting rule that buffers system memory against noise. Using this option, rare events can be rapidly learned, yet previously learned memories are not rapidly erased in response to statistically unreliable input fluctuations.
All the Mothers Are One: Hindu India and the Cultural Reshaping of Psychoanalysis

Based on the author's ethnographic research in India, the book explores the psychology of Hinduism, and offers an innovative synthesis of psychoanylsis with modern anthropological theories of cultural difference. Stanley N. Kurtz offers a new interpretation of the multiple "mother goddesses" of Hinduism, and explores how this multiplicity is key to understanding early childhood experience in which a child is raised by many "mothers" in the Hindu joint family. Arguing that traditional psychoanalytic approaches to Indian culture have applied Western models without regard to differing cultural circumstances, Kurtz suggests that immersion in a joint family plays a central role in the development of feelings and needs which are carried over into adult life. The book concludes with a briefr comparison of mothering in India and contemporary America. All the Mothers Are One makes a significant contribution to the growing debate concerning the role of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of culture and the study of cross-cultural human development.
Iberian Family History

Throughout the 1970s there was a dearth of Iberian contributions to the expanding body of knowledge regarding European family history, but this is no longer the case. Studies carried out in the 1980s, as well as scholarship incorporated in the anthropological/ethnographic tradition and in the juristic tradition, provide contemporary as well as historical baselines against which the student of family history can compare and evaluate information gleaned from the analysis of population. The greater availability of primary sources in southern Europe portends the future proliferation of Iberian family history studies.
PERTURBATION OF THE HOST CELL CYCLE AND DNA REPLICATION BY THE BOVINE PAPILLOMAVIRUS REPLICATION PROTEIN E1

A stable cell line expressing the bovine papillomavirus E1 protein (C2E1) was compared with an E1 minus control line (CNEO) to study the effects of E1 protein on host cell growth. C2E1 and CNEO cells were synchronized either at mitosis or at the G1/S boundary by the cell cycle inhibitors nocodazole and mimosine, respectively. After release from the drug-induced cell cycle block, the progression through the succeeding stages of the cell cycle was temporally monitored using flow cytometry. In addition, incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) was used to determine precisely the time of initiation of DNA synthesis in C2E1 and CNEO cells after release from drug-induced cell cycle arrest. Expression of E1 protein decreased the duration of G1 phase and increased S and G2 phase durations without affecting the overall cell doubling time. In conjunction with the increase in G2 phase duration, histone H1 kinase activity was prolonged during the G2 to M phase transition in C2E1 cells, which suggested that E1 protein may affect the mechanisms which ensure proper timing of kinase inactivation. During the G1 to S phase transition in C2E1 cells, the timing of appearance and abundance of cyclin D1 were altered compared to CNEO cells, while cyclin E levels were unaffected. Consequently, E1 protein may affect G1 phase duration through a cyclin D1-dependent pathway. Finally, a subpopulation of cells with a greater than G2 DNA content (>G2 DNA), and which was still capable of incorporating BrdUrd, was shown to exist only in the E1-expressing cell line. These combined results demonstrate that the viral replication protein E1 has the potential to influence the host cell environment significantly, which may contribute to pathogenesis and viral persistence.
Pairing vocalizations with preferred edibles and toys may produce a modest increase in the frequency of vocalizations in three young children with autism

Abstracted from: Esch, B. E., Carr, J. E., & Grow, L. L. (2009). Evaluation of an enhanced stimulus–stimulus pairing procedure to increase early vocalizations of children with autism. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 225–241. Source of funding: No source of funding reported.
A breakthrough in the study of cancer anorexia.

Abstract The control of appetite and satiety has enjoyed a renewed focus largely because of the discovery of several peptide hormones that transmit important signals to feeding centers in brain. Stimulatory (orexigenic) and inhibitory (anorexigenic) neuropeptide systems have been identified and the importance of hormonal input from the periphery has been established. However, the chemical mediators of cancer-induced anorexia have yet to be clearly identified. Now, using a selective receptor antagonist, the crucial role of the endogenous α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone–melanocortin receptor system in brain has been identified to be the point of convergence for the cytokine-mediated anorexia and wasting.
Improving U.S. Endangered Species Act Recovery Plans: Key Findings and Recommendations of the SCB Recovery Plan Project

To promote more effective recovery planning for species listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Society for Conservation Biology sponsored a systematic review of a large sample of ESA recov- ery plans. The review was conducted in collaboration with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, and 19 universities. We describe the genesis of the project and the development of the resulting database of information on ESA recovery plans. The project's primary goals were to characterize the content and attributes of recovery plans; to identify important differences, patterns, and trends among plans; and to use these results to develop recommendations for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for improving recovery plans. We review key findings from published analyses of the project database and offer prioritized recommendations for improving recovery-plan development and implementation. First, the use of science in recovery-plan development and implementation could be improved by making threats a primary focus of plans, specifying adequate monitoring tasks for species status and recovery tasks, and ensur- ing that species trend data are current, quantitative, and documented. Second, recovery-plan structure and development could be enhanced by keeping authorship teams small yet diverse, making existing administra- tive designations more biologically relevant, improving and standardizing the revision process, and reevalu- ating the use of multispecies plans. Third, agency resources and personnel could be better utilized by developing new recovery plan guidelines, assigning personnel explicit responsibility for overseeing plan implementation, expanding personnel training, and tracking expenditures in recovery programs. And fourth, several generic failings in the field of conservation biology could be addressed by reducing taxonomic bias and by collecting and fully integrating key biological information into recovery plans. The recovery-plan project offers a model of how professional societies, universities, and government agencies can work together beneficially to address key issues in conservation biology.
Radical-initiated polyolefinic cyclizations in linear triquinane synthesis. model studies and total synthesis of (±)-hirsutene

Abstract Details of a novel radical-initiated polyolefinic cyclization approach to linear condensed cyclopentanoids are reported. The strategy is executed in three stages: (1) Sn2′-anti opening of a vinyl lactone to produce a trans-3,5-disubstituted cyclopentene, (2) rapid elaboration to a cyclization precursor, and (3) single step tandem radical cyclization to produce a cis-anticis tricyclo[3.3.0]undecane. Model substrates 16a and 16b give high yields of tricyclic products 17 and 18 , respectively. An effort to rationalize the interesting endo selectivity via the Beckwith transition state model is proposed. Cyclizations of 28 and 29 to 30 and 31 demonstrate the viability of a tandem hexenyl-hexynyl cyclization. The work culminates with a total synthesis of (±)hirsutene. A selective approach to methyl substituted vinyl lactones by Claisen rearrangement-phenylselenolactonization-elimination of acetoxy cyclopentenols is exemplified by the synthesis of 12 . Tandem cyclization of 38 produces hirsutene ( 1 ) in a single step. Alternatively, cyclization of 37 yields trimethylsilyl hirsutene.
Midwifery Care and Patient–Provider Communication in Maternity Decisions in the United States

To characterize reasons women chose midwives as prenatal care providers and to measure the relationship between midwifery care and patient–provider communication in the U.S. context. Retrospective analysis of data from a nationally-representative survey of women who gave birth in 2011–2012 to a single newborn in a U.S. hospital (n = 2,400). We used multivariate logistic regression models to characterize women who received prenatal care from a midwife, to describe the reasons for this choice, and to examine the association between midwife-led prenatal care and women’s reports about communication. Preference for a female clinician and having a particular clinician assigned was associated with higher odds of midwifery care (AOR = 2.65, 95 % CI 1.70, 4.14 and AOR = 1.63, 95 % CI 1.04, 2.58). A woman with midwifery care had lower odds of reporting that she held back questions because her preference for care was different from her provider’s recommendation (AOR = 0.46, 95 % CI 0.23, 0.89) or because she did not want to be perceived as difficult (AOR = 0.48, 95 % CI 0.28, 0.81). Women receiving midwifery care also had lower odds of reporting that the provider used medical words were hard for them to understand (AOR = 0.58, 95 % CI 0.37, 0.91) and not feeling encouraged to discuss all their concerns (AOR = 0.54, 95 % CI 0.34, 0.89). Women whose prenatal care was provided by midwives report better communication compared with those cared for by other types of clinicians. Systems-level interventions, such as assigning a clinician, may improve access to midwifery care and the associated improvements in patient–provider communication in maternity care.
Calculation of three-dimensional MHD equilibria with islands and stochastic regions

Abstract A three-dimensional MHD equilibrium code is described that does not assume the existence of good flux surfaces. Given an initial guess for the magnetic field, the code proceeds by calculating the pressure driven current and then by updating the field using Ampere's law. The numerical algorithm to solve the magnetic differential equation for the pressure driven current is described, and demonstrated for model fields having islands and stochastic regions. The numerical algorithm which solves Ampere's law in three dimensions is also described. Finally, the convergence of the code is illustrated for a particular stellarator equilibrium with no large islands.
SU-DD-A2-04: A Comparison of Doses Calculated by Commonly Used Algorithms in Eyeplaque Implant

Purpose: To verify the deviation of dose calculation based on commonly used TG43U1‐based algorithms from Monte Carlo simulations in eyeplaque implants, and to evaluate the dose perturbation introduced by eyeplaque. Method and Materials: Monte Carlo technique was used to generate 3D dose distributions of single IsoAid™ I‐125 brachytherapy sources. A novel computer code EyeMC was developed to utilize the single‐source 3D dose distribution to generate dose distributions of multiple‐source implants for COMS eye‐plaques, through rotating, superposing, displacing and interpolating methods. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations were performed for the 8‐seed implant to verify the accuracy of the EyeMC and treatment planning system, and to verify the magnitude seed‐eyeplaque effects. Eight seeds were placed as two isocentric squares at the same plane, with the inner square width of 0.6 cm and outside square width of 1.1 cm. The treatment planning system Brachyvision™ was also used to calculate the doses at points of interest with point‐ and line‐source approximations. Results: The point‐source approximation used in the treatment planning system agreed with line‐source approximation within 10%. Compared to the Monte Carlo simulation, the treatment planning system using line‐source approximation significantly underestimated the dose values at the eyeplaque axis, by 13% at 2 mm, 18% at 1.0 cm, 20% at 2.0 cm, and 24% at 3 cm. The eyeplauqe‐seed effect was small but noticeable. The presence of the eyeplaque could reduce dose up to 10% at the distance of interest up to 3 cm. The data from EyeMC agreed with multiple‐seed full Monte Carlo simulation within 3%. Conclusion: Our comparison of commonly used TG43U1‐based algorithm shows that neither point‐source nor line‐source approximations provides accurate dose calculations for multiple‐seed implant eyeplaques at short distances. Our study suggests that a Monte Carlo‐aided code, such as EyeMC, is needed to increase the accuracy of dose calculation.
Combined lidar-radar remote sensing: Initial results from CRYSTAL-FACE

[1] In the near future, NASA plans to fly satellites carrying a two-wavelength polarization lidar and a 94-GHz cloud profiling radar in formation to provide complete global profiling of cloud and aerosol properties. The Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers-Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) field campaign, conducted during July 2002, provided the first high-altitude collocated measurements from lidar and cloud profiling radar to simulate these spaceborne sensors. The lidar and radar provide complementary measurements with varying degrees of vertical measurement overlap within cloud layers. This paper presents initial results of the combined airborne lidar-radar measurements during CRSYTAL-FACE. A comparison of instrument sensitivity is presented within the context of particular CRYSTAL-FACE observations. It was determined that optically thin cirrus clouds are frequently missed by the radar but are easily profiled with the lidar. In contrast, optically thick clouds and convective cores quickly extinguish the lidar signal but are easily probed with the radar. Results are presented to quantify the portion of atmospheric features sensed independently by each instrument and the portion sensed simultaneously by the two instruments. To capture some element of varying atmospheric characteristics, two cases are analyzed, one with convective systems and one having synoptic cirrus and considerable clear air. The two cases show quite different results, primarily due to differences in cloud microphysics.
Conformationally Controlled Oligocholate Membrane Transporters: Learning through Water Play

Controlled translocation of molecules and ions across lipid membranes is the basis of numerous biological functions. Because synthetic systems can help researchers understand the more complex biological ones, many chemists have developed synthetic mimics of biological transporters. Both systems need to deal with similar fundamental challenges. In addition to providing mechanistic insights into transport mechanisms, synthetic transporters are useful in a number of applications including separation, sensing, drug delivery, and catalysis.In this Account, we present several classes of membrane transporters constructed in our laboratory from a facially amphiphilic building block, cholic acid. Our “molecular baskets” can selectively shuttle glucose across lipid membranes without transporting smaller sodium ions. We have also built oligocholate foldamers that transiently fold into helices with internal hydrophilic binding pockets to transport polar guests. Lastly, we describe amphiphilic macrocycles, which form ...
On the existence of fair matching algorithms

We analyze the Gale-Shapley matching problem within the context of Rawlsian justice. Defining a fair matching algorithm by a set of 4 axioms (Gender Indifference, Peer Indifference, Maximin Optimality, and Stability), we show that not all preference profiles admit a fair matching algorithm, the reason being that even this set of minimal axioms is too strong in a sense. Because of conflict between Stability and Maximin Optimality, even the algorithm which generates the mutual agreement match, paradoxically, has no chance to be fair.
The Inhibition of Enzyme Induction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Garbonyl Compounds and Its Reversal

SummaryNinhydrin, 1,2 cycloheptane-dione, and catechol inhibit the induction of benzoic acid oxidase in a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.oPhenylene diamine partially reverses the inhibition by ninhydrin and a noninhibitory concentration of catechol reverses the inhibition of ninhydrin and 1,2 cycloheptane-dione. If the interval between the addition to the cells of inhibitor and antagonist is too long the reversal is less effective. Sodium sulfite reverses the inhibition by these compounds and p-phenylene diamine.