cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Insect Metamorphosis.

The evolution of insect metamorphosis is one of the most important sagas in animal history, transforming small, obscure soil arthropods into a dominant terrestrial group that has profoundly shaped the evolution of terrestrial life. The evolution of flight initiated the trajectory towards metamorphosis, favoring enhanced differences between juvenile and adult stages. The initial step modified postembryonic development, resulting in the nymph-adult differences characteristic of hemimetabolous species. The second step was to complete metamorphosis, holometaboly, and occurred by profoundly altering embryogenesis to produce a larval stage, the nymph becoming the pupa to accommodate the deferred development needed to make the adult. These changing life history patterns were intimately linked to two hormonal systems, the ecdysteroids and the juvenile hormones (JH), which function in both embryonic and postembryonic domains and control the stage-specifying genes Kruppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), broad and E93. The ecdysteroids induce and direct molting through the ecdysone receptor (EcR), a nuclear hormone receptor with numerous targets including a conserved transcription factor network, the 'Ashburner cascade', which translates features of the ecdysteroid peak into the different phases of the molt. With the evolution of metamorphosis, ecdysteroids acquired a metamorphic function that exploited the repressor capacity of the unliganded EcR, making it a hormone-controlled gateway for the tissue development preceding metamorphosis. JH directs ecdysteroid action, controlling Kr-h1 expression which in turn regulates the other stage-specifying genes. JH appears in basal insect groups as their embryos shift from growth and patterning to differentiation. As a major portion of embryogenesis was deferred to postembryonic life with the evolution of holometaboly, JH also acquired a potent role in regulating postembryonic growth and development. Details of its involvement in broad expression and E93 suppression have been modified as life cycles became more complex and likely underlie some of the changes seen in the shift from incomplete to complete metamorphosis.
Inference of deformation mechanisms and constitutive response of soft material surrogates of biological tissue by full-field characterization and data-driven variational system identification

Abstract We present a novel, fully three-dimensional approach to soft material characterization and constitutive modeling with relevance to soft biological tissue. Our approach leverages recent advances in experimental techniques and data-driven computation. The experimental component of this approach involves in situ mechanical loading in a magnetic field (using MRI), yielding the entire deformation tensor field throughout the specimen regardless of the possible irregularities in its three-dimensional shape. Characterization can therefore be accomplished with data at a reduced number of deformation states. We refer to this experimental technique as MR-u. Its combination with powerful approaches to inverse modeling, specifically methods of model inference, would open the door to insightful mechanical characterization for soft materials. In recent computational advances that answer this need, we have developed new, data-driven inverse techniques to infer the model that best explains the physics governing observed phenomena from a spectrum of admissible ones, while maintaining parsimony of representation. This approach is referred to as Variational System Identification (VSI). In this communication, we apply the MR–u approach to characterize soft polymers regarding them as surrogates of soft biological tissue, and using VSI, we infer the physically best-suited and parsimonious mathematical models of their mechanical response. We demonstrate the performance of our methods in the face of noisy data with physical constraints that challenge the identification of mathematical models, while attaining high accuracy in the predicted response of the inferred models.
Producing Athletes and Centering Whiteness: Reexamining Non-Revenue Generating Collegiate Athletic Cultures

Creating racially just campuses requires dismantling the cultural imperialism of Whiteness—how Whiteness becomes the norm to which all else is measured, compared, and excluded. Little is known abou...
A Pilot Study Assessing the Effect of a Transitions of Care Simulation on Student Empathy.

Objective. To assess the effects of a transitions of care (TOC) simulation on the empathy of pharmacy students. Methods. Pharmacy students volunteered to complete a four-hour TOC simulation. Students were “discharged” from a simulation hospital by trained actors posing as health care providers and provided with a discharge packet, prescriptions, bus route and bus pass. Students navigated public transportation to obtain discharge medications at a community pharmacy and then returned “home” to debrief with study investigators. Demographics were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The Kiersma-Chen Empathy Scale (KCES) was administered pre- and post-simulation, along with open-ended questions. Results. Median composite empathy scores of the KCES increased significantly from 92 to 98 following completion of the simulation. Statistically significant increases were seen in four of the fifteen singular questionnaire items whose themes largely involved taking patients’ feelings into account with therapeutic decision making. These were in the items “I will not allow myself to be influenced by someone’s feelings when determining the best treatment,” “I have difficulty identifying with someone else’s feelings,” “It is necessary for a health care practitioner to be able to view the world from another person’s perspective,” and “A health care practitioner should not be influenced by someone’s feelings when determining the best treatment.” Conclusion. Results of this pilot demonstrated a significant increase in overall empathy among student pharmacists. Replicating this experiment on a larger scale may provide further insight regarding the impact of simulations revolving around TOC on empathy of student pharmacists.
Speakeasies and Social Distancing

This Wall Street Journal op-ed argues that government officials making decisions about the nature and length of pandemic-inspired restrictions ought to consider not only a balance between economic damage and public health, but also take account of community perceptions of the legitimacy of the restrictions. Lockdowns that reach beyond what is generally accepted as defensible will inspire violations. And as public violations grow, they are likely to provoke broader noncompliance. Most importantly, open and growing noncompliance can inspire disrespect for the law generally, as occurred in American Prohibition, which can easily lead to greater lawlessness generally.
Trust: The Capacity to Trust Self and Others

The capacity to trust is a natural byproduct of having been, for the most part, unconditionally loved. Just as the other side of love of Other is love of self, so too the other side of trust of Other is trust of self. And, again, just as love of Other can become twisted into possessive love and love of self into narcissistic love, so too trusting the Other can devolve into naive trust and trusting of oneself can degenerate into absence of needed self-questioning, for there are times when one ought to discerningly “know” not to trust oneself.
ADAPTIVE HAUSDORFF ESTIMATION OF DENSITY LEVEL SETS

Consider the problem of estimating the γ-level set G∗γ = {x : f(x) ≥ γ} of an unknown d-dimensional density function f based on n independent observations X1, . . . ,Xn from the density. This problem has been addressed under global error criteria related to the symmetric set difference. However, in certain applications such as anomaly detection and clustering, a spatially uniform confidence interval is desired to ensure that the estimated set is close to the target set everywhere. The Hausdorff error criterion provides this degree of uniformity and hence is more appropriate in such situations. The minimax optimal rate of Hausdorff error convergence is known to be (n/ log n) for level sets with boundaries that have a Lipschitz functional form, and where the parameter α characterizes the regularity of the density around the level of interest. However, previously developed estimators are non-adaptive to the density regularity and assume knowledge of α. Moreover, the estimators proposed in previous work achieve the minimax optimal rate for rather restricted classes of sets (for example, the boundary fragment and star-shaped sets) that effectively reduce the set estimation problem to a function estimation problem. This characterization precludes level sets with multiple connected components, which are fundamental to many applications. This paper presents a fully data-driven procedure that is adaptive to unknown local density regularity, and achieves minimax optimal Hausdorff error control for a class of level sets with very general shapes and multiple connected components.
Diamagnetic correction to the 9 Be + ground-state hyperfine constant

We report an experimental determination of the diamagnetic correction to the ${}^{9}$Be${}^{+}$ ground state hyperfine constant $A$. We measured $A$ $=$ $\ensuremath{-}625\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}008\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}837.371(11)$ Hz at a magnetic field $B$ of 4.4609 T. Comparison with previous results, obtained at lower values of $B$ (0.68 T and 0.82 T), yields the diamagnetic shift coefficient $k$ $=$ $2.63(18)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ T${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, where $A(B)={A}_{0}(1+k{B}^{2})$. The zero-field hyperfine constant ${A}_{0}$ is determined to be $\ensuremath{-}625\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}008\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}837.044(12)$ Hz. The $g$-factor ratio ${{g}_{I}}^{\ensuremath{'}}/{g}_{J}$ is determined to be $2.134\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}779\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}852\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}7(10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, which is equal to the value measured at lower $B$ to within experimental error. Upper limits are placed on some other corrections to the Breit-Rabi formula. The measured value of $k$ agrees with theoretical estimates.
Dichotomic Search Protocols for Constrained Optimization

We devise a theoretical model for dichotomic search algorithms for constrained optimization. We show that, within our model, a certain way of choosing the breaking point minimizes both expected as well as worst case performance in a skewed binary search. Furthermore, we show that our protocol is optimal in the expected and in the worst case. Experimental results illustrate performance gains when our protocols are used within the search strategy by Streeter and Smith.
An Outbreak of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Associated with a Novel Tick Vector, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, in Arizona, 2004

This study describes preliminary results of an investigation of RMSF in Arizona associated with the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. High numbers of dogs and heavy infestations of ticks created a situation leading to human disease.
Monocular vision using inverse perspective projection geometry: analytic relations

The author derives a variety of relationships, all in the reference frame of the camera, between 3-D points; 3-D lines; collections of 3-D lines; the angles between lines lying in common planes; the planes in which lines may lie; and the corresponding perspective projection of the 3-D points, lines and angles. These relationships are useful in many aspects of model-based vision and can serve as the geometric basis of a perspective-projection expert system. The derivations are outlined, and practical implications are briefly indicated. >
CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SPONTANEOUS MOTILITY OF THE SMALL INTESTINE IN THE RAT. 1. SULFHYDRYL REACTANTS.

Abstract To determine whether the sulfhydryl group is involved in the mechanism of intestinal smooth muscle contractility, relative reactivities of a variety of sulfhydryl reactants with the cysteine sulfhydryl group were evaluated by a modification of the indophenol method (Basford and Huennekens 10 ) along with parallel studies of the effects of the same sulfhydryl reactants on spontaneous motility and response to acetylcholine of isolated segments of rat ileum in Ringer's solution. Characteristics of intestinal contractility of normal and treated segments were continuously recorded on a photometric apparatus devised to measure frequency and amplitude of isotonic contractions. Compounds highly reactive toward the sulfhydryl group included the following : lead acetate, zinc chloride, cadmium chloride, p -hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, 2-iodoacetamide, 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, hydrogen peroxide, iodine in potassium iodide, alloxan, N-ethylmaleimide, patulin, N-phenylmaleimide. These were compared with a number of compounds which do not react with the SH group including: urea, sorbitol hydrate, inosine, sucrose, lecithin, and glycyl- l -serine. Results of this study demonstrate that reagents of widely varied structures but with high reactivity toward the SH group profoundly affect the spontaneous motility of the isolated small intestine of the rat. Curves are given to illustrate the decrease in energy of acetylcholine-induced contraction with increased concentrations of sulfhydryl reactants. Representative traces of individual experiments demonstrating normal motility and the inhibitory effects of sulfhydryl reactants are given. In all cases studied compounds showing high reactivity toward the SH group, at appropriate concentrations (10 −2 to 10 5 M) can completely inhibit spontaneous motility of the small intestine; all can block the acetylcholine-induced contraction. Many at appropriate concentrations (10 −4 to 10 −7 M) can induce contraction.
Spectroscopic evidence for the 5f Coulomb interaction in UAl2 and UPt3.

The $5f$ spectral weight in the heavy-fermion materials U${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$ and U${\mathrm{Pt}}_{3}$ has been measured by electron spectroscopy, and compared to that in density-functional calculations. The one-electron $5f$ widths are both too large to account for the enhanced values of the specific-heat coefficient $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and too small to account for the measured widths. In the Anderson Hamiltonian, both discrepancies arise from the $5f$ Coulomb interaction. It is pointed out that an enhanced $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ value does not imply enhanced magnitude of the $5f$ spectral weight at ${E}_{\mathrm{F}}$.
Case report: Renal cell carcinoma with metastasis to the myometrium

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is well known for its ability to metastasize to different organs, but the involvement of gynecological organs is rare. Our case represents the first case of bilateral RCC with metastasis to the myometrium. The patient was a 60-year-old woman who underwent bilateral robotic partial nephrectomy surgeries for clear cell RCC, low-grade, low-stage with negative margins. Her 1-year postoperative computed tomography scan showed an enlarging necrotic uterine mass. She underwent a debulking excision, including hysterectomy, with pathology showing metastatic RCC to the uterus. The patient developed widespread metastatic disease, and died months later of metastatic RCC.
Urinary excretion of retinol in children with acute diarrhea

Acute infections of childhood are associated with an increased rate of xerophthalmia, apparently due to depletion of vitamin A stores. The mechanism responsible for this is not known. Recently, it has been reported that severe infections in adult patients (ie, sepsis and pneumonia) result in excretion of large quantities of retinol in the urine. In 44 children hospitalized for treatment of acute diarrhea we found mean urinary excretions of 1.44 μmol retinol/24 h on day 1 of hospitalization, 0.62 μmol retinol/24 h on day 2, and 0.23 μmol/24 h on day 3. Healthy control subjects matched for age did not excrete measurable amounts of retinol in the urine. Retinol excretion was associated strongly with rotavirus diarrhea and presence of fever. Furthermore, serum retinol concentration was negatively associated with duration of diarrhea before hospitalization, suggesting that urinary excretion of retinol may be an important contributor to vitamin A depletion. Am J Clin Nutr 1995 ;61 :1273-6.
Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering with concentration in alternative energy technology

Alternative energy technology (AET) is the next revolution in the making. It is needed to maintain world's prosperity and to meet the unlimited demands for energy in the near future. Therefore, graduating engineers, scientists, and specialists in AET is of a growing interest. This paper presents a thorough and complete curriculum for a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering with concentration in alternative energy technology. This curriculum was developed in response to the State of Michigan request for proposal (next energy) and was submitted in part by Lawrence Technological University to the State of Michigan. The proposed curriculum can also be used for a newly developed B.S. degree in Alternative Energy Technology. Since AET is multi-disciplinary in nature, the new degree encompasses courses in all engineering disciplines including electrical and computer engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, architecture and civil engineering.
Effects of Vacuum Packaging on Light-Induced Greening and Glycoalkaloid Formation of Potato Tubers

Abstract Vacuum packaging with polyethylene bags at 15 and 25 inches of Hg, significantly inhibited light-induced greening and glycoalkaloid formations of three cultivars of potato tubers. Conventional packaging with brown polyethylene bags used by retail stores did not control greening and glycoalkaloid formations. Respiratory rates of potato discs after 12 days of vacuum packaging and light exposure were lower than those of controls. However, respiratory rates of vacuum packed potatoes did not differ from those of controls 6 to 8 hours after the packages were opened.
Towards automatic incremental synchronization of multiple process models via information flow optimization

Process model is one of the foundation stones of business process management(BPM). In a lot of industrial practices of BPM, we encounter the requirements to synchronize process models. Although there have already been many research initiatives and mature solutions for two-model synchronization, multi-model synchronization is still a difficult question. Major challenges include how to define multi-model synchronization semantics and how to propagate changes across the multiple models in order to realize incremental synchronization. This paper proposes a solution in which the modification propagation is considered as information flow. After defining synchronization semantics, we work out a propagation scope for each tracked model change. Then an algorithm is designed to generate an propagation plan for all model changes, with the objective to optimize the information flow. The multiple process models get synchronized after all modifications are propagated according to the plan. A case from an industrial practice is used to demonstrate the semantics and algorithm of incremental synchronization of multiple process models.
The effects of Open and restricted context sentences and reasoning with conditional propositions

This study explores decoding and reasoning behavior with conditional propositions. The research confirms the major findings of prior research on conditional reasoning: Persons tend to make illicit conversions of conditionals to biconditionals, and have difficulty with Modus Tollens and contrapositive inferences. Most importantly, the research findings indicate that persons reason better when the stimulus material is generalized rather than specific and more context restricted.
Femtosecond spectroscopy in GaN with tunable UV pulses

The hot electron relaxation dynamics is studied in n-type GaN films grown on sapphire by molecular beam epitaxy. A novel femtosecond pump-probe technique is used in which the electrons are excited by an infrared pump and the carrier dynamics are monitored by a tunable near UV probe. Complex transients, showing bleaching and induced absorption, are observed. The data are fitted by a model in which the LO- phonon emission is the dominant energy relaxation process. The LO-phonon emission time is measured to be 0.2 ps. Above- bandgap pump-probe experiments, in which the electrons are excited by a near ultraviolet (UV) pump from the valence band and probed by a tunable near UV pulse are also performed. They show that the carrier dynamics vary with the probe wavelengths.
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy

Since 1983, percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy has been performed in 50 patients for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy was used to evaluate the nature of obstructive jaundice in 15 patients and bile duct stones were removed in 35 patients, 27 of whom also had intrahepatic duct stones. The overall success rate for stone removal was 80 per cent. Complications were few with no mortality. Emergency surgery was necessary in two patients, one for subphrenic haematoma, the other for a bile leak. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy is an effective and safe method for management of biliary stones and is a useful procedure for establishing the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice.
Hemodynamic Effects of Dopamine in the Dog Before and After Alpha Adrenergic Blockade

Dopamine reacts with blood vessel receptors, causing both dilatation and constriction. In the dog the vasodilator receptors are presentin the renal and mesenteric vascular beds but absent from the vascular beds of the limb. The vasoconstrictor receptors, alpha adrenergic in type, are present in both somatic and visceral regions. The net effect of intravenously administered dopamine on regional flows will depend on the relative intensity of these opposing effects and on changes in blood pressure. The present study was an attempt to evaluate the significance of the vasoconstrictor action of dopamine infused at nonpressor doses, i.e., 3 to 6 µg/kg/min. Renal and femoral blood flows were measured simultaneously, and systemic hemodynamics were evaluated before and after administration of the alpha adrenergic antagonists, phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine. The results indicate that the vasoconstrictor property of dopamine is masking a mild depressor effect, ranging in magnitude from 10 to 25 mm Hg. Dopamine increases cardiac output independently of its alpha adrenergic properties. Dopamine causes an increase in renal blood flow of equal magnitude before and after alpha adrenergic block but reduces renal vascular resistance to a lower level after alpha block, reflecting the depression in blood pressure. Dopamine does not alter femoral vascular resistance either before or after alpha adrenergic block. However, femoral blood flow is decreased by dopamine after alpha block, secondary to the depression of blood pressure. It is concluded that under the conditions of these studies, alpha adrenergic block enhances the vasodepressor property of dopamine and does not appreciably modify its ability to increase cardiac output and redistribute peripheral blood flow.
The effect of misjudging another: Over-compensation or dissonance reduction?

Abstract When one realizes he has misjudged another (either evaluating the other too harshly or too generously) there are two opposite ways that he can reduce the discomfort he feels: (1) He can compensate the misjudged other. He can accord the other a little extra liking and respect (if the other was initially underrated) or deprive the other of a little liking and respect (if the other was initially overrated). (2) He can attempt to justify his injustice, convincing himself that the other deserved the too harsh or too generous evaluation. The research literature demonstrates both reactions. It was proposed that how publicly committed an individual was to his unjust evaluation would determine whether he subsequently compensated the misjudged other or whether he justified his initial injustice. An experiment clearly supported the preceeding hypothesis.
Perceived Success and Competence of the Opponent, or the Laboratory Dien Bien Phu1

The effect of information relevance and information availability on perceptual differences between Chinese and American nationals was investigated. Subjects participated in pairs as decision makers in a complex experimental environment. Participants' perceptions of success, failure, and competence levels for their own team (under conditions where judgments could be based on varying levels of relevant information) and for a supposed opposing team (under conditions where perceptions had to be inferred in the absence of information) were obtained. It was found that Americans and Chinese did not differ in ratings of their own team. Chinese, as opposed to Americans, perceived the opposing team as having more success, less failure, and more competence. The perceptual errors of the French and Viet Minh which led t o the defeat of the French at Dien Bien Phu were replicated in the laboratory for Americans and Chinese. Areas in which such potential cultural (oriental versus occidental) differences might be important are mentioned.
Up-regulation of the KLF2 Transcription Factor by Fluid Shear Stress Requires Nucleolin

We have previously characterized the regulation of the KLF2 transcription factor gene by describing an induction complex that binds to and regulates its promoter. In the present study, by using DNA affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we have identified nucleolin as an additional protein that binds to a palindromic response region in the KLF2 promoter. The presence of nucleolin on the KLF2 promoter in macrophages was verified by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Interestingly, in mouse and human endothelial cell lines, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that nucleolin binds the KLF2 promoter only upon application of fluid shear stress. Pretreatment of the endothelial cells with LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), blocked the shear stress-induced binding of nucleolin to the promoter, demonstrating its PI3K-dependent regulation. Additionally, nucleolin exhibited dynamic flow-specific, PI3K-dependent alterations in size. Anti-nucleolin antibodies interacted with a 110-kDa form in static endothelial cells and with several catalytic forms that changed in abundance after the application of shear stress. Immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that fluid flow induced the interaction of nucleolin with the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K. Finally, introduction of small interfering RNAs targeting the nucleolin genetic sequence selectively reduced nucleolin expression and was sufficient to block the induction of KLF2 by shear stress. These data support a general role for nucleolin in gene regulation and identify it as a novel factor involved in regulation of KLF2 expression.
Changes over time in the use of aspirin in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction (1975 to 1997): a population-based perspective

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to examine 2 decade-long trends in the use of aspirin and associated outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Background Aspirin has been shown to be beneficial in the secondary prevention of AMI. However, little is known about changes over time in the use of aspirin in patients hospitalized with AMI and associated outcomes, particularly from a more generalizable population-based perspective. Methods We examined trends in aspirin use and hospital and long-term outcomes in 9336 metropolitan Worcester, Mass, residents hospitalized with validated AMI in all area hospitals between 1975 and 1997. Results Between 1975 and 1986, the hospital use of aspirin remained stable at approximately 20%. Use of aspirin increased markedly after this time from 49% in 1988 to 91% in 1997. Younger age, male sex, and a history of hypertension or stroke were associated with an increased likelihood of receiving aspirin. Patients with diabetes were less likely to receive aspirin than were patients without diabetes. Patients who received aspirin during hospitalization were more likely to receive β-blockers and coronary interventions. Patients treated with aspirin were significantly less likely to have heart failure or cardiogenic shock develop or to die during hospitalization as compared with patients not treated with aspirin. Patients treated with aspirin had significantly higher survival rates over a 10-year follow-up period. Conclusion The results of this community-wide study show that aspirin use in patients hospitalized with AMI has dramatically increased over time. Despite the beneficial effects associated with the use of aspirin, this therapy remains underused in several high-risk groups. (Am Heart J 2002;144:259-68.)
Recovering from "Yo Mama Is so Stupid": (En)gendering a Critical Paradigm on Black Feminist Theory and Pedagogy.

This article offers an analysis of the dozens using Black feminist theory. The dozens are a ritualized verbal game of insults that historically have used sexual offenses against Black women as the vehicle for insults. Rather than simply viewing the dozens as a cultural phenomenon, the article draws a connection between its occurrence in West Africa, the West Indies, slave communities, and post enslavement and attempts to understand the various changes and the connection of the dozens to Black female devaluation. Through dialog with Oshun, the author deconstructs the historical and cultural significance of the dozens, placing it in a constructed conversation methodology. Importantly, the article shows how deconstruction of the dozens can be used as a pedagogical tool leading students to a deeper and more thorough understanding of a taken‐for‐granted cultural phenomenon.
Armenian migration, settlement and adjustment in Australia.

It is the purpose of this paper to outline the migration settlement and adjustment of Armenian immigrants in Australia. In particular it will examine the background factors which have led to the migration patterns exhibited the characteristics of this migration Armenian settlement and relocation in Sydney and the immigrants occupational social and psychological adjustment to Australian society. The data for the paper were obtained by means of a survey of the Sydney Armenian community undertaken between October 1976 and July 1977. (summary in FRE SPA) (EXCERPT)
Role of Early Growth Response-1 (Egr-1) in Interleukin-13-induced Inflammation and Remodeling

IL-13 is an important stimulator of inflammation and tissue remodeling at sites of Th2 inflammation, which plays a key role in the pathogenesis of a variety of human disorders. We hypothesized that the ubiquitous transcription factor, early growth response-1 (Egr-1), plays a key role in IL-13-induced tissue responses. To test this hypothesis we compared the expression of Egr-1 and related moieties in lungs from wild type mice and transgenic mice in which IL-13 was overexpressed in a lung-specific fashion. We simultaneously characterized the effects of a null mutation of Egr-1 on the tissue effects of transgenic IL-13. These studies demonstrate that IL-13 stimulates Egr-1 via an Erk1/2-independent Stat6-dependent pathway(s). They also demonstrate that IL-13 is a potent stimulator of eosinophil- and mononuclear cell-rich inflammation, alveolar remodeling, and tissue fibrosis in mice with wild type Egr-1 loci and that these alterations are ameliorated in the absence of Egr-1. Lastly, they provide insights into the mechanisms of these processes by demonstrating that IL-13 stimulates select CC and CXC chemokines (MIP-1alpha/CCL-3, MIP-1beta/CCL-4, MIP-2/CXCL2/3, MCP-1/CCL-2, MCP-2/CCL-8, MCP-3/CCL-7, MCP-5/CCL-12, KC/CXCL-1, and Lix/CXCL-5), matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and apoptosis regulators (caspase-3, -6, -8, and -9 and Bax) and activates transforming growth factor-beta1 and pulmonary caspases via Egr-1-dependent pathways. These studies demonstrate that Egr-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of IL-13-induced inflammatory and remodeling responses.
Internetworking ISDN with LAN

The outcome of an ongoing research project, the design and implementation of an ISDN (integrated services digital network) gateway to internetwork ISDN with LANs (local area networks) and to extend network users' reachability, is presented. The data communications scenario using the combination of ISDN and LAN technologies is explained; the design and implementation of an internetworking gateway between ISDN and an Ethernet LAN are described. Data communication between ISDN work stations and Ethernet work stations is realized through ISDN, using TCP/IP protocol suite at the upper layers. The design is open to the adoption of new protocol standards. >
Synthesis, structure and properties of the oxynitrides SrWO2N and SrMoO2.5N0.5

Two oxynitrides, SrWO2N and SrMoO2.5N0.5, were synthesized by the ammonolysis of SrMO4 (M = W, Mo) at 900 and 800 °C, respectively. Both oxynitrides adopt the cubic perovskite structure (space group Pm3m) with a = 3.97951(9) A for SrWO2N and a = 3.9773(1) A for SrMoO2.5N0.5. The M(O,N) and Sr(O,N) bond lengths, determined from the Rietveld refinement of the powder X-ray diffraction data, are in good agreement with those reported for other oxynitrides with the perovskite structure. Nearly temperature independent electrical resistivities were observed for both compounds. The magnetic susceptibility measurements indicated Pauli-paramagnetic behavior in both cases. A sharp anomaly observed in the magnetization data of SrMoO2.5N0.5 at ~50 K has been attributed to a spin-glass-like transition.
Journal Writing: Exercises In Creative Thought and Expression

Claims that today’s college students are less able writers than their predecessors in some “Golden Age” of university instruction are legion in the discourses of college educators. Asking students to keep a journal using one or a combination of the journal writing techniques suggested here is one method that can be used to enhance communication skills, logical analysis, and creative expression. Journal assignments may be designed so that their positive effects can be seen in improved analysis of problems and writing on essay exams, term papers, and case analyses. Perhaps the most important change that journals can facilitate, however, is an improved attitude toward writing itself. In this paper we will focus on three uses of journal writing: to encourage creative expression, to strengthen logical thinking, and to help students improve specific writing skills. Numerous journal techniques are provided to accomplish these three purposes. Finally, we will discuss the process of making and evaluating these assignments.
Premorbid physical activity predicts disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Background Disability progression is a hallmark feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) that has been predicted by a variety of demographic and clinical variables and treatment with disease modifying therapies. This study examined premorbid physical activity as a predictor of change in disability over 24 months in persons with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS). Methods 269 persons with RRMS completed baseline measures of demographic and clinical variables, premorbid and current physical activity, and disability status. The measure of disability was further completed every six months over the subsequent 24-month period. The data were analyzed with unconditional and conditional latent growth curve modeling (LGCM). Results The unconditional LGCM indicated that there was a significant, linear increase in disability scores over time (p = .0015). The conditional LGCM indicated that premorbid physical activity significantly predicted the linear change in disability scores (standardized β = − .23, p Conclusions The current research highlights the possible role of premorbid physical activity for lessening disability progression over time in persons with RRMS. Additional research is necessary on physical activity initiated after the diagnosis of RRMS as a lifestyle approach for bolstering physiological reserve and preventing disability progression.
Managing the introduction of new process technology: international differences in a multi-plant network

Abstract This paper examines the introduction of new technologies in the manufacturing environment, and addresses two central questions. First, how can factories introducing new process technology deal with change rapidly and effectively? Further, what fundamental organizational changes are necessary to enable plants to respond successfully to the challenge of technological change? The research examined 48 projects where new manufacturing technologies were introduced. Projects were undertaken in plants in Italy, West Germany, and the United States which belong to a single company. In comparing success across regions, performance measured by startup time and operating improvement was significantly lower in the U.S. plants than in European operations. A significant portion of this performance gap can be explained by differences in the way project teams in each region used available mechanisms for identifying and solving the problems associated with new technologies. U.S. project teams were, on average, less likely than those in Europe to engage in preparatory problem-solving activities, or to solve problems by working with external technical experts, or by merging different functional perspectives within the project group. To understand the source of these differences, the paper examines historical and organizational differences among the operations in different geographic regions. Over time, local managerial choices had resulted in distinct sets of organizational capabilities, resources, and assumptions that affected the way plants in different regions approached technological problem solving. The paper argues, therefore, that such managerial choices constitute important strategic decisions which have long-lived implications for technological innovation in the manufacturing environment.
Infant head circumference growth is saltatory and coupled to length growth.

Abstract Background Rapid growth rates of head circumference and body size during infancy have been reported to predict developmental pathologies that emerge during childhood. Aims This study investigated whether growth in head circumference was concordant with growth in body length. Subjects Forty infants (16 males) were followed between the ages of 2 days and 21 months for durations ranging from 4 to 21 months (2616 measurements). Study design Longitudinal anthropometric measurements were assessed weekly (n = 12), semi-weekly (n = 24) and daily (n = 4) during home visits. Individual head circumference growth was investigated for the presence of saltatory patterns. Coincident analysis tested the null hypothesis that head growth was randomly coupled to length growth. Results Head circumference growth during infancy is saltatory ( p p ≤ 0.006). Conclusions Normal infant head circumference grows by intermittent, episodic saltations that are temporally coupled to growth in total body length by a process of integrated physiology that remains to be described.
Cervical preparation using laminaria with adjunctive buccal misoprostol before second-trimester dilation and evacuation procedures: A randomized clinical trial

Objective This study was undertaken to determine whether buccal misoprostol improves cervical preparation achieved with laminaria before second-trimester dilation and evacuation procedures. Study design A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of preoperative cervical preparation with overnight laminaria and either buccal placebo or 400 μg buccal misoprostol approximately 90 minutes before second-trimester surgical abortion. Block randomization was used to provide balanced enrollment into 2 separate gestational age study groups: early (13-15 6/7 ) and mid (16-20 6/7 ) second trimester. Surgeons tested maximal cervical dilation by inserting the largest dilator that could be passed through the cervical os without force. Subject demographics and preprocedure symptoms were tracked. Results Groups were similar in regard to age, gravity, parity, delivery type, and gestational age. Data were analyzed from 125 women in the 13 to 15 6/7 (30 misoprostol, 32 placebo) and 16 to 20 6/7 (31 misoprostol, 32 placebo) gestational age groups. Overall, misoprostol treatment did not improve the initial mean dilation achieved with laminaria alone in either the 13 to 15 6/7 (46.0 ƒr ± 5.0; placebo 45.0 ƒr ± 6.2, P = .68) or 16 to 20 6/7 (50.9 ƒr ± 5.6, placebo 48.9 ƒr ± 5.2, P = .16) groups. However, a subanalysis of gestations 19 weeks or more demonstrated significantly greater dilation in the misoprostol group (53.6 ƒr ƒr ± 5.3, placebo 48.5 ƒr ± 5.0, P = .01). Subjects receiving misoprostol reported significantly more cramping than those receiving placebo (13-15 6/7 weeks misoprostol 25/30, 83%; placebo 17/32, 53%, P = .02; 16-20 6/7 week misoprostol 25/31, 81%, placebo 16/32, 50%, P = .02). Conclusion Cervical dilation with laminaria is augmented by 400 μg buccal misoprostol in gestations 19 weeks or more, but not in earlier gestations. Misoprostol causes more abdominal cramping.
Effect of 2,5-hexanedione and 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione on retrograde axonal transport in sciatic nerve.

The effects of systemically introduced neurotoxic solvents 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD) and 3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione (DMHD) on retrograde axonal transport (RT) of125I-labeled tetanus toxin (TT) was studied in rat and mouse sciatic nerves. The rate of retrograde transport of TT in control rat sciatic nerves was slightly higher (6.8±0.4 mm/h) than in mouse sciatic nerves (5.4±0.5 mm/h). A single high dose of 2,5-HD (1,000 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a time-dependent effect on RT in mouse sciatic nerves. 2,5-HD caused a gradual decrease in the velocity of RT (approximately 65% inhibition between 2.0–2.5 h) with a reversal to normal rate 3–5 h after the toxin administration. The effect of DMHD on RT was examined following semi-chronic treatment in rats. DMHD caused a significant decrease (approximately 50%) in the rate of TT transport, in addition, it produced weight loss and hind-limb paralysis.
Performance of Wood-Frame Wall with Thin ECC Shear Panel

The study evaluates an alternative to traditional wood-framed shear wall construction, an innovative use of a water and seismic damage resistant, wood-concrete-composite (WCC). The WCC design consisted of a thin layer of engineered cementitious composite (ECC) cast in a traditional wood frame. Structural performance and damage sustained during lateral loading and cost were evaluated, and compared to a traditional wood frame with OSB sheathing. Monotonic tests of WCC walls show that the average maximum load was 47.5 kN (10,700 lb) , average elastic shear stiffness was 1.78 kN∕mm (10,200 lb∕in.) and average energy absorbed was 4,810 J (42,600 lb-in.) . Tests show WCC is comparable with or superior to the OSB wall in shear strength and stiffness, energy absorption and ductility. During lateral loading the WCC appeared to sustain less damage than the OSB wall. Panelized construction of the WCC may increase cost but yield benefits such as decreased construction time and greater durability. WCC appears to be a ...
Arabidopsis Alcohol Dehydrogenase Expression in Both Shoots and Roots Is Conditioned by Root Growth Environment

It is widely accepted that the Arabidopsis Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene is constitutively expressed at low levels in the roots of young plants grown on agar media, and that the expression level is greatly induced by anoxic or hypoxic stresses. We questioned whether the agar medium itself created an anaerobic environment for the roots upon their growing into the gel. beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) expression driven by the Adh promoter was examined by growing transgenic Arabidopsis plants in different growing systems. Whereas roots grown on horizontal-positioned plates showed high Adh/GUS expression levels, roots from vertical-positioned plates had no Adh/GUS expression. Additional results indicate that growth on vertical plates closely mimics the Adh/GUS expression observed for soil-grown seedlings, and that growth on horizontal plates results in induction of high Adh/GUS expression that is consistent with hypoxic or anoxic conditions within the agar of the root zone. Adh/GUS expression in the shoot apex is also highly induced by root penetration of the agar medium. This induction of Adh/GUS in shoot apex and roots is due, at least in part, to mechanisms involving Ca2+ signal transduction.
Molecular cloning of human p38 MAP kinase

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are intracellular serine/threonine kinases activated by dual phosphorylation of adjacent threonine (T) and tyrosine (Y). A diverse number of extracellular signals induce activation of MAP kinases. Here we describe the cloning of a cDNA encoding human p38 MAP kinase (p38). The amino acid sequence of human p38 is 99.4% identical to mouse p38 [Han et al. (1994) Science 265, 808-11]. Like murine p38, the dual phosphorylation site of human p38 MAP kinase is characterized by a TGY sequence. Previous studies have described activation of p38 following exposure to products of microbial pathogens, physical-chemical stimuli and cytokines. The highly conserved nature of p38 suggests the importance of its function in regulating cellular responses.
Pharmacological Properties of Bivalent Ligands Containing Butorphan Linked to Nalbuphine, Naltrexone, and Naloxone at μ, δ, and κ Opioid Receptors

Our investigation of bivalent ligands at μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors is focused on the preparation of ligands containing κ agonist and μ agonist/antagonist pharmacophores at one end joined by a chain containing the μ antagonist pharmacophores (naltrexone, naloxone, or nalbuphine) at the other end. These ligands were evaluated in vitro by their binding affinity at μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors and their relative efficacy in the [35S]GTPγS assay.