cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variation in Native Americans, Inferred from Latino SNP and Resequencing Data

Analyses of genetic polymorphism data have the potential to be highly informative about the demographic history of Native American populations, but due to a combination of historical and political factors, there are essentially no autosomal sequence polymorphism data from any Native American group. However, there are many resequencing studies involving Latinos, whose genomes contain segments inherited from their Native American ancestors. In this study, we introduce a new method for estimating local ancestry across the genomes of admixed individuals and show how this method, along with dense genotyping and targeted resequencing, can be used to assay genetic variation in ancestral Native American groups. We analyze roughly 6 Mb of resequencing data from 22 Mexican Americans to provide the first large-scale view of sequence level variation in Native Americans. We observe low levels of diversity and high levels of linkage disequilibrium in the Native American–derived sequences, consistent with a recent severe population bottleneck associated with the initial peopling of the Americas. Using two different computational approaches, one novel, we estimate that this bottleneck occurred roughly 12.5 Kya; when uncertainty in the estimation process is taken into account, our results are consistent with archeological estimates for the colonization of the Americas.
ACCUMULATION OF SALT AND PERMEABILITY IN PLANT CELLS

1. Comparisons are made of concentrations of K and Br in exudates of barley roots and in expressed sap from roots, under conditions favorable for aerobic metabolism. Both methods lead to the same general viewpoint concerning metabolically governed transport of solutes by living plant cells. 2. Cyanide in low concentration prevented salt accumulation by barley roots. Methylene blue, without decrease of CO2 production by roots, destroyed power of salt accumulation. 3. K and Br ions entered roots to only a slight extent under an anaerobic condition, even with an inward gradient of ionic concentration. 4. Lactate or alcohol, under aerobic conditions, did not prevent rapid accumulation of salt by root cells. 5. Experiments on fluids obtained by suction from tomato roots gave evidence of loss of salt-accumulating power under the influence of N2 gas or CO2 gas, together with probable effects on cell permeability. 6. Several experiments on Nitella cells in which radioactive isotopes were used are reported. Bromide gradually moved into vacuolar sap until the concentration appeared to exceed that of the protoplasm, on the basis of the results of the several types of experiments. Accumulation of salt in the vacuole did not occur anaerobically. 7. Some views of interrelations of permeability, salt accumulation, and metabolism are suggested for further discussion.
Increased Wnt Signaling During Aging Alters Muscle Stem Cell Fate and Increases Fibrosis

The regenerative potential of skeletal muscle declines with age, and this impairment is associated with an increase in tissue fibrosis. We show that muscle stem cells (satellite cells) from aged mice tend to convert from a myogenic to a fibrogenic lineage as they begin to proliferate and that this conversion is mediated by factors in the systemic environment of the old animals. We also show that this lineage conversion is associated with an activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in aged myogenic progenitors and can be suppressed by Wnt inhibitors. Furthermore, components of serum from aged mice that bind to the Frizzled family of proteins, which are Wnt receptors, may account for the elevated Wnt signaling in aged cells. These results indicate that the Wnt signaling pathway may play a critical role in tissue-specific stem cell aging and an increase in tissue fibrosis with age.
Linear Mixed-Effects Models in Cluster-Randomized Studies

Mixed-effects models are used in behavioral research to analyze hierarchical data. Hierarchical data can be repeated measures data (e.g., repeated assessments nested within study participants), longitudinal data (e.g., longitudinal data collected at staggered time intervals, nested within individual participants), or multilevel data (e.g., group-randomized clinical trials in which participants are nested within psychotherapy groups; individuals within couple dyads in couples therapy; students nested within classes; and classes nested within schools). An important statistical issue is that data units that belong to the same clusters are likely to show correlated outcome endpoints. This Intra-Class Correlation (ICC) must be taken into account in the data analysis. This chapter contains an example analysis from Flay et al. (1995) in testing the efficacy of behavioral interventions in a group-randomized trial. This chapter is organized as follows. A brief summary of the Flay et al. (1995) study design and data structure is presented first. Next we present data visualization and exploratory analyses. The intervention effects are tested in a linear mixed-effects model. The same model is also explained in a multilevel modeling approach as described in Bryk and Raudenbush (2002). Data analyses primarily rely on the lme4 package by Douglas Bates, Martin Maechler, and Ben Bolker; additional analyses are done using the nlme package by Jose Pinheiro, Douglas Bates, Saikat DebRoy, Deepayan Sarkar, and the R Core team. The ICCs in the study are calculated. A matrix representation of the linear mixed model is described in Sect. 11.6, in part because the matrix notation is the standard modeling notation in the literature. We conclude this chapter with an example on how to estimate, using simulations, the statistical power of a study design with clusters.
Something Subtle About Death Isolated Systolic Pulmonary Pressure

A revered senior colleague once said to me on my birthday, “Aging beats the alternative.” As the proportion of older adults among the world’s populations continues to increase, health assessment in “middle age” becomes increasingly important. Present guidelines from the American Heart Association with the American College of Cardiology recommend a global assessment of risk to prevent or delay the onset of chronic disease.1,2 The assessment, though global, is primarily focused on evaluations of systemic vasculature and associated risks for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Preventive measures entail many items typically addressed in this journal: education for a healthy lifestyle and routine physician visits to check systemic blood pressure, calculate body-mass index, measure waist/hip ratio, and perform laboratory testing with a fasting lipid panel.1,2 Each of these elements is linked to prognosis for long-term cardiovascular health, including isolated systolic hypertension.3–6 Prevention of ischemic and nonischemic complications associated with systemic hypertension through lifestyle interventions and the administration of antihypertensive therapeutics available for oral everyday use has improved cardiovascular health, reducing early morbidity and mortality.3–5 Article see p 2663 These gains have been based on the ease and reproducibility of measurement of systemic blood pressure by healthcare providers through techniques first reported over a little more than 100 years ago. During this past century, evaluation of an important “loop” in circulation, the pulmonary vasculature, has played no role in preventive medicine. The obvious reason is that no noninvasive equivalent to sphygmomanometry and its digital successors has been available for pulmonary vasculature pressures. Invasive cardiac catheterization is still the gold standard. In the current issue of Circulation , Lam and colleagues report initial findings of a massive effort to use echocardiographic measurements of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) to begin to make up for the lost time relative to the …
Association of Oxidative DNA Damage and C-Reactive Protein in Women at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

Objective— The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between clinical markers of inflammation and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), an oxidative stress marker, in middle-aged women drawn from the HANDLS study, a longitudinal epidemiological study. Methods and Results— We examined commonly assayed markers of inflammation, the DNA base adduct 8-oxodG, a marker of oxidative stress, and cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of women matched on age and race in 3 groups (n=39 per group) who had low ( 3–20 mg/L), and high (>20 mg/L) hsCRP. We found a significant relationship between hsCRP level and the oxidative stress marker, 8-oxodG. 8-oxodG was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and interleukin-23. hsCRP was associated with obesity variables, high-density lipoprotein, serum insulin levels, interleukin-12p70 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. Incubation of primary human endothelial cells with hsCRP generated reactive oxygen species in vitro. Furthermore, hsCRP specifically induced DNA base lesions, but not other forms of DNA damage, including single and double strand breaks. Conclusion— These data suggest that in women 8-oxodG is associated with hsCRP and is independently related to select cardiovascular risk factors. Our data in women suggest that hsCRP may contribute to cardiovascular disease by increasing oxidative stress.
Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace: Strategies for Educational and Professional Reform

This chapter surveys a range of educational and professional reform efforts in engineering carried out by the Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace network and its members. These efforts are categorized in a way that highlights the diversity of the approaches taken as well as their interconnections. Beyond documenting and categorizing a range of contemporary initiatives in engineering and social justice, the chapter argues that, to be most effective, ESJP members attempt to integrate their particular values orientations and commitments with systematic attention to a wide range of organizational and conceptual problems that inhibit engineering for social justice and peace.
The Creative Élan of Nursing Theory Indispensable to Leadership

The author discusses how nursing theoretical knowledge contributes to nursing leadership and how the use of nursing theory can build confidence in nurse leaders in all settings, drawing on examples from selected theorists’ work. It is suggested that when nursing theory is not fully valued by the profession, not only knowledge is lost but also the language that helps nurses to lead. However, the vision and the voice of nursing theory will allow nurses to lead with creativity and to tap into innovation that facilitates contributions to healthcare. To be firmly, intellectually, and enthusiastically grounded in one’s disciplinary knowledge sets the stage to being able to lead effectively. Four aspects of leadership are addressed: clinical, interdisciplinary, nursing education, and interpersonal nursing. Our accumulated nursing theories can help nurse leaders to meet contemporary healthcare challenges by providing answers that help to focus on improvement, patient-centered care, critical reflection, and caring.
p38MAPK is a novel DNA damage response‐independent regulator of the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype

Cellular senescence suppresses cancer by forcing potentially oncogenic cells into a permanent cell cycle arrest. Senescent cells also secrete growth factors, proteases, and inflammatory cytokines, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Much is known about pathways that regulate the senescence growth arrest, but far less is known about pathways that regulate the SASP. We previously showed that DNA damage response (DDR) signalling is essential, but not sufficient, for the SASP, which is restrained by p53. Here, we delineate another crucial SASP regulatory pathway and its relationship to the DDR and p53. We show that diverse senescence-inducing stimuli activate the stress-inducible kinase p38MAPK in normal human fibroblasts. p38MAPK inhibition markedly reduced the secretion of most SASP factors, constitutive p38MAPK activation was sufficient to induce an SASP, and p53 restrained p38MAPK activation. Further, p38MAPK regulated the SASP independently of the canonical DDR. Mechanistically, p38MAPK induced the SASP largely by increasing NF-κB transcriptional activity. These findings assign p38MAPK a novel role in SASP regulation—one that is necessary, sufficient, and independent of previously described pathways.
In-situ controlled growth of carbon nanotubes by local synthesis

This work presents in-situ controlled growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by local synthesis using silicon MEMS structures. The site-specific local synthesis and assembly of CNTs took 20 ~ 60 seconds experimentally to connect across a 5 ~ 10 mum gap to accomplish integrated CNTs. Using this method, we can now control the number of CNT connections between the silicon structures. The electrical properties of the silicon/CNT/silicon system show the linear current-voltage characteristics, indicating the ohmic contact behavior at the heterojunctions.
Low absorption vitreous carbon reactors for operando XAS: a case study on Cu/Zeolites for selective catalytic reduction of NO(x) by NH3.

We describe the use of vitreous carbon as an improved reactor material for an operandoX-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) plug-flow reactor. These tubes significantly broaden the operating range for operando experiments. Using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by NH3 on Cu/Zeolites (SSZ-13, SAPO-34 and ZSM-5) as an example reaction, we illustrate the high-quality XAS data achievable with these reactors. The operando experiments showed that in Standard SCR conditions of 300 ppm NO, 300 ppm NH3, 5% O2, 5% H2O, 5% CO2 and balance He at 200 °C, the Cu was a mixture of Cu(I) and Cu(II) oxidation states. XANES and EXAFS fitting found the percent of Cu(I) to be 15%, 45% and 65% for SSZ-13, SAPO-34 and ZSM-5, respectively. For Standard SCR, the catalytic rates per mole of Cu for Cu/SSZ-13 and Cu/SAPO-34 were about one third of the rate per mole of Cu on Cu/ZSM-5. Based on the apparent lack of correlation of rate with the presence of Cu(I), we propose that the reaction occurs via a redox cycle of Cu(I) and Cu(II). Cu(I) was not found in in situSCR experiments on Cu/Zeolites under the same conditions, demonstrating a possible pitfall of in situ measurements. A Cu/SiO2 catalyst, reduced in H2 at 300 °C, was also used to demonstrate the reactor's operando capabilities using a bending magnet beamline. Analysis of the EXAFS data showed the Cu/SiO2 catalyst to be in a partially reduced Cu metal–Cu(I) state. In addition to improvements in data quality, the reactors are superior in temperature, stability, strength and ease of use compared to previously proposed borosilicate glass, polyimide tubing, beryllium and capillary reactors. The solid carbon tubes are non-porous, machinable, can be operated at high pressure (tested at 25 bar), are inert, have high material purity and high X-ray transmittance.
A novel solubility‐enhanced curcumin formulation showing stability and maintenance of anticancer activity

Curcumin (CUR) is an active food compound, but its insolubility and instability in water contributes to low bioavailability. In this study, the solubility of CUR was enhanced by utilizing the solubilizing properties of rubusoside (RUB). The solubility of CUR in water increased linearly from 61 μg/mL to 2.318 mg/mL in the presence of RUB ranging from 1% to 10% (w/v). Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies found that CUR and RUB formed CUR-RUB nanoparticle (∼8 nm) complexes. The RUB-solubilized CUR was stable in physiological conditions and did not precipitate when diluted or degrade when spray-dried to a completely reconstitutable powder. Furthermore, cell viability assays demonstrated the efficacy of RUB-solubilized CUR against human colon, breast, and pancreatic cancer cell lines. The development of this new solubilized, stable, and biologically active CUR formulation lays the foundation for future bioavailability improvement.
Teaching trade-offs in system-level design methodologies

This paper summarizes two graduate-level class projects in EE201A/EE298 (VLSI Architectures and Design Methods) at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). The purpose of the class is to explore the impact of system-level optimization for various target platforms using EDA.
Femoral Artery Closure After Cardiac Catheterization

After diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization, femoral artery closure devices offer quicker time to hemostasis, ambulation, and discharge than does manual compression. Nurses should understand how femoral artery closure devices work, the potential vascular complications that may occur with their use, and the recommended time to ambulation and discharge.
Surgical treatment of primary lung cancer with synchronous brain metastases

Objectives: The role of surgical resection for brain metastases from non–small cell lung cancer is evolving. Although resection of primary lung cancer and metachronous brain metastases is superior to other treatment modalities in prolonging survival and disease-free interval, resection of the primary non–small cell lung cancer and synchronous brain metastases is controversial. Methods: From January 1975 to December 1997, 220 patients underwent surgical treatment for brain metastases from non–small cell lung cancer at our institution. Twenty-eight (12.7%) of these patients underwent surgical resection of synchronous brain metastases and the primary non–small cell lung cancer. Results: The group comprised 18 men and 10 women. Median age was 57 years (range 35-71 years). Twenty-two (78.6%) patients had neurologic symptoms. Craniotomy was performed first in all 28 patients. Median time between craniotomy and thoracotomy was 14 days (range 4-840 days). Pneumonectomy was performed in 4 patients, bilobectomy in 4, lobectomy in 18, and wedge excision in 2. Postoperative complications developed in 6 (21.4%) patients. Cell type was adenocarcinoma in 11 patients, squamous cell carcinoma in 9, and large cell carcinoma in 8. After pulmonary resection, 17 patients had no evidence of lymph node metastases (N0), 5 had hilar metastases (N1), and 6 had mediastinal metastases (N2). Twenty-four (85.7%) patients received postoperative adjuvant therapy. Follow-up was complete in all patients for a median of 24 months (range 2-104 months). Median survival was 24 months (range 2-104). Survival at 1, 2, and 5 years was 64.3%, 54.0%, and 21.4%, respectively. The presence of thoracic lymph node metastases (N1 or N2) significantly affected 5-year survival (P = .001). Conclusion: Although the overall survival for patients who have brain metastases from non–small cell lung cancer is poor, surgical resection may prove beneficial in a select group of patients with synchronous brain metastases and lung cancer without lymph node metastases.
The Historicity of David’s Imperial Conquests

This article presents an argument for the general reliability of the historical claims made in 2 Samuel–1 Kings for the expansion of the United Monarchy and its great wealth during the reigns of Da...
Accounting For Convertible Bonds: An Alternative Approach

Accounting for convertible bonds (CBs) has been a source of controversy for more than two decades. The main question relates to the nature of CBs. Should they be defined as: 1) debt; 2) equity; or 3) hybrid securities having both debt and equity characteristics? The disagreements revolve around the definition of several financial statement elements and fundamental concepts of accounting measurement. We believe that current procedures in accounting for CBs are flawed and alternative measures of reporting and recognizing CBs are required in order to provide useful information to external users of financial statements. After a review of alternative methods of accounting for CBs, we conclude that a CB is a partially executed contract which has equity characteristics. The purchaser has committed to buy stock at a fixed price in a future time period. The seller is committed to issue stock in the future and is committed to provide a cash dividend at a fixed rate (i.e. interest) until the stock is issued. The issuance allows the buyer to receive a return of the subscription price in the future if he fails to exercise his right or if the issue is called by the seller. Our approach of accounting for CBs emphasizes the economics reality of the situation rather than accounting by recording a liability which is replaced by equity when the issue is converted.
Review of Bruce H. Lipton's Book: The Biology Of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles

I found Lipton's "The Biology of Belief" very readable, and worth reading. He is brave to say what he believes. Lipton describes "smart" cells, some perhaps living in a petri dish. Their collective properties are found smart. Lipton also presents his ground breaking ideas on epigenetics, a body of study that looks at the impact the environment has on controlling our genes. Further, Lipton also deals with cell membrane, quantum mechanics plus more. You can find this book at Amazon: The Biology Of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter and Miracles .
Relief of Labor Pain by Regional Analgesia/Anesthesia

By far the most popular form of labor pain relief is regional analgesia. A number of techniques are possible for the different phases of labor and are listed in Table 9-1. This chapter will focus on central neuraxial techniques, including epidural and combined spinal-epidural analgesia.
Abstract 304: Elevated Supine Arterial Pressure in Children with Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia

Elevated supine mean arterial pressure (MAP) is often present in adults with dysautonomia. Children 15.1 ± 0.4 yrs of age (n = 22) with chronic unexplained nausea underwent continuous measures of supine blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) pre- and post-tilt (0-70 degrees upright) and spectral analysis of their autonomic profile. Diagnostic workup revealed ∼77% have postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). The controls in this cohort had chronic nausea but were identified as normal upon tilt. Resting supine MAP and HR prior to tilt were higher in POTS subjects compared with controls, while most indices of autonomic function were similar (Table 1). Those diagnosed with POTS maintained MAP during tilt accompanied by a >5-fold increase in cardiac sympathetic drive (LFrri/HFrri) and >80% suppression of the baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (high frequency alpha index;HFα) in comparison to 2-fold and ∼60% responses in controls. BP variability (SDMAP) measured as the standard deviation of mean arterial presuure and HRV measured as the root of mean square of successive differences (rMSSD) were impaired to a greater extent in the POTS subjects. Exaggerated suppression of HRV during upright posture in POTS subjects is known. However, our studies reveal elevated supine MAP even at this young age. In adults, both impaired HRV and elevated supine MAP are risk factors for cardiovascular problems such hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Future studies are necessary to determine whether young adults with POTS are at greater risk of early onset cardiovascular disease, especially given the the potential impact of treatments aimed at increasing MAP. Support: AHA12CRP9420029
Experimental Investigation of Hypersonic Reactive Flows Around Axisymmetric Blunt Bodies.

Simultaneous OH PLIF and schlieren imaging experiments of hypersonic reactive flow fields around spherical-nosed and flatfaced cylinders, 19 and 25 mm in diameter, have been performed. Stagnation pressure histories were recorded using a pressure transducer embedded in the cylinders. Methane-, ethylene-, and hydrogen-based fuel-oxidizer mixtures were used at different free stream conditions. Three different combustion modes were observed as flow velocity was varied relative to the Chapman-Jouget speed, consistent with previous work. These experiments represent the first time that the pressure disturbances in the unsteady combustion modes were directly measured. The frequency of the disturbances varied between 50 and 55 kHz for the regular regime, and 16 to 25 kHz for the large disturbance regime. In the large disturbance regime, the frequency of the oscillations decreased with increasing mixture sensitivity, body diameter and free stream pressure.
Abstract 1962:Helicobacter pyloricytotoxin associated protein CagA represses TGF-β signaling through interaction with Smad proteins

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastric inflammation and peptic ulceration, and is the strongest risk factor for the development of gastric cancer. The cagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) gene which is one of the most important virulence factors of H. pylori, is believed to contribute to the gastric tissue injury and cancer development. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a pivotal role in modulating gastric mucosal inflammatory responses. Recently, H. pylori infection has been associated with attenuated TGF-β signaling in gastric mucosa. However, the precise underlying mechanism of H. pylori infection on TGF-β signaling and inflammatory response remains unclear. In this study, we examined the mechanism of inhibition of TGF-β signaling by H. pylori CagA protein. CagA suppressed TGF-β/Smad transcriptional responses. CagA interacted constitutively with Smad proteins, and most strongly with Smad3. Expression of CagA on AGS cells inhibited TGF-β-induced down-regulation of proinflammatory chemokines, such as CXCL1, CXCL3 and IL-8, as well as TGF-β-induced transcription of target genes. These results suggest that the attenuated TGF-β signaling associated with cagA-positive H. pylori infection could be an important determinant for the degree of inflammation provoked by H. pylori. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1962. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1962
Dilatancy, pore fluids, and premonitory variations of ts/tp travel times

Abstract Nerseov et al. (1969) found that the travel-time ratio of shear and compressional waves, ξ = t s /t p varies prior to the occurrence of earthquakes in the Garm region, USSR. Laboratory results indicate that the decrease of ξ can result from dilatancy of rocks around the focal zone. The subsequent increase of ξ, which terminates with an earthquake, can be caused by the flow of ground water into the dilated zone. The increasing pore pressure weakens the rock and leads to the observed failure.
Towards a standard for the dynamic measurement of pressure based on laser absorption spectroscopy

We describe an approach for creating a standard for the dynamic measurement of pressure based on the measurement of fundamental quantum properties of molecular systems. From the linewidth and intensities of ro-vibrational transitions we plan on making an accurate determination of pressure and temperature. The goal is to achieve an absolute uncertainty for time-varying pressure of 5 % with a measurement rate of 100 kHz, which will in the future serve as a method for the traceable calibration of pressure sensors used in transient processes. To illustrate this concept we have used wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), due to inherent advantages over direct absorption spectroscopy, to perform rapid measurements of carbon dioxide in order to determine the pressure. The system records the full lineshape profile of a single ro-vibrational transition of CO2 at a repetition rate of 4 kHz and with a systematic measurement uncertainty of 12 % for the linewidth measurement. A series of pressures were measured at a rate of 400 Hz (10 averages) and from these measurements the linewidth was determined with a relative uncertainty of about 0.5 % on average. The pressures measured using WMS have an average difference of 0.6 % from the absolute pressure measured with a capacitance diaphragm sensor.
The Role of Diffusion and Domestic Politics in Judicial Design: The Spread of New Constitutional Courts in Latin America

Over the past 25 years or so, concurrently with the most recent wave of democratization, constitutional reforms have swept across Latin America. Casual observation suggests that one prominent element in these reforms is the creation of new, powerful, and often activist constitutional courts; the reshaping of old high courts with similar consequences; and the modification of lower court structures to match. International actors have played a prominent role in promoting these developments, but have met with mixed success. This paper explores the various international and domestic causes of successful constitutional reform targeting the judiciary, a critical element in crafting an effective system of checks and balances and thus a more functional democracy. In the paper we also present a theoretically informed classification scheme for understanding the contribution of various design features to judicial autonomy and authority.
From Conflict to Coalition: Profit-Sharing Institutions and the Political Economy of Trade

International trade often inspires intense conflict between workers and their employers. In this book, Adam Dean studies the conditions under which labor and capital collaborate in support of the same trade policies. Dean argues that capital-labor agreement on trade policy depends on the presence of 'profit-sharing institutions'. He tests this theory through case studies from the United States, Britain, and Argentina in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; they offer a revisionist history placing class conflict at the center of the political economy of trade. Analysis of data from more than one hundred countries from 1986 to 2002 demonstrates that the field's conventional wisdom systematically exaggerates the benefits that workers receive from trade policy reforms. From Conflict to Coalition boldly explains why labor is neither an automatic beneficiary nor an automatic ally of capital when it comes to trade policy and distributional conflict.
A Measure-Theoretic Algorithm for Estimating Bottom Friction in a Coastal Inlet: Case Study of Bay St. Louis during Hurricane Gustav (2008)

AbstractThe majority of structural damage and loss of life during a hurricane is due to storm surge, thus it is important for communities in hurricane-prone regions to understand their risk due to surge. Storm surge in particular is largely influenced by coastal features such as topography/bathymetry and bottom roughness. Bottom roughness determines how much resistance there is to the flow. Manning’s formula can be used to model the bottom stress with the Manning’s n coefficient, a spatially dependent field. Given a storm surge model and a set of model outputs, an inverse problem may be solved to determine probable Manning’s n fields to use for predictive simulations.The inverse problem is formulated and solved in a measure-theoretic framework using the state-of-the-art Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) storm surge model. The use of measure theory requires minimal assumptions and involves the direct inversion of the physics-based map from model inputs to output data determined by the ADCIRC model. Thus, key g...
Neurosarcoidosis: unusual presentations and considerations for diagnosis and management.

Background Sarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem disease characterised by non-necrotising granulomatous inflammation of unknown aetiology. Most commonly, the lungs, lymph nodes, skin and eyes are affected in sarcoidosis; however, nervous system involvement occurs in approximately 5%–15% of cases. Any part of the nervous system can be affected by sarcoidosis. Cases Herein we describe three unusual patient presentations of neurosarcoidosis, one with optic neuritis, a second with hydrocephalus and a third with cervical myelopathy. Conclusions We include pertinent details about their presentations, imaging findings, pathology, management and clinical course.
Toward Reaction-by-Design: Achieving Kinetic Control of Solid State Chemistry with Metathesis

The control of solid state reaction pathways will enable the design and discovery of new functional inorganic materials. A range of synthetic approaches have been used to shift solid state chemistry away from thermodynamic control, in which the most energetically favorable product forms, toward a regime of kinetic control, so that metastable materials can be controllably produced. In this Perspective, we focus on the kinetic control of solid state metathesis reactions to alter solid state reaction pathways and products. We provide insight into the necessary components of a kinetically controlled solid state reaction and illustrate the utility of studying reactions in situ in order to observe the various intermediates and kinetic pathways that may extend synthetic solid state chemistry toward a paradigm of reaction-by-design.
CRT-300.28 Switch To Ticagrelor In Critical Limb Ischemia Anti-Platelet Study: “STT-CLIPS”

Critical Limb Ischemia (CLI) is defined as limb pain that occurs at rest, or impending limb loss caused by severe compromise of blood flow. The mortality in patients with CLI ranges from 13%-25% at 1year, mainly due to cardiovascular ischemic events. High on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) in
Nodal Arrangement of HOMO Controls the Turning On/Off the Electronic Coupling in Isomeric Polypyrene Wires

The charge transfer along π-conjugated wires is largely governed by the interchromophoric electronic coupling that depends on the geometry (e.g., interchromophoric dihedral angle) and electronic structure of the chromophores. Herein, we demonstrate that stabilization of the cationic charge (hole) in polypyrene cation radicals and the extent of hole delocalization can be easily controlled by modulating the nodal arrangement of the HOMO. For example, 2,2′-linked para-polypyrenes show nonexistent electronic coupling owing to a nodal arrangement of HOMO that is unfavorable for orbital overlap, despite a favorable interchromophoric dihedral angle. A repositioning of the linkage between two pyrenes from para to meta positions produces a far less favorable interchromophoric dihedral angle, yet the electronic coupling turns on due to a favorable nodal arrangement of HOMO, which allows interchromophoric orbital overlap. This surprising finding has been demonstrated through the synthesis and systematic examination ...
Knowledge Diasporas: Narratives of Transnational Migration and Higher Education

Through the narratives of postgraduate diasporic men and women in US higher education, this study examines their identity (re)formation, sense of belonging, and imagined futures. Rizvi (2000). International education and the production of global imagination. In N. C. Burbules & C. A. Torres (Eds.), Globalization and education: Critical perspectives (pp. 188–205). New York: Routledge argues that higher education has become a site for the creation of diasporic spaces, where new sociocultural processes and cultural changes and formations are taking place. This chapter responds to Lukose’s (Anthropol Educ Q 38, 405–418, 2007) call to bring together diaspora and education research to study the cultural and social worlds of transnational populations. Hence, the narratives of the two groups in this chapter, resettled refugees from sub-Saharan African and educational migrants from the Philippines, bring into relief a critical understanding of the human experience of transnational migration and knowledge diasporas. This study contributes to a growing body of empirical work on diasporas and transnationalism in higher education and provides a starting point for dialogue on these two less visible populations as actors in the global knowledge society.
Professional Women in R&D Laboratories

(1988). Professional Women in R&D Laboratories. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 44-52.
Hollow polymer nanocapsules: synthesis, properties, and applications

Hollow polymer nanocapsules (HPNs) have gained tremendous interest in recent years due to their numerous desirable properties compared to their solid counterparts. Dramatically increased surface area, extremely low densities, and myriad tailorable functionalities make HPNs a target of numerous research efforts. Herein, this review focuses specifically on organic, polymer-based, hollow particles on the nanometer size scale. This review aims to cover the diverse array of synthetic techniques for the fabrication of HPNs, the unique properties displayed by these particles, and the fascinating applications being envisioned and realized by these materials, with particular focus on work conducted in the past three years.
Abstract 19263: Enhancing Cholesterol Efflux Pathways Suppresses Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation and Monocytosis in apoE−/− Mice

Atherosclerosis is associated with monocytosis and attenuating monocytosis results in a reduction in atherosclerosis. Mice deficient in ABCA1 and ABCG1 have leukocytosis and monocytosis that is reversed by Increased HDL levels (human apoA-I transgene) which promotes cholesterol efflux and reduces the proliferation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Apoe−/− mice also have monocytosis that is associated with expansion of the HSPC population. We hypothesized that promotion of cholesterol efflux from HSPCs in WTD-fed apoE−/− mice, by infusion of rHDL or treatment with LXR activators to up-regulate ABCA1/G1 would suppress HSPC proliferation and monocytosis. A dose response study (40, 80, 120mg/kg) revealed that rHDL (CSL-111) suppressed leukocytosis, monocytosis and proliferation of HSPCs with maximum effect at 80mg/kg, similar to doses previously shown to be effective in human IVUS studies. Treatment with LXR activator (20mg/kg X 3) also resulted in decreased leukocytosis, monocytosis and HSPC proliferation, and administration of rHDL+LXR activator produced larger reductions in these parameters than either treatment alone. Interestingly, circulating cells were only slightly reduced (to pre-WTD levels) in WT mice, with no changes observed in HSPCs. As IL-3 drives proliferation of HSPCs we examined the IL-3 common β-subunit (IL-3βR) expression in HSPCs. We discovered that apoE−/− mice have an increased population of IL-3βR+ HSCs compared to WT mice (apoE−/−:9.6% vs WT:5.4% P
Objectivity: False Leads from T. S. Kuhn on the Role of the Aesthetic in the Sciences

There is a great muddle quite innocently generated by T. S. Kuhn’s candor in trying to fathom what contributes to what he calls a “paradigm shift” or the incipient stages of supporting a potentially “new paradigm”. Kuhn says straight out, in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, that: first, the usual arguments in favor of a new paradigm (those he had himself explored up to the point of raising the question) “concern the competitors’ ability [that is, the old and the new paradigms] to solve problems”; second, where new paradigms begin to gain ground, this criterion is often, puzzlingly, “neither individually nor collectively compelling”; hence, third, “other arguments, rarely made entirely explicit . . . appeal to the individual’s sense of the appropriate or the aesthetic — the new theory [being] said to be ‘neater’, ‘more aesthetic’, ‘more suitable’, or ‘simpler’ than the old”. Kuhn speaks of “the importance of these more subjective and aesthetic considerations”, but warns us against the suggestion “that new paradigms triumph ultimately through some mystical aesthetic”.1 Kuhn was able to offer a variety of cases in which the ability of the new paradigm “to solve problems” could not have been decisive: the dispute regarding Copernicus and Ptolemy, for instance, and that regarding Priestley and Lavoisier being the best known. (It was Popper’s charge that Kuhnian “paradigm shifts” almost never occur and that “‘normal’ science is [not] normal”.)2
Erythroblastic Differentiation of Stem Cells in Hemopoietic Colonies

An early phase of cellular replication precedes the initiation of erythropoiesis in hemopoietic spleen colonies of mice receiving a supralethal split-dose of irradiation, first with the leg shielded and then followed by leg irradiation 3 hr later. Previous studies indicated that this proliferative phase represents the repopulation of a depleted, endogenous stem cell compartment. To label replicating stem cells, tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) was injected intraperitoneally in mice on days 1-4 after irradiation. Touch preparations and autoradiograms of splenic colony cells were examined with light and electron microscopy from 2 to 4 days after irradiation and 5-8 days later, when erythroblasts and other differentiated cells first appeared. Replicating mononuclear cells that were pulse labeled during the early proliferative phase of stem cell renewal resembled medium- to large-sized leptochromatic lymphocytes. Electron microscopic examination of autoradiograms demonstrated a labeled undifferentiated cell with a thin rim of nuclear heterochromatin. Sequential studies showed that the injection of 3HTdR on days 1-4, when only the mononuclear cells were present, resulted in labeled erythroblasts and other differentiated cells on days 5 and 6. These results confirm the presence of an early proliferative phase in endogenous splenic hemopoietic colonies and strongly suggest that mononuclear cells, replicating during this period of self-renewal of the stem cell compartment, transform to erythroblasts and other cells.
Automatic Mouth Detection for Self-Feeding

Automatic mouth detection can assist in controlling a robotic system with self-feeding of individuals with disability. To address this need we developed and evaluated algorithms that: 1) detect and track the mouth of an individual in real-time, and 2) classify if the mouth is open or closed. A k-nearest neighbors (KNN) clustering algorithm was used to classify and recognize the mouth’s posture. The KNN algorithm classified image frames using features extracted by four methods including a histogram of oriented gradients, Harris-Stephens algorithm, maximally stable extremal regions, and local binary patterns. The results of this study indicated a high classification accuracy (~87%) using 10-fold cross validation for three participants without disability. The study has shown that the algorithms can detect the mouth postures of a person in near real-time (<1s) while they have a robot-assisted meal in a social setting.
Hybrid Einstein-Langevin Approach for Microscopic formulation of Viscous Drag: An Alternative to the Langevin Equation.

We present a novel hybrid but thermodynamic approach to provide an alternative to the Langevin equation by using system-intrinsic (SI) microwork done by the Brownian particle in the kth microstate (realization). The corresponding SI-microforce is unique to the microstate and determines the microscopic equation of motion for it. Being a thermodynamic approach, the equipartition theorem is always satisfied and no additional stochastic Langevin force is needed. We determine instantaneous and long-time averages of useful quantities and thus provide a new unified approach to the fluctuating motion from mesoscopic to macroscopic scales.
PERSONALIZED CARE OF PATIENTS WITH ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA: A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH.

ABSTRACT A concerted effort has been made in the past decade to better differentiate benign from malignant adrenocortical tumors. Of those tumors found to be adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs) and through the use of multiple modalities including biochemical, radiologic, and genomic analysis, significant strides have been made in understanding what drives ACC development, how various treatments may result in different outcomes, which ACCs are more likely to respond to various treatments, and overall prognosis. While most patients will have recurrence of their ACC and succumb to their disease, the disease course is highly variable; it is therefore imperative that each patient is treated with individualized attention paid to their particular ACC. This article highlights and discusses specific, important, and many times subtle features that may impact the evaluation, management, treatment selection, and outcome of patients with ACC. Abbreviations: ACC = adrenocortical carcinoma; CT = computed tomography; XRT = external beam radiation therapy
Isolation, sequence analysis, and linkage mapping of resistance-gene analogs in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

Degenerate oligonucleotides designed to recognize conserved coding regions within the nucleotide binding site (NBS) and hydrophobic region of known resistance (R)genes from various plant species were used to target PCR to amplify resistance gene analogs (RGAs) from a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) cultivar resistant to Striga gesnerioides. PCR products consisted of a group of fragments approximately 500 bp in length that migrated as a single band during agarose gel electrophoresis. The nucleotide sequence of fifty different cloned fragments was determined and their predicted amino acid sequences compared to each other and to the amino acid sequence encoded by known resistance genes, and RGAs from other plant species. Cluster analysis identified five different classes of RGAs in cowpea. Gel blot analysis revealed that each class recognized a different subset of loci in the cowpea genome. Several of the RGAs were associated with restriction fragment length polymorphisms, which allowed them to be placed on the cowpea genomic map. The potential for using these sequences to isolate R genes, and subsequent direct manipulation of disease and pest resistance using genetic engineering is discussed.
High-Quality Optical Ring Resonator-Based Biosensor for Cancer Detection

A new design of silicon photonics ring resonator based biosensor for the detection of the diseased cell is proposed. The proposed label-free and high-Q ring resonator has the potential to exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity for detecting different cancer cells, such as leukemia, cervical cancer, and breast cancer. The parameters of the ring resonator are optimized to make the biosensor suitable for detecting cancer cells in the pinch of blood with the sensitivity of more than 200 nanometers per Refractive Index Unit (nm/RIU) and quality factor of 1200. Through the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, it is observed that the resonant wavelength of a ring resonator can be increased by escalating the refractive index of the modal present on the surface of the ring resonator. The simulation and analysis demonstrate that the outline sensitivity and quality factor of the proposed biosensing platform are acceptable for the cancer cell level detection in the blood sample present on the surface of the resonator. The proposed design also shows sufficiently separated resonant peaks for different cancer cells that open the possibility of highly selective label-free cancer cell detection.
Electricity-powered artificial root nodule.

Root nodules are agricultural-important symbiotic plant-microbe composites in which microorganisms receive energy from plants and reduce dinitrogen (N2) into fertilizers. Mimicking root nodules using artificial devices can enable renewable energy-driven fertilizer production. This task is challenging due to the necessity of a microscopic dioxygen (O2) concentration gradient, which reconciles anaerobic N2 fixation with O2-rich atmosphere. Here we report our designed electricity-powered biological|inorganic hybrid system that possesses the function of root nodules. We construct silicon-based microwire array electrodes and replicate the O2 gradient of root nodules in the array. The wire array compatibly accommodates N2-fixing symbiotic bacteria, which receive energy and reducing equivalents from inorganic catalysts on microwires, and fix N2 in the air into biomass and free ammonia. A N2 reduction rate up to 6.5 mg N2 per gram dry biomass per hour is observed in the device, about two orders of magnitude higher than the natural counterparts.