cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhancing QoS in 802.11e with Beacon Management

802.11e is a new supplement to the family of 802.11 standards, which aims at providing QoS to voice and other streaming services. Nodes are assured transmission opportunities within their delay bounds in the contention free period (CFP). A beacon is used to mark the start of a CFP. Any delay in the issue of the beacon would adversely affect the timely delivery of time-sensitive traffic. In this paper, we propose a scheme that prevents the delays in the beacon issue, which might be caused due to nodes operating in the contention period, transmitting MAC service data units beyond super frame boundaries. Our beacon management scheme not only assures a timely beacon issue enhancing the delay bound guarantees but also maintains the throughput. Simulations were conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed scheme. The results demonstrate that when timely transmission of QoS bound traffic is achieved by preventing a late beacon issue, the average length of super-frames is maintained and results in increased number of super frames over time.
Feedback control of piezoelectric tube scanners

Piezoelectric tube actuators commonly used in scanning probe microscopes display undesirable properties including hysteresis, creep, and varying voltage sensitivity. The effects of these nonlinearities must be counteracted to produce distortion-free images, especially for large scanning ranges. Methods implemented by previous researchers include calibration of the scanner, postimaging software image correction, and real-time correction via feedback control. This article focuses on the last of these approaches by describing the design and experimental results of two feedback controllers for scanner motion. >
Taxonomy of the Yeast Genus Metschnikowia: a Correction and a New Variety

Metschnikowia isolates from ponds on Chatham Island, New Zealand, previously erroneously reported as M. zobellii, are described herein as M. bicuspidata var. chathamia var. n.
Biosynthesis of the carbohydrate portion of immunoglobulins. Incorporation of radioactive fucose into immunoglobulin G1 synthesized and secreted by mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 21

Incorporation of radioactive fucose into the immunoglobulin G1 myeloma protein secreted by mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 21 is stereospecific for the l-isomer. Heavy chains of the secreted form of the myeloma protein carry 90% of the label in fucose residues of their carbohydrate moieties. A small but significant amount of the intracellular immunoglobulin G1 of the mouse plasma-cell tumour MOPC 21 appears to be labelled. Serum in the incubation medium supplies low-molecular-weight diffusible substances necessary to maintain continuous secretion of fucose-labelled myeloma protein beyond 2–3h, and of leucine-labelled myeloma protein beyond 6–8h. In medium containing extensively dialysed serum the secretion of leucine- and fucose-labelled myeloma protein can be restored by the addition of 250μm-d-mannose, 250μm-d-galactose and 250μm-glucosamine. Synthesis and secretion appear to be facilitated in the presence of these sugars, although secretion of myeloma protein devoid of terminal fucose residues is possible for a limited time-period.
Robotics: its impact on employment and labour relations

This paper attempts to determine the effects of robotic use in manufacturing on employment. Current trends in the utilization of robots, displacement of workers, changes in job content, and labour relations are addressed. These issues are discussed in relation to the effects on individual workers and the overall employment situation. Finally, predictions of the future effects of robotics on employment are discussed.
The Past, Present and Future of Retiree Health Benefits

Retiree health benefits have been in the news recently, as a result of the promulgation of new accounting standards for governmental employers, the travails of the automakers, and concerns as to the sustainability of retiree health benefits. This article discusses the history and recent decline of employer-provided retiree health benefits and the cost, funding and accounting issues associated with their maintenance. Finally, the article describes the legal issues relating to termination or modification of retiree benefits and the relationship between retiree health benefits and retirement decisions by workers.
Coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy using photon-number squeezed light

Summary form only given. The photon-number squeezed light generated by an injection-locked quantum-well laser is used as the probe field in a nondegenerate (CW) differential-transmission (pump-probe) spectroscopy measurement of the Urbach tail and exciton resonances in a GaAs multiple quantum-well sample. Because of the nonclassical intensity fluctuations of the probe field, the measurement sensitivity in this experiment is 1.0 dB (20%) below the semiclassical shot noise limit (SNL). This measured quantum noise level is nearly one-third (below the SNL) of the fundamental nonclassical sensitivity limit (5.2 dB below the SNL) set by vacuum field fluctuations that enter through background losses (30%) in the sample.
Stabilizing and Destabilizing Effects of Phenylalanine → F5-Phenylalanine Mutations on the Folding of a Small Protein

We report a systematic evaluation of phenylalanine-to-pentafluorophenylalanine (Phe --> F5-Phe) mutants for the 35-residue chicken villin headpiece subdomain (c-VHP), the hydrophobic core of which features a cluster of three Phe side chains (residues 6, 10, and 17). Phe --> F5-Phe mutations are interesting because aryl-perfluoroaryl interactions of optimal geometry are intrinsically more favorable than aryl-aryl interactions and because perfluoroaryl units are more hydrophobic than are analogous aryl units. One mutant, Phe-10 --> F5-Phe, provides enhanced tertiary structural stability relative to the native sequence. The other six mutants analyzed caused a decrease in stability.
PCMCIA-like ultrasmall form-factor optical drive

A prototype of ultra small optical drive was studied and developed in order to see the feasibility of mobile application, which is targeted to be attachable into the PCMCIA II slot in small mobile devices.
Influence of copper on the stability of whey protein stabilized emulsions

Abstract The influence of CuCl2 on the physical stability of dilute oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate has been studied. The particle size distribution, zeta potential and creaming stability of 0.04 wt% n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions (d32≈0.36 μm, pH 6.5) were measured with varying CuCl2 concentrations (0–100 μM). Extensive droplet flocculation occurred when CuCl2>20 μM, which led to rapid creaming instability. Flocculation occurred because of the reduction in electrostatic repulsion between droplets. The origin of this effect was the binding of Cu2+ ions to droplet surfaces and electrostatic screening. The data were interpreted using the theories of colloid chemistry applicable to dilute emulsions.
Rapid synthesis of 93 K Bi-2212 superconductor from hydroxide precursors

Abstract The rapid synthesis (4 h at 800°C) of superconducting Bi-2212 with T c = 84 K from hydroxide precursors is reported. Subsequent reduction of the as-made material at low temperature (∼ 500°C) increases T c to 93 K. Results of X-ray diffraction studies show that the two-layer superconductor is formed from the Bi-2201 phase.
Long-term and homogeneous regulation of the Escherichia coli araBAD promoter by use of a lactose transporter of relaxed specificity.

Expression systems based on the Escherichia coli arabinose operon PBAD promoter exhibit the all-or-nothing (autocatalytic) induction of expression that was first documented in the lac operon. Under conditions of subsaturating levels of inducer, some of the cells of the population are fully induced, whereas other cells remain uninduced. Recently, a new AraE transporter system was reported to have circumvented the problem of autocatalytic expression in the pBAD expression vectors and to provide graded and homogeneous cell-to-cell expression in the presence of variable inducer concentrations [Khlebnikov, A., Risa, O., Skaug, T., Carrier, T. A. & Keasling, J. D. (2000) J. Bacteriol. 182, 7029–7034]. However, we report that nonuniform gene expression in the AraE system was readily detectable by the use of mutant green fluorescent proteins that are rapidly degraded in E. coli. We report an approach to avoid all-or-nothing induction of the pBAD promoter; the use of a mutant LacY transporter in a strain deficient in both arabinose transport (araE araFGH) and degradation (araBAD). This mutant LacY protein performs facilitated diffusion of arabinose resulting in homogeneous expression of an unstable GFP that is maintained over extended incubation times at subsaturating levels of inducer. This approach is readily adapted to other sugar-regulated expression systems.
Learning to Reweight Terms with Distributed Representations

Term weighting is a fundamental problem in IR research and numerous weighting models have been proposed. Proper term weighting can greatly improve retrieval accuracies, which essentially involves two types of query understanding: interpreting the query and judging the relative contribution of the terms to the query. These two steps are often dealt with separately, and complicated yet not so effective weighting strategies are proposed. In this paper, we propose to address query interpretation and term weighting in a unified framework built upon distributed representations of words from recent advances in neural network language modeling. Specifically, we represent term and query as vectors in the same latent space, construct features for terms using their word vectors and learn a model to map the features onto the defined target term weights. The proposed method is simple yet effective. Experiments using four collections and two retrieval models demonstrates significantly higher retrieval accuracies than baseline models.
Kinetics and microscopic interaction parameters of Cr to Tm energy transfer in yttrium aluminum garnet crystals

Abstract We have studied the time evolution of the Cr emission in the double-doped samples of Cr, Tm: YAG and measured the spectral overlap between this emission and the Tm 3+ absorption in the 78–350 K temperature region. From these data we have extracted the relevant microscopic interaction parameters that give a measure of the Cr-Tm coupling. The results of our measurements and calculations indicate that, despite the confinement of the Cr emission to a region of the spectrum which is narrower than that in low-crystal-field garnets, the Cr 3+ ion in YAG can be used to sensitize efficiently the Tm 3+ ion.
Chromia scale adhesion on 430 stainless steel: Effect of different surface treatments

Abstract In the context of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications, the adhesion strength and failure location of chromia scale that developed on 430 stainless steel after various surface modifications prior to oxidations between 600 and 800 °C were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the tensile strength and nature of adhesion of the oxide/alloy interface on 430 stainless steel can be compromised by polishing, but can be improved by reducing surface impurities, increasing surface roughness and applying a coating that contains a reactive element, such as Y-nitrate. Optimally, a combination of firing in a reducing atmosphere and applying a thin yttrium nitrate coating was found to be especially effective. These findings identify surface modification techniques that improve scale adhesion for Cr2O3-forming metallic interconnects whether independently or beneath a protective coating.
Decomposition of a complete multigraph into simple paths: Nonbalanced handcuffed designs

Abstract The condition λv(v − 1) ≡ 0 (mod 2m), v ⩾ m + 1 is obviously necessary for the existence of an edge disjoint decomposition of a complete multigraph λKv into isomorphic simple paths consisting of m edges each. This condition is proved here to be sufficient. The proof is also valid in some cases when the given paths are not necessarity of the same length.
Fate of sulfur compounds in coal during oxidative dissolution in perchloric acid

Abstract The sulfur forms in coal (sulfate, pyrite and organic) have been clearly delineated by oxidation with perchloric acid. Perchloric acid was chosen as an oxidizing agent because its oxidizing power can be varied by changing its concentration and subsequent boiling point. Using this property, the stepwise oxidation of an Illinois No. 6 coal, a coal-derived pyrite, and a New Zealand coal (in which almost all of the sufur was organic) was effected. At low temperatures, sulfate was removed without oxidizing the pyrite or organic material. At a moderate temperature (155°C), the pyrite was oxidized to sulfate and a sulfur-containing gas. Little or no organic sulfur was oxidized at 155°C. Boiling concentrated perchloric acid (203°C) converted all the sulfur to sulfate and a sulfur-containing gas. The sulfur-containing gas was produced primarily from the pyrite; organic sulfur produced very small amounts of a sulfur-containing gas as an oxidation product.
Analysis of feather germ formation in the embryo and vitro, in normal development and in skin treated with hydrocortisone.

The initial phases of feather development in the saddle tract of embryonic chick skin were examined in situ and in vitro, under normal and various experimental conditions. A birefringent, fibrous lattice was found in the dermis; it has a strikingly grid-like organization and is probably collagenous. The development of dermal papillae coincided with a characteristic distribution pattern of dermal cells in relation to this fibrous lattice: elongated cells were aligned along the tracts of the lattice; rounded cells formed clusters at the intersections of the lattice which represented the sites of the future dermal papillae. Evidence is presented that the cell clusters at the lattice intersections are the precursors of the dermal papillae and arise by aggregation of cells that migrate along the fibrous tracts. The results of this study point to a close involvement of the lattice in the formation of the individual condensations of prospective papilla cells and in the patterned distribution of dermal papillae in the dorsal feather field. Experiments with collagenase have shown that the integrity of this lattice is essential for feather morphogenesis. Skin treated with hydrocortisone at the appropriate stages of embryonic development lacks the organized fibrous grid and does not form feathers. The generation of these integumental structures is discussed in the context of epidermal-dermal interactions.
Metabolic rates of suspension feeding crinoids and ophiuroids (Echinodermata) in a unidirectional laminar flow

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolic rates of the crinoid Florometra serratissima and the suspension feeding ophiuroids Ophiopholis aculeata and Gorgonocephalus caryi were measured in a respirometer that produced unidirectional laminar flows past the animals at their preferred current velocities. 2. 2. Measured metabolic rates were 14.8 (±3.7), 17.7 (± 4.8), and 12.3 (±1.2)μl O2 (g wet mass)−1 h−1 respectively, values 1 3 – 1 2 those previously reported for experiments in which current regime was not controlled.
Prevalence and risk factors for childhood sexual abuse in women: national survey findings.

Abstract Objective: We interviewed a U.S. national sample of women, aged 18 years and older to determine the prevalence and characteristics of childhood sexual abuse. We also examined which family and background variables were predictive of CSA in this sample. Method: The study employed a series of detailed descriptive questions regarding childhood sexual experiences that were administered in a highly structured format by trained female interviewers. CSA prevalence rates were calculated using two definitions of CSA, one of which was slightly more inclusive. Results: Prevalence rates for the more inclusive CSA definition ranged from 21% to 32%, depending on how respondents who provided incomplete information about their sexual experiences were classified. The less inclusive CSA definition resulted in prevalence rates ranging from 15% to 26%. Additional information about the types of abuse experienced, perpetrator characteristics, age at first abuse, and physical and affective consequences of the abusive experiences are reported. The risk of CSA was related to higher scores on a measure of father’s rejection, and the interaction between parental drinking status and whether the respondent had lived with both parents during childhood. Further analysis of this interaction suggests that when respondents reported living with both biological parents, they were most at risk for CSA when their father was a nondrinker and their mother was a drinker.
Characterization of acylfulvene histiospecific toxicity in human tumor cell lines.

Purpose: Acylfulvene derivatives demonstrate marked efficacy in xenograft carcinoma models as compared with the parent illudin compounds. To elucidate the increased therapeutic efficacy of acylfulvene analogs, we compared them with the illudin compounds in terms of their in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular accumulation and DNA incorporation. Methods: The cytotoxicity of various acylfulvene analogs was tested in vitro against a variety of tumor cell lines. Radiolabelled acylfulvene analog was prepared and used for cellular accumulation and DNA incorporation studies. Results: The prototype acylfulvene analog retained selective histiospecific toxicity towards myeloid leukemia and various carcinoma cell lines. In vitro killing of tumor cells by acylfulvene required up to a 30-fold increase in molecules per cell, as compared with illudin S, indicating that acylfulvene was less toxic on a cellular level. At equitoxic concentrations, acylfulvene incorporation into genomic tumor cell DNA was equivalent to illudin S suggesting that cellular metabolism has a role in acylfulvene cytotoxicity. Analysis of cellular accumulation of acylfulvene into tumor cells revealed a markedly higher Vmax for tumor cells, and a lower Vd for diffusion accumulation into other cells. Conclusions: The combination of higher Vmax and lower Vd may explain the increased in vivo efficacy of acylfulvene.
EvIdent: a Java-based fMRI data analysis application

EvIdentTM (EVent IDENTification) is a user-friendly, algorithm-rich, graphical environment for detecting, investigating, and visualizing novelty in a set of images. Novelty is identified for a region of interest and its associated characteristics. For functional magnetic resonance imaging, for instance, a characteristic of the region of interest is a time course, which represents the intensity value of voxels over several discrete instances in time. Originally developed for a platform-specific environment using proprietary technology, a new incarnation of EvIdent has been designed using an application programming interface called VIStATM (VISualization Through Analysis). VIStA is written in JavaTM and offers a sophisticated generalized data model, an extensible algorithm framework, and a suite of graphical user interface constructs. This paper describes EvIdent and some of its features, the rationale behind the design of VIStA, and the motivations and challenges of scientific programming using Java.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Response Error in Survey Reports of Earnings Information

Abstract This study examines response error in survey reports of earnings information to determine if systematic bias will exist in the responses of particular groups in a sample. The misreporting of earnings data is regressed upon the characteristics of the sample and of the jobs they held. Response error is found to regress significantly upon sex, age, education, training status (motivation to respond incorrectly), magnitude of reported earnings, interviewer familiarity with the schedule, and the number of hours employed. This leads to the conclusion that survey earnings data will require adjustments, other than those for sampling error, to remove the bias of response error.
Patient-selection criteria for panoramic radiography☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether selection criteria could be developed for the use of panoramic radiographs in the treatment planning of patients seeking dental care. A total of 1,424 patients were included in this 10-month study. Clinicians were asked to indicate what signs or symptoms caused them to order a panoramic radiograph. After the radiograph was taken, the referring clinician was asked to indicate the extent that the panoramic radiograph influenced the patient's care. The panoramic examination was found to be most productive in dentulous patients when no other radiographs were ordered and least productive in dentulous patients who had already had a full-mouth set of radiographs. Considering all patients, it is possible to reduce the number of panoramic examinations by 73% while missing 6% of the findings that influence patient treatment. The most important selection criteria for the panoramic examination are whether the radiograph was ordered for a “general screening examination” (a negative predictor) and whether the radiograph was ordered for any specific examination (a positive predictor).
Arborescence polytopes for series-parallel graphs

Abstract In this paper, we consider some polytopes associated with arborescences in a series-parallel graph. Our main result is a complete characterization by linear inequalities of the convex hull of incidence vectors of rooted arborescences. As a consequence, we obtain a complete description of the Steiner arborescence polytype. We also suggest a new proof of Prodon et al.'s (1985) characterization of the dominant of the Steiner arborescence polytope. All our results are valid only if the underlying graph is series-parallel.
On the problem of doping semiconducting oxides

Abstract Electrical conductivity and Hall effect data obtained on doped semiconducting oxides are discussed. Specifically, attention is directed to the interpretations of these data when the native lattice defects are neglected. Lithium doped nickel oxide is treated as an example.
Serum apolipoprotein E in children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Serum apolipoprotein (apo) E levels and its relationship to lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions were examined in a random subsample (n = 561) of children and adolescents (7 to 17 years of age) from a total biracial community. Mean (+/- SD) levels of apo E were higher in blacks (males 4.8 +/- 1.8 mg/dL; females 5.2 +/- 1.8 mg/dL) than in whites (males 3.9 +/- 1.2 mg/dL; females 4.3 +/- 1.0 mg/dL) irrespective of sex (P less than .001). The black-white difference in apo E persisted after controlling for the covariates: sexual maturation, age, adiposity, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and oral contraceptive use (P less than .001). A sex differential (females greater than males, P less than .01) for apo E was seen in both racial groups. Apo E levels were inversely associated with age (P less than .01) and sexual maturation (P less than .05) only in white males. Apo E related positively and significantly to total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol fractions (HDL2-C and HDL3-C) in certain race-sex groups. Race, HDL2-C, triglycerides (very-low density lipoprotein cholesterol), HDL3-C, and sex were identified as predictor variables for apo E, in that order, and accounted for 21% of its variability in serum. It is conceivable that the observed race-sex differences in apo E may be related to apo E-HDL subfraction, which is thought to participate in the reverse cholesterol transport.
Comparison of Practice Patterns in Total Ankle Replacement and Ankle Fusion in the United States

Background:Although tibiotalar fusion has historically been considered the gold standard treatment for end-stage arthritis of the ankle, the performance of total ankle replacement appears to be gai...
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the lactone and carboxylate forms of a topoisomerase I inhibitor (the antitumor drug GI147211) in plasma.

A sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the quantitation of the lactone form (GI147211) of a topoisomerase I inhibitor and its carboxylate form (GI190421) from dog plasma. The method consists of two solid-phase extraction methods. The first method, referred to as the lactone-only method, utilizes a diol Bond Elut cartridge to separate the two forms and measures the lactone directly. The second method, referred to as the total method, converts the carboxylate form to the lactone through acidification of the plasma sample. Total lactone is then extracted from the sample using a C18 Bond Elut cartridge. The carboxylate is quantitated indirectly from the difference of the total and lactone-only. The range of the standard curve for the lactone-only method is 0.096–38.5 nM (0.05–20 ng/ml) and for the total method is 0.193–19.3 nM (0.1–10 ng/ml). This is the most sensitive method reported to date for a camptothecin analogue.
The Relationship Between Scores on the ICMIC and Selected Talent Domains: An Investigation With Gifted Adolescents

This investigation compared fantasy-proneness levels and IQ scores in gifted adolescents with primary talent areas in 1 of 4 domains: mathematics, computer science, creative writing, and chemistry. The Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings: Children’s Form (ICMIC; Myers, 1983) was used to assess fantasy-proneness. IQ scores were generated through the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT; Kaufman & Kaufman, 1990). The mean ICMIC score of the creative writing group was found to be statistically significantly higher than that of any of the other 3 groups. Across all groups, those ranking highest in fantasy-prone characteristics also scored highest in measured IQ.
No turning back: the peacetime revolutions of post-war Britain, by Paul Addison

No turning back: the peacetime revolutions of post-war Britain, by Paul Addison, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010, xiii + 449 pp., US$29.95 (cloth), ISBN 9780192192677 In Britain, peace since ...
Nuclear Estrogen Receptor Binding in the Preoptic Area and Hypothalamus of Pregnancy-Terminated Rats: Correlation with the Onset of Maternal Behavior

Terminating the pregnancies of female rats on day 16 (D 16) by hysterectomy and ovariectomy (HO) and administering estradiol benzoate (EB) systemically or centrally into the medial preoptic area (MPOA
Theory of Spin Waves in Nonferromagnetic Metals

A simple quantum-mechanical theory of spin waves in nonferromagnetic metals has been developed. This theory consists of a description of the spin-wave excitations superimposed on the paramagnetic Hartree-Fock ground state of an interacting electron gas subjected to a constant uniform magnetic field. Use has been made of a gauge-independent density-matrix formalism. It is shown that to first order in the magnetic field the transport equation for the transverse spin magnetization has the same form as the corresponding phenomenological Fermi-liquid equation proposed by Silin and by Platzman and Wolff. It is also shown that for large fields, such that the cyclotron radius is smaller than the interelectronic distance, the term in the transport equation related to the cyclotron motion of the electrons is not affected by the exchange interactions. The theory presented here lends additional credence to the validity of Platzman and Wolff's phenomenological analysis of the experimental spin-wave spectra in the alkali metals.
Sedimentation in San Diego Trough and Contributing Submarine Canyons

SUMMARY There are a series of basins off southern California, all presumably due to faulting of the broad continental borderland. Of these, San Diego Trough is the only one where sedimentation has gone on sufficiently to fill the basin depressions so that there is a continuous slope southward to where the trough connects with the deeper San Clemente Basin. This deposition has apparently come to a very great extent from turbidity currents moving down submarine canyons developing channeled fans at the canyon bases. All along the canyons and channels as well as across the fans and in San Diego Trough there are sequences of turbidite sands alternating with muddy sediments that represent the normal deep water sedimentation. Comparison of the coarse fraction from the sands and from the interbedded muds shows that the former are predominantly terrigenous in character whereas a large proportion of the latter are biogenous. Mica is quite low in the coarser sand layers but is abundant in the coarse fraction of the muds. Diatoms and radiolarians are largely confined to the mud layers where they may constitute a large percentage of the sand fraction. Study of the heavy and light minerals shows that the sediments of San Diego Trough are derived largely from the nearby land masses rather than having a considerable admixture from the north as would be the case if sediments were being brought down by turbidity currents coming into the trough from the north. The alterites are appa-rently lower in San Diego Trough than in the near shore source area which suggests that a supply of sediments may be picked up from the canyon or channel walls along the way to the trough. Also the finding of the only coarse sands in the middle reaches of the channels suggests local sources as does the general make up of these coarse sands. Despite these locally derived coarse sands the prevalence of very fine sand and the “mud” layers between sand layers suggest that the turbidity currents supplying sediments to San Diego Trough have low velocities or at any rate little erosive capacity.
Into and out of Africa – taking over from Denis Burkitt

Summary Denis Burkitt's description of the eponymous lymphoma in 1958 in Uganda, opened up a vast and important field of enquiry in haematology and oncology. His pioneering experiments with chemotherapy demonstrated the possibility of cure, often with a single dose. His geographical explorations showed the tumour to be delimited by climate, suggesting an infectious cause vectored by mosquitoes. His clinical observations furthered the field of cancer immunotherapy. And his collegial, inquisitive nature facilitated the development of an enduring cancer research centre in Kampala. Burkitt's legacy in Uganda has wide-reaching effects that endure not only in Uganda but also throughout the haematology-oncology community to this day.
A signaling framework to deter aggression in cyberspace

Abstract During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union constantly maneuvered to achieve superiority. When one nation was perceived to overstep its bounds, the other would signal its discontent by moving aircraft carrier groups, conducting military exercises, pursuing diplomatic actions or enforcing embargoes. These clear, but nuanced, signals may well have averted nuclear exchanges. The speed of the Internet coupled with its global connectivity and inextricable links to critical infrastructure assets render signaling just as important in cyberspace, especially as nation states and other actors are investing in cyber operations capabilities. This paper presents a flexible and intuitive framework for adversary–defender interactions involving ensembles of adversary stimuli and defender signals. Scenarios involving cyber operations on the electric power grid are used to clarify the signaling goals and corresponding “plays” executed by a defender in response to adversary actions.
Surface topography evolution during sliding wear of 2009 Al-SiCp/17-4 PH

Abstract The surface evolution during dry sliding wear of 2009 Al-20vol.%SiC p on 17-4 PH with differing SiC p sizes (4, 10, 13 and 29 μm) was investigated. Surface profilometry indicated, independent of composite reinforcement size, that the roughness ( R a and R q ) increased throughout the entire sliding distance, the larger (29 μm) particulate-reinforced composite showing a tendency for R a and R q to increase at a higher rate with sliding distance. The larger (29 μm) particulate-reinforced composite also displayed an R sk and R ku increase throughout the entire, 3600 m, sliding distance, while a decreasing R sk and increasing R ku between 360 and 3600 m were observed for the smaller (4, 10 and 13 μm) particulate-reinforced composites. These results suggest that the lower roughness after 3600 m observed in the small reinforcement composite vis a vis the larger particulate-reinforced composite is the result of a higher degree of peak removal, the valleys not being differently affected between the composites. This difference was attributed to differing third body behavior and wear mechanism between the investigated composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the SiC particulate reinforcement debris in the 4 μm composite were crushed into very fine particles during sliding and acted as a polishing agent while in the 29 μm composite, the initially larger ceramic debris acted as abrasive particles. Similarly scanning electron microscopy showed that adhesion-induced tribofracture and microcutting were the predominant wear mechanisms at smaller (4, 10, and 13 μm) reinforcement, while particulate cracking-induced subsurface delamination occurred in the large ceramic (29 μm) reinforced composites.
Utilization of Technology by Long-Term Care Providers Comparisons Between For-Profit and Nonprofit Institutions

Objective: We examine ownership differences in the use of technology in long-term care facilities. Method: We analyze two nationally representative surveys of administrators collected by the Center...
Plastic surgical reconstruction of left main coronary artery.

Objective(s): To report the early and mid-term results of surgical plasty of the left main coronary artery in 12 patients operated upon between 1993 and 1997.Methods: The anterior approach was used in all patients. Saphenous vein (n=4) or glutaraldehyde treated autologous pericardium (n=8) were used as patch material. Additional coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 7 patients, the first 3 as a safety back up, and for coexisting stenosis of other coronary branches not revascularized by the plastic procedure in the remaining 4.Results: Pathologic specimens of the left main coronary artery in 5 revealed atheroma in 3 and myxomatous intimal thickening in 2. The left main coronary artery was widely patent angiographically in all patients prior to discharge. Six patients consented to angiographic restudy 5–40 months after the procedure and revealed excellent results in 5. One patient upon whom autologous pericardial patch had been used underwent percutaneous coronary angioplasty for restenosis of the left main coronary artery and a new lesion of the proximal left anterior descending branch 5 months after the operation. There were no late deaths nor other cardiac events. All patients were in CCS class 1 at their last follow-up.Conclusions: Surgical angioplasty of the left main coronary artery could be used to revascularize the left heart safely in patients with a discrete localized lesion of the left main coronary artery and is particularly useful in the face of unavailability of other conduits.
High-Sensitivity Stable-Isotope Probing by a Quantitative Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Protocol

Stable-isotope probing (SIP) has proved a valuable cultivation-independent tool for linking specific microbial populations to selected functions in various natural and engineered systems. However, application of SIP to microbial populations with relatively minor buoyant density increases, such as populations that utilize compounds as a nitrogen source, results in reduced resolution of labeled populations. We therefore developed a tandem quantitative PCR (qPCR)–TRFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) protocol that improves resolution of detection by quantifying specific taxonomic groups in gradient fractions. This method combines well-controlled amplification with TRFLP analysis to quantify relative taxon abundance in amplicon pools of FAM-labeled PCR products, using the intercalating dye EvaGreen to monitor amplification. Method accuracy was evaluated using mixtures of cloned 16S rRNA genes, DNA extracted from low- and high-G+C bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus, Variovorax, and Microbacterium), and DNA from soil microcosms amended with known amounts of genomic DNA from bacterial isolates. Improved resolution of minor shifts in buoyant density relative to TRFLP analysis alone was confirmed using well-controlled SIP analyses.
Neuropsychological Assessment of Memory in Preschoolers

Memory is of fundamental importance for cognitive, social, and educational function, making it a target for neuropsychological assessment. The subject of this review is one particular type of memory, namely, episodic memory of unique events and experiences. Episodic memory allows for rapid, even one-trial learning of new information and retention of it for later retrieval. It depends on a particular neural substrate that undergoes a protracted developmental course. The review features discussion of some of the challenges associated with valid assessment of this specific form of memory in the preschool period, as well as a description and critical evaluation of available standardized measures. It also features description of two new approaches to assessment of episodic memory and their sensitivity to memory-specific deficits in the preschool years and in infancy. The review ends with introduction of the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test, designed as a measure of episodic memory in the preschool years and beyond.
Evaluation of Turfgrass Clippings as a Dietary Ingredient for the Growing Chick

Abstract Dried turfgrass clippings (TGC) were evaluated as a potential source of nutrients for poultry diets. Two groups of 168 male crossbred chicks were fed 23% crude protein (CP) corn-soybean meal diets with and without 5% TGC from hatching to 23 days of age. Weight gains were not reduced by the TGC addition, but gain/feed ratio was decreased slightly. Visual appraisal indicated considerably greater pigmentation of the skin and shanks in chicks fed TGC. Using corn gluten meal as a standard, TGC was found to have a bioavailable xanthophyll content roughly 4 times that of corn gluten meal. True metabolizable energy assessment of TGC was also carried out and a value of 2098 kcal/kg dry matter arrived at. The protein quality of TGC was evaluated in two assays. In the first assay 90 male crossbred chicks were fed isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets (10% CP; 3100 kcal ME/kg) containing either methionine-supplemented soybean meal (SBM), or TGC as the sole source of protein from 8 to 16 days posthatching. Weight gain and feed consumption were greater in chicks fed methionine-supplemented SBM than in those fed TGC, but gain/feed ratio and protein efficiency ratio (gain ÷ protein intake) were uninfluenced by source of protein. In the second protein quality assay, TGC, SBM, and dehydrated alfalfa meal were each fed at three levels of CP (3, 6, and 9%). Weight gain and gain/feed ratio were greatest in chicks fed TGC as the source of protein. Also, PER and net protein ratio (NPR) were greater for TGC than for dehydrated alfalfa meal at all levels of protein studied. However, PER and NPR values for TGC were greater than those for SBM only at 3 and 6% CP. It is apparent, therefore, that TGC has potential in poultry diets, not only for its xanthophyll content but also for its contribution of high-quality protein.
A Six-Degree-of-Freedom Acoustic Transducer for Rotation and Translation Measurements Across the Knee

An acoustic transducer design to measure the relative translations and rotations across the knee with no mechanical coupling between the tibia and femur is presented. Platforms attached to femoral and tibial tracking fixtures hold acoustic sources and receivers, respectively. The distance from each source to each receiver is measured by the acoustic transit time and the translations and rotations across the knee joint are computed. For rotations less than 30 deg around the expected operating position, the resolution of the transducer is 0.3 deg; for translations less than 1.5 cm around the expected operating position, the resolution is 0.03 cm. Theoretical error analysis using a Monte Carlo method shows that the uncertainty in the measurement depends on the relative position of the sources and receivers. The analysis predicts the worst case resolution of the transducer as 0.09 cm in translation and 0.6 deg in rotation when the receiver platform is translated 8.0 cm parallel to the source platform. The transducer and fixturing system are demonstrated on a cadaver specimen for applied anterior force and applied internal-external rotation. Errors due to (soft tissue) motion of the transducer relative to the bone during in vivo measurements are assessed on the cadaver specimen. For internal-external rotation the error due to soft tissue motion is a maximum of 0.5 cm in translation and 1.8 deg in rotation. For applied anterior force the error due to soft tissue motion is a maximum of 0.16 cm in translation and 2.7 deg in rotation.
Boundary Lubricated Friction Experiments With Coarse Surface Texture

Low-speed friction experiments were conducted under boundary lubrication in a pin-on-disk tester. The 304 stainless steel disk had smooth areas alternating with areas of coarse surface texture consisting of indents or macroscopic grooves, 0.3–0.4 mm in size and in area fractions varying between 25 and 70%. The 3.2 mm flat pin was also SS304. The coarse texture has detrimental effects. For each pattern the friction coefficient is greater than for the smooth areas. It becomes independent of load as boundary conditions set in. In comparing various patterns it is noted that this friction coefficient increases with pressure or with the amount of area removed to form the texture. It is suggested that partial removal of surface area to form the texture reduces the number of trapped liquid patches, which otherwise can provide low-friction load support. The coarse texture may also conduct lubricant away from the contact area.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
DNA melting temperatures and renaturation rates in concentrated alkylammonium salt solutions.

DNA melting temperatures and renaturation rates have been determined for Me2Et2NBr and a series of RMe3NBr and REt3NBr solvents where R is a linear hydrocarbon chain. The point of independence of DNA melting temperature on base composition has been investigated for each solvent system. Renaturation rates are compared with those found in other concentrated salt solutions. Solvent mixtures which accelerate DNA renaturation have also been investigated.
Sensitivity of a thermodynamic sea ice model with leads to time step size

The characteristics of sea ice models, developed to study the physics of the growth and melt of ice at the ocean surface and the variations in ice extent, depend on the size of the time step. Thus, to study longer-term variations within a reasonable computer budget, a model with a scheme allowing longer time steps has been constructed. However, the results produced by the model can definitely depend on the length of the time step. The sensitivity of a model to time-step size can be reduced by appropriate approaches. The present investigation is concerned with experiments which use a formulation of a lead parameterization that can be considered as a first step toward the development of a lead parameterization suitable for a use in long-term climate studies.
Report of the independent expert on the question of humanrights and extreme poverty in Ireland

Page 9 34. A number of recent measures are concerning in this respect, especially reductions in child benefits and benefits for job seekers, carers, single parent families, persons with disabilities and blind persons. The impact of these measures will be exacerbated by funding reductions for a number of social services which are essential for the same vulnerable people, including disability, community and voluntary services, Travellers supports, drug outreach initiatives, rural development schemes, the Revitalising Areas by Planning, Investment and Development (RAPID) programme and Youthreach. 35. By adopting these measures, Ireland runs a high risk of excluding those most in need of support and ignoring the needs of the most vulnerable. In particular, due to multiple forms of entrenched discrimination, women are especially vulnerable to the detrimental effects of reductions in social services and benefits. The independent expert notes the commitment in the PGNR to refrain from further reducing social protection benefits,26 but urges the State to take immediate steps to put in place protections to ensure that the situation of the most excluded and disadvantaged groups do not deteriorate further as a result of these measures.
THE OCCURRENCE AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PUTATIVE PLACENTAL TRANSFER CELLS IN THE GREEN ALGA COLEOCHAETE

Following fertilization, zygotes of the green alga Coleochaete orbicularis, which are retained on the haploid thallus, first enlarge, then become covered with a layer of vegetative cells. Light microscopy and high-voltage electron microscopy revealed the presence of localized wall ingrowths in vegetative cells adjacent to zygotes. These covering cells resemble the gametophytic placental transfer cells of embryophytes in their morphology, location, and time of development. If Coleochaete cells with wall protuberances function as do placental transfer cells of embryophytes, their presence is evidence that photosynthates may be transported between haploid thallus cells and zygotes. Thus, a nutritional relationship between different phases of the life cycle, similar to that which occurs in embryophytes, may also have evolved in green algae. This first report of putative placental transfer cells in a green alga supports Bower's (1908) ideas concerning the origin of land plant sporophytes and alternation of generations. The presence or absence of cells with wall ingrowths in several species of Coleochaete was correlated with estimates of zygote-plant area ratios.
The extrafloral nectaries of Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae)

A B S T R A C T lpomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae) possesses two types of extrafloral nectaries, located on the petiole and on the pedicel. These secrete a complex nectar containing sugars and amino acids. The insects attracted to the extrafloral nectaries are predominantly ants and they are relatively abundant throughout the year. A number of incidents of plant defense as a result of the presence of extrafloral nectary visitors at the extrafloral nectaries of I. carnea were observed and are consistent with the ant-guard theory of the function of extrafloral nectaries. RECENTLY, increased attention has been given to the question of the function of extrafloral nectaries and particularly to the hypothesis that the ecological function of these nectaries is to attract ants which protect the plant (Elias, 1972; Elias and Gelband, 1975; Elias, Rozich, and Newcombe, 1975; Bentley, 1976; 1977). In this paper the activity of the extrafloral nectaries of a tropical dry forest vine, Ipomoea carnea (Convolvulaceae), is described and evidence is given that supports the contention that extrafloral nectaries function to attract insects which are protective to the plant. Extrafloral nectaries are glands which secrete an aqueous solution of sugar and other chemicals (Baker and Baker, 1973) that can be found on aboveground parts of plants outside the flower. They occur in a variety of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous families (Zimmermann, 1932; Schnell, Cusset, and Quenum, 1963). The morphology and chemical composition of extrafloral nectaries have been analysed in a number of cases. Nevertheless, the function of extrafloral nectaries is not well established. In the case of ant-inhabited acacias, extrafloral nectaries have been shown to provide the major source of sugar for the resident ant population