cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated salt appetite and brain binding of angiotensin II in mineralocorticoid-treated rats.

Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) and aldosterone levels increase with sodium deficiency, promoting sodium conservation and arousing a salt appetite in rats. The mechanism(s) by which these two hormones interact of produce salt appetite is not known. The experiments reported here tested the possibility that increased mineralocorticoids change the number and/or affinity of Ang receptors in the brain. Rats were given a series of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) injections (500 μg/day, s.c., for 4 days) which are known to produce a salt appetite when given in conjunction with an intracerebroventricular injection of Ang. The binding of 125 I-Ang II to membranes prepared from the septal-anteroventral third ventricular region was then examined. DOCA treatment resulted in a significant increase in the number of Ang binding sites ( B max ) with no change in binding affinity ( K d ). The binding of 125 I-Ang II was then investigated in membranes prepared from 12 other brain regions as well as the pituitary and adrenal gland, showing that the increase in binding capacity occurred in ony a few specific brain regions. A tthir experiment verified that the DOCA treatment used here was sufficient to arouse a salt appetite when combined with a single intracerebroventricular injection of Ang II. The mechanism that underlies the production of salt appetite by aldosterone and Ang II may at least partially consist of mineralocorticoid-induced increases in the number of Ang receptors in discrete brain regions.
Arthritis in the family practice setting: Associations with education and community poverty

Objective To examine associations of self-reported arthritis in 25 urban and rural family practice clinics with education (individual socioeconomic status) and community poverty (community socioeconomic status). Methods A total of 7,770 patients at 25 family practice sites across North Carolina self-reported whether they had arthritis. Education was measured as less than a high school (HS) degree, a HS degree, and more than a HS degree. The US Census 2000 block group poverty rate (percentage of households in poverty in that block group) was grouped into low, middle, and high tertiles. We assumed heterogeneity by race (non-Hispanic white and African American) for the effects of these sociodemographic variables, and therefore stratified by race. Multilevel analyses were performed using a 2-level mixed logistic model to examine the independent associations and joint effects of education and poverty with self-reported arthritis as the outcome, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Results White participants with less than a HS degree living in block groups with high poverty had 1.55 times the odds (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.10–2.17) of reporting arthritis compared with white participants with more than a HS degree and low poverty rates. African American participants with less than a HS degree and high poverty rates had 2.06 times the odds (95% CI 1.16–3.66) of reporting arthritis compared with African American participants with more than a HS degree and low poverty rates. Conclusion In the family practice setting, both disadvantaged white and African American participants showed increased odds of self-reported arthritis, with stronger associations in African Americans.
Monitoring Protein Synthesis One Codon at a Time through Ribosome Profiling

The ability to sequence genomes has far outstripped approaches for deciphering the information they encode. We have developed a suite of techniques based on ribosome profiling (deep sequencing of ribosome protected fragments) that dramatically expand our ability to follow translation in vivo. I will present recent applications of our ribosome profiling approach including the following: (1) Development of ribosome profiling protocols for a wide variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. (2) Uses of ribosome profiling to globally monitor when chaperones, targeting factors or processing enzymes engage nascent chains. (3) Deciphering the driving force and biological consequences underlying the choice of synonymous codons.
Combined external beam radiotherapy and Pd-103 brachytherapy boost improves biochemical failure free survival in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: results of a matched pair analysis.

BACKGROUND. Dose escalation has resulted in improved biochemical control in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with conformal external beam radiation (EBRT). Conformal dose distributions may also be achieved with brachytherapy. Therefore, biochemical control was evaluated for patients treated with combined external radiation therapy and low dose rate brachytherapy (EBRT + LDR). METHODS. A matched pair analysis was performed to compare biochemical control of patients treated with EBRT + LDR to patients treated with EBRT alone. The study endpoints were biochemical control and late toxicities. RESULTS. The 5-year biochemical failure free survival (BFFS) was 86% for patients treated with EBRT + LDR and 72% for patients treated with EBRT (P = 0.03). Both treatments were associated with comparable incidences of late genitourinary (GU) side effects (18-19%). Late rectal toxicity was decreased by 15% in patients treated with EBRT + LDR (P = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS. These results support EBRT followed by brachytherapy boost as a safe and effective method for dose escalation in the treatment of prostate cancer.
A New One-Cycle Directional Overcurrent Relay

This paper describes a new one-cycle directional overcurrent relay which is not limited in its application by lack of contact co-ordination. That contact coordination is important is indicated by the many incorrect relay operations which have been traced to the common practice of adding instantaneous attachment to directional overcurrent relays. For years it has been known that directional control is not sufficient for instantaneous directional over-current relays. This paper describes a new application of ``memory action'' which for the first time complements directional control to give always correct operation. The new idea is to use ``memory action'' to obtain a time delay in the operation of the overcurrent unit in the order of one-half cycle. Of course ``memory action'' is also used in the directional element to retain a high torque level even if the fault causes drastic voltage reduction. Both elements are of the rugged induction cylinder.
Cerebellum morphogenesis: the foliation pattern is orchestrated by multi-cellular anchoring centers

Background The cerebellum has a striking morphology consisting of folia separated by fissures of different lengths. Since folia in mammals likely serve as a broad platform on which the anterior-posterior organization of the sensory-motor circuits of the cerebellum are built, it is important to understand how such complex morphology arises.
Demonstration of quantum logic gates in liquid crystal nuclear magnetic resonance

1H–13C heteronuclear dipolar couplings are used to produce the NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) version of a two bit controlled-NOT quantum logic gate. This gate is coupled with the Hadamard gate to complete a circuit which generates the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) state which is the maximally entangled state of a pair of spins. The EPR state is crucial for the potential exponential speed advantage of quantum computers over their classical counterparts. We sample the deviation density matrix of the two spin system to verify the presence of the EPR state. EPR state lifetimes are also measured with this technique, thereby demonstrating the viability of liquid crystals as a platform for quantum computing.
The Star Exponential and Path Integrals on Compact Groups II: The Weyl Character Formula

This is a continuation of the work begun by Cadavid and Nakashima inLett. Math. Phys. 23, 111–115 (1991). An expression for the Weyl Character Formula is obtained in terms of the star-product path integral; and the relationship between the star-product path integral and the path integral developed on coadjoint orbits is established.
Effect of MoS2 and WS2 Nanotubes on Nanofriction and Wear Reduction in Dry and Liquid Environments

Nano-objects in dry and liquid conditions have shown reductions in friction and wear on the macroscale. Studies in low viscosity liquids with nanoparticles and nanotubes made of lubricating materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2) are limited. In this research, MoS2 and WS2 nanotubes with spherical gold (Au) nano-objects as a control are studied on the nanoscale under dry and low viscosity liquid environments for their effect on friction and wear reduction. Atomic forces microscopy (AFM) experiments on the nanoscale are performed in single-nano-object contact with an AFM tip, where nano-objects are laterally manipulated and multiple nano-object contact with a tip attached to a glass sphere sliding over several nano-objects. Wear tests were performed on the nanoscale by means of AFM as well as on the macroscale using a ball-on-flat tribometer to relate friction and wear reduction on both scales. Results indicate that nano-objects such as MoS2 and WS2 nanotubes contribute to friction and wear reduction due to the reduced contact area and the possible rolling and sliding on the nanoscale. On the macroscale, reductions in friction and wear occur due to possible exfoliation of outer layers in addition to other mechanisms just mentioned.
Lip and perioral defects

Reconstruction of the lip and perioral region presents a myriad of problems, as deformities of this region can produce both aesthetic deformation and functional difficulties. This article reviews basic principles of lip reconstruction, emphasizing the differences between defects of the upper and lower lip.
Beat-to-beat respiratory motion correction with near 100% efficiency: a quantitative assessment using high-resolution coronary artery imaging.

This study quantitatively assesses the effectiveness of retrospective beat-to-beat respiratory motion correction (B2B-RMC) at near 100% efficiency using high-resolution coronary artery imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) spiral images were obtained in a coronary respiratory motion phantom with B2B-RMC and navigator gating. In vivo, targeted 3D coronary imaging was performed in 10 healthy subjects using B2B-RMC spiral and navigator gated balanced steady-state free-precession (nav-bSSFP) techniques. Vessel diameter and sharpness in proximal and mid arteries were used as a measure of respiratory motion compensation effectiveness and compared between techniques. Phantom acquisitions with B2B-RMC were sharper than those acquired with navigator gating (B2B-RMC vs. navigator gating: 1.01±0.02 mm−1 vs. 0.86±0.08 mm−1, P<.05). In vivo B2B-RMC respiratory efficiency was significantly and substantially higher (99.7%±0.5%) than nav-bSSFP (44.0%±8.9%, P<.0001). Proximal and mid vessel sharpnesses were similar (B2B-RMC vs. nav-bSSFP, proximal: 1.00±0.14 mm−1 vs. 1.08±0.11 mm−1, mid: 1.01±0.11 mm−1 vs. 1.05±0.12 mm−1; both P=not significant [ns]). Mid vessel diameters were not significantly different (2.85±0.39 mm vs. 2.80±0.35 mm, P=ns), but proximal B2B-RMC diameters were slightly higher (2.85±0.38 mm vs. 2.70±0.34 mm, P<.05), possibly due to contrast differences. The respiratory efficiency of B2B-RMC is less variable and significantly higher than navigator gating. Phantom and in vivo vessel sharpness and diameter values suggest that respiratory motion compensation is equally effective.
Direct photons at RHIC — Preliminary results and prospects

Penetrating probes like direct photons were always considered a crucial tool to study the initial conditions established in relativistic heavy ion collisions and to possibly map out the entire time history of the collision. Technically, however, the direct photon measurement is very challenging, primarily due to the large photon background from hadron decays. Now that after the first three years of RHIC operations the hadron spectra are well established there is an increased interest in the community to extract the spectrum of direct (non-hadronic) photons both from p+p, d+Au and Au+Au data. This paper reports on the currently available results and assesses what new results might be expected in the near future.
The Reform Bubble Bursts

Books reviewed in this article: Columbia Accident Investigation Board, Report, Volume One
Silicon integrated nanophotonics: from fundamental science to manufacturable technology (Presentation Video)

The IBM Silicon Nanophotonics technology enables cost-efficient optical links that connect racks, modules, and chips together with ultralow power single-die optical transceivers. I will give an overview of its historical development, technology differentiators, current status and a roadmap.
Embeddings on a boolean cube

In this paper, we characterize a class of graphs which can be embedded on a boolean cube. Some of the graphs in this class are identified with the well known graphs such asmulti-dimensional mesh of trees, tree of meshes, etc. We suggest (i) an embedding of anr-dimensional mesh of trees ofnr(r+1)−rnr−1 nodes on a boolean cube of (2n)r nodes, and (ii) an embedding of a tree of meshes with 2n2 logn+n2 nodes on a boolean cube withn2 exp2 (log (2 logn+1)]) nodes.
COMMUNITY-BASED, PRIMARY PREVENTION PROGRAMS IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

An increasing amount of evidence suggests that there is a relationship between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular health. This effect may be greatest among low income and minority patients. More research is needed determine the best way to reduce these psychological stressors, while improving
Purification of the human intestinal brush border membrane.

A method is described to obtain brush border,i.e. microvillus membranes, from human intestinal epithelial cells. It is based on the sequential use of CaCl2, differential centrifugation and Tris. The final preparation contains no DNA, no succinate dehydrogenase, traces only of (Na+K+)-ATPase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and β-glucuronidase and is characterized by a high specific activity in brush border membrane markers as well as its appearance on electron micrographs. The method may be applied to fresh or frozen intestine, to surgical specimens or peroral jejunal biopsies.
Evaluation of Physical Examination Skills: Reliability of Faculty Observers and Patient Instructors

Effective teaching of physical examination skills requires an evaluation system that can identify trainees who need further instruction. To study the evaluation of physical examination skills by faculty observers and patient instructors, the reliability of their observation of medical students performing a general physical examination was measured. Faculty observers did not reliably evaluate 32% of examination skills. Faculty agreement was lowest when observing components of the head, neck, and abdominal examinations. Patient instructors, with limited faculty training, reliably evaluated 83% of those skills that were reliably assessed by the faculty. These findings demonstrate limitations in the current methods of evaluating performance and point out the need to examine systems of trainee assessment. ( JAMA 1987;258:3405-3408)
"Coming through the fog, coming over the moors": the impact on pediatric oncologists of caring for seriously ill children.

Background. Pediatric palliative care has made substantial strides in the past decade; less attention has focused on providing emotional support to the pediatric oncologist.Methods. I interviewed a total of 30 pediatric oncologists throughout the United States using a semistructured interview guide; anxiety and depression scales were administered. Major themes were identified.Results. Most (57%) had experienced serious illnesses during their own childhood or adolescence; 77% had experienced significant medical events in their parents or siblings prior to adulthood.Conclusions. Pediatric oncologists need help mastering their own healing so they can be helpful to patients and families.
US nonfuels minerals policy

Abstract Nonfuels minerals policy in the USA flows from the differential and unique reactions of these industries to general economic policies in the areas of taxation, land use, environment, and international trade. To search for nonfuels minerals policy as direct statements by the US government on nonfuels minerals is futile. Nevertheless, the industries are unique in many characteristics, and the application of these general policies to the minerals industries creates unique situations. This uniqueness has been recognized by a virtually constant policy review over the past 10 years. The current effort is just beginning, and to prejudge now the outcome of this discussion is premature. However, it is not premature to argue that because of the uniqueness of these industries, it may be expected that their problems will be receiving public attention for many years to come.
Design and Characterization of Novel Peptide-Coated Lipid Nanoparticles for Targeting Anti-HIV Drug to CD4 Expressing Cells

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues even during aggressive drug treatment, likely due to insufficient drug concentrations at this site. Therefore, to eliminate this residual virus, methods that enhance lymph node drug concentrations are currently being evaluated. Although enhanced drug concentrations in tissue have been achieved with drug-associated lipid nanoparticles, targeting these particles to CD4+ cells may provide specific delivery of drug to HIV target cells and further enhance drug efficacy. We have evaluated four candidate peptides with reported binding specificity to CD4 for anchoring on lipid nanoparticle preparations previously shown to localize in lymph nodes. Terminal cysteine containing candidate peptides were conjugated to lipid nanoparticles through maleimide-linked phopholipids for targeting to CD4 cells. Using fluorescently labeled lipid nanoparticle binding to cells with varying degree of CD4 expression (CEMx174, Molt-4, Jurkat, and Ramos), we indentified two peptide sequences that provided CD4 selectivity to nanoparticles. These two peptide candidates on lipid nanoparticles bound to cells corresponding to the degree of CD4 expression and in a peptide dose dependent manner. Further, binding of these targeted lipid nanoparticles was CD4 specific, as pre-exposure of CD4+ cells to anti-CD4 antibodies or free peptides inhibited the binding interactions. These results indicate targeting of lipid nanoparticles for specific binding to CD4 can be accomplished by tagging CD4 binding peptides with peptides, and these results provide a basis for further evaluation of this targeted delivery system to enhance antiviral drug delivery to CD4+ HIV host cells, particularly those in lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues.
SU‐E‐T‐848: Dose Mass — Based IMRT Inverse Planning for Radiotherapy of Thoracic Cancer

Purpose: The heterogeneity of lungtissue compromises the therapeutic quality of conventional dose‐volume based intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)treatment planning, particularly when the lung volume varies with patient's respiration. An innovative inverse planning strategy was developed based on the concept of dose mass constraint as a more physical descriptor of dose delivered to lung. Methods: To better represent the actual lung cells being damaged by ionizing radiation, lung mass rather than lung volume was introduced in the inverse planning process. The conversion from volume of each voxel to mass was achieved with its local density, which was obtained from the computed tomography(CT or Hounsfield) number as a function of density relationship that is used by the treatment planning system. The dose mass constraints for targets and critical structures were integrated into the optimization cost function. For instance, a mass constraint would limit the dose to 20% of the lung mass to 20 Gy or less(coined as M20). The dose‐mass based inverse planning was applied on six thoracic cancer patients. To assess the dosimetric impact, comparisons were made between the dose mass histograms (DMH) and the dose volume histograms (DVH) and resulting dose distributions. Results: While the same planning target volume was covered, dose to lung from the DMH based plans were about 2% lower than DVH based plans. Lower doses could have important implications in terms of therapeutic effects. Conclusions: Dose mass‐based IMRT inverse planning framework was successfully implemented to take into account tissue density variations during plan optimization. Preliminary results suggest that gains in terms of lower dose to healthy lung are possible.
Microfabricated Retarding Potential Analyzers With Enforced Aperture Alignment for Improved Ion Energy Measurements in Plasmas

We report novel retarding potential analyzers (RPAs) intended to measure the ion energy distribution of cold, high-density plasmas ( $\lambda _{D}> 50~\mu \text{m}$ , i.e., $T_{e}/n_{i} \ge 5.25\times 10^{-13}~\text{K}\,\cdot \,\text{m}^{-3}$ , e.g., $T_{e}\sim 2$ eV and $n_{i}\sim 5\times 10^{16}~\text{m}^{-3}$ ; total pressure $\sim 40$ mTorr). By scaling down the electrode apertures and electrode separation, densely packing apertures in each electrode, and enforcing interelectrode aperture alignment, the sensor measures ion energy distribution with larger signal-to-noise ratio and resolution compared with a conventional RPA. Two implementations are demonstrated, i.e., a hybrid retarding potential analyzer (RPA) with microfabricated grids and precision-machined housing, and a fully microfabricated microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) RPA with deflection springs that enforce aperture alignment across the electrode grid stack. Using an ion source, the MEMS RPA generated data with an order of magnitude larger signal and one third the peak width compared with the data from a conventional RPA. Unlike the conventional RPA, the hybrid and MEMS RPAs were able to measure the ion energy distribution of high-density plasma from a helicon source over a wide range of power levels; however, the MEMS RPA generated data with larger signal strength and resolution, with as much as a 200-fold increase in signal strength and less than half the full width at half maximum, compared with the data from the hybrid RPA. The hybrid RPA and MEMS RPA plasma data are consistent with measurements from an independent double Langmuir probe installed in the facility. [2014-0282]
Dynamics of a Benzo[a]pyrene-derived Guanine DNA Lesion in TGT and CGC Sequence Contexts: Enhanced Mobility in TGT Explains Conformational Heterogeneity, Flexible Bending, and Greater Susceptibility to Nucleotide Excision Repair

The nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery excises a variety of bulky DNA lesions, but with varying efficiencies. The structural features of the DNA lesions that govern these differences are not well understood. An intriguing model system for studying structure-function relationships in NER is the major adduct derived from the reaction of the highly tumorigenic metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene, (+)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide, with the exocyclic amino group of guanine ((+)-trans-anti-[BP]-N(2)-dG, or G*). The rates of incision of the stereochemically identical lesions catalyzed by the prokaryotic UvrABC system was shown to be greater by a factor of 2.3+/-0.3 in the TG*T than in the CG*C sequence context [Biochemistry 46 (2007) 7006-7015]. Here we employ molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the origin of the greater excision efficiency in the TG*T case and, more broadly, to delineate structural parameters that enhance NER. Our results show that the BP aromatic ring system is 5'-directed along the modified strand in the B-DNA minor groove in both sequence contexts. However, the TG*T modified duplex is much more dynamically flexible, featuring more perturbed and mobile Watson-Crick hydrogen bonding adjacent to the lesion, a greater impairment in stacking interactions, more dynamic local roll/bending, and more minor groove flexibility. These characteristics explain a number of experimental observations concerning the (+)-trans-anti-[BP]-N(2)-dG adduct in double-stranded DNA with the TG*T sequence context: its conformational heterogeneity in NMR solution studies, its highly flexible bend, and its lower thermal stability. By contrast, the CG*C modified duplex is characterized by a single BP conformation and a rigid bend. While current recognition models of bulky lesions by NER factors have stressed the importance of impaired Watson-Crick pairing/stacking and bending, our results highlight the likelihood of an important role for the local dynamics in the vicinity of the lesion.
Leakage and Power Loss Test Results for Competing Turbine Engine Seals

Advanced brush and finger seal technologies offer reduced leakage rates over conventional labyrinth seals used in gas turbine engines. To address engine manufacturers concerns about the heat generation and power loss from these contacting seals, brush, finger, and labyrinth seals were tested in the NASA High Speed, High Temperature Turbine Seal Test Rig. Leakage and power loss test results are compared for these competing seals for operating conditions up to 922 K (1200 F) inlet air temperature, 517 KPa (75 psid) across the seal, and surface velocities up to 366 m/s (1200 ft/s).
Visually guided injection of identified reticulospinal neurons in zebrafish: a survey of spinal arborization patterns.

We report here the pattern of axonal branching for 11 descending cell types in the larval brainstem; eight of these cell types are individually identified neurons. Large numbers of brainstem neurons were retrogradely labeled in living larvae by injecting Texas-red dextran into caudal spinal cord. Subsequently, in each larva a single identified cell was injected in vivo with Alexa 488 dextran, using fluorescence microscopy to guide the injection pipette to the targeted cell. The filling of cells via pressure pulses revealed distinct and often extensive spinal axon collaterals for the different cell types. Previous fills of the Mauthner cell had revealed short, knob-like collaterals. In contrast, the two segmental homologs of the Mauthner cell, cells MiD2cm and MiD3cm, showed axon collaterals with extensive arbors recurring at regular intervals along nearly the full extent of spinal cord. Furthermore, the collaterals of MiD2cm crossed the midline at frequent intervals, yielding bilateral arbors that ran in the rostral-caudal direction. Other medullary reticulospinal cells, as well as cells of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF), also exhibited extensive spinal collaterals, although the patterns differed for each cell type. For example, nMLF cells had extensive collaterals in caudal medulla and far-rostral spinal cord, but these collaterals became sparse more caudally. Two cell types (CaD and RoL1) showed arbors projecting ventrally from a dorsally situated stem axon. Additional cell-specific features that seemed likely to be of physiological significance were observed. The rostral-caudal distribution of axon collaterals was of particular interest because of its implications for the descending control of the larva's locomotive repertoire. Because the same individual cell types can be identified from fish to fish, these anatomical observations can be directly linked to data obtained in other kinds of experiments. For example, 9 of the 11 cell types examined here have been shown to be active during escape behaviors.
Reinterventions after repair of common arterial trunk in neonates and young infants

OBJECTIVES To determine rates of reintervention after repair of common arterial trunk in the neonatal and early infant periods. BACKGROUND With improving success in the early treatment of common arterial trunk, the need for reinterventional procedures in older children, adolescents and adults will become an increasingly widespread concern in the treatment of these patients. METHODS We reviewed our experience with 159 infants younger than four months of age who underwent complete primary repair of common arterial trunk at our institution from 1975 to 1998, with a focus on postoperative reinterventions. RESULTS Of 128 early survivors, 40 underwent early reinterventions for persistent mediastinal bleeding or other reasons. During a median follow-up of 98 months (range, 2 to 235 months), 121 reinterventions were performed in 81 patients. Actuarial freedom from reintervention was 50% at four years, and freedom from a second reintervention was 75% at 11 years. A total of 92 conduit reinterventions were performed in 75 patients, with a single reintervention in 61 patients, 2 reinterventions in 11 patients and 3 reinterventions in 3 patients. Freedom from a first conduit reintervention was 45% at five years. The only independent variable predictive of a longer time to first conduit replacement was use of an allograft conduit at the original repair (p = 0.05), despite the significantly younger age of patients receiving an allograft conduit (p < 0.001). Reintervention on the truncal valve was performed on 22 occasions in 19 patients, including 21 valve replacements in 18 patients and repair in 1, with a freedom from truncal valve reintervention of 83% at 10 years. Surgical (n = 29) or balloon (n = 12) reintervention for pulmonary artery stenosis was performed 41 times in 32 patients. Closure of a residual ventricular septal defect was required in 13 patients, all of whom underwent closure originally with a continuous suture technique. Eight of 16 late deaths were related to reintervention. CONCLUSIONS The burden of reintervention after repair of common arterial trunk in early infancy is high. Although conduit reintervention is inevitable, efforts should be made at the time of the initial repair to minimize factors leading to reintervention, including prevention of branch pulmonary artery stenosis and residual interventricular communications.
A patient with chronic hemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease presenting with mild dyspnea on exertion and a harsh systolic murmur.

41-YEAR-OLD, 71-kg, 188-cm man with a long history of hemodialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease resulting from chronic glomerulonephritis presented to the authors’ institution with a 6-month history of mild dyspnea on exertion. He was otherwise asymptomatic. The patient had undergone a cadaveric renal transplant 13 years before the current admission, but the transplanted kidney failed and was explanted 3 years later. He also had undergone a subtotal parathyroidectomy for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by renal failure. The patient was treated with hemodialysis 3 times per week through a left-arm fistula, which was well tolerated. He denied a history of syncope, angina pectoris, orthopnea, or peripheral edema. The physical examination was significant for a harsh, grade 4 of 6 holosystolic murmur that was heard best at the left upper sternal border accompanied by a thrill. The remainder of the cardiac and pulmonary physical examination was unremarkable. A chest x-ray revealed a mildly enlarged cardiac shadow, but no evidence of active pulmonary disease was observed. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed voltage criteria for left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy but was otherwise normal. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed the images shown in Figures 1 to 4. What is the diagnosis?
Optimization of a direct-current plasma emission echelle spectrometer

Abstract Simplex optimization and Box-Behnken partial factorial experimental design techniques were used to optimize the quantitative performance of a direct-current plasma system. Argon pressure and plasma position were selected as variables. The simplex optimization located the region of optimum sensitivity, and the partial factorial design generated quadratic equations describing the relationship between the variables in this area. Results compared well with the results of a univariate search done in the region of optimum sensitivity. Canonical analysis of the response-surface equations showed that there was no unique optimum, but rather a stationary ridge, with combinations of conditions which give similar sensitivities. Studies of response surfaces for imprecision and drift failed identify one optimal region. Comparison of the imprecision and drift contours with the sensitivity results showed that a significant improvement in precision or drift cannot be made by changing the instrumental conditions.
A developmental perspective on the use of metaphors in family therapy

Because families generally consist of individuals at various developmental levels, family therapists require interventions that are effective regardless of an individual's developmental status. Although metaphor has proven particularly beneficial in therapy, it may be ineffective in families with preschool children who have yet developed sufficient cognitive capacities and knowledge for understanding metaphors. Previewing, a prospective technique derived from interaction between parent and infant, may be used for communicating metaphors about future change to individuals regardless of developmental level. Previewing provides knowledge about development and stimulates the cognitive skills necessary for viewing the present as a metaphor for the future.
Age Influences on Multi-Dimensional Set Switching

Using a task switching paradigm, we investigated age effects on switch costs as a function of the number of sets to be switched. In Experiment 1, younger and older subjects determined a color or shape of an object presented on the computer screen, responding either by moving the joystick or by pressing a button on the joystick. The switch costs were assessed with differences between switch trials (task-set switch, response-set switch, and double switch) and non-switch trials. Contrary to the prediction that age would negatively influence performance on the double switch trials, age effects on switch costs were observed only for the single switch trials (i.e., response-set switch condition). Additionally, both younger and older adults were capable of preparing for task and response-set switches in parallel. In Experiment 2, we manipulated the time available to prepare for a task and response-set switch. Both younger and older adults were able to utilize extra time to reduce switch costs. Furthermore, the a...
Tyrosine-272 is involved in the inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 by multiple toxins.

Protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) is regulated by interaction with different subunits, which include several inhibitory proteins. It is also potently inhibited by several toxins of diverse origins. Recent work has identified a region near the C-terminus of PP1 (residues 274−277) whose modification was shown to moderate okadaic acid binding [Zhang et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16997−17000]. In this study, the role of this region in toxin binding was explored by site-directed mutagenesis. A residue (Tyr-272) was identified whose mutation had dramatic effects on the spectrum of inhibitor sensitivity of PP1. The IC50's of a number of mutants of Tyr-272 toward okadaic acid, tautomycin, calyculin A, microcystin-LR, nodularin, inhibitor-2, and cantharidic acid were determined and compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. The sensitivity of PP1 toward tautomycin and calyculin A was markedly decreased, by as much as 3 orders of magnitude, with lesser effects on okadaic acid and nodularin, and with microcystin-LR and...
Immunodot assay for determining the isotype and light chain type of murine monoclonal antibodies in unconcentrated hybridoma culture supernates

We describe a procedure for determining immunoglobulin isotype and light chain class of murine monoclonal antibodies. Isotype and light chain-specific antibodies are immobilized as dots on a strip of nitrocellulose filter paper. The immobilized antibodies retain binding specificity, and the strips are used in a type of ‘sandwich’ immunoassay wherein murine monoclonal immunoglobulins bound to the appropriate anti-isotype dot are detected with a peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse immunoglobulin reagent. The immunodot isotyping assay is specific and sensitive enough to detect mouse immunoglobulin present in ng/ml concentrations. It is as easy or easier to set up and perform than conventional isotyping techniques. It has the added advantages that it greatly conserves antisera reagents and can be performed on hybridoma culture supernates without the need to concentrate, expand, or purify them.
Tent Poles, Tribalism, and Boundary Spanning: The Rigor-Relevance Debate in Management Research

An examination of the gap that exists between business scholars who are concerned with producing work that is rigorous and scholars that are more concerned with work that is relevant. The author no...
Human stratified squamous epithelia differ in cellular fatty acid composition

The phospholipid component of the cellular membrane is crucial to the structure and function of cells. Basal cells from three epithelial tissues, adult human skin epidermis, oral mucosa, and hair follicles, grow rapidly in serum- and lipid-free medium. Analysis of phospholipid extracts from the above three types of stratified squamous epithelium in both in vivo and in vitro was done to relate fatty acid cell composition to cell function. The fatty acid composition of hair follicles in vivo was analyzed in plucked scalp hairs, and those of skin epidermis and oral mucosa in vivo were analyzed after separating the tissue into suprabasal and basal layers. The fatty acid composition of the in vivo cells from hair follicles shows a partial essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient state. There was no significant difference between the skin epidermis and the oral mucosa in the fatty acid composition of the in vivo cells from each basal layer. However, in the suprabasal layers, the percent of linoleic acid (18:2) from the skin epidermis was higher than that from the oral mucosa. This study shows that total fatty acid composition in cell membranes of stratified squamous epithelium varies with their keratinization pattern. When cultured, the three types of rapidly growing keratinocytes showed the same essential fatty acid deficient pattern in the membrane phospholipids.
Comparison of the morphine-sparing effects of diclofenac sodium and ketorolac tromethamine after major orthopedic surgery

Abstract Study Objectives: To compare the efficacy of diclofenac sodium with ketorolac tromethamine in reducing postoperative morphine use after major orthopedic surgery. Design: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Setting: Major teaching institution. Patients: 102 ASA physical status II patients undergoing hip and knee replacement with general anesthesia. Interventions: Before induction of anesthesia, patients were randomly allocated to receive intravenously either diclofenac sodium 75 mg (Group D), ketorolac tromethamine 60 mg (Group K), or placebo (Group P). Patient-controlled analgesia was supplied postoperatively using morphine. Measurements: Visual analog scale (VAS), verbal pain score (VPS), sedation score, frequency of opioid side effects, and morphine consumption were recorded every 4 hours. Main Results: There was a highly significant downward trend for VAS, VPS, and sedation scores over time, p = 0.001. The mean VAS and VPS scores were significantly lower in Groups D and K compared with Group P at time 0, p = 0.009 and 8 hours, p = 0.026. The mean (SD) 24-hour morphine requirements were 36.3 mg (16.9), 47.2 mg (34.9), and 51.6 mg (22.2) for Groups D, K, and P, respectively, p = 0.032. Fewer patients suffered from postoperative nausea and vomiting in the treatment groups (Groups D and K) compared with Group P (9, 8, and 19, respectively), p p Conclusions: Preoperative administration of intravenous diclofenac 75 mg or ketorolac 60 mg significantly reduces morphine requirements and associated side effects after major orthopedic surgery.
Market share and market power in merger and monopolization cases

In light of the growing sophistication of the tools of industrial organization economics and reliance on the federal courts to resolve complicated competitive issues, it may be time for the courts to make greater use of economists in analyzing antitrust cases. While the costs of such an endeavor remain unexplored, we argue below that the benefits may be significant. In particular, we assert that the legal precedent requiring the courts to draw inferences about market power based primarily or exclusively on market shares and/or market concentration1 can often be misleading. However, the only alternative to such judge-made bright-line rules is to utilize modern economic tools to undertake more extensive competitive analyses. The latter choice is essentially the course that the antitrust enforcement agencies are following. This article explores some of the arguments in favor of such an approach.
The Effects of Organic Solvent on the Ribosyl Transfer Reaction by Thermostable Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase and Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859

The effects of organic solvents on the reaction rate and equilibrium of the ribosyl transfer reaction catalyzed by thermostable purine nucleoside phosphorylase and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859 were examined at 60°C. The reaction rate in the presence of 10% acetone was 1.6 times higher than that of the control. Acetone was the best organic solvent among those tested for accelerating the reaction rate without denaturing the enzymes. On the other hand, the reaction rate in the presence of 5% ethyl acetate was 1.5 times higher than that of the control. However the enzymes were denatured completely after 1 h incubation. Consequently, the acceleration was not attributed to the stabilization of the enzymes. The equilibrium constants of the reaction were not influenced by the presence of acetone, methyl or ethyl alcohols.
Separation of concerns for evolving systems: a stability-driven approach

This paper describes an approach for separating and modeling concerns while considering system evolution. The objective is to reduce the need for re-separation and re-modeling of concerns when the system evolves in response to new or modified requirements. Software Stability Model (SSM) and the theory of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) are used to analyze and encapsulate concerns into modules that are less likely to change over time. The approach is described and demonstrated through an example.
Dynamic FPGA routing for just-in-time FPGA compilation

Just-in-time (JIT) compilation has previously been used in many applications to enable standard software binaries to execute on different underlying processor architectures. However, embedded systems increasingly incorporate Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), for which the concept of a standard hardware binary did not previously exist, requiring designers to implement a hardware circuit for a single specific FPGA. We introduce the concept of a standard hardware binary, using a just-in-time compiler to compile the hardware binary to an FPGA. A JIT compiler for FPGAs requires the development of lean versions of technology mapping, placement, and routing algorithms, of which routing is the most computationally and memory expensive step. We present the Riverside On-Chip Router (ROCR) designed to efficiently route a hardware circuit for a simple configurable logic fabric that we have developed. Through experiments with MCNC benchmark hardware circuits, we show that ROCR works well for JIT FPGA compilation, producing good hardware circuits using an order of magnitude less memory resources and execution time compared with the well known Versatile Place and Route (VPR) tool suite. ROCR produces good hardware circuits using 13X less memory and executing 10X faster than VPR's fastest routing algorithm. Furthermore, our results show ROCR requires only 10% additional routing resources, and results in circuit speeds only 32% slower than VPR's timing-driven router, and speeds that are actually 10% faster than VPR's routability-driven router.
Characterization of a mutant Leishmania donovani deficient in adenosine kinase activity.

Abstract From a mutagenized population of wildtype Leishmania donovani promastigotes, a clonal cell line, TUBA2, was isolated by virtue of its ability to survive and grow in 20 μM tubercidin (7-deazaadenosine). The TUBA2 clone was also 1000-fold less sensitive than the parental line to growth inhibition by formycin A, another cytotoxic adenosine analog. Parental and mutant cells, however, were equally sensitive to growth inhibition by formycin B, allopurinol riboside, and 6-thioguanosine. Mutant cell extracts, unlike those prepared from wildtype cells, did not phosphorylate radiolabelled adenosine, tubercidin, or formycin A. Intact adenosine kinase-deficient cells did not accumulate exogenous tubercidin or formycin A but incorporated [ 14 C]adenosine at rates 25% of those found for parental cells. The uptake data suggest that adenosine kinase plays an important role in the metabolism of adenosine but indicate alternative metabolic pathways for this nucleoside. The metabolism of adenosine to the nucleotide level in TUBA2 cells appears to be initiated via deribosylation to adenine. Significant amounts of both adenosine hydrolytic and adenosine phosphorylytic activities have been detected in L. donovani promastigotes. Furthermore, L. donovani extracts could slowly catalyze the deamination of formycin A. The isolation and characterization of adenosine kinase-deficient cells has provided considerable insight into the function of the purine pathway in L. donovani .
Phase diagram of carbon at high pressures and temperatures.

We have made a systematic study of solid and liquid phases of carbon over a wide range of pressures and temperatures using first-principles molecular dynamics. Our simulations elucidate three aspects of the phase diagram: (1) the melting of the simple cubic phase at 35--40 Mbar; (2) structural changes in the liquid in the range of 4--10 Mbar; and (3) the melting of the BC-8 phase at \ensuremath{\sim}22 Mbar. We combine the results of these three investigations to construct a proposed phase diagram for carbon. In particular, we find that above \ensuremath{\sim}6 Mbar the liquid state has approximately sixfold coordination, and, consequently, that the melting temperatures of the solids in this pressure range tend to decrease with increasing pressure. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Creating Stories of Hope: A Narrative Approach to Illness, Death and Grief

A narrative approach allows psychosocial teams to stand alongside children who have cancer, or life-threatening illnesses, and their families at critical times and to create stories of agency. Rather than dwelling on stories of loss and despair that potentially enfeeble families, a narrative approach builds on stories of strength that engender hope by asking questions that separate the person from the problem. Developing such stories supports people in taking action against the effects of cancer. It also facilitates the formation of a legacy that can sustain family members, even after the death of a child. This legacy serves as the foundation for remembering the dead, folding their stories into the lives of the living, and constructing lines of relational connection that can transcend physical death. Not only do families benefit from this approach, but the psychosocial team that provides professional and medical services can be uplifted through witnessing practices of strength and love in the face of hardship.