cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Benzylidene Dibenzo[ a, d ]cycloheptenes: Over-Reduction of Antiaromatic Dianions to Aromatic Tetraanions

The antiaromaticity of a series of dianions of p-substituted benzylidene dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenes was examined through calculated measures of antiaromaticity. The nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) and magnetic susceptibility exaltation both showed substantial antiaromatic character in the benzannulated tropylium anion. When the antiaromaticity was normalized for the area of the ring, these tropylium anions were shown to be among the most antiaromatic anions in the chemical literature. Attempts to make the dianion through reduction with lithium or potassium gave the tetraanion as the only species observable in the (1)H NMR spectrum. Quench of the reaction mixture with trimethylsilyl chloride or D(2)O confirmed the presence of the tetraanion, but only as a small portion of the reaction mixture, with the major product being unreacted starting material. The failure to observe starting material was attributed to similarities in the structures of the starting material and anion radical (first reduction), allowing rapid electron transfer between them. The inability to see the dianion (second reduction) could be the result of the very small HOMO-LUMO gap anticipated for highly antiaromatic species, which would allow access to diradical species. The magnitude of the HOMO-LUMO gap was determined by the difference between the HOMO and LUMO energies from geometry optimization and the lowest energy transition from TD-DFT calculations. The HOMO-LUMO gap for the benzylidene dibenzocycloheptatriene dianions was shown to be much smaller than the HOMO-LUMO gap of species for which (1)H NMR spectra had been observed.
Clicking to Learn During the 2008 Presidential Election: Why Capturing Channel Switching Matters

This article examines the effect that channel switching among news programs has on knowledge of the issue stands of the 2008 presidential candidates. Past studies focused on news-to-non-news-switch...
Scapular and clavicular kinematics during humeral elevation: A study with cadavers * ** *

A combination of kinematic testing and graphic reconstruction of cadaveric shoulders was used to characterize shoulder kinematics during a simulated passive clinical range-of-motion examination. Cadaveric shoulders were elevated in the coronal, scapular, and sagittal planes while the scapula, clavicle, and humerus were kinematically tracked. Graphic models of each shoulder were created from computed tomography data. The models were animated to display the experimental motions. Shoulder kinematics varied between elevation planes. The scapular and clavicular rotations were relatively small until the humerus reached approximately 90 degrees of elevation. Clavicular and scapular rotations that occurred at low humeral elevation angles for elevation in the coronal plane were significantly larger than for the other two planes. The glenohumeral to scapulothoracic ratio was approximately equal to 2 for the entire range of elevation for each elevation plane, but it was dramatically larger during early elevation than during late elevation.
Energy and the future of human settlement patterns: Theory, models and empirical considerations

Abstract A review of the diverse literature pertaining to the organization of human settlements is presented with special emphasis on the influence that energy may have on concentration vs. dispersal of human populations. A simple, abstract energy-based model of urban growth is presented in order to capture some of the qualitative behavior of competition between urban core and peripheral regions. Empirical difficulties associated with the determination of energy consumption and population density are illustrated with an analysis of counties in Florida. There is no hard evidence that large urban systems are inherently more energy efficient than small ones are so that a future world of energy scarcity cannot be said to imply a selection for urban agglomeration.
Improving outcomes for high-risk ALL: translating new discoveries into clinical care.

High-risk (HR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains one of the greatest challenges in pediatric oncology. Relapsed ALL is a leading cause of death in young people, and further improvements in outcome will required the development of therapeutic approaches directed against rational therapeutic targets, as escalation of the intensity of existing therapies is limited by toxicity. This review summarizes advances in the biology and treatment of HR and relapsed ALL presented at a symposium at the 2010 American Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Annual Meeting. Analysis of large patient cohorts has identified several factors associated with HR of relapse including older age, T-lineage disease, and persisting minimal residual disease (MRD) early in therapy. As the results of salvage therapy remain poor, new treatment approaches are needed. BCR-ABL1-positive (Ph+) ALL has historically had a very poor outcome, but recent studies have demonstrated the impressive improvements in treatment outcome with the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). High-resolution genomic profiling of genetic alterations and gene expression has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic basis of ALL, and has identified several alterations associated with poor outcome, including mutations of the lymphoid transcription factor gene IKZF1 (IKAROS), activating mutations of Janus kinases, and rearrangement of the lymphoid cytokine receptor gene CRLF2. These data indicated that the genetic basis of HR-ALL is multifactorial, and have also provided a new potential therapeutic option directed at JAK inhibition. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:984–993. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Benign Pleural Effusions in Long-Standing Diabetes Mellitus

We studied intractable pleural effusions in five patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus and an additional 40 patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction to determine whether the frequency of pleural effusions is increased in diabetic patients and, if so, the relation of pleural effusions to left ventricular dysfunction. In our initial observations, effusions were benign, were not always associated with congestive heart failure (CHF), and reaccumulated following thoracentesis. Effusions associated with CHF persisted despite medical treatment and improvement of CHF. In our study of 40 patients with similar degrees of left ventricular dysfunction, the incidence of pleural effusions in diabetic patients was 83 percent and in our nondiabetic patients was 14 percent (p (Chest 1991; 99:1108-11)
A Model for Managing Performance Improvement Projects From Concept to Sustainable Implementation

This article presents a systematic process, or model, that will assist the practicing professional to manage new performance improvement ideas from introduction to sustainable implementation. The model identifies vetting steps that must be addressed for implemented projects to be sustainable over time. The paper concludes with 10 vital performance improvement project management lessons.
Two-state model for sub-exponential fluorescence

Abstract We outline a theory of fluorescence in systems where the decay of the fluorescence takes place more slowly than exponential, a behavior we refer to as `sub-exponential'. We develop a two-state model for the fluorescence where the two states are the trapped state and the fluorescing level. The sub-exponential behavior is associated with a distribution of detrapping rates. Asymptotic inverse power-law behavior of the fluorescence, i.e., t−δ, arises from a distribution that varies near the origin as the δ−2 power of the detrapping rate. Stretched exponential behavior, where the asymptotic time dependence of the fluorescence is dominated by the factor exp [−(t/τ) β ], 0 , is associated with a steep but continuous decrease in the density of transition rates. A one-parameter thermal activation model is introduced in which the distribution of detrapping rates arises from a distribution of activation energies. Power-law behavior of the fluorescence is associated with an exponential decrease in the activation energy distribution at high energies, while stretched exponential dynamics reflects an even faster decrease. The thermal activation model is used to make predictions about the temperature dependence of the exponents characterizing the fluorescence decay. Possible experimental tests of the theory are discussed.
Vacuum pluviation device for achieving saturated sand

Saturation of sand specimens during experimental investigations is important to correctly reproduce undrained shearing behavior, including liquefaction. Sand below the water table is often well saturated in situ because any gases trapped during deposition or compaction have had adequate time to dissolve or migrate through the sand. Reproducing this condition on a short time scale in the laboratory often requires use of backpressure or vacuum saturation. However, backpressure and vacuum saturation sometimes cannot be utilized, for example, in centrifuge models containing soils sensitive to the effects of vacuum. This paper focuses on development and validation of a water pluviation device to construct saturated sand levees during a centrifuge testing program for which backpressure and vacuum methods could not be utilized. P-wave velocity, Vp, measurements using an ultrasound system verified the degree of saturation achieved in the fill. Correlations between Vp and B values are discussed. The vacuum saturation system is shown to provide a high degree of saturation (Vp > 1500 m/s), whereas more traditional water pluviation techniques are shown to produce unsaturated fill.
Tuning Photophysics and Nonlinear Absorption of Bipyridyl Platinum(II) Bisstilbenylacetylide Complexes by Auxiliary Substituents

The photophysics of six bipyridyl platinum(II) bisstilbenylacetylide complexes with different auxiliary substituents are reported. These photophysical properties have been investigated in detail by UV–vis, photoluminescence (both at room temperature and at 77 K) and transient absorption (nanosecond and femtosecond) spectroscopies, as well as by linear response time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The photophysics of the complexes are found to be dominated by the singlet and triplet π,π* transitions localized at the stilbenylacetylide ligands with strong admixture of the metal-to-ligand (MLCT) and ligand-to-ligand (LLCT) charge-transfer characters. The interplay between the π,π* and MLCT/LLCT states depends on the electron-withdrawing or -donating properties of the substituents on the stilbenylacetylide ligands. All complexes exhibit remarkable reverse saturable absorption (RSA) at 532 nm for nanosecond laser pulses, with the complex that contains the NPh2 substituent giving the ...
Computing all the azeotropes in refrigerant mixtures through equations of state

Abstract Azeotropic mixtures of fluorocarbon (FC) and hydro fluorocarbon (HFC) with hydrocarbons are gaining popularity as drop-in substitutes for CFCs and HCFCs. A method to compute all the azeotropes in a refrigerant mixture through the equation of state approach is described. The method allows prediction of all the azeotropes in a refrigerant mixture and is in close agreement with the experimental data. Both the vapor and the liquid phase non-idealities are incorporated through fugacity coefficients modeled using Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera equation of state with Wong-Sandler and van der Waals mixing rules. Homotopy continuation based methodology guarantees computation of all the solutions of necessary and sufficient condition of azeotropy in multicomponent refrigerant mixtures. The method establishes the pressure dependency of azeotropic composition allowing prediction of bifurcation pressure where refrigerant azeotropes may appear or disappear and predicts azeotropes at elevated pressures. The approach is independent of equation of state and mixing rules but rely on their ability to represent the phase behavior. The approach is tested with R23–R13, propane–R227ea binary mixtures and a ternary mixture of R32–R125–R143a.
Visual evoked potentials and inter-stimulus intervals in the rat

Abstract Unanesthetized, restrained hooded rats were exposed to repeated visual stimulation with inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) from 0.4 to 16.0 sec. We found: 1. 1. Amplitude of average evoked responses (EPs) from visual cortex increased as ISI was lengthened, peaking at ISI of 4–8 sec. 2. 2. Cortical EP after-discharges increased in both amplitude and duration throughout the ISI range used. 3. 3. There were no consistent ISI-related effects in recordings from the hippocampus. 4. 4. There were no rapid habituation effects to the first few stimuli.
μ-Opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo

The present study examined the contribution of downregulation of mu-opioid receptors to opioid tolerance in an intact animal model. Mice were implanted subcutaneously with osmotic minipumps that infused etorphine (50-250 microg/kg/day) for 7 days. Other mice were implanted subcutaneously with a morphine pellet (25 mg) or a morphine pellet plus an osmotic minipump that infused morphine (5-40 mg/kg/day) for 7 days. Controls were implanted with an inert placebo pellet. At the end of treatment, pumps and pellets were removed, and saturation binding studies were conducted in whole brain ([3H]DAMGO) or morphine and etorphine analgesic ED(50)s were determined (tail-flick). Morphine tolerance increased linearly with the infusion dose of morphine (ED(50) shift at highest infusion dose, 4.76). No significant downregulation of mu-receptors in whole brain was observed at the highest morphine treatment dose. Etorphine produced dose-dependent downregulation of mu-opioid receptor density and tolerance (ED(50) shift at highest infusion dose, 6.97). Downregulation of mu-receptors only occurred at the higher etorphine infusion doses (> or =150 microg/kg/day). Unlike morphine tolerance, the magnitude of etorphine tolerance was a nonlinear function of the dose and increased markedly at infusion doses that produced downregulation. These results suggest that mu-opioid receptor downregulation contributes to opioid tolerance in vivo. Therefore, opioid tolerance appears to rely upon both "receptor density-dependent" and " receptor density-independent" mechanisms.
Importance-weighted multi-scale texture and shape descriptor for object recognition in satellite imagery

We present a sliding window-based, per-pixel importance-weighted, multi-scale, cell-structured feature descriptor and demonstrate its performance for recognizing different aircraft from remotely sensed imagery. Opening and closing differential morphological profiles are constructed, then fused with the Choquet integral to create a soft segmentation. A per-pixel importance map is derived from the soft segmentation and used in the calculation of histogram of oriented gradients, local binary patterns, invariant object moments, and Haar-like features. Superiority is demonstrated in comparison to flat single-scale and non-importance weighted representations with encouraging results for both cross-validation and blind testing. Results show that the pyramid, cell-structured, importance-weighting performs better than traditional approaches in the difficult problem space of recognizing objects in remote sensing imagery.
Microfabricated field-emission and field-ionization sources

Abstract The application of microfabrication technology to the development of vacuum field-effect devices has led to a resurgence in vacuum technology. I describe microfabricated field-emission cathodes and field ion sources and discuss their performance characteristics. Arrays of miniaturized field electron emitters have been shown to produce current densities of hundreds of amperes per square centimeter of cold emission averaged over the area occupied by the array with applied voltages of less than 200 V, and tens of milliamperes of emission current have been produced with less than 100 V applied. We have microfabricated field ionization sources with micron-size dimensions and shown that they produce useful field ionization current from hydrocarbon samples and require less than 100 V to produce electric field of sufficient strength to induce field ionization.
The pH of Activation of the Hemagglutinin Protein Regulates H5N1 Influenza Virus Replication and Pathogenesis in Mice

After receptor binding and internalization during influenza virus entry, the hemagglutinin (HA) protein is triggered by low pH to undergo irreversible conformational changes that mediate membrane fusion. To investigate how mutations that alter the activation pH of the HA protein influence the fitness of an avian H5N1 influenza virus in a mammalian model, we infected C57BL/6J or DBA/2J mice and compared the replication and virulence of recombinant A/chicken/Vietnam/C58/04 (H5N1) HA-Y231H mutant, wild-type, and HA-H241Q and HA-K582I mutant viruses that have HA activation pH values of 6.3, 5.9, 5.6, and 5.4, respectively. The HA-Y231H mutant virus was highly susceptible to acid inactivation in vitro and was attenuated for growth and virulence in mice, suggesting that an H5N1 HA protein triggered at pH 6.3 is too unstable for the virus to remain fit. Wild-type and HA-H241Q viruses were similar in pathogenicity and grew to similar levels in mice, ducks, and cell cultures derived from both avian and mammalian tissues, suggesting that H5N1 HA proteins triggered at pH values in the range of 5.9 to 5.6 broadly support replication. The HA-K582I mutant virus had greater growth and virulence in DBA/2J mice than the wild type did, although the mutant virus was highly attenuated in ducks. The data suggest that adaptation of avian H5N1 influenza virus for infection in mammals is supported by a decrease in the HA activation pH to 5.4. Identification of the HA activation pH as a host-specific infectivity factor is expected to aid in the surveillance and risk assessment of currently circulating H5N1 influenza viruses.
Covariance of Inbred Relatives with Special Reference to Selfing

The covariance of inbred relatives from a population in linkage and identity equilibrium in the presence of dominance and epistasis is formulated using a similar procedure to that which B. S. Weir and C. C. Cockerham used to derive a general expression for the genotypic variance. An alternative model based on the description of a genotype in terms of the homozygotes of its constituent alleles is defined which leads to an equivalent set of 21 quadratic components, but when the relatives are descended from a common ancestor by selfing some confounding occurs and only 12 are necessary. This covariance can be subdivided into components arising among families at different levels of the hierarchy generated by a selfing series, and the component among descendants of distinct members of the base population has a different form from those arising at lower levels of the hierarchy. The 12 quadratic components together with an error variance can be estimated using the 20 statistics provided by analyses of variance and covariance of families generated by four generations of selfing.
Identification and Characterization of a Hemolysin Gene Cluster in Vibrio anguillarum

Vibrio anguillarum is a causative agent of vibriosis in fish. Hemolytic activity has been suggested as a virulence factor by contributing to hemorrhagic septicemia and diarrhea. In order to identify and characterize the hemolysin genes and examine the role of hemolytic activity in virulence, a mini-Tn10Kan mutagenesis clone bank of V. anguillarum was screened. While no hemolysin-negative strains were observed, several mutants with two- to threefold-increased hemolytic activity were found. The region containing the insertion mutation was cloned, sequenced, and found to contain the V. anguillarum hemolysin (vah1) and two other open reading frames, coding for a putative lactonizing lipase (llpA) and a putative phospholipase (plp). The mini-Tn10Kan was inserted into plp. Site-directed mutagenesis of each gene revealed that mutations in vah1 and llpA did not affect hemolytic activity, but insertions into plp caused a two- to threefold increase in hemolysis. Double mutations in plp and either vah1 or llpA resulted in wild-type hemolytic activity. Complementation of plp restored hemolytic activity to wild-type levels. Spectrophotometric determination of hemolysin specific activity revealed that activity on a per cell basis peaked during the first 2 h of growth in LB20. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR used to quantitate transcription of the hemolysin genes plp and vah1 in V. anguillarum wild-type strains M93Sm and NB10 revealed that transcription of plp and vah1 peaked at 2 h of growth in LB20. Additionally, expression of vah1 measured in the plp mutant strain, JL01, during the first 2 h of growth was >8 times higher than that in M93Sm. Mutations in plp and llpA did not affect virulence of V. anguillarum. The mutation in vah1 attenuated V. anguillarum virulence in fish. These data show that several genes are responsible for hemolytic activity in V. anguillarum. At least three genes (plp, llpA, and vah1) are responsible for one hemolytic activity. The data also suggest that plp acts as a negative regulator of vah1 and llpA.
Noise characterization of a mode-locked InGaAsP semiconductor diode laser

Noise measurements were made on an InGaAsP semiconductor diode laser by monitoring and analyzing the mode-locked pulse train power spectrum. The noise content of the mode-locking RF source was observed to be transferred directly to the laser pulse train and, thus, careful selection of the drive oscillator is essential. Amplification of the laser pulses by an erbium-fiber amplifier did not lead to any increase in timing jitter and the additional amplitude noise present could be removed by using a more compatible pump source such as a diode laser operating at either 980 or 1490 nm. >
Athletic Training Services in Public Secondary Schools: A Benchmark Study

Context: Authors of the most recent study of athletic training (AT) services have suggested that only 42% of secondary schools have access to athletic trainers. However, this study was limited by a...
Ultrasonic disinfection of the root canal

The use of ultrasonics to increase the bactericidal efficiency of endodontic irrigation was tested on four microorganisms. Ultransonics alone had a reducing effect but coupling it with a biocidal agent led to a more efficient bactericidal synergism. A sonosynergistic system of cleaning and disinfecting the root canal system has been described.
Molecular Basis of Intestinal Adaptation: The Role of the Insulin‐like Growth Factor System

: Ongoing and future approaches to the cellular and molecular actions of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth hormone (GH) in intestinal adaptation are reviewed. This is highly relevant to understanding the benefits and risks associated with increasing use of GH and IGF-I in patients with short bowel syndrome or other bowel diseases. As other growth factors share some of the properties of IGF-I including local expression in bowel, activation of signaling pathways common to other growth factors or cytokines, and modulation of action by growth factor-binding proteins or secreted receptor isoforms. The general issues and approaches outlined for IGF-I should, therefore, serve as a model for studies aimed at understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of other growth factors that are implicated in intestinal adaptation.
Simulation of biological ion channels with technology computer-aided design

Computer simulations of realistic ion channel structures have always been challenging and a subject of rigorous study. Simulations based on continuum electrostatics have proven to be computationally cheap and reasonably accurate in predicting a channel's behavior. In this paper we discuss the use of a device simulator, SILVACO, to build a solid-state model for KcsA channel and study its steady-state response. SILVACO is a well-established program, typically used by electrical engineers to simulate the process flow and electrical characteristics of solid-state devices. By employing this simulation program, we have presented an alternative computing platform for performing ion channel simulations, besides the known methods of writing codes in programming languages. With the ease of varying the different parameters in the channel's vestibule and the ability of incorporating surface charges, we have shown the wide-ranging possibilities of using a device simulator for ion channel simulations. Our simulated results closely agree with the experimental data, validating our model.
Sensitivity of Field Isolates of Eimeria from Two Broiler Complexes to Anticoccidial Drugs in the Chicken

The spectrum of resistance to seven currently used anticoccidial drugs in isolates of Eimeria obtained from farms two broiler complexes was examined. All isolates were resistant to monensin, salinomycin, and narasin. Lasalocid was more effective in controlling coccidiosis than the other ionophores, although most isolates were classified as resistant to the drug. The majority of isolates were sensitive or showed reduced sensitivity to robenidine, clopidol, and decoquinate. It was concluded that for drugs that have been used extensively (e.g., monensin and salinomycin), examination of isolates from one or two farms may give results applicable to the entire complex. For drugs that have been used infrequently, however (such as robenidine, clopidol, and decoquinate), examination of isolates from at least five farms would be desirable to establish the spectrum of drug sensitivity.
The Role of Fibroblasts in Thymocyte-Positive Selection

Mice with fibroblast-specific expression of TAP-1 were generated by expressing the TAP-1 transgene under the control of the fibroblast-specific protein (FSP) 1 promoter/enhancer on TAP-1-deficient background. MHC class I expression in primary fibroblast cultures isolated from the resulting strain mimicked that of wild-type counterparts. MHC class I was detected in both types of fibroblasts following treatment with IFN-αβ. Positive selection of CD4−CD8+ thymocytes was observed in neither adult nor fetal/neonatal thymus of transgenic mice. IFN-αβ-induced expression of MHC class I rescued positive selection of CD4−CD8+ T cells in fetal thymic organ cultures, but not in adult mice. Contrary to previous suggestions, our results indicate a limited role of fibroblasts in promoting positive selection. In addition, the results suggest that positive selection may occur by a different mechanism in fetal vs adult thymus.
Consensus Building in Multi-vehicle Systems with Information Feedback

In this paper, we study the problem of consensus building in multi-vehicle systems with information feedback. We will show how information feedback can be incorporated into the consensus building process so as to improve the robustness and situational awareness of the whole team. We will detail strategies of introducing feedback to the consensus building process through information flow, external feedback terms, state-dependent weighting factors, and reference states. Application examples are also given to illustrate the information feedback strategies.
2-dimensional object recognition for the ISAC system

The intelligent soft arm control (ISAC) system is a voice-activated robotic aid for the physically disabled which involves the requirement for object recognition. The authors present a brief description of the ISAC system and describe work in 2-D object recognition and orientation. The research in object recognition involves the extraction of relevant information from digitized images. A binary image was processed by a nonrecursive segmentation algorithm to isolate each object. Next, two histograms were generated for each object found by the segmentation routine: a distance histogram about the object's center of mass and an orientation histogram. The distance histogram was used for identification of objects and the orientation histogram was used for finding their orientation. Additionally, a nonrecursive segmentation algorithm, a histogram-based recognition and orientation detection algorithm and a multivariate-discriminant-analysis-based recognition algorithm are described. >
Prioritization of pharmaceuticals for potential environmental hazard through leveraging a large‐scale mammalian pharmacological dataset

The potential for pharmaceuticals in the environment to cause adverse ecological effects is of increasing concern. Given the thousands of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that can enter the aquatic environment through human and/or animal (e.g., livestock) waste, a current challenge in aquatic toxicology is identifying those that pose the greatest risk. Because empirical toxicity information for aquatic species is generally lacking for pharmaceuticals, an important data source for prioritization is that generated during the mammalian drug development process. Applying concepts of species read-across, mammalian pharmacokinetic data were used to systematically prioritize APIs by estimating their potential to cause adverse biological consequences to aquatic organisms, using fish as an example. Mammalian absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) data (e.g., peak plasma concentration, apparent volume of distribution, clearance rate, and half-life) were collected and curated, creating the Mammalian Pharmacokinetic Prioritization For Aquatic Species Targeting (MaPPFAST) database representing 1070 APIs. From these data, a probabilistic model and scoring system were developed and evaluated. Individual APIs and therapeutic classes were ranked based on clearly defined read-across assumptions for translating mammalian-derived ADME parameters to estimate potential hazard in fish (i.e., greatest predicted hazard associated with lowest mammalian peak plasma concentrations, total clearance and highest volume of distribution, half-life). It is anticipated that the MaPPFAST database and the associated API prioritization approach will help guide research and/or inform ecological risk assessment.
Flowgraph analysis of linear systems using remote time-shared computation

Loops and paths in Mason signal flow graph of linear systems using algorithm with remote time shared digital computation
The legacy of association cortex

The concept of association cortex emerged from the tradition of an associationist view of human mentation and a localizationist view of cortical organization. Efforts to understand the function of association cortex proceeded under the influence of these philosophic foundations. An alternative to the associationist interpretation is that these parts of cerebral cortex are utilized by different functional systems at different times. This notion is compatible with the distributed systems theory of cortical function and has implications for the neurologist9s approach to lesions of cerebral neocortex.
Studies of the Electronic Structure of Metallocene-Based Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Dyes

This paper describes a simple orbital picture for understanding the optical transitions and the second-order nonlinear optical response of metallocene-based chromophores of the form metallocene−(π-bridge)−acceptor, and experimental studies to test this model. From a combination of UV photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and density functional calculations, it is deduced that the three highest occupied orbitals are little perturbed from the parent metallocenes, that the HOMO-3 is a π-orbital delocalized between the metallocene cyclopentadienyl ring and the unsaturated bridge, and that the LUMO is acceptor based. The lowest energy transition in the UV/visible/near-IR spectra of these compounds is assigned to a metal-to-acceptor transition, while the higher energy transition is attributed to a transition to the acceptor-based LUMO from the delocalized HOMO-3 orbital. The variations in oscillator strength can be rationalized by considering the low-energy transition as borrowing intensity from the h...
Sugar metabolism, chip color, invertase activity, and gene expression during long-term cold storage of potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) tubers from wild-type and vacuolar invertase silencing lines of Katahdin

Storing potato tubers at low temperatures minimizes sprouting and disease but can cause an accumulation of reducing sugars in a process called cold-induced sweetening. Tubers with increased amounts of reducing sugars produce dark-colored, bitter-tasting fried products with elevated amounts of acrylamide, a possible carcinogen. Vacuolar invertase (VInv), which converts sucrose produced by starch breakdown to glucose and fructose, is the key determinant of reducing sugar accumulation during cold-induced sweetening. In this study, wild-type tubers and tubers in which VInv expression was reduced by RNA interference were used to investigate time- and temperature-dependent changes in sugar contents, chip color, and expression of VInv and other genes involved in starch metabolism in tubers during long-term cold storage. VInv activities and tuber reducing sugar contents were much lower, and tuber sucrose contents were much higher, in transgenic than in wild-type tubers stored at 3-9°C for up to eight months. Large differences in VInv mRNA accumulation were not observed at later times in storage, especially at temperatures below 9°C, so differences in invertase activity were likely established early in the storage period and maintained by stability of the invertase protein. Sugar contents, chip color, and expression of several of the studied genes, including AGPase and GBSS, were affected by storage temperature in both wild-type and transgenic tubers. Though transcript accumulation for other sugar-metabolism genes was affected by storage temperature and duration, it was essentially unaffected by invertase silencing and altered sugar contents. Differences in stem- and bud-end sugar contents in wild-type and transgenic tubers suggested different compartmentalization of sucrose at the two ends of stored tubers. VInv silencing significantly reduced cold-induced sweetening in stored potato tubers, likely by means of differential VInv expression early in storage. Transgenic tubers retained sensitivity to storage temperature, and accumulated greater amounts of sucrose, glucose and fructose at 3°C than at 7-9°C. At each storage temperature, suppression of VInv expression and large differences in tuber sugar contents had no effect on expression of AGPase and GBSS, genes involved in starch metabolism, suggesting that transcription of these genes is not regulated by tuber sugar content.
Vortex shedding as a mechanism for free emboli formation in mechanical heart valves.

The high incidence of thromboembolic complications of mechanical heart valves (MHV) limits their success as permanent implants. The thrombogenicity of all MHV is primarily due to platelet activation by contact with foreign surfaces and by nonphysiological flow patterns. The latter include elevated flow stresses and regions of recirculation of blood that are induced by valve design characteristics. A numerical simulation of unsteady turbulent flow through a bileaflet MHV was conducted, using the Wilcox k–ω turbulence model for internal low-Reynolds-number flows, and compared to quantitative flow visualization performed in a pulse duplicator system using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV). The wake of the valve leaflet during the deceleration phase revealed an intricate pattern of interacting shed vortices. Particle paths showed that platelets that were exposed to the highest flow stresses around the leaflets were entrapped within the shed vortices. Potentially activated, such platelets may tend to aggregate and form free emboli. Once formed, such free emboli would be convected downstream by the shed vortices, increasing the risk of systemic emboli.
Prologue to Conference on Regulatory Reform of Stock and Futures Markets

Almost two years after the unprecedented October 1987 crash, we are still haunted by questions about what went wrong. There is a lingering feeling that the financial system, and our securities markets in particular, may be flawed in some fundamental way, but there is no emerging consensus on what that flaw might be.
ANASTOMOTIC CONTRACTURE AND INCONTINENCE AFTER RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: A GRADED APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT

ABSTRACT Purpose: We present a heterogeneous group of men presenting with varying degrees of anastomotic contracture (AC) and associated stress urinary incontinence (SUI) following radical prostatectomy. It is particularly important that AC should be resolved before artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation, because instrumentation through the AUS can risk erosion. Materials and Methods: The records of 54 consecutive men who were referred for the management of AC and associated SUI were reviewed. Patient treatment and outcomes were stratified according to their unique characteristics. Results: A total of 54 patients underwent radical prostatectomy alone (48), or in combination with radiation therapy (7) or cryotherapy (1). In group 1, 35 patients had previously undiscovered AC, or 1 or more prior contracture incisions (CIs) with SUI. CI and AUS were performed simultaneously in 33 patients and sequentially in 2. In group 2, 7 patients with intractable AC following multiple CIs/dilations and self-calibration, or an indwelling urethral or suprapubic catheter underwent simultaneous (3) or sequential (2) CI/AUS or CI only (2). Five patients required temporary self-calibration. In group 3, in 12 patients with total outlet obliteration recanalization was accomplished with combined antegrade/retrograde endoscopy and CI. Ten patients had re-obliteration, of whom 1 underwent suprapubic diversion and 9 underwent repeat recanalization with placement of a UroLume stent (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, Minnesota) across the anastomosis. Eight patients underwent artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement 4 to 6 weeks later and 1 awaits an AUS. Of those implanted with an AUS 2 required repeat endoscopic procedures because of recurrent but manageable stent ingrowth. Conclusions: Most ACs are treated successfully with simultaneous, aggressive CI/AUS. A history of many CIs or long, dense contractures suggest the need for staged management. In those with obliterated outlets we prefer to reestablish patency and if rapid recurrence develops, we place a UroLume stent. Regardless of a history of radiation therapy, continence is restored with an AUS.
Experiential Influences on Multimodal Perception of Emotion

The impact of 2 types of learning experiences on children's perception of multimodal emotion cues was examined. Children (aged 7-12 years) were presented with conflicting facial and vocal emotions. The effects of familiarity were tested by varying whether emotions were presented by familiar or unfamiliar adults. The salience of particular emotional expressions was tested by contrasting the performance of physically abused and nonabused children. Children exhibited a preference for auditory expressions produced by their mothers but not by strangers. Additionally, abused children were biased to rely on auditory cues when their own abusive mother was expressing anger. These results are discussed in terms of the impact of both typical and atypical early experiences on the development of emotion perception.
The CFA Charter: Adding Value to the Market

The Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA®) designation is recognized worldwide as one of the most prestigious and respected designations for investment professionals. We discuss the many benefits—to the profession, the professionals, and their clients—of professional designations in general and of the CFA designation in particular. We argue that as the number of CFA charterholders has increased, the overall integrity of the market has also increased, which has contributed to the overall increase in the value of the market since 1963. Thus, we contend, the CFA designation adds value to the market.
Audited financial statements in the us federal government: The question of policy and management utility

The Chief Financial Officers Act and subsequent legislation require federal agencies to produce corporate-style financial statements. Arguments for financial statements drew on private sector analogies and suggested policy makers and managers would use the information to make better public policy and management decisions and improve accountability for financial management and program performance. Nearly all major government agencies have unqualified audit opinions and improvements in financial management are claimed. But benefits for policy making and management are not yet well understood. This paper examines the question by comparison with the private sector and by examining what agencies say about the uses and users of financial statement information. The emerging challenge in the evolution of federal financial reporting is to develop better government-specific analytical tools and other financial information for policy makers and managers.
Molecular Pathways: Mitochondrial Reprogramming in Tumor Progression and Therapy

Small-molecule inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and mTOR pathway currently in the clinic produce a paradoxical reactivation of the pathway they are intended to suppress. Furthermore, fresh experimental evidence with PI3K antagonists in melanoma, glioblastoma, and prostate cancer shows that mitochondrial metabolism drives an elaborate process of tumor adaptation culminating with drug resistance and metastatic competency. This is centered on reprogramming of mitochondrial functions to promote improved cell survival and to fuel the machinery of cell motility and invasion. Key players in these responses are molecular chaperones of the Hsp90 family compartmentalized in mitochondria, which suppress apoptosis via phosphorylation of the pore component, Cyclophilin D, and enable the subcellular repositioning of active mitochondria to membrane protrusions implicated in cell motility. An inhibitor of mitochondrial Hsp90s in preclinical development (gamitrinib) prevents adaptive mitochondrial reprogramming and shows potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Other therapeutic strategies to target mitochondria for cancer therapy include small-molecule inhibitors of mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH1 (AG-120) and IDH2 (AG-221), which opened new therapeutic prospects for patients with high-risk acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). A second approach of mitochondrial therapeutics focuses on agents that elevate toxic ROS levels from a leaky electron transport chain; nevertheless, the clinical experience with these compounds, including a quinone derivative, ARQ 501, and a copper chelator, elesclomol (STA-4783) is limited. In light of this evidence, we discuss how best to target a resurgence of mitochondrial bioenergetics for cancer therapy.
Cleft Lip Standardized Patient Examinations: The Role in Plastic Surgery Resident Education

Background: Our institution has incorporated the use of objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) in our residency curriculum. The OSCE provides trainee education and evaluation while addressing the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies required within training programs. We report our program's experience with the first cleft OSCE ever conducted. Methods: A validated method for administration of OSCEs currently used at our medical school was utilized for residents in postgraduate years (PGYs) 3 through 6. The video-recorded patient encounter involved a 1-month-old newborn with a unilateral cleft lip and palate and used standardized patient actors as parents. A post-encounter written exam assessed medical knowledge. A questionnaire regarding the utility of the exercise was administered to residents after the OSCE. Results were evaluated using analysis of variance (P < .05). Results: There was a positive correlation with increasing level of training in...
Acute Renal Failure in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Nationwide Analysis of Hospitalizations in the United States.

Objective Medical complications in the setting of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) are common and associated with poor prognosis. We analyzed the incidence, risk factors, and short-term outcomes associated with acute renal failure (ARF) in aSAH. Methods We queried discharge records from all patients admitted to U.S. hospitals between 2002 and 2011 to identify primary diagnoses of aSAH and secondary diagnoses of ARF. The effect of demographics, hospital characteristics, and pre-existing comorbidity on ARF occurrence and the impact of ARF occurrence on length of stay (LOS), in-hospital costs, moderate to severe disability, and in-hospital mortality were explored in both bivariate and multivariable analyses. Results The incidence of ARF in patients hospitalized for aSAH (N = 260,885) was 4.0% and increased from 2.1% in 2002 to 5.7% in 2011 ( P P Conclusion The burden of ARF in hospitalized patients with aSAH has increased in the past decade and is detrimental to patient outcomes and healthcare costs. The identification of patient-centered risk factors may allow for close surveillance of high-risk patients.
Validity of Energy Change as a Growth Parameter

Growth of bacterial cells has been reported to be proportional to the change in free energy between the substrate and bio-oxidation products. Growth of bacterial cells would be directly proportional to a thermodynamic state function if a general relationship existed and hence would themselves be thermodynamic state functions. Consideration of the parameters involved in bacterial cell growth indicate that a general relationship should not exist. Several examples are given which support this conclusion.
Integrated Transition Prediction: A Case Study in Supersonic Laminar Flow Control

† Aerospace Technologist, Computational Modeling and Simulation Branch, Senior Member AIAA Email: m.m.choudhari@larc.nasa.gov †† Aerospace Technologist, Computational Modeling and Simulation Branch, Senior Member AIAA ††† Aerospace Technologist, Computational Modeling and Simulation Branch. * Aerospace Technologist, Flow Physics and Control Branch, Senior Member AIAA Copyright © 2003 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright is asserted in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code. The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exercise all rights under the copyright claimed herein for Governmental Purposes. All other rights are reserved by the copyright owner. Abstract
Homoplastic Transplantation of Suprarenal Glands of Rat into the Anterior Chamber of Eye

SummaryHomoplastic suprarenal cortices may incorporate and persist for as long as 5 months in the eyes of normal hosts. The extent of cortical regeneration in suprarenal grafts as well as the frequency of persistence is augmented by suprarenalectomy and by homopituitary implantation. The evidence seems to indicate that differentiation in cortical transplants is conditioned by the cortico-adrenotropic principle of the anterior hypophysis. The medullary tissue is relatively specialized but it may persist in homoplastic grafts if the period of nutritional interruption is minimized.
Nonmonotonic Aging and Memory Retention in Disordered Mechanical Systems.

Crumpled sheets ``remember'' the application and removal of a force for days, a newly discovered memory effect that suggests crumpled sheets are a lot like glasses.
Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption (BBB-D) in Rats

Delivery of chemotherapeutic agents or radiation sensitizers to brain neoplasms in amounts sufficient for efficacious therapy remains a continuing challenge. One of the obstacles to be overcome is the inability of large molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier in cerebral capillaries and the blood-tumor barrier in tumor itself. For BNCT to be successful, it is essential that sufficient amounts of boron be delivered to tumors, particularly to disseminated tumor cells at some distance from the main tumor mass. Blood-brain barrier disruption (BBB-D) has been proposed by us (W. Yang, et al., these proceedings) as a means of enhancing compound delivery. We now describe a surgical procedure in rats for BBB-D followed by intracarotid injection of boron compounds and assessment of the degree of disruption.