cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Maximum Dose Bioassay to Assess Efficacy of Key Insecticides Against Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 Gennadius causes serious losses to Florida vegetable and ornamental production. In 2019, a maximum dose bioassay was administered to 20 field populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 collected from various economic and weed hosts across south Florida to assess insecticide efficacy. The maximum dose bioassay tests the top labeled rate of the insecticide against B. tabaci adults on treated cotton leaves in a Petri dish over a 72-h period. A susceptible laboratory colony of B. tabaci MEAM1 and a colony of B. tabaci MED were also tested. Survival over 72 h was used to produce an area under the maximum dose curve, which was used to compare insecticide effects on different populations. Overall, imidacloprid demonstrated the poorest efficacy, dinotefuran and flupyradifurone were the most effective, and bifenthrin, cyantraniliprole, and thiamethoxam tended to group together, providing intermediate control. Across populations tested, survival in whitefly adults treated with dinotefuran was 50% lower than whiteflies treated with imidacloprid, about 33% lower than whiteflies treated with thiamethoxam, bifenthrin, and cyantraniliprole, and 10% lower than whiteflies treated with flupyradifurone. Efficacy of bifenthrin was less than imidacloprid on some populations, particularly from the Homestead area. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam had no effect on mortality of the MED population when it was tested after 22 mo in culture without exposure to insecticides, although 7 mo later, these materials resulted in some mortality for the MED population.
Association of insurance status with potentially avoidable transfers to an academic emergency department: A retrospective observational study.

Background Interfacility transfers between emergency department (EDs) are common and at times unnecessary. We sought to examine the role of health insurance status with potentially avoidable transfers. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational analysis using hospital electronic administrative data of all interfacility ED-to-ED transfers to a single, quaternary care adult ED in 2018. We defined a potentially avoidable transfer as an ED-to-ED transfer in which the patient did not receive a procedure from a specialist at the receiving hospital and was discharged from the ED or the receiving hospital within 24 hours of arrival. We constructed a multivariable logistic regression model to examine whether insurance status was associated with potentially avoidable transfers among all ED-to-ED transfers adjusting for patient demographics, severity, mode of arrival, clinical condition, and rurality. Results Among 7508 transfers, 1862 (25%) were potentially avoidable and were more likely to be uninsured (20% vs 9%). In the multivariable analysis, among ED-to-ED transfers for adults aged 18-64 years old who were uninsured (vs any insurance) were significantly more likely to be potentially avoidable (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.1 [1.7, 2.4]) and there is a significant interaction with age. Potentially avoidable transfers increased with younger age, male sex, black (vs white), small rural classification (vs urban), and arrival by ground ambulance (vs flight). Conclusions Potentially avoidable transfers comprised 1 in 4 transfers. Patients who lack insurance were more than twice as likely to be classified as potentially avoidable even after evaluating for confounders and interactions. This effect was most pronounced among younger patients. Further research is needed to explore why uninsured patients are disproportionately more likely to experience potentially avoidable transfers.
COVID-19 Sepsis: Pathogenesis and Endothelial Molecular Mechanisms Based on "Two-Path Unifying Theory" of Hemostasis and Endotheliopathy-Associated Vascular Microthrombotic Disease, and Proposed Therapeutic Approach with Antimicrothrombotic Therapy.

COVID-19 sepsis is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as a consequence of pulmonary tropism of the virus and endothelial heterogeneity of the host. ARDS is a phenotype among patients with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) due to disseminated vascular microthrombotic disease (VMTD). In response to the viral septicemia, the host activates the complement system which produces terminal complement complex C5b-9 to neutralize pathogen. C5b-9 causes pore formation on the membrane of host endothelial cells (ECs) if CD59 is underexpressed. Also, viral S protein attraction to endothelial ACE2 receptor damages ECs. Both affect ECs and provoke endotheliopathy. Disseminated endotheliopathy activates two molecular pathways: inflammatory and microthrombotic. The former releases inflammatory cytokines from ECs, which lead to inflammation. The latter initiates endothelial exocytosis of unusually large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers and FVIII from Weibel-Palade bodies. If ADAMTS13 is insufficient, ULVWF multimers activate intravascular hemostasis of ULVWF path. In activated ULVWF path, ULVWF multimers anchored to damaged endothelial cells recruit circulating platelets and trigger microthrombogenesis. This process produces "microthrombi strings" composed of platelet-ULVWF complexes, leading to endotheliopathy-associated VMTD (EA-VMTD). In COVID-19, microthrombosis initially affects the lungs per tropism causing ARDS, but EA-VMTD may orchestrate more complex clinical phenotypes, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome, hepatic coagulopathy, MODS and combined micro-macrothrombotic syndrome. In this pandemic, ARDS and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) have often coexisted. The analysis based on two hemostatic theories supports ARDS caused by activated ULVWF path is EA-VMTD and PTE caused by activated ULVWF and TF paths is macrothrombosis. The thrombotic disorder of COVID-19 sepsis is consistent with the notion that ARDS is virus-induced disseminated EA-VMTD and PTE is in-hospital vascular injury-related macrothrombosis which is not directly related to viral pathogenesis. The pathogenesis-based therapeutic approach is discussed for the treatment of EA-VMTD with antimicrothrombotic regimen and the potential need of anticoagulation therapy for coinciding macrothrombosis in comprehensive COVID-19 care.
Surgical Start Time Impact on Hospital Length of Stay for Elective Inpatient Procedures

Background Hospital length of stay (LOS) remains an important, albeit nonspecific, metric in the analysis of surgical services. Modifiable factors to reduce LOS are few in number and the ability to practically take action is limited. Surgical scheduling of elective cases remains an important task in optimizing workflow and may impact the post-surgical LOS. Methods Retrospective data from a single tertiary care academic institution were analyzed from elective adult surgical cases performed from 2017 through 2019. Emergent or urgent add-on cases were excluded. Variables included primary procedure, age, diabetes status, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, and surgical start time. Analysis of the median LOS following surgery was performed using Mann-Whitney tests and Cox hazards model. Matched-cohort analysis of mean total hospitalization costs was performed using the Student's t-test. Results 9,258 patients were analyzed across five surgical service lines, of which 777 patients had surgical start time after 3 PM. The median LOS for the after 3 PM group was 1 day longer than the before 3 PM start time cohort (3.0 vs 2.1, p < 0.001). Service line analysis revealed increased LOS for Orthopedics and Neurosurgery (3.0 vs 1.9, p < 0.001; 3.0 vs 2.0, p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis confirmed that start time before 3 PM predicted shorter LOS (HR = 1.214, 1.126-1.309; p < 0.001). Case-matched cost analysis for frequently performed orthopedic and neurosurgical cases with an after 3 PM start time failed to demonstrate a significant difference in total hospital charges. Conclusion Optimization of surgical services scheduling to increase the proportion of elective surgical cases started before 3 PM has the potential to decrease post-surgical LOS for adult patients undergoing Orthopedic or Neurosurgical procedures.
Plasmonic nano-focused four-wave mixing

We demonstrate efficient and broadband nonlinear nano-optics in plasmonic nano-focusing with nanometer localized four-wave mixing. We achieve deterministic optical control and nano-spectroscopic imaging of graphene as the basis for extension of multidimensional spectroscopy to the nanoscale.
Noncarcinogenic Effects of Cigarette Smoke on the Respiratory Tract

Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is one of the leading causes of death. Cigarette smoke, in the form of secondhand smoke, can also adversely affect the respiratory health of children. Smoking cigarettes induces multiple interacting conditions that are likely to contribute to the development of COPD, including inflammation, perturbations in the balance between the activity of proteases and their inhibitors, and excessive exposure to oxidants. Interestingly, not all heavy smokers develop COPD. This suggests the susceptibility to COPD is determined by many characteristics, such as genetics and occupational exposures.
Agonist-dependent Desensitization of the κ Opioid Receptor by G Protein Receptor Kinase and β-Arrestin

Abstract We used the Xenopus oocyte expression system to examine the regulation of rat κ opioid receptor (rKOR) function by G protein receptor kinases (GRKs). κ agonists increased the conductance of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying potassium channels in oocytes co-expressing KOR with Kir3.1 and Kir3.4. In the absence of added GRK and β-arrestin 2, desensitization of the κ agonist-induced potassium current was modest. Co-expression of either GRK3 or GRK5 along with β-arrestin 2 significantly increased the rate of desensitization, whereas addition of either β-arrestin 2, GRK3, or GRK5 alone had no effect on the KOR desensitization rate. The desensitization was homologous as co-expressed δ opioid receptor-evoked responses were not affected by KOR desensitization. The rate of GRK3/β-arrestin 2-dependent desensitization was reduced by truncation of the C-terminal 26 amino acids, KOR(Q355Δ). In contrast, substitution of Ala for Ser within the third intracellular loop [KOR(S255A,S260A,S262A)] did not reduce the desensitization rate. Within the C-terminal region, KOR(S369A) substitution significantly attenuated desensitization, whereas the KOR(T363A) and KOR(S356A,T357A) point mutations did not. These results suggest that co-expression of GRK3 or GRK5 and β-arrestin 2 produced homologous, agonist-induced desensitization of the κ opioid receptor by a mechanism requiring the phosphorylation of the serine 369 of rKOR.
The reaction of 4,4′-bis-dimethylaminodiphenylcarbinol with the sulfhydryl group: A new reagent for sulfhydryl analysis

Abstract 4,4′-bis-Dimethylaminodiphenylcarbinol (BDC-OH) dissociates in aqueous buffers at pH values below neutrality to form a resonance-stabilized carbonium-immonium ion (BDC+) which exhibits an absorbance maximum at 606 nm. In the presence of 4.0 M guanidine hydrochloride, BDC+ has an apparent molar absorption coefficient of 70,800 M−1cm−1 and an absorbance maximum of 612 nm. Sulfhydryl groups react with the cation to form S-(4,4′-bis-dimethylaminodiphenylmethyl-) derivatives with a concomitant quantitative loss of the 612-nm absorbance. This quantitative interaction has been exploited in the development of a new and convenient technique for the quantitative determination of sulfhydryl groups in proteins. Results of sulfhydryl determinations on simple thiols and five proteins are presented, along with comparison data obtained via other sulfhydryl techniques.
The future of scholarly communication: US efforts to bring warring factions to common purpose in support of scholarship

Key stakeholders in scholarly communication have been at odds over the purpose, mission and business models of publishing. This piece reviews developments in the United States but with a particular focus on efforts at reestablishing common purpose, such as 1 the Scholarly Publishing Roundtable created in June 2009 by the Chairman of Science and Technology Committee of the US House of Representatives; 2 the Task force of the Association of American Universities and Association of Research Libraries established in 2012 to focus on university presses, scholarly journals and institutional repositories; and 3 the Office of Science and Technology Policy Memorandum of February 22, 2013 on Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research.
Economic Growth and the Interests of Future (and Past and Present) Generations: A Comment on Tyler Cowen

What principles vis-a-vis future generations should govern our policy choices? Tyler Cowen argues for a "Principle of Growth": "We should make political choices so as to maximize the rate of sustainable economic growth."' Economic growth means the growth of inclusive gross domestic product (GDP), not just marketed goods and services, but also leisure time, household production, and environmental amenities. Cowen, as I read him, suggests that the Principle of Growth is justified by a welfarist, consequentialist moral theory. The core of the argument is that increasing economic growth both increases average wellbeing in future generations, and increases the well-being of the worst off in future generations (so there's a distributive benefit as well).3 He worries about the nonconsequentialist moral precepts of commonsense morality, and suggests that those might be handled through a rights constraint, incorporated in a Modified Principle of Growth." I find welfare consequentialism quite plausible, so for purposes of this Response I will ignore rights and other nonconsequentialist constructs. I want instead to focus on a worry about the Principle of Growth that arises within welfare consequentialism. Welfare consequentialists say that the moral appropriateness of a choice is determined by its possible outcomes, and that the goodness of an outcome is determined solely by facts about individual welfare. To put this in the language of normative economics, welfare consequentialism says to maximize a social welfare function whose arguments are individual utilities, measuring each individual's well-being.
Further studies on the peptido-galactomannan from the yeast form of Cladosporium werneckii. Identification of O-acetyl substituents and isolation of the peptide components following beta-elimination.

Abstract The pathogenic yeast Cladosporium werneckii produces a surface peptido-phosphogalactomannan (PPGM) with a peptide backbone rich in serine and threonine to which three types of carbohydrate chains are linked. These chains are: Type a, glactomannan units linked through phosphodiester bonds to produce long chains of molecular weight about 50,000; type b more numerous short mannosyl oligosaccharide units, and type c, more infrequent, long galactomannan chains. The first two are linked to the peptide through alkali-labile bonds to serine and threonine of the peptide whereas type c chains are linked through alkali-stable bonds (Lloyd, K. O. (1972) Biochemistry, 11, 3884–3890). The PPGM sample can be separated into three or four major components by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE-) Sephadex chromatography. By means of sequential degradations with alkali and acid, the structural basis for this heterogeneity has been demonstrated. It is due to the presence of different proportions of the three types of chains in the various fractions. The presence of O-acetyl groups, mainly on the a chains, was demonstrated in PPGM by chemical analysis and by proton and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Purified a chains were isolated from PPGM following Pronase digestion. By taking advantage of the alkali lability of the carbohydrate-protein linkages it has been possible to cleave the peptide moiety away from the carbohydrate. By sequential chromatography on Bio-Gel P-100, Dowex 1 and Bio-Gel P-100, five modified peptide fractions were isolated. The molecular weights of these fractions varied from 9,500 to 18,500 as judged by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Unlike the original peptide, the modified peptides contained low amounts of serine and threonine. The predominant amino acids were alanine, glycine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid which together make up between 51 and 55% of the peptides. The high content of the last two amino acids accounts for the acidic nature of the peptides. It appears that each fraction consists of a slightly heterogeneous population of peptides very similar in amino acid composition. It is not clear whether the compositional and size heterogeneity exists in the original peptide or whether it arose during the isolation procedure.
A characterization theorem for certain bounded deterministic context-free languages

For bounded languages, explicit structural characterizations in terms of semilinear sets for context free and for unambiguous context-free languages have been known for some time. In this paper, conditions are given for a subclass of the semilinear sets (specifically, for linear sets with linearly independent periods) which are necessary and sufficient for the corresponding independent periods) which are necessary and sufficient for the corresponding
Growth of bacteria in an oil shale retort water by indigenous microorganisms

Previous studies have shown that relatively high aerobic and anaerobic (or facultatively anaerobic) heterotrophic bacterial population densities occur as indicated by an increase in the turbidity of freshly filtered (0.4 ..mu..m) Omega-9 retort water after a few days incubation at room temperature. Growth of these microorganisms alters the nature and concentrations of dissolved organic and inorganic constituents. Bacteria are the only microorganisms known to have demonstrated a capacity to grow in undiluted Omega-9 retort water. Bacterial growth experiments are performed for a variety of reasons. In some situations microorganisms are cultivated to yield a specific product, as a protein source, or because their growth in a particular medium removes certain undesired constituents. Nutritional and physical parameters will often govern the rate at which growing microbial populations proliferate. It was considered important, therefore, to establish what rates of bacterial growth were occurring in the Omega-9 retort water by indigenous, mixed bacterial populations. The study reported here was devised to assess bacterial growth characteristics in an example retort water. Information of this type may have implications in 1) the development of biological treatment systems, 2) establishing hazard assessment and abatement criteria, and 3) in assessing the stability of research samples.
Explorer probing of root caries lesions: an in vitro study

Probing with a dental explorer is the preferred method of root caries diagnoses. However, studies suggest that use of a dental explorer in coronal caries detection may damage tooth structure. This pilot study investigated the effect of probing on remineralization of root surface lesions in vitro. Root-surface lesions were created on 10 extracted teeth by exposing them to a demineralizing solution for 21 days. One side of each lesion was then randomly selected and probed with an explorer, while the other side was not probed. The teeth then were placed in a remineralizing solution containing 10 parts per million (ppm) fluoride for 21 days. Of the 9 teeth with usable sections, all showed frank evidence of defects on the probed halves. Sites of remineralization were seen in the non-probed halves and adjacent to the probed defects, but not within or at the base of these defects. These results suggest that probing of root surfaces may create defects that do not fully remineralize.
Teaching and scholarship on the Cold War in the United States

This article examines the main centres for the study of the Cold War in the United States, the key repositories of relevant documents, and the main publication outlets and conferences on the Cold War. It also describes the principal texts and approaches to teaching the Cold War and portrays the essential scholarly, public and political debates on the Cold War. The article concludes with a study of the contending and increasingly politicized views of the lessons of the Cold War and the relevance of the Cold War to our world today.
Investigations of the DNA content, base composition and chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose of normal and tumor DNA preparations.

Abstract The total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content per cell, the ratios of the purine and pyrimidine bases, and the chromatographic profiles on ECTEOLA-cellulose anion exchangers of DNA preparations from normal mouse spleen, spontaneous lymphomas, diploid and tetraploid lymphomas and carcinomas, and amelanotic and melanotic melanomas have been investigated. The total DNA content was related to the chromosome numbers of the tumor cells. The DNA chromatographic profiles of the above tissues were not significantly different. The molar base ratios of the purines and pyrimidines were also quite similar.
Identifying drizzle within marine stratus with W-band radar reflectivity

Abstract Airborne cloud radar and cloud microphysical data, collected in summertime stratus clouds off the Oregon coast, are analyzed to obtain an empirical threshold radar reflectivity above which drizzle can be expected in warm marine stratus. Such clouds, which are prevalent over the eastern subtropical oceans, have a profound impact on global climate. This study finds that the threshold reflectivity for drizzle is a strong function of height within the cloud layer. Both radar reflectivities and calculated reflectivities (based on measured droplet spectra) indicate that the threshold is most crisply defined in the lower half of the stratus cloud deck. The use of the threshold reflectivity profile to flag drizzle is illustrated by examining the dependency of radar reflectivity on cloud water content. Such dependency is non-existent in marine stratus in general, but a clear relationship emerges when drizzle cases are excluded.
Science and Pseudoscience in Law Enforcement: A User-Friendly Primer

Pseudoscience and questionable science are largely neglected problems in police and other law enforcement work. In this primer, the authors delineate the key differences between science and pseudoscience, presenting 10 probabilistic indicators or warning signs, such as lack of falsifiability, absence of safeguards against confirmation bias, and lack of self-correction, that can help consumers of the police literature to distinguish scientific from pseudoscientific claims. Each of these warning signs is illustrated with an example from law enforcement. By attending to the differences between scientific and pseudoscientific assertions, police officers and other law enforcement officials can minimize their risk of errors and make better real-world decisions.
Potassium repletion fails to interfere with reduction of serum lithium by sodium polystyrene sulfonate in mice.

OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that oral sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) lowers serum lithium concentrations after acute and chronic toxic lithium exposures. Because hypokalemia may represent a deterrent to the clinical use of SPS for lithium intoxication, this study was designed to determine whether potassium (K+) repletion interferes with the effect of SPS on serum lithium. METHODS 168 male, CD-1 mice were given lithium chloride (LiCl) (250 mg/kg) by gavage at time 0. Half of the mice were then given SPS (5 g/kg/dose) and half an equivalent volume of water by gavage at times 20 and 40 minutes. Half of each of these subgroups was then given potassium chloride (KCl) (3 mmol/kg) intraperitoneally and half an equivalent volume of normal saline. The animals were then sacrificed at one, two, four, and eight hours after lithium administration and the sera were analyzed for lithium and K+ by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The groups were compared with analysis of variance. RESULTS The SPS lowered both lithium and K+ concentrations (ps < or = 0.0001). The KCl treatment was associated with transiently increased K+ concentrations (p < 0.0001) and with mildly elevated lithium concentrations when compared with the results of the animals not treated with KCl (p = 0.0016). The KCl treatment-associated increase in lithium concentration occurred both in the animals treated with water and in those treated with SPS. CONCLUSIONS Potassium repletion did not interfere with the ability of SPS to lower serum lithium concentration in animals experimentally poisoned with lithium.
Interactive picture generation and manipulation through formal descriptions

Abstract This paper describes the features, implementation techniques, and applications of an experimental graphics interface language based on a formal picture description scheme and on precise picture definitions. The language permits a user to interactively define, edit, combine, transform, display, plot, file, and retrieve pictorial information. The system is being applied to a variety of graphics documentation and design problems, such as the production of figures for technical manuscripts, computer systems documentation, and text layout. We expect the interface to evolve into a more general language which also provides computational and data structure facilities.
Theory of intracavity nonlinear processes in quantum cascade lasers

We overview coherent nonlinear optical phenomena that occur in active quantum-cascade structures which support both laser action and, at the same time, nonlinear self-conversion of laser light into coherent radiation at different frequencies. In other words, the laser field serves as an intracavity optical pump for the desired nonlinear optical process. In such systems, resonant absorption of the pump field is overcome by laser gain, and huge resonant nonlinearities of the intersubband transitions can be fully exploited. The proposed approach holds promise to extend the operating wavelength of QC lasers to the spectral regions where they become less efficient, constrained by material limitations, or operate only at cryogenic temperatures. It may also lead to the development of broadly tunable injection-pumped sources.
Assessing Replication and Beta Cell Function in Adenovirally-transduced Isolated Rodent Islets

Glucose homeostasis is primarily controlled by the endocrine hormones insulin and glucagon, secreted from the pancreatic beta and alpha cells, respectively. Functional beta cell mass is determined by the anatomical beta cell mass as well as the ability of the beta cells to respond to a nutrient load. A loss of functional beta cell mass is central to both major forms of diabetes 1-3. Whereas the declining functional beta cell mass results from an autoimmune attack in type 1 diabetes, in type 2 diabetes, this decrement develops from both an inability of beta cells to secrete insulin appropriately and the destruction of beta cells from a cadre of mechanisms. Thus, efforts to restore functional beta cell mass are paramount to the better treatment of and potential cures for diabetes. Efforts are underway to identify molecular pathways that can be exploited to stimulate the replication and enhance the function of beta cells. Ideally, therapeutic targets would improve both beta cell growth and function. Perhaps more important though is to identify whether a strategy that stimulates beta cell growth comes at the cost of impairing beta cell function (such as with some oncogenes) and vice versa. By systematically suppressing or overexpressing the expression of target genes in isolated rat islets, one can identify potential therapeutic targets for increasing functional beta cell mass 4-6. Adenoviral vectors can be employed to efficiently overexpress or knockdown proteins in isolated rat islets 4,7-15. Here, we present a method to manipulate gene expression utilizing adenoviral transduction and assess islet replication and beta cell function in isolated rat islets (Figure 1). This method has been used previously to identify novel targets that modulate beta cell replication or function 5,6,8,9,16,17.
Insect antennae with special reference to the mechanism of scent detection and the evolution of the sensilla

Abstract A review of insect antennae sensilla is given and the dimensions and forms of the sensilla are related to dielectric waveguide theory. The design criteria for antennae include dielectric constant measurements, shapes, molecular emitters (molecules), length/wavelength, thin layer outer covering of sensilla, and the electret properties of antennae. Sensilla are described in terms of open resonator-waveguide theory, and the length and diameter of various species of insects are fitted to the 2 wavelength criteria of open resonator design. The importance of tapering the open resonator sensilla for good frequency “fit” is emphasized. Characteristics of molecules of insect attractants are described in terms of their luminescent and fluorescent properties. The surface textures of various types of insect sensilla are related to the form characteristics of efficient open resonator systems. Surface textures found on insect sensilla include smooth, corrugated, helical, equiangular, terraced, and furrowed. The attraction of molecules to sensilla pores is demonstrated and explained in terms of the electret properties of the outer wax layer of the epicuticle. The various shapes of the sensilla are classified into 15 categories, all of which except No. 15 (corn ear configuration) can be found described and utilized by man-made communication systems in the microwave region. A table is given of the vibration frequency range of various orders of insects, and the frequencies are related to the modulation content of infrared emissions from host plant and pheromone attractants. The Johnston's organ is considered by the author as a piezoelectric feedback (pressure) transducer utilized by the insect to set and hold the proper modulation frequency. Insect grooming is related to the electret properties of the sensilla and the rubbing of sensilla to the maserlike emissions from insect host plant and pheromone attractants. Based on the 7 criteria of length and diameter of sensilla, dielectric constant, sensilla electret properties, apertures in sensilla, surface sculpturing, form, and (array) arrangements of sensilla, and also on the vibration frequency and grooming of the cabbage looper moth, log-periodic infrared emissions were predicted from the pheromone. As predicted, log-periodic maserlike frequencies were detected in the 17 and 26-μm infrared regions. They emit log-periodic with time over a half-hour period. At a wind speed of 0·5 M per minute the pheromone emits long wavelengths close to the female and short wavelengths further from the female. This is termed “concentration tuning” and operates as a proximity frequency indicator to the male flying the maserlike beam of scent. In the opinion of the author, the evolutionary selection of species has involved divergent drift in the form of the antenna sensilla concurrent with the selective pressure of gradually changing molecular emissions. The emission shifts conceivably were due to the changing infrared environment over the eons.
Managing the Treatment Activities of State Hospital Staff

Research has shown that both the frequency and topography of staff behavior can be modified, but most staff management studies have involved only small numbers of staff, for limited periods of time, in restricted settings. The present study examined the application of behavioral management strategies to a large mental health system. Treatment activites provided by staff of 12 residential units and four support services in a state hospital were monitored during an initial baseline period. Then three feedback interventions were provided and the effects measured on subsequent treatment activity. The results indicated that during the 57 weeks of the study all three feedback interventions increased the treatment activities of staff. A functional analysis of the effects of feedback concluded that performance feedback exerted multiple control, both antecedent and consequent stimulus effects, in the modification of staff treatment behaviors. The results supported the generalization of feedback as a straightforwar...
Elastic anomalies near the magnetic transition in Cd1-xMnxTe

Abstract From the velocity of utlrasonic waves with frequencies between 10 and 30 MHz we find that the C44 elastic constant of Cd0.55Mn0.45Te goes through a wide minimum whose lowest point is near the spin glass transition temperature. The minimum depends on the value and the first and second strain derivatives of the magnetic energy of the Mn ions.
Morphologic alterations of oral mucosa in zinc-deficient rabbits

Abstract Rabbit oral mucosa exhibits a spectrum of keratinization pattern in various regions and is therefore suitable for studying the effects of zinc deficiency on oral mucosa. Weanling male New Zealand white rabbits were placed on a zinc-deficient diet, 2.5 parts/10 6 for four weeks. Loss of appetite, slowed weight gain, loss of hair, parakeratosis and ulceration of the skin, developed. Light microscopy revealed hyperparakeratosis on the surface and cell death in the spinous layer developed in normally nonkeratinized buccal mucosa. Cell death in spinous layer, intraepithelial microabscesses, and vesicle formation developed in normally parakeratinized posterior slopes of palatal rugae and valleys between lingual papillae. Ulceration developed in the normally nonkeratinized mucosa of floor of the mouth and lower lip, and on the dorsum of the tongue. The normally orthokeratinized summits of palatal rugae and tips of lingual papillae remained unaltered. Electron-microscopy of parakeratinized cells showed a thickened inner leaflet of plasma membrane, retention of pyknotic nucleus and residues of organelles, and packing of tonofilaments. Necrotic cells in the spinous layer differed from superficial parakeratinized cells in that cell membrane was not thickened. Instead, there was disruption and disappearance of cell membrane. Nonkeratinized oral mucosa thus appears to be more susceptible to the effect of zinc deficiency and suffers more severe morphologic alterations than orthokeratinized ones.
Molecular characterization of acute myeloid leukemia and its impact on treatment.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Molecular aberrations are playing an ever increasing role in guiding classification, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. This review outlines recent strides in our understanding of the molecular characteristics of acute myeloid leukemia. RECENT FINDINGS We highlight the novel concept of preferential co-expression of certain mutations, summarize recent data on the clinically relevant prognostic role of known and novel molecular aberrations, and emphasize the emerging role of gene expression profiling and minimal residual disease monitoring. SUMMARY We review the molecular heterogeneity within already established categories of acute myeloid leukemia and discuss how these data may translate into prognostic, molecular-based therapy stratification to improve patient outcome.
A New Tool for Fishery Managers: The Delphi Technique

Abstract The Delphi technique, a methodology for systematically developing a consensus of expert opinion, is suggested as a potentially useful fishery management tool. This paper describes the Delphi techique and provides an example of a Delphi experiment that was designed to obtain an estimate of the recreational (diver) catch of spiny lobsters from Florida waters.
Crystal Structures of a Series of Complexes Produced by Reaction of Copper(I) Cyanide with Diamines.

A new synthetic procedure developed recently in our laboratories has made possible the synthesis of variety of new complexes of CuCN with diamines. Synthesis was effected by adding the ligand to a ...
Least area incompressible surfaces in 3-manifolds

Let M be a Riemannian manifold and let F be a closed surface. A map f: F---,M is called least area if the area of f is less than the area of any homotopic map from F to M. Note that least area maps are always minimal surfaces, but that in general minimal surfaces are not least area as they represent only local stationary points for the area function. The existence of least area immersions in a homotopy class of maps has been established when the homotopy class satisfies certain injectivity conditions on the fundamental group [18, 17]. In this paper we shall consider the possible singularities of such immersions. Our results show that the general philosophy is that least area surfaces intersect least, meaning that the intersections and self-intersections of least area immersions are as small as their homotopy classes allow, when measured correctly. One should note that evidence supporting this view had been found by Meeks-Yau in their embedding theorems for minimal disks and 2-spheres [13, 143 . Our main result asserts that if a least area immersion is homotopic to an embedding, then it has no self-intersections, which clearly exemplifies the above philosophy. The precise result is the following.
Use of a polymeric gel to prevent retropulsion during intracorporeal lithotripsy

Abstract Introduction Stone retropulsion during ureteroscopic lithotripsy may lead to additional procedures needed for residual calculi. Several devices have been introduced in an attempt to reduce retropulsion. We set out to report our initial experience utilizing the new polymeric gel, BackStop®. Materials and methods We prospectively collected data on 7 ureteroscopy procedures with distal ureteral calculi treated with BackStop®. Perioperative data including stone size, location, operative time, stone free rate, the presence or absence of retropulsion were collected. Success was defined as no residual fragments, no retropulsion, and no additional procedures required. Results All of the patients were rendered stone free after URS and no retropulsion occurred. There were no intraoperative complications nor gel migration or problems with dissolving the gel. Conclusions BackStop® is a new promising therapy to prevent retropulsion during ureteral intracorporeal lithotripsy. It is safe, easy to apply and very effective in preventing stone fragment migration. BackStop® has the potential to reduce operative time.
Accountable Administration and Implementation in Operating Systems

Many security models and systems are built upon the assumption that super users are trustworthy. However, it becomes challenging to hold super users accountable since they can erase any trace of their activities. This paper proposes an accountable administration model for operating systems where all system administrators can be accounted for even if they are untrustworthy. The model is implemented in Linux, a real world operating system.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC BOUNDARY LAYER BETWEEN PARALLEL STREAMS OF DIFFERENT MAGNETIC FIELDS AND TEMPERATURES

Free laminar boundary layer flow between parallel streams of different magnetic fields and temperatures for incompressible viscous fluid
Artificial soiling of photovoltaic module surfaces using traceable soil components

Effective evaluation and prediction of photovoltaic performance loss due to soiling requires consistent test methods. Natural grime accumulation is time-consuming and location-specific, and thus does not provide reproducible results across different geographic regions. Therefore, we have demonstrated a technique to apply artificial soiling with NIST-traceable components using an aerosol spray technique. This approach produces consistent soil coatings which were directly correlated to performance loss of multicrystalline Si cells in a laboratory setting. By tailoring the composition of the test blend, termed `standard grime', the loss due to soiling can be effectively predicted over a range of mass loadings and soil types.
Recent developments in the application of optical frequency domain reflectometry to distributed Bragg grating sensing

This paper presents recent developments in the use of optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to measure engineering parameters at thousands of locations along optical sensing fibers where weakly reflecting Bragg gratings have been photoetched. Application of the sensing fibers outside of the development lab has revealed several areas for improvement. Some of the problems encountered include polarization fading, non-linear laser tuning, and sensor calibration. This paper considers the use of polarization diversity detection and monitoring of the laser tuning characteristics to provide a more robust OFDR system for both sensor calibration and measurement. Possible modifications to the system are reported along with calibration measurements for quantifying the effects of polarization fading in the sensing fiber.
ESR of cation radicals of phenothiazine derivatives

Phenothiazines are of interest as model heterocyclic compounds and also as pharmacological agents with a wide spectrum of biological activities. Cation radicals derived from six phenothiazine derivatives including phenothiazine, 2-chlorophenothiazine, promazine, chlorpromazine, promethazine and trimeprazine have been studied in aqueous solution by electron spin resonance. Their high-resolution electron spin resonance spectra have been fully analysed, and hyperfine splitting parameters have been compared with those obtained in other solvent systems where available. Previously undetected hyperfine splittings of about 0.2–0.4 G from γ-protons on the alkyl chain were observed for promazine, promethazine and, possibly, chlorpromazine.
A genetic study of the suppressors of the Engrailed-1 cerebellar phenotype

The mouse Engrailed genes, En1 and En2, play an important role in the development of the cerebellum from its inception at the mid/hindbrain boundary in early embryonic development through cell type specification events and beyond. In the absence of En1, the cerebellum and caudal midbrain fail to develop normally--a phenotype that we have previously reported to be strain dependent. On the 129/S1 strain background, En1 null alleles lead to mid/hindbrain failure, whereas on the C57BL/6 background, En1 deficiency is compatible with near normal cerebellar development. We have pursued this dramatic effect of genetic background by performing a genetic modifier screen through F1 backcross and F1 intercross matings. The backcross has yielded two strong candidate intervals with suggestive linkage to a third region. Moreover, variations in rescue frequency among subgroups within the backcross indicate gender and parent of origin influences on rescue penetrance. The intercross data reveal locus heterogeneity of the En1 modifiers, with more than one compliment of C57BL/6 and 129/S1 alleles capable of mediating the rescue phenotype. These findings highlight the complexity and plasticity of gene networks involved in brain development.
Applications of perturbation theory to iterated fibrations.

For a class of spaces including simply connected spaces and classifying spaces of nilpotent groups, relatively small differential graded algebras are constructed over commutative rings with 1 which are chain homotopy equivalent to the singular cochain algebra. An application to finitely generated torsion-free nilpotent groups over the integers is given.
Conformational selection in the recognition of the snurportin importin beta binding domain by importin beta.

The structural flexibility of β-karyopherins is critical to mediate the interaction with transport substrates, nucleoporins, and the GTPase Ran. In this paper, we provide structural evidence that the molecular recognition of the transport adaptor snurportin by importin β follows the population selection mechanism. We have captured two drastically different conformations of importin β bound to the snurportin importin β binding domain trapped in the same crystallographic asymmetric unit. We propose the population selection may be a general mechanism used by β-karyopherins to recognize transport substrates.
Strategy, advanced manufacturing technology and performance: empirical evidence from U.S. manufacturing firms

Abstract This study investigates the complex relationships among strategy, advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) and performance using survey responses from 160 U.S. manufacturing firms. In contrast to previous studies that emphasize only the flexibility dimension of AMT, this study adopts a multidimensional view of AMT by stressing the information processing capability inherent in AMTs. The study found support for four dimensions of AMT: information exchange and planning technology (IEPT), product design technology (PDT), low-volume flexible automation technology (LVFAT), and high-volume automation technology (HVAT). The results found also indicate empirical support for the study's major premise that a fit between certain strategy–AMT dimensions will be associated with superior performance. Using the findings, the study discusses the implications of the findings and suggests several avenues for future research.
Derivation Of A Sensor Specification From System Requirements

The design of a State-of the-Art Infrared Sensor requires a number of diverse disciplines. Without proper programmatic controls, the attendant subsystem design studies can result in the imposition of incompatible requirements on the overall sensor design. One approach for assuring the orderly development of a sensor design is the use of a Sensor Specification which reduces the top level system requirements into a set of self-consistent subsystem requirements. A methodology for generating such a specification is described in this paper. Emphasis is placed on sensors designed for Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) applications; however, a similar approach can be utilized for any infrared system.
Comparing the effectiveness of automated online counseling to standard web-based education on improving acne knowledge: a randomized controlled trial.

Background Evidence regarding what comprises effective education for acne vulgaris patients is lacking. Internet-based education may improve patient knowledge of this condition.
Effects of Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs: Perceptions of Primary Care Physicians

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of primary care physicians regarding the effects of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 372 primary care physicians belonging to the National Association of Managed Care Physicians. A total of 76 responses were received, yielding a response rate of 21%. Frequency distributions were done to determine physicians' perceptions. Physicians perceived DTCA to affect their practices by consuming more provider time and increasing the demand for prescription drugs. Physicians did not consider DTCA to have any educational value for patients. Moreover, seven out of ten physicians felt that DTCA gives patients a distorted view of prescription drugs. Physicians considered DTCA to be inappropriate for all classes of drugs except smoking cessation agents. Additionally, physicians differed in their opinion of the effects of DTCA based on number of prescriptions written per day, freque...
The construction of the Tiflis-Aleksandropol-Kars railway (1895–1899)

One of the most important questions in the historiography of the pre-Revolutionary South Caucasus is the extent to which ethnic identity overlapped with, supported, or suppressed class identity. St...